Patent Publication Number: US-2023156622-A1

Title: Method for controlling transmission power of sounding reference signal (srs) by terminal in wireless communication system, and device therefor

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/633,730, filed on Feb. 8, 2022, which is the National Stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/KR2020/010879, filed on Aug. 14, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/887,765, filed on Aug. 16, 2019, and 62/932,565, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, the contents of which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a method of controlling transmission power of a sounding reference signal (SRS) by a user equipment (UE) and apparatus therefor, and more particularly, a method for controlling SRS transmission power when a UE fails to acquire path loss and apparatus therefor. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     As more communication devices require greater communication traffic, necessity for a mobile broadband communication, which is enhanced compared to a legacy radio access technology (RAT), is emerging. Massive MTC (machine type communication) providing a user with various services anywhere and at any time by connecting many devices and objects is one of important issues to be considered in the next generation communication system. Moreover, discussion on designing a communication system in consideration of a service sensitive to reliability and latency is in progress. In particular, discussion on the introduction of a next generation RAT considering eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband communication), massive MTC (mMTC), URLLC (ultra-reliable and low latency communication), and the like is in progress. In the present disclosure, for clarity, the next generation RAT is referred to as a New RAT. 
     DISCLOSURE 
     Technical Problem 
     An object of the present disclosure is to provide a method of controlling transmission power of a sounding reference signal (SRS) by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system and apparatus therefor. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the objects that could be achieved with the present disclosure are not limited to what has been particularly described hereinabove and the above and other objects that the present disclosure could achieve will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description. 
     Technical Solution 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of controlling transmission power of a sounding reference signal (SRS) by a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system. The method may include: receiving a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block including a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH); performing access to a serving cell based on system information included in the PBCH of the SS/PBCH block; receiving a reference signal (RS) resource for obtaining path loss to be used for the transmission power of the SRS; determining measurement regarding the path loss based on the RS resource; and controlling the transmission power of the SRS based on the determination of the measurement. The RS resource may be related to a neighbor cell. Based on success of the measurement for the RS resource, a measurement value of the path loss may be used to control the transmission power, and based on failure of the measurement for the RS resource, information related to a power configuration obtained from the serving cell may be used to control the transmission power. 
     In this case, based on the failure of the measurement for the RS resource, the SRS may not be transmitted. 
     In addition, based on the failure of the measurement for the RS resource, the transmission power may be controlled by applying a power offset to SRS transmission power for the serving cell. 
     The SRS may be related to positioning of the UE. 
     The method may further include: receiving spatial relation information related to the RS resource, and the spatial relation information may include information regarding the neighbor cell. 
     Based on the failure of the measurement for the RS resource, the information regarding the neighbor cell included in the spatial relation information may be used to determine a transmission beam of the SRS. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a UE configured to control transmission power of an SRS in a wireless communication system. The UE may include: at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory operably connected to the at least one processor and configured to store instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one processor to perform operations. The operations may include: receiving an SS/PBCH block including a PSS, a SSS, and a PBCH; performing access to a serving cell based on system information included in the PBCH of the SS/PBCH block; receiving an RS resource for obtaining path loss to be used for the transmission power of the SRS; determining measurement regarding the path loss based on the RS resource; and controlling the transmission power of the SRS based on the determination of the measurement. The RS resource may be related to a neighbor cell. Based on success of the measurement for the RS resource, a measurement value of the path loss may be used to control the transmission power, and based on failure of the measurement for the RS resource, information related to a power configuration obtained from the serving cell may be used to control the transmission power. 
     In this case, based on the failure of the measurement for the RS resource, the SRS may not be transmitted. 
     In addition, based on the failure of the measurement for the RS resource, the transmission power may be controlled by applying a power offset to SRS transmission power for the serving cell. 
     The SRS may be related to positioning of the UE. 
     The operations may further include: receiving spatial relation information related to the RS resource, and the spatial relation information may include information regarding the neighbor cell. 
     Based on the failure of the measurement for the RS resource, the information regarding the neighbor cell included in the spatial relation information may be used to determine a transmission beam of the SRS. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus configured to control transmission power of an SRS in a wireless communication system. The apparatus may include: at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory operably connected to the at least one processor and configured to store instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one processor to perform operations. The operations may include: receiving an SS/PBCH block including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH; performing access to a serving cell based on system information included in the PBCH of the SS/PBCH block; receiving an RS resource for obtaining path loss to be used for the transmission power of the SRS; determining measurement regarding the path loss based on the RS resource; and controlling the transmission power of the SRS based on the determination of the measurement. The RS resource may be related to a neighbor cell. Based on success of the measurement for the RS resource, a measurement value of the path loss may be used to control the transmission power, and based on failure of the measurement for the RS resource, information related to a power configuration obtained from the serving cell may be used to control the transmission power. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of supporting control of transmission power of an SRS by a network node in a wireless communication system. The method may include: transmitting an SS/PBCH block including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH; transmitting an RS resource related to path loss to be used for the transmission power of the SRS; and receiving the SRS. The RS resource may be related to a neighbor cell, and the RS resource may be used to measure the path loss. Based on success of the measurement regarding the path loss for the RS resource, the transmission power of the SRS may be determined based on a measurement value of the path loss, and based on failure of the measurement regarding the path loss for the RS resource, the transmission power of the SRS may be determined based on information related to a power configuration from a serving cell. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a network node configured to support control of transmission power of an SRS in a wireless communication system. The network node may include: at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory operably connected to the at least one processor and configured to store instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one processor to perform operations. The operations may include: transmitting an SS/PBCH block including a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH; transmitting an RS resource related to path loss to be used for the transmission power of the SRS; and receiving the SRS. The RS resource may be related to a neighbor cell, and the RS resource may be used to measure the path loss. Based on success of the measurement regarding the path loss for the RS resource, the transmission power of the SRS may be determined based on a measurement value of the path loss, and based on failure of the measurement regarding the path loss for the RS resource, the transmission power of the SRS may be determined based on information related to a power configuration from a serving cell. 
     In a further aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium configured to store at least one computer program including instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations for a UE. The operations may include: receiving an SS/PBCH block including a PSS, a SSS, and a PBCH; performing access to a serving cell based on system information included in the PBCH of the SS/PBCH block; receiving an RS resource for obtaining path loss to be used for the transmission power of the SRS; determining measurement regarding the path loss based on the RS resource; and controlling the transmission power of the SRS based on the determination of the measurement. The RS resource may be related to a neighbor cell. Based on success of the measurement for the RS resource, a measurement value of the path loss may be used to control the transmission power, and based on failure of the measurement for the RS resource, information related to a power configuration obtained from the serving cell may be used to control the transmission power. 
     Advantageous Effects 
     According to the present disclosure, a user equipment (UE) may appropriately transmit a sounding reference signal (SRS) by controlling the power of the SRS. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the effects that could be achieved with the present disclosure are not limited to what has been particularly described hereinabove and other advantages of the present disclosure will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIGS.  1  to  4    illustrate examples of various wireless devices to which embodiments of the present disclosure are applied. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an exemplary location server to which embodiments of the present disclosure are applied. 
         FIG.  6    is a diagram illustrating the control-plane and user-plane architecture of radio interface protocols between a user equipment (UE) and an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) in conformance to a 3 rd  generation partnership project (3GPP) radio access network standard. 
         FIG.  7    and  FIG.  12    are diagrams illustrating the composition of a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block and a method of transmitting an SS/PBCH block. 
         FIG.  13    is a diagram illustrating a random access procedure. 
         FIG.  14    illustrates an exemplary pattern to which a positioning reference signal (PRS) is mapped in a subframe in LTE system. 
         FIG.  15    and  FIG.  16    are diagrams illustrating the architecture of a system for measuring the position of a UE and a procedure of measuring the position of the UE. 
         FIG.  17    illustrates an exemplary protocol layer used to support LTE positioning protocol (LPP) message transfer. 
         FIG.  18    is a diagram illustrating an exemplary protocol layer used to support NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) protocol data unit (PDU) transfer. 
         FIG.  19    is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of an observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) positioning method. 
         FIG.  20    is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of a multi round trip time (RTT) positioning method. 
         FIG.  21    is a diagram for explaining an embodiment of a procedure for controlling uplink transmission power. 
         FIGS.  22  and  23    are diagrams for explaining the implementation of exemplary operations of a UE and a network node according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  24    illustrates an exemplary communication system to which embodiments of the present disclosure are applied. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE 
     The configuration, operation, and other features of the present disclosure will readily be understood with embodiments of the present disclosure described with reference to the attached drawings. Embodiments of the present disclosure as set forth herein are examples in which the technical features of the present disclosure are applied to a 3 rd  generation partnership project (3GPP) system. 
     While embodiments of the present disclosure are described in the context of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, they are purely exemplary. Therefore, the embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable to any other communication system as long as the above definitions are valid for the communication system. 
     The term, base station (BS) may be used to cover the meanings of terms including remote radio head (RRH), evolved Node B (eNB or eNode B), transmission point (TP), reception point (RP), relay, and so on. 
     The 3GPP communication standards define downlink (DL) physical channels corresponding to resource elements (REs) carrying information originated from a higher layer, and DL physical signals which are used in the physical layer and correspond to REs which do not carry information originated from a higher layer. For example, physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical multicast channel (PMCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH) are defined as DL physical channels, and reference signals (RSs) and synchronization signals (SSs) are defined as DL physical signals. An RS, also called a pilot signal, is a signal with a predefined special waveform known to both a gNode B (gNB) and a user equipment (UE). For example, cell specific RS, UE-specific RS (UE-RS), positioning RS (PRS), and channel state information RS (CSI-RS) are defined as DL RSs. The 3GPP LTE/LTE-A standards define uplink (UL) physical channels corresponding to REs carrying information originated from a higher layer, and UL physical signals which are used in the physical layer and correspond to REs which do not carry information originated from a higher layer. For example, physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), and physical random access channel (PRACH) are defined as UL physical channels, and a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) for a UL control/data signal, and a sounding reference signal (SRS) used for UL channel measurement are defined as UL physical signals. 
     In the present disclosure, the PDCCH/PCFICH/PHICH/PDSCH refers to a set of time-frequency resources or a set of REs, which carry downlink control information (DCI)/a control format indicator (CFI)/a DL acknowledgement/negative acknowledgement (ACK/NACK)/DL data. Further, the PUCCH/PUSCH/PRACH refers to a set of time-frequency resources or a set of REs, which carry UL control information (UCI)/UL data/a random access signal. In the present disclosure, particularly a time-frequency resource or an RE which is allocated to or belongs to the PDCCH/PCFICH/PHICH/PDSCH/PUCCH/PUSCH/PRACH is referred to as a PDCCH RE/PCFICH RE/PHICH RE/PDSCH RE/PUCCH RE/PUSCH RE/PRACH RE or a PDCCH resource/PCFICH resource/PHICH resource/PDSCH resource/PUCCH resource/PUSCH resource/PRACH resource. Hereinbelow, if it is said that a UE transmits a PUCCH/PUSCH/PRACH, this means that UCI/UL data/a random access signal is transmitted on or through the PUCCH/PUSCH/PRACH. Further, if it is said that a gNB transmits a PDCCH/PCFICH/PHICH/PDSCH, this means that DCI/control information is transmitted on or through the PDCCH/PCFICH/PHICH/PDSCH. 
     Hereinbelow, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol/carrier/subcarrier/RE to which a CRS/DMRS/CSI-RS/SRS/UE-RS is allocated to or for which the CRS/DMRS/CSI-RS/SRS/UE-RS is configured is referred to as a CRS/DMRS/CSI-RS/SRS/UE-RS symbol/carrier/subcarrier/RE. For example, an OFDM symbol to which a tracking RS (TRS) is allocated or for which the TRS is configured is referred to as a TRS symbol, a subcarrier to which a TRS is allocated or for which the TRS is configured is referred to as a TRS subcarrier, and an RE to which a TRS is allocated or for which the TRS is configured is referred to as a TRS RE. Further, a subframe configured to transmit a TRS is referred to as a TRS subframe. Further, a subframe carrying a broadcast signal is referred to as a broadcast subframe or a PBCH subframe, and a subframe carrying a synchronization signal (SS) (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and/or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)) is referred to as an SS subframe or a PSS/SSS subframe. An OFDM symbol/subcarrier/RE to which a PSS/SSS is allocated or for which the PSS/SSS is configured is referred to as a PSS/SSS symbol/subcarrier/RE. 
     In the present disclosure, a CRS port, a UE-RS port, a CSI-RS port, and a TRS port refer to an antenna port configured to transmit a CRS, an antenna port configured to transmit a UE-RS, an antenna port configured to transmit a CSI-RS, and an antenna port configured to transmit a TRS, respectively. Antenna port configured to transmit CRSs may be distinguished from each other by the positions of REs occupied by the CRSs according to CRS ports, antenna ports configured to transmit UE-RSs may be distinguished from each other by the positions of REs occupied by the UE-RSs according to UE-RS ports, and antenna ports configured to transmit CSI-RSs may be distinguished from each other by the positions of REs occupied by the CSI-RSs according to CSI-RS ports. Therefore, the term CRS/UE-RS/CSI-RS/TRS port is also used to refer to a pattern of REs occupied by a CRS/UE-RS/CSI-RS/TRS in a predetermined resource area. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates wireless devices applicable to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , a first wireless device  100  and a second wireless device  200  may transmit and receive signals through a variety of RATs (e.g., LTE and NR). Here, {the first wireless device  100  and the second wireless device  200 } may correspond to {the wireless device  100   x  and the BS  200 } and/or {the wireless device  100   x  and the wireless device  100   x } of  FIG.  30   . 
     The first wireless device  100  may include one or more processors  102  and one or more memories  104  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  106  and/or one or more antennas  108 . The processor(s)  102  may control the memory(s)  104  and/or the transceiver(s)  106  and may be configured to implement the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the processor(s)  102  may process information within the memory(s)  104  to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106 . The processor(s)  102  may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver(s)  106  and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory(s)  104 . The memory(s)  104  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor(s)  102 . For example, the memory(s)  104  may perform a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor(s)  102  or store software code including instructions for performing the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure. Here, the processor(s)  102  and the memory(s)  104  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chipset designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver(s)  106  may be connected to the processor(s)  102  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  108 . Each of the transceiver(s)  106  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver(s)  106  may be interchangeably used with RF unit(s). In various embodiments of various embodiments of the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent the communication modem/circuit/chipset. 
     Hereinafter, a description will be given of instructions and/or operations controlled by the processor(s)  102  and stored in the memory(s)  104  of the first wireless device  100  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     While the following operations are described in the context of control operations of the processor(s)  102  from the perspective of the processor(s)  102 , software code for performing the operations may be stored in the memory(s)  104 . 
     The processor(s)  102  may control the transceiver(s)  106  to receive an RS resource for obtaining path loss used for transmission power of an SRS. The processor(s)  102  may determine measurement regarding the path loss based on the RS resource. The processor(s)  102  may control the transmission power of the SRS based on the determination of the measurement. In this case, specific methods of operating the processor(s)  102  may be based on the following embodiments. 
     In addition, a description will be also given of instructions and/or operations controlled by processor(s)  202  and stored in memory(s)  204  of the second wireless device  200  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     While the following operations are described in the context of control operations of the processor(s)  202  from the perspective of the processor(s)  202 , software code for performing the operations may be stored in the memory(s)  204 . 
     The processor(s)  202  may control transceiver(s)  206  to transmit an RS resource related to path loss used for transmission power of an SRS. The processor(s)  202  may control the transceiver(s)  206  to receive the SRS. In this case, specific methods of operating the processor(s)  202  may be based on the following embodiments. 
     Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices  100  and  200  will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors  102  and  202 . For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and/or one or more service data units (SDUs) according to the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure and provide the generated signals to the one or more transceivers  106  and  206 . The one or more processors  102  and  202  may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the various embodiments of present disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202  or stored in the one or more memories  104  and  204  so as to be driven by the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The description, functions, procedures, proposals, and/or methods disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands. 
     The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, commands, and/or instructions. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be configured as read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cache memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection. 
     The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of various embodiments of the present disclosure, to one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure, from one or more other devices. For example, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more antennas  108  and  208 . The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the description, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in various embodiments of the present disclosure, through the one or more antennas  108  and  208 . In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed using the one or more processors  102  and  202  from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates another exemplary a wireless device applied to the present disclosure. The wireless device may be implemented in various forms according to a use case/service (refer to  FIG.  24   ). 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , wireless devices  100  and  200  may correspond to the wireless devices  100  and  200  of  FIG.  1    and may be configured with various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices  100  and  200  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , and additional components  140 . The communication unit may include a communication circuit  112  and transceiver(s)  114 . For example, the communication circuit  112  may include the one or more processors  102  and  202  and/or the one or more memories  104  and  204  of  FIG.  1   . For example, the transceiver(s)  114  may include the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and/or the one or more antennas  108  and  208  of  FIG.  1   . The control unit  120  is electrically connected to the communication unit  110 , the memory  130 , and the additional components  140  and controls overall operations of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit  120  may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit  130 . The control unit  120  may transmit the information stored in the memory unit  130  to the outside (e.g., other communication devices) through the communication unit  110  via a wireless/wired interface or store, in the memory unit  130 , information received from the outside (e.g., other communication devices) through the communication unit  110  via the wireless/wired interface. Therefore, a specific operation of the control unit  120  and programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit  130  according to the present disclosure may corresponding to at least one operation of the processors  102  and  202  and at least one operation of the memories  104  and  204  illustrated in  FIG.  1   . 
     The additional components  140  may be configured in various ways according to the type of wireless device. For example, the additional components  140  may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O) unit, a driving unit, or a computing unit. The wireless device may be implemented in the form of, but not limited to, the robot ( 100   a  of  FIG.  24   ), the vehicles ( 100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  of  FIG.  24   ), the XR device ( 100   c  of  FIG.  24   ), the hand-held device ( 100   d  of  FIG.  24   ), the home appliance ( 100   e  of  FIG.  24   ), the IoT device ( 100   f  of FIG.  24 ), a digital broadcasting terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a FinTech device (or a financial machine), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AI server/device ( 400  of  FIG.  24   ), a B S ( 200  of  FIG.  24   ), a network node, or the like. The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed place according to a use case/service. 
     In  FIG.  2   , all of the various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices  100  and  200  may be inter-connected through a wired interface or at least a part thereof may be wirelessly inter-connected through the communication unit  110 . For example, in each of the wireless devices  100  and  200 , the control unit  120  and the communication unit  110  may be connected by wire, and the control unit  120  and first units (e.g.,  130  and  140 ) may be connected wirelessly through the communication unit  110 . Each element, component, unit/portion, and/or module in the wireless devices  100  and  200  may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit  120  may be configured as a set of one or more processors. For example, the control unit  120  may be configured as a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. In another example, the memory unit  130  may be configured as a RAM, a DRAM, a ROM, a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Now, a detailed description will be given of an implementation example of the devices illustrated in  FIG.  2    with reference to the drawings. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a hand-held device applied to the present disclosure. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch or smart glasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a laptop). The hand-held device may be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), a subscriber station (SS), an advanced mobile station (AMS), or a wireless terminal (WT). 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , a hand-held device  100  may include an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , a power supply unit  140   a , an interface unit  140   b , and an I/O unit  140   c . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a part of the communication unit  110 . Blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   c  correspond to the blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of  FIG.  2   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from other wireless devices or BSs. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling components of the hand-held device  100 . The control unit  120  may include an application processor (AP). The memory unit  130  may store data/parameters/programs/code/commands needed to drive the hand-held device  100 . The memory unit  130  may store input/output data/information. The power supply unit  140   a  may supply power to the hand-held device  100  and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and so on. The interface unit  140   b  may support connection between the hand-held device  100  and other external devices. The interface unit  140   b  may include various ports (e.g., an audio I/O port and a video I/O port) for connection to external devices. The I/O unit  140   c  may input or output video information/signals, audio information/signals, data, and/or information input by a user. The I/O unit  140   c  may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit  140   d , a speaker, and/or a haptic module. 
     For example, in the case of data communication, the I/O unit  140   c  may acquire information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, images, or video) input by the user and the acquired information/signals may be stored in the memory unit  130 . The communication unit  110  may convert the information/signals stored in the memory into radio signals and transmit the radio signals to other wireless devices directly or to a BS. The communication unit  110  may receive radio signals from other wireless devices or the BS and then restore the received radio signals to original information/signals. The restored information/signals may be stored in the memory unit  130  and output as various types (e.g., text, voice, images, video, or haptic) through the I/O unit  140   c.    
       FIG.  4    illustrates a vehicle or an autonomous driving vehicle applied to the present disclosure. The vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle may be implemented as a mobile robot, a car, a train, a manned/unmanned aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, or the like. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , a vehicle or autonomous driving vehicle  100  may include an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a driving unit  140   a , a power supply unit  140   b , a sensor unit  140   c , and an autonomous driving unit  140   d . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a part of the communication unit  110 . The blocks  110 / 130 / 140   a  to  140   d  correspond to the blocks  110 / 130 / 140  of  FIG.  2   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data and control signals) to and from external devices such as other vehicles, BSs (e.g., gNBs and road side units), and servers. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling components of the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle  100 . The control unit  120  may include an ECU. The driving unit  140   a  may cause the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle  100  to drive on a road. The driving unit  140   a  may include an engine, a motor, a powertrain, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, and so on. The power supply unit  140   b  may supply power to the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle  100  and include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and so on. The sensor unit  140   c  may acquire information a vehicle state, ambient environment information, user information, and so on. The sensor unit  140   c  may include an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an inclination sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/backward sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, a pedal position sensor, and so on. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may implement technology for maintaining a lane on which the vehicle is driving, technology for automatically adjusting speed, such as adaptive cruise control, technology for autonomously driving along a determined path, technology for driving by automatically setting a path if a destination is set, and the like. 
     For example, the communication unit  110  may receive map data, traffic information data, and so on from an external server. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may generate an autonomous driving path and a driving plan based on the obtained data. The control unit  120  may control the driving unit  140   a  to drive the vehicle or the autonomous driving vehicle  100  along the autonomous driving path according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction control). In the middle of autonomous driving, the communication unit  110  may aperiodically or periodically acquire the latest traffic information data from the external server and acquire surrounding traffic information data from neighboring vehicles. In the middle of autonomous driving, the sensor unit  140   c  may obtain information about a vehicle state and/or surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may update the autonomous driving path and the driving plan based on the newly obtained data/information. The communication unit  110  may transfer information about a vehicle position, the autonomous driving path, and the driving plan to the external server. The external server may predict traffic information data using AI technology based on the information collected from vehicles or autonomous driving vehicles, and provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicles or the autonomous driving vehicles. 
     To implement embodiments of the present disclosure, a location server  90  shown in  FIG.  5    may be included. Here, the location server  90  may be logically or physically connected to a wireless device  70  and/or a network node  80 . The wireless device  70  may be the first wireless device  100  of  FIG.  1    and/or the wireless devices  100 / 200  of  FIG.  2   , and the network node  80  may be the second wireless device  100  of  FIG.  1    and/or the wireless devices  100 / 200  of  FIG.  2   . 
     The location server  90  may be an access and mobility management function (AMF), a location management function (LMF), an enhanced serving mobile location center (E-SMLC), and/or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP), but the location server  90  is not limited thereto. That is, any communication device may be used as the location server  90  as long as the device is capable of serving as the location server  90  to implement embodiments of the present disclosure. Although the location server  90  has the name “location server” for convenience of description, the location server  90  may be implemented as a chip other than a server. When the location server  90  is implemented as a chip, all the functions of the location server  90 , which will be described later, may be performed as well. 
     Specifically, the location server  90  includes a transceiver  91  for communicating with one or more other wireless devices, network nodes, and/or other elements of a network. The transceiver  91  may include one or more communication interfaces. The transceiver  91  communicates with one or more other wireless devices, network nodes, and/or other elements of the network connected through the communication interfaces. 
     The location server  90  includes a processing chip  92 . The processing chip  92  may include at least one processor, such as a processor  93 , and at least one memory device, such as a memory  94 . 
     The processing chip  92  may control one or more processes to implement the methods described in this specification and/or embodiments for problems to be solved by this specification and solutions to the problems. In other words, the processing chip  92  may be configured to perform at least one of the embodiments described in this specification. That is, the processor  93  includes at least one processor for performing the function of the location server  90  described in this specification. For example, one or more processors may control the one or more transceivers  91  of  FIG.  19    to transmit and receive information. 
     The processing chip  92  includes a memory  94  configured to store data, programmable software code, and/or other information for performing the embodiments described in this specification. 
     In other words, in the embodiments according to the present specification, when the memory  94  is executed by at least one processor such as the processor  93 , the memory  94  allows the processor  93  to perform some or all of the processes controlled by the processor  93  of  FIG.  5    or stores software code  95  including instructions for performing the embodiments described in this specification. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates control-plane and user-plane protocol stacks in a radio interface protocol architecture conforming to a 3GPP wireless access network standard between a UE and an evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN). The control plane is a path in which the UE and the E-UTRAN transmit control messages to manage calls, and the user plane is a path in which data generated from an application layer, for example, voice data or Internet packet data is transmitted. 
     A physical (PHY) layer at layer 1 (L1) provides information transfer service to its higher layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer. The PHY layer is connected to the MAC layer via transport channels. The transport channels deliver data between the MAC layer and the PHY layer. Data is transmitted on physical channels between the PHY layers of a transmitter and a receiver. The physical channels use time and frequency as radio resources. Specifically, the physical channels are modulated in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for downlink (DL) and in single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for uplink (UL). 
     The MAC layer at layer 2 (L2) provides service to its higher layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer via logical channels. The RLC layer at L2 supports reliable data transmission. RLC functionality may be implemented in a function block of the MAC layer. A packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer at L2 performs header compression to reduce the amount of unnecessary control information and thus efficiently transmit Internet protocol (IP) packets such as IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6) packets via an air interface having a narrow bandwidth. 
     A radio resource control (RRC) layer at the lowest part of layer 3 (or L3) is defined only on the control plane. The RRC layer controls logical channels, transport channels, and physical channels in relation to configuration, reconfiguration, and release of radio bearers. A radio bearer refers to a service provided at L2, for data transmission between the UE and the E-UTRAN. For this purpose, the RRC layers of the UE and the E-UTRAN exchange RRC messages with each other. If an RRC connection is established between the UE and the E-UTRAN, the UE is in RRC Connected mode and otherwise, the UE is in RRC Idle mode. A Non-Access Stratum (NAS) layer above the RRC layer performs functions including session management and mobility management. 
     DL transport channels used to deliver data from the E-UTRAN to UEs include a broadcast channel (BCH) carrying system information, a paging channel (PCH) carrying a paging message, and a shared channel (SCH) carrying user traffic or a control message. DL multicast traffic or control messages or DL broadcast traffic or control messages may be transmitted on a DL SCH or a separately defined DL multicast channel (MCH). UL transport channels used to deliver data from a UE to the E-UTRAN include a random access channel (RACH) carrying an initial control message and a UL SCH carrying user traffic or a control message. Logical channels that are defined above transport channels and mapped to the transport channels include a broadcast control channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a Common Control Channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), a multicast traffic channel (MTCH), etc. 
     The use of an ultra-high frequency band, that is, a millimeter frequency band at or above 6 GHz is under consideration in the NR system to transmit data in a wide frequency band, while maintaining a high transmission rate for multiple users. The 3GPP calls this system NR. In the present disclosure, the system will also be referred to as an NR system. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates an SSB structure. The UE may perform cell search, system information acquisition, beam alignment for initial access, DL measurement, and so on based on an SSB. The term SSB is used interchangeably with synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , an SSB is composed of a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH. The SSB includes four consecutive OFDM symbols. The PSS, the PBCH, the SSS/PBCH, and the PBCH are transmitted on the respective OFDM symbols. Each of the PSS and the SSS includes one OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers, and the PBCH includes 3 OFDM symbols and 576 subcarriers. Polar coding and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) are applied to the PBCH. The PBCH includes data REs and demodulation reference signal (DMRS) REs in each OFDM symbol. There are three DMRS REs per RB, with three data REs between every two adjacent DMRS REs. 
     Cell Search 
     The cell search refers to a procedure in which the UE obtains time/frequency synchronization of a cell and detects a cell ID (e.g., physical layer cell ID (PCID)) of the cell. The PSS may be used in detecting a cell ID within a cell ID group, and the SSS may be used in detecting a cell ID group. The PBCH may be used in detecting an SSB (time) index and a half-frame. 
     The cell search procedure of the UE may be summarized as described in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Type of  
                   
               
               
                   
                 Signals 
                 Operations 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 st  step 
                 PSS 
                 * SS/PBCH block (SSB) symbol timing  
               
               
                   
                   
                 acquisition 
               
               
                   
                   
                 * Cell ID detection within a cell ID group 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (3 hypothesis) 
               
               
                 2 nd  Step 
                 SSS 
                 * Cell ID group detection (336 hypothesis) 
               
               
                 3 rd  Step 
                 PBCH DMRS 
                 * SSB index and Half frame (HF) index  
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Slot and frame boundary detection) 
               
               
                 4 th  Step 
                 PBCH 
                 * Time information (80 ms, System Frame  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number (SFN), SSB index, HF)* Remaining  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Minimum System Information (RMSI)  
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control resource set (CORESET)/Search  
               
               
                   
                   
                 space configuration 
               
               
                 5 th  Step 
                 PDCCH and 
                 * Cell access information* RACH  
               
               
                   
                 PDSCH 
                 configuration 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  8    illustrates SSB transmission. 
     SSB is periodically transmitted according to the SSB periodicity. The basic SSB periodicity assumed by the UE in the initial cell search is defined as 20 ms. After the cell access, the SSB periodicity may be set to one of {5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms, 160 ms} by the network (e.g., the BS). An SSB burst set may be configured at the beginning of an SSB period. The SSB burst set may be configured with a 5-ms time window (i.e., half-frame), and an SSB may be repeatedly transmitted up to L times within the SS burst set. The maximum number of transmissions of the SSB, L may be given according to the frequency band of a carrier as follows. One slot includes up to two SSBs.
         For frequency range up to 3 GHz, L=4   For frequency range from 3 GHz to 6 GHz, L=8   For frequency range from 6 GHz to 52.6 GHz, L=64       

     The time position of an SSB candidate in the SS burst set may be defined according to the subcarrier spacing (SCS) as follows. The time positions of SSB candidates are indexed as (SSB indexes) 0 to L−1 in temporal order within the SSB burst set (i.e., half-frame).
         Case A—15-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of candidate SSBs are given as {2, 8}+14*n where n=0, 1 for a carrier frequency equal to or lower than 3 GHz, and n=0, 1, 2, 3 for a carrier frequency of 3 GHz to 6 GHz.   Case B—30-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of candidate SSBs are given as {4, 8, 16, 20}+28*n where n=0 for a carrier frequency equal to or lower than 3 GHz, and n=0, 1 for a carrier frequency of 3 GHz to 6 GHz.   Case C—30-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of candidate SSBs are given as {2, 8}+14*n where n=0, 1 for a carrier frequency equal to or lower than 3 GHz, and n=0, 1, 2, 3 for a carrier frequency of 3 GHz to 6 GHz.   Case D—120-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of candidate SSBs are given as {4, 8, 16, 20}+28*n where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 for a carrier frequency above 6 GHz.   Case E—240-kHz SCS: The indexes of the first symbols of candidate SSBs are given as {8, 12, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 44}+56*n where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 for a carrier frequency above 6 GHz.       

       FIG.  9    illustrates acquisition of DL time synchronization information by the UE. 
     The UE may acquire DL synchronization by detecting an SSB. The UE may identify the structure of an SSB burst set based on the index of the detected SSB and thus detect the boundary of a symbol/slot/half-frame. The number of a frame/half-frame to which the detected SSB belongs to may be identified by SFN information and half-frame indication information. 
     Specifically, the UE may acquire 10-bit SFN system information (s0 to s9) from a PBCH. 6 bits of the 10-bit SFN information are obtained from a master information block (MIB), and the remaining 4 bits are obtained from a PBCH TB. 
     Thereafter, the UE may acquire 1-bit half-frame indication information (0). When the carrier frequency is 3 GHz or below, the half-frame indication information may be implicitly signaled by a PBCH DMRS. The PBCH DMRS uses one of 8 PBCH DMRS sequences to indicate 3-bit information. Therefore, when L=4, the remaining one bit except for bits indicating an SSB index among three bits that may be indicated by the 8 PBCH DMRS sequences may be used for the half-frame indication. 
     Finally, the UE may acquire the SSB index based on the DMRS sequence and PBCH payload. SSB candidates are indexed from 0 to L−1 in time order within the SSB burst set (i.e., half-frame). When L=8 or L=64, three least significant bits (LSBs) (b0 to b2) of the SSB index may be indicated by 8 different PBCH DMRS sequences. When L=64, three most significant bits (MSBs) (b3 to b5) of the SSB index may be indicated by the PBCH. When L=2, two LSBs (b0 and b1) of the SSB index may be indicated by four different PBCH DMRS sequences. When L=4, the remaining one bit (b2) except for the bits indicating the SSB index among the three bits may be used for the half-frame indication. 
     System Information Acquisition 
       FIG.  18    illustrates a system information (SI) acquisition procedure. The UE may acquire access stratum/non-access stratum (AS/NAS) information in the SI acquisition procedure. The SI acquisition procedure may be performed by UEs in RRC_IDLE, RRC_INACTIVE, and RRC_CONNECTED states. 
     SI may be divided into an MIB and a plurality of system information blocks (SIBs). The MIB and the plurality of SIBs may be further divided into minimum SI and other SI. The minimum SI may include the MIB and system information block 1 (SIB1), carrying basic information required for initial access and information required to acquire the other SI. SIB1 may also be referred to as remaining minimum system information (RMSI). Details thereof will be described in the following.
         The MIB includes information/parameters related to reception of SIB1 (SystemInformationBlockType1) and is transmitted on the PBCH of an SSB. The UE assumes that a half-frame including the SSB is repeated every 20 ms during initial cell selection. The UE may determine based on the MIB whether there is a control resource set (CORESET) for a Type0-PDCCH common search space. The Type0-PDCCH common search space is a kind of PDCCH search space and used to transmit a PDCCH that schedules an SI message. If the Type0-PDCCH common search space exists, the UE may determine (1) a plurality of contiguous RBs and one or more consecutive symbols included in the CORESET and (ii) a PDCCH occasion (e.g., a time-domain location for PDCCH reception, based on information (e.g., pdcch-ConfigSIB1) in the MIB. If the Type0-PDCCH common search space does not exist, pdcch-ConfigSIB1 provides information on a frequency location at which the SSB/SIB1 exists and information pm a frequency range where there are no SSB/SIB1.   SIB1 includes information related to availability and scheduling (e.g., transmission periodicity, SI-window size, etc.) of the remaining SIBs (hereinafter referred to as SIBx where x is an integer more than or equal to 2). For example, SIB1 may indicate whether SIBx is periodically broadcast or provided at the request of the UE in an on-demand manner. When SIBx is provided in an on-demand manner, SIB1 may include information necessary for the UE to send an SI request. SIB1 is transmitted over a PDSCH, a PDCCH scheduling SIB1 is transmitted in the Type0-PDCCH common search space, and SIB1 is transmitted over the PDSCH indicated by the PDCCH.   SIBx is included in the SI message and transmitted on the PDSCH. Each SI message is transmitted within a periodically occurring time window (i.e., SI-window).       

     Beam Alignment 
       FIG.  11    illustrates multi-beam transmission in SSBs. 
     Beam sweeping refers to changing the beam (direction) of a radio signal over time by a transmission reception point (TRP) (e.g., BS/cell) (hereinafter, the terms beam and beam direction are interchangeably used). SSBs may be transmitted periodically by beam sweeping. In this case, SSB indices are implicitly linked to SSB beams. An SSB beam may be changed on an SSB (index) basis or on an SS (index) group basis. In the latter, the same SSB beam is maintained in an SSB (index) group. That is, the transmission beam direction of an SSB is repeated for a plurality of contiguous SSBs. The maximum number of times that the SSB is transmitted in an SSB burst set, L may have a value of 4, 8, or 64 depending on the frequency band of a carrier. Accordingly, the maximum number of SSB beams in the SSB burst set may be given according to the frequency band of the carrier as follows.
         For frequency range up to 3 GHz, Max number of beams=4   For frequency range from 3 GHz to 6 GHz, Max number of beams=8   For frequency range from 6 GHz to 52.6 GHz, Max number of beams=64
           When multi-beam transmission is not applied, the number of SSB beams is 1.   
               

     When the UE attempts to initially access the BS, the UE may align beams with those of the BS based on the SSB. For example, the UE identifies the best SSB after performing SSB detection. Thereafter, the UE may transmit a RACH preamble to the BS on a PRACH resource linked/corresponding to the index (i.e., beam) of the best SSB. The SSB may be used to align beams between the BS and UE after the initial access. 
     Channel Measurement and Rate-Matching 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a method of notifying an actually transmitted SSB (SSB_tx). 
     A maximum of L SSBs may be transmitted in an SSB burst set, and the number and positions of actually transmitted SSBs may vary for each BS/cell. The number and positions of actually transmitted SSBs may be used for rate-matching and measurement, and information about actually transmitted SSBs may be indicated as follows.
         When the number and positions of actually transmitted SSBs are related to rate-matching, the information may be indicated by UE-specific RRC signaling or RMSI. The UE-specific RRC signaling includes a full bitmap (e.g., of length L) for frequency ranges below and above 6 GHz. The RMSI includes a full bitmap for frequency ranges below 6 GHz and a compressed bitmap for frequency ranges above 6 GHz. Specifically, the information about actually transmitted SSBs may be indicated by group-bitmap (8 bits)+intra-group bitmap (8 bits). Resources (e.g., REs) indicated by the UE-specific RRC signaling or RMSI may be reserved for SSB transmission, and a PDSCH and/or PUSCH may be rate-matched in consideration of the SSB resources.   When the number and positions of actually transmitted SSBs are related to measurement, the network (e.g., BS) may indicate an SSB set to be measured within a measurement period if the UE is in the RRC connected mode. The SSB set may be indicated for each frequency layer. If no SSB set is indicated, a default SSB set may be used. The default SSB set includes all SSBs within the measurement period. The SSB set may be indicated by a full bitmap (e.g., of length L) of RRC signaling. When the UE is in the RRC idle mode, the default SSB set is used.       

     Random Access (RA) Procedure 
       FIG.  13    illustrates an exemplary random access procedure. In particular,  FIG.  13    shows a contention-based RA procedure. 
     First, the UE may transmit a random access preamble over a PRACH in UL as Msg1 of the random access procedure. 
     Random access preamble sequences of two different lengths are supported. Long sequence length  839  is applied with SCSs of 1.25 and 5 kHz, and short sequence length  139  is applied with SCSs of 15, 30, 60 and 120 kHz. 
     Multiple preamble formats are defined by one or more RACH OFDM symbols and different cyclic prefixes (and/or guard times). A RACH configuration for the initial bandwidth of a primary cell (Pcell) may be included in system information of the cell and provided to the UE. The RACH configuration includes information on the SCS of the PRACH, available preambles, preamble formats, and the like. The RACH configuration includes information on association between SSBs and RACH (time-frequency) resources. The UE transmits the random access preamble on a RACH time-frequency resource associated with a detected or selected SSB. 
     The threshold of SSBs may be configured by the network for association with RACH resources. The RACH preamble may be transmitted or retransmitted based on SSB(s) having reference signal received power (RSRP) measured based thereon satisfying the threshold. For example, the UE may select one of the SSB(s) that satisfy the threshold and transmit or retransmit the RACH preamble based on a RACH resource associated with the selected SSB. For example, upon retransmission of the RACH preamble, the UE may reselect one of the SSB(s) and retransmit the RACH preamble based on a RACH resource associated with the reselected SSB. That is, the RACH resource for retransmission of the RACH preamble may be the same as and/or different from the RACH resource for transmission of the RACH preamble. 
     When the BS receives a random access preamble from the UE, the BS transmits a random access response (RAR) message (Msg2) to the UE. A PDCCH scheduling a PDSCH that carries the RAR is cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scrambled with a random access radio network temporary identifier (RA-RNTI) and then transmitted. Upon detecting the PDCCH CRC-scrambled with the RA-RNTI, the UE may receive the RAR from the PDSCH that is scheduled by DCI carried on the PDCCH. The UE checks whether the RAR includes RAR information in response to the preamble transmitted by the UE, i.e., Msg1. The presence or absence of the RAR information in response to Msg1 transmitted by the UE may be determined depending on whether there is a random access preamble ID for the preamble transmitted by the UE. If there is no response to Msg1, the UE may retransmit the RACH preamble within a predetermined number of times while performing power ramping. The UE may calculate PRACH transmission power for retransmitting the preamble based on the most recent transmission power, power increment, and power ramping counter. 
     The RAR information may include a preamble sequence transmitted by the UE, a temporary cell-RNTI (TC-RNTI) allocated by the BS to the UE that has attempted random access, and UL transmit time alignment information, UL transmission power adjustment information, and UL radio resource allocation information. If the UE receives the RAR information for itself on the PDSCH, the UE may obtain information timing advance information for UL synchronization, an initial UL grant, a TC-RNTI. The timing advance information may be used to control a UL signal transmission timing. To better align PUSCH/PUCCH transmission by the UE with the subframe timing at the network, the network (e.g., BS) may obtain the timing advance information based on timing information detected from a PRACH preamble received from the UE and transmit the timing advance information to the UE. The UE may transmit a UL signal over a UL shared channel based on the RAR information as Msg3 of the RACH procedure. Msg3 may include an RRC connection request and a UE identifier. In response to Msg3, the network may transmit Msg4, which may be treated as a contention resolution message on DL. Upon receiving Msg4, the UE may enter the RRC_CONNECTED state. 
     A contention-free random access procedure may be used when the UE is handed over to another cell or BS or when requested by a command from the BS. The basic steps of the contention-free random access procedure are similar to those of the contention-based random access procedure. However, in the contention-free random access procedure, the BS allocates a preamble to be used by the UE (hereinafter, dedicated random access preamble) to the UE, unlike the contention-based random access procedure in which the UE arbitrarily selects a preamble to be used from among a plurality of random access preambles. Information on the dedicated random access preamble may be included in an RRC message (e.g., handover command) or provided to the UE through a PDCCH order. When the random access procedure is initiated, the UE transmits the dedicated random access preamble to the BS. When the UE receives an RAR from the BS, the random access procedure is completed. 
     As described above, a UL grant in the RAR may schedule PUSCH transmission to the UE. A PUSCH carrying initial UL transmission based on the UL grant in the RAR is also referred to as an Msg3 PUSCH. The content of an RAR UL grant may start at the MSB and end at the LSB, and the content may be given as shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number  
               
               
                   
                 RAR UL grant field 
                 of bits 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Frequency hopping flag 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Msg3 PUSCH frequency  
                 12 
               
               
                   
                 resource allocation 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Msg3 PUSCH time resource allocation 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Modulation and coding scheme (MCS) 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Transmit power control (TPC) for Msg3 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 PUSCH 
                   
               
               
                   
                 CSI request 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A TPC command is used to determine the transmission power of the Msg3 PUSCH. For example, the TPC command may be interpreted as shown in Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 TPC  
                 value  
               
               
                   
                 command 
                 [dB] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 −6 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 −4 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 −2 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the contention-free RACH procedure, a CSI request field in the RAR UL grant indicates whether the UE includes an aperiodic CSI report in corresponding PUSCH transmission. An SCS for Msg3 PUSCH transmission is provided by an RRC parameter. The UE may transmit a PRACH and an Msg3 PUSCH on the same UL carrier of the same serving cell. A UL BWP for Msg3 PUSCH transmission is indicated by system information block 1 (SIB1). 
     Positioning Reference Signal (PRS) in LTE System 
     Positioning may refer to determining the geographical position and/or velocity of the UE based on measurement of radio signals. Location information may be requested by and reported to a client (e.g., an application) associated with the UE. The location information may also be requested by a client within or connected to a core network. The location information may be reported in standard formats such as cell-based or geographical coordinates, together with estimated errors of the position and velocity of the UE and/or a positioning method used for positioning. 
     For such positioning, a positioning reference signal (PRS) may be used. The PRS is a reference signal used to estimate the position of the UE. For example, in the LTE system, the PRS may be transmitted only in a DL subframe configured for PRS transmission (hereinafter, “positioning subframe”). If both a multimedia broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN) subframe and a non-MBSFN subframe are configured as positioning subframes, OFDM symbols of the MBSFN subframe should have the same cyclic prefix (CP) as symbols of subframe #0. If only the MBSFN subframe is configured as the positioning subframe within a cell, OFDM symbols configured for the PRS in the MBSFN subframe may have an extended CP. 
     The sequence of the PRS may be defined by [Equation 1] below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
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                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                        
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                   N 
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     In Equation 1, ns denotes a slot number in a radio frame and 1 denotes an OFDM symbol number in a slot. N RB   max,DL  is represented as an integer multiple of N SC   RB  as the largest value among DL bandwidth configurations, and N SC   RB  denotes the size of a resource block (RB) in the frequency domain, for example, 12 subcarriers. 
     In addition, c(i) denotes a pseudo-random sequence and may be initialized by [Equation 2] below. 
       [Equation 2] 
         c   init =2 28   ·└N   ID   PRS /512┘+2 10 ·(7·( n   s +1)+1+1)·(2·( N   ID   PRS  mod 512)+1)+2·( N   ID   PRS  mod 512)+ N   CP  
 
     Unless additionally configured by higher layers, N ID   PRS  is equal to N ID   cell , and N CP  is 1 for a normal CP and 0 for an extended CP. 
       FIG.  14    illustrates an exemplary pattern to which a PRS is mapped in a subframe. As illustrated in  FIG.  14   , the PRS may be transmitted through an antenna port  6 .  FIG.  14 ( a )  illustrates mapping of the PRS in the normal CP and  FIG.  14 ( b )  illustrates mapping of the PRS in the extended CP. 
     The PRS may be transmitted in consecutive subframes grouped for positioning. The subframes grouped for positioning are referred to as a positioning occasion. The positioning occasion may consist of 1, 2, 4 or 6 subframes. The positioning occasion may occur periodically at a periodicity of 160, 320, 640 or 1280 subframes. A cell-specific subframe offset value may be defined to indicate the starting subframe of PRS transmission. The offset value and the periodicity of the positioning occasion for PRS transmission may be derived from PRS configuration indexes as listed in [Table 4] below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PRS configuration  
                 PRS periodicity 
                 PRS subframe offset 
               
               
                 Index (I PRS ) 
                 (subframes) 
                 (subframes) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   0-159 
                 160 
                 I PRS   
               
               
                 160-479 
                 320 
                 I PRS -160 
               
               
                  480-1119 
                 640 
                 I PRS -480 
               
               
                 1120-2399 
                 1280 
                  I PRS -1120 
               
               
                 2400-2404 
                 2 
                  I PRS -2400 
               
               
                 2405-2414 
                 10 
                  I PRS -2405 
               
               
                 2415-2434 
                 20 
                  I PRS -2415 
               
               
                 2435-2474 
                 40 
                  I PRS -2435 
               
               
                 2475-2554 
                 80 
                  I PRS -2475 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 2555-4095 
                 Reserved 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A PRS included in each positioning occasion is transmitted with constant power. A PRS in a certain positioning occasion may be transmitted with zero power, which is referred to as PRS muting. For example, when a PRS transmitted by a serving cell is muted, the UE may easily detect a PRS of a neighbor cell. 
     The PRS muting configuration of a cell may be defined by a periodic muting sequence consisting of 2, 4, 8 or 16 positioning occasions. That is, the periodic muting sequence may include 2, 4, 8, or 16 bits according to a positioning occasion corresponding to the PRS muting configuration and each bit may have a value “0” or “1”. For example, PRS muting may be performed in a positioning occasion with a bit value of “0”. 
     The positioning subframe is designed to have a low-interference subframe so that no data is transmitted in the positioning subframe. Therefore, the PRS is not subjected to interference due to data transmission although the PRS may interfere with PRSs of other cells. 
     UE Positioning Architecture in LTE System 
       FIG.  15    illustrates the architecture of a 5G system applicable to positioning of a UE connected to a next generation-radio access network (NG-RAN) or an E-UTRAN. 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , a core access and mobility management function (AMF) may receive a request for a location service associated with a particular target UE from another entity such as a gateway mobile location center (GMLC) or the AMF itself decides to initiate the location service on behalf of the particular target UE. Then, the AMF transmits a request for a location service to a location management function (LMF). Upon receiving the request for the location service, the LMF may process the request for the location service and then returns the processing result including the estimated position of the UE to the AMF. In the case of a location service requested by an entity such as the GMLC other than the AMF, the AMF may transmit the processing result received from the LMF to this entity. 
     A new generation evolved-NB (ng-eNB) and a gNB are network elements of the NG-RAN capable of providing a measurement result for positioning. The ng-eNB and the gNB may measure radio signals for a target UE and transmits a measurement result value to the LMF. The ng-eNB may control several transmission points (TPs), such as remote radio heads, or PRS-only TPs for support of a PRS-based beacon system for E-UTRA. 
     The LMF is connected to an enhanced serving mobile location center (E-SMLC) which may enable the LMF to access the E-UTRAN. For example, the E-SMLC may enable the LMF to support an observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA), which is one of positioning methods of the E-UTRAN, using DL measurement obtained by a target UE through signals transmitted by eNBs and/or PRS-only TPs in the E-UTRAN. 
     The LMF may be connected to an SUPL location platform (SLP). The LMF may support and manage different location services for target UEs. The LMF may interact with a serving ng-eNB or a serving gNB for a target UE in order to obtain positioning for the UE. For positioning of the target UE, the LMF may determine positioning methods, based on a location service (LCS) client type, required quality of service (QoS), UE positioning capabilities, gNB positioning capabilities, and ng-eNB positioning capabilities, and then apply these positioning methods to the serving gNB and/or serving ng-eNB. The LMF may determine additional information such as accuracy of the location estimate and velocity of the target UE. The SLP is a secure user plane location (SUPL) entity responsible for positioning over a user plane. 
     The UE may measure the position thereof using DL RSs transmitted by the NG-RAN and the E-UTRAN. The DL RSs transmitted by the NG-RAN and the E-UTRAN to the UE may include a SS/PBCH block, a CSI-RS, and/or a PRS. Which DL RS is used to measure the position of the UE may conform to configuration of LMF/E-SMLC/ng-eNB/E-UTRAN etc. The position of the UE may be measured by an RAT-independent scheme using different global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), terrestrial beacon systems (TBSs), WLAN access points, Bluetooth beacons, and sensors (e.g., barometric sensors) installed in the UE. The UE may also contain LCS applications or access an LCS application through communication with a network accessed thereby or through another application contained therein. The LCS application may include measurement and calculation functions needed to determine the position of the UE. For example, the UE may contain an independent positioning function such as a global positioning system (GPS) and report the position thereof, independent of NG-RAN transmission. Such independently obtained positioning information may be used as assistance information of positioning information obtained from the network. 
     Operation for UE Positioning 
       FIG.  16    illustrates an implementation example of a network for UE positioning. When an AMF receives a request for a location service in the case in which the UE is in connection management (CM)-IDLE state, the AMF may make a request for a network triggered service in order to establish a signaling connection with the UE and to assign a specific serving gNB or ng-eNB. This operation procedure is omitted in  FIG.  8   . In other words, in  FIG.  8   , it may be assumed that the UE is in a connected mode. However, the signaling connection may be released by an NG-RAN as a result of signaling and data inactivity while a positioning procedure is still ongoing. 
     An operation procedure of the network for UE positioning will now be described in detail with reference to  FIG.  16   . In step 1a, a 5GC entity such as GMLC may transmit a request for a location service for measuring the position of a target UE to a serving AMF. Here, even when the GMLC does not make the request for the location service, the serving AMF may determine the need for the location service for measuring the position of the target UE according to step 1b. For example, the serving AMF may determine that itself will perform the location service in order to measure the position of the UE for an emergency call. 
     In step 2, the AMF transfers the request for the location service to an LMF. In step 3a, the LMF may initiate location procedures with a serving ng-eNB or a serving gNB to obtain location measurement data or location measurement assistance data. For example, the LMF may transmit a request for location related information associated with one or more UEs to the NG-RAN and indicate the type of necessary location information and associated QoS. Then, the NG-RAN may transfer the location related information to the LMF in response to the request. In this case, when a location determination method according to the request is an enhanced cell ID (E-CID) scheme, the NG-RAN may transfer additional location related information to the LMF in one or more NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) messages. Here, the “location related information” may mean all values used for location calculation such as actual location estimate information and radio measurement or location measurement. Protocol used in step 3a may be an NRPPa protocol which will be described later. 
     Additionally, in step 3b, the LMF may initiate a location procedure for DL positioning together with the UE. For example, the LMF may transmit the location assistance data to the UE or obtain a location estimate or location measurement value. For example, in step 3b, a capability information transfer procedure may be performed. Specifically, the LMF may transmit a request for capability information to the UE and the UE may transmit the capability information to the LMF. Here, the capability information may include information about a positioning method supportable by the LFM or the UE, information about various aspects of a particular positioning method, such as various types of assistance data for an A-GNSS, and information about common features not specific to any one positioning method, such as ability to handle multiple LPP transactions. In some cases, the UE may provide the capability information to the LMF although the LMF does not transmit a request for the capability information. 
     As another example, in step 3b, a location assistance data transfer procedure may be performed. Specifically, the UE may transmit a request for the location assistance data to the LMF and indicate particular location assistance data needed to the LMF. Then, the LMF may transfer corresponding location assistance data to the UE and transfer additional assistance data to the UE in one or more additional LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages. The location assistance data delivered from the LMF to the UE may be transmitted in a unicast manner. In some cases, the LMF may transfer the location assistance data and/or the additional assistance data to the UE without receiving a request for the assistance data from the UE. 
     As another example, in step 3b, a location information transfer procedure may be performed. Specifically, the LMF may send a request for the location (related) information associated with the UE to the UE and indicate the type of necessary location information and associated QoS. In response to the request, the UE may transfer the location related information to the LMF. Additionally, the UE may transfer additional location related information to the LMF in one or more LPP messages. Here, the “location related information” may mean all values used for location calculation such as actual location estimate information and radio measurement or location measurement. Typically, the location related information may be a reference signal time difference (RSTD) value measured by the UE based on DL RSs transmitted to the UE by a plurality of NG-RANs and/or E-UTRANs. Similarly to the above description, the UE may transfer the location related information to the LMF without receiving a request from the LMF. 
     The procedures implemented in step 3 b  may be performed independently but may be performed consecutively. Generally, although step 3 b  is performed in order of the capability information transfer procedure, the location assistance data transfer procedure, and the location information transfer procedure, step 3 b  is not limited to such order. In other words, step 3 b  is not required to occur in specific order in order to improve flexibility in positioning. For example, the UE may request the location assistance data at any time in order to perform a previous request for location measurement made by the LMF. The LMF may also request location information, such as a location measurement value or a location estimate value, at any time, in the case in which location information transmitted by the UE does not satisfy required QoS. Similarly, when the UE does not perform measurement for location estimation, the UE may transmit the capability information to the LMF at any time. 
     In step 3b, when information or requests exchanged between the LMF and the UE are erroneous, an error message may be transmitted and received and an abort message for aborting positioning may be transmitted and received. 
     Protocol used in step 3 b  may be an LPP protocol which will be described later. 
     Step 3 b  may be performed additionally after step 3a but may be performed instead of step 3a. 
     In step 4, the LMF may provide a location service response to the AMF. The location service response may include information as to whether UE positioning is successful and include a location estimate value of the UE. If the procedure of  FIG.  8    has been initiated by step 1a, the AMF may transfer the location service response to a 5GC entity such as a GMLC. If the procedure of  FIG.  16    has been initiated by step 1b, the AMF may use the location service response in order to provide a location service related to an emergency call. 
     Protocol for Location Measurement 
     (1) LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) 
       FIG.  17    illustrates an exemplary protocol layer used to support LPP message transfer between an LMF and a UE. An LPP protocol data unit (PDU) may be carried in a NAS PDU between an MAF and the UE. Referring to  FIG.  17   , LPP is terminated between a target device (e.g., a UE in a control plane or an SUPL enabled terminal (SET) in a user plane) and a location server (e.g., an LMF in the control plane or an SLP in the user plane). LPP messages may be carried as transparent PDUs cross intermediate network interfaces using appropriate protocols, such an NGAP over an NG-C interface and NAS/RRC over LTE-Uu and NR-Uu interfaces. LPP is intended to enable positioning for NR and LTE using various positioning methods. 
     For example, a target device and a location server may exchange, through LPP, capability information therebetween, assistance data for positioning, and/or location information. The target device and the location server may exchange error information and/or indicate stopping of an LPP procedure, through an LPP message. 
     (2) NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) 
       FIG.  18    illustrates an exemplary protocol layer used to support NRPPa PDU transfer between an LMF and an NG-RAN node. NRPPa may be used to carry information between an NG-RAN node and an LMF. Specifically, NRPPa may exchange an E-CID for measurement transferred from an ng-eNB to an LMF, data for support of an OTDOA positioning method, and a cell-ID and a cell position ID for an NR cell ID positioning method. An AMF may route NRPPa PDUs based on a routing ID of an involved LMF over an NG-C interface without information about related NRPPa transaction. 
     An NRPPa procedure for location and data collection may be divided into two types. The first type is a UE associated procedure for transmitting information about a particular UE (e.g., location measurement information) and the second type is anon-UE-associated procedure for transmitting information applicable to an NG-RAN node and associated TPs (e.g., timing information of the gNB/ng-eNG/TP). The two types may be supported independently or simultaneously. 
     Positioning Measurement Method 
     Positioning methods supported in the NG-RAN may include a GNSS, an OTDOA, an E-CID, barometric sensor positioning, WLAN positioning, Bluetooth positioning, a TBS, uplink time difference of arrival (UTDOA) etc. Although any one of the positioning methods may be used for UE positioning, two or more positioning methods may be used for UE positioning. 
     (1) Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) 
       FIG.  19    is a diagram illustrating an OTDOA positioning method. The OTDOA positioning method uses time measured for DL signals received from multiple TPs including an eNB, an ng-eNB, and a PRS-only TP by the UE. The UE measures time of received DL signals using location assistance data received from a location server. The position of the UE may be determined based on such a measurement result and geographical coordinates of neighboring TPs. 
     The UE connected to the gNB may request measurement gaps to perform OTDOA measurement from a TP. If the UE is not aware of an SFN of at least one TP in OTDOA assistance data, the UE may use autonomous gaps to obtain an SFN of an OTDOA reference cell prior to requesting measurement gaps for performing reference signal time difference (RSTD) measurement. 
     Here, the RSTD may be defined as the smallest relative time difference between two subframe boundaries received from a reference cell and a measurement cell. That is, the RSTD may be calculated as the relative time difference between the start time of a subframe received from the measurement cell and the start time of a subframe from the reference cell that is closest to the subframe received from the measurement cell. The reference cell may be selected by the UE. 
     For accurate OTDOA measurement, it is necessary to measure times of arrival (ToAs) of signals received from geographically distributed three or more TPs or BSs. For example, ToAs for TP 1, TP 2, and TP 3 may be measured, and an RSTD for TP 1 and TP 2, an RSTD for TP 2 and TP 3, and an RSTD for TP 3 and TP 1 are calculated based on the three ToAs. A geometric hyperbola may be determined based on the calculated RSTD values and a point at which curves of the hyperbola cross may be estimated as the position of the UE. In this case, accuracy and/or uncertainty for each ToA measurement may occur and the estimated position of the UE may be known as a specific range according to measurement uncertainty. 
     For example, an RSTD for two TPs may be calculated based on [Equation 3] below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     In Equation 3, c is the speed of light, {x t , y t } are (unknown) coordinates of a target UE, {x i , y i } are (known) coordinates of a TP, and {x 1 , y 1 } are coordinates of a reference TP (or another TP). Here, (T i −T 1 ) is a transmission time offset between two TPs, referred to as “real time differences” (RTDs), and n i  and n 1  are UE ToA measurement error values. 
     (2) Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID) 
     In a cell ID (CID) positioning method, the position of the UE may be measured based on geographical information of a serving ng-eNB, a serving gNB, and/or a serving cell of the UE. For example, the geographical information of the serving ng-eNB, the serving gNB, and/or the serving cell may be acquired by paging, registration, etc. 
     The E-CID positioning method may use additional UE measurement and/or NG-RAN radio resources in order to improve UE location estimation in addition to the CID positioning method. Although the E-CID positioning method partially may utilize the same measurement methods as a measurement control system on an RRC protocol, additional measurement only for UE location measurement is not generally performed. In other words, an additional measurement configuration or measurement control message may not be provided for UE location measurement. The UE does not expect that an additional measurement operation only for location measurement will be requested and the UE may report a measurement value obtained by generally measurable methods. 
     For example, the serving gNB may implement the E-CID positioning method using an E-UTRA measurement value provided by the UE.
         Measurement elements usable for E-CID positioning may be, for example, as follows.   UE measurement: E-UTRA reference signal received power (RSRP), E-UTRA reference signal received quality (RSRQ), UE E-UTRA reception (RX)-transmission (TX) time difference, GERAN/WLAN reference signal strength indication (RSSI), UTRAN common pilot channel (CPICH) received signal code power (RSCP), and/or UTRAN CPICH Ec/Io   E-UTRAN measurement: ng-eNB RX-TX time difference, timing advance (T ADV ), and/or AoA       

     Here, T ADV  may be divided into Type 1 and Type 2 as follows. 
     T ADV  Type 1=(ng-eNB RX-TX time difference)+(UE E-UTRA RX-TX time difference) 
     T ADV  Type 2=ng-eNB RX-TX time difference 
     AoA may be used to measure the direction of the UE. AoA is defined as the estimated angle of the UE counterclockwise from the eNB/TP. In this case, a geographical reference direction may be north. The eNB/TP may use a UL signal such as an SRS and/or a DMRS for AoA measurement. The accuracy of measurement of AoA increases as the arrangement of an antenna array increases. When antenna arrays are arranged at the same interval, signals received at adjacent antenna elements may have constant phase rotate. 
     (3) Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (UTDOA) 
     UTDOA is to determine the position of the UE by estimating the arrival time of an SRS. When an estimated SRS arrival time is calculated, a serving cell is used as a reference cell and the position of the UE may be estimated by the arrival time difference with another cell (or an eNB/TP). To implement UTDOA, an E-SMLC may indicate the serving cell of a target UE in order to indicate SRS transmission to the target UE. The E-SMLC may provide configurations such as periodic/non-periodic SRS, bandwidth, and frequency/group/sequence hopping. 
     (4) Multi Round Trip Time (RTT) (Multi-cell RTT) 
     Compared to OTDOA that requires fine synchronization (e.g., at the nano-second level) between TPs in the network, RTT requires only coarse TRP (e.g., BS) timing synchronization although RTT is also based on time of arrival (TOA) measurements as in OTDOA. 
       FIG.  20    is a diagram for explaining an exemplary multi-RTT positioning method. 
     Referring to an RTT process of  FIG.  20 ( a ) , an initiating device and a responding device perform TOA measurement, and the responding device provides TOA measurements to the initiating device for RTT measurement (calculation). For example, the initiating device may be a TRP and/or a UE, and the responding device may be a UE and/or a TRP. 
     In operation  2001  according to an exemplary embodiment, the initiating device may transmit an RTT measurement request, and the responding device may receive the RTT measurement request. 
     In operation  2003  according to an exemplary embodiment, the initiating device may transmit an RTT measurement signal at time t0, and the responding device may obtain TOA measurement t1. 
     In operation  2005  according to an exemplary embodiment, the responding device may transmit an RTT measurement signal at time t2, and the initiating device may obtain TOA measurement t3. 
     In operation  2007  according to an exemplary embodiment, the responding device may transmit information about [t2−t1], and the initiating device may receive the corresponding information and calculate an RTT based on Equation 4 below. The corresponding information may be transmitted and received in a separate signal or in the RTT measurement signal of operation  2005 . 
       RTT= t   3   −t   0 −[ t   2   −t   1 ]  [Equation 4]
 
     Referring to  FIG.  20 ( b ) , an RTT may correspond to a double-range measurement between two devices. Positioning estimation may be performed from the corresponding information, and multilateration may be used for the positioning estimation. Radiuses d1, d2, and d3 may be determined based on the measured RTT, and the location of a target device may be determined to be the intersection of circles with radiuses d1, d2, and d3, which are centered on BS1, BS2, and BS3 (or TRPs), respectively. 
     &lt;Uplink Power Control&gt; 
     In wireless communication systems, it may be necessary to increase or decrease the transmission power of a UE and/or a mobile device depending on situations. Controlling the transmission power of the UE and/or mobile device may be referred to as UL power control. For example, transmission power control may be applied to satisfy requirements (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error ratio (BER), block error ratio (BLER), etc.) of a BS (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.). 
     The above-described power control may be performed according to an open-loop power control method and a closed-loop power control method. 
     Specifically, the open-loop power control method refers to a method of controlling transmission power without feedback from a transmitting device (e.g., BS, etc.) to a receiving device (e.g., UE, etc.) and/or feedback from the receiving device to the transmitting device. For example, the UE may receive a specific channel/signal (pilot channel/signal) from the BS, and estimate the strength of received power based on the received channel/signal. Then, the UE may control the transmission power based on the strength of the estimated received power strength. 
     On the other hand, the closed-loop power control method refers to a method of controlling transmission power based on feedback from a transmitting device to a receiving device and/or feedback from the receiving device to the transmitting device. For example, the BS receives a specific channel/signal from the UE and determines an optimal power level of the UE based on a power level, SNR, BER, BLER, etc. which are measured based on the received specific channel/signal. The BS may transmit information (i.e., feedback) on the determined optimal power level to the UE on a control channel, and the UE may control the transmission power based on the feedback provided by the BS. 
     Hereinafter, power control methods for cases in which a UE and/or a mobile device perform UL transmission to a BS in a wireless communication system will be described in detail. Specifically, power control methods for transmission of: 1) a UL data channel (e.g., PUSCH); 2) a UL control channel (e.g., PUCCH); 3) a sounding reference signal (SRS); and 4) a random access channel (e.g., PRACH) will be described. In this case, a transmission occasion (i.e., transmission time unit) (i) for the PUSCH, PUCCH, SRS and/or PRACH may be defined by a slot index (n_s) in a frame with an SFN, a first symbol (S) in a slot, the number of consecutive symbols (L), and the like. 
     (1) Power Control of UL Data Channel 
     Regarding power control of a UL data channel, a power control method will be described based on a case in which the UE performs PUSCH transmission, for convenience of description. However, the power control method is not limited to the PUCSH transmission, that is, the power control method may be extended and applied to other UL data channels supported in wireless communication systems. 
     For PUSCH transmission in an active UL bandwidth part (BWP) of a carrier (f) of a serving cell (c), the UE may calculate a linear power value of transmission power determined by Equation 5 below. Thereafter, the corresponding UE may control the transmission power by taking the calculated linear power value into consideration for the number of antenna ports and/or the number of SRS ports. 
     In particular, if the UE performs PUSCH transmission in the active UL BWP (b) of the carrier (f) of the serving cell (c) using a parameter set configuration based on index j and a PUSCH power control adjustment state based on index 1, the UE may determine PUSCH transmission power   (dBm) on a PUSCH transmission occasion (i) based on Equation 5 below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     
                       ? 
                     
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         i 
                         , 
                         j 
                         , 
                         
                           q 
                           d 
                         
                         , 
                         l 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     min 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   P 
                                   CMAX 
                                 
                                 
                                   ? 
                                 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   i 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       
                                         P 
                                         
                                           O 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           _ 
                                           ⁢ 
                                           PUSCH 
                                         
                                       
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         j 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       10 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         log 
                                         10 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           
                                             
                                               2 
                                               μ 
                                             
                                             · 
                                             
                                               M 
                                               PUSCH 
                                             
                                           
                                           
                                             ? 
                                           
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             i 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       α 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           j 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         · 
                                         PL 
                                       
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           d 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       Δ 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         i 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       f 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           i 
                                           , 
                                           l 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     5 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               ? 
             
             indicates text missing or illegible when filed 
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 5, index j denotes the index for an open-loop power control parameter (e.g., P_o, alpha (α), etc.), and a maximum of 32 parameter sets may be configured for each cell. Index q_d denotes the index of a DL RS resource for path loss (PL) measurement (e.g.,  ), and a maximum of four measurements may be configured for each cell. Index 1 denotes the index of a closed-loop power control process, and a maximum of two processes may be configured for each cell. 
     In addition, P_o (e.g.,  ) is a parameter broadcast as part of system information and may denote target received power of the receiver. The corresponding P_o value may be configured in consideration of UE throughput, cell capacity, noise and/or interference, etc. Alpha (e.g.,  ) may denote a rate for compensating for PL. Alpha may have a value from 0 to 1, and full pathloss compensation or fractional pathloss compensation may be performed according to the configured value. In this case, the alpha value may be configured in consideration of interference between UEs and/or data rates. In addition,   may denote configured UE transmission (or transmit) power. For example, the configured UE transmission (or transmit) power may be interpreted as ‘configured maximum UE output power’ defined in 3GPP TS 38.101-1 and/or TS 38.101-2. M RB b,f,c   PUCCH (i) may denote a PUSCH resource allocation bandwidth, which is expressed by the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the PUSCH transmission occasion based on an SCS (μ).  , which is related to PUSCH power control adjustment states, may be configured or indicated based on a TPC command field of DCI received or detected by the UE (e.g., DCI format 0_0, DCI format 0_1, DCI format 2_2, DCI format2_3, etc.). 
     In this case, a specific radio resource control (RRC) parameter (e.g., SRI-PUSCHPowerControl-Mapping, etc.) may indicate a linkage relationship between an SRS resource indicator (SRI) field of the DCI and the aforementioned indices: j, q_d, and 1. In other words, the above-mentioned indices j, 1, and q_d may be associated with a beam, a panel, and/or a spatial domain transmission filter based on specific information. Therefore, PUSCH transmission power control may be performed in units of beams, panels, and/or spatial domain transmission filters. 
     The above-described parameters and/or information for PUSCH power control may be configured separately (independently) for each BWP. In this case, the corresponding parameters and/or information may be configured or indicated by higher layer signaling (RRC signaling, medium access control-control element (MAC-CE), etc.) and/or DCI. For example, the parameters and/or information for PUSCH power control may be provided by RRC signaling such as PUSCH-ConfigCommon, PUSCH-PowerControl, etc. The following shows PUSCH-ConfigCommon and PUSCH-PowerControl defined in 3GPP TS Rel.16 38.331. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                 
                      SEQUENCE    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                       ENUM   
                      OP  NA      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                          
                 OPTIONA      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                          ER   
                  OP      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                          NT   
                        
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                     
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 PUSCH   
                 SEQUENCE    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                     TED    
                    OPTIONAL   Need 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                        
                     OPTIONAL   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                  S 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                       
                  OPTIONAL   
               
               
                     
                    SEQ   OF    
                   OPTIONAL   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                     
                      
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                      OPT   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                     
                  SEQ   OF    
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                      O  ONAL   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                  Need    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                      ATED    
                       O  ONAL   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                  Need    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                        
                        OP  ONA   
               
               
                  Need    
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                    PUSCH   
                      SEQUENCE    OF    PUSCH    
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                      OP  ONA   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                    PUSCH   
                   SEQUENCE    OF    
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                      OPT  ON      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The UE may determine or calculate the PUSCH transmission power according to the above-described method and transmit the PUSCH based on the determined or calculated PUSCH transmission power. 
     (2) Power Control of UL Control Channel 
     Regarding power control of a UL data channel, a power control method will be described based on a case in which the UE performs PUCCH transmission, for convenience of description. However, the power control method is not limited to the PUCCH transmission, that is, the power control method may be extended and applied to other UL data channels supported in wireless communication systems. 
     If the UE performs PUCCH transmission in an active UL BWP (b) of a carrier (f) of a primary cell (or secondary cell) (c) using a PUCCH power control adjustment state based on index 1, the UE may determine PUCCH transmission power   (dBm) on a PUCCH transmission occasion (i) based on Equation 6 below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     
                       ? 
                     
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         i 
                         , 
                         
                           q 
                           u 
                         
                         , 
                         
                           q 
                           d 
                         
                         , 
                         l 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     min 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 P 
                                 
                                   ? 
                                 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   i 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       P 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           
                                             ? 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       10 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         log 
                                         10 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           
                                             
                                               2 
                                               μ 
                                             
                                             · 
                                             M 
                                           
                                           
                                             ? 
                                           
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             i 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       PL 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           d 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       Δ 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           ? 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       Δ 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         i 
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       g 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           i 
                                           , 
                                           l 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     6 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               ? 
             
             indicates text missing or illegible when filed 
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 6, q_u denotes the index of an open-loop power control parameter (e.g., P_o, etc.), and a maximum of 8 parameter values may be configured for each cell. Index q_d denotes the index of a DL RS resource for path-loss measurement (e.g.,  ), and a maximum of four measurements may be configured for each cell. Index 1 denotes the index of a closed-loop power control process, and a maximum of two processes may be configured for each cell. 
     In addition, Po (e.g.,  ) is a parameter broadcast as part of system information and may denote target received power of the receiver. The corresponding P_o value may be configured in consideration of UE throughput, cell capacity, noise and/or interference, etc. In addition,   may denote configured UE transmission (or transmit) power. For example, the configured UE transmission (or transmit) power may be interpreted as ‘configured maximum UE output power’ defined in 3GPP TS 38.101-1 and/or TS 38.101-2. M RB b,f,c   PUCCH (i) (may denote a PUCCH resource allocation bandwidth, which is expressed by the number of RBs in the PUCCH transmission occasion based on an SCS (μ). Delta functions (e.g.,  , etc.) may be configured in consideration of PUCCH formats (e.g., PUCCH formats 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.).  , which is related to PUCCH power control adjustment states, may be configured or indicated based on a TPC command field of DCI received or detected by the UE (e.g., DCI format 10, DCI format 1_1, DCI format 2_2, etc.). 
     In this case, a specific RRC parameter (e.g., PUCCH-SpatialRelationInfo, etc.) and/or a specific MAC-CE command (e.g., PUCCH spatial relation Activation/Deactivation, etc.) may be used to activate or deactivate a linkage relationship between PUCCH resources and the aforementioned indices q_u, q_d, and 1. For example, the PUCCH spatial relation Activation/Deactivation command of the MAC-CE may activate or deactivate the linkage relationship between the PUCCH resources and the aforementioned indices q_u, q_d, and 1 based on the RRC parameter PUCCH-SpatialRelationInfo. In other words, the above-described indices q_u, q_d, and  1  may be associated with a beam, a panel, and/or a spatial domain transmission filter based on specific information. Therefore, PUCCH transmission power control may be performed in units of beams, panels, and/or spatial domain transmission filters. 
     The above-described parameters and/or information for PUCCH power control may be configured separately (independently) for each BWP. In this case, the corresponding parameters and/or information may be configured or indicated by higher layer signaling (RRC signaling, MAC-CE, etc.) and/or DCI. For example, the parameters and/or information for PUCCH power control may be provided by RRC signaling such as PUCCH-ConfigCommon, PUCCH-PowerControl, etc. The following shows PUCCH-ConfigCommon and PUCCH-PowerControl defined in 3GPP TS Rel.16 38.331. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
                  SEQUENCE    
                   
               
               
                   
                     
                         
                  OPT      
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                       ATED    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                    INTEGER   
                 OPTIONAL      
               
               
                   
                     
                    INTEGER    
                 OPT  NA      
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
                    QU   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                     INT   
                   OPT   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                     INT   
                   OPTIONAL   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                        
                   OPTIONAL   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                       T   
                   OPT   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                        
                   OPT  ONA   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                      Q    OF    
                    OPT   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                      
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                    OPT   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
                     ENU   
                     O   
               
               
                   
                  Need    
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                    PUCC   
                      SEQUENCE    
               
               
                   
                     
                          
               
               
                   
                     
                          
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
                     INT   
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
                           C   
               
               
                   
                     
                          
               
               
                   
                     
                          O  CE    
               
               
                   
                      
                              
               
               
                   
                      
                             
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                     
               
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The UE may determine or calculate the PUSCH transmission power according to the above-described method and transit the PUCCH based on the determined or calculate PUCCH transmission power.
         (3) Power Control of SRS       

     In relation to SRS transmission in an active UL BWP of a carrier (f) of a serving cell (c) the UE may calculate a linear power determined by Equation 7 below. Thereafter, the UE may control the transmission power equally dividing the calculated linear power value over antenna port(s) configured for the SRS. 
     Specifically, when the UE performs SRS transmission in an active UL BWP (b) of the carrier (f) of the serving cell (c) using an SRS power control adjustment state based on index 1, the UE may determine SRS transmission power   (dBm) on an SRS transmission occasion (i) based on Equation 7 below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     P 
                     
                       ? 
                     
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         i 
                         , 
                         
                           q 
                           s 
                         
                         , 
                         l 
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   = 
                   
                     min 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       { 
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 P 
                                 
                                   ? 
                                 
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   i 
                                   ) 
                                 
                               
                               , 
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       P 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           
                                             ? 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       10 
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         log 
                                         10 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           
                                             
                                               2 
                                               μ 
                                             
                                             · 
                                             M 
                                           
                                           
                                             ? 
                                           
                                           
                                             ( 
                                             i 
                                             ) 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                   
                                 
                               
                               
                                 
                                   
                                     
                                       α 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           
                                             q 
                                             
                                               ? 
                                             
                                           
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         · 
                                         PL 
                                       
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           q 
                                           
                                             ? 
                                           
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                     + 
                                     
                                       h 
                                       
                                         ? 
                                       
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           i 
                                           , 
                                           l 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     7 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               ? 
             
             indicates text missing or illegible when filed 
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 7, q_s denotes the index of an open-loop power control parameter (e.g., P_o, alpha (α), a DL RS resource for path-loss measurement (e.g.,  ), etc.), which may be configured for SRS resource set. Index 1 denotes an index for a closed-loop power control process, and the corresponding index may be configured independently of a PUSCH or configured in relation to the PUSCH. If SRS power control is not related to the PUSCH, the maximum number of closed-loop power control processes for the SRS may be 1. 
     In addition, P_o (e.g.,  ) is a parameter broadcast as part of system information and may denote target received power of the receiver. The corresponding P_o value may be configured in consideration of UE throughput, cell capacity, noise and/or interference, etc. Alpha (e.g.,  ) may denote a rate for compensating for PL. Alpha may have a value from 0 to 1, and full pathloss compensation or fractional pathloss compensation may be performed according to the configured value. In this case, the alpha value may be configured in consideration of interference between UEs and/or data rates. In addition,   may denote configured UE transmission (or transmit) power. For example, the configured UE transmission (or transmit) power may be interpreted as ‘configured maximum UE output power’ defined in 3GPP TS 38.101-1 and/or TS 38.101-2.   may denote an SRS resource allocation bandwidth, which is expressed by the number of RBs in the SRS transmission occasion based on an SCS (μ). h b,f,c  (l,l), which is related to SRS power control adjustment states, may be configured or indicated based on a TPC command field of DCI received or detected by the UE (e.g., DCI format 2_3, etc.) and/or an RRC parameter (e.g., srs-PowerControlAdjustmentStates, etc.). 
     A resource for SRS transmission may be applied as a reference for the BS and/or UE to determine a beam, a panel, and/or a spatial domain transmission filter. Thus, SRS transmission power control may be performed in units of beams, panels, and/or spatial domain transmission filters. 
     The above-described parameters and/or information for SRS power control may be configured separately (independently) for each BWP. In this case, the corresponding parameters and/or information may be configured or indicated by higher layer signaling (RRC signaling, MAC-CE, etc.) and/or DCI. For example, the parameters and/or information for SRS power control may be provided by RRC signaling such as SRS-Config, SRS-TPC-CommandConfig, etc. The following shows SRS-Config and SRS-TPC-CommandConfig defined in 3GPP TS Rel.16 38.331. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                 
                  SEQ   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                   SEQUENCE    OF SRS   
                         OPTIONA      
               
               
                     
                       SEQ   RS   
                            OPTIONA      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                   S  Q   OF    
                           O      
               
               
                     
                        S  Q   OF    
                              OPT      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                         TED    
                                OPTION      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                  .   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                 
                 SEQUENCE    
               
               
                     
                        
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                    SEQUENCE    OF SRS   
                          OPTIONA   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                    T   
                       CHOICE    
               
               
                      
                              EQU   
               
               
                       
                                  
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                       
                                     
                      O  ON   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                       
                                   
                   OPTIONA   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                       
               
               
                       
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                       
                                   SEQ  ENCE    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                                     O   
                   OPT  ON      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                       
               
               
                      
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                      
                              
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                       
                                    
                    OPTIONA   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                       
               
               
                      
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                      
                             SEQUENCE    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                       
                                    
                     O  O   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                       
               
               
                      
               
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                     
                            
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                            
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                                 SEQUENCE    
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                       
               
               
                      
               
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                                
                      OPTION   S 
               
               
                     
                              IN  R    
                      O  ON   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                     
                           CHOIC   
               
               
                      
                                    
               
               
                      
                                    
               
               
                      
                                     
               
               
                      
                                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                   
                        OPT   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                 
                   SEQ  CE    
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                     INTEGER   
                             OPTIONAL      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                          
                               OPTIONAL      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                     
               
               
                     
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                     
                              OP  ONAL      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                     
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The UE may determine or calculate the SRS transmission power according to the above-described method and transmit the SRS based on the determined or calculated SRS transmission power. 
     (4) Power Control of Random Access Channel 
     When the UE performs PRACH transmission in an active UL BWP (b) of a carrier (f) of a serving cell (c), the UE may determine PRACH transmission power   (dBm) on a PRACH transmission occasion (i) based on Equation 8 below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                                    
                   
                     
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                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     8 
                   
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     In Equation 8,   may denote configured UE transmission (or transmit) power. For example, the configured UE transmission (or transmit) power may be interpreted as ‘configured maximum UE output power’ defined in 3GPP TS 38.101-1 and/or TS 38.101-2. In addition,   denotes PRACH target reception power provided through higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC-CE, etc.) for the active UL BWP.   denotes PL for the active UL BWP, which may be determined based on a DL RS related to PRACH transmission in the active DL BWP of the serving cell (c). For example, the UE may determine PL related to PRACH transmission based on an SS/PBCH block related to the PRACH transmission. 
     The above-described parameters and/or information for PRACH power control may be configured separately (independently) for each BWP. In this case, the corresponding parameters and/or information may be configured or indicated by higher layer signaling (RRC signaling, MAC-CE, etc.) and/or DCI. For example, the parameters and/or information for PRACH power control may be provided by RRC signaling such as RACH-ConfigGeneric, etc. The following shows RACH-ConfigGeneric defined in 3GPP TS Rel.16 38.331. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 
                   
                 
                     
               
               
                   
                     
                      
               
               
                   
                     
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                        ENUMERATED    
               
               
                   
                     
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     The UE may determine or calculate the PRACH transmission power according to the above-described method and transmit the PRACH based on the determined or calculated PRACH transmission power. 
     (5) Priorities for Transmission Power Control 
     Hereinafter, a method of controlling the transmission power of a UE will be described in consideration of single cell operation in a carrier aggregation environment or single cell operation in multi-UL carrier (e.g., two carriers) environment. 
     In this case, if the total UE transmission (or transmit) power of UL transmissions (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, SRS, and PRACH transmissions described above in (1) to (4)) on transmission occasions (i) exceeds the linear value of configured UE transmission (or transmit) power (e.g.,  ), the UE may be configured to allocate UL transmission power according to priorities (priority order). For example, the configured UE transmission (or transmit) power may mean ‘configured maximum UE output power’ (e.g., P CMAX   (i) )) defined in 3GPP TS 38.101-1 and/or TS 38.101-2. 
     In this case, the priorities for transmission power control may be configured or defined in the following order.
         PRACH transmission on PCell   PUCCH for hybrid automatic repeat and request-acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) information and/or scheduling request (SR) or PUSCH for HARQ-ACK information   PUCCH or PUSCH for channel state information (CSI)   PUSCH for neither HARQ-ACK information nor CSI   SRS transmission or PRACH transmission in serving cell other than PCell (however, an aperiodic SRS has a higher priority than a semi-persistent SRS and/or periodic SRS)       

     The UE may control the total transmission power to be less than or equal to the linear value of the configured UE transmission (or transmit) power in each symbol of the transmission occasion (i) based on the power allocation according to the priority order as described above. For example, to this end, the UE may be configured to scale and/or drop the power of UL transmission with a low priority. In this case, details of scaling and/or dropping may be configured or defined according to UE implementation. 
     As a particular example, for transmissions with the same priority in carrier aggregation, the UE may assume that transmission in a Pcell has a higher priority than transmission in a secondary cell (Scell). Additionally/alternatively, for transmissions with the same priority in multiple UL carriers (e.g., two UL carriers), the UE may assume a carrier on which PUCCH transmission is configured to have a high priority. In addition, if PUCCH transmission is not configured on any carriers, the UE may assume that transmission on a non-supplementary UL carrier has a high priority. 
     (6) Transmission Power Control Procedure 
       FIG.  21    is a diagram for explaining an exemplary procedure for controlling UL transmission power. 
     First, a UE may receive parameters and/or information related to transmission power (Tx power) from a BS ( 2105 ). In this case, the UE may receive the corresponding parameters and/or information through higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC-CE, etc.). For example, for PUSCH transmission, PUCCH transmission, SRS transmission, and/or PRACH transmission, the UE may receive the above-described parameters and/or information related to transmission power control. 
     Thereafter, the UE may receive a TPC command related to transmission power from the BS ( 2110 ). In this case, the UE may receive the corresponding TPC command through lower layer signaling (e.g., DCI). For example, for PUSCH transmission, PUCCH transmission, and/or SRS transmission, the UE may receive information on a TPC command to be used for determining a power control adjustment state, etc. in a TPC command field of a predefined DCI format as described above. However, the corresponding step may be omitted in PRACH transmission. 
     Thereafter, the UE may determine (or calculate) transmission power for UL transmission based on the parameters, information, and/or TPC command received from the BS ( 2115 ). For example, the UE may determine PUSCH transmission power, PUCCH transmission power, SRS transmission power, and/or PRACH transmission power according to the above-described methods (e.g., Equation 5, Equation 6, Equation 7, Equation 8, etc.). Additionally/alternatively, when two or more UL channels and/or signals need to be transmitted together as in carrier aggregation, the UE may determine the transmission power for UL transmission in consideration of the above-described priorities. 
     Thereafter, the UE may perform transmission of one or more UL channels and/or signals (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, SRS, PRACH, etc.) to the BS based on the determined (or calculated) transmission power ( 2120 ). 
     Before describing the present disclosure in detail, the implementation of exemplary operations of a UE and a network node will be described with reference to  FIGS.  22  and  23    according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  22    is a diagram for explaining the implementation of exemplary operations of a UE according to the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG.  22   , the UE may receive an RS resource for obtaining PL used for transmission power of an SRS (S 2201 ). Thereafter, the UE may determine measurement of the PL based on the RS resource (S 2203 ). The UE may control the transmission power of the SRS based on the determination of the measurement (S 2205 ). In this case, specific methods by which the UE transmits the SRS after or in S 2201  to S 2205  may be based on the following embodiments and features thereof. 
     Meanwhile, the UE of  FIG.  22    may be any one of the various wireless devices illustrated in  FIGS.  1  to  4   . For example, the UE of  FIG.  22    may be the first wireless device  100  of  FIG.  1    or the wireless device  100  or  200  of  FIG.  2   . In other words, the operation process of  FIG.  22    may be performed and executed by any one of the various wireless devices illustrated in  FIGS.  1  to  4   . 
       FIG.  23    is a diagram for explaining the implementation of exemplary operations of a network node according to the present disclosure. Referring to  FIG.  23   , the network node may transmit an RS resource related to PL used for transmission power of an SRS (S 2301 ). Thereafter, the network node may receive the SRS (S 2303 ). In this case, specific methods by which the network node receives the SRS after or in S 2301  and S 2303  may be based on the following embodiments and features thereof. 
     Meanwhile, the network node of  FIG.  23    may be any one of the various wireless devices illustrated in  FIGS.  1  to  4   . For example, the network node of  FIG.  23    may be the second wireless device  200  of  FIG.  1    or the wireless device  100  or  200  of  FIG.  2   . In other words, the operation process of  FIG.  23    may be performed and executed by any one of the various wireless devices illustrated in  FIGS.  1  to  4   . 
     Hereinafter, a description will be given of how the UE determines the SRS transmission power when the UE fails to obtain path-loss reference based on the RS resource in the steps (S 2201  to S 2203 , and S 2301 ) of receiving the RS resource for obtaining the PL used for the SRS transmission power and determining the measurement of the PL based on the RS resource. 
     In the recent NR standardization discussion, it was agreed to introduce SRS power control functions in consideration of not only the serving cell of the UE but also other cells or neighboring cells. In particular, for UL SRS transmission power related to positioning, the discussion covers following: 1) supporting configuration regarding a DL RS of a neighboring cell to be used as DL path-loss reference for SRS power control such as a CSI-RS, an SSB, and/or a DL PRS; 2) a method and procedure for signaling the configuration regarding the DL RS of the neighboring cell; 3) a fallback procedure in case that a UE fails to obtain the path-loss reference; and 4) configuration regarding the number of times of path-loss measurement. 
     The above discussion is for UE positioning. That is, the discussion is intended to effectively support UTDOA or multi-cell RTT using both UL/DL based on SRS power control. Unlike general data transmission/reception, UTDOA or multi-cell RTT requires that a specific UE transmits a UL RS such as an SRS by targeting other cells or neighboring cells as well as the serving cell of the UE. 
     However, even if the BS or location server instructs or configures the UE to use a DL RS, which is transmitted on one or more CSI-RS resources, one or more SSBs, or one or more PRS resources from a specific neighboring cell or another cell, as a path-loss reference signal, the UE may not correctly receive the RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell. For example, if the serving cell transmits data and/or RSs in a time/frequency resource region where it is expected that a specific cell transmit a specific RS, the UE may not receive the specific RS. Alternatively, if the received strength (e.g., RSRP) or signal to noise power ratio/signal to interference plus noise power ratio (SNR/SINR) of the specific RS transmitted from the specific cell is too low, the UE fail to detect the specific RS. 
     In the above case, since the UE fails to receive the specific DL RS from the specific cell, the UE may not use the specific DL RS as the path-loss reference signal. As a result, the UE may have problems in calculating UE transmission (or transmit) power. Accordingly, there may be a need for methods of operating a UE, a BS, and/or a location server to compensate for these problems. In the present disclosure, there are provided methods of operating a UE when the UE does not properly receive a specific downlink RS transmitted from a neighboring cell or another cell and thus fails to acquire path-loss reference in determining SRS transmission power in consideration of its serving cell as well as the neighboring cell or the other cell for SRS transmission. In this document, a cell may be used as the concept of a BS, a TP, and/or a TRP. 
     Operation Method #1 
     When the UE does not properly receive a DL RS resource transmitted from a specific neighboring cell or another cell indicated to the UE, or when the UE fails to detect the DL RS resource for a group of cells/gNBs/TPs indicated to the UE, the UE may operate as follows. 
     (1) Non-transmission of SRS 
     First, the UE may not transmit an SRS resource that the UE is supposed to transmit. That is, the UE may not transmit the SRS resource, which the BS or location server instructs the UE to transmit by targeting the specific neighboring cell or the other cell. In addition, the UE may not transmit the SRS resource and reports to the BS or location server that the UE does not properly receive the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell indicated to the UE. Alternatively, the UE may report to the BS or location server that the UE does not obtain measurement results for the DL RS transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell indicated to the UE. 
     In this case, the operation in which the UE does not transmit the SRS and/or the operation in which the UE performs reporting thereof may be instructed or configured in advance by the BS or location server. 
     Considering that when the UE fails to receive the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell, the amount of power required when the UE transmits the SRS resource is much lower than the amount of power required when the BS/TP/location server transmits the DL RS resource, the above-described UE operations may be meaningful in terms of preventing power wastage. That is, when the UE fails to receive the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell, even if the UE transmits the SRS resource, it is expected that a target cell/gNB/TP, which needs to receive the SRS resource, will not properly receive the SRS resource. In such a situation, if the UE does not transmit the SRS, instead of interfering with other cells by transmitting the SRS resource, it may be helpful in terms of overall performance of the wireless network. 
     (2) Use of Average PL Value 
     As an example in which the UE intends to transmit the SRS resource, the UE may use DL RS resources where the UE is capable of obtaining measurement results among DL RS resources transmitted from neighboring cells or other cells except for the serving cell in order to calculate the average value of PL compensation values of the corresponding DL RS resources. Then, the UE may use the average value as a path-loss reference value for the following DL RS resources: a DL RS resource for which the UE fails to obtain a measurement result even though the DL RS resource is a measurement target; or a DL RS resource that the UE fails to receive even though the DL RS resource is indicated for PL calculation. 
     (3) Use of Maximum Available Power 
     As another example in which the UE intends to transmit the SRS resource, the UE may transmit the corresponding SRS resource with the maximum power that the UE is capable of allocating, instead of configuring the SRS transmission power based on PL calculation. 
     In this case, the operation in which the UE performs SRS transmission with the maximum available power may be instructed or configured in advance by the BS or location server. Considering the hearability of the specific neighboring cell or the other cell for the SRS resource, it may be suitable that the UE uses the maximum transmission power to transmit the SRS because the SRS resource transmitted by the UE is targeted to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell. 
     (4) Use of Power Configuration of Serving Cell 
     As another example in which the UE intends to transmit the SRS resource, the UE may transmit the corresponding SRS resource with SRS transmission power indicated or configured by the current serving cell of the UE. That is, the UE may configure the transmission power of the SRS resource to be transmitted to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell based on a power control configuration used when the UE transmits an SRS resource to the serving cell. 
     For example, the UE may receive an SSB to obtain an MIB for the serving cell. In this case, if the UE determines that the UE may not accurately measure a PL value for SRS power control during SRS transmission, the UE may calculate the PL value for SRS power control based on a reference resource obtained from the SSB of the serving cell, which is for reception of the MIB. 
     
       
         
           
             
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     Specifically, the SRS transmission power is determined according to the above equation. Among the factors of the equation, a factor that represents path-loss measurement values may be calculated based on the reference resource obtained from the SSB of the serving cell for receiving the MIB. 
     In addition, the operation in which the UE performs SRS transmission to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell based on the power configuration of the serving cell may be instructed or configured in advance by the BS or location server. 
     (5) Use of Power Offset 
     As another example in which the UE intends to transmit the SRS resource, the UE may apply a specific power offset to the transmission power used when transmitting the SRS resource to the serving cell and transmit the SRS resource to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell with transmission power increased by the specific offset. Here, the specific offset may be configured by the BS to the UE through signaling at various layers such as RRC signaling, MAC-CE signaling, or DCI signaling. Alternatively, the UE may be configured to autonomously determine and apply the specific offset and report the offset used by the UE to the BS. 
     In this case, the offset value used for determining the transmission power may be a relative ratio of the amount of power that may be used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell to the amount of power used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the serving cell. Additionally/alternatively, the offset value may be an absolute value representing the difference between the amount of power that may be used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell to the amount of power used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the serving cell. In addition, the offset value used for determining the transmission power is not limited to a positive (+) value as in the above example. That is, the offset value may have a negative (−) value so that the transmission power used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell may be lower than the transmission power used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the serving cell by the offset value. 
     (6) Direct Indication of Transmission Power 
     As a further example in which the UE intends to transmit the SRS resource, the UE may request the BS to directly indicate or configure the transmission power of the SRS resource to be transmitted to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell. Upon receiving the request from the UE, the BS may indicate to the UE the offset applicable to the transmission power used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the serving cell or the absolute value of the transmission power used when the SRS resource is transmitted to the specific neighboring cell or the other cell. 
     The above-described operation examples may be organized in relation to the contents of the NR standardization discussion. In the previous NR standardization discussion, support of SRS transmission power control in consideration of neighboring cells has been discussed, but it has not been discussed which DL RS may be used as path-loss reference for SRS transmission power control. In consideration of detection possibility for many neighboring cells, a DL PRS may be considered as the path-loss reference for SRS power control. In addition, it may be necessary to discuss a fallback procedure for a case in which the UE fails to acquire the path-loss reference for neighboring cells. 
     In particular, when the UE fails to acquire path-loss reference for a neighboring cell corresponding to the transmission target, the UE may perform the following operations as fallback mode for SRS power control, and this may be applied similarly to the above-described operation examples of Embodiment 1. 
     Specifically, the UE may transmit no SRS resource to the neighboring cell corresponding to the transmission target and inform the network that the UE is incapable of performing normal SRS resource transmission to the corresponding neighboring cell. Alternatively, the UE may transmit an SRS resource by allocating the maximum transmission power available for the corresponding neighboring cell. Alternatively, the UE may transmit the SRS resource to the corresponding neighboring cell with transmission power available for the serving cell. Alternatively, the UE may be provided with a power configuration available for the corresponding neighboring cell from the serving cell and transmit the SRS resource to the neighboring cell with transmission power allocated by the indicated power configuration. In this case, the indicated power configuration may be a power offset additionally applicable to the transmission power available for the serving cell. 
     Regarding prevention of power wastage when the UE is incapable of receiving an RS resource from a neighboring cell, even if the UE transmits an SRS resource with the maximum available power, the maximum power may be much lower than BS transmission power of the neighboring cell, and thus, it may be difficult for the BS/TP to detect the SRS resource transmitted by the UE with the maximum power. Therefore, in such a case, it may be most appropriate for the UE not to transmit the SRS resource to the target neighboring cell in order to prevent power wastage in the above-described operation examples. 
     Operation Method #2 
     The UE may be indicated or configured with a DL RS resource transmitted from a specific neighboring cell or another cell rather than the serving cell as a quasi-co-location (QCL) resource of QCL type D for other DL RS resources. In addition, the UE may be indicated or configured with the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell rather than the serving cell as a resource of spatial relation information for a specific UL SRS resource. Thus, the UE may perform measurement for the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell. Then, the UE may receive another DL RS resource or transmit a UL SRS resource in a direction in which the DL RS resource is received. 
     However, even if the UE receives the DL RS resource or transmits the SRS resource in the above manner, the UE may not properly obtain measurement results for the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell for the following reasons: interference from other resources and/or undetectable errors due to extremely low signal strength. 
     In this case, the UE may report to the BS that although the UE is indicated or configured with the DL RS resource corresponding to the measurement target, which is transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell, as the QCL type D resource, the UE does not know exactly the direction in which the DL RS resource is received. Alternatively, the UE may report to the BS feedback such as that the measurement quality of the DL RS resource corresponding to the measurement target is too low. 
     In addition, when the UE is indicated or configured with the DL RS resource corresponding to the measurement target, which is transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell, as the QCL type D resource for a specific DL RS resource, the BS may indicate or configure to the UE a fallback QCL resource used by the UE when the UE fails to properly obtain the measurement result for the DL RS resource corresponding to the measurement target due to the above-mentioned reasons. In this case, the fallback QCL resource may have the same QCL type as the initial QCL resource, i.e., QCL type D. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, that is, the fallback QCL resource may have other types. When the UE determines that the UE fails to obtain the measurement result for the measurement target DL RS resource, the UE may request the BS to indicate or configure the fallback QCL resource. 
     Similarly, the UE may report to the BS that although the UE is configured or indicated with the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell as the resource of spatial relation information for the specific UL SRS resource, the UE does not know exactly the direction in which the DL RS resource is received. Alternatively, the UE may report to the BS feedback such as that the measurement quality of the DL RS resource is too low. 
     In addition, when the UE is indicated or configured with the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell as the resource of spatial relation information for the specific UL SRS resource, the BS may indicate or configure to the UE alternative spatial relation information that may be used when the UE fails to properly obtain the measurement result for the DL RS resource due to the above-mentioned reasons. Here, the alternative spatial relation information means a resource of spatial relation information that may be used as a fallback RS resource. When the UE determines that the UE fails to obtain the measurement result for the DL RS resource, the UE may request the BS to indicate or configure the alternative spatial relation information and fallback. 
     Operation Method #3 
     The UE may be indicated or configured with not only a DL RS resource transmitted from the serving cell but also a DL RS resources transmitted from a specific neighboring cell/TP or another cell/TP as a QCL resource of QCL type D for other DL RS resources. 
     In addition, the UE may be configured or indicated with not only a DL RS resource transmitted from the serving cell and/or a UL SRS resource to be used for SRS transmission but also a DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell/TP or another cell/TP and/or a UL SRS resource to be used for SRS transmission as a resource of spatial relation information for a specific UL SRS resource. Here, the specific UL SRS resource which is indicated to the UE as the source of the spatial relation information may be an SRS resource or an SRS resource set configured for UE positioning. 
     In this case, when the UE is configured or indicated with the QCL resource of QCL type D for DL RS resources and the UL SRS resource that is the source of the spatial relation information as described above, the UE may be configured with information on the related cell and/or TP together with information on the RS resource. In addition, the QCL resource of QCL type D for DL RS resources and the UL SRS resource that is the source of the spatial relation information may be configured by the location server or BS. 
     Based on the configuration of the QCL resource of QCL type D for DL RS resources, the UE may perform measurement for the DL RS resource transmitted from the neighboring cell or the other cell. The UE may receive another DL RS resource in the direction in which the corresponding DL RS resource is received or transmit a UL SRS resource in the corresponding direction. However, in this case, the UE may not obtain the measurement result for the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell other than the serving cell, that is, a PRS resource, an SSB and/or a CSI-RS resource for radio resource management (RRM), for the following reasons: interference from other resources and/or undetectable errors due to extremely low signal strength. 
     The UE may be configured or indicated by the wireless network BS and/or location server/LMF with a DL RS resource (i.e., a PRS resource, an SSB and/or a CSI-RS resource) transmitted from a specific neighboring cell or another cell other than the serving cell as a resource of spatial relation information for a specific UL SRS resource. Here, the specific UL SRS resource, which is the source of the spatial relation information, may be dedicated to the UE for UE positioning. In such a case, if it is determined that the UE fails to obtain the measurement result for the DL RS resource transmitted from the specific neighboring cell or the other cell other than the serving cell or fails to receive the DL RS resource, the UE may consider performing the following operations. 
     1) The UE may report to the BS or location server that the UE does not properly receive the PRS resource, SSB and/or CSI-RS resource, which are the resource of the spatial relation information configured or indicated by the BS or location server, or the UE may report to the BS or location server that the UE does not properly detect the corresponding resources. The UE may not transmit the SRS resource or may transmit the SRS resource as a zero-power SRS resource. In this case, (a) the operation in which the UE reports to the BS or location server that the UE does not properly receive the resource of the spatial relation information; and (b) the operation in which the UE does not transmit the SRS resource or transmits the zero-power SRS resource may be performed simultaneously or sequentially. 
     2) The UE may request the BS or location server to provide an angle offset. Here, the angle offset is an angle that may indicate a certain direction such as a clockwise or counter clockwise direction with respect to a specific transmission and/or reception beam of the UE. The angle offset may be indicated or configured to the UE. Alternatively, the angle offset is an angle for a certain direction with respect to on a specific location or direction with absolute/relative coordinates known to the UE and the BS or location server. The angle offset may be indicated or configured to the UE. 
     3) The UE may request the BS or the location server to reconfigure the spatial relation information or to configure different spatial relation information. In this case, the configuration of the spatial relation information may be interpreted to cover not only information about DL RS resources or UL SRS resources transmitted from other cells/TPs but also information about the other cells/TPs. 
     4) The UE may use only cell/TP information in resource configuration information based on the spatial relation information. For example, in UE-based positioning, since information on a cell/TP is provided to the UE, the UE may determine the location of the cell/TP from ID information on the cell/TP, and the UE may determine a transmission (Tx) beam directed to the cell/TP. As another example, even if the UE fails to detect an RS transmitted from the cell/TP, the UE may use a successfully received DL RS resource among DL RS resources received from the cell/TP as an alternative for the spatial relation information because the UE knows that the information on the cell/TP has been configured. That is, the UE may detect a DL RS resource transmitted from the cell/TP based on only information on the cell/TP among the information on the cell/TP and the RS information, which are configured as the resource of the spatial relation information for the SRS resource, and use the detected DL RS resource for beam direction determination. 
     5) As a fallback operation (behavior) of the UE, the UE may use the maximum available power when transmitting the SRS resource. In addition, the fallback operation of the UE may be configured or indicated by the BS or location server, and power control of configuring the maximum available power when the UE transmits the SRS resource may be performed regardless of transmission beam directions of the UE. 
     6) The BS or location server may configure or instruct the UE to use a specific SRS resource ID of the UE and/or a specific DL RS resource ID transmitted from the serving cell/TP as a fallback configuration for the spatial relation information for the SRS resource. 
     Operation Method #4 
     When a path-loss reference configuration for power control that targets a neighboring cell/TP is different from a spatial relation information configuration for a transmission beam direction that targets the neighboring cell/TP, a problem may occur from the perspective of the UE in that the contents of information configured for SRS transmission are different from each other. Similarly, when a DL RS resource configured as path-loss reference for a specific SRS resource, which is transmitted from the neighboring cell/TP, is different from a DL RS resource configured by spatial relation information to perform transmission by targeting the neighboring cell/TP, the problem that the contents of information configured to the UE for SRS transmission are different from each other. Alternatively, even if the ID of a DL RS resource configured as path-loss reference for a specific SRS resource from a neighboring cell/TP is the same as the ID of a DL RS resource configured as spatial relation information to perform transmission by targeting the neighboring cell/TP, there may be a problem in that the configured DL RS resources are transmitted from different neighboring cells/TPs. 
     Hereinafter, how the UE operates when the above problems occur will be described. The SRS resource and/or SRS resource set mentioned below may be an SRS resource and/or SRS resource set configured to estimate the location of the UE. The SRS resource for UE positioning may be configured or indicated by the BS to the UE or configured or indicated by the location server/LMF to the UE. Therefore, the following UE operations may be configured or instructed by the BS or the location server/LMF. Additionally, the path-loss reference mentioned in this document may be configured to include not only information on a specific DL RS resource but also information on a specific cell/TP transmitting the corresponding DL RS resource in the form of physical cell ID(s)/TP ID(s), etc. Therefore, the path-loss reference including information such as cell ID(s)/TP ID(s) is important for UE positioning in that the UE may transmit SRSs to neighboring cells/TPs as well as the serving cell/TP. 
     (1) When the UE determines transmission power for transmitting a specific SRS resource or a prescribed SRS resource within a specific SRS resource set, the UE may fail to receive or detect a DL RS resource, which is configured by the BS or locater server as the path-loss reference, due to the reason that the received signal strength of the DL RS resource is too small to perform proper detection, etc., but the UE may succeed in receiving or detecting only a DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information for determining the direction of a transmission beam for transmitting the SRS resource. For example, when the UE transmits a specific SRS resource, if the transmission beam of the UE is configured in a direction in which there are multiple cells/TPs existing in similar directions and if the UE is configured or instructed to determine the transmission power of the SRS based on a cell/TP that is the farthest among the multiple cells/TPs, the UE may not detect a DL RS resource for path-loss reference configured from the farthest cell/TP due to weak reception strength. In this case, the UE or BS/location server may perform the following operations. 
     For example, the UE may notify the BS/location server that the UE receives the DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information without properly receiving or detecting the path-loss reference RS used for determining the transmission power for transmitting the SRS resource. 
     As another example, the UE may request to reconfigure or re-indicate the path-loss reference for the SRS resource or to update the path-loss reference for the SRS resource. 
     As another example, the UE may use information on the DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information for the SRS resource and/or information on the cell/TP that transmits the DL RS resource, as the path-loss reference for determining the transmission power for transmitting the SRS resource. In addition, the UE may be configured or instructed by the BS/location server to perform the above operation. 
     As another example, since the UE knows one or more neighboring cells/TPs to transmit the SRS resource and transmission beam direction(s) although the UE fails to receive or detect the path-loss reference for determining the transmission power for transmitting the SRS resource, the UE may transmit the SRS resource with the maximum power available to the UE. Alternatively, the UE may apply a specific power offset to the transmission power of the SRS resource determined based on the serving cell/TP or the reference cell/TP and then transmit the SRS resource with power higher than the transmission power of the SRS resource determined based on the serving cell/TP or the reference cell/TP by the specific power offset. In this case, the BS/location server may configure or instruct the UE to use the power offset by default in the above situation in which the UE fails to receive or detect the path-loss reference but knows the transmission beam direction and the one or more neighboring cells/TPs to which the UE transmits the SRS resource. Alternatively, if the UE reports the above situation in which the UE fails to receive or detect the path-loss reference but knows the transmission beam direction(s) and the one or more neighboring cells/TPs to which the UE transmits the SRS resource, the BS/location server may configure or indicate the power offset. In addition, the BS/location server may also configure or instruct the UE to use the above-described power offset to determine the SRS transmission power. 
     As another example, the UE may determine the direction of transmitting the SRS resource according to the configuration of the spatial relation information and determine the transmission power for transmitting the SRS resource based on a specific RS such as an SSB from the serving cell. The above UE operation may be configured or instructed by the BS/location server. 
     As a further example, the UE may transmit no SRS resource. That is, the UE may transmit the SRS resource with zero power. This operation may also be configured or instructed by the BS/location server to the UE. In this case, since the location server uses the SRS resource to measure relative time of arrival (RTOA), etc., the UE may need to inform the BS/location server that no SRS resource is transmitted. 
     (2) On the contrary, when the UE determines transmission power for transmitting a specific SRS resource or a prescribed SRS resource within a specific SRS resource set, the UE may succeed in receiving or detecting a DL RS resource configured as the path-loss reference, but the UE may fail to receive or detect a DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information for determining the direction of a transmission beam for transmitting the SRS resource. 
     For example, the UE may notify the BS/location server that the UE receives a path-loss reference signal used to determine the transmission power for transmitting the SRS resource without receiving the DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information. 
     As another example, the UE may request to reconfigure or re-indicate the spatial relation information for the SRS resource or to update the spatial relation information for the SRS resource. 
     As another example, the UE may use information on the DL RS resource configured as the path-loss reference for determining the transmission power for transmitting the SRS resource and/or information on the cell/TP in which the DL RS resource is transmitted, as the spatial relation information on the SRS resource. In addition, the UE may be configured or instructed by the BS/location server to perform the above operation. 
     As another example, the UE may determine the direction of transmitting the SRS resource based on a specific RS such as an SSB from the serving cell. The above UE operation may be configured or instructed by the BS/location server. 
     As a further example, the UE may transmit no SRS resource. That is, the UE may transmit the SRS resource with zero power. This operation may also be configured or instructed by the BS/location server to the UE. If the UE transmits the SRS resource to a neighboring cell/TP in an incorrect direction, the actual transmission target cell/TP may not properly receive the SRS resource, and the SRS resource transmission may cause unnecessary interference, whereby it may be reasonable to transmit the SRS resource with zero power depending on situations. 
     (3) Additionally, when the UE determines transmission power for transmitting a specific SRS resource or a prescribed SRS resource within a specific SRS resource set, the UE may fail to receive or detect a DL RS resource configured as the path-loss reference and also fail to receive or detect a DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information. 
     For example, the UE may not transmit the SRS resource, and the BS/location server may indicate the operation of the UE. That is, if the UE fails to receive both the DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information for the SRS resource and the DL RS resource used as the path-loss reference for the SRS resource, the UE may be instructed or configured not to transmit the SRS resource. In addition, the operation in which the UE transmits no SRS may be defined to be performed by default when the UE fails to receive both the DL RS resource configured as the spatial relation information and the DL RS resource used as the path-loss reference for the SRS resource. The UE may report to the BS/location server that the UE transmits no SRS resources. 
     As another example, the UE may transmit the SRS resource with the maximum available transmission power in a specific direction arbitrarily selected by the UE or by assuming a specific DL RS resource as a source resource of the spatial relation information. 
     The above-described embodiments and contents may be organized in relation to the contents of the NR standardization discussion. In the previous NR standardization discussion, it is agreed that when the UE is incapable of obtaining path-loss reference configurations for neighboring cells/TPs, a fallback procedure in which only open-loop power control is supported may be supported for the UE. That is, when the UE is provided with path-loss reference from a serving cell or a neighboring cell in an SRS configuration for positioning, if the UE is incapable of properly measuring PL from the provided path-loss reference, the UE may use, as the path-loss reference, an RS resource obtained from an SSB that is used as a PL RS for MIB reception. 
     As in the previous NR standardization discussion, if the UE is incapable of obtaining path-loss reference configurations for neighboring cells/TPs, it would be reasonable that the UE allocates higher transmission power to transmit an SRS resource to the neighboring cells/TPs. 
     Even if the SRS resource is transmitted on a narrow transmission (Tx) beam, the SRS resource may be received by a plurality of cells/TPs existing in similar directions from the UE. The UE may be instructed to transmit an SRS resource intended for the plurality of cells/TPs, but all of these cells/TPs may not detect the corresponding SRS resource. The UE may be configured with a DL RS resource as a resource of spatial relation information for determining the transmission beam direction. In addition, the UE may also be configured with another DL RS resource as path-loss reference for calculating PL. 
     According to a recent NR standardization discussion, although the UE properly detects a DL RS resource from a neighboring cell/TP as a resource of spatial relation information for transmitting an SRS resource, the UE may need to use an SSB received from the serving cell when calculating PL if the UE is incapable of properly obtaining the measurement result for a DL RS resource configured as path-loss reference for determining the transmission power of the SRS resource. 
     When the UE is capable of receiving the DL RS resource as the resource of spatial relation information for transmitting the SRS resource from the neighboring cell/TP, the UE may need to transmit the SRS resource by allocating high transmission power compared to when transmitting the SRS resource to the serving cell even if the UE is incapable of obtaining the measurement result for the DL RS resource configured as the path-loss reference. Simply, for example, the UE may transmit the SRS resource with the maximum available transmission power. 
     Additionally, when the UE fails to receive a DL RS resource as a resource of spatial relation information for transmitting an SRS resource from a neighboring cell/TP, it may be difficult for the UE to determine a transmission beam direction. If the UE transmits the SRS resource in an arbitrary direction without determining the transmission beam direction, it is expected that a target cell/TP will not be able to receive the SRS resource. Thus, it may be inappropriate that the UE performs SRS transmission in this case. Therefore, the UE may need to inform the BS that the UE has not received the DL RS resource as the resource of the spatial relation information for transmitting the SRS resource from the neighboring cell/TP. Upon recognizing that the UE has not properly acquired the spatial relation information, the BS may reconfigure the spatial relation information for the UE to transmit the SRS resource. 
     In 3GPP TS Rel.16 38.331, the details of the aforementioned SRS resource configuration and spatial relation information are handled by SRS-config as follows. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
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                  OP      
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                     
                         
               
               
                      
                               
               
               
                      
                              
               
               
                      
                                
               
               
                       
                                   
               
               
                       
                                      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                      
               
               
                     
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                 
                  SEQUENC   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                            
                          
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                     
                         C   
               
               
                      
                                  
               
               
                      
                                  
               
               
                      
                             S   
               
               
                       
                                   CHO   
               
               
                        
                                          
               
               
                        
                                          
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                       
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                       
                                         
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                      
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                      
                                   
               
               
                      
                                    
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                 
                     
               
               
                     
                        
               
               
                     
                    INT   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                     
                     INTEGER   
                         OPTION      
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                     
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 
                   
                 
                       INTEGER   
               
               
                 
                   
                 
                       TEGER   
               
               
                 
                   
                 
                   CHO   
               
               
                     
                                
               
               
                     
                             IN   
               
               
                     
                             IN   
               
               
                     
                             IN   
               
               
                     
                             IN   
               
               
                     
                             IN   
               
               
                  sl16 
                             INTEGER(0..15)   
               
               
                  sl20 
                             INTEGER(0..1  )   
               
               
                  sl32 
                             INTEGER(0..31)   
               
               
                  sl40 
                             INTEGER(0..39)   
               
               
                  sl64 
                             INTEGER(0..63)   
               
               
                  sl80 
                             INTEGER(0..7  )   
               
               
                  sl160 
                             INTEGER(0..159)   
               
               
                  sl320 
                             INTEGER(0..319)   
               
               
                  sl640 
                             INTEGER(0..639)   
               
               
                  sl1280 
                             INTEGER(0..1279)   
               
               
                  sl2560 
                             INTEGER(0..2559) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 
                   
                 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 SRS-PeriodicityAndOffset-r16 ::= 
                   CHOICE    
               
               
                  sl1 
                             NULL, 
               
               
                  sl2 
                             INTEGER(0..1)   
               
               
                  sl4 
                             INTEGER(0..3)   
               
               
                  sl5 
                             INTEGER(0..4)   
               
               
                  sl8 
                             INTEGER(0..7)   
               
               
                  sl10 
                             INTEGER(0..9)   
               
               
                  sl16 
                             INTEGER(0..15)   
               
               
                  sl20 
                             INTEGER(0..19)   
               
               
                  sl32 
                             INTEGER(0..31)   
               
               
                  sl40 
                             INTEGER(0..3  )   
               
               
                  sl64 
                             INTEGER(0..63)   
               
               
                  sl8O 
                             INTEGER(0..79)   
               
               
                  sl160 
                             INTEGER(0..159)   
               
               
                  sl320 
                             INTEGER(0..319)   
               
               
                  sl640 
                             INTEGER(0..639)   
               
               
                  sl1280 
                             INTEGER(0..1279)   
               
               
                  sl2560 
                             INTEGER(0..2559)   
               
               
                  sl5120 
                             INTEGER(0..5119)   
               
               
                  sl10240 
                             INTEGER(0..10239)   
               
               
                  sl40960 
                             INTEGER(0..40959)   
               
               
                  sl81920 
                             INTEGER(0..81919)   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                  ... 
               
               
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 -- TAG-SRS-CONFIG-STOP 
               
               
                 -- ASN1STOP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                     indicates data missing or illegible when filed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 SRS-Config field descriptions 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tpc-Accumulation 
               
               
                 If the field is absent, UE applies TPC commands via accumulation. If disabled, UE applies  
               
               
                 the TPC command without accumulation (this applies to SRS when a separate closed loop  
               
               
                 is configured for SRS) (see TS 38.213 [13], clause 7.3). 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SRS-Resource field descriptions 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cyclicShift-n2 
               
               
                 Cyclic shift configuration (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.2.1). 
               
               
                 cyclicShift-n4 
               
               
                 Cyclic shift configuration (see TS 36.214 [19], clause 6.2.1). 
               
               
                 freqHopping 
               
               
                 Includes parameters capturing SRS frequency hopping (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.2.1),  
               
               
                 For CLI SRS-RSRP measurement, the network always configures this field such that  
               
               
                 b-hop &gt; b-SRS. 
               
               
                 groupOrSequenceHopping 
               
               
                 Parameter(s) for configuring group or sequence hopping (see TS 39.211 [16], clause 6.4.1.4.2).  
               
               
                 For CLI SRS-RSRP measurement, the network always configures this parameter to ‘neither’. 
               
               
                 nrofSRS-Ports 
               
               
                 Number of ports. For CLI SRS-RSRP measurement, this network always configures this  
               
               
                 parameter to ‘port1’. 
               
               
                 periodicityAndOffset-p 
               
               
                 Periodicity and slot offset for this SRS resource. All values are in ″number of slots″. Value sl1 
               
               
                 corresponds to a periodicity of 1 slot, value sl2 corresponds to a periodicity of 2 slots, and so on.  
               
               
                 For each periodicity the corresponding offset is given in number of slots. For periodicity sl1  
               
               
                 the offset is 0 slots (see TS 38.214 [19]. clause 6.2.1). For CLI SRS-RSRP measurement,  
               
               
                 sl1260 and sl2560 cannot be configured. 
               
               
                 periodicityAndOffset-sp 
               
               
                 Periodicity and slot offset for this SRS resource All values are in “number of slots”. Value sl1  
               
               
                 corresponds to a periodicity of 1 slot, value sl2 corresponds to a periodicity of 2 slots, and so on.  
               
               
                 For each periodicity the corresponding offset is given in number of slots. For periodicity sl1 the  
               
               
                 offset is 0 slots (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.2.1). 
               
               
                 ptrs-Portindex 
               
               
                 The PTRS port index for this SRS resource for non-codebook based UL MIMO. This is only  
               
               
                 applicable when the corresponding PTRS-UplinkConfig is set to CP-OFDM. The ptrs-Portindex  
               
               
                 configured here must be smaller than the maxNmfPorts configured in the PTRS-UplinkConfig  
               
               
                 (see TS 36.214 [19], clauses 6.2.3.1). This parameter is not applicable to CLI SRS-RBRP measurement. 
               
               
                 resourceMapping 
               
               
                 OFDM symbol location of the SRS resourse within a slot including nrofSymbols (number of  
               
               
                 OFDM symbols). startPosition (value 0 refers to the last symbol. value 1 refers to the second last  
               
               
                 symbol, and so on) and repetitionFactor (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.2.1 and TS 38.211 [16], clause  
               
               
                 6.4.1.4) The configured SRS resource does not exceed the slot boundary. If resourceMapping-r16 is  
               
               
                 signaled, UE shall ignore the resourceMapping (without suffix). For CU SRS-RSRP measurement,  
               
               
                 the network always configures nrofSymbols and repetitionFactor to ‘n1’. 
               
               
                 resourceType 
               
               
                 Periodicity and offset for semi-persistent and periodic SRS resource (see TS 38.214 [19] clause 6.2.1). 
               
               
                 For CLI SRS-RSRP measurement, only ‘periodic’ is applicable tor resourceType. 
               
               
                 sequenceId 
               
               
                 Sequence ID used to initialize pseudo random group and sequence hopping (see TS 38.214 [19],  
               
               
                 clause 6.2.1). 
               
               
                 spatialRelationInfo 
               
               
                 Configuration of the spatial relation between a reference RS and the target SRS. Reference RS  
               
               
                 can be SSB/CSI-RS/SRS (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.2.1). This parameter is not applicable to  
               
               
                 CLI SRS-RSRP measurement. 
               
               
                 spatialRelationInfoPos 
               
               
                 Configuration of the spatial relation between a reference RS and the target SRS. Reference RS  
               
               
                 can be SSB/CSI-RS/SRS/DL-PRS (see TS 38.214 [19], clause 6.2.1). 
               
               
                 srs-RequestForDCI-Format0-2 
               
               
                 Indicate the number of bits for “SRS request” in DCI format 0_2. When the field is absent, then  
               
               
                 the value of 0 bit for “SRS request” in DCI format 0_2 is applied. If the parameter srs-ReqestForDCI- 
               
               
                 Format0-2 is configured to value 1. 1 bit is used to indicate one of the first two rows of Table 7.3.1.1  
               
               
                 2-24 in TS 38.212 [17] for triggered aperiodic SRS resource set if the value 2 is configured, 2 bits are  
               
               
                 used to indicate one of the rows of Table 7.3.3 1.2-24 in TS 38.212 [17]. When UE is configured with  
               
               
                 supplementaryUplink, an extra bit (the first bit of the SRS request field) is used for the non-SUL/SUL  
               
               
                 indication. 
               
               
                 cyclicShift-n2 
               
               
                 Cyclic shift configuration (see TS.38.214 [19], clause 6.2.1). 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The SRS mentioned in this document may be an SRS resource or a set of SRS resources configured or indicated for UE positioning. The configuration or indication of the SRS resource or SRS resource set may be provided by the BS and/or location server. In addition, the contents of spatial relation information as the configuration for SRS resources may be found in 3GPP TS 38.331 and 3GPP TS 38.214. 
     The various details, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts described in this document may be applied to a variety of fields that require wireless communication/connection (e.g., 5G) between devices. 
     Hereinafter, a description will be given in detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/descriptions, the same reference numerals may denote the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks unless specified otherwise. 
       FIG.  24    illustrates a communication system  1  applicable to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  24   , the communication system  1  applicable to the present disclosure includes wireless devices, BSs, and a network. Herein, the wireless device refers to a device performing communication based on a radio access technology (e.g., 5G NR, LTE, etc.) and may be referred to as a communication/radio/5G device. The wireless devices may include, but not limited to, a robot  100   a , vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2 , an extended reality (XR) device  100   c , a hand-held device  100   d , a home appliance  100   e , an Internet of things (IoT) device  100   f , and an artificial intelligence (AI) device/server  400 . For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous driving vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. Herein, the vehicles may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may include an augmented reality/virtual reality/mixed reality (AR/VR/MR) device and be implemented as a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) mounted in vehicles, a television (TV), a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device may include a sensor and a smart meter. For example, the network and BSs may be implemented as wireless devices, and a specific wireless device  200   a  may operate as a BS/network node for other wireless devices. 
     The wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the network  300  via the BSs  200 . An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f , and the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the AI server  400  via the network  300 . The network  300  may include a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g., NR) network. Although the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may communicate with each other through the BSs/network  200 / 300 , the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without assistance from the BSs/network  200 / 300 . For example, the vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  may perform direct communication (e.g. vehicle-to-vehicle/vehicle-to-everything (V2V/V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f.    
     Wireless communication/connections  150   a ,  150   b , or  150   c  may be established between the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  and BSs  200  or between one BS  200  and another BS  200 . Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various radio access technologies (e.g., 5G NR) such as UL/DL communication  150   a , sidelink communication  150   b  (or device-to-device (D2D) communication), or inter-BS communication (e.g. relay, integrated access backhaul (IAB), etc.). The wireless devices and BSs may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/connections  150   a  to  150   c . For example, signals may be transmitted/received over various physical channels for the wireless communication/connections  150   a  to  150   c . To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, resource mapping/demapping, etc.), and resource allocating processes for radio signal transmission/reception may be performed based on various proposals of the present disclosure. 
     The above-described embodiments are combinations of elements and features of the present disclosure in specific forms. The elements or features may be considered selective unless mentioned otherwise. Each element or feature may be implemented without being combined with other elements or features. Further, the embodiments of the present disclosure may be configured by combining some elements and/or some features. Operation orders described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be rearranged. Some constructions or features of any one embodiment may be included in another embodiment or may be replaced with corresponding constructions or features of another embodiment. It is obvious that claims that are not explicitly cited in the appended claims may be presented in combination as an embodiment of the present disclosure or included as a new claim by subsequent amendment after the application is filed. 
     The wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices of the present disclosure may include narrowband Internet of things for low-power communication as well as LTE, NR, and 6G. For example, the NB-IoT technology may be an example of low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies and implemented in standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and/or LTE Cat NB2. However, the NB-IoT technology is not limited to the above names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices of the present disclosure may perform communication based on the LTE-M technology. For example, the LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technologies and called by various names including enhanced machine type communication (eMTC). For example, the LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of the following various standards: 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-Bandwidth Limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and/or 7) LTE M, etc., but the LTE-M technology is not limited to the above names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless devices of the present disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and LPWAN in consideration of low-power communication, but the wireless communication technology is not limited to the above names. For example, the ZigBee technology may create a personal area network (PAN) related to small/low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4 and so on, and the ZigBee technology may be called by various names. 
     A specific operation described as performed by the BS may also be performed by an upper node of the BS. That is, it is apparent that various operations performed for communication with the UE may be performed by the BS or other network nodes rather than the BS in a network including a plurality of network nodes including the BS. The term ‘base station’ may be replaced with ‘fixed station’, ‘Node B’, ‘eNode B (eNB)’, ‘gNode B (gNB)’, ‘access point (AP)’, etc. The term ‘terminal’ may be replaced with ‘user equipment (UE)’‘mobile station (MS)’, ‘mobile subscriber station (MSS)’, etc. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present disclosure may be carried out in other specific ways than those set forth herein without departing from the spirit and essential characteristics of the present disclosure. The above embodiments are therefore to be construed in all aspects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the disclosure should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, not by the above description, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein. 
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY 
     The method by which a UE controls power of a sounding reference signal (SRS) in a wireless communication system and apparatus therefor have been described based the 5th generation (5G) new radio access technology (new RAT or NR) system, but the method and apparatus are applicable to various wireless communication systems including the 5G NR system.