Patent Publication Number: US-2023158280-A1

Title: Power management for interatrial shunts and associated systems and methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/014,340, filed Apr. 23, 2020, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present technology generally relates to implantable medical devices and, in various aspects, to implantable devices for treating heart failure such as shunts and associated systems and methods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Implantable shunting systems are widely used to treat a variety of patient conditions by shunting fluid from a first body region/cavity to a second body region/cavity. The flow of fluid through the shunting systems is primarily controlled by the pressure gradient across the shunt lumen and the geometry (e.g., size) of the shunt lumen. One challenge with conventional shunting systems is selecting the appropriate geometry of the shunt lumen for a particular patient. A lumen that is too small may not provide enough therapy to the patient, while a lumen that is too large may create new issues in the patient. Despite this, most conventional shunts cannot be adjusted once they have been implanted. Accordingly, once the system is implanted, the therapy provided by the shunting system cannot be adjusted or titrated to meet the patient&#39;s individual needs. 
     As a result of the above, shunting systems with adjustable lumens have recently been proposed to provide a more personalized or titratable therapy. Such systems enable clinicians to titrate the therapy to an individual patient&#39;s needs, as well as adjust the therapy over time as the patient&#39;s disease changes. Adjustable shunting systems, however, generally require energy to drive the adjustment. Energy can be delivered invasively (e.g., energy delivered via a catheter) or non-invasively (e.g., energy delivered to an implanted battery via induction). The energy required to adjust the shunt varies depending on the actuation mechanism incorporated into the shunting system. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Many aspects of the present technology can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed on illustrating clearly the principles of the present technology. Furthermore, components can be shown as transparent in certain views for clarity of illustration only and not to indicate that the component is necessarily transparent. Components may also be shown schematically. 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic illustration of an interatrial device implanted in a heart and configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic illustration of an interatrial shunting system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic illustration of a power management system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram illustrating a method for operating an interatrial shunting system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present technology is generally directed to methods for operating interatrial shunting systems that include a shunting element implanted in a patient&#39;s heart. A method configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology can include, for example, receiving a signal indicating that an active electronic component carried by the shunting element is to be operated. The method can also include selecting an energy source from a plurality of energy sources for powering the active electronic component. The selected energy source can have one or more power output characteristics capable of accommodating one or more power consumption characteristics of the active electronic component. The method can further include operating the active electronic component using power from the selected energy source. In some embodiments, some or all of the steps of the method are performed via a processor implanted in the patient&#39;s heart and/or carried by the shunting element. 
     The terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the present technology. Certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. Additionally, the present technology can include other embodiments that are within the scope of the examples but are not described in detail with respect to  FIGS.  1 - 4   . 
     Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     Reference throughout this specification to relative terms such as, for example, “generally,” “approximately,” and “about” are used herein to mean the stated value plus or minus 10%. 
     As used herein, the terms “interatrial device,” “interatrial shunt device,” “IAD,” “IASD,” “interatrial shunt,” and “shunt” are used interchangeably to refer to a device that, in at least one configuration, includes a shunting element that provides a blood flow between a first region (e.g., a LA of a heart) and a second region (e.g., a RA or coronary sinus of the heart) of a patient. Although described in terms of a shunt between the atria, namely the left and right atria, one will appreciate that the technology may be applied equally to devices positioned between other chambers and passages of the heart, or between other parts of the cardiovascular system. For example, any of the shunts described herein, including those referred to as “interatrial,” may be nevertheless used and/or modified to shunt between the LA and the coronary sinus, or between the right pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava. Moreover, while the disclosure herein primarily describes shunting blood from the LA to the RA, the present technology can be readily adapted to shunt blood from the RA to the LA to treat certain conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension. For example, mirror images of embodiments, or in some cases identical embodiments, used to shunt blood from the LA to the RA can be used to shunt blood from the RA to the LA in certain patients. 
     The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed present technology. 
     A. Interatrial Shunts for Treatment of Heart Failure 
     Heart failure can be classified into one of at least two categories based upon the ejection fraction a patient experiences: (1) HFpEF, historically referred to as diastolic heart failure or (2) HFrEF, historically referred to as systolic heart failure. One definition of HFrEF is a left ventricular ejection fraction lower than 35%-40%. Though related, the underlying pathophysiology and the treatment regimens for each heart failure classification may vary considerably. For example, while there are established pharmaceutical therapies that can help treat the symptoms of HFrEF, and at times slow or reverse the progression of the disease, there are limited available pharmaceutical therapies for HFpEF with only questionable efficacy. 
     In heart failure patients, abnormal function in the left ventricle (LV) leads to pressure build-up in the LA. This leads directly to higher pressures in the pulmonary venous system, which feeds the LA. Elevated pulmonary venous pressures push fluid out of capillaries and into the lungs. This fluid build-up leads to pulmonary congestion and many of the symptoms of heart failure, including shortness of breath and signs of exertion with even mild physical activity. Risk factors for HF include renal dysfunction, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, old age, and obstructive sleep apnea. HF patients can have increased stiffness of the LV which causes a decrease in left ventricular relaxation during diastole resulting in increased pressure and inadequate filling of the ventricle. HF patients may also have an increased risk for atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension, and typically have other comorbidities that can complicate treatment options. 
     Interatrial shunts have recently been proposed as a way to reduce elevated left atrial pressure, and this emerging class of cardiovascular therapeutic interventions has been demonstrated to have significant clinical promise.  FIG.  1    shows the conventional placement of a shunt in the septal wall between the LA and RA. Most conventional interatrial shunts (e.g., shunt  10 ) involve creating a hole or inserting a structure with a lumen into the atrial septal wall, thereby creating a fluid communication pathway between the LA and the RA. As such, elevated left atrial pressure may be partially relieved by unloading the LA into the RA. In early clinical trials, this approach has been shown to improve symptoms of heart failure. 
     One challenge with many conventional interatrial shunts is determining the most appropriate size and shape of the shunt lumen. A lumen that is too small may not adequately unload the LA and relieve symptoms; a lumen that is too large may overload the RA and right-heart more generally, creating new problems for the patient. Moreover, the relationship between pressure reduction and clinical outcomes and the degree of pressure reduction required for optimized outcomes is still not fully understood, in part because the pathophysiology for HFpEF (and to a lesser extent, HFrEF) is not completely understood. As such, clinicians are forced to take a best guess at selecting the appropriately sized shunt (based on limited clinical evidence) and generally cannot adjust the sizing over time. Worse, clinicians must select the size of the shunt based on general factors (e.g., the size of the patient&#39;s anatomical structures, the patient&#39;s hemodynamic measurements taken at one snapshot in time, etc.) and/or the design of available devices rather than the individual patient&#39;s health and anticipated response. With many such traditional devices, the clinician does not have the ability to adjust or titrate the therapy once the device is implanted, for example, in response to changing patient conditions such as progression of disease. By contrast, interatrial shunting systems configured in accordance with embodiments of the present technology allow a clinician to select the size—perioperatively or post-implant—based on the patient. 
     B. Select Embodiments of Methods for Operating Interatrial Shunting Systems 
     As provided above, the present technology is generally directed to methods for operating interatrial shunting systems. Such systems include a shunting element implantable into a patient at or adjacent to a septal wall. The shunting element can fluidly connect the LA and the RA of the patient to facilitate blood flow therebetween. In some embodiments, the systems further include various active electronic components carried by or otherwise associated with the shunting element, such as sensors, flow control mechanisms, communication devices, processors, and memory. Active electronic components may be differentiated from passive electronic components that do not have dedicated power terminals. The systems herein can include and/or be operably coupled to a plurality of different types of energy sources for powering operation of the active electronic components, including energy sources implanted within the patient&#39;s body, energy sources external to the patient&#39;s body, rechargeable energy sources, non-rechargeable energy sources, and so on. 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the active electronic components have different power consumption characteristics (e.g., minimum, maximum, and/or average power consumption, etc.). In some embodiments, the power consumption characteristics of different active electronic components can vary over a wide range, e.g., over at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more orders of magnitude. For example, active electronic components utilized in adjusting a shunting element can consume greater amounts of power, while active electronic components utilized in acquiring sensor data can consume smaller amounts of power. To accommodate this broad range, the systems herein can include energy sources with different characteristics (e.g., minimum, maximum, and/or average power output; power density; energy density, etc.). The present technology can manage power transmission between multiple energy sources and multiple active electronic components to ensure that the active electronic components are receiving sufficient power to operate, while increasing the efficiency and useful lifetime of the energy sources. This approach is expected to improve the performance of interatrial shunting systems or other systems that have highly variable power consumption and are powered partially or wholly by implanted energy sources. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic illustration of an interatrial shunting system  200  (“system  200 ”) configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. The system  200  includes a shunting element  202  defining a lumen  204  therethrough. When implanted in the septal wall S, the system  200  can fluidly connect the left atrium LA and the right atrium RA via the lumen  204 . The system  200  can also include various electronic components carried by, operably coupled to, and/or otherwise associated with the shunting element  202 , such as a flow control mechanism  206 , one or more sensors  208 , a processor  210 , memory  212 , a communication device  214 , and/or other electronic components  216 . Any or all of these electronic components may be configured as active electronic components. The electronic components can be configured to perform various operations related to the shunting element  202 , as described in detail below. 
     The flow control mechanism  206  can be configured to change a size, shape, and/or other characteristic of the shunting element  202  to selectively modulate the flow of fluid through the lumen  204 . For example, the flow control mechanism  206  can be configured to selectively increase a diameter of the lumen  204  and/or selectively decrease a diameter of the lumen  204  in response to an input. In other embodiments, the flow control mechanism  206  is configured to otherwise affect a shape and/or geometry of the lumen  204 . Accordingly, the flow control mechanism  206  can be coupled to the shunting element  202  and/or can be included within the shunting element  202 . In some embodiments, for example, the flow control mechanism  206  is part of the shunting element  202  and at least partially defines the lumen  204 . In other embodiments, the flow control mechanism  206  is spaced apart from but operably coupled to the shunting element  202 . 
     In some embodiments, at least a portion of the flow control mechanism  206  comprises a shape memory material, such as a shape memory metal or alloy (e.g., nitinol), a shape memory polymer, or a pH-based shape memory material. A shape memory material can be configured to change in shape (i.e.., transform between a first configuration and a second configuration) in response to a stimulus (e.g., heat or mechanical loading), as is known to those of skill in the art. Alternatively or in combination, the flow control mechanism  206  can include an active motor operably coupled to one or more actuation elements that change a size of the lumen  204 , a flow resistance through the lumen  204 , and/or another characteristic of the shunting element  202 . Suitable motors include electromagnetic motors, implanted battery and mechanical motors, MEMS motors, micro brushless DC motors, piezoelectric based motors, solenoids, shape memory alloy motors, heat engine motors, and other motors. 
     The sensor(s)  208  can be configured to measure one or more parameters of the system  200  (e.g., a characteristic or state of the shunting element  202  or lumen  204 ) and/or one or more physiological parameters of the patient (e.g., left atrial pressure, right atrial pressure). The sensor(s)  208  can be coupled to the shunting element  202  or can be positioned at a location within the heart or another region of the cardiovascular system spaced apart from the shunting element  202  (e.g., the left atrium LA, the right atrium RA, the septal wall S, the inferior vena cava, etc.). For example, the system  200  can include a first sensor positionable within or proximate to the left atrium LA to measure left atrial pressure, and a second sensor positionable within or proximate to the right atrium RA to measure right atrial pressure. Examples of sensor(s)  208  suitable for use with the embodiments herein include, but are not limited to, pressure sensors, impedance sensors, accelerometers, force/strain sensors, proximity sensors, distance sensors, temperature sensors, flow sensors, optical sensors, cameras, microphones or other acoustic sensors, ultrasonic sensors, ECG or other cardiac rhythm sensors, SpO2 and other sensors adapted to measure tissue and/or blood gas levels, blood volume sensors, and other sensors known to those who are skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the system  200  includes multiple different types of sensors, such as at least two, three, four, five, or more different sensors. 
     The processor  210  (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, FPGA, ASIC, electronic control hardware, etc.) can be configured to perform various operations in accordance with corresponding instructions stored in the memory  212 . For example, the processor  210  can be configured to receive data from the sensor(s)  208  and, optionally, store the data from the sensor(s)  208  in the memory  212 . In some embodiments, the processor  210  receives a series of measurements from the sensor(s)  208  taken over a particular time period and/or at a particular frequency (e.g., a certain number of times per hour, day, week, etc.). As another example, the processor  210  can be configured to calculate a pressure differential between the left atrium LA and the right atrium RA based on sensor data and/or other relevant calculations, and/or store the calculated pressure differential in the memory  212 . 
     In some embodiments, the processor  210  is operably coupled to the flow control mechanism  206  to control adjustments to the shunting element  202  and/or lumen  204 , e.g., based on the parameters measured by the sensor(s)  208 , the pressure differential calculated by the processor  210 , input from a care provider or user, and/or other relevant data received by the processor  210  and/or stored in the memory  212 . For example, if the calculated pressure differential falls outside of a predetermined range, the processor  210  can direct the flow control mechanism  206  to adjust the amount of blood flow through the shunting element  202 . In some embodiments, the sensor(s)  208 , processor  210 , and the flow control mechanism  206  operate in a closed-loop system to adjust the shunting element  202 . 
     In some embodiments, the processor  210  is configured to transmit data (e.g., sensor data, calculated pressure differential, etc.) via the communication device  214  to a remote device  218  located outside the patient&#39;s body (e.g., a controller mobile device, computing device, stand-alone data reader/interrogator, etc.). For example, the communication device  214  can be configured to transmit data from the sensor(s)  208  to an external hub or reader (e.g., for notification purposes, for processing and/or analysis, etc.). The communication device  214  can use any suitable type of wired or wireless communication method, including electromagnetic, ultrasound, or radiofrequency (e.g., WiFi, Bluetooth (such as BLE 5.0), MEDRadio, ZigBee, sub-GHz). In some embodiments, the communication device  214  can include multiple devices and/or implement multiple different communication modalities, e.g., to provide improved operational flexibility and reduce the power and/or energy requirements of the system  200 . It is understood that wireless communication with “deep” implants well below the skin (e.g., system  200 ) can present greater challenges with wireless data and power transmission. The system  200  in accordance with certain embodiments can utilize wireless technology to connect external components with a hub and wired technology to connect the hub to the device electronics. For example, the system  200  may communicate to a subcutaneous device via a wired connection, and the subcutaneous device can communicate to the remote device  218  via a wireless connection, or vice versa. Optionally, the system  200  can use a series of wireless connections for communication. 
     The processor  210  can also be configured to receive data (e.g., control signals) from the remote device  218  via the communication device  214 . The control signals can indicate that one or more components of the system  200  are to be operated. For example, the control signals can direct the sensor(s)  208  to measure one or more parameters and direct the processor  210  to store the sensor data in the memory  212  and/or transmit the sensor data to the remote device  218 . As another example, the control signal can direct the flow control mechanism  206  to adjust the shunting element  202  and/or lumen  204 . In some embodiments, for example, a physician inputs the desired flow characteristics for the shunting element  202  and the remote device  218  can communicate with the flow control mechanism  206  (via the communication device  214  and processor  210 ) such that the flow control mechanism  206  adjusts the shunting element  202  to achieve the desired flow characteristics through the shunting element  202 . In other embodiments the physician can directly input the parameter of the shunting element  202  to be adjusted (e.g., a desired lumen diameter) and the remote device  218  can communicate with the flow control mechanism  206  to effectuate the adjustment. 
     Optionally, the system  200  can include one or more other electronic components  216  such as an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a clock circuit or other timing circuit, or any other component suitable for use in the system  200 . For example, the processor  210  can be operably coupled to an ADC in order to interface with analog components. As another example, the processor  210  can periodically receive signals from a clock circuit indicating that certain time-based operations should be performed (e.g., periodic collection of data by the sensor(s)  208 , etc.), as described further below. 
     In some embodiments, the active electronic components of the system  200  (e.g., sensor(s)  208 , processor  210 , memory  212 , communication device  214 , other electronic components  216 , etc.) use power from at least one energy source to operate, as described in detail below. Accordingly, the active electronic components can each be associated with a respective set of power consumption characteristics. The power consumption characteristics can correlate to an amount of power used by the component during operation. The power consumption characteristics can include, for example, a maximum or peak power consumption, a minimum power consumption, and/or an average power consumption during operation. In some embodiments, some or all of the active electronic components can have different power consumption characteristics. For example, the power consumption of the flow control mechanism  206  can differ from (e.g., be greater than) the power consumption of the communication device  214 , which can differ from (e.g., be greater than) the power consumption of the sensor(s)  208 , processor  210 , and/or memory  212 . 
     In some embodiments, the power consumption characteristics of the active electronic components of the system  200  vary over a wide range (e.g., over at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more orders of magnitude). For example, the system  200  can include a first active electronic component and a second active electronic component, the first active electronic component having a power consumption greater than or equal to 100 W, 50 W, 20 W, 10 W, 1 W, 20 mW, 10 mW, 1 mW, 10 μW, or 1 μW; and the second active electronic component having a power consumption less than or equal to 10 W, 1 W, 20 mW, 10 mW, 1 mW, 10 μW, 1 μW, or 0.1 μW. In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism  206  has a peak power consumption within a range from 100 mW to 100 W (e.g., approximately 20W), the communication device  214  has a peak power consumption within a range from 1 mW to 100 mW (e.g., approximately 20 mW), the sensor(s)  208  and/or processor  210  have a peak power consumption within a range from 100 μW to 10 mW (e.g., approximately 1 mW), and the clock circuit and/or other components operating when the system  200  is quiescent have a peak power consumption within a range from 0.1 μW to 10 μW (e.g., approximately 1 μW). 
     In some embodiments, the power consumed during different operations performed by the system  200  can also vary over a wide range (e.g., over at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more orders of magnitude), depending on the active electronic components involved. For example, the system  200  can be configured to perform a “shunt adjustment” operation in which the flow control mechanism  206  adjusts at least one characteristic of the shunting element  202  and/or lumen  204  (e.g., changes lumen diameter). The power consumption associated with the shunt adjustment operation can be within a range from 100 mW to 10 W (e.g., on the order of 1 W). The system  200  can also be configured to perform a “remote communication” operation in which the communication device  214  transmit data to and/or receives data from the remote device  218 . The power consumption associated with the remote communication operation can be within a range from 1 mW to 100 mW (e.g., on the order of 20 mW). The system  200  can further be configured to perform an “acquire sensor data” operation in which the sensor(s)  208  measure one or more parameters and the measurements are stored in the memory  212 . The power consumption associated with the acquire sensor data operation can be within a range from 100 μW to 10 mW (e.g., on the order of 1 mW). Optionally, if no active operations are currently being performed, the system  200  can be in a “standby” state in the clock circuit is the only component receiving power while the other components remain unpowered. The power consumption associated with the standby state can be within a range from 0.1 μW to 10 μW (e.g., on the order of 1 μW). 
     For example, Table 1 below shows active electronic components involved in various system operations and the associated power consumption according to a particular embodiment of the present technology. The values listed in the header indicate the estimated power consumption associated with each system operation, and the power values listed in the first column indicate the estimated power consumption associated with each active electronic component. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Active electronic components and power 
               
               
                 consumption for system operations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Acquire 
                 Remote 
                 Shunt 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sensor 
                 Communi- 
                 Adjust- 
               
               
                   
                 Standby 
                 Data 
                 cation 
                 ment 
               
               
                   
                 (0.1 μW) 
                 (8 mW) 
                 (21 mW) 
                 (20 W) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Clock circuit 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 (0.1 μW) 
               
               
                 ADC 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 (1 mW) 
               
               
                 Processor 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 (5 mW) 
               
               
                 Memory 
                   
                 X 
                 X 
               
               
                 (1 mW) 
               
               
                 Sensors 
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 (1 mW) 
               
               
                 Communication 
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 device 
               
               
                 (15 mW) 
               
               
                 Flow control 
                   
                   
                   
                 X 
               
               
                 mechanism 
               
               
                 (20 W) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The system  200  can include and/or be operably coupled to a plurality of energy sources for powering operation of the active electronic components. The energy sources can include any suitable combination of chargeable and non-rechargeable energy sources, and can include sources located external to the patient&#39;s body as well as sources located within the patient&#39;s body. For example, the energy sources can include one or more energy storage components  220  implanted within the patient&#39;s body and/or operably coupled to the shunting element  202  or another component of the system  200 , and optionally one or more power transfer devices  222  located external to the patient&#39;s body. The energy sources can each be associated with a respective set of power output characteristics correlating to an amount of power that can be delivered by the energy source. The power output characteristics can include, for example, a maximum or peak power output, a minimum power output, and/or an average power output. In some embodiments, some or all of the energy sources can have different power output characteristics, as described in greater detail below. Alternatively or in combination, each of the energy sources can also be associated with energy storage characteristics, which in some embodiments may differ between some or all of the energy sources. 
     The energy storage component(s)  220  can include a primary battery (i.e., a non-rechargeable battery), a secondary battery (i.e., a rechargeable battery), a capacitor, a supercapacitor, and/or other suitable elements that can store and/or provide energy to the system. In some embodiments, the system  200  includes at least two different types of energy storage component(s)  220 . For example, the energy storage component(s)  220  can include two or more of a primary battery, a secondary battery, a supercapacitor, or a capacitor. Optionally, the energy storage component(s)  220  can include at least one battery (e.g., a rechargeable battery and/or a non-rechargeable battery) and at least one of a supercapacitor or a capacitor. 
     In some embodiments, the energy storage component(s)  220  are configured for delivery into the patient&#39;s heart via percutaneous and/or catheter delivery techniques. As a result, the size (e.g. volume) of the energy storage component(s)  220  can be limited based on the size of the catheter used. For example, the energy storage component(s)  220  can each have a volume less than or equal to 5 cc, 4 cc, 3 cc, 2 cc, 1 cc, 0.9 cc, 0.8 cc, 0.7 cc, 0.6 cc, 0.5 cc, 0.4 cc, 0.3 cc, 0.2 cc, or 0.1 cc. These size constraints may limit the energy storage capacity of an individual energy storage component  220 . The use of multiple different types of energy storage components as described herein is expected to ameliorate the capacity limitations imposed by percutaneous and/or catheter delivery techniques. 
     In some embodiments, the energy storage component(s)  220  are each associated with a respective set of power output characteristics (e.g., a maximum or peak power output, a minimum power output, an average power output, etc.). The energy storage component(s)  220  can also be associated with other characteristics relevant to power management, such as an energy density (e.g., a volumetric energy density), an energy storage capacity, a power density (e.g., a volumetric power density), a self-discharge time (i.e., how long the component can retain energy), and/or a cycle life (i.e., the number of times the component can be charged). In some embodiments, some or all of the energy storage component(s)  220  can have different characteristics. For example, a primary battery can have an energy density that is different from (e.g., greater than) an energy density of a secondary battery, which can have an energy density that is different from (e.g., greater than) an energy density of a supercapacitor, which can have an energy density that is different from (e.g., greater than) an energy density of a capacitor. As another example, a primary or non-rechargeable battery can have a power density that is different from (e.g., less than) a power density of a secondary or rechargeable battery, which can have a power density that is different from (e.g., less than) a power density of a supercapacitor, which can have a power density that is different from (e.g., less than) a power density of a capacitor. 
     For example, Table 2 below lists example characteristics of energy storage components configured in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present technology. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example characteristics of energy storage components 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Energy 
                 Power 
                 Self- 
                 Cycle 
               
               
                   
                 density 
                 density 
                 discharge 
                 life 
               
               
                   
                 (J/cc) 
                 (W/cc) 
                 time 
                 (# cycles) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Primary 
                 1000 
                 0.003 
                 10 
                 year 
                 1 
               
               
                 battery 
               
               
                 Secondary 
                 100 
                 0.03 
                 1 
                 year 
                 150 
               
               
                 battery 
               
               
                 Supercapacitor 
                 10 
                 10 
                 1 
                 week 
                 &gt;100,000 
               
               
                 Capacitor 
                 0.01 
                 100 
                 10 
                 seconds 
                 unlimited 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The power transfer device(s)  222  can include any device or system external to the patient&#39;s body that is capable of wirelessly transmitting power to an implanted component (e.g., an inductive wireless charging device). For example, the power transfer device(s)  222  can be configured to transmit radiofrequency (RF) energy, microwave frequency energy, other forms of electromagnetic energy, ultrasonic energy, thermal energy, or other types of energy in accordance with techniques known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, the power transfer device(s)  222  can be part of the remote device  218  while in other embodiments, the power transfer device(s)  222  can be separate from the remote device  218 . Optionally, the power transfer device(s)  222  can be devices that are configured to be positioned at least temporarily within the patient&#39;s body (e.g., an energy delivery catheter configured to be navigated proximate to the system  200  during a procedure). 
     The power transfer device(s)  222  can have different power output characteristics, e.g., depending on whether the source is designed for clinical use or for at home use. For example, a power transfer device  222  intended for clinical use and/or for operation by a medical professional can have a relatively high power transfer (e.g., greater than or equal to 10 W), while a power transfer device  222  intended for home use and/or for operation by a layperson (e.g., the patient) can have a relative low power transfer (e.g., less than or equal to 100 mW). In some embodiments, the patient has regular access to the home use device, but may only have periodic access to the clinical device (e.g., only during appointments with the clinician). 
     In some embodiments, the system  200  includes one or more energy receiving component(s)  224  operably coupled to the shunting element  202  and configured to receive energy from the power transfer device(s)  222 . The energy receiving component(s)  224  can be or include one or more metallic coils adapted to receive electromagnetic energy transmitted to the system  200  from the power transfer device(s)  222 . The energy receiving component(s)  224  can be made of copper, silver, gold, aluminum, stainless steel, nitinol, another suitable material, or suitable combinations of these materials. In some embodiments, the energy receiving component(s)  224  are configured to receive energy transmitted in the RF range. In other embodiments the energy receiving component(s)  224  can be configured to receive other forms of energy (e.g., ultrasonic, thermal, microwave frequency, etc.). Optionally, the energy receiving component(s)  224  can also be configured to transmit energy and/or signals to the remote device  218 . In such embodiments, the energy receiving component(s)  224  can also operate as part of the communication device  214  for the system  200 . In other embodiments the energy receiving component(s)  224  can be different from the communication device  214 . 
     In some embodiments, power transmitted from the power transfer device(s)  222  and received by the energy receiving component(s)  224  is used to directly power operation of one or more active electronic components of the system  200 . Alternatively or in combination, power transmitted from the power transfer device(s)  222  and received by the energy receiving component(s)  224  can be stored in the energy storage component(s)  220 . For example, the power transfer device(s)  222  can be used to wirelessly recharge a rechargeable battery, a supercapacitor, or a capacitor. Subsequently, the energy stored in the energy storage component(s)  220  can be used to power operation of one or more active electronic components of the system  200 . 
     For example, the flow control mechanism  206  can be adjustable using energy stored in the energy storage component(s)  220 . Accordingly, in some embodiments, rather than directly applying energy to the flow control mechanism  206 , a clinician can use the remote device  218  to adjust the shunting element  202  using energy stored in the energy storage component(s)  220 . This permits the clinician to decouple the process of (a) applying energy to the energy receiving component(s)  224 , and (b) adjusting the shunting element  202 . Accordingly, the energy storage component(s)  220  may store energy for a period of time (e.g., hours, days, months, etc.) and, upon a determination that the flow through the shunting element  202  should be changed, a user can direct the energy storage component(s)  220  to release stored energy and direct it to one or more aspects of the flow control mechanism  206 . In other embodiments, the system  200  (e.g., the processor  210 ) can automatically direct the energy storage component(s)  220  to release stored energy and direct it the flow control mechanism  206  to adjust the shunting element  202 . 
     As described above, the active electronic components of the system  200  can have different power consumption characteristics, while the energy sources associated with the system  200  can have different power output characteristics. To improve efficiency and performance, the system  200  can implement a power management scheme to optimize or otherwise improve the manner in which the active electronic components are powered by the energy sources. Accordingly, rather than allowing power allocation to be passively dictated by the inherent characteristics of the active electronic components, the system  200  (e.g., processor  210 ) can actively select and control which energy source(s) are used to power a particular active electronic component. 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic illustration of a power management system  300  configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. The system  300  can be incorporated in or otherwise combined with the interatrial shunting system  200  of  FIG.  2    (e.g., as a power management sub-system), or into another implantable device. The system  300  includes a plurality of energy sources  301 , such as one or more power transfer devices  302   a - n  and/or one or more energy storage components  304   a - n . The energy sources  301  can be operably coupled to a plurality of active electronic components  306  to power the operation thereof. 
     The power transfer devices  302   a - n , energy storage components  304   a - n , and active electronic components  306  can be identical or generally similar to the corresponding components described with respect to  FIG.  2   . For example, the power transfer devices  302   a - n  can be located outside the patient&#39;s body and be configured to transmit power to an implanted component (e.g., energy receiving component(s)  224  of  FIG.  2   ). The power transfer devices  302   a - n  can include a high power transfer device (e.g., for clinical use) and/or a low power transfer device (e.g., for home use). Although the power transfer devices  302   a - n  are depicted schematically as being directly connected to other components of the system  300  (e.g., switching array  310 ), one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the power transfer devices  302   a - n  can be indirectly connected to the other components via one or more implanted energy receiving components (omitted from  FIG.  3    merely for purposes of clarity). Accordingly, any description herein of power transmission between a power transfer device and another system component can include (a) power transmission from the power transfer device to an energy receiving component, and (b) power transmission from the energy receiving component to the system component. 
     The energy storage components  304   a - n  can be implantable in the patient and can include any suitable combination of a primary battery, a secondary battery, a supercapacitor, and/or a capacitor. In some embodiments, some energy storage components  304   a - n  can be charged and/or recharged by other energy storage components  304   a - n  and/or by the power transfer devices  302   a - n . The active electronic components  306  can include a flow control mechanism, one or more sensors, a processor, a memory, a communication device, or other electronic components, as previously described. The active electronic components  306  can operate using power from one or more energy sources  301 . 
     The system  300  can further include a processor  308  (e.g., a microprocessor). The processor  308  can be identical or generally similar to the processor  210  of  FIG.  2   , and can be implanted in the patient&#39;s body and/or carried by a shunting element (not shown). The processor  308  can be operably coupled to a memory (e.g., memory  212  of  FIG.  2   —not shown) storing instructions for performing the various methods described herein. In some embodiments, the processor  308  can be configured to implement a method for managing transmission of power from the energy transmission devices  302   a - n  and/or energy storage components  304   a - n  to the active electronic components  306 , as described in greater detail below. 
     The processor  308  can be operably coupled to a switching array or switching apparatus  310  that is implantable in the patient&#39;s body and/or carried by the shunting element. The switching array  310  can include an array or matrix of switches or interconnections for electrically coupling one or more energy sources  301  to one or more active electronic components  306  to allow for power transmission. For example, the switching array  310  can electrically couple one or more power transfer devices  302   a - n  (or one or more energy receiving components associated with the power transfer devices  302   a - n ) to one or more active electronic components  306  to directly power the operation of the active electronic component(s)  306 . The switching array  310  can also electrically couple one or more power transfer devices  302   a - n  (or one or more energy receiving components associated with the power transfer devices  302   a - n ) to one or more energy storage components  304   a - n  to charge and/or recharge the energy storage component(s)  304   a - n . The switching array  310  can also electrically couple one or more energy storage components  304   a - n  to one or more active electronic components  306  to power the operation of the active electronic component(s)  306 . When changes in the power management scheme of the system  300  are desired, the processor  308  can transmit signals to the switching array  310  to alter the configuration thereof to change the electrical interconnections between the energy sources  301  and the active electronic components  306 . 
     The processor  308  can also be operably coupled to the energy sources  301  and active electronic components  306  to allow for data transmission. In some embodiments, the processor  308  transmits data to and/or receives data from the energy sources  301  and/or active electronic components  306  (e.g., directly or indirectly via the switching array  310 ). For example, the processor  308  can transmit control signals to the energy sources  301  and/or active electronic components  306  to control the operation thereof. The processor  308  can also receive data from the energy sources  301  and/or active electronic components  306 . The data can indicate, for example, the operational status and/or other parameters of the respective component (e.g., whether the component is currently operating, whether the component is operating properly, whether the component has malfunctioned, the charge status of an energy storage component, whether an energy storage component should be recharged, the number of charge cycles of an energy storage component, sensor data provided by a component, etc.). In some embodiments, the processor  308  can store the data in a memory (e.g., memory  212  of  FIG.  2   —not shown), e.g., to aid in power management as described below. Additionally, the system  300  can include an ADC  312  to allow the processor  308  to measure physical quantities such as voltage, current, and/or temperature that are utilized in operation of the power management scheme. In other embodiments the ADC  312  is optional and can be omitted. 
       FIG.  4    is a block diagram illustrating a method  400  for operating an interatrial shunting system or another implanted system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology. The method  400  can be implemented by any embodiment of the systems and devices described herein (e.g., system  200  of  FIG.  2   , system  300  of  FIG.  3   ). In some embodiments, some or all of the steps of the method  400  are performed by a processor implanted in the patient&#39;s body (e.g., processor  210  of  FIG.  2   , processor  308  of  FIG.  3   ) and configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory  212  of  FIG.  2   ) for performing the operations described herein. In other embodiments, however, the method  400  may be implemented by other suitable systems/devices. 
     The method  400  can include receiving (e.g., via the processor) a signal indicating that at least one active electronic component is to be operated (block  410 ). The active electronic component can be any component carried by or otherwise associated with a shunting element of an interatrial shunting system, as previously described. For example, the active electronic component can be a flow control mechanism, one or more sensors, a communication device, a processor, a memory, or another electronic component. The active electronic component can be associated with a corresponding set of power consumption characteristics. For example, the active electronic component can have a maximum, minimum, and/or average power consumption value during operation. 
     In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted to the processor from a device or component internal to the patient. For example, a clock circuit can be configured to automatically transmit a signal to the processor at a specified time interval (e.g., a particular number of times per hour, day, week, month, etc.). The signal can indicate that one or more automatic time-based operations (e.g., periodic monitoring of patient and/or shunting parameters via one or more sensors, periodic adjustments to the shunting element) are to be performed. In some embodiments, the processor and/or other system components remain in standby mode (e.g., are unpowered) until the processor receives the signal from the clock circuit. 
     Alternatively or in combination, the signal can be transmitted to the processor from a device external to the patient (e.g., remote device  218  of  FIG.  2   ). The external signal can be transmitted to the processor when a user (e.g., a clinician) wishes to interact with the implanted system. For example, the signal can be used to establish communication between the implanted system (e.g., via communication device  214  of  FIG.  2   ) and the external device, e.g., to transmit sensor data stored by the system. As another example, the signal can be used to initiate adjustments to the shunting element (e.g., via flow control mechanism  206  of  FIG.  2   ). The external signal can trigger the processor and/or other system components to exit standby mode. Optionally, the signal can also be used to authenticate the external device (e.g., to confirm that the device is authorized to communicate with the implanted system) before any data transmission or adjustments can occur. In some embodiments, the external signal can be transmitted to the processor automatically without a direct action from a user (e.g., the signal is transmitted automatically each time the patient, and therefore the implanted system, is located near the external device). 
     The method  400  also includes selecting (e.g., via the processor) at least one energy source for powering the active electronic component (block  420 ). The energy source can be selected from a plurality of energy sources associated with the system, such as, one or more power transfer devices and/or one or more energy storage components. In some embodiments, some or all of the energy sources have different power output characteristics (e.g., maximum, minimum, and/or average power output) and/or other characteristics (e.g., energy density, power density, self-discharge time, cycle life). Accordingly, the method can include selecting an energy source that has a set of characteristics (e.g., power output characteristics and/or other characteristics) that are capable of accommodating the power consumption characteristics of the active electronic component to be operated. For example, the selected energy source can have a power output (e.g., maximum, minimum, and/or average output) that is greater than or equal to a corresponding power consumption (e.g., maximum, minimum, and/or average consumption) of the active electronic component. 
     In some embodiments, the selection of the energy source is based at least in part on other parameters and/or relevant data of the energy source. For example, the method can involve selecting an energy source that is sufficiently charged or otherwise has sufficient energy available to power the operation of the active electronic component. In some embodiments, historical data of the energy sources is used to determine whether an energy source is currently capable of powering the active electronic component. The historical data can include, for example, data regarding how many charging cycles each energy source has undergone, whether the energy source has been previously used, whether the energy source has been recharged after use, and so on. Alternatively or in combination, diagnostic data can be used to determine whether a particular energy source should be selected. The diagnostic data can include, for example, data regarding whether the energy source is functioning properly, whether the energy source is currently malfunctioning or has previously malfunctioned, whether the energy source is anticipated to malfunction, etc. Diagnostic data can be used to exclude energy sources that are not operating properly or are expected to malfunction. 
     In some embodiments, the method  400  includes selecting a single energy source to directly power the active electronic component. In other embodiments, however, the method  400  can include selecting two or more energy sources: a first energy source to power the active electronic component, and one or more additional energy sources to charge and/or recharge the first energy source. This approach can be advantageous in embodiments where the first energy source has a high power density and a low energy density (e.g., a capacitor or supercapacitor), while the additional energy source(s) have a low power density and a high energy density (e.g., a battery). In such embodiments, the first energy source can be used to power an active electronic component having a high power consumption (e.g., a flow control mechanism or a communication device), while the additional energy source(s) can be used to charge and/or recharge the first energy source when the first energy source is depleted. Optionally, the powering and charging steps can be repeated multiple times until the particular operation is completed. For example, a capacitor can be used to power the communication device to transmit segments of data intermittently, while being recharged slowly from a battery between each transmission segment. 
     Optionally, the selection of energy sources can also vary based on the total amount of power consumed by a particular operation to be performed. For example, energy storage components with a relatively high power output and/or power density (e.g., a supercapacitor, a capacitor) can be used for operations involving high power consumption (e.g., shunt adjustment, remote communication), while energy storage components having a relatively low power output and/or power density (e.g., a battery) can be reserved for operations involving low power consumption (e.g., standby, acquire sensor data). In some embodiments, for example, if the implanted system includes a primary battery and a supercapacitor, the primary battery can be used to provide power for relatively low power operations (e.g., standby, acquire sensor data). For operations involving higher power consumption (e.g., remote communication, shunt adjustment), the primary battery can be used to charge the supercapacitor before the operation commences. The supercapacitor can then provide power to the active electronic components that perform the operation. 
     The selection of energy sources can also depend on whether an external energy source is available. The external energy source can be preferentially used for high power operations, either to provide power directly to the active electronic component or to charge an energy storage component that powers the active electronic component. For example, if the implanted system includes a battery (e.g., a primary or a secondary battery) and a supercapacitor, the external energy source can be used to charge the supercapacitor for powering for high power operations, while the battery can provide power for low power operations and/or when the external energy source is not available. When a shunt adjustment is desired, for example, a high power external power transfer device (e.g., a clinical charging device) can be used to charge the supercapacitor, and the supercapacitor can be used to power the shunt adjustment operation. This approach is expected to increase the useable life of the battery, and can also provide a back-up method for shunt adjustment in case the battery fails. Optionally, if the patient has regular access to a low power external power transfer device (e.g., a home use recharging device), the device can be used to charge the supercapacitor for most or all operations. The battery can be used solely for low power operations (e.g., standby, acquire sensor data) in situations where the external power transfer device is not available or is not operating properly. 
     In some embodiments, selecting the energy source further includes ranking some or all of the energy sources, with higher-ranked energy sources selected before lower-ranked energy sources. This approach can be used, for example, in situations where multiple energy sources are available for powering the active electronic component. The ranking can be performed based on the power output characteristics and/or other data of the energy sources. In some embodiments, the ranking is based at least in part on a priority algorithm specifying the order in which different energy sources should preferentially be used. For example, the priority algorithm can include one or more of the following ranking schemes: (a) ranking energy sources having higher power density above energy sources having lower power density, (b) ranking rechargeable energy sources above non-rechargeable energy sources, (c) ranking energy sources external to the patient above energy sources implanted in the patient, and/or (d) ranking energy sources with greater available and/or remaining energy capacity above energy sources with diminished energy capacity. Optionally, the ranking implemented by the priority algorithm can differ depending on whether an external energy source is available. In some embodiments, for example, external energy sources are prioritized over implanted energy sources, e.g., to increase the useable lifetime of the implanted energy sources and/or avoid frequent recharging of the implanted energy sources. In an alternative embodiment, a priority algorithm ranks available energy sources with regard to the best fit with the power requirements of the component(s) to be activated and/or the operation(s) to be performed. For example, the algorithm can select an energy source of combination of energy sources that provide the minimal amount of power necessary to successfully complete an operation. 
     Table 3 below shows an example ranking scheme for energy sources that may be implemented by a priority algorithm configured in accordance with a particular embodiment of the present technology. The different rows indicate whether an external energy source is available and, if so, the amount of power delivered to the energy receiving component associated with that source (e.g., high power can correspond to approximately 1 W and lower power can correspond to approximately 10 mW). Within each cell of Table 3, items are arranged vertically in order of priority, with higher energy sources prioritized over lower energy sources when available. For example, for an acquire sensor data operation performed when there is no external energy source, the algorithm can prioritize a supercapacitor over a secondary battery, and the secondary battery over a primary battery. If a higher-ranked energy source is unavailable, the algorithm can revert to lower-ranked energy sources according to the listed order. 
     Additionally, in Table 3 the nomenclature “X to Y” indicates that energy source X is used to recharge energy source Y, and energy source Y is subsequently used for powering the specified operation. For example, for a remote communication operation performed when a high power external energy source is available, the external energy source can be used to charge the capacitor, and the capacitor can subsequently be used to power a communication device that performs the remote communication. The charging and powering steps can be repeated multiple times to complete the remote communication operation, if appropriate. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example ranking scheme for energy sources 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Acquire 
                 Remote 
                 Shunt 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sensor 
                 Communi- 
                 Adjust- 
               
               
                   
                 Standby 
                 Data 
                 cation 
                 ment 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No external 
                 Supercapacitor 
                 Supercapacitor 
                 Primary to Supercapacitor 
                 Primary to 
               
               
                 energy source 
                 Secondary 
                 Secondary 
                 Primary to capacitor 
                 Supercapacitor; 
               
               
                   
                 Primary 
                 Primary 
                 Secondary to capacitor 
                 Secondary to 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 supercapacitor 
               
               
                 Low power 
                 External 
                 External to 
                 External to 
                 External to 
               
               
                 external 
                   
                 capacitor/supercapacitor 
                 capacitor/supercapacitor 
                 supercapacitor 
               
               
                 energy source 
                   
                 Supercapacitor 
                 Supercapacitor 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Secondary 
                 Secondary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Primary 
                 Primary 
               
               
                 High power 
                 External 
                 External 
                 External 
                 External 
               
               
                 external 
                   
                   
                 External to 
                 External to 
               
               
                 energy source 
                   
                   
                 capacitor/supercapacitor 
                 supercapacitor 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Primary = primary battery; 
               
               
                 Secondary = secondary battery; 
               
               
                 External = external energy source 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in the example ranking scheme provided in Table 3, within embodiments under some operating circumstances some options may not be available. For example, in some embodiments, shunt adjustment (e.g., via flow control mechanism  206 ) with no external energy source available may not be reliably or practically achievable. In other embodiments, however, these options may become more reliable and/or viable (e.g., in some systems, a shunt adjustment could be made by using a battery to charge a supercapacitor). Further, in some embodiments, some options may be available but not optimal and/or practical. For example, in the system corresponding to the example ranking scheme provided in Table 3, performing a shunt adjustment with only a low power external energy source available may be possible, but could possibly take an undesirable amount of time for the external source to sufficiently charge a supercapacitor. 
     The method  400  further includes powering operation of the active electronic component with the selected energy source (block  430 ). The processor can send instructions to the active electronic component, the selected energy source, and/or another system component to cause the active electronic component to operate while being powered by the selected energy source. In some embodiments, for example, a switching array or other interconnection structure (e.g., switching array  310 ) can be used to electrically couple the selected energy source to the active electronic component to allow for power transmission thereto. The processor can cause the selected energy source to power the active electronic component by adjusting the configuration of the switching array accordingly. Optionally, energy sources that were not selected can be electrically decoupled from the active electronic component so that power is not transmitted to the active electronic component by those sources. In embodiments where a first energy source is used to charge or recharge a second energy source that is subsequently used to power the active electronic component, the switching array can electrically couple the first energy source to the second energy source before electrically coupling the second energy source to the active electronic component. 
     Operation of the active electronic component can be performed as previously described. For example, such operations can include adjusting a shunting element via a flow control mechanism, acquiring sensor data via one or more sensors, transmitting data to and/or receiving data from a remote device, and so on. 
     Some or all of the steps of the method  400  can be repeated multiple times to provide power management for different active electronic components and/or system operations. In some embodiments, for example, the method  400  can further include receiving a second signal indicating that a second active electronic component with different power consumption characteristics is to be operated. The method  400  can subsequently include selecting a second, different energy source to power the second active electronic component, and causing the second energy source to power the operation of the second active electronic component. 
     As one of skill in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein, various components of the methods and interatrial shunting systems described above can be omitted without deviating from the scope of the present technology. Likewise, additional components not explicitly described above may be added to the methods and interatrial shunting systems without deviating from the scope of the present technology. Accordingly, the methods, devices, and systems described herein are not limited to those configurations expressly identified, but rather encompasses variations and alterations of the described methods, devices and systems. Some or all of the aspects of the methods, devices, and systems described herein can be utilized independently of an interatrial shunting system, for example as part of another implanted medical device. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Several aspects of the present technology are set forth in the following examples: 
     1. A system for shunting blood between a left atrium and a right atrium of a patient, the system comprising:
         a shunting element configured to be implanted in the patient;   a plurality of active electronic components carried by the shunting element, wherein at least some of the active electronic components have different power consumption characteristics;   a plurality of energy storage components operably coupled to the shunting element, wherein at least some of the energy storage components have different power output characteristics;   a processor; and   a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform operations comprising—
           receiving a signal indicating that an active electronic component is to be operated, the active electronic component associated with power consumption characteristics,   selecting an energy storage component associated with power output characteristics capable of accommodating the power consumption characteristics of the active electronic component, and   instructing the selected energy storage component to power operation of the active electronic component.   
               

     2. The system of example 1 wherein the plurality of active electronic components includes two or more of the following: a flow control mechanism, a communication device, a sensor, a memory, or a processor. 
     3. The system of example 1 or example 2 wherein the active electronic components include a first active electronic component having a power consumption greater than or equal to 1 W, and a second active electronic component having a power consumption less than or equal to 1 mW. 
     4. The system of any one of examples 1-3 wherein the plurality of energy storage components includes at least one rechargeable energy storage component and at least one non-rechargeable energy storage component. 
     5. The system of any one of examples 1-4 wherein the plurality of energy storage components comprises:
         at least one of a primary battery or a second battery; and   at least one of a supercapacitor or a capacitor.       

     6. The system of any one of examples 1-5, further comprising a switching array configured to electrically couple the plurality of active electronic components and the plurality of energy storage components. 
     7. The system of example 6 wherein the operations further comprise altering a configuration of the switching array to cause the selected energy storage component to power the operation of the active electronic component. 
     8. The system of any one of examples 1-7, further comprising an energy receiving component carried by the shunting element, wherein the energy receiving component is configured to receive power from a source external to the patient. 
     9. The system of example 8 wherein the energy receiving component is operably coupled to at least one of the energy storage components to provide power thereto. 
     10. A system for shunting fluid between a first body region of a patient and a second body region of the patient, the system comprising:
         a shunting element having a lumen extending therethrough, wherein, when the shunting element is implanted in the patient, the lumen is configured to fluidly couple the first body region and the second body region;   a plurality of active electronic components carried by the shunting element, the active electronic components including a flow control mechanism, a sensor, and a communication device, wherein at least some of the active electronic components have different power consumption characteristics;   a plurality of energy storage components carried by the shunting element, the energy storage components including at least one battery and at least one of a supercapacitor or a capacitor, wherein at least some of the energy storage components have different power output characteristics;   a processor; and   a memory storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform operations comprising—
           receiving a signal indicating that an active electronic component is to be operated, the active electronic component having a set of power consumption characteristics,   selecting an energy storage component having a set of power output characteristics capable of accommodating the power consumption characteristics of the active electronic component, and   instructing the active electronic component to operate while powered by the selected energy storage component.   
               

     11. The system of example 10 wherein the active electronic components include a first active electronic component having a power consumption greater than or equal to 1 W, and a second active electronic component having a power consumption less than or equal to 1 mW. 
     12. The system of example 10 or example 11 wherein the plurality of energy storage components includes at least one rechargeable energy storage component and at least one non-rechargeable energy storage component. 
     13. The system of any one of examples 10-12, further comprising a switching array configured to electrically couple the plurality of active electronic components and the plurality of energy storage components. 
     14. The system of example 13 wherein the operations further comprise altering a configuration of the switching array to cause the selected energy storage component to power the operation of the active electronic component. 
     15. The system of any one of examples 10-14, further comprising an energy receiving component carried by the shunting element, wherein the energy receiving component is configured to receive power from a source external to the patient. 
     16. A method of operating an interatrial shunting system including a shunting element implanted in a patient&#39;s heart, the method comprising:
         receiving, at a processor implanted in the patient&#39;s heart, a signal indicating that an active electronic component carried by the shunting element is to be operated, wherein the active electronic component has a set of power consumption characteristics;   selecting, via the processor, an energy source from a plurality of energy sources for powering the active electronic component, wherein at least some of the energy sources have different power output characteristics, and wherein the selected energy source has a set of power output characteristics capable of accommodating the power consumption characteristics of the active electronic component; and   powering operation of the active electronic component with the selected energy source.       

     17. The method of example 16 wherein the active electronic component comprises a flow control mechanism, and wherein the method further comprises adjusting an amount of blood flow through the shunting element via the flow control mechanism. 
     18. The method of example 16 or example 17 wherein the active electronic component comprises a sensor, and wherein the method further comprises measuring a parameter of the patient or the shunting element via the sensor. 
     19. The method of any one of examples 16-18 wherein the active electronic component comprises a communication device, and wherein the method further comprises transmitting data to a device external to the patient via the communication device. 
     20. The method of any one of examples 16-19 wherein the plurality of energy sources includes at least one energy source external to the patient and at least one energy source implanted in the patient. 
     21. The method of any one of examples 16-20 wherein the plurality of energy sources comprises two or more of: a primary battery, a secondary battery, a supercapacitor, or a capacitor. 
     22. The method of any one of examples 16-21, further comprising ranking the plurality of energy sources based at least in part on a priority algorithm. 
     23. The method of example 22 wherein the ranking the plurality of energy sources comprises one or more of:
         ranking energy sources having higher power density above energy sources having lower power density;   ranking rechargeable energy sources above non-rechargeable energy sources; or   ranking energy sources external to the patient above energy sources implanted in the patient.       

     24. The method of any one of examples 16-23 wherein the energy source is selected based, at least in part, on historical data of at least some of the energy sources. 
     25. The method of any one of examples 16-24 wherein the energy source is selected based, at least in part, on diagnostic data of at least some of the energy sources. 
     26. The method of any one of examples 16-25 wherein the active electronic component is a first active electronic component and the selected energy source is a first energy source, and the method further comprises:
         receiving, at the processor, a second signal indicating that a second active electronic component carried by the shunting element is to be operated, wherein the second active electronic component has a second set of power consumption characteristics different from the set of power consumption characteristics of the first active electronic component; and   selecting, via the processor, a second energy source from the plurality of energy sources for powering the second active electronic component, wherein the second energy source is different from the first energy source.       

     27. The method of any one of examples 16-26 wherein the selected energy source is a first energy source, and the method further comprises:
         selecting, via the processor, a second energy source from the plurality of energy sources; and   charging the first energy source with the second energy source before powering the operation of the active electronic component with the first energy source.       

     28. The method of any one of examples 16-27 wherein the signal is received from a device implanted in the patient. 
     29. The method of any one of examples 16-28 wherein the signal is received from a device external to the patient. 
     30. A system for shunting blood between a left atrium and a right atrium of a patient, the system comprising:
         a shunting element configured to be implanted in the patient;   a plurality of active electronic components carried by the shunting element, wherein at least some of the active electronic components have different power consumption characteristics;   a plurality of energy storage components operably coupled to the shunting element, wherein at least some of the energy storage components have different power output characteristics;   a switching apparatus configured to provide variable connections between the plurality of active electronic components and the plurality of energy storage components based, at least in part, on power consumption characteristics of the individual active electronic components.       

     31. The system of example 30 wherein the active electronic components include a first active electronic component having a power consumption greater than or equal to 1 W, and a second active electronic component having a power consumption less than or equal to 1 mW. 
     32. The system of example 30 or 31 wherein the plurality of energy storage components comprises (a) at least one of a primary battery or a second battery and (b) at least one of a supercapacitor or a capacitor. 
     Conclusion 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may include some or all of the following components: a battery, supercapacitor, or other suitable power source; a microcontroller, FPGA, ASIC, or other programmable component or system capable of storing and executing software and/or firmware that drives operation of an implant; non-programmable components (e.g., diodes, comparators, gates, MOSFETS, etc.) that drive operation of an implant; memory such as RAM or ROM to store data and/or software/firmware associated with an implant and/or its operation; wireless communication hardware such as an antenna system configured to transmit via Bluetooth, WiFi, or other protocols known in the art; energy harvesting means, for example a coil or antenna which is capable of receiving and/or reading an externally-provided signal which may be used to power the device, charge a battery, initiate a reading from a sensor, or for other purposes. Embodiments may also include one or more sensors, such as pressure sensors, impedance sensors, accelerometers, force/strain sensors, temperature sensors, flow sensors, optical sensors, cameras, microphones or other acoustic sensors, ultrasonic sensors, ECG or other cardiac rhythm sensors, SpO2 and other sensors adapted to measure tissue and/or blood gas levels, blood volume sensors, and other sensors known to those who are skilled in the art. Embodiments may include portions that are radiopaque and/or ultrasonically reflective to facilitate image-guided implantation or image guided procedures using techniques such as fluoroscopy, ultrasonography, or other imaging methods. Embodiments of the system may include specialized delivery catheters/systems that are adapted to deliver an implant and/or carry out a procedure. Systems may include components such as guidewires, sheaths, dilators, and multiple delivery catheters. Components may be exchanged via over-the-wire, rapid exchange, combination, or other approaches. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented as computer-executable instructions, such as routines executed by a general-purpose computer, a personal computer, a server, or other computing system. The present technology can also be embodied in a special purpose computer or data processor that is specifically programmed, configured, or constructed to perform one or more of the computer-executable instructions explained in detail herein. The terms “computer” and “computing device,” as used generally herein, refer to devices that have a processor and non-transitory memory, as well as any data processor or any device capable of communicating with a network. Data processors include programmable general-purpose or special-purpose microprocessors, programmable controllers, ASICs, programming logic devices (PLDs), or the like, or a combination of such devices. Computer-executable instructions may be stored in memory, such as RAM, ROM, flash memory, or the like, or a combination of such components. Computer-executable instructions may also be stored in one or more storage devices, such as magnetic or optical-based disks, flash memory devices, or any other type of non-volatile storage medium or non-transitory medium for data. Computer-executable instructions may include one or more program modules, which include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. 
     The above detailed description of embodiments of the technology are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the technology to the precise forms disclosed above. Although specific embodiments of, and examples for, the technology are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the technology as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, although steps are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform steps in a different order. The various embodiments described herein may also be combined to provide further embodiments. For example, although this disclosure has been written to describe devices that are generally described as being used to create a path of fluid communication between the LA and RA, the LV and the right ventricle (RV), or the LA and the coronary sinus, it should be appreciated that similar embodiments could be utilized for shunts between other chambers of heart or for shunts in other regions of the body. 
     From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but well-known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the technology. Where the context permits, singular or plural terms may also include the plural or singular term, respectively. 
     Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the examples, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling of connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. As used herein, the phrase “and/or” as in “A and/or B” refers to A alone, B alone, and A and B. Additionally, the term “comprising” is used throughout to mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greater number of the same feature and/or additional types of other features are not precluded. It will also be appreciated that specific embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the technology. Further, while advantages associated with some embodiments of the technology have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein.