Patent Publication Number: US-6698629-B2

Title: Comestible fluid dispensing tap and method

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to fluid dispensers, and more particularly to comestible fluid dispensing taps and methods of dispensing comestible fluid from such taps. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A large number of comestible fluid dispensing systems and taps exist, most of which are adapted to dispense a particular type of comestible fluid. For example, some systems and taps are well-suited for dispensing relatively low-viscosity comestible fluids such as beer, soda, and other beverages, while other systems and taps are designed for dispensing more viscous comestible fluids such as ketchup, mustard, relish, mayonnaise, and other condiments. These latter comestible fluids often present unique problems for condiment dispensing systems and taps due to their higher viscosity. For example, relatively viscous condiments hang from a tap after dispense. This not only presents an unappealing appearance to later users of the tap, but also increases the chance that the dangling condiment will spoil before being used. Either result can significantly lower the desirability of the condiment and can therefore negatively impact condiment sales. Although the chances for hanging condiment is greater with higher viscosity fluids, the problems just described are relevant for virtually every comestible fluid (and are addressed by the present invention as described below). 
     Conventional comestible fluid dispensing systems and taps also address comestible fluid drip problems in varying ways and with varying success. Comestible fluid dripping between dispenses is undesirable for obvious reasons, and can be dependent upon the type of comestible fluid being dispensed. 
     A number of conventional devices and methods exist for addressing dangling comestible fluid and dripping problems described above. For example, the condiment dispensing system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,056 issued to Martindale employs a movable valve element which swipes the nozzle of the tap to remove excess condiment therefrom. In U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,082,587 and 5,906,266 issued to Martindale et al., a valve is used to reverse condiment flow at the end of condiment dispense to pull condiment on the nozzle back into the nozzle. 
     Conventional devices and method used for preventing comestible fluid buildup, dangling, and drips on a tap nozzle have a number of significant limitations. Typically, such devices and methods only partially protect against comestible fluid spoilage because comestible fluid that has exited the tap or nozzle is often still partially or fully exposed to the outside environment (although not always visible to a user). Also, such devices and methods employ relatively complex mechanisms for performing their tasks to prevent comestible fluid buildup, dangling, and drips. These mechanisms can therefore can be expensive to manufacture, assemble, and maintain, thereby adding to dispensing system and tap cost. 
     As mentioned above, some conventional devices and systems employ a drawback valve to draw comestible fluid back into the tap or nozzle after a dispense. A problem with such devices and systems is that the draw-back valve adds yet another component to the comestible fluid dispenser, requiring additional comestible fluid lines and connections, significantly adding to the total cost of the dispenser, and increasing system complexity. Furthermore, the draw-back valve in these dispensers is a separate device located a distance from the tap and connected to the tap often by two or more fluid lines. Therefore, the ability to control the draw-back force and the amount of comestible fluid drawn back by the valve is limited. 
     The required draw-back force and the resulting amount of drawn comestible fluid can vary greatly from fluid to fluid (often dependent at least in part upon comestible fluid viscosity and other comestible fluid properties). Lack of draw-back control can present problems when the same dispensing system and draw-back valve is employed to dispense different types of comestible fluids. Problems include drawing in air with the comestible fluid using too much drawing force from the draw-back valve and not providing sufficient force to draw comestible fluid back into the tap or nozzle. 
     In light of the problems and limitations of the prior art described above, a need exists for a comestible fluid dispensing apparatus, tap, and method which is well-suited for dispensing different types of comestible fluids, reduces or preferably eliminates comestible fluid buildup and dangling comestible fluid from nozzles and taps, prevents dripping, reduces exposure of comestible fluid to the environment between dispenses, is relatively simple in construction, assembly, and maintenance, is inexpensive and adds little to no cost to a conventional comestible fluid dispensing system or tap, and permits increased control over comestible fluid draw-back. Each preferred embodiment of the present invention achieves one or more of these results. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the dispensing apparatus includes a pump operable to pump comestible fluid from a comestible fluid source to a tap provided with a draw-back valve. In some embodiments, the pump can be manually operated or can be powered by a motor or other conventional driving device, while other embodiments do not employ a pump but instead control the flow of comestible fluid under pressure to the tap. In the latter embodiments, flow to the tap can be controlled by an upstream valve. 
     The tap of the present invention is preferably provided with a draw-back valve capable of drawing comestible fluid in an upstream direction in the tap. Preferably, suction generated by closure of the draw-back valve is employed for one or more purposes including: to remove any comestible fluid dangling from the tap, to draw comestible fluid into the tap away from view and from exposure to the environment, to reduce comestible fluid buildup on and near the tap outlet, to enclose or at least partially enclose comestible fluid downstream of the draw-back valve, and to operate a downstream cutoff valve in the tap. 
     The draw-back valve is preferably a plunger valve, although other types of valves known in the art can generate sufficient suction force to perform the functions just described. The draw-back valve is movable between opened and closed positions, and more preferably is movable between at least one open position and a range of closed positions. As used herein and in the appended claims the term “valve” refers to that element or mechanism that is movable to enable and stop fluid flow out of the tap in different positions of the valve. For example, the draw-back valve in some preferred embodiments is a plunger valve as mentioned above. In such cases, the plunger valve refers to the plunger itself, and not to the passage through which the plunger moves or the seat (if any) against which the plunger stops when fully closed. 
     Some highly preferred embodiments employ a draw-back valve that moves through a passage having a substantially constant cross sectional area, a cross sectional area that increases in the downstream direction, or a passage having a portion with a substantially constant cross sectional area and a portion having an increasing cross sectional area in the downstream direction. The draw-back valve need not move fully through the passage (or passage portions), but moves sufficiently to produce the suction force described above. The size of the passage with respect to the draw-back valve, the shape of the passage and passage portions, the distance the draw-back valve moves in the passage (or passage portions), and the speed at which the draw-back valve moves are preferably selected to provide the desired suction force. 
     In one highly preferred embodiment, the closing draw-back valve moves first at least partially through a passage portion having a passage portion having an increasing cross sectional area in the downstream direction and then through a passage portion having a substantially constant cross sectional area. The valve is preferably sized to match the size of the passage portion having the substantially constant cross sectional area, and more preferably has a sliding seal with the walls of this passage portion. Other embodiments have a clearance between the walls of this passage portion and the valve. The amount of clearance (if any) is preferably dependent at least partially upon the type of comestible fluid being dispensed and the desired amount of suction force downstream of the valve. 
     The walls of the passage portion having an increasing cross sectional area in the downstream direction can be selected so that suction force is generated when the drawback valve moves through this passage portion. Otherwise, these walls can be shaped so that suction force is primarily generated only when the valve moves through the passage portion having a substantially constant cross sectional area. 
     Any combination of passage portions with any desired shape and in any desired order (with respect to draw-back valve movement) can be employed, each preferably having at least one portion in which suction force is generated when the draw-back valve moves therethrough when closing. 
     Some preferred embodiments of the tap employ a shield near the tap outlet (downstream of the draw-back valve if used). This shield can comprise a wall that is preferably apertured to permit passage of comestible fluid therethrough, and can be made of a resilient relatively non-deformable or deformable material. The shield is preferably movable in the tap either by being deformable under comestible fluid pressure upstream of the shield or by being connected within the tap to shift or slide in the tap under such pressure. In either case, pressure changes upstream of the shield preferably generate some type of movement of the shield. This movement in either an upstream or downstream direction preferably dislodges comestible fluid that may be dangling from the tap, the downstream face of the shield, or a nozzle defining the tap outlet. 
     In some highly preferred embodiments, the shield is part of a cutoff valve which also has a cutoff valve seat located in the tap adjacent to the shield. Preferably, the shield is biased (inherently by its structure or by one or more biasing elements) into a closed position in which the aperture in the shield is plugged by the cutoff valve seat. The shield can be assisted to this position by suction generated by the draw-back valve during closing, in which case a reduced pressure can be maintained between the draw-back and cutoff valves. This reduced pressure helps to prevent opening of the cutoff valve between dispenses, either from the weight of upstream comestible fluid or from shock, jostling, or other movement of the tap. 
     By employing a cutoff valve as just described, comestible fluid which has not yet exited the tap or which has been drawn back into the tap by the draw-back valve can be retained in a sealed or substantially sealed portion of the tap. This comestible fluid is therefore protected from the tap environment and is less susceptible to drying or spoilage. Although the cutoff valve need not necessarily be employed with the draw-back valve, the two valves can be used together to draw leftover comestible fluid back into the tap through the cutoff valve, to then close or substantially close this comestible fluid in the tap, and to dislodge any other leftover comestible fluid from the outlet, nozzle, and/or cutoff valve. 
     The draw-back valve of the present invention is preferably biased toward a closed position by one or more springs or other conventional biasing elements or mechanisms. To control movement of and/or bias the draw-back valve, the draw-back valve can be connected to a movable wall which defines part of a chamber in the tap. The movable wall is preferably a damper which is sized to provide a sliding seal within the walls of the tap, to provide resistance to movement by frictional contact with these walls, or to perform both of these functions. Therefore, the damper preferably dampens and controls valve movement and can bias the valve toward a closed position by the reduced pressure in the chamber when the damper is moved with the valve to enlarge the chamber. 
     It should be noted that the present invention can be used to dispense any comestible fluid that can flow under pressure or otherwise. By way of example only, such comestible fluids include water, soda, beer, juices and other drinks, ketchup, mayonnaise, mustard, relish, sauce, syrup, dressing, and other condiments, soup, dough, filling, icing, and other food products, and the like. 
     The draw-back valve and the tap valve are preferably the same in the present invention. Therefore, one-tap valve in the present invention performs the same functions as two valves in conventional systems. In addition, the draw-back valve is part of the tap and is not an additional part that must be connected within the dispensing system upstream of the tap. Because the draw-back valve is in or part of the tap and is therefore preferably located relatively close to the tap outlet, better draw-back control is possible (as opposed to draw-back valves located a distance upstream of tap). Also, the tap of the present invention can readily by employed with existing comestible fluid dispensing systems. The draw-back valve of the present invention is easy to assemble, has fewer parts, and is therefore less costly to manufacture and maintain than conventional dispensing systems 
     Further objects and advantages of the present invention, together with the organization and manner of operation thereof, will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like elements have like numerals throughout the drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The present invention is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show preferred embodiments of the present invention. However, it should be noted that the invention as disclosed in the accompanying drawings is illustrated by way of example only. The various elements and combinations of elements described below and illustrated in the drawings can be arranged and organized differently to result in embodiments which are still within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     In the drawings, wherein like reference numerals indicate like parts: 
     FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a comestible fluid dispensing system and tap according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention; 
     FIG. 2 is a cross-sectioned elevational view of the comestible fluid dispensing system and tap illustrated in FIG. 1, taken along lines  2 — 2  of FIG.  1  and showing the pump of the system in an unactuated position; 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the comestible fluid dispensing system and tap illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, taken along lines  2 — 2  of FIG.  1  and showing the pump of the system in an actuated position; 
     FIG. 4 is a partially cross-sectioned perspective view of the comestible fluid dispensing tap illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2; 
     FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the comestible fluid dispensing tap illustrated in FIG. 4; 
     FIG. 6 is a cross-sectioned elevational view of the comestible fluid dispensing tap illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, shown with the valve in an open position; 
     FIG. 7 is a cross-sectioned elevational view of the comestible fluid dispensing tap illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, shown with the valve in the process of closing; 
     FIG. 8 is a cross-sectioned elevational view of the comestible fluid dispensing tap illustrated in FIGS. 1-4, shown with the valve in a closed position; 
     FIG. 9 is a partially cross-sectioned top perspective view of a comestible fluid dispensing tap according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention; and 
     FIG. 10 is a partially cross-sectioned bottom perspective view of the comestible fluid dispensing tap illustrated in FIG.  9 . 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A preferred embodiment of a comestible fluid dispensing system according to the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1-3. The dispensing system (indicated generally at  10 ) preferably includes a comestible fluid pump  12 , a user-actuated plunger  14  connected to the pump  12 , and a tap  16  connected to the pump  12  via a comestible fluid line  18 . The dispensing system  10  can be connected to a source of comestible fluid via a conventional quick disconnect fluid connector  20 , but can instead be connected to such a source in any other manner, including without limitation by a conventional threaded joint or fluid coupling or by a press or interference fit with a comestible fluid line running to the source of comestible fluid. A comestible fluid line  24  preferably connects an inlet  26  of the pump  12  with the fluid connector  20 , and can be or include an inflexible or flexible comestible fluid conduit such as a pipe, hose, tube, and the like. 
     The comestible fluid pump  12  is preferably a manually-operated pump, and in one highly preferred embodiment is similar in structure and operation to the pump disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,695 issued to Start (modified to be actuated by a plunger  14  rather than by gas pressure). However, one having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any conventional manually-operable pump can be employed to draw comestible fluid from the comestible fluid source and to pump the comestible fluid to the tap  16 . The manually operated plunger  14  is preferably biased in an upward direction in any conventional manner, such as by one or more springs, by an actuator or motor, by comestible fluid pressure in the pump, and the like. Preferably, the plunger  14  can be pushed by a user to operate the valve in a conventional manner. Plunger-actuated valves and their manner of operation are well-known in the art and are not therefore described further herein. 
     The pump  12  has a comestible fluid outlet  28  which is connected to the tap  16  by the comestible fluid line  18 . The comestible fluid line  18  can take any of the forms described above with reference to the comestible fluid line  24  connecting the fluid connector  20  to the pump  12 . In the illustrated preferred embodiment, the comestible fluid line  24  is a substantially rigid pipe or series of connected pipes extending from the pump  12  to the tap  16 . 
     Preferably, the pump  12  has a housing (not shown) which encloses or substantially encloses the pump  12  and comestible fluid lines  18 ,  24 . The housing can take any shape and can be made from any material desired. Most preferably, the housing is made from a resilient material such as steel, aluminum, or other metal, plastic, composites, and the like. 
     The dispensing system  10  described above and illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 is a manually-operated dispensing system. However, it should be noted that the pump  12  can be automatically operated in any number of well-known manners, such as by being driven by pressurized gas as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,695 mentioned above, by a hydraulic or pneumatic actuator, by a motor, and the like. In these embodiments, the pump  12  is preferably activated by one or more conventional user-manipulatable controls connected to the pump  12 . Devices for automatically driving a pump and the manner in which these devices can be controlled are well-known to those skilled in the art and are not therefore described further herein. 
     The dispensing system  10  is preferably a non-pressurized system, but can be supplied with comestible fluid under pressure if desired. In this regard, the pump  12  can be removed in some embodiments. If desired, the pump  12  in some pressurized embodiments of the dispensing system  10  can be replaced with a valve that is controlled in a conventional manner to open and close for controlling the supply of pressurized comestible fluid to the tap  16 . The dispensing system  10  can be a portioning system (in which case the amount of each dispense can, in some embodiments, be controlled as described in greater detail below) or a non-portioning system (such as a pressurized system in which one or more valves control flow of the pressurized condiment). 
     In some embodiments, each full actuation of the pump  12  (e.g., via the plunger  14  as described above) preferably dispenses a known desired amount of comestible fluid from the tap  16 . This amount can be adjusted in a number of conventional manners, such as by adjusting the stroke of the plunger  14  in the illustrated preferred embodiment. However, the dispensing system  10  need not necessarily be a portioning system and need not necessarily be adapted to dispense a specific and controlled amount of comestible fluid in each dispensing operation. 
     FIGS. 4-8 illustrate the tap  16  of the present invention in greater detail. The tap  16  preferably has a body  32  through which comestible fluid flows from a tap inlet  34  to a tap outlet  36 . The body  32  can be made of a single element manufactured in any manner desired, such as by being machined, injection molded, extruded, pressed, cast, and the like. Alternatively, the body  32  can be made of multiple elements permanently connected in any conventional manner to form an integral body. More preferably however, the body  32  is assembled from multiple elements to form an integral body. Specifically, the body  32  preferably has a valve portion  38 , a nozzle portion  40 , and a damper portion  42  releasably connected together in any conventional manner as a single integral body. These connections can be threaded connections  44 ,  46  as shown in FIGS. 4-8 or can be a compression, bayonet, or other preferably fluid-tight releasable connection as is well known in the art. 
     The tap  16  preferably has a valve  48  therein which is movable between opened and closed positions. The valve  48  preferably has at least one open position (shown in FIG. 6) and at least one closed position (shown in FIG.  8 ). In this regard, it should be noted that a “closed position” does not necessarily mean that there is no fluid communication through the valve  48 , that the valve  48  fully seals comestible fluid upstream of the valve  48  from comestible fluid downstream of the valve  48 , or that comestible fluid cannot pass the valve  48  while the valve  48  is passing through a range of closed positions. Instead, a closed position means that the valve  48  blocks or impedes comestible fluid in the valve  48  sufficiently to stop comestible fluid flow through the valve  48  and out of the tap outlet  36 . It will be appreciated that for some relatively thick comestible fluids, the valve  48  does not need to fully seal upstream comestible fluid from downstream comestible fluid, but only to block or impede comestible fluid enough to stop comestible fluid flow through the valve  48  and out of the tap outlet  36 . Thinner and less viscous comestible fluids may instead require a hermetic or fluid-tight seal of the valve  48  to prevent flow movement past the valve  48  and out of the tap outlet  36 . The terms “opened position” and “open position” refer to valve positions in which comestible fluid is capable of flowing through the valve  48 . 
     The valve  48  is a draw-back valve, which is also known as a “suck-back valve”. Accordingly, closure of the valve  48  generates sufficient suction force upon comestible fluid downstream of the valve  48  to draw comestible fluid in a general direction toward the valve  48 . In other words, closure of the valve  48  causes reversal of comestible fluid flow (in a generally opposite direction to the flow of comestible fluid during dispense). 
     With reference to the illustrated preferred embodiment, the valve  48  is preferably a plunger valve that is axially movable between its open and closed positions. The valve  48  is movable from an open position through a range of closed positions. During valve closure, the movement of this type of draw-back valve  48  through the range of closed positions generates the above-described suction force downstream of the valve  48 . 
     Preferably, the valve  48  is movable through a comestible fluid passage  50  in the tap  16 . The comestible fluid passage  50  is preferably defined by internal walls of the tap body  32  as shown in the figures. These internal walls can be formed by machining, injection molding, casting, or in any other conventional manner. 
     In other embodiments, the passage  50  can be defined by a tubular element received within the tap body and secured therein in any conventional manner, such as by one or more clips, screws, or other conventional fasteners, by adhesive or cohesive material, by being snugly received within the internal walls of the body  32 , by being snap-fit in the body  32  with one or more detents, ribs, bumps, ramps, or recesses on the tubular element and/or on an inside wall of the body  32 , and the like. 
     A comestible fluid passage defined by internal walls of the body is highly preferred for purposes of fewer tap components and reduced assembly time. A comestible fluid passage defined by a separate tubular element can instead be employed to permit a user or assembler to install tubular elements having different passage shapes and sizes suitable for different comestible fluids, valve shapes and sizes, and desired comestible fluid flow characteristics. Alternatively, the separate tubular element can be permanently secured within the body. 
     The comestible fluid passage  50  preferably has a round cross-sectional shape as shown in FIGS. 4-8. In this embodiment, the passage  50  has a generally funnel-shaped downstream portion  56  and a throat  58  having a substantially constant cross-sectional area. The downstream portion  56  preferably has an increasing cross-sectional area in the downstream direction. As best shown in FIGS. 6-8, when valve  48  closes, the valve  48  preferably moves from a position in the downstream portion  56  and through at least part of the throat  58  to a seat  60  preferably defined in the tap body  32 . 
     Due to the shape of the downstream portion  56 , some suction can be generated as the valve  48  moves through the downstream portion  56 . Preferably however, the majority of the suction force is generated as the valve  48  moves through the throat  58  of the passage  50 . 
     Preferably, the valve  48  is sized to provide a sliding seal against the internal walls of the throat  58 , thereby enhancing suction force as the valve  48  moves through the throat during closure. The valve  48  can also have a peripheral lip or a peripheral edge  62  having a reduced thickness in order to provide this sliding seal. This lip or edge  62  can be formed upon the peripheral of the valve  48  in any conventional manner, such as by being molded with the valve  48 , being machined, extruded, and the like. Alternatively, the lip or edge  62  can be a separate element such as an O-ring, flange, or other element connected to the valve in any conventional manner, such as by snap-fitting within a peripheral groove in the valve  48 , being attached to the valve  48  by one or more conventional fasteners, being glued thereon, etc. 
     Whether integral with the valve  48  or attached thereto, the lip or edge  62  is preferably reduced in thickness with respect to the rest of the valve, and can have a knife-edge, blunted, wedge-shaped, faceted, or any other shape desired. The lip or edge  62  can be sized to provide an exact fit with the throat  58 , a slight clearance with the throat  58  as shown in the figures, or can be slightly oversized with respect to the throat  58  for a relatively tight sliding seal. 
     Although the lip or edge  62  can be made of a number of different resilient materials such as steel, aluminum, or other metals, composites, or ceramic, it is preferably made of a resiliently deformable material such as plastic, rubber, nylon, urethane, and the like to provide a better seal with the throat  58 . The valve  48  in the illustrated preferred embodiment is made of plastic and has a resiliently deformable lip  62  integral therewith as best shown in FIGS. 6-8. 
     The shape and size of the passage  50  significantly impacts the draw-back feature of the valve  48 . In some highly preferred embodiments such as that shown in the figures, the valve  48  moves through a portion of the passage  50  having a constant or substantially constant cross sectional area to generate a significant downstream suction force during valve closure. However, suction force can also or instead be generated in passages having increasing or decreasing cross-sectional areas. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that suction is likely to be more difficult to produce in a passage or passage portion having a decreasing cross sectional area in the downstream direction (i.e., the opposite shape of the downstream portion  56  in FIGS.  4 - 8 ). However, such suction is possible depending at least partially upon valve shapes and the relative sizes of the valves and passages employed. 
     More preferably, the valve  48  is movable through a passage or passage portion having a constant cross-sectional area or an increasing cross-sectional area in the downstream direction. Some preferred embodiments of the present invention employ passages  50  having only a constant cross sectional area or only an increasing cross-sectional area in the downstream direction. Other more preferred embodiments employ passages  50  having passage portions of each shape. The tap  16  illustrated in FIGS. 4-8 is one example of such a passage  50 . Although in this embodiment the constant cross-sectional area passage portion  58  is located upstream of the passage portion  56  having an increasing cross-sectional area in the downstream direction, these portions can be reversed in other embodiments. In addition, although only one of each type of passage portion is shown in FIGS. 4-8, other embodiments of the present invention can have two or more passage portions of each type positioned with respect to one another in any desired manner. 
     As described above, some highly preferred embodiments of the present invention employ passages  50  that are either constant in cross sectional area or increase in cross-sectional area, or employ passages  50  having one or more portions of each type. It should be noted that passages or passage portions having changing cross-sectional areas can be shaped in a number of different manners. For example, these passages  50  or passage portions can have relatively flat walls, curved walls (either convex or concave) or irregularly-shaped walls with any degree of wall convergence or divergence desired. The majority of the walls of downstream portion  56  in FIGS. 6-8 are relatively flat and shallow (converge relatively quickly to the throat portion  58 ). However, the walls of the downstream passage portion  56  could instead be steeper and/or could be bowed toward passing comestible fluid or away from passing comestible fluid. Furthermore, the walls of downstream passage portion  56  in FIGS. 6-8 could be faceted, with different portions having different steepnesses to define a somewhat bowl-shaped exit of the passage  50 . The illustrated wall shapes are preferred for superior comestible fluid flow control. However, other wall shapes can be used, such as flat or curved smooth walls, stepped converging or diverging walls, and the like. 
     The comestible fluid passage  50  is preferably round in shape and matches a round valve  48 . However, the passage  50  and valve  48  can instead take any cross-sectional shape desired, including without limitation oval, elliptical, rotund, square, rectangular, polygonal, or irregularly-shaped passages  50  preferably matching similarly-shaped valves  48 . Other than increasing in diameter, the cross-sectional shape of the passage  50  in the illustrated preferred embodiment is the same along its length. In some embodiments however, the cross-sectional shape of the passage  50  changes along its length. 
     The shape of the passage  50  and valve  48  in the present invention is important to the draw-back force generated in closure of the valve  48 , and therefore to the amount of comestible fluid that can be drawn back by valve closure. The inventors have found that a throat  58  having a constant or relatively constant cross-sectional area followed downstream by diverging walls in a downstream passage portion  56  provides superior and repeatable draw-back force in which a smooth transition between no suction and full suction can be produced. By changing the shape (e.g., the degree of wall convergence, the profile shape of the walls, etc.) of those portions of the comestible fluid passage  50  in which the valve  48  moves, the draw-back force of the valve  48  can be changed. This control is valuable particularly in light of the significantly different types of comestible fluid that can be delivered through the tap  16 , each needing different draw-back forces based at least in part upon comestible fluid viscosity. 
     The size of the passage  50  is also important to the draw-back force generated in closure of the valve  48 , and therefore to the amount of comestible fluid that can be drawn back by valve closure. A passage  50  having a larger volume (i.e., longer or having a greater diameter) is normally capable of producing greater draw-back than one having a smaller volume. In addition, the size of the fluid line  64  downstream of the valve  48  is also important to the ability of the valve  48  to draw back condiment. A smaller-volume fluid line downstream of the valve  48  is normally capable of producing greater draw-back than one having a larger volume. Preferably, the passage diameter and length and the size of the fluid line  64  downstream of the valve  48  are selected according to the type of condiment to be dispensed and the amount of draw-back desired. Passages  50  defined by a separate tubular element as described above provide a manner in which a user or assembler can adapt the tap  16  to produce different draw-back forces by replacing one tubular element with another tubular element having different internal dimensions. 
     In some preferred embodiments of the present invention, the comestible fluid passage  50  includes an upstream portion (upstream of the range of valve movement) having converging walls in the downstream direction. Such an upstream shape can enable improved flow of comestible fluid to the valve  48 . In other embodiments such as the illustrated preferred embodiment, the upstream passage portion has a relatively constant cross sectional area. Like the downstream passage portion  56  described above, the upstream passage portion can have converging, diverging, or relatively straight walls having any shape desired. 
     As described above, another factor controlling draw-back force of the valve  48  is the manner in which the valve  48  relates to the comestible fluid passage  50 . Relatively high draw-back forces are generated by valves  48  that are closely fit to a comestible fluid passage  50  or comestible fluid passage portion having a constant cross sectional area, thereby establishing a sliding seal as described above. A slight clearance between the comestible fluid passage  50  and the valve  48  (whether in a passage section having a constant cross-sectional area or by virtue of converging or diverging passage walls) can permit comestible fluid movement around the valve during closure. In such cases, the draw-back force can be lower to any desired degree. 
     Proper operation of the valve can be dependent upon the type of comestible fluid being dispensed. Therefore, in some embodiments of the present invention used for dispensing relatively thick comestible fluids, a significant clearance between the valve  48  and passage  50  can exist while still preventing comestible fluid flow when the valve  48  is closed and while still generating a desired suction force upon valve closure. In other embodiments used for dispensing thinner comestible fluids, less or no clearance between the valve  48  and passage  50  is needed to stop comestible fluid flow when the valve  48  is closed and to generate a desired suction force upon valve closure. To control the drawback force upon a comestible fluid or to adapt a tap  16  for a particular comestible fluid type, different interchangeable valve sizes can be provided for use with the same passage  48  and can be changed by the manufacturer or user. 
     The comestible fluid passage  50  preferably has a valve seat  60  as described above. This seat provides a closed position of the valve  48 , and is preferably one of a range of closed positions as also described above. However, a valve seat  60  is not required in some embodiments of the present invention, such as in those cases where the range of travel of the valve  48  is limited in some other conventional manner (e.g., by the range of travel of the valve actuator, by stops on a valve rod, and the like) or where a tight seal is not needed to prevent comestible fluid flow past the valve  48  and out of the tap outlet  36  when the valve  48  is closed (such as for relatively thick comestible fluids). 
     The amount of draw-back provided by the tap  16  can also be a function of the range of movement of the valve  48 . In embodiments employing a plunger valve  48  for example, the amount of axial movement is normally related to the amount of draw-back force generated during valve closure. With continued reference to FIGS. 6-8, the valve  48  preferably moves through part of the downstream passage portion  56  and through the throat portion  58 . In other embodiments, the valve  48  can move fully through the downstream and throat portions  56 ,  58  of the passage  50 , can move only in the throat portion (in which case axial fluid passages or grooves at the downstream end of the throat  58  can permit comestible fluid flow toward the tap outlet  36 ), can move only in part of the throat  58  and in all, part, or none of the downstream portion  56 , and the like. If desired, the valve  48  can be controlled to move through any portion of the passage  50  to generate a controlled amount of draw-back force depending at least in part upon the type of comestible fluid used and the amount of comestible fluid draw-back needed. For example, the valve  48  can move through a full range of travel for drawing back one type of comestible fluid while being controlled to move only through a downstream portion of its range of travel for drawing back another type of comestible fluid. Some highly preferred embodiments of the present invention permit valve movement control over two or more ranges in the passage  50 , which ranges can include any part or none of different passage portions defining the passage  50 . 
     Some valves are capable of generating a draw-back force during closure even though they do not have a range of closed positions as defined above (i.e., they permit comestible fluid flow past the valve  48  and through the tap outlet  36  in substantially every position but one closed position). Such valves can be used in connection with the tap  16  of the present invention, although valves having a range of closed positions are preferred. 
     Although the plunger valve described herein is preferred, other valve types can instead be used to produce sufficient draw-back force to pull comestible fluid back into the tap upon valve closure. By way of example only, a swing or lift-type valve can be used in which a gate member of the valve can swing or be drawn through the comestible fluid to a closed position, thereby generating the desired suction downstream of the gate member. As another example, a pinch valve can be used in which the pinch point of the valve moves some distance in the upstream direction after closure (e.g. by eccentric rotating pinch members on either side of a flexible passage or in any other conventional manner). One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that still other types of draw-back valves and draw-back valve structures can be used in place of a plunger valve, each one of which falls within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Such other valve types can also be used in conjunction with a comestible fluid passage  50  as described above (modified as needed to facilitate valve movement as needed). 
     It should be noted that in the various embodiments of the present invention, the draw-back force exerted by the valve  48  used need not necessarily be generated by a vacuum force from retraction or other movement of the valve  48 . Although such a vacuum can be effective for the purpose of drawing back downstream comestible fluid as described above, it is not required for operation of the present invention. Surface tension of the comestible fluid upon a surface of the valve (or upon a surface of an element moving to pull fluid in an upstream direction) is also effective to perform the draw-back function. 
     For example, the surface of the plunger valve  48  in the illustrated preferred embodiment is preferably in contact with comestible fluid downstream of the valve  48 . Retraction of the valve  48  therefore preferably pulls this comestible fluid upstream, drawn under surface tension of the fluid in contact with the valve  48 . In other embodiments, different elements that are retractable and are in contact with the comestible fluid downstream of the valve  48  can draw back the comestible fluid in a similar manner. These different elements need not necessarily be capable of closing or opening the fluid line  64  in the tap  16 , but are at least capable of providing surface area upon which the downstream comestible fluid can hold. 
     By way of example only, a plate connected to the valve  48  and in contact with comestible fluid downstream of the valve  48  can be in sufficient contact with the downstream comestible fluid to draw back the downstream comestible fluid. As another example, a smooth, ribbed, finned, apertured, or dimpled rod, pin, ring, or other element extending from the valve  48  into the downstream fluid can provide sufficient surface area onto which the comestible fluid can hold in a draw-back operation. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any element (preferably providing as much surface area as possible for the downstream comestible fluid to contact) used in conjunction with any valve type can be employed to generate a draw-back force as described above. As used herein and in the appended claims, the term “suction” and reference to a draw-back force from valve closure refers to force generated as a result of vacuum and/or surface tension acting upon the comestible fluid being drawn back. 
     The valve  48  and passage  50  of the present invention can be located anywhere within the tap  16  (from the tap inlet  34  to the tap outlet  36 ) and is preferably located near the tap outlet  36  as illustrated for excellent control over draw-back force and comestible fluid flow between the valve  48  and the tap outlet  36 . The draw-back valve is most preferably an integral part of the tap  16 , although the draw-back valve can be connected to the remainder of the tap  16  as a tap component. A draw-back valve  48  located within the tap  16  facilitates easy draw-back valve incorporation into existing dispensing systems. By connecting the tap  16 , the user connects the draw-back valve  48  and need not make additional comestible fluid or fluid flow controls connections to the tap  16  or upstream dispensing systems components in order to obtain draw-back capability. This increases assembly speed and lowers assembly cost. 
     Regardless of valve location in the tap, the valve  48  is part of the tap  16  and is located along the comestible fluid line  64  in the tap  16 . The comestible fluid line  64  in the tap  16  is defined by the walls of the tap  16  through which comestible fluid passes from the tap inlet  34  to the tap outlet  36 . In contrast to conventional dispensing systems having draw-back capability, the valve  48  in the tap  16  performs the dual functions of opening and closing the tap  16  and drawing comestible fluid back into the tap  16  upon valve closure. 
     The comestible fluid line  64  running through the tap  16  can take any shape and can be any size desired, depending upon such factors as comestible fluid type, flow rate, etc. The comestible fluid line  64  in the tap  16  of the illustrated preferred embodiment has internal chambers  66 ,  68  upstream and downstream of the valve  48 , although it should be noted that either or both of these chambers  66 ,  68  can be eliminated in other embodiments. These chambers are generally axially aligned with the valve  48 , but can be relatively positioned in any other manner. Also, the upstream internal chamber  66  is preferably located in the valve portion  38  of the tap body  32  while the downstream internal chamber  66  is preferably located in the nozzle portion  40  of the tap body  32 . However, the locations of these chambers  66 ,  68  in the tap body  32  or in relation to tap body portions  38 ,  40 ,  42  can be different in other embodiments. 
     It may be desirable to provide some manner in which to enclose most or all comestible fluid located downstream of the valve  48 . In those embodiments where the valve  48  and passage  50  are at the end of the tap  16  (i.e., define the tap outlet  36 ), this is less of a concern. However, a more recessed location for the valve  48  is often preferred in order to provide better flow control downstream of the valve  48  and to prevent or reduce comestible fluid spitting. Taps with such structure therefore have a nozzle  70  through which comestible fluid passes from the valve  48  on its way to the tap outlet  36  (defined by the end of the nozzle  70 ). 
     Some preferred embodiments of the present invention having a nozzle  70  also employ a shield  72  located in the comestible fluid line  64  downstream of the valve  48 . Whether used alone (with or without the plunger valve  48 ), or as part of a cutoff valve as described in more detail below, the shield  72  performs multiple functions in the tap  16 . The shield  72  is a wall that helps to prevent or reduce comestible fluid spitting and at least partially encloses comestible fluid located in the nozzle  70 . An aperture  74  in the shield  72  permits comestible fluid exit through the shield  72  to the tap outlet  36 . The aperture  74  can be any shape or size desired depending at least in part upon the characteristics of the comestible fluid being dispensed. As an alternative to the single aperture  74  in the center of the shield  72  as illustrated, the shield  72  can instead have one or more apertures located in any position on the shield  72 . The aperture(s)  74  can instead or also be defined between the shield  72  and the interior walls of the tap body  32 . 
     The shield  72  can be connected to the tap body  32  in any conventional manner, such as by any of the manners described above with reference to connection of the comestible fluid passage  50  within the tap body  32 . As best shown in FIGS. 4-8, the shield  72  is preferably retained in the body  32  by a tongue and groove connection between the peripheral edge of the shield  72  and the inside walls of the nozzle  70 . The shield  72  is most preferably releasably connected to the nozzle  70 , but can instead be permanently connected thereto or can even be integral with the walls of the nozzle  70 . A removable shield permits shield replacement with other interchangeable shields having different aperture sizes for different types of comestible fluid and desired comestible fluid flow characteristics. 
     The shield  72  can be made of any resilient material desired, such as plastic, metal, or composites. Such shields  72  can be sufficiently strong to resist deformation, and can be secured in place within the tap  16 . However, some highly preferred embodiments of the present invention have a shield  72  made partially or entirely of resiliently deformable material such as rubber, neoprene, urethane, and the like. The shield  72  is therefore capable of deforming under comestible fluid pressure in the body  32 . This ability to deform provides a manner in which comestible fluid downstream of the shield  72  can be dislodged at the end of a dispense. Specifically, the shield  72  preferably snaps back to its undeformed state when the upstream pressure is reduced sufficiently (by closure of the valve  48  or by reduction of pressure upstream of the valve  48 ). This motion preferably acts to dislodge comestible fluid that may be hanging from the shield  72 , the aperture  74  therein, or from the walls of the nozzle  70  downstream of the shield  72 . 
     Another advantage of employing a resiliently deformable shield  72  is the ability to change the size of the aperture  74  therein upon dispense of comestible fluid. While in some embodiments the aperture  74  need not significantly change shape or size when the shield deforms (e.g., such as where the shield thickness is larger adjacent to the aperture or is otherwise reinforced in this area), the aperture  74  in other preferred embodiments changes size when the shield deforms. Most preferably, the aperture  74  increases in diameter by the deformation of the shield  72 . An advantage of this feature is that the aperture  74  is smallest when the shield  72  is undeformed and is largest when the shield  72  is deformed. Therefore, condiment is better retained upstream of the shield  72  between condiment dispenses and can pass through the aperture  74  more easily during dispense when the shield  72  is deformed. This feature therefore helps to prevent clogging by enabling the passage of obstructing particles in the condiment. 
     Yet another advantage of employing a resiliently deformable shield  72  is the ability of the shield  72  to absorb rapid expansions upstream of the shield  72 , such as by escaping gasses trapped in the dispensing system  10 . Although a non-deformable shield can provide protection against such expansions, a deformable shield has been found to provide superior performance. 
     Several different shield shapes can be employed to resiliently deform as just described. Most preferably, the shield  72  takes one form with little or no upstream comestible fluid pressure and one or more other forms in reaction to upstream comestible fluid pressure. By way of example only, the shield  72  in the illustrated preferred embodiment normally presents a convex shape toward the valve  48 , but under pressure can deform to present a concave shape toward the valve  48 . When pressure upstream of the shield  72  reduces sufficiently, the shield  72  preferably returns to its original shape. In some embodiments, the shield  72  is not inherently biased into one form as described above, but instead takes one form in response to upstream comestible fluid pressure when the valve  48  is open and another form in response to suction force from the valve  48  as the valve  48  closes. Even for shields  72  that are inherently biased into one form as illustrated in FIGS. 4-8, the suction force from valve closure can assist in movement of the shield  72  for dislodging comestible fluid. 
     In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the shield  72  is capable of movement in other manners (rather than just by deforming as described above). Specifically, the shield  72  can be connected in the nozzle  70  for movement therein. For example, the shield  72  can be received within an oversized annular groove in the inside on the nozzle  70  and can be axially movable therein in response to comestible fluid pressure changes. Although such a shield can be biased in any conventional manner (springs, magnet sets, and the like) in one position and can be pushed away from this position by upstream comestible fluid under pressure, this shield  72  can instead be unbiased for axial motion in the groove. In either case, shield motion can dislodge comestible fluid in a similar manner to that described above with respect to the deformable shield  72 , and can absorb rapid expansions upstream of the shield  72 . One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the shield  72  can be connected for movement in the nozzle  70  in other manners, each one of which permits shield motion  72  in response to comestible fluid pressure changes, and each one of which falls within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Another advantage of using a shield  72  is the ability to use the shield  72  to seal or substantially seal comestible fluid upstream of the shield  72  between dispenses. Although some preferred embodiments of the present invention only employ a shield  72  for the purposes discussed above, the shield  72  in some highly preferred embodiments (such as that illustrated in the figures), is part of a cutoff valve  76 . The cutoff valve  76  preferably opens with sufficient upstream comestible fluid pressure and that closes with insufficient upstream comestible fluid pressure or with upstream suction. Sufficient upstream pressure is preferably present when the valve  48  is open and comestible fluid under pressure flows past the valve  48  and toward the tap outlet  36 . Insufficient upstream pressure is preferably present either when the valve  48  is closed or when the valve  48  is open but the comestible fluid is not sufficiently pressurized to move through the valve  48  and toward the tap outlet  36 . Upstream suction is preferably present when the draw-back valve  48  is in the process of closing as described above or when the drawback valve  48  has closed and leaves a negative pressure between the closed draw-back valve  48  and the closed cutoff valve  76 . 
     Preferably, the cutoff valve  76  includes the shield  72  and a cutoff valve seat  78  as best shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. The cutoff valve seat  78  is preferably secured within the body  32  of the tap  16  in any conventional manner, such as those described above with reference to the connection of a separate tubular element to the tap body  32  for defining the fluid passage  50  of the valve  48 . The cutoff valve seat  78  is preferably shaped to close the aperture  74  in the shield  72  while permitting comestible fluid flow to the shield  72 . Preferably, the cutoff valve seat  78  is ring shaped and has an arm  80  extending to a plug portion  82  for plugging the shield aperture  74 . The plug portion  82  can be any shape desired that is sufficient for plugging the aperture  74 , but preferably is generally round as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a number of other seat types and shapes can be employed to accomplish the functions of seat  78  just described. By way of example only, the seat can be a pin, bar, or other member connected to or otherwise extending from an interior wall of the nozzle  70  to a plug located adjacent to the shield aperture  72 . 
     When comestible fluid pressure upstream of the cutoff valve  76  reaches a desired level upon opening of the valve  48 , the shield  72  deforms or otherwise moves as described above away from the cutoff valve seat  78 , thereby opening the shield aperture  72  to permit comestible fluid to exit through the shield  72 . When the comestible fluid pressure drops sufficiently, such as from a drop in comestible fluid pressure to the tap  16  or due to closure of the valve  48 , the shield  72  preferably returns to its original shape or otherwise moves toward the cutoff valve seat  78  to close the shield aperture  72  and to stop comestible fluid flow through the shield  72 . Advantageously, this action closes comestible fluid downstream of the valve  48  from the outside environment and from drying out, thereby helping to keep the comestible fluid from spoiling while preventing comestible fluid leakage from the tap  16  between dispenses. Movement of the shield  72  also dislodges comestible fluid which may be hanging from the tap  16  downstream of the cutoff valve  72 , thereby reducing the chances of unsightly comestible fluid buildup and dangling comestible fluid. 
     Although the cutoff valve  76  does not have to be used in conjunction with the valve  48  described above (either one alone providing advantages over conventional comestible fluid tap designs), the combined operation of the plunger valve  48  and the cutoff valve offers additional advantages. In particular, improved closure of the cutoff valve  76  is enabled by the suction generated from the closing plunger valve  48  described above. Most preferably, this suction is maintained after the plunger valve  48  has stopped moving after closure, thereby maintaining a reduced pressure within the tap  16  between the plunger and cutoff valves  48 ,  76 . This reduced pressure can provide a better seal for comestible fluid between these valves and can reduce the chances of cutoff valve opening and dripping between dispenses, especially in those cases where the comestible fluid weight could otherwise bias the cutoff valve  76  open or in which the tap  16  is subject to vibration or other movement. 
     In those embodiments of the present invention where both valves  48 ,  76  are employed, it should be noted that the cutoff valve  76  is preferably adapted to close only after a sufficient amount of comestible fluid has been drawn upstream through the cutoff valve  76  or at least upstream toward the cutoff valve  76 . This is enabled by control of the speed at which the plunger valve  48  closes and/or by selecting the biasing force of the shield  72  towards its seated shape or position. In some highly preferred embodiments, the cutoff valve  76  reacts a short time after suction is exerted therethrough by the closing plunger valve  48 , thereby permitting sufficient time for comestible fluid to be drawn upstream through the cutoff valve  48  prior to cutoff valve closure. In these and other embodiments, the shield  72  of the cutoff valve  76  only moves to close under sufficient suction force from the plunger valve  48  and/or moves slower than comestible fluid flows upstream through the aperture  74  in the shield  72 . These embodiments can employ a shield  72  that is normally biased away from the cutoff valve seat  78  (generally opposite of the shield  72  described above) or even an “over-center” shield  72  biased away from unstable intermediate positions to concave upstream and concave downstream stable positions similar to those shown in FIGS. 6 and 8, respectively. Such diaphragm-type elements are well known to those skilled in the art and are not therefore described further herein. 
     Regardless of the manner in which the cutoff valve  76  opens and closes with respect to movement of the valve  48 , the cutoff valve  76  preferably has an open and a closed position as described above and preferably moves with respect to a seat in response to pressure changes of comestible fluid upstream of the cutoff valve  76  (whether induced by movement of the upstream valve  48  or otherwise). 
     It will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that a number of alternative cutoff valve types exist which can be used in place of the cutoff valve  76  described above. Such alternative cutoff valves are capable of performing the same functions described above with reference to the cutoff valve  48  and can open and/or close responsive to comestible fluid pressure changes. These alternative cutoff valves and their operation are well known to those skilled in the art and fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     Preferably, the outlet  36  of the tap  16  is defined by the end of a skirt  81  extending past the shield  72  or past the valve  48  if a shield  72  is not used. This skirt  81  helps to redirect flow to a desired direction and helps to hide unsightly comestible fluid which may remain on the tap after exiting the cutoff valve  76  or valve  48 . The skirt  81  is preferably a wall defined by an extension of the tap body  32 , and can be integral therewith as shown in the figures or can be a separate element connected thereto in any conventional manner. 
     The plunger valve  48  in the illustrated preferred embodiment is preferably connected to a biasing mechanism which urges the valve  48  into a normally-closed position. One skilled in the art will recognize that several conventional structures and elements can be used for this purpose. In the illustrated preferred embodiment for example, the valve  48  is connected to a valve rod  83  which itself is biased in a valve-closing direction by a coil spring  84  as shown in FIGS. 4-8. Other biasing elements such as leaf springs, magnet sets (electromagnetic and controlled or otherwise) located on the valve rod  83  and on adjacent body structure, one or more elastic elements connected to the valve rod  83  and to the tap body  32 , and the like. In other embodiments, a gas spring can be secured within the tap body  32  and to the valve  48  to bias the valve in a closed direction. Alternatively, one or more springs or other biasing elements can be connected directly to the valve  48  and to the tap body  32  to perform this same function. Still other conventional biasing elements can instead be used if desired. 
     In the illustrated preferred embodiment, the valve rod  83  passes through a body wall  86  partially defining the comestible fluid line  64  described above. The portion of the valve rod  83  on the opposite side of the body wall  86  is connected to the coil spring  84  for being biased as described above. A gasket  88  can be used to prevent leakage of comestible fluid around the valve rod  83 , and is preferably conventional in nature (e.g., comprising plastic, rubber, nylon, or other well-known gasket material in any desired shape, such as an O-ring or washer-shaped gasket  88 ). 
     Although not required for proper operation, the valve rod  83  is preferably connected to a damper  90  which is movable in the tap body  32  with movement of the valve  48 . The damper  90  can be connected to the valve rod  83  in any conventional manner, such as by press-fitting, fastening with conventional fasteners, adhesive, a threaded connection, snap-fitting, or can even be integral with the valve rod  83 . Similarly, the valve rod  83  can be connected to or can be integral with the valve  48  in any such manner. Disconnectable valve rods  83  are preferred in some embodiments to permit the tap assembler or even the end user to easily interchange one valve  48  or damper  90  with another valve  48  or damper  90 , respectively. This is particularly useful for quickly adapting a tap  16  for dispensing different types of comestible fluids in which different valve sizes and damper sizes (e.g., for different frictional engagement forces as described in more detail below) are preferred. 
     The damper  90  preferably functions to regulate the speed at which the valve  48  moves between its open and closed positions. To this end, the damper  90  can be sized to snugly fit within the tap body  32  so that movement of the damper  90  and the connected valve  48  is capable only with sufficient force and only against friction force of the damper  90  against the inside walls of the body  32 . Such a damper  90  is illustrated in FIGS. 4-8. To enable the above-described snug fit, walls  92  of the damper  90  can press against the interior walls of the tap body  32  with a degree of biasing force. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other manners of establishing frictional contact between the damper  90  and the tap body walls are possible and depend at least partially upon the shapes of the body  32  and damper  90 . Each such alternative still functions to provide resistance to damper and valve movement by virtue of frictional engagement of the damper  90  against the body walls, and therefore falls within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     In addition to or instead of employing frictional engagement between the damper  90  and tap body  32  as just described, the damper  90  and internal body walls can define a chamber  94  in the tap body  32 . This damper chamber  94  can be gas tight, substantially gas tight, or at least provide some resistance to movement of the damper  90 . Although resistance to damper movement in a direction which enlarges the damper chamber  94  is possible, the damper  90  more preferably resists movement in a direction which reduces the size of the damper chamber  94  (thereby reducing the closing speed of the valve  48 ). With reference to FIG. 6 for example, if air, gas, or any mixture of gasses in the damper chamber  94  is at the pressure of the surrounding environment when the damper  90  is fully extended as shown, the damper chamber  94  resists movement of the damper  90  in an upward direction (with closing of the valve  48 ), and therefore can be used to regulate the speed at which the valve  48  closes. If desired, the damper chamber  94  can have a vent opening to permit controlled escape of air and/or gas from the damper chamber  94  to the surrounding tap environment or to another location. In other embodiments, the damper chamber  94  can be at a higher pressure than the surrounding environment when the damper  90  is fully retracted as shown in FIG. 8, thereby resisting movement of the damper  94  to open the valve  48  and regulating the valve opening speed. 
     The damper  90  can be any shape desired, subject to the functions of the damper described above. For example, a damper  90  relying only upon the above-described frictional forces to regulate valve movement need not be a wall defining a chamber in the body  32  and can instead take any shape capable of exerting a frictional biasing force against internal walls of the body  32 . As another example, a damper  90  relying upon the above-described damper chamber pressures to regulate valve movement can take any shape in which the damper  90  acts as a movable wall partially defining the damper chamber  94 . 
     In operation, comestible fluid is preferably supplied to the tap  16  by a hand pump  12 , by any conventional pump powered in any other manner, by comestible fluid under pressure (e.g., in a pressurized comestible fluid system upstream of the tap  16 ) and supplied to the tap  16  by selectively opening an upstream valve, and the like. Preferably, and as shown in the figures, comestible fluid pressure builds in the comestible fluid line  64  upstream of the plunger valve  48  until the valve  48  is urged toward an open position. Alternatively or in addition, the valve  48  can be moved by a solenoid, motor, or other valve driving device coupled to the valve  48  in any conventional manner. Such valve driving devices are well known to those skilled in the art and are not therefore described further herein. In still other embodiments, the valve  48  can be moved by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure increase in the damper chamber  94  supplied through one or more conduits from another chamber in the pump  12  or from any other pressurized gas or fluid source. In this regard, it should be noted that the damper  90  can be replaced by one or more walls not acting as a damper as described above, but instead acting under the gas or fluid pressure to move in the tap body  32  and to move the valve  48 . 
     As described in more detail above, the valve  48  is preferably biased by one or more springs or other biasing elements toward a closed position against which the comestible fluid acts to open the valve  48 . The valve  48  moves through the passage  50  to an open position in which comestible fluid passes the valve  48  and approaches the cutoff valve  76 . The cutoff valve  76  preferably opens by pressure generated by the plunger valve  48  as it opens, by increased pressure from comestible fluid flowing past the plunger valve  48 , or by both of these events. Preferably, the apertured shield  72  deforms or moves under the increased pressure to unseat from the valve seat  78  and to thereby permit comestible fluid to exit through the aperture  74  in the shield  72  and out of the dispenser outlet  36  (most preferably defined by a skirt  81  at the end of the nozzle  70 ). 
     After a desired amount of comestible fluid has been dispensed from the tap  16 , comestible fluid pressure preferably drops in the comestible fluid line  64 . Eventually, this comestible fluid pressure drops below the pressure needed to keep the valve  48  open against the above-described valve biasing force. At this time, the valve  48  begins to close. Specifically, the valve  48  moves through the passage  50 , and preferably moves through a range of closed positions as described in detail above. This movement preferably generates sufficient suction force downstream of the valve  48  to draw downstream comestible fluid in an upward direction, and preferably is sufficient to draw comestible fluid dangling from the nozzle  70  back into the nozzle  70 . 
     In those tap embodiments employing an apertured shield  72 , the suction is most preferably sufficient to draw comestible fluid past the apertured shield  72  back up through the aperture  74  therein, but is preferably at least sufficient to draw comestible fluid dangling from the nozzle  70  back into the nozzle  70 . In those tap embodiments employing the apertured shield  72  as part of a cutoff valve  76 , the suction is most preferably sufficient to draw comestible fluid in an upstream direction through the cutoff valve  76 , but is preferably at least sufficient to draw comestible fluid dangling from the nozzle  70  back into the nozzle  70 . The cutoff valve  76  is preferably returned to its original pre-dispense state and position by the suction from the closing valve  48 , although the cutoff valve  76  can also or instead be returned to this state and position by one or more springs or by being shaped to be inherently biased thereto. 
     The suction from the closing valve  48  can be generated by passing through a passage portion having a constant cross-sectional area. However, this suction can also be generated without such an area (e.g., by moving the valve  48  through a passage portion not defining a closed range of the valve  48  but still generating sufficient suction as described immediately above). 
     With reference to the tap embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10, it should be noted that the advantages of the present invention are found in taps having significantly different shapes and sizes. The tap  116  illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 preferably employs the same elements and structure as described above with reference to the tap  16  of the first preferred embodiment, with the exception of the cutoff valve  176  location (and the location of the apertured shield  172 ). Specifically, the tap  116  preferably includes a spout  101  which is connected to the tap body  132  by a spout connector  103 . The spout connector  103  is preferably received within and extends downstream from the nozzle portion  140  of the tap body  132 . The spout  101  can be of any desired shape or size and can have any number and arrangement of comestible fluid outlets and internal comestible fluid lines. For example, the spout  101  illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 is a patterning spout having multiple comestible fluid outlets  136 , and can be used for dispensing condiment on a bun or other food surface. Other spout types can be used for different patterns, shapes, and manners of comestible fluid delivery. 
     The spout connector  103  and spout  101  can be connected in any conventional manner, such as by one or more conventional fasteners such as screws, rivets, or clips, by a snap or press fit, by a threaded connection such as that shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, and the like. In some highly preferred embodiments, the spout connector  103  has a lip  105  which abuts an internal tongue  107  of the tap body  132  to keep the spout connector  103  within the tap body  132 . Removal of this spout connector  103  is preferably performed by disconnecting a nozzle portion  140  from the remainder of the tap body  132  and by removing the spout connector  103  from the upstream side of the nozzle portion  140 . For increased part interchangeability, the internal tongue  107  is preferably the same tongue used to releasably secure the apertured shield  72  in place within the tap body  32  as described above. In this regard, the spout connector  103  can be connected to the tap body  132  in any of the manners described above with reference to the apertured shield  72 , cutoff valve seat  78 , and separate tubular element passage  50  connections to the tap body  32 . It should also be noted that the spout connector  103  can be connected in any such manner to the inside of the tap body  132  as shown or to the outside of the tap body  132 . 
     Although it is highly preferred to connect the spout  101  to the tap body  132  by using a spout connector  103  (thereby requiring no modification to the tap body  32  of the first preferred embodiment described above), in some embodiments the spout  101  can be connected directly to the tap  16 . Specifically, the spout  101  can have a threaded interior or exterior for connection to a threaded exterior or interior, respectively, of the tap body  132 . As another example, the spout  101  can be directly connected to the tap body  132  by snap or press fits, by clips, buckles, or conventional fasteners, or by any other conventional mechanical fluid connection. If desired, the spout  101  can even be made integral with the tap body  32  or a portion (e.g., nozzle portion  140 ) thereof. 
     The spout  101  illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 preferably has multiple comestible fluid outlets  136 , each one of which is preferably in fluid communication with the comestible fluid line  164  in the tap  16 . Preferably, each comestible fluid outlet  136  has an apertured shield  172  that is similar to and functions in a similar manner to the apertured shield  72  of the first preferred embodiment. More preferably, the apertured shield  172  of each comestible fluid outlet  136  is part of a cutoff valve  176  that is also similar to and functions in a similar manner to the cutoff valve  76  of the first preferred embodiment. In this regard, the apertured shields  172  and the cutoff valves  176  are preferably connected within respective outlets  136  of the spout  101  in the same manner as the apertured shield  72  and cutoff valve  76  are connected to the comestible fluid nozzle  70  of the first preferred embodiment. If desired, each outlet  136  can be defined by a nozzle  170  extending from the apertured shield  172  and cutoff valve  176 . 
     In some highly preferred embodiments such as that shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, the outlets  136  of the spout  101  are connected together to be removed from the spout  101  for replacement with another set of outlets  136 . Specifically, the outlets  136  can all be located in a common plate  109  or other member defining part of the spout  101 . The plate  109  can be releasably connected to the spout  101  in any conventional manner, but is preferably connected thereby by a threaded connection between the peripheral edge of the plate  109  and inside threads of the spout body  111  as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. Alternatively, the plate  109  can be part of a cap having internal threads that mate with external threads on the outside wall of the spout body  111 . The plate  109  can instead be releasably connected to the spout body  111  by one or more screws, clips, or other conventional fasteners, by being press-fit or snap-fit to the spout body  111 , and the like. In those cases where a releasable connection is not needed or desired, the plate  109  can even be permanently connected or integral to the spout body  111 . Still other manners of connecting the plate  109  to the spout body  111  are possible and would be recognized by one having ordinary skill in the art. 
     A detachable and removable plate  109  provides significant advantages to the spout  101  and tap  116  of the present invention because it permits interchangeability of the plate  109  with other plates  109  having different numbers, sizes, and patterns of outlets  136 , nozzles  170 , apertured shields  172  (with different aperture sizes), and cutoff valves  176 . For example, the illustrated plate  109  can be removed and replaced with a plate having any number of outlets  136  desired, can be replaced with a plate having a plurality of apertured shields  172  with different resistances to deformation as described in more detail above, or can be replaced with a plate having outlets  136  arranged in a grid or other pattern. 
     Some preferred embodiments of the present invention can employ a trigger lever  113  adjacent to the tap  16 ,  116  for actuation of a powered comestible fluid pump  12 . The trigger lever  113  is preferably electrically connected to the pump or to the motor, actuator, or other driving device driving the pump  12 . When the trigger lever  113  is actuated, one or more signals can be transmitted to the pump  12  or to the pump motor, actuator, or other driving device to pump comestible fluid to the tap  16 ,  116 . The trigger lever  113  is also preferably biased to an unactuated position in any conventional manner (e.g., by one or more springs, gas springs, solenoids, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, and other conventional actuators). Therefore, in some embodiments, release of the trigger lever  113  preferably stops the pump, pump motor, actuator, or other driving device to stop the flow of comestible fluid from the tap  16 ,  116 . In other preferred embodiments, the trigger lever  113  is connected to a conventional controller that transmits one or more signals to the pump  12  or to the pump motor, actuator, or other driving device to pump comestible fluid to the tap. In some highly preferred embodiments, this driving device is operated under control of the controller for a timed period regardless of whether the user releases the trigger lever  113 . 
     It should be noted that in those cases where a pump is not employed to transport the comestible fluid to the tap  16 ,  116 , such as in a free-flow or pressurized system, the trigger lever  113  can instead be connected to a conventional valve. Opening and closure of the valve thereby also causes comestible fluid to start and stop flowing as just described. 
     In non-manually operated dispensing systems (such as systems employing a powered pump  12  and/or powered valves), the dispensing system can be triggered to dispense condiment in a number of different manners. For example, a conventional mechanical switch, trigger, lever, button, or other control can be tripped by the user to drive the pump  12  and/or open the valve  48 ,  15  to dispense condiment. Alternatively, one or more optical or other conventional sensors can be positioned to detect a vessel or surface upon or within which condiment is to be dispensed. Upon detecting the vessel or surface, the sensor(s) can trigger activation of the pump and/or can open the valve  48 ,  15  to dispense condiment. The above-described controls and sensors for operating the dispensing system  10  are connected to a conventional controller or can be connected directly to the elements to be driven or actuated. Such controls, sensors, controllers, and their manner of connection and operation are well known in the art and are not therefore described further herein. 
     As mentioned above, the dispensing system  10  of the illustrated preferred embodiment employs a hand pump  12  for pumping comestible fluid to the tap  16 . As also described above, the hand pump  12  can take a number of different forms, including a manually-operated version of the pump disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,695 issued to Start. With reference to FIG. 2, the pump  12  can have a pump body  11  defining a pump chamber  13  therein. Preferably, the user-actuatable plunger  14  is connected to a valve  15  that is movable within the pump chamber  13  to pump comestible fluid from the comestible fluid pump outlet  28  to the tap  16 . Although a number of different valve types can be employed to perform this function (such as those described above with reference to the tap valve  48 ) the pump valve  15  preferably operates in conjunction with a valve collar  17  movable in the pump chamber  13 . 
     Preferably, the valve collar  17  is shaped with respect to the pump valve  15  to prevent comestible fluid flow past the valve collar  17  and pump valve  15  when the pump valve  15  is seated with respect to the valve collar  17  as described in greater detail below (i.e., when the pump valve  15  is in a closed position). It should be noted that a closed position of the pump valve  15  is preferably defined in the same manner as a closed position of the tap valve  48  described above. In some highly preferred embodiments such as that shown in the figures, the valve collar  17  is annular in shape and is in sliding relationship within the pump chamber  13 . The valve collar  17  is preferably movable along the internal walls of the pump chamber  13  and prevents comestible fluid flow past the pump valve  15  and valve collar  17  when the pump valve  15  is in a closed position (whether between the valve collar  17  and the pump chamber walls or between the valve collar  17  and the pump valve  15 ). 
     The valve collar  17  is preferably connected to the pump valve  15  so that the valve collar  17  can move in both directions in the pump chamber  13  with movement of the pump valve  15 . With continued reference to FIG. 2, one manner of connecting the valve collar  17  to the pump valve  15  is by a retaining element  19  connected to the pump valve  15 . Specifically, the retaining element  19  is preferably connected to the pump valve  15  either directly or by an valve rod extension  21  as illustrated. In the latter case, the valve rod extension  21  can be connected to the pump valve  15  and to the retaining element  19  in any conventional manner, such as by being press-fit together, by adhesive or other bonding material, by threaded connections, by welding or brazing, and the like. In other embodiments, any two or more of these three elements can be integrally formed as one element. The retaining element can take any shape capable of retaining the valve collar  17  on the plunger  14 , such as the round shape illustrated in the figures, a bar-shaped element across the valve collar  17 , and the like. 
     The valve collar  17  is preferably connected to the plunger  14  with an amount of lost-motion, thereby permitting the relative motion between the pump valve  15  and the valve collar  17  as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,695 issued to Start. With this lost motion, when the pump valve  15  is actuated, the pump valve  15  preferably moves relative to the valve collar  17  until it abuts a valve seat  21  of the valve collar  17 . Thereafter, continued actuation of the pump valve  15  moves the pump valve  15  and valve collar  17  together to force comestible fluid out of the pump chamber  13 . 
     Preferably, the plunger  14  can be further actuated until a plunger stop  23  halts further actuation of the plunger  14  or when the pump valve  15  and valve collar  17  reach the end of the pump chamber  13 . The plunger stop  23  can take several different forms, including without limitation a collar on a threaded body portion of the pump  12  (see FIG.  2 ), one or more pins received in one or more apertures along the body portion of the pump  12 , one or more clips on the body portion of the pump, one or more ribs, bumps, walls, or other protrusions on the body portion of the pump  12 , and the like. Alternatively, any of these elements can instead be located on the plunger  14  to limit plunger movement with respect to the body of the pump  12 . 
     Although not required, the plunger stop  23  is preferably adjustable to different locations on the pump  12  to permit different strokes of the plunger  14  (and therefore, different amounts of comestible fluid dispense per plunger stroke). For example, the collar  23  can be threaded up or down the body of the pump  12 , a pin can be inserted in different apertures on the body of the pump  12 , and clips can be released and re-attached at different locations along the body of the pump  12 . Still other manners of adjusting plunger movement are possible and fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Some such alternatives are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,695 issued to Start. 
     After the plunger  14  has been fully actuated or actuated to a desired extent, the plunger  14  preferably retracts toward its unactuated position. In the illustrated preferred embodiment, this retraction is caused by force from a plunger spring  25  acting upon the plunger  14 . Other biasing elements (e.g., magnets, an air spring, elastic elements, and the like) connected to the plunger  14  can instead be used to retract the plunger  14 . When the plunger retracts from its actuated position shown in FIG. 3, the retaining element  19  preferably pulls the valve collar  17  through the pump chamber  13  with the pump valve  15 . 
     Although the pump valve  15  can be of any type having any shape and form capable of opening and closing (to control fluid flow past the pump valve  15 ), the pump valve  15  is preferably a draw-back valve capable of exerting force in an upstream direction upon comestible fluid located downstream of the pump valve  15 . Any type of draw-back valve can be used for this purpose, including those described above with reference to the tap valve  48 . However, some highly preferred embodiments employ the same or a similar valve as that used for the tap valve  48 . 
     With reference again to FIGS. 2 and 3, the pump valve  15  and valve collar  17  are preferably similar in structure and operation to the tap valve  48  and the inner walls of the tap body  32  which define the comestible fluid passage  50  of the tap  16 . In particular, when the pump valve  15  retracts from an actuated position such as that shown in FIG. 2, the pump valve  15  preferably passes through a fluid passage  27  in the valve collar  17 . The valve collar  17  and fluid passage  27  can take any shape described above with reference to the fluid passage  50  of the tap valve  48 . Like the fluid passage  50  of the tap valve  48 , the fluid passage  27  of the valve collar  17  preferably has a throat  29  with a constant or substantially constant cross-sectional area. Movement of the pump valve  15  through this throat  29  therefore preferably generates a suck-back force upon downstream comestible fluid. Also like the fluid passage  50  of the tap valve  48 , the fluid passage  27  of the valve collar  17  can have converging or diverging upstream and/or downstream passage portions (such as those illustrated in FIGS.  2  and  3 ). 
     The discussion above with reference to the features, structure, and alternatives of the tap valve  48  and the comestible fluid passage  50  apply equally to the valve collar  17  and the pump valve  15 . However, the arrangement of the valve collar  17  and the pump valve  15  is an example of how the desired draw-back force can be generated by valve movement during valve closure or opening. In this regard, and with reference to the illustrated preferred embodiment, it should be noted that the draw-back force in the pump  12  is created by movement of the pump valve  15  from its closed position to its opened position, while the draw-back force in the tap  16  is created by movement of the tap valve  48  from its opened position to its closed position. The draw-back valve of the present invention can therefore exert a draw-back force in either direction of valve movement (e.g., depending at least partially upon the orientation of the valve and cooperating adjacent walls). 
     Various embodiments of the present invention can employ a draw-back valve in the tap  16 , in the pump  12 , or in both the tap  16  and the pump  12  as illustrated in the figures. In those embodiments employing a draw-back valve in the tap  16  and pump  12 , the draw-back valves can cooperate by operating at the same time or in a staggered relationship with one another. By way of example only, the tap valve  48  can close during or after the pump valve  15  following each actuation of the pump  12  in the illustrated preferred embodiment. This valve closure sequence can enable the pump valve  15  to assist the tap valve  48  in its draw-back function. 
     In some cases, it may be desirable to increase the draw-back force exerted within the tap  16 ,  116 . Some manners of increasing draw-back force are described above with reference to the valve  48  and the fluid passage through which the valve  48  moves. Another manner of increasing draw-back force is to include multiple draw-back valves  48  in series along the comestible fluid line  64  in the tap  16 ,  116 . These multiple draw-back valves  48  can operate in any order, such as by closing simultaneously or in succession. For example, two or more valves  48  can be connected to the same valve rod  83  and can pass through respective throats  50  at the same time or in succession (e.g., the farthest upstream valve  48  passing through its throat  50  first relative to the other valves  48 , and so forth). Two or more valves  48  can be connected together in any manner, such as by rods connected at each end to successive valves  48  in the tap body  32 . As another example, multiple valves  48  can be independently controlled to close in any desired order by dedicated valve driving devices or by dedicated pneumatics or hydraulics (described earlier) controlled in a conventional manner. Where multiple valves  48  are employed, each valve  48  can assist in the closure of downstream valves  48 . 
     As noted above, the draw-back tap valve(s)  48  of the present invention can be located anywhere in the tap  16 ,  116 . In addition, one or more draw-back valves  48  can be located in downstream elements connected to the tap, such as the spout  101  in the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10. For example, a large valve  48  can be located in the spout body  111  upstream of the spout plate  109 . This large valve  48  can move within the spout body  111  to generate a draw-back force upon downstream comestible fluid in a manner similar to the valve  48  within the tap body  32 . Like the tap valve  48  within the tap body  32 , this spout valve can extend to the walls of the spout body  111  or can be smaller than the spout body  111  while still generating a desired draw-back force. A significant advantage of employing a larger valve in the spout  101  as described above is the relatively large draw back force provided by such a valve due to its larger diameter and the larger amount of volume drawn by movement thereof. This spout valve can be connected to an upstream valve  48 , or can be movable independently of other draw-back valves  48 . In some preferred embodiments, the draw-back valve  48  in the tap body  32  is replaced by a draw-back valve in the spout  101  or other device connected to the tap  116 . Accordingly, the draw-back valve of the present invention can be located at any position in the tap  16 ,  116  or in a downstream device connected thereto. 
     The dispensing system  10  described above and illustrated in the figures employs a manually-operated pump  12  and a manually-operated tap  16 . However, either one or both of these devices can be automatically operated in different embodiments. By way of example only, the manually-operated pump  12  can be replaced with a pump that is pneumatically or hydraulically driven, a pump that is driven by a motor, solenoid, magnet set, or a pump driven in any other conventional manner. One such pump is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,695 issued to Start, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference insofar as it relates to powered pumps, pump driving systems, pump valves, and their operation. In one alternative embodiment, the pump  12  of the present invention can be replaced by the pump disclosed in the Start patent. 
     In some embodiments, the tap  16  can also be pneumatically or hydraulically driven, driven by a motor, solenoid, magnet set, or in any other conventional manner. With reference to FIGS. 6-8 for example, a pneumatic or hydraulic line can be connected in a conventional manner to a port in the damper portion  42  of the tap body  32 , and can therefore increase or decrease pressure in the damper chamber  94  to move the valve rod  83  and the valve  48  connected thereto. Alternatively, the pump structure disclosed in the Start patent can be employed in the tap  16  if desired. 
     In still other embodiments of the present invention, the draw-back valves  48 ,  15  can be connected to a motor by a lead screw, by a rack, or in any other conventional manner, can be driven directly by a hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrical solenoid connected to the valve  48 ,  15 , and the like. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other manners of powering the valves  48 ,  15  to their open and/or closed positions are possible as alternatives to the manually-driven valves of the illustrated preferred embodiment, each one of which falls within the spirit and scope of the present invention. 
     The dispensing system  10  described above and illustrated in the figures is adapted for use on a countertop, table, or similar structure. It should be noted, however, that the present invention can be used as an under-counter system or in any other environment. In this regard, the self-contained structure of the preferred dispensing system  10  best shown in FIGS. 1-3 can be adapted in any manner desired. By way of example only, in those embodiments having a tap  16  and a pump  12 , the tap  16  and pump  12  can be separated by any desired distance and need not necessarily be connected to a common housing or frame. 
     The embodiments described above and illustrated in the figures are presented by way of example only and are not intended as a limitation upon the concepts and principles of the present invention. As such, it will be appreciated by one having ordinary skill in the art that various changes in the elements and their configuration and arrangement are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims. 
     For example, although the embodiments of the tap  16 ,  116  described above and illustrated in the figures each have one fluid line  64  through which condiment flows to the tap outlet(s)  36 ,  136 , other embodiments of the present invention can employ multiple comestible fluid lines  64  running to respective tap outlets  36 ,  136 , wherein each fluid line  64  has one or more draw-back valves  48 . A housing can enclose the separate fluid lines  64  and tap outlets  36 ,  136 . With this system, multiple types of condiment can be dispensed through dedicated fluid lines  64 —at least one fluid line  64  for each type of condiment. If desired, the fluid lines  64  for each type of condiment can be connected to respective pumps and/or valves that can be independently controlled in a conventional manner to dispense all condiments simultaneously or only those condiments selected for dispense by a user. Most preferably, conventional controls can be connected to the pumps or other driving devices or to the valves so that a user can select any one or more condiments to be dispensed. 
     It should be noted that throughout the appended claims, when one element is said to be “coupled” to another, this does not necessarily mean that one element is fastened, secured, or otherwise attached to another element. Instead, the term “coupled” means that one element is either connected directly or indirectly to another element or is in mechanical or electrical communication with another element. Examples include directly securing one element to another (e.g., via welding, bolting, gluing, frictionally engaging, mating, etc.), elements which can act upon one another (e.g., via camming, pushing, or other interaction), one element imparting motion directly or through one or more other elements to another element, and one element electrically connected to another element either directly or through a third element. 
     As used herein and in the appended claims, the term “fluid line” refers to any conduit through which comestible fluid is transported, and unless otherwise stated is independent of the length, diameter, material, flexibility or inflexibility, shape, or other conduit properties. Examples of fluid lines include tubing, hose, pipe, interior cavities of solid elements, and the like made of plastic, nylon, PVC, copper, steel, aluminum, or other material. 
     Comestible fluid flow is described herein and in the appended claims as being “through” or “past” various elements (such as a valve or a wall). These terms are considered to be synonymous and are not intended as a limitation upon the type, shape, or position of the element with respect to the comestible fluid. Comestible fluid flow “past” or “through” an element only means that the comestible fluid can move from an upstream position with respect to the element to a downstream position with respect to the element, and can do so by moving through, around, past, beside, or in any other manner with respect to the element.