Patent Publication Number: US-4547526-A

Title: Flame protection composition comprising aluminum trihydrate, organic binder, and a sulfur compound and a polyurethane foam provided with such flame-protection composition

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 330,695 which was filed on Dec. 14, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,396. 
    
    
     The present invention relates to fire and flame protection and refers to a flame protection agent which serves for the treatment of inflammable objects and to a method of manufacturing a difficultly inflammable polyurethane foam having a base of polyether as well as an article of such kind. 
     Porous articles, for instance foams, are characterized not only by a number of advantages which make them particularly suitable as building materials and as fillers, but in particular also by the disadvantage that in the event of the occurrence of a fire they easily ignite or decompose, physically or chemically, in such a manner that they can lead to secondary fires. This is particularly true of foams having a base of polyurethane, rubber, PVC and polystyrene, as well as their copolymers. 
     In order to reduce the danger of fire, smoldering or re-ignition, it is already known (West German Unexamined Applications for Patent OS Nos. 27 54 313 and 28 56 081) to introduce polychloroprene latex, aluminum hydroxide, zinc and magnesium oxides, alkyl phenol trichloride and pentabromtoluene. In this connection, the elastomeric polychloroprene latex containing carboxyl groups is applied together with zinc and magnesium oxides and other cross-linking agents to the polyurethane-foam by spraying, pouring, spreading, dipping, impregnating etc. and cross-linked. Other cross-linkable elastomers, such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene and ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) polymers are also in this connection. The life of the foam, particularly in the case of incident light, the smolder behavior and the thickness of foam layer which is flame-resistant have, however, not been satisfactory. Thus, up to now it has not been possible satifactorily to prevent a merely incompletely carbonized structure of the foam from remaining in the case of fire, and continuing to carbonize and smolder and at some time form a new focus of fire. 
     It is therefore also known (West German Unexamined Applications for Pat. OS No. 28 11 951 and as 25 12 345, West German Provisional Pat. AS Nos. 14 94 929, AS 14 94 899 and AS 21 12 005, Austrian Pat. No. 351 773 and British Pat. No. 1 066 330) to mix the flame protection agent with the starting materials even before the production of the foam or of plastic laminates, boards and similar articles and to integrate it, as far as possible as reactant, as integral component in the final plastic. In addition to problems of manufacturing technique, poor mechanical properties are however, obtained in the case of foams. 
     The object of the present invention is to create a flame protection agent which can be applied even subsequently to inflammable objects and which, despite an improved flame protection effect, does not substantially impair the mechanical properties of the bodies treated, including in particular open-cell foams. 
     The various embodiments of the invention are characterized in the claims. 
     The present invention provides, in one aspect, a flame protection composition for the treatment of inflammable articles. This composition comprises up to about 50% by weight of the total composition of aluminum trihydrate in an organic binder and a sulfur compound which has at least one sulfo group and/or sulfonium ions in a proportion of between 7.5 and 30% by weight based upon the weight of the total composition. 
     The preferred sulfonium multiple bonding has the object, in contradistinction to the action of cross-linking agents in the prior art, to contribute effectively to the flame-protection effect. Thus the sulfonium ions may also be sulfonium zwitter ions. A combination with an ammonium compound is particularly advantageous, in particular an ammonium salt of a sulfonic acid in a proportion of about 12% of impregnating agent. 
     By means of the flame protection agents of the invention, open-cell polyurethane foams in particular (especially those derived from polyether) can be made flame resistant. The fire or flame protection agent covers the outwardly open surface parts, in particular also in the open cell pores, and impacts high resistance in fire, burning and/or flame to the foam. Furthermore it has been found that a foam which has been impregnated with the agent disintegrates into small particles or microparticles at the high temperatures present in fires so that re-igniting or smoldering is not possible. 
     Such covering is possible in the case of all types of bodies and particularly porous bodies, as well, however, as in the case of films, which, even after coating with the flame protection agent, can be combined to form laminates. 
     If foam, and particularly polyurethane non-rigid foam having a base of polyether, is provided with the flame-protection agent it is advisable to employ the impregnation method. Surprisingly it has been found that the flame protection agent of the invention permits good impregnation of foam articles of a layer thickness of up to about 50 mm, which affords far better protection than polyurethane foams impregnated only to a depth of 20 mm. For this purpose an aqueous solution or dispersion, particularly an emulsion, of an organic binder is preferably employed. In addition to acrylates, polymers having a base of vinyl acetate and aqueous epoxy-resin emulsions as well as copolymers of acrylic acid esters and acrylonitrile and furthermore Mowiliths such as polyphenylacetate and mixtures of such binders particularly recommend themselves. 
     Even in case of double impregnation, which provides an absorption of so much flame protection agent that the unit weight of the foam is increased from about 20 kg/m 3  to 6.5 times this value, the mechanical properties which are of importance for the character of the foam are not substantially impaired. Thus the memory effect remains large and the susceptibility to tears or even pulverization upon dynamic stressing does not increase even after lengthy UV irradiation. This is an advantage presumably also upon the selection of the binder, particularly the acrylates, in a particular percentage of flame protection agent. In contradistinction to the use of foams provided with polychloroprene or similar latex, the resistance to aging of acrylate-impregnated polyurethane foams is substantially better, although few pigments or other anti-aging agents are used; they remain elastic much longer. This is important in particular for those foams which are used for upholstering purposes, such as seat cushions, mattresses, and carseats, but also for the shock-absorbent cushioning of vehicle parts. 
     Insofar as foams provided with flame protection agents are used as acoustic and heatinsulating wall parts of buildings, vehicles and the like, it is advisable, in accordance with a further development of the invention, to cover the foam with an additional difficulty inflammable protective layer, at least on one side thereof. This layer can be applied by spraying and finds good anchoring in the open cells on the outside of the foam. It is preferably formed of an aqueous epoxy-resin emulsion provided with hardeners and additives or filling agents which at high temperatures react endothermally, form foam, give off gas and/or interrupt molecular chains. 
     When carrying out the method of the invention it is advisable for 
     1. the foam to be completely impregnated. 
     2. the surface stresses and pH values of the impregnation bath to be so adjusted that the flame protection agent i.e. the impregnation bath, adheres well in a uniform thickness of layer to the form and the bond strength is so permanent. even upon compressive stressing or dynamic loading that substantially no scaling takes place, and 
     3. the hardness of the foam not to be substantially affected. 
     Examples of particularly suitable impregnation baths and flame protection agents are indicated below. (The percentages are percentages by weight of the flame-protection or impregnation agent). 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     
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Acrylat KA 8158 55%     20%                                               
Water                   31.2%                                             
Martinal V 100 - C      37.5%                                             
Feliderm DR              8%                                               
Antimony trioxide        2%                                               
Helio Fast               0.3%                                             
Baysilon Defoamer E      0.4%                                             
Ammonia 25%              0.2%                                             
Mirox AM 25%             0.4%                                             
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     The impregnation bath is adjusted in such a way as to establish the following values: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Viscosity             200 mPa                                             
Solids content        58-59%                                              
pH                    7-8                                                 
Density:              1.416                                               
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     Acrylat K 8158 is an acrylic-acid ester copolymer manufactured by Bayer AG having a polymer content of 55%. In place thereof, Acronal (a polyacrylic ester of BASF) or some other solution or aqueous dispersion of an organic binder such as Mowilith DC 20 F (PVAC of Hoechst) can also be used. 
     Martinal V 100-C is an aluminum trihydrate produced by Martinswerke of Cologne. Instead of it, Giludral AGL 73 (manufactured by the Giuliniwerke of Ludwigshafen) or 1 APYRAL can also be used. Feliderm DR is an ammonium salt of amino-imido-sulfonic acid manufactured by Hoeschst AG. 
     The antimony trioxide should have a density of 5.2. 
     Baysilon is a silicone oil emulsion, for instance polysiloxane methyl ether. 
     Mirox AM is an acrylic acid with acrylic ester manufactured by Chem. Fabrik Stockhausen of Krefeld and serves to increase the dispersion. 
     A polyether foam having a weight of about 20 kg/m 3  is introduced and submerged in an impregnation bath corresponding to Example 1 so as to obtain a thorough impregnation of the open-cell foam. After the impregnation, the foam has a unit weight of about 100 kg/m 3 . 
     Drying is then effected in a stream of warm air. However, drying with the use of high frequency in a microwave oven is particularly preferred. In this connection it is surprising that, in contradistinction to impregnated foams which have already been proposed, the foam used and impregnated in accordance with the above Example 1 retains practically completely all its properties after the drying in the microwave field but is characterized by excellent &#34;resistance to fire&#34; 
     The following properties have been determined: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Temperature Resistance                                                    
                    stable between -50 and                                
                    +150° C.                                       
Odor                no odor                                               
Color               all colors                                            
Solids              58-59%                                                
Release of HCl      none                                                  
Adjustment of degree                                                      
                    by variation of the binder                            
of softness                                                               
Resistance to ultra resistant                                             
violet and infrared                                                       
Flue gases upon burning                                                   
                    slight                                                
Glowing             disappears upon removal                               
                    of the flame                                          
Fastness to laundering                                                    
                    excellent                                             
Apparent density    18 ± -2 kg/m.sup.3                                 
Compression stress  40%                                                   
value in accordance                                                       
with DIN 5357                                                             
Tensile strength in 70 kPa                                                
accordance with DIN                                                       
53571                                                                     
Elongation at break at least 180%                                         
Compression set     10%                                                   
Indentation or com- 2.3 kPa                                               
pression hardness                                                         
value in accordance with DIN 53576                                        
at 40% deformation                                                        
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     EXAMPLE 2 
     
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Acrylat KA 8158 55%     20%                                               
Water                   31.3%                                             
Martinal V100 - C       32.6%                                             
Feliderm K               8%                                               
Bromkal 73-6 DC          2%                                               
Antimonytrioxide         5%                                               
Helio Fast yellow        0.3%                                             
Baysilon Defoamer E      0.2%                                             
Ammonia 25%              0.2%                                             
Mirox AM 25%             0.4%                                             
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     Bromkal 73-6 DC is a product of the Chemische Fabrik Kalk, Cologne, having a base of pentabromtoluene with a content of about 73% bromine. In place thereof, Bromkal 48-4 BA of 1,2-bis-(2,4,6 tribromphenoxy)-ethane of Velsicol Chemical Corp. of Chicago can be used. 
     Feliderm K is the trade name used by Hoeschst AG for ammonium salt of aminosulphonic acid. 
     For further improvement of the flame protection effect in a fire region of high temperature it is advisable to cover the foam which already has been pre-impregnated for instance in accordance with Example 1 with a second layer by the impregnation process; in this case, the unit weight of the foam after the second impregnation can increase to 150 kg/m 3 . 
     The double impregnation method is possible either with the impregnation bath of Example 1 or the impregnation bath of Example 2 or else alternately with both impregnation baths. 
     The impregnation bath of Example 2 is directed at an impregnation which provides flame protection even at lower temperatures. The decomposition temperature of Pentabromtolene is 280° C., so that it is possible to use substances which have a lower decomposition temperature. Surprisingly, it has been found that particularly favorable effects are obtained with the use of (1,2,5,6,9,10)-hexabromcylododecane. This agent decomposes at only 170° C. and a rapid extinguishing effect can be obtained together with fine-grain aluminium trihydrate and antimony trioxide. 
     As bromine compounds, mixtures of brominated diphenylethers and/or brominated diphenylene, such as nonabromdiphenyl can also be used. 
     As sulphur compounds there enter into consideration compounds of or with sulfone and/or sulfonium zwitter ions, and particular ammonium salts and related compounds of the following sulphonic acids which give optimum results in combination with the acrylate impregnation bath: amino-, amido-,imido-, 2-chlor-4-toluidin- and 2-chlor-4-toluidin-5-sulphonic acids. Nitramine Acid SF (3 amino-2 hydroxy-5 nitrobenzene sulphonic acid) is also suitable. 
     Further examples are diphenylsulfone and di-(4 hydroxyphenylsulfone, and, with the use of epoxy resin in particular diaminophenylsulfone. 
     Thus it has been found that a considerable advance is obtained if only polyurethane foams are used as foams and substantially only aluminium trihydrate together with an ammonium salt of an amino-sulphonic acid are employed as fire extinguishing or flame repellent material. In this way there is surprisingly obtained a good combined effect and it has been found that no smoldering is present any longer and that all mechanical properties are retained after impregnation. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
1. Acronal 810         15%                                                
2. Water               30.2%                                              
3. Martinal ON 313     38%                                                
4. Feliderm K          12%                                                
5. Titanium dioxide     3%                                                
6. Baysilon             0.4%                                              
7. Helioe Fast          0.4%                                              
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     Acronal 810 is a polyacrylic acid ester manufactured by BASF. in its place, acrylic acid esters with acrylonitrile and polyphenylacetate in a mixture ratio of between 1:1 and 5:1 can also be used. Martinal ON 313 is an aluminum trihydrate manufactured by Martinswerke of Cologne. Feliderm K is the trade name for ammonium salt of amino-sulphonic acid manufactured by Hoeschst AG. 
     The individual components may vary in their percentage, for instance: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Martinal between       30-50%                                             
Feliderm between       7.5-15%                                            
Acronal 810 between    10-20%                                             
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     Instead of Feliderm K, Feliderm DR can also be used, Feliderm DR is the trade name for ammonium salts of a mixture of amido-sulfonic and imido-sulfonic acids along with other ingredients, manufactured by Hoeschst AG. 
     The impregnation bath is adjusted in such a manner that the following values are established: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Viscosity:           650 mPa/sec                                          
Solids contents:     62%                                                  
pH:                  7-8%                                                 
Density:             1,45                                                 
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     Except for the pH, deviations in the values upon testing the foam structure of up to ±10% are permissible. 
     The following properties were found on dried foam: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Tensile strength in accordance with                                       
                         131 kPa                                          
DIN 53571:                                                                
Elongation in accordance with                                             
                         196%                                             
DIN 53571:                                                                
Compression stress value in                                               
                         3.3 KPa                                          
accordance with DIN 53577 with                                            
40% deformation:                                                          
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     The quality of the fire-protected foam reaches Class B1 in accordance with DIN 4102 and even better. 
     Summarizing, it may therefore be noted that the impregnation substance of Example 2 is active at even lower temperatures than the fire or flame protection agent of the of the impregnation bath of Example 1 and that Example 3 leads to the best results, particularly also with respect to the elimination of the danger of continued smoldering. 
     Depending on the specific use it may be desirable to use various bromine-containing substances in order to obtain graded flame protection, i.e. good flame protection in different temperature ranges. In this case it is advisable, in particular in order to prevent surface fires by smoldering or continued smoldering, if the fire or flame protection agent also contains nitrogen and/or phosphorus-containing components which decompose in particular at temperatures at which the bromine compounds also tend to decompose. 
     Guanidines such as benzoguanidine resin, emlamine borate, dimelamine pyrophosphate of secondary guanidine phosphates, guanylurea and other water-soluble ammonia compounds have proven particularly suitable in this connection. The best effect is obtained when 10-20% of the phosphorus or nitrogen-containing substances are added to the impregnation bath of Examples 1-3. 
     The numerical values indicated in the specification and particularly in the examples are essentially average values; thus favorable properties are to be expected even if they are not adhered to. 
     The fire protection values correspond to DIN 4102, Part 1, at least Class B1. In fire-shaft furnaces fire protection values have been obtained which considerably exceed those of the foams available on the market which have good fire and flame protection properties. Residual lengths of more than 150 mm are thereby obtained. 
     The invention is applied with particular advantage to foam inserts which are used in particular for seats and mattresses. This is of importance in particular in railways, streetcars, subways, buses, automotive vehicles and airplanes where rapid propagation of fires is to be prevented. 
     In addition to this, the invention can be employed to advantage in those foams which are used for heat and/or sound insulation in the form of insulating layers, in particular as boards, as well however as tubes, wrappings, or the like. Thus walls and ceilings of buildings, particularly wooden structures and makeshift shelters, as well however as vehicles, can be equipped or lined with foam layers or foam boards which are impregnated with the fire or flame protection agent of the invention. 
    
    
     Illustrative examples are described below with reference to the drawing in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross section through a building board consisting of foam; 
     FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic cross section through a padding produced with the use of foam, for instance for the instrument panel of an automotive vehicle; 
     FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic cross section through a seat provided with foam inserts; 
     FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic cross section through a foam pipe covering, consisting of two parts; 
     FIG. 5 is an enlarged diagrammatic partial section through the structure of the foam which has at least partially open cells; and 
     FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic cross section through a sandwich construction part consisting of a layer of foam and a cover layer. 
    
    
     The building board shown in FIG. 1 consists of open-cell polyurethane foam having a base of polyether which is merely indicated by open-cell dots. Such building boards serve in particular for heat/cold and/or acoustic insulating coverings for outer walls or partition walls in buildings, but can, however, also be used themselves as such walls. 
     FIG. 2 shows diagrammatically in cross section an instrument-panel padding of foam which is covered on the outer side with a covering 3, for instance a grained plastic layer, corresponding to the interior covering an automotive vehicle. The actual foam element also consists of open-cell polyurethane (polyether) foam. 
     FIG. 3 shows two foam inserts 4 and 5 on a seat 6 and a back 7 (which have been merely diagrammatically shown), covered by tensioning straps or a cover material 8. In this case also the foam inserts consist of predominantly open-cell foam. 
     In FIG. 4, two semi-circular half shells 9 consist of foam of open-cell type. Pipelines can be covered by such foam shells 9 and be insulated against cold or heat as well as against reverberation of sound. Both half shells 9 are provided with grooves 10 so that they can be fitted together to form a tube. 
     In FIG. 5 the open-cell foam structure 11 of the parts 1,2,4,5,9 shown as FIGS. 1 to 4 are developed in the manner that the cells 13 and connecting channels of the porous structure 11 consisting of polyurethane (with a base of polyether) are covered with the covering 12 which remains after the drying of the impregnating agent. This assures the desired protection against fire and smoldering. In this connection it is advisable for this covering material which serves as fire or flame protection agent to decompose at temperatures between 100° and 350° C. In order to obtain a wide spectrum of such decomposition effects, the covering 12, which has merely been indicated in the drawing (produced from the impregnating agent after the drying thereof), is applied in several layers. The material of the individual layers of the covering 12 is so selected that the materials of different layers decompose at different temperatures. 
     In FIG. 6, the building board 1, which has a thickness of about 50 mm and consists of the polyurethane (polyether) foam impregnated with the flame protection agent is covered on one side with a cover layer 14 of a thickness of about 2 mm, the binder for the flame inhibiting components which develop gases, particularly water vapor, at high temperatures being formed of an aqueous epoxy resin emulsion with the use of hydrophilic and water-emulsifiable epoxy resins and, in particular, amine hardeners.