Patent Publication Number: US-7916243-B2

Title: Dual liquid crystal display device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application makes reference to, incorporates the same herein, and claims all benefits accruing under 35 U.S.C §119 from an application entitled Dual Liquid Crystal Display Device earlier filed in the Korean Industrial Property Office on 24 Jun. 2008, and there duly assigned Serial No. 10-2008-0059656 by that Office. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device, and more particularly to a dual liquid crystal display device comprising a first transmissive panel and a second reflective panel. 
     2. Discussion of Related Art 
     A liquid crystal display device is a flat panel display having advantages that it is manufactured in a small and thin scale and driven with low power consumption, and therefore it has been used in portable computers such as notebook PCs, office automation equipments, audio/video equipments, etc. Examples of such devices are as follows: 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,193,666 to Jung-Min Choi et al. and entitled DUAL LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY DEVICE describes an LCD device for performing bi-directional display. The LCD device includes first and second display units, and a light supplying unit. The first display unit includes an LCD panel and a transflective film that is disposed under the LCD panel and has layers in which first and second layers having different refractivity indexes are alternately stacked. The transflective film partially reflects and transmits light incident onto the film. The light supplying unit is disposed between the first and second display units, and provide the first and second display units with light generated from a lamp by dividing the light, to thereby regulate a contrast ratio of a luminance between the first and second display units; 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,075,597 to Chi-Jain Wen et al, and entitled DUAL-SCREEN LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY discloses a dual-screen liquid crystal display including three substrates. The first substrate has a first surface and a second surface. The first reflector layer, the first liquid crystal layer, the second substrate and the first polarization film are sequentially disposed on the first surface of the first substrate to form the first reflective LCD. The second reflector layer, the second liquid crystal layer, the third substrate and the second polarization film are sequentially disposed on the second surface of the first substrate to form the second reflective LCD; and 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,034,799 to Seog-Geun Lee et al. and entitled BACKLIGHTING DEVICE FOR DUAL LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY AND FOLDER-TYPE MOBILE PHONE THEREWITH describes a backlighting device for a dual LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). The backlighting device includes a circuit board with a through hole; a backlighting illumination device situated within the hole for radiating light in a first direction substantially perpendicular to a first face of the circuit board and in a second direction substantially perpendicular to a second face of the circuit board; a main LCD being situated on one face of the backlighting illumination device in the first direction, for displaying first information in the first direction; and a slave LCD being situated on another face of the backlighting illumination device through the through hole in the second direction, for displaying second information in the second direction. 
     This liquid crystal display device functions to display a picture or an image by controlling an electric field to transmit or cut off light, the electric field being applied to liquid crystal materials having dielectric anisotropy. The liquid crystal display device uses an external light without generating light by itself, unlike display devices, such as an organic light emitting display device (OLED) and a cathode ray tube (CRT), that generate light by itself. 
     In general, the liquid crystal display devices are mainly divided into transmissive and reflective liquid crystal display devices, depending on the manners of employing light. 
     That is to say, the liquid crystal display devices are divided into a transmissive liquid crystal display device and a reflective liquid crystal display device, depending on whether it uses a separate backlight or reflected external light as its power source, and there has also been an attempt to develop a transflective liquid crystal display device in which a transmissive liquid crystal display device are combined with a reflective liquid crystal display device. 
     Also, a dual liquid crystal display device displaying a picture on both sides of a liquid crystal display device has been developed recently. The dual liquid crystal display device displays a picture on both sides thereof since it includes a main liquid crystal display panel and a sub liquid crystal display panel, both of which are formed on both sides thereof, respectively. 
     However, aback light should be installed in each of the main liquid crystal display panels and the sub liquid crystal display panels. Therefore, conventional dual liquid crystal display devices have disadvantages that they are thick and heavy, and their power consumption is high. 
     This trend runs against small and thin portable devices such as mobile phones using a liquid crystal display device, and therefore the liquid crystal display device has major problems in aspect of slimness and cost efficiency. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention is designed to solve such drawbacks of the prior art, and therefore an object of the present invention is to provide a dual liquid crystal display device including a first transmissive liquid crystal display panel to display an image on a first surface and a second reflective liquid crystal display panel to display an image on a second surface and being able to maximize slimness and cost efficiency by forming the first and second liquid crystal display panels with the same substrate. 
     Also, another object of the present invention is to provide a dual liquid crystal display device having a light guide formed in lower portions of the first and second liquid crystal display panels, the light guide including a first light guide block corresponding to the first liquid crystal display panel and having dot patterns formed in a lower surface thereof, and a second light guide block corresponding to the second liquid crystal display panel and having taper-cascade grooves formed in a lower surface thereof, and particularly being able to control the brightness uniformity and to easily control the quantity of light and other characteristics by forming a dual brightness enhancement film on a corresponding surface of the second light guide block. 
     One embodiment of the present invention is achieved by providing a dual liquid crystal display device including a first liquid crystal display panel displaying an image on a first surface thereof; a second liquid crystal display panel formed on the same substrate as the first liquid crystal display panel to display an image on a second surface thereof; a light source disposed at an adjacent side under the first liquid crystal display panel; a light guide disposed under the first and second liquid crystal display panels and including a first light guide block corresponding to the first liquid crystal display panel and having dot patterns formed on a first surface thereof and a second light guide block corresponding to the second liquid crystal display panel and having taper-cascade grooves formed on a first surface thereof; and a housing settling the first and second liquid crystal display panels, the light source and the light guide and having an opening to correspond to an image display surface of the second liquid crystal display panel. 
     In this case, the first liquid crystal display panel maybe realized with a transmissive liquid crystal display panel, and the second liquid crystal display panel may be realized with a reflective liquid crystal display panel. Also, the first and second liquid crystal display panels may be formed respectively in different regions (a first region and a second region) of first and second substrates that are a pair of the same substrates. 
     Also, a thin film transistor array and a transparent electrode may be formed in a region corresponding to the first region of the first substrate, a thin film transistor array and a reflective electrode may be formed in a region corresponding to the second region of the first substrate, and a common electrode and a color filter pattern may be formed in the first and second regions of the second substrate corresponding to the first and second regions of the first substrate, respectively. 
     In addition, a drive circuit block driving the first and second liquid crystal display panels may be installed at one side of the first substrate outside the first or second region, and first polarizing plates and second polarizing plates may be formed on upper/lower sides of the first and second liquid crystal display panels, respectively. 
     Furthermore, the first light guide block may be disposed adjacent to the light source. 
     According to the present invention as described above, the dual liquid crystal display device is advantageously manufactured to be slim in thickness since it has a dual structure with the same thickness as the conventional single structure liquid crystal display devices. Also, the dual liquid crystal display device according to the present invention has advantages in aspect of cost efficiency in that the manufacturing cost such as the material cost and the processing cost may be significantly reduced by realizing a liquid crystal display device with a dual structure using one sheet of panel. 
     Also, a light guide is formed in a lower portion of the first and second liquid crystal display is panel, the light guide including a first light guide block corresponding to the first liquid crystal display panel and having dot patterns formed on a lower surface thereof, and a second light guide block corresponding to the second liquid crystal display panel and having taper-cascade grooves formed on a lower surface thereof. Therefore, the light guide may be useful to control brightness uniformity for the transmissive liquid crystal display panel and improve the light efficiency for the reflective liquid crystal display panel. 
     Also, the dual liquid crystal display device according to the present invention has advantages that its brightness uniformity may be controlled in a more effective manner since the first liquid crystal display panel as the transmissive liquid crystal display panel is disposed adjacent to a light source. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the present invention, and many of the attendant advantages thereof, will become readily apparent as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference symbols indicate the same or similar components, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a configuration of a dual liquid crystal display device according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  schematically illustrates an operation of the dual liquid crystal display device as shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view showing a region corresponding to a first liquid crystal display panel in the dual liquid crystal display device as shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view specifically showing a first substrate as shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view showing a region corresponding to a second liquid crystal display panel in the dual liquid crystal display device as shown in  FIG. 1 ; and 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view specifically showing a first substrate as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     In the following detailed description, only certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, simply by way of illustration. As those skilled in the art would realize, the described embodiments may be modified in various different ways, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. In addition, when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the element or be indirectly on the element with one or more intervening elements interposed therebetween. Also, when an element is referred to as being “connected to” another element, it can be directly connected to the element or be indirectly connected to the element with one or more intervening elements interposed therebetween. Hereinafter, like reference numerals refer to like elements. 
       FIG. 1  schematically illustrates a configuration of a dual liquid crystal display device according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, and  FIG. 2  schematically illustrates an operation of the dual liquid crystal display device as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the dual liquid crystal display device  1  according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a first liquid crystal display panel  10  displaying an image on a first surface thereof; a second liquid crystal display panel  20  formed on the same substrate as the first liquid crystal display panel  10  to display an image on a second surface thereof; a light guide disposed under the first and second liquid crystal display panels, the light guide  34  including a first light guide block  34 ′ corresponding to the first liquid crystal display panel  20  and having light reflecting dot patterns  31  formed on a predetermined surface thereof, and a second light guide block  34 ″ corresponding to the second liquid crystal display panel  20  and having taper-cascade grooves  33  for reflecting light formed on a predetermined surface thereof; a light source  32  disposed adjacent the first guide block  34 ′, the light source  32  emitting light into the first light guide block  34 ′; and a housing  40  housing the first and second liquid crystal display panels  10  and  20 , the light source  32 , the first light guide block  34 ′ and the second light guide block  34 ″, the housing having opening  42  correspond to the second surface, i.e., image display surface, of the second liquid crystal display panel  20 . 
     In this case, it is characterized in that the first liquid crystal display panel  10  is provided as a transmissive liquid crystal display panel, and the second liquid crystal display panel  20  is provided as a reflective liquid crystal display panel. 
     Also, the transmissive and reflective liquid crystal display panels  10  and  20  are formed using a pair of the same substrates. For this purpose, a thin film transistor array (not shown) and a transparent electrode (not shown) are formed in a region corresponding to a first region of a first substrate  100 , and a thin film transistor array (not shown) and a reflective electrode (not shown) are formed in a region corresponding to a second region of the first substrate  100 . Also, a common electrode (not shown) and a color filter pattern (not shown) are formed in a first and second region of a second substrate  200  corresponding respectively to the first and second regions of the first substrate  100 , respectively. A liquid crystal layer (not shown) is formed between the first substrate  100  and the second substrate  200 . Also, first polarizing plates  120  and second polarizing plates  220  are respectively formed on upper and lower sides of both the first and second liquid crystal display panels  10  and  20 . 
     The transmissive liquid crystal display panel  10  is formed in the first regions of the first substrate  100  and the second substrate  200  via the first polarizing plates  120  and the second polarizing plates  220 , and the reflective liquid crystal display panel  20  is formed on the second regions of the first substrate  100  and the second substrate  200 . 
     Also, a drive circuit block  130  to drive the first and second liquid crystal display panels  10  and  20  is installed in one side of the first substrate  100  disposed outside the first liquid crystal display panel  10 . 
     A backlight unit  30  includes light source  32  and a light guide block  34 ′, as shown in  FIG. 1 . The light guide  34  is disposed in the first region and the second region, that is, in the regions corresponding to the first and second liquid crystal display panels  10  and  20 . In particular, the light guide  34  includes a first light guide block  34 ′ corresponding to the first liquid crystal display panel  10  and having a dot pattern  31  formed in a lower surface thereof, and a second light guide block  34 ″ corresponding to the second liquid crystal display panel  20  and having taper-cascade grooves (or V-grooves)  33  formed on a lower surface thereof. Therefore, the light guide  34  is able to facilitate the control of the brightness uniformity for the first liquid crystal display panel  10  that is a transmissive liquid crystal display panel, and also to improve the optical efficiency for the second liquid crystal display panel  20  that is a reflective liquid crystal display panel. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , light generated from the light source  32  enters the second polarizing plate  220 , which is formed in a lower portion of the first liquid crystal display panel  10 , through the first light guide block  34 ′ of the light guide  34 . In this case, the first liquid crystal display panel  10  operates in a transmissive mode to display an image on an opposite surface to a surface to which light travels, that is, a first surface. 
     In this case, the present invention is characterized in that a plurality of dot patterns  31  are formed in a lower surface of the first light guide block  34 ′, that is, an opposite surface to a surface to which light travels. The dot patterns  31  are formed to control the brightness for the first transmissive liquid crystal display panel  10  more uniformly. That is to say, a plurality of the dot patterns  31  perform a back lighting function for the first liquid crystal display panel  10 . 
     Also, light, which is transmitted to the second light guide block  34 ″ coupled to one side of the first light guide block  34 ′, that is, the second light guide block  34 ″ disposed remotest from the light source  30 , enters the second polarizing plate  220  of the second liquid crystal display panel  20 , and is then reflected by a reflective electrode (not shown) formed on the first substrate  100  of the second liquid crystal display panel  20 . Therefore, the second liquid crystal display panel  20  operates in a reflective mode to display an image on an image printing surface (a first surface) of the second liquid crystal display panel  20  and its opposite surface (a second surface). 
     In this case, the present invention is characterized in that taper-cascade grooves  33  are formed on a lower surface of the second light guide block  34 ″, that is, an opposite surface to a surface to which light travels. Such taper-cascade grooves  33  are formed to improve optical efficiency for the second reflective liquid crystal display panel  20 . 
     That is to say, the taper-cascade grooves  33  perform a front lighting function for the second liquid crystal display panel  20 . The cascade grooves  33  are designed in a taper shape, not flat, thereby optimizing optical efficiency for the front lighting function. 
     Also, the present invention is characterized in that the light source  32  is disposed under the first liquid crystal display panel  10 . And, the first liquid crystal display panel  10  disposed adjacent to the light source  32  is realized with a transmissive mode, and the second liquid crystal display panel  20  disposed remotest from the light source  32  is realized with a reflective mode, as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Therefore, since the light source  32  is disposed adjacent to the transmissive region, it is easy to control the brightness uniformity that is one of important factors in the transmissive liquid crystal display device. Also, it is easy to control the light source and the other characteristics since the excessive light source entering the second light guide block  34 ″ is used to control the reflective region. 
     According to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention as described above, the dual liquid crystal display device is also realized with a pair of the same substrates. Therefore, the dual liquid crystal display device are advantageously manufactured to be slim in thickness since it has a dual structure with the same thickness as a conventional single structure liquid crystal display devices. Also, the dual liquid crystal display device according to the present invention has advantages in aspect of cost efficiency in that the manufacturing cost such as the material cost and the processing cost may be significantly reduced, compared to the conventional single structure liquid crystal display devices. 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view showing a region corresponding to a first liquid crystal display panel in the dual liquid crystal display device as shown in  FIG. 1 . Also,  FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view specifically showing a first substrate as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the light source  32  generating light and the first light guide block  34 ′ of the light guide supplying light irradiated from the light source  32  to the first liquid crystal display panel  10  are disposed under the first liquid crystal display panel  10 . In this case, the light source  32  and the light guide  34  constitutes the backlight unit  30 . 
     In this case, the present invention is characterized in that a plurality of dot patterns  31  are formed in a lower surface of the first light guide block  34 ′, that is, an opposite surface to a surface to which light travels. The dot patterns  31  are formed to control the brightness for the first transmissive liquid crystal display panel  10  more uniformly. That is to say, a plurality of the dot patterns  31  perform a back lighting function for the first liquid crystal display panel  10 . 
     The first liquid crystal display panel  10  includes a first substrate  100 , a second substrate  200  disposed spaced apart from the first substrate  100  at a predetermined distance, and a liquid crystal layer  300  interposed between the first and second substrates. Also, the first polarizing plates  120  and the second polarizing plates  220  are formed on upper and lower sides of the first liquid crystal display panel  10 , respectively. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the first substrate  100  includes a transparent substrate  110 , a thin film transistor (hereinafter, referred to as ‘TFT’) array  114  formed on the transparent substrate  110 , and a pixel electrode  15  formed on the TFT array  114 . 
     The TFT array  114  is composed of a TFT  112  and a first passivation layer  113  to protect the TFT  112 . The TFT  112  includes a gate electrode  112   a , a gate insulator  112   b , an active layer  112   c , an ohmic contact layer  112   d , a source electrode  112   e , and a drain electrode  112   f.    
     The gate electrode  112   a  is provided to correspond to a light shielding layer  211  formed on a transparent substrate  210  of the second substrate  200 , and the gate insulator  112   b  is formed on an overall surface of the transparent substrate  210  on which the gate electrode  112   a  is formed. The active layer  112   c  and the ohmic contact layer  112   d  are formed on the gate insulator  112   b  to correspond to the gate electrode  112   a . The source electrode  112   e  and the drain electrode  112   f  are disposed space apart from each other, and formed on the ohmic contact layer  112   d.    
     The source and drain electrodes  112   e  and  112   f  as well as the gate electrode  112   a  are also provided in a region on which the light shielding layer  211  is formed. Therefore, the light shielding layer  211  may prevent light entering the second substrate  200  from being reflected by the gate electrode  112   a , the source electrode  112   e  and the drain electrode  112   f.    
     The first passivation layer  113  formed on the TFT  112  partially exposes the drain electrode  112   f  of the TFT  112 . The pixel electrode  115  is formed on the first passivation layer  113  and the exposed drain electrode  112   f , and then electrically coupled to the drain electrode  112   f.    
     The pixel electrode  115  is composed of transmissive electrodes made of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), or the like. 
     Also, the light shielding layer  211  and a color filter layer  212  are formed on the transparent substrate  210  of the second substrate, and a second passivation layer  214  is formed on the light shielding layer  211  and the color filter layer  212 . 
     The color filter layer  212  is composed of red, green and blue color filters (R, G and B) that are disposed spaced apart at a predetermined distance from each other. The light shielding layers  211  are provided between the color filters (R, G and B), and demarcate a region on which each color filter is formed, thereby improving the color reproducibility of each of the color filters. The second passivation layer  214  made of a photocurable material is formed on the color filter layer  212  to protect the color filter layer  212 . 
     A common electrode  215  is formed on the second passivation layer  214 . The common electrode  215  is made of a transparent conductive material, and formed on the second passivation layer  214  to have a uniform thickness. 
     The first liquid crystal display panel  10  as thus configured displays a picture by irradiating light having entered through the light source  32  and the light guide  34  to the outside, that is, a first surface, via the liquid crystal layer  300  and the transmissive electrode  115  of the first liquid crystal display panel  10 . That is to say, the first liquid crystal display panel  10  operates in a transmissive mode. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view showing a region corresponding to a second liquid crystal display panel in the dual liquid crystal display device as shown in  FIG. 1 . Also,  FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view specifically showing a first substrate as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , light transmitted to the second light guide block  34 ″ of the light guide disposed under the second liquid crystal display panel  20  enters the second liquid crystal display panel  20  by means of the second light guide block  34 ″. 
     In this case, the present invention is characterized in that taper-cascade grooves  33  are formed on a lower surface of the second light guide block  34 ″, that is, an opposite surface to a surface to which light travels. Such taper-cascade grooves  33  function to improve the optical efficiency for the second reflective liquid crystal display panel  20 . 
     That is to say, the taper-cascade grooves  33  perform a front lighting function for the second liquid crystal display panel  20 . In particularly, the cascade grooves  33  are designed in a taper shape, not flat, thereby optimizing optical efficiency for the front lighting function. 
     The second liquid crystal display panel  20  includes a first substrate  100 , a second substrate  200  disposed spaced apart from the first substrate  100  at a predetermined distance, and a liquid crystal layer  300  interposed between the first and second substrates. 
     In this case, the first substrate  100  and the second substrate  200  are defined in the same manner as the first substrate  100  and the second substrate  200  of the above-mentioned first liquid crystal display panel  10 . This is why the first and second liquid crystal display panels  10  and  20  according to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention are formed in different regions (first and second regions) using a pair of the same substrates (first and second substrates  100  and  200 ). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , the first substrate  100  includes a transparent substrate  110 , a thin film transistor (hereinafter, referred to as ‘TFT’) array  114  formed on the transparent substrate  110 , and a reflective electrode  16  formed on the TFT array  114 . 
     The TFT array  114  is composed of a TFT  112  and a first passivation layer  113  to protect the TFT  112 . The TFT  112  includes a gate electrode  112   a , a gate insulator  112   b , an active layer  112   c , an ohmic contact layer  112   d , a source electrode  112   e  and a drain electrode  112   f.    
     The gate electrode  112   a  is provided to correspond to a light shielding layer  211  formed on a transparent substrate  210  of the second substrate  200 , and the gate insulator  112   b  is formed on an overall surface of the transparent substrate  110  on which the gate electrode  112   a  is formed. The active layer  112   c  and the ohmic contact layer  112   d  are formed on the gate insulator  112   b  to correspond to the gate electrode  112   a . The source electrode  112   e  and the drain electrode  112   f  are disposed space apart from each other, and formed on the ohmic contact layer  112   d.    
     The source and drain electrodes  112   e  and  112   f  as well as the gate electrode  112   a  are also provided in a region on which the light shielding layer  211  is formed. Therefore, the light shielding layer  211  may prevent light entering the second substrate  200  from being reflected by the gate electrode  112   a , the source electrode  112   e  and the drain electrode  112   f.    
     The first passivation layer  113  formed on the TFT  112  partially exposes the drain electrode  112   f  of the TFT  112 . The reflective electrode  116  is formed on the first passivation layer  113  and the exposed drain electrode  112   f , and then electrically coupled to the drain electrode  112   f.    
     The reflective electrode  116  is made of metals such as aluminum-neodymium (AlNd) and coupled to the drain electrode  112   f . The reflective electrode  116  is preferably patterned to have a shape of a plurality of lenses so as to enhance the reflectance of the incident light. 
     Also, a light shielding layer  211  and a color filter layer  212  are formed on the transparent substrate  210  of the second substrate  200 , and a second passivation layer  214  is formed on the light shielding layer  211  and the color filter layer  212 . 
     The color filter layer  212  is composed of red, green and blue color filters (R, G and B) that are disposed spaced apart at a predetermined distance from each other. The light shielding layers  211  are provided between the color filters (R, G and B), and demarcate a region on which each color filter is formed, thereby improving the color reproducibility of each of the color filters. The second passivation layer  214 , made of a photocurable material, is formed on the color filter layer  212  to protect the color filter layer  212 . 
     A common electrode  215  is formed on the second passivation layer  214 . The common electrode  215  is made of a transparent conductive material, and then formed on the second passivation layer  214  to have a uniform thickness. 
     The second liquid crystal display panel  20 , as thus configured, displays a picture on the second surface thereof by allowing light transmitted to the second light guide block  34 ″ to enter the second liquid crystal display panel  20  and transmit via the liquid crystal layer  300  of the second liquid crystal display panel  20  to the reflective electrode  116 , the light being reflected by the reflective electrode  116 . That is to say, second liquid crystal display panel  20  operates in a reflective mode. 
     While the present invention has been described in connection with certain exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, and equivalents thereof.