Patent Publication Number: US-9404635-B2

Title: Light directing apparatus

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/107,388 filed May 13, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the invention relate generally to lighting apparatuses, and more particularly light emitting diode (LED) lighting apparatuses including light directing apparatuses. 
     Conventionally, LEDs emit light in a particular profile which may be undesirable for different lighting applications. For example, in applications where it is desirable to have an increased intensity of light shed on one area while simultaneously having a reduced intensity shed on a separate area, it may be necessary to direct light emitted from a light source. However, given the particular profile of LED light emission, complex lenses are necessary which may not give the desired profile. 
     Accordingly, there exists a need in the art for a light directing apparatuses to overcome these drawbacks. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     According to an example embodiment of the invention, a light directing apparatus includes an optical substrate having a first side and a second side, a compound lens outer surface on a first portion of the first side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate, and a second protrusion on the second portion of the first side of the optical substrate. The compound lens outer surface is disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, the compound lens outer surface having mirror image symmetry about a medial plane that contains a centerline of the compound lens outer surface. The first protrusion is disposed proximate the compound lens outer surface, and is disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate. The second protrusion is disposed proximate the first protrusion, and is disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate. The first protrusion is disposed between the second protrusion and the compound lens outer surface. Each of the first protrusion and the second protrusion have a curved apex such that first and second planar section cuts through the optical substrate perpendicular to the medial plane cut twice through respective ones of the curved apexes of the first and second protrusions. 
     According to another example embodiment of the invention, a light directing system includes and optical substrate having a first side and a second side, and a plurality of light directing apparatuses arranged on the optical substrate. Each light directing apparatus includes an optical substrate having a first side and a second side, a compound lens outer surface on a first portion of the first side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate, and a second protrusion on the second portion of the first side of the optical substrate. The compound lens outer surface is disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, the compound lens outer surface having mirror image symmetry about a medial plane that contains a centerline of the compound lens outer surface. The first protrusion is disposed proximate the compound lens outer surface, and is disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate. The second protrusion is disposed proximate the first protrusion, and is disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate. The first protrusion is disposed between the second protrusion and the compound lens outer surface. Each of the first protrusion and the second protrusion have a curved apex such that first and second planar section cuts through the optical substrate perpendicular to the medial plane cut twice through respective ones of the curved apexes of the first and second protrusions. 
     According to another example embodiment of the invention, a light directing apparatus includes an optical substrate having a first side and a second side, a compound lens outer surface on a first portion of the first side of the optical substrate, the compound lens outer surface disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate, the first protrusion disposed proximate the compound lens outer surface, and disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, and a second protrusion on the second portion of the first side of the optical substrate, the second protrusion disposed proximate the first protrusion, and disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate. 
     According to another example embodiment of the invention, a light directing apparatus includes an optical substrate having a first side and a second side, a compound lens outer surface on a first portion of the first side of the optical substrate, the compound lens outer surface disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate, the first protrusion disposed proximate the compound lens outer surface, and disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, and a light-receiving portion on the second side of the optical substrate, the light-receiving portion disposed in relative alignment with the first protrusion. 
     According to another example embodiment of the invention, a light directing system include an optical substrate having a first side and a second side and a plurality of light directing apparatuses arranged on the optical substrate. According to the example embodiment, each light directing apparatus includes a compound lens outer surface on the first side of the optical substrate, the compound lens outer surface disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion on the first side of the optical substrate, the first protrusion disposed proximate the compound lens outer surface, and disposed in optical communication with the second side of the optical substrate, and a light-receiving portion on the second side of the optical substrate, the light-receiving portion disposed in relative alignment with the first protrusion. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the invention will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 8  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 9  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 10  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 11  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 12  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 14  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 15  depicts a perspective view of an interior of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 16  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 17  depicts a bottom view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 18  depicts a ray-trace diagram of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 19  depicts a graph of light distribution of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 20  depicts a distribution profile diagram of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 21  depicts a plot of distribution of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment 
         FIG. 22  depicts a light directing system, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 23  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 24  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 25  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 26  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 27  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 28  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 29  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 30  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 31  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 32  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 33  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 34  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 35  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 36  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 37  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 38  depicts a perspective view of an interior of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 39  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 40  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 41  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 42  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 43  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 44  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 45  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 46  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 47  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 48  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 49  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 50  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 51  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 52  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 53  depicts a perspective view of an interior of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 54  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 55  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 56  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 57  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 58  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 59  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 60  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 61  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 62  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 63  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 64  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 65  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 66  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 67  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 68  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 69  depicts a perspective view of an interior of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 70  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 71  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 72  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 73  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 74  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 75  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 76  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 77  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 78  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 79  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 80  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 81  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 82  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 83  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 84  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 85  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 86  depicts a perspective view of an interior of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 87  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 88  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 89  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 90  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 91  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 92  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 93  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 94  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 95  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 96  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 97  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 98  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 99  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 100  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 101  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 102  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 103  depicts a perspective view of an interior of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 104  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 105  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 106  depicts a perspective view of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 107  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 108  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 109  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; 
         FIG. 110  depicts a planar section of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment; and 
         FIG. 111  depicts a perspective view of an interior of a light directing apparatus, according to an example embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     An embodiment of the invention provides a light directing apparatus which directs light from an LED to form a desired lighting profile. The apparatus includes a lens portion serving to redirect light from the LED. The LED emits light through the lens portion, which redirects the light through internal reflection and refraction to form the desired profile. While embodiments disclosed herein may be described in terms of relative positions of one feature with respect to another, such as an LED being above a lens portion, it will be appreciated that this is for discussion purposes only and is not limiting in any way. For example, for street lighting where the light source is overhead, the LED may indeed be disposed above a lens portion. However, for lighting where the light source may or may not be overhead, the LED may be disposed below or to a side of a lens portion, or even completely surrounded by a lens portion. Any and all such relative positions of one feature with respect to another are contemplated and considered within the scope of the invention disclosed herein. Similarly, discussion below relating to a specific view, such as top view, bottom view, front view or back view, are intended only to provide relative perspectives of the features discussed, and are not intended to be limiting in scope. 
     In some lighting applications it is desirable to increase lighting in one direction, while reducing lighting in another direction. Such lighting applications may include illuminating streets, sidewalks, highways, or illuminating other similar locations. In these example lighting applications, it may be desirable to redirect light emitted from a light source (e.g., solid state light source) such that relatively increased illumination is achieved at a street side. This may decrease otherwise wasted light which would conventionally be directed away from a street side. Thus, example embodiments including desired lighting profiles are provided herein, and are discussed in detail below. 
     Turning to  FIG. 1  a perspective view of a light directing apparatus  100  is depicted. The light directing apparatus  100  may be formed of a material suitable for light transmission, for example, optically clear acrylic, silicone, or other suitable material. As illustrated, the light directing apparatus  100  includes a base or optical substrate  101 . The light directing apparatus  100  further includes a compound lens outer surface  102  on a first side  105  of the optical substrate  101 , the first side  105  of the optical substrate  101  defining a main plane X′-Z′. The compound lens outer surface  102  may be relatively smooth or may include at least a textured portion or textured region thereon, for example through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or otherwise texturizing a portion or portions of the compound lens surface  102 . For example, texturizing may be defined as giving a desired texture and/or forming/promoting surface protuberances/deformities to result in a texture applied directly on a surface. The textured surface or portion of the surface may reduce color separation and may be configured to blend or mix light for a more uniform color output profile. For example, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired color-blending profile for any desired application. 
     The light directing apparatus  100  may further include a first protrusion  103  on the first side of the optical substrate  101 , and a second protrusion  104  on the first side of the optical substrate  101 . The first protrusion  103  is proximate to both the second protrusion  104  and the compound lens outer surface  102 , and is disposed between the second protrusion  104  and the compound lens outer surface  102 . 
     As shown, a centerline or valley  113  extends from a first edge  114  of the compound lens outer surface  102 , to a point  112  on a second edge  120  of the compound lens outer surface  102 . The compound lens outer surface has mirror image symmetry about the Y′-Z′ plane (medial plane) containing the centerline  113 . A region  122  which partially surrounds point  112  is defined by line  121  and is concave, or substantially concave in comparison to the rest of the compound lens outer surface  102  and may be termed a concave region or inner concave region. The concavity of region  112  has mirror image symmetry about the medial Y′-Z′ plane. The reference axis Y′ is orthogonal to the main plane X′-Z′, and may be central to the body of the apparatus  100 . 
       FIGS. 3-4  depict an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  100 . As illustrated, the first protrusion  103  includes a generally flat surface  115 , which is proximate an apex or “tip” of the first protrusion  103  and the first side  105  of the optical substrate  101 . As further illustrated, the second protrusion includes a compound angular surface comprising at least three portions, a first portion  116 , a second portion  117 , and a third portion  118 . The first portion  116  may be relatively flat, or may be slightly curved, angled, or similarly arranged depending upon any desired lighting profile. As particularly illustrated, the first portion  116  is slightly curved and is proximate to an apex or “tip” of the second protrusion  104  and the second portion  117 . The second portion  117  may be relatively flat, and is proximate both the first portion  116  and the third portion  118 . The third portion  118  may be relatively flat, and is proximate both the second portion  117  and the first side  115  of the optical substrate  101 . 
     According to an example embodiment, one or more of surface  115  and/or portions  116 ,  117 , and  118  may be textured, for example, to aid in increasing light dispersion uniformity through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or otherwise texturizing respective surfaces. Furthermore, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired lighting profile for any desired application. 
       FIG. 5  depicts an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  100 . As shown, the light directing apparatus  100  includes a collimator  106  arranged on a second side  108  of the optical substrate  101 . The collimator  106  includes at least two reflective indentations  161  and  162 . The reflective indentations are generally circular and rotationally symmetric, or at least partially circular and partially rotationally symmetric, about the central axis Y′. The apparatus  100  further includes an LED light-receiving portion  107  arranged on the second side  108  of the optical substrate  101  and proximate to the collimator  106 . In an embodiment, the light-receiving portion  107  forms a recess in the second side of the optical substrate that receives an LED  109 , thereby forming a mating portion for the LED  109  (best seen by referring to  FIG. 18 ). The light-receiving portion  107  may be generally or substantially hemispherical and rotationally symmetric about the central axis Y′. The light-receiving portion  107  may be disposed to receive an LED or other solid state light source. A surface of the light-receiving portion  107  may be textured (e.g., through sand-blasting, acid-etching, or any other means of texturing) to reduce an interior halo of light emitted from a light source. For example, the light source is an LED or a semiconductor light source, and the surface of the light-receiving portion  107  is textured to reduce an interior halo of the LED. Furthermore, another portion or portions of the second side  108  may additionally/alternatively be textured to aid in reducing halo and/or promote better color-blending. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 1-5 , according to at least one example embodiment, a light directing apparatus  100  includes an optical substrate  101 , a compound lens outer surface  102  on a first side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion  103  on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate proximate the compound lens outer surface, and a second protrusion  104  on the second portion of the optical substrate proximate the first protrusion. 
     To better understand these and other features and functions of the light directing apparatus  100 , detailed illustrations are provided in  FIGS. 6-18 . All illustrations are presented with coordinate axes matched with the particular orientation of the apparatus  100  illustrated in each figure. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line A-A′. The line A-A′ is parallel to centerline  113 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line A-A′. 
       FIG. 7  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line B-B′. The line B-B′ is parallel centerline  113 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line B-B′. Furthermore, an outer edge of reflective indentation  162  of collimator  106  is present along line B-B′. 
       FIG. 8  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line C-C′. Line C-C′ is collinear with centerline  113 . As illustrated, portion  122  is generally concave. Furthermore, reflective indentations  161  and  162  have a generally triangular profile. 
       FIG. 9  depicts a side view of light directing apparatus  100 . 
       FIG. 10  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line D-D′. Line D-D′ is perpendicular to centerline  113 . As shown, the compound lens outer surface is generally convex at line D-D′. 
       FIG. 11  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line E-E′. Line E-E′ is perpendicular to centerline  113 , and closer to the central axis Y′ than is line D-D′. As shown, the compound lens outer surface  102  is substantially symmetrical about centerline  113 . 
       FIG. 12  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line F-F′. Line F-F′ is perpendicular to centerline  113 , and intersects the central axis Y′. As shown, the second edge  120  of the compound lens outer surface  102  forms a point  112  at centerline  113 . 
       FIG. 13  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line G-G′. The line G-G′ is perpendicular to centerline  113 , and passes through the first protrusion  103 . 
       FIG. 14  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken along line H-H′. The line H-H′ is perpendicular to centerline  113 , and passes through the second protrusion  104 . 
       FIG. 15  depicts a perspective view of an interior of light directing apparatus  100 . As shown, the collimator  106  is partially rotationally symmetrical about central axis Y′. Furthermore, the light-receiving portion  107  is partially rotationally symmetrical about central axis Y′. 
       FIG. 16  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  100 , taken across main plane X′-Z′; and  FIG. 17  depicts a bottom view of a light directing apparatus, which further illustrate the features of collimator  106 . 
     Hereinafter,  FIGS. 18-21  are presented to describe the light directing properties of light directing apparatus  100 . 
       FIG. 18  generally depicts a ray-trace diagram of the light directing apparatus  100 , according to an example embodiment. For simplicity and discussion purposes,  FIG. 18  depicts refracted light rays on a first portion  172  of the lens  100 , and reflected light rays on a second portion  171  of the lens  100 . The view presented is a planar section of the apparatus  100  taken at medial plane Y′-Z′. As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface  102  is on the first portion  172  of the apparatus  100 . Furthermore, the first protrusion  103  and the second protrusion  104  are on the second portion  171  of the apparatus  100 . The first portion  172  of the apparatus  100  may be the street side of the apparatus, or the side to which light is redirected. Rays  173  represent at least a portion of light emitted from the light source  109 . As illustrated, the protrusions  103  and  104  redirect light emitted from the light source  109  generally towards the street side  172  of the apparatus  100 . 
     With regard to light-redirection, rays  173  are reflected internally (i.e., on surfaces internal to the lens  100 ) towards the first portion  172 . For example, as a ray of incident light reacts with an air-surface interface, this ray of incident light is reflected towards the first portion  172  of the lens  100  (i.e., the street side) through substantially total internal reflection achieved through a combination of the collimator  106  and the first and second protrusions  103 ,  104 . 
     As illustrated, light entering the second portion of the lens  100  is reflected internally by surfaces of the collimator  106 . More clearly, reflective indentations  161  and  162  reflect internal, incident light to one or both of the first and second protrusions  103 ,  104 . This reflected light is further reflected towards the street side (i.e., first portion  172 ) by internal surfaces of the first and second protrusions  103 ,  104 . In this manner, the combination of internal reflections of incident light redirects light emitted from the light source  109  towards the street side of lens  100 . 
     Further, although not illustrated for the sake of clarity, it is appreciated that light not internally reflected on the surfaces of the collimator  106  tend to be refracted towards the street side as well. For example, the particular arrangement of the reflective indentations  161  and  162  permits light to refract (e.g., “bend”) towards one or both of the first and second protrusions  103 ,  104 . This refracted light may further be reflected by inner surfaces of the first and second protrusions  103 ,  104  towards the street side of the lens  100 . 
     Moreover, although not illustrated for the sake of clarity, it is appreciated that light not internally reflected by inner surfaces of the first and second surfaces  103 ,  104  may also be refracted towards the street side of the lens  100 . 
     Therefore, as described above, it is apparent that light emitted from a light source substantially coupled to the lens  100  interacts with both the collimator  106  and the first and second protrusions  103 ,  104  such that this light is redirected towards a street side of the lens  100  through substantially total internal reflection, and partially through refraction. 
     Additionally, it should be appreciated that refraction of light at the compound lens outer surface  102  on the first portion of the lens  100  also occurs such that this light is redirected towards the street side of the lens  100 . As illustrated, at least a portion of the rays  173  reaching an air-surface interface of the compound lens outer surface  102  are refracted (e.g., “bent”) towards the street side of the lens  100 . 
     In this manner, a substantial portion of light rays  173  are redirected towards a street side of the lens  100 . 
       FIG. 19  depicts a graph of light distribution of the light directing apparatus  100 , according to an example embodiment. As shown in the graph  1900  utilization of light emitted from a light source in communication with the apparatus  100  is relatively greater on the street side of the apparatus  100  compared to an opposite side. 
       FIG. 20  depicts a distribution profile diagram  2000  of the light directing apparatus  100 , according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG. 21  depicts a plot  2100  of the illuminance contour values of the light directing apparatus  100 , according to an example embodiment. 
       FIG. 22  depicts a light directing system, according to an example embodiment. As shown, a light directing system  1000  may include a plurality of light directing apparatuses  1003 - 1004  arranged on respective common optical substrates  1001 ,  1010 , with each apparatus of the plurality of apparatuses  1003 ,  1004  containing a plurality of light directing lenses  100 . Furthermore, system  1000  includes a plurality of LEDs  109  arranged within respective LED mating portions  107  of each individual light directing lenses  100 , as discussed in reference to  FIG. 18 , of the plurality of light directing apparatuses  1003 - 1004 . 
     As disclosed, example embodiments of the invention provide light directing apparatuses and systems which redirect light from an LED to form a desired lighting profile. 
     Hereinafter, alternative forms of the light directing apparatuses&#39; features, lens surfaces, and protrusions are described in detail with reference to  FIGS. 23-86 . 
     Turning to  FIGS. 23-24  a perspective view of an alternative light directing apparatus  200  is depicted. The light directing apparatus  200  may be formed of a material suitable for light transmission, for example, optically clear acrylic, silicone, or other suitable material. As illustrated, the apparatus  200  includes a base or optical substrate  201 . The apparatus  200  further includes a compound lens outer surface  202  on a first side  205  of the optical substrate  201 , the first side  205  of the optical substrate  201  defining a main plane X′-Z′. The compound lens outer surface  202  may be relatively smooth or may include at least a textured portion, for example through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or similarly texturizing a portion or portions of the compound lens surface  202 . The textured surface or portion of the surface may reduce color separation and may be configured to blend or mix light for a more uniform color output profile. For example, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired color-blending profile for any desired application. 
     The apparatus  200  may further include a first protrusion  203  on the first side of the optical substrate  201 , and a second protrusion  204  on the first side of the optical substrate  201 . The first protrusion  203  is proximate to both the second protrusion  204  and the compound lens outer surface  202 , and is disposed between the second protrusion  204  and the compound lens outer surface  202 . 
     As shown, a centerline or valley  213  extends from a first edge  214  of the compound lens outer surface  202 , to a point  212  on a second edge  220  of the compound lens outer surface  202 . The compound lens outer surface has mirror image symmetry about the Y′-Z′ plane (medial plane) containing the centerline  213 . A region  222  which partially surrounds point  212  is defined by line  221  and is concave, or substantially concave in comparison to the rest of the compound lens outer surface  202 . The concavity of region  222  has mirror image symmetry about the medial Y′-Z′ plane. The reference axis Y′ is orthogonal to the main plane X′-Z′, and may be central to the body of the apparatus  200 , and collinear with a central axis of a LED mated thereto. 
       FIGS. 25-26  depict an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  200 . As illustrated, the first protrusion  203  includes a generally curved surface  215 , which is proximate an apex or “tip” of the first protrusion  203  and the second protrusion  204  of the apparatus  200 . As further illustrated, the second protrusion  204  includes a generally curved surface  216  proximate an apex or “tips” of the second protrusion  204  and the first side  205  of the substrate  201 . 
     According to an example embodiment, one or more of surfaces  215  and/or  216  may be textured, for example, to aid in increasing light dispersion uniformity through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or otherwise texturizing respective surfaces. Furthermore, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired lighting profile for any desired application. 
       FIG. 27  depicts an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  200 . As shown, the light directing apparatus  200  includes an LED light-receiving portion  206  arranged on a second side  208  of the optical substrate  201 . In an embodiment, the light-receiving portion  206  forms a recess in the second side  208  of the optical substrate  201  that receives an LED, thereby forming a mating portion for the LED. The light-receiving portion  206  may be generally hemispherical and rotationally symmetric about the central axis Y′. The light-receiving portion  206  may be disposed to receive an LED or other solid state light source. A surface of the light-receiving portion  206  may be textured (e.g., through sand-blasting, acid-etching, coating, or any other means of texturing) to reduce an interior halo of light emitted from a light source. For example, the light source is an LED or a semiconductor light source, and the surface of the light-receiving portion  206  is textured to reduce an interior halo of the LED. Furthermore, another portion or portions of the second side  208  may additionally/alternatively be textured to aid in reducing halo and/or promote better color-blending. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 23-26 , according to at least one example embodiment, a light directing apparatus  200  includes an optical substrate  201 , a compound lens outer surface  202  on a first side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion  203  on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate proximate the compound lens outer surface, and a second protrusion  204  on the second portion of the optical substrate proximate the first protrusion. 
     To better understand these and other features and functions of the light directing apparatus  200 , detailed illustrations are provided in  FIGS. 28-38 . All illustrations are presented with coordinate axes matched with the particular orientation of the apparatus  200  illustrated in each figure. 
       FIG. 28  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line A-A′. The line A-A′ is parallel to centerline  213 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line A-A′. 
       FIG. 29  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line B-B′. The line B-B′ is parallel centerline  213 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line B-B′. Furthermore, the relatively sharp, convex curved nature of surface  215  along line B-B′ is apparent. 
       FIG. 30  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line C-C′. Line C-C′ is collinear with centerline  213 . As illustrated, portion  222  is generally concave, surface  215  is of a sharp, convex curved shape extending between the first protrusion  203  and the second protrusion  204 , and surface  216  is of a generally convex shape extending from the second protrusion  204  to the first surface  205  of the apparatus  200 . 
       FIG. 31  depicts a side view of light directing apparatus  200 . 
       FIG. 32  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line D-D′. Line D-D′ is perpendicular to centerline  213 . As shown, the compound lens outer surface is generally convex at line D-D′. 
       FIG. 33  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line E-E′. Line E-E′ is perpendicular to centerline  213 , and closer to the central axis Y′ than is line D-D′. As shown, the compound lens outer surface  202  is substantially symmetrical about centerline  213 . 
       FIG. 34  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line F-F′. Line F-F′ is perpendicular to centerline  213 , and intersects the central axis Y′. As shown, the second edge  220  of the compound lens outer surface  202  forms a point  212  at centerline  213 . 
       FIG. 35  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line G-G′. The line G-G′ is perpendicular to centerline  213 , and passes through the first protrusion  203 . 
       FIG. 36  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line H-H′. The line H-H′ is perpendicular to centerline  213 , and passes through the second protrusion  204  twice at two separate apexes or “peaks,” showing the curved natured of the second protrusion  204 . 
       FIG. 37  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  200 , taken along line I-I′. The line I-I′ is perpendicular to centerline  213 , and passes through the second protrusion  204  at a single point, showing the curved natured of the second protrusion  204  and the curved nature of the surface  216 . 
       FIG. 38  depicts a perspective view of an interior of light directing apparatus  200 . As shown, the light-receiving portion  206  is rotationally symmetrical about central axis Y′. 
     Although structurally unique, it should be appreciated that the combination of compound lens outer surface  202  and protrusions  103 - 104  provide for light redirecting properties somewhat similar to those provide by apparatus  100 . For example, the protrusions  203  and  204  redirect light emitted from a light source generally towards the street side of the apparatus  200 . 
     With regard to light-redirection, rays are reflected internally (i.e., on surfaces internal to the lens  200 ) towards the street side. For example, as a ray of incident light reacts with an air-surface interface, this ray of incident light is reflected towards the street side of the lens  200  through substantially total internal reflection achieved through a combination of the first and second protrusions  203 ,  204 , similar to that described above with reference to  FIG. 18 . In this manner, the combination of internal reflections of incident light redirects light emitted from a light source towards the street side of lens  200 . 
     Further, although not illustrated for the sake of clarity, it is appreciated that light not internally reflected tends to be refracted towards the street side as well to be reflected through interaction with surfaces  215  and  216  associated with the first and second protrusions  203  and  204 , respectively. 
     Therefore, as described above, it is apparent that light emitted from a light source substantially coupled to the lens  200  interacts with the first and second protrusions  203 ,  204  such that this light is redirected towards a street side of the lens  200  through substantially total internal reflection, and partially through refraction. Additionally, it should be appreciated that refraction of light at the compound lens outer surface  202  on the first portion of the lens  200  also occurs such that this light is redirected towards the street side of the lens  200 . 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 39-40  perspective views of an additional alternative light directing apparatus  300  is depicted. The light directing apparatus  300  may be formed of a material suitable for light transmission, for example, optically clear acrylic, silicone, or other suitable material. As illustrated, the apparatus  300  includes a base or optical substrate  301 . The apparatus  300  further includes a compound lens outer surface  302  on a first side  305  of the optical substrate  301 , the first side  305  of the optical substrate  301  defining a main plane X′-Z′. The compound lens outer surface  302  may be relatively smooth or may include at least a textured portion, for example through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or similarly texturizing a portion or portions of the compound lens surface  202 . The textured surface or portion of the surface may reduce color separation and may be configured to blend or mix light for a more uniform color output profile. For example, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired color-blending profile for any desired application. 
     The apparatus  300  may further include a first protrusion  303  on the first side of the optical substrate  301 , and a second protrusion  304  on the first side of the optical substrate  301 . The first protrusion  303  is proximate to both the second protrusion  304  and the compound lens outer surface  302 , and is disposed between the second protrusion  304  and the compound lens outer surface  302 . 
     As shown, a centerline or valley  313  extends from a first edge  314  of the compound lens outer surface  302 , to a point  312  on a second edge  320  of the compound lens outer surface  302 . The compound lens outer surface has mirror image symmetry about the Y′-Z′ plane (medial plane) containing the centerline  313 . A region  322  which partially surrounds point  312  is defined by line  321  and is concave, or substantially concave in comparison to the rest of the compound lens outer surface  302 . The concavity of region  322  has mirror image symmetry about the medial Y′-Z′ plane. The reference axis Y′ is orthogonal to the main plane X′-Z′, and may be central to the body of the apparatus  300 , and collinear with a central axis of an LED mated thereto. 
       FIGS. 41-42  depict an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  300 . As illustrated, the first protrusion  303  includes a generally flat surface  315 , which is proximate an apex or “tip” of the first protrusion  303  and the first side  305  of the optical substrate  301 . As further illustrated, the second protrusion  304  includes a compound angular surface comprising at least three portions, a first portion  316 , a second portion  317 , and a third portion  318 . The first portion  316  may be relatively flat, or may be slightly curved, angled, or similarly arranged depending upon any desired lighting profile. As particularly illustrated, the first portion  316  is slightly curved and is proximate to an apex or “tip” of the second protrusion  304  and the second portion  317 . The second portion  317  may be relatively flat, and is proximate both the first portion  316  and the third portion  318 . The third portion  318  may be relatively flat, and is proximate both the second portion  317  and the first side  315  of the optical substrate  301 . 
     According to an example embodiment, one or more of surface  315  and/or portions  316 ,  317 , and  318  may be textured, for example, to aid in increasing light dispersion uniformity through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or otherwise texturizing respective surfaces. Furthermore, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired lighting profile for any desired application. 
       FIG. 43  depicts an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  300 . As shown, the light directing apparatus  300  includes a collimator  306  arranged on a second side  308  of the optical substrate  301 . The collimator  306  includes at least two reflective indentations  361  and  362 . The reflective indentations are generally circular and rotationally symmetric, or at least partially circular and partially rotationally symmetric, about the central axis Y′. The apparatus  300  further includes an LED light-receiving portion  307  arranged on the second side  308  of the optical substrate  301  and proximate to the collimator  306 . In an embodiment, the light-receiving portion  307  forms a recess in the second side of the optical substrate that receives an LED, thereby forming a mating portion for the LED (for example, as seen for apparatus  100  in  FIG. 18 ). The light-receiving portion  307  may be generally hemispherical and rotationally symmetric about the central axis Y′. The light-receiving portion  307  may be disposed to receive an LED or other solid state light source. A surface of the light-receiving portion  307  may be textured (e.g., through sand-blasting, acid-etching, coating, or any other means of texturing) to reduce an interior halo of light emitted from a light source. For example, the light source is an LED or a semiconductor light source, and the surface of the light-receiving portion  307  is textured to reduce an interior halo of the LED. Furthermore, another portion or portions of the second side  308  may additionally/alternatively be textured to aid in reducing halo and/or promote better color-blending. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 39-43 , according to at least one example embodiment, a light directing apparatus  300  includes an optical substrate  301 , a compound lens outer surface  302  on a first side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion  303  on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate proximate the compound lens outer surface, and a second protrusion  304  on the second portion of the optical substrate proximate the first protrusion. 
     To better understand these and other features and functions of the light directing apparatus  300 , detailed illustrations are provided in  FIGS. 44-53 . All illustrations are presented with coordinate axes matched with the particular orientation of the apparatus  300  illustrated in each figure. 
       FIG. 44  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line A-A′. The line A-A′ is parallel to centerline  313 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line A-A′. 
       FIG. 45  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line B-B′. The line B-B′ is parallel centerline  313 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line B-B′. Furthermore, an outer edge of reflective indentation  362  of collimator  306  is present along line B-B′. 
       FIG. 46  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line C-C′. Line C-C′ is collinear with centerline  313 . As illustrated, portion  322  is generally concave. Furthermore, reflective indentations  361  and  362  have a generally triangular profile. 
       FIG. 47  depicts a side view of light directing apparatus  300 . 
       FIG. 48  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line D-D′. Line D-D′ is perpendicular to centerline  313 . As shown, the compound lens outer surface is generally convex at line D-D′. 
       FIG. 49  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line E-E′. Line E-E′ is perpendicular to centerline  313 , and closer to the central axis Y′ than is line D-D′. As shown, the compound lens outer surface  302  is substantially symmetrical about centerline  313 . 
       FIG. 50  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line F-F′. Line F-F′ is perpendicular to centerline  313 , and intersects the central axis Y′. As shown, the second edge  320  of the compound lens outer surface  302  forms a point  312  at centerline  313 . 
       FIG. 51  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line G-G′. The line G-G′ is perpendicular to centerline  313 , and passes through the first protrusion  303 . 
       FIG. 52  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  300 , taken along line H-H′. The line H-H′ is perpendicular to centerline  313 , and passes through the second protrusion  304 . 
       FIG. 53  depicts a perspective view of an interior of light directing apparatus  300 . As shown, the collimator  306  is partially rotationally symmetrical about central axis Y′. Furthermore, the light-receiving portion  307  is partially rotationally symmetrical about central axis Y′. 
     Although structurally unique, it should be appreciated that the combination of compound lens outer surface  302  and protrusions  303 - 304  and collimator  306  provide for light redirecting properties somewhat similar to those provide by apparatus  100 . For example, the protrusions  303  and  304  redirect light emitted from a light source generally towards the street side of the apparatus  300  very similarly as illustrated and described with reference to  FIG. 18 . 
     With regard to light-redirection, rays are reflected internally (i.e., on surfaces internal to the lens  300 ) towards the street side. For example, as a ray of incident light reacts with an air-surface interface, this ray of incident light is reflected towards the street side of the lens  300  through substantially total internal reflection achieved through a combination of the first and second protrusions  303 ,  304 , similar to that described above with reference to  FIG. 18 . In this manner, the combination of internal reflections of incident light redirects light emitted from a light source towards the street side of lens  300 . 
     Further, although not illustrated for the sake of clarity, it is appreciated that light not internally reflected tends to be refracted towards the street side as well to be reflected through interaction with surfaces  315  and  316  associated with the first and second protrusions  303  and  304 , respectively. 
     Therefore, as described above, it is apparent that light emitted from a light source substantially coupled to the lens  300  interacts with the first and second protrusions  303 , 304  such that this light is redirected towards a street side of the lens  300  through substantially total internal reflection, and partially through refraction. Additionally, it should be appreciated that refraction of light at the compound lens outer surface  302  on the first portion of the lens  300  also occurs such that this light is redirected towards the street side of the lens  300 . 
     Turning to  FIGS. 54-55 , a perspective view of an additional alternative light directing apparatus  400  is depicted. The light directing apparatus  400  may be formed of a material suitable for light transmission, for example, optically clear acrylic, silicone, or other suitable material. As illustrated, the apparatus  400  includes a base or optical substrate  401 . The apparatus  400  further includes a compound lens outer surface  402  on a first side  405  of the optical substrate  401 , the first side  405  of the optical substrate  401  defining a main plane X′-Z′. The compound lens outer surface  402  may be relatively smooth or may include at least a textured portion, for example through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or similarly texturizing a portion or portions of the compound lens surface  202 . The textured surface or portion of the surface may reduce color separation and may be configured to blend or mix light for a more uniform color output profile. For example, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired color-blending profile for any desired application. 
     The apparatus  400  may further include a first protrusion  403  on the first side  405  of the optical substrate  401 , and a second protrusion  404  on the first side  405  of the optical substrate  401 . The first protrusion  403  is proximate to both the second protrusion  404  and the compound lens outer surface  402 , and is disposed between the second protrusion  404  and the compound lens outer surface  402 . 
     As shown, a centerline or valley  413  extends from a first edge  414  of the compound lens outer surface  402 , to a point  412  on a second edge  420  of the compound lens outer surface  402 . The compound lens outer surface has mirror image symmetry about the Y′-Z′ plane (medial plane) containing the centerline  413 . A region  422  which partially surrounds point  412  is defined by line  421  and is concave, or substantially concave in comparison to the rest of the compound lens outer surface  402 . The concavity of region  422  has mirror image symmetry about the medial Y′-Z′ plane. The reference axis Y′ is orthogonal to the main plane X′-Z′, and may be central to the body of the apparatus  400 , and collinear with a central axis of a LED mated thereto. 
       FIGS. 56-57  depict an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  400 . As illustrated, the first protrusion  403  includes a generally curved surface  415 , which is proximate an apex or “tip” of the first protrusion  403  and the second protrusion  404  of the apparatus  400 . As further illustrated, the second protrusion  404  includes a generally curved surface  416  proximate an apex or “tips” of the second protrusion  404  and the first side  405  of the substrate  401 . 
     According to an example embodiment, one or more of surfaces  415  and/or  416  may be textured, for example, to aid in increasing light dispersion uniformity through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or otherwise texturizing respective surfaces. Furthermore, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired lighting profile for any desired application. 
       FIG. 58  depicts an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  400 . As shown, the light directing apparatus  400  includes an LED light-receiving portion  406  arranged on a second side  408  of the optical substrate  401 . In an embodiment, the light-receiving portion  406  forms a recess in the second side  408  of the optical substrate  401  that receives an LED, thereby forming a mating portion for the LED. The light-receiving portion  406  may be generally hemispherical and rotationally symmetric about the central axis Y′. The light-receiving portion  406  may be disposed to receive an LED or other solid state light source. A surface of the light-receiving portion  406  may be textured (e.g., through sand-blasting, acid-etching, coating, or any other means of texturing) to reduce an interior halo of light emitted from a light source. For example, the light source is an LED or a semiconductor light source, and the surface of the light-receiving portion  406  is textured to reduce an interior halo of the LED. Furthermore, another portion or portions of the second side  408  may additionally/alternatively be textured to aid in reducing halo and/or promote better color-blending. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 54-58 , according to at least one example embodiment, a light directing apparatus  400  includes an optical substrate  401 , a compound lens outer surface  402  on a first side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion  403  on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate proximate the compound lens outer surface, and a second protrusion  404  on the second portion of the optical substrate proximate the first protrusion. 
     To better understand these and other features and functions of the light directing apparatus  400 , detailed illustrations are provided in  FIGS. 59-69 . All illustrations are presented with coordinate axes matched with the particular orientation of the apparatus  400  illustrated in each figure. 
       FIG. 59  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line A-A′. The line A-A′ is parallel to centerline  413 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line A-A′. 
       FIG. 60  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line B-B′. The line B-B′ is parallel centerline  413 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line B-B′. Furthermore, the relatively sharp, convex curved nature of surface  415  along line B-B′ is apparent. 
       FIG. 61  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line C-C′. Line C-C′ is collinear with centerline  413 . As illustrated, portion  422  is generally concave, surface  415  is of a sharp, convex curved shape extending between the first protrusion  403  and the second protrusion  404 , and surface  416  is of a generally convex shape extending from the second protrusion  404  to the first surface  405  of the apparatus  400 . 
       FIG. 62  depicts a side view of light directing apparatus  400 . 
       FIG. 63  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line D-D′. Line D-D′ is perpendicular to centerline  413 . As shown, the compound lens outer surface  402  is generally convex at line D-D′. 
       FIG. 64  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line E-E′. Line E-E′ is perpendicular to centerline  413 , and closer to the central axis Y′ than is line D-D′. As shown, the compound lens outer surface  402  is substantially symmetrical about centerline  413 . 
       FIG. 65  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line F-F′. Line F-F′ is perpendicular to centerline  413 , and intersects the central axis Y′. As shown, the second edge  420  of the compound lens outer surface  402  forms a point  412  at centerline  413 . 
       FIG. 66  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line G-G′. The line G-G′ is perpendicular to centerline  413 , and passes through the first protrusion  403  once, and passes through the second protrusion  404  twice at two separate apexes or “peaks,” showing the curved natured of the second protrusion  404 . 
       FIG. 67  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line H-H′. The line H-H′ is perpendicular to centerline  413 , and passes through the second protrusion  404  twice at two separate apexes or “peaks,” showing the curved natured of the second protrusion  404 . 
       FIG. 68  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  400 , taken along line I-I′. The line I-I′ is perpendicular to centerline  413 , and passes through the second protrusion  404  at a single point, showing the curved natured of the second protrusion  404  and the curved nature of the surface  416 . 
       FIG. 69  depicts a perspective view of an interior of light directing apparatus  400 . As shown, the light-receiving portion  406  is rotationally symmetrical about central axis Y′. 
     Although structurally unique, it should be appreciated that the combination of compound lens outer surface  402  and protrusions  403 - 404  provide for light redirecting properties somewhat similar to those provide by apparatuses  100 ,  200 , and  300 . For example, the protrusions  403  and  404  redirect light emitted from a light source generally towards the street side of the apparatus  400 . 
     With regard to light-redirection, rays are reflected internally (i.e., on surfaces internal to the lens  400 ) towards the street side. For example, as a ray of incident light reacts with an air-surface interface, this ray of incident light is reflected towards the street side of the lens  400  through substantially total internal reflection achieved through a combination of the first and second protrusions  403 ,  404 , similar to that described above with reference to  FIG. 18 . In this manner, the combination of internal reflections of incident light redirects light emitted from a light source towards the street side of lens  400 . 
     Further, although not illustrated for the sake of clarity, it is appreciated that light not internally reflected tends to be refracted towards the street side as well to be reflected through interaction with surfaces  415  and  416  associated with the first and second protrusions  403  and  404 , respectively. 
     Therefore, as described above, it is apparent that light emitted from a light source substantially coupled to the lens  400  interacts with the first and second protrusions  403 ,  404  such that this light is redirected towards a street side of the lens  400  through substantially total internal reflection, and partially through refraction. Additionally, it should be appreciated that refraction of light at the compound lens outer surface  402  on the first portion of the lens  400  also occurs such that this light is redirected towards the street side of the lens  400 . 
     Turning to  FIGS. 70-71 , a perspective view of an additional alternative light directing apparatus  500  is depicted. The light directing apparatus  500  may be formed of a material suitable for light transmission, for example, optically clear acrylic, silicone, or other suitable material. As illustrated, the apparatus  500  includes a base or optical substrate  501 . The apparatus  500  further includes a compound outer lens outer surface  502  on a first side  505  of the optical substrate  501 , the first side  505  of the optical substrate  501  defining a main plane X′-Z′. The compound outer lens outer surface  502  may be relatively smooth or may include at least a textured portion, for example through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or similarly texturizing a portion or portions of the compound lens surface  502 . The textured surface or portion of the surface may reduce color separation and may be configured to blend or mix light for a more uniform color output profile. For example, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired color-blending profile for any desired application. 
     The apparatus  500  may further include a first protrusion  503  on the first side  505  of the optical substrate  501 , and a second protrusion  504  on the first side  505  of the optical substrate  501 . The first protrusion  503  is proximate to both the second protrusion  504  and the compound lens outer surface  502 , and is disposed between the second protrusion  504  and the compound lens outer surface  502 . 
     As shown, a centerline or valley  513  extends from a first edge  514  of the compound lens outer surface  502 , to a second edge  520  of the compound lens outer surface  502 . The compound lens outer surface has mirror image symmetry about the Y′-Z′ plane (medial plane) containing the centerline  513 . The reference axis Y′ is orthogonal to the main plane X′-Z′, and may be central to the body of the apparatus  500 , and collinear with a central axis of an LED mated thereto. 
       FIGS. 72-73  depict an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  500 . As illustrated, the first protrusion  503  includes a generally curved surface  515 , which is proximate an apex or “tip” of the first protrusion  503  and the second protrusion  504  of the apparatus  500 . As further illustrated, the second protrusion  504  includes a generally curved surface  516  proximate an apex or “tip” of the second protrusion  504  and the first side  505  of the substrate  501 . 
     According to an example embodiment, one or more of surfaces  515  and/or  516  may be textured, for example, to aid in increasing light dispersion uniformity through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or otherwise texturizing respective surfaces. Furthermore, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired lighting profile for any desired application. 
       FIG. 74  depicts an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  500 . As shown, the light directing apparatus  500  includes an LED light-receiving portion  506  arranged on a second side  508  of the optical substrate  501 . In an embodiment, the light-receiving portion  506  forms a recess in the second side  508  of the optical substrate  501  that receives an LED, thereby forming a mating portion for the LED. The light-receiving portion  506  may be generally hemispherical and rotationally symmetric about the central axis Y′. The light-receiving portion  506  may be disposed to receive an LED or other solid state light source. A surface of the light-receiving portion  506  may be textured (e.g., through sand-blasting, acid-etching, or any other means of texturing) to reduce an interior halo of light emitted from a light source. For example, the light source is an LED or a semiconductor light source, and the surface of the light-receiving portion  506  is textured to reduce an interior halo of the LED. Furthermore, another portion or portions of the second side  508  may additionally/alternatively be textured to aid in reducing halo and/or promote better color-blending. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 70-74 , according to at least one example embodiment, a light directing apparatus  500  includes an optical substrate  501 , a compound lens outer surface  502  on a first side of the optical substrate, a first protrusion  503  on a second portion of the first side of the optical substrate proximate the compound lens outer surface, and a second protrusion  504  on the second portion of the optical substrate proximate the first protrusion. 
     To better understand these and other features and functions of the light directing apparatus  500 , detailed illustrations are provided in  FIGS. 75-86 . All illustrations are presented with coordinate axes matched with the particular orientation of the apparatus  500  illustrated in each figure. 
       FIG. 75  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line A-A′. The line A-A′ is parallel to centerline  513 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line A-A′. 
       FIG. 76  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line B-B′. The line B-B′ is parallel centerline  513 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface is relatively convex along line B-B′. Furthermore, the relatively sharp, convex curved nature of surface  515  along line B-B′ is apparent. 
       FIG. 77  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line C-C′. Line C-C′ is collinear with centerline  513 . As illustrated, surface  515  is of a sharp, convex curved shape extending between the first protrusion  503  and the second protrusion  504 , and surface  516  is of a generally convex shape extending from the second protrusion  504  to the first surface  505  of the apparatus  500 . 
       FIG. 78  depicts a side view of light directing apparatus  500 . 
       FIG. 79  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line D-D′. Line D-D′ is perpendicular to centerline  513 . As shown, the compound lens outer surface  502  is generally convex at line D-D′. 
       FIG. 80  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line E-E′. Line E-E′ is perpendicular to centerline  513 , and closer to the central axis Y′ than is line D-D′. As shown, the compound lens outer surface  502  is generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  513 . 
       FIG. 81  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line F-F′. Line F-F′ is perpendicular to centerline  513 , and intersects the central axis Y′. As shown, the second edge  520  of the compound lens outer surface  502  is generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  513 . 
       FIG. 82  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line G-G′. The line G-G′ is perpendicular to centerline  513 , and passes through the first protrusion  503 . 
       FIG. 83  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line H-H′. The line H-H′ is perpendicular to centerline  513 , and passes through the second protrusion  504  twice at two separate apexes or “peaks,” showing the curved natured of the second protrusion  504  and the curved nature of surface  515  between the first protrusion  503  and the second protrusion  504 . 
       FIG. 84  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line I-I′. The line I-I′ is perpendicular to centerline  513 , and passes through the second protrusion  504  twice at two separate apexes or “peaks,” showing the curved natured of the second protrusion  504 . 
       FIG. 85  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  500 , taken along line J-J′. The line J-J′ is perpendicular to centerline  513 , and passes through the second protrusion  504  at a single point, showing the curved nature of the second protrusion  504  and the curved nature of the surface  516 . 
       FIG. 86  depicts a perspective view of an interior of light directing apparatus  500 . As shown, the light-receiving portion  506  is rotationally symmetrical about central axis Y′. 
     Although structurally unique, it should be appreciated that the combination of compound lens outer surface  502  and protrusions  503 - 504  provide for light redirecting properties somewhat similar to those provide by apparatuses  100 ,  200 ,  300 , and  400 . For example, the protrusions  503  and  504  redirect light emitted from a light source generally towards the street side of the apparatus  500 . 
     With regard to light-redirection, rays are reflected internally (i.e., on surfaces internal to the lens  500 ) towards the street side. For example, as a ray of incident light reacts with an air-surface interface, this ray of incident light is reflected towards the street side of the lens  500  through substantially total internal reflection achieved through a combination of the first and second protrusions  503 ,  504 , similar to that described above with reference to  FIG. 18 . In this manner, the combination of internal reflections of incident light redirects light emitted from a light source towards the street side of lens  500 . 
     Further, although not illustrated for the sake of clarity, it is appreciated that light not internally reflected tends to be refracted towards the street side as well to be reflected through interaction with surfaces  515  and  516  associated with the first and second protrusions  503  and  504 , respectively. 
     Therefore, as described above, it is apparent that light emitted from a light source substantially coupled to the lens  500  interacts with the first and second protrusions  503 ,  504  such that this light is redirected towards a street side of the lens  500  through substantially total internal reflection, and partially through refraction. Additionally, it should be appreciated that refraction of light at the compound lens outer surface  502  on the first portion of the lens  500  also occurs such that this light is redirected towards the street side of the lens  500 . 
     Turning to  FIGS. 87-88 , a perspective view of an additional alternative light directing apparatus  600  is depicted. The light directing apparatus  600  may be formed of a material suitable for light transmission, for example, optically clear acrylic, silicone, or other suitable material. As illustrated, the apparatus  600  includes a base or optical substrate  601 . The apparatus  600  further includes a first compound lens outer surface  603  on a first side  605  of the optical substrate  601 , the first side  605  of the optical substrate  601  defining a main plane X′-Z′. The apparatus  600  further includes a second compound lens outer surface  604  on the first side  605  of the optical substrate  601 . The compound lens outer surfaces  603 - 604  may be relatively smooth or may include at least a textured portion each, for example through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or similarly texturizing a portion or portions of the compound lens surfaces  603 - 604 . The textured surfaces or portions of the surfaces may reduce color separation and may be configured to blend or mix light for a more uniform color output profile. For example, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired color-blending profile for any desired application. 
     As shown, a centerline or valley  613  extends over a boundary of the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604 , over point  612 , across edge line  614 . The compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  have mirror image symmetry about the Y′-Z′ plane (medial plane) containing the centerline  613 . Regions  622  and  623 , which surround point  612 , are defined by lines  621  and  613 , and are each individually convex, or substantially convex. Regions  622  and  623  have mirror image symmetry about the medial Y′-Z′ plane. The reference axis Y′ is orthogonal to the main plane X′-Z′, and may be central to the body of the apparatus  600 , and collinear with a central axis of a LED mated thereto. 
       FIGS. 89-90  depict an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  600 . As illustrated, compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  are substantially convex. 
       FIG. 91  depicts an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  600 . As shown, the light directing apparatus  600  includes an LED light-receiving portion  606  arranged on a second side  608  of the optical substrate  601 . In an embodiment, the light-receiving portion  606  forms a recess in the second side  608  of the optical substrate  601  that receives an LED, thereby forming a mating portion for the LED. The light-receiving portion  606  may be generally hemispherical and rotationally symmetric about the central axis Y′. The light-receiving portion  606  may be disposed to receive an LED or other solid state light source. A surface of the light-receiving portion  606  may be textured (e.g., through sand-blasting, acid-etching, or any other means of texturing) to reduce an interior halo of light emitted from a light source. For example, the light source is an LED or a semiconductor light source, and the surface of the light-receiving portion  606  is textured to reduce an interior halo of the LED. Furthermore, another portion or portions of the second side  608  may additionally/alternatively be textured to aid in reducing halo and/or promote better color-blending. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 87-91 , according to at least one example embodiment, a light directing apparatus  600  includes an optical substrate  601 , two mirror-symmetric compound lens outer surfaces  603 - 604  on a first side of the optical substrate, wherein a centerline extending over a boundary region formed between the compound lens outer surfaces defines a central point which is collinear to a central reference axis of an LED light-receiving portion. Therefore, a central reference axis of the apparatus  600  is collinear with a central reference axis of an LED mated thereto. 
     To better understand these and other features and functions of the light directing apparatus  600 , detailed illustrations are provided in  FIGS. 92-103 . All illustrations are presented with coordinate axes matched with the particular orientation of the apparatus  600  illustrated in each figure. 
       FIG. 92  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line A-A′. The line A-A′ is parallel to centerline  613 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface  603  is relatively convex along line A-A′. 
       FIG. 93  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line B-B′. The line B-B′ is parallel centerline  613 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface  603  is relatively convex along line B-B′. 
       FIG. 94  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line C-C′. Line C-C′ is parallel centerline  613 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface  603  is relatively convex along line C-C′. 
       FIG. 95  depicts a planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line D-D′. Line D-D′ is collinear with centerline  613 . As illustrated, the compound lens outer surface  603  is relatively convex along line C-C′, and the reference axis Y′ is collinear with a central reference axis of the LED mating portion  606 . 
       FIG. 96  depicts a side view of light directing apparatus  600 . 
       FIG. 97  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line E-E′. Line E-E′ is perpendicular to centerline  613 . As shown, the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  are each generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  613 . 
       FIG. 98  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line F-F′. Line F-F′ is perpendicular to centerline  613 , and is closer to the central axis Y′ than is line E-E′. As shown, the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  are each generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  613 . 
       FIG. 99  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line G-G′. Line G-G′ is perpendicular to centerline  613 , and is closer to the central axis Y′ than is line F-F′. As shown, the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  are each generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  613 . 
       FIG. 100  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line H-H′. Line H-H′ is perpendicular to centerline  613 , and intersects the central axis Y′ and point  612 . As shown, the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  are each generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  613 , and the central reference axis Y′ is substantially collinear with a central reference axis of the light-receiving portion  606 . 
       FIG. 101  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line I-I′. The line I-I′ is perpendicular to centerline  613 . As shown, the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  are each generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  613 . 
       FIG. 102  depicts an additional planar section of light directing apparatus  600 , taken along line J-J′. The line J-J′ is perpendicular to centerline  613 . As shown, the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  are each generally convex and substantially symmetrical about centerline  613 . 
       FIG. 103  depicts a perspective view of an interior of light directing apparatus  600 . As shown, the light-receiving portion  606  is rotationally symmetrical about central reference axis Y′. 
     Although structurally unique, it should be appreciated that the combination of compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  provide for light redirecting properties through refraction. For example, the surfaces  603  and  604  redirect light emitted from a light source generally towards the street side of the apparatus  600  through refraction and reflection of light coupled therein. 
     With regard to light-redirection, rays are reflected internally (i.e., on surfaces internal to the lens  600 ) towards the street side and also refracted. For example, as a ray of incident light reacts with an air-surface interface opposite the street-side, this ray of incident light is reflected towards the street side of the lens  600  through substantially total internal reflection. 
     Therefore, as described above, it is apparent that light emitted from a light source substantially coupled to the lens  600  interacts with the first and second compound lens outer surfaces  603 ,  604  such that this light is redirected towards a street side of the lens  600  through partially through reflection, and partially through refraction. Additionally, it should be appreciated that refraction of light at the compound lens outer surfaces  603  and  604  occurs such that this light is redirected towards the street side of the lens  600 . 
     Although described above with reference to multiple compound lens outer surfaces and multiple light directing protrusions, it should be appreciated that example embodiments may also include simplified light directing apparatuses configured to disperse light in a generally symmetrical manner, for example, by directing light emitted from an LED outwards in all directions rather than just a street side. This may result in less intense light about a central axis of a distribution profile as compared to a conventional lighting profile provided by an LED. For example,  FIGS. 104-111  illustrate additional example embodiments of light directing apparatuses. 
     Turning to  FIGS. 104-105  a perspective view of an alternative light directing apparatus is illustrates, according to an example embodiment. The light directing apparatus  700  may be formed of a material suitable for light transmission, for example, optically clear acrylic, silicone, or other suitable material. As illustrated, the apparatus  700  includes a base or optical substrate  701 . The apparatus  700  further includes a compound lens outer surface  702  on a first side  705  of the optical substrate  701 , the first side  705  of the optical substrate  701  defining a main plane X′-Z′. The compound lens outer surface  702  may be relatively smooth or may include at least a textured portion, for example through sand-blasting, etching, coating, or similarly texturizing a portion or portions of the compound lens surface  702 . The textured surface or portion of the surface may reduce color separation and may be configured to blend or mix light for a more uniform color output profile. For example, a grain or coarseness of the texture may be adjusted to promote a desired color-blending profile for any desired application. 
     As shown, a centerline  713  extends across a first edge  714  of the compound lens outer surface  702 , through center point  712 . The compound lens outer surface  702  has mirror image symmetry about the Y′-Z′ plane (medial plane) containing the centerline  513 , and may be, according to some example embodiments, rotationally symmetric about central reference axis Y′. The reference axis Y′ is orthogonal to the main plane X′-Z′, and may be central to the body of the apparatus  700 , and collinear with a central axis of an LED mated thereto. 
       FIG. 106  depicts an alternate perspective view of light directing apparatus  700 . As shown, the light directing apparatus  700  includes an LED light-receiving portion  706  arranged on a second side  708  of the optical substrate  701 . In an embodiment, the light-receiving portion  706  forms a recess in the second side  708  of the optical substrate  701  that receives an LED, thereby forming a mating portion for the LED. The light-receiving portion  706  may be generally hemispherical and rotationally symmetric about the central axis Y′. The light-receiving portion  706  may be disposed to receive an LED or other solid state light source. A surface of the light-receiving portion  706  may be textured (e.g., through sand-blasting, acid-etching, coating, or any other means of texturing) to reduce an interior halo of light emitted from a light source. For example, the light source is an LED or a semiconductor light source, and the surface of the light-receiving portion  706  is textured to reduce an interior halo of the LED. Furthermore, another portion or portions of the second side  708  may additionally/alternatively be textured to aid in reducing halo and/or promote better color-blending. 
       FIGS. 107-109  depict several planar sections of light directing apparatus  700 , clearly showing the symmetry of the compound lens outer surface  702  about the centerline  713  and center point  712 ; 
       FIG. 110  depicts a side view of the light directing apparatus  700 . 
       FIG. 111  depicts a perspective view of an interior of the light directing apparatus  700 , according to an example embodiment. As shown, the light-receiving portion  706  is rotationally symmetrical about central reference axis Y′. 
     While the invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best or only mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Also, in the drawings and the description, there have been disclosed exemplary embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms may have been employed, they are unless otherwise stated used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention therefore not being so limited. Moreover, the use of the terms first, second, etc. do not denote any order or importance, but rather the terms first, second, etc. are used to distinguish one element from another. Furthermore, the use of the terms a, an, etc. do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.