Patent Publication Number: US-2011063558-A1

Title: Liquid crystal display device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device. The present invention specifically relates to a liquid crystal display device suitable for a display mode in which a liquid crystal layer is bend-distorted by applying a voltage and thereby controlling light transmission. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Liquid crystal display devices are characterized in their slimness, light weight, and low power consumption, and are used in various fields. The display performance thereof has been extremely improved as the time has passed; now, the liquid crystal displays is surpassing cathode-ray tubes (CRT) in display performance. 
     The display mode of a liquid crystal display device is determined according to how the liquid crystal is aligned in the cell. Various display modes for the liquid crystal display devices are conventionally known, and examples thereof include the twisted nematic (TN) mode, multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) mode, in-plane switching (IPS) mode, and optically self-compensated birefringence (OCB) mode. 
     The liquid crystal display devices of these display modes are mass-produced. In particular, the TN liquid crystal display devices are very commonly used. The TN liquid crystal display devices, however, give a slow response and a narrow viewing angle; thus, the TN-mode devices would be susceptible to improvement in these respects. 
     In the MVA mode, slits are formed on pixel electrodes of an active matrix substrate, and protrusions (ribs) for controlling the alignment of liquid crystal molecules are formed on common electrodes of the opposite substrate. Such a structure generates a fringe field, and the fringe field scatters the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules in multiple directions (see Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2). The MVA mode achieves a wide viewing angle by distributing the direction toward which the liquid crystal molecules lean into multiple directions (multi-domain) when a voltage is applied. 
     In addition, the MVA mode is a vertical alignment mode. Thus, it achieves a higher contrast than the TN, IPS, and OCB modes. However, the production process thereof is complicated, and this mode also gives a slow response as in the case of the TN mode; thus, the MVA mode would be susceptible to improvement in these respects. 
     In order to solve these problems in the process of the MVA mode, another display mode has been proposed in which a p-type nematic liquid crystal is used as a liquid crystal material, and, a transverse electric field drives liquid crystal molecules to define the direction of aligning the liquid crystal molecules while maintaining high contrast owing to vertical alignment (see Patent Documents 1 to 6). Such a mode does not require the control of alignment by protrusions, and thereby has a simple pixel structure and excellent viewing angle characteristics. In contrast, it has serious problems such as a high driving voltage and low light transmissivity. Further, this mode may cause deterioration in characteristics at dark zones in gradation scales. 
     The IPS mode is a display mode which achieves a wide viewing angle with a simpler structure. In this mode, liquid crystal molecules are switched in-plane, and thereby a very wide viewing angle is achieved (see Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4). However, the IPS mode also gives a slow response as in the case of the TN and MVA modes; thus, it would be susceptible to improvement in this respect. In addition, the IPS mode is not suitable for mobile devices and vehicle-mounted devices which require rapid performance at low temperatures. 
     The GCB mode is the only display mode, among the aforementioned various display modes, that achieves a rapid response with a simple structure such that a nematic liquid crystal is disposed between two substrates subjected to aligning-treatment in the direction parallel to each other (see Non-Patent Documents 5 and 6). Thus, the OCB mode receives attention particularly in applications such as vehicle-mounted devices which require good responsiveness at low temperatures. 
     The OCB mode, however, requires transition from the splay alignment (initial alignment) to the bend alignment (alignment upon driving) when power is applied, while it gives rapid responsiveness. Thus, the OCB mode requires a driver circuit for initial transition in addition to a normal driver circuit, and may cause an increase in cost. Further, the viewing angle characteristics thereof are inferior to those of the MVA and IPS modes; thus, the OCB mode would be susceptible to improvement in these respects. 
     [Patent Document 1] 
     Japanese Kokai Publication S57-618 
     [Patent Document 2] 
     Japanese Kokai Publication H10-186,351 
     [Patent Document 3] 
     Japanese Kokai Publication H10-333,171 
     [Patent Document 4] 
     Japanese Kokai Publication H11-24,068 
     [Patent Document 5] 
     Japanese Kokai Publication 2000-275,682 
     [Patent Document 6] 
     Japanese Kokai Publication 2002-55,357 
     [Non-Patent Document 1] 
     K. Ohmuro, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, and Y. Koike, “Development of Super-High-Image-Quality Vertical-Alignment-Mode LCD”, SID 1997 Digest, 1997, No. 33.3, p. 845-848 
     [Non-Patent Document 2] 
     H. Yoshida, T. Kamada, K. Ueda, R. Tanaka, T. Koike, K. Okamoto, P. L. Chen and J. Lin, “Multi-domain Vertically Aligned LCDs with Super-wide Viewing Range for Gray-scale Images”, Asia Display/IMID&#39;04 Digest, 2004, No. 12.2, p. 198-201 
     [Non-Patent Document 3] 
     R. A. Soref, “Field Effects in Nematic Liquid Crystals Obtained with Interdigital Electrodes”, J. Appl. Phys., 1974, Vol. 45, No. 12, p. 5466-5468 
     [Non-Patent Document 4] 
     K. Kiefer, B. Weber, F. Windschield, and G. Baur, “In-Plane Switching of Nematic Liquid Crystals”, Proc. The 12th Int&#39;l Disp. Res. Conf. (Japan Display&#39;92), 1992, No. P2-30, p. 547-550 
     [Non-Patent Document 5] 
     P. L. Bos and J. A. Rahman, “An Optically “Self-Compensating” Electro-Optical Effect with Wide Angle of View”, 1993, Technical Digest of SID Symp., p. 273-276 
     [Non-Patent Document 6] 
     Y. Yamaguchi, T. Miyashita, and T. Uchida, “Wide-Viewing-Angle Display Mode for the Active-Matrix LCD Using Bend-Alignment Liquid-Crystal Cell”, Technical Digest of SID Symp., 1993, p. 277-280 
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     As mentioned above, no invention has been made which can achieve rapid responsiveness, wide-viewing-angle characteristics, and high-contrast characteristics in the fields of liquid crystal panels and liquid crystal display devices. In addition, no liquid crystal panel and liquid crystal display device has been invented which do not require operation for initial bend transition and which achieve practical bend alignment. 
     The present invention is devised in order to solve the above problems. An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device which can achieve excellent wide-viewing-angle characteristics and rapid responsiveness and also can perform display by a display mode that does not require operation for initial bend transition. 
     The present inventors have variously studied the liquid crystal display device which can achieve excellent wide-viewing-angle characteristics and rapid responsiveness and also can perform display by a display mode that does not require operation for initial bend transition. Thereby, they have focused on a display mode in which a p-type nematic liquid crystal is used as a liquid crystal material and a transverse electric field drives liquid crystal molecules to define the direction of aligning the liquid crystal molecules while maintaining high-contrast characteristics owing to vertical alignment. As a result, the present inventors have found that a novel display mode, which can achieve excellent wide-viewing-angle characteristics equivalent to those of the MVA and IPS modes and rapid responsiveness equivalent to or higher than that of the OCB mode and which does not require operation for initial bend transition, can be provided under the conditions that a comb-shaped electrode satisfies the relationship (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.7, wherein L represents an electrode width and S represents an electrode spacing, and that a pixel has a first region and a second region which has a ratio S/L between the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S different from that of the first region. Finally, the present inventors have arrived at and completed the present invention that can solve the aforementioned problems. 
     One aspect of the present invention is a liquid crystal display device, comprising: two substrates at least one of which is transparent; and a p-type nematic liquid crystal disposed between the two substrates, the p-type nematic liquid crystal being aligned perpendicular to the surfaces of the two substrates when no voltage is applied, at least one of the two substrates having a comb-shaped electrode, and the comb-shaped electrode satisfying the relationship (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.7, wherein L represents an electrode width and S represents an electrode spacing (hereinafter, also referred to as the “first liquid crystal display device of the present invention”). 
     Thereby, excellent wide-viewing-angle characteristics and rapid responsiveness can be achieved and display can be performed by a display mode that does not require operation for initial bend transition. In addition, a high transmissivity and a high contrast can be achieved. 
     The configuration of the first liquid crystal display device of the present invention is not especially limited as long as it essentially includes such components. The first liquid crystal display device of the present invention may or may not include other components. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a liquid crystal display device, comprising: two substrates at least one of which is transparent; and a p-type nematic liquid crystal disposed between the two substrates, the p-type nematic liquid crystal being aligned perpendicular to the surfaces of the two substrates when no voltage is applied, at least one of the two substrates having a comb-shaped electrode, and a pixel having a first region; and a second region which has a ratio S/L between an electrode width and an electrode spacing S of the comb-shaped electrode different from that of the first region (hereinafter, also referred to as the “second liquid crystal display device of the present invention”). 
     Thereby, excellent wide-viewing-angle characteristics and rapid responsiveness can be achieved and display can be performed by a display mode that does not require operation for initial bend transition. In addition, characteristics at dark zones of gradation scales can be improved. 
     The configuration of the second liquid crystal display device of the present invention is not especially limited as long as it essentially includes such components. The second liquid crystal display device of the present invention may or may not include other components. 
     In the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention, the term “perpendicular” herein does not necessarily mean strict perpendicularity, and includes substantial perpendicularity in view of the effects of the present invention. Specifically, the pre-tilt angle in the liquid crystal display devices is preferably 88° or more. The angle defined by this term may have an error which occurs in the production process. 
     The first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention may perform black-and-white display or may perform color display. In the case of color display, each pixel (the smallest unit constituting a displayed image) generally consists of multiple (e.g. three) dots (a single-color region, sub-pixel) each having a different color. Thus, in the case that the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present inventions are used for a color liquid crystal display device, the term “pixel” may also be regarded as the term “dot” in general. 
     Preferable embodiments of the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention are mentioned in more detail below. The following embodiments may be employed in combination. 
     In order to improve characteristics at dark zones of gradation scales, a pixel of the first liquid crystal display device of the present invention preferably has a first region and a second region which has a ratio S/L between the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S different from that of the first region. 
     In one pixel of the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention, the number of regions each having a different ratio S/L is not particularly limited. Three or more regions each having a different ratio S/L may be disposed therein. 
     As mentioned here, a pixel of the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention may have multiple regions each having a different ratio S/L between the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S. 
     In order to achieve a high transmissivity and a high contrast, the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S preferably satisfy the relationship (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.7 (hereinafter, also referred to as formula (1)) in the second liquid crystal display device of the present invention. 
     As mentioned here, the first liquid crystal display device of the present invention and the second liquid crystal display device of the present invention may be employed in combination. 
     In the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention, the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S more preferably satisfy the relationship (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.8. Thereby, the display devices can have brightness equivalent to that of the current MVA-mode devices without additional members for improving brightness such as a brightness-enhancing film of a backlight. 
     In the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention, the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S further preferably satisfy the relationship (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.9 (hereinafter, also referred to as formula (2)). Thereby, the display devices can have brightness equivalent to that of the current MVA-mode devices even though the number of light sources themselves is reduced or the brightness of the light source itself is lowered, as well as the number of the additional members is reduced. 
     In addition to the first region and the second region, the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention may further have one or more regions where at least one of the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S is different from those of the first region and the second region. 
     The first region or the second region preferably has an opening area occupying 50% or more of a pixel opening area. Thereby, the opening area of the first region can be made to have a different size of the opening area of the second region. Thus, occurrence of dead space in a pixel can be effectively reduced. 
     As mentioned here, in the first and second liquid crystal display devices of the present invention, a pixel may have multiple regions each having a different ratio S/L between the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S, and at least one region among the multiple regions may have an opening area occupying 50% or more of a pixel opening area. 
     In order to more surely achieve excellent display characteristics, especially rapid responsiveness and a high transmissivity, the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S preferably satisfy the relationship S/L≦3.75 (hereinafter, also referred to as formula (3)). 
     In order to more surely achieve excellent display characteristics, especially a high transmissivity, the electrode spacing S is preferably 3 μm (more preferably 3.5 μm) or greater. 
     In order to more surely achieve excellent display characteristics, especially rapid responsiveness, the electrode spacing S is preferably 10 μm (more preferably 8.5 μm) or smaller. 
     Assuming that the electrode spacing S has an upper limit of about 10 μm, the formula (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.7 is satisfied when the electrode width L satisfies L≦6.7 as is calculated from the formula (10+1.7)/(10+L)≧0.7. Thus, the electrode width L is preferably about 7 μm or smaller. 
     Similarly assuming that the electrode spacing S has an upper limit of about 10 μm, the formula (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.8 is satisfied when the electrode width L satisfies L≦4.6 as is calculated from the formula (10+1.7)/(10+L)≧0.8. Thus, the electrode width L is preferably about 5 μm or smaller. 
     In order to more surely achieve excellent display characteristics, especially rapid responsiveness and a high transmissivity, the electrode width L is preferably 4 μm (more preferably 3.5 μm) or smaller. In other words, the electrode width L preferably satisfies L≦4 μm (hereinafter, also referred to as formula (4)). 
     In order to reduce occurrence of breaks in wire, that is, in order to satisfy the restriction in the production process, the electrode width L is preferably 2 μm (more preferably 2.5 μm) or greater. In other words, the electrode width L preferably satisfies L≧2 m (hereinafter, also referred to as formula (5)). 
     Here, the relationship among formulas (1) to (5) is shown in  FIG. 14 . 
     In order to reduce occurrence of short circuits, the comb-shaped electrode may have a common electrode group and a pixel electrode group, and the common electrode group and the pixel electrode group may be disposed via an insulating layer. 
     In order to lower a voltage, that is, to achieve low-voltage driving, the p-type nematic liquid crystal preferably has a dielectric anisotropy Δ∈ of 10 (more preferably 15) or higher. 
     EFFECT OF THE INVENTION 
     The liquid crystal display devices of the present invention can achieve excellent wide-viewing-angle characteristics and rapid responsiveness and also can perform display by a display mode that does not require operation for initial bend transition. 
     Specifically, the comb-shaped electrode satisfying the relationship (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.7, wherein L represents the electrode width and S represents the electrode spacing, enables achievement of wide-viewing-angle characteristics equivalent to those of the MVA and IPS modes, rapid responsiveness equivalent to or higher than that of the 003 mode, a high transmissivity, and a high contrast. 
     Further, at least two regions (the first region and the second region) each having a different ratio S/L between the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S disposed in one pixel enable achievement of wide-viewing-angle characteristics equivalent to those of the MVA and IPS modes, rapid responsiveness equivalent to or higher than that of the GCB mode, and improvement in characteristics at dark zones of gradation scales. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic perspective view showing the basic structure of the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view showing one example of a potential distribution in a cell when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1. 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view showing one example of a liquid crystal alignment distribution when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view showing the basic structure of the liquid crystal display element of Example 1. 
         FIG. 5  is a plan view for describing the azimuths of the transmission axes and the direction of applying an electric field in the liquid crystal display device of Example 1. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing the relationship of the electrode width and electric distance vs. the maximum transmissivity in the liquid crystal display device of Example 1. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing the temperature dependency of responsiveness in the liquid crystal display device of Example 1. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view for describing rapid responsiveness of the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the basic structure of the liquid crystal display device of Example 3. 
         FIG. 10  is a voltage vs. transmissivity graph of the liquid crystal display device of Example 4. 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the basic structure of the MVA liquid crystal display element of Comparative Example 2. 
         FIG. 12  is a plan view for describing the azimuths of the transmission axes and the direction of applying an electric field in the liquid crystal display device of Comparative Example 2. 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic cross-sectional view for describing the liquid crystal alignment when an electric field is applied in the MVA liquid crystal display element of Comparative Example 2. 
         FIG. 14  is a graph showing the preferable range of the electrode width L and the electrode spacing S in the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the basic structure of the liquid crystal display element of Example 7. 
         FIG. 16  is a voltage vs. transmissivity graph of the liquid crystal display device of Example 7. 
     
    
    
     MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     The present invention will be mentioned in more detail referring to the drawings in the following embodiment, but is not limited to this embodiment. 
     Embodiment 1 
     In the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment, the distribution of electric field strength is formed in the cell when an electric field is applied; thereby, bend alignment of the liquid crystal is achieved. Further, in the liquid crystal display device of the present invention, an electric field is applied to a perpendicularly aligned p-type nematic liquid crystal (a nematic liquid crystal having positive dielectric anisotropy) in a transverse direction along the surfaces of the substrates, and this electric field application leads to bend alignment. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic perspective view showing the basic structure of the liquid crystal display device of Embodiment 1. Vertical alignment layers  13  and  14  are disposed on two transparent substrates  11  and  12 , respectively. A p-type nematic liquid crystal (liquid crystal molecules  15 ) is in homeotropic alignment when no voltage is applied. Specifically, the liquid crystal molecules  15  near the vertical alignment layers  13  and  14  are aligned so that the long axes thereof are substantially perpendicular to the substrates  11  and  12  when no voltage is applied. Thus, the pre-tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules  15  is not required to be strictly adjusted as long as it is substantially perpendicular to the substrates. 
     In order to obtain a high contrast ratio, the pre-tilt angle is preferably 88° or higher. 
     The substrates  11  and  12  may be transparent glass or plastic substrates used for common liquid crystal display devices. Specifically, the substrates preferably has a light transmissivity of 75% or higher (more preferably 90% or higher) and a haze of 5% or lower (more preferably 3% or lower). In the case that the light transmissivity is 75% or higher, the present embodiment can be used for inexpensive touch screens. In the case that the transmissivity is 90% or higher, the present embodiment can be used for liquid crystal display panels of general TFT-LCDs. 
     On the substrate  12  is disposed a comb-shaped electrode  16  including a comb-shaped common electrode group and a comb-shaped pixel electrode group. These electrode groups are disposed so as to face and interdigitate with each other. 
     The common electrode group has parallel common electrodes, and the common electrodes are connected to each other near the perimeter of the pixel (or dot). The common electrode group in every pixel receives the same signal (referred to as a common signal). 
     The pixel electrode group also has parallel pixel electrodes, and the pixel electrodes are connected to each other near the perimeter of the pixel (or dot). The pixel electrode group is disposed corresponding to each pixel (or dot). The pixel electrode group of each pixel receives an image signal at a predetermined timing. 
     The two substrates  11  and  12  are also provided with two polarizers  17  and  18 , respectively, on the outer main surfaces. 
     Patent Document 1 discloses such a cell structure. Patent Documents 3 and 4 disclose that a bend electric field is formed by applying an electric field and two domains with their director azimuths different from each other by 180° are formed, and thereby wide-viewing-angle characteristics can be achieved. 
     However, the known cell structures disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 4 have problems such as a high driving voltage and low cell transmissivity while they give excellent viewing-angle characteristics; thus, they are not in practical use. 
     Under such situations, the inventors have studied the above problems and have found that the degree of the bend alignment can be controlled by appropriately adjusting the electrode width and the inter-electrode distance (electrode spacing). Thereby, a high light transmissivity has been obtained at practical driving voltage for the first time. 
     Compared with conventional inventions, the degree of bend alignment can be freely controlled in the present invention. Thus, for example, rapid responsiveness can be achieved by the flow effects as in the case of the OCB mode; from the above respects, the present invention is of extremely high practical value. 
     In the OCB mode, the liquid crystal molecules transfer from the splay alignment to the bend alignment at a voltage slightly higher than the critical voltage. The bend alignment at this time shows the maximum curvature, and gradation display is performed between the bend alignment at this time and a gentle bend alignment at high-voltage application. 
     In contrast, in the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment, gradation display is performed between the bend alignment with a large curvature when a high voltage is applied and the vertical alignment when no voltage is applied. The maximum curvature at this time depends on an applied voltage; the larger the electric field is, the larger the maximum curvature is. In other words, the maximum curvature upon high-voltage application can be freely controlled in accordance with the electrode width and electrode spacing. Thus, the maximum curvature upon high-voltage application can be made higher than that of the OCB mode, and a response more rapid than in the COB mode can be achieved. 
     The term “curvature” herein means the “degree of bending”, and is not physically defined. 
     If the “degree of bending” is larger than required, the bend alignment is broken as if a rod is folded. In contrast, in the present invention, the surface anchoring energy of the alignment layer is reduced and thereby more stable bend alignment can be achieved. 
       FIG. 2  shows the equipotential curve in the cell when a 7-V voltage is applied. At this time, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in accordance with this distribution of electric field strength and the constraining force from the interface. 
       FIG. 3  shows the state at this time. The liquid crystal molecules are continuously transferred from the homeotropic alignment to the bend alignment by voltage application. In other words, the liquid crystal layer always shows the bend alignment and can rapidly respond in the response between different gradations in normal driving.  FIG. 3  also shows that the degree of bend distortion is larger and thus the optical modulation rate is larger at a region where no electrode is disposed rather than at a region above the electrode (comb-shaped electrode  16 ). 
     The present invention is based on the finding that the degree of this bend alignment can be controlled by optimizing the panel structure. The present invention can increase the degree of bending to cause a high light transmissivity. Further, the liquid crystal display device of the present embodiment enables a rapid response because the flow of the liquid crystal molecules acts toward the direction assisting the movement of the liquid crystal molecules when the liquid crystal molecules are to move in the present embodiment as in the case of the OCB mode. 
     The present invention will be mentioned in more detail referring to the drawings in the following examples. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
       FIG. 4  shows a schematic cross-sectional view showing the basic structure of the liquid crystal display element of Example 1. Multiple liquid crystal display elements are produced with various electrode widths L and electrode spacings S. 
     First, a glass substrate  42  provided with an ITO comb-shaped electrode  41  having an electrode width L and an electrode spacing S was prepared. An alignment-layer coating JALS-204 (5 wt %, γ-butyrolactone solution, JSR Corp.) was spin-coated on the substrate, and then baked for 2 hours at 200° C. Thereby, an alignment layer  44  was formed. The alignment layer  44  was 60 nm in thickness. In the same manner, an alignment layer  45  with a thickness of 60 nm was formed on a glass substrate  43  from the same alignment-layer coating for the alignment layer  44 . 
     Then, resin beads  46  with a diameter of 4 μm (Micropearl SP, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) were dispersed on the substrate  42 , and a sealing resin  47  (STRUCTBOND XN-21-S, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.) was printed on the substrate  43 . These substrates were bonded to each other, and baked for 3 hours at 250° C. Thereby, a liquid crystal cell was produced. 
     Thereafter, a liquid crystal material  48  (SD-5654, Δ∈=16.2, Δn=0.099, Chisso Corp.) was vacuum-injected into the liquid crystal cell, and polarizers  49  and  50  were bonded thereto. Thereby, multiple liquid crystal display elements of Example 1 were produced. 
       FIG. 5  shows the relationship between the direction of applying an electric field and the azimuths of the axes of the polarizers  49  and  50  in this case. As shown, the polarizers  49  and  50  were disposed in a crossed Nicols state, and the electric field was applied in the direction bisecting the angle formed by the transmission axes of the polarizers  49  and  50 . 
       FIG. 6  shows the maximum transmissivity of each liquid crystal display element at room temperature (25° C.) when a 30-Hz square wave with a voltage of 0 to 20 V was applied. The transverse axis indicates the ratio of the area which contributes to the transmissivity in the cell. In the formula, the value of 1.7 is an experimental value, and this value indicates that the region between the electrode edge and the part apart from the electrode edge by 1.7 μm contributes to improvement of the transmissivity. The numbers in the figure each represent the electrode width L/electrode spacing S. 
     Here, the electrode width L represents the width at the portion where the common electrode and the pixel electrode face each other (the length in the lateral direction). The electrode spacing S represents the distance between a common electrode and an adjacent pixel electrode at the portion where the common electrode and the pixel electrode face each other. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the larger the value of (S+1.7)/(S+L) is, the higher the maximum transmissivity is. 
     The current MVA mode gives a mode transmissivity of about 80%; however, the transmissivity of the liquid crystal layer is reduced to 50% or lower due to loss of the light amount caused by rib regions or other factors. In actual liquid crystal panels (MVA mode), the panel transmissivity is given by multiplying the pixel aperture ratio, color filter transmissivity, and polarizer transmissivities. Thus, the panel transmissivity is reduced to 4 to 5%. 
     As a result, what is important is how to increase the light transmissivity of the liquid crystal layer (or mode transmissivity) as high as possible. 
     The display mode of the present invention does not require ribs. Thus, a practical display mode can be achieved in the case that the light transmissivity of the liquid crystal layer is 50 to 55% or higher. A mode transmissivity of about 50% or higher as mentioned above is at the same level as the panel transmissivity of the current display mode (e.g. the MVA mode), and gives a brighter (less energy-consuming) liquid crystal display device. Even if a mode transmissivity is lower than 50%, the present invention is of great practical value because of its simple panel structure and low production cost. 
     In order to simply increase the transmissivity, it may be sufficient to widen the electrode spacing S; however, widening of the electrode spacing S increases response time. 
       FIG. 6  shows that the transmissivity can be increased by increasing the value of (S+1.7)/(S+L) without widening the electrode spacing S; the present invention clarifies this advantage for the first time. 
       FIG. 7  shows the temperature dependency of the responsiveness in the case that the electrode width L is 4 μm and the electrode spacing is 4 μm. As is evident from this figure, the present invention gives a rapid response even at low temperatures; thus, the present invention is of great practical value. 
     The reason why the liquid crystal display element in the liquid crystal display device of the present invention gives a rapid response is that the liquid crystal molecules are rotated and bend-distorted by voltage application. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , a flow (in the direction indicated by an arrow in  FIG. 8 ) occurs in the liquid crystal layer when a voltage is applied. Here, rotations occur in counter directions which are symmetrical about the disclination line (dark line) at substantially the center between the adjacent common electrode and pixel electrode. Around the disclination line, torques act in the same direction. Thus, in contrast to the TN mode and the MVA mode, no trouble occurs that one flow in the liquid crystal layer inhibits another flow. Thereby, the present embodiment can achieve a rapid response as in the case of the OCB mode. 
     Such rapid responsiveness corresponds to the degree of bending (curvature). This degree of bending depends on the physical properties of the liquid crystal material (especially dielectric anisotropy Δ∈ and elastic constant); it also depends on the properties of the comb-shaped electrode such as the electrode width L and electrode spacing S, and the liquid crystal layer thickness (cell gap). In other words, the degree of bending can be freely controlled in the present invention in accordance with the distribution of electric field strength in the cell. Thus, a more rapid response than that of the OCB mode can be achieved. 
     Hereinabove, the liquid crystal material used was SD-5654 (Δ∈=16.2, Δn=0.099, Chisso Corp.) and the experimental results described were about the test cell (cell gap: 4 μm) with 4-μm-diameter beads dispersed therein. The following will describe the experimental results about other systems. 
     Except that MJ08420X (Δ∈=18.9, Δn=0.10, Merck KGaA) was used as the liquid crystal material and beads having a diameter of 3.4 μm were dispersed, test cells (cell gap: 3.4 μm) with various electrode widths L/electrode spacings S were produced in the same manner as in the above method. The voltage-transmissivity characteristics thereof were determined at each electrode width L/electrode spacing S. The following table shows the transmissivity at an applied voltage of 6 V. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Electrode width 
                 Electrode distance 
                   
                 (S + 1.7)/ 
                 Transmissivity at 
               
               
                 (L)/μm 
                 (S)/μm 
                 S/L 
                 (S + L) 
                 6 V voltage (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 4 
                 3 
                 0.75 
                 0.67 
                 46 
               
               
                 4 
                 4 
                 1 
                 0.71 
                 52 
               
               
                 4 
                 6 
                 1.5 
                 0.77 
                 59 
               
               
                 4 
                 8 
                 2 
                 0.81 
                 60 
               
               
                 4 
                 10 
                 2.5 
                 0.84 
                 62 
               
               
                 4 
                 12 
                 3 
                 0.86 
                 65 
               
               
                 4 
                 15 
                 3.75 
                 0.88 
                 67 
               
               
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0.78 
                 58 
               
               
                 3 
                 6 
                 2 
                 0.86 
                 61 
               
               
                 3 
                 9 
                 3 
                 0.89 
                 68 
               
               
                 3 
                 12 
                 4 
                 0.91 
                 70 
               
               
                 3 
                 15 
                 5 
                 0.93 
                 71 
               
               
                 6 
                 3 
                 0.5 
                 0.52 
                 40 
               
               
                 6 
                 5 
                 0.83 
                 0.61 
                 48 
               
               
                 6 
                 7 
                 1.17 
                 0.67 
                 51 
               
               
                 6 
                 9 
                 1.5 
                 0.71 
                 55 
               
               
                 6 
                 12 
                 2 
                 0.76 
                 60 
               
               
                 6 
                 15 
                 2 
                 0.8 
                 63 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The table shows that this system also gives a transmissivity of 50% or higher under normal driving conditions (about several volts) with the range of (S+1.7)/(S+L)≧0.7. 
     As mentioned above, the transmissivity increases as the electrode spacing S is increased; however, the effects to be obtained gradually approach saturation as the electrode spacing S is increased. Specifically, the driving voltage increases and the responsiveness decreases as the electrode spacing S is increased. Thus, it is not appropriate to increase the electrode spacing S more than necessary. 
     Except that MJ0844X (Δ∈=20.0, Δn=0.12, Merck KGaA) was used as the liquid crystal material and beads having a diameter of 3.1 μm were dispersed, test cells (cell gap: 3.1 μm) with various ratios of electrode spacing S/electrode width L were produced in the same manner as in the above method. The voltage-transmissivity characteristics thereof and the response time were determined at each ratio of electrode spacing S/electrode width L. The following table shows the results. The transmissivity was determined at an applied voltage of 6.5 V. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Transmissivity at 
                 Decay response 
               
               
                 S/L 
                 6 V voltage (%) 
                 time (ms) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 2.5 
                 62 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 3 
                 65 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 3.5 
                 67 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 3.75 
                 67 
                 6 
               
               
                 4 
                 62 
                 12.3 
               
               
                 4.5 
                 56 
                 22.8 
               
               
                 5 
                 48 
                 30 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The table shows that the response time increases and the transmissivity decreases when the ratio of the electrode spacing S/electrode width L is greater than 3.75. Thus, the display characteristics are contrarily deteriorated as the electrode spacing S is increased more than necessary. Here, the reduction in the transmissivity is due to reduction in the electric field caused by the increase in the electrode spacing S. 
     If the electrode width L is constant, the response speed and the transmissivity are in the trade-off relationship. The smaller the electrode width L is, the more rapid the response is and the higher the transmissivity is. Under constraints in the process, however, the lower limit of the electrode width L is currently 2 to 2.5 μm. In such a situation, the electrode width L is suitably 2.5 μm and the electrode spacing S is suitably 7 to 8 μm. These values give the most-balanced rapid response and high transmissivity under the constraints of the current process. In this case, the ratio (S/I) between the electrode spacing S and the electrode width L is 2.8 to 3.2. 
     In the case that the electrode width L is 2 μm and the electrode spacing S is 8 μm, the ratio S/L is 4. As shown in Table 2, the ratio S/L of 4 gives a response time of 12.8 ms; this time is shorter than the practical response time of 16 ms. Thus, the ratio S/L of 4 also enables a response within one frame. 
     As mentioned above, the ratio S/L is preferably 4 or lower in order to ensure a practical response time; it is preferably 3.75 or lower in order to effectively reduce the response time; and it is preferably 3.2 or lower in order to satisfy the aforementioned electrode width L and electrode spacing S (L=2.5 μm, S=7 to 8 μm) under constraints of the existing process. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     A liquid crystal cell having the same basic structure as that shown in  FIG. 4 , an electrode width L of 4 μm, an electrode spacing S of 4 μm, and a cell gap of 4 μm was produced in the following manner. 
     First, a glass substrate  42  having an ITO comb-shaped electrode  41  was prepared. The substrate was immersed for 5 minutes in a 0.01 mol/l solution of a silane coupling material represented by CF 3 —(CF 2 ) 17 —SiCl 3  in a mixture of chloroform-NMP (ratio of chloroform:NMP (volume ratio)=1:10), and then dried for 1 hour at 120° C. in dry nitrogen. Thereby, an alignment layer  44  (surface anchoring energy: 5×10 −5  J/m 2 ) was formed. 
     In the same manner and with the same alignment layer material as for the alignment layer  44 , an alignment layer  45  was formed on a glass substrate  43 . Then, resin beads  46  with a diameter of 4 μm (Micropearl SP, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) were dispersed on the substrate  42 , and a sealing resin  47  (STRUCTBOND XN-21-S, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.) was printed on the substrate  43 . These substrates were bonded to each other and then baked for 3 hours at 250° C. Thereby, a liquid crystal cell was produced. 
     A liquid crystal material  48  (ZLI-2293, Δ∈=10, Δn=0.136, Merck KGaA) was vacuum-injected into the liquid crystal cell, and polarizers  49  and  50  were attached thereto. Thereby, a liquid crystal display element of Example 2 was produced. 
     The relationship between the direction of applying an electric field and the axis azimuths of the polarizers  49  and  50  in this case was the same as that in Example 1 shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     The liquid crystal display element of Example 2 had a maximum transmissivity of 53%, and was capable of brighter display than the rib-structured MVA mode with a transmissivity of 42%. Thus, it is of very high practical value. 
     COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 
     Except that a liquid crystal material having properties of Δ∈=15, Δn=0.1, k11=11.2 pN, k22=5.2 pN, and k33=15.6 pN was used, L/S was 10 μm/14 μm, and the cell gap was 7 μm, a liquid crystal display element of Comparative Example 1 with the same structure as that in Example 1 was produced. 
     Then, a 30-Hz square wave at 0 to 20 V was applied to the liquid crystal display element, and the maximum transmissivity at that time was measured; the value was 34%. In addition, the rise response time upon 7-V-voltage application was 20 ms and the response time upon termination of the 7-V-voltage application was 25 ms; the liquid crystal display element showed insufficient responsiveness. 
     Here, k11, k22, and k33 represent elastic constants of splay, twisted, and bent alignments, respectively. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Liquid crystal display elements A to E of Example 3 were produced in the same manner as in Example 1. The display elements each had a different electrode width L and electrode spacing S, and had a liquid crystal layer thickness of 4 μm. 
       FIG. 9  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the basic structure of the liquid crystal display elements of Example 3. 
     In the case that the common electrode group and the pixel electrode group are disposed on the same plane, the possibility of short circuit occurrence increases as the electrode spacing S becomes smaller. Thus, in the present Example, a SiNx film (thickness: 2 μm) was formed as an insulator between the common electrode group and the pixel electrode group by vacuum evaporation. 
     The liquid crystal material used in the experiment was a Merck-made liquid crystal material, and had physical properties of a dielectric anisotropy Δ∈=21 and a birefringence Δn=0.11. 
     The method of producing each of the liquid crystal display elements A to E was mentioned hereinbelow. 
     First, a glass substrate  92  was prepared and a common electrode group  91  was formed on the substrate. A SiNx layer  93  was vacuum-evaporated thereon, and a pixel electrode group  94  was formed thereon. The thus-obtained glass substrate  92  having an ITO comb-shaped electrode was immersed for 5 minutes in a 0.01 mal/1 solution of a silane coupling material represented by the formula CF 3 —(CF 2 ) 17 —SiCl 3  in chloroform-NMP mixed solution (mixing ratio (volume ratio) of chloroform:NMP=1:10). Then, the substrate was dried for an hour at 120° C. in dry nitrogen. Thereby, an alignment layer  95  was formed. 
     In the same manner and with the same material as that for the alignment layer  95 , an alignment layer  97  was formed on a glass substrate  96 . 
     Thereafter, resin beads  98  having a diameter of 4 μm (Micropearl SP, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) were dispersed on the substrate  92 , and a sealing resin  99  (STRUCTBOND XN-21-S, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.) was printed on the substrate  96 . These substrates were bonded to each other and baked for 3 hours at 250° C. Thereby, a liquid crystal cell was produced. 
     A liquid crystal material  100  (Δ∈=21, Δn=0.106, Merck KCaA) was vacuum-injected in the cell, and then polarizers  101  and  102  were attached thereto. Thereby, the liquid crystal display element of Example 3 was produced. 
     The direction of applying an electric field and the axis azimuths of the polarizers  101  and  102  in this case satisfied the same relationship as that in the case of Example 1 shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     The following table shows the electrode patterns, maximum transmissivities, and decay response times upon termination of the 6V-voltage application of the liquid crystal display elements A to E. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Liquid 
                 Electrode 
                 Electrode 
                   
                 Maximum 
                 Decay 
               
               
                 crystal 
                 width 
                 distance 
                 (S + 1.7)/ 
                 transmissivity 
                 response 
               
               
                 element 
                 (L/μm) 
                 (S/μm) 
                 (S + L) 
                 (%) 
                 time (ms) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A 
                 1 
                 3 
                 1.2 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 B 
                 2 
                 6 
                 0.96 
                 75 
                 6 
               
               
                 C 
                 3 
                 9 
                 0.89 
                 70 
                 15 
               
               
                 D 
                 4 
                 12 
                 0.86 
                 62 
                 24 
               
               
                 E 
                 5 
                 15 
                 0.84 
                 53 
                 42 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The liquid crystal display element A has too narrow an electrode width L, and a break occurred. Thus, the liquid crystal display element A was not capable of serving as a liquid crystal display element. 
     The liquid crystal display elements B to D each had high transmissive characteristics and a tolerable response time. 
     The liquid crystal display element B had a slow decay response, and did not have practical display characteristics. 
     The alignment layers used in the present examples were mere examples, and usual polyimide alignment layers and inorganic alignment layers, which align liquid crystal molecules by their surface shapes, may be also applicable of course. 
     Nevertheless, a monomolecular adsorption film enables extremely simple film-forming process in that a uniform alignment layer can be obtained only by immersing the substrate in a solution. 
     In the conventional display modes, a predetermined pre-tilt angle is required to be formed; however, it is not easy to control the pre-tilt angle with a monomolecular adsorption film. In contrast, in the display mode of the present invention, liquid crystal molecules are only required to be substantially perpendicularly aligned. Thus, the monomolecular adsorption film is very suitable for the display mode of the present invention which does not require precise control of the pre-tilt angle. 
     The monomolecular adsorption film is a molecular-level microfilm, and less causes voltage loss due to an alignment film. Thus, the monomolecular adsorption film is also suitable for the display mode of the present invention in this respect. 
     EXAMPLE 4 
     Except that MJ08356 (Δ∈=20, Δn=0.1, Merck KGaA) was used as the liquid crystal material and beads having a diameter of 3.7 μm were dispersed, test cells (cell gap: 3.7 μm) with various electrode widths L/electrode spacings S were produced in the same manner as in Example 1. The voltage-transmissivity characteristics thereof were determined at each electrode width L/electrode spacing S. Here, the liquid crystal layer had a retardation Rth of 260 nm in the thickness direction. 
       FIG. 10  is a graph showing the voltage-transmissivity (mode transmissivity) characteristics of the liquid crystal display device of Example 4. 
       FIG. 10  shows that the maximum transmissivity was likely to increase as the value of the electrode spacing S/electrode width L (S/L) increased, and the rise became steeper around the threshold voltage and the gradation characteristics were deteriorated at low brightness regions. 
     In order to solve these problems, it is effective to form a region where the voltage-transmissivity characteristics mildly increase around the threshold voltage, that is, where the S/L value is relatively small, in the pixel region. At this region, the maximum transmissivity is reduced but the gradation characteristics at low brightness are greatly improved in comparison with a region where the S/L value is relatively large. Thus, the liquid crystal display device including regions each having a different S/L value is of a much greater practical value. 
     Further, with a single S/L value design, electrodes may not just fit in a pixel. In contrast, combination use of two or more S/L values leads to effective use of the pixel region. Specifically, it is possible to kill dead space which is to be formed if the pixel has no space where a pair of electrodes can fit thereinto. 
     Here, it is not especially restricted how many regions each having a different S/L value are disposed in a single pixel region. It is preferably decided according to the viewing angle characteristics. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     A liquid crystal display element of Example 5 was produced with the same structure as that in the schematic cross-sectional view of  FIG. 4 . 
     The electrode width L and the electrode spacing S were 3.0 μm and 5.0 μm, respectively, and the cell gap was 3.0 μm. That is, the value of (S+1.7)/(S+L) was set to about 0.84. 
     The liquid crystal display element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. A liquid crystal material MJ081029 (Δ∈=22.5, Δn=0.100, Merck KGaA) was vacuum-injected in the display element, and polarizers  49  and  50  were attached thereto. 
     The direction of applying an electric field and the axis azimuths of the polarizers  49  and  50  in this case satisfied the same relationship as that in the case of Example 1 shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     The thus-obtained liquid crystal display element was subjected to application of a 30-Hz square wave at 0 to 6 V, and the maximum transmissivity at room temperature (25° C.) was measured; the value was 62%. 
     In the case that a liquid crystal display device is assembled including the liquid crystal display element of the present example similarly to the case of assembling a common liquid crystal display device, the brightness of the liquid crystal display device is estimated based on this value as follows. 
     In the case that a polarizer has a transmissivity of 40%, a color filter has a transmissivity of 35%, the pixel aperture ratio is 55%, and the backlight brightness is 5,000 cd/m 2 , the panel front brightness is 239 cd/m 2 . This is a suitable brightness value for devices such as laptop computers. Of course, a brighter backlight can be applied to devices such as televisions which require higher brightness. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     As a comparative example to Example 5, an MVA liquid crystal display element having the structure of  FIG. 11  was produced. 
     First, a glass substrate  142  was prepared on which a transparent electrode  151  provided with an opening  151   a  having a width of 3.0 μm was formed. An alignment layer coating JALS-204 (5 wt %, γ-butyrolactone solution, JSR Corp.) was spin-coated on the glass substrate  142 , and baked for 2 hours at 200° C. Thereby, an alignment layer  144  was formed. The alignment layer  144  had a thickness of 60 nm in this case. 
     On the other hand, a glass substrate  143  having a transparent electrode  152  was prepared. A protrusion  153  extending in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface in  FIG. 11  was formed by a photolithographic technique. Then, an alignment layer coating JALS-204 (5 wt %, γ-butyrolactone solution, JSR Corp.) was spin-coated on the glass substrate  143 , and baked for 2 hours at 200° C. Thereby, an alignment layer  145  was formed. The alignment layer  145  has a thickness of 60 nm in this case. 
     Next, resin beads  146  having a diameter of 4.0 μm (Micropearl SP, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) were dispersed on the substrate  142 , and a sealing resin  147  (STRUCTBOND XN-21-S, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.) was printed on the substrate  143 . These substrates were bonded to each other and baked for 3 hours at 250° C. Thereby, a liquid crystal cell was produced. 
     A liquid crystal material  148  (MLC-6608, Δ∈=−4.2, Δn=0.083, Merck KGaA) was vacuum-injected in the cell and polarizers  149  and  150  were attached thereto. Thereby, a liquid crystal display element of Comparative Example 2 was produced. 
       FIG. 12  shows the relationship between the extending direction of the opening  151  (the same direction as that of the protrusion  153 ) and the axis azimuths of the polarizers  149  and  150  in this case. 
     Then, a 6-V voltage was applied to the upper and lower electrodes (transparent electrodes  151  and  152 ). The light transmissivity in this case was 45%.  FIG. 13  schematically shows the state of rotation of the liquid crystal molecules  148  at that time. 
     In the current MVA mode, if a polarizer has a transmissivity of 40%, a color filter has a transmissivity of 35%, the pixel aperture ratio is 55%, and the backlight brightness is 5,000 cd/m 2 , the panel front brightness is disadvantageously 173 cd/m 2 . Thus, in the current MVA mode, one or more brightness-enhancing film is disposed to the backlight and thereby the brightness was increased to about 250 cd/cm 2 . 
     As shown by the results of Example 5 and Comparative Example 2, the liquid crystal display element of Example 5 can give a high light transmissivity, and a brightness-enhancing film which may cause an increase in cost is not required. Thus, the display element is of an extremely large practical value. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     A liquid crystal display element of Example 6 was produced with the same structure as that of the schematic cross-sectional view shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     The electrode width L and the electrode spacing S were 2.5 μm and 8.0 μm, respectively, and the cell gap was 3.3 μm. That is, the value of (S+1.7)/(S+L) was set to about 0.92. 
     The liquid crystal display element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. A liquid crystal material MJ072330 (Δ∈=22.3, Δn=0.1220, Merck KGaA) was vacuum-injected in the display element, and polarizers  49  and  50  were attached, thereto. 
     The direction of applying an electric field and the axis azimuths of the polarizers  49  and  50  in this case satisfied the same relationship as that in the case of Example 1 shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     The thus-obtained liquid crystal display element was subjected to application of a 30-Hz square wave at 0 to 6 V, and the maximum transmissivity at room temperature (25° C.) was measured; the value was 72%. 
     In the case that the liquid crystal display element of the present example is used for a liquid crystal display device similar to the case of a common liquid crystal display device, the brightness of the liquid crystal display device is estimated based on this value as follows. 
     In the case that a polarizer has a transmissivity of 40%, a color filter has a transmissivity of 35%, the pixel aperture ratio is 55%, and the backlight brightness is 5,000 cd/m 2 , the panel front brightness is 277 cd/m 2 . This value is larger by about 16% than the brightness of 239 cd/cm 2  achieved in Example 5. 
     A current 40-inch liquid crystal television is provided with about 15 to 20 cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs). Thus, the value shows that the number can be reduced by 2 or 3 in the present example. The present example is of great practical value in the respects of resource savings and low cost. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
       FIG. 15  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the basic structure of a liquid crystal display element of Example 7. 
     A glass substrate  242  (lower glass substrate) having an ITO comb-shaped electrode  241  with the electrode width L of 2.6 μm and the electrode spacing S of 5.0 μm was prepared. An alignment layer coating JALS-204 (5 wt %, γ-butyrolactone solution, JSR Corp.) was spin-coated on the glass substrate, and then baked for 2 hours at 200° C. Thereby, an alignment layer  244  (lower alignment layer) was formed. The alignment layer  244  had a thickness of 60 nm in this case. 
     A glass substrate  243  (upper substrate) with a 2.0-μm-thickness green color filter  254  formed thereon was prepared, and a flattening layer  255  formed from a UV-curable acrylate (∈=3.7) (organic insulator) was formed on the glass substrate with a thickness of 300 nm. 
     Similar to the side of the substrate  242 , an alignment layer  245  (upper alignment layer) having a thickness of 60 nm was formed from JALS-204. 
     Next, resin beads  246  having a diameter of 3.7 μm (Micropearl SP, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) were dispersed on the substrate  242 , and a sealing resin  247  (STRUCTBOND XN-21-S, Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc.) was printed on the substrate  243 . These substrates were bonded to each other and baked for 3 hours at 250° C. Thereby, a liquid crystal cell was produced. 
     A liquid crystal material  248  (MJ08356, Δ∈=20, Δn=0.1, Merck KGaA) was vacuum-injected in the cell and polarizers  250  (upper polarizer) and  249  (lower polarizer) were attached to the cell. Thereby, the liquid crystal display element of Example 7 was produced. 
     The direction of applying an electric field and the axis azimuths of the two polarizers  249  and  250  satisfy the same relationship as that of Example 1 shown in  FIG. 5  in this case. That is, the two polarizers are disposed in a Crossed Nicols state, and an electric field is applied in the direction bisecting the angle formed by the transmission axes of the polarizers  249  and  250 . 
       FIG. 16  is a graph showing the voltage-transmissivity characteristics of the liquid crystal display element of Example 7. 
     The results in  FIG. 16  show that the present invention was capable of further lowering a voltage compared with the results of white squares (□) (L/S=2.6/5) in  FIG. 10 . This is presumably because as follows: the line of electric force enters the side of the substrate  243  owing to the organic insulator (flattening layer  255 ) formed on the side of the substrate  243 , and thus the liquid crystal molecules are likely to rotate to the vicinity of the alignment layer  245  on the side of the substrate  243 . 
     In the present invention, the material of the flattening layer  255  was a UV-curable acrylate. The material of the flattening layer  255  can be organic layers including unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, or esters thereof; or amides, such as acryl amide and methacryl amide, or derivatives thereof, of course. Also suitable as the material of the flattening layer are flattening resins (overcoats) such as heat-melting polyimide resins. 
     The present application claims priority to Patent Application No. 2008-168593 filed in Japan on Jun. 27, 2008 under the Paris Convention and provisions of national law in a designated State. The entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS 
     
         
           11 ,  12 ,  42 ,  43 ,  92 ,  96 ,  142 ,  143 ,  242 ,  243 : Substrate 
           13 ,  14 ,  44 ,  45 ,  95 ,  97 ,  144 ,  145 ,  244 ,  245 : Alignment layer 
           15 ,  48 ,  100 ,  248 : Liquid crystal (p-type nematic liquid crystal) 
           16 ,  41 ,  91 ,  94 ,  241 : Electrode (comb-shaped electrode) 
           17 ,  18 ,  49 ,  50 ,  101 ,  102 ,  149 ,  150 ,  249 ,  250 : Polarizer 
           46 ,  98 ,  146 ,  246 : Spherical spacer 
           47 ,  99 ,  147 ,  247 : Seal 
           93 : Insulator 
           148 : Liquid crystal (n-type liquid crystal) 
           151 ,  152 : Transparent electrode 
           151   a : Opening 
           153 : Protrusion (rib) 
           254 : Color filter 
           255 : Flattening layer