Patent Publication Number: US-2004054896-A1

Title: Event driven security objects

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] 1. Field of the Invention  
       [0002] The present invention relates to data processing methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products therefor, and more particularly to methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products in support of securing valid authentication and authorization for access to computer resources and other items.  
       [0003] 2. Description of Related Art  
       [0004] It is common to use passwords to control access to resources, including everything from documents, to bank accounts, burglar alarms, automobiles, home security systems, personal video recorders, and so on. Passwords often consist of text strings that a user must provide to a security system in order to obtain access to a secured resource. A password provided by a user typically is checked against a stored password to determine a match. If the entered password and the stored password match, access is granted to the resource.  
       [0005] Mechanisms for managing passwords typically are programmed into the software applications with which the passwords are associated. That is, a program external to the password is used to authenticate the password, check to see if the password is about to expire, and determine the access granted. Systems securing resources therefore typically have password management operations coded into them to process and authenticate a specific type of password content. Users have no control over how passwords are defined or used in typical systems securing resources. Moreover, changing the way in which a password is used typically requires changing program code in a system securing resources.  
       [0006] In addition, such systems generally are capable of accepting and administering security with respect only one type of password. If passwords are viewed as one type of security control data, then such systems can be said to function with only one kind of security control data. There is no way in such systems for anyone, especially not a user, to change from a password to some other kind of security control data without substantial redesign and recoding. There is no way in such system for a user or anyone else to determine to use more than one kind of security control data without substantial redesign and recoding. It would be beneficial to have improved ways of choosing and using security control data to secure resources through computer systems.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007] Means and methods for controlling access to a resource according to embodiments of the present invention include creating a security object in dependence upon user-selected security control data types. The security object implements a security model, and the security object including security control data, at least one security method, and a security event manager. Creating a security object includes creating security event definitions. Such embodiments include detecting a security event through the security event manager in dependence upon the security event definitions, and altering the security model in dependence upon the security event.  
       [0008] In exemplary embodiments of the invention, the security model includes a combination of security control data, and altering the security model includes altering the combination of security control data. In such embodiments, the combination of security control data includes a list of references to objects containing security control data. Creating a security object includes creating a security event manager and creating security event definitions.  
       [0009] In exemplary embodiments, creating a security object typically includes creating a security event manager associated by reference with the security object, and creating security event definitions associated by reference with the security event manager. In such embodiments, creating security event definitions associated by reference with the security event manager includes storing references to the security event definitions in a security event list. In some embodiments, creating a security object includes storing in the security object a resource identification for the resource, storing in the security object an authorization level of access for the resource, storing in the security object user-selected security control data types, and storing in the security object security control data for each user-selected security control data type.  
       [0010] Exemplary embodiments of the invention typically include receiving a request for access to the resource, receiving security request data, and determining access to the resource in dependence upon the security control data and the security request data. In such embodiments, determining access includes authorizing a level of access in dependence upon the authorization level of access for the resource. Typical embodiments include deploying the security object. Some embodiments include deploying the security object on a security server. Other embodiments include deploying the security object on a client device.  
       [0011] In exemplary embodiments of the invention, the resource is located on a resource server. In some embodiments, the resource is located on a security server. In typical embodiments, the resource is located on a client device. In exemplary embodiments, in which the resource resides on a resource server, embodiments include deploying the security object on a security server, and receiving a request for access to the resource includes receiving the request for access to the resource in a security server from a client device across a network.  
       [0012] In embodiments in which the resource resides on a client device, the client device typically has an application program. Such embodiments include deploying the security object on the client device and receiving a request for access to the resource includes receiving, in the security object itself, the request for access to the resource as a call to the security method. In such embodiments, receiving a request for access to the resource comprises calling the security method. In some embodiments, receiving a request for access to the resource further comprises identifying the security object. In exemplary embodiments, identifying the security object includes identifying the security object in dependence upon a URI. In such embodiments, identifying the security object includes identifying the security object in dependence upon a URI that identifies the resource, including finding, in dependence upon the URI identifying the resource, an identification of the security object in an access control table.  
       [0013] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular descriptions of exemplary embodiments of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers generally represent like parts of exemplary embodiments of the invention.  
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0014]FIGS. 1 a ,  1   b , and  1   c  set forth block diagrams depicting alternative exemplary data processing architectures useful in various embodiments of the present invention.  
     [0015]FIG. 2 sets forth a data flow diagram depicting exemplary methods of controlling access to a resource, including creating a security object and receiving a request for access to a resource, and determining whether to grant access to the resource.  
     [0016]FIG. 2 a  sets forth a data flow diagram depicting exemplary methods of controlling access to a resource, including creating a security object, detecting a security event, and altering a security model in dependence upon a security event.  
     [0017]FIG. 3 sets forth a data flow diagram depicting an exemplary method of creating a security object.  
     [0018]FIG. 4 sets forth a class relations diagram including a security class and a security control class.  
     [0019]FIG. 4 a  sets forth a class relations diagram including a security event manager class and a security event definition class.  
     [0020]FIG. 5 sets forth a data flow diagram depicting exemplary methods of receiving requests for access to resources.  
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS  
     Introduction  
     [0021] The present invention is described to a large extent in this specification in terms of methods for securing valid authentication and authorization for access to computer resources and other items. Persons skilled in the art, however, will recognize that any computer system that includes suitable programming means for operating in accordance with the disclosed methods also falls well within the scope of the present invention.  
     [0022] Suitable programming means include any means for directing a computer system to execute the steps of the method of the invention, including for example, systems comprised of processing units and arithmetic-logic circuits coupled to computer memory, which systems have the capability of storing in computer memory, which computer memory includes electronic circuits configured to store data and program instructions, programmed steps of the method of the invention for execution by a processing unit. The invention also may be embodied in a computer program product and stored on a diskette or other recording medium for use with any suitable data processing system.  
     [0023] Embodiments of a computer program product may be implemented by use of any recording medium for machine-readable information, including magnetic media, optical media, or other suitable media. Persons skilled in the art will immediately recognize that any computer system having suitable programming means will be capable of executing the steps of the method of the invention as embodied in a program product. Persons skilled in the art will recognize immediately that, although most of the exemplary embodiments described in this specification are oriented to software installed and executing on computer hardware, nevertheless, alternative embodiments implemented as firmware or as hardware are well within the scope of the present invention.  
     Definitions  
     [0024] In this specification, the terms “field,” “data element,” and “attribute,” unless the context indicates otherwise, generally are used as synonyms, referring to individual elements of digital data. Aggregates of data elements are referred to as “records” or “data structures.” Aggregates of records are referred to as “tables” or “files.” Aggregates of files or tables are referred to as “databases.” Complex data structures that include member methods, functions, or software routines as well as data elements are referred to as “classes.” Instances of classes are referred to as “objects” or “class objects.” 
     [0025] “Browser” means a web browser, a communications application for locating and displaying web pages. Browsers typically comprise a markup language interpreter, web page display routines, and an HTTP communications client. Typical browsers today can display text, graphics, audio and video. Browsers are operative in web-enabled devices, including wireless web-enabled devices. Browsers in wireless web-enabled devices often are downsized browsers called “microbrowsers.” Microbrowsers in wireless web-enabled devices often support markup languages other than HTML, including for example, WML, the Wireless Markup Language.  
     [0026] “CORBA” means the Common Object Request Broker Architecture, a standard for remote procedure invocation first published by the Object Management Group (“OMG”) in 1991. CORBA can be considered a kind of object-oriented way of making “RPCs” or remote procedure calls, although CORBA supports many features that do not exist in RPC as such. CORBA uses a declarative language, the Interface Definition Language (“IDL”), to describe an object&#39;s interface. Interface descriptions in IDL are compiled to generate ‘stubs’ for the client side and ‘skeletons’ on the server side. Using this generated code, remote method invocations effected in object-oriented programming languages such as C++ and Java look like invocations of local member methods in local objects. Whenever a client program, such as, for example, a C++ program, acquires an object reference, decoded from a stringified object reference, from a Naming Service, or as a result from another method invocation, an ORB creates a stub object. Since a stub object cannot exist without an object reference, and an object reference rarely exists outside a stub object, these two terms are often used synonymously. For the server side, a skeleton is generated by the IDL compiler. A developer derives from that skeleton and adds implementation; an object instance of such an implementation class is called a ‘servant.’ The generated skeleton receives requests from the ORB, unmarshalls communicated parameters and other data, and performs upcalls into the developer-provided code. This way, the object implementation also looks like a ‘normal’ class.  
     [0027] “CGI” means “Common Gateway Interface,” a standard technology for data communications of resources between web servers and web clients. More specifically, CGI provides a standard interface between servers and server-side ‘gateway’ programs which administer actual reads and writes of data to and from file systems and databases. The CGI interface typically sends data to gateway programs through environment variables or as data to be read by the gateway programs through their standard inputs. Gateway programs typically return data through standard output.  
     [0028] “Client device” refers to any device, any automated computing machinery, capable of requesting access to a resource. Examples of client devices are personal computers, internet-enabled special purpose devices, internet-capable personal digital assistants, wireless handheld devices of all kinds, garage door openers, home security computers, thumbprint locks on briefcases, web-enabled devices generally, and handheld devices including telephones, laptop computers, handheld radios, and others that will occur to those of skill in the art. Various embodiments of client devices are capable of asserting requests for access to resources via wired and/or wireless couplings for data communications. The use as a client device of any instrument capable of a request for access to a resource is well within the present invention.  
     [0029] A “communications application” is any data communications software capable of operating couplings for data communications, including email clients, browsers, special purpose data communications systems, as well as any client application capable of accepting data downloads (downloads of security objects or resources, for example) via hardwired communications channels such as, for example, a Universal Serial Bus or ‘USB,’ downloads through wired or wireless networks, and downloads through other means as will occur to those of skill in the art. In typical embodiments of the present invention, communications applications run on client devices.  
     [0030] “DCOM” means ‘Distributed Component Object Model,’ an extension of Microsoft&#39;s Component Object Model (“COM”) to support objects distributed across networks. DCOM is part of certain Microsoft operating systems, including Windows NT, and is available for other operating systems. DCOM serves the same purpose as IBM&#39;s DSOM protocol, which is a popular implementation of CORBA. Unlike CORBA, which runs on many operating systems, DCOM is currently implemented only for Windows.  
     [0031] “GPS” means Global Positioning System, a worldwide satellite navigational system with corresponding GPS receivers on the earth. The GPS satellites continuously transmit digital radio signals that contain data on the satellites&#39; locations and the exact time to earth-bound receivers. The satellites are equipped with precise atomic clocks. A GPS receiver uses the precise time signals from the GPS satellites to calculate with precision the position of the GPS receiver on the Earth. GPS receivers often are implemented as mobile, even hand-held receiver. GPS receivers often are implemented as wireless, web-enabled devices accessible for data communications through tcp/ip, HTTP, WAP (the Wireless Access Protocol), and markup languages implemented through browsers or microbrowsers including HTML, XML (eXtensible Markup Language), WML (Wireless Markup Language), and HDML (Handheld Device Markup Language).  
     [0032] “HTML” stands for ‘HyperText Markup Language,’ a standard markup language for displaying web pages on browsers.  
     [0033] “HTTP” stands for ‘HyperText Transport Protocol,’ the standard data communications protocol of the World Wide Web.  
     [0034] A “hyperlink,” also referred to as “link” or “web link,” is a reference to a resource name or network address which when invoked allows the named resource or network address to be accessed. More particularly in terms of the present invention, invoking a hyperlink implements a request for access to a resource. Often a hyperlink identifies a network address at which is stored a resource such as a web page or other document.  
     [0035] As used here, “hyperlink” is a broader term than “HTML anchor element.” Hyperlinks include links effected through anchors as well as URIs invoked through ‘back’ buttons on browsers, which do not involve anchors. Hyperlinks include URIs typed into address fields on browsers and invoked by a ‘Go’ button, also not involving anchors. In addition, although there is a natural tendency to think of hyperlinks as retrieving web pages, their use is broader than that. In fact, hyperlinks access “resources” generally available through hyperlinks including not only web pages but many other kinds of data and server-side script output, servlet output, CGI output, and so on.  
     [0036] “LAN” means local area network.  
     [0037] “Network” is used in this specification to mean any networked coupling for data communications among computers or computer systems. Examples of networks useful with the invention include intranets, extranets, internets, local area networks, wide area networks, and other network arrangements as will occur to those of skill in the art.  
     [0038] An “ORB” is a CORBA Object Request Broker.  
     [0039] “Resource” means any information or physical item access to which is controlled by security objects of the present invention. Resources often comprise information in a form capable of being identified by a URI or URL. In fact, the ‘R’ in ‘URI’ is ‘Resource.’ The most common kind of resource is a file, but resources include dynamically-generated query results, the output of CGI scripts, dynamic server pages, documents available in several languages, as well as physical objects such as garage doors, briefcases, and so on. It may sometimes be useful to think of a resource as similar to a file, but more general in nature. Files as resources include web pages, graphic image files, video clip files, audio clip files, and so on. As a practical matter, most HTTP resources are currently either files or server-side script output. Server side script output includes output from CGI programs, Java servlets, Active Server Pages, Java Server Pages, and so on.  
     [0040] “RMI,” or “Java RMI,” means ‘Remote Method Invocation,’ referring to a set of protocols that enable Java objects to communicate remotely with other Java objects. RMI&#39;s structure and operation is somewhat like CORBA&#39;s, with stubs and skeletons, and references to remotely located objects. In comparison with other remote invocations protocols such as CORBA and DCOM, however, RMI is relatively simple. RMI, however, works only with Java objects, while CORBA and DCOM are designed to support objects created in any language.  
     [0041] “Server” in this specification refers to a computer or device comprising automated computing machinery on a network that manages resources and requests for access to resources. A “security server” can be any server that manages access to resources by use of security objects according to the present invention. A “web server,” or “HTTP server,” in particular is a server that communicates with browsers by means of HTTP in order to manage and make available to networked computers documents in markup languages like HTML, digital objects, and other resources.  
     [0042] A “Servlet,” like an applet, is a program designed to be run from another program rather than directly from an operating system. “Servlets” in particular are designed to be run on servers from a conventional Java interface for servlets. Servlets are modules that extend request/response oriented servers, such as Java-enabled web servers. Java servlets are an alternative to CGI programs. The biggest difference between the two is that a Java servlet is persistent. Once a servlet is started, it stays in memory and can fulfill multiple requests. In contrast, a CGI program disappears after it has executed once, fulfilling only a single a request for each load and run. The persistence of Java servlets makes them generally faster than CGI because no time is spent on loading servlets for invocations after a first one.  
     [0043] A “URI” or “Universal Resource Identifier” is an identifier of a named object in any namespace accessible through a network. URIs are functional for any access scheme, including for example, the File Transfer Protocol or “FTP,” Gopher, and the web. A URI as used in typical embodiments of the present invention usually includes an internet protocol address, or a domain name that resolves to an internet protocol address, identifying a location where a resource, particularly a web page, a CGI script, or a servlet, is located on a network, usually the Internet. URIs directed to particular resources, such as particular HTML files or servlets, typically include a path name or file name locating and identifying a particular resource in a file system coupled through a server to a network. To the extent that a particular resource, such as a CGI file or a servlet, is executable, for example to store or retrieve data, a URI often includes query parameters, or data to be stored, in the form of data encoded into the URI. Such parameters or data to be stored are referred to as ‘URI encoded data.’ 
     [0044] “URLs” or “Universal Resource Locators” comprise a kind of subset of URIs, wherein each URL resolves to a network address. That is, URIs and URLs are distinguished in that URIs identify named objects in namespaces, where the names may or may not resolve to addresses, while URLs do resolve to addresses. Although standards today are written on the basis of URIs, it is still common to such see web-related identifiers, of the kind used to associate web data locations with network addresses for data communications, referred to as “URLs.” This specification refers to such identifiers generally as URIs. “WAN” means ‘wide area network.’ One example of a WAN is the Internet.  
     [0045] “World Wide Web,” or more simply “the web,” refers to a system of internet protocol (“IP”) servers that support specially formatted documents, documents formatted in markup languages such as HTML, XML (extensible Markup Language), WML (Wireless Markup Language), or HDML (Handheld Device Markup Language). The term “Web” is used in this specification also to refer to any server or connected group or interconnected groups of servers that implement a hyperlinking protocol, such as HTTP or WAP (the ‘Wireless Access Protocol’), in support of URIs and documents in markup languages, regardless of whether such servers or groups of servers are coupled to the World Wide Web as such.  
     Detailed Description  
     [0046] Embodiments of the present invention provide security objects for improving the administration of controlling access to secured resources. FIGS. 1 a ,  1   b , and  1   c  set forth block diagrams depicting alternative exemplary data processing architectures useful in various embodiments of the present invention.  
     [0047] As illustrated in FIG. 1 a , some embodiments of the present invention deploy security objects ( 108 ) in security servers ( 106 ) coupled for data communications through LANs ( 116 ) to resource servers ( 110 ) upon which resources ( 112 ) are stored. Such embodiments typically are coupled for data communications to client devices ( 102 ) through networks such as WANs ( 114 ) or LANs ( 116 ). Data communications between client devices and security servers in such architectures are typically administered by communications applications ( 104 ), including, for example, browsers. WANs include internets and in particular the World Wide Web. Client devices ( 102 ) are defined in detail above and include any automated computing machinery capable of accepting user inputs through a user interface and carrying out data communications with a security server. A “security server” is any server that manages access to resources by use of security objects according to the present invention.  
     [0048] As illustrated in FIG. 1 b , some embodiments of the present invention deploy security objects ( 108 ) in security servers ( 106 ) upon which are stored secured resources ( 112 ). The architecture of FIG. 1 b illustrates that resources can be stored on the same server that secures access to the resources. In all this discussion, the term ‘security server’ refers to a server that manages access to resources by use of security objects according to the present invention. There is no limitation that a ‘security server’ as the term is used in this disclosure must provide other security services, or indeed that a security server must provide any security services whatsoever, other than managing access to resources through security objects. FIGS. 1 a  and  1   b  show security objects deployed in or upon security servers, but having security objects deployed upon it is not a requirement for a server to be considered a security server within the usage of this disclosure. Security objects may be deployed anywhere on a network or on client devices. If a server manages access to resources by use of security objects, regardless where the security objects are located, then that server is considered a ‘security server’ in the terminology of this disclosure. Some ‘security servers’ of the present invention, as described in more detail below, are ordinary web servers modified somewhat to support lookups in access control tables. Many ‘security servers’ of the present invention, however, are ordinary unmodified web servers or Java web servers, designated as ‘security servers’ only because they manage access to resources by use of security objects, security objects which may or may not be installed upon those same servers.  
     [0049] As shown in FIG. 1 c , some embodiments deploy security objects ( 108 ) in client devices ( 102 ) which themselves also contain both the applications software ( 120 ) concerned with accessing the resources and also the resources ( 112 ) themselves. This architecture includes devices in which a security object maybe created on a more powerful machine and then downloaded to a less powerful machine. The less powerful machine then often is associated one-to-one with a single resource, or is used to secure a relatively small number of resources. One example of this kind of embodiment includes a garage door opener in which a security application program ( 120 ) is implemented as an assembly language program on a tiny microprocessor or microcontroller and the secured resource is a motor that operates a garage door. Another example is a briefcase fitted with a microprocessor or microcontroller, a fingerprint reader, and a USB port through which is downloaded a security object that controls access to a resource, an electromechanical lock on the briefcase.  
     [0050]FIG. 2 sets forth a data flow diagram depicting an exemplary method of controlling access to a resource ( 112 ). The method of FIG. 2 includes creating ( 206 ) a security object ( 108 ) in dependence upon user-selected security control data types ( 204 ), the security object comprising security control data ( 216 ). In this disclosure, the application programs that administer the creation of security objects are called ‘foundries.’ In typical embodiments according to FIG. 2, a foundry ( 224 ) prompts a user through a user interface displayed on a client device ( 102 ) to select one or more security control data types through, for example, use of a menu similar to this one:  
     [0051] Please select a security control data type:  
                                                    1. User Logon ID             2. Password             3. Fingerprint             4. Voice Recognition             5. Retinal Scan           Your selection (1-5):                               
 
     [0052] The foundry ( 224 ) creates ( 206 ) the security object ( 108 ) in dependence upon the user&#39;s selections of security control data types in the sense that the foundry aggregates into, or associates by reference, the security object security control data types according to the user&#39;s selection. If, for example, the user selects menu item  1  for a user logon ID, the foundry causes a security control data type to be included in the security object for administration of a user logon ID. If the user selects menu item  2  for a password, the foundry causes a security control data type to be included in the security object for administration of a password. If the user selects menu item  3  for a fingerprint, the foundry causes a security control data type to be included in the security object for administration of fingerprints. And so on for voice recognition technology, retinal scans, and any other kind of security control data amenable to administration by electronic digital computers.  
     [0053] With reference to FIG. 2 a  as well as FIG. 2: In addition to implementing security control data types, the foundry also provides an interface for the user to implement security event definitions ( 242 ) for security events that change the security object&#39;s security model ( 246 ). The security object&#39;s security model is the combination of security control data ( 216 ) in use in the security object. Because security control data typically is established in security control objects instantiated from security control data types implemented as security control classes and aggregated by reference with a security object, the security object&#39;s security model is the combination of security control objects aggregated by reference with the security object. Because the mode of aggregation typically is a list container ( 254 ), it is correct also to describe a security model as the combination or set of references contained in a particular security object&#39;s list ( 254 ) of security control objects.  
     [0054] Examples of security events providing foundations for alterations in security models include virus alerts, changes in physical locations on the surface of the Earth, changes in time of day, and changes in the date. More particularly, with respect to virus alerts, users can, through use of embodiments of the present invention, establish security event definitions capable of altering a security model of a security object in response to virus alerts, suspending operation of the security object, for example, until the alert is past. Users can, through use of embodiments of the present invention, establish security event definitions capable of altering a security model of a security object by suspending operations on weekends, or between the hours of 6:00 pm and 8:00 am. Users can, through use of embodiments of the present invention, establish security event definitions capable of altering a security model of a security object by increasing security, for example, by adding a requirement for submission of a fingerprint scan or a retinal scan when a user&#39;s laptop computer or a user&#39;s automobile is located more than ten miles from the user&#39;s home.  
     [0055] In typical embodiments of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 2, a security object ( 108 ) includes at least one security method ( 218 ). In this disclosure, ‘security method’ means an object oriented member method. The security method typically is a software routine called for validating or determining whether to grant access to a resource and what level of authorization to grant. Security methods include member methods called to determine whether a security event has occurred and to carry out alterations in security models. As discussed in more detail below, a security method can have various names depending on how the security object is implemented, ‘main( )’ for security objects to be invoked with Java commands, ‘security( )’ for servlets, and so on. These exemplary names are for clarity of explanation only, not for limitation. In many forms of security object, the name chosen for the security method is of no concern whatsoever.  
     [0056] Embodiments according to FIG. 2 include receiving ( 208 ) a request ( 210 ) for access to the resource and receiving a request for access to a resource can be implemented as a call to a security method in a security object. A security object implemented in Java, for example, can have a main( ) method called by invocation of the security object itself, as in calling ‘java MySecurityObject,’ resulting in a call to MySecurityObject.main( ). This call to main( ) is in many embodiments itself receipt of a request for access to the resource secured by use of the security object.  
     [0057] The method of FIG. 2 includes receiving ( 212 ) security request data ( 214 ). Continuing with the example of a security object called ‘MySecurityObject,’ the security object&#39;s member security method can prompt the user, or cause the user to be prompted, for security request data in dependence upon the security control data types in use in the security object. That is, if the security object contains security control data of type ‘User Logon ID,’ then the security method causes the user to be prompted to enter security request data, expecting the security request data received to be a user logon ID. If the security object contains security control data of type ‘Password,’ then the security method causes the user to be prompted to enter security request data, expecting the security request data received to be a password. If the security object contains security control data of type ‘Fingerprint,’ then the security method causes the user to be prompted to enter security request data, expecting the security request data received to be a digital representation of a fingerprint. The security method in such embodiments typically does not include in its prompt to the user any identification of the security control data type expected. This is, after all, a security system. If the user does not know that the user must provide in response to a first prompt a password and in response to a second prompt a thumbprint in order to gain access to a particular resource, then the user probably ought not gain access to the resource.  
     [0058] As described in more detail below, security objects typically associate by reference one or more security control objects having member methods that carry out actual security request data validation. Calls from a security object&#39;s security method to member methods in security control objects are what is meant by saying that a security method “causes” a user to be prompted for security request data.  
     [0059] The method of FIG. 2 includes determining ( 220 ) access ( 222 ) to the resource in dependence upon the security control data ( 216 ) and the security request data ( 214 ). More particularly, determining access means determining whether to grant access and what kind of access is to be granted. Generally in this disclosure, whether to grant access to a particular user is referred to as ‘authentication,’ and the kind of access granted is referred to as ‘authorization level.’ Determining whether to grant access typically includes determining whether security access data provided by a user in connection with a request for access to a resource matches corresponding security control data. That is, in the example of a password, determining whether to grant access includes determining whether a password provided as security access data matches a password stored in aggregation with a security object as security control data. In the example of a thumbprint, determining whether to grant access includes determining whether a thumbprint provided as security access data matches a thumbprint stored in aggregation with a security object as security control data. And so on. Authorization levels include authorization to read a resource, authorization to write to a resource (which typically includes ‘edit’ authority and ‘delete’ authority), and authorization to execute a resource (for which one ordinarily needs an executable resource).  
     [0060]FIG. 2 a  sets forth a further exemplary method of controlling access to a resource, this time with particular attention to security events. The method of FIG. 2 a  includes creating ( 206 ) a security object in dependence upon user-selected security control data types ( 204 ). The security object implements a security model ( 246 ). The security object includes security control data ( 216 ) and at least one security method ( 218 ). The security object also includes a security event manager ( 240 ). Creating the security object includes creating ( 344  on FIG. 3) security event definitions ( 242 ).  
     [0061] As mentioned above, this disclosure refers to application programs that administer the creation of security objects as ‘foundries.’ In typical embodiments according to FIG. 2 a  , a foundry prompts a user through a user interface displayed on a client device ( 102 ) to select one or more security events, for example, use of a menu similar to this one:  
     [0062] Please select a security control data type:  
                                                    1. GPS Event             2. Virus Event             3. Time Event             4. Calendar Event             5. Weather Event           Your selection (1-5):                               
 
     [0063] The foundry creates and aggregates for each security object ( 108 ) a security event manager ( 240 ). The foundry ( 224 ) creates ( 206 ) the security object ( 108 ) in dependence upon the user&#39;s selections of security events in the sense that the foundry aggregates into, or associates by reference in the security event manager, security event definitions corresponding to the user&#39;s selections. If, for example, a user selects menu item  1  for a GPS event, the foundry causes a security event definition to be included in the security event manager that will alter the security model of the security object upon certain GPS-related occurrences, such as, for example, changes in the location of a personal computer or an automobile.  
     [0064] If a user selects menu item  2  for a virus event, the foundry causes a security event definition to be included in the security event manager that will alter the security model of the security object upon certain virus-related occurrences, such as, for example, receipt of an announcement from a security service of the advent of a new virus. If a user selects menu item  3  for a time event, the foundry causes a security event definition to be included in the security event manager that will alter the security model of the security object upon certain time-related occurrences, such as, for example, suspending operation of a security object, and therefore suspending access to its secured resource, between the hours of 8:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m.  
     [0065] If a user selects menu item  4  for a calendar event, the foundry causes a security event definition to be included in the security event manager that will alter the security model of the security object upon certain calendar-related occurrences, such as, for example, suspending operation of a security object, and therefore suspending access to its secured resource, on weekends and holidays. Similarly, if a user selects menu item  5  for a weather event, the foundry causes a security event definition to be included in the security event manager that will alter the security model of the security object upon certain weather-related occurrences, such as, for example, suspending operation of a security object, and therefore suspending access to its secured resource, when it is snowing or the temperature is below 32 degrees. Of course these examples are instructive rather than limiting. Many security events having many security event definitions will occur to those of skill in the art, and all such security events and security event definitions are well within the scope of the present invention.  
     [0066] The method of FIG. 2 a  includes detecting ( 248 ) a security event ( 244 ) through the security event manager ( 240 ) in dependence upon the security event definitions ( 242 ). As mentioned above, typical embodiments of the present invention include receiving requests for access to resources, and receiving a request for access to a resource generally is implemented as a call to a security method in a security object. As explained earlier, a security object implemented in Java, for example, can have a main( ) method called by invocation of the security object itself, as in calling ‘java MySecurityObject,’ resulting in a call to MySecurityObject.main( ). This call to main( ) is in many embodiments itself receipt of a request for access to the resource secured by use of the security object. To the extent that a call to a member method is receiving a request for access to a resource, the member method so called typically calls a further member method in a security event manager to detect whether a security event has occurred, and, if one has occurred, to alter the security model of the security object.  
     [0067] The method of FIG. 2 a  includes altering ( 250 ) a security model ( 246 ) in dependence upon a security event ( 244 ). The security object&#39;s security model is the combination of security control data ( 216 ) in use in the security object. Because security control data typically is established in security control objects instantiated from security control data types implemented as security control classes and aggregated by reference with a security object, the security object&#39;s security model is the combination of security control objects aggregated by reference with the security object. Because the mode of aggregation typically is a list container ( 254 ), it is correct also to describe a security model as the combination or set of references contained in a particular security object&#39;s list ( 254 ) of security control objects.  
     [0068] In the method of FIG. 2 a  , the security model ( 246 ) comprises a combination ( 252 ) of security control data ( 216 ) and altering ( 250 ) the security model ( 246 ) includes altering the combination of security control data. In the method of FIG. 2 a  , the combination ( 252 ) of security control data ( 216 ) comprises a list ( 254 ) of references to objects containing security control data.  
     [0069] In typical exemplary embodiments of the present invention, reference lists are implemented as iterators that include methods for adding references to the list, deleting references from the list, returning the first reference in the list, returning a next reference in the list, and so on. Altering ( 250 ) a security model ( 246 ) in dependence upon a security event ( 244 ), therefore, typically includes creating and adding to a reference list in a security object one or more references to security control objects. Altering ( 250 ) a security model ( 246 ) in dependence upon a security event ( 244 ) also naturally can comprise deleting from a reference list in a security object one or more references to security control objects.  
     [0070]FIG. 3 sets forth a data flow diagram depicting an exemplary method of creating a security object. In other words, the method depicted in FIG. 3 drills down on what it means to create a security object in a foundry of the present invention. In the method of FIG. 3 creating a security object is shown to include storing ( 302 ) in the security object ( 108 ) a resource identification ( 312 ) for the resource. In other words, the foundry prompts the user to enter a filename, pathname, URL, URI, or any useful means as will occur to those of skill in the art for identifying a resource to be secured by the security object. In this example, the foundry then stores ( 302 ) the identification of the resource in a member field called ‘resourceID’ ( 312 ) in the security object itself.  
     [0071] In the method of FIG. 3 creating a security object includes storing ( 304 ) in the security object ( 108 ) an authorization level ( 314 ) of access for the resource. In other words, the foundry prompts the user to enter an authorization level, ‘read,’ ‘write,’ or ‘execute,’ for example, and then stores ( 304 ) the authorization level in a member field named ‘authorizationLevel’ ( 314 ) in the security object itself.  
     [0072] In the method of FIG. 3, creating a security object includes storing ( 306 ) in the security object ( 108 ) user-selected security control data types ( 310 ). More particularly, in the method of FIG. 3, security control data types ( 310 ) are stored as references to security control objects ( 316 ). Security control data types ( 310 ) in fact are security control classes ( 404  on FIG. 4) from which security control objects are instantiated. Storing ( 306 ) user-selected security control data types comprises storing references to security control objects ( 316 ) in a security control object list ( 318 ) in the security object ( 108 ), including instantiating a security control object ( 316 ) of a security control class in dependence upon security control data type. That is, if the security control data type is a password, then the foundry causes to be instantiated from a password security control class a password security control object, storing in the security control object list ( 318 ) a reference to the password security control object. Similarly, if the security control data type is a fingerprint, then the foundry causes to be instantiated from a fingerprint security control class a fingerprint security control object, storing in the security control object list ( 318 ) a reference to the fingerprint security control object. And so on.  
     [0073] The security control object list ( 318 ) itself is typically implemented as a container object from a standard library in, for example, C++ or Java. That is, the security control object list ( 318 ) is typically a class object aggregated by reference to the security object ( 108 ).  
     [0074] In the method of FIG. 3, creating a security object includes storing ( 308 ) in the security object security control data ( 216 ) for each user-selected security control data type ( 310 ). Instantiating a security control object ( 316 ) calls a constructor for the security control object. In some embodiments, it is the constructor that prompts for security control data of the type associated with the security control object. That is, if the security control data object is a password security control object, its constructor prompts for a password to be stored ( 308 ) as security control data ( 216 ). Similarly, if the security control data object is a thumbprint security control object, its constructor prompts for a thumbprint to be stored ( 308 ) as security control data ( 216 ). And so on.  
     [0075] In the method of FIG. 3, creating ( 206  on FIG. 2 a  ) a security object ( 108 ) includes creating ( 342 ) a security event manager ( 240 ) and creating ( 344 ) security event definitions ( 242 ). In the exemplary embodiments presented in this disclosure, a foundry instantiates a security event manager and then calls a set function in a security object to record within the security object a reference to the security event manager. Both security event managers ( 240 ) and security event definitions ( 242 ) are objects instantiated from classes.  
     [0076] In the method according to FIG. 3, creating ( 206  on FIG. 2 a  ) a security object ( 108 ) includes creating ( 342 ) a security event manager ( 240 ) associated by reference with the security object ( 108 ) and creating ( 344 ) security event definitions ( 242 ) associated by reference with the security event manager ( 240 ). In methods according to FIG. 3, creating ( 344 ) security event definitions ( 242 ) associated by reference with the security event manager ( 240 ) typically includes storing ( 346 ) references to the security event definitions in a security event list ( 330 ). In the exemplary embodiments presented in this disclosure, a foundry instantiates a security event manager and then calls a set function in a security object to record within the security object a reference to the security event manager. A foundry, in response to user selections of security events, calls a security event definition factory to create individual security event definitions and passes to the related security event manager references to the security event definitions so created. In the case of the security event manager ( 240 ), this disclosure presents below in pseudocode a singleton-style example of a more or less generic security event manager capable of being used with any security object. For security event definitions, this disclosure presents below in pseudocode two examples of concrete security event definition classes implementing a common security event definition interface.  
     [0077] In architectures similar to those illustrated in FIG. 1 a  and  1   b  in which a client device ( 102 ) is located remotely across a network ( 114 ) from a security server ( 106 ) upon which security control data is to be stored ( 308 ), the security control data advantageously is communicated across the network from the client device to the security server in encrypted form. One example of such encrypted communications is network messaging by use of ‘SSL,’ that is, communications connections through a ‘Secure Sockets Layer,’ a known security protocol for use in internet protocol (“IP”) networks, in which encryption of message packets is provided as a standard communications service. In addition to encrypted communications of security control data, at least some elements of security control data, such as, for example, passwords, also are advantageously stored ( 308 ) in encrypted form.  
     [0078] Even more particularly, foundries according to the present invention may be implemented and operated in accordance with the following pseudocode.  
                                  Class Foundry {         private String selectionText =           “Please select a security control data type:            1. Password            2. Fingerprint            3. Voice Recognition           Your selection (1-3):        ”         private String eventSelectionText =           “Please select a security event:            1. GPS Event            2. Virus Event            3. Calendar Event            4. Weather Event           Your selection (1-4):        ”         void main( ) {           // create security object           SecurityClass SO = new SecurityClass( );           // identify resource secured by the new security object           Resource resourceID =             getResourcelD(“Please enter resource ID:      ”);           // store resource ID in security object           SO.setResource(resourceID);           // prompt for authorization level           char authorizationLevel =             getAuthorizationLevel(“Please enter authorization level:      ”);           // store authorization level in security object           SO.setAuthorizationLevel(authorizationLevel);           // get a first ‘SCD-Type,’ Security Control Data Type           SCD-Type = getUserSelection(selectionText);           while(SCD-Type != null) {             // based on SCD-Type, create Security Control Object             SCO = SCO-Factory.createSCO(SCD-Type);             // store security control data in the security control object             SCO.setSecurityControlData( );             // add new SCO to the list in the Security Object             SO.add(SCO);             // get another SCD-Type, as many as user wants             SCD-Type = getUserSelection(selectionText);           } // end while( )           // create a security event manager for the security object           SecurityEventManager SEM = new SecurityEventManager( );           // register the new security event manager in the security object           SO.set SecurityEventManager(SEM);           // get a first security event, selected by user           SecEventDefType SED-Type =           getUserSelection(eventSelectionText);           while(SED-Type != null) {             // based on SED-Type, create Security Event Definition             SED = SED-Factory.createSED(SED-Type);             // store event parameters in the security event definition             SED.setEventParms(SecurityClass SO);             // add new security event definition to             // the security event manager             SEM.addEvent(SED);             // get another SED-Type, as many as user wants             SED-Type = getUserSelection(eventSelectionText);           } // end while( )         } // end main( )       } // end Foundry                  
 
     [0079] With reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, the pseudocode foundry creates ( 206 ) a security object ( 108 ) by instantiating a security class:  
     [0080] SecurityClass SO=new SecurityClass( ).  
     [0081] The pseudocode foundry then stores ( 302 ) a resource identification ( 312 ) through:  
                                  Resource resourceID = getResourceID(“Please enter resource ID:      ”);       SO.setResource(resourceID);                  
 
     [0082] The call to SO.setResource( ) is a call to a member method in the security object described in more detail below. The pseudocode foundry stores ( 304 ) an authorization level ( 314 ) through:  
                                  char authorizationLevel =         getAuthorizationLevel(“Please enter authorization level:      ”);       SO.setAuthorizationLevel(authorizationLevel);                  
 
     [0083] The call to SO.setAuthoriztionLevel( ) is a call to a member method in the security object described in more detail below.  
     [0084] The pseudocode foundry stores ( 306 ) security control data types ( 310 ) by repeated calls to SO.add(SCO). SO.add( ) is a member method in the security object that adds security control objects to a list in the security object as described in more detail below.  
     [0085] The pseudocode foundry stores ( 308 ) security control data ( 216 ) in the security object ( 108 ) by repeated calls to SCO.setSecurityControlData( ).  
     [0086] SCO.setSecurityControlData( ) is a member method in a security control object ( 316 ) that prompts for and stores a type of security data with which the security control object is associated, fingerprints for fingerprint security control object, passwords for password security control objects, and so on. A separate security control object is created for each security control data type selected or request by the user in response to getUserSelection(selectionText).  
     [0087] Each time the user selects a new security control data type, the foundry creates a new security control object by calling a factory method in a security control object factory.  
     [0088] The security control object factory is a class called SCO-Factory, and the factory method is SCO-Factory.createSCO( ). The calls to SCO.setSecurityControlData( ) are polymorphic calls, each of which typically accesses a different security control object although exactly the same line of code is used for each such call. In this elegant solution, the foundry itself never knows or cares which security control data types are implemented or what security control data is stored in security objects it creates.  
     [0089] Readers of skill in the art may notice that the foundry could be made even leaner by allowing security control object constructors to carry out the work of SCO.setSecurityControlData( ). In this example, however, for clarity of explanation of the operation of the foundry, SCO.setSecurityControlData( ) is left at the foundry level so that the effects of foundry operations are more fully exposed by the foundry itself.  
     [0090] With reference to FIGS. 2 a  and  3 , the pseudocode foundry continues the process of creating ( 206 ) a security object ( 108 ) by creating ( 342 ) a security event manager ( 240 ) for the security object ( 108 ). The security event manager is created by the call:  
     [0091] SecurityEventManager SEM=new SecurityEventManager( ).  
     [0092] The security event manager is stored, or rather, a reference to the security event manager is stored in the security object by the call:  
     [0093] SO.set SecurityEventManager(SEM).  
     [0094] The foundry proceeds by obtaining a user&#39;s first indication of a selected security event by displaying the example menu:  
                                                  private String eventSelectionText =             “Please select a security event:              1. GPS Event              2. Virus Event              3. Calendar Event              4. Weather Event             Your selection (1-4):        ”                      
 
     [0095] and retrieving the user&#39;s selection through the call:  
     [0096] SecEventDefType SED-Type=getUserSelection(eventSelectionText).  
     [0097] The foundry proceeds by creating ( 344 ) a security event definition ( 242 ) corresponding to the user&#39;s selected security event. The foundry calls a factory method, ‘createSED( )’ in a security event definition factory object named ‘SED-Factory.’ An example of a security event definition factory class, from which such security event factory objects may be instantiated, is set forth and discussed below in this disclosure. CreateSED(SED-type) takes the security event definition type selected by the user as a coded parameter and returns a reference to a corresponding security event definition object, ‘SED.’ 
     [0098] The foundry initializes the operating parameters for the security event definition by calling SED.setEventParms(SecurityClass SO), passing a reference to the security object so that the security event definition can use it later, if needed, to alter the security model inside the security object. Sharp-eyed readers will note that the weight of the foundry could be lightened by allowing a constructor for the security event definition to perform data initialization for the security event definition, but in this example, this functionality is gathered in the foundry for clarity of explanation.  
     [0099] The foundry stores ( 346 ) security event definitions ( 242 ) in the security event manager ( 240 ) by calling SEM.addEvent(SED). SEM.addEvent( ) is a member method in the security event manager that adds security event definitions to an event list in the security event manager. A pseudocode example of the addEvent( ) method is set forth below.  
     [0100] With a second call to getUserSelection( ), the foundry gives the user opportunity to repeatedly select additional security events. For each such security event selected, the foundry creates a security event definition through the security event definition factory, initializes the operating parameters for the security event definition, and add a reference to the new security event definition to the event list in the security event manager.  
     [0101] The process of creating security control objects can be carried out as illustrated in the following pseudocode factory class:  
                                  //       // Security Control Object Factory Class       //       // Defines a parameterized factory method for creating       security control objects       //       class SCO-Factory {         public static SecurityControlClass createSCO(SCD-Type) {           // establish null reference to new Security Control Object           SecurityControlClass SecurityControlObject = null;           switch(SCD-Type) {             case LOGONID:               SecurityControlObject = new               LogonIDSecurityControlClass;               break;             case PASSWORD:               SecurityControlObject = new               PasswordSecurityControlClass;               break;             ... ... ...   // Can have many security control data types,                   // not merely these four             case FINGERPRINT:               SecurityControlObject = new               FingerprintSecurityControlClass;               break;             case RETINA:               SecurityControlObject = new               RetinaSecurityControlClass;               break;           } // end switch( )           return SecurityControlObject;         } // end createSCO ( )       }// end class SCO-Factory                  
 
     [0102] The factory class implements the createSCO( ) method, which is a so-called parameterized factory method. CreateSCO( ) accepts as a parameter the security control data type ‘SCD-Type’ of the security control data to be administered by a security control object. CreateSCO( ) then operates a switch( ) statement in dependence upon SCD-Type to decide exactly which security control class to instantiate depending on which type of security control data is needed—logon IDs, passwords, fingerprints, voice identifications, and so on. Although only four security control data types are illustrated in the factory class (logon IDs, passwords, fingerprints, and retinal scans), in fact the factory can create and return to the calling foundry a security control object for any type of security control data supported by the security system in which it is installed, that is, any type of security control object for which a security control data type or class ( 404 ) is defined.  
     [0103] The process of creating security control objects can be carried out as illustrated in the following pseudocode factory class:  
                                  //       // Security Event Factory Class       //       // Defines a parameterized factory method for creating       security event definitions       //       class Event-Factory {         public static SecurityEventDefinition createSED(SED-Type) {           // establish null reference to new Security           Event Definition Object           SecurityEventDefinition SecEvDef = null;           switch(SED-Type) {             case GPS:               SecEvDef = new GPS-Event; break;             case VIRUS:               SecEvDef= new Virus-Event; break;             ... ... ...   // Can have many security event definitions,                   // not merely these four             case TIME:               SecEvDef= new Time-Event; break;             case DATE:               SecEvDef= new Calendar-Event; break;           } // end switch( )           return SecEvDef;         } // end createSCO ( )       } // end class Event-Factory                  
 
     [0104] The factory class implements the createSED( ) method, another parameterized factory method. CreateSED( ) accepts as a parameter the security event definition type code ‘SED-Type.’ CreateSED( ) then operates a switch( ) statement in dependence upon SED-Type to decide which security event definition class to instantiate depending on which type of security event definition is needed according to the type code. In this example, the switch( ) statement has exemplary security event definition classes for GPS-related events, virus-related events, time-related events, and date-related events. Although only four security event definition types are illustrated in the event definition factory class, in fact the event definition factory can create and return to the calling foundry a security event definition for any type of security event supported by the security system in which it is installed, that is, any type of security event definition object for which a security event definition type or class is defined.  
     [0105] Security control objects can be instantiated from a security control class according to the following pseudocode security control class:  
                                  //       // abstract SecurityControlClass       //       Abstract Class SecurityControlClass {         private String SecurityControlData;         public void setSecurityControlData( ) {           SecurityControlData=                 prompt( “Please enter security control data:      );         }         public boolean validate( ) {           SecurityAccessData=             prompt(“Enter Security Access Data:         ”);           if(SecurityControlData == SecurityAccessData) return true;           else return false;         }       }                  
 
     [0106] The pseudocode security control class depicts an object oriented ‘interface.’ In Java, such structures are literally known as ‘interfaces’ to be ‘extended’ by concrete classes. In C++, such structures are known as abstract base classes from which concrete subclasses inherit. Either way, the pseudocode security control class establishes a set of public member methods to be used by all security control objects. The pseudocode security control class provides string storage of security control data, which may work just fine for logon IDs and passwords, but will not work for fingerprints and voice recognition. Similarly, setSecurityContolDate( ) and validate( ) will be implemented differently for different types of security control data.  
     [0107] The member fields and member methods of the pseudocode security control class form an interface that is fully expected to be overridden in subclasses from which security control objects are instantiated, although all subclasses are required to implement in some fashion the public member fields and public member methods of the abstract base class, the security control class. Here, beginning with a concrete security control class for logon IDs, are several examples of concrete security control classes from which practical security control objects are instantiated by the factory method SecurityControlClass.createSCO( ).  
                                  //       // concrete security control class for logon IDs       //       Class LogonIDSecurityControlClass : SecurityControlClass {         private String SecurityControlData;         public void setSecurityControlData( ) {           SecurityControlData =                 prompt( “Please enter security control data:      );         }         public boolean validate( ) {           SecurityAccessData =             prompt(“Enter Security Access Data:         ”);           if(SecurityControlData == SecurityAccessData) return true;           else return false;         }       }                  
 
     [0108] The LogonIDSecurityControlClass appears almost identical to its parent SecurityControlClass, but it is important to remember that LogonIDSecurityControlClass, unlike its abstract parent, defines a class that can actually be instantiated as a security control object for determining access to resources on the basis of entry of a valid logon ID. The following pseudocode security control class for fingerprints illustrates how security control classes differ across security control data types.  
                                                  //           // concrete security control class for fingerprints           //           Class FingerprintSecurityControlClass : SecurityControlClass {             private File SecurityControlData;             public void setSecurityControlData( ) {               SecurityControlData =                   prompt(“Please enter security control data:      );             }             public boolean validate( ) {               FILE SecurityAccessData =                 prompt(“Enter Security Access Data:         ”);               if((bitwiseCompare(SecurityControlData,               SecurityAccessData))!=true)                 return true;               else return false;             }           }                      
 
     [0109] Suspending operation of a security object can be carried out, for example, by storing in a security control object list in a security object a reference to a security control object whose validate( ) function does nothing except return ‘false.’ An example of a security control object for suspending operation of a security object can be implemented as illustrated by the following pseudocode:  
                                  //       // concrete security control class for suspending operation of a security       object       //       Class SuspendSecurityControlClass : SecurityControlClass {         public void setSecurityControlData( ) {           /* Do Nothing. */         }         public boolean validate( ) {           return false;         }       }                  
 
     [0110] Because setSecurityControlData( ) is part of the interface inherited from SecurityControlClass, it must be implemented in the subclass SuspendSecurityControlClass, but for suspending operations, it needs to do nothing. In addition, as mentioned above, the validate( ) function in SuspendSecurityControlClass also does nothing except return false, thus killing operations of any security object with which it is associated. In this example, operation of the security object can be resumed by deleting from its list of security control objects any reference to an object instantiated from SuspendSecurityControlClass.  
     [0111] In FingerprintSecurityControlClass, SecurityControlData is in a file rather than a string. Similarly, the prompt( ) function in the validate( ) method expects the user to provide a fingerprint file in response to the prompt for security control data. In addition, the bitwiseCompare( ) method, although not shown, is implemented to open both files, compare them bit by bit, and ultimately deny access to a resource if the comparison fails.  
     [0112] A useful abstract interface for security event definitions can be implemented as illustrated by the following exemplary pseudocode:  
                                  //       // Security Event Definition - Interface Class       //       Abstract Class SecurityEventDefinition {           //           // insert here data declarations for a particular           // concrete security event definition class           //           private EmailAddress Email;           private SecurityControlClass SCO = null;           private SecurityClass SO;         public void setEventParms(SecurityClass aSecurityObject) {           SO = aSecurityObject;           //           // insert here in concrete security event definition classes           // prompts for data pertinent to a particular security event           //           Email = prompt(“Please Enter Notification Email Address:     ”);         }         public boolean detectEvent( ) {           // First, clear any existing security model alterations ...           // to address the possibility that a previous security event           // no longer exists or is no longer occurring ...           if(SCO != null) {             SO.delete(SCO);             SCO = null;           }           // Continue with detection of security event ...           private VirusStatus = poll(VirusServiceAddr);           // If security event exists, alter the security model ...           if(/* test whether security event has occurred */) {             // set security control data type, SCD-Type             SCD-Type =               /* insert type code for a particular security event */;             // based on SCD-Type, create Security Control Object             SCO = SCO-Factory.createSCO(SCD-Type);             // store security control data in the security control object             SCO.setSecurityControlData( );             // add new SCO to the list in the Security Object             SO.add(SCO);             // transmit email notification of security model alteration             sendmail(Email, SecurityModelAlterationNotice);           }         }       } end Abstract Class SecurityEventDefinition                  
 
     [0113] The security event definition abstract class provides storage space for parameters needed for use in concrete security event definitions for particular security events. In addition, the security event definition abstract class provides storage for references for security control objects and security objects, through the declarations:  
     [0114] private SecurityControlClass SCO=null;  
     [0115] private SecurityClass SO;  
     [0116] The security event definition abstract class provides a member method named setEventParms( ) for initializing the parameters and security data needed for operation of particular security event definitions. The member method setEventParms(SecurityClass aSecurityObject) accepts as a parameter a reference to an associated security object and stores the reference in ‘SO.’ The reference SO is then available so that the member method detectEvent( ) can use it to access the security control object list in the security object for purposes of altering the security model. In addition, setEventParms( ) provides a prompt call for a notification email address for use by setEventParms( ) in notifying a user by email when a security model is altered. In concrete security event definition classes, setEventParms( ) typically is overridden with additional prompts for security-related control data and parameters, such as times, dates, GPS locations, virus-related network addresses, and so on, depending on the security event to be detected by a particular concrete security event definition.  
     [0117] The security event definition abstract class provides a member method named detectEvent( ) for detecting security events and altering security models. DetectEvent( ) begins by considering the possibility that a security event has already occurred in the past resulting in past alterations of the security model in its related security object. If the security event in question is ongoing, detectEvent( ) will detect it and reinstate alterations in the security model. DetectEvent( ) therefore begins its operation by checking whether a previous pass through detectEvent( ) has rendered the security control object reference SCO non-null. A non-null SCO means that a security event was detected, and a security control object was created to alter the security model. If SCO is non-null, detectEvent( ) proceeds to call SO.delete(SCO) to delete the reference SCO from the security control object list in the security object. DetectEvent( ) then resets SCO to null, so that processing can continue refreshed.  
     [0118] DetectEvent( ) then proceeds by detecting whether a security event has occurred. In this disclosure the phrase ‘security event has occurred’ is used to mean that the security event has occurred, is occurring, or exists, all synonymous, depending on context. The test whether a security event has occurred depends on the particular security event and is different for each concrete security event definition class. If a security event has occurred, detectEvent( ) proceeds by setting an appropriate security control object type code, SCD-Type. Then, based upon the SCD-Type, detectEvent( ) calls the security control object factory to create a new security control object for insertion into the security object to alter the security model. The call to the security control object factory is:  
     [0119] SCO=SCO-Factory.createSCO(SCD-Type).  
     [0120] DetectEvent( ) then sets the security control data in the new security control object by a call to:  
     [0121] SCO.setSecurityControlData( ).  
     [0122] DetectEvent( ) then adds the new security control object to the security control object list in the security object by a call to SO.add(SCO), thereby completing the process of altering the security model.  
     [0123] As a further aid to understanding, two pseudocode examples of concrete security event definition classes are presented, one for GPS-related events and another for virus-related events. A concrete security event definition class for GPS-related events can be implemented according to the following pseudocode example:  
                                  //       // Concrete Security Event Definition Class For GPS Events       //       Class GPS-Event {         private Coordinates OriginalCoordinates;         private float Range;         Private Address GPSReceiver;         private EmailAddress Email;         private SecurityControlClass SCO = null;         private SecurityClass = SO;         public void setEventParms(SecurityClass aSecurityObject) {           SO = aSecurityObject;           GPSReceiver =             prompt(“Please Enter GPS Receiver Address:          ”);           // Get Original Latitude and Longitude           OriginalCoordinates =             prompt(“Please Enter Original Coordinates:          ”);           Range = prompt(“Please Enter Maximum Range Limitation:     ”);           Email = prompt(“Please Enter Notification Email Address:      ”);         }         public boolean detectEvent( ) {           // First, clear any existing security model alterations ...           // to address the possibility that a previous security event           // no longer exists or is no longer occurring ...           if(SCO != null) {             SO.delete(SCO);             SCO = null;           }           // Continue with detection of security event ...           private Coordinates CurrentCoordinates =             getCurrentCoordinates(GPSReceiver);           if(/* current coordinates outside range */) {             // set security control data type, SCD-Type             SCD-Type = FINGERPRINT;             // based on SCD-Type, create Security Control Object,             // in this example, a fingerprint security control object             SCO = SCO-Factory.createSCO(SCD-Type);             // store security control data in the security control object             SCO.setSecurityControlData( );             // add new SCO to the list in the Security Object             SO.add(SCO);             // transmit email notification of security model alteration             sendmail(Email, SecurityModelAlterationNotice);           }         }       }                  
 
     [0124] The concrete security event definition class for GPS events provides storage space for GPS-related parameters including the original coordinates from which changes in position are to be determined and a maximum range defining a security event. That is, this concrete security event definition class defines a security event as sensing a GPS location more than Range from OriginalCoordinates. The concrete security event definition class provides storage for an address, such as a network address or a URI, for a GPS receiver from which current coordinates are obtained. The GPS receiver can, for example, be installed in a user&#39;s automobile, so that when a security object receives a request for access to a secured resource, and the security event has occurred that the user&#39;s car is more than Range from its OriginalCoordinates, meaning, for example, that the user is out of town, then the security model for the security object is altered before access to the resource is determined. The concrete security event definition class overrides the member method named setEventParms( ) by adding calls prompting for initial values for the GPS receiver address, the original coordinates, and the range defining a security event.  
     [0125] The member method detectEvent( ) in the concrete security event definition class is very similar to its interface declaration in the abstract class, adding only a call to obtain the current GPS coordinates at the current location of the GPS receiver, a concrete test for range from original coordinates, and a concrete security control data type for a FINGERPRINT. That is, the concrete effect of detecting a security event in this exemplary concrete security event definition class for GPS events is that when a security event is detected, the security model is altered to include a requirement that the user provide a fingerprint scan before gaining access to a secured resource. In a security planning sense, this particular example can be used to implement a security policy that effectively infers that when a user&#39;s car is more than, for example, Range=50 miles from the OriginalCoordinates, then the user is out of town. When the user is out of town and access is requested to the resource, the security object will now insist on additional authentication of the user&#39;s identity, a fingerprint scan.  
     [0126] A concrete security event definition class for virus-related events can be implemented according to the following pseudocode example:  
                                  //       // Concrete Security Event Definition Class For Virus Events       //       Class Virus-Event {         private Address VirusServiceAddr;         private Status VirusStatus;         private EmailAddress Email;         private SecurityControlClass SCO = null;         private SecurityClass SO;         public void setEventParms(SecurityClass aSecurityObject) {           SO = aSecurityObject;           VirusServiceAddr =             prompt(“Please Enter Virus Status Service Address:                       ”);           Email = prompt(“Please Enter Notification Email Address:      ”);         }         public boolean detectEvent( ) {           // First, clear any existing security model alterations ...           // to address the possibility that a previous security event           // no longer exists or is no longer occurring ...           if(SCO != null) {             SO.delete(SCO);             SCO = null;           }           // Continue with detection of security event ...           private VirusStatus = poll(VirusServiceAddr);           // If security event exists, alter the security model ...           if(/* VirusStatus indicates a virus alert */) {             // set security control data type, SCD-Type             SCD-Type = RETINA;             // based on SCD-Type, create Security Control Object,             // in this example, a security control object for a             // retinal scan             SCO = SCO-Factory.createSCO(SCD-Type);             // store security control data in the security control object             SCO.setSecurityControlData( );             // add new SCO to the list in the Security Object             SO.add(SCO);             // transmit email notification of security model alteration             sendmail(Email, SecurityModelAlterationNotice);           }         }       }                  
 
     [0127] The concrete security event definition class for virus events provides storage space for virus-related parameters including the address of a virus alert service, ‘VirusServiceAddr,’ and a virus status indicator, ‘VirusStatus.’ That is, this concrete security event definition class defines a security event as sensing a VirusStatus indicating that a virus alert service has issued a virus alert.  
     [0128] The member method detectEvent( ) in the concrete security event definition class is very similar to its interface declaration in the abstract class, adding only a call to poll(VirusServiceAddr) to poll the virus alert service, a concrete test for determining whether the VirusStatus indicates that a virus alert has been issued by the virus alert service, and a concrete security control data type for a retinal scan, RETINA. That is, the concrete effect of detecting a security event in this exemplary concrete security event definition class for virus events is that when a security event is detected, the security model is altered to include a requirement that the user provide a retinal scan before gaining access to a secured resource.  
     [0129] A security event manager class can be implemented as illustrated by the following pseudocode example:  
                                                  //           // SecurityEventManager Class ...           // a class from which security event managers can be instantiated           //           Class SecurityEventManager           {             // list of security event definitions (references, actually)             private List anEventList = new List( );             // method for adding security event definitions to the list             public void addEvent(SecurityEventDefinition SED) {               anEventList.add(SED);             }             // detect security event, alter security model as needed             public boolean detectSecurityEvents( )             {               // The call to SED.detectEvent( )               // both detects security events and also alters the               // security model as needed.               SecurityEventDefinition SED = anEventList.getFirst( );               while(SED != null)               {                 SED.detectEvent( );                 SED = anEventList.getNext( );               }             }// end detectSecurityEvents( )           }// end SecurityEventManager Class                      
 
     [0130] The security event manager class provides an event list named anEventList. The event list is loaded with pertinent security event definitions by calls from the foundry to addEvent( ). Security objects call detectSecurityEvents( ) to determine whether a security event has occurred, and if so, to alter their security models. The member method detectSecurityEvents( ) operates the events list as an iterator with calls to anEventList.getFirst( ) and anEventList.getNext( ), scanning through the event list, and, for each event in the list, calling SED.detectEvent( ), a member method in the interface for each security event definition. SED.detectEvent( ), as discussed in detail above, carries out the actual work of detecting whether a security event has occurred and altering the security model if a security event has occurred.  
     [0131] Security objects themselves can be implemented, for example, according to the following pseudocode security class:  
                                  //       // SecurityClass ...       // a class from which security objects can be instantiated       //       Class SecurityClass       {         private Resource aResourceID;         public void setResourceID(resourceID) {           aResourceID = resourceID;         }         char anAuthorizationLevel;         public void setAuthorizationLevel(authorizationLevel) {           anAuthorizationLevel = authorizationLevel;         }         SecurityEventManager SEM;         public void setSecurityEventManager(aSecurityEventManager) {           SEM = aSecurityEventManager         }         // list of security control objects (references, actually)         private List aList = new List( );         // method for adding Security Control Objects to the List         public void add(SCO) {           aList.add(SCO);         }         // detect security event, alter security model as needed, and         // validate requests for access against all SCOs in the list         public boolean main( )         {           // The call to SEM.detectSecurityEvents( ) both detects           // security events and also alters the security model as needed.           SEM.detectSecurityEvents( );           // validate requests for access against all SCOs in the list           SCO = aList.getFirst( );           while(SCO != null)           {             if((SCO.validate( )) != true) {               denyAccess( );               return false;             }             SCO = aList.getNext( );           }           // all SCOs in the List are now validated           grantAccess(anAuthorizationLevel);           return true;         }// end main( )       }// end SecurityClass                  
 
     [0132] The security class provides a storage location for a resource identification ( 312 ) named ‘resource ID,’ as well a member method named setResourceID( ) for storing ( 302 ) the resource identification. Similarly, the security class provides a field for authorization level and a method for storing ( 304 ) authorization level. The exemplary pseudocode security class provides storage in the form of a list for storing security control objects. In C++, it would be possible to store security control objects as such, but in typical embodiments, the list is used to store security control objects as references.  
     [0133] The security class includes a method, addSCO( ) for adding a security control object to the list. The methods aList.add( ), aList.getFirst( ), and aList.getNext( ) are member methods in a list object that effectively operate a list object as an iterator. An ‘iterator’ is a conventional object oriented design pattern that supports sequential calls to elements of an aggregate object without exposing underlying representation. In this example, main( ) assumes that aList.getNext( ) returns null upon reaching the end of the list. It is common also, for example, for list classes to support a separate member method called, for example, ‘isDone( ),’ to indicate the end of a list. Any indication of the end of a list as will occur to those of skill in the art is well within the scope of the present invention.  
     [0134] In addition, the exemplary pseudocode security class includes a member method, main( ), that validates security access data in turn for each security control object in the list. In this particular example, the validation method is called ‘main( )’ to support implementing security objects in Java, so that the validation method can be called by a call to the object name itself. On the other hand, when SecurityClass is implemented as a Java servlet, there is no requirement for a member method named ‘main( ),’ because, although servlets also are invoked by use of the class name itself, the interior interface requirements for servlets are different. When SecurityClass is implemented as a Java servlet, therefore, the name of the member method ‘main( )’ is changed to implement a member method signature from the standard Java servlet interface, such as, for example:  
     [0135] public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res).  
                                  In the lines:         SecurityEventManager SEM;         public void setSecurityEventManager(aSecurityEventManager) {           SEM = aSecurityEventManager         }                  
 
     [0136] the security class provides storage for a reference to its associated security event manager. A reference to an associated security event manager is provided to a security object by the foundry when the security object is created. When the security object is invoked, it already possesses the reference to its security event manager. When the security object is invoked, its main( ) function begins with the call:  
     [0137] SEM.detectSecurityEvents( ).  
     [0138] The member method detectSecurityEvents( ), shown in pseudocode below, both detects the occurrence of a security event and also, when a security event is detected, takes steps to alter the security model of the security object with which its security event manager is associated. Altering the security model often is carried out by adding to or deleting from the list of references to security control objects in the security object itself.  
     [0139] The validation method main( ) proceeds by obtaining from the list each security control object in turn and calling in each security control object the interface member method ‘validate( ).’ Note that by this time in processing, any alteration to the security model affecting the list of security control objects has already been put in place through the call to SEM.detectSecurityEvents( ). As described above, the validate( ) method in each security control object prompts for security access data, compares security access data to security control data, and return true or false according to whether the comparison succeeds or fails. SecurityClass( ) operates by denying access and returning false if validation fails for any security control object in the list. SecurityClass.main( ) grants access and return true if validation succeeds for all security control objects in the list.  
     [0140] If SecurityClass.main( ) grants access, the access granted has the authorization level set by the member method setAuthorizationLevel( ). More particularly, in the method of FIG. 2, determining ( 220 ) access ( 222 ) includes authorizing a level of access in dependence upon the authorization level of access for the resource ( 314  on FIG. 3). In the example of security objects implemented to accept calls from hyperlinks in web pages displayed in browsers on client devices located remotely across a network, the security objects themselves often are implemented as servlets or CGI programs that administer HTTP GET and PUT request messages. In such exemplary embodiments, a security object granting access to a resource having only ‘read’ authorization level would honor a GET request by transmitting to the client browser a copy of the resource in HTML. The same exemplary security object, however, would not honor a PUT request for writing data to the resource.  
     [0141]FIG. 4 sets forth a class relations diagram summarizing exemplary relations among classes and objects useful in various embodiments of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, in many embodiments, concretes security classes ( 108 ), from which security objects are instantiated, are subclasses that inherit from abstract security classes ( 402 ). Similarly, concrete security control classes ( 316 ), from which security control objects are instantiated, are subclasses that inherit from abstract security control classes ( 404 ).  
     [0142] In addition, it is useful to remember that ‘abstract,’ as the term is used here to describe classes, is used in support of interface definition, in a fashion similar to its use in the terminology of C++. In Java, structures that here are called abstract classes would be called ‘interfaces,’ as such. No doubt such structures have other names in other environments, but here they are called ‘abstract classes’ and used to illustrate declarations of object oriented interfaces.  
     [0143] Foundries ( 224 ) are shown in FIG. 4 as classes having references to factory classes ( 406 ) and concrete security classes ( 108 ). Foundries ( 224 ), as described in detail above, cooperate with factories ( 406 ) and security objects instantiated from concrete security classes ( 316 ) by passing to security objects references to security control objects for inclusion in security control object lists ( 318 ). The arrow ( 412 ) can be drawn between security classes ( 108 ) and security control classes ( 316 ), indicating that a security class ‘has a’ security control class, because the reference needed to implement the object oriented ‘has a’ relationship is provided to the security class by a foundry ( 224 ) for storage in a security control object list ( 318 ).  
     [0144] Security control object lists ( 318 ) are often implemented as container objects from a standard library in, for example, C++ or Java. That is, a security control object list ( 318 ) is typically a class object aggregated by reference to a security object instantiated from a security class ( 108 ). With member methods ( 410 ) such as add( ), getFirst( ), and getNext( ), a security control object list ( 318 ) often can function as a so called ‘iterator,’ greatly easing manipulation of security control objects on behalf of a security object. Iterator operations are illustrated in the pseudocode above for SecurityClass.  
     [0145] Again referring to FIG. 2, the illustrated method includes deploying ( 226 ) a security object. Security objects can be created ( 206 ) on a client device and deployed ( 226 ) to a client device ( 102 ), including the same client device on which the security object is created, or to a server ( 106 ). Security objects can be created ( 206 ) on a server and deployed ( 226 ) to a server ( 106 ), including the same server on which the security object is created, or to a client device ( 102 ). Deployment can be local, that is, within the same client device or server, or within a trusted LAN.  
     [0146] Deployment can be remote, that is, across public networks, such as, for example, the Internet or the World Wide Web. One advantageous mode of remote deployment, for example, is a download of a security object implemented as a Java applet to a Java-enabled web browser. An applet is a Java program designed to be run from another program, such as a browser, rather than directly from an operating system. Because applets typically are small in file size, cross-platform compatible, and highly secure (can&#39;t be used to access users&#39; hard drives), they are useful for small Internet applications accessible from a browser, including for example, security objects according to the present invention.  
     [0147] More particularly, in some embodiments according to the method of FIG. 2, a resource ( 112 ) resides on a resource server ( 110 ), and the method includes deploying ( 226 ) the security object ( 108 ) on a security server ( 106 ) and receiving ( 208 ) the request for access to the resource in a security server ( 106 ) from a client device ( 102 ) across a network ( 202 ). Network ( 202 ), as mentioned above, can be any network, public or private, local area or wide area, wireless or wired. In embodiments according to this aspect of the invention, receiving ( 208 ) a request for access ( 210 ) is typically carried out through some form of remote procedure call, such as, for example, a hyperlink to a Java servlet, a hyperlink to a CGI function, a call to a member method in a CORBA object, a remote object call through a Java RMI interface, or a remote object call through a DCOM interface.  
     [0148] In a further aspect of the method of FIG. 2, a resource ( 112 ) resides on a client device ( 102 ), and the client device has an application program ( 120  on FIG. 1 c ) that accesses the resource. In this kind of embodiment, the method includes deploying ( 226 ) the security object ( 108 ) on the client device ( 102 ), effecting an architecture like the one shown in FIG. 1 c . In this configuration, receiving ( 208 ) a request ( 210 ) for access to the resource ( 112 ) includes receiving ( 208 ) the request for access to the resource in the security object itself as a call to the security method ( 218 ). In some embodiments of this kind, in fact, a security object ( 108 ) can be compiled right into the client application ( 120 ), so that receiving a request for access is implemented as a conventional local function call, with no particular need for remote procedure calling methodologies such as those listed above—hyperlinks, CORBA, Java RMI, and so on.  
     [0149] In some embodiments of the present invention receiving ( 208 ) a request for access ( 210 ) to a resource ( 112 ) comprises a call to a security method ( 218 ) in a security object ( 108 ). Such direct calls can be implemented through Java, for example, by naming the security method ( 218 ) ‘main( )’ and issuing a call of the form ‘java SecurityObjectName.’ Alternatively, a call may be issued from a hyperlink in a browser to a security method in a security object implemented as a Java servlet by including in an HTTP request message a URI of the form:  
     [0150] http://ServerName/servlet/MySecurityObject  
     [0151] where MySecurityObject is the name of a security object implemented as a servlet and containing a security method named according to the conventions of the standard Java servlet interface, that is, for example, named ‘service( ).’ 
     [0152]FIG. 5 sets forth a data flow diagram illustrating more detailed embodiments of receiving ( 208 ) a request ( 210 ) for access to a resource. In one method according to FIG. 5, receiving ( 208 ) a request ( 210 ) for access to a resource ( 112 ) includes identifying ( 502 ) a security object ( 108 ), that is, identifying a security object that controls access to the resource. Consider the example mentioned earlier of a security object ( 108 ) implemented as a Java servlet. In such an exemplary embodiment, identifying ( 502 ) the security object ( 108 ) comprises identifying the security object in dependence upon a URI ( 508 ). Typically, the URI ( 508 ) originates from a hyperlink ( 506 ) in a web page ( 504 ) in a communications application ( 104 ) in a client device ( 102 ). The communications application can be, for example, a browser in a client device that is a personal computer or a microbrowser in a client device that is a web-enabled cell phone. Such embodiments typically communicate the identification of the security object in the form of an HTTP request message containing the URI. The URI can have this form:  
     [0153] http://ServerName/servlet/MySecurityObject  
     [0154] from which a servlet-enabled server can invoke the security object as a servlet named MySecurityObject. The server does not invoke the security object in the sense of calling it as such. The server ‘invokes’ the security object in that the server calls a member method within the security object according to the conventions of the standard Java servlet interface. In this example, the identity of the security object was known to the calling application.  
     [0155] It is possible, however, that the calling application may know the identity of a resource without knowing the identity of the security object that controls access to the resource. In such an exemplary embodiment, a request for access to a secured resource may arrive in an HTTP request directed at a resource that is a document identified as:  
     [0156] http://ServerName/SomeoneElse&#39;sFiles/Document 123.  
     [0157] For use in such embodiments, in one method according to FIG. 5, identifying ( 502 ) the security object ( 108 ) includes identifying the security object in dependence upon a URI ( 508 ) that identifies the resource ( 112 ), including finding ( 516 ), in dependence upon the URI ( 508 ) identifying the resource ( 112 ), an identification ( 514 ) of the security object in an access control table ( 512 ).  
     [0158] Although in this example, where the access request came with a URI, the identification ( 312 ) of the resource is, for example, a URI or a filename or pathname extracted from a URI. In embodiments of the invention generally, there is no requirement that the communications application be a browser or use HTTP for its communications. The resource identification ( 312 ) can be any digital identification, including for example, a filename or pathname communicated in a plaintext string or in cyphertext.  
     [0159] The identification ( 514 ) of the security object can be the security object name, for example, or, in the example where the security object is implemented as a Java servlet, the identification ( 514 ) of the security object can be a URI in the now familiar form:  
     [0160] http://ServerName/servlet/MySecurityObject.  
     [0161] In this kind of embodiment, a security server is programmed upon receiving a request for access, to check an access control table ( 512 ). In fact, this small change in the overall programming of the security server, is the only thing that makes it a ‘security server’ within the meaning of the present invention. The security server needs no other security-related service upon it. Security authentication and authorization are handled by the security object. All the security server needs to do is look up the identity of the security object and invoke it. ‘Invoke’ in this sense means to call the security method in the security object by, for example, a call to ‘java SecurityObjectName’ for a security object implemented as a standard Java class, a call to ‘http://ServerName/servlet/MySecurityObject’ for a security object implemented as a Java servlet, or a call to ‘SecurityObjectName’ for a security object implemented as a C++ program. If the security server can find no security object for the resource identified in a request for access, then the security server continues its normal operations. If the security server is programmed to grant access only upon finding a corresponding security object, then the security server denies access when no such object is found in the access control table. If the security server has other security services available upon it, then it is often programmed to apply them in its usual fashion.  
     [0162] Alternatively, if the security server has no other security services available upon it, it may be programmed to comply with HTTP request messages on their own terms according to whether they are GET messages, PUT messages, and so on. In other words, the security server can implement the standard operations of a web server. This implementation is a little riskier than the other two examples mentioned just above but it has the advantage of being very easy to implement, requiring as it does only one small change to the source code of a conventional web server just to do one lookup in an access control table and, if the lookup succeeds, invoke a security object identified in the lookup.  
     [0163] By this point in this disclosure, several advantages of using various embodiments of the present invention are clear. One advantage is pure flexibility, especially at the user level and the application level. Embodiments of the present invention can make foundry applications available to ordinary users, rather then just to system administrators. Any user can choose to associate with any resource any kind of security data supported in a security system. Users can decide for themselves whether they want just a plain text logon ID and/or something much more elaborate—a fingerprint, a voiceprint, a retinal scan, and so on. As a result, users can be given great freedom in defining the security content and security level for securing users&#39; resources, much greater freedom than available to users in prior art systems. In addition, after a user selects a configuration for a security object, then that user is the only person in the world who knows the configuration. That is, there is a strong privacy benefit to the user, where the security object processing (code and data model) are only known to the user and no one else.  
     [0164] In addition, by use of security event definitions, users are provided with great flexibility in automating security operations. Prior to this invention, the degree of control provided to ordinary users through embodiments of the present invention was not available. By use of the security event definitions in embodiments of the present invention, users can easily define conditions under which security controls are suspended or altered in other ways, all with no need for computer programming on the part of the users and all with no need for involvement on the part of system administrators or communications service providers.  
     [0165] Another advantage of security objects according to the present invention is that security servers, communications servers, resource servers such as document or application servers—none of the servers in networks need to have any particular concern with security beyond associating a security object with a resource. Moreover, as mentioned above, it is possible within the present invention to establish a regime in which all resources in a particular location are accessed only indirectly through security objects, in which case, a server providing access to such resources need have upon it no other security service whatsoever, at least as regards authentication and authority level. In particular, servers that administer access to resources need not be concerned with the type of security data provided by users or required to qualify for access to a resource.  
     [0166] Another advantage of the present invention relates to encryption. As described above, certain elements of security control data are advantageously stored in encrypted form. Persons seeking unauthorized access to resources may seek to decrypt such security control data. Such unauthorized access is made much more difficult by a need, easily established by any properly authorized user, to decrypt not only a single security control data element such as a password, but also to decrypt multiple security control data elements including fingerprints, retinal scans, voiceprints, and so on.  
     [0167] Another advantage of the present invention is the ease with which a user can arrange multiple access authorization for multiple users. A user authorized to do so, under the present invention, can simply create multiple security objects for a single resource and distribute, for example, a URI identifying each such separate security object to separate users. By such usage, a user can quickly grant with respect to a particular document, for example, ‘read’ access to Jane Smith, ‘read’ access to Joe Blow, ‘write’ access to Mike Walker, and reserve ‘execute’ access to the original user, the owner of the document. The security control data can be set differently in each of the separate security objects all of which point to the same document, therefore preventing Jane and Joe from using Mike&#39;s security object to gain access, even if they can gain access to Mike&#39;s security object.  
     [0168] Another advantage is reduction of security responsibility on the part of server system administrators. This advantage obtains because security objects of the present invention tend to upcast security control from communications protocols layers to application layers. “Layers” in this context refers to the standard data communications protocol stack in which the IP protocol resides in layer  3 , the so called ‘network layer,’ and the Transmission Control Protocol, or “tcp,” resides in layer  4 , the so called transport layer. In this context, SSL is considered a layer  4  security protocol, and the well known protocol for virtual private networking known as “IPSec” is considered a layer  3  protocol. In this disclosure, any functionality above layer  4  is described as residing in an ‘application layer.’ Therefore security objects according to the present invention are considered to be application layer software. As such, security objects and their operations in securing access to resources are completely transparent to systems administrators working on layer  4  or layer  3  security systems. In fact, it is possible to structure web servers as security servers, as mentioned above, so that such security servers have little or no concern regarding whether layer  4  or layer  3  security systems even exist at all. This is potentially a dramatic shift in security responsibilities for system administrators, including, for example, system administrators in Internet Service Providers or ‘ISPs.’ 
     [0169] It will be understood from the foregoing description that various modifications and changes may be made, and in fact will be made, in the exemplary embodiments of the present invention without departing from its true spirit. The descriptions in this specification are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed in a limiting sense. The scope of the present invention is limited only by the language of the following claims.