Patent Publication Number: US-2023156509-A1

Title: Listen-before-talk (lbt) in radio resource management (rrm) for new radio systems

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/298,515, which was filed Jan. 11, 2022; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/310,043, which was filed Feb. 14, 2022; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. For example, some embodiments may relate to listen-before-talk (LBT) in radio resource management (RRM). 
     BACKGROUND 
     Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates an example of measurement in the event of LBT failure, in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates an alternative example of measurement in the event of LBT failure, in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates an alternative example of measurement in the event of LBT failure, in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an alternative example measurement in the event of LBT failure, in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an alternative example measurement in the event of LBT failure, in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an alternative example measurement in the event of LBT failure, in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    schematically illustrates a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    schematically illustrates components of a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
         FIG.  10    schematically illustrates an alternative example wireless network, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B). 
     Third generation partnership project (3GPP) approved a work item (WI) related to the introduction of operation in high frequency (FR2-2) band, which may include both licensed and unlicensed bands. The FR2-2 band may be considered to be frequencies above approximately 24 gigahertz (GHz) and, more precisely, frequencies between approximately 24.25 GHz and approximately 71 GHz. For operation in unlicensed bands, in FR2-2 frequencies, the listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure may be considered mandatory in some regions (e.g. in Europe/ECC and Japan). Moreover, LBT support may be considered mandatory for FR2-2 from the RANI perspective. Following that, LBT support for FR2-2 in radio resource management (RRM) requirements may be considered to be important. As such, among other things, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to LBT impacts on RRM requirements for FR2-2. 
     In legacy networks, operation in unlicensed bands was considered only in FR1 frequencies (e.g., frequencies below approximately 7.1 GHz) and corresponding LBT-related requirements were defined in 3GPP TS38.133 specification as part of the NR-U work item. One of the general approaches which was used for those RRM requirements is for most of periods defined in the relevant RRM specifications to take into account the number of samples (sy)nchronization-signal block (SSB)-based measurement timing configuration (SMTC) occasion, SSB occasion, discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle with SMTC occasion, channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS occasion, etc.) which may not be available at the UE due to LBT failures. Such an approach was used in the legacy networks to extend measurement durations for Cell Re-selection requirements, handover interruption time, radio resource control (RRC) re-establishment delay, radio link monitoring (RLM), bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) and common beam management (CBM) evaluation periods, transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state switching delay, periods for intra-frequency and inter-frequency measurements and layer-1 reference signal received power (L1-RSRP) reporting period. The LBT-related requirements were defined only for FR1 frequencies. All the above-mentioned time periods may be considered to be frequency-range (FR) specific. E.g., for FR2 the RRM requirements also consider UE analog beam sweeping, which scales up all the time periods. 
     Some embodiments disclosed herein are directed to considering LBT failures in time periods in different types of FR2-2 RRM requirements. The time periods in RRM requirements for operation in carrier frequencies with clear channel assessment (CCA) in FR2-2 are extended by a certain number of samples per each missed measurement occasion (SSB occasion, SMTC occasion, CSI-RS occasion etc. not available due to downlink (DL) transmission LBT failure). Among other things, embodiments of the present disclosure may help resolve the issue of absence of the requirements for FR2-2 operation in unlicensed spectrum. 
     As introduced above, an example solution for LBT-based RRM requirements may be present for FR1 during the 3GPP release-16 (Rel-16) NR-U WI. It may, for example, consider extension of time periods in RRM requirement by samples which were not available for measurements due to DL transmission LBT failure. A similar approach may be used for operation in unlicensed bands in FR2-2. However, in some embodiments, RRM requirements for FR2-2 may consider multiple Rx beams for measurements which may scale up the time periods in RRM requirements. 
     The RRM requirements for most of the measurement time periods (T req ) can be generalized as follows 
         T   req,FR1   =M*T  for  FR 1 
         T   req,FR2   =N*M*T  for  FR 2 
     where 
     M—number of samples to be measured for filtering 
     T—minimal measurement step (SSB period, SMTC period, DRX cycle etc.) 
     N—Rx beam sweeping scaling factor 
     The above-mentioned Rel-16 NR-U approach considers changing measurement time periods (T req,FR1,CCA ) for FR1 as follows when operating in frequencies subject to CCA 
         T   req,FR1,CCA =( M+L )* T    
     where 
     L—is the number of samples (SSB occasion, SMTC occasion, CSI-RS occasion etc.) not available due to DL transmission LBT failure 
     There are several options on how this approach can be reused for FR2-2: 
     Option 1: T req,FR2-2,CCA =(N*M+L)*T. An example of this case is shown in  FIG.  1   . Here, if LBT failure for any sample happens (as indicated at  105 ), additional measurement will be performed only for that sample (as indicated at  110 ). 
     An example of the corresponding changes to the 3GPP specifications related to RRM is shown below in Table 1 for Cell reselection requirements 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DRX 
                 Scaling Factor 
                 T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
                 T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
                 T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
               
               
                 cycle 
                 (N1) 
                 (number of DRX 
                 (number of DRX 
                 (number of DRX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 length [s] 
                 FR1 
                 FR2-2 
                 cycles) 
                 cycles) 
                 cycles) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.32 
                 1 
                 [8] 
                 0.32 × (36 × N1 + M d ) × M2 
                 0.32 × (4 × N1 + M m ) × M2 
                 0.32 × (16 × N1 + M e ) × M2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(36 × N1 + M d ) × M2} 
                 {(4 × N1 + M m ) × M2 
                 {(16 × N1 + M e ) × M2} 
               
               
                 0.64 
                   
                 [5] 
                 0.64 × (28 × N1 + M d ) 
                 0.64 × (2 × N1 + M m ) 
                 0.64 × (8 × N1 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {28 × N1 + M d } 
                 {2 × N1 + M m } 
                 {8 × N1 + M e } 
               
               
                 1.28 
                   
                 [4] 
                 1.28 × (25 × N1 + M d ) 
                 1.28 × (1 × N1 + M m ) 
                 1.28 × (5 × N1 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {25 × N1 + M d } 
                 {1 × N1 + M m } 
                 {5 × N1 + M e } 
               
               
                 2.56 
                   
                 [3] 
                 2.56 × (23 × N1 + M d ) 
                 2.56 × (1 × N1 + M m ) 
                 2.56 × (3 × N1 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {23 × N1 + M d } 
                 {1 × N1 + M m } 
                 {3 × N1 + M e } 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note 1: 
               
               
                 M2 = 1.5 if SMTC periodicity of measured intra-frequency cell &gt;20 ms; otherwise M2 = 1. 
               
               
                 Note 2: 
               
               
                 Md, Mm, Me are the number of DRX cycles each with at least one SMTC occasion not available during the T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , and M m  ≤ M m, max , M d  ≤ M d, max  and M e  ≤ M e, max   
               
               
                 Note 3: 
               
               
                 M m, max  = 16 for DRX cycle length = 0.32 s; M m, max  = 8 for DRX cycle length = 0.64 s; M m, max  = 4 for DRX cycle length = 1.28 s; M m, max  = 4 for DRX cycle length = 2.56 s. 
               
               
                 Note 4: 
               
               
                 M d, max  = 4*M m, max , M e, max  = 2*M m, max . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Option 2: T req,FR2-2,CCA =(N+L)*M*T. This case is shown in  FIG.  2   . Here, if LBT failure for any sample of a given receive (Rx) beam happens (as shown at  205 ), additional measurement will be performed for all M samples of that Rx beam (as shown at  210 ), e.g., assuming that all samples for particular Rx beam should be remeasured for correct filtering. 
     Option 3: T req,FR2-2,CCA =N*(M+L)*T. This case is shown in  FIG.  3   . Here, if LBT failure for any sample happens (e.g., sample 1 for Rx beam #3 as shown at  305 ), additional measurement of one sample will be performed for all N Rx beams (e.g., sample 1 for Rx beams #1, 2, and 3 as shown at  310 ). 
     Option 4: T req,FR2-2,CCA =N*(M+L1)*T, where L1 is the number of (N*sample period) periods each with at least one SMTC occasion not available at the UE during the measurement period. An example of this case is shown in  FIG.  4   . In this embodiment, the RRM requirements are extended by the number of additional Rx beam sweeping rounds equal to the number of Rx beam sweeping rounds where there was at least one sample missed due to LBT failure. This embodiment may split the measurement period into Rx beam sweeping rounds and, if there is at least one missed measurement due to LBT failure sample within the beam sweeping round, embodiments repeat that beam sweeping round. This embodiment may differ from that described above with respect to Option 3 in that this embodiment may not need to repeat the beam sweeping rounds for each missed sample. 
     An example of changes to the 3GPP specifications related to RRM to capture Option 4 is shown below in Table 2 for Cell reselection requirements 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DRX 
                 Scaling Factor 
                 T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
                 T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
                 T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
               
               
                 cycle 
                 (N1) 
                 (number of DRX 
                 (number of DRX 
                 (number of DRX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 length [s] 
                 FR1 
                 FR2-2 
                 cycles) 
                 cycles) 
                 cycles) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.32 
                 1 
                 [8] 
                 0.32 × N1 × (36 + M d ) × M2 
                 0.32 × N1 × (4 + M m ) × M2 
                 0.32 × N1 × (16 + M e ) × M2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(36 + M d ) × N1 × M2) 
                 {(4 + M m ) × N1 × M2 
                 {(16 + M e ) × N1 × M2} 
               
               
                 0.64 
                   
                 [5] 
                 0.64 × N1 × (28 + M d ) 
                 0.64 × N1 × (2 + M m ) 
                 0.64 × N1 × (8 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(28 + M d ) × N1) 
                 {(2 + M m ) × N1) 
                 {(8 + M e ) × N1) 
               
               
                 1.28 
                   
                 [4] 
                 1.28 × N1 × (25 + M d ) 
                 1.28 × N1 × (1 + M m ) 
                 1.28 × N1 × (5 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(25 + M d ) × N1) 
                 {(1 + M m ) × N1) 
                 {(5 + M e ) × N1) 
               
               
                 2.56 
                   
                 [3] 
                 2.56 × N1 × (23 + M d ) 
                 2.56 × N1 × (1 + M m ) 
                 2.56 × N1 × (3 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(23 + M d ) × N1) 
                 {(1 + M m ) × N1} 
                 {(3 + M e ) × N1) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note 1: 
               
               
                 M2 = 1.5 if SMTC periodicity of measured intra-frequency cell &gt;20 ms; otherwise M2 = 1. 
               
               
                 Note 2: 
               
               
                 Md, Mm, Me are the number of (N1 DRX cycles) each with at least one SMTC occasion not available during the T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , and M m  ≤ M m, max , M d  ≤ M d, max  and M e  ≤ M e, max   
               
               
                 Note 3: 
               
               
                 M m, max  = 16 for DRX cycle length = 0.32 s; M m, max  = 8 for DRX cycle length = 0.64 s; M m, max  = 4 for DRX cycle length = 1.28 s; M m, max  = 4 for DRX cycle length = 2.56 s. 
               
               
                 Note 4: 
               
               
                 M d, max  = 4*M m, max , M e, max  = 2*M m, max . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Option 5: T req,FR2-2,CCA =N*(M+L1)*T, where L1 is 1 if there is it least one sample missed due to LBT failure, and L1 is 0 otherwise. An example of this case is shown in  FIG.  5   . Here, if LBT failure for multiple samples happens, additional measurement of one sample will be performed for all N Rx beams. In contrast to the embodiment depicted with respect to Option 3, this embodiment may consider that there is a high chance to cover all the missed samples by a single additional round of Rx beam sweeping, instead of performing additional rounds of Rx beam sweeping for each missed sample. 
     Option 6: T req,FR2-2,CCA =N*(M+L1)*T, where L1 has different values depending on the position of missed samples. If there are missed samples which are spaced by N samples, then L1 is equal to the number of missed samples consequently spaced by N samples. If there are no missed samples which are spaced by N samples, then L1 is equal to 1. If there are no missed samples at all, then L1 is equal to 0. This embodiment may be considered to be a combination of those described with respect to Options 3 and 4. In contrast to the embodiment described with respect to Option 4, this option may consider the case when several samples are missed for the same beam. An example of this case is shown in  FIG.  6   . Here, if LBT failure happens for several samples at the same beam, additional round of Rx beam sweeping shall be performed for each of the samples. 
     An example of the required changes to the 3GPP RRM-related specifications to capture Options 5 and 6 is shown below in Table 3 for Cell reselection requirements 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DRX 
                 Scaling Factor 
                 T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
                 T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
                 T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  [s] 
               
               
                 cycle 
                 (N1) 
                 (number of DRX 
                 (number of DRX 
                 (number of DRX 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 length [s] 
                 FR1 
                 FR2-2 
                 cycles) 
                 cycles) 
                 cycles) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.32 
                 1 
                 [8] 
                 0.32 × N1 × (36 + M d ) × M2 
                 0.32 × N1 × (4 + M m ) × M2 
                 0.32 × N1 × (16 + M e ) × M2 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(36 + M d ) × N1 × M2} 
                 {(4 + M m ) × N1 × M2 
                 {(16 + M e ) × N1 × M2} 
               
               
                 0.64 
                   
                 [5] 
                 0.64 × N1 × (28 + M d ) 
                 0.64 × N1 × (2 + M m ) 
                 0.64 × N1 × (8 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(28 + M d ) × N1) 
                 {(2 + M m ) × N1} 
                 {(8 + M e ) × N1} 
               
               
                 1.28 
                   
                 [4] 
                 1.28 × N1 × (25 + M d ) 
                 1.28 × N1 × (1 + M m ) 
                 1.28 × N1 × (5 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(25 + M d ) × N1} 
                 {(1 + M m ) × N1} 
                 {(5 + M e ) × N1} 
               
               
                 2.56 
                   
                 [3] 
                 2.56 × N1 × (23 + M d ) 
                 2.56 × N1 × (1 + M m ) 
                 2.56 × N1 × (3 + M e ) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 {(23 + M d ) × N1) 
                 {(1 + M m ) × N1} 
                 {(3 + M e ) × N1} 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note 1: 
               
               
                 M2 = 1.5 if SMTC periodicity of measured intra-frequency cell &gt;20 ms; otherwise M2 = 1. 
               
               
                 Note 2: 
               
               
                 For FR1 Md, Mm, Me are the number of DRX cycles each with at least one SMTC occasion not available during the T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , For FR2-2 if there are at least two DRX cycles each with at least one SMTC occasion not available at the UE which are spaced by N1 DRX cycles, then Md, Mm, Me are equal to the number of DRX cycles each with at least one SMTC occasion not available at the UE consequently spaced by N1 DRX cycles during T deteet, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , Otherwise if there is at least one DRX cycle with at least one SMTC occasion not available at the UE during T detect, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , T measure, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA  and T evaluate, NR     —     Intra     —     CCA , then Md, Mm, Me are equal to 1, otherwise Ms is equal to 0M m  ≤ M m, max , M d  ≤ M d, max  and M e  ≤ M e, max   
               
               
                 Note 3: 
               
               
                 M m, max  = 16 for DRX cycle length = 0.32 s; M m, max  = 8 for DRX cycle length = 0.64 s; M m, max  = 4 for DRX cycle length = 1,28 s; M m, max  = 4 for DRX cycle length = 2.56 s. 
               
               
                 Note 4: 
               
               
                 M d, max  = 4*M m, max , M e, max  = 2*M m, max . 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Another Text Example Below Shows an Example of FR2-2-FR2-2 Handover Requirements Considering Options 5 and 6 
     6.1B.1.4.2 Interruption Time 
     The interruption time is the time between end of the last TTI containing the RRC command on the old PDSCH and the time the UE starts transmission of the new PRACH, excluding the RRC procedure delay. 
     When intra-frequency or inter-frequency handover is commanded, the interruption time shall be less than T interrupt    
         T   interrupt   =T   search   +T   IU   +T   processing   +T   Δ   +T   margin  ms 
     Where: 
     T search  is the time required to search the target cell when the handover command is received by the UE. If the target cell is a known cell, then T search =0 ms. If the target cell is an unknown intra-frequency cell and the target cell Es/Iot≥−2 dB, then T search =(1+L 1 )*8*T rs  ms. If the target cell is an unknown inter-frequency cell and the target cell Es/Iot≥−2 dB, then T search =(3+L 1 ′)*8*T rs  ms. If there are at least two SMTC occasion not available at the UE which are spaced by 8 SMTC periods during the intra-frequency and inter-frequency detection period, respectively, then L 1  and L 1 ′ are equal to the number of SMTC occasion not available at the UE consequently spaced by 8 SMTC periods during the intra-frequency and inter-frequency detection period, respectively. Otherwise, if there is at least one SMTC occasion not available at the UE during the intra-frequency and inter-frequency detection period, respectively, then L 1  and L 1 ′ are equal to 1, otherwise L 1  and L 1 ′ are equal to 0. Regardless of whether DRX is in use by the UE, T search  shall still be based on non-DRX target cell search times. 
     T processing  is time for UE processing. T processing  can be up to 20 ms. 
     T margin  is time for SSB post-processing. T margin  can be up to 2 ms. 
     T Δ  is time for fine time tracking and acquiring full timing information of the target cell. T Δ =(1+L 2 )*T rs , where L 2  is the number of SMTC occasions not available at the UE during the time tracking period. 
     T IU  is the interruption uncertainty due to the random access procedure when sending PRACH to the new cell. T IU  can be up to (1+L 3 )*T SSB,RO +10 ms, where T SSB,RO  is SSB to PRACH occasion associated period is defined in the table 8.1-1 of TS 38.213 [3] and L 3  is the number of consecutive SSB to PRACH occasion association periods during which no PRACH occasion is available for PRACH transmission due to UL CCA failure. 
     T rs  is the SMTC periodicity of the target NR cell in a carrier frequency with CCA if the UE has been provided with an SMTC configuration for the target cell in the handover command, otherwise Trs is the SMTC configured in the measObjectNR having the same SSB frequency and subcarrier spacing. If the UE is not provided SMTC configuration or measurement object on this frequency, the requirement in this clause is applied with T rs =5 ms assuming the SSB transmission periodicity is 5 ms. There is no requirement if the SSB transmission periodicity is not 5 ms. 
     NOTE 1: The interruption time considering the potential extensions caused by L 1 , L 1 ′, L 2 , L 3  and by the UL CCA failure detection/recovery mechanism is limited by the T304 timer. The UE behaviour at the T304 timer expiry is detailed in TS 38.331 [2]. 
     In FR2, the target cell is known if it has been meeting the following conditions:
         During the last 5 seconds before the reception of the handover command:   the UE has sent a valid measurement report for the target cell and   One of the SSBs measured from the NR target cell being configured remains detectable according to the cell identification conditions specified in Clause 9.2A.5 for intra-frequency handover and Clause 9.3A.4 for inter-frequency handover to a carrier frequency with CCA,   One of the SSBs measured from the target cell also remains detectable during the handover delay according to the cell identification conditions specified in Clause 9.2A.5 for intra-frequency handover and Clause 9.3A.4 for inter-frequency handover to a carrier frequency with CCA.       

     otherwise it is unknown. 
     Systems and Implementations 
       FIGS.  7 - 10    illustrate various systems, devices, and components that may implement aspects of disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates a network  700  in accordance with various embodiments. The network  700  may operate in a manner consistent with 3GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems, or the like. 
     The network  700  may include a UE  702 , which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN  704  via an over-the-air connection. The UE  702  may be communicatively coupled with the RAN  704  by a Uu interface. The UE  702  may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, IoT device, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the network  700  may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  702  may additionally communicate with an AP  706  via an over-the-air connection. The AP  706  may manage a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN  704 . The connection between the UE  702  and the AP  706  may be consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  706  could be a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In some embodiments, the UE  702 , RAN  704 , and AP  706  may utilize cellular-WLAN aggregation (for example, LWA/LWIP). Cellular-WLAN aggregation may involve the UE  702  being configured by the RAN  704  to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources. 
     The RAN  704  may include one or more access nodes, for example, AN  708 . AN  708  may terminate air-interface protocols for the UE  702  by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and L1 protocols. In this manner, the AN  708  may enable data/voice connectivity between CN  720  and the UE  702 . In some embodiments, the AN  708  may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN or virtual baseband unit pool. The AN  708  be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, TRP, etc. The AN  708  may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. 
     In embodiments in which the RAN  704  includes a plurality of ANs, they may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN  704  is an LTE RAN) or an Xn interface (if the RAN  704  is a 5G RAN). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc. 
     The ANs of the RAN  704  may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc. to provide the UE  702  with an air interface for network access. The UE  702  may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs of the RAN  704 . For example, the UE  702  and RAN  704  may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE  702  to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc. 
     The RAN  704  may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol. 
     In V2X scenarios the UE  702  or AN  708  may be or act as a RSU, which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network. 
     In some embodiments, the RAN  704  may be an LTE RAN  710  with eNBs, for example, eNB  712 . The LTE RAN  710  may provide an LTE air interface with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSI-RS for CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands. 
     In some embodiments, the RAN  704  may be an NG-RAN  714  with gNBs, for example, gNB  716 , or ng-eNBs, for example, ng-eNB  718 . The gNB  716  may connect with 5G-enabled UEs using a 5G NR interface. The gNB  716  may connect with a 5G core through an NG interface, which may include an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB  718  may also connect with the 5G core through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE via an LTE air interface. The gNB  716  and the ng-eNB  718  may connect with each other over an Xn interface. 
     In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN  714  and a UPF  748  (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN  714  and an AMF  744  (e.g., N2 interface). 
     The NG-RAN  714  may provide a 5G-NR air interface with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSI-RS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G-NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub-6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH. 
     In some embodiments, the 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE  702  can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE  702 , the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE  702  with different amount of frequency resources (for example, PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load while allowing power saving at the UE  702  and in some cases at the gNB  716 . A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load. 
     The RAN  704  is communicatively coupled to CN  720  that includes network elements to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (for example, users of UE  702 ). The components of the CN  720  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN  720  onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN  720  may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  720  may be referred to as a network sub-slice. 
     In some embodiments, the CN  720  may be an LTE CN  722 , which may also be referred to as an EPC. The LTE CN  722  may include MME  724 , SGW  726 , SGSN  728 , HSS  730 , PGW  732 , and PCRF  734  coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the LTE CN  722  may be briefly introduced as follows. 
     The MME  724  may implement mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE  702  to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc. 
     The SGW  726  may terminate an Si interface toward the RAN and route data packets between the RAN and the LTE CN  722 . The SGW  726  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. 
     The SGSN  728  may track a location of the UE  702  and perform security functions and access control. In addition, the SGSN  728  may perform inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME  724 ; MME selection for handovers; etc. The S3 reference point between the MME  724  and the SGSN  728  may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle/active states. 
     The HSS  730  may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The HSS  730  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS  730  and the MME  724  may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the LTE CN  720 . 
     The PGW  732  may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN)  736  that may include an application/content server  738 . The PGW  732  may route data packets between the LTE CN  722  and the data network  736 . The PGW  732  may be coupled with the SGW  726  by an S5 reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW  732  may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (for example, PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the PGW  732  and the data network  736  may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The PGW  732  may be coupled with a PCRF  734  via a Gx reference point. 
     The PCRF  734  is the policy and charging control element of the LTE CN  722 . The PCRF  734  may be communicatively coupled to the app/content server  738  to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF  732  may provision associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI. 
     In some embodiments, the CN  720  may be a 5GC  740 . The 5GC  740  may include an AUSF  742 , AMF  744 , SMF  746 , UPF  748 , NSSF  750 , NEF  752 , NRF  754 , PCF  756 , UDM  758 , and AF  760  coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the 5GC  740  may be briefly introduced as follows. 
     The AUSF  742  may store data for authentication of UE  702  and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF  742  may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. In addition to communicating with other elements of the 5GC  740  over reference points as shown, the AUSF  742  may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface. 
     The AMF  744  may allow other functions of the 5GC  740  to communicate with the UE  702  and the RAN  704  and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE  702 . The AMF  744  may be responsible for registration management (for example, for registering UE  702 ), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF  744  may provide transport for SM messages between the UE  702  and the SMF  746 , and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF  744  may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE  702  and an SMSF. AMF  744  may interact with the AUSF  742  and the UE  702  to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF  744  may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the RAN  704  and the AMF  744 ; and the AMF  744  may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. AMF  744  may also support NAS signaling with the UE  702  over an N3 IWF interface. 
     The SMF  746  may be responsible for SM (for example, session establishment, tunnel management between UPF  748  and AN  708 ); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF  748  to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF  744  over N2 to AN  708 ; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE  702  and the data network  736 . 
     The UPF  748  may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network  736 , and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF  748  may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF-to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF  748  may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. 
     The NSSF  750  may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE  702 . The NSSF  750  may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF  750  may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE  702 , or a list of candidate AMFs based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF  754 . The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE  702  may be triggered by the AMF  744  with which the UE  702  is registered by interacting with the NSSF  750 , which may lead to a change of AMF. The NSSF  750  may interact with the AMF  744  via an N22 reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown). Additionally, the NSSF  750  may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface. 
     The NEF  752  may securely expose services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs (e.g., AF  760 ), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF  752  may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF  752  may also translate information exchanged with the AF  760  and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF  752  may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF  752  may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF  752  as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF  752  to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF  752  may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface. 
     The NRF  754  may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF  754  also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF  754  may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface. 
     The PCF  756  may provide policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF  756  may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM  758 . In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF  756  exhibit an Npcf service-based interface. 
     The UDM  758  may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE  702 . For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N8 reference point between the UDM  758  and the AMF  744 . The UDM  758  may include two parts, an application front end and a UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM  758  and the PCF  756 , and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs  702 ) for the NEF  752 . The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR  221  to allow the UDM  758 , PCF  756 , and NEF  752  to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM  758  may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface. 
     The AF  760  may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. 
     In some embodiments, the 5GC  740  may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE  702  is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. To provide edge-computing implementations, the 5GC  740  may select a UPF  748  close to the UE  702  and execute traffic steering from the UPF  748  to data network  736  via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF  760 . In this way, the AF  760  may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF  760  is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF  760  to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF  760  may exhibit an Naf service-based interface. 
     The data network  736  may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application/content server  738 . 
       FIG.  8    schematically illustrates a wireless network  800  in accordance with various embodiments. The wireless network  800  may include a UE  802  in wireless communication with an AN  804 . The UE  802  and AN  804  may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described elsewhere herein. 
     The UE  802  may be communicatively coupled with the AN  804  via connection  806 . The connection  806  is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an LTE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub-6 GHz frequencies. 
     The UE  802  may include a host platform  808  coupled with a modem platform  810 . The host platform  808  may include application processing circuitry  812 , which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry  814  of the modem platform  810 . The application processing circuitry  812  may run various applications for the UE  802  that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry  812  may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations 
     The protocol processing circuitry  814  may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection  806 . The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry  814  may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations. 
     The modem platform  810  may further include digital baseband circuitry  816  that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry  814  in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ-ACK functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions. 
     The modem platform  810  may further include transmit circuitry  818 , receive circuitry  820 , RF circuitry  822 , and RF front end (RFFE)  824 , which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels  826 . Briefly, the transmit circuitry  818  may include a digital-to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry  820  may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry  822  may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE  824  may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry  818 , receive circuitry  820 , RF circuitry  822 , RFFE  824 , and antenna panels  826  (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry  814  may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components. 
     A UE reception may be established by and via the antenna panels  826 , RFFE  824 , RF circuitry  822 , receive circuitry  820 , digital baseband circuitry  816 , and protocol processing circuitry  814 . In some embodiments, the antenna panels  826  may receive a transmission from the AN  804  by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels  826 . 
     A UE transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry  814 , digital baseband circuitry  816 , transmit circuitry  818 , RF circuitry  822 , RFFE  824 , and antenna panels  826 . In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE  804  may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels  826 . 
     Similar to the UE  802 , the AN  804  may include a host platform  828  coupled with a modem platform  830 . The host platform  828  may include application processing circuitry  832  coupled with protocol processing circuitry  834  of the modem platform  830 . The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry  836 , transmit circuitry  838 , receive circuitry  840 , RF circuitry  842 , RFFE circuitry  844 , and antenna panels  846 . The components of the AN  804  may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like-named components of the UE  802 . In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN  808  may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling. 
       FIG.  9    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  9    shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  900  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  910 , one or more memory/storage devices  920 , and one or more communication resources  930 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  940  or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  902  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  900 . 
     The processors  910  may include, for example, a processor  912  and a processor  914 . The processors  910  may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The memory/storage devices  920  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  920  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  930  may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  904  or one or more databases  906  or other network elements via a network  908 . For example, the communication resources  930  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, etc.), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  950  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  910  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  950  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  910  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  920 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  950  may be transferred to the hardware resources  900  from any combination of the peripheral devices  904  or the databases  906 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  910 , the memory/storage devices  920 , the peripheral devices  904 , and the databases  906  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates a network  1000  in accordance with various embodiments. The network  1000  may operate in a matter consistent with 3GPP technical specifications or technical reports for 6G systems. In some embodiments, the network  1000  may operate concurrently with network  700 . For example, in some embodiments, the network  1000  may share one or more frequency or bandwidth resources with network  700 . As one specific example, a UE (e.g., UE  1002 ) may be configured to operate in both network  1000  and network  700 . Such configuration may be based on a UE including circuitry configured for communication with frequency and bandwidth resources of both networks  700  and  1000 . In general, several elements of network  1000  may share one or more characteristics with elements of network  700 . For the sake of brevity and clarity, such elements may not be repeated in the description of network  1000 . 
     The network  1000  may include a UE  1002 , which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN  1008  via an over-the-air connection. The UE  1002  may be similar to, for example, UE  702 . The UE  1002  may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, IoT device, etc. 
     Although not specifically shown in  FIG.  10   , in some embodiments the network  1000  may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. Similarly, although not specifically shown in  FIG.  10   , the UE  1002  may be communicatively coupled with an AP such as AP  706  as described with respect to  FIG.  7   . Additionally, although not specifically shown in  FIG.  10   , in some embodiments the RAN  1008  may include one or more ANss such as AN  708  as described with respect to  FIG.  7   . The RAN  1008  and/or the AN of the RAN  1008  may be referred to as a base station (B S), a RAN node, or using some other term or name. 
     The UE  1002  and the RAN  1008  may be configured to communicate via an air interface that may be referred to as a sixth generation (6G) air interface. The 6G air interface may include one or more features such as communication in a terahertz (THz) or sub-THz bandwidth, or joint communication and sensing. As used herein, the term “joint communication and sensing” may refer to a system that allows for wireless communication as well as radar-based sensing via various types of multiplexing. As used herein, THz or sub-THz bandwidths may refer to communication in the 80 GHz and above frequency ranges. Such frequency ranges may additionally or alternatively be referred to as “millimeter wave” or “mmWave” frequency ranges. 
     The RAN  1008  may allow for communication between the UE  1002  and a 6G core network (CN)  1010 . Specifically, the RAN  1008  may facilitate the transmission and reception of data between the UE  1002  and the 6G CN  1010 . The 6G CN  1010  may include various functions such as NSSF  750 , NEF  752 , NRF  754 , PCF  756 , UDM  758 , AF  760 , SMF  746 , and AUSF  742 . The 6G CN  1010  may additional include UPF  748  and DN  736  as shown in  FIG.  10   . 
     Additionally, the RAN  1008  may include various additional functions that are in addition to, or alternative to, functions of a legacy cellular network such as a 4G or 5G network. Two such functions may include a Compute Control Function (Comp CF)  1024  and a Compute Service Function (Comp SF)  1036 . The Comp CF  1024  and the Comp SF  1036  may be parts or functions of the Computing Service Plane. Comp CF  1024  may be a control plane function that provides functionalities such as management of the Comp SF  1036 , computing task context generation and management (e.g., create, read, modify, delete), interaction with the underlaying computing infrastructure for computing resource management, etc. Comp SF  1036  may be a user plane function that serves as the gateway to interface computing service users (such as UE  1002 ) and computing nodes behind a Comp SF instance. Some functionalities of the Comp SF  1036  may include: parse computing service data received from users to compute tasks executable by computing nodes; hold service mesh ingress gateway or service API gateway; service and charging policies enforcement; performance monitoring and telemetry collection, etc. In some embodiments, a Comp SF  1036  instance may serve as the user plane gateway for a cluster of computing nodes. A Comp CF  1024  instance may control one or more Comp SF  1036  instances. 
     Two other such functions may include a Communication Control Function (Comm CF)  1028  and a Communication Service Function (Comm SF)  1038 , which may be parts of the Communication Service Plane. The Comm CF  1028  may be the control plane function for managing the Comm SF  1038 , communication sessions creation/configuration/releasing, and managing communication session context. The Comm SF  1038  may be a user plane function for data transport. Comm CF  1028  and Comm SF  1038  may be considered as upgrades of SMF  746  and UPF  748 , which were described with respect to a 5G system in  FIG.  7   . The upgrades provided by the Comm CF  1028  and the Comm SF  1038  may enable service-aware transport. For legacy (e.g., 4G or 5G) data transport, SMF  746  and UPF  748  may still be used. 
     Two other such functions may include a Data Control Function (Data CF)  1022  and Data Service Function (Data SF)  1032  may be parts of the Data Service Plane. Data CF  1022  may be a control plane function and provides functionalities such as Data SF  1032  management, Data service creation/configuration/releasing, Data service context management, etc. Data SF  1032  may be a user plane function and serve as the gateway between data service users (such as UE  1002  and the various functions of the 6G CN  1010 ) and data service endpoints behind the gateway. Specific functionalities may include: parse data service user data and forward to corresponding data service endpoints, generate charging data, report data service status. 
     Another such function may be the Service Orchestration and Chaining Function (SOCF)  1020 , which may discover, orchestrate and chain up communication/computing/data services provided by functions in the network. Upon receiving service requests from users, SOCF  1020  may interact with one or more of Comp CF  1024 , Comm CF  1028 , and Data CF  1022  to identify Comp SF  1036 , Comm SF  1038 , and Data SF  1032  instances, configure service resources, and generate the service chain, which could contain multiple Comp SF  1036 , Comm SF  1038 , and Data SF  1032  instances and their associated computing endpoints. Workload processing and data movement may then be conducted within the generated service chain. The SOCF  1020  may also responsible for maintaining, updating, and releasing a created service chain. 
     Another such function may be the service registration function (SRF)  1014 , which may act as a registry for system services provided in the user plane such as services provided by service endpoints behind Comp SF  1036  and Data SF  1032  gateways and services provided by the UE  1002 . The SRF  1014  may be considered a counterpart of NRF  754 , which may act as the registry for network functions. 
     Other such functions may include an evolved service communication proxy (eSCP) and service infrastructure control function (SICF)  1026 , which may provide service communication infrastructure for control plane services and user plane services. The eSCP may be related to the service communication proxy (SCP) of 5G with user plane service communication proxy capabilities being added. The eSCP is therefore expressed in two parts: eCSP-C  1012  and eSCP-U  1034 , for control plane service communication proxy and user plane service communication proxy, respectively. The SICF  1026  may control and configure eCSP instances in terms of service traffic routing policies, access rules, load balancing configurations, performance monitoring, etc. 
     Another such function is the AMF  1044 . The AMF  1044  may be similar to  744 , but with additional functionality. Specifically, the AMF  1044  may include potential functional repartition, such as move the message forwarding functionality from the AMF  1044  to the RAN  1008 . 
     Another such function is the service orchestration exposure function (SOEF)  1018 . The SOEF may be configured to expose service orchestration and chaining services to external users such as applications. 
     The UE  1002  may include an additional function that is referred to as a computing client service function (comp CSF)  1004 . The comp CSF  1004  may have both the control plane functionalities and user plane functionalities, and may interact with corresponding network side functions such as SOCF  1020 , Comp CF  1024 , Comp SF  1036 , Data CF  1022 , and/or Data SF  1032  for service discovery, request/response, compute task workload exchange, etc. The Comp CSF  1004  may also work with network side functions to decide on whether a computing task should be run on the UE  1002 , the RAN  1008 , and/or an element of the 6G CN  1010 . 
     The UE  1002  and/or the Comp CSF  1004  may include a service mesh proxy  1006 . The service mesh proxy  1006  may act as a proxy for service-to-service communication in the user plane. Capabilities of the service mesh proxy  1006  may include one or more of addressing, security, load balancing, etc. 
     EXAMPLE PROCEDURES 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of  FIGS.  7 - 10   , or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. 
     One such technique may be depicted in  FIG.  11   . The technique may be performed, in whole or in part, by a UE, one or more elements of a UE, and/or an electronic device that includes or implements a UE. The technique may include performing, at  1105 , measurement of a plurality of samples of respective receive (Rx) beams of a plurality of Rx beams; identifying, at  1110 , a measurement failure of at least one sample of at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams; identifying, at  1115  based on the at least one sample or the at least one Rx beam, one or more additional samples; and performing, at  1120 , measurement of the one or more additional samples. 
     For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section. 
     Examples 
     Example 1 may include the method of considering extension of time periods in RRM requirements for operation in carrier frequencies with CCA in FR2-2 by taking into account the samples (SSB occasion, SMTC occasion, DRX cycle with SMTC occasion, CSI-RS occasion etc.) which were not available due to LBT failure. 
     Example 2 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, where the RRM requirements are extended by the exact number of samples which were not available due to LBT failure. 
     Example 3 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, where for each sample which was not available due to LBT failure the RRM requirements are extended by the number of samples which were considered to be measured at one Rx beam. 
     Example 4 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, where for each sample which was not available due to LBT failure the RRM requirements are extended by the number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor), considering another beam sweeping is needed for each missed sample. 
     Example 5 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, where for each Rx beam sweeping round with at least one sample not available due to LBT failure the RRM requirements are extended by the number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor), considering another beam sweeping is needed for each Rx beam sweeping round with missed sample. 
     Example 6 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, where if there are samples which were not available due to LBT failure during the measurement period the RRM requirements are extended by the number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor), considering only one additional round of beam sweeping is needed 
     Example 7 may include the method of example 6 or some other example herein, where if there are at least two samples which were not available due to LBT failure and which were consequently spaced by the number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor) then the RRM requirements are extended by the number of additional rounds of beam sweeping equal to the number of samples which were not available due to LBT failure and which were consequently spaced by the number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor) during the measurement period. 
     Example 8 may include the maximum number of allowed samples to be missed due to LBT failure in RRM requirements is FR-specific 
     Example 9 may include the methods of examples 1-7 or some other example herein, where for the maximum number of allowed samples to be missed due to LBT failure FR1 values can be used for each RRM requirement with scaling by the Rx beam sweeping scaling factor. 
     Example 10 includes a method comprising: 
     determining a listen-before-talk (LBT) based radio resource management (RRM) requirement that includes an indication of an additional measurement to be performed for a LBT sample failure for a frequency range 2-2 (FR2-2) communication; and 
     encoding a message for transmission to a user equipment (UE) that includes an indication of the LBT RRM requirement. 
     Example 10a includes the method of example 10 or some other example herein, wherein the RRM requirement is based on a number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor) for each Rx beam sweeping round with at least one sample not available due to LBT failure. 
     Example 10b includes the method of example 10a or some other example herein, wherein samples which were not available due to LBT failure during the measurement period the RRM requirements are extended by the number of Rx beams. 
     Example 10c includes the method of example 10a or some other example herein, wherein if there are at least two samples which were not available due to LBT failure and which were consequently spaced by the number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor) then the RRM requirements are extended by the number of additional rounds of beam sweeping equal to the number of samples which were not available due to LBT failure and which were consequently spaced by the number of Rx beams (Rx beam sweeping scaling factor) during the measurement period. 
     Example 11 includes the method of example 10 or some other example herein, wherein the LBT RRM requirement is to indicate that an additional measurement is to be performed only for a sample having an LBT failure. 
     Example 12 includes the method of example 10 or some other example herein, wherein the LBT RRM requirement is to indicate that a respective additional measurement is to be performed for all samples in response to an LBT failure for any sample. 
     Example 13 includes the method of example 10 or some other example herein, wherein the LBT RRM requirement is to indicate that an additional measurement is to be performed for all receive (Rx) beams for a sample in response to an LBT failure for the sample. 
     Example 14 includes a user equipment (UE) comprising: one or more processors; and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions that, upon execution of the instructions by the one or more processors, are to cause the UE to: perform measurement of a plurality of samples of respective receive (Rx) beams of a plurality of Rx beams; identify a measurement failure of at least one sample of at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams; identify, based on the at least one sample or the at least one Rx beam, one or more additional samples; and perform measurement of the one or more additional samples. 
     Example 15 includes the UE of example 14, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement failure is related to listen-before-talk (LBT). 
     Example 16 includes the UE of any of examples 14-15, and/or some other example herein, wherein the Rx beams are transmitted in the FR2-2 frequency spectrum. 
     Example 17 includes the UE of any of examples 14-16, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes an additional measurement of the at least one sample of the at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 18 includes the UE of any of examples 14-16, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes an additional measurement of a plurality of samples of the at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 19 includes the UE of any of examples 14-16, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes measurement based on at least one additional Rx beam sweeping round. 
     Example 20 includes the UE of any of examples 14-16, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes measurement of an additional samples for respective Rx beams of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 21 includes one or more non-transitory computer-readable media (NTCRM) comprising instructions that, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of a user equipment (UE), are to cause the UE to: perform measurement of a plurality of samples of respective receive (Rx) beams of a plurality of Rx beams; identify a measurement failure of at least one sample of at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams; identify, based on the at least one sample or the at least one Rx beam, one or more additional samples; and perform measurement of the one or more additional samples. 
     Example 22 includes the one or more NTCRM of example 21, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement failure is related to listen-before-talk (LBT). 
     Example 23 includes the one or more NTCRM of any of examples 21-22, and/or some other example herein, wherein the Rx beams are transmitted in the FR2-2 frequency spectrum. 
     Example 24 includes the one or more NTCRM of any of examples 21-23, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes an additional measurement of the at least one sample of the at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 24 includes the one or more NTCRM of any of examples 21-23, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes an additional measurement of a plurality of samples of the at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 25 includes the one or more NTCRM of any of examples 21-23, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes measurement based on at least one additional Rx beam sweeping round. 
     Example 26 includes the one or more NTCRM of any of examples 21-23, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes measurement of an additional samples for respective Rx beams of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 27 includes an apparatus for use in a user equipment (UE), wherein the apparatus comprises: radio frequency (RF) circuitry to receive a plurality of receive (Rx) beams; and processor circuitry coupled with the RF circuitry, the processor circuitry to: perform measurement of a plurality of samples of respective receive Rx beams of the plurality of Rx beams; identify a measurement failure of at least one sample of at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams; identify, based on the at least one sample or the at least one Rx beam, one or more additional samples; and perform measurement of the one or more additional samples. 
     Example 28 includes the UE of example 27, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement failure is related to listen-before-talk (LBT). 
     Example 29 includes the UE of any of examples 27-28, and/or some other example herein, wherein the Rx beams are transmitted in the FR2-2 frequency spectrum. 
     Example 30 includes the UE of any of examples 27-29, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes an additional measurement of the at least one sample of the at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 31 includes the UE of any of examples 27-29, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes an additional measurement of a plurality of samples of the at least one Rx beam of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example 32 includes the UE of any of examples 27-29, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes measurement based on at least one additional Rx beam sweeping round. 
     Example 33 includes the UE of any of examples 27-29, and/or some other example herein, wherein the measurement of the one or more additional samples includes measurement of an additional samples for respective Rx beams of the plurality of Rx beams. 
     Example Z01 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z02 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z03 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z04 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example Z05 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z06 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example Z07 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z08 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z09 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z10 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z11 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-33, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z12 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z13 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z14 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z15 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. 
     Abbreviations 
     Unless used differently herein, terms, definitions, and abbreviations may be consistent with terms, definitions, and abbreviations defined in 3GPP TR 21.905 v16.0.0 (2019-06). For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 3GPP 
                 Third Generation Partnership Project 
               
               
                 4G 
                 Fourth Generation 
               
               
                 5G 
                 Fifth Generation 
               
               
                 5GC 
                 5G Core network 
               
               
                 AC 
                 Application Client 
               
               
                 ACR 
                 Application Context Relocation 
               
               
                 ACK 
                 Acknowledgement 
               
               
                 ACID 
                 Application Client Identification 
               
               
                 AF 
                 Application Function 
               
               
                 AM 
                 Acknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 AMBR 
                 Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate 
               
               
                 AMF 
                 Access and Mobility Management Function 
               
               
                 AN 
                 Access Network 
               
               
                 ANR 
                 Automatic Neighbour Relation 
               
               
                 AOA 
                 Angle of Arrival 
               
               
                 AP 
                 Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point 
               
               
                 API 
                 Application Programming Interface 
               
               
                 APN 
                 Access Point Name 
               
               
                 ARP 
                 Allocation and Retention Priority 
               
               
                 ARQ 
                 Automatic Repeat Request 
               
               
                 AS 
                 Access Stratum 
               
               
                 ASP 
                 Application Service Provider 
               
               
                 ASN.1 
                 Abstract Syntax Notation One 
               
               
                 AUSF 
                 Authentication Server Function 
               
               
                 AWGN 
                 Additive White Gaussian Noise 
               
               
                 BAP 
                 Backhaul Adaptation Protocol 
               
               
                 BCH 
                 Broadcast Channel 
               
               
                 BER 
                 Bit Error Ratio 
               
               
                 BFD 
                 Beam Failure Detection 
               
               
                 BLER 
                 Block Error Rate 
               
               
                 BPSK 
                 Binary Phase Shift Keying 
               
               
                 BRAS 
                 Broadband Remote Access Server 
               
               
                 BSS 
                 Business Support System 
               
               
                 BS 
                 Base Station 
               
               
                 BSR 
                 Buffer Status Report 
               
               
                 BW 
                 Bandwidth 
               
               
                 BWP 
                 Bandwidth Part 
               
               
                 C-RNTI 
                 Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity 
               
               
                 CA 
                 Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority 
               
               
                 CAPEX 
                 CAPital EXpenditure 
               
               
                 CBRA 
                 Contention Based Random Access 
               
               
                 CC 
                 Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic 
               
               
                   
                 Checksum 
               
               
                 CCA 
                 Clear Channel Assessment 
               
               
                 CCE 
                 Control Channel Element 
               
               
                 CCCH 
                 Common Control Channel 
               
               
                 CE 
                 Coverage Enhancement 
               
               
                 CDM 
                 Content Delivery Network 
               
               
                 CDMA 
                 Code-Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 CDR 
                 Charging Data Request 
               
               
                 CDR 
                 Charging Data Response 
               
               
                 CFRA 
                 Contention Free Random Access 
               
               
                 CG 
                 Cell Group 
               
               
                 CGF 
                 Charging Gateway Function 
               
               
                 CHF 
                 Charging Function 
               
               
                 CI 
                 Cell Identity 
               
               
                 CID 
                 Cell-ID (e g., positioning method) 
               
               
                 CIM 
                 Common Information Model 
               
               
                 CIR 
                 Carrier to Interference Ratio 
               
               
                 CK 
                 Cipher Key 
               
               
                 CM 
                 Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory 
               
               
                 CMAS 
                 Commercial Mobile Alert Service 
               
               
                 CMD 
                 Command 
               
               
                 CMS 
                 Cloud Management System 
               
               
                 CO 
                 Conditional Optional 
               
               
                 CoMP 
                 Coordinated Multi-Point 
               
               
                 CORESET 
                 Control Resource Set 
               
               
                 COTS 
                 Commercial Off-The-Shelf 
               
               
                 CP 
                 Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point 
               
               
                 CPD 
                 Connection Point Descriptor 
               
               
                 CPE 
                 Customer Premise Equipment 
               
               
                 CPICH 
                 Common Pilot Channel 
               
               
                 CQI 
                 Channel Quality Indicator 
               
               
                 CPU 
                 CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit 
               
               
                 C/R 
                 Command/Response field bit 
               
               
                 CRAN 
                 Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN 
               
               
                 CRB 
                 Common Resource Block 
               
               
                 CRC 
                 Cyclic Redundancy Check 
               
               
                 CRI 
                 Channel-State Information Resource Indicator, CSI-RS 
               
               
                   
                 Resource Indicator 
               
               
                 C-RNTI 
                 Cell RNTI 
               
               
                 CS 
                 Circuit Switched 
               
               
                 CSCF 
                 call session control function 
               
               
                 CSAR 
                 Cloud Service Archive 
               
               
                 CSI 
                 Channel-State Information 
               
               
                 CSI-IM 
                 CSI Interference Measurement 
               
               
                 CSI-RS 
                 CSI Reference Signal 
               
               
                 CSI-RSRP 
                 CSI reference signal received power 
               
               
                 CSI-RSRQ 
                 CSI reference signal received quality 
               
               
                 CSI-SINR 
                 CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio 
               
               
                 CSMA 
                 Carrier Sense Multiple Access 
               
               
                 CSMA/CA 
                 CSMA with collision avoidance 
               
               
                 CSS 
                 Common Search Space, Cell- specific Search Space 
               
               
                 CTF 
                 Charging Trigger Function 
               
               
                 CTS 
                 Clear-to-Send 
               
               
                 CW 
                 Codeword 
               
               
                 CWS 
                 Contention Window Size 
               
               
                 D2D 
                 Device-to-Device 
               
               
                 DC 
                 Dual Connectivity, Direct Current 
               
               
                 DCI 
                 Downlink Control Information 
               
               
                 DF 
                 Deployment Flavour 
               
               
                 DL 
                 Downlink 
               
               
                 DMTF 
                 Distributed Management Task Force 
               
               
                 DPDK 
                 Data Plane Development Kit 
               
               
                 DM-RS, 
                 Demodulation Reference Signal 
               
               
                 DMRS 
               
               
                 DN 
                 Data network 
               
               
                 DNN 
                 Data Network Name 
               
               
                 DNAI 
                 Data Network Access Identifier 
               
               
                 DRB 
                 Data Radio Bearer 
               
               
                 DRS 
                 Discovery Reference Signal 
               
               
                 DRX 
                 Discontinuous Reception 
               
               
                 DSL 
                 Domain Specific Language. Digital Subscriber Line 
               
               
                 DSLAM 
                 DSL Access Multiplexer 
               
               
                 DwPTS 
                 Downlink Pilot Time Slot 
               
               
                 E-LAN 
                 Ethernet Local Area Network 
               
               
                 E2E 
                 End-to-End 
               
               
                 EAS 
                 Edge Application Server 
               
               
                 ECCA 
                 extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA 
               
               
                 ECCE 
                 Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE 
               
               
                 ED 
                 Energy Detection 
               
               
                 EDGE 
                 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM 
               
               
                   
                 Evolution) 
               
               
                 EAS 
                 Edge Application Server 
               
               
                 EASID 
                 Edge Application Server Identification 
               
               
                 ECS 
                 Edge Configuration Server 
               
               
                 ECSP 
                 Edge Computing Service Provider 
               
               
                 EDN 
                 Edge Data Network 
               
               
                 EEC 
                 Edge Enabler Client 
               
               
                 EECID 
                 Edge Enabler Client Identification 
               
               
                 EES 
                 Edge Enabler Server 
               
               
                 EESID 
                 Edge Enabler Server Identification 
               
               
                 EHE 
                 Edge Hosting Environment 
               
               
                 EGMF 
                 Exposure Governance Management Function 
               
               
                 EGPRS 
                 Enhanced GPRS 
               
               
                 EIR 
                 Equipment Identity Register 
               
               
                 eLAA 
                 enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA 
               
               
                 EM 
                 Element Manager 
               
               
                 eMBB 
                 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 
               
               
                 EMS 
                 Element Management System 
               
               
                 eNB 
                 evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B 
               
               
                 EN-DC 
                 E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                 EPC 
                 Evolved Packet Core 
               
               
                 EPDCCH 
                 enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink Control 
               
               
                   
                 Cannel 
               
               
                 EPRE 
                 Energy per resource element 
               
               
                 EPS 
                 Evolved Packet System 
               
               
                 EREG 
                 enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups 
               
               
                 ETSI 
                 European Telecommunications Standards Institute 
               
               
                 ETWS 
                 Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System 
               
               
                 eUICC 
                 embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated Circuit 
               
               
                   
                 Card 
               
               
                 E-UTRA 
                 Evolved UTRA 
               
               
                 E-UTRAN 
                 Evolved UTRAN 
               
               
                 EV2X 
                 Enhanced V2X 
               
               
                 F1AP 
                 F1 Application Protocol 
               
               
                 F1-C 
                 F1 Control plane interface 
               
               
                 F1-U 
                 F1 User plane interface 
               
               
                 FACCH 
                 Fast Associated Control CHannel 
               
               
                 FACCH/F 
                 Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate 
               
               
                 FACCH/H 
                 Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate 
               
               
                 FACH 
                 Forward Access Channel 
               
               
                 FAUSCH 
                 Fast Uplink Signalling Channel 
               
               
                 FB 
                 Functional Block 
               
               
                 FBI 
                 Feedback Information 
               
               
                 FCC 
                 Federal Communications Commission 
               
               
                 FCCH 
                 Frequency Correction CHannel 
               
               
                 FDD 
                 Frequency Division Duplex 
               
               
                 FDM 
                 Frequency Division Multiplex 
               
               
                 FDMA 
                 Frequency Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 FE 
                 Front End 
               
               
                 FEC 
                 Forward Error Correction 
               
               
                 FFS 
                 For Further Study 
               
               
                 FFT 
                 Fast Fourier Transformation 
               
               
                 feLAA 
                 further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, further 
               
               
                   
                 enhanced LAA 
               
               
                 FN 
                 Frame Number 
               
               
                 FPGA 
                 Field-Programmable Gate Array 
               
               
                 FR 
                 Frequency Range 
               
               
                 FQDN 
                 Fully Qualified Domain Name 
               
               
                 G-RNTI 
                 GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity 
               
               
                 GERAN 
                 GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access Network 
               
               
                 GGSN 
                 Gateway GPRS Support Node 
               
               
                 GLONASS 
                 GLObal&#39;naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema 
               
               
                   
                 (Engl.: Global Navigation Satellite System) 
               
               
                 gNB 
                 Next Generation NodeB 
               
               
                 gNB-CU 
                 gNB-centralized unit, Next Generation NodeB 
               
               
                   
                 centralized unit 
               
               
                 gNB-DU 
                 gNB-distributed unit, Next Generation NodeB 
               
               
                   
                 distributed unit 
               
               
                 GNSS 
                 Global Navigation Satellite System 
               
               
                 GPRS 
                 General Packet Radio Service 
               
               
                 GPSI 
                 Generic Public Subscription Identifier 
               
               
                 GSM 
                 Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe 
               
               
                   
                 Spécial Mobile 
               
               
                 GTP 
                 GPRS Tunneling Protocol 
               
               
                 GTP-U 
                 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane 
               
               
                 GTS 
                 Go To Sleep Signal (related to WUS) 
               
               
                 GUMMEI 
                 Globally Unique MME Identifier 
               
               
                 GUTI 
                 Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity 
               
               
                 HARQ 
                 Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 
               
               
                 HANDO 
                 Handover 
               
               
                 HFN 
                 HyperFrame Number 
               
               
                 HHO 
                 Hard Handover 
               
               
                 HLR 
                 Home Location Register 
               
               
                 HN 
                 Home Network 
               
               
                 HO 
                 Handover 
               
               
                 HPLMN 
                 Home Public Land Mobile Network 
               
               
                 HSDPA 
                 High Speed Downlink Packet Access 
               
               
                 HSN 
                 Hopping Sequence Number 
               
               
                 HSPA 
                 High Speed Packet Access 
               
               
                 HSS 
                 Home Subscriber Server 
               
               
                 HSUPA 
                 High Speed Uplink Packet Access 
               
               
                 HTTP 
                 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol 
               
               
                 HTTPS 
                 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is http/1.1 
               
               
                   
                 over SSL, i.e. port 443) 
               
               
                 I-Block 
                 Information Block 
               
               
                 ICCID 
                 Integrated Circuit Card Identification 
               
               
                 IAB 
                 Integrated Access and Backhaul 
               
               
                 ICIC 
                 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 
               
               
                 ID 
                 Identity, identifier 
               
               
                 IDFT 
                 Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform 
               
               
                 IE 
                 Information element 
               
               
                 IBE 
                 In-Band Emission 
               
               
                 IEEE 
                 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 
               
               
                 IEI 
                 Information Element Identifier 
               
               
                 IEIDL 
                 Information Element Identifier Data Length 
               
               
                 IETF 
                 Internet Engineering Task Force 
               
               
                 IF 
                 Infrastructure 
               
               
                 IIOT 
                 Industrial Internet of Things 
               
               
                 IM 
                 Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP 
               
               
                   
                 Multimedia 
               
               
                 IMC 
                 IMS Credentials 
               
               
                 IMEI 
                 International Mobile Equipment Identity 
               
               
                 IMGI 
                 International mobile group identity 
               
               
                 IMPI 
                 IP Multimedia Private Identity 
               
               
                 IMPU 
                 IP Multimedia PUblic identity 
               
               
                 IMS 
                 IP Multimedia Subsystem 
               
               
                 IMSI 
                 International Mobile Subscriber Identity 
               
               
                 IoT 
                 Internet of Things 
               
               
                 IP 
                 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 Ipsec 
                 IP Security, Internet Protocol Security 
               
               
                 IP-CAN 
                 IP-Connectivity Access Network 
               
               
                 IP-M 
                 IP Multicast 
               
               
                 IPv4 
                 Internet Protocol Version 4 
               
               
                 IPv6 
                 Internet Protocol Version 6 
               
               
                 IR 
                 Infrared 
               
               
                 IS 
                 In Sync 
               
               
                 IRP 
                 Integration Reference Point 
               
               
                 ISDN 
                 Integrated Services Digital Network 
               
               
                 ISIM 
                 IM Services Identity Module 
               
               
                 ISO 
                 International Organisation for Standardisation 
               
               
                 ISP 
                 Internet Service Provider 
               
               
                 IWF 
                 Interworking-Function 
               
               
                 I-WLAN 
                 Interworking WLAN 
               
               
                   
                 Constraint length of the convolutional code, USIM 
               
               
                   
                 Individual key 
               
               
                 kB 
                 Kilobyte (1000 bytes) 
               
               
                 kbps 
                 kilo-bits per second 
               
               
                 Kc 
                 Ciphering key 
               
               
                 Ki 
                 Individual subscriber authentication key 
               
               
                 KPI 
                 Key Performance Indicator 
               
               
                 KQI 
                 Key Quality Indicator 
               
               
                 KSI 
                 Key Set Identifier 
               
               
                 ksps 
                 kilo-symbols per second 
               
               
                 KVM 
                 Kernel Virtual Machine 
               
               
                 L1 
                 Layer 1 (physical layer) 
               
               
                 L1-RSRP 
                 Layer 1 reference signal received power 
               
               
                 L2 
                 Layer 2 (data link layer) 
               
               
                 L3 
                 Layer 3 (network layer) 
               
               
                 LAA 
                 Licensed Assisted Access 
               
               
                 LAN 
                 Local Area Network 
               
               
                 LADN 
                 Local Area Data Network 
               
               
                 LBT 
                 Listen Before Talk 
               
               
                 LCM 
                 LifeCycle Management 
               
               
                 LCR 
                 Low Chip Rate 
               
               
                 LCS 
                 Location Services 
               
               
                 LCID 
                 Logical Channel ID 
               
               
                 LI 
                 Layer Indicator 
               
               
                 LLC 
                 Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility 
               
               
                 LMF 
                 Location Management Function 
               
               
                 LOS 
                 Line of Sight 
               
               
                 LPLMN 
                 Local PLMN 
               
               
                 LPP 
                 LTE Positioning Protocol 
               
               
                 LSB 
                 Least Significant Bit 
               
               
                 LTE 
                 Long Term Evolution 
               
               
                 LWA 
                 LTE-WLAN aggregation 
               
               
                 LWIP 
                 LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel 
               
               
                 LTE 
                 Long Term Evolution 
               
               
                 M2M 
                 Machine-to-Machine 
               
               
                 MAC 
                 Medium Access Control (protocol layering context) 
               
               
                 MAC 
                 Message authentication code (security/encryption 
               
               
                   
                 context) 
               
               
                 MAC-A 
                 MAC used for authentication and key agreement (TSG 
               
               
                   
                 T WG3 context) 
               
               
                 MAC-I 
                 MAC used for data integrity of signalling messages (TSG 
               
               
                   
                 T WG3 context) 
               
               
                 MANO 
                 Management and Orchestration 
               
               
                 MBMS 
                 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service 
               
               
                 MBSFN 
                 Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single 
               
               
                   
                 Frequency Network 
               
               
                 MCC 
                 Mobile Country Code 
               
               
                 MCG 
                 Master Cell Group 
               
               
                 MCOT 
                 Maximum Channel Occupancy Time 
               
               
                 MCS 
                 Modulation and coding scheme 
               
               
                 MDAF 
                 Management Data Analytics Function 
               
               
                 MDAS 
                 Management Data Analytics Service 
               
               
                 MDT 
                 Minimization of Drive Tests 
               
               
                 ME 
                 Mobile Equipment 
               
               
                 MeNB 
                 master eNB 
               
               
                 MER 
                 Message Error Ratio 
               
               
                 MGL 
                 Measurement Gap Length 
               
               
                 MGRP 
                 Measurement Gap Repetition Period 
               
               
                 MIB 
                 Master Information Block, Management Information 
               
               
                   
                 Base 
               
               
                 MIMO 
                 Multiple Input Multiple Output 
               
               
                 MLC 
                 Mobile Location Centre 
               
               
                 MM 
                 Mobility Management 
               
               
                 MME 
                 Mobility Management Entity 
               
               
                 MN 
                 Master Node 
               
               
                 MNO 
                 Mobile Network Operator 
               
               
                 MO 
                 Measurement Object, Mobile Originated 
               
               
                 MPBCH 
                 MTC Physical Broadcast CHannel 
               
               
                 MPDCCH 
                 MTC Physical Downlink Control CHannel 
               
               
                 MPDSCH 
                 MTC Physical Downlink Shared CHannel 
               
               
                 MPRACH 
                 MTC Physical Random Access CHannel 
               
               
                 MPUSCH 
                 MTC Physical Uplink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 MPLS 
                 MultiProtocol Label Switching 
               
               
                 MS 
                 Mobile Station 
               
               
                 MSB 
                 Most Significant Bit 
               
               
                 MSC 
                 Mobile Switching Centre 
               
               
                 MSI 
                 Minimum System Information, MCH Scheduling 
               
               
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                 MSID 
                 Mobile Station Identifier 
               
               
                 MSIN 
                 Mobile Station Identification Number 
               
               
                 MSISDN 
                 Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number 
               
               
                 MT 
                 Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination 
               
               
                 MTC 
                 Machine-Type Communications 
               
               
                 mMTC 
                 massive MTC, massive Machine-Type Communications 
               
               
                 MU-MIMO 
                 Multi User MIMO 
               
               
                 MWUS 
                 MTC wake-up signal, MTC WUS 
               
               
                 NACK 
                 Negative Acknowledgement 
               
               
                 NAI 
                 Network Access Identifier 
               
               
                 NAS 
                 Non-Access Stratum, Non- Access Stratum layer 
               
               
                 NCT 
                 Network Connectivity Topology 
               
               
                 NC-JT 
                 Non-Coherent Joint Transmission 
               
               
                 NEC 
                 Network Capability Exposure 
               
               
                 NE-DC 
                 NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                 NEF 
                 Network Exposure Function 
               
               
                 NF 
                 Network Function 
               
               
                 NFP 
                 Network Forwarding Path 
               
               
                 NFPD 
                 Network Forwarding Path Descriptor 
               
               
                 NFV 
                 Network Functions Virtualization 
               
               
                 NFVI 
                 NFV Infrastructure 
               
               
                 NFVO 
                 NFV Orchestrator 
               
               
                 NG 
                 Next Generation, Next Gen 
               
               
                 NGEN-DC 
                 NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                 NM 
                 Network Manager 
               
               
                 NMS 
                 Network Management System 
               
               
                 N-PoP 
                 Network Point of Presence 
               
               
                 NMIB, N-MIB 
                 Narrowband MIB 
               
               
                 NPBCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel 
               
               
                 NPDCCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel 
               
               
                 NPDSCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel 
               
               
                 NPRACH 
                 Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel 
               
               
                 NPUSCH 
                 Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel 
               
               
                 NPSS 
                 Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 NSSS 
                 Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 NR 
                 New Radio, Neighbour Relation 
               
               
                 NRF 
                 NF Repository Function 
               
               
                 NRS 
                 Narrowband Reference Signal 
               
               
                 NS 
                 Network Service 
               
               
                 NSA 
                 Non-Standalone operation mode 
               
               
                 NSD 
                 Network Service Descriptor 
               
               
                 NSR 
                 Network Service Record 
               
               
                 NSSAI 
                 Network Slice Selection Assistance Information 
               
               
                 S-NNSAI 
                 Single-NSSAI 
               
               
                 NSSF 
                 Network Slice Selection Function 
               
               
                 NW 
                 Network 
               
               
                 NWUS 
                 Narrowband wake-up signal, Narrowband WUS 
               
               
                 NZP 
                 Non-Zero Power 
               
               
                 O&amp;M 
                 Operation and Maintenance 
               
               
                 ODU2 
                 Optical channel Data Unit - type 2 
               
               
                 OFDM 
                 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 
               
               
                 OFDMA 
                 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 OOB 
                 Out-of-band 
               
               
                 OOS 
                 Out of Sync 
               
               
                 OPEX 
                 OPerating EXpense 
               
               
                 OSI 
                 Other System Information 
               
               
                 OSS 
                 Operations Support System 
               
               
                 OTA 
                 over-the-air 
               
               
                 PAPR 
                 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 
               
               
                 PAR 
                 Peak to Average Ratio 
               
               
                 PBCH 
                 Physical Broadcast Channel 
               
               
                 PC 
                 Power Control, Personal Computer 
               
               
                 PCC 
                 Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC 
               
               
                 P-CSCF 
                 Proxy CSCF 
               
               
                 PCell 
                 Primary Cell 
               
               
                 PCI 
                 Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity 
               
               
                 PCEF 
                 Policy and Charging Enforcement Function 
               
               
                 PCF 
                 Policy Control Function 
               
               
                 PCRF 
                 Policy Control and Charging Rules Function 
               
               
                 PDCP 
                 Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data 
               
               
                   
                 Convergence Protocol layer 
               
               
                 PDCCH 
                 Physical Downlink Control Channel 
               
               
                 PDCP 
                 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 
               
               
                 PDN 
                 Packet Data Network, Public Data Network 
               
               
                 PDSCH 
                 Physical Downlink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 PDU 
                 Protocol Data Unit 
               
               
                 PEI 
                 Permanent Equipment Identifiers 
               
               
                 PFD 
                 Packet Flow Description 
               
               
                 P-GW 
                 PDN Gateway 
               
               
                 PHICH 
                 Physical hybrid-ARQ indicator channel 
               
               
                 PHY 
                 Physical layer 
               
               
                 PLMN 
                 Public Land Mobile Network 
               
               
                 PIN 
                 Personal Identification Number 
               
               
                 PM 
                 Performance Measurement 
               
               
                 PMI 
                 Precoding Matrix Indicator 
               
               
                 PNF 
                 Physical Network Function 
               
               
                 PNFD 
                 Physical Network Function Descriptor 
               
               
                 PNFR 
                 Physical Network Function Record 
               
               
                 POC 
                 PTT over Cellular 
               
               
                 PP, PTP 
                 Point-to-Point 
               
               
                 PPP 
                 Point-to-Point Protocol 
               
               
                 PRACH 
                 Physical RACH 
               
               
                 PRB 
                 Physical resource block 
               
               
                 PRG 
                 Physical resource block group 
               
               
                 ProSe 
                 Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service 
               
               
                 PRS 
                 Positioning Reference Signal 
               
               
                 PRR 
                 Packet Reception Radio 
               
               
                 PS 
                 Packet Services 
               
               
                 PSBCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel 
               
               
                 PSDCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel 
               
               
                 PSCCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Control Channel 
               
               
                 PSSCH 
                 Physical Sidelink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 PSCell 
                 Primary SCell 
               
               
                 PSS 
                 Primary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 PSTN 
                 Public Switched Telephone Network 
               
               
                 PT-RS 
                 Phase-tracking reference signal 
               
               
                 PTT 
                 Push-to-Talk 
               
               
                 PUCCH 
                 Physical Uplink Control Channel 
               
               
                 PUSCH 
                 Physical Uplink Shared Channel 
               
               
                 QAM 
                 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 
               
               
                 QCI 
                 QoS class of identifier 
               
               
                 QCL 
                 Quasi co-location 
               
               
                 QFI 
                 QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier 
               
               
                 QoS 
                 Quality of Service 
               
               
                 QPSK 
                 Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying 
               
               
                 QZSS 
                 Quasi-Zenith Satellite System 
               
               
                 RA-RNTI 
                 Random Access RNTI 
               
               
                 RAB 
                 Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst 
               
               
                 RACH 
                 Random Access Channel 
               
               
                 RADIUS 
                 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service 
               
               
                 RAN 
                 Radio Access Network 
               
               
                 RAND 
                 RANDom number (used for authentication) 
               
               
                 RAR 
                 Random Access Response 
               
               
                 RAT 
                 Radio Access Technology 
               
               
                 RAU 
                 Routing Area Update 
               
               
                 RB 
                 Resource block, Radio Bearer 
               
               
                 RBG 
                 Resource block group 
               
               
                 REG 
                 Resource Element Group 
               
               
                 Rel 
                 Release 
               
               
                 REQ 
                 REQuest 
               
               
                 RF 
                 Radio Frequency 
               
               
                 RI 
                 Rank Indicator 
               
               
                 RIV 
                 Resource indicator value 
               
               
                 RL 
                 Radio Link 
               
               
                 RLC 
                 Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer 
               
               
                 RLC AM 
                 RLC Acknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 RLC UM 
                 RLC Unacknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 RLF 
                 Radio Link Failure 
               
               
                 RLM 
                 Radio Link Monitoring 
               
               
                 RLM-RS 
                 Reference Signal for RLM 
               
               
                 RM 
                 Registration Management 
               
               
                 RMC 
                 Reference Measurement Channel 
               
               
                 RMSI 
                 Remaining MSI, Remaining Minimum System 
               
               
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                 RN 
                 Relay Node 
               
               
                 RNC 
                 Radio Network Controller 
               
               
                 RNL 
                 Radio Network Layer 
               
               
                 RNTI 
                 Radio Network Temporary Identifier 
               
               
                 ROHC 
                 RObust Header Compression 
               
               
                 RRC 
                 Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control layer 
               
               
                 RRM 
                 Radio Resource Management 
               
               
                 RS 
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                 RSRP 
                 Reference Signal Received Power 
               
               
                 RSRQ 
                 Reference Signal Received Quality 
               
               
                 RSSI 
                 Received Signal Strength Indicator 
               
               
                 RSU 
                 Road Side Unit 
               
               
                 RSTD 
                 Reference Signal Time difference 
               
               
                 RTP 
                 Real Time Protocol 
               
               
                 RTS 
                 Ready-To-Send 
               
               
                 RTT 
                 Round Trip Time 
               
               
                 Rx 
                 Reception, Receiving, Receiver 
               
               
                 S1AP 
                 S1 Application Protocol 
               
               
                 S1-MME 
                 S1 for the control plane 
               
               
                 S1-U 
                 S1 for the user plane 
               
               
                 S-CSCF 
                 serving CSCF 
               
               
                 S-GW 
                 Serving Gateway 
               
               
                 S-RNTI 
                 SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity 
               
               
                 S-TMSI 
                 SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier 
               
               
                 SA 
                 Standalone operation mode 
               
               
                 SAE 
                 System Architecture Evolution 
               
               
                 SAP 
                 Service Access Point 
               
               
                 SAPD 
                 Service Access Point Descriptor 
               
               
                 SAPI 
                 Service Access Point Identifier 
               
               
                 SCC 
                 Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC 
               
               
                 SCell 
                 Secondary Cell 
               
               
                 SCEF 
                 Service Capability Exposure Function 
               
               
                 SC-FDMA 
                 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 SCG 
                 Secondary Cell Group 
               
               
                 SCM 
                 Security Context Management 
               
               
                 SCS 
                 Subcarrier Spacing 
               
               
                 SCTP 
                 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 
               
               
                 SDAP 
                 Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data 
               
               
                   
                 Adaptation Protocol layer 
               
               
                 SDL 
                 Supplementary Downlink 
               
               
                 SDNF 
                 Structured Data Storage Network Function 
               
               
                 SDP 
                 Session Description Protocol 
               
               
                 SDSF 
                 Structured Data Storage Function 
               
               
                 SDT 
                 Small Data Transmission 
               
               
                 SDU 
                 Service Data Unit 
               
               
                 SEAF 
                 Security Anchor Function 
               
               
                 SeNB 
                 secondary eNB 
               
               
                 SEPP 
                 Security Edge Protection Proxy 
               
               
                 SFI 
                 Slot format indication 
               
               
                 SFTD 
                 Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame timing 
               
               
                   
                 difference 
               
               
                 SFN 
                 System Frame Number 
               
               
                 SgNB 
                 Secondary gNB 
               
               
                 SGSN 
                 Serving GPRS Support Node 
               
               
                 S-GW 
                 Serving Gateway 
               
               
                 SI 
                 System Information 
               
               
                 SI-RNTI 
                 System Information RNTI 
               
               
                 SIB 
                 System Information Block 
               
               
                 SIM 
                 Subscriber Identity Module 
               
               
                 SIP 
                 Session Initiated Protocol 
               
               
                 SiP 
                 System in Package 
               
               
                 SL 
                 Sidelink 
               
               
                 SLA 
                 Service Level Agreement 
               
               
                 SM 
                 Session Management 
               
               
                 SMF 
                 Session Management Function 
               
               
                 SMS 
                 Short Message Service 
               
               
                 SMSF 
                 SMS Function 
               
               
                 SMTC 
                 SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration 
               
               
                 SN 
                 Secondary Node, Sequence Number 
               
               
                 SoC 
                 System on Chip 
               
               
                 SON 
                 Self-Organizing Network 
               
               
                 SpCell 
                 Special Cell 
               
               
                 SP-CSI-RNTI 
                 Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI 
               
               
                 SPS 
                 Semi-Persistent Scheduling 
               
               
                 SQN 
                 Sequence number 
               
               
                 SR 
                 Scheduling Request 
               
               
                 SRB 
                 Signalling Radio Bearer 
               
               
                 SRS 
                 Sounding Reference Signal 
               
               
                 SS 
                 Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 SSB 
                 Synchronization Signal Block 
               
               
                 SSID 
                 Service Set Identifier 
               
               
                 SS/PBCH 
                 SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, 
               
               
                 Block SSBRI 
                 Synchronization Signal Block Resource Indicator 
               
               
                 SSC 
                 Session and Service Continuity 
               
               
                 SS-RSRP 
                 Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received 
               
               
                   
                 Power 
               
               
                 SS-RSRQ 
                 Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received 
               
               
                   
                 Quality 
               
               
                 SS-SINR 
                 Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and 
               
               
                   
                 Interference Ratio 
               
               
                 SSS 
                 Secondary Synchronization Signal 
               
               
                 SSSG 
                 Search Space Set Group 
               
               
                 SSSIF 
                 Search Space Set Indicator 
               
               
                 SST 
                 Slice/Service Types 
               
               
                 SU-MIMO 
                 Single User MIMO 
               
               
                 SUL 
                 Supplementary Uplink 
               
               
                 TA 
                 Timing Advance, Tracking Area 
               
               
                 TAC 
                 Tracking Area Code 
               
               
                 TAG 
                 Timing Advance Group 
               
               
                 TAI 
                 Tracking Area Identity 
               
               
                 TAU 
                 Tracking Area Update 
               
               
                 TB 
                 Transport Block 
               
               
                 TBS 
                 Transport Block Size 
               
               
                 TBD 
                 To Be Defined 
               
               
                 TCI 
                 Transmission Configuration Indicator 
               
               
                 TCP 
                 Transmission Communication Protocol 
               
               
                 TDD 
                 Time Division Duplex 
               
               
                 TDM 
                 Time Division Multiplexing 
               
               
                 TDMA 
                 Time Division Multiple Access 
               
               
                 TE 
                 Terminal Equipment 
               
               
                 TEID 
                 Tunnel End Point Identifier 
               
               
                 TFT 
                 Traffic Flow Template 
               
               
                 TMSI 
                 Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity 
               
               
                 TNL 
                 Transport Network Layer 
               
               
                 TPC 
                 Transmit Power Control 
               
               
                 TPMI 
                 Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator 
               
               
                 TR 
                 Technical Report 
               
               
                 TRP, TRxP 
                 Transmission Reception Point 
               
               
                 TRS 
                 Tracking Reference Signal 
               
               
                 TRx 
                 Transceiver 
               
               
                 TS 
                 Technical Specifications, Technical Standard 
               
               
                 TTI 
                 Transmission Time Interval 
               
               
                 Tx 
                 Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter 
               
               
                 U-RNTI 
                 UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity 
               
               
                 UART 
                 Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter 
               
               
                 UCI 
                 Uplink Control Information 
               
               
                 UE 
                 User Equipment 
               
               
                 UDM 
                 Unified Data Management 
               
               
                 UDP 
                 User Datagram Protocol 
               
               
                 UDSF 
                 Unstructured Data Storage Network Function 
               
               
                 UICC 
                 Universal Integrated Circuit Card 
               
               
                 UL 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                 UM 
                 Unacknowledged Mode 
               
               
                 UML 
                 Unified Modelling Language 
               
               
                 UMTS 
                 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 
               
               
                 UP 
                 User Plane 
               
               
                 UPF 
                 User Plane Function 
               
               
                 URI 
                 Uniform Resource Identifier 
               
               
                 URL 
                 Uniform Resource Locator 
               
               
                 URLLC 
                 Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency 
               
               
                 USB 
                 Universal Serial Bus 
               
               
                 USIM 
                 Universal Subscriber Identity Module 
               
               
                 USS 
                 UE-specific search space 
               
               
                 UTRA 
                 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 
               
               
                 UTRAN 
                 Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 
               
               
                 UwPTS 
                 Uplink Pilot Time Slot 
               
               
                 V2I 
                 Vehicle-to-Infrastruction 
               
               
                 V2P 
                 Vehicle-to-Pedestrian 
               
               
                 V2V 
                 Vehicle-to-Vehicle 
               
               
                 V2X 
                 Vehicle-to-everything 
               
               
                 VIM 
                 Virtualized Infrastructure Manager 
               
               
                 VL 
                 Virtual Link, 
               
               
                 VLAN 
                 Virtual LAN, Virtual Local Area Network 
               
               
                 VM 
                 Virtual Machine 
               
               
                 VNF 
                 Virtualized Network Function 
               
               
                 VNFFG 
                 VNF Forwarding Graph 
               
               
                 VNFFGD 
                 VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor 
               
               
                 VNFM 
                 VNF Manager 
               
               
                 VoIP 
                 Voice-over-IP, Voice-over- Internet Protocol 
               
               
                 VPLMN 
                 Visited Public Land Mobile Network 
               
               
                 VPN 
                 Virtual Private Network 
               
               
                 VRB 
                 Virtual Resource Block 
               
               
                 WiMAX 
                 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access 
               
               
                 WLAN 
                 Wireless Local Area Network 
               
               
                 WMAN 
                 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network 
               
               
                 WPAN 
                 Wireless Personal Area Network 
               
               
                 X2-C 
                 X2-Control plane 
               
               
                 X2-U 
                 X2-User plane 
               
               
                 XML 
                 eXtensible Markup Language 
               
               
                 XRES 
                 EXpected user RESponse 
               
               
                 XOR 
                 eXclusive OR 
               
               
                 ZC 
                 Zadoff-Chu 
               
               
                 ZP 
                 Zero Power 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Terminology 
     For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 
     The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. 
     The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.” 
     The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. 
     The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. 
     The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. 
     The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources. 
     The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource. 
     The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. 
     The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. 
     The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. 
     The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or link, and/or the like. 
     The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. 
     The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration. 
     The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. 
     The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure. 
     The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation. 
     The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA. 
     The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC. 
     The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell. 
     The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/. 
     The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.