Patent Publication Number: US-2022211653-A1

Title: Compositions and methods for inhibiting blood cancer cell growth

Description:
FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for inhibiting blood cancer cell growth. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Every year there are over 30,000 new cases of myeloma, 80,000 new cases of lymphoma, and over 62,000 new cases of leukemia in the US alone. Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy and a so far incurable bone marrow cancer. Approximately 1% of all cancers are multiple myeloma (MM) accounting for 2% of all cancer deaths (Kyle et al., 2003; Rajkumar, 2014). The hallmark of multiple myeloma is the transformation of terminally differentiated plasma cells committed to producing polyclonal antibodies into aberrantly proliferating malignant multiple myeloma cells (MMCs) that produce only monoclonal antibodies. This dramatic dysregulation results in disease-related symptoms such as nephropathy and hyperviscosity along with other clinical manifestations such as anemia, extensive skeletal destruction and hypercalcemia (Hengeveld &amp; Kersten, 2015). 
     The progression from plasma cells to malignant myeloma cells involves multiple genetic events including chromosomal translocations. 50-75% of myeloma patients exhibit chromosome translocations at the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus that juxtapose oncogenes from the partner chromosome under the control of strong 3′ IgH enhancer elements (Nishida et al., 1997; Turesson et al., 2010; Chesi et al., 1998a). Overexpression of various oncogenes such as FGFR3, MMSET, Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3, cMAF occur depending on the partner locus involved in the translocation (Chesi et al., 1996; Chesi et al.,1998b, Shaughnessy et al., 2001). Elevated expression of OCT2, a key transcription factor involved in IgH translocations has been implicated as a poor prognostic factor and has been associated with reduced survival in MM patients (Toman et al., 2011). 
     Interferon regulatory factor (IRF4) is an indispensable transcription factor for plasma cell differentiation and deregulation of MUM1/IRF4 by chromosomal translocation in multiple myeloma has been well documented in myeloma patients (Iida et al., 1997). IRF4 has been shown to control plasma cell differentiation and class-switch recombination for creation of functionally competent plasma cells in transgenic mice models (Klein et al., 2006). Overexpression of IRF4 has been linked to poor prognosis in multiple myeloma, especially in certain types of the disease, such as those involving 14q32 translocation (Iida et al., 1997) or Immunoglobulin M (Ryu et al., 2014). IRF4 is constitutively expressed in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) cells and drives Myc expression and proliferation. IRF4 promotes proliferation of EBV-transformed cells and deficiency of IRF4 leads to death of cells derived from different hematological malignancies (Xu et al., 2008; Shaffer et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2011). Lymphoma and leukemia are the other common hematological malignancies where high IRF4 protein expression is common in certain subtypes (Wang et al., 2014).Thalidomide is the first of the immunomodulatory (IMiD) class of drug that was found to be effective against multiple myeloma in 1999 (Singhal et al., 1999), while the second generation IMiDs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide demonstrated more potent anti-myeloma, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities (Marriot et al., 2001). The biochemical mechanism underlying the therapeutic activity of IMiDs was poorly understood until recently when thalidomide was shown to bind to the protein cereblon (CRBN), which is the substrate-recognition component of a cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, inhibiting its auto-ubiquitination activity (Ito et al., 2010, Zhu et al. 2013). Loss of IKZF1 (ikaros) and IKZF3 (aiolos) by lenalidomide treatment in lenalidomide sensitive myeloma cell lines was followed by a decrease in IRF4, acting downstream of IKZF1 and/or IKZF3 (Ito et al., 2010), thus leading to a toxic outcome for multiple myeloma cells. 
     The genetic heterogeneity of myeloma poses a great challenge for treatment of the disease. Also, high IRF4 levels have recently been identified as the potential mechanism of resistance to IMiDs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide in Waldenström&#39;s macroglobulinemia, a type of lymphoma/blood cancer (Bertrand et al., 2017). Current chemotherapeutics exhibit several adverse side effects that affect the quality of life of blood cancer patients, as well as face they face the challenge of resistance by blood cancer cells. This warrants the need for novel therapeutics for multiple myeloma and other blood cancers with elevated IRF4 protein expression. In the search for novel compounds for cancer treatment, natural products affecting cell survival and cancer cell death pathways have gained the interest of the scientific community (Natarajan et al.,1996; Watabe et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2010; Szliszka et al., 2011). 
     Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) phenethyl ester (CAPE) having the structure 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     is an active principle of propolis from honeybee hives and a structural analogue of flavonoids. It has been known to exhibit diverse biological potential such as anti-oxidant (Okutan &amp; Uz, 2005), immunomodulatory (Larki-Harchegani et al., 2013; Sy et al 2011), anti-inflammatory (Armutcu &amp; Turan, 2015), anti-viral (Fesen et al., 1994; Shen et al., 2013) and anti-tumor activities (Onori et al., 2009; Patel S., 2016). Analogs of CAPE have been extensively investigated for their anti-inflammatory property (Sanderson et al., 2013) through inhibition of 5-hydroxy lipoxygenase (Doiron et al., 2017). 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present invention in certain embodiments relates to methods for inhibiting the growth of blood cancer cells including contacting the cells with a caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26, and J205, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit the growth. In one embodiment, the blood cancer cells are myeloma cells. In a further embodiment, the myeloma cells are immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) resistant. In a still further embodiment, the myeloma cells are lenalidomide resistant myeloma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are lymphoma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are leukemia cells. 
     The present invention in certain other embodiments relates to methods for inhibiting the growth of blood cancer cells in a patient including administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the blood cancer cells are myeloma cells. In a further embodiment, the myeloma cells are immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) resistant. In a still further embodiment, the myeloma cells are lenalidomide-resistant myeloma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are lymphoma cells. In a still further embodiment, the lymphoma cells are lenalidomide-resistant lymphoma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are leukemia cells. 
     In another embodiment, a GL8 analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205, is used in conjunction with an IMiD to treat a patient. 
     The present invention in certain other embodiments relates to compositions for inhibiting the growth of blood cancer cells including a therapeutically effective amount of a caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the blood cancer cells are myeloma cells. In a further embodiment, the myeloma cells are immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) resistant. In a still further embodiment, the myeloma cells are lenalidomide resistant myeloma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are lymphoma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are leukemia cells. In certain embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the composition is a dietary supplement. In certain embodiments, the composition includes a carrier. In certain other embodiments, the carrier is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The present invention in certain embodiments relates to the use of a caffeic phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205 with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for inhibiting the growth of blood cancer cells. In one embodiment, the blood cancer cells are myeloma cells. In a further embodiment, the myeloma cells are immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) resistant. In a still further embodiment, the myeloma cells are lenalidomide resistant myeloma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are lymphoma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are leukemia cells. 
     The present invention in certain embodiments relates a method of decreasing a cereblon pathway protein in a patient including administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, whereby blood cancer cell growth is inhibited. In one embodiment, the cereblon pathway protein is Ikaros. In another embodiment, cereblon pathway protein is IRF4. 
     The present invention in certain other embodiments relates to compositions for decreasing a cereblon pathway protein including a therapeutically effective amount of a caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In one embodiment, the cereblon pathway protein is Ikaros. In another embodiment, cereblon pathway protein is IRF4. 
     The present invention in certain embodiments relates the use of a caffeic phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The present invention in certain embodiments relates to methods for inhibiting the growth of blood cancer cells including contacting the cells with a caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26 and J205, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit the growth. In one embodiment, the blood cancer cells are myeloma cells. In a further embodiment, the myeloma cells are immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) resistant. In a still further embodiment, the myeloma cells are lenalidomide resistant myeloma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are lymphoma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are leukemia cells. 
     The present invention in certain embodiments relates to methods for inhibiting the growth of blood cancer cells including contacting the cells with a caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogue selected from the group consisting of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, and HM7 exhibiting remarkable anti-myeloma activity; in other embodiments, the analogue group consisting of As26, HM7, As25, MT26 and J229 exhibiting superior anti-lymphoma activity and in still further embodiments, the analogue group consisting of As26, J205, J229, LL27 and LL23 with remarkable anti-leukemia activity, with their structural formulae depicted in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount effective to inhibit the growth. In one embodiment, the blood cancer cells are myeloma cells. In a further embodiment, the myeloma cells are immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) resistant. In a still further embodiment, the myeloma cells are lenalidomide resistant myeloma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are lymphoma cells. In another embodiment, the blood cancer cells are leukemia cells. 
     In certain aspects of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions are provided, wherein these compositions comprise any of the compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein, and optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle. In certain embodiments, these compositions optionally further comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents. 
     It will also be appreciated that certain of the compounds of present invention can exist in free form for treatment, or where appropriate, as a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or a prodrug thereof. According to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or a prodrug includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, salts of such esters, or any other adduct or derivative which upon administration to a patient in need thereof is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any non-toxic salt or salt of an ester of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the drawings show aspects of one or more embodiments of the invention. However, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues according to certain aspects of the present disclosure at 10 uM concentration on IMiD-resistant human myeloma cells (KMM1); 
         FIG. 2  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues at 1 uM concentration according to certain aspects of the present disclosure on human lymphoma cells (IMiD-resistant cell line—OCI-Ly3); 
         FIG. 3  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues at 10 uM concentration according to certain aspects of the present disclosure on human lymphoma cells (IMiD-resistant cell line—OCI-Ly3); 
         FIG. 4  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues at 10 uM concentration according to certain aspects of the present disclosure on human leukemia cells; 
         FIG. 5A  is a graph showing the inhibition of myeloma cell lines treated with various concentrations of lenalidomide; 
         FIG. 5B  is a graph showing the inhibition of myeloma cell lines treated with various concentrations of pomalidomide; 
         FIG. 5C  is a table of ICso values of CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229 tested on both IMiD-sensitive (MMIR) and IMID-resistant human myeloma cells (KMM1 and JJN3); 
         FIG. 5D  is a graph showing the inhibition of KMM1 cells (lenalidomide-resistant) treated with various concentrations of CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229;. 5E is a graph showing the inhibition of MM1R cells (lenalidomide-sensitive) treated with various concentrations of CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229; 
         FIG. 5F  is a graph showing the inhibition of JJN3 cells (lenalidomide-resistant) treated with various concentrations of CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229; 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing the apoptotic effect on KMM1 myeloma cells treated with veh/vehicle (DMSO), lenalidomide, pomalidomide, CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229; 
         FIG. 7A  is a graph showing lymphoma cell growth inhibitory effect in comparison to a 3-day treatment of IMiDs; 
         FIG. 7B  is a graph showing lymphoma cell growth inhibitory effect in comparison to 5-day treatment of IMiDs; 
         FIG. 7C  is a graph showing lymphoma cell growth inhibitory effect in comparison to a 2-day treatment with GL8, As25, J229, HM7, and LL23. 
         FIG. 8  is an immunoblot showing the protein expression of IRF4 in human cell lines and myeloma patient samples; and 
         FIG. 9  is an immunoblot showing the effect of lenalidomide (IMiD), CAPE, GL8, As26, and J229 on human myeloma cell line MM1R. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, a systematic molecules design strategy was used to obtain 18 analogues of GL8/caffeic acid phenpropyl ester, which are set out in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Molecule Code 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 (Used in Anti- 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 blood Cancer 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bioactivity 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Evaluation 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Experiments) 
                 Molecule 
                   
                 Chemical Name 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 18A 
                 LL23 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-4-phenylbutyl 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 17A 
                 LL27 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-4-phenylbutyl 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 16A 
                 LL28 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-3-(3,4- dihydroxypheny1)-N-(3- phenylpropyl)acrylamide 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15B 
                 HM5 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-phenethyl 3-(4- hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 14A 
                 HM7 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-3-phenylpropyl 3-(4- hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 13B 
                 MT49 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-phenethyl 3-(4- hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12B 
                 MT50 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-3-phenylpropyl 3-(4- hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11A 
                 LL14 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (2E)-cinnamyl 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10A 
                 J91 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-3-phenylprop-2-ynyl 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 9A 
                 J229 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 4-((E)-3-(3- phenylpropoxy)prop-1- enyl)benzene-1,2-diol 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8B 
                 J205 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-1-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)-6- phenylhex-1-en-3-one 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7A 
                 As25 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-3-phenylpropyl 3- (2,3- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6A 
                 As26 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-3-phenylpropyl 3- (2,5- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5A 
                 MT72 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-3-phenylpropyl 3- (2,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4A 
                 GL7 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-benzyl 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3A 
                 GL9 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-phenyl 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2A 
                 MT25 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-(4-methylphenethyl) 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 IA 
                 MT26 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
                 (E)-(4-fluorophenethyl) 3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, the molecule design strategy used to obtain the 18 analogues of Table 1 is set out in Scheme 1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, a bioactivity evaluation was then carried out to evaluate the anti-blood cancer activity of the 18 analogues in Table 1 in comparison to the standard drug, lenalidomide, parent compounds CAPE, GL8 and propolis. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the bioactivity of the 18 analogs of Table 1 in human myeloma, lymphoma and leukemia cell lines was evaluated and analogues with superior anti-myeloma, anti-lymphoma and anti-leukemia activity were identified. 
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, the remarkable cancer cell growth inhibitory potential of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester analogues was established by treating human leukemia, myeloma and lymphoma cell lines with the analogues of Table 1 and measuring the viability of blood cancer cells by cell viability assay. The efficacy of the analogues of Table 1 in comparison to a standard chemotherapy drug was confirmed. 
     With reference to Table 1, Table 2 and  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 1  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues at 10 uM concentration according to certain aspects of the present disclosure on human myeloma cells (Cell line: KMM-1; 48 hr treatment). Caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues that exhibit superior anti-myeloma cell growth inhibition, in decreasing order of bioactivity at 10 uM concentration, are As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23 and HM7. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Molecule Code/ 
                   
                 Growth 
               
               
                 Bioactivity Assay 
                   
                 Inhibition 
               
               
                 Treatment Condition 
                 Molecule 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Len 
                 Lenalidomide 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 CAPE 
                 CAPE 
                 14.7 
               
               
                 GL8 
                 GL8 
                 28.2 
               
               
                  1A 
                 MT26 
                 25.9 
               
               
                  2A 
                 MT25 
                 21.6 
               
               
                  3A 
                 GL9 
                 26 
               
               
                  4A 
                 GL7 
                 15.9 
               
               
                  5A 
                 MT72 
                 −0.2 
               
               
                  6A 
                 As26 
                 89.7 
               
               
                  7A 
                 As25 
                 15.1 
               
               
                  8B 
                 J205 
                 22.2 
               
               
                  9A 
                 J229 
                 49.4 
               
               
                 10A 
                 J91 
                 31.7 
               
               
                 11A 
                 LL14 
                 16.1 
               
               
                 12B 
                 MT50 
                 13.6 
               
               
                 13B 
                 MT49 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 14A 
                 HM7 
                 26.6 
               
               
                 15B 
                 HMS 
                 −8.6 
               
               
                 16A 
                 LL28 
                 15.8 
               
               
                 17A 
                 LL27 
                 30.5 
               
               
                 18A 
                 LL23 
                 27.2 
               
               
                 19P 
                 Propolis 
                 −5.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     With reference to Table 3 and  FIG. 2 ,  FIG. 2  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues according to certain aspects of the present disclosure at 1 uM concentration on human lymphoma cells (Cell line: OCI-LY3; 48 hr treatment). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Molecule Code/ 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bioactivity Assay 
                   
                 Growth 
               
               
                 Treatment 
                   
                 Inhibition 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 Molecule 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                  1A 
                 MT26 
                 0.7 
               
               
                  2A 
                 MT25 
                 10.0 
               
               
                  3A 
                 GL9 
                 26.3 
               
               
                  4A 
                 GL7 
                 10.5 
               
               
                  5A 
                 MT72 
                 3.3 
               
               
                  6A 
                 As26 
                 26.6 
               
               
                  7A 
                 As25 
                 69.0 
               
               
                  8B 
                 J205 
                 18.7 
               
               
                  9A 
                 J229 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 10A 
                 J91 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 11A 
                 LL14 
                 −1 
               
               
                 12B 
                 MTSO 
                 −0.7 
               
               
                 13B 
                 MT49 
                 −1.0 
               
               
                 14A 
                 HM7 
                 −4.9 
               
               
                 15B 
                 HMS 
                 3.1 
               
               
                 16A 
                 LL28 
                 −9.5 
               
               
                 17A 
                 LL27 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 18A 
                 LL23 
                 −9.3 
               
               
                 19P 
                 Propolis 
                 20.7 
               
               
                 CAPE 
                 CAPE 
                 −24.3 
               
               
                 GL8 
                 GL8 
                 −4.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     With reference to Table 1, Table 4 and  FIG. 3 ,  FIG. 3  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues according to certain aspects of the present disclosure at 10 uM concentration on human lymphoma cells (Cell line: OCI-LY3; 48 hr treatment). Caffeic acid phenpropyl ester analogues according to certain aspects of the present disclosure that exhibited superior anti-lymphoma cell growth inhibition, in decreasing order of bioactivity at 10 uM concentration, are As26, HM7, As25, MT26 and J229. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Growth 
               
               
                 Molecule Code/ Bioactivity 
                   
                 Inhibition 
               
               
                 Assay Treatment Condition 
                 Molecule 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 CAPE 
                 CAPE 
                 51.8 
               
               
                 GL8 
                 GL8 
                 78.7 
               
               
                 Len 
                 Lenalidomide 
                 7.5 
               
               
                  1A 
                 MT26 
                 79.3 
               
               
                  2A 
                 MT25 
                 59.8 
               
               
                  3A 
                 GL9 
                 44.7 
               
               
                  4A 
                 GL7 
                 18.9 
               
               
                  5A 
                 MT72 
                 −4.5 
               
               
                  6A 
                 As26 
                 90.3 
               
               
                  7A 
                 As25 
                 84.0 
               
               
                  8B 
                 J205 
                 76.6 
               
               
                  9A 
                 J229 
                 78.2 
               
               
                 10A 
                 J91 
                 39.8 
               
               
                 11A 
                 LL14 
                 61.5 
               
               
                 12B 
                 MT50 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 13B 
                 MT49 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 14A 
                 HM7 
                 90.0 
               
               
                 15B 
                 HMS 
                 −15.4 
               
               
                 16A 
                 LL28 
                 36.0 
               
               
                 17A 
                 LL27 
                 77.4 
               
               
                 18A 
                 LL23 
                 71.7 
               
               
                 19P 
                 Propolis 
                 3.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     With reference to Table 5 and  FIG. 4 ,  FIG. 4  is a bar graph depicting cell growth inhibitory effect of caffeic acid phenpropyl ester (GL8) analogues at 10 uM concentration according to certain aspects of the present disclosure on human leukemia cells (Cell line: HL-60; 48 hr treatment). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Molecule Code/ 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Bioactivity Assay 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Treatment 
                   
                 Growth Inhibition 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 Molecule 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Len 
                 Lenalidomide 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 CAPE 
                 CAPE 
                 −6.8 
               
               
                 GL8 
                 GL8 
                 36.0 
               
               
                  1A 
                 M126 
                 32.1 
               
               
                  2A 
                 M125 
                 28.7 
               
               
                  3A 
                 GL9 
                 6.8 
               
               
                  4A 
                 GL7 
                 20.5 
               
               
                  5A 
                 M172 
                 −8.2 
               
               
                  6A 
                 As26 
                 54.4 
               
               
                  7A 
                 As25 
                 13.6 
               
               
                  8B 
                 J205 
                 60.7 
               
               
                  9A 
                 J229 
                 54.3 
               
               
                 10A 
                 J91 
                 32.4 
               
               
                 11A 
                 1114 
                 21.6 
               
               
                 12B 
                 MT50 
                 13.4 
               
               
                 13B 
                 M149 
                 14.4 
               
               
                 14A 
                 HM7 
                 24.1 
               
               
                 15B 
                 HMS 
                 −13.3 
               
               
                 16A 
                 1128 
                 8.7 
               
               
                 17A 
                 1127 
                 35.2 
               
               
                 18A 
                 1123 
                 33.0 
               
               
                 19P 
                 Propolis 
                 −24.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In certain embodiments, the As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26, and J205 analogues decrease the levels of several key proteins in cereblon pathway including the protein, IRF4. In certain embodiments, the analogues of Table 1 decrease the levels of several key genes in cereblon pathway including the gene, IRF4. In certain embodiments, the analogues of Table 1 decrease the levels of several key proteins in cereblon pathway including the protein, Ikaros. In certain embodiments, the analogues of Table 1 decrease the levels of several key genes in cereblon pathway including the gene, Ikaros. In certain embodiments, the analogues of Table 1 exhibit remarkable cell growth inhibitory activity on myeloma and lymphoma cell lines that are non-responsive to lenalidomide. In other embodiments of the present invention, analogues, other than the 18 analogues of Table 1, derived using Scheme 1 may also be used in the present invention. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5A  to  FIG. 5F , As26 exhibited superior myeloma cell growth inhibitory effect in comparison to IMiDs, CAPE, and analogs GL8 and J229. Myeloma cell lines were treated for 3 or 5 days with increasing concentration of lenalidomide ( FIG. 5A ) and pomalidomide ( FIG. 5B ). KMM1 cells ( FIG. 5D ), MM1R cells ( FIG. 5E ), and JJN3 cells ( FIG. 5F ) were treated for 48 hours with varying concentration of CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229. The cell growth inhibition was determined by PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Data from three independent experiments is presented as mean±SD. IC50 values ( FIG. 5C ) representing half-maximal inhibitory concentration of compounds were determined using GraphPad prism analyses software. 
     Induction of apoptosis in myeloma cells by various inhibitors was determined by staining exposed phosphatidylserine with Annexin V-FITC and DNA with Propidium iodide using Alexa Fluor® 488 annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit (Invitrogen, ThermoFisher Scientific, CA) according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Single-cell suspensions were analyzed on a Beckmann Coulter Gallios Flow Cytometer with Kaluza analyses software. Twenty-five thousand events were acquired for every condition. Apoptotic cells were scored as Annexin V+, PI− and Annexin V+, PI+. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , Apoptotic effect of veh/vehicle (DMSO), lenalidomide (len), pomalidomide (pom), CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229 (all compounds at 10 uM concentration) on KMM1 cells upon 72-hour treatment followed by Annexin V-PI flow cytometry analyses is shown. Percentage of early and late apoptotic cells are presented as mean±SD (*P≤0.05; **P≤0.01). Remarkable apoptotic effect by As26 can be observed. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 7A  to  FIG. 7C , lymphoma cell growth inhibitory effect in comparison to 3-day treatment of IMiDs ( FIG. 7A ), 5-day treatment of IMiDs ( FIG. 7B ) and 2-day or 48 hr treatment of GL8, J229, LL23, As25 and HM7 on U2932 Lymphoma cell line determined by PrestoBlue cell viability assays ( FIG. 7C ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , an immunoblot showing the protein expression of IRF4 in human cell lines and myeloma patient samples is provided. Specific expression of IRF4 in CD138 positive cells isolated from the myeloma patient can be observed. The mononuclear cells from early stage of myeloma, namely monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), shows no expression of IRF4. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , an immunoblot showing the effect of lenalidomide (IMiD), CAPE, GL8, As26 and J229 on human myeloma cell line MM1R is provided. Lenalidomide, CAPE and other analogs at indicated concentrations were added to MMIR cells for 48 hours. Proteins extracts from control and treated conditions were subjected to electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting, and membrane probed sequentially using IRF4, IKZF1, IKZF3 and beta-actin antibodies, while beta-actin was used as the protein loading control. 
     For use in therapy a therapeutically effective amount of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26, or J205 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, may be presented as a pharmaceutical composition. Thus, in a further embodiment the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26, or J205 or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof in admixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients. The carrier(s), diluent(s) or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. 
     When applicable, the compositions of the present invention, including As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26, or J205 may be in the form of and/or may be administered as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. 
     Typically, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be readily prepared by using a desired acid or base as appropriate. The salt may precipitate from solution and be collected by filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent. 
     Suitable addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts and examples are hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate acetate, maleate, malate, fumarate, lactate, tartrate, citrate, formate, gluconate, succinate, pyruvate, oxalate, oxaloacetate, trifluoroacetate, saccharinate, benzoate, methanesulphonate, ethanesulphonate, benzenesulphonate, p-toluenesulphonate and isethionate. 
     Suitable salts may also be formed from bases, forming salts including ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as those of sodium and potassium, alkaline earth metal salts such as those of calcium and magnesium. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also be prepared from other salts, including other pharmaceutically acceptable salts, using conventional methods. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated for administration by any appropriate route. Therefore, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated, for example, as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, creams or liquid preparations, such as oral solutions or suspensions. Such pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s). 
     Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatine, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrolidone; fillers, for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricants, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example potato starch; or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice. Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives, such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatine, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan, monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, oily esters such as glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and, if desired, conventional flavouring or colouring agents. 
     It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question. 
     The compositions of the present invention may be suitable for the treatment of diseases in a human or animal patient. In one embodiment, the patient is a mammal including a human, horse, dog, cat, sheep, cow, or primate. In one embodiment the patient is a human. In a further embodiment, the patient is not a human. 
     As used herein, the term “effective amount” means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician. Furthermore, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means any amount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in improved treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder. The term also includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normal physiological function. 
     As used herein the term “treatment” refers to defending against or inhibiting a symptom, treating a symptom, delaying the appearance of a symptom, reducing the severity of the development of a symptom, and/or reducing the number or type of symptoms suffered by an individual, as compared to not administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention. The term treatment encompasses the use in a palliative setting 
     The present invention, in another embodiment, relates to a use of a pharmaceutical composition including As26, J229, J91, LL27, LL23, HM7, As25, MT26, or J205 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients for the treatment of blood cancers. 
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