Patent Publication Number: US-2022231514-A1

Title: Solar power generation system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 16/054,625, filed Aug. 3, 2018, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/540,951, filed Aug. 3, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/567,488, filed Oct. 3, 2017; the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Photovoltaic (PV) power is one of the world&#39;s fastest growing renewable energy resources. In order to continue this growth trend, however, access to solar power must be improved in residential, commercial, and utility-scale sectors. In each of these power consumption sectors, the cost per watt of solar power generated is paramount. If the cost per watt of a given solar power generation system is uncompetitive with traditional power generation sources in the same sector, the solar power system becomes inaccessible and/or commercially unviable to the majority of power consumers in that sector. As a result, growth of PV-based power systems is dependent on the continued reduction of the cost per watt for power generated by these systems. 
     The cost per watt associated with solar power generation systems is tied to almost all elements of the system. As just some examples, costs associated with the production and sale of solar power system components, the installation of those components, and the on-going maintenance of those components each impact the cost per watt of the overall system. Likewise, the electrical efficiency of the system in harvesting and transmitting usable power significantly impacts the cost-per-watt of the system as a whole. Innovations relating to any aspect of a solar power system that provide improvements to any or all of these cost centers can lead to reductions in system cost-per-watt. Indeed, numerous aspects of existing solar power systems—beyond solar panels themselves—are ripe for improvement. 
     Solar panels are designed to use the photovoltaic effect to convert photons emitted by the sun into direct current (DC) power. However, in order to produce power useable for most existing environments, the DC power output by the solar panels must be converted into alternating current (AC) power. The DC to AC conversion of solar generated power is conventionally accomplished by an inverter, which can implemented into a power generation system in a variety of ways. 
     For systems configured to interface with the electric grid, inverters are generally implemented into solar power generation systems with a centralized or module-level architecture. In a fully centralized configuration, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 1A , a single inverter is positioned between strings of solar modules and the electric grid. In this configuration, each string of solar modules delivers DC power to the centralized inverter, which then converts the collectively input DC power into AC power output. The AC power output is then transmitted to the grid. As a result, centralized inverter systems are sometimes referred to as “string inverter” systems. A similar configuration is shown in  FIG. 1B , which illustrates a semi-centralized string inverter configuration using multiple inverters (as opposed to one). In this configuration, each inverter is again positioned between strings of solar modules and the electric grid. Each inverter converts the DC power received from its respective string of solar modules, converts that input power to AC, and delivers the AC power—along with the other inverters—to the electric grid. 
     Centralized and semi-centralized string inverter systems are used in a wide array of environments from solar farms to residential applications. By connecting inverters to strings of solar modules, the number of inverters needed is reduced and the ease of installation for the inverters is improved. These systems, however, have a number of drawbacks and limitations. 
     Solar modules strings are limited at any given time by the least productive module in the string. In other words, a given solar module string will only produce as much power as the least productive module. In environments where certain solar modules might be shaded while others are not (e.g., large strings or strings having modules facing different directions), this can significantly reduce the efficiency with which the solar modules can harvest energy. Moreover, string inverter architectures are more susceptible to losses in power generation when a solar module is damaged or otherwise not functioning properly. 
     A further disadvantage of string inverter systems is their lack of control at the solar module level. For example, conventional string inverters can only track maximum power (e.g., as part of an MPPT algorithm) down to the string level as opposed to the panel level. If there is a weak module in the string, the weakened module will limit the amount of power that can be extracted from the string of modules. Additionally, when solar modules are stacked, high voltage potentials (e.g., 600-2000V) can be reached and remain present even when the inverter is off. These high voltage potentials can present a fire hazard if any of the electrical connections in the solar array become loose or damaged, which necessitates additional hardware close to the module to mitigate against this risk. 
     String inverters also have inherent inefficiencies resulting from high voltage transistors that must be used to synthesize sine waves. In particular, the high voltage of the solar module string (e.g., 600-2000V as noted above) requires high voltage MOSFETs or IGBTs in the string inverter. The MOSFETs and IGBTs must switch at high frequencies, which generates more heat losses that a comparably low voltage MOSFET. The high voltage devices also require larger inductors and capacitors. As a result, string inverter systems are limited with respect to their efficiency in inverting power from solar modules. 
       FIGS. 1C and 1D  illustrate examples of existing module-level architectures. In particular,  FIG. 1C  shows a micro-inverter system architecture in which inverters are provided for each solar module in the system. These “micro” inverters are typically installed on the back of modules of solar panels, integrated as part of the modules themselves, or otherwise provided proximate to the modules. Each micro-inverter is configured to convert the DC power received from its respective solar panel into AC power, which is then transmitted from the inverter to the electric grid. Micro-inverter architectures are popular in residential environments where the total number of solar modules is lower. As a result, the micro-inverter architecture may in some circumstances be configured to deliver AC power harvested from various inverters directly to a building load as indicted in  FIG. 1C . 
       FIG. 1D  illustrates another module-level architecture in which DC optimizers are provided at each solar module. In this DC optimizer inverter system, each DC optimizer is configured to condition the DC power received from its respective solar module and transmit this conditioned DC power to a string inverter provided between the optimizers and electric grid. Although the system makes use of a string inverter, the DC optimizers are provided in the system at the module-level analogously the aforementioned micro-inverters. 
     These module-level architectures are popular in residential applications and other environments where less modules are used. Because of the module-level nature of these systems, they are better suited for environments susceptible to shading. In particular, both micr-inverter and DC optimizer systems allow for optimization module-by-module and, as a result, are typically more efficient than a string inverter system using the same number of modules. These module-level architectures also have a number of drawbacks and limitations. 
     As an example, both micro-inverter and DC optimizer systems are more costly than comparable string inverter systems. In micro-inverter systems, each micro-inverter requires a full array of electronics necessary to convert DC power from solar modules into AC, including large transformers and extra transistors. Moreover, an individual micro-inverter is provided for each solar module, increasing not only the total cost of componentry but also significantly increasing the cost and complexity of installation. In DC optimizer systems, the presence of optimizers themselves increases the cost of system components and installation cost. In addition, DC optimizer systems still require high voltage MOSFETs or IGBTS along with large magnetics to convert DC to AC power, thereby reducing efficiency of the overall system. Furthermore, DC electric transmission and distribution systems are highly susceptible to arc faults, due to the nature of DC transmission. To protect against potential hazards from arc faults, including the risk of fire and the risk of electric shock, conventional DC systems require large and expensive protection equipment, such as DC-rated circuit breakers. Those working on DC systems must also wear substantial personal safety equipment for protection. 
     Accordingly, for at least these reasons, there is on-going need in the art for a more cost-effective, efficient, and reliable solar power generation system. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Reference will now be made to the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein: 
         FIGS. 1A-1D  show schematic representations of various existing solar power generation systems; 
         FIG. 2  shows a schematic diagram of a solar power generation system having distributed power converter nodes according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 3A  shows a deadband DC waveform generated by a power converter node from the DC power received from a solar module according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 3B  shows a deadband DC waveform generated by a power converter node from the DC power received from a solar module according to another embodiment; 
         FIG. 4  shows a power converter node according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 5  shows a circuit diagram of deadband converter circuit provided within a power converter node according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  shows a grid sine wave and a corresponding node synchronization signal generated by a grid interface box according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  shows a power-with-Ethernet cable according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  show cross-sectional and isometric cut-away views of the power-with-Ethernet cable of  FIG. 7  according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 9A and 9B  show female and male power-with-Ethernet cable connectors, respectively, according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 10  shows a schematic diagram of a grid interface box (GIB) according to one embodiment; 
         FIGS. 11A and 11B  show isometric views of a grid interface box chassis according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a power module according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a VAR modules according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an aggregator module according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 15  shows a schematic diagram of a grid interface box having a 3-phase WYE configuration according to one embodiment; 
         FIG. 16  shows a schematic diagram of a grid interface box having a 3-phase delta configuration according to one embodiment; and 
         FIG. 17  shows a schematic diagram of a grid interface box having a single phase configuration according to one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS 
     Various embodiments of the present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the inventions are shown. Indeed, these inventions may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. The term “or” is used herein in both the alternative and conjunctive sense, unless otherwise indicated. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to a solar power generation system configured to more efficiently and cost-effectively generate power. According to various embodiments, the solar power generation system includes a plurality of distributed power converter nodes each configured to convert DC power received from a solar module into a deadband DC waveform. The deadband DC power generated by each node is then transmitted to a centralized grid interface box (GIB) configured to unfold the deadband DC waveform into an AC signal suitable for transmission to an electric power grid. 
     As explained in greater detail herein, the use of distributed power converter nodes configured for producing a deadband DC waveform improves the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the solar power generation system. For example, as the power converter nodes do not require all of the electronics necessary to convert DC power received from a solar module in to a full AC power signal, the power converter nodes are smaller and lower-cost than existing micro-inverters. In addition, because the power converter nodes use fewer switching devices that conventional micro-inverters, they will incur less switching losses and provide improved efficiency. Furthermore, because the power converters are configured to convert DC power into a deadband DC waveform—which includes regular periods of zero-voltage dead time—the transmission of power from the power converters to the GIB presents a reduced risk of arcing, thereby improving the safety of the system as a whole. 
     In various embodiments, the distributed power converter nodes are connected to one another—and ultimately to the GIB—by power-with-Ethernet (PWE) cables and connectors. The power-with-Ethernet cables are each comprised, for example, of two power conductor cables, two twisted pairs of data communication cables, and two additional untwisted data communication cables. As explained in greater detail herein, the inclusion of separate power and data communication cables within the PWE cable enables efficient transmission of power alongside uninterrupted data communication. As an example, the use of PWE cables in the solar generation system enables quick and efficient power converter node synchronization. Most distributed architectures use either wireless RF communication or Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC). However, because the PWE cable provides a dedicated hardwired communication line between the power converter nodes and the GIB, synchronization between the power converter nodes can be performed more quickly and at a lower cost. More broadly, the use of permanent communication wires enables the power converter nodes and GIB to communicate using higher bandwidth protocols, such as Ethernet. As a result, larger amounts of data can be exchanged as compared with lower bandwidth protocols, such as PLCC. Moreover, well-defined protocols developed for the internet can be used to ensure network security across the solar power generation system. 
     Additionally, various embodiments of the GIB provided in the solar power generation system are provided with a modular configuration that enables the GIB to be easily scaled for different applications. As explained in greater detail herein, the GIB is provided with removable power and VAR modules, which can be added and removed into the GIB&#39;s chassis as needed in order to provide the necessary capacity for converting deadband DC power routed to the GIB into AC power suitable for supply to the grid. For this reason, each individual GIB unit can be used in a variety of solar power generation systems, including both small-scale (e.g., residential) and large-scale (e.g., solar farm) systems. 
       FIG. 2  shows a schematic diagram of a solar power generation system according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 2 , the solar power generation system is generally comprised of a plurality of solar modules  5 , a plurality of power converter nodes  100 , and grid interface box (GIB)  300 . As explained in detail herein, the solar modules  5  are generally configured to convert solar energy into DC power. The power converter nodes  100  are generally configured to convert DC power received from the solar modules  5  into a deadband DC waveform, which is transmitted to the GIB  300 . The GIB  300  is configured to unfold the deadband DC waveform transmitted by the power converter nodes  100  and output AC power suitable for supply to an electric power grid. Each of these components of the solar power generation system will now be described in greater detail. 
     According to various embodiments, the solar modules  5  each comprise a plurality of solar panels configured to convert solar energy into DC power output. In one embodiment, the solar modules  5  are each configured to output approximately 300 watts of power at 30 volts. However, as will be appreciated from the description herein, solar modules configured to output a variety of wattages can be implemented in the present invention. As shown in  FIG. 2 , each solar module  5  is connected to a power converter node  100  by power cables  7 . In one embodiment, the power cables  7  may comprise PV rated cables having MC4 connectors. However, as will be appreciated form the description herein, any electrical cable and connector suitable for transmitting DC power from a solar module  5  to a power converter node  100  may be used. 
     According to various embodiments, the solar modules  5  depicted in  FIG. 2  may represent a plurality of modules installed in any solar power production environment. As just some examples, the solar modules  5  may represent a plurality of modules mounted on a residential home, a plurality of modules installed for powering a commercial or industrial building, or a plurality of modules forming a large scale solar power station. As discussed in greater detail herein, each solar module  5  may be connected to an individual power converter node  100  or, in various other embodiments, multiple solar modules  5  may be connected (e.g., in series) to an individual power converter node  100 . 
     According to various embodiments, the solar power generation system&#39;s power converter nodes  100  are each generally configured to receive DC power generated by one or more solar modules  5  and convert the received DC power into a deadband DC waveform. As an example,  FIG. 3A  illustrates a deadband DC waveform  402  generated by a power converter node  100  from the DC power received from a solar module  5  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 3A , the deadband DC waveform  402  is a rectified sinewave having periods of dead time  404 —e.g., zero voltage—between the peaks of the rectified sinewave. Unlike an AC waveform, the deadband DC waveform  402  does not cross zero voltage. However, because the waveform  402  includes regular deadbands  404  of zero voltage, an arc developing in the solar generation system will extinguish during the deadband period  404 . As a second example,  FIG. 3B  illustrates a deadband DC waveform  406  generated by a power converter node  100  from the DC power received from a solar module  5  according to another embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 3B , the deadband DC waveform  406  is a modified trapezoidal waveform and—like the waveform  402 —includes deadband periods  408  between its peaks. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a power converter node  100  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 4 , the power converter node  100  includes a housing  102 , within which the power converter&#39;s electronic components (discussed in more detail herein) are positioned. In the illustrated embodiment, the housing  102  includes a body portion formed with a plurality of heat dissipating fins (e.g., formed from extruded aluminum). According to various embodiments, the housing  102  may be constructed from a thermally conductive material (e.g., metals, metal alloys, thermally conductive plastic, a combination of plastics and metals and/or the like). In addition, a mounting bracket  104  is secured to the housing  102 . According to various embodiments, the mounting bracket  104  is configured to enable the power converter  100  to be mounted directly to a respective solar module  5  or other surface proximate to the solar modules  5 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , a plurality of electrical connectors are provided on opposite ends of the power converter node&#39;s housing  102 . At its first end, the power converter node  100  includes a female electrical connector  112  and a male electrical connector  114 . According to various embodiments, the electrical connectors  112 ,  114  are input power connectors configured to be secured to power cables  7  in order to facilitate transmission of DC power generated by a solar module  5  to the power converter node  100 . As just one example, in the illustrated embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , the electrical connectors  112 ,  114  are MC4 connectors. As shown in  FIG. 4 , a second end of the power converter node  100  includes a second pair of male and female electrical connectors  114 ,  112  (e.g., that connect to a second solar power module). 
     The power converter node  100  also includes at its first end a pair of female power-with-Ethernet (PWE) connectors  120 . According to various embodiments, the female PWE connectors  120  are configured to be secured to a power-with-Ethernet cable  200  in order to provide an electrical and data communication connection between the power converter nodes  100  and the GIB  300 . In addition, the second end of the power converter node  100  further includes a pair of male power-with-Ethernet (PWE) connectors  130 . Like the female PWE connectors  120 , the male PWE connectors  130  are configured to be secured to a power-with-Ethernet cable  200  in order to provide an electrical and data communication connection between the power converter nodes  100  and the GIB  300 . Various features of the PWE connectors  120 ,  130  are described in greater detail herein with respect to  FIGS. 6-8 . 
       FIG. 5  shows a circuit diagram of deadband converter circuit  160  provided within the power converter node  100  according to one embodiment. According to various embodiments, the deadband power converter circuit  160  is a DC-DC converter disposed within the power converter node&#39;s housing  102 . On the left side of the  FIG. 5 &#39;s circuit diagram, the circuit  160  includes a pair of voltage inputs  162  (positive and negative). In the illustrated embodiment, the voltage inputs  162  are electrically connected to one of power converter node&#39;s pairs of electrical connectors  112 ,  114 . 
     Power received through the voltage inputs  162  is routed to a pair of switching transistors  172 ,  173 , which are configured to regulate power flow through the circuit  160 . By varying the switching times of the transistors  172 ,  173 , the circuit  160  is able to transform the flat DC waveform received from a solar module  5  into a shaped DC waveform having deadbands (e.g., as shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B ). The deadband DC waveform is then output from the circuit via a pair of voltage outputs  164  (positive and negative). In the illustrated embodiment, the voltage outputs  164  are electrically connected to power connector contacts in one of the power converter node&#39;s PWE connectors  120 ,  130 . In particular, as discussed in more detail herein, the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4  includes two independent node circuits (e.g., of the type shown in  FIG. 5 ) within the housing  102 . Each circuit uses a set of inputs from the solar module  112 ,  114 , input from a PWE connector  120 , and an output from a PWE connector  130 . The two circuits are completely independent and can be connected to each other externally in either series or parallel by means of the external PWE cable  200 . To connect the circuits in series, a single loopback jumper can be used (e.g., as shown on the second node  100  from the left in  FIG. 2 ). To connect the two circuits in parallel, two sets of jumpers can be used on both sets of connectors ( 120 ,  130 ) (e.g., as shown on the second node from the right in  FIG. 2 ). 
     In the illustrated embodiment of  FIGS. 2-5 , the power converter nodes  100  are each rated, for example, to handle 300 W of power from each of the solar modules  5 . However, in various other embodiments, the power converter nodes  100  can be configured to handle additional power (e.g., 400-800 W). In one embodiment, the deadband DC waveform generated by the power converter nodes  100  is configured to have deadbands  404  each having a pulse width of approximately 100 microseconds and occurring every 8.33 milliseconds (e.g., in a 60 hz signal). 
     Additionally, according to certain embodiments, the frequency and widths of the deadbands  404  can be adjusted by the transistors  172 ,  173 . For example, in certain embodiments, the deadbands  404  can be adjusted for time length such that power transmission is optimized and, as line voltage increases, the deadband width may be increased. 
     According to various embodiments, the deadband converter circuit  160  is also configured to synchronize its deadband DC waveform to the electric grid. As explained in greater detail below, the solar power generation system&#39;s GIB  300  is configured to monitor the sinusoidal voltage on the electric grid and identify zero crossings in the voltage (e.g.,. detected by a change in polarity of the monitored voltage). When a zero crossing of the grid sine wave is detected, the GIB generates a transition in either voltage or current in a synchronization wire provided in the PWE cable  200 . For example, the GIB could transition from low voltage to high voltage or high voltage to low voltage. If a current signal is utilized instead of a voltage signal, then a transition from high current to low current or vice versa is utilized. As an example,  FIG. 6  illustrates an example of a grid sine wave  191  and a corresponding node synchronization signal  191  generated by the GIB  300 . 
     According to various embodiments, each power converter node  100  in the system monitors a signal line in the PWE cable  200  for transitions. When a transition in either voltage or current is detected on the synchronization wire, a node  100  starts generating a rectified deadband waveform to feed to the GIB  300 . In this way, all of the distributed power converter nodes  100  can be synchronized to the electric grid. 
     In the power converter node  100  embodiment shown and described with respect to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , the power converter node  100  includes a pair of deadband converter circuits  160 . Referring for example to  FIG. 4 , the voltage inputs  162  of a first circuit  160  are electrically connected to a first pair of the node&#39;s electrical connectors  112 ,  114 , while the voltage inputs  162  of a second circuit  160  are connected to the other of the node&#39;s electrical connectors  112 ,  114 . Likewise, the voltage outputs  164  of the first circuit  160  are electrically connected to one of the node&#39;s PWE connectors  120 ,  130 , while the voltage outputs  164  of a second circuit  160  are connected to the other of the PWE connectors  120 ,  130 . As a result, the illustrated embodiment of the power converter node  100  is provided with a dual-node architecture. In this embodiment, the dual deadband converter circuits  160  can be arranged in parallel or series via PWE cables  200  connecting the power converter nodes  100  to one another. This is shown, for example, in  FIG. 2 , which—from left to right—illustrates the first three power converter nodes  100  connected in series by PWE cables  200 , while the next three power converter nodes  100  are connected in parallel. In certain embodiments, the PWE connectors  130  can be configured as inputs from other power converter nodes  100 , while the PWE connectors  120  can be configured as outputs. 
     As noted earlier with respect to  FIG. 2 , the power converter nodes  100  are connected to one another—and to the GIB  300 —by PWE cables  200 .  FIG. 7  shows a PWE cable  200  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 7 , each PWE cable  200  includes a female PWE connector  120  at one end and a male PWE connector  130  at the opposite end. 
     According to various embodiments, each PWE cable  200  is comprised of two power conductors, two twisted pairs of conductors for data communication, and two additional untwisted data communication conductors.  FIGS. 8A and 8B  illustrate cross-sectional and isometric cut-away views of the PWE cable  200 , respectively, according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 8A , the PWE cable  200  includes two power conductors  202  positioned adjacent to one another, two twisted pairs of conductors for data communication  204  positioned on opposite sides of the power conductors  202 , and two additional untwisted data communication conductors  208 . In the illustrated embodiment, the power conductors  202  are AWG 12 7 strand copper wires coated with a protective material (e.g., PVC or HDPE insulation). Additionally, in the illustrated embodiment, the twisted pair data communication conductors  204  and untwisted data communication conductors  208  are AWG 24 solid copper wires coated with a protective material (e.g., PVC or HDPE insulation). As shown in  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the power conductors  202 , twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204 , and untwisted data communication conductors  208  wrapped with a protective wrap  212  (e.g., a thin polyester wrap) and positioned within a cable jacket  210  (e.g., PVC, PE, or TPE cable jacket). In the illustrated embodiment of  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the combination of cables  202 ,  204 , and  208  enables a round cable (e.g., as can be seen from the cross-sectional view of  FIG. 8A ). 
     According to various embodiments, the PWE cable&#39;s power conductors  202  are configured to transmit the deadband DC power generated by the respective power converter nodes  100  throughout the solar power generation system. Separately, the twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204  and untwisted data communication conductors  208  are configured to enable data communication the between the power converter nodes  100  and the GIB  300 . For example, in one embodiment, the node synchronization signal  193  (shown in  FIG. 6 ) generated by the GIB  300  can be transmitted to the various power converter nodes  100  via the untwisted data communication conductors  208  (or, alternatively, via the twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204 ). Additional data communication, such as for the purpose of monitoring the performance of the power converter nodes  100  and their respective solar modules  5 , can be transmitted along the remaining untwisted data communication conductors  204 ,  208 . In various embodiments, by providing separate, isolated conductors for power and data communication, the power generated by the power converter nodes  100  can be distributed uninterrupted along the PWE cables  200  to the GIB  300 . 
     The PWE cable&#39;s female and male PWE connectors  120 ,  130  are shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 9A , the female PWE connector  120  includes a pair of power connector protrusions  121 , which extend outwardly from the connector and are laterally spaced from one another. According to various embodiments, the power connector protrusions  121  include electrical contacts disposed in a recessed fashion within the protrusions and that are electrically connected to the PWE cable&#39;s power cables  202 . 
     The female PWE connector  120  also includes an upper data connector protrusion  123  and a lower data connector protrusion  126 . Both the upper and lower data connector protrusions extend outwardly from the connector  120  and disposed at least partially between the power connector protrusions  121 . As shown in  FIG. 9A , the upper data connector protrusion  123  includes three electrical contacts disposed in a recessed fashion within the upper data connector protrusion  123 . According to various embodiments, two of the upper data connector&#39;s electrical contacts are electrically connected to one of the PWE cable&#39;s twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204 , while the third of the upper data connector&#39;s electrical contacts are electrically connected to one of the PWE&#39;s cables untwisted data communication conductors  208 . In particular, in the illustrated embodiment, the upper data connector protrusion&#39;s three electrical contacts are arranged in a triangle, with two of the electrical contacts disposed laterally adjacent to one another and the third electrical contact disposed below and between the first two electrical contacts. Specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the lower electrical contact is positioned partially between the power connector protrusions  121 . 
     Likewise, the lower data connector protrusion  126  includes three electrical contacts disposed in a recessed fashion within the lower data connector protrusion  126 . According to various embodiments, two of the lower data connector&#39;s electrical contacts are electrically connected to one of the PWE cable&#39;s twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204 , while the third of the upper data connector&#39;s electrical contacts are electrically connected to one of the PWE&#39;s cables untwisted data communication conductors  208 . In particular, in the illustrated embodiment, the lower data connector protrusion&#39;s three electrical contacts are arranged in a triangle, with two of the electrical contacts disposed laterally adjacent to one another and the third electrical contact disposed above and between the first two electrical contacts. Specifically, in the illustrated embodiment, the upper electrical contact is positioned partially between the power connector protrusions  121 . 
     The female PWE connector  120  also includes a pair of laterally disposed fastener tabs  129 . As shown in  FIG. 9A , the fastener tabs  129  are generally thin, resilient tabs extending outwardly from lateral sides of the connector, adjacent outer portions of the power connector protrusions  121 . As discussed in greater detail below, the fastener tabs  129  are configured to engage the male PWE connector  130  and enable the connectors  120 ,  130  to be selectively and removably secured to one another. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9B , the male PWE connector  130  includes a pair of power connector cavities  131 , which extend inwardly into the connector and are laterally spaced from one another. According to various embodiments, the power connector cavities  131  include protruding electrical contacts disposed centrally within the cavities and that are electrically connected to the PWE cable&#39;s power conductors  202 . In particular, the power connector cavities  131  are dimensioned to receive the power connector protrusions  121  of the female PWE connector  120  such that the male connectors&#39; power connector electrical contacts are inserted within the female connector&#39;s power connector contacts, thereby electrically connecting the power portions of the contacts  120 ,  130 . 
     The male PWE connector  130  also includes an upper data connector cavity  133  and a lower data connector cavity  136 . As shown in  FIG. 9B , the upper data connector cavity  133  includes three protruding electrical contacts disposed within the upper data connector cavity  133  and arranged in triangular pattern. According to various embodiments, two of the upper data connector cavity&#39;s protruding electrical contacts are electrically connected to one of the PWE cable&#39;s twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204 , while the third of the upper data connector cavity&#39;s electrical contacts are electrically connected to one of the PWE&#39;s cables untwisted data communication conductors  208 . In particular, the upper data connector cavity  133  is dimensioned to receive the upper data connector protrusion  123  of the female PWE connector  120  such that the male connector&#39;s data connector electrical contacts are inserted within the female connector&#39;s data connector electrical contacts, thereby connecting the data portions of the contacts  120 ,  130 . 
     Likewise, the lower data connector cavity  136  includes three protruding electrical contacts disposed within the lower data connector cavity  136  and arranged in triangular pattern. According to various embodiments, two of the lower data connector cavity&#39;s protruding electrical contacts are electrically connected to one of the PWE cable&#39;s twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204 , while the third of the upper data connector cavity&#39;s electrical contacts is electrically connected to one of the PWE&#39;s cables untwisted data communication conductors  208 . In particular, the lower data connector cavity  136  is dimensioned to receive the lower data connector protrusion  126  of the female PWE connector  120  such that the male connector&#39;s data connector electrical contacts are inserted within the female connector&#39;s data connector electrical contacts, thereby connecting the data portions of the contacts  120 ,  130 . 
     The male PWE connector  130  also includes a pair of laterally disposed fastener cavities  139 . As shown in  FIG. 9B , the fastener cavities  139  are positioned adjacent outer portions of the power connector cavities  131 . In various embodiments, the fastener cavities  139  are dimensioned to engage the resilient fastener tabs  129  of the female PWE connector  120  when the fastener tabs  129  are inserted within the fastener cavities  139 . In this way, the connectors  120 ,  130  to be selectively and removably secured to one another. 
     According to various embodiments, based on the design and configuration of the power converter nodes  100 , the PWE cable  200  may be provided without the twisted pairs of data communication conductors  204  (e.g., in simple embodiments where the data communication provided by the cables is not necessary). 
     According to various embodiments, the grid interface box (GIB)  300  is configured to unfold the deadband DC power generated by the power converter nodes  100  into an AC signal suitable for transmission to an electric power grid. In addition, the GIB  300  serves as a communications gateway, enabling data transmission between the power converter nodes  100  and remote systems outside of the solar power generation system (e.g., remote computers or other devices). As discussed in detail below, the GIB  300  is also provided with a modular configuration that allows it to be easily scaled up (or down) to accommodate various solar power generation environments, including residential, commercial, and utility scale applications. 
       FIG. 10  shows a schematic diagram of the grid interface box (GIB)  300  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the GIB  300  is comprised of a chassis  302 , which is configured for housing a plurality of removable power modules  320 , VAR modules  330 , and at least one aggregator module  340 .  FIGS. 11A and 11B  show the GIB chassis  302  in isolation according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 11A , the GIB chassis  302  includes a door  312 , which can be open and closed to access the interior portion of the chassis  302 . In addition,  FIG. 11B  illustrates schematically a plurality of slots  314  provided in the interior portion of the chassis  302 . According to various embodiments, the slots  314  can be dimensioned to receive and secure the removable modules  320 ,  330 ,  340  described herein. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 10 , the GIB&#39;s chassis  302  further includes an internal bus bar assembly  310 , to which the modules  320 ,  330 ,  340  can be electrically connected when inserted into the chassis&#39; slots  314 . As an example, in one embodiment, the bus bar assembly is comprised of a two molding claim-shell with two, three, or four stamped copper bus bars with 18 mm modularity and a plurality of stabs configured for engaging the modules  320 ,  330 ,  340 . The chassis also includes a line connection  304  for connecting the GIB  300  to an electric grid. The line connection wiring may enter, for example, through the bottom of the chassis  302  through standard cable glands and knockouts. The GIB  300  also includes a plurality of string connectors  306 , which facilitate connection of the power modules  320  within the GIB to strings of power converters  100  (as shown, for example, in  FIG. 2 ). As one example, the string connectors  306  may enter the GIB chassis  302  through dedicated cable glands with split rubber grommets. The line connection  304  is also routed through an isolator  308 , which is configured as a disconnect switch. The GIB also includes a surge arrestor block  309  (e.g., for plug in Varistor and Discharge Tube Modules). 
     According to various embodiments, the GIB  300  is also configured with anti-islanding functionality to disable the GIB when it detects that the electric grid has entered an islanded condition. 
     According to various embodiments, the GIB&#39;s power modules  320  are generally configured to unfold the deadband DC power transmitted by the power converter nodes  100  to the GIB  300  in order to convert that signal into AC power. The resulting AC power is then delivered to an electric grid via the line connection  304 . In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 2 , for example, the power modules  320  are configured to convert to AC in a 3-phase power system. However, in various other embodiments, the power modules  320  may be configured to convert to AC in a single-phase or split-phase power system. In particular, the power modules may be configured to function for both 120V and 240V systems. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a single power module  320  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 12 , power module  320  includes a pair of PWE connectors  120  at its upper end, which facilitate connection to the string connectors  306  feeding power from a string of power converter nodes  100 . In addition, the power module  320  includes a plurality of electrical contacts  322  at its opposite end, which are configured to interface with the tabs of the GIB&#39;s bus bar assembly  310 . In other words, when the power module  320  is inserted into one of the GIB&#39;s slots  314 , the bus bar assembly&#39;s tabs will be inserted into the electrical contacts  322  of the power module  320 , thereby electrically connecting the power module  320  with the remaining GIB components. 
     As discussed earlier herein in relation to  FIG. 3A , in one embodiment the power converter nodes  100  are configured to generated a deadband DC waveform  402  shaped as a rectified sinewave. As a result, the GIB&#39;s power modules  320  are configured to invert the waveform  402  by inverting every other pulse in the waveform  402 , which are easily identifiable from the deadband periods  404 . Additionally, as discussed earlier herein, the GIB is configured to monitor the grid voltage (e.g., via the line connection  304 ) in order to generate a synchronization signal transmitted to the power converter nodes  100  (e.g., via the string connectors  306  and PWE cables  200 ). As a result, the deadband DC waveform received and inverted by the GIB is already synchronized to the electric grid. Moreover, because the GIB  300  is powered by the grid, if a particular power converter node  100  loses power, the GIB&#39;s synchronization signal will still be transmitted to the remaining operational nodes  100 , thereby ensuring synchronized AC output in phase with the utility grid AC phase. 
     According to various embodiments, the power module  320  may be configured to process various amounts of power. In the illustrated embodiment of  FIGS. 2 and 10 , for example, the power modules  320  are each 40 A power modules rated at 10 kW. Furthermore, in the illustrate embodiment of  FIGS. 2 and 10 , six power modules  320  are provided in the slots  314  of the GIB  300  and are secured to the bus bar assembly  310 . As a result, the GIB  300  is shown in a configuration scaled to handle 60 kW of power. 
     According to various embodiments, the GIB&#39;s VAR modules  330  are generally configured to adjust the amount of reactive power that is supplied to the grid. Many utilities demand that power that is injected into the grid be power factor adjustable. To adjust the power factor of injected power, the inverter can exert control over its “real” or “active” power (measured in kW) and its reactive power (measured in Volt Amps Reactive or VARs). The GIB provides the desired about of “real” power to the grid while the VAR module  330  supplies reactive power to the grid. In order to adjust the power factor to the desired level, a VAR module  330  is generally provided for each power module  320  inserted into the GIB  330 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a VAR module  330  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the VAR module  330  includes a plurality of electrical contacts  332 , which are configured to interface with the tabs of the GIB&#39;s bus bar assembly  310 . In other words, when the VAR module  330  is inserted into one of the GIB&#39;s slots  314 , the bus bar assembly&#39;s tabs will be inserted into the electrical contacts  332  of the VAR module  330 , thereby electrically connecting the VAR module  330  with the remaining GIB components. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 13 , the VAR module is a combined 3-phase module, essentially consisting of three 30 A VAR modules joined together. As a result, each VAR module  330  of the type shown in  FIG. 13  is configured to perform power factor correction for three power modules  320  in the GIB  300 . 
     As will be appreciated from the description herein, the GIB  300  can be scaled to handle various thresholds of power by adding or removing power modules  320  and VAR modules  330 . For example, as noted above, the GIB  300  shown in  FIGS. 2 and 10  includes six power and VAR modules  320 ,  330  and is therefore rated at 60 kW. However, by including only three power modules  320  and VAR modules  330 , for example, the GIB  300  rating could be scaled back to 30 kW. The opposite would be true by adding additional power and VAR modules  320 ,  330 . As a result, the modular configuration of the GIB  300 —which enables the power and VAR modules  320 ,  330  to be easily added or removed from the GIB chassi—allows for the GIB to be easily scaled up (or down) to accommodate various solar power generation environments, including residential (e.g., 10 kW), commercial (e.g., 30-60 kW), and utility scale (e.g., 120 kW+) applications. 
     According to various embodiments, the GIB&#39;s aggregator module  340  is configured to control the operation of the GIB  300  and function as a communications gateway between the remaining components of the solar power generation system (e.g., power converter nodes  100 ) and remote devices (e.g., computers configured for interoperability with the GIB  300 ). In the illustrated embodiment of the  FIGS. 2 and 10 , the aggregator module  340  includes at least one dedicated processor and associated memory storage for running software and applications related to the GIB&#39;s functionality. In particular, the aggregator module  340  is configured to send and receive data from the power converter nodes  100  and power modules  320  via the bus bar assembly  310  and the various PWE cables  200  connecting the nodes  100  to the GIB  300 . In addition, the aggregator module  340  includes a Wi-Fi antenna  346 , which is configured to provide communication with the aggregator module  340  over a wireless internet network, and an Ethernet uplink  344 , which is configured to provide communication with the aggregator module  340  over a dedicated network. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an aggregator module  340  according to one embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 14 , the aggregator module  340  includes a plurality of electrical contacts  342 , which are configured to interface with the tabs of the GIB&#39;s bus bar assembly  310 . In other words, when the aggregator module  340  is inserted into the GIB, the bus bar assembly&#39;s tabs will be inserted into the electrical contacts  342  of the aggregator module  340 , thereby electrically connecting the aggregator module  340  with the remaining GIB components. 
     In various embodiments, the aggregator module  340  is configured to function as a bridge for internal and external network connectivity, handle supervisory control and data acquisition operations from the grid, and collect and perform edge mining on all sensor data (e.g., collected from the power converter nodes  100 ), and to host installer and maintainer applications. The aggregator also provides system wide control functions to shut down or scale back output when external commands (e.g., from the utility) are received. 
     As discussed earlier herein, the GIB  300  can be configured to convert to AC in a 3-phase power system or single (or split-phase) power system at 120V or 240V. As examples,  FIG. 15  shows the GIB  300  in a 3-phase WYE configuration,  FIG. 16  shows the GIB  300  in a 3-phase delta configuration, and  FIG. 17  shows the GIB  300  in a single-phase configuration. 
     While this specification contains many specific embodiment details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any inventions described herein, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain features that are described herein in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations, one or more features from a combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination. 
     Moreover, many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the application.