Patent Publication Number: US-2023160730-A1

Title: Optical measurement of flow parameters

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to fluid flow measurement and in particular to an optical fluid flow measurement assembly and method. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     PCT Patent Application PCT/IB2020/050557 describes optical apparatus containing a single continuous wave light source placed outside the pipe such as a light emitting diode (LED) emitting a narrow pencil-like beam or a beam in the form of a light sheet which illuminates the flow through a window in the pipe and a multiplicity of light detectors such a two-dimensional CCD array disposed along the axis of the flow outside the pipe in such a way that the emitted beam does not impinge on the detector array. The intersection of the light beam with the field of view of the CCD array determines the measurement volume of the device. The scattered light by small particles passing through the beam in the measurement volume is collected by a collection lens that focuses the collected light onto the light detectors which record in a continuous manner the signal created by the collected light. The velocity of the flow is determined by analyzing the recorded time varying signal by mathematical methods such as the cross-correlation method or time-of-flight method or by machine-learning algorithms. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention seeks to provide a simple, robust and non-invasive optical method for providing in-line measurements of the local velocity profile of liquids and gases flowing in a pipe for laminar, turbulent and intermediate flow regimes. 
     In one aspect of the invention, an optical method is provided for accurate in-line measurement of the volume and the mass flowrate of a liquid flowing through a pipe for laminar, turbulent and intermediate flow regimes. 
     In one aspect of the invention, an optical method is provided for in-line measurement of the local velocity profiles of components of two-phase or multi-phase liquids and gases flowing through a pipe in laminar, or turbulent or intermediate flow regimes. 
     In one aspect of the invention, an optical in-line method is provided that measures separately the volume and mass flowrate of each component of a multi-phase liquid flowing through a pipe in laminar, turbulent or intermediate flow regimes. 
     One aspect of the invention is to make an optical, noninvasive apparatus available that can provide the velocity profile, mass flowrate and volume flowrate for each component of a multi-phase liquid flowing through a pipe in laminar, turbulent and intermittent flow regimes. 
     In one aspect of the invention an optical system provides in-line a visual map of the velocity profile of a liquid or a gas flowing in a pipe and can also provide a visual map of the velocity profile of the components of a multi-phase liquid flowing in a pipe. 
     There is thus provided in accordance with an embodiment of the invention a fluid flow measurement method including a emitting a light beam into a pipe through which a fluid flows, the light beam illuminating the fluid flowing in the pipe, using a light detector array to detect light caused by scattering of the beam with particles found in the fluid, the light beam being outside a field of view of the light detector array, dividing the field of view of the light detector array into layers, and determining an instantaneous flow velocity in each of the layers as a function of signals transmitted from the light detector array in each of the layers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a simplified illustration of an optical fluid flow velocity measurement system, in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference is now made to  FIG.  1   , which illustrates an optical fluid flow velocity measurement system  10 , in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention. 
     The system and method measure the instantaneous and average velocity profile together with the mass flowrate and volume flowrate of fluids flowing through a pipe section during a short time interval. This provides high measurement accuracy regardless of the spatial or temporal heterogeneity of the flow rate. 
     In  FIG.  1   , a light source  11  emits a monochromatic light sheet  12 , which is projected (via a first window, which could be part of the pipe) across a pipe section  14 , preferably at the center of the pipe though which the liquid flows. A light detector array, such as a digital camera  16  (shown partially in broken lines), disposed perpendicularly to the light propagation direction (at a second window, which could be part of the pipe) records the illuminated flow by recording the scattered signal from particulates in the flowing liquid. The vertical dimension of the projection of the camera&#39;s focal plane field of view covers a significant part of the inner pipe diameter. 
     The field of view of the camera is virtually divided along the vertical axis into horizontal layers whose width is selected so that the volume of liquid in the resulting cylindrical layers may be equal (this is not essential to the invention and they can be unequal). The division scheme is shown in  FIG.  1    with an example of three layers with width r 1 , r 2  and r 3 . The instantaneous flow velocity in each layer is determined by analysis of adjacent frames either by the time-of-flight method, correlation method or machine-learning algorithms. The measured values of the instantaneous fluid transfer velocity vectors in each layer may be different, depending on the nature of the flow. Generally near the walls it has a lower value, (indicated in the figure by  v 3   ), whereas at the pipe axis it has the largest value (indicated in the figure v 1 ), with intermediate values at layers in between (indicated by v 2  in the figure). The volumes of the layers in the field of view are indicated by V3, V1 and V2, respectively. 
     The invention is not limited to horizontal layers and the layers may be defined in other ways and in other coordinate systems, such as polar or spherical. 
     The values of the instantaneous velocities in each layer can be used to map the local velocities distribution of the flow. Additionally, by measuring the changes in the velocities distribution map one can derive the changes in the fluid viscosity over time. 
     The time interval for the instantaneous velocity measurement is determined by the frame rate of the camera and number of adjacent frames required for the measurement and is in the order of a few tens of milliseconds or less. The measured instantaneous values for each layer are then averaged over a time interval T which reflects the variability of the flow regime and the temporal behavior of the pressure at the inlet of the pipe, which generally vary from hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. The obtained average velocity values for each layer (ν i      av   ) are subsequently used to determine the total mass M flow during the selected time interval T. This is done by determining the mass m i  that was transferred during time T through the layer i by the formula 
         m   i =ρ ⋆   S   i   ⋆ ν i     av     *T  
 
     where ρ denotes the fluid density and S i  denotes the area of the i-th layer. 
     By summing the mass of all layers, one obtains the total mass transferred during time interval T. It should be noted that the instantaneous and average velocity values represent the instantaneous and average velocity profiles, respectively, and represent the regime of the flow. This method is therefore not limited to a specific flow regime and can be applied to flows in the laminar, turbulent or intermediate regimes. 
     It should be also noted that the accuracy of the average velocity in each layer is approximately equal to the accuracy of the instantaneous velocity measured in the same layer, which can reach very high values. The larger the number of the virtual layers, the more accurate value of the transferred mass is obtained and the accuracy of the average flow velocity V corresponding to the total mass (V=M/ρST, where S is the pipe cross section) will approach the measurement tolerance of the instantaneous flow velocity in a single layer. 
     This method can be also extended to a multiphase flow since the optical characteristics of each phase are generally significantly different. Changes in indices of refraction between the flows and in scattering intensities can be conveniently tagged by appropriate image-analysis algorithms and this method can be applied separately to each phase.