Patent Publication Number: US-2005130263-A1

Title: Compositions isolated from bovine mammary gland and methods for their use

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
      This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/699,146, filed Oct. 27, 2000 which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/162,702, filed Oct. 29, 1999. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      This invention relates to polypeptides expressed in bovine mammary gland cells, polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, and methods for using the polypeptides and polynucleotides.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      The bovine mammary gland is a milk-producing organ of great economic importance. Knowledge of the genes expressed in this tissue is valuable in understanding the physiology and function of the mammary gland, not only in the cow, but also in other mammals, including humans. The polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences themselves are useful in a wide variety of applications, which are described in greater detail below.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention provides isolated polypeptides expressed in bovine mammary gland cells and isolated polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, together with expression vectors and host cells comprising such polynucleotides. Methods for using such polypeptides, polynucleotides and expression vectors are also provided.  
      In specific embodiments, isolated polynucleotides are provided that comprise a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) sequences recited in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131; (b) complements of the sequences recited in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131; (c) reverse complements of the sequences recited in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131; (d) reverse sequences of the sequences recited in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131; and (e) sequences having at least 75%, 90%, 95% or 98% identity to a sequence of (a)-(d), the percentage identity being determined as described below. Polynucleotides comprising at least a specified number of contiguous residues (“x-mers”) of any of the sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 are also provided, together with extended sequences, and oligonucleotide probes and primers corresponding to the sequences set out in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131. All of the polynucleotides described above, and oligonucleotide probes and primers, are collectively referred to herein as “polynucleotides of the present invention”.  
      In further embodiments, the present invention provides isolated polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by a polynucleotide comprising: (a) a sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131; or (b) a sequence having at least 75%, 90%, 95% or 98% identity to a sequence provided in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, together with isolated polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides. In certain specific embodiments, the inventive polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 132-262, and variants thereof. Isolated polypeptides comprising at least a functional portion of a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 132-262 and variants thereof, are also provided.  
      In related embodiments, the present invention provides genetic constructs, or expressions vectors, comprising the above polynucleotides, together with host cells transformed with such constructs, and organisms comprising such host cells.  
      In a further aspect, the present invention provides methods for stimulating bovine mammary gland cell growth and function, inhibiting the growth of various mammary gland cancer cells, inhibiting angiogenesis and vascularization of tumors, or modulating the growth of blood vessels in a mammal, such methods comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising an isolated polypeptide of the present invention. Methods for modulating mammary gland function in a mammal are also provided, the methods comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising an inventive polypeptide. Numerous utilities for the polynucleotides and polypeptides are described in greater detail below.  
      As detailed below, the isolated polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention may be usefully employed in the preparation of therapeutic agents for the treatment of mammary gland and other types of disorders. In addition, polynucleotides that are specifically expressed at a higher or lower level in diseased mammary gland than in a normal mammary gland may be used as an indicator of the disease condition. Similarly, disposition to a disease related to a specific level of expression of a polynucleotide would suggest use of that polynucleotide as a marker for diagnosis of susceptible individuals. In yet another aspect, the mapping of a specific polynucleotide of this invention close to the chromosomal location of any beneficial or detrimental genes would make the polynucleotide a valuable tool for breeding of livestock, disease diagnostics, or identification of the beneficial or detrimental gene.  
      The isolated polynucleotides of the present invention, have further utility in genome mapping, in physical mapping, and in positional cloning of genes. Additionally, the polynucleotide sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, and their variants, may be used to design oligonucleotide probes and primers (referred to collectively as “oligonucleotides”). As detailed below, oligonucleotide probes and primers have sequences that are substantially complementary to the polynucleotide of interest over a certain portion of the polynucleotide. The inventive oligonucleotide probes may be used to detect the presence, and examine the expression patterns, of genes in any organism having sufficiently similar DNA and RNA sequences in their cells using techniques that are well known in the art, such as slot blot DNA hybridization techniques. The inventive oligonucleotide primers may be used for PCR amplifications. Oligonucleotide probes and primers of the present invention may also be used in connection with various microarray technologies, including the microarray technology of Affymetrix, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.).  
      The above-mentioned and additional features of the present invention, together with the manner of obtaining them; will be best understood by reference to the following more detailed description. All references referred to herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety as if each was incorporated individually.  
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      In certain aspects, the present invention provides polynucleotides that were isolated from cDNA libraries prepared from bovine mammary gland cells, together with polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides.  
      The polynucleotides of the present invention encode polypeptides that have important roles in growth, development and function of mammary gland cells, and in responses of mammary gland cells to tissue injury and inflammation, as well as disease states. Many of the polypeptides disclosed herein have antibacterial or other bioactive utility. The polypeptides and/or polynucleotides of the present invention may be employed in the modification of mammary function, as potential markers for selection of livestock having enhanced mammary performance, and as diagnostics for abnormal cellular growth in mammary cancer. Oligonucleotide probes and primers corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention may be employed to detect the presence of mammary gland tissue in a specific tissue sample using techniques well known in the art, such as DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.  
      The inventive polypeptides have important roles in processes such as induction of mammary growth differentiation of milk producing cells, cell migration, cell proliferation, and cell-cell interaction. The polypeptides are important in the maintenance of tissue integrity, and thus are important in processes such as wound healing. Some of the disclosed polypeptides modulate immune responses, and some of the polypeptides which are present in milk are immunologically active polypeptides that benefit mammalian offspring. In addition, many of the polypeptides are immunologically active within the mammary gland, making them important therapeutic targets for treating a whole range of disease states not only within the mammary gland, but also in other tissues of a mammal. Antibodies to the polypeptides of the present invention and small molecule inhibitors related to the polypeptides of the present invention may also be used for modulating immune responses and for treatment of diseases according to the present invention.  
      The correspondence of isolated polynucleotides encoding isolated polypeptides of the present invention, and the functionality of the polypeptides, are shown, below, in Table 1. 
                           TABLE 1                           SEQ ID               SEQ ID   NO:       NO:   Amino       DNA   acid   Activity Category   Functionality                                                1   132   Cell signaling,   Connective tissue growth factor is the major               extracellular factor,   connective tissue mitoattractant secreted by human               hormone   vascular endothelial cells. This immediate-early                   protein may bind one of the PDGF cell surface                   receptors. It belongs to the insulin-like growth                   factor binding protein family.       2   133   Gene/protein   Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 2, also known               expression, RNA   as splicing factor SC35, splicing component 35 kDa,               synthesis, RNA   or PR264 protein, interacts with spliceosomal               processing.   components bound to both the 5′ and 3′ splice sites                   during spliceosome assembly. It also is required for                   ATP-dependent interactions of both U1 and U2                   snRNPS with pre-mRNA.       3   134   Metabolism,   GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein               cofactor, synthesis   mediates tetrahydrobiopterin inhibition of GTP                   cyclohydrolase I, the initial enzyme of the de novo                   pathway for biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin,                   the cofactor required for aromatic amino acid                   hydroxylations and nitric oxide synthesis. This                   inhibition is reversed by L-phenylalanine. High                   expression in liver and kidney and lower level in                   testis, heart, brain and lung.       4; 5; 105   135; 136;   Gene/protein   Ets transcription factor 2 is a member of the Ets           236   expression, RNA   transcription factor family that binds to specific               synthesis,   sites in the promoters of genes to activate them.               transcription factors       6   137       Ancient ubiquitous protein isoform 1 (AUP1) is a                   conserved protein that is ubiquitously expressed                   across many tissues.       7   138   Gene/protein   Pantophysin is a homolog of the integral membrane               expression,   protein synaptophysin and is one of the major               membrane protein   polypeptide components of the small, electron-                   translucent, transmitter-containing vesicles in                   neurons and of similar vesicles in neuroendocrine                   (NE) cells. In contrast to synaptophysin,                   pantophysin is ubiquitously expressed.       8   139   Cell signaling,   MEK binding partner 1, is a MEK binding partner               protein modification,   that enhances enzymatic activation of the MAP               kinase   kinase cascade.       9   140   Gene/protein   NDRG1 protein, also known as n-MYC               expression, RNA   downstream regulated gene 1 protein,               synthesis,   differentiation-related gene 1 protein (DRG1),               transcription factors   reducing agents and tunicamycin-responsive,                   protein, RTP, nickel-specific induction protein,                   CAP43, RIT42, may have a growth inhibitory role.                   It is located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus                   in prostate epithelium and placental chorion,                   although nuclear staining is not observed in colon                   epithelium cells. Instead its localization changes                   from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane during                   differentiation of colon carcinoma cell lines in                   vitro. It is ubiquitously expressed, most                   prominently in placental membranes and prostate,                   kidney, small intestine, and ovary tissues. Reduced                   expression in adenocarcinomas compared to                   normal tissues. In colon, prostate and placental                   membranes, the cells that border the lumen show                   the highest expression. It is induced by                   homocysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, tunicamycin in                   endothelial cells and by nickel compounds in all                   tested cell lines. The primary signal for its                   induction is an elevation of free intracellular                   calcium ion caused by nickel ion exposure.                   Okadaic acid, a serine/threonine phosphatase                   inhibitor, induced expression of NDRG1 more                   rapidly and more efficiently than nickel.       10   141   Cell/organism   Protein HSPC030, is a member of the heat shock               defense, homeostasis,   induced family of proteins.               stress response       11   142   Cell/organism   HSPC203, is a member of the heat shock induced               defense, homeostasis,   family of proteins obtained as a full-length cDNA               stress response   cloned from CD34+ stem cells.       12   143   Cell   Actins are highly conserved proteins that are               structure/motility,   involved in various types of cell motility and are               cytoskeletal   ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.                   Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to                   a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-                   stranded helix. Each actin can bind to four others.                   In vertebrates, three main groups of actin isoforms                   (alpha, beta and gamma) have been identified. The                   alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a                   major constituent of the contractile apparatus. The                   beta and gamma actins co-exist in most cell types                   as components of the cytoskeleton and as mediators                   of internal cell motility.       13   144   Cell/organism   Ig alpha-2 chain C region contains the alpha chain               defense,   of the immunoglobulin A (IgA, immunoglobulin               immunology,   alpha) class of antibodies. Ig alpha is the major               antibody   immunoglobulin class in body secretions. It serves                   both to defend against local infection and to                   prevent access of foreign antigens to the general                   immunologic system.       14   145   Cell signaling,   Angiogenin-1, may function as a tRNA-specific               extracellular factor,   ribonuclease that binds to actin on the surface of               cytokine   endothelial cells; once bound, angiogenin is                   endocytozed and translocated to the nucleus,                   thereby promoting the endothelial invasiveness                   necessary for blood vessel formation. Angiogenin                   induces vascularization of normal and malignant                   tissues and abolishes protein synthesis by                   specifically hydrolyzing cellular tRNAs. Binds                   tightly to placental ribonuclease inhibitor and has                   very low ribonuclease activity.       15   146   Metabolism, lipid,   Clathrin coat assembly protein AP19, also known               intracellular transport   as clathrin coat associated protein AP19, Golgi                   adaptor AP-1 19 kDa adaptin, HA1 19 kDa                   subunit, or clathrin assembly protein complex 1                   small chain, is a component of the adaptor                   complexes which link clathrin to receptors in                   coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein                   complexes are believed to interact with the                   cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to                   their selection and concentration. AP19 is a subunit                   of the Golgi membrane adaptor. Assembly protein                   complex 1 (AP-1) is a heterotetramer composed of                   two large chains (gamma and beta), a medium                   chain (AP47) and a small chain (AP19).       16   147   Metabolism, lipid,   Clathrin coat assembly protein AP50, also known               intracellular transport   as clathrin coat associated protein AP50, plasma                   membrane adaptor AP-2 50 kDa protein, HA2 50 kDa                   subunit, clathrin assembly protein complex 2                   medium, chain, AP-2 mu 2 chain, is a component                   of the adaptor complexes which link clathrin to                   receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated                   protein complexes are believed to interact with the                   cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to                   their selection and concentration. AP50 is a subunit                   of the plasma membrane adaptor. The assembly                   protein complex 2 (AP-2) is a heterotetramer                   composed of two large chains (alpha and beta), a                   medium chain (AP50) and a small chain (AP17).                   It is expressed in brain, heart, lung, liver, testis, and                   spleen.       17   148   Cell   ARP2/3 complex 34 kDa subunit is part of a               structure/motility,   complex implicated in the control of actin               cytoskeletal   polymerization in cells. The ARP2/3 protein                   complex has been implicated in the control of actin                   polymerization in cells. The human complex                   consists of seven subunits that include the actin-                   related proteins ARP2 and ARP3, and five others.       18   149   Metabolism, ATP   Calcium-transporting ATPase plasma membrane,               synthesis   isoform 1b is an integral membrane protein that                   catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the                   transport of the calcium.       19   150   Metabolism, ATP   ATP synthase A chain, is the key component of the               synthesis   proton channel; and plays a direct role in the                   translocation of protons across the membrane.       20   151   Metabolism,   ATP synthase E chain, mitochondrial, is one of the               transport, cellular   chains of the nonenzymatic component (CF(0)               uptake   subunit) of the mitochondrial ATPase complex.       21   152   Gene/protein   Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2, also               expression, RNA   known as tazarotene-induced gene 2 protein, RAR-               synthesis,   responsive protein TIG2, highly expressed in skin               transcription factors   (basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis, hair                   follicles and endothelial cells). Also found in                   pancreas, liver, spleen, prostate, ovary, small                   intestine and colon. Its induction is inhibited in                   psoriatic lesions. Activated by tazarotene in skin                   grafts and in the epidermis of psoriatic lesions.       22   153   Cell signaling,   Bovine leukemia virus cell receptor, also known as               receptors, membrane   BLV-r, BLVPCP1, is a type I membrane protein                   that binds to the envelope glycoprotein gp51 of the                   bovine leukemia virus.       23   154   Cell signaling,   Butyrophilin is a type I membrane protein that               receptors, membrane   functions in the secretion of milk-fat droplets. It                   acts as a specific membrane-associated receptor for                   the association of cytoplasmic droplets with the                   apical plasma membrane. It appears to associate                   with xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and is                   specificity expressed in mammary tissue and                   secreted in association with the milk-fat-globule                   membrane during lactation.       24   155   Cell   Collagen alpha 1 (XV) chain belongs to the               structure/motility,   multiplexin family of collagens and is expressed               extracellular matrix   predominantly in internal organs such as adrenal                   gland, pancreas and kidney. Prolines at the third                   position of the tripeptide repeating unit (G-X-Y)                   are hydroxylated in some or all of the chains.       25   156   Gene/protein   60S Ribosomal protein L10A (RPL10a) belongs to               expression, protein   the L1p family of ribosomal proteins.               synthesis, ribosomal               proteins       26   157   Gene/protein   RNA-binding protein regulatory subunit, DJ-1               expression, RNA   protein or CAP1 protein is a nucleic acid binding               synthesis, RNA   protein that plays a role in the control of protein               processing   synthesis.       27; 108   158; 239   Cell   Myosin-IXA (MYO9A) is an unconventional               structure/motility,   myosin that is associated with Bardet-Biedl               cytoskeletal   Syndrome (BBS) a heterogeneous, autosomal                   recessive, disorder characterized by mental                   retardation, obesity, retinitis pigmentosa,                   syndactyly and/or polydactyly, short stature, and                   hypogenitalism       28   159   Gene/protein   CCR4-associated factor 1 is a ubiquitous               expression, RNA   transcription factor required for a diverse set of               synthesis,   processes. It is a component of the CCR4 complex               transcription factors   involved in the control of gene expression.       29   160   Gene/protein   Cathepsin S is a lysosomal thiol protease that has               expression, protein   similar substrate specificity to those of cathepsin L               degradation, protease   and cathepsin N.       30   161   Metabolism,   Caveolin-1. Caveolins are proteins associated with               transport, cellular   caveolae, which are plasma membrane               uptake   specializations that are important for normal signal                   transduction.       31   162   Cell signaling,   Cysteine-rich secretory protein-3, CRISP-3,               extracellular factor,   although originally described in the male genital               cytokine   tract, the cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs)                   are expressed in a variety of mammalian tissue and                   cell types. The proteins of the male genital tract                   have been observed associated to spermatozoa and                   are believed to play a role in mammalian                   fertilization. CRISP-3. is transcribed and expressed                   in the salivary gland, in the ampulla and the                   seminal vesicle. Believed to play a role in the                   innate immune system (Haendler et al. Jnl. Cell.                   Physiol. 178: 371-378 (1999); Udby et al. J.                   Leukoc. Biol. 72: 462-9 (2002)).       32   163   Cell signaling,   Connective tissue growth factor is the major               extracellular factor,   connective tissue mitoattractant secreted by human               hormone   vascular endothelial cells. This immediate-early                   protein may bind one of the PDGF cell surface                   receptors. It belongs to the insulin-like growth                   factor binding protein family.       33   164   Gene/protein   Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A, also known               expression, protein   as PPIase, rotamase, cyclophilin A, cyclosporin A-               synthesis, post-   binding protein, accelerates the folding of proteins               translational   by catalysing the cis-trans isomerization of proline               modification/targeting   imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. The protein                   binds and is inhibited by cyclosporin A.       34   165   Gene/protein   Pre-mRNA splicing factor RNA helicase also               expression, RNA   known as DEAH box protein 15 N or ATP-               synthesis, RNA   dependent RNA helicase number 46, is a pre-               processing   mRNA processing factor involved in disassembly                   of spliceosomes after the release of mature mRNA.       35   166   Gene/protein   DEAD-box protein 1 also known as DEAD-box               expression, RNA   protein-retinoblastoma, DBP-RB, is a member of a               synthesis, RNA   family of “DEAD” box RNA helicases. DEAD-box               processing   genes are found throughout evolution and encode                   RNA-binding proteins including eukaryotic                   initiation factor-4a, which is essential for protein                   translation, VASA, which is essential for germ line                   development, and a number of nuclear and                   mitochondrial RNA splicing factors. It is expressed                   with highest levels of transcription in 2                   retinoblastoma cell lines and in tissues of                   neuroectodermal origin including the retina, brain,                   and spinal cord where it has an important role for                   this gene in control of cell growth and division.       36   167   Metabolism,   NRH dehydrogenase [quinone] 2, also known as               cofactor, synthesis   quinone reductase 2, QR2, serves as a quinone                   reductase in connection with conjugation reactions                   of hydroquinones involved in detoxication                   pathways as well as in biosynthetic processes such                   as the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation                   of glutamatyl residues in prothrombin synthesis.                   Two separate but homologous cytosolic quinone                   reductases have been identified. QR2 uses                   dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) rather than                   NAD(P)H as the electron donor.       37   168   Cell   Dynein heavy chain, cytosolic, DYHC, or MAP               structure/motility,   1C, has ATPase activity. Cytoplasmic dynein acts               microtubule-   as a motor for the intracellular retrograde motility               associated   of vesicles and organelles along microtubules and               proteins/motors   is therefore important in cell signaling and uptake                   and secretion of proteins. The active protein                   consists of at least two heavy chains and a number                   of intermediate and light chains.       38   169   Gene/protein   Elongation factor 1-alpha 1, also known as               expression, protein   elongation factor TU, belongs to the GTP-binding               synthesis, translation   elongation factor family and promotes the GTP-                   dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-                   site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis. It is                   reported to be expressed in brain, placenta, lung,                   liver, kidney, pancreas but barely detectable in                   heart and skeletal muscle       39   170   Gene/protein   Elongation factor 1-gamma, EF-1-gamma, is part               expression, protein   of the EF-1 complex that is composed of four               synthesis, translation   subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma. The                   gamma subunit plays a role in anchoring the                   complex to other cellular components and is                   essential for protein synthesis.       40   171   Gene/protein   Protein disulfide isomerase ER-60, also known as               expression, protein   glucose-regulated protein ERp57/GRP58 is an               synthesis, post-   endoplasmic reticulum protein that catalyzes the               translational   rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain               modification/   disulfide bonds in proteins to form the native               targeting   structures. Expression of ER-60 is upregulated in                   lactating mammary tissue and in mammary cells in                   culture in response to prolactin indicating an                   important role in mammary protein synthesis.       41   172   Metabolism, lipid,   Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte, AFABP, also               intracellular transport   known as adipocyte lipid-binding protein, ALBP                   plays a role in the intracellular transport of long-                   chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters making                   them available for fatty acid oxidation or                   glycerolipid synthesis.       42   173   Metabolism, lipid,   Fatty acid-binding protein, heart H-FABP, also               intracellular transport   known as mammary-derived growth inhibitor,                   MDGI, plays a role in the intracellular transport of                   long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters                   making them available for fatty acid oxidation or                   glycerolipid synthesis. MDGI reversibly inhibits                   proliferation of mammary carcinoma cells. It is                   expressed in mammary epithelial cells of                   developing lobuloalveolar structures and heart.       43   174   Metabolism,   Ferritin heavy chain, ferritin H subunit, is an               transport, mineral   intracellular molecule that stores iron in a soluble,                   nontoxic, readily available form. The functional                   molecule, which is composed of 24 chains, is                   roughly spherical and contains a central cavity in                   which the polymeric ferric iron core is deposited.                   There are two types of ferritin subunits: L (light)                   chain and H (heavy) chain. The major chain can be                   light or heavy, depending on the species and tissue                   type. The H-form is expressed in the heart and                   mammary tissue.       44   175   Gene/protein   Fragile X mental retardation syndrome related               expression, protein   protein 1 is a RNA-binding protein that interacts               synthesis, translation   with FMR1 and FXR1. Fragile X mental                   retardation syndrome is the most common cause of                   hereditary mental retardation and is directly                   associated with the lack of expression of the FMR1                   gene that encodes an RNA binding protein. FXR1                   is highly homologous to FMR1 and encodes a                   protein which, like FMR1, contains two KH                   domains and is highly conserved in vertebrates.                   The 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of the human                   and  Xenopus laevis  FXR1 mRNAs are strikingly                   conserved (approximately 90% identity),                   suggesting conservation of an important function.                   The KH domains of FXR1 and FMR1 are almost                   identical, and the two proteins have similar RNA                   binding properties in vitro. FXR1 and FMR1 are                   expressed in many tissues, and both proteins, which                   are cytoplasmic, can be expressed in the same cells.                   Cells from a fragile X patient that do not have any                   detectable FMR1 express normal levels of FXR1.                   These findings demonstrate that FMR1 and FXR1                   are members of a gene family and suggest a                   biological role for FXR1 that is related to that of                   FMR1.       45   176   Cell signaling,   Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein,               protein modification,   GADD45 gamma, mediates activation of stress-               kinase   responsive kinase MTK1 (also known as MEKK4                   or MAPKKK) to regulate the p38 and JNK MAPK                   pathways for the control of cell cycle and                   apoptosis. MyD118 and GADD45 are two related                   genes that encode proteins that play important roles                   such negative growth control.       46   177   Metabolism, sugar,   Galactokinase 2, GALK2 or GK2 catalyzes the first               other sugars   reaction of galactose metabolism to produce D-                   galactose 1-phosphate.       47   178   Cell signaling,   Guanine nucleotide-binding protein beta, subunit-               receptors, membrane   like protein 12.3, also known as P205, receptor of                   activated protein kinase C 1 or RACK1, binds                   protein kinase C and acts as an intracellular                   receptor to anchor the activated PKC to the                   cytoskeleton and thereby regulating the activity of                   protein kinase C and protein kinase C-mediated cell                   signaling.       48; 49   179; 180   Cell/organism   Ig gamma-2 chain constant region. Component of               defense,   the IgG2 complex of antibodies               immunology,               antibody       50   181   Metabolism, lipid,   Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD+],               phospholipid   cytoplasmic belongs to the NAD-dependent               synthesis   glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family and                   reversibly converts glycerol-3-phosphate to                   dihydroxyacetone phosphate.       51   182   Cell signaling,   Growth regulated protein belongs to the intercrine               extracellular factor,   alpha family (small cytokine C-X-C or chemokine               cytokine   CXC) and has chemotactic activity for neutrophils.       52   183   Cell/organism   Glutathione S-transferase theta 1, GST class-theta,               defense, homeostasis,   catalyzes the conjugation of reduced glutathione to               antioxidant   a wide number of exogenous and endogenous                   hydrophobic electrophiles. It is found in                   erythrocyte and expressed at low levels in liver. In                   lung, it is expressed at low levels in Clara cells and                   ciliated cells at the alveolar/bronchiolar junction,                   but absent from epithelial cells of larger                   bronchioles.       53; 54   184; 185   Cell/organism   Immunoglobulin-related 14.1 protein belongs to the               defense,   immunoglobulin superfamily and shows similarity               immunology,   to lambda light chain in C-terminal half (J and C               antibody   regions).       55   186   Gene/protein   Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 4,               expression, protein   EIF-3 delta, is part of the EIF-3 complex that is               synthesis, translation   composed of at least 10 different subunits and                   binds to the 40S ribosome and promotes the                   binding of methionyl-tRNAi and mRNA. This                   subunit binds to the 18S rRNA.       56   187   Cell/organism   Kappa light chain is a component of the IgA and               defense,   IgG antibodies.               immunology,               antibody       57   188   Cell/organism   Ig lambda chain is a component of the IgA and IgG               defense,   classes of antibodies.               immunology,               antibody       58   189   Metabolism, sugar,   L-lactate dehydrogenase H chain, LDH-B,               glycolysis   catalyzes the final step in anaerobic glycolysis.                   There are three types of LDH chains: M (LDH-A)                   found predominantly in muscle tissues, H (LDH-B)                   found in heart muscle and X (LDH-C) which is                   present in the spermatozoa of mammals, in the                   Columbidae birds and in Actinopterygian fish       59   190   Metabolism, lipid,   Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses triglycerides of               lipase   circulating chylomicrons and very low density                   lipoproteins (VLDL). The enzyme functions in the                   presence of apolipoprotein C-2 on the luminal                   surface of vascular endothelium and is attached to                   the membrane by a GPI-anchor. Defects in LPL                   are a cause of chylomicronemia syndrome (also                   known as type I hyperlipoproteinemia).       60   191   Cell signaling,   Lipophilin B precursor binds androgens and other               extracellular factor,   steroids. It also binds estramustine, a               binding protein   chemotherapeutic agent used for prostate cancer.                   Lipophilin components A, B and C are human                   homologues of prostatein, the major secreted                   protein of rat prostate. The lipophilin B gene                   resides on chromosome 10q23, a region deleted in                   many tumors. Lipophilin gene products are widely                   expressed in normal tissues, especially in                   endocrine-responsive organs. Highest expression is                   found in skeletal muscle, but also in thymus,                   trachea, kidney, steroid responsive tissues                   (prostate, testis, uterus, breast and ovary), and                   salivary gland. Lipopholin B belongs to the                   uteroglobin family in the lipophilin subfamily.       61   192   Cell/organism   Ig lambda chain V-II region is the light chain of the               defense,   immunoglobulin alpha class of antibodies, IgA.               immunology,   IgA is the major class of secreted antibodies and is               antibody   responsible for providing immunity to mucosal                   surfaces.       62   193   Cell/organism   MUTL protein homolog 1 also known as DNA               defense, homeostasis,   mismatch repair protein MLH1, is involved in the               DNA repair   repair of mismatches in DNA. The active protein                   is a heterodimer of PMS2 and MLH1. MHL1 is                   expressed in the colon, lymphocytes, breast, lung,                   spleen, testis, prostate, thyroid, gall bladder and                   heart. MHL1 is also associated with familial                   hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)                   (Lynch syndrome). HNPCC is one of the most                   common genetic diseases in the Western world,                   and accounts for 15% of all colon cancers. It is                   often divided into two subgroups. Type I:                   hereditary predisposition to colorectal cancer, a                   young age of onset, and carcinoma observed in the                   proximal colon. Type II: patients have an increased                   risk for cancers in certain tissues such as the uterus,                   ovary, breast, stomach, small intestine, skin, and                   larynx in addition to the colon.       63   194   Metabolism,   Golgi 4-transmembrane spanning transporter MTP               transport,   is an integral membrane protein that functions in               intracellular   the transport of nucleosides and/or nucleoside                   derivatives between the cytosol and the lumen of                   an intracellular membrane-bound compartment.                   The C-terminal domain is necessary for retention                   within intracellular membranes.       64   195   Cell/organism   Ig mu chain C region is a part of the               defense,   immunoglobulin M (IgM) complex that is the first               immunology,   antibody molecule produced in the immune               antibody   response. During differentiation, B lymphocytes                   switch from expression of membrane-bound IgM to                   secretion of IgM. The mu chains of membrane and                   secreted IgM differ in their C- terminal segments.       65   196   Metabolism, sugar,   N-acetyllactosamine synthase is also known as N-               other sugars   acetylglucosamine (beta 1-                   &gt;4)galactosyltransferase, lactose synthase A                   protein or galactosyltransferase (GT). N-                   acetyllactosamine synthase is responsible for the                   synthesis of complex-type N-linked                   oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins a as well as                   the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids. It is a                   type II membrane protein. N-acetyllactosamine                   synthase exists in two forms: a membrane-bound                   form in trans cisternae of the Golgi apparatus and a                   soluble form in body fluids. The soluble form                   derives from the membrane form by proteolytic                   processing. Two isoforms have been identified: a                   long form and a short form that are produced by                   alternative splicing.       66   197   Gene/protein   Nucleophosmin, NPM, also known as nucleolar               expression, RNA   phosphoprotein B23, numatrin, nucleolar protein               synthesis, RNA   no38, is associated with nucleolar               processing   ribonucleoprotein structures and binds single-                   stranded nucleic acids. It functions in the assembly                   and/or transport of ribosomes. It is generally                   nucleolar, but is translocated to the nucleoplasm in                   case of serum starvation or treatment with                   anticancer drugs.       67   198       Human L1 element L1.6 or putative p150 gene,                   contains a major class of mobile elements that is                   expanding in the mouse genome.                   Retrotransposition of LINEs and other                   retroelements increases repetition in mammalian                   genomes and can cause deleterious mutations.                   Active LINE-1 (L1) elements possess the ability to                   transduce non-L1 DNA flanking their 3′ ends to                   new genomic locations. The progenitor L1                   elements encode a site-specific endonuclease and                   generate copies that are inserted at these specific                   sites.       68   199   Gene/protein   STAT induced STAT inhibitor-2, SSI-2, also               expression, RNA   known as suppresser of cytokine signaling, SOCS-               synthesis,   2, is induced in response to cytoline signaling and               transcription factors   plays a critical role in negative feedback control of                   JAK-STAT signaling pathway.       69   200   Gene/protein   Elongation factor 1 alpha is a member of a               expression, protein   polymorphic multi-gene family of proteins required               synthesis, translation   for protein synthesis.       70   201   Metabolism,   Cationic amino acid transporter 3, CAT3, mediates               transport, cellular   the transmembrane uptake of cationic amino acids               uptake   such as lysine and arginine.       71   202   Cell/organism   DNA recombination and repair protein HNGS1, or               defense, homeostasis,   MRE11A, along with protein RAD50 are known to               DNA repair   be required for nonhomologous joining of DNA                   ends in vivo. MRE11 by itself has 3′ to 5′                   exonuclease activity that is increased when Mre11                   is in a complex with RAD50. MRE11 also exhibits                   endonuclease activity, as shown by the asymmetric                   opening of DNA hairpin loops. In conjunction with                   a DNA ligase, MRE11 promotes the joining of                   noncomplementary ends in vitro by utilizing short                   homologies near the ends of the DNA fragments.       72   203   Cell signaling,   Sorting nexin-1 (SNX1) is responsible for the               receptors, membrane   ligand-induced internalization of the epidermal                   growth factor receptor (EGFR) leading to                   accelerated receptor degradation. It binds to a                   region, of the epidermal growth factor receptor                   (EGFR) containing the lysosomal, targeting code                   and plays a role in sorting EGFR to lysosomes.       73   204   Gene/protein   Sperm specific protein is encoded by a testis               expression, RNA   mRNA specifically expressed in testicular haploid               synthesis,   germ cells, having unique palindromic sequences               transcription factors   and encoding a leucine zipper dimerization motif       74   205   Cell/organism   HSP89-alpha-delta-N is a member of the HSP90               defense, homeostasis,   gene family that encodes abundant molecular               stress response   chaperones in the eukaryotic cytosol, that are                   involved in the folding of a set of cell regulatory                   proteins and in the re-folding of stress-denatured                   polypeptides.       75   206   Gene/protein   Zinc finger protein 216 is a member of a family of               expression, RNA   putative transcription factors that are characterized               synthesis,   by their ability to form zinc fingers that can bind               transcription factors   DNA.       76   207   Gene/protein   Translation initiation factor eIF2C is a 94 kDa               expression, protein   protein that has been shown to play important roles               synthesis, translation   in the eukaryotic peptide chain initiation process.       77   208   Metabolism, sugar,   Blood group A transferase is a UDP-GalNAc: Fuc               other sugars   alpha 1---2Gal alpha 1---3GalNAc transferase                   (histo-blood group A transferase).       78   209   Cell signaling;   MEK binding partner 1, is a MEK binding partner               protein modification,   that enhances enzymatic activation of the MAP               kinase   kinase cascade.       79   210   Gene/protein   Bromodomain-containing protein BP75. A               expression, RNA   bromodomain is a motif characteristic of certain               synthesis,   transcriptional coactivators and histone               transcription factors   acetyltransferases       80   211   Gene/protein   Snurportin1. The nuclear import of the               expression, RNA   spliceosomal snRNPs U1, U2, U4 and U5, is               synthesis, RNA   dependent on the presence of a complex nuclear               processing   localization signal (NLS). The latter is composed                   of the 5′-2, 2, 7-terminal trimethylguanosine (m3G)                   cap structure of the U snRNA and the Sm core.                   domain. Snurportin1 interacts specifically with                   m3G-cap but not m7G-cap structures. Snurportin1                   enhances the m3G-cap dependent nuclear import of                   U snRNPs in both  Xenopus laevis  oocytes and                   digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells, demonstrating                   that it functions as a snRNP-specific nuclear import                   receptor. Snurportin1 represents a novel nuclear                   import receptor which contains an N-terminal                   importin beta binding (IBB) domain, essential for                   function, and a C-terminal m3G-cap-binding region                   with no structural similarity to the ARM repeat                   domain of importin alpha.       81   212       31.7 kDa protein.       82   213       Protein encoding a novel acyl transferase.       83   214   Cell signaling,   Fe65L2 protein interacts with the intracellular               receptors, membrane   domain of the Alzheimer&#39;s beta-amyloid precursor                   protein (APP) and APP-like proteins through its                   carboxyl terminal domain. Its mRNA is expressed                   in various tissues; a transcript of about 2.2 kb is                   found in brain. A splicing variant lacking two                   amino acids in the first PID/PTB element was                   detected.       84   215   Cell signaling,   CD81 antigen, 26 kDa cell surface protein TAPA-               receptors, membrane   1, is an integral membrane protein that plays an                   important role in the regulation of lymphoma                   growth. It interacts with a 16-kDa Leu-13 protein                   to form a complex that is involved in signal                   transduction. It is expressed in hematolymphoid,                   neuroectodermal, and mesenchymal tumor cell                   lines.       85   216       Protein encoding a reverse transcriptase-like                   protein.       86   217   Metabolism, amino   Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme binds to, and               acid, degradation   destabilizes, ornithine decarboxylase, which is then                   degraded: A ribosomal frameshift occurs between                   codons for SER-57 and ASP-58. An autoregulatory                   mechanism enables modulation of frameshifting                   according to the cellular concentration of                   polyamines.       87   218   Metabolism, lipid,   Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20               intracellular transport   homolog, is the central component of the receptor                   complex responsible for the recognition and                   translocation of cytosolically synthesized                   mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22,                   it functions as the transit peptide receptor at the                   surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and                   facilitates the movement of preproteins into the                   translocation pore.       88   219   Gene/protein   Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, (ec               expression, protein   2.4.1.41) protein- UDP acetylgalactosaminyltransferase,               synthesis, post-   UDP-GALNAC: polypep-tide,               translational   N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, ALNAC-T1, is               modification/targeting   a type II membrane protein located in the Golgi                   that catalyzes the initial reaction in O-linked                   oligosacceharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-                   acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or                   threonine residue on the protein receptor.       89   220   Gene/protein   Peroxisomal targeting signal 2 receptor, PTS2               expression, protein   receptor, peroxin-7, binds to the N-terminal PTS2-               synthesis, post-   type peroxisomal targeting signal and, though the               translational   interaction with PEX5, plays an essential role in               modification/   peroxisomal protein import.               targeting       90   221   Metabolism, lipid,   Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase,               phospholipid   mitochondrial, GPAT, is an integral membrane               synthesis   protein that catalyzes the first step in de novo                   phospholipid biosynthesis and also functions in the                   regulation of membrane biogenesis.       91   222   Metabolism,   Purine nucleoside phosphorylase, PNP, EC 2.4.2.1               cofactor, synthesis   or inosine phosphorylase cleaves purine                   nucleosides to produce the purine plus ribose 1-                   phosphate and plays a critical role in determining                   the intracellular concentration of purine                   nucleosides.       92   223   Cell   Undulin 1 (matrix glycoprotein), is a member of               structure/motility,   the fibronectin-tenascin family of noncollagenous               extracellular matrix   extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Undulin                   associates with collagen fibrils and serves a                   specific function in the supramolecular                   organization of collagen fibrils in soft tissues.       93   224   Cell signaling,   SLP-76 tyrosine phosphoprotein is a 76-kDa               protein modification,   tyrosine phosphoprotein associated with the               kinase   adaptor protein Grb2 in T cells and plays an                   important role in TCR-mediated intracellular signal                   transduction.       94   225   Gene/protein   Alpha-2-macroglobulin is a serum anti-proteinase               expression, protein   of the serpin family that is induced in response to               degradation, protease   inflammation.               inhibitor       95   226   Gene/protein   Nuclear receptor coactivator 4, also known as 70 kDa               expression, RNA   androgen receptor coactivator, 70 kDa AR-               synthesis,   activator, RET-activating protein. ELE1, enhances               transcription factors   the androgen receptor transcriptional activity in                   target cells and is responsible for the ligand-                   independent coactivator of the peroxisome                   proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma. It                   interacts with the androgen receptor and the                   retinoid X receptor (RXR) in a ligand-dependent                   manner. At least 2 isoforms, alpha and beta, may                   be produced by alternative splicing. It is widely                   expressed.       96   227   Cell signaling,   Type II receptor for bone morphogenetic, protein-4               receptors, membrane   (BMPR-II). Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)                   are members of the transforming growth factor beta                   superfamily. Several members of this family have                   been shown to transduce their signals through                   binding to type I and type II serine-(threonine)                   kinase receptors. BMPR-II is a mammalian type II                   receptor for BMPs binds osteogenic protein (OP)-                   1/BMP-7 and less efficiently BMP-4 only weakly                   alone, but the binding was facilitated by the                   presence of other type I receptors for BMPs                   indicating a requirement for the formation of                   heteromeric complexes with bone morphogenetic                   protein.       97   228   Metabolism, lipid,   Fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85) is a multi-domain               fatty acid synthesis   protein that catalyzes the synthesis of long chain                   fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.       98   229   Cell   Intestinal trefoil factor is secreted by goblet cells of               structure/motility,   small and large intestinal epithelia and also by the               extracellular matrix   uterus and mammary gland and has a role in                   promoting cell migration.       99   230   Cell signaling,   TAK1 (TGF-beta-activated kinase) is a member of               protein modification,   the MAPKKK family as a, potential mediator of               kinase   TGF-beta signal transduction mitogen-activated                   protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This pathway is a                   conserved, eukaryotic signaling module that                   converts receptor signals into various outputs.                   MAPK is activated through phosphorylation by                   MAPK kinase, (MAPKK), which is first activated                   by MAPKK kinase (MAPKKK). Furthermore, the                   kinase activity of TAK1 was stimulated in response                   to TGF-beta and bone morphogenetic protein                   indicating that TAK1 functions as a mediator in the                   signaling pathway of TGF-beta superfamily                   members.       100   231   Cell signaling,   Rad GTPase is a member of the Ras-guanosine               receptors, G-protein-   triphosphatase superfamily and was termed Rad               associated   (Ras associated with diabetes) because it is                   overexpressed in the muscle of individuals with                   Type II diabetics as compared to normal                   individuals. Messenger ribonucleic acid of Rad                   was expressed primarily in skeletal and cardiac                   muscle and was increased several-fold in the                   muscle of Type II diabetics as compared to normal                   individuals. It has also been detected in lesser                   amounts in lung placenta and kidney and in adipose                   tissue.       101   232   Gene/protein   Translocational protein-1, HTP-1 or SEC62, is a               expression, protein   mammalian homolog of a yeast protein that is               synthesis, post-   involved in protein translocation across and into the               translational   endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Two               modification/   HTP1 transcripts of about 2.8 and 5.5 kb, are               targeting   expressed concomitantly in various human tissues                   such as heart, brain, placenta, liver and pancreas.                   This protein is likely to be important in the                   secretion of milk proteins.       102   233   Cell division,   Fatso (Fto) is expressed throughout embryonic               apoptosis   development and is also found in tissues of adult                   mice. The expression data of Fto define it as a                   candidate gene involved in processes such as                   programmed cell death, craniofacial development,                   and establishment of left-right asymmetry.       103   234   Cell/organism   Bovine leukocyte antigen is similar to the MHC               defense,   class II DBQ genes.               immunology, MHC       104   235   Cell signaling,   Tousled-like kinase 2, TLK2, is a mammalian               protein modification,   homolog of the plant gene Tousled (TSL) that               kinase   encodes a serine/threonine kinase, essential for                   proper flower development. The mammalian TLKs                   share several functional properties with plant TSL,                   including a broad expression, a propensity to                   dimerize and autophosphorylate, and a preference                   for similar substrates. In particular, TLKs are cell-                   cycle-regulated enzymes, displaying maximal                   activities during S phase, TLK2 is regulated by                   cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation. Drug-                   induced inhibition of DNA replication causes a                   rapid loss of TLK activity, indicating that TLK                   function is tightly linked to ongoing DNA                   replication.       106   237   Gene/protein   C2H2 zinc finger protein PLAGL1 and the two               expression, RNA   new PLAG1 family members constitute a novel               synthesis,   subfamily of zinc finger proteins that recognize               transcription factors   DNA and/or RNA and control the expression of                   specific genes. PLAGL1 exhibits antiproliferative                   activities and is a tumor suppressor gene candidate.       107   238       Homolog of  Drosophila melanogaster  (fruit fly)                   cg15084 protein.       109   240       Homolog of the  Drosophila melanogaster  (fruit                   fly) cg7085 protein.       110   241       Protein similar to the ATP-dependent                   metalloprotease FTSH1.       111   242   Gene/protein   Prediabetic NOD sera-reactive autoantigen, is an               expression; protein   autoantigen related to the pathogenic mechanism of               degradation,   insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and that also               ubiquitin   contains a region that is similar to a sequence in                   cullins, a family of proteins implicated in the                   ubiquitination of G1 phase cyclins and cyclin-                   dependent kinase inhibitors. The cullins may be                   related members of a ubiquitin ligase family that                   targets the degradation cell cycle regulators.       112   243   Cell signaling,   BRI gene encodes a transmembrane protein. A               receptors, membrane   stop-codon mutation in the BRI gene associated                   with familial British dementia.       113   244   Cell division, DNA   Sarcolectin (SCL) is a 55 kDa protein that               synthesis/replication,   stimulates DNA synthesis in all immunocompetent               polymerase   cells and inhibits the synthesis and the expression                   of the IFN dependent secondary proteins and thus                   the interferon (IFN)-dependent antiviral state.                   Interferons (IFNs) are major cytokines, responsible                   for down-regulating cell growth and for promoting                   cell differentiation. SCL blocks in the cells the                   established IFN-dependent interphase and                   stimulates DNA synthesis, probably in co-                   ordination with more specific growth factors or                   hormones. IFN and SCL proteins are therefore part                   of a feedback system operating the regulation of                   normal growth. In pathological cases, SCL could                   play a role in the development of tumors in juvenile                   osteosarcomas or in AIDS. A great variety of                   vertebrate cells contain detectable amounts of                   lectins, able to stimulate the initiation of cellular                   DNA synthesis.       114   245       21.9 kDa protein.,       115   246   Gene/protein   Zinc finger protein is a member of a class of DNA-               expression, RNA   binding proteins, which act as transcription factors               synthesis,   binding specifically to short DNA-sequences and               transcription factors   controlling the transcription of a number of genes.       116   247   Gene/protein   Brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange               expression, protein   protein 2 is involved in the activation of ADP-               synthesis, post-   ribosylation factors (ARFs) which are 20-kDa               translational   guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that play an               modification/   important role in intracellular vesicular, trafficking.               targeting   Two major families of ARF guanine nucleotide-                   exchange proteins (GEPs) are known, one of                   which consists of approximately 200-kDa                   molecules that are inhibited by brefeldin A (BFA).                   BFA is a fungal metabolite that blocks protein                   secretion and causes apparent disintegration of                   Golgi structure, and approximately 50-kDa GEPs                   that are insensitive to BFA. ARFs are active and                   associate with membranes when GTP is bound,                   whereas inactive ARF·GDP is cytosolic.                   Replacement of GDP by GTP is accelerated by                   ARF GEPs. This protein is therefore important in                   the regulation of secretion of proteins from the                   mammary gland.       117   248   Cell/organism   NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase 2, ADPRT2, is a               defense, homeostasis,   member of a family of poly(ADP-ribose)               DNA repair   polymerases (PARPs) that is involved in the                   posttranscriptional modification of nuclear proteins                   by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in response to DNA                   strand breaks and plays an important role in DNA                   repair, regulation of apoptosis, and maintenance of                   genomic stability.       118   249       Novel protein with GTP-binding domain.       119   250   Gene/protein   Peptide elongation factor 1-beta, EF-1-beta, is               expression, protein   required for the elongation phase of protein               synthesis, translation   synthesis and stimulates the exchange of GDP                   bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP. EF-1 is composed of                   four subunits: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma.                   Phosphorylation affects the GDP/GTP exchange                   rate.       120   251   Cell signaling,   Rad GTPase is a member of the Ras-guanosine               receptors, G-protein-   triphosphatase superfamily and was termed Rad               associated   (Ras associated with diabetes) because it is                   overexpressed in the muscle of individuals with                   Type II diabetics as compared to normal                   individuals. Messenger ribonucleic acid of Rad                   was expressed primarily in skeletal and cardiac                   muscle and was increased several-fold in the                   muscle of Type II diabetics as compared to normal                   individuals. It has also been detected in lesser                   amounts in lung placenta and kidney and in adipose                   tissue.       121   252   Gene/protein   Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U,               expression, RNA   hnRNP U, also known as scaffold attachment               synthesis, RNA   factor A SAF-A, binds to pre-mRNA and has high               processing   affinity for scaffold-attached region (SAR) DNA. It                   can bind to double-and single-stranded DNA and                   RNA and is component of ribonucleosomes where                   it plays a role in the processing of mRNA. Two                   forms, a long form and a short form; are produced                   by alternative splicing and the protein is                   extensively phosphorylated.       122   253   Cell signaling,   RAS-related protein R-RAS2 also known as RAS-               receptors, G-protein-   like protein TC21, or teratocarcinoma oncogene, is               associated   a highly conserved plasma membrane-associated                   GTP-binding protein with GTPase activity. TC21                   transduces growth inhibitory signals across the cell                   membrane, exerting its effect through an effector                   shared with the RAS proteins but in an antagonistic                   fashion. It is ubiquitously present in all tissues                   examined, with the highest levels in heart, placenta,                   and skeletal muscle. Moderate levels in lung and                   liver; low levels in brain, kidney, and pancreas.                   Defects in TC21 can be the cause of ovarian                   tumors.       123   254   Gene/protein   Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein G, snrNP-G, SM               expression, RNA   protein G, is a nuclear protein of the spliceosomal               synthesis, RNA   small nuclear ribonucleoproteins snrNP SM               processing   proteins family and associates with sn-RNP U1, U2                   U4/U6 and U5 and plays an essential role in the                   biogenesis of the snRNPs and in RNA processing.       124   255   Gene/protein   15 kDa Selenoprotein is one of 11 known               expression, secreted   mammalian proteins that contains selenocysteine.               protein   Selenium occurs in proteins as the amino acid,                   selenocysteine and is essential for numerous                   biological processes. The 15-kDa protein is                   expressed in a wide range of tissues, with increased                   levels in the thyroid, parathyroid, and prostate-                   derived cells.       125   256   Cell   Transgelin also known as smooth muscle protein               structure/motility,   22-alpha, SM22-alpha, WS3-10, 22 kDa actin-               cytoskeletal   binding protein, is a protein involved in the cross-                   linking and gelling of actin. It is involved in                   calcium interactions and contractile properties of                   cells that may contribute to replicative senescence.       126   257   Gene/protein   Translocon-associated protein, delta subunit,               expression, protein   TRAP-delta also known as signal sequence               synthesis, post-   receptor delta subunit, SSR-delta is a type I               translational   membrane protein found in endoplasmic reticulum               modification/   and part of a complex whose function is to bind               targeting   Ca(2+) to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane                   and thereby regulate the retention of endoplasmic                   reticulum resident proteins. The active protein is a                   heterotetramer of TRAP-alpha, TRAP-beta; TRAP-                   delta and TRAP-gamma.       127   258   Cell/organism   Microsomal stress 70 protein belongs to the heat               defense, homeostasis,   shock protein 70 family and has peptide-               stress response   independent ATPase activity. It plays a central role                   in the processing of cytosolic and secretory                   proteins.       128   259   Cell/organism   Phenol-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase, P-PST,               defense, homeostasis,   belongs to the sulfotransferases family and               stress response   catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines                   and of phenolic drugs.       129   260   Gene/protein   Transcription initiation factor TFIID 31 kDa               expression, RNA   subunit, TAFII-31, is a component of the               synthesis,   transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex that is               transcription factors   essential for mediating regulation of RNA                   polymerase. TAFII31 is a coactivator for the P53                   protein and. Also interacts with the acidic                   transactivator viral protein 16 (VP16) as well as                   with the general transcription factor TFIIB.       130   261   Gene/protein   T-complex protein 1, zeta subunit, also known as               expression, protein   TCP-1-zeta, CCT-zeta or CCT-zeta-1, is a               synthesis, post-   molecular chaperone that assists the folding of               translational   proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. It is known to play a               modification/   role in vitro in the folding of actin and tubulin. It               targeting   is a hetero-oligomeric complex of about 850 to 900 kDa                   that forms two stacked rings, 12 to 16 nm in                   diameter. It is located in the cytoplasm and                   expressed in all tissues examined.       131   262   Gene/protein   Thyroid receptor interacting protein 15, TRIP15, is               expression, RNA   a member of a family of thyroid receptor               synthesis,   interacting proteins (TRIPS) that specifically               transcription factors   interact with the ligand binding domain of the                   thyroid receptor (TR). TRIP15 does not require the                   presence of thyroid hormone for its interaction.                  
 
      The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1, 14, 22, 23, 31, 32, 51, 60, 84, 96, 120, 122 and 124 encode polypeptides involved in cell signalling at the extracellular level, including both secreted polypeptides and cell surface receptors for secreted polypeptides. These function in regulating cell metabolism and cell growth. The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 102 and 113 encode polypeptides that are involved in cellular differentiation. The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO 8, 10, 11, 45, 47, 72, 78, 83, 93, 100, 104 and 112 encode polypeptides that are intracellular mediators of external cell signalling events. The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO 12, 17, 24, 27, 37, 92, 98, 108 and 125 encode polypeptides that are part of the cellular cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, and that have utility in the manipulation of mammary epithelial cell structure and function. The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 13, 48, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64 and 103 encode components of the immune system and have utility in enhancing the concentration of immune proteins in mammary secretions. The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 3, 15, 16, 18-20, 30, 36, 41-43, 46, 50, 52, 58, 59, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 74, 77, 86, 87, 90, 91, 97, 117, 127 and 128 encode polypeptides involved in intracellular metabolic pathways relating to the synthesis and degradation of lipids, carbohydrates and purines, and the oxidation of xenobiotics. The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33-35, 38, 39, 40, 44, 55, 66, 68, 69, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80 88, 89, 94, 95, 99, 101, 105, 106, 111, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 126 and 129-131 encode polypeptides that are involved in protein synthesis and degradation. They include transcription factors that regulate mRNA synthesis, and polypeptides involved in the transcription process, the processing of mRNA, the translation of mRNA to produce polypeptides and processing and turnover of specific proteins. These polynucleotides have utility in the manipulation of the synthesis of mammary secretions to modify the yields of milk and specific milk proteins.  
      Yet more specific, credible and substantial utilities for the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention are set out in Table 2, below.  
                       TABLE 2                           SEQ ID           SEQ ID   NO:       NO:   Amino       DNA   acid   UTILITY                                            1   132   Tissue regeneration and wound healing compositions for in vivo and               in vitro uses; in vitro screens for modulators of connective tissue               growth; large-scale recombinant production of connective tissue               growth factor; production of antibodies for use in detecting and/or               modulating connective tissue growth factor-mediated processes.       2   133   Modulation of snRNP and RNA processing.       3   134   Screen for modulators of nitric oxide synthesis, catecholamine               synthesis and sympathetic NS functions; diagnostic for mutations or               deficiencies in GTP cyclohydrolase I (e.g., hereditary progressive               dystonia, hyperphenylalaninemia)       4   135   Diagnostic for diseases of cell proliferation involving activation of       5   136   ETS2 expression; screen for mitogens; screen for modulators of               ETS2 transcriptional regulation of cellular genes involved in cell               proliferation (e.g., c-fos, jun-B, c-myc); suppression of               tumorigenicity in cells not expressing endogenous gene.       7   138   Screen for modulators of plasma membrane-and fusion protein-               vesicle interactions in normal and abnormal cellular processes;               diagnostic for diseases and conditions involving vesicular               trafficking; constructing cell and animal models for vesicular               trafficking diseases and disorders;       8   139   Construction of in vitro cell models for Alzheimer&#39;s disease (see,               e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,084); screen for inhibitors of signal               transduction pathways involved in proliferation, cell cycle control,               differentiation, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid               arthritis (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,631)       9   140   In vitro screen for agents that modulate growth and differentiation of               adenocarcinomas; nucleic acid probes and antibodies for tissue               localization and expression profiling.       10, 11   141, 142   Iin vitro assay to quantitate HSP level; in vitro screen for modulators               of HSP induction; cytoprotection of ex vivo and in vivo cells; in vivo               modulation of heat shock response in stressed, traumatized and               ageing tissues; preparation of HSP-peptide complexes for use in               vaccines against specific cancers and infectious diseases.       12   143   In vitro screen for modulators of motility, endocytosis, actin-               polymerization and novel actin-binding components.       13   144   Modulation of local immunity involving IgA expression in               epithelioid tissues (e.g., mammary gland, gut); diagnostic for               disorders associated with defective IgA responses.       14   145   Therapy of vascularization disorders; in vitro blood vessel               formation; in vitro screen for anti-angiogenic or angiogenic agents;               delivery of imaging or therapeutic agents to endothelial cell nucleus.       15   146   Screen for modulators of receptor-mediated endocytosis and       16   147   intracellular transport       17   148   Screen for modulators of actin polymerization; diagnostic for               diseases and conditions associated with actin polymerization (e.g.,               metastasis, immune defects, fertility disorders, aberrant cell division,               erythrocyte abnormalities)       18   149   In vitro screen for modulators of Ca-ATPase activity; diagnosis of               disorders of cellular calcium metabolism involving Ca-ATPase               expression and/or activity       19, 20   150, 151   Diagnostic for disorders involving the mitochondrial ATPase               complex; in vitro screen for modulators of proton-driven ATP               synthesis; devices that utilize proton transport coupled to energy               production       21   152   Diagnostic for psoriasis; reagents for monitoring effectiveness of               therapy of psoriasis; in vitro screen for therapeutic agents effective               in psoriasis; in vitro screen for modulators of retinoic acid-sensitive               transcriptional processes; transgenic animal models for studying               tissue-specific functions of the protein.       22   153   Detection of bovine leukemia virus; diagnostic for bovine leukemia;               in vitro screen for agents that interfere with cellular binding and               uptake of bovine leukemia virus; therapeutic compositions.       23   154   Altering secretion of milk fat droplets by modulating expression of               the protein in mammary tissue; in vitro screen for modulators of               secretion; use in fusion proteins to identify animal sources of milk               production (e.g., genetically modified animals used as bioreactors)       24   155   Assay for collagenolytic activity; in vitro screen for modulators of               collagenolytic activity; diagnostic for disease processes associated               with extracellular matrix degradation, (e.g., metastasis, cell migration               and proliferation disorders)       25   156   Recombinant production of the protein, antibodies and oligo probes               for detection of expression and development of novel protein               synthesis inhibitors       26   157   Recombinant production of the protein, antibodies and oligo probes               for detection of expression and development of novel protein               synthesis inhibitors       27   158   Diagnostic test for Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS); reagents for               studying role of MYO 9A in disease pathogenesis; in vitro screen               for therapeutic agents.       28   159   Diagnostic for mutations affecting transcriptional regulation               involved in oncogenesis; in vitro screen for antagonists to treat or               prevent cell proliferation disorders; regulation of CCR4-associated               factor 1 levels in cells with defects in CCR4-mediated transcription.       29   160   Recombinant production of the protein for use in screen for               inhibitors of cellular processes involving cathepsin S       30   161   In vitro screen for modulators of caveolae function that may be used               to prevent and treat diseases caused by intracellular pathogens       31   162   Diagnostic for male fertility disorders; in vitro screen for modulators               of CRISP-3 expression.       32   163   Tissue regeneration and wound healing compositions; use in in yitro               tissue engineering to stimulate connective tissue growth; use in               screening for inhibitors of restenosis; large-scale recombinant               production of connective tissue growth factor; production of               antibodies for use in detecting and/or modulating connective tissue               growth factor-mediated processes.       33   164   In vitro screen for immunosuppressive drugs, inhibitors of HIV-1               replication, modulators of c-myb transcription in mammalian cells,               heat-shock responses       34   165   In vitro screen for agents that inhibit mRNA processing; monitor               tissue expression of the factor.       35   166   Detection of over-expression of the gene in neuroectodermal tissues;               in vitro screen for agents that modulate activity and/or expression of               DEAD-box protein 1 for the treatment of disorders of cell               proliferation; treatment of tumor progression in neuroblastoma and               retinoblastoma.       36   167   Recombinant production of quinone reductase 2 for industrial uses               (detoxification of quinones); in vitro cell-based assay for               compounds that protect against the toxic and carcinogenic effects of               quinones via elevating QR2; assay to detect pro-oxidant               environmental pollutants that alter the expression of QR2; uses of               QR2 as a putative melatonin receptor, e.g., to modulate circadian               rhythm and as a screen for modulators of melatonin binding; screen               for endogenous cellular modulators of transcription of QR2;               genotyping polymorphic forms of QR2.       37   168   Use of dynein-ATPase screens to detect, isolate and characterize               modulators of sperm motility and to predict animal fertility;               diagnosis of secretory disorders associated with vesicle transport.       38   169   Iin vitro screen for selective inhibitors of protein synthesis; use in in       39   170   vitro protein synthesis.       40   171   Use in expression systems for producing correctly folded               heterologous disulfide bond-containing proteins in bacteria and non-               human hosts, particularly in milk of transgenic mammals.       41   172   Diagnostic marker to distinguish liposarcoma from benign adipose               tissue tumors and benign and malignant soft tissue tumors; induction               of mRNA for adipocyte fatty acid binding protein in human               monocytes and monocyte cell lines can be used to screen for natural               and synthetic peroxisome-proliferation activated receptor gamma               (PPARγ) agonists.       42   173   Recombinant production of MDGI and fragments thereof for               inhibiting growth and inducing differentiation of mammary cells;               use of polynucleotide to modulate the amount of MDGI in               mammary tissue and to increase milk protein synthesis; use of H-               FABP to modulate beta-adrenergic responses in cardiac muscle, and               for early detection of acute MI; in vitro screens for modulators, of               MDGI binding.       43   174   Correction of iron storage defects attributable to ferritin H in               mammary tissue       44   175   Diagnostic reagents (nucleotide probes or antibodies) and screen for               mental retardation associated with FXR1 deficiency; expression               constructs for production of FXR1 (e.g., in milk) of transgenic non-               human mammals       45   176   In vitro assay for DNA-damaging agents and detection of growth               arrested cells       46   177   Diagnostic test for diseases involving galactose metabolism       47   178   In vitro screens for modulators of PKC activity and PKC-mediated               signaling       48   179   Recombinant production of the protein for identifying the Ig class of       49   180   an antibody in a biological specimen and quantitating the amount of               the antibody in the specimen.       50   181   Bioassay for adipogenic factors based on monitoring enzyme               induction in cells exposed to the factors; increasing oil yield in               transgenic crop plants       51   182   Recombinant production of the chemokine; in vitro screen for               modulators of neutrophil chemotaxis; coadministering with specific               antigens for immunomodulatory activity.       52   183   Screen for modulators of drug resistance, diagnosis and treatment of               diseases associated with cell proliferation, cancer, immune response,               mutagenicity screens.       53   184   Recombinant production of the protein       54   185   Recombinant production of the protein       55   186   In vitro screen for specific inhibitors of initiation of protein               synthesis       56   187   Recombinant production of the protein for identifying the Ig class of               an antibody in a biological specimen and quantitating the amount of               the antibody in the specimen.       57   188   Recombinant production of the protein for identifying the Ig class of               an antibody in a biological specimen and quantitating the amount of               the antibody in the specimen.       58   189   Recombinant production of the enzyme and preparation of               antibodies for detecting the presence and amount of the enzyme in a               biological sample; assay for viability of in vitro cardiac myocyte               cultures       59   190   Diagnostic test for type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia       60   191   Replacement therapy in patients lacking the protein; detection and               diagnosis of mutations that affect androgenic steroid binding       61   192   Recombinant production of the protein for identifying the Ig class of               an antibody in a biological specimen and quantitating the amount of               the antibody in the specimen       62   193   Diagnostic for familial hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer       63   194   Iin vitro screen for specific modulators of Golgi nucleoside transport       64   195   Recombinant production of the protein for identifying the Ig class of               an antibody in a biological specimen and quantitating the amount of               the antibody in the specimen; marker for B lymphocyte               differentiation       65   196   Large scale recombinant production of purified enzyme, which can               be genetically engineered to be soluble and secreted; in vitro screen               for modulators of enzyme activity; protein glycosylation       66   197   In vitro screen for modulators of protein synthesis; preparation of               antibodies for use in assessment of malignant potential of lymphoid               tumors or epithelial tumors based on immunolocalization of staining               and immunostaining; marker for proliferating lymphocytes and               growth-factor induced mitogenesis       67   198   Recombinant production of nucleotide integrase for gene therapy               and genetic marking of cells; detection of LINE-1 elements in               genome of an organism       68   199   Modulate expression of JAK-STAT signaling in cells involved in               immediate type 1 hypersensitivity reactions; in vitro screen for               modulators of JAK-STAT signaling, e.g., in developing lymphoid               cells and in tumors.       69   200   In vitro assay for selective inhibitors of protein synthesis; cell based               screen for modulators of expression of EF1       70   201   In vitro screen for modulators of cationic amino acid transport, e.g.,               for therapeutic regulation of nitric oxide synthesis       71   202   Detection of gene mutations affecting DNA recombination and               repair, and meiosis       72   203   Iin vitro screen for modulators of EGFR internalization;               overexpression of SNX1 as a potential antiproliferative therapy to               downregulate in cancer cells that overexpress EGFR (e.g., breast or               glial cell tumors)       73   204   Method for detecting sperm production and male fertility using               antibodies to sperm specific protein       74   205   In vitro assay to quantitate HSP level; in vitro screen for modulators               of HSP induction; cytoprotection of ex vivo and in vivo cells; in vivo               modulation of heat shock response in stressed, traumatized and               aging tissues; preparation of HSP-peptide complexes for use in               vaccines against specific cancers and infectious diseases.       75   206   Preparation of probes and antibodies for detection of the protein in               biological samples       76   207   Iin vitro screen for specific protein inhibitors       77   208   Recombinant production of protein for glycosylation of glycolipids               and glycoproteins       78   209   Construction of in vitro cell models for Alzheimer&#39;s disease (see,               e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,084); screen for inhibitors of signal               transduction pathways involved in proliferation, cell cycle control,               differentiation, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid               arthritis (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,631)       79   210   Preparation of probe for detecting expression of certain               transcriptional coactivators and histone acetyltransferases containing               the bromodomain motif; immunolocalization reagents       80   211   In vitro modulators of spliceosome function; potential use to target               appropriately capped nucleic acids to the nucleus of eukaryotic cells               and parasites.       81   212   protein expression arrays       82   213   Protein expression arrays       83   214   Diagnostic for Alzheimer&#39;s beta-amyloid precursor protein       84   215   Marker for hematolymphoid, neuroectodermal and mesenchymal               tumor cell lines; in vitro screen for inhibitors of lymphoma growth       86   217   In vitro screen for modulators of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)               degradation; agonists are candidates for use in anticancer therapy in               combination with inhibitors of polyamine uptake.       87   218   Iin vitro repair of mitochondrial protein defects; in vitro studies of               mitochondrial function       88   219   Large scale recombinant production of purified enzyme, which can               be genetically engineered for solubility and secretion; in vitro screen               for modulators of enzyme activity; protein glycosylation       89   220   In vitro assay for factors regulating protein import into peroxisomes       90   221   Recombinant production of the purified enzyme for use as catalyst;               production of lysophosphatidic acid cell signaling molecules.       91   222   Selectable marker for use in HGPRT-negative cells; in vitro screen               for inhibitors of purine nucleoside phosphorylase.       92   223   Diagnostic for defects in collagen organization in extracellular               matrix of soft tissues; use in assembly of extracellular matrix for               replacement tissues       93   224   In vitro screen for modulation of TCR-mediated signaling in               immune system developmental and pathological processes.       94   225   Recombinant production of the protein for conjugation to drugs that               act on blood-borne targets; therapy of inflammatory disorders       95   226   Modulation of transcription mediated by the androgen receptor and               PPAR gamma; in vitro screen for agents that modulate binding of               the coactivator protein to PPAR gamma, which are candidates for               regulating the transcription activating effects of PPAR gamma.       96   227   Identification of morphogen analogs using receptor-reporter               constructs; reconstitution of matrix with cells expressing the BMPR-               II and osteogenic protein for repair and regeneration of joints, bone               remodeling, etc.       97   228   Recombinant production of fatty acid synthase; genetic engineering               of fatty acid metabolic pathways in various organisms that lack               multifunctional fatty acid synthase; detection of elevated levels of               fatty acid synthase as a marker for advanced prostate cancer and               likelihood of recurrence of breast cancer; transgenic animal models               for hypertriglyceridemia.       98   229   Recombinant production of mammalian factor for use, e.g., in               detection of binding sites in tissues, and preparation of antibodies               for detection of the factor; use of the factor for treatment of               inflammatory bowel disease and peptic ulcers.       99   230   Probes, DNA constructs and antibodies for use in studies of TGF-               beta signaling pathways       100   231   Probes for detecting overexpression associated with type II diabetes               and other disease conditions       101   232   In vitro screen for modulators of protein translocation, particularly               for enhancers of milk protein secretion       102   233   Probes and antibodies to monitor expression of Fto in during normal               and abnormal tissue development       103   234   Use in preparing MHC class II complexes with autoantigens to treat               allergic responses, immunological disorders and autoimmune               diseases in mammals.       104   235   uUe of expression constructs, probes and antibodies to study cell               cycle regulation and functions of TLK2.       105   236   Diagnostic for diseases of cell proliferation involving activation of               ETS2 expression; screen for mitogens; screen for modulators of               ETS2 transcriptional regulation of cellular genes involved in cell               proliferation (e.g., c-fos, jun-B, c-myc); suppression of               tumorigenicity in cells not expressing endogenous gene.       106   237   Introduce and express gene in tumor cells for suppression of tumor               growth; genotyping and detection of mutations       108   239   Diagnostic test for Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS); reagents for               studying role of MYO 9A in disease pathogenesis; in vitro screen               for therapeutic agents.       111   242   Monitor expression of the protein for onset of insulin dependent               diabetes mellitus       112   243   Genetic test for familial British dementia       113   244   Monitor expression associated with juvenile osteosarcoma and               AIDS; antibodies or sarcolectin fragments for inhibition of               hyperproliferative disorders; screen for co-activators of sarcolectin-               stimulated DNA synthesis; modulation of sarcolectin expression in               cells for enhancement of IFN activity, particularly antiviral effects.       115   246   Expression profiling for transcription factors       116   247   Regulation of secretion of proteins from mammary gland;               replacement of defective ARF-GEP; diagnostic for GEP defects               associated with abnormal secretory activity       117   248   Development of cell systems for detection of carcinogens that               induce DNA strand breaks; screen for anticarcinogens; screen for               inhibitors of PADPRT for treatment of inflammation, inflammatory               disorders, arthritis, Gram− and Gram+ endotoxin symptoms of               systemic infections, cancer and viral infections; use of inhibitors to               radiosensitize hypotoxic tumor cells and to prevent recovery of               tumor cells from potentially lethal damage to DNA after radiation               therapy.       119   249   In vitro screen for selective modulators of protein synthesis       120   251   Probes for detecting overexpression associated with type II diabetes               and other disease conditions       121   252   Iin vitro screen for modulation of pre-mRNA processing       122   253   Diagnostic for TC21 defects associated with ovarian tumors; in vitro               screen for modulators of growth inhibition and for modulators of               GTPase activity.       123   254   Modulation of snRNP and RNA processing       124   255   Detection of selenium deficiency, e.g. in livestock, which produces               degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle       125   256   Preparation of antibodies against recombinant protein for               immunolocalization studies; monitoring expression in tissues using               oligo probes       126   257   In vitro screen for defects in ER-calcium interactions; use in in vitro               reconstituted systems to study regulation of ER biogenesis       127   258   Preparation of antibodies and probes for detecting changes in levels               of expression in stressed cells       128   259   In vitro screen for modulators of drug metabolism and identification               of phenol sulfotransferase substrates; screen for enzyme mutations               affecting drug conjugation activity       129   260   In vitro screen for factors that affect transcriptional regulation by               TFII-31       130   261   Recombinant protein expression and preparation of antibodies       131   262   In vitro screen for small molecules that compete for binding to the               ligand binding domain of the thyroid receptor and act as agonists or               antagonists of receptor function.                  
 
      Isolated polynucleotides of the present invention include the polynucleotides identified herein as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131; polynucleotides comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS 1-131; polynucleotides comprising at least a specified number of contiguous residues (x-mers) of any of the polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131; polynucleotides comprising a polynucleotide sequence that is complementary to any of the above polynucleotides; polynucleotides comprising a polynucleotide sequence that is a reverse sequence or a reverse complement of any of the above polynucleotides; antisense sequences corresponding to any of the above polynucleotides; and other variants of any of the above polynucleotides, such as percentage identity and expectation value variants, as described in this specification.  
      Variants of polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention, such as percentage identity and expectation value variants, have substantially similar functional properties and utilities as those described herein with reference to the specified polynucleotide and/or polypeptide.  
      The definition of the terms “complement,” “reverse complement,” and “reverse sequence,” as used herein, is best illustrated by the following example. For the sequence 5′ AGGACC 3′, the complement, reverse complement, and reverse sequence are as follows:  
                                          complement   3′ TCCTGG 5′                           reverse complement   3′ GGTCCT 5′                       reverse sequence   5′ CCAGGA 3′.          
 
      Preferably, sequences that are complements of a specifically recited polynucleotide sequence are complementary over the entire length of the specific polynucleotide sequence.  
      As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to a relatively short segment of a polynucleotide sequence, generally comprising between 6 and 60 nucleotides, and comprehends both probes for use in hybridization assays and primers for use in the amplification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction.  
      As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” means a single or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases and includes DNA and RNA molecules, both sense and anti-sense strands. The term comprehends cDNA, genomic DNA, recombinant DNA, and wholly or partially synthesized nucleic acid molecules. A polynucleotide may consist of an entire gene, or a portion thereof. A gene is a DNA sequence that codes for a functional protein or RNA molecule. Operable anti-sense polynucleotides may comprise a fragment of the corresponding polynucleotide, and the definition of “polynucleotide” therefore includes all, operable anti-sense fragments. Anti-sense polynucleotides and techniques involving anti-sense polynucleotides are well known in the art and are described, for example, in Robinson-Benion et al., “Anti-sense techniques,”  Methods in Enzymol.  254(23):363-375, 1995; and Kawasaki et al.,  Artific. Organs  20(8):836-848, 1996.  
      Identification of genomic DNA and heterologous species DNA can be accomplished by standard DNA/DNA hybridization techniques, under appropriately stringent conditions, using all or part of a polynucleotide sequence as a probe to screen an appropriate library. Alternatively, PCR techniques using oligonucleotide primers that are designed based on known genomic DNA, cDNA and protein sequences can be used to amplify and identify genomic and/or cDNA sequences. Synthetic polynucleotides corresponding to the identified sequences, and variants thereof, may be produced by conventional synthesis methods. All the polynucleotides provided by the present invention are isolated and purified, as those terms are commonly used in the art.  
      The polynucleotide sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 were derived from bovine mammary gland cells. Certain of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be “partial” sequences, in that they do not represent a full-length gene encoding a full-length polypeptide. Such partial sequences may contain ORFs or partial ORFs, and may be extended by analyzing and sequencing various DNA libraries using primers and/or probes and well known hybridization and/or PCR techniques. The sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 may thus be extended until a full open reading frame encoding a polypeptide, a full-length polynucleotide and/or gene capable of expressing a polypeptide, or another useful portion of the genome is identified. Such extended sequences, including full-length polynucleotides and genes, are described as “corresponding to” a sequence identified as one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, or a variant thereof, or a portion of one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, or a variant thereof, when the extended polynucleotide comprises an identified sequence or its variant, or an identified contiguous portion (x-mer) of one of the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 or a variant thereof.  
      The polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 were isolated from bovine mammary gland EDNA libraries and represent sequences that are expressed in the tissue from which the cDNA was prepared. The sequence information may be used to isolate or synthesize expressible DNA molecules, such as open reading frames or full-length genes, that then can be used as expressible or otherwise functional DNA in cows and other organisms. Similarly, RNA sequences, reverse sequences, complementary sequences, antisense sequences, and the like, corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention, may be routinely ascertained and obtained using the cDNA sequences identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131.  
      The polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 contain open reading frames (“ORFs”) or partial open reading frames encoding polypeptides. Additionally, open reading frames encoding polypeptides may be identified in extended or full-length sequences corresponding to the sequences set out as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131. Open reading frames may be identified using techniques that are well known in the art. These techniques include, for example, analysis for the location of known start and stop codons, most likely reading frame identification based on codon frequencies, etc. Suitable tools and software for ORF analysis are available, for example, on the Internet. Additional tools and software for ORF analysis include GeneWise, available from The Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Diogenes, available from Computational Biology Centers, University of Minnesota, Academic Health Center, UMHG Box 43 Minneapolis Minn. 55455; and GRAIL, available from the Informatics Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Tenn. Open reading frame&#39;s and portions of open reading frames may be identified in the polynucleotides of the present invention. Once a partial open reading frame is identified, the polynucleotide may be extended in the area of the partial open reading frame using techniques that are well known in the art until the polynucleotide for the full open reading frame is identified. Thus, polynucleotides and open reading frames encoding polypeptides may be identified using the polynucleotides of the present invention.  
      Once open reading frames are identified in the polynucleotides of the present invention, the open reading frames may be isolated and/or synthesized. Expressible genetic constructs comprising the open reading frames and suitable promoters, initiators, terminators, etc., which are well known in the art, may then be constructed. Such genetic constructs may be introduced into a host cell to express the polypeptide encoded by the open reading frame. Suitable host cells may include various prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including mammalian cells. In vitro expression of polypeptides is also possible, as well known in the art.  
      Polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides of the present invention may be expressed and used in various assays to determine their biological activity. Such polypeptides may be used to raise antibodies, to isolate corresponding interacting proteins or other compounds, and to quantitatively determine levels of interacting proteins or other compounds.  
      In another aspect, the present invention provides isolated polypeptides encoded, or partially encoded, by the above polynucleotides. As used herein, the term “polypeptide” encompasses amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid, residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds. The term “polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide” as used herein, includes polypeptides encoded by a polynucleotide that comprises an isolated polynucleotide sequence or variant provided herein. Polypeptides of the present invention may be naturally purified products, or may be produced partially or wholly using recombinant techniques. Such polypeptides may be glycosylated with bacterial, fungal, mammalian or other eukaryotic carbohydrates or may be non-glycosylated. In specific embodiments, the inventive polypeptides comprise an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 132-262.  
      Polypeptides of the present invention may be produced recombinantly by inserting a polynucleotide sequence that encodes the polypeptide into a genetic construct and expressing the polypeptide in an appropriate host. Any of a variety of genetic constructs known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be employed. Expression may be achieved in any appropriate host cell that has been transformed or transfected with a genetic construct containing a polynucleotide that encodes a recombinant polypeptide. Suitable host cells include prokaryotes, yeast, and higher eukaryotic cells. Preferably, the host cells employed are  Escherichia coli,  insect, yeast, or a mammalian cell line such as COS or CHO. The polynucleotide sequences expressed in this manner may encode naturally occurring polypeptides, portions of naturally occurring polypeptides, or other variants thereof.  
      In a related aspect, polypeptides are provided that comprise at least a functional portion of a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence encoded by a polynucleotide of the present invention. As used herein, the “functional portion” of a polypeptide is that portion which contains the active site essential for affecting the function of the polypeptide, for example, the portion of the molecule that is capable of binding one or more reactants. The active site may be made up of separate portions present on one or more polypeptide chains and will generally exhibit high binding affinity.  
      Functional portions of a polypeptide may be identified by first preparing fragments of the polypeptide by either chemical or enzymatic digestion of the polypeptide, or by mutation analysis of the polynucleotide that encodes the polypeptide and subsequent expression of the resulting mutant polypeptides. The polypeptide fragments or mutant polypeptides are then tested to determine which portions retain biological activity, using, for example, the representative assays provided below.  
      Portions and other variants of the inventive polypeptides may also be generated by synthetic or recombinant means. Synthetic polypeptides having fewer than about 100 amino acids, and generally fewer than about 50 amino acids, may be generated using techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, such polypeptides may be synthesized using any of the commercially available solid-phase techniques, such as the Merrifield solid-phase synthesis method, where amino acids are sequentially added to a growing amino acid chain. See Merrifield,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  85:2149-2154, 1963. Equipment for automated synthesis of polypeptides is commercially available from suppliers such, as Perkin Elmer/Applied BioSystems, Inc. (Foster City, Calif.), and may be operated according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Variants of a native polypeptide may be prepared using standard mutagenesis techniques, such as oligonucleotide-directed, site-specific mutagenesis (Kunkel,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  82:488-492, 1985). Sections of polynucleotide sequence may also be removed using standard techniques to permit preparation of truncated polypeptides.  
      In general, the polypeptides disclosed herein are prepared in an isolated, substantially pure, form. Preferably, the polypeptides are at least about 80% pure, more preferably at least about 90% pure, and most preferably at least about 99% pure. In certain embodiments, described in detail below, the isolated polypeptides are incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions or vaccines.  
      As used herein, the term “variant” comprehends nucleotide or amino acid sequences different from the specifically identified sequences, wherein one or more nucleotides or amino acid residues is deleted, substituted, or added. Variants may be naturally occurring allelic variants, or non-naturally occurring variants. Variant sequences (polynucleotide or polypeptide) preferably exhibit at least 50%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably yet at least 90% or 95%, and most preferably, at least 98% identity to a sequence of the present invention. The percentage identity is determined by aligning the two sequences to be compared as described below, determining the number of identical residues in the aligned portion, dividing that number by the total number of residues in the inventive (queried) sequence, and multiplying the result by 100. By way of example only, assume a queried polynucleotide having 220 nucleic acids has a hit to a polynucleotide sequence in the EMBL database having 520 nucleic acids over a stretch of 23 nucleotides in the alignment produced by the BLASTN algorithm using the default parameters as described below. The 23 nucleotide hit includes 21 identical nucleotides, one gap and one different nucleotide. The percentage identity of the queried polynucleotide to the hit in the EMBL database is thus 21/220 times 100, or 9.5%. The percentage identity of polypeptide sequences may be determined in a similar fashion.  
      Polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences may be aligned, and percentages of identical residues in a specified region may be determined against another polynucleotide or polypeptide, using computer algorithms that are publicly available. Two exemplary algorithms for aligning and identifying the similarity of polynucleotide sequences are the BLASTN and FASTA algorithms. Polynucleotides may also be analyzed using the BLASTX algorithm, which compares the six-frame conceptual translation products of a nucleotide query sequence (both strands) against a protein sequence database. The percentage identity of polypeptide sequences may be examined using the BLASTP algorithm. The BLASTN, BLASTP and BLASTX algorithms are available on the NCBI anonymous FTP server and from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), National Library of Medicine, Building 38A, Room 8N805, Bethesda, Md. 20894, USA. The BLASTN algorithm Version 2.0.4 [Feb. 24, 1998], Version 2.0.6 [Ser. 16, 1998] and Version 2.0.11 [Jan. 20, 2000], set to the parameters described below, is preferred for use in the determination of polynucleotide variants according to the present invention. The BLASTP algorithm, set to the parameters described below, is preferred for use in the determination of polypeptide variants according to the present invention. The use of the BLAST family of algorithms, including BLASTN, BLASTP and BLASTX, is described at NCBI&#39;s website and in the publication of Altschul, et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.  25:3389-3402, 1997.  
      The FASTA and FASTX algorithms are available on the Internet, and from the University of Virginia by contacting David Hudson, Vice Provost for Research, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 9025, Charlottesville, Va. 22906-9025, USA. The FASTA algorithm, set to the default parameters described in the documentation and distributed with the algorithm, may be used in the determination of polynucleotide variants. The readme files for FASTA and FASTX Version 1.0× that are distributed with the algorithms describe the use of the algorithms and describe the default parameters. The use of the FASTA and FASTX algorithms is described in Pearson and Lipman,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  85:2444-2448, 1988; and Pearson,  Methods in Enzymol.  183:63-98, 1990.  
      The following running parameters are preferred for determination of alignments and similarities using BLASTN that contribute to the E values and percentage identity for polynucleotides. Unix running command with the following default parameters blastall -p blastn -d embldb -e 10 -G 0 -E 0 -r 1 -v 30 -b 30 -i queryseq -o results; and parameters are: -p Program Name [String]; -d Database [String]; -e Expectation value (E) [Real]; -G Cost to open a gap (zero invokes default behavior) [Integer]; -E Cost to extend a gap (zero invokes default behavior) [Integer]; -r Reward for a nucleotide match (blastn only) [Integer]; -v Number of one-line descriptions (V) [Integer]; -b Number of alignments to show (B) [Integer]; -i Query File [File In]; -o BLAST report Output File [File Out] Optional.  
      The following running parameters are preferred for determination of alignments and similarities using BLASTP that contribute to the E values and percentage identity of polypeptide sequences: blastall -p blastp -d swissprotdb -e 10 -G 0 -E 0 -v 30 -b 30 -i queryseq -o results; the parameters are: -p Program Name [String]; -d Database [String]; -e Expectation value (E) [Real]; -G Cost to open a gap (zero invokes default behavior) [Integer]; -E Cost to extend a gap (zero invokes default behavior) [Integer]; -v Number of one-line descriptions (v) [Integer]; -b Number of alignments to show (b) [Integer]; -I Query File [File In]; -o BLAST report Output File [File Out] Optional.  
      The “hits” to one or more database sequences by a queried sequence produced by BLASTN, BLASTP, FASTA, or a similar algorithm, align and identify similar portions of sequences. The hits are arranged in order of the degree of similarity and the length of sequence overlap. Hits to a database sequence generally represent an overlap over only a fraction of the sequence length of the queried sequence.  
      The BLASTN, FASTA and BLASTP algorithms also produce “Expect” values for polynucleotide and polypeptide alignments. The Expect value (E) indicates the number of hits one can “expect” to see over a certain number of contiguous sequences by chance when searching a database of a certain size. The Expect value is used as a significance threshold for determining whether the hit to a database indicates true similarity. For example, an E value of 0.1 assigned to a polynucleotide hit is interpreted as meaning that in a database of the size of the EMBL database, one might expect to see 0.1 matches over the aligned portion of the sequence with a similar score simply by chance. By this criterion, the aligned and matched portions of the sequences then have a probability of 90% of being related. For sequences having an E value of 0.01 or less over aligned and matched portions, the probability of finding a match by chance in the EMBL database is 1% or less using the BLASTN algorithm. E values for polypeptide sequences may be determined in a similar fashion using various polypeptide databases, such as the SwissProt database.  
      According to one embodiment, “variant” polynucleotides and polypeptides, with reference to each of the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention, preferably comprise sequences having the same number or fewer nucleic or amino acids than each of the polynucleotides or polypeptides of the present invention and producing an E value of 0.01 or less when compared to the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention. That is, a variant polynucleotide or polypeptide is any sequence that has at least a 99% probability of being the same as the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention, measured as having an E value of 0.01 or less using the BLASTN, FASTA or BLASTP algorithms set at the default parameters. According to a preferred embodiment, a variant polynucleotide is a sequence having the same number or fewer nucleic acids than a polynucleotide of the present invention that has at least a 99% probability of being the same as the polynucleotide of the present invention, measured as having an E value of 0.01 or less using the BLASTN algorithm set at the default parameters. Similarly, according to a preferred embodiment, a variant polypeptide is a sequence having the same number or fewer amino acids than a polypeptide of the present invention that has at least a 99% probability of being the same as the polypeptide of the present invention, measured as having an E value of 0.01 or less using the BLASTP algorithm set at the default parameters.  
      In addition to having a specified percentage identity to an inventive polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence, variant polynucleotides and polypeptides preferably have additional structure and/or functional features in common with the inventive polynucleotide or polypeptide. Polypeptides having a specified degree of identity to a polypeptide of the present invention share a high degree of similarity in their primary structure and have substantially similar functional properties. In addition to sharing a high degree of similarity in their primary structure to polynucleotides of the present invention, polynucleotides having a specified degree of identity to, or capable of hybridizing to an inventive polynucleotide preferably have at least one of the following features: (i) they contain an open reading frame or partial open reading frame encoding a polypeptide having substantially the same functional properties as the polypeptide encoded by the inventive polynucleotide; or (ii) they contain identifiable domains in common.  
      Alternatively, variant polynucleotides hybridize to a polynucleotide of the present invention, or a complement thereof, under stringent conditions. As used herein, “stringent conditions” refers to prewashing in a solution of 6×SSC, 0.2% SDS; hybridizing at 65° C., 6×SSC, 0.2% SDS overnight; followed by two washes of 30 minutes each in 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C., and two washes of 30 minutes each in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.  
      The present invention also encompasses polynucleotides that differ from the disclosed sequences but that, as a consequence of the discrepancy of the genetic code, encode a polypeptide having similar enzymatic activity as a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide of the present invention. Thus, polynucleotides comprising sequences that differ from the polynucleotide sequences recited in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 (or complements, reverse sequences, or reverse complements of those sequences) as a result of conservative substitutions are encompassed within the present invention. Additionally, polynucleotides comprising sequences that differ from the inventive polynucleotide sequences or complements, reverse complements, or reverse sequences as a result of deletions and/or insertions totaling less than 10% of the total sequence length are also contemplated by and encompassed within the present invention. Similarly, polypeptides comprising sequences that differ from the inventive polypeptide sequences as a result of amino acid substitutions, insertions, and/or deletions totaling less than 10% of the total sequence length are contemplated by and encompassed within the present invention, provided the variant polypeptide has similar activity to the inventive polypeptide.  
      The polynucleotides of the present invention may be isolated from various libraries, or may be synthesized using techniques that are well known in the art. The polynucleotides may be synthesized, for example, using automated oligonucleotide synthesizers (e.g., Beckman Oligo 1000M DNA Synthesizer) to obtain polynucleotide segments of up to 50 or more nucleic acids. A plurality of such polynucleotide segments may then be ligated using standard DNA manipulation techniques that are well known in the art of molecular biology. One conventional and exemplary polynucleotide synthesis technique involves synthesis of a single stranded polynucleotide segment having, for example, 80 nucleic acids, and hybridizing that segment to a synthesized complementary 85 nucleic acid segment to produce a 5 nucleotide overhang. The next segment may then be synthesized in a similar fashion, with a 5 nucleotide overhang on the opposite strand. The “sticky” ends ensure proper ligation when the two portions are hybridized. In this way, a complete polynucleotide of the present invention may be synthesized entirely in vitro.  
      As noted above, certain of the polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 may be referred to as “partial” sequences, in that they may not represent the full coding portion of a gene encoding a naturally occurring polypeptide. Partial polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein may be employed to obtain the corresponding full-length genes for various species and organisms by, for example, screening DNA expression libraries using hybridization probes based on the polynucleotides of the present invention, or using PCR amplification with primers based upon the polynucleotides of the present invention. In this way one can, using methods well known in the art, extend a polynucleotide of the present invention upstream and downstream of the corresponding mRNA, as well as identify the corresponding genomic DNA, including the promoter and enhancer regions, of the complete gene. The present invention thus comprehends isolated polynucleotides comprising a sequence identified in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, or a variant of one of the specified sequences, that encode a functional polypeptide, including full-length genes. Such extended polynucleotides may have a length of from about 50 to about 4,000 nucleic acids or base pairs, and preferably have a length of less than about 4,000 nucleic acids or base pairs, more preferably yet a length of less than about 3,000 nucleic acids or base pairs, more preferably yet a length of less than about 2,000 nucleic acids or base pairs. Under some circumstances, extended polynucleotides of the present invention may have a length of less than about 1,800 nucleic acids or base pairs, preferably less than about 1,600 nucleic acids or base pairs, more preferably less than about 1,400 nucleic acids or base pairs, more preferably yet less than about 1,200 nucleic acids or base pairs, and most preferably less than about 1,000 nucleic acids or base pairs.  
      As used herein, the term “x-mer,” with reference to a specific value of “x,” refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide, respectively, comprising at least a specified number (“x”) of contiguous residues of any of the polynucleotides provided in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131. The value of x may be from about 20 to about 600, depending upon the specific sequence.  
      Polynucleotides of the present invention comprehend polynucleotides comprising at least a specified number of contiguous residues (x-mers) of any of the polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, or their variants. Polypeptides of the present invention comprehend polypeptides comprising at least a specified number of contiguous residues (x-mers) of any of the polypeptides corresponding to the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 1-131. According to preferred embodiments, the value of x is at least 20, more preferably at least 40, more preferably yet at least 60, and most preferably at least 80. Thus, polynucleotides of the present invention include polynucleotides comprising a 20-mer; a 40-mer a 60-mer, an 80-mer, a 100-mer, a 120-mer, a 150-mer, a 180-mer, a 220-mer, a 250-mer, a 300-mer, 400-mer, 500-mer or 600-mer of a polynucleotide provided in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, or a variant of one of the polynucleotides provided in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131. Similarly, polypeptides of the present invention include polypeptides comprising a 20-mer, a 40-mer, a 60-mer, an 80-mer, a 100-mer, a 120-mer, a 150-mer, a 180-mer, a 220-mer, a 250-mer, a 300-mer, 400-mer, 500-mer or 600-mer of an amino acid sequence provided in SEQ ID NO: 132-262 or a variant thereof.  
      The inventive polynucleotides may be isolated by high throughput sequencing of cDNA libraries prepared from bovine mammary gland tissue as described below in Example 1. Alternatively, oligonucleotide probes and/or primers based on the sequences provided in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, can be synthesized and used to identify positive clones in either cDNA or genomic DNA libraries from bovine mammary gland cells by means of hybridization or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Probes can be shorter than thee sequences provided herein but should be at least about 10, preferably at least about 15 and most preferably at least about 20 nucleotides in length. Hybridization and PCR techniques suitable for use with such oligonucleotide probes are well known in the art (see, for example, Mullis et al.,  Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol.,  51:263, 1987; Erlich, ed.,  PCR technology,  Stockton Press: NY, 1989; and Sambrook et al., in  Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual,  2nd ed., CSHL Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). Positive clones may be analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion, DNA sequencing or the like.  
      In addition, polynucleotide sequences of the present invention may be generated by synthetic means using techniques well known in the art. Equipment for automated synthesis of oligonucleotides is commercially available from suppliers such as Perkin Elmer/Applied Biosystems Division (Foster City, Calif.) and may be operated according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions.  
      Oligonucleotide probes and primers complementary to and/or corresponding to SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, and variants of those sequences, are also comprehended by the present invention. Such oligonucleotide probes and primers are substantially complementary to the polynucleotide of interest. An oligonucleotide probe or primer is described as “corresponding to” a polynucleotide of the present invention, including one of the sequences set out as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 or a variant thereof, if the oligonucleotide probe or primer, or its complement, is contained within one of the sequences set out as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131 or a variant of one of the specified sequences.  
      Two single stranded sequences are said to be substantially complementary when the nucleotides of one strand, optimally aligned and compared, with the appropriate nucleotide insertions and/or deletions, pair with at least 80%, preferably at least 90% to95%, and more preferably at least 98% to 100%, of the nucleotides of the other strand. Alternatively, substantial complementarity exists when a first DNA strand will selectively hybridize to a second DNA strand under stringent hybridization conditions. Stringent hybridization conditions for determining complementarity include salt conditions of less than about 1 M, more usually less than about 500 mM, and preferably less than about 200 mM. Hybridization temperatures can be as low as 5° C., but are generally greater than about 22° C. more preferably greater than about 30° C., and most preferably greater than about 37° C. Longer DNA fragments may require higher hybridization temperatures for specific hybridization. Since the stringency of hybridization may be affected by other factors such as probe composition, presence of organic solvents, and extent of base mismatching, the combination of parameters is more important than the absolute measure of any one alone. DNA-DNA hybridization studies may be performed using either genomic DNA or DNA derived by preparing cDNA from the RNA present in the sample.  
      In addition to DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA hybridization assays are also possible. In the first case, the mRNA from expressed genes would then be detected instead of genomic DNA or cDNA derived from mRNA of the sample. In the second case, RNA probes could be used. In additional artificial analogs of DNA hybridizing specifically to target sequences could also be used.  
      In specific embodiments, the inventive oligonucleotide probes and/or primers comprise at least about 6 contiguous residues, more preferably at least about 10 contiguous residues, and most preferably, at least about 20 contiguous residues complementary to a polynucleotide sequence of the present invention. Probes and primers of the present invention may be from about 8 to 100 base pairs in length, or preferably from about 10 to 50 base pairs in length, or more preferably from about 15 to 40 abase pairs in length. The probes can be easily selected using procedures well known in the art, taking into account DNA-DNA hybridization stringencies, annealing and melting temperatures, potential for formation of loops, and other factors which are well known in the art. Tools and software suitable for designing probes, and especially suitable for designing PCR primers, are available on the Internet, for example. In addition, a software program suitable for designing probes, and especially for designing PCR primers, is available from Premier Biosoft International, 3786 Corina Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303-4504. Preferred techniques for designing PCR primers are also disclosed in Dieffenbach and Dyksler,  PCR Primer: a laboratory manual,  CSHL Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1995.  
      A plurality of oligonucleotide probes or primers corresponding to a polynucleotide of the present invention may be provided in a kit form. Such kits generally comprise multiple DNA or oligonucleotide probes, each probe being specific for a polynucleotide sequence. Kits of the present invention may comprise one or more probes or primers corresponding to a polynucleotide of the present invention, including a polynucleotide sequence identified in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131.  
      In one embodiment useful for high-throughput assays, the oligonucleotide probe kits of the present invention comprise multiple probes in an array format, wherein each probe is immobilized in a predefined, spatially addressable location on the surface of a solid substrate. Array formats which may be usefully employed in the present invention are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,412,087; 5,545,531, and PCT Publication No. WO 95/00530, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.  
      Oligonucleotide probes for use in the present invention may be constructed synthetically prior to immobilization on an array, using techniques well known in the art (See, for example, Gait, ed.,  Oligonucleotide synthesis a practical approach,  IRL Press: Oxford, England, 1984). Automated equipment for the synthesis of oligonucleotides is available commercially from such companies as Perkin Elmer/Applied Biosystems Division (Foster City, Calif.) and may be operated according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Alternatively, the probes may be constructed directly on the surface of the array using techniques taught, for example, in PCT Publication No. WO 95/00530.  
      The solid substrate and the surface thereof preferably form a rigid support and are generally formed from the same material. Examples of materials from which the solid substrate may be constructed include polymers, plastics, resins, membranes, polysaccharides, silica or silica-based materials carbon, metals and inorganic glasses. Synthetically prepared probes may be immobilized on the surface of the solid substrate using techniques well known in the art, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,087.  
      In one such technique, compounds having protected functional groups, such as thiols protected with photochemically removable protecting groups, are attached to the surface of the substrate. Selected regions of the surface are then irradiated with a light source, preferably a laser, to provide reactive thiol groups. This irradiation step is generally performed using a mask having apertures at predefined locations using photolithographic techniques well known in the art of semiconductors. The reactive thiol groups are then incubated with the oligonucleotide probe to be immobilized. The precise conditions for incubation, such as temperature, time and pH, depend on the specific probe and can be easily determined by one of skill in the art. The surface of the substrate is washed free of unbound probe and the irradiation step is repeated using a second mask having a different pattern of apertures. The surface is subsequently incubated with a second, different, probe. Each oligonucleotide probe is typically immobilized in a discrete area of less than about 1 mm 2 . Preferably each discrete area is less than about 10,000 mm 2 , more preferably less than about 100 mm 2 . In this manner, a multitude of oligonucleotide probes may be immobilized at predefined locations on the array.  
      The resulting array may be employed to screen for differences in organisms or samples or products containing genetic maternal as follows. Genomic or cDNA libraries are prepared using techniques well known in the art. The resulting target DNA is then labeled with a suitable marker, such as a radiolabel, chromophore, fluorophore or chemiluminescent agent, using protocols well known for those skilled in the art. A solution of the labeled target DNA is contacted with the surface of the array and incubated for a suitable period of time.  
      The surface of the array is then washed free of unbound target DNA and the probes to which the target DNA hybridized are determined by identifying those regions of the array to which the markers are attached. When the marker is a radiolabel, such as  32 P, autoradiography is employed as the detection method. In one embodiment, the marker is a fluorophore, such as fluorescein, and the location of bound target DNA is determined by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Automated equipment for use in fluorescence scanning of oligonucleotide probe arrays is available from Affymetrix, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.) and may be operated according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Such equipment may be employed to determine the intensity of fluorescence at each predefined location on the array, thereby providing a measure of the amount of target DNA bound at each location. Such an assay would be able to indicate not only the absence and presence of the marker probe in the target, but also the quantitative amount as well.  
      In this manner, oligonucleotide probe kits of the present invention may be employed to examine the presence/absence (or relative amounts in case of mixtures) of polynucleotides in different samples or products containing different materials rapidly and in a cost-effective manner.  
      Another aspect of the present invention involves collections of a plurality of polynucleotide sequences of the present invention. A collection of a plurality of the polynucleotides of the present invention, particularly the polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, may be recorded and/or stored on a storage medium and subsequently accessed for purposes of analysis, comparison, etc. Suitable storage media include magnetic media such as magnetic diskettes, magnetic tapes, CD-ROM storage media, optical storage media, and the like. Suitable storage media and methods for recording and storing information, as well as accessing information such as polynucleotide sequences recorded on such media, are well known in the art. The polynucleotide information stored on the storage medium is preferably computer-readable and may be used for analysis and comparison of the polynucleotide information.  
      Another aspect of the present invention thus involves storage medium on which are recorded a collection of the polynucleotides of the present invention, particularly a collection of the polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131. According to one embodiment, the storage medium includes a collection of at least 20, preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 100, and most preferably at least 200 of the polynucleotides of the present invention, preferably the polynucleotides identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, including variants of those polynucleotides.  
      In another aspect, the present invention provides genetic constructs comprising, in the 5′-3′ direction, a gene promoter sequence; and an open reading frame coding for at least a functional portion of a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide of the present invention. In certain embodiments, the genetic constructs of the present invention also comprise a gene, or transcription, termination sequence. The open reading frame may be oriented in either a sense or antisense direction. Genetic constructs comprising a non-coding region of a gene coding for a polypeptide encoded by the above polynucleotides or a nucleotide sequence complementary to a non-coding region, together with a gene promoter sequence, are also provided. A terminator sequence may form part of this construct. Preferably, the gene promoter and termination sequences are functional in a host organism. More preferably, the gene promoter and termination sequences are common to those of the polynucleotide being introduced. The genetic construct may further include a marker for the identification of transformed cells.  
      Techniques for operatively linking the components of the genetic constructs are well known in the art and include the use of synthetic linkers containing one or more restriction endonuclease sites as described, for example, by Sambrook et al., in  Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual,  Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. The genetic constructs of the present invention may be linked to a vector having at least one replication system, for example,  E. coli,  whereby after each manipulation, the resulting construct can be cloned and sequenced and the correctness of the manipulation determined.  
      Transgenic cells comprising the genetic constructs of the present invention are also provided by the present invention, together with organisms comprising such transgenic cells, products and progeny of such organisms. Techniques for stably incorporating genetic constructs into the genome of target organisms are well known in the art.  
      In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for using one or more of the inventive polypeptides or polynucleotides to treat disorders in a mammal, including a human. In this aspect, the polypeptide or polynucleotide is generally present within a composition, such as an immunogenic composition. Such compositions may comprise one or more polypeptides, each of which may contain one or more of the above sequences (or variants thereof), and a physiologically acceptable carrier. Immunogenic compositions may comprise one or more of the above polypeptides and an immunostimulant, such as an adjuvant, into which the polypeptide is incorporated.  
      Alternatively, a composition of the present invention may contain a polynucleotide encoding one or more polypeptides as described above, such that the polypeptide is generated in situ. In such compositions, the polynucleotide may be present within any of a variety of delivery systems known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including nucleic acid expression systems, and bacterial and viral expression systems. Appropriate nucleic acid expression systems contain the necessary polynucleotide sequences for expression in a mammal (such as a suitable promoter and terminator signal). Bacterial delivery systems involve the administration of a bacterium (such as Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) that expresses an immunogenic portion of the polypeptide on its cell surface. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA may be introduced using a viral expression system (e.g., vaccinia or other poxvirus, retrovirus, or adenovirus), which may involve the use of a non-pathogenic, or defective, replication competent virus. Techniques for incorporating polynucleotides into such expression systems are well known in the art. The DNA may also be “naked,” as described, for example, in Ulmer et al.,  Science  259:1745-1749, 1993; and reviewed by Cohen,  Science  259:1691-1692, 1993. The uptake of naked DNA may be increasec by coating the DNA onto biodegradable beads, which are efficiently transported into the cells.  
      Routes and frequency of administration, as well as dosage, will vary from individual to individual. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines may be administered by injection (e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, or subcutaneous); intranasally (e.g., by aspiration); or orally. In general, the amount of polypeptide present in a dose (or produced in situ by the DNA in a dose) ranges from about 1 pg to about 100 mg per kg of host, typically from about 10 pg to about 1 mg per kg of host, and preferably from about 100 pg to about 1 μg per kg of host. Suitable dose sizes will vary with the size of the mammal, but will typically range from about 0.1 ml to about 5 ml.  
      While any suitable carrier known to those of “ordinary” skill in the art may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention, the type of carrier will vary depending on the mode of administration. For parenteral administration, such as subcutaneous injection, the carrier preferably comprises water, saline, alcohol, a lipid, a wax, or a buffer. For oral administration, any of the above carriers or a solid carrier, such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, and magnesium carbonate, may be employed. Biodegradable microspheres (e.g., polylactic galactide) may also be employed as carrier&#39;s for the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention. Suitable biodegradable microspheres are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,268 and 5,075,109.  
      Any of a variety of immunostimulants may be employed in the immunogenic compositions of this invention to non-specifically enhance the immune response. Most adjuvants contain a substance designed to protect the antigen from rapid catabolism, such as aluminum hydroxide or mineral oil, and a non-specific stimulator of immune responses, such as lipid A,  Bordetella pertussis,  or  Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Suitable adjuvants are commercially available as, for example, Freund&#39;s Incomplete Adjuvant and Freund&#39;s Complete Adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), and Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inc., Rahway, N.J.). Other suitable adjuvants include alum, biodegradable microspheres, monophosphoryl lipid A, and Quil A.  
      The polypeptides of the present invention may additionally be used in assays to determine biological activity, to raise antibodies, to isolate corresponding ligands or receptors, in assays to quantitatively determine levels of protein or cognate corresponding ligand or receptor, as anti-inflammatory agents, and in compositions for mammary glands, connective tissue and/or nerve tissue growth or regeneration.  
      The polynucleotides of the present invention may be used for expression in a transgenic animal, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,345, which teaches the use of transgenic animals capable of expressing a desired protein prepared by introducing into an egg or embryo cell of an animal, an expression construct containing the sequence corresponding at least in part to a specific polynucleotide, which encodes the desired protein. In the same manner, the desired protein corresponding to a selected polynucleotide sequence of the present invention, could be employed in transgenic animals for the production of milk containing the desired protein, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,992.  
      In addition, the regulatory sequences contained in the present cDNA sequences, or regulatory sequences isolated by using the present sequences for genome screening and sequencing, as well known in the art, could be used in transgenic animals to direct the expression of a desired gene product according to the nature of the regulatory polynucleotide sequence, in a way similar to that taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,000. 
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1  
     Isolation of cDNA Sequences from Bovine Mammary Gland cDNA Libraries  
      Bovine mammary gland cDNA expression libraries were constructed and screened as follows. mRNA was extracted from lactating bovine mammary tissue (Jersey breed, late lactating, non-pregnant cow, 2 hours post-milking) using standard protocols. mRNA was precipitated with ethanol and the total RNA preparate was purified using a Poly(A) Quik mRNA Isolation Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). A cDNA expression library was constructed from the purified mRNA by reverse transcriptase synthesis followed by insertion of the resulting cDNA clones in Lambda ZAP using a ZAP Express cDNA Synthesis Kit (Stratagene), according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. The resulting cDNAs were packaged using a Gigapack II Packaging Extract (Stratagene) employing 1 μl of sample DNA from the 5 μl ligation mix. Mass excision of the library was done using XL1-Blue MRF’ cells and XLOLR cells (Stratagene) with ExAssist helper phage (Stratagene). The excised phagemids were diluted with NZY broth (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) and plated out onto LB-kanamycin agar plates containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactoside (X-gal) and isopropylthio-beta-galactoside (IPTG).  
      Of the colonies plated and picked for DNA preparations, the large majority contained an insert suitable for sequencing. Positive colonies were cultured in NZY broth with kanamycin and cDNA was purified by means of REAL DNA minipreps (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands). Agarose gel at 1% was used to screen sequencing templates for chromosomal contamination. Dye terminator sequences were prepared using a Biomek 2000 robot (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, Calif.) for liquid handling and DNA amplification using a 9700 PCR machine (Perkin Elmer/Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol.  
      The DNA sequences for positive clones were obtained using a Perkin Elmer/Applied Biosystems Division Prism 377 sequencer. cDNA clones were sequenced from the 5′ end. The sequences of the isolated polynucleotides are identified as SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, with the corresponding amino acid sequences being provided in SEQ ID NO: 132-262. The polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO 3, 8, 14, 20, 25, 31, 33, 41-43, 60, 78, 105, 123 and 124 are believed to be full-length sequences.  
      BLASTN Polynucleotide Analysis  
      The isolated cDNA sequences were compared to sequences in the EMBL DNA database using the computer algorithm BLASTN. Comparisons of DNA sequences provided in SEQ ID NOS: 1-131, to sequences in the EMBL DNA database (using BLASTN) were made as of August, 2000, using Version 2.0.11 [Jan. 20, 2000], and the following Unix runing command: blastall -p blastn -d embldb -e 10 -G0 -E0 -r 1 -v 30 -b 30 -i queryseq -o.  
      The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 11, 36, 51, 60, 61, 66, 70, 83, 90, 95, 98, 105, 117 and 126 were determined to have less than 50% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the EMBL database using the computer algorithm BLASTN. The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 5, 17, 27, 31, 56, 65, 79, 82, 84-87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97, 109, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124 and 128 were determined to have less than 75% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the EMBL database using the computer algorithm BLASTN. The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 8, 12, 13, 21, 25, 29, 34, 35, 37, 41, 42, 44-46, 49, 52, 59, 62, 64, 67, 73, 74, 76-78, 80, 92, 100, 102, 106, 107, 108, 113, 114, 120, 121, 127, 130 and 131 were determined to have less than 96% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the EMBL database using the computer algorithm BLASTN. Finally, the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 16, 18, 22, 26, 28, 33, 38, 43, 47, 50, 53, 54, 57, 63, 71, 75, 81, 96 99, 101, 103, 104, 111, 122, 125 and 129 were determined to have less than 98% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the EMBL database using the computer algorithm BLASTN.  
      The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 182, 188, 191, 192, 198 and 210 were determined to have less than 50% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTP. The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 144, 148, 152, 162, 179, 180, 184, 185, 187, 190, 195, 201, 206, 213, 229, 236, 237, 239, 240, 249, 252 and 259 were determined to have less than 75% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTP. The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 136, 128, 142, 145, 153, 155, 160, 166, 167, 175, 177, 181, 183, 204, 208, 214, 216, 221, 223-226, 233, 241, 244, 245, 247, 248 and 250 were determined to have less than 90% identity, determine&amp; as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTP. Finally, the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 133-135, 137, 140, 141, 150, 154, 157-159, 161, 163, 165, 168, 170, 172, 173, 176, 178, 194, 196, 197, 199, 202, 207, 211, 217, 220, 228, 234, 243, 253, 255, 257, 258, 260 and 262 were determined to have less than 98% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTP.  
      The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 5, 17, 27, 31, 51, 52-54, 56, 57, 60, 61, 67, 79, 82-86, 90, 98, 117, 124 and 126 were determined to have less than 50% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTX. The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18-22, 25, 26, 28, 36, 41-43, 48, 49, 59, 64, 68, 70, 72, 75, 78, 87, 93, 105, 106, 108-110, 112, 116, 118, 119, 121 and 123 were determined to have less than 75% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTX. The sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 12, 24, 29, 32-35, 44, 46, 47, 50, 63, 66, 69, 77, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 100-102, 113, 114, 120, 125, 128, 130 and 131 were determined to have less than 90% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTX. Finally, the sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 6, 23, 30, 37-39, 45, 65, 71, 76, 80, 88, 89, 103, 107, 111, 122, 127 and 129 were determined to have less than 98% identity, determined as described above, to sequences in the SwissProt database using the computer algorithm BLASTX.  
     EXAMPLE 2  
     Expression of mRNA in Bovine Mammary Tissue  
      RNA was extracted from mammary gland tissue obtained from a non-pregnant heifer (Friesian Hereford cross, 2.5 years of age), a pregnant cow (Angus breed, 85 days pre-partum) and a lactating cow (Jersey breed, late lactating, non-pregnant and 2 hours post-milking), as well as from bovine liver, forebrain and kidney from an Angus Friesian cross heifer, using TRIzol (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) following the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Sets of the various total RNA samples were run on 1.2% agarose/formaldehyde gels, 5 μg/lane. Following transfer to nitrocellulose membranes, RNA was cross-linked with ultraviolet light.  
      DNA probes were prepared from bacterial clones transformed with cDNA corresponding to SEQ ID NOS: 31, 32, 51, 90, 98, 105 and 124 by excision of the insert of the cDNA clone using EcoRI and XhoI restriction endonucleases, or by PCR amplification of the insert of the cDNA clone using T7 and T3 primers (Gibco BRL), or by using the entire cDNA clone. Probes were radiolabeled with α-P 32 -dATP using Rediprime DNA labeling kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). Blots were hybridized overnight with rotation at 65° C. in a buffer containing 10-20 ml of 500 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , 1 mM EDTA, 7% SDS and then washed for 15 minutes at 65° C., first in 2×SSC/0.1% SDS and then in 1×SSC/0.1% SDS. The blots were exposed to Kodak XAR X-ray film for appropriate times.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 14 hybridized strongly with transcripts of approximately 1.0 kb and 1.5 kb in the lactating mammary and liver samples. In the mammary sample the larger transcript predominated whereas in the liver the smaller transcript predominated. Only low levels of hybridization of the smaller transcript were, detected for the mammary samples from the non-pregnant, non-lactating and the pregnant cows.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 29 hybridized with a transcript of approximately 1.8 kb in all the samples with the strongest levels being detected for the mammary samples from the non-pregnant, non-lactating and the pregnant cows. A second transcript of approximately 1.0 kb was detected in the lactating mammary gland sample only.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 31 hybridized with transcripts of approximately 1.3 kb and 4.0 kb in the lactating mammary gland sample. No transcripts could be detected in the other tissue samples.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 32 hybridized strongly with transcripts of approximately 1.0 kb and 1.5 kb in the lactating mammary and liver samples. In the mammary sample the larger transcript predominated whereas in the liver the smaller transcript predominated. Only low levels of hybridization of the smaller transcript were detected for the mammary samples from the non-pregnant, non-lactating and the pregnant cows.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO 51 hybridized strongly to a transcript of approximately 1.0 kb in the lactating mammary sample. Much weaker hybridization was detected With transcripts of the same size in mammary samples from the non-pregnant, non-lactating and pregnant animal. No transcripts were detected in the liver, brain or kidney.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 90 hybridized with a transcript of approximately 1.4 kb in the lactating mammary gland sample only.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 98 hybridized strongly with a transcripts of approximately 0.8 kb and 1.4 kb in the lactating mammary gland sample only.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 105 hybridized strongly with a transcript of approximately 1.0 kb and less strongly with a transcript of approximately 1.8 kb in the lactating mammary gland sample. Weaker hybridization was detected in the mammary samples from the non-pregnant, non lactating and the pregnant cows. No transcripts could be detected in the other tissue samples.  
      The insert of the cDNA clone corresponding to SEQ ID NO: 124 hybridized strongly with transcripts of approximately 1.0 kb and 1.4 kb in the lactating mammary gland sample. Lower levels of the larger transcript were detected in the brain and kidney samples.  
      In subsequent Northern blot experiments, the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 162 (encoded by SEQ ID NO: 31) was found to be expressed in mastitic, involuting and pregnant mammary gland tissue and in salivary gland.  
      SEQ ID NOS: 1-262 are set out in the attached Sequence Listing. The codes for nucleotide sequences used in the attached Sequence Listing, including the symbol “n,” conform to WIPO Standard ST.25 (1998), Appendix 2, Table 1.  
      All references cited herein, including patent references and non-patent publications, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.  
      While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments, and many details have been set forth for purposes of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein may be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention.