Patent Publication Number: US-7587696-B2

Title: Semiconductor device, layout method and apparatus and program

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/849,835, filed May 21, 2004, now pending, which claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-145091, filed May 23, 2003, by Norihito Nakamoto, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This application claims only subject matter disclosed in the parent application and therefore presents no new matter. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a semiconductor device and, more particularly, to semiconductor device in which it is envisaged to optimize the connection of through-holes, a method and an apparatus for layout, and a computer program. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In a conventional placement and routing process of a semiconductor device, such as LSI, a connection through-hole (via) formed through an inter-layer insulating film for interconnecting an upper interconnect layer and a lower interconnect layer, is placed on a centerline of a line.  FIG. 6  schematically shows the layout of vias in a conventional semiconductor device. The layout pattern of a via is usually represented by a square. As shown in  FIG. 6 , if the size of a via  103  is smaller than or equal to the line width of a conductor (metal)  101  provided in the lower layer, interconnection may be made without affecting a neighboring routing channel  104 . 
     With recent progress of the miniaturization process in the manufacturing process for semiconductor devices and with the improvement in the interconnect technique and step coverage, a multi-layered interconnect structure has come to be used. In a semiconductor device of the multi-layered interconnect structure, the line width in the upper interconnect layer is usually larger than that in the lower interconnect layer. In this case, design references (design rules), such as an interconnect pitch in the lower interconnect layer to which the semiconductor miniaturization process is applied cannot be directly employed in producing the via for interconnecting the upper layer line and the lower layer line and hence the via size becomes larger than the line width in the lower interconnect layer. 
     Meanwhile, in a masterslice semiconductor integrated circuit, in which a routing channel lattice is formed on a basic gate cell and interconnect layers are formed extending along lattice lines of the routing channel lattice, there is known a semiconductor integrated circuit in which, even if there is a marked difference between the design reference of the basic cell process and the design process of the interconnection process, attempts are made to harmonize the design references to improve the integration density (see for example the Patent Publication 1). However, with this solution, the routing channel lattice is of a non-uniform pitch. 
     [Patent Document 1] 
     Japanese Patent Kokai Publication JP-A-10-56162 (page 7 and FIG. 5) 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a semiconductor device of a multi-layered interconnect structure, there are occasions where a via for interconnecting the lower interconnect layer of a narrow line width and an upper interconnect layer having a large thickness is larger in a width than the lower interconnect. That is, if a via, formed by e.g. Cu plating using the Damascene method, is provided to the lower interconnect layer of a narrow line width, the conductor that runs on the neighboring routing channel violates the minimum spacing due to the land part of the via, and hence the routing channel cannot be used, thus giving rise to difficulties in improving the interconnection efficiency. That is, if a via is provided in the pattern of the narrow line width in a lower layer for connecting the pattern of lower layer to the upper layer, it may be an occurrence that forming the pattern in the neighboring routing channel violates the design reference, as a result of which a blank routing channel may be produced or limitations may be imposed on forming the vias in the layout stage. 
     Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device, a method, apparatus and a computer program for layout improving the efficiency in interconnection and the degree of freedom in via placement. 
     The above and other objects are attained by a semiconductor device in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, in which if a via is of a size larger than the line width, the via is arranged so that the center point thereof is offset a preset amount from the longitudinal center axis of a conductor in question in the arrangement region of the via whereby a spacing not less than the minimum spacing is maintained between the conductor in question and a conductor routed through the neighboring routing channel. This improves the interconnection area exploitation efficiency as well as the degree of freedom in the via placement. 
     A method in accordance with the present invention arranges a via so that its center point is offset from the longitudinal center axis of the conductor in question. As will become apparent from the following description, the above and other objects may also be attained by an layout apparatus and a program according to the present invention in which the center point of a via is placed with an offset from the longitudinal center axis of the lower layer conductor on which said via is placed. 
     Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein only the preferred embodiments of the invention are shown and described, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out this invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawing and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an embodiment of the present invention and more specifically the layout with via placement corrected. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an embodiment of the present invention, where  FIG. 2A  illustrates the layout with via placement not as yet corrected and  FIG. 2B  schematically shows the cross-section taken along line A-A of  FIG. 2A . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the processing sequence of a layout apparatus according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  shows exemplary layout embodying the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows exemplary layout of a Comparative Example. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary via placement in a layout of a conventional typical semiconductor device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     An embodiment of the present invention is hereinafter explained. In an embodiment of the present invention, shown in  FIG. 1 , a center point ( 105 ) of a connection through-hole ( 103 ) for interconnecting a first conductor ( 101 ) arranged in an interconnect layer and a second line ( 102 ) arranged in an interconnect layer different from the interconnect layer of the first conductor and intersecting the first conductor by solid crossing, is provided at a location offset a preset amount from the longitudinal center axis ( 104 ) of the first conductor ( 101 ), if the size of the via is not less than a line width of the first conductor ( 101 ) and if, in case the center of the connection through-hole ( 103 ) is arranged on the longitudinal center axis of the first conductor ( 101 ), the minimum spacing cannot be maintained between the first conductor ( 101 ) and a conductor neighboring to the first conductor (see  FIG. 2 ). In the via placement region on the first conductor ( 101 ), a spacing not less than the minimum routing spacing is maintained between the first conductor and a conductor routed on a routing channel neighboring to the first conductor, so that a conductor may be routed on the routing channel. 
     In a via placement region where the minimum routing spacing cannot be secured between the first conductor ( 101 ) and the conductor neighboring to the first conductor, the center point of the via may be arranged with an offset along the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal center axis of the first conductor ( 101 ). 
     In the present embodiment, the first conductor ( 101 ) is provided on the lower interconnect layer and the second conductor ( 102 ) is provided on the upper interconnect layer. In the present embodiment, the first conductor ( 101 ) has a narrower line width than that of the second conductor ( 102 ). 
     In the present embodiment, the via placement region on the first conductor ( 101 ) may have one side edge aligned with one longitudinal side edge of the first conductor. 
     A method in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, for carrying out the layout for a semiconductor device, using a computer, is hereinafter described.  FIG. 3  illustrates the processing sequence for carrying out the method of the present invention, with the aid of a computer making up a design automating apparatus. Referring to  FIG. 3 , an illustrative processing sequence layout method according to an embodiment of the present invention is explained. The computer is a workstation including a display unit, an input device and a storage device, or a personal computer. 
     The information on circuit connection is read from a storage unit  11  storing the information on circuit connection, and the information on the designing constraint is read from a storage unit  12 , storing the information on the designing constraint, including the line width information and the minimum spacing information (step S 1 ). 
     It is then verified whether or not the size of a via, interconnecting the first conductor of an N&#39;th interconnect layer and the second conductor of an (N+1)st interconnect layer intersecting the first conductor by solid crossing, is equal to or larger than the line width of the first conductor (step S 2 ). If the via size is smaller than the line width of the first conductor, the via is arranged in the via placement region as usual. 
     In case the via size is equal to or larger than the line width of the first conductor, it is verified in a step S 3  whether or not the minimum spacing between the first conductor and the conductor neighboring thereto (constraint condition) is violated if the center point of the via is arranged on the longitudinal center axis of the first conductor (step S 3 ). 
     If the minimum spacing constraint condition is not violated by arranging the via center on the longitudinal center axis of the first conductor, the via center is placed on the longitudinal center axis of the first conductor as usual (step S 15 ). 
     If conversely the minimum spacing constraint condition is violated, the via is provided on the via placement site on the first conductor with an offset from the longitudinal center axis of the first conductor. This procures a spacing not smaller than the minimum spacing between the first conductor inclusive of the via placement region and the conductor neighboring thereto (step S 4 ). 
     Should a via(s) be provided further in similar manner (step S 6 ), the processing of the steps S 2  to S 4  or S 5  is repeated, and the via placement information is output to a layout information storage unit  13  (step S 7 ). The via placement information may also be output each time the placement of a given via(s) is determined (step S 4 ). 
     The layout apparatus of the present invention (designing automating apparatus) executes the above processing on a computer having a layout tool (software) installed thereon. The program according to the present invention comprises a computer program (placement—routing software) for allowing the processing of the above steps S 1  to S 7  of  FIG. 3  to be executed on a computer. 
     For more detailed description of the above-described preferred embodiment, a specified embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to the drawings.  FIG. 1  illustrates the layout of an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2A  illustrates the layout prior to correction of the via placement, and  FIG. 2B  depicts a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 2A .  FIG. 1  schematically shows a case in which a via is offset with respect to the layout shown in  FIG. 2A . In  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the via layout pattern is represented by squares. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2A , plural routing channels  104  are arranged at a preset interval and routing is made using these routing channels. If, as a via  103  interconnecting a conductor  101  of finer line width provided in a lower metal layer (also referred to as a ‘lower layer conductor’) and a conductor  102  of a broader line width provided in an upper metal layer (also referred to as an ‘upper layer conductor’), a via having a width broader than the line width of the conductor of the finer line width in the lower layer  101  is used, metals  101 - 1  and  101 - 2  (i.e., land edges) surrounding the via  103  are generated in the layout pattern, as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     In order to provide a sufficient spacing, as required by the design reference, for the metals  101 - 1  and  101 - 2  surrounding the via  103 , it becomes impossible to use neighboring routing channels  1041  and  1043 , thus placing limitations on the routing freedom, that is, lowering the exploitation efficiency of the interconnect area. With the size of the protrusions a/2 of the metals  101 - 1  and  101 - 2 , that is, with the via larger in size by a/2 on each side thereof than the width l of the conductor  101 , the spacing between the conductor laid on the routing channel  1041  and the conductor  101  laid on the routing channel  1042  is d 0 −a/2, which is lesser than the minimum spacing d 0 , and hence the design reference for the minimum spacing is not met. Thus, if it is desired to provide the sufficient spacing with respect to the via placement region, inclusive of the metals  101 - 1  and  101 - 2  surrounding the via, which satisfies the minimum spacing constraint, the spacing corresponding to two or more routing channels is required from the routing channel  1042  on which the conductor is routed. 
     Thus, in case the via is provided at the center of the lower layer conductor  101 , the protrusions of the metals  101 - 1  and  101 - 2  surrounding the via, are produced on both sides of the conductor  101 , such that the conductors laid on the routing channels  1041  and  1043  violate the minimum spacing constraint and hence the routing cannot be done on both side routing channels. 
     In the present invention, a center point  105  of a via  103  is offset along a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the conductor  101 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . In this figure, the center point  105  of the via  103  is offset from the longitudinal center axis of the conductor  101 , along the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction thereof, with an offset equal to a/2, where a/2 is the length of metal protrusions  101 - 1  and  101 - 2  in  FIG. 2 . This eliminates the metal protrusion otherwise affecting the neighboring routing channel  1041 . In the case of  FIG. 1 , the via placement region has a side edge aligned with the side edge along the longitudinal direction of the conductor  101 . In this manner, on one side of the via the conductor can be laid. 
     With the present embodiment of the semiconductor integrated circuit of the multi-layered interconnect structure, described above, the via  103 , interconnecting the lower layer conductor  101  of the narrower line width and the upper layer conductor of a larger line width, is arranged with an offset along the direction perpendicular to the routing direction of the lower layer conductor  101 , whereby it is possible to eliminate the problem that, in case the via is arranged without offsetting the center point of the via, the neighboring routing channels on both sides of the via cannot be used by other conductor. The size of the via is not changed, that is, there is no change in electric characteristics, such as IR drop. It should be noted that the offsetting direction of the center point of the via does not necessarily have to be unified and may optionally be changed depending on the near-by pattern. 
     According to the embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to reduce the extent the neighboring routing channel is affected as a result of the increase in the via size to maintain the interconnect area exploitation efficiency. Although the case of producing the upper layer conductor (of a larger width)  102  and the via  103  by the Damascene method for Cu is schematically shown in  FIG. 3 , this is merely illustrative and the present invention is, of course, not to be limited to this particular producing method. 
     The embodiment of the present invention is now explained in comparison with a case not relevant to the present invention (comparative example).  FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of the present invention. In  FIG. 4 , the lower layer conductor  101  is provided in M5 (fifth metal interconnect layer), while the upper layer conductor  102  is provided in M6 (sixth metal interconnect layer). The pitch of the routing channels  104  in the fifth interconnect layer is 0.4 μm. The line width of the lower layer conductor is 0.2 μm, with the minimum spacing reference (constraint) being 0.2 μm. The via size is 0.24 μm. Hence, a/2 of  FIGS. 1 and 2  is 0.1 μm. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , showing a via  103 A interconnecting a conductor  101 A placed on the routing channel  1043  and an upper layer conductor  102 A, the center point of the via is offset in the vertical direction in the drawing (to a position above the centerline in the longitudinal direction of the conductor  101 A). In similar manner, the center point of the via  103 B, interconnecting a conductor  101 C on the routing channel  1043  of the same row and an upper layer conductor  102 B, is offset in the vertical direction in the drawing (to a position above the centerline in the longitudinal direction of the conductor  101 C). 
     With the above interconnect structure, the conductor  101 B may be laid on a routing channel  1042 , as the minimum spacing constraint is met. Moreover, the center point of a via  103 C interconnecting a conductor  101 D on a routing channel  1046  and an upper layer conductor  102 C, is offset in the vertical direction (to a position above the centerline in the longitudinal direction of the conductor  101 D). On the other hand, the center point of a via  103 D, interconnecting a conductor  101 D on the routing channel  1046  and an upper layer conductor  102 B, and the center point of a via  103 E, interconnecting a conductor  101 E and an upper layer conductor  102 D, are offset in the vertical direction (to a position above the centerline in the longitudinal direction of the conductors  101 D,  101 E). By so doing, a conductor  101 G may be placed on a routing channel  1045 , as the minimum spacing constraint is met. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the comparative example, to which the present invention is not applied, is described. In a placement region of via  103 A interconnecting a conductor  101 A on a routing channel  1043  and an upper layer conductor  102 A, metals on both longitudinal sides of the conductor  101 A, is protruded by 0.01 μm. If a conductor is laid on the routing channel  1043 , the line spacing is 0.2−0.01=0.19 μm, thus violating the minimum spacing constraint. 
     For this reason, a conductor  101 B neighboring to the conductor  101 A is laid, using a routing channel  1041 . That is, no conductor is laid on a routing channel  1042 . In a via  103 C (interconnecting the conductor  101 D and the upper layer conductor  102 C) and in via  103 E (interconnecting the conductor  101 E and the upper layer conductor  102 D), metals are protruded on both longitudinal sides of the  101 D and  101 E, such that, if a conductor is laid on the routing channel  1045 , the minimum spacing constraint is not met. Thus, no conductor is laid on the routing channel  1045 . According to the present invention, a conductor  101 G is laid on the routing channel  1045  neighboring to the routing channel  1046  on which is laid the conductor  101 E. 
     According to the present invention, the routing channels may be effectively exploited to improve the interconnect efficiency, as the design reference is met. 
     Although an example of the masterslice type interconnection, laying the interconnect layers on a lattice of routing channels, has been described in the above embodiment the present invention is, of course, not limited to the layout of the above system. On the other hand, if there is allowance in a line spacing as compared with the preset minimum spacing constraint, and the minimum spacing constraint may be met by suitably shifting the center points of the vias with respect to the neighboring conductor, such as to meet the constraint, it is not mandatory that the lateral edge of the metal in the via region is aligned with the lateral edge of the conductor. 
     The present invention also is not limited to a case where the upper layer conductor is broader in width than the lower layer conductor. That is, the present invention may be applied to any via placements where a via in question is broader in width than the conductor on which the via is placed. 
     In the present embodiment, the spacing (pitch) in the routing channel lattice is uniform at least in a preset region including the via arranged in accordance with the present invention. However, the present invention may, of course, be applied to the interconnection with the non-uniform pitch. 
     Although the present invention has been explained with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to the arrangement of the particular embodiment and may include various changes or corrections that may readily occur to those skilled in the art within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims. 
     The meritorious effects of the present invention are summarized as follows. 
     The present invention, described above, is designed to cope with a case where the width of the via for interconnecting the upper layer conductor and the lower layer conductor is not less than the width of the lower layer conductor, and where, if the center of the via is arranged on the center axis along the longitudinal direction of the lower layer conductor, the minimum spacing from the neighboring routing channel cannot be maintained, by arranging the center point of the via on the lower layer conductor with an offset relative to the center axis along the longitudinal direction of the lower layer conductor, such as to provide the spacing not less than the minimum spacing between the neighboring conductor, thereby improving the freedom and efficiency in placement and routing accompanied with connections between the interconnect layers. 
     It should be noted that other objects, features and aspects of the present invention will become apparent in the entire disclosure and that modifications may be done without departing the gist and scope of the present invention as disclosed herein and claimed as appended herewith. 
     Also it should be noted that any combination of the disclosed and/or claimed elements, matters and/or items may fall under the modifications aforementioned.