Patent Publication Number: US-8995451-B2

Title: Systems and methods for network routing in a multiple backbone network architecture

Description:
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/367,147, filed Feb. 6, 2009, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/565,563, filed Nov. 30, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/347,810, filed Feb. 3, 2006, and entitled “Ethernet-based Systems and Methods for Improved Network Routing”, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/650,312, filed Feb. 4, 2005 and entitled “Systems And Methods For Improved Network Routing”, all of which are incorporated herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present invention relates generally to network routing, and more specifically to systems and methods for network routing in a multiple backbone network architecture. 
     BACKGROUND 
     High speed internet prices continue to drop, but the underlying costs of maintaining and operating the networks remain relatively high. One of the main factors in keeping the unit costs high is the high cost for the terabit Multiple protocol Label Switching (MPLS) backbone routers. Accordingly, as bandwidth requirements grow, the costs will likely grow as well. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of a network include a backbone node that includes a plurality of independent routers or switches connected in a matrix, wherein the matrix includes a plurality of stages of routers or switches to form a node having a node switching capacity that is greater than the node switching capacity of the individual routers or switches. The routers or switches may be connected in an N.times.M Internet Protocol (IP) based CLOS matrix, wherein N&gt;1 is the number of stages in the matrix and M&gt;1 is the number of routers or switches in each stage. Traffic may be directed among the routers or switches using IP or Ethernet routing protocols. Traffic may be load balanced using one or more load balancing techniques selected from a group consisting of equal cost load balancing, traffic engineering, or flow-based load balancing. A number of links may be provisioned on the routers or switches in a manner that supports the traffic balancing technique performed by the node. 
     Various embodiments of a network include a plurality of backbone networks supporting communications between a source communication site and a destination communication site, a source provider edge device in communication with the plurality of backbone networks and a source provider network at the source communication site, and a destination provider edge device in communication with the plurality of backbone networks and a destination provider network at the destination communication site, wherein the destination provider edge device is configured to select one of the backbone networks from the plurality of backbone networks to handle communications associated with a destination address in the destination provider network. 
     In various embodiments, the destination provider edge device selects the backbone network using an external least-cost routing protocol. The destination provider edge device may associate a next hop loopback address and/or a backbone identifier with the destination address, wherein the backbone identifier identifies the selected backbone network. The destination provider edge device may further communicate an advertisement through one or more of the plurality of backbone networks, wherein the advertisement includes at least the destination address and the next hop loopback address. The source provider edge device can be configured to receive the advertisement and write the destination address and the next hop loopback address to a route map, whereby packets subsequently sent from the source network to the destination address are routed to the next hop loopback address over the selected backbone network. The destination provider edge device may communicate the advertisement during an open shortest path first (OSPF) protocol process. The advertisement may further include the backbone identifier. 
     The destination provider edge device may associate the backbone identifier and the next hop loopback address with the destination address in a route map. The destination provider network may include a first destination provider network and the destination address may include a first destination address. The destination provider edge device may further be in communication with a second destination provider network including a second destination address at a second destination communication site, wherein the destination provider edge device is further configured to use an external least-cost routing protocol to select a second one of the backbone networks from the plurality of backbone networks to handle communications associated with the second destination address. The destination provider edge device may be further configured to associate a second next hop loopback address with the second destination address. The source provider edge network may be configured to assign a lower routing cost to the second next hop loopback address than a routing cost assigned to the next hop loopback address associated with the first destination address, whereby packets addressed to the second destination address are routed through the second backbone network. 
     Embodiments of a method for routing packets to a first destination network address include steps of assigning a first one of a plurality of backbone networks to the first destination network address, associating a first next hop loopback address with the first destination network address, and advertising the first destination network address in combination with the first next hop loopback address through the first backbone network address, whereby packets addressed to the first destination network address are routed through the first backbone network. The method may further include associating a first community identifier representing the first backbone network with the first destination network address. The method may further include creating a route map including an association between the first destination network address and the first next hop loopback address and an association between the first destination network address and the first community identifier. 
     Some embodiments of the method may still further include assigning as second one of the plurality of backbone networks to a second destination network address, associating a second next hop loopback address with the second destination network address, and advertising the second destination network address in combination with the second next hop loopback address through the second backbone network address, whereby packets addressed to the second destination network address are routed through the second backbone network. The first backbone network and the second backbone network may be different backbone networks. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of a method, packets addressed to the first destination network address may be routed through the first backbone network to the first next hop loopback address using an Internal Gateway Protocol. The method may further include setting an internal least cost routing metric to a provider edge site identifier. Still further, the method may include setting an internal least cost routing metric associated with the second next hop loopback address in the second backbone network equal to a value less than another internal least cost metric associated with the first next hop loopback address in the second backbone network. The first destination network address and the second destination network address may be associated with different routes through one or more customer edge networks. 
     In various embodiments of systems and methods, an edge router or core router associated with a backbone network may support two internal least cost routing protocols. The router can perform a first internal least cost routing process through a port on the router facing the backbone network, and another least cost routing process through another port on the router facing an edge network. The first backbone network may serve as a backup network to the second backbone network. 
     An embodiment of a computer-readable medium includes computer-executable instructions for causing a computer to perform a process of routing packets to a destination endpoint. An embodiment of the process includes for each of a plurality of Internet service provider (ISP) networks, assigning the Internet service provider network to one of a plurality of backbone networks operating in a parallel backbone network architecture, receiving a packet addressed to a destination associated with one of the ISP networks, selecting the backbone network assigned to the ISP network associated with the destination endpoint, and routing the packet through the selected backbone network. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the computer-readable medium, selecting the backbone network includes accessing a least-cost route map to determine which backbone network provides least cost routing to the ISP network associated with the destination endpoint. Selecting the backbone network may further include determining an address of an edge node associated with the selected backbone network. Embodiments of the process may further include receiving an advertisement from a node in each of the ISP networks and determining a least-cost backbone network from the plurality of backbone networks through which to route each of the advertisements. 
     Still further, embodiments of the process may further include further setting a next hop loopback address for each of the backbone networks, such that an internal least-cost routing process in each of the backbone networks will cause packets destined for the ISP network assigned to the backbone network to be routed to the next hop loopback address. The process may further include, for each of the backbone networks embedding the associated next hop address in an advertisement routed through the backbone network. Further yet, the process may also involve assigning a cost metric to each next hop loopback address based on routes associated with the next hop loopback addresses. Assigning a cost to a next hop loopback address may include assigning a cost metric to the loopback address that is lower than the cost metric for all other next hop loopback addresses for routes through the backbone network associated with the next hop loopback address. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of a network architecture, the network architecture includes a plurality of backbone networks, wherein each backbone network is configured to route packets therethrough from a source network to a destination network, and a provider edge device configured to select one of the backbone networks through which to route a packet, wherein the provider edge device selects a least-cost backbone network assigned to the destination network, wherein the least-cost backbone network is selected from the plurality of backbone networks. The provider edge device may be further configured to assign one of the plurality of backbone networks to the destination network based on a least-cost routing protocol. 
     Still further the provider edge device may be configured to receive an advertisement message from the destination network and route the advertisement message through the assigned backbone network, where by other provider edge devices route packets destined for the destination network through the assigned backbone network. The provider edge device may be further configured to embed a next hop loopback address in the advertisement message. The provider edge device may be further configured to assign a cost metric to the next hop loopback address. The cost metric may be chosen relative to other cost metrics associated with other next hop loopback addresses based on a route associated with the next hop loopback address. 
     Further yet, the provider edge device may be configured to receive an advertisement message associated with another network and assign a next hop loopback address included in the advertisement message to the backbone network from which the advertisement message was received. The provider edge device may assign the next hop loopback address to the backbone network in a route map. The provider edge device may be further configured to build a least-cost routing table that associates each of a plurality of next hop loopback addresses with a cost metric based on the backbone network associated with the next hop loopback address. 
     In some embodiments of a network architecture including multiple backbone networks, at least one of backbone networks may serve as a backup network to at least one of the other backbone networks. At least one of the backbone networks may include a backbone node including an N.times.M IP-implemented CLOS matrix of Ethernet switches, where N&gt;1 is the number of stages in the matrix and M&gt;1 is the number or switches in each stage. 
     An embodiment of a method for providing communications between provider networks, includes for each of a plurality of communication routes through one or more provider networks: receiving an advertisement having a network address associated with the communication route, selecting a backbone network from a plurality of backbone networks using an external least-cost routing protocol, associating a first next hop loopback address with the destination address, wherein the first next hop loopback address is reachable via the selected backbone network, assigning a first cost to the next hop loopback address, wherein the first cost is less than a second cost associated with a second next hop loopback address reachable by another backbone network, advertising the first next hop loopback address over the plurality of backbone networks, wherein advertising includes indicating the first cost of accessing the first next hop loopback address via the selected backbone network. 
     Yet another embodiment of a method includes assigning a destination network address to a backbone network selected from a plurality of backbone networks using an external least cost routing protocol, associating a next hop loopback address with the destination network address, wherein the next hop loopback address corresponds to a port on a destination provider edge device in communication with the selected backbone network, notifying a source provider edge device that the next hop loopback address is reachable with least cost routing via the selected backbone network. Notifying the source provider edge device may include performing an internal least cost routing protocol between the source provider edge device and a source core router device in the selected backbone network. The method may further include performing the internal least cost routing protocol process between the source core router device and a destination core router device to determine a cost associated with the next hop loopback address. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration of a three-stage multichassis Ethernet router (MER) in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagrammatic illustration of multiple parallel backbones (N.times.BB) connected to peer and edge networks in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagrammatic illustration of a combination of the multichassis Ethernet router shown in  FIG. 1  and the multiple parallel backbones shown in  FIG. 2  connected between sites in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagrammatic illustration of a multichassis Ethernet router-based core network in parallel with one or more Multiple protocol Label Switching (MPLS) core networks providing packet routing between sites, wherein a subset of the customer/provider packet traffic is regroomed or migrated to a second customer/provider edge network in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagrammatic illustration of a MER-based backbone network in parallel with an MPLS backbone network providing packet routing between a single customer/provider edge network and a peering edge network in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagrammatic illustration of multiple core local area networks (LANs) communicably connected between one or more core routers and one or more edge routers in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration of an alternative LAN in the middle (LIM). 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary network architecture including multiple parallel backbone networks, wherein customer addresses are advertised and associated with next hop loopback addresses, whereby packets destined for each of those addresses are routed through a selected backbone network. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates the exemplary network architecture shown in  FIG. 8 , wherein advertisements are tagged with backbone identifiers to indicate destination-based backbone routes, and costs are assigned to next hop loopback addresses to enforce routing of packets through an associated backbone network. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a dual internal cost-based link state generation process in which edge routers on the edges of backbone networks in a multiple parallel backbone network architecture run two internal cost-based link state generation processes for a wide area network facing side and a local area network facing side. 
         FIG. 11  is a flowchart illustrating an algorithm for carrying out routing in a multiple backbone network architecture in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a general purpose computing device in which embodiments of the invention can be implemented. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Embodiments include systems and methods that provide for multiple backbone networks to support communications between networks. A first routing protocol is used by a provider edge device to select a backbone network from the multiple backbone networks for handling communications associated with one or more associated network addresses. The provider edge network device assigns a port with a next hop loopback address to the associated one or more network addresses. A second routing protocol is used to notify other provider edge network devices that the selected backbone network should be used to carry packets addressed to the associated one or more network addresses. 
     Exemplary networks that utilize the services of backbone networks are Internet service provider (ISP) or network service providers (NSPs) networks that provide end user network services to home and business Internet users. ISPs typically have networks at multiple geographic sites where the backbone network also has provider edge network devices to interface with ISP networks. More specifically, embodiments provide for assigning one of a plurality of backbone networks to handle communications associated with an ISP network address. An external least cost routing protocol process, such as border gateway protocol (BGP), can be used to assign a backbone network to an ISP network address. An internal least cost routing protocol process can be used to ensure that packets addressed to the ISP network address are routed through the assigned backbone. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, a provider edge node carries out an external least cost routing protocol to select a least cost backbone associated with a given ISP network address. The provider edge node assigns a next hop loopback address to the given ISP network address. The next hop loopback address is reachable through the selected backbone network. The next hop loopback address is advertised in combination with the given ISP network address over one or more of the backbone networks. An internal least cost routing protocol process is carried out to notify one or more other provider edge devices that the next hop loopback address is reachable at least cost through the selected backbone network. In some embodiments, a backbone identifier is associated with a given ISP network address, along with the associated next hop loopback address. One or more provider edge nodes can update or create a route map to include an association between the given ISP network address, the backbone identifier, and the next hop loopback address. 
     In accordance with various embodiments, an external least cost routing protocol process can be carried out for multiple ISP network addresses being advertised to a backbone service provider network. Because there are multiple backbones in the backbone service provider network, one or more of the ISP network addresses may be assigned a backbone network that is different from the backbone network that is assigned to one or more other ISP network addresses. The one or more ISP network addresses could be associated with a single ISP network or multiple ISP networks. As such, different ISP network addresses in one ISP network could be assigned different backbone networks. 
     In various embodiments, to ensure that packets are routed to a particular next hop loopback address via an assigned backbone network, the next hop loopback address is tagged with an identifier for the assigned backbone network. An advertisement can include a tag associated with the assigned backbone network and/or the next hop loopback address, in order to identify a route through the assigned backbone network to handle communications for associated network addresses. 
     According to some embodiments, the backbone network selection process and the existence of multiple backbone networks is invisible to the ISP networks and endpoints associated with the ISP network addresses. As such, backbone network service with multiple backbone networks need not appear any different than backbone network service with a single backbone network. Although in various embodiments a particular backbone network is assigned to each ISP network address, in some embodiments, one or more other backbone networks can be used as backup networks for the assigned backbone network. 
     Typically, a backbone network service provider initially has one backbone network. The backbone network service provider may add one or more backbone networks to the backbone network service provider network. When one or more backbone networks are added, ISP network addresses and/or routes may be migrated from the initial backbone network to one or more of the new backbone networks. Migrating involves reassigning one or more ISP network addresses to the new backbone networks. A redistribution process can be performed to cause provider edge devices to route packets to a destination ISP network address via the backbone network assigned to the destination ISP network address. An embodiment of the redistribution process includes core nodes on a new backbone network carrying out an internal least cost routing protocol process with provider edge nodes and another internal least cost routing protocol process with core nodes throughout the new backbone network. The next hop loopback address associated with the new backbone network and associated migrated ISP network addresses are advertised across the new backbone network with a lower cost metric than the a corresponding cost metric for the initial backbone network. 
     Some embodiments relate to a network architecture that includes a backbone node having of independent routers or switches connected in matrix configuration resulting in a node switching capacity that is greater than the node switching capacity of the individual routers. The routers or switches may be connected in an N.times.M Internet Protocol (IP) implemented CLOS matrix, where N&gt;1 is the number of stages in the matrix and M&gt;1 is the number of routers or switches in each stage. Using this network architecture and matrix, the traffic is directed among the routers or switches using standard IP or Ethernet routing protocols and load balancing techniques that may include but are not limited to equal cost load balancing, traffic engineering, or flow based load balancing. The links are provisioned on the routers in a manner to best interoperate with traffic balancing of the node. 
     DEFINITIONS 
     A “module” is a self-contained functional component. A module may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. 
     The terms “connected” or “coupled” and related terms are used in an operational sense and are not necessarily limited to a direct connection or coupling. 
     The phrases “in one embodiment,” “according to one embodiment,” and the like generally mean the particular feature, structure, or characteristic following the phrase is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention, and may be included in more than one embodiment of the present invention. Importantly, such phases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. 
     If the specification states a component or feature “may”, “can”, “could”, or “might” be included or have a characteristic, that particular component or feature is not required to be included or have the characteristic. 
     The terms “responsive” and “in response to” includes completely or partially responsive. 
     The term “computer-readable media” is media that is accessible by a computer, and can include, without limitation, computer storage media and communications media. Computer storage media generally refers to any type of computer-readable memory, such as, but not limited to, volatile, non-volatile, removable, or non-removable memory. Communication media refers to a modulated signal carrying computer-readable data, such as, without limitation, program modules, instructions, or data structures. 
     The term “backbone network” or “backbone” refers to a network that communicably connects two or more networks or subnetworks and provides communication traffic routing therebetween. A backbone network is typically geographically distributed to provide routing between multiple geographic sites. Thus, in some cases, a backbone network is a wide area network (WAN). Backbone networks include core routers and other nodes that facilitate packet routing. 
     A “customer network” or “provider network” are examples of third party networks that may interface with a provider edge network or device to thereby communicate across one or more backbone networks. 
     A “customer edge device” or “provider edge device” are devices that interface with third party networks, such as customer networks, and one or more backbone networks to route traffic between the third party networks and the one or more backbone networks. Typically, customer edge devices interface with one or more core nodes, such as core routers, in the backbone networks to route communication traffic to and from the backbone networks. 
     A “customer edge networks”, “provider edge network”, or “peering edge network” are networks communicably between third party networks and one or more backbone networks, and include one or more customer edge devices. In some embodiments, a local area network (LAN) is communicably located between backbone network core nodes and customer edge network nodes. 
     Various systems and processes have been developed to provide backbone network routing between networks. These systems can be used individually or together to form a cost effective, scalable core backbone network and/or edge network. The systems include a multi-chassis Ethernet router (“MER”), a multiple parallel backbone configuration (“N.times.BB”), and a LAN in the middle (“LIM”) configuration. 
     Multi-Chassis Ethernet Router (MER) 
     One way to scale backbone networks larger at lower costs is to use a network or matrix of Ethernet switches to perform the functions currently being performed by expensive routers. These Ethernet switch matrices can be used in place of the terabit Multiple protocol Label Switching (MPLS) backbone routers, as well as in place of gigabit access routers at the edge of a network backbone. By using the Ethernet switch matrices, unit costs can be lowered. 
     While cost is a concern, scalability (i.e., the ability to grow with bandwidth demands) is also a concern when designing and implementing new systems. In fact, some forecasters are estimating a significant demand growth. Thus, the ability to scale the network at reasonable costs may be desirable in some cases. 
     In one embodiment, the MER will comprise a multi-stage CLOS matrix (e.g., 3 stages) router built out of Ethernet switches. The MER will use IP protocols to distribute traffic load across multiple switch stages. This design leverages existing technology, but allows scalability by adding additional Ethernet switches, additional stages, a combination or both, or new, inexpensive MERs. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagrammatic illustration of one embodiment of a 3-stage MER  100  in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. In this particular embodiment, the MER utilizes 4 Ethernet switches  102  in each of the three stages  104   a - 104   c . Again, additional switches  102  or stages can be added. In this particular example, as illustrated by the arrows in  FIG. 1 , traffic destined out L34 arrives at L11. L11 equally distributes the traffic across L21-L24 using one or more load balancing or distribution methods. L21-L24 forwards traffic to L34, which combines the flows and forwards them out the necessary links. This design provides a dramatic increase in scale. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, a 4.times.MER  100  provides a 4.times. increase in node size. The maximum increase for a 3 stage fabric is (n{circumflex over (0)}2)/2, where n is the number of switches used in each stage. Five stage and seven stage matrices will further increase scalability. 
     The Multi-Chassis Ethernet Router  100  may be viewed as a packet-level CLOS matrix. While CLOS matrices are known for use in bit-level applications, CLOS matrices have not been implemented in a network of Ethernet switches operating on the packet level, which is what this particular implementation provides. Further, the CLOS matrices typically implemented in the very expensive MPLS routers are implemented using proprietary software and are encompassed into a single box. In this particular implementation, multiple inexpensive Ethernet switches are formed into the matrix, and the CLOS distribution is implemented using IP protocols, rather than a proprietary software. Further, in this particular implementation, the CLOS matrix is implemented at each hop of the switches, instead of in a single device. Other protocols can be used in other embodiments. 
     After the Ethernet switches  102  are connected together, the packets and/or packet cells can be distributed to the different stages  104  of the matrix using flow based load balancing. Internal gateway protocols (“IGP”) can be used to implement the load balancing techniques. In some embodiments, the MER  100  can utilize equal cost load balancing, so that each third-stage box (i.e., L31, L32, L33 and L34) associated with a destination receives the same amount of traffic. For example, if boxes L1, L2 and L3 all communicate with a New York-based provider edge site or router, each box will receive the same amount of traffic. This technique is relatively easy to implement and scales well, when new MERs are implemented. 
     In another embodiment, traffic on the MER  100  can be distributed using bandwidth aware load balancing techniques, such as traffic engineering techniques (e.g., MPLS traffic engineering) that send packets to the least busy switch. In one embodiment, the middle layer  104   b  can run the traffic engineering functionality, thus making intelligent routing decisions. 
     In yet another embodiment, traffic awareness techniques in the middle layer  104   b  (i.e., L21, L22, L23, and L24) can be used to determine what the downstream traffic requirements might be. That is, the middle layer  104   b  can determine demand placed on the third or last layer  104   c  and then determine routing based on the capacity needs. In this embodiment, the middle layer  104   b  can receive demand or capacity information from the last (e.g., third) layer  104   c  via traffic engineering-tunnels (e.g., MPLS tunnels) or via layer 2 VLANS. Alternatively, changes to IGP can be leveraged to communicate bandwidth information to the middle layer  104   b . For example, switch L31 can communicate to the middle layer  104   b  (e.g., via IGP or other protocols) that it is connected to a New York-based site with 30 Gb of traffic. The middle layer  104   b  can use this protocol information, as well as information from the other switches, to load balance the MER  100 . 
     In another embodiment, an implementation of the MER  100  can use a control box or a route reflector to manage the MER  100 . In some embodiments, the route reflector or control box can participate in or control routing protocols, keep routing statistics, trouble shoot problems with the MER, scale routing protocols, or the like. In one embodiment the route reflector can implement the routing protocols. So, instead of a third stage in a MER communicating with a third stage in another MER, a route reflector associated with a MER could communicate with a route reflector associated with the other MER to determine routing needs and protocols. The route reflector could utilize border gateway protocols (“BGP”) or IGP route reflection protocols could be used (e.g., the route reflector could act as an area border router). 
     Multiple Parallel Backbones (N.times.BB) 
     Another implementation that can be utilized to scale a core backbone network is to create multiple parallel backbone networks. One embodiment of a multiple parallel backbone architecture  200  is illustrated in  FIG. 2 . With the N.times.BB configuration  200 , traffic can be split across multiple backbones to increase scale. More specifically, each backbone network can be selectively assigned to one or more network addresses, such that the assigned backbone network handles communication traffic (e.g., packets) associated with the assigned one or more network addresses. 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2 , the multiple parallel backbone architecture  200  has deployed therein a series of parallel backbone networks  202   a - 202   e  between core sites. The backbones can use large MPLS routers, Ethernet switches, the MERs discussed above, or any other suitable routing technology. In addition, in the illustrated embodiment, peers  204   a - 204   n  can connect to the backbones  202  through a common peering infrastructure or edge  206  connected to each backbone, and customers  208   a - 208   n  can connect to specific backbone edges  210   a - 210   e . That is, peers  204  are connected to the parallel backbone networks  202  (BB, BB1, BB2, BB3 and BB4) through a single peering edge  206 , and customers  208  are connected to the backbones  202  through separate edge networks  210 . In  FIG. 2 , each backbone network  202  has its own customer edge  210  network. In alternative embodiments, however, only one or just a couple of edge networks  210  might be utilized (similar to one peering edge). The edge network  210  also can use different routing technologies, including the MERs discussed above. The use of MERs can help with scaling of the peering edge  206 . 
     The arrows in  FIG. 2  illustrate an example of traffic flows  212  in a parallel backbone network architecture  200 . In this example, traffic  214  destined for customers A-Z  208   a - 208   n  arrives from Peer #2  204   b . Devices on the peering edge network  206 , such as provider edge devices, split traffic across the multiple backbones  202  based on the final destination of the traffic (e.g., peering edge  206  can distribute traffic based on IP destination prefix). Then each of the backbones  202  forwards traffic through its associated customer edge  210  to the final customer  208  destination. 
     This multiple parallel backbone network  200  can have many advantages. For example, parallel backbone networks  202  make switching needs smaller in each backbone, so Ethernet switches and/or MERs can be used. In addition, the parallel backbone configuration  200  can leverage existing routing and control protocols, such as BGP tools like traffic engineering, confederations, MBGP, and the like. The use of the traffic engineering protocols can help steer traffic to the appropriate backbone network(s)  202 . Further, with the existence of multiple backbone networks  202 , fault tolerant back-up systems can be created for mission critical applications. That is, one or more backbone networks  202  can be used for disaster recovery and/or back-up purposes. 
     Further, in yet other embodiments, the parallel backbones  202  can be organized and utilized based on different factors. For example, a peer  204  could have one or more backbone networks  202  dedicated to it. Similarly, a customer network  208  (e.g., an ISP network) could have one or more backbone networks  202  dedicated to it. In yet other embodiments, customers  208  can be allocated across backbones  202  based on traffic and/or services. For example, Voice Over IP (VoIP) might use one or more backbones  202 , while other IP service might use other backbones  202 . Thus, backbones  202  can be provisioned by peer  204 , customer  208 , service, traffic volume or any other suitable provisioning parameter. 
     Further, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , a combination of multi-chassis Ethernet routers (MER)  302  and parallel backbones (N.times.BB)  304  can be used for even greater scaling. For example, as illustrated in the example in  FIG. 3 , a 300 G Ethernet switch  306  capacity could be increased 64.times. to 19,200 G using a combination of MER  302  and parallel backbones  304 . In this example, an 8.times.MER  310  and an 8.times. parallel backbone architecture  312  is combined to obtain a 64.times. scalability multiple parallel MER-based network architecture  314 . Scalability can be even larger if larger MERs  302  (e.g., 16.times. or 32.times.) and/or more parallel backbones  304  are used. Thus, these technologies used alone and/or together can help scale capacity greatly. 
     Further, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , an Ethernet-based core network  402  (e.g, a core network based on MERs  404 ) can be added as a parallel core network  402  to existing MPLS core networks  406 , thus adding easy scalability at a reasonable price without having to replace existing core networks  402 . The new parallel core network  402  and the MPLS core network  406  are interconnected at peering sites in a peering edge network  408 . In this implementation, some existing customers as well as new customers could be migrated  410  from an existing customer edge network  412  to a new customer edge network  414 . Traffic for the customers who are migrated to the new customer edge network  414  could be routed to the new Ethernet-core backbone  402 . Alternatively, specific services, such as VoIP could be put on the new backbone  402 , while leaving other services on the MPLS network  406 . Many different scenarios of use of the two cores could be contemplated and used. 
       FIG. 5  is another illustration of the Ethernet-based parallel core  502  in parallel with an existing MPLS core  504 . External least cost routing protocol techniques, such as BGP techniques, can be used to select which backbone to use on a per destination basis. To illustrate with the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , destination addresses A.1 and A.2 are advertised through a customer edge network  506 . Candidate routes are marked with a BGP community identifier, such as community string  508  or  510  (and IP next hop loopback address), as illustrated with advertisements  512  and  514 , respectively. In the particular scenario shown in  FIG. 5 , the community strings are used in the least-cost routing process to route packets destined for address “A.1” through backbone 0 (BB0), and to route packets destined for address “A.2” through backbone 2 (BB2). 
     As such, community strings can effectively force packets through the backbone networks based on the destination address. The selection can be done on a route by route basis and could vary based on source. In one embodiment, provider edge devices in the provider edge network  516  select the backbone based on route. Alternatively, a customer-based global policy can be used so that all traffic exiting a specific set of customer parts would use the same backbone. Route selection and route maps can be automatically generated by capacity planning tools. 
     LAN in the Middle (LIM) 
     Another network implementation that could used to scale backbone cores is the LIM. One embodiment of a LIM  602  is illustrated in  FIG. 6 . In the illustrated embodiment, core routers  604   a - 604   n  are connected to edge routers  606   a - 606   n  through Ethernet switches  608   a - 608   n . This is a similar configuration to the MERs discussed above, except existing core routers and edge routers are used in stages 1 and 3, instead of all stages using Ethernet switches. The benefit of this configuration is that the existing routers can be scaled larger without having to replace them with Ethernet switches. Using Ethernet switches in the middle layer and using CLOS matrices, as discussed above, will increase capacity of the existing core routers  604  and edge routers  606 . In one embodiment, the core  604  and edge routers  606  will be responsible for provisioning the traffic through the matrix  608 . 
       FIG. 7  is a diagrammatic illustration of an alternative embodiment of a LIM  700 . Customer facing provider edges (PE)  702  can, for example, have 4.times.10 G to the LIM With a 1+1 protection, this would allow 20 G customer facing working traffic. On the WAN facing side, each provider or core router (P)  704  has 4.times.10 G to the LIM. With 1+1 protection, this allows at least 20 G of WAN traffic. 
     Routing Through Multiple Backbone Network Architecture 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary network  800  including multiple parallel backbone networks  802   a - 802   b  and a provider edge device  804 . The network  800  provides backbone network services to first and second customer networks, such as customer network A  806   a  and customer network B  806   b . Customer network A  806   a  has an associated IP address denoted here as A.1 for ease of illustration, and customer network B  806   b  has an associated IP address of B.1. IP addresses reachable on the customer network A  806   a  are more generally denoted as A.X and IP addresses reachable on the customer network B  806   b  are more generally denoted as B.X. 
     Nodes, such as routers, on the customer network A  806   a  and the customer network B  806   b  advertise A.X addresses and B.X addresses, respectively, so that the provider edge device PE1  804 , and other network  800  nodes, can determine how to route packets to the A.X addresses and B.X addresses. Advertisements from customer network A  806   a  and customer network B  806   b  are illustrated by arrows  808   a  and  808   b , respectively. 
     PE1  804  is labeled with site identifier “WDC”, which stands for Washington D.C. Thus, in the illustrated scenario, PE1  804  handles communications associated with customer networks in the Washington D.C. area. The use of WDC, or any other specific site identifier, is merely for illustrative convenience, and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the processes described here with respect to PE1  804  can be carried out by any provider edge device, regardless of the customer site. The description here relates to processes for routing packets to customer addresses when multiple backbone networks are employed. Therefore, although nodes at addresses A.X and B.X may be both sources and destinations for data, addresses A.X and B.X are referred to as “destination addresses” here for illustrative convenience. 
     Routing through the network  800  can be performed according to any of numerous criteria or policies. Examples include cost-based routing (e.g., least cost routing), customer specified multi-exit discriminators (MEDs), and local preference settings. For purposes of illustration, it is assumed to customer specified policies and local preference settings are honored, and the manner of routing through the network  800  is according to a least cost routing policy. 
     PE1  804  receives one or more advertisements from nodes in customer network A  806   a  and customer network B  806   b . The PE1  804  determines which of the backbone networks to assign to A.X addresses and which of the backbone networks to assign to the B.X addresses. In one embodiment, the PE1 selects backbone networks based on an external least cost routing policy, such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). In this embodiment, the shortest exit behavior is maintained regardless of the backbone network that is selected for each of A.X addresses and B.X addresses. In the particular scenario shown in  FIG. 8 , backbone network  802   a  is selected to handle communications associated with customer network A  806   a  and backbone network  802   b  is selected to handle communications associated with customer network B  806   b.    
     To enforce the policy of using backbone network  802   a  for A.X addresses and backbone network  802   b  for B.X addresses, a next hop least cost routing protocol metric is used. In one embodiment, a next hop IGP metric is used to enforce route selection. PE1  804  advertises a first next hop loopback address L0 associated with A.X addresses and a second next hop loopback address L1 associated with B.X addresses. Address L0 and address L2 each are associated with ports on PE1  804 . In one embodiment, the PE1 uses OSPF tagging to propagate tags associated with each of L0 and L2 through backbone network  802   a  and backbone network  802   b . As shown in more detail below, cost metrics can be associated with next hop loopback addresses in such a way that packets destined for A.X addresses are routed through backbone network  802   a  and packets destined for B.X addresses are routed through backbone network  802   b.    
     In accordance with one embodiment, PE1  804  generates a route map that includes routing information related to A.X addresses and B.X addresses. In the particular scenario shown in  FIG. 8 , the route map may have an association between A.X and L0 and another association between A.X and backbone network  802   a  (BB0). Similarly, the route map may have an association between B.X and L2 and another association between B.X and backbone network  802   b  (BB2). The identifiers BB0 and BB2 are referred to as community identifiers, and can be propagated through the backbone networks in association with their assigned customer address. A simplified example of a route map is shown below for illustration: 
     PE1.WDC Route Map 
     Match A.X 
     set next hop L0.PE1.WDC.CUST.NET 
     set community BB0 
     Match B.X 
     set next hop L2.PE1.WDC.CUST.NET 
     set community BB2 
     Initially, a provider of backbone network services will have one backbone network, which is a wide area network. The backbone network services provider may add one or more additional backbone area networks to its network architecture for a number of reasons. Additional backbone networks may provide for better routing efficiency or scalability. The backbone network service provider may increase the number of backbone networks as a result of a merger with another backbone network service provider. Regardless of the reason for adding one or more backbone networks, the backbone network service provider can carry out a process of migrating some network service provider routes to the one or more added backbone networks.  FIGS. 9-10  illustrate a process that could be carried out to support the migration of ISP routes in accordance with one embodiment. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates the exemplary network architecture shown in  FIG. 8 , wherein community strings are used to facilitate destination-based selective backbone network routing, and wherein costs are assigned to next hop loopback addresses in a manner that enforces routing of packets through an assigned backbone network. For ease of illustration, only two backbone networks are shown: BB0  902   a  and BB2  902   b . It will be understood that more backbone networks may be provided. A first provider edge device PE1.WDC  904   a  interfaces with customer networks in Washington D.C., while a second provider edge device PE1.LAX  904   b  interfaces with customer networks in Los Angeles. 
     PE1.WDC  904   a  is communicably connected to a first WDC-based core node  906   a , labeled P.BB0.WDC, on BB0  902   a , and a second WDC-based core node  906   b , labeled P.BB2.WDC, on BB2  902   b . PE1.LAX  904   b  is communicably connected to a first LAX-based core node  908   a , labeled P.BB0.WDC, on BB0  902   a , and a second LAX-based core node  908   b , labeled P.BB2.WDC, on BB2  902   b.    
     In the illustrated scenario, next hop loopback address L0 has been assigned to customer addresses A.X and next hop loopback address L2 has been assigned to customer addresses B.X. Embodiments advertise L0 and L2 in a manner that ensures that address L0 is reached via BB0  902   a  and L2 is reached via BB2  902   b . In one specific scenario, B.X traffic is migrated to BB2  902   b  using a cost-based redistribution process. 
     To illustrate, PE1.WDC  904   a  may advertise L0 at an initial cost and L2 at an initial cost to both the first WDC-based core node  906   a  and the second WDC-based core node  906   b . The initial cost may be the same. The second WDC-based core node  906   b  redistributes the L0 and L2 addresses by advertising only L2 with a tag of WDC. The second core node  906   b  typically adds a cost to the initial cost attributed to L2. The second LAX-based core node  908   b  receives the advertisement and forms another advertisement. 
     In forming this advertisement, the second LAX-based core node  908   b  reduces the cost associated with address L2 to be slightly less than the cost associated with L0. The second LAX-based core node  908   b  includes a “redistributes” tag in the advertisement and communicates the advertisement to PE1.LAX  904   b . PE1.LAX  904   b  creates a route map including an association between B.X, L2, and BB2  902   b . As such, when PE1.LAX  904   b  receives packets that are addressed to B.X, PE1.LAX  904   b  will first identify L2 as the least cost route to reach B.X, and will then determine that the second LAX-based core node  908   b  is the least cost node to send the packets to. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a dual internal cost-based link state generation process in which edge routers on the edges of backbone networks in a multiple parallel backbone network architecture run two internal cost-based link state generation processes for a wide area network facing side and a local area network facing side. 
     The network configuration  1000  illustrated in  FIG. 10  includes a first local area network  1002  and a second local area network  1004 . Communicably connected to the LAN  1002  is a provider edge node PE1  1006 ; communicably connected to the LAN  1004  is another provider edge node PE2  1008 . A first backbone network BB1  1010  and a second backbone network BB2  1012  are communicably disposed between the first LAN  1002  and the second LAN  1004 . The first backbone network  1010  includes four core nodes: N1P1  1014 , N1P2  1016 , N1P3  1018 , and N1P4  1020 . The second backbone includes four core nodes: N2P1  1022 , N2P2  1024 , N2P3  1026 , and N2P4  1028 . 
     In the scenario illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the second backbone network  1012  is added to the network configuration  1000 , in which the first network backbone network  1010  initially existed and handled all provider/customer communication traffic between the first provider edge node  1006  and the second provider edge node  1008 . After the second backbone network  1012  is added, selected provider/customer communication traffic can be handled by the second backbone network  1012 . The first backbone network  1010  may or may not serve as a backup network to handle communication traffic that is handled by the second backbone network  1012 . 
     A redistribution process is performed to cause the selected communication traffic to handled by the second backbone network  1012 . After the communication traffic is selected to be handled by the new backbone network  1012 , the redistribution process generally involves performing an internal least cost routing protocol process within the first LAN  1002  and the second LAN  1004 , and performing another internal least cost routing protocol process between core nodes in the second backbone network  1012 . First, selected provider/customer addresses and/or routes are assigned to the backbone network  1012 , and a local port address (e.g., L2, 2.2.2.2) is assigned to the selected customer/provider addresses and/or routes. Then, internal least cost routing protocol processes are performed to propagate the local port addresses throughout the network configuration  1000  to ensure that communication traffic is routed across the correct backbone network. 
     To illustrate, a local or LAN-based OSPF process is performed between PE1  1006  and the core nodes N1P1  1014 . N1P2  1016 , N2P1  1022 , and N2P2  1024 . This LAN-based OSPF process  1030  involves propagating OSPF tags to the core nodes. In the particular scenario illustrated in  FIG. 10 , PE1  1006  sends a first tag (e.g., tag1) to core nodes of N1P1  1014  and N1P2  1016  that corresponds to the route associated with a next hop loopback address L0 (1.1.1.1). PE1  1006  sends another tag (e.g., tag2) to the core nodes N2P1  1022  and N2P2  1024  that corresponds to the route associated with next hop loopback address L2 (2.2.2.2). 
     The core routers on the second backbone network  1012  perform another OSPF process  1032  within the second backbone network  1012 . In the particular exemplary scenario, the core routers N2P1  1022  and N2P2  1024  propagate next hop loopback tag2 associated with address L2 (2.2.2.2) to core routers N2P3  1026  and N2P4  1028 . 
       FIG. 11  is a flowchart illustrating an algorithm  1100  for carrying out least cost routing in a multiple backbone network architecture. In this embodiment, it is assumed that a provider edge node learns of, or otherwise determines, destination network addresses on networks being served, such as ISP networks. In a selecting operation  1102 , a provider edge node selects a backbone for handling communications associated with one or more destination network addresses. In one embodiment of the selecting operation, for each destination network address, the provider edge node performs an external least cost routing protocol process, such as border gateway protocol (BGP), to choose a backbone network from a plurality of backbone networks, which will result in least cost routing of packets to the destination network address. 
     In an assigning operation  1104 , a next hop loopback address is assigned to each destination network address. The next hop loopback address corresponds to a port on the provider edge network that is reachable via the selected backbone network. In an advertising operation  1106 , each next hop loopback address and associated destination network address is advertised over one or more of the backbone networks. One embodiment of the advertising operation  1106  involves carrying out an internal least cost routing protocol process, such as OSPF/ISIS or other Internal Gateway Protocol (IGP) process. Using OSPF, tags associated with the next hop loopback address and/or the assigned backbone network are propagated through one or more backbone networks to identify backbone routes to be used for associated destination network addresses. 
     In a setting operation  1108 , another provider edge node, such as a source provider edge node, sets a cost associated with each next hop loopback address to be reached across one or more of the backbone networks. In one embodiment, an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and/or ISIS protocol process is performed between the source provider edge node and a core routing node on the assigned backbone network to cause the cost of reaching the next hop loopback address to be lower when using the assigned backbone network than any of the other networks. In this process, the next hop loopback address can be tagged with the backbone network associated with the next hop loopback address. 
     Exemplary Computing Device 
       FIG. 12  is a schematic diagram of a computing device  1200  upon which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented and carried out. The components of the computing device  1200  are illustrative of components that a SIP registration server may include or a server computer that carries out a relocation determination process as discussed above. 
     As discussed herein, embodiments of the present invention include various steps. A variety of these steps may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. 
     According to the present example, the computing device  1200  includes a bus  1201 , at least one processor  1202 , at least one communication port  1203 , a main memory  1204 , a removable storage media  1205 , a read only memory  1206 , and a mass storage  1207 . Processor(s)  1202  can be any know processor, such as, but not limited to, an Intel® Itanium.® or Itanium 2® processor(s), or AMD® Opteron® or Athlon MP® processor(s) or Motorola® lines of processors. Communication port(s)  1203  can be any of an RS-232 port for use with a modem based dialup connection, a 10/100 Ethernet port, a Gigabit port using copper or fiber, or a USB port. Communication port(s)  1203  may be chosen depending on a network such a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or any network to which the computing device  1200  connects. The computing device  1200  may be in communication with peripheral devices (not shown) such as, but not limited to, printers, speakers, cameras, microphones, or scanners. 
     Main memory  1204  can be Random Access Memory (RAM), or any other dynamic storage device(s) commonly known in the art. Read only memory  1206  can be any static storage device(s) such as Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) chips for storing static information such as instructions for processor  1202 . Mass storage  1207  can be used to store information and instructions. For example, hard disks such as the Adaptec® family of SCSI drives, an optical disc, an array of disks such as RAID, such as the Adaptec family of RAID drives, or any other mass storage devices may be used. 
     Bus  1201  communicatively couples processor(s)  1202  with the other memory, storage and communication blocks. Bus  1201  can be a PCI/PCI-X, SCSI, or USB based system bus (or other) depending on the storage devices used. Removable storage media  1205  can be any kind of external hard-drives, floppy drives, IOMEGA® Zip Drives, Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Compact Disc-Re-Writable (CD-RW), Digital Video Disk-Read Only Memory (DVD-ROM). 
     Various modifications and additions can be made to the exemplary embodiments discussed without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, while the embodiments described above refer to particular features, the scope of this invention also includes embodiments having different combinations of features and embodiments that do not include all of the described features. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations together with all equivalents thereof. 
     Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.