Patent Publication Number: US-2018035013-A1

Title: 3d printer interface lockout

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/223,679, filed on Jul. 29, 2016, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to authenticating a user of a 3D printer, and more specifically, to preventing unauthorized use of a 3D printer. 
     BACKGROUND 
     3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is a process of making three dimensional solid objects based on blueprints provided by digital files. The synthesis of the desired 3D solid object is achieved by strategically generating successive layers of an additive material in a pattern on a platform of a 3D printer until the entire object is created. The synthesis of the 3D object is driven by the digital files that provide the specifications that describe how to create the pattern of layers and the materials used to generate the object. The digital files specifying the design are provided by the user, and examples of the digital files read by the 3D printer include G-code files, computer-aided design (“CAD”) files, STereoLithography (“STL”) CAD files, and other file types generally used in additive manufacturing processes. In some instances, the digital files refer to a 3D model of a new object, but alternatively, the digital files can refer to a copy of an object derived from the usage of a 3D scanner. 
     The generation of the successive layers of the additive material can be performed, for example, according to any one of: (1) Vat Photopolymerisation, (2) Material Jetting, (3) Binder Jetting, (4) Direction Energy Deposition, (5) Powder Bed Fusion, (6) Sheet Lamination, or (7) Material Extrusion. Specific processes of Material Extrusion used to generate the successive layers can involve making sequential deposits using fused deposition modeling (“FDM”), fused filament fabrication (“FFF”), or Direct Ink Writing (“DIW”). 
     The materials used as the “ink” of the 3D printer to generate the 3D object can include, for example, any of: powder material, polymer material, thermoplastics, eutectic metals, edible materials, rubbers, modeling clay, plasticine, metal clay, ceramic materials, metal alloys, papers, composite materials composed of ceramics and metallic materials (“cermet”), metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, photopolymers, plaster, stainless steel, aluminum, plastic film, and metal foil. 
     3D printers are generally protected from external influences by a build cage, and, within the build cage, the 3-D printer typically includes the following: (1) at least one extruder, (2) a guide rail system, (3) a build platform, (4) at least one filament spool, (5) and at least one motor for maneuvering the at least one extruder. In addition, the extruder can include a cooling system to regulate the temperature of the extruder. 
     Typically, during the operation of an FFF 3D printer, a plastic filament is unwound from a filament spool and supplied to an extruder. The extruder applies heat at a specific temperature to the filament, which melts the plastic filament to start material flow. Once the plastic filament has begun to flow, the motor for maneuvering the extruder uses the guide rail system to position (both horizontally and vertically) the extruder relative to the build platform to apply a first layer of the 3D object to the build platform. Due the characteristics of the filament and the cooling system of the extruder, the filament cools shortly after it has been extruded. Once the first layer has been applied, the extruder is repositioned, and a second layer is applied on the surface of the first layer. This process is repeated until the 3D object is fully constructed. 
     Some 3D printers include a touch screen interface, which allows users to easily interact with the 3D printer. The touch screen interface typically includes a touch sensor panel, which may be a clear panel with a touch-sensitive surface, a display device that can be positioned behind the panel so that the touch-sensitive surface substantially covers the viewable area of the display device, and a computer processor to interpret signals from the touch-sensitive surface. The touch screen interface allow a user to provide various types of input to the 3D printer by touching the touch sensor panel using a finger, stylus, or other object at a location dictated by a user interface being displayed by a display device. This interaction can include, for example, inputting commands, adjusting settings, viewing information, etc. 
     In general, the touch screen interface can recognize a touch event (i.e., user interaction) and the position of the touch event on the touch sensor panel, can then interpret the touch event in accordance with the display appearing at the time of the touch event,and thereafter can perform one or more actions based on the touch event. 
     SUMMARY 
     Example embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems to prevent unauthorized use of a 3D printer and to verify that an adult is operating the 3D printer. 
     3D printing requires precision during the printing process, since each layer must be precisely positioned relative to other, e.g., previously printed, layers. Therefore, it is desirable to prevent a user from interfering with the 3D printer during the printing process. Specifically, it is important that no external forces interfere with the motor, guiderail system, extruder, or the build platform as a 3D objected is printed. 
     Furthermore, it is advantageous to protect a user from dangerous conditions that occur during the printing process, since the operating temperature of the extruder can reach upwards of 397° F., which can cause serious injury to the user. Therefore, it is desirable for a 3D printer to prevent a user from inadvertently contacting the motor, guiderail system, extruder, or the build platform during the printing process. 
     Furthermore, operating a 3D printer requires adult supervision. Therefore, it is desirable for a 3D printer to have the capabilities to prevent an unsupervised child from operating the 3D printer. In particular, it is desirable for a 3D printer to be capable of differentiating between a child user and an adult user. 
     According to an example embodiment of the present invention, a method for authenticating a user of a 3D printer to prevent unauthorized use of the 3D printer includes, responsive to user manipulation of a touch screen interface for operating the 3D printer, obtaining a user profile from a set of user profiles, each user profile corresponding to a respective user and including a stored multi-digit number; prompting the user, by the touch screen interface of the 3D printer, to input a personal identification number (PIN); preventing use of the 3D printer if the PIN does not match the stored multi-digit number; and proceeding with an authentication procedure for authenticating the user if the PIN does match the stored multi-digit number. 
     In an example embodiment, the user profile includes at least one of contact information of the user and an answer to at least one verification question. In an example embodiment, if the PIN does not match the stored multi-digit number, the method includes notifying the user of the incorrectly input PIN, using the contact information; and updating the user profile with an updated stored multi-digit number. Additionally, if the PIN matches the stored multi-digit number, in an example embodiment, the method proceeds with the authentication procedure, which, in an example embodiment, includes prompting the user to input a response to the at least one verification question, where, if the response matches the stored answer to the at least one verification question, the user is authenticated and a processor allows the user to operate the 3D printer, but, if the response does not match the stored answer to the at least one verification question, the method locks the user out from using the 3D printer. 
     In an example embodiment, in the case of the lockout of the user from using the 3D printer due to entry of an incorrect answer to the security question, the processor uses the stored contact information, e.g., e-mail address, e.g., by transmitting an e-mail to the stored e-mail address, to notify the user that there has been an incident in which the 3D printer was attempted to be used with entry of an incorrect answer to the stored security question, that the previously stored PIN has been disabled, and that a temporary PIN has been assigned (and stored in the user profile). The user can then access an interface, e.g., via a computer terminal, to modify the user profile, e.g., by setting a new PIN, setting a new security question, and/or setting a new answer to the security question. In an example embodiment, in the case of the lockout of the user from using the 3D printer due to entry of an incorrect answer to the security question, the processor also displays on the touch screen interface a message noting that the user has been locked out from use of the 3D printer and/or that a new PIN has been reassigned. In an example embodiment, that a new PIN has been reassigned is displayed on the touchscreen without display of the new PIN, so that user access to the new PIN is via the contact medium of the stored contact information. The authentication procedure even following correct input of the PIN is particularly advantageous because it can occur that a person with a relationship to the user to whom the PIN is assigned, e.g., a child, obtains access to the user&#39;s PIN, e.g., based on intimate knowledge of the user&#39;s life, characteristics, etc., but despite the relationship should not operate the printer due to safety reasons, e.g., a minor child. The authentication procedure can function as a precaution to lockout such a person, e.g., the minor child, and provide the user with an opportunity to reset the PIN to one unknown to the unauthorized person. 
     In an example embodiment, the method includes detecting, by the touch screen interface, a force applied to the touch screen interface to operate the 3D printer; comparing the applied force to a force threshold value; and preventing use of the 3D printer if the applied force is less than the force threshold value. Furthermore, the method includes detecting, by the touch screen interface, a number of inputs used to apply the applied force; preventing use of the 3D printer if the number of inputs used to apply the applied force is greater than one, where the respectively applied forces of each of the individual inputs not meeting the force threshold value; and authenticating the user as an adult if 1) the applied force is greater than or equal to the force threshold value and 2) the number of inputs used to apply the applied force is equal to one. For example, the force threshold value corresponds to an average force that an adult user can apply using a single input. In another example, the force threshold value corresponds to a value greater than an average force that a child can apply using a single input. The authentication procedure is particularly advantageous because it prevents a child, for whom it is unsafe to operate the 3D printer, from using the 3D printer, for example, even if authenticating a particular user is not required for using the 3D printer. 
     According to an example embodiment, the touch screen interface includes one or more pressure sensors (i.e., force sensors), configured to detect a force signal corresponding to an object exerting a force on the surface of the touch screen. In this manner, the touch screen interface can determine whether the touch event is creating a large force or a small force. For example, in an example embodiment, the touch screen interface includes a plurality of force sensors arranged behind the touch sensor panel, with each sensor providing an electric signal based on the deflection of the touch sensor panel when a touch event occurs. 
     These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention are described in the following detailed description in connection with certain exemplary embodiments and in view of the accompanying drawings, throughout which like characters represent like parts. However, the detailed description and the appended drawings describe and illustrate only particular example embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may encompass other equally effective embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram corresponding to a method of generating a PIN according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart depicting a method of creating a user profile according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart depicting a method of authenticating a user according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart depicting a method of authenticating a user according to an example embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a PIN generation method  100  for generating a PIN using a touch screen interface  101  of a 3D printer. In an example embodiment, touch screen interface  101  operates under control of a processor and a non-transitory storage medium on which are stored program instructions that are executable by the processor, and that, when executed by the processor, cause the process to perform methods of operating the touch screen interface  101 , such as the example methods depicted in and described below with respect to  FIGS. 1-4 . 
     In an example embodiment, touch screen interface  101  includes pressure sensors, which are configured to detect a force signal corresponding to a force exerted by an object on the surface of the touch screen interface  101 . 
     In an example embodiment, PIN Generation method  100  includes displaying, by touch screen interface  101 , Home Screen  102 , which includes, for example, user selectable options  103 ,  104 ,  105 , and  106 . Options  103 ,  104 ,  105 , and  106  include, for example, a “Build” option, a “Filament” option, a “Level” option, and a “Tool” option. Option  106  can, for example, correspond to the “Tool” option, in response to selection of which touch screen interface  101  displays Tool Screen  107 . 
     Tool Screen  107  includes, for example, user selectable options  108 ,  109 ,  110 ,  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114 , and  115 . Options  108 ,  109 ,  110 ,  111 ,  112 ,  113 ,  114 , and  115  include, for example, a “Service” option, a “Wi-Fi” option, a “Calibrate” option, a “Jog Mode” option, a “Settings” option, a “Preheat” option, an “About” option, and a “Back” option. For example, option  112  can correspond to the “Settings” option, and option  115  can correspond to the “Back” option, in response to selection of which touch screen interface  101  displays Home Screen  102 . If a user selects “Settings” option  112 , touch screen interface  101  displays Settings Screen  116 . 
     Settings Screen  116  includes, for example, user selectable options  117 ,  118 ,  119 ,  115 , and  120 , where option  115  corresponds to “Back” option in response to selection of which Tool Screen  107  is displayed. Options  117 ,  118 ,  119 , and  120  can include, for example, a “Set Pin Code” option, a “Lock After Minutes” option, a “Renew Token” option, and a “Home” option. For example, option  117  can correspond to the “Set Pin Code” option, and option  120  can correspond to the “Home” option, in response to selection of the latter of which touch screen interface  101  displays Home Screen  102 . In an example embodiment, if a user selects “Set Pin Code” option  117 , touch screen interface  101  displays Pin Creation Screen  121  via which a user can set a PIN to, going forward, require entry thereof for use of the 3D printer. 
     In an example embodiment, Pin Creation Screen  121  includes, for example, numeric keypad  122 , which allows a user to generate PIN  123 . PIN  123  can be, for example, a multi-digit number. Alternative example embodiments support an alpha-numeric PIN. Pin Creation Screen  121  also includes, for example, “Back” option  115  (for re-display of Settings Screen  116 ) and “Home” option  120  (for redisplay of Home Screen  102 ). Pin creation Screen  121  also includes, for example, “Enter” option  124 , which allows a user to set the theretofore entered number as the selected PIN  123 . In an example embodiment, once a user has entered PIN  123 , touch screen interface  101  displays, for example, Pin Verification Screen  125 . 
     In an example embodiment, Pin Verification Screen  125  includes a numeric keypad  122 , “Back” option  115  for redisplay of PIN Creation Screen  121 , “Home” Option  120  for redisplay of Home Screen  102 , and option  126 , which is, for example, a “Done” option. Pin Verification Screen  125 , for example, prompts a user to, using numeric keypad  122 , enter PIN  127  that had previously been set in PIN Creation Screen  121 . Once the user has entered PIN  127  and selected “Done” option  126 , touch screen interface  101  verifies whether PIN  127  matches PIN  123  at step  128 . If PIN  127  matches PIN  123 , touch screen interface  101  confirms that a user has properly entered PIN  123  and, for example, redisplays Home Screen  102 , e.g., with a notification of success of setting the PIN. On the other hand, if the compared PINs do not match, the method redisplays PIN Creation Screen  121  to a new entry of PIN  123 . 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart that illustrates a method  200  for creating a User Profile  204  using touch screen interface  101  of a 3D printer, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. Method  200  beings at step  201 . 
     At step  202 , touch screen interface  101  prompts a user to input information of User Profile  204 , e.g., user&#39;s email address  205 , multi-digit number  206 , answer to a verification question  207 , and other user credential information  207 . For example, upon first use of the printer, the touch screen interface  101  can prompt the creation of the profile, including setting of access information by which to limit future use of the printer to a particular user. In an example embodiment, the system permits use of an administrator profile by which to set multiple user profiles, each with respective access credentials. According to alternative example embodiments, one or more of these informational elements can be entered by separate input methods instead of or in addition to by way of this illustrated flow. For example, a method for generating a multi-digit number as a PIN has been described with respect to  FIG. 1 . In an example embodiment, a modified version of the method described with respect to  FIG. 1  can be used for the flow described with respect to  FIG. 2 , whereby screen  121  is a user profile generation screen, by which the PIN can be generated in addition to other user profile information. Other user credential information  207  may include, for example, the user&#39;s telephone number, birthdate, etc. Once the user has entered all required information for the creation of User Profile  204 , method  200  ends at step  203 . In an alternative example embodiment, the PIN and/or other user profile information can be set remotely at a user terminal that is communicatively coupled to the 3D printer that includes its touch screen interface  101 . For example, the communicatively coupled terminals are assigned to respective users who have been given permission to use the 3D printer. 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart for a user authentication method  300  using a touch screen interface  101  of a 3D printer, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. The method beings at step  301 . 
     At step  302 , e.g., in response to a user input to begin operation of the 3D printer, touch screen interface  101  obtains one or more User Profile(s)  204 . At step  303 , touch screen interface  101  prompts a user to enter PIN  209 . At step  304 , authentication method  300  determines if PIN  209  matches multi-digit number  206 . If PIN  209  does not match multi-digit number  206 , authentication method  300  proceeds to step  307 . At step  307 , authentication method  300  disables multi-digit number  206  and notifies the user associated with User Profile  204 , for example, by using user email address  205 . After multi-digit number  206  has been disabled, authentication method  300  prompts the user to enter an updated multi-digit number with which the User Profile  204  had been automatically updated and which had been indicated in the notification sent at step  307  or to enter an updated multi-digit number with which USER Profile  204  had been manually updated, e.g., in response to the notification sent  307 . For example, according to an example embodiment, the notification is an e-mail that includes a link in response to selection of which an interface is displayed, e.g., on a screen of a remote terminal, e.g., at which the e-mail is displayed, which interface includes input fields for updating the multi-digit number  206  of User Profile  204 . 
     If PIN  209  matches multi-digit number  206 , then authentication method  300  proceeds to step  305  at which touch screen interface  101  prompts the user to provide response  210  to one or more of the at least one verification question. If response  210  does not match the stored answer to verification question  207 , authentication method  300  proceeds to step  307 , which disables multi-digit number  206  and notifies the user of the disablement. 
     If response  210  matches answer to verification question  207 , authentication method  300  proceeds to step  308 , which authenticates the user as being permitted to operate the 3D printer. Method  300  ends at step  308 . 
     In an alternative example embodiment, if, at step  304 , PIN  209  matches multi-digit number  206 , authentication method  300  proceeds to step  308  without asking the user to input response  210  to a verification question. 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart that illustrates a user authentication method  400  for preventing use of a 3D printer by a minor, using touch screen interface  101  of a 3D printer, according to an example embodiment of the present invention, which authentication method can be used in combination with requiring entry of a PIN code or even where operation of the 3D printer is not limited to only specifically identified persons by way of PIN or other identification methods. User authentication method  400  begins at step  401 . 
     At step  402 , authentication method  400  prompts a user to apply pressure to touch screen interface  101 . At step  403 , authentication method  400  detects applied force  404  applied by the user. Alternatively, instead of a dedicated prompt for application of pressure and subsequent detection of pressure applied in response to the prompt, pressure applied by a user when selecting an option, via touch screen interface  101 , requesting operation of the 3D printer, is detected, the user-selection of the option beginning the authentication method  400  with step  403 . Next, at step  405 , authentication method  400  determines if applied force  404  is greater than or equal to force threshold value  406 . For example, in an example embodiment, force threshold value  406  is set to a force that an average adult can exert on touch screen interface  101  with one input, e.g., with a press of a single finger. Therefore, if applied force  405  is less than force threshold value  406 , authentication method  400  determines that an adult is not applying pressure to the touch screen interface  101 , and authentication method  400  returns to step  401 . 
     If applied force  405  is greater than or equal to force threshold value  406 , then authentication method  400  proceeds to step  407 . At step  407 , authentication method  400  determines if the user is using more than one input to apply applied force  404 . If more than one input is used to apply applied force  404 , then authentication method  400  determines that the user is not authenticated as an adult. In an example embodiment, where more than one pressure point is detected, the sensor detects whether pressure at any single one of the pressure points meets the threshold, in which case the user is authenticated but is otherwise not authenticated. The authentication method then returns to step  401 . 
     If force  404  is sensed as having been applied by a single input, e.g., a single finger, then, at step  408 , authentication method  400  authenticates the user who has applied force  404  as an adult. Authentication method  400  ends at step  409 . 
     In an example embodiment, the sensor for detecting the force includes a capacitor arrangement, where an external layer of the touch screen interface  101  is flexible and can be bent downward towards an underlying layer, where the distance between the external and underlying layers varies depending on the amount of pressure applied, which distance can be detected based on a change in capacitance in response to a change in distance between electrodes integrated in the external and underlying layers, respectively. A plurality of electrode pairs can be arranged, e.g., in a grid, so that a pattern of distance values are detectable by which to ascertain the number of pressure points used to apply pressure. For example, a single pressure point is expected to match to a stored gradient of pressure over an applied area, e.g., with greatest pressure at the center of an applied pressure and gradually lower pressure in a direction that extends radially outward from the center. If a pressure pattern includes a center of greatest pressure, followed by gradually lower pressure, and then continuing further away from the initial center with a gradual increase in pressure to another center point of high pressure, such a pattern indicates presence of two pressure points. 
     In an example embodiment, the external layer of the touch screen interface  101  can be formed of a glass or a flexible shape conforming polymer. 
     An example embodiment of the present invention is directed to processing circuitry, e.g., including one or more processors, which may be implemented using any conventional processing circuit and device or combination thereof, e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a Personal Computer (PC) or other workstation processor, to execute code provided, e.g., on a non-transitory computer-readable medium including any conventional memory device, to perform any of the methods described herein, alone or in combination. The one or more processors can be embodied in a server or user terminal or combination thereof. The user terminal can be embodied, for example, as a desktop, laptop, hand-held device, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), television set-top Internet appliance, mobile telephone, smart phone, etc., or as a combination of one or more thereof. The memory device can include any conventional permanent and/or temporary memory circuits or combination thereof, a non-exhaustive list of which includes Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Compact Disks (CD), Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), and magnetic tape. 
     An example embodiment of the present invention is directed to one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, e.g., as described above, on which are stored instructions that are executable by a processor and that, when executed by the processor, perform the various methods described herein, each alone or in combination or sub-steps thereof in isolation or in other combinations. 
     An example embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method, e.g., of a hardware component or machine, of transmitting instructions executable by a processor to perform the various methods described herein, each alone or in combination or sub-steps thereof in isolation or in other combinations. 
     The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Those skilled in the art can appreciate from the foregoing description that the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms, and that the various embodiments can be implemented alone or in combination. Therefore, while the embodiments of the present invention have been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the embodiments and/or methods of the present invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification, and following claims.