Patent Publication Number: US-2022228097-A1

Title: Modular, configurable bioreactor system for a manufacturing line

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This utility patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/139,408 filed Jan. 20, 2021, entitled System and Method for Thermal Maintenance of a Bioreactor (Attorney Docket No. AA436), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure pertains to configurable systems, and specifically to configurable manufacturing systems. In configurable manufacturing systems, the idea is to enable plug and play components to be added to and removed from a system with little to no retooling of the system, as well as to enable robust communications to upstream and downstream equipment and technologies. Plug and play is a special concern with respect to industrial systems that accommodate operable coupling of the swappable components whose footprints, characteristics, and thermal requirements differ from component type to component type. Current systems can be improved by enabling upstream and downstream communication with other components of a manufacturing line. Examples of components of a manufacturing line for tissue processing can include, but are not limited to including, a cell thaw system, a bioreactor system, and a tissue maintenance system. Standard processes and communications among the components along the manufacturing line enable addition and removal of components, depending upon the desired output. Thus, the manufacturing line of the present teachings contemplates a variety of components, including those listed herein and others, operating simultaneously, sequentially, or in an order determined by a recipe, dynamically, and/or user-selected. 
     When considering the bioreactor system of the manufacturing line, results could be improved by providing automatic media changeovers, sterilization, a decellularization perfusion process, integrated electrical and mechanical stimulation, and multi-use bioreactor parts, for example. Other possibilities for improvement exist. Examples of uses for a manufacturing line for tissue processing that include the system of the present teachings, include, but are not limited to, cell expansion, decellularization, perfusion of endothelial cells, recellularization, and maturation of recellularized tissue. This list in no way limits this disclosure or the uses of the system of the present teachings. 
     Cell expansion is the purposeful growth of cells to create tissue or therapies for disease. Cells that can be used effectively in the cell expansion process of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) (adult stem cells) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPCSs) (obtained by reprogramming somatic cells of human pluripotent stem cells (hPCSs)). These cell types can self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types, depending upon their potency. Bioreactors (culture vessels) can be used to enable cell expansion, especially because they can provide a 3D, agitated, scalable, homogenized environment. Types of bioreactors that could be found in a manufacturing line can include stirred-tank, fixed-bed, hollow-fiber, rotary cell, rotating bed, and rocking motion bioreactors, having disposable or durable components, or a combination. Sensors can be associated with the bioreactor and a controller to establish an operating range of temperature, acid/base level, aeration, agitation speed, and culture media flow rate. What is needed to enable repeatability in cell expansion on a manufacturing line is consistent internal control of the bioreactor system, and communication of the status and other characteristics of the bioreactor system with other manufacturing line components. 
     Decellularization results in the removal of living tissue from an extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold, while retaining cell preservation and homeostasis cues in the structure of the ECM. A scaffold can be physically or chemically decellularized. Chemicals used in decellularization include surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) that lyse cells by disarranging the phospholipid cell membrane, acids like peracetic acid and bases like sodium hydroxide that solubilize the cell membrane. Physical decellularization can include methods such as freezing/thawing, high hydrostatic pressure, and supercritical carbon dioxide. All decellularization processes involve a wash process. To determine if decellularization is successful, aspects of the ECM remaining after decellularization can be examined to determine if, for example, the cells were removed, genetic material has been eliminated, the protein in the matrix has been preserved, and any mechanical properties have been retained. More specifically, in some systems, the ECM after decellularization must not reach a pre-selected threshold of double-stranded DNA of a pre-selected fragment length, and have no visible nuclear material. Mechanical properties including elastic modulus and tensile strength can be required to meet certain pre-selected criteria. Success of the decellularization method can be determined by the reduction of the tissue&#39;s immunogenicity, specifically genetic materials and antigens. Insufficient reduction in immunogenicity can lead to in vivo rejection of the tissue. What is needed is a bioreactor system that includes internal controls to reach a desired decellularization results, and that includes a robust communications system that provides status of the decellularization and other characteristics to other components of the manufacturing line. 
     In recellularization, the scaffold is seeded with cells to form an organ. Complete organ regeneration requires that the parenechyma, vasculature, and support components must be reestablished prior to seeding the cells. Many types of cells have been considered for organ generation. For example, mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow or adipose tissue expanded to adequate numbers can differentiate into various cell types, and scaffolds have been found to promote mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Induced pluripotent stem cells can facilitate the use of patient-derived cells to provide a cell source for recellularization. Support cells such as fibroblasts can enhance certain types of cell function and therefore enhance recellularization. Successful seeding routes can be organ-dependent. For example, a kidney scaffold can be reseeded through the ureter or the renal artery, with the renal artery route having been shown in some studies to result in a higher cell distribution and retention than the ureter route. Recellularization requires a bioreactor control system that manages characteristics like temperature, gas, pH, and pressure. Successful recellularization results in a required number of cells of particular types to form a whole tissue or organ. What is needed is a bioreactor system that includes internal controls to reach a desired recellularization results, and that includes a robust communications system that provides status of the recellularization and other characteristics to other components of the manufacturing line. 
     In systems that are designed to repeatably control the growth of mammalian cells by supplying nutrients, removing waste, controlling temperature and headspace gas mixture within culture vessels, modular design can be a benefit in order to take advantage of asynchronous technological progress of systems that are required to enable cell growth. Further, such systems can provide further efficiencies by operating multiple cell culture vessel stations simultaneously. A major technological gap concerns issues related to the relative size of vessels needed for autologous and allogeneic processes with small tissues. There is a need for vessels capable of producing various quantities of cells without sacrificing the ability to monitor and control the expansion process. Efficiently using certain commercial bioreactor systems requires a large minimum volume to cover the current sensors. Harvesting various volumes of cells also becomes difficult due to the dead volumes present at the bottom of the expansion vessel, which can range from tens to hundreds of milliliters in various types of culture vessels. New disposable vessels and sensors designed for smaller working volumes are necessary to realize the goal of efficiently automating the production of autologous and allogeneic tissue engineering constructs. Likewise, scaling up to larger vessels, as large as, for example, 100 liters or larger, is needed. What is further needed is a system that can include both disposable and durable components. Disposable components such as tubing for supplying media, recirculating media, disposing of waste, seeding cells, and moving fluid and cells from one manufacturing line component to the next, as well as media reservoirs, and single use sensors could be needed. Durable components can include a system chassis, a user interface, a media refrigerator, a waste containment system, a gas management system, a pneumatic control block, and other components or sub-components on the manufacturing line, for example. Components that could be durable or disposable include, but are not limited to, expansion and maturation bioreactors. 
     Another technological gap concerns issues around the use of pumps and valves. In current systems, pumps and valves are installed in fixed numbers, limiting the flexibility of the system and requiring the purchase of a different system if more or fewer pumps and valves are required for a particular application. Still another technological gap involves controls of a flexibly-configured system. For example, in a system with multiple bioreactors operating simultaneously, current systems assume that each bioreactor is performing the same operation, for example, growing cells. Monitoring in these systems indicates that the cells might be growing at different rates, but the same basic control functions are required for such a parallel operation. What is needed is a system in which each bioreactor can be controlled separately while operating simultaneously. Such a system can enable simultaneous preparation of cells and scaffolding for engineering a complicated organ, and providing the results to other components on the manufacturing line. For example, a system with multiple bioreactors can simultaneously decellularize a scaffold and prepare multiple types of cells to recellularize the scaffold. Each bioreactor and its associated pumps and valves, can be subject to a custom control flow and custom gas flow, guided by monitoring of the situations with the contents of the bioreactors. For each bioreactor, various and different pumps, valves, and sensors can be activated to achieve, in this example, tissue growth and scaffold preparation simultaneously. 
     Current systems such as Zoo Ning, Industrial scale optical bioreactor, CN201045139Y, utility model assigned to Yantai Haishangchuanqi Biotechnology Co., LTD, granted Apr. 9, 2009, expired Sep. 19, 2014 (Ning) describe a bioreactor constructed of simple glass to accommodate large-scale industrial production. Wang et al., Development of Novel Bioreactor Control Systems Based on Smart Sensors and Actuators, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8:7, doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00007, Feb. 4, 2020 (Wang), describe the latest trends in bioreactor control technology, including hierarchical structure control systems, a form of networked control system in which a set of devices and governing software are arranged in a hierarchical tree, and the links in the tree are implemented by a computer network. Wang describes an improvement of the flat organizational control system for bioreactors based on parallel distributed smart sensors and actuators as a concise solution for process control in bioreactors. Laboratory configurations such as Sartorius AMBR® 15 Cell Culture Generation 2 can be changed by the operator at both the start of and during the process. The system includes single-use vessels and an automated workstation, all installed in a biological safety cabinet. Multiple bioreactor cultures are monitored in parallel. The system includes an automated liquid handler that can provide media, feed, and reagents to the vessels, and facilitates in-line or off-line sampling. Other devices such as Eppendorf&#39;s DASGIP® Parallel Bioreactor Systems allow for advanced bioprocess control and automation. The system provides precise control of parameters, user-defined profiles, automated features, and configurable solutions to accommodate requirements of microbial, phototrophic, mammalian, and human cells, and stem cell applications. The system can control multiple durable or disposable bioreactors in parallel, maintain a desired temperature profile, control agitation, pH, and DO, and TMFC gas mixing of air, N 2 , O 2 , and CO 2 . 
     What is needed, however, and is not currently provided, is an industrial control system with at least one integrated programmable logic controller (PLC) in a closed system bioreactor. Such a system could enable communications between the bioreactor PLC and other controllers along a manufacturing line. What is needed is a system that has integrated sensors, a system that accommodates a change in vessel size and shape, and that allows for a smaller number of MFCs than number of bioreactors. What is needed is a system that can accommodate growing one type of cell on one side of a bioreactor scaffold, another type on another side, and the ability to combine the two types of cells. 
     SUMMARY 
     The system of the present teachings overcomes the technological gaps outlined herein. The system of the present teachings efficiently automates the production of autologous and allogeneic tissue by accommodating cell culture vessels of various sizes and processes with small tissues. The vessels of the present teachings can produce various quantities of cells without sacrificing the ability to monitor and control the expansion process. The vessels include a head plate that can accommodate the tubing needs of various organ types. The vessels of the present teachings are configured to accommodate sensor placement so that the volume of cells covers the sensors. The vessels can be disposable to enable harvesting various volumes of cells, thus reducing the volume of dead cells at the bottom of the vessel. The vessels can also be durable. The vessels can be scaled down to accommodate small quantities of cells, for example, but not limited to, 0.1-31, or scaled up to larger vessels, for example, up to 10001. The system can also accommodate variable numbers of pumps and valves that can be allocated based on the particular application. The system includes at least one controller that is configured to control a variable number of valves and pumps, variable numbers and sizes of vessels, and fluids and gases associated with the desired process. As the vessels can be configured with different types of cells, tissue, and/or scaffolding, the controller is configured to control various processes executing in the vessels in parallel. The system is configured to control each culture vessel station separately while they operate simultaneously. For example, a system with multiple culture vessel stations can simultaneously decellularize a scaffold and also prepare multiple types of cells to recellularize the scaffold. Each culture vessel and its associated pumps, valves, and gas system can be subject to a custom control flow, guided by monitoring of the contents of the culture vessels. For each culture vessel, various pumps, valves, and sensors can be activated to achieve, for example, tissue growth and scaffold preparation simultaneously. The system of the present teachings includes pressure-controlled circulation flow, along with flow feedback and monitoring. Flowpaths can be changed as the system operates. Another feature of the system of the present teachings is a gas control system configured to allow for a smaller number of mass flow controllers (MFCs) than the number of culture vessels because each culture vessel is given a window of time in which to receive gas. This feature enables a reduction in gas consumption, less gas being vented, and less wasted gas than a system having a one-to-one correspondence between MFCs and culture vessels. Yet another feature is that the system can accommodate growing one type of cell on one side of a culture vessel scaffold, another type on another side, and can combine the two types of cells. Uses for the system of the present teachings can include, but are not limited to including, cell culturing, media conditioning (i.e. adjusting the temperature of the media to a desired value, and setting the pH and DO levels of the media), decellularizing and recellularizing scaffolds, generating blood, blood components, viruses for gene therapy, recombinant proteins, pharmaceuticals, vaccines, allergens, genes, antibodies, fermenting, medical compounds, cosmetics, and food, and converting raw materials into useful byproducts. Other applications are contemplated by the present teachings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing features of the disclosure will be more readily understood by reference to the following description, taken with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic block diagram of an configurable industrial manufacturing system including the system of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic block diagram of the system of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 1C  is a schematic block diagram of an implementation of the system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIGS. 1D-1G  are components of the implementation of  FIG. 1C ; 
         FIG. 2A  is a perspective view of an implementation of the apparatus of the system of the present teachings, 
         FIGS. 2B and 2C  are perspective views of components of the implementation of  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIGS. 3A-3E  are schematic diagrams of an implementation of the present teachings including a downstream recirculation system; 
         FIGS. 3F and 3G  are perspective drawings of the impeller cone of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a first side of the assembly of the present teachings, including a commercial culture vessel; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a second side of the assembly of the present teachings, including a commercial culture vessel; 
         FIG. 6  includes perspective views of the bottom and top of the assembly of the present teachings, including a commercial culture vessel; 
         FIG. 7  is an exploded perspective view of a first side of the assembly of the present teachings, including a commercial culture vessel; 
         FIG. 8  is an exploded perspective view of a second side of the assembly of the present teachings, including a commercial culture vessel; 
         FIG. 9  is an exploded perspective view of a configuration of the vessel sleeve and thermal sleeve of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 10A  is a perspective view of a first configuration of the vessel sleeve of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 10B  is a perspective view of a second configuration of the vessel sleeve of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of a configuration of the thermal sleeve of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective exploded view of the vessel clamp of the present teachings and a commercial culture vessel; 
         FIG. 13  is a perspective view of the vessel clamp of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic block diagram of an example use of the gas management system of the present teachings; 
         FIGS. 15A-15F  are perspective views of components of an implementation of the gas management system of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 16  is a flowchart of an exemplary controller process of the present teachings; 
         FIG. 17A  is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary use of the system of the present teachings for decellularization of a heart; 
         FIG. 17B  is a schematic diagram of an exemplary valve configuration for decellularizing the heart using the system of the present teachings; 
         FIGS. 18A-18C  are schematic diagrams illustrating a way that the system of the present teachings can be used to decellularize a heart; and 
         FIGS. 19A-19C  are schematic block diagrams of an implementation of the present teachings in which multiple areas of a scaffold are seeded in the same bioreactor. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The system of the present teachings can follow a process specific to the contents of at least one culture vessel to produce a desired result in a controlled environment. The system can accommodate various sizes and shapes of culture vessels, various configurations and numbers of valves, pumps, and sensors, and various types and numbers of fluids and gasses, thus enabling a plug and play system that can produce consistent and recreatable results. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1A , the system of the present teachings can be a component of an industrial control system, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 1A , in which information from each component is accessible by other components of the system. Components of industrial systems have benefitted from adhering to industry agreed-upon standards such as the Ethernet/IP protocol and ANSI/ISA-88.01-1995 (ISA-88). The Ethernet/IP protocol, or Ethernet Industrial Protocol, is an industrial network protocol that allows Ethernet to be used as a control protocol. The object library and device profiles associated with Ethernet/IP enable plug-and-play interoperability among complex devices, and support real-time I/O messaging, configuration, and diagnostics over the same network. Ethernet/IP provides information and control messaging services (see Brooks, EtherNet/IP: Industrial Protocol White Paper, IEEE, EFTA 2001, October 2001). ISA-88 consists of models and terminology for structuring the production process and for developing the control of equipment. ISA-88 is organized into three models—software (procedural), hardware (physical), and changes to materials accomplished when the software is executed on the hardware (process). Each model is organized into protocol levels. Across models, the protocol levels operate cooperatively to produce the batch. For example, the procedural model includes four protocol levels—procedures, unit procedures, operations, and phase. The physical model includes two protocol levels—process cell and unit, and optionally equipment and control levels. The procedural model levels, in combination with the physical model levels, produce the levels of the process model—process, process stage, process operation, and process action. Adhering to an industrially-developed standard such as ISA-88 can increase the ease of integration with other enterprise standards such as ANSI/ISA/95. Standards such as ANSI/ISA-88 are used by the system of the present teachings to provide a consistent set of processes and terminology for producing batches of materials by subjecting quantities of input materials to an ordered set of processing activities over a finite period of time using one or more pieces of equipment. See https://www.plcacademy.com/isa-88-s88-batch-control-explained/) The standard provides the flexibility to use the system of the present teachings as a stand-alone system or integrated with a larger system. At least one integrated programmable logic controller (PLC) in the system can communicate with other controllers along a manufacturing line. An industrial system for producing finite quantities (batches) of cells, for example, can include, for example, but not limited to, cell thaw system  251 , a culture vessel system receiving the thawed cells, and incubation system  255  receiving the result from whatever process has taken place in the culture vessel system. Other components of an industrial control system are contemplated by the present disclosure. Standard communications systems  257  enable data and control sharing among components of the illustrative industrial control system, as described herein with respect to Ethernet/IP. For example, thaw controller  259  can communicate, through standard communications system  257 , the status of the thaw operation to bio controller  106  so that controller  106  can schedule the process it expects to execute with respect to the thawed cells Likewise, controller  106  can exchange its status with thaw controller  259  so that the thawed cells can be exchanged at the time when the culture vessel system is ready for them. Controller  106  can provide its status and other information about the process it is executing to incubator controller  263 , and can provide its own information to controller  106 . The components can be cooperatively controlled by a system control means that can monitor and command the components by tracking standard communications among the components. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1B , the system of the present teachings is an automated culture vessel system intended for batch production. At the physical level, the system of the present teachings can include, but is not limited to including, components such as sensors, valves, motors/encoders, pumps, culture vessels, gas management, and controllers. These components are grouped into subsystems such as, but not limited to, a fluid handling system, a culture vessel system, a gas management system, and a control system. The control system, referred to herein interchangeably as the PLC, can be organized in protocol levels of the procedural model according to the ISA-88 standard. The protocol levels include, from lowest level in the protocol to highest, device modules, and a control module that uses device modules to create control logic, phase, and recipe (or operation). A device module establishes communication between the device and PLC  106 . The equipment module is logic that accommodates faults, operating thresholds, start/stop control, any basic functions the device will carry out. The control module can interface with one or multiple devices that need to work together to carry out a function. Related to the control module, but also defined as a state that is part of a recipe, is a phase. A phase carries out a specific function. An exemplary phase involves adding a volume of liquid to the culture vessel. The phase instructions open valves, start a pump, totalize the flow until a pre-selected fluid volume is reached, stop a pump, and close valves. Exemplary phases of the present teachings include, but are not limited to, pumping media into the culture vessel, removing media, heating the contents of the culture vessel, agitating the contents of the culture vessel, harvesting cells, and recirculating media. A recipe is the combination of a multiple phases, forming a complete process. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1B , ISA-88 states that a recipe contains five categories of information—header, equipment requirements, formula, procedure and other information. The procedure category combines the other categories, provides a multi-level hierarchy of recipe procedural elements, and contains logic. A control recipe defines the manufacture of a single batch of a specific product and reflects process control. In some configurations, the PLC can execute the recipe in conjunction with a batch server and a human-machine interface (HMI). The HMI can display the results of recipe execution to an operator, for example, and can receive modifications to the flow and configuration information from the operator. In some configurations, commercially-available applications can provide the implementation of the HMI and the batch server. For example, Rockwell&#39;s FACTORYTALK® batch server software can execute on a WINDOWS® server, and can drive the HMI and kick off execution of the recipe on the PLC. The PLC is able to periodically access sensor data to understand the current conditions in the culture vessel. In some configurations, the access period is, for example, around 100 ms, although other periods are contemplated by the present disclosure. Values of the sensor data can activate a manual or automatic reaction by the PLC. For example, in a configuration in which the pH/dissolved oxygen (DO) are maintained via proportional integral derivative (PID) loop and gas control, the PLC opens/closes valves, and sets a gas flow rate. Control is based on maintaining set points in the culture vessel. During a decellularization process, the pump rate changes based on the current pressure reading, with a goal of maintaining a constant pressure. The PLC takes action based on a recipe, which calls out specific phases. A phase is a sequential operation that cannot advance to the next step until the current step permissives, conditions that need to be satisfied before proceeding, are met. In some configurations, fluid handling operations are sequential operations or recipe-driven operations that involve the valves, pumps, flow sensors or level sensors. Incoming sensor data are validated and fault-checked by, for example, but not limited to, denoising, data outlier detection, missing data imputation, and data aggregation. Incoming sensor data are used in state flow or sequence to output commands to motors, pumps, and valves, to activate those devices in a certain order, for example, according to a recipe. The recipe can be dynamically changed, and the values upon which triggers in the recipe rely can also change dynamically—manually or automatically. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1B , separate culture vessels do not share any of the same resources or equipment except the MFCs for gassing. There is separate, but identical, logic for each culture vessel, which is why they can run the same or a different process at the same time. Since constant gassing is not needed to maintain pH/DO set points in the culture vessels, each culture vessel gets a time window in which to receive gas. The process (cell maturation, expansion, decellularization, recellularization) determines the pH and DO set points. The PLC monitors the time and reads a first culture vessel&#39;s sensor data, and provides gas to the first culture vessel at a desired rate by opening a valve. At the end of the first culture vessel&#39;s time window, the first culture vessel&#39;s gas valve closes, the second culture vessel&#39;s gas valve opens and the PLC reads the sensor data from the second culture vessel and provides the desired gas mixture to the second culture vessel. Each culture vessel has its own valves, flow sensors, and pumps for fluid delivery. The PLC can execute a different recipe on each culture vessel simultaneously. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1C , an exemplary implementation of the system of the present teachings includes culture vessel systems and gas management system  107 , controlled by controller  106 . In a configuration in which there are multiple culture vessel systems, each is equipped identically with the others, and can be used to perform a variety of tasks. Each culture vessel system includes culture vessel  503 , fluid handling system  108 , and culture vessel control system  111 . Other configurations are contemplated by the present teachings. Culture vessel  503  includes a lidded container that is equipped with sensors, at least one fluid inlet, at least one fluid outlet, and at least one gas inlet. The lid can receive tubing appropriate to the task being performed by the culture vessel station. For example, if a heart is being recellularized, the lid can accommodate tubing that couples the descending aorta, the pulmonary artery, and the pulmonary vein with receptacles and/or nutrition sources outside of the culture vessel system. Likewise if a kidney is being recellularized, the lid can accommodate tubing that couples an artery, a vein, and the urethra with receptables and/or nutrition sources outside the culture vessel system. Fluid handling system  108  includes at least one pump, valves, and sensors that are used to move fluid through the contents of culture vessel  503 . Culture vessel control system  111  maintains set points of various characteristics of the content of culture vessel  503  by monitoring sensors data associated with contents of culture vessel  503 . Culture vessel control system  111  provides these set point and sensor data to controller  106  and receives commands from controller. Controller  106  accesses a recipe or other form of command structure whose execution implements the task that the culture vessel system is supposed to perform. Controller  106  can accommodate changes to the recipe, whether they be manually entered or dynamically determined. Gas management system  107  is shared by all the culture vessel systems, each receiving the gas mixture it needs to maintain homeostasis of the contents of the culture vessel. The system of the present teachings can control and monitor the reception and circulation of fluid and provision of gas to the fluid to enable a desired result with respect to the contents of the culture vessel. In an aspect, controller  106  can simultaneously control the processes executing in each of multiple culture vessel stations  503 . In an aspect, controller  106  can include multiple processors that can control culture vessel station(s)  503 . In an aspect, a single gas management system  107  can control the flow of a single gas. In an aspect, a single gas management system  107  can control the flow of multiple gasses. In an aspect, a single gas management system  107  can provide gas to a single culture vessel station  503 . In an aspect, a single gas management system  107  can provide gas to multiple culture vessel stations  503 . In an aspect, multiple gas management systems  107  can provide gas to a single culture vessel station  503 . In an aspect, multiple gas management systems  107  can provide gas to multiple culture vessel stations  503 . Culture vessel  503  can include, but is not limited to including, the configurable vessel assembly of the present teachings. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1C , in an aspect, the system of the present teachings can decellularize a scaffold. In an aspect, the system of the present teachings can recellularize a scaffold. In an aspect, the system of the present teachings can provide an environment in which cells can mature and tissue can grow. In an aspect, the system of the present teachings can accommodate vessels in sizes such as, for example, but not limited to, 0.1-10001. In an aspect, the system of the present teachings can be used to generate biopharmaceutical products such as, for example, but not limited to, vaccines, blood, blood components, allergens, genes, viruses for gene therapy, cosmetics, and proteins. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1B , fluid handling system  108  moves media and other fluids through the contents of culture vessel  503 . The type of fluid, the pressure of the fluid, and the flow rate of the fluid are determined by a combination of factors, for example, but not limited to, a pre-selected process associated with a desired outcome, pre-selected set points for various characteristics required to produce the desired outcome, dynamic characteristics determination, and user input. In some configurations, the system accesses a recipe that dictates the operations that will produce the desired outcome. Each operation is characterized by a set of phases, or commands, that are executed to achieve a step in the process. In fluid handling system  108 , one operation can include accessing the type of fluid required to achieve the step. Another can include configuring PLC  106  with set points for various characteristics such as the pH of the circulating fluid, the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the circulating fluid, and the temperature of the circulating fluid. Yet another can include configuring at least one pump to move the fluid through culture vessel  503  and past sensors. Fluid control can be governed by flow rate or pressure. Components of fluid handling system  108  can include, but are not limited to including, in-line flow and pressure sensors, liquid level sensor(s), pumps, and pinch valves for directing flow. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1D , an implementation of fluid handling system  108  ( FIG. 1B ) of the present teachings can include at least one fluid pump  619  per culture vessel  601  operably coupled with stepper motor  621  and motor drive  623 . Motor drive  623  can communicate with PLC  631  by, for example, EthernetIP connection  625 , and can support standard motor movements such as starting, stopping, direction, rate, alarming, and status of the motor. Pump  619  can circulate fluid  611  through culture vessel  601 , and possibly to waste  615  through tubing that limits fluid contact to the inner bore of the tubing. Pump pressure sensor  617  can enable control of the flow rate of fluid  611  to culture vessel  601  based on an inline pressure reading upstream of the tissue within culture vessel  601 . In the present configuration, if the pressure reading is outside of a pre-selected range surrounding a pre-selected set point, for example, 5 mmHg high or low, the pump speed is changed by a pre-selected percentage, either higher or lower depending upon the value of the pressure. For example the pump speed can be changed by 10%, either higher to increase pressure or lower to decrease pressure. The new pressure can be evaluated in a pre-selected amount of time, for example, 5 seconds, and the process can be repeated. If the pressure reading is within the pre-selected range, no pump speed changes are made. The pressure set point of the function is determined by the recipe. Pump pressure sensor  617  converts an outlet pressure from pump  619  to an electrical signal which variable speed pumps use to adjust the pump&#39;s speed. In some configurations, a high cut-out pressure switch can prevent pump  619  from outputting extreme pressure. Pump pressure sensor  617  can be mounted on the inlet of the pump to monitor efficiency and improve efficiency and reliability of pump  619 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1E , the culture vessel, or closed culture vessel, system of the present teachings includes a configurable vessel assembly system that provides heating, location and structural support for culture vessels  601  and also provides a method for including a vessel that is sized appropriately for a given process, with minimal operations required by the user. The system of the present teachings can, for example, but not limited to, culture and produce of a variety of cell types, as well as fungal and bacterial cultures. The system can be used to produce virus and protein by way of cultured cells. The system can be configured for a variety of shapes, sizes and types of culture vessels including, but not limited to, glass and plastic vessels, durable and disposable. Exemplary types of culture vessels can include, but are not limited to including, a stirred vessel, a packed bed, a roller bottle, an oxygen-permeable culture plate, microfluidic slides, or hydrogel-based culture vessels. The culture vessel system of the present teachings includes integrated sensors that communicate with the PLC as described elsewhere herein. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1E , the configurable vessel assembly system of the present teachings can be part of a flexible configuration to accommodate a variety of processes. A given cell expansion process may require a specific vessel volume to expand to the desired number of cells, while an alternate process may require a different vessel volume. The size of the vessel can be established to suit a desired process without altering anything but, possibly, a vessel sleeve in the flexible configuration, including heating elements, electrical connections/wiring, control logic, calibration, and positioning adjustment of the vessel. If the user wants to change the vessel size from, for example, 2 L to 0.5 L then only a simple swap of components is needed, nothing more. In some configurations, the user can simply remove a 2 L vessel sleeve and replace it with a 0.5 L vessel sleeve, each vessel sleeve having the same outside diameter. After tightening the clamps on the outside of a thermal sleeve that surrounds the vessel sleeve and ensuring the 0.5 L vessel sleeve is secure, the assembly reconfiguration is complete and ready for operation with a 0.5 L vessel. This can be done for a variety of sizes including, but not limited to, 0.5 L, 1 L, 2 L, 3 L, and up to 100 L, for example. A commercial culture vessel can be mounted to an adaptor ring of the assembly. The adapter ring mounts into a temperature control ring or thermal sleeve that has a tightening feature to ensure good thermal contact between the two components. The thermal sleeve can control an amount of thermal energy entering the vessel sleeve. The assembly can include a vessel clamp stabilizing the culture vessel within the thermal sleeve. If a different size vessel is desired, the different size vessel can be mounted into a properly sized vessel sleeve and installed into the same thermal sleeve as other sized vessels. Thus the base system remains the same regardless of the vessel size. The clamp-style heating ring can stabilize the vessel. The vessel clamp can optionally include a telescoping device. The telescoping device can accommodate various heights of various different culture vessels, and varying the height of a specific culture vessel. The assembly can optionally include a thermal break between the vessel sleeve and an environment surrounding the vessel sleeve, an electric cutoff sensing when the thermal sleeve reaches at least one pre-selected threshold temperature, the electric cutoff disabling transmission of the thermal energy to the vessel sleeve, and at least one band clamp securing the thermal sleeve to the vessel sleeve. The thermal sleeve can optionally include expansion/contraction gaps. The assembly can optionally include a stabilizing pin positionally securing the thermal sleeve to the vessel sleeve, at least one temperature control element, and a thermally-conductive material filling a space between an inner diameter of the vessel sleeve and an outer diameter of the culture vessel. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1E , the configurable vessel assembly of the present teachings for processing cells in a controlled environment can include, but is not limited to including, a vessel sleeve surrounding at least a part of a culture vessel. The vessel sleeve can be configured to transfer thermal energy to the culture vessel. The assembly can include a thermal sleeve operably coupled with the vessel sleeve. The thermal sleeve can control an amount of thermal energy entering the vessel sleeve. The assembly can include a vessel clamp stabilizing the culture vessel within the thermal sleeve. Optionally, the assembly can include a fluid handling system moving fluid through the culture vessel, and a sensor control system operably coupled with the thermal sleeve. Culture vessel control system  111  can provide data enabling the controlling of the amount of thermal energy entering the vessel sleeve. The vessel clamp can optionally include a telescoping device. The telescoping device can accommodate various heights of various different culture vessels, and varying the height of a specific culture vessel. The assembly can optionally include a thermal break between the vessel sleeve and an environment surrounding the vessel sleeve, an electric cutoff sensing when the thermal sleeve reaches at least one pre-selected threshold temperature, the electric cutoff disabling transmission of the thermal energy to the vessel sleeve, and at least one band clamp securing the thermal sleeve to the vessel sleeve. The thermal sleeve can optionally include expansion/contraction gaps. The assembly can optionally include a stabilizing pin positionally securing the thermal sleeve to the vessel sleeve, at least one temperature control element, and a thermally-conductive material filling a space between an inner diameter of the vessel sleeve and an outer diameter of the culture vessel. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1E , culture vessel  601  can include thermal control, agitation control, and sensors to control the characteristics of the contents of culture vessel  601  such as temperature, pH, pO 2 , agitation, and pressure. In some processes, a temperature of 37° C. is optimal for cell maintenance. Temperatures just above or below 37° C. can affect cell viability and cell metabolism. Maintaining a desired temperature is enabled by temperature sensor  659  that reads the value of the temperature of the contents of culture vessel  601 , then sends a signal to culture vessel controller system  111  to adjust the temperature is necessary through controlling heating/cooling devices if present. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1E , level sensor  613  can monitor the liquid level in culture vessel  601 . The liquid level can be used to control the amount of fluid added during a fluid transfer process, and to generate an alert if the level is too high or too low. Assuming the density of the vapor in the space not occupied by fluid  611  in culture vessel  601  is much smaller than the density of fluid  611 , types of level sensors include, but are not limited to including, glass level gauge, float, displacer, bubbler, differential pressure transmitter, load cell, magnetic level gauge, capacitance transmitter, magnetostrictive level transmitter, optical, vibrating, ultrasonic, laser level transmitter, and radar level transmitter. In some configurations, the level sensor can provide a transducer output signal in the form of a 4-20 mA current loop to PLC  631  through, for example, analog input module  627 . 
     Continuing to still further refer to  FIG. 1E , as an alternative to level sensor  613 , or in addition to level sensor  613 , fluid flow meter  605  can measure flow, for example, in units mL/min, entering and leaving culture vessel  601 . A totalizing function can be used during media transfers to calculate the total volume of transferred fluid by integrating the flow over the pump period. Categories of fluid flow meters include, but are not limited to, differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, mass flow, and open channel. Differential pressure flow meters include orifice plates, venturi tubes, flow nozzles, and variable area rotameters. Velocity flow meters include pitot tubes, calorimetric flow meters, turbine flowmeters, vortex flow meters, electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters, and time of flight flowmeter. Positive displacement flow meters can use reciprocating piston meters, nutating disk meters, and rotary vane meters. Mass flow meters include thermal flowmeters and Coriolis flowmeters. Either level sensor  613  or flow meter  605  can support dose control  603  by calculating the amount of fluid removed from or added to culture vessel  601 . Dose control  603  can track the volume added and stop the addition of more fluid when a desired set point is reached. Dosing includes the ability to start/stop pumps, report under or over tolerances, alert and report the status of the delivery, possibly under pre-selected circumstances. Dosing devices fall into two main categories—gravimetric and volumetric. The choice of dosing device is based on the flow capacity of the fluid and the desired flow rate of the fluid. Dosing can be automatic, programmable, or continuous, and can be controlled by a dosing valve, for example. In some configurations, dose control  603  can be accomplished by adding instructions to level sensor  613  or flow meter  605  processing. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1E , in some configurations, the system can include thermal control. In one arrangement, the system can include active heating and passive cooling. At least one temperature control mechanism can reside in the vessel system itself, at least one temperature sensor can reside external to the vessel to sense the temperature of the temperature control mechanism, and at least one temperature sensor can reside internal to the vessel to sense the temperature of the contents of the vessel. In some configurations, a desired temperature for the contents of the culture vessel is in the range of 34-39° C. In some configurations, a temperature threshold can include a temperature of 65° C. of the contents of the culture vessel. In some configurations, temperature control can be done with cascading PID loops, the inner loop controlling the temperature control mechanism and the outer loop controlling the temperature of the contents of the vessel. In some configurations, the temperature control mechanism can be powered by 110V. In such a configuration, a solid state relay can be used so that a 24V output card can pulse wave modulate the temperature control mechanism. Thermal control to a set point in the present teachings is achieved actively and passively. In some configurations, warming of the contents of the culture vessel is achieved actively, while cooling of the contents is achieved passively. Other configurations are contemplated by the present teachings, for example, cooling actively and warming passively, and active cooling and warming. In some configurations, the set point is a pre-selected value such as, for example, but not limited to, 37° C. In some configurations, warming can be limited to a pre-selected temperature, for example, 40° C. Sensors report the temperature of the contents of culture vessel  631  to culture vessel control system  111 , and those sensor data trigger thermal control. In some configurations, temperature probe  659  is mounted to the head plate of culture vessel  601 . Temperature probe  659  reads the temperature of the fluid in culture vessel  601 . Heater RTD  657  is mounted to heater  655  which heats the fluid in culture vessel  601 . Data from sensor RTD  659  and heater RTD  657  are received by PLC  631  through culture vessel control system  111  via RTD I/O card  629  designed to receive such data. In some configurations, the control of temperature is executed by cascading PID loops, the inner loop controlling the temperature (PWM) of heater  655  and the outer controlling the temperature of the contents of culture vessel  601 . The output of the PID drives the power input to heater  655 . Other methods of thermal control are contemplated by the present disclosure. For example, digital temperature sensors or silicon-based linear thermistors can be used to measure the temperature of the sensor and the contents of culture vessel  601 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1E , culture vessel  601  can include tissue that requires movement for proper growth. For example, the contents of culture vessel  601  might need agitation to improve gas perfusion and possibly thermal control, depending upon the specific process and desired outcome. Other reasons for agitation of the contents of culture vessel  601  can include producing uniform dispersion of gas bubbles, producing small gas bubbles, maximizing retention time of gas in the fluid by driving gas bubbles to the bottom of the culture vessel, reincorporating nutrients from the top of the culture vessel back into the contents of culture vessel  601 , and providing uniform nutrient and temperature profiles throughout the contents. Agitation devices include mechanical stirring devices driven by brushed or brushless DC motors  663 , for example. Mechanical stirring devices are categorized by the flow direction in which the fluid is mixed—for example, axial, radial, mixed, and distributed flow—and can include propellers and impellers, for example. Propeller dimension and pitch are features that are selected based upon the application. Exemplary impellers include pitch-blade (for axial flow), Rushton (for radial flow), angled pitch-blade (mixed flow), and helical (distributed flow). In some configurations, agitator  661  can include a marine propeller attached to a shaft coupled to stepper motor  663 , the combination being used to support an application such as a cell process. In some configurations, PLC  631  controls motor  663  and monitors its status by using commands transmitted and data received through a communications medium and protocol such as, but not limited to, EthernetIP  625 . The speed and direction of the propeller are selected based on the application. 
     Continuing to still further refer to  FIG. 1E , the success of applications using culture vessel  601  can rely on monitoring of various characteristics of the system and the contents of culture vessel  601 . As described herein, sensors can be positioned advantageously to measure aspects of the ongoing process. For example, turbidity, pH, DO, glucose, and lactate levels can be measured by inline sensors  669  providing data to culture vessel control system  111 . Such sensors can be invasive, minimally invasive, or non-invasive. Data from the sensors can be provided from culture vessel control system  111  to PLC  631  through, for example, but not limited to, a serial connection  665  ( FIG. 1C ), a USB connection (not shown), an EthernetIP connection  625  ( FIG. 1C ), or wirelessly. In some configurations, glucose and lactate levels can be gathered as the fluid circulates through the system&#39;s tubing and culture vessel  601 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 1E , the configurable vessel assembly system of the present teachings can be part of a flexible configuration to accommodate a specific cell culture process. A given expansion process may require a specific vessel volume to expand to the desired number of cells, while an alternate process may require a different vessel volume. The size of culture vessel  601  can be established to suit a desired process without altering anything but, possibly, a vessel sleeve in the flexible configuration. Heating elements, electrical connections/wiring, control logic, calibration, and positioning adjustment of culture vessel  601  can remain the same across changes in the physical size of culture vessel  601 . If the user wants to change the vessel size from, for example, 2 L to 0.5 L then only a simple swap of components is needed, nothing more. In some configurations, the user can simply remove a 2 L vessel sleeve and replace it with a 0.5 L vessel sleeve and culture vessel  601 , each vessel sleeve having the same outside diameter. After tightening the clamps on the outside of a thermal sleeve that surrounds the vessel sleeve and ensuring the 0.5 L vessel sleeve is secure, the assembly reconfiguration is complete and ready for operation with a 0.5 L vessel. This can be done for a variety of sizes including, but not limited to, 0.5 L, 1 L, 2 L, 3 L, and up to 100 L, for example. A commercial culture vessel can be mounted to an adaptor ring of the assembly. The adapter ring mounts into a temperature control ring that has a tightening feature to ensure good thermal contact between the two components. If a different size vessel is desired, the different size vessel can be mounted into a properly sized vessel sleeve and installed into the same thermal sleeve as other sized vessels. Thus the base system remains the same regardless of the vessel size. The clamp-style heating ring can stabilize the vessel. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1F , gas management system  107  ( FIG. 1B ) can include gas supply  609  for each mass flow controller (MFC)  608  or functionally-equivalent device that combines a mass flow sensor and a control valve, and controls the flow rate of a gas to a desired amount without being affected by use conditions or changes in gas pressure. MFC  608  can be analog or digital, based on the numbers of types of gases being controlled. Gas supply  609  can include one or several types of gas, the selected type(s) being determined by the desired outcome from the process enabled by the system of the present teachings. Gas management system  107  ( FIG. 1B ) can include gas manifold  607  receiving gas from all the selected gas supplies and supplying a single gas stream to the culture vessel whose turn it is to receive selected gas(es). PLC  631  ( FIG. 1C ) selects the type(s) of gas to provide to culture vessels  101  ( FIG. 1B ) (also referred to herein as bioreactors) to achieve a gas balance that will enable the desired outcome. The system can include a plurality of MFCs  608  and associated gas supplies, but not necessarily the same number of MFCs  608  and gas supplies as the number of culture vessel stations  601  ( FIG. 1C ). Gas management system  107  ( FIG. 1B ), as described elsewhere herein, manages gas flow from the available MFCs  608 /gas supply  609  to fulfill the needs of the complement of culture vessels  601  ( FIG. 1C ), regardless of the numbers of each component. In as aspect, MFC  608  is used to measure the total mass flow rate of the gas flowing through a closed conduit. In an aspect, gas management system  107  ( FIG. 1B ) can include pressure regulators and filters associated with various types of gas to prepare the gas flow for MFCs  608 . In an aspect, compressed air can be subjected to a combination filter, possibly filtering particles and various types of gasses from the compressed air stream. The present teachings contemplate combination and other types of filters for all types of gas being supplied to the system. In an aspect, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are provided to the culture vessel in various quantities dictated by PLC  631  ( FIG. 1C ). In an aspect, gas management system  107  ( FIG. 1B ) can include gas manifolds with automatic switch-over, ensuring a continuous gas supply. The switch-over can be enabled mechanically or pneumatically and can alert the system when the switch-over has occurred so that a new gas supply can be connected. The system can include gas mixer blocks to provide a mixture of available gasses to culture vessel  601  ( FIG. 1C ). PLC  631  ( FIG. 1C ) accesses and processes directions to achieve the desired outcome from sources such as, but not limited to, recipes, user input, and sensor input. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1G , sensors, positioned throughout the system of the present teachings, can provide analog and digital inputs/outputs that can arrive at PLC  631  through serial, parallel, or communications ports. Input/output (I/O) from the sensors can be enabled by commercially-available or custom I/O cards that provide an interface to PLC  631 . The I/O cards can be connected to PLC  631  via a backplane, and can be configurable by PLC  631 . I/O can also be enabled by communications cards such as EthernetIP card  625  enabling the use of communications protocols. Such device communications are routed through an Ethernet switch which is connected to a port of PLC  631 . In some configurations, PLC  631  is directly wired to blocks of I/O cards and connectors. In some configurations, the electrical signals can include, but are not limited to including, 4-10 mA current loop (analog), RS-485 (serial) or 0-24V (digital). In some configurations, Ethernet connections use an RJ45 connector, and serial connections use a DB-9 connector. Depending upon the sensor, PLC  631  can enable configuration of, for example, scaling and data transmit/receive protocols. PLC  631  includes code to build a control loop around the sensor based on the desired use of the system. The sensor can be passive, or can control, for example, a pump based on pressure. Sensors can detect, for example, but not limited to, temperature of the tissue, pressure of the fluid, temperature of the fluid, and characteristics of the fluid. Sensors can be mounted throughout the system, for example, temperature sensors associated with bioreactor  601  ( FIG. 1C ) and fluid  611  ( FIG. 1C ), and fluid pressure sensors throughout the system. Sensors can provide data to PLC  631  ( FIG. 1C ) and possibly receive commands from PLC  631  ( FIG. 1C ) either wired or wirelessly, both secured from outside or man-in-the-middle interference. Some sensors can be disposable, configured to be in contact with fluid  611  ( FIG. 1C ), while others can be durable, configured to read data contact-free. Spot sensors can be mounted on the outside of bioreactor  601  ( FIG. 1C ), for example. In some configurations, non-contact fluid pressure sensor  617  ( FIG. 1C ) can be mounted in-line anywhere, for example, but not limited to, by luer lock ends, on tubing used for routing fluid  611  ( FIG. 1C ). In some configurations, sensors communicating with PLC  631  ( FIG. 1C ) can sense 0-60 psi along the fluid path. Signals from the sensors such as, for example, but not limited to, 4-20 mA current loop, analog voltage, or digital voltage, can be communicated from the sensors to PLC  631  ( FIG. 1C ) through, for example, analog input module  627 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 2A-2C , an implementation of the hardware of the system of the present teachings is shown. Four culture vessel implementations  707  are shown. Also shown are implementations of elements of fluid handling system  108  ( FIG. 1B ) including fluid delivery enclosures  715  associated with culture vessel implementations  707  as indicated in  FIGS. 1B and 1E . Specifically, fluid delivery enclosures (FDEs)  715  include valves  701 , pumps  703 , and tube guides  713 . Fluid flow lines are shown elsewhere herein. Also shown are cable/sleeve snorkels  705  which are described more fully at least in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 29/758,774, White et al., Cable/Tube Sleeve and Snorkel, filed Nov. 18, 2020, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/522,003, White et al., Cable/Tube Sleeve and Snorkel, filed Nov. 9, 2021, both incorporated by reference. Connector banks  713 A are shown. Electronic connections between sensors and the PLC are routed through connector banks  713 A. Waste collector  708  is shown, as well as human-machine interface display  711 . In the present implementation, the culture station is moveable for positioning along an assembly line. A clean room is not required because there is substantially no exposure of the contents of culture vessel  707  or its associated fluids and inner tubing to the environment. Each bioreactor channel, i.e. culture vessel assembly  707 , valves  701 , and pump  703 , can be configured differently based on the desired outcome. In some configurations, FDEs are mechanically stackable and fit together with an interlocking plate and latch. Each bioreactor channel can be associated with a pre-selected number of FDEs, and can each have a unique configuration. Each FDE can include a number of pumps  703 , valves  701 , and tube routing guides  713 . In some configurations, the system of the present teachings can accommodate multiple pump sizes and fluid valves. The sizes and numbers of valves and pumps can be mixed and matched based on the desired outcome. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 3A-3E , a schematic diagram of an exemplary implementation of fluid and gas lines and components of the system of the present teachings used for cell maturation is shown.  FIGS. 3A-3B  show components of the gas management system described elsewhere herein. In this implementation, compressed air  801  ( FIG. 3A ) is routed through air filters, such as biological filters, and regulators  806  ( FIG. 3A ) to pneumatics block  809  ( FIG. 3B ). Nitrogen  803  ( FIG. 3A ), oxygen  805  ( FIG. 3A ), and carbon dioxide  807  ( FIG. 3A ) are routed through pressure valves  802  ( FIG. 3A ) and pressure regulators  804  ( FIG. 3A ) to thermal MFCs  811  ( FIG. 3B ), through filter  810  ( FIG. 3B ). MFCs  811  ( FIG. 3B ) are commanded (by the controller) to supply gas volumes that will produce the correct gas mixture  812  ( FIG. 3C ) for the specific activity happening in bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ). 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 3C-3D , shown are components of the fluid management system described elsewhere herein.  FIG. 3C  shows fluid source provision and pumping components. In some configurations, growth media  813  ( FIG. 3C ), buffer solution  815  ( FIG. 3C ), and trypsin  817  ( FIG. 3C ) are possible fluids that can be selectively pumped by pump  819  ( FIG. 3C ) into bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ). In the present example, containers  814  ( FIG. 3C ) are hung from load sensors  820  ( FIG. 3C ) that can measure the volume of delivered fluid as the fluid, such as, for example, growth media  813  ( FIG. 3C ), is being delivered. The amount of fluid desired to be delivered can be controlled by use of the data provided by load sensor  820  ( FIG. 3C ) to the controller. Exemplarily, the quality of growth media  813  ( FIG. 3C ) is maintained by refrigerator  816 A ( FIG. 3C ). Note that the delivered volume of both buffer solution  815  ( FIG. 3C ) and trypsin  817  ( FIG. 3C ) can be measured, for example, by load sensors  820  ( FIG. 3C ) as described herein. Fluids provided from the sources are pumped by pump  819  ( FIG. 3C ), controlled by the controller. Pump  819  ( FIG. 3C ) can include, for example, a contactless pump providing a gentle pumping action to avoid hemolysis, while having a high-suction lift. Such a pump can pump slurries, is reversible, and can provide accurate dosing. Measurements of the fluid pressure and air in the fluid are taken by, for example, but not limited to, inline pressure transducer  816  ( FIG. 3C ) and inline bubble sensor  818  ( FIG. 3C ) and provided to the controller for monitoring and future control of pump  819  ( FIG. 3C ). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3D , gas and fluids are provided to bioreactor  821 , and pumped from there to provide the product of the cell maturation process to fulfill a need farther down a production line. For example, shown in  FIGS. 3D-3E  is a configuration that can provide recirculation to enable incubation. The gas blend provided as shown in  FIG. 3B  is filtered by gas filter  822  ( FIG. 3D ), removing viruses and microorganisms from the gas blend as it proceeds to bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ). Filtering can be accomplished by, for example, but not limited to, filters sized for the unwanted particulates, inertial separators, or electrostatic separation technologies, or a combination. Fluids are also provided to bioreactor  821 . As they are added, bioreactor  821  is vented to the atmosphere, for example. As the escaping air leaves bioreacter  821 , it is cooled by exhaust conditioner  826  so that fluid is condensed. The configuration of the system is such that gravity pulls the condensate back into bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ), so that only air is vented to the atmosphere. In this way, filter  824  remains dry and allows continuous flow of air, and in addition, the culture vessel remains hydrated. Exemplary cooler  828  ( FIG. 3D ) can include, but is not limited to including, a peltier device. Filter  824  ( FIG. 3D ), through which the vented air must pass, is used to prevent contaminates from entering bioreactor  821  from the atmosphere. Thus filter  824  (FIG.  3 D) can be configured to remove contaminants expected to be in the environment of bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ), and also to protect the environment from contamination. For example, in some configurations, contaminants as small as 0.2 microns can be removed. Exemplary filters can be constructed from polypropylene and PTFE, for example, and can allow pressure to equalize within the system with the external atmospheric pressure. Such filters can be bidirectional, hydrophobic, and autoclavable, for example. The level of the fluid in bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) can be measured and provided to the controller to monitor the operation of the system, as described elsewhere herein. Characteristics of the contents of bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) can be measured, such as, for example, but not limited to, pH and DO, sensors which are shown in  FIG. 3D . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 3D , the temperature of the contents of bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) can be controlled by a combination of thermal maintenance device  830 , bioreactor thermal sensor  834  ( FIG. 3D ), bioreactor contents thermal sensor  836  ( FIG. 3D ), and the controller to which these data are routed. Depending upon the desired process, the reaction within the contents of bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) may endothermic, exothermic, or static. Thus, the thermal maintenance device  830  ( FIG. 3D ) must be capable of raising or lowering the temperature of the contents, or maintaining a static thermal situation. Thermal maintenance device  830  ( FIG. 3D ) can take the form of a heat exchanger in a coil, a heating blanket, or a jacket recirculation system, for example. Bioreactor thermal sensor  834  ( FIG. 3D ) can, in conjunction with bioreactor contents thermal sensor  836  ( FIG. 3D ), provide the data needed by the controller to provide thermal control to the contents. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 3D and 3F , bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) can be durable and constructed from stainless steel or glass, for example, or can be single-use, manufactured from polymeric material, possibly pre-sterilized. The material specifications of bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) can affect thermal control, and can be taken into account by the controller when seeking a desired temperature of the contents. The contents of bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) may, depending upon the process executing within bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ), require movement which can be provided, for example, by stirring (propelling), suction (impelling), agitation, the use of baffles, or by providing a flow of gas and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide. Movement can be driven from top or bottom-drive devices, mechanically- or magnetically-driven, for example. Agitator  832  ( FIG. 3D ) is one way to provide such movement. Impellers can include characteristics such as axial and radial fluid flow, and propellers can include various shapes such as pitched-blade or marine. The appropriate type of propeller/impeller can be chosen based upon the application. Impeller cone feature  852  ( FIG. 3F ) is installed, via shaft cavity  856  ( FIG. 3F ) on the shaft of an impeller, coincident to the top face of the impeller. Cone feature  852  ( FIG. 3F ) prevents cells or the like from settling on top of flat faces of the impeller when agitation is complete, and allows the cells or the like to roll down the impeller and settle at the bottom of the culture vessel where they can be collected by the dip tube. Cone feature  852  ( FIG. 3F ) includes hole  854  ( FIG. 3F ) to accommodate a set screw configured to hold cone feature  852  ( FIG. 3F ) in place on the shaft of the impeller. Cone feature  852  ( FIG. 3F ) includes a tight fit around the shaft of the impeller and no flat areas. Impeller fins  880  ( FIG. 3G ) are wrapped about cone feature  852  ( FIG. 3G ) at an angle to encourage cells to slide to the bottom of the culture vessel to order to be captured by tubing during harvest. 
     Continue to refer to  FIG. 3D , in the present configuration, samples can be taken from fluids in the system, in the fluid lines entering and exiting bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ). Further sampling ports at different locations are contemplated by the system of the present teachings. Pump  838  can enable recirculation in a system as shown in  FIGS. 3D-3E , for example a system in which the contents of bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) are pumped downstream to enable use of the cells produced by the system, or pumped to waste  823  ( FIG. 3D ). In the shown configuration, harvested cells and media can be pumped downstream, and media from the downstream process can be recirculated to bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ). The present configuration includes tubes extending into bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ) to perform various functions, and the amount they extend can be adjusted depending on the desired function. For example, when agitator  832  is not activated, the cells and microcarriers will settle to the bottom of bioreactor  821 . One of the tubes can extend into the mixture, but not to the bottom of bioreactor  821 , and can be used to remove cells without removing media. Another tube can extend further into the mixture and can be used to remove cells for use in a downstream process, for example seeding of other bioreactors. Another use for the longer tube can be to completely remove media from the bioreactor  821  prior to adding fresh media or a different type of media. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3E , the downstream process is shown. In the exemplary configuration, incubator  851  ( FIG. 3E ) houses bioreactors  859  ( FIG. 3E ). Carbon dioxide  857  ( FIG. 3E ) is provided to incubator  851  ( FIG. 3E ) to establish an environment for bioreactors  859  ( FIG. 3E ). In incubator  851  ( FIG. 3E ), bioreactors  859  ( FIG. 3E ) are rotated by motors  861 , as examples of what consumers of the batches created by the system of the present teachings might do. Cells and media  853  ( FIG. 3E ) that were created by the system of the present teachings are also provided to bioreactors  859  ( FIG. 3E ). Media and possibly other output  855  ( FIG. 3E ) are recirculated to bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ). The characteristics of incoming (to bioreactors  859  ( FIG. 3E )) and outgoing fluid can be monitored. For example, the pressure and air bubbles within the incoming fluid can be measured and adjusted to ensure that the cells will arrive at their destination in tact, and pH, DO, and air bubbles in the outgoing media can be measured and adjusted before re-entering bioreactor  821  ( FIG. 3D ). The system of the present teachings contemplates other types of characteristics that can be measured. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 4-6 , a culture vessel system  101  ( FIG. 1B ) can include features that enable various sizes of culture vessels to be used and various environments to be established around the culture vessels. Culture vessel system  101  ( FIG. 1B ) can include features that hold the culture vessels in place to, for example, maintain an interface with a thermal management system. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS. 4-6 , various sizes of culture vessels can be accommodated in culture vessel system  101  ( FIG. 1B ). The exemplary embodiment shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrates culture vessel  102  captured in vessel clamp  120  (shown and described in detail herein with respect to  FIG. 13 ). Culture vessel  102  can include a commercially-available bioreactor or a custom-designed bioreactor. The system of the present teachings can accommodate various sizes of culture vessels, thus culture vessel  102  is one example. Telescoping sleeve  123  and post  125  of vessel clamp  120  ( FIG. 13 ) can enable extending/retracting the height of vessel clamp  120  ( FIG. 13 ) to accommodate the heights of various culture vessels. The height of exemplary culture vessel  102  dictates a slight extension of telescoping post  125 , locked in place by a fastener set in cavity  132 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS. 4-6 , vessel clamp  120  ( FIG. 13 ) can stabilize vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10 ) and draw culture vessel  102  into vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) and therefore thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ) to ensure thermal conductivity between culture vessel  102  and thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ). The culture vessel clamp can ensure that the position of the culture vessel with respect to the vessel sleeve and the temperature management system is maintained in order to enable uniform temperature control of the contents of the culture vessel. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS. 4-6 , the temperature management system can be configured to maintain a desired temperature of the contents of the culture vessel. In some configurations, temperature management can be partially or completely integrated with culture vessel  102 . In an arrangement, vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) can enable thermal conductivity between culture vessel  102  and thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ). Culture vessel  102  can be secured to vessel clamp  120  ( FIG. 13 ) by fittings that surround cap  204  of culture vessel  102 . The fittings can include multiple interconnected parts that can be configured to accommodate the size of cap  204 . For example, the fittings can include vessel clamp ring stand  129  that can be mounted upon telescoping post  125 , and provide a mounting surface for bracket base  128 . Cap  204  can rest upon vessel clamp ring stand  129 , and be vertically clamped by at least one headplate bracket  127  that can be operably coupled with bracket base  128 . In some configurations, bracket base  128  and headplate bracket  127  can be formed as a single component. In some configurations, bracket base  128  and vessel clamp ring stand  129  can be formed as a single component, or can be separate parts. In some configurations, vessel clamp ring stand  129 , bracket base  128 , and headplate bracket  127  can be formed as a single component, or can be separate parts. In an arrangement, there are three headplate brackets  127 . More or fewer of headplate brackets  127  can be mounted upon a suitably configured vessel clamp ring stand  129 , depending at least upon the desired positional security of culture vessel  102 . Vessel clamp  120  can be operably coupled with vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) by cap ring  118 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS. 4-6 , thermal break  121  can provide thermal insulation between vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) and the environment. Vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) can be surrounded by thermal sleeve  117 , and thermal sleeve  117  can be securely coupled with vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) by, for example, but not limited to, straps  143 . Thermal sleeve  117  can include cinching notches that can enable thermal sleeve  117  to comply when straps  143  are tightened. The position of thermal sleeve  117  with respect to vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) can be maintained by use of, for example, an easily inserted fastener  129 A ( FIG. 4 ) such as, for example, but not limited to, a dowel pin, a screw, a bolt, or a cotter pin. Fastener  129  is selected to allow float as vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) expands/contracts in the vertical axis. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS. 4-6 , thermal sleeve  117  can include thermal control means  131  and thermal sensor  155  ( FIG. 5 ). Thermal control means  131  can include heating pads, heat strips, heat tape, and/or heat sheaths. Thermal sleeve  117  and thermal control means  131  can be secured to a mounting platform (not shown) by bracket foot  147 , bracket  152 , fasteners  151 , and fastener  145 , for example. Bracket foot  147  and bracket  152  can be a single component or separate components operably coupled by, for example, fasteners. Thermal sensor  155  ( FIG. 5 ) can be used to disable thermal control means  131 . Thermal sensor  155  ( FIG. 5 ) can include, for example, but not limited to, a thermal switch with manual or automatic reset, a thermal fuse, or a positive temperature coefficient thermistor. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 7-9 , the components of an exemplary system implementing the features of the present teachings are shown in partially exploded form. Culture vessel  102  is shown operably coupled with vessel clamp  120  ( FIG. 13 ), a first step in assembling culture vessel  102  into an operational configuration. Vessel clamp  120  ( FIG. 13 ) and culture vessel  102  can be lowered into vessel sleeve  117  and tightened into place before temperature management can being. Cap ring  118  can be lowered upon thermal break  121  into inner geometry  116 , and fastened to vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) at fastening cavities  128 A located on vessel sleeve face  114 . Vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) and thermal sleeve  117  can be configured to accept culture vessel  102 , i.e. strapped together and mounted upon a mounting surface. When culture vessel  102  is moved into inner geometry  116 , straps  143  can be tightened, and fastener  129 A can be inserted. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 9 , a configuration that enables various sized culture vessels to be used in a system implementing the features of the present teachings is shown in exploded form. To minimize custom requirements, thermal sleeve  117  can be a separate component from vessel sleeve  115 . However, the functions performed by thermal sleeve  117  and vessel sleeve  115  can be performed by a single component. For example, the single component can include a cavity that can service all sizes of culture vessels by enabling the addition of the amount of filler material needed to maintain the position of the culture vessel within the thermal/vessel component. The filler material can include any thermally-conductive material that can be pressed against the culture vessel through tightening of straps  143 , for example. Thermal sleeve  117  can include gap  133  that can enable space need to accommodate thermal expansion of vessel sleeve  115  and tightening of thermal sleeve  117  around vessel sleeve  115 . Thermal cutout can be mounted at fastener cavities  137 , for example. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10A , vessel sleeve  115  can include inner diameter surface  116  that can, in some configurations, be constructed to match the geometry of culture vessel  102  ( FIG. 12 ). For example, if culture vessel  102  ( FIG. 4 ) includes tapered geometry  104  ( FIG. 12 ), inner diameter surface  116  can be tapered to match culture vessel  102  ( FIG. 12 ). Vessel sleeve  115  can vary in thickness depending upon the size of the culture vessel. Temperature maintenance of culture vessel  102  ( FIG. 12 ) can be accomplished by positioning thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ) around vessel sleeve  115 , and vessel sleeve  115  around culture vessel  102 , fixing the entire configuration in place by vessel clamp  120  ( FIG. 13 ). Thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ) can accommodate any size culture vessel  102  because its diameter does not vary with the diameter of culture vessel  102 . Instead, in some configurations, inner geometry  116  of vessel sleeve  115  varies. Vessel sleeve  115  can include thermal ring cavity  112  that can accept a thermal compressible ring (not shown). The thermal ring can be fastened in any suitable way from thermal ring cavity  112  down the inner surface of cavity  116 . Vessel sleeve  115  is designed to be removed easily, thermal sleeve  117  being left in place. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 10B , in some configurations, vessel sleeve  115 A can include a generic shape that can be used with a variety of culture vessel sizes and shapes. Generically-shaped vessel sleeve  115 A can be combined with a conforming and thermally conductive material (not shown) that can ensure a uniformly flush interface between culture vessel  102  ( FIG. 12 ) and vessel sleeve  115 A. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , thermal sleeve  117  can be operably coupled with thermal modification means  131  and leads (not shown) to power thermal modification means  131 , which can be a commercially-available heater, for example. Thermal modification means  131  conducts heat into thermal sleeve  117 , which then conducts heat into vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ). In some configurations, thermal sleeve  117  can include gap  133  that can accommodate expansion and contraction of thermal sleeve  117 . In some configurations, gap  133  can be surrounded by tapered edges  135  that result in forming flat mounting surfaces. In some configurations, an angle bracket (not shown), for example, can be attached on one leg of the bracket at connection points  138  to thermal sleeve  117 . The other leg of the angle bracket can be used to secure thermal vessel  117  to a mounting base (not shown). In some configurations, thermal cutout sensor  155  ( FIG. 9 ) can be attached to thermal sleeve  117  at attachment points  137 . In some configurations, if thermal cutout  155  can be set to insure that thermal sleeve  117  does not exceed, for example, 60° C. In some configurations, the desired temperature of the contents in the culture vessel is 37° C. One goal of the system of the present teachings is to heat the contents of the culture vessel as fast as possible without raising the temperature of the contents above a pre-selected threshold such as 37° C. If the temperature of cutout sensor  155  ( FIG. 9 ) exceeds a pre-selected threshold, it opens the power circuit to cut power to thermal modification means  131 . In some configurations, thermal sleeve  117  includes a temperature sensor that enables sensor control system  105  ( FIG. 1B ) to use incoming sensor data sensing the temperature of temperature modification means  131  to adjust the power to temperature modification means  131 . The goal of a high degree of control over the temperature of thermal sleeve  117 , and therefore the content of culture vessel  101  ( FIG. 1B ), is to bring the contents to a pre-selected temperature as fast as possible without damaging the contents. Thermal sleeve  117  can include stress relief cuts  139  that can allow thermal sleeve  117  to expand, contract, and bend to conform when necessary. Thermal sleeve can include cavity  141  that can accept a stabilization device such as, for example, but not limited to, a dowel pin, screw, cotter pin, or bolt. Straps  143  can be tightened using, for example, but not limited to, strap cinches  157 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 12 , vessel clamp  120  and culture vessel are shown before they are coupled, and vessel clamp  120  is shown in exploded form. Bracket base(s)  128  can be operably coupled with vessel clamp ring stand  129  at standout(s)  228 . Bracket base(s)  128  and standout(s)  228  are sized to surround cap  204 , and vessel clamp ring stand  129  is sized to accommodate the diameter of cap  204 . Other configurations are possible. For example, standout(s)  228  can include slide cavities that can enable bracket base(s)  128  to be positioned for different sized caps. Even further, vessel clamp ring stand  129  can include horizontally flexible but vertically rigid material that can expand/contract with the diameter of the culture vessel, but that provides a rigid mounting platform for bracket base  128  and telescoping post(s)  125 . Telescoping sleeve(s)  123  can mount to cap ring  118  at mounting cavities  229 . Alternatively, telescoping sleeve(s)  123  and cap ring  118  can form a single component. Other variations are possible, for example, some telescoping sleeve(s)  123  can be fastened to cap ring  118  while others are manufactured as part of cap ring  118 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 13 , vessel clamp  120  can include thermal break  121 , telescoping sleeve  123 , telescoping post  125  connected to vessel clamp ring stand  129 , and headplate bracket  127 , possibly spring-mounted to vessel clamp ring stand  129 . Telescoping post  125  and telescoping sleeve  125  can operate in a coordinated way to enable vessel clamp  120  to extend/contract, thereby accommodating various heights of culture vessels. In particular, the culture vessels can be drawn towards the temperature control means provided by thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ) to enable efficient temperature control of the contents of the culture vessel. The desired vessel height can be secured by inserting a fastener through slide cavity  132  into thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ). Setting the desired height can be used to accommodate various height vessels to insure there is enough of the vessel that is in contact with the thermal sleeve, yet still keeping the vessel high enough for visual inspection of the fluid contents when the system is running. A fastener can set the height of the vessel clamp, based on height of the vessel. The vessel clamp can be adjusted to have adequate contact with the vessel ring. It can be desirable to have some of the vessel exposed to see view the contents of the vessel over time. The vessel clamp can be adjusted to hold the vessel above the bottom of the vessel sleeve to accomplish exposing part of the vessel for visual inspection. Between the bottom of the vessel sleeve and the vessel, heat that emanates from the vessel, the vessel sleeve, and the thermal sleeve can be trapped to maintain thermal uniformity around the vessel. In some configurations, the thermal sleeve can maintain a desired temperature of the contents of the vessel if the thermal sleeve makes contact with 1-2 inches or more of the side of the vessel. In some configurations, a thermal break (not shown) can be located at the bottom of the vessel sleeve. Vessel clamp  120  can operably couple with thermal break  121 . Thermal break  121  is constructed of material that does not encourage the conductivity of heat between the base surface upon which vessel clamp  120  is mounted and ultimately the contents of the culture vessel. Thermal break  121  is operably coupled with vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) through cap ring  118 . Cap ring  118  covers thermal break  121  to present a clean interface to the culture vessel assembly. To position culture vessel  102  ( FIG. 12 ) securely for operational use, vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) is placed into thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ), which can have been previously been secured to a base chassis structure and coupled to a power supply and data I/O device. In some configurations, to use a different culture vessel, for example, to use a smaller sized vessel, vessel clamp  120  and vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) are removed, and vessel sleeve  115  ( FIG. 10A ) can be replaced with an appropriately-sized sleeve, but thermal sleeve  117  ( FIG. 11 ) remains in place, along with its data and power connections. No change to the thermal management system is necessary to change culture vessels. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1B , pH and DO are important performance factors in the expansion and maturation of cells in a culture. Cell expansion happens in tissue culture vessels where the cells are surrounded by growth media, a substance containing growth factors, serum, and other additives. Cell expansion is the process of producing cells from a single cell. pH level and the amount of DO, as well as other cell characteristics, are maintained by the controlled addition of gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide by gas management system  107 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 14 , in some configurations, the gas management system of the present teachings can include a configurable number of active MFCs, that number possibly differing from the configurable number of active bioreactors, i.e., a complement of MFCs for all the gases is not required for each bioreactor. When a constant gas overlay is not needed, each active bioreactor is given a time slot in which it can receive a required gas mixture. The gas can settle into the contents of the bioreactor during the time when no gas is being provided to the bioreactor. The time gap, if any, between subsequent gas provisions to a specific bioreactor is configurable, as are the number of MFCs, the number of active bioreactors, and the amounts and types of gas being provided to a specific bioreactor during the time slot accorded to the bioreactor. These variables are set up in the recipe, for example, and enabled by the PLC. Many possible combinations of gas provision are contemplated by the present teachings. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , the gas management system controls gas resources across multiple culture vessels. In some configurations, sensors and mass flow controllers (MFCs) controlling the amounts of, for example, but not limited to, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide that are exposed to the contents of the culture vessel are the main features of the gas management system. In some configurations, MFCs receive a mixture of gases depending upon at least in part on data from the sensors associated with the particular culture vessel, when the controller is controlling and monitoring multiple culture vessels. The sensors can be mounted to the culture vessel or elsewhere, depending upon the configuration of the system. In some configurations, sparging can be used to introduce gases to the contents of the culture vessel. In some configurations, gas management is enabled by electronic solenoids driven by a digital output card on the PLC chassis. In some configurations, the MFCs communicate with the PLC  301  via EthernetIP, and sensors communicate with the PLC  301  via RS-485, a serial protocol. In an aspect, a gateway is used to translate the serial protocol to EthernetIP. Other communications methods and protocols are contemplated by the present disclosure. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , gas management can be used to adjust the pH of the contents of the culture vessel. For example, some cell lines thrive in the pH range of 7.0-7.4. Additives to the contents of the culture vessel can initially set the pH of the contents to the desired range. For example, the culture medium can include a bicarbonate buffer. As the contents of the culture vessel convert glucose to lactate, carbon dioxide is produced, changing the pH and making the culture medium more acidic. Adding gaseous carbon dioxide can increase the dissolved carbon dioxide and decrease the pH. Adding air or nitrogen can decrease the dissolved carbon dioxide and increase the pH unless lactate accumulates in the culture medium, in which case a basic solution may be added to the contents to increase the pH. In an aspect, the set point of the pH in the culture vessel is achieved by overlaying carbon dioxide to lower the pH and nitrogen to allow the pH to rise. A PID loop drives the desired (variable) gas flow rate to a MFC. In an aspect, one gas, for example, but not limited to, carbon dioxide or nitrogen, is active at a time, depending if the pH is above or below the desired set point. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , oxygen gas dissolved in the blood (DO) is consumed by the cells in the culture vessel and requires replenishment by the gas management system. Some types of cell cultures a performed with a DO in the range of 20-50% saturation of oxygen, for example. In some configurations, air or nitrogen and oxygen can be added automatically, under the control of a controller, based at least on the comparison of sensor readings of DO in the contents of the culture vessel with a pre-selected set point. In an aspect, the set point of DO in the culture vessel is achieved by overlaying oxygen to increase or nitrogen to lower the dissolved oxygen percent in the vessel. In an aspect, bi-directional control is achieved using a PID loop with each MFC. In an aspect, addition of nitrogen, air, and/or oxygen is based on the difference between the amount of DO as measured by a sensor submerged in the contents of the culture vessel and a desired set point. When the DO exceeds the set point, nitrogen can be added to the culture vessel through a sparger to strip some of the oxygen out of the contents of the culture vessel. In an aspect, the contents of the culture vessel can simply consume the oxygen until the set point is readied. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , gas management system  107  can achieve a compact physical footprint and optimum equipment cost by, in some configurations, using a different number of MFCs than bioreactors. MFCs can measure and control the flow of liquids and gases. Types of MFCs in common use are designed and calibrated to control a specific type of liquid or gas at a particular range of flow rates. The description of the present teachings is not limited to the limitations of currently-available MFCs. For example, MFCs can be envisioned that are not limited to processing a specific type of gas, or a range of flow rates. Self-calibrating MFCs are contemplated by the present description. In an arrangement, MFCs can include a device that can programmably handle multiple gasses and pressure or flow rate inputs resulting in precise and repeatable outputs, such as, for example, but not limited to, the Brooks SLA 5800 series, connected by piping and filters to achieve a desired footprint and cost in a stand-alone enclosure. The number of MFCs needed is a function of the number of gas sources required for the configuration. In an aspect, the MFCs can include one MFC for O 2 , one for N 2 , one for CO 2 , and one for compressed air, but any number of MFCs with any assortment of source gases is possible. The number of culture vessels in the configuration is a function of the number of cell cultures being expanded, or the number of tissues being maintained. In an aspect, the MFCs can deliver gases, possibly mixed, to multiple bioreactors on a scheduled time interval. Using a single set of MFCs for all the bioreactors to blend the gas mix and then doing a sequential, timed, and/or intermittent overlay or sparge to each bioreactor minimizes the number of MFCs required and minimizes gas consumption, exhaust, and waste. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , in an arrangement, controller  106  can maintain set points  303  by instructing gas management system  107  to provide gases to culture vessels  305  at various flow rates proportional to a control loop error. The proportion is dependent upon flow rate, and differs between gases. For example, for nitrogen and oxygen, the proportion is higher than carbon dioxide. The control loop error is calculated from a PID loop dedicated for each bioreactor. PID loop  303  can be used to drive the desired (variable) flow rate to an MFC. Controller  301  sends gas management system  107 , including MFCs, a set point based on the PID loop error. For example: 
     Gas flow rate=C*control loop error
 
where C=f(flow rate, type of gas) and
 
Control loop error=set point−measured data
 
A proportional controller is set to work with a specific cell type. PID tuning parameters can be determined empirically by starting with a cell type and working backwards. In an arrangement, proportional control can be used without integral or derivative aspects. In an arrangement, steady state control (low deviation from set point) can be achieved by using any of proportional, integral, or derivative controls, separately or in combination.
 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , the set point of the pH in culture vessel  305  is maintained by overlaying CO 2  enabling a reduction in the pH (more acidic) and N 2  enabling an increase in the pH. Gasing can maintain a steady pH until the levels of glucose and lactate become the overwhelming pH driving factor. After a period of time, a media exchange will be needed to maintain the pH set point due to glucose consumption and lactate production, as described in Michl et al., “ Evidence - based guidelines for controlling pH in mammalian live - cell culture systems,  COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY |2:144| https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0393-7/www.nature.com/commsbio (2019), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. When the pH measures &lt;7.2 a media exchange may be necessary. In an arrangement, if continuous gassing fails to change the characteristics of the cell culture, an immediate replacement of the media will be instituted. In an arrangement, glucose and lactate can also be monitored. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , the set point of the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in culture vessel  305  can be achieved by overlaying O 2  to increase or N 2  to lower DO %. The value of the set point is process specific, depending on the type of cells being expanded, or the tissue being grown. Some cells or tissues thrive in an oxygen-rich environment, while others thrive in an oxygen-depleted environment, as discussed in Place et al, “Limitations of oxygen delivery to cells in culture: An underappreciated problem in basic and translational research”,  Free Radical Biology and Medicine,  113: 311-322 (2017), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additionally, gas transfer laws dictate how much of the oxygen is dissolved into solution, and ultimately reach the cells. In an arrangement, a recipe can be used to adjust the pH and DO set points according to the current values of various measured parameters, the recipe being made available to controller  106 , enabling the system to accommodate various pH and DO set points derived from cell type. Similar to control of the pH, bi-directional control will be achieved using two PID loops  303  for each set point. Bi-directional control provides a response to a positive and negative error on a set point, for example, adding oxygen when below a set point, and adding nitrogen when above the set point. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , in an aspect, the system can include multiple culture vessels  305  growing cells and tissues at the same time. Since there can be multiple vessels in use at once, a control strategy to deliver a specific gas mixture to each vessel  305  is deployed. When the rate of change of the pH and DO levels is slow enough that constant gas overlay is not needed, gas can be overlain in culture vessel  305  during a time period, and then the gas infusion can be discontinued while diffusion of the gas into the contents to take place. A dormant period of a pre-selected time can be built into the process to account for processes/content that require more than the pre-selected gas delivery time. When the gas(es) are being delivered, PID loops are dictating set points for monitored characteristics such as, but not limited to, pH and DO. In an aspect, each culture vessel includes separate and/or dedicated PID loops. Periodically providing a gas overlay is a successful strategy at least in part because the impacted characteristics have a relatively slow rate of change. The isolation of gas delivery to one culture vessel is achieved by actuating solenoid valves downstream of the MFC to control the direction of mixed gas. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , controller  106  can direct gas management system  107  to supply gas, possibly a mixture of available gases, to a specific culture vessel  305  for a specific timeframe. Controller  106  can then direct gas management system  107  to change the mixture, if necessary, to accommodate the contents of a second culture vessel  305 , and then direct gas management system  107  to deliver the gas to the second culture vessel  305 . This process can be repeated for each culture vessel  305  in the system. Culture vessels  305  can be revisited with further gas infusions, possibly different mixtures, depending upon the specific requirements of the contents of the culture vessels, and/or depending upon parameter measurement results. The isolation of gas delivery to one culture vessel  305  can be achieved by actuating specific solenoid valves based on a timed schedule. The coordination of MFC set point and valve states can be driven by a sequenced routine in the controller. The sequence gives each culture vessel a time period to read pH/DO through pH/DO sensors ( FIG. 1C ), deliver gas, and move on to the next culture vessel. This time-sharing enables sharing of hardware components, and minimizes gas consumption, exhaust, and waste. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 14 , for example, if there are six culture vessels  305 , and each requires gas delivery for five minutes, a cycle of visiting the culture vessels  305  and supplying gas to them will require thirty minutes. In a culture vessel  305  in which the gas diffusion rate is the same as the cycle time, controller  106  can direct gas management system  107  to supply more gas to that culture vessel  305 . In the exemplary process, the set point to each MFC can change every five minutes depending on the error output of pH and DO PID loops  303  for each culture vessel  305 . Controller  106  calculates the error from the PID loop/probe in each culture vessel  305  to set up for correcting the gas on the next gas window. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 14 , condensation of liquid in the gas line exiting the culture vessel can possibly foul gas management equipment. In an aspect, air dryers can be used to strip incoming gas from liquid impurities. In an aspect, a heating system such as, for example, a Peltier heating system can prevent condensation of liquid in the gas line exiting the bioreactor. In an exemplary Peltier heating system, one junction is cooled while the other is heated, and an electric current is maintained in a circuit of material including two dissimilar conductors or semi-conductors. An increase in the temperature occurs at the junction where, for example, copper passes to bismuth, and a decrease in temperature occurs at the junction where, for example, bismuth passes to copper. In an aspect, the Peltier heating system includes a thermo-electric heater and fan. In an aspect, the controller provides commands to the fan and thermo-electric heater through digital outputs associated with the controller. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 15A-15F , components of an exemplary gas management system are shown. Specifically, the enclosure that houses the MFCs and gas manifolds is shown in  FIG. 15A . Shroud  905  and base  901  form the enclosure that protects the gas management system of the present teachings. Extending from shroud  905  is pressure relief valve  907  which is attached to mixing manifold  917  ( FIG. 15D ). With shroud  905  ( FIG. 15B ) partially removed, distribution manifold  915  ( FIGS. 15B /C) is shown. Gas entering MFC inlets can be filtered by particulate filters  918  ( FIG. 15C ). Distribution manifold  915  ( FIGS. 15B /C) receives gas according to the type and amount required for a particular process as specified by PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ). Each gas train incorporates a connection to MFC  925  ( FIG. 15E ), particulate filter  918  ( FIG. 15E ), and a check valve. There are the same number of gas trains as there are source gases in the system. Gas from each gas train (MFC) is blended in mixing manifold  917  ( FIG. 15D ) and distributed to the desired bioreactor through distribution manifold  915  ( FIG. 15D ). Distribution manifold  915  ( FIG. 15D  is the exit from the gas mixer to the bioreactors. Distribution manifold  915  ( FIG. 15F ) enables distribution of the source gases according to PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) commands. Distribution manifold  915  ( FIG. 15F ) includes features such as pneumatic manifold fixtures  933 / 935  ( FIG. 15F ), exemplary 5-station unit  937  ( FIG. 15F ), and exemplary 2-way normally closed solenoid valve  931  ( FIG. 15F ). The system of the present teachings contemplates larger or smaller units accommodating more or fewer gas sources. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 16 , controller (PLC)  106  ( FIG. 1 ) receives data from the sensors associated with the culture vessel, fluid management system, and gas management systems, and uses those data to control system functions to achieve a desired outcome such as, for example, but not limited to, tissue generation, scaffold decellularization, and scaffold recellularization. PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) is integrated wired (or wirelessly) to control the other parts of the system without requiring command translations. PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) can detect faults in incoming sensor data, and, after validation is complete, use the data to enable change in state, for example, for choosing a sequence of output commands to motors, pumps, and valves. In some configurations, the order of the state changes and/or the sequence of commands can be driven by a recipe. The recipe itself can be changed by user input, or by PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) based on conditions in the system. Other ways that the recipe can be changed, or that control can proceed, are contemplated by the present teachings. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 16 , PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) of the present teachings follows a general flow for all processes for each culture vessel station (including culture vessel  503  ( FIG. 1B ), fluid handling system  108  ( FIG. 1B ), and culture vessel control  111  ( FIG. 1B )) that can be executed by the system of the present teachings. PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) can manage simultaneously different processes executing in the culture vessels of the present teachings. Therefore, a version of method  950  can be executing in PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) for each of the culture vessels. Method  950  can include, but is not limited to including, receiving  951  selection of the process that is to be initiated. Exemplary processes include, but are not limited to including, cell maturation, organ decellularization, and organ recellularization. The selection can be made, for example, by a user through, for example, but not limited to, a secure remote communications line, a local hard-wired line, or a secure wireless connection. HMI  630  ( FIG. 1C ) is one way a user can select a desired process. The display associated with HMI  630  ( FIG. 1C ) can be provide status information for each culture vessel. The display can be divided into a number of sections, depending upon the number of active culture vessels, for example, or depending upon the total number of culture vessels, active or not. Alternatively, HMI  630  ( FIG. 1C ) can include multiple monitors, each supporting an active culture vessel. Still further, processes can be related to one another, so process selection can happen automatically, or semi-automatically, with the user approving the selection before process execution proceeds. For example, a decellularization process can automatically or semi-automatically kick off a recellularization process. Method  950  can include accessing  953  a recipe associated with the selected process. When there are multiple possible recipes for a selected process, user input can be required to pick the desired recipe. Alternatively, PLC  106  ( FIG. 14 ) can select and access the most appropriate recipe based on previous or concurrent processes executed by one or more of the bioreactors in the system. User interaction can be provided to verify the selection, depending on characteristics associated with the process and the recipe. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 16 , method  950  can include accessing or computing or receiving or prompting for  955  parameters related to the selected process and/or the selected recipe. For example, set points for temperature, pH, and DO can be provided. The user can enter required values, or choose to use default values, or the user can be out of the loop entirely as the system can choose default values or compute values based on prior or concurrent activity in the system. Method  950  can include initiating  957  the selected recipe using the parameters. The recipe initiation sets up a processing loop that moves through the recipe until all phases have been accomplished, then checks for further recipes, and finally returns to the beginning to receive a process selection. In the processing loop, method  950  can include executing  959  a phase from the recipe, for example, executing instructions to open valves, pump media, or activate an agitator. Elements of the ISA-88 phase module are provided, in the system of the present teachings, by programs that, for example, but not limited to, open valves, start pumps, totalizes the flow with a sensors until a pre-selected amount is reached, stops the pumps, and closes the valves. Phase control of the present teachings arbitrates the ownership of equipment based on pre-selected criteria. For example, in some configurations, when running an automated phase all devices are set to be controlled by the PLC, unless there are manual steps within the sequence. Essentially all equipment is owned by the PLC during automated phase and recipes. In some configurations, an operator take ownership of a device of interest under specific circumstances. When the operator has completed use of the device, the phase resumes and the PLC takes ownership of the device. In some configurations, possible modes include operator, external, and maintenance. Other possible modes are contemplated by the present teachings. The modes are associated with users who can lock ownership of the equipment. The owner user must release the lock before the controller can grant ownership to another user. In the system of the present teachings, multiple phases can execute simultaneously. For example, a heating phase can execute simultaneously with an agitate phase and recirculate phase. In some configurations, each culture vessel has dedicated equipment and dedicated software, enabling simultaneous unrelated operations on different culture vessel contents. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIG. 16 , data from sensors in the system can indicate when the phase is complete, for example, or PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ) can move to the next phase after a pre-selected amount of time has elapsed. The recipe can specify how each phase is to be handled, or can leave it to computations conducted by PLC  106  ( FIG. 1B ), possibly based upon sensor data collected as the process is proceeding. Method  950  can include receiving  961  data from sensors associated with the culture vessel station in which the process is executing, and adjust  963  characteristics and parameters based on the sensor data, if necessary. Many such examples have been provided herein. Adjusting the thermal profile of the contents of the culture vessel relies on such data sensing in and around the culture vessel station. In particular, the sensor data may indicate that the phase is complete. If  965  there are more phases in the recipe, method  950  can include returning to step  959  and executing from that point. If  965  there are no more phases to execute in the recipe, and if  967  there are other recipes that are associated with the process(es), method  950  can include returning to step  953  and executing from that point. If  967  there are no other recipes, method  950  can include returning to step  951  and executing from that point. 
     In some configurations, exemplary phases for culturing cells are set out in Table I. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phase 
                 Action 
                 Configuration requirements 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Add 
                 Using valve x and pump x, 
                 Specify the pump speed 
               
               
                 media x 
                 add media to bioreactor 
                 (mL/min), volume delivered, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and tolerance 
               
               
                 Remove 
                 Remove media to waste 
                 Specify the pump speed 
               
               
                 media mid 
                 from a tube extended 
                 (mL/min), volume delivered, 
               
               
                   
                 midway into the media 
                 and tolerance 
               
               
                   
                 using pump 2 
               
               
                 Remove 
                 Remove media to waste 
                 Specify the pump speed 
               
               
                 media low 
                 from the a tube extending 
                 (mL/min), volume delivered, 
               
               
                   
                 farther into the media 
                 and tolerance 
               
               
                   
                 using pump 2 
               
               
                 Agitate 
                 Agitate with vortex up or 
                 Specify the agitator speed 
               
               
                   
                 vortex down options 
                 (RPM), and vortex up or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 down 
               
               
                 Recirculate 
                 Use specific valves (e.g. 
                 Specify the pump speed 
               
               
                   
                 V5, V8, V10) to recirculate 
                 (mL/min) 
               
               
                   
                 with pump 2 
               
               
                 Low harvest 
                 Harvest media to an 
                 Specify the pump speed 
               
               
                   
                 external (to the bioreactor) 
                 (mL/min) 
               
               
                   
                 vessel/bag, not waste. For 
               
               
                   
                 example, remove all the 
               
               
                   
                 media until the level sensor 
               
               
                   
                 reads less than 50 mL for 
               
               
                   
                 15 seconds 
               
               
                 Heat 
                 Heat the vessel media to a 
                 Specify the media 
               
               
                   
                 specific temperature based 
                 temperature set point 
               
               
                   
                 on media temperature probe 
               
               
                   
                 and heating sleeve probe 
               
               
                 pH DO 
                 Control the pH and DO set 
                 Specify the pH and DO 
               
               
                   
                 points with the appropriate 
                 setpoints 
               
               
                   
                 gas flow ration using the 
               
               
                   
                 probes and MFCs and PID 
               
               
                   
                 loops 
               
               
                 Condense 
                 Prevent wetting out the gas 
                 Specify the PWM, for 
               
               
                   
                 filter using a peltier and fan 
                 example, 99% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In some configurations, exemplary phases for decellularizing scaffolds are set out in Table II. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE II 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Phase 
                 Action 
                 Configuration requirements 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Clear blood 
                 Clear blood from the 
                 Specify the volume (mL) and 
               
               
                   
                 scaffold 
                 pressure (mmHg) 
               
               
                 Lyse x 
                 Break down the 
                 Specify the time (min) and 
               
               
                   
                 membrane of the cell 
                 pressure (mmHg) 
               
               
                   
                 in passes 1-x 
               
               
                 Remove debris 
                 Remove debris from 
                 Specify the time (min) and 
               
               
                   
                 the scaffold 
                 pressure (mmHg) 
               
               
                 Wash 
                 Wash the scaffold 
                 Specify the volume (mL) and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pressure (mmHg) 
               
               
                 Sterilize 
                 Sterilize the scaffold 
                 Specify the volume (mL) and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pressure (mmHg) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Referring now to  FIGS. 17A-17B, 18A-18C, and 19A-19B , various applications of the system to decellularizing a heart are shown along with various component layouts. Referring to  FIG. 17A , a simplified fluid flow diagram of the system of the present teachings is shown with respect to the heart during decellularization. In particular, solutions  351  such as nutrients in the form of media are selected by valves  353  and pumped by pump  355  past sensors  357  selectively to either waste  359  or descending aorta  361 . As the fluids are diffused through heart  371 , they proceed from pulmonary artery  363  to either waste  359  or are recirculated back through heart  371 . Fluids that exit heart  371  through pulmonary vein  365  to pressure vessel  367  and on to either waste  359  or recirculation. A pressure vessel is a leak-proof container that stores liquid or gas at higher or lower than atmospheric pressure. Pressure vessel  367  exerts back pressure on the fluid flowing out of bioreactor  369 . In some configurations, the back pressure can result from indirect pressure through hydraulic head height at an elevation above bioreactor  369 . The present teachings contemplate other methods for use of pressure vessel  367 , and other configurations to produce the back pressure. In some configurations, pressure vessel  367  is vented, and the effluent flows to waste  359 . Other configurations are contemplated by the present teachings. In some configurations, pressure vessel  367  can maintain a fixed pressure within the pulmonary vein/left ventricle to encourage a higher percentage of flow to exit the heart thorough the coronary arteries and out of the pulmonary artery. This pressure can maintain the heart in an inflated state. Other configurations, such as a pressure control loop, are contemplated by the present teachings. Various shapes of pressure vessels can be used, depending on the type of gas used to exert the pressure and the amount of pressure required. For example, types of pressure vessels include, but are not limited to including, cylindrical, conical, spherical, horizontal or vertical, which can be capped by various-shaped heads. For example, non-spherical pressure vessels require heads. Types of heads can include, for example, hemispheric-shaped and shallow-shaped (dished) heads (semi-elipsoidal or torispherical). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 17B , for a specific decellularization configuration, solutions  351  can include, but are not limited to including, a buffered solution (PBS), detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate in distilled, deionized (DI) water (SDS), hypertonic NaCl, hypotonic sodium chloride (NaCl), heparinized PBS, and PBS with peracetic acid. Other decellularization solutions can include, but are not limited to including, detergent sodium deoxycholate (SD/SDC), detergent triton X-100, zwitterionic solutions such as 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), trypsin/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and deoxyribonulease (DNAse). SDS is a detergent that is known to denature proteins. Peracetic acid is used for sterilization of the final scaffold. Denaturing proteins involves breaking of many of the weak linkages or bonds, e.g. hydrogen bonds, within a protein molecule. The bonds are responsible for the ordered structure of the protein, so that denatured proteins have a looser, more random structure, and are likely insoluble. PBS is a phosphate-buffered solution, a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, and possibly potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to help maintain a constant pH. Deionized water can be used to create predictable and repeatable results because it lacks ions from, for example, mineral salts like iron, calcium, and sulfate. Valves  353  in this configuration include a mixture of normally closed solenoid valves and manual valves. In some configurations, manual valves can be associated with certain source fluids such as, for example, but not limited to hypotonic NACl, helarinized PBC, and PBC/peracetic acid. In some configurations, manual valves can be used to assist in preventing leaks during setup and tear down processes, and are not used in the automated process. Manual valves can be used on the containers that hold the solutions that will be used in the process and are a way for these vessels to be filled off line, transported, and installed without risk of leaking or contaminating the solution in the source. The chosen solutions are pumped by pump  355  through pressure sensor  357  and flow/bubble meter to either waste  359  or bioreactor  369 , specifically descending aorta  361 . Pump  355  can include a peristaltic-variety pump that fulfills the desired pump characteristics described herein elsewhere. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 18A-18C , an exemplary decellularization recipe and associated valve manipulations are shown.  FIG. 18A  and Tables III and IV describe methods that a system with two fluid pumps and twelve fluid valves might execute to decellularize an organ, such as a heart, and pump fluids to a collection vessel. Referring to  FIG. 18A , in this exemplary use, fluid is pumped from a first pump from sources heparinized PBS, hypertonic NACl, PBS/peracetic acid, SDS, Triton, PBS, and deionized (DI) water past a pressure meter into the descending aorta. The fluid in the heart is routed to a waste or a collection vessel. Referring to  FIG. 18B , the phases executed to accomplish a decellularization of a heart according to an exemplary recipe are listed. The first four phases involve clearing the blood from the heart using heparinized PBS pumped alternately by volume and by time/pressure by a first pump while the second pump is controlling the output to a pre-selected pressure. Note that the system of the present teachings allows variation in the values of pump volume, pressure, and time, and therefore the values listed in  FIG. 18B  are exemplary only. In the fifth phase, the last of the blood is flushed from the heart by DI water. The next phases involve lysing cells in the heart with NaCl, and then flushing the disrupted cells with DI water. Next, cell debris are removed from the heart by repeated applications of SDS and DI water. In this recipe, there are three repetitions of a debris removal sequence involving two applications of SDS following by one application of DI water. The last phases of substance remove the residual SDS using Triton. The final two phases involve washing the remaining scaffold with DI water and PBS.  FIG. 18C  lists the valves shown in  FIG. 18A  that are used for each phase listed on  FIG. 18B . 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 19A-19C , yet another feature of the system of the present teachings includes growing one type of cell on one side of a culture vessel scaffold, another type on another side, and combining the two types of cells. Such a configuration can include source fluids, at least one culture vessel station including culture vessel  503 A/B, fluid handling system  108 , pumps  256 , culture vessel control system  111 , gas management  107 , biocontroller  106 , waste  274 , bioreactor  272 , rotation means  270 , and vent  280 , all of which have been described herein. In some configurations, scaffold  266  is fixed in the middle of bioreactor  272  with media/cell addition ports  276 / 278  entering bioreactor  272 . Rotation feature  270  can move the area being seeded to a position in which the cells would be encouraged to rest and reproduce. Vent  280  or other outlet path can be configured to prevent pressure buildup. The system as shown in  FIG. 19A  can be used to expand cells such as suspension cells, aggregates, or cells on microcarriers. When the cell density reaches a target threshold, the cells are allowed to settle, the excess media removed, and wash solution  252 , for example, but not limited to, PBS is added/removed. Trypsin  254  is added to digest the microcarriers/extra-cellular attachment proteins, high protein media  262  or inhibitor is added to quench trypsin  254 , media  262  is added/removed to adjust its concentration, and then the cells are pumped to one side of scaffold  266 . Additional media  262  can be used to clear out any cells in the tubing dead volume. The other side of scaffold  266  is seeded as soon as the first side of scaffold  266  is finished attaching by cells that are, for example, expanding simultaneously in second culture vessel  503 B, or at a later time if the first layer developed in first culture vessel  503 A needs time to mature. Media exchanges in bioreactor  272  are done, for example, continuously through a flow loop, or tidally using a vent. A second bioreactor (or a third bioreactor) can be configured to perform media exchanges in bioreactor  272 . Choice of options is based at least on process timing, media composition, and tissue size/metabolism. Sensors (shown elsewhere) are placed in culture vessels  503 A/B, media vessels  262 , tissue bioreactor  272 , and/or in any of the fluid pathways (for example, tissue bioreactor inlets/outlets  276 / 278 ). In some configurations, thermal control over media  262  is maintained in thermal device  264 . Rotation means  270  can rotate scaffold  266  around axis of rotation  268 . In some configurations, waste products can be routed away from bioreactor  272  and into waste collection  274 . In some configurations, double-side seeding can be performed using a single culture vessel station and a single set of source fluids. In such systems, as illustrated in  FIGS. 19B and 19C , culture vessel  503  can supply cells to both sides of scaffold  266  at different times. Some of the cells and the waste products produced in bioreactor  272  can return to culture vessel  503  and waste collection  274 , respectively. Shown in  FIG. 19C  is rotation means  270  as described herein. In some configurations, cells that were expanded outside of the culture vessel system depicted in  FIGS. 19A-19C  can be provided to bioreactor  272  through specially-configured ports. In such configurations, multiple types of cells, both cells expanded in culture vessels  503  ( FIG. 19B ) and cells expanded elsewhere, can be introduced into bioreactor  272  to seed multiple areas of scaffold  266 . Scaffold  266  is depicted as rectangular, but can assume any shape and size, according to the size of bioreactor  272 . Further, multiple scaffolds  266  can be combined after the seeding process is complete to form a more complicated tissue. 
     A system for repeatably performing at least one type of tissue-related process as part of a manufacturing line, the system comprising: at least one culture vessel station including a variably-sized culture vessel, a fluid handling system, and a culture vessel control system, the at least one culture vessel station configured to accommodate performing the at least one type of tissue related process; a gas management system configured to provide at least one type of gas to the at least one culture vessel station; and a controller configured to control the gas management system and the at least one culture vessel station to perform the at least one type of tissue-related process, the controller configured to communicate using a standard industrial communications protocol with components on the manufacturing line. The system as described herein wherein the at least one variably-size culture vessel comprises disposable components. The system as described herein wherein the at least one variably-size culture vessel comprises durable components. The system as described herein wherein the at least one variably-size culture vessel comprises: a vessel sleeve surrounding at least a part of the at least one variably-sized culture vessel, the vessel sleeve configured to transfer thermal energy to the at least one variably-sized culture vessel; a thermal sleeve operably coupled with the vessel sleeve, the thermal sleeve controlling an amount of thermal energy entering the vessel sleeve; and a vessel clamp stabilizing the at least one variably-sized culture vessel within the thermal sleeve. The system as described herein wherein the fluid handling system is configured to move fluid through the at least one variably-sized culture vessel. The system as described herein further comprising: a sensor control system controlling of the amount of thermal energy entering the vessel sleeve. The system as described herein wherein the gas management system is configured to control a type and an amount of gas entering the at least one variably-sized culture vessel. The system as described herein wherein the vessel clamp comprises: a telescoping device, the telescoping device accommodating a height of the at least one variably-sized culture vessel. The system as described herein further comprising: a thermal break between the vessel sleeve and an environment surrounding the vessel sleeve. The system as described herein further comprising: an electric cutoff sensing when the thermal sleeve reaches at least one pre-selected threshold temperature, the electric cutoff configured to disable the addition of further thermal energy to the vessel sleeve. The system as described herein further comprising: at least one band clamp securing the thermal sleeve to the vessel sleeve. The system as described herein wherein the thermal sleeve comprises: at least one expansion/contraction gap. The system as described herein further comprising: a stabilizing pin configured to positionally secure the thermal sleeve to the vessel sleeve. The system as described herein further comprising: at least one temperature control element. The system as described herein further comprising: a thermally-conductive material filling a space between an inner diameter of the vessel sleeve and an outer diameter of the at least one variably-sized culture vessel. The system as described herein further comprising: a plurality of the vessel sleeves accommodating a plurality of sizes of the at least one variably-sized culture vessel. The system as described herein further comprising: a sensor system configured to monitor a variably-sized volume of cells in the at least one variably-sized culture vessel. The system as described herein wherein the fluid handling system comprises: a variable number of at least one valve and at least one pump configured to move the fluid into and out of the at least one variably-sized culture vessel station, the at least one controller controlling the at least one valve and the at least one pump. The system as described herein wherein the at least one controller comprises: instructions configured to control multiple of the at least one culture vessel stations performing independent tasks simultaneously. The system as described herein wherein a first of the at least one culture vessel stations performs a first type of the at least one type of tissue-related process in parallel with a second of the at least one culture vessel stations performing a second type of the at least one type of tissue-related process. The system as described herein wherein the first type of the at least one type of tissue-related process comprises a same type as the second type of the at least one type of the tissue-related process. The system as described herein wherein the first type of the at least one type of tissue-related process comprises a different type as the second type of the at least one type of the tissue-related process. The system as described herein wherein the first type of the at least one type of tissue-related process comprises decellularization. The system as described herein wherein the first type of the at least one type of tissue-related process comprises recellularization. The system as described herein wherein the first type of the at least one type of tissue-related process comprises cell maturation of recellularized tissue. The system as described herein wherein the first type of the at least one type of tissue-related process comprises perfusion of endothelial cells. The system as described herein wherein the at least one controller comprises: determining a fluid flow path based at least on a recipe. The system as described herein wherein the at least one controller comprises: determining a fluid flow path dynamically. The system as described herein wherein the at least one controller comprises: determining a fluid flow path based at least on user input. The system as described herein wherein the at least one controller comprises: determining a fluid flow path based at least on a combination of a recipe, dynamically-determined parameters, and user-provided parameters. The system as described herein wherein the at least one tissue-related process comprises: creating a batch. The system as described herein wherein the batch is produced in compliance with at least one industry standard process. The system as described herein wherein the at least one industry standard process comprises: ANSI/ISA-88.01-1995. The system as described herein wherein the standard industrial communications protocol comprises: Ethernet/Industrial Protocol. The system as described herein wherein the gas management system comprises: at least one mass flow controller configured to receive a source of gas, the amount of the gas controlled by the at least one controller; a mixing manifold configured to blend a plurality of types of the gas from a plurality of the at least one mass flow controller, the amounts and types of the plurality of types of the gas controlled by the at least one controller; and a distribution manifold receiving the blended plurality of gasses and distributing the blended plurality of gases to the at least one culture station according to commands from the at least one controller. The system as described herein wherein a number of the at least one mass flow controller is independent from the number of at least one culture vessel station. The system as described herein wherein a plurality of the at least one mass flow controller is configured to provide the amounts and types of the plurality of types of the gas to a plurality of the at least one culture vessel station according to a periodic delivery function. The system as described herein wherein the periodic delivery function is based at least on values collected by sensors associated with the at least one culture vessel station. The system as described herein further comprising: a cone feature attached to shaft of an agitation device in the culture vessel, the cone feature substantially preventing cells from settling on the agitation device. A method for seeding a plurality of types of cells on a plurality of areas of a scaffold, the method comprising: operably coupling the scaffold with a rotation means in a bioreactor, the bioreactor configured to accept a plurality of types of cells through a plurality of ports in the bioreactor; when cell density of a first cell type of the plurality of types of cells in a first culture vessel reaches a pre-selected threshold, or after a pre-selected waiting period, (a) removing excess media from the culture vessel; (b) washing first cells of the first cell type in the culture vessel; (c) digesting the microcarriers/extra-cellular attachment proteins in the culture vessel using a digesting solution; (d) quenching the digesting solution; and (e) adjusting the concentration of the media; pumping the first cells from the culture vessel to a first area of the plurality of areas of the scaffold in the bioreactor; and when a first pre-selected time has passed, processing a second cell type of the plurality of cell types according to steps (a)-(e); and pumping the second cells from the culture vessel to a second area of the plurality of areas of the scaffold in the bioreactor, the second cell type created in a second culture vessel. The method as described herein further comprising: rotating the scaffold after the first area is seeded, the rotating positioning the scaffold to accept the second type of the plurality of cells onto the second area. 
     Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances. Additionally, while several example configurations of the present disclosure have been shown in the drawings and/or discussed herein, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particular configurations. In addition, those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto. Other elements, steps, methods and techniques that are insubstantially different from those described above and/or in the appended claims are also intended to be within the scope of the disclosure. 
     The drawings are presented only to demonstrate certain examples of the disclosure. In addition, the drawings described are only illustrative and are non-limiting. In the drawings, for illustrative purposes, the size of some of the elements may be exaggerated and not drawn to a particular scale. Additionally, elements shown within the drawings that have the same numbers may be identical elements or may be similar elements, depending on the context. 
     Where the term “comprising” is used in the present description and claims, it does not exclude other elements or steps. Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun, e.g. “a” “an” or “the”, this includes a plural of that noun unless something otherwise is specifically stated. Hence, the term “comprising” should not be interpreted as being restricted to the items listed thereafter; it does not exclude other elements or steps, and so the scope of the expression “a device comprising items A and B” should not be limited to devices consisting only of components A and B. 
     Furthermore, the terms “first”, “second”, “third,” and the like, whether used in the description or in the claims, are provided for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances (unless clearly disclosed otherwise) and that the example configurations of the disclosure described herein are capable of operation in other sequences and/or arrangements than are described or illustrated herein.