Patent Publication Number: US-11640769-B2

Title: Modular refreshable braille display system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, Provisional Application No. 63/031,693, filed May 29, 2020 titled “MODULAR REFRESHABLE BRAILLE DISPLAY SYSTEM”, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This document generally describes apparatuses, systems, and methods for assistive technology, such as braille systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Braille is a tactile reading and writing system to assist the blind. Braille uses raised dots to represent alphabetical letters and symbols. These dots can be engraved on various materials. Blind people move their fingers over reading areas in order to read the raised braille dots. Some braille systems include refreshable braille displays, which are electro-mechanical devices for displaying braille characters. Some refreshable braille displays can be in wired communication with a device, such as a computer, and can include braille dots that are raised and lowered to assist the blind in reading information displayed on the device. Some refreshable braille displays can be expensive. 
     SUMMARY 
     This document generally describes apparatuses, systems, and methods for assistive technology, such as braille systems. In particular, the apparatus described herein can be a refreshable braille display system that is affordable and easy to service for legally blind people, users who want to learn to read braille or improve their braille literacy, and/or businesses. The technology described herein can provide simple structures that are portable and can be easily adapted to various types of devices that users want to interact with. For example, the refreshable braille display system can be implemented in a case for a mobile device (e.g., smartphone, tablet, laptop, etc.) to assist blind people in reading braille while also interacting with their mobile device. In some implementations, the refreshable braille display system can be installed in and/or in wireless communication with devices in public locations, such as mall kiosks, ATMs, and transit stations. The system described herein can assist blind people in their ability to read information that dynamically changes while they are interacting in public spaces. In some implementations, the apparatus described herein can be used to teach users to read and understand braille and improve their braille literacy. 
     The apparatus described herein can include a first base having a bar magnet housed in a housing and a detachable top housing containing various coils (e.g., solenoids) wrapped around braille pins and uniquely powered through a circuit. Use of the bar magnet can reduce a frequency of servicing one or more components of the system described herein since the magnet provides a strong and long-lasting magnetic field. The coils and braille pins can each be housed in cylinders (e.g., cavities) having openings on an upper surface of the top housing. The braille pins housed within each of the cylinders can be actuated by sending currents to the coils so as to extend the pins through the openings. In some implementations, the braille pins can maintain an attractive force to the bar magnet so long as no current is passed through the coils. As a result, the braille pins remain lowered within the cylinder. When current is passed through the coils, a repulsion force forms between the braille pins and the bar magnet, thereby pushing the braille pins up through the opening. The user can sense the braille pin(s) moving beneath their fingers and read the braille. In some implementations, the current can be modulated to restrict the pins from extending indefinitely through the opening, which reduces the potential that one or more components of the system malfunction and require servicing or maintenance. Because current is only used to extend pins through the openings and not to also maintain pins in a lowered position, the system uses less power/energy and a power source that supplies currents to one or more components of the system requires less frequent servicing and/or replacement. 
     The first base can also include one or more connectors to facilitate coupling the first base with additional housings, such as a second base. This modular design makes the servicing and/or maintenance of system components more efficient and easier. The second base can house a controller, power source, and battery. These components can be in wired communication with one or more components of the first base, such as the coils. The controller can be configured to determine when current is sent to one or more coils to uniquely actuate the associated braille pins. The controller can adjust the timing of current that is sent to each coil so that the braille pins can be selectively actuated at optimal times and/or speeds for users. A user can adjust a speed at which the braille pins are extend, thereby permitting the user to read the braille characters at a pace comfortable and suitable for them. Additionally, the user can adjust how braille characters are displayed (e.g., at different time intervals, all at once, repeated characters, etc.). Having the ability to customize the refreshable braille display system described herein can benefit the user in improving their braille literacy, learning braille, and/or reading braille in their normal day-to-day life. 
     In some implementations, the system described herein can be attached to a smartphone or other mobile device. Using BLUETOOTH or other wireless communication, information that is displayed at the mobile device can be communicated to the controller and converted into braille characters. Alternatively, a wired communication can be used to permit the system to communicate with the mobile device. The controller can determine whether to transmit currents to one or more coils in order to raise the braille pins associated with the converted braille characters. When the system is part of a case that encloses the mobile device (e.g., a smartphone case), the user can easily read the braille characters using one hand. The user can hold the device as one normally would and maintain their fingers in a static position alongside a side of the case. The reading area may be on the side of the case, so the user does not need to move their fingers in order to read braille characters as they are displayed. In some implementations, the braille characters can be displayed one at a time in the reading area while the user maintains their fingers in a static position over/on the reading area. In other implementations, the braille characters can be displayed at the same time in the reading area while the user maintains their fingers in a static position over/on the reading area. Additionally, as the user holds the device with the hand that is also reading the braille characters, the user can use their other hand to interact with the mobile device. The user can also interact with voice-over technology to control the mobile device while also reading the associated braille. This seamless integration makes it faster and easier for the user to use their mobile device and read braille at the same time instead of having to do one task at a time. 
     One or more embodiments described herein can include an apparatus for refreshable braille display. The apparatus can include a first base including a contact surface and a plurality of cavities, the contact surface configured to receive fingertips, the plurality of cavities being recessed from the contact surface, a plurality of pins housed within the plurality of cavities and configured to move in the plurality of cavities to selectively extend from the contact surface of the first base, a plurality of solenoids configured to at least partially operably connect to the plurality of pins, and a controller configured to selectively provide a first electric current to the plurality of solenoids to generate first magnetic fields through the plurality of solenoids. The first magnetic fields can selectively move the plurality of pins to extend from the contact surface of the first base. 
     The embodiments described herein can optionally include one or more of the following features. For example, the apparatus can also include a magnet disposed in the first base. The magnet can generate an attractive force relative to the plurality of pins such that the plurality of pins are biased into the cavities. The first magnetic fields can create repulsion forces between the plurality of pins and the magnet, the repulsion forces can cause the plurality of pins to extend from the contact surface of the first base. 
     As another example, the controller can selectively provide a second electric current to the plurality of solenoids to generate second magnetic fields through the plurality of solenoids, the second magnetic fields can selectively move the plurality of pins into the cavities. Moreover, one or more of the cavities can be removable from the first base. The plurality of solenoids can include coils wrapped around the pins. The plurality of coils can be made of a material including iron. 
     As yet another example, the apparatus can also include a second base configured to house the controller and attach to the first base, and one or more connectors extending from the first base and configured to engage with the second base to attach the first base to the second base. The one or more connectors can include conductive wires configured to externally connect the controller to the plurality of solenoids. The one or more connectors can also include conductive wires configured to electrically connect the controller to the plurality of solenoids. The conductive wires of the one or more connectors can be made of a material including copper. 
     Moreover, the contact surface of the first base can include a plurality of contact units, each contact unit including one or more of the plurality of cavities and configured to permit for a fingertip to contact. The contact surface of the first base can permit for multiple fingertips to simultaneously contact the plurality of contact units, respectively. Each of the plurality of contact units of the first base can include at least six cavities. 
     The first base can attach to a device having a display and the first base can communicate with the device, the device being at least one of a computer, a smartphone, or a kiosk. In some implementations, the first base can be integrated into a wearable device to be worn around a wrist of a user. In yet some implementations, the first base can be integrated into right and left sides of a smartphone case and the smartphone case can include adjustable side mounts that extend out from the right and left sides of the smartphone case, the adjustable side mounts configured to expand to a width of a smartphone and to retain the smartphone in the smartphone case. Sometimes, the first base can communicate with a device, the device being at least one of a computer, a smartphone, or a kiosk. 
     In some implementations, the controller can further be configured to receive text data from a computing device, convert the text data into braille character data, based on the braille character data, identify a subset of the plurality of pins or a subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the subset of the plurality of pins, wherein the subset of the plurality of pins represents one or more braille characters corresponding to the text data, and transmit the first electric current to the subset of the plurality of solenoids such that the subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the contact surface of the first base. 
     Moreover, the contact surface of the first base can permit for multiple fingertips to simultaneously contact the plurality of contact units, respectively. The plurality of contact units can include a first contact unit and a second contact unit. The controller can also receive first text data from a computing device, convert the first text data into first braille character data, based on the first braille character data, identify a first subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, or a first subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the first subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, wherein the first subset of the plurality pins represents a first braille character corresponding to the first text data, and transmit the first electric current to the first subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at a first time, the first subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the first contact unit of the first base. 
     In some implementations, the controller can also, based on the first braille character data, identify a second subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit, or a second subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the second subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit, wherein the second subset of the plurality pins represents the first braille character corresponding to the first text data, and transmit the first electric current to the second subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at a second time later than the first time, the second subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the first contact unit of the first base, wherein the second subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit is positioned identically to the first subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit. As another example, the first subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit is positioned identically to the second subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit. 
     The controller can also receive second text data from the computing device, convert the second text data into second braille character data, based on the second braille character data, identify a third subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, or a third subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the third subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, wherein the third subset of the plurality pins represents a second braille character corresponding to the second text data, and transmit the first electric current to the third subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at a third time, the third subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the first contact unit of the first base. In some implementations, the third time can be (i) identical to the second time, (ii) later than the second time, or (iii) earlier than the second time and later than the first time. The third time can also be later than the second time. The third time can also be earlier than the second time and later than the first time. 
     In some implementations, the controller can also receive second text data from the computing device, convert the second text data into second braille character data, based on the second braille character data, identify a fourth subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit, or a fourth subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the fourth subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, wherein the fourth subset of the plurality pins represents a second braille character corresponding to the second text data, and transmit the first electric current to the fourth subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at the first time, the fourth subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the second contact unit of the first base. 
     One or more embodiments described herein can also include an apparatus for refreshable braille display. The apparatus can include a first base including a contact surface and a plurality of cavities, the contact surface configured to receive fingertips, the plurality of cavities being recessed from the contact surface, a plurality of contact units attached to the contact surface and arranged side by side, wherein each contact unit includes at least six of the plurality of cavities, and wherein each of the plurality of contact units are configured to be removable from the contact surface of the first base, a plurality of pins housed within the plurality of cavities and configured to move in the plurality of cavities to selectively extend from the contact surface of the first base, a plurality of solenoids configured to at least partially operably connect to the plurality of pins, and a controller configured to selectively provide a first electric current to the plurality of solenoids to generate first magnetic fields through the plurality of solenoids, wherein the first magnetic fields are configured to selectively move the plurality of pins to extend from the contact surface of the first base. 
     The embodiments described herein can include one or more of the following features. For example, the plurality of contact units can include a first contact unit and a second contact unit. The controller can be configured to receive first text data from a computing device, convert the first text data into first braille character data, based on the first braille character data, identify a first subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, or a first subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the first subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, wherein the first subset of the plurality pins represents a first braille character corresponding to the first text data, and transmit the first electric current to the first subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at a first time, the first subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the first contact unit of the first base. 
     In some implementations, the controller can based on the first braille character data, identify a second subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit, or a second subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the second subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit, wherein the second subset of the plurality pins represents the first braille character corresponding to the first text data, and transmit the first electric current to the second subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at a second time later than the first time, the second subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the first contact unit of the first base. The first subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit can be positioned identically to the second subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit. 
     In yet some implementations, the controller can receive second text data from the computing device, convert the second text data into second braille character data, based on the second braille character data, identify a third subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, or a third subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the third subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, wherein the third subset of the plurality pins represents a second braille character corresponding to the second text data, and transmit the first electric current to the third subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at a third time, the third subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the first contact unit of the first base. 
     Moreover, the third time can be identical to the second time. The third time can be later than the second time. The third time can be earlier than the second time and later than the first time. In yet some implementations, the controller can receive second text data from the computing device, convert the second text data into second braille character data, based on the second braille character data, identify a fourth subset of the plurality of pins in the second contact unit, or a fourth subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the fourth subset of the plurality of pins in the first contact unit, wherein the fourth subset of the plurality pins represents a second braille character corresponding to the second text data, and transmit the first electric current to the fourth subset of the plurality of solenoids such that, at the first time, the fourth subset of the plurality of pins moves to extend from the second contact unit of the first base. 
     One or more advantages can be apparent from the disclosure herein. For example, the refreshable braille display system described herein can be more affordable because the coils can be made from solenoids. The solenoids may not use piezo-electric materials, such as ceramics, which means the solenoids can be less expensive to implement, service, and/or maintain. Solenoid actuators can also operate efficiently with small current. Solenoid actuators can be scaled down to small structures and can be less expensive to custom manufacture. For the purpose of creating a portable refreshable braille display, as described herein, solenoids can provide more energy, space, and a cost-effective option. The solenoids can be made from ferromagnetic materials like iron. An iron core can be preferred due to its ease to obtain and manufacture lower cost of manufacturing. Additionally, the iron core can be advantageous because of its high magnetic permeability, which permits the solenoid to have a stronger reaction to a bar magnet and the solenoid&#39;s generated magnetic field. Moreover, covering the solenoids with copper coils can cause the iron core to act as an electromagnet. The solenoids can be pushed by the bar magnet when current is passed through and pulled when current is absent. This configuration can help simulate braille pin movement. Applying current to the solenoids only when the braille pin should be raised can be advantageous to reduce an amount of power/voltage that is required to operate the system described herein. This can reduce frequency of servicing/replacing components such as the battery or other power source. 
     As another example, the apparatus described herein can be easily adaptable to cases for different types of mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets, laptops, and/or kiosks in public locations, such as transit stations, malls, grocery stores, and banks. For example, the disclosed apparatus and technology can be applied to smartphone cases. One or more smartphone cases can be made to fit particular types of smartphones. One or more smartphone cases can also be adjustable to accommodate for a variety of differently sized smartphones. As another example, the disclosed apparatus and technology can be applied to wearable devices, such as bracelets and smart watches. Thus, a user can read information in Braille on the wearable device by placing their fingertips on top of braille reading area on the wearable device that is worn around their wrist. Using the wearable device, the user can read information that is processed or presented at the user&#39;s mobile device as well as check time and biometric measurements of the user (e.g., heartrate, respiration rate, etc.). The disclosed apparatus and technology can also be applied to a computer mouse, such that a user can navigate their computer and read information in braille as it is presented at a display of the computer. This ease of adaptability can improve the ability of legally blind users to interact with their surroundings and continue normal day-to-day activities. Additionally, the ease of adaptability can make it easier for users to learn how to read braille and/or to improve their braille literacy. Accordingly, the apparatus described herein can be used as a versatile teaching tool. 
     As another example, the apparatus can have a small form factor. Some implementations of the apparatus described herein can be carried around by users such that the users can attach it to any compatible device the users intend to use. For example, merely installing software on the compatible device and establishing a communication (e.g., wired and/or wireless) between the apparatus and the compatible device can provide for ease of interaction for the user. 
     Moreover, the apparatus can include easily replaceable and detachable modular components. The first and second bases can be easily detachable from each other such that one or more components can be individually serviced and/or replaced. The bar magnet can be more efficiently removed from its housing and replaced should servicing be required. The battery in the second base can easily be replaced by detaching the first and second bases. Additionally, any one of the coils and/or braille pins can be replaced or serviced. In some implementations, as with the wearable device mentioned above, the apparatus can be charged using wireless charging. As a result, a battery, for example, may not need to be replaced. 
     As another example, the apparatus can include a minimum number of braille pins needed to display a braille character. Replacement and maintenance of such pins can therefore be easier and faster. The user can replace a singular pin, coil, and/or cylinder housing the coil and pin rather than having to replace an entire unit of braille pins or all the pins in the reading area, which can be more costly and timely. The reading area of the small form factor apparatus (e.g., the apparatus incorporated in a smartphone case) can typically be smaller than the average reading area, so maintaining fewer braille pins in the reading area can be less expensive, easier and more efficient to service, and also easier and faster for the user to read. The smaller form factor also makes it easier to apply the apparatus to different devices, as described above. More so, the smaller form factor can make it easier for the user to read because they may not have to move their fingertips over and/or across a reading area. Instead, the user may keep their fingertips in one position (e.g., on a side of a smartphone case in a normal manner in which the user holds their smartphone). In that position, the user can hold their smartphone, for example, as well as read information in braille as it is presented on a display of the smartphone. 
     As yet another example, the apparatus described herein can provide for easier and faster reading of braille. The user merely positions at least one finger on top of the reading area. The user may not have to move their fingers to read the braille characters. Braille pins can be actuated in such a way to simulate the reading process. The pins can continuously move beneath the user&#39;s static fingers in order to replicate each braille character associated with a string of text. The pins can also be actuated so as to repeat braille characters before displaying other braille characters, which can be advantageous to assist the user in learning how to read braille. The user can also customize how braille characters are displayed (e.g., time intervals between each character, speed at which characters are displayed, etc.) based on the user&#39;s braille literacy and/or desire to learn how to read braille. This configuration is also advantageous to permit the user ease of reading braille while interacting with their mobile device at the same time. 
     Moreover, the apparatus described herein can be made of aluminum or similar material. This type of material can be advantageous to make the apparatus durable. Increased durability can reduce a need for maintenance and/or repairs to components of the disclosed apparatus. Additionally, the apparatus can include silicone gel or similar plastic material features to improve comfortability for the user. For example, a smartphone case having the disclosed apparatus can include silicone gel material around a braille reading area. This material can be textured (e.g., ribbed). This material can provide for better grip for the user. This material can also improve an aesthetic appearance of the disclosed apparatus when used with devices such as smartphone and wearable devices. 
     The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display system described herein. 
         FIGS.  2 A-C  depict exemplary views of the refreshable braille display system configured to mobile devices. 
         FIG.  3    depicts an exemplary unit of braille pins of the refreshable braille display system described herein. 
         FIGS.  4 A-F  depict an exemplary refreshable braille display system configuration. 
         FIG.  5    depicts an exemplary schematic of the refreshable braille display system described herein. 
         FIG.  6    depicts an exemplary schematic of a braille pin of the refreshable braille display system described herein. 
         FIG.  7    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display system. 
         FIG.  8    depicts an exemplary use of the refreshable braille display system. 
         FIG.  9    depicts an exemplary actuation of the refreshable braille display system. 
         FIG.  10    depicts an exemplary actuation of the refreshable braille display system. 
         FIG.  11    is a flowchart to use the refreshable braille display system. 
         FIG.  12    is a flowchart to assemble the refreshable braille display system. 
         FIG.  13    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display mouse. 
         FIG.  14    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display smartphone mount case. 
         FIG.  15    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display wearable device. 
         FIG.  16    is a block diagram of computing devices that may be used to implement the apparatuses, systems and methods described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This document generally describes apparatuses and methods for assistive technology, namely a modular refreshable braille display system. 
       FIG.  1    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display apparatus  100  described herein. System  140  can include the apparatus  100 , a user device  102 , and a network  106 . The refreshable braille display apparatus  100  can include a communication interface  108 , a power source  112 , a microcontroller  114 , a magnet  120 , and one or more units  122 A-N (e.g., contact units). The apparatus  100  can be in communication with the user device  102  (e.g., computing device). The communication can be wireless, such as via BLUETOOTH technology. In other implementations, the communication can be through WIFI or a cellular network. The apparatus  100  and the user device  102  can communicate via the network  106 . 
     The user device  102  can include a mobile application  104 . The mobile application  104  can connect the user device  102  to the apparatus  100  via a BLUETOOTH connection. Text data displayed at the user device  102  can be transmitted to the microcontroller  114  so that the text data can be converted to braille character data, and used by the apparatus  100  in order to actuate one or more braille pins (e.g., refer to  FIG.  11   ). The mobile application  104  can be configured to read existing APIs associated with different systems or applications on the user device  102 , such as a device operating system, a banking application, a messaging application, a web browser, etc., so that it can communicate text data associated with those systems or applications to the microcontroller  114 . As a result, the apparatus  100  can translate into braille character data text data that originate from various sources (e.g., applications, systems, etc.) in the user device  102  and is displayed at the user device  102 . In some implementations, the user can also use voice-over technologies to navigate applications and systems on the user device  102 . Text data displayed as a result of using the voice-over technologies can be transmitted to the microcontroller  114  and converted into readable braille character data. This is advantageous because the user can seamlessly interact with various applications or systems on the user device  102  while also reading braille character data that is displayed by the apparatus  100 . 
     The mobile application  104  can be used by a user at the user device  102  to customize one or more settings of the apparatus  100 . In some implementations, the user can use the mobile application  104  to pair and/or connect the user device  102  with the refreshable braille display apparatus  100 . For example, the user can use the mobile application  104  to adjust a speed at which braille pins are actuated at the apparatus  100 . As a result, the user can adjust how quickly braille character data is displayed and how quickly the user reads the braille character data. Adjusting various settings of the apparatus  100  by using the mobile application  104  can help the user improve their braille literacy and/or learn how to read braille. 
     The user can also use the mobile application  104  to test and/or troubleshoot one or more components of the apparatus  100 . For example, in some implementations, the mobile application  104  can generate a set of test text data and transmit it to the apparatus  100 . The apparatus  100  can then convert the test text data into braille character data and provide currents to one or more units of braille pins to actuate the braille pins in accordance with the braille character data. The user can then read the raised braille pins to determine whether the pins accurately display the braille character data and the corresponding test text data. In yet other implementations, the user can receive notifications at the mobile application  104  when the apparatus  100  is disconnected from the user device  102  and/or when one or more components of the apparatus  100  require servicing and/or maintenance. For example, if the power source  112  (e.g., a battery) needs to be replaced, the user can receive a notification at the mobile application  104 . The user at the mobile application  104  can also receive a notification when one or more braille pins and/or solenoids need to be replaced. 
     Still referring to the refreshable braille display apparatus  100 , the communication interface  108  is configured to transmit information, such as text data displayed at the user device  102 , to the apparatus  100 . The communication interface  108  can include a wireless communication module  110  and a wired communication module  111 . The wireless communication module  110  can be configured to facilitate wireless communication/connectivity with the user device  102 . Example of such wireless communication can include BLUETOOTH communication. Alternatively, the wired communication module  111  can permit wired connection and communication between the apparatus  100  and the user device  102 . 
     The power source  112  is configured to supply electric power to the components of the apparatus  100 . Examples of the power source  112  can include a battery. In some implementations, the apparatus  100  can be in wired communication with an external power source, such as a battery of the user device  102  or electrical outlets of various types (e.g., AC mains, USB ports, etc.). 
     The microcontroller  114  can include a conversion module  116  and a current actuator  118 . The conversion module  116  can be configured to receive text data from the user device  102  and convert the text data into braille character data (e.g., refer to  FIG.  11   ). The conversion module  116  can be in communication with a dictionary database  136  in order to determine accurate conversions of the text data into the braille character data. The current actuator  118  can be configured to determine whether a current should be transmitted to one or more units  122 A-N and/or braille pins in the units (as further described herein). This determination can be based, at least in part, on the braille character data. The braille character data can include information about which braille pins needs to be raised for a user to read braille characters that are identified by the braille character data associated with the text data. In some implementations, the current actuator  118  can also determine an amount of current that needs to be supplied to one or more of the units and/or the braille pins in the units. 
     The apparatus  100  further includes at least one magnet  120  (e.g., bar magnet). One or more braille pins can be attracted to the magnet  120  by an attractive force, thereby causing the one or more braille pins to remain lowered, as described further herein. One bar magnet  120  can be advantageous to reduce frequency and cost of servicing or replacing the magnet  120 . In some implementations, the apparatus  100  can include more than one magnet. For example, each of the units  122 A-N can include a bar magnet in order to improve versatility. Having more than one bar magnet can be advantageous where the apparatus  100  attaches to a large user device, such as a laptop or kiosk that has a larger reading area with more units of braille pins. 
     Still referring to the apparatus  100 , each unit  122  (e.g.,  122 A,  122 B . . .  122 N) can have one or more braille pins and one or more solenoids. For example, the unit  122 A can include one or more braille pins  124 A-N and one or more solenoids  126 A-N. The unit  122 B can include one or more braille pins  128 A-N and one or more solenoids  130 A-N. The unit  122 N can include one or more braille pins  132 A-N and one or more solenoids  134 A-N. In some implementations, each of the units  122 A-N can include six braille pins  124 A-N,  128 A-N, and  132 A-N, respectively (e.g., refer to  FIG.  3   ). Six braille pins can be a minimum number of pins to display a braille character. In other implementations, fewer or more than six braille pins can be used in each unit  122 . Fewer pins can allow less frequent and less costly servicing. Fewer pins also makes it easier to service and/or replace individual pins. 
     In other implementations, one or more of the units  122 A-N can include eight braille pins  124 A-N,  128 A-N, and  132 A-N, respectively. In some implementations, the refreshable braille display apparatus  100  can be manufactured and configured with a predetermined number of units  122 A-N, each having six braille pins. For example, the apparatus can include four units  122 A-N, each having six braille pins, totaling 24 pins. In other implementations, a user can customize their apparatus  100  to include as many units  122 A-N and/or how many braille pins  124 A-N,  128 A-N, and  132 A-N per unit. This customization can be limited by a size of a reading area on the refreshable braille display apparatus  100 . For example, an apparatus  100  configured as a smartphone can have a smaller reading area than an apparatus  100  configured as a case for a laptop or tablet having a larger reading area. In some implementations, the user may prefer having more than six braille pins per unit (e.g., eight braille pins) in order to experience more ease in reading braille. This configuration can be beneficial for users who are learning to read braille and/or improving their braille literacy. 
     Each of the braille pins  124 A-N,  128 A-N, and  132 A-N can be at least partially wrapped in the solenoids  126 A-N,  130 A-N, and  134 A-N, respectively (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  5 - 6   ). The solenoids  126 A-N,  130 A-N, and  134 A-N can be coils and can provide current(s) to one of more braille pins  124 A-N,  128 A-N, and  132 A-N, respectively, in order to extend one or more of the pins such that the user can read the associated braille character data (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  5 ,  11   ). 
       FIGS.  2 A-C  depict views of example refreshable braille display apparatuses configured to various devices.  FIG.  2 A  depicts an example refreshable braille display apparatus as a case  200  configured to attach to an ANDROID™ mobile device.  FIG.  2 B  depicts another example refreshable braille display apparatus as the case  200  configured to attach to an APPLE mobile device (e.g., iPhone).  FIG.  2 C  depicts yet another example refreshable braille display apparatus as cases configured to attach to both APPLE mobile devices  210  and ANDROID mobile devices  220 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  2 A-C , the case  200  includes a detachable upper portion  200 A and a bottom portion  200 B. The upper portion  200 A and the bottom portion  200 B can be attached to each other by one or more connectors (e.g., fasteners, pins, snaps). Alternatively, the upper portion  200 A and the bottom portion  200 B can be made as a single unit. A user can snap the case  200  around the mobile device (e.g., smartphone, cellphone) to secure it in place. The bottom portion  200 B of the case  200  can include a reading area  202  having a plurality of braille pins  204 A-N (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  3 - 5 ,  7 - 10   ). The braille pins  204 A-N can be included in units (e.g., contact units), as described throughout this disclosure. Each unit can be controlled separately by a controller (e.g., the microcontroller  114  in  FIG.  1   ), wherein each unit receives one or more currents at different times to display one or more braille character data. In implementations where each braille character is displayed a number of times equivalent to a number of units, the user can read each braille character without having to move their finger(s) over the reading area  202  (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  8 - 10   ). 
     As described herein, the braille pins  204 A-N can be extended from the bottom portion  200 B, such that they are readable by the user. The user can statically position one or more fingers over the reading area  202 . As one of more of the pins  204 A-N are actuated to extend from the bottom portion  200 B of the case  200 , the user does not have to move their fingers along the reading area  202 . This is because one or more currents can be sent to the units (e.g., contact units) of pins  204 A-N such that each braille character is delivered one at a time and repeated across the units of pins  204 A-N (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  9 ,  11   ). Regardless of where the user positions their finger(s), the user can read each braille character that is displayed and/or confirm braille character data that is read by the user. This configuration is advantageous to help the user learn braille and improve their braille literacy. In other implementations, the user can statically position their fingers over each unit of braille pins  204 A-N and each unit can receive a current to actuate the braille pins  204 A-N in that unit to correspond to different braille character data (e.g., refer to  FIG.  10   ). The user does not have to move their fingers along the reading area  202  in order to read multiple braille characters at the same time. This is advantageous for users that are familiar and/or comfortable with reading braille (e.g., legally blind users). 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  2 A-C , in some implementations, the case  200  can include more than one reading area  202 . For example, reading areas can be located on any sides of the bottom portion  200 B and/or the upper portion  200 A of the case  200 . In other implementations, the reading area  202  can be on a back side of the case  200 . Positioning the reading area  202  on the back of the case  200  can be advantageous where the case  200  is configured to attach to larger devices, such as tablets and laptops. 
     The configurations depicted in  FIGS.  2 A-C  are advantageous for use by any type of user, regardless of whether they are legally blind, wanting to learn how to read braille, right-handed, or left-handed. In some implementations, the units of pins  204 A-N can be manufactured/installed on a right side or a left side of the bottom portion  200 B of the case  200 . In other implementations where the pins  204 A-N can only be installed on one side of the bottom portion  200 B of the case  200  (e.g., on the right side), a user can still read braille characters because the user is not required to move their fingers over the reading area  202 . If the user holds the mobile device in a left hand and the pins  204 A-N are installed on the right side of the bottom portion  200 B of the case  200 , then at least one finger (e.g., index, middle, ring, and/or pinkie finger) is statically positioned over a portion of the reading area  202  (e.g., one or more units of the pins  204 A-N) to read each braille character as it is displayed. Likewise, if the user holds the mobile device in a right hand and the pins  204 A-N are installed on a right side of the bottom portion  200 B of the case  200 , then the user&#39;s thumb can be statically positioned over any portion (e.g., at least one unit of pins  204 A-N) of the reading area  202  such that the user can read each braille character as it is displayed in each unit of the pins  204 A-N. 
     In some implementations, the case  200  can be manufactured to attach to a larger computing device, such as a tablet and/or a computer (e.g., laptop). In the case of the tablet, the reading area  202  can be located on a back side of the case  200 . As the user holds the tablet with one or two hands, the user&#39;s fingers can be positioned over the reading area  202  in order to reach each braille character as it is displayed. The case  200  of the tablet can include multiple reading areas  202 , for example, for each hand that holds the tablet. The braille character data can be displayed at a same time in both reading areas and/or at different times. Some braille character data can be displayed at one reading area while other braille character data is displayed at a second reading area. The user can modify how braille character data is displayed at the reading area(s)  202  by interacting with the mobile application  104 , as described in  FIG.  1   . In the case of a laptop, the reading area  202  can be located on any portion of the laptop, such as a region below a keyboard, alongside a touchpad, and/or along a perimeter of a display screen. In these various applications of the case  200  to different computing devices, the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein functions in the same or similar manners, and provides the same or similar benefits described herein. 
       FIG.  3    depicts an exemplary unit  300  (e.g., contact unit) of braille pins. The unit  300  includes one or more braille pins  204  (e.g.,  204 A-F). As depicted, the unit  300  includes six pins  204 A-F. Six pins can be a beneficial minimum number of pins required to display any braille character. In addition, using the minimum number of pins can reduce potential servicing of individual pins, units, or other components of the refreshable braille display apparatus. Reducing frequency of servicing can reduce associated servicing costs. Moreover, having the minimum number of pins in a unit can make it easier and faster to identify any particular pin that requires servicing. 
     Alternatively, the unit  300  can include more or less than six pins. In some implementations, eight pins can be a preferred number of pins per unit. Eight pins can be beneficial in configurations where a reading area (e.g., refer to the reading area  202  in  FIGS.  2 A-C ) is larger (e.g., when the refreshable braille display apparatus is configured to attach to a larger computing device, such as a laptop or tablet). As depicted in  FIGS.  2 A-C , the reading area  202  comprises of thirteen units of six pins each. Each unit  300  of the thirteen units can be controlled separately (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  9 - 11   ) such that braille character data is displayed at different times at each unit  300 . In other implementations, the reading area  202  can include more or less than 13 units. 
     The unit  300  includes one or more cavities  302  (e.g.,  302 A-F) (e.g., containers, cylinders) (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  4 - 6   ). As depicted in  FIG.  3   , there are six cavities  302 A-F, each of which house the six braille pins  204 A-F. In a configuration in which the unit  300  has eight pins  204 , the unit  300  can include eight cavities  302 . As depicted in  FIG.  3   , each of the cavities  302 A-F has an opening in which a braille pin can be selectively extended through, such that the pin can display a braille character that the user reads. In some implementations, one or more of the pins  204 A-F can be removable from the cavities  302 A-F. This can be beneficial to provide for easy and efficient servicing of the pins  204 A-F and/or solenoids wrapped at least partially around the pins  204 A-F. For example, a user can replace a single pin rather than replace an entire unit of braille pins where the single pin requires maintenance. This is both less expensive and faster servicing. In some implementations, the unit  300  can include a bar magnet housed opposite the cavities  302 A-F, which can improve versatility. 
     The unit  300  can be attached to a contact surface of a first base, such as the bottom portion  200 B of the case  200  depicted and described in  FIGS.  2 A-C . The contact surface can be configured to permit multiple fingertips to simultaneously contact the unit  300  or a plurality of units. In some implementations, the contact surface can receive one or two units. In other implementations, the contact surface can receive more than two units. In some implementations, the unit  300  can be removable from the contact surface and replaced with another unit. This is advantageous for servicing and maintenance of one or more components of the unit  300 . Regardless of how many units are attached to the contact surface, each set of pins  204 A-F within each unit can be positioned identically. Additionally, the units can be positioned alongside each other (e.g., side-by-side) on the contact surface. 
       FIGS.  4 A-F  depict an exemplary refreshable braille display apparatus configuration. In  FIG.  4 A , a case  400  can be attached to a mobile device, such as a smartphone (e.g., refer to the user device  102  in  FIG.  1   ,  FIGS.  2 A-C ). Depicted is a backside of the case  400 . Embedded within the backside of the case  400  is a communication interface  402 , a microcontroller  404 , a battery  406 , and a power strip  420 . The communication interface  402  can be configured and operate similarly to the communication interface  108  in  FIG.  1   . The microcontroller  404  can be configured and operate similarly to the microcontroller  114  in  FIG.  1   . The battery  406  can be configured and operate similarly to the power source  112  depicted in  FIG.  1   . The battery  406  can supply power to the microcontroller  404 . In some implementations, the battery  406  can also supply power to the communication interface  402 . As depicted in  FIG.  4 A , the communication interface  402  can be powered by energy transmitted from the battery  406  to the microcontroller  404 . The power strip  420  can be configured to disperse electric currents to one or more braille pins/units of pins in accordance with output from the microcontroller  404 . 
     In some implementations, the battery  406  can be 3.7v 5000 mah. The battery  406  can be charged by a charging controller  410 . The charging controller  410  can receive a Micro USB, USB-C, and/or Lightning cable, depending on a type of mobile device that the case  400  is attached to. In some implementations, the battery  406  can be charged by connecting it, via a charging cable previously described, to the mobile device. In other implementations, the battery  406  can be charged by connecting it to an outlet or other charging port. The battery  406  can be easily and more efficiently replaced with a new battery. In yet other implementations, the battery  406  can be wirelessly charged. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  4 A , one or more units  408 A-N of braille pins are positioned along a side of the case  400  and in wired communication with one or more components of the refreshable braille display apparatus  100 . The units  408 A-N can be configured and operate similarly to the units  122 A-N depicted in  FIG.  1   . As depicted in  FIG.  4 A , the units  408 A-N are in wired communication with the microcontroller  404 . In other implementations, the units  408 A-N can also be in wired communication with the battery  406 . 
       FIG.  4 B  depicts the unit  408 A. The unit  408 A includes six cavities  418 A-F configured to house braille pins (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  3 ,  5 - 6   ). Each of the cavities  418 A-F are in wired communication with the microcontroller by wires  416 A-F (e.g., refer to the solenoids depicted in  FIGS.  1 ,  5 - 6   ). The microcontroller can send input signals to one or more of the braille pins housed in each of the cavities  418 A-F using the wires  416 A-F. In some implementations, the signals coming from the microcontroller can be a bus with a width of three signals, wherein a series of wires transmits each signal separately to the unit  408 A and/or the cavities  418 A-F. As described further herein, the input signals generate currents that cause one or more of the braille pins to selectively extend through the cavities  418 A-F so that a user can read the braille characters (e.g., refer to  FIG.  11   ). The unit  408 A can also be in wired communication with the battery via an electrical connector  414 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  4 B , in some implementations, the unit  408 A actuates by receiving a signal (e.g., +5V) from the battery via the electrical connector  414 . The unit  408 A can be configured to be connected to a positive voltage supply from the battery. The microcontroller can be configured to ground the unit  408 A&#39;s received signal for each of the cavities  418 A-F, which causes one or more braille pins within the cavities  418 A-F to remain lowered. The microcontroller can also be configured to send a signal (e.g., +5V), via the power strip  420  described in reference to  FIG.  4 A , to the unit  408 A to control the cavities  418 A-F. The signal from the microcontroller can cause one or more braille pins within the cavities  418 A-F to extend through an opening in the cavities  418 A-F (e.g., refer to  FIG.  5 ,  11   ). As a result, the microcontroller merely sends one signal to the unit  408 A in order to selectively extend one or more braille pins from the cavities  418 A-F. This configuration is advantageous in order to reduce an amount of power required to operate the refreshable braille display apparatus. This can also be advantageous because one or more components of the apparatus described herein (e.g., the wires  416 A-F, the battery  406 , etc.) can require less servicing, maintenance, and/or replacement. 
       FIG.  4 C  depicts one or more of the components described in  FIGS.  4 A-B  in wired communication with each other. For example, electrical power (in the form of voltage and/or current) can be provided from the battery  406  to the unit  408 A or any of the other unit in the apparatus. In other implementations, the unit  408 A and any of the other units in the apparatus can be in wired communication with only the microcontroller  404  and can receive electric currents from the power strip  420  previously described in reference to  FIG.  4 A . Voltage can also be provided from the battery  406  to the microcontroller  404  in order to power the microcontroller  404 . Voltage can also be provided from the battery  406  to the communication interface  402  such that the communication interface  402  can operate and receive wireless signals (e.g., via BLUETOOTH technology) with a mobile device. In other implementations, the communication interface  402  can be in wired communication with only the microcontroller  404  and can be powered by voltage that is provided from the battery  406  to the microcontroller  404 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  4 C , the communication interface  402  can have two-way wired communication with the microcontroller  404 . For example, the microcontroller  404  can send a request to the communication interface  402  to determine whether text data has been received from the mobile device (e.g., refer to  FIG.  11   ). The communication interface  402  can also transmit text data received from the mobile device to the microcontroller  404 . The text data can be transmitted from the communication interface  402  upon request from the microcontroller  404  or automatically (e.g., once the test data has been received at the communication interface  402  without requiring a request from the microcontroller  404 ). Additionally, as depicted, the microcontroller  404  can be in wired communication with the unit  408 A, as well as each of the units in the apparatus described herein. As described regarding  FIGS.  4 A-B , the microcontroller  404  can communicate with the unit  408 A and each of the units in the apparatus in order to control actuation of one or more braille pins within each of the units. 
       FIG.  4 D  depicts one or more of the components described in  FIGS.  4 A-C .  FIG.  4 E  depicts one or more components of the refreshable braille display apparatus described in  FIGS.  4 A-D . In  FIG.  4 E , a magnet  120  (e.g., the bar magnet  120  in  FIG.  1   ) is depicted within the case  400  (e.g., refer to the case  400  in  FIG.  4 A ). The magnet  120  can be positioned behind one or more units of braille pins (e.g., refer to the one or more units  408 A-N in  FIG.  4 A ). As depicted in  FIG.  4 E , in some implementations, one or more wires  422 A-N can pass current from a power strip  420  to each of the one or more braille pins. In other implementations, one or more wires  422 A-N can pass current from the power strip  420  to each of the one or more units of braille pins.  FIG.  4 F  depicts one or more components of the refreshable braille display apparatus described in  FIGS.  4 A-E  without the magnet  120  depicted and described above. 
       FIG.  5    depicts an exemplary schematic of the refreshable braille display apparatus  100  described herein. The apparatus  100  includes a first base  500 . The first base  500  includes a contact surface  510 , which can be configured to receive fingertips of a user (e.g., refer to  FIG.  8   ). The first base  500  also includes a plurality of cavities  512 A-N (e.g., openings) (e.g., refer to the cavities  302 A-N in  FIG.  3   ). The plurality of cavities  512 A-N can be recessed from the contact surface  510 , as depicted in  FIG.  5   . As described herein, one or more of the cavities  512 A-N can be removable from the base  500 . A plurality of pins  514 A-N (e.g., refer to the pins  204 A-N in  FIGS.  2 A-C ) can be housed within the plurality of cavities  512 A-N and configured to move in the plurality of cavities  512 A-N to selectively extend from the contact surface  510  of the first base  500 . 
     A plurality of solenoids  516 A-N (e.g., refer to  FIG.  6   ) can be configured to at least partially receive and/or operably connect to the plurality of pins  514 A-N. As depicted, the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N are coils that wrap around the plurality of pins  514 A-N. In some implementations, the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N can be made of a material including iron. In some implementations, a magnet  502  can be configured to generate an attractive force relative to the plurality of pins  514 A-N such that the plurality of pins  514 A-N are biased into the cavities  512 A-N. The apparatus  100  further includes a controller, which can be configured to selectively provide an electric current to the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N to generate a magnetic field or repulsive force through the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N. The magnetic field/repulsive force can be configured to selectively move the plurality of pins  514 A-N to extend from the contact surface  510  of the first base  500  and away from the magnet  502 . In yet other implementations, the controller can be configured to selectively provide a first electric current to the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N to generate first magnetic fields through the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N. The first magnetic fields can be configured to selectively move the plurality of pins  514 A-N to extend from the contact surface  510  of the first base  500 . In some implementations, the controller can also be configured to selectively provide a second electric current to the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N to generate second magnet fields through the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N. The second magnetic fields can be configured to selectively move the plurality of pins  514 A-N into the cavities  512 A-N. 
     The plurality of cavities  512 A-N as well as the pins  514 A-N can be arranged into one or more contact units  508 A-N (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  3 ,  8 - 10   ). In some implementations, the contact surface  510  can include the plurality of contact units  508 A-N, wherein each contact unit has one or more of the plurality of cavities  512 A-N. Each of the contact units  508 A-N can be configured to permit for a fingertip to contact such that the user can read braille as the pins  514 A-N are selectively extended from the contact surface  510  in each of the contact units  508 A-N. The contact surface  510  can be configured to permit multiple fingertips to simultaneously contact the plurality of contact units  508 A-N, respectively (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  9 - 10   ). The contact surface  510  can be configured to receive at least one or more contact units  508 A-N, such as a first contact unit and a second contact unit. In some implementations, each of the plurality of contact units  508 A-N of the first base  500  can include at least six cavities  512 A-N (e.g., refer to  FIG.  3   ). A first subset of the plurality of pins  514 A-N (e.g., six pins) in the first contact unit can be positioned identically to a second subset of the plurality of pins  514 A-N (e.g., six pins) in the second contact unit. As depicted in  FIG.  5   , the contact units  508 A-N can be arranged side by side, along a length of the first base  500 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  5   , the apparatus  100  includes the magnet  502  disposed in a housing  502 . The magnet  502  can be a bar magnet. The magnet  502  can extend an entire length of the first base  500 . In some implementations, the magnet  502  can extend for a shorter length of the first base  500 . In yet other implementations one or more magnets  502  can be positioned along a length of the first base  500 . The magnet  502  can be configured to generate an attractive force relative to the plurality of pins  514 A-N. As a result of the attractive force, the plurality of pins  514 A-N can be biased into the cavities  512 A-N. The first magnet fields generated by the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N can create repulsion forces between the plurality of pins  514 A-N and the magnet  502 . Such repulsion forces can be configured to cause the plurality of pins  514 A-N to extend from the contract surface  510  of the first base  500 . 
     The apparatus  100  can further include a second base  520  that is configured to house the controller previously described (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  4 A-C ). The second base  520  can attach to the first base  500  by one or more connectors  504 A-N that extend from the first base  500 . The connectors  504 A-N can be configured to engage with the second base  520  to attach the first base  500  to the second base  520 . The connectors  504 A-N can include conductive wires that are configured to electrically connect the controller to the plurality of solenoids  516 A-N. In some implementations, the conductive wires of the connectors  504 A-N can be made of a material including copper. In some implementations, the second base  520  can optionally house a battery or other power source that provides power to one or more components of the apparatus  100  described herein (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  4 A-C ). 
       FIG.  6    depicts an exemplary schematic of a braille pin  600  of the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein. As depicted, the braille pin  600  is recessed at least partially within a cavity  604  (e.g., one of the plurality of cavities  512 A-N depicted in  FIG.  5   ). The cavity  604  includes an opening  602  on a contact surface  614  (e.g., refer to the contact surface  510  in  FIG.  5   ). The pin  600  can extend through the opening  602  such that a braille dot  606  of the pin  600  is above the contact surface  614 . The user can place their fingertip(s) over the contact surface  614  and read the raised braille dot  606 . A horizontal bar  612  (e.g., flange, stopper) can be positioned beneath the braille dot  606  such that the pin  600  does not fully extend through the opening  602 . This configuration can be beneficial to ensure the pin  600  remains within the cavity  604  and/or does not fall out while the refreshable braille display apparatus is used by the user. In some implementations, the pin  600  may not include the horizontal bar  612 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  6   , the cavity  604  can include solenoid connectors  608 A-B. The solenoid connectors  608 A-B can be configured to receive electric currents from the controller described herein (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  5 ,  11   ). The solenoid connectors  608 A-N are connected to a solenoid  610  (e.g., refer to the solenoids  516 A-N in  FIG.  5   ). Upon receiving electric currents at the solenoid connectors  608 A-B, the currents can be passed to the solenoid  610  and the solenoid  610  can generate corresponding magnet fields. These magnetic fields, as described throughout this disclosure (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  5 ,  11   ), can create attractive and/or negative (e.g., repulsion) forces between the pin  600  and a magnet (e.g., refer to the magnet  502  in  FIG.  5   ) such that the pin  600  biases into the cavity  604  and/or extends through the opening  602 , respectively. 
     As depicted, the solenoid  610  is a coil that wraps at least partially around the pin  600 . The coil can be made of a material including iron. The solenoid  610  can also be wrapped in an insulator in order to prevent the solenoid  610  from breaking. The configuration of the solenoid  610  as depicted in  FIG.  6    is advantageous to reduce effort, cost, and time in servicing the solenoid  610  or any other components housed within the cavity  604 . For example, if the solenoid  610  malfunctions, a user can remove the solenoid  610  without having to remove other components of the apparatus, such as the magnet. In some implementations, as described throughout this disclosure, the user can replace the entire cavity  604  with a new cavity having a new solenoid, solenoid connectors, and/or braille pin. In other implementations, as described, the user can replace a unit of pins with a new unit of pins in order to increase efficiency and ease of servicing one or more components therein. 
     As depicted in  FIG.  6   , the pin  600  is biased towards a bottom of the cavity  604 , which is closer to the magnet (e.g., refer to  FIG.  5   ). The pin  600  is biased towards the bottom of the cavity  604  by an attractive force to the magnet. This configuration is advantageous because the pin  600  can remain biased towards the bottom of the cavity  604  so long as an electric current is not generated or received by the solenoid connectors  608 A-B. As a result, less power/current can be used to power the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein, which can reduce servicing, maintenance, and related costs. Because current is managed or being provided in small amounts to some rather than all cavities, less voltage is required to operate the refreshable braille display apparatus described throughout this disclosure. In other implementations, the pin  600  can be attracted to the magnet by a current (e.g., a second current) that is received by the solenoid connectors  608 A-B and which is used by the solenoid  610  to generate a magnetic field. The generated magnetic field can create an attractive force between the pin  600  and the magnet, thereby biasing the pin  600  towards the bottom of the cavity  604 . 
       FIG.  7    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display apparatus  700  (e.g., refer to the refreshable braille display apparatus  100  described throughout this disclosure). In this example, the apparatus  700  is configured to attach to a touchscreen  704  of a kiosk  704 . The apparatus  700  is attached proximate to the touchscreen  704 . In other implementations, the apparatus  700  can be attached to any other part of the kiosk  702  and/or the touchscreen  704  where there is a connectivity point. In some implementations, the apparatus  700  can be carried by a user and the user can connect the apparatus  700  to any compatible device, such as the kiosk  702 . In other implementations, devices, such as the kiosk  702  can be manufactured with the apparatus  700 . In yet other implementations, the apparatus  700  can be configured to attach to any compatible device, such as the kiosk  702 , after the kiosk  702  has been manufactured, having BLUETOOTH communication capability and/or a USB port. 
     In the example depicted in  FIG.  7   , the apparatus  700  can be configured to attach to the touchscreen  704  via a USB port in the touchscreen  704 . Information (e.g., text data) that is displayed on the touchscreen  704  can then be transmitted to the apparatus  700 , via the USB communication and/or BLUETOOTH technology, converted into braille character data, and then used to actuate one or more braille pins comprising the apparatus  700  (e.g., refer to  FIG.  10   ). Information can be transmitted wirelessly, via software or a mobile application that establishes a BLUETOOTH and/or WIFI connection between the kiosk  702  and the apparatus  700 . 
     As mentioned, the apparatus  700  can be configured to attach to any device having a display, such as a computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone, and/or kiosk. The kiosk  702  can be located in a transit station (e.g., airport, train station, subway, bus terminal, etc.). The kiosk  702  can also be used in other public locations, such as grocery stores (e.g., to display product pricing, etc.), gas stations (e.g., to purchase products or gas, etc.), and malls (e.g., to display product pricing, navigate, etc.). Incorporating the apparatus  700  into any one of these types of kiosks  702  can be advantageous to help legally blind people navigate and interact with their surroundings in public places. Additionally, building the kiosk  702  to be compatible with the apparatus  700  can make it easier for a user to carry the apparatus  700  with them and attach the apparatus  700  to any compatible device. Compatibility and connectivity can be further facilitated by installation of a mobile application (e.g., refer to the mobile application  104  in  FIG.  1   ) on the kiosk  702  or other device that facilitates such communication between the kiosk  702  and the apparatus  700 . As a result, in some implementations, owners of kiosks or other devices in public spaces can merely install the appropriate mobile application (e.g., software) to facility communication and connectivity of the devices with the refreshable braille display apparatus  700  described herein. 
       FIG.  8    depicts an exemplary use of the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein. In this example, the apparatus is a smartphone (e.g., mobile device) case (e.g., refer to the case  200  described and depicted in  FIG.  2   ). A user is holding the case in their left hand. A reading area of the apparatus described herein has a contact surface and a plurality of pins selectively extending from the contact surface on a right side of the case. As depicted, more than one of the user&#39;s fingertips are in contact with the contact surface of the reading area. As a result, each of the user&#39;s fingertips can feel one or more of the pins selectively extending from the contact surface to form one or more braille character data. The user does not have to move their fingertips along the contact surface of the reading area in order to feel/read the pins as they selectively extend from the contract surface. This configuration can make it easier and/or faster for the user to read the braille character data because the user can maintain their fingertip(s) in a static position. Each of the braille character data can be displayed on the reading area at different time intervals, such that the user can read each braille character data one at a time as they are displayed on the reading area (e.g., for increasing braille literacy and/or learning how to read braille). In other implementations, the braille character data can be displayed simultaneously on the reading area such that that the reader can read all the braille character data at the same time (e.g., for faster reading). 
     In some implementations, the user can position fewer than four fingertips on the contact surface of the reading area. The user can still read each of the braille character data as it is displayed because the braille character data can be repeated, like a wave, from a bottom portion to a top portion of the reading area or from the top portion to the bottom portion of the reading area. As a result, wherever one or more fingertips are positioned on the contact surface of the reading area, at least one of the fingertips can feel the pins as they are selectively extended from the contact surface. 
       FIG.  9    depicts an exemplary actuation of the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein. As depicted, the apparatus includes a first region  900 , a second region  902 , a third region  904 , and a fourth region  906 . Each of the regions  900 ,  902 ,  904 , and  906  can correspond to one or more contact units, each having a subset of a plurality of pins (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  2 A-C ,  3 - 4 ). For example, the first region  900  can be a first contact unit having a first subset of the plurality of pins. The second region  902  can be a second contact unit having a second subset of the plurality of pins. The third region  904  can be a third contact unit having a third subset of the plurality of pins. The fourth region  906  can be a fourth contact unit having a fourth subset of the plurality of pins. As depicted, a user has four fingertips in contact with each of the respective regions  900 ,  902 ,  904 , and  906 . 
     As described throughout this disclosure (e.g., refer to  FIG.  11   ), the apparatus can receive text data from a mobile device and can convert the text data into one or more braille character data. In the example of  FIG.  9   , the text can be converted into at least six characters, a first character  902 , a second character  922 , a third character  924 , a fourth character  926 , a fifth character  928 , and a sixth character  930 . In other examples, text data can be converted into any number of appropriate, corresponding braille character data. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  9   , at a first time  908 , the first character  920  can be displayed in the first region  900 . This can be accomplished by the controller described herein transmitting an electric current to the first region  900  to selectively extend one or more pins within that region (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  5 - 6 ,  11   ). At a second time  910 , the first character  920  can be displayed in the second region  902  and the second character  922  can be displayed in the first region  900 . As a result, the user can verify the first character  902  by reading it in the second region  902  as well as reading the second character  922  for a first time. At a third time  812 , the first character  920  can be displayed in the third region  904 , the second character  922  can be displayed in the second region  902 , and now the third character  924  can be displayed in the first region  900 . Likewise, at a fourth time  914 , the first character  920  can be displayed in the fourth region  906 , the second character  922  can be displayed in the third region  904 , the third character  924  can be displayed in the second region  902 , and now the fourth character  926  can be displayed in the first region  900 . At a fifth time  916 , the first character  920  may no longer be displayed (e.g., alternatively, a reading area having more than four regions (e.g., contact units) can continue displaying characters), the second character  922  can be displayed in the fourth region  906 , the third character 8924 can be displayed in the third region  904 , the fourth character  926  can be displayed in the second region  902 , and now the fifth character  928  can be displayed in the first region  900 . Finally, in this example at a sixth time  918 , the first character  920  and the second character  922  may no longer be displayed (e.g., alternatively, a reading area having more than four regions (e.g., contact units) can continue displaying characters), the third character  924  can be displayed in the fourth region  906 , the fourth character  926  can be displayed in the third region  904 , the fifth character  928  can be displayed in the second region  902 , and now the sixth character  930  can be displayed in the first region  900 . 
     The configuration depicted in  FIG.  9    permits the user to read all the characters  900 ,  922 ,  924 ,  926 ,  928 , and  930  together (e.g., at the times  910 ,  912 ,  914 ,  916 ,  918 , etc.). In some implementations, the characters  900 ,  922 ,  924 ,  926 ,  928 , and  930  can be repeated after the sixth time  918 , such that the user can confirm the characters that the user read. This configuration can be advantageous for the user to learn how to read braille and/or to improve their braille literacy. In some implementations, the user can adjust an interval between the times  910 ,  912 ,  914 ,  916 ,  918 , etc. (e.g., how much time passes between each of the times  910 ,  912 ,  914 ,  916 ,  918 , etc.) in order to facilitate for slower and/or faster reading of braille characters. The user can make such adjustments via the mobile application described throughout this disclosure (e.g., refer to  FIG.  1   ). 
       FIG.  10    depicts an exemplary actuation of the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein. Similar to the example in  FIG.  9   , in  FIG.  10   , a user places four fingers on a contact surface of the apparatus, wherein each fingertip is positioned on a respective region (e.g., contact unit): a first region  1000 , a second region  1002 , a third region  1004 , and a fourth region  1006 . Each of the regions  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 ,  1006  can correspond to one or more contact units, each having a subset of a plurality of pins (e.g., refer to  FIGS.  2 A-C ,  3 - 5 ). For example, the first region  1000  can be a first contact unit having a first subset of the plurality of pins. The second region  1002  can be a second contact unit having a second subset of the plurality of pins. The third region  1004  can be a third contact unit having a third subset of the plurality of pins. The fourth region  1006  can be a fourth contact unit having a fourth subset of the plurality of pins. 
     As described throughout this disclosure (e.g., refer to  FIG.  11   ), the apparatus can receive text data from a mobile device and can convert the text data into one or more braille character data. In the example of  FIG.  10   , the text can be converted into at least eight characters, a first character  1012 , a second character  1014 , a third character  1016 , a fourth character  1018 , a fifth character  1020 , a sixth character  1022 , a seventh character  1024 , and an eighth character  1026 . In other examples, text data can be converted into any number of appropriate, corresponding braille character data. 
     As depicted in  FIG.  10   , at a first time  1008 , the first character  1012  can be displayed in the first region  1000 , the second character  1014  can be displayed in the second region  1002 , the third character  1016  can be displayed in the third region  1004 , and the fourth character  1018  can be displayed in the fourth region  1006 . In this example, these four braille character data  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 , and  1018  are displayed at a same time (e.g., the first time  1008 ) so that the user can read multiple characters at once. This is advantageous for users that are literate in reading braille and/or are legally blind. 
     In some implementations, if the user&#39;s fingertips are not positioned over each of the regions  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006 , but rather are positioned over one or fewer of the regions, then a number of characters can be displayed that mirrors a number of regions having fingertips positioned over them. For example, if the user positions one finger over the first region  1000  and a second finger over the third region  1004 , then at the first time  1008 , the first character  1012  can be displayed in the first region  1000  and the second character  1014  can simultaneously be displayed in the third region  1016 . Any remaining characters can be displayed in the first region  1000  and the second region  1004  in different time intervals. In some implementations, the regions  1000 - 1006  can include a sensor that detects whether the fingers make contact with the regions or are proximate to the regions. The sensor can be of various types, such as a contact sensor, a proximity sensor, a touch sensor, or any other suitable devices for detecting finger contact or presence proximate to the regions. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  10   , at a second time  1010 , the fifth character  1020  can be displayed at the first region  1000 , the sixth character  1022  can be displayed at the second region  1002 , the seventh character  1024  can be displayed at the third region  1004 , and the eighth character  1026  can be displayed at the fourth region  1006 . As mentioned, the user can adjust how much time passes between each of the times  1008 ,  1010 , etc. in order to facilitate for slower and/or faster reading of braille characters. The user can make such adjustments via the mobile application described throughout this disclosure (e.g., refer to  FIG.  1   ). 
     In some implementations, each converted braille character (e.g., characters  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 ,  1018 ) can be displayed at the first time  1008  in the corresponding regions  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006 . Then, at the second time  1010 , the same braille characters can be repeated in each of the corresponding regions. This configuration can be advantageous so that the user can read a string of braille characters at a single time and then confirm or verify the string of braille characters at a second, delayed time before reading a new string of braille characters. In the example depicted in  FIG.  10   , if the string of characters ended at the eighth character  1026 , then at a third time, the characters  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 , and  1018  can be repeated in the corresponding regions  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006  and then at a fourth time, the characters  1020 ,  1022 ,  1024 , and  1026  can be repeated in the corresponding regions  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006 . 
     In some implementations, the user can adjust how many times braille characters are repeated across the regions  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006 . In other implementations, as previously discussed in reference to  FIG.  9   , the user can adjust an amount of time that passes between the first time  1008 , the second time  1010 , etc. In yet other implementations, the user can select one or more of the regions  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 , and  1006  for display of the braille characters. For example, the user may determine that their fingertips are only in contact with the first region  1000  and the second region  1002 . As a result, the user can select for braille characters to only be displayed at the first region  1000  and the second region  1002 . This can be advantageous to reduce a frequency and cost of servicing one or more components of the refreshable braille display apparatus because not all of the components (e.g., the third subset of pins in the third region  1004  and the fourth subset of pins in the fourth region  1006 ) may be used often. In this example, the first subset of pins in the first region  1000  and the second subset of pins in the second region  1002  can require occasional maintenance while the third subset of pins in the third region  1004  and the fourth subset of pins in the fourth region  1006  may not require maintenance until they are actually used. Any of the adjustments/determinations made by the user can be made at the mobile application described throughout this disclosure (e.g., refer to  FIG.  1   ). 
     The configurations depicted in  FIGS.  9  and  10    are advantageous because they allow the user to read braille without moving their fingertips over a reading area. The user can read the braille by statically placing one or more of their fingertips over the reading area (e.g., regions  900 ,  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  1000 ,  1002 ,  1004 ,  1006 ). The user&#39;s other hand can still interact with a display of the user&#39;s mobile device. As a result, the user can cut down on an amount of time and effort required to read the braille and interact with the mobile device. 
       FIG.  11    is a flowchart of process  1100  to use the refreshable braille display apparatus  100  described herein. The process  1100  starts when the microcontroller of the apparatus  100  receives text data from a computing device in step  1102 . As described herein, the computing device can be a smartphone or other mobile device such as a tablet, laptop, computer, kiosk, or other device having a touch screen display. The microcontroller can convert the text data to braille character data in step  1104 . The microcontroller can use a dictionary (e.g., refer to the dictionary database  136  in  FIG.  1   ) in order to convert the text data into braille character data. Next, based on the braille character data, the microcontroller can identify a first subset of pins that represents one or more braille characters in step  1106 . The first subset of pins can be in a first contact unit. In some implementations, the microcontroller can identify a first subset of a plurality of solenoids that receive the first subset of pins, wherein the first subset of pins represents one or more braille characters corresponding to the text data. Based on step  1106 , in step  1108 , the microcontroller can transmit a first electric current to the first subset of the plurality of solenoids such that the first subset of pins moves to extend from a contact surface of the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein. Step  1108  can be performed at a first time. 
     In step  1110 , the microcontroller can identify a second subset of pins that represents the one or more braille characters. The second subset of pins can be in a second contact unit. In some implementations, the microcontroller can identify a second subset of a plurality of solenoids that receive the second subset of pins, wherein the second subset of pins represents one or more of the braille characters corresponding to the text data. In step  1112 , the microcontroller can transmit the first electric current to the second subset of the plurality of solenoids to extend the second subset of pins from the contact surface of the apparatus described herein (e.g., refer to  FIG.  9   ). Step  1112  can be performed at a second time. The second time can be later than the first time. 
     Once the pins are extended from the contact surface, the microcontroller can determine whether there is more braille character data to be displayed in step  1114 . If there is, then the microcontroller can return to step  1106  and repeat the steps described herein. If there is no more braille character data to display in step  1114 , then the microcontroller can determine whether there is more text data in step  1116 . If there is not, then the process  1100  ends. If there is more text data, then the microcontroller returns to step  1102  and repeats the steps described herein. For example, in some implementations, the microcontroller can receive second text data from the computing device and convert the second text data into second braille character data. Based on the second braille character data, the microcontroller can identify a third subset of pins or a third subset of the plurality of solenoids that receives the third subset of pins. The third subset of pins can be in a first contact unit. In other implementations, the third subset of pins can be in any contact unit (e.g., a second, third, fourth contact unit). The third subset of pins can represent a second braille character that corresponds to the second text data received from the computing device. Finally, the microcontroller can be configured to transmit the first electric current to the third subset of the plurality of solenoids such that the third subset of pins moves to extend from the contact surface of the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein. The first electric current can be transmitted at a third time. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  11   , in some implementations, the third time can be identical to the second time. The third time can be later than the second time. Additionally, the second time can be identical to the first time. The second time can be later than the first time. In yet other implementations, the third time can be earlier than the second time and later than the first time. 
       FIG.  12    is a process  1200  to assemble the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein. First, a user can attach a plurality of contact units to a contact surface of a first base in step  1202 . Each of the contact units can have a base that couples to a side of the first base. The contact units can be positioned side-by-side along the contact surface of the first base so that the contact units are aligned with each other. In step  1204 , a plurality of braille pins can be positioned within a plurality of cavities located within each contact unit. For example, if the contact unit has six cavities, six pins can be positioned within the cavities. In step  1206 , solenoids can be at least partially wrapped around each of the pins. A magnet can be disposed in a housing in the first base that is opposite the contact surface in step  1208 . Next, a second base can be connected to the first base using one or more conductive wires that are configured to the first base (step  1210 ). A controller can be housed in the second base in step  1212 . Then, in step  1214 , the first base can be attached to a computing device having a display. As described throughout this disclosure, the refreshable braille display apparatus described herein can be a case for a smartphone or other mobile or computing device. Therefore, in step  1214 , the first base (e.g., the case) can be attached (e.g., snapped) around the smartphone. In step  1216 , the user can configure wireless communication (e.g., connection) with the computing device. The communication can be established using a mobile application and BLUETOOTH technology, as described throughout this disclosure (e.g., refer to  FIG.  1   ). Finally, in step  1218 , the contact surface of the first base can receive at least one fingertip. 
       FIG.  13    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display mouse  1300 . The mouse  1300  can include a scroll wheel  1302 , a left click button  1304 , a right click button  1306 , a cable  1308  (e.g., USB) for connecting the mouse  1300  to a computer system or device, and a reading area  1310 . The reading area can include a plurality of braille pins  1312 A-N, as depicted and described throughout this disclosure. In other implementations, the mouse  1300  can include more or less buttons, wheels, or other types of input elements than those described in  FIG.  13   . Further, where the mouse  1300  is configured to be wireless, the mouse  1300  can include a wireless transmitter/receiver instead of the cable  1308 . 
     The mouse  1300  can allow for blind users to navigate a graphical user interface (GUI) display of a computer or laptop while simultaneously reading content that is displayed via the reading area  1310 . The reading area  1310  includes modular refreshable braille pins  1312 A-N as described herein. A user can place fingertips, such as four fingertips, on top of the reading area  1310  and read the content displayed on the computer in Braille, as the pins  1312 A-N automatically move from right to left to simulate a Braille reading process. 
     Placement of the scroll wheel  1302 , the left click button  1304 , and the right click button  1306  on a left side  1314  of the mouse  1300  is advantageous for right-handed users to use their thumb to maneuver the computer display while simultaneously reading Braille in the reading area  1310 . The mouse  1300  can also be designed and configured to be used by left-handed users. In other words, a left-handed mouse can include the scroll wheel  1302 , the left click button  1304 , and the right click button  1306  on a right side of the mouse. 
     As an example use, if the user moves the mouse  1300  and a cursor points at a “Desktop” folder on the computer display, the characters ‘D’ ‘E’ can be read by the user at the reading area  1310  as the braille pins  1312 A-N automatically move from right to left (or left to right as desired) to spell out Desktop. The user can feel these characters moving through the pinky finger to the index finger as they are positioned over the reading area  1310 . As a result, the user can correctly discern that the cursor is pointing to the Desktop folder. The user can then double press on the left click button  1304  using their thumb to open the folder or single press the right click button  1306  with the same thumb to access the folder options. The scroll wheel  1302  can also be used by the thumb to move through contents in the Desktop folder. The mouse  1300  can allow blind users to efficiently navigate computer screens using only one hand, while also allowing them to benefit from literacy skills that Braille provides in the reading area  1310 . As a result, the users may not have to rely on screen readers on their computers to read and navigate the computer screens. Moreover, the users may not be required to connect external Braille display systems to their computers that require moving back and forth to read content in Braille. 
       FIG.  14    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display smartphone mount case  1400 . In some implementations, the mount case  1400  has a modular design such that it can be used with any size smartphone. Alternatively, the mount case  1400  can be customized to fit a particular smartphone model. The mount case  1400  can therefore be dynamically adjusted to accommodate size of different smartphones. The mount case  1400  includes a base  1401 , a camera opening  1402 , first and second sides  1408 A and  1408 B, a base support  1410 , and adjustable side mounts  1412 A and  1412 B. A smartphone can be placed against the base  1401  such that the smartphone&#39;s camera aligns with the camera opening  1402 . The camera opening  1402  can slide vertically up and down to dynamically adjust for different length smartphones that may be used with the mount case  1400 . 
     Each of the sides  1408 A and  1408 B of the mount case  1400  can include respective reading areas  1416 . The reading area  1416  includes modular refreshable braille pins  1414 A-N, as described herein. A user can place fingertips, such as four fingertips, on top of the reading area  1416  and read content displayed on the user&#39;s smartphone in Braille, as the pins  1414 A-N automatically move from right to left to simulate a Braille reading process, as described throughout this disclosure. In some implementations, the braille pins  1414 A-N can be on one of the sides  1408 A and  1408 B of the mount case  1400 . For example, a mount case  1400  intended for left handed users can include the reading area  1416  having the braille pins  1414 A-N on the right side  1408 B. A mount case  1400  intended for right handed users can include the reading area  1416  having the braille pins  1414 A-N on the left side  1408 A. 
     The base support  1410  can include a charging port opening  1404  and microphone and/or speaker openings  1406 A-N. The charging port opening  1404  can be sized such that any smartphone&#39;s charging port can be accessed via the opening  1404 . In some implementations, one or more variations of the mount case  1400  can be made having different sized charging port openings  1404  to accommodate for different types of smartphones. The openings  1406 A-N can be a same size as microphones and/or speakers of a smartphone. As an example, if a smartphone has 5 speakers on each side of the smartphone&#39;s charging port, then the mount case  1400  can have 5 openings  1406 A-N on each side of the charging port opening  1404 . In some implementations, a singular opening  1406 A can extend along a length on one side of the charging port opening  1404  and a second opening  1406 B can extend along a length on a second side of the charging port opening  1404 . The first and second openings  1406 A and  1406 B can be opposite each other. As a result of such a configuration, the mount case  1400  can accommodate for placement, arrangement, and/or quantity of microphones and/or speakers along a bottom portion of different types of smartphones. 
     The base support  1410  can also include a protruding edge  1411  that extends along a length of the base support  1410 . The protruding edge  1411  can extend upwards from the base station  1400  and be configured to engage a portion of a front face of a smartphone received at the mount case  1400 , thereby retaining the bottom portion of the smartphone at the base support  1410  and restricting the smartphone from sliding out of the mount case  1400 . In some implementations, the protruding edge  1411  can cup corners (curved corners) that correspond to the bottom corners of the smartphone and are configured to cover the bottom corners of the smartphone to thereby retain the smartphone in the mount case  1400 . 
     The adjustable side mounts  1412 A and  1412 B can extend out from the respective first and second sides  1408 A and  1408 B of the mount case  1400 . Each of the adjustable side mounts  1412 A and  1412 B can include respective protruding edges  1413 A and  1413 B that can be configured to retain the smartphone in the mount case  1400 . The protruding edges  1413 A and  1413 B can hold partially around edges of each side of the smartphone. The edges  1413 A and  1413 B may not extend over a screen portion of the smartphone. The adjustable side mounts  1412 A and  1412 B can be expanded outwards, and retracted inwards, to accommodate smartphones of different widths. For example, when the user places the smartphone on top of the base  1401 , the user can extend the adjustable side mounts  1412 A and  1412 B out to sides of the smartphone such that the smartphone is flush with the base  1401  and the protruding edges  1413 A and  1413 B clamp over side edges of the smartphone. The adjustable side mounts  1412 A and  1412 B can retract to a sizing that retains the smartphone in place in the mount case  1400 . 
     The mount case  1400  depicted in  FIG.  14    can be advantageous for users to use any type of smartphone with the refreshable braille display technology described throughout this disclosure. As described herein, the mount case  1400  allows the user to read Braille without having to move their fingertips across the reading area  1416 . In some implementations, the adjustable side mounts  1412 A and  1412 B can be made of a plastic material. In some implementations, at least one of the base  1401 , the first and second sides  1408 A and  1408 B, the base support  1410 , and the reading area  1416  can be encased in aluminum. In some implementations, the base support  1410  can be made of a plastic material. In yet some implementations, one or more of the base  1401 , the first and second sides  1408 A and  1408 B, the base support  1410 , and the reading area  1416  can be coated with a plastic and/or silicone gel material with varying degrees of texture. The plastic and/or silicone gel coating can be advantageous to align with the user&#39;s handling of their device as well as aesthetic appeal of the mount case  1400 . 
       FIG.  15    depicts an exemplary refreshable braille display wearable device  1500 . The wearable device  1500  can be a bracelet, smart watch, and/or other device that can be worn around a user&#39;s wrist or arm. The wearable device  1500  can be adjusted to fit on any size wrist or arm of a user. Similar to the other devices and cases described throughout this disclosure, the wearable device  1500  can include a reading area  1502  with a plurality of braille pins  1504 A-N. The braille pins  1504 A-N can function as described throughout this disclosure. The wearable device  1500  can also include a wireless charger  1506 . The user can, for example, place any portion of the wearable device  1500  on top of the wireless charger  1506  to begin charging. Accordingly, components of the refreshable braille display system as described herein can be charged such that the braille pins  1504 A-N can automatically move to allow the user to read content displayed on their mobile device. 
     The user can place their fingertips over the reading area  1502  in order to read braille. The wearable device  1500  can also include clock functionalities so that the user can check the time. Moreover, the wearable device  1500  can connect to the user&#39;s smartphone via wireless connection (e.g., WIFI, BLUETOOTH). Notifications, calls, and health monitoring of the smartphone can be translated into braille and presented at the reading area  1502 , as described throughout this disclosure. In some implementations, the smartwatch  1500  can be made of an aluminum or similar material. Such material can provide durability. In some implementations, straps  1508 A and  1508 B can be made of silicone gel material or similar flexible material. Such material can provide for aesthetic appearance and comfortability. The straps  1508 A and  1508 B can also have a colorful finishing for customization and aesthetic appeal. 
     Any one or more of the devices and cases described herein (e.g., case  200 , case  400 , first and second bases  500  and  520 , apparatus  700 , mouse  1300 , mount case  1400 , wearable device  1500 , etc.) can be enclosed in aluminum or similar material. The aluminum can provide durability and rigidness for one or more components of the refreshable braille display system describe herein, such as solenoid actuators. Outer materials of such devices and cases can also be coated with plastic and/or silicone gel materials. The plastic and/or silicone gel materials can have varying degrees of texture (e.g., smooth, ribbed, etc.) to align with the user&#39;s handling of their device. The varying degrees of texture and plastic and/or silicone gel materials can also provide aesthetic appeal. 
       FIG.  16    is a block diagram of computing devices  1600 ,  1650  that may be used to implement the systems and methods described in this document, as either a client or as a server or plurality of servers. Computing device  1600  is intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. Computing device  1650  is intended to represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, and other similar computing devices. Additionally computing device  1600  or  1650  can include Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives. The USB flash drives may store operating systems and other applications. The USB flash drives can include input/output components, such as a wireless transmitter or USB connector that may be inserted into a USB port of another computing device. The components shown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limit implementations of the inventions described and/or claimed in this document. 
     Computing device  1600  includes a processor  1602 , memory  1604 , a storage device  1606 , a high speed interface  1608  connecting to memory  1604  and high speed expansion ports  1610 , and a low speed interface  1612  connecting to low speed bus  1614  and storage device  1606 . Each of the components  1602 ,  1604 ,  1606 ,  1608 ,  1610 , and  1612 , are interconnected using various busses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. The processor  1602  can process instructions for execution within the computing device  1600 , including instructions stored in the memory  1604  or on the storage device  1606  to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input/output device, such as display  1616  coupled to high speed interface  1608 . In other implementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices  1600  may be connected, with each device providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system). 
     The memory  1604  stores information within the computing device  1600 . In one implementation, the memory  1604  is a volatile memory unit or units. In another implementation, the memory  1604  is a non-volatile memory unit or units. The memory  1604  may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk. 
     The storage device  1606  is capable of providing mass storage for the computing device  1600 . In one implementation, the storage device  1606  may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may also contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory  1604 , the storage device  1606 , or memory on processor  1602 . 
     The high speed controller  1608  manages bandwidth-intensive operations for the computing device  1600 , while the low speed controller  1612  manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions is exemplary only. In one implementation, the high speed controller  1608  is coupled to memory  1604 , display  1616  (e.g., through a graphics processor or accelerator), and to high speed expansion ports  1610 , which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low speed controller  1612  is coupled to storage device  1606  and low speed expansion port  1614 . The low speed expansion port, which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet) may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch or router, e.g., through a network adapter. 
     The computing device  1600  may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server  1620 , or multiple times in a group of such servers. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system  1624 . In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer  1622 . Alternatively, components from computing device  1600  may be combined with other components in a mobile device (not shown), such as device  1650 . Each of such devices may contain one or more of computing device  1600 ,  1650 , and an entire system may be made up of multiple computing devices  1600 ,  1650  communicating with each other. 
     Computing device  1650  includes a processor  1652 , memory  1664 , an input/output device such as a display  1654 , a communication interface  1666 , and a transceiver  1668 , among other components. The device  1650  may also be provided with a storage device, such as a microdrive or other device, to provide additional storage. Each of the components  1650 ,  1652 ,  1664 ,  1654 ,  1666 , and  1668 , are interconnected using various buses, and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. 
     The processor  1652  can execute instructions within the computing device  1650 , including instructions stored in the memory  1664 . The processor may be implemented as a chipset of chips that include separate and multiple analog and digital processors. Additionally, the processor may be implemented using any of a number of architectures. For example, the processor  1602  may be a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) processor, a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor, or a MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) processor. The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the device  1650 , such as control of user interfaces, applications run by device  1650 , and wireless communication by device  1650 . 
     Processor  1652  may communicate with a user through control interface  1658  and display interface  1656  coupled to a display  1654 . The display  1654  may be, for example, a TFT (Thin-Film-Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) display or an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) display, or other appropriate display technology. The display interface  1656  may comprise appropriate circuitry for driving the display  1654  to present graphical and other information to a user. The control interface  1658  may receive commands from a user and convert them for submission to the processor  1652 . In addition, an external interface  1662  may be provide in communication with processor  1652 , so as to enable near area communication of device  1650  with other devices. External interface  1662  may provide, for example, for wired communication in some implementations, or for wireless communication in other implementations, and multiple interfaces may also be used. 
     The memory  1664  stores information within the computing device  1650 . The memory  1664  can be implemented as one or more of a computer-readable medium or media, a volatile memory unit or units, or a non-volatile memory unit or units. Expansion memory  1674  may also be provided and connected to device  1650  through expansion interface  1672 , which may include, for example, a SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module) card interface. Such expansion memory  1674  may provide extra storage space for device  1650 , or may also store applications or other information for device  1650 . Specifically, expansion memory  1674  may include instructions to carry out or supplement the processes described above, and may include secure information also. Thus, for example, expansion memory  1674  may be provide as a security module for device  1650 , and may be programmed with instructions that permit secure use of device  1650 . In addition, secure applications may be provided via the SIMM cards, along with additional information, such as placing identifying information on the SIMM card in a non-hackable manner. 
     The memory may include, for example, flash memory and/or NVRAM memory, as discussed below. In one implementation, a computer program product is tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product contains instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as the memory  1664 , expansion memory  1674 , or memory on processor  1652  that may be received, for example, over transceiver  1668  or external interface  1662 . 
     Device  1650  may communicate wirelessly through communication interface  1666 , which may include digital signal processing circuitry where necessary. Communication interface  1666  may provide for communications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, or MMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others. Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequency transceiver  1668 . In addition, short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). In addition, GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver module  1670  may provide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data to device  1650 , which may be used as appropriate by applications running on device  1650 . 
     Device  1650  may also communicate audibly using audio codec  1660 , which may receive spoken information from a user and convert it to usable digital information. Audio codec  1660  may likewise generate audible sound for a user, such as through a speaker, e.g., in a handset of device  1650 . Such sound may include sound from voice telephone calls, may include recorded sound (e.g., voice messages, music files, etc.) and may also include sound generated by applications operating on device  1650 . 
     The computing device  1650  may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a cellular telephone  1680 . It may also be implemented as part of a smartphone  1682 , personal digital assistant, or other similar mobile device. 
     Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. 
     These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” “computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor. 
     To provide for interaction with a user, the systems and techniques described here can be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse or a trackball) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback (e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback); and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. 
     The systems and techniques described here can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component (e.g., as a data server), or that includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or that includes a front end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the systems and techniques described here), or any combination of such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), peer-to-peer networks (having ad-hoc or static members), grid computing infrastructures, and the Internet. 
     The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. 
     Particular implementations of the subject matter have been described. Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous.