Patent Publication Number: US-2021173230-A1

Title: Bespoke eyewear and system and method for manufacturing bespoke eyewear

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/928,068, filed Oct. 30, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to bespoke eyewear and a system and a method for manufacturing the bespoke eyewear. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to bespoke eyewear having a seamless hinge structure and a system and a method for manufacturing the bespoke eyewear. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Additive manufacturing, a.k.a., 3D printing, has been widely used to produce customized products including eyewear. Traditionally, to make customized eyewear, an optomaltrist needs to manually take measurements of a patient&#39;s face so as to provide facial dimension parameters to the additive manufacturing equipment for further processing. 
     People have attempted to use optical scanning of a consumer&#39;s face to enhane the precision and user experience for the facial measurement. See, for example, U.S. Pre-Grant Publication No. 2016/0062151 to Fonte et al. Existing technology, however, still requires the bespoke eyewear frame be produced in pieces and then assembled manually by a human worker or automatically by a robot. 
     In view of the above, there is a need to design and develop new bespoke eyewear and a new system and a new method for manufacturing the bespoke eyewear, such that manual or automatic assembly is minimized and/or eliminated. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a seamless bespoke eyewear, and a system and a method for manufacturing the seamless bespoke eyewear using facial parameters of a user to produce customized eyewear frames based on the user&#39;s comfort level and optician requirements. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a bespoke eyewear frame, the method comprising capturing one or more facial images of a user using an image capturing device; generating a facial model from said one or more facial images; extracting a plurality of facial parameters from the facial model; generating a three-dimensional digital model of an eyewear frame based at least in part on one or more of the facial parameters of the user; and transmitting the three-dimensional digital model to an additive manufacturing apparatus for additively manufacturing the bespoke eyewear frame. 
     In one embodiment, generating the three-dimensional digital model comprises: aligning a lens base in accordance with one or more of the facial parameters, the lens base being defined by a plurality of lens parameters; and generating the three-dimensional digital model of the eyewear frame based on the aligned lens base. 
     In one embodiment, the facial parameters include a Nasal Crest (NC) and a Pupil Center (PC), and the lens parameters include a Geometric Center (GC), a Wrap Angle (WA), and a Pantoscopic Angle (PA), and wherein aligning the lens base comprises: determining the Pantoscopic Angle (PA) and the Wrap Angle (WA); rotating the lens base on a first plane about the Geometric Center (GC) for the Pantoscopic Angle (PA); rotating the lens base on a second plane about the Geometric Center (GC) for the Wrap Angle (WA), the second plane being perpendicular to the first plane. 
     In one embodiment, generating the three-dimensional digital model of the eyewear frame based on the aligned lens base comprises: generating a box frame defined as an area between a quadrilateral box frame maximum and a quadrilateral box frame minimum in accordance with one or more of the facial parameters and the lens parameters of the aligned lens base; generating a design box frame within the area of the box frame; generating temple arms, a nose pad, and a nose bridge mechanically coupled with the design box frame; and generating a seamless hinge structure pivotably connecting the temple arms and the design box frame. 
     In one embodiment, generating the seamless hinge structure comprises: generating a post integrally formed on the temple arms; and generating a knuckle integrally formed on the design box frame and mechanically engaged with the post. 
     In one embodiment, the method further comprises applying design variations to the the three-dimensional digital model based on a pre-determined aesthetic style of the bespoke eyewear frame. 
     In one embodiment, the method further comprises, prior to transmitting the three-dimensional digital model to the additive manufacturing apparatus, converting the three-dimensional digital model into an additively printable format. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure provides an apparatus for manufacturing a bespoke eyewear frame, the apparatus comprising: an image capturing device configured to capture one or more facial images of a user; a facial model generation module configured to generate a facial model from said one or more facial images; a facial parameter extraction module configured to extract a plurality of facial parameters from the facial model; an eyewear frame generation module configured to a three-dimensional digital model of an eyewear frame based at least in part on one or more of the facial parameters of the user; and a file output module configured to transmit the three-dimensional digital model to an additive manufacturing apparatus for additively manufacturing the bespoke eyewear frame. 
     In one embodiment, the eyewear frame generation module comprises a lens base alignment module configured to align a lens base in accordance with one or more of the facial parameters, the lens base being defined by a plurality of lens parameters, and wherein the eyewear frame generation module is configured to generate the three-dimensional digital model of the eyewear frame based on the aligned lens base. 
     In one embodiment, the facial parameters include a Nasal Crest (NC) and a Pupil Center (PC), and the lens parameters include a Geometric Center (GC), a Wrap Angle (WA), and a Pantoscopic Angle (PA), and wherein the lens base alignment module is further configured to: determine the Pantoscopic Angle (PA) and the Wrap Angle (WA); rotate the lens base on a first plane about the Geometric Center (GC) for the Pantoscopic Angle (PA); and rotate the lens base on a second plane about the Geometric Center (GC) for the Wrap Angle (WA), the second plane being perpendicular to the first plane. 
     In one embodiment, the eyewear frame generation module is further configured to: generate a box frame defined as an area between a quadrilateral box frame maximum and a quadrilateral box frame minimum in accordance with one or more of the facial parameters and the lens parameters of the aligned lens base; generate a design box frame within the area of the box frame; generate temple arms, a nose pad, and a nose bridge mechanically coupled with the design box frame; and generate a seamless hinge structure pivotably connecting the temple arms and the design box frame. 
     In one embodiment, the eyewear frame generation module is further configured to: generate a post integrally formed on the temple arms; and generate a knuckle integrally formed on the design box frame and mechanically engaged with the post. 
     In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a design variation module configured to apply design variations to the the three-dimensional digital model based on a pre-determined aesthetic style of the bespoke eyewear frame. 
     In one embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a file conversion module configured to convert the three-dimensional digital model into an additively printable format, prior to the file output module transmits the three-dimensional digital model to the additive manufacturing apparatus. 
     In still another aspect, the present disclosure provides an eyewear comprising a main frame, left and right temple arms, and left and right hinge structures respectively connecting the left and right temple arms to the main frame, wherein the left and right hinge structures are seamlessly integrated with the main frame and the left and right temple arms respectively. 
     In one embodiment, each of the left and right hinge structures comprises a post integrally formed on one of the left and right temple arms, and a knuckle integrally formed on the main frame and mechanically engaged with the post. 
     In one embodiment, the post has a cylindrical shape integrally formed on an end of the temple arm through two legs conntected to respective ends of the post. 
     In one embodiment, the knuckle comprises a cylindrical throughhole that accomondates the post therein. 
     In one embodiment, the knuckle has a substantially spherical shape and wherein each of the left and right temple arms has a recess formed between the two legs and having a shape complimentary to that of the knuckle to receive at least a portion of the knuckle therein. 
     In one embodiment, each of the left and right hinge structures comprise a lock positive on the left and right temple arms and a lock negative on the main frame having a shape complimentary to that of the lock positive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an apparatus for manufacturing bespoke eyewear in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing bespoke eyewear in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C  respectively illustrate a front view, a top view, and a side view of a facial model captured by a 3D scanner in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C  respectively illustrate a front view, a top view, and a side view of the facial model in  FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C  marked with extracted facial parameters in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 5A through 5F  illustrate geometrical relations of various lens parameters with respect to facial parameters in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a resultant lens base after being aligned in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate box frame generation of an eyewear frame in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a box frame generated in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, and 9D  illustrate design box frame generation of an eyewear frame in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a relateion between the aesthetic score and the confidence level of randomly generated design box frames in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C  illustrate the generation of temple arms, nose pads, and nose bridge of an eyewear frame in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS. 12A, 12B, 12C, and 12D  illustrate various views of a hinge structure of bespoke eyewear frame  2  in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a 3D model of a bespoke eyewear generated in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is illustrated a system  10  for manufacturing bespoke eyewear in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. System  10  includes a data processing apparatus  100  for acquiring facial images of a user  1  and for generating a 3D-printable digital model of a bespoke eyewear frame  2 , and a production apparatus  200  for additively manufacturing bespoke eyewear frame  2 . In one embodiment, data processing apparatus  100  may be a smartphone device, a tablet device, a laptop computer device, or any other suitable data processing deive. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , data prcessing apparatus  100  includes a camera  105 , a facial model generation module  110 , a facial parameter extraction module  120 , an eyewear frame generation module  130 , a design variation module  140 , a file conversion module  150 , and a file output module  160 . In one embodiment, camera  105  may include a depth sensor for scanning and recognizing critical points on a scanned surface. Camera  105  can be a smartphone camera with one or more lenses, or a 3D scanner (such as, structured-light 3D scanners) with two or more scanners so to capture 3D images of an object. 
     In one embodiment, eyewear frame generation module  130  includes a lens base alignment  132 , a box frame generation module  134 , a temple arm &amp; nose pad generation module  136 , and a hinge generation module  138 . Data prcessing apparatus  100  may further include a processor (not shown) and a non-volatile memory (not shown), while modules  110 ,  120 ,  130 ,  140 ,  150 , and  160  can be implemented as computer software products stored in the non-volatile memory and executable by the processor to perform their designated functions. 
     In one embodiment, production apparatus  200  is a 3D printer communicatively connected with data processing apparatus  100  for receiving 3D-printable digital models therefrom. In one embodiment, production apparatus  200  is directly coupled to data processing apparstus  100  via a cable wire, such as, a universal serial bus (USB) cable. Alternatively, production apparatus  200  can be coupled to data processing apparstus  100  via wireless computer network, such as WiFi, 4G, 5G, and the like. 
       FIGS. 2A and 2B  illustrate a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing bespoke eyewear in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIGS. 2A and 2B  together with  FIG. 1 , in Step  210 , the face or head of user  1  is optically scanned using camera  105  to obtain one or more facial images of user  1 . The facial images of user  1  can be saved in the non-volatile memory of data processing apparatus  100  and transmitted to facial model generation module  110  to generate a 3D facial model. 
       FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C  respectively illustrate a front view, a top view, and a side view of a facial model  300  captured by camera  105  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In various embodiments, facial model  300  may be represented as a surface mesh, a point cloud, a distance map, an image volume, a vector space, or any other proper 3D representations. Facial model  300  can be saved in the non-volatile memory of data processing apparatus  100  and transmitted to facial module extraction module  120  for further processing. 
     In Step  220 , facial module extraction module  120  analyzes facial model  300  to extract the 3D coordinates (x, y, z) of various facial parameters  400 . In one embodiment, facial parameters  400  include, for example, Pupil Centre (PC), Lateral Brow (LtB), Medial Brow (MB), Superciliary Ridge (SR), Lower Eyelid (LE), Nasal Crest (NC), Lateral Nasal Cartilage (LNC), Super Helix (SH), Levator Labii Superioris (LLS), Lateral Canthus (LC), Medial Canthus (MC), Bridge Point (BP), and Concha Back (CB). 
       FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C  respectively illustrate a front view, a top view, and a side view of facial model  300  in  FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C  marked with facial parameters  400  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Specifically,  FIG. 4A  illustrates a a front view of the facial model of  FIG. 3A  with facial parameters  400  being marked on the X-Z plane.  FIG. 4B  illustrates a a top view of the facial model of  FIG. 3B  with facial parameters  400  being marked on the X-Y plane.  FIG. 4C  illustrates a a side view of the facial model of  FIG. 3C  with facial parameters  400  being marked on the Y-Z plane. Facial parameters  400  can be saved in the non-volatile memory of data processing apparatus  100  and transmitted to eyewear frame generation module  130  for further processing. 
     In one embodiment, one or more facial parameters  400  can be automatically measured and extracted through a facial recognition computer software program with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI), such as, deep learning. Alternatively, one or more facial parameters  400  can be extracted from a plurality of  2 D facial images using photogrammetry technology and/or manually measured by an eyewear specialist. While  FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C  only show facial parameters  400  at one (left) side of the user&#39;s face, it is appreciated that facial parameters  400  at the other (right) side of the user&#39;s face is not necessarily symmetric. The same extraction method can be applied to facial model  300  of the full-face, such that a 3D printable digital model of asymmetrical eyewear frame  2  can be calculated and generated. 
     In Step  230 , eyewear frame generation module  130  generates a digital 3D model of eyewear frame  2  based on facial parameters  400  obtained in Step  220 . In one embodiment, Step  230  is further divided into sub-Steps  232 ,  234 ,  236 , and  238  as shown in  FIG. 2B  from cirle A to circle B. 
     In Step  232 , lens base alignment module  132  aligns a lens base  600  (see,  FIG. 6 ) of bespoke eyewear in accordance with facial parameters  400 . Lens base  600  is a lens manufacturing standard defined in accordance with a spherical cap. To perform lens base alignment, a plurality of lens parameters  500 , such as, Geometric Center (GC), Wrap Angle (WA), Pantoscopic Angle (PA), Lens Base Center (LBC) and Lens Base (LB) (i.e., circumference), must be determined. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5A , in one embodiment, Geometric Center (GC) of lens parameters  500  can be calculated from Nasal Crest (NC) and Pupil Center (PC) of facial parameters  400  that are extracted from Step  220  in the X-Y Coordinate (see,  FIG. 4B ), where the Z-values of NC and PC are set to be  0 , namely, NC=(NC_x, NC y, 0) and/or PC=(PC_x, PC y, 0). To determine Geometric Center (GC), a horizontal line passing through NC and a vertical line passing through PC are generated on the X-Y plane. In one embodiment, the horizontal line can be in parallel to the line passing through the pupil centers of left and right eyes, while the vertical line is perpendicular to the horizontal line. In alternative embodiments, the horizontal line can be defined by any other suitable reference points in accordance with the orientation of facial model  300  on the X-Y plane. 
     In one embodiment, GC is defined as the intersection point of the generated horizontal and vertical lines. Horizontal line NC-GC has a length “x 1 ,” while vertical line PC-GC has a length “y 1 ,” where lines NC-GC and PC-GC are perpendicular to each other, i.e., line NC-GC L line PC-GC. Now that GC can be determined as GC=(GC_x, GC_y, GC_z), where GC_x=NC_x+x 1 , GC_y=PC_y−y 1 , and GC_z=PC_z. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5B , in one embodiment, Pantoscopic Angle (PA) defined by Θ of lens parameters  500  can be calculated from Superciliary Ridge (SR) and Levator Labil Superioris 
     (LLS) of facial parameters  400  extracted from Step  220  in the Y-Z Coordinate (see,  FIG. 4C ), where the X-values of SR and LLS are set to be 0, namely, SR=(0, SR_y, SR_z) and LLS=(0, LLS_y, LLS_z). To determine Pantoscopic Angle (PA), a horizontal line passing through SR and a vertical line passing through LLS are generated on the Y-Z plane. In one embodiment, the horizontal and vertical lines intersect at point P and can be defined respectively as being parallel to the Y- and Z-coordinates of the Y-Z plane in accordance with a suitable orientation of facial model  300 . 
     In this embodiment, line SR-LLS together with the horizontal line passing through SR and the vertical line passing through LLS form a right-angled triangle. Line SR-LLS has a length “a,” line LLS-P has a length “b,” and line SR-P has a length “c.” In one embodiment, 
     Pantoscopic Angle (PA) or angle Θ can be defined as the angle at vertex LLS, which can be determined using trigonometry, where Θ=arcsin (c/a). 
     As shown in  FIG. 5C , in one embodiment, Wrap Angle (WA) defined by  01  of lens parameters  500  can be calculated from Superciliary Ridge (SR) and Nasal Crest (NC) of facial parameters  400  extracted from Step  220  in the X-Y Coordinate (see,  FIG. 4B ), where the Z-values of SR and NC are set to be 0, namely, SR=(SR_x, SR_y, 0) and NC=(NC_x, NC_y, 0). To determine Wrap Angle (WA), a horizontal line passing through NC and a vertical line passing through SR are generated on the X-Y plane. In one embodiment, the horizontal and vertical lines intersect at point Q and can be defined respectively as being parallel to the X- and Y-coordinates of the X-Y plane in accordance with a suitable orientation of facial model  300 . 
     In this embodiment, line SR-NC together with the horizontal line passing through NC and the vertical line passing through SR form a right-angled triangle. Line SR-NC has a length “a 1 ,” line NC-Q has a length “b 1 ,” and line SR-Q has a length “c 1 .” In one embodiment, Wrap Angle (WA) or angle Θ 1  can be defined as the angle at vertex NC, which can be determined using trigonometry, where Θ 1 =arcsin (c 1 /a 1 ). 
     Upon determination of Wrap Angle (WA), one can now determine the Lens Base (LB) value, where LB=2, if Θ 1 ≤7 degrees; LB=4, if 7 degrees&lt;Θ 1 ≤14 degrees; LB=6 if 14 degrees&lt;Θ 1 ≤21 degrees; and LB=8, if Θ 1 &gt;21 degrees. Lens Base (LB) value is a lens manufacturing standard defined in accordance with a spherical cap, as shown in  FIG. 5D , where rLB denotes the radius of the sphere rLB, aLB denotes radius of the base of the cap aLB, and hLB denotes the height of the cap. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5D , Lens Base Center (LBC) is the apex of the spherical cap or the highest point (coordinate) of cap height hLB. If the LB value is determined to be “ 2 ,” then define hLB=4.81 mm, aLB=50 mm, and rLB=262.5 mm. If the LB value is determined to be “4,” then define hLB=9.9 mm, aLB=50 mm, and rLB=131.25 mm. If the LB value is determined to be “6,” then define hLB=15.69 mm, aLB=50 mm, and rLB=87.5 mm. If the LB value is determined to be “8,” then define hLB=23.12 mm, aLB=50 mm, and rLB=65.63 mm. 
     In order to align the lens base, one can align Lens Base Center (LBC) to GC, where LBC=(LBC_x, LBC_y, LBC_z)=GC=(GC_x, GC_y, GC_z) and Lens Base (LB) bulges from Pupil Center (PC). The Lens Base is then rotated counterclockwise about GC on the Y-Z plane for angle Θ which is previously calculated as Pantoscopic Angle (PA) (see,  FIG. 5E ). Further, the lens base is additional rotated counterclockwise about GC on the X-Y plane for angle Θ 1  which is previously calculated as Wrap Angle (WA) (see,  FIG. 5F ).  FIG. 6  illustrates a resultant lens base  600  after being aligned in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. At this point, data for aligned Lens Base  600  are transmitted to box frame generagion module  134 , which can serve as a basis for eyewear frame design generation. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 2B , in Step  234 , a box frame of eyewear is generated based on the results of the lens base alignment in Step  232 .  FIGS. 7A and 7B  illustrate box frame generation of an eyewear frame in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, to determine the box frame of eyewear, one needs to first calculate the box frame maximim (a first quadrilateral area) and the box frame mininim (a second quadrilateral area).  FIG. 8  illustrates a box frame  800  generated in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, box frame  800  is the area of box frame maximum (BFmax, the first quadrilateral area) subtracted by box frame minimum (BFmin, the second quadrilateral area). 
     Box frame maximum (BFmax) can be calculated in the X-Z coordinate with the Y-value being set to 0. Referring to  FIG. 7A , a horizontal line is projected through LLS, which intersects with Lens Base  600  at point BFmaxA, and a vertical line is projected upward from BFmaxA, which intersects with Lens Base  600  at BFmaxB. In addition, a horizontal line is projected inward from BFmaxB. A straight line passing through LNC and BP intersects with the horizontal line from LLS at BFmaxD and intersects with the horizontal line from BFmaxB at BFmaxC. The lines that connect points BFmaxA, BFmaxB, BFmaxC, BFmaxD form a right trapezoid. In one embodiment, the box frame maximum can be defined as a quadruplet, i.e., BFmax =(BFmaxA, BFmaxB, BFmaxC, BFmaxD). 
     Box frame minimum (BFmin) can be similarly calculated in the X-Z coordinate with the Y-value set to be 0. Referring to  FIG. 7B , one can define a first point h 1 =(h 1 _x, 0, h 1 _z) as the middle point of SR_z and GC_z, which can then be calculated as follows: h 1 _x=GC_x; h 1 _y=0; and h 1 _z=GC_z +½|SR_z−GC_z|. Further, one can define a second point h 2 =(h 2 _x, 0, h 2 _z) as the middle point of LLS_z and GC_z, which can then be calculated as follows: h 2 _x=GC_x; h 2 _y=0; and h 2 _z=GC_z−½|LLS_z−GC_z|. Thereafter, a first horizontal line is projected passing through h 1 , a second horizontal line is projected passing through h 2 , a first vertical line is projected passing through MC, and a second vertical line is projected passing through LC. The first and second horizontal lines and the first and second vertical lines intersect (at four points BFminA, BFminB, BFminC, and BFminD), and form a rectangle which defines the box frame minimum as a quadruplet, i.e., BFmin=(BFminA, BFminB, BFminC, BFminD). 
     In one embodiment, a user can be given a plurality of pre-defined design box frames as selectable options. Specifically, a design box frame is a 3D model of eyewear frame having an aesthetic and/or stylistic appearance designed by an eyewear designer. After selecting one from the available design options, the pre-defined design box frame can then be adjusted in size in accordance with the calculated box frame  800  and applied to the calculated box frame  800 . In one embodiment, the size of the pre-defined design box frame can be scaled up or scaled down proportionally such that the selected design box frame can fit within the area of the calculated box frame. 
       FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C  illustrate the generation of a design box frame of an eyewear frame in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, a design box frame can be generated using, for example, an artificial intelligence (AI) system through deep learning and/or neural network. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9A , a box frame (or BoxFrame) is divided into octants split from Pupil Center (PC). Referring to  FIG. 9B , each octant area is randomly assigned a point O 1 , O 2 , O 3 , O 4 , O 5 , O 6 , O 7 , and O 8  therein. Points O 1 , O 2 , O 3 , O 4 , O 5 , O 6 , O 7 , and O 8  can be connected using a closed spline contained within BoxFrame. The spline defines a design box frame (or DesignBoxFrame) which can then be assigned an aesthetic value or score by a designer, ranging from 1 to 10, for example. 
     During an early stage of the learning process having, for example, 10 or fewer training data, DesignBoxFrame is a closed-spline that connects randomly assigned points O 1  through O 8 . At this stage, the neural network still has a low confidence level on each of the aesthetic scores (1-10). For example, a 40% confidence level is given to an aesthetic score of 5 (medium value), because a human designer would have given an aesthetic score of 2 to the same design (low value, not matching the prediction). Neutral network can take the feedback of human designers and make adjustments through back-propagation. This allows better prediction at a higher confidence level on the aesthetic score if a similar design is randomly generated again. 
     During a later stage of the learning process having, for example, 1,000 or more training data, a new DesignBoxFrame can be similarly generated by randomly assigned points O 1  through O 8 . Now that the neural network may have a higher confidence level on higher aesthetic scores. For example, a 90% confidence level may be given to an aesthetic score of 8, because a human designer would give an aesthetic score of 8 to the same design (matching prediction). Neutral network can then take the feedback with increased confidence and make adjustments through back-propagation. 
     Up to this point, the selected DesignBoxFrame stays in two-dimension with the Y-values of all points O 1  through O 8  being set to zero. Specifically, DesignBoxFrame can be defined by points O 1  through O 8 , where O 1 =(O 1 _x, 0, O 1 _z), O 2 =(O 2 _x, 0, O 2 _z), O 3 =(O 3 _x, 0, O 3 _z), O 4 =(O 4 _x, 0, O 4 _z), O 5 =(O 5 _x, 0, O 5 _z), O 6 =(O 6 _x, 0, O 6 _z), O 7 =(O 7 _x, 0, O 7 _z), and O 8 =(O 8 _x, 0, O 8 _z). Thereafter, each of points O 1  through O 8  is projected to the Lens Base (spherical cap) and the Y-values of points O 1  through O 8  are extracted from the corresponding Y-values of Lens Base (LBy) for each of points O 1  through O 8 . Specificly, after the Y-value projection, points O 1  through O 8  can be defined as follows: O 1 =(O 1 _x, LB_y(O 1 ), O 1 _z); O 2 =(O 2 _x, LB _y(O 2 ), O 2 _z); O 3 =(O 3 _x, LB _y(O 3 ), O 3 _z); O 4 =(O 4 _x, LB_y(O 4 ), O 4 _z); O 5 =(O 5 _x, LB_y(O 5 ), O 5 _z); O 6 =(O 6 _x, LB_y(O 6 ), O 6 _z); O 7 =(O 7 _x, LB_y(O 7 ), O 7 _z); and O 8 =(O 8 _x, LB_y(O 8 ), O 8 _z). Now that DesignBoxFrame is projected to a spherical cap (or Lens Base) instead of a  2 -dimensional spline curve. 
       FIG. 9D  illustrates a design box frame  900  so generated, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. A lens bases (made of, for example, glass, plastic, or other suitable materials) can be cut in accordance with the shape of design box frame  900  such that the cut lenses can be inserted and embedded in bespoke eyewear frame  2  after being additively manufactured. Although only one (left) side of design box frame  900  is shown and described, it is appreciated that the same process can be used to generate the other (right) side of the design box frame  900 . 
     The AI system can learn from a large number of data sets using deep learning and can derive a corresponding confidence level for a newly, randomly generated DesignBoxFrame. The confidence level of achieving a high score can start from very low (close to 1) with randomly assigned points O 1  through O 8  to a much higher score (5 or 6) after making a few predictions in comparison with designer&#39;s evaluations. As training samples grow, the AI system can adjust its neural network through back-propagation and slowly learn to generate a design box frame with a higher aesthetic value and with higher confidence level. Over time, the neural network of the AI system can learn the relation between points O 1  through O 8  and facial parameters  400 , which can be used to serve the goal of generating a DesignBoxFrame with a higher aesthetic score and a higher confidence level.  FIG. 10  illustrates a relation between the aesthetic score and the confidence level of randomly generated design box frames in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring back to  FIG. 2B , in Step  236 , temple arm and nose pad generation module  136  can generate temple arms, node bridge, and nose pads of an eyewear based on the design box frame generated in Step  234 .  FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C  illustrate the generation of temple arms, nose pads, and nose bridge of an eyewear frame in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11A , before generating a temple arm  1100 , temple joint (TJ) point on design box frame  900  can be calculated first. Temple joint TJ can be determined on the Y-Z plane with the X-value being set to  0 , and then on the X-Z plane with the Y-value being set to 0. In one embodiment, a horizontal line on the Y-Z plane can be projected passing through Super Helix (SH) and intersecting with design box frame  900  at temple joint (TJ) to determine TJ_y and TJ_z. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11B , the X-value of temple joint (TJ) (namely, TJ_x) can then be determined as the X-value of a point R=(R_x, R_y, R_z) of design box frame  900 , where R_y=TJ_y and R_z=TJ_z. As a result, the TJ value (TJ_x, TJ_y, TJ_z) is determined. In one embodiment, TJ and SH can be connected to form the first segment of temple arm  1100 . Upon creation of the first section of temple arm  1100 , an arc connecting SH and CB can be generated to form the second segment (often called temple tip) of temple arm  1100 . Temple arm  1100  can be created by combining the first and second segments. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 11B and 11C , Nose Bridge Point (NBP) can be calculated on the X-Z plane with the Y-value being set to be 0. First, Nasal Crest (NC) and Medial Canthus (MC) of facial parameters  400  can be connected to intersect with design box frame  900  at NBP, where NBP =(NPB_x,  0 , NBP_z). The Y-value of NBP (namely, NBP_ y) can then be extracted from design box frame  900  to obtain NBP=(NBP_x, NBP_y, NBP_z). The same process applies symmetrically to either side of the Nose Bridge Point. As a result, NBP_left and NBP_right are obtained. In one embodiment, the Nose Bridge (NB)  950  can be formed using any suitable arc that connects NBP_left and NBP_right, as shown in  FIG. 11C . Further, the nose pad (NP)  1300  can be calculated by connecting LNC to the closet point on design box frame  900 . 
     Referring back to  FIG. 2B , in Step  238 , hinge generation module  138  can generate hinges that connect design box frame  900  and temple arms  1100  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Due to the nature of additive manufacturing, temple arms  1100  and design box frame  900  do not need to be separately produced in pieces. Rather, hinges of bespoke eyewear frame  2  can be seamlessly manufactured at the same time with temple arms  1100  and design box frame  900 , so as to avoid manual or robotic assembly. 
       FIGS. 12A, 12B, 12C, and 12D  illustrate various views of a hinge structure  1200  of bespoke eyewear frame  2  in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Referring to  FIGS. 12A, 12B, 12C, and 12D , in one embodiment, hinge structure  1200  includes a post  1110  integrally formed on temple arm  1100  and a knuckle  910  integrally formed on design box frame  900 . 
     Post  1110  may have a cylindrical shape integrally formed on and connected with an end of temple arm  1100  through two legs  1102 . Knuckle  910  may have a substantially spherical shape with a cylindrical throughhole to accommodate post  1110  therein. A recess  1105  having a shape complimentary to that of knuckle  910  may be formed on temple arm  1100  and between the two legs of post  1110 , so as to receive at least a portion of knuckle  910  therein. In this manner, temple arm  1100  can be rotated about hinge structure  1200  between an collapsed position and an expanded with good mechanical stability. 
     Hinge structure  1200  may optionally include a lock positive  1120  on temple arm  1100  and a lock negative  920  on design box frame  900 . As such, when temple arm  1100  is rotated about hinge structure  1200  to an expanded position, lock positive  1120  and lock negative  920  can engage with each other so as to enhance the mechanical stability of design box frame  900  and temple arm  1100 . It is appreciated that, in an alternative embodiment, lock positive  1120  may be formed on design box frame  900 , while lock negative  920  may be formed on temple arm  1100 . 
     In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 12C , lock positive  1120  comprises a protrusion having an obtuse trapezoidal shape, while lock negative  920  comprises a recess having a complementary obtuse trapezoidal shape. One advantage for lock positive  1120  and lock negative  920  to have complementary obtuse trapezoidal shapes is that the user can experience a mechanical click when lock positive  1120  and lock negative  920  are properly engaged with each other. In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 12D , lock positive  1120  comprises a protrusion having an acute trapezoidal shape, while lock negative  920  comprises a recess having a complementary acute trapezoidal shape. As shown in  FIGS. 12C and 12D , both of the acute and obtuse trapezoidal shapes are also isosceles. It is appreciated that lock positive  1120  and lock negative  920  can have any other appropriate shapes.Upon completion of Step  230 , eyewear frame generation module  130  transmits the generated 3D model to design variation module  140  for further processing. Referring again to  FIG. 2A , in Step  240 , design variation module  140  applies design variations to the generated 3D model based on the customer&#39;s likings. In one embodiment, the design variation may include, for example, thickness of temple arm  1100 , shape and/or decorative features of design box frame  900 , types (angled, curved, or straight) of the temple tip of temple arm  1100 , materials of bespoke eyewear frame  2 , and the like.  FIG. 13  illustrates a 3D model  1300  of bespoke eyewear frame  2  generated in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Design variation module  140  can then transmit the 3D model  1300  of bespoke eyewear frame  2  to file conversion module  150 , where the 3D model is converted to a 3D printable file format. Upon completion of the eyewear frame design process, in Step  260 , the 3D printable file from file conversion module  150  is transmitted to production apparatus  200  where bespoke eyewear frame  2  can be additively manufactured in accordance with the 3D printable file. 
     For the purposes of describing and defining the present disclosure, it is noted that terms of degree (e.g., “substantially,” “slightly,” “about,” “comparable,” etc.) may be utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation. Such terms of degree may also be utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference (e.g., about  10 % or less) without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue. Unless otherwise stated herein, any numerical values appeared in this specification are deemed modified by a term of degree thereby reflecting their intrinsic uncertainty. 
     Although various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail herein, one of ordinary skill in the art would readily appreciate modifications and other embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as stated in the appended claims.