Patent Publication Number: US-2023160977-A1

Title: Systems and methods for monitoring and estimating service life of electrical fuses

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     The field of the disclosure relates generally to monitoring systems for electrical power systems, and more particularly to systems, assemblies, and methods for monitoring of electrical circuit protection fuses. 
     Fuses are widely used as overcurrent protection devices to prevent costly damage to electrical circuits. Fuse terminals typically form an electrical connection between an electrical power source or power supply and an electrical component or a combination of components arranged in an electrical circuit. One or more fusible links or elements, or a fuse element assembly, is connected between the fuse terminals, so that when electrical current flowing through the fuse exceeds a predetermined limit, the fusible elements melt and open one or more circuits through the fuse to prevent electrical component damage. 
     Fuse failure in electric-powered vehicles can either be a nuisance or result in an emergency. Fuses in electric-powered vehicles are subjected to temperature fluctuations, humidity, shock and vibration, potentially causing fuse fatigue and decreasing the service life of the fuse. In some other known applications, electrical enclosures house electrical components such as fuses inside. For example, in hazardous industrial environments such as mines, refineries and petroleum chemical plants, ignitable gas, vapors, dust or otherwise flammable substances are present in the ambient environment of the electrical enclosure, and the electrical enclosures are subject to temperature fluctuations, humidity, potentially causing fuse fatigue and decreasing the service life of the fuse. 
     Known fuse monitoring systems are disadvantaged in some aspect to meet the needs of challenging applications such as those described, they remain disadvantaged and improvements are desired. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described with reference to the following Figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various drawings unless otherwise specified. 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of an exemplary fuse monitoring system. 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram of an exemplary fuse monitoring assembly for use with the fuse monitoring system shown in  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the fuse monitoring assembly for use with the fuse monitoring system shown in  FIG.  1   , wherein the fuse monitoring assembly is shown to be coupled to a fuse housing. 
         FIG.  4    is a partially exploded assembly view of the fuse monitoring assembly, one or more fuses, and the fuse housing. 
         FIG.  5    is an exploded view of a portion the fuse monitoring assembly shown in  FIG.  3   . 
         FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional view of the fuse monitoring assembly connected to the fuse housing shown in  FIG.  3    along cross-sectional line  6 - 6  shown in  FIG.  3   . 
         FIG.  7    is a detailed view of the fuse monitoring assembly showing the current sensor. 
         FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  illustrate a plurality of views of an exemplary user interface used to monitor a fuse with the system shown in  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  9    is a top plan view of a high voltage power fuse that may be used with the fuse monitoring system shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2   . 
         FIG.  10    is an exemplary flow chart of an exemplary process of monitoring a fuse. 
         FIG.  11    is an exemplary flow chart of an exemplary process of predicting a fuse service life. 
         FIG.  12    is a block diagram of an exemplary user computing device. 
         FIG.  13    is a block diagram of an exemplary server computing device. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Recent advancements in electric vehicle (EV) technologies, present unique challenges for fuse manufacturers. Electric vehicle manufacturers are seeking fusible circuit protection for electrical power distribution systems operating at voltages much higher than conventional electrical power distribution systems for vehicles, while simultaneously seeking less costly fuses with effective monitoring functionality to facilitate detection of impending failure conditions, for example, to meet electric vehicle specifications and demands. 
     Electrical power systems for conventional, internal combustion engine-powered vehicles operate at relatively low voltages, typically at or below about 48 VDC. Electrical power systems for electric-powered vehicles, referred to herein as electric vehicles (EVs), however, operate at much higher voltages. The relatively high voltage systems (e.g., 200 VDC and above) of EVs generally enables the batteries to store more energy from a power source and provide more energy to an electric motor of the vehicle with lower losses (e.g., heat loss) than conventional batteries storing energy at 12 volts or 24 volts used with internal combustion engines, and more recent 48 volt power systems. 
     EV original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) employ circuit protection fuses to protect electrical loads in all-battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Across each EV type, EV manufacturers seek to maximize the mileage range of the EV per battery charge while reducing cost of ownership. Accomplishing these objectives turns on the energy storage and power delivery of the EV system, as well as the cost, size, volume, and mass of the vehicle components that are carried by the power system. Smaller, more affordable, and/or lighter vehicles will more effectively meet these demands than larger, more expensive, and heavier vehicles, and as such all EV components are now being scrutinized for potential size, weight, and cost savings. 
     Generally speaking, more complex electrical components with monitoring systems tend to have higher associated material costs, higher finished component costs, occupy an undue amount of space, and introduce greater mass that directly reduces the vehicle mileage per single battery charge in EV power systems. Known high voltage circuit protection fuses incorporating aspects of performance and service life monitoring are, however, relatively complex, expensive, and relatively large. Historically, and for good reason, conventional circuit protection fuses have also tended to increase in complexity, cost, and size to meet the demands of high voltage power systems as opposed to lower voltage systems. As such, existing fuses needed to protect high voltage EV power systems tend to be much larger than the existing fuses needed to protect the lower voltage power systems of conventional, internal combustion engine-powered vehicles. Smaller or more compact high voltage power fuses incorporating performance and service life monitoring features are desired to meet the needs of EV manufacturers, without sacrificing circuit protection performance and reliability. 
     Electrical power systems for state of the art EVs may operate at voltages as high as 450 VDC. The increased power system voltage desirably delivers more power to the EV per battery charge. Operating conditions of electrical fuses in such high voltage power systems are much more severe, however, than lower voltage systems. Specifically, specifications relating to electrical arcing conditions as the fuse opens can be particularly difficult to meet for higher voltage power systems, especially when coupled with the industry preference for reduction in the size of electrical fuses. 
     Temperature cycling, caused by fluctuations in ambient temperature and current cycling, imposed on power fuses by state of the art EVs also tend to impose mechanical strain and wear that can lead to shortening of the fuse&#39;s expected service life and premature failure of a conventional fuse element due to fuse element fatigue. Fuses used in EV applications are also exposed to environmental conditions that influence the expected service life and/or affect the functional performance of the fuse. For example, fuses used in an EV power system are exposed to the shock and vibration caused by movement of the EV during travel, potentially further contributing to fatigue and reduced service life of the fuse. Fuses are also exposed to fluctuations in ambient temperature and humidity in an EV power system that may also contribute to fuse fatigue decrease the service life of the fuse. 
     While known power systems incorporating fuse temperature and service life monitoring features are known, they are disadvantaged in some aspects for desirable use in high voltage circuitry in state of the art EV applications. In particular, known monitoring assemblies that account for environmental conditions of the fuse in addition to operational parameters to determine fuse service life and/or assess fuse performance are too large, too complicated, or prohibitively expensive or unreliable in certain aspects to meet the needs of EV power systems. Long felt but unresolved needs to meet the particular needs of EV power systems have therefore not been completely resolved in the marketplace. Accordingly, with the goal of replacing fatigued fuses prior to failure while in view of the expanding use of electric-powered vehicles and other power systems presenting similar issues, compact, affordable, and reliable fuse monitoring systems and methods to detect and evaluate a plurality of real-time parameters the collectively contribute to fuse fatigue to assess fuse performance and predict or estimate a remaining service life of the fuse are desired. 
     Providing less expensive fuse monitoring systems that are configured to handle high current and high battery voltages in state of the art EV power systems, while still providing acceptable interruption performance as the fuse element operates at high voltages and monitoring of at least the fuse element continues to be challenging. Fuse manufacturers and EV manufactures would each benefit from less expensive and less complex fuse monitoring systems. While EV innovations are leading the markets desired for smaller, more affordable higher voltage fuses and monitoring systems, the trend toward smaller, yet more powerful, electrical systems transcends the EV market. A variety of other power system applications would undoubtedly benefit from less complex and more affordable fuse monitoring systems. The demands imposed on electrical fuses by EV power system applications, however, presents particular challenges that may shorten a service life of the electrical fuses and that may result in unplanned downtime of the vehicle without additional monitoring systems to facilitate prediction of these failure events. Improvements are needed to resolve longstanding and unfulfilled needs in the art. 
     Inventive systems and methods are disclosed below wherein fuse monitoring is achieved at least in part by monitoring parameters such as environmental conditions/data/parameters and/or electrical performance parameters/operational parameters or data, and collectively evaluating the parameters for a similar fuse element to assess an operative state of the fuse, a performance of the fuse, and a remaining service life of the fuse. The environmental conditions or parameters may include ambient temperature, humidity, and/or pressure to which the fuse is exposed. The environmental conditions may also include vibration, acceleration, and/or shock to which the fuse is exposed. As used herein, “shock” may refer to impact force, as well as sudden change in acceleration or velocity. The electrical performance parameters include voltage, current, resistance, and/or temperature of the fuse attributable to current loads. 
     For the purposes of this description, the term “service life” is made in reference to the useful circuit protection life of the fuse, when in use as part of an electrical power system—i.e., the period of time in which the fuse functions as designed in protecting against overcurrent and/or short circuit conditions. Service life may be characterized in terms of remaining life/lifetime, remaining useful life/lifetime, consumed life/lifetime, consumed useful service life/lifetime, or simply as life expectancy, or life/lifetime until fuse replacement is recommended or required due to predicted end of life concerns in the power system that is being protected. As such, an appropriate life/lifetime warning or alert can be provided to an owner/driver of an EV, for example, as the predicted end of life approaches but in advance of actual fuse failure to proactively manage replacement of the fuse and avoid undesirable operation of the fuse while the EV is in use. 
     Described below are exemplary embodiments of systems and methods that facilitate a computationally-efficient and cost effective monitoring performance and estimation of a service life of an electrical fuse element. Monitoring of the performance of the fuse and advanced knowledge of the remaining service life of the fuse enables an operator to replace a fatigued fuse prior to failure and/or manage inventory of new fuse elements. Predicted fuse service life, as explained in detail below, will be achieved, at least in part, by measuring real-time parameters associated with the fuse (e.g., temperature, humidity, vibrations, shock, current, voltage, etc.) and applying a model to the measured real-time parameters to predict the remaining service life of the fuse. In some embodiments, the system may provide alerts and notifications concerning the measured parameters, the performance of the fuse and/or the predicted service life of the fuse to a user or an operator associated with the fuse. For example, the system communicates the measured parameters, fuse performance, and/or the remaining service life to one or more remote computing devices. Method aspects will be in part apparent and in part explicitly discussed in the following description. 
     In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be used to determine if the fuse is functioning or if the fuse has failed. If the fuse has failed, the systems and methods may be used to determine one or more reasons, or causes, that contributed to, or caused the failure of the fuse. For example, fuse failure may have been caused by short-circuiting, overloading, and/or the fuse has faulted. In other examples, the fuse may have failed because the fuse was exposed to conditions, e.g., environmental conditions, that are not suitable for the ratings of the fuse. In yet another example, the fuse may have failed because an incorrect fuse was installed. 
     In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be used to determine one or more recommendations. The recommendations may include maintenance operations, intervention procedures, and/or inventory analysis. Maintenance operations may include replacement of failed fuses or replacement of fuses prior to failure. Intervention procedures may include adjusting the conditions to which the fuse is exposed. For example, it may be recommended to cool an area near the fuse, or alternatively, turn off one or more electrical components in electrical connection with the fuse. In EV applications, it may be recommended to turn off the EV until safer fuse conditions can be obtained in order to avoid sudden fuse failure. Inventory management may include confirming that fuses are in stock, to be ready to replace one or more fuses that are predicted to fail in the near future. In addition, inventory management may include ordering one or more new fuses and/or shipping fuses from one storage facility to another. The one or more recommendations encompass any suitable recommendations that enables an optimized continued fuse usage while minimal downtime causes by fuse failure. 
     While the present disclosure describes systems, methods, and apparatus for monitoring fuses used in EV applications and embodiments of the present disclosure are described in the context of a particular type and rating of a fuse to meet the needs of the exemplary EV application, the benefits of the disclosure are not necessarily limited to EV applications or to the particular type or rating of fuses described. Rather the benefits of the disclosure are believed to more broadly accrue to many different power system applications generating other current profiles. Systems and methods described herein may also be used in other electric-powered vehicles such as boats or planes or non-vehicle power systems that are likewise susceptible to shock, vibration, and humidity. The systems and methods can also be practiced in part or in whole to monitor any types of fuses used for any application and in any environment having similar or different ratings than those discussed herein. For example, and without limitation, the fuse monitoring systems and methods described herein may be used to monitor fuses that are used in aerospace applications, automotive applications, and water related vehicles, e.g., submarines, boats, and other types of watercrafts. The fuses described below are therefore discussed for the sake of illustration rather than limitation. 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram of a fuse monitoring system  100  (referred to herein as system  100 ) for monitoring a fuse  110  according to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG.  2    is a block diagram of the system  100  shown in  FIG.  1   . In the illustrated embodiment, the fuse  110  is shown to be used with an EV  112 . The fuse  110  and the EV  112  is illustrative only, and does not limit the scope of the system  100  to a particular type of fuse or particular EV configuration (e.g., car, crossover, sport utility vehicle, truck, etc.). As described in further detail herein, the system  100  includes one or more adjustable features that enable the system  100  to be customized to monitor various types of fuses (e.g., cartridge type fuse, D-type fuse, and link-type, etc.) used in various applications (e.g., transformers, motors, commercial settings, industrial settings, and computer applications, etc.). 
     The system  100  includes a fuse monitoring assembly  116  (referred to herein as assembly  116 ) which is positioned in proximity to the fuse  110 . The assembly  116  includes a processor  118  that is communicatively coupled to one or more sensors  120 . The one or more sensors  120  measure, in real-time, one or more parameters associated with the fuse  110 . In the exemplary embodiment, the one or more measured parameters, measured by the sensors  120 , include environmental conditions (e.g., ambient temperature, humidity, and/or pressure) and/or fuse performance parameters (e.g. fuse temperature, current, voltage, and/or resistance) associated with the fuse  110 , as described in further detail herein. While one fuse  110  and one monitoring assembly  116  are shown in  FIG.  1   , it is understood that the system  100  is scalable to any number of fuses that are desirably monitored in the EV power system by adding additional monitoring assemblies  116 . 
     The system  100  further includes a fuse monitoring computing device  130  that is communicatively coupled to the assembly  116 . In the exemplary embodiment, the sensors  120  collect sensor data  132  related to the one or more measured parameters associated with the fuse  110  and the assembly  116  transmits the sensor data  132  to the computing device  130 . The computing device  130  analyzes, processes, and/or evaluates the sensor data  132  for the purpose of monitoring the fuse  110 . The computing device  130  may include a user interface  134  for displaying sensor data  132  and/or analyzed sensor data  132 . The user interface  152  may include a graphical interface with interactive functionality, such that a user or an operator may interactively request information from the system  100 . In some embodiments, the computing device  130  is connected to the assembly  116 , e.g., the processor  118 , via a USB connection. For example, the processor  118  may evaluate the sensor data to create one or more outputs to be displayed on the computing device  130 , e.g., via the user interface  134 . The computing device  130  may be connected to the processor  118  and/or the sensors  120  using any suitable connection. In some embodiments, the user computing device  150  may be connected to the processor  118  and/or the sensors  120  using the USB connection. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the computing device  130  evaluates the sensor data  132  using modeling techniques, as described in further detail herein, to determine the remaining fuse service life. In some embodiments, the computing device  130  compares the sensor data  132  to one or more corresponding predetermined threshold values to evaluate the performance of the fuse  110 . In some embodiments, the computing device  130  may determine, based at least in part on the sensor data  132 , one or more fuse metrics. The fuse metrics may include an average of the sensor data  132  over a period of time and/or a rate of change of the sensor data  132  over a period of time. In another embodiment, the computing device  130  filters and/or normalizes the sensor data  132 . The computing device  130  may evaluate the sensor data  132  using any suitable methodology or technique that enables the system  100  to function as described herein. 
     The system  100  also includes a historical fuse database  140 . The computing device  130  is communicatively coupled to the historical fuse database  140  and stores in the historical fuse database  140  a plurality of historical fuse records  142 . The historical fuse records  142  are each associated with a historical fuse, i.e., a fuse that has been retired, replaced, and/or has failed. Each of the historical fuse records  142  may include a fuse type, a fuse application (i.e., the use of the historical fuse, e.g., an EV application, or an industrial application, etc.), a historical fuse service life, and/or historical measured fuse parameters. Historical measured fuse parameters may include historical shock data, historical ambient temperature data, historical ambient humidity data, historical vibrations data, historical current data, historical voltage data, historical fuse temperature data, and/or historical resistance data. The historical fuse records  142  may also include one or more metrics determined by the computing device  130 . For example, the computing device  130  may determine a historical average and/or rate of change of one or more of the historical measured fuse parameters to be included within the historical fuse record  142 . The historical fuse service life may include an amount of time that the fuse  110  was in use prior to fuse failure. The historical fuse service life may include a number of service cycles prior to fuse failure. The computing device  130  may create the historical fuse record  142  using any suitable data such that the system  100  is configured to function as described herein. 
     The computing device  130  may also store the sensor data  132  and/or the one or more determined metrics associated with the fuse  110  within the historical fuse database  140 . In some embodiments, the assembly  116  is also communicatively coupled to the historical fuse database  140  such that the assembly  116  may transmit the sensor data  132  to be stored within the historical fuse database  140 . 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the system  100  further includes a user computing device  150  that is communicatively coupled to the computing device  130 . The user computing device  150  may include a mobile cellular device, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, and the like. The user computing device  150  includes a user interface  152 . The user interface  152  may include a graphical interface with interactive functionality, such that a user or an operator may interactively request information from the system  100 . In some embodiments, the user computing device  150  is also communicatively coupled to the assembly  116 . The user computing device  150  is associated with a computing device that is accessible to a user (e.g., an operator of the EV  112 , a worker within an industrial environment, and/or any persons associated with the monitoring of the fuse  110 ) enabling the user to monitor the fuse  110  in real-time. Specifically, the computing device  130  transmits a plurality of messages  154  to the user computing device  150 . The messages  154  include information related to the fuse  110 . In the exemplary embodiment, the message  154  includes the determined remaining service life of the fuse  110 . The messages  154  may also include the sensor data  132  (i.e., the measured fuse performance parameters or the measured environmental conditions). The message  154  may include a maintenance recommendation. The computing device  130  transmits any data and/or information that enables system  100  to function as described herein. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the user computing device  150  may display at least a portion of the contents of the messages  154  using the user interface  152 . In some embodiments, the user computing device  150  is associated with the EV  112 . For example, the user computing device  150  may be integral to the EV  112  and communicatively coupled to a dashboard display (not shown) or integrated into an infotainment system of the vehicle. The dashboard display and/or infotainment display may be configured to present at least a portion of the contents of the messages  154  received from the computing device  130 . Accordingly, real-time monitored fuse status such as measured parameters, calculated metrics, and predicted remaining fuse service life may be presented to a user who is operating the EV  112  or to passengers through vehicle systems. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the computing device  130  transmits the messages  154  to the user computing device  150  as frequently as necessary to enable the system  100  to function as described herein. In other words, the computing device  130  transmits messages  154  with sufficient frequency to ensure the user computing device  150  is kept up to date with the real-time status of the fuse(s) being monitored (e.g., performance and/or remaining service life of the fuse(s)  110 ). The computing device  130  may transmit messages  154  periodically at scheduled time intervals. The computing device  130  may also transmit the messages  154  in response to the computing device  130  processing, evaluating, and/or analyzing the sensor data  132 . For example, the computing device  130  may periodically determine the remaining service life, and then may compare the determined remaining service life to a service life threshold. When the computing device  130  determines that the determined remaining service life passes the service life threshold, the computing device  130  may transmit the message  154  to the user computing device  150 , the message  154  including a warning that the determined remaining service life is below the service life threshold. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the assembly  116 , the computing device  130 , and the user computing device  150  are connected as an Internet of Things (IoT)  122 , where the assembly  116  includes sensors and processors and communicates with the computing device  130  and/or the user computing device  150  through Internet or other communication networks formed by wired or wireless communication. The assembly  116 , the computing device  130 , and the user computing device  150  may communicate with any other device that is also connected to the IoT  122 . The one or more sensors  120  may also be wirelessly communicatively coupled to the processor  118 , such that the one or more sensors  120  may transmit sensor data  132  to the processor  118  wirelessly. In other embodiments, the one or more sensors  120  may transmit sensor data  132  to the processor  118  through a wired connection. The computing device  130 , the assembly  116 , and the user computing device  150  may be connected to the IoT  122  through a wired or a wireless connection, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), or any monitoring or control device. Alternatively, the fuse monitoring assembly  116  may communicate with the computing device  130  directly through radio frequency (RF) communication such as short-wave RF communication. Accordingly, data (e.g., sensor data  132  or analyzed/processed sensor data  132 ) may be wirelessly transmitted from the sensors  120  to the processor  118  or from the assembly  116  to the computing device  130 . Furthermore, data may be wirelessly transmitted from the computing device  130  to the user computing device  150 . 
     The system  100  configured as IoT  122  is advantageous in saving labor cost and reducing lead time. For example, with the system  100 , inspection or maintenance may be reduced because the operation status and life of the assembly  116  is available through the computing device  130  and/or the user computing device  150 . Further, lead time, the time needed to locate faulty fuses, is reduced because the system  100  provides information of and alerts faulty fuses, and also predicts the end of lives the fuses such that failure of the fuses may be soon expected. 
     The assembly  116 , the computing device  130 , and the user computer device  150  are separate but are communicatively connected enabling the assembly  116 , the computing device  130 , and the user computing device  150  to exchange information. However, it should be understood that the computing device  130 , the user computing device  150 , and the assembly  116  may be integrated into a single computing device with all the functionality of each of the computing device  130 , the user computing device  150 , and the assembly  116 , separately, without deviating from the substantially from the present disclosure. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, at least one of the fuse monitoring assembly  116 , the computing device  130 , and the at least one sensor communicates with a mobile tower, a cell tower, or a base transceiver station (BTS). The BTS includes antennas and electronic communication equipment, and create a cell in a cellular network or a telecommunications network, which is used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content. The BTS may be in a telecommunications network such as 3G, 4G, or 5G networks 
     In some embodiments, the computing device  130  includes a processor-based microcontroller including a processor and a memory device wherein executable instructions, commands, and control algorithms, as well as other data and information needed to satisfactorily operate the fuse monitoring system  100 , are stored. The memory device may be, for example, a random access memory (RAM), and other forms of memory used in conjunction with RAM memory, including but not limited to flash memory (FLASH), programmable read only memory (PROM), and electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM). 
     As used herein, the term “processor-based” microcontroller shall refer not only to controller devices including a processor or microprocessor as shown, but also to other equivalent elements such as microcomputers, programmable logic controllers, reduced instruction set circuits (RISC), application specific integrated circuits and other programmable circuits, logic circuits, equivalents thereof, and any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described below. The processor-based devices listed above are exemplary only, and are thus not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term “processor-based.” 
     In further reference to  FIG.  2   , the assembly  116 , for use within the EV  112 , includes any number of sensors  120  enabling the system  100  to function as described herein. In the exemplary embodiment, the one or more sensors  120  includes environmental sensors  160  that are configured to measure the environmental conditions of the environment in which the fuse  110  locates, e.g., ambient temperature, ambient humidity, ambient pressure, vibrations, and shock. In the exemplary embodiment, the assembly  116  includes an ambient temperature sensor  162  configured to measure the temperature in proximity to the fuse  110  and an ambient humidity sensor  164  configured to measure the humidity in proximity to the fuse  110 . In some embodiments, the one or more sensors may also include an ambient pressure sensor. In the exemplary embodiment, the assembly  116  also includes a vibration sensor  166  configured to measure vibration and a force sensor  168  configured to measure shock to which the fuse  110  may be exposed. The vibration sensor  166  is an inertial sensor or an accelerometer which detects accelerations and/or vibrations of the fuse  110 . In some embodiments, the vibration sensor  166  is used to detect and measure shock and/or impact experienced by the fuse  110 . The force sensor  168  may include a load cell, a strain gauge, and/or a resistor. 
     The environmental sensors  160  which are configured to measure environmental conditions may be selectively positionable relative to the fuse  110 , such that the environmental sensors  160  may be arranged in sufficient proximity to the fuse  110  so that the environmental sensors  160  measure environmental conditions to which the fuse  110  is exposed. Positioned in proximity refers to a relative spatial position between the fuse  110  and the one or more sensors  120 . In some embodiments, the environmental sensors  160  may be mounted within 30 cm of the fuse  110  (i.e., within a range of 0 cm to 30 cm from the actual fuse location), for example. In other example embodiments, the environmental sensors  160  may be mounted within 15 cm of the fuse  110  (i.e., within a range of 0 cm to 15 cm from the actual fuse location). In other embodiments, the environmental sensors  160  are positioned in sufficient proximity to the fuse  110  to enable the one or more environmental sensors  160  to measure the environmental conditions to which the fuse  110  is exposed. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the one or more sensors  120  includes electrical sensors  170  that are configured to measure fuse performance parameters associated with the fuse  110  e.g., fuse temperature, resistance (e.g., resistance across the fuse), input current, output current, and/or voltage across the fuse  110 . The fuse temperature and the environmental temperature may be correlated but are two separate measurements. The environmental, also referred to as ambient, temperature is the temperature to which the fuse  110  is exposed, while the fuse temperature is the operating temperature of the fuse  110 , itself, which may be heated by both the environmental temperature and joule heating attributable to current flowing through the fuse  110 . In the exemplary embodiment, the system  100  includes resistance sensor  172  configured to measure resistance, a voltage sensor  174  configured to measure voltage across the fuse, a current sensor  176  configured to measure at least one of input and output current of the fuse  110 , and fuse temperature sensor  178  configured to measure fuse temperature. Determining resistance using the resistance sensor  172  may include determining the resistance using sensor data  132  collected from the voltage sensor  174  and/or the current sensor  176 . The temperature, current, voltage, and resistance sensors  172 ,  174 ,  176 , and  178  are each operably coupled to the fuse  110  for direct measurement of the fuse performance parameters. In some embodiments, a resistance sensor is not included, and the resistance is calculated using data collected from the voltage sensor  174  and/or the current sensor  176  using the formula that Resistance is equal to Voltage divided by Current. 
     As described above, the processor  118 , of the assembly  116 , is communicatively coupled to each of the one or more sensors  120 . In some embodiments, the assembly  116  may include an assembly memory  180  that is communicatively coupled to the processor  118  and/or the one or more sensors  120 . The processor  118  may collect the sensor data  132  and store the sensor data  132  within the assembly memory  180 , prior to transmitting the sensor data  132  to the computing device. In the exemplary embodiment, the assembly  116  may include an assembly transmitter  182  that the processor  118  uses to transmit the sensor data  132 , in-real time, to the computing device  130 . The sensor data  132  may be periodically or continuously transmitted to the computing device  130 . The processor  118  may transmit the sensor data  132  at a rate that is approximately equal to a sampling rate of the one or more sensors  120 . For example, the ambient temperature sensor  162  may sample ambient temperature every second, for example, and accordingly, the processor  118  transmits the sensor data  132  to the computing device  130  every second. In some embodiments, the processor  118  may store the sensor data  132  within the assembly memory  180  and then periodically, at scheduled time increments, transmit the sensor data  132  to the computing device  130  in batches. 
     In some embodiments, the processor  118  may compare the sensor data  132  to one or more corresponding predetermined thresholds. When the processor  118  determines that the sensor data  132  has exceeded the predetermined threshold, the processor  118  may initiate transmission of the sensor data  132 , and/or a warning message, to the computing device  130 . When the processor  118  determines that one or more thresholds have been crossed, the processor  118  may override a scheduled periodic transmission of the sensor data  132 . The processor  118  may transmit the sensor data  132  to the computing device  130  as frequently as necessary to enable the system  100  to function as described herein. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the computing device  130  builds a training dataset by retrieving a set of historical fuse records  142  (e.g., hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, etc. of historical fuse records  142 ) from the historical fuse database  140 . Each of the historical fuse records includes a fuse type, a fuse application, a fuse service life, historical fuse data collected by the one or more sensors  120 . In some example embodiments, the historical fuse records may include one or more metrics that are calculated by the computing device. For example, the computing device may calculate a historical average temperature, humidity, and/or pressure, to be included within the historical fuse record. The fuse service life may include an amount of time that the fuse was in use before the fuse failed. 
     The training dataset may be used to train a fuse model. In some embodiments, the computing device  130  builds fuse specific training datasets which include a plurality of historical fuse records each associated with a specific type of fuse or a specific type of fuse application. For example, the computing device  130  may build a EV training dataset which includes a plurality of historical fuse records  142  associated with a plurality of fuses that were used in EV applications. In yet another embodiment, the computing device  130  may build an industrial training dataset which includes a plurality of historical fuse records  142  associated with a plurality of fuses that were used in an industrial environment. In yet another example, the computing device  130  may build a global training dataset which includes a plurality of historical fuse records  142  associated with a plurality of fuses that were used for various applications. 
     The computing device  130  generates a fuse model based on the one or more training datasets using machine learning techniques. More specifically, the computing device  130  uses the training dataset to train the fuse model, such as to develop a set of rules or conditions that may be applied to real-time sensor data  132 , i.e., inputs, and generate outputs associated with the fuse. 
     In the example embodiment, the computing device  130  includes a modeling component. The modeling component includes a computer-executable instruction for using at least a machine learning algorithm. Some machine learning algorithms used by the modeling component include artificial neural network and Bayesian statistics. Other machine learning models used by the modeling component may include, for example, decision tree, inductive logic, learning vector quantization, ordinal classification, and information fuzzy networks (IFN). 
     As used herein, “machine learning” refers to statistical techniques to give computer system the ability to “learn” (e.g., progressively improve performance on a specific task) with data, without being explicitly programmed for that specific task. “Artificial intelligence” refers to computer-executed techniques that allow a computer to interpret external data, “learn” from that data, and apply that knowledge to a particular end. Artificial intelligence may include, for example, neural networks used for predicative modeling. 
     The computing device  130  applies one or more inputs into the model to determine or more outputs. In the exemplary embodiment, the one or more inputs are fuse data associated with the fuse  110 , such as the sensor data  132 , collected in real-time, by the plurality of sensors  120 . Fuse data include operational data such as current, voltage, resistance, and/or temperature of the fuse  110  and environmental data associated with the fuse  110  such as shock, vibration, ambient temperature, and/or humidity of the environment in which the fuse  110  locates. Inputs may also include other fuse data associated with the fuse  110 , such as fuse class, fuse maximum current rating, interrupting rating, current limiting, and a general use of the fuse. Fuse data may also include if the fuse  110  is fast acting or time-delayed. In some embodiments, the computing device  130  may calculate inputs, based at least in part on sensor data  132 , to be applied to model. For example, the computing device  130  may calculate an average ambient temperature over a period of time. The computing device  130  may use the average ambient temperature as an input into the model. 
     The sensor data  132  may be received by the computing device  130 , in real-time, e.g., continuously and/or periodically, and the computing device  130  may apply the model to the sensor data  132 , continuously (e.g., at a sampling rate of the plurality of sensors  120 ) and/or periodically, such that the output of the model reflects the real-time state of the fuse. For example, the computing device  130  may receive from the processor  118 , real-time ambient temperature data, collected by the ambient temperature sensor  162 . The computing device  130  may input the real-time ambient temperature data into the model periodically at scheduled time intervals, e.g., every minute, every five minutes, every hour, every three hours, for example, to determine the remaining service life of the fuse  110 . 
     The computing device  130  may apply the inputs to the model to determine one or more outputs. In the exemplary embodiment, the one or more outputs may include a remaining service life of the fuse associated with how long the fuse should be used before the fuse should be replaced or before the fuse will fail. The remaining service life of the fuse may be a remaining service life time (e.g., ten hours remaining service life), a number of remaining service life cycles (e.g., the fuse may be used ten more times before replacement is recommended). In some embodiments, the output may include a suggested fuse classification. For example, the computing device  130  may determine, using the model and the inputs, for a fuse having a first classification and used in a specific application, that a different fuse classification may be better suited for the application. In some embodiments, the output may include a determination of whether the fuse  110  is no longer functioning, e.g., the fuse  110  has failed. For example, the output may include a determination that the fuse  110  has short-circuited, overload, and/or has faulted. In other examples, the output may include a determination that the fuse  110  is not suitable for a particular application, e.g., a fuse was incorrectly installed or a wrong type of fuse was installed. 
     In some embodiments, a physical model is used to predict life of a fuse based on environmental data and/or operation data. For example, a physical model may include empirical relations between fuse data and life of the fuse derived based on historical data, physical relations, or rules such as Miner&#39;s rule based on the cyclic characteristics of the operational data such as current, voltage, and/or resistance. The historical data may be used to fit and optimize the model. In one example, a plurality of thresholds on environmental data and/or operation data may be derived based on historical data and used to predict the life of the fuse. Alternatively, a combination of a physics model and a machine-learning model is used to predict life of a fuse based on the measured data. For example, the prediction may be started with a physical model when training or historical data is lacking or insufficient to train a machine-learning model to achieve a desired confidence level. The real-time data and predicted life may be used to train the machine-learning model. As the confidence level of the machine-learning model increases, the machine-learning model may become the main model in life prediction. 
     Systems and methods described herein predict the remaining life based on operation data such as resistance, current, voltage, and/or temperature of the fuse, as well as environmental data such as ambient temperature, shock, vibration, and/or humidity of the ambient environment of the fuse. The accuracy of the predicted life is increased because environmental data and operation data both play a role in affecting the fuse&#39;s life. 
       FIG.  3    is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the fuse monitoring assembly  116 . The fuse monitoring assembly  116  illustrated in  FIG.  3    is shown to be connected to a fuse housing  200  which supports one or more fuses  110  (visible in  FIGS.  5  and  6   ) that are monitored by the assembly  116 . In reference to  FIG.  4   , the assembly  116  includes a housing  202  having an upper housing  204  and a lower housing  206 . The upper housing  204  and the lower housing  206  may be selectively coupled together, using any suitable fasteners or fastening techniques, to define a housing cavity  208 . The upper housing  204  and lower housing  206  may be selectively coupled together such that a user may separate the upper housing  204  from the lower housing  206  to access the contents of the housing cavity  208 , as is described in further detail herein. In some embodiments, the upper housing  204  and the lower housing  206  are rotationally connected. In reference to  FIG.  4   , in this illustrated embodiment, the assembly  116  is configured to monitor three fuses  110 . In other embodiments, the fuse monitoring assembly  116  may be configured to monitor any number of fuses  110 , including a single fuse (i.e., one and only one fuse) as desired. 
     As described above, the assembly  116  is customizable and modular such that the assembly  116  is configured to monitor various types of fuses used in various applications without changing the design of the assembly  116 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the housing  202  may be sized and shaped such that the assembly  116  is suitable to be selectively coupled to a fuse housing  200  having any shape or size. In the illustrated embodiment, the housing  202  includes one or more clips  210  that are sized and shaped to be received within an opening  212  formed on the fuse housing  200 . The clips  210  include a bias mechanism enabling the clips  210  to be frictionally engaged with the fuse housing  200  when the clips  210  are disposed within the openings  212  (see  FIG.  6   ), such that the housing  202  is selectively coupled to the fuse housing  200 . In other embodiments, housing  202  may be selectively connected to the fuse housing  200  using any suitable fasteners. In some embodiments, the assembly  116  is configured to be retrofitted to existing fuse housings  200 . For example, the fuse monitoring assembly  116  may include any number of sensors  120  such that the assembly  116  is configured to monitor any number of the fuses  110  contained within the fuse housing  200 . 
     Furthermore, different applications the fuse  110  may be exposed to different conditions, as such the assembly  116  may be customizable such that the assembly  116  may be configured to monitor a specific type of fuse having a specific fuse classifications and/or a specific fuse application. In the illustrated embodiment, the assembly  116  is customized to monitor the fuse  110  used in the EV  112 . In an alternative embodiment, the assembly  116  may be customized to monitor a fuse used in an industrial application. The assembly  116  may also be customized to monitor a specific classification of fuse. For example, the assembly  116  may include sensors  120  that are rated to measure a range of current, voltage, and/or resistance that the fuse  110  is likely to experience. A modular assembly  116  allows reduction of costs and simplification of maintenance and updates. For example, if a fuse has already been installed on site, the modular assembly  116  is configured to monitor the fuse  110  without the need to replace the fuse and the fuse housing  200 . 
     In further reference to  FIG.  4   , the housing cavity  208  stores therein the processor  118 , and the plurality of sensors  120 . The processor  118  and the plurality of sensors  120  may be connected to at least one of the upper housing  204  and/or the lower housing  206 . The housing  202  is selectively coupled to the fuse housing  200  such that the plurality of sensors  120  are arranged in proximity to the fuse  110 . In the illustrated embodiment, the assembly  116  includes both the environmental sensors  160  and the fuse performance electrical sensors  170 . In particular, in the exemplary embodiment, the assembly  116  includes the ambient temperature sensor  162 , the humidity sensor  164 , the vibration sensor  166 , and the force sensor  168 . The assembly  116  also includes the voltage sensor  174  and the current sensor  176 . The housing  202  includes an opening  216  in proximity to the ambient temperature sensor  162  and the humidity sensor  164 . The opening allows the ambient temperature sensor  162  and the humidity sensor  164  to be exposed to the environmental conditions outside of the housing  202 . In some other embodiments, the ambient temperature sensor  162  and the humidity sensor  164  may be coupled to the exterior of the housing  202 . The contents stored within the housing cavity  208 , i.e., the processor  118  and the plurality of sensors  120 , are accessible without requiring the assembly  116  to be disconnected from the fuse  110  and/or the fuse housing  200 . More specifically, the assembly  116  may be connected to one or more fuses  110  and/or the fuse housing  200 , and subsequently, an operator may access the contents of the housing cavity  208  by opening the housing  202 . The housing  202  may be opened by decoupling or disengaging the upper housing  204  from the lower housing  206 . Alternatively, the housing  202  may be opened by disconnecting a portion of the upper housing  204  from the lower housing  206  and then rotating the upper housing  204  relative to lower housing  206 . Opening of the housing  202  provides an operator with a readily access to the contents stored within the housing cavity  208 , without requiring the operator to disengage the housing  202 , in its entirety, from the fuse  110  or the fuse housing  200 . An operator may open the housing  202  to perform maintenance operations, such as, inspect, replace, or repair one or more of the contents within the housing cavity  208 . For example and without limitation, an operator may open the housing  202  to replace the ambient temperature sensor  162 . Opening of the housing  202  allows a maintenance procedure to be performed without disruption of the fuses  110 . 
     The fuses  110 , being monitored by the assembly  116 , are accessible by the removal of the lower housing  206  from the fuses  110  and/or the fuse housing  200 . In the exemplary embodiment, the fuses  110  are accessible without requiring opening of the housing  202 . Stated another way, an operator may readily access the fuses  110  that are being monitored by disconnecting the lower housing  206 , without requiring the operator to open the housing  202 . Removal of the housing  202 , to access the fuses  110  without opening the housing  202 , reduces exposure of the contents of the housing cavity  208  from potential harmful conditions, e.g., exposure of the one or more sensors  120  stored within the housing cavity  208 , to debris or liquids. Furthermore, the assembly  116  may be disconnected from the fuse  110  and/or fuse housing  200  for replacement and/or repair of the assembly  116 , for example for an upgrade (e.g., software upgrade). In yet another example, the assembly  116  may be replaced with an alternative assembly  116  having one or more of the plurality of sensor  120  rated for specific conditions and/or environmental conditions. For example, for the assembly  116  used in an EV  112  that typically travels in a climate in which has an annular mean temperature of 30°, for example, is now used in a climate in which the annular mean temperature is 10° C. Accordingly, the assembly  116  may be exchanged with another assembly  116  having an ambient temperature sensor that is rated for the climate of the location of the EV  112 . 
     The housing  202  defines a first port  218  that is sized and shaped such that a cable (e.g., USB connection or any suitable connection, not shown) may be passed through the first port  218  to be operably coupled to the processor  118  contained within the housing  202 . The housing  202  also includes a second port  220  that is sized and shaped such that a display cable may be passed through the second port  220  to be operably coupled to the processor  118  contained within the housing cavity  208 . The housing  202  may include any suitable number and/or configuration of ports that allow access to one or more components stored within the housing cavity  208 . 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the upper housing  204  and the lower housing  206  are sized and shaped such that the housing cavity  208  is a suitable sized and shaped to accommodate the dimensions of the plurality of sensors  120  stored therein, while maintaining a small and compact overall profile of the housing. For example, the upper housing  204  and the lower housing  206  are not oversized and the plurality of sensors  120  fit within the housing cavity  208  with a limited clearance C, visible in  FIG.  6   , between the plurality of sensors  120  and the upper housing  204  and the lower housing  206 . The clearance C may be, for example, between 0-2.5 mm. In some embodiments, the clearance C is not uniform. In some embodiments, the sensors  120  are supported by or in contact with the lower housing  206  and the clearance C is defined between the sensors  120  and the upper housing  204 . 
     In reference to  FIG.  6   , in the exemplary embodiment, the housing  202  has one or more portions  229 . Each of the portions  229  are sized and shaped to accommodate the size and shape of the contents of the portion  229 . In the exemplary embodiment, the upper housing  204  includes at least one of a first portion  230  and a second portion  232 . The first portion  230  stores therein the plurality of voltage sensors  174 . Accordingly, the first portion  230  has a first height H 230  and a first width W 230  that is suitable to accommodate the dimensions of the plurality of the voltage sensors  174  with minimal clearance between the voltage sensors  174  and the first portion  230 . In other words, the first portion  230  is not oversized, but sized such that the voltage sensors  174  fit within the first portion  230 . The second portion  232  stores therein at least one of the environmental sensors  160 . The second portion  232  includes a second height H 232  and a second width W 232 . The second height H 232  and the second width W 232  are sized to accommodate the dimensions of the environmental sensors  160  with minimal clearance between the environmental sensors  160  and the second portion  232 . The second portion  232  may include the opening  216 . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, at least one of the environmental sensors  160  generally has smaller dimensions than that of one of the voltage sensors  174 . Accordingly, the height H 232  of the second portion  232  is smaller than the height H 230  of the first portion  230 . Additionally, and/or alternatively, the number of voltage sensors  174  are proportional to the number of fuses  110  that are monitored by the assembly  116 . As described above in the illustrated embodiment, there are three fuses  110  that are being monitored, and accordingly, there are three voltage sensors  174 . On the other hand, there is only one of each environmental sensor  160  for all fuses  110 . Accordingly, the first portion  230  and the second portion  232  are of different sizes, shapes, and/or profiles to accommodate both the number of the sensors  120  and the size of the sensors  120  that are stored therein. 
     In other embodiments, the housing  202  may have any number of portions  229  that are sized and shaped differently to accommodate the contents of the portion  229  with minimal clearance. Minimal clearance C between the contents of the assembly  116  and each of the portions  229  allows the assembly  116  to have a reduced overall size suitable for installation in the tight and generally compact conditions presented in the EV  112 . In other embodiments, the portion  229  may have any suitable size and shape that enables the assembly  116  to function as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the assembly memory  180  and the transmitter  182  are formed integrally with the processor  118 . The assembly  116  may include any other suitable electronic components that enable the system  100  to function as described herein. For example, in the exemplary embodiment, the assembly  116  includes one or more voltage relays  224 . 
       FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional view of the assembly  116  coupled to a fuse housing  200  for monitoring the fuse  110  stored therein. The cross-sectional view illustrates the connection of the voltage sensor  174  and the fuse temperature sensor  178  which is configured to monitor the temperature of the fuse  110 . The voltage sensor  174  includes a first lead  226  and second lead  228 . The first lead  226  and second lead  228  are operably coupled to a first and second terminal of the fuse  110 , enabling the voltage sensor  174  to measure the voltage across the fuse  110 . In other words, the voltage sensor  174  is operably coupled in parallel to the fuse  110  to detect the voltage across the fuse  110 . The fuse temperature sensor  178  is coupled to the fuse  110 , i.e., in contact with the fuse  110 , and/or in sufficient proximity to the fuse  110 . The lower housing  206  may include one or more openings, not shown, such that at least a portion of the voltage sensor  174  and the fuse temperature sensor  178  may extend out of the housing  202  in order to be operably engaged with the fuse  110 . 
       FIG.  7    is a detailed view of the housing  202  showing the current sensor  176  of the assembly  116 . The housing  202  supports the current sensor  176  which uses a magnetic field to detect the current in the fuse  110 . The current sensor  176  measures the current of the fuse passively, without interrupting the circuit of the fuse  110 . In the illustrated embodiment, the assembly  116  includes three current sensor  176  to monitor each of the three of the fuses  110 . Greater or fewer numbers of current sensors (including one and only one current sensor) could likewise be provided in alternative embodiments). 
       FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  illustrates a plurality of views of an exemplary user interface  152 , displayed on the user computing device  150 . The user interface  152  enables monitoring of the fuse  110  using the system  100  shown in  FIG.  1   . In the exemplary embodiment, the user interface  152  may be displayed on any suitable user computing device  150  enabling a user to monitor the fuse  110 . For example, the user interface  152  may be displayed on a dashboard screen or information screen associated with the EV  112 . 
     In reference to  FIG.  8 A , a first view  404  of the user interface  152  includes a fuse identification number  408  that uniquely identifies the fuse  110  being monitored by the system  100 . The user interface  152  also displays one or more fuse details  410  that may be used to identify the fuse  110 , such as a fuse class, a fuse rating, and/or any other details regarding the fuse  110 . For example, in some embodiments, the user interface  152  may display a location of the fuse  110 , an application of the fuse  110  (e.g., EV or industrial), and/or an installation date of the fuse  110 . The user interface  152  may display any suitable fuse details  410  that enable the system  100  to function as described herein. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the user interface  152  displays real-time fuse performance parameters  412  and real-time environmental conditions  414  of the fuse  110 , measured by the one or more sensors  120 . The real-time fuse performance parameters  412 , including voltage, current, resistance, and fuse body temperature, are graphically displayed using both a metered gauge and a digital display. The real-time environmental conditions  414  of the fuse  110  are digitally displayed. The real-time environmental conditions displayed include ambient temperature, ambient humidity, and fuse holder vibrations. The user interface  152  also displays the remaining service life  416  using a scale to illustrate a percent remaining service life. The user interface  152  may display real-time fuse performance parameters  412  and real-time environmental conditions  414  of the fuse  110  using any suitable graphical or digital displays. Additionally, the user interface  152  may display any suitable data that enables system  100  to function as described herein. In some example embodiments, the user interface  152  may display one or more determined metrics, e.g., average ambient temperature. 
     In some embodiments, the user interface  152  may be interactive, allowing a user to submit one or more query messages to the computing device  130 . For example, the user interface  152  may include one or more user inputs, such as buttons, toggles, and/or drop down menus, enabling a user to select information to be displayed on the user interface  152 . For example, a user may desire to know a peak voltage at which the fuse  110  will fail, the user may engage with the system  100  via the user interface  152  to obtain this information, i.e., a query message is transmitted from the user computing device  150  to the computing device  130  and the computing device  130  may retrieve data that is stored within the historical fuse database  140 , and then the computing device  130  transmits a message to the user computing device  150  to be displayed on the user interface  152 . 
       FIG.  9    is a top plan view of an exemplary high voltage power fuse  900  (e.g., fuse  110 ) that is designed for use with an EV power system for an EV  112 . The fuse  110  may experience a variety of current profiles based, at least in part, on the how the EV  112  is driven. For example, greater and more frequent accelerations of the EV  112  will cause more current and voltage fluctuations than less frequent and lower accelerations. As shown in  FIG.  9   , the power fuse  900  of the disclosure includes a housing  902 , terminal blades  904 ,  906  configured for connection to a line and a load side circuitry, and a fuse element  908  including a fuse element week-spot  909  that completes an electrical connection between the terminal blades  904 ,  906 . When subjected to predetermined current conditions, at least a portion of the fuse element  908  melts, disintegrates, or otherwise structurally fails and opens the circuit path between the terminal blades  904 ,  906 . The load side circuitry is therefore electrically isolated from the line side circuitry to protect the load side circuit components and the circuit from damage when electrical fault conditions occur. 
     The fuse  900  in one example is engineered to provide a predetermined voltage rating and a current rating suitable for use in an electrical power system of an electric vehicle in a contemplated embodiment. In one example, the housing  902  is fabricated from a non-conductive material known in the art such as glass melamine in one exemplary embodiment. Other known materials suitable for the housing  902  could alternatively be used in other embodiments as desired. Additionally, the housing  902  shown is generally cylindrical or tubular and has a generally circular cross-section along an axis parallel to length of the terminal blades  904 ,  906  in the exemplary embodiment shown. The housing  902  may alternatively be formed in another shape if desired, however, including but not limited to a rectangular shape having four side walls arranged orthogonally to one another, and hence having a square or rectangular-shaped cross section. The housing  902  as shown includes a first end  910 , a second end  912 , and an internal bore or passageway between the opposing ends  910 ,  912  that receives and accommodates the fuse element  908 . 
     In some embodiments the housing  902  may be fabricated from an electrically conductive material if desired, although this would require insulating gaskets and the like to electrically isolate the terminal blades  904 ,  906  from the housing  902 . 
     The terminal blades  904 ,  906  respectively extend in opposite directions from each opposing end  910 ,  912  of the housing  902  and are arranged to extend in a generally co-planar relationship with one another. Each of the terminal blades  904 ,  906  may be fabricated from an electrically conductive material such as copper or silver or suitable metal alloys in contemplated embodiments. Other known conductive materials may alternatively be used in other embodiments as desired to form the terminal blades  904 ,  906 . Each of the terminal blades  904 ,  906  is formed with an aperture  914 ,  916  as shown in  FIG.  3   , and the apertures  914 ,  916  may receive a fastener such as a bolt (not shown) to secure the fuse  900  in place in an EV and establish line and load side circuit connections to circuit conductors via the terminal blades  904 ,  906 . 
     While exemplary terminal blades  904 ,  906  are shown and described for the fuse  900 , other terminal structures and arrangements may likewise be utilized in further and/or alternative embodiments. For example, the apertures  914 ,  916  may be considered optional in some embodiments and may be omitted. Knife blade contacts may be provided in lieu of the terminal blades as shown, as well as ferrule terminals or end caps as those in the art would appreciate to provide various different types of termination options. The terminal blades  904 ,  906  may also be arranged in a spaced apart and generally parallel orientation if desired and may project from the housing  902  at different locations than those shown. 
     In various embodiments, the end plates  926 ,  928  may be formed to include the terminal blades  904 ,  906  or the terminal blades  904 ,  906  may be separately provided and attached. The end plates  926 ,  928  may be considered optional in some embodiments and connection between the fuse element  908  and the terminal blades  904 ,  906  may be established in another manner. 
     An arc quenching medium or material  932  surrounds the fuse element  908 . The arc quenching medium  932  may be introduced to the housing  902  via one or more fill openings in one of the end plates  926 ,  928  that are sealed with plugs (not shown). The plugs may be fabricated from steel, plastic or other materials in various embodiments. In other embodiments a fill hole or fill holes may be provided in other locations, including but not limited to the housing  902  to facilitate the introduction of the arc quenching medium  932 . 
     In one contemplated embodiment, the arc quenching medium  932  includes quartz silica sand and a sodium silicate binder. The quartz sand has a relatively high heat conduction and absorption capacity in its loose compacted state, but can be silicated to provide improved performance. For example, by adding a liquid sodium silicate solution to the sand and then drying off the free water, silicate arc quenching medium  932  may be obtained with the following advantages. 
     The arc quenching medium  932  creates a thermal conduction bond of sodium silicate to the fuse element  908 , the quartz sand, the fuse housing  902  and the end plates  926  and  928 . This thermal bond allows for higher heat conduction from the fuse element  908  to its surroundings, circuit interfaces and conductors. The application of sodium silicate to the quartz sand aids with the conduction of heat energy out and away from the fuse element  908 . 
     The sodium silicate mechanically binds the sand to the fuse element, terminal and housing tube increasing the thermal conduction between these materials. Conventionally, a filler material which may include sand only makes point contact with the conductive portions of the fuse element in a fuse, whereas the silicated sand of the arc quenching medium  932  is mechanically bonded to the fuse element. Much more efficient and effective thermal conduction is therefore made possible by the silicated arc quenching medium  932 . 
     The fuse elements described in the fuse  900  utilize metal stamped or punched fuse elements, present some concern for EV applications including the type of cyclic current loads described above. Such stamped fuse element designs whether fabricated from copper or silver or copper alloys undesirably introduce thermal-mechanical strains and stresses on the fuse element weak-spots  909  such that a shortened service life tends to result than if the fuse  900  were used in another power system having a different current load. This shortened fuse service life manifests itself in the form of nuisance fuse operation resulting from the thermal-mechanical fatigue of the fuse element at the weak-spots  909 . 
     In a contemplated system of the disclosure, the measurement of the fuse resistance may be made with precision by injecting a known currents across the fuse element  908 . That is, the system may measure the non-linear fuse resistance while it is in service, and algorithms may be developed to assess the changes in resistance and estimate a temperature of the fuse element  908  based on the resistance of the fuse  900  and the ambient thermal conditions, as will be described further below. 
       FIG.  10    is a flowchart of an exemplary method  600  of monitoring the fuse  110 . The method  600  monitors performance of the fuses, as well as environmental parameters of the fuses in order to optimize the performance of the fuses or provide fuses that suited for the environment. The method  600  includes installing  602  the assembly  116  in proximity to the fuse  110 . The assembly  116  includes the housing  202  defining a housing cavity  208  storing the one or more sensors  120  therein. Installing  602  may include positioning the assembly  116  in proximity to the fuse  110  and/or connecting the assembly  116  to the fuse housing  200 . 
     In some embodiments, installation  602  includes positioning, in proximity to the fuse  110 , the one or more sensors  120  configured to measure the environmental conditions to which the fuse  110  is exposed and/or the fuse performance parameters. Specifically, method  600  may include installing  602  the ambient temperature sensor  162 , the humidity sensor  164 , the accelerometer near the fuse  110 . Installing  602  include operably coupling the fuse temperature sensor, current sensor  176 , the voltage sensor  174 , and/or the resistance sensor  172  to the fuse  110 . 
     The method  600  includes receiving  604 , at the computing device  130 , the sensor data  132  from the one or more sensors  120  of the assembly  116 . Receiving  604  the sensor data  132  may include receiving sensor data  132  periodically at regularly scheduled interval and/or continuously. 
     The method  600  includes comparing  606 , using the computing device  130 , the received sensor data  132  to one or more predetermined thresholds. In some embodiments, the predetermined threshold is a level of above which the fuse  110  is not safe to be in use and needs to be replaced. The predetermined threshold is contemplated to be different for various measured parameters, i.e., the environmental conditions and the fuse performance parameters. In another example, the predetermine thresholds are ranges, such as ranges of humidity. The measured humidity data may show the humidity of the environment around the fuse is at the margin of the range, indicating a fuse that tolerates an increased humidity range or a different humidity range is needed. In one more example, the measured operation data may indicate the usage of the fuse such as installation is incorrect by comparing the operational parameters with predetermined thresholds. In another example, the measured shock may be compared to a threshold shock. In some embodiments, the threshold shock may be 2 g. A measured shock greater than the threshold may indicate that the EV  112  traverses a particularly uneven terrain, the EV  112  experiences an impact, or the fuse  110  is exposed to a shock that exceeds the threshold. 
     In some embodiments, the sensors  120  measure parameters associated with the fuse  110 , and then, the computing device  130  compares the measured sensor data  132  to one or more threshold values associated with a maximum service life. The maximum service life may be associated with a service life of the fuse, if the fuse is exposed to conditions which do not exceed the one or more predetermine threshold values. In other words, exposure of the fuse  110  to conditions above the predetermine thresholds may result in a decreased service life that is shorter than the maximum service life. In some embodiments, the conditions to which the fuse  110  is exposed may be compared to similar historical conditions to which a historical fuse was exposed. If a similar historical condition existed, the service life of the historical fuse may be used to determine a predicted service life of the fuse  110  that is being monitored. For example, an historical fuse may have been exposed to a environmental condition which exceeded the predetermined threshold for an extended period of time resulting in a decreased and/or shortened service life of the historical fuse. The computing device  130  may determine that the fuse  110  is also exposed to the same environmental condition exceeding the threshold and accordingly the computing device  130  may determine that the fuse  110  will also have a similar shortened lifespan. 
     In some embodiments, the method  600  includes determining, using the computing device  130 , one or more metrics based on, at least in part, on the received sensor data  132 . The method  600  may further include comparing the determined metrics to a predetermined threshold. For example, the method  600  may include determining an average temperature using temperature data received from the temperature sensor over a period of time. The method  600  may include comparing the average temperature data to a predetermined average temperature threshold. 
     The method  600  includes generating  608  a message using the computing device  130 . The message may include the sensor data  132 , one or more determined metrics, and/or a warning. The warning is included in the message when the computing device  130  determined that the sensor data  132  exceeded the predetermined threshold. The method  600  includes the computing device  130  transmitting  610  the message to the user computing device  150 . The message may also include instructions that cause at least a portion of the content of the message to be displayed on the user interface  152 . 
     In some embodiments, the method  600  includes determining, using the computing device  130 , one or more of a preventive maintenance recommendation based on the comparison  606 . For example, if the sensor data  132  exceeds the predetermined threshold, preventive maintenance is recommended to be performed on the fuse  110 , e.g., replace fuse. In yet another example, if the level of voltage is below the predetermined threshold, fuse monitoring is continued. In some embodiments, the computing device  130  may recommended a fuse type for a replacement fuse or a proper fuse. For example, if the humidity level is above a threshold level, the fuse in use may not tolerate the humidity level and may prematurely fail. A proper type of fuses that are suited for the humidity level may be determined and communicated to a user. In some embodiments, the computing device  130  incorporates the preventive maintenance recommendation into the message transmitted to the user computing device  150 . The preventative maintenance recommendation may also include a warning that indicates the need to control or adjust the conditions to which the fuse  110  is exposed. For example, if the fuse  110  has been exposed to a temperature which exceeds the threshold temperature the preventative maintenance recommendation may recommending cooling and/or shutting off the EV  112  until the temperature is below the threshold temperature. 
     In yet another example, the preventative maintenance recommendation may be associated with fuse inventory management. For example, the computing device  130  may determine that the sensor data  132  has crossed one or more predetermined thresholds, and accordingly, the computing device  130  may recommend purchasing one or more new fuses  110  that may be used to replace the fuse that is being monitored. The computing device  130  may be communicatively coupled to a fuse inventory database such that the computing device  130  may query the inventory database to determine the quantity and types of fuses that are stored. 
       FIG.  11    is a flowchart of an exemplary method  700  for monitoring the fuse  110 . The method  700  includes retrieving  702 , by the computing device  130 , from the historical fuse database  140 , a plurality of historical fuse records  142 . Each of the historical fuse records  142  includes a fuse type, a fuse application, a fuse service life, and/or historical fuse data collected by the one or more sensors  120 . The historical fuse records  142  may include one more metrics that determined by the computing device  130 , e.g., an average temperature, humidity, and/or pressure. 
     The method  700  includes the computing device  130  building  704 , from the retrieved plurality of historical fuse records  142 , a training dataset for training a model. In some embodiments, the method  700  includes building a fuse specific training datasets which includes a plurality of historical fuse records associated with a specific type of fuse or a specific type of fuse application. For example, the method  700  may include building  704  a EV training dataset associated with fuses used in EV applications. In yet another example, the method  700  may include building  704  an industrial training dataset associated with fuses used in industrial applications. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the method  700  includes training  706  the model using the training dataset. The model may be trained using a machine learning algorithm. The model is configured to receive one or more inputs and determine one or more outputs. The one or more inputs include real-time parameters associated with the fuse  110  that is being monitored. Real-time parameters may include environmental conditions to which the fuse  110  is exposed. Real-time parameters may include fuse performance parameters. The one or more outputs may include a remaining service life, a remaining number of service life cycles, and/or a fuse recommendation. 
     In some embodiments, the method  700  does not include retrieving  702 , building  704 , and training  706 . A model that has been trained and/or stored in a separate computing device or in the same computing device is provided and is used to analyze the sensor data detected by the fuse monitoring assembly  116 . 
     The method  700  includes receiving  708 , at the computing device  130 , from one or more sensors  120 , sensor data  132 . The sensors  120  measure, in real-time, the environmental conditions to which the fuse  110  is exposed. The sensor may also measure, in real-time, the fuse  110  performance parameters. The method  700  includes applying  710  the sensor data  132  as the inputs to the model. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the method  700  further includes analyzing the sensor data  132  using the trained model. The trained model outputs remaining service life, a remaining number of service life cycles, the functioning of the fuse, and/or a fuse recommendation based on the sensor data. The functioning of the fuse may include at least one of fuse failure or the fuse is still functioning. If the fuse has failed, the output may include a reason, such as, the fuse is blow, the fuse is short-circuited, the fuse is overload, the fuse has faulted, and/or an incorrect fuse was installed. 
     In some embodiments, the method  700  includes determining one or more metrics using the received sensor data  132 . The method  700  may include applying the determined metrics as inputs to the trained mode and applying the model includes obtaining the outputs. 
     The method  700  includes the computing device  130  generating  712  a fuse message. The fuse message includes outputs obtained from applying  710  the model to the inputs. The fuse message may include the predicted remaining service life of the fuse  110 . In some embodiments, the message includes a recommended fuse type. In some embodiments, the message includes sensor data  132 , determined metrics. In one embodiment, the fuse message may further include maintenance recommendation generated in method  600  of monitoring a fuse. The maintenance recommendation may be updated or modified based on the predicted life or life cycles of the fuse and/or fuse recommendations. For example, if the predicted remaining life is one month, the fuse message may include a recommendation of checking the inventory of fuses to ensure back-up fuses are available when the fuse fails and/or a recommendation of increasing the frequency of physical inspection of the fuse. 
     In some embodiments, the method  600 ,  700  further includes generating and providing an alert to the user computing device  150  or the computing device  130  about the performance, the life, and maintenance of the fuse. For example, if the remaining life of the fuse is limited, such as days, an alert may be sent to the user computing device  150  of the computing device  130 . The alert may be visual, audio, and/or haptic. 
     The user computing device  150  described herein may be any suitable user computing device  800  and software implemented therein.  FIG.  12    is a block diagram of an exemplary computing device  800 . In the exemplary embodiment, the computing device  800  includes a user interface  804  (e.g., user interface  152 ) that receives at least one input from a user. The user interface  804  may include a keyboard  806  that enables the user to input pertinent information. The user interface  804  may also include, for example, a pointing device, a mouse, a stylus, a touch sensitive panel (e.g., a touch pad and a touch screen), a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a position detector, and/or an audio input interface (e.g., including a microphone). 
     Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, computing device  800  includes a presentation interface  817  (e.g., user interface  152 ) that presents information, such as input events and/or validation results, to the user. The presentation interface  817  may also include a display adapter  808  that is coupled to at least one display device  810 . More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, the display device  810  may be a visual display device, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) display, and/or an “electronic ink” display. Alternatively, the presentation interface  817  may include an audio output device (e.g., an audio adapter and/or a speaker) and/or a printer. 
     The computing device  800  also includes a processor  814  and a memory device  818 . The processor  814  is coupled to the user interface  804 , the presentation interface  817 , and the memory device  818  via a system bus  820 . In the exemplary embodiment, the processor  814  communicates with the user, such as by prompting the user via the presentation interface  817  and/or by receiving user inputs via the user interface  804 . The term “processor” refers generally to any programmable system including systems and microcontrollers, reduced instruction set computers (RISC), complex instruction set computers (CISC), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic circuits (PLC), and any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described herein. The above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term “processor.” 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the memory device  818  includes one or more devices that enable information, such as executable instructions and/or other data, to be stored and retrieved. Moreover, the memory device  818  includes one or more computer readable media, such as, without limitation, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), a solid state disk, and/or a hard disk. In the exemplary embodiment, the memory device  818  stores, without limitation, application source code, application object code, configuration data, additional input events, application states, assertion statements, validation results, and/or any other type of data. The computing device  800 , in the exemplary embodiment, may also include a communication interface  830  that is coupled to the processor  814  via the system bus  820 . Moreover, the communication interface  830  is communicatively coupled to data acquisition devices. 
     In the exemplary embodiment, the processor  814  may be programmed by encoding an operation using one or more executable instructions and providing the executable instructions in the memory device  818 . In the exemplary embodiment, the processor  814  is programmed to select a plurality of measurements that are received from data acquisition devices. 
     In operation, a computer executes computer-executable instructions embodied in one or more computer-executable components stored on one or more computer-readable media to implement aspects of the invention described and/or illustrated herein. The order of execution or performance of the operations in embodiments of the invention illustrated and described herein is not essential, unless otherwise specified. That is, the operations may be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified, and embodiments of the invention may include additional or fewer operations than those disclosed herein. For example, it is contemplated that executing or performing a particular operation before, contemporaneously with, or after another operation is within the scope of aspects of the invention. 
       FIG.  13    illustrates an exemplary configuration of a computer device  1001  such as the computing device  130  The server computer device  1001  also includes a processor  1005  for executing instructions. Instructions may be stored in a memory area  1030 , for example. The processor  1005  may include one or more processing units (e.g., in a multi-core configuration). 
     The processor  1005  is operatively coupled to a communication interface  1015  such that server computer device  1001  is capable of communicating with a remote device such as the processor  118  and/or the one or more sensor  120 , or another server computer device  1001 . For example, communication interface  1015  may receive data from the processor  118  and the one or more sensors  120 , via the Internet. 
     The processor  1005  may also be operatively coupled to a storage device  1034 . The storage device  1034  is any computer-operated hardware suitable for storing and/or retrieving data, such as, but not limited to, wavelength changes, temperatures, and strain. In some embodiments, the storage device  1034  is integrated in the server computer device  1001 . For example, the server computer device  1001  may include one or more hard disk drives as the storage device  1034 . In other embodiments, the storage device  1034  is external to the server computer device  1001  and may be accessed by a plurality of server computer devices  1001 . For example, the storage device  1034  may include multiple storage units such as hard disks and/or solid state disks in a redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID) configuration. The storage device  1034  may include a storage area network (SAN) and/or a network attached storage (NAS) system. 
     In some embodiments, the processor  1005  is operatively coupled to the storage device  1034  via a storage interface  1020 . The storage interface  1020  is any component capable of providing the processor  1005  with access to the storage device  1034 . The storage interface  1020  may include, for example, an Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) adapter, a Serial ATA (SATA) adapter, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) adapter, a RAID controller, a SAN adapter, a network adapter, and/or any component providing the processor  1005  with access to the storage device  1034 . 
     In some embodiments, the processor  1005  includes a user interface  134  (shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2   ) that receives at least one input from a user. The user interface  134  may include a keyboard that enables the user to input pertinent information. The user interface  134  may also include, for example, a pointing device, a mouse, a stylus, a touch sensitive panel (e.g., a touch pad and a touch screen), a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a position detector, and/or an audio input interface (e.g., including a microphone). The user interface  134  may present information, such as input events and/or validation results, to the user. The user interface  134  may also include a display adapter that is coupled to at least one display device. More specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, the display device may be a visual display device, such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), a light-emitting diode (LED) display, and/or an “electronic ink” display. Alternatively, the presentation interface  817  may include an audio output device (e.g., an audio adapter and/or a speaker) and/or a printer. 
     The benefits and advantages of the inventive concepts are now believed to have been amply illustrated in relation to the exemplary embodiments disclosed. 
     At least one technical effect of the systems and methods described herein includes (a) monitoring of fuses operated in an electric vehicle; (b) real-time monitoring of fuses; (c) fuse monitoring using at least one sensor configured to measure operational paraments and environmental conditions; (d) predicting life of a fuse based on operational data and environmental data associated with the fuse; and (e) providing a user with preventive or proactive measures to protect electrical power systems based on the performance and remaining life of the fuse obtained during fuse monitoring. 
     An embodiment of a fuse monitoring system for monitoring a fuse is disclosed. The system includes a fuse monitoring assembly and a fuse monitoring computing device. The fuse monitoring assembly includes at least one sensor configured to measure fuse data associated with the fuse, the fuse data including operational data of the fuse and environmental data of an environment in which the fuse locates, the environmental data including shock and vibrations. The fuse monitoring assembly also includes at least one processor communicatively coupled to the at least one sensor, the at least one processor configured to transmit the fuse data to a remote computing device. The fuse monitoring computing device is positioned remotely from the fuse monitoring assembly, the fuse monitoring computing device including at least one processor in communication with at least one memory device. The fuse monitoring computing device is programmed to receive, from the fuse monitoring assembly, the fuse data, analyze the fuse data, and generate a fuse message based on the analysis. 
     Optionally, the operational data include a current, a voltage, a resistance, and a temperature of the fuse. The environmental data further includes an ambient temperature and humidity of the environment. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to apply a fuse model to the fuse data by inputting the fuse data into the fuse model configured to predict a remaining life of the fuse based on the operational data and the environmental data, and obtaining an output from the fuse model, the output including the remaining life of the fuse. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to generate the fuse message including the remaining life. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to apply a trained fuse model to the fuse data. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to retrieve, from a historical fuse database, a plurality of fuse records, each fuse record including at least one of operational data or environmental data associated with a historical fuse, each fuse record further including a life of the historical fuse, generate, from the plurality of fuse records, a training dataset, and train the fuse model using the training dataset. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to generate the fuse message including a maintenance recommendation based on the analysis. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to compare the fuse data with a plurality of thresholds, and generate the fuse message based on the comparison. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to generate the fuse message including a recommended alternative fuse type. The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to transmit the fuse message to a user computing device. The fuse monitoring computing device is configured to transmit the fuse data to a remote computing device having a user interface configured to display the fuse data. The fuse monitoring assembly and the fuse monitoring computing device are connected as Internet of Things (IoT). The fuse monitoring computing device is further programmed to generate an alert based on the analysis. The fuse monitoring assembly is modular. 
     An embodiment of a fuse monitoring assembly for monitoring a fuse is disclosed. The assembly includes at least one sensor and at least one processor. The at least one sensor is configured to measure fuse data associated with the fuse, the fuse data including operational data of the fuse and environmental data of an environment in which the fuse locates, the environmental data including shock and vibrations. The at least one processor is communicatively coupled to the at least one sensor, the processor configured to transmit the fuse data to a remote computing device. 
     Optionally, the at least one sensor is further configured to measure current, voltage, resistance, and temperature of the fuse. The at least one sensor is further configured to measure ambient temperature and humidity of the environment. The assembly is modular. The fuse monitoring assembly is configured to be installed on a fuse of an electrical vehicle. The at least one processor is configured to transmit the fuse data to the remote computing device having a user interface configured to display the fuse data. 
     While exemplary embodiments of components, assemblies and systems are described, variations of the components, assemblies and systems are possible to achieve similar advantages and effects. Specifically, the shape and the geometry of the components and assemblies, and the relative locations of the components in the assembly, may be varied from that described and depicted without departing from inventive concepts described. Also, in certain embodiments, certain components in the assemblies described may be omitted to accommodate particular types of fuses or the needs of particular installations, while still providing the needed performance and functionality of the fuses. 
     This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.