Patent Publication Number: US-8994600-B2

Title: Antenna assemblies with tapered loop antenna elements

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent Design application No. 29/430,632 filed Aug. 28, 2012, which, in turn, was a continuation-in-part of U.S. Design patent application No. 29/376,791 filed Oct. 12, 2010 (now U.S. Design Pat. No. D666,178 issued Aug. 28, 2012). 
     This application is also continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/606,636 filed Oct. 27, 2009, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,368,607 on Feb. 5, 2013. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/606,636 was a continuation-in-part of the following four applications: 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/050,133 filed Mar. 17, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,609,222 issued Oct. 29, 2009), which, in turn, was a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. Design Pat. Application No. 29/304,423 filed Feb. 29, 2008 (now U.S. Design Pat. No. D598,433 issued Aug. 18, 2009) and also claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/992,331 filed Dec. 5, 2007 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/034,431 filed Mar. 6, 2008; and 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/040,464 filed Feb. 29, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,839,347 issued Nov. 23, 2010), which, in turn, claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/992,331 filed Dec. 5, 2007; and 
     U.S. Design Pat. Application No. 29/305,294 filed Mar. 17, 2008 (now U.S. Design Pat. No. D598,434 issued Aug. 18, 2009), which, in turn, was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/040,464 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,839,347 issued Nov. 23, 2010) and also a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/050,133 filed Mar. 17, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,609,222 issued Oct. 29, 2009); and 
     PCT International Application No. PCT/US08/061908 filed Apr. 29, 2008, which, in turn, claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/992,331 filed Dec. 5, 2007, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/034,431 filed Mar. 6, 2008, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/040,464 filed Feb. 29, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,839,347 issued Nov. 23, 2010), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/050,133 filed Mar. 17, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,609,222 issued Oct. 29, 2009). 
     The entire disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure generally relates to antenna assemblies configured for reception of television signals, such as high definition television (HDTV) signals. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art. 
     Many people enjoy watching television. Recently, the television-watching experience has been greatly improved due to high definition television (HDTV). A great number of people pay for HDTV through their existing cable or satellite TV service provider. In fact, many people are unaware that HDTV signals are commonly broadcast over the free public airwaves. This means that HDTV signals may be received for free with the appropriate antenna. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to various aspects, exemplary embodiments are provided of antenna assemblies. In an exemplary embodiment, an antenna assembly generally includes one or more tapered loop antenna elements. 
     Further aspects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. In addition, any one or more aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented individually or in any combination with any one or more of the other aspects of the present disclosure. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       The drawings described herein are for illustration purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way. 
         FIG. 1  is an exploded perspective view of an antenna assembly including a tapered loop antenna element, a reflector, a housing (with the end pieces exploded away for clarity), and a PCB balun according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view illustrating the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 1  after the components have been assembled and enclosed within the housing; 
         FIG. 3  is an end perspective view illustrating the tapered loop antenna element, reflector, and PCB balun shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a side elevation view of the components shown in  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a front elevation view of the tapered loop antenna element shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a back elevation of the tapered loop antenna element shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a bottom plan view of the tapered loop antenna element shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a top plan view of the tapered loop antenna element shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a right elevation view of the tapered loop antenna element shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a left elevation view of the tapered loop antenna element shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view illustrating an exemplary use for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 2  with the antenna assembly supported on top of a television with a coaxial cable connecting the antenna assembly to the television, whereby the antenna assembly is operable for receiving signals and communicating the same to the television via the coaxial cable; 
         FIG. 12  is an exemplary line graph showing computer-simulated gain/directivity and S11 versus frequency (in megahertz) for an exemplary embodiment of the antenna assembly with seventy-five ohm unbalanced coaxial feed; 
         FIG. 13  is a view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having two tapered loop antenna elements, a reflector, and a PCB balun; 
         FIG. 14  is a view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having a tapered loop antenna element and a support, and also showing the antenna assembly supported on top of a desk or table top; 
         FIG. 15  is a perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 14 ; 
         FIG. 16  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having a tapered loop antenna element and an indoor wall mount/support, and also showing the antenna assembly mounted to a wall; 
         FIG. 17  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having a tapered loop antenna element and a support, and showing the antenna assembly mounted outdoors to a vertical mast or pole; 
         FIG. 18  is another perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 17 ; 
         FIG. 19  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having two tapered loop antenna elements and a support, and showing the antenna assembly mounted outdoors to a vertical mast or pole; 
         FIG. 20  is an exemplary line graph showing computer-simulated directivity and S11 versus frequency (in megahertz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 13  according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 21  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly configured for reception of VHF signals; 
         FIG. 22  is a front view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 21 ; 
         FIG. 23  is a top view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 21 ; 
         FIG. 24  is a side view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 21 ; 
         FIG. 25  is an exemplary line graph showing computer-simulated directivity and VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) versus frequency (in megahertz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIGS. 21 through 24  according to an exemplary embodiment; 
         FIG. 26  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having a tapered loop antenna element and a support that is rotatably convertible between a first configuration (shown in  FIG. 26 ) for supporting the antenna assembly on a horizontal surface and a second configuration (shown in  FIG. 27 ) for supporting the antenna assembly from a vertical surface; 
         FIG. 27  is a perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26  but after the rotatably convertible support has been rotated to the second configuration for supporting the antenna assembly form a vertical surface; 
         FIG. 28  is an exploded perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIGS. 26 and 27  and illustrating the threaded stem portion and stopping members for retaining the rotatably convertible support in the first or second configuration; 
         FIG. 29  is another exploded perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIGS. 26 and 27 ; 
         FIG. 30  is a right side view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26  with the rotatably convertible support shown in the first configuration for supporting the antenna assembly on a horizontal surface; 
         FIG. 31  is a left side view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 32  is a front view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 33  is a back view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 34  is an upper back perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 35  is a top view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 36  is a bottom view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 37  is a right side view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 27  with the rotatably convertible support shown in the second configuration for supporting the antenna assembly from a vertical surface; 
         FIG. 38  is a left side view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 39  is a front view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 40  is a back view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 41  is a top view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 42  is a bottom view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 43  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having a tapered loop antenna element and a support that is rotatably convertible between a first configuration for supporting the antenna assembly on a horizontal surface and a second configuration for supporting the antenna assembly from a vertical surface, where the rotatably convertible support is shown in the first configuration with a reflector mounted within a slot or groove of the rotatably convertible support; 
         FIG. 44  is a left side view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 43 ; 
         FIG. 45  is a front perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 43  with the tapered loop antenna element removed from the support and illustrating the reflector mounted within the slot of the support; 
         FIG. 46  is a top view of the support of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 43  with the threaded stem portion removed; 
         FIG. 47  is a bottom view of the support of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 43 ; 
         FIG. 48  is a perspective view of another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly having two tapered loop antenna elements and a reflector, where the antenna assembly further includes a VHF dipole and an integrated UHF balun diplexer internal to the UHF antenna; 
         FIG. 49  is a back perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 50  is a perspective view of the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48  shown mounted to a mast and a mast base for free-standing indoor use according to an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG. 51  is an exemplary line graph showing UHF computer-simulated gain (in decibels referenced to isotropic gain (dBi)) versus azimuth angle at various frequencies (in megahertz (MHz)) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 52  is an exemplary line graph showing UHF computer-simulated gain (dBi) versus elevation angle at various frequencies (MHz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 53  is an exemplary line graph showing UHF boresight gain (dBi) versus frequency (MHz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 54  is an exemplary line graph showing UHF computer-simulated voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) versus frequency (MHz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 55  is an exemplary line graph showing VHF element computer-simulated gain (dBi) versus azimuth angle at various frequencies (MHz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 ; 
         FIG. 56  is an exemplary line graph showing VHF element computer-simulated gain (dBi) versus elevation angle at various frequencies (MHz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 ; and 
         FIG. 57  is an exemplary line graph showing VHF element boresight gain (dBi) versus frequency (MHz) for the antenna assembly shown in  FIG. 48 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. 
       FIGS. 1 through 4  illustrate an exemplary antenna assembly  100  embodying one or more aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the antenna assembly  100  generally includes a tapered loop antenna element  104  (also shown in  FIGS. 5 through 10 ), a reflector element  108 , a balun  112 , and a housing  116  with removable end pieces or portions  120 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , the antenna assembly  100  may be used for receiving digital television signals (of which high definition television (HDTV) signals are a subset) and communicating the received signals to an external device, such as a television. In the illustrated embodiment, a coaxial cable  124  ( FIGS. 2 and 11 ) is used for transmitting signals received by the antenna assembly  100  to the television ( FIG. 11 ). The antenna assembly  100  may also be positioned on other generally horizontal surfaces, such as a tabletop, coffee tabletop, desktop, shelf, etc.). Alternative embodiments may include an antenna assembly positioned elsewhere and/or supported using other means. 
     In one example, the antenna assembly  100  may include a 75-ohm RG6 coaxial cable  124  fitted with an F-Type connector (although other suitable communication links may also be employed). Alternative embodiments may include other coaxial cables or other suitable communication links. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3 ,  5 , and  6 , the tapered loop antenna element  104  has a generally annular shape cooperatively defined by an outer periphery or perimeter portion  140  and an inner periphery or perimeter portion  144 . The outer periphery or perimeter portion  140  is generally circular. The inner periphery or perimeter portion  144  is also generally circular, such that the tapered loop antenna element  104  has a generally circular opening  148 . 
     In some embodiments, the tapered loop antenna element has an outer diameter of about two hundred twenty millimeters and an inner diameter of about eighty millimeters. Some embodiments include the inner diameter being offset from the outer diameter such that the center of the circle defined generally by the inner perimeter portion  144  (the inner diameter&#39;s midpoint) is about twenty millimeters below the center of the circle defined generally by the outer perimeter portion  140  (the outer diameter&#39;s midpoint). Stated differently, the inner diameter may be offset from the outer diameter such that the inner diameter&#39;s midpoint is about twenty millimeters below the outer diameter&#39;s midpoint. The offsetting of the diameters thus provides a taper to the tapered loop antenna element  104  such that it has at least one portion (a top portion  126  shown in  FIGS. 3 ,  5 , and  6 ) wider than another portion (the end portions  128  shown in  FIGS. 3 ,  5 , and  6 ). The taper of the tapered loop antenna element  104  has been found to improve performance and aesthetics. As shown by  FIGS. 1 ,  3 ,  5 , and  6 , the tapered loop antenna element  104  includes first and second halves or curved portions  150 ,  152  that are generally symmetric such that the first half or curved portion  150  is a mirror-image of the second half or curved portion  152 . Each curved portion  150 ,  152  extends generally between a corresponding end portion  128  and then tapers or gradually increases in width until the middle or top portion  126  of the tapered loop antenna element  104 . The tapered loop antenna element  104  may be positioned with the housing  116  in an orientation such that the wider portion  126  of the tapered loop antenna element  104  is at the top and the narrower end portions  128  are at the bottom. 
     With continued reference to  FIGS. 3 ,  5 , and  6 , the tapered loop antenna element  104  includes spaced-apart end portions  128 . In one particular example, the end portions  128  of the tapered loop antenna element  104  are spaced apart a distance of about 2.5 millimeters. Alternative embodiments may include an antenna element with end portions spaced apart greater than or less than 2.5 millimeters. For example, some embodiments include an antenna element with end portions spaced apart a distance of between about 2 millimeters to about 5 millimeters. The spaced-apart end portions may define an open slot therebetween that is operable to provide a gap feed for use with a balanced transmission line. 
     The end portions  128  include fastener holes  132  in a pattern corresponding to fastener holes  136  of the PCB balun  112 . Accordingly, mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws, etc.) may be inserted through the fastener holes  132 ,  136  after they are aligned, for attaching the PCB balun  112  to the tapered loop antenna element  104 . Alternative embodiments may have differently configured fastener holes (e.g., more or less, different shapes, different sizes, different locations, etc.). Still other embodiments may include other attachment methods (e.g., soldering, etc.). 
     As shown in FIGS.  4  and  7 - 10 , the illustrated tapered loop antenna element  104  is substantially planar with a generally constant or uniform thickness. In one exemplary embodiment, the tapered loop antenna element  104  has a thickness of about 3 millimeters. Other embodiments may include a thicker or thinner antenna element. For example, some embodiments may include an antenna element with a thickness of about 35 micrometers (e.g., 1 oz. copper, etc.), where the antenna element is mounted, supported, or installed on a printed circuit board. Further embodiments may include a free-standing, self-supporting antenna element made from aluminum, anodized aluminum, copper, etc. having a thickness between about 0.5 millimeters to about 5 millimeters, etc. In another exemplary embodiment, the antenna element comprises a relatively thin aluminum foil that is encased in a supporting plastic enclosure, which has been used to reduce material costs associated with the aluminum. 
     Alternative embodiments may include an antenna element that is configured differently than the tapered loop antenna element  104  shown in the figures. For example, other embodiments may include a non-tapered loop antenna element having a centered (not offset) opening. Additional embodiments may include a loop antenna element that defines a full generally circular loop or hoop without spaced-apart free end portions  128 . Further embodiments may include an antenna element having an outer periphery/perimeter portion, inner periphery/perimeter portion, and/or opening sized or shaped differently, such as with a non-circular shape (e.g., ovular, triangular, rectangular, etc.). The antenna element  104  (or any portion thereof) may also be provided in various configurations (e.g., shapes, sizes, etc.) depending at least in part on the intended end-use and signals to be received by the antenna assembly. 
     A wide range of materials may be used for the antenna element  104 . By way of example only, the tapered loop antenna element  104  may be formed from a metallic electrical conductor, such as aluminum (e.g., anodized aluminum, etc.), copper, stainless steel or other alloys, etc. In another embodiment, the tapered loop antenna element  104  may be stamped from sheet metal, or created by selective etching of a copper layer on a printed circuit board substrate. 
       FIGS. 1 ,  3 , and  4  illustrate the exemplary reflector  108  that may be used with the antenna assembly  100 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the reflector  108  includes a generally flat or planar surface  160 . The reflector  108  also includes baffle, lip, or sidewall portions  164  extending outwardly relative to the surface  160 . The reflector  108  may be generally operable for reflecting electromagnetic waves generally towards the tapered loop antenna element  104 . 
     In regard to the size of the reflector and the spacing to the antenna element, the inventors hereof note the following. The size of the reflector and the spacing to the antenna element strongly impact performance. Placing the antenna element too close to the reflector provides an antenna with good gain, but narrows impedance bandwidth and poor VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio). Despite the reduced size, such designs are not suitable for the intended broadband application. If the antenna element is placed too far away from the reflector, the gain is reduced due to improper phasing. When the antenna element size and proportions, reflector size, baffle size, and spacing between antenna element and reflector are properly chosen, there is an optimum configuration that takes advantage of the near zone coupling with the electrically small reflector element to produce enhanced impedance bandwidth, while mitigating the effects of phase cancellation. The net result is an exemplary balance between impedance bandwidth, directivity or gain, radiation efficiency, and physical size. 
     In this illustrated embodiment, the reflector  108  is generally square with four perimeter sidewall portions  164 . Alternative embodiments may include a reflector with a different configuration (e.g., differently shaped, sized, less sidewall portions, etc.). The sidewalls may even be reversed so as to point opposite the antenna element. The contribution of the sidewalls is to slightly increase the effective electrical size of the reflector and improve impedance bandwidth. 
     Dimensionally, the reflector  108  of one exemplary embodiment has a generally square surface  160  with a length and width of about 228 millimeters. Continuing with this example, the reflector  108  may also have perimeter sidewall portions  164  each with a height of about 25.4 millimeters relative to the surface  160 . The dimensions provided in this paragraph (as are all dimensions set forth herein) are mere examples provided for purposes of illustration only, as any of the disclosed antenna components herein may be configured with different dimensions depending, for example, on the particular application and/or signals to be received or transmitted by the antenna assembly. For example, another embodiment may include a reflector  108  having a baffle, lip, or perimeter sidewall portions  164  having a height of about ten millimeters. Another embodiment may have the reflector  108  having a baffle, lip in the opposite direction to the antenna element. In such embodiment, it is possible to also add a top to the open box, which may serve as a shielding enclosure for a receiver board or other electronics. 
     With further reference to  FIG. 3 , cutouts, openings, or notches  168  may be provided in the reflector&#39;s perimeter sidewall portions  164  to facilitate mounting of the reflector  108  within the housing  116  and/or attachment of the housing end pieces  120 . In an exemplary embodiment, the reflector  108  may be slidably positioned within the housing  116  ( FIG. 1 ). The fastener holes  172  of the housing end pieces  120  may be aligned with the reflector&#39;s openings  168 , such that fasteners may be inserted through the aligned openings  168 ,  172 . Alternative embodiments may have reflectors without such openings, cutouts, or notches. 
       FIGS. 1 ,  3 , and  4  illustrate an exemplary balun  112  that may be used with the antenna assembly  100  for converting a balanced line into an unbalanced line. In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna assembly  100  includes a printed circuit board having the balun  112 . The PCB having the balun  112  may be coupled to the tapered loop antenna element  104  via fasteners and fastener holes  132  and  136  ( FIG. 3 ). Alternative embodiments may include different means for connecting the balun  112  to the tapered loop antenna elements and/or different types of transformers besides the printed circuit board balun  112 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the housing  116  includes end pieces  120  and a middle portion  180 . In this particular example, the end pieces  120  are removably attached to middle portion  180  by way of mechanical fasteners, fastener holes  172 ,  174 , and threaded sockets  176 . Alternative embodiments may include a housing with an integrally-formed, fixed end piece. Other embodiments may include a housing with one or more removable end pieces that are snap-fit, friction fit, or interference fit with the housing middle portion without requiring mechanical fasteners. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the housing  116  is generally U-shaped with two spaced-apart upstanding portions or members  184  connected by a generally horizontal member or portion  186 . The members  184 ,  186  cooperatively define a generally U-shaped profile for the housing  116  in this embodiment. 
     As shown by  FIG. 1 , the tapered loop antenna element  104  may be positioned in a different upstanding member  184  than the upstanding member  184  in which the reflector  108  is positioned. In one particular example, the housing  116  is configured (e.g., shaped, sized, etc.) such that the tapered loop antenna element  104  is spaced apart from the reflector  108  by about 114.4 millimeters when the tapered loop antenna element  104  and reflector  108  are positioned into the respective different sides of the housing  116 . In addition, the housing  116  may be configured such that the housing&#39;s side portions  184  are generally square with a length and a width of about 25.4 centimeters. Accordingly, the antenna assembly  100  may thus be provided with a relatively small overall footprint. These shapes and dimensions are provided for purposes of illustration only, as the specific configuration (e.g., shape, size, etc.) of the housing may be changed depending, for example, on the particular application. 
     The housing  116  may be formed from various materials. In some embodiments, the housing  116  is formed from plastic. In those embodiments in which the antenna assembly is intended for use as an outdoor antenna, the housing may be formed from a weather resistant material (e.g., waterproof and/or ultra-violet resistant material, etc.). In addition, the housing  116  (or bottom portion thereof) may also be formed from a material so as to provide the bottom surface of the housing  116  with a relatively high coefficient of friction. This, in turn, would help the antenna assembly  100  resist sliding relative to the surface (e.g., top surface of television as shown in  FIG. 11 , etc.) supporting the assembly  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the antenna assembly may also include a digital tuner/converter (ATSC receiver) built into or within the housing. In these exemplary embodiments, the digital tuner/converter may be operable for converting digital signals received by the antenna assembly to analog signals. In one exemplary example, a reflector with a reversed baffle and cover may serve as a shielded enclosure for the ATSC receiver. The shielded box reduces the effects of radiated or received interference upon the tuner circuitry. Placing the tuner in this enclosure conserves space and eliminates (or reduces) the potential for coupling between the antenna element and the tuner, which may otherwise negatively impact antenna impedance bandwidth and directivity. 
     In various embodiments, the antenna assembly  100  is tuned (and optimized in some embodiments) to receive signals having a frequency associated with high definition television (HDTV) within a frequency range of about 470 megahertz and about 690 megahertz. In such embodiments, narrowly tuning the antenna assembly  100  for receiving these HDTV signals allows the antenna element  104  to be smaller and yet still function adequately. With its smaller discrete physical size, the overall size of the antenna assembly  100  may be reduced so as to provide a reduced footprint for the antenna assembly  100 , which may, for example, be advantageous when the antenna assembly  100  is used indoors and placed on top of a television (e.g.,  FIG. 11 , etc.). 
     Exemplary operational parameters of the antenna assembly  100  will now be provided for purposes of illustration only. These operational parameters may be changed for other embodiments depending, for example, on the particular application and signals to be received by the antenna assembly. 
     In some embodiments, the antenna assembly  100  may be configured so as to have operational parameters substantially as shown in  FIG. 12 , which illustrates computer-simulated gain/directivity and S11 versus frequency (in megahertz) for an exemplary embodiment of the antenna assembly  100  with seventy-five ohm unbalanced coaxial feed. In other embodiments, a 300 ohm balanced twin lead may be used. 
       FIG. 12  generally shows that the antenna assembly  100  has a relatively flat gain curve from about 470 MHz to about 698 MHz. In addition,  FIG. 12  also shows that the antenna assembly  100  has a maximum gain of about 8 dBi (decibels referenced to isotropic gain) and an output with an impedance of about 75 Ohms. 
     In addition,  FIG. 12  also shows that the S11 is below −6 dB across the frequency band from about 470 MHz to about 698 MHz. Values of S11 below this value ensure that the antenna is well matched and operates with high efficiency. 
     In addition, an antenna assembly may also be configured with fairly forgiving aiming. In such exemplary embodiments, the antenna assembly would thus not have to be re-aimed or redirected each time the television channel was changed. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates another embodiment of an antenna assembly  200  embodying one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In this illustrated embodiment, the antenna assembly  200  includes two generally side-by-side tapered loop antenna elements  204 A and  204 B in a generally figure eight configuration (as shown in  FIG. 13 ). In this exemplary embodiment, the two loops  204 A and  204 B are arranged one opposite to the other such that a gap is maintained between each pair of opposite spaced apart end portions of each loop  204 A,  204 B. The gap or open slot may be used to provide a gap feed for use with a balanced transmission line. In operation, this gap feed configuration allows the vertical going electrical current components to effectively cancel each other out such that antenna assembly  200  has relatively pure H polarization at the passband frequencies and exhibits very low levels of cross polarized signals. 
     The antenna assembly  200  also includes a reflector  208  and a printed circuit board balun  212 . The antenna assembly  200  may be provided with a housing similar to or different than housing  116 . Other than having two tapered loop antenna elements  204 A,  204 B (and improved antenna range that may be achieved thereby), the antenna assembly  200  may be operable and configured similar to the antenna assembly  100  in at least some embodiments thereof.  FIG. 20  is an exemplary line graph showing computer-simulated directivity and S11 versus frequency (in megahertz) for the antenna assembly  200  according to an exemplary embodiment. 
       FIGS. 14 through 19  and  26  through  42  show additional exemplary embodiments of antenna assemblies embodying one or more aspects of the present disclosure. For example,  FIGS. 14 and 15  show an antenna assembly  300  having a tapered loop antenna element  304  and a support  388 . In this exemplary embodiment, the antenna assembly  300  is supported on a horizontal surface  390 , such as the top surface of a desk, table top, television, etc. The antenna assembly  300  may also include a printed circuit board balun  312 . In some embodiments, an antenna assembly may include a tapered loop antenna element (e.g.,  304 ,  404 ,  504 , etc.) with openings (e.g., holes, indents, recesses, voids, dimples, etc.) along the antenna element&#39;s middle portion and/or first and second curved portions, where the openings may be used, for example, to help align and/or retain the antenna element to a support. For example, a relatively thin metal antenna element with such openings may be supported by a plastic support structure that has protuberances, nubs, or protrusions that align with and are frictionally received within the openings of the antenna element, whereby the frictional engagement or snap fit helps retain the antenna element to the plastic support structure. 
     As another example,  FIG. 16  shows an antenna assembly  400  having a tapered loop antenna element  404  and an indoor wall mount/support  488 . In this example, the antenna assembly is mounted to a vertical surface  490 , such a wall, etc. The antenna assembly  400  may also include a printed circuit board balun. The balun, however, is not illustrated in  FIG. 10  because it is obscured by the support  488 . 
       FIGS. 26 through 42  illustrate another exemplary antenna assembly  800  having a tapered lop antenna element  804  and a rotatably convertible support, mount, or stand  888 . In this example, the tapered loop antenna  804  may be covered by or disposed within a cover material (e.g., plastic, other dielectric material, etc.), which may be the same material from which the support  888  is made. 
     In this example embodiment of the antenna assembly  800 , the rotatably convertible support  888  allows the antenna assembly  800  to be supported on a horizontal surface from a vertical surface depending on whether the support  888  is in a first or second configuration. For example,  FIG. 26  illustrates the support or stand  888  in a first configuration in which the support  888  allows the antenna assembly  800  to be supported on a horizontal surface after being placed upon that horizontal surface. The horizontal surface upon which the antenna assembly  800  may be placed may comprise virtually any horizontal surface, such as the top of a desk, table top, television, etc. In some embodiments, the antenna assembly  800  may be fixedly attached or fastened to the horizontal surface by using mechanical fasteners (e.g., wood screws, etc.) inserted through fastener holes  899  ( FIG. 36 ) on the bottom of the support  888 . But the antenna assembly  800  may be attached to a horizontal surface using other methods, such as double-side adhesive tape, etc. Or, the antenna assembly  800  need not be attached to the horizontal surface at all. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates the support  888  in a second configuration that allows the antenna assembly  800  to be mounted to a vertical surface, such as wall, etc. In some embodiments, the antenna assembly  800  may be suspended from a nail or screw on a wall by way of the opening  898  ( FIG. 40 ) on the bottom of the support  888 . 
     By way of example, a user may rotate the support  888  to convert the support  888  from the first configuration ( FIG. 26 ) to the second configuration ( FIG. 27 ), or vice versa. As shown in  FIGS. 28 and 29 , the rotatably convertible support  888  includes a threaded stem portion  889  and a threaded opening  894 . In this example, the threaded stem portion  889  extends upwardly from the base of the support  888 , and the threaded opening  894  is defined by the upper portion of the support  888 . In other embodiments, this may be reversed such that the base includes threaded opening, and the threaded stem portion extends downwardly from the upper portion of the mount. 
     With continued reference to  FIGS. 28 and 29 , the support  888  also includes stops for retaining the rotatably convertible support  888  in the first or second configuration. In this example embodiment as shown in  FIG. 28 , the support  888  include a first stop  890  (e.g., projection, nub, protrusion, protuberance, etc.) configured to be engagingly received within an opening  891 , for retaining the support  888  in the first configuration.  FIGS. 30 ,  31 , and  34  illustrate the engagement of the first stop  890  within the opening  891 , which inhibits relative rotation of the upper and lower portions of the support  888  thus helping retain support  888  in the first configuration for supporting the antenna assembly  800  on a horizontal surface. In this example, the first stop  890  is provided on the upper portion of the support  888  and the opening  891  is on the lower portion or base of the support  888 . In other embodiments, this may be reversed such that the base includes the first stop and the opening is on the upper portion of the support. 
     The support  888  also include a second stop  893  ( FIG. 29 ) (e.g., projection, nub, protrusion, protuberance, etc.) configured to be engagingly received within an opening  892  ( FIG. 28 ), for retaining the support  888  in the second configuration. The engagement of the second stop  893  within the opening  892  inhibits relative rotation of the upper and lower portions of the support  888  thus helping retain support  888  in the second configuration for supporting the antenna assembly  800  from a vertical surface. In this example, the second stop  893  is provided on the upper portion of the support  888  and the opening  892  is on the lower portion or base of the support  888 . In other embodiments, this may be reversed such that the base includes the second stop and the opening is on the upper portion of the support. 
     In addition helping retain the support  888  in either the first or second configuration, the stops may also help provide a tactile and/or audible indication to the user to stop rotating the upper or lower portion of the support  888  relative to the other portion. For example, as a user is reconfiguring or converting the support  888  from the first or second configuration to the other configuration, the user may feel and/or hear an audible click as the corresponding first or second stop  890 ,  893  is engaged into the corresponding opening  891 ,  892 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 29 and 33 , the antenna assembly  800  includes a connector  897  for connecting a coaxial cable to the antenna assembly  800 . Alternative embodiments may include different types of connectors. 
     The antenna assemblies  300  ( FIGS. 14 and 15 ),  400  ( FIG. 16 ), and  800  ( FIGS. 26 through 42 ) do not include any reflector. In some embodiments, the antenna assemblies  300 ,  400 ,  800  are configured to provide good VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) without a reflector. In other embodiments, however, the antenna assemblies  300 ,  400 ,  800  may include a reflector, such as reflector identical or similar to a reflector disclosed herein (e.g.,  108  ( FIG. 1 ),  208  ( FIG. 13 ),  508  ( FIG. 17 ),  608  ( FIG. 19 ),  708  ( FIG. 21 ),  908  ( FIG. 43 ),  1008  ( FIG. 48 ) or other suitably configured reflector. 
     The antenna assemblies  300 ,  400 ,  800  may be operable and configured similar to the antenna assemblies  100  and  200  in at least some embodiments thereof. The illustrated circular shapes of the supports  388 ,  488 ,  888  are only exemplary embodiments. The support  388 ,  488 ,  888  may have many shapes (e.g. square, hexagonal, etc.). Removing a reflector may result in an antenna with less gain but wider bi-directional pattern, which may be advantageous for some situations where the signal strength level is high and from various directions. 
     Other exemplary embodiments of antenna assemblies for mounting outdoors are illustrated in  FIGS. 17 through 19 .  FIGS. 17 and 18  show an antenna assembly  500  having a tapered loop antenna element  504 , a printed circuit board balun  512 , and a support  588 , where the antenna assembly  500  is mounted outdoors to a vertical mast or pole  592 .  FIG. 19  shows an antenna assembly  600  having two tapered loop antenna elements  604 A and  604 B and a support  688 , where the antenna assembly  600  is mounted outdoors to a vertical mast or pole  692 . In various embodiments, the supports  588  and/or  688  may be nonconvertible or rotatably convertible in a manner substantially similar to the support  888 . 
     The antenna assemblies  500  and  600  include reflectors  508  and  608 . Unlike the generally solid planar surface of reflectors  108  and  208 , the reflectors  508  and  608  have a grill or mesh surface  560  and  660 . The reflector  508  also includes two perimeter flanges  564 . The reflector  608  includes two perimeter flanges  664 . A mesh reflector is generally preferred for outdoor applications to reduce wind loading. With outdoor uses, size is generally less important such that the mesh reflector may be made somewhat larger than the equivalent indoor models to compensate for the inefficiency of the mesh. The increased size of the mesh reflector also removes or reduces the need for a baffle, which is generally more important on indoor models that tend to be at about the limit of the size versus performance curves. 
     Any of the various embodiments disclosed herein (e.g.,  FIGS. 14 through 19 ,  FIGS. 26 through 42 ,  FIGS. 43 through 47 ,  FIGS. 48 through 50 , etc.) may include one or more components (e.g., balun, reflector, etc.) similar to components of antenna assembly  100 . In addition, any of the various disclosed herein may be operable and configured similar to the antenna assembly  100  in at least some embodiments thereof. 
     According to some embodiments, an antenna element for signals in the very high frequency (VHF) range (e.g., 170 Megahertz to 216 Megahertz, etc.) may be less circular in shape but still based on an underlying electrical geometry of antenna elements disclosed herein. A VHF antenna element, for example, may be configured to provide electrical paths of more than one length along an inner and outer periphery of the antenna element. The proper combination of such an element with an electrically small reflector may thus result in superior balance of directivity, efficiency, bandwidth, and physical size as what may be achieved in other example antenna assemblies disclosed herein. 
     For example,  FIGS. 21 through 24  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly  700 , which may be used for reception of VHF signals (e.g., signals within a frequency bandwidth of 170 Megahertz to 216 Megahertz, etc.). As shown, the antenna assembly  700  includes an antenna element  704  and a reflector  708 . 
     The antenna element  704  has an outer periphery or perimeter portion  740  and an inner periphery or perimeter portion  744 . The outer periphery or perimeter portion  740  is generally rectangular. The inner periphery or perimeter portion  744  is also generally rectangular. In addition, the antenna element  704  also includes a tuning bar  793  disposed or extending generally between the two side members  794  of the antenna element  704 . The tuning bar  793  is generally parallel with the top member  795  and bottom members  796  of the antenna element  704 . The tuning bar  793  extends across the antenna element  704 , such that the antenna element  704  includes a lower generally rectangular opening  748  and an upper generally rectangular opening  749 . The antenna element  704  further includes spaced-apart end portions  728 . 
     With the tuning bar  793 , the antenna element  704  includes first and second electrical paths of different lengths, where the shorter electrical path includes the tuning bar  793  and the longer electrical path does not. The longer electrical path is defined by an outer loop of the antenna element  704 , which includes the antenna element&#39;s spaced-apart end portions  728 , bottom members  796 , side members  794 , and top member  795 . The shorter electrical path is defined by an inner loop of the antenna element  704 , which includes the antenna element&#39;s spaced-apart end portions  728 , bottom members  796 , portions of the side members  794  (the portions between the tuning bar  793  and bottom members  796 ), and the tuning bar  793 . By a complex coupling theory, the electrical paths defined by the inner and outer loops of the antenna element  704  allow for efficient operation within the VHF bandwidth range of about 170 Megahertz to about 216 Megahertz in some embodiments. With the greater efficiency, the size of the antenna assembly may thus be reduced (e.g., 75% size reduction, etc.) and still provide satisfactory operating characteristics. 
     The tuning bar  793  may be configured (e.g., sized, shaped, located, etc.) so as to provide impedance matching for the antenna element  704 . In some example embodiments, the tuning bar  793  may provide the antenna element  704  with a more closely matched impedance to a 300 ohm transformer. 
     In one particular example, the end portions  728  of the antenna element  704  are spaced apart a distance of about 2.5 millimeters. By way of further example, the antenna element  704  may be configured to have a width (from left to right in  FIG. 22 ) of about 600 millimeters, a height (from top to bottom in  FIG. 22 ) of about 400 millimeters, and have the tuning bar  793  spaced above the bottom members  796  by a distance of about 278 millimeters. A wide range of materials may be used for the antenna element  704 . In one exemplary embodiment, the antenna element  704  is made from aluminum hollow tubing with a ¾ inch by ¾ inch square cross section. In this particular example, the various portions ( 728 ,  793 ,  794 ,  795 ,  796 ) of the antenna element  704  are all formed from the same aluminum tubing, although this is not required for all embodiments. Alternative embodiments may include an antenna element configured differently, such as from different materials (e.g., other materials besides aluminum, antenna elements with portions formed from different materials, etc.), non-rectangular shapes and/or different dimensions (e.g., end portions spaced apart greater than or less than 2.5 millimeters, etc.). For example, some embodiments include an antenna element with end portions spaced apart a distance of between about 2 millimeters to about 5 millimeters. The spaced-apart end portions may define an open slot therebetween that is operable to provide a gap feed for use with a balanced transmission line. 
     With continued reference to  FIGS. 21 through 24 , the reflector  708  includes a grill or mesh surface  760 . The reflector  708  also includes two perimeter flanges  764 . The perimeter flanges  764  may extend outwardly from the mesh surface  760 . In addition, members  797  may be disposed behind the mesh surface  760 , to provide reinforcement to the mesh surface  760  and/or a means for supporting or coupling the mesh surface  760  to a supporting structure. By way of example only, the reflector  708  may be configured to have a width (from left to right in  FIG. 22 ) of about 642 millimeters, a height (from top to bottom in  FIG. 22 ) of about 505 millimeters, and be spaced apart from the antenna element  704  with a distance of about 200 millimeters separating the reflector&#39;s mesh surface  760  from the back surface of the antenna element  704 . Also, by way of example only, the perimeter flanges  764  may be about 23 millimeters long and extend outwardly at an angle of about 120 degrees from the mesh surface  760 . A wide range of material may be used for the reflector  708 . In one exemplary embodiment, the reflector  708  includes vinyl coated steel. Alternative embodiments may include a differently configured reflector (e.g., different material, shape, size, location, etc.), no reflector, or a reflector positioned closer or farther away from the antenna element. 
       FIG. 25  is an exemplary line graph showing computer-simulated directivity and VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) versus frequency (in megahertz) for the antenna assembly  700  according to an exemplary embodiment. 
       FIGS. 43 and 44  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly  900  embodying one or more aspects of the present disclosure. As shown, the antenna assembly  900  includes a tapered loop antenna element  904  and a rotatably convertible support, mount, or stand  988 . 
     The support  988  is rotatably convertible between a first configuration (shown in  FIGS. 43 and 44 ) for supporting the antenna assembly  900  on a horizontal surface and a second configuration for supporting the antenna assembly  900  from a vertical surface. In some embodiments, the antenna assembly  900  may be attached, fastened, or coupled to a surface by using mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws, etc.) inserted within fastener holes  998  and  999  on the bottom ( FIG. 47 ) of the support  988 . The antenna assembly  900  may be attached to a surface using other methods, such as double-sided adhesive tape, etc. Or, the antenna assembly  900  need not be attached to the horizontal surface at all. 
     The support  988  may be similar in structure and operation as the support  888  of antenna assembly  800  described above. For example, the support  988  includes a threaded stem portion  989  ( FIG. 45 ) extending upwardly from the base of the support  988 . The support  988  also includes a threaded opening defined by the upper portion of the support  988 . In other embodiments, this may be reversed such that the base includes threaded opening, and the threaded stem portion extends downwardly from the upper portion of the mount. 
     The support  988  includes stops for retaining the rotatably convertible support  988  in the first or second configuration as described above for support  888 . In this example embodiment, the support  988  include a first stop (e.g., projection, nub, protrusion, protuberance, etc.) configured to be engagingly received within an opening  991  ( FIG. 45 ) for retaining the support  988  in the first configuration ( FIG. 44 ). The support  988  includes a second stop  993  ( FIG. 44 ) (e.g., projection, nub, protrusion, protuberance, etc.) configured to be engagingly received within an opening for retaining the support  988  in the second configuration. In addition to helping retain the support  988  in either the first or second configuration, the stops may also help provide a tactile and/or audible indication to the user to stop rotating the upper or lower portion of the support  988  relative to the other portion. 
     The support  988  further includes a connector  997  for connecting a coaxial cable (e.g., a 75-ohm RG6 coaxial cable fitted with an F-Type connector, etc.) to the antenna assembly  900 . Alternative embodiments may include different types of connectors. 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the rotatably convertible support  988  also includes a slot or groove  909  as shown in  FIG. 46 . The slot or groove  909  is configured for receiving a lower portion of a reflector  908  therein for mounting the reflector  908  to the support  988  without requiring any mechanical fastener or other mounting means. As shown in  FIGS. 43 and 44 , a reflector  908  may be mounted in the slot  909  when the support  988  is in the first configuration for supporting the antenna assembly  900  on a horizontal surface. When mounted in the slot  909 , the reflector  908  is spaced apart from the tapered loop antenna element  904  as shown in  FIG. 44 . 
     The reflector  908  comprises a grill or mesh surface  960  having two perimeter flanges or sidewalls  964  extending outwardly (e.g., at oblique angles, etc.) from the mesh surface  960 . In use, the reflector  908  is operable for reflecting electromagnetic waves generally towards the tapered loop antenna element  904  and generally affecting impedance bandwidth and directionality. In alternative embodiments, reflectors having other configurations may be used, such as a reflector with a solid planar surface (e.g., reflector  108 ,  208 , etc.). In other exemplary embodiments, the antenna assembly  900  may not include any reflector  908 . 
     With the exception of the reflector  908  and the base  988  having the slot  909 , the antenna assembly  900  may include one or more components similar to components described above for antenna assembly  800 . In addition, the antenna assembly  900  may be operable and configured similar to the antenna assembly  100  in at least some embodiments thereof. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the antenna assembly  900  may be configured to have, provide and/or operate with one or more of (but not necessarily any or all of) the following features. For example, the antenna assembly  900  may be configured to operate with a range of 30+ miles with a peak gain (UHF) of 8.25 dBi, and consistent gain throughout the entire UHF DTV channel spectrum. The antenna assembly  900  may provide great performance regardless of whether it is indoors, outdoors, or in an attic. The antenna assembly  900  may be dimensionally small with a length of 12 inches, width of 12 inches, and depth of 5 inches. The antenna assembly  900  may have an efficient, compact design that offers excellent gain and impedance matching across the entire post  2009  UHF DTV spectrum and with good directivity at all UHF DTV frequencies with a peak gain of 8.25 dBi. 
       FIGS. 48 and 49  illustrate an exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly  1000  embodying one or more aspects of the present disclosure. As shown, the antenna assembly  1000  includes two tapered loop antenna elements  1004  (e.g., in a figure eight configuration, etc.) and a support  1088 . 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the two loops  1004  are arranged one opposite to the other such that a gap is maintained between each pair of opposite spaced apart end portions of each loop  1004 . The gap or open slot may be used to provide a gap feed for use with a balanced transmission line. In operation, this gap feed configuration allows the vertical going electrical current components to effectively cancel each other out such that antenna assembly  1000  has relatively pure H polarization at the passband frequencies and exhibits very low levels of cross polarized signals. 
     The antenna assembly  1000  also includes a reflector  1008  having a grill or mesh surface  1060 . Two perimeter flanges or sidewalls  1064  extend outwardly (e.g., at an oblique angle, etc.) from the mesh surface  1060 . In use, the reflector  1008  is operable for reflecting electromagnetic waves generally towards the tapered loop antenna element  1004  and generally affecting impedance bandwidth and directionality. In alternative embodiments, reflectors having other configurations may be used, such as a reflector with a solid planar surface (e.g., reflector  108 ,  208 , etc.). In still other exemplary embodiments, the antenna assembly  1000  may not include any reflector  1008 . 
     In this exemplary embodiment, the antenna assembly  1000  also includes a dipole  1006 . The dipole  1006  may be fed from the center and include two conductors or dipole antenna elements  1007  (e.g., rods, etc.). The dipole antenna elements  1007  extend outwardly relative to the tapered loop antenna elements  1004 . In this illustrated embodiment, the dipole antenna elements  1007  extend laterally outward from respective left and right sides of the antenna assembly  1000 . The dipole  1006  is configured so as to allow the antenna assembly  1000  to operate across a VHF frequency range from about 174 megahertz to about 216 megahertz. The double tapered loop antenna elements  1004  allows the antenna assembly  1000  to also operate across a UHF frequency range from about 470 megahertz to about 806. Accordingly, the antenna assembly  1000  is specifically configured for reception (e.g., tuned and/or targeted, etc.) across the UHF/VHF DTV channel spectrum of frequencies. With the exception of the dipole  1006 , the antenna assembly  1000  may include one or more components similar to components described above for double tapered loop antenna assembly  600 . In addition, the antenna assembly  1000  may include an impedance 75 Ohm output F connection. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the antenna assembly  1000  may be configured to have, provide and/or operate with one or more of (but not necessarily any or all of) the following features. For example, the antenna assembly  1000  may be configured to operate within both a VHF frequency range from 174 MHz to 216 MHz (Channels 7-13) and a UHF 470 MHz to 806 MHz (Channels 14-69). The antenna assembly  1000  may have a range of 50+ miles with a generous beam width of 70 degrees, a peak gain (UHF) of 10.4 dBi at 670 MHz, a peak gain (VHF) of 3.1 dBi at 216 MHz, VSWR 3.0 max for UHF and VHF, and consistent gain throughout the entire UHF/VHF DTV channel spectrum. The antenna assembly  1000  may provide great performance regardless of whether it is indoors, outdoors, or in an attic. The antenna assembly  1000  may be dimensionally small with a length of 20 inches, width of 35.5 inches, and depth of 6.5 inches. The antenna assembly  1000  may be configured to have improved performance for weak VHF stations and be operable as a broadband antenna without performance compromises. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the antenna assembly  1000  includes an integrated diplexer that allows the specially tuned HDTV elements to be combined without performance degradation. The diplex in this example comprises an integrated UHF balun diplexer internal to the UHF antenna, e.g., within the support  1088 . Traditional multiband antennas are inherently compromised in that up to 90% of the television signal can be lost through impedance mismatches and phase cancellation when signals from their disparate elements are combined. After recognizing this failing of traditional multiband antennas, the inventors hereof developed and included a unique network feed in their antenna assembly  1000 , which network feed is able to combine the UHF and VHF signals without the losses mentioned above. For example, the antenna assembly  1000  may deliver 98% of signal reception to a digital tuner rather than being lost through impedance mismatches and phase cancellation. 
     In  FIG. 50 , the antenna assembly  1000  is shown mounted to a mast or mounting pole  1092  for free-standing indoor use according to an exemplary embodiment. By way of example, the mounting pole  1092  may be generally J-shaped and have a length of about 20 inches. The mounting pole  1092  is shown secured to a mounting bracket via bolts. In alternative embodiments, the antenna assembly  1000  may be mounted differently indoors, outdoors, in an attic, etc. 
       FIGS. 51 through 57  illustrate performance technical data for the antenna assembly  1000  shown in  FIG. 48 . The computer-simulated performance data was obtained using a state-of-the-art simulator with the following assumptions of a perfect electrical conductor (PEC), free space, no balun included, and 300 ohm line transmission line reference. The data and results shown in  FIGS. 51 through 57  are provided only for purposes of illustration and not for purposes of limitation. Accordingly, an antenna assembly may be configured to have operational parameters substantially as shown in any one or more of  FIGS. 51 through 57 , or it may be configured to have different operational parameters depending, for example, on the particular application and signals to be received by the antenna assembly. 
     As shown by the test data, the antenna assembly  1000  had a peak gain (UHF) of 10.4 dBi at 670 MHz, a peak gain (VHF) of 3.1 dBi at 216 MHz, and a maximum VSWR of 3.0 for both UHF and VHF. Notably, the antenna assembly had consistent gain throughout the entire UHF/VHF DTV channel spectrum. 
     Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure include antenna assemblies that may be scalable to any number of (one or more) antenna elements depending, for example, on the particular end-use, signals to be received or transmitted by the antenna assembly, and/or desired operating range for the antenna assembly. By way of example only, another exemplary embodiment of an antenna assembly includes four tapered loop antenna elements, which are collectively operable for improving the overall range of the antenna assembly. 
     Other embodiments relate to methods of making and/or using antenna assemblies. Various embodiments relate to methods of receiving digital television signals, such as high definition television signals within a frequency range of about 174 megahertz to about 216 megahertz and/or a frequency range of about 470 megahertz to about 690 megahertz. In one example embodiment, a method generally includes connecting at least one communication link from an antenna assembly to a television for communicating signals to the television that are received by the antenna assembly. In this method embodiment, the antenna assembly (e.g.,  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , etc.) may include at least one antenna element (e.g.,  104 ,  204 ,  304 ,  504 ,  604 ,  704 ,  804 ,  904 , etc.). The antenna assembly may include at least one reflector element (e.g.,  108 ,  208 ,  508 ,  608 ,  708 ,  908 ,  1008 , etc.). In some embodiments, there may be a free-standing antenna element without any reflector element, where the free-standing antenna element may provide good impedance bandwidth, but low directivity for very compact solutions that work in high signal areas. In another example, a method may include rotating a portion of a support (e.g., support  888 ,  988 , etc.) to a first or a second configuration, where the support in the first configuration allows an antenna assembly to be supported on a horizontal surface and the support in the second configuration allows the antenna assembly to be supported on a vertical surface. 
     The antenna assembly may be operable for receiving high definition television signals having a frequency range of about 470 megahertz and about 690 megahertz. The antenna element may have a generally annular shape with an opening (e.g.,  148 , etc.). The antenna element (along with reflector size, baffle, and spacing) may be tuned to at least one electrical resonant frequency for operating within a bandwidth ranging from about 470 megahertz to about 690 megahertz. The reflector element may be spaced-apart from the antenna element for reflecting electromagnetic waves generally towards the antenna element and generally affecting impedance bandwidth and directionality. The antenna element may include spaced-apart first and second end portions (e.g.,  128 , etc.), a middle portion (e.g.,  126 , etc.), first and second curved portions (e.g.,  150 ,  152 , etc.) extending from the respective first and second end portions to the middle portion such that the antenna element&#39;s annular shape and opening are generally circular. The first and second curved portions may gradually increase in width from the respective first and second end portions to the middle portion such that the middle portion is wider than the first and second end portions and such that an outer diameter of the antenna element is offset from a diameter of the generally circular opening. The first curved portion may be a mirror image of the second curved portion. A center of the generally circular opening may be offset from a center of the generally circular annular shape of the antenna element. The reflector element may include a baffle (e.g.,  164 , etc.) for deflecting electromagnetic waves. The baffle may be located at least partially along at least one perimeter edge portion of the reflector element. The reflector element may include a substantially planar surface (e.g.,  160 , etc.) that is substantially parallel with the antenna element, and at least one sidewall portion (e.g.,  164 , etc.) extending outwardly relative to the substantially planar surface generally towards the tapered loop antenna element. In some embodiments, the reflector element includes sidewall portions along perimeter edge portions of the reflector element, which are substantially perpendicular to the substantially planar surface of the reflector element, whereby the sidewall portions are operable as a baffle for deflecting electromagnetic wave energy. 
     Embodiments of an antenna assembly disclosed herein may be configured to provide one or more of the following advantages. For example, embodiments disclosed herein may provide antenna assemblies that are physically and electrically small but still capable of operating and behaving similar to physically larger and electrically larger antenna assemblies. Exemplary embodiments disclosed may provide antenna assemblies that are relatively small and unobtrusive, which may be used indoors for receiving signals (e.g., signals associated with digital television (of which high definition television signals are a subset), etc.). By way of further example, exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may be specifically configured for reception (e.g., tuned and/or targeted, etc.) for use with the year 2009 digital television (DTV) spectrum of frequencies (e.g., HDTV signals within a first frequency range of about 174 megahertz and about 216 megahertz and signals within a second frequency range of about 470 megahertz and about 690 megahertz, etc.). Exemplary embodiments disclosed herein may thus be relatively highly efficient (e.g., about 90 percent, about 98 percent at 545 MHz, etc.) and have relatively good gain (e.g., about eight dBi maximum gain, excellent impedance curves, flat gain curves, relatively even gain across the 2009 DTV spectrum, relatively high gain with only about 25.4 centimeter by about 25.4 centimeter footprint, etc.). With such relatively good efficiency and gain, high quality television reception may be achieved without requiring or needing amplification of the signals received by some exemplary antenna embodiments. Additionally, or alternatively, exemplary embodiments may also be configured for receiving VHF and/or UHF signals. 
     Exemplary embodiments of antenna assemblies (e.g.,  100 ,  200 ,  300 ,  400 ,  500 ,  600 ,  700 ,  800 ,  900 ,  1000 , etc.) have been disclosed herein as being used for reception of digital television signals, such as HDTV signals. Alternative embodiments, however, may include antenna elements tuned for receiving non-television signals and/or signals having frequencies not associated with HDTV. Other embodiments may be used for receiving AM/FM radio signals, UHF signals, VHF signals, etc. Thus, embodiments of the present disclosure should not be limited to receiving only television signals having a frequency or within a frequency range associated with digital television or HDTV. Antenna assemblies disclosed herein may alternatively be used in conjunction with any of a wide range of electronic devices, such as radios, computers, etc. Therefore, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited to use with only televisions and signals associated with television. 
     Numerical dimensions and specific materials disclosed herein are provided for illustrative purposes only. The particular dimensions and specific materials disclosed herein are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, as other embodiments may be sized differently, shaped differently, and/or be formed from different materials and/or processes depending, for example, on the particular application and intended end use. 
     Certain terminology is used herein for purposes of reference only, and thus is not intended to be limiting. For example, terms such as “upper”, “lower”, “above”, “below”, “upward”, “downward”, “forward”, and “rearward” refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made. Terms such as “front”, “back”, “rear”, “bottom” and “side”, describe the orientation of portions of the component within a consistent, but arbitrary, frame of reference which is made clear by reference to the text and the associated drawings describing the component under discussion. Such terminology may include the words specifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. Similarly, the terms “first”, “second” and other such numerical terms referring to structures do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. 
     When introducing elements or features and the exemplary embodiments, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of such elements or features. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements or features other than those specifically noted. It is further to be understood that the method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed. 
     Disclosure of values and ranges of values for specific parameters (such frequency ranges, etc.) are not exclusive of other values and ranges of values useful herein. It is envisioned that two or more specific exemplified values for a given parameter may define endpoints for a range of values that may be claimed for the parameter. For example, if Parameter X is exemplified herein to have value A and also exemplified to have value Z, it is envisioned that parameter X may have a range of values from about A to about Z. Similarly, it is envisioned that disclosure of two or more ranges of values for a parameter (whether such ranges are nested, overlapping or distinct) subsume all possible combination of ranges for the value that might be claimed using endpoints of the disclosed ranges. For example, if parameter X is exemplified herein to have values in the range of 1-10, or 2-9, or 3-8, it is also envisioned that Parameter X may have other ranges of values including 1-9, 1-8, 1-3, 1-2, 2-10, 2-8, 2-3, 3-10, and 3-9. 
     The description of the disclosure is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the disclosure are intended to be within the scope of the disclosure. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.