Patent Publication Number: US-2007119323-A1

Title: Method of on-press developing high speed laser sensitive lithographic printing plate

Description:
RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS  
      This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/057,663 filed Feb. 14, 2005. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      This invention relates to lithographic printing plates. More particularly, it relates to on-press ink and/or fountain solution development of high-speed laser sensitive lithographic plates having on a substrate a photosensitive layer that has limited stability in ambient room light.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Lithographic printing plates (after process) generally consist of ink-receptive areas (image areas) and ink-repelling areas (non-image areas). During printing operation, an ink is preferentially received in the image areas, not in the non-image areas, and then transferred to the surface of a material upon which the image is to be produced. Commonly the ink is transferred to an intermediate material called printing blanket, which in turn transfers the ink to the surface of the material upon which the image is to be produced.  
      At the present time, lithographic printing plates (processed) are generally prepared from lithographic printing plate precursors (also commonly called lithographic printing plates) comprising a substrate and a photosensitive coating deposited on the substrate, the substrate and the photosensitive coating having opposite surface properties. The photosensitive coating is usually a photosensitive material, which solubilizes or hardens upon exposure to an actinic radiation, optionally with further post-exposure overall treatment. In positive-working systems, the exposed areas become more soluble and can be developed to reveal the underneath substrate. In negative-working systems, the exposed areas become hardened and the non-exposed areas can be developed to reveal the underneath substrate. The exposed plate is usually developed with a liquid developer to bare the substrate in the non-hardened or solubilized areas.  
      On-press developable lithographic printing plates have been disclosed in the literature. Such plates can be directly mounted on press after exposure to develop with ink and/or fountain solution during the initial prints and then to print out regular printed sheets. No separate development process before mounting on press is needed. Among the patents describing on-press developable lithographic printing plates are U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,258,263, 5,516,620, 5,561,029, 5,616,449, 5,677,110, 5,811,220, 6,014,929, 6,071,675, and 6,482,571).  
      Conventionally, the plate is exposed with an actinic light (usually an ultraviolet light from a lamp) through a separate photomask film having predetermined image pattern that is placed between the light source and the plate. While capable of providing plate with superior lithographic quality, such a method is cumbersome and labor intensive.  
      Laser sources have been increasingly used to imagewise expose a printing plate which is sensitized to a corresponding laser wavelength. This allows the elimination of the photomask film, reducing material, equipment and labor cost. Suitable lasers include infrared lasers (such as laser diode of about 830 nm and NdYAG laser of about 1064 nm), visible lasers (such as frequency-doubled NdYAG laser of about 532 nm, violet laser diode of about 390-430 nm), and ultraviolet laser (such as ultraviolet laser diode of about 350 to 370 nm). Among them, infrared laser diode, violet laser diode, and ultraviolet laser diode are most attractive. Infrared laser sensitive plates have the advantage of relative white or yellow light stability, violet laser sensitive plates have the advantage of low imager cost due to the low cost of the violet laser diode which is made in mass production for DVD, and ultraviolet laser diode sensitive plates have the advantage of higher sensitivity (requiring less laser dosage) than longer wavelength lasers.  
      Laser sensitive plates generally have higher sensitivity (than conventional film based plate) because of the limited laser power and the desire for fast imaging speed. Accordingly, photosensitive plates designed for laser imaging generally have limited room light stability. For example, before being developed to remove the non-hardened areas, frequency-doubled NdYAG laser sensitive plates usually require red room light for handling, violet laser sensitive plates usually require orange or yellow room light for handling, and infrared laser sensitive photopolymer plates usually require yellow room light for handling and have only limited white light stability (due to, for example, the use of certain initiator which has spectral sensitivity in the ultraviolet region).  
      Such limited room light stability is an inherent barrier for the design and use of on-press developable laser sensitive lithographic plate because the pressrooms are generally equipped with white lights, in addition to the difficulties in designing any on-press developable plate with good press performance (including film based on-press developable plate). Despite of such difficulties, there is a strong desire to develop a high speed laser sensitive on-press developable lithographic plate as well as methods of using it because of its environmental and economic benefits.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      According to the present invention, there has been provided a method of lithographically printing images on a receiving medium, comprising in order: 
          (a) providing a lithographic printing plate comprising (i) a substrate; and (ii) a photosensitive layer soluble or dispersible in ink and/or fountain solution and capable of hardening upon exposure to a laser having a wavelength selected from 200 to 1200 nm;     (b) imagewise exposing said plate with said laser to cause hardening of the photosensitive layer in the exposed areas;     (c) developing said exposed plate with ink and/or fountain solution on a lithographic press to remove the non-hardened areas of the photosensitive layer; and     (d) lithographically printing images from said plate to the receiving medium;     (e) wherein at least a portion of the on-press development (step c) is performed with the plate under a yellow-red light, under a lighting that contains substantially no radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm, or in substantial darkness.        

      Preferably at least 90% (in terms of time) of said step (c) is performed under a yellow-red light; and at least a portion (in terms of time), preferably at least 90%, of said step (d) is performed under white light or under a lighting with substantial radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm. More preferably, at least 99% of said step (c) is performed under a yellow-red light and at least 99% of said step (d) is performed under white light. Most preferably all said step (c) is performed under a yellow-red light, and all said step (d) is performed under white light.  
      The controlled lighting (including yellow-red light) allows handling and on-press developing the plate without causing undesirable hardening in the laser-non-exposed areas and the yellow-red light also allows the operator to handle the plate and operate the machines before and during on-press development with reasonable lighting (although not full lighting); while the white light during printing allows the operator to inspect the printed sheets under normal lighting.  
      According to another aspect of the current invention, the above steps (c) and (d) are performed in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least a portion (in terms of time) of step (c), and the white light source is on (with the yellow-red light source off or on, preferably off) during at least a portion (in terms of time) of step (d). Preferably, the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of step (c), and the white light source is on during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of step (d). Further preferably, the yellow-red light source is turned on and the white light source is turned off at or before the start of step (c), and the white light source is then turned on (with or without the yellow-red light being turned off) around the end of step (c).  
      According to yet another aspect of the current invention, the above press and the exposure device are in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least a portion (in terms of time) of steps (b) and (c), and the white light source is on (with the yellow-red light source off or on, preferably off) during at least a portion of step (d). Preferably, the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of steps (b) and (c), and the white light source is on during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of step (d). Further preferably, the yellow-red light source is turned on and the white light source is turned off at or before the start of step (b), and the white light source is then turned on (with or without the yellow-red light being turned off) around the end of step (c).  
      According to further another aspect of the current invention, the above plate is exposed with said laser while mounted on the above press, and the above press is in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least a portion (in terms of time) of steps (b) and (c), and the white light source is on (with the yellow-red light source off or on, preferably off) during at least a portion of step (d). Preferably, the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of steps (b) and (c), and the white light source is on during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of step (d). Further preferably, the yellow-red light source is turned on and the white light source is turned off before mounting the plate on press (a step before step b), and the white light source is then turned on (with or without the yellow-red light being turned off) around the end of step (c).  
      Preferably the above pressroom is under a lighting that is at least 10 times weaker than normal office lighting, under a weak yellow-red light (such as from yellow-red filtering windows), or in substantial darkness, more preferably in substantial darkness, when both the yellow-red light and white light sources are off.  
      At least the hardened areas of the photosensitive layer (at least after on-press development) exhibits an affinity or aversion substantially opposite to the affinity or aversion of said substrate to at least one printing liquid selected from the group consisting of ink and an abhesive fluid for ink. Preferably, the photosensitive layer exhibits an affinity or aversion substantially opposite to the affinity or aversion of said substrate both before and after laser exposure. More preferably, the photosensitive layer is oleophilic (and hydrophobic) and the substrate is hydrophilic.  
      The laser used in this invention can be any laser with a wavelength selected from 200 to 1200 nm (including ultraviolet, visible, or infrared laser), preferably an infrared laser (750 to 1200 nm) or a violet or ultraviolet laser (200 to 430 nm), more preferably a violet or ultraviolet laser (200 to 430 nm), most preferably a violet laser (390 to 430 nm). The plate can be imagewise exposed with a laser on a plate exposure device and then transferred to a lithographic press for on-press development with ink and/or fountain solution by rotating the plate cylinder and engaging ink and/or fountain solution roller. The developed plate can then directly print images to the receiving sheets (such as paper). Alternatively, the plate can be imagewise exposed with the laser on a lithographic press, on-press developed on the same press cylinder with ink and/or fountain solution, and then directly print inked images to the receiving sheets. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS  
      The term yellow-red light means a yellow light, a red light, or any light with color between yellow and red, such as an orange light; the yellow-red light preferably contains no substantial radiation with wavelengths below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm. Suitable yellow-red light includes a light that is from a fluorescent or incandescent lamp that is covered with a filter that cuts off substantially all (preferably all) of the radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm. Such a cut off wavelength can be 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 or 650 nm, or any wavelength between 400 and 650 nm, depending on the spectral sensitivity of the plate. Preferably, the yellow-red light contains no substantial radiation below 450 nm, more preferably no substantial radiation below 500 nm, and most preferably no substantial radiation below 530 nm. Various yellow-red lamps are commercially available (such as from EncapSulite International Inc. and General Electric), and can be used for the instant invention.  
      The white light can be a regular fluorescent light, a regular incandescent light, sunlight, any regular office light, or any light with broad spectrum over at least the whole visible region (about 380 to 750 nm). A white light (such as from an office fluorescent lamp) with addition of a yellow-red light (such as from an yellow light lamp) is also considered a white light in this invention, because such light has broad spectrum over the whole visible region. Preferred white light is a regular fluorescent light and regular incandescent light, with or without addition of sunlight from the windows. More preferred white light is a regular fluorescent light.  
      In this invention, the term “substantial darkness” or “no substantial radiation” means a lighting (including darkness) with lower than 1% of the light intensity for all wavelengths for a 100-watt regular tungsten incandescent lamp (also called tungsten lamp or incandescent lamp) at a distance of 2 meters. The term “substantially no radiation below a wavelength” means the intensity of the radiation below that wavelength is lower than 1% of the radiation below that wavelength for a 100-watt tungsten lamp at 2 meters. The term “substantial radiation” means the light intensity is higher than 1% of the radiation for a 100-watt tungsten lamp at 2 meters. The term “substantial radiation for certain wavelengths” means the light intensity for such wavelengths is higher than 1% of a 100-watt tungsten lamp at 2 meters for such wavelengths. The term “substantially light-tight” means that less than 1% of light can pass through. The term “substantially all” or “substantially the entire” means at least 99% of all.  
      The lithographic printing plate of this invention is imagewise exposed with a laser having a wavelength selected from 200 to 1200 nm, and then mounted on the plate cylinder of a lithographic press to be developed with ink and/or fountain solution. At least a portion (by time) of the on-press development is performed with the plate under a yellow-red light, or under a lighting that contains substantially no radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm, or in substantial darkness. Preferably at least 90% (in terms of time), more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of the on-press development is performed under a yellow-red light.  
      After on-press development, the plate directly prints inked images to the receiving medium (such as paper). At least a portion of such printing is under white light or a lighting with substantial radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm. Preferably at least a portion (in terms of time), more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of the printing is performed under white light.  
      The plate can be imagewise exposed with a laser on an imaging device off press or on press. For on-press imaging, the plate is preferably mounted on the plate cylinder of the press. At least a portion (by time) of the laser exposure is performed with the plate under a yellow-red light, under a lighting that contains substantially no radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm, or in substantial darkness. Preferably at least 90% (in terms of time), more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all of the on-press laser exposure is performed under a yellow-red light.  
      For off-press laser exposure, the exposed plate can be further heated to 50 to 200° C. for 1 to 600 seconds, preferably 70 to 150° C. for 1 to 300 seconds, to further harden the photosensitive layer in the exposed areas without causing hardening in the non-exposed areas before mounting on press for development with ink and/or fountain solution. The plate is preferably under a yellow-red light, under a lighting that contains substantially no radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm, or in substantial darkness during at least a portion (in terms of time), preferably substantially all and more preferably all, of such heat treatment.  
      For off-press laser exposure of a plate with a water soluble or dispersible overcoat, the exposed plate can be rinsed with water or an aqueous solution to remove the overcoat without developing the photosensitive layer before mounting on press for development with ink and/or fountain solution. The plate is preferably under a yellow-red light, under a lighting that contains substantially no radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm, or in substantial darkness during at least a portion (in terms of time), preferably substantially all and more preferably all, of such water rinse.  
      The lighting that contains substantially no radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm (usually as a yellow-red light) allows a reasonable (although not full) working lighting for the operators during laser exposure and/or on-press development without causing hardening of the photosensitive layer at least within limited time. Alternatively, the plate can be handled automatically in substantial darkness, including in a substantially dark room, or in a substantially light-tight box of any shape such as on an exposure device and/or press shielded with covers that prevent substantially all room light from reaching the plate. During the handling before exposure, the plate is preferably under a yellow-red room light for manual loading, or within a substantially light-tight cassette or cartridge for automatically loading onto the exposure device. For off-press laser exposure, during the handling before mounting on press, the exposure device and the press are preferably under a yellow-red room light.  
      One or more central switches can be installed on the press, the exposure device, the walls of the pressroom, and/or other place in the pressroom to switch the yellow-red light source and white light source. The light sources are preferably controlled, at least manually and/or electronically, with at least one controlling center which is capable of switching (i) the yellow-red light source on and the white light source off, (ii) the white light source on and the yellow-red light source off, (iii) both the yellow-red light source and white light source off, or (iv) both the yellow-red light source and white light source on. More preferably, the light controlling center is capable of switching the light sources to one of the three statuses: (i) the yellow-red light source on and the white light source off, (ii) the white light source on and the yellow-red light source off, (iii) both the yellow-red light source and white light source off.  
      It is noted that a yellow-red light source can consist of one or more yellow-red light lamps (such as six 40-watt fluorescent lamps with orange covers installed on the pressroom ceiling controlled with a switch), and a white light source can consist of one or more white light lamps (such as eight 40-watt regular fluorescent lamps installed on the pressroom ceiling controlled with a switch).  
      The pressroom has no or only limited openings or windows so that no or only limited light enters the pressroom. The window can be clear (transparent to all light) or only transparent to a yellow-red light, preferably only transparent to yellow-red light. Preferably less than 1% of any light, or of the light with wavelengths below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm, enters the pressroom from outside. The pressroom is preferably in substantial darkness, under a weak yellow-red lighting (such as from a yellow-red filtering window), or under a lighting that is at least 10 times weaker than normal office lighting, more preferably in substantial darkness, when both the yellow-red light source and the white light source are off.  
      The plates can be packaged in a substantially light-tight (or yellow-red light passing only) cassette (preferably light-tight cassette). The cassette can be connected to the laser exposure device with substantially light-tight (or yellow-red light passing only) covers (preferably light-tight covers) for the plate being exposed. The plate can be automatically transferred to the exposure device for laser exposure. The exposed plate can be transferred to the press for on-press development manually under yellow-red light, or automatically under yellow-red light or in substantial darkness.  
      The plate on the press can be open to the room lighting that is a yellow-red light or in substantial darkness. Preferably, the press is shielded with covers that allow substantially only yellow-red light passing through or substantially no light passing through; this allows white lighting for the pressroom during on-press development.  
      For on-press exposure and development, the plate can be exposed on press before mounting on the plate cylinder (such as exposed with a flatbed laser scanner installed on press), or can be exposed on the plate cylinder. The plate on the press can be open to the room lighting that is a yellow-red light or in substantial darkness. Preferably, the press is shielded with covers that prevent substantially all of the radiation below a wavelength selected from 400 to 650 nm from reaching the plate mounted on the press during exposure and/or on-press development. The plate can be loaded manually under a yellow-red room light. Preferably, the plate is automatically loaded onto the press for on-press exposure and development from a substantially light-tight cassette, under white room lighting. After on-press development, a portion of the covers can be opened so that the plate can be viewed under white light during printing.  
      When the plate is handled, imagewise exposed, and/or on-press developed with ink and/or fountain solution under a yellow-red light or in substantial darkness (but not complete darkness), the operator can wear a pair of night vision goggles or other vision enhancing device so that he or she can see things more clearly without the requirement of full white light.  
      In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the laser exposed plate is on-press developed with ink and/or fountain solution, and then lithographically prints out inked images to the receiving medium (such as paper) in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least a portion (in terms of time) of the on-press development, and the white light source is on (with the yellow-red light off or on, preferably off) during at least a portion (in terms of time) of the lithographic printing. Preferably, the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all (in terms of time) of the on-press development, and the white light source is on during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all (in terms of time) of the lithographic printing. Preferably, the pressroom is in substantial darkness when both the yellow-red light source and the white light source are off.  
      In another preferred embodiment of this invention, both the laser exposure device and the lithographic press are in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least a portion (in terms of time) of the laser exposure and on-press development, and the white light source is on (with the yellow-red light off or on, preferably off) during at least a portion (in terms of time) of the lithographic printing. Preferably, the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all (in terms of time) of the laser exposure and on-press development, and the white light source is on during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all (in terms of time) of the lithographic printing.  
      In a third preferred embodiment of this invention, the plate is imagewise exposed with a laser on a lithographic press in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least a portion (in terms of time) of the laser exposure and on-press development, and the white light source is on (with the yellow-red light off or on, preferably off) during at least a portion (in terms of time) of the lithographic printing. Preferably, the yellow-red light source is on and the white light source is off during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all (in terms of time) of the laser exposure and on-press development, and the white light source is on during at least 90%, more preferably at least 99%, and most preferably all (in terms of time) of the lithographic printing.  
      In a fourth preferred embodiment of this invention, the lithographic press is in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is turned on and the white light source is turned off at or before the start of the on-press development, and the white light source is then turned on (with or without the yellow-red light being turned off) around the end of on-press development. Preferably, the yellow-red light source is turned off when the white light source is turned on.  
      In a fifth preferred embodiment of this invention, both the exposure device and the lithographic press are in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is turned on and the white light source is turned off at or before the start of the laser exposure, and the white light source is then turned on (with or without the yellow-red light being turned off) around the end of on-press development. Preferably, the yellow-red light source is turned off when the white light source is turned on.  
      In a sixth preferred embodiment of this invention, the lithographic press is in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; the yellow-red light source is on during all the operations of the press; and the white light source is turned off at or before the start of the on-press development, and is then turned on around the end of on-press development. Preferably, the white light source is turned off at or before the start of the laser exposure, if the laser exposure is also in the pressroom.  
      In a seventh preferred embodiment of this invention, the light sources are controlled at least from (i) the exposure device which is capable of automatically turning off the white light source, if it is on, and turning on the yellow-red light source, if it is off, after setting up and until at least completing a laser exposure job; and (ii) the press which is capable of automatically turning on the white light source (with or without turning off the yellow-red light source, preferably with turning off the yellow light source) after starting the press (to rotate the cylinders) for 1 to 600 rotations of the plate cylinder or for 1 to 600 seconds. If the exposure device has a job in the queue, is exposing a plate, or has an exposed plate on it waiting to be removed, the light switching function of the press will postpone until the exposure device finishes the job and the exposed plate on the exposure device has been removed for 0 to 600 seconds. Preferably, the yellow-red light source is turned on and the white light source is turned off at or before the start of on-press development, and the white light source is turned on (with or without the yellow-red light source being turned off, preferably with the yellow-red light source being turned off) at the end of or during on-press development or during lithographic printing, more preferably around the end of on-press development.  
      In an eighth preferred embodiment of this invention, the plate is imagewise exposed on a press and then developed with ink and/or fountain solution on the same press, in a pressroom having a yellow-red light source and a white light source; and the light sources are controlled at least from the press which (i) is capable of automatically turning off the white light source, if it is on, and turning on the yellow-red light source, if it is off, after setting up a laser exposure job and until completing the laser exposure and then engaging the fountain roller and/or the ink roller to the plate cylinder for 1 to 600 rotations of the plate cylinder or for 1 to 600 seconds; and (ii) is capable of automatically turning on the white light source (with or without turning off the yellow-red light source, preferably with turning off the yellow-red light source) after starting the press (to rotate the cylinders) for 1 to 600 rotations of the plate cylinder or for 1 to 600 seconds. Preferably, the yellow-red light source is turned on and the white light source is turned off at or before the start of on-press laser exposure (more preferably before mounting the plate on press), and the white light source is turned on (with or without the yellow-red light source being turned off, preferably with the yellow-red light source being turned off) at the end of or during on-press development or during lithographic printing, more preferably around the end of on-press development.  
      In a ninth preferred embodiment of this invention, there are one or more presses and one or more exposure devices in a pressroom; and the light sources are controlled at least from (i) the exposure devices each of which is capable of automatically turning off the white light source, if it is on, and turning on the yellow-red light source, if it is off, after setting up and until at least completing a laser exposure job; and (ii) the presses each of which is capable of automatically turning on the white light source after starting the press for 1 to 600 rotations of the plate cylinder or for 1 to 600 seconds; wherein if any of the exposure devices has a job in the queue, is exposing a plate, or has an exposed plate on it waiting to be removed, the light switching function (to turn on the white light) of the presses will postpone until the exposure device finishes the job and the exposed plate on the exposure device has been removed for 0 to 600 seconds.  
      In a tenth preferred embodiment of this invention, the plate can be imagewise exposed with a laser on a press, developed with ink and/or fountain solution on the same press, and then lithographically print inked images to the receiving medium (such as paper); wherein the press is shielded with covers to block off substantially all of the room light or of the below-450 nm portion of the room light from reaching the plate mounted on said press during at least a portion (preferably substantially all) of the on-press exposure and development, and at least a part of said covers is opened during at least a portion (preferably substantially all) of the lithographic printing. The plate can be mounted onto the press for laser exposure, on-press development and lithographic printing, manually or automatically, preferably automatically from a substantially light-tight cassette or cartridge.  
      The lithographic printing plate suitable for the instant invention comprises on a substrate a photosensitive layer; wherein said photosensitive layer is soluble or dispersible in ink (for waterless plate) or in ink and/or fountain solution (for wet plate) and capable of hardening upon exposure to a laser, and at least the hardened areas of said photosensitive layer exhibits an affinity or aversion substantially opposite to the affinity or aversion of said substrate to at least one printing liquid selected from the group consisting of ink and an abhesive fluid for ink. Here, the photosensitive layer can have the same affinity or aversion as the substrate and change to opposite affinity or aversion upon laser exposure, with or without further treatment such as contacting with ink and/or fountain solution, (with phase change); or can have opposite affinity or aversion to the substrate both before and after laser exposure (no phase change). Preferably, said photosensitive layer exhibits an affinity or aversion substantially opposite to the affinity or aversion of said substrate (no phase change, including waterless plate and wet plate). More preferably, said photosensitive layer is oleophilic (and hydrophobic) and said substrate is hydrophilic (wet plate). An abhesive fluid for ink is a fluid that repels ink; fountain solution is the most commonly used abhesive fluid for ink. An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat can be further coated on said photosensitive layer.  
      Usually, as for most printing plates described in the literature, the photosensitive layer exhibits an affinity or aversion substantially opposite to the affinity or aversion of the substrate to at least one printing liquid selected from the group consisting of ink and an abhesive fluid for ink, and does not switch its affinity or aversion upon laser exposure. However, certain photosensitive layer exhibits substantially the same affinity or aversion as the substrate and is capable of switching to opposite affinity or aversion upon exposure to an actinic radiation (with or without further treatment such as on-press development), as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,331,375, 5,910,395, 6,720,464, and 6,136,503. Both non-phase-switchable photosensitive layer and phase-switchable photosensitive layer can be used for the current invention. Preferred is a non-phase-switchable photosensitive layer (coated on a substrate with opposite affinity or aversion). More preferred is an oleophilic photosensitive layer (coated on a hydrophilic substrate).  
      The substrate employed in the lithographic plates of this invention can be any lithographic support. Such a substrate may be a metal sheet, a polymer film, or a coated paper. Aluminum (including aluminum alloy) sheet is a preferred metal support. Particularly preferred is an aluminum support that has been grained and anodized (with or without deposition of a barrier layer). Polyester film is a preferred polymeric film support. A surface coating may be coated to achieve desired surface properties. For wet plate, the substrate should have a hydrophilic or oleophilic surface, depending on the surface properties of the photosensitive layer; commonly, a wet lithographic plate has a hydrophilic substrate and an oleophilic photosensitive layer. For waterless plate, the substrate should have an oleophilic or oleophobic surface, depending on the surface properties of the photosensitive layer.  
      Particularly suitable hydrophilic substrate for a wet lithographic plate is an aluminum support that has been grained and anodized; such a substrate is preferably further deposited with a hydrophilic barrier layer. Surface graining (or roughening) can be achieved by mechanical graining or brushing, chemical etching, and/or AC electrochemical graining. The roughened surface can be further anodized to form a durable aluminum oxide surface using an acid electrolyte such as sulfuric acid and/or phosphoric acid. The roughened and anodized aluminum surface can be further thermally or electrochemically coated with a layer of silicate or hydrophilic polymer such as polyvinyl phosphonic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polybasic organic acid, copolymers of vinyl phosphonic acid and acrylamide to form a durable hydrophilic layer. Polyvinyl phosphonic acid and its copolymers are preferred polymers. Processes for coating a hydrophilic barrier layer on aluminum in lithographic plate application are well known in the art, and examples can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,714,066, 4,153,461, 4,399,021, and 5,368,974. Suitable polymer film supports for a wet lithographic plate include a polymer film coated with a hydrophilic layer, preferably a hydrophilic layer that is crosslinked, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,502.  
      For preparing lithographic printing plates of the current invention, any photosensitive layer is suitable which is capable of hardening upon exposure to a laser having a wavelength selected from 200 to 1200 nm, and is soluble or dispersible in ink and/or fountain solution. Here hardening means becoming insoluble and non-dispersible in ink and/or fountain solution. In this invention, hardening can be achieved through any means, including chemical reactions (such as polymerization, crosslinking, and chemical changes of monomer, polymer or compound) and physical changes (such as coalescence of polymer particles). Preferably, hardening is achieved through chemical reaction (such as polymerization, crosslinking, or chemical change). More preferably, hardening is achieved through crosslinking or polymerization of the resins (polymers and/or monomers). Most preferably, hardening is achieved through polymerization of the monomers. A laser sensitive dye or pigment is usually used in the photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer preferably has a coverage of from 100 to 3000 mg/m 2 , more preferably from 300 to 2000 mg/m 2 , and more preferably from 500 to 1500 mg/m 2 .  
      Photosensitive layers suitable for the current invention may be formulated from various photosensitive materials, usually with addition of a sensitizing dye or pigment. The composition ratios (such as monomer to polymer ratio) are usually different from conventional plates designed for development with a regular liquid developer. Various additives may be added to, for example, allow or enhance on-press developability. Such additives include surfactant, plasticizer, water soluble polymer or small molecule, and ink soluble polymer or small molecule. The addition of nonionic surfactant is especially helpful in making the photosensitive layer dispersible with ink and fountain solution, or emulsion of ink and fountain solution. Various additives useful for conventional photosensitive layer can also be used. These additives include pigment, dye, exposure indicator, and stabilizer.  
      In this patent, the term monomer includes both monomer and oligomer, and the term (meth)acrylate includes both acrylate and methacrylate (A monomer means a monomer or an oligomer, and a (meth)acrylate monomer means an acrylate monomer, a methacrylate monomer, or a monomer with both acrylate and methacrylate groups.). The term “comprises a . . . ” means “comprises at least one . . . ”; for example, the term “comprising a monomer” means “comprising at least one monomer.” 
      Photosensitive materials useful in wet plates of this invention include, for example, photosensitive compositions comprising a polymerizable monomer, an initiator, a sensitizing dye, and optionally a polymer.  
      Photosensitive oleophobic materials useful in waterless plates of this invention include, for example, compositions comprising a monomer having perfluoroalkyl or polysiloxane groups and crosslinkable terminal groups, an initiator, and a sensitizing dye.  
      Infrared laser sensitive (thermosensitive) materials useful for wet lithographic plates of this invention include, for example, thermosensitive compositions comprising a polymerizable monomer, an initiator, an infrared light absorbing dye, and optionally a polymer. Also useful thermosensitive materials are infrared sensitive compositions comprising a crosslinkable polymer and an infrared absorbing dye or pigment. Further useful thermosensitive materials are infrared sensitive compositions comprising a polymer or compound capable of becoming insoluble upon heat and an infrared absorbing dye or pigment. Yet further useful thermosensitive materials are infrared sensitive compositions comprising a polymeric particulate dispersion and an infrared absorbing dye or pigment.  
      Visible or ultraviolet laser sensitive materials useful for wet plates of this invention include, for example, photosensitive compositions comprising a polymerizable monomer, an initiator, a visible or ultraviolet light sensitizing dye, and optionally a polymer. Also useful visible or ultraviolet laser sensitive materials are photosensitive materials comprising a crosslinkable or polymerizable polymeric binder and a visible or ultraviolet laser sensitizing dye, preferably with addition of an initiator.  
      Violet or ultraviolet laser sensitive materials useful as photosensitive layer of this invention include, for example, photosensitive compositions comprising a polymerizable monomer, an initiator, a violet or ultraviolet sensitizing dye, and optionally a polymeric binder; a hydrogen donor is preferably added to accelerate the polymerization. Also useful violet or ultraviolet laser sensitive materials are photosensitive materials comprising a crosslinkable or polymerizable polymeric binder and a violet or ultraviolet laser sensitizing dye, preferably with addition of an initiator.  
      Polymeric binder for the photosensitive layer of this invention can be any solid film-forming polymer. The polymer may or may not have (meth)acrylate groups or other ethylenic groups (such as allyl groups). Examples of suitable polymeric binders include (meth)acrylic polymers and copolymers (such as polybutylmethacrylate, polyethylmethacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, polymethylacrylate, butylmethacrylate/methylmethacrylate copolymer, methylmethacrylate/methylmethacrylic acid copolymer, polyallylmethacrylate, and allylmethacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyrate, polyvinyl chloride, styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer and its partial ester, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer, butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer, and polyurethane binder. Examples of suitable polymers having ethylenic groups include polymers containing (meth)acrylate groups or allyl groups. Polymers having acetoacetate groups, including, for example, the acetoacetylated polymers as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,919,416 and 7,001,958, can also be used as the polymeric binder in the photosensitive layer of this invention. The polymeric binder suitable for the photosensitive layer of this invention has a weight average molecular weight of at least 5,000, preferably from 10,000 to 1,000,000, more preferably from 20,000 to 500,000, and most preferably from 50,000 to 200,000 Dalton. It is noted that polymeric compounds with weight average molecular weight of less that 5,000 can also be added in the photosensitive layer of this invention; however, in order to avoid confusion, such compounds are not considered as polymeric binder and are called oligomer (without or with ethylenic groups) in this application (oligomers having ethylenic groups are also included in the definition of monomers in this application).  
      Suitable free-radical polymerizable monomers (including oligomers) for the instant invention include, for example, multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomers or oligomers, such as (meth)acrylate esters of ethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, ethoxylated ethylene glycol and ethoxylated trimethylolpropane; multifunctional urethanated (meth)acrylate; multifunctional epoxylated (meth)acrylate; oligomeric amine diacrylates; and reaction products of a compound having at least one acetoacetate group and a multifuncitonal (meth)acrylate compound. The monomers can be urethane (meth)acrylate, or non-urethane (meth)acrylate. Combination of both urethane (meth)acrylate and non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomers can be used. Here, urethane (meth)acrylate monomers include any compounds having at least one urethane linkage (—NHCOO—) and at least one (meth)acrylate group; and non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomers include any (meth)acrylate monomers without urethane linkage (—NHCOO—) in the molecule. The monomer for the photosensitive layer of this invention preferably has at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, more preferably at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups, even more preferably at least 5 (meth)acrylate groups, and most preferably at least 6 (meth)acrylate groups. However, monofunctional or difunctional (meth)acrylate monomer can be added into the photosensitive layer having multifunctional (meth)acrylate monomers; the total amount of such monofunctional or difunctional monomers is preferably less than 50% by weight of the total monomers, more preferably less than 30%, and most preferably less than 10%. Acrylate monomer is preferred over methacrylate monomer because of the faster photospeed of acrylate group over methacrylate group. The monomer has a molecular weight of less than 5,000, preferably from 100 to 3,000, more preferably from 200 to 2,000, and most preferably from 300 to 1,500 Dalton.  
      The free radical initiators useful for the photosensitive layer of this invention include any initiators capable of generating free radicals or other activating species to cause polymerization of the monomers upon exposure to a laser having a wavelength selected from 200 to 1200 nm, with or without the presence of a sensitizing dye. Suitable free-radical initiators include, for example, onium salts such as diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, diaryliodonium hexafluorophosphate, diaryliodonium triflate, (4-(2-hydroxytetradecyl-oxy)phenyl)phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, (4-octoxyphenyl)phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate, triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, triarylsulfonium p-toluenesulfonate, (3-phenylpropan-2-onyl)triaryl phosphonium hexafluoroantimonate and N-ethoxy(2-methyl)pyridinium hexafluorophosphate, and the onium salts as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,955,238, 6,037,098 and 5,629,354; borate salts such as tetrabutylammonium triphenyl(n-butyl)borate, tetraethylammonium triphenyl(n-butyl)borate, diphenyliodonium tetraphenylborate, and triphenylsulfonium triphenyl(n-butyl)borate, and the borate salts as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,232,038 and 6,218,076; haloalkyl substituted s-triazines such as 2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-(p-methoxy-styryl)-s-triazine, 2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-(4-methoxy-naphth-1-yl)-s-triazine, 2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-piperonyl-s-triazine, and 2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-6-[(4-ethoxyethylenoxy)-phen-1-yl]-s-triazine, and the s-triazines as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,955,238, 6,037,098, 6,010,824, and 5,629,354; hexaarylbiimidazole compounds such as 2,2′-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-4,4′,5,5′-tetraphenyl-1,1′-biimidazole, 2,2′-bis(2-ethoxyphenyl)-4,4′,5,5′-tetraphenyl-1,1′-biimidazole, 2,2′,4-tris(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4′,5′-diphenyl-1,1′-biimidazole, and 2-(1-naphthyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1,2′-biimidazole; and titanocene compounds such as bis(η 9 -2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)phenyl)titanium. For thermosensitive plate, onium salts, borate salts, and s-triazines are preferred free radical initiators; onium salts and borate salts are more preferred; and onium salts (particularly diaryliodonium salts and triarylsulfonium salts) are most preferred. For violet or ultraviolet plate, hexaarylbiimidazole compounds and titanocene compounds are preferred free radical initiators, and hexaarylbiimidazole compounds are more preferred. One or more initiators can be added in a photosensitive layer. The initiator is added in the photosensitive layer preferably at 0.5 to 40% by weight of the photosensitive layer, more preferably at 2 to 30%, and most preferably at 5 to 20%.  
      Suitable polyfunctional epoxy monomers include, for example, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexymethyl)adipate, difunctional bisphenol A/epichlorohydrin epoxy resin and multifunctional epichlorohydrin/tetraphenylol ethane epoxy resin.  
      Suitable cationic initiators include, for example, triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate, triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate, and haloalkyl substituted s-triazine. It is noted that most cationic initiators are also free radical initiators because, in addition to generating Bronsted acid, they also generate free radicals during photo or thermal decomposition.  
      Infrared absorbers useful in the thermosensitive layer of this invention include any infrared absorbing dye or pigment effectively absorbing an infrared radiation having a wavelength of 700 to 1,500 nm. It is preferable that the dye or pigment having an absorption maximum between the wavelengths of 750 and 1,200 nm. Various infrared absorbing dyes or pigments are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,604, 5,922,502, 6,022,668, 5,705,309, 6,017,677, and 5,677,106, and in the book entitled “Infrared Absorbing Dyes” edited by Masaru Matsuoka, Plenum Press, New York (1990), and can be used in the thermosensitive layer of this invention. Examples of useful infrared absorbing dyes include squarylium, croconate, cyanine (including polymethine), phthalocyanine (including naphthalocyanine), merocyanine, chalcogenopyryloarylidene, oxyindolizine, quinoid, indolizine, pyrylium and metal dithiolene dyes. Cyanine and phthalocyanine dyes are preferred infrared absorbing dyes. Examples of useful infrared absorbing pigments include black pigments, metal powder pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, and carbon black. Carbon black is a preferred infrared absorbing pigment. Mixtures of dyes, pigments, or both can also be used. Infrared absorbing dye is preferred over infrared absorbing pigment because infrared absorbing dye usually has higher absorbing efficiency, gives less visible color, and allows molecular level charge or energy transfer to activate the initiator. The infrared dye or pigment is added in the thermosensitive layer preferably at 0.01 to 30% by weight of the thermosensitive layer, more preferably at 0.1 to 20%, and most preferably at 0.5 to 10%.  
      Visible or ultraviolet sensitizing dyes useful in the visible or ultraviolet sensitive photosensitive layer of this invention include any dyes having a wavelength maximum of from 200 to 600 nm and capable of directly or indirectly causing polymerization of the monomers upon exposure to the corresponding laser. Usually, the visible or ultraviolet dye activates an initiator to cause the polymerization of the monomer upon exposure to a laser. Suitable visible and ultraviolet sensitive dyes include, for example, cyanine dyes (including polymethine dyes); rhodamine compounds such as rhodamine 6G perchloride; chromanone compounds such as 4-diethylaminobenzilidene chromanone; dialkylaminobenzene compounds such as ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate and dialkylaminobenzene; dialkylaminobenzophenone compounds such as 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone, 4,4′-bis(diethylamino)benzophenone, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)benzooxazole, 2-(p-diethylaminophenyl)benzooxazole, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)benzo[4,5]benzooxazole, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)benzo[6,7]benzooxazole, 2,5-bis(p-diethylaminophenyl) 1,3,4-oxazole, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole, 2-(p-diethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)benzimidazole, 2-(p-diethylaminophenyl)benzimidazole, 2,5-bis(p-diethylaminophenyl)1,3,4-thiadiazole, (p-dimethylaminophenyl)pyridine, (p-diethylaminophenyl)pyridine, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)quinoline, 2-(p-diethylaminophenyl)quinoline, 2-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)pyrimidine or 2-(p-diethylaminophenyl)pyrimidine; unsaturated cyclopentanone compounds such as 2,5-bis{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]methylene}-(2E,5E)-(9Cl)-cyclopentanone and bis(methylindolenyl)cyclopentanone; coumarin compounds such as 3-benzoyl-7-methoxy coumarin and 7-methoxy coumarin; and thioxanthene compounds such as 2-isopropylthioxanthenone. Dialkylaminobenzene compounds and bis(dialkylamino)benzophenone compounds are particularly suitable for ultraviolet laser sensitive plate. Bis(dialkylamino)benzophenone compounds are particularly suitable for violet laser sensitive plate. The sensitizing dyes as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,204 and 6,689,537, and U.S. patent application Pub. No. 2003/0186165 can be used for the photosensitive layer of this invention. The visible or ultraviolet sensitizing dye is added in the photosensitive layer preferably at 0.1 to 20% by weight of the photosensitive layer, more preferably 0.5 to 15%, and most preferably 1 to 10%.  
      The photosensitive layer of the present invention may contain one or more hydrogen donors as a polymerization accelerator. Examples of the hydrogen donors include compounds having a mercapto group (also called mercapto compounds) such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-mercaptobenzoxazole and 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole; and N-aryl-α-amino acids, their salts and esters such as N-phenylglycine, salts of N-phenylglycine, and alkyl esters of N-phenylglycine such as N-phenylglycine ethyl ester and N-phenylglycine benzyl ester. Preferred hydrogen donors are 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, 2-mercaptobenzoxazole, 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, N-phenylglycine, N-phenylglycine ethyl ester, and N-phenylglycine benzyl ester. Combination of at least one mercapto compound and at least one N-aryl-α-amino acid or its ester or salt can be advantageously used in the photosensitive layer to increase the photospeed. The hydrogen donor is added in the photosensitive layer preferably at 0.01 to 15% by weight of the photosensitive layer, more preferably 0.1 to 10%, and most preferably 0.5 to 5%.  
      Various surfactants can be added into the photosensitive layer to allow or enhance the on-press developability with ink and/or fountain. Both polymeric and small molecule surfactants can be used. However, it is preferred that the surfactant has low or no volatility so that it will not evaporate from the photosensitive layer of the plate during storage and handling. Nonionic surfactants are preferred. Preferred nonionic surfactants are polymers and oligomers containing one or more polyether (such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and copolymer of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) segments. Examples of preferred nonionic surfactants are block copolymers of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol (also called block copolymer of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide); ethoxylated or propoxylated acrylate oligomers; and polyethoxylated alkylphenols and polyethoxylated fatty alcohols. The nonionic surfactant is preferably added at from 0.1 to 30% by weight of the photosensitive layer, more preferably from 0.5 to 20%, and most preferably from 1 to 10%.  
      A hydrophilic or oleophilic micro particles can be added into the photosensitive layer to enhance, for example, the developability and non-tackiness of the plate. Suitable micro particles include polymer particles, talc, titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, silicone oxide, and aluminum micro particles, with an average particle size of less than 10 microns, preferably less than 5 microns, more preferably less than 2 microns, and most preferably less than 1 microns. A suitable particular dispersion is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,675, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.  
      For plates with rough and/or porous surface, a thin releasable interlayer can be deposited between the substrate and the photosensitive layer. Preferably, the substrate surface is rough and/or porous enough and the interlayer is thin enough to allow bonding between the photosensitive layer and the substrate through mechanical interlocking. Such a plate configuration is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,014,929, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Preferred releasable interlayer comprises a water-soluble polymer. Polyvinyl alcohol (including various water-soluble derivatives of polyvinyl alcohol) is the preferred water-soluble polymer. Usually pure water-soluble polymer is coated. However, one or more surfactant and other additives may be added. The water-soluble polymer is generally coated from an aqueous solution with water as the only solvent. A water-soluble organic solvent, preferably an alcohol such as ethanol or isopropanol, can be added into the water-soluble polymer aqueous coating solution to improve the coatability. The alcohol is preferably added at less than 40% by weight of the solution, more preferably at less than 20%, and most preferably at less than 10%. The releasable interlayer preferably has an average coverage of 1 to 200 mg/m 2 , more preferably 2 to 100 mg/m 2 , and most preferably 4 to 40 mg/m 2 . The substrate preferably has an average surface roughness Ra of 0.2 to 2.0 microns, and more preferably 0.4 to 1.0 microns.  
      The photosensitive layer can be conformally coated onto a roughened substrate (for example, with Ra of larger than 0.4 microns) at thin coverage (for example, of less than 1.2 g/m 2 ) so that the plate can have microscopic peaks and valleys on the photosensitive layer coated surface and exhibit low tackiness and good block resistance, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,156, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.  
      An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat can be coated on the photosensitive layer for the plate of this invention to, for example, improve the photospeed, surface durability, and/or on-press developability. Particularly preferred overcoat is a water soluble or dispersible overcoat. The overcoat preferably comprises a water-soluble polymer, such as polyvinyl alcohol (including various water-soluble derivatives of polyvinyl alcohol). Combination of two or more water-soluble polymers (such as a combination of polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone) can also be used. Polyvinyl alcohol is a preferred water-soluble polymer. Various additives, such as surfactant, wetting agent, defoamer, leveling agent and dispersing agent, can be added into the overcoat formulation to facilitate, for example, the coating or development process. Examples of surfactants useful in the overcoat of this invention include polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and copolymer of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, polysiloxane surfactants, perfluorocarbon surfactants, alkylphenyl ethylene oxide condensate, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and ammonium laurylsulfate. Various organic or inorganic emulsion or dispersion may be added into the overcoat to, for example, reduce the tackiness or moisture sensitivity of the plate. The overcoat preferably has a coverage of from 0.001 to 3.0 g/m 2 , more preferably from 0.005 to 1.0 g/m 2 , and most preferably from 0.01 to 0.15 g/m 2 .  
      A preferred thermosensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a thermosensitive layer comprising a polymeric binder (with or without ethylenic groups), a free radical polymerizable monomer having at least one terminal ethylenic group, a free-radical initiator, and an infrared absorbing dye. A nonionic surfactant is preferably added in the thermosensitive layer. Other additives such as surfactant, dye or pigment, exposure-indicating dye (such as leuco crystal violet, leucomalachite green, azobenzene, 4-phenylazodiphenylamine, and methylene blue dyes), and free-radical stabilizer (such as methoxyhydroquinone) may be added. The monomer preferably has at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, more preferably at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups, even more preferably at least 5 (meth)acrylate groups, and most preferably at least 6 (meth)acrylate groups. The monomer can be a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer or a non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer; preferably the monomer is a urethane (meth)actylate monomer; more preferably both a non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer and a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer are used in the photosensitive layer. One or more other monomers can be added in the photosensitive layer. The weight ratio of all the monomers to all the polymeric binders is preferably larger than 0.5, more preferably larger than 1.0, even more preferably larger than 1.5, and most preferably larger than 2.0. An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat is preferably coated on the photosensitive layer.  
      Another preferred thermosensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a thermosensitive layer comprising a polymeric binder, a urethane monomer having at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, a non-urethane monomer having at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, a free-radical initiator, and an infrared absorbing dye. Preferably, the urethane monomer has at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups, and the non-urethane monomer has at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups. More preferably, the urethane monomer has at least 6 (meth)acrylate groups. A nonionic surfactant is preferably added. One or more other monomers can be added in the photosensitive layer. The weight ratio of all the urethane (meth)acrylate monomer to all the non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer is preferably from 0.10 to 10.0, more preferably 0.30 to 1.0. An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat is preferably coated on the photosensitive layer.  
      A third preferred thermosensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a thermosensitive layer comprising an epoxy or vinyl ether monomer having at least one epoxy or vinyl ether group, a Bronsted acid generator capable of generating free acid in the presence of an infrared absorbing dye or pigment upon exposure to an infrared radiation, and an infrared absorbing dye or pigment (preferably infrared absorbing dye). A polymeric binder is preferably added. Other additives such as surfactant, dye or pigment, exposure-indicating dye, and acid quencher (usually an alkaline compound, such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or triethylamine) may be added.  
      A fourth preferred thermosensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a thermosensitive layer comprising a polymeric binder and an infrared absorbing dye or pigment (preferably infrared absorbing dye); said thermosensitive layer is developable with ink and/or fountain solution and capable of hardening through crosslinking of the polymeric binder upon exposure to an infrared laser. A nonionic surfactant and/or a water-soluble polymer are preferably added in the thermosensitive layer. Other additives such as other surfactant, dye or pigment, and exposure indicating dye can also be added.  
      A fifth preferred thermosensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a thermosensitive layer comprising a polymeric particles and an infrared absorbing dye or pigment (preferably infrared absorbing dye); said thermosensitive layer is developable with ink and/or fountain solution and capable of hardening through coalescence of the polymer particles upon exposure to an infrared laser. A nonionic surfactant and/or a water-soluble polymer are preferably added in the thermosensitive layer. Other additives such as other surfactant, dye or pigment, and exposure indicating dye can also be added.  
      A preferred visible or ultraviolet light sensitive lithographic printing plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a photosensitive layer comprising a polymeric binder (with or without ethylenic groups), a free radical polymerizable monomer having at least one terminal ethylenic group, a free-radical initiator, and a visible or ultraviolet sensitizing dye. A nonionic surfactant is preferably added in the photosensitive layer. Other additives such as surfactant, dye or pigment, exposure-indicating dye, and free-radical stabilizer may be added. The monomer preferably has at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, more preferably at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups, even more preferably at least 5 (meth)acrylate groups, and most preferably at least 6 (meth)acrylate groups. The monomer can be a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer or a non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer; preferably the monomer is a urethane (meth)actylate monomer; more preferably both a non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer and a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer are used in the photosensitive layer. One or more other monomers can be added in the photosensitive layer. The weight ratio of all the monomers to all the polymeric binders is preferably larger than 0.5, more preferably larger than 1.0, even more preferably larger than 1.5, and most preferably larger than 2.0. An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat is preferably coated on the photosensitive layer.  
      Another preferred visible or ultraviolet light sensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a photosensitive layer comprising a polymeric binder, a urethane monomer having at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, a non-urethane monomer having at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, a free-radical initiator, and a visible or ultraviolet sensitizing dye. Preferably, the urethane monomer has at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups, and the non-urethane monomer has at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups. More preferably, the urethane monomer has at least 6 (meth)acrylate groups. A nonionic surfactant is preferably added. One or more other monomers can be added in the photosensitive layer. The weight ratio of all the urethane (meth)acrylate monomer to all the non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer is preferably from 0.10 to 10.0, more preferably 0.30 to 1.0. An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat is preferably coated on the photosensitive layer.  
      A preferred violet or ultraviolet light sensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a photosensitive layer comprising a polymeric binder, a free radical polymerizable monomer having at least one terminal ethylenic group, a free-radical initiator, and a violet or ultraviolet sensitizing dye. A hydrogen donor is preferably added to increase the photospeed. A nonionic surfactant is preferably added to enhance on-press developability. Other additives such as surfactant, dye or pigment, exposure-indicating dye, and free-radical stabilizer may be added. The monomer preferably has at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups, more preferably at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups, even more preferably at least 5 (meth)acrylate groups, and most preferably at least 6 (meth)acrylate groups. The monomer can be a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer or a non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer; preferably the monomer is a urethane (meth)actylate monomer; more preferably both a non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer and a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer are used in the photosensitive layer. One or more other monomers can be added in the photosensitive layer. The weight ratio of all the monomers to all the polymeric binders is preferably larger than 0.5, more preferably larger than 1.0, even more preferably larger than 1.5, and most preferably larger than 2.0. An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat is preferably coated on the photosensitive layer.  
      Another preferred violet or ultraviolet laser sensitive lithographic plate of this invention comprises on a substrate a photosensitive layer comprising a polymeric binder, a monomer having at least 3 (meth)acrylate group, a hexaarylbiimidazole or titanocene compound, a dialkylaminobenzophenone compound, and a hydrogen donor. A hexaarylbiimidazole compound is preferred among hexaarylbiimidazole and titanocene compounds. A preferred dialkylaminobenzophenone compound is a 4,4′-bis(dialkylamino)benzophenone compound. Said monomer is preferably a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer. More preferably, said monomer is a urethane (meth)acrylate monomer and said photosensitive layer further comprises a non-urethane (meth)acrylate monomer. Even more preferably, said photosensitive layer comprises a urethane monomer with at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups and a non-urethane monomer with at least 3 (meth)acrylate groups. Most preferably, said photosensitive layer comprises a urethane monomer with at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups and a non-urethane monomer with at least 4 (meth)acrylate groups. A nonionic surfactant is preferably added in the photosensitive layer. The weight ratio of all the monomers to all the polymeric binders is preferably larger than 0.5, more preferably larger than 1.0, even more preferably larger than 1.5, and most preferably larger than 2.0. An ink and/or fountain solution soluble or dispersible overcoat is preferably coated on the photosensitive layer.  
      As for all the photosensitive layer of this invention, the above photosensitive layers (including thermosensitive layers) are soluble or dispersible in ink and/or fountain solution, so that they can be on-press developed with ink and/or fountain solution.  
      On-press developable lithographic plates and photosensitive layers as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,482,571, 6,576,401, 5,548,222, 6,541,183, 6,551,757, 6,899,994 and 6,949,327, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/057,663, 11/175,518, 11/266,817, 11/336,132, and 11,356,911, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference, can be used for the instant invention.  
      Infrared lasers useful for the imagewise exposure of the thermosensitive plates of this invention include laser sources emitting in the near infrared region, i.e. emitting in the wavelength range of from 750 to 1200 nm, and preferably from 800 to 1100 nm. Particularly preferred infrared laser sources are laser diodes emitting around 830 nm or a NdYAG laser emitting around 1060 nm. The plate is exposed at a laser dosage that is sufficient to cause hardening in the exposed areas but not high enough to cause substantial thermal ablation. The exposure dosage is preferably from 1 to 2000 mJ/cm 2 , more preferably from 5 to 500 mJ/cm 2 , and most preferably from 20 to 200 mJ/cm2, depending on the sensitivity of the thermosensitive layer.  
      Visible lasers (including violet laser) useful for the imagewise exposure of the visible light sensitive plates of this invention include any laser emitting in the wavelength range of from 390 to 600 nm. Examples of suitable visible lasers include frequency-doubled Nd/YAG laser (about 532 nm), argon ion laser (about 488 nm), violet diode laser (about 405 nm), and visible LEDs. Violet laser diode is especially useful because of its small size and relatively low cost. The exposure dosage is preferably from 1 to 2000 μJ/cm 2  (0.001 to 2 mJ/cm 2 ), more preferably from 5 to 500 μJ/cm 2 , and most preferably from 20 to 200 μJ/cm 2 , depending on the sensitivity of the photosensitive layer.  
      Violet or ultraviolet lasers useful for the imagewise exposure of the plates of this invention include any lasers having a wavelength of from 200 to 430 nm, such as violet laser diodes having a wavelength of from 390 to 430 nm, and ultraviolet laser diodes or LEDs having a wavelength of from 200 to 390 nm. Laser diodes are preferred violet or ultraviolet lasers. The exposure dosage is preferably from 1 to 2000 μJ/cm 2  (0.001 to 2 mJ/cm 2 ), more preferably from 5 to 500 PJ/cm 2 , and most preferably from 20 to 200 μJ/cm 2 , depending on the sensitivity of the photosensitive layer.  
      Laser imaging devices are currently widely available commercially. Any device can be used which provides imagewise laser exposure according to digital imaging information. Commonly used imaging devices include flatbed imager, internal drum imager, and external drum imager, all of which can be used for the imagewise laser exposure in this invention.  
      The on-press developable plate is usually exposed on an exposure device, and then mounted on press to develop with ink and/or fountain solution and then print out regular printed sheets. However, the plate can also be exposed on a printing press (such as by mounting on the plate cylinder or sliding through a flatbed imager mounted on the press), and the exposed plate can be directly developed on press with ink and/or fountain solution and then print out regular printed sheets. The ink and/or fountain solution solubilized or dispersed photosensitive layer and/or overcoat can be mixed into the ink and/or the fountain solution on the rollers, and/or can be transferred to the blanket and then the receiving medium (such as paper). The fountain solution roller is engaged (to the plate cylinder as for conventional inking system or to the ink roller as for integrated inking system) for preferably 0 to 100 rotations, more preferably 1 to 50 rotations and most preferably 5 to 20 rotations (of the plate cylinder), and the ink roller is then engaged to the plate cylinder for preferably 0 to 100 rotations, more preferably 1 to 50 rotations and most preferably 5 to 20 rotations before engaging the plate cylinder and feeding the receiving medium (such as paper). Good quality prints should be obtained preferably under 40 initial impressions, more preferably under 20 impressions, and most preferably under 5 impressions.  
      The ink and fountain solution may be applied at any combination or sequence, as needed for the plate; there is no particular limitation. For conventional wet press, usually fountain solution is applied (to contact the plate) first, followed by contacting with ink roller; preferably, fountain solution is applied to the plate first to dampen without removing the photosensitive layer, followed by contacting with ink to remove the non-hardened areas of the photosensitive layer. For press with integrated inking/dampening system, the ink and fountain solution are emulsified by various press rollers before being transferred to the plate as emulsion of ink and fountain solution.  
      The plate may be rinsed or applied with an aqueous solution, including water and fountain solution, to remove the water soluble or dispersible overcoat (for plate with an overcoat) and/or to dampen without developing the plate, after imagewise exposure and before on-press development with ink and/or fountain solution.  
      The ink used in this application can be any ink suitable for lithographic printing. Most commonly used lithographic inks include “oil based ink” which crosslinks upon exposure to the oxygen in the air and “rubber based ink” which does not crosslink upon exposure to the air. Specialty inks include, for example, radiation-curable ink and thermally curable ink. An ink is an oleophilic, liquid or viscous material which generally comprises a pigment dispersed in a vehicle, such as vegetable oils, animal oils, mineral oils, and synthetic resins. Various additives, such as plasticizer, surfactant, drier, drying retarder, crosslinker, and solvent may be added to achieve certain desired performance. The compositions of typical lithographic inks are described in “The Manual of Lithography” by Vicary, Charles Scribner&#39;s Sons, New York, and Chapter 8 of “The Radiation Curing: Science and Technology” by Pappas, Plenum Press, New York, 1992.  
      The fountain solution used in this application can be any fountain solution used in lithographic printing. Fountain solution is used in the wet lithographic printing press to dampen the hydrophilic areas (non-image areas), repelling ink (which is hydrophobic) from these areas. Fountain solution contains mainly water, generally with addition of certain additives such as gum arabic and surfactant. Small amount of alcohol such as isopropanol can also be added in the fountain solution. Water is the simplest type of fountain solution. Fountain solution is usually neutral to mildly acidic. However, for certain plates, mildly basic fountain solution is used. The type of fountain solution used depends on the type of the plate substrate as well as the plate. Various fountain solution compositions are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,030,417 and 4,764,213.  
      Emulsion of ink and fountain solution is an emulsion formed from ink and fountain solution during wet lithographic printing process. Because fountain solution (containing primarily water) and ink are not miscible, they do not form stable emulsion. However, emulsion of ink and fountain solution can form during shearing, compressing, and decompressing actions by the rollers and cylinders, especially the ink rollers and plate cylinder, on a wet lithographic press. For wet press with integrated inking system, ink and fountain solution are emulsified on the ink rollers before transferred to the plate.  
      This invention is further illustrated by the following examples of its practice. Unless specified, all the values are by weight.  
     EXAMPLES 1-5  
      An electrochemically roughened, anodized, and polyvinylphosphonic acid treated aluminum sheet was first coated with a 0.1% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (Celvol 540, from Celanese) with a #6 Meyer rod, followed by drying in an oven at 100° C. for 2 min. The polyvinyl alcohol coated substrate was further coated with the photosensitive layer formulation PS-1 with a #8 Meyer rod, followed by drying in an oven at 90° C. for 2 min.  
                              PS-1                                 Weight           Component   ratios                                         Neocryl B-728 (Polymer from Zeneca)   3.193           Sartomer SR-399 (Acrylic monomer from Sartomer)   7.630           Pluronic L43 (Nonionic surfactant from BASF)   0.649           2,2-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)-4,4′,5,5′-tetraphenyl-1,1′-   1.407           biimidazole           2-Mercaptobenzoxazole   0.839           4,4′-Bis(diethylamino)benzophenone   0.281           2-Butanone   86.000                      
 
      The photosensitive layer coated plate was further coated with a water-soluble overcoat OC-1 using a #6 Meyer rod, followed by drying in an oven at 100° C. for 2 min.  
                              OC-1                                 Weight           Component   ratios                                         Airvol 205 (polyvinyl alcohol from Air Products)   0.40           Dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (surfactant)   0.02           Water   99.58                      
 
      The plate was exposed with a violet plate imager equipped with a 30 mw violet laser diode emitting at about 405 nm (MAKO-4 from ECRM) for a dosage of about 60 μJ/cm 2 . The plate was imaged in a dim red light room, and was kept in a light tight box before and after imaging.  
      The laser exposed plate was cut into five pieces, and each piece was wrapped with a separate aluminum foil. Each piece of the plate was tested on press under a different lighting condition. The first piece was tested in the dark (with all lights turned off). The second piece was tested under a 60-watt yellow light (yellow coated incandescent light, from General Electric). The third piece was tested under a 60-watt red light (red coated incandescent light, from General Electric). The fourth piece was tested under a 20-watt white office fluorescent light (from General Electric). The fifth piece was tested under a 100-watt regular incandescent light (for home use, from General Electric). Each light was about 2 meters from the top of the press. It took about 5 minutes to mount each plate and start up the press.  
      Each of the exposed plate pieces was unwrapped and tested on a wet lithographic press (AB Dick 360) under the above described lighting condition (including dark). The plate was directly mounted on the plate cylinder of the press. After starting the press, the fountain roller was engaged for 20 rotations, the ink roller (carrying emulsion of ink and fountain solution) was applied to the plate cylinder for 20 rotations, and the plate cylinder was then engaged with the blanket cylinder and printed with paper. The printed sheets were evaluated for the on-press developability of the plates, with the results summarized in Table 1.  
                           TABLE 1                                   Inking in           Background at   Background at   imaging       Press room lighting   20 impressions   200 impressions   areas                  In the dark (no light)   Clean   Clean   Good       Yellow light   Clean   Clean   Good       Red light   Clean   Clean   Good       White fluorescent light   Inked   Heavy toning   Good       Regular incandescent   Inked   Heavy toning   Good       light                  
 
     EXAMPLES 6-10  
      An electrochemically roughened, anodized, and silicate treated aluminum sheet was coated with thermosensitive layer formulation PS-2 using a #8 Meyer rod, followed by drying in an oven at 90° C. for 2 min.  
                              PS-2                     Component   Weight ratios                             Neocryl B-728 (Polymer from Zeneca)   2.73       Sartomer SR-399 (Acrylic monomer from Sartomer)   6.52       Pluronic L43 (Nonionic surfactant from BASF)   0.56       2,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)-6-[(4-ethoxyethylenoxy)-phen-   1.00       1-yl]-s-triazine       ADS-830AT (Infrared absorbing cyanine dye from   0.10       American Dye Source)       Acetone   90.0                  
 
      The thermosensitive layer coated plate was further coated with a water-soluble overcoat OC-2 using a #6 Meyer rod, followed by drying in an oven at 100° C. for 2 min.  
                              OC-2                     Component   Weight ratios                             Airvol 205 (Polyvinyl alcohol from Air Products)   5.00       Zonyl FSO (Perfluorinated surfactant from DuPont)   0.02       Water   95.00                  
 
      The plate was exposed with an infrared laser plate imager equipped with laser diodes emitting at about 830 nm (Trendsetter from Creo) at a dosage of 150 mJ/cm 2 . The plate was imaged in a dim red light room, and was kept in a light tight box before and after imaging.  
      The laser exposed plate was cut into five pieces, and kept in a light-tight box for all the time except for the specific exposure as indicated. The first piece was kept in the dark (in a box) all the time after exposure. The second piece was exposed to a 60-watt yellow light (yellow coated incandescent light, from General Electric) at a distance of 2 meters for 60 minutes. The third piece was exposed to a 60-watt red light (red coated incandescent light, from General Electric) at a distance of 2 meters for 60 minutes. The fourth piece was exposed to a 40-watt white office fluorescent light (from General Electric) at a distance of 2 meters for 60 minutes. The fifth piece was exposed to a 100-watt regular incandescent light (for home use, from General Electric) at a distance of 2 meters for 60 minutes.  
      The exposed plate pieces as treated above were tested on a wet lithographic press (AB Dick 360) under a dim red light. The plate was directly mounted on the plate cylinder of the press. After starting the press, the fountain roller was engaged for 20 rotations, the ink roller (carrying emulsion of ink and fountain solution) was applied to the plate cylinder for 20 rotations, and the plate cylinder was then engaged with the blanket cylinder and printed with paper. The printed sheets were evaluated for the on-press developability of the plates, with the results summarized in Table 2.  
                           TABLE 2                               Background   Inking in       Room light exposure before   Background at   at 200   imaging       mounting on press   20 impressions   impressions   areas                  In the dark (no exposure)   Clean   Clean   Good       Yellow light for 60 minutes   Clean   Clean   Good       Red light for 60 minutes   Clean   Clean   Good       White office fluorescent   Inked   Heavy toning   Good       light for 60 mintues       Regular incandescent light   Inked   Heavy toning   Good       for 60 minutes