Patent Publication Number: US-2018054231-A1

Title: Iot automation and data collection system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/207,759 filed on Jul. 12, 2016, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/193,642 filed Jul. 17, 2015, the content of which are relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The disclosure relates generally to a wireless distribution system (WDS) and more particularly to techniques for Internet of Things (IOT) automation. 
     Wireless communication is rapidly growing, with ever-increasing demands for high-speed mobile voice communication. Wireless distribution systems are used extensively to extend the reach of base stations of cellular service providers. One example of a wireless distribution system is a distributed antenna system (DAS). DASs are particularly useful for deployment inside buildings or other indoor environments where client devices may not otherwise be able to effectively receive radio-frequency (RF) signals from a source, such as a base station, for example. They may be used for both voice and data applications. Illustrative applications for distributed antenna systems to provide or enhance coverage for wireless services include public safety, cellular telephony, local access network (LANs), wireless local access networks (wireless LANs), location tracking and medical telemetry inside buildings and over campuses. 
     Distributed antenna systems may also be used for other radio-based communications services. As an example, local area wireless services (e.g., so-called “wireless fidelity” or “Wi-Fi” systems) and wide area wireless services are being deployed in many different types of areas and large venues, e.g., coffee shops, airports, libraries, stadiums, office buildings and the like. Wireless distribution systems (WDSs) communicate with wireless devices called “clients,” “client devices,” “wireless client devices,” or “wired client devices,” or more generally, electrical elements which reside within a deployment site of the WDS, that is within the range or WDS or “cell coverage area” provided by the WDS. 
     The manner in which a distributed antenna system provides or enhances coverage is through a plurality of spatially separated antennas, sometimes known as remote antenna units (RAUs). The distributed antenna system communicates with a variety of commercial communications systems to distribute their services, especially voice and data communications, to clients within range of the distributed antenna system. 
     In so doing, the distributed antenna system provides a physical layer or infrastructure for delivering signals from a base station or other radio transceiver to/from a user equipment of an end user. For example, the WDS may be installed within a building to provide wireless connectivity to clients within the building. 
     Many buildings are also provided with building automation systems (BAS) to monitor and control heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, manage building facilities (e.g., lighting, safety, and security), and automate meter reading, as examples. 
     More recently, the technology of wireless sensor networks has been attracting extensive research and development efforts to replace the traditional wired solutions for building automation systems. One challenge in using wireless sensors for building automation is the need to guarantee adequate radio links between the sensors and a central controller, while maintaining low battery power consumption. In many types of buildings, this is a significant challenge due to size of these building and the obstructions for radio frequency (RF) propagation, such as thick walls, elevator shafts, metal sheets etc. Another challenge is supporting different protocols of the different sensor devices, such as Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee™, SigFox, Zwave, Thread, and the like. Often, these protocols may need to be converted into one standard protocol (IP based) in order to be recognized and transferred all the way to application/data servers to be analyzed. 
     What is needed is a way to connecting devices and systems from within and without a deployment site with greater precision, adaptability, scalability, security, and in a way that is easier to maintain and update. Deployment sites need an architecture that is flexible enough to evolve and adapt to the needs of today and tomorrow. This need includes a way to monitor conditions within a deployment site of a distributed antenna system and to control systems, based on the monitored conditions, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, safety, security, and utility meter reading, smart home related peripherals, as well as devices within such systems or other devices within the distributed antenna system. In addition, there may be a need to monitor movement and behavior of people within the premise/building. There may also be a need for the ability to analyze and predict future events, and a way to optimize organizational processes. 
     SUMMARY 
     Technologies are described for using the capabilities of a wireless distribution system (WDS) and a distributed antenna system (DAS) that implements the WDS. 
     One embodiment of this disclosure relates to a system for managing communication over a network. The system includes a distributed antenna system (DAS) for receiving at least one cellular service from at least one base station The distributed antenna system (DAS) includes a head end unit (HEU) and a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). The plurality of remote antenna units (RAU) are distributed over the deployment site and the head end unit (HEU) is configured for routing the at least one cellular service to the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). At least one of the plurality of remote antenna units includes a first transceiver configured for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and at least one second transceiver configured for uplinking (and, in some illustrative embodiments, downlinking) a signal of at least one electrical element. An electrical element at or about the deployment site is configured to generate an electrical signal periodically, and/or on the occurrence of an event and to transmit the generated signal to the at least one second transceiver. The system also includes a router/gateway configured for connecting to the at least one of the plurality of remote antenna units. The router/gateway is configured for routing data from the at least one second transceiver received from the electrical element. The router/gateway may also be configured to convert converting a protocol used by the at least one electrical element to a standard/common protocol, in one embodiment. The router/gateway may also be configured to provide security measures against unwanted access to the at least one electrical element, in one embodiment. An automation controller is configured to determine adjustments to the automation system based on the received electrical element data or on demand. 
     An additional embodiment of the disclosure relates to a method for monitoring and optimizing a network. The method is for automating a site served by a distributed antenna system (DAS) for receiving at least one service from at least one base station. The distributed antenna system (DAS) includes a head end unit (HEU) and a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). The plurality of remote antenna units (RAU) are distributed over the site. The head end unit (HEU) is configured for routing the at least one service to the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). The method includes configuring the site with a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU), at least one of the plurality of remote antenna units comprising a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and at least one second transceiver for uplinking (and, in some illustrative embodiments, downlinking) a signal of at least one electrical element and also includes collecting data from the at least one second transceiver received from an electrical element. The method also includes routing the collected data to an electrical element data collector configured to aggregate the collected data, determining adjustments to a device within the site based on the collected data and optimizing the device based on the collected data. 
     Another embodiment of the disclosure relates to a method for automating a deployment site served by a distributed antenna system (DAS) for receiving at least one service from at least one base station. The distributed antenna system (DAS) includes a head end unit (HEU) and a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). The plurality of remote antenna units (RAU) are distributed over the deployment site. The head end unit (HEU) is configured for routing the at least one service to the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). The method includes configuring the deployment site with a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU), at least one of the plurality of remote antenna units being configured with a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and with at least one second transceiver for uplinking (and, in some illustrative embodiments, downlinking) a signal of at least one electrical element and also includes collecting data from the at least one second transceiver received from an electrical element. The method may also include converting a protocol used by the at least one electrical element to a standard/common protocol, in one embodiment, if needed. The method also includes routing the collected data to an electrical element data collector configured to aggregate the collected data, determining adjustments to a remote device connected to the at least one electrical element based on the aggregated data and adjusting the remote device based on the aggregated data. In one embodiment, the method may also include storing and analyzing the data from the electrical device using machine learning, deep learning, and AI algorithms for optimizations, statistics gathering, and making relevant predictions for things such as power failures, machinery failures, earthquakes, etc. 
     The foregoing automation system and method enable a distributed antenna system (DAS) to illustratively provide an Internet of Things (IoT) hub. Illustratively, the remote antenna unit (RAU) of the distributed antenna system (DAS) may provide the Internet of Things (IoT) hub with the head end unit (HEU) providing a gateway to the Internet that receives data from the remote antenna units (RAUs) from within a deployment site and stores the data in a database for access from without the distributed antenna system (DAS) by a public or private network over the Internet. In this illustrative example, the head end unit (HEU) also functions as an IP translator that may (1) receive data from the remote antenna unit (RAU) communicated in any of a number of protocol formats (e.g., Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE), Z-WAVE, Thread, ZigBee™, Wi-Fi, and long range related protocols (LoRa) connection such as SIGFOX; as well as bi-directional protocols, such as WiFi), (2) extract that data from such protocol(s), (3) store the extracted data in a database for access from without the distributed antenna system (DAS) over the Internet in response to a data access request, (4) and in response to a data access request over the Internet from outside the distributed antenna system (DAS), package the data from the database into data packages according to the IP protocol or other internet protocol for transmission over the Internet. Of course, the head end unit (HEU) may also package the data into data packages for transmission according to protocols other than the IP protocol or other Internet protocol in response to any request for data made from outside the distributed antenna system (DAS) over any private or public network. 
     In applying the Internet of Things (IoT) teachings of this disclosure in the realm of facilities management, person tracking, and employee location data gathering the automation system and data collection systems, and associated methods of this disclosure may be configured for performing optimization activities within a building, as well as for performing statistical and analytical operations on data. For example, predictive maintenance of systems in a building can be performed. Other high level applications may involve tracking of people (employees, visitors, shoppers, etc.) and data on crowds, such as the whereabouts, movement, and location, as well as related behaviors. This data may be stored and analyzed as part of what is known today as data analytics, which can provide statistics and insights on behavior, preferences, and predictions, using techniques such as pattern recognition and machine learning. 
     In any teachings, this disclosure finds application in distributed antenna systems (DAS) comprising a fiber optic, coax, hybrid fiber coax, and other wired or wireless implementations. 
     Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the embodiments as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely illustrative, and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understand the nature and character of the claims. 
     The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiment(s), and together with the description serve to explain principles and operation of the various embodiments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts a schematic diagram of an illustrative communications system of the prior art configured to distribute communications signals within an installation, such as a building; 
         FIG. 2  depicts a prior art building automation system; 
         FIG. 3A  depicts a first embodiment of an electrical element of the IoT automation system of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3B  depicts a second embodiment of an electrical element of the IoT automation system of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3C  depicts a third embodiment of an electrical element of the IoT automation system of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic depiction of a first embodiment of a remote antenna unit (RAU) according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  depicts schematically an electrical element data package according to the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  schematically depicts communications between an electrical element and a remote antenna unit, using another embodiment of an electrical element data package; 
         FIG. 7  depicts a first embodiment of an IoT automation system according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  depicts a second embodiment of an IoT automation system of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  depicts a data structure of an electrical element data collector of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  depicts an illustrative memory map for the electrical element data collector shown in  FIG. 9 ; 
         FIG. 11  depicts an alternative illustrative memory map for the electrical element data collector shown in  FIG. 9   
         FIG. 12  depicts a method for automating a deployment site according to this disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein. 
     Broadly speaking, a system and method for automating a deployment site served by a distributed antenna system (DAS), and gathering data at the deployment site, is disclosed. The deployment site is configured with a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). At least one of the plurality of remote antenna units includes a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and at least one second transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of at least one electrical element. Data from the at least one second transceiver received from an electrical element (such as a wireless sensor (WS), in one embodiment) is collected and routed to an electrical element data collector configured to aggregate the collected data. Adjustments to and optimization of a device within the deployment site are based on the collected data. Same addition here. 
     More specifically, technologies are described herein for systems and methods to configure a distributed antenna system (DAS) having a plurality of remote antenna units for communication with electrical elements, as herein described, served by the distributed antenna system or in the coverage area of the DAS. The distributed antenna system may serve a specific area or site, such as a portion of a large building, a building or a site, or even a group of co-located buildings. A method and system for improving and optimizing communication and control according to this disclosure may include configuring a remote antenna unit with a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and with at least one second transceiver for uplinking (and in some cases, downlinking) a signal from electrical elements in the area served by the particular remote antenna unit. The electrical elements may be configured for one-way or two-way devices, using Bluetooth™, Bluetooth Low Energy™ (“BLE”), Wi-Fi, ZigBee™ as well as a variety of other technologies that utilize other frequency bands may be used, such as the sub-GHz range like Z-WAVE, long-range (LoRa) frequencies such as SIGFOX, Thread and so forth. 
     Data from the electrical elements are collected by the IoT automation system of this disclosure and routed to a data collector configured to store the collected data. In one illustrative embodiment, an IoT automation controller executes instructions based on the collected data for controlling building systems, based on the monitored conditions, such as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, safety, security, and utility meter reading, as well as devices within such systems or other devices within the wireless distribution system 
     In describing more fully this disclosure, we make reference to the following definitions: 
     By the term “communication service” is meant digital data services including but not limited to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, ZigBee™, SigFox, Lora, Thread, Ethernet, DSL, LTE, Wireless Access Points (WAPs), PCS, 2G, 3G, 4G, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Remote Radio Heads (RRH), Radio over Fiber Optic Cable (RoF), OCS band, WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), LAN, CDMA, TDMA, GSM, WDM, Satellite radio, RFID, NFC, Wi-Gig and WLAN. 
     By the term “distributed antenna system” or DAS is meant an antenna system that includes a plurality of spatially separated antennas. The DAS may communicate with a variety of commercial communications systems to distribute the services to clients within range of the distributed antenna system. The distributed antenna system may be an optical fiber-based distributed antenna system, but such is not required, and these systems may include both optical fibers and standard wired communications cables, such as those with copper conductors. It will be appreciated that the distributed antenna system may be a wire-based or a wireless system. 
     By the term “head end unit (HEU)” is meant a plurality of radio distribution/combiner (RDCs) and a switching matrix for combining a plurality of communications signals into a broad band signal for further transmission, such as, but not limited to, transmission to an optical interface unit, and for splitting a broadband signal from an optical interface unit into individual communication signals 
     By the term “remote antenna unit (RAU)” or remote unit (“RU”) is meant a device connected to an optical Interface module, or to a coax cable, that converts and filters a broadband optical signal into a narrow electrical signal and vice versa. The RAU provides the wireless access front end. 
     By the term “electrical element” is meant the term electrical element as described in connection with  FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4 . These electrical elements may be devices that include one or more sensors. These devices may include user equipment, such as cell phones or smart phones. The devices may also include devices, such as equipment, sensors, or both in the served area. For example, the equipment and sensors may include heating and ventilating facilities, security apparatuses, utility meters, detectors for motion and or proximity and the like. 
     By the term “clients or recipients of these services” is meant devices such as cellular phones, smart phones, wireless computers, wireless lap-top computers, mobile devices such as tablet computers, pad computers, personal digital assistant, and wireless sensors or networks of sensors, such as mesh network sensors. These examples are not intended to be limiting, and the present disclosure is not limited to these examples of client devices. More generally, a client is computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server. 
     By the term “sensor” is meant a device that is in contact with an environment and that generates an electrical signal on detection of some quantity or condition of the environment. Examples may include accelerometers, temperature elements such as thermistors and thermocouples, pressure-sensing devices, and the like. These devices may sense and report on a temperature, a pressure, an atmospheric component such as an O 2 , CO or CO 2  percentage, and the like. Sensors may also include meters, e.g., utility consumption meters such as a water meter, an electrical meter, a gas meter and the like. Sensors may also include motion sensors for detecting expected or unexpected movement, microphones for detecting expected or unexpected sound or noise, or the intensity or duration of the sound or noise. Video sensors, such as cameras, charge-coupled devices and the like can be used to detect expected or unexpected movement, presence and the like. Sensors or electrical elements may also include global positioning sensors (GPS), a compass or gyro, a power meter, proximity sensors and so forth. 
     Turning now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  depicts an example of a distributed antenna system (DAS)  100  for a first  101 , a second  102  and a third  103  floor, respectively, of a building  105 . In this example a plurality of communications services  110  are provided, such communications coming from first, second and third base stations  112   a ,  112   b    112   c  over cables  113   a ,  113   b ,  113   c  respectively, from service providers. The services are input to a head end unit (HEU)  120  for routing through distributed antenna system  100 . The distributed antenna system  100  is controlled by a computer  160  with operator input device  162 . The computer may include local memory and may have access to remote memory, as well as computer programs stored on at least one non-transitory medium, either locally or remotely. The computer  160  may be connected directly to the head end unit  120  and may be in control of other elements of the distributed antenna system via wired connections or remotely, as shown. The computer system may also control an optical interface unit  125 . 
     The communication services are illustratively routed through distributed antenna system  100  as shown in  FIG. 1 . Cable or hard wire outputs  118  from the head end unit  120  may connect to the optical interface unit  125  and then to interconnect units  130 ,  140 ,  150  for serving the first, second and third floors  101 ,  102 ,  103  of building  105 . Interconnect units  130 ,  140 ,  150  provide mechanical interfaces and power to the cable outputs from the interconnect units. 
     The computer  160  may be used to control the head end unit, the optical interface unit and the interconnect units of the system. The computer may also control or monitor switches and switch matrices of the head end unit and optical interface unit useful in operation of distributed antenna systems. The computer may be supplied with a non-transitory memory and a computer program useful for routing the signals through the system. Within each floor, the services are then provided separately, as shown. Thus, the first floor  101  may be provided, through its interconnect unit  130 , with an Ethernet wire distribution  132 , a Wi-Fi hot spot  134 , and a telecommunications antenna  136 . In this example, similar services may be provided to the second and third floors  102 ,  103 , through their interconnect units  140 ,  150  with Ethernet lines  142 ,  152 , Wi-Fi hot spots  144 ,  154  and telecommunications antennas  146 ,  156 . The Wi-Fi hot spot and/or telecommunications antenna may be provided by a remote antenna unit which may include an RF transmitter/receiver (not shown) and a respective antenna (not shown) operably connected to the RF transmitter/receiver to wirelessly distribute the communications services to user equipment (not shown). Examples of user equipment include a cellular phone, a smart phone, or other device, such as a tablet or a personal digital assistant. 
       FIG. 2  depicts an example of a prior art building automation system  200 . The building automation system includes a transceiver  203  inside building  201  for picking up wireless signals from an air conditioner, heating unit, or other equipment  202  in the building  200 . The wireless signal is transmitted over wire  204  to controller  205  which determines whether adjustments need to be made to the equipment  202  depending on the data in the received wireless signal, Alternatively or additionally, controller  205  may also communicate via wire  206 , transceiver  207 , and base station  208  with a remote controller  209  to allow control of equipment  202  from a remote location based on data received from the equipment  205 . 
       FIG. 2  further shows devices  211  and  214  within building  201  which are also communicating with transceiver  203  for purposes of monitoring or controlling of devices  211  and  214  by controller  205 . As shown, device  214  is in direct communication with transceiver  203  via communication link  215 . Device  211 , however, is only able to communicate with transceiver  203  indirectly through device  214  since it is outside the coverage area of the transceiver  203 . The additional power requirements on device  214  due to the relaying of messages from device  211  puts a drain on the power source of device  214 . 
     Having thus provided an overview of a wireless distribution system, we now turn to features provided by this disclosure. Broadly speaking, a method and system for an automation and data gathering system for a deployment site, such as a building, may include configuring a remote antenna unit of a distributed antenna system (DAS) deployed at the deployment site with a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and with at least one second transceiver for uplinking and downlinking of a signal of non-cellular service such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Z-WAVE, SigFox, Thread or ZigBee™ service from one or more electrical elements. Data is collected from at least one electrical element configured for connecting to the remote antenna unit. The collected data is routed to an IoT automation controller configured to determine adjustments to the automation system based on the received electrical element data or on demand. In another embodiment, the collected data may be sent to a data storage, to be used at a later time for data analytics operations. The collected data may be stored in an electrical element data collector which may be located in a database in the head-end unit or elsewhere within or outside the distributed antenna system (DAS) as explained below. The head end unit (HEU) provides a gateway to and from this database to allow access to this data by a public or private network over the Internet or in other ways as explained below. 
     The data collected from an electrical element may relate to any measurable parameter in the building that may be monitored for activity, conditions or any kind of performance. For example, the gathered data may concern utility consumption, e.g., the rate of usage of electricity, gas or water. The daily or hourly rate of utility usage may be compared with recent or historical usage, or with consumption limits, to track the consumption of the utility at the site or building in question. The gathered data may concern motion that is detected during off-hours or during business hours. The data may be used to detect intrusion into a deployment site, such as a building or a portion of a building or other site. As discussed below, the electrical element may include a sensor for providing data on temperature, pressure, atmospheric content or other physical variable. The data from the sensor may be used by the automation system of this disclosure to gauge the health or safety of the site. The gathered data may also concern data on an appliance in the IoT automation system. The IoT automation system of this disclosure, may be monitored and optimized based on the gathered data. 
     Alternatively, the data may be stored and/or accessed from outside the distributed antenna system (DAS) as explained herein for use in similar or other analytics, data recording, generation of historical data, archival, administrative, or other purposes. 
     More specifically, the remote antenna units of this disclosure are configured with a first transceiver for providing a connection to a cellular service for providing cellular service to the site. The distributed antenna system and the remote antenna units are also provided with a second (or more) transceiver for providing a connection to a second service for communication with one or more electrical elements as described herein. The second service may be a Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE), Z-WAVE, ZigBee™, Thread, Wi-Fi, and long range related protocols (LORA) connection such as SIGFOX. 
       FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C  depict illustrative electrical elements of this disclosure.  FIGS. 3A and 3B  illustrate electrical elements including a sensor. In other cases, as depicted in  3 C, the electrical element need not include a sensor. For example, many appliances, with which the Internet of Things (IoT) automation system of this disclosure may be used, need not include a sensor. Examples of such electrical elements may be household devices, such as a washing machine, toaster oven, dish washer, copying machine, or any other device, that is equipped with a communication ability, and that have its protocol supported by the IoT automation system of this disclosure. 
     Turning more specifically to the drawings of  FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C ;  FIG. 3A  depicts an electrical element according to this disclosure. Electrical element  300  includes a sensor  301 , a value register  303 , a processor  305 , and in this embodiment, a radio transmitter  307 . Electrical element  300  further includes a power source  309 , a frequency generator  311 , and a protocol module  313 . Electrical element may optionally also include an analog to digital converter  315 . 
     The sensor  301  may be any sensor or detector for sensing a condition within the deployment site of the wireless distribution system, the distributed antenna system or the particular remote antenna unit that serves the sensor element  301 . Sensor  301  may be a temperature element for sensing temperature, an element for sensing humidity, a motion detector for sensing motion or presence in area, and so forth. 
     Sensor  301  generally operates in the following manner. The sensor  301  is configured to contact an environment and generate an electrical signal on detection of some quantity or condition of the environment. For example, a temperature sensor would generate an electrical signal on detection of a temperature change. A humidity sensor would generate an electrical signal on detection of humidity level change. The sensor may be a strain gauge which would generate an electrical signal on detection of a pressure or a movement of the sensor. The sensor may be a global positioning sensor which would generate an electrical signal based on the calculation of its geo-position with respect to one or more satellites. Other sensors may be used with this disclosure to generate an electrical signal on detection of other physical properties or conditions at the deployment site. Sensors may include consumption meters for monitoring on-site consumption of utilities, motion detectors, smoke detectors, cameras, proximity sensors, O 2  sensors, CO (carbon monoxide) sensors, CO 2  (carbon dioxide) sensors, sound detectors and the like. 
     The value register  303  may be a memory or other storage for storing the electrical signal representation of the value of a condition or property generated by the sensor. If the output from sensor  301  is the simple change of the electrical output of the sensor, that change in state would be stored in the value register which may be a flip flop or other register, in this example. If the electrical output of the sensor is either a multi-bit digital representation or an analog signal from sensor  301  that is converted into a digital signal by A/D converter  315 , the value register  303  may be a conventional memory device. 
     The processor  305  may be a microprocessor, a microcontroller, or the like. The processor is supported by memory (not shown) with instructions for controlling the transmitter  307 , the protocol module  313 , and one or more of the other components of the electrical element  300 . 
     The radio transmitter  307  may be a one-way radio transmitter suitable for transmitting a radio signal indicative of the value of the element sensed by the sensor element. Alternatively, and as illustrated in  FIG. 3B , the radio transmitter may be a transceiver capable of two-way communication with the remote antenna unit. The transmitter is adapted to transmit on one or more frequencies or frequency bands as required by the transmission protocol as discussed below. 
     The radio frequencies of the carrier and modulated signals that are transmitted by the electrical element are generated by the frequency generator  311 . The frequency generator thus provides the carrier frequency of the channels or frequency bands in addition to the frequency of the modulated signal of data that is carried by the carrier frequency. For the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3A  where the electrical element is configured for broadcasting messages, the carrier frequency or bands may include, for example, a Bluetooth channel, Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE) and long range related protocols (LORA). Long-range (LORA) frequencies may also be useful. These include frequencies typically below 1 GHz, such as 868 MHz. 
     For the illustrative embodiment depicted in  FIG. 3B  where the electrical element is configured for bi-directional communication, the carrier frequency or bands may include a Wi-Fi channel, or other non-cellular band of radio frequencies. 
     Other communication service bands that may be used for the carrier frequency of this disclosure include frequency ranges such as 400-700 MHz, 700 MHz-1 GHz, 1 GHz-1.6 GHz, and 1.6 GHz-2.7 GHz. 
     The protocol module  313  is an electronic media containing a set of instructions for packaging and transmitting the data generated by the sensor. The data package is transmitted from the radio transmitter over a radio frequency generated by the frequency generator  311 . 
     More specifically, the protocol module  313  includes circuitry and software to implement a protocol. Examples of protocols include Bluetooth (BT), Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE), long range frequencies (LoRa, also known as LoRaWAN, for wide area network), ZigBee™, or other protocols for enabling the electrical element to broadcast data from the radio transmitter to the second receiver of the remote antenna unit as discussed above. The protocol module  313  selects the suitable protocol to prepare and transmit messages. Other examples of useful protocols include logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP), Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol (BNEP), radio frequency communication (RFCOMM), low energy security manager protocol (SMP), link manager protocol (LMP), and so forth. 
     In the illustrative embodiment shown in  FIG. 3A , the protocol module  313  provides for uni-directional broadcast messaging of data from the electrical element to the second receiver of the remote antenna unit. In the illustrative embodiment shown and described in connection with  FIG. 3B  below, the protocol module shown therein provides for bi-directional messaging between the electrical element and the second receiver of the remote antenna and so in those embodiments may include protocols that allow for bi-directional messaging such as WiFi and other non-cellular messaging protocols. 
     The electrical element also includes the power source  309  to power the several elements of the sensor element. The power source may be a battery. Alternatively, power may be provided by an AC outlet in which case the electrical element may include a connector or a plug for such a connector to the AC outlet. In either case, the processor  305  with associated memory (not shown) may manage the power provided by the power source to the other components of the electrical element by power save mode or sleep mode of operations. Such power management techniques and other power management techniques known to one skilled in the art may be used to provide management of the power provided by the power source in the electrical element of this disclosure. 
     Some electrical elements  300  may also require and include the analog-to-digital converter (ADC)  315  to convert the electrical signal representation of the value of the condition or property generated by the sensor into a digital data if the communication protocol of the electrical element requires a digital format. More specifically, the analog-to-digital converter  315  may be needed to convert analog readings from the sensor  301  into digital values for storage into the value register or memory  303 . In other instances, the simple change of the electrical output of a sensor serves as a digital representation for storage in the value register  303  and for packaging by the protocol module  313  into a data package for broadcast transmission from the transmitter  307  to the second transceiver of the remote antenna unit previously discussed. 
     In operation, the electrical signal representation of the value of the condition or property generated by the sensor  301  is stored in the value register  303 . The frequency generator modulates this data and the modulated data is packaged by protocol module  313  into a data package. The data package is then broadcast by the transmitter  307  over the carrier frequency generated by the frequency generator to the second transceiver of this disclosure. These operations illustrative occur under the control of the processor  305 . 
       FIG. 3B  depicts another embodiment of an electrical element  330  wherein the electrical element is configured for bi-directional communication. The electrical element  330  differs from electrical element  300  primarily in that this electrical element  330  has a bi-directional transceiver  337 , rather than the transmitter  307  of electrical element  300  which provides only broadcast messaging. In addition, the protocol module  343  of electrical element  330  includes protocols for bi-directional communication unlike the protocol module  313  depicted in  FIG. 3A  which is illustratively configured with protocols providing for uni-directional communication. Moreover, memory  333  is typically a memory device to support the greater memory requirements that may be required for bi-directional communication. 
     Beyond the foregoing primary differences, the sensor element  331 , processor  335 , power source  339 , frequency generator  341  and A/D converter  345  depicted in  FIG. 3B  illustrative perform similar functions and operations as like components described in connection with  FIG. 3A  and the descriptions of those components in  FIG. 3A  are applicable to the description of like components in  FIG. 3B . 
     Hence, in the illustrative embodiment shown and described in connection with  FIG. 3B , the protocol module provides for bi-directional messaging between the electrical element and the second receiver of the remote antenna and so in those embodiments may include non-cellular protocols that allow for bi-directional messaging such as WiFi and so forth. In contrast, and as previously discussed, in the illustrative embodiment shown in  FIG. 3A , the protocol module  313  provides only for uni-directional broadcast messaging of data from the electrical element to the second receiver of the remote antenna unit. 
     One of the advantages of electrical element  330  is that the bi-directional communication provided by protocol module  343  and transceiver  337  allows for the distributed antenna system (DAS) of this disclosure to control the electrical element  343  unlike in electrical elements which are configured only for broadcast messaging. 
     Electrical elements  300  and  330  may take the form factor of a tag or a chip. Each may also take the form factor of a computing device. In the case of electrical element  300  the computing device could be any computing device (e.g., smart phone, personal computer, or server) configured with a transmitter  307  to provide broadcast messaging. In the case of electrical element  330 , the computing device could be any computing device (e.g., smart phone, personal computer, or server) configured with a transceiver  337  which provides for bi-directional communication. 
     Hence, electrical elements  300 ,  330  for use in this disclosure may take the form factor of any computing device including user equipment include a cellular phone, a smart phone, or other device, such as a table or a personal digital assistant. Of course, electrical elements  300 ,  330  in the form factor of a tag or a chip may be widely used in the automation system of this disclosure. 
       FIG. 3C  depicts an illustrative electrical element for use with appliances. For example, many appliances, with which the Internet of Things (IoT) Automation System of this disclosure may be used, need not include a sensor. Examples of such electrical elements may be household devices, such as a washing machine, toaster oven, dish washer, copying machine, or any other device, that is equipped with a communication ability, and that have its protocol supported by the IoT automation system of this disclosure.  FIG. 3C  contains the same elements as  FIG. 3A  except for the sensor  301  described in  FIG. 3A , and the function and operation of these elements in  FIG. 3C  are as described in connection with FIB.  3 A. 
     With the foregoing disclosure of electrical elements for use with this disclosure, we now turn to describing the use of these electrical elements in the automation system of this disclosure. 
       FIG. 4  depicts a first embodiment of a remote antenna unit (RAU) of a system  500  according to the present disclosure employing one or more electrical elements  501 ,  502  as described above. More than one transceiver type can be present on, in, or attached to, the RAU. 
     System  500  includes a remote antenna unit  511  for communication with a wireless element  501 ,  502  for purposes of building automation as herein described.  FIG. 4  also shows a computer  503  and user equipment  505  also in communication with the remote antenna unit  511 . Electrical elements  501 ,  502 , computer  503 , and user equipment  505  use the remote antenna unit  511  for communicating with a head end unit (not shown) and are deemed to be users of the remote antenna unit  511 . The electrical element  501  is the electrical element discussed above in connection with  FIG. 3A  with a capability of communicating one way with the remote antenna unit  511  by a broadcast message to form a broadcast link  506  with remote antenna unit  511  as discussed in  FIG. 3A . Electrical element  502  is the electrical element discussed above in connect with  FIG. 3B  with a capability of communicating bi-directionally to form a bi-directional link  507  with remote antenna unit  511  as discussed in  FIG. 3B . As previously discussed, electrical elements  501 ,  502  may take any form factor including a tag, a chip, a user equipment, or other computing device. So long as the device includes the components described in connection with  FIG. 3  above, the device is an electrical element for purposes of this disclosure. 
     The computer  503  may be a computing device, such as a personal computer or server, with a capability of communicating bi-directionally to form a bi-directional link  508   a  with remote antenna unit  511  within the coverage area of remote antenna unit  511 . The user equipment  505  may be a smart phone or similar or other type of user equipment, with a capability of communicating bi-directionally to form a bi-directional link  508   b  with remote antenna unit  511  within the coverage area of the remote antenna unit. Other examples of user equipment may include laptop computers, tablet computers, pad-type computer or other mobile devices useful to people working in the coverage area. Both computer  503  and user equipment  505  are illustrative configured for bi-directional communication as shown by bi-directional communication links  508   b  and  508   c , respectively. However, it will be appreciated that these user equipment may also include functionality configured for only uni-directional communication—namely, computer  503  and user equipment  505  may be provided with functionality that is configured to only broadcast and not receive messages. 
     Advantageously, the remote antenna unit  511 , which may be one of a plurality of remote antenna units distributed throughout the deployment site (e.g., different rooms of a building) as previously explained comprises a first transceiver  517  (which may be a cellular transceiver in one embodiment) configured for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service; and a second transceiver  519  configured for uplinking a signal of at least one electrical element. Although  FIG. 4  shows a single wireless transceiver  519  as the second transceiver, in other embodiments, there may be additional second transceivers and the additional second transceivers are not limited to wireless transceivers, but may be any type of transceiver. Cellular transceiver  517  and wireless transceiver  519  are radio receiver-transmitters suitable for sending and receiving radio signals of a remote antenna unit at relatively low power, suitable for as the case may be for electrical elements, personal devices and cell phones used in homes and buildings, and not primarily intended for high-power radio broadcasting. In another embodiment, the cellular transceiver  517  may also be configured to send and receive radio signals at a middle power level and/or at a high power level. 
     The uplinked signals  509   a ,  509   b  from electric elements  501 ,  502 , and uplinked signals  509   c ,  510   a  from computer  503  and user equipment  505 , respectively, are combined by antenna combiner splitter  515 . Antenna combiner splitter  515  may also split signals that are destined to the electrical element  502 , computer  503 , and user equipment  505  but not electrical element  501  which as previously explained is configured only for broadcast messaging in this example. More specifically, combiner/splitter  515  comprises communications equipment for receiving uplink radio signals from electrical elements  501 ,  502 , computer  503 , and user equipment  505  and combining them into a signal for application to transceivers  517 ,  519 , which discern the signals they are configured to discern and process and apply those discerned and processed signals to multiplexer  521  for further routing according to this disclosure. Antenna combiner/splitter  515  further comprises communications equipment for splitting downlink radio signals from transceivers  517 ,  519  and routing them to antenna  513  for broadcasting to electrical element  502 , computer  503 , and user equipment  505  but not electrical element  501  which, as previously explained, is configured only for broadcasting messages (i.e., it is not configured to downlink messages.) Although the embodiment of  FIG. 4  shows the antenna combiner/splitter  515  and a single antenna  513 , there could be two separate antennas without a combiner/splitter in another embodiment. 
     The uplinked signals  509   a ,  509   b  from electric elements  501 ,  502 , respectively, as well as the uplinked signal  509   c  from computer  503  and any uplinked signal from user equipment  505  that is not a cellular signal, are, in the combined signal from the antenna  513 , advantageously recognized and processed by the second transceiver  519  which is configured for uplinking signals non-cellular signals. Contemporaneously, the uplinked signals  510   a  from user equipment  505  which is a cellular signal—and other cellular signals picked up by remote antenna unit  511  from other user equipment in the coverage area of the remote antenna unit—are, in the combined signal from the antenna  513 , advantageously recognized and processed by the first transceiver  517  which is configured for uplinking cellular signals. 
     The uplinked signals  509   a ,  509   b  from electric elements  501 ,  502 , respectively, and uplinked signals  509   c  from computer  503  (and any non-cellular signal from user equipment  505 ) so processed by the second transceiver  519  are multiplexed by multiplexer/demultiplexer  521  and the multiplexed signal  529   e  is further processed by the automation system of this disclosure as explained below. Similarly, the uplinked signal  510   a  from user equipment  505  signal—and other cellular signals picked up by remote antenna unit  511  from other user equipment in the coverage area of the remote antenna unit—are multiplexed by, multiplexer/demultiplexer  521  and the multiplexed signal  510   b  is processed by the distributed antenna system (DAS) as also described below. 
     In the downlink direction, multiplexer/demultiplexer  521  receives downlink signals from a head end unit (see  FIG. 8 ) that are destined for the electrical element  502 , computer  503 , and user equipment  505  (but not electrical element  501  which only broadcasts but does not receive any messages) and separates the signals for routing to the proper transceiver, whether the cellular transceiver  517  or the wireless transceiver  519 . The multiplexer/demultiplexer does the same for the downlinked cellular signals. System  500  thus connects electrical elements  501 ,  502 , computer  503 , and user equipment  505  with a single antenna  513  of the remote antenna unit  511 . Alternatively, two antennas may be provided in place of the single antenna  513 , a first antenna tuned for pickup of uplink signals from electrical elements  501 ,  502  and downlink signals to electrical element  502 . Alternatively, the first antenna may also be tuned for uplink and downlink of signals to computer  503 . A second antenna may be tuned for pickup of uplink signals and transmission of downlink signals to user equipment  505 . Alternatively, the second antenna may also be tuned for uplink and downlink of signals to computer  503 . 
     Within the remote antenna unit  511 , the connections may be made by fiber optic cable, by metallic conductor pairs, wirelessly, or a combination of these, as desired and as convenient. Remote antenna unit  511  may route communications to the head end unit through a fiber optic cable that comprises both voice and data signals. Alternatively, the head end unit may communicate wirelessly with the remote antenna unit. 
     An important consideration in this system is its longevity, especially as concerns system operation and battery life. The automation system of this disclosure may extend the life of electrical elements used in the automation system because the electrical elements are in the line of site of remote antenna units which may be widely distributed throughout a deployment site. Hence, the electrical elements need not expend power for relaying messages from electrical elements that are not in the line of site of a remote antenna unit of the distributed antenna system. 
     In addition, as shown in  FIG. 5 , a data package broadcast by an electrical element may be compact, requiring a minimum of time to generate, prepare and transmit. The data package depicted in  FIG. 5  may be broadcast by the transmitter  307  in  FIG. 3A  or the transceiver  337  in  FIG. 3B . In this example, the data package may include an identification  601  of the device, such as the particular electrical element, and the data  603  itself, e.g., an electrical representation of temperature from a temperature element, an indication of motion from a motion sensor, and so forth. In other embodiments, as shown by the phantom lines in  FIG. 5 , the data package may include an indication of battery life  605  or other data  607 , as desired. The battery life may provide the automation system of this disclosure with useful information on the status of batteries in electrical elements deployed throughout the deployment site. The battery levels of the electrical elements may be monitored and any battery failures may be immediately identified so that the electrical element having the battery issue or the battery source of an electrical element may be replaced. 
     The field for other data  607  may include additional information about the electrical element such as the destination address of the electrical element or some other information. The destination address may be used by the automation system of this disclosure for purposes of addressing messages if the electrical element is one that is configured for bi-directional communication. As another example, the field for other data  607  may include data on the performance of components in the electrical element. For example, the data may indicate the time of day each reading of a parameter is taken by the sensor of the electrical element, if the sensor is configured for sampling. The automation system of this disclosure may collect and use this and other data included in data field  607  in making adjustments to electrical elements in the automation system, adjustments to systems such as a heater, an air conditioner, video-surveillance, elevators, and so on, and adjustments to electrical elements in the form factor of computing devices. 
     In another embodiment, longer battery life of the electrical sensors is aided because the processor  305 ,  335  of electrical elements  300 ,  330 , respectively, may manage their respective power source by employing low power mode or sleep mode of operation. In the case of sleep mode, timers may wake up the electrical element for the purpose of broadcasting a message or if the electrical element is configured for bi-directional communication, to receive incoming messages. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a communication link  700  between an electrical element  701 , such as a wireless sensor, and an in-range remote antenna unit (RAU)  707  with which a communication link is made. This example is consistent with the design of an electrical element  300  in  FIG. 3A  since it shows communication occurring only as an uplink message that is broadcast by the electrical element. The link allows for communications between the electrical element and the components of the automation system of this disclosure in the manner described below. 
     On the electrical element side of the link and as noted, the electrical element  701  configured according to  FIG. 3A  in this example includes a protocol module which includes an electronic media with instructions to execute a particular protocol such as Bluetooth™ An illustrative Bluetooth™ Low Energy (BLE) module  703 , may be one that is marketed as Bluetooth™ Smart. This is a wireless personal area network technology designed for reduced-power transmission within a limited range, typically using a 2.4 GHz frequency. Devices with this technology are available from a number of manufacturers and using a variety of operating systems, including Android 4.3, iOS 5 and later, BlackBerry 10, Windows 8, Windows Phone 8.1 etc. Manufacturers with chipsets optimized for Bluetooth Smart include Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, Nordic Semiconductor, Dialog Semiconductor and Cambridge Silicon Radio. Other commercially available modules configured to execute one or more of the protocols described for use with electrical elements as previously described are also available and may be used with this disclosure. Of course, in an alternative embodiment using an electrical element depicted in  FIG. 3B , the communication could be bi-directional and the protocol module would be provided with one or more protocols for bi-directional communication with the remote antenna unit. 
     On the remote antenna unit  707  side of the communication link, the remote antenna unit  707  includes the wireless transceiver  709  along with the cellular transceiver (not shown). As depicted in  FIG. 6 , the wireless transceiver may include a stack of instances configured to execute the different protocols with which the wireless transceiver  711  may be used. In the illustrative example depicted in  FIG. 6 , the stack  711  of the wireless transceiver  709  is configured with the applications necessary for executing the BLE, Lora, Bluetooth, ZigBee™, WiFi, and other protocols useful for deciphering messages from the electrical element. The remote antenna unit  707  may execute the appropriate application to communicate with the protocol used by the incoming message. 
       FIGS. 7-8  depict embodiments of the automation system of this disclosure. An illustrative embodiment is system  800  in  FIG. 7 . Wireless distribution system  800  is intended to serve one or more electrical elements  801 , computers  803  and user equipment  805 , such as smart phones. One-way broadcast messaging is depicted by communication link  807   a  established by electrical element  801  and bi-directional messaging is depicted by communication links  807   b,c,d  established by electrical element  802 , computer  803 , and user equipment  805 . The dashed-line indicates the path  809   a,b,c,d  that is taken by the non-cellular signals received from electrical element  801 ,  802  computer  803 , and user equipment  805 . For more on the function and operation of the antenna  813 , antenna combiner  815 , electrical element transceiver  819 , and multiplexer  821 , refer to the discussion in connection with like components depicted in  FIG. 4 . The path taken by cellular communication signal  810   a  from the user equipment  805  through the remote antenna unit  811  is shown by the dot-dash-dot line in  FIG. 7 . For more about the communication links and paths taken by the signals generated by elements  801 ,  802 , computer  803 , and user equipment  805  through the remote antenna unit of this disclosure, and the operation of the various components of the remote antenna unit on these signals, refer to the discussion in connection with  FIG. 4 . 
     As described in  FIG. 4 , the output from multiplexer/demultiplexer  821  includes multiplexed signals of two kinds—multiplexed cellular signals and multiplexed non-cellular signals. The multiplexed cellular signals are depicted by the dash-dot-dash line  810   b  and the multiplexed non-cellular signals are depicted as dashed-line  809   e . These signals travel to the head end unit  831  on optical fibers, on one fiber of a two-conductor optical fiber, on one conductor of a twisted-pair metallic conductor, or on other suitable conductor between the remote antenna unit  811  and head end unit  831 . 
     As seen in  FIG. 7 , at the head end unit  831 , the multiplexed cellular signals are demultiplexed by multiplexer/demultiplexer  833  and wirelessly transmitted to cellular base stations  851  in a manner well known in the art. In other embodiment, the transmission of the cellular signals to the cellular base stations  851  may be via wired transmissions. On the reverse or downlink path, multiplexer/demultiplexer  833  multiplexes the signals received from the base stations for transmission to the remote antenna units and the clients covered by the remote antenna units of the distributed antenna system. 
     The multiplexed non-cellular signals on path  809   e  are also demultiplexed by multiplexer/demultiplexer  833 . If the non-cellular signals are from electrical elements of this disclosure they may be routed to the IoT automation controller  839  either through physical media  829  or to wireless interface  837  through wireless link  845 . If the non-cellular signals are other non-cellular signals, such as a WiFi communication between computer  803  or user equipment  805  and the Internet, the signal may be routed to the wireless interface  837  for transmission over path  838  to a hotspot that connects that WiFi communication with the Internet (not shown). Alternative transmission over 838 may be to a hotspot that connects to another intra-network or internetwork. 
     The data from the electrical elements may be stored in electrical element data collector  841 . The electrical element data collector may be located in a database in the head-end unit or elsewhere in the distributed antenna system (DAS). The head end unit (HEU) provides an Internet gateway to and from this database to allow access to this data by a public or private network over the Internet. Addressing this Internet gateway may be by the Internet address assigned to the head end unit (HEU). Hence, the electrical element data collector may be accessed from anywhere over the Internet by simply addressing a request to the IP address of the head end unit (HEU). Of course, the electrical element data collector may also be accessed by any private or public network by other than over the Internet. 
     Alternatively, the electrical element data collector may be located remotely from the distributed antenna system. For example, the electrical element data collector may be located on a computing device in the “cloud” and be accessible from within and without the distributed antenna system (DAS) over the Internet. As another example, the electrical element data collector may be located on a computing device that is accessible through a private or public network other than over the Internet. 
     The electrical element data collector  841  may be implemented in any number of ways. The electrical element data collector  841  may include a microprocessor and a memory (not shown) for processing the data and controlling, improving or optimizing some aspect of the deployment site. Ways in which the memory may be implemented include, by way of example and not of limitation, nonvolatile memories (NVM), read-only memories (ROM), random access memories (RAM), any combination of these, etc. 
     Memory may include programs containing instructions for execution by IoT automation controller  839  or other processors that may be included in the automation system of this disclosure. The programs provide instructions for execution by the IoT automation controller, and can also include instructions regarding protocols and decision making analytics, and/or business intelligence features, etc., that can be used by IoT automation controller in determining and issuing instructions within the IoT automation system. These instructions are illustratively issued by IoT automation controller to building systems  843  or devices within such systems. Building systems  843  may include heating systems, cooling systems, security systems, elevator systems, or any other system used in the building or site at which the distributed antenna system of this disclosure is deployed. Alternatively, these instructions may be issued by IoT automation controller  839  to electrical elements within the IoT automation system that are configured for bi-directional communication. If the electrical element is in the form factor of a computing device, these instructions may be issued to computing devices within the network. 
     In short, this disclosure advantageously provides a distributed antenna system that is configured to route cellular signals to cellular base stations  851  and to route non-cellular signals to a deployment site controller, such as a IoT automation controller  839  for use in controlling building systems, computing devices that are part of the building system, electrical elements of this disclosure, including electrical elements in the form factor of a computing device. In this way, the automation system of this disclosure may illustratively monitor and control systems and devices with such systems and electrical elements, including electrical elements in the form factor of computing devices, within or about a building or any other site at which the distributed antenna system of this disclosure is employed. For example, electrical elements may be distributed throughout a building to measure temperature and humidity throughout the building. The data from these electrical elements may then be used to control a building system  843  that is an air-conditioning system. The electrical element data collector  841  may then decide that the data suggests that additional heating, additional cooling, or a different set point for the heating or cooling of a room in the building is required. The controller  839  may then issue a command to the air conditioning system  843  that instructs the air conditioning system to increase or decrease the cooling output of a cooling device in that system, or set a different set point or other parameter for the cooling of the building. As another example, IoT automation controller  839  may rely on protocols and decision making analytics, etc. in determining the on and off times of the air conditioning system and one or more devices that make up the system. For example, the IoT automation controller may turn on or off individual air conditioning units in different parts of the building or open and close vents, where automated, throughout air conditioning system in the building to provide better flow and distribution of cool air throughout the building. 
     The IoT automation controller of this disclosure may be configured to determine adjustments to the air conditioning system or other systems or devices with the automation system based on the received electrical element data or on demand. Similarly, the IoT automation controller may be configured to determine adjustments to electrical elements of this disclosure including electrical elements in the form factor of a computing device. In the foregoing and other way, this disclosure configures a remote antenna unit to serve as an IoT hub which is in communication with electrical elements and electrical elements in the form factor of computing devices as well as devices that make up the building system  843  and that are in the coverage area of the remote antenna unit. In other words, where the electrical elements are configured for bi-directional communication, the IoT hub of this disclosure allows electrical elements to be controlled from the IoT hub. This in additional to the control by the IoT hub of devices within the building systems  843 . 
     In addition, the IoT hub may further control any device in the coverage area of the IoT hub that is in wireless communication with the IoT hub. More specifically, if a device is configured for bi-directional communication it may be in communication with and be controlled through the IoT hub even though that computing device may not include a sensor or other component that make up the electrical element of this disclosure. 
     Another embodiment of an IoT automation system according to the present disclosure is depicted in  FIG. 8 . Automation system  900  includes multiple remote antenna units  911 ,  913 ,  915 ,  917  which are arranged so that each electrical element (e.g., wireless sensor WS) in the building or deployment site is in the line of sight of one of the remote antenna units. Although  FIG. 8  shows the multiple remote antenna units  911 ,  913 ,  915 ,  917  arranged so that each electrical element (e.g., wireless sensor WS) in the building or deployment site is in the line of sight, being in the line of sight is not necessarily required in all embodiments described herein. That is to say, each electrical element is within the coverage area of a remote antenna unit. In this embodiment, each electrical element (e.g., WS) is in direct communication with a remote antenna unit. In other words, no electrical element (e.g., WS) need serve (although it can) as a relay to communicate signals from another electrical element to the remote antenna unit. This architecture helps to conserve battery life for all the electrical elements that are deployed as part of the system since each electrical element need only broadcast its own messages. 
     System  900  includes a distributed antenna system head end unit  901  in communication with one or more cellular telephone provider base stations  903  for providing cellular voice and data communications services. Head end unit  901  communicates with a plurality of remote antenna units  913 ,  915 ,  917  through a plurality of conductors or media  919 , which may be fiber optic cable, twisted-pair conductors, coaxial cable, or other convenient conductors. Head end unit  901  is also in contact with a deployment site controller  905  which controls the systems  907  (e.g., air conditioning, heating, security, etc.) that may be included in the automation system depicted in  FIG. 8 . Alternatively, deployment site controller  905  may be configured to control systems at other deployment sites. In some embodiments, IoT automation controller  905  may also be equipped with a wireless interface  909  for direct communications with one or more of the wireless sensors. Elements  901 ,  903 ,  905 ,  907 , and  909  in  FIG. 8  have like function and operation to like elements depicted in  FIG. 7 . 
     As seen in  FIG. 8 , remote antenna units  911 ,  913  are in direct wireless contact with a plurality of electrical elements (e.g., wireless sensors WS). In each of the coverage areas provided by remote antenna units  911 ,  913 , and  915 , the electrical elements (e.g., wireless sensors) may, in one embodiment, configured for broadcast messaging only (i.e., one-way communication with the remote antenna unit.) In the coverage area provided by remote antenna unit  917 , the electrical elements (e.g., wireless sensors) may be, in one embodiment, configured for bi-directional messaging. A user equipment  923  is also shown in the coverage area. However, as previously explained, the electrical element may have the form factor of a user equipment or other computing device. For example, an electrical element configured for bi-directional communication according to  FIG. 3B  may be in the form factor of a user equipment. Alternatively, a computing device or user equipment may be configured to provide broadcast messaging by an application or otherwise in which case that computing device or user equipment may serve as an electrical element providing broadcast messaging as described in  FIG. 3A . 
     One advantage of the automation system of this disclosure is that it leverages the wireless footprint of a distributed antenna system (DAS) implemented in a building or other deployment site for building automation purposes. The wide distributed footprints attainable with a distributed antenna system make it possible to distribute electrical elements throughout a deployment site in a way that the electrical elements may be within the line of sight of at least one radio antenna unit of the distributed antenna system, although being in the line of sight is not necessarily required. This means that less power is required for an electrical element to message a receiver of an automation system since the electrical elements may be positioned within the building for quality reading of parameters at ideal power requirements. 
     As explained, the information gathered by the wireless distribution system, as discussed above, is collected by the electrical element data collector of  FIG. 7 . The data collector  841  shown in  FIG. 7  collects and organizes data from electrical elements through the distributed antenna system and the remote antenna units. Data collector  841  may include a microcontroller for controlling and organizing the flow of data into the collector and storing it. Storage or memory is provided in the data collector. 
     As seen in  FIGS. 9-11 , memory in the data collector  841  may be organized to store data from each remote antenna unit served by the distributed antenna system.  FIG. 9  depicts a data structure for the data collector  841  of  FIG. 7 , including a registry  1110  for RAU 1 , and similar registries or storage files  1120  through  1180  for each of the other RAUs as shown. However, the data need not be organized this way, and may be organized in any convenient manner. For example, the data may be organized by type of electrical element, or as desired, with the particular RAU being data associated with the electrical element. Other ways may also be used to organize and store the data. 
     An illustrative data organizational structure for the registry  1110  for RAU 1  is detailed in  FIG. 10 . RAU 1  registry  1110  includes all the gathered data for the electrical elements that are routed through the RAU 1 . As shown, the data may be organized by each user, e.g., a registry  1210  for electrical element  1 . RAU 1  registry  1110  may also include registries  1220  through  1280  for electrical elements  2  through  8 , in this embodiment. 
     In the illustrative data structure shown in  FIG. 11 , the registries may be organized as desired for convenience or for emphasis on the improvements perceived as needed for the distributed antenna system or a particular component or system element. Important data parameters from the electrical element may be organized or stored in these or other ways. Other parameters, such as performance parameters for the electrical element, may also be gathered and stored. 
     Data may be further organized and stored for each electrical element, such as the registry  1210  for electrical element  1 , as depicted in  FIG. 11 . This figure depicts a plurality of data points  1310 - 1380 , each point consisting of a datum, e.g., a temperature reading, a pressure reading, a proximity reading, an on/off reading, and the like. The data points may be organized as sequential in time, organized by one or more sensors if the electrical element has more than one sensor element, and so forth. The data may be used, as stated, in computer programs stored in an IoT automation controller, such as IoT automation controller  839  ( FIG. 7 ) for optimizing communications and controlling desired aspects of the building or other deployment site for the wireless distribution system. The data may be employed in algorithms in the software to optimize network communications and desired aspects of the site. 
     A method for maintaining communications and optimizing a device within a deployment site is depicted in  FIG. 12 . In the method  1400  of  FIG. 12 , a remote antenna unit is configured  1401  with a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and with at least one second transceiver for at least one of uplinking and downlinking a signal of at least one electrical element. The at least one electrical element is configured for connecting to the remote antenna unit and for communicating with the one or more second transceivers. Data is then collected  1403  from the at least one electrical element. As discussed above, the at least one electrical element may be in the form factor of a smart sensor, user equipment, or other electrical device for sensing and reporting data about a parameter. The collected data is then routed  1405  to an electrical element data collector for aggregating the data. This data may then be used to determine adjustments  1407  or action to be taken within the deployment site, such as a building, based on the data. The device or its use may then be optimized  1409  based on the data. 
     As discussed above with respect to  FIG. 4 , a remote antenna unit according to the present disclosure includes capabilities for at least two radio services, a cellular service and a non-cellular service for communicating data at least from the electrical elements. The method of  FIG. 12  may be useful in demonstrating how the at least two services work together to allow use of the remote antenna units for normal cellular service and for reporting conditions within the building or other deployment site for the wireless distribution system. This disclosure shows how the remote antenna units can track conditions within the deployment site and may be used to improve or optimize operation of building systems or devices employed within the deployment site. 
     Data can be gathered from each electrical element nearby the remote antenna unit. The data may be routed to a data collector and to an optimization controller and may be very helpful in monitoring and optimizing equipment within the deployment site of a remote antenna unit. This educates a distributed antenna system about what is going on with site equipment or conditions, such as building conditions, in the distributed antenna system coverage area. Without this disclosure, the distributed antenna system may know little about equipment or conditions in a building. With this disclosure, the distributed antenna system can integrate and monitor a great variety of electrical elements and site equipment to provide building automation. The building or deployment site can take advantage of this disclosure with installation of only the electrical elements and the programming required to integrate the electrical elements into the distributed antenna system. Conventional building automation systems in contrast may require extensive deployment of transceivers, wiring, etc. which may be expensive. The distributed antenna system thus can be used to even greater advantage in virtually any situation that could benefit from building automation. 
     By integrating electrical elements into a distributed antenna system as provided by this disclosure the distributed antenna system is provided with information about the deployment site and conditions in the coverage area of the distributed antenna system. With sufficient electrical elements and the proper integration, the distributed antenna system modified to include the IoT automation controller, electrical element data collector, the disclosed routing, and connection with building systems and devices within the building is able to monitor a great variety of conditions within the deployment site, and also concerning equipment and processes within the site. As noted, these may include conditions of temperature, humidity, air composition, noise, light, smoke, movement, and the like. Utility consumption can be monitored, movement of devices and equipment can be tracked, door and window openings and closings can be monitored, all without having to provide infrastructure, such as wiring each piece of equipment or sensor into the system. The use of the automation system according to this disclosure thus affords many advantages for operators of the deployment site and the distributed antenna system. 
     By this disclosure, the infrastructure of a Wireless Distribution System (WDS) and its Distributed Antenna System (DAS) is shared between providing wireless connectivity to clients in a building and monitoring and controlling an automation system for a deployment site. This infrastructure for the site provides wireless service for a building, a wing or a floor of the building, or for several closely-spaced smaller buildings. A head end unit of the DAS and one or more remote antenna units provide communications between wireless sensors or other electrical elements that monitor conditions within the deployment site. The WDS transmits data from the electrical elements to a data collector. A controller uses the data to monitor and control conditions within the deployment site, with no requirement for additional infrastructure. The infrastructure of the WDS and the DAS is used as a shared resource to provide wireless services and to control the site environment. 
     As a result of sharing the already-installed infrastructure, an automation system is easily installed with little additional infrastructure. The user devices and personal devices described above may be deployed as electrical elements, with the already-installed infrastructure providing lines of communication between the electrical elements and the appropriate building systems. Examples are building environmental controls, monitoring systems, security systems, and the like. By sharing existing systems, the capital expenditures are minimized, with little need for additional installation expenses, such as wiring. With fewer runs, a smaller infrastructure and a more efficient operation, operating expenses are also minimized. The shared system may be considered as an internet of things application or an internet of things system. 
     The improved connectivity of the present disclosure thus enables unidirectional or bidirectional communication of a plurality of electrical elements with a remote antenna unit of a distributed antenna system, the systems of a wireless distribution system and the controllers for automating a deployment site of the wireless distribution system. This connectivity is achieved without having to wire the deployment site, such as building, and takes advantage of the infrastructure already available from a wireless distribution system and its distributed antenna system. In one sense then, the present disclosure advances an internet of things (IoT) concept for greater value and service to the users or occupants of the deployment site, by better connecting devices, systems and services as described herein. 
     Thus, the present disclosure provides a method and system for optimizing connectivity in a deployment site for a wireless distribution system (WDS) with a distributed antenna system (DAS). The deployment site makes use of one or more remote antenna units (RAUs) for connecting users having user equipment, such as cell phones, smart phone, table computers, and the like. The deployment site includes electrical elements, which may include sensors, for connecting with the one or more remote antenna units. The disclosure includes simultaneous monitoring by the distributed antenna system of this disclosure of the deployment site for these electrical elements through the one or more remote antenna units. The disclosure includes configuring the remote antenna unit with a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and with at least one second transceiver for uplinking and, where the electrical element provides for bi-directional communication, downlinking of the signal to the electrical elements using a radio service, such as, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Wi-Fi, LoRa, Thread, or ZigBee™ service, depending upon whether the electrical element provides for unidirectional or bidirectional communication. Data is collected from the electrical elements configured for connecting to the remote antenna unit. The collected data is routed to a data collector configured to aggregate the gathered data. The aggregated data may be correlated and used in order to improve the automated control of the deployment site or to improve communications and connectivity within the site. The network may be optimized based on the correlated data. 
     The foregoing automation system and method enable a distributed antenna system (DAS) to illustratively provide an Internet of Things (IoT) hub. Illustratively, the remote antenna unit (RAU) of the distributed antenna system (DAS) may provide the Internet of Things (IoT) hub with the head end unit (HEU) providing a gateway to the Internet that receives data from the remote antenna units (RAUs) from within a deployment site and stores the data in a database for access from without the distributed antenna system (DAS) by a public or private network over the Internet. In this illustrative example, the head end unit (HEU) also functions as an IP translator that may (1) receive data from the remote antenna unit (RAU) communicated in any of a number of protocol formats (e.g., Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE), Z-WAVE, ZigBee™, Wi-Fi, Thread, and long range related protocols (LoRa) connection such as SIGFOX; as well as bi-directional protocols, such as WiFi), (2) extract that data from such protocol(s), (3) store the extracted data in a database for access from without the distributed antenna system (DAS) over the Internet in response to a data access request, (4) and in response to a data access request over the Internet from outside the distributed antenna system (DAS), package the data from the database into data packages according to the IP protocol or other internet protocol for transmission over the Internet. Of course, the head end unit (HEU) may also package the data into data packages for transmission according to protocols other than the IP protocol or other Internet protocol in response to any request for data made from outside the distributed antenna system (DAS) over any private or public network. 
     In applying the Internet of Things (IoT) teachings of this disclosure in the realm of facilities management, the automation system and method of this disclosure may be configured for performing optimization activities within a building. In any teachings, this disclosure finds application in distributed antenna systems (DAS) comprising a fiber optic, coax, hybrid fiber coax, and other wired or wireless implementations. 
     In one embodiment, this disclosure includes an automation system for a deployment site. The automation system includes a wireless distribution system configured with a distributed antenna system (DAS) for receiving at least one cellular service from at least one base station, the distributed antenna system (DAS) comprising a head end unit (HEU) and a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU), the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU) being distributed over the deployment site, the head end unit (HEU) being configured for routing the at least one cellular service to the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). At least one of the plurality of remote antenna units includes a first transceiver configured for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and at least one second transceiver configured for uplinking a signal of at least one electrical element. The at least one remote antenna unit also includes an electrical element at or about the deployment site configured to generate an electrical signal on the occurrence of an event and to transmit the generated signal to the at least one second transceiver. The system also includes a router configured for connecting to the at least one of the plurality of remote antenna units, the router configured for routing data from the at least one second transceiver received from the electrical element and an automation controller configured to determine adjustments to the automation system based on the received electrical element data or on demand. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one second transceiver is further configured to downlink a signal to the electrical element. In some embodiments, the electrical element is further configured to execute an instance of a data service configured to collect data on the event. In some embodiments, the system also includes an electrical element data collector configured to aggregate the collected electrical element data. In some embodiments, the automation controller is further configured to correlate the aggregated data to determine adjustments to the automation system based on the correlated data. In some embodiments, the electrical element comprises a sensor element, a processor, a value register, a protocol module, and a transmitter. In some embodiments, the electrical element further comprises an A/D converter. In some embodiments, the electrical element comprises a sensor element, a processor, a memory, a protocol module, and a transmitter/receiver. In some embodiments, the protocol module comprises circuitry and software to implement a protocol selected from the group consisting of Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE) and long range related protocols (LoRa). In some embodiments, the protocol module comprises circuitry and software to implement a protocol selected from the group consisting of Blue Tooth Low Energy (BLE), long range related protocols (LoRa), and WiFi. In some embodiments, the long range frequencies (LoRa) are frequencies in a sub-G domain of frequencies. 
     In some embodiments, the distributed antenna system (DAS) provides an IoT hub. In some embodiments, the automation controller is further configured for performing optimization activities within a building. In some embodiments, the optimization activities include instructing a change in configuration or control of at least one piece of building equipment. In some embodiments, the collected electrical element data is accumulated over a period of time. In some embodiments, the collected data is mapped against criteria of the at least one building equipment for use in changing the settings of the at least one building equipment. In some embodiments, the mapping occurs in real time. 
     Another embodiment of this disclosure is a method. This is a method for automating a site served by a distributed antenna system (DAS) for receiving at least one service from at least one base station, the distributed antenna system (DAS) comprising a head end unit (HEU) and a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU), the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU) being distributed over the site, the head end unit (HEU) being configured for routing the at least one service to the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). The method includes steps of configuring the site with a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU), at least one of the plurality of remote antenna units comprising a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and at least one second transceiver for uplinking a signal or data of at least one electrical element. The method also includes collecting data from the at least one second transceiver received from an electrical element, routing the collected data to an electrical element data collector configured to aggregate the collected data, determining adjustments to a device within the site based on the collected data and optimizing the device based on the collected data. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one second transceiver of the at least one of the plurality of remote antenna units is further configured to downlink a signal to the at least one electrical element. In some embodiments, the adjustments to the device are determined by an optimization controller. In some embodiments, the method further includes generating an electrical signal by the at least one electrical element upon occurrence of an event. In this situation, the element is a sensor selected from the group consisting of an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, a motion sensor, a consumption sensor, a utility meter, a power sensor, a power management sensor, a magnetic sensor, a pressure sensor, a proximity sensor, a direction sensor and a global positioning sensor. In some embodiments, the electrical element comprises a sensor element, a processor, a value register, a protocol module and a transmitter adapted for communicating with the at least one second transceiver. In some embodiments, the electrical element comprises a sensor element, a processor, a memory, a protocol module and a receiver/transmitter, the electrical element adapted for two-way communications with the at least one second transceiver. 
     In some embodiments, the electrical element further comprises at least one user equipment, the at least one user equipment further comprising a multiple application processor, a wireless service processor and a memory; each of the multiple application processor, the wireless service processor and the memory configured for communicating data to the at least one second transceiver of the remote antenna unit. In some embodiments, the at least one electrical element comprises a plurality of sensors. In some embodiments, the collected data comprises at least one datum selected from the group consisting of a temperature, a movement, an indicator of consumption, a direction, a magnetic field, a pressure, proximity and a location. In some embodiments, the method further includes accumulating and averaging the collected data over a period of time. In some embodiments, the method further comprising configuring a head end unit to uplink and downlink the signal of at least one cellular service and configuring the head end unit to uplink data from the electrical element. In some embodiments, the method further includes configuring the head end unit to downlink data to the electrical element. In some embodiments, the method further includes sending a signal to a third party based on a signal from the at least one electrical element. 
     Another embodiment of the present disclosure is a method. The method concerns automating a deployment site served by a distributed antenna system (DAS) for receiving at least one service from at least one base station, the distributed antenna system (DAS) comprising a head end unit (HEU) and a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU), the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU) being distributed over the deployment site, the head end unit (HEU) being configured for routing the at least one service to the plurality of remote antenna units (RAU). The method includes configuring the deployment site with a plurality of remote antenna units (RAU), at least one of the plurality of remote antenna units being configured with a first transceiver for uplinking and downlinking a signal of a cellular service and with at least one second transceiver for uplinking a signal or data of at least one electrical element. The method also includes collecting data from the at least one second transceiver received from an electrical element, routing the collected data to an electrical element data collector configured to aggregate the collected data. The method also includes determining adjustments to a remote device connected to the at least one electrical element based on the aggregated data and adjusting the remote device based on the aggregated data. 
     In some embodiments, the deployment site is a building. In some embodiments, the remote device is selected from the group consisting of a heating system, a ventilation system, an alarm system, an IoT system and a utility system. 
     The disclosure uses the capabilities of the WDS and DAS in a deployment or served site to monitor and control aspects of the deployment site via readily-connected user equipment and electrical elements. This disclosure takes advantage of an existing WDS/DAS infrastructure to support building automation and wireless sensors in general. In one aspect, the distributed antenna system includes one or more remote antenna units (RAU&#39;s), each RAU including a first wireless transceiver for cellular communications for user equipment served by the RAU. The RAU may also include one or more wireless transceivers or transmitters that communicate with wireless sensors using one or more of the wireless communication standards used in this field and provides communication links between the wireless sensors and the building automation central controller. One advantage of the installed infrastructure of a wireless distribution system, including a distributed antenna system, is that the distributed antenna system becomes a shared resource between the wireless distribution system and an automated system for monitoring and controlling one or more aspects of the deployment site, without adding additional infrastructure. This sharing contributes to lower capital expenditures on startup and to lower operating expenses over time. 
     The resources that are shared between the distributed antenna system and the automation system mean that less infrastructure is needed, leading to lower capital costs to install the system. With less equipment and fewer wiring runs, less maintenance will be required, leading to lower operating costs. In addition, sharing the resources leads to more and better connections between the installed equipment and systems of the site, such as a building. These advantages embody one concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), in which the little added infrastructure for the building automation may be considered as an IoT infrastructure. The present disclosure thus advances an internet of things (IoT) concept for greater value and service to the users or occupants of the deployment site by better connecting devices, systems and services as described herein. 
     If the wireless protocol used by the remote antenna unit wireless sensor receiver/transmitter is one of the protocols used in mobile units such as WiFi or Bluetooth, an application run on a standard cellphone or a tablet can be used as a remote control for communicating with the IoT automation controller. This may be done, for example, for remotely controlling the temperature at a certain area of the building using a standard cellphone or a tablet. If the wireless protocol used by the wireless sensor transceiver is not a standard protocol used in mobile units (e.g. ZigBee™), the remote antenna unit may include an additional transceiver which uses a wireless protocol used by standard mobile units such as WiFi or Bluetooth. 
     Improvements suggested by the optimization controller may include altering power levels of one or more remote antenna units, switching antenna units to other sectors/layers, thus improving uplink performance among users, and the like. 
     Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that any particular order be inferred. 
     It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Since modifications combinations, sub-combinations and variations of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.