Patent Publication Number: US-2020275884-A1

Title: Systems, devices, and methods for alleviating glucotoxicity and restoring pancreatic beta-cell function in advanced diabetes mellitus

Description:
RELATED DOCUMENTS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/452,140, filed Aug. 5, 2014, which is related to, and claims the benefit of priority from, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/862,327 filed Aug. 5, 2013. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/168,659, filed Jun. 24, 2011, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,220,456 on Dec. 29, 2015; which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/417,955, filed Apr. 3, 2009, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,600,682 on Dec. 3, 2014 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/417,960, filed Apr. 3, 2009, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,457,901 on Jun. 4, 2013; both of which claimed priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/042,487, filed on Apr. 4, 2008 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/060,645, filed on Jun. 11, 2008. Each of these applications and patents is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In addition, the present application is related to PCT/US2009/039421, filed Apr. 3, 2009; PCT/US2009/039418, filed Apr. 3, 2009; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/113,252, filed Nov. 11, 2008; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/257,866, filed Nov. 4, 2009; PCT/US2009/063989, filed Nov. 11, 2009; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/257,886 filed Nov. 4, 2009; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/926,234, filed Nov. 3, 2010; and PCT/US2010/055246, filed Nov. 3, 2010. Each of these applications and patents is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Finally, the reference “Convex Optimization” by Boyd and Vandenberghe (Cambridge University Press, 2004; ISBN-10: 0521833787), is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to systems, methods and/or devices for achieving glycemic balance in a diabetes patient, and more particularly to such systems, methods and/or devices according to which a processor is programmed at least to determine from the data inputs corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen in order to achieve durable glycemic balance, thereby alleviating glucotoxicity and/or restoring pancreatic beta-cell function. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Diabetes mellitus (“DM” or “diabetes”) is a chronic disease resulting from deficient insulin secretion by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas. About 7% of the general population in the Western Hemisphere suffers from diabetes. Of these persons, roughly 90% suffer from Type-2 diabetes while approximately 10% suffer from Type-1. In Type-1 diabetes, patients effectively surrender their endocrine pancreas to autoimmune distraction and so become dependent on daily insulin injections to control blood-glucose levels. In Type-2 diabetes, on the other hand, the endocrine pancreas gradually fails to satisfy increased insulin demands, thus requiring the patient to compensate with a regime of oral medications or insulin therapy. In the case of either Type-1 or Type-2 diabetes, the failure to properly control glucose levels in the patient may lead to complications such as heart attacks, strokes, blindness, renal failure, and even premature death. 
     Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the individual&#39;s ability to secrete insulin, and therefore to regulate glucose level, has been compromised. For a non-diabetic person, normal glucose levels are typically around 85-110 mg/dl, and can spike after meals to typically around 140-200 mg/dl. Low glucose levels or hypoglycemia can drop below life-sustaining level and lead to complications such as seizures, loss of consciousness, and even death. High glucose levels or hyperglycemia over a long period of time has been associated with far increased chances to develop complications such as heart disease, hypertension, kidney disease, and blindness among others. 
     Insulin therapy is the mainstay of Type-1 diabetes management and one of the most widespread treatments in Type-2 diabetes, about 27% of the sufferers of which require insulin. Insulin administration is designed to imitate physiological insulin secretion by introducing two classes of insulin into the patient&#39;s body: Long-acting insulin, which fulfills basal metabolic needs; and short-acting insulin (also known as fast-acting insulin), which compensates for sharp elevations in blood-glucose levels following patient meals. Orchestrating the process of dosing these two types of insulin, in whatever form (e.g., separately or as premixed insulin) involves numerous considerations. 
     First, patients measure their blood-glucose levels (using some form of a glucose meter) on average about 3 to 4 times per day. The number of such measurements and the variations therebetween complicates the interpretation of these data, making it difficult to extrapolate trends therefrom that may be employed to better maintain the disease. Second, the complexity of human physiology continuously imposes changes in insulin needs for which frequent insulin dosage regimen adjustments are warranted. Presently, these considerations are handled by a patient&#39;s endocrinologist or other healthcare professional during clinic appointments. Unfortunately, these visits are relatively infrequent—occurring once every 3 to 6 months—and of short duration, so that the physician or other healthcare professional is typically only able to review the very latest patient medical data. In consequence, it has been shown that more than 60% of patients control their diabetes at sub-optimal levels, leading to unwanted complications from the disease. 
     Indeed, one of the major obstacles of diabetes management is the lack of availability of a patient&#39;s healthcare professional and the relative infrequency of clinic appointments. Studies have, in fact, established that more frequent insulin dosage regimen adjustments, for example, every 1 to 2 weeks—improves diabetes control in most patients. Yet as the number of diabetes sufferers continues to expand, it is expected that the possibility of more frequent insulin dosage regimen adjustments via increased clinic visits will, in fact, decrease. And, unfortunately, conventional diabetes treatment solutions do not address this obstacle. 
     The device most commonly employed in diabetes management is the glucose meter. The use of a glucose meter involves drawing a sample of blood from the patient and measuring its glucose content. Such devices come in a variety of forms, although most are characterized by their ability to provide patients near instantaneous readings of their blood-glucose levels. This additional information can be used to better identify dynamic trends in blood-glucose levels. However, conventional glucose meters are designed to be diagnostic tools rather than therapeutic ones. Therefore, by themselves, even state-of-the-art glucose meters do not lead to improved glycemic control. 
     One conventional solution to the treatment of diabetes is the insulin pump. Insulin pumps are devices that continuously infuse short acting insulin into a patient at a predetermined rate to cover both basal needs and meals. The use of an insulin pump involves the insertion of a catheter into the patient through which insulin is infused. As with manual insulin administration therapy, a healthcare professional sets the pump with the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen during clinic visits. In addition to their considerable current expense, which prohibits their widespread use by patients with Type-2 diabetes, insulin pumps require frequent adjustment by the physician or other healthcare professional to compensate for the needs of individual patients based upon frequent blood-glucose-level measurements. 
     An even more recent solution to diabetes treatment seeks to combine an insulin pump and near-continuous glucose monitoring in an effort to create, in effect, an artificial pancreas regulating a patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level with infusions of short-acting insulin. According to this solution, real-time patient information is employed to match insulin dosing to the patient&#39;s dynamic insulin needs irrespective of any underlying physician-prescribed treatment plan. While such systems address present dosing requirements, they are entirely reactive and not instantaneously effective. In consequence of these drawbacks, such combined systems are not always effective at controlling blood glucose levels. For instance, such combined units cannot forecast unplanned activities, such as exercise, that may excessively lower a patient&#39;s blood-glucose level. And when the hypoglycemic condition is detected, the delay in the effectiveness of the insulin occasioned not only by the nature of conventional synthetic insulin but also the sub-dermal delivery of that insulin by conventional pumps results in inefficient correction of the hypoglycemic event. 
     The most common biomarker used to access glycemic control is hemoglobin A1C (A1C for brevity). The relationship between average glucose levels and A1C has been studied. For healthy individuals A1C is between 4.6% and 5.8%, for people with diabetes the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) recommend maintaining A1C&lt;7% that correlates to an average glucose level below 150 mg/dl. 
     Studies have demonstrated the relationship between A1C and complication. The ADA and EASD have set the goal of getting A1C to below 7%. This was chosen as a compromise between lowering the risk for developing complications and the risk of severe (and potentially fatal) hypoglycemia. As a result, diabetes management has developed with its main goal being to bring A1C down as reflected by several consensus statements issued by various authorities. 
     While the foregoing solutions are beneficial in the management and treatment of diabetes in some patients, or at least hold the promise of being so, alleviation of glucotoxicity and restoration of beta-cell function in patients with advanced diabetes has not been possible with existing modalities. Thus, there continues to exist the need for systems, devices, and/or methods that can achieve glycemic balance, alleviate glucotoxicity and/or restore beta-cell function in patients with longstanding disease. 
     SUMMARY 
     Certain embodiments are directed to systems, devices and/or methods for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance. For example, a method for treating diabetes mellitus by alleviating glucotoxicity and/or restoring pancreatic beta-cell function in a patient, the method comprising: storing one or more components of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen; drawing blood samples from the patient at a plurality of times; ascertaining the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements in said blood samples; tagging each of said blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when said measurement was obtained; establishing the patient&#39;s current glycemic state relative to a desired glycemic range; determining from the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much to adjust at least one component of the one or more components of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen to stay within said desired glycemic range and administer the lowest insulin dosage; adjusting said at least one component in accordance with said determination; and performing said steps of the method until the insulin dosage regimen required to stay within the desired glycemic range is lowered to a predetermined level. 
     In certain embodiments, the adjustment to the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be performed in substantially real time. 
     In certain embodiments, an initial insulin dosage regimen may be provided by a physician or other healthcare professional. 
     In certain embodiments, the method may be performed without any intervention from a doctor or other healthcare professional. 
     In certain embodiments, the desired glycemic range may change over time and the adjustment to patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be to get within the most recent desired glycemic range. 
     In certain embodiments, the identifiers reflective of when the reading was obtained may be selected from Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Bedtime, Nighttime, and Other. 
     In certain embodiments, the measurements tagged as “Other” may be classified based on the classification of the previous measurement and an elapsed time since the previous measurement. 
     In certain embodiments, the desired glycemic range may be defined as a blood glucose-level measurement between 85 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL. 
     In certain embodiments, the steps of the method may be repeated over sufficient time to achieve durable glycemic balance. 
     In certain embodiments, the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be adjusted to include at least one high insulin dose. 
     In certain embodiments, the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regime may be adjusted such that insulin is no longer administered. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to systems, devices and/or methods for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance. For example, a method for treating diabetes mellitus by alleviating glucotoxicity and/or restoring pancreatic beta-cell function in a patient, the method comprising: storing one or more components of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen; drawing blood samples from the patient at a plurality of times; ascertaining the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements in said blood samples; tagging each of said blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when said measurement was obtained; establishing the patient&#39;s current glycemic state relative to a desired glycemic range; determining from the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much to adjust at least one component of the one or more components of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen to stay within said desired glycemic range and administer the lowest insulin dosage; adjusting said at least one component in accordance with said determination in a manner that dampens or prevents unstable oscillations; and performing said steps of the method until the insulin dosage regimen required to stay within the desired glycemic range is lowered to a predetermined level. 
     In certain embodiments, the unstable oscillations may be dampened or prevented by ensuring that said adjustment is limited to an intermittent value. 
     In certain embodiments, the unstable oscillations may be dampened or prevented by ensuring that the current increase in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen is less than the previous decrease in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. 
     In certain embodiments, the unstable oscillations may be dampened or prevented by ensuring that the current decrease in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen is less than the previous increase in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. 
     In certain embodiments, the unstable oscillations are dampened or prevented by inserting ‘off intervals’ between different directions of dosage adjustments. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of whether and by how much to adjust at least one component of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may be made by calculating the total daily amount of insulin. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of whether and by how much to adjust at least one component of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may be made by calculating the amount by which any component of the dosage is greater than the same component for the previous dosage. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of whether and by how much to adjust at least one component of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen is made by majority voting rule. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of whether and by how much to adjust at least one component of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may be subject to a consecutive dosage increment rule to establish an off period if a more than a desired number of increments has occurred. 
     In certain embodiments, the consecutive dosage increment rule may prevent two consecutive increments from occurring and create an off period after each dosage increment. 
     In certain embodiments, the consecutive dosage increment rule may allow more than two consecutive increments but no more than eight consecutive increments. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to systems, devices and/or methods for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance. For example, a method for updating a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen to alleviate glucotoxicity and/or restore pancreatic beta-cell function, the method comprising: storing one or more components of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen; drawing blood samples from the patient at a plurality of times; ascertaining the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements in said blood samples; incrementing a timer based on at least one of the passage of a predetermined amount of time and the receipt of each blood glucose-level measurement; tagging each of said blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when said measurement was obtained; establishing the patient&#39;s current glycemic state relative to a desired glycemic range; determining from the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much at least one component of the one or more components of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen should be adjusted to stay within said desired glycemic range with the lowest insulin dosage; updating said at least one component in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regime in response to said determination; and performing the aforementioned steps of the method until the insulin dosage regimen required to stay within the desired glycemic range is lowered to a predetermined level. 
     In certain embodiments, updating at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regime may be done in response to a determination that there have been an excessive number of blood-glucose measurements that have not been within the desired glycemic range with the lowest insulin dosage over a predefined period of time; and the timer may be reset. 
     In certain embodiments, the timer may be configured to indicate that the step of determining from the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much at least one component of the one or more components of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen should be adjusted should be performed after 7 days. 
     In certain embodiments, the timer may indicate when to perform the step of determining from the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much at least one component of the one or more components of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen should be adjusted, and the timer may be reset. 
     In certain embodiments, the desired glycemic range may change over time and the update to patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be to get within the most recent desired glycemic range. 
     In certain embodiments, the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be updated in a manner that dampens or prevents unstable oscillations. 
     In certain embodiments, the scope of the oscillations may be reduced by ensuring that the current increase in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen is less than the previous decrease in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. 
     In certain embodiments, the identifiers reflective of when the reading was obtained may be selected from Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Bedtime, Nighttime, and Other. 
     In certain embodiments, the measurements tagged as “Other” may be classified based on the classification of the previous measurement and an elapsed time since the previous measurement. 
     In certain embodiments, the desired glycemic range may be defined as a blood glucose-level measurement between 85 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL. 
     In certain embodiments, the steps of the method may be repeated over sufficient time to achieve durable glycemic balance. 
     In certain embodiments, the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be updated to include at least one high insulin dose. 
     In certain embodiments, the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regime may be updated such that insulin is no longer administered. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to systems, devices and/or methods for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance. For example, an apparatus for alleviating glucotoxicity and/or restoring pancreatic beta-cell function in a patient over time, comprising: at least a first computer-readable memory for storing one or more components in a patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen and the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times within a predefined period of time; at least one data input for obtaining data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements determined at the plurality of times; a timer for monitoring the predetermined time period, the timer being incremented based on at least one of the passage of a predetermined increment of time and the receipt of at least one of the plurality of blood glucose-level measurements; at least one processor operatively connected to the at least first computer-readable memory, the processor programmed at least to: tag the plurality of blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when the measurement was obtained; calculate, after obtaining one of the plurality of blood glucose-level measurements but before obtaining a subsequent blood glucose-level measurement, any deviation of the obtained blood glucose-level measurement from a desired glycemic range; adjust at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen in response to a determination that the most recently obtained blood glucose-level measurement was not within a desired glycemic range; wherein the timer is reinitiated after the determination that that the most recently obtained blood glucose-level measurement was not within a desired glycemic range over the predefined period of time; determine, at the end of the predefined period of time, from a plurality of the data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements, the variation of at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen that is necessary in order to maintain the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements within a predefined range; reinitiate said timer after said adjustment and said determination; and repeatedly tag said measurements, calculate said deviation, adjust said at least one component, and determine said variation until the insulin dosage regimen required to stay within the desired glycemic range is lowered to a predetermined level. 
     In certain embodiments, a data entry device may enable a user to modify the identifier associated with each blood-glucose-level measurement data-input. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one processor may further determine on a predefined schedule whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one processor may further determine, at the end of the predetermined period of time, from the plurality of the data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements, if the patient&#39;s blood-glucose level measurements fall within or outside of said predefined range, and vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen only if the patient&#39;s blood-glucose level measurements fall outside of said predefined range. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one processor may further determine from the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements whether the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements represent a normal distribution. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of whether the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements represent a normal distribution may comprise determining whether the third moment of the distribution of the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements fall within said predefined range. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may comprise a long-acting insulin dosage component. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may comprise a short-acting insulin dosage component defined by a carbohydrate ratio or a fixed meal dose, and plasma glucose correction factor. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to systems, devices and/or methods for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance. For example, a system for alleviating glucotoxicity and/or restoring pancreatic beta-cell function in a patient, the system comprising: at least one memory for storing data corresponding at least to one or more components of a patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen, and data corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements measured at a plurality of times during a predetermined time period; and at least one processor operatively connected to the at least one memory, the at least one processor configured to: initiate a timer to monitor the predetermined time period; increment the timer based on at least one of the passage of a predetermined increment of time and the receipt of at least one of the plurality of blood glucose-level measurements; tag the plurality of blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when the measurement was obtained; calculate, after obtaining one of the plurality of blood glucose-level measurements but before obtaining a subsequent blood glucose-level measurement, any deviation of the obtained blood glucose-level measurement from a desired glycemic range; adjust at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen in response to the determination that the most recently obtained blood glucose-level measurement was not within a desired glycemic range; wherein the timer is reinitiated after the determination that was not within a desired glycemic range; and determine, at the end of the predetermined time period, from a plurality of the data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen in order to maintain the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements within a predefined range; wherein the timer is reinitiated after the determination of whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen; and repeatedly increment said timer, tag said measurements, calculate said deviation, adjust said at least one component, and determine said variation until the insulin dosage regimen required to stay within the desired glycemic range is lowered to a predetermined level. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one memory and at least one processor may be resident in a single apparatus. 
     In certain embodiments, the single apparatus may further comprise a glucose meter. 
     In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise a glucose meter that is separate from the single apparatus, the glucose meter may be adapted to communicate to the at least one memory of the single apparatus the data corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times. 
     In certain embodiments, the single apparatus may further comprise data entry means for entering data inputs corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times directly into the at least one memory. 
     In certain embodiments, the system may further comprising data entry means disposed at a location remote from the single apparatus for remotely entering data corresponding at least to the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen into the at least one memory. 
     In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise at least first data entry means disposed at a location remote from the at least one memory and at least one processor for remotely entering data inputs corresponding at least to the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen into the at least one memory, and at least second data entry means, disposed at a location remote from the at least one memory, at least one processor and at least first data entry means, for remotely entering data inputs corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times into the at least one memory. 
     In certain embodiments, the data corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times may be associated with an identifier indicative of when the measurement was input into the memory. 
     In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise data entry means enabling a user to define the identifier associated with the blood-glucose-level measurement data. 
     In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise data entry means enabling a user to confirm the correctness of the identifier associated with the blood-glucose-level measurement data. 
     In certain embodiments, the system may further comprise data entry means enabling a user to modify the identifier associated with each blood-glucose-level measurement data. 
     In certain embodiments, the processor may be programmed to determine on a predefined schedule whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. 
     In certain embodiments, the processor may be programmed to determine from the data inputs corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times if the patient&#39;s blood-glucose level measurements fall within or outside said desired glycemic range, and to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen only if the patient&#39;s blood-glucose level measurements fall outside of said desired glycemic range. 
     In certain embodiments, the processor may be further programmed to determine from the data inputs corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times whether the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times represent a normal or abnormal distribution. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of whether the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times represent a normal or abnormal distribution may comprise determining whether the third moment of the distribution of the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times fall within said desired glycemic range. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may comprise a long-acting insulin dosage component, and the processor may be programmed to determine from the identifier indicative of when a measurement was input into the memory at least whether the measurement is a morning or bed-time blood-glucose-level measurement, to determine whether the patient&#39;s morning and bed-time blood-glucose-level measurements fall within a predefined range, and to determine by how much to vary the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage component only when the patient&#39;s morning and bed-time blood-glucose-level measurements are determined to fall outside of said desired glycemic range. 
     In certain embodiments, in connection with the determination of by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen, the at least one processor may be programmed to factor in an insulin sensitivity correction factor that defines both the percentage by which any of the one or more components of the insulin dosage regimen may be varied and the direction in which any fractional variations in any of the one or more components are rounded to the nearest whole number. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one memory may further store data corresponding to a patient&#39;s present weight, and the insulin sensitivity correction factor may be in part determined from the patient&#39;s present weight. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of by how much to vary the long-acting insulin dosage component of a patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may be a function of the present long-acting insulin dosage, the insulin sensitivity correction factor, and the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may comprise a short-acting insulin dosage component defined by a carbohydrate ratio and plasma glucose correction factor, and the processor may be programmed to determine whether and by how much to vary the patient&#39;s carbohydrate ratio and plasma glucose correction factor. 
     In certain embodiments, in connection with the determination of by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen, the at least one processor may be programmed to factor in an insulin sensitivity correction factor that defines both the percentage by which any one or more components of the insulin dosage regimen may be varied and the direction in which any fractional variations in the one or more components are rounded to the nearest whole number. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of by how much to vary the present plasma glucose correction factor component of a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be a function of a predefined value divided by the mean of the total daily dosage of insulin administered to the patient, the patient&#39;s present plasma glucose correction factor, and the insulin sensitivity correction factor. 
     In certain embodiments, a value representing twice the patient&#39;s daily dosage of long-acting insulin in the present insulin dosage regimen may be substituted for the mean of the total daily dosage of insulin administered to the patient as an approximation thereof. 
     In certain embodiments, the plasma glucose correction factor component of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be quantized to predefined steps of mg/dL. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of by how much to vary the present carbohydrate ratio component of a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen may be a function of a predefined value divided by the mean of the total daily dosage of insulin administered to the patient, the patient&#39;s present carbohydrate ratio, and the insulin sensitivity correction factor. 
     In certain embodiments, a value representing twice the patient&#39;s daily dosage of long-acting insulin in the present insulin dosage regimen may be substituted for the mean of the total daily dosage of insulin administered to the patient as an approximation thereof. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one processor may be programmed to determine a correction factor that allows variations to the carbohydrate ratio component of a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen to be altered in order to compensate for a patient&#39;s individual response to insulin at different times of the day. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may comprise a long-acting insulin dosage component, and the determination of by how much to vary the long-acting insulin dosage component may be constrained to an amount of variation within predefined limits. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may comprise a short-acting insulin dosage component defined by a carbohydrate ratio and plasma glucose correction factor, and the determination of by how much to vary any one or more of each component in the short-acting insulin dosage may be constrained to an amount of variation within predefined limits. 
     In certain embodiments, the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen may comprise a short-acting insulin dosage component taken according to a sliding scale, and the processor may be programmed to determine whether and by how much to vary at least the sliding scale in order to maintain the patient&#39;s future blood-glucose-level measurements within a predefined range. 
     In certain embodiments, the determination of by how much to vary the sliding scale may be constrained to an amount of variation within predefined limits. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings and figures facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments of this technology. 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified schematic of an apparatus according to certain exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a drawing of a representative display for providing information to a patient. 
         FIG. 3  is a drawing of another representative display for providing information to a patient. 
         FIG. 4  is a drawing yet another representative display for providing information to a patient. 
         FIG. 5  is a drawing of still another representative display for providing information to a patient. 
         FIG. 6  is a simplified diagram of an apparatus for employing the disclosed system, according to certain embodiments thereof. 
         FIG. 7  is a simplified diagram of an apparatus for employing the disclosed system, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a simplified diagram of an apparatus for employing the disclosed system, according to certain embodiments thereof. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic view of an exemplary arrangement, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic view of an exemplary arrangement for employing, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  is a generalized diagram of the steps employed in updating a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen according to certain exemplary embodiments. 
         FIG. 12  is a flowchart of an exemplary algorithm employed in updating a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen according to certain exemplary embodiments 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a subject with low variability of glucose levels. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a subject with high variability of glucose level. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a patient with varying level of glycemic variability. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a subject with a high glucose level and low variability. 
         FIG. 17  illustrated insulin dosage of a subject with a high glucose level and low variability. 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a subject with low glucose with high variability. 
         FIG. 19  illustrates insulin dosage of a subject with low glucose with high variability. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a subject with low glucose with low variability. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates insulin dosage of a subject with low glucose with low variability. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a subject with high glucose with high variability. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates insulin dosage of a subject with high glucose with high variability. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates blood glucose levels of a subject on a premixed insulin therapy. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates insulin dosage of a subject on premixed insulin therapy. 
         FIG. 26  illustrates blood glucose levels of a subject on a premixed insulin therapy. 
         FIG. 27  illustrates insulin dosage of a subject on premixed insulin therapy. 
         FIG. 28  illustrates blood glucose levels of a subject taking a relatively small daily total of ˜45 units per day almost equally divided between basal and bolus. 
         FIG. 29  illustrates insulin dosage of a subject taking a relatively small daily total of ˜45 units per day almost equally divided between basal and bolus. 
         FIG. 30  illustrates the weekly mean glucose (and regression line), cumulatively for all patients in this example, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 31  illustrates the weekly mean glucose (and regression line), cumulatively in groups I and II in this example, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 32  illustrates the weekly mean glucose in group III (due to lesser data points, a regression line was not plotted) in this example, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 33  illustrates the weekly mean glucose (and regression line) of patients with and without frequent hypoglycemia. During the active 12 weeks weekly mean glucose improved when possible in this example, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 34  illustrates the distribution of hypoglycemic glucose readings during the 12-week active phase and the 4-week run-in period in this example, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 35  illustrates the frequency of minor hypoglycemia (glucose&lt;65mg/dl) during each quartile for patients with or without frequent hypoglycemia (&gt;85 events per patient-year) in this example, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 36  illustrates the total daily insulin in patients with different frequencies of minor hypoglycemia. During the active 12-week period, the frequency and severity of hypoglycemia decreased in this example, according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 37  illustrates the insulin dosage and average blood glucose level of a subject on insulin therapy over a nine-month period. 
         FIG. 38  illustrates the insulin dosage and average blood glucose level of a subject on insulin therapy over a fifteen-month period. 
         FIG. 39  illustrates the insulin dosage and average blood glucose level of a subject on insulin therapy over a ten-month period. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is provided in relation to several embodiments which may share common characteristics and features. It is to be understood that one or more features of any one embodiment may be combinable with one or more features of the other embodiments. In addition, any single feature or combination of features in any of the embodiments may constitute additional embodiments. 
     In this specification, the word “comprising” is to be understood in its “open” sense, that is, in the sense of “including”, and thus not limited to its “closed” sense, that is the sense of “consisting only of”. A corresponding meaning is to be attributed to the corresponding words “comprise”, “comprised” and “comprises” where they appear. 
     The subject headings used in the detailed description are included only for the ease of reference of the reader and should not be used to limit the subject matter found throughout the disclosure or the claims. The subject headings should not be used in construing the scope of the claims or the claim limitations. 
     The term “insulin dosage function” or “IDF” as used herein with respect to certain embodiments refers to a lookup table indicative of an insulin regimen, a protocol, or a combination thereof that a user follows. For example, for a patient following premixed insulin regimen the insulin dosage function may contain two numbers associated with two events reflective of two insulin injection per day, say X insulin units with breakfast and Y insulin units with dinner. The term IDF history as used herein with respect to certain embodiments refers to chronology of insulin dosage functions and external insulin dosage functions viewed as one data set. The first IDF in an IDF history is the active insulin dosage function or the lookup table currently used to recommend the user an appropriate insulin dose per a particular event and event related information. The next record is the second IDF in IDF history the following is the third IDF in IDF history and so forth through the existing records in IDF history 
     The term “partial update” as used herein with respect to certain embodiments refers to the operation of updating a single dosage component in an insulin dosage function. In certain embodiments, a partial update may change more than one dosage components. In certain embodiments, a partial update may not interfere with the synchronous dosage adjustment frequency. In certain embodiments, an event that caused a partial updated may be excluded when the time to perform a synchronous adjustment is due. 
     The term “full update” as used herein with respect to certain embodiments refers to the operation of assessing insulin dosage components to determine if and by how much to change one or more of the dosage components. In certain embodiments, the operation of a full update results in a reset of the synchronous clock. In certain embodiments, the operation of a full update may result in data expiring from the period under evaluation. For example, certain embodiments may employ a counter to determine the number of hypoglycemic events that occurred within a given interval, the process of a full update may cause a reset of that counter. 
     The terms “severe hypoglycemic event” or “SHE” as used herein with respect to certain embodiments refers to blood glucose value below a certain threshold. In certain embodiments, a severe hypoglycemic event is a patient history event with glucose data less than 55 mg/dl. In certain embodiments, a severe hypoglycemic event is a patient history event with glucose data less than 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 mg/dl or combinations thereof. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to a therapeutic device which is a glucose meter equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) and capable of optimizing medication dosage of patients treated with various types of insulin, including optimizing combination of insulin types, i.e., both short and long acting insulin. Certain embodiments monitor patient glucose reading and additional parameters and modify insulin dosage as needed in a similar manner to what an endocrinologist, or other qualified health care provider, would do if that person had continuous access to patient&#39;s data. By dynamically modifying medication dosage based on individual lifestyle and changing needs an optimal dosage level is reached. In turn, this leads to superior glycemic control and better patient prognosis. 
     Glycemic Balance 
     A goal of diabetes management may be achieving glycemic balance and/or improved glycemic composite index (GCI) weighing both A1C and hypoglycemia. Another goal of diabetes management may be moving a patient towards glycemic balance and/or improved GCI weighing at least A1C and hypoglycemia. Another goal of diabetes management may be alleviating glucotoxicity and/or restoring pancreatic beta-cell function through the achievement of glycemic balance and/or improved GCI. There are several potential ways of minimizing a combination of two parameters sometimes referred to as minimizing a cost function of two arguments. The definition of the cost function is significant by itself as its shape may determine what type of solution for the minimization problem exists. Convex cost function can be minimized by several methods and the minimal solution is unique. Optimization of convex function is well studied and books like “Convex Optimization” by Boyd and Vandenberghe (Cambridge University Press, 2004; ISBN-10: 0521833787) and others describes several known methods to perform such optimization. Unfortunately, widely acceptable definitions of what is “an acceptable level of hypoglycemia” do not exist. However, certain aspects of the present disclosure are aimed at setting the goal of achieving a better glycemic balance or an improved GCI by minimizing one argument while making an effort to keep the other argument under a certain threshold. Certain aspects of the present disclosure are aimed at setting the goal of guiding a subject to a glycemic balance or an improved GCI by minimizing one argument while making an effort to keep the other argument under a certain threshold. For example, one possible approach is to minimize glycemic index (GI) as long as it is above a certain threshold while keeping the frequency of hypoglycemia below another threshold; wherein GI is a measure of a set reducing a plurality of historic blood glucose level to a single variable. For example GI can be the mean or median of a given set of glucose values. Other metrics can also be combined like the minimum, maximum, minimum of the mean or median, and other combinations like pattern recognition capable of reducing a multidimensional data set to a single value. In certain embodiments, it may be desired to increase one or more of the insulin dosage component in order to reduce glycemic index assuming glycemic index is above 120 mg/dl and provided that there have been no more than 3 low blood glucose values during the period under observation. Other numbers are also contemplated like increasing one or more of the insulin dosage components if glycemic index is above 150, 140, 130, 110, 100, 90, or 80 mg/dl and provided that there were no more than 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 low blood glucose values during the period under observation. In certain embodiments low blood glucose values may be define as glucose level below 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, or 45 mg/dl. Other methods as disclosed herein may also be chosen. 
     In certain embodiments, as typically done in constrained optimization a dual approach is to reduce the frequency of hypoglycemia as long as GI is below a certain threshold. For example, in certain embodiments, it may be desired to reduce one or more of the insulin dosage components, if the frequency of hypoglycemia is more than 3 during the observed interval and provided that GI is less than 200 mg/dl. Other values like 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 hypoglycemic episodes may be combined with glycemic a index less than 250, 240, 230, 220, 210, 190, 180, 170, 160, 150, 140, 130, 120 can also be used. 
     For example, to improve GCI certain embodiments may chose to reduce mean glucose as long as the rate of hypoglycemia does not exceed a certain threshold. An exemplary algorithm that achieve that can be described as follows: 
     count the number of hypoglycemic episodes over a given time to determine hypoglycemia rate (HR)
     if HR&gt;N   reduce insulin level   

     otherwise
         calculate glycemic index (GI)   if GI&lt;A 1  
           decrease insulin dosage   
           if GI&gt;A 2      increase insulin dosage.       

     The unacceptable hypoglycemic rate threshold (N) may be set to 80 events/year, although other numbers such as 50, 60, 70, 75, 85, 90, 100, 110 or 120 events/year may also be used. The two other thresholds A 1  and A 2  may be selected to drive GI to a desired target. For example one can set a lower level of 80 mg/dl and a higher level of 130 mg/dl, although other combinations of numbers may also be used. For example, glucose values of 60, 65, 70, 75, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105 or 110 mg/dl can be used as the lower threshold A 1 , and glucose values of 110, 115, 120, 125, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155 or 160 mg/dl can be used as the upper threshold A 2 . 
     The GI is based on various statistics that may be derived from available glucose data. For example, statistics that may be used are mean, median, min, max, other mathematical operator that can be extract from a particular set of glucose data (e.g. pattern detection), or combinations thereof. 
     Alleviating Glucotoxicity and Restoring of Beta-Cell Function 
     Type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide with a trend of declining age of onset. It may be characterized by insulin resistance, a physiological condition in which insulin-sensitive tissues in the body (i.e., muscle, fat, and liver) fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin or at least have a reduced responsiveness to the normal actions of insulin. Insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells may reduce glucose uptake, while insulin resistance in liver cells may reduce suppression of glucose production and/or release, resulting in increased levels of insulin and glucose in the bloodstream. If insulin resistance exists, more insulin may need to be secreted by the pancreas. 
     The ability to secrete adequate amounts of insulin may be determined by the functional integrity of beta cells and their overall mass. While insulin resistance and mild elevation of ambient glucose (i.e., impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance) can last for decades, excessive hyperglycemia typically develops over a period of a few years. Hyperglycemia may be toxic to a variety of tissues, including pancreatic beta cells. Injured beta cells may secrete less insulin, may give rise to more severe hyperglycemia. Once full-blown hyperglycemia develops, it may impose further metabolic injury on pancreatic beta cells, which may cause further insulin deficiency and/or additional hyperglycemia, and may ultimately result in beta-cell demise. The detrimental effect of excessive glucose concentrations may be referred to as “glucotoxicity.” This pathophysiological vicious circle may be one of the main causes for the progressive nature of diabetes. 
     Long-term preservation of beta-cell function may improve long-term glycemic control, improve the response to medications (including insulin therapy), reduce the frequency of treatment-related hypoglycemia, and/or diminish complications. Therefore, recovery of beta-cell function would be clinically useful. Simply stated, patients with higher beta-cell function may have superior outcomes, while the less endogenous insulin the patients secretes (even while treated with insulin) the less likely the patient will achieve therapy goals and glycemic stability. 
     Alleviation (or at least reduction) of glucotoxicity and recovery of beta-cell function has been demonstrated in newly-diagnosed diabetes. For example, one study reported that intensive insulin therapy of two-week duration administered to a patient with new-onset diabetes and acute ketoacidosis reduced blood glucose levels, to the point that after an additional four weeks it induced frequent hypoglycemia. The insulin dose was rapidly reduced, and insulin was discontinued two weeks later. At three-month follow up, the patient&#39;s A1C value was 6.8%. Thus, it was reported that this short-term intensive insulin regime alleviated glucotoxicity and restored beta-cell function. (J. Mayfield, et al., Insulin Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: Rescue, Augmentation, and Replacement of Beta-Cell Function, American Family Physician 70:3:E489-501 (Aug. 1, 2004.) However, alleviation of glucotoxicity and restoration of beta-cell function has not previously been demonstrated in patients over longer periods of time, or in patients with advanced diabetes. 
     Clinical data show that maintaining glycemic balance in accordance with the disclosed systems, devices, and methods over time can alleviate glucotoxicity and restore pancreatic beta-cell function. The term “durable glycemic balance” as used herein with respect to certain embodiments refers to achievement of glycemic balance and/or improved GCI as disclosed herein for a period of time longer than about three months. 
     As is known in the art, the standard of care for insulin therapy is generally not to exceed 250 insulin units per day. The conventional rationale for not exceeding that dosage is that it risks causing dangerous hypoglycemia. The term “high insulin dose” as used herein with respect to certain embodiments refers to insulin dosage of more than about 250 IU per day for one or more days. 
     Through the use of the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein, including the use thereof by healthcare professionals trained in accordance with the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein, it has been discovered that achieving durable glycemic balance can alleviate (or at least reduce) glucotoxicity and restore (or partially restore) beta-cell function, as evidenced clinically by decreased the dosing of insulin required to maintain glucose levels. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG. 37 , an exemplary system was used in a patient over a period of 9 months. This process initially led to a significant increase in insulin dosage. The changes in insulin dosage, from 240 units/day to over 400 units/day over the initial 4 month period, moved the subject&#39;s blood glucose level into the normal range over the subsequent 5 month period. The patient&#39;s A1C was 12.5% at baseline and 6.6% after 4 months of use. During the following 5 months, the blood glucose level was maintained at the near-normal range while reducing insulin dosage back to about 240 units/day. With higher residual beta-cell function the patient required less insulin to achieve the same therapeutic outcome, demonstrating alleviation of glucotoxicity and restoration of beta-cell function. 
     As shown in  FIG. 38 , an exemplary the system was used in another patient over a period of 15 months. The patient&#39;s glycemic profile showed a nearly 3-fold increase in insulin over a full year (from 150 units in April 2013 to 400 units in April 2014), while the blood glucose level decreased to an optimal range within 4 months (from 425 mg/dl in April 2013 to 180 mg/dl in August 2013). Maintaining the blood glucose level in an optimal range eventually resulted in a gradual decrease in the amount of insulin required. Over a later three-month period (from April 2014 to June 2014) the insulin dose required to maintain glycemic balance nearly halved (from 400 IU/day to about 200 IU/day). With higher residual beta-cell function the patient required less insulin to achieve the same therapeutic outcome, demonstrating alleviation of glucotoxicity and restoration of beta-cell function. 
     As shown in  FIG. 39 , an exemplary the system was used in another patient over a period of 10 months. The patient&#39;s glycemic profile showed a decrease in insulin over a the first 4 months (from 415 units/day in March 2013 to 240 units/day in July 2013), while the blood glucose level remained in an optimal range. Maintaining the blood glucose level in an optimal range resulted in a decrease in the amount of insulin required. In addition, over the same time period, the frequency of hypoglycemic events (e.g., glucose measurements below 4 mmol/L) was reduced. Over the subsequent 6 months (from July 2013 to December 2013) the insulin dose required to maintain glycemic balance remained nearly constant at 240-270 units/day (reduced significantly from the earlier dosage of 415 units/day). With higher residual beta-cell function the patient required less insulin to achieve the same therapeutic outcome, demonstrating alleviation of glucotoxicity and restoration of beta-cell function. 
     These cases illustrate that the use of the systems, devices, and methods as disclosed herein provides a protective facet to diabetes treatment by persistently assessing insulin requirements and increasing or reducing dosage as needed. This facet is particularly important in patients who partially restore endogenous insulin secretion because over time they require significantly less exogenous insulin to maintain glycemic balance and to prevent dangerous hyperglycemia. 
     Hypoglycemic Events 
     To correctly account for hypoglycemic events for the purpose of insulin adjustment it is useful that such events would be appropriately tagged. In general, a non-fasting glucose level is reflective of the previous insulin injection. For example, a lunch glucose reading is reflective of the effect that the breakfast insulin bolus may had on the user blood glucose levels. In some cases, as a non-limiting example, when a user feels symptoms of hypoglycemia, they may measure glucose outside of their regular schedule. Such glucose data point is typically marked as ‘Other’. If the ‘Other’ glucose level is low it is useful to identify the insulin injection that most likely caused the low ‘Other’ blood glucose level so that the appropriate insulin dosage component would be reduced accordingly. The process of reclassifying an ‘Other’ event relies on the timestamp of the ‘Other’ event and the time that past from a previous event that was not classified as ‘Other’, for example a meal event. The pharmacokinetic profile of the particular insulin used by the user can help set a time window during which an injection may had a particular effect that resulted in a low blood glucose level. In one example, the user may be administering fast-acting insulin which may be active 30 minutes post injection and its effect will completely wear off within 6 hours post injection. For this example, if a ‘Lunch’ event is recorded at 12 PM and a low blood glucose level is recorded as ‘Other’ at 12:10 PM it is unlikely that this low blood glucose level is a result of the Lunch fast-acting insulin injection because it happened too quickly and fast-acting insulin takes longer to start affecting blood glucose levels. Similarly, if an ‘Other’ event is recorded after 6 PM it is unlikely the cause of the lunch fast-acting injection since its effect has already worn off the user. Therefore, it is understood that for a fast acting insulin, with a pharmacokinetic activity profile of 30 minutes to 6 hours from an injection, low blood glucose levels, tagged as ‘Other’, that occurs within 30 minutes to 6 hours from an injection event are likely a result of that injection. Accordingly, it may be desired to reduce the dosage component that most likely caused that low blood glucose level. 
     Other types of insulin may also be considered. Some rapid-acting or ultra rapid-acting insulin may have a pharmacokinetic activity profile where they start affecting blood glucose levels within 15 minutes from administration and their effect wears off within 3 hours. Older types of insulin, like Regular Insulin (e.g. by Eli Lilly), may take 45 minutes to start affecting blood glucose levels and as many as 8 hours to wear off. If a user administers pre-mixed or biphasic insulin then the pharmacokinetic profile of such drugs, e.g. Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30, Humalog Mix 75/25, or Novolog Mix 70/30, may be affecting blood glucose levels starting about 1 hour after injection and ending around 12 hours post injection. It is also appreciated that long-acting insulin&#39;s, such as Lantus® or Levemir®, have a fairly flat pharmacokinetic profile and their activity level is nearly constant over a 24 hours period. Therefore, if a user is administering a combination of long acting and fast acting insulin for their diabetes management glucose levels tagged as ‘Other’ that falls outside of a particular time window following a fast-acting insulin administration are most likely attributed to the background long-acting insulin injection. Accordingly, if an ‘Other’ event recorded a low glucose level and appeared 7 hours post the last meal event recorded in history, that glucose level can be used to reduce the long-acting insulin dosage component. 
     In certain embodiments, it may be desired to reduce an insulin dosage component as soon as a very low blood glucose (VLG) level has been logged into history. A VLG level may be define as blood glucose level below 60 mg/dl, although other numbers, such as below 70, 65, 55, 50, 45, 40 or 35 mg/dl as well as other numbers in similar ranges can also be used. Once a VLG has been logged it is desired that the dosage component that has most likely caused that VLG will be reduced. That dosage component can be proportionally reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%, or reduced by a fixed number of insulin units such as reduced by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, or other reasonable numbers in that range. The reduction of dosage may also be a combination of the two, for example dosage component will be reduced by the greater of (X units or Y %). In this case, if a user is administering 10 insulin units say X=2 and Y=10% than the greater of 2 [insulin units] or 10% of 10 [insulin units] is 2 [insulin units], in which case the new dosage component will be 8 insulin units, instead of the previous component that was 10. In other cases the combination may be the smaller of (X units or Y %). If the latter was applied to the previous example than the smaller of the two is 1 insulin units and the new recommended dosage component would be 9 insulin units, instead of the previous component that was 10. Another alternative to a dosage component reduction is a ‘roll back’, that is find the previous dosage component that is lower than the current one and replace the current component with the previous one. For example, if an insulin dosage component was 10 units and was later increased to 13 units. And, a while later the dosage component of 13 is suspected as the reason behind a VLG it may be desired to replace the component 13 with the previous lower value of 10. This is done regardless of proportionality or a fixed minimal/maximal reduction because according to the data in the device history the previous value of 10 did not cause any VLG. 
     In some cases it would be appreciated that glucose values may be low but not very low. A range for low glucose LG can be defined as values that are not VLG, contemplated before, yet lower than a particular value like 75 mg/dl. Other numbers can also be used for the upper threshold like, 90, 85, 80, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45 or 40 mg/dl or other reasonable numbers in that range. In some embodiments, it may be desired to account for a plurality of LG values even if independently none of them accounts as a VLG to updated insulin dosage components. This is particularly useful if a similar event is suspicious as causing the LG values. For example if a dosage was installed on Monday evening and Tuesday lunch LG value is recorded and Wednesday lunch LG value is recorded it may be desired to reduce the breakfast dosage component. Another example can be that 3 LG values have been recorded for different events within a 24 hours period. Yet another example can be that 4 LG values have been recorded for different events from the time last dosage was instated. Other combinations, like 3 or more LG values for a particular event, 2 LG values or more within a 24 hours period, or 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 LG values recorded from the time stamp when current dosage was installed, are also contemplated. 
     It is appreciated that low blood glucose values are typically an indication the user is administering too much insulin for its current metabolic state. This condition may lead to VLG or to a severe hypoglycemic event that is potentially life threatening. It is therefore desired that a system adjusting insulin dosage is capable of reducing one or more of the user&#39;s insulin dosage components in an attempt to prevent the situation from having a negative clinical outcomes. The aforementioned behavior of a system that adjusts insulin dosage on a synchronous basis, e.g., once a week, can be summarized as follows: if one or more VLG values have been logged by the system an effort is made to identify a dosage component that may have caused that one or more VLG values and reduced it according to dosage reduction rules. This response to an occurrence of one or more VLG values may or may not reset the synchronous time base for the insulin adjustment process. If one or more LG values have been logged by the system there is an attempt to assess the cause of the one or more LG values and to respond accordingly by reducing one or more of the insulin dosage components. Such a reduction may or may not lead to a reset of the synchronous clock. 
     Insulin Adjustment 
     When adjusting insulin dosage it may be desirable to prevent oscillations, i.e., low blood glucose levels leading to a dosage reduction leading to higher blood glucose levels leading to a dosage increase leading to lower blood glucose levels and so forth. Several mechanisms can be used to dampen, reduce, or substantially decrease unstable dosage oscillations. One such mechanism would be inserting ‘off intervals’ between different directions of dosage adjustments. For example a system may follow a rule that if a dosage was reduced from baseline then the next dosage adjustment step can be further reduction or keep in place but not an increase. This way a dosage increase will typically never follow a dosage decrease reducing the likelihood of blood glucose levels oscillations. Another mechanism can be that if a dosage reduction occurred and an increase is recommended in the following dosage adjustment step, then such increase should typically be limited to an intermittent value. The increase can be limited to be less than a particular level, for example, less than the value that was used before the reduction occurred, or no greater than the level that was used before the reduction occurred, or not to exceed that level that was used before the reduction occurred by more than 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%, or 2 insulin units or 4 insulin units, or other similar expression. This way it is understood that the insulin dosage adjustment system is using short term memory by not only reviewing the blood glucose data accumulated in history during the period under review but also utilizing the dosage history that preceded the period under review. 
     It would be appreciated that a similar mechanism can be used for the other direction, i.e., a dosage decrease that followed a prior increase. Such decrease may also be limited, dampened, reduced, to prevent, or substantially prevent unstable oscillations. However, it is understood that insulin dosage reduction is typically done to improve the safety of the therapy and prevent future hypoglycemia. 
     In some embodiments it is desired to prevent consecutive dosage increments as the user response to such increments may be delayed. A delayed response to insulin dosage increments may result in severe hypoglycemia or other adverse events. In some embodiments the contemplated system may use a consecutive dosage increment rule to establish an ‘off period’ if an excessive number of consecutive dosage increments occurred. For example, a system may employ a rule that prevents 2 consecutive increments from occurring, i.e., creating an ‘off period’ after each dosage increment allowing for a delayed response. Other rules may also apply, for example, allowing for two consecutive increments in dosage but not 3, or allowing for 3 consecutive dosage increments but not 4, or allowing for 4 consecutive increments but not five. In certain embodiments, the maximum number of consecutive increase may be limited to 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. 
     When considering a limit to the number of consecutive increments to insulin dosage a question may arise as to what constitutes an increase to insulin dosage. For a user of basal insulin only, it is simply the total daily amount of insulin that is greater than what was previously taken. However, for a patient on premixed insulin or basal-bolus therapy the determination of whether an increase has taken placer may be more complex. For example, if a subject is taking 20 units of premixed insulin at breakfast and 30 units at dinner, and the subject&#39;s blood glucose level is elevated before dinner but low before breakfast, a reasonable adjustment to the insulin dosage may be to take 22 units at breakfast and 27 units at dinner, and it is not necessarily clear if this adjustment constitute an increase or a decrease to the insulin dosage. Similarly, a user of basal-bolus insulin therapy may be taking 10 units of rapid-acting insulin with every meal, a correction factor adding one unit of insulin for every 30 mg/ dl of elevated glucose above 120 mg/dl, and a bedtime dose of 30 units of long acting insulin. Glucose levels during a certain period may indicate it is reasonable to increase breakfast dose from 10 units to 12 units, decrease lunch dose from 10 units to 9 units, decrease dinner dose from 10 to 8 units, and increase bedtime dose from 30 to 35 units. Similarly, it is not necessarily clear that the new dosage constitute an increase compared to the previous dosage. 
     A method to examine if insulin dosage has been increased may be based on the total daily amount of insulin. For example, for the aforementioned premixed insulin case the first daily total amount of insulin was 50 units (20 at breakfast and 30 at dinner) and the daily total amount of insulin for the new dosage was 49 (22 at breakfast and 27 at dinner). Therefore the new dosage would not be considered an increase. For the aforementioned basal-bolus example the initial daily total would be 60 units (3×10+30) and the new daily total is 64 and therefore would be ruled an increase. 
     Another method to determine if insulin dosage has been increased is if any component of the dosage is greater than the same component for the previous dosage. Using this method, in both of the above examples the change would be considered an increase. That is, the premixed insulin because breakfast dose increased from 20 units to 22 units, and the basal-bolus insulin because breakfast dose increased from 10 to 12 units and bedtime increased from 30 to 35 units. 
     Another method to determine if insulin dosage has been increased can use a “majority voting” rule in which a majority of the dosage components have to increase in order to determine the dosage has been increased compared to the previous period. Under the majority voting rule neither one of the previous examples would be considered an increase. That is, the premixed insulin example had one out of two components increased, and the basal-bolus example had two out of four component increased, none of which constitutes a majority. 
     Thus, there are several ways one can use to assess as to whether the new dosage represents an increment compared to the previous dosage. Some examples are given below in table 1. This can be simple for basal only insulin regimen where the user has to administer Z 1  insulin units per day. Then, if the new dosage components Z 2  is greater than Z 1  the dosage has been increased. However, for more complex regimens such as premixed/biphasic insulin therapy or basal bolus insulin therapy alternative definitions can be used to define what constitutes a dosage increase. For example, for a premixed/biphasic insulin regimen each dosage component is simply the dose one needs to administer for a given event. That is, a premixed insulin dosage may include a dose of X 1  units of insulin at breakfast and a dose of Y1 units at dinner. If the new dosage includes X 2  and Y 2  then several methods can be used to determine an increment, e.g., the methods shown in Table 1 below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 X 2  + Y 2  &gt; X 1  + Y 1   
               
               
                   
                 X 2  &gt; X 1  and + Y 2  ≥ Y 1   
               
               
                   
                 Y 2  &gt; Y 1  and + X 2  ≥ X 1   
               
               
                   
                 X 2  &gt; X 1  and + Y 2  &lt; Y 1  but X 2  + Y 2  &gt; X 1  + Y 1   
               
               
                   
                 Y 2  &gt; Y 1  and + X 2  &lt; X 1  but X 2  + Y 2  &gt; X 1  + Y 1   
               
               
                   
                 either X 2  &gt; X 1  or Y 2  &gt; Y 1   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition, in some embodiments a projected daily total such as the sum of the dosage components may be used to determine whether the current insulin dosage represents an increase compared to prior week. In regimens that require carbohydrate counting, the projected daily total would require estimating average meal size as the dosage component are ratios and cannot be simply added to determine daily total. Meal size estimates can relies on recorded carbohydrate intake logged in the system over a predefined period of time, for example, the last week, the last couple of weeks, or the last month. An estimated meal content can be calculated for different meals or as a daily total recorded carbohydrate intake. 
     In some embodiments, historic data stored in the system memory may be incomplete. In certain embodiments, incomplete data may be defined as less than 3 data points for a particular events. In other embodiments, incomplete data may be defined as less than 5, 4, 2, or 1 data points per event. In some instances, the user may chose to only measure fasting blood glucose. This has a varying level of meaning depending on the insulin regimen used by the user. If a user is following a basal only regimen than fasting blood glucose level may be sufficient to safely and effectively adjust insulin dosage to achieve a better glycemic balance. However, for a person using premixed insulin therapy, that administers insulin twice a day, a single test per day may not suffice to appropriately adjust insulin. 
     In certain embodiments, the instance when a particular data set (e.g. events of type ‘Breakfast’) is in complete is referred to as a missing data set. If there is a missing data set the system may decide to keep insulin dosage unchanged. In other embodiments, the presence of a missing data set may be a reason to limit the allowed change for other dosage components. With basal-bolus insulin therapy, the presence of a missing data set may be used to limit the ratio between fast acting and long acting insulin. In other embodiments, it may be desired to limit the increase allowed for a single fast-acting insulin dosage component. 
     Using methods to prevent consistent increase or unstable increase (oscillating) of insulin dosage may lead to a better prognosis for a longer period of time with potentially better outcomes. The example shown in  FIG. 37  shows how the aforementioned methods are used to constrain the rate in which insulin dosage increases during the initial phase of therapy, as insulin increase was stopped on 11/23/12 and on 1/17/13 despite elevated glucose levels. Similarly, on 4/5/13 the total daily amount of insulin was 349 units, it was reduced to 332 units for the following period, then increased but only to 343 units to prevent unstable oscillations of dosage. Combinations of the proposed methods resulted in the ability to bring glucose levels into the desired range and maintain them in the desired range for 6 months. 
     Balance Point 
     Clinical data may suggest that the optimal balance point is different for different people with diabetes. For example, in some studies it was noted that a small portion of the study population (about 10% of subjects) experienced about 90% of the severe hypoglycemic episodes. It is very likely that some people with diabetes are more prone to hypoglycemia. For such individuals the optimal glycemic balance may mean A1C&gt;7%, since A1C of 7% or less will place them at a too greater risk. 
     The optimal glycemic balance for each individual may vary overtime and that there may be no ‘steady state’. That is, the optimal GCI for each individual may need to be constantly evaluated. One reason for this may be that GCI may be affected by the variability of an individual glucose data. For some that variability is low as illustrated in  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 13  illustrates a patient with low variability of glucose levels. Each point of the figure represents weekly mean glucose data and the vertical bars are plus or minus one standard deviation. In others the variability may be high as illustrated in  FIG. 14 .  FIG. 14  illustrates a patient with high variability of glucose level. Each point of the figure represents weekly mean glucose data and the vertical bars are plus or minus one standard deviation. In others the variability may be inconsistent as illustrated in  FIG. 15 .  FIG. 15  illustrates a patient with varying level of glycemic variability. Each point of the figure represents weekly mean glucose data and the vertical bars are plus or minus one standard deviation. In weeks 10-16 there are far more glucose values&lt;65mg/dl (the numbers beneath each bar) as compared to weeks 1-9 despite the fact that mean glucose is roughly stable and in fact slightly higher during the second period. 
     Overall, in certain embodiments applying a mass policy of optimizing GCI may be much safer than applying a policy aimed at reducing A1C. Neglecting to set therapy goals that accounts for hypoglycemia may lead to severe consequences and even death. However, by applying a policy of optimizing glycemic balanced or GCI, as illustrated in certain embodiments, one can be reassured that therapy will be intensify only as long as it does not lead to too many hypoglycemic episodes. 
     There is little consensus as to what constitute minor hypoglycemia. It is generally accepted that severe hypoglycemia is one that requires the assistant of a third party to be resolved. It is also accepted that minor hypoglycemia may be the best predictor for severe hypoglycemia. However, while some define minor hypoglycemia as capillary glucose levels below 70 mg/dl numbers such as 65, 50, and even 40 mg/dl can also be found. 
     An example of a subject with a high glucose level and low variability is illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 17 .  FIG. 16  shows that throughout the 16 weeks period the patient had just one glucose level &lt;65mg/dI (week 15).  FIG. 17  shows that the total daily insulin more than double over 12 weeks (120 to 270 [IU]). This particular subject can safely maintain A1C level of 6.1%, well below the recommended goal of 7%. 
     An example of a subject with low glucose with high variability is illustrated in  FIGS. 18 and 19 .  FIG. 18  illustrates that during the first 4 weeks (ran-in period) subject has 3 hypoglycemic episodes per week (a rate of 156 episodes/year), and during the last 4 weeks the subject had 4 hypoglycemic episodes, a rate of 52/yr.  FIG. 19  illustrates that that insulin did not decrease but rather increased throughout the intervention period, from ˜80 units a day to nearly 140 units a day. 
     An example of a subject with low glucose with low variability is illustrated in  FIGS. 20 and 21 .  FIG. 20  illustrates that the subject had week 4 A1C of 7.7%, mean glucose is below 150 mg/dl, yet there are 6 episodes of hypoglycemia during the run-in period.  FIG. 21  shows that for this subject the total daily insulin remains fairly stable at ˜180 units, yet its distribution is shifted from being 45%/55% basal to bolus in week 4 to being 30%/70% basal to bolus in week 16. 
     An example of a subject with high glucose with high variability is illustrated in  FIGS. 22 and 23 .  FIG. 22  illustrates that for this subject the hypoglycemia rate decreased from 182/yr to 48/yr, while A1C increased from 8.2% (week 4) to 9.7% (week 16).  FIG. 23  as opposed to the previous 3 examples, illustrates that this subject counts carbohydrates to figure out his bolus doses. Hence, meal dosage is given as ratio. For example, dinner dosage starts at a ratio of 1 [IU] to every 15 grams of carbohydrates and end at a ratio of 1 [IU] to every 9 grams of carbohydrates]. To reduce hypoglycemia basal dose is reduced from 25 [IU] to 12 [IU] (weeks 4 to 8). Thereafter, without hypoglycemia insulin dosage is slowly increased. Eventually, the subject is taking at the end of the study almost the same amount of insulin as in the beginning yet with a far different distribution. 
     An example of a patient on premixed insulin therapy is illustrated in  FIGS. 24 and 25 .  FIG. 24  shows a reduction in weekly mean glucose from weeks 1-4 ‘for no apparent reason’ as insulin dosage remained unchanged during that time, then the increase in insulin dosage in weeks 5-8 (from a daily total of 92 units to 140 units) resulted in a significant increase in mean glucose (from ˜230 mg/dl to ˜300 mg/dl), then in weeks 12-14 mean glucose roughly equals that of week 5 although insulin dosage is ˜190 units a day (more than twice that of week 5).  FIG. 25  illustrates the fact that certain disclosed embodiments did not increase dosage for more than 4 consecutive weeks. Note that there is no dosage increase in weeks 9 and 13 despite elevated glucose levels. 
       FIG. 26  and  FIG. 27  illustrate that certain disclosed embodiments had the ability to adjust different dosage components independently for a patient on premixed therapy. In weeks 6-9 and 12-16 the patient is experiencing some hypoglycemia throughout the day to which the embodiments respond by reducing the breakfast dosage component while the dinner component may still increase. This patient had week 0 A1C of 9.1%, week 4 of 8%, and week 16 of 5.8%. 
       FIG. 28  illustrates a patient taking a relatively small daily total of ˜45 units per day almost equally divided between basal and bolus. The patient&#39;s mean glucose during the run-in period is just below 150 mg/dl, yet A1C is 9% in week 0 and 8.4% in week 4. Certain embodiments are capable of further improving glycemic balance by slowly increasing the independent bolus dosage components to a final daily total of ˜57 units/day. Week 16 A1C is improved to 7.4% with only two hypoglycemic episodes one in each of the final two weeks.  FIG. 29  illustrates that basal insulin starts at 24 and ends at 25 units/day with a peak of 28 units/day for weeks 14-15. At the same time: breakfast dosage goes from 6 to 9 (+50%), lunch dosage goes from 6 to 11 (+83%), and dinner dosage goes from 8 to 11 (+37%). While the bolus dosage increase may seem dramatic it was achieved in a safe manner with acceptable rate of hypoglycemia and well improved A1C. 
     These examples illustrate that in certain embodiments the goal of diabetes management may be achieving glycemic balance or improved glycemic composite index weighing both A1C and hypoglycemia. 
     Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems, methods and/or devices for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance based whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen to get closer to the patient&#39;s desired glycemic balance point. 
     Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems, methods and/or devices for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance based whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen to get closer to the patient&#39;s desired glycemic balance point and individual time-varying treatment targets. 
     Certain embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems, methods and/or devices for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance that are designed to slowly and/or safely guide its user to a better glycemic balance. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to providing guidance on a dynamic basis for each individual subject in order to move the subject an appropriate glycemic balance. 
     In certain embodiments, treatment of a patients diabetes by providing treatment guidance using glycemic balance may assumed one or more of the following:
     a) lowering mean glucose increase the chances of experiencing hypoglycemia;   b) hypoglycemia poses a potential risk for the patients and under certain conditions it should lead to an immediate dosage adjustment (regardless of the synchronic interval);   c) a single severe hypoglycemic event may be an outlier. As such, it requires an immediate attention but does not reset the synchronous clock;   d) events may not need to be double counted, in other words, if a dosage component was adjusted in response to (c) that particular severe hypoglycemic data point will typically be ignored and not used again when the synchronic evaluation of the data occurs; and/or   e) dosage evaluation should typically reflect the current dosage. That is, when an asynchronous, full, dosage adjustment occurs (due to an excessive number of hypoglycemic events over since the last full update) the synchronous clock would be reset and the hypoglycemic events that caused the asynchronous full dosage adjustment expire.   

     The result is that certain embodiments use a varying length window that contains the events that occurred after the last update but are no older than 7 days (this is done to allow events to expire based on time in the case that there were not enough events recorded in history to adjust dosage). Other time periods may also be used such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 11, 12, 13 or 14 days. Certain embodiments may perform at least two types of updates: partial and full. 
     A partial update may be triggered by a severe hypoglycemic event and immediately adjusts (reduces) the dosage component that presumably caused the severe low. It does not have to reset the clock and may be treated as an outlier until there is more evidence that it wasn&#39;t an outlier (i.e., there are more hypoglycemic episodes). In certain embodiments, partial updates are only triggered by severe hypoglycemic episodes. In certain embodiments any low blood glucose value, low meaning below a particular threshold, can lead to either a partial or a full update of the insulin dosage. In certain embodiments two or more low blood glucose levels can lead to a full update. In certain embodiments one severe hypoglycemic episodes and two low blood glucose levels may lead to a full update. In other embodiments, low blood glucose values may only lead to partial updates. In certain embodiments, two or more low blood glucose value per event may lead to a full update. In other embodiments more than 3, 4, or 5 low blood glucose values may result in a full update. 
     A full update uses the available data in the valid history (for example, newer than the last dosage update and not older than 7 days) to adjust one or more dosage components. In certain embodiments, the full update will adjust all dosage components. In other embodiments, the full update will adjust one or more dosage components. Other time periods may also be used such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 11, 12, 13 or 14 days. It is assumed that this data set reflects the up-to-date efficacy of the active dosage. In certain embodiments, a full update resets the synchronous clock thus causing the events that were part of this dosage adjustment to expire by becoming older than the most recent dosage timestamp. In certain embodiments, a full update resets the synchronous clock thus causing a substantial portion of the events that were part of this dosage adjustment to expire by becoming older than the most recent dosage timestamp. In certain embodiments, a full update resets the synchronous clock thus causing all of the events that were part of this dosage adjustment to expire by becoming older than the most recent dosage timestamp. In certain embodiments, a full update resets the synchronous clock thus causing a portion of the events that were part of this dosage adjustment to expire by becoming older than the most recent dosage timestamp. 
     In certain embodiments, full update may be triggered by time, by the determination that frequency of hypoglycemia exceeded certain limits, or combinations thereof. A full update can also be triggered by external interventions, such as by a treating clinician or by incorporating additional knowledge that may affect the user metabolic state. Such knowledge may be that the user has started or discontinued other drugs, or the development of physiological conditions weather temporal sickness like the flu or conditions like end stage renal failure. Other examples that can trigger a full update are a visit to the emergency room, any sort of trauma injury, or other medical conditions that would lead someone knowledgeable in this field to reset insulin dosage or regimen or both. 
     In certain embodiments, a full update may be triggered by time, for example, more than 7 days have passed since last update. In such cases each data set is evaluated for completeness. Certain embodiments require at least 3 data points per event. If a certain event has less than 3 data points it is declared as missing data. If data is missing from one event then certain safety measures are applied to make sure that the remaining dosage component are not going to change too aggressively. For example, If more than 1 data set is missing then it may be decided not to adjust dosage. 
     In certain embodiments, full update can also be triggered by the determination that frequency of hypoglycemia exceeded certain limits. In such cases it is highly likely that there is less than 3 data points per event. Nonetheless, since the full update was triggered for safety certain embodiments use whatever data is available in memory. 
     The logic behind certain embodiments is that a) you have to let a dosage settle in; and, b) if a full update occurred than the events (including low) have to expire otherwise certain embodiments would be accounting for events that do not reflect the efficacy of the current dosage (i.e., hypoglycemic episodes that occurred before the active dosage was instated). 
     In certain embodiments one or more of the following may be combined:
     1) Increasing insulin dosage may be done at a more gradual pace. For example, certain embodiments may not allow more than 3, 4, 5, or 6 consecutive increases to insulin dosage. This results in slower increases of dosage which may have longer terms effects: for example if a subject starts with 50 units a day and mean glucose levels in the 200s their dosage can increase 20%-25% for several weeks leading them to a daily total of about 100 units in 4 weeks. While each change was small the cumulative effect may take time to settle in. As can be seen in the subject illustrated in  FIGS. 16 and 17  mean glucose is coming down significantly in weeks 9 and 13 although insulin dosage is unchanged from previous week.   2) Hypoglycemia is an inherent part of insulin therapy. There is no need to respond to it either aggressively or conservatively unless it reflects on the active dosage.   3) Limited correlation between events. Certain embodiments treat each event set independently. Correlation between events in some embodiments is only considered when data is missing.   4) Certain embodiments make an attempt to prevent unstable oscillations by limiting an increase that followed a decrease not to exceed the level that caused the previous decrease.   

     In certain embodiments, glycemic index (GI) can be defined as the minimum of the average and the median of a particular data set, e.g., historic blood glucose level tagged as ‘Lunch’ during the period under evaluation. For a regimen of basal-bolus insulin therapy, GI can then be used to adjust the breakfast dosage component in AIDF according to the following table 2 where Δ is a number of insulin units to be added to the current breakfast dosage component: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GI 
                 Δ fixed meal bolus 
                 Δ for carbohydrate counting 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  0-50 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*BD(k), 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[(0.1*BD(k), 
               
               
                   
                 0.2*BD(k)]) 
                 0.2*BD(k)]) 
               
               
                 51-80 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*BD(k) 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[(0.05*BD(k), 
               
               
                   
                 0.1*BD(k)]) 
                 0.1*BD(k)]) 
               
               
                  81-135 
                 (0) 
                 (0) 
               
               
                 136-200 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*BD(k) 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[(0.05*BD(k), 
               
               
                   
                 0.1*BD(k)]) 
                 0.1*BD(k)]) 
               
               
                 201-250 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*BD(k), 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[(0.1*BD(k), 
               
               
                   
                 0.2*BD(k)]) 
                 0.2*BD(k)]) 
               
               
                 251-300 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.15*BD(k), 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.15*BD(k), 
               
               
                   
                 0.25*BD(k)]) 
                 0.25*BD(k)]) 
               
               
                 301+ 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.2*BD(k), 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.2*BD(k), 
               
               
                   
                 0.3*BD(k)]) 
                 0.3*BD(k)]) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Wherein for certain embodiments MAX is the maximum of; INT_MIN is the minimal integer within a given range; and BD(k) refers to the breakfast dosage component within the active IDF. Other ranges of can also be used on the column in the left hand side. For example, GI ranges can be 0-60, 61-70, 71-120, 121-180, 181-230, 231-280, and above 281. Other examples are also valid. It would be understood that if a patient is using a fixed breakfast bolus dose of 10 units and GI=140 than the new breakfast dosage component is adjusted to be 11 units. At the same time, if the patient is using a carbohydrate to insulin ratio for breakfast of 1 insulin units to 10 grams of carbohydrates then according to the right-hand column the new dosage component would be a ratio of 1 [IU]:9[grams of carbohydrates]. 
     In certain embodiments different tables can be used to adjust different dosage components. For example while breakfast dosage component may be adjusted according to the example given in above, certain embodiments may use the following table 3 to adjust the dinner dosage component. 
                             TABLE 3               GI   Δ fixed meal bolus   Δ for carbohydrate counting                   0-50   −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*DD(k), 0.2   MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*DD(k),           *DD(k)])   0.2*DD(k)])        51-100   −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*DD(k),   MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*DD(k),           0.1*DD(k)])   0.1*DD(k)])       101-200   (0)   (0)       201-250   MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*DD(k),   −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*DD(k),           0.1*DD(k)])   0.1*DD(k)])       251-300   MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*DD(k),   −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*DD(k),           0.2*DD(k)])   0.2*DD(k)])       301+   MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.15*DD(k),   −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.15*DD(k),           0.25*DD(k)])   0.25*DD(k)])                    
Wherein DD(k) refers to the dinner dosage component of the AIDF.
 
     In certain embodiments, yet another tables can be used to adjust the long acting insulin dosage component. For example while breakfast dosage component or dinner dosage components may be adjusted according to the aforementioned examples, certain embodiments may use the following table 4 to adjust the long acting dosage component based on breakfast glucose data 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GI 
                 Δ 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                  0-50 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*LD(k), 0.2*LD(k)]) 
               
               
                  51-100 
                 −MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*LD(k), 0.1*LD(k)]) 
               
               
                 101-135 
                 0 
               
               
                 136-200 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.05*LD(k), 0.1*LD(k)]) 
               
               
                 201-250 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.1*LD(k), 0.2*LD(k)]) 
               
               
                 251-300 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.15*LD(k), 0.25*LD(k)]) 
               
               
                 301+ 
                 MAX(1, INT_MIN[0.2*LD(k), 0.3*LD(k)]) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Managing Population of Diabetics 
     In certain embodiments, it is desired to have a group of people with insulin-treated diabetes better manage their blood glucose levels. Such embodiments can be used to significantly reduce cost of health care. For example, it is well documented that high hemoglobin A1C is a contributing factor to a significantly higher chances of developing diabetes related complications. Studies have shown that reducing a patient&#39;s A1C from 9% to 7% reduces his chances of developing retinopathy by about 76%. As nearly 80% of health care costs are due to hospitalizations, readmissions, or visits to the emergency room, it is useful to reduce average A1C within a population as a tool to reduce costs of health care. It is also useful not to reduce A1C below a certain threshold as low A1C have been shown to be a high risk factor for severe hypoglycemia. Since hypoglycemia is the leading cause for emergency room visits for people with insulin treated diabetes, it is useful to reduce the rate of hypoglycemia of a given population as a way to reduce overall costs of health care. 
     In certain embodiments it is desired to enroll a patient population to a service that adjusts insulin dosage as a way to improve diabetes prognosis by reducing A1C and/or the rate of hypoglycemia leading to a reduction in health care costs. For example, enrolling a group of patients that are 21-70 years of age and had a clinical diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes for at least one year. In this example, patients may be excluded if they have a body mass index (BMI) ≥45 kg/m 2 ; severe impairment of cardiac, hepatic, or renal functions; psychological, or cognitive impairment; more than two episodes of severe hypoglycemia in the past year; or a history of hypoglycemia unawareness. Eligible patients can be enrolled into one of 3 treatment groups which included patients with: I. suboptimally controlled type 1 diabetes (A1C≥7.4%) treated with basal-bolus insulin therapy that may incorporate carbohydrate-counting; II. suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes (A1C≥7.4%) treated with basal-bolus insulin therapy (without carbohydrate-counting); and III. suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes (A1C≥7.8%) treated with twice daily biphasic insulin. 
     In this example, it was useful to use the first 4 weeks as a baseline and allow patients to continue their pre-enrollment regimens without intervention. During the following 12 weeks, self-measured blood glucose readings reported on patients&#39; diaries can be processed weekly by certain embodiments which recommends a new insulin dosage. Although generally encouraged to follow dosage recommendations, patients are allowed to deviate from the prescribed dosage during unusual situations (e.g. anticipated physical activity). Patients in Groups I and II are asked to test and record their capillary glucose 4 times a day before meals and before bedtime and patients in group III are asked to test twice a day, before breakfast and dinner. All patients may be asked to measure capillary glucose during the night every 5-9 days. Information captured in diaries included time-stamped scheduled and unscheduled glucose readings, insulin doses, and carbohydrate quantities (Group I only). Reduction of health care costs is measured by improved efficacy: defined in this example as the improvement in self measured weekly mean glucose, and reduction in A1C; and, by improved safety defined as reduction in the frequency of hypoglycemia for patients suffering from a high rate of hypoglycemia, e.g., more than 3 events per week, and maintaining rate of hypoglycemia at an acceptable level, e.g., no more than one event per week, for everyone else. In this example, hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose &lt;65 mg/dl. 
     Using certain disclosed embodiments a patient population can be treated to improve diabetes management and reduce health care costs by providing them with a device that replaces their glucose meters and automatically uses the plurality of historic glucose data to adjust insulin therapy such that the population reaches a better glycemic balance point. 
     In this example, using certain disclosed embodiments, can lead to significant reduction in A1C in just 12 weeks, for example from a baseline A1C of 8.4% to an A1C of 7.9%, and reduction in weekly mean glucose from a baseline of 174 mg/dl to an endpoint of 163 mg/dl. And, for patient with high frequency of hypoglycemia reducing its rate from 3.2 events per week to 1.9 events per week without increasing A1C level in a statistically significant manner. And, for patients without frequent hypoglycemia reducing A1C from 8.5% at baseline to 7.8%, mean glucose from 182 mg/dl to 155 mg/dl without increasing frequency of hypoglycemia, of 0.5 events per week at baseline, in a statistically significant manner 
     Achieving the above results lead to reduction in the number of office visits and/or the number of calls from patients to health care providers, leading to short term health care costs saving. Furthermore, maintaining the above results over a period of time can lead to significant reduction in the development of diabetes related complications or visits to the emergency room resulting in a significant health care costs reduction. 
     In this example, reduction in mean glucose is achieved for all members of the population as seen in  FIG. 30 . Using certain disclosed embodiments, significant reduction in mean glucose and hemoglobin A1C can be achieved with population members having type 2 diabetes as seen in  FIG. 31  and  FIG. 32 . Better glycemic balance is achieved by reducing mean glucose for patient without frequent hypoglycemia while increasing mean glucose for patients with frequent hypoglycemia as seen in  FIG. 33 . Using certain disclosed embodiments it is possible not only to reduce the number of hypoglycemia events but also to shift their distribution such that if an hypoglycemic event occurs it is likelier to have a higher low blood glucose level, for example above 50 mg/dl, as seen in  FIG. 34 . In certain embodiments, statistically significant reduction in the frequency of hypoglycemia is achieved without an increase in A1C, while statistically significant reduction in A1C is achieved without an increase in the frequency of hypoglycemia, as seen in  FIG. 35 . In certain embodiments it is useful to increase daily total insulin dosage to achieve reduction in A1C. 
     In certain embodiments it is useful to achieve reduction in the frequency of hypoglycemia by changing the distribution of insulin between different administration points rather than reducing the daily total insulin dosage, as seen in  FIG. 36 . 
     Certain embodiments are directed to methods, systems and/or devices for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance wherein the frequency of hypoglycemic events is reduced without significantly reducing the total amount of insulin used by the patient. For example, a method for treating a patient&#39;s diabetes by providing treatment guidance, the method comprising: storing one or more components of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen; obtaining data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times; tagging each of the blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when or why the reading was obtained; and determining the patient&#39;s current glycemic state relative to a desired balance point; and determining from at least one of a plurality of the data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen to get closer to the patient&#39;s desired balance point, without significantly reducing the total amount of insulin used by the patient; wherein the desired balance point is the patient&#39;s lowest blood glucose-level within a predetermined range achievable before increasing the frequency of hypoglycemic events above a predetermined threshold. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to apparatus for improving the health of a diabetic population, wherein the frequency of hypoglycemic events is reduced without significantly reducing the total amount of insulin used by the patient. For example, an apparatus comprising: a processor and a computer readable medium coupled to the processor and collectively capable of: (a) storing one or more components of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen; (b) obtaining data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times; (c) tagging each of the blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when or why the reading was obtained; (d) determining the patient&#39;s current glycemic state relative to a desired balance point; and (e) determining from at least one of a plurality of the data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen to get closer to the patient&#39;s desired balance point, without significantly reducing the total amount of insulin used by the patient; wherein the desired balance point is the patient&#39;s lowest blood glucose-level within a predetermined range achievable before the frequency of hypoglycemic events exceeds a predetermined threshold. 
     Certain embodiments are directed to methods, systems and/or devices for improving the health of a diabetic population, wherein the frequency of hypoglycemic events is reduced without significantly reducing the total amount of insulin used by the patients. For example, a method for improving the health of a diabetic population, the method comprising: identifying at least one diabetic patient; treating the a least one diabetic patient to control the patient&#39;s blood glucose level; wherein the patient&#39;s blood glucose level is controlled using a device capable of: (a) storing one or more components of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen; (b) obtaining data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times; (c) tagging each of the blood glucose-level measurements with an identifier reflective of when or why the reading was obtained; (d) determining the patient&#39;s current glycemic state relative to a desired balance point; and (e) determining from at least one of a plurality of the data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood glucose-level measurements whether and by how much to vary at least one of the one or more components in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen to get closer to the patient&#39;s desired balance point without significantly reducing the total amount of insulin used by the patient; wherein the desired balance point is the patient&#39;s lowest blood glucose-level within a predetermined range achievable before the frequency of hypoglycemic events exceeds a predetermined threshold. 
     Optimizing Insulin Dosage Over Time 
     In certain embodiments, the present disclosure comprehends systems, methods, and/or devices for optimizing the insulin dosage regimen in diabetes patients over time—such as in between clinic visits or for periods of months or years—to thereby enhance diabetes control. 
     As used herein with respect to certain embodiments, the term “insulin dose” means and refers to the quantity of insulin taken on any single occasion, while the term “insulin dosage regimen” refers to and means the set of instructions (typically defined by the patient&#39;s physician or other healthcare professional) defining when and how much insulin to take in a given period of time and/or under certain conditions. One conventional insulin dosage regimen comprises several components, including a long-acting insulin dosage component, a plasma glucose correction factor component, and a carbohydrate ratio component. Thus, for instance, an exemplary insulin dosage regimen for a patient might be as follows: 25 units of long acting insulin at bedtime; 1 unit of fast-acting insulin for every 10 grams of ingested carbohydrates; and 1 unit of fast-acting insulin for every 20 mg/dL by which a patient&#39;s blood glucose reading exceeds 120 mg/dL. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , which constitutes a generalized schematic thereof, of certain exemplary embodiments more particularly comprises an apparatus  1  having at least a first memory 10 for storing data inputs corresponding at least to one or more components of a patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen (whether comprising separate units of long-acting and short-acting insulin, premixed insulin, etc.) and the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times, a processor  20  operatively connected (indicated at line  11 ) to the at least first memory  10 , and a display  30  operatively coupled (indicated at line  31 ) to the processor and operative to display at least information corresponding to the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. The processor  20  is programmed at least to determine from the data inputs corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times whether and by how much to vary at least one or the one or more components of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. Such variation, if effected, leads to a modification of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen data as stored in the memory  10 , as explained further herein. Thus, the data inputs corresponding to the one or more components of the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen as stored in the memory device  10  will, at a starting time for employment of the apparatus, constitute an insulin dosage regimen prescribed by a healthcare professional, but those data inputs may subsequently be varied by operation of the apparatus (such as during the time interval between a patient&#39;s clinic visits). In the foregoing manner, the apparatus is operative to monitor relevant patient data with each new input of information (such as, at a minimum, the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements), thereby facilitating the optimization of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen in between clinic visits. 
     It is contemplated that the apparatus as generalized herein may be embodied in a variety of forms, including a purpose-built, PDA-like unit, a commercially available device such as a cell-phone, IPHONE, etc. Preferably, though not necessarily, such a device would include data entry means, such as a keypad, touch-screen interface, etc. (indicated generally at the dashed box  40 ) for the initial input by a healthcare professional of data corresponding at least to a patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen (and, optionally, such additional data inputs as, for instance, the patient&#39;s present weight, defined upper and lower preferred limits for the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements, etc.), as well as the subsequent data inputs corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times (and, optionally, such additional data inputs as, for instance, the patient&#39;s present weight, the number of insulin units administered by the patient, data corresponding to when the patient eats, the carbohydrate content of the foodstuffs eaten, the meal type (e.g., breakfast, lunch, dinner, snack, etc.). As shown, such data entry means  40  are operatively connected (indicated at line  41 ) to the memory  10 . 
     Display  30  is operative to provide a visual display to the patient, healthcare professional, etc. of pertinent information, including, by way of non-limiting example, information corresponding to the present insulin dosage regimen for the patient, the current insulin dose (i.e., number of insulin units the patient needs to administer on the basis of the latest blood-glucose-level measurement and current insulin dosage regimen), etc. To that end, display  30  is operatively connected to the processor  20 , as indicated by the dashed line 
     As noted, the data entry means  40  may take the form of a touch-screen, in which case the data entry means  40  and display  30  may be combined (such as exemplified by the commercially available IPHONE (Apple, Inc., California)). 
     Referring then to  FIGS. 2 through 5 , there are depicted representative images for a display  30  and a touch-screen type, combined display  30 /data entry means  40  exemplifying both the patient information that may be provided via the display, as well as the manner of data entry. 
     More particularly,  FIG. 2  shows a display  30  providing current date/time information  32  as well as the patient&#39;s current blood-glucose-level measurement  33  based upon a concurrent entry of that data.  FIG. 2  further depicts a pair of scrolling arrows  42  by which the patient is able to scroll through a list  34  of predefined choices representing the time of the patient&#39;s said current blood-glucose-level measurement. As explained further herein in association with a description of an exemplary algorithm for implementing certain embodiments, selection of one of these choices will permit the processor to associate the measurement data with the appropriate measurement time for more precise control of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. 
       FIG. 3  shows a display  30  providing current date/time information  32 , as well as the presently recommended dose of short-acting insulin units  35 —based upon the presently defined insulin dosage regimen—for the patient to take at lunchtime. 
       FIG. 4  shows a display  30  providing current date/time information  32 , as well as, according to a conventional “carbohydrate-counting” therapy, the presently recommended base (3 IUs) and additional doses (1 IU per every 8 grams of carbohydrates ingested) of short-acting insulin units  36  for the patient to take at lunchtime—all based upon the presently defined insulin dosage regimen. 
     In  FIG. 5 , there is shown a display  30  providing current date/time information  32 , as well as the presently recommended dose of short-acting insulin units  37 —based upon the presently defined insulin dosage regimen—for the patient to take at lunchtime according to a designated amount of carbohydrates to be ingested. As further depicted in  FIG. 5 , a pair of scrolling arrows  42  are displayed, by which the patient is able to scroll through a list of predefined meal choices  38 , each of which will have associated therewith in the memory a number (e.g., grams) of carbohydrates. When the patient selects a meal choice, the processor is able to determine from the number of carbohydrates associated with that meal, and the presently defined insulin dosage regimen, a recommended dose of short-acting insulin for the patient to take (in this example, 22 IUs of short-acting insulin for a lunch of steak and pasta). 
     In one embodiment thereof, shown in  FIG. 6 , the apparatus as described herein in respect of  FIG. 1  optionally includes a glucose meter (indicated by the dashed box  50 ) operatively connected (as indicated at line  51 ) to memory  10  to facilitate the automatic input of data corresponding to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements directly to the memory  10 . 
     Alternatively, it is contemplated that the glucose meter  50 ′ could be provided as a separate unit that is capable of communicating (such as via a cable or wirelessly, represented at line  51 ′) with the device  1 ′ so as to download to the memory  10 ′ the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements, such as shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     According to another embodiment, shown in  FIG. 8 , the apparatus  1 ″ may be combined with an insulin pump  60 ″ and, optionally, a glucose meter  50 ″ as well. According to this embodiment, the processor  20 ″ is operative to determine from at least the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurement data (which may be automatically transferred to the memory  10 ″ where the apparatus is provided with a glucose meter  50 ″, as shown, is connectable to a glucose meter so that these data may be automatically downloaded to the memory  10 ″, or is provided with data entry means  40 ″ so that these data may be input by the patient) whether and by how much to vary the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. The processor  20 ″, which is operatively connected to the insulin pump  60 ″ (indicated at line  61 ″), is operative to employ the insulin dosage regimen information to control the insulin units provided to the patient via the pump  60 ″. Therefore, the processor  20 ″ and the pump  60 ″ form a semi-automatic, closed-loop system operative to automatically adjust the pump&#39;s infusion rate and profile based on at least the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements. This will relieve the burden of having to go to the healthcare provider to adjust the insulin pump&#39;s infusion rate and profile, as is conventionally the case. It will be appreciated that, further to this embodiment, the insulin pump  60 ″ may be operative to transfer to the memory  10 ″ data corresponding to the rate at which insulin is delivered to the patient by the pump according to the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. These data may be accessed by the processor  20 ″ to calculate, for example, the amount of insulin units delivered by the pump to the patient over a predefined period of time (e.g., 24 hours). Such data may thus be employed in certain embodiments to more accurately determine a patient&#39;s insulin sensitivity, plasma glucose correction factor and carbohydrate ratio, for instance. 
     Also further to this embodiment, the apparatus  1 ″ may optionally be provided with data entry means, such as a keypad, touch-screen interface, etc. (indicated generally at the dashed box  40 ″) for entry of various data, including, for instance, the initial input by a healthcare professional of data corresponding at least to a patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen (and, optionally, such additional data inputs as, for instance, the patient&#39;s present weight, defined upper and lower preferred limits for the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements, etc.), as well as the subsequent data inputs corresponding at least to the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements determined at a plurality of times (to the extent that this information is not automatically transferred to the memory  10 ″ from the blood glucose meter  50 ″) and, optionally, such additional data inputs as, for instance, the patient&#39;s present weight, the number of insulin units administered by the patient, data corresponding to when the patient eats, the carbohydrate content of the foodstuffs eaten, the meal type (e.g., breakfast, lunch, dinner, snack), etc. 
     It is also contemplated that certain embodiments may be effected through the input of data by persons (e.g., patient and healthcare professional) at disparate locations, such as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . For instance, it is contemplated that the data inputs pertaining to at least the patient&#39;s initial insulin dosage regimen may be entered by the healthcare professional at a first location, in the form of a general purpose computer, cell phone, IPHONE, or other device  100  (a general purpose computer is depicted), while the subsequent data inputs (e.g., patient blood-glucose-level readings) may be entered by the patient at a second location, also in the form of a general purpose computer, cell phone, IPHONE, or other device  200  (a general purpose computer is depicted), and these data communicated to a third location, in the form of a computer  300  comprising the at least first memory and the processor. According to this embodiment, the computers  100 ,  200 , 300  may be networked in any known manner (including, for instance, via the internet). Such networking is shown diagrammatically via lines  101  and  201 . Thus, for instance, the system may be implemented via a healthcare professional/patient accessible website through which relevant data are input and information respecting any updates to the predefined treatment plan are communicated to the patient and healthcare professional. 
     Alternatively, it is contemplated that certain embodiments may be effected through the input of data via persons (e.g., patient and healthcare professional) at disparate locations, and wherein further one of the persons, such as, in the illustrated example, the patient, is in possession of a single device  200 ′ comprising the processor and memory components, that device  200 ′ being adapted to receive data inputs from a person at a disparate location.  FIG. 10 . This device  200 ′ could take any form, including a general-purpose computer (such as illustrated), a PDA, cell-phone, purpose-built device such as heretofore described, etc. According to this embodiment, it is contemplated that the data inputs pertaining to at least the patient&#39;s initial insulin dosage may be entered (for instance by the healthcare professional) at another location, such as via a general purpose computer, cell phone, or other device  100 ′ (a general purpose computer is depicted) operative to transmit data to the device  200 ′, while the subsequent data inputs (e.g., patient blood-glucose-level measurements) may be entered directly into the device  200 ′. According to this embodiment, a healthcare professional could remotely input the patient&#39;s initial insulin dosage at a first location via the device  100 ′, and that data could then be transmitted to the patient&#39;s device  200 ′ where it would be received and stored in the memory thereof. According to a further permutation of this embodiment, the afore described arrangement could also be reversed, such that the patient data inputs (e.g., patient blood-glucose-level measurements) may be entered remotely, such as via a cell phone, computer, etc., at a first location and then transmitted to a remotely situated device comprising the processor and memory components operative to determine whether and by how much to vary the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. According to this further permutation, modifications to the patient&#39;s insulin dosage effected by operation of certain embodiments could be transmitted back to the patient via the same, or alternate, means. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 9 , it is further contemplated that there may be provided a glucose meter  50 ′ (including, for instance, in the form of the device as described above in reference to  FIG. 6 ) that can interface  51 ″′ (wirelessly, via a hard-wire connection such as a USB cable, FIREWIRE cable, etc.) with a general purpose computer  200  at the patient&#39;s location to download blood-glucose-level measurements for transmission to the computer  300  at the third location. Referring also to  FIG. 10 , it is further contemplated that this glucose meter  50 ′ may be adapted to interface  51 ″′ (wirelessly, via a hard-wire connection such as a USB cable, FIREWIRE cable, etc.) with the single device  200 ′, thereby downloading blood-glucose-level measurement data to that device directly. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 11 , there is shown a diagram generalizing the manner in which the certain embodiments may be implemented to optimize a diabetes patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. 
     In certain embodiments, there is initially specified, such as by a healthcare professional, a patient insulin dosage regimen (comprised of, for instance, a carbohydrate ratio (“CHR”), a long-acting insulin dose, and a plasma glucose correction factor). Alternatively, the initial insulin dosage regimen can be specified using published protocols for the initiation of insulin therapy, such as, for example, the protocols published by the American Diabetes Association on Oct. 22, 2008. However specified, this insulin dosage regimen data is entered in the memory of an apparatus (including according to several of the embodiments described herein), such as by a healthcare professional, in the first instance and before the patient has made any use of the apparatus. 
     Thereafter, the patient will input, or there will otherwise automatically be input (such as by the glucose meter) into the memory at least data corresponding to each successive one of the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements. Upon the input of such data, the processor determines, such as via the algorithm described herein, whether and by how much to vary the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. Information corresponding to this present insulin dosage regimen is then provided to the patient so that he/she may adjust the amount of insulin they administer. 
     According to certain exemplary embodiments, determination of whether and by how much to vary a patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen is undertaken both on the basis of evaluations conducted at predefined time intervals (every 7 days, for example) as well as asynchronously to such intervals. The asynchronous determinations will evaluate the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level data for safety each time a new blood-glucose-level measurement is received to determine whether any urgent action, including any urgent variation to the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage, is necessary. 
     More particularly, each time a new patient blood-glucose-level measurement is received  300  into the memory it is accessed by the processor and sorted and tagged according to the time of day the measurement was received and whether or not it is associated with a certain event, e.g., pre-breakfast, bedtime, nighttime, etc.  310 . Once so sorted and tagged, the new and/or previously recorded blood-glucose-level measurements are subjected to evaluation for the need to update on the basis of the passage of a predefined period of time  320  measured by a counter, as well as the need to update asynchronously for safety  330 . For instance, a very low blood glucose measurement (e.g., below 50 mg/dL) representing a severe hypoglycemic event or the accumulation of several low measurements in the past few days may lead to an update in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen according to the step  330 , while an update to that regimen may otherwise be warranted according to the step  320  if a predefined period of time (e.g., 7 days) has elapsed since the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen was last updated. In either case, the patient will be provided with information  340  corresponding to the present insulin dosage regimen (whether or not it has been changed) to be used in administering his/her insulin. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 12 , there is shown a flowchart that still more particularly sets forth an exemplary algorithm by which certain embodiments may be implemented to optimize a diabetes patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. According to the exemplary algorithm, the insulin dosage modification contemplates separate units of long-acting and short-acting insulin. However, it will be appreciated that certain embodiments are equally applicable to optimize the insulin dosage regimen of a patient where that dosage is in another conventional form (such as pre-mixed insulin). It will also be understood from this specification that certain embodiments may be implemented otherwise than as particularly described herein below. 
     According to a first step  400 , data corresponding to a patient&#39;s new blood-glucose-level measurement is input, such as, for instance, by any of the exemplary means mentioned above, into the at least first memory (not shown in  FIG. 12 ). This data is accessed and evaluated (by the processor) at step  410  of the exemplary algorithm and sorted according to the time it was input. 
     More particularly according to this step  410 , the blood-glucose-level measurement data input is “tagged” with an identifier reflective of when the reading was input; specifically, whether it is a morning (i.e., “fast”) measurement (herein “MPG”), a pre-lunch measurement (herein “BPG”), a pre-dinner measurement (herein “LPG”), a bedtime measurement (herein “BTPG”), or a nighttime measurement (herein “NPG”). 
     The “tagging” process may be facilitated using a clock internal to the processor (such as, for instance, the clock of a general purpose computer) that provides an input time that can be associated with the blood-glucose-level measurement data synchronous to its entry. Alternatively, time data (i.e., “10:00 AM,” “6:00 PM,” etc.) or event-identifying information (i.e., “lunchtime,” “dinnertime,” “bedtime,” etc.) may be input by the patient reflecting when the blood-glucose-level measurement data was taken, and such information used to tag the blood-glucose-level measurement data. As a further alternative, and according to the embodiment where the blood-glucose-level measurement data are provided directly to the memory by a glucose monitor, time data may be automatically associated with the blood-glucose-level measurement data by such glucose monitor (for instance, by using a clock internal to that glucose monitor). It is also contemplated that, optionally, the user/patient may be queried (for instance at a display) for input to confirm or modify any time-tag automatically assigned a blood-glucose-level measurement data-input. Thus, for instance, a patient may be asked to confirm (via data entry means such as, for example, one or more buttons or keys, a touch-screen display, etc.) that the most recently input blood-glucose-level measurement data reflects a pre-lunch (BPG) measurement based on the time stamp associated with the input of the data. If the patient confirms, then the BPG designation would remain associated with the measurement. Otherwise, further queries of the patient may be made to determine the appropriate time designation to associate with the measurement. 
     It will be understood that any internal clock used to tag the blood-glucose-level measurement data may, as desired, be user adjustable so as to define the correct time for the time zone where the patient is located. 
     Further according to the exemplary embodiment, the various categories (e.g., DPG, MPG, LPG, etc.) into which the blood-glucose-level measurement data are more particularly sorted by the foregoing “tagging” process are as follows:
         NPG—The data are assigned this designation when the time stamp is between 2 AM and 4 AM.   MPG—The data are assigned this designation when the time stamp is between 4 AM and 10 AM.   BPG—The data are assigned this designation when the time stamp is between 10 AM and 3 PM.   LPG—The data are assigned this designation when the time stamp is between 3 PM and 9 PM.   BTPG—The data are assigned this designation when the time stamp is between 9 PM and 2 AM. If the BTPG data reflect a time more than three hours after the patient&#39;s presumed dinnertime (according to a predefined time window), then these data are further categorized as a dinner compensation blood-glucose-level (herein “DPG”).       

     According to the employment of a time stamp alone to “tag” the blood-glucose-level data inputs, it will be understood that there exists an underlying assumption that these data were in fact obtained by the patient within the time-stamp windows specified above. 
     Per the exemplary embodiment, if the time stamp of a blood-glucose-level measurement data-input is less than 3 hours from the measurement that preceded the last meal the patient had, it is considered biased and omitted unless it represents a hypoglycemic event. 
     According to the next step  420 , the newly input blood-glucose-level measurement is accessed and evaluated (by the processor) to determine if the input reflects a present, severe hypoglycemic event. This evaluation may be characterized by the exemplary formula PG(t)&lt;w, where PG(t) represents the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level data in mg/dL, and w represents a predefined threshold value defining a severe hypoglycemic event (such as, by way of non-limiting example, 50 mg/dL). 
     If a severe hypoglycemic event is indicated at step  420  then, according to the step  430 , the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen data (in the memory 10 [not shown in  FIG. 12 ]) is updated as warranted and independent of the periodic update evaluation described further below. More particularly, the algorithm will in this step  430  asynchronously (that is, independent of the periodic update evaluation) determine whether or not to update the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen on the basis of whether the patient&#39;s input blood-glucose-level data reflect the accumulation of several low glucose values over a short period of time. According to the exemplary embodiment, the dosage associated with the newly input blood-glucose-level measurement is immediately decreased. More specifically, for a severe hypoglycemic event at MPG, the long-acting insulin dosage is decreased by 20%; and for a severe hypoglycemic event at BPG the breakfast short-acting insulin dose is decreased by 20%. 
     The algorithm also at this step  430  updates a counter of hypoglycemic events to reflect the newly-input (at step  400 ) blood-glucose-level measurement. Notably, modifications to the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen according to this step  430  do not reset the timer counting to the next periodic update evaluation. Thus, variation in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen according to this step  430  will not prevent the algorithm from undertaking the next periodic update evaluation. 
     Any such blood-glucose-level measurement is also entered into a hypoglycemic events database in the memory. In the exemplary embodiment, this is a rolling database that is not reset. Instead, the recorded hypoglycemic events expire from the database after a predefined period of time has elapsed; essentially, once these data become irrelevant to the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regime. Thus, by way of example only, this database may contain a record of a hypoglycemic event for 7 days. 
     Further according to the step  430 , one or more warnings may be generated for display to the patient (such as via a display 30 [not shown in  FIG. 12 ]). It is contemplated that such one or more warnings would alert a patient to the fact that his/her blood-glucose-level is dangerously low so that appropriate corrective steps (e.g., ingesting a glucose tablet) could be taken promptly. Additionally, and without limitation, such one or more warnings may also correspond to any one or more of the following determinations: 
     That the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurement data reflect that there have been more than two hypoglycemic events during a predetermined period of time (such as, by way of example only, in the past 7 days); that more than two drops in the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements between the nighttime measurement and the morning measurement are greater than a predetermined amount in mg/dL (70 mg/dL, for instance); and/or that more than two drops in the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurement between the nighttime measurement and the morning measurement are greater than a predetermined percentage (such as, for instance, 30%). 
     If a severe hypoglycemic event is not indicated at step  420 , the recorded (in the memory 10) data inputs corresponding to the number of patient hypoglycemic events over a predetermined period of days are accessed and evaluated by the processor (20, not shown) at step  440  to determine if there have been an excessive number of regular hypoglycemic events (e.g., a blood-glucose-level measurement between 50 mg/dL and 75 mg/dL) over that predetermined period. This evaluation is directed to determining whether the patient has experienced an excessive number of such regular hypoglycemic events in absolute time and independent of the periodic update operation as described elsewhere herein. This assessment, made at step  440 , may be described by the following, exemplary formula: 
       Is(#{of events at HG}&gt;Q) or is (#{of hypoglycemic events in the last W days}=Q)? 
     where HG represents the recorded number of hypoglycemic events, W is a predefined period of time (e.g., 3 days), and Q is a predefined number defining an excessive number of hypoglycemic events (e.g., 3). By way of example, Q may equal 3 and W may also equal 3, in which case if it is determined in step  440  that there were either 4 recorded hypoglycemic events or there were 3 recorded hypoglycemic events in the last 3 days, the algorithm proceeds to step  430 . 
     Notably, if step  440  leads to step  430 , then a binary (“1” or “0”) hypoglycemic event correction “flag” is set to “1,” meaning that no increase in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen is allowed and the algorithm jumps to step  490  (the periodic dosage update evaluation routine). Potentially, the periodic update evaluation may concur that any or all the parts of the insulin dosage regimen require an increase due to the nature of blood-glucose levels currently stored in the memory  10  and the execution of the different formulas described hereafter. However, by setting the hypoglycemic event correction flag to “1,” the algorithm will ignore any such required increase and would leave the suggested part of the dosage unchanged. Therefore, this will lead to a potential reduction in any or all the components of the insulin dosage regimen to thus address the occurrence of the excessive number of hypoglycemic events. Further according to this step, the timer counting to the next periodic update evaluation is reset. 
     In the next step  450 , the recorded, time-sorted/tagged blood-glucose-level measurement data corresponding to the number of patient hypoglycemic events over a predetermined period of days (for example, 7 days) are accessed and evaluated by the processor to determine if there have been an excessive number of such hypoglycemic events at any one or more of breakfast, lunch, dinner and/or in the morning over the predetermined period. This evaluation may be characterized by the exemplary formula: #{HG(m)(b)(I)(d) in XX[d]}=Y?; where #HG(m)(b)(I)(d) represents the number of hypoglycemic events at any of the assigned (by the preceding step) measurement times of morning, bedtime, lunch or dinner over a period of XX (in the instant example, 7) days (“[d]”), and Y represents a number of hypoglycemic events that is predetermined to constitute a threshold sufficient to merit adjustment of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen (in the present example, 2 hypoglycemic events). It will be appreciated that the employment of this step in the algorithm permits identification with greater specificity of possible deficiencies in the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. Moreover, the further particularization of when hypoglycemic events have occurred facilitates time-specific (e.g., after lunch, at bedtime, etc.) insulin dosage regimen modifications. 
     If an excessive number of such hypoglycemic events is not indicated at step  450 , then the algorithm queries at step  460  whether or not it is time to update the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen irrespective of the non-occurrence of hypoglycemic events, and based instead upon the passage of a predefined interval of time (e.g., 7 days) since the need to update the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen was last assessed. If such an update is not indicated—i.e., because an insufficient time interval has passed—then no action is taken with respect to the patient&#39;s insulin dosage and the algorithm ends (indicated by the arrow labeled “NO”) until the next blood-glucose-level measurement data are input. 
     If, however, an update is indicated by the fact that it has been 7 days (or other predefined interval) since the need to update the patient&#39;s insulin dosage was last evaluated, then before such update is effected the algorithm first determines, in step  470 , if the patient&#39;s general condition falls within a predetermined “normal” range. This determination operation may be characterized by the exemplary formula: xxx≤5E{PG}≤yyy; where xxx represents a lower bound for a desired blood-glucose-level range for the patient, yyy represents an upper bound for a desired blood-glucose-level range for the patient, and E{PG} represents the mean of the patient&#39;s recorded blood-glucose-level measurements. According to the exemplary embodiment, the lower bound xxx may be predefined as 80 mg/dL, and the upper bound yyy may be predefined as 135 mg/dL. 
     It will be understood that the foregoing values may be other than as so specified, being defined, for instance, according to the particular country in which the patient resides. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the upper (yyy) and lower (xxx) bounds may be defined by the patient&#39;s healthcare professional, being entered, for instance, via data entry means such as described elsewhere herein. 
     Where the patient&#39;s general condition is outside of the predetermined “normal” range, the algorithm proceeds to step  490  where the data are evaluated to determine whether it is necessary to correct the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage regimen. 
     Where, however, the patient&#39;s general condition is within the predetermined “normal” range, the algorithm next (step  480 ) queries whether the patient&#39;s recorded blood-glucose-level measurement data represent a normal (e.g., Gaussian) or abnormal distribution. This may be characterized by the exemplary formula: −X&lt;E{PG{circumflex over ( )}3}&lt;X; where E{PG{circumflex over ( )}3} represents the third moment of the distribution of the recorded (in the memory) blood-glucose-level measurement data—i.e., the third root of the average of the cubed deviations in these data around the mean of the recorded blood-glucose levels, and X represents a predefined limit (e.g., 5). It is contemplated that the predefined limit X should be reasonably close to 0, thus reflecting that the data (E{PG{circumflex over ( )}3}) are well balanced around the mean. 
     Thus, for example, where X is 5, the data are considered to be normal when the third root of the average of the cubed deviations thereof around the mean of the recorded blood-glucose levels is greater than −5 but less than 5. Otherwise, the data are considered to be abnormal. 
     Where the data are determined to be normal in step  480  (indicated by the arrow labeled “YES”), then no action is taken to update the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. 
     However, if in step  470  the mean of all of a patient&#39;s recorded blood-glucose-level measurement data are determined to fall outside of the predetermined “normal” range, then in step  490  the algorithm evaluates whether it is necessary to correct the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage regimen. This is done by evaluating whether the patient&#39;s recorded MPG and BTPG data fall within an acceptable range or, alternatively, if there is an indication that the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage should be corrected due to low MPG blood-glucose-level measurements. The determination of whether the patient&#39;s MPG and BTPG data fall within a predetermined range may be characterized by the exemplary formula: xxy≤E{MPG}, E{BTPG}≤yyx; where xxy is a lower bound for a desired blood-glucose-level range for the patient, yyx is an upper bound for a desired blood-glucose-level range for the patient, E{MPG} represents the mean of the patient&#39;s recorded MPG blood-glucose-level measurements, and E{BTPG} represents the mean of the patient&#39;s recorded BTPG measurements. According to the exemplary embodiments, xxy may be predefined as 80 mg/dL, while yyx may be predefined as 200 mg/dL. However, it will be understood that these values may be otherwise predefined, including, as desired, by the patient&#39;s healthcare provider (being entered into the memory via data entry means, for instance). 
     If the determination in step  490  is positive, then update of the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage (step  510 ) is bypassed and the algorithm proceeds to step  500 , according to which the patient&#39;s short-acting insulin dosage (in the form of the carbohydrate ratio (“CHR”), a correction factor Δ, and the plasma glucose correction factor are each updated and the hypoglycemic correction “flag” reset to 0 (thus permitting subsequent modification of the insulin dosage regimen at the next evaluation thereof). 
     If, on the other hand, the determination in step  490  is negative, then the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage is updated at step  510 , along with performance of the updates specified at step  500 . In either case, the process ends following such updates until new patient blood-glucose-level measurement data are input. 
     Updates of the long-acting insulin dosage regimen data may be characterized by the following, exemplary formulas: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
               up 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     1 
                     - 
                     
                       α 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         2 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
                  
                 floor 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           1 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         LD 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     100 
                   
                   } 
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   α 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     2 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                  
                 ceil 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           1 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         LD 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     100 
                   
                   } 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
               down 
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     1 
                     - 
                     
                       α 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         2 
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
                  
                 floor 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           1 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         LD 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     200 
                   
                   } 
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   α 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     2 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                  
                 ceil 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   
                     
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           1 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                        
                       
                         LD 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     200 
                   
                   } 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
               
              
             
               
                 If 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 E 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   MPG 
                   } 
                 
               
               &lt; 
               
                 b 
                 1 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             
               
                 LD 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     k 
                     + 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   LD 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     k 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 - 
                 
                   Δ 
                   down 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
               
              
             Else 
           
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             
               
                 If 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 E 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   MPG 
                   } 
                 
               
               &gt; 
               
                 b 
                 2 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                 
              
             
               
                 LD 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     k 
                     + 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   LD 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     k 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   Δ 
                   up 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             
               
                 Else 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 if 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 E 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   MPG 
                   } 
                 
               
               &gt; 
               
                 b 
                 3 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                 
              
             
               
                 LD 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     k 
                     + 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   LD 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     k 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   Δ 
                   down 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             End 
           
         
       
       
         
           
               
              
             End 
           
         
       
     
     where α(1) represents a percentage by which the patient&#39;s present long-acting insulin dosage regimen is to be varied, α(2) represents a corresponding binary value (due to the need to quantize the dosage), LD(k) represents the patient&#39;s present dosage of long-acting insulin, LD(k+1) represents the new long-acting insulin dosage, b 1 , b 2 , and b3 represent predetermined blood-glucose-level threshold parameters in mg/dL, and E{MPG} is the mean of the patient&#39;s recorded MPG blood-glucose-level measurements. 
     Since a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen is expressed in integers (i.e., units of insulin), it is necessary to decide if a percent change (increase or decrease) in the present dosage regimen of long-acting insulin that does not equate to an integer value should be the nearest higher or lower integer. Thus, for instance, if it is necessary to increase by 20% a patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage regimen from a present regimen of 18 units, it is necessary to decide if the new dosage should be 21 units or 22 units. In the exemplary algorithm, this decision is made on the basis of the patient&#39;s insulin sensitivity. 
     Insulin sensitivity is generally defined as the average total number of insulin units a patient administer per day divided by the patient weight in kilograms. More particularly, insulin sensitivity (IS(k)) according to the exemplary algorithm may be defined as a function of twice the patient&#39;s total daily dosage of long-acting insulin (which may be derived from the recorded data corresponding to the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen) divided by the patient&#39;s weight in kilograms. This is expressed in the following exemplary formula: 
     
       
         
           
             
               IS 
                
               
                 ( 
                 k 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 2 
                 · 
                 
                   LD 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     k 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
               KK 
             
           
         
       
     
     where KK is the patient weight in kilograms. 
     A patient&#39;s insulin sensitivity factor may of course be approximated by other conventional means, including without reliance on entry of data corresponding to the patient&#39;s weight. 
     More particularly, the exemplary algorithm employs an insulin sensitivity correction factor (α (2x1) (IS)))), a 2 entries vector, to determine the percentage at which the dosage will be corrected and to effect an appropriate rounding to the closest whole number for updates in the patient&#39;s CHR, PGR and LD. When the patient&#39;s weight is known, this determination may be characterized by the following, exemplary formula: 
     
       
         
           
             
               α 
                
               
                 ( 
                 IS 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               { 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             5 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             0 
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         ′ 
                       
                       , 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         IS 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       &lt; 
                       
                         y 
                         1 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             10 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             0 
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         ′ 
                       
                       , 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         y 
                         1 
                       
                       ≤ 
                       
                         IS 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       &lt; 
                       
                         y 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             20 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             0 
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         ′ 
                       
                       , 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         y 
                         2 
                       
                       ≤ 
                       
                         IS 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                       &lt; 
                       
                         y 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           [ 
                           
                             20 
                              
                             
                                 
                             
                              
                             1 
                           
                           ] 
                         
                         ′ 
                       
                       , 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         y 
                         3 
                       
                       ≤ 
                       
                         IS 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where α(1) is a percentage value of adjustment from the present to a new insulin dosage value, and α(2) is a binary value (i.e., 0 or 1). The value of α(2) is defined by the value of IS(k) in relation to a predefined percent change value (e.g., y 1 , y 2 , y 3 , y 4 ) for α(1). Thus, in the exemplary embodiment of the algorithm: Where, for example, IS(k)&lt;0.3, the value of α(1) is 5 and the value of α(2) is 0; where 0.3≤IS(k)&lt;0.5, the value of α(1) is 10 and the value of α(2) is 0; where 0.5≤IS(k)&lt;0.7, the value of α(1) is 20 and the value of α(2) is 0; and where 0.7≤IS(k), the value of α(1) is 20 and the value of α(2) is 1. 
     When the patient weight is unknown, the algorithm will determine a using the following alternative: α(2) is set to “1” if the patient long acting insulin dosage is greater than X units (where, for example X may equal 50 insulin units), and the percentage by which we adjust the dosage will be determined according to the mean of the blood-glucose-level measurements currently in memory (i.e., E{PG}) by: 
     
       
         
           
             
               α 
                
               
                 ( 
                 1 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               { 
               
                 
                   
                     
                       5 
                       , 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         w 
                         1 
                       
                       ≤ 
                       
                         E 
                          
                         
                           { 
                           PG 
                           } 
                         
                       
                       &lt; 
                       
                         w 
                         2 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       10 
                       , 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         w 
                         2 
                       
                       ≤ 
                       
                         E 
                          
                         
                           { 
                           PG 
                           } 
                         
                       
                       &lt; 
                       
                         w 
                         3 
                       
                     
                   
                 
                 
                   
                     
                       20 
                       , 
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                         w 
                         3 
                       
                       ≤ 
                       
                         E 
                          
                         
                           { 
                           PG 
                           } 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where w 1 , w 2  and w 3  each represent a predefined blood-glucose-level expressed in mg/dL (thus, for example, w 1  may equal 135 mg/dL, w 2  may equal 200 mg/dL, and w 3  may equal 280 mg/dL). 
     Returning to the exemplary formulas for updating the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage, in the exemplary algorithm the decision of whether and by how much to decrease or increase a patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage regimen is based on the predetermined threshold parameters b 1 , b 2 , and b 3 ; where, by way of example only, b 1 =80 mg/dL, b 2 =120 mg/dL, and b 3 =200 mg/dL. More particularly, where the mean of the patient&#39;s MPG blood-glucose-level data is less than 80 mg/dL, the new long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k+1)) is the present long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k)) minus the value of Δ down  (which, as shown above, is a function of the insulin sensitivity correction factors α(1) and α(2), and the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k)) and may equal half of Δ.sub.up). Otherwise, if the mean of the patient&#39;s MPG blood-glucose-level data is greater than 200 mg/dL, the new long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k+1)) is the present long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k)) plus the value of the Δ up  (which, as shown above, is a function of the insulin sensitivity correction factors α(1) and α(2), and the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k)). Finally, if the mean of the patient&#39;s MPG blood-glucose-level data is greater than 150 but less than 200, the new long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k+1)) is the present long-acting insulin dosage (LD(k)) plus the value of the Δ down . 
     The corrective amount Δ is calculated as a percentage of the current long-acting insulin dosage rounded according to α(2). In a particular example, if α(1)=20, α(2)=0, and the current long acting insulin dosage LD(k)=58, then Δ.sub.up equals 20% of 58, which is 11.6, rounded down to Δ up =11. Accordingly, the long-acting insulin dosage would be updated to LD(k+1)=58+11=69. 
     It will be appreciated by reference to the foregoing that in certain embodiments no “ping-pong” effect is allowed; in other words, the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage may not be adjustable so that any two successive such adjusted dosages fall below and above the dosage which they immediately succeed. Thus, it is not permitted to have the outcome where the latest LD update (LD(2)) is greater than the initial LD set by the healthcare professional (LD(0)), and the preceding LD update (LD(1)) is less than LD(0). Thus, the outcome LD(2)&gt;LD(0)&gt;LD(1) is not permitted in certain embodiments. 
     Returning to the step  450 , if an excessive number of hypoglycemic events at any of the time-tagged blood-glucose-level measurement data for breakfast, lunch, dinner or in the morning over the predetermined period (for instance, 7 days) are indicated from the patient&#39;s data, then at step  520  the algorithm identifies from the recorded, time-tagged data of hypoglycemic events when those events occurred in order to affect any subsequently undertaken variation to the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen, and also sets the binary hypoglycemic correction “flag” (e.g., “1” or “0”, where 1 represents the occurrence of too many hypoglycemic events, and 0 represents the nonoccurrence of too many hypoglycemic events) to 1. The presence of this “flag” in the algorithm at this juncture prevents subsequent increases in the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen in the presence of too many hypoglycemic events. 
     Further according to this step  520 , where the blood-glucose-level measurement data reflects hypoglycemic events in the morning or during the night, the algorithm identifies the appropriate modification required to any subsequent variation of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. This may be characterized by the following, exemplary formula: If # HG events in {MPG+NTPG}=X, then reduce LD by α(1)/2; where # HG is the number of recorded patient hypoglycemic events at the MPG and NTPG-designated blood-glucose-level measurements, X is a predefined value (such as, for example, 2), LD refers to the long-acting insulin dosage, and α(1) represents the afore described insulin sensitivity correction factor, expressed as a percentage. Thus, α(1)/2 reflects that the patient&#39;s long-acting insulin dosage is to be reduced only by 1/2 of the value of α(1), if at all, where the recorded hypoglycemic events occur in the morning or overnight. 
     Further according to this step  520 , where the blood-glucose-level measurement data reflects hypoglycemic events during the day, the algorithm identifies the appropriate modification required to any subsequent variation of the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen. This may be characterized by the following formula: If # HG events in {BPG or LPG or NTPG}=X, then see update 6; where # HG is the number of recorded patient hypoglycemic events at any of the BPG, LPG or NTPG time-tagged measurements, X is a predefined value (for instance, 2), and “see update Δ” refers to short-acting insulin dosage correction factor Δ incorporated into the exemplary form of the algorithm, as described herein. 
     Following step  520 , the algorithm queries  530  whether it is time to update the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen irrespective of the occurrence of hypoglycemic events and based upon the passage of a predefined interval of time (by way of non-limiting example, 7 days) since the need to update the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen was last assessed. Thus, it is possible that a patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen will not be updated even though the HG correction flag has been “tripped” (indicating the occurrence of too many hypoglycemic events) if an insufficient period of time has passed since the regimen was last updated. 
     If an insufficient period of time has passed, the process is at an end (indicated by the arrow labeled “NO”) until new blood-glucose-level measurement data are input. If, on the other hand, the predefined period of time has passed, then the algorithm proceeds to the step  490  to determine if the long-acting insulin dosage has to be updated as described before followed by the update step  500 , according to which the patient&#39;s short-acting insulin dosage (in the form of the carbohydrate ratio (“CHR”)), the correction factor Δ, and plasma glucose correction factor are each updated and the hypoglycemic correction flag reset to 0. 
     According to the step  500 , an update to the patient&#39;s plasma glucose correction factor (“PGR”) is undertaken. This may be characterized by the following, exemplary formulas: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 Calculate 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 new 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   PGR 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       “ 
                       NPGR 
                       ” 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                  
                 
                   : 
                 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 NPGR 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     1700 
                     
                       E 
                        
                       
                         { 
                         DT 
                         } 
                       
                     
                   
                   . 
                   
                     
 
                   
                    
                   Calculate 
                 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 difference 
               
             
             , 
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                  
                 
                   
                     PGR 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       k 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   - 
                   NPGR 
                 
                  
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               If 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 Δ 
                 
                   PGR 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     k 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             ≤ 
             
               
                 α 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
               100 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           2 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                    
                   floor 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     Δ 
                     } 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     α 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       2 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                    
                   ceil 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     Δ 
                     } 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           Else 
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           2 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                    
                   floor 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           PGR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     α 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       2 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                    
                   ceil 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           PGR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           End 
         
       
       
         
           
             
               PGR 
                
               
                 ( 
                 
                   k 
                   + 
                   1 
                 
                 ) 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 PGR 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   k 
                   ) 
                 
               
               + 
               
                 Δ 
                 · 
                 
                   sign 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       NPGR 
                       - 
                       
                         PGR 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           k 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               
                 PGR 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     k 
                     + 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 quant 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       PGR 
                        
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           k 
                           + 
                           1 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     , 
                     ZZ 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             ; 
             
               Quantize 
                
               
                   
               
                
               correction 
                
               
                   
               
                
               to 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             steps 
              
             
                 
             
              
             of 
              
             
                 
             
              
             
               
                 ZZ 
                  
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     mg 
                      
                     
                       / 
                     
                      
                     dL 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               . 
             
           
         
       
     
     More particularly, the new PGR (“NPGR”) is a function of a predefined value (e.g., 1700) divided by twice the patient&#39;s total daily dosage of long-acting insulin in the present insulin dosage regimen. In the foregoing formulas, the value of this divisor is represented by E{DT}, since the value representing twice the patient&#39;s daily dosage of long-acting insulin in the present insulin dosage regimen is substituted as an approximation for the mean of the total daily dosage of insulin administered to the patient (which data may, optionally, be employed if they are input into the memory by an insulin pump, such as in the exemplary apparatus described above, or by the patient using data entry means). The resultant value is subtracted from the present patient PGR (“PGR(k)”) to define a difference (“Δ”). If the Δ divided by the present PGR(k) is less than or equal to the value of α(1) divided by 100, then the integer value of Δ (by which new PGR (i.e., PGR(k+1)) is updated) is a function of the formula Δ=(1−α(2))floor{Δ}+α(2)ceil{Δ}, where α(2) is the insulin sensitivity correction factor (1 or 0), “floor” is value of Δ rounded down to the next integer, and “ceil” is the value of Δ rounded up to the next integer. If, on the other hand, the Δ divided by the present PGR(k) is greater than the value of α(1) divided by 100, then the integer value of Δ is a function of the formula 
     
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           2 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                    
                   floor 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           PGR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     α 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       2 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                    
                   ceil 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           PGR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     where α(2) is the insulin sensitivity correction factor (1 or 0), α(1) is the percent value of the insulin sensitivity correction factor, PGR(k) is the present PGR, “floor” is value of Δ rounded down to the next integer, and “ceil” is the value of Δ rounded up to the next integer. According to either outcome, the new PGR (PGR(k+1)) is equal to the present PGR (PGR(k)) plus Δ times the sign of the difference, positive or negative, of NPGR minus PGR(k). 
     Furthermore, it is contemplated that the new PGR will be quantized to predefined steps of mg/dL. This is represented by the exemplary formula: PGR(k+1)=quant(PGR(k+1), ZZ) PGR(k+1)=quant(PGR(k+1), ZZ); where, by way of a non-limiting example, ZZ may equal 5. 
     Also according to the update step  500 , updates to the patient&#39;s short-acting insulin dosage regimen are undertaken by modifying the carbohydrate ratio (CHR). CHR represents the average carbohydrate to insulin ratio that a patient needs to determine the correct dose of insulin to inject before each meal. This process may be characterized by the following, exemplary formulas: 
     
       
         
           
             
               Calculate 
                
               
                   
               
                
               new 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 CHR 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     “ 
                     NCHR 
                     ” 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
                
               
                 : 
               
                
               
                   
               
                
               NCHR 
             
             = 
             
               500 
               
                 E 
                  
                 
                   { 
                   DT 
                   } 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               Calculate 
                
               
                   
               
                
               difference 
             
             , 
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                  
                 
                   
                     CHR 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       k 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                   - 
                   NCHR 
                 
                  
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             
               If 
                
               
                   
               
                
               
                 Δ 
                 
                   CHR 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     k 
                     ) 
                   
                 
               
             
             ≤ 
             
               
                 α 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
               100 
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           2 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                    
                   floor 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     Δ 
                     } 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     α 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       2 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                    
                   ceil 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     Δ 
                     } 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           Else 
         
       
       
         
           
                
              
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           2 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                    
                   floor 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           CHR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     α 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       2 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                    
                   ceil 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           CHR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
                  
              
             End 
           
         
       
       
         
           
                  
              
             
               
                 CHR 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     k 
                     + 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   CHR 
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     k 
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   Δ 
                   · 
                   
                     sign 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         NCHR 
                         - 
                         
                           CHR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                   
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     More particularly, the new CHR (“NCHR”) is a function of a predefined value (e.g., 500) divided by twice the patient&#39;s total daily dosage of long-acting insulin in the present insulin dosage regimen. In the foregoing formulas, the value of this divisor is represented by E{DT}, since the value representing twice the patient&#39;s daily dosage of long-acting insulin in the present insulin dosage regimen is substituted as an approximation for the mean of the total daily dosage of insulin administered to the patient (which data may, optionally, be employed if they are input into the memory by an insulin pump, such as in the exemplary apparatus described above, or by the patient using data entry means). The resultant value is subtracted from the present patient CHR (“CHR(k)”) to define a difference (“Δ”). If the Δ divided by the present CHR(k) is less than or equal to the value of α(1) divided by 100, then the integer value of Δ (by which new CHR (i.e., CHR(k+1)) is updated) is a function of the formula Δ=(1−α(2))floor{Δ}+α(2)ceil{Δ}, where a(2) is the insulin sensitivity correction factor (1 or 0), “floor” is value of A rounded down to the next integer, and “ceil” is the value of A rounded up to the next integer. If, on the other hand, the A divided by the present CHR(k) is greater than the value of a(1) divided by 100, then the integer value of A is a function of the formula 
     
       
         
           
             
               Δ 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       1 
                       - 
                       
                         α 
                          
                         
                           ( 
                           2 
                           ) 
                         
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                    
                   floor 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           CHR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   
                     α 
                      
                     
                       ( 
                       2 
                       ) 
                     
                   
                    
                   ceil 
                    
                   
                     { 
                     
                       
                         
                           α 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             1 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                          
                         
                           CHR 
                            
                           
                             ( 
                             k 
                             ) 
                           
                         
                       
                       100 
                     
                     } 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     where α(2) is the insulin sensitivity correction factor (1 or 0), α(1) is the percent value of the insulin sensitivity correction factor, CHR(k) is the present CHR, “floor” is value of Δ rounded down to the next integer, and “ceil” is the value of Δ rounded up to the next integer. According to either outcome, the new CHR (CHR(k+1)) is equal to the present CHR (CHR(k)) plus Δ times the sign of the difference, positive or negative, of NCHR minus CHR(k). 
     As patients may respond differently to doses of short-acting insulin depending upon the time of day the injection is made, a different dose of insulin may be required to compensate for a similar amount of carbohydrates consumed for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. For example, one may administer ‘1’ insulin unit for every ‘10’ grams of carbohydrates consumed at lunch while administering ‘1’ insulin unit for every ‘8’ grams of carbohydrates consumed at dinner. In the exemplary embodiment of the algorithm, this flexibility is achieved by the parameter Delta, δ, which is also updated in the step  500 . It will be understood that the carbohydrate to insulin ratio (CHR) as calculated above is the same for all meals. However, the actual dosage differs among meals (i.e., breakfast, lunch, dinner) and equals CHR-δ. Therefore, the exemplary algorithm allows the dosage to be made more effective by slightly altering the CHR with δ to compensate for a patient&#39;s individual response to insulin at different times of the day. 
     Delta δ is a set of integers representing grams of carbohydrates, and is more specifically defined as the set of values [δb, δl, δd], where “b” represents breakfast, “l” represents lunch, and “d” represents dinner. Delta, δ, may be either positive—thus reflecting that before a certain meal it is desired to increase the insulin dose—or negative—thus reflecting that due to hypoglycemic events during the day it is desired to decrease the insulin dose for a given meal. 
     Initially, it is contemplated that each δ in the set [δb, δl, δd] may be defined by the patient&#39;s healthcare professional or constitute a predefined value (e.g., δ=[0, 0, 0] for each of [b, l, d], or [δb, δl, δd], thus reflecting that the patient&#39;s CHR is used with no alteration for breakfast, lunch, or dinner). 
     The range of δ (“Rδ”) is defined as the maximum of three differences, expressed as max(|δb−δl|, |δb−δl|, |δd−δl|). In addition the algorithm defines the minimal entry (“δ min ”) of the set [δb, δl, δd], expressed as min(δb, δl, δd). 
     Any correction to the patient&#39;s CHR can only result in a new Rδ (“Rδ(k+1)”) that is less than or equal to the greatest of the range of the present set of δ (Rδ(k)) or a predefined limit (D), which may, for instance, be 2, as in the exemplary embodiment. 
     Against the foregoing, if the number of hypoglycemic events (HG) in a given meal (b, l or d) over a predefined period (for example, 7 days) is equal to a predefined value (for instance, 2), and if the corresponding δb, δl, or δd is not equal to the δ min  or the range is 0 (R δ =0), then the decrease in that δ (δb, δl, or δd) is equal to the present value for that δ minus a predefined value (“d”), which may, for instance, be 1; thus, δ {i} =δ {i} −d. 
     Otherwise, if the corresponding δ b, δ l, or δ d is equal to the δ.sub.min and the range is other than 0, then the decrease in that δ (e.g., δ b, δ l, or δ d) is effected by decreasing each δ in the set (i.e., [δ b, δ l, or δ d]) by the predefined value “d” (e.g., 1); thus, δ=δ−d (where δ refers to the entire set [δ b, δ l, or δ d]). 
     If, on the other hand, the number of hypoglycemic events stored in the memory is insignificant, it may be necessary to increase Δ in one or more of the set (i.e., [δ b, δ l, or δ d]). To determine if an increase is due, the algorithm looks for an unbalanced response to insulin between the three meals (b, l, d). A patient&#39;s response to his/her recent short-acting insulin dosage is considered unbalanced if the mean blood-glucose-level measurements associated with two of the three meals falls within a predefined acceptable range (e.g., &gt;α 1  but &lt;α 2 ; where, for instance, α 1 =80 and α 2 =120), while the mean of the blood-glucose-level measurements associated with the third meal falls above the predefined acceptable range. 
     If the mean for two meals falls within [α 1 , α 2 ], while the mean of the third meal is &gt;α 2 , then the δ values for the updated set [δ b, δ l, or δ d] are defined by the following, exemplary formulas: 
       δ tmp =δ;
 
       δ tmp (i)=δ tmp(i)+d;  
 
       If (R δ-tmp &lt;=R δ ) or (R δ-tmp &lt;=D), then δ=δ tmp  
 
     According to the foregoing, a test set of [δ b, δ l, or δ d], designated δ tmp , is defined, wherein the value of each of δ b, δ l, and δ d equals the present value of each corresponding δ b, δ l, and δ d. The δ value in the test set corresponding to the meal (b, l, or d) where the blood-glucose-level measurement was determined to exceed the predefined acceptable range (e.g., &gt;α 2 ) is then increased by the value “d” (e.g., 1), and the new set is accepted if it complies with one of the statements: R δ-tmp &lt;=R δ (i.e., is the range R δ  of the test set (“R δ-tmp ”) less than or equal to the range (R δ ) of the present set; or R δ-tmp &lt;=D (i.e., is the range R.sub.Δ of the test set (“R δ-tmp ”) less than or equal to the predefined value “D” (e.g., 2). 
     The foregoing will thus yield an increase in the insulin dosage for a particular meal if the patient&#39;s mean blood-glucose-level measurement data are outside of a predetermined range, such as, by way of example only, between α 1 =80 and α 2 =120. 
     Further according to this step  500 , the binary hypoglycemic correction-flag is reset to 0, reflecting that the patient&#39;s insulin dosage regimen has been updated (and thus may be updated again at the next evaluation). 
     It will be appreciated that the PGR and CHR values determined at step  500  may optionally be employed by the processor to calculate, per conventional formulas, a “sliding scale”-type insulin dosage regimen. Such calculations may employ as a basis therefore a predefined average number of carbohydrates for each meal. Alternatively, data corresponding to such information may be input into the memory by the patient using data entry means. 
     Per the exemplary algorithm as described above, it will be appreciated that if a hypoglycemic event causes some dosage reduction, no other dosage can go up at the next update cycle, with respect to certain embodiments. 
     It should be noted that, according to certain exemplary embodiments of the algorithm herein described, any time a periodic evaluation of the patient insulin dosage regimen is undertaken, the algorithm treats the insulin dosage regimen as having been updated even if there has been no change made to the immediately preceding insulin dosage regimen. And, moreover, any time the insulin dosage regimen is updated, whether in consequence of a periodic update evaluation or an asynchronous update, the timer counting to the next periodic update evaluation will be reset to zero. 
     As noted, in operation of certain embodiments, there is initially specified by a healthcare professional a patient insulin dosage regimen comprised of, for example, a long-acting insulin dose component, a carbohydrate ratio component and a plasma-glucose correction factor component. This insulin dosage regimen data is entered in the memory of an apparatus, such as by a healthcare professional, in the first instance and before the patient has made any use of the apparatus. Optionally, and as necessary, the internal clock of the apparatus is set for the correct time for the time zone where the patient resides so that the time tags assigned to patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements as they are subsequently input into the apparatus are accurate in relation to when, in fact, the data are input (whether automatically, manually, or a combination of both). Thereafter, the patient will input, or there will otherwise automatically be input (such as by the glucose meter) into the memory at least data corresponding to each successive one of the patient&#39;s blood-glucose-level measurements. Upon the input of such data, the processor determines, such as via the algorithm described hereinabove, whether and by how much to vary the patient&#39;s present insulin dosage regimen. Information corresponding to this present insulin dosage regimen is then provided to the patient so that he/she may adjust the amount of insulin they administer. 
     While the present disclosure has been described in connection with certain embodiments, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements. Also, the various embodiments described herein may be implemented in conjunction with other embodiments, e.g., aspects of one embodiment may be combined with aspects of another embodiment to realize yet other embodiments. Further, each independent feature or component of any given assembly may constitute an additional embodiment.