Patent Publication Number: US-11046675-B2

Title: Substituted isoquionline derivatives as immunomudulators

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to Provisional Patent Application U.S. Ser. No. 62/477,139 filed Mar. 27, 2017 hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY VIA EFS-WEB 
     The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing in ASCII text file (Name: 3338_1690001_Seqlisting_ST25.txt, Size: 5886 bytes; and Date of Creation: Jan. 10, 2020) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present disclosure generally relates to compounds useful as inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein and CD80/PD-L1 protein/protein interactions. Provided herein are compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods of their use. The disclosure further pertains to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least one compound according to the disclosure that are useful for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. 
     Programmed death-1 (CD279) is a receptor on T cells that has been shown to suppress activating signals from the T cell receptor when bound by either of its ligands, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) or PD-L2 (CD273, B7-DC) (Sharpe et al.,  Nat. Imm.  2007). When PD-1 expressing T cells contact cells expressing its ligands, functional activities in response to antigenic stimuli, including proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytolytic activity are reduced. PD-1/PD-Ligand interactions down-regulate immune responses during resolution of an infection or tumor, or during the development of self-tolerance (Keir Me, Butte M J, Freeman G J, et al. PD-1 and its Ligands in Tolerance and Immunity.  Annu. Rev. Immunol.  2008; 26: Epub). Chronic antigen stimulation, such as that which occurs during tumor disease or chronic infections, results in T cells that express elevated levels of PD-1 and are dysfunctional with respect to activity towards the chronic antigen (reviewed in Kim and Ahmed,  Curr Opin Imm,  2010), a process termed “T cell exhaustion”. B cells also display PD-1/PD-ligand suppression and “exhaustion”. 
     PD-L1 has also been shown to interact with CD80 (Butte M J et al,  Immunity;  27:111-122 (2007)). The interaction of PD-L1/CD80 on expressing immune cells has been shown to be an inhibitory one. Blockade of this interaction has been shown to abrogate this inhibitory interaction (Paterson A M, et al.,  J Immunol.,  187:1097-1105 (2011); Yang J, et al.  J Immunol. August  1; 187(3):1113-9 (2011)). 
     Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction using antibodies to PD-L1 has been shown to restore and augment T cell activation in many systems. Patients with advanced cancer benefit from therapy with a monoclonal antibody to PD-L1 (Brahmer et al.,  New Engl J Med  2012). Preclinical animal models of tumors have shown that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by monoclonal antibodies can enhance the immune response and result in the immune response to a number of histologically distinct tumors (Dong H, Chen L. B7-H1 Pathway and its Role in the Evasion of Tumor Immunity.  J Mol Med.  2003; 81(5):281-287; Dong H, Strome S E, Salamoa D R, et al. Tumor-associated B7-H1 Promotes T-cell Apoptosis: A Potential Mechanism of Immune Evasion.  Nat Med.  2002; 8(8):793-800). 
     Interference with the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction has also shown enhanced T cell activity in chronic infection systems. Chronic lymphocytic chorio meningitis virus infection of mice also exhibits improved virus clearance and restored immunity with blockade of PD-L1 (Barber D L, Wherry E J, Masopust D, et al. Restoring Function in Exhausted CD8 T Cells During Chronic Viral Infection.  Nature.  2006; 439(7077):682-687). Humanized mice infected with HIV-1 show enhanced protection against viremia and reduced viral depletion of CD4+ T cells (Palmer et al.,  J. Immunol  2013). Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 through monoclonal antibodies to PD-L1 can restore in vitro antigen-specific functionality to T cells from HIV patients (Day,  Nature  2006; Petrovas, J.  Exp. Med.  2006; Trautman,  Nature Med.  2006; D&#39;Souza,  J. Immunol.  2007; Zhang, Blood 2007; Kaufmann,  Nature Imm.  2007; Kasu,  J. Immunol.  2010; Porichis,  Blood  2011), HCV patients [Golden-Mason,  J. Virol.  2007; Jeung, J. Leuk.  Biol.  2007; Urbani,  J. Hepatol.  2008; Nakamoto,  PLoS Path.  2009; Nakamoto,  Gastroenterology  2008] or HBV patients (Boni,  J. Virol.  2007; Fisicaro,  Gastro.  2010; Fisicaro et al.,  Gastroenterology,  2012; Boni et al.,  Gastro.,  2012; Penna et al.,  JHep,  2012; Raziorrough,  Hepatology  2009; Liang,  World J Gastro.  2010; Zhang,  Gastro.  2008). 
     Blockade of the PD-L1/CD80 interaction has also been shown to stimulate immunity (Yang J., et al.,  J Immunol. August  1; 187(3):1113-9 (2011)). The immune stimulation resulting from blockade of the PD-L1/CD80 interaction has been shown to be enhanced through combination with blockade of further PD-1/PD-L1 or PD-1/PD-L2 interactions. 
     Alterations in immune cell phenotypes are hypothesized to be an important factor in septic shock (Hotchkiss, et al.,  Nat Rev Immunol  (2013)). These include increased levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 and T ceoll apoptosis (Guignant, et al,  Crit. Care  (2011)). Antibodies directed to PD-L1 can reduce the level of Immune cell apoptosis (Zhang et al,  Crit. Care  (2011)). Furthermore, mice lacking PD-1 expression are more resistant to septic shock symptoms than wildtype mice (Yang J., et al.,  J Immunol . August 1; 187(3):1113-9 (2011)). Studies have revealed that blockade of the interactions of PD-L1 using antibodies can suppress inappropriate immune responses and ameliorate disease symptoms. 
     In addition to enhancing immunologic responses to chronic antigens, blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has also been shown to enhance responses to vaccination, including therapeutic vaccination in the context of chronic infection (S. J. Ha, S. N. Mueller, E. J. Wherry et al., “Enhancing Therapeutic Vaccination by Blocking PD-1-Mediated Inhibitory Signals During Chronic Infection,”  The Journal of Experimental Medicine , vol. 205, no. 3, pp. 543-555, 2008.; A. C. Finnefrock, A. Tang, F. Li et al., “PD-1 Blockade in Rhesus Macaques: Impact on Chronic Infection and Prophylactic Vaccination,”  The Journal of Immunology , vol. 182, no. 2, pp. 980-98′7, 2009; M.-Y. Song, S.-H. Park, H. J. Nam, D.-H. Choi, and Y.-C. Sung, “Enhancement of Vaccine-Induced Primary and Memory CD8+ T-Cell Responses by Soluble PD-1, ” The Journal of Immunotherapy , vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 297-306, 2011). 
     The PD-1 pathway is a key inhibitory molecule in T cell exhaustion that arises from chronic antigen stimulation during chronic infections and tumor disease. Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction through targeting the PD-L1 protein has been shown to restore antigen-specific T cell immune functions in vitro and in vivo, including enhanced responses to vaccination in the setting of tumor or chronic infection. Accordingly, agents that block the interaction of PD-L1 with either PD-1 or CD80 are desired. 
     Applicants found potent compounds that have activity as inhibitors of the interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 and CD80, and thus may be useful for therapeutic administration to enhance immunity in cancer or infections, including therapeutic vaccine. These compounds are provided to be useful as pharmaceuticals with desirable stability, bioavailability, therapeutic index, and toxicity values that are important to their drugability. 
    
    
     The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     The present disclosure also provides a method of treating a disease or disorder associated with the activity of PD-L1 including its interaction with other proteins such as PD-1 and B7-1(CD80), the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The present disclosure also provides processes and intermediates for making the compounds of formula (I) and/or salts thereof. 
     The present disclosure also provides a compound of formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy. 
     The present disclosure also provides the use of the compounds of formula (I) and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of PD-L1 related conditions, such as cancer and infectious diseases. 
     The compounds of formula (I) and compositions comprising the compounds of formula (I) may be used in treating, preventing, or curing various infectious diseases and cancer. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds are useful in treating, preventing, or slowing the progression of diseases or disorders in a variety of therapeutic areas, such as cancer and infectious diseases. 
     These and other features of the disclosure will be set forth in expanded form as the disclosure continues. 
     In a first aspect the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I): 
                         
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
 
     n is 1 or 2; 
     n′ is 1 or 2; provided that at least one of n and n′ is other than 2; 
     one of X and X′ is selected from NH and NW′, and the other is selected from CH 2  and CHR y ; 
     R x  is selected from —CH 2 CO 2 H, —CH 2 CO 2 C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and —CO 2 C 1 -C 3 alkyl; 
     R y  is selected from —CH 2 CO 2 H, —CH 2 CO 2 C 1 -C 3 alkyl, —CO 2 H, and —CO 2 C 1 -C 3 alkyl; 
     R 2  is selected from hydrogen, —OH, 
                         
wherein R 4  is selected from —CN, —CO 2 H, and —CO 2 C 1 -C 3 alkyl; R 3  is selected from hydrogen and halo; and
 
     Ar is selected from 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In a first embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n and n′ are each 1. In a second embodiment, X is NR x  and X′ is CH 2 . 
     In a third embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n and n′ are each 1, X is CHR y , and X′ is NH. 
     In a second aspect the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 
     In a third aspect the present disclosure provides a method of enhancing, stimulating, modulating and/or increasing the immune response in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a first embodiment of the third aspect the method further comprises administering an additional agent prior to, after, or simultaneously with the compound of formula (I), or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a second embodiment of the third aspect the additional agent is an antimicrobial agent, an antiviral agent, an agent that modifies gene expression, a cytotoxic agent, and/or an immune response modifier. 
     In a fourth aspect the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting growth, proliferation, or metastasis of cancer cells in a subject in need thereof, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In a first embodiment of the fourth aspect the cancer is selected from melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), non-squamous NSCLC, colorectal cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, carcinomas of the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract and breast, and a hematological malignancy. 
     In a fifth aspect the present disclosure provides a method of treating an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a first embodiment of the fifth aspect the infectious disease is caused by a virus. In a second embodiment of the fifth aspect the virus is selected from HIV, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, herpes viruses, papillomaviruses and influenza. 
     In a sixth aspect the present disclosure provides a method of treating septic shock in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     In a seventh aspect the present disclosure provides a method blocking the interaction of PD-L1 with PD-1 and/or CD80 in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     The features and advantages of the disclosure may be more readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description. It is to be appreciated that certain features of the disclosure that are, for clarity reasons, described above and below in the context of separate embodiments, may also be combined to form a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the disclosure that are, for brevity reasons, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be combined so as to form sub-combinations thereof. Embodiments identified herein as exemplary or preferred are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise herein, references made in the singular may also include the plural. For example, “a” and “an” may refer to either one, or one or more. 
     As used herein, the phase “compound(s) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof” refers to at least one compound, at least one salt of the compounds, or a combination thereof. For example, compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof includes a compound of formula (I); two compounds of formula (I); a salt of a compound of formula (I); a compound of formula (I) and one or more salts of the compound of formula (I); and two or more salts of a compound of formula (I). 
     Unless otherwise indicated, any atom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy the valences. 
     Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof may be chosen by one skilled in the field to provide stable moieties and compounds. 
     Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe the present disclosure. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout the specification (unless they are otherwise limited in specific instances) either individually or as part of a larger group. The definitions set forth herein take precedence over definitions set forth in any patent, patent application, and/or patent application publication incorporated herein by reference. 
     The term “C 1 -C 3 alkyl,” as used herein, refers to a group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon containing from one to three carbon atoms. 
     The terms “halo” and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to F, Cl, Br, or I. 
     The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. 
     The compounds of formula (I) can form salts which are also within the scope of this disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated, reference to an inventive compound is understood to include reference to one or more salts thereof. The term “salt(s)” denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases. In addition, the term “salt(s) may include zwitterions (inner salts), e.g., when a compound of formula (I) contains both a basic moiety, such as an amine or a pyridine or imidazole ring, and an acidic moiety, such as a carboxylic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, such as, for example, acceptable metal and amine salts in which the cation does not contribute significantly to the toxicity or biological activity of the salt. However, other salts may be useful, e.g., in isolation or purification steps which may be employed during preparation, and thus, are contemplated within the scope of the disclosure. Salts of the compounds of the formula (I) may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of the formula (I) with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization. 
     Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecyl sulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides (formed with hydrochloric acid), hydrobromides (formed with hydrogen bromide), hydroiodides, maleates (formed with maleic acid), 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, methanesulfonates (formed with methanesulfonic acid), 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, 3-phenylpropionates, phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates (such as those mentioned herein), tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and the like. 
     Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts; barium, zinc, and aluminum salts; salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as trialkylamines such as triethylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N-benzyl-β-phenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, N,N′-dibenzylethylene-diamine, dehydroabietylamine, N-ethylpiperidine, benzylamine, dicyclohexylamine or similar pharmaceutically acceptable amines and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others. Preferred salts include monohydrochloride, hydrogensulfate, methanesulfonate, phosphate or nitrate salts. 
     Various forms of prodrugs are well known in the art and are described in:
     a)  The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry , Camille G. Wermuth et al., Ch 31, (Academic Press, 1996);   b)  Design of Prodrugs , edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985);   c)  A Textbook of Drug Design and Development , P. Krogsgaard-Larson and H. Bundgaard, eds. Ch 5, pgs 113-191 (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991); and   d)  Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism , Bernard Testa and Joachim M. Mayer, (Wiley-VCH, 2003).   

     In addition, compounds of formula (I), subsequent to their preparation, can be isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing an amount by weight equal to or greater than 99% of a compound of formula (I) (“substantially pure”), which is then used or formulated as described herein. Such “substantially pure” compounds of formula (I) are also contemplated herein as part of the present disclosure. 
     “Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent. The present disclosure is intended to embody stable compounds. 
     “Therapeutically effective amount” is intended to include an amount of a compound of the present disclosure alone or an amount of the combination of compounds claimed or an amount of a compound of the present disclosure in combination with other active ingredients effective to inhibit PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein and/or CD80/PD-L1 protein/protein interactions, or effective to treat or prevent cancer or infectious disease, such as HIV or Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis D. 
     As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” cover the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, particularly in a human, and include: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, i.e., arresting its development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, i.e., causing regression of the disease state. 
     The compounds of the present disclosure are intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium (D) and tritium (T). Isotopes of carbon include  13 C and  14 C. Isotopically-labeled compounds of the disclosure can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed. For example, methyl (—CH 3 ) also includes deuterated methyl groups such as —CD 3 . 
     Compounds in accordance with formula (I) and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be administered by any means suitable for the condition to be treated, which can depend on the need for site-specific treatment or quantity of formula (I) compound to be delivered. Also embraced within this disclosure is a class of pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; and one or more non-toxic, pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants (collectively referred to herein as “carrier” materials) and, if desired, other active ingredients. The compounds of formula (I) may be administered by any suitable route, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment intended. The compounds and compositions of the present disclosure may, for example, be administered orally, mucosally, rectally, or parentally including intravascularly, intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intrasternally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles. For example, the pharmaceutical carrier may contain a mixture of mannitol or lactose and microcrystalline cellulose. The mixture may contain additional components such as a lubricating agent, e.g. magnesium stearate and a disintegrating agent such as crospovidone. The carrier mixture may be filled into a gelatin capsule or compressed as a tablet. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered as an oral dosage form or an infusion, for example. 
     For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, liquid capsule, suspension, or liquid. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may be provided as a tablet or capsule comprising an amount of active ingredient in the range of from about 0.1 to 1000 mg, preferably from about 0.25 to 250 mg, and more preferably from about 0.5 to 100 mg. A suitable daily dose for a human or other mammal may vary widely depending on the condition of the patient and other factors, but, can be determined using routine methods. 
     Any pharmaceutical composition contemplated herein can, for example, be delivered orally via any acceptable and suitable oral preparations. Exemplary oral preparations, include, but are not limited to, for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous and oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard and soft capsules, liquid capsules, syrups, and elixirs. Pharmaceutical compositions intended for oral administration can be prepared according to any methods known in the art for manufacturing pharmaceutical compositions intended for oral administration. In order to provide pharmaceutically palatable preparations, a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the disclosure can contain at least one agent selected from sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, demulcents, antioxidants, and preserving agents. 
     A tablet can, for example, be prepared by admixing at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient suitable for the manufacture of tablets. Exemplary excipients include, but are not limited to, for example, inert diluents, such as, for example, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate, and sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium crosscarmellose, corn starch, and alginic acid; binding agents, such as, for example, starch, gelatin, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, and acacia; and lubricating agents, such as, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc. Additionally, a tablet can either be uncoated, or coated by known techniques to either mask the bad taste of an unpleasant tasting drug, or delay disintegration and absorption of the active ingredient in the gastrointestinal tract thereby sustaining the effects of the active ingredient for a longer period. Exemplary water soluble taste masking materials, include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl-cellulose. Exemplary time delay materials, include, but are not limited to, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate butyrate. 
     Hard gelatin capsules can, for example, be prepared by mixing at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one salt thereof with at least one inert solid diluent, such as, for example, calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate; and kaolin. 
     Soft gelatin capsules can, for example, be prepared by mixing at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one water soluble carrier, such as, for example, polyethylene glycol; and at least one oil medium, such as, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin, and olive oil. 
     An aqueous suspension can be prepared, for example, by admixing at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one excipient suitable for the manufacture of an aqueous suspension. Exemplary excipients suitable for the manufacture of an aqueous suspension, include, but are not limited to, for example, suspending agents, such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, alginic acid, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth, and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents, such as, for example, a naturally-occurring phosphatide, e.g., lecithin; condensation products of alkylene oxide with fatty acids, such as, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate; condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, such as, for example heptadecaethylene-oxycetanol; condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, such as, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate; and condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as, for example, polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. An aqueous suspension can also contain at least one preservative, such as, for example, ethyl and n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; at least one coloring agent; at least one flavoring agent; and/or at least one sweetening agent, including but not limited to, for example, sucrose, saccharin, and aspartame. 
     Oily suspensions can, for example, be prepared by suspending at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in either a vegetable oil, such as, for example, arachis oil; olive oil; sesame oil; and coconut oil; or in mineral oil, such as, for example, liquid paraffin. An oily suspension can also contain at least one thickening agent, such as, for example, beeswax; hard paraffin; and cetyl alcohol. In order to provide a palatable oily suspension, at least one of the sweetening agents already described hereinabove, and/or at least one flavoring agent can be added to the oily suspension. An oily suspension can further contain at least one preservative, including, but not limited to, for example, an anti-oxidant, such as, for example, butylated hydroxyanisol, and alpha-tocopherol. 
     Dispersible powders and granules can, for example, be prepared by admixing at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof with at least one dispersing and/or wetting agent; at least one suspending agent; and/or at least one preservative. Suitable dispersing agents, wetting agents, and suspending agents are as already described above. Exemplary preservatives include, but are not limited to, for example, anti-oxidants, e.g., ascorbic acid. In addition, dispersible powders and granules can also contain at least one excipient, including, but not limited to, for example, sweetening agents; flavoring agents; and coloring agents. 
     An emulsion of at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can, for example, be prepared as an oil-in-water emulsion. The oily phase of the emulsions comprising compounds of formula (I) may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. The oil phase can be provided by, but is not limited to, for example, a vegetable oil, such as, for example, olive oil and arachis oil; a mineral oil, such as, for example, liquid paraffin; and mixtures thereof. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier, it may comprise a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Suitable emulsifying agents include, but are not limited to, for example, naturally-occurring phosphatides, e.g., soy bean lecithin; esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as, for example, sorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make-up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations. An emulsion can also contain a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, a preservative, and/or an antioxidant. Emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present disclosure include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax, or other materials well known in the art. 
     The compounds of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can, for example, also be delivered intravenously, subcutaneously, and/or intramuscularly via any pharmaceutically acceptable and suitable injectable form. Exemplary injectable forms include, but are not limited to, for example, sterile aqueous solutions comprising acceptable vehicles and solvents, such as, for example, water, Ringer&#39;s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution; sterile oil-in-water microemulsions; and aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. 
     Formulations for parenteral administration may be in the form of aqueous or non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions or suspensions. These solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders or granules using one or more of the carriers or diluents mentioned for use in the formulations for oral administration or by using other suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The compounds may be dissolved in water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, benzyl alcohol, sodium chloride, tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well and widely known in the pharmaceutical art. The active ingredient may also be administered by injection as a composition with suitable carriers including saline, dextrose, or water, or with cyclodextrin (i.e. Captisol), cosolvent solubilization (i.e. propylene glycol) or micellar solubilization (i.e. Tween 80). 
     The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer&#39;s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. 
     A sterile injectable oil-in-water microemulsion can, for example, be prepared by 1) dissolving at least one compound of formula (I) in an oily phase, such as, for example, a mixture of soybean oil and lecithin; 2) combining the formula (I) containing oil phase with a water and glycerol mixture; and 3) processing the combination to form a microemulsion. 
     A sterile aqueous or oleaginous suspension can be prepared in accordance with methods already known in the art. For example, a sterile aqueous solution or suspension can be prepared with a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, such as, for example, 1,3-butanediol; and a sterile oleaginous suspension can be prepared with a sterile non-toxic acceptable solvent or suspending medium, such as, for example, sterile fixed oils, e.g., synthetic mono- or diglycerides; and fatty acids, such as, for example, oleic acid. 
     Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d-alpha-tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens, polyethoxylated castor oil such as CREMOPHOR surfactant (BASF), or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium tri silicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat. Cyclodextrins such as alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of compounds of the formulae described herein. 
     The pharmaceutically active compounds of this disclosure can be processed in accordance with conventional methods of pharmacy to produce medicinal agents for administration to patients, including humans and other mammals. The pharmaceutical compositions may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or may contain conventional adjuvants, such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, buffers etc. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings. Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. 
     The amounts of compounds that are administered and the dosage regimen for treating a disease condition with the compounds and/or compositions of this disclosure depends on a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex, the medical condition of the subject, the type of disease, the severity of the disease, the route and frequency of administration, and the particular compound employed. Thus, the dosage regimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely using standard methods. A daily dose of about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg body weight, preferably between about 0.0025 and about 50 mg/kg body weight and most preferably between about 0.005 to 10 mg/kg body weight, may be appropriate. The daily dose can be administered in one to four doses per day. Other dosing schedules include one dose per week and one dose per two day cycle. 
     For therapeutic purposes, the active compounds of this disclosure are ordinarily combined with one or more adjuvants appropriate to the indicated route of administration. If administered orally, the compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, cellulose alkyl esters, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulfuric acids, gelatin, acacia gum, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and then tableted or encapsulated for convenient administration. Such capsules or tablets may contain a controlled-release formulation as may be provided in a dispersion of active compound in hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure comprise at least one compound of formula (I) and/or at least one pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally an additional agent selected from any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, and vehicle. Alternate compositions of this disclosure comprise a compound of the formula (I) described herein, or a prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. 
     The compounds of the disclosure inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 protein/protein resulting in a PD-L1 blockade. The blockade of PD-L1 can enhance the immune response to cancerous cells and infectious diseases in mammals, including humans. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to treatment of a subject in vivo using a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof such that growth of cancerous tumors is inhibited. A compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof may be used alone to inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors. Alternatively, a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof may be used in conjunction with other immunogenic agents or standard cancer treatments, as described below. 
     In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of inhibiting growth of tumor cells in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof. 
     In one embodiment, a method is provided for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof. Examples of cancers include those whose growth may be inhibited using compounds of the disclosure include cancers typically responsive to immunotherapy. Non-limiting examples of preferred cancers for treatment include melanoma (e.g., metastatic malignant melanoma), renal cancer (e.g. clear cell carcinoma), prostate cancer (e.g. hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer (e.g. non-small cell lung cancer). Additionally, the disclosure includes refractory or recurrent malignancies whose growth may be inhibited using the compounds of the disclosure. 
     Examples of other cancers that may be treated using the methods of the disclosure include bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head or neck, cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, rectal cancer, cancer of the anal region, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin&#39;s Disease, non-Hodgkin&#39;s lymphoma, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, chronic or acute leukemias including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, solid tumors of childhood, lymphocytic lymphoma, cancer of the bladder, cancer of the kidney or urethra, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, T-cell lymphoma, environmentally induced cancers including those induced by asbestos, and combinations of said cancers. The present disclosure is also useful for treatment of metastatic cancers, especially metastatic cancers that express PD-L1 (Iwai et al. (2005)  Int. Immunol.  17:133-144). 
     Optionally, the compounds of formula (I) or salts thereof can be combined with another immunogenic agent, such as cancerous cells, purified tumor antigens (including recombinant proteins, peptides, and carbohydrate molecules), cells, and cells transfected with genes encoding immune stimulating cytokines (He et al (2004)  J. Immunol.  173:4919-28). Non-limiting examples of tumor vaccines that can be used include peptides of melanoma antigens, such as peptides of gp100, MAGE antigens, Trp-2, MART1 and/or tyrosinase, or tumor cells transfected to express the cytokine GM-CSF. In humans, some tumors have been shown to be immunogenic such as melanomas. It is anticipated that by raising the threshold of T cell activation by PD-L1 blockade, tumor responses are expected to be activated in the host. 
     The PD-L1 blockade can be combined with a vaccination protocol. Many experimental strategies for vaccination against tumors have been devised (see Rosenberg, S., 2000, Development of Cancer Vaccines,  ASCO Educational Book Spring:  60-62; Logothetis, C., 2000,  ASCO Educational Book Spring:  300-302; Khayat, D. 2000,  ASCO Educational Book Spring:  414-428; Foon, K. 2000,  ASCO Educational Book Spring:  730-738; see also Restifo, N. and Sznol, M.,  Cancer Vaccines , Ch. 61, pp. 3023-3043 in DeVita, V. et al. (eds.), 1997,  Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology . Fifth Edition). In one of these strategies, a vaccine is prepared using autologous or allogenenic tumor cells. These cellular vaccines have been shown to be most effective when the tumor cells are transduced to express GM-CSF. GM-CSF has been shown to be a potent activator of antigen presentation for tumor vaccination (Dranoff et al. (1993)  Proc. Natl. Acad . Sci. U.S.A. 90: 3539-43). 
     The study of gene expression and large scale gene expression patterns in various tumors has led to the definition of so called tumor specific antigens (Rosenberg, S A (1999)  Immunity  10: 281-7). In many cases, these tumor specific antigens are differentiation antigens expressed in the tumors and in the cell from which the tumor arose, for example melanocyte antigens gp100, MAGE antigens, and Trp-2. More importantly, many of these antigens can be shown to be the targets of tumor specific T cells found in the host. PD-L1 blockade may be used in conjunction with a collection of recombinant proteins and/or peptides expressed in a tumor in order to generate an immune response to these proteins. These proteins are normally viewed by the immune system as self antigens and are therefore tolerant to them. The tumor antigen may also include the protein telomerase, which is required for the synthesis of telomeres of chromosomes and which is expressed in more than 85% of human cancers and in only a limited number of somatic tissues (Kim, N et al. (1994)  Science  266: 2011-2013). (These somatic tissues may be protected from immune attack by various means). Tumor antigen may also be “neo-antigens” expressed in cancer cells because of somatic mutations that alter protein sequence or create fusion proteins between two unrelated sequences (ie. bcr-abl in the Philadelphia chromosome), or idiotype from B cell tumors. 
     Other tumor vaccines may include the proteins from viruses implicated in human cancers such a Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV), Hepatitis Viruses (HBV, HDV and HCV) and Kaposi&#39;s Herpes Sarcoma Virus (KHSV). Another form of tumor specific antigen which may be used in conjunction with PD-L1 blockade is purified heat shock proteins (HSP) isolated from the tumor tissue itself. These heat shock proteins contain fragments of proteins from the tumor cells and these HSPs are highly efficient at delivery to antigen presenting cells for eliciting tumor immunity (Suot, R &amp; Srivastava, P (1995)  Science  269:1585-1588; Tamura, Y. et al. (1997)  Science  278:117-120). 
     Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen presenting cells that can be used to prime antigen-specific responses. DC&#39;s can be produced ex vivo and loaded with various protein and peptide antigens as well as tumor cell extracts (Nestle, F. et al. (1998)  Nature Medicine  4: 328-332). DCs may also be transduced by genetic means to express these tumor antigens as well. DCs have also been fused directly to tumor cells for the purposes of immunization (Kugler, A. et al. (2000)  Nature Medicine  6:332-336). As a method of vaccination, DC immunization may be effectively combined with PD-L1 blockade to activate more potent anti-tumor responses. 
     PD-L1 blockade may also be combined with standard cancer treatments. PD-L1 blockade may be effectively combined with chemotherapeutic regimes. In these instances, it may be possible to reduce the dose of chemotherapeutic reagent administered (Mokyr, M. et al. (1998)  Cancer Research  58: 5301-5304). An example of such a combination is a compound of this disclosure in combination with dacarbazine for the treatment of melanoma. Another example of such a combination is a compound of this disclosure in combination with interleukin-2 (IL-2) for the treatment of melanoma. The scientific rationale behind the combined use of PD-L1 blockade and chemotherapy is that cell death, that is a consequence of the cytotoxic action of most chemotherapeutic compounds, should result in increased levels of tumor antigen in the antigen presentation pathway. Other combination therapies that may result in synergy with PD-L1 blockade through cell death are radiation, surgery, and hormone deprivation. Each of these protocols creates a source of tumor antigen in the host. Angiogenesis inhibitors may also be combined with PD-L1 blockade. Inhibition of angiogenesis leads to tumor cell death which may feed tumor antigen into host antigen presentation pathways. 
     The compounds of this disclosure can also be used in combination with bispecific compounds that target Fc alpha or Fc gamma receptor-expressing effectors cells to tumor cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,922,845 and 5,837,243). Bispecific compounds can be used to target two separate antigens. For example anti-Fc receptor/anti tumor antigen (e.g., Her-2/neu) bispecific compounds have been used to target macrophages to sites of tumor. This targeting may more effectively activate tumor specific responses. The T cell arm of these responses would be augmented by the use of PD-L1 blockade. Alternatively, antigen may be delivered directly to DCs by the use of bispecific compounds which bind to tumor antigen and a dendritic cell specific cell surface marker. 
     Tumors evade host immune surveillance by a large variety of mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms may be overcome by the inactivation of proteins which are expressed by the tumors and which are immunosuppressive. These include among others TGF-beta (Kehrl, J. et al. (1986)  J. Exp. Med.  163: 1037-1050), IL-10 (Howard, M. &amp; O&#39;Garra, A. (1992)  Immunology Today  13: 198-200), and Fas ligand (Hahne, M. et al. (1996)  Science  274: 1363-1365). Inhibitors that bind to and block each of these entities may be used in combination with the compounds of this disclosure to counteract the effects of the immunosuppressive agent and favor tumor immune responses by the host. 
     Compounds that activate host immune responsiveness can be used in combination with PD-L1 blockade. These include molecules on the surface of dendritic cells which activate DC function and antigen presentation. Anti-CD40 compounds are able to substitute effectively for T cell helper activity (Ridge, J. et al. (1998)  Nature  393: 474-478) and can be used in conjunction with PD-L1 blockade (Ito, N. et al. (2000)  Immunobiology  201 (5) 527-40). Activating compounds to T cell costimulatory molecules such as CTLA-4 (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,097), OX-40 (Weinberg, A. et al. (2000)  Immunol  164: 2160-2169), 4-1BB (Melero, I. et al. (1997) Nature Medicine  3: 682-685 (1997), and  ICOS  (Hutloff, A. et al. (1999)  Nature  397: 262-266) may also provide for increased levels of T cell activation. 
     Bone marrow transplantation is currently being used to treat a variety of tumors of hematopoietic origin. While graft versus host disease is a consequence of this treatment, therapeutic benefit may be obtained from graft vs. tumor responses. PD-L1 blockade can be used to increase the effectiveness of the donor engrafted tumor specific T cells. 
     Other methods of the disclosure are used to treat patients who have been exposed to particular toxins or pathogens. Accordingly, another aspect of the disclosure provides a method of treating an infectious disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or salts thereof. 
     Similar to its application to tumors as discussed above, the compound of formula (I) or salts thereof can be used alone, or as an adjuvant, in combination with vaccines, to stimulate the immune response to pathogens, toxins, and self-antigens. Examples of pathogens for which this therapeutic approach may be particularly useful, include pathogens for which there is currently no effective vaccine, or pathogens for which conventional vaccines are less than completely effective. These include, but are not limited to HIV, Hepatitis (A, B, C or D), Influenza, Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania,  Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa . PD-L1 blockade is particularly useful against established infections by agents such as HIV that present altered antigens over the course of the infections. These novel epitopes are recognized as foreign at the time of administration, thus provoking a strong T cell response that is not dampened by negative signals through PD-1. 
     Some examples of pathogenic viruses causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include HIV, hepatitis (A, B, C, or D), herpes viruses (e.g., VZV, HSV-1, HAV-6, HHv-7, HSV-2, CMV, and Epstein Barr virus), adenovirus, influenza virus, flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, cornovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus and arboviral encephalitis virus. 
     Some examples of pathogenic bacteria causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumonococci, meningococci and conococci, klebsiella, proteus, serratia, pseudomonas,  legionella , diphtheria,  salmonella , bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, and Lymes disease bacteria. 
     Some examples of pathogenic fungi causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include  Candida  ( albicans, krusei, glabrata, tropicalis , etc.),  Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus  ( fumigatus, niger , etc.),  Genus Mucorales  ( mucor, absidia, rhizophus ),  Sporothrix schenkii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis  and  Histoplasma capsulatum.    
     Some examples of pathogenic parasites causing infections treatable by methods of the disclosure include  Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Naegleriafowleri, Acanthamoeba  sp.,  Giardia lambia, Cryptosporidium  sp.,  Pneumocystis carinii, Plasmodium vivax, Babesia microti, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondi , and  Nippostrongylus brasiliensis . In all of the above methods, PD-L1 blockade can be combined with other forms of immunotherapy such as cytokine treatment (e.g., interferons, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-2), or bispecific antibody therapy, which provides for enhanced presentation of tumor antigens (see, e.g., Holliger (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448; Poljak (1994) Structure 2:1121-1123), vaccines, or agents that modify gene expression. 
     The compounds of this disclosure may provoke and amplify autoimmune responses. Indeed, induction of anti-tumor responses using tumor cell and peptide vaccines reveals that many anti-tumor responses involve anti-self reactivities (depigmentation observed in anti-CTLA-4+GM-CSF-modified B 16 melanoma in van Elsas et al. supra; depigmentation in Trp-2 vaccinated mice (Overwijk, W. et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 2982-2987); autoimmune prostatitis evoked by TRAMP tumor cell vaccines (Hurwitz, A. (2000) supra), melanoma peptide antigen vaccination and vitilago observed in human clinical trials (Rosenberg, S A and White, D E (1996) J. Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 19 (1): 81-4). 
     Therefore, it is possible to consider using anti-PD-L1 blockade in conjunction with various self proteins in order to devise vaccination protocols to efficiently generate immune responses against these self proteins for disease treatment. For example, Alzheimer&#39;s disease involves inappropriate accumulation of A.beta. peptide in amyloid deposits in the brain; antibody responses against amyloid are able to clear these amyloid deposits (Schenk et al., (1999) Nature 400: 173-177). 
     Other self proteins may also be used as targets such as IgE for the treatment of allergy and asthma, and TNF.alpha. for rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, antibody responses to various hormones may be induced by the use of a compound of formula (I) or salts thereof. Neutralizing antibody responses to reproductive hormones may be used for contraception. Neutralizing antibody response to hormones and other soluble factors that are required for the growth of particular tumors may also be considered as possible vaccination targets. 
     Analogous methods as described above for the use of anti-PD-L1 antibody can be used for induction of therapeutic autoimmune responses to treat patients having an inappropriate accumulation of other self-antigens, such as amyloid deposits, including A.beta. in Alzheimer&#39;s disease, cytokines such as TNF alpha, and IgE. 
     The compounds of this disclosure may be used to stimulate antigen-specific immune responses by co-administration of a compound of formula (I) or salts thereof with an antigen of interest (e.g., a vaccine). Accordingly, in another aspect the disclosure provides a method of enhancing an immune response to an antigen in a subject, comprising administering to the subject: (i) the antigen; and (ii) a compound of formula (I) or salts thereof, such that an immune response to the antigen in the subject is enhanced. The antigen can be, for example, a tumor antigen, a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen or an antigen from a pathogen. Non-limiting examples of such antigens include those discussed in the sections above, such as the tumor antigens (or tumor vaccines) discussed above, or antigens from the viruses, bacteria or other pathogens described above. 
     As previously described, the compounds of the disclosure can be co-administered with one or more other therapeutic agents, e.g., a cytotoxic agent, a radiotoxic agent or an immunosuppressive agent. The compounds of the disclosure can be administered before, after or concurrently with the other therapeutic agent or can be co-administered with other known therapies, e.g., an anti-cancer therapy, e.g., radiation. Such therapeutic agents include, among others, anti-neoplastic agents such as doxorubicin (adriamycin), cisplatin bleomycin sulfate, carmustine, chlorambucil, decarbazine and cyclophosphamide hydroxyurea which, by themselves, are only effective at levels which are toxic or subtoxic to a patient. Cisplatin is intravenously administered as a 100 mg/dose once every four weeks and adriamycin is intravenously administered as a 60-75 mg/mL dose once every 21 days. Co-administration of a compound of formula (I) or salts thereof, with chemotherapeutic agents provides two anti-cancer agents which operate via different mechanisms which yield a cytotoxic effect to human tumor cells. Such co-administration can solve problems due to development of resistance to drugs or a change in the antigenicity of the tumor cells which would render them unreactive with the antibody. 
     The compounds described herein can also be used in the treatment of severe sepsis, or septic shock. 
     Also within the scope of the present disclosure are kits comprising a compound of formula (I) or salts thereof and instructions for use. The kit can further contain at least one additional reagent. Kits typically include a label indicating the intended use of the contents of the kit. The term label includes any writing, or recorded material supplied on or with the kit, or which otherwise accompanies the kit. 
     The above other therapeutic agents, when employed in combination with the compounds of the present disclosure, may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the Physicians&#39; Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwise determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. In the methods of the present disclosure, such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the inventive compounds. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The invention is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that the Examples are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and the Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of the invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications to adapt the invention to various uses and conditions. As a result, the invention is not limited by the illustrative examples set forth hereinbelow, but rather is defined by the claims appended hereto. 
     As used in the present specification, the following terms have the meanings indicated: Me for methyl; TEA for triethylamine; Bu for butyl; THF for tetrahydrofuran; DIAD for diisorpropyl azodicarboxylate; Ph for phenyl; tBu or t-Bu for tert-butyl; DMF for N,N-dimethylformamide; TFA for trifluoroacetic acid; DCM for dichloromethane; BOC or Boc for tert-butoxycarbonyl; DMSO for dimethylsulfoxide; EtOAc for ethyl acetate; h or hr or hrs for hours; min or mins for minutes; sec for seconds; RT or rt or t R  for room temperature or retention time (context will dictate); TMS for trimethylsilyl; MeOH for methanol; AcOH for acetic acid; NCS for N-chlorosuccinimide; OAc for acetate; sat. or satd. for saturated; and evap&#39;d for evaporated. 
     A method for the preparation of Example 1001 and Example 1002 is shown in the following scheme. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Both tert-butyl 6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol can be prepared from 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethan-1-amine according to the scheme shown below: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Intermediate: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol•HBr 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     6,8-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline•HCl (1.0 g, 4.35 mmol) was taken up in 48% aqueous hydrogen bromide (30 mL) and stirred for 16 h at 95° C. in a sealed vessel. The mixture was then cooled and concentrated to yield the crude product, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol•HBr (1.07 g, 4.35 mmol, 100% yield) as a reddish-orange solid which was carried forward directly.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 9.72; (s, 1H), 9.25; (br. s., 1H), 8.85; (br. s., 2H), 6.23; (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.08; (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.95; (t, J=4.6 Hz, 2H), 3.29; (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.83; (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H). LCMS: t R  (retention time)=0.53 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 9 H 12 NO 2 : 166.09, found: 166.00; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 2-(6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     tert-Butyl 2-bromoacetate (0.64 mL, 4.35 mmol) was added to a nitrogen-purged solution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol•HBr (1.07 g, 4.35 mmol) and anhydrous triethylamine (1.82 mL, 13.05 mmol) in dry THF (70 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 3 h at 24° C. before it was diluted with EtOAc, washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The residue taken up in a small amount of DCM was then charged to a RediSepR f  normal phase silica gel Teledyne ISCO 40 g disposable column which was first eluted with 0% B to 0% B for 60 mL, followed by 5% B to 100% B for 600 mL, where solvent B=ethyl acetate and solvent A=hexanes. After concentration of the eluant, there was isolated the product, tert-butyl 2-(6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (0.94 g, 77% yield) as a white foam.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ6.09 (br s, 1H), 5.96; (br s, 1H), 3.51-3.35; (2m, 4H), 2.68-2.59; (m, 2H), 1.71; (s, 2H), 1.42; (s, 9H). LCMS: t R =0.69 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 15 H 22 NO 4 : 280.16, found: 280.00; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Diisopropyl diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate (DIAD) (0.21 mL, 1.07 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of tert-butyl 2-(6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (300 mg, 1.07 mmol), (3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl) methanol (275 mg, 1.07 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (282 mg, 1.07 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) at 0° C. The resultant yellow solution (on addition of DIAD) was allowed to warm up to rt where it was stirred for 16 h before it was concentrated. The residue was taken up in a small amount of DCM and charged to a RediSepR f  normal phase silica gel Teledyne ISCO 40 g disposable column which was first eluted with 0% B to 0% B for 60 mL followed by 0% B to 100% B for 600 mL, where solvent B=ethyl acetate and solvent A=hexanes. After concentration of the eluant, there was isolated the product, tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-isoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (112 mg, 20% yield) as a light yellow foam. (The ratio of the regioisomer, tert-butyl 2-(8-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate, to the desired product in the sample was not determined.) LCMS: t R =1.10 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 31 H 36 NO 6 : 518.26, found: 518.25; [M+H]t LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 2-(8-((5-Cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate•TFA and regioisomer tert-butyl 2-(6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-8-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate•TFA 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Cesium carbonate (120 mg, 0.37 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)-oxy)-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate prepared above (425 mg, 0.246 mmol) and 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (41 mg, 0.27 mmol) in dry DMF (2 mL). The suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h before the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted once more with EtOAc. The organic extracts were combined and washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to yield a residue which was then diluted with methanol (2 mL), filtered through a Whatman 13 mm PVDF syringe filter (45 μM), placed into one pHPLC vial (2 mL) and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC in four portions (0% B to 100% B over a 25 min gradient@40 ml/min) using a Waters-SunFire column (30×100 mm, S5), where solvent B=90% CH 3 CN-10% H 2 O-0.1% TFA and solvent A=5% CH 3 CN-95% H 2 O-0.1% TFA. After speed vacuum evaporation of the test tubes, there was isolated the product, tert-butyl 2-(8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobnzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate•TFA and its regioisomer (56.3 mg, 0.075 mmol, 30.6% yield) as a white solid. (The ratio of the two regioisomers in the sample was not determined)  1 H NMR of the mixture (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ8.94-8.91; (2m, 2H), 8.17 and 8.09; (2m, 1H), 7.40-7.36; and 7.35-7.32; (2m, 1H), 7.27-7.26; (2m, 2H), 6.95-6.94; and 6.93-6.92; (2m, 1H), 6.85-6.84; and 6.84-6.83; (2m, 1H), 6.81-6.80; and 6.79-6.78; (2m, 1H), 6.60-6.59; and 6.54-6.53; (2m, 1H), 6.49; and 6.41-6.40; (2m, 1H), 5.16; and 5.15; (2s, 2H), 5.10; and 5.07; (2s, 2H), 4.33; (s, 4H), 4.03; and 4.00; (2s, 2H), 3.85-3.50; (br. m, 3H), 3.40-3.00; (br. m, 3H), 2.28; and 2.26; (2s, 3H), 1.52; and 1.49; (2s, 9H). LCMS: t R =1.17 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 38 H 40 N 3 O 6 : 634.29, found: 634.30; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Example 1001: 2-(8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)-oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid•2 TFA 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     TFA (0.2 mL, 2.60 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of tert-butyl 2-(8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methyl-benzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate prepared above (15 mg, 0.024 mmol) in dry DCM (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for a total of 7 h before it was concentrated and purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 10-70% B over 30 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. There was isolated 2-(8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid (3.5 mg, 18%), and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 96%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 8.94; (br. s., 2H), 8.31; (br. s., 1H), 7.39; (br. s., 1H), 7.31-7.09; (m, 2H), 6.90; (br. s., 1H), 6.75; (br. s., 2H), 6.61; (br. s., 1H), 6.50; (br. s., 1H), 5.23; (br. s., 2H), 5.08; (br. s., 2H), 4.28; (br. s., 4H), 3.67; (br. s., 2H), 2.93-2.52; (2m, 6H), 2.19; (br. s., 3H); LCMS: t R =1.04 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 34 H 32 N 3 O 6 : 578.23, found: 578.25; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.796 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=578.0 (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.747 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=578.0 (M+H) + . 
     Example 1002: 2-(6-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-8-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]-dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroiso-quinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid•2 TFA 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2-(6-((5-Cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-8-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid (3.9 mg, 20%) was also isolated from the above reaction mixture for Example 1001. Its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 96%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 8.97; (dd, J=14.7, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 8.37; (s, 1H), 7.39; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.24; (s, 1H), 7.17; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.92; (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.73; (m, 2H), 6.69; (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.48; (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.22; (s, 2H), 5.13; (s, 2H), 4.29; (s, 4H), 3.65; (s, 2H), 2.87-2.78; (m, 4H), 2.55; (s, 2H), 2.22; (s, 3H); LCMS: t R =1.02; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 34 H 32 N 3 O 6 : 578.23, found: 578.25; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.743 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=578.0 (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.704 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=578.0 (M+H) + . 
     Example 1003: 2-(6-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 96%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.40-7.35; (m, 1H), 7.24; (s, 1H), 7.16; (s, 1H), 6.92; (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.73; (m, 2H), 6.34; (s, 1H), 6.15; (s, 1H), 5.05; (s, 2H), 4.29; (s, 4H), 3.58; (s, 2H), 3.15-3.09; (m, 1H), 2.78-2.70; (series of m, 5H), 2.20; (s, 3H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.466 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=462.2 (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.519 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=462.2 (M+H) + . 
     A method for the preparation of Example 1004 and Example 1005 is shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Intermediate: (R)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (R)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (650 mg, 2.22 mmol) was taken up in MeOH (4 mL) and 2M (diazomethyl)trimethylsilane in ether (1.1 mL, 2.22 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min before an additional 0.7 mL of 2M (diazomethyl)trimethylsilane in ether was added to ensure completion. The mixture was allowed to stir further for 1 h before it was quenched with AcOH (0.1 mL) and concentrated. The residue was taken up in DCM and washed with half sat&#39;d NaHCO 3  solution, dried over MgSO 4  and concentrated to yield the product (630 mg, 92%). A portion of the product was further purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 25-65% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 18.4 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 100%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.06-6.93; (m, 1H), 6.62-6.50; (m, 2H), 4.89-4.58; (2m, 1H), 4.55-4.40; (m, 1H), 4.38-4.21; (m, 1H), 3.58 and 3.54; (2s, 3H), 3.11-2.86; (2m, 2H), 1.46 and 1.38; (2s, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.575 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=330.0; (M+Na) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.569 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=330.0; (M+Na) + . 
     Intermediate: (R)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl 7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Diisopropyl diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate (DIAD) (0.53 mL, 2.70 mmol) was added to a nitrogen-purged solution of (R)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate (755 mg, 2.46 mmol), (3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl)methanol (630 mg, 2.46 mmol), and triphenylphosphine (709 mg, 2.70 mmol) in THF (2.5 mL) and the resultant mixture was stirred for 18 h at 24° C. before additional triphenylphosphine (355 mg) and DIAD (0.37 mL) were added to ensure reaction completion. After stirring for an additional 16 h at rt, the mixture was concentrated and the crude residue was taken up in a small amount of DCM and then charged to a RediSepR f  normal phase silica gel Teledyne ISCO 40 g disposable column which was eluted with 5% B to 85% B for 1500 mL, where solvent B=ethyl acetate and solvent A=hexanes. After concentration of the eluant, there was isolated the product (245 mg, 18%) as well as recovered starting material (280 mg). A portion of the product was further purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 30-100% B over 20 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 21.8 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 100%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.40; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24; (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.16; (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.11; (m, 1H), 7.00-6.93; (2m, 1H), 6.92; (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.90-6.86; (m, 1H), 6.78; (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.75; (dd, J=8.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.08; (br. s., 2H), 4.93 and 4.66; (2m, 1H), 4.63-4.49; (m, 1H), 4.47-4.33; (m, 1H), 4.28; (s, 4H), 3.58 and 3.55; (2s, 3H), 3.47-3.37; (m, 1H), 3.16-2.93; (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.46 and 1.38; (2s, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=2.613 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=568.1; (M+Na) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=2.597 min; ESI-MS(+) m/z=568.1; (M+Na) + . 
     Intermediate: (R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (17.3 mg, 0.41 mmol) was added to a solution of (R)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl 7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)-oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate (75 mg, 0.14 mmol) in THF (2.5 mL) and water (1 mL). The mixture was stirred for 36 h at 24° C. before it was acidified with 1N HCl (pH=4) and diluted in EtOAc. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine and dried over MgSO 4  to yield product (70 mg, 96%). The crude product was further purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 40-80% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 6.0 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 92%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.40; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.24; (s, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.07; (m, 1H), 6.97-6.91; (2m, 1H), 6.93-6.91; (m, 1H), 6.88-6.83; (m, 1H), 6.78; (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.77-6.73; (m, 1H), 5.08; (s, 2H), 4.83-4.35; (series of m, 3H), 3.19-2.92; (m, 2H), 2.19; (s, 3H), 1.46-1.40; (2s, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.971 min; ESI-MS(+) m/z=530.1; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=3.235 min; ESI-MS(+) m/z=530.1; (M+H) + . 
     Example 1004: (R)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (R)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (66 mg, 0.12 mmol) was taken up in 4N HCl in dioxane (5 mL) and stirred for 2 h at 24° C. Half of the solution (2.5 mL) was removed from the reaction mixture and partially neutralized with 1N NaOH solution, filtered to remove the precipitate that formed, and purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 methanol:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 methanol:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 50-100% B over 20 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 5.4 mg (20% yield), and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 100%. Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.582 min; ESI-MS(+) m/z=432.0; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.675 min; ESI-MS(+) m/z=432.0; (M+H) + . 
     Intermediate: (S)-2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     BOC-anhydride (1.20 mL, 5.18 mmol) was added to a solution of (S)-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (1.0 g, 5.18 mmol) and triethylamine (0.72 mL, 5.18 mmol) in dioxane (40 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 48 h at rt before it was diluted with EtOAc and washed with 0.1 N HCl solution, brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4  and concentrated to yield product (590 mg, 39%). LCMS: t R =0.91 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 15 H 20 NO 5 : 294.14, found: 238.00; [M+H-tBu] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Intermediate: 2-(tert-butyl) 3-methyl (S)-7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     2-(tert-Butyl) 3-methyl (S)-7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate (313 mg, 50.5%) was obtained from (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-7-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid using the procedure described for (R)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate. A portion of the product was purified further via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: waters xbridge c-18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 25-65% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.03-6.93; (m, 1H), 6.64-6.51; (2m, 2H), 4.94-4.58; (2m, 1H), 4.54-4.41; (m, 1H), 4.36-4.24; (m, 1H), 3.58 and 3.54; (2s, 3H), 3.09-2.87; (m, 2H), 1.46 and 1.38; (2s, 9H). The yield of the product was 16.6 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 100%. Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.560 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=330.0; (M+Na) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.665 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=330.0; (M+Na) + . 
     Intermediate: (S)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-2-tert-Butyl 3-methyl-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methyl-benzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate (390 mg, 75%) was obtained from 2-(tert-Butyl) 3-methyl (S)-7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate and (3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-methanol using the procedure described for (R)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl 7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate. A portion of the product was purified further via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 60-100% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 10.1 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 97%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.41; (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24; (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.09; (m, 2H), 7.03-6.84; (m, 3H), 6.81-6.72; (m, 2H), 5.09; (br. s., 2H), 4.97-4.64; (2m, 1H), 4.63-4.50; (m, 1H), 4.49-4.35; (m, 1H), 4.29 and 4.28; (2s, 4H), 3.59 and 3.55; (2s, 3H), 3.15-2.94; (2m, 2H), 2.21 and 2.20; (2s, 3H), 1.47 and 1.38; (2s, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=2.601 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=568.1; (M+Na) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=2.663 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=546.0; (M+H) + . 
     Intermediate: (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl) oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (67 mg, 69%) was obtained from (S)-2-tert-butyl 3-methyl 7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-3,4-dihydro-isoquinoline-2,3(1H)-dicarboxylate using the procedure described for (R)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]-dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. A portion of the product was purified further via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 40-80% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 13.7 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 98%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.41; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.23; (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.15; (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06; (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.93-6.86; (2m, 2H), 6.83-6.81; (m, 1H), 6.78; (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.76; (dd, J=8.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 5.07; (s, 2H), 4.76-4.36; (series of m, 2H), 3.20-3.04; (m, 2H), 2.99-2.82; (m, 1H), 2.19; (s, 3H), 1.45-1.40; (2s, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.932 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=530.1; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=2.416 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=546.0; (M+Na) + . 
     Example 1005: (S)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (S)-7-((3-(2,3-Dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (4.3 mg, 10.6%) was obtained from (S)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid using the procedure described for (R)-7-((3-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, Example 1004. The crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 25-65% B over 13 minutes, then a 3-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 4.3 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 96%.  1 H NMR (HCl salt, 400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 10.01-9.44; (m, 2H), 7.41; (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.19; (m, 2H), 7.19-7.15; (m, 1H), 7.02-6.97; (2m, 2H), 6.93; (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.78; (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.75; (2m, 1H), 5.11; (s, 2H), 4.36; (dd, J=11.2, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.29; (s, 4H), 3.77-3.64; (m, 2H), 3.63-3.56; (m, 1H), 3.49; (dd, J=11.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.25; (dd, J=16.8, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.08-3.01; (m, 1H), 2.19; (s, 3H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 minutes, then a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.706 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=432.0; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.696 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=432.0; (M+H) + . 
     A method for the preparation of Example 1006 is shown in following scheme: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a cold (0° C.) suspension of 6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline•HCl (1.0 g, 4.35 mmol) and triethylamine (1.214 mL, 8.71 mmol) in dry THF (25 mL) was added in one portion di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.950 g, 4.35 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 16 h before it was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water, brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The crude product was taken up in a small amount of dichloromethane and charged to a RediSepR f  normal phase silica gel Teledyne ISCO 40 g disposable column which was first eluted with 0% B to 0% B for 100 mL, followed by 0% B to 35% B for 700 mL, where solvent B=ethyl acetate and solvent A=hexanes. After concentration of the eluant, there was isolated the desired product, tert-butyl 6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate (1.29 g, 4.39 mmol, 101% yield) as a golden-yellow glass.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.33; (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.28; (s, 1H), 4.43; (br. s., 2H), 3.86-3.76; (m, 6H), 3.63; (br. s., 2H), 2.79; (br. s., 2H), 1.51; (s, 9H). LCMS: t R =1.30 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 16 H 24 NO 4 : 294.17, found: 238.00; [M+H-tBu] +  and 279.05; [M+H-tBu+MeCN] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 5-chloro-6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     To a solution of tert-butyl 6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate (25 mg, 0.085 mmol) in DMF (0.75 mL) at rt was added in one portion NCS (12.52 mg, 0.094 mmol). After 15 min, the mixture was warmed to 60° C. where it was stirred for 16 h. Upon cooling to rt, the solvent was removed in vacuo. Two reactions were run in tandem. The combined residues were then taken up in DCM, washed with sat&#39;d NaHCO 3  soln (pH=9), brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated. The crude product was taken up in a small amount of DCM and charged to a RediSepR f  normal phase silica gel Teledyne ISCO 12 g disposable column which was first eluted with 0% B to 0% B for 30 mL followed by 0% B to 50% B for 240 mL, where solvent B=ethyl acetate and solvent A=hexanes. After concentration of the eluant, there was isolated the desired product, tert-butyl 5-chloro-6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate (35.0 mg, 0.100 mmol, 117% yield) as a colorless oil which solidified on standing.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.42 (s, 1H), 4.43; (br. s., 2H), 3.92; (s, 3H), 3.85; (s, 3H), 3.64; (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.84; (t, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 1.50; (s, 9H). LCMS: t R =1.38 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 16 H 23 ClNO 4 : 328.13, found: 313.05; [M+H-Me] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Intermediate: 5-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol•HBr 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     5-Chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol•HBr (0.46 g, 108%) was obtained from tert-butyl 5-chloro-6,8-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-2(1H)-carboxylate using the procedure described for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol•HBr. LCMS: t R =0.69 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 10 H 11 ClNO 2 : 200.05, found: 200.15; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. A portion of the product was purified further via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 methanol:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 methanol:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 10-40% B over 20 minutes, then a 3-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 3.1 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 100%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 6.37; (s, 1H), 3.62-3.16; (m, 1H), 3.00-2.82; (m, 2H), 2.57-2.52; (m, 2H), 1.91; (s, 2H). Analytical LC/MS was used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 methanol:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 methanol:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3.5 min, then a 0.5 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 0.5 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). Analysis condition 1: Retention time=0.497 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=200.0; (M+H) + . 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     tert-Butyl 2-(5-Chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (76.6 mg, 68.5%) was obtained from 5-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol═HBr using the procedure described for tert-butyl 2-(6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate. LCMS: t R =1.06 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 15 H 21 ClNO 4 : 314.12, found: 314.12; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. A portion of the product was purified further via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 20-60% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 8.3 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 100%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 6.39; (s, 1H), 3.46; (s, 2H), 2.79-2.72; (m, 2H), 2.69-2.61; (m, 2H), 2.55; (br s, 2H), 1.44; (s, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.547 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=314.0; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.037 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=314.1; (M+H) + . 
     Intermediate: (R)-1-(3-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)-propyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Second generation XPHOS catalyst (52.2 mg, 0.066 mmol) was added in one portion to an argon-degassed mixture of (R)-1-(3-(3-bromo-2-methylphenoxy)-propyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol (500 mg, 1.59 mmol), (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol (329 mg, 1.33 mmol), and potassium phosphate (704 mg, 3.32 mmol) in THF (6 mL) and water (3 mL) in a thick-walled pressure tube at rt. The tube was sealed and the resultant mixture was stirred at rt for 48 h before it was diluted with EtOAc and water, shaken, and the organic phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted once more with ethyl acetate before the organic extracts were combined and washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to yield a residue which was taken up in a small amount of DCM and charged to a RediSepR f  normal phase silica gel Teledyne ISCO 40 g disposable column which was first eluted with 0% B to 0% B for 60 mL followed by 0% B to 100% B for 600 mL, where solvent B=methanol and solvent A=DCM. After concentration of the eluant, there was isolated the product, (R)-1-(3-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)propyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol (443.6 mg, 94% yield) as a white foam. LCMS: t R =0.89 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 22 H 30 NO 3 : 356.22, found: 356.15; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. A portion of this product was purified further via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 15-55% B over 20 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 11.0 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 97%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 7.40; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.14; (m, 2H), 6.95; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.66; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.56; (s, 2H), 4.28; (br. s., 1H), 4.08; (q, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.98-2.59; (series of m, 3H), 2.11-1.96; (m, 3H), 1.93; (s, 3H), 1.92-1.91; (m, 1H), 1.85; (s, 3H), 1.68; (br. s., 1H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.244 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=356.2; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.286 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=356.2; (M+H) + . 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (E)-Diisopropyl diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.104 mL, 0.526 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (150 mg, 0.478 mmol), (R)-1-(3-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)propyl)-pyrrolidin-3-ol (170 mg, 0.478 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (138 mg, 5.26 mmol) in dry THF (3 mL) at 0° C. The resultant yellow solution (on addition of DIAD) was allowed to warm up to rt where it was stirred for 16 h before it was concentrated. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water, shaken, and the aqueous phase was separated. The aqueous phase was extracted once more with ethyl acetate before the organic extracts were combined and washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to yield a viscous, yellowish-orange oil. This material was taken up in MeOH (6 mL), filtered through a Whatman 13 mm PVDF syringe filter (45 mM), placed into three pHPLC vials (2 mL) and pHPLC&#39;d in six portions (10% B to 100% B over a 20 min gradient@40 ml/min) using a Waters Sunfire OBD column (30×100 mm, 5 u), where solvent B=95% CH 3 CN-5% H 2 O-10 mM NH 4 OAc and A=5% CH 3 CN-95% H 2 O-10 mM NH 4 OAc. After speed vacuum evaporation of the test tubes, there was isolated the product, tert-butyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (113.5 mg, 36.5% yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS: t R =1.21 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 37 H 48 ClN 2 O 6 : 651.32, found: 651.35; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. A portion of the product was purified further via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 45-85% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. This isolated product required a second preparative LC/MS purification using the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 55-100% B over 15 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 1.3 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 100%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.47; (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.24; (m, 1H), 7.23-7.17; (m, 1H), 7.06; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.96; (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.67; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.61; (s, 1H), 5.13; (s, 2H), 4.25-4.15; (m, 1H), 4.07; (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.89; (s, 2H), 3.52; (s, 2H), 2.82-2.76; (m, 2H), 2.74-2.66; (m, 3H), 2.62-2.56; (m, 3H), 2.48-2.42; (m, 1H), 2.34; (dd, J=9.5, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.02; (br s, 3H), 1.99-1.96; (m, 1H), 1.94-1.91; (m, 2H), 1.90; (s, 3H), 1.85; (s, 3H), 1.60-1.51; (m, 1H), 1.48-1.41; (m, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=2.135 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=651.1; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.648 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=651.2; (M+H) + . 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Cesium carbonate (4.6 mg, 0.014 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of tert-butyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (18 mg, 0.014 mmol) and 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (2.2 mg, 0.014 mmol) in dry DMF (0.5 mL). The suspension was stirred at rt for 16 h before additional cesium carbonate (4.6 mg, 0.14 mmol) and 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (2.2 mg, 0.014 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred further for 48 h before the solvent was removed in vacuo to yield a caramel-colored oil. LCMS: t R =1.29 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 44 H 52 ClN 4 O 6 : 767.36, found: 767.45; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. The crude material was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 42-82% B over 23 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 6.9 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 94%.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 8.99; (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.94; (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.34; (s, 1H), 7.49; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.27; (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.18; (m, 1H), 7.07; (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99-6.94; (m, 2H), 6.68; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.30; (s, 2H), 5.24; (s, 2H), 4.20; (br. s., 1H), 4.12-4.01; (m, 2H), 3.61; (s, 2H), 2.84-2.76; (m, 2H), 2.75-2.70; (m, 3H), 2.60-2.55; (m, 5H), 2.47-2.42; (m, 1H), 2.34; (dd, J=9.5, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.05; (s, 3H), 2.02-1.95; (m, 1H), 1.91; (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.84; (s, 3H), 1.60-1.50; (m, 1H), 1.42; (s, 9H). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.714 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=767.1; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=2.348 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=767.1; (M+H) + . 
     Example 1006: (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     TFA (0.1 mL, 1.30 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of tert-butyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)- 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (29.2 mg, 0.038 mmol) in dry DCM (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for a total of 16 h before it was concentrated and purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 15-55% B over 20 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. There was isolated (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid (0.5 mg, 1.4% yield, 74% purity). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.387 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=711.1; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.535 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=711.1; (M+H) + . 
     An alternative preparation of Example 1006 is shown in the following scheme: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A solution of DIAD (0.35 mL, 1.75 mmol) in dry THF (0.65 mL) was added portionwise (0.1 mL) to a solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (320.0 mg, 1.59 mmol), tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (500.0 mg, 1.59 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (460.0 mg, 1.75 mmol) in dry THF (15 mL) at 0° C. The resultant yellow solution was allowed to warm up to room temperature where it stirred for 16 h before it was concentrated. The residue was then taken up in a small amount of DCM and charged to a RediSepR f  normal phase silica gel Teledyne ISCO 40 g disposable column which was first eluted with hexanes for 60 mL, followed by 0-50% B for 800 mL where solvent B=ethyl acetate and solvent A=hexanes. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation to furnish the product, tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (703.0 mg, 89%) as a yellow solid which was stored in the freezer.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 8.36; (s, 1H), 7.59; (dd, J=13.9, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.44; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.08; (m, 1H), 6.54; (s, 1H), 6.12; (s, 1H), 5.19-5.05; (m, 2H), 4.53; (s, 1H), 3.61; (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54; (s, 1H), 3.38; (s, 1H), 2.94; (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.86-2.78; (m, 1H), 2.71; (br. s., 1H), 2.36; (d, J=9.2 Hz, 3H), 1.44-1.37; (m, 9H). LCMS: t R =1.54 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C23H28BrClNO4: 496.09, found: 496.15 and 498.15; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Injection Vol=3 μL; Gradient=2-98% B; Gradient Time=1.5 min; Flow Rate=0.8 ml/min; Wavelength=220 nm; Mobile Phase A=0:100 acetonitrile:water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B=100:0 acetonitrile:water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Column=Waters Aquity BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm; Oven Temp=40° C. 
     Intermediate: tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)-methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Cesium carbonate (328 mg, 1.01 mmol) was added in one portion to a solution of tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-isoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (500 mg, 1.01 mmol), and 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (154 mg, 1.01 mmol) in dry DMF (10 mL) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 3 h at 50° C. Upon cooling to room temperature, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude residue was then diluted with ethyl acetate and water, and the aqueous phase was separated and extracted once more time with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was taken up in a small amount of dichloromethane and triturated with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and hexanes to yield the title compound, tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (170.0 mg, 28%) as a light yellow solid after suction-filtration. LCMS: t R =1.21 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C30H33BrClN3O4: 612.13, found: 612.00 and 613.95; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Injection Vol=3 μL; Gradient=2-98% B; Gradient Time=1.5 min; Flow Rate=0.8 ml/min; Wavelength=220 nm; Mobile Phase A=0:100 acetonitrile:water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B=100:0 acetonitrile:water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Column=Waters Aquity BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm; Oven Temp=40° C. 
     Intermediate: 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     TFA (0.5 mL, 6.5 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of tert-butyl 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (170 mg, 0.28 mmol) in dry DCM (2.5 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature before it was concentrated down in vacuo to yield a colorless oil which was triturated with dichloromethane and diethyl ether to afford the title compound, 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid, 2 TFA (180.2 mg, 83%) as a white solid after suction-filtration.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, METHANOL-d 4 ) δ 8.96-8.91; (m, 2H), 8.30; (s, 1H), 7.59; (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.44; (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.11; (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.98; (s, 1H), 5.37; (s, 2H), 5.29; (s, 2H), 4.59-4.40; (m, 2H), 4.30; (s, 2H), 3.70; (br s, 2H), 3.23; (br t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.49; (s, 3H). LCMS: t R =1.08 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C26H25BrClN3O: 556.07, found: 555.90 and 557.90; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Injection Vol=3 μL; Gradient=2-98% B; Gradient Time=1.5 min; Flow Rate=0.8 ml/min; Wavelength=220 nm; Mobile Phase A=0:100 acetonitrile:water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B=100:0 acetonitrile:water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; Column=Waters Aquity BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm; Oven Temp=40° C. 
     Example 1006: (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     XPHOS second generation precatalyst (4.2 mg, 5.39 μmol) was added in one portion to an argon-degassed mixture of (R)-1-(3-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)propyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol (46.7 mg, 0.13 mmol), 2-(6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquino-lin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid (60.0 mg, 0.11 mmol), potassium phosphate (80.0 mg, 0.38 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and water (0.5 mL) in a 1 dram pressure vial at room temperature. The vial was sealed and the resultant suspension was stirred at 40° C. for 16 h. Additional (R)-1-(3-(2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenoxy)propyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol (46.7 mg, 0.13 mmol), XPHOS second generation precatalyst (4.2 mg, 5.39 μmol) and THF (1 mL) were added under an argon atmosphere. The pressure vial was re-sealed and heated at 65° C. for 16 h before the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and pH=5 buffer. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted once more with ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were concentrated using nitrogen stream. The residue was taken up in DMF (some THF and methanol were added), filtered through a syringe filter, and purified by preparative LCMS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 13-53% B over 25 min, then a 4 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product (white solid) was 8.4 mg (10.8%) and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 98%. Two analytical LCMS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 1 results: Purity: 98.5%; Observed Mass: 711.3; Retention Time: 1.46 min. Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0-100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 1.0 mL/min; Detection: UV at 220 nm. Injection 2 results: Purity: 99.0%; Observed Mass: 711.2; Retention Time: 1.45 min. 
     Example 1007: (R)-2-(5-chloro-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-8-((5-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydro-isoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Cold (0° C.), 4N HCl in dioxanes (0.1 mL, 1.30 mmol) was added in one portion to tert-butyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-((5-cyanopyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquino-lin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (15 mg, 0.020 mmol) in a 1 dram vial. After 5 min, dry MeOH (0.15 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for a total of 4 h before it was basified with saturated NaHCO 3  solution. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and the pH was adjusted with 1N HCl until pH=5 was reached. The aqueous phase was separated and extracted twice more with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was then washed with brine, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated. The residue was taken up in MeOH, filtered through a nylon syringe filter, and purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column:)(Bridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Gradient: 5-65% B over 20 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. There was isolated (R)-2-(5-chloro-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-8-((5-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridin-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydro-isoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid (0.4 mg, 1.9% yield, 100% purity). Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.336 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=373.0; (M+2H)2+/2 + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.868 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=372.3; (M+2H)2+/2 + . 
     Example 1008: methyl (R)-5-(((5-chloro-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Methyl (R)-5-(((5-chloro-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)-methoxy)-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-yl)oxy)methyl)-nicotinate (0.5 mg, 2.2% yield, 96.0% purity) was also isolated from the reaction mixture for Example 1007. Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. Injection 2 conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 50° C. at a gradient of 0-100% B over 3 minutes with a 0.75-minute hold at 100% B at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.484 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=758.0; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=2.142 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=758.1; (M+H) + . 
     Intermediate: methyl 2-(5-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Methyl 2-(5-Chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (102.0 mg, 53%) was obtained from 5-chloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,8-diol•HBr and methyl 2-bromoacetate using the procedure described for tert-butyl 2-(5-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate.  1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 6.29-6.27; (m, 1H), 3.77; (s, 3H), 3.59; (s, 2H), 3.49-3.39; (m, 2H), 2.88-2.77; (m, 2H). LCMS: t R =0.44 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 15 H 15 ClNO 4 : 272.07, found: 272.15; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Intermediate: methyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Methyl (R)-2-(5-Chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4- dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (49 mg, 26%) was obtained from (R)-1-(3-((3′-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)oxy)-propyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol and methyl 2-(5-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydroiso-quinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate using the procedure described for tert-butyl (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate. LCMS: t R =1.13 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 34 H 42 ClN 2 O 6 : 609.28, found: 609.25; [M+H] + . LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. 
     Example 1009: (R)-2-(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetic acid 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (8.3 mg, 0.197 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of (R)-methyl 2-(5-chloro-8-hydroxy-6-((3′-(3-(3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl)methoxy)-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)acetate (30 mg, 0.039 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL), MeOH (0.1 mL) and Water (0.1 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h before the organic solvents were removed with a nitrogen stream. The residue was then taken up in EtOAc and neutralized with 1N HCl (0.33 mL) and pH=5 buffer (3 mL). The aqueous layer was separated, extracted again with EtOAc and the combined organic extract was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and concentrated to yield the crude product as a brownish-orange solid (25 mg). LCMS: t R =1.10 min; LCMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C 33 H 40 ClN 2 O 6 : 595.26, found: 595.25; [M+H] +  LCMS conditions: Waters Acquity UPLC BEH 1.7 μm C18, 2.1×50 mm where mobile phase A was 100% water with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; mobile phase B was 100% acetonitrile with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 40° C. at a gradient of 2-98% B over 1.5 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minute at a UV wavelength of 220 nm. A portion of this crude product was purified via preparative LC/MS with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C18, 19×200 mm, 5-μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10-mM ammonium acetate; Gradient: 10-50% B over 20 minutes, then a 5-minute hold at 100% B; Flow: 20 mL/min. Fractions containing the desired product were combined and dried via centrifugal evaporation. The yield of the product was 1.4 mg, and its estimated purity by LCMS analysis was 94%. Two analytical LC/MS injections were used to determine the final purity. Injection 1 conditions: Column: Waters XBridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm). Injection 2 conditions: Column: Waters)(Bridge C18, 2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles; Mobile Phase A: 5:95 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Mobile Phase B: 95:5 acetonitrile:water with 10 mM ammonium acetate; Temperature: 50° C.; Gradient: 0% B to 100% B over 3 min, then a 0.75 min hold at 100% B; Flow: 1 mL/min; Detection: MS and UV (220 nm).  1 H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6/D20) δ 7.33; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.12; (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.02; (m, 1H), 6.91; (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.81; (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.53; (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.47; (s, 1H), 4.98; (s, 2H), 4.10-4.01; (m, 1H), 3.92; (q, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 3.75; (s, 2H), 3.42; (s, 3H), 2.68; (d, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 2.63-2.54; (m, 5H), 2.52-2.41; (m, 5H), 2.21; (dd, J=9.7, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 1.90-1.84; (m, 6H), 1.80-1.74; (m, 10H), 1.70; (s, 6H), 1.46-1.36; (m, 2H). 
     Analysis condition 1: Retention time=1.419 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=595.1; (M+H) + . 
     Analysis condition 2: Retention time=1.292 min; ESI-MS (+) m/z=595.1; (M+H) + . 
     BIOLOGICAL ASSAY 
     The ability of the compounds of formula (I) to bind to PD-L1 was investigated using a PD-1/PD-L1 Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) binding assay. 
     Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) Binding Assay 
     The interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 can be assessed using soluble, purified preparations of the extracellular domains of the two proteins. The PD-1 and PD-L1 protein extracellular domains were expressed as fusion proteins with detection tags, for PD-1, the tag was the Fc portion of Immunoglobulin (PD-1-Ig) and for PD-L1 it was the 6 histidine motif (PD-L1-His). All binding studies were performed in an HTRF assay buffer consisting of dPBS supplemented with 0.1% (with) bovine serum albumin and 0.05% (v/v) Tween-20. For the h/PD-L1-His binding assay, inhibitors were pre-incubated with PD-L1-His (10 nM final) for 15m in 4 μl of assay buffer, followed by addition of PD-1-Ig (20 nM final) in 1 μl of assay buffer and further incubation for 15 m. HTRF detection was achieved using europium crypate-labeled anti-Ig (1 nM final) and allophycocyanin (APC) labeled anti-His (20 nM final). Antibodies were diluted in HTRF detection buffer and 5 μl was dispensed on top of the binding reaction. The reaction mixture was allowed to equilibrate for 60 minutes and the resulting signal (665 nm/620 nm ratio) was obtained using an EnVision fluorometer. Additional binding assays were established between the human proteins PD-1-Ig/PD-L2-His (20 &amp; 2 nM, respectively) and CD80-His/PD-L1-Ig (100 &amp; 10 nM, respectively). 
     Recombinant Proteins: Human PD-1 (25-167) with a C-terminal human Fc domain of immunoglobulin G (Ig) epitope tag [hPD-1 (25-167)-3S-IG] and human PD-L1 (18-239) with a C-terminal His epitope tag [hPD-L1(18-239)-TVMV-His] were expressed in HEK293T cells and purified sequentially by ProteinA affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Human PD-L2-His and CD80-His was obtained through commercial sources. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                 Sequence of recombinant human PD-1-Ig 
                   
               
               
                 hPD1(25-167)-3S-IG 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   1 
                 LDSPDRPWKP PTFSPALLVV TEGDNATFTC SFSNTSESFV LNWYRMSPSN 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  51 
                 QTDKLAAFPE DRSQPGQDCR FRVTQLPNGR DFHMSVVRAR RNDSGTYLCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 AISLAPKAQI KESLRAELRV TERRAEVPTA HPSPSPRPAG QFQGSPGGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 GREPKSSDKT HTSPPSPAPE LIGGSSVFLF PPKPKDTLMI SRTPEVTCVV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 201 
                 VDVSHEDPEV KFNWYVDGVE VHNAKTKPRE EQYNSTYRVV SVLTVLHQDW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 251 
                 LNGKEYKCKV SNKALPAPIE KTISKAKGQP REPQVYTLPP SRDELTKNQV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 301 
                 SLTCLVKGFY PSDIAVEWES NGQPENNYKT TPPVLDSDGS FFLYSKLTVD 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 351 
                 KSRWQQGNVF SCSVMHEALH NHYTQKSLSL SPGK 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Sequence of recombinant human PD-L1-His 
                   
               
               
                 hPDL1(18-239)-TVMV-His 
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   1 
                 AFTVTVPKDL YVVEYGSNMT IECKFPVEKQ LDLAALIVYW EMEDKNIIQF 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                  51 
                 VHGEEDLKVQ HSSYRQRARL LKDQLSLGNA ALQITDVKLQ DAGVYRCMIS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 101 
                 YGGADYKRIT VKVNAPYNKI NQRILVVDPV TSEHELTCQA EGYPKAEVIW 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 151 
                 TSSDEQVLSG KTTTTNSKRE EKLFNVTSTL RINTTTNEIF YCTFRRLDPE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 201 
                 ENHTAELVIP ELPLAHPPNE RTGSEETVRF QGHHHHHH 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The table below lists the IC 50  values for representative examples of this disclosure measured in the PD-1/PD-L1 Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) binding assay. Ranges are as follows: A=0.002-0.015 μM; B=0.016-0.050 μM; C=0.051-1.50 μM; D=1.51-10 μM. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example Number 
                 IC50 (μM) (Range or value) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 1001 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 1002 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 1003 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 1004 
                 D 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1005 
                 &gt;10 
                 μM 
               
               
                   
                 1006 
                 0.002 
                 μM 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1007 
                 B 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1008 
                 &gt;10 
                 μM 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The compounds of formula (I) possess activity as inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, and therefore, may be used in the treatment of diseases or deficiencies associated with the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. Via inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, the compounds of the present disclosure may be employed to treat infectious diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis A, B, C, or D and cancer.