Patent Publication Number: US-2022212910-A1

Title: Methods, Systems and Devices for Protecting a Surface of a Container from Exposure to Additives

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/134,916, entitled “Methods, Systems and Devices for Protecting a Surface of a Container from Exposure to Additives,” filed Jan. 7, 2021, which application is incorporated in its entirety here by this reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The subject of this patent application relates generally to methods, systems and devices for use in the introduction of additives to a container with a fluid therein for protecting the container from the deleterious effects of the additive. 
     By way of background, when filling a container with a fluid, one or more additive materials and/or one or more secondary materials can be added to the container before, during, and/or after the filling process. However, additive materials or secondary materials may cause damage to the container, especially the inner wall, due to the pH of the material, the temperature of the material, the abrasive nature of the material, and/or other deleterious qualities of the material. 
     In one example filling procedure, in canning operations, such as the canning of beverages (e.g., wine, juice, energy drinks, etc.), one or more additives (such as a cryogenic additive) may be added directly to the liquid beverage during (or near in time to) filling. Alternatively, the cryogenic additive can be added to the container just prior to filling. The cryogenic additive changes state to a gas for the primary purposes of pressurizing the container and displacing the oxygen. Once the lid is sealed in place, the additive continues to boil or sublimate to a gas, resulting in pressurized gas being trapped within the container for maintaining the structure of the container (such as a standard aluminum can or the like) for transport, storage, and for purchasing by the consumer. 
     However, the cryogenic additive contributes to an undesirable flavor to the beverage due to interactions between the cryogenic additive and the container walls, and, afterwards the beverage&#39;s interaction with the damage caused by the cryogenic additive. Means for preventing adverse reactions between the container and the cryogenic additive are therefore needed. 
     Aspects of the present methods, systems, and devices fulfill these needs and provide further related advantages as described in the following summary. 
     SUMMARY 
     Aspects of the present invention teach certain benefits in construction and use which give rise to the exemplary advantages described below. 
     The present specification discloses a method of protecting an inner wall surface of a vessel from damaging interaction with an additive added to the vessel, where the method includes providing the vessel at least part way filled with a liquid product; applying a force on the vessel the force being configured to create a change in shape of a surface of the liquid product; and providing sufficient containment of the additive by the change in shape of the surface of the liquid product to substantially prevent damaging interaction between the inner wall surface of the vessel and the additive for at least an additive reaction time period at the end of which the additive is rendered substantially incapable of producing damaging interaction to the inner wall surface of the vessel. 
     Other features and advantages of aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following more detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of aspects of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate aspects of the at least one non-limiting embodiment of present invention. In such drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a microscopic image taken with a scanning electron microscope of one of the numerous pits formed on the wall portion of an aluminum can filled using existing filling techniques and equipment, due to direct or proximal exposure to a cryogenic additive; 
         FIG. 2  is a microscopic image taken a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray analysis of the pit of the wall portion of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic side cross-sectional view of an example beverage can filled with a liquid product with a cryogenic additive on top of the liquid, with the beverage can in a non-rotating state; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the example beverage can of  FIG. 3 , in a rotating state; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the example beverage can of  FIG. 3 , in a rotating state with the beverage can slightly tilted with respect to the direction of gravity; 
         FIG. 6  is a top perspective view of the example beverage can of  FIG. 3 , filled with a liquid product with a cryogenic additive on top of the liquid, with the beverage can in a rotating state; and 
         FIG. 7  is a top perspective view of exemplary canning line equipment for rotating the cans. 
     
    
    
     The above-described drawing figures illustrate aspects of the invention in at least one of its exemplary embodiments, which are further defined in detail in the following description. Features, elements, and aspects of the invention that are referenced by the same numerals in different figures represent the same, equivalent, or similar features, elements, or aspects, in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Looking first at  FIGS. 1-2 , views of a damaged portion of a standard aluminum beverage can are disclosed which, in this example, was filled with wine and pressurized and at least partially deoxygenated by depositing a liquid cryogenic additive, such as liquid nitrogen, using existing filling technology. The damaged portion of the wall illustrates pitting or microscopic fractures (or other damage) of the protective coating or liner applied to the inner wall of the aluminum can, such as a polymer or epoxy lining. The damage to the integrity of the protective coating exposes the bare aluminum underneath and permits the beverage to interact with the aluminum for an extended period of time. When canning an acidic beverage (e.g., with a pH between 3 and 4), such as wine or certain juices, the chemical reaction between the exposed aluminum and the beverage can impart a “tinny” and/or sulfur taste and odor to the beverage. Further, depending on the beverage, storage time, and other factors, the structural integrity of the can be degraded, causing failure of the can. Damage to the protective coat may also cause undesirable interactions between the contained fluid and the wall, even when containing non-acidic fluids. 
     The damage to the protective liner is caused by contact with or being in close proximity with the cryogenic liquid additive, which at −320 degrees Fahrenheit causes an increase in brittleness, stiffness and rigidity of the polymer lining. Because the coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminum (and other various metal container materials) greatly differs from that of the polymer lining and the polymer lining is bonded to the aluminum, the extreme cold of the cryogenic additive causes fracturing of the polymer lining in small localized regions while it is in the glass phase due to substantially greater reduction in volume of the aluminum material within this localized region. Additionally, once a can is sealed and as the remaining cryogenic liquid boils off, pressurizing the internal volume, the can is inflated outwardly causing additional stress on the brittle lining. 
     Even if the cryogenic liquid additive is deposited into the beverage at the center of the can (i.e., furthest from the wall), the cryogenic liquid additive (such as liquid nitrogen) is highly mobile due to the cryogenic liquid boiling and producing a vapor, which drives the rapid movement of the cryogenic liquid and holds the droplets and pools of cryogenic liquid above the surface of the beverage on a cushion of vapor, also known as the Leidenfrost effect. Additionally, when the cryogenic liquid hits the room temperature beverage, there is a furious bubbling and spitting as the cryogenic liquid boils explosively. The high mobility and the spitting of the cryogenic liquid makes it highly likely to interact with the wall of the aluminum can, causing numerous points of damage to the protective coating all around the wall at and above the fill line. 
     Still looking at  FIGS. 1-2 , the fracture in the protective lining includes a jagged edge with polymer plastic material missing. The missing polymer material was likely ejected into the beverage. The fracture exposes beverage to the underlying aluminum wall. When exposed to the acidic beverage, a black scale is formed at the point of contact and the protective lining is separated around this reaction area.  FIG. 6  shows the breach using scanning electron microscope; and  FIG. 7  shows the material composition in the breach area using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The darker portions are the exposed aluminum surrounded by the original and damaged portions of the polymer lining. The aluminum of the can is fully exposed to the fluid in these darker regions. Further, significant amounts of aluminum material has migrated out in the chemical process and coating parts of the polymer lining. In this chemical process, many undesirable compounds can be created, including compounds containing aluminum. Additionally, the acidic beverage can migrate under the protective liner to react with additional surface area of the aluminum beyond the material directly exposed. 
     Looking at  FIGS. 3-7 , example embodiments of the present method, system, and devices can be seen. A schematic view of a vessel  20  (which may also be referred to herein as a can or container, as an example of a vessel), which in this example embodiment is a standard aluminum can, illustrated without the lid (where the lid is a standard lid known in industry with a drink opening selectively pried open by a stay-on tab by applying a force to the opening panel defined by a score line). Although a cylindrical aluminum can is illustrated, a wide variety of various vessels of varying sizes and shapes are compatible with the present methods, systems, and devices, such as steel cans, plastic vessels, or any other vessel where it is advantageous to prevent interaction between the inner wall of the vessel and the secondary material being added to the fluid product held within the vessel and/or for purging/displacing oxygen from the empty space between the fluid product and the lid. The vessel  20  is at least partially filled with a fluid product, which can include, in a non-limited list of examples, a flowable medium, such as a liquid, a slurry, a liquid with chunks of solid material, and other products which are in a temporary or permanent flowable state, including foods with a liquid component (e.g., soups, meal replacement drinks and shakes, and the like) and nonedible fluid products (e.g., fluid products used in industry). 
     A secondary material is added to the vessel, generally after at least some or all of the fluid product is added to the vessel; although, the secondary material can be added prior to adding any of the fluid product or some portion of the fluid product (e.g., a first component of a fluid product may be added before a second component, such as a broth component before a vegetable and/or noodle component or a water component before a syrup and/or concentrate component, and so on). Although the secondary material is named as such, the name secondary material does not necessarily indicate its importance relative to the fluid product and components thereof, and may be a component in itself, such as a necessary ingredient of the fluid product that causes damage to the container which must be mitigated. Or, the secondary material can be an additive which improves, and/or preserves the fluid product, or otherwise causes change in the fluid product. The secondary material in the present example is a cryogenic material (which may also be referred to herein as a cryogenic additive or a liquefied gas). 
       FIG. 1  illustrates non-rotating vessel or can  20 , which can illustrate either a standard method of filling a can or one example of an initial step of the present method, where the additive  38  is added prior to rotating the can  20 . The example can  20  is a standard aluminum can with a wall  22  with an inner wall surface  24  defining an interior space  26  for containing the fluid product  32  (a beverage in this example embodiment), with a necked portion  30  that tapers to terminate at the rim  28  defining an opening  29  at the top of the can  20 . The interior wall surface  24  is lined with the protective coating or lining, such as the polymer or epoxy lining or the like described herein, to prevent interaction between the beverage and the aluminum of the can  20 . Although it is not shown, a lid with a drink opening that is configured to be selectively pried open by a stay-on tab, commonly known in industry, by applying a force to the opening panel (tab or cantilevered tab) defined by a score line. The lid is sealed to the rim  28  of the can  20  during a seaming operation which curls and compresses the rim  28  and the lid perimeter into a double seam, sealing the two together in an airtight and watertight configuration. 
     The example aluminum can  20  is generally cylindrical in shape and includes a longitudinal axis  48  of the cylinder. In this example embodiment, the secondary material  38  is a cryogenic additive (liquid nitrogen in this case). The cryogenic additive  40  is deposited into the opening  29  of the can  20  atop the fluid product  32 . The packaging line can include a cryogenic doser nozzle movable in substantial unison with the vessel  20  when adding the cryogenic liquefied gas  40  to the liquid product  32  (see also,  FIG. 7 , which illustrates exemplary equipment for rotating cans as they are transported on the packaging line conveyor belt). A gas cushion  42  of evaporated cryogenic additive (with the lifting and propulsive action of the gas represented by arrows) quickly forms and causes the cryogenic additive  40  to become mobile, increasing the likelihood of undesirable contact with the interior wall surface  24 , if the can  20  remained insufficiently rotated. If the can  20  is rotated about the longitudinal axis  48  shortly before, during or shortly after depositing the cryogenic additive  40 , the flat surface  34  of the fluid product  32  will quickly transform into a concave fluid surface  36  due to the can imparting a rotational motion on the fluid product  32 , being shaped under the influence of gravity and centrifugal force. 
     In  FIG. 4 , the can  20  is rotated at an angular speed ω by force F incident on the can  20  (anywhere on the can  20 ) with at least one force component configured to impart a torque on the can  20  to create the concave fluid surface  36  approximately in the form of a paraboloid of revolution in this example. It can be seen that the cryogenic additive  40 , floating on the near-frictionless vapor cushion layer, settles at the lowest region  44  of the concave fluid surface  36 , due to its inability to climb the slope of the concave fluid surface  36 . Depending on the type of secondary material  38  added to the fluid product  32 , other non-cryogenic materials may exhibit similar behavior of settling at the lowest region  44  of the concave fluid surface  36 , even if the material is floating on or suspended in and directly contacting the fluid product  32 . 
     Looking at the height difference h between the lowest region  44  and the highest region  46  (about the perimeter) of the concave fluid surface  36  within a can  20 , the height difference h should be at least 0.5 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 1 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 1.5 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 2 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 2.5 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 3 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 3.5 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 4 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 4.5 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 5 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 6 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 7 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 8 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 9 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 10 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 12 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 14 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 16 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 20 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 25 mm, or the height difference h should be at least 30 mm. Greater height differences may be required, depending on the diameter of the vessel  20 , the viscosity and other properties of the fluid product  32  and the secondary material  38 . Generally, the faster the angular speed ω, the greater the height difference h. 
     The height difference h need not necessarily be constant, as the jostling, the transport, and transitioning from one canning process to another in a canning line may include brief changes in the angular speed ω. Further, the line may include periods of time where the angular speed ω is increasing in spin-up time periods, or when the force F is briefly removed (and thereafter continued) resulting in a temporary halt or slowing in the can&#39;s  20  angular speed ω in dwell times, or when the spinning process is complete and the force F is permanently removed yet the change in shape of the surface of the liquid product persists at least in part for a residual time period. During the dwell period, a manufacturing action can be applied to the can, such as a seaming process, a printing or labeling process, a rinsing process, or other processes (e.g., applying a lid to the vessel, transitioning the vessel from a conveyor to a lid sealing machine where a lid is sealed to the vessel to seal the liquid product within the vessel, and transitioning the vessel from the lid sealing machine to the conveyor) where the force F can be removed to perform the process and continued after the process in complete. The can  20  may be spun up, where the angular speed ω is temporarily increased just prior to a dwell period to increase the height difference h so that the cryogenic additive will continue to be isolated from the wall surface  24  within or nearby the lowest region  44 . 
     In one or more example methods, the can  20  is rotated before, during and after (intermittently or continuously) depositing the cryogenic additive  40  into the can  20 , for the purpose of providing sufficient containment of the cryogenic additive  40  by the change in shape of the surface  36  of the liquid product  32  to substantially prevent damaging interaction between the inner wall surface  24  of the can  20  and the cryogenic additive  40  for at least an additive reaction time period, at the end of which the cryogenic additive  40  is rendered substantially incapable of producing damaging interaction to the inner wall surface  24  of the can  20 . In one or more embodiments, substantially preventing damaging interaction between the inner wall surface  24  of the can  20  can mean that the damage created by the cryogenic additive  40  is, for example, negligible surface damage that is not likely to contaminate the liquid product  32 , and/or significantly damage the integrity of the can  20 , and/or the contamination and/or damage is within quality and/or safety guidelines. 
     In one or more example embodiments, during the additive reaction time period, the can  20  initially has no lid attached and the cryogenic additive  40  changes phase to a gas while the lid is off. The rotation of the can  20  and the fluid product  32  causes the gas emitted from the cryogenic additive  40  to swirl in a vortex-like pattern, which tends to effectively sweep up and displace most or all of the oxygen present in the headspace  52 , below the rim  28  and above the surface  36  of the fluid product. The gas vortex formed by the rotation of the can  20 , which is a nitrogen gas in this example embodiment, is an inert gas that tends to sweep out or flush the undesirable gases in a purging process from the headspace  52 , including the overhang beneath the rim  28  formed by the necked portion  30 . Thus, the oxygen, or other unwanted gases or airborne particles, are displaced from the surface  36  and potentially removed from the headspace  52 . The lid, not shown, is applied to the rim  28  and sealed thereto (i.e., by use of a seaming chuck and seaming roll to create a double seam with sealing compound between the rolls, as is known in industry) during the evaporation (or sublimation) of the cryogenic gas  40 , potentially removing most or all of the undesirable gases in the headspace  52  before the lid is sealed to the can  20 . 
     Once the lid is sealed to the can  20  the cryogenic additive  40  continues to evaporate, thereby pressurizing the can interior  26  to approximately 15 to 30 psi. Furthermore, some gases produced by certain cryogenic additives  40  are heavier than air and thus displaces any remaining oxygen on the surface of the beverage, so that, when the can is substantially upright, the inert gas forms a layer atop the beverage surface that substantially prevents contact between the beverage and the oxygen. In one or more embodiments, multiple additives can be added to the beverage. A second additive may include oxygen absorbing or scavenging materials known in industry. 
     In one or more embodiments, the additive reaction time period is the amount of time required for a majority or substantially all of the cryogenic additive  40  to change phase into a gas (where any remaining cryogenic additive  40  at cryogenic temperatures, if any, is insufficient to create substantially damaging interaction with the can  20 ). In one or more embodiments, the additive reaction time period is the amount of time required for at least 50% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 60% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 70% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 80% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 90% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 95% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas. 
     In one or more embodiments, the additive reaction time period is at least 4 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 6 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 8 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 10 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 12 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 14 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 16 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 18 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 20 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 22 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 24 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 26 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 28 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 30 seconds. 
     In one more embodiments the angular speed of the vessel is at least 0.25 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 0.5 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 0.75 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1 revolution per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1.25 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1.5 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1.75 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 2 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 3 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 4 revolutions per second, or revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 5 revolutions per second. 
     In one or more example embodiments, the can  20  is tilted relative to gravity at a tilt angle α, such that the longitudinal axis  48  is tilted relative to the vertical line  52  that is parallel with the direction of gravity. As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , when the can  20  is rotated with the angular speed ω about the tilted axis, the fluid product  32  still forms the concave fluid surface  36 . However, the shape of the concave fluid surface  36  may differ somewhat compared to the vertical orientation illustrated in  FIG. 4 , since the concave fluid surface  36  is bounded by an elliptical wall section rather than a circular wall section. Because of the tilt, it can be seen that the height difference h′ (on the high side) is smaller than the height difference h″ (on the low side), yet the cryogenic additive  40  still positioned at or near the lowest region  44 , since both the highest region  46 ′ and the highest region  46 ″ are still higher than the lowest region  44 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the can  20  is positioned on a conveyor of a packaging line with the outer bottom surface of the can  20  resting on the conveyor, where the torque is applied to the can  20  by a portion of the conveyor system contacting the outer surface of the wall  22  to rotate the can  20 . An example portion of a packaging line can be seen in  FIG. 7 , illustrating a rotating accessory  100  for imparting a rotation on a plurality of cans  20  traveling on a conveyor belt  102  inline within the standard packaging line (not illustrated). In one or more embodiments, and as described briefly above, the cryogenic doser nozzle (not illustrated) can be movable in substantial unison with each of the cans  20  when dosing each can  20 , as the can  20  is rotated. 
     In this example rotating accessory  100 , the conveyor belt  102  linearly moves the cans  20  into a spinning apparatus  101  that includes a vertically oriented belt  108  (i.e., the major surface of the belt that contacts the sidewall of the cans  20  is substantially vertical) wrapped about a drive drum assembly  110 . A stationary wall  104  having a friction pad  106  applied thereto is mounted to the rotating accessory  100  substantially parallel planar to and spaced apart from the vertically oriented belt  108 , with sufficient spacing to permit the cans  20  to travel therebetween. The cans  20  are positioned between and contacting both the vertically oriented belt  108  and the stationary wall  104 , with the vertically oriented belt  108  rolling the cans  20  on the friction pad  106  due to the vertically oriented belt  108  being rotated at an angular speed ω 1  the vertically oriented belt  108  travels at a velocity of v 2  compared to the conveyor belt velocity of v 1 . In one or more embodiments, the vertically oriented belt velocity v 2  is greater than, equal to, or less than the conveyor belt velocity v 1 . In this example process, the cans  20  are fed into the rotating accessory  100 , where the vertically oriented belt  108  rolls the cans  20  against the friction pad  106  of the stationary wall  104  to obtain the angular speed ω of the cans  20  required to create the approximate paraboloid of revolution needed to prevent damaging interaction between the cryogenic additive  40  and the inner wall surface  24  of the can  20 . Although the example rotating accessory  100  is illustrated as being an example length with three example cans  20 , the rotating accessory  100  can be significantly longer to accommodate a large number of cans  20  being simultaneously rotated for a sufficient time. In one or more embodiments, there can be two or more rotating accessories  100  arranged in-line side-by-side or spaced apart, where each of the vertically oriented belts  108  can be rotated at the same or differing speeds, depending on the requirements of the canning process at each point along the conveyor belt  102 . 
     In one or more embodiments, an example conveyor system is oriented at a downhill angle such that the cans  20  roll relative to the conveyor, leaning and rolling on a lateral rail or portion of the conveyor tilted at the tilt angle α, to produce the concave fluid surface  36 . In one or more embodiments, the tilt angle α is at least 1°, or the tilt angle α is at least 1.5°, or the tilt angle α is at least 2°, or the tilt angle α is at least 2.5°, or the tilt angle α is at least 3°, or the tilt angle α is at least 3.5°, or the tilt angle α is at least 4°, or the tilt angle α is at least 4.5°, or the tilt angle α is at least 5°, or the tilt angle α is at least 6°, or the tilt angle α is at least 7°, or the tilt angle α is at least 8°, or the tilt angle α is at least 9°, or the tilt angle α is at least 10°. 
     In one or more embodiments of yet another alternate device and/or method, involves oscillating the can  20  with a wave source or vibration source to create a wave action which propagates from the wall  22  of the can  20  inwardly to the center. This action would be optimized in amplitude and frequency so that it sequesters the cryogenic additive, not allowing it to come in contact with the can liner. In one or more embodiments, wave action is induced from the perimeter of the can with either a contact or contactless vibration or sound at a frequency designed to sequester the cryogenic additive in the center or at least prevent it from contacting the can inner liner. 
     Instead of the application of a force F imparting a torque on the can  20  for rotating the can, the force F is from a vibration source (e.g., from an actuator or the like) that imparts a vibration on the can  20  at a magnitude and a frequency sufficient to produce the change in shape of the surface of the liquid, wherein the change in shape produces one or more waves. The waves produced can be one or more standing waves, a plurality of concentric waves, and a plurality of azimuthal waves having a wave amplitude sufficient to contain the additive  40 , substantially preventing contact with the inner wall surface  24  of the can  20 . In one or more embodiments, one or both of the frequency and the amplitude are of the vibration source are adjusted during the additive reaction time period. In one or more embodiments, the actuator that directly imparts the vibration on the vessel and/or the actuator indirectly imparts a vibration on one or more portions of a packaging line. There can be multiple actuators along the line to maintain the waves on the fluid product surface within the can  20 . In one or more example embodiments, the actuators can impart a vibration to the can  20  while the can  20  is spinning about the cylindrical axis  48  to augment the change in shape of the surface of the liquid product  32 , for example during a dwell period where the torque producing force is not applied. Further, the can  20  can be both spun by the torque producing force and the vibration producing force simultaneously. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a can  20  being rotated about the cylindrical axis at an angular speed ω. It can be seen (in conjunction with  FIG. 4 ) that the pool of cryogenic additive  40  is positioned in a central region at the lowest region  44  of the concave fluid surface  36 . The cryogenic additive  40  remains trapped at the lowest region  44  for the duration of the additive reaction time period, at the end of which the additive is rendered substantially incapable of producing damaging interaction to the inner wall surface of the vessel. 
     The additive can be chosen from a number of appropriate chemicals and/or compositions. One group of additives can include cryogenic materials, such as low temperature materials that change state (e.g., evaporation or sublimation) upon exposure to the higher temperatures within the beverage can  20  and/or the atmosphere. Examples of cryogenic materials include liquid argon and liquid nitrogen. 
     In one or more embodiments of an alternate device, all or portions of the can  20  inner wall surface  24  is treated with a cryogenically resistant material. In one example, the wall  22  at and/or near the beverage fill line is coated or treated with cryogenically resistant material, forming a band of cryogenically resistant material about the inner wall surface  24 . In one or more embodiments, the bottom wall portion of the can  20  inner wall surface  24  is coated or treated with cryogenically resistant material, which may include a bottom portion of the vertical inner wall rising from the bottom of the can  20 . In one or more embodiments, the inner wall surface  24  is coated or treated with cryogenically resistant material from just below the expected beverage fill line to the rim  28  of the can  20  or just below the rim  28 . 
     Aspects of the present specification may also be described as follows: 
     1. A method of protecting an inner wall surface of a vessel from damaging interaction with an additive added to the vessel, the method comprising providing the vessel at least part way filled with a liquid product; applying a force on the vessel the force being configured to create a change in shape of a surface of the liquid product; and providing sufficient containment of the additive by the change in shape of the surface of the liquid product to substantially prevent damaging interaction between the inner wall surface of the vessel and the additive for at least an additive reaction time period at the end of which the additive is rendered substantially incapable of producing damaging interaction to the inner wall surface of the vessel.
 
2. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein applying the force comprises applying a torque to the vessel to rotate the vessel at a sufficient angular speed to produce the change in shape of the surface of the liquid, wherein the change in shape produces a concave liquid surface.
 
3. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the additive is contained within a low portion of the concave liquid surface to substantially prevent damaging interaction between the inner wall surface of the vessel and the additive.
 
4. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the additive is a cryogenic additive and the additive reaction time period is the amount of time required for a majority of the cryogenic additive to change phase into a gas.
 
5. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the majority is when at least 50% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 60% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 70% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 80% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 90% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas, or when at least 95% of the cryogenic additive changes phase into the gas.
 
6. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the additive is a cryogenic additive and the additive reaction time period is the amount of time required for substantially all of the cryogenic additive to change phase into a gas.
 
7. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the cryogenic additive is a liquefied gas and a vapor layer forms between the liquefied gas and the surface of the liquid product which at least in part causes the liquefied gas to substantially remain within the low portion of the concave liquid surface during rotation.
 
8. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein applying the force further comprises rotating the vessel containing the liquid product before adding the additive for a spin-up time period sufficient in length to impart a rotational motion on the liquid product sufficient to at least partially form the concave liquid surface.
 
9. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the additive is added to the vessel containing the liquid product only after the concave liquid surface is fully formed.
 
10. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein applying the force further comprises rotating the vessel containing the liquid product after adding the additive.
 
11. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein applying the force on the vessel further comprises removing the force at a predetermined time, wherein the change in shape of the surface of the liquid product persists at least in part for a residual time period after removal of the force.
 
12. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments further comprising starting a dwell time period after removing the force at the predetermined time and ending the dwell time period by applying the force again, wherein the dwell time period is less than the residual time period.
 
13. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments further comprising applying a manufacturing action during the dwell period.
 
14. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein taking the manufacturing action comprises one or more of applying a lid to the vessel, transitioning the vessel from a conveyor to a lid sealing machine where a lid is sealed to the vessel to seal the liquid product within the vessel, and transitioning the vessel from the lid sealing machine to the conveyor.
 
15. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the additive reaction time period is at least 4 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 6 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 8 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 10 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 12 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 14 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 16 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 18 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 20 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 22 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 24 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 26 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 28 seconds, or the additive reaction time period is at least 30 seconds.
 
16. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 0.25 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 0.5 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 0.75 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1 revolution per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1.25 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1.5 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 1.75 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 2 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 3 revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 4 revolutions per second, or revolutions per second, or the sufficient angular speed of the vessel is at least 5 revolutions per second.
 
17. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein applying the force comprises inducing a vibration of the vessel generated by a vibration source at a magnitude and a frequency sufficient to produce the change in shape of the surface of the liquid, wherein the change in shape produces one or more waves.
 
18. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the one or more waves is a standing wave having a wave amplitude sufficient to contain the additive.
 
19. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the one or more waves is one or both of a plurality of concentric waves and a plurality of azimuthal waves.
 
20. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein one or both of the frequency and the amplitude are of the vibration source are adjusted during the additive reaction time period.
 
21. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the vibration source is an actuator that one or both directly and indirectly imparts the vibration on the vessel, wherein the actuator indirectly imparts a vibration on one or more portions of a packaging line.
 
22. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the vibration source is an audio source directed to the vessel for imparting the vibration on the vessel.
 
23. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein one or both of the magnitude and frequency of the vibration is adjusted during a filling process where the liquid product is added to the vessel for the purpose of maintaining the change in shape of the surface of the liquid within an acceptable range of shapes.
 
24. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the vessel is a cylindrical vessel and further includes an outer wall surface and an outer bottom surface, and wherein the cylindrical vessel is positioned on a conveyor of a packaging line with the outer bottom surface resting on the conveyor, and applying the torque to the cylindrical vessel to rotate the cylindrical vessel comprises contacting the outer wall surface with a portion of the conveyor system to impart a rotation on the vessel.
 
25. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the portion of the conveyor system is a rail configured to selectively contact the outer wall surface of the cylindrical vessel to cause rotation of the cylindrical vessel.
 
26. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein a cylindrical axis of the cylindrical vessel is tilted relative to the direction of gravity such that the outer wall surface of the cylindrical vessel leans on and contacts the portion of the conveyor system.
 
27. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the conveyor is oriented downhill such that the cylindrical vessel rolls relative to the conveyor.
 
28. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the portion of the conveyor system is a rail.
 
29. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the portion of the conveyor system imparts the rotation on the vessel relative to the conveyor due to the differences in speed of the conveyor and the portion of the conveyor system.
 
30. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the additive is a cryogenic liquefied gas, the packaging line includes a cryogenic doser nozzle movable in substantial unison with the cylindrical vessel when adding the cryogenic liquefied gas to the liquid product.
 
31. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein after filling the cylindrical vessel with the liquid product and adding the additive a lid is hermetically sealed to the cylindrical vessel, the cylindrical vessel is continuously rotated during the additive reaction time period.
 
32. The method of any one or more of the listed embodiments wherein the change in shape produces the concave liquid surface substantially in the form of a paraboloid of revolution.
 
     In closing, it is to be understood that although aspects of the present specification are highlighted by referring to specific embodiments, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that these disclosed embodiments are only illustrative of the principles of the subject matter disclosed herein. Therefore, it should be understood that the disclosed subject matter is in no way limited to a particular compound, composition, article, apparatus, methodology, protocol, and/or reagent, etc., described herein, unless expressly stated as such. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that certain changes, modifications, permutations, alterations, additions, subtractions and sub-combinations thereof can be made in accordance with the teachings herein without departing from the spirit of the present specification. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims and claims hereafter introduced are interpreted to include all such changes, modifications, permutations, alterations, additions, subtractions and sub-combinations as are within their true spirit and scope. 
     Certain embodiments of the present invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the present invention to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described embodiments in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. 
     Groupings of alternative embodiments, elements, or steps of the present invention are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other group members disclosed herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims. 
     Use of the terms “may” or “can” in reference to an embodiment or aspect of an embodiment also carries with it the alternative meaning of “may not” or “cannot.” As such, if the present specification discloses that an embodiment or an aspect of an embodiment may be or can be included as part of the inventive subject matter, then the negative limitation or exclusionary proviso is also explicitly meant, meaning that an embodiment or an aspect of an embodiment may not be or cannot be included as part of the inventive subject matter. In a similar manner, use of the term “optionally” in reference to an embodiment or aspect of an embodiment means that such embodiment or aspect of the embodiment may be included as part of the inventive subject matter or may not be included as part of the inventive subject matter. Whether such a negative limitation or exclusionary proviso applies will be based on whether the negative limitation or exclusionary proviso is recited in the claimed subject matter. 
     The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar references used in the context of describing the present invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Further, ordinal indicators—such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc. —for identified elements are used to distinguish between the elements, and do not indicate or imply a required or limited number of such elements, and do not indicate a particular position or order of such elements unless otherwise specifically stated. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the present invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the present specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention. 
     When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the open-ended transitional term “comprising”, variations thereof such as “comprise” and “comprises”, and equivalent open-ended transitional phrases thereof like “including,” “containing” and “having”, encompasses all the expressly recited elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features alone or in combination with unrecited subject matter; the named elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features are essential, but other unnamed elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features may be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim. Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using the closed-ended transitional phrases “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” (or variations thereof such as “consist of”, “consists of”, “consist essentially of”, and “consists essentially of”) in lieu of or as an amendment for “comprising.” When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the closed-ended transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, limitation, step, integer, or feature not expressly recited in the claims. The closed-ended transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the expressly recited elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features and any other elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter. Thus, the meaning of the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” is being defined as encompassing all the specifically recited elements, limitations, steps and/or features as well as any optional, additional unspecified ones. The meaning of the closed-ended transitional phrase “consisting of” is being defined as only including those elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features specifically recited in the claim whereas the meaning of the closed-ended transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” is being defined as only including those elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features specifically recited in the claim and those elements, limitations, steps, integers, and/or features that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter. Therefore, the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” (and equivalent open-ended transitional phrases thereof) includes within its meaning, as a limiting case, claimed subject matter specified by the closed-ended transitional phrases “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of.” As such embodiments described herein or so claimed with the phrase “comprising” are expressly or inherently unambiguously described, enabled and supported herein for the phrases “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of.” 
     Lastly, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is defined solely by the claims. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.