Patent Publication Number: US-6907702-B2

Title: Staggered look shake siding

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/735,681 filed Dec. 13, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,008, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/190,038 filed Nov. 12, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,456, entitled “Apparatus and Method for Continuous Vacuum Forming Shaped Polymeric Articles,” the entirety of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to the continuous manufacture of shaped articles, such as siding panels having the appearance of real wood, such as cedar shake. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Continuous and semi-continuous processes for creating patterns on extruded plastic sheets have been used in the building components industry for a number of years. Some prior systems have disclosed rigid linked patterns for forming shaped impressions in an extruded sheet material. Unfortunately, such rigid shaped patterns tend to form unsightly horizontal seams in the material. Other systems have used pattern forms on rotating cylindrical drums. Although these processes are continuous, and do not produce horizontal seams, they often require expensive additional equipment and instrumentation to align the arcuate surface of the pattern with the relatively flat surface of the product, and to avoid, or correct, unwanted bowing of the product. 
     Because of the limitations on prior continuous processes, some manufacturers have opted for injection or blow molding such products one at a time. While this technique can provide the desired detail in texture and surface finish, it is limited to product sizes of about 4-5 feet in length and provide product thicknesses which are practically limited to greater than about 0.080 inches. This is generally because of the difficulty associated with flowing hot viscous polymer through thin cross-sectional profiles in steel molds. Additionally, because of the known size limitations, the randomness of individual features on the surface of a molded product is limited. This is because only a relatively small number of pattern elements, such as shingles, can be molded into the relatively small surface area. When several of these products are aligned side by side on a wall of a building, for example, it is sometimes obvious to see the pattern repeated over and over again. 
     One solution to these problems is disclosed in Bosler, U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,325 dated May 24, 1994. Bosler&#39;s invention provides a continuous vacuum forming process which uses a resilient mold belt for providing semi-continuous production of almost unlimited lengths of shaped polymeric articles. He further teaches a single cooling step whereby the entire width of the product is brought below the heat deflection temperature of the polymeric material. 
     It has now been determined, however, that a single cooling step reduces the temperature of the edge portions below a comfortable range for subsequent sizing and forming. Accordingly, there remains a need for providing for the separate formation of edge portions, such as butt-edges and nail edges customarily used in the fabrication of siding panels. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides an extruded siding panel, and method of making the same, comprising a sheet of polymeric material. The sheet includes a molded central portion comprising a plurality of adjacent shingle impressions of substantially the same length. Each of the shingle impressions includes a bottom edge. At least one of the bottom edges of the shingle impressions is beveled to give the appearance of shingle impressions having different lengths. 
     The siding panel embodiments, described herein, provide the appearance of shingles having different lengths without the need to form shingle impressions having different lengths. This feature promotes the appearance of a miscellaneous selection of individual shingles on any wall covered with the siding pattern. The formation of the beveled edges is also easily incorporated into a continuous extrusion process and in a pattern that provides the aforementioned appearance of miscellaneous shingle selection. The above and other features of the present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention that is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention as well as other information pertinent to the disclosure, in which: 
       FIG.  1 ( a ) is a partial diagrammatic side plan view of a preferred apparatus for the continuous vacuum forming of polymeric material of this invention; 
       FIG.  1 ( b ) is the remaining portion of the apparatus of FIG.  1 ( a ); 
       FIG.  2 : is a top plan view of the mold belt portion of the apparatus of FIG.  1 ( a ); 
       FIG.  3 : is a side cross-sectional view taken through line  3 — 3  of FIG.  1 ( b ), illustrating a preferred final sizer device; 
       FIG.  4 : is a partial front perspective view of a siding panel produced by this invention; 
       FIG.  5 : is a partial front perspective view of an additional siding panel of this invention; 
       FIG.  6 : is a partial front perspective view of a preferred dentil molding of this invention; 
       FIG.  7 ( a ) is a partial front perspective view of a siding panel having a shingle impression with a beveled bottom edge; 
       FIG.  7 ( b ) is a front perspective view of the siding panel of FIG.  7 ( a ); 
       FIG.  7 ( c ) is a cross-sectional view of the siding panel of FIG.  7 ( b ) taken along lines  7 C— 7 C; 
       FIG.  7 ( d ) is a cross-sectional view of the siding panel of FIG.  7 ( b ) taken along lines  7 D— 7 D; and 
       FIG.  7 ( e ) is an enlarged view of portion  7 E of FIG.  7 ( c ). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention provides improved methods and apparatus for forming the edge portions of vacuum formed continuous polymeric articles. As used herein, the terms “heat deflection temperature” is the temperature at which a polymeric material deflects 0.010 in. under a load of 66 or 164 psi, as defined in ASTM test D 648. Also as used herein, the term “polymeric material” shall mean polymeric compositions which may include additives, such as ultra-violet light stabilizers, fillers, plasticizers, tints, and other additives, such as glass or wood fiber, etc. The term “molded” means any number of processes, or combinations thereof, for forming an impression in a polymeric material, including compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, blow molding, autoclave molding, contact molding, pressure bag molding, vacuum bag molding, deep draw molding, lay-up molding and spray molding, etc. 
     The preferred method of this invention is best understood by reference to the FIGS.  1 ( a )- 6 , which will now be explained. This method provides an apparatus for continuous vacuum forming of a hot plasticized material, including thermoplastic and thermosetting compositions, such as polyvinyl chloride (“PVC”), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, epoxy, polyester, etc., or other similar materials. As shown in FIG  1   a , the hot plasticized material is first extruded from an extruder  17  and is then disposed upon a flexible rotating belt means  18  disposed within housing  44 . The rotating belt means  18  is suspended between a first drive roller  14  and a second idle roller  16  in a substantially horizontal direction. The rotating belt means  18 , shown in planar view in  FIG. 2 , preferably contains a porous drive belt  15  to facilitate flexing thereof and passing of air or vacuum pressure. It is most preferably made from stainless steel mesh or other open forms, such as interlocking metal or polymer sections, chain link, screen or hinged segments of corrosion resistant material. The rotating belt means  18  also preferably includes a softer, resilient mold belt  12  containing a mold impression  11 , such as a series of cedar shake shingle impressions  19 . This process can provide great detail in texture and shape, formerly associated with injection or blow molding operations. The resilient mold belt  12  also includes a plurality of apertures  13 , therethrough for passing air, such as an applied vacuum pressure. 
     The first and second rollers  14  and  16  are spaced apart from one another in a generally horizontal direction such that the rotating belt means  18  extends between them, and forms a substantially flat forming surface. The mold belt  12  is preferably made of a resilient flexible material such as rubber, or rubber-like material, such as silicone or synthetic rubber. 
     The mold belt  12  and drive belt  15  can be frictionally engaged so that, by driving the drive belt  15  with drive axle  28  and drive roller  14 , the mold belt  12  moves as well. The mold impression  11  of mold belt  12  substantially retains its shape as it spins, or stretches slightly, so there is no need for multiple sections and seams. The mold impression  11  preferably is one continuous longitudinally extending pattern as shown best in FIG.  2 . 
     A vacuum box  20 , or boxes, cooperates with a plurality of apertures  13  in the mold belt  12  and the open spaces in the drive belt  15  to draw a vacuum against the bottom surface of the extruded sheet  10 . The drive belt  15  can optionally include longitudinal and lateral sections impregnated with polymeric or resilient rubberlike material which is relatively impervious to air flow. Such sections provide a plurality of vacuum openings, such as circles, or rectangles, etc., through which air can pass through the open weave metallic material of the preferred drive belt  15 . Preferably the plurality of apertures  13  defined in the mold belt  12  are in open communication with respect to the vacuum sections of the drive belt portion  15 . This facilitates drawing down of the hot extruded sheet  10  onto the mold impression  11  when vacuum box  20  is engaged. As the hot plastic is drawn onto the mold impression  11 , fine detail is pressed into a central region defined by “A”. Preferably the lateral edge portions  26  and  27  are not vacuum formed. Lateral edge portion  26  defined by dimension “C” and lateral edge portion  27 , defined by dimension “D”, can then be made into a nail edge or butt edge, by mechanical deformation, when the plastic is still hot. Alternatively, when thermosetting compositions are used, the material to be formed would be less than fully set, and would not be hot. 
     The described apparatus is ideally suited for PVC siding formulations. A good representative formulation is shown in Table 1 below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 AMOUNT BASED ON 
               
               
                   
                   
                 100 PARTS PVC BY 
               
               
                   
                 COMPONENT 
                 WEIGHT 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PVC Resin (K-67, i.v. = 0.92) 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 Organotin Stabilizer 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Acrylic Process Aid 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Impact Modifier 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Titanium Dioxide 
                 10.0 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Carbonate 
                   0-5.0 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Stearate 
                 1.0-1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Paraffin Wax 
                 1.0-1.5 
               
               
                   
                 Oxidized Polyethylene 
                   0-0.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To facilitate formation of the final shaped product  30  exiting the apparatus of this embodiment, a cooling station may be included, such as one that includes water spray nozzles  22 , a water spray  24 , and water collectors  36  and  38 . With preferred vinyl compositions the hot extruded sheet  10  is about 290-325° F. as it approaches the rotating belt  18 . This is almost twice the heat deflection temperature of 160-170° F. typical for such compositions. 
     The extruded sheet  10 , made from the preferred PVC composition, preferably remains above its heat deflection temperature while it is being plastically deformed during vacuum forming in the preferred mold impression  11 . If the temperature of the polymer drops much below the heat deflection temperature for thermoplastic compositions, vacuum forming becomes impracticable. This is not a concern with compression or transfer molding. In the fabrication of vinyl siding products, using vacuum forming, it is preferred that the central patterned sheet portion represented by dimension “A” be cooled by water cooling in the cooling station. Waste water is then suctioned from the top surface of the product through separate vacuum devices or apertures  13  and is collected in water collectors  36  and  38 . Alternatively, air or another gaseous medium can be used to selectively cool the extruded sheet. 
     In the preferred embodiment of this method, a pair of lateral edge portions  26  and  27 , “C” and “D”, are not cooled, but remain at a temperature of about 250° F. while the central patterned sheet portion “A” is cooled to about 140°-150° F. This enables the lateral edge portions  26  and  27  to be plastically deformed by mechanical means while still hot. When fabricating siding panels, one edge portion, for example, dimension “C”, should be at least about 0.75-1.5 inches for producing a butt edge and a second portion, for example, dimension “D”, should be at least about 2.0-4.0 inches for the hanger edge. Preferred shapes for such edges are described by butt edges  103  and  105  and nail edges  104  and  106  shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . 
     Alternatively, the pair of lateral edge portions  26  and  27  can be formed at least partially simultaneously with the vacuum formation of the central patterned sheet portion “A”. As such, the butt and hanger edges can be formed during, immediately before, or immediately after vacuum forming the central patterned portion, so that the entire sheet is above the heat deflection temperature for at least a portion of the time the surfaces are being formed together. Then the entire extruded sheet can be cooled substantially simultaneously. This would save on further down stream operations and shorten the length of the processing apparatus. 
     The vacuum box  20  as shown in  FIG. 1   a  may, alternatively, take the form of a plurality of individual vacuum devices for forming the hot plasticized material in multiple step operations as desired. The vacuum box  20  may also include individual vacuum chambers to form the hot plasticized material against the mold belt  12  in successive or separate steps within the same processing apparatus. Communication of vacuum pressure from the vacuum box  20  to the apertures  13  in the mold impression  11  is significantly enhanced by the vacuum sections formed in the drive belt portion  15 , as shown in Bosler, U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,325, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4-6  the vacuum forming apparatus is preferably utilized for forming longer extending individual products such as siding panels  100  and  101  or dentil moldings  102 . Alternatively, if a single pattern is used continuously around the outside of the mold belt  12 , extremely long final products can be formed, such as 10-50 ft. in length, which is much longer than the distance between the idle roller  16  and drive roller  14 , and much larger than presently known injection molded products, which have significant length limitations, due to the resistance of hot polymer flow in thin mold sections and mold and labor costs. 
     The vacuum forming apparatus is capable of such improved operation in view of the flexible resilience of the rotating belt  18  as well as the horizontally extending profile of the mold impression  11  during draw down of the hot plasticized material by vacuum box  26 . 
     Most prior art devices utilize cylindrical molds against which the hot plasticized material is drawn. The cylindrical aspect of such forms provide significant difficulty in the removal of the final product. For example, it has been found that the arcuate configuration of drum-like molds renders the pattern less than desirable for siding applications, due to distortion and registration problems. Additionally, the final product must be removed from the cylindrical mold prior to cooling thereof, or it will result in unwanted curvature. Additional steps are generally required, which adds machinery and labor costs, resulting in a product which can be excessively expensive. The present method provides a means for eliminating these additional steps by allowing cooling of the product when in contact with the final mold in a substantially horizontal plane. 
     The present method is particularly useful for forming vinyl siding or other long continuous products and it is also specifically useful for embossing the surface thereof as desired for simulating texture, for example. The rubberized surface of the mold belt  12  means is particularly useful for facilitating removal of cooled product from the mold and also for maintaining vacuum sealed contact between the vacuum box  26  and the mold belt  12  during processing. 
     The apertures  13  defined within the mold belt  12  preferably have small holes of approximately 0.030-040 in. Such holes are desirably located in a pattern somewhat close to one another to facilitate drawing of the preferred hot plasticized vinyl composition downwardly in firm securement with respect to the mold impression  11 . The mold impression  11  has been found to be useful for forming texture, protrusions or depressions as desired in the final product. 
     Additional processing stations can be included after initial formation of the product which can include foam lining along the top surface of the extruded sheet  10 , such as by spraying a foamed polyurethane emulsion onto the back of a PVC cedar shake siding panel, for example. Subsequent vacuum and mechanical forming operations can also be accomplished for fabricating the final edges of the product, or to add texture or additional features. It is preferred that such steps are taken while the polymer section to be formed is still hot, and more preferably, when it is above its heat deflection temperature. 
     Preferred supplemental forming steps will now be described. With reference to FIGS.  1 ( a ),  1 ( b ) and  3 , this invention provides shaping, forming and cutting steps for making individual shaped polymeric articles, such as siding panels  100  and  101 , and dentil molding  102 , shown in  FIGS. 3-5 . 
     As the preferred extruded sheet  10  leaves the mold belt  12  beyond idle roller  16 , it preferably has a relatively cool central pattern sheet portion having a temperature of about 140° F., and a relatively hot pair of lateral edge portions  26  and  27 , having a temperature of about 250° F. for the preferred PVC compositions. This moving extruded sheet  10  then preferably contacts a first pre-sizer  30  having the thickness of about 1 inch and exhibiting a panel shape. The pre-sizer  30  is located along both lateral edges  26  and  27  of the extruded sheet  10  and is designed to begin shaping the butt edges  103  and  105  and hanger edges  104  and  106 , for example, by curling these edges. A second pre-sizer  32  having a thickness of about 4 inches, and also exhibiting a panel shape, further forms these edges while the lateral edge portions  26  and  27  are desirably still above their heat deflection temperature. 
     With reference to FIG.  1 ( b ) in particular, the extruded sheet  10  is then subjected to a final sizer  40  for substantially finishing the mechanical deformation of the lateral edges  26  and  27 . A cross-section of the final sizer is shown in FIG.  3 . This device includes a series of adjustable blocks and plates. The final sizer  40  of the preferred embodiment includes a pair of lateral forming block mechanisms  48  and  52  which can be lever operated for a variety of products and sizes. The final sizer  40  also includes top and bottom forming plates  54  and  56  to maintain the planar nature of the product while the edges are being formed. 
     It is desirable that the butt edges  103  and  105  and nail edges  104  and  106  of this embodiment be subjected to cooling after formation. This can be accomplished as shown in FIG.  1 ( b ), by permitting cooling water  42  to migrate, or be driven or pumped into the final sizer  40 . In the preferred embodiment, the cooling water  42  from the final quench tank  46  is allowed to leak back into the final sizer  40  in order to accomplish this goal. The cooling water  42  quickly quenches the product below its heat deflection temperature, so that the newly formed edge portions are quenched to hold their shape. Excess cooling water  42  can be drained by vacuum pump  34  and either removed from the system or recycled back into the quench tank  46 . 
     Following the final sizer operation, the now fully formed extruded sheet  10  is immersed in a quench tank  46  to reduce its temperature to about that of ambient air, or approximately 70-75° F. The continuous sheet is then removed from the quench tank  46  and a preferred punch press  60  is used to mechanically form a plurality of fastener apertures  64  and  68 , shown in the siding panels  100  and  101 . 
     Following the production of fastener apertures  64  and  68 , the product can be pulled with the puller machine (not shown) to a cut-off station which severs the now cooled, formed extruded sheet into individual lengths of shaped polymeric articles. 
     It is understood that the above process can be modified in numerous respects without detracting from the invention&#39;s benefits. Numerous other molding steps are equally effective in generating the stepped or staggered look of the shakes of this invention. For example, transfer molding of sheet material, injection molding and compression molding using the same molded designs are commercially acceptable. Adjustments can also be made in the quench tank  46  to lift, raise, or otherwise get rid of bends and bows in the product before it reaches ambient temperature. The location, size and number of the water nozzles  27  can vary from about 2 or 3 to over 6 in the central portion of the sheet for cooling various types of formed impressions. Alternatively, the entire cross-section of the shaped polymeric article  100  including edge portions  26  and  27 , can be molded or mechanically formed while the extruded sheet  10  is above its heat deflection temperature on the flexible rotating belt  18 . This could shorten the overall length of the device considerably, by eliminating the floor space otherwise necessary for one or more lateral edge sizing operations. 
     An additional advantage of positioning of a drive belt portion  15  between rollers  14  and  16  and the mold belt portion  18  is to facilitate tracking between the two belts and the two rollers. With the use of the preferred woven stainless steel drive belt  15  and a silicone-based rubber mold belt  18 , there will be some small amount of sliding movement between the belts. This slight movement has been found to be particularly helpful in maintaining tracking between the belts and the rollers. 
     There are many aspects of the apparatus of the present invention that tend to untrack the belts. Some of these include the high temperature of the polymer and the difference in distance between the axis of the rollers  14  and  16 . Tracking is also made more difficult due to the different elasticity and coefficients of thermal expansion of the preferred silicone and steel belts. To alleviate untracking, the amount of friction between the metal weave belt and the resilient silicon rubber belt should be high enough to assure powering therebetween but low enough to allow for some sliding movement to compensate for some of the tracking irregularities. 
     From the foregoing, it can be realized that the side provides apparatus and methods for continuous vacuum forming shaped polymeric articles almost without any length limitations. The products can be made extremely thin, well below the thickness limitations of molded products, and preferably about 0.030-0.125 inches in thickness, at a substantial savings from injection molding operations. The present invention also provides a randomness of visual aesthetics, such as a randomness of individual shingles of a cedar shake siding pattern, which is at least 10-50% greater than can be accomplished with 4-5 foot lengths of a similarly configured molded product using the same size shingles. 
     FIGS.  7 ( a )- 7 ( e ) illustrate another exemplary siding panel according to the present invention having a center portion with a plurality of individual shingle impressions  201  of a cedar shake siding pattern formed thereon. While extrusion and belt vacuum forming is preferred, these panels can be formed by any number of ways, including injection molding, transfer molding, and compression molding, to name a few. Adjacent shingle impressions  201   a ,  201   b , and  201   c  have substantially the same lengths, designated generally as dimensions “E” in FIG.  7 ( b ). 
     Each of the shingle impressions  201   a ,  201   b , and  201   c  include a bottom edge  202   a ,  203   b , and  202   c , respectively. Bottom edge  202   b  is beveled relative to the substantially flat bottom edges  202   a ,  202   c  of shingle impressions  201   a ,  201   c . The beveled edges may be formed into the mold impression  11  of a cedar shake siding pattern for transfer to the surface of extruded sheet  10 . The beveled bottom edge  202   b  gives the appearance that shingle impression  201   b  has a different length than shingle impressions  202   a ,  202   c , even though the shingle impressions  201  have substantially the same lengths. These beveled edges provide a more aesthetically pleasing and realistic appearance through shadow effects when illuminated and compared with the rather jagged appearance provided by a siding pattern utilizing shingle impressions that actually have different lengths. 
     FIG.  7 ( c ) and FIG.  7 ( d ) illustrate that the exemplary siding panel  200  of the present invention has a substantially uniform cross-sectional thickness. An extremely realistic shingle impression, and preferably a cedar shake siding pattern, may be vacuum formed by the process described above to provide siding having a uniform thickness but still having an embossed non-planar facade. 
     It should be understood that FIG.  7 ( a ) is only illustrative of a shingle impression having a beveled bottom edge, and the present invention is not limited to the siding pattern of shingle impressions shown in FIG.  7 ( a ). Rather, siding panels of significant lengths (e.g., 10′ or greater) may be formed using the process described above. Many possible shingle impression patterns, therefore, are possible. Alternating shingle impressions may have beveled bottom edges. Other periodic patterns may also be used, such as every third or fourth, etc. shingle impression having a beveled bottom edge. Alternatively, non-periodic and seemingly random pattern may be chosen. For example, a siding panel having ten adjacent shingle impressions may include successive bottom edges as follows: beveled, beveled, not beveled, not beveled, not beveled, beveled, not beveled, beveled, beveled, not beveled. The appearance of a random selection of individual shingles becomes particularly prominent when relatively long pieces of siding according to the present invention are used together to cover a structure. 
     Further, each beveled bottom edge need not be identical. Rather, the length (designated as “F”), angle, or combination thereof, of the beveled bottom edges may vary. This variation in beveled edges may also accompany a variation in shingle width. By doing so, the appearance is given that cedar shake shingles of miscellaneous lengths were selected and assembled during siding application, particularly when a structure is viewed as whole. 
     Although various embodiments have been illustrated, this is for the purpose of describing, and not limiting the invention. Various modifications will become apparent to one skilled in the art and are within the scope of this invention described in the attached claims.