Patent Publication Number: US-2003236474-A1

Title: Seizure and movement monitoring

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
       [0001] This invention relates to methods and apparatus to detect normal and abnormal body movements caused by conditions such as seizures, convulsions, and other movement disorders.  
       BACKGROUND  
       [0002] To observe bio-electrical body functions of patients, electrodes may be attached to their bodies. For instance, electrical activity of the heart may be monitored by electrodes interconnected with the body. Unfortunately, electrodes are inconvenient and tend to become detached from the patient, with false alarms and patient anxiety being undesirable side effects. Furthermore, attached electrodes are likely to cause patient discomfort.  
       [0003] Conventional systems for monitoring patient movements are associated with various shortcomings. A need thus continues to exist for improved methods and apparatus for detecting seizures and other movements.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0004] In general, according to one embodiment, an apparatus for detecting a movement disorder of a patient comprises a sensor assembly comprising one or more sound sensors, and a detector assembly adapted to receive an indication of sound detected by the one or more sound sensors. A detector assembly is adapted to determine if the movement disorder is present based on the indication.  
       [0005] In general, according to another embodiment, an apparatus for detecting a movement disorder of a patient includes a sensor assembly comprising one or more sensors selected from the group consisting of a sound sensor, a charge transfer sensor, an accelerometer, a micro-accelerometer, a seismometer, a geophone, a hydrophone, and a fiber-optic sensor. The sensor assembly is adapted to detect patient movement on a surface. A detector assembly adapted to receive an indication of the patient movement on the surface and to generate an alarm if the detector assembly determines a movement disorder is present.  
       [0006] In general, according to yet another embodiment, an apparatus includes an image sensor adapted to generate images of a patient, and a detector assembly coupled to the image sensor. The detector assembly includes an image-processing module adapted to process a series of images to determine if a patient seizure condition is present.  
       [0007] Other or alternative features will become apparent from the following description, from the drawings, and from the claims. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0008]FIG. 1 is a simplified frontal perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0009]FIG. 2 is a simplified frontal perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0010]FIG. 3 is an isolated frontal view of a portion of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1.  
     [0011]FIG. 4 is a simplified schematic block diagram of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1.  
     [0012]FIG. 5A depicts a waveform representing a patient&#39;s normal sleep activity recorded by an embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0013]FIG. 5B depicts a waveform representing a patient&#39;s 80-second seizure activity recorded by an embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0014]FIG. 5C depicts a waveform representing a patient&#39;s series of three 30-second seizures recorded over a three-hour period by an embodiment of the present invention.  
     [0015]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention that uses sound detectors.  
     [0016]FIGS. 7 and 8 are block diagrams of different embodiments of a detector assembly.  
     [0017]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the invention.  
     [0018]FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the invention that uses hydrophone detectors.  
     [0019] FIGS.  11 A- 11 B illustrate waveforms generated by an example sensor.  
     [0020]FIG. 12 illustrates a detector assembly that can be attached to the body of a patient.  
     [0021]FIG. 13 shows an example arrangement of components in the detector assembly of FIG. 12.  
     [0022]FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of a position sensor used in the detector assembly of FIG. 13. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
     [0023] In the following description, numerous details are set forth to provide an understanding of the present invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these details and that numerous variations or modifications from the described embodiments may be possible.  
     [0024] Some embodiments of the present invention provide an apparatus for accurately monitoring a patient&#39;s body movements during periods of sleep. In particular, such embodiments monitor motor movements attributable to seizures and convulsions of patients having epilepsy or other seizure disorders, and motor movements attributable to periodic leg movements, tremors, respiration, mechanical cardiac functions, or any other motorics during periods of sleep. Generally, as used here, the term “seizure” also refers to any other type of movement disorder that a patient can experience.  
     [0025] As will be hereinafter described, detection of a seizure or other movement disorder is achieved without having to attach any detection apparatus to the patient. However, an embodiment in which a detection apparatus is attached to the body of the patient is not excluded from the scope of the present invention. Some embodiments measure patient movements essentially by relating mattress displacement to such motor movements. Mattress movements are detected using sensing devices placed on the mattress.  
     [0026] In other embodiments, other techniques for detecting movement of the patient are used. One alternative technique is to use audio detection. Another technique is to use video detection.  
     [0027] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there are shown simplified perspective views of some embodiments of the present invention including a plurality of sensing devices  5  (e.g., geophone sensing devices, piezoelectric detectors, accelerometers, micro-accelerometers, seismometers, and so forth) disposed upon mattress  110  and adjacent or proximal to bed  100 . In one embodiment, the plurality of geophone sensing devices are electrically interconnected by wires  5  with detector assembly  50 . In the example arrangement of FIG. 1, geophones  10  and  15  of the plurality of geophones are disposed upon a mattress  110 , with the geophone  10  and  15  placed adjacent or proximal a patient who may be lying on the mattress  110 . More generally, the geophone or other type of sensing device is placed on a surface on which a patient is lying. However, to increase the sensitivity of the device, the sensing devices may be attached to the patient. The geophones can be connected to the detector assembly  50  with a wire or with wireless technology.  
     [0028] As patient body movements occur during sleep, corresponding displacements of mattress  110  occur. These displacements are communicated to at least one of geophones  10  and  15 , which, in turn, communicate these signals to detector assembly  50  within its housing  55  as will be hereinafter described in detail.  
     [0029] Another geophone  20  is disposed proximal to the bed, e.g., on the floor, to establish a baseline or reference for signals that are attributable to environmental conditions, i.e., that are extraneous to the patient. Such environmental conditions may include vibrations from walking or from nearby elevators or escalators, vehicular traffic, etc. Typically, patient movements generate stronger signals in geophones  10  and  15 , placed upon the mattress, compared to geophone  20 , placed on the floor or on a structure away from the bed. The sensitivity of the plurality of geophones may be changed to obtain optimal results. In another arrangement, a plurality of sensors (instead of a single geophone  20 ) may be used to properly monitor vibrations attributable to environmental conditions extraneous to a patient&#39;s body movements.  
     [0030] Another embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 2, wherein instead of a plurality of geophones to sense a patient&#39;s motor movements during sleep, a plurality of fiber optics sensors  70  are used. Examples of a fiber optic sensor are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,847. However, other types of fiber optic sensors can be used in other embodiments. The plurality of fiber optics sensors  70  are disposed in a sheet-like layer that may be conveniently and snugly placed immediately above the mattress cover disposed around mattress  110 , or alternatively, disposed immediately beneath the top sheet.  
     [0031] In yet another embodiment of the invention, a hydrophone is used to detect movement of water caused by patient movement. The hydrophone is placed inside a water mattress or waterbed on which the patient is lying.  
     [0032]FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of the geophone  10 ,  15 , or  20  that can be used by the embodiment of FIG. 1. One type of geophone includes a magnetic device that detects movements. Using a suspended magnet, the geophone, in response to movements occurring in its proximity, produces a proportional voltage through its winding. The amplitude of the output voltage is proportional to the intensity of the movement detected. Core-less DC motor member  45 , akin to the motor incorporated into commonly used pager-vibrators, may be affixed atop the sensor&#39;s housing. This motor is turned on periodically to test the functionality of the geophone and detection system.  
     [0033] Thus, in FIG. 3, the geophone is shown having housing  35  mounted upon base plate  30 . To avoid or reduce the likelihood of the geophone failing to properly detect signals, the vibrator motor member  45  is used to test proper operation of the geophone. By periodically activating vibrator member  45 , a small movement is engendered in geophone. If the signal conditioning circuit  120  fails to receive a response from the geophone in response to the test, then a warning alarm or the like may be optionally generated to alert the operator that a geophone malfunction has occurred.  
     [0034] The geophone in one embodiment includes a cushion  25  in the surrounding housing  35  and base plate  30  to provide both electrical insulation and a physical barrier to prevent patient discomfort should inadvertent contact therewith occur.  
     [0035] The detector assembly  50  can be implemented in one of many different ways. For example, the detector assembly  50  can be implemented in a special-purpose system including hardware and software to perform detecting and processing. Alternatively, the detector assembly  50  can be implemented in a general-purpose personal computer in which appropriate software is located to perform the detecting and processing of signals from the sensing devices.  
     [0036] According to one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the detector assembly  50  includes an LED light  220  (or some other visual indicator) to indicate if the system is operational. In one embodiment, the LED light blinks whenever the trigger threshold is exceeded. In FIG. 1, this condition corresponds to the amplitude of the waveform generated from either of geophones  10  and  15  disposed on the patient&#39;s bed being higher than the amplitude of the waveform generated from geophone  20  disposed on the floor. On the other hand, the LED light remains illuminated once an alarm condition has been detected, or in response to a malfunction. When a malfunction or a real alarm situation occurs, display (e.g., LCD)  210  optionally displays the nature of the malfunction or the alarm condition. Note that the arrangement shown in FIG. 4 is provided as an example only and is not intended to narrow the scope of the invention. Other embodiments can employ other arrangements.  
     [0037] To prevent accidental alarm-deactivation, the process of silencing an alarm in one embodiment requires sequential pressing of two keys. After an alarm is deactivated, the LED may optionally stay on until another, confirming sequence of keys is pressed. When a malfunction occurs, a simultaneous audio alarm and illumination of the LED light is provided.  
     [0038] As an additional safeguard against inadvertent shut off of an alarm, the turn-off keys may be programmed such that the sequential keys are not close to each other. A backup battery may also be provided for uninterrupted monitoring of patients&#39; sleep even if power failure occurs. Circuit protection may also be provided to prevent any 115V current from being communicated to a geophone situated on the patient&#39;s bed, which may pose a safety hazard.  
     [0039] The detector assembly  50  can be programmed to pick up sustained seizures lasting for more than a preset length of time and a preset number of short but frequent seizures. The various settings, which may vary according to a patient&#39;s needs and specific type of seizure or other movement disorder, are programmable in software, ROM (read-only memory), or the like. Thus, the duration of a patient&#39;s seizure and the frequency thereof prerequisite to triggering an alarm condition depends upon the patient&#39;s particular needs.  
     [0040] When a seizure condition is detected, than an alarm is generated. The alarm can be an audio or visual alarm generated in the detector assembly, or it can be an external alarm. A remote alarm can also be activated to notify family members or caregivers. The remote alarm is located at some remote location, such as a nurse station, the home of a family member, 911 service, etc.  
     [0041] The remote alarm can be transmitted across telephone lines, wireless links (e.g., a cellular system), a data network (e.g., the Internet), and other communications channels. The detector assembly  50  includes an interface to communicate over one of these communications channels.  
     [0042] The detector assembly  50  can also include a storage medium to store a pre-recorded message. Once the detector assembly  50  has established a connection with a remote entity, the pre-recorded message can be played. The receiving party acknowledges the message by activating a predetermined sequence of keys (such as keys on a telephone or keyboard).  
     [0043] The detector assembly  50  is also able to store multiple numbers to call. The numbers can be stored in some predetermined priority order. If a first call is not acknowledged, the next number is called. This is continued until all numbers have been exhausted or one of the calls is acknowledged.  
     [0044] In another embodiment, a cardiac telemetry system or a similar but custom-made centralized telemetry unit is used to receive raw data from the sensors. The received data is displayed by the cardiac telemetry system on a screen (instead of an EKG trace). Seizure detection software can be loaded into the cardiac telemetry system to analyze the waveform produced by the received data. If a seizure condition is determined based on the analyzed waveform, the seizure detection software causes an alarm to be generated. The cardiac telemetry system can be located remotely from the patient being monitored. For example, the patient can be located at home while the telemetry system is located at a medical clinic, doctor&#39;s office, a hospital, or a central monitoring station.  
     [0045] As hereinbefore described, the plurality of geophones or the like that detect patient movements may be either placed on a patient&#39;s bed or disposed on the bed side-rail, affixed to the head-board or foot-board or even attached to the patient.  
     [0046] By comparing the cumulative analog signals received by plurality of geophones  10  and  15  disposed upon mattress  110  or alternatively received by various other types of motion sensors, or a combination thereof, and the base line signal received by geophone  20  disposed upon the floor or the like, the incidences of motor movements engendered by a patient may be continuously monitored by conditioning circuit  120 , as shown in FIG. 4.  
     [0047] The conditioning circuit  120  uses filters and other components to amplify or attenuate the waveform incoming from the plurality of geophones  10  and  15  to a sufficient amplitude that may be input to the peak detectors circuit  130  that counts the peaks periodically (e.g., every second). In one example, the geophones&#39; signals are terminated and then amplified to 0-2.5V full-scale signals. The conditioned signals are calibrated such that the voltage conditioned from each geophone is equal to the same intensity of the movement of each geophone. A peak detecting circuit  130  is used to measure the highest voltage generated at each geophone. This detection is periodically performed (such as every second) to measure the highest intensity of the movement every interval (e.g., second). According to one embodiment, this peak is reset by software in the detector assembly periodically (e.g., every second). A low-pass filter is included in peak detecting circuit  130  to filter any power noise (e.g., 50-60 Hz noise) from the input signals. Conditioning circuit can also select or reject a wave based on the characteristics of the waveform including angle of the slope (FIGS. 11A, B)  
     [0048] The peak voltages that are periodically detected are passed through an analog-to-digital converter  140 . The analog signals are converted to digital signals representing the peak intensity that is proportional to the highest movement intensity during the periodic interval. A microcontroller or microprocessor  150  is used to perform a plurality of tasks as will be hereinafter described. Upon power up, the microcontroller/microprocessor  150  executes a conventional start-up sequence. In particular, the microcontroller/microprocessor  150  resets all the circuitry depicted in FIG. 4, and fetches the firmware from its non-volatile memory. It next interfaces with the user through keypad  230  and display  210  to set the intervals, movement intensity threshold, number of movement episodes to constitute an alarm condition, number of repeated movements in sequence to trigger alarm  250 , and to set the operating mode to monitor, idle, and setup modes.  
     [0049] The microcontroller/microprocessor  150  coordinates the determination of whether detected movements are due to extrinsic causes. By comparing the signal level of geophones  10  or  15  with the reference level from floor geophone  20 , this determination is readily made. If only the floor movement is detected then, the signal generated is deemed to be extraneous and is consequently ignored. Suitable software or the like enables the three peak detected signals to be read from the plurality of geophones disposed on the bed. The peak with the highest intensity is compared with the preset threshold value. If the movement is above the set intensity, the LED  220  is caused to blink, thereby indicating that a patient&#39;s movement has been detected.  
     [0050] Detected patient movements are recorded in a non-volatile memory  280  for some period of time (e.g., twelve hours or longer). The collected data can be downloaded to a personal computer via an RS232 or another type of port  260 . The microcontroller/microprocessor  150  communicates externally through input/output digital ports  180 . Numeral  290  represents an 8-bit addressable latch 1-of-8 decoder. Due to the limited number of digital I/O lines on microcontroller/microprocessor  150 , latch decoder means  290  is used to read a specific address code from the I/O port which corresponds to an address of an output device such as auto dialer  270 , alarm  250 , LED  220 , and test motor  265 . An auto dialer  270  includes a contact switch activating an external auto dialer device.  
     [0051] A keypad  230  is provided for setting the time interval and period related to patient seizure detection. By making a suitable keypad-based request to the operational software, the recorded time of a patient&#39;s motor movement may be displayed. The display  210  is provided to display pertinent alphanumeric information indicative of the status of the patient&#39;s sleep behavior. According to one embodiment, Start/Stop switches may also be provided via a programmed set of two numeric keys to start or stop monitoring a patient&#39;s sleep activity.  
     [0052] The detector assembly  50  is powered via conventional battery charger adapter  200 . The adapter  200  preferably of one example includes a lead-acid battery charger suited to battery  190 , and regulates and charges a battery  190  from a 120-VAC power source. The battery  190  is used to provide a source of DC power for operation without external power source.  
     [0053] A toggle switch connected to the combination of adapter  200  and battery  190  provides a convenient way to switch off the svstem. In case power should fail, the battery assures continuous, uninterrupted operation of the detector assembly  50 .  
     [0054] If a patient is detected to have experienced a motor movement within an interval, then the time for such movement is recorded in nonvolatile memory. The memory has the capacity to store up to some predetermined time period (e.g., twelve hours or longer) of data in one-second intervals. Alternatively it can be made to store all the raw waveform for a specified time period or complete data of all the seizures or just the length, intensity and the time of the seizures. Recorded raw waveform can be downloaded and analyzed. To increase the accuracy of the device, this information can be used to reprogram the device about the slope, intensity and other characteristics of the waveform of a particular patient. If the patient&#39;s motor movement continues and exceeds the programmed value, the microprocessor/microprocessor activates external and visual alarm  250 .  
     [0055] Referring now collectively to FIGS. 5A, B, and C, there is depicted representative waveforms, collected by the plurality of sensing devices. FIG. 5A shows a waveform of a patient&#39;s normal sleep activity. On the other hand, FIG. 5B shows the waveform corresponding to a patient having a seizure approximately 80 seconds in duration. In response to the waveform, an alarm indicating that a seizure is occurring is triggered in the detector assembly  50 . Similarly, FIG. 5C shows an illustrative representation of three small seizures of about 30 seconds duration each, spread over a three-hour period.  
     [0056] The internal computer instructions used to implement the software in the detector assembly  50  may be stored in a storage medium and executed to accept keyboard input indicating whether an incidence of seizure intervals in a particular period should trigger an alarm. Thus, the peak detectors in the detector assembly  50  are driven by the underlying software or the like to detect and measure the peaks. Then, the microcontroller/microprocessor  150  assesses whether a particular series of waveforms are above the amplitude and length threshold; if such waveforms are below the threshold, then no seizure condition is considered to have occurred.  
     [0057] It is another feature and advantage of some embodiments of the present invention that the warning alarms and associated display may be communicated either locally or remotely to medical practitioners, healthcare personnel, or family. If the patient does not deactivate an alarm in the detector assembly  50 , as will happen if the patient is, indeed, having a seizure, then the microcontroller/microprocessor  150  activates a remote alarm in another part of the house or in a nursing station or the like. This alarm may be connected to the detector assembly  50  with a wire or may include a wireless remote alarm controlled with electromagnetic signals or the like. For situations in which no one resides in the same house as a particular patient, the microcontroller/microprocessor of the present invention may be programmed to activate auto-dialer  270  to dial a predetermined telephone number and to play a prerecorded message. In one example, the telephone number summons a monitoring station or may summon a family member or “911.” A monitoring station may be able to interact with the microcontroller/microprocessor to deactivate the alarm and also change the monitoring settings, if needed. Instead of a telephone line, other communications media can be used, such as radio signals, wireless circuits of a cellular system, the Internet, or any other media can be used to transmit an alarm condition to a family member or a monitoring station.  
     [0058] In another embodiment, the geophones may be placed on a patient&#39;s bed along with a plurality of flexible strips of plastic or any other material that can be spread under the bed sheet and connected to each other. Thus, a geophone may be placed atop this arrangement to enhance its sensing function. Alternatively, instead of such strips, suitable wires and the like may be used. As another alternative embodiment, a liquid or air-filled mattress may be used to enhance the sensitivity of sensors to vibrations caused by a patients motor movements during seizures, convulsions, or other movement disorders. In this embodiment, one spot on one of the corners of the mattress may be made of low resistance material. A geophone may then be placed on this spot to pick up even the smallest vibrations created in the liquid or air.  
     [0059] In other embodiments, other suitable patient-movement sensing devices based upon piezoelectrics, charge-transfer sensor, hydrophone, fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and ultrasound may be used in addition to or instead of geophones. Also, another type of sensing device that can be used is an accelerometer or a micro-accelerometer. Yet another type of device is a seismometer, which is based on the molecular electronic transfer principle. One example seismometer that may be used includes a seismometer made by PMD Scientific Inc., based in Bloomfield, Conn. As hereinbefore described, such sensors may either be positioned upon a patient&#39;s bed or attached to a patient (to enhance sensitivity). In the case of microwave, infrared, and ultrasound-based motion sensors, they may be situated on an adjacent wall or a ceiling above the bed. In case of a hydrophone, as shown in FIG. 10, the hydrophone is placed inside the waterbed or a water-filled mattress.  
     [0060] As shown in FIG. 6, in accordance with another embodiment, sensing devices each including sound detectors are used for determining a seizure condition of a patient. In the example arrangement of FIG. 6, a first sensing device  300  that includes a sound detector is placed on the mattress  110  (or other surface on which a patient is situated), and another sensing device  302  that includes a sound detector is positioned in the proximity of the bed for detecting environmental noise to provide a reference. Both sound detectors  300  and  302  are electrically connected to a detector assembly  50 A, which is similar to detector assembly  50  except that it includes components to process sound signals. In one example, the sound detectors  300  and  302  are microphones. The microphones detect noise and sound made by movement of the patient, which are provided to the detector assembly  50  to diagnose movement and seizure conditions. The sound detector  300  can be attached to the mattress  110  (as shown) or to another bed structure. Also, the sound detector  300  can be attached to a blanket, a quilt, or the like, which can be made of a special material to enhance conduction and generation of sound to detect movement-induced noise. Although only one sound detector  300  is illustrated as being placed in the proximity of the patient, other embodiments can use multiple sound detectors  300 .  
     [0061] The detector assembly  50 A analyzes the audio data from the sound detectors  300  and  302  to determine if noise is coming from the bed or is due to external or environmental noise. In case of noise from the bed, the detector assembly  50 A determines if the noise exceeds thresholds set for a normal range, which may indicate an abnormal movement or a seizure condition.  
     [0062] As shown in FIG. 7, an audio data processing module  320  (implemented as software or a combination of software and hardware) is provided in the detector assembly  50 A. The audio data processing module  320  detects for a predetermined characteristic (e.g., a steep slope of the signal waves and/or rapid succession of peaks of sound for some predetermined period of time) that represents violent movement of the mattress  110 . Sound signals from the sound detectors  300  and  302  are received by an interface  322 , which includes appropriate analog-to-digital circuitry and other circuitry. The digitized sound signals are provided to the audio data processing module  320  for processing.  
     [0063] For example, as shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, two waveforms  310  and  314  representing detected sound due to patient movement are shown. The first waveform  310  has a first slope  312 . The second waveform  314  has a second slope  316  that is steeper than the first slope  312 . The steeper slope is an indication of more violent movement of the patients. The slope is measured by an angle α. The larger the value of α, the steeper the angle. The microprocessor can be instructed to count waves with specific characteristics of the waveform, including an angle of slope and voltage. Similar waveforms can be generated using other types of sensors, which can be similarly processed by the detector assembly  50 .  
     [0064] Optionally, a video camera  304  is provided in the room in which the patient is located. The video camera  304  records the patient&#39;s movement continuously. The patient&#39;s movement (or lack thereof) over some predetermined time period (e.g., a few minutes) can be recorded and previous data erased automatically and continuously.  
     [0065] The video camera  304  is electrically connected by a cable  306  or wireless technology to the detector assembly  50 A. If the detector assembly  50 A determines an abnormal condition, the detector assembly  50 A sends an indication to the video camera  304 . In response to this indication, the video camera  304  saves the segment of video data that pertains to the patient&#39;s movement during the period of the abnormal condition. It can be programmed to save a brief segment before and after the seizure as well. This saved segment can later be reviewed to determine what had happened. Although not shown, the video camera  304  may also be connected to some recording device, such as a digital storage device or a videocassette recorder, to save the video data associated with abnormal conditions.  
     [0066] In another embodiment, instead of using the video camera  304  to only record movement of the patient, a detector assembly  50 B as shown in FIG. 8 can receive video data from the video camera  304 . In this case, the video camera  304  is used as a sensor. A video signal is provided to an interface  332 , which decodes the signals into images provided to a video data processing module  330 . A sequence of digitized images of the patient is analyzed by the video data processing module  330  to determine if the patient is moving more than expected. The video data processing module at  330  compares one image to the next to determine their differences, and based on their differences, patient movement. A seizure condition is characterized by a series of rapid patient movements for some predetermined period of time. If the detector assembly  50 B determines that the movements exceed preset limits, an alarm is generated.  
     [0067] Referring to FIG. 9, in an alternative embodiment, another type of sensor device is used. In this case, sensors  400  that are based on the charge transfer (QT) principle are used in combination with a conducting material (such as a wire mesh or a thin metal foil) spread under the patient. The sensors can be used to detect all movements of the patient. One example of charge transfer sensors that can be used include the QProx ™ sensor sold by Quantum Research Group, Ltd., based in Pittsburgh, Pa.  
     [0068] In alternative embodiments, a detector assembly for detecting seizure condition of a patient can be worn on the body of the patient. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, a detector assembly  500  can be attached to the body of a patient. As illustrated, the detector assembly  500  can be attached to the waist of the patient (such as on a belt) or to a limb (e.g., arm, leg, etc.) of the patient. The detector assembly  500  is configured to detect two conditions of the patient: movement of the patient and inclination of the patient. The detector assembly  500  detects for violent movement of the patient, such as those characterized by a seizure condition. However violent movement alone does not necessarily indicate that the patient is experiencing a seizure. To confirm that the patient is experiencing seizure, the detector assembly  500  also detects if the patient is no longer vertical (the inclination of the patient). A patient experiencing seizure may fall down, in which case the detector assembly  500  will detect that patient is now horizontal instead of vertical. The combination of violent movements and the patient no longer being in a vertical position is an indication that the patient may be experiencing a seizure condition. In response to detection of this combination, the detector assembly  500  generates an alarm.  
     [0069] Alternatively the detector assembly  500  can be instructed to generate an alarm in response to detecting just sustained violent movement or whenever a horizontal position is detected even without a seizure. The alarm can be an audible alarm produced by the detector assembly  500 . Alternatively, or in addition to the audible alarm, the detector assembly  500  includes a communications module  514  (FIG. 13) to send wireless signals to a base station over an antenna  516 . The communications module  514  in the detector assembly  500  can also be connected to a wireless telephone to perform the communication. The base station can automatically dial preprogrammed numbers of family members, a central monitoring station or 911, to provide a notification of the abnormal condition. The device can be instructed to analyze the slope of the seizure waveform as well. When used away from home, the detector assembly can be connected to a cell phone  518  to activate an autodialer to alert family or place a call to 911. In remote locations without cell phone systems, a GPS/satellite two-way pager module  519  can be connected to the detector assembly  500 . This module  519  can radio the location, alarm condition, and identity of the patient to a central monitoring station.  
     [0070]FIG. 13 shows an example arrangement of components in the detector assembly  500 . The detector assembly  500  includes a microprocessor or microcontroller  502 . The microprocessor  502  is connected to a keypad  504  to allow a user to provide input to the microprocessor  502 . The keypad  504  may allow the user to turn off the detector assembly  500  or to provide other settings. The microprocessor  502  is also connected to a movement sensor  506 . In one embodiment, the movement sensor  506  includes an accelerometer device. Alternatively, the movement sensor  506  includes a micro-accelerometer, geophone device, a piezoelectric device, and so forth. The movement sensor  506  is adapted to detect movement of the detector assembly  500 . Signals representing the magnitude and the frequency of the movement are provided by the movement sensor  506  to the microprocessor  502 , which processes the signals and analyses the characteristics of the waveform including the angle of the slope, to determine whether the detector assembly  500  is experiencing movement that is characterized by seizure condition of a patient.  
     [0071] The microprocessor  502  is also connected to a position sensor  508 , which detects the inclination of the detector assembly  500 . At some inclination with respect to a vertical axis, the position sensor  508  produces a signal to the microprocessor  502 . Based on signals from the position sensor and the movement sensor  506 , the microprocessor  502  determines if a patient is likely experiencing a seizure condition.  
     [0072] If a seizure condition is detected, the microprocessor  502  generates an audible alarm from a sound generator  510 . In addition to the audible alarm, the microprocessor is also connected to a radio module  512  that is capable of sending radio signals to a base station, which in turn can autodial family members or 911 to provide a notification of the seizure condition.  
     [0073]FIG. 14 shows an embodiment of the position sensor  508 . In the illustrated embodiment, the position sensor  508  includes a generally spherical shell  520  that is filled with an electrically conductive liquid  522 . In one embodiment, the electrically conductive liquid  522  includes mercury. However, other types of liquids can also be employed in other embodiments. The lower portion of the spherical shell  520  is coated with electrically conductive layer  524 . The spherical shell  520  is formed of an electrically non-conductive material. In one embodiment, the electrically conductive layer  524  includes electrically conductive paint that is painted onto the inside of the shell  520 . Alternatively, the layer  524  can be adhered to the inside of the shell  520 . The electrically conductive liquid  522  is in electrical communication with the electrically conductive layer  524 .  
     [0074] In addition, electrically conductive lines  526  are also arranged at different levels inside the spherical shell  520 . The lines are generally ring-shaped and are coated to the inner wall of the spherical shell  520 . Each of the lines  526  is connected to respective one of outside wires  527 . Thus, line  526 A is connected to wire  527 A, line  526 B is connected to wire  527 B, and so forth. Also, the electrically conductive layer  524  is connected to an electrically conductive line  528 .  
     [0075] Switches  530 A-E are also arranged along the electrically conductive lines  527 A-E. One of the switches  530 A-E is closed to enable one of the lines  526 A-E. If the switch  530 A is closed, then the electrically conductive liquid  522  touching the line  526 A would cause a short circuit between line  526 A and the electrically conductive layer  524 . A relatively shallow inclination from the vertical is needed for the electrically conductive liquid  522  to touch the line  526 A. At the other extreme, if the switch  530 E is closed, then the electrically conductive liquid  522  will have to touch the line  526 E to form a short circuit between the line  526 E and the electrically conductive layer  524 . This corresponds to a generally horizontal arrangement of the shell  520 .  
     [0076] Thus, the switches  530 A-E can be set to select how steep an inclination from the vertical is needed to generate an indication that the patient has fallen down or may potentially be in trouble. Instead of this switch any other position switch may be used.  
     [0077] Instructions of the various software routines or modules discussed herein are stored on one or more storage devices in the corresponding systems and loaded for execution on corresponding control units or processors. The control units or processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, processor modules or subsystems (including one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers), or other control or computing devices. As used here, a “controller” refers to hardware, software, or a combination thereof. A “controller” can refer to a single component or to plural components (whether software or hardware Data and instructions (of the various software routines or modules) are stored in respective storage units, which can be implemented as one or more machine-readable storage media. The storage media include different forms of memory including semiconductor memory devices such as dynamic or static random access memories (DRAMs or SRAMs), erasable and programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable and programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs) and flash memories; magnetic disks such as fixed, floppy and removable disks; other magnetic media including tape; and optical media such as compact disks (CDs) or digital video disks (DVDs).  
     [0078] The instructions of the software routines or modules are loaded or transported to each device or system in one of many different ways. For example, code segments including instructions stored on floppy disks, CD or DVD media, a hard disk, or transported through a network interface card, modem, or other interface device are loaded into the device or system and executed as corresponding software modules or layers. In the loading or transport process, data signals that are embodied in carrier waves (transmitted over telephone lines, network lines, wireless links, cables, and the like) communicate the code segments, including instructions, to the device or system. Such carrier waves are in the form of electrical, optical, acoustical, electromagnetic, or other types of signals.  
     [0079] While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations there from. It is intended that the appended claims cover such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.