Patent Publication Number: US-10759991-B2

Title: Copolymeric stabilizing carrier fluid for nanoparticles

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT/US2016/059978, filed Nov. 2, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. Application No. 62/256,764, filed Nov. 18, 2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its/their entirety herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Quantum Dot Enhancement Films (QDEF) are used as the light source for LCD displays. Red and green quantum dots are used in QDEF with a blue LED as the light source to give the full spectrum of colors. This has the advantage of improving the color gamut over the typical LCD display and keeping the energy consumption low compared to LED displays. 
     Once the quantum dots are synthesized, they are often treated with an organic ligand that binds to the exterior surface of the quantum dot. Colloidal quantum dot nanoparticles (preferably, nanocrystals) that are stabilized with organic ligands and/or additives can have improved quantum yields due to passivating surface traps, controlling dispersion stability in carrier fluid (or solvent) or cured polymeric binder, stabilizing against aggregation and degradation, and influencing the kinetics of nanoparticle (preferably, nanocrystal) growth during synthesis. Therefore, optimizing the organic ligand and/or additive is important for achieving optimal quantum yield, processability, and functional lifetime in QDEF. 
     SUMMARY 
     Composite particles are provided that are capable of fluorescence and suitable for use in quantum dot enhancement films. 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a composite particle that includes: a fluorescent semiconductor core/shell nanoparticle (preferably, nanocrystal); and a stabilizing carrier fluid combined with the core/shell nanoparticle, the stabilizing carrier fluid comprising a (meth)acrylate copolymer having pendent phosphine, arsine or stibine groups. The stabilizing carrier fluid may serve as a carrier fluid for the composite particles for further dispersal in a polymeric binder. 
     More particularly, the (meth)acrylate copolymer has pendent groups of the formula: 
                         
wherein each R 1  is a hydrocarbyl group including alkyl, aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl;
 
R 2  is a divalent hydrocarbyl group selected from alkylene, arylene, alkarylene and aralkylene;
 
Z is P, As or Sb;
 
Q is a functional group selected from —CO 2 —, —CONR 3 —, —NH—CO—NR 3 —, and —NR 3 —, where R 3  is H or C 1 -C 4  alkyl, and subscript x is 0 or 1.
 
     In some embodiments, one of the R 1  groups may be substituted for a group of the formula —R 6 —Z(R 1 ) 2 , to yield pendent groups of the formula: 
                         
where R 6  is a divalent hydrocarbyl group selected from alkylene, arylene, alkarylene and aralkylene, and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , Z and Q are as previously defined.
 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a composite particle that includes: a fluorescent semiconductor core/shell nanoparticle (preferably, nanocrystal); and a stabilizing carrier fluid comprising a (meth)acrylate copolymer having pendent phosphine, arsine or stibine groups that is combined with, attached to, or associated with, the core/shell nanoparticle. The fluorescent semiconductor core/shell nanoparticle includes: an InP core; an inner shell overcoating the core, wherein the inner shell includes zinc selenide and zinc sulfide; and an outer shell overcoating the inner shell, wherein the outer shell includes zinc sulfide. 
     As used herein 
     “Alkyl” means a linear or branched, cyclic or acylic, saturated monovalent hydrocarbon. 
     “Alkylene” means a linear or branched unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon. 
     “Alkenyl” means a linear or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon. 
     “Aryl” means a monovalent aromatic, such as phenyl, naphthyl and the like. 
     “Arylene” means a polyvalent, aromatic, such as phenylene, naphthalene, and the like. 
     “Aralkylene” means a group defined above with an aryl group attached to the alkylene, e.g., benzyl, 1-naphthylethyl, and the like. 
     As used herein, “(hetero)hydrocarbyl” is inclusive of hydrocarbyl alkyl and aryl groups, and heterohydrocarbyl heteroalkyl and heteroaryl groups, the later comprising one or more catenary (in-chain) heteroatoms such as ether or amino groups. Heterohydrocarbyl may optionally contain one or more catenary (in-chain) functional groups including ester, amide, urea, urethane, and carbonate functional groups. Unless otherwise indicated, the non-polymeric (hetero)hydrocarbyl groups typically contain from 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Some examples of such heterohydrocarbyls as used herein include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 4-diphenylaminobutyl, 2-(2′-phenoxyethoxy)ethyl, 3,6-dioxaheptyl, 3,6-dioxahexyl-6-phenyl, in addition to those described for “alkyl”, “heteroalkyl”, and “aryl” supra. 
     The term “composite particle” as used herein refers to a nanoparticle, which is typically in the form of a core/shell nanoparticle (preferably, nanocrystal), having any associated organic coating or other material on the surface of the nanoparticle that is not removed from the surface by ordinary solvation. Such composite particles are useful as “quantum dots,” which have a tunable emission in the near ultraviolet (UV) to far infrared (IR) range as a result of the use of a semiconductor material. 
     The term “nanoparticle” refers to a particle having an average particle diameter in the range of 0.1 to 1000 nanometers such as in the range of 0.1 to 100 nanometers or in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers. The term “diameter” refers not only to the diameter of substantially spherical particles but also to the distance along the smallest axis of the structure. Suitable techniques for measuring the average particle diameter include, for example, scanning tunneling microscopy, light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. 
     A “core” of a nanoparticle is understood to mean a nanoparticle (preferably, a nanocrystal) to which no shell has been applied or to the inner portion of a core/shell nanoparticle. A core of a nanoparticle can have a homogenous composition or its composition can vary with depth inside the core. Many materials are known and used in core nanoparticles, and many methods are known in the art for applying one or more shells to a core nanoparticle. The core has a different composition than the one more shells. The core typically has a different chemical composition than the shell of the core/shell nanoparticle. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic side elevation view of an edge region of an illustrative film article including quantum dots. 
         FIG. 2  is a flow diagram of an illustrative method of forming a quantum dot film. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a display including a quantum dot article. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the white point (color) measurement system. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure provides composite particles that contain fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles that can fluoresce when excited with actinic radiation. The composite particles can be used in coatings and films for use in optical displays. 
     Fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles emit a fluorescence signal when suitably excited. They fluoresce at a second wavelength of actinic radiation when excited by a first wavelength of actinic radiation that is shorter than the second wavelength. In some embodiments, the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles can fluoresce in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when exposed to wavelengths of light in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In other embodiments, the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles can fluoresce in the infrared region when excited in the ultraviolet or visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. In still other embodiments, the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles can fluoresce in the ultraviolet region when excited in the ultraviolet region by a shorter wavelength of light, can fluoresce in the visible region when excited by a shorter wavelength of light in the visible region, or can fluoresce in the infrared region when excited by a shorter wavelength of light in the infrared region. The fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles are often capable of fluorescing in a wavelength range such as, for example, at a wavelength up to 1200 nanometers (nm), or up to 1000 nm, up to 900 nm, or up to 800 nm. For example, the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles are often capable of fluorescence in the range of 400 to 800 nanometers. 
     The nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of at least 0.1 nanometer (nm), or at least 0.5 nm, or at least 1 nm. The nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of up to 1000 nm, or up to 500 nm, or up to 200 nm, or up to 100 nm, or up to 50 nm, or up to 20 nm, or up to 10 nm. Semiconductor nanoparticles, particularly with sizes on the scale of 1-10 nm, have emerged as a category of the most promising advanced materials for cutting-edge technologies. 
     Semiconductor materials include elements or complexes of Group 2-Group 16, Group 12-Group 16, Group 13-Group 15, Group 14-Group 16, and Group 14 semiconductors of the Periodic Table (using the modern group numbering system of 1-18). Some suitable quantum dots include a metal phosphide, a metal selenide, a metal telluride, or a metal sulfide. Exemplary semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to, Si, Ge, Sn, BN, BP, BAs, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, BeS, BeSe, BeTe, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, Pb Se, PbTe, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, Si 3 N 4 , Ge 3 N 4 , Al 2 O 3 , (Ga,In) 2 (S,Se,Te) 3 , Al 2 CO, CaS, CaSe, CaTe, SrS, SrSe, SrTe, BaS, BaSe, BaTe, and an appropriate combination of two or more such semiconductors. These semiconductor materials can be used for the core, the one or more shell layers, or both. 
     In certain embodiments, exemplary metal phosphide quantum dots include indium phosphide and gallium phosphide, exemplary metal selenide quantum dots include cadmium selenide, lead selenide, and zinc selenide, exemplary metal sulfide quantum dots include cadmium sulfide, lead sulfide, and zinc sulfide, and exemplary metal telluride quantum dots include cadmium telluride, lead telluride, and zinc telluride. Other suitable quantum dots include gallium arsenide and indium gallium phosphide. Exemplary semiconductor materials are commercially available from Evident Thermoelectrics (Troy, N.Y.), and from Nanosys Inc., Milpitas, Calif. 
     Nanocrystals (or other nanostructures) for use in the present invention can be produced using any method known to those skilled in the art. Suitable methods are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/796,832, filed Mar. 10, 2004, U.S. Pat. No. 6,949,206 (Whiteford) and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/578,236, filed Jun. 8, 2004, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. The nanocrystals (or other nanostructures) for use in the present invention can be produced from any suitable material, suitably an inorganic material, and more suitably an inorganic conductive or semiconductive material. Suitable semiconductor materials include those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/796,832 and include any type of semiconductor, including group II-VI, group III-V, group IV-VI and group IV semiconductors. 
     Suitable semiconductor materials include, but are not limited to, Si, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, B, C (including diamond), P, BN, BP, BAs, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, AlN, AlP, As, AlSb, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, BeS, BeSe, BeTe, MgS, MgSe, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, Si 3 N 4 , Ge 3 N 4 , Al 2 O 3 , (Ga, In) 2 (S, Se, Te) 3 , Al 2 CO 3  and an appropriate combination of two or more such semiconductors. 
     In certain aspects, the semiconductor nanocrystals or other nanostructures may comprise a dopant from the group consisting of: a p-type dopant or an n-type dopant. The nanocrystals (or other nanostructures) useful in the present invention can also comprise Group 12-Group 16 or Group 13-Group 15 semiconductors. Examples of Group 12-Group 16 or Group 13-Group 15 semiconductor nanocrystals and nanostructures include any combination of an element from Group 12, such as Zn, Cd and Hg, with any element from Group 16, such as S, Se, Te, Po, of the Periodic Table; and any combination of an element from Group 13, such as B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl, with any element from Group 15, such as N, P, As, Sb and Bi, of the Periodic Table. 
     Other suitable inorganic nanostructures include metal nanostructures. Suitable metals include, but are not limited to, Ru, Pd, Pt, Ni, W, Ta, Co, Mo, Ir, Re, Rh, Hf, Nb, Au, Ag, Ti, Sn, Zn, Fe, FePt, and the like. 
     While any known method can be used to create nanocrystal phosphors, suitably, a solution-phase colloidal method for controlled growth of inorganic nanomaterial phosphors is used. See Alivisatos, A. P., “Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots,” Science 271:933 (1996); X. Peng, M. Schlamp, A. Kadavanich, A. P. Alivisatos, “Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 30:7019-7029 (1997); and C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, M. G. Bawendi, “Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:8706 (1993). This manufacturing process technology leverages low cost proccessability without the need for clean rooms and expensive manufacturing equipment. In these methods, metal precursors that undergo pyrolysis at high temperature are rapidly injected into a hot solution of organic surfactant molecules. These precursors break apart at elevated temperatures and react to nucleate nanocrystals. After this initial nucleation phase, a growth phase begins by the addition of monomers to the growing crystal. The result is freestanding crystalline nanoparticles in solution that have an organic surfactant molecule coating their surface. 
     Utilizing this approach, synthesis occurs as an initial nucleation event that takes place over seconds, followed by crystal growth at elevated temperature for several minutes. Parameters such as the temperature, types of surfactants present, precursor materials, and ratios of surfactants to monomers can be modified so as to change the nature and progress of the reaction. The temperature controls the structural phase of the nucleation event, rate of decomposition of precursors, and rate of growth. The organic surfactant molecules mediate both solubility and control of the nanocrystal shape. 
     In semiconductor nanocrystals, photo-induced emission arises from the band edge states of the nanocrystal. The band-edge emission from nanocrystals competes with radiative and non-radiative decay channels originating from surface electronic states. X. Peng, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 30:7019-7029 (1997). As a result, the presence of surface defects such as dangling bonds provide non-radiative recombination centers and contribute to lowered emission efficiency. An efficient and permanent method to passivate and remove the surface trap states is to epitaxially grow an inorganic shell material on the surface of the nanocrystal. X. Peng, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 30:7019-7029 (1997). The shell material can be chosen such that the electronic levels are type I with respect to the core material (e.g., with a larger bandgap to provide a potential step localizing the electron and hole to the core). As a result, the probability of non-radiative recombination can be reduced. 
     Core-shell structures are obtained by adding organometallic precursors containing the shell materials to a reaction mixture containing the core nanocrystal. In this case, rather than a nucleation-event followed by growth, the cores act as the nuclei, and the shells grow from their surface. The temperature of the reaction is kept low to favor the addition of shell material monomers to the core surface, while preventing independent nucleation of nanocrystals of the shell materials. Surfactants in the reaction mixture are present to direct the controlled growth of shell material and ensure solubility. A uniform and epitaxially grown shell is obtained when there is a low lattice mismatch between the two materials. Additionally, the spherical shape acts to minimize interfacial strain energy from the large radius of curvature, thereby preventing the formation of dislocations that could degrade the optical properties of the nanocrystal system. 
     In suitable embodiments, ZnS can be used as the shell material using known synthetic processes, resulting in a high-quality emission. As above, if necessary, this material can be easily substituted, e.g., if the core material is modified. Additional exemplary core and shell materials are described herein and/or known in the art. 
     For many applications of quantum dots, two factors are typically considered in selecting a material. The first factor is the ability to absorb and emit visible light. This consideration makes InP a highly desirable base material. The second factor is the material&#39;s photoluminescence efficiency (quantum yield). Generally, Group 12-16 quantum dots (such as cadmium selenide) have higher quantum yield than Group 13-15 quantum dots (such as InP). The quantum yield of InP cores produced previously has been very low (&lt;1%), and therefore the production of a core/shell structure with InP as the core and another semiconductor compound with higher bandgap (e.g., ZnS) as the shell has been pursued in attempts to improve the quantum yield. 
     Thus, the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (i.e., quantum dots) of the present disclosure include a core and a shell at least partially surrounding the core. The core/shell nanoparticles can have two distinct layers, a semiconductor or metallic core and a shell surrounding the core of an insulating or semiconductor material. The core often contains a first semiconductor material and the shell often contains a second semiconductor material that is different than the first semiconductor material. For example, a first Group 12-16 (e.g., CdSe) semiconductor material can be present in the core and a second Group 12-16 (e.g., ZnS) semiconductor material can be present in the shell. 
     In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the core includes a metal phosphide (e.g., indium phosphide (InP), gallium phosphide (GaP), aluminum phosphide (AlP)), a metal selenide (e.g., cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc selenide (ZnSe), magnesium selenide (MgSe)), or a metal telluride (e.g., cadmium telluride (CdTe), zinc telluride (ZnTe)). In certain embodiments, the core includes a metal phosphide (e.g., indium phosphide) or a metal selenide (e.g., cadmium selenide). In certain preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the core includes a metal phosphide (e.g., indium phosphide). 
     The shell can be a single layer or multilayered. In some embodiments, the shell is a multilayered shell. The shell can include any of the core materials described herein. In certain embodiments, the shell material can be a semiconductor material having a higher bandgap energy than the semiconductor core. In other embodiments, suitable shell materials can have good conduction and valence band offset with respect to the semiconductor core, and in some embodiments, the conduction band can be higher and the valence band can be lower than those of the core. For example, in certain embodiments, semiconductor cores that emit energy in the visible region such as, for example, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnSe, ZnTe, GaP, InP, or GaAs, or near IR region such as, for example, InP, InAs, InSb, PbS, or PbSe may be coated with a shell material having a bandgap energy in the ultraviolet regions such as, for example, ZnS, GaN, and magnesium chalcogenides such as MgS, MgSe, and MgTe. In other embodiments, semiconductor cores that emit in the near IR region can be coated with a material having a bandgap energy in the visible region such as CdS or ZnSe. 
     Formation of the core/shell nanoparticles may be carried out by a variety of methods. Suitable core and shell precursors useful for preparing semiconductor cores are known in the art and can include Group 2 elements, Group 12 elements, Group 13 elements, Group 14 elements, Group 15 elements, Group 16 elements, and salt forms thereof. For example, a first precursor may include metal salt (M+X−) including a metal atom (M+) such as, for example, Zn, Cd, Hg, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ga, In, Al, Pb, Ge, Si, or in salts and a counter ion (X−), or organometallic species such as, for example, dialkyl metal complexes. The preparation of a coated semiconductor nanocrystal core and core/shell nanocrystals can be found in, for example, Dabbousi et al. (1997)  J. Phys. Chem. B  101:9463, Hines et al. (1996)  J. Phys. Chem.  100: 468-471, and Peng et al. (1997)  J. Amer. Chem. Soc.  119:7019-7029, as well as in U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,412 (Liu et al.) and International Publication No. WO 2010/039897 (Tulsky et al.). 
     In certain preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the shell includes a metal sulfide (e.g., zinc sulfide or cadmium sulfide). In certain embodiments, the shell includes a zinc-containing compound (e.g., zinc sulfide or zinc selenide). In certain embodiments, a multilayered shell includes an inner shell overcoating the core, wherein the inner shell includes zinc selenide and zinc sulfide. In certain embodiments, a multilayered shell includes an outer shell overcoating the inner shell, wherein the outer shell includes zinc sulfide. 
     In some embodiments, the core of the shell/core nanoparticle contains a metal phosphide such as indium phosphide, gallium phosphide, or aluminum phosphide. The shell contains zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, or a combination thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the core contains indium phosphide and the shell is multilayered with the inner shell containing both zinc selenide and zinc sulfide and the outer shell containing zinc sulfide. 
     The thickness of the shell(s) may vary among embodiments and can affect fluorescence wavelength, quantum yield, fluorescence stability, and other photostability characteristics of the nanocrystal. The skilled artisan can select the appropriate thickness to achieve desired properties and may modify the method of making the core/shell nanoparticles to achieve the appropriate thickness of the shell(s). 
     The diameter of the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles (i.e., quantum dots) of the present disclosure can affect the fluorescence wavelength. The diameter of the quantum dot is often directly related to the fluorescence wavelength. For example, cadmium selenide quantum dots having an average particle diameter of about 2 to 3 nanometers tend to fluoresce in the blue or green regions of the visible spectrum while cadmium selenide quantum dots having an average particle diameter of about 8 to 10 nanometers tend to fluoresce in the red region of the visible spectrum. 
     Since InP may be purified by bonding with dodecylsuccinic acid (DDSA) and lauric acid (LA) first, following by precipitation from ethanol, the precipitated quantum dots may have some of the acid functional ligands attached thereto, prior to dispersing in the fluid carrier. Similarly, CdSe quantum dots may be functionalized with amine-functional ligands as result of their preparation, prior to functionalization with the instant ligands. As result, the quantum dots may be functionalized with those surface modifying additives or ligands resulting from the original synthesis of the nanoparticles. 
     As result, the quantum dots may be surface modified with ligands of Formula III:
 
R 5 —R 12 (X) n   III
 
wherein
 
R 5  is (hetero)hydrocarbyl group having C 2  to C 30  carbon atoms;
 
R 12  is a hydrocarbyl group including alkylene, arylene, alkarylene and aralkylene;
 
n is at least one;
 
X is a ligand group, including —CO 2 H, —SO 3 H, —P(O)(OH) 2 , —OP(O)(OH), —OH and —NH 2 .
 
     Such additional surface modifying ligands may be added when the functionalizing with the stabilizing carrier fluids of Formulas I or II, or may be attached to the nanoparticles as result of the synthesis. Such additional surface modifying agents are present in amounts less than or equal to the weight of the instant stabilizing carrier fluids, preferably 10 wt. % or less, relative to the amount of the ligands. 
     Various methods can be used to surface modify the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles with the ligand compounds. In some embodiments, procedures similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,160,613 (Bawendi et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,412 (Liu et al.) can be used to add the surface modifying agent. For example, the ligand compound and the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles can be heated at an elevated temperature (e.g., at least 50° C., at least 60° C., at least 80° C., or at least 90° C.) for an extended period of time (e.g., at least 1 hour, at least 5 hours, at least 10 hours, at least 15 hours, or at least 20 hours). 
     If desired, any by-product of the synthesis process or any solvent used in surface-modification process can be removed, for example, by distillation, rotary evaporation, or by precipitation of the nanoparticles and centrifugation of the mixture followed by decanting the liquid and leaving behind the surface-modified nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the surface-modified fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles are dried to a powder after surface-modification. In other embodiments, the solvent used for the surface modification is compatible (i.e., miscible) with any carrier fluids used in compositions in which the nanoparticles are included. In these embodiments, at least a portion of the solvent used for the surface-modification reaction can be included in the carrier fluid in which the surface-modified, fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles are dispersed. 
     The fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles are stabilized using a (meth)acrylate copolymer having pendent phosphine, stibine or arsine groups. More particularly, the copolymeric stabilizing carrier fluid is of the formula:
 
˜[M ester ] a -[M stab ] b -[M sil ] c -[M acid ] d -[M other ] e ˜,  IV
 
where
 
[M ester ] represents (meth)acrylate ester monomer units having subscript a parts by weight;
 
[M stab ] represents monomer units having pendent phosphine, arsine or stibine groups and subscript b parts by weight;
 
[M sil ] represents silyl-functional monomer units having subscript c parts by weight;
 
[M acid ] represents acid-functional monomer units having subscript d parts by weight; and
 
[M other ] represents other monomer units having subscript e parts by weight.
 
     The copolymer may be a random or block copolymer, and the subscript parts by weight may be normalized to 100 wt. % total monomer. 
     The monomer units represented by M stab  may derived from monomers of the formula: 
                         
wherein
 
wherein each R 1  is a hydrocarbyl group including alkyl, aryl, alkaryl and aralkyl;
 
R 2  is a divalent hydrocarbyl group selected from alkylene, arylene, alkarylene and aralkylene;
 
Z is P, As or Sb;
 
Q is a functional group selected from —CO 2 —, —CONR 3 —, —NH—CO—NR 3 —, and —NR 3 —, and each R 3  is independently H or C 1 -C 4  alkyl, and subscript x is 0 or 1. As previously described, one of the R 1  groups may be substituted for a groups of the formula —R 6 —Z(R 1 ) 2 . Preferably at least one of the R 1  groups is an aryl group, and more preferably both of the R 1  groups are aryl groups. In some preferred embodiments R 2  comprises are aryl group, an alkaryl group or an aralkyl group.
 
     The monomer units represented by M stab  comprises 1-10 parts by weight, preferably 1-5 parts by weight of the copolymer (subscript b). 
     The copolymeric stabilizing carrier fluid comprises, in part, a (meth)acrylate ester monomer, represented by M ester  in Formula IV. Useful acrylic ester monomers include those (meth)acrylic ester of a non-tertiary alcohol, which alcohol contains from 1 to 30 carbon atoms and preferably an average of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms. A mixture of such monomers may be used. 
     Examples of monomers suitable for use as the (meth)acrylate ester monomer include the esters of either acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with non-tertiary alcohols such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexanol, 3-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, isooctylalcohol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 1-decanol, 2-propylheptanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tridecanol, 1-tetradecanol, citronellol, dihydrocitronellol, and the like. In some embodiments, the preferred (meth)acrylate ester monomer is the ester of (meth)acrylic acid with 2-ethylhexyl, butyl or isooctyl alcohol, or a combination thereof, although combinations of two or more different (meth)acrylate ester monomer are suitable. 
     The copolymeric stabilizing carrier fluid will generally comprise 20-90 parts by weight, preferably 25-60 parts by weight of M ester  monomer units (subscript a), 
     The copolymeric stabilizing carrier fluid optionally contains silane monomers [M Silane ] including those with the following formula:
 
A-R 8 —[Si—(R 9 ) 3 ] q  
 
wherein:
 
A is an ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable group, including vinyl, allyl, vinyloxy, allyloxy, and (meth)acryloyl, preferably (meth)acrylate;
 
R 8  is a covalent bond or a divalent (hetero)hydrocarbyl group, q is at least one, preferably greater than 1, more preferably 3;
 
R 9  is a monovalent alkyl, aryl or a trialkylsilyloxy group, q is 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1.
 
     In one embodiment R 8  is a di- or polyvalent hydrocarbon bridging group of about 1 to 20 carbon atoms, including alkylene and arylene and combinations thereof, optionally including in the backbone 1 to 5 moieties selected from the group consisting of —O—, —C(O)—, —S—, —SO 2 — and —NR 1 — groups (and combinations thereof such as —C(O)—O—), wherein R 1  is hydrogen, or a C 1 -C 4  alkyl group. Preferably, R 8  is a divalent alkylene. 
     Useful silane monomers include, for example, 3-(methacryloyloxy) propyltrimethylsilane, 3-acryloxypropyltrimethylsilane, 3-acryloyloxypropyltriethylsilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyltriethylsilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propylmethyldimethylsilane, 3-(acryloyloxypropyl)methyldimethylsilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyldimethylethylsilane, 3-(methacryloyloxy) propyldiethylethylsilane, vinyldimethylethylsilane, vinylmethyldiethylsilane, vinyltriethylsilane, vinyltriisopropylsilane, vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyltriphenylsilane, vinyltri-t-butylsilane, vinyltris-isobutylsilane, vinyltriisopropenylsilane, vinyltris(2-methylethyl)silane, 3-(methacryloyloxy)propyl-tris-trimethylsilyl silane and mixtures thereof. 
     In other useful embodiments, the silane-functional monomer may be selected from silane functional macromers, such as those disclosed in US 2007/0054133 (Sherman et al.) and US 2013/0224373 (Jariwala et al.), incorporated herein by reference and those silicone macromers obtained from Gelest, such as methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. 
     The preparation of silane macromonomer and subsequent co-polymerization with vinyl monomer have been described in several papers by Y. Yamashita et al., Polymer J. 14, 913 (1982); ACS Polymer Preprints 25 (1), 245 (1984); Makromol. Chem. 185, 9 (1984), and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,786,116 and 3,842,059 (Milkovich et al.). This method of macromonomer preparation involves the anionic polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane monomer to form living polymer of controlled molecular weight, and termination is achieved via chlorosilane compounds containing a polymerizable vinyl group. Free radical co-polymerization of the monofunctional siloxane macromonomer with vinyl monomer such as methyl methacrylate or styrene provides siloxane grafted co-polymer of well-defined structure, i.e., controlled length and number of grafted siloxane branches. Such macromers include poly(3-methacryloyloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (TRIS)-co-methyl methacrylate-co-isooctyl acrylate. 
     The optional silane monomers [M Sil ] are used in amounts of 0 to 70, preferably 1-50, parts by weight, (subscript c) relative to 100 parts by weight total monomer. Such optional silane monomers are used to promote phase separation from the curable binder to achieve optimized optical performance. 
     The copolymer comprises an optional electron donor functional acrylate monomer, where the electron donor may be the acid functional group, where the acid functional group may be an acid per se, such as a carboxylic acid, or a portion may be salt thereof, such as an alkali metal carboxylate. Useful acid functional monomers include, but are not limited to, those selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids, ethylenically unsaturated phosphonic acids, and mixtures thereof. Examples of such compounds include those selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl succinic acid, 2-acryloyloxyethyl succinic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, citraconic acid, maleic acid, oleic acid, β-carboxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate, styrene sulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof. 
     Due to their availability, acid functional monomers of the acid functional copolymer are generally selected from ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, i.e. (meth)acrylic acids. When even stronger acids are desired, acidic monomers include the ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids and ethylenically unsaturated phosphonic acids. 
     The optional (meth)acrylic acid may be used in amounts such that subscript d is 0 to 15 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight. 
     The copolymer may further comprise a vinyl monomer, designated as M other  in Formula IV. When used, vinyl monomers useful in the (meth)acrylate copolymer include vinyl esters (e.g., vinyl acetate and vinyl propionate), styrene, substituted styrene (e.g., α-methyl styrene), vinyl halide, and mixtures thereof. As used herein vinyl monomers are exclusive of the other recited monomers of Formula IV. Such vinyl monomers are generally used at 0 to 5 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight total monomer. 
     In some embodiments, the composite particles may further comprises a secondary stabilizing additives of the formula: 
                         
wherein R 1  is a hydrocarbyl group, including aryl, alkaryl, alkyl or aralkyl, preferably at least one of R 1  is aryl or alkaryl, more preferably at least two are aryl or alkaryl; R 2  is R 1  when a is one and a C 1 -C 10  divalent alkylene when a is 2; Z is P, As or Sb. Reference may be made to U.S. 62/234,066, incorporated herein by reference. Such secondary stabilizing additives may be used in amounts up to an equal weight of the stabilizing carrier fluid of Formulas I and II.
 
     The copolymer may be synthesized by radical, anionic or cationic polymerization of the monomers comprising the crystalline monomer and the amorphous monomer, although synthesis by radical polymerization is preferred for ease of reaction with a greater variety of usable monomers. The initiator for the radical polymerization may be a thermal initiator which generates radicals by heat, or a photoinitiator which generates radicals by light. The degree of conversion (of monomers to copolymer) can be monitored during the irradiation by measuring the index of refraction of the polymerizing mixture. 
     Solventless polymerization methods, such as the continuous free radical polymerization method described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,619,979 and 4,843,134 (Kotnour et al.); the essentially adiabatic polymerization methods using a batch reactor described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,646 (Ellis); and, the methods described for polymerizing packaged pre-adhesive compositions described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,610 (Hamer et al.) may also be utilized to prepare the polymers. Preferably, the copolymeric stabilizer is prepared by the adiabatic batch polymerization process wherein the total of the absolute value of any energy exchanged to or from the batch during the course of reaction will be less than about 15% of the total energy liberated due to reaction for the corresponding amount of polymerization that has occurred during the time that polymerization has occurred, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,646 (Ellis), incorporated herein by reference. 
     Examples of thermal initiators which may be used include azo compounds such as 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile), 1,1′-azobis(1-cyclohexane-1-carbonylnitrile) and dimethyl-2,2′-azoisobutyrate, as well as peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide and t-butyl peroxypivalate. Examples of photoinitiators which may be used include benzoin ethers such as benzoin methyl ether and benzoin butyl ether, acetophenone derivatives such as 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone and 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone, and acylphosphine oxide and acylphosphonate derivatives such as diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphine oxide, isopropoxy(phenyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphine oxide and dimethylpivaloylphosphonate. 
     A chain transfer agent may also be used during synthesis of the copolymer to control the molecular weight. Chain transfer agents which may be used are mercapto compounds such as dodecylmercaptan and halogen compounds such as carbon tetrabromide. For simplicity, the copolymeric copolymers illustrated herein do not the residue of the chain transfer agent. 
     In some embodiments, multifunctional chain transfer agents having two or more functional groups can be used to produce compounds having two or more copolymeric groups. Examples of multi-functional chain transfer agents include trimethylolpropane tris(2-mercaptoacetate), trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate), pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), ethylene glycol bis(3-mercaptopropionate), dipentaerythritol hexakis(3-mercaptopropionate), 1,4-butanediol bis(3-mercaptopropionate), tris[2-(3-mercaptopropionyloxy)ethyl]isocyanureate, tetraethylene glycol bis(3-mercaptopropionate), ethylene glycol bisthioglycolate, trimethylolethane trithioglycolate, 1,4-butanediol bis-mercaptoacetate, and glyceryl thioglycolate, or combinations of these materials. The multi-functional chain transfer agents can also be derived from an α,ω-mercaptoalkane or α,ω-allyl alkane as known in the art and include 1, 10-dimercaptodecane, 1, 14-dimercapto tetradecane, 1,10-diallyl decane. Other chain transfer agents comprise α,ω-halogen substituted alkanes such as α,α,α,ω,ω,ω-hexabromodecane. Reference may be made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,804 and 6,201,099 (Peterson et al.) incorporated herein by reference. 
     The weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the copolymer is generally 1000-200,000, preferably 1,500-100,000, more preferably 1,500-60,000, and most preferably 2,000-30,000. 
     The stabilizing carrier fluids of Formulas I and II may function, at least in part, to reduce the number of aggregated fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles within the dispersion composition. The formation of aggregated fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles can alter the fluorescent characteristics or quantum efficiency of the dispersion composition. 
     Composite nanoparticles (i.e., fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles combined with the stabilizing carrier fluids) can be used in conventional electronics, semiconductor devices, electrical systems, optical systems, consumer electronics, industrial or military electronics, and nanocrystal, nanowire (NW), nanorod, nanotube, sensing applications, and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting applications and nanoribbon technologies. 
     The stabilized nanoparticles comprising the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles and stabilizing carrier fluid may be dispersed in a solution that contains (a) the copolymeric stabilizing carrier fluid of Formulas I or II, (b) an optional secondary carrier fluid and (c) a polymeric binder, a precursor of the polymeric binder, or combinations thereof. The stabilized nanoparticles may be dispersed in the stabilizing carrier fluid, the optional secondary polymeric or non-polymeric carrier fluid, which is then dispersed in the polymeric binder, forming droplets of the nanoparticles in the carrier fluid, which in turn are dispersed in the polymeric binder. 
     The secondary carrier fluids are typically selected to be compatible (i.e., miscible) with the stabilizing carrier fluid and optional surface modifying ligand of the fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles. 
     Suitable secondary carrier fluids include, but are not limited to, aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., toluene, benzene, or xylene), aliphatic hydrocarbons such as alkanes (e.g., cyclohexane, heptane, hexane, or octane), alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or butanol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, or cyclohexanone), aldehydes, amines, amides, esters (e.g., amyl acetate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or methoxypropyl acetate), glycols (e.g., ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, or glycol ethers such as those commercially available from Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich. under the trade designation DOWANOL), ethers (e.g., diethyl ether), dimethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylsulfone, halocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, or hydrofluoroethers), or combinations thereof. Preferred carrier fluids include aromatic hydrocarbons (for e.g., toluene), aliphatic hydrocarbons such as alkanes. 
     The optional secondary non-polymeric carrier fluids are inert, liquid at 25° C. and have a boiling point ≥100° C., preferably ≥150° C.; and can be one or a mixture of liquid compounds. Higher boiling points are preferred so that the carrier fluids remain when organic solvents used in the preparation are removed. 
     In some embodiments the secondary carrier fluid is an oligomeric or polymeric carrier fluid. The polymeric carriers provide a medium of intermediate viscosity that is desirable for further processing of the additive in combination with the fluorescent nanoparticle into a thin film. The polymeric carrier is preferably selected to form a homogenous dispersion with the additive combined fluorescent nanoparticle, but preferably incompatible with the curable polymeric binders. The polymeric carriers are liquid at 25° C. and include polysiloxanes, such a polydimethylsiloxane, liquid fluorinated polymers, including perfluoropolyethers, (poly(acrylates), polyethers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), and poly(butylene glycol). A preferred polymeric polysiloxane is polydimethylsiloxane. 
     The polymeric binders or resins desirably provide barrier properties to exclude oxygen and moisture when cured. If water and/or oxygen enter the quantum dot article, the quantum dots can degrade and ultimately fail to emit light when excited by ultraviolet or blue light irradiation. Slowing or eliminating quantum dot degradation along the laminate edges is particularly important to extend the service life of the displays in smaller electronic devices such as those utilized in, for example, handheld devices and tablets. 
     Exemplary polymeric binders include, but are not limited to, polysiloxanes, fluoroelastomers, polyamides, polyimides, polycarolactones, polycaprolactams, polyurethanes, polyethers, polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinyl acetates, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyacrylamides, and polymethacrylamides. 
     Suitable precursors of the polymeric binder or resin include any precursor materials used to prepare the polymeric materials listed above. Exemplary precursor materials include acrylates that can be polymerized to polyacrylates, methacrylates that can be polymerized to form polymethacrylates, acrylamides that can be polymerized to form polyacrylamides, methacrylamides that can be polymerized to form polymethacrylamides, epoxy resins and dicarboxylic acids that can be polymerized to form polyesters, diepoxides that can be polymerized to form polyethers, isocyanates and polyols that can be polymerized to form polyurethanes, or polyols and dicarboxylic acids that can be polymerized to form polyesters. 
     In some embodiments, such as CdSe, the polymeric binder is a thermally curable epoxy-amine composition optionally further comprising a radiation-curable acrylate as described in Applicant&#39;s copending WO 2015095296 (Eckert et al.); Thiol-epoxy resins as described in U.S. 62/148,219 (Qiu et al., filed 16 Apr. 2015), thiol-alkene-epoxy resins as described in U.S. 62/148,212 (Qui et al. filed 16 Apr. 2015); thiol-alkene resins as described in U.S. 62/080,488 (Qui et al., filed 17 Nov. 2014), and thiol silicones as described in U.S. 61/950,281 (Qiu et al., filed 10 Mar. 2014). 
     In some preferred embodiments the polymeric binder is a radiation curable oligomer having the general formula
 
R Olig -(L 1 -Z 1 ) d , wherein
 
R Olig  groups include urethanes, polyurethanes, esters, polyesters, polyethers, polyolefins, polybutadienes and epoxies;
 
L 1  is a linking group;
 
Z 1  is a pendent, free-radically polymerizable group such as (meth)acryloyl, vinyl or alkynyl and is preferably a (meth)acrylate, and
 
d is greater than 1, preferably at least 2.
 
     The linking group L 1  between the oligomer segment and ethylenically unsaturated end group includes a divalent or higher valency group selected from an alkylene, arylene, heteroalkylene, or combinations thereof and an optional divalent group selected from carbonyl, ester, amide, sulfonamide, or combinations thereof. L 1  can be unsubstituted or substituted with an alkyl, aryl, halo, or combinations thereof. The L 1  group typically has no more than 30 carbon atoms. In some compounds, the L 1  group has no more than 20 carbon atoms, no more than 10 carbon atoms, no more than 6 carbon atoms, or no more than 4 carbon atoms. For example, L 1  can be an alkylene, an alkylene substituted with an aryl group, or an alkylene in combination with an arylene or an alkyl ether or alkyl thioether linking group. 
     The pendent, free radically polymerizable functional groups Z 1  may be selected from the group consisting of vinyl, vinyl ether, ethynyl, and (meth)acyroyl which includes acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide and methacrylamide groups. 
     The oligomeric group R olig  may be selected from poly(meth)acrylate, polyurethane, polyepoxide, polyester, polyether, polysulfide, polybutadiene, hydrogenated polyolefins (including hydrogenated polybutadienes, isoprenes and ethylene/propylene copolymers, and polycarbonate oligomeric chains. 
     As used herein, “(meth)acrylated oligomer” means a polymer molecule having at least two pendent (meth)acryloyl groups and a weight average molecular weight (M w ) as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography of at least 1,000 g/mole and typically less than 50,000 g/mole. 
     (Meth)acryloyl epoxy oligomers are multifunctional (meth)acrylate esters and amides of epoxy resins, such as the (meth)acrylated esters of bisphenol-A epoxy resin. Examples of commercially available (meth)acrylated epoxies include those known by the trade designations EBECRYL 600 (bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate of 525 molecular weight), EBECRYL 605 (EBECRYL 600 with 25% tripropylene glycol diacrylate), EBECRYL 3700 (bisphenol-A diacrylate of 524 molecular weight) and EBECRYL 3720H (bisphenol A diacrylate of 524 molecular weight with 20% hexanediol diacrylate) available from Cytec Industries, Inc., Woodland Park, N.J.; and PHOTOMER 3016 (bisphenol A epoxy acrylate), PHOTOMER 3016-40R (epoxy acrylate and 40% tripropylene glycol diacrylate blend), and PHOTOMER 3072 (modified bisphenol A acrylate, etc.) available from BASF Corp., Cincinnati, Ohio, and Ebecryl 3708 (modified bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate) available from Cytec Industries, Inc., Woodland Park, N.J. 
     (Meth)acrylated urethanes are multifunctional (meth)acrylate esters of hydroxy terminated isocyanate extended polyols, polyesters or polyethers. (Meth)acrylated urethane oligomers can be synthesized, for example, by reacting a diisocyanate or other polyvalent isocyanate compound with a polyvalent polyol (including polyether and polyester polyols) to yield an isocyanate terminated urethane prepolymer. A polyester polyol can be formed by reacting a polybasic acid (e.g., terephthalic acid or maleic acid) with a polyhydric alcohol (e.g., ethylene glycol or 1,6-hexanediol). A polyether polyol useful for making the acrylate functionalized urethane oligomer can be chosen from, for example, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran), poly(3-methyl-tetrahydrofuran) and the like. Alternatively, the polyol linkage of an acrylated urethane oligomer can be a polycarbonate polyol. 
     Subsequently, (meth)acrylates having a hydroxyl group can then be reacted with the terminal isocyanate groups of the prepolymer. Both aromatic and the preferred aliphatic isocyanates can be used to react with the urethane to obtain the oligomer. Examples of diisocyanates useful for making the (meth)acrylated oligomers are 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 1,3-xylylene diisocyanate, 1,4-xylylene diisocyanate, 1,6-hexane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and the like. Examples of hydroxy terminated acrylates useful for making the acrylated oligomers include, but are not limited to, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, α-hydroxybutyl acrylate, polyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate and the like. 
     A (meth)acrylated urethane oligomer can be, for example, any urethane oligomer having at least two acrylate functionalities and generally less than about six functionalities. Suitable (meth)acrylated urethane oligomers are also commercially available such as, for example, those known by the trade designations PHOTOMER 6008, 6019, 6184 (aliphatic urethane triacrylates) available from Henkel Corp.; EBECRYL 220 (hexafunctional aromatic urethane acrylate of 1000 molecular weight), EBECRYL 284 (aliphatic urethane diacrylate of 1200 molecular weight diluted with 12% of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate), EBECRYL 4830 (aliphatic urethane diacrylate of 1200 molecular weight diluted with 10% of tetraethylene glycol diacrylate), and EBECRYL 6602 (trifunctional aromatic urethane acrylate of 1300 molecular weight diluted with 40% of trimethylolpropane ethoxy triacrylate), available from UCB Chemical; and SARTOMER CN1963, 963E75, 945A60, 963B80, 968, and 983) available from Sartomer Co., Exton, Pa. 
     Properties of these materials may be varied depending upon selection of the type of isocyanate, the type of polyol modifier, the reactive functionality and molecular weight. Diisocyanates are widely used in urethane acrylate synthesis and can be divided into aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates. Aromatic diisocyanates are used for manufacture of aromatic urethane acrylates which have significantly lower cost than aliphatic urethane acrylates but tend to noticeably yellow on white or light colored substrates. Aliphatic urethane acrylates include aliphatic diisocyanates that exhibit slightly more flexibility than aromatic urethane acrylates that include the same functionality, a similar polyol modifier and at similar molecular weight. 
     The curable composition may comprise a functionalized poly(meth)acrylate oligomer, which may be obtained from the reaction product of: (a) from 50 to 99 parts by weight of (meth)acrylate ester monomer units that are homo- or co-polymerizable to a polymer (b) from 1 to 50 parts by weight of monomer units having a pendent, free-radically polymerizable functional group. Examples of such materials are available from Lucite International (Cordova, Tenn.) under the trade designations of Elvacite 1010, Elvacite 4026, and Elvacite 4059. 
     The (meth)acrylated poly(meth)acrylate oligomer may comprise a blend of an acrylic or hydrocarbon polymer with multifunctional (meth)acrylate diluents. Suitable polymer/diluent blends include, for example, commercially available products such as EBECRYL 303, 745 and 1710 all of which are available from Cytec Industries, Inc., Woodland Park, N.J. 
     The curable composition may comprise a (meth)acrylated polybutadiene oligomer, which may be obtained from a carboxyl- or hydroxyl-functionalized polybutadiene. By carboxyl or hydroxy functionalised polybutadiene is meant to designate a polybutadiene comprising free —OH or —COOH groups. Carboxyl functionalized polybutadienes are known, they have for example been described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,705,208 (Nakamuta et al.) and are commercially available under the trade name of Nisso PB C-1000 (Nisso America, New York, N.Y.). Carboxyl functionalized polybutadienes can also be obtained by the reaction of a hydroxyl functionalized polybutadiene (that is a polybutadiene having free hydroxyl groups) with a cyclic anhydride such as for example has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,433 (Boeckeler), U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,434 (Klinger) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,835 (Mirle). 
     Carboxyl and hydroxyl functionalized polybutadienes suitable for being used in the process according to the present invention contain besides the carboxyl and/or hydroxyl groups, units derived from the polymerization of butadiene. The polybutadiene (PDB) generally comprises 1-4 cis units/1-4 trans units/1-2 units in a ratio a/b/c where a, b and c range from 0 to 1 with a+b+c=1. The number average molecular weight (M n ) of the functionalized polybutadiene is preferably from 200 to 10000 Da. The M n  is more preferably at least 1000. The M n  more preferably does not exceed 5000 Da. The —COOH or —OH functionality is generally from 1.5 to 9, preferably from 1.8 to 6. 
     Exemplary hydroxyl and carboxyl polybutadienes include without limitation Poly BD R-20LM (hydroxyl functionalized PDB, a=0.2, b=0.6, c=0.2, M n  1230) and Poly BD R45-HT (hydroxyl functionalized PDB, a=0.2, b=0.6, c=0.2, M n  2800) commercialized by Atofina, Nisso-PB G-1000 (hydroxyl functionalized PDB, a=0, b&lt;0.15, c&gt;0.85, M n  1250-1650), Nisso-PB G-2000 (hydroxyl functionalized PDB, a=0, b&lt;0.15, c&gt;0.85, M n  1800-2200), Nisso-PB G-3000 (hydroxyl functionalized PDB, a=0, b&lt;0.10, c&gt;0.90, M n  2600-3200), Nisso-PB C-1000 (carboxyl functionalized PDB, a=0, b&lt;0.15, c&gt;0.85, M n  1200-1550) obtainable from Nisso America, New York, N.Y. 
     When carboxyl functionalized polybutadienes obtained from the reaction of a hydroxyl functionalized polybutadiene with a cyclic anhydride are used, this cyclic anhydride preferably include phthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, dodecenylsuccinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride. Mixtures of anhydrides can also be used. The amount of anhydride used for the preparation of a carboxyl functionalized polybutadiene from a hydroxyl functionalized polybutadiene is generally at least 0.8 molar, preferably at least 0.9 molar and more preferably at least 0.95 molar equivalent per molar equivalents of —OH groups present in the polybutadiene. 
     A (meth)acrylated polybutadiene oligomer, which is the reaction product of a carboxyl functionalized polybutadiene, may be prepared with a (meth)acrylated monoepoxide. (Meth)acrylated mono-epoxides are known. Examples of (meth)acrylated mono-epoxides that can be used are glycidyl (meth)acrylate esters, such as glycidylacrylate, glycidylmethacrylate, 4-hydroxybutylacrylate glycidylether, bisphenol-A diglycidylether monoacrylate. The (meth)acrylated mono-epoxides are preferably chosen from glycidylacrylate and glycidylmethacrylate. Alternatively, a (meth)acrylated polybutadiene oligomer which is the reaction product of a hydroxyl functionalized polybutadiene may be prepared with a (meth)acrylate ester, or halide. 
     Some (meth)acrylated polybutadienes that can be used, for example, include Ricacryl 3100 and Ricacryl 3500, manufactured by Sartomer Company, Exton, Pa., USA, and Nisso TE-2000 available from Nisso America, New York, N.Y. Alternatively, other methacrylated polybutadienes can be used. These include dimethacrylates of liquid polybutadiene resins composed of modified, esterified liquid polybutadiene diols. These are available under the tradename CN301 and CN303, and CN307, manufactured by Sartomer Company, Exton, Pa., USA. Regardless which methacrylated polybutadiene is used with embodiments of the invention, the methacrylated polybutadiene can include a number of methacrylate groups per chain from about 2 to about 20. 
     Alternatively, the acrylate functionalized oligomers can be polyester acrylate oligomers, acrylated acrylic oligomers, acrylated epoxy oligomers, polycarbonate acrylate oligomers or polyether acrylate oligomers. Useful epoxy acrylate oligomers include CN2003B from Sartomer Co. (Exton, Pa.). Useful polyester acrylate oligomers include CN293, CN294, and CN2250, 2281, 2900 from Sartomer Co. (Exton, Pa.) and EBECRYL 80, 657, 830, and 1810 from UCB Chemicals (Smyrna, Ga.). Suitable polyether acrylate oligomers include CN501, 502, and 551 from Sartomer Co. (Exton, Pa.). Useful polycarbonate acrylate oligomers can be prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 6,451,958 (Sartomer Technology Company Inc., Wilmington, Del.). 
     In each embodiment comprising a (meth)acrylated oligomer, the curable binder composition optionally, yet preferably, comprises diluent monomer in an amount sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the curable composition such that it may be coated on a substrate. In some embodiments, the composition may comprise up to about 70 wt-% diluent monomers to reduce the viscosity of the oligomeric component to less than 10000 centipoise and to improve the processability. 
     Useful monomers are desirably soluble or miscible in the (meth)acrylated oligomer, highly polymerizable therewith. Useful diluents are mono- and polyethylenically unsaturated monomers such as (meth)acrylates or (meth)acrylamides. Suitable monomers typically have a number average molecular weight no greater than 450 g/mole. The diluent monomer desirably has minimal absorbance at the wavelength of the radiation used to cure the composition. Such diluent monomers may include, for example, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethyl-hexylacrylate, isooctylacrylate, caprolactoneacrylate, isodecylacrylate, tridecylacrylate, laurylmethacrylate, methoxy-polyethylenglycol-monomethacrylate, laurylacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl-acrylate, ethoxy-ethoxyethyl acrylate and ethoxylated-nonylacrylate. Especially preferred are 2-ethyl-hexylacrylate, ethoxy-ethoxyethyl acrylate, tridecylacrylate and ethoxylated nonylacrylate. High T g  monomers having one ethylenically unsaturated group and a glass transition temperature of the corresponding homopolymer of 50° C. or more which are suitable in the present invention, include, for example, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinyl caprolactam, isobornyl acrylate, acryloylmorpholine, isobornylmethacrylate, phenoxyethylacrylate, phenoxyethylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate and acrylamide. 
     Furthermore, the diluent monomers may contain an average of two or more free-radically polymerizable groups. A diluent having three or more of such reactive groups can be present as well. Examples of such monomers include: C 2 -C 18  alkylenedioldi(meth)acrylates, C 3 -C 18  alkylenetrioltri(meth)acrylates, the polyether analogues thereof, and the like, such as 1,6-hexanedioldi(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropanetri(meth)acrylate, triethyleneglycoldi(meth)acrylate, pentaeritritoltri(meth)acrylate, and tripropyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, and di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate. 
     Suitable preferred diluent monomers include for example benzyl (meth)acrylate, phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate; phenoxy-2-methylethyl (meth)acrylate; phenoxyethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 1-naphthyloxy ethyl acrylate; 2-naphthyloxy ethyl acrylate; phenoxy 2-methylethyl acrylate; phenoxyethoxyethyl acrylate; 2-phenylphenoxy ethyl acrylate; 4-phenylphenoxy ethyl acrylate; and phenyl acrylate. 
     Preferred diluent monomers includes phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, and tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate. Phenoxyethyl acrylate is commercially available from Sartomer under the trade designation “SR339”; from Eternal Chemical Co. Ltd. under the trade designation “Etermer 210”; and from Toagosei Co. Ltd under the trade designation “TO-1166”. Benzyl acrylate is commercially available from Osaka Organic Chemical, Osaka City, Japan. Tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate is commercially available from Sartomer under the trade designation “SR833 S”. 
     Such optional monomer(s) may be present in the polymerizable composition in amount of at least about 5 wt-%. The optional monomer(s) typically total no more than about 70 wt-% of the curable composition. The some embodiments the total amount of diluent monomer ranges from about 10 wt-% to about 50-%. 
     When using a free-radically curable polymeric binder, the curable composition further comprises photoinitiators, in an amount between the range of about 0.1% and about 5% by weight. 
     Useful photoinitiators include those known as useful for photocuring free-radically polyfunctional (meth)acrylates. Exemplary photoinitiators include benzoin and its derivatives such as alpha-methylbenzoin; alpha-phenylbenzoin; alpha-allylbenzoin; alpha-benzylbenzoin; benzoin ethers such as benzil dimethyl ketal (e.g., “IRGACURE 651” from BASF, Florham Park, N.J.), benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin n-butyl ether; acetophenone and its derivatives such as 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone (e.g., “DAROCUR 1173” from BASF, Florham Park, N.J.) and 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (e.g., “IRGACURE 184” from BASF, Florham Park, N.J.); 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanone (e.g., “IRGACURE 907” from BASF, Florham Park, N.J.); 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-1-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-1-butanone (e.g., “IRGACURE 369” from BASF, Florham Park, N.J.) and phosphine oxide derivatives such as ethyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphenylphoshinate (e.g. “TPO-L” from BASF, Florham Park, N.J.), and IRGACURE 819 (phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide) available from BASF, Florham Park, N.J. 
     Other useful photoinitiators include, for example, pivaloin ethyl ether, anisoin ethyl ether, anthraquinones (e.g., anthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 1,4-dimethylanthraquinone, 1-methoxyanthraquinone, or benzanthraquinone), halomethyltriazines, benzophenone and its derivatives, iodonium salts and sulfonium salts, titanium complexes such as bis(eta 5 -2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl)-bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) phenyl]titanium (e.g., “CGI 784DC” from BASF, Florham Park, N.J.); halomethyl-nitrobenzenes (e.g., 4-bromomethylnitrobenzene), mono- and bis-acylphosphines (e.g., “IRGACURE 1700”, “IRGACURE 1800”, “IRGACURE 1850”, and “DAROCUR 4265”). 
     In some embodiments, the polymeric binder is an epoxy compound that can be cured or polymerized by the processes that are those known to undergo cationic polymerization and include 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-cyclic ethers (also designated as 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-epoxides). Suitable epoxy binders can include, for example, those epoxy binders described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,777,460. In particular, cyclic ethers that are useful include the cycloaliphatic epoxies such as cyclohexene oxide and the ERL™ and UVR™ series type of binders available from Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich., such as vinylcyclohexene oxide, vinylcyclohexene dioxide, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3, 4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) adipate and 2-(3, 4-epoxycylclohexyl-5, 5-spiro-3,4-epoxy) cyclohexene-meta-dioxane; also included are the glycidyl ether type epoxy binders such as propylene oxide, epichlorohydrin, styrene oxide, glycidol, the EPON, EPONEX, and HELOXY series type of epoxy binders available from Resolution Performance Products, Houston, Tex., including the diglycidyl either of bisphenol A and chain extended versions of this material such as EPON 828, EPON 1001, EPON 1004, EPON 1007, EPON 1009 and EPON 2002 or their equivalent from other manufacturers, EPONEX 1510, the hydrogenated diglycidyl either of bisphenol A, HELOXY 67, diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol, HELOXY′ 107, diglycidyl ether of cyclohexane dimethanol, or their equivalent from other manufacturers, dicyclopentadiene dioxide, epoxidized vegetable oils such as epoxidized linseed and soybean oils available as VIKOLOX and VIKOFLEX binders from Atofina, Philadelphia, Pa., epoxidized KRATON LIQUID POLYMERS, such as L-207 available from Kraton Polymers, Houston, Tex., epoxidized polybutadienes such as the POLY BD binders from Atofina, Philadelphia, Pa., 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, polyglycidyl ether of phenolformaldehyde, and for example DEN™ epoxidized phenolic novolac binders such as DEN 431 and DEN 438 available from Dow Chemical Co., Midland Mich., epoxidized cresol novolac binders such as ARALDITE ECN 1299 available from Vantico AG, Basel, Switzerland, resorcinol diglycidyl ether, and epoxidized polystyrene/polybutadiene blends such as the Epofriendz binders such as EPOFRIEND A1010 available from Daicel USA Inc., Fort Lee, N.J., and resorcinol diglycidyl ether. 
     Higher molecular weight polyols include the polyethylene and polypropylene oxide polymers in the molecular weight (Mn) range of 200 to 20,000 such as the CARBOWAX polyethyleneoxide materials available from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., caprolactone polyols in the molecular weight range of 200 to 5,000 such as the TONE polyol materials available from Dow, polytetramethylene ether glycol in the molecular weight range of 200 to 4,000, such as the TERATHANE materials available from DuPont and POLYTHF 250 from BASF, polyethylene glycol, such as PEG™ 200 available from Dow, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene binders such as the POLY BD materials available from Atofina, Philadelphia, Pa., phenoxy binders such as those commercially available from Phenoxy Associates, Rock Hill, S.C., or equivalent materials supplied by other manufacturers. 
     It is also within the scope of this invention to include one or more epoxy binders which can be blended together. It is also within the scope of this invention to include one or more mono or poly-alcohols which can be blended together. The different kinds of binders and alcohols can be present in any proportion. 
     It is within the scope of this invention to use vinyl ether monomers as the cationically curable material. Vinyl ether-containing monomers can be methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, tert-butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, triethyleneglycol divinyl ether (RAPT-CURE DVE-3, available from International Specialty Products, Wayne, N.J.), 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether (RAPI-CURE CHVE, International Specialty Products), trimetylolpropane trivinyl ether (available from BASF Corp., Mount Olive, N.J.) and the VECTOMER divinyl ether binders from Morflex, Greensboro, N.C., such as VECTOMER 2010, VECTOMER 2020, VECTOMER 4010, and VECTOMER 4020, or their equivalent from other manufacturers. It is within the scope of this invention to use a blend of more than one vinyl ether binder. 
     It is also within the scope of this invention to use one or more epoxy binders blended with one or more vinyl ether binders. The different kinds of binders can be present in any proportion. 
     The preferred epoxy binders include the ERL and the UVR type of binders especially 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3, 4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate, bis-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) adipate and 2-(3, 4-epoxycylclohexyl-5,5-spiro-3, 4-epoxy) cyclohexene-meta-dioxane and the bisphenol A EPON type binders including 2,2-bis-p-(2, 3-epoxypropoxy) phenylpropane and chain extended versions of this material and, binders of the type EPONEX 1510 and HELOXY 107 and 68. Also useful in the present invention are purified versions of these epoxies as described in U. S. Published Patent Application 2002/0022709 published 21 Feb. 2002. 
     When preparing compositions containing epoxy monomers, hydroxy-functional materials can be added. The hydroxyl-functional component can be present as a mixture or a blend of materials and can contain mono- and polyhydroxyl containing materials. Preferably, the hydroxy-functional material is at least a diol. When used, the hydroxyl-functional material can aid in chain extension and in preventing excess crosslinking of the epoxy during curing, e. g., increasing the toughness of the cured composition. 
     When present, useful hydroxyl-functional materials include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or alkanol-substituted arene mono- or poly-alcohols having from about 2 to about 18 carbon atoms and two to five, preferably two to four hydroxy groups, or combinations thereof. Useful mono-alcohols can include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 1-pentanol, neopentyl alcohol, 3-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexylmethanol, 3-cyclohexyl-1-propanol, 2-norbornanemethanol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. 
     Polyols useful in the present invention include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or alkanol-substituted arene polyols, or mixtures thereof having from about 2 to about 18 carbon atoms and two to five, preferably two to four hydroxyl groups. Examples of useful polyols include 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-1, 3-propanediol, 2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-1, 6-hexanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, neopentyl glycol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, 1,2, 6-hexanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, quinitol, mannitol, sorbitol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, glycerine, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 3-propanediol, 2-ethyl-1, 3-pentanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-benzene-dimethanol and polyalkoxylated bisphenol A derivatives. Other examples of useful polyols are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,211. 
     Bi-functional monomers having both cationically polymerizable and free-radically polymerizable moieties in the same monomer are useful in the present invention, such as, for example, glycidyl methacrylate, or 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. 
     It is also within the scope of this invention to add a free radically polymerizable monomer, such as an acrylate or methacrylate. The addition of such a monomer broadens the scope of obtainable physical properties and processing options. When two or more polymerizable monomers are present, they can be present in any proportion. 
     Suitable cationic photoinitiators are selected from organic onium cations, for example those described in photoinitiators for Free Radical Cationic &amp; Anionic Photopolymerization, 2′˜d Edition, J. V. Crivello &amp; K. Dietliker, John Wiley and Sons, 1998, pp. 275 to 298, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,250,311, 3,708,296, 4,069,055, 4,216,288, 5,084,586 and 5,124,417 and such descriptions incorporated herein by reference, including aliphatic or aromatic Group IVA-VIIA (CAS version) centered onium salts, preferably I-, S-, P- and C-centered onium salts, such as those selected from sulfoxonium, diaryliodonium, triarylsulfonium, carbonium and phosphonium, and most preferably I-, and S-centered onium salts, such as those selected from sulfoxonium, diaryliodonium, and triarylsulfonium, wherein “aryl” means an unsubstituted or substituted aromatic moiety having up to four independently selected substituents. 
     The quantum dot layer can have any useful amount of quantum dots, and in some embodiments the quantum dot layer can include from 0.1 wt. % to 10 wt. % quantum dots, based on the total weight of the quantum dot layer (dots and polymeric binder). In some embodiments, the stabilized quantum dots are added to the fluid carrier in amounts such that the optical density is at least 10, optical density defined as the absorbance at 440 nm for a cell with a path length of 1 cm) solution. 
     The dispersion composition can also contain a surfactant (i.e., leveling agent), a polymerization initiator, and other additives, as known in the art. 
     Generally, the stabilizing carrier fluid, /quantum dots, optional surface-modifying ligand, the polymeric binder and carrier fluids (polymeric or non-polymeric) are combined and subject to high shear mixing to produce a dispersion. The polymeric binder is chosen such that there is limited compatibility and the carrier fluid form a separate, non-aggregating phase in the polymeric binder. The dispersion, comprising droplets of carrier fluid containing the nanoparticles and stabilizing carrier fluid dispersed in the polymeric binder, is then coated and cured either thermally, free-radically, or both to lock in the dispersed structure and exclude oxygen and water from the dispersed quantum dots. 
     The curable composition comprising a free radically polymerizable polymeric binder may be irradiated with activating UV or visible radiation to polymerize the components preferably in the wavelengths of 250 to 500 nanometers. UV light sources can be of two types: 1) relatively low light intensity sources such as blacklights that provide generally 10 mW/cm 2  or less (as measured in accordance with procedures approved by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology as, for example, with a UVIMAP™ UM 365 L-S radiometer manufactured by Electronic Instrumentation &amp; Technology, Inc., in Sterling, Va.) over a wavelength range of 280 to 400 nanometers and 2) relatively high light intensity sources such as medium- and high-pressure mercury arc lamps, electrodeless mercury lamps, light emitting diodes, mercury-xenon lamps, lasers and the like, which provide intensities generally between 10 and 5000 mW/cm 2  in the wavelength rages of 320-390 nm (as measured in accordance with procedures approved by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology as, for example, with a PowerPuck™ radiometer manufactured by Electronic Instrumentation &amp; Technology, Inc., in Sterling, Va.). 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , quantum dot article  10  includes a first barrier layer  32 , a second barrier layer  34 , and a quantum dot layer  20  between the first barrier layer  32  and the second barrier layer  34 . The quantum dot layer  20  includes a plurality of quantum dots  22  dispersed in a polymeric binder  24 , which may be cured or uncured. 
     The quantum dot layer can have any useful amount of quantum dots. In some embodiments, the quantum dots are added to the fluid carrier in amounts such that the optical density is at least 10, optical density defined as the absorbance at 440 nm for a cell with a path length of 1 cm) solution. 
     The barrier layers  32 ,  34  can be formed of any useful material that can protect the quantum dots  22  from exposure to environmental contaminates such as, for example, oxygen, water, and water vapor. Suitable barrier layers  32 ,  34  include, but are not limited to, films of polymers, glass and dielectric materials. In some embodiments, suitable materials for the barrier layers  32 ,  34  include, for example, polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET); oxides such as silicon oxide, titanium oxide, or aluminum oxide (e.g., SiO 2 , Si 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , or Al 2 O 3 ); and suitable combinations thereof. 
     More particularly, barrier films can be selected from a variety of constructions. Barrier films are typically selected such that they have oxygen and water transmission rates at a specified level as required by the application. In some embodiments, the barrier film has a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) less than about 0.005 g/m 2 /day at 38° C. and 100% relative humidity; in some embodiments, less than about 0.0005 g/m 2 /day at 38° C. and 100% relative humidity; and in some embodiments, less than about 0.00005 g/m 2 /day at 38° C. and 100% relative humidity. In some embodiments, the flexible barrier film has a WVTR of less than about 0.05, 0.005, 0.0005, or 0.00005 g/m 2 /day at 50° C. and 100% relative humidity or even less than about 0.005, 0.0005, 0.00005 g/m 2 /day at 85° C. and 100% relative humidity. In some embodiments, the barrier film has an oxygen transmission rate of less than about 0.005 g/m 2 /day at 23° C. and 90% relative humidity; in some embodiments, less than about 0.0005 g/m 2 /day at 23° C. and 90% relative humidity; and in some embodiments, less than about 0.00005 g/m 2 /day at 23° C. and 90% relative humidity. 
     Exemplary useful barrier films include inorganic films prepared by atomic layer deposition, thermal evaporation, sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition. Useful barrier films are typically flexible and transparent. In some embodiments, useful barrier films comprise inorganic/organic. Flexible ultra-barrier films comprising inorganic/organic multilayers are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,018,713 (Padiyath et al.). Such flexible ultra-barrier films may have a first polymer layer disposed on polymeric film substrate that is overcoated with two or more inorganic barrier layers separated by at least one second polymer layer. In some embodiments, the barrier film comprises one inorganic barrier layer interposed between the first polymer layer disposed on the polymeric film substrate and a second polymer layer  224 . 
     In some embodiments, each barrier layer  32 ,  34  of the quantum dot article  10  includes at least two sub-layers of different materials or compositions. In some embodiments, such a multi-layered barrier construction can more effectively reduce or eliminate pinhole defect alignment in the barrier layers  32 ,  34 , providing a more effective shield against oxygen and moisture penetration into the cured polymeric binder  24 . The quantum dot article  10  can include any suitable material or combination of barrier materials and any suitable number of barrier layers or sub-layers on either or both sides of the quantum dot layer  20 . The materials, thickness, and number of barrier layers and sub-layers will depend on the particular application, and will suitably be chosen to maximize barrier protection and brightness of the quantum dots  22  while minimizing the thickness of the quantum dot article  10 . In some embodiments each barrier layer  32 ,  34  is itself a laminate film, such as a dual laminate film, where each barrier film layer is sufficiently thick to eliminate wrinkling in roll-to-roll or laminate manufacturing processes. In one illustrative embodiment, the barrier layers  32 ,  34  are polyester films (e.g., PET) having an oxide layer on an exposed surface thereof. 
     The quantum dot layer  20  can include one or more populations of quantum dots or quantum dot materials  22 . Exemplary quantum dots or quantum dot materials  22  emit green light and red light upon down-conversion of blue primary light from a blue LED to secondary light emitted by the quantum dots. The respective portions of red, green, and blue light can be controlled to achieve a desired white point for the white light emitted by a display device incorporating the quantum dot article  10 . Exemplary quantum dots  22  for use in the quantum dot articles  10  include, but are not limited to, InP with ZnS shells. Suitable quantum dots for use in quantum dot articles described herein include, but are not limited to, core/shell fluorescent nanocrystals including CdSe/ZnS, InP/ZnS, PbSe/PbS, CdSe/CdS, CdTe/CdS or CdTe/ZnS. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the nanoparticles include a stabilizing fluid carrier and are dispersed in a cured polymeric binder. Quantum dot and quantum dot materials  22  are commercially available from, for example, Nanosys Inc., Milpitas, Calif. 
     In one or more embodiments the quantum dot layer  20  can optionally include scattering beads or particles. These scattering beads or particles have a refractive index that differs from the refractive index of the cured polymeric binder  24  by at least 0.05, or by at least 0.1. These scattering beads or particles can include, for example, polymers such as silicone, acrylic, nylon, and the like, or inorganic materials such as TiO 2 , SiO x , AlO x , and the like, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, including scattering particles in the quantum dot layer  20  can increase the optical path length through the quantum dot layer  20  and improve quantum dot absorption and efficiency. In many embodiments, the scattering beads or particles have an average particle size from 1 to 10 micrometers, or from 2 to 6 micrometers. In some embodiments, the quantum dot material  20  can optionally include fillers such fumed silica. 
     In some preferred embodiments, the scattering beads or particles are Tospearl™ 120A, 130A, 145A and 2000B spherical silicone resins available in 2.0, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 micron particle sizes respectively from Momentive Specialty Chemicals Inc., Columbus, Ohio. 
     The cured polymeric binder  24  of the quantum dot layer  20  can be formed from a polymeric binder or binder precursor that adheres to the materials forming the barrier layers  32 ,  34  to form a laminate construction, and also forms a protective matrix for the quantum dots  22 . In one embodiment, the cured polymeric binder  24  is formed by curing an epoxy amine polymer and an optional radiation-curable methacrylate compound. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , in another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method of forming a quantum dot film article  100  including coating a polymeric binder composition including quantum dots on a first barrier layer  102  and disposing a second barrier layer on the quantum dot material  104 . In some embodiments, the method  100  includes polymerizing (e.g., radiation curing) a radiation curable polymeric binder to form a fully- or partially cured quantum dot material  106  and optionally thermally polymerizing the binder composition to form a cured polymeric binder  108 . For thermally curable polymeric binders, step  106  is omitted. 
     In some embodiments, the binder composition can be cured or hardened by heating. In other embodiments, the binder composition may also be cured or hardened by applying radiation such as, for example, ultraviolet (UV) light. Curing or hardening steps may include UV curing, heating, or both. In some example embodiments that are not intended to be limiting, UV cure conditions can include applying about 10 mJ/cm 2  to about 4000 mJ/cm 2  of UVA, more preferably about 10 mJ/cm 2  to about 1000 mJ/cm 2  of UVA. Heating and UV light may also be applied alone or in combination to increase the viscosity of the binder composition, which can allow easier handling on coating and processing lines. 
     In some embodiments, the binder composition may be cured after lamination between the overlying barrier films  32 ,  34 . Thus, the increase in viscosity of the binder composition locks in the coating quality right after lamination. By curing right after coating or laminating, in some embodiments the cured binder increases in viscosity to a point that the binder composition acts as a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) to hold the laminate together during the cure and greatly reduces defects during the cure. In some embodiments, the radiation cure of the binder provides greater control over coating, curing and web handling as compared to traditional thermal curing. 
     Once at least partially cured, the binder composition forms polymer network that provides a protective supporting cured polymeric binder  24  for the quantum dots  22 . 
     Ingress, including edge ingress, is defined by a loss in quantum dot performance due to ingress of moisture and/or oxygen into the cured polymeric binder  24 . In various embodiments, the edge ingress of moisture and oxygen into the cured binder  24  is less than about 1.25 mm after 1 week at 85° C., or about less than 0.75 mm after 1 week at 85° C., or less than about 0.5 mm after 1 week at 85° C. In various embodiments, oxygen permeation into the cured polymeric binder is less than about 80 (cc·mil)/(m 2  day), or less than about 50 (cc·mil)/(m 2  day). In various embodiments, the water vapor transmission rate of the cured polymeric binder should be less than about 15 (20 g/m 2 ·mil·day), or less than about 10 (20 g/m 2 ·mil·day). 
     In various embodiments, the thickness of the quantum dot layer  20  is about 80 microns to about 250 microns. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a display device  200  including the quantum dot articles described herein. This illustration is merely provided as an example and is not intended to be limiting. The display device  200  includes a backlight  202  with a light source  204  such as, for example, a light emitting diode (LED). The light source  204  emits light along an emission axis  235 . The light source  204  (for example, a LED light source) emits light through an input edge  208  into a hollow light recycling cavity  210  having a back reflector  212  thereon. The back reflector  212  can be predominately specular, diffuse or a combination thereof, and is preferably highly reflective. The backlight  202  further includes a quantum dot article  220 , which includes a protective binder  224  having dispersed therein quantum dots  222 . The protective cured polymeric binder  224  is bounded on both surfaces by polymeric barrier films  226 ,  228 , which may include a single layer or multiple layers. 
     The display device  200  further includes a front reflector  230  that includes multiple directional recycling films or layers, which are optical films with a surface structure that redirects off-axis light in a direction closer to the axis of the display, which can increase the amount of light propagating on-axis through the display device, this increasing the brightness and contrast of the image seen by a viewer. The front reflector  230  can also include other types of optical films such as polarizers. In one non-limiting example, the front reflector  230  can include one or more prismatic films  232  and/or gain diffusers. The prismatic films  232  may have prisms elongated along an axis, which may be oriented parallel or perpendicular to an emission axis  235  of the light source  204 . In some embodiments, the prism axes of the prismatic films may be crossed. The front reflector  230  may further include one or more polarizing films  234 , which may include multilayer optical polarizing films, diffusely reflecting polarizing films, and the like. The light emitted by the front reflector  230  enters a liquid crystal (LC) panel  280 . Numerous examples of backlighting structures and films may be found in, for example, U.S. 2011/0051047. 
     The following examples are provided to further illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials Used: 
     The materials with their sources were as listed in Table 1. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials were purchased from commercial sources and used as received. 
                     TABLE 1                  Materials                     Designation   Description and Sources               2-EHMA   2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate, available from Sigma-Aldrich           Co., St. Louis, MO       2-EHA   2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, available from Sigma-Aldrich Co.,           St. Louis, MO       C18A   2-Octyl-1-decyl acrylate, Prepared following U.S. Pat.           No. 8,137,807       AA   Acrylic Acid, available from Sigma-Aldrich Co., St.           Louis, MO       IOTG   Isooctyl thioglycolate, available from Sigma-Aldrich Co.,           St. Louis, MO       2-EHTG   2-Ethylhexyl thioglycolate, available from Sigma-           Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO       MPA   3-Mercaptopropionic acid, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis,           MO       DPPS   Diphenyl(para-vinylphenyl)phosphine, available from           Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO       MCR-M07   Monomethacryloxypropyl terminated           polydimethylsiloxane, available under the trade           designation “MCR-M07” from Gelest, Morrisville, PA       VAZO 52   2,2′-Azobis(2,4-dimethylpentanenitrile), available under           the trade designation “VAZO 52” from E. I. du Pont de           Nemours and Co., Wilmington, DE       VAZO 88   1,1′-Azobis(cyanocyclohexane), available under the trade           designation “VAZO 88” from E. I. du Pont de Nemours           and Co., Wilmington, DE       L101   2,5-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, available           under the trade designation “LUPEROX 101” from           Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO       L130   2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di-(tert-butylperoxy)hexyne-3,           available under the trade designation “LUPERSOL 130”           from Pennwalt Corporation, Buffalo, NY       CN2003B   A modified epoxy acrylate oligomer, available under the           trade designation “CN2003B” from Sartomer USA,           Exton, PA       SR833 S   A tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate, available under           the trade designation “SR833 S” from Sartomer USA,           Exton, PA       TPO-L   A photoinitiator available under the trade designation           “LUCIRIN TPO-L” from BASF, MI       UV Barrier   A 2 mil (~51 micrometer) barrier film available as “FTB-       film   M-50” from 3M Co., St. Paul, MN       InP/Green/   Quantum dots, obtained as a solution in       DDSA/   dodecenyl succinic acid (“DDSA”)/toluene from       Toluene   Nanosys, Milpitas, CA       InP/Red/   Quantum dots, obtained as a solution in DDSA/toluene       DDSA/   from Nanosys, Milpitas, CA       Toluene                    
Test Methods
 
     A CARY 60 UV-VIS spectrometer was used to measure the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of the quantum dot samples. 
     Quantum Yield Measurements: 
     Fluorescence cells were from NSG Precision Cells. 
     Toluene used in the preparation of samples for quantum yield measurements was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, 244511-1L, Toluene, 99.8%. 
     Quantum dot solutions were prepared in a MBRAUN LABMASTER SP glove box under argon atmosphere. 
     Solutions were prepared in 20 mL glass vials that were dried at least 24 hours at 50-60° C. before using in a test. A 5 mL pipette was used to dispense the solvent and fill the fluorescence cells, and a wooden applicator or 100 microliter pipette was used to dispense the quantum dot concentrate solutions. 
     All containers and equipment to be used in a test were placed in the antechamber of the glove box and pumped on for at least 15 minutes before starting the automatic pump/refill cycle used to bring items into the glove box. 
     A dilute quantum dot solution in 10 mL toluene was prepared by weighing or pipetting out desired amount of quantum dot concentrates in a 20 mL vial. Then 4 mL of each test solution was pipetted into a separate fluorescence cell. One cell containing toluene only was the blank. Each cell was sealed with a rubber septa and then all of the cells were removed from the glove box to make the quantum yield measurements. 
     Quantum yield measurements were made on a HAMAMATSU ABSOLUTE PL QUANTUM YIELD SPECTROMETER C11347, available from Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan. An excitation wavelength of 440 nm was used for all measurements. A built-in program was used to analyze the emission spectra to calculate the desired spectral quantities, and to correct the emission spectra for self-absorption to give corrected quantum yields. The peak position was determined for the peak maximum in the corrected spectra curve. 
     Percent Light Transmission (% T) 
     Percent light transmission (% T) was measured using a BYK HAZEGUARD PLUS (Columbia, Md.). All quantum yields (EQE) were measured by using an absolute PL QUANTUM YIELD SPECTROMETER C11347 (Hamamatsu Corporation, Middlesex, N.J.). 
     White Point (Color) 
     White point (color) was quantified by placing the constructed QDEF film into a recycling system ( FIG. 4 ) and measuring with a colorimeter (available from Photo Research, Inc., Chatsworth, Calif., under the trade designation “PR650”). A gain cube with a blue LED light was used with the QDEF film, which contained red and green quantum dots, and a micro-replicated brightness enhancement film (available from 3M, St. Paul, Minn., under the trade designation “VIKUITI BEF”). A white point was achieved in the recycling system shown in  FIG. 4 . 
     Color was quantified by placing the constructed film  310  into a recycling system  300  ( FIG. 4 ) and measuring with a colorimeter  302  available from Photo Research, Inc., Chatsworth, Calif., under the trade designation PR650. A gain cube  304  with a blue LED light was used with the film  310 , which contained red and green quantum dots, and a micro-replicated brightness enhancement film  308  available from 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn., under the trade designation VIKUITI BEF. A white point was achieved in this recycling system. 
     An initial white point after film construction was measured and quantified using the CIE1931 (x,y) convention 
     Molecular Weight Determination 
     The molecular weight distribution of the compounds was characterized using conventional gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The GPC instrumentation, which was obtained from Waters Corporation, Milford, Mass., included a high pressure liquid chromatography pump (MODEL 1515HPLC), an auto-sampler (MODEL 717), a UV detector (MODEL 2487), and a refractive index detector (MODEL 2410). The chromatograph was equipped with two 5 micrometer PLgel MIXED-D columns available from Varian Inc, Palo Alto, Calif. 
     Samples of polymeric solutions were prepared by dissolving polymer or dried polymer samples in tetrahydrofuran at a concentration of 0.5 percent (weight/volume) and filtering through a 0.2 micron polytetrafluoroethylene filter that is available from VWR International, West Chester, Pa. The resulting samples were injected into the GPC and eluted at a rate of 1 milliliter per minute through the columns maintained at 35° C. The system was calibrated with polystyrene standards using a linear least squares fit analysis to establish a calibration curve. The weight average molecular weight (“M W ”) in Daltons and the polydispersity index (weight average molecular weight divided by number average molecular weight (“M N ”) (i.e., M W /M N )) were calculated for each sample against this standard calibration curve. 
     Preparative Example 1 (PE-1): Oligomer/Polymer Composition Having Pendent Phosphine Groups 
     240 g of 2-EHA, 4.8 grams of DPPS, and 24.5 grams of IOTG were added to a four neck flask equipped with a reflux condenser, thermocouple, mechanical stirrer, and a gas inlet that allows both nitrogen and air to be bubbled into the solution. The first charge of thermal initiators VAZO 52 (0.0125 gram), VAZO 88 (0.0125 gram), and LUPERSOL 101 (0.0125 gram) were also added to the flask. The mixture was stirred and heated to 60° C. under nitrogen bubbling. The temperature of the reaction mixture quickly exothermed and peaked at around 150° C. during the polymerization before cooling to 80° C. The second charge of VAZO 88 (0.0125 gram) dissolved in an additional 5 grams of 2-EHA was added to the flask. The reaction vessel was heated and held at 150° C. for 90 minutes before cooling to 100° C. and purging with air. The reaction product was drained and M W  was analyzed, giving a value of 6,840 Daltons. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2* 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Oligomer Compositions with DPPS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Component 
                 PE-1 
                 PE-2 
                 PE-3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 2-EHA 
                 89.1 
                 87.2 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 C18A 
                 — 
                 — 
                 87.2 
               
               
                   
                 DPPS 
                 1.8 
                 4.6 
                 4.6 
               
               
                   
                 IOTG 
                 9.1 
                 8.2 
                 8.2 
               
               
                   
                 VAZO 52 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
               
               
                   
                 VAZO 88 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
               
               
                   
                 L101 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
               
               
                   
                 M W   
                 6,840 
                 12,500 
                 6,650 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 *amounts of components are parts by weight; M W  values are in Daltons 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparative Examples 2 and 3 (PE-2 and PE-3) 
     Additional oligomer/polymer compositions having pendent phosphine groups were generated, using this same method as in PE-1, except using materials in the amounts as indicated in Table 2. In the case of PE-3, C18A was used in place of 2-EHA. The resulting M W  values were as listed in Table 2. 
     Preparative Examples 4 to 10 (PE-4 to PE-10) 
     Additional oligomer/polymer compositions having pendent phosphine groups were generated, using this same method as in PE-1, except using materials in the amounts as indicated in Table 3. In the case of PE-9, C18A was used in place of 2-EHA; and in the case of PE-10, 2-EHMA was used in place of 2-EHA. In all cases, the MCR-M07 component (a monomethacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane) was added in combination with the initial charge of (meth)acrylate component, DPPS, and thioglycolate component. The resulting M W  values were as listed in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3* 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Oligomer/polymer Compositions with PDMS silicone 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Component 
                 PE-4 
                 PE-5 
                 PE-6 
                 PE-7 
                 PE-8 
                 PE-9 
                 PE-10 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 2-EHA 
                 45 
                 63 
                 47.5 
                 47 
                 46 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 2-EHMA 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 47 
               
               
                 C18A 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 47 
                 — 
               
               
                 MCR-M07 
                 45 
                 31 
                 47.5 
                 47 
                 46 
                 47 
                 47 
               
               
                 DPPS 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 4 
                 4 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 IOTG 
                 8 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 2-EHTG 
                 — 
                 4 
                 3 
                 2 
                 4 
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                 VAZO 52 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
               
               
                 VAZO 88 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 L101 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
                 0.010 
               
               
                 M W   
                 9,460 
                 16,100 
                 16,100 
                 107,200 
                 29,850 
                 5,360 
                 5,960 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *amounts of components are parts by weight; 
               
               
                 M W  values are in Daltons 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparative Example 11 (PE-11): Oligomer/Polymer without Pendant Phosphine Groups 
     207 grams of 2-EHA, 105 grams of C18A, 21.75 grams of AA, and 18.55 grams of MPA were added to a four neck flask equipped with a reflux condenser, thermocouple, mechanical stirrer, and a gas inlet that allows both nitrogen and air to be bubbled into the solution. The first charge of thermal initiators VAZO 52 (0.018 gram), VAZO 88 (0.018 gram), and LUPERSOL 130 (0.0126 gram) were also added to the flask. The mixture was stirred and heated to 60° C. under nitrogen bubbling. The temperature of the reaction mixture quickly exothermed and peaked at around 150° C. during the polymerization before cooling to 80° C. The second charge of VAZO 88 (0.018 gram) and LUPERSOL 130 (0.007 gram) dissolved in an additional 5 grams of 2-EHA was added to the flask. The reaction vessel was heated and held at 150° C. for 90 minutes before cooling to 100° C. and purging with air. The reaction product was drained and M W  was measured, giving a value of 4,930 Daltons. 
     Example 1 (EX-1): Preparation of an InP Dot Concentrate with PE-6 
     To a 250 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar was added 10.04 grams of PE-6. The joint of the flask was greased and the oligomer was degassed under vacuum. The flask was then disconnected from the Schlenk line and taken inside an MBRAUN LABMASTER SP glove box. The vacuum inside the flask was released under argon-atmosphere inside the glove box. To the flask was added 36.0 grams of InP/Green/DDSA/Toluene solution (Lot no. 374-29C) and 9.0 grams of InP/Red/DDSA/Toluene solution (Lot no. 374-29D). The flask was sealed properly inside the glove box, and then taken out from the glove box. The flask was re-introduced to the Schlenk line and toluene was evaporated under high vacuum. After the removal of toluene, the flask was disconnected from Schlenk line and taken inside the glove box again. An amount of 9.9 grams of dot concentrate was obtained after transferring the dot concentrate to a pre-weighed glass jar. The final optical density of the dot concentrate with PE-6 was approximately 45, with a green InP: red InP dot ratio of about 4:1. The quantum yield and photophysical parameters were measured and were as summarized in Table 4. Quantum yield and photophysical parameters for the InP/Green/DDSA/Toluene and InP/Red/DDSA/Toluene were also measured, with results as summarized in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Quantum yield and photophysical properties of dot concentrates 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Quantum 
                 Peak Wavelength 
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 yield 
                 (nm) 
                 FWHM (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EX-1 dot concentrate, 
                 0.81 
                 531 (green); 615 
                 41 (green); 50 
               
               
                 18.4 mg 
                   
                 (red) 
                 (red) 
               
               
                 50 microliters of 
                 0.84 
                 530 
                 40 
               
               
                 InP/Green/DDSA/ 
               
               
                 Toluene 
               
               
                 50 microliters of 
                 0.76 
                 616 
                 45 
               
               
                 InP/Red/DDSA/Toluene 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FWHM = Full width half maximum 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparative Example 12 (PE-12): Preparation of an Acrylate Matrix for QDEF 
     All materials as shown in Table 5 were weighed out in the dark into a dark glass jar fitted with a lid. The solution was mixed using mechanical stirrer for 10 minutes at 1000 rpm. The jar was then heated at 65° C. for 10 minutes followed by vacuum evaporation for 15 minutes in a vacuum oven. The jar was taken out of the vacuum oven, stirred using a wooden applicator, heated for 10 minutes at 65° C., and then reintroduced into the vacuum oven. This process was continued one more time to reduce bubbling/frothing of the resin, which was used as such for preparation of QDEF. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Acrylate matrix compositions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Amount, 
                 Weight 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 grams 
                 percent 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CN2003B 
                 100.04 
                 49.62 
               
               
                   
                 SR833 S 
                 100.12 
                 49.66 
               
               
                   
                 TPO-L 
                 1.45 
                 0.72 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 (EX-2): Preparation of a QDEF 
     The formulation preparation, coating, and curing was carried out inside a glove box. 1.839 grams of dot-polymer concentrate EX-1 was added to 18.45 grams of acrylate matrix formulation PE-12 in a white dac mixer cup inside the glove box. The mixture was stirred using a mechanical stirrer at 1000-1100 rpm for 1-2 minutes. The mixture was then coated in between 2 mil (˜51 micrometer) barrier films at a thickness of 100 micrometers, using a knife coater. The coating was then cured using a CLEARSTONE CF2000 UV LED at 385 nm for 60 seconds at 100% power. 
     Comparative Example 1 (CE-1): Preparation of a Comparative QDEF 
     The formulation preparation, coating, and curing was carried out inside a VAC-Atmosphere glove box. 2.337 grams of green InP/DDSA (Lot no. 354-9-7A, 354-9-7B, 354-9-9C) in PE-11 and 0.74 gram red InP/DDSA (354-9-10A, 354-9-10E, 354-9-10F) in PE-11 were added to 20.44 grams of the matrix formulation of PE-12 in a white dac mixer cup inside the glove box. The mixture was stirred using a mechanical stirrer at 1000-1100 rpm for 1-2 minutes. The mixture was then coated in between 2 mil (˜51 micrometer) barrier films at a thickness of 100 micrometers using a knife coater. The coating was cured using a CLEARSTONE CF2000 UV LED at 385 nm for 60 seconds at 100% power. 
     Measurements of the QDEF of EX-2 and CE-1 were obtained. Two micro-replicated brightness enhancement films (available from 3M, St. Paul, Minn., under the trade designation “3M BEF”) were placed in a 90 degree crossed configuration above the QDEF. A white point and luminance value was measured for each film sample in this recycling system. Measurements were carried out in a black enclosure to eliminate stray light sources. External quantum efficiency (EQE) was measured using absolute PL QUANTUM YIELD SPECTROMETER C11347 (Hamamatsu Corporation, Middlesex, N.J.). All data were the average of two measurements. The results were as summarized in Tables 6 and 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 EQE and optical measurements of QDEF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 % 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 Transmission 
                 Haze 
                 Luminance 
                 EQE (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 EX-2 
                 79.35 
                 91.7 
                 316.1 
                 74.2 
               
               
                   
                 CE-1 
                 81.5 
                 72.5 
                 286.9 
                 64.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Color and white point measurements of QDEF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sample 
                 x 
                 y 
                 % Efficiency 
                 PWL-G 
                 PWL-R 
                 FWHM-G 
                 FWHM-R 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EX-2 
                 0.2767 
                 0.2589 
                 46.5 
                 542 nm 
                 622 nm 
                   43 nm 
                 50.3 nm 
               
               
                 CE-1 
                 0.2662 
                 0.2453 
                 41.0 
                 541 nm 
                 619 nm 
                 41.7 nm 
                 54.3 nm 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 X = color in the red dimension; y = color in the green dimension; PWL-G = Peak wavelength for green light emission; PWL-R = Peak wavelength for red light emission; FWHM-G = Full width half maximum for green light emission; FWFHM-R = Full width half maximum for red light emission.