Patent Publication Number: US-11649893-B1

Title: Direct drive unit for a transmission system

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a direct drive unit and a torque convertor connected to a transmission system. 
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY 
     Certain powertrains include torque convertors. Typically, in-use, the torque convertors are coupled directly to an engine and transmission. Torque convertors have a comparatively higher input speed, lower output speed, and torque multiplication functionality. Hence, torque convertors are particularly useful during vehicle launch and pushing operations. However, after a certain amount of acceleration, the convertor&#39;s output speed may approach the input speed which reduces the torque multiplication while efficiency losses in the convertor persist. At a certain operating point, the convertor&#39;s torque multiplication functionality may become negligible. In order to improve efficiency of the system, during certain vehicle operating conditions, the engine may be directly connected to the transmission system via a direct drive unit. 
     One example approach to reduce efficiency loss in a torque convertor is shown by Arhab et al. in US 2017/0343092 A1. Therein, a hydrokinetic torque coupling device that has a lock-up clutch integrated therein is used to selectively lock the rotation of the torque convertor. Arhab&#39;s lock-up clutch, when closed, locks the rotation of a casing to a turbine of the torque convertor, such that the driven and drive shafts of the torque coupling device rotate in unison. 
     The inventors have recognized several drawbacks with Arhab&#39;s torque coupling device as well as other torque convertors. For instance, Arhab&#39;s torque convertor and other torque convertors are stiff and may generate undesirable amounts of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) during shifting transients. The inventors have therefore recognized that the system&#39;s lack of flexibility may diminish shifting performance. 
     In one example, the issues described above may be addressed by a system for a vehicle, comprising: a prime mover configured to be selectively coupled to a transmission via each of a torque convertor and a direct drive unit, the direct drive unit including a higher range clutch and a lower range clutch. In this way, by selectively decoupling the torque convertor, and using a direct drive unit with separate paths for vehicle speeds, efficiency of the transmission system may be improved. 
     To address at least a portion of the abovementioned issues, the inventors developed a direct drive unit to enable direct connection of the engine to the transmission system while the torque convertor is selectively disconnected. The direct drive unit may directly connect the engine to the transmission system via a drive (input) shaft. When the direct drive unit connects the engine to the transmission system, the torque convertor is decoupled from the engine via a disconnect clutch. The direct drive unit may include a first low speed path for connecting the transmission to the engine during lower speed vehicle operation and a second high speed path for connecting the transmission to the engine during higher speed vehicle operation. The transmission system may be a three speed transmission system including a forward gear and reverse gear. 
     In this way, by adding a direct drive unit and a disconnect mechanism for the torque convertor, it is possible to choose between a torque convertor mode of operation and a direct drive mode based on vehicle operating conditions. During conditions when efficiency loss at the torque convertor is increased, by selectively disconnecting the torque convertor and switching to operation in the direct drive mode, efficiency of the transmission system may be improved. The technical effect of including separate paths for lower speed operation and higher speed operation in the direct drive unit is that a plurality of gear options are available in the forward and reverse drive modes, based on vehicle speed. By adding the possibility of direct drive gear manipulation, the gear spread in the three-speed transmission may be reduced, thereby resulting in equally spaced and smaller gear sizes and lower gear speeds. 
     It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic representation of a vehicle with a torque convertor and a direct drive unit. 
         FIG.  2    depicts a first representation of the torque convertor and the direct drive unit. 
         FIG.  3    depicts a second representation of the torque convertor and the direct drive unit. 
         FIG.  4    depicts an operating method for the torque convertor and the direct drive unit. 
         FIG.  5    depicts an example gear shift pathway involving the torque convertor and the direct drive unit. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description relates to systems and methods for a direct drive unit and a torque convertor connected to a transmission system. A vehicle powertrain including a direct drive unit and a torque convertor configured to couple an engine to a transmission system is shown in  FIG.  1   . The arrangement of gears and clutches in the direct drive unit and the transmission system is elaborated in  FIGS.  2  and  3   . The direct drive unit and the torque convertor may be operated based on vehicle operating parameters via a method of  FIG.  4   . An example of gear shift pathways possible with the direct drive unit and the torque convertor is shown in  FIG.  5   . 
       FIG.  1    shows a schematic depiction of a vehicle  100  with a powertrain  102  that includes a prime mover  104  (e.g., an internal combustion engine (ICE) designed for compression and/or spark ignition, an electric motor, combinations thereof, and the like). As such, the vehicle may be an ICE vehicle that omits an electric motor, in one example, or alternatively, may be an electric vehicle (EV) which forgoes the engine. Still further, in other examples, the vehicle may be a hybrid vehicle that includes both a motor and internal combustion engine. The vehicle  100  may include a drive axle  106  and a non-drive axle  107 , although numerous axle arrangements have been envisioned. 
     The powertrain  102  may further include a torque convertor  108  that is rotationally coupled to the prime mover  104 . A flexplate  110  may be used to form the rotational attachment between the prime mover  104  and the torque convertor  108 . Alternatively, a flange connection may be used to attach the prime mover  104  to the torque convertor  108 . The torque convertor  108  includes an input interface  112  and an output interface  114  that serve as attachment points for the prime mover  104  and a transmission  116 , respectively. The interfaces in the torque convertor may be any suitable attachment mechanism such as plates, shafts, flanges, combinations thereof, etc. 
     The torque convertor  108  serves as a hydraulic coupling for power transfer between the prime mover  104  and the transmission  116  or vice versa. Specifically, the torque convertor may increase output torque during certain conditions. The torque convertor  108  may include an impeller  118 , stator  120 , turbine  122 , and the like to achieve the aforementioned torque gains. The torque convertor  108  includes also include a lock-up clutch designed to engage and disengage based on powertrain operating conditions. When engaged, the lock-up clutch holds the input and output of the torque convertor at an equivalent rotational speed. Conversely, when disengaged, the lock-up clutch does not lock the input and output together and instead permits the torque convertor to operate as a torque multiplier. A torque convertor disconnect clutch  105  may be coupled between the prime mover  104  and the torque convertor  108  to selectively disconnect the engine from the transmission  116  via the torque convertor  108 . 
     The prime mover  104  may be directly coupled to the transmission  116  via a direct drive unit  132  housed in a direct shaft  134  connecting the prime mover  104  to the transmission  116 . An input shaft of the transmission  116  may connect each of the torque convertor  108  and the direct drive unit to the prime mover  104 . The transmission  116  may include directional clutches and range clutches configured to be coupled to one of the torque convertor, a higher range clutch, and a lower range clutch of the direct drive unit  132 . The directional clutches may include a forward clutch and a reverse clutch, and the range clutches include a first clutch, a second clutch, and a third clutch. The direct drive unit may be coupled to the input shaft between the directional clutches and the range clutches. The range clutches may be coupled to an output shaft of the transmission, the output shaft connecting the transmission to a differential  126 . Details of the structure of the direct drive unit  132  along with the torque convertor  108  and the transmission  116  is elaborated in  FIGS.  2 - 3   . 
     At a vehicle start and when there is a higher than threshold desire for tractive effort, the engine may be connected to a transmission via a torque convertor. In response to a speed variance between two opposing rotational interfaces of the torque convertor (coupled to the engine and the transmission, respectively) being smaller than a threshold value, the torque convertor may be decoupled and the engine may be connected to the transmission via a direct drive unit including the higher range clutch and the lower range clutch. The higher range clutch may be connected to the input shaft during a higher than threshold vehicle speed condition and the lower range clutch may be connected to the input shaft during a lower than threshold vehicle speed condition. 
     The transmission  116  may be a powersplit, powershift, or hydrostatic type transmission, in different examples. The powershift transmission may be a transmission with friction clutches that are coordinated to reduce power losses during shifting transients. The powersplit transmission may be a transmission in which a mechanical branch and an electrical branch are coupled in parallel. The hydrostatic transmission may be a transmission with a hydraulic pump coupled to a hydraulic motor that jointly function to provide speed-torque conversion. The powertrain  102  may further include the differential  126  that is rotationally coupled to the transmission  116 . The differential may also be connected to drive wheels  128  via axle shafts  130 . Arrows  131  depict the power flow between the transmission  116  and the differential  126 , during different operating conditions. 
     A control system  150  with a controller  152  may further be incorporated in the powertrain  102 . The controller  152  includes a processor  154  and memory  156 . The memory  156  may hold instructions stored therein that when executed by the processor cause the controller  152  to perform the various methods, control strategies, etc., described herein. The processor  154  may include a microprocessor unit and/or other types of circuits. The memory  156  may include known data storage mediums such as random access memory, read only memory, keep alive memory, combinations thereof, etc. The components of the controller may be collocated, in one example, or dispersed between multiple controller units, in alternate examples. 
     The controller  152  may receive vehicle data and various signals from sensors  158  positioned in different locations in the powertrain  102  and/or the vehicle  100 . The sensors may include wheel speed sensors  170 , a prime mover speed sensor  172 , a transmission input speed sensor  174 , an ambient temperature sensor  176 , a lock-up clutch position sensor  178 , and the like. 
     Further, the controller  152  may send commands to actuators  160  for component adjustment. For instance, the controller  152  may send control signals to an actuator of the torque convertor disconnect clutch  105 . For example, when the torque convertor disconnect clutch  105  is hydraulically actuated, the controller may send commands to a hydraulic actuator (e.g., hydraulic valve) in fluidic communication with the torque convertor disconnect clutch  105 . Responsive to receiving the command, the actuator may engage or disengage the torque convertor disconnect clutch  105 . The controller may also send signals to the low speed and/or high speed direct drive clutches to engage/disengage one of them to couple the prime mover  104  directly to the transmission  116 . The controller may further send control signals to the prime mover  104  to adjust the output speed. Still further, the controller may send signals to one or more actuators in the transmission that, in response, initiate a shift event to adjust the gear ratio. The shift signals may be automatically generated and therefore the transmission may be formed as an automatic transmission which automatically transitions between discrete gear ratios based on engine speed and load, for instance. 
     The control system  150  may include an input device  159  (e.g., an accelerator pedal, brake pedal, a control-stick, levers, buttons, combinations thereof, and the like). For instance, the input device  159  may allow the operator to generate a power request, a drive mode request in the case of an automatic transmission, a brake request, and the like. 
     An axis system  190  is provided in  FIG.  1    for reference. The y-axis may be a vertical axis (e.g., parallel to a gravitational axis), the z-axis may be a lateral axis (e.g., a horizontal axis), and/or the x-axis may be a longitudinal axis, in one example. However, the axes may have other orientations, in other examples. 
     Turning to  FIG.  2   , a first representation  200  of a torque convertor and a direct drive unit configured to connect a prime mover such as an engine to a transmission system is given. As an example, the engine  202  may be the prime mover  104  in  FIG.  1   , the direct drive unit  204  may be the direct drive unit  132  in  FIG.  1   , the torque convertor  206  may be the torque convertor  108  in  FIG.  1    and the transmission  208  may be the transmission  116  in  FIG.  1   . 
     The engine  202  may be directly selectively connected to each of the torque convertor  206  and the direct drive unit via an input shaft  205 . In alternate embodiments there may be two direct input shafts, one connecting the engine to the direct drive unit and the other connecting the engine to the torque convertor. The torque convertor  206  may be decoupled from the engine  202  by decoupling of a torque convertor disconnect clutch  212  positioned between the engine  202  and the torque convertor  206 . When the torque convertor  206  is disconnected via the torque convertor disconnect clutch  212 , the torque convertor  206  may stop rotating completely. 
     The direct drive unit  204  may include a higher range clutch (DH)  214  and a lower range clutch (DL)  216 . Based on speed of operation of the vehicle, upon disconnection of the torque convertor  206 , one of the DH  214  and the DL  216  may be connected to the transmission  208 . 
     The transmission  208  may include a set of directional clutches including a forward clutch (FWD)  218  and a reverse clutch (REV)  220 . The directional clutches may be connected to a set of range clutches including a first range clutch  222 , a second range clutch  224 , and a third range clutch  226 . The directional clutches and the range clutches may be connected to an output shaft  210  of the transmission that transmits the power from the engine  202  to a differential and the vehicle axles. The direct drive unit  204  may be connected to the transmission  208  between the directional clutches and range clutches. 
     When the direct drive unit  204  is enabled and the torque convertor  206  is disabled, it is possible to connect each of three range clutches to each of the DH  214  and the DL  216  in each of the FWD  218  and the REV  220  direction. In this way, for each direction, it is possible to operate the transmission in six drive gears. 
     A second representation  300  of the torque convertor and a direct drive unit configured to connect a prime mover such as an engine to a transmission system is given in  FIG.  3   . The second representation  300  shows the components previously introduced in the first representation  200 . Redundant description is therefore omitted for concision. 
     The engine  202  may be connected to the torque convertor  206  and the direct drive unit via an input shaft  205 . The torque convertor  206  may include a pump, a turbine, and a stator positioned coaxially. The torque convertor  206  may be selectively decoupled to the input shaft  205  via a torque convertor disconnect clutch (TC)  212 . If the input shaft  205  is decoupled from the torque convertor  206  by decoupling the TC  212 , one of the higher range clutch (DH)  214  and the lower range clutch (DL)  216  of the direct drive unit  306  may be coupled to the input shaft  205 . Only one of the TC  212 , DH  214 , and DL  216  may be connected to the input shaft  205 . 
     In this arrangement, each of the TC  212 , DH  214 , and DL  216  may be connected to directional clutches; a forward clutch (FWD)  218  and a reverse clutch (REV)  220 . The directional clutches may in turn be coupled to one of the range clutches; a first a first range clutch  222 , a second range clutch  224 , and a third range clutch  226 . The range clutches are connected to the output shaft  210 . In this way, power may be transferred from the engine to the output shaft  210  via either the torque convertor  206 , one of the directional clutches, and one of the range clutches, or via one of the DH  214  or DL  216 , one of the directional clutches, and one of the range clutches. A method for operation of the torque convertor and the direct drive unit is shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     In this way, the components described in  FIGS.  1 - 3    enable a system for a vehicle, comprising: an engine, a transmission including directional clutches and range clutches, a torque convertor configured to selectively connect the engine to the transmission via a disconnect clutch, and a direct drive unit configured to selectively connect the engine to the transmission via one of a higher range clutch and a lower range clutch. 
       FIG.  4    shows a method  400  for operation of a torque convertor (such as torque convertor  206  in  FIG.  2   ) and a direct drive unit (such as direct drive unit  204  in  FIG.  2   ) in a powertrain. In other examples, the method  400  may be implemented using other suitable torque convertors and direct drive unit. Further, the method may be carried out as instructions stored in non-transitory memory executed by a processor in a controller. As such, performing the method steps may include sending and/or receiving commands which trigger adjustment of associate components, as previously indicated. 
     At  402 , the method includes determining operating conditions of the prime mover (engine and/or electric motor) and the vehicle. The operating conditions may include engine speed, motor speed, transmission speed, the torque convertor&#39;s input-output speed variance, vehicle speed, ambient temperature, road gradient, and the like. These operating conditions may be determined using sensor data and/or modeling algorithms. 
     At  404 , the method includes determining if conditions are met for disconnecting the torque convertor (TC) from the engine. The torque convertor may be disengaged if the efficiency of the power transmission from the engine to the transmission is reduced and losses increase. The conditions for torque convertor disengagement may include torque convertor&#39;s input to output speed deviation being less than a threshold value. The threshold value may be pre-calibrated taking into account the torque convertors torque multiplication capabilities. For instance, the threshold value may be correlated to a point at which the convertor&#39;s torque multiplication functionality is negligible (e.g., substantially stops). The conditions for TC disengagement may include a lower than threshold desire for tractive effort. The threshold tractive effort may be pre-calibrated based on the vehicle and a surface of operation of the vehicle. 
     If it is determined that the conditions are not met for disconnecting the TC, at  406 , current powertrain control strategy may be sustained. If the powertrain is operated with the torque convertor already disconnected and further disconnection of the torque convertor is not feasible, the routine may proceed to  406 . In the current powertrain control strategy, the TC may be continued to be coupled or decoupled with the engine, and the current transmission gear ratio may be sustained. 
     If it is determined that conditions are met for TC disconnection, at  408 , the TC may be disconnected by actuation of a disconnect clutch (such as torque convertor disconnect clutch  212  in  FIG.  2   ) housed in an input shaft (such as input shaft  205  of  FIG.  2   ) connecting the TC to the prime mover. Once the TC is disconnected, the TC may stop rotating and power from the prime mover may not be transferred to the transmission system via the TC. 
     At  410 , the prime mover may be connected to the transmission via the direct drive unit. A direct shaft (such as the input shaft) may connect the prime mover to the direct drive unit via one of a higher range clutch (such as DH  214  in  FIG.  2   ) and a lower range clutch (such as DL  216  in  FIG.  2   ). Connecting the prime mover to the transmission via the direct drive unit includes at  412 , engaging the DH or DL clutch to the input shaft. The selection of DH or DL may be based on vehicle speed and desired tractive effort. As an example, the DH clutch may be engaged for higher vehicle speed conditions while the DL clutch may be engaged at lower vehicle speed conditions. 
     At  414 , the directional and range clutches may be adjusted based on vehicle operation and operator input. The directional clutches may include a forward clutch and a reverse clutch, and one of them may be engaged based on operator gear selection (if a drive gear and a reverse gear is selected by the operator in the vehicle). The range clutches may include a first range clutch, a second range clutch, and a third range clutch, one of which may be engaged based on vehicle operating conditions such as vehicle speed. As an example, at higher vehicle speeds, the third clutch may be engaged while at lower vehicle speeds, the first clutch may be engaged. 
     The technical effect of the torque convertor operating methods described herein is to enhance shift quality by reducing NVH. Further, the torque convertor operating methods described herein reduce losses in the torque convertor when the input to output speed variance in the torque convertor drops below a threshold value. 
       FIG.  5    depicts an example gear shift pathway  500  involving the torque convertor and the direct drive unit. In this example, seven gear ratios, numbered  1 - 7 , may be attained during forward drive of the vehicle. The upshift and downshift for the gear ratio may be determined based on vehicle operation such as vehicle speed and tractive effort desired. Line  502  denotes gear change with the torque controller (TC) engaged. First dashed line  504  denotes gear change with the lower range clutch (DL) of the direct drive unit. Second dashed line  506  denotes gear change with the higher range clutch (DH) of the direct drive unit engaged. During gear changes, only one of the TC, the DL, and the DH may be engaged to connect the prime mover to the transmission. 
     During a shift from a first gear to a second gear, the TC may be engaged. During a shift from a second gear to a fourth gear, the DL may be engaged while the TC is disengaged. During a shift from a third gear to a fifth gear, the DH may be engaged while the TC is disengaged. During a shift from the fourth gear to a sixth gear, the DL may be engaged. During a shift from the fifth gear to a seventh gear, the DH may be engaged. It may be understood that some example gear shift pathways are shown and many more combinations are possible wherein one of the TC, DH, and DL is engaged for power transmission from the prime mover to the transmission. 
     In this way, by including a direct drive unit and a disconnect mechanism for the torque convertor, it is possible to selectively disconnect the torque convertor and directly connect the engine to the transmission via the direct drive unit, thereby improving efficiency of the powertrain during certain operating conditions. Further, by including lower speed and higher speed pathways within the direct drive unit, the gear options available for both forward and reverse drive modes may be increased. 
     In one example, a method for a vehicle, comprises: a prime mover configured to be selectively coupled to a transmission via each of a torque convertor and a direct drive unit, the direct drive unit including a higher range clutch and a lower range clutch. In the preceding example, the method further comprising, additionally or optionally, an input shaft of the transmission connecting each of the torque convertor and the direct drive unit to the prime mover. In any or all of the preceding examples, the method further comprising, additionally or optionally, a torque convertor disconnect clutch housed in the input shaft, the torque convertor disconnect clutch configured to selectively decouple the torque convertor from the prime mover. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the transmission includes directional clutches and range clutches configured to be coupled to one of the torque convertor, the higher range clutch, and the lower range clutch. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the directional clutches include a forward clutch and a reverse clutch, and wherein the range clutches include a first clutch, a second clutch, and a third clutch. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the direct drive unit is coupled to the input shaft between the directional clutches and the range clutches. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the range clutches are coupled to an output shaft of the transmission, the output shaft connecting the transmission to a differential. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the prime mover is one or both of an engine and an electric motor. 
     In another example, a system for a vehicle, comprises: during a first condition, connecting an engine to a transmission via a torque convertor, and during a second condition, decoupling the torque convertor and connecting the engine to the transmission via a direct drive unit including a higher range clutch and a lower range clutch. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the first condition includes a vehicle start and a higher than threshold desire for tractive effort, and wherein the second condition includes a speed variance between two opposing rotational interfaces of the torque convertor being smaller than a threshold value, the two opposing rotational interfaces coupled to the engine and the transmission, respectively. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, during the second condition, one of the higher range clutch and the lower range clutch is connected to an input shaft of the transmission. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the higher range clutch is connected to the input shaft during a higher than threshold vehicle speed condition and the lower range clutch is connected to the input shaft during a lower than threshold vehicle speed condition. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the transmission includes a first set of directional clutches and a second set of range clutches positioned downstream of the first set of directional clutches. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the directional clutches include a forward clutch and a reverse clutch, and wherein the range clutches include a plurality of clutches. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, during the first condition, the torque convertor is connected to one of the forward clutch and the reverse clutch, and the one of the forward clutch and the reverse clutch connected to the torque convertor is connected to one of the range clutches. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, during the second condition, the one of higher range clutch and the lower range clutch connected to the input shaft of the transmission is connected to one of the forward clutch and the reverse clutch, and the one of the forward clutch and the reverse clutch connected to the direct drive unit is connected to one of the range clutches. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the decoupling the torque convertor is via a disconnect clutch connected to the input shaft between the engine and the transmission. 
     In yet another example, a method for a vehicle, comprises: an engine, a transmission including directional clutches and range clutches, a torque convertor configured to selectively connect the engine to the transmission via a disconnect clutch; and a direct drive unit configured to selectively connect the engine to the transmission via one of a higher range clutch and a lower range clutch. Any of the preceding examples, further comprising, additionally or optionally, a controller including executable instructions stored in non-transitory memory that, when executed, cause the controller to: upon conditions being met for torque convertor disengagement, decouple the engine from the torque convertor by actuation of the disconnect clutch, and engage one of the higher range clutch and the lower range clutch of the direct drive unit to the engine. In any or all of the preceding examples, additionally or optionally, the conditions for torque convertor disengagement include a difference between an input speed and an output speed of the torque convertor being less than a threshold. 
       FIGS.  2 - 3    show example configurations with relative positioning of the various components. If shown directly contacting each other, or directly coupled, then such elements may be referred to as directly contacting or directly coupled, respectively, at least in one example. Similarly, elements shown contiguous or adjacent to one another may be contiguous or adjacent to each other, respectively, at least in one example. As an example, components laying in face-sharing contact with each other may be referred to as in face-sharing contact. As another example, elements positioned apart from each other with only a space there-between and no other components may be referred to as such, in at least one example. As yet another example, elements shown above/below one another, at opposite sides to one another, or to the left/right of one another may be referred to as such, relative to one another. Further, as shown in the figures, a topmost element or point of element may be referred to as a “top” of the component and a bottommost element or point of the element may be referred to as a “bottom” of the component, in at least one example. As used herein, top/bottom, upper/lower, above/below, may be relative to a vertical axis of the figures and used to describe positioning of elements of the figures relative to one another. As such, elements shown above other elements are positioned vertically above the other elements, in one example. As yet another example, shapes of the elements depicted within the figures may be referred to as having those shapes (e.g., such as being circular, straight, planar, curved, rounded, chamfered, angled, or the like). Additionally, elements co-axial with one another may be referred to as such, in one example. Further, elements shown intersecting one another may be referred to as intersecting elements or intersecting one another, in at least one example. Further still, an element shown within another element or shown outside of another element may be referred as such, in one example. In other examples, elements offset from one another may be referred to as such. 
     Note that the example control and estimation routines included herein can be used with various powertrain and/or vehicle system configurations. The control methods and routines disclosed herein may be stored as executable instructions in non-transitory memory and may be carried out by the control system including the controller in combination with the various sensors, actuators, and other transmission and/or vehicle hardware. Further, portions of the methods may be physical actions taken in the real world to change a state of a device. The specific routines described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such, various actions, operations, and/or functions illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarily required to achieve the features and advantages of the example examples described herein, but is provided for ease of illustration and description. One or more of the illustrated actions, operations and/or functions may be repeatedly performed depending on the particular strategy being used. Further, the described actions, operations and/or functions may graphically represent code to be programmed into non-transitory memory of the computer readable storage medium in the vehicle and/or transmission control system, where the described actions are carried out by executing the instructions in a system including the various hardware components in combination with the electronic controller. One or more of the method steps described herein may be omitted if desired. 
     It will be appreciated that the configurations and routines disclosed herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are possible. As such, while various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation and the embodiments described above are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative, not restrictive. For example, the above technology can be applied to powertrains that include different types of propulsion sources including different types of electric machines, internal combustion engines, and/or transmissions. The subject matter of the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various systems and configurations, and other features, functions, and/or properties disclosed herein. As such, persons skilled in the relevant arts that the disclosed subject matter may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the subject matter. 
     As used herein, the terms “approximately” and “substantially” are construed to mean plus or minus five percent of the range, unless otherwise specified. 
     The following claims particularly point out certain combinations and sub-combinations regarded as novel and non-obvious. These claims may refer to “an” element or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof. Such claims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. Other combinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features, functions, elements, and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or through presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such claims, whether broader, narrower, equal, or different in scope to the original claims, also are regarded as included within the subject matter of the present disclosure.