Patent Publication Number: US-2016221985-A1

Title: Method for the preparation of thiadiazoles

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/648,928, filed on May 18, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to processes for preparing protected glyceraldehydes, such as (hydroxy)methanesulfonates. In addition, the invention relates to processes for preparing thiadiazoles, particularly arylthio-substituted thiadiazoles. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Hydroxy-containing compounds are useful as medicines. However, their reactivity can cause difficulties in their synthesis. Thiadiazoles are also useful in medicinal chemistry. Because of the complex mechanism involved, there exists high variability in the preferred conditions for alternative synthesis of thiadiazoles. Protected glyceraldehydes are valuable chiral starting materials. However they are plagued by their instability. 
     PCT publications WO09/042435 and WO07/117381 describe an in situ process of preparing substituted thiadiazoles from activated thiocyanates. Amino-substituted thiadiazoles prepared from the acyl thioisocyanates is described in JP4144978. 
     Althoff et al. [Archie. der Pharmazie 314, 1981, p518-524] describe the preparation of related bisulfite adducts from the corresponding cyano dioxolanes. Schmid, C. R. et al [J. Org. Chem, 1991, 56, 4056-4058] describe the preparation of (4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carbaldehyde. 
     There is an ongoing need for more facile and higher yielding processes for preparing such protected glyceraldehydes and thiadiazoles. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is generally directed to glyceraldehyde bisulfite adducts and processes for preparing them. 
     The present invention is directed to formation of substituted sulfide-thiadiazoles and thiadiazole sulfones. 
     Another embodiment of the invention is directed to formation of 5-substituted thio-thiadiazoles from the corresponding oximes. 
     It is believed the chemical formulas and names used herein correctly and accurately reflect the underlying chemical compounds. However, the nature and value of the present invention does not depend upon the theoretical correctness of these formulas, in whole or in part. Thus it is understood that the formulas used herein, as well as the chemical names attributed to the correspondingly indicated compounds, are not intended to limit the invention in any way, including restricting it to any specific tautomeric form or to any specific optical or geometric isomer. 
     The following definitions are provided for the full understanding of terms and abbreviations used in this specification. 
     The abbreviations in the specification correspond to units of measure, techniques, properties, or compounds as follows: 
     Anh. Anhydrous
 
CH 2 Cl 2 , DCM dichloromethane, methylene chloride
 
DIPEA di-isopropylethylamine
 
     DMAC N,N-dimethylacetamide 
     DMF dimethylformamide
 
EtOAc ethyl acetate
 
EtOH ethanol
 
h hour(s)
 
HCl hydrochloric acid
 
H 2 O water
 
H 2 O 2  hydrogen peroxide
 
HSO 3   −  bisulfate
 
IPA isopropyl alcohol
 
IPAC isopropyl acetate
 
Kg kilogram
 
K 2 S 2 O 5  potassium metabisulfite
 
K 2 CO 3  potassium carbonate
 
L liter
 
LJR Liter jacketed reactor
 
MeTHF 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran
 
M molar
 
mCPBA metachloroperbenzoic acid
 
Me CN acetonitrile
 
MeOH methanol
 
MgSO 4  magnesium sulfate
 
Min minutes
 
mL milliliter(s)
 
mM millimolar
 
mmole millimole(s)
 
MMPP Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate
 
MoO 2 Cl 2  Molybdenum dichloride dioxide
 
MoO 2 (acac) 2  Molybdenyl(VI) acetylacetonate
 
MsCl mesyl chloride, methylsulfonyl chloride
 
MTBE methyl tertbutyl ether
 
N 2  nitrogen
 
     NCS N-chlorosuccinimide 
     NMO N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide 
     NH 2 OH hydroxylamine
 
NH 2 OH HCl hydroxylamine hydrochloride
 
(NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24  ammonium molybdate
 
(NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 —(H 2 O) 4  ammonium molybdenate tetrahydrate
 
NaSCN sodium thiocyanate
 
NaHCO 3  sodium bicarbonate
 
Na 2 CO 3  sodium carbonate
 
NaIO 4  sodium iodate
 
NaHSO 3  sodium bisulfite
 
NaOAc sodium acetate
 
Na 2 SO 3  sodium sulfite
 
Na 2 S 2 O 5  sodium metabisulfite
 
NaWO 4  sodium tungstate
 
Pb(OAc) 4  Lead tetraacetate
 
RT room temperature
 
Sat. saturated
 
TBHP tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
 
THF tetrahydrofuran
 
TPAP tetrapropylammonium perruthenate.
 
UHP urea-H 2 O 2  
 
μL microliter(s)
 
     General Procedure 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention, as shown in Scheme A, involves formation of protected alcohols via treatment of corresponding aldehydes with a salt of SO 3   −2 , such as Na 2 S 2 O 5 , NaHSO 3 , Na 2 SO 3 , or K 2 S 2 O 5 , where X is a cation, where R is aryl, alkyl or the two R groups together form cycloalkyl or spirocycloalkyl. An organic solvent, preferably one that is miscible in water is used. Examples of such solvents include alcohols, such as EtOH, MeOH, IPA and propyl alcohol; ethers, such as THF, DMF, ethylene glycol, and the like. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention, as shown in Scheme B, involves formation of protected glyceraldehydes via treatment of corresponding aldehydes with a salt of SO 3   −2 , such as Na 2 S 2 O 5 , NaHSO 3 , Na 2 SO 3 , or K 2 S 2 O 5 , where X is a cation, and R is aryl, alkyl or the two R groups together form cycloalkyl. A solvent mixture comprising a water miscible organic solvent, and water can be used. Examples of such solvents include alcohols, such as EtOH, MeOH, IPA and propyl alcohol; ethers, such as THF, ethylene glycol, and the like. 
     The present invention involves treatment of protected glyceraldehydes with a salt of bisulfite where R is alkyl or together form cycloalkyl. The present invention involves protected glyceraldehydes where R is C 1-6  alkyl or together forms C 3-6  cycloalkyl. The present invention involves protected glyceraldehydes where both R groups are the same. 
     In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to processes for preparing bisulfite adducts of glyceraldehydes, comprising the steps of: treating an aldehyde with Na 2 S 2 O 5  in a solvent mixture such as EtOH and water. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention, as shown in Scheme C, involves formation of the thiadiazole sulfides 6, where R b  is aryl, alkyl, arylalkyl, or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl and R a  is aryl, alkyl, arylalkyl, or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, R a  is C 6-10  membered aryl, C 1-6  alkyl, C 6-10  aryl-C 1-3  alkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl or 5-6 membered saturated heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, R a  is a 5-6 membered oxygen containing saturated heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, R a  is a protected diol. In another embodiment of the invention, R b  is C 6-10  membered aryl, C 1-6  alkyl, C 6-10  aryl-C 1-3  alkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl or 5-6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, the aryl, alkyl, arylalkyl, or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl substitutents are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from lower alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and the like. 
     Treatment of an aldehyde 1 with a salt of SO 3   −2 , such as Na 2 S 2 O 5 , NaHSO 3 , or Na 2 SO 3 , at a temperature above RT, preferably at above 35° C., more preferably at a temperature of about 50° C., provides a diastereomeric mixture of the bisulfite adduct 2. Embodiments of the process include treatment with Na 2 S 2 O 5  in an amount of about 0.5-2 equivalents per mole of the aldehyde employed. The invention also relates to the use of about 0.5 equivalents of Na 2 S 2 O 5 . 
     Treatment of the bisulfite adduct 2 in an organic solvent, such as MeTHF, with an aqueous solution of NH 2 OH—HCl and a base, such as K 2 CO 3  or Na 2 CO 3 , gives the oxime 3. To the anh. oxime 3 in a solvent such as a mixture of DMAC/MeTHF, is added a catalytic amount of HCl in a solvent such as dioxane followed by halogenation, such as with Cl 2  or NCS, gives the corresponding chloro-oxime 4 intermediate. The chloro-oxime 4 is provided with a leaving group, such as with treatment with MsCl [LG is Ms] in the presence of base, such as DIPEA, to give the chloro-compound 5, at a temperature below RT, preferably at a temperature of about 0° C. Alternatively, LG is tosyl or an acetate. Reaction of chloro-compound 5 with SCN − , in a solvent such as MeTHF, at a temperature of about RT, and in the presence of organic base, such as pyridine, gives the acyl thioisocyanate intermediate. Treatment of the acyl thioisocyanate with a substituted thiol, such as toluene sulfide, in the presence of 1-2 equivalents of organic base, such as pyridine, in a non-polar solvent such as MeTHF, at a temperature below RT, preferably at about 0° C., gives 1,2,4-thiadiazole 6. 
     The invention also relates to a process in an atmosphere where minimal oxygen is present, such as in a N 2  environment. 
     The present invention also relates to a process where the bisulfite adduct 2 is isolated prior to the cyclization step. Alternatively, the bisulfite adduct 2 is not isolated prior to formation of the thiadiazole. 
     Embodiments of the process include reaction in a non-aqueous solvent environment. Such solvents include MeTHF, MTBE, IPAC, heptane, hexane, toluene, benzene, xylenes, IPA, dioxane, CH 2 Cl 2 , EtOH, MeCN and THF. The present invention also relates to a process where a mixture of solvents is utilized. In certain embodiments of the invention, MeTHF is used as the solvent. Where the term “non-aqueous” is used, it is not to intend that water is not generated by a reaction step. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention, as shown in Scheme D, involves formation of protected glyceraldehydes 9 as well as formation of the thiadiazole sulfides 13. The invention also relates to compounds where R is C 1-3  alkyl, or the two R groups together form cyclohexyl and where R b  is aryl, alkyl, arylalkyl, or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, R b  is C 6-10  membered aryl, C 1-6  alkyl, C 6-10  aryl-C 1-3  alkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl or 5-6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, the aryl, alkyl, arylalkyl, or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl substitutents are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from lower alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and the like. 
     Embodiments of the process include oxidative cleavage of a substituted diol 7 to give aldehyde 8. Embodiments of the process include oxidizing cleavage agent such as NaIO 4 , chromic acid, or Pb(OAc) 4 . In certain embodiments of the invention, NaIO 4  is used for the oxidative cleavage. Embodiments of the process include NaIO 4  in an amount of at least about 1 equivalents per mole of the diol employed. The invention also relates to the use of about 1.4-1.5 equivalents of NaIO 4    
     Embodiments of the process include the oxidizing cleavage in an organic solvent, e.g. CH 2 Cl 2  or EtOAc. 
     Embodiments of the process include an aqueous buffer such as NaHCO 3 , at about 0.3 eq., in the presence of H 2 O. Preferably the pH of the oxidative cleavage is maintained higher than 0.8, preferably above 3. 
     Treatment of an alcoholic aldehyde solution with a salt of SO 3   −2 , such as Na 2 S 2 O 5 , NaHSO 3 , or Na 2 SO 3 , at a temperature above RT, preferably at above 35° C., more preferably at a temperature of about 50° C., provides a diastereomeric mixture of the bisulfite adduct 9. Embodiments of the process include treatment with Na 2 S 2 O 5  in an amount of about 0.5-2 equivalents per mole of the aldehyde employed. The invention also relates to the use of about 0.5 equivalents of Na 2 S 2 O 5 . 
     Treatment of the bisulfite adduct 9 in an organic solvent, such as MeTHF, with an aqueous solution of NH 2 OH or NH 2 OH—HCl and a base such as K 2 CO 3  or Na 2 CO 3 , gives the oxime 10. To the anh. oxime 10 in a solvent such as a mixture of DMAC/MeTHF, is added a catalytic amount of HCl in a solvent such as dioxane followed by halogenation, such as with Cl 2  or NCS, to give the corresponding chloro-oxime 11 intermediate. The chloro-oxime 11 is reacted with MsCl in the presence of base, such as DIPEA, to give the chloro-mesylate 12, at a temperature below RT, preferably at a temperature of about 0° C. Reaction of chloro-mesylate 12 with NaSCN, in a solvent such as MeTHF, at a temperature of about RT, and in the presence of organic base, such as pyridine, gives the acyl thioisocyanate intermediate. Treatment of the acyl thioisocyanate with a substituted thiol, such as toluene sulfide, in the presence of 1-2 equivalents of organic base, such as pyridine, in a non-polar solvent such as MeTHF, at a temperature below RT, preferably at about 0° C., gives 1,2,4-thiadiazole 13. 
     The invention also relates to a process in an atmosphere where minimal oxygen is present, such as in a N 2  environment. 
     The present invention also relates to a process where the bisulfite adduct 9 is isolated prior to the cyclization step. Alternatively, the bisulfite adduct 9 is not isolated prior to formation of the thiadiazole. 
     Embodiments of the process include reaction in a non-aqueous solvent environment. Such solvents include MeTHF, MTBE, IPAC, heptane, hexane, toluene, benzene, xylenes, IPA, dioxane, CH 2 Cl 2 , EtOH, MeCN and THF. The present invention also relates to a process where a mixture of solvents is utilized. In certain embodiments of the invention, MeTHF is used as the solvent. Where the term “non-aqueous” is used, it is not to intend that water is not generated by a reaction step. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The present invention, as shown in Scheme E, involves formation of protected glyceraldehydes 16 as well as formation of the thiadiazole sulfides 20. Bisulfite adduct 16 is stable at RT up to 3 days in 10:1 EtOH/H 2 O. 
     Embodiments of the process includes oxidative cleavage of 1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol 7 to give aldehyde 15. Embodiments of the process include oxidizing cleavage agent such as NaIO 4 , or Pb(OAc) 4 . In certain embodiments of the invention, NaIO 4  is used for the oxidative cleavage. Embodiments of the process include NaIO 4  in an amount of at least about 1 equivalents per mole of the diol employed. The invention also relates to the use of about 1.4-1.5 equivalents of NaIO 4 . 
     Embodiments of the process include the oxidizing cleavage in an organic solvent such as CH 2 Cl 2  or EtOAc. 
     Embodiments of the process include an aqueous buffer such as NaHCO 3 , at about 0.3 eq., in the presence of H 2 O. Preferably the pH of the oxidative cleavage is maintained higher than 0.8, preferably above 3. 
     Treatment of an alcoholic aldehyde solution with a salt of SO 3   −2 , such as Na 2 S 2 O 5 , NaHSO 3 , or Na 2 SO 3 , at a temperature above RT, preferably at above 35° C., more preferably at a temperature of about 50° C., provides a diastereomeric mixture of the bisulfate adduct 16. Embodiments of the process include treatment with Na 2 S 2 O 5  in an amount of about 0.5-2 equivalents per mole of the aldehyde employed. The invention also relates to the use of about 0.5 equivalents of Na 2 S 2 O 5 . 
     Treatment of the bisulfite adduct 16 in an organic solvent, such as MeTHF, an aqueous solution of NH 2 OH—HCl and with a base such as K 2 CO 3  or Na 2 CO 3 , gives the oxime 17. To the anh. oxime 17 in a solvent such as a mixture of DMAC/MeTHF, is added a catalytic amount of HCl in a solvent such as dioxane followed by halogenation, such as with Cl 2  or NCS, to give the corresponding chloro-oxime 18 intermediate. The chloro-oxime 18 is reacted with MsCl in the presence of base, such as DIPEA, to give the chloro-mesylate 19, at a temperature below RT, preferably at a temperature of about 0° C. Reaction of chloro-mesylate 19 with NaSCN, in a solvent such as MeTHF, at a temperature of about RT, and in the presence of organic base, such as pyridine, gives the acyl thioisocyanate intermediate. Treatment of the acyl thioisocyanate with a toluene sulfide, in the presence of 1-2 equivalents of organic base, such as pyridine, in a non-polar solvent such as MeTHF, at a temperature below RT, preferably at about 0° C., gives 1,2,4-thiadiazole 20. 
     The invention also relates to a process in an atmosphere where minimal oxygen is present, such as in a N 2  environment. 
     The present invention also relates to a process where the bisulfite adduct 16 is isolated prior to the cyclization step. Alternatively, the bisulfite adduct 16 is not isolated prior to formation of the thiadiazole. 
     Embodiments of the process include reaction in a non-aqueous solvent environment. Such solvents include MeTHF, MTBE, IPAC, heptane, hexane, toluene, benzene, xylenes, IPA, dioxane, CH 2 Cl 2 , EtOH, MeCN and THF. 
     The present invention also relates to a process where a mixture of solvents is utilized. In certain embodiments of the invention, MeTHF is used as the solvent. Where the term “non-aqueous” is used, it is not to intend that water is not generated by a reaction step. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Oxidation of 3-[(4S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-5-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazole 21 is described in Scheme F. 3-[(4S)-2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-5-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazole is treated with an oxidizing agent, to provide the corresponding sulfones 22. 
     Embodiments of the process include an oxidizing agent selected from peroxide related agents such as urea-H 2 O 2 , aq H 2 O 2 , and peracid based reagents such as mCPBA; peracetic acid or MMPP. The invention also relates to the use of aq H 2 O 2  or urea-H 2 O 2 . 
     Embodiments of the process include a peroxide related oxidizing agent in the presence of a catalyst, for example (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 -(H 2 O) 4 . Embodiments of the process include a peroxide related oxidizing agent in the presence of a catalyst, where less than about 10 wt % of catalyst is used. Embodiments of the process include a peroxide related oxidizing agent in the presence of a catalyst, where less than about 5 wt % of catalyst is used. 
     Embodiments of the process include oxidation in the presence of MeCN or sulfolane. 
     Embodiments of the process include an oxidation carried out at a temperature of above about −15° C. and the temperature of reflux of the solution. Embodiments of the process include an oxidation carried out at a temperature of above about −15° C. and about 30° C. The invention also relates to an oxidation carried out at a temperature of above about RT. 
     Embodiments of the process include oxidizing agent in an amount of more than about 1 equivalents per mole of the sulfide employed. The invention also relates to the use of about 2.5 equivalents of oxidizing agent. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     For clarification, the acyl thioisocyanate intermediate in Schemes C and D is included in Scheme G. All other reagents are described above. The present invention includes the formation of thiadiazoles from the corresponding acyl thioisocyanate upon treatment with substituted thiols, where R b  is aryl, alkyl, arylalkyl, or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, R b  is C 6-10  membered aryl, C 1-6  alkyl, C 6-10  aryl-C 1-3  alkyl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl or 5-6 membered saturated or partially saturated heterocyclyl. In another embodiment of the invention, the aryl, alkyl, arylalkyl, or 5-6 membered heterocyclyl substitutents are optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from lower alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, and the like. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Such glyceraldehyde bisulfate adducts are useful in further reactions as described in Scheme H. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Such substituted sulfide-thiadiazoles and thiadiazole sulfones are useful in further reactions as described in Scheme I. 
     Where the term “alkyl” is used, either alone or within other terms such as “haloalkyl” and “alkylamino”, it embraces linear or branched radicals having one to about twelve carbon atoms. More preferred alkyl radicals are “lower alkyl” radicals having one to about six carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isoamyl, hexyl and the like. Even more preferred are lower alkyl radicals having one or two carbon atoms. The term “alkylenyl” embraces bridging divalent alkyl radicals such as methylenyl and ethylenyl. 
     The term “aryl”, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one or two rings wherein such rings may be attached together in a fused manner. The term “aryl” embraces aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and indanyl. More preferred aryl is phenyl. Said “aryl” group may have 1 to 3 substituents such as lower alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, nitro, cyano, alkoxy and lower alkylamino. Phenyl substituted with —O—CH 2 —O— forms the aryl benzodioxolyl substituent. 
     The term “heterocyclyl” embraces saturated, partially saturated and unsaturated heteroatom-containing ring radicals, where the heteroatoms may be selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. It does not include rings containing —O—O—,—O—S— or —S—S— portions. Said “heterocyclyl” group may have 1 to 3 substituents such as hydroxyl, Boc, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, lower alkyl, lower aralkyl, oxo, lower alkoxy, amino and lower alkylamino. 
     Examples of saturated heterocyclic radicals include saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic groups containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms [e.g. pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperazinyl]; saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g. morpholinyl]; saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., thiazolidinyl]. Examples of partially saturated heterocyclyl radicals include dihydrothienyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrofuryl and dihydrothiazolyl. 
     Examples of unsaturated heterocyclic radicals, also termed “heteroaryl” radicals, include unsaturated 5 to 6 membered heteromonocyclyl group containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl [e.g., 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, 1H-1,2,3-triazolyl, 2H-1,2,3-triazolyl]; unsaturated 5- to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing an oxygen atom, for example, pyranyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, etc.; unsaturated 5 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing a sulfur atom, for example, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, etc.; unsaturated 5- to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl [e.g., 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl]; unsaturated 5 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl [e.g., 1,2,4 thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5 thiadiazolyl]. 
     The term also embraces radicals where heterocyclic radicals are fused/condensed with aryl radicals: unsaturated condensed heterocyclic group containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms, for example, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl [e.g., tetrazolo [1,5-b]pyridazinyl]; unsaturated condensed heterocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g. benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl]; unsaturated condensed heterocyclic group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms [e.g., benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl]; and saturated, partially unsaturated and unsaturated condensed heterocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen or sulfur atoms [e.g. benzofuryl, benzothienyl, 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxinyl and dihydrobenzofuryl]. Preferred heterocyclic radicals include five to ten membered fused or unfused radicals. More preferred examples of heteroaryl radicals include quinolyl, isoquinolyl, imidazolyl, pyridyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, furyl, and pyrazinyl. Other preferred heteroaryl radicals are 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, containing one or two heteroatoms selected from sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen, selected from thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, indazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, piperidinyl and pyrazinyl. 
     The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” embraces aryl-substituted alkyl radicals. Preferable aralkyl radicals are “lower aralkyl” radicals having aryl radicals attached to alkyl radicals having one to six carbon atoms. Even more preferred are “phenylalkylenyl” attached to alkyl portions having one to three carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include benzyl, diphenylmethyl and phenylethyl. The aryl in said aralkyl may be additionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, halkoalkyl and haloalkoxy. 
     The term “haloalkyl” embraces radicals wherein any one or more of the alkyl carbon atoms is substituted with halo as defined above. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals including perhaloalkyl. A monohaloalkyl radical, for one example, may have either an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical. Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals. “Lower haloalkyl” embraces radicals having 1-6 carbon atoms. Even more preferred are lower haloalkyl radicals having one to three carbon atoms. Examples of haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl. “Perfluoroalkyl” means alkyl radicals having all hydrogen atoms replaced with fluoro atoms. Examples include trifluoromethyl and pentafluoroethyl. 
     The term “hydroxyalkyl” embraces linear or branched alkyl radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms any one of which may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl radicals. More preferred hydroxyalkyl radicals are “lower hydroxyalkyl” radicals having one to six carbon atoms and one or more hydroxyl radicals. Examples of such radicals include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl and hydroxyhexyl. Even more preferred are lower hydroxyalkyl radicals having one to three carbon atoms. 
     The term “alkoxy” embrace linear or branched oxy-containing radicals each having alkyl portions of one to about ten carbon atoms. More preferred alkoxy radicals are “lower alkoxy” radicals having one to six carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and tert-butoxy. Even more preferred are lower alkoxy radicals having one to three carbon atoms. Alkoxy radicals may be further substituted with one or more halo atoms, such as fluoro, chloro or bromo, to provide “haloalkoxy” radicals. Even more preferred are lower haloalkoxy radicals having one to three carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include fluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, fluoroethoxy and fluoropropoxy. 
     The term “alkylamino” embraces “N-alkylamino” and “N,N-dialkylamino” where amino groups are substituted with one alkyl radical and with two independent alkyl radicals, respectively. More preferred alkylamino radicals are “lower alkylamino” radicals having one or two alkyl radicals of one to six carbon atoms, attached to a nitrogen atom. Even more preferred are lower alkylamino radicals having one to three carbon atoms. Suitable alkylamino radicals may be mono or dialkylamino such as N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino and the like. 
     The present invention is further defined in the following Examples, in which all parts and percentages are by weight and area percent (A %) and degrees are Celsius, unless otherwise stated. It should be understood that these examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. 
     Example 1 
     sodium [(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl](hydroxy) methanesulfonate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 Source 
                 Mass 
                 Equiv 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene- 
                 TCI-Japan/Carbosynth/ 
                 1.8  
                 kg 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 D-mannitol 
                 (1 kg)/(0.8 kg) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 NaIO 4   
                 Aldrich 
                 2.06  
                 kg 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 NaHCO 3 , (sat. Aq. solution) 
                 TekNova 
                 0.72  
                 L 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 CH 2 Cl 2   
                 Aldrich 
                 18  
                 L 
                   
               
               
                 MgSO 4  (anh.) 
                 Aldrich 
                 0.9  
                 kg 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 EtOH 
                 Aldrich, denatured,  
                 10  
                 L 
                   
               
               
                   
                 90% EtOH, 5% MeOH,  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5% iPrOH 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Na 2 S 2 O 5   
                 Alfa Aesar 
                 0.940  
                 kg 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Deionized H 2 O 
                   
                 2  
                 L 
                   
               
               
                 EtOH 
                 Aldrich, denatured,  
                 20  
                 L 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 90% EtOH, 5% MeOH,  
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 5% iPrOH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Note: 
               
               
                 Volumes indicated are relative to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol unless otherwise noted. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Step 1—Diol Cleavage 
     Blanket reactor with N 2 . A N 2  atmosphere is kept on reactor during entire process. Set jacket to 20±5° C. Charge 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol (1.8 kg) to reactor. Charge CH 2 Cl 2  (18 L, 10±0.5 vol relative to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol) to reactor. Start agitation (450 RPM). Charge sat. aqueous NaHCO 3  (0.72 L, 0.4±0.05 vol relative to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol) to reactor. Charge NaIO 4  (2.06 kg) to reactor portion-wise, so that temperature does not exceed 35±5° C. Agitate at 20±5° C. for &gt;60 min. Charge anh. MgSO 4  (0.9 Kg, 50 wt % to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol) to reactor so that temperature does not exceed 30° C. Agitate at 20±5° C. for &gt;15 min. Remove solids by filtration. Transfer ‘aldehyde solution’ to a clean dry container. 
     Step 2—Bisulfite Adduct Formation 
     Set jacket to 20±5° C. Charge ‘aldehyde solution’ to reactor. Configure reactor for distillation. Set jacket to 45±5° C. Collect 16.6 kg (12.6 L, 7±0.5 vol to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol) distillate. Charge EtOH (7.1 kg, 9.0 L, 5±0.5 vol to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol) to reactor. Collect 11.9 kg (9.0 L, 5±0.5 vol to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol) distillate. Break vacuum to reactor, back fill with N 2 . Charge EtOH (14.6 L, to bring to a desired volume to obtain 10:1 EtOH/water ratio, 20 L) to reactor; maintain a rate such that the temperature does not go below 40±5° C. Set internal temperature to 50±2° C. Charge Na 2 S 2 O 5  (0.96 kg±0.5%) to appropriate container. Charge DI H 2 O (2 L) to container containing Na 2 S 2 O 5 . The Na 2 S 2 O 5  solution must be freshly prepared. Charge Na 2 S 2 O 5  solution to reactor via addition funnel over 30-45 min. Agitate at 50±5° C. for 2 h. Cool reaction mixture to 20±5° C. over a least 30 min. Age reaction mixture at 20±5° C.&gt;2 h. Collect solids by filtration [Aurora filter with 12 micron Teflon filter cloth]. Rinse reactor and cake with EtOH (4.5 L, 2.5 vol to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol). Dry solids on funnel under dry N 2  to constant weight. For 1800 g (1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-D-mannitol) pilot: 2216 g of sodium [(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl](hydroxy) methanesulfonate was obtained as a white crystalline solid. 69% overall yield. 
     Example 2 
     sodium (2R)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-2-yl(hydroxy)methanesulfonate 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Materials: 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mass 
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 Source 
                 (Volume) 
                 Equiv 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (2R)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-2- 
                 Louston (66.7 wt %, 
                 247  
                 g 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 yl(hydroxy)methanesulfonate 
                 assumed 100 wt %) 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Na 2 S 2 O 5   
                 Alfa Aesar 
                 128.5  
                 g 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 EtOH (denatured) 
                 Aldrich,  
                 3.5  
                 L 
                   
               
               
                 DI H 2 O 
                   
                 0.30  
                 L 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Procedure: 
     Blanket reactor with N 2 . A N 2  atmosphere is kept on reactor during entire process. Set jacket to 20±5° C. Charge aldehyde (247 g, 66.7 wt %, assumed 100 wt %) to appropriate container. Charge EtOH (1.0 L) to container containing aldehyde 1, label as ‘aldehyde solution. Charge ‘aldehyde solution’ to reactor. Rinse aldehyde container with EtOH (1.0 L) and charge rinse to reactor. Charge remaining EtOH (1.5 L) to reactor. Start agitation (250 RPM). Set internal temperature to 50±5° C. Charge Na 2 S 2 O 5  (128.5 g) to appropriate container. Charge DI H 2 O (0.30 L) to container containing Na 2 S 2 O 5 . Charge Na 2 S 2 O 5  solution to reactor via addition funnel Agitate at 50±5° C. for 2 h. Cool reaction mixture to 20±5° C. over a time period of &gt;90 min. Age reaction mixture at 20±5° C.&gt;2 h. Collect solids by filtration. Rinse reactor and cake with EtOH (2×0.6 L). Dry solids on funnel under dry N 2  to constant weight. Sodium (2R)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-2-yl(hydroxy)methanesulfonate (335.6 g) was obtained as a white crystalline solid. 84% yield. 
     Example 3 
     3-[(4S)-2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-5-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazole 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Volume 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 (relative  
                   
                   
               
               
                 Material 
                 Eq 
                 to SM) 
                 Mass 
                 Volume 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 sodium [(4R)-2,2-dimethyl- 
                 1.0 
                   
                 16.2 kg 
                   
               
               
                 1,3-dioxolan-4-yl](hydroxy) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 methanesulfonate 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 4 
                 54.7 kg 
                 64.0 L 32.25 L 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Water 
                   
                 1.6 
                 25.6 kg 
                 25.6  
                 L 
               
               
                 K 2 CO 3   
                 1.2 
                   
                 11.3 kg 
                   
                   
               
               
                 NH 2 OH HCl 
                 1.15 
                   
                 5.46 kg 
                   
                   
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 3 
                 41.0 kg 
                 48.0  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 3 
                 41.0 kg 
                 48.0  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 0.5 
                 6.83 kg 
                 8.0  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 0.5 (rel to 
                  4.3 kg 
                 5.0  
                 L 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 oxime) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 (S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3- 
                 1.0 
                   
                 9.33 kg 
                   
               
               
                 dioxolane-4-carbaldehyde 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 oxime 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 STEP 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 8.5 (total)  
                 67.7 kg 
                 52.57  
                 L 
               
               
                 DMAC 
                   
                 1 
                 8.77 kg 
                 9.33  
                 L 
               
               
                 4.0M HCl in 1,4-dioxanes 
                 0.02 
                   
                   
                 323  
                 mL 
               
               
                 NCS 
                 1.05 
                   
                  9.0 kg 
                   
                   
               
               
                 MsCl 
                 1.05 
                   
                 7.73 kg 
                 5.22  
                 L 
               
               
                 DIPEA 
                 1.1 
                   
                 9.14 kg 
                 12.32  
                 L 
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                 2 
                 18.6 kg 
                 18.6  
                 L 
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                 1 
                  9.3 kg 
                 9.3  
                 L 
               
               
                 Sat. Brine 
                   
                 1 
                 10.5 kg 
                 9.3  
                 L 
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                 1 
                  9.3 kg 
                 9.3  
                 L 
               
               
                 Sat. Brine 
                   
                 1 
                 10.4 kg 
                 9.3  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 4 
                 31.9 kg 
                 37.25  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 4 
                 31.8 kg 
                 32.25  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 0.5 (rel to 
                  7.5 kg 
                 8.8  
                 L 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Cl-Ms) 
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 0.5 (rel to 
                   4 kg 
                 4.68  
                 L 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Cl-Ms) 
                   
                   
               
               
                 (R)-2,2-dimethyl-N- 
                 1.0 
                   
                 15.0 kg 
                   
               
               
                 (methylsulfonyloxy)-1,3- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 dioxolane-4-carbimidoyl 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 chloride solution in MeTHF 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 STEP 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 NaSCN 
                 1.1 
                   
                  5.2 kg 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 6.5 
                 83.3 kg 
                 97.5  
                 L 
               
               
                 Pyridine 
                 2.0 
                   
                  9.2 kg 
                 9.4  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                   
                   
                 4.0  
                 L 
               
               
                 Toluene thiol 
                 1.1 
                   
                 7.95 kg 
                   
                   
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 1 
                   
                 12  
                 L 
               
               
                 MeTHF 
                   
                 ≦1 
                   
                 3  
                 L 
               
               
                 Sat. NaHCO 3   
                   
                 3 
                   
                 45  
                 L 
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                 2 
                   30 kg 
                 30  
                 L 
               
               
                 Sat. Brine 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 30  
                 L 
               
               
                 Water 
                   
                 4 
                   60 kg 
                 60  
                 L 
               
               
                 IPA 
                   
                 5 
                 58.9 kg 
                 75  
                 L 
               
               
                 IPA 
                   
                   
                 19.8 kg 
                 25  
                 L 
               
               
                 Sulfide (seed) 
                 0.01 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 IPA 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 60  
                 L 
               
               
                 IPA 
                   
                 2 
                   
                 30  
                 L 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Oxime Formation 
     Charge sodium [(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl](hydroxy) methanesulfonate (16.2 kg) to a clean, dry 250 LJR. Charge MeTHF (94.7 kg) to 250 LJR. Stir at 25±5° C. under N 2 . Charge water (25.6 kg) to a 100 LJR. Charge potassium carbonate (11.3 kg) to the 100 LJR. Stir mixture in 100 LJR until homogeneous. Charge hydroxylamine hydrochloride (5.46 kg) to 100 LJR. Stir until mixture is homogeneous at 20±5° C. Charge potassium carbonate aqueous solution from 100 LJR to 250 LJR, maintaining batch temperature ≦30° C. Stir batch in 250 LJR for ≧1 hour at 20±5° C. Stir batch for ≧1 hour. Stop agitation and allow &gt;5 min. for phase separation. Phase cut and remove aqueous layer. Hold product solution in MeTHF overnight in 250 LJR at &lt;10° C. Remove THF under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Charge MeTHF (41 kg) to 250 LJR. Remove THF under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Charge MeTHF (41 kg) to 250 LJR. Remove MeTHF under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Filter contents of 250 LJR through a 5 micron filter into a preweighed carboy. Charge MeTHF (4.3 kg) to 250 LJR. Stir MeTHF in 250 LJR. Filter contents of 250 LJR through a 5 micron filter into a preweighed carboy. Clean 250 LJR with water, acetone and final rinse of MeTHF. Transfer contents of carboy to clean dry 250 LJR. Charge MeTHF (3.95 kg) rinse to carboy. Transfer contents of carboy to 250 LJR. Hold product solution in 250 LJR at &lt;10° C. Yield of oxime −94.2%. 
     Chloromesylate [Cl-Ms] Formation 
     Charge MeTHF (47 kg) to 250 LJR containing oxime solution. Stir MeTHF in 250 LJR. Charge DMAC (9.3 L) to 250 LJR. Charge 4.0 M HCl in dioxanes (323 mL) to 250 LJR. Charge NCS (9.0 kg) to reaction vessel in 10 equal portions, maintaining an internal temperature 15±5° C. Stir batch for &gt;30 min. at 20±5° C. Cool contents of 250 LJR to 0±5° C. Charge MsCl (7.73 kg) to 250 LJR. Charge DIPEA (9.15 kg) to addition funnel Add DIPEA to 250 LJR over ≧30 min., maintaining an internal temperature ≦10° C. Stir contents for &gt;1 hour at 0±5° C. Warm Reaction Vessel contents to 20±5° C. Charge water (18.6 kg) to 250 LJR. Stir mixture ≧5 min. Stop agitation and allow &gt;5 min. for phase separation. Reaction mixture becomes biphasic. Remove lower, aqueous layer. Charge water (8.3 kg) to 250 LJR. Charge sat. brine (10.5 kg) to 250 LJR. Stir 250 LJR≧5 min. at 20±5° C. Stop agitation and allow &gt;5 min. for phase separation. Remove lower, aqueous layer. Charge water (9.3 kg) to 250 LJR. Charge sat. brine (10.4 kg) to 250 LJR. Stir 250 LJR≧5 min. at 20±5° C. Stop agitation and allow ≧5 min. for phase separation. Remove aqueous layer. Remove MeTHF under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Charge MeTHF (31.9 kg) to 250 LJR. Remove MeTHF under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Charge MeTHF (31.8 kg) to 250 LJR. Remove MeTHF under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Filter contents of 60 LJR through a 5 micron filter into a preweighed carboy. Charge MeTHF (7.5 kg) to 250 LJR. Stir MeTHF in 250 LJR. Filter through a 5 micron filter. 
     Step 5: Sulfide Formation 
     Charge NaSCN (5.208 kg) to a clean, dry 250 LJR. Charge MeTHF (83.35 kg) to 250 LJR. Charge pyridine (9.4 L) to 250 LJR. Initiate agitation in 250 LJR. Adjust 250 LJR internal temperature to 20±5° C. Transfer the chloromesylate solution to 100 LJR maintaining batch temperature of 20±5° C. Color changes to orange. Stir contents of 250 LJR for &gt;2 hours at 20±5° C. Cool contents of 250 LJR to 0±5° C. Charge toluene thiol (7.95 kg) to a clean container. Charge MeTHF (12 L) to “Toluene Thiol Solution”. Agitate mixture until homogeneous. Charge “Toluene Thiol Solution” to 250 LJR, keeping batch temperature ≦10° C. Stir contents of 250 LJR for &gt;2 h. at 0±5° C. Warm reaction vessel contents to 20±5° C. Charge sat. aqueous NaHCO 3  (45 L) to 250 LJR. Stir mixture at 20±5° C.≧5 min. Stop agitation and allow &gt;5 min. for phase separation. Remove lower, aqueous layer. Charge water (30 kg) to 250 LJR. Charge sat. brine (30 L) to 250 LJR. Stir mixture ≧5 min. Stop agitation and allow &gt;5 min. for phase separation. Remove lower, aqueous layer. Charge water (60 kg) to 250 LJR. Stir mixture at 20±5° C. for ≧5 min. Stop agitation and allow &gt;5 min. for phase separation. Remove lower, aqueous layer. Remove MeTHF under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Charge IPA (58.9 kg) to 250 LJR. Remove IPA under vacuum at 30±5° C. batch temperature until ˜1.5-2 volumes remain. Charge IPA (19.8 kg) to 250 LJR to reach a total batch volume of 64 L. Heat batch to 50±5° C. Cool batch to 40±2° C. Charge seed (1%) as a slurry in IPA (4 vol wet seed). Stir batch at 40±2° C. for &gt;15 min. Cool reaction vessel contents to 0±5° C. over ≧4 h. Hold reaction vessel contents at 0±5° C. for ≧2 h. Filter contents of 250 LJR on a 20″ Aurora filter using Teflon 12-25 micorn filter cloth sending the liquor to an appropriate vessel. Collect and weigh filtrate. Cool the IPA in vessel to 0±5° C. Charge cold IPA to 250 LJR. Stir the rinse for &gt;5 min. at 0±5° C. Send the wash onto the filter cake and through to an appropriate vessel. Collect and weigh filtrate. Charge IPA (30 L) to 250 LJR. Cool the IPA in 250 LJR to 0±5° C. Stir the rinse for &gt;5 min. at 0±5° C. Send the wash onto the filter cake and through to an appropriate vessel. Dry filter cake for ≧24 h. under N 2  at 20±5° C. Sulfide (15.4 Kg) was isolated in 72.1% overall yield. 
     Example 4 
     3-[(4S)-2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-5-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazole 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Catalyst 
       
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Volumes 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (relative 
                   
                 Vol- 
               
               
                 Step 
                 Material 
                 Eq 
                 to SM) 
                 Mass 
                 ume 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Ammonium molybdate 
                 1 
                 — 
                 802  
                 g 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 tetrahydrate 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 Water 
                 — 
                 4 
                 3.2  
                 kg 
                 3.2 L 
               
               
                 3 
                 Urea hydrogen peroxide  
                 14 
                 — 
                 856  
                 g 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 adduct 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 3-[(4S)-2,2-dimethyl- 
                 1 
                 — 
                 15.0  
                 k 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-5-[(4- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 methylphenyl)sulfanyl]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1,2,4-thiadiazole 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Sulfolane 
                 — 
                 5 
                 92.3  
                 kg 
                   75 L 
               
               
                 6 
                 Catalyst sol&#39;n from 
                 — 
                 — 
                 3.65  
                 kg 
                   
               
               
                   
                 steps 1-4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 Urea hydrogen peroxide  
                 0.313 
                 — 
                 1.43  
                 kg 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 adduct 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 Urea hydrogen peroxide  
                 0.313 
                 — 
                 1.43  
                 kg 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 adduct 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 Urea hydrogen peroxide  
                 0.625 
                 — 
                 2.86  
                 kg 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 adduct 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 Urea hydrogen peroxide  
                 0.625 
                 — 
                 2.86  
                 kg 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 adduct 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 Urea hydrogen peroxide  
                 0.625 
                 — 
                 2.86  
                 kg 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 adduct 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 1.0M pH 4 NaOAc  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 15.0 L 
               
               
                   
                 buffer solution 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 3-[(4S)-2,2-dimethyl- 
                   
                 0.01 
                 75  
                 g 
                   
               
               
                   
                 1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-5-[(4- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 methylphenyl)sulfonyl]- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1,2,4-thiadiazole 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 14 
                 1.0M pH 4 NaOAc  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 97.5 L 
               
               
                   
                 buffer solution 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 1.0M aqueous sodium 
                   
                 0.19 
                   
                   
                 9.72 L 
               
               
                   
                 thiosulfate 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 16 
                 water 
                   
                   
                 75  
                 kg 
                   75 L 
               
               
                 17 
                 water 
                   
                   
                 75  
                 kg 
                   75 L 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparation 
     Charge ammonium molybdate-tetrahydrate (802 g, 0.013 equiv) to a 5 L RBF equipped with a temperature probe and stirring. Charge water (3.2 kg) to 5 L RBF. Initiate agitation. Charge urea-H 2 O 2  (856 g, 0.19 equiv) portion wise to 5 L RBF maintaining batch temperature 30±5° C. 
     Reaction 
     Set jacket of a clean, dry 250 LJR to 25° C. Charge 3-[(4S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-5-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-1,2,4-thiadiazole (15.0 kg, 1.0 equiv) to the 250 LJR as a solid. Charge sulfolane (92.3 kg) to 250 LJR. Ensure agitator will turn freely and then initiate agitation in 250 LJR. Initiate N 2  Sweep. Adjust the batch temperature to 30±5° C. Charge the aqueous catalyst solution (3.65 kg) from 5 L RBF to 250 LJR. Charge first portion of urea-H 2 O 2  (1.43 kg, 12.5% of total) to the 250 LJR as a solid. Agitate batch at 30±5° C. for &gt;30 min. Charge urea-H 2 O 2  (1.43 kg, 12.5% of total) to 250 LJR as a solid. Agitate batch at 30±5° C. for &gt;30 min. Charge urea-H 2 O 2  (2.86 kg, 25% of total) to 250 LJR as a solid. Agitate batch at 30±5° C. for &gt;30 min. Charge urea-H 2 O 2  (2.86 kg, 25% of total) to 250 LJR as a solid. Agitate batch at 30±5° C. for &gt;30 min. Charge urea-H 2 O 2  (2.86 kg, 5% of total) to 250 LJR as a solid. Agitate batch at 30±5° C. for &gt;6 h. 
     Isolation 
     Set the jacket of the 250 L reactor to 25° C. Charge 1.0 M pH 4 NaOAc buffer solution (15 L) to 250 LJR. Charge seed (1 mol % of sulfone) in a 1:1 sulfolane buffer mixture (4 vol wet seed). Agitate batch at 25±5° C. for &gt;30 min. Charge 1.0 M pH 4 NaOAc buffer solution (97.5 L) to 250 LJR over &gt;1 h. Charge sodium thiosulfate solution (9.72 L) to 250 LJR maintaining batch temperature &lt;30° C. Agitate batch at 25±5° C. for &gt;15 min. Filter contents of 250 LJR on a 20″ Aurora filter equipped with a 12-20 μm PTFE cloth. Charge water (75 kg) rinse to 250 LJR. Stir contents of 250 LJR for &gt;1 min. Transfer contents of 250 LJR to filter cake and agitate for &gt;15 mins before collecting filtrate. Wash filter cake with water (75 kg) and agitate for &gt;15 mins before collecting filtrate. Dry filter cake under N 2  at ambient temperature. Transfer filter cake to the double cone dryer. Dry the filter cake at elevated temperature and reduced pressure. Note: on 15 kg scale, 15.4 kg of sulfone isolated (91.9%) 
     Alternatively, oxidation was tried via treatment of the sulfide with the following reagents and solvents and the corresponding results: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Reagent 
                 Result 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 mCPBA, DCM 
                 Clean oxidation, high assay yld, no deprotection 
               
               
                 MMPP, MeOH 
                 Clean oxidation, high assay yld, no deprotection 
               
               
                 Peracetic acid 
                 Oxidation, predominantly deprotection 
               
               
                 Oxone, aqueous acetone 
                 decomposition 
               
               
                 Ozone, MeOH 
                 No significant reaction 
               
               
                 Sodium perborate, MeCN/water  
                 No significant reaction 
               
               
                 NMO, TPAP, MeCN 
                 10% Oxidation 
               
               
                 NMO, NaWO 4 , MeOH 
                 No significant reaction 
               
               
                 aq H 2 O 2 , NaWO 4 , MeOH 
                 20-30% Oxidation, slow deptotection 
               
               
                 aq H 2 O 2 , MoO 2 Cl 2 , MeCN 
                 No significant oxidation, rapid deprotection 
               
               
                 MoO 2 (acac) 2 , DCM, TBHP/decane 
                 Slow oxidation, slow deprotection 
               
               
                 aq H 2 O 2 , Ammonium molybdate, MeOH 
                 75-80% Oxidation, slow deprotection 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following examples describe other thiadiazoles formed via the current method detailed above. 
     Example 5 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (E)-Methyl 4-(chloro(((methylsulfonyl)oxy)imino)methyl)benzoate (Prep. 1) (510 mg), NaSCN (208 mg), MeCN (5 mL) and pyridine (0.56 mL) were stirred at 40 C for about 6 h. Toluene thiol (320 mg) was added as a solid and the reaction was stirred for about 13 h. The mixture was worked up into EtOAc and methyl 4-(5-(p-tolylthio)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzoate was crystallized 390 mg (66%) from EtOAc/hexanes from first crop. An additional 100 mg (17%) were purified by column chromatography (DCM-5% EtOAc/DCM). Total yield 490 mg (83%). 
     Example 6 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (E)-N-((Methylsulfonyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (0.5 g), NaSCN (265 mg), MeCN (5 mL) and pyridine (0.7 mL) were heated to 40 C. After about 7 h., TolSH (399 mg) was added and the reaction was stirred at RT, overnight. The mixture was worked up into DCM, dried over MgSO 4  and the solvent was removed. The mixture was purified via column chromatography (heptane-&gt;50% DCM/heptane). 3-Phenyl-5-(p-tolylthio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole was isolated as a colorless solid (486 mg, 80%). 
     Example 7 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (E)-N-((Methylsulfonyl)oxy)-4-nitrobenzimidoyl chloride (0.5 g), NaSCN (215 mg), MeCN (5 mL) and pyridine (0.7 mL) were combined and heated to 40 C. After about 5 h., the reaction was quenched with toluene thiol (330 mg). The mixture was worked up into DCM, dried over MgSO 4  and solvent was removed. 3-(4-Nitrophenyl)-5-(p-tolylthio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole was isolated as crystalline material from DCM/heptane (370 mg, 63%). The remaining solution was purified by chromatography (heptane-&gt;DCM) to give 116 mg. Total recovered 486 mg (82%). 
     Example 8 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (E)-N-((Methylsulfonyl)oxy)-3-phenylpropanimidoyl chloride (511 mg), NaSCN (240 mg), MeCN (5 mL) and pyridine (660 mg) were combined and the reaction was stirred at 40 C. After about 2 h., the mixture was cooled to 0 C and toluene thiol (340 mg) was charged as a solid. The mixture became very thick, and MeCN (2.5 mL) was added. The resulting 3-phenethyl-5-(p-tolylthio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole was purified by chromatography (Hexane-&gt;50% DCM/hexane) to yield 388 mg (64%). 
     Example 9 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     (E)-4-Bromo-N-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride (0.51 g), NaSCN (200 mg), MeCN (5 mL) and pyridine (0.52 mL) were combined and warmed to 40 C. After 6 h., the mixture was cooled to 0 C and toluene thiol (amount) was added TolSH as a solid. The mixture was worked up into DCM, washed with water (3×), brine (lx), dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated to induce crystallization. The resulting crystalline material was filtered and washed with hexane/DCM. The remaining liquid was evaporated to a yellow oil and purified by chromatography (hexane-&gt;50 DCM/hexane) to provide 3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(p-tolylthio)-1,2,4-thiadiazole 390 mg (66%). 
     Preparation 1 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparation of methyl 4-[(Z)-chloro{[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]imino}methyl]benzoate 
     To a solution of methyl 4-[(E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl]benzoate (6.3 g, 39 mmol) in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (60 mL) and of dimethyl acetamide (7 mL) was added a solution of HCl in dioxane (4.0 M, 195 uL, 0.78 mmol) and the mixture was cooled in an ice bath. NCS (5.48 g, 41.0 mmol) was added portionwise maintaining the internal temperature below 10 C. The mixture was stirred at 20 C for 30 min and then was cooled in an ice bath. MsCl (4.7 g, 41 mmol) was added followed by DIPEA (5.55 g, 43 mmol) dropwise maintaining the internal temperature below 10 C. The mixture was warmed to 20 C and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was partitioned between EtOAc and water and the organic layer was washed with water (3×), brine (lx), dried over MgSO 4  and the solvent removed to give a colorless solid (5.52 g, 54% yld). 
     The following were prepared using a procedure similar to that described for Preparation 1:
     (E)-N-((Methylsulfonyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride;   (E)-N-((Methylsulfonyl)oxy)-4-nitrobenzimidoyl chloride;   (E)-N-((Methylsulfonyl)oxy)-3-phenylpropanimidoyl chloride; and   (E)-4-Bromo-N-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)benzimidoyl chloride.   

     As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a compound” is a reference to one or more compounds and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. The term “comprising” is meant to be open ended, including the indicated component but not excluding other elements. 
     When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and subcombinations of ranges specific embodiments therein are intended to be included. 
     The disclosures of each patent, patent application and publication cited or described in this document are hereby incorporated herein by reference, in their entireties. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.