Patent Publication Number: US-2022224284-A1

Title: Solar module holding device, and method for producing a solar module holding device

Description:
STATE OF THE ART 
     The invention concerns a solar module holding device according to the preamble of claim  1 , a solar park according to claim  28  and a method for producing a solar module holding device according to claim  29 . 
     In US 2017/0359017 A1 a solar module holding device, which is configured to enable an assembly of at least one solar module, with a shaft, with a base body that forms at least one support surface configured for a support at least of a portion of the solar module, the base body being embodied as a sheet part, and with solar module holding elements which are molded on the base body integrally, has already been proposed. 
     The objective of the invention is in particular to provide a generic device with advantageous characteristics in regard to efficiency, in particular in regard to secure holding in combination with reduced material requirements. The objective is achieved according to the invention by the features of patent claims  1 ,  28  and  29  while advantageous implementations and further developments of the invention may be gathered from the subclaims. 
     ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention is based on a solar module holding device, which is configured to enable an assembly of at least one, in particular solar-position-tracking, solar module, with a shaft, in particular a rotatable shaft, with a base body that forms at least one support surface configured for a support at least of a portion of the solar module, the base body being embodied as a sheet part, which is preferably implemented as one piece, with at least one solar module holding element, which is molded on the base body integrally and is configured for a fixation of a solar module, and with at least one further solar module holding element, which is molded on the base body integrally and is configured for a fixation of a further solar module that is different from the solar module, the solar module holding elements being implemented in a hook shape and protruding from the support surface of the base body, wherein the solar module holding elements are in each case configured to establish a form-fit connection with respectively one solar module, wherein the base body comprises a side wall and a further side wall. 
     It is proposed that the solar module holding element and the further solar module holding element are in each case arranged offset from a central line of the support surface outward, toward the respective side walls. Advantageously an especially simple and/or especially efficient production of the solar module holding device, for example in a simple punch-bending procedure, is enabled. Advantageously, particularly short production times are thus achievable, as a result of which in particular costs per piece are reduced. It is moreover advantageously possible, in particular by a manufacturing from a single rectangular metal sheet, to keep a material offcut at a particularly low level. The solar module holding device is in particular embodied as an in-between piece between the shaft generating a rotation and the solar modules allocated to the shaft, said in-between piece being preferably intended, on the one hand, to transfer a movement of the shaft to the solar module and, on the other hand, to ensure a fixation of the solar module to the shaft. Preferably, within a solar park, a plurality of solar modules are allocated to one shaft, each solar module being connected to at least one, preferably to at least two, solar module holding device(s). By a “solar module” is in particular a module to be understood which is configured to generate electric power from solar light. Preferably the solar module is embodied as a photovoltaic module. In particular, the shaft is embodied as a rod, as a stick, as a bar, or the like. In particular, the shaft is connected to a motor which generates a rotation and which is preferably configured to adjust a rotation position of the shaft depending on a position of the sun. In particular, the solar modules lie, in each case in a peripheral region of the solar modules, in particular with a frame portion of the solar modules, upon the support surface of the solar module holding device. The sheet part is in particular embodied as a metal sheet part, for example as an aluminum sheet part or as a steel sheet part. “Integrally” is in particular to mean connected by substance-to-substance bond, like for example by a welding process and/or a gluing process etc., and especially advantageously molded-on, for example by a manufacturing from a cast and/or by a production via a one-component or multicomponent injection molding procedure. Advantageously, “integrally” is also to mean in one part. “In one part” is in particular to mean formed in one piece. Preferably this one piece is produced from a single blank, from one mass and/or from one cast, particularly preferentially in an injection-molding process, in particular a one-component and/or multicomponent injection-molding process. “Configured” is in particular to mean specifically programmed, designed and/or equipped. By an object being configured for a certain function is in particular to be understood that the object fulfills and/or executes said certain function in at least one application state and/or operation state. 
     It is furthermore proposed that a height of the base body and a width of the support surface of the base body are at least section-wise anticorrelated. In this way advantageously a high degree of efficiency is achievable, in particular as a sheet that is in a flat, unpressed state substantially rectangular can be used as a starting material, and offcut can be kept preferably small. In particular, the height of the base body is compensated by the width of the base body or vice versa. Advantageously a particularly favorable force distribution is achievable within the base body, in particular as the base body can be divided into regions which are especially suitable for receiving forces and regions which are especially suitable to form a support surface that is as large as possible. By “at least section-wise” is in particular to be understood, in this context, that there is at least one section that, viewed along a longitudinal direction of the base body, is situated between a center of the base body and an end region of the base body. In particular, the height of the base body and the width of the support surface of the base body are anticorrelated at least in a region of the base body in which the support surface of the base body tapers along the longitudinal direction. By a “longitudinal direction” of an object, in particular of the base body or the support surface, is in particular a direction to be understood which extends parallel to a main extension direction of the same object, in particular the base body of the support surface, wherein the “main extension direction” of an object is here in particular to mean a direction extending parallel to a longest edge of a smallest geometrical rectangular cuboid that just still encloses the object completely. In particular, the longitudinal direction of the base body and the longitudinal direction of the support surface are parallel to each other, preferably identical to each other. A “height” of the base body is in particular to mean an extension of the base body in a direction that is perpendicular to a support plane formed by the support surface. A “width” of the support surface is in particular to mean an extension of the support surface in a direction that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. By two parameters being “anticorrelated” is in particular to be understood that an increase of one of the parameters will result in a reduction of the other parameter or vice versa. 
     If the base body comprises at least one tapering region, within which the support surface tapers towards a center of the base body, advantageously a particularly favorable force distribution within the base body and/or a particularly favorable force-receiving capacity of the base body are/is achievable, in particular as an especially great rigidity of the base body against a load, in particular in a direction perpendicularly to the support surface, is achievable in a central region of the base body, and/or as a preferably large support surface is rendered possible in a region of the base body that is situated peripherally in a longitudinal direction of the support surface. A center of the base body is in particular to mean a center of the support surface in the longitudinal direction of the support surface. Preferably, the support surface tapers toward the center of the support surface from both end regions of the base body, which are situated peripherally in the longitudinal direction. In particular, the support surface has a maximum width in the, viewed in the longitudinal direction, end regions of the base body. In particular, the support surface has a minimum width in the, viewed in the longitudinal direction, central region of the base body. Preferably the tapering is realized continuously and/or linearly in the tapering region. Alternatively, the tapering may also have a course that differs from a linear course. In particular, within the tapering region the width of the support surface is reduced by at least 40%, preferably by at least 65%, preferentially by at least 100% and especially preferentially by at least 150%. 
     An especially advantageous force distribution over the base body and/or an especially advantageous force-receiving capacity of the base body is also achievable if the height of the base body increases in the tapering region toward the center of the base body, in particular toward the center of the support surface. In this way, advantageously a particularly high rigidity of the base body is achievable in a proximity of the center of the base body, respectively in a proximity of a shaft support element, which is preferably arranged centrally in the base body, and which is configured for a connection of the base body to the shaft. In particular, a ratio of a height of the base body and a width of the support surface is in one of the end regions of the base body, which are situated peripherally in the longitudinal direction, is at least 1:3, preferably at least 1:2 and preferentially no more than 1:1. In particular, a ratio of a height of the base body and a width of the support surface is in the center of the support surface maximally 2:1, preferably no more than 3:2 and preferentially no less than 1:1. In particular, the height of the base body increases within the tapering region by at least 30%, preferably by at least 50% and preferentially by at least 70% and particularly preferentially by maximally 100%. 
     For a further improvement of the advantageous force distribution and/or the advantageous force-receiving capacity, it is proposed that the base body comprises at least one side wall, preferably two side walls, which is/are bent off at least substantially perpendicularly to the support surface. In particular, the side wall is embodied in a one-part implementation with the sheet part. In particular, the side wall is implemented by a portion of the sheet part that is bent off in an angle of approximately 90° relative to the support surface. In particular, the base body comprises two side walls, which are arranged on opposite ends of the base body. In particular, the side walls are arranged at least on long edges of the base body. In particular, the side walls are arranged at least at those ends of the base body which delimit the base body perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction. In particular, the side walls are implemented at least substantially identically to each other. “Substantially identically” is in particular to mean identically except for manufacturing tolerances. The term “substantially perpendicularly” is here in particular intended to define an orientation of a direction relative to a reference direction, wherein the direction and the reference direction, in particular viewed in a plane, include an angle of 90° and the angle has a maximum deviation that is in particular less than 8°, advantageously less than 5° and especially advantageously less than 2°. 
     Moreover, for a further improvement of the advantageous force distribution and/or the advantageous force-receiving capacity, it is proposed that the side wall delimits the base body sidewise at least along a large portion of a longitudinal extension of the base body. “Sidewise delimiting” the base body is in particular to mean delimiting the base body in a direction that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the base body. A “longitudinal extension” is in particular to mean a maximum extension of the base body in a direction that runs parallel to the main extension direction and/or to the longitudinal direction. A “large portion of the longitudinal extension” is to mean, in this context, in particular at least 51%, preferably at least 55% and preferentially at least 60% of a total longitudinal extension of the base body. Particularly preferentially, the side walls delimit the base body along the entire longitudinal extension of the base body, except for a region of the base body in which the base body forms shaft support elements. 
     It is also proposed that total lengths of developments of sections made perpendicularly to a longitudinal direction of the base body are at least substantially constant over a large portion of the base body, in particular in the tapering region. In this way a high efficiency in regard to material consumption is advantageously achievable. This in particular allows keeping offcut at an especially low level. Advantageously a development of the entire base body is at least substantially equivalent to a rectangular plate. A “large portion of the base body” is to mean, in this context, at least 51%, preferably at least 60%, preferentially at least 66% and especially preferentially at least 75% of the entire base body. In particular, at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, of all total lengths of developments of sections made perpendicularly to a main extension direction are at least substantially constant in the tapering region. A “development” is in particular to mean a sheet development and/or a plate. Preferably, the development is to mean an imaginary, in particular unbent, sheet, which is necessary for a production of the base body, for example by edge bending or by punch bending. By “substantially constant” total lengths are in particular, in this context, lengths to be understood which have a maximum difference from each other that is smaller than 5%, preferably smaller than 3% and preferentially smaller than 1%. 
     If at least a large portion of the base body has an at least substantially constant material thickness, in particular wall thickness, an especially high stability of the solar module holding device is advantageously achievable. Moreover, an especially high efficiency regarding material consumption is advantageously achievable, in particular as no wall thickness reductions, due to tensile stress on the original sheet, need to be calculated in when selecting a desired final wall thickness, such that in particular non-deformed portions of the base body can have an unnecessarily high material thickness. In particular, the base body is produced at least substantially without a production procedure in which a material thickness is changed, for example deep drawing. This advantageously allows keeping deviations of wall thicknesses of different solar module holding devices at a low level. A “large portion of the base body” is to mean, in this context, in particular at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, advantageously at least 97% and preferentially at least 99%. Particularly preferentially, the entire base body has a constant material thickness, in particular wall thickness, in particular with the exception of partial regions of the shaft support elements. By a “substantially constant material thickness” is in particular a material thickness to be understood which is constant within a range of manufacturing tolerances. Preferably a deviation of the material thicknesses, distributed over the base body, is less than 8%, advantageously less than 5%, preferentially less than 3% and especially preferentially less than 1%. In particular, the constant material thickness is approximately 2.5 mm. 
     Furthermore, it is proposed that the base body, in particular the side wall, forms at least the shaft support element, which is configured for a support of the base body on the shaft. This in particular allows achieving a stable support of the base body on the shaft. Advantageously, high stability is achievable, in particular of a mounted state, in which the base body is fixated on the shaft. The shaft support element is embodied in a one-part implementation with the base body. The shaft support element is bent off the side wall at least substantially perpendicularly to the side wall. The shaft support element is bent off the side wall in such a way that it points away from the support surface outwards. Alternatively, the shaft support element could also be implemented in such a way that it points inward toward the support surface, or as an edge of the side wall, which is in particular implemented free of a bend and is configured to lie upon the shaft directly with the edge. In particular, the shaft support element forms a shaft support surface, which in the mounted state lies upon a surface of the shaft. 
     It is further proposed that the shaft support element has an extension perpendicularly to a longitudinal direction of the support surface of the base body, which is equivalent at least to a three-fold, preferably a four-fold, of a material thickness of the base body. This advantageously allows achieving an especially high stability, in particular of the mounted state, in which the base body is fixated on the shaft. It is moreover advantageously possible to prevent a canting of the base body with the shaft. In particular, the extension of the shaft support element perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction of the support surface of the base body is 10 mm. 
     If the shaft support surface formed by the shaft support element forms an at least substantially polygonal contour, in particular an at least substantially semi-hexagonal contour, in a side view onto the base body, particularly high stability is achievable, in particular of the mounted state, in which the base body is fixated on the shaft. This moreover advantageously allows achieving a rotationally fixed holding of the base body—and thus of the solar module—on the shaft. This is advantageously achievable by the base body following a rotation of the shaft around a rotation axis of the shaft that runs parallel to a longitudinal direction of the shaft. In particular, the contour is polygonal, preferably semi-hexagonal, with the exception of a single side of the polygon, preferably the semi-hexagon, that has an additional, in particular circular-arc-shaped, recess and/or bulge. 
     In addition, it is proposed that the shaft support element comprises at least one partial region which is configured, when the base body lies upon the shaft, to remain free of a contact with the shaft, thus providing an, in particular enlarged, interspace between the shaft and the base body in a longitudinal direction of the shaft. In this way, in the mounted state, in which the base body is fixated on the shaft, an, in particular enlarged, space is obtainable for guiding cables or something like that along the shaft. In particular, this advantageously permits guiding a plug, in particular a standardized solar module plug, through the interspace between the shaft and the base body. Advantageously, this allows achieving a high degree of mounting efficiency and/or maintenance efficiency. 
     Beyond this it is proposed that, in particular in order to enable an advantageous fixation of the base body on the shaft, the side wall has at least one recess that is configured for a fixation of a shaft mounting clamp. In particular, the recess is implemented as a rectangular long hole, which in particular extends along the side wall in a direction running parallel to the support surface of the base body. Preferably each side wall has at least two recesses, which are configured for a fixation of respectively one shaft mounting clamp. In particular, the recesses of different side walls are arranged opposite each other in a direction that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the base body. In particular, the two recesses of a side wall are arranged on opposite sides relative to the shaft support element of the side wall. In particular, the recesses of a side wall are arranged mirror-symmetrically to each other. In particular, an extension of each recess in a direction that is perpendicular to the support surface of the base body is enlarged on a side of the recess that faces toward the shaft support element. In this way it is advantageously possible to prevent a slipping of the shaft mounting clamp in the mounted state. The shaft mounting clamp is in particular configured, in the mounted state, to partly engage into at least two recesses which are arranged on opposite-situated side walls, and thereby to be hooked into the recess. 
     If the recess for receiving the shaft mounting clamp is arranged at least partly, preferably at least to a large portion, in a tapering region of the base body, a high degree of mounting efficiency is advantageously achievable. In particular, particularly simple mounting of the shaft mounting clamp on the base body is advantageously enabled. This in particular allows a portion of the shaft mounting clamp, which is configured for an engagement in the recess of the side wall, being slid between opposite-situated side walls first in a region of the base body in which the side walls have a greater distance from each other because of the tapering of the support surface, as a result of which said portion of the shaft mounting clamp in the recesses can be positioned in a simple manner. Advantageously, the portion of the shaft mounting clamp configured for an engagement in the recess of the side wall can then be moved further toward the center of the base body until it preferably projects from the recesses sidewise and protrudes beyond the side walls, and is thus fixated relative to the base body at least in a direction that is perpendicular to the support surface. “A large portion” is to mean, in this context, in particular by 80%, preferably by 90% and preferentially by 95%. 
     The solar module holding device comprises at least one solar module holding element, which is molded on the base body integrally, preferably in a one-part implementation, and is configured for a fixation and/or positioning of a solar module. This advantageously allows achieving a high mounting efficiency. In particular, easy mounting of the solar module to the base body is advantageously enabled. 
     The solar module holding device comprises at least one further solar module holding element, which is molded on the base body integrally, preferably in a one-part implementation, and is configured for a fixation and/or positioning of a further solar module that differs from the solar module. In this way a high mounting efficiency is advantageously achievable. In particular, advantageously easy mounting of the further solar module to the base body is enabled. Advantageously, at least two solar modules can be mounted on the solar module holding device. In particular, viewed in the longitudinal direction of the base body, the solar module holding element and/or the further solar module holding element are/is arranged in an end region of the base body. By an “end region” is in particular a region of the base body to be understood which is formed of points whose distance from an end of the base body in the longitudinal direction is maximally 30 mm, preferably no more than 40 mm and preferentially no more than 50 mm. Especially preferentially, the end region is implemented as at least one region of the base body that is formed of points whose distance from an end of the base body situated in the longitudinal direction corresponds to maximally 10% of a maximum longitudinal extension of the base body. In particular, the solar module holding element and/or the further solar module holding element are/is arranged on the support surface of the base body. The solar module holding element and the further solar module holding element protrude from the support surface of the base body. The solar module holding element and the further solar module holding element are respectively arranged offset from a central line of the support surface outward, toward the respective side walls, wherein in particular one of the solar module holding elements is arranged nearer to one side wall and the other one of the solar module holding elements is arranged nearer to the opposite side wall. In particular, the solar module holding element and/or the further solar module holding element are/is arranged in a region of the support surface in which the support surface has a maximum width. In particular, the solar module holding element and/or the further solar module holding element are/is arranged outside the tapering region. The solar module holding elements are in each case configured to establish a form-fit connection with respectively one solar module. In particular, the solar module holding elements are configured to engage in a form-fit manner into a recess of the solar modules that corresponds to the solar module holding elements. In particular, the solar module holding elements are spaced apart from each other, in a plane of the support surface, in a direction perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction of the support surface, by at least 40 mm, preferably by at least 49 mm, advantageously by at least 55 mm, preferentially by at least 61 mm and especially preferentially by no more than 70 mm. A “fixation” is in particular to mean a hooking-in and/or a pre-mounting, in particular for a pre-positioning for a final mounting. A “positioning” is in particular to mean an orientation and/or the pre-positioning. 
     The solar module holding elements are implemented in a hook shape. In this way high mounting efficiency is advantageously achievable, in particular as a simple, preferably toolless, mounting, in particular pre-mounting, and/or positioning of the solar modules on the base body is enabled. Advantageously, this allows establishing a form-fit connection between the base body and the solar module. In particular, the hook-shaped solar module holding element protrudes at least substantially perpendicularly from the support surface of the base body. Preferably, the hook-shaped solar module holding element forms an abutment surface for a solar module, which is arranged at least substantially perpendicularly to the support surface. In particular, the solar module holding element protrudes beyond the support surface at least by 4 mm, preferably at least by 6 mm and preferentially at least by 8 mm. By a “hook-shaped” solar module holding element is in particular a solar module holding element to be understood which is curved or angularly bent in such a way that a load can be hooked into the solar module holding element in at least one orientation of the solar module holding element. In particular, the ends of the hook-shaped solar module holding elements point in the longitudinal direction of the support surface. In particular, the ends of the hook-shaped solar module holding elements point in a direction that points away from the center of the support surface. 
     In addition, it is proposed that the solar module holding device comprises at least one potential compensation element, in particular grounding element, which is molded on the base body integrally, preferably in a one-part implementation, and which is configured for an electrical contacting, in particular electrical grounding, of a solar module. This advantageously allows achieving a high efficiency, in particular in regard to mounting and/or to material consumption. On the one hand, a necessary electrical grounding of a mounted solar module is advantageously achievable in an especially simple fashion. This advantageously allows a reduction of costs. On the other hand, advantageously a necessary electrical grounding of the mounted solar module can be brought about without requiring additional components. Advantageously, high operational safety can be ensured. By a “potential compensation element” is in particular an element to be understood which is configured to establish a potential compensation between the solar module, in particular a frame of the solar module, and the base body, in particular the earth. In particular, the base body is earthed, at least in its mounted state. In particular, the base body is in its mounted state on an earth potential. 
     It is further proposed that the solar module holding device comprises at least one further potential compensation element, in particular a further grounding element, which is molded on the base body integrally, in particular in a one-part implementation, and which is configured for electrically contacting, in particular electrically grounding, a further solar module which is different from the solar module. In this way advantageously simple and material-saving electrical grounding of a further solar module by the solar module holding device is enabled. In particular, viewed in the longitudinal direction of the base body, the potential compensation element and/or the further potential compensation element are/is arranged in the end region of the base body. Especially preferentially the potential compensation elements are arranged on an edge of the base body that is situated peripherally in the longitudinal direction. In particular, the potential compensation element and/or the further potential compensation element are/is arranged on the support surface of the base body. In particular, the potential compensation element and/or the further potential compensation element protrude/s from the support surface of the base body. In particular, the potential compensation element and/or the further potential compensation element are/is arranged respectively offset from a central line of the support surface outward, toward the respective side walls, wherein in particular one of the potential compensation elements is arranged nearer to one side wall and the other one of the potential compensation elements is arranged nearer to the opposite side wall. In particular, the potential compensation element and/or the further potential compensation element are/is arranged in a region of the support surface in which the support surface has a maximum width. In particular, the potential compensation element and/or the further potential compensation element are/is arranged outside the tapering region. In particular, the potential compensation elements are arranged in a plane of the support surface spaced apart from each other by at least 40 mm, preferably by at least 49 mm, advantageously by at least 55 mm, preferentially by at least 61 mm and especially preferentially by no more than 70 mm in a direction that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the support surface. In particular, the potential compensation elements and the solar module holding elements are arranged at ends of the base body which are situated opposite each other in the longitudinal direction. It is in particular conceivable that the base body comprises more than two solar module holding elements and/or potential compensation elements, which are in particular embodied in a one-part implementation with the base body. 
     If the potential compensation element/s, preferably the grounding element/s, forms/form at least one tip which protrudes, in particular at least substantially perpendicularly, from the support surface and which is in particular configured to penetrate a surface layer of the solar module lying upon the support surface, for example an anodized layer of the solar module, advantageously a potential compensation that is particularly simply mountable and/or particularly material saving is achievable in the mounted state. In particular, the tip protrudes from the support surface upwards by at least 1 mm. 
     If the base body comprises, in particular on the support surface, at least one threaded hole, a high level of mounting efficiency is advantageously achievable. In particular, simple final mounting of solar modules, which were in particular hooked into the solar module holding elements in a pre-mounting step, on the base body is advantageously achievable. Advantageously, as a result no counterpieces, like for example nuts, are necessary for mounting, such that a mounting, in particular final mounting, of the solar modules to the solar module holding devices can be carried out from only one side of the solar modules, in particular from an upper side of the solar modules. In particular, viewed in the longitudinal direction of the base body, the threaded hole is arranged in the end region of the base body. In particular, the threaded hole is arranged on a central line of the support surface, which preferably divides the support surface in two. In particular, the threaded hole is arranged in a region of the support surface in which the support surface has a maximum width. In particular, the threaded hole is arranged outside the tapering region. In particular, the threaded hole has an inner thread. In particular, the threaded hole forms an M6 thread, an M7 thread, an M8 thread, an M9 thread or an M10 thread. In particular, the base body has a further threaded hole. In particular, viewed along the longitudinal direction, the threaded holes are arranged on opposite-situated ends of the base body. In particular, the threaded holes are implemented at least substantially identically to each other. It is in particular conceivable that the base body has more than two threaded holes. 
     Furthermore, it is proposed that the base body comprises a stiffening element, which is realized in particular as one piece, preferably in a one-part implementation with the base body, which is arranged in a proximity of the threaded hole and which is configured for stiffening the base body at least in the proximity of the threaded hole. In this way particularly high stability is advantageously achievable. In particular, the stiffening element is embodied as at least one crimp, preferably as at least two crimps, which in particular at least partly engages/engage around the threaded hole in the plane of the support surface. In particular, the stiffening element has a depth of at least 2 mm. In particular, each threaded hole has a separate stiffening element. By a “proximity” is in particular a region to be understood which is formed of points having a distance from the threaded hole that is smaller than a four-fold, preferably smaller than a three-fold, opening diameter of the threaded hole. 
     If the support surface further comprises at least one crimp for a stiffening of the base body, which is arranged centrally in the base body, a particularly high degree of stability is achievable with at the same time minimized material consumption. In particular, the crimp has a depth of at least 2.5 mm. In particular, the crimp has a length of at least 200 mm. In particular, the crimp is implemented so as to peter out flatly in the end regions of the crimp. In particular, in the flatly out-petering end regions a gradient of the crimp is smaller than 45°, preferably smaller than 35°. This advantageously allows achieving that, with a 45°-inclination of the base body relative to a planar ground surface, rain water accumulated in the crimp will drain off completely. It is in particular conceivable that the base body comprises more than one crimp for a stiffening of the base body. 
     It is also proposed that the base body comprises at least one recess for receiving a blind rivet, which is arranged offset sidewise relative to a central axis of the base body that runs parallel to a longitudinal direction of the base body. In this way, advantageously a particularly simple and stable mounting of the solar modules to the base body is enabled. In particular, the mounting via the blind rivet may be effected alternatively or additionally to the mounting via the threaded hole. The recess for receiving the blind rivet is in particular realized as a hole in the support surface. In particular, the base body comprises a further recess for receiving a further blind rivet, which is arranged offset sidewise relative to a central axis of the sheet part that runs parallel to a main extension direction of the base body in the opposite sense to the, in particular above-described, recess for receiving the blind rivet. In particular, recesses for receiving the blind rivets are arranged in the tapering region of the base body. In particular, the recesses for receiving the blind rivets are arranged, in the longitudinal direction, on opposite sides of the center of the base body. In particular, for a mounting of a blind rivet access is necessary advantageously only from one side, such that advantageously mounting of the solar modules on the base body is still possible exclusively from an upper side of the solar modules. 
     In addition, it is proposed that the base body is implemented at least substantially in a mirror-symmetrical manner, in particular except for recesses for receiving blind rivets. This advantageously allows achieving high mounting efficiency, in particular as during mounting the solar module holding device can be rotated by 180° according to requirements. As a result, it is advantageously possible to avoid mounting faults and to accelerate a mounting in overall fashion. In particular, the base body is implemented mirror-symmetrically with respect to at least two mirror planes. In particular, a first mirror plane is spanned by a central line dividing the support surface in two in the longitudinal direction and by a perpendicular line on the support surface. In particular, a second mirror plane is spanned by a further central line dividing the support surface in two perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction and by the perpendicular line on the support surface. 
     If the base body moreover comprises an anticorrosion protection coating, a long lifespan is advantageously achievable. In particular, the base body has a hot galvanization and/or a Zn—Al—Mg coating, for example a Magnelis® coating. 
     Beyond this it is proposed that the solar module holding device comprises the shaft mounting clamp, which is configured for a rotationally fixed mounting of the base body to the shaft. This advantageously enables efficient and simple mounting of the solar module holding device on the shaft. It is furthermore advantageously possible to ensure that the solar modules mounted via the solar module holding device are capable of following a rotation movement of the shaft. The shaft mounting clamp comprises at least two clamping elements, which are configured to be joined in mounting, such as to engage around the shaft at least on half a circumference of the shaft. 
     Furthermore, a solar park with a plurality of solar module holding devices, with at least one shaft and with a plurality of solar modules, as well as a method for producing the base body of the solar module holding device are proposed, wherein at least one solar module holding element and at least one further solar module holding element are molded on the base body integrally, in each case offset from a central line of the support surface of the base body outward, toward side walls of the base body. 
     As in a production of the base body a sheet offcut of less than 15%, preferably less than 10%, preferentially less than 7% and particularly preferentially less than 5% of an, in particular flat and recess-free, original sheet is produced, high efficiency in regard to material consumption and/or in regard to energy consumption is advantageously achievable. As a result, costs per piece can be kept advantageously low. In particular, sheet offcut is limited to the threaded holes, to the recesses for receiving a blind rivet, to maximally two ejection holes for an ejection of the base body from a bending device and/or to the region of the shaft support elements. 
     It is further proposed that the base body is produced via a pressing method, wherein maximally 10%, preferably maximally 5% and preferentially no more than 3% of a total area of a metal sheet which the base body is produced from are exposed to a substantial tensile stress during a pressing process of the pressing method, and/or wherein in the pressing process of the pressing method a material thickness of the metal sheet which the base body is produced from is substantially changed on maximally 10%, preferably no more than 5% and preferentially no more than 3% of a total area of the metal sheet. In this way especially high stability of the solar module holding device is advantageously achievable. Moreover, an especially high degree of efficiency regarding material consumption is advantageously achievable, in particular as no wall thickness reductions due to tensile stress of an original sheet need to be calculated in when selecting a desired final wall thickness. Advantageously, this allows keeping deviations of wall thicknesses of different solar module holding devices at a low level. By a “substantial tensile stress” is in particular a tensile stress to be understood which induces a substantial change of a material thickness of a processed metal sheet. A “substantial change” of a material thickness of the metal sheet is in particular to mean a change, in particular a reduction, of the material thickness of the metal sheet by more than 10%, preferably by more than 7%, preferentially by more than 5% and particularly preferentially by more than 3%. 
     Herein the solar module holding device according to the invention, the solar park according to the invention and the method according to the invention shall not be limited to the application and implementation described above. In particular, in order to fulfill a functionality that is described here, the solar module holding device according to the invention, the solar park according to the invention and the method according to the invention may have a number of individual elements, components and units that differs from a number given here. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       Further advantages will become apparent from the drawings. In the drawings an exemplary embodiment of the invention is illustrated. The drawings, the description and the claims contain a plurality of features in combination. Someone skilled in the art will purposefully also consider the features separately and will find further expedient implementations. 
       It is shown in: 
         FIG. 1  a section of a schematic representation of a solar park with a plurality of solar modules and with a plurality of solar module holding devices, 
         FIG. 2  a schematic perspective view of the solar module holding device connected to a solar module and to a shaft, 
         FIG. 3  a schematic side view of a base body of the solar module holding device, which is mounted to the shaft by means of a shaft mounting clamp, 
         FIG. 4 a    a schematic top view of the base body, 
         FIG. 4 b    a schematic front view of the base body, and 
         FIG. 5  a flow chart of a method for a production of the base body. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT 
       FIG. 1  shows part of a solar park  78  with a plurality of solar modules  12 ,  60 . The solar modules  12 ,  60  are movable in such a way that they are capable of at least substantially following a position of the sun. The solar modules  12 ,  60  are implemented to be solar-position-tracking. The solar park  78  comprises at least one shaft  14 . The solar modules  12 ,  60  are coupled with a shaft  14 . The solar park  78  comprises a drive unit  80 . The shaft  14  is rotatable rotarily in two rotation directions around a longitudinal axis of the shaft  14  that is parallel to a longitudinal direction  44  of the shaft  14 . The shaft  14  is configured to transfer a rotation of the drive unit  80  to the solar modules  12 ,  60 . 
     The solar park  78  comprises a plurality of solar module holding devices  10 . The solar modules  12 ,  60  are fastened to the solar module holding devices  10  by means of a plurality of fixation platelets  82  and fixation screws  84 . The solar module holding devices  10  are configured to enable a mounting of the solar-position-tracking solar modules  12 ,  60  with the rotatable shaft  14 . The shaft  14  is implemented as a bar having a substantially hexagonal cross section. In this way it is advantageously possible to simplify a transfer of a rotation movement via the shaft  14 . The shaft  14  is hollow in its interior. 
       FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of the solar module holding device  10  coupled with a solar module  12  and with the shaft  14 . The solar module holding device  10  comprises a base body  16 . The base body  16  forms a support surface  18 . The support surface  18  is configured for a support at least of a portion of the solar module  12  on the base body  16 . The base body  16  is embodied as a sheet part. The base body  16  is embodied as a sheet part in a one-part implementation. The base body  16  comprises an anti-corrosion protection coating. In a mounted state, the solar module  12  lies upon the support surface  18  in such a way that an edge  86  of the solar module  12  runs parallel to a central axis  76  of the support surface  18  that runs parallel to a longitudinal direction  34  of the support surface  18 . In the drawing of  FIG. 2 , the solar module  12  covers about half of the support surface  18 . On the lefthand side of  FIG. 2  it is shown, by way of example, how the solar module  12  is fixedly clamped to the base body  16  by means of the fixation platelet  82  and the fixation screw  84 . The fixation platelet  82  is moreover configured to clamp at the same time a further, neighboring solar module  60  (not shown in  FIG. 2 ), which lies upon the other half of the support surface  18 . 
     The base body  16  comprises a threaded hole  64 . The base body  16  comprises a further threaded hole  66 . The threaded holes  64 ,  66  are arranged on the support surface  18 . The threaded holes  64 ,  66  each have an inner thread. The inner thread that is shown in the figures by way of example is configured to receive an M8 screw. The threaded holes  64 ,  66  are configured to receive respectively one fixation screw  84 . The threaded holes  64 ,  66  are arranged centrally in end regions  102 ,  104  of the base body  16  in the support surface  18 . The threaded holes  64 ,  66  are spaced apart from each other by 400 mm along the longitudinal direction  34 . By screwing the fixation screws  84  into the threaded holes  64 ,  66  from an upper side of the solar modules  12 ,  60 , the solar modules  12 ,  60  are tensioned with the base body  16 . The base body  16  comprises stiffening elements  70 . The stiffening elements  70  are embodied as crimps. The stiffening elements  70  are arranged in each case in proximities of the threaded holes  64 ,  66 . The stiffening elements  70  are configured for stiffening the base body  16  at least in the proximities of the threaded holes  64 ,  66 . 
     The base body  16  has a height  20  (see  FIG. 4 b   ). The height  20  of the base body  16  corresponds to an extension of the base body  16  perpendicularly to the support surface  18 . The height  20  of the base body  16  varies along the longitudinal direction  34  of the base body  16 . In the case shown in the figures, a maximum height is approximately 55 mm. The base body  16  has a width. The support surface  18  has a width  22  (see  FIG. 4 a   ). The width of the base body  16  corresponds to the width  22  of the support surface. The width  22  of the support surface  18  varies along the longitudinal direction  34  of the base body  16 . In the case shown in the figures, a maximum width  22  of the support surface  18  is approximately 70 mm. The height  20  of the base body  16  and the width  22  of the support surface  18  are section-wise anticorrelated along the longitudinal direction  34  of the base body  16 . 
     The base body  16  comprises a tapering region  24 . The base body  16  comprises a further tapering region  96 . Within the tapering region  24 ,  96  the support surface  18  tapers toward a center  26  of the base body  16 . Within the tapering region  24 ,  96  the width of the support surface  18  decreases toward the center  26  of the base body  16 . In the example shown in the figures, the width  22  of the support surface  18  is reduced within the tapering region  24 ,  96  from 70 mm to 35 mm. Within the tapering region  24 ,  96 , the height  20  of the base body  16  increases toward the center  26  of the base body  16 . In the example shown in the figures, the height  20  of the base body  16  increases within the tapering region  24 ,  96  from 35 mm to 55 mm. Total lengths of developments of sections made perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34  of the base body  16  are at least substantially constant in the tapering region  24 . The support surface  18  comprises a crimp  68 . The crimp  68  is configured for a stiffening of the base body  16 . The crimp  68  is arranged centrally in the base body  16 . The crimp  68  is arranged centrally in the support surface  18 . The crimp  68  extends between the tapering regions  24 ,  96 . The crimp  68  extends parallel to the longitudinal direction  34 . The crimp  68  is arranged in a central region  100  of the base body  16 . The crimp  68  shown exemplarily in the figures has a length of 200 mm parallel to the longitudinal direction  34 , a width of 8 mm perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34  and a depth of 2 mm perpendicularly to the support surface  18 . 
     The solar module holding device  10  comprises a solar module holding element  52 . The solar module holding element  52  is configured for a fixation and/or for a positioning of the solar module  12 . The solar module holding device  10  comprises a further solar module holding element  54 . The further solar module holding element  54  is configured for a fixation and/or for a positioning of a further solar module  60  which differs from the solar module  12 . The solar module holding element  52  and/or the further solar module holding element  54  are/is integrally molded to the base body  16 . The solar module holding element  52  and/or the further solar module holding element  54  are/is embodied in a one-part implementation with the base body  16 . The solar module holding element/s  52 ,  54  is/are implemented in a hook shape. In an assembly of the solar park  78 , the solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  serve for a hooking-in of respectively one of the solar modules  12 ,  60 . The solar module holding element  52 ,  54  is bent at least substantially perpendicularly out of the support surface  18 . The solar module holding element  52 ,  54  is arranged in the first end region  102  of the base body  16 . The solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  in each case have a tip  106 . The tips  106  of the solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  are bent off once more by about 90° relative to the regions of the solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  which are bent perpendicularly off the support surface  18 . The tips  106  in each case point in a direction that extends parallel to the longitudinal direction  34 . The tips  106  in each case point away from the center  26  of the base body  16 . The solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  shown exemplarily in the figures protrude upwards beyond the support surface  18  by 6 mm. The tips  106  of the solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  shown exemplarily in the figures extend parallel to the support surface  18  over 3.5 mm. The solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  shown exemplarily in the figures have a width of 5 mm perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34 . The solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  shown exemplarily in the figures are spaced apart from each other by 49 mm in a direction perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34 . Respectively one of the solar module holding elements  52 ,  54  shown exemplarily in the figures is spaced apart, in a direction perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34 , by approximately 8 mm from a respectively nearer-situated side wall  28 ,  30 . 
     The solar module holding device  10  comprises a potential compensation element  56 . The potential compensation element  56  is configured for electrically contacting the solar module  12  that is mounted via the solar module holding device  10 , such that the solar module  12  and the base body  16  have identical base potentials. The potential compensation element  56  is configured for an electrical grounding of the solar module  12 . The solar module holding device  10  comprises a further potential compensation element  58 . The further potential compensation element  58  is configured for electrically contacting the further solar module  60  mounted via the solar module holding device  10 , such that the further solar module  60 , which differs from the solar module  12 , and the base body  16  have identical base potentials. Thus the two solar modules  12 ,  60  also have identical base potentials. The further potential compensation element  58  is configured for an electrical grounding of the further solar module  60 , which differs from the solar module  12 . The potential compensation elements  56 ,  58  are integrally molded to the base body  16 . The potential compensation elements  56 ,  58  are embodied in a one-part implementation with the base body  16 . The potential compensation elements  56 ,  58  are arranged in the second end region  104  of the base body  16 . The potential compensation elements  56 ,  58  in each case form a tip  62 . The tips  62  of the potential compensation elements  56 ,  58  protrude beyond the support surface  18 . The tips  62  of the potential compensation elements  56 ,  58 , shown exemplarily in the figures, protrude by 1 mm beyond the support surface  18 . The tips  62  of the potential compensation elements  56 ,  58 , shown exemplarily in the figures, are spaced apart from each other by approximately 40 mm in the direction perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34 . The potential compensation elements  56 ,  58  are configured to penetrate a surface layer of the respective solar module  12 ,  60  lying upon the support surface  18  in a region of the respective potential compensation element  56 ,  58 . The surface layer of the solar modules  12 ,  60  that is to be penetrated by the potential compensation elements  56 ,  58  may be embodied, for example, as an anodized layer. 
     The base body  16  has at least two recesses  72 ,  74  for receiving blind rivets. The recesses  72 ,  74  for receiving blind rivets are arranged on the support surface  18 . Respectively one recess  72 ,  74  for receiving a blind rivet is arranged in respectively one of the tapering regions  24 ,  96 . The recesses  72 ,  74  for receiving blind rivets are arranged offset sidewise relative to the central axis  76  of the base body  16  that runs parallel to the longitudinal direction  34  of the base body  16  (see also  FIG. 4 a   ). In the base body  16  shown exemplarily in the figures, the recesses  72 ,  74  for receiving blind rivets are offset sidewise from the central axis  76  by 15 mm. The recesses  72 ,  74  for receiving blind rivets shown in the figures are spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction  34  by 320 mm. 
     The base body  16  has a side wall  28 . The base body  16  has a further side wall  30 . The side walls  28 ,  30  of the base body  16  are bent off perpendicularly to the support surface  18 . The side walls  28 ,  30  are arranged on opposite sides of the base body  16 . The side walls  28 ,  30  are arranged on the sides of the base body  16  which are situated perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34  of the base body  16 . The side walls  28 ,  30  delimit the base body  16  sidewise along a large portion of a longitudinal extension  32  of the base body  16  (see also  FIG. 4 a   ). The base body  16  comprises edge areas  98  in peripheral regions. In the regions in which the side walls  28 ,  30  delimit the base body  16  sidewise, the edge areas  98  of the base body  16  are not aligned perpendicularly to the support surface  18  (see also  FIG. 4 b   ). A large portion of the base body  16  has a constant material thickness  36  (see also  FIG. 4 b   ). The material thicknesses  36  of the side walls  28 ,  30  are substantially identical to the material thickness  36  of the support surface  18 . The material thicknesses  36  in the tapering region  24 ,  96  are substantially identical to the material thickness  36  in the central region  100  of the base body  16  or to the material thicknesses  36  in the end regions  102 ,  104  of the base body  16 . A maximum longitudinal extension  32  of the solar module holding device  10 , in particular of the base body  16 , is preferably at least 350 mm, preferably at least 420 mm and preferentially at least 430 mm. Particularly preferentially, in particular in an alternative implementation of the solar module holding device  10 , the maximum longitudinal extension  32  of the solar module holding device  10 , in particular of the base body  16 , is greater than 500 mm, preferably greater than 650 mm and particularly preferentially greater than 800 mm. 
     The base body  16  forms a shaft support element  38 . The shaft support element  38  is configured for a support of the base body  16  on a surface  92  of the shaft  14 . The shaft support element  38  forms a shaft support surface  40 , which is configured to lie upon the surface  92  of the shaft  14  in the mounted state (see also  FIG. 3 ). The base body  16  forms respectively one shaft support element  38  on two opposite sides. The side walls  28 ,  30  in each case form a shaft support element  38 . Respectively one shaft support element  38  is molded on respectively one side wall  28 ,  30 . The shaft support elements  38  are embodied in a one-part implementation with the base body  16 . The shaft support elements  38  are bent off substantially perpendicularly to the side walls  28 ,  30 . The shaft support elements  38  protrude substantially perpendicularly beyond the side walls  28 ,  30 . The shaft support element  38 , in particular each of the shaft support elements  38 , has an extension perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34  of the support surface  18  of the base body  16 , which is equivalent to four times the material thickness  36  of the base body  16 . In the example shown in the figures, the extension of the shaft support element  38  perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34  of the support surface  18  of the base body  16  is 10 mm. The extension of the shaft support element  38  perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34  of the support surface  18  is constant. Alternatively, the extension of the shaft support element  38  perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction  34  of the support surface  18  could be variable, for example having a larger or smaller dimension in a contact region of the shaft support element  38  with the shaft  14 . The shaft support surface  40  formed by the shaft support element  38  forms, in a side view onto the base body  16  (see also  FIG. 3 ), a polygonal, in particular a hexagonal, contour. The crimp  68  is arranged in a region of the support surface  18  that is situated between the two shaft support elements  38 . 
     The solar module holding device  10  comprises a shaft mounting clamp  50 . The shaft mounting clamp  50  is configured to enable a rotationally fixed mounting of the base body  16  on the shaft  14 .  FIG. 3  shows a side view of the base body  16  and of the shaft mounting clamp  50 . The shaft mounting clamp  50  comprises two clamping elements  88 ,  90 . The clamping elements  88 ,  90  are implemented separately from each other. The clamping elements  88 ,  90  are implemented at least substantially identically to each other. In the mounted state shown in  FIG. 3 , the clamping elements  88 ,  90  are arranged mirror-symmetrically to each other. The shaft mounting clamp  50  is configured to at least partially engage around the shaft  14 . The shaft mounting clamp  50  is configured to engage around a side of the shaft  14  that faces away from the base body  16  in the mounted state. The shaft mounting clamp  50  is configured to press the base body  16  to a portion of the surface  92  of the shaft  14 . The clamping elements  88 ,  90  are connectable via a screw connection  94 . The screw connection  94  is configured for tensioning the base body  16  and the shaft  14  with each other. 
     The side walls  28 ,  30  have respectively two recesses  48 ,  112 , which are configured for a fixation of the shaft mounting clamp  50 . The recesses  48 ,  112  are embodied as rectangular long holes which in each case form, on ends facing toward the center  26  of the base body  16 , a ledge  114 , which enlarges a width of the respective recess  48 ,  112  in a direction perpendicularly to the support surface  18 . The clamping elements  88 ,  90  of the shaft mounting clamp  50  are configured to perpendicularly engage into the recesses  48 ,  112  of the side walls  28 ,  30 . The ledge  114  is configured to secure the clamping elements  88 ,  90 , after pressing the shaft  14  to the base body  16 , in a mounting position by tightening the screw connection  94 . The clamping elements  88 ,  90  shown exemplarily in  FIG. 2  have a hook shape in the regions engaging into the recesses  48 ,  112  of the side walls  28 ,  30 , thus enabling further improvement of a securing of the mounting position. The recess  48  for receiving the shaft mounting clamp  50  is arranged partially in the tapering region  24 ,  96  of the base body  16 . The recess  48  for receiving the shaft mounting clamp  50  is to a large portion arranged in the tapering region  24 ,  96  of the base body  16 . The recess  48  for receiving the shaft mounting clamp  50  is arranged in the tapering region  24 ,  96  of the base body  16  with the exception of that portion of the recess  48  for receiving the shaft mounting clamp  50  which has the ledge  114 . The portion of the recess  48  for receiving the shaft mounting clamp  50  which has the ledge  114  is arranged in a middle portion of the base body  16 , in particular the central region  100  of the base body  16 , situated between the two tapering regions  24 ,  96 . 
       FIG. 3  moreover shows that the shaft support element  38  comprises a partial region  42  which is configured to remain free of a contact to the shaft  14  when the base body  16  lies upon the shaft  14 , and which thus provides in the longitudinal direction  44  of the shaft an, in particular enlarged, interspace  46  between the shaft  14  and the base body  16 . In the partial region  42  of the shaft support element  38 , the shaft support element  38  is implemented in a curved fashion. In the partial region  42  of the shaft support element  38 , the shaft support element  38  is implemented to be curved with a bulge toward the support surface  18 . 
       FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b    show different views of the base body  16 . With the exception of the recesses  72 ,  74  for receiving blind rivets, the base body  16  is implemented mirror-symmetrically to the mirror planes  108 , 110  indicated in  FIG. 4   a.    
       FIG. 5  shows a flow chart of a method for producing the base body  16  of the solar module holding device  10 . In at least one method step  116 , an at least substantially rectangular and flat original sheet is provided. In at least one further method step  118 , the original sheet is punched and bent. In the method step  118  the material thickness  36  of the metal sheet is maintained at least in a large portion of the metal sheet. In the method step  118  the base body  16  is produced in its final form. In the method step  118  sheet offcut of less than 10% of the original sheet is produced during the production of the base body  16 . In the method step  118  the base body  16  is manufactured via a pressing method. In the method step  118 , in a pressing process of the pressing method, maximally 5% of a total area of the original sheet which the base body  16  is produced from is exposed to an essential tensile stress. In the method step  118 , in the pressing step of the pressing method, a material thickness  36  of the metal sheet which the base body  16  is produced from is changed on maximally 5% of a total area of the metal sheet. 
     REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
         
           10  solar module holding device 
           12  solar module 
           14  shaft 
           16  base body 
           18  support surface 
           20  height 
           22  width 
           24  tapering region 
           26  center 
           28  side wall 
           30  side wall 
           32  longitudinal extension 
           34  longitudinal direction 
           36  material thickness 
           38  shaft support element 
           40  shaft support surface 
           42  partial region 
           44  longitudinal direction 
           46  interspace 
           48  recess 
           50  shaft mounting clamp 
           52  solar module holding element 
           54  further solar module holding element 
           56  potential compensation element 
           58  further potential compensation element 
           60  further solar module 
           62  tip 
           64  threaded hole 
           66  threaded hole 
           68  crimp 
           70  stiffening element 
           72  recess 
           74  recess 
           76  central axis 
           78  solar park 
           80  drive unit 
           82  fixation platelet 
           84  fixation screws 
           86  edge 
           88  clamping element 
           90  clamping element 
           92  surface 
           94  screw connection 
           96  tapering region 
           98  edge area 
           100  central region 
           102  end region 
           104  end region 
           106  tip 
           108  mirror plane 
           110  mirror plane 
           112  recess 
           114  ledge 
           116  method step 
           118  method step