Patent Publication Number: US-2019184170-A1

Title: Neural blocking therapy

Description:
I. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This application pertains to method and apparatus for treating conditions associated with neuronal activity. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     a. Neural Stimulation Treatments 
     The prior art contains numerous examples of treatments involving stimulation signals to nerves, muscles or organs for treating a wide variety of medical disorders. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,702,254 and 5,229,569 (both assigned to Cyberonics, Inc.) describe various central nervous system (CNS) treatments using electrical stimulation applied to the vagus nerve. For example, the &#39;254 patent describes treatment of epilepsy. The &#39;569 patent describes treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. U.S. patent application Publ. No. 2003/0144709 (also assigned to Cyberonics, Inc.) describes treatment of pain through nerve stimulation. 
     U.S. patent application publication No. 2004/0243205 A1 to Keravel et al. published Dec. 2, 2004 and assigned to Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., USA (incorporated herein by reference) describes a paddle lead with multiple electrodes. The paddle is placed beneath the skull overlying a target area of the cerebral cortex. The electrodes record somaestheic-evoked potentials. The same electrodes may be used for a stimulation therapy. 
     Nerve stimulation and muscle stimulation have been suggested for treating gastro-intestinal (GI) disorders. Treatments of gastrointestinal diseases through nerve stimulation have been suggested. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,423 to Bardy dated May 29, 2001 describes a constipation treatment involving electrical stimulation of the muscles or related nerves of the gut. U.S. Pat. No. 6,571,127 to Ben-Haim et al. dated May 27, 2003 describes increasing motility by applying an electrical field to the GI tract. U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,730 to Terry, Jr. et al., dated Jul. 30, 1996 describes a motility treatment involving vagal stimulation to alter GI contractions in response to a sense condition indicative of need for treatment. U.S. Pat. No. 6,610,713 to Tracey dated Aug. 26, 2003 describes inhibiting release of a proinflammatory cytokine by treating a cell with a cholinergic agonist by stimulating efferent vagus nerve activity to inhibit the inflammatory cytokine cascade. U.S. Pat. No. 6,622,047 to Barret et al dated Sep. 16, 2003 described obesity treatment through vagal stimulation. 
     b. Neural Blocking 
     The fore-going treatments are stimulation for treatments. For those applying a signal to a nerve, the signal parameters (pulse width, frequency and amplitude) are selected to initiate neural action potentials to be propagated along the nerve to an organ (e.g., brain or stomach). 
     Not all electrical signals applied to nerves are stimulation signals. Certain parameters can result in a signal that inhibits the nerve or blocks the propagation of action potentials along the nerve. 
     Many different forms of nerve blocking are known. The present invention is an improvement upon a neural blocking to avoid antidromic influences during stimulation or to otherwise down-regulate nerve activity. Cryogenic nerve blocking of the vagus is described in Dapoigny et al., “Vagal influence on colonic motor activity in conscious nonhuman primates”,  Am. J. Physiol.,  262: G231-G236 (1992). Electrically induced nerve blocking is described in Van Den Honert, et al., “Generation of Unidirectionally Propagated Action Potentials in a Peripheral Nerve by Brief Stimuli”,  Science , Vol.  206 , pp. 1311-1312. An electrical nerve block is described in Solornonow, et al., “Control of Muscle Contractile Force through Indirect High-Frequency Stimulation”,  Am. J. of Physical Medicine , Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 71-82 (1983) and Petrofsky, et al., “Impact of Recruitment Order on Electrode Design for Neural Prosthetics of Skeletal Muscle”,  Am. J. of Physical Medicine , Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 243-253 (1981). A neural prosthesis with an electrical nerve block is also described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2002/0055779 A1 to Andrews published May 9, 2002. A cryogenic vagal block and resulting effect on gastric emptying are described in Paterson Calif., et al., “Determinants of Occurrence and Volume of Transpyloric Flow During Gastric Emptying of Liquids in Dogs: Importance of Vagal Input”,  Dig Dis Sci , (2000); 45:1509-1516. 
     A frequency of the blocking signal is greater than a 200 Hz threshold and, preferably, greater than 500 Hz. Solomonow, et al. “control of muscle contractile force through indirect high-frequency stimulation”, American Journal of Physical Medicine, Volume 62, No. 2, pages 71-82 (1983). Higher frequencies of as high as 5,000 Hz result in more consistent neural conduction block. Kilgore, et al., “Nerve Conduction Block Utilizing High-Frequency Alternating Current”,  Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing , Vol. 24, pp. 394-406 (2004). 
     The nerve conduction block is applied with electrical signals selected to block the entire cross-section of the nerve (for example, both afferent, efferent, myelinated and non-myelinated fibers) at the site of applying the blocking signal (as opposed to selected sub-groups of nerve fibers or just afferent and not efferent or vice versa). 
     c. Use of Neural Blocking in Treatments 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,104 to Wernicke et. al. Dated Feb. 23, 1993 describes sub-selection of fibers in a nerve by selecting a treatment frequency by which blocks certain nerve fiber types in the nerve while stimulating other nerve fiber types. Since certain fibers are stimulated while other fibers are blocked, there is no cross-section inhibition or blocking of the entire nerve and all of its nerve fiber types (for example, both afferent, efferent, myelinated and non-myelinated fibers). 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,684,105 to Cohen et al. dated Jan. 27, 2004 (assigned to Biocontrol Medical Ltd.) teaches collision blocking in which a stimulation signal is applied to a nerves and an appropriately timed stimulus is applied to nerve to create neural impulses which collide with and thereby block propagation of the stimulation signal in a given direction. No therapy is achieved by the blocking. Such blocking avoids adverse side effects associated with permitting the stimulation signal propagating in an undesired direction to an organ not targeted for therapy. 
     U.S. patent application Publ. No. 2002/0055779 A1 published May 9, 2002 describes applying a high frequency block to a sciatic nerve to block undesired neural impulses which would otherwise contribute to spastic movement. With such spasm-inducing signals blocked, a therapy signal is applied to the muscle to stimulated desired muscle contractions. U.S. patent application Publ. No. 2005/0149148 A1 published Jul. 7, 2005 (assigned to Medtronic, Inc.) teaches using a blocking signal to avoid undesired side effect (i.e., pain) otherwise associated with a stimulation signal. 
     The use of a blocking signal as a therapy is described in various patent applications assigned to EnteroMedics, Inc. These applications pertain to use of a conduction block technology to a nerve for a treatment of a variety of disorders. These applications include the following (all filed Sep. 29, 2003): U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/674,330 (published Sep. 2, 2004 as Publication No. US 2004/0172086 A1); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/675,818 (published Sep. 9, 2004 as US Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0176812 A1) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/674,324 (published Sep. 2, 2004 as US Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0172085 A1). The same assignee is assigned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/752,994 and 10/752,940 both filed Jan. 6, 2004 with respective publication dates of Aug. 26, 2004 and Sep. 2, 2004, Publication Nos. US 2004/0167583 A1 and 2004/0172088 A1 . 
     The foregoing EnteroMedics patent applications describe, in a preferred embodiment, the application of neural conduction block therapy to a vagus nerve alone or in combination with a stimulation of the nerve. The conduction block therapy of the these patent applications includes application of an electrical signal with parameters selected to down-regulate vagal activity by creating conditions in which normal nerve propagation potentials are blocked at the application of the signal on both afferent and efferent nerves fibers of the vagus. Representative treatments described in these applications include the treatment of obesity, pancreatitis, pain, inflammation, functional GI disorders, irritable bowel syndrome and ileus. 
     d. Accommodation 
     Blockage of a nerve can result in nerve accommodation in which other nerve groups assume, in whole in part, the function of the blocked nerve. For example, sub-diaphragm blocking of the vagus nerve may be accommodated by the enteric nervous system. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/881,045 filed Jun. 30, 2004 (published Feb. 17, 2005 as Publication No. US 2005/0038484 A1) (assigned to EnteroMedics, Inc.) notes that a duty cycle of electrical impulses to the nerve to block neural conduction on the nerve can be adjusted between periods of blocking and no blocking in order to vary the amount of down regulation of the vagus nerve as well as preventing accommodation by the enteric nervous system. 
     e. Drug Treatments 
     Many symptoms of Parkinson&#39;s disease can be controlled with one of many currently available medications. These are divided into several classes of drugs including dopamine agonists, levodopa/decarboxylase inhibitors, anticholinergic agents, MAO-B inhibitors, and COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) inhibitors. These medications, whether used alone or in combination, not only replace the dopamine that has been lost in the brain, but also slow the rate of dopamine loss in the brain, and/or correct the imbalance between the levels of dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain. While none of these medications are a cure for Parkinson&#39;s disease, they can alleviate the symptoms of the disease and help its victims manage the disease. 
     One of the most effective and widely administered medications introduced in the 1970&#39;s to relieve symptoms of Parkinson&#39;s disease works as a dopamine replacement therapy. This drug is known as Sinemet (generic name of levodopa/carbidopa), its active ingredient being L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine). Levodopa is a generic name given to L-DOPA when it is produced as a drug. Unfortunately, dopamine cannot be administered directly to patients because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Hence, L-DOPA, which is the precursor form of dopamine, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and can be converted to dopamine in the brain, is the molecule of choice. However, due to the presence of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADS) in the periphery of the brain, which will convelt L-DOPA to dopamine before it crosses the blood brain barrier and prevent its passage to the brain, L-DOPA is administered with carbidopa, an AADS inhibitor. Carbidopa inhibits peripheral AADS action and thus reduces the amount of levodopa needed. 
     During the first few months the medication is administered, its benefits are maximal. However, patients taking Sinemet for a longer period are prone to the “wearing-off” effect, a tendency for the effectiveness of the drug to be lost with time. Hence, the dose of Sinemet will often have to be increased with time. Sometimes an “on-off effect,” where the symptoms become sporadic and unpredictable over a period of time, is also experienced. Moreover, as the dose of the medication is increased, some patients begin to experience side effects due an increase in brain dopamine levels. Some major side effects include anxiety, agitation, dyskinesia, vomiting, low blood pressure, hallucination and nausea (Nadeau 1997). The occurrence of side effects limits the further increase in Sinemet&#39;s dosage and at this point, treatment options become limited. Fortunately, carbidopa minimizes the incidence of vomiting and nausea. Furthermore, although levodopa/carbidopa treatment decreases bradykinesia and rigidity, it may not relieve tremor and balance. 
     Sinemet (unlike most medications that are absorbed into blood through the stomach) is absorbed from the small intestine. Anything that delays the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine, such as foods rich in fat and protein, can reduce the amount of the drug absorbed. Moreover, levodopa has a very short plasma half-life. It disappears from the blood in 60 to 90 minutes. Because it is a type of amino acid called a large neutral amino acid (LNAA), it attaches itself during absorption to carrier molecules in the wall of the intestine and is then carried to the blood. Similarly, once in the blood, carrier molecules carry it across the blood-brain barrier. Amino acids such as isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine compete for the carrier with levodopa. Hence, a diet rich in protein can further compete with the Sinemet for entry into the brain. Thus, it is important to carefully evaluate one&#39;s diet when taking Sinemet. 
     Another medication that can be used alone or in combination with Sinemet is Eldepryl (generic name of selegeline). Selegeline is classified as a MAO-B inhibitor and is often administered in 5 mg capsules to help keep the Sinemet dose lower over time and therefore extend its administration period. In certain cases, it can delay the need for levodopa therapy by up to a year. By blocking the action of MAO-B, selegeline extends the capabilities of the dopamine in the synapse, delaying the breakdown of naturally occurring dopamine and dopamine administered as L-DOPA. Eldepryl thus slows dopamine loss in the synapse and makes it more likely that a dopamine will reach its corresponding receptor on the receiving nerve cell and transmit the correct message down the dopamine circuit. This is often referred to as dopamine conservation therapy. 
     During the Fourth International Congress of Movement Disorders held in Vienna during the summer of 1996, Eldepryl&#39;s benefits when administered in combination with Sinemet were affirmed. In fact, patients taking the drug combination were shown to experience motor fluctuations 1.8 years later on average than those taking only Sinemet. Another advantage of taking Eldepryl is that there is no specific dietary restriction associated with it if taken at the 5 mg dosage. Selegiline is an easy drug to take and has further been shown to protect the dopamine-producing neurons against the toxicity of MPTP. However, selegiline has its drawbacks. Patients have been known to experience side effects such as nausea, orthostatic hypotension and insomnia. 
     Dopamine agonists comprise another general category of drugs. Parlodel (generic name of bromocriptine), Permax (generic name of pergolide) and Symmetrel (generic name of amantadine) are examples. Parlodel and Permax mimic the action of dopamine by interacting with dopamine receptors in a form of dopamine substitution therapy. These two drugs enter the brain directly at dopamine receptor sites and prolong the duration of Sinemet&#39;s effects. An advantage of this approach is that it is less likely to cause dyskinesias (the occurrence of abnormal involuntary movements that results from the intake of high doses of L-DOPA). This is because the actual levels of dopamine do not increase in the brain, as is the case with Sinemet. Rather, a substitute form of dopamine is being used. However, these two drugs are less effective than L-DOPA in decreasing bradykinesia and rigidity and induce side effects such as paranoia, hallucinations, confusion, nausea and vomiting. 
     Symmetrel is an anti-viral drug used as a dopamine-releasing therapy in combination with Sinemet. It works by allowing the presynaptic neuron to more easily release dopamine into the synapse. More recently, it has been suggested that Symmetrel acts by binding to glutamate receptors in the subthalamic nucleus to help redress the imbalance in basal ganglia activity due to a deficiency in dopamine in a synergistic manner. Symmetrel is either used alone in the first stages of PD or in combination in the later stages. However, its effectiveness is known to wear off in a third to a half of the patients taking it. Furthermore, it induces side effects such as edema, blurred vision, depression, confusion and mottled skin. 
     Two new drugs, after having undergone extensive clinical trials, were made available in 1997. Requip (generic name of ropinirole) and Mirapex (generic name of pramipexole) are dopamine agonists. They are selective for the dopamine D3 receptor and are selectively targeted toward the basal ganglia. Both Requip and Mirapex can be used alone or with levodopa and both show fewer side effects than other drugs (Lozano et al. 1998). 
     Artane and Cogentine represent yet another class of drugs. They are classified as anti-cholinergic agents and are used to restore the imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine levels in the brain. They work to reduce the activity of acetylcholine and hence reduce the tremor and stiffness of muscle that come about as a result of having more acetylcholine than dopamine in the brain. 
     Until the introduction of L-DOPA, anti-cholinergic agents were the main treatments for Parkinson&#39;s disease. Now Artane and Cogentine are usually administered in combination with other medications for their therapeutic effect. While effective, these drugs cart also have side effects such as blurred vision, urinary retention, dry mouth, memory loss, and constipation. Hence, they are of limited use to the older population because they can cause serious neuropsychiatric side effects. 
     Tasmar (generic name of tolcapone) is a drug classified as a COMT inhibitor. COMT is a peripheral enzyme that reduces levodopa to a less active form. Tasmar, which became available in February 1998, has a different action than that of the dopamine agonists, in that when COMT activity is blocked, dopamine remains in the brain for a longer period of time. Hence, when administered with levodopa, COMT inhibitors prolong the duration time of Sinem. 
     II. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method and apparatus are disclosed for treating a variety of conditions. These include treating a disorder associated with neural activity near a region of a brain. In such condition, the method includes placing an electrode to create a field near said region, creating said field with parameters selected to at least partially block neural activity within said field. For treating a tissue sensation, the method includes identifying a target area of tissue to be treated and placing an electrode to create a field near the target area, and creating the field with parameters selected to at least partially block neural activity within the target area. For treating a condition associated with neural activity of a spinal cord, the method includes placing an electrode to create a field near a nerve associated with the spinal cord, and creating the field with parameters selected to at least partially block neural activity within the nerve. 
    
    
     
       III. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a top plan view of a patient&#39;s head and showing an electrode array according to the present invention in phantom lines positioned beneath a skull of the patient; 
         FIG. 2  is a side elevation view of a patient with an electrode patch beneath the skull of the patient and shown in phantom lines with a lead to a control unit positioned in the patient&#39;s neck; 
         FIG. 3  is a view of a brain of a patient shown in lateral cross-section and with a patch according to the present invention residing between the skull and the surface of the patient&#39;s brain over a cortex of the patient&#39;s brain; 
         FIG. 4  is a plan view of an electrode patch according to the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is an anterior-posterior, cross-sectional view of a patient&#39;s brain showing an alternative embodiment of electrodes placed on a catheter advanced through the ventricle of the brain; 
         FIG. 6  is a plan view of inside surfaces of an upper arm and forearm and hand of a patient with an alternative embodiment of the present invention positioned surrounding a target area for needle insertion; 
         FIG. 7  is a side elevation view of a section of the electrode patch of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a graphical presentation of representative waveforms according to the present invention for energizing the electrodes of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 9  is an illustration of a patient&#39;s finger showing electrodes on the opposite side of a target area at the fingertip of the patient; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates electrodes on mucosal tissue on opposite sides of a tooth to apply a blocking signal; 
         FIG. 11  is a cross-section view of a vertebral body and showing anatomical components and a blocking signal electrode on a dorsal root; 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic longitudinal, side-sectional showing of a segment of a spine with a catheter placement of an electrode on a dorsal root; and 
         FIG. 13  is an anterior-posterior schematic representation of a segment of a spine with blocking signal electrodes shown in two positions. 
     
    
    
     IV. DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     With reference now to the various drawing figures in which identical elements are identically numbered, preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described. 
     A. Central Nervous System (CNS) Treatment 
     Certain disorders (e.g., epilepsy and Parkinson&#39;s disease and other motor disorders of CNS origin) are believed to be associated with hormonal imbalance. 
     Movement disorders associated with cerebral activity are not fully understood. However, certain disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson&#39;s disease are believed to be associated with an imbalance of hormonal production deep within the brain. 
     For example, certain regions deep within the brain produce the hormones glutamate and dopamine. Glutamate enhances conductivity of the nerve cells of the brain while dopamine reduces or inhibits such conductivity. 
     With reference to  FIG. 3 , dopamine is produced within a region of the brain known as the substantia nigra SN. Glutamate is produced in the thalamus region of the brain, which includes the ventral anterior nucleus VAN, the ventral lateral nucleus VLN and the centromedian nucleus CN. The produced hormones are projected throughout the brain including to the cortex which is the outer region of the brain near the back of the head and illustrated generally by C in  FIG. 3 . 
     The projection to the cortex C of the glutamate is believed to flow from production of glutamate in the ventral anterior nucleus VAN. Such projection is illustrated by the arrow A G  in  FIG. 3 . The projection of dopamine to the cortex is believed to flow from the substantia nigra SN with such projection illustrated in  FIG. 3  by the arrow A D . 
     The presence of dopamine and glutamate in the cortex C alter the conductivity of the nerve cells in the cortex C. Certain motor disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson&#39;s disease, are believed to be associated with a deficiency of dopamine production which results in excessively enhanced conductivity in the cortex since the enhancing hormone, glutamate, is disproportionately high relative to the inhibiting conductivity hormone, dopamine. 
     The present invention compensates for hormonal imbalance resulting in excessive conductivity by altering the conductivity at the cortex. The conductivity of the cortex and electrical activity of the cortex controls motor functions of the patient. 
     The present invention is a patch electrode  10 , which is placed beneath the skull of the patient between the skull S and the cortex C ( FIG. 3 ). The patch electrode  10  includes a flexible flat substrate  12  of electrically insulating material such as silicone or the like. Exposed on one surface of the substrate  12  are a plurality of electrically conductive electrodes, which, in a preferred embodiment, are arranged in an array of rows and columns. 
     In the specific examples shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , there is a first row containing electrodes E 1,1  through E 1,5 . The second row contains five electrodes E 2,1  through E 2,5 . The third row contains electrodes E 3,1  through E 3,5 . The fourth row contains electrodes E 4,1  through E 4,5 . The fifth row contains electrodes E 5,1  through E 5,5 . The patch  10  is dimensioned for the array of electrodes to cover at least a portion of the cortex C of the brain and with the electrodes of the array in electrically conductive contact with the cortex C. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the patch electrode  10  is placed over the cortex beneath the skull on either the left ( FIG. 1 ) or right ( FIG. 2 ) of the brain. In  FIG. 1 , the top of a patient&#39;s head H is shown with an anterior-posterior axis A-P separating the patients&#39; left L and right R sides. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , a lead  16  from the patch electrode  10  may be tunneled between the skull S and the brain B through the base of the skull and terminated at a control unit  20  which may be positioned within the neck or implanted lower in the patient such in the shoulder or clavicle area or the like. The lead  16  is a highly flexible conductor containing individual conductors for each of the electrodes of the array of the patch  10  and encased within a highly flexible insulative material such as silicone or the like. 
     The controller  20  may be an implantable pulse generator (with separate power source such as either rechargeable batteries or replaceable batteries) or may be a control unit, which receives power and pacing signals from an external control unit, which transmits via radio frequency transmission to the controller  20 . For the purpose of this description, the controller  20  will be treated as a completely contained controller having both logic circuits and power source. It will be appreciated that such controllers may be also programmable from external programmable sources as is known in the art for controlling implantable pulse generators for cardiac pacing. 
     The circuitry of the controller  20  permits energizing selective ones of the electrodes of the array in bipolar electrode pairs. For example, electrodes E 5,1  and E 4,2  may be energized with oppositely polarized waveforms to create an electrical field F 1  between the electrodes E 5,1  and E 4,2 . By oppositely charged waveforms it will be appreciated that electrode E 5,1  is positively charged while E 4,2  is negatively charged and E 5,1  is negatively charged while E 4,2  is positively charged. When the electrode pair E 5,1  and E 4,2  is charged to create the field F 1 , all remaining electrodes may be inactive or otherwise charged to create more complex electrical fields. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a field F 2  created between electrode pairs E 2,2  and E 2,4  and a field F 3  between electrode pairs E 1,1  and E 5,5 . While multiple electrode pairs may be simultaneously charged, the controller  20  may also control the electrodes so that the waveform applied to the electrodes has a built-in delay period such that a particular electrode pair is not charged and in its delay period, while other electrode pairs are being charged. Accordingly, multiple pairs of electrodes may be charged with the waveforms of the electrode pairs being nested so that only one electrode pair is charged at any one unit of time. An example of a nested set of waveforms will be later described. 
     Preferably, the waveform selected is a blocking waveform to block neuronal activity. For example, the frequency of the field will have a pulse width selected for the generated field to have a frequency in excess of a 200 Hz threshold as described by Solomonow (article previously described) and, more preferably, 5,000 Hz or higher as described in Kilgore (article previously described). A 5,000 Hz signal will have a pulse width of about 100 microseconds. A representative amplitude for such signals would be 0.2 to 8 mA. 
     The effect of applying a blocking signal to the cortex reduces the excessive electrical activity otherwise associated with a dopamine deficiency. Further, the therapy of the present invention is localized to the area of interest, namely, the cortex region of the brain, which contributes to the symptoms of motor disorders. Other regions of the brain are not affected and no systemic drug is given to the patient. 
     The programming of the controller  20  may permit altering the selected individual electrodes, which form an electrode pair. Any two electrodes on the patch  10  may be formed to a pair to create a field between the pair. As a result, at time of placement of the patch  10 , the patch need not be precisely placed to achieve an interruption or inhibition of electrical activity in the cortex. Instead, different permutations of coupled electrode pairs may be tested to observe patient response post-surgery. 
     The forgoing has illustrated use of the blocking signals to compensate and down regulate cortex electrical conductivity in response to dopamine deficiency.  FIG. 5  illustrates use of stimulation signals to result in localized production of dopamine. In  FIG. 5 , a catheter  30  is advanced into the ventricles of the brain with a distal tip  32  positioned in the region of the hypothalamus of the brain. The tip  32  includes an electrode pair E A  and E B , which form a bipolar electrode pair. The electrodes are individually electrically connected to a controller (not shown but such as controller  20  previously described) for creating a desired waveform (as will be described). The controller provides the electrodes with either a stimulation signal (for example 20 Hz or any other signal less than 200 Hz) or a blocking signal as previously described. Energizing the electrodes with a stimulation signal can be tested on a particular patient to note any increase in dopamine production and result in cortex activity. Similarly, a blocking signal can be applied to note any reduction in glutamate production. 
     B. Peripheral Nervous System Treatment 
     The use of blocking signals as described may be used to alleviate pain on the surface of the skin for a wide variety of applications. For example,  FIGS. 6 and 7  illustrate a patch  110  which may be placed on the skin surrounding a target area T associated with pain. 
     In the particular illustration of  FIG. 6 , a patient&#39;s required to give blood samples frequently require a needle injection into the interior surface of the arm to insert a needle into a vein between the upper arm UA and the forearm FA. The health care technician&#39;s identification of the particular vein for puncture is identified and circled by a target area T in phantom lines in  FIG. 6 . 
     A patch  110  is a ring-shaped substrate  112  sized to surround the target area T but otherwise permits access to the target area T by a needle (not shown) for drawing blood or the like. An undersurface of the substrate  112  contains diametrically opposite electrode pairs E 1,A , E 1,B  and E 2,A , E 2,B  and E 3,A , E 3,B . The electrodes are individually electrically connected to a controller (not shown but such as controller  20  previously described) for creating a desired waveform (as will be described). Between the electrodes adhesive layers  114  are provided to secure the patch  110  in place on the patient&#39;s skin surrounding the target area T. 
     The individual electrode pairs are bipolar electrode pairs, which may be provided with a blocking signal as previously described. For example, the electrode pair E 1,A , E 1,B  may be provided with a first waveform W 1  illustrated in  FIG. 8 . The electrode pair E 2,A , E 2,B  may be provided with a second waveform W 2  and electrode pairs E 3,A , E 3,B  may be provided with a third waveform W 3  in  FIG. 8 . 
     Each of the waveforms W 1 , W 2  and W 3  are identical differing only in their timing. The waveforms are preferably blocking waveforms having a frequency in excess of a few hundred Hz threshold and more preferably having a frequency of about 5,000 Hz. With such a frequency, the waveforms have a pulse duration D of 100 microseconds. Preferably, each cycle of the waveform has a delayed period DP between the pulses with the duration of the delay period DP equal to two complete cycles (i.e., four pulse durations D or 400 microseconds). The amplitude of the pulse A may be any suitable amplitude to encourage current flow between the electrode pairs. To drive current across the skin, higher energy levels are anticipated (e.g., voltages up to about 35 volts and currents up to 25 mA. 
     The waveforms are offset relative to one another so that when any one electrode pair is receiving a pulse, the other electrode pairs are inactive resulting in three nested waveforms as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . Such waveforms create an electrical field between the diametrically opposed electrodes of a particular pair with the field passing through the target area T to block neuronal activity within the target area. Accordingly, when the electrodes are energized with the blocking signals as described, pain is not sensed during needle insertion into the target area T. 
     It will be appreciated in  FIG. 6  the apparatus  110  will further include electrical leads to a control unit both of which are not shown for ease of illustration. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an alternative application where two electrodes E 1  E 2  are placed on opposite sides of a target area T near the fingertip of a patient&#39;s finger F. For ease of illustration, a substrate for the electrodes is not shown. The electrodes are individually electrically connected to a controller (not shown but such as controller  20  previously described) for creating a desired waveform. The application of  FIG. 9  is particularly useful for numbing a fingertip prior to lancing the fingertip for a blood sample for periodic blood sugar tests by diabetic patients. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a still further embodiment where electrodes E 1  and E 2  are placed on opposite sides of the gum of the patient overlying mucosal tissue MT on opposite sides of a tooth T. Application of a blocking signal as previously described to the electrodes creates a blocking field to block nerves within the mucosal tissue for treatment of pain associated with gums or teeth or to precondition the tissue prior to injection of local anesthetics such as Novocain or Lydacain or other procedure occurring at the tissue. 
     C. Spinal Cord Treatment 
       FIGS. 11-13  illustrate application of the present invention to the spinal cord. By way of anatomical background,  FIG. 11  shows, in cross section, a spinal cord SC position between an anterior vertebral body AVB and a posterior vertebral body PVB. The patient&#39;s anterior-posterior axis A-P is shown separating the patient&#39;s right R and left L sides. 
     The spinal cord SC is shown enclosed within a dural layer D with opposing surfaces of the spinal cord SC and the dural D defining a subanachroid space SAS. Extending laterally away from the spinal cord are left and right ventral roots LVR, RVR and right and left dorsal roots RDR, LDR. Also illustrated is a ganglion G. The spinal cord SC is illustrated as having identifiable areas of afferent and efferent fibers including ascending pathways AP areas and descending pathways DP areas. 
     According to the present invention, an electrode E is advanced either through open surgical or minimally invasive techniques into the subanachroid space SAS and positioned on a root such as the right dorsal root RDR. Application of a blocking signal to the electrode E blocks signals such as pain signals from the dorsal root the spinal cord SC. While a single monopolar electrode E is shown in  FIG. 11 , it will be appreciated that multiple electrodes including bipolar electrodes may be placed on the roots. For spinal treatments, such blocking signal may be as previously described and, preferably, has a frequency in excess of 3,000 Hz and more preferably about 5,000 Hz or more. 
       FIG. 12  is shown in vertical cross section with multiple vertebral bodies and with a spinal cord extending between the vertebral bodies. For ease of schematic illustration, the dorsal roots are shown extending between the anterior bodies. It will be appreciated that such roots extend laterally from the spinal cord. 
     A catheter C is shown in phantom lines for advancing an electrode to a dorsal root for placing the electrode on the dorsal root. The electrode lead extends from the electrode through implantable or external pulse generator as previously described. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an electrode E (the upper electrode E in the view of  FIG. 13 ) placed on a dorsal root either surgically or through catheter delivery as previously described. Further,  FIG. 13  shows an electrode E (the lower electrode E in the view of  FIG. 13 ) placed overlying the spinal cord over a target area AP, In the example of  FIG. 13 , the target area AP is an identified area of ascending pathways for application of a blocking signal to the ascending pathways for blocking transmission of neural signals to the brain. The electrode is supported on a sling S which is mounted on the left and right dorsal roots. It will be appreciated that the electrode so supported can be positioned over any area of the spinal cord to affect any desired area of ascending pathways or descending pathways. The electrodes are individually electrically connected to a controller (not shown but such as controller  20  previously described) for creating a desired waveform. 
     With the foregoing detailed description of the present invention, it has been shown how the objects of the invention have been attained in a preferred manner. Modifications and equivalents of disclosed concepts such as those which might readily occur to one skilled in the art, are intended to be included in the scope of the claims which are appended hereto.