Patent Publication Number: US-2021173542-A1

Title: Base assemblies having conductive pads for knob on display devices and related systems, methods, and devices

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present patent application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/947,327, filed Jul. 28, 2020, and titled “BASE ASSEMBLIES FOR KNOB ON DISPLAY DEVICES AND RELATED SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES, which claims the benefit of the filing date of: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/887,657, filed Aug. 15, 2019, and titled “KNOB ON DISPLAY WITH PUSH USING A TACTILE DOME SWITCH AND RELATED SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES;” and U.S Provisional Patent Application No. 62/901,383, filed Sep. 17, 2019, titled “KNOB ON DISPLAY WITH INTERNAL ELECTRODES;” the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to knob on display devices for touch screen devices, and more specifically to knob on display devices including base assemblies. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Knobs on Display (KoDs, also referred to herein interchangeably as “KoD devices”) are physical knobs that attach to a touch screen device. For example, sometimes these KoDs are glued to the touch screen device. KoDs are configured to interact with a touch sensor of the touch screen device. The touch screen device may provide various different graphical user interfaces that a KoD may be used to interact with via the touch sensor. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       While this disclosure concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming specific embodiments, various features and advantages of embodiments within the scope of this disclosure may be more readily ascertained from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a first embodiment of a KoD system according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  is a bottom view of an example of a flat circuit for a KoD, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 3A  is a top perspective view of a KoD, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 3B  is a bottom view of the KoD of  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 3C  is a bottom perspective view of the KoD of  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B ; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of the KoD of  FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B , and  FIG. 3C  in a KoD system, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a KoD system including the KoD of  FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B ,  FIG. 3C , and  FIG. 4  with the KoD in a released position; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of the KoD system of  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5  with the KoD in a depressed position; 
         FIG. 7  is a bottom view of an example of a flat flexible printed circuit for a KoD, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an example of a KoD including the flexible printed circuit of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIGS. 9A-9C  are a set of views of a portion of a two PCB KoD, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a two PCB KoD including the portion of  FIGS. 9A-9C , according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 11A  is a cross-sectional view of another two PCB KoD including the portion of  FIGS. 9A-9C , according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 11B  is an exploded view of an example of the KoD of  FIG. 11A ; 
         FIG. 11C - FIG. 11H  are various views of the KoD of  FIG. 11A ; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of an injection molded KoD, according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS. 13A  and  FIG. 13B  are respective views of an example of a substrate and an overmold of the KoD of  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIGS. 14A and 14B  are views of another KoD, according to some embodiments; 
         FIGS. 15A-15C  are views of an example of the overmold structure of the KoD of  FIGS. 14A and 14B ; 
         FIG. 16  is a side perspective view of an overmold of the overmold structure of  FIGS. 15A-15C ; 
         FIG. 17  is a top perspective view of a substrate of the overmold structure of  FIGS. 15A-15C ; 
         FIGS. 18A-18F  are views of the KoD of  FIGS. 14A-14B ; 
         FIG. 19  is a flowchart illustrating a method of operating a KoD device, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 20  is a block diagram of a second embodiment of a KoD system, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 21A-21J  are views of a KoD device, which is an example of the KoD device of  FIG. 20 ; 
         FIGS. 22A and 22B  are views of a KoD system similar to the KoD system of  FIG. 20 ; 
         FIG. 23  is a flowchart illustrating a method of assembling a KoD system, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 24  is a block diagram of a computing device that may be used in some embodiments; 
         FIG. 25A  is a perspective view of a top of a base assembly including extender pads, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 25B  is a perspective view of a bottom of the base assembly of  FIG. 25A ; 
         FIG. 26A  is a side cross-sectional view of a KoD device including the base assembly of  FIGS. 25A and 25B , according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 26B  is a bottom view of the KoD device of  FIG. 26A  with an electrode pad positioned in a first position; and 
         FIG. 26C  is a bottom view of the KoD device of  FIGS. 26A and 26B  with the electrode pad positioned in a second position. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which are shown, by way of illustration, specific examples of embodiments in which the present disclosure may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable a person of ordinary skill in the art to practice the present disclosure. However, other embodiments enabled herein may be utilized, and structural, material, and process changes may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. 
     The illustrations presented herein are not meant to be actual views of any particular method, system, device, or structure, but are merely idealized representations that are employed to describe the embodiments of the present disclosure. In some instances similar structures or components in the various drawings may retain the same or similar numbering for the convenience of the reader; however, the similarity in numbering does not necessarily mean that the structures or components are identical in size, composition, configuration, or any other property. 
     The following description may include examples to help enable one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the disclosed embodiments. The use of the terms “exemplary,” “by example,” and “for example,” means that the related description is explanatory, and though the scope of the disclosure is intended to encompass the examples and legal equivalents, the use of such terms is not intended to limit the scope of an embodiment or this disclosure to the specified components, steps, features, functions, or the like. 
     It will be readily understood that the components of the embodiments as generally described herein and illustrated in the drawings could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following description of various embodiments is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure, but is merely representative of various embodiments. While the various aspects of the embodiments may be presented in the drawings, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale unless specifically indicated. 
     Furthermore, specific implementations shown and described are only examples and should not be construed as the only way to implement the present disclosure unless specified otherwise herein. Elements, circuits, and functions may be shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the present disclosure in unnecessary detail. Conversely, specific implementations shown and described are exemplary only and should not be construed as the only way to implement the present disclosure unless specified otherwise herein. Additionally, block definitions and partitioning of logic between various blocks is exemplary of a specific implementation. It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present disclosure may be practiced by numerous other partitioning solutions. For the most part, details concerning timing considerations and the like have been omitted where such details are not necessary to obtain a complete understanding of the present disclosure and are within the abilities of persons of ordinary skill in the relevant art. 
     Those of ordinary skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. Some drawings may illustrate signals as a single signal for clarity of presentation and description. It will be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art that the signal may represent a bus of signals, wherein the bus may have a variety of bit widths and the present disclosure may be implemented on any number of data signals including a single data signal. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an Integrated Circuit (IC), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor (may also be referred to herein as a host processor or simply a host) may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. A general-purpose computer including a processor is considered a special-purpose computer while the general-purpose computer is configured to execute computing instructions (e.g., software code) related to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     The embodiments may be described in terms of a process that is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe operational acts as a sequential process, many of these acts can be performed in another sequence, in parallel, or substantially concurrently. In addition, the order of the acts may be re-arranged. A process may correspond to a method, a thread, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, other structure, or combinations thereof. Furthermore, the methods disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, software, or both. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or transmitted as one or more instructions or code on computer-readable media. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. 
     Any reference to an element herein using a designation such as “first,” “second,” and so forth does not limit the quantity or order of those elements, unless such limitation is explicitly stated. Rather, these designations may be used herein as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements may be employed there or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner. In addition, unless stated otherwise, a set of elements may comprise one or more elements. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially” in reference to a given parameter, property, or condition means and includes to a degree that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the given parameter, property, or condition is met with a small degree of variance, such as, for example, within acceptable manufacturing tolerances. By way of example, depending on the particular parameter, property, or condition that is substantially met, the parameter, property, or condition may be at least 90% met, at least 95% met, or even at least 99% met. As understood for purposes of the embodiments described in this disclosure, a capacitive sensor may respond to an object&#39;s (such as a finger or a stylus) contact with, or the object&#39;s proximity to, a contact-sensitive area of the capacitive sensor. In this disclosure “contact” and “touch” are meant to encompass both an object&#39;s physical contact with a contact-sensitive area (e.g., an electrode or one or more overlays covering an electrode or group of electrodes, without limitation) and an object&#39;s presence within proximity of a contact-sensitive area without physical contact. Actual physical contact with a capacitive sensor is not necessarily required. 
     By way of an example, when an object contacts a capacitive sensor, a change in capacitance may occur within the capacitive sensor at or near the location of the contact. An analog acquisition front-end may detect the contact if it meets a certain threshold. “Charge-then-transfer” is a non-limiting example of a technique implemented in some touch-acquisition front-ends for detecting capacitive changes, whereby a sensing capacitor is charged responsive to a change in capacitance (e.g., charged faster or slower) and a charge is transferred to an integrating capacitor over multiple charge-transfer cycles. An amount of charge associated with such a charge-transfer may be converted to digital signals by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a digital controller may process those digital signals (typically referred to as “delta counts” or just “deltas”) to determine measurements and/or detect if an object contacted a sensor. 
     Self-capacitance sensors (also referred to herein as “self-cap sensors”) are capacitive field sensors that respond to changes in capacitance to ground. They are typically laid out in an array of rows and columns that react independently to a touch. By way of non-limiting example, a self-cap sensor may include a circuit employing repetitive charge-then-transfer cycles using common integrated CMOS push-pull driver circuitry having floating terminals. 
     Mutual capacitance sensors are capacitive field sensors that detect/respond to changes in capacitance between two electrodes: a drive electrode and a sense electrode. The drive electrode and sense electrode pairs at each intersection of drive and sense lines form a capacitor. Self-capacitance and mutual capacitance techniques may be used in the same touch interface system, and may be complimentary to each other, for example, self-capacitance may be used to confirm a touch detected using mutual capacitance. 
     As an example, touch sensors may be overlaid in a 2-dimensional (2-D) arrangement (i.e., a 2-D touch sensor) for a 2-D contact sensitive surface, for example, of a touch pad or a display screen, and may facilitate user interaction with an associated device or appliance. Insulating protective layers (e.g., resins, glass, and/or plastic, without limitation) may be used to cover touch sensors and may be referred to herein as an “overlay, or “touch screen.” As used herein, a “touch screen device” is a display (such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), thin-film-transistor (TFT) LCD, or a light emitting diode (LED) display) that incorporates 2-D touch sensors (e.g., implemented in a transparent medium over the display, sometimes with an overlay or touch screen including an additional transparent medium such as glass in front of the touch sensors). 
     Using the example of a touch screen sensor that uses a matrix sensor approach of mutual capacitance sensors employing charge-transfer techniques, drive electrodes may extend in rows on one side of a substrate and sense electrodes may extend in columns on a second side of the substrate so as to define a “matrix” array of N by M nodes. Each node corresponds to an intersection between the electrically conductive lines of a drive electrode and of a sense electrode. A drive electrode simultaneously drives all of the nodes in a given row and a sense electrode senses all of the nodes in a given column. The capacitive coupling of the drive electrode and sense electrode (mutual capacitance), or the coupling of a sense electrode and ground (self-capacitance), at a node position may be separately measured or both measured in response to a capacitive change indicative of a touch event. For example, if a drive signal is applied to the drive electrode of row 2 and a sense electrode of column 3 is active then the node position is: row 2, column 3. Nodes may be scanned by sequencing through different combinations of drive and sense electrodes. In one mode the drive electrodes may be driven sequentially while the sense electrodes are all continuously monitored. In another mode each sense electrode may be sampled sequentially. 
     Using the example of a touch screen that uses a matrix sensor approach of self-capacitance sensors, electrodes may extend in rows and columns to define a “matrix” array of N by M nodes. The matrix sensor may be constructed with an intersection of electrodes at each node, each electrode being individually addressable, or each row and column may be an addressable electrode and each node corresponds to a unique row/column pair. A drive signal (i.e., an A/C stimulus) is repeatedly provided to the electrodes of the sensor. When an object contacts the sensor, coupling between the object and the electrodes increases the current drawn on the electrodes which increases the apparent sensor capacitance, and this increase in sensor capacitance may be detected. For example, if an increase in capacitance is detected while a drive signal is applied to electrode row 2 and electrode column 3, then the location of a touch may be row 2, column 3. Interpolation techniques may be used to identify locations between nodes. Nodes may be scanned sequentially by sequencing through combinations of rows and columns of electrodes. 
     Drive signals (i.e., the AC stimulus) described above are one cause of electromagnetic emissions (EME). Capacitance is typically measured synchronously with the drive signals. So, there is a direct relationship between the sampling rate of a measurement and frequency of emission of EME. 
     KoD devices disclosed herein have one or more conductive pads on a side of the KoD device that faces the touch sensor. These conductive pads are detected by control circuitry (e.g., a microcontroller) through the touch sensor panel to report positions, angles, and/or button presses of the KoD. As compared to prior KoD devices, KoDs disclosed herein may have one or more of the following advantages:
         reduced mechanical components, simplifying the design   reduced Z push travel distance (where Z is the direction towards the touch screen device)   increased reliability of the electrical connection   a total Z height of the KoD less than ten millimeters (10 mm) for automotive safety regulations.       

     KoD devices disclosed herein may provide one or more of the following advantages:
         act as tactile feedback giving users a “click” feeling when pushing the KoD   provide a spring return for a push (dome material (e.g., metal) of a dome switch deflects and returns to its natural formed released state)   provide an electrical connection path from a touch surface of a KoD (e.g., a surface on top of the KoD) to a rotation electrode pad   provide an electrical connection path from the touch surface of the KoD to a push electrode pad once the dome is depressed e.g., via a user pushing on the touch surface of the KoD   create a stable touch surface of the KoD that gives an even push feel as a finger moves over the surface thereof   provide relatively good electrical connection to electrode pads   simplify mechanical construction as compared to KoDs having electrode pads that travel toward the touch screen as the KoD is depressed   produce a KoD sensor that incorporates design principles of a traditional fully mechanical solution (i.e., not on a touch sensor)   detect rotation of an electrode pad   detect push of the tactile dome.       

     Electrode pads of the KoD of the present embodiments are effectively always physically in engagement proximity to the touch sensor of the touch screen device. For example, the electrode pads of the KoD may be maintained at constant distances from the touch screen and the touch sensor of the touch screen device regardless of a depressed position or a released position of the KoD. The rotation electrode pad is always electrically connected to a touch surface of the KoD while the push electrode pad is electrically disconnected from the touch surface of the KoD in an electrically floating state when the KoD switch is released, i.e., not depressed then electrically connected to the touch surface of the KoD when the KoD switch is depressed. As a result, in contrast to relying on a push electrode pad that itself physically moves toward a touch sensor surface as a user pushes on the touch surface of the KoD, the push electrode pad of the present embodiments remains in engagement proximity to the touch sensor, but is selectively electrically connected to the touch surface of the KoD responsive to depression of the KoD. The push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad may remain at constant respective distances from the touch screen and the touch sensor of the touch screen device as the KoD transitions between depressed and released positions. As a result, embodiments disclosed herein avoid problems associated with push electrode pads that physically move toward the touch sensor as the KoD switch is depressed. For example, one avoided problem of the prior art is that a large Z direction travel distance (e.g., one to two millimeters, which is much greater than that required of typical tactile dome switches) of the KoD switch is used in moving push electrode pads to ensure that the push electrode does not come into detect threshold distance of the touch sensor while not depressed. Another avoided problem of the prior art is difficulty in mechanical tolerancing of components of KoDs having push pads that move into and out of engagement proximity of touch sensor surfaces of touch screen devices. 
     In some embodiments a printed circuit board (PCB) or a flexible printed circuit (FPC) may be used as a base of a KoD directly on a touch screen. The PCB/FPC may have rotation and push electrode pads connected to a tactile dome switch. The rotation electrode pad is connected to outer legs of a dome and a center of the dome is switchably connected (e.g., selectively based on a depressed or non-depressed state of the KoD) to the push electrode pad. Accordingly, a separate physical rotation electrode pad with a spring connection back to the KoD touch surface need not be used. Also, Z direction (direction toward the touch screen device) travel distance in such embodiments may be less than one millimeter (e.g., 0.3 millimeter to 0.5 millimeter), which is typical of a tactile dome switch. 
     In some embodiments a KoD includes a folded FPC to enable a portion of the FPC to lay flat proximate to the touch screen without other portions of the FPC behaving as extra electrodes on the touch screen. Also, the folded FPC may include a hole to receive a central hub, which may be adhered to the touch screen with an adhesive. The KoD may rotate around the central hub to enable rotation of a rotation electrode pad about the central hub. 
     In some embodiments twin shot injection molding is used to manufacture conductive plastic used for electrode pad parts. In some embodiments insert molding is used to insert metal electrodes into a mold tool prior to plastic injection. In some embodiments two material three dimensional (3D) printing may be used where one filament includes a conductive material. In some embodiments laser direct structuring may be used to create a molded interconnect device. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein may be used in the automotive and consumer product markets. By way of non-limiting examples, KoDs disclosed herein may be used in automobile center stacks and consumer appliances. It will be understood, however, that embodiments disclosed herein may be used in any environment where KoDs on touch screen devices may be useful or helpful. 
     Also disclosed herein are KoD devices having robust electrode designs that have reduced susceptibility to foreign elements such as water and dirt ingress and improved adhesion area for attachment to touch screens of touch screen devices. One or more conductive pads on the rear of the KoD device are detected by control circuitry of a touch screen device (e.g., via a touch sensor of the touch screen device) to report positions/angles of the one or more conductive pads. 
     Some KoD devices disclosed herein are electromechanical solutions that provide at least some protection from foreign elements (e.g., water, dust, dirt). In some embodiments a base assembly for a KoD device at least partially encases electrodes of the KoD device. This base assembly may be directly attached to the touch screen using a full surface area of the base assembly, therefore maximizing adhesion (in contrast to the use of only a portion of the surface area of the base assembly being adhered to the touch screen). Any foreign elements such as water and dirt are prevented from entering the electrode area because an edge lip or side walls of the base assembly may reduce influx of water and dirt. In some embodiments a fully sealed KoD device may be created using a seal (e.g., a rubber seal) between a base assembly and an upper rotating component. 
     In contrast to placement of one or more electrode pads in contact with a touch screen surface of the touch screen device, the KoD devices disclosed herein avoid allowing (i.e., inhibit, but do not necessarily always prevent) foreign elements such as dust and liquid from working their way under electrodes, degrading both electrical and mechanical performance. Also, embodiments disclosed herein allow adhesive to be applied to the entire bottom side of the base assembly, in contrast to KoD devices that have an adhesive area amounting to only an inner center area to attach the KoD to the touch sensor. As a result, in contrast to other KoD devices known to the inventors of this disclosure, the KoD devices disclosed herein do not allow (i.e., inhibit, but do not necessarily always prevent) foreign elements to enter between a touch screen and electrodes of a KoD device. As a result, embodiments disclosed herein amount to robust solutions that inhibit liquid and dirt ingress, are at least partially sealed, and increase adhesion surface area to enable a KoD device to bond well to a touch screen device. 
     Embodiments disclosed herein provide for improved performance and water immunity as compared to devices known to the inventors of this disclosure. Also, dirt or liquid ingress may be avoided as dirt and liquid are prevented from entering underneath KoD devices disclosed herein due to adhesive fully covering an underside of the base assembly. This improved adhesive surface area may enhance one or more of the strength, durability, and stability of the connections between a KoD device and a touch screen device. 
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a KoD system  100 , according to some embodiments. The KoD system  100  includes a KoD  102  and a touch screen device  104 . The touch screen device  104  includes control circuitry  108  operably coupled to a touch sensor  106  and a touch screen  120  over the touch sensor  106 . The KoD  102  includes a touch surface  116 , a switch  114 , a rotation electrode pad  112 , and a push electrode pad  110 . The touch surface  116  is electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  112 , and selectively electrically connected to the push electrode pad  110  through the switch  114 . The KoD  102  is configured to be mounted to the touch screen device  104  with the rotation electrode pad  112  and the push electrode pad  110  in engagement proximity  118  to the touch sensor  106 . 
     As used herein the term “engagement proximity” refers to a proximity to a touch screen (e.g., touch screen  120 ) within which a touch sensor (e.g., touch sensor  106 ) of a touch screen device (e.g., touch screen device  104 ) may measurably respond to contact on a touch surface (e.g., touch surface  116 ) while a push electrode pad (e.g., push electrode pad  110 ) or a rotation electrode pad (e.g., rotation electrode pad  112 ) is electrically connected to a touch surface (e.g., touch surface  116 ). In some instances an electrode pad may be referred to as being in engagement proximity to a touch screen of a touch screen device, and in other instances an electrode pad may be referred to as being in engagement proximity to a touch sensor of a touch screen device, both of which interchangeably refer to the definition of “engagement proximity” provided above. 
     In some embodiments the KoD  102  includes a touch surface  116  including a conductive material (not shown), the touch surface  116  configured such that the touch surface is operable to be positioned in a released position by default and in a depressed position responsive to pressure applied to the touch surface  116  (the pressure triggering the switch  114 ). The KoD  102  also includes a push electrode pad  110  configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to a touch sensor  106  of a touch screen device  104  in both the released position and the depressed position. The push electrode pad  110  is maintained a constant distance from the touch screen  120  regardless of the released position or the depressed position of the KoD  102 . The push electrode pad  110  is electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface  116  responsive to the depressed position of the touch surface  116  and electrically isolated from the conductive material of the touch surface  116  responsive to the released position of the touch surface  116 . In some embodiments the KoD  102  further includes a rotation electrode pad  112  configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to the touch sensor  106  of the touch screen device  104  in both the released position and the depressed position of the touch surface  116 . The rotation electrode pad  112  is electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface  116  in both the released position and the depressed position of the touch surface  116 . Accordingly, the control circuitry  108  of the touch screen device  104  may be programmed (e.g., using firmware or software) to detect the user touching the touch surface  116  (e.g., a “grab detect”). 
     In some embodiments the KoD  102  further includes an FPC configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad  110  and the rotation electrode pad  112  to the touch surface  116 . In some embodiments the KoD  102  includes a PCB configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad  110  and the rotation electrode pad  112  to the touch surface  116 . In some embodiments the KoD  102  includes a folded FPC configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad  110  and the rotation electrode pad  112  to the touch surface  116 . In some embodiments the KoD  102  includes a conductive overmold including the push electrode pad  110  and the rotation electrode pad  112 . 
     In some embodiments a distance between the released position of the touch surface  116  and the depressed position of the touch surface  116  is less than one millimeter, preferably between three tenths of a millimeter (0.3 mm) and one-half of a millimeter (0.5 mm). In some embodiments a distance between the released position of the touch surface  116  and the depressed position of the touch surface  116  is about six tenths of a millimeter (0.6 mm). In some embodiments the push electrode pad  110  is configured to remain in an electrically floating state (e.g., not electrically connected to the touch surface  116 ) responsive to the touch surface  116  being in the released position. KoD  102  further includes the switch  114  configured to selectively operably couple the push electrode pad  110  to the conductive material of the touch surface  116  responsive to the depressed position (e.g., the switch  114  may include the touch surface  116  thereon). The present embodiments are being described in some detail where the push electrode pad  110  is coupled to the conductive material of the touch surface  116  responsive to the depressed position, and not electrically connected to the touch surface  116  responsive to the touch surface  116  being in the released position being not it being understood that the reverse may be similarly accomplished. Thus, generally, the touch surface  116  is electrically connected to the push electrode pad  110  responsive to a first position of the KoD device  102  (e.g. depressed), the touch surface  116  electrically isolated from the push electrode pad  110  responsive to a second position of the KoD device  102  (e.g. released). In some embodiments the switch  114  includes a dome switch. In some embodiments the switch  114  includes multiple dome switches (e.g., for KoD devices that are sufficiently large to accommodate multiple KoDs). 
       FIG. 2  is a bottom view of an example of a flat circuit  200  for a KoD, according to some embodiments. The flat circuit  200  includes a PCB  208  and a tactile dome switch  206  electrically connected to the PCB  208  via one or more dome switch pads  210 . The PCB  208  includes a push electrode pad  202  and a rotation electrode pad  204 . The rotation electrode pad  204  is electrically connected to the dome switch pads  210  such that the rotation electrode pad  204  is electrically connected to a touch surface  212  of the tactile dome switch  206  regardless of a position of the tactile dome switch  206 . Accordingly, if a user&#39;s finger, stylus, or other touch instrument is in contact with the tactile dome switch  206 , the rotation electrode pad  204  is electrically connected to the user&#39;s finger, stylus, or other touch instrument via the dome switch pads  210  and the touch surface  212 . 
     The push electrode pad  202  is selectively electrically connected to the touch surface  212  of the tactile dome switch  206  responsive to a depressed position of the tactile dome switch  206  and electrically isolated from the touch surface  212  responsive to a released position of the tactile dome switch  206 . As a result, when a user&#39;s finger, stylus, or other touch instrument is in contact with and depresses the tactile dome switch  206  into the depressed position, the push electrode pad  202  is electrically connected to the finger, stylus, or other touch instrument via the touch surface  212 . On the other hand, when the tactile dome switch  206  is in the released position, the push electrode pad  202  is electrically isolated from the user&#39;s finger, stylus, or other touch instrument even if the user&#39;s finger, stylus, or other touch instrument is in contact with the touch surface  212 . By way of non-limiting example, a trace electrically connected to the push electrode pad  202  may extend underneath the tactile dome switch  206  to a contact pad  214  under the tactile dome switch  206 . With the KoD applied to a touch screen of a touch screen device, the tactile dome switch  206  is outside of engagement proximity from the touch sensor of the touch screen device. When the tactile dome switch  206  is depressed, the tactile dome switch  206  may contact the contact pad under the tactile dome switch  206 , which electrically connects the tactile dome switch  206  to the push electrode pad  202 . 
       FIG. 3A  through  FIG. 3C  are various views of a KoD  300 , according to some embodiments.  FIG. 3A  is a top perspective view of the KoD  300 .  FIG. 3B  is a bottom view of the KoD  300  of  FIG. 3A .  FIG. 3C  is a bottom perspective view of the KoD  300  of  FIG. 3A  and  FIG. 3B . 
     The KoD  300  includes a body  306  carrying conductive (e.g., metal) structures including a push electrode pad  310 , a rotation electrode pad  312 , a dome switch pad  314 , a push contact trace  308 , a rotation trace  316 , conductive structure  402 , and conductive structure  404 . The body  306  may include a rigid electrically insulating material (e.g., acrylic). The push electrode pad  310  and the rotation electrode pad  312  may be positioned on a bottom side of the KoD  300 , which may be configured to be rotatably secured proximate to a touch screen (e.g., directly on the touch screen, in engagement proximity to a touch sensor of the touch screen). 
     The dome switch pad  314  and the push contact trace  308  may be positioned on a top side of the KoD  300 . The KoD  300  also includes a dome switch  302  operably coupled to the dome switch pad  314 . The dome switch pad  314  is electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  312  through a rotation trace  316  on the top of the body  306 . By way of non-limiting example, the conductive structure  404  may connect the rotation trace  316  on the top of the body  306  to the rotation electrode pad  312  on the bottom side of the body  306 . The push contact trace  308  may extend underneath the dome switch  302  to a push contact  406 . The push contact  406  is configured to electrically connect to the dome switch  302  responsive to the dome switch  302  being in a depressed position, and be electrically isolated from the dome switch  302  responsive to the dome switch  302  being in a released position. The push contact trace  308  is electrically connected to the push electrode pad  310  by the conductive structure  402 . 
     The KoD  300  includes a dome switch  302  and a touch surface  304  on the dome switch  302 . The touch surface  304  includes electrically conductive material to electrically connect the touch surface  304  to a finger or stylus of a user interacting with the KoD  300 . In both a released position and a depressed position of the dome switch  302  a touch to the touch surface  304  may be electrically coupled to the rotation electrode pad  312  via the dome switch  302 , the dome switch pad  314 , the rotation trace  316 , and the conductive structure  404 . In the released position of the dome switch  302  a touch to the touch surface  304  may be electrically isolated from the push electrode pad  310 . In the depressed position of the dome switch  302  a touch to the touch surface  304  may be electrically connected to the push electrode pad  310  via the dome switch  302 , the push contact  406 , push contact trace  308 , and the conductive structure  402 . 
     The KoD  300  further includes a recess  408  configured to receive a central hub (not shown). The central hub may be secured (e.g., adhered) to a touch screen and the KoD  300  may rotate around the central hub. Accordingly, in operation the KoD  300  may rotate  412  around a central axis  410  of the KoD  300 , and positions of the push electrode pad  310  and the rotation electrode pad  312  may rotate  412  around the central axis  410 . 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view of the KoD  300  of  FIG. 3A ,  FIG. 3B , and  FIG. 3C  in a KoD system  700  according to some embodiments. The KoD system  700  includes a touch screen device (e.g., the touch screen device  806  of  FIG. 5 ) including a touch screen  702 . The KoD  300  is secured on the touch screen  702  (e.g., stuck to the touch screen  702  using, for example, an adhesive). With the KoD  300  positioned on the touch screen  702 , the rotation electrode pad  312  and the push electrode pad  202  ( FIG. 3A ) of the KoD  300  are constantly in engagement proximity with the touch screen  702  (e.g., with a touch sensor of the touch screen  702 ). The rotation electrode pad  312  is permanently connected to the dome and the push electrode pad  202  is by default in an electrically floating state (e.g., electrically disconnected from the touch surface  304  ( FIG. 3A )). Rotation  706  of the KoD  300  results in rotation of the rotation electrode pad  312  with the KoD  300 . Pushing of the dome switch  302  ( FIG. 3A ) electrically connects the push electrode pad  202  to the touch surface  304 , as previously discussed. 
       FIG. 5  is a perspective view of the KoD system  700  with the KoD  300  in a released position  808 .  FIG. 5  illustrates a touch screen device  806 , the touch screen  702  of the touch screen device  806 , the KoD  300 , and a finger  804  of a user touching the touch surface  304  ( FIG. 3A ) without pressing the dome switch  302  ( FIG. 3A ) into a depressed position. In other words, the KoD is in a released position  808 . As a result, the rotation electrode pad  312  ( FIG. 3B ) is electrically connected to the touch surface  304  ( FIG. 3A ), and in turn, the finger  804  of the user. Consequently, the touch screen  702  detects the touch proximate to the rotation electrode pad  312 . A rotation ring  802  is shown displayed on the touch screen  702  proximate to the rotation electrode pad  312  to indicate the detected touch via the rotation electrode pad  312 . The KoD  300  may be rotated, moving the location of the detected touch radially around a longitudinal central axis of the KoD  300  with rotation of the rotation electrode pad  312 . 
       FIG. 6  is a perspective view of the KoD system  700  with the KoD  300  in a depressed position  904 .  FIG. 6  illustrates the finger  804  of a user applying pressure  906  to the dome switch  302  ( FIG. 3A ). As a result, the KoD  300  is in a depressed position  904 . The push of the dome switch  302  electrically connects the touch surface  304  ( FIG. 3A ) to the push electrode pad  310  ( FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C ), electrically connecting the finger  804  of the user to the push electrode pad  310 . As a result, a touch sensor of the touch screen device  806  detects a touch proximate to the push electrode pad  310 , which is illustrated by a push ring  902  displayed on the touch screen  702  to indicate detection of a touch detected responsive to the push electrode pad  310 . The rotation ring  802  is also illustrated because the rotation electrode pad  312  ( FIG. 3B ) is always electrically connected to the touch surface  304 , and so also electrically connected to the finger  804  of the user when in contact with the touch surface  304 , causing a touch to be detected by the touch screen  702  proximate a location of the rotation electrode pad  312 . In some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the depressed position  904  may result in less than one millimeter (e.g., 0.3 millimeter to 0.5 millimeter, without limitation) of displacement of a touch surface relative to a location of the touch surface in the released position  808  ( FIG. 5 ). 
     In some embodiments the touch screen device  806  is configured to display multiple different graphical user interface elements proximate to the KoD  300  at different times to enable the user to interact with the different graphical user interface elements at different points in time via the KoD  300 . By way of non-limiting example, the touch screen device  806  may be configured to display various different automobile graphical user interface elements at different times. As a specific non-limiting example, a first set of graphical user interface elements may include climate control user interface elements, a second set of graphical user interface elements may include stereo control user interface elements, and a third set of graphical user interface elements may include car seat and/or rear view mirror control elements. The touch screen device  806  and the KoD  300  may operate together to enable the user to interface with these elements via rotations and presses of the KoD  300 . 
       FIG. 7  is a bottom view of an example of a flattened FPC  1000  for a KoD (e.g., a KoD  1100  of  FIG. 8 ), according to some embodiments. The FPC  1000  has a center hole  1006 , dome switch contacts  1008 , and a depress contact  1014 . The FPC  1000  also includes electrode pads including a push electrode pad  1010  and a rotation electrode pad  1012 . 
     The rotation electrode pad  1012  may be electrically connected to the dome switch contacts  1008  (e.g., via one or more electrically conductive traces of the FPC  1000 ). Accordingly, when a user touches a dome switch coupled to the dome switch contacts  1008 , the user&#39;s finger may be electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1012  regardless of a position of a switch (e.g., the switch  114  of  FIG. 1 ) of the KoD (e.g., the KoD  1100  of  FIG. 8 ). 
     The push electrode pad  1010  may be electrically connected to the depress contact  1014  (e.g., via one or more electrically conductive traces of the FPC  1000 ). Accordingly, when a user depresses a dome switch coupled to the dome switch contacts  1008 , the user&#39;s finger may be electrically connected to the push electrode pad  1010  responsive to depression of the dome switch (e.g., contacting the dome switch to the depress contact  1014  in a depressed position of the switch). 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of an example of a KoD  1100  including an FPC  1000  of  FIG. 7 . The FPC  1000  is configured in a folded FPC configuration in contrast to the flattened FPC  1000  of  FIG. 7 , which is in a flat configuration (i.e., not folded). The KoD  1100  includes a dome switch  1104  operably coupled to (e.g., electrically connected and mechanically connected) to the dome switch contacts  1008  ( FIG. 7 ) of the FPC  1000 . The KoD  1100  also includes a body  1110  configured to carry the FPC  1000 . The KoD  1100  further includes a center retaining spigot  1106  extending through the center hole  1006  of the FPC  1000 . In some embodiments the body  1110  may be configured to rotate around the center retaining spigot  1106 . Accordingly, the KoD  1100  is configured to rotate around a central axis  1112  of the KoD  1100 . The body  1110 , the center retaining spigot  1106 , or both may include locking features to secure the center retaining spigot  1106  to the body  1110  in a manner that enables rotation of the body  1110  about the center retaining spigot  1106 . By way of non-limiting example, the body  1110  or the center retaining spigot  1106  may include detents (not shown) and the other of the body  1110  or the center retaining spigot  1106  may include detent actuators (not shown) to mechanically connect the body  1110  to the center retaining spigot  1106 . In some embodiments the center retaining spigot  1106  may be configured to be secured (e.g., glued) directly to a touch screen. In some embodiments one or more intervening structures may be placed between the KoD  1100  and the touch screen. By way of non-limiting example, a base assembly (e.g., base assembly  2318  of  FIG. 20 , base assembly  2504  of  FIG. 21A , base assembly  2504  of  FIG. 21B ) may be located between the KoD  1100  and the touch screen. 
     The KoD  1100  also includes an actuator  1108  operably coupled to the dome switch  1104 . The actuator  1108  includes a touch surface  1102  (e.g., a top surface of and/or lateral surfaces of the actuator  1108 ). Accordingly, when a user touches the touch surface  1102 , the user&#39;s finger may be electrically connected to the dome switch  1104  and the dome switch contacts  1008  via the actuator  1108 . For example, responsive to a touch to the touch surface  1102 , the finger of the user may be electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1012  ( FIG. 7 ), which is electrically connected (e.g., constantly) to the dome switch contacts  1008  via the FPC  1000 . As a result, as the user rotates the KoD  1100 , the rotation electrode pad  1012  may be constantly detected by a touch sensor of a touch screen that the KoD  1100  is secured to regardless of a position (e.g., depressed position, released position) of the KoD  1100 . As a result, as the rotation electrode pad  1012  travels in front of the touch screen of a touch screen device, the touch sensor of the touch screen device may track a position of the rotation electrode pad  1012 . The dome switch  1104  is also configured to selectively electrically connect the touch surface  1102  to the push electrode pad  1010  ( FIG. 7 ) of the FPC  1000  via the depress contact  1014  when the KoD  1100  is in the depressed position. As a result, responsive to the user pressing the actuator  1108  with the KoD  1100  is in the depressed position, the touch surface  1102  is electrically connected to the push electrode pad  1010 , registering a touch by the touch sensor responsive to the push electrode pad  1010  being electrically connected to the user&#39;s finger. Although the push electrode pad  1010  may rotate with rotation of the KoD  1100 , a push of the KoD  1100  may be detected responsive to detection of both the push electrode pad  1010  and the rotation electrode pad  1012 . Detection of only one pad may be associated with a released state of the KoD  1100 . 
       FIGS. 9A-9C  are a set of views of a portion  1208  of a two PCB KoD, according to some embodiments.  FIG. 9A  is a top perspective view,  FIG. 9B  is a bottom perspective view, and  FIG. 9C  is a top perspective view having a dome switch  1228  of the portion  1208 . The portion  1208  includes a bottom PCB  1214 , a top PCB  1218 , and detent actuators  1216  between the bottom PCB  1214  and the top PCB  1218 . An adhesive may be used to connect the various layers of the portion  1208 . By way of non-limiting example, an adhesive may be used between the bottom PCB  1214  and the detent actuators  1216  to secure the bottom PCB  1214  to the detent actuators  1216 . Also, an adhesive may be used between the detent actuators  1216  and the top PCB  1218  to secure the detent actuators  1216  to the top PCB  1218 . 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates that the bottom PCB  1214  includes a rotation electrode pad  1210  and a push electrode pad  1212  (e.g., metal electrodes such as copper electrodes). Accordingly, if a different number, size, or configuration of electrode pads is desired, the bottom PCB  1214  may be easily replaced with a different bottom PCB having electrode pads of the desired number, size, and configuration.  FIG. 9A  and  FIG. 9C  illustrate that the top PCB  1218  includes a dome switch pad  1222  configured to mount a dome switch  1228  thereto and a rotation trace  1226  configured to electrically connect the dome switch pad  1222  to the rotation electrode pad  1210 . The top PCB  1218  also includes a push contact  1220  configured to electrically connect to the dome switch  1228  responsive to a depressed position of the dome switch  1228  and to electrically isolate from the dome switch  1228  responsive to a released position of the dome switch  1228 . The top PCB  1218  further includes a push contact trace  1224  configured to electrically connect the push contact  1220  to the push electrode pad  1212 . 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-sectional view of a two PCB KoD  1300  including the portion  1208  of  FIGS. 9A-9C , according to some embodiments.  FIG. 11A  is a cross-sectional view of another two PCB KoD  1400 , according to some embodiments. The KoD  1300  of  FIG. 10  includes a touch cap  1306  on a cushion  1304 . The KoD  1400  of  FIG. 11A  includes a touch cap  1308  held in place via clips  1320 . The KoD  1300  and the KoD  1400  illustrate the portion  1208  including the bottom PCB  1214 , the detent actuators  1216 , and the top PCB  1218 , and the dome switch  1228  on the top PCB  1218 . The KoD  1300  and the KoD  1400  also include a hub  1310  extending through the bottom PCB  1214 . The hub  1310  may be configured to secure to a touch screen (e.g., the touch screen  702  of  FIG. 4 ). By way of non-limiting example, the hub  1310  may secure to the touch screen by an adhesive  1316  on the bottom of the hub  1310 . Similar to rotation of the KoD  1100  around the center retaining spigot  1106  of  FIG. 8 , the portion  1208  is configured to rotate about the hub  1310  to enable movement of the rotation electrode pad  1210  ( FIG. 9B ) as the portion  1208  rotates. In some embodiments the hub  1310  may include detents  1312  configured to provide mechanical resistance against the detent actuators  1216  as the portion  1208  rotates relative to the hub  1310 . The detent actuators  1216  and the detents  1312  may also function as locking features  1330  between the portion  1208  and the hub  1310  to secure the portion  1208  to the hub  1310  in a manner that enables rotation of the portion  1208  about the hub  1310 . 
     The KoD  1300  includes a touch cap  1306  operably coupled to the dome switch  1228  to enable a user to depress the dome switch  1228  into a depressed position by pressing on the touch cap  1306 . The KoD  1300  also includes the cushion  1304  positioned on the top PCB  1218  at a perimeter of the top PCB  1218 . The cushion  1304  is configured to compress responsive to a press of the touch cap  1306  to enable the touch cap  1306  to displace relative to the portion  1208 . By way of non-limiting example, the cushion  1304  may include an open cell foam or other material (e.g., a resilient polymer) or object (e.g., a spring) that compresses and returns to its pre-compressed volume and shape. 
     The touch cap  1306  includes a touch surface  1314  thereon. At least a portion of the touch cap  1306  includes an electrically conductive material to electrically connect the touch surface  1314  to the dome switch  1228 . Accordingly, when a user touches the touch surface  1314 , the user&#39;s finger is electrically connected to the dome switch  1228 . Since the dome switch  1228  is constantly electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1210 , the user&#39;s finger is electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1210  in both the depressed position of the KoD  1300  and in the released position of the KoD  1300 . Also, the user&#39;s finger is electrically connected to the push electrode pad  1212  ( FIG. 9B ) when the KoD  1300  is in the depressed position and electrically isolated from the push electrode pad  1212  when the KoD  1300  is in the released position. 
     The KoD  1400  also includes a touch cap  1308  operably coupled to the dome switch  1228  to enable a user to depress the dome switch  1228  into a depressed position by pressing on the touch cap  1308 . The touch cap  1308  includes touch cap sides  1318  that extend down around lateral sides of the portion  1208  to guide the touch cap  1308  as the touch cap is depressed into the depressed position. The KoD  1400  also includes clips  1320  extending through the top PCB  1218  to hold the touch cap  1308  in place relative to the portion  1208 . The detent actuators  1216  may include passageways  1322  to enable the clips  1320  to traverse through the detent actuators  1216 . The top PCB  1218  may also include passageways for the clips  1320  to extend through, though a distal end of each of the clips  1320  may have a horizontal dimension that is larger than the passageways through the top PCB  1218  to prevent the touch cap  1308  from being pulled away from the portion  1208 . A proximal end of each of the clips  1320  may be secured to the touch cap  1308 . 
     The touch cap  1308  includes a touch surface  1324  thereon. The touch surface  1324  may extend along a top surface of the touch cap  1308  and/or along outside surfaces of the sides  1318  of the touch cap  1308 . At least a portion of the touch cap  1308  includes an electrically conductive material to electrically connect the touch surface  1324  to the dome switch  1228 . Accordingly, when a user touches the touch surface  1324 , the user&#39;s finger is electrically connected to the dome switch  1228 . Since the dome switch  1228  is constantly electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1210 , the user&#39;s finger is electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1210  in both the depressed position of the KoD  1400  and in the released position of the KoD  1400 . Also, the user&#39;s finger is electrically connected to the push electrode pad  1212  when the KoD  1400  is in the depressed position and electrically isolated from the push electrode pad  1212  when the KoD  1400  is in the released position. 
       FIG. 11B  is an exploded view of an example of the KoD  1400  of  FIG. 11A . As previously discussed, the KoD  1400  includes a touch cap  1308  having a touch surface  1324  thereon, a dome switch  1228 , clips  1320  (e.g., electrically conductive clips), a top PCB  1218 , detent actuators  1216 , a bottom PCB  1214 , a hub  1310 , and adhesive  1316  (e.g., adhesive for applying the KoD  1400  to a touch screen of a touch screen device). 
       FIGS. 11C-11H  are various views of the KoD  1400  of  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B .  FIG. 11C  is a bottom view,  FIG. 11D  is a cross-sectional view taken through a cross section D-D of  FIG. 11C ,  FIG. 11E  is a top view,  FIG. 11F  is a cross-sectional view taken through a cross section F-F of  FIG. 11C ,  FIG. 11G  is a top perspective view, and  FIG. 11H  is a bottom perspective view. 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of an injection molded KoD  1600 , according to some embodiments. By way of non-limiting example, the KoD  1600  may include a twin-shot injection molded KoD. The KoD  1600  may bear some similarity to the KoD  1300  of  FIG. 10 . For example, the KoD  1600  includes detent actuators  1606 , a hub  1610 , detents  1612 , an adhesive  1628 , a touch cap  1616 , a touch surface  1618 , a dome switch  1608 , and a cushion  1614  similar to the detent actuators  1216 , the hub  1310 , the detents  1312 , the adhesive  1628 , the touch cap  1306 , the touch surface  1314 , the dome switch  1228 , and the cushion  1304  of the KoD  1300  of  FIG. 10 , respectively. Rather than the bottom PCB  1214  and the top PCB  1218  of the KoD  1300  of  FIG. 10 , however, the KoD  1600  includes a substrate  1604  (e.g., an ABS substrate) and an overmold  1602  (e.g., a conductive overmold). 
     The overmold  1602  includes electrically conductive structures such as a push electrode pad  1624 , a rotation electrode pad  1626 , a dome switch pad  1622 , and a push contact  1620 , which are similar to the push electrode pad  1212 , the rotation electrode pad  1210 , the dome switch pad  1222 , and the push contact  1220  of  FIGS. 9A-9C . In contrast to conductive trace material on a PCB, such as their counterparts in the KoD  1300  of  FIG. 10 , however, the push electrode pad  1624 , the rotation electrode pad  1626 , the dome switch pad  1622 , and the push contact  1620  may include an injection material. By way of non-limiting example, the injection material may include an electrically conductive polymer, an electrically insulating polymer coated in an electrically conductive material, or other conductive overmold material. The push electrode pad  1624  is electrically connected to the push contact  1620  via the overmold  1602 . Also, the rotation electrode pad  1626  is electrically connected to the dome switch pad  1622  via the overmold  1602 . The push electrode pad  1624  and the push contact  1620 , however, are electrically insulated from the rotation electrode pad  1626  and the dome switch pad  1622  by the substrate  1604 . It is noted that for the sake of simplicity the push electrode pad  1624 , the push contact  1620 , the rotation electrode pad  1626 , and the dome switch pad  1622 , as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , are not shown in detail to illustrate their separate structures. Such detail, however, is shown in  FIGS. 13A and 13B . 
     The substrate  1604  is configured to provide structural support to the overmold  1602 , and insulate the push electrode pad  1624  and the push contact  1620  from the rotation electrode pad  1626  and the dome switch pad  1622 . The substrate  1604  includes an electrically insulating material. More details regarding the KoD  1600  are illustrated in  FIGS. 13A and 13B . 
       FIGS. 13A and 13B  are views of an example of a substrate  1604  and an overmold  1602  of the KoD  1600  of  FIG. 12 .  FIG. 13A  is a bottom perspective view and  FIG. 13B  is a top perspective view of the substrate  1604  and the overmold  1602 .  FIG. 13A  illustrates the push electrode pad  1624  and the rotation electrode pad  1626 .  FIG. 13B  illustrates the push contact  1620  and the dome switch pad  1622 . 
       FIGS. 14A and 14B  is a set of views of another KoD  2000 , according to some embodiments.  FIG. 14A  is a bottom perspective view and  FIG. 14B  is a top perspective view of the KoD  2000 . The KoD  2000  includes an overmold structure  1806  and a touch cap  1808 . The touch cap  1808  includes a touch surface  1810 . The overmold structure  1806  includes a push electrode pad  1812  and a rotation electrode pad  1814 . The touch surface  1810  is electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1814  regardless of whether the KoD  2000  is in a depressed position or in a released position. The touch surface  1810  is electrically connected to the push electrode pad  1812  responsive to the KoD  2000  being in a depressed position. The touch surface  1810  is electrically isolated from the push electrode pad  1812  responsive to the KoD  2000  being in a released position. 
     The KoD  2000  also includes a hub  1816  inserted into the overmold structure  1806 . The hub  1816  is configured to secure to a touch screen, and the overmold structure  1806  is configured to rotate around the hub  1816 . Accordingly, the rotation electrode pad  1814  is configured to move along the touch screen in a rotational direction around the hub  1816  responsive to rotation of the overmold structure  1806  about the hub  1816 . The push electrode pad  1812  may also rotate about the hub  1816 . As a result, both the push electrode pad  1812  and the rotation electrode pad  1814  may be detected responsive to a depressed position of the KoD  2000  and a touch to the touch surface  1810 . In such a depressed position of the KoD  2000  rotation of the KoD may be tracked by tracking rotation of the rotation electrode pad  1814 , the push electrode pad  1812 , or both. 
       FIGS. 15A-15C  are views of an example of the overmold structure  1806  of the KoD  2000  of  FIGS. 16A and 16B .  FIG. 15A  is a top perspective view,  FIG. 15B  is a bottom perspective view, and  FIG. 15C  is a side perspective view of the overmold structure  1806  including an overmold  1916  positioned within a substrate  1918 . The overmold structure  1806  includes an overmold  1916  and a substrate  1918  configured to carry the overmold  1916 . In some embodiments the overmold  1916  is configured to snap-fit within the substrate  1918 . In some embodiments the overmold  1916  and/or the substrate  1918  includes one or more structures configured to mate with one or more recesses of the substrate  1918  and/or the overmold  1916 . 
       FIG. 16  is a side perspective view of the overmold  1916  of the overmold structure  1806  of  FIGS. 15A-15C . The overmold  1916  includes a dome switch pad  1922  electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  1814 . The dome switch pad  1922  is configured to enable a dome switch to be mounted thereto. The dome switch is operably coupled to the touch cap  1808  such that the touch surface  1810  of the touch cap  1808  is electrically connected to the dome switch pad  1922  and the rotation electrode pad  1814  through the dome switch responsive to both the depressed position and the released position of the KoD  2000 . 
     The overmold  1916  also includes a push contact  1920  electrically connected to the push electrode pad  1812 . The push contact  1920  is configured to electrically connect to the touch surface  1810  ( FIG. 14B ) of the touch cap  1808  ( FIGS. 14A and 14B ) responsive to a depressed position of the KoD  2000  ( FIGS. 14A and 14B ). By way of non-limiting example, the dome switch may be configured to contact the push contact  1920  responsive to the depressed position of the KoD  2000 . Also, the dome switch may be configured to not contact the push contact  1920  responsive to the released position of the KoD  2000 . 
       FIG. 17  is a top perspective view of the substrate  1918  of the overmold structure  1806  of  FIGS. 15A-15C . The substrate  1918  includes cap clips  1912  configured to secure the touch cap  1808  ( FIGS. 14A and 14B ) to the overmold structure  1806 . The substrate  1918  also includes detent actuators  1914  (e.g., spring detent actuators) configured to mate with detents in the hub  1816  ( FIG. 14A ). In some embodiments the detent actuators  1914  are mirrored (e.g., bilaterally symmetric) as illustrated in  FIG. 17  to provide a similar experience to a user rotating the KoD  2000  in both directions of rotation of the KoD  2000 . 
       FIGS. 18A-18F  are views of the KoD  2000  of  FIGS. 14A and 14B .  FIG. 18A  is an exploded view of the KoD  2000  of  FIGS. 14A and 14B . As previously discussed, the KoD  2000  includes the touch cap  1808  having the touch surface  1810 , a dome switch  2004 , an overmold structure  1806 , a hub  1816  having detents  2006  (configured to mate with the detent actuators  1914  of  FIG. 17 ), and adhesive  2002  (e.g., to secure the hub  1816  to a touch screen device). 
       FIGS. 18B-18F  are other views of the KoD  2000  of  FIGS. 14A-14B  and  FIG. 18A , with callouts identifying the various elements as indicated above.  FIG. 18B  is a bottom view,  FIG. 18D  is a top view,  FIG. 18C  is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C of  FIG. 18B ,  FIG. 18E  is a cross-sectional view taken along cross section E-E of  FIG. 18B , and  FIG. 18F  is a cross-sectional view taken along cross section F-F of  FIG. 18B . 
       FIG. 19  is a flowchart illustrating a method  2200  of operating a KoD device (e.g., any of the KoD devices disclosed herein), according to some embodiments. At operation  2202 , method  2200  includes electrically connecting a finger of a user contacting a touch surface of a KoD device to a rotation electrode pad responsive to a touch of the finger to the touch surface regardless of a depressed position of the KoD device or a released position of the KoD device. 
     At operation  2204 , method  2200  includes electrically connecting the finger to a push electrode pad of the KoD device responsive to the depressed position of the KoD device. In some embodiments electrically connecting the finger to the push electrode pad responsive to the depressed position comprises contacting a push contact with a dome switch electrically connected to the touch surface responsive to depression of the dome switch to the push contact, the push contact electrically connected to the push electrode pad. 
     At operation  2206 , method  2200  includes electrically isolating the finger from the push electrode pad of the KoD device responsive to the released position of the KoD device. In some embodiments electrically isolating the finger from the push electrode pad responsive to the released position comprises electrically isolating a push contact from a dome switch electrically connected to the touch surface, the push contact electrically connected to the push electrode pad. 
     At operation  2208 , method  2200  includes maintaining the push electrode pad a constant distance from a touch screen of a touch screen device regardless of the depressed position and the released position of the KoD device. 
       FIG. 20  is a block diagram of a KoD system  2300 , according to some embodiments. The KoD system  2300  may be similar to the KoD system  100  of  FIG. 1 . For example, the KoD system  2300  includes a KoD device  2302  and a touch screen device  2304  similar to the KoD  102  and the touch screen device  104  of  FIG. 1 . Similar to the control circuitry  108  and the touch sensor  106  of the touch screen device  104  of  FIG. 1 , the touch screen device  2304  includes control circuitry  2308  operably coupled to a touch sensor  2306 . The KoD device  2302  includes a touch surface  2316 , a switch  2314 , a rotation electrode pad  2312 , and a push electrode pad  2310  similar to the touch surface  116 , the switch  114 , the rotation electrode pad  112 , and the push electrode pad  110  of  FIG. 1 . The at least one electrode (e.g., the push electrode pad  2310 , the rotation electrode pad  2312 ) includes an electrically conductive material. The touch surface  2316  is electrically connected to the rotation electrode pad  2312 , and selectively electrically connected to the push electrode pad  2310  through the switch  2314 . The KoD device  2302  is configured to be mounted to a touch screen  2320  of the touch screen device  2304  with the at least one electrode (e.g., rotation electrode pad  2312  and the push electrode pad  2310 ) in engagement proximity to the touch sensor  2306 . By way of non-limiting example, the rotation electrode pad  2312  and the push electrode pad  2310  may be positioned a constant distance from the touch screen  2320  of the touch screen device  2304 . 
     The KoD device  2302  also includes a base assembly  2318  configured to be positioned between the touch screen  2320  of the touch screen device  2304  and the push electrode pad  2310  and the rotation electrode pad  2312 . The at least one electrode is configured to interact with the touch sensor  2306  through the base assembly  2318  and the touch screen  2320 . For example, the base assembly  2318  may be sufficiently thin to enable the touch sensor  2306  to detect the at least one electrode (e.g., the push electrode pad  2310  and the rotation electrode pad  2312 ) through the base assembly  2318  and the touch screen  2320 . In other words, the at least one electrode is in engagement proximity  2322  to the touch sensor  2306  through the base assembly. In some embodiments the base assembly  2318  is configured to at least partially cover an end of the KoD device  2302  that includes the one or more electrodes. A thickness of the base assembly  2318 , including an adhesive that secures the base assembly  2318  to the touch screen device  2304 , may be about 0.5 millimeters (0.5 mm) or less, without limitation. 
     In some embodiments the base assembly  2318  includes one or more side walls extending toward a conductive cap of the KoD device  2302  (e.g., at least partially housing an inner housing such as an inner housing  2626  of  FIG. 21B ). In some embodiments the KoD device  2302  includes one or more seals between the one or more side walls of the base assembly  2318  and the conductive cap to seal an interior of the KoD device  2302  (e.g., against liquids, dust, dirt, or other contaminants). In some embodiments the base assembly  2318  includes a post (e.g., a post  2630  of  FIG. 21B ) configured to extend therefrom into an inner housing (e.g., the inner housing  2626  of  FIG. 21B ) of the KoD device  2302  to enable the inner housing to rotate about the post. Rotation of the inner housing may enable rotation of the rotation electrode pad  2312  and the push electrode pad  2310 , which are mechanically coupled to the inner housing, about the post with the inner housing. In some embodiments the base assembly includes detents (e.g., detents  2628  of  FIG. 21B ) and the inner housing includes detent actuators (e.g., detent ball  2618  and detent spring  2622  of  FIG. 21B ) to provide mechanical resistance, and in some instances a tactile “click” feedback, to rotation of the inner housing about the post. The detents and the detent actuators may function as a locking mechanism to secure the base assembly to the inner housing while allowing the inner housing to rotate about the post and within the base assembly. 
     The KoD device  2302  includes a touch surface  2316  including a conductive material, the touch surface  2316  configured to be positioned in a released position by default and in a depressed position responsive to pressure applied to the touch surface  2316  (the pressure closing the switch  2314  so as to electrically connect touch surface  2316  to the push electrode pad  2310 ). The KoD device  2302  also includes the push electrode pad  2310  configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to a touch sensor  2306  of a touch screen device  2304  in both the released position and the depressed position. For example, the touch push electrode pad  2310  may be positioned constant distances from the touch screen  2320  and the touch sensor  2306  regardless of the released position and the depressed position of the KoD device  2302 . The push electrode pad  2310  is electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface  2316  responsive to the depressed position and electrically isolated from the conductive material of the touch surface  2316  responsive to the released position. The KoD device  2302  further includes a rotation electrode pad  2312  configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to the touch sensor  2306  of the touch screen device  2304  in both the released position and the depressed position. For example, the rotation electrode pad  2312  may be positioned constant distances from the touch screen  2320  and the touch sensor  2306  regardless of the released position and the depressed position of the KoD device  2302 . The rotation electrode pad  2312  is electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface  2316  in both the released position and the depressed position. 
     In some embodiments the base assembly  2318  is configured to carry an adhesive (e.g., adhesive  2624  of  FIG. 21B ) on a side of the base assembly  2318  that is opposite to the at least one electrode (e.g., a surface of the base assembly  2318  that faces the touch screen  2320  of the touch screen device  2304 ). The adhesive is configured to secure the KoD device  2302  to the touch screen  2320  of the touch screen device  2304 . Accordingly, the base assembly  2318  is configured to be secured to the touch screen  2320 . In some embodiments at least substantially the entire side of the base assembly that is opposite to the at least one electrode is configured to carry the adhesive. 
     In some embodiments the KoD device  2302  further includes an FPC configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad  2310  and the rotation electrode pad  2312  to the touch surface  2316 . In some embodiments the KoD device  2302  includes a PCB configured to electrically connect the rotation electrode pad  2312  to the touch surface  2316  and further switchably connect the push electrode pad  2310  to the touch surface  2316 . In some embodiments the KoD device  2302  includes a folded FPC configured to electrically connect the the rotation electrode pad  2312  to the touch surface  2316  and further switchably connect the push electrode pad  2310  to the touch surface  2316 . In some embodiments the KoD device  2302  includes a conductive overmold including the push electrode pad  2310  and the rotation electrode pad  2312 . 
     In some embodiments a distance between the released position of the touch surface  2316  and the depressed position of the touch surface  2316  is less than one millimeter (e.g., 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm). In some embodiments a distance between the released position of the touch surface  2316  and the depressed position of the touch surface  2316  is about 0.6 mm. In some embodiments the push electrode pad  2310  is configured to remain in an electrically floating state responsive to the touch surface  2316  being in a released position. The KoD device  2302  further includes a switch  2314  configured to selectively operably couple the push electrode pad  2310  to the conductive material of the touch surface  2316  responsive to the depressed position. In some embodiments the switch  2314  includes a dome switch. 
     Similar to the KoD  102  of  FIG. 1 , the KoD device  2302  may include any KoD such as the KoD  300 , the KoD  1100 , the KoD  1300 , the KoD  1400 , the KoD  1600 , the KoD  2000 , or other KoD devices with the addition of the base assembly  2318 . By way of non-limiting example, the KoD device  2302  may include an overmold inner housing implementation (e.g., similar to the KoD  1600  or the KoD  2000 ) with the addition of the base assembly. 
       FIGS. 21A-21J  are views of a KoD device  2500 , which is an example of the KoD device  2302  of  FIG. 20 .  FIG. 21A  is a perspective view of the KoD device  2500 . The KoD device  2500  includes a touch surface  2502  and a base assembly  2504 . The base assembly  2504  includes a side  2506  that is configured to adhere to a touch screen of a touch screen device. The side  2506  of the base assembly  2504  is configured to face the touch screen, and is opposite to a side of the base assembly  2504  that faces one or more electrodes of the KoD device  2500 . To adhere the KoD device  2500  to the touch screen, adhesive may be applied to at least substantially an entire surface of the side  2506  of the base assembly  2504  that is opposite to the side of the base assembly  2504  that faces the one or more electrodes. 
       FIG. 21B  is an exploded view of the KoD device  2500  of  FIG. 21A . The KoD device  2500  includes a conductive decorative ring  2602  (e.g., including laser cut metal), a ring adhesive  2604  (e.g., may be replaced with clips to clip the conductive decorative ring  2602  to the conductive cap  2606 ), a conductive cap  2606  (e.g., including the touch surface  2502 ), a dome switch  2608 , a dome PCB  2610 , a starlock retainer  2612 , a bearing  2614 , connection springs  2616  (e.g., two connection springs), a detent ball  2618  (e.g., a ball to serve as a detent actuator, in some instances a 3 mm ball formed of a thermoplastic such as Delrin®), an electrode PCB  2620  (e.g., including at least one electrode such as the rotation electrode pad  2312  and/or the push electrode pad  2310  of  FIG. 20 ), a detent spring  2622 , a base assembly  2504  (e.g., formed of ABS), and an adhesive  2624  (e.g., 467 adhesive by 3M). In some embodiments the adhesive  2624  may be sized to cover at least substantially an entire surface of the side  2506  of the base assembly  2504  that is opposite to one or more electrodes of the electrode PCB  2620  (i.e., the side  2506  of the base assembly  2504  that is configured to face the touch screen device). For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 21B , the adhesive  2624  is the same size as the side  2506  of the base assembly  2504 . 
     The base assembly  2504  and the conductive cap  2606  together encase the other components (e.g., the electrode PCB  2620 , the inner housing  2626 , the detent spring  2622 , the detent ball  2618 , the bearing  2614 , the connection springs  2616 , the starlock retainer  2612 , the dome PCB  2610 , and the dome switch  2608 ). The base assembly  2504  may be directly secured to a touch screen (e.g., touch screen  2320  of  FIG. 20 ) with adhesive  2624 . The base assembly  2504  may also include detents  2628  to engage with the detent ball  2618  and provide mechanical resistance to rotation of the KoD device  2500  and mechanically secure the base assembly  2504  to the inner housing  2626 . The base assembly  2504  further includes a post  2630  configured to couple to the bearing  2614 , which enables the inner housing  2626  and components coupled thereto (e.g., the electrode PCB  2620 , the dome PCB  2610 , the dome switch  2608 , the conductive cap  2606 , the ring adhesive  2604 , the conductive decorative ring  2602 ) to rotate relative to the post  2630 . 
     In some embodiments the connection springs  2616  are configured to connect the dome PCB  2610  to the inner housing  2626 . In some embodiments the assembly may be secured to the base assembly  2504  using the starlock retainer  2612  and the connection springs  2616 . In some embodiments, however, solder may be used to connect the dome PCB  2610  to the electrode PCB  2620 . A relatively thin bearing  2614 , in some embodiments 1-2 mm thick, may be used to reduce the overall height of the KoD device  2500 . In some embodiments rather than using a bearing  2614 , an interface between two different plastics may be used as a bearing, which may be a relatively low-cost implementation. As indicated above the overall height of the KoD device  2500  should preferably not exceed 10 mm. 
     The at least one electrode of the electrode PCB  2620  (e.g., the push electrode pad  2310 , the rotation electrode pad  2312  of  FIG. 20 ) may be sensed through the base assembly  2504  and the adhesive  2624 . The thickness of the base assembly  2504  may impact performance as the base assembly becomes an extension to the touch sensor surface. 
       FIGS. 21C-21H  illustrate various views of the KoD device, with the callouts as identified above.  FIG. 21C  is a bottom view,  FIG. 21E  is a top view, and  FIG. 21G  a perspective view of the KoD device  2500 .  FIG. 21D  is a cross-sectional view taken through cross-section D-D of  FIG. 21C ,  FIG. 21F  is a cross-sectional view taken through cross-section F-F of  FIG. 21C , and  FIG. 21H  is a cross-sectional view taken through cross-section H-H of  FIG. 21C . 
       FIGS. 21I and 21J  are cross-sectional views of the KoD device  2500 .  FIG. 21I  illustrates the detent ball  2618  in engagement with the detents  2628  of an inner wall of a side wall  2812  of the base assembly  2504 . The detent spring  2622  is configured to apply an outward force to the detent ball  2618  to maintain engagement between the detent ball  2618  and the detents  2628 .  FIG. 21I  also illustrates the adhesive  2624  applied to (carried by) the side  2506  of the base assembly  2504  that is configured to face the touch screen device. By way of non-limiting example, the adhesive  2624  may be configured to span at least substantially the entire side  2506  of the base assembly  2504 , as illustrated in  FIG. 21I . Also by way of non-limiting example, a thickness  2810  of the base assembly  2504  may be substantially 0.5 mm or less. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 21J , the KoD device  2500  may include at least one seal  2806  between the base assembly  2504  and the conductive cap  2606  to prevent foreign materials from entering into the KoD device  2500 . In some embodiments the conductive cap  2606  includes one or more clips  2808  configured to secure the conductive cap  2606  to the inner housing  2626 , as illustrated in  FIG. 21J . 
       FIGS. 22A and 22B  are views of a KoD system  3002  similar to the KoD system  2300  of  FIG. 20 . The KoD system  3002  includes a touch screen device  3008  similar to the touch screen device  2304  of  FIG. 20 . The touch screen device  3008  includes a touch screen  3010  similar to the touch screen  2320  of  FIG. 20 . The touch screen device  3008  also includes a touch sensor and control circuitry (not shown) similar to the touch sensor  2306  and control circuitry  2308  of  FIG. 20 . The KoD system  3002  further includes the KoD device  2500  of  FIG. 21A  secured to the touch screen  3010 . By way of non-limiting example, the base assembly  2504  (not shown) of the KoD device  2500  may be secured to the touch screen  3010  using the adhesive  2624  ( FIG. 21B ). A rotation  3018  of the conductive cap  2606  may cause a rotation electrode pad of the KoD device  2500  to rotate with the conductive cap  2606 . A push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad of the KoD device  2500  may be in engagement proximity  3016  to the touch sensor of the touch screen device  3008 . 
       FIG. 22B  illustrates a finger  3012  of a user contacting the touch surface  2502  of the KoD device  2500 . Responsive to the finger  3012  contacting the touch surface  2502  the touch screen device  3008  is arranged to display a ring  3014  on the touch screen  3010  corresponding to a detection of one or more of the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad. This detection results from the electrical connection of the touch surface  2502  to the rotation electrode pad and the switchable connection of the touch surface  2502  to the push electrode pad as discussed above. Accordingly, the KoD device  2500  is configured to electrically connect the finger  3012  to one or more of the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad. 
     Firmware of control circuitry (e.g., the control circuitry  2308  of  FIG. 20 ) of the touch screen device  3008  may be tuned based on sensitivity performance of the KoD device  2500  given the presence of the base assembly  2504  to provide adequate performance. 
       FIG. 23  is a flowchart illustrating a method  3100  of assembling a KoD system (e.g., the KoD system  2300  of  FIG. 20 ), according to some embodiments. In operation  3102 , method  3100  includes applying an adhesive (e.g., adhesive  2624  of  FIG. 21B ) to a base assembly (e.g., base assembly  2318  of  FIG. 20 , base assembly  2504  of  FIG. 21A ) of a KoD device (e.g., KoD device  2302  of  FIG. 20 , KoD device  2500  of  FIG. 21A ), the base assembly at least partially housing one or more electrodes (e.g., the push electrode pad  2310  and/or the rotation electrode pad  2312  of  FIG. 20 ) configured to interact with a touch sensor (e.g., touch sensor  2306  of  FIG. 20 ) of a touch screen device (e.g., touch screen device  2304  of  FIG. 20 , touch screen device  3008  of  FIGS. 22A and 22B ). By way of non-limiting example,  FIG. 21B  illustrates an adhesive  2624  to be applied to a base assembly  2504 . In some embodiments, applying the adhesive to the base assembly includes applying the adhesive to substantially an entire surface of the base assembly that is configured to face the touch screen device. 
     In operation  3104 , method  3100  includes securing the KoD device to a touch screen of the touch screen device with the base assembly between the one or more electrodes and the touch screen. By way of non-limiting example,  FIGS. 22A and 22B  illustrate a KoD device  2500  secured to a touch screen device  3008  via the adhesive  2624  of  FIG. 21B . 
       FIG. 24  is a block diagram of a computing device  3200  that may be used in some embodiments. The computing device  3200  includes one or more processors  3202  (sometimes referred to herein as “processors  3202 ”) operably coupled to one or more data storage devices (sometimes referred to herein as “storage  3204 ”). The storage  3204  includes computer-readable instructions (e.g., software, firmware) stored thereon. The computer-readable instructions are configured to instruct the processors  3202  to perform operations of embodiments disclosed herein. By way of non-limiting examples, the computer-readable instructions may be configured to instruct the processors  3202  to perform at least a portion or a totality of the control circuitry  108  of  FIG. 1 , and/or of the control circuitry  2308  of  FIG. 20 . 
     In some embodiments the processors  3202  include a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, a programmable logic controller (PLC), other programmable device, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments the storage  3204  includes volatile data storage (e.g., random-access memory (RAM)), non-volatile data storage (e.g., Flash memory, a hard disc drive, a solid state drive, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), without limitation). In some embodiments the processors  3202  are configured to transfer computer-readable instructions stored in non-volatile data storage to volatile data storage for execution. In some embodiments the processors  3202  and the storage  3204  may be implemented into a single device (e.g., a semiconductor device product, a system on chip (SOC). 
     It should be noted that care should be taken to avoid capacitive coupling between a dome switch and a push electrode pad from triggering a false push detection. If this capacitance is at least four times (or even ten times) less than the electrode node capacitance in the depressed state, false detects should be minimal or eliminated. Also, care should be taken to avoid placing a center dome too close to a touch screen thereby interfering with the touch screen. Further, for extremely low profile KoDs, care should be taken to keep the touch surface out of the engagement proximity of the touch sensor, especially in the released position to avoid the touch surface itself triggering a touch by the touch sensor. Furthermore, in KoDs having relatively large diameters, multiple push electrode pads around the diameter may be used. Responsive to a push on the KoD, a push electrode pad nearest to the location of the push may be electrically connected to a touch surface of the KoD. 
       FIG. 25A  is a perspective view of a top of a base assembly  3300  including extender pads  3302 , according to some embodiments. The base assembly  3300  is a base assembly for a KoD device (e.g., the KoD device  2302  of  FIG. 20 , the KoD device  2500  of  FIGS. 21A-21J ). The base assembly is an example of the base assembly  2318  illustrated in  FIG. 20  and/or the base assembly  2504  illustrated in  FIGS. 21A-21J . 
       FIG. 25B  is a perspective view of a bottom of the base assembly  3300  of  FIG. 25A . Referring to  FIGS. 25A and 25B  together, the base assembly  3300  includes a base portion  3316  for positioning between one or more electrode pads (e.g., the push electrode pad  2310  and/or the rotation electrode pad  2312  of  FIG. 20 ) and a touch screen of a touch screen device. The base assembly  3300  also includes a lateral portion  3318  extending from an interior surface  3304  of the base portion  3316 . The interior surface  3304  is configured to face (e.g., physically contact) the one or more electrode pads. The base assembly  3300  further includes a post  3306  (e.g., post  2630  of  FIGS. 21B, 21D, 21F, 21H, 21I, and 21J ) extending from the interior surface  3304 . As discussed above, the base assembly  3300  may at least partially house one or more electrode pads configured to interact with a touch sensor (e.g., touch sensor  2306  of  FIG. 20 ) of a touch screen device (e.g., touch screen device  2304  of  FIG. 20 , touch screen device  3008  of  FIGS. 22A and 22B ). 
     The base portion  3316  includes the extender pads  3302 , which extend through the base portion  3316  from the interior surface  3304  to an exterior surface  3308  opposite the interior surface  3304 . The extender pads  3302  are spaced a distance  3322  radially from a center  3320  of the base portion  3316 , and extend radially outward toward the lateral portion  3318 . Center  3320  defines a longitudinal axis of post  3306 . The exterior surface  3308  is configured to face the touch screen of the touch screen device. The extender pads  3302  include electrically conductive material. By way of non-limiting example, the extender pads  3302  may include metal, electrically conductive plastic, other electrically conductive materials, or combinations thereof. A remainder of the base assembly  3300  other than the extender pads (e.g., the lateral portion  3318 , a remainder of the base portion  3316 ) may include electrically insulating material. 
     The base assembly  3300  may be manufactured using a twin shot injection molding process (e.g., using an electrically conductive plastic for the extender pads  3302  and an electrically insulating material elsewhere). The base assembly  3300  may also be manufactured using insert molding where metal for the extender pads  3302  is inserted into a mold tool prior to plastic injection. The base assembly  3300  may further be manufactured using twin material three-dimensional printing (e.g., one filament being conductive). In some embodiments the base portion  3316  may include a PCB having the extender pads  3302  formed thereon (e.g., pads on the interior surface  3304  may be electrically connected to pads on an exterior surface  3308  using vias). 
     Inclusion of the extender pads  3302  may effectively extend the one or more electrode pads closer to a touch sensor of a touch screen device through the base assembly  3300  as compared with base assemblies that do not include extender pads  3302 . For example, the one or more electrode pads may physically contact the interior surface  3304  of the base portion  3316 . Those of the extender pads  3302  that physically contact the one or more electrode pads are electrically connected to the one or more electrode pads, electrically extending the one or more electrode pads to the exterior surface  3308  of the base portion  3316 . As one or more electrode pads move over the interior surface  3304 , a continuous conductive path may be created between the one or more electrode pads and a touch screen that the base assembly  3300  is secured to. The one or more electrode pads are electrodes that interface with the electrically insulating material of the base assembly  3300 , and the extender pads  3302  extend the one or more electrode pads to the touch screen. 
     The lateral portion  3318  includes a lateral interior surface  3310  and a lateral exterior surface  3312 . In some embodiments the lateral interior surface  3310  may define detents  3314  for engaging with one or more detent actuators (e.g., detent ball  2618  and detent spring  2622  of  FIG. 21B ) carried by an inner housing (e.g., inner housing  2626  of  FIGS. 21B, 21D, 21F, 21H, 21I, and 21J ) of a KoD device to provide mechanical resistance, and in some instances a tactile “click” feedback, to rotation of the inner housing about the post  3306 . In some embodiments a number of the detents  3314  is equal to a number of the one or more extender pads. The post  3306  provides a rotation focus for the inner housing, which may carry one or more electrode pads. 
       FIG. 26A  is a side cross-sectional view of a KoD device  3400  including the base assembly  3300  of  FIGS. 25A and 25B , according to some embodiments. As previously discussed, the base assembly  3300  includes a base portion  3316  having an interior surface  3304 , an exterior surface  3308 , and extender pads  3302  extending from the interior surface  3304  to the exterior surface  3308 . The KoD device  3400  also includes a touch surface  3402  (e.g., the touch surface  2316  of  FIG. 20 , the touch surface  2502  of  FIGS. 21A-21J ), an inner housing  3404  (e.g., the inner housing  2626  of  FIGS. 21B-21J ), and an electrode pad  3406  (e.g., the rotation electrode pad  2312  of  FIG. 20 , the push electrode pad  2310  of  FIG. 20 ). The inner housing  3404  carries the one or more electrode pads  3406 . The KoD device  3400  is illustrated on a touch screen  3414  (e.g., the touch screen  2320  of  FIG. 20 ) of a touch screen device (not shown) (e.g., the touch screen device  2304  of  FIG. 20 ). Accordingly, in a KoD system the base assembly  3300  is positioned between the electrode pad  3406  and the touch screen  3414 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 26A , the electrode pad  3406  is in physical contact with the interior surface  3304  of the base portion  3316  of the base assembly  3300 . As a result, the electrode pad  3406  is offset from the touch screen  3414  by a distance substantially equal to a thickness of the base portion  3316  of the base assembly  3300 . Absent the extender pads  3302 , a touch sensor (e.g., the touch sensor  2308  of  FIG. 20 ) of the touch screen device would be required to sense the electrode pad  3406  from at least the distance that is substantially equal to the thickness of the base portion  3316  of the base assembly  3300 . The electrode pad  3406 , however, is in contact with one or more of the extender pads  3302 . Accordingly, the touch surface  3402  of the KoD device  3400  may be electrically connected to at least a portion of the extender pads  3302  (e.g., those of the extender pads  3302  that are in contact with the electrode pad  3406 ). As a result, the touch sensor may sense those of the extender pads  3302  that are in physical contact, and therefore in electrical contact, with the electrode pad  3406 . Since the extender pads  3302  are closer to the touch screen  3414  than the electrode pad  3406 , detection of the extender pads  3302  may be more accurate than detection of the electrode pad  3406  itself because accuracy depends on distance of a sensed pad from the touch screen  3414 . 
     Absent the extender pads  3302 , the base portion  3316  of the base assembly  3300  may need to be relatively thin (e.g., as thin manufacturing tolerances will allow) to position the electrode pad as close to the touch screen  3414  as possible. With the extender pads  3302 , however, the base portion  3316  may be thicker than minimum manufacturing tolerances, which may improve strength of the base portion  3316  and may be easier and/or cheaper to manufacture. Also, the electrode pad  3406  may be positioned outside of engagement proximity from a touch sensor of the touchscreen device. 
       FIG. 26B  is a bottom view of the KoD device  3400  of  FIG. 26A  with the electrode pad  3406  positioned in a first position  3418 . The electrode pad  3406  is movable to two or more different positions relative to the extender pads  3302 . Each position of the two or more different positions corresponds to a different set of two of the extender pads  3302 .  FIG. 26B  illustrates the exterior surface  3308  and the extender pads  3302 , which include a first set of extender pads  3416 . The first set of extender pads  3416  includes a first extender pad  3408  and a second extender pad  3410 .  FIG. 26B  also illustrates the electrode pad  3406 , which is shown using broken lines to indicate that the electrode pad  3406  is behind the base portion  3316  ( FIG. 26A ). The electrode pad  3406  may be rotated to any of various positions. As previously discussed, the base assembly  3300  includes a post  3306  ( FIG. 25A ), and the inner housing  3404  may rotate about the post  3306 , i.e. about the longitudinal axis of post  3306  defined by center  3320 , to rotate the electrode pad  3406  relative to the base assembly  3300 . For example, in  FIG. 26A  the electrode pad  3406  is rotated to a first position  3418  behind the first set of extender pads  3416  (i.e., first extender pad  3408  and second extender pad  3410 ). Accordingly, the electrode pad  3406  is in physical contact with and is electrically connected to the first set of extender pads  3416 . 
       FIG. 26C  is a bottom view of the KoD device  3400  of  FIGS. 26A and 26B  with the electrode pad  3406  positioned in a second position  3422 . In the second position  3422  the electrode pad  3406  is positioned behind a second set of extender pads  3420 . The second set of extender pads  3420  includes the second extender pad  3410  and a third extender pad  3412 . 
     In the example illustrated in  FIGS. 26A and 26B  the extender pads  3302  include twenty-four extender pads  3302  and the electrode pad  3406  is of a size to cover substantially two of the extender pads  3302  at a time (e.g., of a size to substantially completely overlap two of the extender pads  3302  at a time). Accordingly, twenty-four different positions may be achieved in this example by positioning the electrode pad  3406  behind different sets of two of the extender pads  3302 . More generally, one or more extender pads  3302  may include at least two extender pads  3302 , and one or more electrode pads  3406  are each of a size to substantially completely overlap at least two of the one or more extender pads  3302  at a time. 
     The number of positions of the electrode pad  3406  may be set by a number of detents  3314  ( FIG. 25A ) in a lateral interior surface  3310  ( FIG. 25A ) of a lateral portion  3318  ( FIG. 25A ) of the base assembly  3300  ( FIG. 26A ). By way of non-limiting example, a number of the detents  3314  (and also positions of the electrode pad  3406 ) may be equal to a number of the extender pads  3302 . Also by way of non-limiting example, the number of the detents  3314  (and also positions of the electrode pad  3406 ) may not be equal to the number of the extender pads  3302  (e.g., fewer detents  3314 /positions than extender pads  3302 , more detents  3314 /positions than extender pads  3302 ). In some embodiments a number of the detents  3314  may be larger than a number of the extender pads  3302 , and a number of the detents  3314  may be greater than a number of positions of the electrode pad  3406 . A touch screen device may use an interpolation algorithm to determine a position of the electrode pad  3406  where a number of positions of the electrode pad  3406  exceeds the number of the extender pads  3302 . By way of non-limiting example, the electrode pad  3406  may physically contact and electrically connect to three of the extender pads  3302  in some positions, and only two extender pads  3302  in other positions, and the touch screen device may therefore detect a greater number of positions of the electrode pad  3406  than a number of the extender pads  3302 . Any number of extender pads  3302  may be used, including a single extender pad (e.g., where the electrode pad  3406  is stationary relative to the base assembly  3300  ( FIG. 26A )). 
     Also, the electrode pad  3406  may be of a size to cover any number of the extender pads  3302  including 1, 2, 3, or any number greater than 3. Furthermore, multiple electrode pads  3406  may be used such as a rotation electrode pad and a push electrode pad. 
     A spacing between the extender pads  3302  may be selected based, at least in part, on various factors. For example, a relatively small spacing may enable the use of a larger number of extender pads  3302 , which may enable a finer resolution for detecting a position of the electrode pad  3406 . A finer resolution may enable the KoD device  3400  to be rotated over a larger number of positions, which may be correlated with different selections in a graphical user interface displayed on the touch screen  3414 . A relatively larger spacing, however, may reduce mutual coupling between the extender pads  3302 . These, and other considerations, should be considered in a design of a KoD device such as the KoD device  3400 . 
     By way of non-limiting example, the extender pads  3302  of  FIGS. 26A and 26B  are substantially 11 degrees wide with substantially 4 degree spaces therebetween. An outer diameter of the base assembly  3300  ( FIG. 26A ) may be substantially 38 mm. 
     EXAMPLES 
     A non-exhaustive, non-limiting list of example embodiments follows. Not each of the example embodiments listed below are explicitly and individually indicated as being combinable with all others of the example embodiments listed below and embodiments discussed above. It is intended, however, that these example embodiments are combinable with all other example embodiments and embodiments discussed above unless it would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments are not combinable. 
     Example 1: A knob on display (KoD) device, comprising: a touch surface comprising a conductive material, the touch surface configured to be positioned in a released position by default and in a depressed position responsive to pressure applied to the touch surface; and a push electrode pad configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to a touch sensor of a touch screen device in both the released position and the depressed position, the push electrode pad electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface responsive to the depressed position and electrically isolated from the conductive material of the touch surface in the released position. 
     Example 2: The KoD device of Example 1, further comprising a rotation electrode pad configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to the touch sensor of the touch screen device in both the released position and the depressed position, the rotation electrode pad electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface in both the released position and the depressed position. 
     Example 3: The KoD device of Example 2, further comprising a flexible printed circuit configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad to the touch surface. 
     Example 4: The KoD device of Example 2, further comprising a printed circuit board configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad to the touch surface. 
     Example 5: The KoD device of Example 2, further comprising a folded flexible printed circuit configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad to the touch surface. 
     Example 6: The KoD device of Example 2, further comprising a conductive overmold including the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad. 
     Example 7: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 1-6, wherein a distance between the released position of the touch surface and the depressed position of the touch surface is less than one millimeter (1 mm) (e.g., 0.3-0.5 mm). 
     Example 8: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 1-7, wherein a distance between the released position of the touch surface and the depressed position of the touch surface is between three tenths of a millimeter (0.3 mm) and five millimeters (5 mm). 
     Example 9: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 1-8, wherein the push electrode pad is configured to remain in an electrically floating state responsive to the touch surface being in the released position. 
     Example 10: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 1-9, further comprising a switch configured to selectively operably couple the push electrode pad to the conductive material of the touch surface responsive to the depressed position. 
     Example 11: The KoD device of Example 10, wherein the switch comprises a dome switch. 
     Example 12: A knob on display (KoD) device, comprising: at least one electrode comprising an electrically conductive material, the at least one electrode configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to a touch sensor of a touch screen device; and a base assembly configured to be positioned between a touch screen of the touch screen device and the at least one electrode, the at least one electrode configured to interact with the touch sensor through the base assembly. 
     Example 13: The KoD device of Example 12, wherein the base assembly is configured to carry an adhesive on a touch sensor side of the base assembly that is opposite to the at least one electrode to secure the KoD device to the touch screen of the touch screen device. 
     Example 14: The KoD device of Example 13, wherein at least substantially the entire touch sensor side of the base assembly is configured to carry the adhesive. 
     Example 15: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 12-14, wherein the base assembly is configured to at least partially cover an end of the KoD device that includes the at least one electrode. 
     Example 16: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 12-15, wherein the base assembly is about 0.5 millimeters thick (0.5 mm). 
     Example 17: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 12-16, wherein the base assembly includes one or more side walls extending toward a conductive cap of the KoD device. 
     Example 18: The KoD device of Example 17, further comprising one or more seals between the one or more side walls of the base assembly and the conductive cap of the KoD device. 
     Example 19: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 12-18, wherein the at least one electrode includes a push electrode pad configured to interact with the touch sensor responsive to a user pressing a conductive cap of the KoD device. 
     Example 20: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 12-19, wherein the at least one electrode includes a rotation electrode pad configured to rotate within engagement proximity of the touch sensor responsive to a user rotating the conductive cap of the KoD device. 
     Example 21: A vehicle including a KoD system, the KoD system comprising the touch screen device and the KoD device according to any one of Examples 12-20. 
     Example 22: A knob on display (KoD) device, comprising: at least one electrode comprising an electrically conductive material, the at least one electrode configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to a touch screen of a touch screen device; and a base assembly configured to be positioned between the touch screen of the touch screen device and the at least one electrode, the at least one electrode configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to the touch screen of the touch screen device through the base assembly. 
     Example 23: The KoD device of Example 22, further comprising an adhesive on a side of the base assembly that is opposite to the at least one electrode to secure the KoD device to the touch screen of the touch screen device. 
     Example 24: The KoD device of Example 23, wherein the adhesive is applied to at least substantially the entire side of the base assembly that is opposite to the at least one electrode such that the adhesive is the same size as the entire side of the base assembly that is opposite to the at least one electrode. 
     Example 25: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 22-24, wherein the base assembly is configured to at least partially cover an end of the KoD device. 
     Example 26: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 22-25, wherein the base assembly exhibits a thickness of 0.5 millimeters or less. 
     Example 27: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 22-26, wherein the base assembly includes one or more side walls extending toward a conductive cap of the KoD device. 
     Example 28: The KoD device of Example 27, further comprising one or more seals between the one or more side walls of the base assembly and the conductive cap of the KoD device. 
     Example 29: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 22-28, wherein the at least one electrode includes a push electrode pad configured to interact with the touch sensor responsive to a conductive cap of the KoD device being depressed. 
     Example 30: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 22-29, wherein the at least one electrode includes a rotation electrode pad configured to rotate within the engagement proximity of the touch sensor responsive to a rotation of the conductive cap of the KoD device. 
     Example 31: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 22-30, further comprising: an inner housing coupled to the at least one electrode; and a bearing coupled to the inner housing; wherein the base assembly comprises a post coupled to the bearing to enable the inner housing and the at least one electrode to rotate about the post. 
     Example 32: The KoD device of Example 31, wherein the base assembly comprises detents and the inner housing includes one or more detent actuators to provide mechanical resistance to rotation of the inner housing about the post. 
     Example 33: A knob on display (KoD) system, comprising: a touch screen device comprising a touch sensor and a touch screen; and a KoD device including: a base assembly secured to the touch screen of the touch screen device; and one or more electrodes positioned in engagement proximity to the touch sensor of the touch screen device through the base assembly. 
     Example 34: The KoD system of Example 33, wherein: the base assembly includes a post extending therefrom; and the KoD device further includes an inner housing coupled to the one or more electrodes, the base assembly configured to at least partially house the inner housing, the inner housing and the one or more electrodes configured to rotate about the post of the base assembly. 
     Example 35: The KoD system according to any one of Examples 33-34, wherein the touch screen device further comprises control circuitry configured to control the touch screen device to display a plurality of different graphical user interfaces the KoD device is configured to interact with. 
     Example 36: The KoD system according to any one of Examples 33-35, wherein the base assembly is secured to the touch screen using an adhesive. 
     Example 37: The KoD system of Example 36, wherein the adhesive spans at least substantially an entire surface of the base assembly that faces the touch screen. 
     Example 38: The KoD system according to any one of Examples 33-37, wherein the KoD device further comprises a touch surface that is electrically connected to a push electrode pad of the one or more electrodes responsive to a first position of the KoD device, the touch surface electrically isolated from the push electrode pad responsive to a second position of the KoD device. 
     Example 39: The KoD system of Examples 38, wherein the one or more electrodes include a rotation electrode pad configured to be electrically connected to a touch surface of the KoD device regardless of the first position of the KoD device and the second position of the KoD device. 
     Example 39A: The KoD system according to any one of Examples 33-39, wherein the one or more electrodes include a rotation electrode pad configured to be electrically connected to a touch surface of the KoD device regardless of a depressed position of the KoD device and a released position of the KoD device. 
     Example 40: A method of assembling a knob on display (KoD) system, the method comprising: applying an adhesive to a base assembly of a KoD device, the base assembly at least partially housing one or more electrodes; and securing the KoD device to a touch screen of a touch screen device with the base assembly between the one or more electrodes and the touch screen and with the one or more electrodes positioned in engagement proximity to the touch sensor of the touch screen device through the base assembly. 
     Example 41: The method of Example 40, wherein applying the adhesive to the base assembly comprises applying the adhesive to substantially an entire surface of the base assembly that is configured to face the touch screen. 
     Example 41A: The method of Example 40, wherein the one or more electrodes are positioned at a fixed distance from the touch sensor of the touch screen device. 
     Example 42: A knob on display (KoD) device, comprising: a touch surface comprising a conductive material, the touch surface configured to be positioned in a released position and in a depressed position; and a push electrode pad configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to a touch sensor of a touch screen device in both the released position and the depressed position, the push electrode pad electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface responsive to one of the depressed position and the released position and electrically isolated from the conductive material of the touch surface in the other of the depressed position and the released position. 
     Example 42A: The KoD device of Example 40, wherein the push electrode pad is electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface responsive to the depressed position and electrically isolated from the conductive material of the touch surface in the released position. 
     Example 43: The KoD device of Example 42, further comprising a rotation electrode pad configured to be positioned in engagement proximity to the touch sensor of the touch screen device in both the released position and the depressed position, the rotation electrode pad electrically connected to the conductive material of the touch surface in both the released position and the depressed position. 
     Example 44: The KoD device of Example 43, further comprising a flexible printed circuit configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad to the touch surface responsive to the one of the depressed position and the released position. 
     Example 45: The KoD device of Example 43, further comprising a printed circuit board configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad to the touch surface responsive to the one of the depressed position and the released position. 
     Example 46: The KoD device of Example 43, further comprising a folded flexible printed circuit configured to electrically connect the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad to the touch surface responsive to the one of the depressed position and the released position. 
     Example 47: The KoD device of Example 43, further comprising a conductive overmold including the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad. 
     Example 48: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 43-47, further comprising a hub configured to secure to a touch screen of a touch screen device, the rotation electrode pad configured to rotate about the hub. 
     Example 49: The KoD device of Example 48, further comprising detent actuators mechanically coupled to the rotation electrode pad, wherein the hub includes detents configured to provide mechanical resistance against the detent actuators responsive to rotation of the detent actuators about the hub. 
     Example 50: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 42-49, wherein a distance between the released position of the touch surface and the depressed position of the touch surface is less than one millimeter (1 mm) (e.g., 0.3-0.5 mm). 
     Example 51: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 42-50, wherein a distance between the released position of the touch surface and the depressed position of the touch surface is between 0.3 and 0.5 millimeter (0.3-0.5 mm). 
     Example 52: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 42-51, wherein the push electrode pad is configured to remain in an electrically floating state responsive to the touch surface being in the released position. 
     Example 53: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 42-52, further comprising a switch configured to selectively operably couple the push electrode pad to the conductive material of the touch surface responsive to the depressed position. 
     Example 54: The KoD device of Example 53, wherein the switch comprises a dome switch. 
     Example 55: A method of operating a knob on display (KoD) device, the method comprising: electrically connecting a touch surface of a KoD device to a rotation electrode pad regardless of a depressed position of the KoD device or a released position of the KoD device; electrically connecting the touch surface to a push electrode pad of the KoD device responsive to the depressed position of the KoD device; and electrically isolating the touch surface from the push electrode pad of the KoD device responsive to the released position of the KoD device. 
     Example 56: The method of Example 55, further comprising maintaining the push electrode pad and the rotation electrode pad a constant distance from a touch screen of a touch screen device regardless of the depressed position and the released position of the KoD device. 
     Example 57: The method according to any one of Examples 55-56, wherein electrically connecting the touch surface to the push electrode pad responsive to the depressed position comprises contacting the dome switch to a push contact responsive to depression of the dome switch to the push contact, the dome switch electrically connected to the touch surface, the push contact electrically connected to the push electrode pad. 
     Example 58: The method according to any one of Examples 55-57, wherein electrically isolating the touch surface from the push electrode pad responsive to the released position comprises electrically isolating a push contact from a dome switch, the dome switch electrically connected to the touch surface, the push contact electrically connected to the push electrode pad. 
     Example 59: A knob on display (KoD) system, comprising: a touch screen device including a touch screen and a touch sensor; and a KoD device secured to the touch screen, the KoD device comprising: a touch surface; and a push electrode pad and a rotation electrode pad configured to remain a constant distance from the touch screen regardless of a depressed position and a released position of the KoD device. 
     Example 60: The (KoD) system of Example 59, wherein the KoD device further comprises a hub secured to the touch screen, wherein the rotation electrode pad is configured to rotate about the hub responsive to rotation of the KoD device. 
     Example 61: The (KoD) system according to any one of Examples 59-60, wherein the rotation electrode pad is electrically connected to the touch surface regardless of the depressed position and the released position of the KoD device, and wherein the push electrode pad is electrically connected to the touch surface responsive to the depressed position and electrically isolated from the touch surface responsive to the released position. 
     Example 62: A base assembly for a knob on display (KoD) device, the base assembly comprising: a base portion for positioning between one or more electrode pads and a touch screen of a touch screen device, the base portion including: electrically insulating material; an exterior surface to face the touch screen; an interior surface to face the one or more electrode pads; and one or more extender pads including electrically conductive material, the one or more extender pads extending through the base portion from the interior surface to the exterior surface. 
     Example 63: The base assembly of Example 62, further comprising a lateral portion extending from the interior surface of the base portion. 
     Example 64: The base assembly of Example 63, wherein the one or more extender pads are spaced a distance radially from a center of the base portion and extend radially outward toward the lateral portion. 
     Example 65: The base assembly according to any one of Examples 63 and 64, wherein the lateral portion includes a lateral interior surface defining detents for engaging with one or more detent actuators carried by an inner housing of the KoD device. 
     Example 66: The base assembly of Example 65, wherein a number of the detents is equal to a number of the one or more extender pads. 
     Example 67. The base assembly according to any one of Examples 62-66, further comprising a post extending from the interior surface to provide a rotation focus for an internal housing carrying the one or more electrode pads. 
     Example 68: A knob on display (KoD) device, comprising: one or more electrode pads comprising an electrically conductive material; and a base assembly including electrically insulating material, the base assembly including: an interior surface in physical contact with the one or more electrode pads; an exterior surface opposite the interior surface; and one or more extender pads including electrically conductive material, the one or more extender pads extending through the base assembly from the interior surface to the exterior surface. 
     Example 69: The KoD device of Example 68, further comprising an inner housing carrying the one or more electrode pads, wherein the base assembly includes a post extending from the interior surface, the inner housing configured to rotate about the post to rotate the one or more electrode pads relative to the base assembly. 
     Example 70: The KoD device of Example 69, wherein the one or more electrode pads are rotatable about the post to two or more different positions relative to the one or more extender pads. 
     Example 71: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 68-70, wherein the base assembly further includes a lateral interior surface including detents, the detents configured for engaging with one or more detent actuators carried by the inner housing of the KoD device. 
     Example 72: The KoD device of Example 71, wherein a number of the one or more detents is equal to a number of the one or more extender pads. 
     Example 73: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 68-72, wherein: the one or more extender pads include at least two extender pads; and the one or more electrode pads are each of a size to substantially completely overlap at least two of the one or more extender pads at a time. 
     Example 74: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 68-73, wherein the one or more electrode pads are moveable to two or more different positions relative to the one or more extender pads. 
     Example 75: The KoD device of Example 74, wherein: a first position of the two or more different positions corresponds to one of the one or more electrode pads overlapping a first set of the one or more extender pads; and a second position of the two or more different positions corresponds to the one of the one or more electrode pads overlapping a second set of the one or more extender pads, the second set different from the first set. 
     Example 76: The KoD device of Example 75, wherein: the first set of the one or more extender pads includes a first extender pad and a second extender pad; and the second set of the one or more extender pads includes the second extender pad and a third extender pad. 
     Example 77: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 74-76, wherein each position of the two or more different positions corresponds to a different set of two of the one or more extender pads. 
     Example 78: The KoD device according to any one of Examples 68-77, further comprising a touch surface electrically connected to at least one of the one or more electrode pads, the touch surface electrically connected to at least a portion of the one or more extender pads via the at least one of the one or more electrode pads. 
     Example 79: A knob on display (KoD) system, comprising: a touch screen device including a touch screen; and a KoD device including: one or more electrode pads for interacting with the touch screen device; and a base assembly including an electrically insulating material between the one or more electrode pads and the touch screen, the base assembly further including one or more extender pads extending through the base assembly, the one or more extender pads including electrically conductive material. 
     Example 80: The KoD system of Example 79, wherein: the one or more extender pads include a plurality of extender pads; and the one or more electrode pads are configured to rotate across the plurality of extender pads. 
     Example 81: The KoD system according to any one of Examples 79 and 80, wherein the one or more extender pads include an electrically conductive plastic. 
     Example 82: The KoD system according to any one of Examples 79 and 80, wherein the one or more extender pads include a metal. 
     Example 83: The KoD system according to any one of Examples 79-82, wherein the KoD device further includes a touch surface electrically connected to at least a portion of the one or more extender pads via at least one of the one or more electrode pads. 
     Conclusion 
     As used in the present disclosure, the terms “module” or “component” may refer to specific hardware implementations configured to perform the actions of the module or component and/or software objects or software routines that may be stored on and/or executed by general purpose hardware (e.g., computer-readable media, processing devices, etc.) of the computing system. In some embodiments, the different components, modules, engines, and services described in the present disclosure may be implemented as objects or processes that execute on the computing system (e.g., as separate threads). While some of the system and methods described in the present disclosure are generally described as being implemented in software (stored on and/or executed by general purpose hardware), specific hardware implementations or a combination of software and specific hardware implementations are also possible and contemplated. 
     As used in the present disclosure, the term “combination” with reference to a plurality of elements may include a combination of all the elements or any of various different subcombinations of some of the elements. For example, the phrase “A, B, C, D, or combinations thereof” may refer to any one of A, B, C, or D; the combination of each of A, B, C, and D; and any subcombination of A, B, C, or D such as A, B, and C; A, B, and D; A, C, and D; B, C, and D; A and B; A and C; A and D; B and C; B and D; or C and D. 
     Terms used in the present disclosure and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including, but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes, but is not limited to,” etc.). 
     Additionally, if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. 
     In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” or “one or more of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended to include A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together, etc. 
     Further, any disjunctive word or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” should be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     While the present disclosure has been described herein with respect to certain illustrated embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and appreciate that the present invention is not so limited. Rather, many additions, deletions, and modifications to the illustrated and described embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed along with their legal equivalents. In addition, features from one embodiment may be combined with features of another embodiment while still being encompassed within the scope of the invention as contemplated by the inventor.