Patent Publication Number: US-2022217929-A1

Title: Irrigation System and Method

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM(S) AND/OR RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 17/161,971 filed on Jan. 29, 2021 and U.S. Ser. No. 62/968,146 filed on Jan. 30, 2020, both entitled “Irrigation System and Method” which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE TECHNOLOGY 
     The present technology relates to systems and method for agricultural irrigation, and particularly for irrigation of large fields of crops. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND RELATED ART 
     Agricultural irrigation systems are used to water to crops. Water is supplied to an irrigation device, which distributes the water to the crops. Common irrigation devices include center pivots and wheel lines. As water resources become increasingly scarce, there remains a need for improved irrigation methods and devices. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present technology will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings merely depict exemplary aspects of the present technology, they are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. It will be readily appreciated that the components of the present technology, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Nonetheless, the technology will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a side view of an agricultural irrigation system according to one aspect of the present technology; 
         FIG. 2  is a top view of a brace of the irrigation system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a top view of the irrigation system of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional side view of a fitting in a supply line from a water supply pipe to a manifold of the irrigation system of  FIG. 1  according to one aspect of the present technology; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional side view of the manifold and drop line of the irrigation system of  FIG. 1  according to one aspect of the present technology; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic top view of a method of irrigating a circular field with a center pivot agricultural irrigation system according to one aspect of the present technology; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic top view of a method of irrigating a rectangular field with a linear or wheel line agricultural irrigation system according to one aspect of the present technology; 
         FIG. 8  is a side schematic view of another agricultural irrigation system according to another aspect of the present technology; and 
         FIG. 9  is a side cross-sectional schematic view of a filter according to one aspect of the present technology. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description of exemplary aspects of the technology makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which are shown, by way of illustration, exemplary aspects in which the technology may be practiced. While these exemplary aspects are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the technology, it should be understood that other aspects may be realized and that various changes to the technology may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present technology. Thus, the following more detailed description of the aspects of the present technology is not intended to limit the scope of the technology, as claimed, but is presented for purposes of illustration only and not limitation to describe the features and characteristics of the present technology and to sufficiently enable one skilled in the art to practice the technology. Accordingly, the scope of the present technology is to be defined solely by the appended claims. 
     The following detailed description and exemplary aspects of the technology will be best understood by reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein the elements and features of the technology are designated by numerals throughout. 
     The present technology includes agricultural irrigation systems and methods. The system can be provided as a new system, or it can be retrofitted on existing irrigation systems, such as pivot systems and linear or wheel line systems. The systems and methods of the present technology can overcome the disadvantages of existing systems as discussed more herein. In particular, the systems and methods of the present technology can lower water usage while still providing sufficient water for irrigation purposes. Specifically, the systems and methods of the present technology can help eliminate flooding and other inefficiencies while irrigating fields. 
     Water is usually a limited resource in areas where crops are irrigated. When irrigating, the potential for evaporation is high, creating a major need for water conservation. Currently a vast amount of irrigated crop ground is watered with center pivots or wheel lines (also known as side roll, roll line, wheel move, or motoroll) using pressure sprinklers. Currently a significant amount of the water that leaves the sprinklers never reaches the ground and is being lost to evaporation. 
     There are various reasons for this water loss. For example, the extensive surface area of the many droplets of water is exposed to the air, which facilitates evaporation and increases with surface area, wind speed, temperature and lower relative humidity. Moreover, the ongoing application of water on the surface area of the crop within the footprint of application facilitates evaporation of water which increases with the same variables outlined above. After the pivot or wheel line moves on there is a residual amount of water retained on the extensive surface area of the crop that stays on the plants until it is lost to evaporation. 
     A significant amount of water that does reach the ground is being wasted because evaporative loss and/or high-volume application of water. Evaporative loss can be due to water being applied to the entire surface of the field when bare or during short crops, and its exposure to air and sunlight. Losses increase with temperature, wind speed and lower relative humidity. High-volume application of water on a limited area or footprint exceeds its capacity to soak in and floods to other areas. This creates areas of the field being compromised by lack of water and other areas being over watered and possibly damaged and water being wasted. 
     There are various efforts underway to save water in irrigation concepts. For example, technologies that are available to help pivots overcome water losses include: Dragon-Line® and Lowe Energy Precision Application (LEPA). Dragon-Line® uses many dripper-like lines that drag on the ground behind a pivot. The lines can be problematic. LEPA systems use more applicators that are closer to the crop and dribble or spray water over a small area. This reduces some of the water loss but also reduces the application footprint and vastly increases the potential for flooding even on flatter fields with better soils. Hanging long hoses make them highly susceptible to be blown around by the wind, increasing water loss. The LEPA systems can have limited water savings; and plugging and flooding can be an issue. Despite some advances, deficiencies still remain and there is room for improving the use of water in irrigation system and methods. 
     The irrigation systems and methods of the present technology has the potential to:
         Nearly eliminate irrigation evaporation loss from sprinkling, as outlined above, with almost 100% of the water reaching the ground.   Create an adjustable and potentially vast effective water application footprint to help overcome flooding from clay soils and sloping fields, thus adequately irrigating fields more evenly, using less water.   Reduce evaporation water loss from bare ground and during limited growth stages of crop by direct application to only a portion of the ground with subsequent soaking in of the water.   Reduce the water volume, pumping rate and pressure necessary to be able to evenly and adequately irrigate a field, creating lower equipment and energy costs.   Adjust for the height of a crop making it convenient to do crop rotations between short crops like alfalfa and tall crops like corn, while at the same time being able to revert to the original water application method of hanging sprinklers, with little effort and time.       

     The above is accomplished along with a reduced propensity for excessive wear or line breakage or crop damage or plugging of orifices, as compared to Dragon-Line® and an increased range of motion of the pivot. The above is accomplished along with a reduced propensity for plugging of flow-controlled nozzles and reduced susceptibility of emitters being blown around by the wind, as compared to LEPA systems. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-3 , an irrigation system  10  in accordance with aspects of the present technology is shown. The system  10  will be described with respect to a center pivot type system with the understanding that such description is also applicable to other pivot, lateral or linear, wheel line, etc., type systems. The system  10  can be coupled to a water source  14  ( FIG. 6 ) that can be pressurized. The system  10  can move or displace, rotationally or linearly, across a field  18  ( FIGS. 6 and 7 ) that can be circular or rectangular. The system  10  dispenses water from the water source  14  to the field  18  and plants associated with the field. 
     The system  10  can have a water supply pipe  22  coupled to the water source  14 . In one aspect, the water supply pipe  22  can be elevated above the field  18  and the ground, and it can be oriented substantially horizontally. In another aspect, the water supply pipe  22  can form part of the structure and trusses of the system  10  along with cables, beams or truss rods  26 . Thus, the water supply pipe  22  can form arcs. The system  10  can also have a wheeled support, such as a wheeled tower  30 . The wheeled support or tower  30  can carry the water supply pipe  22  in the elevated position and horizontal orientation. The wheeled support or tower  30  can have wheels  34  that can move on the ground and the field  18 . The wheels  34  can be coupled to and driven by a driver  38 , such as an electric motor. The driver  38  and the wheels  34  can displace the wheeled support or tower  30  and the water supply pipe  22 . Movement of the wheels  34 , and thus the system  10 , can be controlled by a controller  42  (shown schematically in  FIGS. 1 and 3 ). A vertical frame  46  can extend from the wheels  34  to the water supply pipe  22 , and can form a portion of the structure of the system along with the cables and beams  26 . In one aspect, the system  10  can comprise an array of wheeled supports and towers  30  spaced-apart from one another and extending from a proximal end of the system at the water source  14  to a distal end away from the water source  14 . The water supply pipe  22  can be suspended between the wheeled supports or towers  30 . 
     The system  10  can also comprise a manifold  50  carried by the wheeled support or tower  30 . In one aspect, the manifold  50  can be raised and lowered with respect to the structure of the system  10 , the water supply pipe  22 , the wheeled supports or towers  30 , and thus the field  18  and the ground. In another aspect, the manifold  50  can be a pipe elevated above the field  18  and the ground, and oriented substantially horizontally. In one aspect, the manifold  50  can be elongated and can extend substantially a length of the system  10  and the water supply pipe  22 . In another aspect, the manifold  50  can be substantially parallel with the water supply pipe  22 . In one aspect, a pair of manifolds  50  can disposed on opposite sides of the water supply pipe  22 , as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 3 . In another aspect, a single manifold  50  can be located between adjacent wheeled supports or towers  30 . In another aspect, three or more manifolds  50  can be suspended between a pair of adjacent wheeled supports or towers  30 , depending on particular water supply needs. In another aspect, both the water supply pipe  22  and the manifold(s)  50  can be segmented, with segments located between adjacent wheeled supports or towers  30 , and/or with adjacent segments being articulated with respect to one another. 
     A water line  54  can be fluidly coupled to and between the water supply pipe  22  and the manifold  50  to supply water. In one aspect, multiple water lines  54  can be arrayed along the water supply pipe  22  and the manifold  50 . In another aspect, the water lines  54  can be flexible and each can comprise a hose to accommodate movement of the manifold  50  with respect to the water supply pipe  22 . In one aspect, the water lines  54  may be existing, and may have a sprinkler installed at the end, which may be removed when an irrigation system is retrofitted to include the aspects of the technology discussed herein. 
     The system  10  can also comprise drop lines  58  pendant from the manifold  50  and fluidly coupled to the manifold  50  to disperse water on the field  18  and the ground. In one aspect, the drop lines  58  can comprise tubes. In another aspect, the drop lines  58  can extend substantially vertically from the manifold  50  to a location close to but above the field  18  and the ground. The drop lines  58  can be flexible and resilient, such as elastic. The drop lines  58  can be more flexible than the water supply pipe  22  and the manifold  50  to avoid damaging crops, but stiff enough to resist displacement by the wind. The drop lines  58  can be raised and lowered along with the manifold  50  to accommodate different crops and/or watering conditions. The drop lines  58  can be or can comprise a nozzle, that can be sized to provide the correct amount of water to the crops. In one aspect, the drop lines  58  can be spaced-apart to accommodate the crop spacing. In another aspect, the drop lines  58  extending from one manifold  50  can be offset with respect to drop lines  58  of the other manifold  50 . 
     The system  10  can also comprise a brace  62  pivotally coupled to the wheeled support and tower  30  and carrying the manifold  50 . The brace  62  can have a proximal end pivotally coupled to the vertical frame  46  of the wheeled support or tower  30  at a hinge or axle  66 . The manifold  50  can be carried by and suspended from a distal free end of the brace  62 . In one aspect, the manifold  50  can be suspended from the brace  62 , such as by a cable  68  extending between and secured to the brace  62  and the manifold  50 . The brace  62  can be pivotal to selectively and vertically raise and lower the manifold  50 , and thus the drop lines  58 . In one aspect, a cable  70  can be coupled to the distal free end of the brace  62  and the vertical frame  46  of the wheeled support or tower  30  to support the manifold  50  and the brace  62 . In one aspect, the manifold  50  can be suspended by the cable  70  coupled to the brace  62 . A motor can be used to raise and lower the brace  62 . In one aspect, multiple braces  62  can be coupled to the multiple wheeled supports or towers  30 . In one aspect, the wheeled supports or towers  30  can be spaced-apart far enough (e.g. about 180 feet) that the manifold  50  can also be suspended from the truss rods  26 , such as by cable  72  extending between and secured to the truss rods  26  and the manifold  50 . In one aspect, there can be 5 to 7 points of suspension from the truss rods  26 . In one aspect, the cables  68  and the cables  72  can be separate from one another. In another aspect, cable  68  and cables  72  can be a single cable coupled to a single manifold  50 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the water supply line  54  can comprise a fitting  82  disposed in-line between the water supply pipe  22  and the manifold  50 . The fitting  82  can comprise at least one component to control or affect the water flow. In one aspect, the fitting  82  can comprise a male hose to male pipe thread adapter  86  and a clamp to attach to the water supply line  54 . In another aspect, the fitting  82  can comprise a valve  90 , such as a ball valve, to control the flow of the water, or even turn off the water in the water supply line  54 . In another aspect, the fitting  82  can comprise a pressure regulator  94 . In another aspect, the fitting  82  can comprise a flow control orifice  98  with a reduced diameter. In another aspect, the fitting  82  can comprise a female swivel to male hose adaptor  102  and a clamp. In another aspect, the fitting  82  can comprise an air inlet orifice to reduce suction. In another aspect, the fitting  82  can comprise combinations of the above. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the manifold  50  and/or the drop lines  58  can comprise fittings  106  disposed in-line between the manifold  50  and an outlet  110  of the drop lines  58 . The fittings  106  can comprise at least one component to control or affect the water flow. In one aspect, a T-fitting  114  can be between the manifold  50  and the drop line  58 . In another aspect, the drop lines  58  can comprise a flow control orifice  116  with a reduced diameter. In another aspect, the drop lines  58  can comprise a capillary tube  120 . In another aspect, the drop lines  58  can comprise an air inlet orifice  124 . The air inlet orifice  124  can extend through the lateral wall of the tube of the drop line  58  above the outlet  110  of the drop line  58  and adjacent to the capillary tube. The air inlet orifice  124  can reduce suction. Prior to the air inlet orifice  124 , an orifice  116  can be provided that creates the pressure drop for the air inlet orifice  124  to allow air to flow in rather than allow water to travel out. In another aspect, the drop lines  58  can comprise a closure  128 , such as a cap, a plug or a crimp. In another aspect, the drop lines  58  can comprise combinations of the above. In one aspect, the outlet  110  and/or the drop lines  58  can define water nozzles for dispersing water. 
     As described above, the driver  38  can drive the wheels  34  to displace the wheeled support or tower  30  and the water supply pipe  22 . In one aspect, the system  10  can reciprocate while dispersing water, and the wheeled support or tower  30  and the water supply pipe  22  can be driven back and forth by the driver  38 , the wheels  34  and the controller  42 . Referring to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , a method of using the system  10  and for irrigating the field  18  are shown, while  FIG. 6  representing a circular field and the system configured for a center pivot type system, and  FIG. 7  representing a rectangular field and the system configured for a lateral or wheel line type system. The controller  42  can be programed so that the driver  38  and the wheels  34  are: 
     advancing the wheeled support or tower  30  in a forward direction  150  across the field  18  for a first forward distance A, and/or first forward time interval, while water is dispersed through the drop lines  58 ; 
     reversing or retreating the wheeled support or tower  30  in a backward or reverse direction  154  for a second reverse distance B, and/or a second reverse time interval, that is less than the first forward distance A, while water is dispersed through the drop lines  58 ; and 
     readvancing the wheeled support or tower  30  in the forward direction  150  a third forward distance C that is greater than the second reverse distance B while water is dispersed through the drop lines  58 . 
     In one aspect, the system  10  can travel at a faster speed while traversing back and forth across sections of the field  18  than a slower speed typically used to traverse the field a second time. Thus, flooding and evaporation can be avoided by allowing water to soak into the ground. In addition, sections of the field  18  are defined that are traversed three times in two directions. Thus, the system  10  can varying oscillating movements to keep the water from flooding while still apply sufficient volume of water. 
     The method or irrigating the field  18  can comprise: 
     causing the system  10  to advance in a forward direction  150  across the field  18  for a first forward distance A in one aspect while dispersing water through the water nozzles  58 ; 
     causing the system  10  to reverse in a backward direction  154  for a second reverse distance B that is less than the first forward distance A (in one aspect while dispersing water through the water nozzles  58 ); and 
     causing the system  10  to readvance in the forward direction  150  a third forward distance C that is greater than the second reverse distance B while dispersing water through the water nozzles  58 . 
     In one aspect, the system  10  can disperse water periodically while oscillating or reciprocating. For example, the system  10  can disperse water while advancing and readvancing in the forward direction  150 . In another aspect, the system can disperse water also while reversing in the backward direction  154 . In another aspect, the system  10  can disperse water continuously. 
     The method can further comprise causing the system  10  to repeatedly reverse and readvance while dispersing water through the water nozzles  58  until a predetermined stop location is reached away from a start location of the system, and after the system has traversed the field  18 . Causing the system  10  to advance, reverse, and readvance can be accomplished with the wheels  34 , the driver  38  and the controller  42 . In one aspect, causing the system  10  to advance, reverse, and readvance can be accomplished by programing and/or operating the controller  42 . For example, the controller  42  can be programed to cause the advancement, reversal, and readvancement while watering. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the system  10  can comprise a pivot irrigation system with a hub  160 , a water supply pipe  22  extending therefrom, a wheeled tower  30  carrying the water supply pipe  22 , and the water pipe  22  and the wheeled tower  30  pivoting about the hub  160 . Causing the system to advance, reverse and readvance can further comprise: 
     causing the system  10  to advance in a forward arcuate direction  150  for a first forward angle; 
     causing the system  10  to reverse in a backward arcuate direction  154  for a second reverse angle that is less than the first forward angle; and 
     causing the system  10  to readvance in the forward arcuate direction  150  for a third forward angle that is greater than the second reverse angle. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the system  10  can comprise a linear or lateral irrigation system with a pair of wheeled towers  30  or wheels, a water supply pipe  22  carried by and extending between the pair of wheeled towers  30  or wheels, and the water supply pipe  22  and the pair of wheeled towers  30  or wheels being displaceable substantially linearly or laterally. Causing the system to advance, reverse and readvance can further comprise: 
     causing the system  10  to advance linearly in the forward direction  150 ; 
     causing the system  10  to reverse linearly in the backward direction  154 ; and 
     causing the system  10  to readvance linearly in the forward direction  150 . 
     The method can further comprise selectively raising or lowering the manifold  50  and thus the drop lines  58 . In one aspect, selectively raising or lowering the manifold  50  and thus the drop lines  58  can further comprise pivoting the brace  62 . In one aspect, the controller  42  can also be coupled to the motor associated with the brace  62 , and the controller  42  can be programed to raise and lower the brace  62 , and thus the manifold  50  and the drop lines  58 . For example, the elevation of the manifold  50  can be programmed to change when the system  10  is at a certain position. In one aspect, one of the manifolds  50  can be at a position that is a first height off of the ground, and another of the manifolds  50  can be at a position that is a second, different height off of the ground. In yet other examples, the position can be manually adjustable, either electronically or mechanically. 
     The controller  42  can be programmed to advance forward a first distance A, reverse a second distance B that is less than the first distance A, and then advance again the first distance A. In other aspects, the controller can be programmed to advance forward a first distance A, reverse a second distance B that is less than the first distance A, then advance a third distance C, which may be equal to the first distance A, or may be greater than or less than the first distance A. This pattern can be repeated, creating an oscillating movement of the irrigation system  10 . The controller  42  can be programed with any pattern whereby the irrigation system  10  can apply water to a crop at a high rate of speed to avoid over saturation, flooding, and run-off, but may also return within a short period of time once the initial application has been absorbed to apply additional water. 
     In one aspect, a distance A, B and C of the oscillation of the irrigation system  10  can be measured by the radial position of the irrigation system  10  at the hub  160 . For example, the irrigation system  10  can include a mechanical sensor at the hub  160  that can provide the radial position, for example a degree between 1 and 360, including to the tenth of a degree. In other embodiments, a GPS position of one or more towers  30  of the irrigation system, including a pivot or a wheel line system, can be used to determine the position and measure the oscillation. In yet other embodiments, a time which the irrigation system  10  is advanced in a forward direction can also be used to measure the pattern of oscillation. For example, an irrigation system  10  can be advanced forward at a given rate of speed for a number of minutes x, then may be reversed backward a number of minutes y, which may be less than x. The irrigation system  10  then can be advanced forward again for a number of minutes z, which may be the same as x, or may be less or more. 
     In aspects of the present technology, the irrigation system  10  can be programmed to move in accordance with its normal operation. For example, a center pivot can include a motor or series of motors to move the center pivot in a positive radial direction or in a negative radial direction, or in other words forward or backward. As another example, a wheel line can include a motor to move the wheel line by spinning one or more of the wheels. Thus, the irrigation system  10  can move in a forward and backward direction. 
     The movement of the irrigation system  10  can be programmed in the controller  42 , In other words, the first distance A and the second distance B may be set in a program that runs the movement of the irrigation system  10 . The program can be run from a control box at the irrigation device, or remotely from a computer, tablet smartphone or other device. The program may include multiple sensors, such as sensors throughout the field to be irrigated that relay the moisture level of the soil to the controller  42 . Thus, the controller  42  can automatically change the speed of travel of the irrigation system  10  and/or the travel distance A or B to increase or decrease the moisture levels at certain areas of the field to be irrigated. In some aspects, the controller  42  can be programmed to apply water on portions of the field to be irrigated at different rates than on anther portion of the field. For example, for one half of the field, the irrigation system  10  may move at one speed and with certain first and second distances A and B. However, for the other half of the field, the system  10  can move at a different speed, and with different first and second distances. Thus, the system  10  can be highly adaptable for various crops, and various soil, and various weather conditions. 
     In traditional irrigation systems, high pressure is at the center near the hub and water source, where the smallest irrigation footprint is, thereby requiring the lowest volume of water, so small nozzles are used to lay down small amounts of water. By contrast, the lowest pressure is out at the distal end, where the largest footprint of water is needed, so the largest nozzles are used. Referring to  FIG. 8 , in one aspect, the water supply pipe  22  and the manifold  50  can be configured to redirect water back in a direction towards a supply inlet  202  of the water supply pipe  22 . Thus, switching location of the greater and lower water pressure. The manifold  50  can have a manifold inlet  206  coupled to the water supply pipe  22  farther from the supply inlet  202 . In addition, the manifold  50  can have a manifold outlet  210  located closer to the supply inlet  202 . Thus, the outlet  210  is located closer to the inlet  202 , rather than farther. In this way, the water flows back toward the hub  160 , such that higher pressure is farther away from the hub  160  where a larger footprint is needed. In other words, instead of a T-fitting between the water supply hose and the manifold, an elbow can be used to direct water back toward the hub. 
     In some aspects, the present technology may provide a mechanism for catching debris in the water supply. For example, the small nozzles used at the inner-most point of the pivot irrigation device, where the required volume of irrigation is smallest, but the water pressure is highest pressure, may become clogged due to debris. In some aspects, an L-shaped fitting is provided anywhere between the water supply  14  and the nozzle  58 , which fitting may have a filtration screen on the flag part of the fitting. This filtration screen may catch debris large enough to clog the small nozzles, and may be removable to be cleaned out occasionally. In other aspects, a self-cleaning filtration system may be supplied. For example, at the very center of the pivot with the small constriction the velocity of the water within the pipe is very high. The device of the present technology may include a pipe with perforations allowing the high-pressure water to escape downstream. Referring to  FIG. 8 , the system  10  may further comprise a filter  250  that can be located in the water supply pipe  22 , and between the water supply pipe  22  and the water line  54  to the manifold  50 . In another aspect, the filter can be located in the manifold  50 , and between the manifold  50  and the drop line  58 . The filter  250  can have an L-shape and can be inserted through a threaded opening  254  in the water supply pipe  22 . (Note that  FIG. 8  is not to scale.) One arm  256  of the L-shape can extend vertically, and can be threaded  258  to thread into the threaded opening  254 . The other arm  260  of the L-shape can extent substantially horizontally or along the water supply pipe  22 . In one aspect, the other arm  260  can be conical and can have a cone  262  with a taper. The other arm  260  can also have multiple holes or perforations  264  extending through the arm  260  and the cone  262  to allow water to enter the filter  250  and then into the water line  54  to the manifold  50 . The filter  250  can be oriented so that the other arm  260  and the cone  262  thereof point downstream of the flow, indicated by arrow  266 . The cone  262  facing or pointing downstream can allow the passing water to physically carry debris off from the perforations  264  due to friction and pressure. Also, the cone tapering downstream can create eddy currents, suction and/or a Venturi effect of the water to help peel debris off of the perforations  262 . Water passing by the cone and the perforations can reduces the pressure difference and allow the particles to break free and move downstream where they can eventually be dispersed through larger nozzles and not cause clogging. The filter  250  can have an indicator  270  located on its exterior outside the water supply pipe  22  to indicate an orientation of the cone, and thus allow proper orientation of the filter  250  when threading into the threaded opening  254  in the water supply pipe  22 . The arm  256  can also have a female threaded opening  274  to allow connection to the water line  54 . Thus, the filter  250  can be fitted between the water supply pipe  22  and the water line  54 . 
     In aspects of this technology, the irrigation system can include nozzles. The nozzles may be provided at any place between the main line and the exit of the drop line to restrict the flow of water and control the volume of water applied at the specific section of the field. In some aspects, the nozzle may be as depicted in  FIG. 4 , placed between the main line and manifold. In other aspects, the nozzle may be placed in the manifold. In yet other aspects, the nozzle may be placed at the end of the drop conduits. In some aspects, the nozzles can be off of the shelf, with threads and a splash plate. The system of the present disclosure can include such nozzles at the very bottom with splash plates that put out water radially. These nozzles can come in all sizes, making it convenient to have various sizes for various water flow needs. One advantage of such nozzles is that they are “off the shelf,” meaning they may be readily available and at a lower cost than other nozzles. When the nozzle puts water out radially, off of splash plate, the drop conduits can be elevated to cover more ground, for example, when planting fine seed. When planting, it is desirable that a larger area receives and stays covered by water. With nozzles that splash out and cover the entire surface, this consistency for laying seed can be achieved. The same drop conduits and nozzles may also be lowered down after a crop takes root, to save water by applying the water near the ground. It is thus seen that the irrigation methods and devices of the present disclosure are highly adaptable and can be configured for various conditions. 
     In aspects of the technology, the controller and programable software may be used to track position of the irrigation based on GPS out on the end, instead of mechanical sensors that could not account for slop or play between towers of the pivot irrigation device that are farther from the center of the pivot with the mechanical sensor. The GPS and the controller can communicate with all aspects of the system, including the flow at pumps, electronic control of each nozzle, and can be adjusted for a variety of conditions including clay or sandy soils. 
     Another method in accordance with the present technology includes retrofitting an irrigation system, including following steps performed in any order: removing one or more sprinklers from one or more water supply hoses connected to the water supply pipe  22 ; attaching one or more manifolds  50  to the irrigation system; attaching one or more drop lines  58  to the manifolds  50 ; and connecting the water supply lies  54  to the manifolds  50 . The method can also include installing a pivoting brace  62  onto each one of the wheeled supports or towers  30  of the irrigation system, and attaching the manifolds  50  to the pivoting braces  62 . In some aspects, the method includes selecting a nozzle with the desired flow rate at each of the drop lines  58 , and attaching the nozzle to the end of the drop line  58 . The method can also include installing a fitting  82  or  106  between either the water supply line  54  and the manifold  50  or the manifold  50  and the drop line  58 , with the fitting including an air inlet. 
     By way of example, a standard existing irrigation system can be retrofitted to include aspects of the technology discussed herein. For example, a standard center pivot system, such as a seven tower pivot system with drop hoses and sprinklers, using about 1,000 gallons per minute at around 35 psi at the center, can be modified according to the following steps: 
     1. Disconnect and remove all sprinklers from the drop hoses. 
     2. Remove the drain plugs and install low pressure drain plugs because the operating pressure will likely be around 15 psi at the center instead of around 35 psi to resist leaking. 
     3. Create and mount braces  62  onto the A-frames of all the towers  30 , in the area above each tire. See  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The A-frames of towers  1  and  7  may need additional supports, as they will experience one sided pull in contrast to the between towers that will primarily experience downward pull. 
     4. Run cables along each side of the pivot system from the point of the braces  62  mounted on the A-frames of the first inner tower, all the way to the point of the braces  62  mounted on the A-frames of the outer tower. Then properly tension the cables and then attach them to the points of the braces  62  mounted on the A-frames of the interim towers. 
     5. A typical tower section of a pivot system usually has triangle shaped braces at intervals along the long arching span that keeps the upper water carrying pipe separated from the lower supporting two truss rods. These lower points, which can be extended outward on each side, if necessary, can be used to attach adjustable hanging supports for the cable or wire below on towers  2  through  7 . 
     6. To the cables running horizontally along each side of the pivot system from the A-frame of the first tower all the way out to the A-frame of the last tower attach a manifold  50  that can have the following characteristics: 
     a) A diameter sufficient for the volume flow. It could be larger out near the end to reduce friction pressure loss. It could be smaller near the center where less volume is necessary, and restriction may be helpful. 
     b) Be capable of being simply lowered to a point that is slightly above the shortest crop that would be grown under the pivot. 
     c) Be capable of being easily raised to a height so as to not obstruct the growth of tall crops such as corn. 
     d) Have tees into both horizontal water manifolds at intervals with hoses attached thereto that can reach every other corresponding supply hose hanging underneath and from the main center water pipe of towers  2  through  7 . These hose connections can be threaded together and could include a valve, pressure regulator and flow control orifice. See  FIGS. 3 and 4 . 
     e) Valves at intervals along the horizontal manifold would create the option to potentially irrigate a portion of the field at a given time. 
     f) Be rust and UV resistant and durable so it can last. 
     g) Tees at consistent intervals all along each of the lengths that point downward with threads. Connected by threads to this tee is a hose, tube or pipe (water conduit) that may have a flow control orifice at the threaded connection to the horizontal manifold and an optional capillary tube attached to said orifice that is able to be inserted into the descending conduit for improved flow control and reduced risk of plugging. See  FIG. 5 . The water conduits descend into the crop and carry water from the horizontal manifold lying just above peak crop height and let the water out of holes on each side of its closed end just above ground level. Ideally, this descending conduit should be stiff enough to not move much in the wind, thereby reducing potential crop damage and water loss. Drop conduit should be durable and abrasion resistant. Drop conduits can be exchanged for others either shorter or longer as needed. The horizontal manifold can have some torsion potential allowing individual drop conduits to ride up and over obstacles and dense foliage areas. In consistently dense foliage the entire manifold could hinge slightly, and all of the drop conduits could slope and ride up over some of the foliage. Near the center, where excessive volume flows are a concern, the descending conduits can have holes in them near the top, but below the orifice, to allow air in and reduce suction. The reduced pressure difference from one side of an orifice to the other allows for a larger orifice, for a specific flow rate and thus a reduced propensity for plugging. Typically, the desired flow volume is achieved with current technology by a pressure regulator and/or a single orifice. Placing all the restriction at one point may demand a very small hole which increases the risk of plugging. According to aspects of the present technology, there is the option of a significantly lower operating pressure as there are no sprinklers and without significant evaporation loss and less volume with less restriction or pressure drop to start with. Control of individual application point flow rate by use of: 
     i. Low operating pressure 
     ii. Pressure regulator 
     iii. Supply hose connection to manifold hose orifice sizing and air inlet 
     iv. Manifold connection to drop conduit orifice sizing 
     v. Use of small diameter water conduits which create capillary flow restriction 
     vi. Drop conduit air inlet ports just below orifice 
     vii. Drop conduits side port discharge orifices sizing near the bottom 
     viii. Filtering debris from the water at any point between the main line and the outlet of the drop conduit. 
     These options create cumulative restriction allowing for maximum flow control while at the same time greatly increasing the individual orifice or tubing size and significantly reducing the propensity for plugging. The drop line spacing can be created to suit the application. For example, if one is going to plant corn on 30 inch centers and rotate to a future crop of alfalfa, one could use 30 inch spacing between drop conduits or 60 inch and stager one side thereby irrigating between each corn row and the water only needs to soak 15 inches each way to thoroughly irrigate. If one plants corn on 20 inch centers, then create 20 inch spacing or 40 inch and stager one side, then water only needs to soak 10 inches each way. Horizontal manifold can be exchanged for other with different spacing of drops as needed. As indicated earlier the original sprinkler can be temporarily installed to plant fine seed like alfalfa and then be removed or simply be teed into the supply hose with a valve and left on the pivot for even more convenient intermittent use. 
     8. Optional curved hose at A-frame towers and hanging the horizontal water manifold below the cable allows drop conduits to shift lines to ride between row crops such as corn not consistently spaced. 
     The extension of the two horizontal manifolds beyond the A-frame of the outer tower of a pivot could be of a more rigid material and with adjustable hanging supports that are closer together if there is not a supporting cable, otherwise they should be in a similar manner as their inner portions. 
     Under the first tower span there generally are very low water volume application rates as it is near the center, services a very small area and travels very slowly. A single rigid horizontal manifold is sufficient. It can be suspended by the supply hoses at just above crop level. Drop conduits can be spaced at one half the spacing of the outer two manifolds if staggered, otherwise the same. The same points of flow control described above can be used as well. The adjustable hanging supports can be attached to the truss rods, or extensions at closer intervals from one side, or the other, to elevate for higher crops. Another option for raising the manifold is to unhook supply hose from manifold and wrap it around the main water pipe and reconnect the hose to the manifold, then do the same to the rest of the hoses on the first tower span. 
     In aspects of the technology, the manifold can be configured to raise and lower electrically and/or automatically via a program. In one aspect, the irrigation device may include a wire in a cable winch that, as it rotates, raises and lowers all of the manifolds. In other aspects, a shaft can be suspended with supports along the length of the pivot, with spools at each cable point. A motor attached to the drive shaft at the center can control the raising and lowering of the entire line. 
     With current operating methods the faster a pivot moves, the percentage of the water that actually reaches the ground gets smaller. For example, if a pivot at high speed lays down one quarter an inch of water on a tall stand of alfalfa less than 10% of the water may actually reach the ground and over 90% may be lost to evaporation. To overcome this massive loss farmers typically slow pivots way down to reduce loss, however, in doing so they significantly increase the risk of flooding and overwatering some areas of the field and underwatering others, which wastes water. 
     This present technology additionally consists of the technology of adding a control mechanism to the pivot or control panel that creates an adjustable and repeating oscillation movement of the pivot. Controlling an adjustable distance, a pivot moves in one direction compared to a subsequent controlled and adjustable distance moved in the other direction and repeating, determines the number of passes over a given area and the accumulative amount of water applied, as well as the prevailing direction of travel, the overall advancement rate and the size of the effective water application footprint. Thereby, one can easily increase or decrease the size of the effective water application footprint according to their desire to virtually eliminate flooding. This can be further enhanced by speeding up the outer towers, reducing the amount of water applied during a single pass so it can soak in where applied, instead of flooding, by using larger tires, higher gear ratios, larger and faster motors and gear drives, frequency drives or combinations thereof. 
     Furthermore, aspects of the present technology include methods to create a steady and aligned movement of the pivot in contrast to the incremental starts and stops of towers which create uneven water application. These include start and stop control microswitches subject to increased leverage so as to make them sensitive to smaller changes of angle between pivot towers, larger tires on outer towers and smaller tires on inner towers, varying horsepower and gear ratios between inner and outer towers, hydraulic drive motors with position control valves to control speed and stay aligned and moving, the use of dc motors with supply voltage being regulated by alignment sensors, frequency drives for ac motors that monitor alignment and compensate, the use of pressure sensors that monitor position and quantify deviation, the use of GPS technology to monitor and control, whether used individually or collectively to maintain a steady and aligned movement. The irrigation devices disclosed herein are applicable to irrigation pivots as well as irrigation wheel lines and mobile water applicators, among other irrigation systems. 
     In one aspect of the technology, the position of each tower in an irrigation system, such as an irrigation pivot, is tracked using GPS. Other aspects of the system, including the flow at the pumps providing water to the irrigation system and the flow at each nozzle releasing water to the crop are also monitored using sensors. The system may include a communication and control module that gathers various information from the GPS locations and flow sensors, then controls various aspects of the system based on that information. For example, each tower may include a drive motor, with the speed increased or decreased based on the GPS location of the tower with relation to the other towers, to maintain an even and steady movement of the irrigation device. Each nozzle may also include an electronic control to increase or decrease the size and/or flow of water through the nozzle, and the system may monitor and make adjustments to the electronic control to ensure that the right amount of water is being applied. For example, as discussed herein, clay soils and sandy soils require different amounts of water. Also, during germination, fine seed requires steady water to survive, while once it takes root, less water may be used. The system may monitor and control the various aspects of the irrigation device to provide the benefits discussed herein, including in the methods discussed herein. 
     The foregoing detailed description describes the technology with reference to specific exemplary aspects. However, it will be appreciated that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present technology as set forth in the appended claims. The detailed description and accompanying drawings are to be regarded as merely illustrative, rather than as restrictive, and all such modifications, combination of features, or changes, if any, are intended to fall within the scope of the present technology as described and set forth herein. In addition, while specific features are shown or described as used in connection with particular aspects of the technology, it is understood that different features may be combined and used with different aspects. Numerous features from various aspects of the technology described herein may be combined in any number of variations as suits a particular purpose. 
     More specifically, while illustrative exemplary aspects of the technology have been described herein, the present technology is not limited to these aspects, but includes any and all aspects having modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across various embodiments), adaptations and/or alterations as would be appreciated by those in the art based on the foregoing detailed description. The limitations in the claims are to be interpreted broadly based on the language employed in the claims and not limited to examples described in the foregoing detailed description or during the prosecution of the application, which examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. For example, in the present disclosure, the term “preferably” is non-exclusive where it is intended to mean “preferably, but not limited to.” Any steps recited in any method or process claims may be executed in any order and are not limited to the order presented in the claims. Means-plus-function or step-plus-function limitations will only be employed where for a specific claim limitation all of the following conditions are present in that limitation: a) “means for” or “step for” is expressly recited; and b) a corresponding function is expressly recited. The structure, material or acts that support the means-plus-function are expressly recited in the description herein. Accordingly, the scope of the technology should be determined solely by the appended claims and their legal equivalents, rather than by the descriptions and examples given above.