Patent Publication Number: US-10778746-B1

Title: Publisher specified load time thresholds for online content items

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/524,450, titled “PUBLISHER SPECIFIED LOAD TIME THRESHOLDS FOR ONLINE CONTENT ITEMS,” filed on Oct. 27, 2014. The disclosure of the foregoing application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     This description relates to particular techniques to select a file that includes text, images, video and/or other data for display on a client computing device, and more particularly, to selecting such a file based at least in part on a load time requirement specified by a publisher. 
     At least some known systems for selecting content items (e.g., a file that includes text, images, video, and/or other data) for display in a publication (e.g., web page) do not factor in the loading time associated with the content items. For example, in at least some known content item selection systems that utilize an auction process, a particular content item may be selected for display because it is relevant to the publication and has a bid (e.g., price that a content provider, such as an advertiser, has agreed to pay for it to be served to a consumer) that is greater than bids associated with other content items under consideration. However, the selected content item may have a loading time that is relatively slow compared to the loading time of the publication. Accordingly, the selected content item may cause the publication as a whole to load slowly on a client computing device. Such a result may be dissatisfactory for publishers who focus on ensuring that their publications load quickly. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSURE 
     In one aspect, a content management computing device is provided. The content management computing device includes one or more processors communicatively coupled to a memory. The content management computing device is communicatively coupled to a publisher computing device, a content provider computing device, and at least one client computing device. The content management computing device is configured to receive a parameter signal from the publisher computing device. The parameter signal includes a price and an associated load time threshold required by a publisher in association with a content slot in a publication served by the publisher computing device. The content management computing device is additionally configured to receive a representation signal from the content provider computing device. The representation signal indicates that a first content item associated with the content provider computing device will load within a first time period. The content management computing device is additionally configured to receive a request signal from the client computing device for content for the content slot in the publication, determine that the first time period is equal to or less than the load time threshold, select the first content item for loading in the content slot, and transmit an instruction signal to the client computing device including an instruction to load the first content item in the content slot in the publication. 
     In another aspect, a method for selecting an online content item for display on a client computing device is provided. The method is implemented by a content management computing device that includes one or more processors communicatively coupled to a memory. The content management computing device is communicatively coupled to a publisher computing device, a content provider computing device, and the client computing device. The method includes receiving, by the content management computing device, a parameter signal from the publisher computing device. The parameter signal includes a price and an associated load time threshold required by a publisher in association with a content slot in a publication served by the publisher computing device. The method additionally includes receiving, by the content management computing device, a representation signal from the content provider computing device. The representation signal indicates that a first content item associated with the content provider computing device will load within a first time period. Additionally, the method includes receiving, by the content management computing device, a request signal from the client computing device for content for the content slot in the publication. Additionally, the method includes determining, by the content management computing device, that the first time period is equal to or less than the load time threshold, selecting, by the content management computing device, the first content item for loading in the content slot, and transmitting, by the content management computing device, an instruction signal to the client computing device including an instruction to load the first content item in the content slot in the publication. 
     In another aspect, a computer-readable storage device having processor-executable instructions embodied thereon for selecting an online content item for display on a client computing device is provided. When executed by a content management computing device communicatively coupled to a memory and to the client computing device, the processor-executable instructions cause the content management computing device to receive a parameter signal from the publisher computing device. The parameter signal includes a price and an associated load time threshold required by a publisher in association with a content slot in a publication served by the publisher computing device. The instructions additionally cause the content management computing device to receive a representation signal from the content provider computing device. The representation signal indicates that a first content item associated with the content provider computing device will load within a first time period. Additionally, the instructions cause the content management computing device to receive a request signal from the client computing device for content for the content slot in the publication, determine that the first time period is equal to or less than the load time threshold, select the first content item for loading in the content slot, and transmit an instruction signal to the client computing device including an instruction to load the first content item in the content slot in the publication. 
     In another aspect, a content management computing device for selecting an online content item for display on a client computing device is provided. The content management computing device is communicatively coupled to a memory, a publisher computing device, a content provider computing device, and at least one client computing device. The content management computing device includes means for receiving a parameter signal from the publisher computing device, the parameter signal including a price and an associated load time threshold required by a publisher in association with a content slot in a publication served by the publisher computing device. Additionally, the content management computing device includes means for receiving a representation signal from the content provider computing device, the representation signal indicating that a first content item associated with the content provider computing device will load within a first time period. Additionally, the content management computing device includes means for receiving a request signal from the client computing device for content for the content slot in the publication. Further, the content management computing device includes means for determining that the first time period is equal to or less than the load time threshold. In addition, the content management computing device includes means for selecting the first content item for loading in the content slot. Additionally, the content management computing device includes means for transmitting an instruction signal to the client computing device including an instruction to load the first content item in the content slot in the publication. 
     In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, wherein the means for receiving a representation signal further includes means for receiving a representation signal indicating that a content provider associated with the content provider computing device agrees to pay at least the price associated with the load time threshold. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, wherein the means for transmitting the instruction signal further includes means for transmitting an instruction signal that includes a second instruction to measure an actual time period required to load the first content item and to transmit the actual time period to said content management computing device. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, further including means for storing, in the memory, the measured time period in association with the first content item. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, further including means for determining whether the first content item loaded on the client computing device within the load time threshold. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, further including means for determining an average load time associated with the first content item for each of a plurality of geographic areas. 
     In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, further including means for transmitting, to the publisher computing device, an average load time for content items transmitted from or to a particular geographic area. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, further including means for transmitting, to the publisher computing device, an average price associated with the load time threshold. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, wherein the means for receiving the parameter signal further includes means for receiving a requirement that content to be loaded in the content slot must be hosted on a server computing device that is physically located in a specified geographic area. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, wherein the means for selecting the first content item further includes means for determining that a second content item is stored in the memory in association with a second time period that is greater than the load time threshold. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, wherein the means for selecting the first content item further includes means for determining that a second time period associated with a second content item has not been verified. In another aspect, the content management computing device described above is provided, further including means for transmitting a second instruction to the client computing device to not display the first content item if the first content item does not load within the load time threshold. 
     The features, functions, and advantages described herein may be achieved independently in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments, further details of which may be seen with reference to the following description and drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram depicting an example networked environment. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram of an example computing device that is used in the environment of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an example publication served by a publisher computing device and parameters that a publisher specifies in association with content slots of the publication. 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of example communications among a client computing device, a content management system, a publisher computing device, and a content provider computing device of the environment of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  is a flowchart of an example process for selecting an online content item for display on a client computing device, based in part on publisher specified load time thresholds. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of components of one or more example computing devices that may be used in the environment shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     
    
    
     Although specific features of various embodiments may be shown in some drawings and not in others, this is for convenience only. Any feature of any drawing may be referenced and/or claimed in combination with any feature of any other drawing. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSURE 
     The following detailed description of implementations refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements. Also, the following detailed description does not limit the claims. 
     The systems and methods described herein enable a publisher to specify at least one load time threshold (e.g., an amount of time in which a content item must load for being served) and associated price (e.g., a lowest acceptable bid amount) for content items that will appear on the publisher&#39;s web page. Accordingly, a publisher may require a higher price for relatively slower-loading content items to compensate the publisher for displaying content items that cause the publisher&#39;s web page to appear to load slowly. Such a system may incentivize content providers (e.g., advertisers) to ensure that their content items load more quickly, for example by placing computing devices that host the content items in geographic areas that are local to client computing devices that will be loading (i.e., receiving and displaying) the content items. 
     A content management system (“CMS”) computing device (“CMS device”) described herein is configured to receive a parameter signal from a publisher computing device. The parameter signal includes a price and an associated load time threshold required by a publisher in association with a content slot in a publication served by the publisher computing device. The CMS device additionally receives a representation signal from a content provider computing device. The representation signal indicates that a first content item associated with the content provider computing device will load within a first time period. Additionally, the CMS device receives a request signal from a client computing device for content for the content slot in the publication. The CMS device determines that the first time period is equal to or less than the load time threshold. Further, the CMS device selects the first content item for loading in the content slot and transmits an instruction signal to the client computing device including an instruction to load the first content item in the content slot in the publication. 
     In some implementations, the representation signal additionally indicates that a content provider associated with the content provider computing device agrees to pay at least the price associated with the load time threshold. In some implementations, the instruction signal includes a second instruction to measure an actual time period required to load the first content item and to transmit the actual time period to the CMS device. In at least some implementations, the CMS device is further configured to store, in a memory, the measured time period in association with the first content item. 
     Further, in some implementations, the CMS device determines whether the first content item loaded on the client computing device within the load time threshold. In some implementations, the CMS device determines an average load time associated with the first content item for each of a plurality of geographic areas. For example, the content item may be loaded by client computing devices in various geographic areas around the world, each having a different load time, due for example to bandwidth limitations in each geographic area. In some implementations, the CMS device transmits, to the publisher computing device, an average load time for content items transmitted from or to a particular geographic area. In some implementations, the CMS device transmits, to the publisher computing device, an average price associated with the load time threshold. Accordingly, the publisher may specify a price that is in line with what other publishers and content providers have agreed to for similar load time requirements. 
     In some implementations, the parameter signal includes a requirement that content to be loaded in the content slot must be hosted on a server computing device that is physically located in a specified geographic area (e.g., local caching). Further, in some implementations, in selecting the first content item, the content management server determines that a second content item is stored in a memory in association with a second time period that is greater than the load time threshold. In some implementations, the CMS device is further configured such that selecting the first content item further includes determining that a second time period associated with a second content item has not been verified. For example, while a content provider may state that a particular content item will load within a particular time period, the actual time period required for loading the content item has not been measured and stored in memory. In some implementations, the CMS device is further configured to transmit a second instruction to the client computing device to not display the first content item if the first content item does not load within the load time threshold. 
     In situations in which the systems discussed herein collect personal information about users, or may make use of personal information, the users may be provided with an opportunity to control whether programs or features collect user information (e.g., information about a user&#39;s social network, social actions or activities, profession, interests, preferences, or current location), or to control whether and/or how to receive content from the content server that may be more relevant to the user. In addition, certain data may be treated in one or more ways before it is stored or used, so that personally identifiable information is removed. For example, a user&#39;s identity may be treated so that no personally identifiable information can be determined for the user, or a user&#39;s geographic location may be generalized where location information is obtained (such as a city, a ZIP code, or state level), so that a particular location of a user cannot be determined. Thus, the user may have control over how information is collected about the user and used by a content server. 
     As used herein, an element or step recited in the singular and preceded with the word “a” or “an” should be understood as not excluding plural elements or steps, unless such exclusion is explicitly recited. Furthermore, references to “one embodiment” of the subject matter disclosed herein are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. 
     The methods and systems described herein may be implemented using computer programming or engineering techniques including computer software, firmware, hardware or any combination or subset thereof, wherein the technical effect is achieved by performing at least one of: (a) receiving a parameter signal from a publisher computing device, the parameter signal including a price and an associated load time threshold required by a publisher in association with a content slot in a publication served by the publisher computing device; (b) receiving a representation signal from a content provider computing device, the representation signal indicating that a first content item associated with the content provider computing device will load within a first time period; (c) receiving a request signal from a client computing device for content for the content slot in the publication; (d) determining that the first time period is equal to or less than the load time threshold; (e) selecting the first content item for loading in the content slot; and (f) transmitting an instruction signal to the client computing device including an instruction to load the first content item in the content slot in the publication. The technical effects described herein provide the technical advantage of enabling publishers to specify prices and associated load time thresholds for content items (e.g., files that include text, images, video, and/or other data) to be loaded into portions (e.g., content slots) of one or more publications (e.g., web pages), thereby incentivizing content providers to ensure that their content items load faster than content items associated with other content providers. The resulting technical effect is improved transmission data speed by providing server computing devices that cache data (e.g., content items) in geographic areas that are local to client computing devices that request the data (e.g., content items), improved compression of data (e.g., content files), and/or higher-bandwidth network connections between a server computing device (e.g., content provider computing device) and a client computing device that requests the data (e.g., content items). 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram depicting an example networked environment. With reference to  FIG. 1 , an example networked environment  100  may include one or more content providers  102 , one or more publishers  104 , a content management system (CMS)  106 , and one or more user access devices  108  (“client computing devices”), which may be coupled to a network  110 . User access devices are used by users  150 ,  152 , and  154 . Each of the elements  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  and  110  in  FIG. 1  may be implemented or associated with hardware components, software components, or firmware components or any combination of such components. The elements  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  and  110  can, for example, be implemented or associated with general purpose servers, software processes and engines, and/or various embedded systems. The elements  102 ,  104 ,  106  and  110  may serve, for example, as a content distribution network. In the example embodiment, content providers  102  include advertisers, and CMS  106  is an advertising management system. 
     The content providers  102  may include any entities that are associated with content (i.e., a content item or multiple content items). In some embodiments, the content includes any form of communication in which one or more products, services, ideas, messages, people, organizations or other items are identified and promoted (or otherwise communicated). Content is not limited to advertisements and commercial promotions. Rather, content may include public service announcements or any other types of notices, such as public notices published in printed or electronic press or broadcasts. 
     Content may be communicated via various mediums and in various forms. In some examples, content may be communicated through an interactive medium, such as the Internet, and may include graphical content (e.g., banner content), textual content, image content, audio content, video content, content combining one of more of any of such components, or any form of electronically delivered content. Content may include embedded information, such as embedded media, links, meta-information, and/or machine executable instructions. Content could also be communicated through RSS (Really Simple Syndication) feeds, radio channels, television channels, print media, and other media. 
     Content can refer to both a single “creative” and a “content group.” A creative refers to any entity that represents one content impression. A content impression refers to any form of presentation of content such that it is viewable/receivable by a user. In some examples, a content impression may occur when content is displayed on a display device of a user access device (i.e., a “client computing device”). A content group refers, for example, to an entity that represents a group of creatives that share a common characteristic, such as having the same content selection and recommendation criteria. Content groups can be used to create a content campaign. 
     The content providers  102  may provide (or be otherwise associated with) products and/or services related to content. The content providers  102  may include or be associated with, for example, merchants, retailers, wholesalers, warehouses, manufacturers, distributors, health care providers, educational establishments, financial establishments, technology providers, energy providers, utility providers, or any other product or service providers or distributors. 
     The content providers  102  may directly or indirectly generate, maintain, and/or analyze content, which may be related to products or services offered by or otherwise associated with the content providers  102 . The content providers  102  may include or maintain one or more data processing systems  112 , such as servers or embedded systems, coupled to the network  110 . The content providers  102  may include or maintain one or more processes that run on one or more data processing systems. 
     The publishers  104  may include any entities that generate, maintain, provide, present and/or otherwise process publications in the environment  100 . “Publishers,” in particular, include authors of publications, wherein authors may be individual persons, or, in the case of works made for hire, the proprietor(s) who hired the individual(s) responsible for creating the online publications. The term “publication” refers to various types of web-based, software application-based and/or otherwise presented information, including articles, discussion threads, reports, analyses, financial statements, music, video, graphics, search results, web page listings, information feeds (e.g., RSS feeds), television broadcasts, radio broadcasts, printed information, or any other form of information that may be presented to a user using a computing device such as one of user access devices  108 . 
     In some implementations, the publishers  104  may include publishers with an Internet presence, such as online publication and news providers (e.g., online newspapers, online magazines, television websites, etc.), online service providers (e.g., financial service providers, health service providers, etc.), and the like. The publishers  104  can include software application providers, television broadcasters, radio broadcasters, satellite broadcasters, and other providers of publications. One or more of the publishers  104  may represent a publication network that is associated with the CMS  106 . 
     The publishers  104  may receive requests from the user access devices  108  (or other elements in the environment  100 ) and provide or present publications to the requesting devices. The publishers may provide or present publications via various mediums and in various forms, including web based and non-web based mediums and forms. The publishers  104  may generate and/or maintain such publications and/or retrieve the publications from other network resources. 
     In addition to publications, the publishers  104  may be configured to integrate or combine retrieved publications with content that is related or relevant to the retrieved publication for display to users  150 ,  152 , and  154 . The relevant content may be provided from the CMS  106  and may be combined with a publication for display to users  150 ,  152 , and  154 . In some examples, the publishers  104  may retrieve a publication for display on a particular user access device  108  and then forward the publication to the user access device  108  along with code that causes content from the CMS  106  to be displayed to the user  150 ,  152 , or  154 . In other examples, the publishers  104  may retrieve a publication, retrieve relevant content (e.g., from the CMS  106  or the content providers  102 ), and then integrate the content and the publication to form a page for display to the user  150 ,  152 , or  154 . 
     As noted above, one or more of the publishers  104  may represent a publication network. In such an implementation, the content providers  102  may be able to present content to users through this publication network. 
     The publishers  104  may include or maintain one or more data processing systems  114 , such as servers or embedded systems, coupled to the network  110 . They may include or maintain one or more processes that run on data processing systems. In some examples, the publishers  104  may include one or more publication repositories  124  for storing publications and other information. A publisher  104  may also be a content provider  102 . 
     The CMS  106  manages content and provides various services to the content providers  102 , the publishers  104 , and the user access devices  108 . The CMS  106  may store content in a content repository  126  and facilitate the distribution or selective provision and recommendation of content through the environment  100  to the user access devices  108 . 
     The CMS  106  may include one or more data processing systems  116 , such as servers or embedded systems, coupled to the network  110 . It can also include one or more processes, such as server processes. In some examples, the CMS  106  may include a content serving system  120  and one or more backend processing systems  118 . The content serving system  120  may include one or more data processing systems  116  and may perform functionality associated with delivering content to publishers or user access devices  108 . The backend processing systems  118  may include one or more data processing systems  116  and may perform functionality associated with identifying relevant content to deliver, processing various rules, performing filtering processes, generating reports, maintaining accounts and usage information, and other backend system processing. The CMS  106  can use the backend processing systems  118  and the content serving system  120  to selectively recommend and provide relevant content from the content providers  102  through the publishers  104  to the user access devices  108 . 
     The CMS  106  may include or access one or more crawling, indexing and searching modules (not shown). These modules may browse accessible resources (e.g., the World Wide Web, publisher content, data feeds, etc.) to identify, index and store information. The modules may browse information and create copies of the browsed information for subsequent processing. The modules may also check links, validate code, harvest information, and/or perform other maintenance or other tasks. 
     Searching modules may search information from various resources, such as the World Wide Web, publications, intranets, newsgroups, databases, and/or directories. The search modules may employ one or more known search or other processes to search data. In some implementations, the search modules may index crawled content and/or content received from data feeds to build one or more search indices. The search indices may be used to facilitate rapid retrieval of information relevant to a search query. 
     The CMS  106  may include one or more interface or front-end modules for providing the various features to content providers, publishers, and user access devices. For example, the CMS  106  may provide one or more publisher front-end interfaces (PFEs) for allowing publishers to interact with the CMS  106 . The CMS  106  may also provide one or more content provider front-end interfaces (CPFEs) for allowing content providers to interact with the CMS  106 . In some examples, the front-end interfaces may be configured as web applications that provide users with network access to features available in the CMS  106 . 
     The CMS  106  provides various content management features to the content providers  102 . The CMS  106  features may allow users to set up user accounts, set account preferences, create content, select keywords for content, create campaigns or initiatives for multiple products or businesses, view reports associated with accounts, analyze costs and return on investment, selectively identify customers in different regions, selectively recommend and provide content to particular publishers, analyze financial information, analyze content performance, estimate content traffic, access keyword tools, add graphics and animations to content, etc. 
     The CMS  106  may allow the content providers  102  to create content and input keywords for which the content will appear. In some examples, the CMS  106  may provide content to user access devices or publishers when keywords associated with that content are included in a user request or a requested publication. The CMS  106  may also allow the content providers  102  to set bids for content. A bid may represent the maximum amount a content provider is willing to pay for each content impression, user click-through of content or other interaction with content. A click-through can include any action a user takes to select content. The content providers  102  may also choose a currency and monthly budget. 
     The CMS  106  may also allow the content providers  102  to view information about content impressions, which may be maintained by the CMS  106 . The CMS  106  may be configured to determine and maintain the number of content impressions relative to a particular website or keyword. The CMS  106  may also determine and maintain the number of click-throughs for content as well as the ratio of click-throughs to impressions. 
     The CMS  106  may also allow the content providers  102  to select and/or create conversion types for content. A “conversion” may occur when a user consummates a transaction related to given content. A conversion could be defined to occur when a user clicks on content, for example a specific content item, is referred to the content provider&#39;s web page, and consummates a purchase there before leaving that web page. In another example, a conversion could be defined as the display of content to a user and a corresponding purchase on the content provider&#39;s web page within a predetermined time (e.g., seven days). The CMS  106  may store conversion data and other information in a conversion data repository  136 . 
     The CMS  106  may allow the content providers  102  to input description information associated with content. This information could be used to assist the publishers  104  in determining content to publish. The content providers  102  may additionally input a cost/value associated with selected conversion types, such as a five dollar credit to the publishers  104  for each product or service purchased. 
     The CMS  106  may provide various features to the publishers  104 . The CMS  106  may deliver content (associated with the content providers  102 ) to the user access devices  108  when users access publications from the publishers  104 . The CMS  106  can be configured to deliver content that is relevant to publisher sites, publications, and publisher audiences. 
     In some examples, the CMS  106  may crawl publications provided by the publishers  104  and deliver content that is relevant to publisher sites, publications and publisher audiences based on the crawled publications. The CMS  106  may also selectively recommend and/or provide content based on user information and behavior, such as particular search queries performed on a search engine website. The CMS  106  may store such information in a general database  146 . In some examples, the CMS  106  can add search to a publisher site and deliver content configured to provide appropriate and relevant content relative to search results generated by requests from visitors of the publisher site. A combination of these and other approaches can be used to deliver relevant content. 
     The CMS  106  may allow the publishers  104  to search and select specific products and services as well as associated content to be displayed with publications provided by the publishers  104 . For example, the publishers  104  may search through content in the content repository  126  and select certain content for display with their publications. 
     The CMS  106  may be configured to selectively recommend and provide content created by the content providers  102  to the user access devices  108  directly or through the publishers  104 . The CMS  106  may selectively recommend and provide content to a particular publisher  104  (as described in further detail herein) or a requesting user access device  108  when a user requests search results or loads a publication from the publisher  104 . 
     In some implementations, the CMS  106  may manage and process financial transactions among and between elements in the environment  100 . For example, the CMS  106  may credit accounts associated with the publishers  104  and debit accounts of the content providers  102 . These and other transactions may be based on conversion data, impressions information and/or click-through rates received and maintained by the CMS  106 . 
     “Computing devices”, for example user access devices  108 , may include any devices capable of receiving information from the network  110 . The user access devices  108  could include general computing components and/or embedded systems optimized with specific components for performing specific tasks. Examples of user access devices include personal computers (e.g., desktop computers), mobile computing devices, cell phones, smart phones, head-mounted computing devices, media players/recorders, music players, game consoles, media centers, media players, electronic tablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs), television systems, audio systems, radio systems, removable storage devices, navigation systems, set top boxes, other electronic devices and the like. The user access devices  108  can also include various other elements, such as processes running on various machines. 
     The network  110  may include any element or system that facilitates communications among and between various network nodes, such as elements  108 ,  112 ,  114  and  116 . The network  110  may include one or more telecommunications networks, such as computer networks, telephone or other communications networks, the Internet, etc. The network  110  may include a shared, public, or private data network encompassing a wide area (e.g., WAN) or local area (e.g., LAN). In some implementations, the network  110  may facilitate data exchange by way of packet switching using the Internet Protocol (IP). The network  110  may facilitate wired and/or wireless connectivity and communication. 
     For purposes of explanation only, certain aspects of this disclosure are described with reference to the discrete elements illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The number, identity and arrangement of elements in the environment  100  are not limited to what is shown. For example, the environment  100  can include any number of geographically-dispersed content providers  102 , publishers  104  and/or user access devices  108 , which may be discrete, integrated modules or distributed systems. Similarly, the environment  100  is not limited to a single CMS  106  and may include any number of integrated or distributed CMS systems or elements. 
     Furthermore, additional and/or different elements not shown may be contained in or coupled to the elements shown in  FIG. 1 , and/or certain illustrated elements may be absent. In some examples, the functions provided by the illustrated elements could be performed by less than the illustrated number of components or even by a single element. The illustrated elements could be implemented as individual processes running on separate machines or a single process running on a single machine. 
       FIG. 2  shows an example of a computing device  200  intended to represent various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers. Computing device  200  is also intended to represent various forms of mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smart phones, and other similar computing devices. The components shown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions, are meant to be examples only, and are not meant to limit implementations of the subject matter described and/or claimed in this document. 
     In the example embodiment, computing device  200  could be user access device  108  or any of data processing devices  112 ,  114 , or  116  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). Computing device  200  may include a bus  202 , a processor  204 , a main memory  206 , a read only memory (ROM)  208 , a storage device  210 , an input device  212 , an output device  214 , and a communication interface  216 . Bus  202  may include a path that permits communication among the components of computing device  200 . 
     Processor  204  may include any type of conventional processor, microprocessor, or processing logic that interprets and executes instructions. Processor  204  can process instructions for execution within the computing device  200 , including instructions stored in the memory  206  or on the storage device  210  to display graphical information for a GUI on an external input/output device, such as display  214  coupled to a high speed interface. In other implementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices  200  may be connected, with each device providing portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system). 
     Main memory  206  may include a random access memory (RAM) or another type of dynamic storage device that stores information and instructions for execution by processor  204 . ROM  208  may include a conventional ROM device or another type of static storage device that stores static information and instructions for use by processor  204 . Main memory  206  stores information within the computing device  200 . In one implementation, main memory  206  is a volatile memory unit or units. In another implementation, main memory  206  is a non-volatile memory unit or units. Main memory  206  may also be another form of computer-readable medium, such as a magnetic or optical disk. 
     Storage device  210  may include a magnetic and/or optical recording medium and its corresponding drive. The storage device  210  is capable of providing mass storage for the computing device  200 . In one implementation, the storage device  210  may be or contain a computer-readable medium, such as a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similar solid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices in a storage area network or other configurations. A computer program product can be tangibly embodied in an information carrier. The computer program product may also contain instructions that, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as those described above. The information carrier is a computer- or machine-readable medium, such as main memory  206 , ROM  208 , the storage device  210 , or memory on processor  204 . 
     The high speed controller manages bandwidth-intensive operations for the computing device  200 , while the low speed controller manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of functions is for purposes of example only. In one implementation, the high-speed controller is coupled to main memory  206 , display  214  (e.g., through a graphics processor or accelerator), and to high-speed expansion ports, which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In the implementation, low-speed controller is coupled to storage device  210  and low-speed expansion port. The low-speed expansion port, which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet) may be coupled to one or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner, or a networking device such as a switch or router, e.g., through a network adapter. 
     Input device  212  may include a conventional mechanism that permits computing device  200  to receive commands, instructions, or other inputs from a user  150 ,  152 , or  154 , including visual, audio, touch, button presses, stylus taps, etc. Additionally, input device may receive location information. Accordingly, input device  212  may include, for example, a camera, a microphone, one or more buttons, a touch screen, and/or a GPS receiver. Output device  214  may include a conventional mechanism that outputs information to the user, including a display (including a touch screen) and/or a speaker. Communication interface  216  may include any transceiver-like mechanism that enables computing device  200  to communicate with other devices and/or systems. For example, communication interface  216  may include mechanisms for communicating with another device or system via a network, such as network  110  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). 
     As described herein, computing device  200  facilitates the presentation of content from one or more publishers, along with one or more sets of sponsored content, for example ads, to a user. Computing device  200  may perform these and other operations in response to processor  204  executing software instructions contained in a computer-readable medium, such as memory  206 . A computer-readable medium may be defined as a physical or logical memory device and/or carrier wave. The software instructions may be read into memory  206  from another computer-readable medium, such as data storage device  210 , or from another device via communication interface  216 . The software instructions contained in memory  206  may cause processor  204  to perform processes described herein. Alternatively, hardwired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination with software instructions to implement processes consistent with the subject matter herein. Thus, implementations consistent with the principles of the subject matter disclosed herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software. 
     The computing device  200  may be implemented in a number of different forms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as a standard server, or multiple times in a group of such servers. It may also be implemented as part of a rack server system. In addition, it may be implemented in a personal computer such as a laptop computer. Each of such devices may contain one or more of computing device  200 , and an entire system may be made up of multiple computing devices  200  communicating with each other. 
     The processor  204  can execute instructions within the computing device  200 , including instructions stored in the main memory  206 . The processor may be implemented as chips that include separate and multiple analog and digital processors. The processor may provide, for example, for coordination of the other components of the device  200 , such as control of user interfaces, applications run by device  200 , and wireless communication by device  200 . 
     Computing device  200  includes a processor  204 , main memory  206 , ROM  208 , an input device  212 , an output device such as a display  214 , a communication interface  216 , among other components including, for example, a receiver and a transceiver. The device  200  may also be provided with a storage device  210 , such as a microdrive or other device, to provide additional storage. Each of the components are interconnected using various buses, and several of the components may be mounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. 
     Computing device  200  may communicate wirelessly through communication interface  216 , which may include digital signal processing circuitry where necessary. Communication interface  216  may provide for communications under various modes or protocols, such as GSM voice calls, SMS, EMS, or MMS messaging, CDMA, TDMA, PDC, WCDMA, CDMA2000, or GPRS, among others. Such communication may occur, for example, through radio-frequency transceiver. In addition, short-range communication may occur, such as using a Bluetooth, WiFi, or other such transceiver (not shown). In addition, a GPS (Global Positioning system) receiver module may provide additional navigation- and location-related wireless data to device  200 , which may be used as appropriate by applications running on device  200 . 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram  300  of an example publication  302  served by a publisher computing device  114  and parameters  308  and  310  that a publisher  104  associated with publisher computing device  114  specifies in association with a first content slot  304  and a second content slot  306  of the publication  302 . First content slot  304  is associated with a first identifier  305 . Likewise, second content slot  306  is associated with a second identifier  307 . First identifier  305  and second identifier  307  are stored by publisher computing device  114  and CMS  106  to identify each of first content slot  304  and second content slot  306 . In order to control how quickly content items  408  (shown in  FIG. 4 ) are loaded in each of first content slot  304  and second content slot  306 , publisher  104  specifies a price (e.g., first price  312 ) and a load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ) associated with the price (e.g., first price  312 ). 
     More specifically, publisher  104  indicates that, in order for publisher  104  to be willing to allow a content item  408  to load into first content slot  304  by first load time threshold  314  (e.g., 100 milliseconds), a content provider (e.g., content provider  102 ) must bid at least the first price  312 . Publisher  104  also indicates that, in order for publisher  104  to be willing to allow a content item  408  to load into first content slot  304  by a second load time threshold  320  that is greater than the first load time threshold  314  (e.g., 200 milliseconds), a content provider (e.g., content provider  102 ) must bid at least a second price  318 , which is greater than the first price  312 . Accordingly, parameters  108  indicate that publisher  104  will be compensated more for content items  408  that load slower than other content items  408 . In some implementations, publisher  104  specifies a third price  324  that is greater than first price  312  and second price  318 , as well as an associated third load time threshold  326  that is greater than first load time threshold  314  and second load time threshold  320 . In at least some implementations, publisher specifies first geographic requirements  316 , second geographic requirements  322 , and third geographic requirements  328  associated with each of first price  312 , second price  318 , and third price  324  respectively. Geographic requirements  316 ,  322 , and  318  include geographic distances and/or geographic regions associated with load times of content items  408 . For example, in some implementations, geographic requirements  316 ,  322 , and/or  318  indicate whether publisher  104  requires local caching (i.e., local to client computing devices  108 ) of content items  408  for the specified price  312 ,  318 , and  324 . Similarly, second parameters  310  specify a first price  330 , a first load time threshold  332 , and first geographic requirements  334 , a second price  336 , a second load time threshold  338 , second geographic requirements  340 , a third price  342 , a third load time threshold  344 , and third geographic requirements  346  in association with second content slot  306 . In some implementations, second parameters  310  are different than first parameters  308 . In some implementations, publisher  104  specifies more than three prices in each set of parameters  308  and  310 . 
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram  400  of example communications among a client computing device  108 , CMS  106 , publisher computing device  114 , and content provider computing device  112 . CMS  106  is associated with (i.e., at least partially located in) a first geographic area  402 . Content provider computing device  112  is associated with (i.e., at least partially located in) a second geographic area  404 . Client computing device  108  is associated with (i.e., located in) a third geographic area  406 . In some implementations, one or more of first geographic area  402 , second geographic area  404 , and third geographic area  406  are the same. A geographic area is, for example, a city, state, or country. Content provider computing device  112  is also associated with one or more content items  408 . For example, in some implementations, content provider computing device  112  serves one or more content items  408 . In other implementations, CMS  106  serves one or more content items  408  on behalf of content provider computing device  112 . 
     Publisher computing device  114  transmits a parameter signal  410  to CMS  106 . Parameter signal  410  includes first identifier  305  corresponding to first content slot  304  described with reference to  FIG. 3 . Parameter signal  410  additionally includes parameters  308 . As described above, parameters  308  include prices that content providers must bid in order to have their advertisements loaded and displayed in first content slot  304 , load time thresholds associated with each price, and, at least in some implementations, geographic requirements pertaining to the geographic areas where the content item is served from and where the client computing device is located. For example, the geographic requirements (e.g., geographic requirements  316 ) may indicate that local caching is required, in which case publisher  104  requires that the computing device (e.g., content provider computing device  112  or CMS  106 ) that serves the content item  408  for display in first content slot  304  be located near (e.g., in the same geographic area as) client computing device  108 . In some implementations, parameter signal  410  additionally or alternatively includes second identifier  307  and parameters  310 . 
     Content provider computing device  112  transmits a representation signal  412  to CMS  106 . Representation signal  412  includes a content item identifier  413 , which is, for example, a code that is uniquely associated with one of content items  408 . Additionally, representation signal  412  includes at least one time period  415 , representing an amount of time that the content item  408  associated with content item identifier  413  will load within, when requested by a client computing device (e.g., client computing device  108 ). In some implementations, the at least one time period  415  is a plurality of time periods, each associated with different geographic areas  406  of client computing devices  108 . For example, for client computing devices  108  in India, representation signal  412  may specify a time period  415  of 300 milliseconds and for client computing devices in the United States, representations signal  412  may specify a time period of 100 milliseconds. Such differences in the time periods  415  may be due to the proximity of content provider computing device  112  to each geographic area  406  and/or network speeds in each geographic area  406 . In at least some implementations, representation signal  412  includes a bid amount  417  that content provider  102  is willing to pay to have content item  408  display in a content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ). 
     In some implementations, CMS  106  transmits an information signal  414  to publisher computing device  114  that includes average load times  416 , average prices  418  paid by content providers for each load time  416 , and geographic areas  420  associated with each load time  416 . Upon receiving information signal  414 , publisher computing device  114  displays average load times  416 , average prices  418  paid by content providers for each load time  416 , and geographic areas  420  for use by publisher  104  in specifying parameters  308  and/or  310 . It should be understood that, in at least some implementations, parameter signal  410 , representation signal  412 , and information signal  414  are not transmitted in the order in which they are described herein. 
     Subsequently, client computing device  108 , which has begun loading publication  302  from publisher computing device  114 , transmits a request signal  422  to CMS  106  for content (i.e., a content item  408 ) for at least first content slot  304  in publication  302 . More specifically, content slot  304  includes code that instructs client computing device  108  to transmit request signal  422  to CMS  106 . Request signal  422  includes first identifier  305 . Upon receiving request signal  422 , CMS  106  performs an auction process to select a content item (e.g., content item  408 ) for display in first content slot  304 . More specifically, CMS  106  selects one content item (e.g., content item  408 ) from a plurality of content items for which a content provider (e.g., content provider  102  associated with content provider computing device  112 ) has represented (e.g., through representation signal  412 ) that the content item will load within a time period (e.g., time period  415 ) that is within a load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ) and has a bid amount (e.g., bid amount  417 ) that is at least equal to a corresponding specified price (e.g., first price  312 ) in parameters  308 . 
     CMS  106  transmits an instruction signal  424  to client computing device  108  that includes a first instruction  426  to retrieve the selected content item (e.g., content item  408 ) from the computing device that serves the content item (e.g., content provider computing device  112 ). In some implementations, instruction signal  424  additionally includes a second instruction  428  to measure an amount of time (e.g., a measured time period  434 ) required for the selected content item  408  to be loaded by client computing device  108 . In some implementations, instruction signal  424  additionally includes a third instruction  430  to timeout after the corresponding load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ) has elapsed. More specifically, for example, third instruction  430  is an instruction to not display anything, or to display an error message, in first content slot  304  if content item  408  is not completely loaded when the corresponding load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ) has elapsed. In some implementations, for example where instruction signal  424  includes second instruction  428 , client computing device  108  transmits a report signal  432  to CMS  106  that includes the measured time period  434 . In at least some implementations, CMS  106  replaces a represented time period (e.g., time period  415 ) associated with content item  408  with measured time period  434  in memory (e.g., general database  146 ). 
     In some implementations, CMS  106  averages multiple measured time periods  434  and stores an average measured time period associated with each of a plurality of content items (e.g., content item  408 ). In at least some implementations, CMS  106  compares the represented time period (e.g., time period  415 ) to a measured time period  434  and verifies that measured time period  434  is less than or equal to the represented time period (e.g., time period  415 ). In some implementations, if the measured time period  434  is greater than the represented time period (e.g., time period  415 ), CMS  106  reduces a priority of content item  408  and/or all content items associated with content provider computing device  112  in future auctions. 
       FIG. 5  is a flowchart of an example process  500  for selecting an online content item  408  for display on a client computing device  108 , based in part on publisher specified load time thresholds (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). Process  500  is carried out by a content management computing device (e.g., CMS  106 ). Initially, CMS  106  receives  502  a parameter signal (e.g., parameter signal  410 ) from the publisher computing device (e.g., publisher computing device  114 ). The parameter signal (e.g., parameter signal  410 ) includes a price (e.g., first price  312 ) and an associated load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ) required by a publisher (e.g., publisher  104 ) in association with a content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ) in a publication (e.g., publication  302 ) served by the publisher computing device (e.g., publisher computing device  114 ). Additionally, CMS  106  receives  504  a representation signal (e.g., representation signal  412 ) from the content provider computing device (e.g., content provider computing device  112 ). The representation signal (e.g., representation signal  412 ) indicates that a first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) associated with the content provider computing device (e.g., content provider computing device  112 ) will load within a first time period (e.g., time period  415 ). Additionally, CMS  106  receives  506  a request signal (e.g., request signal  422 ) from the client computing device (e.g., client computing device  108 ) for content (e.g., content item  408 ) for the content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ) in the publication (e.g., publication  302 ). Next, CMS  106  determines  508  that the first time period (e.g., first time period  415 ) is equal to or less than the load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). Additionally, CMS  106  selects  510  the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) for loading in the content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ). Further, CMS  106  transmits  512  an instruction signal (e.g., instruction signal  424 ) to the client computing device (e.g., client computing device  108 ) including an instruction (e.g., first instruction  426 ) to load the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) in the content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ) in the publication (e.g., publication  302 ). 
     In some implementations, CMS  106  receives a representation signal (e.g., representation signal  412 ) indicating that a content provider (e.g., content provider  102 ) associated with the content provider computing device (e.g., content provider computing device  112 ) agrees to pay (e.g., bid amount  417 ) at least the price (e.g., first price  312 ) associated with the load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). In some implementations, CMS  106  transmits an instruction signal (e.g., instruction signal  424 ) that includes a second instruction (e.g., second instruction  428 ) to measure an actual time period (e.g., measured time period  434 ) required to load the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) and to transmit the actual time period (e.g., measured time period  434 ) to CMS  106 . In some implementations, CMS  106  stores in the memory (e.g., general database  146 ), the measured time period (e.g., measured time period  434 ) in association with the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ). In some implementations, CMS  106  determines whether the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) loaded on the client computing device (e.g., client computing device  108 ) within the load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). In some implementations, CMS  106  determines an average load time (e.g., average load times  626 ) associated with the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) for each of a plurality of geographic areas (e.g., geographic areas  420 ). In some implementations, CMS  106  transmits, to the publisher computing device (e.g., publisher computing device  114 ), an average load time (e.g., average load time  416 ) for content items (e.g., content items  408 ) transmitted from or to a particular geographic area (e.g., geographic area  402 ). 
     In some implementations, CMS  106  transmits to the publisher computing device (e.g., publisher computing device  114 ) an average price (e.g., average price  418 ) associated with the load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). In some implementations, CMS  106  receives a parameter signal (e.g., parameter signal  410 ) that includes a requirement (e.g., geographic requirements  316 ) that content (e.g., content item  408 ) to be loaded in the content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ) must be hosted on a server computing device (e.g., CMS  106  and/or content provider computing device  112 ) that is physically located in a specified geographic area (e.g., geographic area  404 ). 
     In some implementations, in selecting the first content item (e.g., one of content items  408 ), CMS  106  determines that a second content item (e.g., a second one of content items  408 ) is stored in the memory (e.g., one of databases  126 ,  136 , and  146 ) in association with a second time period (e.g., in a represented time periods section  616 ) that is greater than the load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). In some implementations, in selecting the first content item (e.g., one of content items  408 ) CMS  106  determines that a second time period (e.g., in a represented time periods section  616 ) associated with a second content item (e.g., a second one of content items  408 ) has not been verified. In other words, CMS  106  has not yet received a measured time period (e.g., measured time period  434 ) for the second content item and excludes the second content item from consideration. In some implementations, CMS  106  transmits a second instruction (e.g., instruction  430 ) to the client computing device (e.g., client computing device  108 ) to not display the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) if the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) does not load within the load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram  600  of components of one or more example computing devices  200 , that may be used in the environment shown in  FIG. 1 . For example, one or more of computing devices  200  may form content management system (CMS)  106 .  FIG. 6  further shows a configuration of databases  126 ,  136 , and  146  ( FIG. 1 ). Databases  126 ,  136 , and  146  are coupled to several separate components within CMS  106 , which perform specific tasks. 
     CMS  106  includes a parameter signal receiving component  602  for receiving a parameter signal (e.g., parameter signal  410 ) from the publisher computing device (e.g., publisher computing device  114 ). The parameter signal (e.g., parameter signal  410 ) includes a price (e.g., first price  312 ) and an associated load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ) required by a publisher (e.g., publisher  104 ) in association with a content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ) in a publication (e.g., publication  302 ) served by the publisher computing device (e.g., publisher computing device  114 ). CMS  106  additionally includes a representation signal receiving component  604  for receiving a representation signal (e.g., representation signal  412 ) from the content provider computing device (e.g., content provider computing device  112 ). The representation signal (e.g., representation signal  412 ) indicates that a first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) associated with the content provider computing device (e.g., content provider computing device  112 ) will load within a first time period (e.g., time period  415 ). 
     Additionally, CMS  106  includes a request signal receiving component  606  for receiving a request signal (e.g., request signal  422 ) from the client computing device (e.g., client computing device  108 ) for content (e.g., content item  408 ) for the content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ) in the publication (e.g., publication  302 ). CMS  106  additionally includes a determining component  608  for determining that the first time period (e.g., first time period  415 ) is equal to or less than the load time threshold (e.g., first load time threshold  314 ). Additionally, CMS  106  includes a selecting component  610  that selects  510  the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) for loading in the content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ). Further, CMS  106  includes a transmitting component  612  for transmitting an instruction signal (e.g., instruction signal  424 ) to the client computing device (e.g., client computing device  108 ) including an instruction (e.g., first instruction  426 ) to load the first content item (e.g., content item  408 ) in the content slot (e.g., first content slot  304 ) in the publication (e.g., publication  302 ). 
     In an exemplary embodiment, databases  126 ,  136 , and  146  are divided into a plurality of sections, including but not limited to, a content items section  614 , a represented time periods section  616 , a measured time periods section  618 , a bids section  620 , a slot identifiers section  622 , a slot parameters section  624 , an average load times section  626 , and a geographic areas section  628 . These sections within databases  126 ,  136 , and  146  are interconnected for use in performing the operations described herein. 
     Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. 
     These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” “computer-readable medium” refers to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium,” however, do not include transitory signals. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor. 
     In addition, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 
     It will be appreciated that the above embodiments that have been described in particular detail are merely example or possible embodiments, and that there are many other combinations, additions, or variations that may be included. 
     Also, the particular naming of the components, capitalization of terms, the attributes, data structures, or any other programming or structural aspect is not mandatory or significant, and the mechanisms that implement the subject matter described herein or its features may have different names, formats, or protocols. Further, the system may be implemented via a combination of hardware and software, as described, or entirely in hardware elements. Also, the particular division of functionality between the various system components described herein is merely for the purposes of example only, and not mandatory; functions performed by a single system component may instead be performed by multiple components, and functions performed by multiple components may instead performed by a single component. 
     Some portions of the above description may present features in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. Such algorithmic descriptions and representations may be used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules or by functional names, without loss of generality. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the above discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or “providing” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     Based on the foregoing specification, the above-discussed embodiments may be implemented using computer programming or engineering techniques including computer software, firmware, hardware or any combination or subset thereof. Any such resulting program, having computer-readable and/or computer-executable instructions, may be embodied or provided within one or more computer-readable media, thereby making a computer program product, i.e., an article of manufacture. The computer readable media may be, for instance, a fixed (hard) drive, diskette, optical disk, magnetic tape, semiconductor memory such as read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory, etc., or any transmitting/receiving medium such as the Internet or other communication network or link. The article of manufacture containing the computer code may be made and/or used by executing the instructions directly from one medium, by copying the code from one medium to another medium, or by transmitting the code over a network. 
     While the disclosure has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, it will be recognized that the disclosure can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.