Patent Publication Number: US-11048333-B2

Title: System and method for close-range movement tracking

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/532,609, filed Jun. 25, 2012, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CLOSE-RANGE MOVEMENT TRACKING,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/500,480, filed Jun. 23, 2011, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING AND TRACKING USER MOVEMENTS FOR INTERACTION WITH AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE”, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to methods and devices useful for object tracking, and more particularly, to systems, methods and apparatuses that provide advanced means for tracking the movements of a user&#39;s hands and fingers and using the tracked data to control the user&#39;s interaction with devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     To a large extent, humans&#39; interactions with electronic devices, such as computers, tablets, and mobile phones, requires physically manipulating controls, pressing buttons, or touching screens. For example, users interact with computers via input devices, such as a keyboard and mouse. While a keyboard and mouse are effective for functions such as entering text and scrolling through documents, they are not effective for many other ways in which a user could interact with an electronic device. A user&#39;s hand holding a mouse is constrained to move only along flat two-dimensional (2D) surfaces, and navigating with a mouse through three dimensional virtual spaces is clumsy and non-intuitive. Similarly, the flat interface of a touch screen does not allow a user to convey any notion of depth. These devices restrict the full range of possible hand and finger movements to a limited subset of two dimensional movements that conform to the constraints of the technology. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Examples of a system and method for providing a user interaction experience, and for automatically defining and identifying movements, are illustrated in the figures. The examples and figures are illustrative rather than limiting. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating example components of a close-range object tracking system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a work flow diagram illustrating an example of a movement tracking process by a close-range object tracking system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIGS. 3A-3E  show graphic illustrations of examples of hand gestures that may be tracked, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a work flow diagram illustrating an example of a movement tracking process by a close-range object tracking system, according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a work flow diagram illustrating a further example of a movement tracking process by a close-range object tracking system, according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A system and method for close range object tracking are described. Close range depth images of a user&#39;s hands and fingers or other objects are acquired using a depth sensor. Using depth image data obtained from the depth sensor, movements of the user&#39;s hands and fingers or other objects are identified and tracked. The user&#39;s hands and fingers or other objects can be shown as a representation on a screen, wherein the representation is shown performing gestures that correspond to the identified movements. The representation of the user&#39;s hands and fingers or other objects can interact with other objects displayed on the screen. 
     Various aspects and examples of the invention will now be described. The following description provides specific details for a thorough understanding and enabling description of these examples. One skilled in the art will understand, however, that the invention may be practiced without many of these details. Additionally, some well-known structures or functions may not be shown or described in detail, so as to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the relevant description. 
     The terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific examples of the technology. Certain terms may even be emphasized below; however, any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this Detailed Description section. 
     The tracking of object movements, for example, when a user is interacting with an electronic system or device through gesture control, requires the system to recognize the movements or gesture(s) that a user or object is making. For the purposes of this disclosure, the term ‘gesture recognition’ is used to refer to a method for identifying specific movements or pose configurations performed by a user. For example, gesture recognition can refer to identifying a swipe on a mouse-pad in a particular direction having a particular speed, a finger tracing a specific shape on a touch screen, or the wave of a hand. The system decides whether a particular gesture was performed, or not, by analyzing data describing the user&#39;s interaction with a particular hardware/software interface. That is, there should be some way of detecting or tracking the object that is being used to perform or execute the gesture. In the case of a touch screen, it is the combination of the hardware and software technologies used to detect the user&#39;s touch on the screen. In the case of a depth sensor-based system, it is generally the hardware and software combination necessary to identify and track the user&#39;s joints and body parts. 
     In the above examples of system interaction through gesture control, or object tracking in general, a tracking component enables movement recognition and tracking. Gesture recognition can be considered distinct from the process of tracking, in that it generally takes data output from the tracking component, and processes the data to decide whether a pre-defined gesture was performed, or not. Once the gesture is recognized, it can be used to trigger an action, for example, in an application, or in a game on an electronic device. An example where gesture recognition is used occurs when a user waves a hand to turn off the lights in a room. 
     The input to an object tracking system can be data describing a user&#39;s movements that originates from any number of different input devices, such as touch-screens (single-touch or multi-touch), movements of a user as captured with a 2D (also known as a red, green, blue, or “RGB”) camera, and movements of a user as captured using a depth sensor. In other applications, the object tracking system can use data from accelerometers and weight scales for movement or gesture recognition. 
     U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/817,102, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR MODELING SUBJECTS FROM A DEPTH MAP”, filed Jun. 16, 2010, describes a method of tracking a player using a depth sensor and identifying and tracking the joints of a user&#39;s body. It is hereby incorporated in its entirety in the present disclosure. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/441,271, entitled “System and Method for Enhanced Object Tracking”, filed Apr. 6, 2012, describes a method of identifying and tracking a user&#39;s body part(s) using a combination of depth data and amplitude data from a time-of-flight (TOF) camera, and is hereby incorporated in its entirety in the present disclosure. 
     Robust movement or gesture recognition can be quite difficult to implement. In particular, the system should be able to interpret the user&#39;s intentions accurately, adjust for differences in movements between different users, and determine the context in which the movements are applicable. 
     A flexible, natural, and intuitive way of interacting with systems or devices would be for the system to interpret the movements of a user&#39;s hands and fingers in a three-dimensional space in front of a display screen, thus permitting a full range of possible configurations and movements of human hands and fingers to be supported. Essentially, the familiar two dimensional touch screen is extended into a freer, less constrained and more intuitive, three-dimensional interaction space that supports a far more expressive range of possible gestures and interactions. 
     To enable this more natural, intuitive type of interaction, the system should be able to fully identify the configurations and movements of a user&#39;s hands and fingers. Conventional cameras, such as, RGB cameras, are insufficient for this purpose, as the data generated by these cameras is difficult to interpret accurately and robustly. In particular, the object in the images is difficult to distinguish from the background, the data is sensitive to lighting conditions, and occlusions occur between different objects in the images. In contrast, using depth sensors to track hands and fingers and other objects at close range can generate data that supports highly accurate, robust tracking of the user&#39;s hands and fingers and objects to enable this new, intuitive, and effective way to interact with systems or devices. 
     A depth sensor is defined as a sensor that obtains depth data for each pixel of a captured image, where depth refers to the distance between an object and the sensor itself. There are several different technologies used by depth sensors for this purpose. Among these are sensors that rely on time-of-flight (including scanning TOF or array TOF), structured light, laser speckle pattern technology, stereoscopic cameras, and active sfereoscopic cameras. In each case, these cameras generate an image with a fixed resolution of pixels, where a value, typically an integer value, is associated with each pixel, and these values correspond to the distance of the object projected onto that region of the image, from the sensor. In addition to depth data, the sensors may also generate color data, in the same way that conventional color cameras do, and this data can be combined with the depth data for use in processing. 
     The data generated by depth sensors has several advantages over that generated by conventional, “2D” cameras. The depth sensor data greatly simplifies the problem of segmenting the background from the foreground, is generally robust to changes in lighting conditions, and can be used effectively to interpret occlusions. Using depth sensors, it is possible to identify and track both the user&#39;s hands and his fingers in real-time. Knowledge of the position data of a user&#39;s hands and fingers can, in turn, be used to enable a virtual “3D” touch screen, in which interaction with devices is natural and intuitive. The movements of the hands and fingers can power user interaction with various different systems, apparatuses, and/or electronic devices, for example, computers, tablets, mobile phones, handheld gaming consoles, and the dashboard controls of an automobile. Furthermore, the applications and interactions enabled by this interface include productivity tools and games, as well as entertainment system controls (such as a media center), augmented reality, and many other forms of communication between humans and electronic devices. 
     The present disclosure describes the usage of depth sensor images to more accurately identify and track objects at close range and reliably process users&#39; movements and gestures. The term “close range” as used herein, generally refers to the substantially personal space or area in which a user interacts with a substantially personal device, for example, from the physical interfacing with a system or device. Thus, in one embodiment, close-range depth images are typically, although not necessarily, acquired within the range of 30 cm to 50 cm. In one embodiment, close-range depth images may be acquired within the range of 0 to 3.0 meters. In some embodiments, depth images may be acquired at a distance greater than 3.0 meters, depending on the environment, screen size, device size, depth sensor resolution, depth sensor accuracy, etc. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 1 , which is a schematic illustration of elements of a close-range object tracking system  100 , and the workflow between these elements, in accordance with some embodiments. The close-range object tracking system  100  can include, for example, a depth camera  115 , a close range image tracking module  135 , a gesture recognition module  140 , an output module  145 , and a software application  150 . Additional or fewer components or modules can be included in the system  100  and each illustrated component. For example, the depth camera  115  can include a depth image sensor  110  that captures depth data and a depth processor  120  that processes the depth data to generate a depth map. The processing steps performed by the depth processor  120  are dependent upon the particular technique used by the depth image sensor  110 , for example, structured light and TOF techniques. The depth camera  115  can also include other components (not shown), such as one or more lenses, light sources, and electronic controllers. 
     As used herein, a “module” includes a general purpose, dedicated or shared processor (not shown) and, typically, firmware or software modules that are executed by the processor. Depending upon implementation-specific or other considerations, the module can be centralized or its functionality distributed. The module can include general or special purpose hardware, firmware, or software embodied in a computer-readable (storage) medium for execution by the processor. As used herein, a computer-readable medium or computer-readable storage medium is intended to include all mediums that are statutory (e.g., in the United States, under 35 U.S.C. 101), and to specifically exclude all mediums that are non-statutory in nature to the extent that the exclusion is necessary for a claim that includes the computer-readable (storage) medium to be valid. Known statutory computer-readable mediums include hardware (e.g., registers, random access memory (RAM), non-volatile (NV) storage, to name a few), but may or may not be limited to hardware. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 1 , system  100  may track an object  105 , such as a user&#39;s hand, head, foot, arm, face, or any other object, where the object is typically located within close range to image sensor  110 . System  100  may include a depth camera  115  which senses objects at close-range. Depth camera  115  supports an image tracking module  135  that uses images generated by the depth camera  115  to identify objects and detect object movements at close range, and even to detect fine motor movements. For example, depth camera  115  may be adapted to provide sufficient pixel resolution and accurate depth data values in order to detect fine, nuanced movements of fingers, lips and other facial elements, toes, etc. 
     System  100  may further include a close range image tracking module  135  for executing object tracking. In some embodiments, the tracking module  135  can process depth data from the depth camera  115 , for example, by applying an appropriate algorithm to the depth image data, to enable system  100  to utilize close-range depth data. Tracking module  135  may be enabled to process depth image data, in accordance with close range optical settings and requirements. Tracking module  135  may enable processing, calculating, identification and/or determination of object presence, movement, distance, speed, etc., for one or more objects, possibly simultaneously. Close range image tracking module  135  may, for example, execute software code or algorithms for close range tracking, for example, to enable detection and/or tracking of facial movements, foot movements, head movements, arm movements, or other suitable object movements at close range. In one example, the tracking module  135  can track the movements of a human, and the output of tracking module  135  can be a representation of the human skeleton. 
     Similarly, if only a user&#39;s hands and fingers are being tracked, the output of tracking module  135  can be a representation of the skeleton of the user&#39;s hand. The hand skeleton representation can include the positions of the joints of the skeleton, and may also include the rotations of the joints, relative to a center point. It may also include a subset of these points. Furthermore, the output of module  135  can include other features, such as the center of mass of an object being tracked, or any other useful data that can be obtained by processing the data provided by the depth camera  115 . 
     Furthermore, the close range image tracking module  135 , upon receiving data from depth camera  115 , may be configured to identify shapes and/or functions of specific objects, such as the different fingers on each hand to identify, for example, the movements of each of the fingers, which particular finger or fingers are being moved, and an overall movement(s) that the individual finger movements correspond to. 
     In some embodiments, the close range image tracking module  135  may be configured to identify and determine movement intensity of objects, in accordance with speed of movement, strides of movement etc., thereby enabling a force aspect of a movement to be detected and utilized. 
     In some embodiments, the close range image tracking module  135  may be configured to track the movements of multiple fingers, so that gestures made with different fingers or combinations of fingers can be recognized. 
     In some embodiments, code or algorithms for close range tracking may be used, for example, to detect and/or track facial movements, foot movements, head movements, arm movements, or other suitable object movements. 
     System  100  may further include a movement or gesture recognition module  140  to classify sensed data, thereby aiding the recognition and determination of object movement. The gesture recognition model  140  may, for example, generate an output that can be used to determine whether an object is moving, signaling, gesticulating, etc., as well as to identify which specific gestures were performed. 
     System  100  may further include an output module  145  for processing the processed tracking data, such as gesturing data, to enable user commands or actions to be satisfactorily output to external platforms, consoles, etc. 
     System  100  may further include a software application  150 , which accepts the output from the output module  145  and uses it within the context of a software application. Software application  150  may be a game, or a program controlling the user&#39;s interaction with a device, or it may otherwise make use of the processed movement data sensed by the depth camera  115 . 
     In one embodiment, the system  100  can further include a display  155 . The display provides visual feedback to the user. The visual feedback can include a representation of the user&#39;s gestures where information pertaining to the representation is received from the output module  145 . The visual feedback can also include an interaction of the representation of the user&#39;s gestures with one or more virtual objects, wherein information pertaining to the interaction is received from the software application  150 . 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 , which describes an example process of tracking a user&#39;s hand(s) and finger(s), using tracking module  135  on data generated by depth camera  115 . As can be seen in  FIG. 2 , at block  205 , the user&#39;s hand is identified from the depth image data obtained from the depth camera  115 . The hand is segmented from the background by removing noise and unwanted background data using segmentation and/or classification algorithms. 
     At block  210 , features are detected in the depth image data and associated amplitude data and/or associated RGB images. These features may be, for example, the tips of the fingers, the points where the bases of the fingers meet the palm, and any other image data that is detectible. At block  215 , the features identified at block  210  are used to identify the individual fingers in the image data. At block  220 , the fingers are tracked based on their positions in previous frames, to filter out possible false-positive features that were detected, and fill in data that may be missing from the depth image data, such as occluded points. 
     At block  225 , the three dimensional positions of the tracked fingers are obtained from the depth image data and used to construct a skeleton model of the user&#39;s hand and fingers. In some embodiments, a kinematics model can be used to constrain the relative locations of the subject&#39;s joint. The kinematic model can also be used to compute the positions of joints that are not visible to the camera, either because the joints are occluded, or because the joints are outside the field-of-view of the camera. 
     Reference is now made to  FIGS. 3A-3E , which show a series of hand gestures, as examples of fine motor movements that may be detected, tracked, recognized and executed.  FIGS. 3A, 3C, and 3D  show static hand signal gestures that do not have a movement component, while  FIGS. 3B and 3E  show dynamic hand gestures.  FIGS. 3B and 3E  include superimposed arrows showing the movements of the fingers that comprise a meaningful and recognizable signal or gesture. Of course, other gestures or signals may be detected and tracked, from other parts of a user&#39;s body or from other objects. In further examples, gestures or signals from multiple objects or user movements, for example, a movement of two or more fingers simultaneously, may be detected, tracked, recognized and executed. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may include but are not limited to the following forms of interaction: 
     In one example, each of a user&#39;s fingers can be a cursor on a display screen. In this way, the user can interact with multiple icons (up to ten, using both hands), simultaneously. The term “cursor” as used herein may refer to other signals, symbols, indicators etc., such as a movable, sometimes blinking, symbol that indicates the position on a CRT or other type of display where the next character entered from the keyboard will appear, or where user action is needed. 
     In a further example, a virtual hot field can be defined in front of a screen. The user can select objects on a display screen by moving his/her fingers and/or hand(s) in the hot field, for example, simulating a movement for clicking a mouse button. The virtual hot field provides functionality similar to that of a two dimensional touch screen, although more expansive, since the three dimensional positions of the fingers/hands can also be used. 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 4 , which illustrates an example of a user interface (UI) framework, based on close-range tracking enabling technology. The gesture recognition component may include elements described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,970,176, entitled “Method and System for Gesture Classification”, and application Ser. No. 12/707,340, entitled, “Method and System for Gesture Recognition”, which are fully incorporated herein by reference. 
     At stage  400 , depth images are acquired from a depth camera. At stage  410 , a tracking module  135  performs the functions described in  FIG. 2  using the obtained depth images. The joint position data generated by the tracking module  135  are then processed in parallel, as described below. At stage  420 , the joint position data is used to map or project the subject&#39;s hand/finger movements to a virtual cursor. Optionally, a cursor or command tool may be controlled by one or more of the subject&#39;s fingers. Information may be provided on a display screen to provide feedback to the subject. The virtual cursor can be a simple graphical element, such as an arrow, or a representation of a hand. It may also simply highlight or identify a UI element (without the explicit graphical representation of the cursor on the screen), such as by changing the color of the UI element, or projecting a glow behind it. Different parts of the subject&#39;s hand(s) can be used to move the virtual cursor. 
     In some embodiments, the virtual cursor may be mapped to the subject&#39;s hand(s) or one or more finger(s). For example, movements of the index (pointer) finger may map or project directly onto movements of the virtual cursor. In another embodiment, the UI elements are stacked in depth, one on top of another. The virtual cursor can be allowed to move in three dimensions, so that the virtual cursor can move among UI elements at different levels of depth. In another embodiment, there are multiple virtual cursors, each corresponding to one of the subject&#39;s fingertips. In another embodiment, movements of the hand(s) away from the screen can impose a zoom effect. Alternatively, the distance between the tips of two fingers, say the index finger and the thumb, can also be used to indicate the level of zoom in the display. 
     At stage  430 , the position data of the joints is used to detect gestures that may be performed by the subject. There are two categories of gestures that trigger events: selection gestures and manipulation gestures. Selection gestures indicate that a specific UI element should be selected. In some embodiments, a selection gesture is a grabbing movement with the hand, where the fingers move towards the center of the palm, as if the subject is picking up the UI element. In another embodiment, a selection gesture is performed by moving a finger or a hand in a circle, so that the virtual cursor encircles the UI element that the subject wants to select. Of course, other gestures may be used. At stage  450 , the system evaluates whether a selection gesture was detected at stage  430 , and, if so, at stage  470  the system determines whether a virtual cursor is currently mapped to one or more UI elements. In the case where a virtual cursor has been mapped to a UI element(s), the UI element(s) may be selected at stage  490 . 
     In addition to selection gestures, another category of gestures, manipulation gestures, are defined. Manipulation gestures may be used to manipulate a UI element in some way. In some embodiments, a manipulation gesture is performed by the subject rotating his/her hand, which in turn, rotates the UI element that has been selected, so as to display additional information on the screen. For example, if the UI element is a directory of files, rotating the directory enables the subject to see all of the files contained in the directory. Additional examples of manipulation gestures can include turning the UI element upside down to empty its contents, for example, onto a virtual desktop; shaking the UI element to reorder its contents, or have some other effect; tipping the UI element so the subject can “look inside”; or squeezing the UI element, which may have the effect, for example, of minimizing the UI element. In another embodiment, a swipe gesture can move the selected UI element to the recycle bin. 
     At stage  440  the system evaluates whether a manipulation gesture has been detected. If a manipulation gesture was detected, subsequently, at stage  460 , the system checks whether there is a UI element that has been selected. If a UI element has been selected, it may then be manipulated at stage  480 , according to the particular defined behavior of the performed gesture, and the context of the system. In some embodiments, one or more respective cursors identified with the respective fingertips may be managed, to enable navigation, command entry or other manipulation of screen icons, objects or data, by one or more fingers. 
     According to some embodiments, conventional two dimensional icons can be rotated to display an additional dimension to convey additional related information to the user. For example, a window icon may display a list of files in a directory. When the user rotates his/her hand, the window icon is rotated, and a third dimension is displayed that shows the sizes of each file in the directory. 
     In some embodiments, objects on a display screen can be selected by moving a hand over the object and then bringing the fingers closer to the palm of the hand, to “grasp” the object. This is an example of a selection gesture. 
     In some embodiments, after being selected, objects can be placed in the recycling bin with a “swipe” gesture of the hand, moving the hand quickly from one position to another. This is an example of a manipulation gesture. 
     In some embodiments, the distance from the screen can be used in conjunction with the two dimensional projection of the fingers&#39; or hands&#39; locations on the screen. For example, the user can indicate an icon or group of icons on the display screen by moving his finger to draw a circle around the icon(s). Then, as the user moves his hand/finger away from the screen, the size of the circle grows or shrinks correspondingly, changing the area on the screen inside the circle that is selected, and thus changing the number of icons that are selected. 
     In some embodiments, the distance from the screen can be used as a scaling factor. For example, the size of a given object is defined by the distance between the user&#39;s thumb and forefinger. However, the distance from the screen can additionally be used as a scaling factor that multiplies the distance between the thumb and forefinger. 
     In some embodiments, icons can be stacked in front of one another, and the distance of the user&#39;s hand to the screen can be used to select icons. As the user moves his hand closer to the display screen, objects further back in the stack are selected, and as the user&#39;s hand moves away from the display screen, objects toward the top of the stack are selected. 
     In some embodiments, multiple objects on the screen may be selected by the respective fingertips, and may be manipulated in accordance with the fingers&#39; movements. In some embodiments, the distance of the hand or fingers from the screen may affect the size of the screen image. For example, by moving the tracked hand backwards, the screen may zoom out to enable a larger view of the objects being managed. In some embodiments, screen objects may be overlaid, representing multiple levels of objects to be manipulated. In such cases, depth images of the hand and/or fingers or other objects may be used to manipulate objects at different depths, in accordance with the distance of the hand(s), finger(s), or object(s) from the screen. 
       FIG. 5  describes an example usage of a virtual zone as a user command tool, according to some embodiments. As can be seen in  FIG. 5 , at block  500 , a virtual zone is defined at a selected proximity to a depth camera. The virtual zone may be defined as a three-dimensional space at a particular proximity to a depth camera in which close range movements may be tracked, for example, to enable user typing, clicking, screen navigation, etc., using one or more of the user&#39;s body parts or another object. 
     At block  505 , depth data is processed using a tracking module, for example as is described in  FIG. 4  above. At block  510  the system determines whether the user&#39;s hand/finger/commanding object is in the virtual zone. At block  515 , if the user&#39;s hand/finger etc. is within the virtual zone, the system performs or executes the gesture or action indicated by the user. If the user&#39;s hand/finger etc. is not within the virtual zone, the system returns to block  505  to continue to process further depth data using the tracking module, until the system has determined that the user&#39;s hand/finger etc. is within the virtual zone. 
     In accordance with further embodiments, the close range movement tracking system described herein may enable virtual playing of musical instruments through the movements of fingers and/or other objects. In some examples, the positions of the hands may determine selection of a particular instrument. In some embodiments, the depth images of a user&#39;s hands and fingers may be acquired with a depth camera. The data may be processed to enable identification of the positions of the user&#39;s hands from the depth images to determine a selection of an instrument. The depth images may then be used to enable tracking the movements of the user&#39;s fingers from the depth images, where the movements of the user&#39;s fingers virtually operate the instrument. Further, the operation of the virtual instrument may be simulated based on the tracked movements. In some examples, the simulation of operation of the instrument includes providing sounds corresponding to notes played by the user&#39;s finger movements on the instrument. In still further examples, the simulation of operation of the instrument further includes providing a visual display of operation of the instrument on the screen. 
     In still further examples, Sign Language gestures (e.g., American Sign Language or other gesture-based languages) can be identified by the system. In further examples, a gesture based language may be identified, by acquiring depth images of a user&#39;s hands and fingers and/or other body parts with a depth camera, identifying a gesture made by the users hands and fingers and/or other body parts from the depth images as a pre-defined gesture of a gesture-based language, and providing a translation of the pre-identified gesture as an output. In some examples, the output may be text and/or audio, etc. 
     In still further examples, users can also communicate with a system or device by forming pre-defined gestures, such as holding one or more fingers up, “grasping” (moving the fingers closer towards the palm of the hand), waving a hand, snapping fingers, etc. Any of these gestures can be mapped to a particular function of the system. For example, snapping the fingers can place a computer system in “hibernate” mode. The disclosures of described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,970,176, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GESTURE CLASSIFICATION” and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/707,340, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GESTURE RECOGNITION”, provide descriptions for defining such gestures, and are fully incorporated herein by reference. 
     In some embodiments, a user&#39;s head may be tracked, in order to change the perspective of icons displayed on a two dimensional screen. That is, as the user moves to the side, his view of the screen shifts accordingly. 
     In some examples, gestures can be defined which cause consistent, system-wide behavior. For example, any icon/folder can have defined behaviors/characteristics. The following is an example of a set of gestures or signals that can be defined to apply to all folder icons. 
     For a ‘spill’ gesture, the user selects an item and rotates it slightly, so its contents spill out from the top. For a ‘look inside’ gesture, the user selects an item and rotates it so he can view the contents inside the item. For a ‘shake’ gesture, the user selects an object and makes a shaking movement, and a pre-determined action results, such as the alphabetical re-ordering of the contents of the item. For a ‘look behind’ gesture, the user selects an item and rotates it in order to see the “back” of the item, where additional information is available. For example, when a folder containing picture files is rotated, text captions of the pictures are displayed. For a ‘squeeze’ gesture, the user selects an item and squeezes it to minimize the item, or make it disappear from the desktop. In further examples, gestures or movements by multiple objects, such as fingers, arms, eyes, etc., may be determined to indicate additional gestures or signals. In still further examples, gestures or movements by one or more objects with differing styles, speeds, intensities, etc. may be determined to indicate additional gestures or signals. Of course, further gestures or signals or combinations of gestures or signals may be used. 
     In some embodiments, even if the user&#39;s hand is mapped to a virtual representation with one-to-one movements, there are different ways to represent the user&#39;s hand in this virtual space (e.g., on the desktop). In one example, a model of a hand may be tracked, wherein the virtual icon resembles the user&#39;s hand. For example, it remains in the same configuration that the user&#39;s hand is in. In a further example, a medium level of abstraction of the user&#39;s hand may be used. For example, each dot displayed in a virtual space may correspond to one of the user&#39;s fingertips. In an additional example, a higher level of abstraction of the user&#39;s hand may be used, wherein the hand appears as, and functions as, an animated object. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, physics/forces-oriented interactions may be tracked and used. In these examples, gestures may not interact directly with the items. Rather, the gestures may generate forces that interact with the items. For example, instead of defining a “spin” gesture—a specific gesture which makes an object begin spinning—it may be determined that any gesture that can generate this type of physical force accomplishes the task. Spinning an object can effectively be performed in one of several ways, such as waving the hand quickly to generate movement with reasonable velocity, slapping the corner of an item, or gently moving the hand across the item. Of course, further gestures or signals or combinations of gestures or signals may be used. 
     According to some embodiments, different fingers may have different functions. For example, an object may be selected by grabbing it with the user&#39;s hand, such that: the index finger opens it; the middle finger erases it; the ring finger maximizes it etc. Of course, further gestures or signals or combinations of gestures or signals may be used. 
     Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise”, “comprising”, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense (i.e., to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to”), as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense. As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. Such a coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the above Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or,” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. 
     The above Detailed Description of examples of the invention is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed above. While specific examples for the invention are described above for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. While processes or blocks are presented in a given order in this application, alternative implementations may perform routines having steps performed in a different order, or employ systems having blocks in a different order. Some processes or blocks may be deleted, moved, added, subdivided, combined, and/or modified to provide alternative or sub-combinations. Also, while processes or blocks are at times shown as being performed in series, these processes or blocks may instead be performed or implemented in parallel, or may be performed at different times. Further any specific numbers noted herein are only examples. It is understood that alternative implementations may employ differing values or ranges. 
     The various illustrations and teachings provided herein can also be applied to systems other than the system described above. The elements and acts of the various examples described above can be combined to provide further implementations of the invention. 
     Any patents and applications and other references noted above, including any that may be listed in accompanying filing papers, are incorporated herein by reference. Aspects of the invention can be modified, if necessary, to employ the systems, functions, and concepts included in such references to provide further implementations of the invention. 
     These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above Detailed Description. While the above description describes certain examples of the invention, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the invention can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its specific implementation, while still being encompassed by the invention disclosed herein. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the invention should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed in the specification, unless the above Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the invention under the claims. 
     While certain aspects of the invention are presented below in certain claim forms, the applicant contemplates the various aspects of the invention in any number of claim forms. For example, while only one aspect of the invention is recited as a means-plus-function claim under 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, other aspects may likewise be embodied as a means-plus-function claim, or in other forms, such as being embodied in a computer-readable medium. (Any claims intended to be treated under 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶6 will begin with the words “means for.”) Accordingly, the applicant reserves the right to add additional claims after filing the application to pursue such additional claim forms for other aspects of the invention.