Patent Publication Number: US-2023150186-A1

Title: Manufacturing systems and methods for three-dimensional printing

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/035,335 entitled “HYBRID CNC MACHINING/3D PRINTING SYSTEMS AND METHODS THEREOF,” filed on Jun. 5, 2020. The disclosure of the foregoing application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, including but not limited to those portions that specifically appear hereinafter, but except for any subject matter disclaimers or disavowals, and except to the extent that the incorporated material is inconsistent with the express disclosure herein, in which case the language in this disclosure shall control. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to three-dimensional (3D) printing systems and methods, and in particular to systems and methods for efficiently 3D printing a component for powder injection through standard feedstock. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Computer numerical control (CNC) machines process a piece of material (e.g., metal, plastic, wood, ceramic, or composite) to meet specifications by following a coded programmed instruction and without a manual operator. CNC machines utilize drills, saws, etc., to machine the material to meet the desired specifications. In contrast, 3D printing devices are configured for additive manufacturing where material is layered by extruding many layers in succession. 3D printing devices are distinct devices from CNC machines, although they may be utilized in succession. This may result in a delay of producing a final product and potentially add additional operations. Thus, hybrid CNC machining/3D printing systems and methods may be desirable. 
     SUMMARY 
     An extrusion device for use in a 3D printing system, or a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing system is disclosed herein. The extrusion device may comprise: a heating system configured to heat a deposited layer prior to depositing a second layer. In various embodiments, the heating system may facilitate greater bonding of deposited layers relative to typical extrusion devices for 3D printing applications. In various embodiments, the heating system is independent and adaptable to being coupled to a typical computer numerical control (CNC) machining device via a mount, or the like. In various embodiments, the extrusion device includes an actuator configured to translate the extrusion device towards or away from a work piece. 
     In various embodiments, the extrusion devices disclosed herein may be adaptable for use in a three-dimensional (3D) printing device or a hybrid computer numerical control (CNC) machining/3D printing device. In various embodiments, the 3D printing device, whether hybrid or not, may include a spindle, or tool holder, configured to swap out the various extrusion devices or the 3D printing device may include multiple tool holders and hold multiple extrusion devices simultaneously. 
     The extrusion devices disclosed herein may be adaptable for various purposes (i.e., for an initial layer of additive mater to create a rough shape, for a finer layer to define finer features of a respective component, and/or a support layer to provide additional structural support to unsupported areas). The extrusion devices may be utilized in succession (via swapping extrusion devices for swappable systems or immediately for systems with multiple extrusion devices) to create a robust 3D printed component, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     A hybrid computer numerical control (CNC) machining/three-dimensional (3D) printing system is disclosed herein. The system may comprise: a frame having a spindle, the spindle configured to receive a subtractive component; a first extrusion unit coupled to the frame, the first extrusion unit comprising a first heating system, wherein the heating system heats a deposited layer prior to depositing a second layer; and a controller in electrical communication with the frame, the spindle, and the first extrusion unit. 
     In various embodiments, the controller is operable to: command the first extrusion unit to layer a material in a predetermined shape; and command the spindle to machine the material via the subtractive component based on a desired specification. The hybrid CNC machining/3D printing system may further comprise a second extrusion unit coupled to the frame, the second extrusion unit comprising a second heating system in accordance with the first heating system. The first extrusion unit may comprise a first nozzle; the second extrusion unit may comprise a second nozzle; and the first nozzle has a first diameter that may be greater than a second diameter of the second nozzle. In various embodiments, the controller is in electrical communication with the second extrusion unit, and wherein the controller is operable to: command the first extrusion unit to layer a bulk material in a predetermined shape; command the spindle to machine via the subtractive component the bulk material based on a desired specification; and command the second extrusion unit to deposit a second material to fill voids in the bulk material or deposit a support material to add support to the predetermined shape. The system may further comprise a third extrusion unit coupled to the spindle, the third extrusion unit comprising a third heating system in accordance with the first heating system. In various embodiments, the controller is in electrical communication with the second extrusion unit, and wherein the controller is operable to: command the first extrusion unit to layer a bulk material in a predetermined shape; command the subtractive component to machine the bulk material based on a desired specification; command the second extrusion unit to deposit a second material to fill voids in the bulk material; and command the third extrusion unit to deposit a support material to add support to the predetermined shape. 
     A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional (3D) component is disclosed herein. The method may comprise: layering, through a first extrusion unit of a manufacturing system, a first material in a predetermined shape; machining, via the manufacturing system, the first material to a desired specification; and depositing, through a second extrusion unit of the manufacturing system, a second material to fill voids in the first material. The method may further comprise conforming, via a conforming/condensing tool of the manufacturing system, the first material. The method may further comprise depositing, through a third extrusion unit of the manufacturing system, a support material to add support to the predetermined shape. In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit comprises a first nozzle; the second extrusion unit comprises a second nozzle; and the first nozzle has a first diameter greater than a second diameter of the second nozzle. The method may further comprise swapping the first extrusion unit with the second extrusion unit prior to depositing the second material. The first extrusion unit and the second extrusion unit may each comprise a heating system including a hot-air blower configured to heat a material during depositing the material. 
     A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional (3D) component is disclosed herein. The method may comprise: layering, through a first extrusion unit of a manufacturing system, a first material in a predetermined shape, the first extrusion unit including a first nozzle; swapping, via the manufacturing system, the first extrusion unit for a second extrusion unit, the second extrusion unit including a second nozzle, the first nozzle having a first diameter that is greater than a second diameter of the second nozzle; and depositing, through the second extrusion unit of the manufacturing system, a second material to fill voids in the first material. The method may further comprise condensing, via a condensing device of the manufacturing system. Condensing the first material may further comprise heating, via the condensing device, the first material simultaneously. In various embodiments, layering the first material further comprises layering a filament within the first material via a spool feeder of the manufacturing system. 
     A condensing device for use in a 3D printing system is disclosed herein. The condensing device may comprise: a first spindle taper adaptable to be operably coupled to a spindle of a computer numerical control (CNC) machine; a nozzle defining a tip; a housing coupled to the nozzle; a fluid driving system disposed between the first spindle and the nozzle, the fluid driving system configured to drive a fluid towards a fluid outlet disposed proximate to the tip of the nozzle; and a material forming apparatus disposed proximate the tip of the nozzle. 
     In various embodiments, the condensing device may comprise a plumbing system configured to couple to a heating system of the CNC machine. The plumbing system may be configured to receive hot-air during operation of the condensing device via the CNC machine. The condensing system may further comprise a damping system coupled to the material forming apparatus. The damping system may comprise a strut. The fluid driving system may comprise a turbine configured to rotate relative to the housing. 
     An extrusion device for use in a 3D printing system is disclosed herein. The extrusion device may comprise: a drive motor; an auger coupled to the drive motor; a housing assembly, the auger disposed within the housing assembly, the auger configured to translate a material to be deposited through the housing assembly; a hopper in fluid communication with the housing assembly; a heating system coupled to the housing assembly, wherein the heating system heats a deposited layer prior to depositing a second layer; and at least one of a mount or an actuator, wherein at least one of the mount or the actuator can be removably coupled to a computer numerical control (CNC) machining device. 
     In various embodiments, the heating system further comprises a hot-air blower in fluid communication with a hot-air duct. The extrusion device may further comprise a nozzle in fluid communication with the housing assembly. The extrusion device may further comprise an outlet of the hot-air duct, wherein the outlet is disposed radially outward of the nozzle. The heating system may further comprise a first hot-air blower disposed radially outward of the housing assembly. The heating system may further comprise a second hot-air blower disposed radially outward of the housing assembly. The extrusion device may further comprise a spool feeder system configured to feed a filament into the housing assembly and intersect with the material to be deposited. The spool feeder system may comprise a spool, a second drive motor, and a shaft. The second drive motor may be configured to drive the shaft, and wherein the spool is configured to rotate in response to the shaft being driven. 
     The foregoing features and elements may be combined in various combinations without exclusivity, unless expressly indicated otherwise. These features and elements as well as the operation thereof will become more apparent in light of the following description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood; however, the following description and drawings are intended to be exemplary in nature and non-limiting. The contents of this section are intended as a simplified introduction to the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of any claim. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       With reference to the following description and accompanying drawings: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a method for 3D printing a component, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 A  illustrates a perspective view of a hybrid computer numerical control (CNC) machining/three-dimensional (3D) printing system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 B  illustrates a side view of a portion of a hybrid computer numerical control (CNC) machining/three-dimensional (3D) printing system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 C  illustrates a side view of a portion of a hybrid computer numerical control (CNC) machining/three-dimensional (3D) printing system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 D  illustrates a side view of a portion of a hybrid computer numerical control (CNC) machining/three-dimensional (3D) printing system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 E  illustrates a side view of a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) printing system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2 F  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a three-dimensional (3D) printing system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a perspective view of an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a perspective cross-sectional view of an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a perspective view of an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a bottom view of an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  7 A  illustrates an extrusion device having a spool feeder system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  7 B  illustrates a detail view of a spool feeder system for an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  8 A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  8 B  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  8 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of an extrusion device, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  9 A  illustrates a side view of a condensing/conforming tool, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  9 B  illustrates a perspective view of a condensing/conforming tool, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  9 C  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a condensing/conforming tool, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a side view of a condensing/conforming tool, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  11 A-D  illustrate installation of a condensing/conforming tool in a tool holder of a CNC machine, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIGS.  11 E-H  illustrate replacing the condensing/conforming tool with a subtractive component, in accordance with various embodiments; and 
         FIG.  12    illustrates a schematic block diagram of a manufacturing system, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is of various exemplary embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the present disclosure in any way. Rather, the following description is intended to provide a convenient illustration for implementing various embodiments, including the best mode. As will become apparent, various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of the elements described in these embodiments without departing from principles of the present disclosure. 
     For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques and components may not be described in detail herein. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in exemplary systems and/or components thereof. 
     In various embodiments, various components for producing more detailed three-dimensional components in a more efficient manner relative to typical systems and methods is disclosed herein. For example, an improved extrusion device is disclosed herein, which is adaptable to be mounted to a typical CNC machine and/or retrofitted to a typical CNC machine. Additionally, the improved extrusion device may include an independent heating system, such as a hot air blower, or the like configured to heat a layer being deposited, or a layer below a layer being deposited during material deposition to create a stronger bond during an additive process, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the improved extrusion device may further comprise a spool feeder in communication with a nozzle of the improved extrusion device. In this regard, the spool feeder may be configured to feed a filament into the nozzle to be deposited with a material being deposited through the extrusion device to create a composite component that is stronger and/or more robust relative to the material on its own. 
     Also disclosed herein is a condensing/conforming device configured to condense and/or conform material after a deposition step in a 3D printing process, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments the condensing/conforming device is configured to be used subsequently from the extrusion device disclosed herein. In various embodiments, the condensing/conforming tool comprises a heating system configured to heat the material that was previously deposited during the deposition step in order to facilitate greater bonding between layers and a smoother, more uniform component relative to typical systems and processes. 
     In various embodiments, a method for manufacturing a 3D component via a manufacturing system is disclosed herein. The manufacturing system may include a hybrid computer numerical control (CNC) machining/3D printing device including a machining center (e.g., a spindle taper), a first extrusion unit, a second extrusion unit, and/or a third extrusion unit. “Hybrid,” as disclosed herein, refers to a system configured for granular material deposition, subtraction of the material, and/or condensing the material, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device may be configured to manufacture a high quality component, in an efficient manner, without manual assistance during the process. In this regard, the manufacturing system may be configured to lay down a rough shape of the final component with the first extrusion unit, mill the rough shape to predetermined specifications with the mill, fill in any voids with the second extrusion unit, and/or add support material to unsupported areas with the third extrusion unit. The first extrusion unit, the second extrusion unit, and the third extrusion unit may be substantially similar. Each extrusion unit may comprise a removeable nozzle. The removeable nozzle may allow for a nozzle diameter to be varied for a respective extrusion unit. As such, a first extrusion unit may be configured to deposit bulk material with a larger diameter nozzle and the second extrusion unit may be configured to deposit finer particles with a smaller diameter nozzle, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit, the second extrusion unit, and the third extrusion unit may be retrofitted to a typical CNC machine, resulting in the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device. In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit, the second extrusion unit, and the third extrusion unit may be integral to a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device. In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit, the second extrusion unit, and/or the third extrusion unit may comprise a linear actuator. The linear actuator may be configured to translate a respective extrusion unit prior to, or during, a layering and/or depositing step of a method of manufacturing as described herein. Although described herein as comprising a mill, any subtractive machining component of a CNC machining device is within the scope of this disclosure. For example, a lathe configured for turning, facing, parting, grooving, drilling, milling, and/or any combination of the subtractive machining components are within the scope of this disclosure. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1   , a method for manufacturing a 3D component is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. The method  100  comprises layering, via a manufacturing system, a first material in a predetermined shape (step  102 ). The manufacturing system may comprise a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device, or a 3D printing device and a CNC machine, in accordance with various embodiments. The manufacturing system may comprise a mill, and at least one extrusion unit. The mill may be configured for subtractive manufacturing and at least one extrusion unit may be configured for additive manufacturing. The predetermined shape may be a rough shape of the 3D component. The first material may be layered via a first extrusion unit of the 3D printing device. The first material may comprise a ceramic injection molding (CIM) powder, a metal injection molding (MIM) powder, a polymer based material, or any other 3D printing material known in the art. The first extrusion unit may be configured to deposit a bulk of the first material in the rough shape of the 3D component. 
     In various embodiments, the method  100  further comprises condensing, or conforming, via the manufacturing system, the first material (step  103 ). Although illustrated as condensing/conforming prior to machining in step  104 , the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. For example, the condensing or conforming step  103  may be utilized after any other step in method  100 , in accordance with various embodiments. The manufacturing system may further comprise a condensing/conforming tool, which will be described further herein. The condensing/conforming tool may be adaptable to a CNC tool changer as described further herein. In this regard, various condensing/conforming tools may be utilized based on specific applications, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     In various embodiments, the method  100  further comprises machining, via the manufacturing system, the first material to a desired specification (step  104 ). In various embodiments, the machining may comprise turning or drilling, or more preferably milling. A machining component, such as a mill, may be a component of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device. The desired specification may correspond to desired geometric constraints of the 3D component to be printed. In this regard, the machining step may result in a machined component that is within the desired specification of the 3D component to be manufactured. 
     In various embodiments, the method  100  further comprises depositing, via the manufacturing system, a second material to fill voids in the first material and/or create finer features of the 3D component (step  106 ). In various embodiments, step  106  may be performed before or after steps  103 ,  104 . The second material may be deposited via a second extrusion unit of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device. The second material may comprise a ceramic injection molding (CIM) powder, a metal injection molding (MIM) powder, a polymer based material, or any other 3D printing material known in the art. The second material may be the same as the first material. The second extrusion unit may be configured to deposit a smaller portion of the second material relative to the first extrusion unit. For example, the second extrusion unit may comprise a nozzle having a smaller cross-sectional diameter relative to a nozzle of the first extrusion unit. In this regard, in accordance with various embodiments, the second extrusion unit may be configured to deposit a smaller diameter of material relative to the first extrusion unit for finer features and/or to fill in voids left from the first material. 
     In various embodiments, the method  100  further comprises depositing, via the manufacturing system, a support material to add support to the predetermined shape (step  108 ). The second material may be deposited via a third extrusion unit of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device. In various embodiments, a 3D component may comprise a flange, or any other feature that may need additional support to prevent collapsing of the feature. In this regard, a support material may be deposited to provide the additional support to the 3D component. In various embodiments, the support material may be a different material than the first material and/or the second material. For example, the support material may comprise a polyethylene glycol (PEG) material, a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) material, or the like. In various embodiments, the support material may comprise a material configured to be thermally removed, such as a wax material or any other material capable of being removed when exposed to heat. Also, in various embodiments, removal of the support material via a solvent-based process is within the scope of this disclosure. 
     Although described herein with three extrusion units configured for additive manufacturing, one milling component configured for subtractive manufacturing, and one condensing/conforming tool, the manufacturing system herein may include any combination of subtractive manufacturing components, condensing/conforming tools, and additive manufacturing components on a single hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device. For example, in accordance with various embodiments, a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device includes at least one subtractive manufacturing component (e.g., a mill, a lathe, a drill, etc.), at least one condensing/conforming tool, and/or at least one additive manufacturing component (e.g., a first extrusion unit, a second extrusion unit, a third extrusion unit, etc.). 
     In various embodiments, the method  100  disclosed herein is faster and more efficient relative to typical manufacturing processes. For example, by utilizing a hybrid, multi-functional, system, a 3D printed component does not have to change between a 3D printing machine and a CNC machine to switch from performing an additive step and a subtractive step, in accordance with various embodiments. In this regard, significant time may be saved during the method  100  from  FIG.  1   , in accordance with various embodiments. Furthermore, tighter tolerances and/or stronger bonding between layers may be obtained via method  100  through using the conforming/condensing tool throughout the process  100  (e.g., step  103 ) and/or heating throughout the depositing steps (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108 ) in accordance with various embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2 A , a perspective view of a manufacturing system  200  configured to manufacture a 3D component in accordance with method  100  from  FIG.  1   , is illustrated in accordance with various embodiments. The manufacturing system  200  may comprise a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201 . In various embodiments, the manufacturing system  200  may comprise an additive component configured for additive manufacturing (e.g., a first extrusion unit  210 ) and a CNC tool (e.g., a subtractive component  240  configured for a subtractive manufacturing process, such as a mill  241 , a lathe, a drill, etc.). Although illustrated in  FIG.  2 A  as a subtractive component  240 , the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. For example, in various embodiments, the subtractive component  240  may be swapped out via the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  with a condensing/conforming tool as described further herein. In this regard, in response to swapping out to a condensing/conforming tool, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  may be configured to conform a 3D printed component at various stages in the manufacturing process as described further herein (i.e., during manufacturing step  103  from method  100 ). In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  may comprise more than one additive component (e.g., first extrusion unit  210 ) and/or more than one CNC tool (e.g., multiple subtractive components  240 , a single subtractive component  240  and a condensing/conforming tool, etc.) as described previously herein. In this regard, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  is configured to more efficiently produce a high quality 3D component without human interference between an additive step, a condensing/conforming step, and/or a subtractive step of a manufacturing process (e.g., method  100  from  FIG.  1   ). In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  is configured to subtractive manufacturing, additive manufacturing, and/or condensing/conforming a respective component along three to five axis (e.g., along an X-Y-Z axis, along X-Y-Z axis and a rotational axis, along X-Y-Z axis and two rotational axis, or as many axis as current CNC machines enable). In various embodiments, the manufacturing system  200  comprises a vertical machining system (e.g., hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A ) or a horizontal machining system (e.g., hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D ). 
     The hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  may be configured to print a rough shape of a 3D component with a first extrusion unit  210  (e.g., step  102  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ). In this regard, the first extrusion unit  210  may be configured to receive the first material via a hopper, or the like as described further herein. In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  may be configured to machine with the subtractive component  240  the rough shape of the 3D component to a desired specification (e.g., step  104  from  FIG.  1   ). 
     In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  may be configured to deposit a second material to fill voids in the first material (e.g., step  106  from  FIG.  1   ). In this regard, in accordance with various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  may comprise a second extrusion unit  220  configured to receive the second material via a hopper, or the first extrusion unit  210  may be configured to change a diameter of a respective nozzle and receive the second material. In various embodiments, the first material is the same as the second material. In various embodiments, the second material may be a finer diameter/particulate than the first material. In this regard, the second material may be configured for more detailed additive features of the 3D component. In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  may be configured to deposit a support material to add support to the predetermined shape (e.g., step  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ). As such, the support material may be a different material than the first material and/or the second material. 
     In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  further comprises a first frame  202 , a second frame  204 , and a work table  206 . The second frame  204  and the work table  206  may each be coupled to the first frame  202 . The first frame  202  is a fixed frame. In various embodiments, the second frame  204  includes a spindle  205 . The spindle  205  comprises a motor, a taper for holding tools (referred herein as a “tool holder” and/or a “spindle”), and a shaft that holds together the separate components. In various embodiments, the second frame  204  may be configured to move relative to the first frame  202 . In this regard, second frame  204  may be a moving frame in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the work table  206  may be configured to move relative to the frames  202 ,  204 . In this regard, frames  202 ,  204  may be fixed in various embodiments. In various embodiments, both the work table  206  and the second frame  204  may be configured to move relative to the first frame  202 . During an additive step (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 , and/or  108  from  FIG.  1   ), material may be deposited on the work table  206 , during a condensing/conforming step (e.g., step  103 ), the material may be condensed/conformed on the work table  206 , and/or during a subtractive step (e.g., step  104 ), the material may be machined on the work table  206 . 
     Although illustrated as having extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230  and the subtractive component  240  being coupled to the same frame (e.g., frame  204 ), the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. For example, with brief reference to  FIG.  2 D  the extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230  may be coupled to a first frame  207 , and the subtractive component  240  may be coupled to a spindle disposed on a second frame  209 , in accordance with various embodiments. When coupled to separate frames (e.g., frames  207 ,  209  of  FIG.  2 D ), the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  of the manufacturing system  200  may be configured to perform an additive step (e.g., step  102 ,  106 , and/or  108 ) near simultaneously with a subtractive step (e.g., step  104 ), resulting in a more efficient manufacturing process, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     In various embodiments, the subtractive component  240 , the first extrusion unit  210 , the second extrusion unit  220 , the third extrusion unit  230 , the spindle  205 , and/or the work table  206  are in electric communication with a controller  208 . The controller may be disposed anywhere on the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201 . In various embodiments, the controller may be disposed on the spindle  205 , but the disclosure is not limited in this regard. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2 B , a side view of a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  of a manufacturing system  200  with an extrusion unit (e.g., first extrusion unit  210 ) in a first position is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. Although illustrated as comprising the first extrusion unit  210 , any extrusion unit may be configured in accordance with  FIG.  2 B . For example, second extrusion unit  220  and/or third extrusion unit  230  may be in accordance with the first extrusion unit  210  of  FIG.  2 B . In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit  210  comprises an actuator  212  (e.g., a linear actuator). In various embodiments, the actuator  212  is configured to translate the extrusion unit (e.g., first extrusion unit  210 ) relative to an extrusion unit housing. For example, with reference now to  FIG.  2 C , the first extrusion unit  210  may translate from a first position (e.g.,  FIG.  2 B ) to a second position (e.g.,  FIG.  2 C ) during a layering and/or depositing step from method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 , and/or  108 ). 
     In various embodiments, the extrusion units disclosed herein (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230 ) are not limited to hybrid CNC machining/3D printing devices  201 ,  203 . For example, with reference now to  FIGS.  2 E- 2 F , extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230  may be configured and adaptable for a 3D printing device  211 . In this regard, extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230  may be used in a 3D printing system, a hybrid machining/3D printing system, or the like. Although illustrated as having multiple extrusion units (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230 ) all coupled to frame  204  of  FIG.  2 A  simultaneously, the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. For example, as shown in  FIGS.  2 E-F , an additive tool holder  213  of a 3D printing device  211  may be adaptable to couple to each extrusion unit disclosed herein (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230 ) independently and swap out extrusion units when moving to a next step in method  100  from  FIG.  1   . Although illustrated as being a part of 3D printing device  211 , the single tool holder  213  for extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230  may be utilized in hybrid CNC machining/3D printing devices  201 ,  203 , in accordance with various embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3   , a perspective view of an extrusion device  300 , in accordance with various embodiments, is illustrated. In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit  210 , the second extrusion unit  220 , and/or the third extrusion unit  230  may be in accordance with extrusion device  300 . In various embodiments, the extrusion device  300  includes a drive motor  310 , a hopper  320 , a housing assembly  330 , a heating system  340 , and a nozzle  350 . In various embodiments, the drive motor  310  is configured to drive an auger, a screw, a plunger, or the like disposed in the housing assembly  330 . The hopper  320  may be in fluid communication with the housing assembly  330 . In this regard a material is fed through the hopper  320  into the housing assembly  330 . The housing assembly  330  may be configured to mount to a continuous feed system (i.e., an autoloader common in plastic injection molding) configured to couple to the hopper  320 . The continuous feed system may be configured to feed a material into the housing assembly  330  via the hopper  320 , and the drive motor  310  may drive the material out through the nozzle  350  during a layering or depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  102 ,  106 , and/or  108 ). The housing assembly  330  may be configured to mount to the CNC machine and convert the CNC machine to a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device (e.g., hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIGS.  2 A- 2 C  or hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D , or 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E ). For example, the extrusion device  300  may further comprise a mount  360 . The mount  360  may be configured to mount to a typical CNC machine by any method known in the art (e.g., fasteners, welding, brazing, casting, machining, etc.). 
     In various embodiments, the heating system  340  comprises a hot-air blower  342 , a heater housing  344 , and a hot-air duct  346 . “Hot-air” as described herein refers to air that is heated between approximately 38° C. (100° F.) and 200° C. (392° F.). In various embodiments the hot-air blower  342  is housed in the heater housing  344  and configured to output hot-air through the hot-air duct  346 . The hot-air that is disposed through the hot-air duct may be configured to heat a layer of material below a layer being deposited during the layering step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  102 ), and/or heat a layer of material below a layer during a depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108 ). In this regard, an output of the hot-air duct  346  may be disposed circumferentially around the nozzle  350 . Thus, the hot-air may directly contact a layer below a layer being deposited (e.g., during steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ), thereby promoting adhesion of the bottom layer to the layer being deposited. In various embodiments, since the hot-air blower is an independent component separate from a CNC machine or a 3D printing device, the extrusion device  300  includes its own independent heating source. In this regard, the hot-air blower  342  may facilitate the adaptability of the extrusion device with a typical CNC machine without a heating mechanism, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     Although described herein as comprising a hot-air blower, any heating component capable of locally heating a material being deposited is within the scope of this disclosure. In various embodiments, by heating a layer below a layer being deposited, a system for heating the work environment during an additive manufacturing step (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ) may be eliminated. Additionally, in accordance with various embodiments, by having a heating system  340  coupled to the housing assembly  330  of the extrusion device  300 , the extrusion device  300  may be retrofitted onto a typical CNC machine and convert the CNC machine to a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device (e.g., hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A  or hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D  or a 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E ). 
     In various embodiments, the housing assembly  330  comprises a heat sink  332  and heater band(s)/elements  334 . In various embodiments, the heater band(s)/elements  334  are configured to heat the material being extruded through the housing assembly  330  of the extrusion device  300  indirectly through the heat sink  332 . For example, the heater band(s)/elements  334  may be electrically coupled to a controller (e.g., controller  208  from  FIG.  2 A ). The controller may send a signal to the heater band(s)/elements  334  to begin electrical heating. The heater band(s)/elements  334  may electrically warm an external surface of the heat sink  332 . The heat sink  332  may be any material known in the art. In various embodiments, the heat sink  332  may conduct heat generated from the heater band(s)/elements  334  and/or transfer the heat to the material being extruded through the extrusion device  300 . In various embodiments, the heat band(s)/elements  334  may comprise a low conductive material to minimize the thermal transfer up the housing of the device to keep the material from melting in the hopper and clogging. In this regard, the material being layered or deposited may be heated during extrusion from the extrusion device  300  via the heater band(s)/elements  334  and heated after being layered or deposited via the heating system  340  during a layering and/or depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108 ). In various embodiments, by heating during extrusion, the extrusion device  300  may facilitate bonding during the depositing and/or layering steps (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ). 
     In various embodiments, the extrusion device  300  may further comprise a speed controller  370 . The speed controller  370  may be electrically coupled to the drive motor  310 . In various embodiments, the speed controller  370  is configured to vary an extrusion speed of the drive motor  310 . In this regard, the speed controller  370  may be adjusted to either speed up or slow down an extrusion speed of the drive motor based on a desired application of the extrusion device  300 . In various embodiments, the speed controller  370  may be in electrical communication with a controller (e.g., controller  208  from  FIG.  2 A ) for a respective hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device. 
     In various embodiments, the housing assembly  330  may further comprise a thermocouple mount  336 . The thermocouple mount  336  may be configured to receive a thermocouple mounted thereon as described further herein. A thermocouple may be configured to monitor an extrusion temperature for the material being disposed through the housing assembly during a layering and/or depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108 ). In this regard, heater band(s)/elements  334  may be adjusted in response to measurements by a respective thermocouple to ensure the material is heated to a desired temperature during the extrusion process. In various embodiments, the thermocouple may be configured to be in electrical communication with a controller (e.g., controller  208  from  FIG.  1   ). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4   , a perspective cross-sectional view of an extrusion device  300 , in accordance with various embodiments, is illustrated. In various embodiments, the extrusion device  300  further comprises an auger  380  disposed in the housing assembly  330 . The auger  380  may be operably coupled to the drive motor  310 . In this regard, the auger  380  is configured to rotate about a centerline of the auger  380  by the drive motor  310 . In various embodiments, by rotating the auger  380  about an axis defined by a centerline of the auger, a material may translate downward through the housing assembly  330  and out through the nozzle  350 . In this regard, material may be fed through hopper outlet  322  into the housing assembly  330 , the material may translate downward in response to auger  380  rotating about the centerline of the auger, and the material may be extruded out the nozzle  350 , in accordance with various embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5   , a perspective view of an extrusion device  500 , in accordance with various embodiments, is illustrated. In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit  210 , the second extrusion unit  220 , and/or the third extrusion unit  230  may be in accordance with extrusion device  500 . In various embodiments, the extrusion device  500  includes a drive motor  310 , a hopper  320 , a housing assembly  330 , a heating system  540 , and a nozzle  350 . In various embodiments, the heating system  540  comprises a first hot-air blower  542  disposed radially outward from the housing assembly  330 . In various embodiments, any combination of components from extrusion device  500  and extrusion device  300  is within the scope of this disclosure. 
     In various embodiments the first hot-air blower  542  is coupled to the housing assembly  330 , disposed within a first heating housing  544  and configured to output hot-air through the first hot-air duct  546 . The hot-air that is disposed through the hot-air duct may be configured to heat a layer of material below a layer being deposited during the layering step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  102 ), and/or heat a layer of material below a layer during a depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108 ). In this regard, an output of the first hot-air duct  546  may be disposed circumferentially around the nozzle  350 . Thus, the hot-air may directly contact a layer below a layer being deposited (e.g., during steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ) promoting adhesion of the bottom layer to the layer being deposited. In various embodiments, by heating a layer below a layer being deposited, a system for heating the work environment during an additive manufacturing step (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ) may be eliminated. Additionally, in accordance with various embodiments, by having a heating system  540  coupled to the housing assembly  330  of the extrusion device  300 , the extrusion device  300  may be retrofitted onto a typical CNC machine and convert the CNC machine to a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device (e.g., hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A  or a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D  or a 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E ). 
     In various embodiments, the heating system  540  may further comprise a second hot-air blower  552 . Although illustrated as comprising two hot-air blowers, any number of hot-air blowers is within the scope of this disclosure. For example, in accordance with various embodiments, the extrusion device  500  may comprise between 1 and 4 hot-air blowers, or more preferably, approximately 2 hot-air blowers. The second hot-air blower  552  may be in accordance with the first hot-air blower  542 . In various embodiments, the second hot-air blower  552  may be disposed on an opposite side of the first hot-air blower  542 . For example, the second hot-air blower  552  may be disposed approximately 180 degrees from the first hot-air blower  542  about a centerline of a respective auger of extrusion device  500 . 
     In various embodiments, the extrusion device  500  further comprises a temperature sensor  560 . The temperature sensor  560  may be coupled to the housing assembly  330  by any method known in the art, such as fasteners, or the like. The temperature sensor  560  may be in operable communication with a plenum within the housing assembly  330 . In this regard, the temperature sensor  560  may monitor the temperature within the housing assembly  330  during operation of the extrusion device  500  (e.g., during a layering step  102  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   , and/or during a depositing step  106  and/or  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ). 
     In various embodiments, the extrusion device  500  further comprises an electrical connector  338  coupled to the heater band(s)/elements  334 . The electrical connector  338  may be configured to be electrically coupled to a controller (e.g., controller  208  from  FIG.  2 A ). In this regard, the heater band(s)/elements  334  may be programmable to maintain a constant temperature, a range of temperatures, or vary a temperature during a manufacturing process (e.g., method  100  from  FIG.  1   ), in accordance with various embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6   , a bottom-up view of an extrusion device  500 , in accordance with various embodiments, is illustrated. The extrusion device  500  may further comprise a first outlet  547  of the first hot-air blower  542  in fluid communication with the first hot-air duct  546 . Similarly, the extrusion device  500  may further comprise a second outlet  557  of the second hot-air blower  552  in fluid communication with the second hot-air duct  556 . The first outlet  547  and the second outlet  557  may be disposed radially outward from a nozzle outlet  357  of nozzle  350 . In this regard, the heat that is disposed through the hot-air ducts  546 ,  556  may be configured to heat a layer of material below a layer being deposited during the layering step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  102 ), and/or heat a layer of material below a layer during a depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108 ). Thus, the hot-air may directly contact a layer below a layer being deposited (e.g., during steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ) promoting adhesion of the bottom layer to the layer being deposited. In various embodiments, by heating a layer below a layer being deposited, a system for heating the work environment during an additive manufacturing step (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ) may be eliminated. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7 A , a perspective view of an extrusion device  700 , in accordance with various embodiments, is illustrated. In various embodiments, the first extrusion unit  210 , the second extrusion unit  220 , and/or the third extrusion unit  230  may be in accordance with extrusion device  700 . In various embodiments, the extrusion device  700  includes a drive motor  310 , a hopper  320  from  FIGS.  3  and  5   , a housing assembly  330 , a heating system  540 , a nozzle  350 , and a spool feeder system  760 . Although illustrated with heating system  540 , the extrusion device  700  is not limited in this regard. For example, the extrusion device  700  may comprise the heating system  340  from  FIG.  3   , in accordance with various embodiments. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7 B , a detail view of the spool feeder system  760  is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. The spool feeder system  760  comprises a spool  762  and a drive motor  764 . The spool  762  is coupled to the housing assembly  330 . In various embodiments, the spool  762  includes a shaft  766  and a wheel  768 . The wheel  768  is configured to rotate about the shaft  766  in response to drive motor  764  driving a filament  761  toward the nozzle  350  to form an extruded bead and create a composite material (i.e., the first material of step  102  and the filament  761 , the second material of step  106  and the filament  761 , and/or the support material of step  108  and the filament). In this regard, any of the extrusion devices herein may be configured to include the spool feeder system  760  to facilitate a composite 3D printed component. 
     In various embodiments, the filament may comprise a silicon carbon fiber, such as that sold under the trademarks Nicalon™, Hi-Nicalon™, Hi-Nicalon™ Type S, or the like. The silicon carbide fiber may provide high strength, heat and corrosion resistance, and/or provide improved performance opportunities to ceramic, plastic, and/or metal matrices (e.g., CMC, PMC, MMC as described previously herein). 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  8 A- 8 C , cross-sectional view of various extrusion units  800 A,  800 B,  800 C are illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, a nozzle&#39;s diameter/shape may be sized and configured based on desired function of a respective extrusion unit. For example, the first extrusion unit  210  from  FIG.  2 A or  2 F  may comprise a large diameter nozzle (e.g., nozzle  850 C from  FIG.  8 C ) and be configured to bulk deposit a material during a layering step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  102 ). In various embodiments, the second extrusion unit  220  from  FIGS.  2 B and  2 F  may comprise a small nozzle (e.g., nozzle  850 A from  FIG.  8 A ) and be configured to deposit a fine particulate during a depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  106 ). In various embodiments, the support material may be deposited through the third extrusion unit  230  from  FIGS.  2 B and  2 F  through a medium diameter nozzle (e.g., nozzle  850 B from  FIG.  8 B ) during a depositing step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  108 ). In various embodiments, the support material may be deposited utilizing any diameter nozzle (e.g., nozzles  850 A,  850 B,  850 C of  FIGS.  800 A- 800 C ). 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  9 A-C , various views of a condensing/conforming tool  250  are illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the condensing/conforming tool  250  comprises a plumbing system  910 , a material forming apparatus  920 , a fluid driving system  930 , a damping system  940 , an adapter  950 , and a tip  960 . 
     In various embodiments, the plumbing system  910  comprises a fluid conduit  912 , a fluid inlet  914  and a coupling  916 . The fluid conduit  912  is configured to route hot-air from the fluid inlet  914  through the fluid conduit  912  and out the tip  960 . In this regard, as material forming apparatus  920  is condensing/conforming a pre-deposited material (e.g., after step  102 , step  106 , and/or step  108 ), the hot-air may soften the pre-deposited material and facilitate bonding with prior layers, in accordance with various embodiments. The coupling  916  is configured to couple to a heating system of a typical CNC machine. In this regard, the coupling  916  may be configured to removably couple to a heating system (e.g., coupling  918  in  FIG.  9 A  of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A , the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D , or the 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E ). 
     In various embodiments, the material forming apparatus  920  comprises a sphere  922 . Although illustrated as comprising a sphere, the present disclosure is not limited in this regard. For example, the material forming apparatus  920  could be various shapes, such as hemispherical, cylindrical, or the like. The material forming apparatus  920  extends at least partially through an outlet  962  of the tip  960 . The material forming apparatus  920  may be coupled to a strut  942  of the damping system  940 , in accordance with various embodiments. The damping system  940  is configured to facilitate damping of the material forming apparatus  920  during operation of the condensing/conforming tool  250 . For example, the damping system  940  allows the material forming apparatus  920  to move axially along a central axis of the strut  942 . In this regard, the damping system may compensate for form discrepancies when pressure is applied and/or prevent damage to a respective part or the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A , the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D , and/or the 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E  during use, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the damping system  940  may comprise a gas shock strut system, a spring loaded system, or the like. 
     In various embodiments, the fluid driving system  930  may comprise a fan  932  mounted to a spindle  934 . In various embodiments, the spindle  934  is configured to operably couple to the spindle  205  of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A , the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D , and/or the 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E . In this regard, spindle  934  and spindle  205  may be configured to rotate together relative to the frame  204  from  FIG.  2 A  in response to the condensing/conforming tool  250  being coupled to the spindle  205  of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201 . 
     In various embodiments, the fan  932  is configured to drive the hot-air from the fluid conduit  912  of plumbing system  910 . In this regard, the fan  932  may rotate about an axis defined by the spindle  934 , forcing from the fluid conduit  912  via suction or the like. In various embodiments, the fan  932  may additionally pressurize the material forming apparatus  920 , in accordance with various embodiments. In this regard, the fluid driving system  930  may be a dual purpose system (i.e., providing additional pressure for conforming the deposited material more efficiently and/or softening the deposited material by pulling hot-air from the fluid conduit  912  of the plumbing system  910 ). 
     In various embodiments, the fluid driving system  930  comprises bearings  936 . The bearing  936  may facilitate efficient rotation of the spindle  934  and the fan  932 . In various embodiments, any type of bearings may be utilized for bearings  936 , such as roller bearings, ball bearings, or the like. The present disclosure is not limited in this regard. The fan  932  is configured to rotate relative to housing  970 . In this regard, the condensing/conforming tool  250  may further comprise a disengagement pin  972  coupled to the housing  970  that is configured to keep the housing  970  stationary during operation of the fluid driving system  930 . For example, the disengagement pin  972  is configured to engage a receptacle in a tool holder of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A , the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D , and/or the 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E  as described further herein. 
     In various embodiments, the adapter  950  is coupled to a radially outer surface of the spindle  934 . Although illustrated as being separate components, the adapter  950  may be monolithic with the spindle  934 , in accordance with various embodiments. The adapter  950  is configured to operably couple a tool holder of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A  to the spindle  934 . In this regard, the tool holder may be operably coupled to the controller  208  from  FIG.  2 A , and the controller  208  may be configured to drive the spindle  934 , via operation of the tool holder, in accordance with various embodiments. 
     In various embodiments, the condensing/conforming tool  250  is adaptable to typical CNC machining tool holders. In this regard, the condensing/conforming tool  250  may be retrofit into any existing CNC machining tool drive system and be operated as described herein. The condensing/conforming tool  250  may facilitate smoother bonding between various layers during manufacturing of a 3D printed product (e.g., during method  100  from  FIG.  1   ). As described further herein, the condensing/conforming tool  250  may be swapped out with a subtractive component  240  of a CNC machine or of a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A  and/or a hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  10   , a side view of a condensing/conforming tool  1000  is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the condensing/conforming tool  1000  may comprise a plumbing system  910  from  FIGS.  9 A-C , a material forming apparatus  920 , a fluid driving system  1030 , a damping system  940 , an adapter  950 , and a nozzle  1060 . 
     In various embodiments, the fluid driving system  1030  may comprise a turbine  1032 . In various embodiments, the turbine  1032  may comprise a Pelton turbine design (i.e., the turbine  1032  may be configured to rotate irrespective of the spindle  934 ). For example, the turbine  1032  may be configured to rotate in response to compressed air blowing on a bucket of each turbine blade in the turbine  1032 , in accordance with various embodiments. 
     In various embodiments, the nozzle  1060  comprises a plurality of fluid outlets  1062  disposed proximate the material forming apparatus  920 . In various embodiments, the tip  960  may also comprise the plurality of fluid outlets  1062 . The plurality of fluid outlets  1062  may be disposed radially outward from the material forming apparatus  920  and oriented along an axis defined by the spindle  934 . In this regard, hot-air may be oriented towards a material that is being condensed or conformed in accordance with step  103  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   . 
     With reference now to  FIGS.  11 A-H , a condensing/conforming tool  250  being installed ( FIGS.  11 A-E ) in tool holder  1002  of the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  and being replaced with a subtractive component  240  ( FIGS.  11 F-H ) are illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. In various embodiments, the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  comprises an arm  260 . The arm  260  is configured to grab a respective tool (e.g., the subtractive component  240  or the condensing/conforming tool  250 ) from a tool storage area, rotate the tool to a spindle taper  270 , and couple the tool to the spindle taper  270 , or a spindle  205  from  FIG.  2 A , in accordance with various embodiments. The arm  260  is in operable communication with the controller  208  from  FIG.  2 A . The spindle taper  270  may comprise a receptacle configured to receive the spindle of the condensing/conforming tool  250 . In this regard, the spindle taper  270  may comprise a drive motor configured to rotate the spindle as described further herein. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  12   , a schematic block diagram of a manufacturing system  200  from  FIG.  2    is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments. Manufacturing system  200  includes a controller  208  in electrical communication with the frame  204 , spindle  205 , the drive motor  310  of each extrusion unit from  FIG.  2 A  (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230 ), the heating system  340 ,  540  of each extrusion unit from  FIG.  2 A  (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230 ), the actuator  212  of each extrusion unit from  FIG.  2 A  (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230 ), a power source  804 , and/or the temperature sensor  560  from each extrusion unit from  FIG.  2 A  (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230 ). In various embodiments a CNC tool (e.g., subtractive component  240 , condensing/conforming tool  250 , or the like) may be operable by the controller through the spindle  205  from  FIG.  2 A . In this regard, controller  208  may be configured to command spindle  205  to rotate, which in turn may rotate a spindle of a respective CNC tool (e.g., subtractive component  240 , condensing/conforming tool  250 , or the like). Although described herein with respect to hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A , the system  200  is also applicable to the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  203  from  FIG.  2 D  and the 3D printing device  211  from  FIG.  2 E  except as otherwise provided herein. 
     In various embodiments, controller  208  may be integrated into a microcontroller disposed within the hybrid CNC machining/3D printing device  201  from  FIG.  2 A . In various embodiments, controller  208  may be configured as a central network element or hub to access various systems and components of manufacturing system  200 . Controller  208  may comprise a network, computer-based system, and/or software components configured to provide an access point to various systems and components of manufacturing system  200 . In various embodiments, controller  208  may comprise a processor. In various embodiments, controller  208  may be implemented in a single processor. In various embodiments, controller  208  may be implemented as and may include one or more processors and/or one or more tangible, non-transitory memories and be capable of implementing logic. Each processor can be a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof. Controller  208  may comprise a processor configured to implement various logical operations in response to execution of instructions, for example, instructions stored on a non-transitory, tangible, computer-readable medium configured to communicate with controller  208 . In various embodiments, the power source  804  may comprise a battery, an electrical outlet, or the like. 
     System program instructions and/or controller instructions may be loaded onto a non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, in response to execution by a controller, cause the controller to perform various operations. The term “non-transitory” is to be understood to remove only propagating transitory signals per se from the claim scope and does not relinquish rights to all standard computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory signals per se. Stated another way, the meaning of the term “non-transitory computer-readable medium” and “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” should be construed to exclude only those types of transitory computer-readable media which were found in In Re Nuijten to fall outside the scope of patentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. § 101. 
     In various embodiments, the heating system  340 ,  540  comprises at least one hot-air blower (e.g., hot-air blowers  342 ,  542 ,  552 ) and at least one temperature sensor  802 . In various embodiments the heating system  340 ,  540  may comprise a temperature sensor for each hot-air blower. In this regard, an output temperature of each hot-air blower may be monitored by controller  208  and a temperature of the respective hot-air blower may be adjusted in response to the monitoring by the controller  208 . 
     In various embodiments, the controller  208  may be configured to turn on the CNC tool (e.g., subtractive component  240 , condensing/conforming tool  250 , or the like) through spindle  205  disposed in frame  204  of  FIG.  2 A  in response to completing a layering step of method  100  from  FIG.  1    (e.g., step  102  from method  100 ). In various embodiments, the controller  208  may be configured to transition from a first CNC tool to a second CNC tool (e.g., from condensing/conforming tool  250  to subtractive component  240  or vice versa). In this regard, in response to completing step  103  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   , the controller  208  may swap out the condensing/conforming tool  250  to the subtractive component  240  as shown in  FIGS.  11 A-H , in accordance with various embodiments. In this regard, when a subtractive step begins in method  100  (e.g., step  104 ), the subtractive component  240  may be turned on and the spindle  205  may translated based on a desired specification for a respective 3D component based on what needs to be removed from the rough shape produced in the layering step (e.g., step  102  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ). 
     In various embodiments, a drive motor  310  for each extrusion unit (e.g., first extrusion unit  210 , second extrusion unit  220 , and/or third extrusion unit  230  from  FIG.  2 A ) may be in electrical, or wireless, communication with the controller  208 . In this regard, based on which step of method  100  the manufacturing system  200  is on, a respective drive motor  310  may be turned on. For example, during a layering step (e.g., step  102 ), a drive motor  310  of the first extrusion unit  210  may be turned on and the spindle  205  may translate based on a desired rough shape of the respective 3D component to be printed. Similarly, during a depositing step (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108 ) a drive motor  310  of the second extrusion unit  220  or the third extrusion unit  230  may be turned on and the spindle  205  may be translated based on the desired depositing locations for the respective support material or finer material. 
     In various embodiments, the controller  208  is configured to translate actuator  212  of a respective extrusion unit (e.g., first extrusion unit  210 , second extrusion unit  220 , and/or third extrusion unit  230 ). In this regard, in accordance with various embodiments, during a layering or depositing step (e.g., steps  102 ,  106 ,  108  of method  100  from  FIG.  1   ), the controller  208  may command the actuator  212  of a respective extrusion unit (e.g., extrusion units  210 ,  220 ,  230  from  FIG.  2 A ) to translate based on a desired specification of a respective 3D component being manufactured. 
     While the principles of this disclosure have been shown in various embodiments, many modifications of structure, arrangements, proportions, the elements, materials and components, used in practice, which are particularly adapted for a specific environment and operating requirements may be used without departing from the principles and scope of this disclosure. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure has been described with reference to various embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the specification is to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Likewise, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to various embodiments. However, benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or element. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Also, as used herein, the terms “coupled,” “coupling,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a physical connection, an electrical connection, a magnetic connection, an optical connection, a communicative connection, a functional connection, and/or any other connection. When language similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and C” is used in the specification or claims, the phrase is intended to mean any of the following: (1) at least one of A; (2) at least one of B; (3) at least one of C; (4) at least one of A and at least one of B; (5) at least one of B and at least one of C; (6) at least one of A and at least one of C; or (7) at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C.