Patent Publication Number: US-2010109550-A1

Title: LED Dimming Techniques Using Spread Spectrum Modulation

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application hereby claims priority from and incorporates by reference the U.S. Provisional Applications with Ser. No. 61/198,095, filed on Nov. 3, 2008, entitled “LED Dimming (or Current Control) Techniques using Spread Spectrum Modulation”, by inventors Muzahid Huda and Ho-Yuan Yu. 
     This application contains subject matter that may be related to the subject matter in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/575,289, filed on Oct. 7, 2009, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Dynamic Modulation”, by the same inventors, and is herein incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of light emitting diode (LED) driver circuits and dimming of the light emitted by a LED. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling the brightness of light emitted by a LED by applying controlled frequency modulation and filtering energy in frequency components from the LED current spectrum. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Light emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source known for its energy efficiency, long lifetime and small size. It has advanced to a point where LEDs can be used as energy efficient replacement for conventional incandescent or fluorescent light source. Like incandescent and fluorescent light sources, the average brightness (intensity) of a LED&#39;s output is controlled by the average current through the device. Unlike incandescent and fluorescent light sources, however, LEDs can be switched on and off almost instantaneously. Conventional ways of controlling the brightness of a LED include controlling the magnitude of LED current and adjusting the duty cycle of a continuous series of current pulses of fixed amplitude flowing through the LED. 
     Recently, one approach to LED control is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 2008/0111503 A1, by David Van Ess et al. This patent creates random spreading of the frequency spectrum of a continuous current pulse by using a stochastic modulation scheme for controlling optical transducers and allows more effective filtering due to the absence of spectral peaks. However, the frequency components of modulated current are not deterministic and hence the average current amplitude is not deterministic at any point of time. Therefore, it cannot achieve well-controlled LED dimming Furthermore, this type of circuit involves complicated design and circuit components. For the foregoing reasons, there is a need to provide a LED driver circuit without the above problems. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is an objective of the invention to provide a well-controlled LED dimming The technique used in this invention involves precisely controlling the distribution of energy over a range of known frequencies around, below or above the fundamental frequency at which the current through a LED is being switched, and also precisely controlling the distribution of energy over a range of frequencies around, below or above the harmonics of said fundamental frequency. The advantage of using this technique is that a frequency selective circuit can be used to filter out precisely selected individual or groups of frequency components around the fundamental frequency and/or its harmonics. Filtering energy away in such a precise manner from the LED current results in a corresponding, precisely controlled dimming of the LED. 
     Various embodiments of circuits and methods of controlled dimming of a LED are disclosed. In one embodiment, a spread spectrum modulator is configured to modulate a fixed frequency carrier signal using controlled frequency modulation depths to create a first modulated signal with a first set of deterministic frequency components. A controller, in response to the first modulated signal, is configured to control a current flowing through the light emitting diode to generate a second set of deterministic frequency components. One or more filter responses is used to selectively filter the frequency components from one or both of the first set and the second set of deterministic frequency components to achieve LED dimming The bandwidth of the filter responses is adjustable. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where: 
         FIG. 1A to 1C  illustrate band-pass filters with various bandwidth and sidebands generated by frequency modulation of the LED current using center spread modulation, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1D to 1F  illustrate low-pass filters and sidebands generated by frequency modulation of the LED current using center, down and up spread modulation, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 1G to 1I  illustrate high-pass filters and sidebands generated by frequency modulation of the LED current using center, down and up spread modulation, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  conceptually shows a dimming circuit using frequency modulation and utilizing a linear regulator, in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  conceptually shows a dimming circuit using frequency modulation and utilizing a switching regulator, in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  conceptually shows a dimming circuit using frequency modulation and a current bypass method, in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principle defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principle and features disclosed herein. 
     Controlled Sideband Generation with Frequency Modulation 
     Frequency modulation (FM) of a periodic signal such as a current generates modulation frequency sidebands. These frequency sidebands occur around the fundamental frequency of the modulated signal as well as its harmonics. The amplitude of each modulation sideband, as well as those of the fundamental and its harmonics is a function of the characteristics of the frequency modulation applied to the signal. 
     The mathematical expression for a simple case of sinusoidal frequency modulation applied to a sinusoidal carrier is given below. But this concept also applies to more complex frequency modulation waveforms. The Modulated waveform is written in the following Bessel series form: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     Where v is the instantaneous amplitude of the modulated waveform, wc is the carrier frequency being modulated and win is the modulation frequency. δ is the modulation depth which is the ratio of the frequency deviation to the modulation frequency (or rate). 
     The coefficients J0, J1, J2, J3 . . . represent sidebands that are a function of modulation depth δ. Their numerical values of these coefficients for a given value of the modulation depth (δ) up to 8 terms are shown in Table 1 below. However, an infinite number of modulation depths (δ=∞) can be implemented, providing an infinite number of combinations for the carrier and sideband amplitude coefficient J(n), where J(n)=J(0), J(1), J(2) . . . J(∞). 
     It should be noted that the effect of frequency modulation by a complex modulating frequency on a complex carrier frequency results in additional Bessel terms at harmonics of both the modulating frequency and the carrier frequency. 
     Table 1: Sideband amplitude for different values of modulation depth δ. An infinite number of modulation depths can be generated, but only ten of them are shown here. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 J0(δ) 
                 J1(δ) 
                 J2(δ) 
                 J3(δ) 
                 J4(δ) 
                 J5(δ) 
                 J6(δ) 
                 J7(δ) 
                 J8(δ) 
                 J9(δ) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 δ = 0 
                 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 δ = 1 
                 0.77 
                 0.44 
                 0.11 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 δ = 1.5 
                 0.51 
                 0.56 
                 0.23 
                 0.06 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 δ = 2 
                 0.22 
                 0.58 
                 0.35 
                 0.13 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 δ = 3 
                 −0.26 
                 0.34 
                 0.49 
                 0.31 
                 0.13 
                 0.04 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 δ = 4 
                 −0.40 
                 −0.07 
                 0.36 
                 0.43 
                 0.28 
                 0.13 
                 0.05 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 δ = 5 
                 −0.18 
                 −0.33 
                 0.05 
                 0.36 
                 0.39 
                 0.26 
                 0.13 
                 0.05 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 δ = 6 
                 0.15 
                 −0.28 
                 −0.24 
                 0.11 
                 0.36 
                 0.36 
                 0.25 
                 0.13 
                 0.06 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 δ = 7 
                 0.30 
                 0.00 
                 −0.30 
                 −0.17 
                 0.16 
                 0.35 
                 0.34 
                 0.23 
                 0.13 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 δ = 8 
                 0.17 
                 0.23 
                 −0.11 
                 −0.29 
                 −0.10 
                 0.19 
                 0.34 
                 0.32 
                 0.22 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As seen from Table 1, frequency modulation of a current or voltage signal at a known value of modulation depth δ allows sidebands of predictable amplitudes and phases to be generated. In addition, it is also possible to generate a pre-determined number of sidebands and frequency separation. Thus, the waveform of the current into the LED switching at a given frequency when modulated produces sidebands similar to those shown in Table 1 for different values of modulation depth δ. The generated sidebands can be filtered using a low-pass, band-pass or high-pass filter to reduce the energy in the current waveform that is flowing in the LED. The modulation profile, or variation of the frequency over time during each modulation cycle may be linear, non-linear or sinusoidal in shape to achieve brightness dimming of one or more LEDs. 
       FIGS. 1A through 1I  describe the generation of controlled sidebands of both the fundamental frequency (fc), as well as the harmonics, of a periodically varying LED current waveform. As the fundamental frequency of the LED current is frequency modulated, the energy at the fundamental frequency and its harmonics are re-distributed to emerging sidebands. This leads to a reduction in the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and its harmonics, while causing an increase in the amplitudes of the sidebands. Energy re-distribution by controlled frequency modulation is deterministic, and hence the resulting amplitudes of the fundamental, its harmonics and all resulting sidebands can be fully determined and quantified. The requirement for achieving deterministic frequency modulation is that the modulation depth δ is carefully controlled. 
     This invention discloses the application of center spread, down spread and up spread frequency modulation of the LED current and/or some other parameter that controls or represents the LED current.  FIGS. 1A-1D  and  1 G describe center spread modulation. For center spread frequency modulation, sidebands are generated around the fundamental frequency (fc)  120  and its harmonics (not shown), such as the first lower sideband  121  and the first upper sideband  122 . The frequency separation between the fundamental frequency and its corresponding first sidebands  121  and  122  is the modulation rate (fm) as shown in  FIG. 1A . 
       FIGS. 1E and 1H  describe down spread modulation. For down spread modulation, sidebands are generated at frequencies below the fundamental frequency (fc) and its harmonics (not shown). This is achieved by frequency modulating the LED current and/or some other parameter that controls or represents the LED current, from a maximum frequency value equal to that of the fundamental frequency to a frequency that is lower than that of the fundamental frequency. 
       FIGS. 1F and 1I  describes up spread modulation. For up spread modulation, sidebands are generated at frequencies above the fundamental frequency (fc)  120  and its harmonics (not shown). This is achieved by frequency modulating the LED current and/or some other parameter that controls or represents the LED current, from a minimum frequency value equal to that of the fundamental frequency to a frequency that is higher than that of the fundamental frequency. 
     Energy Filtering (Dimming Filter) 
     A filter is usually used to pass frequency components within its bandwidth or remove the same frequency components within its bandwidth depending on the connection of the filter to a frequency carrier signal source. When a filter is connected to the frequency carrier signal source in series, the frequency components within the bandwidth of the filter are passed. In this configuration, the filter is called series filter. Conversely, when a filter is connected to the frequency carrier signal source in parallel, the frequency components within the bandwidth of the filter are removed (or diverted). In this configuration, the filter is called bypass filter. 
       FIGS. 1A-1C  illustrates band-pass filters with various bandwidth and sidebands generated by frequency modulation of the LED current using center spread modulation. In  FIG. 1A , a wide bandwidth filter  102  is used to remove a relatively large number of frequency components, and hence a relatively large amount of energy from the LED current spectrum, when the band-pass filter is used as a bypass filter (i.e. parallel connection). By adjusting the bandwidth of such a wide band filter function, it is possible to implement high-range (Dark range) dimming levels. In  FIG. 1B , a medium bandwidth dimming filter response  104  is used to remove a medium number of frequency components, and hence a medium amount of energy from the LED current spectrum, when the band-pass filter is used as a bypass filter (i.e. parallel connection). By adjusting the bandwidth of such a medium band filter function, it is possible to implement mid-range dimming levels. In  FIG. 1C , a narrow bandwidth dimming filter response  106  is used to remove a single, or small number of frequency components, and hence a small amount of energy from the LED current spectrum, when the band-pass filter is used as a bypass filter (i.e. parallel connection). By adjusting the bandwidth of such a narrow band filter function, it is possible to implement low range (Bright range) dimming levels. Conversely, when the band-pass filters  102 ,  104  and  106  are used as series filter (i.e. serial connection), they may produce opposite filter results to what previously described. In other words, the wide bandwidth filter  102 , the medium bandwidth filter  104  and the narrow bandwidth filter  106  can be used to pass a relatively large number, a medium number and a small number of frequency components respectively. The band-pass filters  102 ,  104  and  106  can be the same band-pass filter that is capable of adjusting its bandwidth or can be different band-pass filters that are used at the same time. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1D-1F , low-pass dimming filter responses are used to implement the LED dimming circuit.  FIG. 1D  shows a low-pass dimming filter response  108  with cut-off frequency  107  being used in center spread modulation having fundamental frequency (fc)  120 .  FIG. 1E  shows a low-pass dimming filter response  110  with cut-off frequency  109  being used in down spread modulation in which sidebands are generated at frequencies below the fundamental frequency (fc) and its harmonics (not shown).  FIG. 1F  shows a low-pass dimming filter response  112  with cut-off frequency  111  being used in up spread modulation in which sidebands are generated at frequencies above the fundamental frequency (fc) and its harmonics (not shown). In these embodiments of the invention, the bandwidth of the low-pass dimming filters can be adjusted from a very small value to a very large value to filter the energy in the LED current and/or some other parameter that controls or represents the LED current. The bandwidth of these dimming filters  108 ,  110  and  112  can be set from zero to maximum, or even an all pass setting. For example, when the low-pass filters are used as bypass filter (i.e. parallel connection), minimum LED dimming (Brightest LED) is achieved with a zero bandwidth setting. With an all pass setting of the filters, maximum bandwidth (Darkest LED) is achieved. Conversely, when the low-pass filters are used as series filter (i.e. serial connection), maximum LED dimming (Darkest LED) is achieved with a zero bandwidth setting. With an all pass setting of the filters, maximum bandwidth (Brightest LED) is achieved. Varying bandwidth settings between minimum and maximum, or even all pass settings, allow the LED dimming levels to be set at intermediate values between the brightest and darkest desired levels. The low-pass filters  108 ,  110  and  112  can be the same low-pass filter that is capable of adjusting its bandwidth or can be different low-pass filters that are used at the same time. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1G-1I , high-pass dimming filter responses are used to filter the energy in the LED current and/or some other parameter that controls or represents the LED current.  FIG. 1G  shows a high-pass dimming filter response  114  with cut-off frequency  113  being used in center spread modulation having fundamental frequency (fc)  120 .  FIG. 1H  shows a high-pass dimming filter response  116  with cut-off frequency  115  being used in down spread modulation in which sidebands are generated at frequencies below the fundamental frequency (fc) and its harmonics (not shown).  FIG. 1I  shows a high-pass dimming filter response  118  with cut-off frequency  117  being used in up spread modulation in which sidebands are generated at frequencies above the fundamental frequency (fc) and its harmonics (not shown). In these embodiments of the invention, the bandwidth of the high-pass dimming filters can be adjusted from a very small value to a very large value to filter the energy in the LED current and/or some other parameter that controls or represents the LED current. The bandwidth of these dimming filters  114 ,  116  and  118  can be set from zero to maximum, or even an all pass setting. For example, when the high-pass filters are used as bypass filter (i.e. parallel connection), minimum LED dimming (Brightest LED) is achieved with a zero bandwidth setting. With an all pass setting of the filters, maximum bandwidth (Darkest LED) is achieved. Conversely, when the high-pass filters are used as series filter (i.e. serial connection), maximum LED dimming (Darkest LED) is achieved with a zero bandwidth setting. With an all pass setting of the filters, maximum bandwidth (Brightest LED) is achieved. Varying bandwidth settings between minimum and maximum, or even all pass settings, allow the LED dimming levels to be set at intermediate values between the brightest and darkest desired levels. The high-pass filters  114 ,  116  and  118  can be the same high-pass filter that is capable of adjusting its bandwidth or can be different high-pass filters that are used at the same time. 
     The deterministic values of each of the sidebands in the spectrum of the LED current or other representation of the LED current, that are filtered allows deterministic dimming of one or more LEDs. Any combination of low-pass, band-pass and high-pass filters can be used to implement the dimming filter to filter the amplitudes of the fundamental frequency, its harmonics and any or all frequency modulation sidebands of the LED current, and/or any representation of the LED current to achieve brightness dimming. 
     LED Dimming Circuit 
       FIG. 2  conceptually shows a dimming circuit using frequency modulation dimming technique together with a linear LED current regulator, in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. The figure is for illustrative purpose only and may not show all components which might be known in arts. In  FIG. 2 , VIN  201  is a current source which generates a periodic current. One end (i.e. anode) of LED(s)  202  is connected to VIN  201  and the other end (i.e. cathode) of LED(s)  202  is connected to the drain of a power device  203  whose gate is regulated by a linear current regulator  205 . The current regulator  205  usually includes a gate driver (not shown) which may have an option to be a separate unit. LED(s)  202  can be one LED or many LEDs connected in series or in parallel. Power device  203  can include, but not limited to, a MOSFET, a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) or other device that sources or sinks the LED current. A current sensing resistor  204  is connected between the source of the power device  203  and ground, and also provides a feedback signal to the current regulator  205 . A periodic current  208  of constant amplitude flows through LED(s)  202  from VIN  201  to ground. 
     In this figure, a pulse unit  206  which provides the control input to the current regulator  205  is modulated by a dim engine  207  including a frequency modulation circuit. The pulse unit  206  is a varying signal source that may be a pulse, square wave, sinusoidal signal or any other arbitrary periodic signal of constant frequency. The dim engine  207  comprises a frequency modulation circuit, a circuit for maintaining duty cycle and optional filter(s) described earlier in section “energy filtering”. As is illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the pulse unit  206  generates control signal to current regulator  205  that works in conjunction with the current sensing resistor  204  to not only regulates the LED current  208  to a constant amplitude, but it also causes the LED current  208  to be periodic as dictated by the input from the pulse unit  206 . As a result, dim engine  207  indirectly modulates the frequency of LED current  208  to generate the controlled modulation sidebands described previously which can be filtered by one or more dimming filters to achieve desired dimming. The dimming filters may be in the dim engine  207  or connected directly to LED(s)  202  or both depending on the filtering requirements. Since the frequency components of modulated output signal from the pulse unit  206  and the modulated LED current  208  are substantially the same, it is possible to have more than one dimming filters in different locations where each filter can have slightly different bandwidth to filter different parts of the spectrum. In an alternative embodiment, the dim engine  207  may not have a circuit for duty cycle maintenance and filters can be used to achieve desired dimming. 
       FIG. 3  conceptually shows a dimming circuit using frequency modulation dimming technique and utilizing switching current regulator, in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. The figure is for illustrative purpose only and may not show all components which might be known in arts. In  FIG. 3 , VIN  301  is a current source which generates a periodic current. An energy storage element  302 , such as an inductor or flyback transformer that is used in common switching regulators, is connected between VIN  301  and one end (i.e. anode) of LED(s)  303 . LED(s)  303  can be one LED or many LEDs connected in series or in parallel. The other end (i.e. cathode) of LED(s)  303  is connected to the drain of a power device  304  whose gate is regulated by a switching current regulator  310  comprising a switching controller  309  and a gate driver  308 . The switching controller  309  and the gate driver  308  may be integrated as an unit even though they are shown separately in this figure. In alternative embodiments, the switching current regulator  310  may be PWM or other types of switch mode LED current regulators including soft and hard switching regulator. The power device  304  can include, but not limited to, a MOSFET, a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) or other device that sources or sinks the LED current. A current sensing resistor  306  is connected between the source of the power device  304  and ground, and also provides a feedback signal to the switching current regulator  310 . A periodic current  305  of constant amplitude flows through LED(s)  303  from VIN  301  to ground. 
     In this figure, a pulse unit  307  which provides the control input to the current regulator  310  is modulated by a dim engine  311  including a frequency modulation circuit. The pulse unit  307  is a varying signal source that may be a pulse, square wave, sinusoidal signal or any other arbitrary periodic signal of constant frequency. Similar to the dim engine of  FIG. 2 , the dim engine  311  of  FIG. 3  comprises a frequency modulation circuit, a circuit for maintaining duty cycle and optional filter(s) described earlier in section “energy filtering”. As is illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the pulse unit  307  generates control signal to current regulator  310  that works in conjunction with the current sensing resistor  306  to not only regulates the LED current  305  to a constant amplitude, but it also causes the LED current  305  to be periodic as dictated by the input from the pulse unit  307 . As a result, dim engine  311  indirectly modulates the frequency of LED current  305  to generate the controlled modulation sidebands described previously which can be filtered by one or more dimming filters to achieve desired dimming. The dimming filters may be in the dim engine  311  or connected directly to LED(s)  303  or both depending on the filtering requirements. Since the frequency components of modulated output signal from the pulse unit  307  and the modulated LED current  305  are substantially the same, it is possible to have more than one dimming filters in different locations where each filter can have slightly different bandwidth to filter different parts of the spectrum. In an alternative embodiment, the dim engine  311  may not have a circuit for duty cycle maintenance and filters can be used to achieve desired dimming. 
       FIG. 4  conceptually shows a dimming circuit using frequency modulation and current bypass method, in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. The figure is for illustrative purpose only and may not show all components which might be known in arts. In  FIG. 4 , a current source VIN  401  is connected to a regulated current source  402  which can include either a linear type current regulator or switching type current regulator. When the regulated current source  402  contains a linear type regulator, the regulated current source  402  is equivalent to the combined circuit components of linear regulator  205 , power device  203  and current sensing resistor  204  of  FIG. 2 . On the other hand, when the regulated current source  402  contains a switching type regulator, the regulated current source  402  is equivalent to the combined circuit components of switching regulator  310 , power device  304  and current sensing resistor  306  of  FIG. 3 . The output of the regulated current source  402  goes to both LED(s)  404  and another power device (or switch)  406  which is used to divert the LED current  403 . 
     In this figure, a pulse unit  407  that generates control signal to control the gate of the power device  406  is modulated by a dim engine  408  including a frequency modulation circuit. As a result, the LED current  405  is diverted by the power device  406  and the pulse unit  407  at a periodic rate. The shape of the diverted current  405  can be a pulse, square wave, sinusoidal signal or any other arbitrary periodic signal of constant frequency. Similarly, the dim engine  408  comprises a frequency modulation circuit, a circuit for maintaining duty cycle and optional filter(s) described earlier in section “energy filtering”. The dim engine  408 , through pulse unit  407  and power device  406 , modulates the frequency of the LED current  403  to generate controlled modulation sidebands described previously which can be filtered by one or more dimming filters to achieve desired dimming The dimming filters may be in the dim engine  408  or connected directly to LED(s)  404  or both depending on the filtering requirements. In an alternative embodiment, the dim engine  408  may not have a circuit for duty cycle maintenance and filters can be used to achieve desired dimming. 
     The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description only. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the form disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the present invention.