Patent Publication Number: US-2009224613-A1

Title: Corrosion-resistant magnetic circuit and voice coil motor or actuator

Description:
TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to an inexpensive magnetic circuit having high corrosion resistance and suitable for use in a magnetic recording device such as hard discs and optical pickup device as well as in a voice coil motor and an actuator. 
     BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY 
     Hard discs are used with arrangement of a medium having a magnetic recording film formed on a substrate, a spindle motor for driving the medium at a requisite revolution, a magnetic head for writing and reading the recorded contents, a voice coil motor for driving the same, a control unit and others. The magnetic circuit of the voice coil motor is constituted of permanent magnets for generating magnetic flux and yokes connecting the same and used as an actuator for driving the head. In the magnetic circuit for driving CDs and DVDs, permanent magnets for generating magnetic flux and yokes connecting the same are used as an actuator for driving the lens in the pickup. Due to the violent competition for price reduction among producers in recent years, further cost reduction is required also for voice coil motors and actuators. 
     In the parts used therein, the first requirement is cleanness free from the problem of dust generation. In the iron-made parts under a risk of ready rusting such as yokes and the like, the rust as formed works as particle contamination which contaminates hard discs and heads and lenses for optical pickups so that a usual measure is to use them after a variety of corrosion-resistant surface treatments. Furthermore, each of the parts is manufactured under a strict management of cleanness in order to prevent crashing between the magnetic head and the medium and contamination of the lens even though the cost of the parts is unavoidably increased due to the requirement for cleanness of the manufacturing process. 
     In consideration of the requirement for cost reduction, the yoke members of the magnetic circuit constituting the voice coil motors or actuators are manufactured by using an inexpensive rolled plate of general-purpose steels such as SPCC, SPCD, SPCE and the like. While these rolled plates of general-purpose steels have merits in respects of their good workability for punching, bending and the like and inexpensiveness, rust formation thereon can hardly be prevented as a rolled plate of a general-purpose steel. In order to solve the aforementioned problems, it is practiced that working in a press machine and the like is followed by expensive electroless Ni—P plating to prevent rust formation resulting in an unavoidable increase of the overall cost. 
     As a trend in recent years, computers are required to have a decreased size and weight in consideration of good portability. To comply with this trend, magnetic recording devices and optical pickup devices are also under shift toward compactness and flatness. Furthermore, this shift toward compactness and flatness is extending to the parts of the magnetic circuit such as permanent magnets and yoke members. It is conventional heretofore that compactness and flatness of the magnetic circuits are accomplished by compensation of the decrease in the magnetic flux density within the air gap as a result of the decrease in the volume by means of the higher magnetic flux density of high-performance magnets. 
     In contrast to the year-by-year increasing trend of the magnetic flux density generated by high-performance magnets available, rolled steel plates such as SPCC, SPCD, SPCE and the like are used for yoke materials as before, the saturation magnetization of the yoke materials cannot be increased corresponding to the improvement of the magnetic flux density of the magnets. The thickness of the yokes is also under limitation due to the aforementioned requirement for compactness and flatness of the apparatus as a whole so that magnetic saturation can hardly be avoided in a partial VCM magnetic circuit resulting, after all, in inefficient utilization of the magnetic flux poorly conducted from the permanent magnets having a high magnetic flux density. Consequently, the magnetic circuit is partly saturated at a halfway thereof or leakage of the magnetic flux is caused. Such a leakage of the magnetic flux not only decreases the magnetic flux density in the airgap of the magnetic circuit but also affects the magnetic recording medium and the control instruments. The leakage of the magnetic flux from the VCM magnetic circuit is under a limitation so that leakage of the magnetic flux must not exceed the specified upper limit. See the following patent documents (1) to (4): 
     (1) Japanese Patent Kokai 2002-080945; 
     (2) Japanese Patent Kokai 2002-080946; 
     (3) Japanese Patent Kokai 2002-080947; and 
     (4) Japanese Patent Kokai 2003-049251. 
     Problems to be Solved by the Invention 
     Accordingly, it is eagerly desired to develop a compact and flat yoke and a magnetic circuit which fully utilize the characteristic feature of high magnetic flux densities possessed by a permanent magnet and which can be manufactured at a low cost. The present invention has been completed to comply with the aforementioned desire for providing a magnetic circuit and a voice coil motor or an actuator in which formation of a corrosion-resistant metallic surface film can be omitted by using a material having a high magnetic flux density and excellent corrosion resistance and capable of being manufactured at a low cost. 
     Means to Solve the Problems 
     The magnetic circuit of the present invention is a magnetic circuit constituted of a yoke member prepared of a plate material which is a plate material of a martensite-type, ferrite-type or precipitation-hardening stainless steel or a Cr-based heat-resistant steel containing 0.0001-2% by mass of C, 0.0001-5% by mass of Si, 0.001-2% by mass of Mn, 0.0001-0.1% by mass of P, 0.0001-0.2% by mass of S, 0.0001-5% by mass of Al, 0.001-0.1% by mass of O, 0.0001-0.1% by mass of N, 0.0001-1% by mass of Ni and 10.5-30% by mass of Cr, together with further additive elements as the alloying elements including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of Ti, Co, Cu, Zr, Nb, V, Mo, W, Ta and B in a total amount of 0.0001-5% by mass, the balance being Fe excepting for other practically unavoidable impurities having a plate thickness of 0.1 mm-5 mm without being provided with a corrosion-resistant metallic surface film on the surface, of which the saturation magnetic flux density is 1.3-2.3 Tesla, maximum relative magnetic permeability of 200-22000, coercive force of 20-2000 A/m, as combined with Nd/Fe/B-based magnets after a surface treatment, the aforementioned Nd/Fe/B-based magnets being magnetized in monopolar, dipolar or quadripolar, 1, 2 or 4 of the aforementioned Nd/Fe/B-based magnets being adhesively bonded to the aforementioned yoke members to form adhesion-bonded magnet/yoke composites, the aforementioned yoke members and the adhesion-bonded composite body or a pair of the composite members having the same numbers of the magnets being oppositely disposed, the amount of magnetic flux concentratedly flowing within the opposite gaps formed between the yoke members and the adhesion-bonded composite members or within the opposite gap formed between a pair of the composite members and the ratios of the leakage of the magnetic flux to the magnetic flux in the opposite gaps not exceeding 50000 ppm and the strengths of the magnetic field within the opposite gaps and the yoke members being free from influences. The voice coil motor or the actuator of the present invention can be prepared by using the above-defined magnetic circuit. 
     ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention, the corrosion resistance of the aforementioned plate material of the iron alloy is so excellent that yoke members prepared thereof need not be provided, as in conventional yokes, with a corrosion-resistant metallic surface film formed from a metal such as Ni, Cu, Sn, Au, Pt, Zn, Fe, Co, Al, Cr, Cd, Ag and the like or an alloy containing at least 20% by mass of these metals. When a plate material of the aforementioned iron alloy is used, namely, it is now possible to omit formation of a corrosion-resistant metallic surface film while maintaining the high characteristics of the magnetic circuit enabling preparation of an inexpensive magnetic circuit and a voice coil motor or an actuator. In particular, admixing of Cr to the iron alloy has an effect of further enhancing the corrosion resistance unnecessitating the surface treatment to accomplish inexpensive manufacturing. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic perspective view showing the VCM magnetic circuit in the first embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic perspective view showing the VCM magnetic circuit in the second embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic perspective view showing the VCM magnetic circuit as the third embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR PRACTICING THE INVENTION 
     In  FIG. 1 ,  1  is the upper yoke constituting the magnetic circuit,  2  is the lower yoke constituting the magnetic circuit and  3  is the permanent magnet generating the magnetic flux, one, two or four thereof being disposed.  4  is a connecting column which connects the upper and lower yokes jointly constituting the magnetic circuit. In the VCM magnetic circuit as the first embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 1 , two yokes are provided at the upper and lower positions and they are connected together with the connecting columns. 
     In  FIG. 2 ,  5  is the upper yoke constituting the magnetic circuit,  6  is the lower yoke and  3  is the permanent magnet generating magnetic flux. In the VCM magnetic circuit as the second embodiment, the lower yoke  6  is subjected to a bending work to be formed in such a fashion as to also serve as the connecting part. 
     In  FIG. 3 ,  7  is the yoke and  3  is the permanent magnet generating magnetic flux. In the magnetic circuit in the third embodiment of the present invention shown in  FIG. 3 , the yoke  7  is subjected to a bending work to be formed in such a fashion as to serve also as the connecting part. 
     In the magnetic circuit of the present invention, as is described above, the yokes are prepared from a plate material of a martensite-type, ferrite-type or precipitation-hardening stainless steel or a Cr-based heat-resistant steel containing each in a specified amount of C, Si, Mn, P, S, Al, O or N together with, preferably, Cr in a specified amount and at least one kind of Ti, Co, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, V, Ni, W, Ta and B in a specified amount. 
     Thus, the inventors have conducted extensive studies to accomplish the above described objects. The result of the tests for the elements capable of improving the corrosion resistance is that steels such as SPCC and the like cause formation of scale by accelerated oxidation when heated in air. Namely, while FeO and Fe 3 O 4  as a metal-deficient n-type semiconductor grow by the migration of Fe ++ , Fe 2 O 3  as a metal-excess p-type semiconductor grows by the migration of O so that oxygen permeates through the oxide layer resulting in acceleration of oxidation of iron beneath the oxide layer. In order not to promote oxidation, the oxide layer is required to be so dense and free from formation of cracks with good adhesion to exhibit inhibition against intrusion and diffusion of oxygen toward the interior. 
     Since susceptibility of Al, Cr and Si to oxidation is higher than Fe, they are selectively oxidized before Fe forming a thin but dense surface film of Al 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3  or SiO 2  which inhibits progress of oxidation. To say more particularly, Al and Cr form a composite oxide of FeO.Al 2 O 3  or FeO.Cr 2 O 3  and Si forms a composite oxide of 2FeO.SiO 2 . The oxidation resistance is lost when the volume of the thus formed oxide layer is too small to effect complete coverage of the surface while, when the volume is too large, the oxidation resistance is lost likewise due to bulging or cracking of the oxide layer. Best results could be obtained when the surface is completely covered with a dense oxide layer of an appropriate volume. 
     Further, studies were undertaken for the elements which may have an influence to cause a decrease in the magnetic flux density among the constituent ingredients of the SPCC material and others. Although C, Al, Si, P, S and Mn have no magnetic moment against iron, their magnetic moments differ from that of the iron matrix so that a phenomenon arises due to presence of these elements that the magnetic moment of surrounding iron is caused. P and S, in particular, have an adverse influence in respect of the corrosion resistance in addition to the decrease in the magnetic flux density. It is, however, disadvantageous in respect of the production costs of the base materials to attempt more than necessary decrease of these elements and, in respect of the performance, they can be contained without problems if ranges of small amounts are not exceeded. 
     In view of the above standpoints, the yokes of the present invention for use in the magnetic circuit of voice coil motors should contain 0.0001-2% by mass of C, 0.0001-5% by mass of Si; 0.001-2% by mass of Mn; 0.0001-0.1% by mass of P; 0.0001-0.2% by mass of S; 0.0001-5% by mass of Al; and 0.0001-1% by mass of Ni, the balance being Fe, or, more preferably, 0.0005-1.2% by mass or, in particular, 0.001-0.5% by mass of C, 0.0005-3.5% by mass or, in particular, 0.001-1.0% by mass of Si; 0.001-1.5% by mass or, in particular, 0.01-1.0% by mass of Mn; 0.0001-0.05% by mass or, in particular, 0.001-0.05% by mass of P; 0.0001-0.15% by mass or, in particular, 0.001-0.1% by mass of S; 0.0005-4% by mass or, in particular, 0.01-1.0% by mass of Al; and 0.0005-1.0% by mass or, in particular, 0.001-0.6% by mass of Ni. 
     O and N also have influences on the magnetic properties so that they should be contained preferably in the ranges of 0.0001-0.1% by mass of O and 0.0001-0.1% by mass of N and, if falling within these ranges, no particular decrease is caused in the saturation magnetic flux density. More preferably, their contents should be 0.0005-0.09% by mass or, in particular, 0.005-0.08% by mass of O and 0.0005-0.10% by mass or, in particular, 0.0005-0.05% by mass of N. 
     The content of Cr should be 10.5-30% by mass. In particular, it is known that the spontaneous magnetic moment is linearly decreased thereby in Fe—Cr alloys so that addition in a large amount leads to a decrease in the magnetic flux. In these alloys of 31-80% by mass composition, annealing causes a great change in the physical properties. For example, annealing at 475° C. mechanically increases the hardness and brittleness so that a great decrease is caused in the plasticity workability such as cutting/grinding and punching works and also in the corrosion resistance together with the brittleness. When heated at about 700° C. prolongedly, the σ-phase precipitates at the grain boundaries to decrease the resistance against grain boundary corrosion and the mechanical strengths. Accordingly the range of Cr should not exceed 31% by mass. The amount of Cr can rather be small enough because the iron alloy plate material for use in the magnetic circuit of the inventive voice coil motor and the yokes in the magnetic circuit of the voice coil motor are employed in an environment which is quite different from the environment where stainless steels are usually employed such as salty environments or environments in the presence of chemicals. The content thereof should preferably be 10.5-21% by mass in respect of the magnetic properties. 
     The results of the above described studies have led to a conclusion that it would be the most efficient to use, as a material satisfying these requirements, stainless steels or Cr-based heat-resistant steels. The cost can be kept low by using a rolled sheet of a stainless steel usually under production. Grades of suitable steels include SUS 403, SUS 405, SUS 409, SUS 410, SUS 414, SUS 416, SUS 420, SUS 429, SUS 430, SUS 431, SUS 434, SUS 436, SUS 440, SUS 444, SUS 446, and SUS 630 series among the martensite-type and ferrite-type or precipitation-hardening stainless steels and SUH 1, SUH 3, SUH 4, SUH 11, SUH 13, SUH 21, SUH 409, SUH 600 and SUH 616 among the heat-resistant steels. The grades with an additional symbols of L or LX usually annexed to the right ends of these grade names have a meaning that the content of carbon or contents of carbon and nitrogen are low while low contents of these elements are desirable in respect of an increase in the coercive force and little influences of decreasing the magnetic flux density and magnetic permeability. The additional symbols of F and Se usually annexed to the right ends of the above grade names indicate addition of S so as to be suitable when good grindability is desired. Austenite-type stainless steels are not suitable for use in magnetic circuits because they are non-magnetic. 
     At least one kind of the additive elements selected from Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, V, W and Ta causes a decrease in the magnetic flux density when the element forms a solid solution in the ferrite phase of the material but form intermetallic compounds with the unavoidably intermixing C, O and N in the form of carbides, oxides and nitrides. These precipitates are precipitated finely and uniformly within the alloy texture to serve for prevention of migration of dislocations in the course of plasticity working. Accordingly, the alloy is freed from excessively high ductility to exhibit an effect of decreasing occurrence of burrs at the cross section subjected to shearing in the punching works of the plate material. When certain elements capable of immobilizing C, O and N are contained, no sensitization is caused even by quenching from the annealing temperature hardly leading to coarsening of the crystalline grain size to increase the resistance against grain boundary corrosion. 
     As is the case in stainless steels, Mo and V exhibit an effect of improving the corrosion resistance of iron alloy plate materials. When the content of carbon is low, strong embrittlement is caused by annealing at 440-540° C. together with secondary hardening. This annealing embrittlement, however, causes an improvement in the resistance against tempering softness due to the carbon traps by the addition of these elements. W, Ta and B exhibit an effect of improving the rolling workability of plate materials contributing to a decrease in the working cost. On the other hand, addition of these additive elements undesirably decreases the saturation magnetization so that the total amount of addition of these elements should be limited not to exceed 5% by mass. Preferably, the total amount of these elements should be in the range of 0.0001 to 5% by mass. While the balance to the above be iron, it is preferable that the content of iron in the iron alloy is at least 50% by mass or, more preferably, at least 80% by mass. 
     Furthermore, the present invention is characterized by the saturation magnetic flux density of the iron alloy which should be in the range of 1.3 to 2.3 Tesla. The advantages of a high saturation magnetic flux density are cancelled when the maximum relative magnetic permeability is too low or when the coercive force is too large by an undue increase in the magnetic resistance of the magnetic circuit and a decrease of the magnetic flux density in the airgap. In this regard, it is desirable that the maximum relative magnetic permeability is in the range of 2000 to 22000 and the coercive force is in the range of 20 A/m to 2000 A/m. It is more preferable that, with the proviso that the saturation magnetic flux density is 1.5-2.3 Tesla or, most preferably, 1.7-2.3 Tesla, the maximum relative magnetic permeability is 300-22000 or, most preferably, 400-22000 and the coercive force is 20-1600 A/m or, most preferably, 20-1000 A/m. 
     When the hardness of the yoke material is too high, troubles are sometimes encountered in the punching and bending works due to the insufficient capability of the press machines or due to the shortened durability life of the metal molds under an excessively large load. In this regard, it is preferable that the yoke material has a Rockwell hardness not exceeding HRB 100 or, more preferably, not exceeding HRB 90. Among the martensite-type stainless steels, preference of the grades is in the increasing order of SUS 431&lt;(SUS 416, 420)&lt;(SUS 403, 410) in respect of workability for punching, stamp carving, forging and the like. In the ferrite-type stainless steels, Cr serves as a solid solution-strengthening element and the low-Cr ferrite stainless steels, in particular, have a low strength and excellent ductility to be suitable for drawing and extending works. The low-Cr and low-C stainless steels with addition of Ti, SUH 409L has the highest softness and high ductility and is excellent for hammering, embossing, bending and the like. 
     While the contents of the alloying elements can be adjusted within the desired ranges by way of the base materials and the steel-making process, the continuous casting process is preferred in respect of the productivity and product quality and the vacuum melting process is suitable for small-lot production. In order to obtain a specified thickness of the steel plate after casting, the hot rolling process and cold rolling process are both applicable. The thus obtained iron alloy plate material is then worked into the desired form of the yoke material by means of the plastic deformation works such as punching, hammering, boring, bending, embossing and the like by using a machine press, oil hydraulic press or fine blanking press followed by finishing such as deburring, chamfering, mechanical polishing, chemical polishing, electrolytic polishing and the like to give a yoke material for use in voice coil motors having a thickness of 0.1 to 5 mm or, preferably, 0.5 to 4.5 mm. 
     When the yoke material has a thickness smaller than 0.1 mm, no substantial improvement can be accomplished in the magnetic properties of the magnetic circuit even by certain improvements in the saturation magnetization due to the unduly small thickness of the plate material while, when the plate thickness exceeds 5 mm, no problems are caused by the saturation of the magnetic circuit due to the sufficiently large thickness of the plate material. Accordingly, the designing of the plate thickness must be undertaken by making reference to the magnetic properties of the plate material. In that case, the permissible range of the proportion between the magnetic flux where the amount of magnetic flux within the opposite gaps is made the largest and the leakage of magnetic flux at the positions of the outer periphery of the magnetic disc medium, control circuit and magnetic head does not exceed 50000 ppm. When this proportion is larger than 50000 ppm, the leakage of magnetic flux from the plate material are so large that adverse influences are caused on the surroundings. Because of the limitation on the magnetic flux by the apparatus as a whole, the proportion should not exceed 50000 ppm or, preferably, should not exceed 30000 ppm or, more preferably, should not exceed 25000 ppm. 
     When the amounts of magnetic flux within the opposite gaps and the magnetic field within the plate material of the yoke are under variations the magnets and the yoke plate materials are heated by generation of eddy currents leading to an undesirable problem relative to the stability of the amounts of magnetic flux due to the changes in the temperature thereof so that it is essential that the amounts of magnetic flux within the opposite gaps and the magnetic field within the plate material of yokes are free from variations. In the present invention, accordingly, the leakage of magnetic flux is decreased by using, as the yoke material, a material having excellent corrosion resistance and a high saturation magnetic flux density equivalent to that of the SPCC materials and a high maximum relative magnetic permeability. 
     Deburring of burrs occurring in the yoke materials is conducted by means of explosive combustion, barrel polishing and the like. Finishing is conducted by mechanical polishing means such as buff polishing, chemical polishing or electrolytic polishing. It is known that the surface after mechanical polishing is covered with a working-denatured layer of a few micrometers or smaller thickness, which is a Baleby layer as an agglomerate of amorphous extrafine particles or consisting of a region of crushed crystals formed by fine pulverization of metal crystals or a region of plastic deformation caused by working and this working denatured layer cannot be completely removed by mirror polishing alone with buffing not to exhibit the inherent properties so that it is necessary to undertake chemical polishing or, preferably, electrolytic polishing. Surface protrusions are selectively dissolved away by the electrolytic polishing along with dissolution on the whole surface so that the working-denatured layer can be completely removed. It is the most desirable treatment for decreasing occurrence of particles which may destroy the recorded information to give a smooth surface thereby. The electrolytic polishing solution is formulated with perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate, sodium thiocyanate, urea, cobalt nitrate, iron(III) nitrate and others by dilution with alcohols such as ethanol, propanol and the like, ethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, glycerine, pure water and others. 
     In the yokes for magnetic circuits of voice coil motors manufactured by the above described steps, it is no longer necessary by virtue of the inherently excellent corrosion resistance to provide a corrosion-resistant surface film on the surface of the yokes. To say inversely, it is not preferable to provide a coating of a corrosion-resistant surface film consisting of metals of a variety of alloys on these yokes by a variety of methods including electrolytic plating, electroless plating, ion plating and the like because of the possible increase in the costs of the yokes. In the iron alloy of the present invention, cost increase of the products can be prevented by having no surface films of a metal such as Ni, Cu, Sn, Au, Pt, Zn, Fe, Co, Al, Cr, Cd, Ag and the like or no surface film of an alloy containing 20% by mass or a larger amount of at least one kind of these metals. 
     The magnet used for constituting the magnetic circuit is a Nd/Fe/B-based high-performance magnet which is preferably after a conventional surface treatment for rust-proofing. The surface treatment for rust-proofing can be performed by electrolytic (electric) plating, electroless plating, CVD, PVD, IP (ion plating), vapor deposition, melt plating, dipping plating and others. 
     As is shown in  FIGS. 1-3 , the magnet is adhesively bonded to the yoke member. The magnet can be adhesively bonded to one of the yoke members or can be adhesively bonded to both of the upper and lower yoke members. Any of the magnets magnetized in monopolar, dipolar or quadripolar magnetization can be used. Further, practicable embodiments include a plurality of magnets each bonded to one of the yoke members or to both of the yoke members. 
     It is essential that, when the amounts of magnetic flux flows concentratedly within the opposite gaps between the yoke members and the adhesively bonded body of a yoke member to the magnet or within the opposite gap between the magnet-yoke member adhesively bonded bodies disposed up and down, the ratios of the leakage of the magnetic flux to the magnetic flux within the opposite gaps does not exceed 50000 ppm and the magnetic field strengths within the opposite gaps and within the yoke members are free from variations. 
     EXAMPLES 
     In the following, the present invention is described in particular details by way of Examples and Comparative Examples but the present invention is never limited by the Examples described below. 
     Examples 1 to 7 
     Steel alloy blocks having the constituent compositions indicated in Examples 1 to 7 shown in Table 1 were melted and subjected to continuous casting to prepare an alloy block having a width of 200 mm, length of 500 mm and plate thickness of 50 mm. These alloy blocks were heated to 1200° C. under an atmosphere of the atmospheric air to start hot rolling at 950° C. or below and the hot rolling was finished when a cumulative press-down ratio of 60% was reached at 850° C. Thereafter, cold rolling was conducted to give a 1.2 mm thick plate followed by finish annealing at 950° C. and electrolytic pickling. 
     The thus obtained steel plates were subjected to punching and bending works on a mechanical punching press machine into the form of yokes to obtain a two forms of yoke materials of the upper and lower yokes. The thus obtained yokes were subjected to barrel chamfering and electrolytic polishing. 
     A magnetic circuit was prepared by adhesively bonding a permanent magnet having a maximum energy product of 382 kJ/m 3  to the inward sides of the upper and lower yokes at the center positions of the yokes. The yoke materials as prepared were cut into about 4 mm square pieces which were subjected to the measurement of the saturation magnetic flux density on a vibration-sample magnetometer, of which the maximum magnetic field available was 1.9 MA/m. 
     The debris after punching of the yoke forms were worked to give ring samples having an outer diameter of 45 mm and an inner diameter of 33 mm. According to the method described in JIS C 2531 (1999), two of the rings were laid one on the other with insertion of a paper sheet therebetween and, after winding with an insulation tape, then were wound by 300 turns of a 0.5 mm diameter copper wire and 50 turns of a 0.26 mm diameter copper wire to serve as a magnetization coil and as a detectiong coil, respectively, to determine the maximum relative magnetic permeability and the coercive force by drawing a magnetic hysteresis curve on an automatic recorder of the direct-current magnetization characteristics, of which the maximum magnetic field available was ±1.6 kA/m. 
     In order to examine the performance of the thus prepared magnetic circuit for voice coil motors, the total magnetic flux was measured within the gap of the magnetic circuit with a plane coil under use in actual magnetic recorders by using a magnetic flux meter (480 Fluxmeter, manufactured by Lakeshore). Further, measurements were made for the leak magnetic flux with a Hall element and a gaussmeter to record the maximum values at a position A which was 10 mm apart toward the outside from the outside surface of the yoke member and at a position B which was the outermost position of the magnetic recording medium adjacent to the VCM magnetic circuit. The limit of the leak magnetic flux at each position was A&lt;10 mT and B&lt;8 mT, respectively. 
     Further, the hardness was determined according to JIS Z 2245. Corrosion resistance was evaluated after keeping for 200 hours in an atmosphere under a relative humidity of 90% at a temperature of 80° C. to record the results as I for the absence of rusting, as II for discoloration and as III for the occurrence of rusting. 
     Comparative Examples 1 to 4 
     As the Comparative Examples, measurements of the magnetic properties were conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 for a material of the commercially available SPCC product having a plate thickness of 1.2 mm (Comparative Example 1) and for the steel plates of 1.2 mm thickness obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 from the steel alloy blocks having the constituent compositions shown under Comparative Examples 1 to 4 in Table 1. 
     Table 2 shows the results of the measurements and evaluations in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4. The item of “per SPCC” in Table 2 indicates the percentage ratio relative to magnetic flux in Comparative Example 1 and the ratio of leak magnetic flux (A or B)/gap magnetic flux (ppm) indicates the proportions of the leak magnetic flux relative to the gap magnetic flux. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUM 
                 SUM 
                   
                 SKD 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
               
               
                   
                 410 
                 416 
                 420J2 
                 430 
                 410L 
                 409 
                 409L 
                 SPCC 
                 61 
                 304 
                 316 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Alloy 
                 C 
                 0.14 
                 0.13 
                 0.34 
                 0.09 
                 0.03 
                 0.02 
                 0.01 
                 0.10 
                 0.38 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 compo- 
                 Si 
                 0.92 
                 0.93 
                 0.91 
                 0.56 
                 0.38 
                 0.52 
                 0.45 
                 0.03 
                 1.05 
                 0.97 
                 0.98 
               
               
                 sition 
                 Mn 
                 0.91 
                 1.22 
                 0.95 
                 0.38 
                 0.52 
                 0.29 
                 0.25 
                 0.54 
                 0.40 
                 1.85 
                 1.95 
               
               
                 (% by 
                 P 
                 0.038 
                 0.052 
                 0.032 
                 0.044 
                 0.021 
                 0.032 
                 0.025 
                 0.020 
                 0.021 
                 0.040 
                 0.040 
               
               
                 mass) 
                 S 
                 0.028 
                 0.160 
                 0.028 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.004 
                 0.003 
                 0.010 
                 0.022 
                 0.030 
                 0.030 
               
               
                   
                 Al 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
                 0.01 
                 0.06 
                 0.01 
                 0.11 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 O 
                 0.092 
                 0.085 
                 0.091 
                 0.088 
                 0.082 
                 0.080 
                 0.081 
                 0.040 
                 0.042 
                 0.080 
                 0.095 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.04 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
                 Ni 
                 0.49 
                 0.52 
                 0.55 
                 0.12 
                 0.25 
                 0.17 
                 0.19 
                 tr. 
                 0.15 
                 10.40 
                 13.80 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 11.60 
                 12.30 
                 12.20 
                 16.80 
                 11.85 
                 10.85 
                 10.75 
                 tr. 
                 5.12 
                 18.50 
                 17.80 
               
               
                   
                 Cu 
                 0.042 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.010 
                 0.060 
                 0.050 
                 tr. 
                 0.110 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Ti 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.013 
                 0.286 
                 0.251 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Nb 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Zr 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Mo 
                 tr. 
                 0.530 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.004 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 1.210 
                 tr. 
                 2.850 
               
               
                   
                 V 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.98 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Ta 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Fe 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
                 SUH 
                   
                 SKD 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
               
               
                   
                 410 
                 416 
                 420J2 
                 430 
                 410L 
                 409 
                 409L 
                 SPCC 
                 61 
                 304 
                 316 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Saturation 
                 1.661 
                 1.602 
                 1.648 
                 1.663 
                 1.793 
                 1.787 
                 1.805 
                 2.080 
                 1.772 
                 0.062 
                 0.061 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux density 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Maximum 
                 701 
                 640 
                 430 
                 694 
                 867 
                 1275 
                 1495 
                 2475 
                 649 
                 4 
                 5 
               
               
                 relative 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 permeability 
               
               
                 Coercive 
                 484 
                 662 
                 910 
                 480 
                 393 
                 172 
                 150 
                 420 
                 764 
                 470 
                 661 
               
               
                 force (A/m) 
               
               
                 Magnetic 
                 0.576 
                 0.571 
                 0.575 
                 0.576 
                 0.587 
                 0.586 
                 0.588 
                 0.611 
                 0.587 
                 0.230 
                 0.225 
               
               
                 flux in gap 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Per SPCC 
                 94.3 
                 93.5 
                 94.1 
                 94.3 
                 96.1 
                 95.9 
                 96.2 
                 100.0 
                 96.1 
                 37.6 
                 36.8 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 8.23 
                 8.56 
                 8.45 
                 8.23 
                 7.03 
                 6.56 
                 6.05 
                 5.03 
                 6.48 
                 13.65 
                 13.70 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 14288 
                 14991 
                 14696 
                 14288 
                 11976 
                 11195 
                 10289 
                 8232 
                 11039 
                 59348 
                 60889 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 7.70 
                 7.51 
                 8.30 
                 7.70 
                 8.00 
                 6.98 
                 6.53 
                 5.65 
                 6.55 
                 8.40 
                 8.50 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 13368 
                 13152 
                 14435 
                 13368 
                 13629 
                 11911 
                 11105 
                 9247 
                 11158 
                 36522 
                 37778 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Rockwell 
                 87.8 
                 91.7 
                 92.9 
                 94.8 
                 80.4 
                 77.2 
                 71.2 
                 57.1 
                 HRC 
                 83.8 
                 85.4 
               
               
                 hardness 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 53 
               
               
                 HRB 
               
               
                 Rusting 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 II 
                 II 
                 III 
                 III 
                 I 
                 I 
               
               
                 condition 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 8 to 37 
     The steel blocks of the constituent compositions in Examples 8 to 37 indicated in Table 3 and Table 5 were melted and cast through the steps of electric furnace, converter, degassing and continuous casting to give slabs having a thickness of 200 mm. The molten iron were refined by the RH degassing and by the VOD method (vacuum-oxygen decarbonization method). The thus obtained 200 mm thick slabs were heated and soaked at 1100-1200° C. and rolled down on a hot rolling machine to have a plate thickness of about 10 mm at a finish temperature of 800-950° C. After recrystallization annealing (800-1000° C.), electrolytic pickling and cold-rolling were conducted to give a plate thickness of about 4 mm. Thereafter, finish tempering at about 600-900° C. was conducted followed by pickling to give steel plates for testing. 
     Two kinds of yoke materials for the upper and lower yokes were obtained in the same manner as in Examples 1-7. A permanent magnet having a maximum energy product of 493 kJ/m 3  was adhesively bonded to the insides of these upper and lower yokes at the center positions of the yokes to give a magnetic circuit. 
     The plate materials of the yokes thus prepared were subjected to the measurements of the magnetic properties in the same manner as in Examples 1-7. The experimental results above are shown in Table 4 and Table 6. 
     Comparative Examples 5-28 
     As the Comparative Examples, a commercially available SPCC product having a plate thickness of 4 mm (Comparative Example 5) and the steel plates of a 4 mm thickness obtained in the same manner as in the Examples from steel alloy blocks having constituent compositions as given in Comparative Examples 6-28 shown in Table and Table 9 were subjected to the measurements of the magnetic properties in the same manner as in Examples 1-7. The experimental results above are shown in Table 8 and Table 10. 
     The item of “per SPCC” in Tables 4, 6, 8 and 10 shows the respective percentage ratio relative to the magnetic flux in Comparative Example 5 and the ratios in the leak magnetic flux show the proportions (ppm) of the leak magnetic flux relative to the gap magnetic flux. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of Steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SUH 
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
               
               
                   
                 409L 
                 409 
                 410L 
                 403 
                 410S 
                 410F2 
                 405 
                 410 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Alloy 
                 C 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.11 
                 0.05 
                 0.12 
                 0.04 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 compo- 
                 Si 
                 0.46 
                 0.65 
                 0.40 
                 0.31 
                 0.62 
                 0.65 
                 0.62 
                 0.92 
               
               
                 sition 
                 Mn 
                 0.24 
                 0.24 
                 0.49 
                 0.51 
                 0.49 
                 0.57 
                 0.51 
                 0.91 
               
               
                 (by % 
                 P 
                 0.027 
                 0.033 
                 0.021 
                 0.031 
                 0.028 
                 0.029 
                 0.021 
                 0.038 
               
               
                 mass) 
                 S 
                 0.002 
                 0.002 
                 0.001 
                 0.020 
                 0.010 
                 0.018 
                 0.022 
                 0.028 
               
               
                   
                 Al 
                 0.010 
                 0.021 
                 0.003 
                 0.009 
                 0.012 
                 0.011 
                 0.180 
                 0.040 
               
               
                   
                 O 
                 0.079 
                 0.081 
                 0.075 
                 0.095 
                 0.077 
                 0.080 
                 0.078 
                 0.092 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.02 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Ni 
                 0.18 
                 0.24 
                 0.15 
                 0.16 
                 0.11 
                 0.15 
                 0.12 
                 0.49 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 10.74 
                 11.27 
                 11.61 
                 11.82 
                 12.45 
                 12.26 
                 13.16 
                 11.60 
               
               
                   
                 Cu 
                 0.040 
                 0.041 
                 0.010 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.042 
               
               
                   
                 Ti 
                 0.251 
                 0.354 
                 0.013 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.020 
               
               
                   
                 Nb 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Zr 
                 0.02 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Mo 
                 0.011 
                 0.013 
                 0.010 
                 0.008 
                 0.011 
                 0.009 
                 0.009 
                 0.010 
               
               
                   
                 V 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Ta 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 0.005 
                 0.005 
                 0.007 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.006 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Co 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 Fe 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
                 21 
                 22 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of Steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 11 
                 416 
                 410J1 
                 429 
                 1 
                 430J1L 
                 430LX 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                 C 
                 0.51 
                 0.08 
                 0.13 
                 0.07 
                 0.46 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                 compo- 
                 Si 
                 1.55 
                 0.50 
                 0.65 
                 0.57 
                 3.32 
                 0.45 
                 0.41 
               
               
                   
                 sition 
                 Mn 
                 0.35 
                 0.65 
                 0.61 
                 0.59 
                 0.28 
                 0.45 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 (by % 
                 P 
                 0.021 
                 0.028 
                 0.027 
                 0.029 
                 0.019 
                 0.018 
                 0.025 
               
               
                   
                 mass) 
                 S 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
                 0.020 
                 0.018 
                 0.023 
                 0.012 
                 0.009 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Al 
                 0.035 
                 0.022 
                 0.015 
                 0.025 
                 0.033 
                 0.005 
                 0.019 
               
               
                   
                   
                 O 
                 0.098 
                 0.080 
                 0.083 
                 0.090 
                 0.097 
                 0.081 
                 0.082 
               
               
                   
                   
                 N 
                 0.08 
                 0.05 
                 0.06 
                 0.04 
                 0.09 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ni 
                 0.20 
                 0.22 
                 0.16 
                 0.15 
                 0.28 
                 0.10 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cr 
                 8.64 
                 13.05 
                 12.75 
                 14.89 
                 8.55 
                 16.85 
                 17.14 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cu 
                 0.00 
                 0.25 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.29 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ti 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.120 
                 0.326 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nb 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.54 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Zr 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.51 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mo 
                 0.008 
                 0.320 
                 0.440 
                 0.011 
                 0.011 
                 0.005 
                 0.010 
               
               
                   
                   
                 V 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ta 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.005 
                 0.004 
               
               
                   
                   
                 W 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Co 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fe 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SUH 
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
               
               
                   
                 409L 
                 409 
                 410L 
                 403 
                 410S 
                 410F2 
                 405 
                 410 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Saturation 
                 1.794 
                 1.759 
                 1.745 
                 1.700 
                 1.681 
                 1.673 
                 1.655 
                 1.638 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux density 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Maximum 
                 2220 
                 1930 
                 1520 
                 1102 
                 778 
                 623 
                 435 
                 601 
               
               
                 relative 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 permeability 
               
               
                 Coercive 
                 150 
                 172 
                 393 
                 612 
                 455 
                 503 
                 298 
                 484 
               
               
                 force (A/m) 
               
               
                 Magnetic 
                 0.498 
                 0.489 
                 0.485 
                 0.472 
                 0.467 
                 0.465 
                 0.460 
                 0.455 
               
               
                 flux in gap 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Per SPCC 
                 82.9 
                 82.3 
                 82.3 
                 80.1 
                 79.3 
                 78.9 
                 78.0 
                 77.2 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 3.8 
                 4.0 
                 4.1 
                 4.5 
                 5.0 
                 5.3 
                 5.8 
                 5.5 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 7629 
                 8188 
                 8462 
                 9534 
                 10711 
                 11405 
                 12622 
                 12088 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 3.1 
                 3.2 
                 3.1 
                 3.5 
                 3.6 
                 3.8 
                 4.5 
                 3.9 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 6223 
                 6550 
                 6398 
                 7416 
                 7712 
                 8177 
                 9793 
                 8572 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Rusting 
                 II 
                 II 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 II 
               
               
                 condition 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
                 21 
                 22 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SUS 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
                 430 
                 SUS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 11 
                 416 
                 410J1 
                 429 
                 1 
                 J1L 
                 430LX 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Saturation 
                 1.627 
                 1.616 
                 1.598 
                 1.595 
                 1.587 
                 1.581 
                 1.580 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux density 
               
               
                   
                 (T) 
               
               
                   
                 Maximum 
                 228 
                 820 
                 488 
                 621 
                 215 
                 1650 
                 1102 
               
               
                   
                 relative 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 permeability 
               
               
                   
                 Coercive 
                 385 
                 661 
                 556 
                 459 
                 423 
                 201 
                 235 
               
               
                   
                 force (A/m) 
               
               
                   
                 Magnetic 
                 0.452 
                 0.449 
                 0.444 
                 0.443 
                 0.441 
                 0.439 
                 0.439 
               
               
                   
                 flux in gap 
               
               
                   
                 (T) 
               
               
                   
                 Per SPCC 
                 76.7 
                 76.2 
                 75.3 
                 75.2 
                 74.8 
                 74.5 
                 74.5 
               
               
                   
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                 Leak 
                 6.2 
                 5.7 
                 6.0 
                 5.9 
                 6.8 
                 5.9 
                 6.2 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                   
                 Ratio of leak 
                 13722 
                 12701 
                 13523 
                 13323 
                 15434 
                 13437 
                 14126 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux A/gap 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                 Leak 
                 4.8 
                 4.2 
                 4.9 
                 5.1 
                 5.2 
                 4.7 
                 4.9 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                   
                 Ratio of leak 
                 10623 
                 9358 
                 11044 
                 11517 
                 11802 
                 10704 
                 11164 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux B/gap 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                 Rusting 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 II 
                 I 
                 I 
               
               
                   
                 condition 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 23 
                 24 
                 25 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
                 29 
                 30 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
               
               
                   
                 600 
                 420J1 
                 420J2 
                 420F2 
                 430 
                 420F 
                 431 
                 616 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Alloy 
                 C 
                 0.18 
                 0.34 
                 0.35 
                 0.36 
                 0.07 
                 0.35 
                 0.12 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 compo- 
                 Si 
                 0.26 
                 0.75 
                 0.72 
                 0.62 
                 0.45 
                 0.57 
                 0.55 
                 0.64 
               
               
                 sition 
                 Mn 
                 0.78 
                 0.60 
                 0.58 
                 0.51 
                 0.42 
                 0.72 
                 0.52 
                 0.77 
               
               
                 (% by 
                 P 
                 0.021 
                 0.019 
                 0.020 
                 0.025 
                 0.021 
                 0.026 
                 0.019 
                 0.021 
               
               
                 mass) 
                 S 
                 0.010 
                 0.020 
                 0.019 
                 0.019 
                 0.011 
                 0.088 
                 0.008 
                 0.022 
               
               
                   
                 Al 
                 0.039 
                 0.017 
                 0.018 
                 0.016 
                 0.031 
                 0.015 
                 0.023 
                 0.041 
               
               
                   
                 O 
                 0.087 
                 0.088 
                 0.085 
                 0.086 
                 0.091 
                 0.089 
                 0.091 
                 0.096 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 0.08 
                 0.04 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 0.04 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 Ni 
                 0.22 
                 0.13 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
                 0.15 
                 0.18 
                 1.25 
                 0.72 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 11.85 
                 12.98 
                 12.85 
                 13.12 
                 16.94 
                 13.20 
                 15.81 
                 11.95 
               
               
                   
                 Cu 
                 0.62 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
                 0.95 
               
               
                   
                 Ti 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Nb 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Zr 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Mo 
                 0.620 
                 0.010 
                 0.012 
                 0.011 
                 0.009 
                 0.012 
                 0.011 
                 1.010 
               
               
                   
                 V 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Ta 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Co 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Fe 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 31 
                 32 
                 33 
                 34 
                 37 
                 36 
                 37 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 630 
                 430F 
                 436J1L 
                 3 
                 434 
                 436L 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Alloy 
                 C 
                 0.04 
                 0.08 
                 0.01 
                 0.41 
                 0.07 
                 0.02 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 compo- 
                 Si 
                 0.56 
                 0.63 
                 0.54 
                 2.21 
                 0.67 
                 0.58 
                 0.95 
               
               
                   
                 sition 
                 Mn 
                 0.51 
                 0.40 
                 0.39 
                 0.32 
                 0.60 
                 0.45 
                 0.65 
               
               
                   
                 (% by 
                 P 
                 0.023 
                 0.029 
                 0.024 
                 0.019 
                 0.021 
                 0.020 
                 0.023 
               
               
                   
                 mass) 
                 S 
                 0.015 
                 0.045 
                 0.018 
                 0.020 
                 0.018 
                 0.017 
                 0.020 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Al 
                 0.040 
                 0.038 
                 0.010 
                 0.035 
                 0.035 
                 0.038 
                 0.036 
               
               
                   
                   
                 O 
                 0.089 
                 0.085 
                 0.082 
                 0.094 
                 0.089 
                 0.087 
                 0.098 
               
               
                   
                   
                 N 
                 0.03 
                 0.06 
                 0.01 
                 0.09 
                 0.04 
                 0.01 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ni 
                 3.80 
                 0.18 
                 0.19 
                 0.27 
                 0.18 
                 0.20 
                 0.23 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cr 
                 16.32 
                 17.01 
                 18.65 
                 10.85 
                 16.73 
                 18.66 
                 18.58 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cu 
                 3.85 
                 0.15 
                 0.59 
                 0.88 
                 1.05 
                 0.91 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ti 
                 0.050 
                 tr. 
                 0.021 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.110 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Nb 
                 0.26 
                 tr. 
                 0.61 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.42 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Zr 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.05 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mo 
                 0.010 
                 0.290 
                 0.570 
                 0.950 
                 0.940 
                 0.990 
                 0.012 
               
               
                   
                   
                 V 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ta 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 B 
                 0.006 
                 tr. 
                 0.008 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.009 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 W 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.01 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Co 
                 0.02 
                 tr. 
                 0.02 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.03 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fe 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 23 
                 24 
                 25 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
                 29 
                 30 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
               
               
                   
                 600 
                 420J1 
                 420J2 
                 420F2 
                 430 
                 420F 
                 431 
                 616 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Saturation 
                 1.572 
                 1.571 
                 1.567 
                 1.564 
                 1.543 
                 1.543 
                 1.534 
                 1.509 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux density 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Maximum 
                 550 
                 458 
                 423 
                 435 
                 688 
                 296 
                 365 
                 321 
               
               
                 relative 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 permeability 
               
               
                 Coercive 
                 1056 
                 943 
                 1065 
                 1154 
                 675 
                 1516 
                 992 
                 1215 
               
               
                 force (A/m) 
               
               
                 Magnetic 
                 0.437 
                 0.436 
                 0.435 
                 0.434 
                 0.429 
                 0.429 
                 0.426 
                 0.419 
               
               
                 flux in gap 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Per SPCC 
                 74.1 
                 74.1 
                 73.9 
                 73.7 
                 72.8 
                 72.8 
                 72.3 
                 71.1 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 6.4 
                 6.7 
                 7.0 
                 7.2 
                 7.4 
                 8.2 
                 7.9 
                 8.0 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 14657 
                 15360 
                 16083 
                 16577 
                 17266 
                 19134 
                 18541 
                 19095 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 5.1 
                 5.3 
                 5.5 
                 5.6 
                 5.5 
                 6.1 
                 6.2 
                 6.0 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 11680 
                 12150 
                 12637 
                 12893 
                 12833 
                 14234 
                 14551 
                 14321 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Rusting 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
               
               
                 condition 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 31 
                 32 
                 33 
                 34 
                 35 
                 36 
                 37 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
                 SUS 
                 SUS 
                 SUH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 630 
                 430F 
                 436J1L 
                 3 
                 434 
                 436L 
                 21 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Saturation 
                 1.507 
                 1.496 
                 1.475 
                 1.474 
                 1.443 
                 1.428 
                 1.424 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux density 
               
               
                   
                 (T) 
               
               
                   
                 Maximum 
                 712 
                 267 
                 1319 
                 201 
                 398 
                 850 
                 461 
               
               
                   
                 relative 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 permeability 
               
               
                   
                 Coercive 
                 565 
                 718 
                 656 
                 1980 
                 801 
                 671 
                 821 
               
               
                   
                 force (A/m) 
               
               
                   
                 Magnetic 
                 0.419 
                 0.415 
                 0.410 
                 0.409 
                 0.401 
                 0.397 
                 0.396 
               
               
                   
                 flux in gap 
               
               
                   
                 (T) 
               
               
                   
                 Per SPCC 
                 71.1 
                 70.5 
                 69.6 
                 69.5 
                 68.0 
                 67.3 
                 67.2 
               
               
                   
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                 Leak 
                 7.7 
                 9.0 
                 7.5 
                 9.1 
                 8.7 
                 9.6 
                 9.8 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                   
                 Ratio of leak 
                 18397 
                 21667 
                 18308 
                 22238 
                 21714 
                 24204 
                 24776 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux A/gap 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                 Leak 
                 5.9 
                 7.2 
                 6.1 
                 8.1 
                 8.2 
                 7.8 
                 8.5 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                   
                 Ratio of leak 
                 14096 
                 17333 
                 14891 
                 19795 
                 20466 
                 19666 
                 21489 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux B/gap 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                 Rusting 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
                 I 
               
               
                   
                 condition 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
                 16 
                 17 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SNCM 
                 SCM 
                 SNC 
                 SCM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SPCC 
                 S10C 
                 S15C 
                 S50C 
                 420 
                 415 
                 415 
                 440 
                 S35C 
                 S30C 
                 S38C 
                 S20C 
                 S55C 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Alloy 
                 C 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
                 0.16 
                 0.50 
                 0.20 
                 0.15 
                 0.16 
                 0.40 
                 0.36 
                 0.30 
                 0.39 
                 0.20 
                 0.55 
               
               
                 compo- 
                 Si 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
                 0.23 
                 0.25 
                 0.22 
                 0.31 
                 0.26 
                 0.32 
                 0.31 
                 0.29 
                 0.33 
                 0.26 
                 0.29 
               
               
                 sition 
                 Mn 
                 0.54 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
                 0.83 
                 0.65 
                 0.81 
                 0.46 
                 0.75 
                 0.81 
                 0.75 
                 0.78 
                 0.41 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 (% by 
                 P 
                 0.020 
                 0.022 
                 0.021 
                 0.023 
                 0.022 
                 0.020 
                 0.022 
                 0.019 
                 0.022 
                 0.019 
                 0.025 
                 0.022 
                 0.026 
               
               
                 mass) 
                 S 
                 0.010 
                 0.025 
                 0.026 
                 0.025 
                 0.025 
                 0.022 
                 0.023 
                 0.019 
                 0.025 
                 0.021 
                 0.029 
                 0.028 
                 0.030 
               
               
                   
                 Al 
                 0.060 
                 0.050 
                 0.056 
                 0.044 
                 0.021 
                 0.018 
                 0.022 
                 0.012 
                 0.052 
                 0.058 
                 0.048 
                 0.053 
                 0.059 
               
               
                   
                 O 
                 0.040 
                 0.065 
                 0.058 
                 0.061 
                 0.045 
                 0.062 
                 0.070 
                 0.065 
                 0.042 
                 0.048 
                 0.051 
                 0.047 
                 0.052 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 3.00 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.04 
               
               
                   
                 Ni 
                 tr. 
                 0.15 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 1.85 
                 0.11 
                 2.31 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
                 0.15 
                 0.10 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 tr. 
                 0.11 
                 0.09 
                 0.13 
                 0.82 
                 0.94 
                 0.75 
                 0.96 
                 0.13 
                 0.11 
                 0.16 
                 0.12 
                 0.16 
               
               
                   
                 Cu 
                 tr. 
                 0.15 
                 0.18 
                 0.16 
                 0.15 
                 0.22 
                 0.20 
                 0.23 
                 0.17 
                 0.15 
                 0.20 
                 0.22 
                 0.19 
               
               
                   
                 Ti 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Nb 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Zr 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Mo 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.220 
                 0.210 
                 tr. 
                 0.190 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 V 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Ta 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Co 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Fe 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SNCM 
                 SCM 
                 SNC 
               
               
                   
                 SPCC 
                 S10C 
                 S15C 
                 S50C 
                 420 
                 415 
                 415 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Saturation 
                 2.121 
                 2.045 
                 2.045 
                 1.958 
                 1.894 
                 1.887 
                 1.886 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux density 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Maximum 
                 2475 
                 2437 
                 2099 
                 689 
                 626 
                 1108 
                 1175 
               
               
                 relative 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 permeability 
               
               
                 Coercive 
                 420 
                 285 
                 284 
                 720 
                 793 
                 576 
                 444 
               
               
                 force (A/m) 
               
               
                 Magnetic 
                 0.589 
                 0.568 
                 0.568 
                 0.544 
                 0.526 
                 0.524 
                 0.524 
               
               
                 flux in gap 
               
               
                 (T) 
               
               
                 Per SPCC 
                 100.0 
                 96.4 
                 96.4 
                 92.3 
                 89.3 
                 89.0 
                 88.9 
               
               
                 (%) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 3.5 
                 3.8 
                 4.0 
                 4.5 
                 5.3 
                 5.2 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 5942 
                 6691 
                 7043 
                 8276 
                 10077 
                 9923 
                 11074 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux A/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Leak 
                 2.1 
                 2.1 
                 2.2 
                 4.0 
                 4.1 
                 3.8 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 3565 
                 3698 
                 3874 
                 7356 
                 7795 
                 7252 
                 7064 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux B/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                 Rusting 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
               
               
                 condition 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
                 16 
                 17 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 SCM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 440 
                 S35C 
                 S30C 
                 S38C 
                 S20C 
                 S55C 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Saturation 
                 1.884 
                 1.860 
                 1.822 
                 1.811 
                 1.804 
                 1.796 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux density 
               
               
                   
                 (T) 
               
               
                   
                 Maximum 
                 291 
                 1170 
                 1201 
                 1201 
                 1425 
                 536 
               
               
                   
                 relative 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 permeability 
               
               
                   
                 Coercive 
                 1370 
                 506 
                 502 
                 502 
                 447 
                 797 
               
               
                   
                 force (A/m) 
               
               
                   
                 Magnetic 
                 0.523 
                 0.517 
                 0.506 
                 0.503 
                 0.501 
                 0.499 
               
               
                   
                 flux in gap 
               
               
                   
                 (T) 
               
               
                   
                 Per SPCC 
                 88.8 
                 87.7 
                 85.9 
                 85.4 
                 85.1 
                 84.7 
               
               
                   
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                 Leak 
                 6.5 
                 5.7 
                 6.0 
                 6.2 
                 6.1 
                 7.0 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                   
                 Ratio of leak 
                 12424 
                 11035 
                 11858 
                 12328 
                 12176 
                 14035 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux A/gap 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                 Leak 
                 4.8 
                 4.0 
                 4.1 
                 4.1 
                 3.9 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                   
                 Ratio of leak 
                 9174 
                 7744 
                 8103 
                 8152 
                 7785 
                 9022 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux B/gap 
               
               
                   
                 magnetic 
               
               
                   
                 flux (ppm) 
               
               
                   
                 Rusting 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
               
               
                   
                 condition 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
                 21 
                 22 
                 23 
                 24 
                 25 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SNC 
                   
                 SNCM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SKH 
                 SKH 
                 SKD 
               
               
                   
                 631 
                 S45C 
                 439 
                 SK5 
                 SKS3 
                 S25C 
                 SUP9 
                 SK3 
                 55 
                 51 
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Alloy 
                 C 
                 0.30 
                 0.45 
                 0.41 
                 0.87 
                 0.96 
                 0.25 
                 0.57 
                 1.06 
                 0.91 
                 0.87 
                 1.51 
               
               
                 compo- 
                 Si 
                 0.24 
                 0.31 
                 0.25 
                 0.30 
                 0.27 
                 0.30 
                 0.30 
                 0.32 
                 0.29 
                 0.31 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 aition 
                 Mn 
                 0.51 
                 0.71 
                 0.81 
                 0.32 
                 1.02 
                 0.56 
                 0.77 
                 0.35 
                 0.35 
                 0.33 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 (% by 
                 P 
                 0.025 
                 0.020 
                 0.023 
                 0.021 
                 0.025 
                 0.024 
                 0.020 
                 0.019 
                 0.022 
                 0.015 
                 0.021 
               
               
                 mass) 
                 S 
                 0.024 
                 0.031 
                 0.026 
                 0.021 
                 0.021 
                 0.030 
                 0.021 
                 0.019 
                 0.026 
                 0.023 
                 0.022 
               
               
                   
                 Al 
                 0.020 
                 0.051 
                 0.019 
                 0.024 
                 0.027 
                 0.050 
                 0.042 
                 0.022 
                 0.013 
                 0.017 
                 0.010 
               
               
                   
                 O 
                 0.030 
                 0.055 
                 0.048 
                 0.055 
                 0.062 
                 0.041 
                 0.065 
                 0.062 
                 0.052 
                 0.059 
                 0.045 
               
               
                   
                 N 
                 0.01 
                 0.03 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
                 0.01 
               
               
                   
                 Ni 
                 2.72 
                 0.16 
                 1.88 
                 0.18 
                 0.19 
                 0.13 
                 0.09 
                 0.17 
                 0.21 
                 0.20 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 Cr 
                 0.86 
                 0.14 
                 0.78 
                 0.21 
                 0.78 
                 0.15 
                 0.83 
                 0.19 
                 4.25 
                 4.22 
                 11.80 
               
               
                   
                 Cu 
                 0.19 
                 0.22 
                 0.17 
                 0.11 
                 0.08 
                 0.23 
                 0.22 
                 0.09 
                 0.16 
                 0.15 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 Ti 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Nb 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Zr 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Mo 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.250 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.850 
               
               
                   
                 V 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.35 
               
               
                   
                 Ta 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 B 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 0.81 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 6.22 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Co 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
                 4.75 
                 tr. 
                 tr. 
               
               
                   
                 Fe 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
                 bal. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Comparative Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
                 21 
                 22 
                 23 
                 24 
                 25 
                 26 
                 27 
                 28 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Grade of steel 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SNC 
                   
                 SNCM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 SKH 
                 SKH 
                 SKD 
               
               
                   
                 631 
                 S45C 
                 439 
                 SK5 
                 SKS3 
                 S25C 
                 SUP9 
                 SK3 
                 55 
                 51 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Saturation 
                 1.784 
                 1.781 
                 1.706 
                 1.688 
                 1.683 
                 1.677 
                 1.607 
                 1.593 
                 1.500 
                 1.389 
                 1.361 
               
               
                 magnetic flux 
               
               
                 density (T) 
               
               
                 Maximum 
                 530 
                 655 
                 252 
                 905 
                 533 
                 482 
                 183 
                 527 
                 333 
                 346 
                 351 
               
               
                 relative 
               
               
                 magnetic 
               
               
                 permeability 
               
               
                 Coercive force 
                 936 
                 703 
                 1486 
                 650 
                 965 
                 404 
                 1724 
                 936 
                 1202 
                 1073 
                 1043 
               
               
                 (A/m) 
               
               
                 Magnetic flux 
                 0.495 
                 0.495 
                 0.474 
                 0.469 
                 0.467 
                 0.466 
                 0.446 
                 0.442 
                 0.417 
                 0.386 
                 0.378 
               
               
                 in gap (T) 
               
               
                 Per SPCC (%) 
                 84.1 
                 84.0 
                 80.4 
                 79.6 
                 79.4 
                 79.1 
                 75.8 
                 75.1 
                 70.7 
                 65.5 
                 64.2 
               
               
                 Leak magnetic 
                 7.2 
                 7.5 
                 8.2 
                 7.9 
                 8.7 
                 8.8 
                 9.5 
                 9.2 
                 9.8 
                 11.5 
                 12.2 
               
               
                 flux A (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 14533 
                 15164 
                 17308 
                 16853 
                 18615 
                 18896 
                 21288 
                 20796 
                 23526 
                 29813 
                 32279 
               
               
                 magnetic flux 
               
               
                 A/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic flux 
               
               
                 (ppm) 
               
               
                 Leak magnetic 
                 4.7 
                 4.8 
                 5.4 
                 5.7 
                 6.0 
                 6.5 
                 7.5 
                 7.2 
                 7.9 
                 8.3 
                 8.5 
               
               
                 flux B (mT) 
               
               
                 Ratio of leak 
                 9487 
                 9705 
                 11398 
                 12160 
                 12838 
                 13957 
                 16806 
                 16275 
                 18965 
                 21518 
                 22489 
               
               
                 magnetic flux 
               
               
                 B/gap 
               
               
                 magnetic flux 
               
               
                 (ppm) 
               
               
                 Rusting 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
                 III 
               
               
                 condition 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     It is understood from Tables 1 to 10 that each of the steel plates having the composition of Examples has an increased relative magnetic permeability, a decreased coercive force and a total magnetic flux in the gap of the magnetic circuit comparable to that of the SPCC. It is understood, in addition, that no noticeable rusting was found without occurrence of particle contamination. 
     INDUSTRIAL UTILIZABILITY 
     As is described above, improvements can be accomplished according to the present invention in the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of a yoke material having a thickness of 0.1 mm to 5 mm so that the magnetic flux introduced from a magnet into the magnetic circuit constituted can be efficiently utilized to maintain the magnetic flux density within the opposite gaps under reduced variations. It is now possible to provide inexpensive and highly corrosion-resistant magnetic circuits of a magnetic recording apparatus or an optical pickup device, as well as a voice coil motor and an actuator without necessitating formation of a corrosion-resistant metallic surface film by merely undertaking deburring and chamfering followed by finishing by chemical polishing and electrolytic polishing. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING 
       FIG. 1 : An explanatory perspective illustration of the VCM magnetic circuit as a first embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 2 : An explanatory perspective illustration of the VCM magnetic circuit in the form connected to one of the upper and lower yokes by bending connection as a second embodiment of the present invention. 
       FIG. 3 : An explanatory perspective illustration of a VCM magnetic circuit as a third embodiment of the present invention.