Patent Publication Number: US-2019189812-A1

Title: Solar cell and solar cell module

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to a solar cell and solar cell module. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A general solar cell is a double-sided electrode type solar cell, which includes an electrode on both a light-receiving surface and a back surface. On the other hand, a back contact solar cell having an electrode only on a back surface is free from a shading loss caused by an electrode on a light-receiving surface, and thus excellent in light utilization efficiency and therefore can attain high conversion efficiency. 
     In the back contact solar cell, p-type regions and n-type regions patterned in a predetermined shape are arranged on the back side of a semiconductor substrate, and electrodes are disposed on these conductivity-type regions. The pattern shape of the conductivity-type region in the back contact solar cell generally has a configuration in which p-type regions and n-type regions extending in one direction are alternately arranged along a direction perpendicular to the extending direction. 
     For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a back contact solar cell in which a first conductivity-type region and a second conductivity-type region are patterned in an interdigitated comb teeth shape (see  FIG. 7 ). The first conductivity-type region and the second conductivity-type region are provided with a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer, respectively. The first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer have mutually different conductivity-types. One of the semiconductor layers is a p-type semiconductor layer, and the other is an n-type semiconductor layer. In this form, first conductivity-type regions  711  and second conductivity-type regions  712  extending in a y direction are alternately arranged in an x direction. A metal electrode (finger electrode)  721  extending in a y direction is disposed on the first conductivity-type region  711 , and a metal electrode (finger electrode)  722  extending in a y direction is disposed on the second conductivity-type region  712 . 
     At one end of the back surface of a solar cell in a y direction, a first conductivity-type region  756  extending in an x direction is arranged so as to connect a plurality of first conductivity-type regions  711 . The first conductivity-type region  756  extending in an x direction is also referred to as a “bus bar region”. A metal electrode (bus bar electrode)  726  is disposed on the bus bar region  756 . The bus bar electrode  726  connects finger electrodes  721  disposed, respectively, on a plurality of first conductivity-type regions  711 . At the other end of the back surface of the solar cell, a second conductivity-type region  757  extending in an x direction is arranged to connect a plurality of second conductivity-type regions  712  as a bus bar region. On the bus bar region, a bus bar electrode  727  is provided, which connects finger electrodes  722  disposed, respectively, on a plurality of second conductivity-type regions  712 . 
     Bus bar electrodes  726  and  727  disposed, respectively on bus bar regions  756  and  757  connect a plurality of finger electrodes, and serve to gather carriers collected by the finger electrodes and establish electrical connection to other solar cells. In modularization performed by connecting a plurality of solar cells, an interconnector is mounted onto the bus bar electrode to establish electrical connection between adjacent solar cells. 
     The back contact solar cell has no electrode on the light-receiving surface, so that the light receiving amount on a semiconductor substrate is maximized to improve conversion efficiency. For improving the conversion efficiency of the back contact solar cell, it is important to effectively collect photocarriers produced at the end portion (peripheral edge) of the semiconductor substrate, as well as photocarriers produced at the central portion of the semiconductor substrate. Patent Document 1 suggests that by covering the peripheral edge of a semiconductor substrate with an amorphous semiconductor layer, carrier recombination at an exposed portion of the semiconductor substrate can be reduced to improve conversion efficiency. 
     Patent Document 2 discloses a back contact solar cell in which first conductivity-type regions  811  and second conductivity-type regions  812  extending in a y direction are alternately arranged in an x direction, and a bus bar region is not provided (see  FIG. 8 ). In the solar cell, finger electrodes  821  disposed, respectively on a plurality of first conductivity-type regions  811  are separated from one another, and finger electrodes  822  disposed, respectively, on a plurality of second conductivity-type regions  812  are separated from one another. Patent Document 2 suggests that a specific wiring sheet is used for connection between a plurality of finger electrodes  821 , connection between a plurality of finger electrodes  822 , and electrical connection between adjacent solar cells. 
     Patent Document 3 discloses a form having an outer peripheral region arranged so as to surround the outer peripheral portion of a semiconductor substrate as a pattern shape of a semiconductor layer in a back contact solar cell (see  FIG. 9 ). Specifically an outer peripheral second conductivity-type region  957  including a region  957   a  extending in an x direction and a region  957   f  extending in a y direction, and an outer peripheral first conductivity-type region  956  including a region  956   a  extending in an x direction and a region  956   f  extending in a y direction are provided. The outer peripheral second conductivity-type region  957  surrounds a plurality of first conductivity-type regions  951  and second conductivity-type regions  952  alternately arranged in an x direction. The outer peripheral first conductivity-type region  956  surrounds the outer peripheral second conductivity-type region  957 . Patent Document 3 suggests that when electrodes are not disposed on these outer peripheral conductivity-type regions, collection efficiency of photocarriers produced at the end portion of the semiconductor substrate can be improved, leading to improvement of conversion efficiency.
     Patent Document 1: WO 2012/018119   Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2010-157553   Patent Document 3: Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2013-219185   

     Recombination of photoinduced carriers easily occurs at the end portion of a semiconductor substrate. When the entire substrate surface including the peripheral edge of a principal surface of the substrate and a lateral surface of the substrate is covered with an amorphous semiconductor layer, etc., recombination can be reduced, but even in this case, carrier recombination more easily occurs at the end portion of the substrate than at the central portion. Thus, for improving the conversion efficiency of the back contact solar cell, it is important to suppress carrier recombination at the end portion of the substrate, so that photoinduced carriers are effectively collected. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a back contact solar cell having a small collection loss caused by carrier recombination in the vicinity of the end portion of a semiconductor substrate, and having high conversion efficiency. 
     As described above, in a back contact solar cell, band-shape first conductivity-type regions and band-shape second conductivity-type regions extending in one direction are alternately arranged on the entire back surface of a substrate or most regions of the back surface of the substrate except end portions. The present inventors have found that a back contact solar cell with a conductivity-type region having such an in-plane pattern has an anisotropy in carrier lifetime in the vicinity of the end portion of a substrate. 
     To be more specific, the back contact solar cell tends to have a shorter carrier lifetime and more easily undergoes carrier recombination at the end portion in an extending direction of the conductivity-type region than at the end portion in a direction perpendicular to the conductivity-type region. In a solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention, a conductivity-type region has a predetermined pattern shape at the end portion in an extending direction of the conductivity-type region, so that carrier recombination at the end portion of a semiconductor substrate can be suppressed. 
     The solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention includes a semiconductor substrate formed in a rectangular shape and having a first principal surface and a second principal surface, the second principal surface including a first conductivity-type region and a second conductivity-type region. The second principal surface is provided with a metal electrode, and the first principal surface is not provided with a metal electrode. The first conductivity-type region includes a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, and the second conductivity-type region includes a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer. The first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer have different conductivity-types. 
     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a first direction end portion region is present at each of both end portions of the semiconductor substrate in a first direction, and a first direction central region is present between the two first direction end portion regions. In the first direction central region, band-shape first conductivity-type regions extending in a first direction and band-shape second conductivity-type regions extending in the first direction are alternately arranged along a second direction. In the first direction end portion region, band-shape first conductivity-type regions extending in the second direction and band-shape second conductivity-type regions extending in the second direction are alternately arranged along the first direction. In the first direction end portion region, at least two first conductivity-type regions are arranged along the first direction. 
     In one or more embodiments of the back contact solar cell, an intrinsic semiconductor layer, a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and a transparent electroconductive layer are disposed in this order on the second principal surface of the semiconductor substrate in the first conductivity-type region, and an intrinsic semiconductor layer, a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer and a transparent electroconductive layer are disposed in this order on the second principal surface of the semiconductor substrate in the second conductivity-type region. 
     In the solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention, the first conductivity-type region extending over the first direction end portion region from the first direction central region in the first direction is connected to a peripheral edge first conductivity-type region extending in the second direction along the peripheral edge in the first direction. The second conductivity-type region arranged adjacent to the first direction central region side of the peripheral edge first conductivity-type region is divided into a plurality of regions along the second direction by the first conductivity-type region extending over the first direction end portion region from the first direction central region in the first direction. 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention also relate to a solar cell module in which a plurality of the solar cells are connected through a wiring member. 
     In a solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention, band-shape first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions each extending in a second direction are alternately arranged in a first direction end portion region. Thus, photocarriers produced at the central portion are inhibited from moving to the end portion of the semiconductor substrate in the first direction, so that the carrier recombination amount can be reduced to improve the efficiency of the solar cell. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a plan view of a back contact solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a sectional view taken along line A 1 -A 2  in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of a back contact solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  is a plan view of a back contact solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a plan view of a back contact solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a plan view of a back contact solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a plan view of a conventional back contact solar cell. 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view of a conventional back contact solar cell. 
         FIG. 9  is a plan view of a conventional back contact solar cell. 
         FIG. 10  is a photoluminescence (PI) image of the conventional back contact solar cell in an open state. 
         FIGS. 11A and 11B  are plan views of a solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12A  is a conceptual view for illustrating the movement of carriers produced at the central portion to the end portion in the solar cell. 
         FIG. 12B  is a conceptual view for illustrating the movement of carriers produced at the central portion to the end portion in the solar cell. 
         FIG. 13  is a plan view of a back contact solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14A  shows one example of a cross-section along the extending direction of the first wiring member for the back contact solar cell in  FIG. 13 . 
         FIG. 14B  shows one example of a cross-section along the extending direction of the first wiring member for the back contact solar cell in  FIG. 13 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     (Configuration of Back Contact Solar Cell) 
     A solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention includes a semiconductor substrate formed in a rectangular shape and having a first principal surface and a second principal surface, the second principal surface being provided with a first conductivity-type region and a second conductivity-type region which are patterned in a predetermined shape. The first principal surface of the semiconductor substrate is a light-receiving surface, and the second principal surface is a back surface at the time when the solar cell generates power. 
     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the first conductivity-type region is provided with a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer, and the second conductivity-type region is provided with a second conductivity-type semiconductor layer. The first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer are semiconductor layers having different conductivity-types. One of the semiconductor layers is a p-type semiconductor layer, and the other is an n-type semiconductor layer. In this specification, the conductivity-type of a semiconductor layer included in a conductivity-type region arranged at the end of the semiconductor substrate in a first direction (y direction) is referred to as a first conductivity-type. In other words, the conductivity-type region arranged at the peripheral edge of the end in the first direction is the first conductivity-type region. The first conductivity-type region may be referred to as a peripheral edge first conductivity-type region. 
       FIG. 1  is a plan view of a back contact solar cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention on the second principal surface (back surface) side.  FIG. 2  is a sectional view taken along line A 1 -A 2  in  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , a solar cell  100  has first conductivity-type regions  111 ,  116   a ,  116   f    118   a  and  118   f  and second conductivity-type regions  112 ,  117   a  and  117   f  on the back surface (upper surface in  FIG. 2 ) of a semiconductor substrate  10 . 
     The semiconductor substrate  10  has a rectangular shape in plan view. The rectangular shape is not required to be a perfectly square shape or oblong shape, and for example, the semiconductor substrate may have a semi-square shape (a rectangular shape having rounded corners or having a notched portion). 
     The one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 2  feature a so-called heterojunction silicon solar cell, in which a crystalline silicon substrate or the like is used as the semiconductor substrate  10 . The crystalline silicon substrate may be either a single-crystalline silicon substrate or a polycrystalline silicon substrate. 
     The conductivity-type of the silicon substrate may be either an n-type or a p-type. It is preferable to use an n-type single-crystalline silicon substrate from the viewpoint of the length of carrier lifetime in the silicon substrate. The thickness of the silicon substrate is, for example, about 50 to 300 μm. Preferably, a texture (irregularity structure) is provided on the light-receiving surface (first principal surface) of the silicon substrate from the viewpoint of optical confinement. A texture may also be provided on the back surface (second principal surface) of the silicon substrate. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , a first conductivity-type semiconductor layer  11  is disposed on the second principal surface of the semiconductor substrate  10  in the first conductivity-type region  111 . A second conductivity-type semiconductor layer  12  is disposed on the second principal surface of the semiconductor substrate  10  in the second conductivity-type region  112 . The first conductivity-type semiconductor layer  11  and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer  12  are silicon-based thin-films of amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon or the like. Preferably intrinsic semiconductor layers  31  and  32  are disposed between the silicon substrate  10  and the conductive semiconductor layers  11  and  12 . By providing an intrinsic semiconductor layer such as a silicon thin-film on a surface of the silicon substrate, surface defects of the silicon substrate are terminated to increase the carrier lifetime. 
     Although the method for depositing a silicon-based thin-film is not particularly limited, a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) is preferable. As a material gas for CVD, an SiH 4  gas is preferable. As a dopant addition gas to be used for deposition of the conductive silicon-based thin-film, hydrogen-diluted BH 6  or PH 3  is preferable. Impurities such as oxygen and carbon may be added in a very small amount for improving the light transmittance. For example, by introducing gases of CO 2 , CH 4  and the like in CVD, oxygen and carbon can be introduced into the silicon-based thin-film. 
     When a silicon-based thin-film is deposited by a dry process such as a CVD method, it is preferable that a thin-film is disposed so as to cover the end portion and lateral surface of the substrate as shown in  FIG. 2 . In addition, it is preferable that a passivation layer  70  on the first principal surface is also disposed so as to cover the end portion and lateral surface of the substrate. By providing amorphous silicon or the like so as to cover the end portion and lateral surface of the substrate as described above, carrier recombination at the end portion of the substrate can be suppressed. 
     Preferably, the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer  11  and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer  12  are not in contact with each other. In the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 2 , a separation groove is arranged between the first conductivity-type region  111  and the second conductivity-type region  112 , and each layer is patterned so as to separate the conductivity-type regions. As shown in Patent Document 1 (WO 2012/018119), a boundary between the first conductivity-type region and the second conductivity-type region may be an overlap region in which both the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer are disposed. By providing an insulating layer between the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer in the overlap region, contact between the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer can be prevented. 
     The method for patterning the first conductivity-type semiconductor layer  11  and the second conductivity-type semiconductor layer  12  in a predetermined shape is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method in which a silicon-based thin-film is formed using a mask, and a method in which a semiconductor layer, etc. under a resist opening is removed using an etchant or an etching paste while the surface is covered with a resist or the like. 
     The conductive semiconductor layer in the solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention is not limited to the silicon-based thin-film. The conductive semiconductor layer may be, for example, a doping layer disposed on a surface of the silicon substrate. A doping layer can be formed by doping a surface of the silicon substrate with a dopant such as P or B (conductivity-type determination impurity) by thermal diffusion, laser doping or the like. 
     In a heterojunction solar cell of one or more embodiments, transparent electroconductive layers  41  and  42  are disposed between conductive semiconductor layers  11  and  12  and metal electrodes  21  and  22 , respectively. The material of the transparent electroconductive layer is preferably a conductive oxide such as an indium tin oxide (ITO) or zinc oxide. The transparent electroconductive layer can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method or the like. It is preferred the transparent electroconductive layers are patterned, like the conductive semiconductor layers. 
     In one or more embodiments, the metal electrodes  21  and  22 , respectively, disposed on the transparent electroconductive layers  41  and  42  can be formed by a known method such as printing or plating, and an Ag electrode formed by screen printing with an Ag paste, a copper plating electrode formed by electroplating, or the like is preferably used 
     Among conductivity-type regions of the outer peripheral portion in the solar cell  100  shown in  FIG. 1 , the first conductivity-type region  118   f  extending in the y direction is provided with a transparent electroconductive layer and a metal electrode, and other conductivity-type regions of the outer peripheral portion are not provided with an electrode. The pattern of the metal electrode is not limited to the form shown in  FIG. 1 , and conductivity-type regions  117   f  and  116   f  extending in the y direction may be provided with the metal electrode. In addition, conductivity-type regions  118   a ,  117   a  and  116   a  extending in the x direction may be provided with the metal electrode. The metal electrode provided in the first conductivity-type region  118   a  may be connected to the metal electrode  21  provided in the first conductivity-type region  111 . 
     In embodiments described later and shown in  FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6 , the metal electrode should be provided on first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions alternately arranged along the x direction in the central region of the substrate, and the end portion regions may be provided or not provided with the metal electrode. Whether or not the metal electrode is to be provided in end portion regions can be determined in consideration of the carrier collecting efficiency, the width of the conductive layer, the process margin or the like. 
     In the back contact solar cell of one or more embodiments, the first principal surface that is a light-receiving surface does not directly contribute to power generation and extraction of currents. Thus, the structure on the first principal surface is not particularly limited as long as reception of sunlight is not inhibited. In the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 2 , the passivation layer  70  is disposed on the first principal surface (lower side in  FIG. 2 ) of the silicon substrate  10 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the passivation layer  70  may be a single layer or a stack of plural layers. When a crystalline silicon substrate is used as the semiconductor substrate, it is preferable that an intrinsic amorphous silicon thin-film is disposed in contact with the first principal surface of the crystalline silicon substrate for enhancing the passivation effect. A conductive semiconductor thin-film may be further disposed on the intrinsic amorphous silicon thin-film. 
     Preferably, the conductive semiconductor thin-film disposed on the intrinsic silicon thin-film has a conductivity-type identical to that of the semiconductor substrate  10 . For example, when the semiconductor substrate  10  is an n-type crystalline silicon substrate, it is preferable that the passivation layer  70  on the first principal surface has a configuration in which an intrinsic amorphous silicon thin-film and an n-type amorphous silicon thin-film are stacked. 
     In one or more embodiments, an anti-reflection layer (not shown) also serving as a protecting layer may be disposed on the passivation layer  70 . The material for the anti-reflection layer is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of protecting the passivation layer present under the anti-reflection layer, and has light-transmittance. The anti-reflection layer is preferably a light-transmitting thin-film having a refractive index of about 1.5 to 2.3, and as a material thereof, SiO, SiN, SiON or the like is used. Although the method for forming the anti-reflection layer is not particularly limited, a CVD method is preferable because the thickness can be precisely controlled. 
     On the back surface of the semiconductor substrate of one or more embodiments, first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  are present at both end portions in the first direction (y direction), and a first direction central region YC is present between these end portion regions. In the first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2 , a band-shape conductivity-type region is arranged so as to extend in the second direction (x direction). In the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 1 , the first conductivity-type region  116   a , the second conductivity-type region  117   a  and the first conductivity-type region  118   a  are arranged in this order along the first direction from the end portion of the substrate. As described above, the peripheral edge conductivity-type region arranged at the end portion in the first direction is the first conductivity-type region. 
     In the first direction central region YC of one or more embodiments, band-shape first conductivity-type regions and band-shape second conductivity-type regions are arranged so as to extend in the first direction. In the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 1 , first conductivity-type regions  111 ,  116   f  and  118   f  and second conductivity-type regions  112  and  117   f  are arranged so as to extend in the first direction (y direction). The first conductivity-type region and the second conductivity-type region are alternately arranged along the second direction (x direction). Specifically, the peripheral edge longitudinal first conductivity-type region  116   f  and the outer peripheral longitudinal second conductivity-type region  117   f  are arranged from the end portion side at both end portions XE 1  and XE 2  in the x direction, the inner peripheral longitudinal first conductivity-type region  118   f  is arranged at both ends in a second direction central region XC inside the end portions XE 1  and XE 2 , and second conductivity-type regions  112  and first conductivity-type regions  111  are alternately arranged along the x direction between the end portions XE 1  and XE 2  and the central region XC. 
     In this specification, a range over which the band-shape conductivity-type region (first conductivity-type region  118   a  in  FIG. 1 ) arranged in contact with a boundary of the first direction end portion region with the first direction central region YC extends in the second direction is defined as the second direction central region XC, and regions at both ends of the range are defined as second direction end portion regions XE 1  and XE 2 . When the conductivity-type region that is in contact with the boundary with the first direction central region YC is divided into a plurality of regions in the second direction, the divided portions are included in the second direction central region XC (see  FIGS. 4 and 5 ). 
     The width of each of conductivity-type regions  111  and  112  arranged in the second direction central region XC is set to, for example, about 200 to 2000 μm. The width of the first conductivity-type region  111  may be different from the width of the second conductivity-type region  112 . For example, the width of the second conductivity-type region may be adjusted within a range of about 0.5 to 2 times the width of the first conductivity-type region. 
     In first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2 , the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  116   a , the outer peripheral lateral second conductivity-type region  117   a  and the inner peripheral lateral first conductivity-type region  118   a  are arranged in this order along the first direction (y direction) from the end portion of the substrate. The inner peripheral lateral first conductivity-type region  118   a  is connected to the inner peripheral longitudinal first conductivity-type region  118   f  to form the ring-shaped inner peripheral first conductivity-type region  118 . The inner peripheral first conductivity-type region  118  surrounds first conductivity-type regions  111  and second conductivity-type regions  112  alternately arranged in the first direction central region YC. 
     In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the outer peripheral lateral second conductivity-type region  117   a  is connected to the outer peripheral longitudinal second conductivity-type region  117   f  to form the ring-shaped outer peripheral second conductivity-type region  117 . The outer peripheral second conductivity-type region  117  surrounds the inner peripheral first conductivity-type region  118 . The peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  116   a  is connected to the peripheral edge longitudinal first conductivity-type region  116   f  to form the ring-shaped peripheral edge first conductivity-type region  116 . The peripheral edge first conductivity-type region  116  surrounds the outer peripheral second conductivity-type region  117 . The outer peripheral second conductivity-type region  117  and the peripheral edge first conductivity-type region  116  are not in contact with the first conductivity-type region  111  and second conductivity-type region  112  in the first direction central region YC. 
     In the solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention, the extending direction (first direction) of the conductivity-type region in the first direction central region and the extending direction (second direction) of the conductivity-type region in the first direction end portion region are nonparallel to each other. The first direction and the second direction are preferably perpendicular to each other. In the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 1 , two first conductivity-type regions  118   a  and  116   a  extending in the x direction are disposed in each of first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2 , and the second conductivity-type region  117   a  is disposed between the first conductivity-type regions  118   a  and  116   a . By alternately arranging first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions in the first direction end portion region, carrier recombination at the end portion of the substrate can be reduced to improve the power generation of the back contact solar cell. 
     Hereinafter the probable principle for reduction of carrier recombination at the end portion of the substrate will be described on the basis of a difference in pattern shape of the conductivity-type region between the back contact solar cell shown in  FIG. 1  and a conventional back contact solar cell shown in  FIG. 8 . In the back contact solar cell in  FIG. 8 , first conductivity-type regions  811  and second conductivity-type regions  812  extending in the y direction are alternately arranged in the x direction. 
       FIG. 10  is a photoluminescence (PL) image of a back contact solar cell in an open state, the back contact solar cell having the same pattern shape of the conductivity-type region as in  FIG. 8 . The back contact solar cell has a large amount of PL counts and a long carrier lifetime at the central portion of the substrate, and has a short carrier lifetime and a small number of PL counts at the end portion of the substrate. 
       FIGS. 11A and 11B  show a profile of the number of PL counts over a range of about 5 mm from the end portion of the substrate in the x direction and the y direction in the PL image in  FIG. 10  together with a pattern of the conductivity-type region at the end portion. In each of the x direction and the y direction, the number of PL counts at the end portion of the substrate (=background) is about 5000, and the number of PL counts increases as going toward the center of the substrate. There is a difference in rise in the number of PL counts between the x direction and the y direction, and where the distance from the end portion to a point at which the number of PL counts reaches 20000 is y 1  in the y direction and x 1  in the x direction, the distance y 1  is about two times the distance x 1 . It is apparent that the back contact solar cell has a smaller number of PL counts and a shorter carrier lifetime at the end portion in the y direction than at the end portion in the x direction. This indicates that the carrier recombination amount is larger in the vicinity of the end portion in the y direction than in the vicinity of the end portion in the x direction. 
     The reason why the carrier recombination amount is large in the vicinity of the end portion in the y direction is that the potential barrier is lower when carriers move toward the end portion in the y direction than when carriers move toward the end portion in the x direction. It is considered that the carrier recombination amount is large in the vicinity of the end portion in the y direction because carriers produced at the central portion of the substrate easily move in the surface direction of the substrate to arrive at the end portion in the y direction. 
     When first conductivity-type regions  811  and second conductivity-type regions  812  extending in the y direction are alternately arranged along the x direction as conceptually shown in  FIG. 12A , there is a potential gradient at a boundary between the first conductivity-type region and the second conductivity-type region in the x direction. The potential gradient serves as a barrier, so that movement of carriers in the x direction is suppressed. Thus, there is a low probability that carriers produced at position A in the central portion of the substrate moves in the x direction to arrive at the end portion region  856   f . Referring to  FIG. 11A , the number of PL counts reaches 20000 in the vicinity of a boundary between the first conductivity-type region which is second closest to the end portion in the x direction and the second conductivity-type region which is the second closest to the end portion in the x direction. 
     On the other hand, since there is no conductivity-type region boundary in the y direction that is the extending direction of the conductivity-type region  812 , the potential barrier is smaller in movement of carriers in the y direction than in movement of carriers in the x direction. See  FIG. 11B . Thus, it is considered that in the y direction, a large amount of carriers arrive at the end portion region  856   a , leading to an increase in carrier recombination amount in the vicinity of the end portion of the substrate. 
     In particular, a heterojunction solar cell in which a passivation layer such as an amorphous silicon layer is disposed on a surface of a silicon substrate has a long carrier lifetime, and a long distance over which carriers can move in the substrate. Thus, the amount of carriers moving from the central portion to the end portion in the y direction tends to be so large that a carrier collecting loss caused by recombination of carriers moving to the end portion exerts a marked effect. 
     On the other hand, in the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 12B , the inner peripheral lateral first conductivity-type region  118   a , the outer peripheral lateral second conductivity-type region  117   a  and the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  116   a  are arranged in this order from the first direction central region YC side in the first direction end portion region YE 1 . Thus, as conceptually shown in  FIG. 12B , a potential barrier at a boundary between the first conductivity-type region  118   a  and the second conductivity-type region  117   a  and a potential barrier at a boundary between the second conductivity-type region  117   a  and the first conductivity-type region  116   a  serve as a factor of hindering movement of carriers produced at position A in the central portion of the substrate to the end portion in the y direction (peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  118   a ). 
     In other words, in the solar cell of one or more embodiments of the present invention, first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions extending in the second direction (x direction) are alternately arranged in the first direction end portion region, and therefore by potential barriers at boundaries between these conductivity-type regions, movement of carriers to the end portion in the first direction (y direction) is limited. In the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 1 , two first conductivity-type regions  116   a  and  118   a  are present in each of first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2 , and the second conductivity-type region  117   a  is present between the first conductivity-type regions  116   a  and  118   a . For arriving at the end portion in the first direction, carriers produced in the first direction central region YC are required to pass over both the potential barrier in movement from the first conductivity-type region  118   a  to the second conductivity-type region  117   a  and the potential barrier in movement from the second conductivity-type region  117   a  to the first conductivity-type region  116   a . Thus, movement of carriers to the end portion of the substrate in the first direction is suppressed, and accordingly, the carrier recombination amount at the end portion in the first direction is reduced, so that the power of the solar cell is improved. 
     The pattern shape of first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions in the first direction end portion region is not limited to the form shown in  FIG. 1 , as long as first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions are alternately arranged along the first direction. For example, two or more second conductivity-type regions extending in the second direction may be provided, and three or more first conductivity-type regions may be provided. The conductivity-type region arranged on the innermost side (on a side close to the first direction central region YC) in the first direction end portion region may be either the first conductivity-type region or the second conductivity-type region. 
     In one or more embodiments, the larger the number of alternately arranged first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions provided in the first direction end portion region, the greater the barrier in movement of carriers from the central portion of the substrate to the end portion in the first direction. Thus, the probability that photocarriers produced at the central portion move to the end portion of the substrate to be recombined tends to decrease, leading to improvement of carrier collecting efficiency. 
     On the other hand, when the number of alternately arranged first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions provided in the first direction end portion region increases, the width of the first direction end portion region increases. Accordingly, the movement distance until photocarriers produced at the end portion of the substrate move to the electrode arranged at the central portion may increase, leading to deterioration of collecting efficiency of carriers produced in the first direction end portion region. Thus, the number of first conductivity-type regions provided along the first direction in each of first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 6 or less, further preferably 5 or less. The width of each of first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  from the end portion of the substrate in the first direction is preferably 3 mm or less, more preferably 1.5 mm or less. 
     First conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions arranged in the first direction end portion region are not required to be connected to the conductivity-type region arranged in the first direction central region. For example, in the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 3 , two first conductivity-type regions  316   a  and  318   a  and two second conductivity-type regions  317   a  and  319   a  are alternately arranged in each of first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2 . First conductivity-type regions  316   a  and  318   a  are connected to the outer peripheral longitudinal first conductivity-type region  316   f  extending in the first direction. The second conductivity-type region  319   a  is connected to the inner peripheral longitudinal second conductivity-type region  319   f  and a plurality of conductivity-type regions  312  arranged in the second direction central region XC. 
     On the other hand, the second conductivity-type region  317   a  is not connected to the second conductivity-type region extending in the first direction. Even when the conductivity-type region arranged in the first direction end portion region is not connected to the conductivity-type region extending in the first direction, a potential barrier is present at a boundary between adjacent first conductivity-type regions  316   a  and  318   a . That is, irrespective of whether or not the conductivity-type region extending in the second direction is connected to the conductivity-type region extending in the first direction, movement of carriers to the end portion in the first direction can be suppressed by the potential barrier, and therefore it is possible to contribute to reduction of carrier recombination at the end portion of the substrate. 
     First conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions arranged in the first direction end portion region are not required to be continuous throughout the second direction. For example, in the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 4 , first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434  extend over first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  from the first direction central region YC in the first direction, and are connected to a peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  in the first direction end portion region YE 1 . Thus, the second conductivity-type region arranged inside the first conductivity-type region  416   a  is divided into three regions: regions  417   a ,  417   b  and  417   c  extending in the second direction. The first conductivity-type region arranged inside the second conductivity-type region is also divided into three regions: regions  418   a ,  418   b  and  418   c.    
     Thus, when the conductivity-type region arranged in the first direction end portion region is divided into a plurality of regions in the second direction, collecting efficiency of photocarriers produced in the first direction end portion region can be improved. To be more specific, photocarriers produced at the end portion of the substrate can be collected by metal electrodes  443  and  444  disposed on first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434  since the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  is connected to first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434 . Since the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  is connected to a plurality of first conductivity-type regions extending in the first direction, the movement distance in the second direction until photocarriers produced in the first direction end portion region are collected by metal electrodes decreases. Thus, the ratio at which carriers are collected by metal electrodes  443  and  444  disposed on the first conductivity-type region before the carries are recombined at the end portion of the substrate increases, so that a loss caused by carrier recombination at the end portion of the substrate can be reduced. 
     In one or more embodiments, the larger the number of band-shape first conductivity-type regions, which extend over first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  from the first direction central region YC in the first direction and are connected to the peripheral edge first conductivity-type region  116   a , among those arranged in the second direction central region XC, the smaller the carrier movement distance in the second direction. In  FIG. 4 , total fourteen band-shape first conductivity-type regions extending in the first direction are present in the second direction central region XC, and among them, twelve first conductivity-type regions are connected to first conductivity-type regions  418   a ,  418   b  and  418   c  arranged inside, and two first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434  are connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a.    
     Since two first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434  are connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a , the first direction end portion region is divided into three regions along the second direction. Thus, the carrier movement distance in the second direction is about one-third of that when first conductivity-type regions extending in the first direction are not connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region (see  FIG. 1 ). In other words, the larger the number of first conductivity-type regions connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  among first conductivity-type regions extending in the first direction, the smaller the movement distance until photocarriers produced in first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  are collected by metal electrodes. Accordingly, recombination of photocarriers produced in the first direction end portion region can be suppressed. 
     On the other hand, in first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434  connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a , the potential barrier in movement of carriers from the first direction central region to the end portion in the first direction is small, so that photocarriers produced in the first direction central region YC easily move to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a . In other words, since first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434  are connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a , collecting efficiency of photocarriers produced in the first direction end portion region can be improved, but in these conductivity-type regions, a carrier recombination loss caused by movement of photocarriers produced in the first direction central region to the end portion of the substrate tends to increase. 
     In one or more embodiments, when the ratio of first conductivity-type regions connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  is excessively high, the effect of an increase in the amount in which photocarriers produced at the central portion of the substrate are recombined at the end portion of the substrate may exceed the effect of improving carrier collecting efficiency by reduction of the distance over which photocarriers produced at the end portion of the substrate move in the second direction. For optimizing carrier collecting efficiency in terms of a balance between these effects, the ratio of band-shape first conductivity-type regions connected to the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a , among those that are arranged in the second direction central region and extend in the first direction, is preferably 30% or less, more preferably 0.5 to 20%, further preferably 1 to 10%. For suppressing movement of photocarriers produced in the first direction central region to the end portion of the substrate, the ratio of band-shape first conductivity-type regions connected to first conductivity-type regions  418   a ,  418   b  and  418   c  arranged inside the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  in the first direction end portion region, among those that are arranged in the second direction central region XC and extend in the first direction, is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 70% or more, further preferably 80% or more, especially preferably 90% or more. 
     When the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  is connected to band-shape first conductivity-type regions  433  and  434  extending in the first direction, second conductivity-type regions and first conductivity-type regions arranged inside the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region (on a side close to the first direction central region YC) are each divided into a plurality of regions along the second direction. Even in these conductivity-type regions, the distance over which produced photocarriers move in the second direction decreases, so that carrier collecting efficiency tends to be improved. 
     Among the band-shape conductivity-type regions that are arranged in first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  and extend in the second direction, conductivity-type regions  418   a ,  418   b  and  418   c  that are in contact with the first direction central region YC may be provided with metal electrodes  428   a ,  428   b  and  428   c  extending in the second direction. When these metal electrodes are connected to a metal electrode  421  disposed on a conductivity-type region  411  extending in the first direction, the ratio of carriers collected by metal electrodes increases. Thus, the number of carriers moving to the end portion in the first direction tends to relatively decrease, leading to reduction of the carrier recombination amount at the end portion in the first direction. 
     Metal electrodes  427   a ,  427   b  and  427   c  extending in the second direction may also be disposed on conductivity-type regions  417   a ,  417   b  and  417   c  arranged outside the conductivity-type regions  418   a ,  418   b  and  418   c  (on the substrate end portion side). Preferably, metal electrodes  427   a ,  427   b  and  427   c  are each connected to metal electrodes  447  and  448  disposed on conductivity-type regions  436  and  437  extending in the first direction. 
     Even when metal electrodes are not provided in first conductivity-type regions  418   a    418   b  and  418   c  each divided into a plurality of regions along the x direction, and second conductivity-type regions  417   a ,  417   b  and  417   c , photocarriers produced in these conductivity-type regions can be effectively collected by metal electrodes extending in the y direction because the movement distance in the x direction is small. 
     In one or more embodiments, the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  and a peripheral edge longitudinal first conductivity-type region  416   f  may also be provided with metal electrodes. The metal electrode disposed on the peripheral edge lateral first conductivity-type region  416   a  may be connected to metal electrodes  443  and  444  extending in the y direction. 
       FIG. 4  shows one or more embodiments in which in each of first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2 , two first conductivity-type regions are present along the first direction, and a second conductivity-type region is present between the two first conductivity-type regions, but two second conductivity-type regions may be provided along the first direction as shown in  FIG. 5 . In addition, in the first direction end portion region, three or more first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions may be provided along the first direction. 
     It is preferable that even when conductivity-type regions  519   a ,  519   b  and  519   c  that are in contact with the first direction central region YC are second conductivity-type regions, these regions are provided with metal electrodes  529   a ,  529   b  and  529   c  as shown in  FIG. 5 . Metal electrodes may also be disposed on first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions arranged outside the above-mentioned second conductivity-type regions (on the substrate end portion side). 
       FIGS. 1 and 3 to 5  show one or more embodiments in which conductivity-type region patterns in two first direction end portion regions YE 1  and YE 2  are symmetric along the first direction, but conductivity-type region patterns in the two first direction end portion regions are not required to be symmetric. For example, the numbers and pattern shapes of conductivity-type regions arranged in the two first direction end portion regions may be mutually different. 
     In the one or more embodiments shown in  FIG. 6 , a first conductivity-type region  616   a , second conductivity-type region  617   a , a first conductivity-type region  618   a  and a second conductivity-type region  619   a  are arranged in this order from the end portion toward the inside in the first direction in one first direction end portion region YE 1 , and a first conductivity-type region  616   b , a second conductivity-type region  617   b  and a first conductivity-type region  618   b  are arranged in this order from the end portion toward the inside in the first direction in the other first direction end portion region YE 2 . In this embodiment, two second conductivity-type regions  617   a  and  619   a  are provided in one first direction end portion region YE 1 , whereas one second conductivity-type region  617   b  is provided in the other first direction end portion region YE 2 , so that a vertically asymmetrical shape is formed. 
     A metal electrode  629  extending in the second direction is disposed on the second conductivity-type region  619   a  in the first direction end portion region YE 1 , and the metal electrode is connected to a metal electrode  622  disposed on a second conductivity-type region  612  extending in the first direction. A metal electrode  628  extending in the second direction is disposed on the first conductivity-type region  618   b  in the first direction end portion region YE 2 , and the metal electrode is connected to a metal electrode  621  disposed on a first conductivity-type region  611  extending in the first direction. Thus, the first conductivity-type region and the second conductivity-type region are arranged in an interdigitated comb teeth shape, and outside the conductivity-type regions (on the end portion side in the first direction), first conductivity-type regions and second conductivity-type regions are alternately arranged. 
     [Modularization] 
     In one or more embodiments, a plurality of back contact cells are electrically connected through a wiring member to modularize the cells. 
     In a solar cell  600  shown in  FIG. 6 , a first conductivity-type region and a second conductivity-type region are arranged in an interdigitated comb teeth shape. A plurality of first finger electrodes  621  extending in the first direction are connected to a first bus bar electrode  628  extending in the second direction, and a plurality of second finger electrodes  622  extending in the first direction are connected to a second bus bar electrode  629  extending in the second direction. When as described above, all metal electrodes disposed on the first conductivity-type region are connected, and all metal electrodes disposed on the second conductivity-type region are connected, carriers collected by all the metal electrodes can be extracted through a wiring member by connecting each of the metal electrodes on the first conductivity-type region and the metal electrodes on the second conductivity-type region to the wiring member (interconnector). 
     For example, when the first bus bar electrode  628  disposed on the first direction end portion region YE 2  is connected through an interconnector to a bus bar electrode disposed on a second conductivity-type region of a solar cell adjacent to one side (lower side in  FIG. 6 ), and the second bus bar electrode  629  disposed on the first direction end portion region YE 1  is connected through an interconnector to a bus bar electrode disposed on a first conductivity-type region of a solar cell adjacent to the other side (upper side in  FIG. 6 ), adjacent solar cells can be electrically connected in series. 
     When first finger electrodes  21  and second finger electrodes  22  extending in the first direction are alternately arranged along the x direction, and the finger electrodes are separated from one another as in the solar cell  100  shown in  FIG. 1 , it is necessary to establish electrical connection between finger electrodes and electrical connection between adjacent solar cells through an interconnector. In this form, a wiring sheet including metal electrodes patterned on a base material such as a film or glass can be used as the interconnector. 
     The metal electrodes of the wiring sheet include finger electrode sections substantially identical in shape to finger electrodes  21  and  22  of the solar cell, and bus bar electrode sections connecting the finger electrode sections. By disposing the solar cell on the wiring sheet, and connecting the finger electrodes of the solar cell and the finger electrodes of the wiring sheet, carriers in all finger electrodes can be gathered through the bus bar sections of the wiring sheet. In addition, electrical connection between adjacent solar cells can be performed through the bus bar sections of the wiring sheet. For a solar cell  300  shown in  FIG. 3 , electrical connection between finger electrodes and electrical connection between adjacent solar cells can be performed using the wiring sheet. 
     When finger electrodes  422  on the second conductivity-type region are present in an island shape while being surrounded by metal electrodes disposed on the first conductivity-type region as in a solar cell  400  shown in  FIG. 4 , it is difficult to perform electrical connection between electrodes by a wiring sheet with a metal electrode pattern formed on only one principal surface of a base material. When a wiring sheet is used in which a metal electrode pattern is formed on each of both surfaces of a base material, and the metal electrode patterns on the front and back sides are in continuity with each other through a via hole formed in the base material, the solar cells shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5  can be modularized. 
     When the finger electrode of the solar cell includes a non-mounting electrode section and a wiring-mounting electrode section, and an interconnector is mounted onto the wiring-mounting electrode section, electrical connection between electrodes can be more conveniently performed.  FIG. 13  is a plan view of a solar cell  401  having the same conductivity-type region pattern shape as in the solar cell  400  in  FIG. 4 . 
     In the solar cell  401 , metal electrodes  427   f    422  and  443  (hereinafter, these metal electrodes may be collectively referred to as a first finger electrode) that are disposed on the first conductivity-type region and extend in the first direction (y direction) each have a non-mounting electrode section  460  and a wiring-mounting electrode section  461 . Metal electrodes  428   f    445  and  448  (hereinafter, these metal electrodes may be collectively referred to as a second finger electrode) that are disposed on the second conductivity-type region and extend in the first direction each have a non-mounting electrode section  470  and a wiring-mounting electrode section  471 . 
     In modularization of the solar cell of one or more embodiments, a band-shape first wiring member  51  is disposed so as to pass over wiring-mounting electrode sections  461  of a plurality of first finger electrodes and non-mounting electrode sections  470  of a plurality of second finger electrodes. The first wiring member  51  is in contact with, and electrically connected to the wiring-mounting electrode sections  461  of the first finger electrodes, and is not electrically connected to the non-mounting electrode sections  470  of the second finger electrodes. In other words, the first wiring member electrically connects a plurality of first finger electrodes of the solar cell  401 , and is not electrically connected to the second finger electrodes. 
     A band-shape second wiring member  52  is disposed so as to pass over non-mounting electrode sections  460  of a plurality of first finger electrodes and wiring-mounting electrode sections  471  of a plurality of second finger electrodes. The second wiring member  52  is in contact with, and electrically connected to the wiring-mounting electrode sections  471  of the second finger electrodes, and is not electrically connected to the non-mounting electrode sections  460  of the first finger electrodes. In other words, the second wiring member electrically connects a plurality of second finger electrodes of the solar cell  401 , and is not electrically connected to the second finger electrodes. 
     Thus, the wiring-mounting electrode sections  461  and  471  of finger electrodes are regions which are electrically connected to the wiring member, and the non-mounting electrode sections  460  and  470  are regions which are inhibited from being electrically connected to wiring members  51  and  52 . 
     For example, when as shown in the sectional view in  FIG. 14A , the electrode height of the wiring-mounting electrode section is made relatively high, and the electrode height of the non-mounting electrode section is made relatively small, electrical connection between the non-mounting electrode section and the wiring member is inhibited to selectively connect the wiring member onto the wiring-mounting electrode section. 
     Although the electrode height in the wiring-mounting electrode section is preferably uniform, process-dependent variation may occur. Even when the electrode height is not uniform, it suffices that an imaginary line connecting the tops of the wiring-mounting electrode sections of two adjacent first finger electrodes (two first finger electrodes adjacent to one second finger electrode) does not cross the second finger electrode disposed therebetween. In other words, it suffices that when a straight line is drawn between the tops of adjacent first finger electrodes, the height of the drawn straight line is larger than the height of the second finger electrode existing between the first finger electrodes. The height-direction distance between an imaginary line connecting the tops of two first finger electrodes and the top of the second finger electrode disposed therebetween is preferably 1 μm or more, more preferably 5 μm or more. 
     Similarly, for preventing the second wiring member  52  and the first finger electrode from coming into contact with each other, it suffices that an imaginary line connecting the tops of the wiring-mounting electrode sections of two adjacent second finger electrodes does not cross the first finger electrode disposed between the second finger electrodes. The height-direction distance between an imaginary line connecting the tops of two second finger electrodes and the top of the first finger electrode disposed therebetween is preferably 1 μm or more, more preferably 5 μm or more. 
     The electrode height of each of the wiring-mounting electrode sections  461  and  471  is preferably larger than by 1 μm or more than the electrode height of each of the non-mounting electrode sections  460  and  470 . The difference between the heights of the wiring-mounting electrode section and the non-mounting electrode section is preferably 1 to 150 μm, more preferably 5 to 80 μm. The electrode height is a distance between the substrate surface and the top of the electrode. When there exists a region where the substrate has a reduced thickness on a partial basis due to, for example, etching for formation of a semiconductor layer, the distance between a reference plane and the top of the electrode may be defined as an electrode height, the reference plane being parallel to the substrate surface. 
     In one or more embodiments, the method for providing a wiring-mounting electrode section having a larger electrode height as compared to the height in the surrounding is not particularly limited. For example, a wiring-mounting electrode section having a large electrode height  461  can be formed by forming an electrode  465 ,  470  having a uniform height, and thereafter performing printing or plating on the electrode  465 . The material of a bulky part  466  of the wiring-mounting electrode section may be identical to or different from the material of other region of the electrode. 
     Electrical connection between the non-mounting electrode section on the finger electrode and the wiring member can also be inhibited by a method other than a method in which a height difference is provided on the electrode. For example, when the non-mounting electrode section  470  is covered with an insulating layer  90  as shown in the sectional view in  FIG. 14B , electrical connection between the non-mounting electrode section and the wiring member can be inhibited to selectively electrically connect the wiring member  51  and the wiring-mounting electrode section  461  which is not covered with the insulating layer. 
     Examples of the method for selectively covering non-mounting electrode sections  460  and  470  with the insulating layer  90  include a method in which an insulating paste is applied onto the non-mounting electrode section, and dried; a method in which an insulating layer is formed over the entire surface, and the insulating layer on wiring-mounting electrode sections  461  and  471  is then removed by etching or the like to expose electrodes; and a method in which an insulating layer is deposited with using a mask. etc. so that wiring-mounting electrode sections  461  and  471  are not covered with the insulating layer. 
     In each of the first finger electrodes of one or more embodiments, it is preferable the wiring-mounting electrode section  461  is arranged in the same y coordinate region. In each of the second finger electrodes, it is preferable the wiring-mounting electrode section  471  is arranged in the same y coordinate region. When wiring-mounting electrode sections are linearly arranged, a plurality of first finger electrodes can be electrically connected by mounting the first wiring member  51  onto the wiring-mounting electrode section  461  of the first finger electrode, and a plurality of second finger electrodes can be electrically connected by mounting the second wiring member  52  onto the wiring-mounting electrode section  471  of the second finger electrode. 
     When the first wiring member  51  is mounted onto the second finger electrode of a solar cell arranged adjacent to the solar cell  401  in the second direction, and the second wiring member  52  is mounted onto the first finger electrode of the solar cell arranged adjacent to the solar cell  401  in the second direction, adjacent solar cells can be connected in series. When the first wiring member  51  is mounted onto the first finger electrode of a solar cell arranged adjacent to the solar cell  401  in the second direction, and the second wiring member  52  is mounted onto the second finger electrode of the solar cell arranged adjacent to the solar cell  401  in the second direction, adjacent solar cells can be connected in parallel Wiring members  51  and  52  are not necessarily required to have a band-shape, and may be a wire or the like having a circular cross-section as long as they can be electrically connected to the wiring-mounting electrode section of the finger electrode. 
     When the first finger electrode and the second finger electrode each extending in the first direction (y direction) are arranged alternately in the second direction (x direction) perpendicular to the first direction, the extending direction of the wiring member is preferably parallel to the second direction. Specifically, the angle formed by the extending direction of the wiring members  51  and  52  and the second direction is preferably 5° or less, more preferably 3° or less, further preferably 1° or less. The angle formed by the extending direction of the wiring member and the second direction is ideally 0°. However, making the arrangement angle of the wiring member always constant with high accuracy is not easy. 
     In one or more embodiments, mounting the wiring member onto the wiring-mounting electrode section of the finger electrode has the advantage that alignment between electrodes of the solar cells and wiring members is easier and the allowable range of the arrangement angle of the wiring member is wider as compared to connection of the finger electrode using a wiring sheet. For example, when the length of the wiring-mounting electrode section  461  in the extending direction (y direction) of the first finger electrode is larger than the width of the wiring member in mounting the wiring member  51  onto the wiring-mounting electrode section  461  of the finger electrode, the allowable range of arrangement angle displacement of the wiring member can be increased. Thus, the connection process between the electrode of the solar cell and the wiring member can be simplified, and the yield of the solar cell module can be improved. 
     In one or more embodiments, the distance (carrier collection distance) over which carriers collected in a semiconductor layer move across the finger electrodes until reaching the wiring member decreases, when each of the finger electrodes include a non-mounting electrode section and a wiring-mounting electrode section, and the wiring-mounting electrode sections of the plurality of finger electrodes are connected through a wiring member. For example, when the wiring-mounting electrode section exists near the center of the finger electrode in the extending direction (y direction), the carrier collection distance is about half the length of the finger electrode. 
     When one finger electrode includes a plurality of wiring-mounting electrode sections along the extending direction as shown in  FIG. 13 , the carrier collection distance is further decreased. Thus, an electrical loss caused by resistance of the electrode can be reduced to improve module characteristics (particularly the fill factor). 
     When one finger electrode includes a plurality of wiring-mounting electrode sections, there is the advantage that a loss caused by a contact failure between the wiring member and the wiring-mounting electrode section can be reduced in addition to reduction of an electrical loss caused by reduction of the carrier collection distance of the finger electrode. When the number of connecting portion of one finger electrode to the wiring member is only one, carriers of a finger electrode in which a contact failure with the wiring member occurs cannot be extracted to outside of the solar cell, and this leads to a complete loss. 
     On the other hand, when one finger electrode includes a plurality of wiring-mounting electrode sections each connected to a wiring member, carriers can be extracted to outside through a connection part where a wiring-mounting electrode section is connected to the wiring member, even if a contact failure with the wiring member occurs in one wiring-mounting electrode section. In this case, occurrence of a complete carrier collection loss can be avoided, although the carrier collection distance increases due to a contact failure with the wiring member. Thus, a considerable electrical loss caused by a contact failure can be avoided. 
     The method in which an interconnector is mounted to a wiring-mounting electrode section of the finger electrode having a non-mounting electrode section and the wiring-mounting electrode section is applicable to solar cells other than those shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 . Even when this method is applied to the solar cell  100  shown in  FIG. 1 , the solar cell  300  shown in  FIG. 3  and the solar cell  600  shown in  FIG. 6 , a high-efficiency solar cell module can be produced with a high yield because effects such as simplification of alignment, reduction of the carrier collection distance and reduction of a loss caused by a contact failure can be exhibited as compared to a case where interconnection is performed using a wiring sheet. 
     Although the disclosure has been described with respect to only a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that various other embodiments may be devised without departing from the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims. 
     DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE CHARACTERS 
     
         
         
           
               100 ,  300 ,  400 ,  401 ,  500 ,  600  solar cell 
               10  semiconductor substrate 
               11 ,  12  conductive semiconductor layer 
               31 ,  32  intrinsic semiconductor layer 
               41 ,  42  transparent electroconductive layer 
               21 ,  22  metal electrode (finger electrode) 
               70  passivation layer 
               111 ,  116   a ,  116   f    118   a ,  118   f  first conductivity-type region 
               112 ,  117   a ,  117   f  second conductivity-type region 
               460 ,  470  non-mounting electrode section 
               461 ,  471  wiring-mounting electrode sections 
               51 ,  52  wiring member