Patent Publication Number: US-3875570-A

Title: Adaptive proximity indicating system

Description:
i United States Patent 1191 1111 3,875,570 Litchford Apr. 1, 1975 [54] ADAPTIVE PROXIMITY INDICATING 3.691.559 9/1972 Jackson.................... 343/l12 CA X SYSTEM 3.735.408 5/1973 Litchford 343/112 CA 3.757.324 /1973 Litchford ....1.................. 343/65 R [75] Inventor: George B. Litchford, Northport,  
  Primary Examiner-T. H. Tubbesing [73] Assignee: Litchstreet Co., Northport, N.Y. A y, g t FirmBrumba1-\gh. Graves,  
  D &amp; R 221 Filed: Mar. 27, 1973 [2!] Appl. No.: 345,432 [57] ABSTRACT An adaptive proximity indication system using the sig- U.S. Cl- LC, nals the hundreds of existing secondary [5 Cl. radar ground stations and the nearly cooper Field M Search 343/65 R, 1 12 CA ating transponders on mobile vehicles to detect intrusion in a monitored proximity volume. The system au- References Cited tomatically adapts to a given SSR environment to vary UNITED STATES PATENTS the size and shape of the monitored volume and to 3.550.129 12 1970 Steele 343/112 CA Control its method of Proximity measurements- 3.S66.404 2/l97l Sorkin 343/112 CA X 1626A] 1 12/1971 Litchford 343/65 R x Drawmg 30 1030 MHZ 1090 MHZ RECEIVER RECEIVER INTEFIROGATION REPLY FRAME DECODER ozcoosn 1A a c MODES) START CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE START I HMER couw&#39;rsn COUNTER TIMER STOP 8- 5 STOP 5 [RESET BUFFER BUFFER RESET 44 45 If I SELECTOR COMPARATOR COMPARATOR SELECTOR MODE A 2 54 MODE 0&#39; 1 *MODE c 41005 F MODE e MODE 5- 5&#39; CONTROL com/e01. 56 SYSTEM 7 SYSTEM 57 SHEET Cl CF I030 MHZ I090 MHZ RECEIVER RECEIVER 33 INTERROGATION REPLY FRAME DECODER DECODER (A a c MODES) 34 42 l 43 JEIABL, CUMULATIVE 3 CUMULATIVE TA RT-L TMER COUNTER 8 COUNTER TIMER STOP a 8 STOP 0 I RESET BUFFER BUFFER RESET l 44 J( 45 46 47 SELECTOR V COMPARATOR COMPARATOR SELECTOR MODE A 52 MODE 0 53 --MODE 0 MODE F MODE a- MODE E CONTROL CONTROL 56 SYSTEM 7 SYSTEM 57 4 5a 64 4a 66 62 A I 42 1 I s I AND COUNTER AND BUFFER T ER  C O 9 CLEAR TO I COMPARATOR 44 68 IISTS 3,875,570  
 SHEET 1.2 I: S  
 SELECTOR V coMPARAToR -72 MoDE G- 74 MoDE H II &#39;40\ MIN. ToA MIN. ToA /|50 GATE GATE &#39;42 MAx. ToA MAx. ToA 5 GATE GATE &#39;44\ MIN. ALTITUDE MIN. ALTITUDE ./|54 GATE GATE |46\ MAx. ALTITUDE v 7 MAx. ALTITUDE GATE GATE I5 GATED &#34;LIsTEN IN&#34; REGION MODE G DIRECTION OF RoTATIoN OF ssR MAIN BEAM Tm? A ssR BEAM TRAILING EDGE ssR BEAM LEADING EDGE INNER ELLIPSE- START OF &#34;LIsTEN- IN&#34; INTERVAL GATED &#34;LlsTEN IN&#34; REGION MODE H OUTER ELLIPSE TERMINATION OF &#34;LIsTEN IN&#34; INTERVAL MHZ INTERROGATION GATE 78 RECEIVER 7 DECODER GENERATOR I24 psEcI 75 86 ADJUgT I00 1 T 35;? 7 ALTITUDE I090 MHZ PRF ADJUST97 RANGE GOMPARATOR LOWER ELECTOR RECEIVER SELECTOR IMIT S 9 98 95 $5555 *96 ALTITUDE ADJUST MAX. DECODER 88 ADJUST MIN. r TOA GATE 03 r TOA GATE 0 Z6 PHASE TIME- LOCKED VARIABLE VARIABLE 25:52  
  PRF DELAY GATE F DECODER GENERATOR GENERATOR I 7 I10 89 80 AND 89 FIG. 5  
  74 MODE H\ I03 AND  I04 T T F DELAY LINE ll 0 /&#39;Z8 I30 90 COUNT COUNT MODE G MODE H I I26 12 w 74 F/G. 7  
 MODE G MODE H CLOCK I32 H8 PULSE COUNTER COMPARATOR I GENERATOR s l I IZU SHEET C I C? 15 SELECTOR COMPARATOR MODE (ST-,2 74 MODE H 2500 LLSEC IOO LISEC 36 F 8 SUPPRESSION SUPPRESSION MONITORED REGION WITH suPPREssION MONITORED REGION DIRECTION WITHOUT SUPPRESSION OF ROTATION K A OF ssR MAIN BEAM MIN. TOA GATE T MAX. TOA GATE LIMITs LIMIT F IG. 9 j- 93 Q7-94 INTERROGATION GATE DECODER GENERATOR 73 (24 )JSEC) I090 MHZ I090 MHZ l86- &#39;80 TRANSMITTER RECEIVER F/G [0 \SUPPRESSION SIGNAL GATE I60 AND GENERATOR s (I00 psEcI I8 HZ R o &#39;88 OSCILLATOR F 1 I62 PuLsIE GATE [&#39;68 1 GENERATOR GENERATOR (2500 HSEC) SELECTOR 7 COMPARATOR MODE s MODE H F/a [3 MM NARROW AzIMuTII AZIMUTH I94 REGION REGION DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF SSR MAIN BEAM &#34;FT-1 W OwN AIRcRAFT MODE H MODE G NARROw WIDE INTERROGATION y AZ|MUTH AzIMuTH BEAM WIDTH I REGION REGION J LLLLLI LLL LLL LL FIG. /4 a 2 z I030 MHZ -84 GATE RECEIVER GENERATOR I (I GE) 92 DELAY 203 1 [86 BEAM I PRF INTERROGATION WIDTH DIFFERENTIATOR SELECTOR DEcODER COUNTER l 88 I97 2m 204 PHASE I I MODE G LOCKED BEAM MAxIMuM ROTATION COUNT DIvIDER 72 74 PRF c UNTER BUFFER SET GENERATOR 0 (p05, MODE H i Z06 sET (NEG I I98 75 f 203 /207 I090 MHZ BEAM RECEIVER COMPARATOR SUBTRACTOR WIDTH --205 BUFFER l 76 Z09 I99l 25:31 AND I96 F l6. l5  
 PAIENIEDIIPR H975 1 75 570 SIIEEI G88? 15 STANDARD ABISI&#39;TTDNAIII MODE G TRANSPONDER RECEIVER REcEIvER GAIN I SLS AND I DECODER I 2!! PROCESSOR STANDARD TRANGPDNDERw CIRCUITS DECODER AND zIs 14-I&#39; MODE H F/G. /6  
 70 7! ZZI SELECTOR coMPARAToR I090 MHZ RECEIVER MODEG 72 74 MODE H 1 2 sTART /suPPREss AcTIvE ZZO\ LOW PowER a SLANT TRANSMITTER TRIGGER RANGE MEASUREMENT DISPLAY DIREcTIoN OF ROTATION OF SSR MAIN BEAM LIMITS OF MONITORED REGIDN WITH PASSIVE &#34;LISTEN -IN&#34; LIMITS OF MONITORED REGION FIG, [8 WITH AcTIvE &#34;LISTEN-IN&#34; SHEET [91F ii) SELECTOR COMPARATOR MODE (vi 1 M0DE H F/G. /9 224- ALL PRF.S SEIEIESLED 225 PASSED PASSED MODE H-[ 74 326 I030 MHZ BAND-PASS AND 349 RECEIVER FILTER AND FIG. 20 MODE 6 72 m 228] 74\-MODE H PRF :AND  
 SELECTOR 3 PRF :AND  
 0 SELECTOR I030 MHZ RECEIVER PRF SELECTOR PRF  SELECTOR 228 FIG. 2/  
 g g if; 1 K1175 ESTIEET 1D 1F 1 30 230 232 3! COUNT COUNT Essa /2; a AND AND 55533; COMPARE COMPARE MODE A -MODEC MODE DJ --M0DE E MODE B--/ -MoDE F 52&#39;- 56 57 MODE 1 236 CONTROL CONTROL SYSTEM SYSTEM 234 AND MODE J 233 AND 234 MODE K 240 AND -234 F/G 22 MODE 1. 242  
  J J J J J 1W ill 11W &#39;11? ll FT ACTIVE PASSIVE MIN. MAX. WIDENED RANGE RANGE TDA ToA AZIMUTH 3 I I g 244 I J 245 I J 246 2 7 I J 248 K K K g 1 1. L L U 7 SUPPRES- LOWER UPPER k SION ALTITUDE \250 ALTITUDE CONTROLS SHEET 1 1 HF 15 252 OwN ALTITUDE ALTITuDE --253 DIGITIZER F/G. 23 I Z55 sELEcTOR COMPARATOR Z58 MODE M 1- MODE N I I MODE P 252 CONTROL SYSTEM 255 230 30 f I couNT ALTITUDE I030 MHZ COMPARE AND DIOITIZER COMPARE RECEIVER &#39;MODE P MODE M MODE A MODE N&#34;/ 2 -m83 g 62 260) 25 25L a )50 &#39;52 6 4 36 CONTROL MODE 0 #264 T CONTROL SYSTEM A SYSTEM @262 MODE R 266 @262 Q R O R III III VLOWER Z62 UPPER ALTITUDE #250 25, ALTITUDE MODE T 270 a lo R lO R O R O R O R O R s s s s s s III I I III T IIII \III III I VACTIVE PASSIVE MIN. MAX. wIDENED SUPPRES- L RANGE RANGE TOA TOA AZIMUTH sION 244 245 Z 247 243 249 liars 3.875.570  
  30 I030 MHZ RECEIVER 275 TO AL NUMBER TOA&#39;s STORED IN 4 SECOND s| s PERIOD R DECODE 278 ,/272 SELECTOR COMPARATOR PULSE DETECTOR MODE u- &#39;-M00E v v ACTIVE SELECT 283 SLANT LARGEST CONTROL SYSTEM RANGE ToA MEASUREMENT STORED FIG. 25 FIG. 26  
  POSITION OF INTRUDER AiRCRAFT 30 ssR GROUND STATION DOWN I RANGE 55R 1 /AIRCRAFT Lo V LOP LARGE/ UP TOA RANGE f 0.5 Z86 small TOA 93 ITOA 3o FIG. 27  
  306 INTERROGATION H0 30 V DECODER (A MODE) 5 :030 MHZ RECEIVER 3M INTERROGATION R DECODER zpsEc (0 MODE) DELAY 320 3 3&#39;6 3:2 EEKERZBE RESET INDEXWG ALP-WE GESE JETOR AND (4 SEC COUNTER (somsEc) w x Y 2 3 i i i l I030 MHZ I090 MHZ SELECTOR 7 COMPARATOR RECEIVER RECEWER MODE U -MODE V PASSIVE TOA 1 w 296 MEASUREMENT sToRE k TOAw 294 x 296 STORE ToA i I 292 1 E E SELECT E LARGEST g TOA I k Y 296 300-- 298 STQRE TOAY STORE TOAZ &amp;  
  I CLOSE APPRox. 294  
  OF SLANT RANGE FIG 28 jigmggm m5 3,875,570  
 I030 MHZ /84 RECEIVER 92 [I97 I r f BEAM PRF INTERROGATION ROTATION SELECTOR DECODER COUNTER 326 334- I98 /88 f G f 208 PHASE LOCKED GATE PRF GENERATOR coMPARAToR GENERATOR smSEm 7 36 CONTINUOUS 337 3 SYNTHETIC 1 PULSES SYNTHETIC F 1 PULSES ONLY IN [75 340 WIDENED AZIMUTH I090 MHZ l 342 344 REcEwER I r PASSIVE DECODE 343 DECODE ToA ToA RANGE MEASUREMENT DATA SOLICITATION I I T FRAME DECODER I090 MHZ TRANSMITTER WITH ToA DATA  1 ADAPTIVE PROXIMITY INDICATING SYSTEM CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS This application is related to the following United States patents and patent applications:  
  1. US. Pat. No. 3.626.411 of George B. Litchford, issued Dec. 7, l97l.  
  2. US. Pat. application Ser. No. l30,952 of George B. Litchford, filed Apr. 5. 1971, now Pat. No. 3735.408  
  3. U.S. patent application Ser. No. l8(l,578 of George B. Litchford, filed Sept. 15. l97l now Pat. No. 3.757.324  
  4. US. patent application Ser. No. 317.810 of George B. Litchford. filed Dec. 22. I972.  
 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention pertains to an adaptive proximity indicating system for use with mobile vehicles within the coverage of the scanning radar beams of a secondary surveilance radar (SSR) system.  
  This adaptive system will also provide certain proximity measurements in the absence of interrogations from a ground radar (SSR) environment.  
  More particularly. the invention concerns an adaptive proximity indicating system, capable of determining the proximity of mobile vehicles, that is based on secondary radar such as the National Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (lCAO) Secondary Surveillance Radar System. The US. National Aviation Standard for the ATCRBS is described in the Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular No. -27 dated Oct. It), 1968.  
  Major airports and way points are presently equipped with secondary surveillance radar (SSR) adapted to cooperate with transponders carried on aircraft to discriminate against interference and ground clutter and to provide for transmission of identification and other data. such as altitude. from the aircraft to the groundbased radar. A traffic controller observing the radar display directs the pilots of the involved aircraft by radio. usually with voice communication, so as to maintain or restore safe separations between aircraft. Such a system is limited in capability because each aircraft must be dealt with individually and requires its share of the controller&#39;s time and attention and its share of the available radio spectrum. When traffic is heavy, takeoffs and landings are delayed, and the possibility of collision increases.  
  The number of mid-air collisions and near misses has become so large in recent times that numerous interaircraft cooperative proximity warning systems have been proposed. Those more prominently under study or development at this time involve frequent or quasicontinuous exchange of signals between all cooperative aircraft within the region of interest and make no provi sion for non-cooperating aircraft. The required airborne equipment would be bulky and expensive, use more of the already crowded radio spectrum and would be generally independent of other needed and existing equipment. such as transponders. Anothter drawback of some of the proposed systems is that they provide only relative positional information. without ground reference. but in effect with respect to a randomly floating reference.  
  At least some of the disadvantages of these proposed systems may be overcome by providing aircraft with a proximity indicating system based on the already existing secondary surveillance radar system. Particularly if the presence and degree ofthreat of any nearby aircraft in the proximity of ones own aircraft can be measured entirely passively i.e., by merely listening to the transponder replies of nearby aircraft to interrogations of radar ground stations it is possible to provide an effective warning in time to avoid collisions without major outlay for an entirely new system and without utilizing an additional portion of the radio spectrum. In addition. the passive measurement of the presence of a possible threat within a given volume of airspace al lows direct solicitation of range between vehicles carrying the proximity measurement system. This avoids unnecessary solicitation of other aircraft and avoids replies to range solicitations from others outside the volume restrictions. This modifies the proximity measurement to accommodate this active mode only between the two concerned proximity aircraft excluding all others.  
  A proximity indicating system of the above-described type has been proposed and is disclosed in the US. patents and patent applications referred to above. In practice, an aircraft which is equipped and protected with such a system may fly throughout the world so that the lineof-sight coverage to interrogating SSR ground stations may vary; i.e., the number of stations received at any given time, may vary from no stations at all to several tens of stations. Similarly. the air reply signal environment may vary from no replies to a very crowded reply signal environment. It is therefore difficult to design a proximity indicating system which operates optimally in such extremes of the interrogation and reply signal environments. without some form of a change in its mode of proximity measurement that is in consonance with the changing environments.  
 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a proximity indicating system which can automatically adapt to a changing SSR system environment.  
  This object. as well as other objects which will become apparent in the discussion that follows, is achieved. according to the present invention. by measuring the environment and then adjusting the proximity measuring and indicating system to that given environment so that the system performance. and therefore safety. are optimized.  
  In a first embodiment of the present invention means are provided for measuring the interrogation rate together with means for modifying the mode of operation of the proximity indicating system in dependence upon this rate. As used herein. the term interrogation rate&#34; is intended to denote the number of valid interrogations received from SSR ground stations per unit of time.  
  In a second embodiment of the present invention means are provided for measuring the reply rate together with means for modifying the mode of operation of the proximity indicating system in dependence upon this rate. As used herein. the term &#34;reply rate&#34; is intended to denote the number of valid reply messages received from the transponders of other aircraft per unit of time.  
  Measurement of the number of interrogations received over a specific time interval establishes this rate and modifies the proximity measurement and indicating system accordingly. Similarly, measurement of reply messages over a given length of time (shorter or longer than for interrogations) may also modify the mode of proximity measurements. These two measurements of interrogation and reply signal rates may operate separately or in combination to control the means for changing the mode of operation.  
  In a third embodiment of the present invention means are provided for measuring the current altitude of the proximity indicating system-equipped aircraft together with means for modifying the mode of operation of the indicating system in dependence upon this altitude. This third embodiment of the invention may work in combination with the first and second embodiments to simultaneously modify the operation of the proximity measurement and indicating system by sensing altitude and signal densities and adjusting the mode of operation in accordance with the sensed environment.  
  In a fourth embodiment of the present invention means are provided for receiving and decoding side lobe suppression signals transmitted by SSR ground stations together with means for modifying the mode of operation of the proximity measurement and indicating system in dependence upon the presence or absence of these signals.  
  In a fifth embodiment of the present invention there are provided means for measuring the time of arrival ITOA] of each reply signal ofa given transponder relative to the timing of the interrogation signal by which it is initiated; means for determining the number of TOA&#39;s measured per unit oftime; and means for modifying the mode of operation of the proximity measurement and indicating system in dependence upon this number. This fifth embodiment may function in conjunction with the first embodiment, for example. to limit the maximum value of the TOA measured or to selectively measure TOA values from a given radar.  
  The term time ofarrival or TOA. as used herein. is intended to denote the time interval between a valid interrogation and a valid reply to that interrogation from the transponder of another aircraft. as measured at the Own aircraft that is, the aircraft equipped with the proximity measurement and indicating system according to the present invention.  
  In any of the embodiments of the invention the mode of operation of the proximity measurement and indicating system may be controlled to optimize the response ofthe system relative to the environment. For example. either the minimum and maximum TOA gates or the upper and lower altitude gates, or both. may be adjusted to vary the size of the monitored region of space. If desired. the transmission of a reply may be suppressed to permit the minimum TOA gate to overlap a reply period. Within a widened azimuthal gate. ones own transponder is not emitting signals during the listening interval. thus allowing the minimum TOA gate to be made small. This gate may also be adjusted automatically in the azimutal region adjacent to the proximity transponder replying inside the nearby beam.  
  In addition, the selected azimuth listening sector of an SSR main beam may be widened or narrowed to vary the size of the monitored volume of space that is free of ones own transponder transmissions on the reply frequency. In a signal environment absent nearly all interrogations, the range of nearby aircraft may be obtained actively by the low-power omnidirectional transmission of interrogations. Such air-to-air interrogation may be on either the reply channel 1090 MHZ) or the interrogation channel (1030 MHz) depending upon the sensing of the actual environment. Absent all ground interrogations the I030 MHz channel may be used. The presence of many interrogations and replies requires the use of 1090 MHz interrogations (air-toair) employing the proximity gated volumes of the threatening aircraft or its indentity/altitude relationship to prevent undesired interrogations of non-threatening aircraft as well as undesired slant range replies. In addition, in a single environment having many interrogations. some interrogations signals may be filtered out by tuning to the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of only selected SSR ground stations.  
 BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS.  
  FIG. I is a block diagram of two preferred embodiments of the present invention.  
  FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a cumulative counter and buffer device which may be employed with the embodiments of FIG. 1.  
  FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a control system which may be employed with any embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 4 is a geometrical diagram showing a secondary surveillance radar beam and the gated listen-in&#34; region of the present invention.  
  FIG. 5 is a block diagram of range and altitude gating apparatus which may be employed with the system of FIG. 3.  
  FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a variable delay device which may be employed with the apparatus of FIG. 5.  
  FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a time-variable gate generator which may be employed with the apparatus of FIG. 5.  
  FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another control system which may be employed with any embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 9 is a geometrical diagram showing a secondary surveillance radar beam and one aircraft equipped with the system of FIG. 8, and showing the listen-in&#34; regions monitored with and without the activation of the system of FIG. 8.  
  FIG. 10 is a block diagram of suppression control apparatus which may be employed with the system of FIG. 8.  
  FIG. 11 is a geometrical diagram showing the Iistenin&#34; regions which are monitored in an environment in which 15 SSR ground stations are interrogating one aircraft.  
  FIG. 12 is a geometrical diagram showing the listenin&#34; regions which are monitored in an environment in which l5 SSR ground stations are interrogating two aircraft.  
  FIG. 13 is a block diagram of another control system which may be employed with any embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 14 is a geometrical diagram showing a secondary surveillance radar beam and one aircraft equipped with the system of FIG. 13, and showing the listen-in regions monitored with the system of FIG. 13.  
  FIG. I5 is a block diagram of widened azimuth selecting apparatus which may be employed with the system of FIG. 13.  
  FIG. 16 is a block diagram of another contrl system which may be employed with an embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 17 is a block diagram of another control system which may be employed with any embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 18 is a geometrical diagram showing a secon dary surveillance radar beam and one aircraft equipped with the system of FIG. 17, and showing the listen-in&#34; regions monitored passively and actively.  
  FIG. 19 is a block diagram of another control system which may be employed with any embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 20 is a block diagram of one type of PRF selection apparatus which may be employed with the system of FIG. 19.  
  FIG. 21 is a block diagram of another type of PRF selection apparatus which may be employed with the sys tem of FIG. 19.  
  FIG. 22 is a block diagram of another preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 23 is a block diagram of still another preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 24 is a block diagram of still another preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 25 is a block diagram of still another preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 26 is a block diagram of still another preferred embodiment of the present invention.  
  FIG. 27 is a geometrical diagram showing the locus of the times of arrival (TOA&#39;s) for an intruder aircraft in various positions around an own aircraft with respect to a given secondary surveillance radar line of position (LOP).  
  FIG. 28 is a block diagram of a TOA store and selection system which may be employed with the embodiment of FIG. 26.  
  FIG. 29 is a block diagram of a modification of the control system of FIG. l5.  
  FIG. 30 is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of the control system of FIG. 6.  
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in connection with FIGS. 1-30 of the drawings.  
  All commercial transport aircraft and nearly all other aircraft that utilize major airports are equipped with transponders which reply to interrogations received from SSR ground stations. As each SSR beam sweeps past an aircraft. it interrogates that aircraft transponder at a frequency of I030 MHz. and each interrogation initiates a reply transmission from the transponder at a frequency of I090 MHz. Typically an interrogating beamwidth upon sweeping by the aircraft solicits about 18 reply messages in response to its unique period of consecutive interrogations. At all angles outside the interrogation beamuidth. side lobe suppression (SLS) signals are radiated by the ground station. The signal strength of these SLS signals is greater than the strength of the side lobes of the main beam.  
  FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of apparatus, according to the present invention. for adaptively modifying the operation of proximity indicating system in response to either the number of interrogations or the number 01 replies received in a given period of time. or both. This apparatus is designed to be compatible with existing transponders and may be carried on an aircraft or located wherever it is useful to adaptively modify the operation ofa proximity indicating system to the interrogation environment or to the reply environment.  
  The apparatus of FIG. 1 comprises a conventional 1030 MHz receiver 30 of the type included within a standard transponder carried on board an aircraft. Also provided is an interrogation decoder 32 which produces an output pulse upon receipt of both P1 and P3 pulses spaced apart in time either 8 microseconds (A mode) or 21 microseconds (C mode). The apparatus of FIG. 1 further includes a I090 MHz receiver 31 to receive the reply signals transmitted by other transponder equipped aircraft and a reply frame decoder 33 which produces an output pulse upon receipt of the FI and F2 framing pulses, spaced 20.3 microseconds apart. The A and C mode standard for interrogation pulses as well as the Fl-FZ pulse standard for transponder replies is shown in FIG. 14 of my copending application Ser. No. 3l7,8l0. filed Dec. 22. 1972, and referred to above.  
  The apparatus of FIG. 1 also comprises two divices 38 and 39. both of which are designated in the figure as a cumulative counter and buffer.&#34; The structure of this counter and buffer will be described in detail below in connection with FIG. 2. Suffice it to say at this point that these devices count and store the number of pulses received at their respective input lines 34 and 35. during given periods of time which are determined by separate timers 40 and 4], respectively. The counter and buffer 38 is connected to receive pulses from the interrogation decoder 32. whereas the counter and buffer 39 receives pulses from the reply frame decoder 33. The timer 40 starts the counter and buffer 38 by applying a pulse on line 42 and stops and resets this device at the termination of the counting interval by applying a pulse on line 44. Similarly. the timer 4] determines the interval of count of the counter and buffer 39 by applying start and stop pulses on lines 43 and 45, respectively.  
  Each time a counter and buffer 38 or 39 completes a count and is reset by its timer 40 or 41. respectively. its maximum count is stored in the buffer and is applied in parallel to a plurality of output lines. In the case of the counter and buffer 38, these lines are connected to a comparator 46 which compares the maximum interrogation count to one or more values determined by a selector 48. In the case of the counter and buffer 39. the output lines are connected to a comparator 47 which compares the maximum reply count with one or more values determined by a selector 49. Depending upon the results of the comparison. the comparator 46 will produce a signal on one of its output lines 50. 52 and 54 indicating a mode A.&#34; mode 8&#34; or &#34;mode C&#34; operation. respectively. The output signals on lines 50, 52 and 54 are then applied to a control system 56 that adapts the proximity measurement and indicating system to the interrogation environment in a manner which will be further explained below. Similarly. the comparator 47 will produce a signal on one of its output lines 51, S3 and 55 indicating mode D. &#34;mode E or mode F&#34; operation. respectively. The signals on the lines 51, 53 and 55 are applied to a control system S7 to adapt the proximity measurement and the indicating system to the transponder reply environment.  
  The control systems 56 and 57 may be separately connected to the proximity measurement and indicating system so that one control system can modify the operation of the proximity measurement and indicating system independently ofthe other control system. If desired. the two control systems can also be interconnected as indicated by the dashed line 59 so that the operation of one control system will depend upon the operation of the other. An example of such interconnection will be described below in connection with FIG. 22.  
  In the operation of the apparatus of FIG. I, the interrogation decoder 32 produces a pulse in response to each I030 MHz interrogation received by the receiver 30. Similarly. the reply frame decoder 33 produces a pulse in response to each 1090 MHz reply received by the receiver 31. These pulses are passed by the lines 34 and 35, respectively, to the separate counter and buffer devices 38 and 39. By counting the number of pulses received for a selected period of time determined separately for each counter by the timers 40 and 41 the device 38 will store in its buffer a number designated herein as the &#34;interrogation rate while the device 39 will store in its buffer a number designated herein as the reply.  
  Typically. an airport SSR radar beam makes one full revolution every 4 seconds while enroute radars rotate once every I seconds. Both beams interrogate mobile transponders approximately I 8 to 30 times during each beam passage of these transponders. Thus. if 1030 MHz interrogations are monitored for a given period of time. say seconds. it is possible to determine approximately the number of beams which traverse the position of the I031] MHZ receiver 30.  
  Similarly. the I090 MHz reply rate is usually directly related to the number of SSR ground stations within line of sight multiplied by the number of transponders replying in the vicinity of the 1090 MHz receiver 3]. A high count accumulated by the counter and buffer 39 during the period set by the timer 41 is indicative of a dense air traffic environment whereas a low count is indicative of a low air traffic density.  
  Thus. if the timer 41 as wlll as the timer 40 were set for a period of It) seconds (although these two timers are not necessarily or even normally set to the same period) the count stored in the buffer of the device 39 would be approximately equal to the count stored in the buffer ofthe device 38 multiplied by the number of aircraft in the vicinity. Principally because all the aircraft in the vicinity are not within line of sight of the same number of ground interrogators as is the own aircraft carrying the equipment of FIG. I. the ratio of the counts in the devices 39 and 38 is not an exact measure of the air traffic density.  
  As described above. the accumulated counts stored in the buffers of the devices 38 and 39 are applied to the separate comparators 46 and 47, respectively. Each comparator compares the count applied thereto to one or more fixed values either automatically or manually determined by selectors 48 and 49. respectively. and produces a signal on one of a plurality of output lines indicating a particular mode ofoperation. For example. if the number of counts stored in the buffer of the device 38 is less than a first value prescribed by the selector 48, a signal is produced on the output line 50 indicating mode A operation. However, if the number of counts exceeds this first value but is less than a second value prescribed by the selector 48, a signal is produced on the output line 52 indicating mode B operation. Finally, if the number of counts exceeds this second value prescribed by the selector 48, an output signal is produced on line 54 indicating mode C operation. Mode A thus indicates a low interrogation rate. mode B indicates a medium interrogation ratae and mode C indicates a high interrogation rate.  
  Similarly. the count stored in the buffer of the device 39 is compared by the comparator 47 to first and second values prescribed by the selector 49. If the count is less than the first or lower value, a signal is produced on line 51 indicating mode D operation. If the count is greater than the first value but less than a higher second value. a signal is produced on line 53 indicating mode E operation and if the count is higher than the second value, a signal is produced on line 55 indicating mode F operation. Mode D thus indicates a low reply rate. mode E indicates a medium reply rate and mode F indicates a high reply rate.  
  The selectors 48 and 49 which prescribe the values determining the divisions between the different modes of operation may constitute manually operable code wheel switches which apply a manually selected value or values in digital code to the respective comparators 46 and 47. If only one value is applied to a comparator. the comparator can categorize the environment into only two modes; i.e.. high and low. If two values are aplied to the comparator, the comparator will be able to categorize the environment into three modes; i.e.. low medium and high, as in the case of the exemplary apparatus of FIG. 1. By applying additional values to the comparator, the comparator will be able to categorize the environment into four, five or as many modes as desired so that the proximity measurement and indicating system may be made adaptive to small environmental changes.  
  FIG. 2 shows one type of cumulative counter and buffer which may be used as the devices 38 and 39 in the apparatus of FIG. 1 or may be used with other embodimetns of the present invention. This cumulative counter and buffer comprises a counter 58. a buffer 60, AND gates 62 and 64, a control fliplflop 66. and delay devices 68 and 69. For illustration, the cumulative counter and buffer of FIG. 2 is connected to the timer 40 which produces a pulse on line 42 to set the flip-flop 66 and a pulse on line 44 to clear the flip-flop 66. when the flip-flop 66 is set. its 1 output terminal is energized and enables the counter 58 to count the pulses applied via line 34 to the AND gate 62. At the end of the time period set in the timer 40 the pulse produced on line 44 enables the transfer of the accumulated count in the counter 58 to the buffer 60 via the AND gate 64 and clears the counter 58. After the counter has been cleared. the timer produces a pulse on line 42 to again set the flip-flop 66 and repeats the cycle. In this man ner, the buffer 60 is forced into a state representing the count most recently transferred to it and holds that state until forced into another that represents a new. updated count. The count in the buffer 60 is thus continuously available in parallel form and may be applied to a comparator as described above in connection with FIG. 1.  
  FIGS. 3-21, which will now be described, illustrate various control systems that may be employed with the