Patent Publication Number: US-2023144349-A1

Title: Configurable data transformation between different database systems

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     One or more implementations relate to the field of database systems, and more specifically, to configurable data migration processes for replicating data across different database systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Modern software development has evolved towards web applications or cloud-based applications that provide access to data and services via the Internet or other networks. Often, it is desirable to retrieve or incorporate data or information from various different websites, platforms, database systems, or the like into a single web application or website in order to enhance or otherwise improve the user experience. As a result, various data migration products and techniques have been developed to leverage data warehousing and facilitate data integration across different systems or platforms for improved business intelligence, insights and decision-making. However, in practice, due to amount of data involved, the business logic to be applied, and the particular data migration architecture or configuration, there can be an undesirable amount of latency between when new or updated data becomes available at a source system and when that data is available for integration at a target system. Accordingly, it is desirable to facilitate data integration across different platforms or systems with reduced latency and other overhead costs. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The following figures use like reference numbers to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various example implementations, alternative implementations are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In the drawings: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram illustrating a computing system including a configurable transformation service according to some example implementations; 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram illustrating a configurable transformation engine suitable for use with the computing system according to some example implementations; 
         FIG.  3    is a flow diagram illustrating a configurable migration process suitable for implementation by a configurable transformation service according to some example implementations; 
         FIG.  4    is a illustrates an implementation of the configurable migration process suitable of  FIG.  3    for an example entry in a source data table; 
         FIG.  5 A  is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device according to some example implementations; and 
         FIG.  5 B  is a block diagram of a deployment environment according to some example implementations. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The subject matter described herein generally relates to data migration between different computing systems using a configurable transformation extract, load and transformation (ELT) tool with core functionality that is extensible or otherwise capable of accommodating a variety of different combinations of source and destination computing systems without being limited to a particular ELT architecture or configuration. For a particular combination of source computing system and destination computing system (or target computing system), a configurable transformation service utilizes user-configurable transformation configuration parameters or other metadata to identify what subset of data is to be retrieved from the source computing system and the corresponding timing or manner of retrieving that subset of source data. The configurable transformation service retrieves or otherwise obtains the identified subset of source data in its initial data format associated with the source computing system in accordance with the transformation configuration metadata (e.g., a user-configured schedule). In this regard, the transformation configuration metadata may identify particular fields or columns of source data to be retrieved, the particular data tables or locations associated with the source computing system from which the source data is to be retrieved, and time ranges or other selection criteria that may be utilized to limit the data records or entries to be retrieved (e.g., by filtering or otherwise excluding older data). 
     After retrieving the desired subset of source data indicated by the transformation configuration metadata, the configurable transformation service transforms or otherwise converts the subset of source data from its initial structure according to the source data format into an intermediate data format that is independent of the source computing system, resulting in a corresponding staging subset of source data (or staging data) in a platform-independent, intermediate data format. In this regard, the transformation configuration metadata may include information regarding the fields or other characteristics of the source data format that is utilized by the configurable transformation service to transform the subset of source data from the source data format into staging data with the intermediate data format. The configurable transformation service then utilizes transformation configuration metadata associated with the target computing system to transform or otherwise convert the staging data from the intermediate data format into the destination data format associated with the target computing system, resulting in a transformed subset of the source data that is structured in accordance with the destination data format associated with the target computing system. The configurable transformation service stores or otherwise maintains the transformed subset of the source data in a manner that facilitates migration or integration into the target computing system, for example, by the target computing system referencing a location where the transformed subset of the source data is maintained or ingesting otherwise retrieving the transformed subset of the source data for storage and/or integration at the target computing system. 
     By leveraging configurable transformation configuration metadata, the functionality of the configurable transformation service can be extended to support data migration between any number of different combinations of different source computing systems and different target computing systems. Additionally, depending on the implementation, the transformation configuration metadata can be configured to reduce the amount of time and/or computing resources required to transform data between source and destination data formats, and thereby support data migration between computing systems with an increased frequency or rate such that changes to source data may be migrated to the target computing system and available at the target computing system in real-time or near real-time. 
       FIG.  1    depicts an exemplary system  100  for migrating data from a source computing system  104  to a target computing system  106  over a network  108 . The system  100  includes a data management system  102  that is coupled to the network  108  and configurable to retrieve or otherwise obtain data from the source computing system  104  and support transformation and migration of the source data to the target computing system  106 . In some implementations, the data management system  102  is realized as a data warehousing system (or data warehouse). It should be appreciated that  FIG.  1    depicts a simplified representation of the system  100  for purposes of explanation and is not intended to be limiting. 
     The data management system  102  includes one or more servers  110  communicatively coupled to any number of different source computing systems  104  over a communications network  108 , such as the Internet or any sort or combination of wired and/or wireless computer network, a cellular network, a mobile broadband network, a radio network, or the like. The server  110  generally represents a server computing device, server computing system or another combination of processing logic, circuitry, hardware, and/or other components configured to support a configurable transformation service  118  and related configurable data migration processes, tasks, operations, and/or functions described herein. In this regard, the server  110  generally includes a processing system  112 , which may be implemented using any suitable processing system and/or device, such as, for example, one or more processors, central processing units (CPUs), controllers, microprocessors, microcontrollers, processing cores and/or other hardware computing resources configured to support the operation of the processing system described herein. The processing system  112  may include or otherwise access a data storage element  114  (or memory) capable of storing programming instructions for execution by the processing system, that, when read and executed, are configurable cause processing system to create, generate, or otherwise facilitate the configurable transformation service  118  based at least in part upon code and other data, such as configurable transformation configuration parameters  120 , that is stored or otherwise maintained by the memory  114  and support the configurable migration processes described herein. Depending on the implementation, the memory  114  may be realized as a random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical mass storage, or any other suitable non-transitory short or long term data storage or other computer-readable media, and/or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The source computing system  104  generally represents any sort of database management system, resource management system or any other computing device, system or platform that maintains data, information, or other resources. For example, in some implementations, the source computing system  104  includes one or more servers communicatively coupled to the network  108  to support access to data, information, or other resources maintained at the source computing system  104  (e.g., in a database at the source computing system  104 ). For example, the source computing system  104  may maintain, on behalf of a user (or resource owner), data records entered or created by the user, files, objects or other records uploaded by the user, and/or files, objects or other records generated by one or more computing processes (e.g., based on user input or other records or files stored at the source computing system  104 ). In some implementations, the source computing system  104  is physically and logically distinct from the data management system  102  and the server  110 , for example, the source computing system  104  may reside at a different physical location than the data management system  102  and be owned, controlled, or otherwise operated by a third party different from the one or more different parties that own, control and/or operate the data management system  102  and/or the target computing system  106 . 
     In one or more implementations, the source computing system  104  is realized as an on-demand multi-tenant database system that is capable of dynamically creating and supporting virtual applications based upon data from a common resource database that is shared between multiple tenants, which may alternatively be referred to herein as a multi-tenant database. In such implementations, data and services generated by the virtual applications may be provided via the network  108  to any number of client devices, as desired. Each virtual application may be suitably generated at run-time (or on-demand) using a common application platform that securely provides access to the data in the database at the source computing system  104  for each of the various tenants subscribing to the multi-tenant system. In accordance with one non-limiting example, the source computing system  104  is implemented in the form of an on-demand multi-tenant customer relationship management (CRM) system that can support any number of authenticated users of multiple tenants. In this regard, one or more implementations of the source computing system  104  support one or more application program interfaces (APIs) that allow the data management system  102  and/or the server  110  to access data maintained at the source computing system  104  that would otherwise be secured and inaccessible to unauthorized third parties. 
     The target computing system  106  generally represents any sort of database management system, resource management system or any other computing device, system or platform that maintains data, information, or other resources where it is desirable to migrate data from the source computing system  104  to the target computing system  106  or otherwise integrate data from the source computing system  104  into the target computing system  106 . In some implementations, the target computing system  106  is realized as a data visualization system or analytics system that is capable of dynamically creating and supporting web pages or other virtual applications based upon data from one or more data tables  126  associated with the target computing system  106  that are made available at the data management system  102 . For example, one or more implementations of the data management system  102  support one or more application program interfaces (APIs) that allow the target computing system  106  to access data maintained in a target data table  126  at the data management system  102 . That said, it should be appreciated the target computing system  106  is not limited to any particular implementation, and in other implementations, the target computing system  106  could be realized as any sort of database system, including on-demand and/or multi-tenant database systems. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  1   , in exemplary implementations, the processing system  112  at the server  110  executes or otherwise supports a data ingestion engine  116  or similar feature that retrieves or otherwise obtains data from the source computing system  104  and stores or otherwise maintains the retrieved source data in one or more tables  124  associated with the source computing system  104  in a database  122  or other suitable data storage element or repository associated with the data management system  102 . As described in greater detail below, the configurable transformation service  118  utilizes the transformation configuration parameters  120  associated with the combination of the source computing system  104  and the target computing system  106  to identify or otherwise determine what subset of source data associated with the source computing system  104  is to be transformed for migration to or integration with the target computing system  106 . The configurable transformation service  118  retrieves the identified subset of source data from the appropriate source data tables  124  and utilizes the transformation configuration parameters  120  to transform the obtained subset of source data from the format associated with the source computing system  104  into an intermediate format that is independent of the source computing system  104  and the target computing system  106 . The configurable transformation service  118  utilizes the transformation configuration parameters  120  to transform the subset of source data from the intermediate format into a destination format associated with the target computing system  106  and the stores or otherwise maintains the transformed subset of source data in the destination format in the appropriate data table(s)  126  associated with the target computing system  106 . Thereafter, the target computing system  106  may reference or otherwise access the target data table(s)  126  to retrieve or otherwise obtain the transformed subset of source data that is formatted in accordance with the schema or structure for the target computing system  106 , thereby allowing the target computing system  106  to ingest or otherwise integrate the desired subset of source data without requiring any transformation or reformatting at the target computing system  106 . 
     In exemplary implementations, the transformation configuration parameters  120  are created or otherwise defined by a user, such as an administrative user associated with the source computing system  104  or the target computing system  106 . For example, in some implementations, the user may utilize a client device (e.g., any sort of personal computer, mobile telephone, tablet or other network-enabled electronic device) that executes or otherwise supports a client application that is capable of communicating with the configurable transformation service  118  over the network  108  using a networking protocol. For example, the user may utilize a web browser or similar local client application executed by the client device to navigate to a web page or other network address associated with the configurable transformation service  118  using the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP). In this regard, the configurable transformation service  118  may be configurable to initiate or otherwise provide an instance of a web application that includes transformation configuration web page GUI display within the client application that includes GUI elements for receiving transformation configuration metadata  120  from a user of the client device. That said, in other implementations, a user may utilize a command line interface or a script executing at the client device to input or otherwise provide a configuration file including the transformation configuration metadata  120  that is transmitted to the server  110  and/or the configurable transformation service  118  for storage in the memory  114 . In this regard, it should be appreciated that there a numerous different ways in which the transformation configuration metadata  120  could be defined or created by an administrator or other user, and the subject matter described herein is not limited to any particular implementation. 
     It should be appreciated that although  FIG.  1    depicts the configurable transformation service  118  and the transformation configuration parameters  120  being implemented at the data management system  102 , in practice, the configurable transformation service  118  and/or the transformation configuration parameters  120  may be separate or distinct from the data management system  102 . For example, the configurable transformation service  118  may be implemented at another server or computing device on the network  108  that is capable of accessing the data tables  124 ,  126  in the database  122  over the network  108 , either directly or indirectly via the server  110  or an API associated with the data management system  102 . Similarly, the transformation configuration parameters  120  may be stored or maintained at a remote location on the network  108  (e.g., an external data storage element, computing device, and/or the like) and retrieved by the configurable transformation service  118  from the remote location over the network  108 . 
       FIG.  2    depicts an exemplary implementation of a configurable transformation engine  200  suitable for implementing the configurable transformation service  118  in the system  100  of  FIG.  1    to transform source data from one or more source data tables  224  (e.g., source data tables  124 ) to one or more target data tables  226  (e.g., target data tables  126 ) for migration to a target computing system (e.g., target computing system  106 ) in accordance with configurable transformation configuration parameters  220  (e.g., transformation configuration parameters  120 ). In some implementations, the source data tables  224  reside in a database at a data warehousing system (e.g., source data tables  124  in the database  122  associated with the data management system  102 ), while in other implementations, the source data tables  224  reside at the source computing system  104 . Similarly, in some implementations, the target data tables  226  reside in a database at a data warehousing system (e.g., target data tables  126  in the database  122  associated with the data management system  102 ), while in other implementations, the target data tables  226  reside at the target computing system  106 . 
     The configurable transformation engine  200  includes a configurable source querying interface  202  that retrieves, extracts or otherwise obtains a subset of source data from the source data tables  224  in accordance with source extraction metadata  212 . In this regard, the transformation configuration parameters  220  include source extraction metadata  212  that includes parameters identifying the particular source data table(s)  224  from which source data should be extracted, the particular of fields of data to be extracted from the source data table(s)  224 , and the particular data records, objects or entries within the identified source data table(s)  224  from which the desired field(s) of data are to be extracted. Thus, the configurable source querying interface  202  may be configured to extract or obtain limited subset of the source data from the source data tables  224 , rather than extracting the entire fields and/or records maintained in the particular source data table(s)  224 , thereby reducing the amount of time required to extract the desired subset of source data for transformation. Additionally, in some implementations, the source extraction metadata  212  includes scheduling information or other temporal metadata that may be utilized by the configurable source querying interface  202  to automatically extract source data at desired intervals (or with a desired frequency), or to configure the configurable source querying interface  202  to extract the source data on an ad-hoc basis (e.g., in response to a user input or other triggering event or criterion). The temporal metadata may also be utilized to limit the amount of data records or entries from which data is to be extracted (e.g., only records or entries created, edited or updated within a preceding period time). 
     The configurable source querying interface  202  utilizes the source extraction metadata  212  to automatically generate or otherwise construct one or more query statements for retrieving the desired subset of source data from the desired source data table(s)  224 . For example, in one implementation, the configurable source querying interface  202  utilizes the source extraction metadata  212  to automatically construct a Structured Query Language (SQL) SELECT statement that identifies the columns or fields of data to be retrieved identified by the source extraction metadata  212 , from the source data table(s)  224  identified by the source extraction metadata  212 , that also satisfy whatever other additional temporal or conditional criteria are specified by the source extraction metadata  212 . Accordingly, for purposes of explanation and without limitation, the configurable source querying interface  202  may alternatively be referred to herein as the configurable source SQL interface  202 . The configurable source SQL interface  202  transmits or otherwise provides the autogenerated query statement(s) to the database including the source data tables  224 , which, in turn response to the query statement(s) by providing the requested subset of source data to the configurable source SQL interface  202 . 
     The configurable transformation engine  200  includes a source data transformation module  204  that receives the extracted subset of source data obtained via the configurable source SQL interface  202  and transforms the extracted subset of source data from the format or structure associated with the source data tables  224  and the source computing system into an intermediate data format or structure that is independent of the source computing system or any other particular computing system or platform. In this regard, the source data transformation module  204  utilizes source data format metadata  214  that identifies or otherwise characterizes the structure or schema associated with the source computing system and/or source data tables  224  to convert, map or otherwise transform the extracted subset of source data from the source data format into the intermediate format. For example, in one implementation, the configurable transformation engine  200  is configured to support currency conversion, where the source data format metadata  214  includes information for identifying the country, denomination or currency type to be associated with values retrieved from a price field of entries in a source data table  224  for tracking orders of a particular product or service. In this regard, the source data transformation module  204  may utilize the currency type information from the source data format metadata  214  to convert numerical values into a different value in a reference currency (e.g., from rupees to dollars). 
     The source data transformation module  204  outputs or otherwise provides the extracted subset of the source data in the intermediate format to an intermediate data staging module  206  that is configured to temporarily store or otherwise maintain the extracted subset of the source data in the intermediate format, which may alternatively be referred to herein as the staging subset of source data or staging data. For example, continuing the currency conversion example, the intermediate data staging module  206  may maintain the transformed extracted values from the price field of entries in the source data table  224  in a different reference currency. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  2   , the configurable transformation engine  200  includes a target data transformation module  208  that receives the extracted subset of source data from the intermediate data staging module  206  and transforms the extracted subset of source data from the intermediate format into the desired destination data format, structure or schema associated with the target computing system. In this regard, the target data transformation module  208  utilizes target data format metadata  216  that identifies or otherwise characterizes the structure or schema associated with the target computing system and/or target data tables  226  to convert, map or otherwise transform the extracted subset of source data from the intermediate data format into the intermediate format. For example, continuing the exemplary currency conversion implementation, the target data format metadata  216  may include information for identifying the country, denomination or currency type to be associated with values in a particular field of entries in a target data table  226 . In this regard, the target data transformation module  208  may utilize the currency type information from the target data format metadata  216  to convert numerical values from the reference currency maintained at the intermediate data staging module  206  into a different value in the appropriate currency for the destination field in the destination target data table  226  (e.g., from dollars to euros). 
     Similar to the configurable source querying interface  202 , the configurable transformation service also includes a configurable target querying interface  210  that utilizes target loading metadata  218  to automatically generate or otherwise construct one or more query statements for loading the transformed subset of source data in the target data format into the desired target data table(s)  226 . For example, in one implementation, the configurable target querying interface  210  utilizes the target loading metadata  218  to automatically construct a SQL LOAD statement that creates rows in the target data table(s)  226  identified by the target loading metadata  218 . Accordingly, for purposes of explanation and without limitation, the configurable target querying interface  210  may alternatively be referred to herein as the configurable target SQL interface  210 . By virtue of the extracted subset of source data having been transformed into the target data format, the columns or fields of the created rows in the target data table(s)  226  are populated with the appropriate values corresponding to the desired subset of data records in the source data table(s)  224  that satisfy any other additional configurable criteria for migration to the target computing system. The configurable target SQL interface  210  transmits or otherwise provides the autogenerated query statement(s) and corresponding transformed data to the database including the target data tables  226 , which, in turn responds to the LOAD statement(s) by creating corresponding entries in the desired target data table(s)  226  that contain or otherwise include the transformed data provided with the LOAD statement(s). 
     In some implementations, the configurable transformation engine  200  is configured to support configurable target business logic  230  associated with the particular combination of source computing system and target computing system. In this regard, the configurable target business logic  230  may define data aggregations, summarizations or other statistical analyses or analytics to be performed on the desired subset of source data before transforming and loading the source data into the target computing system. For example, continuing the exemplary currency conversion implementation, the configurable target business logic  230  may specify the transformed extracted values for the price field from different orders be aggregated or summarized to calculate a revenue value that is then converted into the appropriate currency for the destination revenue field in the destination target data table  226 , or that the aggregated revenue value be divided by the aggregation or sum of the extracted number of units sold to calculate an average price per unit that is then converted into the appropriate currency for the destination revenue field in the destination target data table  226 . In exemplary implementations, the configurable target business logic  230  includes metadata defining daily exchange rates between different currencies or includes a uniform resource locator or other network address where the daily exchange rates can be retrieved or otherwise obtained substantially in real-time to support currency conversions by the target data transformation module  208  using the configurable target business logic  230  and the target data format metadata  216 . 
     In one or more implementations, the configurable transformation engine  200  utilizes the target business logic  230  to calculate or otherwise determine one or more metrics associated with the extracted subset of source data in the intermediate data format at the intermediate data staging module  206  prior to transforming the calculated metric(s) from the intermediate, platform-independent format into the appropriate data format, structure or schema associated with the target computing system at the target data transformation module  208 . In such implementations, the target data format metadata  216  defines how the calculated metric(s) should be structured, formatted or otherwise arranged before being loaded into the appropriate target data table(s)  226  identified by the target loading metadata  218 . 
       FIG.  3    depicts an exemplary configurable migration process  300  that may be implemented or otherwise performed by a computing system to migrate data from a source computing system to a target computing system perform additional tasks, functions, and/or operations described herein. For illustrative purposes, the following description may refer to elements mentioned above in connection with  FIGS.  1 - 2   . In this regard, while portions of the configurable migration process  300  may be performed by different elements of the computing system  100 , for purposes of explanation, the subject matter is described herein in the context of the configurable migration process  300  being primarily performed by the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200 . It should be appreciated that the configurable migration process  300  may include any number of additional or alternative tasks, the tasks need not be performed in the illustrated order and/or the tasks may be performed concurrently, and/or the configurable migration process  300  may be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional functionality not described in detail herein. Moreover, one or more of the tasks shown and described in the context of  FIG.  3    could be omitted from a practical implementation of the configurable migration process  300  as long as the intended overall functionality remains intact. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , with continued reference to  FIGS.  1 - 2   , the illustrated configurable migration process  300  initializes or otherwise begins by identifying or otherwise obtaining transformation configuration metadata associated with a desired combination of source computing system and target computing system for data migration from the source computing system to the target computing system (task  302 ). In this regard, the transformation configuration parameters are defined, created or otherwise configured by a user to facilitate the configurable migration process  300  migrating data in a configurable manner that is specific to the particular combination of source computing system and target computing system, thereby allowing the core software code for implementing the underlying extraction, loading, and transformation functionality associated with the configurable migration process  300  (e.g., the code executable to support or provide the modules  202 ,  204 ,  206 ,  208 ,  210  depicted in  FIG.  2   ) to be reused for any potential combination of different computing systems for data migration. As described above, depending on the implementation, the desired transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  may be input or otherwise defined by a user via a web page or virtual application associated with the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200 , or a configuration file including the desired transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  may be uploaded, transferred or otherwise stored to a location in the memory  114  that is referenced by the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  during execution. 
     The configurable migration process  300  automatically identifies the desired subset of data to be retrieved or extracted from the source computing system based on the transformation configuration metadata and automatically retrieves, extracts or otherwise obtains the desired subset of data from the source computing system (tasks  304 ,  306 ). For example, as described above, in exemplary implementations, the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  includes source data extraction metadata  212  that identifies which source data table(s)  124 ,  224  data is to be extracted from, which fields or columns of data within those identified source data table(s)  124 ,  224  are to be extracted, and which data records or entries within those identified source data table(s)  124 ,  224  that those fields or columns of data are to be extracted from. Based on the source data extraction metadata  212 , the configurable source query interface  202  of the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  constructs one or more query statements that are executed or otherwise implemented at the database  122  maintaining the source data table(s)  124 ,  224  to obtain the desired subset of source data. 
     The configurable migration process  300  automatically transforms or otherwise converts the extracted subset of source data into from the raw source data format into an intermediate format that is independent of the source computing system (task  308 ). For example, as described above, in exemplary implementations, the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  includes source data format metadata  214  that characterizes the fields, structure or schema associated with the source computing system  104  and/or the identified source data table(s)  124 ,  224  from which the data was extracted, and the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  includes a source data transformation module  204  that converts, maps or otherwise transforms the extracted subset of source data into an intermediate data format that is independent of the structure or schema associated with the source computing system  104  and/or the identified source data table(s)  124 ,  224  using the source data format metadata  214 . In this regard, the configurable source query interface  202  and the source data transformation module  204  are cooperatively configured to perform a user-configurable and source-specific extract, load and transform (ELT) procedure to migrate a desired subset of source data to an intermediate data staging module  206  in accordance with the source data extraction metadata  212  and the source data format metadata  214 . 
     In one or more exemplary implementations, the configurable migration process  300  automatically applies business logic to the intermediate staged version of the extracted subset of source data to calculate or otherwise determine one or more metrics associated with the extracted subset of source data (task  310 ). For example, as described above, the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  may include configurable target business logic  230  that defines data aggregations, summarizations or other statistical analyses or analytics to be performed on the desired subset of source data before transforming and loading the source data into the target computing system  106 . The configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  calculates or otherwise determines the desired data aggregations, summarizations, statistics or other analytics on the extracted subset of source data in the intermediate data format at the intermediate staging module  206  in accordance with the target business logic  230  and updates the intermediate staging data to include the calculated data aggregations, summarizations, statistics or other analytics. For example, in some implementations, the intermediate staging data is updated or otherwise modified to include one or more additional rows and/or columns for maintaining the calculated data aggregations, summarizations, statistics or other analytics associated with the extracted subset of source data. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  3    with reference to  FIGS.  1 - 2   , the configurable migration process  300  automatically transforms or otherwise converts the extracted subset of source data from the intermediate, platform-independent data format into a destination data format or structure that is associated with the target computing system using the transformation configuration metadata and then stores or otherwise maintains the transformed data in that destination data format for subsequent retrieval or ingestion by the target computing system (tasks  312 ,  314 ). For example, as described above, in exemplary implementations, the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  includes target data format metadata  216  that characterizes the fields, structure or schema associated with the target computing system  106  and/or the target data table(s)  126 ,  226  where the extracted data is to be stored after transformation, and the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  includes a target data transformation module  208  that converts, maps or otherwise transforms the extracted subset of source data from the intermediate data format into a different structure or schema associated with the target computing system  106  and/or the target data table(s)  126 ,  226  using the target data format metadata  216 . Thereafter, the configurable target query interface  210  of the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  constructs one or more query statements that are executed or otherwise implemented at the database  122  maintaining the target data table(s)  126 ,  226  to load the transformed extracted subset of source data into the target data table(s)  126 ,  226  in the target data format. 
     After the configurable migration process  300  is performed, the target computing system  106  may then reference or otherwise access the target data table(s)  126 ,  226  to retrieve the transformed extracted subset of source data, perform operations on the transformed extracted subset of source data or otherwise integrate the transformed extracted subset of source data into the target computing system  106 . By virtue of the transformed extracted subset of source data residing in the target data table(s)  126 ,  226  in the target data format consistent with the structure or schema associated with the target computing system  106 , the target computing system  106  can incorporate the extracted source data without any reformatting or conversions at the target computing system  106 , thereby reducing the amount of time or processing resources at the target computing system  106  required for integrating or migrating the source data to the target computing system  106 . Additionally, the amount of time or processing resources at the target computing system  106  required for integrating or migrating the source data may be further reduced by virtue of the source data extraction metadata  212  limiting the amount of extracted source data to only the subset that satisfies the desired criteria for migration, which also limits the amount of time or processing resources required by the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  to transform and migrate the extracted source data to the target data format. Likewise, by applying business logic  230  associated with the target computing system  106  at the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  reduces the amount of time or processing resources at the target computing system  106  that would otherwise be required to apply the business logic at the target computing system  106  to the transformed extracted subset of source data after being loaded into the target computing system  106 . Furthermore, the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  may be implemented at a cloud data warehouse, data lake or other system that employs a massively parallel processing (MPP) architecture that allows the configurable migration process  300  to be performed with reduced latency. 
     As described above, depending on the implementation, the configurable migration process  300  may be implemented or otherwise performed on a periodic or scheduled basis in accordance with one or more scheduling parameters of the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220 . For example, configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  may be configured to check for new or updated source data at the source computing system  104  and/or the source data table(s)  124 ,  224  every thirty minutes, every hour, and/or the like. In such implementations, the new or updated values for the desired fields or columns of any new or updated entries at the source computing system  104  and/or the source data table(s)  124 ,  224  that satisfy the selection criteria for migration defined by the source data extraction metadata  212  are then extracted and transformed into the target data format and loaded into the target data table(s)  126 ,  226  (along with new or updated data aggregations, summarizations, statistics or other analytics calculated based on those new or updated values) at the desired frequency or periodic interval. In yet other implementations, the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  may define one or more triggering criterion for performing the configurable migration process  300  on an ad-hoc basis responsive to the triggering criterion. In this regard, performance of the configurable migration process  300  for a particular combination of source and target computing systems  104 ,  106  may be conditioned on a user input manually initiating the configurable migration process  300  or occurrence of some other event or condition that satisfies the triggering criterion for initiating the configurable migration process  300 . Furthermore, in some implementations, the configurable migration process  300  may be configured to be implemented on an ad-hoc basis in connection with a request or input from a user that includes the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  to be utilized for that instance of the configurable migration process  300 . 
     In one or more implementations, the configurable transformation service  118 ,  200  generates and maintains a log in the memory  114  that records metadata characterizing instances of the configurable migration process  300  to support auditing of past data migrations. For example, an entry in the audit log may include information identifying the user that initiated an ad-hoc instance of the configurable migration process  300  or another condition that triggered an ad-hoc instance of the configurable migration process  300  in association with information identifying the source computing system  104  and/or source data table(s)  124  associated with the respective instance of the configurable migration process  300 , information identifying the target computing system  106  and/or target data table(s)  126  associated with the respective instance of the configurable migration process  300 , and the like. 
       FIG.  4    depicts an exemplary implementation of the configurable migration process  300  by the configurable transformation engine  200  depicting migration of values from a new or recently modified entry (SourceEntry 1) in a source data table  224  to a corresponding new or updated entry (TargetEntry 1) in a target data table  226 . In this regard,  FIG.  4    depicts a scenario where the source extraction metadata  212  identifies Field 1, Field 2 and Field 4 of the source data table  224  for extraction for migration to a particular target data table  226  (e.g., tasks  302 ,  304 ). As described above, the configurable source querying interface  202  generates or otherwise creates a query statement for retrieving values for only those identified fields of the source data table  224  (e.g., SELECT Field 1, Field 2, Field 4) (e.g., task  306 ). After extracting the corresponding values for those fields of the entry in the source data table  224  (e.g., Value 1, Value 2, Value 4),  FIG.  4    depicts a scenario where the source data transformation module  204  utilizes the source data format metadata  214  to transform the extracted value for Field 4 (e.g., Value 4) into a different value (e.g., Value 5) that is maintained at the intermediate data staging module  206  (e.g., task  308 ). For example, in a currency conversion implementation, Value 5 may represent a conversion of the extracted value for Field 4 (Value 4) into a different currency. 
     Still referring to  FIG.  4    with reference to  FIGS.  2 - 3   , in the illustrated implementation, the target business logic  230  is configured to cause the configurable transformation service  200  and/or the target data transformation module  208  to aggregate, sum or otherwise combine the extracted values from Field 1 and Field 2 of the source data table  224  to obtain an aggregated value (Value 7=Value 1+Value 2) (e.g., task  310 ). The configurable transformation service  200  and/or the target data transformation module  208  also utilizes the target data format metadata  216  to transform or otherwise convert the transformed extracted value for Field 4 (Value 5) into a different value (Value 6) in accordance with the format associated with the destination field (Target Field 1) in the target table  226  (e.g., task  312 ). In other words, Value 6 that is loaded into Target Field 1 of the TargetEntry 1 in the target data table  226  represents Value 4 from Field 4 of SourceEntry 1 transformed from the format or schema associated with the source data table  224  into the appropriate format or schema associated with the target data table  226 . In some implementations, the aggregated value (Value 7) calculated based on other extracted fields may be similarly transformed or otherwise converted into the appropriate format for its destination field (Target Field 2) in the target table  226 . Thereafter, the configurable target query interface  210  of the configurable transformation service  200  constructs one or more query statements that are configured to create a new entry (TargetEntry 1) in the destination target table  226  and load the transformed values in the appropriate target data format (Value 6 and Value 7) that were determined or otherwise derived from the extracted values (Value 1, Value 2 and Value 4) from the identified fields (Field 1, Field 2 and Field 4) of the source data table  224 . By virtue of the configurable migration process  300  by the configurable transformation engine  200 , the desired values from the source data table  224  can be transformed, reordered (or restructured), combined, and migrated to the appropriate fields of the target data table  226  in an efficient manner that allow for real-time or near real-time availability of data at the target computing system (e.g., by only extracting desired fields from the source data table, performing transformations and calculations prior to migration to the target computing system, etc.), in a manner that is extensible and user-configurable by virtue of the transformation configuration parameters  120 ,  220  (e.g., metadata  212 ,  214 ,  216 ,  218  and logic  230 ). 
     One or more parts of the above implementations may include software. Software is a general term whose meaning can range from part of the code and/or metadata of a single computer program to the entirety of multiple programs. A computer program (also referred to as a program) comprises code and optionally data. Code (sometimes referred to as computer program code or program code) comprises software instructions (also referred to as instructions). Instructions may be executed by hardware to perform operations. Executing software includes executing code, which includes executing instructions. The execution of a program to perform a task involves executing some or all of the instructions in that program. 
     An electronic device (also referred to as a device, computing device, computer, etc.) includes hardware and software. For example, an electronic device may include a set of one or more processors coupled to one or more machine-readable storage media (e.g., non-volatile memory such as magnetic disks, optical disks, read only memory (ROM), Flash memory, phase change memory, solid state drives (SSDs)) to store code and optionally data. For instance, an electronic device may include non-volatile memory (with slower read/write times) and volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM)). Non-volatile memory persists code/data even when the electronic device is turned off or when power is otherwise removed, and the electronic device copies that part of the code that is to be executed by the set of processors of that electronic device from the non-volatile memory into the volatile memory of that electronic device during operation because volatile memory typically has faster read/write times. As another example, an electronic device may include a non-volatile memory (e.g., phase change memory) that persists code/data when the electronic device has power removed, and that has sufficiently fast read/write times such that, rather than copying the part of the code to be executed into volatile memory, the code/data may be provided directly to the set of processors (e.g., loaded into a cache of the set of processors). In other words, this non-volatile memory operates as both long term storage and main memory, and thus the electronic device may have no or only a small amount of volatile memory for main memory. 
     In addition to storing code and/or data on machine-readable storage media, typical electronic devices can transmit and/or receive code and/or data over one or more machine-readable transmission media (also called a carrier) (e.g., electrical, optical, radio, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals—such as carrier waves, and/or infrared signals). For instance, typical electronic devices also include a set of one or more physical network interface(s) to establish network connections (to transmit and/or receive code and/or data using propagated signals) with other electronic devices. Thus, an electronic device may store and transmit (internally and/or with other electronic devices over a network) code and/or data with one or more machine-readable media (also referred to as computer-readable media). 
     Software instructions (also referred to as instructions) are capable of causing (also referred to as operable to cause and configurable to cause) a set of processors to perform operations when the instructions are executed by the set of processors. The phrase “capable of causing” (and synonyms mentioned above) includes various scenarios (or combinations thereof), such as instructions that are always executed versus instructions that may be executed. For example, instructions may be executed: 1) only in certain situations when the larger program is executed (e.g., a condition is fulfilled in the larger program; an event occurs such as a software or hardware interrupt, user input (e.g., a keystroke, a mouse-click, a voice command); a message is published, etc.); or 2) when the instructions are called by another program or part thereof (whether or not executed in the same or a different process, thread, lightweight thread, etc.). These scenarios may or may not require that a larger program, of which the instructions are a part, be currently configured to use those instructions (e.g., may or may not require that a user enables a feature, the feature or instructions be unlocked or enabled, the larger program is configured using data and the program&#39;s inherent functionality, etc.). As shown by these exemplary scenarios, “capable of causing” (and synonyms mentioned above) does not require “causing” but the mere capability to cause. While the term “instructions” may be used to refer to the instructions that when executed cause the performance of the operations described herein, the term may or may not also refer to other instructions that a program may include. Thus, instructions, code, program, and software are capable of causing operations when executed, whether the operations are always performed or sometimes performed (e.g., in the scenarios described previously). The phrase “the instructions when executed” refers to at least the instructions that when executed cause the performance of the operations described herein but may or may not refer to the execution of the other instructions. 
     Electronic devices are designed for and/or used for a variety of purposes, and different terms may reflect those purposes (e.g., user devices, network devices). Some user devices are designed to mainly be operated as servers (sometimes referred to as server devices), while others are designed to mainly be operated as clients (sometimes referred to as client devices, client computing devices, client computers, or end user devices; examples of which include desktops, workstations, laptops, personal digital assistants, smartphones, wearables, augmented reality (AR) devices, virtual reality (VR) devices, mixed reality (MR) devices, etc.). The software executed to operate a user device (typically a server device) as a server may be referred to as server software or server code), while the software executed to operate a user device (typically a client device) as a client may be referred to as client software or client code. A server provides one or more services (also referred to as serves) to one or more clients. 
     The term “user” refers to an entity (e.g., an individual person) that uses an electronic device. Software and/or services may use credentials to distinguish different accounts associated with the same and/or different users. Users can have one or more roles, such as administrator, programmer/developer, and end user roles. As an administrator, a user typically uses electronic devices to administer them for other users, and thus an administrator often works directly and/or indirectly with server devices and client devices. 
       FIG.  5 A  is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device  500  according to some example implementations.  FIG.  5 A  includes hardware  520  comprising a set of one or more processor(s)  522 , a set of one or more network interfaces  524  (wireless and/or wired), and machine-readable media  526  having stored therein software  528  (which includes instructions executable by the set of one or more processor(s)  522 ). The machine-readable media  526  may include non-transitory and/or transitory machine-readable media. Each of the previously described clients and the configurable transformation service may be implemented in one or more electronic devices  500 . In one implementation: 1) each of the clients is implemented in a separate one of the electronic devices  500  (e.g., in end user devices where the software  528  represents the software to implement clients to interface directly and/or indirectly with the configurable transformation service (e.g., software  528  represents a web browser, a native client, a portal, a command-line interface, and/or an application programming interface (API) based upon protocols such as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Representational State Transfer (REST), etc.)); 2) the configurable transformation service is implemented in a separate set of one or more of the electronic devices  500  (e.g., a set of one or more server devices where the software  528  represents the software to implement the configurable transformation service); and 3) in operation, the electronic devices implementing the clients and the configurable transformation service would be communicatively coupled (e.g., by a network) and would establish between them (or through one or more other layers and/or or other services) connections for submitting requests and/or making API calls to the configurable transformation service. Other configurations of electronic devices may be used in other implementations (e.g., an implementation in which the client and the configurable transformation service are implemented on a single one of electronic device  500 ). 
     During operation, an instance of the software  528  (illustrated as instance  506  and referred to as a software instance; and in the more specific case of an application, as an application instance) is executed. In electronic devices that use compute virtualization, the set of one or more processor(s)  522  typically execute software to instantiate a virtualization layer  508  and one or more software container(s)  504 A- 504 R (e.g., with operating system-level virtualization, the virtualization layer  508  may represent a container engine (such as Docker Engine by Docker, Inc. or rkt in Container Linux by Red Hat, Inc.) running on top of (or integrated into) an operating system, and it allows for the creation of multiple software containers  504 A- 504 R (representing separate user space instances and also called virtualization engines, virtual private servers, or jails) that may each be used to execute a set of one or more applications; with full virtualization, the virtualization layer  508  represents a hypervisor (sometimes referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM)) or a hypervisor executing on top of a host operating system, and the software containers  504 A- 504 R each represent a tightly isolated form of a software container called a virtual machine that is run by the hypervisor and may include a guest operating system; with para-virtualization, an operating system and/or application running with a virtual machine may be aware of the presence of virtualization for optimization purposes). Again, in electronic devices where compute virtualization is used, during operation, an instance of the software  528  is executed within the software container  504 A on the virtualization layer  508 . In electronic devices where compute virtualization is not used, the instance  506  on top of a host operating system is executed on the “bare metal” electronic device  500 . The instantiation of the instance  506 , as well as the virtualization layer  508  and software containers  504 A- 504 R if implemented, are collectively referred to as software instance(s)  502 . 
     Alternative implementations of an electronic device may have numerous variations from that described above. For example, customized hardware and/or accelerators might also be used in an electronic device. 
       FIG.  5 B  is a block diagram of a deployment environment according to some example implementations. A system  540  includes hardware (e.g., a set of one or more server devices) and software to provide service(s)  542 , including the configurable transformation service (e.g., to support the configurable migration process  300 ). In some implementations the system  540  is in one or more datacenter(s). These datacenter(s) may be: 1) first party datacenter(s), which are datacenter(s) owned and/or operated by the same entity that provides and/or operates some or all of the software that provides the service(s)  542 ; and/or 2) third-party datacenter(s), which are datacenter(s) owned and/or operated by one or more different entities than the entity that provides the service(s)  542  (e.g., the different entities may host some or all of the software provided and/or operated by the entity that provides the service(s)  542 ). For example, third-party datacenters may be owned and/or operated by entities providing public cloud services (e.g., Amazon.com, Inc. (Amazon Web Services), Google LLC (Google Cloud Platform), Microsoft Corporation (Azure)). 
     The system  540  is coupled to user devices  580 A- 580 S over a network  582 . The service(s)  542  may be on-demand services that are made available to one or more of the users  584 A- 584 S working for one or more entities other than the entity which owns and/or operates the on-demand services (those users sometimes referred to as outside users) so that those entities need not be concerned with building and/or maintaining a system, but instead may make use of the service(s)  542  when needed (e.g., when needed by the users  584 A- 584 S). The service(s)  542  may communicate with each other and/or with one or more of the user devices  580 A- 580 S via one or more APIs (e.g., a REST API). In some implementations, the user devices  580 A- 580 S are operated by users  584 A- 584 S, and each may be operated as a client device and/or a server device. In some implementations, one or more of the user devices  580 A- 580 S are separate ones of the electronic device  500  or include one or more features of the electronic device  500 . 
     In some implementations, the system  540  is a multi-tenant system (also known as a multi-tenant architecture). The term multi-tenant system refers to a system in which various elements of hardware and/or software of the system may be shared by one or more tenants. A multi-tenant system may be operated by a first entity (sometimes referred to a multi-tenant system provider, operator, or vendor; or simply a provider, operator, or vendor) that provides one or more services to the tenants (in which case the tenants are customers of the operator and sometimes referred to as operator customers). A tenant includes a group of users who share a common access with specific privileges. The tenants may be different entities (e.g., different companies, different departments/divisions of a company, and/or other types of entities), and some or all of these entities may be vendors that sell or otherwise provide products and/or services to their customers (sometimes referred to as tenant customers). A multi-tenant system may allow each tenant to input tenant specific data for user management, tenant-specific functionality, configuration, customizations, non-functional properties, associated applications, etc. A tenant may have one or more roles relative to a system and/or service. For example, in the context of a customer relationship management (CRM) system or service, a tenant may be a vendor using the CRM system or service to manage information the tenant has regarding one or more customers of the vendor. As another example, in the context of Data as a Service (DAAS), one set of tenants may be vendors providing data and another set of tenants may be customers of different ones or all of the vendors&#39; data. As another example, in the context of Platform as a Service (PAAS), one set of tenants may be third-party application developers providing applications/services and another set of tenants may be customers of different ones or all of the third-party application developers. 
     Multi-tenancy can be implemented in different ways. In some implementations, a multi-tenant architecture may include a single software instance (e.g., a single database instance) which is shared by multiple tenants; other implementations may include a single software instance (e.g., database instance) per tenant; yet other implementations may include a mixed model; e.g., a single software instance (e.g., an application instance) per tenant and another software instance (e.g., database instance) shared by multiple tenants. In one implementation, the system  540  is a multi-tenant cloud computing architecture supporting multiple services, such as one or more of the following types of services: Customer relationship management (CRM); Configure, price, quote (CPQ); Business process modeling (BPM); Customer support; Marketing; External data connectivity; Productivity; Database-as-a-Service; Data-as-a-Service (DAAS or DaaS); Platform-as-a-service (PAAS or PaaS); Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IAAS or IaaS) (e.g., virtual machines, servers, and/or storage); Analytics; Community; Internet-of-Things (IoT); Industry-specific; Artificial intelligence (AI); Application marketplace (“app store”); Data modeling; Authorization; Authentication; Security; and Identity and access management (IAM). For example, system  540  may include an application platform  544  that enables PAAS for creating, managing, and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the application platform  544 , users accessing the system  540  via one or more of user devices  580 A- 580 S, or third-party application developers accessing the system  540  via one or more of user devices  580 A- 580 S. 
     In some implementations, one or more of the service(s)  542  may use one or more multi-tenant databases  546 , as well as system data storage  550  for system data  552  accessible to system  540 . In certain implementations, the system  540  includes a set of one or more servers that are running on server electronic devices and that are configured to handle requests for any authorized user associated with any tenant (there is no server affinity for a user and/or tenant to a specific server). The user devices  580 A- 580 S communicate with the server(s) of system  540  to request and update tenant-level data and system-level data hosted by system  540 , and in response the system  540  (e.g., one or more servers in system  540 ) automatically may generate one or more Structured Query Language (SQL) statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information from the multi-tenant database(s)  546  and/or system data storage  550 . 
     In some implementations, the service(s)  542  are implemented using virtual applications dynamically created at run time responsive to queries from the user devices  580 A- 580 S and in accordance with metadata, including: 1) metadata that describes constructs (e.g., forms, reports, workflows, user access privileges, business logic) that are common to multiple tenants; and/or 2) metadata that is tenant specific and describes tenant specific constructs (e.g., tables, reports, dashboards, interfaces, etc.) and is stored in a multi-tenant database. To that end, the program code  560  may be a runtime engine that materializes application data from the metadata; that is, there is a clear separation of the compiled runtime engine (also known as the system kernel), tenant data, and the metadata, which makes it possible to independently update the system kernel and tenant-specific applications and schemas, with virtually no risk of one affecting the others. Further, in one implementation, the application platform  544  includes an application setup mechanism that supports application developers&#39; creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata by save routines. Invocations to such applications, including the configurable transformation service, may be coded using Procedural Language/Structured Object Query Language (PL/SOQL) that provides a programming language style interface. Invocations to applications may be detected by one or more system processes, which manages retrieving application metadata for the tenant making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a software container (e.g., a virtual machine). 
     Network  582  may be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. The network may comply with one or more network protocols, including an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) protocol, a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol, a 6 th  generation wireless protocol (4G) (e.g., the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, LTE Advanced, LTE Advanced Pro), a fifth generation wireless protocol (5G), and/or similar wired and/or wireless protocols, and may include one or more intermediary devices for routing data between the system  540  and the user devices  580 A- 580 S. 
     Each user device  580 A- 580 S (such as a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), smartphone, smartwatch, wearable device, augmented reality (AR) device, virtual reality (VR) device, etc.) typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a trackball, a touch pad, a touch screen, a pen or the like, video or touch free user interfaces, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a head-up display, a head-mounted display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system  540 . For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system  540 , and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow one or more of users  584 A- 584 S to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to the one or more of users  584 A- 584 S. User devices  580 A- 580 S might communicate with system  540  using TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) and, at a higher network level, use other networking protocols to communicate, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Andrew File System (AFS), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), Network File System (NFS), an application program interface (API) based upon protocols such as Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Representational State Transfer (REST), etc. In an example where HTTP is used, one or more user devices  580 A- 580 S might include an HTTP client, commonly referred to as a “browser,” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from server(s) of system  540 , thus allowing users  584 A- 584 S of the user devices  580 A- 580 S to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system  540  over network  582 . 
     In the above description, numerous specific details such as resource partitioning/sharing/duplication implementations, types and interrelationships of system components, and logic partitioning/integration choices are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding. The invention may be practiced without such specific details, however. In other instances, control structures, logic implementations, opcodes, means to specify operands, and full software instruction sequences have not been shown in detail since those of ordinary skill in the art, with the included descriptions, will be able to implement what is described without undue experimentation. 
     References in the specification to “one implementation,” “an implementation,” “an example implementation,” etc., indicate that the implementation described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every implementation may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same implementation. Further, when a particular feature, structure, and/or characteristic is described in connection with an implementation, one skilled in the art would know to affect such feature, structure, and/or characteristic in connection with other implementations whether or not explicitly described. 
     For example, the figure(s) illustrating flow diagrams sometimes refer to the figure(s) illustrating block diagrams, and vice versa. Whether or not explicitly described, the alternative implementations discussed with reference to the figure(s) illustrating block diagrams also apply to the implementations discussed with reference to the figure(s) illustrating flow diagrams, and vice versa. At the same time, the scope of this description includes implementations, other than those discussed with reference to the block diagrams, for performing the flow diagrams, and vice versa. 
     Bracketed text and blocks with dashed borders (e.g., large dashes, small dashes, dot-dash, and dots) may be used herein to illustrate optional operations and/or structures that add additional features to some implementations. However, such notation should not be taken to mean that these are the only options or optional operations, and/or that blocks with solid borders are not optional in certain implementations. 
     The detailed description and claims may use the term “coupled,” along with its derivatives. “Coupled” is used to indicate that two or more elements, which may or may not be in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, co-operate or interact with each other. 
     While the flow diagrams in the figures show a particular order of operations performed by certain implementations, such order is exemplary and not limiting (e.g., alternative implementations may perform the operations in a different order, combine certain operations, perform certain operations in parallel, overlap performance of certain operations such that they are partially in parallel, etc.). 
     While the above description includes several example implementations, the invention is not limited to the implementations described and can be practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The description is thus illustrative instead of limiting. Accordingly, details of the exemplary implementations described above should not be read into the claims absent a clear intention to the contrary.