Patent Publication Number: US-9429769-B2

Title: Ophthalmic device with thin film nanocrystal integrated circuits

Description:
FIELD OF USE 
     This invention describes methods and apparatus operant to form a device wherein thin film nanocrystal transistors and integrated circuit devices are defined upon Ophthalmic Device insert components. In some embodiments, the methods and apparatus to form Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices within Ophthalmic Devices relate to said formation upon surfaces that occur on substrates that have three-dimensional shapes. In some embodiments, a field of use for the methods and apparatus may include Ophthalmic Devices, which incorporate energization elements, inserts and Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Traditionally, an Ophthalmic Device, such as a contact lens, an intraocular lens, or a punctal plug included a biocompatible device with a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic quality. A contact lens, for example, may provide one or more of vision correcting functionality, cosmetic enhancement, and therapeutic effects. Each function is provided by a physical characteristic of the lens. A design incorporating a refractive quality into a lens may provide a vision corrective function. A pigment incorporated into the lens may provide a cosmetic enhancement. An active agent incorporated into a lens may provide a therapeutic functionality. Such physical characteristics are accomplished without the lens entering into an energized state. A punctal plug has traditionally been a passive device. 
     More recently, active components have been incorporated into a contact lens. Some components may include semiconductor devices. Some examples have shown semiconductor devices embedded in a contact lens placed upon animal eyes. It has also been described how the active components may be energized and activated in numerous manners within the lens structure itself. The topology and size of the space defined by the lens structure creates a novel and challenging environment for the definition of various functionalities. In many embodiments, it is important to provide reliable, compact and cost effective means to energize components within an Ophthalmic Device. In some embodiments, these energization elements may include batteries, which may also be formed from “alkaline” cell based chemistry. Connected to these energization elements may be other components that utilize their electrical energy. In some embodiments, these other components may include transistors to perform circuit functions. It may be useful and enabling to include in such devices Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     Accordingly, the present invention includes an active Ophthalmic Device comprising a first Three-dimensionally Formed Media Insert, wherein the first Media Insert comprises a first energization element proximate to a first conductive trace, wherein the proximity may be capable of placing the first energization element in electrical communication with a first thin film transistor comprising a first thin film nanocrystal transistor device layer; and a hydrogel material, wherein the hydrogel material may be capable of surrounding or encapsulating the first Media Insert. 
     In some embodiments, the first conductive trace may comprise a transparent electrode including, for example, indium tin oxide. The first energization element may comprise a plurality of electrochemical cells, wherein the electrochemical cells may be connected, at least in part, in a series. The first thin film transistor may comprise an n-type nanocrystal layer, including, for example, Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals. Alternatively, the first thin film transistor may comprise a p-type nanocrystal layer, including, for example, Copper Selenide. 
     The Media Insert encapsulated in the Ophthalmic Device may further comprise a second thin film transistor comprising a second nanocrystal layer, wherein the second thin film transistor may be in electrical communication with the first energization element. Similar to the first thin film transistor, in some embodiments, the second nanocrystal layer may comprise p-type nanocrystal layer, including, for example, Copper Selenide. 
     In some embodiments, the Ophthalmic Device may further comprise an active optical device capable of changing the focal characteristics of the Ophthalmic Device, wherein the active optical device may be in electrical communication with the first energization element. For example, the active optical device may comprise a liquid meniscus lens element. In some such embodiments, the Media Insert encapsulated in the Ophthalmic Device may further include an activation element in electrical communication with the active optical device, such as, for example, a pressure-sensitive switch. 
     The present invention also includes second Media Insert comprising a second energization element; a second conductive trace; and a third thin film transistor comprising an organic semiconductor layer, wherein the second conductive trace is capable of placing the second energization element in electrical communication with the third film transistor. The third film transistor may comprise the n-type nanocrystal layer, including, for example Cadmium Selenide nanocrystals. The second Media Insert may further comprise a fourth thin film transistor layer, wherein the fourth thin film transistor layer comprises the p-type organic semiconductor layer, such as, for example, pentacene. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an exemplary Insert Piece with Three-dimensional Surfaces upon which Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices may be defined consistent with other related disclosures of the inventive entity. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an exemplary flow for forming Three-dimensional Surfaces that may be consistent with the formation of Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an integrated circuit device connected to a Three-dimensionally Formed Insert Piece with conductive traces in at least two electrically conductive locations. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary set of processing flow steps for the formation of complementary n and p-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices, which may be useful for the inclusion into Ophthalmic Devices. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary electronic circuit function utilizing Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuits that may be included in an Ophthalmic Device. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a representation of an Insert Piece comprising the circuit elements of 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to Ophthalmic Devices including Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices. In some embodiments the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices are attached to one or more Media Inserts. In some embodiments, the Media Insert structure may have surfaces that have three-dimensional topology. 
     Some embodiments may also include thin film nanocrystal transistors and integrated circuits consistent with flexible substrates. Some specific devices include cadmium selenide as short chain inorganic based ligands, such as thiocyanate materials. Nanocrystals may be coordinated into useable and conductive layers. 
     In the following sections detailed descriptions of embodiments of the invention will be given. The description of both preferred and alternative embodiments are exemplary embodiments only, and it is understood that to those skilled in the art that variations, modifications and alterations may be apparent. It is therefore to be understood that said exemplary embodiments do not limit the scope of the underlying invention. 
     GLOSSARY 
     In this description and claims directed to the presented invention, various terms may be used for which the following definitions will apply: 
     Anode: as used herein refers to an Electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device. The direction of electric current that is typically opposite to the direction of electron flow. In other words, the electrons flow from the Anode into, for example, an electrical circuit. 
     Cathode: as used herein refers to an Electrode through which electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. The direction of electric current that is typically opposite to the direction of electron flow. Therefore, the electrons flow into the polarized electrical device and out of, for example, the connected electrical circuit. 
     Electrode: as used herein can refer to an active mass in the Energy Source. For example, it may include one or both of the Anode and Cathode. 
     Encapsulate: as used herein refers to creating a barrier to separate an entity, such as, for example, a Media Insert, from an environment adjacent to the entity. 
     Encapsulant: as used herein refers to a layer formed surrounding an entity, such as, for example, a Media Insert, that creates a barrier to separate the entity from an environment adjacent to the entity. For example, Encapsulants may be comprised of silicone hydrogels, such as Etafilcon, Galyfilcon, Narafilcon, and Senofilcon, or other hydrogel contact lens material. In some embodiments, an Encapsulant may be semipermeable to contain specified substances within the entity and preventing specified substances, such as, for example, water, from entering the entity. 
     Energized: as used herein refers to the state of being able to supply electrical current to or to have electrical energy stored within. 
     Energy: as used herein refers to the capacity of a physical system to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to the said capacity being able to perform electrical actions in doing work. 
     Energy Source: as used herein refers to device or layer which is capable of supplying Energy or placing a logical or electrical device in an Energized state. 
     Energy Harvesters: as used herein refers to device capable of extracting energy from the environment and convert it to electrical energy. 
     Functionalized: as used herein refers to making a layer or device able to perform a function including for example, energization, activation, or control. 
     Insert Piece: as used herein refers to a solid element of a multi-piece Rigid Insert or Media Insert that may be assembled into the Rigid Insert or Media Insert. In an Ophthalmic Device, an Insert Piece may contain and include a region in the center of an Ophthalmic Device through which light may proceed into the user&#39;s eye. This region may be called an Optic Zone. In other embodiments, the piece may take an annular shape where it does not contain or include some or all of the regions in an Optical Zone. In some embodiments, a Rigid Insert or Media Insert may comprise multiple Inserts Pieces, wherein some Insert Pieces may include the Optic Zone and other Insert Pieces may be annular or portions of an annulus. 
     Lens forming mixture or Reactive Mixture or Reactive Monomer Mixture (RMM): as used herein refers to a monomer or prepolymer material, which may be cured and crosslinked or crosslinked to form an Ophthalmic Lens. Various embodiments may include lens-forming mixtures with one or more additives such as: UV blockers, tints, photoinitiators or catalysts, and other additives one might desire in an Ophthalmic Lenses such as, contact or intraocular lenses. 
     Lens Forming Surface: refers to a surface that is used to mold a lens. In some embodiments, any such surface  103 - 104  can have an optical quality surface finish, which indicates that it is sufficiently smooth and formed so that a lens surface fashioned by the polymerization of a lens forming material in contact with the molding surface is optically acceptable. Further, in some embodiments, the lens forming surface  103 - 104  can have a geometry that is necessary to impart to the lens surface the desired optical characteristics, including without limitation, spherical, aspherical and cylinder power, wave front aberration correction, corneal topography correction and the like as well as any combinations thereof. 
     Lithium Ion Cell: refers to an electrochemical cell where Lithium ions move through the cell to generate electrical energy. This electrochemical cell, typically called a battery, may be reenergized or recharged in its typical forms. 
     Substrate insert: as used herein refers to a formable or rigid substrate capable of supporting an Energy Source within an Ophthalmic Lens. In some embodiments, the Substrate insert also supports one or more components. 
     Media Insert: as used herein refers to an encapsulated insert that will be included in an energized Ophthalmic Device. The energization elements and circuitry may be embedded in the Media Insert. The Media Insert defines the primary purpose of the energized Ophthalmic Device. For example, in embodiments where the energized Ophthalmic Device allows the user to adjust the optic power, the Media Insert may include energization elements that control a liquid meniscus portion in the Optical Zone. Alternatively, a Media Insert may be annular so that the Optical Zone is void of material. In such embodiments, the energized function of the Lens may not be optic quality but may be, for example, monitoring glucose or administering medicine. 
     Mold: refers to a rigid or semi-rigid object that may be used to form lenses from uncured formulations. Some preferred molds include two mold parts forming a front curve mold part and a back curve mold part. 
     Ophthalmic Lens or Ophthalmic Device or Lens: as used herein refers to any device that resides in or on the eye. The device may provide optical correction, may be cosmetic, or provide some functionality unrelated to optic quality. For example, the term Lens may refer to a contact Lens, intraocular Lens, overlay Lens, ocular insert, optical insert, or other similar device through which vision is corrected or modified, or through which eye physiology is cosmetically enhanced (e.g. iris color) without impeding vision. Alternatively, Lens may refer to a device that may be placed on the eye with a function other than vision correction, such as, for example, monitoring of a constituent of tear fluid or means of administering an active agent. In some embodiments, the preferred Lenses of the invention may be soft contact Lenses that are made from silicone elastomers or hydrogels, which may include, for example, silicone hydrogels and fluorohydrogels. 
     Optic Zone: as used herein refers to an area of an Ophthalmic Lens through which a wearer of the Ophthalmic Lens sees. 
     Power: as used herein refers to work done or energy transferred per unit of time. 
     Precure: as used herein refers to a process that partially cures a mixture, such as a Reactive Monomer Mixture. In some embodiments, a precuring process may comprise a shortened period of the full curing process. Alternatively, the precuring process may comprise a unique process, for example, by exposing the mixture to different temperatures and wavelengths of light than may be used to fully cure the material. 
     Predose: as used herein refers to the initial deposition of material in a quantity that is less than the full amount that may be necessary for the completion of the process. For example, a predose may include a quarter of the necessary substance, such as, for example, a Reactive Monomer Mixture. 
     Postdose: as used herein refers to a deposition of material in the remaining quantity after the predose that may be necessary for the completion of the process. For example, where the predose includes a quarter of the necessary substance, a subsequent postdose may provide the remaining three quarters of the substance, such as, for example, a Reactive Monomer Mixture. 
     Rechargeable or Re-energizable: as used herein refers to a capability of being restored to a state with higher capacity to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to the capability of being restored with the ability to flow electrical current at a certain rate for a specified, reestablished time period. 
     Reenergize or Recharge: To restore to a state with higher capacity to do work. Many uses within this invention may relate to restoring a device to the capability to flow electrical current at a certain rate for a specified, reestablished time period. 
     Released from a mold: means that a lens is either completely separated from the mold, or is only loosely attached so that it may be removed with mild agitation or pushed off with a swab. 
     Stacked: as used herein means to place at least two component layers in proximity to each other such that at least a portion of one surface of one of the layers contacts a first surface of a second layer. In some embodiments, a film, whether for adhesion or other functions may reside between the two layers that are in contact with each other through said film. 
     Stacked Integrated Component Devices or SIC Devices: as used herein refers to the product of packaging technologies that assemble thin layers of substrates, which may contain electrical and electromechanical devices, into operative integrated devices by means of stacking at least a portion of each layer upon each other. The layers may comprise component devices of various types, materials, shapes, and sizes. Furthermore, the layers may be made of various device production technologies to fit and assume various contours. 
     Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit: as used herein refers to a semiconductor that is made from carbon-based materials. 
     Three-dimensional Surface or Three-dimensional Substrate or Three-dimensionally Formed: as used herein refers to any surface or substrate that has been Three-dimensionally Formed where the topography is designed for a specific purpose, in contrast to a planar surface. 
     Trace: as used herein refers to a battery component capable of electrically connecting the circuit components. For example, circuit Traces may include copper or gold when the substrate is a printed circuit board and may be copper, gold, or printed Deposit in a flex circuit. Traces may also be comprised of nonmetallic materials, chemicals, or mixtures thereof. 
     Three-Dimensionally Formed Media Inserts with Incorporated Energization Devices for Inclusion of Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit Devices. 
     The methods and apparatus related to the inventive art herein relate to forming Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices within or on Three-dimensionally Formed substrates where the substrates also include electrical interconnects upon its surfaces. Proceeding to  FIG. 1 , an exemplary Three-dimensional Substrate  100  with electrical traces  130 - 180  is illustrated. In some embodiments, a Three-dimensional Substrate  100  may comprise a portion of an Insert Piece for an Ophthalmic Device. Some embodiments may include an Ophthalmic Device that incorporates an active focusing element. Such an active focusing device may function while utilizing energy that may be stored in an energization element. The traces  130 - 180  upon the Three-dimensional Substrate  100  may provide a substrate foundation for formation of energization elements. Discrete Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices or circuits formed from Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices may be connected to said traces  130 - 180  through various processes. 
     In Ophthalmic Device embodiments, the Three-dimensional Substrate may include an optically active region  110 . For example, where the device is a focusing element, the region  110  may represent a front surface of an Insert Piece that contains the focusing element through which light passes on its way into a user&#39;s eye. Outside of this region  110 , there may be a peripheral region of the Insert Piece that is not in an optically relevant path. In some embodiments, components related to the active focusing function may be placed in such peripheral region. In some embodiments, especially those utilizing very thin films and transparent electrodes, the components may be placed in this optically active region. For example, transparent electrodes may comprise indium tin oxide (ITO). The various components may be electrically connected to each other by metal traces, and some of these components may contain or may be Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices. These metal traces may also provide a support function to the incorporation of energizing elements into the Ophthalmic Device. 
     In some embodiments, the energization element may be a battery. For example, the battery may be a solid-state battery or alternatively it may be a wet cell battery. In such embodiments, there may be a minimum of at least two traces that are electrically conductive to provide an electrical potential formed between the anode  150  of the battery and a cathode  160  of the battery to be provided to other active elements in the device for their energization. The anode  150  connection may represent the (−) potential connection of an energization element to incorporated devices. The cathode  160  connection may represent the (+) potential connection of an energization element to incorporated devices. 
     In some embodiments, Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit elements may be connected through the anode  150  and cathode  160  connection points. In other embodiments, the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices may be formed directly upon the substrate  100  surface and may be connected with anode  150  and cathode  160  points or, alternatively, may be integrally connected by using the same metallurgy for interconnections within the circuit devices themselves. 
     The anode  150  and cathode  160  traces may be connected to isolated traces  140  and  170  respectively. These isolated traces  140  and  170  may lie close to neighboring traces  130  and  180 . The neighboring traces  130  and  180  may represent the opposite battery chemistry or electrode type when battery elements are produced upon these traces  130  and  180 . Thus, neighboring traces  130  and  180  may be connected to a chemical layer that may make it function as a cathode of a battery cell between traces  130  and  140 . 
     The two neighboring traces  130  and  180  may connect to each other through a trace region  120 . This region  120 , in some embodiments, may not be covered by chemical layers, allowing the region to function as an electrical interconnection. In some exemplary embodiments, two pairs of electrical cells may be configured as batteries, and the nature of the layout and design may connect these two batteries in a series connection. The total electrical performance across connections  150  and  160  may be considered a combination of two battery cells. In embodiments that incorporate Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices, the energization voltage requirements may be in the tens of volts. Accordingly, multiple regions  120  may be formed to allow the energization elements to define a higher total energization voltage. 
     Proceeding to  FIG. 2 , an exemplary progression  200  for the formation of a Three-dimensional Substrate with conductive traces is illustrated. In some embodiments, a set of conductive features, which may after processing become interconnects on a Three-dimensional Surface, may be formed while base materials are kept in a planar shape. At  210 , a base substrate may be formed. In ophthalmic embodiments, the substrate may be consistent with forming a part of an Ophthalmic Device. For example, the substrate may include Polyimide. In embodiments where the base substrate is formed from a conductive material, the surface may be coated with an insulator material, which may allow formation of interconnects on its surface. In some embodiments, where the substrate is comprised of polyimide, the substrate may be coated with an insulting layer, for example of aluminum oxide, which may provide the function of preshrinking the substrate before the thin film transistors are deposited or formed. 
     In some embodiments, the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit may be processed on the substrate obtained at  210 . In some such embodiments, the nanocrystal processing steps, for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , may have occurred prior to the substrate processing steps, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Accordingly, the substrate formed at  210  may include Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices upon its surface. In other embodiments, the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices may be formed separately and may be connected to the conductive traces after the substrate has been processed at  260 . 
     At  220 , a conductive film may be applied to the substrate base. The conductive film may include, for example, an aluminum film. In some embodiments, the conductive film may be deformed where the flat substrate base may be Three-dimensionally Formed, and the conductive film may comprise a malleable conductive material of sufficient thickness to avoid mechanical failure during the three-dimensional forming processes. 
     At  230 , the conductive film may be patterned into a shape that may form a predefined shape after the flat substrate is Three-dimensionally Formed. The shapes formed at  230  are for illustrative purposes only and other formations may be apparent. The conductive film, such as, for example, aluminum film, may be patterned through a variety of methods, for example, through photolithography with chemical etching or laser ablation. Alternatively, the imaged conductor patterns may have been deposited through a screen directly into the patterned shape. In embodiments where the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices are included on the substrate, the patterned shape formed at  230  may connect to the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit. 
     At  240 , in some embodiments, the stacked layer comprising the base substrate with overlaid conductive features may be encapsulated in an overlaid material. In some embodiments, the overlaid material may comprise a thermoformable material, such as, for example, polyethylene terephtalate glycol (PETG). In some embodiments, or more specifically, where the stacked layer may be thermoformed, the encapsulation at  240  of the formed features may provide stability during thermoforming processes to create Three-dimensional Shapes. In some embodiments, a first planar thermoforming process may occur at  240  to seal the stacked layer, which may adhere the overlaid insulating material to the underlying substrate base and defined features in the conductive film. In some embodiments, a composite film may adversely affect the central optic region, and the central optic zone region of the stacked layer may be removed. 
     At  250 , the stacked layer comprising the base material, formed conductive features, and overlaid encapsulating and insulating layer may be subjected to a thermoforming process, wherein the stacked layer may be Three-dimensionally Formed. In some embodiments, at  260 , where the stacked layer is coated with an insulating layer, vias may be formed at  260  into the insulating material. At  260 , the electrical conductive vias and openings may be included at appropriate locations, wherein the vias may allow the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit to connect with the encapsulated conductive features included on the stacked layer. The vias and openings may be formed through a variety of processes, including, for example, laser ablation, which may precisely create openings by ablating the top insulator layer of the stacked layer, thereby exposing an underlying conductive film area. 
     Electrically Connecting Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit Devices Upon Three-Dimensionally Formed or Formable Insert Substrates 
     Proceeding to  FIG. 3 , an exemplary embodiment of a Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit  305  included on a Three-dimensionally Formed stacked layer comprising a substrate  300  with conductive traces  325  is illustrated. In some such embodiments, the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit  305  may be attached after the conductive traces  325  have been included on the substrate  300 . Alternatively, the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit  305  may be included on the substrate  300  prior to placement of the conductive traces  325 . 
     The components of the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit  305  may be electrically connected to the conductive traces  325  through interconnection features  310 ,  320  included on the substrate  300 . The electrical connection at the interconnection features  310 ,  320  may connect the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit  305  to the electric components on the substrate  300  that may be critical for the functional operation of the Media Insert. Such electric components may include, for example, the energization elements, sensors, active optical elements, other integrated circuit designs, medicament pumps, and medicament dispersal devices. In some embodiments, including flip-chip orientations, interconnection features  310 ,  320  may comprise, for example, flowable solder balls or conductive epoxy. In embodiments where the conductive traces  325  and the interconnection features  310 ,  320  are encapsulated or insulated, vias may be cut out or diced from the stacked layer, which may allow connection between the components of the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit  305  and the interconnection features  310 ,  320 . 
     Forming Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit Transistors on Media Insert Surfaces 
     Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices may comprise a variety of structures including, for example, those based on field effect semiconducting device structures. In some such exemplary embodiments, the devices may include designs that have a gate electrode lying under, above, or at the nanocrystal layers. 
     Proceeding to  FIG. 4 , an exemplary embodiment of parallel processing flow  400 ,  450  that may produce complementary p and n-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit devices is illustrated. In some embodiments, the n-type process  400  and the p-type process  450  may be performed in isolation. At  410 , the base material for each type of device may be a flat or planar substrate upon which the devices may be formed. In some “bottom gate” electrode-type process embodiments, at step  415 , a metallic or conductive material may be deposited to form an isolated gate electrode. In some embodiments, the gate electrode may be screened deposited from a sputtered or evaporated source. Other methods may include blanket deposition followed by patterned etching processes. 
     In some embodiments, at  420 , a gate dielectric layer may be deposited to cover and surround the gate electrode. An exemplary method for said deposition may be to spin on the dielectric from a liquid precursor followed by a curing process. In other embodiments, the dielectric may be deposited by vapor deposition, and in some cases subsequently planarized by a technique such as, for example, chemical mechanical polishing. In other embodiments, a seed film of aluminum oxide may be grown in select regions by features, for example those comprising gold, which may block the growth except in the selected region. In some embodiments, atomic layer deposition processing may allow the selective growth of a quality dielectric film, such as, for example, an aluminum oxide atomic layer, in specific regions. 
     In some embodiments of n-type processing at  400 , at  425 , the n-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit layer may be deposited upon the dielectric layer. This deposition may be regionally controlled by masked deposition of sprayed forms of the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit. In other embodiments, a blanket film may be applied followed by a patterned removal process. An exemplary material for the n-type layer may include, for example, CdSe nanocrystals, which may be interbound through ligands, such as thiocyanate. In some embodiments, the exemplary layer may be doped by indium. In some embodiments of ambipolar devices, the n-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit film may be deposited on the dielectric layer at  425 , and the n-type layer may be covered by p-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit material at  430 . In other embodiments, as illustrated, p-type processing  450  may not include a deposition of an n-type layer at  425 . 
     In some p-type embodiments, at step  430 , a p-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit layer may be deposited upon the dielectric layer. This deposition may be regionally controlled by masked deposition of vapor phase forms of the Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit. In other embodiments, a blanket film may be applied followed by a patterned removal process. In some embodiments, n-type processing  400  may not include a deposition of a p-type layer at  430 . The p-type layer may include CuSe nanocrystals, for example. Alternatively, the p-type layer may comprise an organic semiconductor layer, which may include, for example, pentacene, tetracene, rubrene, and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). It may be apparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art that other materials may comprise acceptable n and p-type organic TFT devices and nanocrystal TFT devices, which may be consistent within the scope of the art herein. 
     At  435  and  436 , electrodes  461 ,  462  may be placed on the formative Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit transistor device. As illustrated, the electrode placement at  435  for the n-type process may be separate from the electrode placement at  436  for the p-type process. In some embodiments, the placement of the electrodes  461 ,  462  at  435 ,  436  may occur simultaneously. There may be numerous means to form the source/drain electrodes including screened deposition from a sputtered or evaporated source. Other methods may include blanket deposition followed by patterned etching processes. Any method of forming isolated conductive electrode structures may be consistent with the art herein. 
     In some embodiments, at  440  and  441 , insulator may be placed to encapsulate the source/drain electrodes or the entire device. An exemplary method of deposition may include spinning on the dielectric from a liquid precursor followed by a curing process. In other embodiments, the dielectric may be deposited by vapor deposition, and in some implementations, the dielectric may be planarized by a technique such as chemical mechanical polishing. In some embodiments, following the deposition of the insulator layer, contact openings  463  may be formed, such as through laser ablation processing or lithography imaged subtractive etching processes. 
     An Example of an Ophthalmic Embodiment Utilizing Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit Transistors 
     Proceeding to  FIG. 5 , an exemplary electronic circuit  500  consistent with an of an ophthalmic embodiment where an energization element may respond to a mechanical switch as an activation device and may apply electrical potential when activated across an active Ophthalmic Device including a meniscus-based focusing element. 
     An energization element  510  may energize circuits that may contain Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit transistors, and in some embodiments, the energization element  510  may be comprised of various and numerous battery cells connected in a series manner. As an example, cells may be connected to generate an electrical potential in the energization element of approximately 20 Volts. Other embodiments may include more or less cells connected together to generate energization potentials ranging from approximately 10 Volts to 100 volts. 
     The energization element  510  may apply its potential across an active ophthalmic element  520 . In some embodiments, the active optical element  520  may be a meniscus lens based device that may respond by changing the shape of a meniscus based on the application of potential across two immiscible fluids. In some embodiments of a meniscus lens based devices, the device may function essentially as an extremely high impedance capacitor, from an electrical perspective. Therefore, the energization element  510  may initially charge the active optical element  520  through a resistive element  570 . When the potential fully charges the capacitive element, the energization element  510  may not have a large dissipative load on it. In embodiments with more complex circuitry, start-up circuitry may be defined to further ensure that the energization element  510  may not be discharged. 
     The electronic circuit  500  may further include a “D-FlipFlop” circuit, based on a circuit using the complementary n and p-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit transistors. The D-FlipFlop  550  may have its D and Q (not) outputs connected together, and the Set (s) and Reset (R) may be connected to ground. The output of Q may then flip from one state to the next when there is a voltage level change at the Clock (CP) input. That input may be set by the energization element  510 , through a resistive element  540 . 
     When an external switch  560  may be activated, such as where a user exerts pressure onto a pressure switch, the potential at CP may be brought close to ground, and this level change may toggle the state of the D-FlipFlop  550 . When the level changes at Q, a transistor  530  connected thereto may be “Turned-On” and may conduct across the active optical element  520  effectively shorting the active optical element  520  and allowing a change in the active optical state. Numerous designs of flip-flop circuits may function in similar manners as described with a D-FlipFlop circuit  550  with multiple methods of activating and controlling the status of the exemplary circuit  500 . 
     Proceeding to  FIG. 6 , an exemplary embodiment of an Insert Piece that may be consistent with the circuit embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 5  is illustrated. In some embodiments, a connection point  610  may allow for electrical communication between the meniscus lens and the circuit. Some embodiments may include multiple energization cells  620  connected in series in order to generate the necessary potentials required for operation of Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit based circuits. In some such embodiments, the series of energization cells  620  may define an energization element of approximately 5 volts, for example. The energization element may include two contacts  630 ,  640 . 
     In some embodiments, a D-Type FlipFlop circuit  650  may comprise multiple circuit components, such as, for example, those illustrated in  FIG. 5 . The D-Type Flip Flop circuit  650  may contain both n and p-type Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit transistors and the resistive elements  540  and  570 . In some embodiments, a second contact  660  may define an alternative connection point for the meniscus lens. 
     Some embodiments may include a pressure-sensitive switch  670  or membrane switch that may be formed from spaced metallic traces that may complete a contact between the two sides when the switch  670  is deflected by pressure. In some embodiments, the D-Type FlipFlop circuit  650  may include additional circuit elements, which may provide a debounce function or a time-delayed debounce function for the action of the described activation device. Other activation devices, such as hall-effect devices, may provide equivalent switching function to that described. 
     Specific examples have been described to illustrate aspects of inventive art relating to the formation, methods of formation, and apparatus of formation that may be useful to form energization elements upon electrical interconnects on Three-dimensional Surfaces. These examples are for said illustration and are not intended to limit the scope in any manner. Accordingly, the description is intended to embrace all embodiments that may be apparent to those skilled in the art. 
     CONCLUSION 
     The present invention, as described above and as further defined by the claims below, provides methods and apparatus to form Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit transistors upon Three-dimensionally Formed Insert Pieces. In some embodiments, the present invention includes incorporating the Three-dimensional Surfaces with Thin Film Nanocrystal Integrated Circuit based thin film transistors, electrical interconnects, and energization elements into an Insert Piece for incorporation into Ophthalmic Device. In some embodiments, the Insert Piece may be directly used as a Media Insert or incorporated into an Ophthalmic Device.