Patent Publication Number: US-8995397-B2

Title: Pseudo wires for mobility management

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE 
     This is a continuation application of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/486,808, entitled “Pseudo Wires for Mobility Management,” filed on Jul. 14, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/792,018, entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Mobility Management,” filed Apr. 14, 2006, which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     I. Field 
     The following description relates generally to communication systems and more particularly to handovers between access routers. 
     II. Background 
     Communication systems can include a multitude of access nodes through which end nodes (e.g., mobile devices) are coupled to a network. End nodes typically communicate with access nodes (e.g., access router) directly through established connections. Such communication systems rely on a bidirectional communications link between the end node and the access node to support two-way communication between the nodes. In such systems, the end node may not know the network layer address of a target destination access node but may be aware of information it can receive over broadcast channels, which can include physical layer identifiers that are normally not utilized for message routing. This approach results in handoff delays and packet loss when the end node is only able to maintain a single bidirectional communications link at a time. 
     Access nodes that are serving neighboring geographic cells might be known to each other through manual configuration during which various parameters are configured in an access node corresponding to several of its neighbors. Such configuration can be labor intensive and error prone due to human error and the fact that the network layout of a wireless can change due to network expansion, gradual phased deployment of a system, or even environmental conditions. 
     In communication systems, it is desirable to provide uninterrupted service when the end node moves between neighboring geographic cells. Such transfer is important for critical data (e.g., voice data) since an interruption can result in quality degradation or dropped voice communications. 
     To overcome the aforementioned as well as other deficiencies, there is a need to support handovers from a current access node to a target access node where an end node cannot communicate directly with the target access node and is forced to communicate with the target access node through the current access node. 
     SUMMARY 
     The following presents a simplified summary in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosed embodiments. This summary is not an extensive overview and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements nor delineate the scope of such embodiments. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the described embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments and corresponding disclosure thereof, various aspects are described in connection with utilizing L2TPv3 (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3) pseudo wires to encapsulate signaling and user traffic between base stations in an Internet Protocol (IP) architecture. 
     According to an embodiment is a method for mobility management. The method includes receiving a neighbor resolution failure in response to a handoff request to a target access router, establishing a CCP link with the target access router, and initiating a new neighbor alert between a current access router and the target access router. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is an apparatus that facilitates mobility management. The apparatus includes a processor that configures a packet header for a handoff request, the packet header includes a source address and a destination address that correspond with the address of a first access router. The apparatus also includes a transmitter that transmits the configured packet header to the first access router in response to a neighbor resolution failure received from a second access router. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is an apparatus for facilitating a handoff between two access routers. The apparatus includes a means for receiving a signal from a first access router and a means for transmitting a first handoff request that includes an address of the first access router. Also included is a means for initiating a neighbor discovery between the first access router and a second access router and a means for communicating with the first access router though at least two pseudo wires. 
     Still another embodiment is a computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions for mobility management. The instructions include recognizing a target access beacon transmitted from a target access router and requesting a first handoff to the target access router. The instructions also include sending a second handoff request upon receipt of a failure to the first handoff request and initiating a neighbor discovery between the target access router and a current access router. 
     Another embodiment is a processor that executes computer-executable instructions for mobility management. The instructions include responding to a neighbor resolution failure with a handoff request and initiating a neighbor discovery between a first access router and a second access router in part by the handoff request. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is a method for mobility management. The method includes receiving a new neighbor discovery create message and sending an acknowledgment in reply to the new neighbor create message. The method further includes setting up a first L2TP connection and a second L2TP connection with the target access router in response to a new neighbor alert request. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is an apparatus that facilitates handoff of a wireless terminal. The apparatus includes a memory that stores information related to neighboring access routers, a receiver that receives a handoff request from a wireless terminal, and a processor that searches the stored information and responds to the handoff request. 
     Still another embodiment is an apparatus that facilitates mobility management. The apparatus includes a means for creating an internet protocol encapsulation to send information and a means for utilizing at least two pseudo wires for sending the information. 
     In still another embodiment is a computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions for mobility management. The instructions include receiving from a wireless terminal a new neighbor discovery create message and sending an acknowledgment in reply to the new neighbor create message. The instructions further include exchanging information with a neighbor access router in response to the new neighbor create message and setting up a first L2TP connection and a second L2TP connection with the target access router. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is a processor that executes computer-executable instructions for handoff between access routers. The instructions include sending information to a first access router with internet protocol encapsulation and utilizing at least two pseudo wires to send the information. 
     Still another embodiment is a method for mobility management. The method includes receiving a new neighbor alert from a wireless terminal and requesting a neighbor discovery create from an access router identified in the new neighbor alert. The method further includes receiving an acknowledgment of the requested neighbor discovery create from the access router and communicating with the wireless terminal through a first link and a second link established by the access router. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is an apparatus that facilitates mobility management. The apparatus includes a processor that initiates a neighbor discovery create in response to a new neighbor alert received from an access terminal and a memory that stores information related to a response to the neighbor discovery create. 
     Still another embodiment is an apparatus that facilitates handoff between access routers. The apparatus includes a means for transmitting a beacon signal and a means for receiving a handoff request in response to the beacon signal. Also included is a means for initiating a new neighbor discover and a means for exchanging routing information with a neighbor access router. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is a computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions for mobility management. The instructions include receiving from a wireless terminal a new neighbor alert and requesting a neighbor discovery create from an access router identified in the new neighbor alert. The instructions further include receiving an acknowledgment of the requested neighbor discovery create from the access router and communicating with the wireless terminal through a first link and a second link established by the access router. 
     In accordance with another embodiment is a processor that executes computer-executable instructions for mobility management. The instructions included transmitting a beacon signal and receiving a handoff request in response to the beacon signal. The instructions further include initiating a new neighbor discover and exchanging routing information with a neighbor access router. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, one or more embodiments comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects and are indicative of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the embodiments may be employed. Other advantages and novel features will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings and the disclosed embodiments are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of a wireless communication system that facilitates handoff utilizing pseudo wires. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a system model used to encapsulate and decapsulate messages between to access routers in accordance with the various embodiments presented herein. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a flow chart of a methodology for facilitating handoff utilizing pseudo wires. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates another flow chart of a methodology for utilizing the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a flow chart of a methodology for establishing handoff between a current access router and a target access router. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an LLC pseudo wire header format utilized with the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a header format for L2TPv3 IP sub-layer utilizing the disclosed techniques. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a flow chart of a methodology for performing a handoff in accordance with the various embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a wireless device in accordance with the various embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an access router in accordance with the various embodiments. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus that facilitates a handoff between at least two access routers. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus that facilitates mobility management. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an apparatus that facilitates handoff between access routers. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a network diagram of an exemplary communications system implemented in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates an exemplary access terminal implemented in accordance with the various embodiments disclosed herein. 
         FIG. 16  illustrates an exemplary access point implemented in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various embodiments are now described with reference to the drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects. It may be evident, however, that such embodiment(s) may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing these embodiments. 
     As used in this application, the terms “component,” “module,” “system,” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, firmware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a computing device and the computing device can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal). 
     Furthermore, various embodiments are described herein in connection with a user device. A user device can also be called a system, a subscriber unit, subscriber station, mobile station, mobile device, remote station, access point, base station, remote terminal, access terminal, handset, host, user terminal, terminal, user agent, or user equipment. A user device can be a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or other processing device(s) connected to a wireless modem. 
     Moreover, various aspects or features described herein may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media. For example, computer readable media can include but are not limited to magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips . . . ), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) . . . ), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive . . . ) 
     Various embodiments will be presented in terms of systems that may include a number of components, modules, and the like. It is to be understood and appreciated that the various systems may include additional components, modules, etc. and/or may not include all of the components, modules etc. discussed in connection with the figures. A combination of these approaches may also be used. 
     With reference now to the drawings,  FIG. 1  illustrates block diagram of a wireless communication system  100  that facilitates handoff utilizing pseudo wires. System  100  includes a wireless device  102  that can communicate wirelessly with one or more access router, labeled Access Router 1    104  and Access Router N    106 , wherein N can be any integer greater than or equal to one. An access router can be a base station, a packet data serving node (PDSN), and/or a gateway general packet radio services (GPRS) support node. 
     Each access router  104 ,  106  has a corresponding geographic range or cell  108 ,  110 . Neighboring cells  108 ,  110  can overlap slightly, as indicated by cell boundary region  112 . Such an overlap can provide the potential for wireless device  102  to recognize a beacon signal  114 ,  116  sent by each access router  104 ,  106 . Beacon signal  114 ,  116  can include an LLC identifier as well as other information relating to access router  104 ,  106 . 
     As wireless device  102  moves from cell  108  to cell  110 , as indicated by arrow, wireless device  102  receives beacon  116  sent by access router  106 . Wireless device  102  may desire to handoff from access router  104  to access router  106 . However, if access routers  104 ,  106  cannot identify each other, a handoff cannot be performed and wireless device  102  cannot communicate correctly with the target access router  106 . Therefore, wireless device  102  is forced to communicate to access router  106  through access router  104 . To transport signaling and traffic between access routers  104 ,  106 , pseudo wires are created. A first pseudo wire can be created for LLC frames and a second pseudo wire can be created for IP communications. In such a manner, wireless device  102  communicates to access router  106  through access router  104  until direct communication can be established, such as through a handoff. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a system model  200  used to encapsulate and decapsulate messages between to access routers in accordance with the various embodiments presented herein. System  200  includes a wireless terminal  202 , a first access router (Access Router A )  204 , and a second access router (Access Router B )  206 . For purposes of explanation, wireless terminal  202  is in direct communication with Access Router A    204  (current access router) and would like to handoff to Access Router B    206  (target access router). Each access router  204 ,  206  can include respective interfaces  212 ,  214  and respective LLC entities  216 ,  218 . 
     Wireless terminal  202  can recognize the presence of target access router  206  through a beacon signal which are sent (periodically or continuously) by access routers to notify wireless devices within the vicinity (e.g., within the access router geographic cell) of the availability of access router. The beacon signal can include an LLC as well as other information relating the access router. 
     Wireless terminal, having detected the beacon of target access router  206 , sends a handoff request to current access router  204 . If current access router  204  does not recognize target access router after searching for information in, for example, a look-up table of access routers maintained in a memory, a neighbor resolution failure is sent to wireless terminal. 
     After receiving such a failure, wireless terminal can initiate a neighbor discovery and a new neighbor alert between access routers  204 ,  206 . The wireless terminal  202  can infer that access router  204  and  206  are neighbors based on receiving beacon signals from each access router  204 ,  206  at substantially the same time or in substantially the same geographic region. 
     At least two L2TPv3 pseudo wires can be used to encapsulate signaling and user traffic between access routers  204 ,  206  in an IP architecture. Such wires can support expedited handovers when wireless terminal  202  cannot communicate directly with the new access router (access router B    206 ) and is forced to communicate with the new access router through the current one (access router A    204 ). Two pseudo wires are utilized because the sending and receiving entities are different for each type of wire. 
     A first L2TPv3 pseudo wire  208  can be for IP communications. To support handover between access routers  204 ,  206  wireless terminal  202  needs to anticipate its movement and perform several tasks with the new access router  206  through the current access router  204 . These interactions involve sending mobility management protocol (MMP), connection control protocol (CCP), secure association protocol (SAP), and potentially extensible authentication protocol (EAP) messages to the new access router. These protocols do not run over IP, therefore, there is a need for IP encapsulation in order to send this information over multiple hops. The same reasoning applies to sending already compressed RHCP frames. These messages are sent from the LLC of the current access routers to the LLC of the new access router, and are referred to as LLC frames herein. 
     A second L2TPv3 pseudo wire  210  can be used to encapsulate and demultiplex full IP packets received at the current access router  204  and either bi-cast or forward the packets to the new access router  206 . These packets are sent directly from one of the current access router interfaces  212  to one of the new access router interfaces  214 . The access router interface includes identification and composition. These messages will be referred to herein as “IP Packets”. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a flow chart of a methodology for facilitating handoff utilizing pseudo wires. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of blocks, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited by the number or order of blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other blocks than what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement the described methodologies. A methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. It is to be appreciated that the functionality associated with the blocks may be implemented by software, hardware, a combination thereof or any other suitable means (e.g. device, system, process, component). Additionally, it should be appreciated that the methodologies disclosed throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such methodologies to various devices. 
     Method  300  starts, at  302 , when a beacon signal is received from an access router. The signal can include an LLC or other identifier for an access router. A wireless device may desire to handoff to the access router (e.g., target access router) based on information received with the beacon, including a communication speed, quality, or other parameters. A request to handoff to the target access router is sent to a current access router. If the current access router does not recognize the target access router, a failure message (e.g., neighbor resolution failure) is received, at  304 , in response to the handoff request. 
     The method  300  continues, at  306 , a CCP link is established with the target access router. Establishment of such a link can include sending a second handoff request that includes in the packet header the target access address as both a source address and a destination address. A CCP challenge is received from the target access router in response to the handoff request, which is responded to by the access terminal. 
     A new neighbor alert is initiated, at  308 , which alerts the access routers of the presence of each other. Access routers can communicate and establish communication though exchange of IP encapsulated messages. At least two pseudo wires or tunnels are established between the access routers allowing wireless terminal, at  310 , to communicate with the target access router though the current access router until a direct link is established with the target access router, at  312 . 
     The pseudo wires are maintained between access routers and a subsequent wireless device can handoff between access routers in either direction without having to establish new pseudo wires in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. It should be noted that the disclosed embodiments created bidirectional communication, which means that if a handoff is requested from target access router to current access router, the same pseudo wires and techniques can be utilized. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates another flow chart of a methodology  400  for utilizing the disclosed embodiments. Method  400  starts, at  402 , where a handoff request to an access router (e.g., target access router) is received from a wireless terminal. The current access router can search internal memory, such as a look-up table, for information relating to the target access router (e.g., IP address, LLC, other routing information). If the information is not found, a neighbor resolution failure is sent to wireless terminal, at  404 , indicating that the handoff cannot be performed. Wireless terminal can abandon the handoff request, or initiate a CCP link with target access router as previously discussed. 
     If wireless terminal sends a new neighbor alert, the method continues, at  406 , where a neighbor discover create is received. This can include receiving from target access router the routing information necessary to establish a communication link to target access router. If acceptable, at  408 , an acknowledgment is sent to the target access router that includes the routing information for the current access router. Thus, establishing bidirectional routing information. 
     Pseudo wires can be created between the access routers allowing wireless terminal to communicate with target access router, through current access router, until a direct air link can be established with target access router. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a flow chart of a methodology  500  for establishing handoff between a current access router and a target access router. At  502 , a beacon signal is transmitted that includes an LLC of the access router transmitting the beacon. The beacon is intended to be heard by devices within the vicinity, allowing such device to communicate through access router. 
     At  504 , a handoff request can be received from wireless terminal, wherein wireless terminal cannot communicate directly to target access router. Such a handoff request would be received after an initial failure response from a current access router in response to a first handoff request by wireless terminal. The handoff request includes the target access router address as the source address and the destination address in the packet header. 
     In response to a CCP link established, a new neighbor alert is received at  506 . Such a new neighbor alert can be received from a wireless terminal that inferred two or more access routers were neighbors based on beacon signals received from each access router. Neighbor discovery create is performed at  508 , wherein target access router and current access router exchange bidirectional routing information. The routing information from the current access router is received, at  510 , in an acknowledgement from the current access router in response to the neighbor discover create. The target access router communicates with the wireless terminal through the current access router until a direct air link is established. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an LLC pseudo wire header format  600  utilized to carry the LLC frames pseudo wire. The type of pseudo wire is indicated by a session identifier included in the L2TPv3 header and can be utilized as L2TPv3 sub-layer headers. A version  602  description contains the version number of the header. The field may be set to one for this version. Version can be one byte in length and an integer type. 
     Field  604  is a flag that indicates the direction of the message. When set, it indicates uplink “U”, as illustrated. When it is not set, it indicates downlink. Field  604  can be one bit and is an integer type of field. The field res  606  can be reserved for future use. It may be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver. The field res  606  can be 7 bits long and is of the field type integer. 
     A field sequence number  608  description can be two byes and its field type is integer. This field contains the sequence number for the information forwarded. Sequence number field  608  can be incremented by one each time the sender sends a new message. 
     A wireless terminal identifier (WT Id) description field  610  can contain a globally unique wireless terminal identifier containing the wireless terminal temporary identifier and a globally unique Mobile Network Server (MNS) identifier. The WT Id field  610  can be field type integer and twelve bytes. 
     A field that contains an identifier for the destination LLC (Dst LLCid)  612  can be two bytes and an integer type. The identifier contained in the Dst LLCid  612  field is locally unique to the receiver. A field that contains an identifier from the sending LLC interface (Src LLCid)  614  can be an integer type and have a length of two bytes. The identifier contained in the SrcLLCid field  614  is locally unique to the sending interface and is used by the receiver to send responses. 
     A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) description field  616  covers the L2TPv3 header and the sub-layer header. The CRC field  616  is used to detect transmission errors and is two bytes and its type is integer. Field  618  is reserved for future use and may be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver. It is two bytes in length and an integer field type. 
     The following will describe a recommended behavior for the access routers in order to process the information exchanged within the tunnel. When sending LLC frames, the sender should select an appropriate session identifier. This protocol uses a 64-bit Cookie filed in the L2TPv3 header. The version field  602  may be set to one. The sequence number field  608  is incremented by one for each message sent. The sequence number field  608  is incremented for all outgoing messages and is not specific to a particular set of messages that are related to a certain wireless terminal. The Dst LLCid field  612  and the Src LLCid field  614  are set according to the values learned when negotiating this session. Field  604  is set to indicate the direction of the message. The CRC is then calculated. The sender may set the CRC field  616  itself to zero while computing the CRC value. 
     Receiving frames over the LLC pseudo wire includes the access router that receives an encapsulated Sub IP packet first checking the version field  602 . If the field  602  is not equal to one, the packet can be silently discarded. If the version is set to one, the receiver computes the CRC field  616  and can set the CRC field  616  itself to zero. If an error is detected, the packet can be silently discarded. Following a successful verification of the CRC, the WT id  610  is used, combined with the sequence number field  608  to detect whether packets arrived out of order. Some protocols (e.g., EAP) expect packets to be received in the same order they were sent. Packet re-ordering depends on the protocol encapsulated and the implementation. The sequence number field  608  is included to allow implementations to take the necessary actions, on a case-by-case basis, when messages arrive out of order. The last received sequence number field  608  for a particular user is stored to allow for packet re-ordering on a per wireless terminal basis. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a header format  700  for L2TPv3 IP sub-layer utilizing the disclosed techniques. This header is used for transporting IP packets over the IP session pseudo wire. The type of pseudo wire is indicated by a session identifier included in the L2TPv3 header and can be utilized as L2TPv3 sub-layer headers. 
     A version description field  702  can be an integer type and one byte in length. The version field  702  contains the version number of the header and may be set to one for this version. Field  704 , when set, indicates that the packet was bicast (B) by the sender. This field is an integer and 1 bit in length. 
     The time to live (TTL) for a packet field  706  can be two bits and an integer. If the TTL field  706  is set to zero, the packet may be discarded. Field  708  is reserved for future use and may be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver. Field  708  is an integer and five bits in length. 
     A sequence number description field  710  contains the sequence number for the information forwarded. This field can be two bytes and an integer field type. The Sequence Number field  710  is incremented by one each time the sender sends a new message. A wireless terminal identifier (WT Id) field  712  is twelve bytes and an integer field type. WT Id field  712  contains the globally unique wireless terminal identifier containing the wireless terminal temporary identifier and the globally unique MNS identifier. 
     A destination air link interface identifier (Dst Interface Id) field  714  is an integer field type and four bytes in length. This field may only be locally unique for the receiver and is not necessarily meaningful for the sender. This field may contain an IP address. A field that contains the identifier for the air link interface for the sender is the Src Interface id description field  716 . This field is used in responses generated for any received messages. The Src Interface id field  716  is locally unique for the sender and has no meaning for the receiver. This field may contain an IP address. Its field type is integer and it can be four bytes in length. 
     A CRC field  718  is two bytes in length. The CRC field  718  covers the L2TPv3 header and the sub-layer header. This field is used to detect transmission errors. The field type is integer. Field  720  is reserved for future use and may be set to zero by the sender and ignored by the receiver. The field type is integer and it is two bytes in length. 
     The following will describe a recommended behavior for the access routers in order to process the information exchanged within the tunnel. When sending IP packets, the sender selects an appropriate session identifier. This protocol can use a 64-bit Cookie field in the L2TPv3 header. The version field  702  may be set to one and the sequence number field  710  is incremented by one for each message sent. It should be noted that the sequence number field  710  is incremented for all outgoing messages and is not specific to a particular set of messages that are related to a certain wireless terminal. The TTL field  706  is set according to routing needs. If the packet were bicast, field  704  may be set indicating a “B” flag. The CRC field  718  is calculated as described above with reference to  FIG. 6 . 
     When an IP pseudo wire is received over the IP pseudo wire session, the Version field  704  and the CRC field  718  are verified in a similar manner as that described above. The receiver decrements the TTL field  706  by one and the packet is forwarded to the proper Interface for processing. If the packet were being forwarded from one interface to another, the TTL field  706  is checked to ensure that it is larger than zero. If the TTL field  706  is zero, the packet may be silently discarded. 
     By using L2TPv3 packet forwarding of user-data from a current access router to a target access router during a handoff; forwarding of Layer 2 (L2) control signaling to achieve expedited handoff, bicasting of user-data to provide macro-diversity in the downlink; and general uplink L2-based routing over IP can be efficiently process. Advantages of using L2TPv3 include utilizing IP networking and routing for packet transport between access routers. Neither L2 routing mechanisms nor transport are required between access routers. The wireless terminal needs to only be aware of L2 addressing and routing. Additional control information is provided in L2TPv3 headers to allow for different user-data treatment and scheduling at the receiving access router. In addition, error detection covers addressing information to ensure packets are not applied to the incorrect wireless terminal. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a flow chart of a methodology  800  for performing a handoff in accordance with the various embodiments. The method  800  starts at  802  with handoff packet forwarding. Based upon receipt of a MIP Binding Update signal from the target access router, buffered packets, and subsequent packets arriving from a Home Agent are encapsulated into L2TPv3 packets and sent to the target access router. The L2TPv3 header includes a wireless terminal identifier and addition information for proper scheduling and treatment at the target access router. 
     At  804 , forwarding of Layer2 control signaling for expedited handoff upon receipt of Layer2 signaling from the wireless terminal is performed. The destination LLCid/Cid is examined in the F-OFDM layer2 header. Based on routing established through neighbor discovery, this signaling is encapsulated into an L2TPv3 packet and forwarded to the proper access router. This allows the handoff signaling to traverse the old uplink for control signaling prior to actually bringing up the new link. 
     The method  800  continues, at  806 , with bicasting of user-data for macro-diversity. To provide robustness and better delivery in the downlink when poor signal-to-noise ration is experienced, some user-data packets may be selectively routed or bicasted down two different downlinks in two different access routers. This can be achieved by replicating and encapsulating the user-data packet in an L2TPv3 packet and sending this packet to the secondary access router. 
     At  808 , general uplink Layer2 based routing over IP is performed. Layer2 signaling or user-data packets can be routed to any geographically near access router by way of IP routing by encapsulating the packet into L2TPv3 and relying on standard IP networking and routing. 
     In the above methodology  800 , a wireless terminal identifier is present allowing the receiving access router to apply the packet to the correct wireless terminal. Other layer2 and layer3 control information can be included in the header for use by the receiver. A cyclic-redundancy check (CRC) is performed to protect the wireless terminal identifier and layer2 and layer3 control information in the L2TPv3 header. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates a wireless device  900  in accordance with the various embodiments. Wireless device  900  can include a receiver  902  that receives information from access routers or other devices. For example, receiver  902  can detect a beacon transmitted by an access router. A transmitter  904  that can convey information to one or more access router and/or device. Such transmitted communication can include handoff requests, communications (e.g., voice, text, data, imagery), as well as other communications. 
     A processor  906  is also included in wireless terminal  900 . Processor can configure a packet header for a handoff request, the packet header includes a source address and a destination address that correspond with the address of a first access router. An optimizer  908  can be configured to establish a CCP link with the first access router to initiate a neighbor discovery between the first access router and the second access router. Optimizer  908  can further specify a handoff state for the apparatus. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an access router  1000  in accordance with the various embodiments. Access router  1000  includes a transmitter  1002 , a receiver  1004 , a processor  1006 , and memory  1008 . Transmitter  1002  can be configured to transmit a beacon signal that includes LLC or other access router information. Transmitter  1002  can also be configured to transmit various communications to other access routers or wireless devices. Receiver  1004  can be configured to receive a handoff request, a new neighbor alert, a neighbor discover request, or other information, including communications between wireless devices. 
     Processor  1006  can be configured to searches information stored in memory to respond to a handoff request received from a wireless terminal. Processor  1006  can further create at least two pseudo wires to facilitate communication between the wireless terminal and an access router included in the handoff request. A first pseudo wire contains an LLC frame and the second pseudo wires is for at least one IP communication. In accordance with some embodiments, processor  1006  initiates a neighbor discovery create in response to a new neighbor alert received from an access terminal. Memory  1008  can be configured to maintain information relating to access router information exchanged during neighbor discoveries as well as other information provisioned in access router 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus  1100  that facilitates a handoff between at least two access routers. Apparatus  1100  is represented as functional blocks, which can be functional blocks that represent functions implemented by a processor, software or combination thereof (e.g., firmware). 
     Included in apparatus  1100  is a logical module  1102  for receiving a signal from a first access router. The first access router can be an access router near apparatus  1100 , but not the access router to which apparatus  1100  is in communication. A logical module  1104  for transmitting a first handoff request that includes an address of the first access router can transmit such a request at substantially the same time as the logical module  1102  receives the signal. 
     A logical module  1106  for initiating a neighbor discovery between the first access router and a second access router is included in apparatus  1100 . Also included is a logical module  1108  for communicating with the first access router though at least two pseudo wires. Such wires can be communication paths between the first access router and the second access router. The second access router can be the router in current communication with apparatus  1100 . In accordance with some embodiments, logical module  1108  can be configured to communicate directly with the first access router when an air-link is established. When such an air-link is established, the apparatus  1100  may break off the communication with the first access router through the at least two pseudo wires. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, an optional logical module  1110  for specifying a handoff state for the apparatus  1100  is provided. Examples of a handoff state include an active state, a hold state, and an off state. In such a manner, upon handoff to the first access router, apparatus  1100  can function as specified by the logical module  1110  for specifying a handoff state. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a block diagram of an apparatus  1200  that facilitates mobility management. Apparatus  1200  is represented as functional blocks, which can be functional blocks that represent functions implemented by a processor, software or combination thereof (e.g., firmware). 
     Apparatus  1200  includes a logical module  1202  configured to create an internet protocol encapsulation to send information. Such encapsulation can be included in a header of a message. Also included in apparatus  1200  is a logical module  1204  for utilizing at least two pseudo wires for sending information 
     In accordance with some embodiments, apparatus  1200  includes an optional logical module for exchanging neighbor information with a neighboring access router in response to a new neighbor alert from a wireless device. The wireless device infers that the access routers are neighbors based upon detecting beacons from both access routers. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates an apparatus  1300  that facilitates handoff between access routers. Apparatus  1300  is represented as functional blocks, which can be functional blocks that represent functions implemented by a processor, software or combination thereof (e.g., firmware). 
     Apparatus  1300  includes a logical module  1302  for transmitting a beacon signal. This beacon signal can be heard by wireless devices within the vicinity and such device can make a determination whether to handoff to the access router transmitting the beacon signal. Also included is a logical module  1304  for receiving a handoff request in response to the beacon signal. Such a handoff request can be received from the devices within the vicinity. Also included is a logical module  1306  for initiating a new neighbor discover with, for example, a neighboring access router. A logical module  1308  for exchanging routing information with a neighbor access router is also included in apparatus. 
     In some embodiments, apparatus  1300  includes a logical module  1310  for communicating with a wireless terminal through at least two pseudo wires. Such a communication can occur through the neighboring access router. Also included can be a logical module  1312  for breaking the communication through the at least two pseudo wires when an air link is established with the wireless terminal. Thus, the communication through the neighboring access router is no longer utilized. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary communication system  1400  implemented in accordance with the disclosed embodiments (e.g., a cellular communication network), which comprises a plurality of nodes interconnected by communications links: The network may use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals to communicate information over wireless links. However, other types of signals, such as for example, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) signals or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) signals, might be used instead. Nodes in the exemplary communication system  1400  exchange information using signals (e.g., messages) based on communication protocols (e.g., the Internet Protocol (IP)). The communications links of system  1400  may be implemented, for example, using wires, fiber optic cables, and/or wireless communications techniques. The exemplary communication system  1400  includes a plurality of access terminals  1444 ,  1446 ,  1444 ′,  1446 ′,  1444 ″,  1446 ″, which access the communication system through a plurality of access points  1440 ,  1440 ′,  1440 ″. The access terminals  1444 ,  1446 ,  1444 ′,  1446 ′,  1444 ″,  1446 ″ may be, for example, wireless communication devices or terminals, and the access points  1440 ,  1440 ′,  1440 ″ may be, for example, wireless access routers or base stations. The exemplary communication system  1400  can also include a number of other nodes  1402 ,  1404 ,  1406 ,  1408 ,  1410 , and  1412 , used to provide interconnectivity or to provide specific services or functions. 
     System  1400  depicts a network  1401  that includes an access control node  1402 , a mobility support node  1404 , a policy control node  1406 , and an application server node  1408 , all of which are connected to an intermediate network node  1410  by a corresponding network link  1403 ,  1405 ,  1407 , and  1409 , respectively. In some embodiments, the access control node, (e.g., a Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) or Diameter server) supports authentication, authorization, and/or accounting of access terminals and/or services associated with access terminals. In some embodiments, the mobility support node (e.g., a Mobile IP home agent and/or context transfer server), supports mobility (e.g., handoff) of access terminals between access points, (e.g., via redirection of traffic to/from access terminals and/or transfer of state associated with access terminals between access points. In some embodiments, the policy control node, (e.g., a policy server or Policy Decision Point (PDP)) supports policy authorization for services or application layer sessions. In some embodiments, the application server node (e.g., a Session Initiation Protocol server, streaming media server, or other application layer server) supports session signaling for services available to access terminals and/or provides services or content available to access terminals. 
     The intermediate network node  1410  in the network  1401  provides interconnectivity to network nodes that are external from the perspective of the network  1401  through network link  1411 . Network link  1411  is connected to another intermediate network node  1412 , which provides further connectivity to a plurality of access points  1440 ,  1440 ′,  1440 ″ through network links  1441 ,  1441 ′,  1441 ″, respectively. 
     Each access point  1440 ,  1440 ′,  1440 ″ is depicted as providing connectivity to a plurality of N access terminals ( 1444 ,  1446 ), ( 1444 ′,  1446 ′), ( 1444 ″,  1446 ″), respectively, by way of corresponding access links ( 1445 ,  1447 ), ( 1445 ′,  1447 ′), ( 1445 ″,  1447 ″), respectively. In the exemplary communication system  1400 , each access point  1440 ,  1440 ′,  1440 ″ is depicted as using wireless technology (e.g., wireless access links) to provide access. A radio coverage area, (e.g., communications cell,  1448 ,  1448 ′,  1448 ″ of each access point  1440 ,  1440 ′,  1440 ″) respectively, is illustrated as a circle surrounding the corresponding access point. 
     The exemplary communication system  1400  is subsequently used as a basis for the description of various embodiments. Alternative embodiments include various network topologies, where the number and type of nodes (including network nodes, access points, access terminals, as well as various control, support, and server nodes), the number and type of links, and the interconnectivity between various nodes may differ from that of the exemplary communication system  1400 . 
     In various embodiments, some of the functional entities depicted in  FIG. 14  may be omitted or combined. The location or placement of these functional entities in the network may also be varied in accordance with the invention. 
       FIG. 15  provides a detailed illustration of an exemplary access terminal  1500  (e.g., wireless terminal) implemented in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. The exemplary access terminal  1500  is a detailed representation of an apparatus that may be used as anyone of the access terminals  1444 ,  1446 ,  1444 ′,  1446 ′,  1444 ″,  1446 ″, depicted in the above figure. Access terminal  1500  includes a processor  1504 , a wireless communication interface module  1530 , a user input/output interface  1540  and memory  1510  coupled by bus  1506 . Accordingly, through bus  1506  the various components of the access terminal  1500  can exchange information, signals and data. The components  1504 ,  1506 ,  1510 ,  1530 ,  1540  of the access terminal  1500  are located inside a housing  1502 . 
     The wireless communication interface module  1530  provides a mechanism by which the internal components of the access terminal  1500  can send and receive signals to/from external devices and network nodes (e.g., access points 0 . The wireless communication interface module  1530  includes, for example, a receiver module  1532  with a corresponding receiving antenna  1536  and a transmitter module  1534  with a corresponding transmitting antenna  1538  used for coupling the access terminal  1500  to other network nodes (e.g., through wireless communications channels). 
     The exemplary access terminal  1500  also includes a user input device  1542  (e.g., keypad) and a user output device  1544  (e.g., display) which are coupled to bus  1506  through the user input/output interface  1540 . Thus, user input/output devices  1542 ,  1544  can exchange information, signals and data with other components of the access terminal  1500  via user input/output interface  1540  and bus  1506 . The user input/output interface  1540  and associated devices  1542 ,  1544  provide a mechanism by which a user can operate the access terminal  1500  to accomplish various tasks. In particular, the user input device  1542  and user output device  1544  provide the functionality that allows a user to control the access terminal  1500  and applications (e.g., modules, programs, routines and/or functions) that execute in the memory  1510  of the access terminal  1500 . 
     The processor  1504  under control of various modules (e.g., routines) included in memory  1510  controls operation of the access terminal  1500  to perform various signaling and processing. The modules included in memory  1510  are executed on startup or as called by other modules. Modules may exchange data, information, and signals when executed. Modules may also share data and information when executed. Memory  1510  of access terminal  1500  includes a control signaling module  1512 , an application module  1514 , and a traffic control module  1550 , which further includes configuration information  1551  and various additional modules  1552 ,  1553 ,  1554 ,  1555 ,  1556 ,  1557 ,  1558 , and  1559 . 
     The application module  1514  controls processing and communications relating to one or more applications supported by the access terminal  1500 . In some embodiments, application module  1514  processing includes tasks relating to input/output of information via the user input/output interfaces  1540 , manipulation of information associated with an application, and/or receiving or sending signals (e.g., messages) associated with an application. In some embodiments, —application module  1514  includes state information, (e.g., parameters, status and/or other information) relating to operation of one or more applications supported by the application module  1514 . In particular, application module  1514  may include configuration information (e.g., user identification information) and/or parameter settings, and operational information (e.g., information about current processing state, status of pending responses, etc.). Applications supported by the application module  1514  include, for example, Voice over IP (VoIP), web browsing, streaming audio/video, instant messaging, file sharing, gaming, etc. 
     The control signaling module  1512  controls processing relating to receiving and sending signals (e.g., messages) for controlling operation and/or configuration of various aspects of the access terminal  1500  including, for example, traffic control module  1550  as well as the configuration information  1551  and the various additional modules included therein  1552 ,  1553 ,  1554 ,  1555 ,  1556 ,  1557 ,  1558 , and  1559 . In some embodiments, the control signaling module  1512  includes state information (e.g., parameters, status and/or other information) relating to operation of the access terminal  1500  and/or one or more signaling protocols supported by the control signaling module  1512 . In particular, the control signaling module  1512  may include configuration information (e.g., access terminal identification information and/or parameter settings) and operational information (e.g., information about current processing state, status of pending message transactions, etc.). 
     Traffic control module  1550  controls processing relating to receiving and sending data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1530 . The exemplary traffic control module includes configuration information  1551  as well as various additional modules  1552 ,  1553 ,  1554 ,  1555 ,  1556 ,  1557 ,  1558 , and  1559  that control various aspects of quality of service for packets and/or traffic flows, for example, associated sequences of packet, I n some embodiments, the traffic control module  1550  includes state information (e.g., parameters, status and/or other information) relating to operation of the access terminal  1500 , the traffic control module  1550 , and/or one or more of the various additional modules included therein  1552 ,  1553 ,  1554 ,  1555 ,  1556 ,  1557 ,  1558 , and  1559 . !The configuration information  1551 , e.g., parameter settings, determines, affects and/or prescribes operation of the traffic control module  1550  and/or the various additional modules included therein  1552 ,  1553 ,  1554 ,  1555 ,  1556 ,  1557 ,  1558 , and  1559 . The various additional modules are included, in some embodiments, to perform particular functions and operations as needed to support specific aspects of traffic control. In various embodiments, modules may be omitted and/or combined as needed depending on the functional requirements of traffic control. A brief description of each additional module included in the exemplary traffic control module  1550  follows. 
     Admission control module  1552  maintains information relating to resource utilization/availability and determines if sufficient resource are available to support the quality of service requirements of particular traffic flows. Uplink scheduler module  1553  controls processing relating to transmission scheduling (e.g., order and/or timing) and allocation of transmission resources (e.g., information coding rate) transmission time slots, and/or transmission power, for data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) to be sent through the wireless interface module  1530  (e.g., from the access terminal  1500  to an access point). 
     Uplink PHY/MAC module  1554  controls physical (PHY) layer and Media Access Control (MAC) layer processing relating to sending data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1530  (e.g., from the access terminal  1502  to an access point). Uplink LLC (ARQ) module  1555  controls Logical Link Control (LLC) layer processing relating to sending data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1530  (e.g., from the access terminal  1500  to an access point). 
     Uplink queue management module  1556  maintains information and controls processing relating to storage of data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames, to be sent through the wireless communication interface module  1530  (e.g., from the access terminal  1500  to an access point). Uplink classifier module  1557  controls processing relating to identification of data information, e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames, as belonging to particular traffic flows prior to being sent through the wireless communication interface module  1530  (e.g., from the access terminal  1500  to an access point). 
     Downlink PHY/MAC module  1558  controls PHY layer and MAC layer processing relating to receiving data information (e.g., packets and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1530  (e.g., from an access point to the access terminal  1500 ). Downlink LLC (ARQ) module  1559  controls LLC layer processing relating to receiving data information (e.g., packets and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1530  (e.g., from an access point to the access terminal  1500 ). 
       FIG. 16  provides a detailed illustration of an exemplary access point  1600  implemented in accordance with the various embodiments. The exemplary access point  1600  is a detailed representation of an apparatus that may be used as any one of the access points  1440 ,  1440 ′,  1440 ″ depicted in  FIG. 14 . Access point  1600  includes a processor  1604 , memory  1610 , a network/internetwork interface module  1620  and a wireless communication interface module  1630 , coupled by bus  1606 . Accordingly, through bus  1606  the various components of the access point  1600  can exchange information, signals and data. The components  1604 ,  1606 ,  1610 ,  1620 ,  1630  of the access point  1600  are located inside a housing  1602 . 
     The network/internetwork interface module  1620  provides a mechanism by which the internal components of the access point  1600  can send and receive signals to/from external devices and network nodes. The network/internetwork interface module  1620  includes, a receiver module  1622  and a transmitter module  1624  used for coupling the node  1600  to other network nodes (e.g., by copper wires or fiber optic lines). The wireless communication interface module  1630  also provides a mechanism by which the internal components of the access point  1600  can send and receive signals to/from external devices and network nodes (e.g., access terminals). The wireless communication interface module  1630  includes, for example, a receiver module  1632  with a corresponding receiving antenna  1636  and a transmitter module  1634  with a corresponding transmitting antenna  1638 . The wireless communication interface module  1630  is used for coupling the access point  1600  to other nodes (e.g., through wireless communication channels. 
     The processor  1604  under control of various modules (e.g., routines) included in memory  1610  controls operation of the access point  1600  to perform various signaling and processing. The modules included in memory  1610  are executed on startup or as called by other modules. Modules may exchange data, information, and signals when executed. Modules may also share data and information when executed. Memory  1610  of access point  1600  includes a control signaling module  1612  and a traffic control module  1650 , which further includes configuration information  1651  and various additional modules  1652 ,  1653 ,  1654 ,  1655 ,  1656 ,  1657 ,  1658 ,  1659 ,  1660 ,  1661 ,  1662 , and  1663 . 
     The control signaling module  1612  controls processing relating to receiving and sending signals (e.g., messages) for controlling operation and/or configuration of various aspects of the access point  1600  including, for example, the traffic control module  1650  as well as the configuration information  1651  and the various additional modules included therein  1652 ,  1653 ,  1654 ,  1655 ,  1656 ,  1657 ,  1658 ,  1659 ,  1660 ,  1661 ,  1662 , and  1663 . In some embodiments, control signaling module  1612  includes state information (e.g., parameters, status and/or other information) relating to operation of the access point  1600  and/or one or more signaling protocols supported by the control signaling module  1612 . In particular, control signaling module  1612  may include configuration information (e.g., access point identification information) and/or parameter settings, and operational information (e.g., information about current processing state), status of pending message transactions, etc. 
     Traffic control module  1650  controls processing relating to receiving and sending data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1630 . The exemplary traffic control module includes configuration information  1651  as well as various additional modules  1652 ,  1653 ,  1654 ,  1655 ,  1656 ,  1657 ,  1658 ,  1659 ,  1660 ,  1661 ,  1662 , and  1663  that control various aspects of quality of service for packets and/or traffic flows (e.g., associated sequences of packets). In some embodiments, the traffic control module  1650  includes state information (e.g., parameters, status and/or other information), relating to operation of the access point  1600 , the traffic control module  1650 , and/or one or more of the various additional modules included therein,  1652 ,  1653 ,  1654 ,  1655 ,  1656 ,  1657 ,  1658 ,  1659 ,  1660 ,  1661 ,  1662 , and  1663 . The configuration information  1651  (e.g., parameter settings) determines, affects and/or prescribes operation of the traffic control module  1650  and/or the various additional modules included therein  1652 ,  1653 ,  1654 ,  1655 ,  1656 ,  1657 ,  1658 ,  1659 ,  1660 ,  1661 ,  1662 , and  1663 . The various additional modules are included, in some embodiments, to perform particular functions and operations as needed to support specific aspects of traffic control. In various embodiments of the present invention, modules may be omitted and/or combined as needed depending on the functional requirements of traffic control. A brief description of each additional module included in the exemplary traffic control module  1650  follows. 
     Admission control module  1652  maintains information relating to resource utilization/availability and determines if sufficient resources are available to support the quality of service requirements of particular traffic flows. The admission control module  1652  maintains information relating to resource utilization/availability and determines if sufficient resources are available to support the quality of service requirements of particular traffic flows. Resource availability information maintained by the admission control module  1652  includes, for example, packet and/or frame queuing capacity, scheduling capacity, as well as processing and memory capacity needed to support one or more traffic flows. 
     Uplink scheduler module  1653  controls processing relating to transmission scheduling, (e.g., order and/or timing) and allocation of transmission resources (e.g., information coding rate, transmission time slots, and/or transmission power) for data information, (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) to be sent from one or more access terminals to the access point through wireless interface module  1630 . 
     Downlink scheduler module  1654  controls processing relating to transmission scheduling (e.g., order and/or timing) and allocation of transmission resources (e.g., information coding rate, transmission time slots, and/or transmission power) for data information, (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) to be sent from the access point  1600  to one or more access terminals through the wireless interface module  1630 . The uplink traffic conditioner module  1655  controls processing relating to traffic conditioning (e.g., metering, marking, policing, etc.) for data information (e.g., messages). 
     Uplink classifier module  1656  controls processing relating to identification of data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) received through the wireless interface module  1630 , for example, from an access terminal to the access point  1600 , as belonging to particular traffic flows prior to being processed by uplink traffic conditioner module  1655 . 
     Uplink LLC (ARQ) module  1657  controls LLC layer processing relating to receiving data information (e.g., packets and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1630 , for example, from an access terminal to the access point  1600 . Uplink PHY/MAC module  1658  controls PHY layer and MAC layer processing relating to receiving data information (e.g., packets and/or frames) through wireless communication interface module  1630  (e.g., from an access terminal to the access point  1600 ). 
     Downlink classifier module  1659  controls processing relating to identification of data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) as belonging to particular traffic flows prior to being sent through the wireless communication interface module  1630 , for example, from the access point  1600  to an access terminal. The downlink traffic conditioner module  1660  controls processing relating to traffic conditioning (e.g., metering, marking, policing, etc.) for data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) to be sent through the wireless interface module  1630 , (e.g., from the access point  1602  to an access terminal). 
     The downlink queue management module  1661  maintains information and controls processing relating to storage of data information, (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) to be sent through the wireless communication interface module  1630 , (e.g., from the access point  1600  to an access terminal). 
     The downlink LLC (ARQ) module  1662  controls LLC layer processing relating to sending data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames) through the wireless communication interface module  1630 , (e.g., from the access point  1602  to an access terminal). 
     The downlink PHY/MAC module  1663  controls PHY layer and MAC layer processing relating to sending data information (e.g., messages, packets, and/or frames, via the wireless communication interface module  1630  (e.g., from the access point  1600  to an access terminal. 
     It is to be understood that the embodiments described herein may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, or any combination thereof. When the systems and/or methods are implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, program code or code segments, they may be stored in a machine-readable medium, such as a storage component. A code segment may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc. 
     For a software implementation, the techniques described herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in memory units and executed by processors. The memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor through various means as is known in the art. 
     What has been described above includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of various embodiments are possible. Accordingly, the described embodiments are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.