Patent Publication Number: US-2004048282-A1

Title: Regulation of human patched-like protein

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] The invention relates to the area of regulation of human Patched-like protein.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] The 12 transmembrane domain protein Patched (PTCH) is the receptor for Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), a secreted molecule implicated in the formation of embryonic structures and in tumorigenesis. Binding of Sonic (Shh) protein to Patched protein prevents the normal inhibition of the G-protein coupled like receptor Smoothened (SMO) by PTCH (see FIG. 11). Hedgehog proteins, a family of secreted molecules first identified by a genetic screen in Drosophila, are involved in many patterning processes during development. Three mammalian hedgehog homologues have been identified: Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian (Ihh). Shh acts to establish cell fate in the developing limb, somites, and neural tube. Ihh is involved specifically in chondrocyte development, and Dhh plays a key role in germ cell development. With the exception of the gut, in which both Ihh and Shh are expressed, the expression patterns of the hedgehog family members do not overlap. At the cell surface, Shh function appears to be mediated by a multicomponent receptor complex involving Patched (PTCH) and Smoothened(SMO), two multitransmembrane proteins initially identified as segment polarity genes in Drosophila and later characterized in vertebrates. Both genetic and biochemical evidence supports the existence of a receptor complex in which PTCH is the ligand-binding subunit and SMO, a G protein-coupled receptor-like molecule, is the signaling component. Upon binding of Shh to PTCH, the normal inhibitory effect of PTCH on SMO is relieved, allowing SMO to transduce the Shh signal across the plasma membrane. In vertebrates a hedgehog gene family is involved in the control of left-right asymmetry, polarity in the central nervous system (CNS), somites and limb, organogenesis, chondrogenesis and spermatogenesis.  
       [0003] Loss of function mutations in the Ptch gene have been identified in patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, a hereditary disease characterized by multiple basal cell carcinomas. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,027,882. Developmental abnormalities found with this syndrome include rib and craniofacial abnormalities, polydactyly, syndactyly and spina bifida. Tumors found with the syndrome include basal cell carcinomas, fibromas of the ovaries and heart, cysts of the skin, jaws and mesentery, meningiomas and medulloblastomas. See Gorlin,  Medicine  66, 98-113 (1987).  
       [0004] Dysfunctional Ptch mutations also have been associated with a large percentage of sporadic basal cell carcinoma tumors. Other human cancers, e.g. basal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, meningiomas, medulloblastomas, etc., show decreased Patch activity, resulting from oncogenic mutations at the Ptch locus. Decreased Patch protein activity is also associated with inherited developmental abnormalities, e.g. rib and craniofacial abnormalities, polydactyly, syndactyly and spina bifida. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,708.  
       [0005] Thus, there is a need in the art to identify novel human Patch-like genes which can be regulated and provide therapeutic options.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0006] It is an object of the invention to provide reagents and methods of regulating a human Patched-like protein. This and other objects of the invention are provided by one or more of the embodiments described below.  
       [0007] One embodiment of the invention is a Patched-like protein polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:  
       [0008] amino acid sequences which are at least about 31% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; and  
       [0009] the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.  
       [0010] Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation. A test compound is contacted with a Patched-like protein polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:  
       [0011] amino acid sequences which are at least about 31% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; and  
       [0012] the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.  
       [0013] Binding between the test compound and the Patched-like protein polypeptide is detected. A test compound which binds to the Patched-like protein polypeptide is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation. The agent can work by decreasing the activity of the Patched-like protein.  
       [0014] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation. A test compound is contacted with a polynucleotide encoding a Patched-like protein polypeptide, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:  
       [0015] nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; and  
       [0016] the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.  
       [0017] Binding of the test compound to the polynucleotide is detected. A test compound which binds to the polynucleotide is identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation. The agent can work by decreasing the amount of the Patched-like protein through interacting with the Patched-like protein mRNA.  
       [0018] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which regulate extracellular matrix degradation. A test compound is contacted with a Patched-like protein polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:  
       [0019] amino acid sequences which are at least about 31% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; and  
       [0020] the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.  
       [0021] A Patched-like protein activity of the polypeptide is detected. A test compound which increases Patched-like protein activity of the polypeptide relative to Patched-like protein activity in the absence of the test compound is thereby identified as a potential agent for increasing extracellular matrix degradation. A test compound which decreases Patched-like protein activity of the polypeptide relative to Patched-like protein activity in the absence of the test compound is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.  
       [0022] Even another embodiment of the invention is a method of screening for agents which decrease extracellular matrix degradation. A test compound is contacted with a Patched-like protein product of a polynucleotide which comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:  
       [0023] nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; and  
       [0024] the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.  
       [0025] Binding of the test compound to the Patched-like protein product is detected. A test compound which binds to the Patched-like protein product is thereby identified as a potential agent for decreasing extracellular matrix degradation.  
       [0026] Still another embodiment of the invention is a method of reducing extracellular matrix degradation. A cell is contacted with a reagent which specifically binds to a polynucleotide encoding a Patched-like protein polypeptide or the product encoded by the polynucleotide, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:  
       [0027] nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; and  
       [0028] the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.  
       [0029] Patched-like protein activity in the cell is thereby decreased.  
       [0030] The invention thus provides a human Patched-like protein which can be used to identify test compounds which may act, for example, as enhancers or inhibitors of formation of the receptor complex. Human Patched-like protein and fragments thereof also are useful in raising specific antibodies which can block the protein and effectively reduce its activity.  
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0031]FIG. 1 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a Patched-like protein Polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 1).  
     [0032]FIG. 2 shows the amino acid sequence deduced from the DNA-sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2).  
     [0033]FIG. 3 shows the amino acid sequence of the protein identified by Accession No. AE003601 (SEQ ID NO: 3).  
     [0034]FIG. 4 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a Patched-like protein Polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 4).  
     [0035]FIG. 1 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a Patched-like protein Polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 5).  
     [0036]FIG. 6 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a Patched-like protein Polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 6).  
     [0037]FIG. 7 shows the DNA-sequence encoding a Patched-like protein Polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 7).  
     [0038]FIG. 8 shows the BLASTP alignment of human Patched-like protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) with the protein identified with Accession No. AE003601 (SEQ ID NO: 3).  
     [0039]FIG. 9 shows the BLASTP—alignment of 251 (SEQ ID NO: 2) against trembl|AE003601|AE003601 — 13.  
     [0040]FIG. 10 shows the HMMPFAM—alignment of 251 (SEQ ID NO: 2) against pfam|hmm|Patched Patched family. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0041] The invention relates to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a Patched-like protein polypeptide and being selected from the group consisting of:  
     [0042] a) a polynucleotide encoding a Patched-like protein polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:  
     [0043] amino acid sequences which are at least about 31% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2; and  
     [0044] the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.  
     [0045] b) a polynucleotide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1;  
     [0046] c) a polynucleotide which hybridizes under stringent conditions to a polynucleotide specified in (a) and (b);  
     [0047] d) a polynucleotide the sequence of which deviates from the polynucleotide sequences specified in (a) to (c) due to the degeneration of the genetic code; and  
     [0048] e) a polynucleotide which represents a fragment, derivative or allelic variation of a polynucleotide sequence specified in (a) to (d).  
     [0049] Furthermore, it has been discovered by the present applicant that a novel Patched-like protein, particularly a human Patched-like protein, can be used in therapeutic methods to treat diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases or peripheral and central nervous system disorders. Human Patched-like protein comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. A coding sequence for human Patched-like protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and is located on chromosome 15, map15q14. Related ESTs (SEQ ID NOS:4-7) are expressed in infant brain,tumor,melanotic melanoma.  
     [0050] Human Patched-like protein is 30% identical over 923 amino acids to the protein identified with Accession No. AE003601 (SEQ ID NO: 3) (FIG. 8). Human Patched-like protein of the invention is expected to be useful for the same purposes as previously identified human Patched proteins. Human Patched-like protein is believed to be useful in therapeutic methods to treat disorders such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and peripheral and central nervous system disorders. Human Patched-like protein also can be used to screen for human Patched-like protein activators and inhibitors.  
     [0051] Polypeptides  
     [0052] Human Patched-like protein polypeptides according to the invention comprise at least 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, or 1491 contiguous amino acids selected from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a biologically active variant thereof, as defined below. A human Patched-like protein polypeptide of the invention therefore can be a portion of a human Patched-like protein, a fill-length human Patched-like protein, or a fusion protein comprising all or a portion of a human Patched-like protein.  
     [0053] Biologically Active Variants  
     [0054] Human Patched-like protein polypeptide variants which are biologically active, e.g., retain a Shh-binding activity, also are human Patched-like protein polypeptides. Preferably, naturally or non-naturally occurring human Patched-like protein polypeptide variants have amino acid sequences which are at least about 31, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70, preferably about 75, 80, 85, 90, 96, 96, or 98% identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a fragment thereof. Percent identity between a putative human Patched-like protein polypeptide variant and an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 is determined using the Blast2 alignment program (Blosum62, Expect 10, standard genetic codes).  
     [0055] Variations in percent identity can be due, for example, to amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Amino acid substitutions are defined as one for one amino acid replacements. They are conservative in nature when the substituted amino acid has similar structural and/or chemical properties. Examples of conservative replacements are substitution of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, or a threonine with a serine.  
     [0056] Amino acid insertions or deletions are changes to or within an amino acid sequence. They typically fall in the range of about 1 to 5 amino acids. Guidance in determining which amino acid residues can be substituted, inserted, or deleted without abolishing biological or immunological activity of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be found using computer programs well known in the art, such as DNASTAR software. Whether an amino acid change results in a biologically active human Patched-like protein polypeptide can readily be determined by assaying for Shh-binding activity, as described for example, in Carpenter, et al.,  PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A.  95, 13630-34 (1998).  
     [0057] Fusion Proteins  
     [0058] Fusion proteins are useful for generating antibodies against human Patched-like protein polypeptide amino acid sequences and for use in various assay systems. For example, fusion proteins can be used to identify proteins that interact with portions of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. Protein affinity chromatography or library-based assays for protein-protein interactions, such as the yeast two-hybrid or phage display systems, can be used for this purpose. Such methods are well known in the art and also can be used as drug screens.  
     [0059] A human Patched-like protein polypeptide fusion protein comprises two polypeptide segments fused together by means of a peptide bond. The first polypeptide segment comprises at least 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, or 1491 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 or of a biologically active variant, such as those described above. The first polypeptide segment also can comprise full-length human Patched-like protein.  
     [0060] The second polypeptide segment can be a full-length protein or a protein fragment. Proteins commonly used in fusion protein construction include β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), autofluorescent proteins, including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), luciferase, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Additionally, epitope tags are used in fusion protein constructions, including histidine (His) tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags. Other fusion constructions can include maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex a DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions. A fusion protein also can be engineered to contain a cleavage site located between the human Patched-like protein polypeptide-encoding sequence and the heterologous protein sequence, so that the human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be cleaved and purified away from the heterologous moiety.  
     [0061] A fusion protein can be synthesized chemically, as is known in the art. Preferably, a fusion protein is produced by covalently linking two polypeptide segments or by standard procedures in the art of molecular biology. Recombinant DNA methods can be used to prepare fusion proteins, for example, by making a DNA construct which comprises coding sequences selected from the complement of SEQ ID NO: 1 in proper reading frame with nucleotides encoding the second polypeptide segment and expressing the DNA construct in a host cell, as is known in the art. Many kits for constructing fusion proteins are available from companies such as Promega Corporation (Madison, Wis.), Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), CLONTECH (Mountain View, Calif.), Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, Calif.), MBL International Corporation (MIC; Watertown, Mass.), and Quantum Biotechnologies (Montreal, Canada; 1-888-DNA-KITS).  
     [0062] Identification of Species Homologs  
     [0063] Species homologs of human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be obtained using human Patched-like protein polypeptide polynucleotides (described below) to make suitable probes or primers for screening cDNA expression libraries from other species, such as mice, monkeys, or yeast, identifying cDNAs which encode homologs of human Patched-like protein polypeptide, and expressing the cDNAs as is known in the art.  
     [0064] Polynucleotides  
     [0065] A human Patched-like protein polynucleotide can be single- or double-stranded and comprises a coding sequence or the complement of a coding sequence for a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. A coding sequence for human Patched-like protein is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.  
     [0066] Degenerate nucleotide sequences encoding human Patched-like protein polypeptides, as well as homologous nucleotide sequences which are at least about 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, preferably about 75, 90, 96, or 98% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or its complement also are human Patched-like protein polynucleotides. Percent sequence identity between the sequences of two polynucleotides is determined using computer programs such as ALIGN which employ the FASTA algorithm, using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of −12 and a gap extension penalty of −2. Complementary DNA (cDNA) molecules, species homologs, and variants of human Patched-like protein polynucleotides that encode biologically active human Patched-like protein polypeptides also are human Patched-like protein polynucleotides. Fragments comprising 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, or 25 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1 or its complement also are human Patched-like protein polynucleotides. Such polynucleotides can be used, for example, as antisense oligonucleotides or as hybridization probes.  
     [0067] Identification of Polynucleotide Variants and Homologs  
     [0068] Variants and homologs of the human Patched-like protein polynucleotides described above also are human Patched-like protein polynucleotides. Typically, homologous human Patched-like protein polynucleotide sequences can be identified by hybridization of candidate polynucleotides to known human Patched-like protein polynucleotides under stringent conditions, as is known in the art. For example, using the following wash conditions—2×SSC (0.3 M NaCl, 0.03 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0), 0.1% SDS, room temperature twice, 30 minutes each; then 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 50° C. once, 30 minutes; then 2×SSC, room temperature twice, 10 minutes each—homologous sequences can be identified which contain at most about 25-30% basepair mismatches. More preferably, homologous nucleic acid strands contain 15-25% basepair mismatches, even more preferably 5-15% basepair mismatches.  
     [0069] Species homologs of the human Patched-like protein polynucleotides disclosed herein also can be identified by making suitable probes or primers and screening cDNA expression libraries from other species, such as mice, monkeys, or yeast. Human variants of human Patched-like protein polynucleotides can be identified, for example, by screening human cDNA expression libraries. It is well known that the T m  of a double-stranded DNA decreases by 1-1.5° C. with every 1% decrease in homology (Bonner et al.,  J. Mol. Biol.  81, 123 (1973). Variants of human Patched-like protein polynucleotides or human Patched-like protein polynucleotides of other species can therefore be identified by hybridizing a putative homologous human Patched-like protein polynucleotide with a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or the complement thereof to form a test hybrid. The melting temperature of the test hybrid is compared with the melting temperature of a hybrid comprising polynucleotides having perfectly complementary nucleotide sequences, and the number or percent of basepair mismatches within the test hybrid is calculated.  
     [0070] Nucleotide sequences which hybridize to human Patched-like protein polynucleotides or their complements following stringent hybridization and/or wash conditions also are human Patched-like protein polynucleotides. Stringent wash conditions are well known and understood in the art and are disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al., M OLECULAR  C LONING:  A L ABORATORY  M ANUAL , 2d ed., 1989, at pages 9.50-9.51.  
     [0071] Typically, for stringent hybridization conditions a combination of temperature and salt concentration should be chosen that is approximately 12-20° C. below the calculated T m  of the hybrid under study. The T m  of a hybrid between a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or the complement thereof and a polynucleotide sequence which is at least about 50, preferably about 75, 90, 96, or 98% identical to one of those nucleotide sequences can be calculated, for example, using the equation of Bolton and McCarthy,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  48, 1390 (1962):  
       T   m =81.5°  C.− 16.6( log   10 [Na + ])+0.41(%G+C)−0.63(%formamide)−600/ l ),  
     [0072] where l=the length of the hybrid in basepairs.  
     [0073] Stringent wash conditions include, for example, 4×SSC at 65° C., or 50% formamide, 4×SSC at 42° C., or 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. Highly stringent wash conditions include, for example, 0.2×SSC at 65° C.  
     [0074] Preparation of Polynucleotides  
     [0075] A human Patched-like protein polynucleotide can be isolated free of other cellular components such as membrane components, proteins, and lipids. Polynucleotides can be made by a cell and isolated using standard nucleic acid purification techniques, or synthesized using an amplification technique, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or by using an automatic synthesizer. Methods for isolating polynucleotides are routine and are known in the art. Any such technique for obtaining a polynucleotide can be used to obtain isolated human Patched-like protein polynucleotides. For example, restriction enzymes and probes can be used to isolate polynucleotide fragments which comprises Patched-like nucleotide sequences. Isolated polynucleotides are in preparations which are free or at least 70, 80, or 90% free of other molecules.  
     [0076] Human Patched-like protein cDNA molecules can be made with standard molecular biology techniques, using human Patched-like protein MRNA as a template. Human Patched-like protein cDNA molecules can thereafter be replicated using molecular biology techniques known in the art and disclosed in manuals such as Sambrook et al. (1989). An amplification technique, such as PCR, can be used to obtain additional copies of polynucleotides of the invention, using either human genomic DNA or cDNA as a template.  
     [0077] Alternatively, synthetic chemistry techniques can be used to synthesizes human Patched-like protein polynucleotides. The degeneracy of the genetic code allows alternate nucleotide sequences to be synthesized which will encode a human Patched-like protein polypeptide having, for example, an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a biologically active variant thereof.  
     [0078] Extending Polynucleotides  
     [0079] Various PCR-based methods can be used to extend the nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein to detect upstream sequences such as promoters and regulatory elements. For example, restriction-site PCR uses universal primers to retrieve unknown sequence adjacent to a known locus (Sarkar,  PCR Methods Applic.  2, 318-322, 1993). Genomic DNA is first amplified in the presence of a primer to a linker sequence and a primer specific to the known region. The amplified sequences are then subjected to a second round of PCR with the same linker primer and another specific primer internal to the first one. Products of each round of PCR are transcribed with an appropriate RNA polymerase and sequenced using reverse transcriptase.  
     [0080] Inverse PCR also can be used to amplify or extend sequences using divergent primers based on a known region (Triglia et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.  16, 8186, 1988). Primers can be designed using commercially available software, such as OLIGO 4.06 Primer Analysis software (National Biosciences Inc., Plymouth, Minn.), to be 22-30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures about 68-72° C. The method uses several restriction enzymes to generate a suitable fragment in the known region of a gene. The fragment is then circularized by intramolecular ligation and used as a PCR template.  
     [0081] Another method which can be used is capture PCR, which involves PCR amplification of DNA fragments adjacent to a known sequence in human and yeast artificial chromosome DNA (Lagerstrom et al.,  PCR Methods Applic.  1, 111-119, 1991). In this method, multiple restriction enzyme digestions and ligations also can be used to place an engineered double-stranded sequence into an unknown fragment of the DNA molecule before performing PCR.  
     [0082] Another method which can be used to retrieve unknown sequences is that of Parker et al.,  Nucleic Acids Res.  19, 3055-3060, 1991). Additionally, PCR, nested primers, and PROMOTERFINDER libraries (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif.) can be used to walk genomic DNA (CLONTECH, Palo Alto, Calif.). This process avoids the need to screen libraries and is useful in finding intron/exon junctions.  
     [0083] When screening for full-length cDNAs, it is preferable to use libraries that have been size-selected to include larger cDNAs. Randomly-primed libraries are preferable, in that they will contain more sequences which contain the 5′ regions of genes. Use of a randomly primed library may be especially preferable for situations in which an oligo d(T) library does not yield a full-length cDNA. Genomic libraries can be useful for extension of sequence into 5′ non-transcribed regulatory regions.  
     [0084] Commercially available capillary electrophoresis systems can be used to analyze the size or confirm the nucleotide sequence of PCR or sequencing products. For example, capillary sequencing can employ flowable polymers for electrophoretic separation, four different fluorescent dyes (one for each nucleotide) which are laser activated, and detection of the emitted wavelengths by a charge coupled device camera. Output/light intensity can be converted to electrical signal using appropriate software (e.g. GENOTYPER and Sequence NAVIGATOR, Perkin Elmer), and the entire process from loading of samples to computer analysis and electronic data display can be computer controlled. Capillary electrophoresis is especially preferable for the sequencing of small pieces of DNA that might be present in limited amounts in a particular sample.  
     [0085] Obtaining Polypeptides  
     [0086] Human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be obtained, for example, by purification from human cells, by expression of human Patched-like protein polynucleotides, or by direct chemical synthesis.  
     [0087] Protein Purification  
     [0088] Human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be purified from any cell which expresses the enzyme, including host cells which have been transfected with human Patched-like protein expression constructs. A purified human Patched-like protein polypeptide is separated from other compounds which normally associate with the human Patched-like protein polypeptide in the cell, such as certain proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, using methods well-known in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and preparative gel electrophoresis. A preparation of purified human Patched-like protein polypeptides is at least 80% pure; preferably, the preparations are 90%, 95%, or 99% pure. Purity of the preparations can be assessed by any means known in the art, such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.  
     [0089] Expression of Polynucleotides  
     [0090] To express a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide, the polynucleotide can be inserted into an expression vector that contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence. Methods that are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding human Patched-like protein polypeptides and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. Such techniques are described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989) and in Ausubel et al., C URRENT  P ROTOCOLS IN  M OLECULAR  B IOLOGY , John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, N.Y., 1989.  
     [0091] A variety of expression vector/host systems can be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms, such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors, insect cell systems infected with virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus), plant cell systems transformed with virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids), or animal cell systems.  
     [0092] The control elements or regulatory sequences are those non-translated regions of the vector—enhancers, promoters, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions—which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including constitutive and inducible promoters, can be used. For example, when cloning in bacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZ promoter of the BLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, LaJolla, Calif.) or pSPORT1 plasmid (Life Technologies) and the like can be used. The baculovirus polyhedrin promoter can be used in insect cells. Promoters or enhancers derived from the genomes of plant cells (e.g., heat shock, RUBISCO, and storage protein genes) or from plant viruses (e.g., viral promoters or leader sequences) can be cloned into the vector. In mammalian cell systems, promoters from mammalian genes or from mammalian viruses are preferable. If it is necessary to generate a cell line that contains multiple copies of a nucleotide sequence encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide, vectors based on SV40 or EBV can be used with an appropriate selectable marker.  
     [0093] Bacterial and Yeast Expression Systems  
     [0094] In bacterial systems, a number of expression vectors can be selected depending upon the use intended for the human Patched-like protein polypeptide. For example, when a large quantity of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide is needed for the induction of antibodies, vectors which direct high level expression of fusion proteins that are readily purified can be used. Such vectors include, but are not limited to, multifunctional  E. coli  cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRIPT (Stratagene). In a BLUESCRIPT vector, a sequence encoding the human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be ligated into the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met and the subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase so that a hybrid protein is produced. pIN vectors (Van Heeke &amp; Schuster,  J Biol. Chem.  264, 5503-5509, 1989) or pGEX vectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.) also can be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). In general, such fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. Proteins made in such systems can be designed to include heparin, thrombin, or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned polypeptide of interest can be released from the GST moiety at will.  
     [0095] In the yeast  Saccharomyces cerevisiae , a number of vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters such as alpha factor, alcohol oxidase, and PGH can be used. For reviews, see Ausubel et al. (1989) and Grant et al.,  Methods Enzymol.  153, 516-544, 1987.  
     [0096] Plant and Insect Expression Systems  
     [0097] If plant expression vectors are used, the expression of sequences encoding human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be driven by any of a number of promoters. For example, viral promoters such as the 35S and 19S promoters of CaMV can be used alone or in combination with the omega leader sequence from TMV (Takamatsu,  EMBO J.  6, 307-311, 1987). Alternatively, plant promoters such as the small subunit of RUBISCO or heat shock promoters can be used (Coruzzi et al.,  EMBO J.  3, 1671-1680, 1984; Broglie et al.,  Science  224, 838-843, 1984; Winter et al.,  Results Probl. Cell Differ.  17, 85-105, 1991). These constructs can be introduced into plant cells by direct DNA transformation or by pathogen-mediated transfection. Such techniques are described in a number of generally available reviews (e.g., Hobbs or Murray, in M C G RAW  H ILL  Y EARBOOK OF  S CIENCE AND  T ECHNOLOGY , McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y., pp. 191-196, 1992).  
     [0098] An insect system also can be used to express a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. For example, in one such system  Autographa californica  nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes in  Spodoptera frugiperda  cells or in Trichoplusia larvae. Sequences encoding human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be cloned into a non-essential region of the virus, such as the polyhedrin gene, and placed under control of the polyhedrin promoter. Successful insertion of human Patched-like protein polypeptides will render the polyhedrin gene inactive and produce recombinant virus lacking coat protein. The recombinant viruses can then be used to infect  S. frugiperda  cells or Trichoplusia larvae in which human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be expressed (Engelhard et al.,  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.  91, 3224-3227, 1994).  
     [0099] Mammalian Expression Systems  
     [0100] A number of viral-based expression systems can be used to express human Patched-like protein polypeptides in mammalian host cells. For example, if an adenovirus is used as an expression vector, sequences encoding human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be ligated into an adenovirus transcription/translation complex comprising the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. Insertion in a non-essential E1 or E3 region of the viral genome can be used to obtain a viable virus which is capable of expressing a human Patched-like protein polypeptide in infected host cells (Logan &amp; Shenk,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  81, 3655-3659, 1984). If desired, transcription enhancers, such as the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) enhancer, can be used to increase expression in mammalian host cells.  
     [0101] Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) also can be used to deliver larger fragments of DNA than can be contained and expressed in a plasmid. HACs of 6M to 10M are constructed and delivered to cells via conventional delivery methods (e.g., liposomes, polycationic amino polymers, or vesicles).  
     [0102] Specific initiation signals also can be used to achieve more efficient translation of sequences encoding human Patched-like protein polypeptides. Such signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. In cases where sequences encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide, its initiation codon, and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expression vector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signals may be needed. However, in cases where only coding sequence, or a fragment thereof, is inserted, exogenous translational control signals (including the ATG initiation codon) should be provided. The initiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensure translation of the entire insert. Exogenous translational elements and initiation codons can be of various origins, both natural and synthetic. The efficiency of expression can be enhanced by the inclusion of enhancers which are appropriate for the particular cell system which is used (see Scharf et al.,  Results Probl. Cell Differ.  20, 125-162, 1994).  
     [0103] Host Cells  
     [0104] A host cell strain can be chosen for its ability to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences or to process the expressed human Patched-like protein polypeptide in the desired fashion. Such modifications of the polypeptide include, but are not limited to, acetylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, lipidation, and acylation. Post-translational processing which cleaves a “prepro” form of the polypeptide also can be used to facilitate correct insertion, folding and/or function. Different host cells which have specific cellular machinery and characteristic mechanisms for post-translational activities (e.g., CHO, HeLa, MDCK, HEK293, and WI38), are available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209) and can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein.  
     [0105] Stable expression is preferred for long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins. For example, cell lines which stably express human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be transformed using expression vectors which can contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Following the introduction of the vector, cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched medium before they are switched to a selective medium. The purpose of the selectable marker is to confer resistance to selection, and its presence allows growth and recovery of cells which successfully express the introduced human Patched-like protein sequences. Resistant clones of stably transformed cells can be proliferated using tissue culture techniques appropriate to the cell type. See, for example, A NIMAL  C ELL  C ULTURE , R. I. Freshney, ed., 1986.  
     [0106] Any number of selection systems can be used to recover transformed cell lines.  
     [0107] These include, but are not limited to, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al.,  Cell  11, 223-32, 1977) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al.,  Cell  22, 817-23, 1980) genes which can be employed in tk or aprf cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite, antibiotic, or herbicide resistance can be used as the basis for selection. For example, dhfr confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  77, 3567-70, 1980), npt confers resistance to the aminoglycosides, neomycin and G-418 (Colbere-Garapin et al.,  J. Mol. Biol.  150, 1-14, 1981), and als and pat confer resistance to chlorsulfuron and phosphinotricin acetyltransferase, respectively (Murray, 1992, supra). Additional selectable genes have been described. For example, trpB allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan, or hisD, which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine (Hartman &amp; Mulligan,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  85, 8047-51, 1988). Visible markers such as anthocyanins, β-glucuronidase and its substrate GUS, and luciferase and its substrate luciferin, can be used to identify transformants and to quantify the amount of transient or stable protein expression attributable to a specific vector system (Rhodes et al.,  Methods Mol Biol.  55, 121-131, 1995).  
     [0108] Detecting Expression  
     [0109] Although the presence of marker gene expression suggests that the human Patched-like protein polynucleotide is also present, its presence and expression may need to be confirmed. For example, if a sequence encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide is inserted within a marker gene sequence, transformed cells containing sequences which encode a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be identified by the absence of marker gene function. Alternatively, a marker gene can be placed in tandem with a sequence encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide under the control of a single promoter. Expression of the marker gene in response to induction or selection usually indicates expression of the human Patched-like protein polynucleotide.  
     [0110] Alternatively, host cells which contain a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide and which express a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be identified by a variety of procedures known to those of skill in the art. These procedures include, but are not limited to, DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridizations and protein bioassay or immunoassay techniques which include membrane, solution, or chip-based technologies for the detection and/or quantification of nucleic acid or protein. For example, the presence of a polynucleotide sequence encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization or amplification using probes or fragments or fragments of polynucleotides encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. Nucleic acid amplification-based assays involve the use of oligonucleotides selected from sequences encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide to detect transformants which contain a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide.  
     [0111] A variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide, using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies specific for the polypeptide, are known in the art. Examples include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). A two-site, monoclonal-based immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies reactive to two non-interfering epitopes on a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be used, or a competitive binding assay can be employed. These and other assays are described in Hampton et al., S EROLOGICAL  M ETHODS : A L ABORATORY  M ANUAL,  APS Press, St. Paul, Minn., 1990) and Maddox et al.,  J. Exp. Med.  158, 1211-1216, 1983).  
     [0112] A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by those skilled in the art and can be used in various nucleic acid and amino acid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes for detecting sequences related to polynucleotides encoding human Patched-like protein polypeptides include oligo-labeling, nick translation, end-labeling, or PCR amplification using a labeled nucleotide. Alternatively, sequences encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be cloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe. Such vectors are known in the art, are commercially available, and can be used to synthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of labeled nucleotides and an appropriate RNA polymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6. These procedures can be conducted using a variety of commercially available kits (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Promega, and US Biochemical). Suitable reporter molecules or labels which can be used for ease of detection include radionuclides, enzymes, and fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenic agents, as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.  
     [0113] Expression and Purification of Polypeptides  
     [0114] Host cells transformed with nucleotide sequences encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be cultured under conditions suitable for the expression and recovery of the protein from cell culture. The polypeptide produced by a transformed cell can be secreted or contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides which encode human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be designed to contain signal sequences which direct secretion of soluble human Patched-like protein polypeptides through a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell membrane or which direct the membrane insertion of membrane-bound human Patched-like protein polypeptide.  
     [0115] As discussed above, other constructions can be used to join a sequence encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide domain which will facilitate purification of soluble proteins. Such purification facilitating domains include, but are not limited to, metal chelating peptides such as histidine-tryptophan modules that allow purification on immobilized metals, protein A domains that allow purification on immobilized immunoglobulin, and the domain utilized in the FLAGS extension/affinity purification system (Immunex Corp., Seattle, Wash.). Inclusion of cleavable linker sequences such as those specific for Factor Xa or enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) between the purification domain and the human Patched-like protein polypeptide also can be used to facilitate purification. One such expression vector provides for expression of a fusion protein containing a human Patched-like protein polypeptide and 6 histidine residues preceding a thioredoxin or an enterokinase cleavage site. The histidine residues facilitate purification by IMAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, as described in Porath et al.,  Prot. Exp. Purif.  3, 263-281, 1992), while the enterokinase cleavage site provides a means for purifying the _human Patched-like protein polypeptide from the fusion protein. Vectors which contain fusion proteins are disclosed in Kroll et al.,  DNA Cell Biol.  12, 441453, 1993.  
     [0116] Chemical Synthesis  
     [0117] Sequences encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art (see Caruthers et al.,  Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser.  215-223, 1980; Horn et al.  Nucl. Acids Res. Symp. Ser.  225-232, 1980). Alternatively, a human Patched-like protein polypeptide itself can be produced using chemical methods to synthesize its amino acid sequence, such as by direct peptide synthesis using solid-phase techniques (Merrifield,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.  85, 2149-2154, 1963; Roberge et al.,  Science  269, 202-204, 1995). Protein synthesis can be performed using manual techniques or by automation. Automated synthesis can be achieved, for example, using Applied Biosystems 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer). Optionally, fragments of human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be separately synthesized and combined using chemical methods to produce a full-length molecule.  
     [0118] The newly synthesized peptide can be substantially purified by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (e.g., Creighton, P ROTEINS : S TRUCTURES AND  M OLECULAR  P RINCIPLES , W H Freeman and Co., New York, N.Y., 1983). The composition of a synthetic human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be confirmed by amino acid analysis or sequencing (e.g., the Edman degradation procedure; see Creighton, supra). Additionally, any portion of the amino acid sequence of the human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be altered during direct synthesis and/or combined using chemical methods with sequences from other proteins to produce a variant polypeptide or a fission protein.  
     [0119] Production of Altered Polypeptides  
     [0120] As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it may be advantageous to produce human Patched-like protein polypeptide-encoding nucleotide sequences possessing non-naturally occurring codons. For example, codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic host can be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to produce an RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as a half-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from the naturally occurring sequence.  
     [0121] The nucleotide sequences disclosed herein can be engineered using methods generally known in the art to alter human Patched-like protein polypeptide-encoding sequences for a variety of reasons, including but-not limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing, and/or expression of the polypeptide or mRNA product. DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and PCR reassembly of gene fragments and synthetic oligonucleotides can be used to engineer the nucleotide sequences. For example, site-directed mutagenesis can be used to insert new restriction sites, alter glycosylation patterns, change codon preference, produce splice variants, introduce mutations, and so forth.  
     [0122] Antibodies  
     [0123] Any type of antibody known in the art can be generated to bind specifically to an epitope of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. “Antibody” as used herein includes intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab′) 2 , and Fv, which are capable of binding an epitope of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. Typically, at least 6, 8, 10, or 12 contiguous amino acids are required to form an epitope. However, epitopes which involve non-contiguous amino acids may require more, e.g., at least 15, 25, or 50 amino acids.  
     [0124] An antibody which specifically binds to an epitope of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be used therapeutically, as well as in immunochemical assays, such as Western blots, ELISAs, radioimmunoassays, immunohistochemical assays, immunoprecipitations, or other immunochemical assays known in the art. Various immunoassays can be used to identify antibodies having the desired specificity. Numerous protocols for competitive binding or immunoradiometric assays are well known in the art. Such immunoassays typically involve the measurement of complex formation between an immunogen and an antibody which specifically binds to the immunogen.  
     [0125] Typically, an antibody which specifically binds to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide provides a detection signal at least 5-, 10-, or 20-fold higher than a detection signal provided with other proteins when used in an immunochemical assay. Preferably, antibodies which specifically bind to human Patched-like polypeptides do not detect other proteins in immunochemical assays and can immuno-precipitate a human Patched-like protein polypeptide from solution.  
     [0126] Human Patched-like protein polypeptides can be used to immunize a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, monkey, or human, to produce polyclonal antibodies. If desired, a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants can be used to increase the immunological response. Such adjuvants include, but are not limited to, Freund&#39;s adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g., aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (e.g. lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol). Among adjuvants used in humans, BCG ( bacilli  Calmette-Guerin) and  Corynebacterium parvum  are especially useful.  
     [0127] Monoclonal antibodies which specifically bind to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be prepared using any technique which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. These techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique, and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Kohler et al.,  Nature  256, 495-497, 1985; Kozbor et al.,  J. Immunol. Methods  81, 31-42, 1985; Cote et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  80, 2026-2030, 1983; Cole et al.,  Mol. Cell Biol.  62, 109-120, 1984).  
     [0128] In addition, techniques developed for the production of “chimeric antibodies,” the splicing of mouse antibody genes to human antibody genes to obtain a molecule with appropriate antigen specificity and biological activity, can be used (Morrison et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  81, 6851-6855, 1984; Neuberger et al.,  Nature  312, 604-608, 1984; Takeda et al., Nature 314, 452454, 1985). Monoclonal and other antibodies also can be “humanized” to prevent a patient from mounting an immune response against the antibody when it is used therapeutically. Such antibodies may be sufficiently similar in sequence to human antibodies to be used directly in therapy or may require alteration of a few key residues. Sequence differences between rodent antibodies and human sequences can be minimized by replacing residues which differ from those in the human sequences by site directed mutagenesis of individual residues or by grating of entire complementarity determining regions. Alternatively, humanized antibodies can be produced using recombinant methods, as described in GB2188638B. Antibodies which specifically bind to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can contain antigen binding sites which are either partially or fully humanized, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332.  
     [0129] Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies can be adapted using methods known in the art to produce single chain antibodies which specifically bind to human Patched-like protein polypeptides. Antibodies with related specificity, but of distinct idiotypic composition, can be generated by chain shuffling from random combinatorial immunoglobin libraries (Burton,  Proc. Natl. Acad Sci.  88, 11120-23, 1991).  
     [0130] Single-chain antibodies also can be constructed using a DNA amplification method, such as PCR, using hybridoma cDNA as a template (Thirion et al., 1996,  Eur. J Cancer Prev.  5, 507-11). Single-chain antibodies can be mono- or bispecific, and can be bivalent or tetravalent. Construction of tetravalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught, for example, in Coloma &amp; Morrison, 1997,  Nat. Biotechnol.  15, 159-63. Construction of bivalent, bispecific single-chain antibodies is taught in Mallender &amp; Voss, 1994,  J. Biol. Chem.  269, 199-206.  
     [0131] A nucleotide sequence encoding a single-chain antibody can be constructed using manual or automated nucleotide synthesis, cloned into an expression construct using standard recombinant DNA methods, and introduced into a cell to express the coding sequence, as described below. Alternatively, single-chain antibodies can be produced directly using, for example, filamentous phage technology (Verhaar et al., 1995,  Int. J. Cancer  61, 497-501; Nicholls et al., 1993,  J. Immunol. Meth.  165, 81-91).  
     [0132] Antibodies which specifically bind to human Patched-like protein polypeptides also can be produced by inducing in vivo production in the lymphocyte population or by screening immunoglobulin libraries or panels of highly specific binding reagents as disclosed in the literature (Orlandi et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  86, 3833-3837, 1989; Winter et al.,  Nature  349, 293-299, 1991).  
     [0133] Other types of antibodies can be constructed and used therapeutically in methods of the invention. For example, chimeric antibodies can be constructed as disclosed in WO 93/03151. Binding proteins which are derived from immunoglobulins and which are multivalent and multispecific, such as the “diabodies” described in WO 94/13804, also can be prepared.  
     [0134] Antibodies according to the invention can be purified by methods well known in the art. For example, antibodies can be affinity purified by passage over a column to which a human Patched-like protein polypeptide is bound. The bound antibodies can then be eluted from the column using a buffer with a high salt concentration.  
     [0135] Antisense Oligonucleotides  
     [0136] Antisense oligonucleotides are nucleotide sequences which are complementary to a specific DNA or RNA sequence. Once introduced into a cell, the complementary nucleotides combine with natural sequences produced by the cell to form complexes and block either transcription or translation. Preferably, an antisense oligonucleotide is at least 11 nucleotides in length, but can be at least 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 or more nucleotides long. Longer sequences also can be used. Antisense oligonucleotide molecules can be provided in a DNA construct and introduced into a cell as described above to decrease the level of human Patched-like protein gene products in the cell.  
     [0137] Antisense oligonucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, or a combination of both. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized manually or by an automated synthesizer, by covalently linking the 5′ end of one nucleotide with the 3′ end of another nucleotide with non-phosphodiester internucleotide linkages such alkylphosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, alkylphosphonothioates, alkylphosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, carbamates, acetamidate, carboxymethyl esters, carbonates, and phosphate triesters. See Brown,  Meth. Mol. Biol.  20, 1-8, 1994; Sonveaux,  Meth. Mol. Biol.  26, 1-72, 1994; Uhlmann et al.,  Chem. Rev.  90, 543-583, 1990.  
     [0138] Modifications of human Patched-like protein gene expression can be obtained by designing antisense oligonucleotides which will form duplexes to the control, 5′, or regulatory regions of the human Patched-like protein gene. Oligonucleotides derived from the transcription initiation site, e.g., between positions −10 and +10 from the start site, are preferred. Similarly, inhibition can be achieved using “triple helix” base-pairing methodology. Triple helix pairing is useful because it causes inhibition of the ability of the double helix to open sufficiently for the binding of polymerases, transcription factors, or chaperons. Therapeutic advances using triplex DNA have been described in the literature (e.g., Gee et al., in Huber &amp; Carr, M OLECULAR AND  I MMUNOLOGIC  A PPROACHES , Futura Publishing Co., Mt. Kisco, N.Y., 1994). An antisense oligonucleotide also can be designed to block translation of mRNA by preventing the transcript from binding to ribosomes.  
     [0139] Precise complementarity is not required for successful complex formation between an antisense oligonucleotide and the complementary sequence of a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide. Antisense oligonucleotides which comprise, for example, 2, 3, 4, or 5 or more stretches of contiguous nucleotides which are precisely complementary to a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide, each separated by a stretch of contiguous nucleotides which are not complementary to adjacent human Patched-like protein nucleotides, can provide sufficient targeting specificity for human Patched-like protein mRNA. Preferably, each stretch of complementary contiguous nucleotides is at least 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 or more nucleotides in length. Non-complementary intervening sequences are preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4 nucleotides in length. One skilled in the art can easily use the calculated melting point of an antisense-sense pair to determine the degree of mismatching which will be tolerated between a particular antisense oligonucleotide and a particular human Patched-like protein polynucleotide sequence.  
     [0140] Antisense oligonucleotides can be modified without affecting their ability to hybridize to a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide. These modifications can be internal or at one or both ends of the antisense molecule. For example, internucleoside phosphate linkages can be modified by adding cholesteryl or diamine moieties with varying numbers of carbon residues between the amino groups and terminal ribose. Modified bases and/or sugars, such as arabinose instead of ribose, or a 3′, 5′-substituted oligonucleotide in which the 3′ hydroxyl group or the 5′ phosphate group are substituted, also can be employed in a modified antisense oligonucleotide. These modified oligonucleotides can be prepared by methods well known in the art. See, e.g., Agrawal et al.,  Trends Biotechnol.  10, 152-158, 1992; Uhlmann et al.,  Chem. Rev.  90, 543-584, 1990; Uhlmann et al.,  Tetrahedron. Lett.  215, 3539-3542, 1987.  
     [0141] Ribozymes  
     [0142] Ribozymes are RNA molecules with catalytic activity. See, e.g., Cech,  Science  236, 1532-1539; 1987; Cech,  Ann. Rev. Biochem.  59, 543-568; 1990, Cech,  Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.  2, 605-609; 1992, Couture &amp; Stinchcomb,  Trends Genet.  12, 510-515, 1996. Ribozymes can be used to inhibit gene function by cleaving an RNA sequence, as is known in the art (e.g., Haseloff et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,673). The mechanism of ribozyme action involves sequence-specific hybridization of the ribozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by endonucleolytic cleavage. Examples include engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that can specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of specific nucleotide sequences.  
     [0143] The coding sequence of a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide can be used to generate ribozymes which will specifically bind to mRNA transcribed from the human Patched-like protein polynucleotide. Methods of designing and constructing ribozymes which can cleave other RNA molecules in trans in a highly sequence specific manner have been developed and described in the art (see Haseloff et al.  Nature  334, 585-591, 1988). For example, the cleavage activity of ribozymes can be targeted to specific RNAs by engineering a discrete “hybridization” region into the ribozyme. The hybridization region contains a sequence complementary to the target RNA and thus specifically hybridizes with the target (see, for example, Gerlach et al., EP 321,201).  
     [0144] Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within a human Patched-like protein RNA target can be identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites which include the following sequences: GUA, GUU, and GUC. Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 ribonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target RNA containing the cleavage site can be evaluated for secondary structural features which may render the target inoperable. Suitability of candidate human Patched-like protein RNA targets also can be evaluated by testing accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides using ribonuclease protection assays. Longer complementary sequences can be used to increase the affinity of the hybridization sequence for the target. The hybridizing and cleavage regions of the ribozyme can be integrally related such that upon hybridizing to the target RNA through the complementary regions, the catalytic region of the ribozyme can cleave the target.  
     [0145] Ribozymes can be introduced into cells as part of a DNA construct. Mechanical methods, such as microinjection, liposome-mediated transfection, electroporation, or calcium phosphate precipitation, can be used to introduce a ribozyme-containing DNA construct into cells in which it is desired to decrease human Patched-like protein expression. Alternatively, if it is desired that the cells stably retain the DNA construct, the construct can be supplied on a plasmid and maintained as a separate element or integrated into the genome of the cells, as is known in the art. A ribozyme-encoding DNA construct can include transcriptional regulatory elements, such as a promoter element, an enhancer or UAS element, and a transcriptional terminator signal, for controlling transcription of ribozymes in the cells.  
     [0146] As taught in Haseloff et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,673, ribozymes can be engineered so that ribozyme expression will occur in response to factors which induce expression of a target gene. Ribozymes also can be engineered to provide an additional level of regulation, so that destruction of mRNA occurs only when both a ribozyme and a target gene are induced in the cells.  
     [0147] Differentially Expressed Genes  
     [0148] Described herein are methods for the identification of genes whose products interact with human Patched-like protein. Such genes may represent genes which are differentially expressed in disorders including, but not limited to, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and peripheral and central nervous system disorders. Further, such genes may represent genes which are differentially regulated in response to manipulations relevant to the progression or treatment of such diseases. Additionally, such genes may have a temporally modulated expression, increased or decreased at different stages of tissue or organism development. A differentially expressed gene may also have its expression modulated under control versus experimental conditions. In addition, the human Patched-like protein gene or gene product may itself be tested for differential expression.  
     [0149] The degree to which expression differs in a normal versus a diseased state need only be large enough to be visualized via standard characterization techniques such as differential display techniques. Other such standard characterization techniques by which expression differences may be visualized include but are not limited to, n quantitative RT (reverse transcriptase), PCR, and Northern analysis.  
     [0150] Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes  
     [0151] To identify differentially expressed genes total RNA or, preferably, mRNA is isolated from tissues of interest. For example, RNA samples are obtained from tissues of experimental subjects and from corresponding tissues of control subjects. Any RNA isolation technique which does not select against the isolation of mRNA may be utilized for the purification of such RNA samples. See, for example, Ausubel et al., ed., C URRENT  P ROTOCOLS IN  M OLECULAR  B IOLOGY , John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. New York, 1987-1993. Large numbers of tissue samples may readily be processed using techniques well known to those of skill in the art, such as, for example, the single-step RNA isolation process of Chomczynski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,155.  
     [0152] Transcripts within the collected RNA samples which represent RNA produced by differentially expressed genes are identified by methods well known to those of skill in the art. They include, for example, differential screening (Tedder et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  85, 208-12, 1988), subtractive hybridization (Hedrick et al.,  Nature  308, 149-53; Lee et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  88, 2825, 1984), and, preferably, differential display (Liang &amp; Pardee,  Science  257, 967-71, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,311).  
     [0153] The differential expression information may itself suggest relevant methods for the treatment of disorders involving the human Patched-like protein. For example, treatment may include a modulation of expression of the differentially expressed genes and/or the gene encoding the human Patched-like protein. The differential expression information may indicate whether the expression or activity of the differentially expressed gene or gene product or the human Patched-like protein gene or gene product are up-regulated or down-regulated.  
     [0154] Screening Methods  
     [0155] The invention provides assays for screening test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide or a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide. A test compound preferably binds to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide or polynucleotide. More preferably, a test compound decreases or increases human Patched-like protein activity by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the test compound.  
     [0156] Test Compounds  
     [0157] Test compounds can be pharmacologic agents already known in the art or can be compounds previously unknown to have any pharmacological activity. The compounds can be naturally occurring or designed in the laboratory. They can be isolated from microorganisms, animals, or plants, and can be produced recombinantly, or synthesized by chemical methods known in the art. If desired, test compounds can be obtained using any of the numerous combinatorial library methods known in the art, including but not limited to, biological libraries, spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries, synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution, the “one-bead one-compound” library method, and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection. The biological library approach is limited to polypeptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to polypeptide, non-peptide oligomer, or small molecule libraries of compounds. See Lam, Anticancer Drug Des. 12, 145, 1997.  
     [0158] Methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries are well known in the art (see, for example, DeWitt et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  90, 6909, 1993; Erb et al.  Proc. Natl. Acad Sc. USA.  91, 11422, 1994; Zuckermann et al.,  J. Med. Chem.  37, 2618, 1994; Cho et al.,  Science  261, 1303, 1993; Carell et al.,  Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.  33, 2059, 1994; Carell et al.,  Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl.  33, 2061; Gallop et al.,  J. Med. Chem.  37, 1233, 1994). Libraries of compounds can be presented in solution (see, e.g., Houghten,  BioTechniques  13, 412-421, 1992), or on beads (Lam,  Nature  354, 82-84, 1991), chips (Fodor,  Nature  364, 555-556, 1993), bacteria or spores (Ladner, U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), plasmids (Cull et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  89, 1865-1869, 1992), or phage (Scott &amp; Smith,  Science  249, 386-390, 1990; Devlin,  Science  249, 404-406, 1990); Cwirla et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.  97, 6378-6382, 1990; Felici,  J. Mol. Biol.  222, 301-310, 1991; and Ladner, U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409).  
     [0159] High Throughput Screening  
     [0160] Test compounds can be screened for the ability to bind to human Patched-like protein polypeptides or polynucleotides or to affect human Patched-like protein activity or human Patched-like protein gene expression using high throughput screening. Using high throughput screening, many discrete compounds can be tested in parallel so that large numbers of test compounds can be quickly screened. The most widely established techniques utilize 96-well microtiter plates. The wells of the microtiter plates typically require assay volumes that range from 50 to 500 μl. In addition to the plates, many instruments, materials, pipettors, robotics, plate washers, and plate readers are commercially available to fit the 96-well format.  
     [0161] Alternatively, “free format assays,” or assays that have no physical barrier between samples, can be used. For example, an assay using pigment cells (melanocytes) in a simple homogeneous assay for combinatorial peptide libraries is described by Jayawickreme et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  19, 1614-18 (1994). The cells are placed under agarose in petri dishes, then beads that carry combinatorial compounds are placed on the surface of the agarose. The combinatorial compounds are partially released the compounds from the beads. Active compounds can be visualized as dark pigment areas because, as the compounds diffuse locally into the gel matrix, the active compounds cause the cells to change colors.  
     [0162] Another example of a free format assay is described by Chelsky, “Strategies for Screening Combinatorial Libraries: Novel and Traditional Approaches,” reported at the First Annual Conference of The Society for Biomolecular Screening in Philadelphia, Pa. (Nov. 7-10, 1995). Chelsky placed a simple homogenous enzyme assay for carbonic anhydrase inside an agarose gel such that the enzyme in the gel would cause a color change throughout the gel. Thereafter, beads carrying combinatorial compounds via a photolinker were placed inside the gel and the compounds were partially released by UV-light. Compounds that inhibited the enzyme were observed as local zones of inhibition having less color change.  
     [0163] Yet another example is described by Salmon et al., Molecular Diversity 2, 57-63 (1996). In this example, combinatorial libraries were screened for compounds that had cytotoxic effects on cancer cells growing in agar.  
     [0164] Another high throughput screening method is described in Beutel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,813. In this method, test samples are placed in a porous matrix. One or more assay components are then placed within, on top of, or at the bottom of a matrix such as a gel, a plastic sheet, a filter, or other form of easily manipulated solid support. When samples are introduced to the porous matrix they diffuse sufficiently slowly, such that the assays can be performed without the test samples running together.  
     [0165] Binding Assays  
     [0166] For binding assays, the test compound is preferably a small molecule which binds to and occupies, for example, the active site of the human Patched-like protein polypeptide, such that normal biological activity is prevented. Examples of such small molecules include, but are not limited to, small peptides or peptide-like molecules.  
     [0167] In binding assays, either the test compound or the human Patched-like protein polypeptide can comprise a detectable label, such as a fluorescent, radioisotopic, chemiluminescent, or enzymatic label, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase. Detection of a test compound which is bound to the human Patched-like protein polypeptide can then be accomplished, for example, by direct counting of radioemmission, by scintillation counting, or by determining conversion of an appropriate substrate to a detectable product.  
     [0168] Alternatively, binding of a test compound to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be determined without labeling either of the interactants. For example, a microphysiometer can be used to detect binding of a test compound with a human Patched-like protein polypeptide. A microphysiometer (e.g., Cytosensor™) is an analytical instrument that measures the rate at which a cell acidifies its environment using a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS). Changes in this acidification rate can be used as an indicator of the interaction between a test compound and a human Patched-like protein polypeptide (McConnell et al.,  Science  257, 1906-1912, 1992).  
     [0169] Determining the ability of a test compound to bind to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide also can be accomplished using a technology such as real-time Bimolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) (Sjolander &amp; Urbaniczky,  Anal. Chem.  63, 2338-2345, 1991, and Szabo et al.,  Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.  5, 699-705, 1995). BIA is a technology for studying biospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants (e.g., BIAcore™). Changes in the optical phenomenon surface plasmon resonance (SPR) can be used as an indication of real-time reactions between biological molecules.  
     [0170] In yet another aspect of the invention, a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be used as a “bait protein” in a two-hybrid assay or three-hybrid assay (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,283,317; Zervos et al.,  Cell  72, 223-232, 1993; Madura et al.,  J. Biol. Chem.  268, 12046-12054, 1993; Bartel et al.,  BioTechniques  14, 920-924, 1993; Iwabuchi et al.,  Oncogene  8, 1693-1696, 1993; and Brent WO94/10300), to identify other proteins which bind to or interact with the human Patched-like protein polypeptide and modulate its activity.  
     [0171] The two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains. Briefly, the assay utilizes two different DNA constructs. For example, in one construct, polynucleotide encoding a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be fused to a polynucleotide encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4). In the other construct a DNA sequence that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey” or “sample”) can be fused to a polynucleotide that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor. If the “bait” and the “prey” proteins are able to interact in vivo to form an protein-dependent complex, the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows transcription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ), which is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected, and cell colonies containing the functional transcription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the DNA sequence encoding the protein which interacts with the human Patched-like protein polypeptide.  
     [0172] It may be desirable to immobilize either the human Patched-like protein polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or the test compound to facilitate separation of bound from unbound forms of one or both of the interactants, as well as to accommodate automation of the assay. Thus, either the human Patched-like protein polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or the test compound can be bound to a solid support. Suitable solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass or plastic slides, tissue culture plates, microtiter wells, tubes, silicon chips, or particles such as beads (including, but not limited to, latex, polystyrene, or glass beads). Any method known in the art can be used to attach the enzyme polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound to a solid support, including use of covalent and non-covalent linkages, passive absorption, or pairs of binding moieties attached respectively to the polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or test compound and the solid support. Test compounds are preferably bound to the solid support in an array, so that the location of individual test compounds can be tracked. Binding of a test compound to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide (or polynucleotide) can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and microcentrifuge tubes.  
     [0173] In one embodiment, the human Patched-like protein polypeptide is a fusion protein comprising a domain that allows the human Patched-like protein polypeptide to be bound to a solid support. For example, glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, which are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and the non-adsorbed human Patched-like protein polypeptide; the mixture is then incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components. Binding of the interactants can be determined either directly or indirectly, as described above. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the solid support before binding is determined.  
     [0174] Other techniques for immobilizing proteins or polynucleotides on a solid support also can be used in the screening assays of the invention. For example, either a human Patched-like protein polypeptide (or polynucleotide) or a test compound can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated human Patched-like protein polypeptides (or polynucleotides) or test compounds can be prepared from biotin-NHS(N-hydroxysuccinimide) using techniques well known in the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, Ill.) and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical). Alternatively, antibodies which specifically bind to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide, polynucleotide, or a test compound, but which do not interfere with a desired binding site, such as the active site of the human Patched-like protein polypeptide, can be derivatized to the wells of the plate. Unbound target or protein can be trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.  
     [0175] Methods for detecting such complexes, in addition to those described above for the GST-immobilized complexes, include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies which specifically bind to the human Patched-like protein polypeptide or test compound, enzyme-linked assays which rely on detecting an activity of the human Patched-like protein polypeptide, and SDS gel electrophoresis under non-reducing conditions.  
     [0176] Screening for test compounds which bind to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide or polynucleotide also can be carried out in an intact cell. Any cell which comprises a human Patched-like protein polypeptide or polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system. A human Patched-like protein polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Binding of the test compound to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide or polynucleotide is determined as described above.  
     [0177] Gene Expression  
     [0178] In another embodiment, test compounds which increase or decrease human Patched-like protein gene expression are identified. A human Patched-like protein polynucleotide is contacted with a test compound, and the expression of an RNA or polypeptide product of the human Patched-like protein polynucleotide is determined. The level of expression of appropriate mRNA or polypeptide in the presence of the test compound is compared to the level of expression of mRNA or polypeptide in the absence of the test compound. The test compound can then be identified as a modulator of expression based on this comparison. For example, when expression of mRNA or polypeptide is greater in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as a stimulator or enhancer of the mRNA or polypeptide expression. Alternatively, when expression of the mRNA or polypeptide is less in the presence of the test compound than in its absence, the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of the mRNA or polypeptide expression.  
     [0179] The level of human Patched-like protein mRNA or polypeptide expression in the cells can be determined by methods well known in the art for detecting mRNA or polypeptide. Either qualitative or quantitative methods can be used. The presence of polypeptide products of a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide can be determined, for example, using a variety of techniques known in the art, including immunochemical methods such as radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Alternatively, polypeptide synthesis can be determined in vivo, in a cell culture, or in an in vitro translation system by detecting incorporation of labeled amino acids into a human Patched-like protein polypeptide.  
     [0180] Such screening can be carried out either in a cell-free assay system or in an intact cell. Any cell which expresses a human Patched-like protein polynucleotide can be used in a cell-based assay system. The human Patched-like protein polynucleotide can be naturally occurring in the cell or can be introduced using techniques such as those described above. Either a primary culture or an established cell line, such as CHO or human embryonic kidney 293 cells, can be used.  
     [0181] Pharmaceutical Compositions  
     [0182] The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions that can be administered to a patient to achieve a therapeutic effect. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can comprise, for example, a human Patched-like protein polypeptide, human Patched-like protein polynucleotide, ribozymes or antisense oligonucleotides, antibodies which specifically bind to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide, or mimetics, activators, or inhibitors of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide activity. The compositions can be administered alone or in combination with at least one other agent, such as stabilizing compound, which can be administered in any sterile, biocompatible pharmaceutical carrier, including, but not limited to, saline, buffered saline, dextrose, and water. The compositions can be administered to a patient alone, or in combination with other agents, drugs or hormones.  
     [0183] In addition to the active ingredients, these pharmaceutical compositions can contain suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered by any number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intramedullary, intrathecal, intraventricular, transdermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, parenteral, topical, sublingual, or rectal means. Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be formulated using pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art in dosages suitable for oral administration. Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical compositions to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for ingestion by the patient.  
     [0184] Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained through combination of active compounds with solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are carbohydrate or protein fillers, such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; starch from corn, wheat, rice, potato, or other plants; cellulose, such as methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, or sodium carboxymethylcellulose; gums including arabic and tragacanth; and proteins such as gelatin and collagen. If desired, disintegrating or solubilizing agents can be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, alginic acid, or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.  
     [0185] Dragee cores can be used in conjunction with suitable coatings, such as concentrated sugar solutions, which also can contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for product identification or to characterize the quantity of active compound, i.e., dosage.  
     [0186] Pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a coating, such as glycerol or sorbitol. Push-fit capsules can contain active ingredients mixed with a filler or binders, such as lactose or starches, lubricants, such as talc or magnesium stearate, and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid, or liquid polyethylene glycol with or without stabilizers.  
     [0187] Pharmaceutical formulations suitable for parenteral administration can be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks&#39; solution, Ringer&#39;s solution, or physiologically buffered saline. Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds can be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions.  
     [0188] Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Non-lipid polycationic amino polymers also can be used for delivery. Optionally, the suspension also can contain suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions. For topical or nasal administration, penetrants appropriate to the particular barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.  
     [0189] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be manufactured in a manner that is known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes. The pharmaceutical composition can be provided as a salt and can be formed with many acids, including but not limited to, hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, etc. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents than are the corresponding free base forms. In other cases, the preferred preparation can be a lyophilized powder which can contain any or all of the following: 1-50 mM histidine, 0.1%-2% sucrose, and 2-7% mannitol, at a pH range of 4.5 to 5.5, that is combined with buffer prior to use.  
     [0190] Further details on techniques for formulation and administration can be found in the latest edition of R EMINGTON&#39;s  P HARMACEUTICAL  S CIENCES  (Maack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). After pharmaceutical compositions have been prepared, they can be placed in an appropriate container and labeled for treatment of an indicated condition. Such labeling would include amount, frequency, and method of administration.  
     [0191] Therapeutic Indications and Methods  
     [0192] Human patch-like protein may be regulated to treat diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and peripheral or central nervous system disorders.  
     [0193] Diabetes  
     [0194] Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder characterized by an abnormal elevation in blood glucose, alterations in lipids and abnormalities (complications) in the cardiovascular system, eye, kidney and nervous system. Diabetes is divided into two separate diseases: type 1 diabetes (juvenile onset), which results from a loss of cells which make and secrete insulin, and type 2 diabetes (adult onset), which is caused by a defect in insulin secretion and a defect in insulin action.  
     [0195] Type 1 diabetes is initiated by an autoimuune reaction that attacks the insulin secreting cells (beta cells) in the pancreatic islets. Agents that prevent this reaction from occurring or that stop the reaction before destruction of the beta cells has been accomplished are potential therapies for this disease. Other agents that induce beta cell proliferation and regeneration also are potential therapies.  
     [0196] Type II diabetes is the most common of the two diabetic conditions (6% of the population). The defect in insulin secretion is an important cause of the diabetic condition and results from an inability of the beta cell to properly detect and respond to rises in blood glucose levels with insulin release. Therapies that increase the response by the beta cell to glucose would offer an important new treatment for this disease.  
     [0197] The defect in insulin action in Type II diabetic subjects is another target for therapeutic intervention. Agents that increase the activity of the insulin receptor in muscle, liver, and fat will cause a decrease in blood glucose and a normalization of plasma lipids. The receptor activity can be increased by agents that directly stimulate the receptor or that increase the intracellular signals from the receptor. Other therapies can directly activate the cellular end process, i.e. glucose transport or various enzyme systems, to generate an insulin-like effect and therefore a produce beneficial outcome. Because overweight subjects have a greater susceptibility to Type II diabetes, any agent that reduces body weight is a possible therapy.  
     [0198] Both Type I and Type diabetes can be treated with agents that mimic insulin action or that treat diabetic complications by reducing blood glucose levels. Likewise, agents that reduces new blood vessel growth can be used to treat the eye complications that develop in both diseases.  
     [0199] Cancer  
     [0200] Cancer is a disease fundamentally caused by oncogenic cellular transformation.  
     [0201] There are several hallmarks of transformed cells that distinguish them from their normal counterparts and underlie the pathophysiology of cancer. These include uncontrolled cellular proliferation, unresponsiveness to normal death-inducing signals (immortalization), increased cellular motility and invasiveness, increased ability to recruit blood supply through induction of new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis), genetic instability, and dysregulated gene expression. Various combinations of these aberrant physiologies, along with the acquisition of drug-resistance frequently lead to an intractable disease state in which organ failure and patient death ultimately ensue.  
     [0202] Most standard cancer therapies target cellular proliferation and rely on the differential proliferative capacities between transformed and normal cells for their efficacy. This approach is hindered by the facts that several important normal cell types are also highly proliferative and that cancer cells frequently become resistant to these agents. Thus, the therapeutic indices for traditional anti-cancer therapies rarely exceed 2.0.  
     [0203] The advent of genomics-driven molecular target identification has opened up the possibility of identifying new cancer-specific targets for therapeutic intervention that will provide safer, more effective treatments for cancer patients. Thus, newly discovered tumor-associated genes and their products can be tested for their role(s) in disease and used as tools to discover and develop innovative therapies. Genes playing important roles in any of the physiological processes outlined above can be characterized as cancer targets.  
     [0204] Genes or gene fragments identified through genomics can readily be expressed in one or more heterologous expression systems to produce functional recombinant proteins. These proteins are characterized in vitro for their biochemical properties and then used as tools in high-throughput molecular screening programs to identify chemical modulators of their biochemical activities. Agonists and/or antagonists of target protein activity can be identified in this manner and subsequently tested in cellular and in vivo disease models for anti-cancer activity. Optimization of lead compounds with iterative testing in biological models and detailed pharmacokinetic and toxicological analyses form the basis for drug development and subsequent testing in humans.  
     [0205] Cardiovascular Diseases  
     [0206] Cardiovascular diseases include the following disorders of the heart and the vascular system: congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemic diseases of the heart, all kinds of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, hypertensive vascular diseases, and peripheral vascular diseases.  
     [0207] Heart failure is defined as a pathophysiologic state in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirement of the metabolizing tissue. It includes all forms of pumping failure, such as high-output and low-output, acute and chronic, right-sided or left-sided, systolic or diastolic, independent of the underlying cause.  
     [0208] Myocardial infarction (MI) is generally caused by an abrupt decrease in coronary blood flow that follows a thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery previously narrowed by arteriosclerosis. MI prophylaxis (primary and secondary prevention) is included, as well as the acute treatment of MI and the prevention of complications.  
     [0209] Ischemic diseases are conditions in which the coronary flow is restricted resulting in a perfusion which is inadequate to meet the myocardial requirement for oxygen. This group of diseases includes stable angina, unstable angina, and asymptomatic ischemia.  
     [0210] Arrhythmias include all forms of atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular reentrant tachycardia, preexcitation syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular flutter, and ventricular fibrillation), as well as bradycardic forms of arrhythmias.  
     [0211] Hypertensive vascular diseases include primary as well as all kinds of secondary arterial hypertension (renal, endocrine, neurogenic, others). The disclosed gene and its product may be used as drug targets for the treatment of hypertension as well as for the prevention of all complications.  
     [0212] Peripheral vascular diseases are defined as vascular diseases in which arterial and/or venous flow is reduced resulting in an imbalance between blood supply and tissue oxygen demand. It includes chronic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD), acute arterial thrombosis and embolism, inflammatory vascular disorders, Raynaud&#39;s phenomenon, and venous disorders.  
     [0213] Peripheral or Central Nervous System Disorders  
     [0214] Peripheral or central nervous system disorders which may be treated include brain injuries, cerebrovascular diseases and their consequences, Parkinson&#39;s disease, corticobasal degeneration, motor neuron disease, dementia, including ALS, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, stroke, post-stroke, post-traumatic brain injury, and small-vessel cerebrovascular disease. Dementias, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, frontotemporal dementias, including Pick&#39;s disease, progressive nuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Huntington&#39;s disease, thalamic degeneration, Creutzfeld-Jakob dementia, HIV dementia, schizophrenia with dementia, and Korsakoff&#39;s psychosis also can be treated. Similarly, it may be possible to treat cognitive-related disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment, age-associated memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, vascular cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, and memory disturbances in children with learning disabilities, by regulating the activity of human Patched-like protein.  
     [0215] Pain associated with peripheral or central nervous system disorders also can be treated by regulating the activity of human Patched-like protein. Pain which can be treated includes that associated with central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, sciatica, failed back surgery syndrome, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, Parkinson&#39;s disease, post-stroke, and vascular lesions in the brain and spinal cord (e.g., infarct, hemorrhage, vascular malformation). Non-central neuropathic pain includes that associated with post mastectomy pain, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), trigeminal neuralgiaradioculopathy, post-surgical pain, HIV/AIDS related pain, cancer pain, metabolic neuropathies (e.g., diabetic neuropathy, vasculitic neuropathy secondary to connective tissue disease), paraneoplastic polyneuropathy associated, for example, with carcinoma of lung, or leukemia, or lymphoma, or carcinoma of prostate, colon or stomach, trigeminal neuralgia, cranial neuralgias, and post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain associated with cancer and cancer treatment also can be treated, as can headache pain (for example, migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and other migraine disorders), episodic and chronic tension-type headache, tension-type like headache, cluster headache, and chronic paroxysmal hemicrania.  
     [0216] This invention further pertains to the use of novel agents identified by the screening assays described above. Accordingly, it is within the scope of this invention to use a test compound identified as described herein in an appropriate animal model. For example, an agent identified as described herein (e.g., a modulating agent, an antisense nucleic acid molecule, a specific antibody, ribozyme, or a human Patched-like protein polypeptide binding molecule) can be used in an animal model to determine the efficacy, toxicity, or side effects of treatment with such an agent.  
     [0217] Alternatively, an agent identified as described herein can be used in an animal model to determine the mechanism of action of such an agent. Furthermore, this invention pertains to uses of novel agents identified by the above-described screening assays for treatments as described herein.  
     [0218] A reagent which affects human Patched-like protein activity can be administered to a human cell, either in vitro or in vivo, to reduce human Patched-like protein activity. The reagent preferably binds to an expression product of a human Patched-like protein gene. If the expression product is a protein, the reagent is preferably an antibody. For treatment of human cells ex vivo, an antibody can be added to a preparation of stem cells that have been removed from the body. The cells can then be replaced in the same or another human body, with or without clonal propagation, as is known in the art.  
     [0219] In one embodiment, the reagent is delivered using a liposome. Preferably, the liposome is stable in the animal into which it has been administered for at least about 30 minutes, more preferably for at least about 1 hour, and even more preferably for at least about 24 hours. A liposome comprises a lipid composition that is capable of targeting a reagent, particularly a polynucleotide, to a particular site in an animal, such as a human. Preferably, the lipid composition of the liposome is capable of targeting to a specific organ of an animal, such as the lung, liver, spleen, heart brain, lymph nodes, and skin.  
     [0220] A liposome useful in the present invention comprises a lipid composition that is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane of the targeted cell to deliver its contents to the cell. Preferably, the transfection efficiency of a liposome is about 0.5 μg of DNA per 16 nmole of liposome delivered to about 10 6  cells, more preferably about 1.0 μg of DNA per 16 nmole of liposome delivered to about 10 6  cells, and even more preferably about 2.0 μg of DNA per 16 nmol of liposome delivered to about 10 6  cells. Preferably, a liposome is between about 100 and 500 nm, more preferably between about 150 and 450 nm, and even more preferably between about 200 and 400 nm in diameter.  
     [0221] Suitable liposomes for use in the present invention include those liposomes standardly used in, for example, gene delivery methods known to those of skill in the art. More preferred liposomes include liposomes having a polycationic lipid composition and/or liposomes having a cholesterol backbone conjugated to polyethylene glycol. Optionally, a liposome comprises a compound capable of targeting the liposome to a particular cell type, such as a cell-specific ligand exposed on the outer surface of the liposome.  
     [0222] Complexing a liposome with a reagent such as an antisense oligonucleotide or ribozyme can be achieved using methods that are standard in the art (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,151). Preferably, from about 0.1 μg to about 10 μg of polynucleotide is combined with about 8 nmol of liposomes, more preferably from about 0.5 μg to about 5 μg of polynucleotides are combined with about 8 nmol liposomes, and even more preferably about 1.0 μg of polynucleotides is combined with about 8 nmol liposomes.  
     [0223] In another embodiment, antibodies can be delivered to specific tissues in vivo using receptor-mediated targeted delivery. Receptor-mediated DNA delivery techniques are taught in, for example, Findeis et al.  Trends in Biotechnol.  11, 202-05 (1993); Chiou et al., G ENE  T HERAPEUTICS : M ETHODS AND  A PPLICATIONS OF  D IRECT    GENE  T RANSFER  (J. A. Wolff, ed.) (1994); Wu &amp; Wu,  J. Biol. Chem.  263, 621-24 (1988); Wu et al.,  J. Biol. Chem.  269, 542-46 (1994); Zenke et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  87, 3655-59 (1990); Wu et al.,  J. Biol. Chem.  266, 338-42 (1991).  
     [0224] Determination of a Therapeutically Effective Dose  
     [0225] The determination of a therapeutically effective dose is well within the capability of those skilled in the art. A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of active ingredient that increases or decreases human Patched-like protein activity relative to the human Patched-like protein activity which occurs in the absence of the therapeutically effective dose.  
     [0226] For any compound, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model also can be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.  
     [0227] Therapeutic efficacy and toxicity, e.g., ED 50  (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD 50  (the dose lethal to 50% of the population), can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals. The dose ratio of toxic to therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD 50 /ED 50 .  
     [0228] Pharmaceutical compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies is used in formulating a range of dosage for human use. The dosage contained in such compositions is preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 50  with little or no toxicity. The dosage varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.  
     [0229] The exact dosage will be determined by the practitioner, in light of factors related to the subject that requires treatment. Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active ingredient or to maintain the desired effect.  
     [0230] Factors that can be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions can be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on the half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.  
     [0231] Normal dosage amounts can vary from 0.1 to 100,000 micrograms, up to a total dose of about 1 g, depending upon the route of administration. Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature and generally available to practitioners in the art. Those skilled in the art will employ different formulations for nucleotides than for proteins or their inhibitors. Similarly, delivery of polynucleotides or polypeptides will be specific to particular cells, conditions, locations, etc.  
     [0232] If the reagent is a single-chain antibody, polynucleotides encoding the antibody can be constructed and introduced into a cell either ex vivo or in vivo using well-established techniques including, but not limited to, transferrin-polycation-mediated DNA transfer, transfection with naked or encapsulated nucleic acids, liposome-mediated cellular fusion, intracellular transportation of DNA-coated latex beads, protoplast fusion, viral infection, electroporation, “gene gun,” and DEAE- or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection.  
     [0233] Effective in vivo dosages of an antibody are in the range of about 5 μg to about 50 μg/kg, about 50 μg to about 5 mg/kg, about 100 μg to about 500 μg/kg of patient body weight, and about 200 to about 250 μg/kg of patient body weight. For administration of polynucleotides encoding single-chain antibodies, effective in vivo dosages are in the range of about 100 ng to about 200 ng, 500 ng to about 50 mg, about 1 μg to about 2 mg, about 5 μg to about 500 μg, and about 20 μg to about 100 μg of DNA.  
     [0234] If the expression product is mRNA, the reagent is preferably an antisense oligonucleotide or a ribozyme. Polynucleotides that express antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes can be introduced into cells by a variety of methods, as described above.  
     [0235] Preferably, a reagent reduces expression of a human Patched-like protein gene or the activity of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide by at least about 10, preferably about 50, more preferably about 75, 90, or 100% relative to the absence of the reagent. The effectiveness of the mechanism chosen to decrease the level of expression of a human Patched-like protein gene or the activity of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide can be assessed using methods well known in the art, such as hybridization of nucleotide probes to human Patched-like protein-specific mRNA, quantitative RT-PCR, immunologic detection of a human Patched-like protein polypeptide, or measurement of human Patched-like protein activity.  
     [0236] In any of the embodiments described above, any of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered in combination with other appropriate therapeutic agents. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combination therapy can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art, according to conventional pharmaceutical principles. The combination of therapeutic agents can act synergistically to effect the treatment or prevention of the various disorders described above. Using this approach, one may be able to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent, thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.  
     [0237] Any of the therapeutic methods described above can be applied to any subject in need of such therapy, including, for example, mammals such as dogs, cats, cows, horses, rabbits, monkeys, and most preferably, humans.  
     [0238] Diagnostic Methods  
     [0239] Human Patched-like protein also can be used in diagnostic assays for detecting diseases and abnormalities or susceptibility to diseases and abnormalities related to the presence of mutations in the nucleic acid sequences that encode the enzyme. For example, differences can be determined between the cDNA or genomic sequence encoding human Patched-like protein in individuals afflicted with a disease and in normal individuals. If a mutation is observed in some or all of the afflicted individuals but not in normal individuals, then the mutation is likely to be the causative agent of the disease.  
     [0240] Sequence differences between a reference gene and a gene having mutations can be revealed by the direct DNA sequencing method. In addition, cloned DNA segments can be employed as probes to detect specific DNA segments. The sensitivity of this method is greatly enhanced when combined with PCR. For example, a sequencing primer can be used with a double-stranded PCR product or a single-stranded template molecule generated by a modified PCR. The sequence determination is performed by conventional procedures using radiolabeled nucleotides or by automatic sequencing procedures using fluorescent tags.  
     [0241] Genetic testing based on DNA sequence differences can be carried out by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing agents. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized, for example, by high resolution gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments of different sequences can be distinguished on denaturing formamide gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions according to their specific melting or partial melting temperatures (see, e.g., Myers et al.,  Science  230, 1242, 1985). Sequence changes at specific locations can also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and S 1 protection or the chemical cleavage method (e.g., Cotton et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  85, 4397-4401, 1985). Thus, the detection of a specific DNA sequence can be performed by methods such as hybridization, RNase protection, chemical cleavage, direct DNA sequencing or the use of restriction enzymes and Southern blotting of genomic DNA. In addition to direct methods such as gel-electrophoresis and DNA sequencing, mutations can also be detected by in situ analysis.  
     [0242] Altered levels of a human Patched-like protein also can be detected in various tissues. Assays used to detect levels of the receptor polypeptides in a body sample, such as blood or a tissue biopsy, derived from a host are well known to those of skill in the art and include radioimmunoassays, competitive binding assays, Western blot analysis, and ELISA assays.  
     [0243] All patents and patent applications cited in this disclosure are expressly incorporated herein by reference. The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained by reference to the following specific examples which are provided for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
     [0244] Detection of Patched-Like Protein Activity  
     [0245] The polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 is inserted into the expression vector pCEV4 and the expression vector pCEV4-patched-like protein polypeptide obtained is transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells. From these cells extracts are obtained and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant is centrifiged at 30,000×g for 20 minutes at 4° C. The pellet is suspended in binding buffer containing 50 mM Tris HCl, 5 mM MgSO 4 , 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.5, supplemented with 0.1% BSA, 2 μg/ml aprotinin, 0.5 mg/ml leupeptin, and 10 μg/ml phosphoramidon. Optimal membrane suspension dilutions, defined as the protein concentration required to bind less than 10% of the added radioligand, i.e. sonic hadgehog (SHH), are added to 96-well polypropylene microtiter plates containing  125 I-labeled ligand or test compound, non-labeled peptides, and binding buffer to a final volume of 250 μl.  
     [0246] In equilibrium saturation binding assays, membrane preparations are incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations (0.1 nM to 4 nM) of  125 I-labeled ligand. Binding reaction mixtures are incubated for one hour at 30° C. The reaction is stopped by filtration through GF/B filters treated with 0.5% polyethyleneimine, using a cell harvester. Radioactivity is measured by scintillation counting, and data are analyzed by a computerized non-linear regression program. Non-specific binding is defined as the amount of radioactivity remaining after incubation of membrane protein in the presence of 100 nM of unlabeled peptide. Protein concentration is measured by the Bradford method using Bio-Rad Reagent, with bovine serum albumin as a standard. It is shown that the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 has a patched-like protein activity.  
     EXAMPLE 2  
     [0247] Expression of Recombinant Human Patched-Like Protein  
     [0248] The  Pichia pastoris  expression vector pPICZB (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) is used to produce large quantities of recombinant human Patched-like polypeptides in yeast. The human Patched-like protein-encoding DNA sequence is derived from SEQ ID NO: 1. Before insertion into vector pPICZB, the DNA sequence is modified by well known methods in such a way that it contains at its 5′-end an initiation codon and at its 3′-end an enterokinase cleavage site, a His6 reporter tag and a termination codon. Moreover, at both termini recognition sequences for restriction endonucleases are added and after digestion of the multiple cloning site of pPICZ B with the corresponding restriction enzymes the modified DNA sequence is ligated into pPICZB. This expression vector is designed for inducible expression in  Pichia pastoris , driven by a yeast promoter. The resulting pPICZ/md-His6 vector is used to transform the yeast.  
     [0249] The yeast is cultivated under usual conditions in 5 liter shake flasks and the recombinantly produced protein isolated from the culture by affinity chromatography (Ni-NTA-Resin) in the presence of 8 M urea. The bound polypeptide is eluted with buffer, pH 3.5, and neutralized. Separation of the polypeptide from the His6 reporter tag is accomplished by site-specific proteolysis using enterokinase (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) according to manufacturer&#39;s instructions. Purified human Patched-like protein polypeptide is obtained.  
     EXAMPLE 3  
     [0250] Identification of Test Compounds That Bind to Human Patched-Like Protein Polypeptides  
     [0251] Purified human Patched-like protein polypeptides comprising a glutathione-S-transferase protein and absorbed onto glutathione-derivatized wells of 96-well microtiter plates are contacted with test compounds from a small molecule library at pH 7.0 in a physiological buffer solution. Human Patched-like protein polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. The test compounds comprise a fluorescent tag. The samples are incubated for 5 minutes to one hour. Control samples are incubated in the absence of a test compound.  
     [0252] The buffer solution containing the test compounds is washed from the wells. Binding of a test compound to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide is detected by fluorescence measurements of the contents of the wells. A test compound that increases the fluorescence in a well by at least 15% relative to fluorescence of a well in which a test compound is not incubated is identified as a compound which binds to a human Patched-like protein polypeptide.  
     EXAMPLE 4  
     [0253] Identification of a Test Compound Which Increases Human Patched-Like Protein Gene Expression  
     [0254] A test compound is administered to a culture of human cells transfected with a °human Patched-like protein expression construct and incubated at 37° C. for 10 to 45 minutes. A culture of the same type of cells that have not been transfected is incubated for the same time without the test compound to provide a negative control. RNA is isolated from the two cultures as described in Chirgwin et al.,  Biochem.  18, 5294-99, 1979). Northern blots are prepared using 20 to 30 μg total RNA and hybridized with a  32 P-labeled human Patched-like protein-specific probe at 65° C. in Express-hyb (CLONTECH). The probe comprises at least 11 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complement of SEQ ID NO: 1. A test compound that decreases the human Patched-like protein-specific signal relative to the signal obtained in the absence of the test compound is identified as an inhibitor of human Patched-like protein gene expression.  
     EXAMPLE 5  
     [0255] Identification of a Test Compound Which Increases Human Patched-Like Protein Activity  
     [0256] A test compound is administered to a culture of human cells co-transfected with a Flag-tagged human Patched-like protein expression construct and a SMO expression construct and incubated at 37° C. for 10 to 45 minutes. A culture of the same type of cells that have not been transfected is incubated for the same time without the test compound to provide a negative control. Human Patched-like protein activity is measured using the method of Carpenter, et al.,  PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A.  95, 13630-34 (1998).  
     [0257] Briefly, Patched-SMO complexes are detected by coimmunoprecipitation from dual-transfected cells. Protein A-bound Flag-specific antibodies are used to immuno-precipitate the Patched-SMO complexes. Complexes are then separated on a 6% acrylamide gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, and detected using Flag-specific antibodies in conjunction with an enhanced chemiluminescent detection system (Amersham).  
     [0258] A test compound that increases the SMO-binding activity of the human Patched-like protein relative to the SMO-binding activity in the absence of the test compound is identified as an enhancer of human Patched-like protein activity.  
     EXAMPLE 6  
     [0259] Tissue-Specific Expression of Human Patched-Like Protein  
     [0260] The qualitative expression pattern of human Patched-like protein in various tissues is determined by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). To demonstrate that human Patched-like protein is involved in cancer, expression is determined in the following tissues: skin, ovary, brain, and cerebellum. Expression in the following cancer cell lines also is determined: DU-145 (prostate), NCI-H125 (lung), HT-29 (colon), COLO-205 (colon), A-549 (lung), NCI-H460 (lung), HT-116 (colon), DLD-1 (colon), MDA-MD-231 (breast), LS174T (colon), ZF-75 (breast), MDA-MN-435 (breast), HT-1080, MCF-7 (breast), and U87. Matched pairs of malignant and normal tissue from the same patient also are tested.  
     [0261] To demonstrate that human Patched-like protein is involved in cardiovascular disease, expression is determined in the following tissues: muscle, heart, lung, placenta, skin, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. As a final step, the expression of human Patched-like protein in cells derived from normal individuals is compared with the expression of cells derived from individuals with cardiovascular disorders.  
     [0262] To demonstrate that human Patched-like protein is involved in peripheral or central nervous system disorders, the following tissues are screened: fetal and adult brain, muscle, heart, lung, kidney, liver, thymus, testis, colon, placenta, trachea, pancreas, kidney, gastric mucosa, colon, liver, cerebellum, skin, cortex (Alzheimer&#39;s and normal), hypothalamus, cortex, amygdala, cerebellum, hippocampus, choroid, plexus, thalamus, and spinal cord. As a final step, the expression of human Patched-like protein in cells derived from normal individuals is compared with the expression of cells derived from individuals with peripheral or central nervous system disorders.  
     [0263] Quantitative expression profiling. Quantitative expression profiling is performed by the form of quantitative PCR analysis called “kinetic analysis” firstly described in Higuchi et al.,  BioTechnology  10, 413-17, 1992, and Higuchi et al.,  BioTechnology  11, 1026-30, 1993. The principle is that at any given cycle within the exponential phase of PCR, the amount of product is proportional to the initial number of template copies.  
     [0264] If the amplification is performed in the presence of an internally quenched fluorescent oligonucleotide (TaqMan probe) complementary to the target sequence, the probe is cleaved by the 5′-3′ endonuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase and a fluorescent dye released in the medium (Holland et al.,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.  88, 7276-80, 1991). Because the fluorescence emission will increase in direct proportion to the amount of the specific amplified product, the exponential growth phase of PCR product can be detected and used to determine the initial template concentration (Heid et al.,  Genome Res.  6, 986-94, 1996, and Gibson et al.,  Genome Res.  6, 995-1001, 1996).  
     [0265] The amplification of an endogenous control can be performed to standardize the amount of sample RNA added to a reaction. In this kind of experiment, the control of choice is the 18S ribosomal RNA. Because reporter dyes with differing emission spectra are available, the target and the endogenous control can be independently quantified in the same tube if probes labeled with different dyes are used.  
     [0266] All “real time PCR” measurements of fluorescence are made in the ABI Prism 7700.  
     [0267] RNA extraction and cDNA preparation. The total RNAs used for expression quantification are listed below along with their suppliers, if commercially available. RNAs labeled “from autopsy” were extracted from autoptic tissues with the TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, MD) according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol.  
     [0268] Fifty μg of each RNA are treated with DNase I for 1 hour at 37° C. in the following reaction mix: 0.2 U/μl RNase-free DNase I (Roche Diagnostics, Germany); 0.4 U/μl RNase inhibitor (PE Applied Biosystems, Calif.); 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.9; 10 mM MgCl 2 ; 50 mM NaCl; and 1 mM DTT.  
     [0269] After incubation, RNA is extracted once with 1 volume of phenol:chloroform:-isoamyl alcohol (24:24:1) and once with chloroform, and precipitated with {fraction (1/10)} volume of 3 M NaAcetate, pH 5.2, and 2 volumes of ethanol.  
     [0270] Fifty μg of each RNA from the autoptic tissues are DNase treated with the DNA-free kit purchased from Ambion (Ambion, Tex.). After resuspension and spectro-photometric quantification, each sample is reverse transcribed with the TaqMan Reverse Transcription Reagents (PE Applied Biosystems, Calif.) according to the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. The final concentration of RNA in the reaction mix is 200 ng/μl. Reverse transcription is carried out with 2.5 μM of random hexamer primers.  
     [0271] TaqMan quantitative analysis. Specific primers and probe are designed according to the recommendations of PE Applied Biosystems and are listed below:  
     [0272] forward primer: 5′-(gene specific sequence)-3′ 
     [0273] reverse primer: 5′-(gene specific sequence)-3′ 
     [0274] probe: 5′-(FAM)-(gene specific sequence)-(TAMRA)3′ 
     [0275] where FAM=6-carboxy-fluorescein  
     [0276] and TAMRA=6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine.  
     [0277] The expected length of the PCR product is -(gene specific length)-bp.  
     [0278] Quantification experiments are performed on 10 ng of reverse transcribed RNA from each sample. Each determination is done in triplicate.  
     [0279] Total cDNA content is normalized with the simultaneous quantification (multiplex PCR) of the 18S ribosomal RNA using the Pre-Developed TaqMan Assay Reagents (PDAR) Control Kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Calif.).  
     [0280] The assay reaction mix is as follows: 1× final TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (from 2× stock) (PE Applied Biosystems, Calif.); 1×PDAR control—18S RNA (from 20× stock); 300 nM forward primer; 900 nM reverse primer; 200 nM probe; 10 ng cDNA; and water to 25 μl.  
     [0281] Each of the following steps are carried out once: pre PCR, 2 minutes at 50° C., and 10 minutes at 95° C. The following steps are carried out 40 times: denaturation, 15 seconds at 95° C., annealing/extension, 1 minute at 60° C.  
     [0282] The experiment is performed on an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detector (PE Applied Biosystems, Calif.). At the end of the run, fluorescence data acquired during PCR are processed as described in the ABI Prism 7700 user&#39;s manual in order to achieve better background subtraction as well as signal linearity with the starting target quantity.  
     REFERENCES  
     [0283] 1. Carpenter, et al.,  PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A.  95(23), 13630-34 (1998).  
     [0284] 2. Alcedo and Noll,  Biol. Chem.  378(7), 583-90(1997).  
     [0285] 3. McMahon,  Cell  100(2), 185-88 (2000).  
     [0286] 4. Burke, et al.,  Cell  99(7), 803-15 (1999).  
     [0287] 5. Goodrich and Scott,  Neuron  21(6), 1243-57 (1998).  
     [0288] 6. Currie,  J. Mol. Med  76(6), 421-33 (1998).  
    
     
       
         1 
         
           
             7  
           
           
             1  
             4476  
             DNA  
             Homo sapiens  
           
            1 

atgggaagaa agacccaacc tgatgcctcg ccccactggg gaggggagga gggcgctgag     60 

cgagccggga acctcgcagg cctgaagccg cccgcctcga cccggggcgt ccagcgtggt    120 

gaagtgcggg cgtggagctc gccctctatc cggctggaag gagcctacgc atgcgcacga    180 

gcaccccgcc gccgctgccg ccgccaccgc cgccgccgcc gccgccgccg cggcttcagc    240 

accagcgccc ggacagcggt gccgcccacg ggcatggacg gtgacagcag cagcagcagc    300 

ggcggcagcg gtccggctcc cggcccgggt ccggaagggg agcaacggcc cgagggggag    360 

cccttggccc cagacggcgg ctccccggac agcacccaga ccaaggctgt gccccctgag    420 

gcaagcccag agagaagctg ctccctccac agctgccccc tggaggaccc ttccagctct    480 

tcaggacccc caccaacaac ttccaccctc cagcctgtgg gtccatccag ccccttggcc    540 

cctgcccact tcacctatcc ccgggcactg caggaatacc aggggggcag ttccctgcca    600 

ggacttgggg atcgggcagc tctctgctcc cacggctcca gcctcagccc ttctccagcc    660 

ccctcacagc gcgatgggac ctggaagcca cccgctgtgc agcaccatgt ggtcagcgtc    720 

aggcaggaac gagccttcca gatgccaaag agctattccc agctgattgc tgagtggcca    780 

gtggccgtgc tgatgctgtg tctggctgtc atcttcctct gcaccctggc tggactgttg    840 

ggggcccggc tgcccgactt ctccaagcct ttgctgggct ttgagccacg ggacacagac    900 

attgggagca agttagtggt ctggagagca ctacaagccc tcacaggccc caggaagctg    960 

cttttccttt ccccagacct tgagctgaac agctcgagct cccacaacac tctgaggcct   1020 

gcacccagag gcagtgccca ggagagcgct gtccggcctc ggagaatggt ggagcccctg   1080 

gaggacagaa ggcaagagaa cttcttctgt ggcccccctg agaagagcta tgcaaagctg   1140 

gtgttcatgt ccacctcctc gggcagccta tggaacctgc atgccatcca ttccatgtgt   1200 

cgcatggaac aggaccagat ccgctcccat accagcttcg gggctctgtg ccagcggaca   1260 

gcagccaacc agtgctgccc cagctggtcc ctgggcaact atctggctgt gctctccaac   1320 

cgctcctcct gcctggacac tacccaagct gacgcagccc gcacactggc cctgcttcgg   1380 

acctgtgccc tctactacca cagtggcgcc ttggtgccct cttgtctggg acctgggcag   1440 

aacaagtccc cacgctgtgc ccaggttccc accaagtgct cccagagtag tgccatctac   1500 

caactcctgc actttctgct tgacagggac tttctgagtc cccagaccac tgactaccag   1560 

gtgccttccc tcaagtacag cctgctcttc ctgcccaccc caaagggtgc ttccctcatg   1620 

gacatctacc tggaccggct ggccaccccc tgggggcttg ctgacaacta cacctctgtc   1680 

actggcatgg acctgggcct caagcaggag ctgctgaggc acttcctggt ccaggacacg   1740 

gtgtacccct tgctggctct ggttgccatc ttcttcggca tggccctgta cctgcgctca   1800 

ctcttcctca cgctcatggt gctgctgggg gtgctgggct cactgctggt ggccttcttc   1860 

ctttaccagg tggccttccg catggcctac ttccccttcg tcaatctggc agccctcctc   1920 

ctgctgagca gcgtctgcgc caaccacacg ctcatcttct tcgacctgtg gcgccttagc   1980 

aagagccagc tgccgtcggg ggggctggcg cagcgcgtgg gccgcaccat gcaccacttc   2040 

ggctacctgc tgctggtctc cggcctcacc acgagcgcgg ccttctatgc cagctacctg   2100 

agccgcctgc cggccgttcg ctgcctcgcc ctcttcatgg gcacggctgt gctggtgcac   2160 

ctggcgctca cgctggtctg gctgcccgcc tccgccgtgc tccacgagcg ctacctggcg   2220 

cgcggctgtg cgcgccgggc gcggggccgg tgggagggca gcgcgccccg gcggctactg   2280 

ctggcgctgc accggcggct ccgcggcctg cggagggcgg cggctggcac ctcgcgtctg   2340 

ctcttccagc gcctgctgcc ctgcggcgtc atcaagttcc gctacatctg gatctgctgg   2400 

ttcgcagcac tggcggcagg gggcgcctac atcgccggag tcagcccccg cctgcggctg   2460 

cccacgctgc cgccgcccgg cggccaggtc ttccggccca gccacccctt cgagcgcttc   2520 

gacgcggagt atcgccagct gttcctgttc gagcagctgc cgcagggcga gggcggccac   2580 

atgcccgtgg ttttggtgtg gggcgtcctg cctgtggaca ctggcgaccc tctggaccct   2640 

ccaacagcag ccatggtgag ggaccctgcc ttctcggcca gcggccttga ggcccagcgc   2700 

tggctgctgg cactctgtca ccgggcccgg aatcagagct tcttcgacac cctgcaggaa   2760 

ggctggccca cgctgtgttt cgtggagacc ctccagcgct ggatggagag ccccagctgc   2820 

gcccgcctgg ggcctgacct ctgctgcggc cactcggact tcccctgggc cccccagttt   2880 

ttcctgcact gcctgaaaat gatggctctg gagcaaggcc ccgatggcac ccaggacctg   2940 

ggactccgct ttgatgccca tggcagcctg gccgccctgg tcctacaatt ccagaccaac   3000 

ttccggaaca gtccggacta caaccagacc cagctcttct acaatgaggt cagccactgg   3060 

ctggcagcgg agctgggcat ggcacctcca ggcctccgcc gtggttggtt cactagccgt   3120 

ctagagctgt atagcctgca gcacagcctg agcactgagc ctgctgtggt gctgggcctg   3180 

gctttggcgc tggcctttgc cacactgctc ctgggcacct ggaatgttcc cctcagccta   3240 

ttctccgtgg cagctgtggc aggcaccgtg ctgctcactg taggactcct ggttctcctc   3300 

gagtggcagc tcaacactgc cgaggccctg tttctctctg cctcagtggg cctctcagta   3360 

gacttcactg tcaactactg catctcctat cacctgtgcc cacaccctga ccgcctgagc   3420 

cgtgtggcct tctctctgcg ccagaccagc tgcgccacag ccgtgggggc tgcagccctg   3480 

tttgcggcag gcgtgctcat gctgcctgcc acagtgctgc tctatcgcaa gctgggcatc   3540 

atcctcatga tggtcaaatg cgtcagttgt ggctttgcca gcttcttctt ccaatctctc   3600 

tgctgtttct tcgggccaga gaagaactgt gggcagatcc tctggccctg tgcccacctg   3660 

ccatgggatg ctggtactgg ggaccctggt ggggagaagg caggccgccc acgaccaggg   3720 

tcagtgggag ggatgcccgg gtcctgctca gagcaatatg agctacagcc cctggcacgg   3780 

cgtcggagcc ccagctttga caccagcaca gccaccagca agctgtccca ccggccctca   3840 

gtactctctg aggatctgca gctccatgat ggtccgtgct gttcccggcc cccaccagcc   3900 

cctgcctccc caagggagct gctgctggac caccaggcag tcttcagcca gtgccctgcc   3960 

ctgcagacct cctcccccta taagcaggct ggccccagcc ccaaaacccg ggccaggcag   4020 

gactcccaag gggaggaggc tgagcccctg ccagcctcac cagaagcccc agcccactct   4080 

cctaaggcca aggctgcaga tcctcctgat ggcttctgtt cctcagccag caccctggag   4140 

gggctcagcg tctctgatga gacctgccta agcacctctg agcccagtgc ccgtgtacca   4200 

gattccgtgg gtgtgtcccc agatgacctg gatgacactg ggcagccagt ccttgagcga   4260 

ggccagctca atgggaagcg ggacaccctg tggctggcgc tgagggagac agtgtatgac   4320 

ccatcattgc ccgcttccca tcacagcagc ttgtcctgga agggccgagg ggggccaggg   4380 

gatggcagcc ctgtggtgct gcccaatagc cagccagacc tgccagatgt ttggctgcgc   4440 

aggcccagca ctcacacgtc aggctatagc agctga                             4476 

 
           
             2  
             1491  
             PRT  
             Homo sapiens  
           
            2 

Met Gly Arg Lys Thr Gln Pro Asp Ala Ser Pro His Trp Gly Gly Glu 
1               5                   10                  15 

Glu Gly Ala Glu Arg Ala Gly Asn Leu Ala Gly Leu Lys Pro Pro Ala 
            20                  25                  30 

Ser Thr Arg Gly Val Gln Arg Gly Glu Val Arg Ala Trp Ser Ser Pro 
        35                  40                  45 

Ser Ile Arg Leu Glu Gly Ala Tyr Ala Cys Ala Arg Ala Pro Arg Arg 
    50                  55                  60 

Arg Cys Arg Arg His Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Gly Phe Ser 
65                  70                  75                  80 

Thr Ser Ala Arg Thr Ala Val Pro Pro Thr Gly Met Asp Gly Asp Ser 
                85                  90                  95 

Ser Ser Ser Ser Gly Gly Ser Gly Pro Ala Pro Gly Pro Gly Pro Glu 
            100                 105                 110 

Gly Glu Gln Arg Pro Glu Gly Glu Pro Leu Ala Pro Asp Gly Gly Ser 
        115                 120                 125 

Pro Asp Ser Thr Gln Thr Lys Ala Val Pro Pro Glu Ala Ser Pro Glu 
    130                 135                 140 

Arg Ser Cys Ser Leu His Ser Cys Pro Leu Glu Asp Pro Ser Ser Ser 
145                 150                 155                 160 

Ser Gly Pro Pro Pro Thr Thr Ser Thr Leu Gln Pro Val Gly Pro Ser 
                165                 170                 175 

Ser Pro Leu Ala Pro Ala His Phe Thr Tyr Pro Arg Ala Leu Gln Glu 
            180                 185                 190 

Tyr Gln Gly Gly Ser Ser Leu Pro Gly Leu Gly Asp Arg Ala Ala Leu 
        195                 200                 205 

Cys Ser His Gly Ser Ser Leu Ser Pro Ser Pro Ala Pro Ser Gln Arg 
    210                 215                 220 

Asp Gly Thr Trp Lys Pro Pro Ala Val Gln His His Val Val Ser Val 
225                 230                 235                 240 

Arg Gln Glu Arg Ala Phe Gln Met Pro Lys Ser Tyr Ser Gln Leu Ile 
                245                 250                 255 

Ala Glu Trp Pro Val Ala Val Leu Met Leu Cys Leu Ala Val Ile Phe 
            260                 265                 270 

Leu Cys Thr Leu Ala Gly Leu Leu Gly Ala Arg Leu Pro Asp Phe Ser 
        275                 280                 285 

Lys Pro Leu Leu Gly Phe Glu Pro Arg Asp Thr Asp Ile Gly Ser Lys 
    290                 295                 300 

Leu Val Val Trp Arg Ala Leu Gln Ala Leu Thr Gly Pro Arg Lys Leu 
305                 310                 315                 320 

Leu Phe Leu Ser Pro Asp Leu Glu Leu Asn Ser Ser Ser Ser His Asn 
                325                 330                 335 

Thr Leu Arg Pro Ala Pro Arg Gly Ser Ala Gln Glu Ser Ala Val Arg 
            340                 345                 350 

Pro Arg Arg Met Val Glu Pro Leu Glu Asp Arg Arg Gln Glu Asn Phe 
        355                 360                 365 

Phe Cys Gly Pro Pro Glu Lys Ser Tyr Ala Lys Leu Val Phe Met Ser 
    370                 375                 380 

Thr Ser Ser Gly Ser Leu Trp Asn Leu His Ala Ile His Ser Met Cys 
385                 390                 395                 400 

Arg Met Glu Gln Asp Gln Ile Arg Ser His Thr Ser Phe Gly Ala Leu 
                405                 410                 415 

Cys Gln Arg Thr Ala Ala Asn Gln Cys Cys Pro Ser Trp Ser Leu Gly 
            420                 425                 430 

Asn Tyr Leu Ala Val Leu Ser Asn Arg Ser Ser Cys Leu Asp Thr Thr 
        435                 440                 445 

Gln Ala Asp Ala Ala Arg Thr Leu Ala Leu Leu Arg Thr Cys Ala Leu 
    450                 455                 460 

Tyr Tyr His Ser Gly Ala Leu Val Pro Ser Cys Leu Gly Pro Gly Gln 
465                 470                 475                 480 

Asn Lys Ser Pro Arg Cys Ala Gln Val Pro Thr Lys Cys Ser Gln Ser 
                485                 490                 495 

Ser Ala Ile Tyr Gln Leu Leu His Phe Leu Leu Asp Arg Asp Phe Leu 
            500                 505                 510 

Ser Pro Gln Thr Thr Asp Tyr Gln Val Pro Ser Leu Lys Tyr Ser Leu 
        515                 520                 525 

Leu Phe Leu Pro Thr Pro Lys Gly Ala Ser Leu Met Asp Ile Tyr Leu 
    530                 535                 540 

Asp Arg Leu Ala Thr Pro Trp Gly Leu Ala Asp Asn Tyr Thr Ser Val 
545                 550                 555                 560 

Thr Gly Met Asp Leu Gly Leu Lys Gln Glu Leu Leu Arg His Phe Leu 
                565                 570                 575 

Val Gln Asp Thr Val Tyr Pro Leu Leu Ala Leu Val Ala Ile Phe Phe 
            580                 585                 590 

Gly Met Ala Leu Tyr Leu Arg Ser Leu Phe Leu Thr Leu Met Val Leu 
        595                 600                 605 

Leu Gly Val Leu Gly Ser Leu Leu Val Ala Phe Phe Leu Tyr Gln Val 
    610                 615                 620 

Ala Phe Arg Met Ala Tyr Phe Pro Phe Val Asn Leu Ala Ala Leu Leu 
625                 630                 635                 640 

Leu Leu Ser Ser Val Cys Ala Asn His Thr Leu Ile Phe Phe Asp Leu 
                645                 650                 655 

Trp Arg Leu Ser Lys Ser Gln Leu Pro Ser Gly Gly Leu Ala Gln Arg 
            660                 665                 670 

Val Gly Arg Thr Met His His Phe Gly Tyr Leu Leu Leu Val Ser Gly 
        675                 680                 685 

Leu Thr Thr Ser Ala Ala Phe Tyr Ala Ser Tyr Leu Ser Arg Leu Pro 
    690                 695                 700 

Ala Val Arg Cys Leu Ala Leu Phe Met Gly Thr Ala Val Leu Val His 
705                 710                 715                 720 

Leu Ala Leu Thr Leu Val Trp Leu Pro Ala Ser Ala Val Leu His Glu 
                725                 730                 735 

Arg Tyr Leu Ala Arg Gly Cys Ala Arg Arg Ala Arg Gly Arg Trp Glu 
            740                 745                 750 

Gly Ser Ala Pro Arg Arg Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu His Arg Arg Leu Arg 
        755                 760                 765 

Gly Leu Arg Arg Ala Ala Ala Gly Thr Ser Arg Leu Leu Phe Gln Arg 
    770                 775                 780 

Leu Leu Pro Cys Gly Val Ile Lys Phe Arg Tyr Ile Trp Ile Cys Trp 
785                 790                 795                 800 

Phe Ala Ala Leu Ala Ala Gly Gly Ala Tyr Ile Ala Gly Val Ser Pro 
                805                 810                 815 

Arg Leu Arg Leu Pro Thr Leu Pro Pro Pro Gly Gly Gln Val Phe Arg 
            820                 825                 830 

Pro Ser His Pro Phe Glu Arg Phe Asp Ala Glu Tyr Arg Gln Leu Phe 
        835                 840                 845 

Leu Phe Glu Gln Leu Pro Gln Gly Glu Gly Gly His Met Pro Val Val 
    850                 855                 860 

Leu Val Trp Gly Val Leu Pro Val Asp Thr Gly Asp Pro Leu Asp Pro 
865                 870                 875                 880 

Pro Thr Ala Ala Met Val Arg Asp Pro Ala Phe Ser Ala Ser Gly Leu 
                885                 890                 895 

Glu Ala Gln Arg Trp Leu Leu Ala Leu Cys His Arg Ala Arg Asn Gln 
            900                 905                 910 

Ser Phe Phe Asp Thr Leu Gln Glu Gly Trp Pro Thr Leu Cys Phe Val 
        915                 920                 925 

Glu Thr Leu Gln Arg Trp Met Glu Ser Pro Ser Cys Ala Arg Leu Gly 
    930                 935                 940 

Pro Asp Leu Cys Cys Gly His Ser Asp Phe Pro Trp Ala Pro Gln Phe 
945                 950                 955                 960 

Phe Leu His Cys Leu Lys Met Met Ala Leu Glu Gln Gly Pro Asp Gly 
                965                 970                 975 

Thr Gln Asp Leu Gly Leu Arg Phe Asp Ala His Gly Ser Leu Ala Ala 
            980                 985                 990 

Leu Val Leu Gln Phe Gln Thr Asn  Phe Arg Asn Ser Pro  Asp Tyr Asn 
        995                 1000                 1005 

Gln Thr  Gln Leu Phe Tyr Asn  Glu Val Ser His Trp  Leu Ala Ala 
    1010                 1015                 1020 

Glu Leu  Gly Met Ala Pro Pro  Gly Leu Arg Arg Gly  Trp Phe Thr 
    1025                 1030                 1035 

Ser Arg  Leu Glu Leu Tyr Ser  Leu Gln His Ser Leu  Ser Thr Glu 
    1040                 1045                 1050 

Pro Ala  Val Val Leu Gly Leu  Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala  Phe Ala Thr 
    1055                 1060                 1065 

Leu Leu  Leu Gly Thr Trp Asn  Val Pro Leu Ser Leu  Phe Ser Val 
    1070                 1075                 1080 

Ala Ala  Val Ala Gly Thr Val  Leu Leu Thr Val Gly  Leu Leu Val 
    1085                 1090                 1095 

Leu Leu  Glu Trp Gln Leu Asn  Thr Ala Glu Ala Leu  Phe Leu Ser 
    1100                 1105                 1110 

Ala Ser  Val Gly Leu Ser Val  Asp Phe Thr Val Asn  Tyr Cys Ile 
    1115                 1120                 1125 

Ser Tyr  His Leu Cys Pro His  Pro Asp Arg Leu Ser  Arg Val Ala 
    1130                 1135                 1140 

Phe Ser  Leu Arg Gln Thr Ser  Cys Ala Thr Ala Val  Gly Ala Ala 
    1145                 1150                 1155 

Ala Leu  Phe Ala Ala Gly Val  Leu Met Leu Pro Ala  Thr Val Leu 
    1160                 1165                 1170 

Leu Tyr  Arg Lys Leu Gly Ile  Ile Leu Met Met Val  Lys Cys Val 
    1175                 1180                 1185 

Ser Cys  Gly Phe Ala Ser Phe  Phe Phe Gln Ser Leu  Cys Cys Phe 
    1190                 1195                 1200 

Phe Gly  Pro Glu Lys Asn Cys  Gly Gln Ile Leu Trp  Pro Cys Ala 
    1205                 1210                 1215 

His Leu  Pro Trp Asp Ala Gly  Thr Gly Asp Pro Gly  Gly Glu Lys 
    1220                 1225                 1230 

Ala Gly  Arg Pro Arg Pro Gly  Ser Val Gly Gly Met  Pro Gly Ser 
    1235                 1240                 1245 

Cys Ser  Glu Gln Tyr Glu Leu  Gln Pro Leu Ala Arg  Arg Arg Ser 
    1250                 1255                 1260 

Pro Ser  Phe Asp Thr Ser Thr  Ala Thr Ser Lys Leu  Ser His Arg 
    1265                 1270                 1275 

Pro Ser  Val Leu Ser Glu Asp  Leu Gln Leu His Asp  Gly Pro Cys 
    1280                 1285                 1290 

Cys Ser  Arg Pro Pro Pro Ala  Pro Ala Ser Pro Arg  Glu Leu Leu 
    1295                 1300                 1305 

Leu Asp  His Gln Ala Val Phe  Ser Gln Cys Pro Ala  Leu Gln Thr 
    1310                 1315                 1320 

Ser Ser  Pro Tyr Lys Gln Ala  Gly Pro Ser Pro Lys  Thr Arg Ala 
    1325                 1330                 1335 

Arg Gln  Asp Ser Gln Gly Glu  Glu Ala Glu Pro Leu  Pro Ala Ser 
    1340                 1345                 1350 

Pro Glu  Ala Pro Ala His Ser  Pro Lys Ala Lys Ala  Ala Asp Pro 
    1355                 1360                 1365 

Pro Asp  Gly Phe Cys Ser Ser  Ala Ser Thr Leu Glu  Gly Leu Ser 
    1370                 1375                 1380 

Val Ser  Asp Glu Thr Cys Leu  Ser Thr Ser Glu Pro  Ser Ala Arg 
    1385                 1390                 1395 

Val Pro  Asp Ser Val Gly Val  Ser Pro Asp Asp Leu  Asp Asp Thr 
    1400                 1405                 1410 

Gly Gln  Pro Val Leu Glu Arg  Gly Gln Leu Asn Gly  Lys Arg Asp 
    1415                 1420                 1425 

Thr Leu  Trp Leu Ala Leu Arg  Glu Thr Val Tyr Asp  Pro Ser Leu 
    1430                 1435                 1440 

Pro Ala  Ser His His Ser Ser  Leu Ser Trp Lys Gly  Arg Gly Gly 
    1445                 1450                 1455 

Pro Gly  Asp Gly Ser Pro Val  Val Leu Pro Asn Ser  Gln Pro Asp 
    1460                 1465                 1470 

Leu Pro  Asp Val Trp Leu Arg  Arg Pro Ser Thr His  Thr Ser Gly 
    1475                 1480                 1485 

Tyr Ser  Ser 
    1490 

 
           
             3  
             1218  
             PRT  
             Drosophila melanogaster  
           
            3 

Met Leu Cys Phe Asp Ser Glu Arg Met Asn Trp Tyr Tyr His Val Leu 
1               5                   10                  15 

Ala Arg Arg Pro Tyr Leu Val Val Val Ser Ile Ala Val Tyr Cys Val 
            20                  25                  30 

Ala Cys Ile Ile Val Ala Leu Val Leu Asn Lys Leu Pro Asp Phe Ser 
        35                  40                  45 

Asp Pro Thr Leu Gly Phe Glu Thr Arg Gly Thr Lys Ile Gly Glu Arg 
    50                  55                  60 

Leu Thr Ala Trp Tyr Asn Leu Leu Gln Glu Thr Asp His His Gly Ala 
65                  70                  75                  80 

Leu Phe Ser Asn Pro Ser Asp Leu Trp Glu Arg Arg Arg Val Glu Gln 
                85                  90                  95 

Gly Tyr Val Glu Thr Lys Leu His Pro Asn His Arg Arg Arg Lys Asn 
            100                 105                 110 

Lys His Lys Asn Arg Asn Lys Asn Lys Arg Arg Lys Glu Gln Asn Gln 
        115                 120                 125 

Ser Ser His Glu His His Asp Val Ala Gln Lys Met Met Gln Phe Lys 
    130                 135                 140 

Lys Arg Leu Lys Ala Thr Ser Ser Pro Ser Pro Asn Leu Gly Phe Asp 
145                 150                 155                 160 

Thr Trp Ile Gly Asp Ser Gly Val Phe Arg Asp Tyr Glu Ile Thr Asn 
                165                 170                 175 

Asp Ser Ala Ser Ser Ser Leu Glu Pro Thr Arg Arg Thr Glu Gln Ile 
            180                 185                 190 

Glu Tyr Gly His Asn Thr Thr Ser Val Asp Glu Glu Glu His Gln Gln 
        195                 200                 205 

Arg Val Gln Thr Lys Lys Ser Thr Trp Arg Leu Leu Lys Gln Ala Ala 
    210                 215                 220 

Thr Leu Pro Thr Asp Gly Trp Ala Asp Met His Arg Arg Gln Pro Ile 
225                 230                 235                 240 

Glu Gly Phe Phe Cys Asp Ser Ser Pro Arg Lys Glu Tyr Ser His Phe 
                245                 250                 255 

Val Val Gln Arg Ile Gly Pro Asn Ala Thr Asp Ser Leu Phe Asp Leu 
            260                 265                 270 

Asn Gly Leu Leu Ala Met Cys Gln Leu Gln Asp Gln Ile Thr Glu Val 
        275                 280                 285 

Pro Ser Tyr Arg Ala Phe Cys Glu Pro Glu Met Leu Thr Thr Glu Cys 
    290                 295                 300 

Cys Arg Pro Trp Ser Leu Pro Asn Tyr Ala Ala Met Leu Ala Asn Lys 
305                 310                 315                 320 

Ser Ser Cys Phe Asp Leu Thr Thr Glu Asp Val Thr Ser Leu His Thr 
                325                 330                 335 

Leu Leu Leu Gly Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Phe His Asp Leu Lys Met Asp Asn 
            340                 345                 350 

His Cys Asn Glu Ile Pro His Cys Arg Ala Pro Glu Glu Cys Lys Arg 
        355                 360                 365 

Leu Asn Ile Val Phe Asn Val Leu Asn Phe Leu Thr Asp Phe Ser Phe 
    370                 375                 380 

Ile Lys Ser Asn Asp Ser Asn Val Tyr Leu Lys Tyr Ala Met Ile Phe 
385                 390                 395                 400 

Ile Pro Val Ala Gln Ser Asn Arg Leu Leu Pro Leu Phe His Glu Trp 
                405                 410                 415 

Glu Asp Val Glu Leu Ile Asn Glu Leu Val Glu Val Val Ala Met Asp 
            420                 425                 430 

Leu Gly Leu Glu Asn Glu Leu Phe Asn Glu Leu Leu Leu Thr Asp Val 
        435                 440                 445 

Trp Leu Val Ser Leu Gly Gly Thr Phe Val Met Ala Ser Val Trp Leu 
    450                 455                 460 

Tyr Thr Gly Ser Ala Phe Ile Thr Leu Met Ser Cys Val Ala Ile Cys 
465                 470                 475                 480 

Phe Ser Leu Gly Leu Ala Tyr Phe Phe Tyr Ala Ile Val Leu Glu Phe 
                485                 490                 495 

Glu Phe Phe Pro Tyr Met Asn Leu Leu Ala Val Val Val Ile Ile Gly 
            500                 505                 510 

Ile Gly Ala Asp Asp Val Phe Leu Phe Leu Lys Ile Trp His Cys Val 
        515                 520                 525 

Leu Thr Glu Arg Phe Ser Asn Arg Cys Thr Leu Thr Thr Gln Ser Gln 
    530                 535                 540 

Ser Ala Leu Pro Thr Leu Glu Asn Ser Asp His Thr Glu Ser Leu Glu 
545                 550                 555                 560 

Asn Ile Met Ala Leu Thr Met Arg His Ala Ala Ala Ser Met Phe Val 
                565                 570                 575 

Thr Ser Leu Thr Thr Ala Gly Ala Phe Tyr Ala Ser Tyr Ser Ser Ser 
            580                 585                 590 

Ile Thr Ala Ile Lys Cys Phe Gly Ile Phe Ala Gly Thr Val Val Val 
        595                 600                 605 

Thr Asn Tyr Leu Leu Met Ile Thr Trp Leu Pro Ala Ser Val Ser Ile 
    610                 615                 620 

Met Glu Arg Leu Phe Ala Thr Arg Met Ser Cys His His Pro Met Ser 
625                 630                 635                 640 

Ile Lys Leu Ile His Ala Cys Lys Lys Ser Ile Asn Arg Phe Cys Gln 
                645                 650                 655 

Met Phe Glu Glu Cys Ile Thr Lys Ser Ile Met Asn Tyr Ala Tyr Leu 
            660                 665                 670 

Trp Leu Leu Ile Phe Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Ala Val Ile Val 
        675                 680                 685 

Phe Trp Tyr Pro Gly Leu Gln Leu Pro Glu Lys Ser His Phe Gln Leu 
    690                 695                 700 

Phe Val Ser Lys His Pro Phe Glu Val Tyr Ser Ser Leu Lys Gln Gln 
705                 710                 715                 720 

Phe Trp Phe Glu Lys Pro Leu Gln Ala Tyr Glu Asn Phe Lys Met His 
                725                 730                 735 

Met His Phe Val Trp Gly Val Gln Ala Val Asp Asp Gly Asp Tyr Thr 
            740                 745                 750 

Asn Pro Asn Ser Tyr Gly His Leu His Tyr Asp Asn Asn Phe Asn Val 
        755                 760                 765 

Ser Ser Arg Pro Ala Gln Leu Trp Ile Leu Asp Phe Cys Gln Ser Val 
    770                 775                 780 

Arg Gln Gln Pro Phe Tyr Lys Glu Thr Leu Gly Met Leu Leu Pro Asn 
785                 790                 795                 800 

Cys Phe Ile Glu Asn Leu Ile Asp Tyr Met Lys Arg Arg Cys Ile Asp 
                805                 810                 815 

Asp Met Asp Ser Thr Arg Lys Asp Arg Ser Pro Cys Cys Asp Ala Gln 
            820                 825                 830 

Phe Pro Phe Glu Pro His Ile Phe Glu Tyr Cys Leu Pro Gln Ser Ile 
        835                 840                 845 

Ser Asn Met Tyr Asp Thr Thr Phe Phe Arg Pro Gly Val Ala Gly Pro 
    850                 855                 860 

Lys Phe Ala Glu Ala Pro Arg Leu Glu Thr Glu Asp Tyr Leu Gly Met 
865                 870                 875                 880 

Ser Gly Asn Glu Ser Ala Glu Tyr Ser Thr Asn Gly Ser Phe Thr Pro 
                885                 890                 895 

Leu Leu Val Lys Ala Leu Val Ile Glu Phe Glu Ser Asn Val Ala Tyr 
            900                 905                 910 

Ser Thr Ile Tyr Ala Asn Ile Arg Gln Phe Tyr Glu Ser Val Glu His 
        915                 920                 925 

Trp Phe Gln Met Gln Leu Lys Thr Ala Pro Pro Glu Leu Gln Gly Gly 
    930                 935                 940 

Trp Phe Thr Ser Asp Leu Lys Phe Tyr Asn Val Gln Asp Thr Leu Ser 
945                 950                 955                 960 

His Asp Thr Phe Val Ala Ile Cys Leu Ala Met Ala Ala Ser Leu Ala 
                965                 970                 975 

Val Leu Leu Cys Phe Thr Val Asn Ile Leu Ile Ser Ile Tyr Ala Val 
            980                 985                 990 

Leu Thr Val Ser Leu Ser Ile Phe  Asn Thr Val Ala Val  Leu Ile Leu 
        995                 1000                 1005 

Leu Gly  Trp Gln Leu Asn Ile  Leu Glu Ser Ile Ala  Val Ser Thr 
    1010                 1015                 1020 

Ala Ile  Gly Leu Ala Val Asp  Phe Ser Leu His Tyr  Gly Ile His 
    1025                 1030                 1035 

Tyr Arg  Met Ser Pro Val Lys  Glu Arg Leu Ala Ala  Thr Gln Phe 
    1040                 1045                 1050 

Val Leu  Ser Arg Ile Ile Gly  Pro Thr Val Met Ala  Ala Thr Thr 
    1055                 1060                 1065 

Thr Gly  Leu Ala Gly Gly Ile  Met Met Ala Ser Asn  Ile Leu Pro 
    1070                 1075                 1080 

Tyr Ile  Gln Ile Gly Val Phe  Leu Val Val Val Met  Ile Val Ser 
    1085                 1090                 1095 

Trp Phe  Tyr Ala Thr Phe Phe  Leu Met Ser Leu Leu  Arg Val Ala 
    1100                 1105                 1110 

Gly Pro  Gln His Gly Phe Leu  Glu Leu Lys Trp Pro  Leu Trp Ser 
    1115                 1120                 1125 

Lys Arg  Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser  Lys Phe Tyr Glu Arg  Lys Pro Ser 
    1130                 1135                 1140 

Gln Val  Ile Ala Ser Glu Gln  Leu Leu Thr Pro Thr  Ser Ser Ala 
    1145                 1150                 1155 

Ile Val  Glu Leu Ala Asn Ser  Glu Thr His Glu Leu  Glu Ser Leu 
    1160                 1165                 1170 

Asn Ser  Asn Ser Leu Ile Lys  Thr Ile Ser Gly Ile  Glu Ser Ala 
    1175                 1180                 1185 

His Ala  Leu Ser Ser Leu Pro  Arg Asp Phe Glu His  Ser Phe Gln 
    1190                 1195                 1200 

Thr Met  His Glu Cys Lys Tyr  Gln Thr Tyr Pro Ser  Thr Ser Asn 
    1205                 1210                 1215 

 
           
             4  
             591  
             DNA  
             Homo sapiens  
           
            4 

ccagctcttc tacaatgagg tcagccactg gctggcagcg gagctgggca tggcaccgcc     60 

aggcctccgc cgtggttggt tcactagccg tctagagctg tatagcctgc agcacagcct    120 

gagcactgag cctgctgtgg tgctgggcct ggctttggcg ctggcctttg ccacactgct    180 

cctgggcacc tggaatgttc ccctcagcct attctccgtg gcagctgtgg caggcaccgt    240 

gctgctcact gtaggactcc tggttctcct cgagtggcag ctcaacactg ccgaggccct    300 

gtttctctct gcctcagtgg gcctctcagt agacttcact gtcaactact gcatctccta    360 

tcacctgtgc ccacaccctg accgcctgag ccgtgtggcc ttctctctgc gccagaccag    420 

ctgcgccaca gccgtggggg ctgcagccct gtttgcggca ggcgtgctca tgctgcctgc    480 

cacagtgctg ctctatcgca agctgggcat catcctcatg atggtcaaat gcgtcagttg    540 

tggctttgcc agcttcttct tccaatctct ctgctgtttc ttcgggccag a             591 

 
           
             5  
             956  
             DNA  
             Homo sapiens  
           
            5 

ccagctcttc tacaatgagg tcagccactg gctggcagcg gagctgggca tggcacctcc     60 

aggcctccgc cgtggttggt tcactagccg tctagagctg tatagcctgc agcacagcct    120 

gagcactgag cctgctgtgg tgctgggcct ggctttggcg ctggcctttg ccacactgct    180 

cctgggcacc tggaatgttc ccctcagcct attctccgtg gcagctgtgg caggcaccgt    240 

gctgctcact gtaggactcc tggttctcct cgagtggcag ctcaacactg ccgaggccct    300 

gtttctctct gcctcagtgg gcctctcagt agacttcact gtcaactact gcatctccta    360 

tcacctgtgc ccacaccctg accgcctgag ccgtgtggcc ttctctctgc gccagaccag    420 

ctgcgccaca gccgtggggg ctgcagccct gtttgcggca ggcgtgctca tgctgcctgc    480 

cacagtgctg ctctatcgca agctgggcat catcctcatg atggtcaaat gcgtcagttg    540 

tggctttgcc agcttcttct tccaatctct ctgctgtttc ttcgggccag agaagaactg    600 

tgggcagatc ctctggccct gtgcccacct gccatgggat gctggtactg gggaccctgg    660 

tgggggagaa ggcaggccgc cacgaccagg gtcagtgcgg agggatgccg ggtcctgctc    720 

agagcaatat gagctacagg ccctggcagg cgtcggagcc caggctttga cacagaaagc    780 

acaagaaggt gtcccacggc ctcagtatct ctgaagacct gaggtccatg atggcggggg    840 

tttcccgggc ccaacctgtc tcccaggggg tgtgtggccc agggttctct gctggccgga    900 

cctccctaaa aggggcccca acgcggagtc cggggggcgc ccccccatgg gtcatc        956 

 
           
             6  
             668  
             DNA  
             Homo sapiens  
           
            6 

ccagctcttc tacaatgagg tcagccactg gctggcagcg gagctgggca tggcacctcc     60 

aggcctccgc cgtggttggt tcactagccg tctagagctg tatagcctgc agcacagcct    120 

gagcactgag cctgctgtgg tgctgggcct ggctttggcg ctggcctttg ccacactgct    180 

cctgggcacc tggaatgttc ccctcagcct attctccgtg gcagctgtgg caggcaccgt    240 

gctgctcact gtaggactcc tggttctcct cgagtggcag ctcaacactg ccgaggccct    300 

gtttctctct gcctcagtgg gcctctcagt agacttcact gtcaactact gcatctccta    360 

tcacctgtgc ccacaccctg accgcctgag ccgtgtggcc ttctctctgc gccagaccag    420 

ctgcgccaca gccgtggggg ctgcagcccc tgtttgcggc aggcgtgctc atgctgcctg    480 

ccacagttgc tgctctatcg caaagctggg catcatcctc atgatggtca aatgccgtca    540 

gttgtgggct ttgccagctt cttcttccca tctctctgct gtttcttcgg ggcccagaca    600 

acttgggggg gatcccctgg ccctgtcccc ccttcccggg cgctggcccg ggcccccgcg    660 

gcaccccc                                                             668 

 
           
             7  
             481  
             DNA  
             Homo sapiens  
           
            7 

cgggtcctgc tcagagcaat atgagctaca gcccctggca cggcgtcgga gccccagctt     60 

tgacaccagc acagccacca gcaagctgtc ccaccggccc tcagtactct ctgaggatct    120 

gcagctccat gatggtccgt gctgttcccg gcccccacca gcccctgcct ccccaaggga    180 

gctgctgctg gaccaccagg cagtcttcag ccagtgccct gccctgcaga cctcctcccc    240 

ctataagcag gctggcccca gccccaaaac ccgggccagg caggactccc aaggggagga    300 

ggctgagccc ctgccagcct caccagaagc cccagcccac tctcctaagg ccaaggctgc    360 

agatcctcct gatggcttct gttcctcagc cagcaccctg gaggggctca gcgtctctga    420 

tgagacctgc ctaagcacct ctgagcccag tgcccgtgta ccagattccg tgggtgtgtc    480 

c                                                                    481