Patent Publication Number: US-6213703-B1

Title: Electronic bookstore vending machine

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to a continuation-in-part application Ser. No. 09/353,006, filed Jul. 13, 1999, now abandoned, which claims priority to provisional patent application Serial No. 60/130,993, filed Apr. 23, 1999, and claims priority to PCT application Serial No. PCT/US98/20421, filed Sep. 29, 1998, which designates the United States and which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/943,175, filed Oct. 3, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,012,890, issued Jan. 11, 2000), which claims priority to provisional application Serial No. 60/028,068, filed Oct. 4, 1996. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Books were among the firsts articles to be mass produced. The Gutenberg printing press was replaced by the lithography process, and then by offset printing. The goal of these processes and machines was to produce larger runs of, for example, books, magazines, and newspapers. The idea of large runs was central to the way the market developed in the western world: it was imperative to produce large quantities of a single item, so it could be created cheaply enough so as to be distributed all over the world and then sold locally. Mass production was the only way of achieving the goals of low cost, and accessibility through general distribution. 
     Recent discoveries, however, give us now the possibility of achieving the goals of lower cost and accessibility through a new process which does not involve mass production. Due to the advances in electronic processing of texts, a person can have access to books, magazines, and newspapers, written and edited at a distant location, distributed not by means of paper, but electronically. This newfound capability has prompted many people to suggest that we can do away with paper altogether, and handle all our texts electronically. This has lead to the development of many forms of electronic text processors. However, with respect to books, it is not practical because very few people like to read, for example a 600 page book, on a computer screen. For example, millions of people recently bought paper printed copies of such a book, namely, Sophie&#39;s World. 
     A method of distributing and manufacturing music on cassette tapes is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,643 Freeny Jr. Although Freeny Jr. discloses the method for distribution and reproduction of music at a remote location, it does not disclose the apparatus needed to distribute and reproduce books. In addition, Freeny Jr. does not disclose transmitting the music to a remote location in real time in response to a customer&#39;s order. In contrast, the Freeny Jr. disclosure requires an information manufacturing machine to electronically store all of the songs a consumer may select at the point of sale location. Accordingly, the selection is limited by the storage capacity of each information manufacturing unit. 
     The traditional method of producing and distributing books is wasteful. The traditional system requires the publishing industry to print millions of books, newspapers and/ or magazines and then, after the books are produced, seek to sell them. Consequently, very large numbers of those books, newspaper, and magazines go to waste when they are not sold. This waste affects the price of the finished product and, therefore, the consumer must pay for this waste. In addition, the environment is being damaged by this activity. 
     Typical book binding machines are constructed to satisfy the needs of the publishing industry to produce larger and faster runs. The typical large capacity automatic book-binding systems are very expensive since several machines are required to print and bind a book, for example, an offset (or lithograph) printer, a transportation device for the paper, a paper sheet lifter, a web or collating machine, a folding machine and a thermal binder. To print a book, a very old technique called signature is often used, in which many pages (front and back) of a book are distributed on a large sheet of paper. Each signature holds many pages of the book, half of them head up and half of them head down so that when the large sheet of paper is folded the book pages match. After printing all of the signatures, the signatures are moved along a web, folded, glued and/or sewn. The book receives the cover and it is finally cut on three sides by a paper cutter. 
     These traditional systems work fine with the large runs of books, however, these systems do not work well with short runs of books which may be sporadic. U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,213 discloses an method to make single copies of books. However, the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,213 requires an enormous capacity of digital storage due to the fact that their method uses a raster image (a copy) of the pages of a book. This raster image is acquired by copying a book which has already been printed, for example in the traditional way. As is well known, a raster image (bit-map) is akin to a photograph. These images are then stored in high-capacity optical disks, and the enormous size of an electronic file of the rasterized (scanned) book allows their system to store only a few dozen books per optical disk. Although U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,213 mentions the distribution of update information, for example for the index, through a modem, such large electronic files would also require large amounts of transmission bandwidth and time and, therefore, would require a great deal of time to be printed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,213 does not disclose the transmission of the raster images from a remote location in real time, for example in response to a customer&#39;s order. Furthermore, the method disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,213 only allows searches of the index and/or description of the book. This is a severe limitation since the contents of the books cannot be searched. The main drawback of the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,213, however, is that a physical description of a unique apparatus for the binding and the delivery of the books is not disclosed. It discloses the use of commercially available binding machines which may or not work with the proposed system. In addition, the disclosed binding method uses thermal binding, which can release fumes that can be harmful to living beings. Accordingly, addressing the fumes released during thermal binding can be expensive. Most importantly, the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,465,213 concerns the reproduction of books which have already been printed and, therefore, does not avoid the necessity of an original printing of the books by the traditional methods. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,176, provides for an apparatus to copy (scan) a book and print the scanned images onto loose pages, and a method to bind those loose pages together by means of folding the sheets into semi-signatures and holding them together with a metal clasp. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,176 requires the scanning of pages of a book already printed and creates images stored in inflexible bitmapped graphics. In addition, the binding process requires a metal clasp to hold the signatures together, making it uneconomical. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method and system for producing books on-demand; it can reduce the costs and improves the way books, magazines and other printer matters are created and delivered to the customer, helping to preserve both the environment and human health. The subject invention pertains to an electronic bookstore (EBS) vending machine which can receive an electronic text file of the contents for a book and then print and bind a copy of such a book. The electronic text file can be requested by communication with a central distribution unit (CDU) which can have the electronic text files stored and/or can access the electronic text files at, for example, a plurality of publisher&#39;s and/or author&#39;s storage facilities. The CDU, upon receiving a request for a certain book, can access and transmit the electronic text file to an appropriate EBS. Alternatively, the EBS can receive the electronic text file by any other available means, for example, floppy disks, optical disks, magnetic storage devices, via a modem, or from another computer. Once the EBS receives the electronic text file, the book can be printed and bound at the EBS. 
     The subject electronic bookstore vending machine pertains to a method, apparatus, and system, which when assembled together, allow the local printing, binding, and selling of a book, magazine, newspaper, or other printed matter in just a matter of minutes, and for a fraction of what it costs using traditional means. Using this system, each Electronic Bookstore can have access to millions of titles all of the time, day or night, without ever running out of them or having titles out of print. The method described in the present invention is flexible; it can allow complete searches of a book&#39;s contents and allow the reformatting of the size and type of fonts to accommodate the needs of visually challenged people. For example, the present method can allow for large type formatting and printing on demand. 
     The present invention ameliorates the problem of waste by allowing the delivery of printed matter on-demand, any time, any place, therefore, reducing the waste inherited in excessively large runs of books and magazines. 
     Another benefit of the present invention is to allow many more authors to publish their books in an economical fashion. Today, the publishing industry is affected by the ever rising costs of printing ever larger runs, therefore making it almost impossible for non-commercial writers to publish their works. Vast amounts of knowledge are lost when authors are not capable of publishing their books due to a small predicted audience or market. Certain types of books are more difficult to sell. Therefore, authors in subjects such as poetry, philosophy, science, and theater can find it difficult to publish their work due to the high investment required to print the books in the conventional manner. 
     The present invention can utilize the Internet as a way of distribution, in order to provide on-demand delivery. Writers can become their own publisher, for example, if their works are rejected through the convention publishing channels. Authors can make their works available to a wider audience. The present invention can also reduce the overall costs of producing books. Accordingly, the subject invention can increase the accessibility of knowledge, both in time and in price. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 illustrates the interaction of a central distribution unit, a plurality of electronic bookstores, and a plurality of electronic text storage devices, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 2 illustrates an electronic bookstore, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 3 illustrates a specific example, in accordance with the subject invention where an EBS communicates with a CDU to request data corresponding to selected books and the CDU communicates with publisher&#39;s computers to have the requested data sent directly from the publisher&#39;s computers tot he EBS for printing and binding. 
     FIG. 4 illustrates the interaction of a storage and decoder means, a user interaction means, a distribution means, and a printing means of an EBS in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 5 illustrates the interaction of a printing means, a paper transporting means, and a cutting means of an EBS in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 6 illustrates a cutting means with a specific notching pattern, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 7 illustrates a paper-tray station for holding the book pages after printing and cutting, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 8 illustrates a movable clamping means which can hold the book pages as a book block, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 9 illustrates the jaws of a clamping means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 10 illustrates a stacking means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 11 illustrates a book block moving down a line from where it is formed into a book block to where glue is applied, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 12 illustrates a glueing means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 13 illustrates a drying means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 14 illustrates a labeling means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 15 illustrates a folding means for folding the spine cover strip label up onto both sides of a book spine, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 16 illustrates final forming means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 17 illustrates a book exiting an EBS in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 18 illustrates book page distribution in the sequence 4 in 1, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 19 illustrates book page distribution in the sequence 8 in 1, in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 20 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 21 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 22 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 23 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 24 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 25 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 26 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
     FIG. 27 illustrates a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means in accordance with the subject invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a method and system for producing books on-demand; it can reduce the costs and improves the way books, magazines and other printer matters are created and delivered to the customer, helping to preserve both the environment and human health. 
     The subject invention pertains to a method and a system designed to automatically print and bind books, magazines, and other printed matter. The present invention is a step by step method and a system which are unique and an improvement over existing techniques, for formatting, printing, and binding, for example, a book, a magazine, or other printed material. 
     The present invention pertains to a series of methods, apparatus and systems which, when assembled together, allow the local printing, binding, and selling of a book, magazine, newspaper, or other printed matter in just a matter of minutes, and for a fraction of what it costs using conventional means. Using the subject invention, each electronic bookstore can have access to millions of titles all of the time, day or night, without ever running out of them or having titles out of print. Each electronic bookstore can provide access to the electronic texts of many books at a lower cost, thus eliminating much of the waste which prevails in the present system. The method described in the present invention is flexible; it can allow complete searches of the contents of the texts and can allow the reformatting of the size and type of fonts to accommodate, for example, the needs of visually challenged people. The present method allows for large type formatting and printing on demand. 
     The present invention ameliorates the problem of waste by allowing the delivery of printed matter on-demand, any time, any place, therefore reducing the waste inherited in excessively large runs of books and magazines. Examples of situations where the subject EBS&#39;s can save costs and reduce waste include school systems, libraries, bookstores and corporations which need to print and bind, for example, employee manuals on-demand. Specifically, a school could utilize an EBS to print textbooks for students, wherein the text files can be accessed directly from the publishers and only the number of textbooks actually needed can be printed. Accordingly, the publishers do not print extra textbooks that go to waste and schools do not have to purchase extras, just in case, that go to waste. 
     Another benefit of the present invention, is to allow many more authors to publish their books in an economical fashion. Today, the publishing industry is affected by the ever rising costs of printing ever larger runs, therefore making it almost impossible for non-commercial writers to publish their works. Vast amounts of knowledge are lost when authors are not capable of publishing their books due to a small predicted audience or market. Certain types of books are more difficult to sell. Therefore, authors in subjects such as poetry, philosophy, science, and theater can find it difficult to publish their work due to the high investment required to print the books in the conventional manner. 
     Advantageously, the present invention can utilize, for example, the Internet as a means of distribution in order to provide on-demand delivery. Writers can become their own publisher if their works are rejected through the conventional publishing channels. Accordingly, authors can make their works available to a wider audience. The present invention can also reduce the overall costs of producing books. The subject invention can increase the accessibility of knowledge, both in time and in price. 
     In a specific embodiment of the present invention, referring to FIG. 1, at least one central distribution unit (CDU)  1  is connected, for example through a modem and through a telephone line, a satellite link, cable feed, wireless system, or some other communication channel, to a plurality of remote electronic bookstores (EBSs)  2  having the same or similar means of intercommunication. The CDU  1  is a device capable of retrieving and distributing large amounts of information stored in the form of electronic bits (electronic text) in, for example, a plurality of computers  3  of different publishers and authors. Image files can also be accessed, for example for graphs, photos, and drawings. The EBS  2  is an apparatus which has the means to receive electronic data sent by the CDU  1 , hold it temporarily while the electronic bits are transformed and formatted into book pages and covers, and then send the information to a high-speed printing means. This method of distributing the information to the remote units does not require the EBS to have a large storage capability and, therefore it is extremely economical to operate. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, referring to FIG. 2, the EBS  2 , can include the following: 
     a receiving means  4  to receive data electronically, for example via telephone line, satellite, cable, wireless feed or other type of device to receive electronic data; 
     a storage and decoding means  5  for storing and decoding the received data, 
     a user interaction means  6  to allow a user to preview the received data and/or provide input to the EBS; 
     a distribution means  7  for distributing the data to a printing means  8 ; 
     a printing means  8  for printing the data on, for example, a plurality of loose sheets of paper; 
     a transport means  9  to transport the loose sheets of paper; 
     a paper cutting means  10  to cut the sheets of paper and, preferably, to notch the ‘spine’ edge of the book pages to prepare them to receive the glue which will bind them together in a book form, 
     a holding means  11  to hold the loose sheets of paper; 
     a clamping means  12  to clamp the loose sheets of paper into a book block and transport said book block through the rest of the process; 
     a stacking means  13  to stack, vibrate and align the lose sheets of paper into a single book block, 
     a glueing means  14  to apply cold glue to the spine of the book; 
     a cleaning means  15  to clean and collect excess glue; 
     a drying means  16  to dry the glue with, for example, hot air and a timer; 
     a labeling means  17  to attach heavy-stock strip labels to the spine of the book; 
     a folding means  18  to fold the strip labels around the spine of the book; 
     a trimming means  19  to trim any excess of strip label or paper; 
     a forming means  20  to give the final form to the book; 
     a delivery means  21  from which the book will exit the EBS; 
     a money collecting means  22  to collect money from a customer; and 
     a storage space  23  to store paper and other materials. 
     In accordance with the subject invention, a customer can browse through an electronic catalog of books on, for example, his computer at home via the Internet, or at a site where a EBS  2  is located, for example through user interaction means  6 . User interaction means  6  can be, for example, a touch screen display, a keyboard, a voice recognition system, or any other system to allow a user to provide input and/or preview the information pertaining to available books and/or preview the received data. The electronic catalog can be, for example, a searchable database located at the CDU  1 , the EBS  2 , publishers storage facilities  3 , or a separate location. In a preferred embodiment, a customer can search the contents of one or more books stored in a plurality of publishers computers  3  to find the books that are suited to the customers needs. Once the book(s) is chosen, a customer can then request the book(s) be printed and bound at a conveniently located remote electronic bookstore  2 . 
     In a specific embodiment, referring to FIG. 3, when a customer requests a book be produced at a EBS  2 , the device which receives the request information can electronically send, for example, an encoded signal, to a CDU  1 . The CDU  1  can decode the signal and, upon approval of the code, can send the order to the appropriate publisher whose computer  3  holds the book in, for example, electronic text (bits) file. Another code can be utilized in the communication from the CDU  1  to the publisher to enhance security. The computer of the selected publisher can then release the electronic text (bits) file directly to the appropriate EBS  2 , or release the text file to the CDU  1  which can redirect the text file to the appropriate EBS  2 . In a specific embodiment, the CDU  1  registers the sale of a single unit of the book and sends signals to the author, the publisher, and/or the EBS indicating said sale for accounting purposes. 
     In another specific embodiment, the EBS  2  can communicate directly with a publishers computer storage device such that the publisher&#39;s computer storage device can send the text data for the book and control data corresponding to how many copies of the book can be printed. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, the EBS  2  can receive the electronic text (bits) file of the book in electronic data, and the storage and decoder means  5  can transform said data into information for the user interaction means  6  and the software control and distribution means  7 . Some of this information, for example, paper size, font size, and type, which is of great importance for visually challenged people, may be altered by the customer by issuing instructions through the user interaction means  6  according to his/her needs and or desires. The information is preferably held in a temporary type memory able to hold, in a transient manner, all of the electronic data pertaining to the content of the book(s) and any formatting information. Once the temporary type memory, for example a hard drive, inside the remote electronic bookstore  2  receives the electronic text, or while it is still receiving, through remote printing commands it can send electronic signals representing the text to be printed to a printing means  8 , for example, a laser printer. The printing means is preferably located within the REB housing. 
     In a specific embodiment, when all the data is received, the EBS user interaction means  6  can allow the customer to chose, for example, the size and type of fonts to be used in the text and the physical size of the book to be produced. This choice of fonts is particularly beneficial for visually challenged readers. 
     Each book may be produced in a plurality of sizes. In a specific embodiment, four sizes are available, the sizes derived from cutting a commercially sheet of paper measuring 8″×11″ (letter size) in two or in four parts, and the sizes derived from cutting a sheet of paper measuring 8″×14″ (legal size) in two or in four parts. These four size are 5.5″×8″, 4.0″×5.5″, 7″×8″, and 4″×7″. These page sizes allow the use of inexpensive, easily attainable paper. The paper to be used may be a special or commercial grade, of varying quality and weight. In general, the subject invention can accommodate a variety of paper sizes. For example, the subject invention can utilize paper already sized correctly, eliminating the necessity of cutting the paper. When pre-cut paper is used the paper can also be pre-notched, to enhance acceptance of the glue used to bind the pages together. Accordingly, when pre-cut paper is utilized in accordance with the subject invention, a cutting means is not necessary to cut the sheets into book pages. 
     Once the size of the book is determined, for example by customer choice, special software distributes and formats the text into pages as follows: 
     For the sheets that will not be cut, a book page can be printed on each side of the sheet. 
     For the sheets of paper that will be cut in two parts, the scaling and distribution of the pages receives a distribution of 4 by 1 (four pages of the book onto one sheet of paper): that is, two pages on the front of the sheet of paper, and two pages in the back. 
     For the sheets of paper that will be cut in four parts, the scaling and distribution of the pages receives a distribution of 8 by 1 (eight pages of the book onto one sheet of paper): that is, four pages on the front of the sheet of paper, and four pages on the back. 
     FIG. 18 corresponds in shape and form to the distribution of the pages in the sequence 4 in 1. FIG. 19 corresponds in shape and form to the distribution of the pages in the sequence 8 in 1 
     In a preferred embodiment, the software can distribute the pages according to the following examples: 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Sequence 4 in 1 
     This is the case where 2 pages of the book are printed on the front of the sheet of paper, and the matching 2 pages on the back. The following distribution applies to a plurality of ‘n’ book pages. This sequence should always work regardless of the number of pages in the book. 
     a.—The process begins by dividing the total number of pages in the book by 4. The result will be the total amount of sheets of paper needed to print the book. If the resulting number is a fraction, the software can automatically round up the nearest whole number. 
     b.—In a specific embodiment, the first page of the book can be printed on the front right side  25  of the first sheet of paper, and the last page of the book can be printed on the front left side  26  of the sheet. The second page of the book can be printed on the back of the front right side  25  of the first sheet of paper, while the second to last page can be printed on the back of the front left of the sheet  26 . The third page can be printed on the front right side  25  of the second sheet of paper with the fourth page on the back of the front right side  25  of the second sheet. Accordingly the third to last page can be printed on the front left side  26  of the second sheet with the fourth to last page on the back of the front left side  26  of the second sheet. This continues until all ‘n’ pages, that composes the book, plus any blank pages added in to achieve an even multiple of four are printed. The blank pages added to round up to a multiple of four can be added at, for example, the front or back of the book. For example, if a book has 97 pages there can be three blank pages added at the end of the book, resulting in the front left side  26  of the first two sheets and the back of the front left side of the first sheet being left blank. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Sequence 8 by 1: 
     This is the case where 4 pages of the book to be printed are printed on the front of the sheet of paper, and the matching 4 pages are printed in the back. The following distribution applies to a plurality of ‘n’ number of pages. This sequence should always work regardless of the numbers of pages in the book. 
     a.—The process begins by dividing the total number of pages in the book by 8. The result will be the amount of sheets of paper needed to print the book. If the resulting number is a fraction, the software automatically can add blank pages to round up to the nearest whole number. 
     b.—In a specific embodiment, the first page can be printed on the top half of the front right side  27  of the first sheet of paper and the last page can be printed on the top half of the front left side  28 , with their corresponding matching pages on the back of the same sheet. The third page of the book can be printed on the top half of the front right side of the second sheet of paper and the third to last page can be printed on the left side of the top half of the second sheet, with their corresponding matching pages printed on the back. This continues until all of the sheets of paper are used on the top half. The software then automatically continues with the process at the bottom half part of the sheets of paper  29  and  30  until the entire amount of the ‘n’ pages that comprise the book are printed. In this example, if the number of pages is not a multiple of eight, blank pages can be inserted in a manner analogous to the previous example 1. 
     In both of the above examples, it is preferred to print the cover first. The cover can be printed on a heavier stock paper which can be located in an additional paper bin. 
     Referring to FIG. 4, the distribution means  7  distributes the information to the printing means  8  regarding the size of each sheet of paper, number of pages to print onto each sheet of paper, ways of distributing said pages into the sheets of paper, numbering of said pages, order in which they are to be printed, type and size of fonts to be used, design of the printed matter, graphics to be included, etc. Some of this information, for example paper size, font size, and type, may be changed by the customer according to the customer&#39;s needs. Upon receiving the information, the printing means  8  preferably prints on both sides of each sheet of paper at the same time, in the manner requested by the customer through the user interaction means  6  and the distribution means  7 . When four or eight pages are printed onto each sheet, the speed of printing the book can be increased. In a specific embodiment, a plurality of printers can be utilized to further speed up the printing of a book. The pages can be printed on commercially available bond paper, while the covers can preferably be printed from, for example, a second tray in the printer, to allow the covers to be printed on a heavier stock. The heavier stock used for the covers can also be commercially available. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the system is designed to allow only one copy of each ordered book to be printed. Specifically, when the printing means  8  finishes printing the data, the distribution means  7  can erase the text data from the memory of the REB  2 . In a preferred embodiment, the system is designed such that each EBS will only print a designated number of printings of each book, the text of which is transmitted from a CDU  1  or publisher&#39;s computer. A code, for example an encrypted code, can be used to tell if the EBS has been tampered with. This method improves the way the information is handled because it insures that each printed unit of the book will be reported back to the author and/or publisher, who then will be able to collect royalties from the vendor. Accordingly, the owner of the book receives payment for each individual unit of the book sold and is less likely to have the book pirated. 
     Referring to FIG. 5, as the first sheet of paper exits the printing means  8 , it can pass through a sensor, for example, an electronic sensor, that triggers the paper transporting means  9 . The paper transporting means can serve at least two purposes. First, it can direct the paper in a certain path and center the sheets of paper. In addition, the paper transporting means  9  can move each sheet of paper into the proper position for the paper cutting means  10 . The paper cutting means can cut the paper into the requested size for the pages that form the book. Preferably, the paper transporting means  9  can hold the paper while the paper cutter slices the sheets, and then the paper transporting means  9  can deposit those smaller sheets of paper onto, for example, a paper tray. In a preferred embodiment, the paper sheets are cut one at a time after exiting the printing means. In an alternative embodiment, a plurality of sheets can be cut at a time. 
     Referring to FIG. 6, the paper cutting means  10  can cut the edges of the paper in a pattern that, for example, can be composed of a vertical cut  31  and a series of horizontal cuts  32  which, for example, can create notches. Other notch patterns can also be implemented, for example, a zig-zag pattern which allow triangular notches or an interlocking notch pattern. In a preferred embodiment, the sheets are cut and notched at the same time, for example with a single circular cutting instrument which comprises a cutting surface which implements the desired notch pattern. This way of cutting the individual sheets of paper exposes the fibers of the paper and allow for a stronger binding of the pages once the glue is applied. The edge pattern can create filaments that cross the spine of the book and, once dried, serve the same purpose as traditional book sewing. 
     The cuts in the paper are produced along the inside edge of the pages, namely the side that will be the spine of the book. This is done so the sheets of paper will be cut down to the proper size and shape for the pages that form the book block. The shape of the cut in the paper will insure that once the paper is gathered into a book format, the spine of the paper will expose enough fibers to allow the proper gluing of the spine and, therefore, achieve a stronger bond between the pages themselves and the spine cover of the book. This is an improvement over the traditional methods of roughening the spine after the book block is formed. It saves time of production, improves quality of results, and improves the process by allowing even the thinnest of books (a few dozens of pages) to be bound together in a long-lasting manner. 
     It is preferred that the depth of the notches be in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, in order to allow for sufficient binding strength of the glue without creating difficulty in aligning the book pages with each other to form a book block. More preferably, the depth of the notches should be approximately 1.0 mm. 
     In a specific embodiment, the notches can be accomplished after the pages are brought together to form a book block, for example by a circular sawing means. In this embodiment, the sides of the sawing blade can rough the sides of the notches to enhance the adhesion of the glue. Other techniques for notching the pages would be apparent to a person in the art with the benefit of this disclosure. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the book pages can be printed on pre-perforated paper sheets which can be ripped into book pages, wherein the perforated edges can enhance the adhesion of the glue. Accordingly, notching is then optional. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, a cold water based glue can be utilized. Although other glues can also be used, for example hot glues. Advantageously, cold glue fumes are not harmful to humans and, therefore, the use of cold glue is not as expensive to implement as the use of hot glue is. Advantageously, a book bound with cold glue in accordance with the subject invention can have a flexible spine, allowing the book to be opened flat. 
     Referring to FIG. 7, once cut, the smaller sheets of paper can be deposited onto the paper-tray station  11  that holds the smaller loose sheets of paper one on top of other until the printer finishes printing all of pages of the book. 
     Referring to FIG. 8, when the printing means finishes printing all the sheets of paper and stops, a sensor can send a signal for the paper-tray station  11  to open and release the plurality of sheets into, for example, a movable clamping means  12  such that all of the pages become a single book block. These pages can be numbered and collated in such a way that a specific edge of the paper  33  is sufficiently exposed to attach the cover. This space is preferably about ¼″. This exposed edge is the spine of the book, where the cover label will be glued. 
     Referring to FIG. 9, in a preferred embodiment, the design of the jaws  34  in the clamping means  12  can force open, in a semi-fan shape, the exposed paper. Accordingly, the paper will receive more of the glue, creating a firmer bind with the cover. 
     Referring to FIG. 10, upon receiving all of the book pages a sensor can send a signal to a stacking means  13 , for example underneath the floor of the clamping means  12 , and cause the stacking means  13  to vibrate. Simultaneously, a horizontal bar  35  can push the sheets of paper and align them into uniform edges to make a rectangular book block. At the same time, the movable clamping means  12  can close its jaws  34  and subsequently tighten the sheets of paper into a single book block unit. In a preferred embodiment, the jaws  34  can close a little bit while the vibrating is stopped and then the sheets can be vibrated some more, and then the jaws  34  can close a bit more, until a book block is formed. This stopping and closing of jaws  34  continues for approximately a few seconds such that all edges of the book block are even. 
     Referring to FIG. 11, when the jaws of the clamping means  12  are closed and holding the book block firmly and tightly, the clamping means  12  can begin to move the book block down the line  36 . The movable clamping means  12  can transport the book through the glueing means  14  that applies the glue. 
     Referring to FIG. 12, the glue is preferably, a water based glue with a liquid viscosity that allows it to penetrate deep into the notches of the paper, improving its adhesive force. Preferably, the subject invention can provide for a fast drying time by, for example, taking out the water with hot air. Preferably, the glue possesses long lasting elastic properties and, therefore, does not become brittle or crisp. Water based glue is safe to use under any circumstance since it does not release harmful fumes, in contrast to the hot glue of thermal binders. Cold glue may be stored indefinitely in a sealed container  37 , and may be applied either with a pump  38 , a dispersing gun, or other applying means. The movable clamping means  12  can then transport the book block through a glue cleaning means  15  that can clean the excess glue and, for example, spreads it evenly along the spine. 
     In a preferred embodiment, once the excess glue is cleaned, the book block then continues to the glue drying station. Referring to FIG. 13, when the book block reaches the drying means  18  that dries the glue by, for example, use of hot air, the movable clamping means  12  can stop until a timer and/or sensor signals that the glue is dry. 
     Referring to FIG. 14, the book block is then moved through the labeling means  17  which can apply a strip label of heavy stock paper to cover the spine of the book. This strip label can have printed on it the international standard book number (ISBN), title, author&#39;s name, and/or any other pertinent information. Preferably, the quality and color of the paper can be equal to the quality and color of the heavy stock covers of the book already printed, such that the label is indistinguishablefrom the covers themselves. The self adhesive spine cover label can be provided, for example, by a roller, and deposited into a feeder by a series of rollers that keep it in place and apply the label with precision  39 . Since the thickens of each book will vary, the width of the spine cover label can exceed, for example, by at least one inch, the total thickness of an average book 400 pages long. Once the book block reaches the proper place in the line, the cover label can be attached to the book block. In a specific embodiment, one piece of cover stock can have the cover printed on it and can be folded onto and applied to a book block consisting of the book pages, wherein a strip label is optional. 
     Referring to FIG. 15, the book block continues through the folding means  40  where the spine cover strip label can be folded up by about ¼″ up in both sides of the spine by a folding means  18 . This folding means  18  also gives the final ‘square’ edge to the spine of the book. As it leaves the folding means  18 , the excess of spine cover strip label can be cut by a trimming means  19 . 
     Referring to FIG. 16, the movable clamping means  12  moves the book into the final forming means  41 . After the movable clamping means  12  moves the book into the end station, it opens its jaws and releases the book into a final forming means, which in a particular embodiment is made of horizontal  42  and vertical  43  rollers. The book passes in between these rollers. A motor can move the set of moving rollers with their speed controlled by, for example, electronic sensors. The rollers move the book in such a way so as to force it to follow a path. Then the finished book exits the machine through the delivery means. 
     Referring to FIG. 17, the finished book then exits the machine. 
     Referring to FIG. 20, a specific embodiment of a paper cutting means  10  for cutting paper in accordance with the subject invention is shown. Advantageously, the paper cutting means  10  shown in FIG. 20 can cut a sheet of paper without impeding the movement of the paper, and at the same time can expose the fibers of the paper to improve the adhesiveness of the glue applied to the spine of the book block. Knife  50  can be a solid piece of material or any other shape which allows proper cutting, vary in width and length, and is made of a material having sufficient hardness to cut the paper as knife  50  contacts counter-knife  53 , for example hardened stainless steel. The edge of knife  50  can be sharpened at various angles, preferably between 45°-90° relative to the axis of shaft  54 A, and more preferably between 60°-75° relative to the axis of shaft  54 A. This shape of knife  50  can assist the movement of the paper sheet through paper cutting means  10  as it cuts. 
     The paper sheet is fed into paper cutting means  10  in a direction into the page of FIG. 20, or perpendicular to the plane in which shaft  54 A and shaft  54 B lie. Shafts  54 A and  54 B can rotate in different directions such that the paper sheet can be cut where knife  50  and counter-knife  53  contact. Shafts  54 A and  54 B can be interconnected by some sort of means for causing shaft  54 A to rotate when shaft  54 B is rotated, for example, by motor  61  (see FIG.  21 ). Alternatively, motor  61  can simultaneously rotate both shaft  54 A and  54 B. Counter-knife  53  can be secured to shaft  54 B by, for example, set screw  55 , which can allow for the adjustment of the position of counter-knife  53  along shaft  54 B. Knife  50  can be secured to shaft  54 A, although preferably knife  50  is free to move along the length of shaft  54 A such that a tension producing device  51  can push knife  50  toward counter-knife  53  for proper cutting. In a specific embodiment, knife  50  is interconnected with shaft  54 A by a means which causes knife  50  to rotate when shaft  54 A rotates but allows knife  50  to slide along shaft  54 A, such as a slot and groove. Preferably, the tension at which knife  50  is pushed a/g counter-knife  53  is such as to allow the paper to be cut and at the same time slightly torn. To accomplish this, knife  58  can be held against counter-knife  53  by spring  51 , preferably with at least 3 kg of tension per sq in. The spring itself can be adjusted by stop  52 , positioned along shaft  54 A with, for example, a set screw. Counter-knife  53  is preferably made out of a material which experiences low friction when in contact with knife  50 , therefore producing only a small amount of heat and erosion on both knife  50  and counter-knife 53 . In a specific embodiment, counter-knife 53  can be made from compacted a nylon. 
     In order for the pages of the book to align at the edges of the book block it is preferred for all of the pages to be the same width and for the cuts to be at right angles to edges of the paper sheets. In order to accomplish this, the subject invention can align and flatten the printed paper sheets after they exit the printer. Referring to FIG. 21, a specific embodiment of this portion of the subject invention is shown. The printer paper sheets can be received from the printer near receiving end of conveyor  64  which can also incorporate a means  62  for adjusting the height of such receiving end of conveyor  64 , which can also incorporate a means  62  for adjusting the height of such receiving end. Traditional means of moving the paper, such as rollers, can be used. However, in a preferred embodiment, conveyor  64  can utilize a less rigid surface, such as rubber or latex, to contact the paper. Since the paper is very light, this can assist in aligning the paper. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 d  conveyor  64  is formed of two strips, allowing the paper to slide and letting air contact and cool the paper. Conveyor  64  can be driven by motor  61 , for example by the turning of a pulley placed on the end of the shaft  59 . shaft  59  can also rotate cutting device  60 . In a specific embodiment shaft  54 B can be one in the same as shaft  59  and cutting device  60  can be one in the same as knife  50  and counter-knife  53 . 
     One or more sliders  56  can be utilized on top of conveyor strips  64 . Sliders  56  can be made of, for example, a light plastic and preferably should be essentially frictionless with respect tot he paper sheets. As conveyor strips  64  move the paper sheets along, sliders  56  can apply pressure to flatten the paper sheets and can also remove some of the static electricity and heat which the printed sheets of paper have upon exiting the printer, for example a laser printer. In a specific embodiment, sliders  56  can discharge the static electricity from the sheets via a grounded wire. 
     As a sheet of paper leaves the printer and enters the conveyor  64 , a sensor  58  can be triggered. This sensor  58  can then send a signal to pushing device  57  which can then push the paper sheets against a guide on the other side of the paper sheet. The pushing of the paper sheet again the guide by pushing device  57  can position the paper relative to the cutting device  60  such that the paper sheet is cut in the proper place, for example exacting in the center, and can assist in aligning the paper sheet such that the paper sheet is cut in the proper alignment, for example parallel to the edges. Accordingly, the pushing device can help to ensure the paper sheets are cut square and properly dimensioned. 
     In a specific embodiment, as shown in FIG. 21, conveyor strips  64  are held by rollers mounted on shaft  63 , such that the rollers can rotate freely on shaft  63 . If desired, a second set of rollers on a second shaft can be utilized to provide tension for conveyor strips  64 . This second shaft can also have adjustable guides to guide conveyor strips  64  in a direction perpendicular to the direction of paper travel. 
     Traditionally, a book can have only one type of cover applied to it during the printing process. A preferred embodiment of the subject invention can allow many different types of covers to be applied to any book. Referring to FIG. 22, a cover can be placed on platform  65  and then elevated by, for example, an air cylinder  67 , or other means, to a book block to which glue has already been applied. Platform  65  can be raised up from a stabilizing platform  66 . Air cylinder  67  can be adjusted to press the cover to the book block using an optimal amount of pressure. This mechanism allows the use of different cover materials, and allows the binding of books in soft-cover, hardcover, fabric, leather, plastic, or other material suitable for book covers. In a specific embodiment, one or both sides of the cover can extend beyond the edge of the book block such that the cover can be bent back and used as a bookmark. 
     The application of glue to the book block can be accomplished by traditional means, such as rollers, injectors, and/or brushes. However, it can be difficult to upkeep such gluing mechanisms, some of which if it is recommended to clean after each use. A specific embodiment of the subject invention is shown in FIG. 23 for applying the glue to the book block. Glue tray  68  is designed to hold the glue, and is preferably at least about {fraction (3/16)} of an inch deep. If hot glue is to be used, as shown in FIG. 23, a heating means  69  can be in thermal contact with glue tray  68 . Heating means  69  can be in thermal contact with glue tray  68 . Heating means  69  can be, for example, an electric heating element. Alternative heating mechanisms can also be used. If cold glue is used, no heating means is necessary to heat the glue prior to application of the glue, but it may be desired to heat the glue after application to speed drying. Preferably, a layer of heat sink material  70 , for example aluminum, can be positioned below tray  68 , and can have a protective layer  71 , for example made of teflon, acting as an insulator between tray  68  and layer  70 . A thermostat  75  can be used to regulate the temperature of the heating element  69  and glue tray  68 . Tray  68  is at least as wide as the widest book to be bound, plus some clearage. A dispensing means can disperse the proper amount of glue into tray  68  for the book to be bound. The book block can be dipped into the glue by, for example, lowering the book block into the glue and/or raising tray  68  up to the book block. In this way the layer of glue can be controlled by, for example, how deep into the glue the book block is allowed to go. Also tray  68  allows for books of various thicknesses to have glue applied. At the present time, most commercial binders offer to bind books up to 1½ inches thick. With the subject invention books  4  inches thick or thicker can be bound. Advantageously, once the book block is dipped, the excess glue can drip back into tray  68 . 
     Referring to FIGS. 24 and 25, a specific embodiment of the subject invention for stacking and clamping paper sheets into a book block is shown. It is preferred to have the edges of the paper sheets in the book block aligned to each other. In order to accomplish this some sort of vibration of the pages and/or pushing of the edges of the paper sheets is desired. Central element  77  and movable element  76  act as a clamp to hold the paper sheets as a book block. Movable element  76  is moved toward element  77  by air cylinder  79  via shafts  81  which are connected to movable element  78  and movable element  76  and free travel through element  77  which acts as a guide. Paper sheets between elements  76  and  77  reside on top of vibrator bed  85 , such when elements  76  and  77  open up the sheets are held up by vibrator bed  85 . 
     In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 element  77  is fixed to platform  80 . Platform  80  is designed to be rotated 180 degrees by air cylinder  84 , to allow the paper sheets to be vibrated in the other direction as well. One or more oscillators  82  can be used to push on the paper sheets from the sides during vibration of the sheets to improve alignment of the sheets. In one aligning algorithm, after the proper sheets are received from the trays, movable element  76  opens and closes as the vibrator bed  85  shakes the sheets of paper and oscillator  82  simultaneously move back and forth to push the edges of the paper sheets. This can occur for a few seconds and the element  76  can clamp the book block together and turn the book block over so that the opposite edge of the paper rests on vibrator bed  85 . The sequence of opening and closing element  76 , vibrating vibrator bed  85 , and oscillating oscillator  82  can be optimized such that the paper sheets of the book block are sufficiently aligned. Finally, element  76  clamps the book block together in order to prepare for application of the glue. 
     The vibration of vibrating bed  85  can be caused by the rotation of a weight placed off center on the shaft of motor  86  placed under vibrating bed  85 . At periodic intervals of the paper sheets on vibrating bed  85 , bed  85  can be lifted on one side, such that the paper sheets are drawn to the other end. Vibrating bed  85  can be lifted by, for example, air cylinder  89 . At intermediate intervals, elements  76  and  77  can come together to clamp the paper sheets together for a second or so and then open again. Simultaneously, oscillator  82  can move the paper back and forth. This alternating movement creates a movement that can cause the individual sheets of paper  90  to align themselves into a single book block. Springs sets  87  and  88 , preferably of equal tensile strength can be used to dampen the oscillations of bed  85 . Springs  87  can function to keep bed  85  level, while allowing it to move. Springs  88  can counterbalance the force of the air cylinder  89  and push bed  85  back into proper position when air cylinder  89  is retracted. 
     Referring to FIGS. 26 and 27, a specific embodiment of a paper sheet separator is shown. After passing through paper cutting means  10  the sections of cut paper fall onto paper trays  91 , separated by separator  92 . Housing  95  forms the sides and ends of trays  91  to keep the paper sheets square while being loaded, paper pusher  93  can be driven by an air cylinder such as to contact the sheets during the loading of the trays  91 . Preferably, the paper pusher is timed with respect to the arrival of the cut sheets. Once the sheets of the book are loaded into trays  91 , the stacks of sheets need to be brought together to form the book block between elements  76  and  77  of FIGS. 24 and 25. This is accomplished by rotating paper trays  91  inward and simultaneously lowering separator  92  to prevent intermingling of the paper sheets as they fall from trays  91  inward and simultaneously lowering separator  92  to prevent intermingling of the paper sheets as they fall from trays  91  to platform  85 . Air cylinder  94  can drive separator  92 . 
     FIG. 27 illustrates angle providers  97  which are used to rotate tray  91  toward separator  92  to drop the paper sheets onto platform  85 . 
     Preferably, trays  91  are rotated 90 degrees and quickly, such that the paper sheets tend to fall together. angle providers  97 , can be cut such that the desired angle of rotation is achieved. Angle providers are attached to shaft  96 , connected to trays  91 , at a 90 degree angle. Shafts  96  hold trays  91  horizontal until angle providers  97  is pushed a small distance on the high end  98  by an air cylinder  99 , causing shafts  96  and trays  91  to rotate 90 degrees. It is preferred to have the high end  98  and the bottom end  97  the same length, and to have the distance traveled by the air cylinder also be this same length. 
     It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.