Patent Publication Number: US-2020303482-A1

Title: Sealing structure, organic el display device, display device, and method for manufacturing display device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a sealing structure comprising an electronic element, an organic-EL display apparatus, a complex-type (a hybrid-type) display apparatus combining a reflecting-type liquid crystal display element and an organic-EL light-emitting element, and a method for manufacturing a display apparatus. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     With respect to an electronic element having the need to be shielded from outer air, such as an organic-EL light-emitting element in which an organic compound being easy to degrade due to moisture and an electrode being easy to decrease in performance due to oxidation is used, performance degradation of an element needs to be prevented by preventing penetration of moisture and oxygen. Therefore, in an image display apparatus in Patent document 1, for example, the space between an element substrate and a sealing substrate facing each other with a pixel portion sandwiched therebetween, the pixel portion comprising an organic compound, is doubly sealed at the surroundings of the pixel portion, using a first sealing agent and a second sealing agent being constituted of an epoxy-based resin. Moreover, in an organic light emitting diode display device in Patent Document 2, a sealant portion is formed in a sealing substrate as a partition wall of an internal filling agent, a sealing agent being formed of a glass frit is formed at the outer periphery of the sealant portion, and the space between a substrate on which a light-emitting element is formed and the sealing substrate is sealed by this sealing agent. 
     PRIOR ART DOCUMENT 
     Patent Documents 
     Patent Document 1: JP 2004-403337 A 
     Patent Document 2: JP 2010-103112 A 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Problem to be Solved by the Invention 
     As described previously, in a conventional display apparatus comprising an organic compound, in order to seal a light-emitting element comprising the organic compound and being sandwiched by two substrates, a double seal using an epoxy resin or a sealing agent being formed of glass is formed. The interval between the two substrates depends on the height of a first sealing agent in the image display apparatus in Patent Document 1 and on the height of the sealant portion in the organic light-emitting diode display device in Patent Document 2. Therefore, in these sealing structures, when these heights vary in forming of the first sealing agent or the sealant portion, a variation is produced in the interval of the two substrates or, eventually, in the thickness of the display apparatus. 
     Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide: a sealing structure to make it possible to protect an electronic element being formed between two substrates from moisture and oxygen and, even more, to make it possible to accurately control the gap between the two substrates; an organic-EL display apparatus in which the gap between the two substrates is controlled as such and an organic-EL light-emitting element can be protected; and a method for manufacturing a display apparatus in which the electronic element can be protected from moisture and oxygen as such and, even more, the gap between the two substrates is accurately controlled. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a complex-type display apparatus comprising both a liquid crystal display element and an organic-EL light-emitting element in which the organic-EL light-emitting element can be protected from penetration of moisture and oxygen and, even more, a reduction in picture quality in the liquid crystal display element, for example, can be suppressed. 
     Means to Solve the Problem 
     A sealing structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention comprises a first substrate and a second substrate being arranged in an opposing manner; an electronic element being formed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a sealing agent sealing a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate at an outer periphery of the electronic element, wherein the sealing agent comprises a low melting point glass material and a plurality of spacers; and the plurality of spacers has a melting point being higher than a softening point of the low melting point glass material. 
     An organic-EL display apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention comprises the sealing structure according to the first embodiment wherein the electronic element is an organic-EL light-emitting element. 
     A display apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention comprises a TFT substrate comprising a drive element being formed for each pixel of a display screen and a first insulating layer planarizing a surface above the drive element; a reflecting electrode for a liquid crystal display element, the reflecting electrode being formed above the first insulating layer in a first region of one pixel of the TFT substrate; an organic-EL light-emitting element being formed in a second region of the one pixel, the second region being adjacent to the first region and being above the first insulating layer of the TFT substrate, the organic-EL light-emitting element comprising a first electrode, an organic layer, a second electrode and an encapsulating layer; an opposing substrate comprising an opposing electrode opposing the reflecting electrode, the opposing substrate being arranged in an opposing manner to the TFT substrate; a liquid crystal layer being filled between the TFT substrate and the opposing substrate; and a sealing agent sealing a gap between the TFT substrate and the opposing substrate at an outer periphery of the liquid crystal layer, wherein the sealing agent comprises a low melting point glass material and a plurality of spacers; and the plurality of spacers has a melting point being higher than a softening point of the low melting point glass material. 
     A method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention comprises: preparing a first substrate; forming, above the first substrate or on a surface of the first substrate, an electronic element to compose pixel; preparing a second substrate and arranging a sealing agent material on one of the first substrate and the second substrate; superimposing the first substrate and the second substrate with the sealing agent material being sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate; and adhering the first substrate and the second substrate with the sealing agent material, wherein, a material comprising a low melting point glass material and a plurality of granular bodies is used for the sealing agent material, the plurality of granular bodies having a melting point being higher than a softening point of the low melting point glass material and being mixed into the low melting point glass material; in arranging the sealing agent material, the sealing agent material is arranged at a portion, wherein the portion surrounds an electronic element-forming area for the electronic element when the first substrate and the second substrate are superimposed; and the sealing agent material is adhered to the first substrate and the second substrate by irradiation with laser light. 
     Effects of the Invention 
     According to an embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to protect an electronic element formed between two substrates from moisture and oxygen and, even more, it is possible to accurately control the gap between the two substrates. Moreover, it is possible, in an organic-EL display apparatus, to control the gap between the two substrates and to protect an organic-EL light-emitting element. Furthermore, it is possible to manufacture a display apparatus in which an electronic element can be protected from moisture and oxygen as such and, even more, the gap between the two substrates can be accurately controlled. Moreover, according to another embodiment of the present invention, it is possible, in a complex-type display apparatus comprising both a liquid crystal display element and an organic-EL light-emitting element, to protect the organic-EL light-emitting element from penetration of moisture and oxygen and, even more, to suppress a reduction in picture quality in the liquid crystal display element. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  shows a plan view of one example of a sealing structure according to a first embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 1B  shows a cross-sectional view along a line IB-IB in  FIG. 1A . 
         FIG. 2A  schematically shows one example of the configuration of a sealing agent material used in the sealing structure according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2B  schematically shows another example of the configuration of the sealing agent material used in the sealing structure according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 3A  shows a plan view of the sealing agent material being formed by printing in manufacturing the sealing structure according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 3B  shows a plan view of one example of a glass ribbon being fixed as the sealing agent material in manufacturing the sealing structure according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 3C  shows a plan view of another example of the glass ribbon being fixed as the sealing agent material in manufacturing the sealing structure according to the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  shows a cross-sectional view of another example of the sealing structure according to the first embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  shows a cross-sectional view of a display apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows a flowchart of a method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 7  shows one example of irradiation with laser light in the method for manufacturing the display apparatus according to the fourth embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     EMBODIMENT FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     In order to surely protect an electronic element being formed between two substrates from moisture and oxygen, it is required to strictly seal between the two substrates in the surroundings of the electronic element. Therefore, for such a sealing agent material, it is preferable to use a material such as glass, the material not generally transmitting moisture and oxygen. However, since glass is softened at the time of adhering a sealing agent being formed of glass and the two substrates, the height of the sealing agent is affected by the supply amount of the sealing agent, the viscosity and tension at the time of softening thereof, and the weight of the substrate being placed on the sealing agent. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to strictly control the height of the sealing agent, or, in other words, the interval of the two substrates, so that, as a result, it is also difficult to strictly control the thickness of an electronic apparatus such as a display apparatus being configured by such an electronic element. 
     However, not being able to strictly control the interval of the two substrates as such is not preferable in promoting thinning (downsizing) of an electronic apparatus. In particular, in a planar display for which thinning is required for incessantly as well as having flexibility with the progress of thinning is desired, it is often desired in many cases that the interval of the two substrates included in the planar display be small and then accurately controlled. In particular, with the below-described hybrid-type display comprising a liquid crystal display element and an organic-EL light-emitting element, an accurate control of the interval of the two substrates being sealed strictly is considered to be extremely important in obtaining a good picture quality thanks to the uniformity of a cell gap and a good reliability of the organic-EL light-emitting element thanks to little degradation by moisture. The present inventors have found such problems, have carried out intensive studies, and have found that the above-described problems can be solved by using a sealing agent comprising a low melting point glass material, and a spacer having a melting point being higher than the softening point of the low melting point glass material and being mixed into the low melting point glass material. 
     Below, a sealing structure, an organic-EL display apparatus, a display apparatus, and a method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to each embodiment of the invention are described with reference to the drawings. Material and shape of each constituting element, and relative positional relationships thereof according to embodiments described below are construed to be merely exemplary. The sealing structure, organic-EL display apparatus, display apparatus, and method for manufacturing the display apparatus are construed to be not limited thereby. 
     (Sealing Structure and Organic-EL Display Apparatus) 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  show a sealing structure  100  being one example of a sealing structure according to a first embodiment.  FIG. 1B  shows a cross-sectional view along a line IB-IB of  FIG. 1A . In  FIG. 1B , a cross section along the line IB-IB of  FIG. 1A  is shown in an enlarged manner, and, moreover, a central portion of the line IB-IB is omitted. As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , a sealing structure  100  comprises: a first substrate  10  and a second substrate  20  being arranged in an opposing manner; an electronic element  30  being formed between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 ; and a sealing agent  50  sealing a gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  at the outer periphery of the electronic element  30 . The electronic element  30  is sealed in a generally hermetic manner between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  by the sealing agent  50  sealing the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . The sealing agent  50  comprises a low melting point glass material  50   a  and a plurality of spacers  50   b , the plurality of spacers  50   b  has a melting point being higher than the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a . Therefore, as described below, the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be strictly controlled. In a case that a material being used for the spacer  50   b  does not have a clear melting point, the term “melting point” of the spacer  50   b  refers to the temperature at which the spacer  50   b  being in a solid state starts deforming. 
     The term “sealing structure” is a generic name for an electronic device in which the electronic element  30  is arranged between two substrates with the surroundings thereof being sealed. Moreover, the electronic element  30  means one or a plurality of electronic elements configuring an electronic device being generally referred to by the term “sealing structure”. For example, when the sealing structure is a lighting apparatus using an organic-EL light-emitting element (below also called merely an OLED), the electronic element  30  means one or a plurality of OLEDs configuring the above-mentioned lighting apparatus, while, when the sealing structure is a display apparatus, the electronic element  30  means a group of electronic elements such as a plurality of OLEDs each configuring each pixel. In a case that a plurality of electronic devices is manufactured in a pair of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 , the sealing agent  50  is formed in the surroundings of the electronic element  30  for each electronic device. 
     The first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are construed to be not particularly limited as long as they have airtightness. They can also be an insulating substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or a conductive substrate. Even when the insulating substrate is preferable in a case that the electronic element  30  (including an electrode being a component thereof) is formed on the surface of one substrate, the semiconductor substrate or the conductive substrate can be used with an insulating layer being formed on the surface thereof. Moreover, the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be a substrate having rigidity or a substrate having flexibility. Furthermore, the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be different types of substrates, for example, the semiconductor substrate and the insulating substrate. For the display apparatus or the light-emitting apparatus (lighting apparatus), a glass substrate, or a resin film such as polyimide can be used. While each of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  is shown as a single-layer structure in  FIG. 1B , a drive element (not shown) can be formed on the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . 
     While the electronic element  30  is construed to be not limited in particular, in a case that the electronic element  30  is an OLED comprising a material being easy to degrade due to moisture and oxygen, the sealing structure  100  according to the present embodiment is particularly effective. However, the electronic element  30  can be an electronic element into which a liquid crystal is sealed, such as a dye-sensitized solar cell and a liquid crystal display element (also called merely an LCD below). Moreover, the sealing structure  100  can comprise two or more and two or more types of electronic elements  30  such as a hybrid-type display apparatus comprising the LCD and the OLED to be described below. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 1A , an organic-EL light-emitting element  30   a  is formed as the electronic element  30  on the first substrate  10  formed of glass. In other words,  FIG. 1A  also shows an organic-EL display apparatus according to a second embodiment. The organic-EL display apparatus according to the second embodiment comprises a sealing structure  100  and comprises the organic-EL light-emitting element  30   a  as an electronic element  30 . The organic-EL light-emitting element  30   a  at least comprises a first electrode  31 , an organic layer  33  being deposited at an area surrounded by an insulating bank  32  being formed to surround the first electrode  31 , and a second electrode  34  being formed on the organic layer  33 . While the organic-EL light-emitting element  30  is being simplified in  FIG. 1A , the organic-EL display apparatus according to the second embodiment can at least comprise a plurality of drive elements  13  (see  FIG. 5 ) being formed on the first substrate  10 , and a plurality of organic-EL light-emitting elements  30   a  being formed on each one of the plurality of drive elements  13 . 
     A sealing agent  50  surrounds the electronic element  30 , and seals the gap between the first substrate  10  and a second substrate  20  at the surrounding of the electronic element  30 . The sealing agent  50  is to hermetically seal the electronic element  30  being formed between the first substrate  10  and a second substrate  20  to make sure that the electronic element  30  does not degrade due to moisture and oxygen. Therefore, a glass material, not resins such as an epoxy resin, is used for the sealing agent  50 . The width (thickness) x of the sealing agent  50  is, for example, greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 2.0 mm. If the sealing agent  50  has this degree of width, it is believed that no major problem occur with respect to hermetic sealing. 
     As the electronic element  30  is sealed in between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 , temperature can be increased only to the extent to not damage the electronic element  30  in adhering the sealing agent  50  to the first substrate  10  and second substrate  20 . Therefore, the sealing agent  50  comprises a low melting point glass material  50   a  having a low softening point (temperature at which the sealing agent  50  becomes a so-called rubber state). The low melting point glass has the softening point decreased by mixing a low melting point oxide into a glass composition, and has the softening point being generally approximately 350° C. to 600° C., or greater. In the present embodiment, the low melting point glass material having the low softening point is preferable since substrates at which the electronic element  30  is formed are bonded with the low melting point glass material. On the other hand, when the low melting point glass crystallizes, the adhesive strength between the sealing agent  50 , and the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  could decrease, so that the higher the crystallization starting temperature is, the more preferable it is. In other words, the softening point of the low melting point glass is preferably decreased by mixing the low melting point oxide into the glass composition to such a degree that the crystallization starting temperature does not fall below the temperature to be reached by heating at the time of bonding the sealing agent  50  and the each substrate. Moreover, taking into account that a film material formed of a polyimide resin can be used for the first substrate  10 , the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a  to be used for the sealing agent  50  is preferably greater than or equal to 400° C. and less than or equal to 500° C. 
     For example, the vanadium-based low melting point glass (V 2 O 5 ) and the phosphorus acid salt-based low melting point glass (P 2 O 5 ) can be mixed at the weight ratio (V 2 O 5 /P 2 O 5 ) of generally around. 2.5 and, moreover, approximately 15 mass % of barium oxide can be added thereto to obtain a low melting point glass having the softening point of approximately 450° C. In other words, in a case of the sealing agent  50  comprising such material-based low melting point glass and the additive material, the sealing agent  50  can be heated so as to reach the temperature of approximately 450° C. to 500° C. while bringing the sealing agent  50  into contact with the each substrate to soften the sealing agent  50  once and firmly adhere the sealing agent  50  to each substrate. In particular, the vanadium-based low melting point glass having a high light absorbability in visible to infrared regions can be softened by local heating by using laser light, for example, as described below. Therefore, the sealing agent  50  can be softened relatively easily without excessively increasing the temperature in the immediate surroundings of the electronic element  30 . The low melting point glass material  50   a  included in the sealing agent  50  is construed to be not limited to the vanadium-based low melting point glass or the phosphorus acid salt-based low melting point glass, or the mixture thereof. For example, the low melting point glass material  50   a  can be the boric acid salt-based low melting point glass or the telluride-based low melting point glass, or the mixture thereof. Moreover, the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a  can be a temperature out of the range of greater than or equal to 400° C. and less than or equal to 500° C. In short, it suffices that the low melting point glass material  50   a  have a temperature at which it starts to change to a rubber-like state or a paste-like state in which it can adhere to the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  without having a marked influence on the electronic element  30  with respect to the light-emitting performance and life. 
     In the present embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the sealing agent  50  comprises a spacer  50   b  being formed using a material having a melting point being higher than the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a , along with the low melting point glass material  50   a . The spacer  50   b  is scattered in the sealing agent  50  and interposed between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  and thereby specifying a length Lg of the gap between both substrates. In other words, the length Lg of the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be determined by the dimension (the width or the length) in the direction along the length Lg. Therefore, in order to suppress dispersion in the length Lg of the sealing structure  100 , it is preferable that the width, the length, or the diameter in the direction of the length Lg be uniform in the plurality of spacers  50   b.    
     Moreover, it is preferable that the spacer  50   b  be uniformly scattered in the sealing agent  50 . For example, the spacer  50   b  is a granular body being scattered in the low melting point glass material  50   a . In such a case, the length Lg of the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be limited by the grain diameter of the spacer  50   b . In other words, a granular body having a grain diameter being appropriate for the spacer  50   b  can be selected to obtain a desired length Lg at the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . The term “granular body” includes not just merely a perfectly-spherical grain (see  FIG. 2A ), but also an ellipsoidal, a columnar (see  FIG. 2B ), or a fiber-like granular substance. In other words, the spacer  50   b  can be a granular substance being generally referred to as a beads spacer or a fiber spacer. For example, while the term “grain diameter” refers to the diameter of the granular body for a spherical granular body, it refers to the diameter, or the length of a short axis or one side of the cross section being orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the granular body for an ellipsoidal, a columnar, or a fiber-like granular body. For example, the dispersion range of the “grain diameter” of the granular body to be used for the plurality of spacers Sob is preferably less than or equal to approximately 0.1 μm. The dispersion being at such a degree makes it possible to realize, with the sealing structure  100  according to the present embodiment, even a liquid crystal display apparatus in which a strict control is required for the length of the gap between a substrate comprising a pixel electrode (for example, a first electrode) and a substrate comprising an opposing electrode (for example, a second electrode). 
     The spacer  50   b  can be included in the sealing agent  50  at an arbitrary content rate. The greater the content rate of the spacer  50   b  in the sealing agent  50  is, the more preferable it is in that the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be uniformly held at an adhering part by the sealing agent  50 . On the other hand, the sealing agent  50  needs to also comprise the low melting point glass material  50   a  having a sufficient amount so that it can adhere to the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  with a required strength. Therefore, the content rate of the spacer  50   b  in the sealing agent  50  is preferably greater than or equal to 5 mass % and less than or equal to 30 mass % and more preferably greater than or equal to 15 mass % and less than or equal to 25 mass %. It is considered that the spacer  50   b  being included in this range of content rate makes it possible to adhere the sealing agent  50  to the first and second substrates  10  and  20  with a sufficient strength, and, even more, makes it possible to also suppress the non-uniformity and dispersion of the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  to a practically allowable range. 
     Material of the spacer  50   b  is construed to be not limited in particular as long as the spacer  50   b  has a melting point being higher than the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a . However, the spacer  50   b  is preferably constituted of an inorganic substance since the spacer  50   b  should have a melting point being higher than the softening point, of the low melting point glass material  50   a , reaching approximately 400° C. as described previously. For example, the spacer  50   b  is constituted of silicon dioxide (silica; SiO 2 ) having a melting point of greater than or equal to 1600° C. or quartz being a crystallized material thereof, aluminum oxide (alumina: Al 2 O 3 ) having a melting point of greater than or equal to 2000° C., or calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) having a melting point of greater than or equal to 800° C. 
     As described previously, downsizing and thinning of electronic apparatuses are being sought permanently. While such a trend is marked in the field of planar displays, an accurate control of the length between two substrates configuring a display is required not only with requirements in the marketplace, but also in the aspect of improving the performance thereof. For example, in a display apparatus, the interval between a substrate comprising a pixel electrode and a substrate comprising an opposing electrode can be strictly controlled to suppress display non-uniformity caused by non-uniformity of cell gaps. Moreover, in an organic-EL display apparatus as well, in terms of thinning, improvement in flexibility, and reduction in material cost, requirements for narrowing the gap between a substrate comprising a drive element and an organic light-emitting element (for example, a first substrate) and a protecting substrate or a sealing substrate (for example, a second substrate) and for strictly controlling the length of the gap associated with the narrowing are considered to increase. The sealing structure  100  according to the present embodiment makes it possible to respond to such requirements. In other words, the spacer  50   b  exists even at the time of softening the low melting point glass material  50   a  at the time of bonding the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 , so that the length Lg of the gap between both substrates is never brought to less than or equal to the grain diameter of the spacer  50   b . Moreover, by moderately pressing both substrates toward each other at the time of bonding thereof, it is possible to easily prevent the length Lg of the gap from being longer than the grain diameter of the spacer  50   b . Therefore, the length Lg of the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be strictly controlled. As granular bodies constituting the spacer  50   b , in a case that the granular bodies are formed of SiO 2 , for example, ones having the grain diameter at a submicron level can be formed and, moreover, ones having the grain diameter of up to approximately several hundred μm can be formed by growing a seed grain. 
     The length Lg of the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  in the organic-EL display apparatus according to the second embodiment, the organic-EL display apparatus comprising the sealing structure  100  according to the first embodiment, can be greater than or equal to 5 μm and less than or equal to 50 μm, for example. In a conventional organic-EL display apparatus, the gap between a substrate comprising a drive element and an organic light-emitting element, and a sealing substrate or a protecting substrate is not set to be narrow as such. However, the gap between both substrates can be strictly controlled in such a short length by including the spacer  50   b  into the sealing agent  50  as in the present embodiment. As a result, it is possible to contribute to further thinning and/or flexibility improvement of the organic-EL display apparatus. 
     The low melting point glass material  50   a  is prepared in a state of a glass frit in a form of several tens μm cube fine powder, for example, and, as described previously, is softened by heating using laser light and solidified as the temperature decreases. In other words, the low melting point glass material  50   a  in the sealing agent  50  of the sealing structure  100  can be a solidified material of glass frit being once softened.  FIGS. 2A and 2B  show examples of the configuration of a sealing agent material  51  comprising the low melting point glass material  50   a  being prepared as a glass frit as such and to become the sealing agent  50  by solidifying after being softened once. As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the sealing agent material  51  comprises the low melting point glass material  50   a  in a state of a plurality of grass frits and the plurality of spacers  50   b , each being the granular body which has been constituted of the previously-described inorganic substance such as quartz. 
     In the examples in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the sealing agent material  51  further comprises a binder  51   a  comprising an organic solvent and is prepared in a paste form by mixing the low melting point glass material  50   a  being glass frit-like, the spacer  50   b , and the binder  51   a . In  FIG. 2A , the spacer  50   b  has a shape of a nearly perfect sphere. On the other hand, in  FIG. 2B , the spacer  50   b  has a nearly-columnar shape. As described previously, the spacer  50   b  of the granular body is construed to be not limited to the examples of  FIGS. 2A and 2B , so that it can be an ellipsoidal or fiber-like granular substance. However, the length of a portion, of the spacer  50   b  being a granular body, to be sandwiched when being sandwiched between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  is preferably uniform for the plurality of spacers  50   b  as described previously and, for example, the dispersion range thereof is preferably less than or equal to 2% of the length of the portion to be sandwiched and more preferably less than or equal to 1% of the length of the portion. The term “the length of the portion to be sandwiched” of the spacer  50   b  between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  is, for example, the diameter of the spacer  50   b  having a nearly spherical shape, the diameter of a cross section being orthogonal to the length direction of the columnar-shaped spacer  50   b , or the length of the short axis or the diameter of the cross section being orthogonal to the length direction of the ellipsoidal spacer  50   b.    
     Arrangement of the sealing agent material  51  to the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20  is described using  FIGS. 3A to 3C . As shown in  FIG. 3A , for example, the sealing agent material  51  being prepared in a paste form as described previously is applied to a given portion on a substrate (for example, the first substrate  10 ) using screen printing or using a dispenser. The term “a given portion” refers to a portion which is supposed to surround an electronic element-forming area A. The sealing agent material  51  can be applied to either one of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . In other words, the sealing agent material  51  can be applied to a substrate on which the electronic element  30  (see  FIG. 1A ) is formed or can be formed on a substrate (for example, the second substrate  20  in a case that the electronic element  30  is formed on the first substrate  10 ) to be adhered to the substrate on which the electronic element  30  is formed. Therefore, in a case that the sealing agent material  51  is arranged on the substrate on which the electronic element  30  is formed, the term “a portion which is supposed to surround the electronic element-forming area A” refers to a part that surrounds the electronic element-forming area. A concurrently with applying of the sealing agent material  51 . On the other hand, in a case that the sealing agent material  51  is arranged on a substrate on which the electronic element  30  is not formed, the term “a part which is supposed to surround the electronic element-forming area A” is a part that surrounds the electronic element  30  at the time of superimposing the substrate on which the sealing agent material  51  is arranged and the substrate on which the electronic element  30  is formed in a post-process. In a case that a barrier rib material  61  (see  FIG. 3B ) described below is arranged, the sealing agent material  51  is arranged in separation with the barrier rib material  61  at the outer periphery of the barrier rib material  61 . Then, the other substrate (for example, the second substrate  20 ) is superimposed with the sealing agent material  51  being sandwiched and laser light is applied thereto. As a result, the sealing agent material  51  is heated up to the temperature being greater than or equal to the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a , the sealing agent material  51  is adhered to each substrate and the sealing agent  50  is formed as well. For irradiation with the laser light, various laser lights can be used as described below. 
     The sealing agent material  51  does not necessarily have to be a low melting point glass being applied in a paste form. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C , a glass ribbon  51   b  can be used as the sealing agent material  51  ( FIGS. 3B and 3C  show the below-described barrier rib material  61  along with the sealing agent material.) In other words, the sealing agent material  51  can be arranged by bonding the glass ribbon  51   b  to a given part of one of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . Even in this case, the glass ribbon  51   b  comprises the previously-described low melting point glass material  50   a  and granular bodies constituting the spacer  50   b . In other words, the glass ribbon  51   b  is formed by pouring the molten low melting point glass material  50   a  into a mold, or shaping a glass frit being prepared in a paste form and solidifying the shaped glass frit, and, in such a forming step, the granular body such as quartz is mixed into the low melting point glass material  50   a  as the spacer  50   b . In a case of forming the glass ribbon  51   b  from a paste, the glass ribbon  51   b  not encapsulating air bubbles or gas and, eventually, the sealing agent  50  not encapsulating air bubbles or gas can be obtained by evaporating the binder  51   a  (see  FIG. 2A ) at the time of forming the glass ribbon  51   b.    
     In a case that the glass ribbon  51   b  is used, for example, the glass ribbon  51   b  is bonded using an adhering agent to, for example, a given portion for forming the sealing agent  50  on one of two substrates, for example, the first substrate  10  (the given portion being an adhering portion of each substrate to be adhered to the other substrate with the sealing agent material  51 ). Then, after superimposing the second substrate  20 , by irradiation with laser light, the sealing agent  50  is formed and is adhered to each substrate as well. In this case, as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C , it suffices that the adhering agent be applied to a part (an adhering part B), not the entire surface of the glass ribbon  51   b.    
     Specifically, as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C , an adhering portion with the sealing agent material  51  is divided into a plurality of parts (for example, each side of a rectangular substrate), and the glass ribbons  51   b  having the length in accordance with the respective divided parts are prepared. Then, an adhering agent (not shown) is applied to only the adhering part B of one end (example of  FIG. 3B ) or both ends (example of  FIG. 3C ) of the glass ribbon  51   b , and each glass ribbon  51   b  is arranged to and adhered to each of the divided parts of the adhering portion on the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20 . In this case, the glass ribbon  51   b  is formed such that the glass ribbon  51   b  is longer, by the length of the adhering part B, than the length of each of parts into which the adhering portion has been divided. Then, as shown in  FIGS. 3B and 3C , the adhering part B is arranged at a part being opposite to the electronic element-forming area A with respect to the adhering portion. In other words, the adhering part B is positioned at the exterior of a portion to be adhered using laser light after the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are superimposed. In this way, even in a case that an adhering agent (not shown) being applied to the adhering part B releases gas (moisture or oxygen) at the time of a temperature increase due to irradiation with laser light, penetration of the gas into the electronic element-forming area A can be prevented by the sealing agent  50  (see  FIG. 1 ) to be formed along with the temperature increase. Therefore, it is considered that degradation of the electronic element  30  can be prevented. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 3B , the adhering agent is applied to only one end of the glass ribbon  51   b . The other end of the glass ribbon  51   b  butts against another glass ribbon  51   b , and, when adhered, is bonded to such another glass ribbon  51   b  to be integrated therewith. As a result, even when the temperature of the glass ribbon  51   b  increases in adhering to the substrates, gas generated from the adhering agent due to the temperature increase is to be released to the exterior of the sealing agent  50 . 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 3C , both ends of the glass ribbon  51   b  are slightly extended and folded by 90 degrees. The glass ribbon  51   b  is arranged such that the portion being folded is positioned at the exterior of the adhering portion. Therefore, in the same manner as the example in  FIG. 3B , the adhering part B is to be at the exterior of the sealing agent material  51 , so that, even when gas is generated from the adhering agent in adhering with laser light, the gas is never sealed into the electronic element-forming area A. Even more, the glass ribbon  51   b  is adhered to the substrates at both ends of the glass ribbon  51   b , making it possible to very stably adhere the glass ribbon  51   b.    
     The sealing agent material  51  comprising the low melting point glass material  50   a  as described previously can soften at a relatively low temperature and adhere to the first and second substrates  10 ,  20 . However, a heat insulating means is preferably provided between the electronic element  30  and the sealing agent  50  to surely prevent degradation of the electronic element  30  due to heat and to sufficiently soften the low melting point glass material  50   a  at a sufficiently high temperature. Moreover, in a case that the liquid display apparatus is configured with the sealing structure  100 , before the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are adhered via the sealing agent  50 , a liquid crystal is filled between these two substrates. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a bank (a barrier rib) to intercept the outflow of the liquid crystal being filled at least until the gap between the two substrates has been sealed at the surroundings of the electronic element  30  by the sealing agent  50 . In  FIG. 4 , another example of the sealing structure  100  according to the present embodiment is shown, the sealing structure  100  comprising the barrier rib  60  as such. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the barrier rib  60  being in separation from the sealing agent  50  and surrounding the electronic element  30  is formed between the sealing agent  50  and the electronic element  30 . In the same manner as the sealing agent  50 , the barrier rib  60  is formed so as to surround the electronic element  30 . Therefore, even in a case that the electronic element  30  comprises a liquid material such as liquid crystal, the liquid material can be retained at the interior of the barrier rib  60  and the liquid material can be prevented from directly contacting with the sealing agent  50  as well. Moreover, conduction of heat to the electronic element  30  at the time of heating for adhesion of the sealing agent  50  can be suppressed. Therefore, degradation of the electronic element  30  can further be suppressed. The thickness y of the barrier rib  60  is greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 1.0 mm, for example. It is considered that the barrier rib  60  having this degree of thickness allow the heat conductance to be suppressed effectively and, even more, the possibility of causing a marked capsizing of a display apparatus comprising the sealing structure  100  be small as well. For the same reason with the above, the interval z between the sealing agent  50  and the barrier rib  60  is preferably greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 1.0 mm. This is because it has been confirmed that the heat conduction can be substantially prevented by bringing the interval to at least 0.5 mm and, on the other hand, no significant changes are seen with respect to the effect of suppressing the heat conductance even when the interval of 1 mm or more is provided. The barrier rib  60  is not aimed at sealing the electronic element  30 , so that the barrier rib  60  does not necessarily have to be adhered to the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . 
     As the barrier rib material  61  (see  FIGS. 3B and 3C ) that can be used as the barrier rib  60 , an inorganic material such as glass, ceramics, a metal oxide, a metal, or a semiconductor, for example, is exemplified. As the glass, a glass frit or a glass ribbon of the low melting point glass being used as the sealing agent  50  as described previously can be used. Even in a case that a different inorganic material such as ceramics or a metal oxide is used, the barrier rib  60  can be formed by turning such a material into fine powder in the same manner as the glass frit to mix the fine powder with an organic solvent or an adhering agent. 
     As described previously, the barrier rib  60  does not need to have a sealing function, so that, even when the barrier rib material  61  is fine powder and eventually porous, for example, it suffices that the fine pores thereof be very small and the barrier rib  60  can prevent the flow of the liquid material such as liquid crystal being a part of the electronic element  30 . Rather, the porous barrier rib  60  can also be preferable in that heat conduction in the barrier rib  60  is suppressed. Therefore, the barrier rib  60  comprising a large number of fine pores can be formed by making fine powder of the inorganic material pasty using a binder and thermally curing the past after printing. It is considered that, even though the binder does not disappear completely, there be no generation of such gas as to degrade the characteristics of the electronic element  30  as long as the amount of the binder is less than or equal to 10% of the total volume. 
     In a case of a structure in which the barrier rib  60  adheres to only one of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 , gas generated in curing is never sealed in between the two substrates as along as the barrier rib material  61  is cured before superimposing the first and second substrates  10  and  20  even when a thermosetting resin is used for the barrier rib material  61 . Therefore, the barrier rib  60  is not limited to the inorganic material. In this case, it is preferable to sufficiently increase an interval z between the sealing agent  50  and the barrier rib  60 , for example to set the interval z to be greater than or equal to 0.7 mm and less than or equal to 1 mm such that the barrier rib  60  is not heated by heat generated in heating the sealing agent material  51 . 
     In a case that an organic material is used for the barrier rib material  61 , a bonding resin being used to seal two substrates in manufacturing a conventional liquid crystal display apparatus, for example, epoxy resin, epoxy acrylate, urethane acrylate, or silicone resin can be used. These materials can be an ultraviolet curing resin or a thermosetting resin depending on a polymerization initiator to be added. Moreover, the thermosetting resin can be a delay curing resin. In such a case, by performing a thermal treatment at a location being distant from the electronic element  30  (for example, a substrate on which the electronic element  30  is not formed), it is possible to prevent a temperature increase and generation of gas in the vicinity of the electronic element  30 . Moreover, in a case that an ultraviolet curing resin or a visible light curing resin is used, the barrier rib material  61  can be cured without a temperature increase or generation of gas as well. The barrier rib  60  can be adhered to both of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . However, in such a case as well, with the sealing structure  100  according to the present embodiment, the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  is controlled by the spacer  50   b . Therefore, the height of the barrier rib  60  is preferably less (lower) than the grain diameter of the spacer  50   b , and the deficit height of the barrier rib  60  in such a case is preferably being compensated by increasing the amount of the adhering agent. 
     (Display Apparatus) 
     Herein below, a complex-type display apparatus  200  comprising an OILED  30   a  and an LCD  30   b  as electronic elements  30  is described with reference to  FIG. 5 . 
     A display apparatus  200  according to a third embodiment of the invention comprises a TFT substrate  10  comprising a driving TFT  13  being formed for each pixel of a display screen and a first insulating layer (a so-called planarizing layer) planarizing a surface above the driving TFT  13 ; a reflecting electrode  41  for an LCD  30   b , the reflecting electrode  41  being formed above the first insulating layer  19  in a first region R of one pixel of the TFT substrate (the first substrate)  10 ; an OLED  30   a  being formed in a second region T of the one pixel, the second region T being adjacent to the first region R and being above the first insulating layer  19  of the TFT substrate  10 , the OLED  30   a  comprising a first electrode  31  an organic layer  33 , a second electrode  34 , and an encapsulating layer  35 ; an opposing substrate (a second substrate)  20  comprising an opposing electrode (a transparent electrode)  43  opposing the reflecting electrode  41  and being arranged in an opposing manner to the TFT substrate  10 ; a liquid crystal layer  42  being filled between the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20 ; and a sealing agent  50  sealing a gap between the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20  at the outer periphery of the liquid crystal layer  42 , wherein the sealing agent  50  comprises a low melting point glass material  50   a  and a plurality of spacers  50   b ; and the plurality of spacers  50   b  has a melting point being higher than a softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a.    
     Moreover, in the example in  FIG. 5 , a barrier rib  60  to separate the sealing agent  50  and the liquid crystal layer  42  is provided between the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20 , and the sealing agent  50  and the barrier rib  60  are in separation. 
     While the barrier rib  60  and the sealing agent  50  are formed in the surroundings of the one LCD  30   b  and the one OLED  30   a , in practice, a sub-pixel comprising a set of the LCD  30   b  and OLED  30   a  is formed for each of red (R), green (G), and blue (B), and, moreover, a plurality of pixels each one of which is composed of the sub-pixels consisting of the R, G, and B are formed in a matrix. According to the present embodiment, the entire elements being formed in the matrix are to be the electronic elements  30 , and the sealing agent  50  and the to barrier rib  60  are formed to surround them. In  FIG. 5 , the thickness direction of the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20  is emphasized such that each constituting element is shown in an easy-to-understand manner. Therefore, while the cross section of the spacer  50   b  is being drawn in an ellipse in which the major axis is much longer than the minor axis, the spacer  50   b  in the example in  FIG. 5  is a spherical granular body having a circular cross section in the same manner as that in  FIG. 1B . 
     In the display apparatus  200  according to the present embodiment, a reflecting-type LCD  30   b  is formed in a first region. R of one pixel, and a light-emitting element such as the OLED  30   a , for example, is formed in a second region T being adjacent to the first region R of the one pixel. The reflecting-type LCD  30   b  comprises the reflecting electrode  41 , the liquid crystal layer  42 , the transparent electrode  43  (opposing electrode), a color filter (CF)  44 , liquid crystal alignment layers  45 ,  46 , respectively formed on the surfaces of the reflecting electrode  41  and the transparent electrode  43 , and a polarizer  47 . The liquid crystal layer  42 , transparent electrode  43 , and polarizer  47  are formed at the entire display apparatus  200 , extending toward the second region T. Moreover, the OLED  30   a  comprises the first electrode  31 , a second insulating layer  32  also referred to as a so-called insulating bank, the second insulating layer  32  defining the first electrode  31  and a light-emitting region, the organic layer  33 , the second electrode  34 , and an encapsulating layer  35  to cover the surroundings thereof. While the second insulating layer  32  is formed also above the first insulating layer  19  in the first region R with the same material and in substantially the same thickness, the second insulating layer  32  in the first region R is separated from the second insulating layer  32  in the second region T, so that the second insulating layer in the first region R is called a third insulating layer  32   a.    
     For the TFT substrate  10 , TFTs such as the driving TFT (a thin-film transistor)  13  and a current supplying TFT  12 , and a wiring such as a bus line (not shown) are formed on one surface of the insulating substrate  11  comprising a resin film such as polyimide, or a glass substrate, for example, and the first insulating layer  19  called a so-called planarizing layer to planarize the surface thereof is formed. While each of the TFTs is formed by a semiconductor layer  14  such as a polysilicon or an amorphous semiconductor, a gate insulating layer  15 , gate electrodes  13   g ,  12   g , a passivation layer  16 , explanations of details thereof will be omitted. In  FIG. 5 , an auxiliary capacitance electrode  17  being connected in parallel to the liquid crystal layer  42  of the LCD  30   b  is formed. 
     Moreover, in  FIG. 5 , a source  12   s  of the current supplying TFT  12  is connected to an anode electrode  31  of the OLED  30   a . A cathode electrode  34  of the OLED  30   a  is connected to a cathode bus line  18  by via contacts  18   c   1  and  18   c   2 . The first insulating layer  19  can be formed with an organic material such as polyimide, or an inorganic material such as SiO 2  or SiN x  using CVD method. A drain  13   d  of the driving TFT  13  is connected to the reflecting electrode  41  through contacts  13   d   1  to  13   d   3 , while the source  12   s  of the current supplying TFT  12  is connected to the first electrode  31  for the OLED  30   a .  FIG. 5  shows the structure of elements conceptually, so that not all of each element is shown accurately. 
     For the opposing substrate  20 , the color filter  44 , the opposing electrode  43 , and the liquid crystal alignment layer  46  are formed on an insulating substrate  21  such as glass or a transparent (light-transmitting) film, for example. 
     The opposing substrate  20 , and the TFT substrate  10  on which the OLED  30   a  is formed are adhered using the sealing agent  50  at the surroundings of the OLED  30   a  and an LCD  30   b  with a certain interval being secured such that the reflecting electrode  41  and the opposing electrode  43  face each other. A liquid crystal material to be a part of the electronic element  30  is sealed in between both substrates  10  and  20 , so that the liquid crystal layer  42  is formed, and the polarizer  47  is provided on the surface, of the opposing substrate  20 , being opposite to the liquid crystal layer  42 . 
     Adhering of the sealing agent  50 , and the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20  is carried out by the same method as the previously-described method in the explanations of the sealing structure  100  according to the first embodiment. As the sealing agent  50  comprises the spacer  50   b , the length of the gap between the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20  can be strictly controlled even when the low melting point glass material  50   a  softens at the time of adhering. The sealing agent  50  adheres to a region, on the opposing substrate  20 , at which the opposing electrode  43 , the color filter  44 , and the liquid crystal alignment layer  46  are not formed, and, moreover, adheres to a region, on the TFT substrate  10 , at which the first insulating layer  19  and each TFT are not formed. Therefore, in the example in  FIG. 5 , specifically, the length of the gap between the insulating substrate  11  of the TFT substrate  10  and the insulating substrate  21  of the opposing substrate  20  can be controlled most strictly. However, in association therewith, the gap between the reflecting electrode  41  and the opposing electrode  43 , for example, can also be accurately controlled in the extreme. The sealing agent  50  can be adhered to the insulating substrates  11  and  21  via the first insulating layer  19  or the color filter  44 , for example. 
     The OLED  30   a  is formed in the second region T of one pixel and, as shown in  FIG. 5 , is formed by the first electrode  31  being formed in the second region T on the surface of the first insulating layer  19 , the second insulating layer  32  being formed in the surroundings of the first electrode  31  to surround the first electrode  31 , the organic layer  33  formed on the first electrode  31  being surrounded by the second insulating layer  32 , the second electrode  34  on the organic layer  33  being formed on almost the whole OLED  30   a , and the encapsulating layer  35  covering the surroundings of the second electrode  34 . 
     The first electrode  31  is formed as an anode electrode, for example. In the case of the present embodiment, the display screen is to be viewed from the upper end of  FIG. 5 , so that the first electrode  31  is formed as a reflecting electrode and has a structure such that all of lights emitted are radiated upward. Therefore, the first electrode  31  is formed with a light-reflecting material, for example, a deposited layer of ITO/APC/ITO being selected based on the work function relationship with the organic layer  33 . 
     The second electrode  32  is formed to define a light-emitting region of the OLED  30   a  and also to prevent the first electrode  31  and the second electrode  34  from being in contact and electrically connected with each other. The organic layer  33  is deposited on the first electrode  31  being surrounded by the second insulating layer  32 . The second insulating layer  32  is formed with a resin such as polyimide or an acrylic resin, for example. For the significance of aligning the heights of the first region R and the second region T, the second insulating layer  32  is also formed in the first region R in which the LCD  301 ) is formed. 
     The organic layer  33  is deposited on the first electrode  31  being surrounded by the second insulating layer  32  by vapor deposition or an application method such as inkjet. The organic layer  33  being shown as one layer in  FIG. 5  is formed as a plurality of layers with various materials being deposited. Specifically, a positive-hole injection layer and a positive-hole transport layer are formed inn order on the first electrode  31 , for example. Moreover, above these layers, a light-emitting layer selected in accordance with the light-emitting wavelength is formed by doping, to Alq 3 , an organic fluorescent material of red or green for red color, green color, respectively, for example. As a blue color material, a USA-based organic material is used. An electron transport layer is further formed above the light-emitting layer. Moreover, an electron injection layer can also be provided. These respective layers, each having approximately several tens of nm in thickness, can be deposited. 
     The second electrode  34  is formed on the surface of the organic layer  33 . The second electrode (for example, the cathode electrode)  34  is formed on almost the whole OLED  30   a . The second electrode  34  is formed with a light-transmitting material, for example, a thin-film Mg—Ag eutectic film. The encapsulating layer (TFE)  35  comprising an inorganic insulating layer of Si 3 N 4 , or SiO 2 , for example, is formed on the surface of the second electrode  34  by one deposited layer, or two or more deposited layers. The encapsulating layer  35  encapsulates the second electrode  34  and the organic layer  33 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the liquid crystal layer  42  and the opposing electrode  43  are formed above the OLED  30   a  as well. However, in the OLED  30   a  region, there is no reflecting electrode  41  corresponding to the opposing electrode  43 . Thus, the same situation as in a case of the voltage applied to the opposite surfaces of the liquid crystal layer  42  as described below being off occurs. In other words, while a normally-black state is obtained for external light, light emitted in the OLED  30   a  passes through the circular polarizer  47  without any change since the liquid crystal layer  42  is vertically-aligned, which is the same as having no liquid crystal layer  42 . Therefore, an image displayed by light emission in the OLED  30   a  is visually recognized from the front end as it is. 
     The LCD  30   b  is formed as a reflecting-type LCD with the reflecting electrode  41  being formed at the whole of the first region R of approximately a half of one pixel, the liquid crystal layer  42 , the opposing electrode  43 , and the polarizer (circular polarizer)  47 . The liquid crystal layer  42  is formed at the whole including the second region T. The reflecting electrode  41  is a so-called a pixel electrode, and is formed at almost the whole first region R. The reflecting electrode  41  is formed above the third insulating layer  32   a  being simultaneously formed with the same material as the second insulating layer  32  of the OLED  30   a  as described previously. The reflecting electrode  41  is formed with deposited layers of Al (aluminum) being greater than or equal to 0.05 μm and less than or equal to 0.2 μm and IZO (indium-zinc-oxide) being greater than or equal to 0.005 μm and less than or equal to 0.05 μm, for example. In forming the second insulating layer  32  of the OLED  30   a , the third insulating layer  32   a  is formed with the same material as that for the second insulating layer  32 . In this way, the third insulating layer  32   a  being formed in the first region R makes it possible to bring the height of the underlayer of the liquid crystal layer  42  closer between the two regions R and T. 
     The liquid crystal layer  42  comprises a liquid crystal composition, and various display modes such as an ECB (electronically controlled birefringence) mode, for example, can be used therein. The liquid crystal layer  42  shuts off incident light or allows incident light to pass, for each pixel in cooperation with the polarizer  47  in accordance with applying or stopping of the voltage between the reflecting electrode  41  and the opposing electrode  43 . For the ECB mode, it is preferable that the liquid crystal layer  42  be formed so as to have the thickness such that when the voltage is turned on, a ¼ wavelength phase difference occurs until light transmits the liquid crystal layer  42  and reaches the reflecting electrode  41 . In the display apparatus  200  according to the present embodiment, as the sealing agent  50  comprises the spacer  50   b , the gap between the opposing substrate  20  and the TFT substrate  10  can be strictly controlled. As a result, the thickness of the liquid crystal layer  42  can also be controlled accurately. 
     Alignment of the liquid crystal alignment layer  46  being formed at the opposing substrate  20  and alignment of the liquid crystal alignment layer  45  being formed at the TFT substrate  10  are formed so as to differ by an angle of 90 degrees from each other, for example. In a case that the liquid crystal alignment layers  45  and  46  are formed such that the liquid crystal molecules are vertically aligned with the voltage not being applied between the opposite surfaces of the liquid crystal layer  42 , for example, when the voltage of greater than or equal to a threshold value is not applied between the reflecting electrode  41  and the opposing electrode  43 , reflected light of external light does not exit to the exterior, and thereby providing a black display state, or, in other words, a normally-black type. 
     A circular polarizer, for example, is used for the polarizer  47 . The circular polarizer is formed as a combination of a linear polarizer and a ¼ wavelength retardation plate, for example. Moreover, a ½ wavelength retardation plate can also be used together to possess the ¼ wavelength condition with respect to a wide range of wavelengths. When the voltage of greater than or equal to a threshold value is not applied between the reflecting electrode  41  and the opposing electrode  43  so that the liquid crystal layer  42  is vertically aligned, external light passes through the liquid crystal layer  42  as it is to be reflected by the reflecting electrode  41 , causing a reversal of light polarization from right circularly-polarized light to left circularly-polarized light. Therefore, external light returning to the polarizer  47  cannot pass through the polarizer  47 , causing a black display to be obtained. On the other hand, when the voltage of greater than or equal to the threshold value is applied to the liquid crystal layer  42  to cause the liquid crystal molecules to be horizontally-aligned, external light is further shifted on its phase by ¼ wavelength at the liquid crystal layer  42 , and therefore, the external light being reflected in the reflecting electrode  41  can transmit the polarizer  47 , causing a white display to be obtained. The polarizer  47  is construed to be not limited to the circular polarizer, so that it can also be a linear polarizer according to the display mode. 
     The sealing agent  50  is the same as the sealing agent  50  used in the previously-described sealing structure  100  according to the first embodiment and the sealing agent  50  use in the previously-described organic-EL display apparatus according to the second embodiment, and comprises the low melting point glass material  50   a , and the spacer  50   b  having a melting point being higher than the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a . Therefore, as described previously, the length of the gap between the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20  can be strictly controlled. In particular, with the hybrid-type display apparatus  200  comprising the OLED  30   a  and the LCD  30   b  as exemplified in  FIG. 5 , a high degree of sealing property with respect to the OLED  30   a  is required, and, at the same time, a strict control of the gap between the two substrates  10  and  20  is required to maintain and improve the picture quality of the LCD  30   b . Therefore, the display apparatus  200  according to the present embodiment is particularly suitable as such a hybrid-type display apparatus, because the display apparatus  200  comprises the sealing agent  50  being configured by a glass material (the lour melting point glass material  50   a ) with a high degree of sealing property compared to that of a resin and including the spacer  50   b  having a melting point being higher than the softening point of the glass material. In the display apparatus  200  as well, the sealing agent  50  is formed, as shown in  FIG. 3A  as referred to previously, at the surroundings of the OLED  30   a  and the LCD  30   b  on the TFT substrate  10  or on the opposing substrate  20  using a glass frit paste or a glass ribbon and these substrates are superimposed to adhere the sealing agent  50  to the substrates thereafter. The whole of the glass frit, or the low melting point glass material  50   a  of at least a bonding portion of the glass ribbon to the substrates  10  and  20  is softened by irradiation with laser light so that the sealing agent  50  is adhered to the TFT substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20 . 
     The barrier rib  60  also is the same as the barrier rib  60  that can be provided in the previously-described sealing structure  100  according to the first embodiment, and can be formed in separation with the sealing agent  50  with the same method using the same material as that in the case of the sealing structure  100 . While the barrier rib  60 , and the LCD  30   b  or the OLED  30  are in contact with each other in the example in  FIG. 5 , the barrier rib  60  and these electronic elements can be in contact with or in separation from each other. 
     (Method for Manufacturing a Display Apparatus) 
     Herein below, a method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the invention is described with continued reference to  FIG. 5  and with reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 . The method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to the present embodiment comprises: preparing a first substrate  10  (S 1  in  FIG. 6 ); forming, above the first substrate  10  or on a surface of the first substrate  10 , an electronic element  30  to compose pixels (S 2 ); preparing a second substrate  20  (S 3 ) and arranging a sealing agent material  51  (see  FIG. 3A ) on one of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  (S 4 ); superimposing the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  with the sealing agent material  51  being sandwiched between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  (S 5 ); and adhering the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  with the sealing agent material  51  (S 6 ). Here, for the sealing agent material  51 , a material comprising a low melting point glass material  50   a  and a plurality of granular bodies is used. The plurality of granular bodies has a melting point being higher than the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a  and being mixed into the low melting point glass material  50   a . Moreover, in arranging the sealing agent material  51 , the sealing agent material  51  is arranged at a portion. The portion is a portion to surround an electronic element-forming area A (see  FIG. 3A ) when the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are superimposed. And, the sealing agent material  51  is adhered to the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  by irradiation with laser light. Each one of the plurality of granular bodies constitutes a spacer  50   b  of the sealing structure  100  according to the first embodiment described previously. 
     The above-described respective steps do not have to be carried out in this order, so that step S 3  can be carried out first, for example. Moreover, step S 4  is carried out in either one of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . In other words, as described previously, the sealing agent material  51  can be arranged in one of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 , can be applied to a substrate on which the electronic element  30  is formed, or can be formed on a substrate to be adhered to the substrate on which the electronic element  30  is formed. Therefore, the term “a portion to surround an electronic element-forming area A” refers to a part of the first substrate  10  surrounding the electronic element  30  in a case that the sealing agent material  51  is arranged in the first substrate  10  on which the electronic element  30  is formed, while the term refers to a part to surround the electronic element  30  when the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are superimposed in step S 5  in a case that the sealing agent material  51  is arranged in the second substrate  20 . 
     Below, with primary preference to  FIG. 5 , a method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to the present embodiment is described using manufacturing of the display apparatus  200  according to the third embodiment as an example, the display apparatus  200  comprising an OLED  30   a  and an LCD  30   b  as the electronic elements  30 . However, a display apparatus comprising only one of the OLED  30   a  and the LCD  30   b , for example, can be manufactured using the method for manufacturing according to the present embodiment. Therefore, among formation steps for respective constituting elements in the explanations below, formation step for any of elements constituting only the OLED  30   a  and elements constituting only the LCD  30   b  in the display apparatus  200  can be omitted in accordance with the type of the display apparatus to be manufactured. For example, in a case that a liquid crystal display apparatus is to be manufactured, forming of a third insulating layer  32   a  and each of elements constituting the OLED  30   a  can be omitted. Moreover, in a case that an organic-EL display apparatus is to be manufactured, forming of each of elements constituting the LCD  30   b  such as an opposing electrode  43  and a reflecting electrode  41 , liquid crystal alignment layers  45  and  46 , and a liquid crystal layer  42  can be omitted. 
     First, the first substrate (TFT substrate)  10  is prepared (S 1 ). Specifically, using a general method of forming a TFT, a semiconductor layer  14  and a bus line (not shown) are formed above an insulating substrate  11 , and, moreover, a gate insulating layer  15 , a drain  13   d  and a gate electrode  13   g  of a driving TFT  13 , a source  12   s  and a gate electrode  12   g  of a current supplying TFT  12 , and an auxiliary capacitance electrode  17  are formed. Moreover, on the surface thereof, a passivation layer  16  comprising, for example, SiN x  and a contact  13   d   1  are formed, and a first insulating layer  19  is formed using a polyimide resin, or an inorganic layer of SiO 2 , for example. 
     Then, the reflecting electrode  41  for the LCD  30   b , and the OLED  30   a  are formed above or on the surface of the TFT substrate  10  (S 2 ). Specifically, a first electrode (anode electrode)  31  for the OLED  30   a  is formed with a deposited layer of ITO/APC (Ag—Pd—Cu alloy)/ITO. A contact  13   d   2  to connect with the drain  13   d  of the driving TFT  13  is also formed in the first insulating layer  19 . Then, using a polyimide resin or an acrylic resin, a second insulating layer  32  is formed such that it surrounds the first electrode  31  and comprises a projection. For example, a resin layer is formed on the entire surface over the substrate in a liquid state, and, thereafter, the second insulating layer  32  is formed in a desired shape at a desired location by patterning the resin layer. In the patterning step for the second insulating layer  32 , a contact hole connecting to the contact  13   d   2  of a first region R is formed, causing a third contact  13   d   3  to be formed. Moreover, a trench can also be formed in the first insulating layer  19  being exposed by dividing the resin layer into the second insulating layer  32  and the third insulating layer  32   a.    
     Thereafter, an organic layer  33  is formed by vapor deposition, or printing such as inkjet method, and a second electrode  34  to be a cathode electrode is formed, by vapor deposition using a vapor-deposition mask, on the almost entire surface of the OLED  30   a  including the projection of the second insulating layer  32  and the organic layer  33 . 
     Thereafter, an encapsulating layer  35  is formed with an inorganic layer of SiN x  or SiO 2 . The encapsulating layer  35  is preferably formed with multiple layers comprising at least two layers. The encapsulating layer  35  is formed using CVD or ALD (atomic layer deposition) method. The encapsulating layer  35  can be formed so as to reach the first region R. In forming the encapsulating layer  35 , the material thereof is embedded also into the trench formed in the first insulating layer  19 , and the encapsulating layer  35  is joined to an inorganic layer, such as the passivation layer  16 , being an underlayer of the first insulating layer  19 . The encapsulating layer  35  can be formed on the entire surface, and, then, patterned by etching, or it can be deposited at only a desired location using a mask. 
     Thereafter, a reflecting electrode (pixel electrode)  41  for the LCD  30   b  is formed on the surface of the third insulating layer  32   a  of the first region R. The reflecting electrode  41  is also electrically connected to the contact  13   d   3 . The reflecting electrode  41  is formed with Al and IZO, for example. As the reflecting electrode  41  is formed in almost a half of one pixel except for the entire surface of the OLED  30   a , it can be formed by patterning of a reflecting layer formed on the whole surface thereof by vapor deposition. Moreover, the liquid crystal alignment layer  45  is deposited on the reflecting electrode  41 . With the above, preparing of the first substrate  10  is completed. 
     In the meantime, separately from the first substrate  10 , the second substrate (opposing substrate)  20  is prepared (S 3 ). The second substrate  20  is prepared by depositing the light-transmitting opposing electrode  43 , and, as needed, a color filter  44  and the liquid crystal alignment layer  46  on an insulating substrate  21  such as a glass plate or a resin film. Here, since the explanations are given with manufacturing of the display apparatus  200  comprising both the LCD  30   b  and the OLED  30   a  as an example, the opposing electrode  43  and so forth are formed. However, as described previously, in a case that the organic-EL display apparatus is manufactured, forming of the opposing electrode  43  and so forth can be omitted. 
     Thereafter, the sealing agent material  51  (see  FIG. 3A ) is arranged on either one of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  (S 4 ). The sealing agent material  51  is arranged at a portion that surrounds the electronic element-forming area A when the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are superimposed. The sealing agent material  51  comprises the low melting point glass material  50   a . With the low melting point glass material  50   a , the plurality of granular bodies is mixed, which is to be a plurality of spacers  50   b  that has a melting point being higher than the softening point of the low melting point glass material  50   a  and restricts the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  when sandwiched by these substrates. Preferably, the sealing agent material  51  is used in which the content rate of the plurality of granular bodies to be the spacer  50   b  in the entirety of the plurality of granular bodies and the low melting point glass material  50   a  is greater than or equal to 5 mass % and less than or equal to 30 mass %. Such a sealing agent material  51  can be used to make it possible to obtain a sufficient adhering strength between the sealing agent  50  and the first substrate  10  as well as the second substrate  20 , and it is possible to strictly control the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . 
     As described previously, the sealing agent material  51  can be prepared in a paste form and applied. In other words, as shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B  previously-referred, along with using a glass frit as the low melting point glass material  50   a , a columnar body or a spherical body constituted of an inorganic substance can be used as a granular body to be the spacer  50   b . Then, the sealing agent material  51  being prepared in a paste form using a binder  51   a  can be prepared, and the sealing agent material  51  can be arranged by applying the glass frit (the low melting point glass material  50   a ) and the granular body to the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20  using printing or dispensing. 
     Moreover, the sealing agent material  51  can be prepared in a form of a glass ribbon and can be arranged by fixing one end or both ends thereof to the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20  using an adhering agent. In other words, a glass ribbon  51   b  (see  FIGS. 3B and 3C ) comprising a plurality of granular bodies to be the spacer  50   b  and the low melting point glass material  50   a  can be used for the sealing agent material  51 . Then, the sealing agent material  51  can be arranged by bonding the glass ribbon  51   b  to a given portion of the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20 . In this case, arranging and bonding of the glass ribbon  51   b  can preferably be carried out as described previously with reference to  FIGS. 3B and 3C . In other words, an adhering portion to be adhered with the sealing agent material  51  is divided into plural parts and the glass ribbon  51   b  is arranged to each of the divided parts. Then, one end or both ends of the glass ribbon  51   b  is adhered to the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20  at a part being opposite to the electronic element-forming area A (see  FIGS. 3B and 3C ) with respect to the adhering portion. In this way, it is considered that penetration of gas into the electronic element-forming area A can be prevented and degradation of the electronic element  30  can be prevented. Preferably, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the sealing agent material  51  is directly bonded to the insulating substrates  11  and  21  by exposing these substrates. This is because it can be considered that an adequate adhering is easily obtained. 
     In a case that the display apparatus  200  shown in  FIG. 5  is manufactured, a barrier rib material  61  (see  FIGS. 3B and 3C ) is arranged at a peripheral edge portion of the electronic element-forming area A before or after arranging the sealing agent material  51 . The barrier rib material  61  can be arranged on either one of the first substrate  10  and the opposing substrate  20 . The barrier rib material  61  is formed such that the reflecting electrode  41  for the LCD  30   b  and the OLED  30   a  are housed in a region surrounded by the barrier rib material  61  when the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are superimposed. While an inorganic material is preferable for the barrier rib material  61  as described previously, a resin material such as an epoxy resin can be used. Moreover, the barrier rib material  61  can be arranged in a paste by application, or the barrier rib material  61  can be adhered after prepared in a ribbon form. In a case that the barrier rib material  61  in the paste form is applied, it is cured thereafter by heating or ultraviolet irradiation to form the barrier rib  60 . The height of the barrier rib material  61  can be selected in accordance with the interval of the two substrates to be bonded together. However, as described previously, the height is preferably less than the grain diameter of the granular body to be the spacer  50   b  in not interfering with controlling the gap of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  by the spacer  50   b.    
     In a case that the barrier rib  61  is arranged, the barrier rib  61  is arranged in separation from the sealing agent material  51 . Preferably, the sealing agent material  51  and the barrier rib material  61  are separated by a distance of greater than or equal to 0.5 mm and less than or equal to 1.0 mm. This is because it is considered that separating by this degree of distance causes heat conduction to be effectively suppressed as described previously and, even more, also does not cause a marked upsizing of the display apparatus  200  so much. The barrier rib material  61  and the sealing agent material  51  can be arranged in separate substrates. 
     In a case that the display apparatus  200  shown in  FIG. 5  is manufactured, a liquid crystal material (a liquid crystal composition) is dropped onto the forming region of the LCD  30   b  and the OLED  30   a  that is surrounded by the barrier rib  60 . The dropping of the liquid crystal composition is preferably carried out under vacuum atmosphere. This is because it is easier to discharge air bubbles entrapped in the liquid crystal material in dropping. 
     Then, the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  are superimposed with the sealing agent material  51  being sandwiched between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  (S 5 ). After they are superimposed, it is preferable to bring the surrounding pressure to the atmospheric pressure or a higher pressure than that since pressure can be exerted uniformly onto the two substrates. In this case, nitrogen atmosphere (100% N 2  atmosphere), or dry air atmosphere is preferable. This is because it is possible to cause nitrogen or dry air to penetrate the interior of the sealing agent  50  as the sealing with the sealing agent  50  has not been carried out yet at this time. Therefore, dry air having a dew point of less than or equal to −50° C. is particularly preferable. 
     Then, the sealing agent material  51  is adhered to the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  by irradiation with laser light (S 6 ). Irradiation with laser light causes the low melting point glass material  50   a  included in the sealing agent material  51  to soften and to adhere to the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . For example, laser light is emitted such that the sealing agent material  51  reaches the temperature of approximately 450° C. to 500° C. As a light source for the laser light, excimer laser having the wavelength of approximately greater than or equal to 190 nm and less than 350 nm, YAG laser having the wavelength of 1064 nm, or CO 2  laser having the wavelength of 10.6 μm can be used. The wavelength of various laser lights can be converted in accordance with the wavelength band for which the low melting point glass material  50   a  included in the sealing agent material  51  has a good absorption property. 
     In the method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to the present embodiment, the sealing agent material  51  comprises a granular body to be the spacer  50   b , therefore, it is preferable to carry out irradiation with laser light with the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  being pressed toward each other. In other words, it is preferable that irradiation with laser light to the sealing agent material  51  be carried out while exerting compressive force, on the sealing agent material  51 , in the thickness direction of the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 . Exerting such a force makes it possible to control the length of the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  to a length being substantially equal to the grain diameter of the spacer  50   b . The force to be exerted to the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20  at this time is preferably a force being greater than or equal to 0.1 N/cm 2  and less than or equal to 15 N/cm 2 . It is considered that, with such a degree of force, the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  can be brought to be in contact with the spacer  50   b  and, even more, no excessive damages are provided to these substrates. 
     Moreover, a thin plate material or film is often used for the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 , therefore, it is preferable to perform the irradiation with laser light using a pressing jig that can press the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  over the entirety thereof. In this way, even in a case that warp occurs in the first substrate  10  or the second substrate  20 , the gap between both substrates can be made uniform all over the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20 .  FIG. 7  shows an example of a step of the irradiation with laser light using such a pressing jig P. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , a plate-shaped pressing jig P is placed on the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  being superimposed and a force F is exerted via the pressing jig P. Then, the sealing agent material  51  is irradiated, via the pressing jig P, with a laser light L emitted from a light source S and having a given wavelength at the top of the pressing jig P. The light source S is moved along an arrangement portion of the sealing agent material  51 . For example, the sealing agent material  51  is irradiated with laser light of 25 W power being moved at the velocity of 5 mm/sec. Therefore, the sealing agent material  51  is heated in all around the surroundings of the electronic element-forming area A and the low melting point glass material  50   a  is solidified after being softened once. As a result, the sealing agent material  51  adheres to the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  and the sealing agent  50  to seal the gap between the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  at the surroundings of the electronic element-forming area A is formed. The power and moving velocity of laser light are construed to be not limited to the above-mentioned power and velocity. 
     The force F can be exerted to the pressing jig P by an arbitrary loading mechanism (not shown). The pressing jig P is formed using a material having good permeability for laser light used in the irradiation and having a moderate heat resistance and rigidity. While quartz having a high transmittance to light in the ultraviolet ray region is used as a material for the pressing jig P, for example, the material is construed to be not limited thereto. Moreover, the wavelength of the laser light L can be selected in accordance with the wavelength band for which the material of the pressing jig P exhibits a good permeability. For example, in a case that the pressing jig P being formed using quartz is used, the laser light L having a wavelength of greater than or equal to 300 nm and less than or equal to 2000 nm is preferably used. For example, excimer laser or YAG laser as described previously is used. In a case that YAG laser is used, the laser light L being converted from the fundamental wave to ½ wavelength or ⅓ wavelength can be emitted. The pressing jig P can have the light-shielding property except for a part which is irradiated with the laser light L. However, it is preferable that at least a portion covering the electronic element-forming area A should have light-transmitting property, in that the state of the OLED  30   a  and the LCD  30   b  during the irradiation with the laser light can be checked. 
     In a case that the display apparatus  200  shown in  FIG. 5  is manufactured, the polarizer  47  is bonded to a surface being opposite to the opposing electrode  43  of the second substrate  20  after adhering the first substrate  10  and the second substrate  20  to each other with the sealing agent material  51 . As a result, the hybrid-type display apparatus  200  in which the reflecting-type LCD  30   b  is formed in the first region R and the OLED  30   a  is formed in the second region T is obtained. 
     SUMMARY 
     (1) A sealing structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention comprises: a first substrate and a second substrate being arranged in an opposing manner; an electronic element being formed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a sealing agent sealing a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate at an outer periphery of the electronic element, wherein the sealing agent comprises a low melting point glass material and a plurality of spacers; and the plurality of spacers has a melting point being higher than a softening point of the low melting point glass material. 
     According to the configuration of (1), it is possible to protect an electronic element formed between two substrates from moisture and oxygen and, even more, it is possible to accurately control the interval between the two substrates. 
     (2) In the sealing structure according to (1) mentioned above, the low melting point glass material can be a solidified material of glass frit being once softened; and the plurality of spacers can be a granular body constituted of an inorganic substance and being mixed into the glass fit. In that case, a sealing agent comprising a spacer can be easily provided. 
     (3) In the sealing structure according to (1) or (2) mentioned above, the softening point of the low melting point glass material can be greater than or equal to 400° C. and less than or equal to 500° C., and the plurality of spacers can be formed using quartz. In that case, heat stress to the electronic element can be suppressed and, even more, since there is generally no softening of the spacer at the time of adhesion of the two substrates, the gap between the two substrates can be controlled further strictly. 
     (4) In the sealing structure according to any one of (1) to (3) mentioned above, a content rate of the plurality of spacers in the sealing agent can be greater than or equal to 5 mass % and less than or equal to 30 mass %. In that case, the sealing agent can be adhered with a sufficient strength to the first and second substrates and, even more, non-uniformity and dispersion of the gap between the first substrate and the second substrate can also be suppressed. 
     (5) In the sealing structure according to any one of (1) to (4) mentioned above, a barrier rib being separated from the sealing agent and surrounding the electronic element can be formed between the sealing agent and the electronic element. In this way, conduction of heat into an electronic element-forming area can be suppressed. 
     (6) An organic-EL display apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention comprises the sealing structure according to any one of (1) to (5); wherein the electronic element is an organic-EL light-emitting element. According to this configuration, it is possible, in an organic-EL light-emitting element, to control the gap between two substrates and to protect an organic-EL light-emitting element from moisture. 
     (7) A display apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention comprises a TFT substrate comprising a drive element being formed for each pixel of a display screen and a first insulating layer planarizing a surface above the drive element; a reflecting electrode for a liquid crystal display element, the reflecting electrode being formed above the first insulating layer in a first region of one pixel of the TFT substrate; an organic-EL light-emitting element being formed in a second region of the one pixel, the second region being adjacent to the first region and being above the first insulating layer of the TFT substrate, the organic-EL light-emitting element comprising a first electrode, an organic layer, a second electrode and an encapsulating layer; an opposing substrate comprising an opposing electrode opposing the reflecting electrode, the opposing substrate being arranged in an opposing manner to the TFT substrate; a liquid crystal layer being filled between the TFT substrate and the opposing substrate; and a sealing agent sealing a gap between the TFT substrate and the opposing substrate at an outer periphery of the liquid crystal layer, wherein the sealing agent comprises a low melting point glass material and a plurality of spacers; and the plurality of spacers has a melting point being higher than a softening point of the low melting point glass material. 
     (7) According to the configuration of (7), in a complex-type display apparatus comprising both a liquid crystal display element and an organic-EL light-emitting element, it is possible to protect the organic-EL light-emitting element from penetration of moisture and oxygen and, even more, to suppress a reduction in picture quality in the liquid crystal display element. 
     (8) In the display apparatus according to (7) mentioned above, wherein a barrier rib to separate the sealing agent and the liquid crystal layer can be provided between the TFT substrate and the opposing substrate; and the sealing agent and the barrier rib can be in separation. In that case, conduction of heat into an electronic element-forming area can be suppressed. 
     (9) A method for manufacturing a display apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention comprises: preparing a first substrate; forming, above the first substrate or on a surface of the first substrate, an electronic element to compose pixel; preparing a second substrate and arranging a sealing agent material on one of the first substrate and the second substrate; superimposing the first substrate and the second substrate with the sealing agent material being sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate; and adhering the first substrate and the second substrate with the sealing agent material, wherein, a material comprising a low melting point glass material and a plurality of granular bodies is used for the sealing agent material, the plurality of granular bodies having a melting point being higher than a softening point of the low melting point glass material and being mixed into the low melting point glass material; in arranging the sealing agent material, the sealing agent material is arranged at a portion, wherein the portion surrounds an electronic element-forming area for the electronic element when the first substrate and the second substrate are superimposed; and the sealing agent material is adhered to the first substrate and the second substrate by irradiation with laser light. 
     According to the configuration of (9), it is possible to manufacture a display device in which an electronic element can be protect from moisture and oxygen and, even more, the gap between two substrates can be controlled accurately. 
     (10) In the method for manufacturing the display apparatus of (9) mentioned above, the sealing agent material in which a content rate of the plurality of granular bodies in an entirety of the plurality of granular bodies and the low melting point glass material is greater than or equal to 5 mass % and less than or equal to 30 mass % can be used. In this way, the sealing agent material can be adhered with a sufficient strength to the first and second substrates, and, even more, non-uniformity and dispersion of the gap between the first substrate and the second substrate can also be suppressed. 
     (11) In the method for manufacturing a display apparatus of (9) or (10) mentioned above, the irradiation with laser light can be carried out while exerting compressive force, on the sealing agent material, in the thickness direction of the first substrate and the second substrate. In this way, the gap between the first substrate and the second substrate can be strictly controlled. 
     (12) In the method for manufacturing a display apparatus of (11) mentioned above, a pressing jig being formed using quartz can be placed on the first substrate and the second substrate being superimposed; and the compressive force can be exerted via the pressing jig, and the sealing agent material can be irradiated via the pressing jig with laser light having a wavelength of greater than or equal to 300 nm and less than or equal to 2000 nm at the top of the pressing jig. In this way, the gap between the first substrate and the second substrate can be uniformly controlled over the whole of these substrates, and, moreover, the sealing agent material can be sufficiently irradiated with laser light. 
     (13) In the method for manufacturing a display apparatus of any one of (9) to (12) mentioned above, a glass frit is used as the low melting point glass material, and a columnar body or a spherical body constituted of an inorganic substance can be used as the granular bodies; and the sealing agent material can be arranged by applying the glass frit and the granular bodies to the first substrate or the second substrate using printing or dispensing. In that case, the sealing agent material can easily be arranged. 
     (14) In the method for manufacturing a display apparatus of any one of (9) to (12) mentioned above, a glass ribbon comprising the plurality of granular bodies and the low melting point glass material can be used for the sealing agent material; and the sealing agent material can be arranged by bonding the glass ribbon to a given portion of the first substrate or the second substrate. In this way, the first substrate and the second substrate can be adhered using a sealing agent having less air bubbles. 
     (15) In the method for manufacturing a display apparatus of (14) mentioned above, in bonding of the glass ribbon, the glass ribbon can be arranged to each of plural parts being divided parts of an adhering portion to be adhered with the sealing agent material, and one end or both ends of the glass ribbon can be adhered to the first substrate or the second substrate at a part being opposite to the electronic element-forming area with respect to the adhering portion. In this way, penetration of gas into an electronic element-forming area can be reduced. 
     DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     
         
         
           
               10  First substrate (TFT Substrate) 
               13  Driving TFT 
               19  First insulating layer 
               20  Second substrate (Opposing substrate) 
               30  Electronic element 
               30   a  Organic-EL light-emitting element (OLED) 
               30   b  Liquid crystal display element (LCD) 
               31  First electrode (Anode electrode) 
               32  Second insulating layer (Insulating bank) 
               32   a  Third insulating layer 
               33  Organic layer 
               34  Second electrode (Cathode electrode) 
               35  Encapsulating layer (TFE) 
               41  Reflecting electrode (Pixel electrode) 
               42  Liquid crystal layer 
               43  Opposing electrode 
               50  Sealing agent 
               50   a  Low melting point glass material 
               50   b  Spacer 
               51  Sealing agent material 
               51   b  Glass ribbon 
               60  Barrier rib 
               61  Barrier rib material 
               100  Sealing structure 
               200  Display apparatus 
             A Electronic element-forming area 
             B Adhering part 
             P Pressing jig 
             R First region 
             T Second region