Patent Publication Number: US-9896835-B2

Title: System and method for structure design

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/518,276, filed on Oct. 20, 2014, entitled “System and Method for Structure Design,” which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/975,917, filed on Dec. 22, 2010, (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,959,845; issued Feb. 24, 2015), entitled “System and Method for Structure Design” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application, Ser. No. 61/293,508 filed on Jan. 8, 2010, entitled “System and Method for Structure Design” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/289,936 filed on Dec. 23, 2009, entitled “System and Method for Structure Design.” To the extent not included below, the subject matter disclosed in those applications is hereby expressly incorporated into the present application. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD AND SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is directed to self-supporting structural bodies that can have complex curved surfaces wherein each structural body is made up of smaller sub-bodies. 
     Structures, such as tradeshow displays, cubical partitions, room walls, and even ceilings are typically flat planar surfaces. They generally have plywood or gypsum drywall panels attached to wood or metal wall studs or frames, flat wall surfaces are conducive to hanging pictures, shelves, marketing materials, etc., but they lack intrinsic visual expression. Doubly curved walls, on the other hand, are more dynamic, expressive and modulate the experience of architectural space. They are uncommon, however, due to the high degree of geometric complexity and the extreme technical challenges that arise in fabrication and installation. This complexity arises from the fact that a doubly curved surface has curvature in two axes and, therefore, cannot be unrolled flat. For this reason, doubly curved architectural surface occurs either as an expensive custom installation, or is simplified down to one arc or “S” curve. Typically, these walls are constructed by placing either wood or metal studs or tubes in an arc, curve (for example a french curve or an ellipse vs. only a radial curve) or, at best, an “S” curve pattern and covering with bent drywall. If a more complex curved surface (such as a spherical or other double curved surfaces) is desired, a custom curved or highly mitered (faceted) frame is made to support curved panels placed over top. It is made through forming which is sometimes comprised of bent laminated panels made over molds for composite materials like wooden veneer layers or fiberglass and resin or thermal forming in thermal plastic materials. Other curved walls, such as landscaping walls, can be made by stacking identically-sized bricks, pavers or blocks in a curved pattern. But these too are often arcs or “S” curves and if they represent a more complex shape, they only approximate it with a shingled or fractured affect with some required noncontiguous edges between units, as well as generally also needing a frame. 
     In contrast, an illustrative embodiment of this present disclosure includes doubly curved structures and methods of making the same without requiring specially made frames or the like. These structures may accommodate variable gaussian curvature and may be used as curved walls, barriers, ceilings, columns, or other structures. Not limited to simple arcs, “S” curves, or shingled approximations of forms, these structures can easily and accurately approximate doubly curved surfaces including saddle shaped or hyperbolic, spherical, conical, folded, or twisted surfaces, or other gaussian curvature. In this illustrative embodiment, individually sized geometrically unique boxes are stacked or assembled to form the structure. Indeed, almost any doubly curved surface can now be closely approximated if not exactly formed (or perceptively identically formed) into a physical self-supporting structure. Put another way, partitions, displays, walls, and countless other structures are no longer limited to a simple flat wall shape or a single-axis curved shape that rely heavily on slow, labor intensive and, therefore, expensive frames. 
     Spherical, twisted, multi-directional waves or other complex curved shapes can be achieved by assembling the plurality of individually sized boxes in a specifically arranged order. Each box in the assembly has unique geometry specific to its location in the assembly. It is this continuously variable geometry that enables the construction system to accurately approximate doubly curved surfaces. Each box is stackable and attach to each other via magnets, fasteners, etc., so no support structure, skeleton, or frame is necessary. In an illustrative embodiment, all boxes that form the structure are made from a flat sheet blank of material. No specially molded cubes or blocks are required. Once the needed box sizes are calculated, the flat sheet blanks are cut and scored into the individual sizes and folded into boxes. By numbering or affixing the boxes with some indicia to indicate positioning, they can be assembled to make the structure. Rare earth magnets or other fasteners attach to the sides of each box to connect one to another. By assembling the boxes in this prearranged order, the resulting structure will be that of the designed shape. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure provides a digitally assisted design and specification method which a user employs to modify a base surface to create a three-dimensional design parametrically divides the design into individual box elements; and export two-dimensional representations of the individual box elements for rapid manufacture by robot and assembly into a physical manifestation of the three-dimensional design. 
     The above and other illustrative embodiments may further provide: parametrically dividing the design which includes dividing the three-dimensional design into a grid of contiguous panels, wherein each panel is defined by a series of shared 1-degree edge curves; the panels comprising triangular mesh surfaces; mapping graphics onto the box elements while maintaining alignment on non-planar assemblies of the three-dimensional design; the box elements being 3, 4, 5 or n sided; the panels being defined by sets of edge curves extruded or lofted to create sidewalls mated to each panel face; each sidewall being contiguous with a neighboring sidewall precisely offset to account for the installation specific material thickness; each edge of each face of each box abut an adjacent edge of a neighboring box except for edges located along the outer periphery of the design; two-dimensional representations being labeled to facilitate sorting and assembly of the three-dimensional design; comprising forming each box element as a two-dimensional panel; and the panel being formed of corrugated plastic, sheet metal, or paper-based board. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure provides a system comprising a graphic design tool, a box element module, and a panel module. The graphic design tool modifies a base surface to create a three-dimensional design. The box element module parametrically divides the design into individual box elements. The panel module provides two-dimensional panel representations of the individual box elements that are capable of being manufactured and assembled into a physical manifestation of the three-dimensional design. 
     The above and other illustrative embodiments may further provide: the box element module dividing the three-dimensional design into a grid of contiguous panels wherein each panel is defined by a series of shared 1-degree edge curves; the panels being comprised of triangular mesh surfaces; the panel module mapping graphics onto the box elements while maintaining alignment on non-planar assemblies of the three-dimensional design; the box elements being 3, 4, 5 or n sided; the panels being defined by sets of edge curves extruded (or lofted) to create sidewalls mated to each panel face; each sidewall being co-planar and contiguous to a neighboring sidewall; each non peripheral box sidewall having an edge that mates with a corresponding edge of a neighboring box element; the two-dimensional representations being labeled to facilitate sorting and assembly of the three-dimensional design; forming each box element as a two-dimensional panel; and the panel being formed of corrugated plastic. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure includes a method of making a structure. The method comprises: determining a base surface having a shape formed from at least two curves one of which not parallel to the other; subdividing the surface into a plurality of boxes wherein each box is uniquely shaped based on the shape of the base surface so assembling the boxes will form the structure that at least closely approximates the shape of the base surface, wherein each box includes a front surface and an at least one side, wherein at least two boxes each have their surface and side be non-orthogonal to each other and at least one face of one of the two boxes is a curved surface, and wherein each box has a corner edge located between the face and each side, wherein each box that is configured to be located adjacent to another box has its corner edge mate the corner edge of the another box; determining an order the plurality of boxes will be assembled in to create the structure; affixing an indicia on each of the plurality of boxes to indicate the position of each box with respect to each other to form the structure that at least closely approximates the shape of the base surface; forming each of the plurality of boxes by a scoring and cutting a flat sheet material; constructing each box by folding each box, wherein each box includes a magnet on at least one side which is configured to attract to and connect to a magnet attached to an adjacent box; assembling the structure by placing each box in order according to the indicia on each of the plurality of boxes so each box is located in the position with respect to each other to make the structure that at least closely approximates the shape of the base surface; and attaching each box to one another by placing the magnets from each box next to each other; and aligning each corner edge from each side of each of the plurality of boxes with each corner edge from each abutting side of each adjacently placed box. 
     Additional features and advantages of the structure assembly and method of making same will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of the illustrated embodiment exemplifying the best mode of carrying out the structure assembly and method of making same as presently perceived. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure will be described hereafter with reference to the attached drawings which are given as non-limiting examples only, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a freestanding, partially spherical-shaped structure; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective partially exploded view of the freestanding partially spherical-shaped structure of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a perspective view of box portions that make up the freestanding partially spherical-shaped structure and an unfolded box portion; 
         FIG. 4  is another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure depicting a self-structuring and suspended ceiling structure; 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective, partially exploded view of the ceiling structure of  FIG. 4  depicting how the ceiling structure is composed of individual boxes; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective exploded view of first and second box portions of the ceiling structure of  FIG. 4  along with one of those boxes shown in an unfolded blank condition; 
         FIG. 7  is a perspective view of a wall mounted structure having a multi-curved surface; 
         FIG. 8  is a perspective, partially exploded view of the wall mounted structure of  FIG. 7  depicting individual boxes that compose the wall structure; 
         FIG. 9  is a perspective view of one set of the box portions from the wall mounted structures of  FIGS. 7 and 8 , and a perspective view of one of those boxes in an unfolded blank condition; 
         FIG. 10  is a perspective view of four box assemblies that make up a portion of a freestanding structure; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective, exploded view of the box assemblies of  FIG. 10 ; 
         FIG. 12  is another view of the box assemblies of  FIGS. 10 and 11 , but further exploded to separate the inner and outer box portions; 
         FIGS. 13A-C  show the box assembles of  FIGS. 10-12 , where  FIG. 13A  shows the same exploded view from  FIG. 12  except with one of the box assembles removed,  FIG. 13B  shows the removed box assembly of  FIG. 13A  in further exploded view identifying the two box portions, and  FIG. 13C  shows the same box portions of  FIG. 13B  in unfolded blank form; 
         FIGS. 14A-G  are perspective views of a single box portion showing a progression from their unfolded cut blank form in  FIG. 14A  to a completely folded box portion form in  FIG. 14G  with the other views demonstrating how the box portion is folded; 
         FIG. 15  is an upward looking perspective view of an interior ceiling of a theater space that includes a suspended structure overhead; 
         FIGS. 16A-E  are side perspective views of the outline of a portion of the theater of  FIG. 15  showing a progression from an empty space where the structure is to be located through the design of the base surface of the structure to the eventual formation of the individual boxes that connect to each other to form the structure; 
         FIGS. 17A-C  are perspective views of a structure, partially formed structure with base surface and base surface demonstrating how the structure is made; 
         FIG. 18  includes views depicting how a building box is formed from a base surface; 
         FIGS. 19A  and B depict of how the base surface of a structure can be changed even when defined by individual boxes; 
         FIGS. 20A  and B are each plan and perspective views of the structure of  FIGS. 19A  and B that demonstrate how it can be further modified even while defined by individual boxes; 
         FIGS. 21A  and B are perspective views of the structure from  FIGS. 19 and 20  demonstrating how computationally derived control points can further manipulate the base surface to change the size and shape of the structure; 
         FIGS. 22A-D  are perspective views of the structure from  FIGS. 19A  and B where the structure&#39;s density and aspect ratio along with the tiling strategy or configuration may be changed; 
         FIG. 23  includes perspective, plan, section detail, project matrix, solid and mesh model, and center of gravity views of the structure of  FIGS. 19-22 ; 
         FIG. 24  shows different types of box configurations that can be used on structures such as that of  FIGS. 19-23 ; 
         FIG. 25  is various views of folded and unfolded box configurations; 
         FIGS. 26A  and B show an unfolded box surface pattern that is translated into line work to be cut into a blank and folded into a box; 
         FIGS. 27A-I  are various views demonstrating how to construct a partially spherical enclosure; 
         FIGS. 28A-G  demonstrate an additional embodiment of a structure and how it is assembled; 
         FIGS. 29A-G  show another illustrative embodiment of a structure attached to a wall; 
         FIGS. 30A-C  are front, perspective, and top views of a freestanding column structure; 
         FIGS. 31A-E  are various views of the column of  FIG. 30  along with individual box components in folded and unfolded form; 
         FIGS. 32A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a diamond ceiling structure; 
         FIGS. 33A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a voronoi wall fixed to a wall surface; 
         FIGS. 34A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a freestanding dome structure; 
         FIGS. 35A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a framed wall to ceiling transition structure; 
         FIGS. 36A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a suspended cuspy ceiling; 
         FIGS. 37A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a variable quad wall affixed to a conventional wall; 
         FIGS. 38A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a freestanding multi-curved wall; 
         FIGS. 39A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a pleated freestanding wall; 
         FIGS. 40A-D  are perspective, front, side, and top views of a rolled box wall fastened to another wall; 
         FIGS. 41A-K  are various perspective views demonstrating how a box, as a subcomponent of a structure, can be twisted to better approximate the shape of the structure&#39;s intended base surface; 
         FIG. 42  includes views of a portion of a structure and individual box portions to demonstrate a method of labeling the box portions to indicate number, orientation, and location of that box with respect to other boxes; 
         FIGS. 43A  and B are perspective partial cutaway and exploded views of box portions that demonstrate how acoustics and lighting can be incorporated therein; 
         FIGS. 44A-B  include perspective and partial cutaway views of a box portion with lens layers inserted therein for visual lensing affect; 
         FIG. 45  is a partially exploded view of stacked box portions to demonstrate raceways for lights, power, data wiring, and ventilation; 
         FIGS. 46A  and B include perspective and various front views of a surface comprised of boxes that create an optical affect of relief and depth; 
         FIGS. 47A-D  demonstrate another illustrative embodiment of a suspension system for a ceiling-mounted structure; 
         FIGS. 48A-E  show a variety of design strategies for the boxes used on a particular structure; 
         FIGS. 49A-D  show another illustrative embodiment of a structure; 
         FIGS. 50A  and B show another illustrative embodiment of a structure and boxes that are able to connect to one another without requiring accessory hardware; 
         FIGS. 51A-H  show another illustrative embodiment of a structure, as well as how the box component is formed; 
         FIG. 52  shows a progression view of roll fold quick box portions from flat blank to final assembled box form; 
         FIG. 53  shows progression views of a box portion from blank to folded configuration that employ a back frame for inside the box portion; 
         FIGS. 54A-E  includes progression views of an integral double-back flange box from flat blank form to final box portion form; 
         FIGS. 55A-G  are progression and detail views of an offset box tab assembly system for use on a box from the flat blank condition to folded box portion condition; 
         FIGS. 56A-F  are progression and detail perspective views of a mushroom tab box system from flat blank condition to assembled box condition; 
         FIGS. 57A-E  are perspective progression views, detail, and pattern views of an intra box face joining mechanical tenon system for use with a folding box; 
         FIGS. 58A-F  are perspective progression views of folding a cuspy box from the flat blank condition to assembled box condition; 
         FIGS. 59A  and B are progression perspective views of a zigzag box from flat blank condition to folded box condition; 
         FIG. 60  is perspective progression views of a voronoi sleeve box from flat blank condition to folded box condition; 
         FIG. 61  is progression perspective views of a ruled surface relief box from flat blank condition to folded box condition; 
         FIG. 62  is a perspective view of an illustrative shelf system that can be integrated into a wall structure system; 
         FIG. 63  is another perspective view of a wall structure that includes shelving and a fenestration; and 
         FIGS. 64A-E  are various views of a structural wall made in different ways including the methods described herein and by conventional bricks or blocks. 
     
    
    
     The exemplification set out herein illustrates embodiments of the structures and methods of making the same, and such exemplification is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the structures and methods of making the same in any manner. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     A perspective view of a partially spherical freestanding structure  2  is shown in  FIG. 1 . Structure  22  illustratively sits on floor  4  of a dwelling or building that may include a wall  6  and ceiling  8 . This embodiment stands freely without assistance from wall  6  or ceiling  8 , however. Structure  22  only needs to rest on floor surface  4 . An outline of a person  10  is included to show an illustrative scale for structure  2 . It is appreciated that structure  22  may vary in size from relatively small, to relatively large. 
     Structure  22  is curved in multiple directions and on multiple axes. Structure  22  also has an outer surface  12  and an inner surface  14 . Both the outer and inner surfaces  12  and  14  are formed entirely of box faces, such as outer face  16  and inner face  18  of inner and outer box portions  20  and  22 , respectively. Each inner and outer box portion in addition to portions  20  and  22  are uniquely sized and shaped to form a small portion of the entire surface so that when all of the boxes are assembled in a predefined order, they form the desired predefined surface shape and structure. The letter/number system A-1-A-3, B-1, B-3 and C-2-C-3, is useful to ensure all the boxes are attached to each other in proper order. It is appreciated that this indicia does not have to be so prominently apparent on the boxes. It is further appreciated that this or other organizational indicia may appear on the sides of the boxes or any other less conspicuous location that obscures it from view when the structure is assembled, if that is the desired effect. It is still further appreciated from this view that structure  22  is only made up of these box portions. There are no skeletal or other support frames on studs needed to construct this complex-shaped structure. 
     In an illustrative embodiment, each box portion has a four-edged surface, like surfaces  12  or  14 . Each box is uniquely sized and combined with other boxes to make up the surface of structure  22  as a whole. This means that each box surface, while having straight line edge curves, can still be assembled with other boxes to create a complex curved surface not achievable in this way by traditional stud framing or uni-sized block construction. In this illustrative embodiment, outside and inside box portions  20  and  22 , respectively, are employed because the outside and inside surfaces  12  and  14  are not always the same and may be significantly different. For example, one side may be topographic (or doubly curved), while the other side may be planar (or singly curved) against a wall. The thickness of the box itself forces the inside surface  14  to be slightly different than outer surface  12 . This arrangement also allows some independent control of the surface shape of both the inner or outer surface. 
     Another perspective view of structure  22  is shown in  FIG. 2 . This view shows how structure  22  is constructed entirely of boxes, such as boxes  24 ,  26 ,  28 ,  30 ,  32  and  34 . Each of the boxes  24  through  34  in this illustrative embodiment is made up of outer and inner box portions, such as portions  20  and  22 , except that each box is individually sized to create its portion of the entire surface. These boxes are then stacked one on top of another. Because of the way the boxes are formed, as discussed further herein, when assembled in proper order they create the desired curved surfaces of structure  22 . For example in this case, unlike a traditional shipping box where all angles of the sides are generally orthogonal to each other, the sides of the boxes of this disclosure are not necessarily orthogonal to each other. Sides  36  and  38  of box  24  are formed to achieve a non-orthogonal angle with respect to face  40 , so that when combined with the other boxes, such as box  32 , they form a curved surface. 
     The perspective view in  FIG. 3  shows box  24  split up into its outer box portion  42  and inner box portion  44 . As demonstrated by this illustrative embodiment, each box portion can be a different size if needed so all the boxes form the overall desired shape; in this case, the partially spherical form of structure  2 . This view also shows how face  40  is a planar face when unfolded. It is appreciated that in other embodiments, depending on how the box is ultimately cut, scored, and assembled, the box face may be twisted to further approximate or match a needed portion of a complex base surface. (See, also,  FIG. 41 .) Also shown in this view is an unfolded blank version of box portion  42 . As will be discussed further herein, each box has a surface, such as surface  40 , that is individually sized to be part of the overall desired surface of structure  22 . In addition, sidewalls, such as walls  38 ,  46 ,  48  and  50 , are cut and scored illustratively along lines  52 ,  54 ,  56  and  58 , respectively, so the blank can be folded into the box, as shown in this and  FIGS. 13 and 14 . Illustrative joints  60 ,  62 ,  64  and  66  attach one box portion side to another. For example, joints  60  and  62  which extend from side  46  attach to sides  38  and  48 , respectively, when sides  38 ,  46  and  48  are folded along score lines  52 ,  54  and  56 , respectively. The joint may be a tab cut of the box material or can be added separately. The joints may also be mechanically fastened, glued, or attached to the sides by some other similar type means. Properly attaching the joints to adjacent sides also ensures that those sides will be at the appropriate angle with respect to their adjacent surface. As previously discussed, unlike a conventional box the angle of the sides of these boxes with respect to the face are not necessarily orthogonal. They may be acute or obtuse with respect to the face depending on the ultimate shape of the surface and the box&#39;s location within that surface. 
     A perspective view of another illustrative embodiment of these structures includes a suspended ceiling structure  80  shown in  FIG. 4 . Structure  80  is suspended from ceiling  8  via wires  82 . In this illustrative embodiment, only enough wires are used to suspend the structure in the desired position. Additional structures or other wires are not needed to support each box that makes up structure  80  (but may be in alternative embodiments as shown in  FIG. 47 ). It is appreciated in this view how structure  80 , despite being made from a collection of straight edged twisted plane boxes, can form overall curved contours curves along both X and Y axes as shown. 
     The view of  FIG. 5 , is similar to that of  FIG. 2 , is structure  80  in partially exploded form having some of its component boxes separated therefrom. Boxes  84 ,  86 ,  88 ,  90 ,  92 ,  94 ,  96 ,  98 , and  100  are each illustratively made from two box portions. Box  84 , for example, includes box portions  102  and  104 . In addition, each face of boxes  84  through  100  is individually sized, so when assembled in proper order with all of the other boxes, they form the surfaces  106  and  108  of structure  80 . Likewise, the sides of the boxes are individually configured, as discussed with respect to the boxes shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . When assembling the boxes, however, the final shape will be that of structure  80  shown in  FIG. 4 . It is appreciated that this individualized box folding process may create a wide variety of structures having almost limitless complex form. A limiting factor in this regard is a designer&#39;s imagination. 
     Similar to  FIG. 3 , the perspective view of box  84  further exploded into its box portions  102  and  104  in  FIG. 6  show how the boxes can be assembled to create structure  80 . Each box portion  102  and  104  may have its own unique box surface, such as surfaces  110  and  112 , to serve as a component of the overall shape of surfaces  106 ,  108 , respectively. And like box portions  42  and  44  of structure  2 , each box portion  102  and  104  is made from a flat blank, such as the blank form of box portion  104  that is cut, scored and then folded into a box. As shown, sides  114 ,  116 ,  118 , and  120  are cut out and surface  110  defined by score lines  122 ,  124 ,  126 , and  128 , respectively. This defines the size of the surface as well. 
     Joints  130 ,  132 ,  134 , and  136 , are formed and configured to attach to adjacent sidewalls to form the folded box portion. As previously discussed, it is appreciated that the joints are configured to ensure the sides are located at the proper angle with respect to the corresponding surface. As also discussed, that angle is not necessarily orthogonal. It is conceivable, based on a particular desired surface shape that some boxes may have orthogonal sides with respect to their surfaces, but as these illustrative embodiments demonstrate, it is not a requirement and it is this flexibility that allows such a variety of surface shapes to be constructed. It is further appreciated that the joints can be attached to corresponding sides via magnets, fasteners, adhesives, or the like. 
     A perspective view of another illustrative embodiment of a structure  150  mounted onto wall  6  is shown in  FIG. 7 . This further illustrates the versatility in shape and application of these structures. Structure  150 , despite being mounted onto wall  6 , still includes a plurality of curves in the Y and Z directions as shown. Like structures  2  and  80  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 4 , respectively, structure  150  is made up of individual boxes of unique size that when assembled in proper order, forms surface  152 . The assembly order system shown for structure  150  is the same as that shown with respect to structures  2  and  80 . 
     Using individually sized and shaped boxes, but boxes nonetheless, attached to each other without a frame or support structure, but in proper order may create radically varied surface forms. The boxes can be attached to each other via magnets or other structures, as discussed further herein. It is appreciated that the teachings of this disclosure are not limited to the specific surface forms or structures shown herein. Indeed, these examples demonstrate how many variably-shaped structures can be made. 
     Similar to  FIGS. 2 and 5 ,  FIG. 8  shows structure  150  in partially exploded view to demonstrate how individual boxes  154 ,  156 ,  158 ,  160 ,  162 , and  164  are connectable to form structure  150  and create surface  152 . This view in particular shows how box  154  is very much different in shape than box  160  or box  158  for that matter. Again, this is not simply stacking identically-shaped boxes on top of one another. Each box is its own size and is a small contributor to the overall surface shape of the structure. As shown in this view, assembling boxes in order of A1, A2, A3 and so on, over boxes B1, B2, over Box C1 and so on, builds the final structure. It is appreciated that although not shown, the letter/numbering system starting with A1, A2 . . . is extended to all of the boxes. In addition, the location of the indicia is illustrative only. In other embodiments, box assembly sequence indicia can be located on the sides, back, or other discreet locations that may not even be visible when the final structure is assembled. Surface  166  of box  154  is real estate that may be used for such applications as advertising, murals, light, lenses, mirrors, etc. that might be applied to the entire structure  152  in a manner that runs across several or all of faces. It is also appreciated that these surfaces may be useful in the same and even more ways as conventional wall surfaces. 
     Perspective views of box  154  split into front and rear portions  168  and  170 , respectively, are shown in  FIG. 9 . In addition, an unfolded blank version of box portion  168  is shown. This view depicts how sides  172 ,  174 ,  176 , and  178  of box portion  168  and sides  180 ,  182 ,  184 , and  186  of box  170  can all be different and have varied thicknesses depending on the boxes&#39; location in the overall structure. Box portion  168 , shown in blank form, depicts how sides  172 ,  174 ,  176 , and  178  are formed and may vary the thickness of box  168  when folded. The same is true with sides  180 - 186  of box  170  and all the other boxes of the structure for that matter. Like the blanks shown in  FIGS. 3 and 6 , blank  168  is cut and scored to form sides  172 ,  174 ,  176 , and  178 . 
     Perspective detailed views in  FIGS. 10-14  show boxes in various forms of assembly from unfolded blank form to fully assembled. It is the folding, assembling, and stacking these boxes that form the final structure. As seen in these views, as well as the others, there are no additional frames or skeletons needed to support the shape of the structure. 
     The perspective view of structure  200  in  FIG. 10  includes a structure surface  202  composed of sub-surfaces  204 ,  206 ,  208 , and  210  of boxes  212 ,  214 ,  216 , and  218 , respectively. Curves along axis Y is formed as part of surface  202 . In order to assemble a structure that includes such curves, each box is specially formed as a small part of that surface. As shown in this view, each box is labeled so during assembly each box will have a predetermined location. For example, box  212  includes the indicia “A-c0-r0.” In this embodiment, “A” indicates the outer surface, “c” is the column and “r” is the row. So box portion  220  is positioned on the outward side, in the 0 column and the 0 row. The next box portion  222  of box  214  is also shown in column 0, but is now in row 1, as indicated. Similarly, the other box portions  226  and  228  are located outwardly with box portion  226  now in column 1 while still in row 0. Lastly, box portion  228  is located in column 1, row 1. Knowing where each box portion is to be positioned with respect to the other box portions is what ensures the final surface of the structure is assembled properly. As previously discussed, each box surface size and sidewall angle is specific to its predetermined location within the scheme of the overall surface. In an illustrative embodiment, when designing a structure with a particular surface contour, there are often both inner and outer surfaces. Because many structures contemplated in this application have a thickness, the inner surface will be slightly different than the outer surface. In certain embodiments the surfaces may be the same, but in others very different. Accordingly for these embodiments, each box may be made up of two box portions, a single box portion in other embodiments, essentially inner and outer hemispheres, such that each box portion may connect together to form a box. Each box portion may also have different dimensions, particularly thickness. Box portions  230 ,  232 ,  234 , and  236  all support the inner surface (not shown) of structure  200 . 
     An exploded view of structure  200  is shown in  FIG. 11 . In this view each box  212  through  218  is separated from each other. Illustratively, each box portion  220 - 228  and  230 - 236  join together as shown. Hemispherical lines  238 ,  240 ,  242 , and  244  are the seams located between the box portions. It is appreciated that in these illustrative embodiments the box portions are not necessarily partially spherical. Each box portion is given this term to indicate how two box portions are combined form the single box. In order to connect the boxes together, each box portion includes attachment points, such as points  246 ,  248 ,  250 ,  252 ,  254 ,  256 ,  258 ,  270 ,  272 ,  274 ,  276 , and  278 . These attachment points, which are visible on boxes  212 - 218 , may be magnets that attract corresponding magnets on other boxes to attach them together. Alternatively, the points may be through-holes that accept fasteners, such as bolts or screws; an adhesive that stick to adjacent boxes; or other like attachment structure so that each of the boxes will connect and secure to each other. It is appreciated that this securement may be temporary or permanent, depending on the need of the structure. These attachment points may also assist in aligning boxes together to ensure they assemble to the desired structure. 
     A perspective, further exploded view of structure  200  is shown in  FIG. 12 . Here each box portion is separated. For example, box  212  is separated into box portions  220  and  230 . The same is the case with box portions  222  and  232  of box  214 , portions  226  and  236  of box portion  218 , and portions  228  and  230  of box  216 . This view further demonstrates how hemispherical box portions may attach to each other. With respect to box  212 , for example, each box portion, such as box portion  230 , includes flanges  280 ,  282 ,  284 , and  286  that extend from sides  288 ,  290 ,  292 , and  294 , respectively. These flanges are configured to face corresponding flanges on the opposed box portion, such as flanges (not shown) on box portion  220 . Magnets  296 ,  298 ,  300 ,  302 ,  304 ,  306 ,  308 , are likewise, illustratively configured to attract to and thus attach to corresponding magnets (not shown) on the flanges of box portion  220 . It is further appreciated that in alternative embodiments, the attachment means may include fasteners such as bolts or screws, adhesives, or they may be alignment holes to receive other attachment, structures, or mechanisms. As can be appreciated from  FIG. 12 , the same process may be applied to box portions  222 / 232 ,  226 / 236 , and  228 / 230  as well. 
     An illustrative method of forming and assembling each box portion is shown in  FIGS. 13B-C . The view in  FIG. 13A  is similar to that of  FIG. 12  with each of boxes  212  to  214  and  218  in exploded view separating portions  220 / 230 ,  222 / 232 , and  226 / 236  from each other. Box portions  228 / 230  of box  216  are shown in  FIG. 13B . In this illustrative embodiment, each box portion  228  and  230  (as well as all the box portions for that matter) begin life as a cut blank, as shown in  FIG. 13C . Portions  228  and  230 , in blank form, are made from a sheet of material such as plastic, paper, or sheet metal, for example. Box portion  228  in blank form includes face  310  with sides  312 ,  314 ,  316 , and  318  extending therefrom defined by score lines  320 ,  322 ,  324 ,  326 . Extending from sides  312 ,  314 ,  316 , and  318  are flanges  328 ,  330 ,  332 , and  334 , respectively, defined by score lines  336 ,  338 ,  340 , and  342 , respectively. Indicia  344  may be affixed to one of the sides to indicate assembly order as previously discussed. Joints  346 ,  348 ,  350 , and  352  are cut and scored to attach adjacent sides together, such as sides  312  and  314 , for example. It is appreciated that the joints may attach to adjacent sides via mechanical means, such as fasteners, adhesives, welding, etc. 
     A perspective progression view of creating box portion  328  from a flat sheet blank is shown in  FIGS. 14A-G . The view of  FIG. 14A  is the same as  FIG. 13C  where a flat sheet version of box portion  328  has been cut and scored. In this illustrative embodiment, flanges  328 ,  330 ,  332 , and  344  are folded upwards. Similarly, portions of lap joints  346 ,  348 ,  350 , and  352  are folded upward as shown. Then sides  314  and  318  are folded upward as well. This causes flanges  330  and  334  to be essentially positioned parallel to surface  310 . This not only begins to form the shape of the box, but positions the flanges so they will be located opposite flanges from the opposed box portion thereby forming a complete box. Next, lap joints  346 ,  348 ,  350  and  352  are folded over adjacent their corresponding sides as shown so they may attach to both adjacent sidewalls and adjacent flanges, as shown in  FIG. 14D . The view in  FIG. 14E  continues folding flanges  346 ,  348 ,  350  and  352  over to receive sides  312  and  316 . In  FIG. 14F , sides  312  and  316  are folded upward so both sides may attach to their adjacent lap joints, such as joints  346  and  352  with respect to side  312  and joints  348  and  350  with respect to side  316 . Once all the lap joints have attached to the sides via means previously discussed, a finished box portion  328  is formed as shown in  FIG. 14G . 
     An upward looking perspective view of a theater interior space  400  with a suspended structure  402  located overhead is shown in  FIG. 15 . This embodiment demonstrates another application for these structures. In this case, structure  402  is suspended between two ends  404  and  406  of space  400  illustratively under roof, below a floor above or below a ceiling. The view of  FIG. 15  only shows end  404 , but a second end  406  is represented in the line drawings of  FIGS. 16A-E . Nevertheless, the view in  FIG. 15  depicts another illustrative utility of these self-supporting structures. Though structure  402  is attached to building  400  at ends  404  and  406 , there is no independent framing or skeleton needed to support the shape of the individual boxes that make up structure  402 . It is also evident from this view how surface  408  of structure  402  can be arched or curved in multiple directions. 
       FIGS. 16A-E  are side perspective views of an outline  410  portion of space  400  and a progression of how structure  402  is designed. Building outline  410  is shown in  FIG. 16A . Outline  410  includes ends  404  and  406 , as well as open space  412  to establish the location and boundaries for the yet to be created structure  402 . It is appreciated that sight dimensions or CAD data from this outline may be used to establish the boundaries. Curves  418  and  422  are derived from boundaries  406  and  404  respectively. Curves  416 ,  420 , and  424  are specified by designer of  402 . Base surface  414  is created from curves  416 ,  418 ,  420 ,  422 , and  424 . It is appreciated, however, that the number and design of curves of the base surface can almost be limitless. As depicted in  FIG. 16C , curves  426 - 432  are generated to show the contour lines of the curves. The base surface is the starting and end point of the structure. On one hand, the base surface is the desired surface shape of the final structure; while on the other hand, it is the starting point for creating that structure. The computer system based design system generates the boxes for the final installation from the surface automatically and the boxes can, therefore, be previewed in realtime as the base surface is manipulated. This process creates an ease in design because the focus always is on the final structure&#39;s intended look. The view in  FIG. 16D  shows a grid of curves  434  whose quantity and location are specified by the designer for aesthetic or functional reasons or both. A grid of points  435  lying on surface  414  is derived by the intersections of all lines in grid  434  and the end points of lines in  434  (which are also illustratively the intersection of  434  with lines  416 ,  418 ,  420 , and  422 ). By connecting the points in  435  with straight line segments in the same pattern as the curves in  434 , a group of quadrilateral polygon faces is formed. These faces are converted into box-like volumes to form the final structure shown in  FIG. 16E . In this view, base surface  414  may form hexagonal tiles  437 , quad tiles  439 , or diamond tiles  441 , for example. 
     It is appreciated that with the boxes defined, as shown in  FIG. 16E , each box can be subdivided to form the two box portions (top and bottom in this case). Each of these box portions is then translated into a two-dimensional outline which serves as the cut and score line template used to cut the flat sheet blanks, such as that shown in  FIG. 13C . Indeed,  FIGS. 13C-A  depict the next step of this process. Once the box portion templates are established and the sheet blank is cut and scored, as shown in  FIG. 13C , the blank may be folded into box portions, as shown in  FIG. 13B , according to the process shown in  FIGS. 14A-G . The box portions may then be connected and assembled with the other box portions, as shown in  FIG. 13A , to form the structure. 
       FIGS. 17A-C  are perspective views of another illustrative embodiment of a structure  464 .  FIG. 17A  shows a complete structure with only one box  470  in exploded view.  FIG. 17B  is a partially formed structure  464  that includes base surface  466 . And  FIG. 17C  shows the original base surface  466 . As previously discussed, base surface  466  is the starting point for designing  464 , and can be modified throughout the design process. To design and make the boxes that comprise  464 , a computer program sub-divides the base surface  466  into sub-regions using a chosen tiling strategy, such as quad (illustrated), vari-quad, diamond, voronoi and hexagonal. The resulting surface sub-regions are then converted into individual boxes, each with unique geometry and location that is dependent on the characteristics of the corresponding surface sub-region. Because each box, such as box  470 , is unique, as determined by the shape of the base surface, each box is assembled in unique location and orientation to form the structure. It is appreciated that each box is uniquely shaped, such as box  470  as compared to box  472 . All the different boxes that make up structure  464  are assembled in the same manner. This is in contrast to using same-shaped boxes. Having all the boxes be the same size does not offer the flexibility to make complex curves with boxes whose front-face edges abut edges of neighboring boxes. This is one of several distinctions between prior art designed in the present disclosure. 
     Now the question becomes, if a base surface is to be converted into a grid of boxes and that base surface can be any myriad of bends, curves, shapes, etc., how does that base surface translate into a grid of three-dimensional boxes? To accomplish this, as depicted in  FIG. 18 , the base surface undergoes an illustrative series of transformations. Once the base surface, such as base surface  474  is created with all the curves and angles, etc., it is divided into discreet tile regions, such as tiles  476 ,  478 ,  480 ,  482 ,  484 ,  486 ,  488 ,  490 , and  492  based on the specific tiling logic chosen by the designer. Again, the tiling logic or strategy means the type of surface shape each box will have, whether it is quad, variable-quad, diamond, voronoi, or hexagonal (and many more). In the case of tiles  476 - 492 , each is generally square or rectangularly-shaped (quad) defining nine discreet regions. This number may be more or less depending on the size and configuration of the base surface and the will of the designer. It is appreciated at this step that both the density and aspect ratio of the tile is adjustable (or other shape characteristics depending on the particular nature of the tiling strategy). The density is the number of tiles in a given space and aspect ratio is the change in length and width of the tile itself. In illustrative embodiments, the density and aspect ratio can be continuously adjusted at any time throughout the design process of the structure prior to cutting the flat sheet material. Once the tiles on base surface  474  are established, it is offset in opposed directions  494  and  496  to form two additional surfaces, each having a unique relationship to the original base surface  474  (parallel offset, variable distance offset, or even different contour) per the specification of designer. In this view, a front surface  498  and rear surface  500  are formed extending parallel to base surface  474 . In addition, each tile  476 - 492  extends to surfaces  498  and  500 . As shown in this view, tiles  502  and  504  are located on surfaces  498  and  500 , respectively, and are highlighted herein for demonstrative purposes. The offset of surfaces  498  and  500  from base surface  474  also establishes the thickness of the boxes that will be created. In this case, tile  502  represents the front face of a box, while tile  504  represents the rear face. Like density and aspect ratio, this depth or box thickness can be variable and, thus, adjusted throughout the design process. With the front and rear tiles  502  and  504  established, they can be connected by surfaces to create the box that is part of the final structure. As shown herein, a box  506  has a front  508  from tile  502  and rear face  510  from tile  504 . The shape of the sidewalls and angle with respect to the front and rear surfaces will be contingent and variably based on the local curvature of the base surface at that particular location. As the curve and location changes, so too will the angle and shape of those surfaces. This process is repeated for every tile created on the base surface until that entire surface has been translated into individual boxes. 
     Despite converting surface tiles into three-dimensional boxes, the shape of the structure may still be modified. The perspective views of structure  464  in  FIGS. 19A  and B demonstrate how it is modifiable by slider function  512  (alternatively integer input). In the illustrative embodiment, slider  514 , shown in a starting position in  FIG. 19A , can be slid in direction  516  to extend structure  464  in direction  518 . It is contemplated that a computer program can generate numeric inputs that drive the definition of the base surface and, thus, proportions of the tiles as established in  FIG. 18  to change the shape of the boxes as shown (as well as quantity of boxes if predetermined min-max thresholds are exceeded. 
     Another way of modifying structure  464  is shown in  FIGS. 20A  and B. In this example, plan views  520  and  522  include curve  524  that defines the bottom edge of the base surface  466  in  FIG. 17C  that defines structure  464  located to the right. Control points  526 ,  528 ,  530 ,  532 , and  534  are attached to curve  524 . Moving the control points will move the shape of the curve surface  524 . For example, moving control point  534  from location in  FIG. 20A  in direction  536  to new location  537  in  FIG. 20B  moves curve  524  and ultimately structure  464  as shown. Accordingly, by moving control points  526 - 534 , the user can make precise adjustments to curve  524  in this two-dimensional view. Alternately, the user can make similar adjustments to other two-dimension curves (plan, elevation, and/or section views) in order to change shape of  464 . 
     Similar control points may also be used in three-dimensional space to adjust the shape and size of structure  464 . As shown in  FIGS. 21A  and B, the same base surface, although not shown in this view but represented by reference number  466  in  FIGS. 17A-C , can be adjusted to change the shape of structure  464 . Control points  536 ,  538 ,  540 ,  542 ,  544 ,  546 ,  548 ,  550 ,  552 ,  554 ,  556 ,  558 , and  560  (additional control points not shown may be employed as well) are each individually movable to move a corresponding portion of structure  464 . As demonstratively shown in  FIG. 21B , control points  540 ,  546 ,  552 , and  558  are moved in direction  562  to move the shape of  464  in the same direction to create a deeper curve than that shown in  FIG. 21A . 
     In addition to changing the geometry of surface  466  of structure  464  as previously discussed, a designer can also adjust the tiling solution, density, and aspect ratio. As previously discussed with respect to  FIG. 18 , by creating a box from surfaces, in this case parallel (non-parallel in other embodiments) to the base surface, all of these parameters are adjustable. It is appreciated in this illustrative embodiment that all of these parameters are independent of each other and, thus, can be independently adjusted at any time during development. As shown in  FIGS. 22A-D , varying the density and aspect ratio of structure  464  between  FIGS. 22A  and B causes a net increase of boxes. By increasing the number of boxes, however, the cost of manufacture may also increase. Nevertheless, the precision of the surface will approximate closer to the original base surface than a surface with a lower density. The views shown in  FIGS. 22A  and C also demonstrate how the type of tiling solution may be changed.  FIGS. 22A  and B show quad-shaped boxes while  FIGS. 22C  and D show diamond shaped boxes. This flexibility allows the designer to have an expanded pallet of design choices for creating these structures. 
     Another perspective view of structure  464  along with plan section and detail views of the same, a project matrix analysis, solid and mesh models, and a center of gravity model of structure  464 , are shown in  FIG. 23 . A designer has ability to see these kinds of information in real-time as they modify  464  as previously described. A designer has ability to view structure  464  from different angles, including the plan and section detail views to ensure the structure shape is correct. The project matrix view identified by box  570  calculates useful information, such as part count, unrolled dimensions, sheet count, fabrication hours, and total weight (based on known materials) for use while fabricating structure  464 . This information can be used for creating documents, shop drawings, and architectural drawings, for example. Solid model  572  shows the boxed version of structure  464 . This solid model can be used to make scaled rapid prototyping models, or be exported for insertion into compatible CAD modeling and information management systems. Mesh model  574  can be exported to a rendering application in order to be rendered to show clients how the final product may look. The center of gravity view  576  which identifies the center of gravity  578  may be useful for structural purposes. It is appreciated that this information may be continually updated as the structure changes. 
       FIG. 24  shows box  470  from  FIG. 17A  exploded from structure  464 . Additionally, it shows how this box can be specifically constructed in several ways to achieve visual, structural, performance (i.e. internal lighting or acoustical absorption) or other operational goals or specifications. These construction strategies constitute cutting and folding strategies to make three-dimensional boxes from two-dimensional sheet goods. Box  578  is an example of a box construction strategy consisting of front part  582  and rear part  580 . The rear part  580  nests inside front part  582  and is connected in several possible ways to create a self-structuring box portion of  464 . The resulting rear face of box  578  in recessed (this is unlike box  584  and  590  in this illustration). Box  584  is an example of a box construction strategy comprising front part  588  and rear part  586 . The two parts  588  and  685  have “male” tenon members that fit inside the mating box and connect in several possible ways to create a self-structuring box portion of  464 . Box  590  is an example of a box construction strategy consisting of front part  594  and rear part  592 . The two parts  594  and  592  have “female” flanges that allow the boxes to be connected (in several possible ways such as magnets, glue, etc.) to create a self-structuring portion of structure  464 . 
     As previously discussed, individual box fold-up strategies are tied proportionally to the box geometry, enabling it to adapt as the boxes&#39; geometries stretch and twist into a particular form, and to adjust for characteristics (including but not limited to thickness) of sheet material the boxes will be made from. Constraints can be applied to the proportions of the geometry to ensure the individual folded boxes will assemble properly and do not exceed either the dimensional yield capacity of the flat sheet goods or the structural (or tailoring) capacity of the folded-up three-dimensional box and overall assembly.  FIG. 25  shows wire-frame geometrical shape of two boxes from structure  464 . These wire frame geometrical extents represent the outer most boundaries of the boxes, as shown by  506  in  FIG. 18 . The geometries&#39; of boxes  610  and  620  are derived proportionally smaller from these wire frame extents to account for material characteristics, etc., as described above. In the embodiment shown, unfolded box portions  602  and  604  have been cut and scored so that when folded they form box portions  606  and  608  which are brought together, by means previously discussed, to form box  610 . In another example, cut and scored box flats  612  and  614  are folded into box portions identified as  616  and  618 . Those portions are then brought together to create box  620 . The boxes (like  610  and  620  in structure  464 ) have geometrical constraints (upper and lower limits for lengths and included angles for example) that govern the allowable final size and shape of the boxes. These constraints are calculated to ensure that what the user is designing can be made to meet minimum acceptable tailoring and structural tolerances. The user may not, for instance, specify a box that is too small to be adequately fabricated to pre-determined quality specifications from the desired flat sheet material. 
     With any box construction fold-up strategy, each box starts as a flat two-dimensional set of line-work that describe all of the outer profile cutting geometries, fold type (by scoring, machining, bending, etc.) and location geometries, as well as connection and alignment geometries (through holes, blind holes, slots, tabs, etc.) that are necessary to manufacture and assemble the unfolded box part from a specified flat sheet material into the final self-structuring box.  FIGS. 26A  and B show two box parts unfolded  593  and  595  and their resulting sets of line-work nested onto a flat sheet good that describe the required motions for a fabricating tool. This line-work is converted to machine code and transmitted to a robot (CNC for example) for fabrication. 
       FIGS. 27A-I  are perspective progression views showing the assembly of a domed structure made according to the techniques discussed herein. A completed dome  600  shown in  FIG. 27G  includes a top opening  602  and entryway  604 . An outline of an illustrative person  606  is included to demonstrate scale. For this illustrative embodiment, a base plate  608  is affixed to a ground or floor surface  610  via fasteners as shown in  FIG. 27A . Base plate  608  may be attached to ground surface  610  via bolts or other fasteners suitable to attach such structures to a ground surface. It is appreciated that base plate  608  can be generated while creating the structure itself using techniques previously discussed. As discussed previously, the exact geometry of the location and orientation of the bottom-most sides of the boxes that comprise the first row of boxes  612 - 644  is known. In this case, that geometry is used to define the geometry for the profile and corresponding box connection points on base plate  608 . The base plate may be fabricated using this geometry in a material and process appropriate for the specific application (i.e., sheet metal, plywood, etc.). It is further appreciated that the materials used to make the base plate can be the same plastic, metal, or paper used for the structure. Once base plate  608  is fixed to ground surface  610 , it may serve as a template to begin assembling structure  600 . As shown in  FIG. 27B , first box  612  starts the process by being placed onto plate  608  adjacent entryway  604 . A second box  614  is placed on base plate  608  adjacent first box  612 . As this view demonstrates, the face plate serves as a sufficient guide, so this first row of boxes is set properly.  FIG. 27D  continues the process by placing box  616  onto base plate  608  adjacent box  614 .  FIG. 27E  continues this process by placing boxes  618 ,  620 ,  622 ,  624 ,  626 ,  628 ,  630 , and  632  next to each other on base plate  608 . Lastly, boxes  632 - 646  are placed on base plate  608  to complete the bottom row of structure  600 . Also shown in this view is a detailed view of base plate  608  that includes affixment  647  to the floor such as bolts or screws. A plurality of magnets  648  attract corresponding magnets on boxes  612 - 646  connecting the boxes to the base plate just as the boxes having magnets thereon connect to each other, as previously discussed. Repeating this process by stacking additional rows of boxes on top of this first row, as indicated by reference numerals  650 ,  652 ,  654 , the dome structure  600  is assembled. 
     Trim may be attached to the periphery or openings (fenestrations) in structure  600  such as a jam  656  located around entryway  604  as shown. Jam  656  may include magnets of the same type as used on the boxes and face plate  608  so that jam  656  couples securely to the boxes. Shown in  FIG. 27H  is a center retaining ring that trims out opening  602  of structure  600 . Ring  658 , jam  656  and the boxes that form structure  600 , may be made of the same plastic, metal, paper, or combination of each and have the same magnets, or other attachment means, as also previously discussed. A header  660  shown in  FIG. 27I  may be used to add additional structure in locations where either tension stresses are calculated to exceed the structural capabilities of the boxes and their connection strategy, and/or in the case of an opening like  604 , functions as a header across the top of the opening to support an open span. Either way, the geometry to fabricate and install the additional structural members is drawn from appropriate box geometries. It is appreciated this header may also be made of the same (or different) material and connection means as the boxes and other trim pieces, as well as have the same magnets to attach itself to the boxes. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure includes a suspended wall divider structure  670 , as specifically shown in  FIGS. 28B , E, and G. The view shown in  FIG. 28A  discloses the means to suspend structure  670  off of ground surface  672 . An outline of a person  674  is included to show scale. In this view, tension rods  676  extend downward from top mount  678  to a bottom plate  680  which is attached to floor  682 . It is appreciated that tension rod  676  may be a rigid metal rod or cable. A base member  682  attaches to each of tension rod  678  illustratively above ground surface  672  and bottom plate  680 . Base member  682  is the surface structure  670  sits on to be suspended above ground surface  672 . As shown in this view, a box  684  is placed on top of base member  682  to begin assembling structure  670 . The view shown in  FIG. 28C  demonstrates how box portions  686  and  688  straddle tension rod  676  and join together to form box  684 . The view in  FIG. 28D  shows top side  690  of box portion  688  that includes an illustrative cutout  692  for receiving a portion of tension rod  676 . Also shown in this view is magnet  694  that may be used to attach box portions to each other. By assembling the several boxes in a manner similar to that previously discussed, structure  670  can be created as shown in  FIG. 28E . In that additional embodiment, as indicated in  FIG. 28F , a top tension plate  696  fits on top surface  698  of structure  670  (see  FIG. 28E ) to compress the boxes which maximizes their strength and resists lateral and compressive loading as an individual unit. To complete this illustrative embodiment, trim panels  700  and  702  are attached to the end of structure  670 , as shown. It is appreciated that this attachment may be made by means previously discussed, including magnets. 
     An illustrative embodiment of structure  704  is shown in  FIGS. 29A-G . These views demonstrate how wall mounted structure  704  may be assembled and attached, as shown in  FIG. 29A . An outline of an illustrative person  706  is included to show scale. As shown in  FIG. 29B , illustrative boxes  708  and  710  are attached together via magnets or rivets. The progression view in  FIG. 29C  demonstrates how stacking one box on top of another, such as adding boxes  712 ,  714 , and  716  forms a complete column of boxes as indicated by reference numeral  718 . This process is repeated until all of the columns are assembled. The view shown in  FIG. 29D  includes wall surface  720  having batten strip  722  attached thereto via an anchor or other fastener, or screw. The detail view in  FIG. 29A  shows the profile of batten strip  722  attached to wall  720 . It has an angled face  724  to catch a corresponding notch portion  726  formed illustratively in the top box, such as box  716 , of at least a portion of if not all of the columns. Column  718  may also be hung onto batten strip  722 , as shown in  FIG. 29E . Another column  728  is hung onto batten  722  and placed adjacent column  716 , as shown in  FIG. 29F . This process continues with the additional columns  729 - 744  of structure  704  as shown in  FIG. 29G . Trim pieces  746  and  748  may be attached to the end of structure  704  by means previously discussed to finish the look of structure  704 . 
     Perspective, front, and top views of freestanding column  800  are shown in the  FIGS. 30A-C . Column  800  is another complex-curved structure that can be assembled via uniquely sized and shaped boxes by means previously discussed. It is appreciated from these views how column  800  is made from a plurality of different sized boxes, such as box  802 , in order to create the multi-curved surfaces  804 ,  808 ,  810 , and  812 . This illustrative embodiment of column  800  is configured to include a center opening  814 , as shown in  FIG. 18C . It is possible that opening  814  may receive a structural beam to support a roof structure or the like. Such beam, however, is not needed to necessarily support column  800 . The view of 18c also shows an illustrative profile of the box shapes which include a plurality of L-shaped boxes  816 ,  818 ,  820 ,  822 , and quad boxes  824 ,  826 ,  828 , and  830 , respectively. 
     Additional views of column  800  are shown in  FIGS. 31A-E .  FIG. 31A  shows a single corner box  840  removed from column  800 . A perspective view of box  840  is shown in  FIG. 31B . The L-shaped corner box has two front faces one on each side of the corner. The triangulated panels that make up the digital surface approximation  841  shown in  FIG. 31C  and the digital unfold pattern  843  shown in  FIG. 31D  are a result of the surface approximation method illustrated in  FIG. 41 .  FIG. 31E  shows the unroll pattern  843  with the soft folds, also described in  FIG. 41 , removed. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure includes a diamond ceiling structure  880  as shown in  FIGS. 32A-D . The perspective view shown in  FIG. 32A  depicts a plurality of open-backed boxes that form the multi-curved structure. Boxes, such as box  882 , are generally diamond shaped, include a face and four sides, but as shown in  FIGS. 32B-D , does not include a back panel. This can make the overall structure lighter while still offering the flexibility in complex curve design, like other structures discussed herein. And just like the other embodiments, these diamond shaped open back boxes are individually sized in order to create the complex curves. It is further appreciated that some of the boxes may have three sides, such as those on the end, like boxes  884 ,  886 ,  888 , and  890 , for example. This is a result of the box orientation particular to the diamond pattern applied to the base surface. Illustratively, the box construction is similar to that of the prior embodiments and the structure assembled in a similar way. 
     Various views of an illustrative embodiment of a voronoi wall adjacent a standard wall is shown in  FIGS. 33A-D . The voronoi wall  892  shown in  FIG. 33 a    may serve as a decorative architectural feature, in this case located adjacent a stairway. The characteristics of this wall include the irregular shapes of the boxes. Despite their irregular shape, they can be constructed by means further disclosed herein (see, e.g.,  FIG. 60 ). It is appreciated from the views particularly seen in  FIGS. 33C  and D that it is not only the multiple curves that can add uniqueness to the structure but the varied box shapes as well. In this case, box  896  for example, is shaped substantially different than adjacent box  898  or even box  900 . 
     Perspective, front, side, and top views of a freestanding dome structure  910  are shown in  FIGS. 34A-D . An outline of an illustrative person  912  is located adjacent the views of dome  910  in  FIGS. 34B  and C to show scale. These views demonstrate another structure that can be made from uniquely sized boxes, such as box  914  and  916 . Because the boxes are configured to match a particular contour, rather than the contour being limited by single-sized box construction, such complex structures as shown herein, can be assembled. It is appreciated that the boxes that make up structure  910  are stacked and attached to each other via magnets or other fasteners such as those discussed herein. 
     A wall to ceiling transition structure  920  is shown in  FIGS. 35A-D . Structure  920  demonstrates yet another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure that can be made from uniquely sized boxes, such as box  922  and  924  positioned in a predetermined order to form the structure shown herein. The outline of an illustrative person  926  is included in  FIG. 35C  to show illustrative scale. 
     Perspective, front, side, and top views of a suspended ceiling with cuspy shaped boxes  930  are shown in  FIGS. 36A-C . In this illustrative embodiment, these boxes have a generally rectangular footprint, but their faces have multi-paneled facets, such as is the case with boxes  932  and  934 . The sides of the boxes that connect one another via magnets, bullets, etc., are uniquely sized and abut each other edge-to-edge the same as prior embodiments, but the face of each box from this embodiment has a plurality of facets to add additional dimension and uniqueness to surface of structure  930 . An outline of an illustrative person  936  is shown for scale. 
     Another illustrative embodiment includes perspective front, side, and top views of a variable quad wall, as shown in  FIGS. 37A-D . An outline of an illustrative person  941  is located adjacent wall  940  in  FIG. 37C  to show scale. Quad wall  940 , like the other embodiments, includes connectable sides that are assembled in particular order. In this case, however, the faces have continuously variable skewed four-sided geometry to create the pattern as shown. In addition, side walls of the boxes are variably angled to further assist in creating the multiple curves as shown. Edge-to-edge alignment of the boxes is still achieved, however. 
     Perspective, front, side, and top views of structure  950  are shown in  FIGS. 38A-D . This structure can serve well as a partition or a product display. The outline of an illustrative person  952  is added to show scale. Curve wall  950  is similar to embodiments previously discussed. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure includes a pleated freestanding side wall  960  as shown in  FIGS. 39A-D . This design, like the others, may employ the concept of the uniquely shaped boxes, such as boxes  962  and  964  to make the pleated pattern surface. The outline of a person  966  is shown for scale. This installation illustrates an inside corner condition within an installation and subtly skewed seams between boxes for aesthetics. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure includes a ruled box wall  970  attached to a standard wall  972 , as shown in the perspective, front, side, and top views of  FIGS. 40A-D . In this illustrative embodiment, the boxes run like columns the entire width of the structure to give a particular architectural affect which is appreciated by comparing  FIG. 40B  with  FIG. 40D . Again, because each box is individually shaped, the structure surface can be almost anything to create a unique design or surface pattern. The technique used to build the ruled boxes used in this example is illustrated in  FIG. 51 . 
     One of the mechanisms employed to better approximate these uniquely shaped boxes to the particular curved base surface is to have the face of the box twist to some degree. The views shown in  FIGS. 41A-K  demonstrate how this may be done. Illustratively, base surface  1000  is translated into structure  1002 , both shown in  FIG. 41A . Each box, such as box  1004  is uniquely shaped to best approximate base surface  1000  using techniques previously discussed. In doing so, instead of every box having a flat face when assembled, some boxes will be calculated to have a twisted face, as also shown in  FIGS. 41B-C . As demonstrated in  FIG. 41B , box  1004  has one of its four corners raised a distance. The same is the case with respect to box  1004  in  FIG. 41C , as indicated by distance  1006 . It is appreciated that these boxes may be fabricated from materials that can be twisted without permanently affecting their resiliency or memory. The twist for a particular face is digitally approximated by breaking the twisted surface down into triangular facets that are inherently flat, shown in  FIGS. 41D-G . These triangular flat faces are digitally unrolled into a blank (see  FIG. 41F ). The diagonal edges triangulating each face are eliminated in the blank before cutting, as illustrated in  FIG. 41G . The resulting blank&#39;s boundary is cut out of a flexible flat material and the remaining interior edges are bent, scored, heat formed or partially routed, removing the material memory and enabling it to bend sharply as a living hinge. The resulting blank may be twisted precisely into the original box shape, with sharp creases along the relieved edges and soft twisted along the removed diagonal edges. The orientation of the diagonal edges that are digitally added for surface approximation affect the accuracy of the approximation.  FIG. 41I  illustrates how the triangular panels approximate the twisted face by highlighting sections planes along each diagonal. At the center of the face the triangulated panels will be slightly higher or lower than the twisted face.  FIGS. 41J  and K illustrate how the distance between the twisted face and the triangular panel approximation can vary dramatically depending on which direction the surface is triangulated. The triangular panels in  FIG. 41J  are much closer to the initial twisted surface resulting in a more accurate approximation. This difference can also be a manipulated visual effect if primarily convex or concave boxes are desirable. The view of the blank version of box  1004  shown in  FIG. 41F  also shows the hard fold lines to create the box. If blank  1004  is made of a relatively soft material, like cellular plastic, hard fold lines are routed, v-cut, creased, etc., as described above. In contrast, if these boxes are made of sheet metal, a folding tool is used to form the hard edge folds, as shown in  FIG. 41G . It is appreciated that when using a cellular plastic the box can be unfolded and laid flat while the hard fold lines  1020  cannot be unfolded. 
       FIG. 42  shows a structure  1030  that is made up of boxes  1032 ,  1034 ,  1036 , and  1038 . As previously discussed, it is necessary to know where each box portion and ultimately each box is positioned in relation to the other boxes in order to assemble the structure. In this example, box  1036  is shown split up into separate box portions  1038  and  1040 . Each box has indicia on it to identify its location vis-á-vis the entire structure. For example, box  1038  includes the indicia “1-1i.” This means this box is to be positioned in row 1, column 1, and is part of the inner hemisphere. In contrast, box portion  1040  includes the indicia “1-1o” which indicates row 1, column 1, but part of the outer hemisphere. Therefore, box portions that form a box will have the same column and row numbers, but one will have an “i” or an “o.” This convention works for the other boxes as well. For example, box  1034  will have indicia “1-2” with each box portion having either an “i” or “o.” Box  1038  will be labeled “2-1” with either an “i” or “o” on either box portion. Box  1032  will be labeled “2-2” again with the “i” or “o” depending on the box portion. 
     Partial cutaway-perspective and exploded perspective views of box  1050  are shown in  FIGS. 43A  and B. Box  1050  is made up of box portions  1052  and  1054 . These views demonstrate how the empty space inside each of the boxes can be used for a myriad of functions, in addition to being components of a structure. In this case, the boxes are designed to have integrated, acoustical, and lighting properties. It is appreciated that such boxes may have either acoustical or lighting properties, in an alternative to having both. As shown in  FIG. 43A , the exterior of box  1050  can be of a design similar to conventional boxes already discussed herein. Box portion  1054  may include a fabric-wrapped skin  1056  over a perforated rigid housing  1058 . An acoustic panel  1060  may be positioned between the two box portions  1052  and  1054  and may include integrated lighting  1062  on the periphery of acoustic panel  1060 . Openings  1064  and  1066  are available to run wires to power the lighting, speakers, or any other similar device that requires wiring. 
     An exploded view of box  1050  shown in  FIG. 43B  further depicts how acoustic and lighting boxes are constructed. In this case, acoustic fabric  1056  is fitted over top of the perforated box face. It is appreciated that the holes in the panel can vary depending on the particular acoustical need. These holes allow sound waves to pass through and absorb in acoustic panel  1060 . In this illustrative embodiment, an integrated lighting strip, such as a LED lighting strip  1062  is positioned adjacent the periphery of acoustic panel  1060 . It is appreciated that this type of light as well as its positioning is illustrative only. Upon examining this disclosure, one skilled in the art will understand that other lighting configurations may be employed with these boxes. The acoustic panel is illustratively fastened to box portion  1052  to receive and absorb the sound waves. Box portion  1052  also includes a hollow cavity  1068  configured to receive wires or other components that are to be hidden behind acoustic panel  1060 . The openings  1064  and  1066  are available to run wires into cavity  1068 . 
     Front and perspective partial-cutaway views of another illustrative embodiment of a box  1070  are shown in  FIGS. 44A-B . Box  1070  demonstrates how the boxes can be used to create a variety of shadow patterns. In this case, box  1070  includes an outer box  1072  which is illustratively a translucent plastic, at least on its front face  1074 . A plurality of darker translucent layers can be placed inside so that when light from a fixture or ambient light passes through the box, a particular shadow affect is created. As shown in the perspective view of  FIG. 44B , box  1070  has a translucent or transparent face  1074 . A first panel  1076  having styles  1078  can be placed adjacent a second panel  1080  having rails  1082 . This creates a weave-like effect with dark regions  1084  at locations where styles  1078  and rails  1082  overlap. Shadow areas  1086  are located where portions of either panel  1076  or  1080  do not overlap. And then light regions  1088  are located where neither panel  1076  or  1080  are located. 
     A partially exploded view of stacked portions  1090 ,  1092 ,  1094 ,  1096 ,  1098 ,  1100 ,  1102 , and  1104  are shown in  FIG. 45 . These boxes include cavities  1106  and  1108  and box portions  1090  and  1102 , respectively. Openings  1110 ,  1112 ,  1114 , and  1116  run light, power/data cabling, air ventilation, or other kind of in-wall type services. This configuration provides the opportunity and flexibility of running utilities behind the wall surface, just like those available to conventional studded drywall walls. 
       FIGS. 46A  and B are perspective and front views of another illustrative embodiment of a box  1120 . Box  1120  is designed to create the illusion of relief and depth when illuminated from behind. Though the front faces of the boxes remain flat, the side walls of the boxes are twisted or sloped making it appear as though the front surface created by the boxes is curvy or twisted. In the example illustrated, the entire box appears to bulge towards the viewer, an effect that is dramatically enhanced by the translucency of the boxes allowing the view to see shadowing from the twisted sidewalls. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of a suspended structure  1140  is shown in  FIGS. 47A-D . As shown in  FIG. 47A , structure  1140  is suspended from ceiling  1142  via a plurality of wires  1144 . An outline of an illustrative person  1146  standing on ground surface  1148  and adjacent to sidewall  1150  is shown for scale. It is appreciated that this view differs from the view of structure  80  in  FIGS. 4-6  in that more lines  82  are used with structure  1140  than used with structure  80 . This is because the suspension system shown in structure  80  is diagrammatic and included only for context. The suspension system shown in  FIG. 1140  specifically demonstrates how utilizing many attachment points relieves the rotational “moment” stresses at inter-box connections and allows for light weight connections and reduced sidewall depth. As shown in  FIG. 47B , suspension lines  1144  run from ceiling  1142  to a tab  1152  that is part of sidewall  1154  of individual box  1156 . It is appreciated that magnet  1158  can be used on sidewall  1154 , as well as all the other sides, to connect adjacent boxes, as previously discussed. The view in  FIG. 47C  shows suspension line  1144  attached to the holding tab  1152 , as well as showing magnet  1158 . The view in  FIG. 47D  shows how a cluster of boxes  1154 ,  1160 ,  1162 , and  1164 , being held together by suspension lines  1144 . In addition, angled bracing wires  1166  may be used to further support the boxes. This may be useful in earthquake-prone areas, for example. 
     As discussed with respect to the development of the tiling strategies in  FIGS. 16 and 22 , it is appreciated that the same base surface can be formed into a structure having boxes of a variety of shapes.  FIGS. 48A-E  show the same self-supporting structure  1170 , but assembled using different box configurations. As shown in  FIG. 48A , for example, quad tiling or more conventional box-looking boxes are used to assemble structure  1170 . In  FIG. 48B , the same structure  1170  is made from varied-quad tiling boxes. During the development of the structure itself on computer, different tile shapes for the surfaces can be calculated and chosen. (See also  FIG. 18 .) As previously discussed, and as shown in  FIG. 48C , a diamond pattern can be another choice for structure  1170 . Similarly, voronoi tiling may alternatively be chosen for structure  1170 . Lastly, and as shown in  FIG. 48E , a hexagonal tiling can be employed. This demonstrates how not only the shape of the structure can be varied to create particular shapes, but also the box configuration to give those shapes a particular surface look. It is, in other words, an added design characteristic for such structures. 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure shown in  FIGS. 49A-D  includes a structure  1180  that is constructed from a plurality of open surface box frames. In this illustrative embodiment shown in  FIG. 49A  structure  1180  is a ceiling structure. This view includes the outline of a person  1182  standing on a ground surface  1184  for scale purposes. As shown in the plan view of  FIG. 49B , it is appreciated that the illustrative tiling structure in this case is hexagonal or voronoi (see, also,  FIGS. 48D  and E). These boxes are different, however, in that shown in  FIG. 49C  and d they have the look of an open-faced frame. In  FIG. 49C , in particular, a flat blank of box  1186  shows how such a box is formed. This view also shows that when folded, box  1186  includes a frame surface  1188  around its periphery and an opening  1190 . It is appreciated that all of the boxes in this pattern can be made in similar manner as box cluster  1186 ,  1192 ,  1194 , and  1196 , also shown in  FIG. 49C .  FIG. 49D  is a perspective view of box  1186  further showing how it is folded into three-dimensions. By assembling these boxes in the method previously discussed, structure  1180  can be formed. 
     Perspective views of a structure  1200  and multiple plan views of box  1202  in flat blank form, are shown in  FIGS. 50A  and B. In this illustrative embodiment, the boxes that make up structure  1200  are “staggered” similar to a common bond with brick building. When building a curved form with staggered course boxes, each box must have a bend to match the profiles of the boxes above and below it. This bend is modeled in the digital representation of the part and shown in the unfolding sequence in  FIG. 50A  and in the unfolded mesh in part  1202 .  FIG. 50B  shows how this bend and the triangular faceting that make up the digital model of the boxes are removed before fabrication resulting in material twisting to create the required curvature. 
       FIGS. 51A-H  show another illustrative embodiment of a base surface design  1230  that includes a subdivided structure portion  1232  and the method of making the same. As shown in  FIG. 51A , base surface  1230  is a complex curve shape serving as an illustrative ceiling. An outline of a person  1234  on floor surface  1236  is added for scale. These views demonstrate how the curved surface structure is created from base surface  1230 . As shown in  FIG. 51B , the curvature of the subdivided portion  1238  of the base surface can be seen clearly. This subsurface is itself further subdivided into triangular panels approximating the curvature of the original surface  1240 , as shown in  FIG. 51C . The subdivided surface  1240  is then unfolded flat into a single panel shown in  FIGS. 51D  and G and reduced to its edges and hard folds for fabrication shown in  FIGS. 51E  and H.  FIG. 51F  illustrates how the fabricated part will appear when folded into position for the installation. 
       FIG. 52  is a progression view of a roll-fold quick box  1250  comprising box portions  1252  and  1254  from a flat blank sheet condition to a final folded box. This foldup strategy enables two matching box hemispheres to fold up and connect back to back only using the magnets required for interbox connection to connect the two hemispheres. Each side has a foldover flap  1255  shown in folded and unfolded conditions. When folded over, these flaps  1255  slide into the facing box hemisphere and match magnet locations creating a positive connection. This foldup strategy enables parts to be shipped flat and quickly assembled and installed on location and requires no additional structure or connectors. 
     A perspective progression view of a back frame flange box  1270  is shown in  FIG. 53 . This box configuration will use a frame, but inside the box not an outer frame or skeletal structure as previously discussed. In this illustrative embodiment, when in flat sheet blank form, box  1270  includes two components—the outer box portion  1272  and box flange frame portions  1274  and  1276 . Box portion  1272  includes sides  1278 ,  1280 ,  1282 , and  1284  with mating tab  1286  illustratively extending from sides  1278 - 1282 . With score line  1288 ,  1290 ,  1292 , and  1294 , sides  1278 ,  1280 ,  1282 , and  1284  may be folded to begin forming the three-dimensional box. Rivets, adhesives, or other fastener can be used to secure box  1272  in box form, as shown. Connection tabs  1296  and  1298  each extend from sides  1278  and  1282 , respectively. Flange portions  1274  and  1276  each include slots  1300  and  1302 , respectively, which engage tabs  1296  and  1298 , respectively, to fit and secure flanges  1274  and  1276  to box portion  1272 . 
       FIGS. 54A-E  are progression views showing the assembly of an integral double-back flange box  1310 . Similar to prior embodiments, box  1310  includes a face  1312 , sides  1314 ,  1316 ,  1318 ,  1320 , and flanges  1322  and  1324 . Lap joint tabs  1326 ,  1328 ,  1330 , and  1332  extend from sides  1316  and  1320 , as shown in  FIG. 54A . Tabs  1330 ,  1334 ,  1336 ,  1338 , and  1340  extend from flanges  1322  and  1324 , as shown as well. When box  1310  is folded, as shown in  FIG. 54B , lap joint  1326  can be connected to tab  1336 ; joint  1328  attached to tab  1338 ; joint  1330  to  1340 ; and joint  1332  to tab  1334 . Securement may be made mechanically, magnetically, or chemically. The view in  FIG. 54C  further shows how box  1310  is assembled. It is appreciated, as shown in  FIGS. 54D  and E, that different back flange configurations can be used. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 54A-D , side flanges  1322  and  1324  are employed. Conversely, as shown in  FIG. 54D , top and bottom flanges  1350  and  1352  are horizontally oriented. By changing the flange orientation, the boxes are stiffened in both directions. 
     Several perspective views of an offset box tab assembly system are shown in  FIGS. 55A-G . Box portions  1360  are shown in flat blank condition in  FIG. 55A . The side walls are bent upward, as previously discussed with respect to other embodiments. This embodiment, however, includes fold over offset tabs  1362  and  1364 . Illustratively, each corner includes such tabs  1362  and  1364  as shown. Each tab portion  1362  and  1364 , as shown in  FIG. 55B  shows E, includes a fold over portion  1366  and  1368 , respectively. Portions  1366  and  1368  are folded as indicated by directional arrows  6 ,  13 ,  70 ,  1372 ,  1374 , as shown in  FIGS. 55B  and C. This forms tab guides  1376  and  1378 . The box sides are then folded over, as shown in  FIGS. 55D  and E, so that duplicate box portions  1360  can be attached together, as shown in  FIGS. 55F  and G. As shown in the detail view of  FIG. 55G , tab guides  1376  and  1378  engage corresponding guides  1376  and  1378  of another identical box. 
     An illustrative embodiment of a mushroom tab box  1400  is shown in FIGS. A-F. As shown in  FIG. 56A , box portions  1402  and  1404  include box face and sides like prior embodiments. In addition, each box portion includes tabs  1406  extending from the sides. A panel  1408  includes slots  1410  that coincide with tabs  1406 . As shown in  FIGS. 56B  and C, box portions  1402  and  1404  are folded into box portions. As shown in  FIGS. 56D  and E, tabs  1406  are inserted into slot  1410 , thereby attaching both box portions  1402  and  1404  together to form box  1400  which is shown in  FIG. 56F . 
     Another illustrative embodiment of a box assembly system is shown in  FIGS. 57A-E . In this illustrative embodiment, a mechanical fastener is used to attach box walls together to form a finished box portion. As shown in the progression view of  FIG. 57A , a conventional box portion  1420 , including a face  1422  and sides  1424  and  1426  are folded in directions  1428  and  1430  as shown. When folded, through holes  1432  form a pattern and a cavity or moat  1434  that can be filled with a casting compound to form a joining tenon, as shown in  FIGS. 57A  and B. Mechanical clamp portions  1436  and  1438  straddle each side of wall  1426  of box  1420 , as shown in  FIGS. 57C  and D. Posts  1440  of portion  1436  are configured to extend through openings  1442  and portion  1438 . It is appreciated that epoxy (or other castable material) can fill moat  1434  so that when tenon is assembled (cast), a solid securement is formed.  FIG. 57D  shows illustrative fold configurations and channels that receive the epoxy. As shown in this view, holes  1432  are the same as the prior embodiment, but channels  1444  can be any variety of configurations to receive the epoxy for structural, assemblage, or aesthetic considerations. 
     As discussed with respect to structure  930  of  FIGS. 19A-D , a design element of such a structure is the facing of the boxes themselves. In structure  930  a cuspy box is created. The progression views of  FIGS. 58A-F  demonstrate how such a cuspy box  1450  is made. As shown in  FIG. 58A , cuspy box  1450  is in unfolded flat blank form. This blank may be cut and scored to create face portions  1452 ,  1454 , along with sides  1456 ,  1458 ,  1460 ,  1462 ,  1464 , and  1466 . As shown in  FIGS. 58B  and C, the sides  1458  through  1466  can be folded to draw them upward. Each of the sides  1458 - 1466  includes a cuff that is folded over to add strength. As shown in  FIG. 58D , both sides of box  1450  are pulled upward in directions  1470  and  1472  to create the multi-angled top surface, as shown in  FIGS. 58E  and F to create cuspy box  1450 . 
     Another illustrative embodiment of a box is box  1480  made up of box portions  1482  and  1484 , is shown in  FIGS. 59A  and B. In this illustrative embodiment, box portions  1482  and  1484  are identical in design making them mirror images that may be coupled together to form single box  1480 . As shown in  FIG. 59B , tabs  1486  and  1488  extend from box portions  1482  and  1484 , respectively, to assist attaching box portions  1482  and  1484  together. Holes  1490  and  1492 , for example, align when box portions  1482  and  1484  are joined together and configured to receive a mechanical fastener, adhesive, or other attaching structure to fasten box portions  1482  and  1484  together. As shown in this view, box portions  1482  (and  1484  for that matter) fold open as shown to form an unfolded blank version of box portion  1482  (and  1484 ). 
     A perspective view of a cluster of voronoi sleeve boxes  1500  is shown in  FIG. 60 . Cluster  1500  is made up of boxes  1502 ,  1504 ,  1506 , and  1508 . Box  1508  (as well as boxes  1502 - 1506  for that matter) is an illustrative hexagonally-shaped box made from a top  1510 , side panel  1512  and bottom  1514 . In this illustrative embodiment, top  1510  includes tabs, such as tab  1516  configured to engage a side  1518  of side panel  1512 . Tab  1516  can be mechanically or adhesively attached to side  1518  for securing the two together. Likewise, bottom  1514  includes tabs such as  1520  that likewise is attachable to side  1518  attaching the two together, as well. It is appreciated that each tab on top  1510  can attach to a corresponding side on side panel  1512  thereby attaching top  1510  and side panel  1512  together. Likewise, tabs extending from each edge of bottom  1514  extend upward to attach to side panel  1512  as well. This view also shows portions  1510 ,  1512 , and  1514  as flat unfolded sheets. Illustrative magnet locations and alignment holes  1522  on each of the different portions provide means for securing the portions together to for the box. 
     A ruled surface relief box  1540  and the method of making the same are shown in  FIG. 61 . Box  1540  is made up of first portion  1542 , back portion  1544 , and second portion  1546 . The front faces of  1542  and  1546  are twisted surfaces and the curvature is approximated, digitally modeled and unrolled using the technique described in  FIG. 51 . It is appreciated that the shape of portions  1542  through  1546  are illustrative and can comprise any combination of curve or straight surfaces. In this illustrative embodiment, a plurality of tabs  1548  and  1550  extend from surfaces  1552  and  1554  and engage slots  1556  disposed through back portion  1544  twisting the front faces of  1542  and  1554  into position. This view also shows how portions  1542 ,  1544 , and  1546  begin life as flat cut sheets that can be folded into the box form. It is appreciated how the approximation of highly curved surfaces with such folding techniques gives rise to a large variety of design and construction options not available to conventional wall stud/drywall or paver/uni-size block wall construction. 
     A perspective view of a wall mounted structure  1560  attached to wall  1562  with a shelf system  1564  both in separated and attached view, is shown in  FIG. 62 . With respect to structure system  1560 , it can be constructed and mounted similar to that described in  FIGS. 4, 29A -G,  39 , and  40 , for example. In this present embodiment, however, columns of boxes, such as columns  1566  and  1568 , may have a wider seam between the columns than in the prior embodiments. Typically, the columns of boxes would connect to each other via magnets, fasteners, or other attaching means; or the columns at least be located adjacent or abutting each other. In this case, the boxes are designed so that the columns have a space to accommodate other structures, such as shelf rails  1572  and  1574  of shelf system  1564  shown herein. Rails  1572  and  1574  may mount onto back wall  1562  via fasteners or other means commonly known in the art. A plurality of shelf brackets, such as  1576  and  1578 , may attach to rails  1572  and  1574 , respectively, by means conventionally known to those skilled in the art of shelf bracket and rail systems. As shown herein, both the rails  1572  and  1574  attached to the wall  1562  and brackets  1576  and  1578  attach to rails  1572  and  1574 . Shelving, such as shelf  1580 , may rest on brackets  1576  and  1578  to support the same as shown herein. It is appreciated in this illustrative embodiment that the shelving can abut the faces of the boxes forming structure  1560  and brackets  1576  and  1578  can be modified to accommodate additional length needed in some circumstances depending on the thickness of structure  1560 . 
     Another illustrative embodiment of the present disclosure includes another wall structure  1590  attached to wall  1592  according to methods previously discussed herein. This embodiment illustratively demonstrates the ability to integrate fenestrations into the wall systems such as doors, televisions, or other objects that require removal of boxes. In this illustrative embodiment, a fenestration  1594  is illustratively a window that required the removal of some of the boxes of structure  1590 . A header panel  1596  may be positioned over top the window opening  1594  to accommodate box cluster  1598 . This view also shows how a trim piece  1600  may be used to border the boxes located at the periphery of window opening  1594 . In addition, trim piece  1602  may attach to box cluster  1604  via magnets or other attachment means previously discussed to trim out the window. This view also shows how shelves  1606  can be located in sections of removed boxes as needed. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, from the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present disclosure and various changes and modifications may be made to adapt the various uses and characteristics without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims. 
       FIGS. 64A-E  shows various views of a structural wall made in different ways. As shown in  FIG. 64A , conventional bricks or blocks cannot achieve the curved-surface structure as by the method disclosed herein and shown in  FIG. 64B . 
       FIG. 64C  shows a base surface  1620  in plan, front and side elevation views. The dashed lines  1622  represent the quad pattern for the smooth curving form of the surface. Structure  1630  of  FIG. 64B  is the complex curved wall based on base surface  1620  and formed by means previously discussed in this disclosure. In contrast,  FIG. 64A  shows how that same structure would appear if made from conventional bricks or single-sized building blocks as indicated by reference numeral  1640 . The difference between the edge condition of structure  1630  at  1632  and  1640  at  1642  is obvious. Edge condition  1632  more closely approximates the smooth shape of base surface  1620  than the stepped blocks of edge condition  1642 . This smooth evenness is due to the contiguous relationship of all the mating box edges such as mating edges  1634 . The uneven jagged look of edge condition  1642  is due to the discontinuous (not contiguous) nature of the edge conditions of neighboring blocks in the structure. As the single-sized orthogonal blocks are placed in an attempt to match the multi-curving form, gaps, steps, and spaces must result between the blocks in and between rows. 
       FIGS. 64D  and E show different views of base surface  1650 , box structure  1660  made according to the present disclosure and conventional bricks  1670 . Wall  1660  closely approximates base surface  1650  while structure  1670  does not. Note how the box system of structure  1660  with its individually sized boxes can more accurately represent both single and double-curving surface forms.