Patent Publication Number: US-9835774-B2

Title: Head-up display device

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/JP2014/003839 filed on Jul. 22, 2014 and published in Japanese as WO 2015/011913 A1 on Jan. 29, 2015. This application is based on and claims the benefit of priority from Japanese patent application No. 2013-153901 filed on Jul. 24, 2013. The entire disclosures of all of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to a head-up display device which displays a virtual image of a display image to be visible from an interior of a moving body such as vehicles by projecting the display image onto a projection surface of the moving body. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In the related art, a head-up display device (hereinafter, referred to as a “HUD device”) is known as a device which practically displays a virtual image of a display image by causing a screen member to diffuse a laser beam configuring the display image and to guide the laser beam toward a projection surface. 
     For example, a HUD device disclosed in Patent Literature 1 causes multiple optical elements in a latticed array to diffuse a laser beam which is projected from a projector and which is incident on a screen member. The laser beam which is diffused and projected on a projection surface in this way is viewed as a virtual image of a display image by a viewer located inside an interior of a moving body. 
     PRIOR ART LITERATURE 
     Patent Literature 
     Patent Literature 1: JP 2009-128659 A 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present inventor&#39;s studies, if a laser beam having high coherence properties is diffused after being incident on an optical element pattern having regularity obtained by a latticed array, an irregularity occurs in luminance felt by a viewer who views the laser beam as a virtual image. 
     This disclosure is made in view of this point, and an object thereof is to provide a HUD device which suppresses occurrence of a luminance irregularity. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, a head-up display device displays a virtual image of a display image to be visible from an interior of a moving body by projecting the display image onto a projection surface of the moving body, the device including: a projector that projects a laser beam of the display image; and a screen member that includes a plurality of optical elements arrayed in a lattice pattern, the screen member guiding the laser beam toward the projection surface by diffusing the laser beam incident on the optical elements from the projector, wherein each of the plurality of optical elements has a curved surface on one side thereof, the curved surface having a common curved shape of one of a convex curve and a concave curve, the curved surface diffusing the laser beam emitted from the curved surface toward the projection surface, the plurality of optical elements includes a plurality of reference elements that serve as a reference and a plurality of peripheral elements adjacent to the plurality of reference elements, the curved surface of each of the plurality of reference elements has a surface vertex that is offset from a surface vertex of each of the adjacent plurality of peripheral elements, and each of the plurality of reference elements has a different offset amount with each of the adjacent plurality of peripheral elements. 
     According to the aspect, the optical elements adjacent to each other respectively emit the laser beam from the curved surface on the side which has the common curved shape of one of the convex curve and the concave curve. Therefore, intensity distribution of diffracted light generated by interference of emitted light provides a diffraction peak of multiple orders in accordance with an emission angle. However, the offset amounts generated by causing the surface vertexes of the curved surfaces to be offset from each other in the stepwise manner are different from each other in the respective elements between the optical elements adjacent to each other. Accordingly, the diffraction peak of the diffracted light is generated around the emission angle in accordance with the offset amount. 
     Therefore, according to the aspect, the offset amounts are different from each other between the respective reference elements which serve as a reference and the respective peripheral elements which are the optical elements adjacent to the periphery thereof. In this manner, the diffraction peaks of the diffracted light which is generated between the reference element and the respective adjacent peripheral elements can be offset from each other. Accordingly, a luminance irregularity felt by a viewer who views the diffracted light as a virtual image can be suppressed. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, the plurality of reference elements and the plurality of peripheral elements are alternately two-dimensionally arrayed along array directions, mutually adjacent ones of the plurality of reference elements and the plurality of peripheral elements along each of the array directions forming element pair sets, and a plurality of different types of the element pair sets are arranged in a fixed order along each of the array directions, the offset amount between the pair of the reference element and the peripheral element being different for each type of the element pair sets. 
     According to the aspect, the plurality of different types of the element pair sets are arranged in a fixed order along each of the array directions, and the offset amount between the pair of the reference element and the peripheral element is different for each type of the element pair sets. In this manner, the reference element of the respective element pair sets in each of the array directions can generate mutually different offset amounts between the reference element and the peripheral element forming the same element pair set and between the reference element and the peripheral element forming another adjacent element pair set. Therefore, with regard to the diffracted light generated between the reference element and the respective adjacent peripheral elements, an operation effect of shifting the diffraction peak in accordance with mutually different offset amounts can be achieved across an entire area of a two-dimensional array. 
     Moreover, in each of the array directions in which the arrangement order is fixed, the peripheral element of the respective element pair sets has the common offset amount between the peripheral element and the reference element forming the same element pair set and between the peripheral element and the reference element forming another adjacent element pair set. In this manner, the peripheral elements in which the diffraction peaks of the diffracted light generated between the adjacent reference elements on both sides are offset from each other can exist in any array direction. 
     As described above, according to an operation effect of shifting the diffraction peak viewed around the reference element and an operation effect of shifting the diffraction peak viewed around the peripheral element, an advantageous effect of suppressing occurrence of a luminance irregularity can be enhanced. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic view illustrating a state where a HUD device according to an embodiment is mounted on a vehicle. 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view illustrating a schematic configuration of a HUD device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a front view illustrating a display state of a HUD device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic view illustrating a specific configuration of a HUD device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a top view partially illustrating a screen member according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a view partially illustrating a screen member according to an embodiment, and is a cross-sectional view taken along line VI-VI in  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a view partially illustrating a screen member according to an embodiment, and is a cross-sectional view taken along line VII-VII in  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic view partially illustrating a screen member according to a comparative example. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic view for describing an optical path difference of emitted light according to a comparative example. 
         FIG. 10  is a characteristic diagram illustrating intensity distribution of diffracted light according to a comparative example. 
         FIG. 11  is a characteristic diagram illustrating superimposition of diffracted light according to a comparative example. 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic view illustrating an array form of an optical element in a screen member according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic view for describing an optical path difference of emitted light according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a characteristic diagram illustrating intensity distribution (a) and centers (b) and (c) of diffraction peaks of diffracted light according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  is a characteristic diagram illustrating a center of a diffraction peak according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a characteristic diagram illustrating intensity distribution of diffracted light according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  is a characteristic diagram illustrating superimposition of diffracted light according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  is a schematic view illustrating a modification example in  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 19  is a schematic view illustrating a modification example in  FIG. 6 . 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic view illustrating a modification example in  FIG. 6 . 
     
    
    
     EMBODIMENTS FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     Hereinafter, an embodiment according to this disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , a HUD device  100  according to an embodiment of this disclosure is mounted on a vehicle  1  serving as a “moving body”, and is accommodated inside an instrument panel  80 . The HUD device  100  projects a display image  71  on a windshield  90  serving as a “display member” of the vehicle  1 . Here in the vehicle  1 , an interior side surface of the windshield  90  provides a projection surface  91  on which the display image  71  is projected, in a curved concave surface shape or a flat plane shape. The windshield  90  in the vehicle  1  may have an angle difference for restricting an optical path difference, between the interior side surface and an exterior side surface. Alternatively, a vapor deposited membrane or film may be disposed on the interior side surface in order to restrict the optical path difference. 
     A light flux of the display image  71  reflected on the projection surface  91  reaches an eye point  61  of a viewer in the interior of the vehicle  1  where the display image  71  is projected on the projection surface  91 . The viewer perceives the light flux which has reached the eye point  61 , thereby viewing a virtual image  70  of the display image  71  which is formed in front of the windshield  90 . At this time, the virtual image  70  is visible since the eye point  61  is located inside a visible region  60  of the viewer illustrated in  FIG. 2 . 
     As described above, the display image  71  is projected on the projection surface  91 , thereby allowing the HUD device  100  to display the virtual image  70  of the display image  71  so as to be visible from the interior of the vehicle  1 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3 . As the virtual image  70 , an instruction display  70   a  in a traveling speed of the vehicle  1 , an instruction display  70   b  in a traveling direction of the vehicle  1  using a navigation system, and a warning display  70   c  relating to the vehicle  1  are displayed thereon. 
     (Overall Features of HUD Device) 
     Hereinafter, overall characteristics of the HUD device  100  will be described. As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the HUD device  100  includes a laser scanner  10 , a controller  29 , a screen member  30 , and an optical system  40 , inside a housing  50 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the laser scanner  10  serving as a “projector” has a light source unit  13 , a light guide unit  20 , and micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS)  26 . 
     The light source unit  13  is configured to include three laser projection units  14 ,  15 , and  16 . The respective laser projection units  14 ,  15 , and  16  respectively project single wavelength laser beams having mutually different colors, in accordance with a control signal transmitted from the electrically connected controller  29 . Specifically, for example, the laser projection unit  14  projects a red laser beam which appears in a range of a peak wavelength of 600 nm to 650 nm (preferably, 640 nm). For example, the laser projection unit  15  projects a blue laser beam which appears in a range of the peak wavelength of 430 nm to 470 nm (preferably, 450 nm). For example, the laser projection unit  16  projects a green laser beam which appears in a range of the peak wavelength of 490 nm to 530 nm (preferably, 515 nm). The laser beams of three colors which are projected from the respective laser projection units  14 ,  15 , and  16  are subjected to additive color mixing in this way, thereby enabling various colors to be reproduced. 
     The light guide unit  20  is configured to include three collimating lenses  21 , dichroic filters  22 ,  23 , and  24 , and a condenser lens  25 . The respective collimating lenses  21  are arranged at intervals of 0.5 mm, for example, on a projection side of the laser beam, for the respectively corresponding laser projection units  14 ,  15 , and  16 . The respective collimating lenses  21  diffract the laser beam projected from the laser projection units  14 ,  15 , and  16 , thereby collimating the laser beam into parallel light. 
     The respective dichroic filters  22 ,  23 , and  24  are arranged at intervals of 4 mm, for example, on the projection side of the laser projection units  14 ,  15 , and  16 , for the respectively corresponding collimating lenses  21 . The respective dichroic filters  22 ,  23 , and  24  cause the laser beam having a specific wavelength to be reflected thereon, and cause the laser beam having other wavelengths to be transmitted therethrough, within the laser beams which have passed through the corresponding collimating lenses  21 . Specifically, the dichroic filter  22  arranged on the projection side of the laser projection unit  14  causes the red laser beam to be transmitted therethrough, and causes the other color laser beams to be reflected thereon. The dichroic filter  23  arranged on the projection side of the laser projection unit  15  causes the blue laser beam to be reflected thereon, and causes the other color laser beams to be transmitted therethrough. The dichroic filter  24  arranged on the projection side of the laser projection unit  16  causes the green laser beam to be reflected thereon, and causes the other color laser beams to be transmitted therethrough. 
     Here, the dichroic filter  23  is arranged at an interval of 6 mm, for example, on a side where the green laser beam is reflected on the dichroic filter  24 . The dichroic filter  22  is arranged at an interval of 6 mm, for example, on a side where the blue laser beam is reflected on and the green laser beam is transmitted through the dichroic filter  23 . Furthermore, the condenser lens  25  is arranged at an interval of 4 mm, for example, on a side where the red laser beam is transmitted through and the blue laser beam and the green laser beam are reflected on the dichroic filter  22 . According to these arrangement forms, the red laser beam transmitted through the dichroic filter  22  and the blue laser beam and the green laser beam which are reflected on the dichroic filter  22  after being reflected on the respective dichroic filters  23  and  24  are incident on the condenser lens  25 . In this manner, colors of these laser beams are mixed together. 
     The condenser lens  25  is a plano-convex lens having a flat incidence surface and a convex emitting surface. The condenser lens  25  focuses the laser beam by diffracting the laser beam incident on the incidence surface. As a result, the laser beam which has passed through the condenser lens  25  is emitted toward the MEMS  26 . 
     The MEMS  26  is configured to include a first scanning mirror  27 , a second scanning mirror  28 , and drive units (not illustrated) of the scanning mirrors  27  and  28 . A thin film-shaped reflection surface  27   b  is provided by means of metal deposition using aluminum, on a surface where a central portion of the first scanning mirror  27  faces the condenser lens  25  at an interval of 5 mm, for example. A thin film-shaped reflection surface  28   b  is provided by means of metal deposition using aluminum, on a surface where a central portion of the second scanning mirror  28  faces the first scanning mirror  27  at an interval of 1 mm, for example. The drive units of the MEMS  26  individually drive the respective scanning mirrors  27  and  28  so as to be respectively rotated around rotary shafts  27   a  and  28   a , in accordance with a control signal transmitted from the electrically connected controller  29 . 
     The central portion of the second scanning mirror  28  which configures a final stage of the laser scanner  10  is arranged at an interval of 100 mm, for example, from a scanning surface  31  of the screen member  30 . According to the arrangement form, the laser beams sequentially incident on the scanning mirrors  27  and  28  from the condenser lens  25  are sequentially reflected on the reflection surfaces  27   b  and  28   b , and are projected on the scanning surface  31 . 
     The controller  29  is a control circuit configured to include a processor. The controller  29  outputs a control signal to the respective laser projection units  14 ,  15 , and  16 , thereby intermittently projecting the pulsed laser beam. At the same time, the controller  29  outputs a control signal to the drive units of the scanning mirrors  27  and  28 , thereby changing the projecting direction of the laser beam on the scanning surface  31  to a direction of an arrow in  FIG. 4  along multiple scanning lines Ls. According to these controls, a region O where the laser beam is projected in a circular spot shape as illustrated in  FIG. 5  is moved to the scanning surface  31 , thereby drawing the display image  71 . That is, the laser beam projected from the laser scanner  10  scans the scanning surface  31  in a horizontal direction x and in a vertical direction y, thereby providing the display image  71 . Here, for example, the display image  71  is provided with 60 frames per second on the scanning surface  31 , as an image having 480 pixels in the horizontal direction x and 240 pixels in the vertical direction y. As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the horizontal direction x of the scanning surface  31  coincides with the horizontal direction of the vehicle  1 . On the other hand, the vertical direction y of the scanning surface  31  may tilt from the vertical direction of the vehicle  1  as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , or may coincide with the vertical direction. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 5 to 7 , the reflection-type screen member  30  is provided by depositing aluminum on a surface of a resin substrate or a glass substrate. The screen member  30  is arranged above the laser scanner  10  in the vehicle  1  (refer to  FIGS. 1 and 2 ). The screen member  30  is provided in such a way that a plurality of optical elements  32  serving as micro mirrors are two-dimensionally arrayed in a lattice pattern in the horizontal direction x and the vertical direction y. Hereinafter, the horizontal direction x and the vertical direction y are collectively referred to as array directions x and y. 
     In the screen member  30 , a surface (specifically, a curved surface  33  to be described later) of the respective optical elements  32  configures the scanning surface  31 . The surface of the respective optical elements  32  causes the laser beam projected on the scanning surface  31  to be reflected thereon, thereby diffusing and projecting the laser beam. Here, a diameter of the projection region O where the laser beam is projected on the scanning surface  31  is set to be equal to or greater than a half value of the minimum element width within element widths of the respective optical elements  32 , for example. As illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , all of the respective optical elements  32  may be provided as an integrated body, or may be held in a common substrate by being provided as a separate body. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the optical system  40  has a concave mirror  42  and a drive unit thereof (not illustrated). The concave mirror  42  is provided by depositing aluminum on a surface of a resin substrate or a glass substrate. The concave mirror  42  causes the laser beam diffused by the scanning surface  31  to be reflected on a reflection surface  42   a , thereby guiding the laser beam to the projection surface  91  side so as to project the display image  71 . That is, the concave mirror  42  provides an optical path through which the diffused laser beam is guided from the scanning surface  31  so as to reach the projection surface  91 . Here, the reflection surface  42   a  is formed in a smoothly curved shape, as a concave surface whose central portion is recessed in a direction away from the scanning surface  31  and the projection surface  91 . In this manner, the reflection surface  42   a  can enlarge and project the display image  71 . 
     The drive unit of the optical system  40  drives the concave mirror  42  so as to swing around a swinging shaft  42   b  illustrated in  FIG. 1 , in accordance with a control signal transmitted from the electrically connected controller  29 . According to the swinging, the visible region  60  also ascends and descends in response to ascending and descending of an image forming position of the virtual image  70  of the projected display image  71 . Here, the position of the visible region  60  is defined in view of eyelips  62 . Specifically, the eyelips  62  represent a space region where the eye point  61  can exist when it is assumed that a viewer sits in a driver&#39;s seat in the interior of the vehicle  1 . Therefore, it is assumed that at least a portion of the visible region  60  which ascends and descends in response to the swinging of the concave mirror  42  enters the inside of the eyelips  62  within a range of the swinging. 
     An optical element other than the concave mirror  42  may be disposed in the optical system  40  instead of or in addition to the concave mirror  42 . Without disposing the optical system  40  (concave mirror  42 ), the laser beam diffused by the respective optical elements  32  may be directly projected on the projection surface  91 . 
     (Detailed Characteristics of Optical Element) 
     Next, detailed characteristics of the optical element  32  will be described. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 5 to 7 , the surfaces of the respective optical elements  32  have convexly curved forms which are convexly curved as curved forms common to each other, thereby providing the curved surface  33  having an arcuate convex shape. The curved surface  33  of the respective optical elements  32  protrudes to face the laser scanner  10  and the optical system  40  along an orthogonal direction z (also refer to  FIG. 2 ) orthogonal to the array directions x and y, and the most protruded point forms a surface vertex  34 . 
     The optical elements  32  adjacent to each other in the respective array directions x and y provide a mutual boundary  35  therebetween by superimposing contours (outer edges) of the respective curved surfaces  33  on each other. At the same time, a peak pitch d represented by a distance between the surface vertexes  34  of the optical elements  32  adjacent to each other in the respective array directions x and y indicates a common value (that is, substantially the same value) in all of the optical elements  32 . Furthermore, the radius of curvature of the curved surface  33  of the respective optical elements  32  in the respective array directions x and y indicates a common value (that is, substantially the same value) on a vertical cross-section passing through the surface vertex  34 . 
     Here, with regard to the respective optical elements  32 , an offset amount in a direction z from the surface vertex  34  to the boundary  35  (that is, an inflection point on a vertical cross-section in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ) is referred to as a sag amount. The sag amounts are respectively illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7  by the reference numerals SA 1 , SA 2 , SA 3 , SA 4 , SA 5 , SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF. With regard to the optical elements  32  and  32  immediately adjacent to each other, a difference between the sag amounts along the direction z, that is, a offset amount provided by the surface vertexes  34  and  34  being offset from each other in the direction z in a stepwise manner is referred to as an offset amount. The offset amounts are respectively illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7  by the reference numerals  81 ,  82 ,  83 ,  84 , and  85 . In order to facilitate understanding in  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the respective sag amounts SA 1 , SA 2 , SA 3 , SA 4 , SA 5 , SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF and the respective offset amounts  81 ,  82 ,  83 ,  84 , and  85  are greatly exaggerated in the illustration. 
     The present inventors have intensively studied such a screen member  30  having the curved surface  33  of the respective optical elements  32  to diffuse and emit the laser beam. As a result, the present inventors have obtained the following knowledge. Diffracted light having intensity distribution which provides a diffraction peak of multiple orders in accordance with an emission angle is generated due to interference between the laser beams respectively emitted from the curved surfaces  33  of the optical elements  32  adjacent to each other. A luminance irregularity would be generated by the multiplex diffraction described above. 
     Here, as illustrated in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , a HUD device according to a comparative example will be first described. In this comparative example, all of respective optical elements  132  have the same dimension and design. That is, in the comparative example, all offset amounts of the optical elements  132  adjacent to each other are set to substantially 0 by providing a sag amount S common to the respective optical elements  132 . According to this comparative example, an optical path length difference ΔL is generated in laser beams, since the laser beams interfere with each other by being respectively emitted at an emission angle θ (refer to  FIG. 10 ) from curved surfaces  133  of the optical elements  132  adjacent to each other. Here, the optical path length difference ΔL is represented by Expression 1 below using an approximate origin of sin θ≈θ[rad], and a peak pitch d common to all of the optical elements  132 . When a wavelength of the laser beam is defined as λ, an angle difference α (refer to  FIG. 10 ) of the emission angle θ at which the optical path length difference ΔL is changed by an amount of the wavelength λ, that is, the angle difference α of the emission angle θ at which a diffraction peak order is changed by one is represented by Expression 2 below using an approximate origin of sin α≈α, and the peak pitch d.
 
Δ L=d*θ   (Expression 1)
 
α=λ/ d   (Expression 2)
 
       FIG. 10  illustrates intensity distribution in respective array directions x and y when the optical path length difference ΔL becomes 0 and ±λ in the comparative example based on Expressions 1 and 2, that is, when the diffraction peak order becomes 0 and ±1. As illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the intensity distribution is made in accordance with the angle difference α of the emission angle θ. That is, diffraction peaks of diffracted light which are generated between one optical element  132  and the adjacent elements  132  on both sides are generated around every emission angle θ changed from 0 to ±α. Accordingly, the diffraction peaks are superimposed on each other so as to increase the intensity. Diffraction valleys of the diffracted light which are generated between one optical element  132  and the adjacent elements  132  on both sides are generated around every emission angle θ changed from α/2 to α and around every emission angle θ changed from −α/2 to −α. Accordingly, even if the diffraction valleys are superimposed on each other, the intensity is less likely to increase. The diffraction valley means a portion which is a valley between the diffraction peaks in the intensity distribution of the diffracted light. 
     As described above, if the diffracted light generated between one optical element  132  and the adjacent elements  132  on both sides is superimposed in each of the array directions x and y, the intensity distribution illustrated in  FIG. 11  is obtained. Here, in the intensity distribution in  FIG. 11  which relates to any one of the array directions x and y, the diffracted light respectively generated between one optical element  132  and the adjacent elements  132  on both sides is illustrated by a two-dot chain line graph, and a superimposition result of the diffracted light is illustrated by a solid line graph. As is understood from the intensity distribution, an intensity difference I increases in a case of the emission angle θ at which centers of the diffraction peaks are superimposed (that is, every ±α from θ) and the emission angle θ at which centers of the diffraction valleys are superimposed (that is, every α from α/2 and every −α from −α/2). Therefore, a viewer who views the diffracted light as the virtual image  70  is forced to feel a luminance irregularity in accordance with the increased intensity difference I. 
     Next, different points between this embodiment and the comparative example will be described in detail. As illustrated in  FIGS. 5 to 7 and 12 , the respective optical elements  32  according to the present embodiment are classified into any one of a plurality of reference elements  32 A serving as a reference and a plurality of peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F which are adjacent to the respective reference elements  32 A at every multiple locations. The reference elements  32 A and the different types of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F surrounding the reference elements  32 A have different dimensions and designs. In order to facilitate understanding of the description,  FIG. 12  schematically illustrates an array form of the reference elements  32 A and the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F, and only the last alphabet letters of the reference numerals are illustrated in contours of the respective elements. 
     Specifically, a pair of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 B which are immediately adjacent to each other in the respective array directions x and y forms a first element pair set P 1 . In order to represent the offset amount δ 1  between the elements  32 A and  32 B which are paired, jp is defined as an integer of 0 or more, jm is defined as an integer of 1 or more, a wavelength of the laser beam is defined as λ, and ε 1  is defined as a numerical value that meets a condition that the numerical value is greater than −λ/32 and smaller than λ/32. Based on these definitions, the offset amount δ 1  is represented by Expression 3 or Expression 4 below. Here, the sag amount SA 1  corresponding to the offset amount δ 1  is provided for the reference element  32 A between the surface vertex  34  of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 B of the same pair set P 1 . At the same time, the sag amount SB corresponding to the offset amount δ 1  is provided for the peripheral element  32 B between the peripheral element  32 B and the reference element  32 A of the same pair set P 1 .
 
δ1={(8 jp+ 1)/16}*λ+ε1  (Expression 3)
 
δ1={(8 jm− 1)/16}*λ+ε1  (Expression 4)
 
     A pair of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 C which are adjacent to each other in the respective array directions x and y forms a second element pair set P 2 . In order to represent the offset amount δ 2  between the elements  32 A and  32 C which are paired, k is defined as an odd number of 1 or more, a wavelength of the laser beam is defined as λ, and ε 2  is defined as a numerical value that meets a condition which is greater than −λ/32 and which is smaller than λ/32. Based on these definitions, the offset amount δ 2  is represented by Expression 5 below. Here, the sag amount SA 2  corresponding to the offset amount δ 2  is provided for the reference element  32 A between the surface vertex  34  of the reference element  32 A itself and the peripheral element  32 C of the same pair set P 2 . At the same time, the sag amount SC corresponding to the offset amount  82  is provided for the reference element  32 C between the reference element  32 C and the reference element  32 A of the same pair set P 2 .
 
δ2=( k/ 8)*λ+ε2  (Expression 5)
 
     A pair of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 D which are adjacent to each other in the respective array directions x and y configures a third element pair set P 3 . In order to represent the offset amount  83  between the elements  32 A and  32 D which are paired, Ip is defined as an integer of 0 or more, Im is defined as an integer of 1 or more, a wavelength of the laser beam is defined as λ, and ε 3  is defined as a numerical value that meets a condition which is greater than −λ/32 and which is smaller than λ/32. Based on these definitions, the offset amount δ 3  is represented by Expression 6 or Expression 7 below. Here, the sag amount SA 3  corresponding to the offset amount δ 3  is provided for the reference element  32 A between the surface vertex  34  of the reference element  32 A itself and the peripheral element  32 D of the same pair set P 3 . At the same time, the sag amount SD corresponding to the offset amount δ 3  is provided for the reference element  32 D between the reference element  32 D and the reference element  32 A of the same pair set P 3 .
 
δ3={(8 Ip+ 3)/16}*λ+ε3  (Expression 6)
 
δ3={(8 Im− 3)/16}*λ+ε3  (Expression 7)
 
     A pair of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 E which are adjacent to each other in the respective array directions x and y configures a fourth element pair set P 4 . In order to represent the offset amount  84  between the elements  32 A and  32 E which are paired, m is defined as an odd number of 1 or more, a wavelength of the laser beam is defined as λ, and ε 4  is defined as a numerical value that meets a condition that the numerical value is greater than −λ/32 and smaller than λ/32. Based on these definitions, the offset amount  84  is represented by Expression 8 below. Here, the sag amount SA 4  corresponding to the offset amount δ 4  is provided for the reference element  32 A between the surface vertex  34  of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 E of the same pair set P 4 . At the same time, the sag amount SE corresponding to the offset amount δ 4  is provided for the peripheral element  32 E between the peripheral element  32 E and the reference element  32 A of the same pair set P 4 .
 
δ4=( m/ 4)*λ+ε4  (Expression 8)
 
     A pair of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 F which are adjacent to each other in the respective array directions x and y forms a fifth element pair set P 5 . In order to represent the offset amount  85  between the elements  32 A and  32 F which are paired, n is defined as an integer of 0 or more, a wavelength of the laser beam is defined as λ, and ε 5  is defined as a numerical value that meets a condition that the reference numeral is greater than −λ/32 and smaller than λ/32. Based on these definitions, the step amount  85  is represented by Expression 9 below. Here, the sag amount SA 5  corresponding to the step amount δ 5  is provided for the reference element  32 A between the surface vertex  34  of the reference element  32 A and the peripheral element  32 F of the same pair set P 5 . At the same time, the sag amount SF corresponding to the step amount δ 5  is provided for the peripheral element  32 F between the peripheral element  32 F and the reference element  32 A of the same pair set P 5 .
 
δ5=( n/ 2)*λ+ε5  (Expression 9)
 
     Here, in a case of i=1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, a correlation among the element pair set Pi, the step amount δi, and the sag amounts SAi, SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF indicates a relationship as schematically illustrated in  FIG. 13 . Based on the correlation, in this embodiment, the plurality of different types of element pair sets Pi classified with the different offset amounts δ 1  from each other in accordance with Expressions 3 to 9 are arranged in the fixed order in each of the array directions x and y. That is, an arrangement order of the element pair sets Pi in the horizontal direction x is fixed in the order of P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 , and P 5  from the left side to the right side in  FIGS. 5 and 12 . On the other hand, an arrangement order of the element pair sets Pi in the vertical direction y is fixed in the order of P 4 , P 1 , P 3 , P 5 , and P 2  from the upper side to the lower side in  FIGS. 5 and 12 . 
     According to this fixed arrangement order, an array form in which the reference element  32 A and any one of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F are alternately arrayed appears in the respective array directions x and y. At the same time, according to the fixed arrangement order, the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F are interposed between the reference elements  32 A from both sides in any one of the array directions x and y. It should be noted that, according to the fixed arrangement order, the array number of the reference elements  32 A and the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F shows that one of the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F is arrayed for five of the reference elements  32 A. 
     In this embodiment, the reference elements  32 A of the respective element pair sets Pi also respectively have the offset amounts δ 1 , δ 2 , δ 3 , δ 4 , and δ 5  between the reference elements  32 A and the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F of the other element pair sets Pi which are adjacent thereto in the arrangement order as illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . In this manner, the reference elements  32 A of the respective element pair sets Pi also have the different offset amounts δi between the reference elements  32 A and the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F which are adjacent thereto in any one of the directions x and y. On the other hand, the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F of the respective element pair sets Pi also have the common offset amounts δ 1  between the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the reference elements  32 A of the same element pair sets Pi, and between the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the reference elements  32 A of the other element pair sets Pi which are adjacent thereto in the arrangement order. According to these offset amounts δi, the thickness of the screen member  30  at the surface vertex  34  of the curved surface  33  of the reference element  32 A is different from the thickness of the screen member  30  at the surface vertex  34  of all of the curved surfaces  33  of the adjacent optical elements  32 . It is preferable to secure an element width of the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F by setting all offset amounts δi to 1.2 μm or less. 
     Furthermore, in the reference elements  32 A of the respective element pair sets Pi, the sag amounts SAi from the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F forming the same element pair sets Pi to the surface vertex  34  of the reference elements  32 A are different from each other in accordance with the respectively corresponding offset amounts δi. Similarly, in the reference elements  32 A of the respective element pair sets Pi, the sag amounts SAi from the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F forming the other element pair sets Pi which are adjacent thereto in the arrangement order to the surface vertex  34  of the reference element  32 A are different from each other in accordance with the respectively corresponding offset amounts δi. In this embodiment, in order to provide these sag amounts SAi, any boundary  35  interposed between the reference elements  32 A and the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F is formed in a linear shape as illustrated in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
     Furthermore, in the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F of the respective element pair sets Pi, the sag amounts SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF from the reference element  32 A forming the same element pair set Pi to the surface vertexes  34  of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D, and  32 F are different from each other in accordance with the respectively corresponding offset amounts Si. Similarly, in the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F of the respective element pair sets Pi, the sag amounts SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF from the reference element  32 A of the element pair set Pi which is adjacent thereto in the arrangement order to the surface vertexes  34  of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D, and  32 F are also different from each other in accordance with the respectively corresponding offset amounts δi. In this embodiment, in order to generate these sag amounts SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF, the peak pitches d between the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the reference elements  32 A are set in common as described above. 
     In this embodiment, the optical path length difference ΔL is generated in laser beams, since the laser beams interfere with each other by being respectively emitted at the emission angle θ (refer to  FIG. 14 ) from the curved surfaces  33  of the optical elements  32  adjacent to each other. Here, the optical path length difference ΔL is represented by Expression 10 or Expression 11 below using an approximate origin of sin θ≈θ[rad], and the peak pitch d which is sufficiently greater than any one of the offset amounts δi. Specifically, Expression 10 is established between the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the adjacent reference element  32 A on one side thereof (for example, the right side in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ) in each of the array directions x and y. On the other hand, Expression 11 is established between the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the adjacent reference element  32 A on the opposite side thereof (for example, the left side in  FIGS. 6 and 7 ) in each of the array directions x and y. Furthermore, the angle difference α (refer to  FIG. 14 ) of the emission angle θ at which the optical path length difference ΔL is changed by an amount of the wavelength λ, that is, the angle difference α of the emission angle θ at which a diffraction peak order is changed by one is represented by Expression 12 below using the peak pitch d, similarly to the comparative example.
 
Δ L=d*θ− 2*δ i   (Expression 10)
 
Δ L=d*θ+ 2*δ i   (Expression 11)
 
α=λ/ d   (Expression 12)
 
     According to this embodiment in which the laser scanner  10  projects laser beams of multiple colors, the wavelength λ used in Expressions 3 to 9 and 12 is set for a laser beam of at least one color. For example, when the wavelength λ is set for the laser beam of one color, it is preferable to set a peak wavelength of a green laser beam which allows high visibility or a peak wavelength of a red laser beam which allows a large diffraction angle to be the wavelength λ. When the wavelength λ is set for laser beams of two or more colors, it is preferable to establish Expressions 3 to 9 for every peak wavelength λ of the laser beams of two or more colors. 
     When the optical path length difference ΔL according to this embodiment becomes 0 and ±λ based on Expressions 10, 11, and 12 described above, that is, when the diffraction peak order is 0 and ±1, the intensity distribution in the respective array directions x and y is made in accordance with the angle difference α of the emission angle θ as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . That is, the diffraction peaks generated between the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the adjacent reference element  32 A on one side in accordance with Expressions 10 and 12 are generated around every emission angle θ changed from the 0 th  diffraction angle θ 0  offset from 0 by an amount of 2*δi*α/λ to ±α. The diffraction peaks generated between the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the adjacent reference element  32 A on the opposite side in accordance with Expressions 11 and 12 are generated around every emission angle θ changed from the 0 th  diffraction angle −θ 0  offset from 0 by an amount of −2*δi*α/λ to ±α.  FIG. 14  illustrates an example in which δ 2 =λ/8 is set to generate the diffraction peak at every ±α from each of θ 0 =α/4 and −θ 0 =−α/4.  FIG. 14( a )  illustrates the intensity distribution, and  FIGS. 14( b ) and 14( c )  illustrate the center of the diffraction peak. Points a to g which are marked on the solid line graph in  FIG. 14( a )  respectively correspond to directions a to g of the diffracted light which generates each optical path length difference ΔL illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
     According to this principle, the diffraction peaks generated between the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C, and  32 D and the adjacent reference elements  32 A on both sides in each of the array directions x and y are offset as illustrated in  FIGS. 15( a ) to 15( c ) , in accordance with the offset amounts δi which are common to both sides. The diffraction peaks generated between the peripheral elements  32 E and  32 F and the adjacent reference elements  32 A on both sides in each of the array directions x and y, when ε 4  and ε 5  of Expressions 8 and 9 are not 0, are offset as illustrated in  FIGS. 15( d ) and 15( e ) , in accordance with the offset amounts δi which are common to both sides. As a result, for example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 14 and 15 ( b ), the diffraction peak generated between the peripheral element  32 C and the adjacent reference element  32 A on one side thereof is superimposed on the diffraction valley generated between the peripheral element  32 C and the adjacent reference element  32 A on the opposite side. 
     Hitherto, description is made on the diffraction peak of the diffracted light which is generated around the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F with the reference element  32 A. Next, description will be made on the diffraction peak of the diffracted light which is generated around the reference element  32 A with the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F. As illustrated in  FIGS. 15 and 16 , the diffraction peaks generated between the reference element  32 A and the adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F are offset from each other in the intensity distribution by each amount of λ/16±ε in accordance with the mutually different offset amounts δi. Here, ±ε serves as a deviation from λ/16, and is determined in accordance with ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 , ε 4 , and ε 5  of Expressions 3 to 9 in which the reference element  32 A corresponds to each of the adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F. In order to facilitate understanding of the description,  FIGS. 16  and  17  (to be described later) illustrate a case where all ε 1 , ε 2 , ε 3 , ε 4 , and ε 5  are 0, in other words, a case where all ±ε is 0. 
     As a result, for example, as illustrated in  FIGS. 15 and 16 , the diffraction peak generated between the reference element  32 A and one adjacent peripheral element  32 C is superimposed on the diffraction valley generated between the reference element  32 A and the other adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F.  FIGS. 15( a ) to 15( e )  respectively correspond to  FIGS. 16( a ) to 16( e ) .  FIGS. 15, 16, and 17  (to be described later) illustrate only a case of Expression 3 with regard to δ 1  and only a case of Expression 6 with regard to δ 3 . However, the same result is also obtained in a case of Expression 4 with regard to δ 1  and in a case of Expression 7 with regard to δ 3 . 
     According to the above-described configuration, if the diffracted light generated between the reference element  32 A and the adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F is superimposed as illustrated in  FIG. 15( f )  in each of the array directions x and y, the intensity distribution illustrated in  FIG. 17  is obtained. Here, in the intensity distribution in  FIG. 17  which relates to any one of the array directions x and y, the diffracted light respectively generated between the reference element  32 A and the adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F is illustrated by a two-dot chain line graph, and a superimposed result of the diffracted light is illustrated by a solid line graph. As is understood from the intensity distribution, the intensity difference I between the intensity at the emission angle θ of the centers of the respective diffraction peaks and the intensity at the emission angle θ between the centers may become small as much as possible. Therefore, a viewer who views the diffracted light as the virtual image  70  is less likely to feel a luminance irregularity in accordance with the decreased intensity difference I. 
     (Operation Effect) 
     An operation effect according to this embodiment described above will be described below. 
     In this embodiment, the optical elements  32  adjacent to each other respectively project the laser beam from the curved surface  33  of the surface having the common convexly curved shape. Accordingly, the diffraction peaks of multiple orders in accordance with the emission angle θ are generated in the intensity distribution of the diffracted light generated by interference of the emitted light. However, the offset amounts δi generated by forming the surface vertexes  34  of the curved surface  33  to be offset from each other in a stepwise manner are different from each other in the respective optical elements  32  between the optical elements  32  adjacent to each other. Accordingly, the diffraction peak of the diffracted light is generated around the emission angle θ in accordance with the step amount δi. 
     Therefore, according to this embodiment, the respective reference elements  32 A which are the optical elements  32  serving as the reference have mutually different offset amounts δi between the reference element  32 A and the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F which are the optical elements  32  adjacent to the reference element  32 A. In this manner, the diffraction peaks of the diffracted light generated between the reference element  32 A and the respective adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F can be offset from each other in accordance with the mutually different offset amounts δi. Accordingly, a luminance irregularity felt by a viewer who views the diffracted light as a virtual image can be suppressed. 
     In the respective directions x and y in which the reference element  32 A and the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F according to this embodiment are alternately two-dimensionally arrayed, a pair of the reference element  32 A and any one of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F, which are adjacent to each other, forms each element pair set Pi. The plurality of different types of the element pair sets Pi having different offset amounts δi between the pairs of the reference element  32 A and the respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F are arranged in the fixed order in each of the array directions x and y. In this manner, the reference element  32 A of the respective element pair sets Pi in each of the array directions x and y can generate the mutually different offset amounts δi between the reference element  32 A and any one of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F forming the same element pair set Pi and between the reference element  32 A and any one of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F forming another adjacent element pair set Pi. Therefore, with regard to the diffracted light generated between the reference element  32 A and the respective adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F, an effect of shifting the diffraction peak in accordance with the mutually different offset amounts δi can be obtained across an entire area of two-dimensional array. 
     Moreover, in each of the array directions x and y in which the arrangement order is fixed, the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F of the respective element pair sets Pi can generate the common offset amount δi between the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the reference element  32 A forming the same element pair set Pi and between the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the reference element  32 A forming another adjacent element pair set Pi. In this manner, as the peripheral elements in which the diffraction peaks of the diffracted light generated between the peripheral elements and the adjacent reference elements  32 A on both sides are offset from each other, at least the elements  32 B,  32 C, and  32 D can exist in any one of the array directions x and y. 
     As described above, according to the effect of shifting the diffraction peak viewed around the reference element  32 A and the effect of shifting the diffraction peak viewed around the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C, and  32 D, an advantageous effect of suppressing a luminance irregularity can be enhanced. 
     Furthermore, according to the first to fifth element pair sets Pi in this embodiment, the diffraction peaks of the diffracted light generated between the reference element  32 A and the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F are offset by each amount of λ/16±ε. As a result, in the intensity distribution where the diffracted light is superimposed in each of the array directions x and y, the intensity difference I between the intensity at the emission angle θ of the centers of the respective diffraction peaks offset by the amount of λ/16±ε, and the intensity at the emission angle θ between the centers can decrease as much as possible. Therefore, an advantageous effect of suppressing a luminance irregularity felt by a viewer due to the intensity difference I of the diffracted light can be enhanced. 
     Furthermore, according to this embodiment, when the peak wavelength of the green laser beam appearing in the range of 490 nm to 530 nm within the laser beams of multiple colors, that is, the peak wavelength of the laser beam which allows high visibility is set to λ in Expressions 3 to 9 and 12, the diffraction peaks with regard to the wavelength can be offset from each other. In this case, a luminance irregularity can be suppressed in colors which a viewer is likely to feel. According to this embodiment, when the peak wavelength of the red laser beam appearing in the range of 600 nm to 650 nm within the laser beams of multiple colors, that is, the peak wavelength of the laser beam which allows a large diffraction angle is set to λ in Expressions 3 to 9 and 12, the diffraction peaks with regard to the wavelength can be offset from each other. In this case, a luminance irregularity can be suppressed in colors which are more noticeable when the diffraction angle is large 
     According to the respective reference elements  32 A in this embodiment, the linear boundary  35  is interposed between the reference element  32 A and the respective adjacent peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F to generate the mutually different sag amounts SAi in accordance with the offset amounts δi. According to this configuration, the linear boundary  35  can suppress incident light loss or occurrence of ghost superimposition caused by laser beam diffraction in the boundary  35 . The mutually different offset amounts δi can suppress a luminance irregularity felt by a viewer. 
     According to this embodiment, the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F which are adjacent to the respective reference elements  32 A respectively have the peak pitch d common to the adjacent reference elements  32 A, and the mutually different sag amounts SB, SC, SD, SE, and SF. In this manner, the mutually different sag amounts SAi in accordance with the offset amounts δi can be generated in the respective reference elements  32 A through the linear boundary  35 . As a result, a structure for providing the mutually different offset amounts δi can be simplified by setting the same peak pitch d. The mutually different offset amounts δi can suppress a luminance irregularity felt by a viewer. 
     Other Embodiments 
     Hitherto, an embodiment of this disclosure has been described. However, this disclosure is not construed as limited to the embodiment, and can be applied to various embodiments within the scope not departing from the gist of this disclosure. 
     Specifically, in a first modification example, as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , any one (the peripheral element  32 F in the example in  FIG. 18 ) of the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F may be provided in a screen member  30 . In this case, a offset amount δi between the element provided in the screen member  30  within the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and a reference element  32 A may satisfy or may not satisfy the corresponding expression within Expressions 3 to 9. However, even in this case, the offset amounts are required to be different from each other between the respective reference elements  32 A and the adjacent peripheral elements. 
     In a second modification example, although not illustrated, another peripheral element may also be provided in a screen member  30  in addition to peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F. In this case, a offset amount δi between the peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and a reference element  32 A may satisfy or may not satisfy Expressions 3 to 9. However, even in this case, the offset amounts are required to be different from each other between the respective reference elements  32 A and the respective adjacent peripheral elements which include the elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F and the additional element. 
     In a third modification example, as illustrated in  FIG. 18 , an arrangement order of the element pair sets may be changed for each column along respective array directions x and y, instead of fixing the arrangement order in each of the array directions x and y. For example, in  FIG. 18 , a column in which a first element pair set P 1  and a third element pair set P 3  are alternately arrayed and a column in which a second element pair set P 2  and a fourth element pair set P 4  are alternately arrayed are provided along the respective array directions x and y. 
     In a fourth modification example, instead of a curved surface  33  having a convex and curved shape which is convexly curved, a curved surface  1033  having a concave and curved shape which is concavely curved, such as an arcuate concave shape as illustrated in  FIG. 19 , may be provided on a surface of an optical element  1032 . In this case, the curved surface  1033  on the surface of each optical element  1032  is recessed toward a side opposite to a laser scanner  10  and an optical system  40  in a direction z orthogonal to directions x and y, and the most recessed point is set to be a surface vertex  1034 . As illustrated in  FIG. 19 , configurations other than the above-described configurations used in the fourth modification example are the same as those in the previously described embodiment. 
     In a fifth modification example, curved surfaces  33  and  1033  which allow a laser beam projected on a scanning surface  31  to be transmitted therethrough so as to diffuse and emit the laser beam may be provided on a surface of optical elements  32  and  1032  serving as a micro lens. In a sixth modification example, as illustrated in  FIG. 20 , a reference element  32 A and respective peripheral elements  32 B,  32 C,  32 D,  32 E, and  32 F may be adjacent to each other via a boundary  35  having a stepped shape. In this case, sag amounts between the peripheral elements with respect to the reference element  32 A may be different from each other, or may be the same. 
     In a seventh modification example, mutually different radii of curvature in a horizontal direction x and a vertical direction y may be set for the same optical elements  32  and  1032 . Furthermore, in an eighth modification example, mutually different radii of curvature may be set for optical elements  32  and  1032  which are adjacent to each other. 
     In a ninth modification example, one scanning mirror which is rotatable around two axes may be used as MEMS  26  of a laser scanner  10  which is a “projector”. In a tenth modification example, an element other than a windshield  90  may be used for a “display member” which provides a projection surface  91  of a vehicle  1 . Alternatively, for example, a combiner which is attached to an interior side surface of the windshield  90  or which is provided separately from the windshield  90  may be used. Furthermore, in an eleventh modification example, this disclosure may be applied to various moving bodies (transportation vehicles) such as ships or airplanes other than the vehicle  1 .