Patent Publication Number: US-11650119-B2

Title: Pressure sensor with multiple pressure sensing elements

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/376,703, filed Apr. 5, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates generally to apparatuses, systems, and methods for providing a pressure sensor, and more particularly, to apparatuses, systems, and methods for providing one sensor conditioning circuitry (such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) that is electronically coupled with multiple pressure sensing elements (such as micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) pressure sensing dies) that are disposed on one common substrate. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Many products and devices (such as, for example, consumer products and medical devices) require the inclusion of sensors, such as pressure sensors. Such products and devices are typically manufactured in high volume, and therefore are cost sensitive and may require the sensor to implement a lean architecture. Applicant has identified various deficiencies and problems associated with existing methods, apparatus, and systems related to sensors. For example, in existing sensors, integrated circuits account for a significant portion of the sensor&#39;s cost. Accordingly, there is an on-going need in the art for sensor architectures that reduce the number of integrated circuits necessary to achieve suitable functionality. Additionally, there is an on-going need in the art for sensors that having lean architecture characteristics to better facilitate high volume manufacturing. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     Various embodiments described herein relate to methods, apparatuses, and systems for improving the performance of pressure sensors. In particular, various embodiments are directed to a pressure sensor with multiple pressure sensing elements disposed on a single substrate. 
     In various embodiments, a pressure sensor is provided. The pressure sensor may comprise a substrate having a first surface and a second surface, a first pressure sensing element disposed on the first surface of the substrate, a second pressure sensing element disposed on the first surface of the substrate, and sensor conditioning circuitry disposed on the first surface of the substrate. The sensor conditioning circuitry is electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element and the second pressure sensing element. The pressure sensor further comprises a house member disposed on the first surface of the substrate. The housing member and first surface of the substrate define a first cavity housing the first pressure sensing element and a second cavity housing the second pressure sensing element. 
     In some embodiments, the housing member comprises a first cover portion and a second cover portion. The first cover portion may, for example, define the first cavity, while the second cover portion defines the second cavity. In certain embodiments, the housing member further comprises a notch portion disposed between the first cover portion and the second cover portion. In some embodiments, the sensor conditioning circuitry is disposed within the first cavity along with the first pressure sensing element. 
     In some embodiments, the first cover portion comprises a first pressure port having a first opening, and the second cover portion comprises a second pressure port having a second opening. In some embodiments, the first pressure port has a first barb, and the second pressure port has a second barb. 
     In some embodiments, the housing member comprises a first side and a second side. The first pressure port is disposed on the first side, and the second pressure port is disposed on the second side. 
     In some embodiments, the housing member comprises a first side, and the first pressure port and the second pressure port are disposed on the first side. 
     In some embodiments, the first cover portion comprises a first pressure port having a first opening and a second pressure port having a second opening. The second cover portion comprises a third pressure port having a third opening and a fourth pressure port having a fourth opening. In some embodiments, the housing member comprises a first side and a second side. The first pressure port is disposed on the first side, and the third pressure port is disposed on the second side. In some embodiments, the housing member comprises a third side, and the second pressure port and the fourth pressure port are disposed on the third side. 
     In some embodiments, the pressure sensor comprises a signal conditioning application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, and the first pressure sensing element is disposed on the signal conditioning ASIC layer. In some embodiments, the signal conditioning ASIC layer comprises at least one trench. 
     In some embodiments, the pressure sensor comprises an electronic communication element disposed on the first surface of the substrate, and the second pressure sensing element is disposed on the electronic communication element. 
     In some embodiments, the pressure sensor comprises a buffer layer disposed on the first surface of the substrate, and the first pressure sensing element is disposed on the buffer layer. In some embodiments, the buffer layer comprises at least one trench. 
     In certain embodiments, the pressure sensor comprises a first tubing port and a second tubing port disposed on the first surface of the substrate. In such embodiments, the first pressure sensing element and the sensor conditioning circuitry may be disposed within the first tubing port, and the second pressure sensing element may be disposed within the second tubing port. In some embodiments, the second tubing port is disposed at a predetermined distance from the first tubing port. 
     Furthermore, in such embodiments, the pressure sensor may comprise a first torus piece surrounding the first tubing port, and a second torus piece surrounding the second tubing port. In some embodiments, the pressure sensor further comprises a third tubing port disposed on the first surface of the substrate, and a third pressure sensing element disposed on the first surface of the substrate and within the third tubing port. 
     The foregoing illustrative summary, as well as other exemplary objectives and/or advantages of the disclosure, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, are further explained in the following detailed description and its accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The description of the illustrative embodiments may be read in conjunction with the accompanying figures. It will be appreciated that, for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale, unless described otherwise. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements, unless described otherwise. Embodiments incorporating teachings of the present disclosure are shown and described with respect to the figures presented herein, in which: 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates a perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 B  illustrates an internal perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2 A  illustrates a perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2 B  illustrates an internal perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates a perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates an internal perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates a perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates an internal perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an internal perspective view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6 A  illustrates a side view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6 B  illustrates a top view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a top view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a top view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a top view of an example pressure sensor in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Some embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the disclosure are shown. Indeed, these disclosures may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. 
     The phrases “in one embodiment,” “according to one embodiment,” and the like generally mean that the particular feature, structure, or characteristic following the phrase may be included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, and may be included in more than one embodiment of the present disclosure (importantly, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment). 
     The word “example” or “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations. 
     If the specification states a component or feature “may,” “can,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “preferably,” “possibly,” “typically,” “optionally,” “for example,” “often,” or “might” (or other such language) be included or have a characteristic, that a specific component or feature is not required to be included or to have the characteristic. Such component or feature may be optionally included in some embodiments, or it may be excluded. 
     The present disclosure provides example pressure sensor architectures that are optimized for sensing two or more separate pressures. For example, consumer products such as “smart shoes” or “smart boots” may require pressure sensors to measure and control pressures in different locations. Instead of utilizing two separate pressure sensors, the present disclosure provides example pressure sensor architectures with two or more integrated sensors. As a result of these architectures, material cost is reduced and overall manufacturability is improved. 
       FIGS.  1 A- 9    illustrate example pressure sensors in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. While the present disclosure describes pressure sensors as examples, it is contemplated that embodiments of the present disclosure may be applicable to other types of sensors (which may include, for example, force sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, flow sensors) and/or other combinations of sensors (which may include, for example, packaged pressure and temperature sensor with pressure sensing element(s) and temperature element(s)) without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B , example perspective views of an example pressure sensor  100  are illustrated. As shown in  FIG.  1 A , the pressure sensor  100  comprises a housing member  101  and a substrate  103 . 
     The substrate  103  may comprise a first surface  105 , and a second surface (not visible in  FIG.  1 A ) that is opposite from the first surface  105 . In some embodiments, the substrate  103  may include material(s) that have flexible characteristics, such as, for example, rubber or silicon. In some embodiments, the substrate  103  may include material(s) such as ceramic or fiberglass that provides firm support on elements disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 . In some embodiments, the substrate  103  may include other suitable materials or a combination of materials, including, for example, plastic. 
     The housing member  101  may include material(s) such as, for example, rubber, plastic, ceramic, and/or fiberglass. In some embodiments, the housing member  101  may include other suitable materials or a combination of materials without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , the housing member  101  is disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 . In some embodiments, the housing member  101  may be disposed on and attached to the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  through adhesive material(s), such as, for example, epoxy, polyurethane. In some embodiments, the housing member  101  may be disposed and bonded on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  through bonding mechanism(s) such as, for example, soldering through a lead-free solder. For example,  FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example soldering point  133 . In some embodiments, the housing member  101  may be disposed on and connected to the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  through other mechanism(s) or a combination of mechanisms without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , the housing member  101  may comprise a first cover portion  107 , a notch portion  109 , and a second cover portion  111 . In particular, the notch portion  109  provides an indentation on the housing member  101 , resulting in the first cover portion  107  and the second cover portion  111 . It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, the shape of the housing member  101  is not limited to the shape as illustrated in  FIG.  1 A , and may be in form of other shapes, without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the first cover portion  107  may include a first pressure port  113 . The first pressure port  113  may include a first opening  117  (as shown in  FIG.  1 B ), which may allow, for example, air to pass through the first pressure port  113  and into the cavity or cavities formed by the housing member  101  and the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  (as described in detail below). Similarly, the second cover portion  111  may include a second pressure port  115 , which may include a second opening  119  (as shown in  FIG.  1 B ). 
     Further, the housing member  101  may include different sides, such as a first side  121 , a second side  123 , and a third side  125 . For example, the first side  121  may be in an orthogonal arrangement with the third side  125 , and the second side  123  may be in an orthogonal arrangement with the third side  125 . 
     In the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  1 A , the first pressure port  113  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the first side  121  of the housing member  101 , and the second pressure port  115  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the second side  123  of the housing member  101 . It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, the first pressure port  113  and/or the second pressure port  115  may be disposed on other side(s) of the housing member  101  (such as the third side  125 ), without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. Some of such example embodiments are illustrated in  FIGS.  3 A- 5    and described in detail in the present disclosure. 
     Further, while the embodiment shown in  FIG.  1 A  illustrates two pressure ports, it is contemplated that less than two or more than two pressure ports may be disposed on the side(s) of the housing member  101  in various embodiments. For example, only one pressure port may be disposed on a side of the housing member  101  based on the application environment of the pressure sensor  100 . As another example, four pressure ports may be disposed on the same of different sides of the housing member  101  (such an example is illustrated in  FIG.  5    and described in detail in the present disclosure). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1 B , an example perspective view of the pressure sensor  100 , highlighting various elements disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 , is illustrated. In particular,  FIG.  1 B  illustrates the pressure sensor  100  with the housing  101  made transparent and depicted in dashed lines. 
     As described above, the housing member  101  and the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  may form one or more cavities. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  1 B , the first cover portion  107  and the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  form a first cavity  135 , and the second cover portion  111  and the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  form a second cavity  137 . 
     In various embodiments, one or more sensing elements may be disposed on the first surface  105  of substrate  103  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  101  and the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  1 B , a first pressure sensing element  127  is disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 , and housed within the first cavity  135 . A second pressure sensing element  129  is disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 , and housed within the second cavity  137 . 
     As used herein, the term “sensing element” refers to an apparatus that measures or detects a property associated with the location or environment surrounding the sensing element, and may further indicate, record, and/or output the record of the property. For example, a pressure sensing element is an apparatus for detecting and/or measuring pressure of air, gas, or liquid. A pressure sensing element may act as a transducer, which generates a signal as a function of the pressure detected or measured. 
     In some embodiments, a pressure sensing element may be a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device. The MEMS device may include miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical components for detecting and/or measuring pressure, and these components may be fabricated (such as through a microfabrication process) to form a functional circuit on a block of semiconducting material (such as a die). For example, referring back to  FIG.  1 B , in some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  may be MEMS pressure sensing dies. 
     According to various embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  may be configured to detect and/or measure pressures associated with different locations and/or environments. For example, the first pressure sensing element  127  may be configured to measure pressure based on the environment associated with the first cavity  135 , while the second pressure sensing element  129  may be configured to measure pressure based on the environment associated with the second cavity  137 . 
     In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  may be disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  through bonding mechanism(s) such as, for example, soldering through a lead-free solder. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  may be disposed on and attached to the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  through adhesive material(s), such as, for example, epoxy, polyurethane. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  may be disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  through one or more layers (examples of which are illustrated in  FIGS.  8  and  9    and described in detail below). 
     Further, in various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry may be disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  101  and the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  1 B , sensor conditioning circuitry  131  is disposed on the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 , and housed within the first cavity  135 . 
     As used herein, the term “sensor conditioning circuitry” refers to a circuitry that perform functions on one or more input signals to generate one or more output signals, and the output signals may meet certain requirements for signal processing. Example functions may include, for example, amplification, multiplex, conversion (such as analog-to-digital conversion), compensation, and/or linearization. 
     In some examples, the sensor conditioning circuitry may implement an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). In these examples, the ASIC is an integrated circuit that may be customized for signal conditioning. In some examples, the ASIC may be fully customized or semi-customized for the particular application of signal conditioning. In some examples, the ASIC may be a programmable ASIC that allows circuit reconfiguration. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  1 B , the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  may be electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  131  may receive the output signals from the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129 , which may indicate the presence and/or measurement(s) of pressure(s) in the corresponding location or environment. The sensor conditioning circuitry  131  may further output one or more output signals after function(s) are performed on the signals received from the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129 . 
     It is contemplated that one or more additional elements may provide or supplement the functionality of sensor conditioning circuitry  131 . For example, in some embodiments, the pressure sensor  100  may further include a signal amplifying circuitry that is electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  127 , the second pressure sensing element  129 , and the sensor conditioning circuitry  131 . The signal amplifying circuitry may amplify signal(s) it receives from, for example, the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129 , and may output amplified signal(s) to the sensor conditioning circuitry  131 . 
     As described above, some embodiments of the present disclosure provide cost-effective sensor architecture. For example, in the example embodiments as shown in  FIG.  1 B , by electronically coupling only one sensor conditioning circuitry to two pressure sensing elements (all disposed on the same substrate), material cost for manufacturing the pressure sensor may be reduced (e.g., by eliminating the need for two separate integrated circuits coupled, respectively, to the two pressure sensing elements). In addition, sensors that are manufactured in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure are leadless. For example, the pressure sensing elements and the sensor conditioning circuitry may be electrically coupled through, for example, glass material, which eliminates the need for gold wires and provides a leadless package. 
     In this regard, various embodiments of the present disclosure may provide example methods for manufacturing a pressure sensor. For example, the pressure sensor  100  as shown in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B  may be manufactured by soldering the first pressure sensing element  127 , the second pressure sensing element  129 , and the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  to the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 , and soldering the housing member  101  to the first surface  105  of the substrate  103 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  2 A and  2 B , example perspective views of an example pressure sensor  200  are illustrated. As shown in  FIG.  2 A , the pressure sensor  200  comprises a housing member  202  and a substrate  204 . 
     The substrate  204  may comprise a first surface  206 , and a second surface that is opposite from the first surface  206 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  204  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the housing member  202  may include material(s) such as, for example, rubber, plastic, ceramic, and/or fiberglass. In some embodiments, the housing member  202  may include other suitable materials or a combination of materials without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , the housing member  202  is disposed on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204 . In some embodiments, the housing member  202  may be disposed on and attached to the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  using adhesive material(s), such as, for example, epoxy, polyurethane. In some embodiments, the housing member  202  may be disposed and bonded on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  through bonding mechanism(s) such as, for example, soldering through a lead-free solder. For example,  FIG.  2 B  illustrates an example soldering point  234 . In some embodiments, the housing member  202  may be disposed on and connected to the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  through other mechanism(s) or a combination of mechanisms without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , the housing member  202  may comprise a first cover portion  208 , a notch portion  210 , and a second cover portion  212 . Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the notch portion  210  provides an indentation on the housing member  202 , resulting in the first cover portion  208  and the second cover portion  212 . It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, the shape of the housing member  202  is not limited to the shape as illustrated in  FIG.  2 A , and may be in form of other shapes, without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the first cover portion  208  may include a first pressure port  214 . The first pressure port  214  may include a first opening  218  (as shown in  FIG.  2 B ), which may allow, for example, air to pass through the first pressure port  214  and into the cavity or cavities formed by the housing member  202  and the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  (as described in detail below). The first pressure port  214  may also include a first barb  240 . Similarly, the second cover portion  212  may include a second pressure port  216 , which may include a second opening  220  (as shown in  FIG.  2 B ). The second pressure port  216  may also include a second barb  242 . 
     Further, the housing member  202  may include different sides, such as a first side  222 , a second side  224 , and a third side  226 . For example, the first side  222  may be in an orthogonal arrangement with the third side  226 , and the second side  224  may be in an orthogonal arrangement with the third side  226 . In the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  2 A , the first pressure port  214  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the first side  222  of the housing member  202 , and the second pressure port  216  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the second side  224  of the housing member  202 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  2 B , an example perspective view of the pressure sensor  200 , highlighting various elements disposed on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204 , is illustrated. 
     As described above, the housing member  202  and the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  may form one or more cavities. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  2 B , the first cover portion  208  and the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  form a first cavity  236 , and the second cover portion  212  and the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  form a second cavity  238 . 
     In various embodiments, one or more sensing elements may be disposed on the first surface  206  of substrate  204  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  202  and the first surface  206  of the substrate  204 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  2 B , a first pressure sensing element  228  is disposed on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204 , and housed within the first cavity  236 . A second pressure sensing element  230  is disposed on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204 , and housed within the second cavity  238 . 
     Similar to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the first pressure sensing element  228  and the second pressure sensing element  230  may be MEMS pressure sensing dies. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  228  and the second pressure sensing element  230  may be disposed on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  through, for example, bonding mechanism(s) (such as soldering through a lead-free solder) and/or adhesive material(s) (such as epoxy, polyurethane). 
     Further, in various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry (such as a signal conditioning ASIC) may be disposed on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  202  and the first surface  206  of the substrate  204 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  2 B , sensor conditioning circuitry  232  is disposed on the first surface  206  of the substrate  204 , and housed within the first cavity  236 . 
     Similar to the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the sensor conditioning circuitry  232  may be electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  228  and the second pressure sensing element  230 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  232  may receive the output signals from the first pressure sensing element  228  and the second pressure sensing element  230 , which may indicate the presence and/or measurement(s) of pressure(s) in the corresponding location or environment. The sensor conditioning circuitry  232  may further output one or more output signals after function(s) are performed on the signals received from the first pressure sensing element  228  and the second pressure sensing element  230 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  3 A and  3 B , example perspective views of an example pressure sensor  300  are illustrated. As shown in  FIG.  3 A , the pressure sensor  300  comprises a housing member  301  and a substrate  303 . 
     The substrate  303  may comprise a first surface  305 , and a second surface that is opposite from the first surface  305 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  303  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the housing member  301  may include material(s) such as, for example, rubber, plastic, ceramic, and/or fiberglass. In some embodiments, the housing member  301  may include other suitable materials or a combination of materials without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  3 A , the housing member  301  is disposed on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303 . In some embodiments, the housing member  301  may be disposed on and attached to the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  using adhesive material(s), such as, for example, epoxy, polyurethane. In some embodiments, the housing member  301  may be disposed and bonded on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  through bonding mechanism(s) such as, for example, soldering through a lead-free solder. In some embodiments, the housing member  301  may be disposed on and connected to the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  through other mechanism(s) or a combination of mechanisms without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  3 A , the housing member  301  may comprise a first cover portion  307 , a notch portion  309 , and a second cover portion  311 . Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the notch portion  309  provides an indentation on the housing member  301 , resulting in the first cover portion  307  and the second cover portion  311 . It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, the shape of the housing member  301  is not limited to the shape as illustrated in  FIG.  3 A , and may be in form of other shapes, without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the first cover portion  307  may include a first pressure port  313 . The first pressure port  313  may include a first opening  317  (as shown in  FIG.  3 B ). Similarly, the second cover portion  311  may include a second pressure port  315 , which may include a second opening  319  (as shown in  FIG.  3 B ). 
     Further, the housing member  301  may include a first side  325 . In the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  3 A , the first pressure port  313  and the second pressure port  315  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the first side  325 . In some embodiments, the first pressure port  313  may be in a parallel arrangement with the second pressure port  315 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  3 B , an example perspective view of the pressure sensor  300 , highlighting various elements disposed on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303 , is illustrated. 
     As described above, the housing member  301  and the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  may form one or more cavities. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  3 B , the first cover portion  307  and the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  form a first cavity  335 , and the second cover portion  311  and the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  form a second cavity  337 . 
     In various embodiments, one or more sensing elements may be disposed on the first surface  305  of substrate  303  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  301  and the first surface  305  of the substrate  303 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  3 B , a first pressure sensing element  327  is disposed on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303 , and housed within the first cavity  335 . A second pressure sensing element  329  is disposed on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303 , and housed within the second cavity  337 . 
     Similar to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the first pressure sensing element  327  and the second pressure sensing element  329  may be MEMS pressure sensing dies. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  327  and the second pressure sensing element  329  may be disposed on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  through, for example, bonding mechanism(s) (such as soldering through a lead-free solder) and/or adhesive material(s) (such as epoxy, polyurethane). 
     Further, in various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry (such as a signal conditioning ASIC) may be disposed on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  301  and the first surface  305  of the substrate  303 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  3 B , sensor conditioning circuitry  331  is disposed on the first surface  305  of the substrate  303 , and housed within the first cavity  335 . 
     Similar to the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the sensor conditioning circuitry  331  may be electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  327  and the second pressure sensing element  329 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  331  may receive the output signals from the first pressure sensing element  327  and the second pressure sensing element  329 , which may indicate the presence and/or measurement(s) of pressure in the corresponding location or environment. The sensor conditioning circuitry  331  may further output one or more output signals after function(s) are performed on the signals received from the first pressure sensing element  327  and the second pressure sensing element  329 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B , example perspective views of an example pressure sensor  400  are illustrated. As shown in  FIG.  4 A , the pressure sensor  400  comprises a housing member  402  and a substrate  404 . 
     The substrate  404  may comprise a first surface  406 , and a second surface that is opposite from the first surface  406 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  404  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the housing member  402  may include material(s) such as, for example, rubber, plastic, ceramic, and/or fiberglass. In some embodiments, the housing member  402  may include other suitable materials or a combination of materials without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , the housing member  402  is disposed on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404 . In some embodiments, the housing member  402  may be disposed on and attached to the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  using adhesive material(s), such as, for example, epoxy, polyurethane. In some embodiments, the housing member  402  may be disposed and bonded on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  through bonding mechanism(s) such as, for example, soldering through a lead-free solder. For example,  FIG.  4    illustrates an example soldering point  434 . In some embodiments, the housing member  402  may be disposed on and connected to the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  through other mechanism(s) or a combination of mechanisms without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , the housing member  402  may comprise a first cover portion  408 , a notch portion  410 , and a second cover portion  412 . Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the notch portion  410  provides an indentation on the housing member  402 , resulting in the first cover portion  408  and the second cover portion  412 . It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, the shape of the housing member  402  is not limited to the shape as illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , and may be in form of other shapes, without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the first cover portion  408  may include a first pressure port  414 . The first pressure port  414  may include a first opening  418  (as shown in  FIG.  4 B ), which may allow, for example, air to pass through the first pressure port  414  and into the cavity or cavities formed by the housing member  402  and the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  (as described in detail below). The first pressure port  414  may also include a first barb  440 . Similarly, the second cover portion  412  may include a second pressure port  416 , which may include a second opening  420  (as shown in  FIG.  4 B ). The second pressure port  416  may also include a second barb  442 . 
     Further, the housing member  402  may include a first side  422 . In the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  4 A , the first pressure port  414  and the second pressure port  416  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the first side  422  of the housing member  402 . In some embodiments, the first pressure port  414  may be in a parallel arrangement with the second pressure port  416 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  4 B , an example perspective view of the pressure sensor  400 , highlighting various elements disposed on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404 , is illustrated. 
     As described above, the housing member  402  and the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  may form one or more cavities. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  4 B , the first cover portion  408  and the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  form a first cavity  436 , and the second cover portion  412  and the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  form a second cavity  438 . 
     In various embodiments, one or more sensing elements may be disposed on the first surface  406  of substrate  404  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  402  and the first surface  406  of the substrate  404 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  4 B , a first pressure sensing element  428  is disposed on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404 , and housed within the first cavity  436 . A second pressure sensing element  430  is disposed on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404 , and housed within the second cavity  438 . 
     Similar to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the first pressure sensing element  428  and the second pressure sensing element  430  may be MEMS pressure sensing dies. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  428  and the second pressure sensing element  430  may be disposed on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  through, for example, bonding mechanism(s) (such as soldering through a lead-free solder) and/or adhesive material(s) (such as epoxy, polyurethane). 
     Further, in various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry (such as a signal conditioning ASIC) may be disposed on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  402  and the first surface  406  of the substrate  404 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  4 B , sensor conditioning circuitry  432  is disposed on the first surface  406  of the substrate  404 , and housed within the first cavity  436 . 
     Similar to the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the sensor conditioning circuitry  432  may be electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  428  and the second pressure sensing element  430 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  432  may receive the output signals from the first pressure sensing element  428  and the second pressure sensing element  430 , which may indicate the presence and/or measurement(s) of pressure in the corresponding location or environment. The sensor conditioning circuitry  432  may further output one or more output signals after function(s) are performed on the signals received from the first pressure sensing element  428  and the second pressure sensing element  430 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5   , an example perspective view of an example pressure sensor  500  is illustrated. As shown in  FIG.  5   , the pressure sensor  500  comprises a housing member  501  and a substrate  503 . 
     The substrate  503  may comprise a first surface  505 , and a second surface that is opposite from the first surface  505 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  503  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the housing member  501  may include material(s) such as, for example, rubber, plastic, ceramic, and/or fiberglass. In some embodiments, the housing member  501  may include other suitable materials or a combination of materials without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the housing member  501  is disposed on the first surface  505  of the substrate  503 . In some embodiments, the housing member  501  may be disposed on and attached to the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  using adhesive material(s), such as, for example, epoxy, polyurethane. In some embodiments, the housing member  501  may be disposed and bonded on the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  through bonding mechanism(s) such as, for example, soldering through a lead-free solder. In some embodiments, the housing member  501  may be disposed on and connected to the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  through other mechanism(s) or a combination of mechanisms without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the housing member  501  may comprise a first cover portion  507 , a notch portion  509 , and a second cover portion  511 . Similar to the housing member  101  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the notch portion  509  provides an indentation on the housing member  501 , resulting in the first cover portion  507  and the second cover portion  511 . It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, the shape of the housing member  501  is not limited to the shape as illustrated in  FIG.  5   , and may be in form of other shapes, without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the first cover portion  507  may include a first pressure port  513  and a second pressure port  539 . The first pressure port  513  may include a first opening  517 , and the second pressure port  539  may include a second opening  543 . Similarly, the second cover portion  111  may include a third pressure port  515  and a fourth pressure port  541 . The third pressure port  515  may include a third opening  519 , and the fourth pressure port  541  may include a fourth opening  545 . 
     Further, the housing member  101  may include different sides, such as a first side  521 , a second side  523 , and a third side  525 . For example, the first side  521  may be in an orthogonal arrangement with the third side  525 , and the second side  523  may be in an orthogonal arrangement with the third side  525 . 
     In the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  5   , the first pressure port  513  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the first side  521  of the housing member  501 . The third pressure port  515  may be disposed on (and may protrude from) the second side  523  of the housing member  501 . The second pressure port  539  and the fourth pressure port  541  may be disposed on the third side  525 . 
     As described above, the housing member  501  and the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  may form one or more cavities. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  5   , the first cover portion  507  and the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  form a first cavity  535 , and the second cover portion  511  and the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  form a second cavity  537 . 
     In various embodiments, one or more sensing elements may be disposed on the first surface  505  of substrate  503  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  501  and the first surface  505  of the substrate  503 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  5   , a first pressure sensing element  527  is disposed on the first surface  505  of the substrate  503 , and housed within the first cavity  535 . A second pressure sensing element  529  is disposed on the first surface  505  of the substrate  503 , and housed within the second cavity  537 . 
     Similar to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the first pressure sensing element  527  and the second pressure sensing element  529  may be MEMS pressure sensing dies. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  527  and the second pressure sensing element  529  may be disposed on the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  through, for example, bonding mechanism(s) (such as soldering through a lead-free solder) and/or adhesive material(s) (such as epoxy, polyurethane). 
     Further, in various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry (such as a signal conditioning ASIC) may be disposed on the first surface  505  of the substrate  503  and housed within a cavity that is formed by the housing member  501  and the first surface  505  of the substrate  503 . For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  5   , sensor conditioning circuitry  531  is disposed on the first surface  505  of the substrate  503 , and housed within the first cavity  535 . 
     Similar to the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the sensor conditioning circuitry  531  may be electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  527  and the second pressure sensing element  529 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  531  may receive the output signals from the first pressure sensing element  527  and the second pressure sensing element  529 , which may indicate the presence and/or measurement(s) of pressure in the corresponding location or environment. The sensor conditioning circuitry  531  may further output one or more output signals after function(s) are performed on the signals received from the first pressure sensing element  527  and the second pressure sensing element  529 . 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B , an example side view ( FIG.  6 A ) and an example top view ( FIG.  6 B ) of an example pressure sensor  600  are illustrated. 
     As shown in  FIG.  6 A , the pressure sensor  600  may include a substrate  602 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  602  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     The substrate  602  may comprise a first surface  604 , and one or more tubing ports may be disposed on the first surface  604 . For example, in the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  6 A , a first tubing port  606  and a second tubing port  608  are disposed on (and may protrude from) the first surface  604 . 
     The first tubing port  606  and a second tubing port  608  may include rigid material, such as, for example, ceramic, metal, and/or other suitable material(s). In some embodiments, each of the first tubing port  606  and a second tubing port  608  may be in a shape similar to a ring shape. For example, each of the first tubing port  606  and a second tubing port  608  may have a radius of 3.90 mm, and a thickness of 0.15 mm. In some embodiments, the first tubing port  606  and the second tubing port  608  may be of different sizes. 
     It is contemplated that, in various embodiments, the shape of the first tubing port  606  and the shape of the second tubing port  608  are not limited to the shapes as illustrated in  FIGS.  6 A- 6 B , and the first tubing port  606  and/or the second tubing port  608  may be in form of other hollow shapes, including, for example, a hollow cuboid shape, a hollow prism shape, without deviating from the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the first tubing port  606  and the second tubing port  608  may be positioned based on a predetermined distance. For example, a distance between the center of the first tubing port  606  and the center of the second tubing port  608  (i.e. a centerline to centerline distance) may be pre-determined so that sensors within the tubing ports (as described in detail below) can be precisely positioned. In some examples, this may provide the benefit of reducing mechanical tolerance stack up. 
     Further, as shown in  FIG.  6 A , the pressure sensor  600  may also include a first torus piece  610  and a second torus piece  612  surrounding the first tubing port  606  and the second tubing port  608 , respectively. Each of the first torus piece  610  and the second torus piece  612  may be in the shape similar to a torus shape, and may include flexible material, such as, for example, rubber, silicone, and/or other suitable material(s). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6 B , an example top view of the pressure sensor  600 , highlighting various elements disposed on the first surface  604  of the substrate  602 , is illustrated. 
     In various embodiments, one or more sensing elements may be disposed within an area of the first surface  604  of substrate  602  that is defined by a tubing port. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  6 B , a first pressure sensing element  614  is disposed within the first tubing port  606 , and a second pressure sensing element  616  is disposed within the second tubing port  608 . 
     Similar to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the first pressure sensing element  614  and the second pressure sensing element  616  may be MEMS pressure sensing dies. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  614  and the second pressure sensing element  616  may be disposed on the first surface  604  of the substrate  602  through, for example, bonding mechanism(s) (such as soldering through a lead-free solder) and/or adhesive material(s) (such as epoxy, polyurethane). 
     Further, in various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry (such as a signal conditioning ASIC) may be disposed within a tubing port. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  6 B , sensor conditioning circuitry  618  is disposed on the first surface  604  of the substrate  602  and within the first tubing port  606 . Similar to the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the sensor conditioning circuitry  618  may be electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  614  and the second pressure sensing element  616 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  618  may receive the output signals from the first pressure sensing element  614  and the second pressure sensing element  616 , which may indicate the presence and/or measurement(s) of pressure(s) in the corresponding location or environment. The sensor conditioning circuitry  618  may further output one or more output signals after function(s) are performed on the signals received from the first pressure sensing element  614  and the second pressure sensing element  616 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7   , an example top view of an example pressure sensor  700  is illustrated. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , the pressure sensor  700  may include a substrate  701 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  701  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     The substrate  701  may comprise a first surface  703 , and one or more tubing ports may be disposed on the first surface  703 . For example, in the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  7   , a first tubing port  705 , a second tubing port  707 , and a third tubing port  709  are disposed on (and may protrude from) the first surface  703 . 
     Similar to the first tubing port  606  and a second tubing port  608  described above in connection with  FIGS.  6 A- 6 B , each of the first tubing port  705 , the second tubing port  707 , and the third tubing port  709  may, for example, include rigid material and in a shape similar to a ring shape. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first tubing port  705 , the second tubing port  707 , and the third tubing port  709  may include other material(s) and/or in other shape(s). 
     Further, as shown in  FIG.  7   , the pressure sensor  700  may also include a first torus piece  711 , a second torus piece  713 , and a third torus piece  715  surrounding the first tubing port  705 , the second tubing port  707 , and the third tubing port  709 , respectively. Similar to the first torus piece  610  and a second torus piece  612  described above in connection with  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B , each of the first torus piece  711 , the second torus piece  713 , and the third torus piece  715  may, for example, include flexible material and in a shape similar to a torus shape. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first torus piece  711 , the second torus piece  713 , and the third torus piece  715  may include other material(s) and/or in other shape(s). 
     In various embodiments, one or more sensing elements may be disposed within an area of the first surface  703  of substrate  701  that is defined by a tubing port. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  7   , a first pressure sensing element  717  is disposed within the first tubing port  705 , a second pressure sensing element  719  is disposed within the second tubing port  707 , and a third pressure sensing element  721  is disposed within the third tubing port  709 . 
     Similar to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the first pressure sensing element  717 , the second pressure sensing element  719 , and the third pressure sensing element  721  may be MEMS pressure sensing dies. In some embodiments, the first pressure sensing element  717 , the second pressure sensing element  719 , and the third pressure sensing element  721  may be disposed on the first surface  703  of the substrate  701  through, for example, bonding mechanism(s) (such as soldering through a lead-free solder) and/or adhesive material(s) (such as epoxy, polyurethane). 
     Further, in various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry (such as a signal conditioning ASIC) may be disposed within a tubing port. For example, in the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  7   , sensor conditioning circuitry  723  is disposed on the first surface  703  of the substrate  701  and within the second tubing port  707 . Similar to the sensor conditioning circuitry  131  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the sensor conditioning circuitry  723  may be electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  717 , the second pressure sensing element  719 , and the third pressure sensing element  721 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  723  may receive the output signals from the first pressure sensing element  717 , the second pressure sensing element  719 , and the third pressure sensing element  721 , which may indicate the presence and/or measurement(s) of pressures in the corresponding location or environment. The sensor conditioning circuitry  723  may further output one or more output signals after function(s) are performed on the signals received from the first pressure sensing element  717 , the second pressure sensing element  719 , and the third pressure sensing element  721 . 
     It is contemplated that, in various embodiments of the present disclosure, two, three, or more (N number) pressure sensing elements (such as pressure sensing dies) may be disposed on the first surface of the substrate. In such embodiments, one sensor conditioning circuitry (such as a signal conditioning ASIC) may be scaled based on the N number of the pressure sensing elements to receive N number of outputs from the pressure sensing elements, perform corresponding function(s), and output one or more signals. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  8   , an example top view of an example pressure sensor  800  is illustrated. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , the pressure sensor  800  may include a substrate  802 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  802  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     The substrate  802  may comprise a first surface  804 , and one or more tubing ports may be disposed on the first surface  804 . For example, in the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  8   , a first tubing port  806  and a second tubing port  808  are disposed on (and may protrude from) the first surface  804 . 
     Similar to the first tubing port  606  and a second tubing port  608  described above in connection with  FIGS.  6 A- 6 B , each of the first tubing port  806  and the second tubing port  808  may, for example, include rigid material and in a shape similar to a ring shape. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first tubing port  806  and the second tubing port  808  may include other material(s) and/or in other shape(s). 
     Further, as shown in  FIG.  8   , the pressure sensor  800  may also include a first torus piece  810  and a second torus piece  812  surrounding the first tubing port  806  and the second tubing port  808 , respectively. Similar to the first torus piece  610  and a second torus piece  612  described above in connection with  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B , each of the first torus piece  810  and the second torus piece  812  may, for example, include flexible material and in a shape similar to a torus shape. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first torus piece  810  and the second torus piece  812  may include other material(s) and/or in other shape(s). 
     In various embodiments, sensor conditioning circuitry and one or more sensing elements may be disposed on the first surface  804  of the substrate  802 . In some embodiments, the one or more sensing elements may be in a “stacked die configuration.” 
     For example, referring to  FIG.  8   , a first pressure sensing element  814  may be placed on top of sensor conditioning circuitry  818 , and a second pressure sensing element  816  may be placed on top of a buffer layer  820 . The sensor conditioning circuitry  818  may be, for example, a signal conditioning ASIC layer that is electronically coupled to the first pressure sensing element  814  and the second pressure sensing element  816 . The buffer layer  820  may include material such as, for example, silicon and/or glass. The first pressure sensing element  814  and the second pressure sensing element  816  may be similar to the first pressure sensing element  127  and the second pressure sensing element  129  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B . 
     Additionally or alternatively, one or more sensing elements may be placed on top of one or more layers of electronic communication elements. Example electronic communication elements may be an integrated circuit (IC) according to wired or wireless communication protocols, including, for example, a Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE) IC and/or a BLE system on chip (SOC) IC. 
     For example, referring to  FIG.  8   , the second pressure sensing element  816  may be placed on top of a layer of electronic communication element (instead of a buffer layer) such as a BLE IC or BLE SOC IC that is disposed on the first surface  804  of the substrate  802 . The first pressure sensing element  814  may be placed on top of a signal conditioning ASIC layer, and the signal conditioning ASIC layer is electronically coupled to both the first pressure sensing element  814  and the second pressure sensing element  816 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  9   , an example top view of an example pressure sensor  900  is illustrated. 
     As shown in  FIG.  9   , the pressure sensor  900  may include a substrate  901 . Similar to the substrate  103  described above in connection with  FIGS.  1 A- 1 B , the substrate  901  may include material(s) such as, for example, silicon, ceramic, fiberglass, plastic and/or other suitable material(s). 
     The substrate  901  may comprise a first surface  903 , and one or more tubing ports may be disposed on the first surface  903 . For example, in the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  9   , a first tubing port  905  and a second tubing port  907  are disposed on (and may protrude from) the first surface  804 . 
     Similar to the first tubing port  606  and a second tubing port  608  described above in connection with  FIGS.  6 A- 6 B , each of the first tubing port  905  and the second tubing port  907  may, for example, include rigid material and in a shape similar to a ring shape. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first tubing port  905  and the second tubing port  907  may include other material(s) and/or in other shape(s). 
     As shown in  FIG.  9   , the pressure sensor  900  may also include a first torus piece  909  and a second torus piece  911  surrounding the first tubing port  905  and the second tubing port  907 , respectively. Similar to the first torus piece  610  and a second torus piece  612  described above in connection with  FIGS.  6 A and  6 B , each of the first torus piece  909  and the second torus piece  911  may, for example, include flexible material and in a shape similar to a torus shape. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first torus piece  909  and the second torus piece  911  may include other material(s) and/or in other shape(s). 
     Further, the pressure sensor  900  may include a first pressure sensing element  913  and a second pressure sensing element  915 . Similar to the first pressure sensing element  814  and the second pressure sensing element  816  described above in connection with  FIG.  8   , a first pressure sensing element  913  and a second pressure sensing element  915  may be placed on top of one or more layers. For example, the first pressure sensing element  913  may be placed on top of a signal conditioning ASIC layer  917 , and the second pressure sensing element  915  may be placed on top of a buffer layer  919 . 
     Further, in the embodiment as illustrated in  FIG.  9   , the one or more layers may include one or more trenches. For example, the signal conditioning ASIC layer  917  may include an integrated stress isolation trench  921 , and/or the buffer layer  919  may include an integrated stress isolation trench  923 . The integrated stress isolation trench  921  and/or the integrated stress isolation trench  923  may reduce electric current leakage to and/or from corresponding pressure sensing element. In some embodiments, the integrated stress isolation trench  921  and/or the integrated stress isolation trench  923  may include material such as, for example, silicon. 
     It is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, unless described otherwise.