Patent Publication Number: US-11654807-B2

Title: Monocoque and semi-monocoque passenger seats with ergonomic design

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional patent application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/317,527, filed on Dec. 9, 2016, (“the ‘527 application”), which is the U.S. national stage entry of International Application Serial No. PCT/US2015/035102 (“the &#39;102 application”), filed on Jun. 10, 2015, entitled “Monocoque and Semi-Monocoque Passenger Seats with Ergonomic Design”, which is related to and claims priority benefits from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/010,213 (“the &#39;213 application”), filed on Jun. 10, 2014, entitled “Composite Clamshell Aircraft Seatback”, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/034,886 (“the &#39;886 application”), filed on Aug. 8, 2014, entitled “Signature Seat”, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/140,493 (“the &#39;493 application”), filed on Mar. 31, 2015, entitled “Tray Table for Aircraft Passenger Seat with Concealed Arms”. The &#39;527, &#39;102, &#39;213, &#39;886, and &#39;493 applications are hereby incorporated in their entireties by this reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the invention relates to passenger seats or the like, and more particularly to monocoque construction and ergonomically designed passenger seats. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There has been continuous movement in carrier industries, particularly with air carriers, to move towards passenger seats, which are lighter, simpler, and easier to manufacture and assemble. Lighter, more compact seats offer improved fuel economy, increase available payload for passengers and luggage, and allow for extra passenger space in existing seating arrangements or opportunities for more compact seating arrangements while maintaining passenger space at current levels. The passenger seat is also a major design feature and the structure that passengers are most often in contact with during travel. As such, there is a simultaneous push for more visually appealing designs and improved ergonomics and passenger comfort. 
     Traditional passenger seats are manufactured with internal frames that are covered with cushions and outer panels that provide the seating surface. These seats can be heavy, bulky, and complex to manufacture, thus resulting in standardized designs. As a result, extra features typically are added onto the seat structures instead of being integrated for a more seamless, efficient design. Existing seat structures are normally built up from metal tubes, bars, or stampings, which makes it difficult if not impossible to include complex curvatures that provide enhanced support for varying passenger physiologies. 
     In some cases, it may be desirable to design a seat based on ergonomic concepts and configured to provide adequate support for passengers that fall within the range of the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. Compound or anatomically designed curvatures to the seat back and head rest may be designed to not only cradle the passenger during lateral loads, but also to provide support and maintain alignment of the head, neck, and spine. The seat pan or bottom may be designed to provide proper hip alignment and maintain pressure on the tuberosity of the ischium without creating pressure points. In certain cases, the seat structure may incorporate suspension cushions with anisotropic properties so that cushioning and support may be varied in different directions to provide optimal support and comfort to the passenger. 
     In certain cases, the use of a monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back may facilitate the design of a passenger seat that is lighter, simpler to manufacture, more compact, while still providing excellent passenger comfort and support. In monocoque designs, the outer skin is the primary load-bearing structure. Similarly, a semi-monocoque design uses the outer skin as the primary load-bearing structure, but incorporates additional inner bracing to strengthen the component. Monocoque or semi-monocoque seat structures, particularly seat backs, may provide additional design freedom as compared with traditional seat frame constructions. Monocoque or semi-monocoque seat structures allow for more freedom in aesthetic design, more complex curvatures for ergonomic support, and more internal space that may be used for locating tray tables, storage pockets, and internal passenger suspension cushions, which would otherwise be too bulky or impossible to fit to existing seat structures. 
     SUMMARY 
     The terms “invention,” “the invention,” “this invention” and “the present invention” used in this patent are intended to refer broadly to all of the subject matter of this patent and the patent claims below. Statements containing these terms should be understood not to limit the subject matter described herein or to limit the meaning or scope of the patent claims below. Embodiments of the invention covered by this patent are defined by the claims below, not this summary. This summary is a high-level overview of various aspects of the invention and introduces some of the concepts that are further described in the Detailed Description section below. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings and each claim. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, a monocoque seat back may comprise a forward panel, wherein the forward panel may comprise a forward concave face and a forward convex face, an aft panel, wherein the aft panel may comprise an aft concave face and an aft convex face. The forward panel may also comprise a forward panel mating perimeter and the aft panel may comprise an aft panel mating perimeter wherein the forward panel mating perimeter may comprise complimentary geometry to the aft panel mating perimeter and wherein the forward panel mating perimeter may be affixed to the aft panel mating perimeter such that the forward concave face and the aft concave face substantially enclose a volume. 
     In some embodiments, the forward panel mating perimeter and the aft panel mating perimeter may form a butt joint. The monocoque seat back may further comprise a backing member, wherein the backing member may reinforce the butt joint of the forward panel mating perimeter and the aft panel mating perimeter. 
     In some embodiments, the forward panel mating perimeter and the aft panel mating perimeter may form a lap joint. In further embodiments, the forward panel mating perimeter and the aft panel mating perimeter may form a splice joint. 
     In some embodiments, the forward panel mating perimeter and the aft panel mating perimeter form a scarf joint. 
     In certain embodiments, the monocoque seat back may comprise an internal baffle. The monocoque seat back may comprise an integrated stowage pocket. 
     In some embodiments, the monocoque seat back may further comprise at least one integrated armrest mounting point. 
     In some embodiments, the forward panel may comprise a composite. The composite may comprise carbon fiber. 
     In certain embodiments, the aft panel may comprise a composite. The composite may comprise carbon fiber. 
     In some embodiments, the monocoque seat back may further comprise a foam fill within the volume. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, a monocoque seat back may comprise a structural skin with an exterior surface and an interior surface, the interior surface of the structural skin may define a substantially enclosed volume, the exterior surface of the structural skin may be configured to provide the surface geometry of the monocoque seat back, and the structural skin may substantially support any loads imposed on the monocoque seat back. 
     In certain embodiments, the structural skin may comprise a composite. The composite may comprise carbon fiber. 
     In some embodiments, the monocoque seat back may further comprise an internal baffle. The monocoque seat back may further comprise an integrated stowage pocket. 
     In certain embodiments, the monocoque seat back may further comprise a foam fill within the substantially enclosed volume. 
     In some embodiments, the monocoque seat back may further comprise at least one integrated armrest mounting point. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, a passenger seat tray table may comprise a tray, a first moveable support arm, and a second moveable support arm wherein the first moveable support arm and the second moveable support arm are pivotally coupled to the seat back pivot pin. The passenger seat tray table may also comprise a seat back pivot pin, wherein the first moveable support arm and the second moveable support arm are pivotally coupled to the seat back pivot pin, at least one stop mechanism fixedly coupled to the seat back pivot pin, wherein the at least one stop mechanism interferes with at least one of the first moveable support arm and the second moveable support arm when the tray table is in a deployed position, and wherein the first moveable support arm and the second moveable support arm are configured to be located within a passenger seat back when the tray table is in a stowed position. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one stop mechanism may be integrated with the seat back pivot pin. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one stop mechanism may comprise a protrusion. In further embodiments, the at least one stop mechanism may comprise a cam. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one stop mechanism may comprise a stop pin. 
     In some embodiments, the first moveable support arm and the second moveable support arm may be located within a monocoque seat back. The at least one stop mechanism may be indexed to the seat back pivot pin. 
     In certain embodiments, at least one of the first moveable support arm and the second moveable support arm may be pivotally coupled to the seat back pivot pin through a Z-link. 
     In certain embodiments, the at least one stop mechanism may interfere with the Z-link in the deployed position. 
     In some embodiments, the stowed position of the tray table may be defined by the passenger seat back. The tray table may be configured to move with the passenger seat back when in the stowed position. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, an ergonomic passenger seat may comprise a seat back that may comprise a compound seat back curve configured to support a passenger falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape, a seat pan, a flexible bullnose affixed to a forward portion of the seat pan, a headrest that may comprise a compound headrest curve configured to support a passenger head and neck falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape, a first suspension cushion that may be integrated into the sat back, and at least one low-rise spreader. 
     In certain embodiments, the flexible bullnose may comprise a polymer. 
     In some embodiments, the at least one low-rise spreader may comprise two motion tracks. The two motion tracks of the at least one low-rise spreader may be sloped in opposite vertical directions. 
     In certain embodiments, the compound headrest curvature may comprise an occipital pocket. 
     In certain embodiments, the headrest may translate through a vertical motion. The vertical motion of the headrest may comprise an arcing motion. 
     In certain embodiments, the headrest may rotate about a horizontal axis. 
     In some embodiments, the seat back may be fixed with respect to the seat pan. In further embodiments, the seat back and the seat pan may comprise a single load-bearing structure. 
     In some embodiments, the passenger seat may comprise one or more armrests affixed to the seat back. 
     In certain embodiments, the two motion tracks of the at least one low-rise spreader may be configured such that the seat pan translates down and forward when the passenger seat transitions from an upright position to a reclined position. 
     In some embodiments, the first suspension cushion may comprise a cellular material. The cellular material may comprise a variable cell size. 
     In some embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a variable cell height. 
     In certain embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a variable cell wall thickness. 
     In some embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a honeycomb cell. In further embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a square cell. 
     In some embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a circular cell. 
     In certain embodiments, the first suspension cushion may comprise silicone. 
     In some embodiments, the first suspension cushion may comprise a compound curve configured to support the passenger falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. 
     In certain embodiments, the passenger seat may further comprise a lumbar support. The lumbar support may be self-adjusting. 
     In certain embodiments, the seat back may comprise a semi-monocoque structure. 
     In some embodiments, the seat back may comprise a monocoque structure. The monocoque structure may comprise a forward panel, an aft panel, and a first suspension cushion retaining member. 
     In some embodiments, the first suspension cushion may be disposed within the monocoque structure. 
     In certain embodiments, the passenger seat may further comprise at least one aperture in the forward panel of the monocoque structure, wherein the at least one aperture is configured such that a person falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape is at least partially supported by the first suspension cushion. 
     In some embodiments, the seat pan may comprise a monocoque structure. 
     In certain embodiments, the passenger seat may further comprise a second suspension cushion, wherein the second suspension cushion is disposed within the monocoque structure of the seat pan. 
     In some embodiments, the seat pan may comprise a substantially planar support plate, a flexible core material, and a top plate. 
     In certain embodiments, the seat pan may further comprise at least one aperture in the top plate of the seat pan, wherein the at least one aperture is configured such that a person falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape is at least partially supported by the flexible core material. 
     In some embodiments, the flexible core material may comprise silicone. 
     In certain embodiments, the flexible core material may comprise a cellular material. 
     In some embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a variable cell size. In further embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a variable cell height. 
     In some embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a variable cell wall thickness. The cellular material may comprise a honeycomb cell. 
     In some embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a square cell. 
     In certain embodiments, the cellular material may comprise a circular cell. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, a passenger seat pan may comprise a substantially planar support plate, a flexible core material that may comprise a honeycomb cellular structure, a top plate that may comprise at least one aperture configured such that a person falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape is at least partially supported by the flexible core material. The substantially planar support plate may comprise the seat pan bottom, the top plate may comprise the sat pan top, the flexible core material may be disposed between the substantially planar support plate and the top plate, and a flexible bullnose may be affixed to the forward portion of the seat pan. 
     According to certain embodiments of the present invention, a passenger seat back may comprise a monocoque structure that may comprise a forward panel, an aft panel, and a suspension cushion retaining member, and a suspension cushion that may comprise a honeycomb cellular structure. The forward panel may comprise an aperture configured such that a person falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape is at least partially supported by the suspension cushion, and wherein the monocoque structure and the suspension cushion may comprise a compound curve configured to support a passenger falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a front perspective view of a monocoque seat back. 
         FIG.  2    is a rear perspective view of the monocoque seat back of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  3    is an assembly drawing of a semi-monocoque seat back. 
         FIG.  4    is a sectional view of a monocoque seat back mating seam. 
         FIG.  5    is a sectional view of a monocoque seat back mating seam. 
         FIG.  6    is a perspective view of a passenger seat back with a tray table in a deployed position. 
         FIG.  7    is a perspective view of a passenger seat back with a tray table in a stowed position. 
         FIG.  8    is an assembly drawing of a tray table stop mechanism. 
         FIG.  9    is a perspective view of a tray table stop mechanism. 
         FIG.  10    is a perspective view of a tray table stop mechanism in a stowed position. 
         FIG.  11    is a perspective view of a tray table stop mechanism in a deployed position. 
         FIG.  12    is a side elevation view of a tray table in a stowed position. 
         FIG.  13    is a side elevation view of a tray table in a deployed position. 
         FIG.  14    is a perspective view of a tray table in a deployed position. 
         FIG.  15    is a perspective view of a tray table in a stowed position. 
         FIG.  16    is a plan view of a cellular cushion. 
         FIG.  17    is a perspective view of a cellular cushion. 
         FIG.  18 A  is a front elevation view of a cellular suspension cushion. 
         FIG.  18 B  is an enlarged view of the cellular structure of the cellular suspension cushion of  FIG.  18 A . 
         FIG.  19    is a front elevation view of a cellular suspension cushion. 
         FIG.  20    is a side elevation view of a cellular suspension cushion. 
         FIG.  21    is a sectional view of an ergonomic headrest. 
         FIG.  22    is a perspective view of an ergonomic headrest. 
         FIGS.  23 A- 23 C  are side elevation views of an ergonomic headrest in different translational positions. 
         FIG.  24    is a side elevation view of an ergonomic headrest passing through a curved range of motion. 
         FIG.  25    is a side elevation view of a low-rise spreader. 
         FIG.  26    is a side elevation view of a low-rise spreader with accompanying passenger seat. 
         FIGS.  27 A- 27 C  are side elevation views of a reclining passenger seat passing through the upright and reclined positions. 
         FIG.  28    is a sectional view of a seat pan with a bullnose. 
         FIG.  29    is an assembly drawing of a seat pan with bullnose. 
         FIG.  30    is a perspective view of an ergonomic seat back. 
         FIG.  31    is a front elevation view of an ergonomic seat back. 
         FIG.  32    is an assembly drawing of an ergonomic seat back. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The subject matter of embodiments of the present invention is described here with specificity to meet statutory requirements, but this description is not necessarily intended to limit the scope of the claims. The claimed subject matter may be embodied in other ways, may include different elements or steps, and may be used in conjunction with other existing or future technologies. This description should not be interpreted as implying any particular order or arrangement among or between various steps or elements except when the order of individual steps or arrangement of elements is explicitly described. 
     The described embodiments of the invention provide a monocoque and semi-monocoque seat back, a tray table with tray table arms located within a seat back, and an ergonomic seat. While these structures are described with reference to an airline passenger seat, they are by no means so limited. Rather, embodiments of the monocoque and semi-monocoque seat back, the tray table with tray table arms located within a seat back, and the ergonomic seat may be used in any passenger seat including, but not limited to, automotive, marine, bus, train, or other commercial passenger seats. 
     Monocoque and Semi-Monocoque Seat Back 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  1  and  2   , a monocoque seat back  100  comprises a forward panel  104  affixed to a aft panel  112 . The monocoque seat back  100  may be constructed without any internal framing, as the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  are the main load bearing structures of the monocoque seat back  100 . As shown, the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  may be molded, formed, or otherwise made with complex shapes, curvatures, and structures to provide additional support, attachment points, storage areas, or other features. In certain embodiments, the monocoque seat back  100  may include an integrated stowage pocket  122  and/or an integrated monitor surround  124  formed by the particular shaping and mating of the forward panel  104  and the aft panel  112 . Quadrant arms  120  may be integrated with, or affixed to, the monocoque seat back  100  and form part of the attachment of the monocoque seat back  100  to the passenger seat frame and other components (not shown). 
       FIG.  3    is an exploded view of a semi-monocoque seat back  102  with integrated monitor surround  124  and integrated stowage pocket  122 . The monocoque seat back  100  ( FIGS.  1  and  2   ) is similar in design, construction, materials, and assembly to the semi-monocoque seat back  102 , with the exception of the internal baffle  128 . The semi-monocoque seat back  102  may be comprised of a forward panel  104  and a aft panel  112  with an internal baffle  128  sandwiched between the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112 . Quadrant arms  120  may be affixed to either the forward panel  104 , aft panel  112 , or sandwiched between the forward and aft panels  104 ,  112 . In certain embodiments, the quadrant arms  120  may be formed as an integral part of the forward panel  104 , aft panel  112 , or internal baffle  128 . The internal baffle  128  provides extra stiffness to the semi-monocoque seat back  102 , and may be used to provide structure within the enclosed volume of the semi-monocoque seat back  102  and provide additional functionality. In certain embodiments, the internal baffle  128  may form part of the integrated monitor surround  124  and integrated stowage pocket  122 . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  3   , the forward panel  104  may be shaped to form a concave face  106  and a convex face  108 . Along the boundary of the concave face  106  and convex face  108  is a mating perimeter  110 . Similarly, the aft panel  112  may also be shaped with a concave face  114  and a convex face  116 , which meet at a mating perimeter  118 . The mating perimeter  110  of the forward panel  104  may be shaped to be complimentary to the mating perimeter  118  of the aft panel  112 . The forward panel  104  may then be joined to the aft panel  112  along a seam between the forward panel mating perimeter  110  and the aft panel mating perimeter  118 . Because the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  are arranged such that the forward panel concave face  106  and aft panel concave face  114  are arranged towards the interior of the semi-monocoque seat back  102 , there is space for the internal baffle  128  to be enclosed within the volume created by the forward and aft panels  104 ,  112 . In certain embodiments, the semi-monocoque seat back  102  or monocoque seat back  100  ( FIGS.  1  and  2   ) may be formed with integrated fixtures, mounting points, or features that would otherwise have to be separately made or attached. As shown in  FIG.  3   , aft panel  112  is formed with two pivot axis holes  130  through which passes a pivot axis  126 . The pivot axis holes  130  may then serve as a bearing surface for a rod or pin that passes through the pivot axis holes  130 . This rod or pin (not shown) may then provide a pivot for reclining the semi-monocoque seat back  102 , the attachment of armrests (not shown), or other functionalities. 
       FIGS.  4  and  5    are a sectional views of a monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  that has been assembled from a forward panel  104  and a aft panel  112 . The forward panel  104  comprises a convex face  108  and a concave face  106 . Similarly, the aft panel  112  comprises a convex face  116  and a concave face  114 . The forward panel concave face  106  and aft panel concave face  114  are disposed towards one another and form the inner portion of the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102 . The forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  then enclose an internal volume  134 , which may be used for storage or internal wiring. In some embodiments, the internal volume  134  may be filled with a foam or foam-like material to facilitate floating in an emergency, or to provide additional strength to the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102 . The forward panel  104  comprises a forward panel mating perimeter  110 , which is of complimentary geometry to an aft panel mating perimeter  118 . The forward panel mating perimeter  110  may then be joined with the aft panel mating perimeter  118  to form a joint  132  where the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  are connected to form the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102 . In some embodiments, the joint  132  may be reinforced by a backing member  136 , which provides additional support to the joint  132  and gives extra area for affixing the forward panel  104  to the aft panel  112 . 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  4  and  5   , any number of methods of attachment between the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  may be used to construct monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102 . For example, the forward panel mating perimeter  110  and aft panel mating perimeter  118  may be joined in a butt joint, a butt joint with a backing member, a scarf joint, a splice joint, and/or any other type of joining arrangement as desired or required for a particular material, manufacturing process, or design. Furthermore, a wide variety of attachment methods may be used to secure the forward panel  104  to the aft panel  112 . For example, the joint  132  between the forward panel  104  and the aft panel  112  may be held together or fixed with the use of bonding agents such as, but not limited to, glue, epoxy, adhesives, or the like. The joint  132  may also be fixed using fasteners such as screws, rivets, bolts, or other mechanical connection devices. In certain embodiments, the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  may be formed with bosses to facilitate a particular means of attachment between the forward and aft panels  104 ,  112 . In some embodiments, the forward and aft panels  104 ,  112  may be formed with integrated tabs or fittings to allow the panels to snap together with or without the use of fasteners, adhesives, or other joining methods. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 - 3   , a monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  may also be formed from a single-piece structural skin. In certain embodiments, the forward panel  104  and aft panel  112  may be formed, molded, or laid up as a single piece, which encloses a volume and provides the structural skin for the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102 . 
     The monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  of  FIGS.  1 - 5    provides a number of advantages and opportunities for unique passenger seat constructions. For example, the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  provides for a lighter, more compact seat back, and also provides an internal volume  134 , which may be used for storage, internal wiring, or the concealment of other components related to or affixed to the passenger seat. The monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  may be molded with attachment points or integrated hardware to facilitate the attachment of arm rests directly to the seat back  100 ,  102 , reduce parts count, or provide extra structural support for the overall seat structure. For example, the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  may be used as a load bearing structure to support the loads of a seat pan (not shown). A monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  also allows for additional design flexibility for aesthetically pleasing seat designs, as compared to traditional internal frame seat backs. In certain embodiments, the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102  may be preferably made from a variety of materials including, but not limited to, composites, carbon fiber, plastic, metals, or other materials that may be stamped, laid up, molded, or otherwise formed into sheets. In certain embodiments, composites such as carbon fiber may be preferable due to their flexibility in providing different material thicknesses at various locations of the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back  100 ,  102 . 
     Any of the above described components, parts, or embodiments may take on a range of shapes, sizes, or materials as necessary for a particular application of the described invention. The components, parts, or mechanisms of the described invention may be made of any materials selected for the suitability in use, cost, or ease of manufacturing. Materials including, but not limited to aluminum, stainless steel, fiber reinforced plastics, carbon fiber, composites, polycarbonate, polypropylene, other metallic materials, or other polymers may be used to form any of the above described components. 
     Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and sub-combinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims below. 
     Tray Table with Tray Table Arms Located Within a Seat Back 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  6  and  7   , a tray table  202  may be integrated into a seat back  200  such that the tray table arms  204  are only slightly visible in the deployed position ( FIG.  6   ). In the stowed position ( FIG.  7   ), the tray table  202  may be flush with the seat back  200  and the tray table arms  204  and any associated hardware will be located within the seat back  200 . 
       FIGS.  8 - 11    are perspective views of certain embodiments of the connection between a tray table arm  204  and the seat back pivot pin  212 . The tray table arm  204  may include a tray table arm pivot  205 , which is coupled to the seat back pivot pin  212  in such a way as to allow rotation of the tray table arm  204  about the seat back pivot pin  212 . The seat back pivot pin  212 , which may include a groove  216 , passes through the tray table arm pivot  205  so that the groove  216  may engage the tongue  218  of the stop mechanism  206 . A bolt  220  and washer  222  may be used to affix the stop mechanism  206  to the seat back pivot pin  212 . A bushing  214  may be placed between the tray table arm pivot  205  and the seat back pivot pin  212  to facilitate rotation of the tray table arm  204  about the seat back pivot pin  212 . 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  8 - 11   , the seat back pivot pin  212  may not rotate due to its connection to the seat, seat back, and/or other structural components (not shown). The tray table arm  204 , which is connected to the seat back pivot pin  212  through the tray table arm pivot  205  and optional bushing  214 , is free to rotate about the seat back pivot pin  212 . The stop mechanism  206 , which may include an optional protrusion  208  and/or pin  210 , is indexed to the seat back pivot pin  212  by the engagement of the tongue  218  into the groove  216  and may not rotate with respect to the seat back pivot pin  212 . The free rotation of the tray table arm  204  and fixation of the stop mechanism  206  provides for a relative rotational movement between the tray table arm  204  and the stop mechanism  206 . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  10  and  11   , the tray table arm  204  may move between stowed ( FIG.  10   ) and deployed ( FIG.  11   ) positions. As the tray table arm  204  rotates between its stowed and deployed positions, stop mechanism  206 , stop mechanism protrusion  208 , and/or stop mechanism pin  210  may interfere with the motion of the tray table arm  204 . In the deployed position ( FIG.  11   ), the stop mechanism  206 , stop mechanism protrusion  208 , and/or stop mechanism pin  210  may stop the motion of the tray table arm  204  to define the limit of motion in the deployed position. 
       FIGS.  12  and  13    are transparent side views of a tray table  202  located within a seat back  200  in stowed and deployed positions, respectively. The tray table  202  is pivotally coupled to the tray table arms  204 . The tray table arms  204  may then be pivotally coupled to the seat back pivot pin  212  as described in  FIGS.  8 - 11    above. The stop mechanism  206 , which is indexed to the seat back pivot pin  212  by groove  216 , may include protrusion  208  and pin  210 . The relative angle of groove  216  on seat back pivot pin  212  locates the stop mechanism  206  and the protrusion  208  and pin  210 . In the stowed position ( FIG.  12   ), the tray table arm  204  does not contact the stop mechanism  206 , protrusion  208 , or pin  210 . The tray table arm  204  may freely rotate about the seat back pivot pin  212  in the stowed position. While the tray table  202  is stowed, the seat back  200  defines the closed position of the tray table  202 . Furthermore, the seat back  200  rotates about the seat back pivot pin  212  during recline, so the tray table  202 , tray table arms  204 , and seat back  200  will move as a single unit when the tray table  202  is in the stowed position. In the deployed position ( FIG.  13   ), the rotation of the tray table arm  204  is interfered with by the pin  210 . The location of the pin  210  is selected so that the tray table arm  204  does not rotate about the seat back pivot pin  212  so far as to contact the seat back  200 . In the deployed position, the load of the tray table  202  and tray table arm  204  is supported by the stop mechanism  206 , protrusion  208 , and/or pin  210 . Because the tray table arm  204  is stabilized by the stop mechanism pin  210  and does not contact the seat back  200 , the seat back  200  may freely move between its upright and reclined positions without disturbing the tray table  200 . 
       FIGS.  14  and  15    are transparent front views of a seat back  200  with a concealable tray table  202  in the deployed and stowed positions, respectively. The tray table  202  is pivotally coupled to the tray table arms  204 , which are coupled to the seat back pivot pin (not shown) through z-links  224 . In certain embodiments, the tray table arm pivot  205  may be integrated into the z-links  224  and allow for rotation of the z-links  224  and tray table arms  204  about the seat back pivot pin. A stop mechanism  206  with a protrusion  208  is fixedly attached to the seat back pivot pin. As the tray table arms  204  move from a stowed position to a deployed position, the z-link  224  will rotate towards the stop mechanism  206  and protrusion  208 . The protrusion  208  will interfere with the z-link  224  and restrict the motion of the tray table arms  204  beyond this interference point. The interference point should be chosen such that the tray table arms  204  are stopped by the protrusion  208  at the deployed position without contact between the tray table arms  204  and the seat back  200 . The tray table  202  and seat back  200  will then rotate about the seat back pivot pin independently, allowing the seat back  200  to recline without disturbing the tray table  202  when it is in the deployed position. When the tray table  202  is in the stowed position, the tray table arms  204  and seat back  200  will share a common axis of rotation about the seat back pivot pin, and will move together as a unit when the seat back  200  moves between reclined and upright positions. 
     In certain embodiments, the tray table  202  and tray table arms  204  of  FIGS.  6 - 15    may be adapted for use with a monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back. The monocoque or semi-monocoque design may provide for additional space within the seat back  200  to locate the tray table arms  204 , stop mechanism  206 , and any associated hardware. In some embodiments, the stop mechanism  206  may be integrated into the seat back pivot pin or other components of the seat assembly, such as the spreader. The stop mechanism  206  may also be equipped with a set screw or adjustment device to allow for regulation of the clearance between the seat back  200  and tray table arms  204  in the deployed position. In still other embodiments, the motion of the tray table arms  204  may be regulated by any fixed component, which interferes with the tray table arms  204  in their deployed position and allows for the tray table arms  204  to rotate about the same axis as the seat back  200 . 
     Any of the above described components, parts, or embodiments may take on a range of shapes, sizes, or materials as necessary for a particular application of the described invention. The components, parts, or mechanisms of the described invention may be made of any materials selected for the suitability in use, cost, or ease of manufacturing. Materials including, but not limited to aluminum, stainless steel, fiber reinforced plastics, carbon fiber, composites, polycarbonate, polypropylene, other metallic materials, or other polymers may be used to form any of the above described components. 
     Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and sub-combinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims below. 
     Suspension Cushion and Cellular Cushion 
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  16  and  17   , a cellular cushion  302  comprises a cellular area  314  and a solid area  316 . The cellular area  314  is made up of a plurality of cells  304  that are defined by cell walls  306 . The cells  304  of the cellular area  314  allow for the cellular cushion  302  to have a combination of properties, including anisotropic cushioning and stretch properties. For instance, by varying the size and shape of the cells  304  or the cell wall  306  thickness, the cellular cushion  302  may have its properties tailored to a specific application. The cellular cushion  302  also comprises a thickness  308 , which may be increased or decreased to vary the amount of cushion, support, or strength of the overall cellular cushion  302 . 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  16  and  17   , the properties of the cellular cushion  302  may be varied across the area of the cellular cushion, as well. For instance, one portion of the cellular area  314  of the cellular cushion  302  may have very small cells  304 , or thicker cell walls  306  to increase the relative stiffness of that area of the cellular cushion  302  compared to another area with larger cells  304  and/or thinner cell walls  306 . Similarly, the stiffness of the cellular cushion  302  may vary depending on the direction of force applied to the cellular cushion  302 . In certain embodiments, the stiffness or compliance of the cellular cushion  302  to a force applied perpendicular to the thickness  308  may be different than the stiffness or compliance of the cellular cushion  302  to a force applied in the plane of the thickness  308  of the cellular cushion  302 . 
       FIGS.  18 - 20    are front and side views of a cellular cushion  302  comprising a cellular area  314  and a solid area  316 . The cellular area  314  comprises cells  304  defined by cell walls  306 . As shown in  FIG.  18 A , the cells  304  may be configured with different cell sizes and/or different thicknesses of the cell walls  306  at different points of the cellular cushion  302  to provide varying degrees of cushion, stiffness, and/or flexibility. Varying the size of the cells  304 , their arrangement, and the thickness of the cell walls  306  may also be used to alter the amount of cushion, stiffness, and/or flexibility in different directions to provide enhanced comfort for a passenger. 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  18 - 20   , the cellular cushion  302  may comprise a lumbar support  312  configured to provide additional cushioning and support for a passenger. The lumbar support  312 , which may be a passive pad or an inflatable bladder, is located within the cellular area  314  of the cellular cushion  302 . The cellular area  314  may have specific sizing of the cells  304  and cell walls  306  to provide for passive alignment of the lumbar support  312  so that it may self-position to fit persons falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. In certain embodiments, the cellular area  314  around the lumbar support  312  may be configured to only slightly resist vertical or horizontal movement of the lumbar support  312  as a passenger sits on the cellular cushion  302 . However, while the cellular area  314  allows vertical and horizontal translation of the lumbar support  312 , it may provide a higher level of support or resistance in a direction perpendicular to the lumbar support  312 . In some embodiments, the shape of the cells  304  may also be changed to provide different cushioning properties. Hexagonal, circular, and/or square shaped cells  304  may be used. In certain embodiments, other shapes, both regular and irregular, may be used to change or optimize the properties of the cellular cushion  302 . 
     The cellular cushion  302  may be formed as a flat or planar sheet, or it may be molded, formed, or otherwise manufactured with curved or irregular shapes.  FIG.  20    shows a side view of a cellular cushion  302  with a spinal curve  310  adapted for use in a passenger seat back. The spinal curve  310  may be a complex curve along both the length and width of the cellular cushion  302 , and may be configured to attempt to fit the largest number of body shapes, sizes, and/or types. In some embodiments, the shape of the spinal curve  310  may be configured to fit persons who fall within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. Similarly, the cellular area  314  may be shaped or otherwise configured to provide cushioning adapted to a wide variety of body types. In certain embodiments, the cellular  314  area may be patterned to cushion particular pressure points or to fit a majority of passengers. In some embodiments, the cellular area  314 , as with the spinal curve  310 , may be determined by a statistical analysis of body types, and then configured to fit people that fall within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. As used in anthropometrics and throughout this disclosure, the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape refers to a range on a Gaussian curve, which may be plotted as a bell-shaped curve on a graph. This curve may vary depending on the particular data set consulted or used, such as with a commercial anthropometric database. For example, the statistical range may vary depending on whether it is applicable to males or females. In some cases, the statistical range may include all body sizes or shapes that fall within the range of a fifth percentile female to a ninety-fifth percentile male. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  16 - 20   , a cellular cushion may offer a number of improvements or advantages over alternative supporting methods. The cellular cushion  302  allows for airflow through the cells  304  and around the back of the passenger to reduce heat and the buildup of moisture around the passenger. The cellular cushion  302  may also provide for a lighter, more compact seating arrangement. In certain embodiments, the cellular cushion  302  may be suspended within a seat back such that only the perimeter of the cellular cushion  302  is attached. The balance of the cellular cushion  302  is then free to deflect as it supports the load of a passenger, replacing springs. A suspended cellular cushion  302  also provides a dual cushioning method. A passenger may be supported and cushioned both by the deflection of the cellular cushion  302  and by the compression of the cellular cushion itself. 
     The cellular cushion  302  may be formed, molded, or otherwise made from any number of materials including, but not limited to, elastomers, polymers, and/or natural materials. The selection of a suitable material will depend upon the geometry of the cellular cushion, including the geometry, size, and distribution of the cells  304  and cell walls  306 , the intended design loads, desired manufacturing processes, and any applicable regulatory requirements. The cellular cushion  302  is preferably made from a material that resists permanent deformation even under large displacements and repeated use. In certain embodiments, silicone may be an ideal material for the construction of the cellular cushion  302 . 
     Ergonomic Head Rest 
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  21  and  22   , an ergonomic headrest  320  comprises side supports  322  and a neck support curvature  324  and an occipital pocket  326 . The ergonomic headrest  320  is moveably affixed to the seat back  330 . The headrest side supports  322  are configured to provide lateral support to a passenger, both during normal movement and while a passenger may be sleeping. Additionally, the side supports  322  may provide an enhanced feeling of privacy, and serve as mounting points for passenger entertainment, such as integrated speakers. The headrest is designed with a compound curve comprised of a neck support curvature  324  to support a passenger&#39;s neck, and an occipital pocket  326  to support the rear and base of the passenger&#39;s head. The neck support curvature  324  and occipital pocket  326  should be shaped based on statistical data to accommodate passengers ranging from the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. In order to provide enhanced support, particularly as the passenger seat moves between reclined and upright positions, in certain embodiments the ergonomic headrest  320  may rotate about a horizontal axis to articulate into a position that best supports the passenger&#39;s head and neck, as shown by rotation  328 . 
       FIGS.  23 A- 24    provide side views of an ergonomic headrest  320  attached to a seat back  330  as it translates in a vertical direction to accommodate passengers that fall within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. The relative amount of vertical translation of the ergonomic headrest  320  from a low position ( FIG.  23 A ), through an intermediate position ( FIG.  23 B ) and into an upper position ( FIG.  23 C ) should take into account the height, torso size, neck size, and general posture of passengers within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. In certain embodiments, the ergonomic headrest  320  may translate vertically through a linear motion. However, in some embodiments, the ergonomic headrest  320  may translate vertically through an arcing motion  329  to better accommodate passengers of varying size. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  21 - 24   , the ergonomic headrest  320  may be provided with additional padding, including foam, cushions, springs, or other devices to enhance passenger comfort. In certain embodiments, the ergonomic headrest  320  may include aesthetic additions, such as logos, coloring, or stylized fabrics as desired or required. 
     Any of the above described components, parts, or embodiments may take on a range of shapes, sizes, or materials as necessary for a particular application of the described invention. The components, parts, or mechanisms of the described invention may be made of any materials selected for the suitability in use, cost, or ease of manufacturing. Materials including, but not limited to aluminum, stainless steel, fiber reinforced plastics, carbon fiber, composites, polycarbonate, polypropylene, other metallic materials, or other polymers may be used to form any of the above described components. 
     Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and sub-combinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims below. 
     Low Rise Spreader and Rocking Seat Recline Motion 
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  25  and  26   , a low-rise spreader  340  comprises a forward motion track  342 , an aft motion track  344 , a forward seat tube aperture  346 , an aft seat tube aperture  348 , and a seatbelt attachment point  349 . The motion tracks  342 ,  344  may be configured to accept rollers or other sliding members  345  from the passenger seat  300 . In certain embodiments, the motion tracks  342 ,  344  will be disposed on the inside surface of the low-rise spreader  340  to eliminate or reduce potential pinch points. 
     The low-rise spreader  340  provides the attachment and structural connection between a passenger seat  300  and the seat tubes (not shown) or other structure of the vehicle or mode of transport. Traditional spreaders are characterized as generally L-shaped, wherein the structure of the spreader extends above the seat pan to provide structure for the armrests of the passenger seat  300 . The traditional spreader design provides additional structure to hold the seat back, armrests, and seatbelt attachment. A low-rise spreader  340 , typically, though not always, for use with a passenger seat  300  in which the armrests are mounted directly to the seat back, does not provide additional structure above the seat pan of the passenger seat  300 . The resulting low-rise spreader  340  is smaller, lighter, a single piece design with integrated seat tube apertures  346 ,  348 , and motion tracks  342 ,  344 , and a seatbelt attachment point  349 , which may be moved forward relative to a traditional spreader for an increase in passenger space. As the low-rise spreader  340  does not provide structure above the seat pan of a passenger seat  300 , the low-rise spreader  340  may be particularly well suited to use with passenger seats  300  that feature monocoque or semi-monocoque seat backs and seat backs, which are fixed relative to the seat pan. 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  25  and  26   , the low-rise spreader  340  may include a forward motion track  342  and an aft motion track  344 . The motion tracks  342 ,  344  are configured to displace the passenger seat  300  in a rocking motion wherein the passenger seat  300  is displaced downward and forward for recline. In certain embodiments, the forward motion track  342  and aft motion track  344  will be sloped in the same direction (i.e. downward from aft to forward, see  FIG.  25   ). In some embodiments, the forward motion track  342  and aft motion track  344  will be sloped in opposite directions ( FIG.  26   ). While unpowered recline of the passenger seat  300  may be preferable in certain applications, in some embodiments the rocking motion of the passenger seat may be assisted or accomplished through the use of springs, gas springs, or electric motors. 
       FIGS.  27 A- 27 C  are schematic illustrations of a passenger seat  300  in an upright position ( FIG.  27 A ), reclined position ( FIG.  27 B ), and a comparison overlay of the upright and reclined positions ( FIG.  27 C ). The rocking motion of the passenger seat  300  due to the motion tracks  342 ,  344  of the low-rise spreader  340  (not shown) may be seen in  FIG.  27 C . The rocking motion of the passenger seat  300  provides for recline equivalent to or greater than traditional recline mechanisms with less intrusion into the space of the aft passenger. 
     Any of the above described components, parts, or embodiments may take on a range of shapes, sizes, or materials as necessary for a particular application of the described invention. The components, parts, or mechanisms of the described invention may be made of any materials selected for the suitability in use, cost, or ease of manufacturing. Materials including, but not limited to aluminum, stainless steel, fiber reinforced plastics, carbon fiber, composites, polycarbonate, polypropylene, other metallic materials, or other polymers may be used to form any of the above described components. 
     Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and sub-combinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims below. 
     Seat Pan with Bullnose 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  28  and  29   , a seat pan  360  may comprise a support plate  362 , a flexible core  364 , a top plate  366 , and a bullnose  370 . The cushion core  364  may be sandwiched between the support plate  362  and the top plate  366 , which has an aperture  368  and located by one or more cushion locators  378 . The bullnose  370  is affixed to the forward edge of the seat pan  360 , and is a flexible member comprised of a polymer, rubber, silicone, spring metal, or other material, which may deflect and repeatedly return to its original position. The bullnose  370  may move between a static position  372  and a flexed position  373  along a motion path  374 . In certain embodiments, the seat pan may include one or more rollers  376 , which may be configured to interact with a spreader or other seat structure and facilitate articulation or motion of the seat pan  360  from an upright position to a reclined position. 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  28  and  29   , the aperture  368  of the top plate  366  may be shaped and/or sized to allow forces from the tuberosity of the ischium (“ischial tuberosity”) of a passenger to be passed through the aperture  368  such that the forces are absorbed and supported by the flexible core  364 . The shape and size of the aperture  368  should be selected so that passengers, which range from the fifth to the ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape, will have their ischial tuberosity supported by the flexible core  364 . The flexible core  364 , which may be a cellular material as described above, may have anisotropic properties or may have differing levels of stiffness, cushion, or flex across different parts of the aperture  368  to provide relief from pressure points or other sources of passenger discomfort. In certain embodiments, the flexible core  364  may lock the passenger&#39;s ischial tuberosity in place to provide improved posture and comfort, even during long periods of sitting. 
     In some embodiments, the bullnose  370  of the seat pan  360  may be configured to provide varying support to the thighs of a passenger, particularly when the passenger reclines the seat. The bullnose  370 , which may be formed from any elastomer, polymer, or other material that provides adequate flexibility and resilience to avoid permanent deformation, may flex between a static position  372  and a flexed position  373  to provide support and comfort to the passenger as the passenger moves, adjusts his or her seat, or changes position. In certain embodiments, the bullnose  370  may be adapted to flex so that a passenger&#39;s feet remain planted on the ground even when the seat pan  360  is reclined and the forward portion of the seat pan  360  may be angled away from the passenger compartment floor. The bullnose  370 , similar to the seat pan  360 , may be upholstered with additional fabric, cushioning, or other supports to provide a more aesthetically pleasing look and feel, and to improve passenger comfort. 
     Any of the above described components, parts, or embodiments may take on a range of shapes, sizes, or materials as necessary for a particular application of the described invention. The components, parts, or mechanisms of the described invention may be made of any materials selected for the suitability in use, cost, or ease of manufacturing. Materials including, but not limited to aluminum, stainless steel, fiber reinforced plastics, carbon fiber, composites, polycarbonate, polypropylene, other metallic materials, or other polymers may be used to form any of the above described components. 
     Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and sub-combinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims below 
     Ergonomic Seat Back 
     In certain embodiments of the present invention, as shown in  FIGS.  30  and  31   , an ergonomic seat back  380  may comprise a compound spinal curve  382 , an upper forward panel aperture  384 , and a lower forward panel aperture  385 . The compound spinal curve  382  may be include a spinal shaped S-curve of varying radius extending along the length of the ergonomic seat back  380 , and may also include a transverse concave curvature across the ergonomic seat back  380  to provide lateral support to a passenger. The spinal curve  382 , and more generally the contours of the ergonomic seat back  380 , should be shaped based on statistical data to accommodate passengers ranging from the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  30  and  31   , the ergonomic seat back  380  may also include an upper forward panel aperture  384  and a lower forward panel aperture  385 . Similar to the spinal curve  382 , the upper and lower forward panel apertures  384 ,  385  should be sized and shaped based on statistical data so that the upper and lower forward panel apertures  384 ,  385  will transfer forces and pressure from passengers falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape to the suspension cushion  394 . 
       FIG.  32    is an assembly drawing of an embodiment of an ergonomic seat back  380 . The ergonomic seat back  380  may comprise a forward panel  392  and a aft panel  398 . A suspension cushion  394  and suspension cushion retaining member  396  may be disposed between the forward panel  392  and the aft panel  398 . When assembled, the forward panel  392  and aft panel  398  enclose a volume within which the suspension cushion  394  and suspension cushion retaining member  396  may be housed. In certain embodiments, the forward panel  392 , aft panel  398 , suspension cushion  394 , and suspension cushion retaining member  396  may be shaped to include the spinal curve  382  of the ergonomic seat back  380 . However, in some embodiments, the suspension cushion  394  may be molded flat and will take up the spinal curve  382  upon installation into the ergonomic seat back  380 . 
     When the suspension cushion  394  is installed into the ergonomic seat back  380 , the suspension cushion is mechanically fixed or bonded around its perimeter between the suspension cushion retaining member  396  and the forward panel  392 . The suspension cushion  394  may then extend or deflect into the space between the suspension cushion and the aft panel  398 . The deflection of the suspension cushion  394  provides two different types of cushioning. The compression of the suspension cushion  394  is complemented by its deflection into the open space enclosed by the forward panel  392  and the aft panel  398 . The suspension cushion  394  may also provide additional means for adjusting the cushioning provided to a passenger at different areas of the ergonomic seat back  380  through use of a cellular material with anisotropic or variable properties as described above. The extra space contained within the ergonomic seat back  380 , particularly in combination with a cellular suspension cushion  394 , may also enhance passenger comfort by improving air circulation around the passenger, reducing the buildup of heat and moisture. 
     The forward panel  392  may comprise upper forward panel aperture  384  and lower forward panel aperture  385 . These apertures  384 ,  385 , which may be shaped and sized based on statistical data to accommodate passengers falling within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape, allow a transfer of forces from the passenger through the forward panel  392  and to the suspension cushion  394 . Similarly, the suspension cushion  394  may comprise upper suspension cushion area  386  and lower suspension cushion area  387  that are shaped and sized to complement the upper and lower forward panel apertures  384 ,  385  of the forward panel  392 . The suspension cushion retaining member  396  may also comprise an upper suspension cushion retaining member aperture  388  and a lower suspension cushion retaining member aperture  389 . When assembled, the apertures  384 ,  385 ,  388 , and  389  will align so that the upper and lower suspension cushion areas  386 ,  387  will be free to absorb forces from a passenger and expand through the suspension cushion retaining member  396  to provide both deflective and compressive cushioning. The aft panel  398  may not comprise any apertures, so as to eliminate the need for an additional aft seat cover, saving space, weight, and complexity. However, the aft panel  398  may comprise a stiffening depression or rib  399  to provide additional structural support to the ergonomic seat back  380 . Still referring to  FIG.  32   , the suspension cushion retaining member  396  functions to locate and secure the suspension cushion  394  within the ergonomic seat back  380 . The cushion retaining member may be affixed to the suspension cushion  394  and forward panel  392  with mechanical fasteners such as screws, bolts, rivets, or the like, or it may be bonded with adhesives, epoxy, glue, or another bonding agent. In certain embodiments, the suspension cushion  394  may be sonically or friction welded to the suspension cushion  394  and/or forward panel  392 . The resulting ergonomic seat back  380  may be lighter, more compact, simpler to produce, and eliminate the need for springs or other support mechanisms. After assembly, the ergonomic seat back  380  may be upholstered with fabric and cushions as desired or required for additional comfort and aesthetic appearances. 
     Any of the above described components, parts, or embodiments may take on a range of shapes, sizes, or materials as necessary for a particular application of the described invention. The components, parts, or mechanisms of the described invention may be made of any materials selected for the suitability in use, cost, or ease of manufacturing. Materials including, but not limited to aluminum, stainless steel, fiber reinforced plastics, carbon fiber, composites, polycarbonate, polypropylene, other metallic materials, or other polymers may be used to form any of the above described components. 
     Different arrangements of the components depicted in the drawings or described above, as well as components and steps not shown or described are possible. Similarly, some features and sub-combinations are useful and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. Embodiments of the invention have been described for illustrative and not restrictive purposes, and alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this patent. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above or depicted in the drawings, and various embodiments and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claims below. 
     Any of the above described structures, devices, or components may be combined with one another to provide a complete ergonomic seat design. For example, a monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back may be formed or otherwise manufactured with an ergonomic design incorporating a compound curves to fit persons who fall within the fifth to ninety-fifth statistical percentile for body size or shape. The monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back may also incorporate apertures and a cellular suspension cushion with self-adjusting lumbar support designed to alleviate pressure points or areas of discomfort. An ergonomic headrest may also be incorporated or added to the monocoque or semi-monocoque seat back. The above described seat back can be combined with a seat pan with bullnose incorporating a flexible core containing cellular material. The seat pan with bullnose may engage with a low-rise spreader that is configured to allow for a recline motion that displaces the passenger seat forward and down. This and any other combinations of the above described components may be used to provide customized seating as necessary for any particular application.