Patent Publication Number: US-2021162073-A1

Title: Transcription regulatory elements and uses thereof

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the field of nucleic acid biotechnology and provides compositions and methods for promoting the expression of a gene of interest. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Pompe disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) gene, which encodes an enzyme responsible for processing lysosomal glycogen. Patients with Pompe disease exhibit clinical phenotypes across a variety of tissues, including glycogen buildup in cells, deficits in cardiac, respiratory, and skeletal muscle function, and central nervous system pathology. Some of these deficits are significantly ameliorated by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using recombinant human GAA (rhGAA). Clinical efficacy has been limited by the immunogenicity of hGAA ERT and the lack of uptake of rhGAA into some affected tissues. Gene therapy has also been investigated as a potential therapeutic paradigm for this disease. The development of gene therapies for the treatment of Pompe have been hindered by the difficulty associate with achieving expression of therapeutically effective amounts of GAA in affected tissues while preventing the immune system from mounting an anti-GAA immune response. There remains a need for transcription regulatory elements capable of achieving this balance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention provides compositions and methods for promoting the expression of a gene of interest, such as acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA), in cells of certain tissues, including those affected by Pompe disease. The compositions and methods described herein relate to nucleic acid regulatory elements that stimulate transcription of a transgene, such as GAA, in muscle cells (e.g., cardiac muscle cells), liver cells, and/or cells of the central nervous system. The nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein may be operably linked to a transgene, such as GAA, and may be administered to a patient (e.g., a human patient) for the treatment of a lysosomal storage disorder, such as Pompe disease. Advantageously, the compositions and methods described herein can be used to promote expression of GAA in patients, such as those that have Pompe disease, in the muscle cells and/or neurons that are affected by lysosomal storage disorders, and may simultaneously stimulate expression in the liver. This provides a surprising therapeutic benefit. Without being limited by mechanism, the present disclosure is based, in part, on the discovery that the transcription regulatory elements described herein may (i) promote expression of a transgene in cells affected by lysosomal storage disorders to ameliorate the pathology and (ii) stimulate expression in the liver, which serves to promote immune tolerance. The compositions and methods described herein can, thus, be used to treat lysosomal storage disorders, such as Pompe disease, in a manner that alleviates the deleterious effects of a lysosomal enzyme deficiency (e.g., a GAA deficiency) in patients while preventing or diminishing the mounting of an immune response against an enzyme introduced by gene therapy. 
     In a first aspect, the invention features a nucleic acid regulatory element containing a first segment operably linked to a second segment, wherein the first segment contains an apolipoprotein E hepatic control region (ApoE-HCR), or a functional portion thereof, and the second segment contains a desmin promoter, or a functional portion thereof. The 3′ end of the first segment may be operably linked to the 5′ end of the second segment. In some embodiments, the 5′ end of the first segment is operably linked to the 3′ end of the second segment. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first segment contains an ApoE-HCR enhancer having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. For example, the first segment may contain the nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. For example, the first segment may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The first segment may have a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. For example, the first segment may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The first segment may have a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. For example, the first segment may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. 
     In some embodiments, the second segment contains a 5′ region having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. For example, the 5′ region may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. 
     In some embodiments, the second segment may contain a 3′ region having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the 3′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the 3′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. For example, the 3′ region may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     In some embodiments, the second segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the second segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the second segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. For example, the 3′ region may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. 
     For example, the nucleic acid regulatory element may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. For example, the nucleic acid regulatory element may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element further includes a third segment that is positioned 5′ or 3′ with respect to the first and second segments. The third segment may be operably linked to the first and second segments. 
     In some embodiments, the third segment contains a promoter that stimulates expression of a transgene operably linked thereto in a cell of the central nervous system, such as a neuron, glial cell, or astrocyte, among others. In some embodiments, the third segment contains a promoter selected from the synapsin promoter, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III promoter, tubulin alpha I promoter, microtubulin-associated protein IB (MAP IB) promoter, neuron-specific enolase promoter, platelet-derived growth factor beta chain promoter, neurofilament light chain promoter, neuron-specific VGF gene promoter, neuronal nuclei (NeuN) promoter, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) promoter, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) promoter, and the homeobox protein 9 (HB9) promoter, or a variant thereof (e.g., a variant having at least 85% sequence identity (for example, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or more, sequence identity) to the nucleic acid sequence of the wild-type promoter locus and that is able to stimulate transcription of a transgene operably linked thereto upon introduction into a cell of the central nervous system) or functional portion thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the third segment contains a promoter that stimulates expression of a transgene operably linked thereto in a neuron. In some embodiments, the third segment contains a synapsin promoter, or a functional portion thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the third segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the third segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the third segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the third segment has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid regulatory element has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. For example, the nucleic acid regulatory element may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a nucleic acid regulatory element containing a first segment operably linked to a second segment, wherein the first segment contains a desmin promoter, or a functional portion thereof, and the second segment contains a promoter, or a functional portion thereof, that stimulates expression of a transgene operably linked thereto in a cell of the central nervous system, such as a neuron, glial cell, or astrocyte, among others. In some embodiments, the second segment contains a promoter selected from the synapsin promoter, GFAP promoter, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III promoter, tubulin alpha I promoter, MAP IB promoter, neuron-specific enolase promoter, platelet-derived growth factor beta chain promoter, neurofilament light chain promoter, neuron-specific VGF gene promoter, NeuN promoter, APC promoter, Iba-1 promoter, and the HB9 promoter, or a variant thereof (e.g., a variant having at least 85% sequence identity (for example, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or more, sequence identity) to the nucleic acid sequence of the wild-type promoter locus and that is able to stimulate transcription of a transgene operably linked thereto upon introduction into a cell of the central nervous system) or functional portion thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the second segment contains a promoter that stimulates expression of a transgene operably linked thereto in a neuron. In some embodiments, the second segment contains a synapsin promoter, or a functional portion thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the 3′ end of the first segment is operably linked to the 5′ end of the second segment. In some embodiments, the 5′ end of the first segment is operably linked to the 3′ end of the second segment. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment contains a 5′ region having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the 5′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. For example, the 5′ region may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment contains a 3′ region having a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the 3′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the 3′ region has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. For example, the 3′ region may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the first segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. For example, the first segment may have the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. 
     In some embodiments, the second segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the second segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 90% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the second segment has a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 95% identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the second segment has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a vector containing the nucleic acid regulatory element of any of the foregoing aspects or embodiments thereof. The nucleic acid regulatory element may be operably linked to a transgene, and may induce expression of the transgene upon introduction of the vector into a cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, such as a human cell). The cell may be, for example, a muscle cell (e.g., a cardiac muscle cell or a skeletal muscle cell), a neuron, or a hepatocyte. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a lysosomal enzyme, such as GAA. In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector, such as an adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus, lentivirus, retrovirus, poxvirus, baculovirus, herpes simplex virus, or vaccinia virus. In some embodiments, the viral vector is an AAV, such as an AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, or AAVrh74 serotype. The viral vector may be a pseudotyped AAV, such as a recombinant AAV (rAAV) 2/8 or rAAV2/9. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a composition containing the nucleic acid regulatory element of any of the above aspects or embodiments thereof. The composition may be, for example, a liposome, vesicle, synthetic vesicle, exosome, synthetic exosome, dendrimer, or nanoparticle. In the composition, the nucleic acid regulatory element may be operably linked to a transgene (e.g., a transgene encoding a lysosomal enzyme, such as GAA). 
     In yet another aspect, the invention features a method of expressing a transgene in a cell by contacting the cell with the vector or composition of any of the foregoing aspects or embodiments thereof for a time sufficient to simulate transcription of the transgene in the cell. 
     In another aspect, the invention features a method of treating a lysosomal storage disease, such as Pompe disease, in a patient (e.g., a mammalian patient, such as a human patient) in need thereof by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a vector or composition described herein. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention features a kit containing a vector or composition described herein. The kit may contain a package insert, for example, that instructs a user of the kit to contact the vector or composition with a cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, such as a human cell), thereby expressing a transgene operably linked to the regulatory element. 
     Definitions 
     As used herein, the term “about” refers to a value that is within 10% above or below the value being described. 
     As used herein, the term “ApoE-HCR enhancer” refers to the human apolipoprotein E hepatic control region, the nucleic acid sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, as well as nucleic acids having at least 85% identity (e.g., 85%, 86% e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% identity, or more) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 and that promote the expression of a transgene in a cell (e.g., a eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, human cell, or human liver cell) when the transgene is operably linked to the enhancer. 
     As used herein, the terms “conservative mutation,” “conservative substitution,” or “conservative amino acid substitution” refer to a substitution of one or more amino acids for one or more different amino acids that exhibit similar physicochemical properties, such as polarity, electrostatic charge, and steric volume. These properties are summarized for each of the twenty naturally-occurring amino acids in table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Representative physicochemical properties 
               
               
                 of naturally-occurring amino acids 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Electrostatic 
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 1 
                 Side- 
                 character at 
               
               
                   
                 Letter 
                 Letter 
                 chain 
                 physiological 
                 Steric 
               
               
                 Amino Acid 
                 Code 
                 Code 
                 Polarity 
                 pH (7.4) 
                 Volume †   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Alanine 
                 Ala 
                 A 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 small 
               
               
                 Arginine 
                 Arg 
                 R 
                 polar 
                 cationic 
                 large 
               
               
                 Asparagine 
                 Asn 
                 N 
                 polar 
                 neutral 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                 Aspartic acid 
                 Asp 
                 D 
                 polar 
                 anionic 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                 Cysteine 
                 Cys 
                 C 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                 Glutamic acid 
                 Glu 
                 E 
                 polar 
                 anionic 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                 Glutamine 
                 Gln 
                 Q 
                 polar 
                 neutral 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                 Glycine 
                 Gly 
                 G 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 small 
               
               
                 Histidine 
                 His 
                 H 
                 polar 
                 Both neutral 
                 large 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and cationic 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 forms in 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 equilibrium 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 at pH 7.4 
               
               
                 Isoleucine 
                 Ile 
                 I 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 large 
               
               
                 Leucine 
                 Leu 
                 L 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 large 
               
               
                 Lysine 
                 Lys 
                 K 
                 polar 
                 cationic 
                 large 
               
               
                 Methionine 
                 Met 
                 M 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 large 
               
               
                 Phenylalanine 
                 Phe 
                 F 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 large 
               
               
                 Proline 
                 Pro 
                 P 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                 Serine 
                 Ser 
                 S 
                 polar 
                 neutral 
                 small 
               
               
                 Threonine 
                 Thr 
                 T 
                 polar 
                 neutral 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                 Tryptophan 
                 Trp 
                 w 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 bulky 
               
               
                 Tyrosine 
                 Tyr 
                 Y 
                 polar 
                 neutral 
                 large 
               
               
                 Valine 
                 Val 
                 V 
                 nonpolar 
                 neutral 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   † based on volume in A 3 : 50-100 is small, 100-150 is intermediate, 150-200 is large, and &gt;200 is bulky 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From this table it is appreciated that the conservative amino acid families include, e.g., (i) G, A, V, L, I, P, and M; (ii) D and E; (iii) C, S and T; (iv) H, K and R; (v) N and Q; and (vi) F, Y and W. A conservative mutation or substitution is therefore one that substitutes one amino acid for a member of the same amino acid family (e.g., a substitution of Ser for Thr or Lys for Arg). 
     As used herein, the term “desmin promoter” refers to the nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, as well as nucleic acids having at least 85% identity (e.g., 85%, 86% e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% identity, or more) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and that promote the expression of a transgene in a cell (e.g., a eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, human cell, or human muscle cell) when the transgene is operably linked to the enhancer. 
     As used herein in the context of a transcription regulatory element, the term “functional portion” refers to a portion of a larger nucleic acid that retains the ability to stimulate transcription of a gene of interest in a target cell. For example, the apolipoprotein E hepatic control region (ApoE-HCR) is a 774-nucleotide enhancer, the sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. A portion of this locus that contains 193 nucleotides (the nucleic acid sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1) is able to retain the transcription-activating properties of the larger locus. The 193-nucleotide portion set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 is, thus, a “functional portion” of the ApoE-HCR locus. As an additional example, another portion of the ApoE-HCR locus that is able to retain the transcription-activating properties of the full-length enhancer is the 320-nucleotide segment set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. The 320-nucleotide portion set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 is, thus, a “functional portion” of the ApoE-HCR locus. As a further example, another portion of the ApoE-HCR locus that is able to retain the transcription-activating properties of the full-length enhancer is the 50-nucleotide segment set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. The 50-nucleotide portion set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 is also, thus, a “functional portion” of the ApoE-HCR locus. 
     As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to a first molecule joined to a second molecule, wherein the molecules are so arranged that the first molecule affects the function of the second molecule. The two molecules may or may not be part of a single contiguous molecule and may or may not be adjacent. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a transcribable polynucleotide molecule if the promoter modulates transcription of the transcribable polynucleotide molecule of interest in a cell. Additionally, two portions of a transcription regulatory element are operably linked to one another if they are joined such that the transcription-activating functionality of one portion is not adversely affected by the presence of the other portion. Two transcription regulatory elements may be operably linked to one another by way of a linker nucleic acid (e.g., an intervening non-coding nucleic acid) or may be operably linked to one another with no intervening nucleotides present. 
     “Percent (%) sequence identity” with respect to a reference polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of nucleic acids or amino acids in a candidate sequence that are identical to the nucleic acids or amino acids in the reference polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent nucleic acid or amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the capabilities of one of skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, or Megalign software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For example, percent sequence identity values may be generated using the sequence comparison computer program BLAST. As an illustration, the percent sequence identity of a given nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, A, to, with, or against a given nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, B, (which can alternatively be phrased as a given nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, A that has a certain percent sequence identity to, with, or against a given nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, B) is calculated as follows: 
       100 multiplied by (the fraction X/Y) 
     where X is the number of nucleotides or amino acids scored as identical matches by a sequence alignment program (e.g., BLAST) in that program&#39;s alignment of A and B, and where Y is the total number of nucleic acids in B. It will be appreciated that where the length of nucleic acid or amino acid sequence A is not equal to the length of nucleic acid or amino acid sequence B, the percent sequence identity of A to B will not equal the percent sequence identity of B to A. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture containing a therapeutic compound to be administered to a subject, such as a mammal, e.g., a human, in order to prevent, treat or control a particular disease or condition affecting or that may affect the subject. 
     As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions and/or dosage forms, which are suitable for contact with the tissues of a subject, such as a mammal (e.g., a human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response and other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. 
     As used herein, the term “sample” refers to a specimen (e.g., blood, blood component (e.g., serum or plasma), urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue (e.g., placental or dermal), pancreatic fluid, chorionic villus sample, or cells) isolated from a subject. The subject may be, for example, a patient suffering from a disease described herein, such as a lysosomal storage disorder (e.g., Pompe disease). 
     As used herein, the phrases “specifically binds” and “binds” refer to a binding reaction which is determinative of the presence of a particular molecule, such as a polypeptide, in a heterogeneous population of polypeptides and other biological molecules that is recognized, e.g., by a ligand, such as an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, with particularity. A ligand (e.g., a complementary polynucleotide) that specifically binds to a protein may bind to the protein, e.g., with a K D  of less than 100 nM. For example, a ligand that specifically binds to a protein may bind to the protein with a K D  of up to 100 nM (e.g., between 1 pM and 100 nM). A ligand that does not exhibit specific binding to another molecule or a domain thereof may exhibit a K D  of greater than 100 nM (e.g., greater than 200 nM, 300 nM, 400 nM, 500 nM, 600 nm, 700 nM, 800 nM, 900 nM, 1 μM, 100 μM, 500 μM, or 1 mM) for that particular molecule or domain thereof. A variety of assay formats may be used to determine the affinity of a ligand for a specific protein. For example, solid-phase ELISA assays are routinely used to identify ligands that specifically bind a target protein. See, e.g., Harlow &amp; Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York (1988) and Harlow &amp; Lane, Using Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York (1999), for a description of assay formats and conditions that can be used to determine specific protein binding. 
     As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” refer to an organism that receives treatment for a particular disease or condition as described herein (such as a lysosomal storage disorder, e.g., Pompe disease). Examples of subjects and patients include mammals, such as humans, receiving treatment for a disease or condition described herein. 
     As used herein, the term “synapsin promoter” refers to the nucleic acid set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, and variants thereof having at least 85% identity (e.g., 85%, 86% e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 99.9% identity, or more) to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 and that promote the expression of a transgene in a cell (e.g., a eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, human cell, or human neuron) when the transgene is operably linked to the enhancer. 
     As used herein, the term “transcription regulatory element” refers to a nucleic acid that controls, at least in part, the transcription of a gene of interest. Transcription regulatory elements may include promoters, enhancers, and other nucleic acids (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control or help to control gene transcription. Examples of transcription regulatory elements are described, for example, in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185 (Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1990). 
     As used herein, the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to therapeutic treatment, in which the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression of a lysosomal storage disorder, such as Pompe disease, among others. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. In the context of lysosomal storage disorders, such as Pompe disease, treatment of a patient may manifest in one or more detectable changes, such as an increase in the concentration of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) protein or nucleic acids (e.g., DNA or RNA, such as mRNA) encoding GAA, or an increase in GAA activity (e.g., by 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 500-fold, 1,000-fold, or more. The concentration of GAA protein may be determined using protein detection assays known in the art, including ELISA assays described herein. The concentration of GAA-encoding nucleic acids may be determined using nucleic acid detection assays (e.g., RNA Seq assays) described herein. Exemplary protocols for the detection of GAA proteins and nucleic acids are provided in Example 1, below. Additionally, treatment of a patient suffering from a lysosomal storage disorder, such as Pompe disease, may manifest in improvements in a patient&#39;s muscle function (e.g., cardiac or skeletal muscle function) as well as improvements in muscle coordination. Exemplary procedures for measuring muscle function are described in Example 1, below. 
     As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA or RNA, that may function as a vehicle for the delivery of a gene of interest into a cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, such as a human cell), such as for purposes of replication and/or expression. Exemplary vectors useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein are plasmids, DNA vectors, RNA vectors, virions, or other suitable replicon (e.g., viral vector). A variety of vectors have been developed for the delivery of polynucleotides encoding exogenous proteins into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. Examples of such expression vectors are disclosed in, e.g., WO 1994/11026, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Expression vectors described herein contain a polynucleotide sequence as well as, e.g., additional sequence elements used for the expression of proteins and/or the integration of these polynucleotide sequences into the genome of a mammalian cell. Certain vectors that can be used for the expression of transgenes described herein include plasmids that contain regulatory sequences, such as promoter and enhancer regions, which direct gene transcription. Other useful vectors for expression of transgenes contain polynucleotide sequences that enhance the rate of translation of these genes or improve the stability or nuclear export of the mRNA that results from gene transcription. These sequence elements include, e.g., 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), and polyadenylation signal site in order to direct efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector. The expression vectors described herein may also contain a polynucleotide encoding a marker for selection of cells that contain such a vector. Examples of a suitable marker include genes that encode resistance to antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, or nourseothricin. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram showing the arrangement of elements in various vectors. GAAco, human codon optimized acid alpha-glucosidase gene (GAA); ITR, inverted terminal repeat; SD, splice donor; SA; splice acceptor. 
         FIG. 2  is a graph showing GAA activity as assessed one month post-dosing in quadriceps tissue from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg. 
         FIG. 3  is a graph showing hGAA transcripts as measured in liver tissue from male (dots) and female mice (triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg by RNA-seq analysis. Median expression levels of endogenous murine GAA are indicated by the horizontal lines. 
         FIG. 4  is a graph showing GAA activity as assessed one month post-dosing in liver tissue from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg. 
         FIGS. 5A and 5B  are graphs showing anti-GAA antibody levels as assessed one month post-dosing in serum from male (dots) and female mice (triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 5A ) or 3×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 5B ). 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  are graphs showing GAA activity as assessed one month post-dosing in serum from male (dots) and female mice (triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 6A ) or 3×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 6B ). 
         FIGS. 7A and 7B  are graphs showing pathology scores (reported in Table 5) in sectioned quadriceps tissue as assessed one month post-dosing from male (dots) and female mice (triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 7A ) or 3×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 7B ). 
         FIG. 8  shows images from H&amp;E and PAS stained sections from representative mice and shows corresponding measures indicating elevated GAA activity, reduced glycogen levels, and muscle pathology repair in mice dosed with vector containing hGAA transgene directed by hybrid promoter and liver-directed promoter. Representative control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 3×10 13  vg/kg were analyzed for GAA activity in serum and quadriceps, and for glycogen accumulation in quadriceps. A glycogen accumulation score was assessed from tissue sections from isopentane-frozen quadriceps sectioned and stained with H&amp;E and PAS according to standard procedures. 
         FIG. 9  is a graph showing GAA activity as assessed one month post-dosing in spinal cord from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 3×10 13  vg/kg. 
         FIG. 10  is a graph showing quantification of hGAA transcripts measured in spinal cord tissue from male (dots) and female mice (triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg by RNA-seq analysis. Median expression levels of endogenous murine GAA are indicated by the horizontal lines. 
         FIG. 11  is a graph showing the levels of RNA expression in liver and spinal cord one month post-dosing, as determined by RNA-Seq analysis, divided by the mean vector copy number (VCN) in liver or brain tissue to estimate a ratio of per-vector expression levels in liver or CNS tissue, respectively. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Described herein are transcription regulatory elements that stimulate transcription of a gene of interest, such as a gene encoding a lysosomal enzyme (e.g., acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA)), in cells of certain tissues. Particularly, the transcription regulatory elements described herein may promote expression of target lysosomal enzyme genes in tissues that are affected by lysosomal storage disorders, such as Pompe disease. Such tissues include muscle tissue (e.g., cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue) and central nervous system tissue. The nucleic acid regulatory elements described herein may be operably linked to a transgene, such as GAA, and incorporated into a vehicle for administration to a patient (e.g., a human patient) for the treatment of a lysosomal storage disorder, such as Pompe disease. The delivery vehicle may be a vector, such as a viral vector described herein, or other agent for introducing a nucleic acid into a cell of interest (e.g., a liposome, vesicle, exosome, dendrimer, or nanoparticle described herein). 
     The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery of nucleic acid regulatory elements that can be used to (i) promote expression of a transgene in cells affected by lysosomal storage disorders to ameliorate the pathology and (ii) stimulate expression in the liver, which serves to promote immune tolerance. The compositions and methods described herein can, thus, be used to treat lysosomal storage disorders, such as Pompe disease, so as to treat the deleterious effects on muscle tissue of a lysosomal enzyme deficiency (e.g., a GAA deficiency) while preventing or diminishing an immune response against the enzyme introduced (e.g., GAA). 
     The sections that follow provide a description of transcription regulatory elements exhibiting the foregoing advantageous properties. The following sections also describe various transgenes, viral vectors, and transfection agents that may be used in conjunction with the transcription regulatory elements described herein, as well as methods of using the compositions described herein for the treatment of various disorders. 
     Transcription Regulatory Elements 
     Transcription regulatory elements that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein may contain various portions operably linked to one another. For example, transcription regulatory elements described herein may contain an apolipoprotein E hepatic control region (ApoE-HCR), as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, or a functional portion thereof. An exemplary functional portion of the ApoE-HCR is the 320-nucleotide portion set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, which is described in Dang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:22577-22585 (1995), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as it pertains to the ApoE-HCR locus and functional portions thereof. Another example of an ApoE-HCR nucleic acid that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein is a 193-nucleotide segment of the ApoE-HCR, the nucleic acid sequence of which is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. A further example of an ApoE-HCR nucleic acid that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein is the 50-nucleotide segment set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4. Additional nucleic acid regulatory elements useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include nucleic acid molecules that have at least 85% sequence identity (e.g., 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or greater, sequence identity) with respect to the above nucleic acid sequences. 
     Additionally or alternatively, transcription regulatory elements described herein may contain a desmin promoter, or functional portion thereof. For example, the regulatory element may contain a desmin promoter that contains from nucleic acids −984 to −644, with respect to the desmin transcription start site, of the human desmin locus. The nucleic acid sequence of this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5. The regulatory element may contain a desmin promoter that contains from nucleic acids −269 to +76, with respect to the desmin transcription start site, of the human desmin locus. The nucleic acid sequence of this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. The regulatory element may contain the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 5 fused to the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 6, with no intervening nucleic acids, to form a desmin promoter containing from nucleotide −984 to nucleotide −644 and from nucleotide −269 to nucleotide +76, with respect to the desmin transcription start site, of the human desmin locus. The nucleic acid sequence of this regulatory element is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. Additional nucleic acid regulatory elements useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include nucleic acid molecules that have at least 85% sequence identity (e.g., 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or greater, sequence identity) with respect to the above nucleic acid sequences. 
     Transcription regulatory elements that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include promoters that stimulates expression of a transgene operably linked thereto in a cell of the central nervous system, such as a neuron, glial cell, or astrocyte, among others. Examples of such promoters are the synapsin promoter, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III promoter, tubulin alpha I promoter, microtubulin-associated protein IB (MAP IB) promoter, neuron-specific enolase promoter, platelet-derived growth factor beta chain promoter, neurofilament light chain promoter, neuron-specific VGF gene promoter, neuronal nuclei (NeuN) promoter, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) promoter, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), and the homeobox protein 9 (HB9) promoter, or a variant thereof (e.g., a variant having at least 85% sequence identity (for example, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or more, sequence identity) to the nucleic acid sequence of the wild-type promoter locus and that is able to stimulate transcription of a transgene operably linked thereto upon introduction into a cell of the central nervous system) or functional portion thereof. 
     For example, transcription regulatory elements that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein may contain a synapsin promoter, or functional portion thereof. An exemplary regulatory element containing a synapsin promoter region is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. This construct contains from nucleotide −465 to nucleotide −90, with respect to the synapsin transcription start site, of the human synapsin locus. Additional nucleic acid regulatory elements useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include nucleic acid molecules that have at least 85% sequence identity (e.g., 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or greater, sequence identity) with respect to this nucleic acid sequence. 
     The foregoing nucleic acid regulatory elements are summarized in Table 2, below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary nucleic acid regulatory elements 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 Description of Transcription 
                   
               
               
                 NO. 
                 Regulatory Element 
                 Nucleic Acid Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 193-nucleotide segment of ApoE 
                 CCCCTAAAATGGGCAAACATTGCAAGCAG 
               
               
                   
                 HCR locus 
                 CAAACAGCAAACACACAGCCCTCCCTGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCTGACCTTGGAGCTGGGGCAGAGGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGAGACCTCTCTGGGCCCATGCCACCTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AACATCCACTCGACCCCTTGGAATTTCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGAGAGGAGCAGAGGTTGTCCTGGCGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGTTTAGGTAGTGTGAGAGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 320-nucleotide segment of ApoE- 
                 GGCTCAGAGGCACACAGGAGTTTCTGGG 
               
               
                   
                 HCR locus 
                 CTCACCCTGCCCCCTTCCAACCCCTCAGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCCATCCTCCAGCAGCTGTTTGTGTGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCTCTGAAGTCCACACTGAACAAACTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCCTACTCATGTCCCTAAAATGGGCAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATTGCAAGCAGCAAACAGCAAACACACA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCTCCCTGCCTGCTGACCTTGGAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGGCAGAGGTCAGAGACCTCTCTGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCATGCCACCTCCAACATCCACTCGACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTTGGAATTTCGGTGGAGAGGAGCAGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTGTCCTGGCGTGGTTTAGGTAGTGTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 Full-length ApoE-HCR locus 
                 CTGCAGGCTCAGAGGCACACAGGAGTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTGGGCTCACCCTGCCCCCTTCCAACCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCAGTTCCCATCCTCCAGCAGCTGTTTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGCTGCCTCTGAAGTCCACACTGAACAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACTTCAGCCTACTCATGTCCCTAAAATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAAACATTGCAAGCAGCAAACAGCAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACACAGCCCTCCCTGCCTGCTGACCTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCTGGGGCAGAGGTCAGAGACCTCTCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGCCCATGCCACCTCCAACATCCACTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCCCTTGGAATTTCGGTGGAGAGGAGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAGGTTGTCCTGGCGTGGTTTAGGTAGTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGAGAGGGTCCGGGTTCAAAACCACTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGGTGGGGAGTCGTCAGTAAGTGGCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCCCCGACCCCGAAGCCTGTTTCCCCAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTGTACAATGGAAATGATAAAGACGCCCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTGATAGGGTTTTTGTGGCAAATAAACAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGTTTTTTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGAGATGGAGGTTTGCTCTGTCGCCCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTGGAGTGCAGTGACACAATCTCATCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCACAACCTTCCCCTGCCTCAGCCTCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AAGTAGCTGGGATTACAAGCATGTGCCAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CACACCTGGCTAATTTTCTATTTTTAGTAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGACGGGTTTCTCCATGTTGGTCAGCCTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGCCTCCCAAGTAACTGGGATTACAGGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGTGCCACCACACCCGGCTAATTTTTTCTA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTTTGACAGGGACGGGGTTTCACCATGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTCAGGCTGGTCTAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 50-nucleotide segment of ApoE- 
                 CCCCTAAAATGGGCAAACATTGCAAGCAG 
               
               
                   
                 HCR locus 
                 CAAACAGCAAACACACAGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 Segment of desmin promoter 
                 TACCCCCTGCCCCCCACAGCTCCTCTCCT 
               
               
                   
                 containing nucleotides −984 to 
                 GTGCCTTGTTTCCCAGCCATGCGTTCTCC 
               
               
                   
                 −644 with respect to desmin 
                 TCTATAAATACCCGCTCTGGTATTTGGGG 
               
               
                   
                 transcription start site 
                 TTGGCAGCTGTTGCTGCCAGGGAGATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGGTTGACATGCGGCTCCTGACAAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAACCCCTGGTGTGTGTGGGCGTGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTGTGAGTAGGGGGATGAATCAGGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGGGCGGGGGACCCAGGGGGCAGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCACACAAAGTCTGTGCGGGGGTGGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGCACATAGCAATTGGAAACTGAAAGCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCAGACCCTTTCTGGAAATCAGCCCACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTTATAAACTTGAGGCCCCACCCTCGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 Segment of desmin promoter 
                 CGAGATAACCAGGGCTGAAAGAGGCCCG 
               
               
                   
                 containing nucleotides −269 to 
                 CCTGGGGGCTGGAGACATGCTTGCTGCC 
               
               
                   
                 +76 with respect to desmin 
                 TGCCCTGGCGAAGGATTGGCAGGCTTGC 
               
               
                   
                 transcription start site 
                 CCGTCACAGGACCCCCGCTGGCTGACTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGGGCGCAGGCCTCTTGCGGGGGAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCCTCCCCGCCCCCACGGCCACGGGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCTTTCCTGGCAGGACAGCGGGATCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAGCTGTCAGGGGAGGGGAGGCGGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTGATGTCAGGAGGGATACAAATAGTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGACGGCTGGGGGCCCTGTCTCCCCTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCGCATCCACTCTCCGGCCGGCCGCCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCGCCGCCTCCTCCGTGCGCCCGCCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCGCCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 Segment of desmin promoter 
                 TACCCCCTGCCCCCCACAGCTCCTCTCCT 
               
               
                   
                 containing SEQ ID NO: 5 fused to 
                 GTGCCTTGTTTCCCAGCCATGCGTTCTCC 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
                 TCTATAAATACCCGCTCTGGTATTTGGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGCAGCTGTTGCTGCCAGGGAGATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGGTTGACATGCGGCTCCTGACAAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAACCCCTGGTGTGTGTGGGCGTGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTGTGAGTAGGGGGATGAATCAGGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGGGCGGGGGACCCAGGGGGCAGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCACACAAAGTCTGTGCGGGGGTGGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGCACATAGCAATTGGAAACTGAAAGCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCAGACCCTTTCTGGAAATCAGCCCACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTTATAAACTTGAGGCCCCACCCTCGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGAGATAACCAGGGCTGAAAGAGGCCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTGGGGGCTGGAGACATGCTTGCTGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCCCTGGCGAAGGATTGGCAGGCTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCGTCACAGGACCCCCGCTGGCTGACTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGGGCGCAGGCCTCTTGCGGGGGAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCCTCCCCGCCCCCACGGCCACGGGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCTTTCCTGGCAGGACAGCGGGATCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAGCTGTCAGGGGAGGGGAGGCGGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTGATGTCAGGAGGGATACAAATAGTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGACGGCTGGGGGCCCTGTCTCCCCTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCGCATCCACTCTCCGGCCGGCCGCCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCGCCGCCTCCTCCGTGCGCCCGCCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCGCCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 Synapsin promoter, including 
                 AAAATGCCTTCTGAGTTGAATATCAACACT 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −465 to −90 with 
                 ACAAACCGAGTATCTGCAGAGGGCCCTG 
               
               
                   
                 respect to synapsin transcription 
                 CGTATGAGTGCAAGTGGGTTTTAGGACCA 
               
               
                   
                 start site 
                 GGATGAGGCGGGGTGGGGGTGCCTACCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACGACCGACCCCGACCCACTGGACAAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CACCCAACCCCCATTCCCCAAATTGCGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCCCTATCAGAGAGGGGGAGGGGAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGATGCGGCGAGGCGCGTGCGCACTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGCTTCAGCACCGCGGACAGTGCCTTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCCCGCCTGGCGGCGCGCGCCACCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCGCCTCAGCACTGAAGGCGCGCTGACG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCACTCGCCGGTCCCCCGCAAACTCCCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCCGGCCACCTTGGTCGCGTCCGCGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCGCCG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In addition to the regulatory elements described above, regulatory elements described herein include those formed by combining the ApoE-HCR element, or a functional portion thereof, to a desmin promoter and/or synapsin promoter, or functional portion thereof. For example, regulatory element useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include those that contain the 193-nucleotide segment of the ApoE-HCR, set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, operably linked to a desmin promoter or functional portion thereof. The functional portion of the desmin promoter may be, for example, the nucleic acid spanning nucleotides −984 to −644 with respect to the desmin transcription start site, or the nucleic acid spanning nucleotides −269 to +76 with respect to the desmin transcription start site. In some embodiments, the ApoE-HCR element, or functional portion thereof, is operably linked to a desmin promoter that contains from nucleotide −984 to nucleotide −644 and from nucleotide −269 to nucleotide +76, with respect to the desmin transcription start site, of the human desmin locus. Transcription regulatory elements described herein may also include the synapsin promoter, or a functional portion thereof, in combination with the ApoE-HCR and/or desmin regulatory elements. 
     Exemplary combinations of transcription regulatory elements are set forth in Table 3, below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Combinatorial transcription regulatory elements 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 SEQ ID 
                 Description of Transcription 
                   
               
               
                 NO. 
                 Regulatory Element 
                 Nucleic Acid Sequence 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 From 5′ to 3′: 
                 CCCCTAAAATGGGCAAACATTGCAAGCAG 
               
               
                   
                 (i) 193-nucleotide segment of 
                 CAAACAGCAAACACACAGCCCTCCCTGCC 
               
               
                   
                 ApoE HCR locus fused to 
                 TGCTGACCTTGGAGCTGGGGCAGAGGTC 
               
               
                   
                 (ii) desmin promoter (spanning 
                 AGAGACCTCTCTGGGCCCATGCCACCTCC 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −984 to −644 and 
                 AACATCCACTCGACCCCTTGGAATTTCGG 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −269 to +76 with 
                 TGGAGAGGAGCAGAGGTTGTCCTGGCGT 
               
               
                   
                 respect to the desmin transcription 
                 GGTTTAGGTAGTGTGAGAGGGTACCCCCT 
               
               
                   
                 start site) 
                 GCCCCCCACAGCTCCTCTCCTGTGCCTTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTCCCAGCCATGCGTTCTCCTCTATAAAT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACCCGCTCTGGTATTTGGGGTTGGCAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTGCTGCCAGGGAGATGGTTGGGTTGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CATGCGGCTCCTGACAAAACACAAACCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTGTGTGTGGGCGTGGGTGGTGTGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAGGGGGATGAATCAGGGAGGGGGCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGACCCAGGGGGCAGGAGCCACACAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTCTGTGCGGGGGTGGGAGCGCACATAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAATTGGAAACTGAAAGCTTATCAGACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTCTGGAAATCAGCCCACTGTTTATAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGAGGCCCCACCCTCGAGCGAGATAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGGGCTGAAAGAGGCCCGCCTGGGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGAGACATGCTTGCTGCCTGCCCTGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAGGATTGGCAGGCTTGCCCGTCACAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACCCCCGCTGGCTGACTCAGGGGCGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCCTCTTGCGGGGGAGCTGGCCTCCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCCCACGGCCACGGGCCGCCCTTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGCAGGACAGCGGGATCTTGCAGCTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGGGGAGGGGAGGCGGGGGCTGATGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGGAGGGATACAAATAGTGCCGACGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGGGGCCCTGTCTCCCCTCGCCGCATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CACTCTCCGGCCGGCCGCCTGTCCGCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCCTCCGTGCGCCCGCCAGCCTCGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 From 5′ to 3′: 
                 AAAATGCCTTCTGAGTTGAATATCAACACT 
               
               
                   
                 (i) synapsin promoter (spanning 
                 ACAAACCGAGTATCTGCAGAGGGCCCTG 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −465 to −90 with 
                 CGTATGAGTGCAAGTGGGTTTTAGGACCA 
               
               
                   
                 respect to synapsin transcription 
                 GGATGAGGCGGGGTGGGGGTGCCTACCT 
               
               
                   
                 start site) fused to 
                 GACGACCGACCCCGACCCACTGGACAAG 
               
               
                   
                 (ii) 193-nucleotide segment of 
                 CACCCAACCCCCATTCCCCAAATTGCGCA 
               
               
                   
                 ApoE HCR locus fused to 
                 TCCCCTATCAGAGAGGGGGAGGGGAAAC 
               
               
                   
                 (iii) desmin promoter (spanning 
                 AGGATGCGGCGAGGCGCGTGCGCACTGC 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −984 to −644 and 
                 CAGCTTCAGCACCGCGGACAGTGCCTTC 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −269 to +76 with 
                 GCCCCCGCCTGGCGGCGCGCGCCACCG 
               
               
                   
                 respect to the desmin transcription 
                 CCGCCTCAGCACTGAAGGCGCGCTGACG 
               
               
                   
                 start site) 
                 TCACTCGCCGGTCCCCCGCAAACTCCCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCCGGCCACCTTGGTCGCGTCCGCGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCGCCGCCCCTAAAATGGGCAAACATTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAAGCAGCAAACAGCAAACACACAGCCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCCTGCCTGCTGACCTTGGAGCTGGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGAGGTCAGAGACCTCTCTGGGCCCATG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCACCTCCAACATCCACTCGACCCCTTGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AATTTCGGTGGAGAGGAGCAGAGGTTGTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CTGGCGTGGTTTAGGTAGTGTGAGAGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TACCCCCTGCCCCCCACAGCTCCTCTCCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTGCCTTGTTTCCCAGCCATGCGTTCTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCTATAAATACCCGCTCTGGTATTTGGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGCAGCTGTTGCTGCCAGGGAGATGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGGGTTGACATGCGGCTCCTGACAAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ACAAACCCCTGGTGTGTGTGGGCGTGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGTGTGAGTAGGGGGATGAATCAGGGA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGGGCGGGGGACCCAGGGGGCAGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCACACAAAGTCTGTGCGGGGGTGGGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGCACATAGCAATTGGAAACTGAAAGCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ATCAGACCCTTTCTGGAAATCAGCCCACT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTTTATAAACTTGAGGCCCCACCCTCGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGAGATAACCAGGGCTGAAAGAGGCCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTGGGGGCTGGAGACATGCTTGCTGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGCCCTGGCGAAGGATTGGCAGGCTTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCGTCACAGGACCCCCGCTGGCTGACTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AGGGGCGCAGGCCTCTTGCGGGGGAGCT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCCTCCCCGCCCCCACGGCCACGGGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCTTTCCTGGCAGGACAGCGGGATCTT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCAGCTGTCAGGGGAGGGGAGGCGGGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCTGATGTCAGGAGGGATACAAATAGTGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CGACGGCTGGGGGCCCTGTCTCCCCTCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCGCATCCACTCTCCGGCCGGCCGCCTG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TCCGCCGCCTCCTCCGTGCGCCCGCCAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCGCCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 From 5′ to 3′: 
                 CCCCTAAAATGGGCAAACATTGCAAGCAG 
               
               
                   
                 (i) 50-nucleotide segment of ApoE 
                 CAAACAGCAAACACACAGCCCTACCCCCT 
               
               
                   
                 HCR locus fused to 
                 GCCCCCCACAGCTCCTCTCCTGTGCCTTG 
               
               
                   
                 (ii) desmin promoter (spanning 
                 TTTCCCAGCCATGCGTTCTCCTCTATAAAT 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −984 to −644 and 
                 ACCCGCTCTGGTATTTGGGGTTGGCAGCT 
               
               
                   
                 nucleotides −269 to +76 with 
                 GTTGCTGCCAGGGAGATGGTTGGGTTGA 
               
               
                   
                 respect to the desmin transcription 
                 CATGCGGCTCCTGACAAAACACAAACCCC 
               
               
                   
                 start site) 
                 TGGTGTGTGTGGGCGTGGGTGGTGTGAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TAGGGGGATGAATCAGGGAGGGGGCGG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGGACCCAGGGGGCAGGAGCCACACAAA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GTCTGTGCGGGGGTGGGAGCGCACATAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAATTGGAAACTGAAAGCTTATCAGACCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTTCTGGAAATCAGCCCACTGTTTATAAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TTGAGGCCCCACCCTCGAGCGAGATAAC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGGGCTGAAAGAGGCCCGCCTGGGGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGAGACATGCTTGCTGCCTGCCCTGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GAAGGATTGGCAGGCTTGCCCGTCACAG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GACCCCCGCTGGCTGACTCAGGGGCGCA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GGCCTCTTGCGGGGGAGCTGGCCTCCCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GCCCCCACGGCCACGGGCCGCCCTTTCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGCAGGACAGCGGGATCTTGCAGCTGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGGGGAGGGGAGGCGGGGGCTGATGT 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CAGGAGGGATACAAATAGTGCCGACGGC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 TGGGGGCCCTGTCTCCCCTCGCCGCATC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CACTCTCCGGCCGGCCGCCTGTCCGCCG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CCTCCTCCGTGCGCCCGCCAGCCTCGCC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CG 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Additional nucleic acid regulatory elements useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include nucleic acid molecules that have at least 85% sequence identity (e.g., 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or greater, sequence identity) with respect to the nucleic acid sequences set forth in Table 3. 
     Methods for the Delivery of Exogenous Nucleic Acids to Target Cells 
     Transfection Techniques 
     Techniques that can be used to introduce a transgene, such as a transgene operably linked to a transcription regulatory element described herein, into a target cell are known in the art. For example, electroporation can be used to permeabilize mammalian cells (e.g., human target cells) by the application of an electrostatic potential to the cell of interest. Mammalian cells, such as human cells, subjected to an external electric field in this manner are subsequently predisposed to the uptake of exogenous nucleic acids. Electroporation of mammalian cells is described in detail, e.g., in Chu et al., Nucleic Acids Research 15:1311 (1987), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A similar technique, Nucleofection™, utilizes an applied electric field in order to stimulate the uptake of exogenous polynucleotides into the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. Nucleofection™ and protocols useful for performing this technique are described in detail, e.g., in Distler et al., Experimental Dermatology 14:315 (2005), as well as in US 2010/0317114, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     Additional techniques useful for the transfection of target cells include the squeeze-poration methodology. This technique induces the rapid mechanical deformation of cells in order to stimulate the uptake of exogenous DNA through membranous pores that form in response to the applied stress. This technology is advantageous in that a vector is not required for delivery of nucleic acids into a cell, such as a human target cell. Squeeze-poration is described in detail, e.g., in Sharei et al., Journal of Visualized Experiments 81:e50980 (2013), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Lipofection represents another technique useful for transfection of target cells. This method involves the loading of nucleic acids into a liposome, which often presents cationic functional groups, such as quaternary or protonated amines, towards the liposome exterior. This promotes electrostatic interactions between the liposome and a cell due to the anionic nature of the cell membrane, which ultimately leads to uptake of the exogenous nucleic acids, for example, by direct fusion of the liposome with the cell membrane or by endocytosis of the complex. Lipofection is described in detail, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,386, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Similar techniques that exploit ionic interactions with the cell membrane to provoke the uptake of foreign nucleic acids include contacting a cell with a cationic polymer-nucleic acid complex. Exemplary cationic molecules that associate with polynucleotides so as to impart a positive charge favorable for interaction with the cell membrane are activated dendrimers (described, e.g., in Dennig, Topics in Current Chemistry 228:227 (2003), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference) and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran, the use of which as a transfection agent is described in detail, for example, in Gulick et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology 40:1:9.2:9.2.1 (1997), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Magnetic beads are another tool that can be used to transfect target cells in a mild and efficient manner, as this methodology utilizes an applied magnetic field in order to direct the uptake of nucleic acids. This technology is described in detail, for example, in US 2010/0227406, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Another useful tool for inducing the uptake of exogenous nucleic acids by target cells is laserfection, a technique that involves exposing a cell to electromagnetic radiation of a particular wavelength in order to gently permeabilize the cells and allow polynucleotides to penetrate the cell membrane. This technique is described in detail, e.g., in Rhodes et al., Methods in Cell Biology 82:309 (2007), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     Microvesicles represent another potential vehicle that can be used to modify the genome of a target cell according to the methods described herein. For example, microvesicles that have been induced by the co-overexpression of the glycoprotein VSV-G with, e.g., a genome-modifying protein, such as a nuclease, can be used to efficiently deliver proteins into a cell that subsequently catalyze the site-specific cleavage of an endogenous polynucleotide sequence so as to prepare the genome of the cell for the covalent incorporation of a polynucleotide of interest, such as a gene or regulatory sequence. The use of such vesicles, also referred to as Gesicles, for the genetic modification of eukaryotic cells is described in detail, e.g., in Quinn et al., Genetic Modification of Target Cells by Direct Delivery of Active Protein [abstract]. In: Methylation changes in early embryonic genes in cancer [abstract], in: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy; 2015 May 13, Abstract No. 122. 
     Incorporation of Target Genes by Gene Editing Techniques 
     In addition to the above, a variety of tools have been developed that can be used for the incorporation of a gene of interest into a target cell, such as a human cell. One such method that can be used for incorporating polynucleotides encoding target genes into target cells involves the use of transposons. Transposons are polynucleotides that encode transposase enzymes and contain a polynucleotide sequence or gene of interest flanked by 5′ and 3′ excision sites. Once a transposon has been delivered into a cell, expression of the transposase gene commences and results in active enzymes that cleave the gene of interest from the transposon. This activity is mediated by the site-specific recognition of transposon excision sites by the transposase. In some instances, these excision sites may be terminal repeats or inverted terminal repeats. Once excised from the transposon, the gene of interest can be integrated into the genome of a mammalian cell by transposase-catalyzed cleavage of similar excision sites that exist within the nuclear genome of the cell. This allows the gene of interest to be inserted into the cleaved nuclear DNA at the complementary excision sites, and subsequent covalent ligation of the phosphodiester bonds that join the gene of interest to the DNA of the mammalian cell genome completes the incorporation process. In certain cases, the transposon may be a retrotransposon, such that the gene encoding the target gene is first transcribed to an RNA product and then reverse-transcribed to DNA before incorporation in the mammalian cell genome. Exemplary transposon systems are the piggybac transposon (described in detail in, e.g., WO 2010/085699) and the sleeping beauty transposon (described in detail in, e.g., US 2005/0112764), the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference as they pertain to transposons for use in gene delivery to a cell of interest. 
     Another tool for the integration of target genes into the genome of a target cell is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system, a system that originally evolved as an adaptive defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea against viral infection. The CRISPR/Cas system includes palindromic repeat sequences within plasmid DNA and an associated Cas9 nuclease. This ensemble of DNA and protein directs site specific DNA cleavage of a target sequence by first incorporating foreign DNA into CRISPR loci. Polynucleotides containing these foreign sequences and the repeat-spacer elements of the CRISPR locus are in turn transcribed in a host cell to create a guide RNA, which can subsequently anneal to a target sequence and localize the Cas9 nuclease to this site. In this manner, highly site-specific cas9-mediated DNA cleavage can be engendered in a foreign polynucleotide because the interaction that brings cas9 within close proximity of the target DNA molecule is governed by RNA:DNA hybridization. As a result, one can design a CRISPR/Cas system to cleave any target DNA molecule of interest. This technique has been exploited in order to edit eukaryotic genomes (Hwang et al., Nature Biotechnology 31:227 (2013)) and can be used as an efficient means of site-specifically editing target cell genomes in order to cleave DNA prior to the incorporation of a gene encoding a target gene. The use of CRISPR/Cas to modulate gene expression has been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,359, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as it pertains to the use of the CRISPR/Cas system for genome editing. Alternative methods for site-specifically cleaving genomic DNA prior to the incorporation of a gene of interest in a target cell include the use of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). Unlike the CRISPR/Cas system, these enzymes do not contain a guiding polynucleotide to localize to a specific target sequence. Target specificity is instead controlled by DNA binding domains within these enzymes. The use of ZFNs and TALENs in genome editing applications is described, e.g., in Urnov et al., Nature Reviews Genetics 11:636 (2010); and in Joung et al., Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 14:49 (2013), the disclosure of each of which are incorporated herein by reference as they pertain to compositions and methods for genome editing. 
     Additional genome editing techniques that can be used to incorporate polynucleotides encoding target genes into the genome of a target cell include the use of ARCUS™ meganucleases that can be rationally designed so as to site-specifically cleave genomic DNA. The use of these enzymes for the incorporation of genes encoding target genes into the genome of a mammalian cell is advantageous in view of the defined structure-activity relationships that have been established for such enzymes. Single chain meganucleases can be modified at certain amino acid positions in order to create nucleases that selectively cleave DNA at desired locations, enabling the site-specific incorporation of a target gene into the nuclear DNA of a target cell. These single-chain nucleases have been described extensively in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,021,867 and 8,445,251, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference as they pertain to compositions and methods for genome editing. 
     Vectors for Delivery of Exogenous Nucleic Acids to Target Cells 
     Viral Vectors for Nucleic Acid Delivery 
     Viral genomes provide a rich source of vectors that can be used for the efficient delivery of a gene of interest into the genome of a target cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, such as a human cell). Viral genomes are particularly useful vectors for gene delivery because the polynucleotides contained within such genomes are typically incorporated into the genome of a target cell by generalized or specialized transduction. These processes occur as part of the natural viral replication cycle, and do not require added proteins or reagents in order to induce gene integration. Examples of viral vectors include AAV, retrovirus, adenovirus (e.g., Ad5, Ad26, Ad34, Ad35, and Ad48), parvovirus (e.g., adeno-associated viruses), coronavirus, negative strand RNA viruses such as orthomyxovirus (e.g., influenza virus), rhabdovirus (e.g., rabies and vesicular stomatitis virus), paramyxovirus (e.g. measles and Sendai), positive strand RNA viruses, such as picornavirus and alphavirus, and double stranded DNA viruses including adenovirus, herpesvirus (e.g., Herpes Simplex virus types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus), and poxvirus (e.g., vaccinia, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), fowlpox and canarypox). Other viruses useful for delivering polynucleotides encoding antibody light and heavy chains or antibody fragments of the invention include Norwalk virus, togavirus, flavivirus, reoviruses, papovavirus, hepadnavirus, and hepatitis virus, for example. Examples of retroviruses include: avian leukosis-sarcoma, mammalian C-type, B-type viruses, D-type viruses, HTLV-BLV group, lentivirus, spumavirus (Coffin, J. M., Retroviridae: The viruses and their replication, In Fundamental Virology, Third Edition, B. N. Fields, et al., Eds., Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996). Other examples include murine leukemia viruses, murine sarcoma viruses, mouse mammary tumor virus, bovine leukemia virus, feline leukemia virus, feline sarcoma virus, avian leukemia virus, human T-cell leukemia virus, baboon endogenous virus, Gibbon ape leukemia virus, Mason Pfizer monkey virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, simian sarcoma virus, Rous sarcoma virus and lentiviruses. Other examples of vectors are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,801,030, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as it pertains to viral vectors for use in gene therapy. 
     AAV Vectors for Nucleic Acid Delivery 
     In some embodiments, nucleic acids of the compositions and methods described herein are incorporated into rAAV vectors and/or virions in order to facilitate their introduction into a cell. rAAV vectors useful in the invention are recombinant nucleic acid constructs that include (1) a transgene to be expressed (e.g., a polynucleotide encoding a GAA protein) and (2) viral nucleic acids that facilitate integration and expression of the heterologous genes. The viral nucleic acids may include those sequences of AAV that are required in cis for replication and packaging (e.g., functional ITRs) of the DNA into a virion. In typical applications, the transgene encodes GAA, which is useful for correcting a GAA-deficiency in patients suffering from lysosomal storage disorders, such as Pompe disease. Such rAAV vectors may also contain marker or reporter genes. Useful rAAV vectors have one or more of the AAV WT genes deleted in whole or in part, but retain functional flanking ITR sequences. The AAV ITRs may be of any serotype (e.g., derived from serotype 2) suitable for a particular application. Methods for using rAAV vectors are described, for example, in Tal et al., J. Biomed. Sci. 7:279-291 (2000), and Monahan and Samulski, Gene Delivery 7:24-30 (2000), the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference as they pertain to AAV vectors for gene delivery. 
     The nucleic acids and vectors described herein can be incorporated into a rAAV virion in order to facilitate introduction of the nucleic acid or vector into a cell. The capsid proteins of AAV compose the exterior, non-nucleic acid portion of the virion and are encoded by the AAV cap gene. The cap gene encodes three viral coat proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3, which are required for virion assembly. The construction of rAAV virions has been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,173,414; 5,139,941; 5,863,541; 5,869,305; 6,057,152; and 6,376,237; as well as in Rabinowitz et al., J. Virol. 76:791-801 (2002) and Bowles et al., J. Virol. 77:423-432 (2003), the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference as they pertain to AAV vectors for gene delivery. 
     rAAV virions useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include those derived from a variety of AAV serotypes including AAV 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. For targeting muscle cells, rAAV virions that include at least one serotype 1 capsid protein may be particularly useful. rAAV virions that include at least one serotype 6 capsid protein may also be particularly useful, as serotype 6 capsid proteins are structurally similar to serotype 1 capsid proteins, and thus are expected to also result in high expression of GAA in muscle cells. rAAV serotype 9 has also been found to be an efficient transducer of muscle cells. Construction and use of AAV vectors and AAV proteins of different serotypes are described, for example, in Chao et al., Mol. Ther. 2:619-623 (2000); Davidson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:3428-3432 (2000); Xiao et al., J. Virol. 72:2224-2232 (1998); Halbert et al., J. Virol. 74:1524-1532 (2000); Halbert et al., J. Virol. 75:6615-6624 (2001); and Auricchio et al., Hum. Molec. Genet. 10:3075-3081 (2001), the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference as they pertain to AAV vectors for gene delivery. 
     Also useful in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein are pseudotyped rAAV vectors. Pseudotyped vectors include AAV vectors of a given serotype (e.g., AAV9) pseudotyped with a capsid gene derived from a serotype other than the given serotype (e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, etc.). For example, a representative pseudotyped vector is an AAV8 or AAV9 vector encoding a therapeutic protein pseudotyped with a capsid gene derived from AAV serotype 2. Techniques involving the construction and use of pseudotyped rAAV virions are known in the art and are described, for example, in Duan et al., J. Virol. 75:7662-7671 (2001); Halbert et al., J. Virol. 74:1524-1532 (2000); Zolotukhin et al., Methods, 28:158-167 (2002); and Auricchio et al., Hum. Molec. Genet., 10:3075-3081 (2001). 
     AAV virions that have mutations within the virion capsid may be used to infect particular cell types more effectively than non-mutated capsid virions. For example, suitable AAV mutants may have ligand insertion mutations for the facilitation of targeting AAV to specific cell types. The construction and characterization of AAV capsid mutants including insertion mutants, alanine screening mutants, and epitope tag mutants is described in Wu et al., J. Virol. 74:8635-45 (2000). Other rAAV virions that can be used in methods of the invention include those capsid hybrids that are generated by molecular breeding of viruses as well as by exon shuffling. See, e.g., Soong et al., Nat. Genet., 25:436-439 (2000) and Kolman and Stemmer, Nat. Biotechnol. 19:423-428 (2001). 
     Methods of Treatment 
     Pompe Disease 
     Pompe disease (also known as glycogen storage disease type II, or GSD II) is caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme GAA. The disease is an inborn error of metabolism in which a GAA deficiency ultimately results in glycogen accumulation in all tissues, especially striated muscle cells. In addition, the effect of glycogen accumulation within the central nervous system and its effect on skeletal muscle function have been documented. 
     Three clinical forms of this disorder are known: infantile, juvenile, and adult. Infantile Pompe disease has its onset shortly after birth and presents with progressive muscular weakness and cardiac failure. Infantile forms of Pompe are also characterized by a rapid development of cardiomyopathy, and patients often display myopathy and neuropathy leading to death typically in the first year of life. Symptoms in adult and juvenile patients occur later in life, and skeletal muscles and neurons are primarily involved. Patients exhibiting this form of Pompe disease eventually die due to respiratory insufficiency. Patients may exceptionally survive for more than six decades. There is a correlation between the severity of the disease and the residual acid a-glucosidase activity, the activity being 10-20% of normal in late onset and less than 2% in early onset forms of the disease. 
     Human Acid Alpha-Glucosidase 
     The amino acid sequence of a wild-type GAA is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14, below: 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
               
                 MGVRHPPCSHRLLAVCALVSLATAALLGHILLHDFLLVPRELSGSSPVLE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ETHPAHQQGASRPGPRDAQAHPGRPRAVPTQCDVPPNSRFDCAPDKAITQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EQCEARGCCYIPAKQGLQGAQMGQPWCFFPPSYPSYKLENLSSSEMGYTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TLTRTTPTFFPKDILTLRLDVMMETENRLHFTIKDPANRRYEVPLETPHV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HSRAPSPLYSVEFSEEPFGVIVRRQLDGRVLLNTTVAPLFFADQFLQLST 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SLPSQYITGLAEHLSPLMLSTSWTRITLWNRDLAPTPGANLYGSHPFYLA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LEDGGSAHGVFLLNSNAMDVVLQPSPALSWRSTGGILDVYIFLGPEPKSV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 VQQYLDVVGYPFMPPYWGLGFHLCRWGYSSTAITRQVVENMTRAHFPLDV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 QWNDLDYMDSRRDFTFNKDGFRDFPAMVQELHQGGRRYMMIVDPAISSSG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PAGSYRPYDEGLRRGVFITNETGQPLIGKVWPGSTAFPDFTNPTALAWWE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DMVAEFHDQVPFDGMWIDMNEPSNFIRGSEDGCPNNELENPPYVPGVVGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TLQAATICASSHQFLSTHYNLHNLYGLTEAIASHRALVKARGTRPFVISR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 STFAGHGRYAGHWTGDVWSSWEQLASSVPEILQFNLLGVPLVGADVCGFL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GNTSEELCVRWTQLGAFYPFMRNHNSLLSLPQEPYSFSEPAQQAMRKALT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LRYALLPHLYTLFHQAHVAGETVARPLFLEFPKDSSTWTVDHQLLWGEAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LITPVLQAGKAEVTGYFPLGTWYDLQTVPVEALGSLPPPPAAPREPAIHS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EGQWVTLPAPLDTINVHLRAGYIIPLQGPGLTTTESRQQPMALAVALTKG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GEARGELFWDDGESLEVLERGAYTQVIFLARNNTIVNELVRVTSEGAGLQ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LQKVTVLGVATAPQQVLSNGVPVSNFTYSPDTKVLDICVSLLMGEQFLVS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WC 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary genes encoding a GAA polypeptide that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include genes encoding the wild-type GAA protein set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14, as well as functional GAA enzymes having at least 85% identical (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or 100% identical) to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. Genes encoding a GAA polypeptide that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein further include those that have one or more amino acid substitutions, such as those that have one or more conservative amino acid substitutions, with respect to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14. For instance, GAA polypeptides that may be used in conjunction with the compositions and methods described herein include those that have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, or more, conservative amino acid substitutions with respect to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. 
     The transcription regulatory elements described herein can be operably linked to a transgene, such as GAA, that is deficient in lysosomal storage disease patients, such as those suffering from Pompe disease. Constructs containing a lysosomal enzyme under the transcriptional control of a regulatory element described herein can be incorporated into a vector (or other transfection agent described herein) and administered to a patient so as to treat a lysosomal storage disorder. Advantageously, the transcription regulatory elements described herein may promote transcription of the gene encoding a deficient lysosomal enzyme (e.g., GAA) in those cells that are affected by the disease, such as muscle cells and cells of the central nervous system. Further, the regulatory elements described herein convey the additional benefit of reducing or eliminating the immune response that may otherwise accompany the introduction of a gene encoding an enzyme for which a patient is deficient. The advantageous properties of the transcription regulatory elements described herein are reported in further detail in Example 1, below. 
     Pharmaceutical Composition, Routes of Administration, and Unit Doses 
     The transcription regulatory elements described herein may be operably linked to a transgene, such as a lysosomal enzyme (e.g., GAA) and incorporated into a vehicle for administration into a patient, such as a human patient suffering from a lysosomal storage disorder (for example, Pompe disease). Pharmaceutical compositions containing vectors, such as viral vectors, that contain the transcription regulatory elements described herein operably linked to a therapeutic transgene can be prepared using methods known in the art. For example, such compositions can be prepared using, e.g., physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980); incorporated herein by reference), and in a desired form, e.g., in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. 
     Viral vectors, such as AAV vectors and others described herein, containing the transcription regulatory element operably linked to a therapeutic transgene may be administered to a patient (e.g., a human patient) by a variety of routes of administration. The route of administration may vary, for example, with the onset and severity of disease, and may include, e.g., intradermal, transdermal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, subcutaneous, percutaneous, intratracheal, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intravascular, inhalation, perfusion, lavage, and oral administration. Intravascular administration includes delivery into the vasculature of a patient. In some embodiments, the administration is into a vessel considered to be a vein (intravenous), and in some administration, the administration is into a vessel considered to be an artery (intraarterial). Veins include, but are not limited to, the internal jugular vein, a peripheral vein, a coronary vein, a hepatic vein, the portal vein, great saphenous vein, the pulmonary vein, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, a gastric vein, a splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein, cephalic vein, and/or femoral vein. Arteries include, but are not limited to, coronary artery, pulmonary artery, brachial artery, internal carotid artery, aortic arch, femoral artery, peripheral artery, and/or ciliary artery. It is contemplated that delivery may be through or to an arteriole or capillary. 
     Treatment regimens may vary, and often depend on disease severity and the age, weight, and sex of the patient. Treatment may include administration of vectors (e.g., viral vectors) or other agents described herein as useful for the introduction of a gene of interest into a target cell in various unit doses. Each unit dose will ordinarily contain a predetermined-quantity of the therapeutic composition. The quantity to be administered, and the particular route of administration and formulation, are within the skill of those in the clinical arts. A unit dose need not be administered as a single injection but may comprise continuous infusion over a set period of time. Unit doses of the viral vectors described herein may conveniently be described in terms of plaque forming units (pfu) for a viral construct. Unit doses may range, for example, from 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 , 10 11 , 10 12 , to 10 13  pfu and higher. Additionally or alternatively, depending on the kind of virus and the titer attainable, one may deliver 1 to 100, 10 to 50, 100-1,000, or up to about or at least about 1 ×10 4 , 1×10 5 , 1×10 6 , 1×10 7 , 1×10 8 , 1×10 9 , 1×10 10 , 1×10 11 , 1×10 12 , 1×10 13 , 1×10 14 , or 1×10 15 , or higher, infectious viral particles (vp), including all values and ranges there between. 
     Mixtures of the nucleic acids and viral vectors described herein may be prepared in water suitably mixed with one or more excipients, carriers, or diluents. Dispersions may also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions (described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,468, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference). In any case the formulation may be sterile and may be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. Formulations may be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and may be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and/or vegetable oils. Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin. 
     For example, a solution containing a pharmaceutical composition described herein may be suitably buffered, if necessary, and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose. These particular aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal administration. In this connection, sterile aqueous media that can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure. For example, one dosage may be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion. Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the subject being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject. Moreover, for human administration, preparations may meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety, and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a description of how the compositions and methods described herein may be used, made, and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention. 
     Example 1. Establishing Optimal Tissue Expression for Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Gene Delivery in Pompe Disease Patients 
     Objective 
     Several adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors were designed to target expression in distinct tissues (e.g., muscle and liver) across a range of doses in a mouse model of Pompe. Outcomes were compared following systemic administration in a Pompe mouse model for six adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors designed to direct expression of the human acid alpha-glucosidase gene (hGAA) to distinct tissues and/or combinations of tissues across a range of doses. Vectors were selected with the optimal multi-tissue expression profile for translation to clinical trials of systemically administered AAV-GAA for treatment of Pompe disease. 
     In this study, vector dose and target tissue expression profiles were examined to determine how they impacted a variety of endpoints in this model that are relevant to Pompe disease in patients, including respiratory, cardiac, and skeletal muscle function, and GAA activity and glycogen accumulation in tissues. The findings described herein support the clinical translation of an optimized hGAA vector for AAV gene therapy. 
     Materials and Methods 
     Vectors and Vector Production 
     Vector 2 (AAV9-Des-hGAAco), Vector 3 (AAV8-LDes-hGAAco), Vector 4 (AAV8-LNDes-hGAAco), Vector 5 (AAV8-LDes2-hGAAco), and Vector 6 (AAV8-Des3-hGAAco) were cloned through standard molecular biology techniques and manufactured in a scaled production method based on 2-plasmid transient transfection into mammalian cells. Genome titers for each vector were determined through ddPCR. The candidate vectors are summarized below in Table 4. A schematic of the general organization of the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) region of the constructs is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Candidate vectors 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Nucleic Acid 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sequence of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transcription 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Regulatory 
                   
                 Promoter 
                 Vector dosing 
               
               
                 Vector 
                 Description 
                 Element 
                 Serotype 
                 Element 
                 (vg/kg)* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 AAV8- 
                 SEQ ID 
                 AAV8 
                 Liver-directed 
                 Minimum dose 
               
               
                   
                 LP1c- 
                 NO: 9 
                   
                 promoter 
                 (3 × 10 12  vg/kg); 
               
               
                   
                 hGAAco 
                   
                   
                   
                 Low dose 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (1 × 10 13  vg/kg) 
               
               
                 2 
                 AAV9- 
                 SEQ ID 
                 AAV9 
                 Desmin promoter 
                 Low dose 
               
               
                   
                 Des- 
                 NO: 7 
                   
                   
                 (1 × 10 13  vg/kg); 
               
               
                   
                 hGAAco 
                   
                   
                   
                 High dose 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (3 × 10 13  vg/kg) 
               
               
                 3 
                 AAV8- 
                 SEQ ID 
                 AAV8 
                 Desmin/liver 
                 Low dose 
               
               
                   
                 LDes- 
                 NO: 10 
                   
                 putative hybrid 
                 (1 × 10 13  vg/kg); 
               
               
                   
                 hGAAco 
                   
                   
                 promoter 
                 High dose 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (3 × 10 13  vg/kg) 
               
               
                 4 
                 AAV8- 
                 SEQ ID 
                 AAV8 
                 Desmin/liver/CNS 
                 Low dose 
               
               
                   
                 LNDes- 
                 NO: 11 
                   
                 putative hybrid 
                 (1 × 10 13  vg/kg); 
               
               
                   
                 hGAAco 
                   
                   
                 promoter 
                 High dose 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (3 × 10 13  vg/kg) 
               
               
                 5 
                 AAV8- 
                 SEQ ID 
                 AAV8 
                 Desmin/liver 
                 Low dose 
               
               
                   
                 LDes2- 
                 NO: 12 
                   
                 putative hybrid 
                 (1 × 10 13  vg/kg); 
               
               
                   
                 hGAAco 
                   
                   
                 promoter 
                 High dose 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (3 × 10 13  vg/kg) 
               
               
                 6 
                 AAV8- 
                 SEQ ID 
                 AAV8 
                 Desmin promoter 
                 Low dose 
               
               
                   
                 Des3- 
                 NO: 7 
                   
                   
                 (1 × 10 13  vg/kg); 
               
               
                   
                 hGAAco 
                   
                   
                   
                 High dose 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (3 × 10 13  vg/kg) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *To normalize for strong AAV8 liver tropism and expression, Vector 1 was dosed 3-fold lower than Vectors 2-6 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Transcription Regulatory Elements 
     The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element operably linked to the GAA transgene in Vector No. 1 contains, from 5′-to-3′, a 193-nucleotide segment of the ApoE-HCR (set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1), operably linked to a human alpha-1 anti-trypsin promoter (set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13, below). The nucleic acid sequence of the combined ApoE-HCR/human alpha-1 anti-trypsin regulatory element used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                 CCCCTAAAATGGGCAAACATTGCAAGCAGCAAACAGCAAACACACAGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCCCTGCCTGCTGACCTTGGAGCTGGGGCAGAGGTCAGAGACCTCTCTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCCCATGCCACCTCCAACATCCACTCGACCCCTTGGAATTTCGGTGGAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGAGCAGAGGTTGTCCTGGCGTGGTTTAGGTAGTGTGAGAGGGGAATGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCCTTTCGGTAAGTGCAGTGGAAGCTGTACACTGCCCAGGCAAAGCGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGGCAGCGTAGGCGGGCGACTCAGATCCCAGCCAGTGcACTTAGCCCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTGCTCCTCCGATAACTGGGGTGACCTTGGTTAATATTCACCAGCAGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TCCCCCGTTGCCCCTCTGGATCCACTGCTTAAATACGGACGAGGACAGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CCCTGTCTCCTCAGCTTCAGGCACCACCACTGACCTGGGACAGTGAATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                 GAATGACTCCTTTCGGTAAGTGCAGTGGAAGCTGTACACTGCCCAGGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCGTCCGGGCAGCGTAGGCGGGCGACTCAGATCCCAGCCAGTGcACTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCCCCTGTTTGCTCCTCCGATAACTGGGGTGACCTTGGTTAATATTCACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AGCAGCCTCCCCCGTTGCCCCTCTGGATCCACTGCTTAAATACGGACGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GACAGGGCCCTGTCTCCTCAGCTTCAGGCACCACCACTGACCTGGGACAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGAATC 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element operably linked to the GAA transgene in Vector No. 2 is a shortened desmin promoter. This shortened desmin promoter contains a 5′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (containing nucleotides −984 to −644 with respect to the desmin transcription start site) fused to a 3′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (containing nucleotides −269 to +70 with respect to the desmin transcription start site). The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. 
     The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element operably linked to the GAA transgene in Vector No. 3 contains, from 5′-to-3′, a 193-nucleotide segment of the ApoE-HCR (set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1), operably linked to a shortened desmin promoter. This shortened desmin promoter contains a 5′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (containing nucleotides −984 to -644 with respect to the desmin transcription start site) fused to a 3′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (containing nucleotides −269 to +70 with respect to the desmin transcription start site). The nucleic acid sequence of the combined desmin promoter used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. The nucleic acid sequence of the combined ApoE-HCR/desmin transcription regulatory element used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. 
     The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element operably linked to the GAA transgene in Vector No. 4 contains, from 5′-to-3′, a synapsin promoter, operably linked to a 193-nucleotide segment of the ApoE-HCR, operably linked to a shortened desmin promoter. The nucleic acid sequence of the synapsin promoter used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 (containing nucleotides −465 to −90 with respect to the synapsin transcription start site). The nucleic acid sequence of the segment of the ApoE-HCR region used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. The shortened desmin promoter used in this construct contains a 5′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (containing nucleotides −984 to −644 with respect to the desmin transcription start site) fused to a 3′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (containing nucleotides −269 to +70 with respect to the desmin transcription start site). The nucleic acid sequence of the combined desmin promoter used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. The nucleic acid sequence of the combined synapsin/ApoE-HCR/desmin transcription regulatory element used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. 
     The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element operably linked to the GAA transgene in Vector No. 5 contains, from 5′-to-3′, a 50-nucleotide segment of the ApoE-HCR (set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4), operably linked to a shortened desmin promoter. This shortened desmin promoter contains a 5′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (containing nucleotides −984 to −644 with respect to the desmin transcription start site) fused to a 3′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (containing nucleotides −269 to +70 with respect to the desmin transcription start site). The nucleic acid sequence of the combined desmin promoter used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. The nucleic acid sequence of the combined ApoE-HCR/desmin transcription regulatory element used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. 
     The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element operably linked to the GAA transgene in Vector No. 6 is a shortened desmin promoter. This shortened desmin promoter contains a 5′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (containing nucleotides −984 to −644 with respect to the desmin transcription start site) fused to a 3′ region having the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 (containing nucleotides −269 to +70 with respect to the desmin transcription start site). The nucleic acid sequence of the transcription regulatory element used in this construct is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7. 
     In Vivo Studies 
     All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME, and performed at Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me. B6.129-Gaaw wt  mice and B6.129-Gaa tm1Rabn  homozygous mutant mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories. AAV lots were prepared for injection by dilution in vehicle, and doses were administered through a single intravenous administration of vector or vehicle, following weighing of mice, at 3×10 12  vg/kg, 1×10 13  vg/kg, 3×10 13  vg/kg, or 1×10 14  vg/kg, as indicated. Clinical observations and mortality observations were conducted daily from administration to the end of the study. At four or twelve weeks post dosing, mice were sacrificed and necropsied. Harvested tissues were processed and sent to third party contract research organizations for subsequent analysis. 
     GAA Activity 
     Alpha-glucosidase (GAA) activity was assessed in mouse tissue (e.g., liver, heart, brain, and spine) and serum. Serum or tissue homogenate was incubated with the fluorogenic substrate 4-Methylumbelliferyl a-D-glucopyranoside (4-MUG), which is hydrolyzed by GAA to produce the hydrolysis product 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU). 4-MU was detected with a fluorescence plate reader, and enzyme activity in the sample was quantitated using a 4-MU standard curve. 
     Anti-GAA Antibody Analysis 
     Maxisorp 96-well plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were coated with recombinant hGAA protein (R&amp;D Systems). After blocking, plasma samples diluted at 1:200 were added to plates and incubated for 1 hr at 37° C. Anti-mouse secondary antibodies conjugated to HRP were used for detection. Then, fluorogenic substrate was added to the wells and light intensity was assessed on a plate reader. 
     RNA-Seq Analysis 
     Total RNA was isolated from tissues and sequencing libraries were prepared using the standard Illumina strand specific protocol with polyA selection. Libraries were indexed per sample, pooled by tissue type, and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq across 4 lanes (2×150 bp reads). Adapter sequences were first trimmed from FASTQ files using Skewer, then transcript abundance including hGAA were quantified from the trimmed FASTQ files using Salmon (accounting for GC bias and strand information), and lastly transcript counts were normalized for library size using the DESeq2 package from Bioconductor. 
     Pathology Assessments 
     Isopentane-frozen tissue was sectioned and stained with H&amp;E and PAS according to standard procedures. Sections were then analyzed by a trained pathologist in a blinded manner, and assessed a score according to the following rubric (also see Table 5): 1. Normal; 2. Large and small glycogen aggregates seen in 10-49% of fibers; 3. Large and small glycogen aggregates seen in 50-90% of fibers; 4. Small glycogen aggregates in &gt;90% of fibers, with large glycogen aggregates only in rare fibers; 5. Small glycogen aggregates in &gt;90% of fibers, with large glycogen aggregates in &gt;30% of fibers. 
     Results 
     Hybrid Promoters Tune GAA Expression Balance in Liver and Muscle 
     GAA activity was assessed in muscle and liver tissue. To determine GAA activity in muscles, GAA activity was assessed one month post-dosing (see materials and methods) in quadriceps tissue from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 2 ). To determine GAA activity in liver tissue, GAA activity was assessed one month post-dosing in liver tissue from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 4 ). Additionally, hGAA transcripts were measured in liver tissue from male (dots) and female mice (triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg by RNA-seq analysis ( FIG. 3 ). Median expression levels of endogenous murine GAA are indicated by the horizontal lines. 
     These results show that hybrid promoter constructs were expressed in liver and muscle. GAA activity was preserved in quadriceps with muscle-directed hybrid promoter constructs. Consistent with engineered liver-enhanced promoter design, Vector 1 and hybrid Vectors 3 and 4 exhibited the highest levels of expression and activity in liver. 
     The impact of liver expression on antibody reactivity to hGAA was also evaluated. Anti-GAA antibody levels were assessed one month post-dosing in serum from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 5A ) or 3×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 5B ). Further, GAA activity was assessed one month post-dosing in serum from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 6A ) or 3×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 6B ). 
     Elevated liver expression yields reduced antibody reactivity to hGAA. Reduced antibody reactivity to hGAA yielded elevated serum GAA in Vectors 1, 3, and 4. In summary, elevated liver activity of promoter yielded reduced anti-GAA immunogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, and elevated levels of GAA activity in serum. 
     Improved Pathology in Quadriceps from Hybrid Promoter Relative to Liver-Only Promoter Vector 
     Muscle pathology is classically difficult to correct in humans by enzyme replacement therapy. To determine the impact of each vector in improving muscle pathology, pathology scores (Table 5) in sectioned quadriceps tissue were assessed from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 7A ) or 3×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 7B ). 
     GAA activity, glycogen levels, and muscle pathology repair were assessed in mice dosed with a vector containing hGAA transgene directed by hybrid promoter. Representative control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 3×1 0 13  vg/kg were analyzed for GAA activity in serum and quadriceps, and for glycogen accumulation in quadriceps, values for which are reported in  FIG. 8 . A glycogen accumulation score was assessed from tissue sections from isopentane-frozen quadriceps sectioned and stained with H&amp;E and PAS according to standard procedures, and the values are reported in  FIG. 8 . Images from H&amp;E and PAS stained sections from representative mice are also shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     Muscle expression was required for improved muscle pathology in vivo. Mice dosed with hybrid promoters achieved improved pathology scores in muscle in a GAA mouse model. Several vectors yielded improved pathology scores in male and female mice at 3×10 13  vg/kg dose. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Pathology scores 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Score 
                 Pathology (Lawlor Scoring Rubric) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 Normal 
               
               
                 2 
                 Large and small glycogen aggregates seen in 10-49% of fibers 
               
               
                 3 
                 Large and small glycogen aggregates seen in 50-90% of fibers 
               
               
                 4 
                 Small glycogen aggregates in &gt;90% of fibers, with large glycogen 
               
               
                   
                 aggregates only in rare fibers 
               
               
                 5 
                 Small glycogen aggregates in &gt;90% of fibers, with large glycogen 
               
               
                   
                 aggregates in &gt;30% of fibers 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Evidence for GAA Activity and De Novo GAA Transcripts Associated with Vector 3 in Spinal Cord 
     To assess the ability of hybrid vectors to repair CNS-based Pompe manifestations, GAA activity was assessed one month post-dosing in spinal cord from male (black dots) and female mice (grey triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 3×10 13  vg/kg ( FIG. 9 ). Additionally, hGAA transcripts were measured in spinal cord tissue from male (dots) and female mice (triangles) for control- and vector-treated mice dosed at 1×10 13 vg/kg by RNA-seq analysis ( FIG. 10 ). Median expression levels of endogenous murine GAA are indicated by the horizontal lines. The levels of RNA expression in liver and spinal cord, as determined by RNA-Seq analysis, were divided by the mean vector copy number (VCN) in liver or brain tissue to estimate a ratio of per-vector expression levels in liver or CNS tissue, respectively ( FIG. 11 ). 
     The results show evidence for GAA activity and de novo GAA transcripts from Vector 3 in spinal cord tissue. Expression in spinal cord for Vector 3 was equivalent, on a per-VCN basis, to expression in liver 
     Conclusions 
     As shown by this Example, an engineered, synthetic hybrid promoter, such as that in Vector 3, directed bona fide hGAA expression in muscle, liver, and CNS tissue. The liver contribution led to a favorable immunogenicity profile, e.g., for Vector 3. The muscle contribution also leads to favorable GAA activity, glycogen recovery, and pathology observations in muscle, e.g., for Vector 3. Additionally, there is evidence of CNS activity (e.g., for Vector 3), as based on GAA activity in spinal cord and de novo transcripts. Our findings support the clinical translation of the vectors described herein as optimized hGAA vectors for AAV gene therapy for Pompe disease. 
     Example 2. Treatment of Pompe Disease by Administration of Vectors Containing a GAA Transgene Pperably Linked to a Transcriptional Control Element 
     Using conventional molecular biology techniques known in the art, a gene encoding a therapeutic protein, such as GAA, can be operably linked to a transcription regulatory element (e.g., a transcription regulatory element described in Example 1, above). The gene can subsequently be incorporated into a vector, such as a viral vector, and administered to a patient suffering from a disease associated with a deficiency in the gene. For instance, a patient suffering from Pompe disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in GAA, can be administered a viral vector containing a GAA gene under the control of a transcriptional regulatory element that promotes GAA expression in muscle cells, neurons, and liver cells. For instance, an AAV vector, such as a pseudotyped AAV2/8 or AAV2/9 vector, can be generated that incorporates the GAA gene between the 5′ and 3′ inverted terminal repeats of the vector, and the gene may be placed under control of a transcriptional regulatory element described in Example 1, above. The AAV vector can be administered to the subject by a variety of routes of administration, such as intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously, among others. 
     Following administration of the vector to a patient, a practitioner of skill in the art can monitor the expression of the GAA gene, and the patient&#39;s improvement in response to the therapy, by a variety of methods. For instance, a physician can monitor the patient&#39;s muscle function (e.g., cardiac muscle function) and/or glycogen accumulation in order to ascertain the patient&#39;s response to the therapy. A finding that the patient&#39;s muscle function has improved and/or glycogen accumulation levels have decreased following administration of the therapy may indicate that the patient is responding favorably to the treatment. Subsequent doses can be determined and administered as needed. 
     Other Embodiments 
     All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent as if each independent publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the invention that come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and follows in the scope of the claims. 
     Other embodiments are within the claims.