Patent Publication Number: US-2023141889-A1

Title: Dynamic modification of antenna beamforming functionality

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/101,695, filed on Nov. 23, 2020, titled “Dynamic Modification of Antenna Beamforming Functionality.” The aforementioned application is assigned or under obligation of assignment to the same entity as this application, and is incorporated in its entirety in this application by reference. 
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is directed, in part, to dynamic antenna enablement comprising disablement of beamforming functionality based on band fading, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, and as set forth more completely in the claims. 
     In brief and at a high level, this disclosure describes, among other things, methods, media, and systems for dynamically disabling beamforming functionality of a frequency band having at least one fading channel measurement above a particular threshold. For example, the frequency band already has beamforming enabled and has at least one user device connected to it for access to a wireless telecommunications network. The beamforming of the frequency band is dynamically disabled in response to determining that the at least one fading channel measurement is above the threshold. In embodiments, the user devices that were connected to the frequency band are reconnected to a different frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network. 
     This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present technology is described in detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    depicts a diagram of an example computing environment suitable for use in implementations of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a diagram of an example environment comprising a dynamic disabler and in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed; 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  illustrate a diagram of an example environment comprising frequency bands in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates a diagram of an exemplary network environment in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a diagram of an example beamforming environment in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example flowchart in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example flowchart in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed; and 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an example flowchart in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The subject matter of embodiments of the present disclosure is described with specificity herein to meet statutory requirements. However, the description itself is not intended to limit the scope of this patent. Rather, it is contemplated that the claimed subject matter might be embodied in other ways, to include different steps or combinations of steps similar to the ones described in this document, in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Moreover, although the terms “step” and/or “block” may be used herein to connote different elements of methods employed, the terms should not be interpreted as implying any particular order among or between various steps herein disclosed unless and except when the order of individual steps is explicitly described. 
     Throughout this disclosure, several acronyms and shorthand notations are employed to aid the understanding of certain concepts pertaining to the associated system and services. These acronyms and shorthand notations are intended to help provide an easy methodology of communicating the ideas expressed herein and are not meant to limit the scope of embodiments described in the present disclosure. The following is a list of these acronyms:
         3G Third-Generation Wireless Technology   4G Fourth-Generation Cellular Communication System   5G Fifth-Generation Cellular Communication System   CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory   CDMA Code Division Multiple Access   CQI Channel Quality Indicator   eNodeB Evolved Node B   gNodeB Next Generation Node B   GSM Global System for Mobile communications   DVD Digital Versatile Discs   EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory   HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access   LTE Long Term Evolution   MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output   PC Personal Computer   PDA Personal Digital Assistant   RAM Random Access Memory   RF Radio-Frequency   ROM Read Only Memory   SINR Transmission-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio   SMS Short Message Service   SPR Sector Power Ratio   TR Transmitting-Receiving   UE User Equipment   UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems   WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access   WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access       

     Further, various technical terms are used throughout this description. An illustrative resource that fleshes out various aspects of these terms can be found in Newton&#39;s Telecom Dictionary, 31st Edition (2018). 
     Embodiments of the present technology may be embodied as, among other things, a method, system, or computer-program product. Accordingly, the embodiments may take the form of a hardware embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware. An embodiment takes the form of a computer-program product that includes computer-useable instructions embodied on one or more computer-readable media. 
     Computer-readable media include both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media, and contemplate media readable by a database, a switch, and various other network devices. Network switches, routers, and related components are conventional in nature, as are means of communicating with the same. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media comprise computer-storage media and communications media. 
     Computer-storage media, or machine-readable media, include media implemented in any method or technology for storing information. Examples of stored information include computer-useable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data representations. Computer-storage media include, but are not limited to RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, DVD, holographic media or other optical disc storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, and other magnetic storage devices and may be considered transitory, non-transitory, or a combination of both. These memory components can store data momentarily, temporarily, or permanently. 
     Communications media typically store computer-useable instructions, including data structures and program modules, in a modulated data signal. The term “modulated data signal” refers to a propagated signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed to encode information in the signal. Communications media include any information-delivery media. By way of example but not limitation, communications media include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, infrared, radio, microwave, spread-spectrum, and other wireless media technologies. Combinations of the above are included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     By way of background, wireless telecommunication networks provide access for a user device (e.g., a UE) to access one or more network services. In some cases, the desired network service may be a telecommunication service. In conventional systems, beamforming enablement may be made based on network footprints, network performance of EUs in the network service, locations of the UEs in the network service, or the number of the UEs in the network service. For example, TR components of broadcast cells may emit network footprints having lower performance of some UEs in the network service. Sometimes, the network footprint is outside a designated coverage and may be overlapping with another network footprint. In conventional systems, beamforming adjustments have not been made using fading. Further, conventional systems have not disabled beamforming of a frequency band based on fading of the frequency band. Furthermore, disabling has not been determined based on the fading relative to a particular threshold. 
     Unlike conventional systems that don&#39;t consider fading as a factor to determine whether to disable beamforming, the present disclosure dynamically disables beamforming of a frequency band based on that frequency band&#39;s fading level being above a threshold. Some advantages from these determinations include improved UE channel quality, improved wireless network service, and improved connections. For example, if the frequency band has random fluctuations of a 5G wireless channel signal, and those fluctuations cause the fading level to surpass the threshold and cause faded beam power, the beamforming of the frequency band may be dynamically disabled and result in an improved connection without interference. 
     To illustrate, in one aspect, this disclosure describes, among other things, methods and systems for dynamically disabling beamforming functionality of a first frequency band. One or more nodes are each configured to wirelessly communicate with a user device in a geographic service area. One or more processors are configured to perform operations. For example, the first frequency band is determined to have beamforming enabled. Further, it is detected that the user device is connected to the first frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network. A first fading channel measurement of the first frequency band is determined to be above a threshold. Beamforming of the first frequency band is dynamically disabled in response to determining that the first fading channel measurement is above the threshold. 
     In another embodiment, this disclosure describes methods and systems for one or more non-transitory computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon that, when executed, perform a method for dynamically disabling beamforming functionality of a first frequency band. It is determined that the first frequency band and a second frequency band have beamforming enabled. Additionally, it is detected that a user device is connected to the first frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network. In addition, it is determined that a first fading channel measurement of the first frequency band and that it is above a threshold. It is also determined that a second fading channel measurement of the second frequency band and that it is at or below the threshold. Further, beamforming of the first frequency band is dynamically disabled. 
     In yet another embodiment, this disclosure describes methods and systems for dynamically disabling beamforming functionality of a first frequency band. It is determined that the first frequency band has beamforming enabled. It is also determined that a user device (1) is connected to the first frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network and (2) is capable of connecting to a second frequency band having a higher frequency band than the first frequency band. Further, it is determined that a first fading channel measurement of the first frequency band and that it is above a threshold. Furthermore, beamforming of the first frequency band is dynamically disabled. 
     Turning to  FIG.  1   , a diagram is depicted of an exemplary computing environment suitable for use in implementations of the present disclosure. In particular, the exemplary computer environment is shown and designated generally as computing device  100 . Computing device  100  is but one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should computing device  100  be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated. In aspects, the computing device  100  may be a UE, WCD, or other user device, capable of two-way wireless communications with an access point. Some non-limiting examples of the computing device  100  include a cell phone, tablet, pager, personal electronic device, wearable electronic device, activity tracker, desktop computer, laptop, PC, and the like. 
     The implementations of the present disclosure may be described in the general context of computer code or machine-useable instructions, including computer-executable instructions such as program components, being executed by a computer or other machine, such as a personal data assistant or other handheld device. Generally, program components, including routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like, refer to code that performs particular tasks or implements particular abstract data types. Implementations of the present disclosure may be practiced in a variety of system configurations, including handheld devices, consumer electronics, general-purpose computers, specialty computing devices, etc. Implementations of the present disclosure may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote-processing devices that are linked through a communications network. 
     With continued reference to  FIG.  1   , computing device  100  includes bus  106  that directly or indirectly couples the following devices: memory  102 , processor(s)  104 , radio(s)  108 , power supply  110 , input/output (I/O) component(s)  112 , I/O port(s)  114 , and presentation component(s)  116 . Bus  106  represents what may be one or more busses (such as an address bus, data bus, or combination thereof). Although the devices of  FIG.  1    are shown with lines for the sake of clarity, in reality, delineating various components is not so clear, and metaphorically, the lines would more accurately be grey and fuzzy. For example, one may consider a presentation component such as a display device to be one of I/O component(s)  112 . Also, processors, such as the processor(s)  104 , have memory. The present disclosure hereof recognizes that such is the nature of the art, and reiterates that  FIG.  1    is merely illustrative of an exemplary computing environment that can be used in connection with one or more implementations of the present disclosure. Distinction is not made between such categories as “workstation,” “server,” “laptop,” “handheld device,” etc., as all are contemplated within the scope of  FIG.  1    and refer to “computer” or “computing device.” 
     Computing device  100  typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computing device  100  and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Additionally, computer storage media includes RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices. Computer storage media does not comprise a propagated data signal. 
     Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Memory  102  includes computer-storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory. Memory  102  may be removable, nonremovable, or a combination thereof. Exemplary memory includes solid-state memory, hard drives, optical-disc drives, etc. Computing device  100  includes processor(s)  104  that read data from various entities such as bus  106 , memory  102  or I/O component(s)  112 . Presentation component(s)  116  presents data indications to a person or other device. Exemplary presentation component(s)  116  include a display device, speaker, printing component, vibrating component, etc. I/O port(s)  114  allow computing device  100  to be logically coupled to other devices including I/O component(s)  112 , some of which may be built in computing device  100 . Illustrative I/O component(s)  112  include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, printer, wireless device, etc. 
     Radio(s)  108  represents a radio that facilitates communication with a wireless telecommunications network. In aspects, the radio(s)  108  utilizes one or more transmitters, receivers, and antennas to communicate with the wireless telecommunications network on a first downlink/uplink channel. Though only one radio is depicted in  FIG.  1   , it is expressly conceived that the computing device  100  may have more than one radio, and/or more than one transmitter, receiver, and antenna for the purposes of communicating with the wireless telecommunications network on multiple discrete downlink/uplink channels, at one or more wireless nodes. Illustrative wireless telecommunications technologies include CDMA, GPRS, TDMA, GSM, and the like. Radio(s)  108  might additionally or alternatively facilitate other types of wireless communications including Wi-Fi, WiMAX, LTE, or other VoIP communications. As can be appreciated, in various embodiments, radio(s)  108  can be configured to support multiple technologies and/or multiple radios can be utilized to support multiple technologies. A wireless telecommunications network might include an array of devices, which are not shown so as to not obscure more relevant aspects of the invention. Components such as a base station, a communications tower, or even access points (as well as other components) can provide wireless connectivity in some embodiments. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  2   , network environment  200  is an exemplary network environment in which implementations of the present disclosure may be employed. Network environment  200  is one example of a suitable network environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the present disclosure. Neither should the network environment be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated. 
     Network environment  200  includes UE  202  (network environment  200  may contain more UEs), network  208 , database  210 , dynamic disabler  212 , and cell site  214 . In the network environment  200 , UE  202  may take on a variety of forms, such as a PC, a user device, a smart phone, a smart watch, a laptop computer, a mobile phone, a mobile device, a tablet computer, a wearable computer, a PDA, a server, a CD player, an MP3 player, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a video player, a handheld communications device, a workstation, a router, an access point, and any combination of these delineated devices, or any other device that communicates via wireless communications with a cell site  214  in order to interact with network  208 , which may be a public or a private network. 
     In some aspects, the UE  202  corresponds to a user device or a computing device. For example, the user device may include a display(s), a power source(s) (e.g., a battery), a data store(s), a speaker(s), memory, a buffer(s), a radio(s) and the like. In some implementations, the UE  202  comprises a wireless or mobile device with which a wireless telecommunication network(s) may be utilized for communication (e.g., voice and/or data communication). In this regard, the user device may be any mobile computing device that communicates by way of a wireless network, for example, a 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, CDMA, or any other type of network. 
     In some cases, the UE  202  in network environment  200  may optionally utilize network  208  to communicate with other computing devices (e.g., a mobile device(s), a server(s), a personal computer(s), etc.) through cell site  214 . The network  208  may be a telecommunications network(s), or a portion thereof. A telecommunications network might include an array of devices or components (e.g., one or more base stations), some of which are not shown. Those devices or components may form network environments similar to what is shown in  FIG.  2   , and may also perform methods in accordance with the present disclosure. Components such as terminals, links, and nodes (as well as other components) may provide connectivity in various implementations. Network  208  may include multiple networks, as well as being a network of networks, but is shown in more simple form so as to not obscure other aspects of the present disclosure. 
     Network  208  may be part of a telecommunication network that connects subscribers to their service provider. In aspects, the service provider may be a telecommunications service provider, an internet service provider, or any other similar service provider that provides at least one of voice telecommunications and data services to UE  202  and any other UEs. For example, network  208  may be associated with a telecommunications provider that provides services (e.g., LTE) to the UE  202 . Additionally or alternatively, network  208  may provide voice, SMS, and/or data services to user devices or corresponding users that are registered or subscribed to utilize the services provided by a telecommunications provider. Network  208  may comprise any communication network providing voice, SMS, and/or data service(s), using any one or more communication protocols, such as a 1× circuit voice, a 3G network (e.g., CDMA, CDMA2000, WCDMA, GSM, UMTS), a 4G network (WiMAX, LTE, HSDPA), or a 5G network. The network  208  may also be, in whole or in part, or have characteristics of, a self-optimizing network. 
     In some implementations, cell site  214  is configured to communicate with the UE  202  that is located within the geographical area defined by a transmission range and/or receiving range of the radio antennas of cell site  214 . The geographical area may be referred to as the “coverage area” of the cell site or simply the “cell,” as used interchangeably hereinafter. Cell site  214  may include one or more base stations, base transmitter stations, radios, antennas, antenna arrays, power amplifiers, transmitters/receivers, digital signal processors, control electronics, GPS equipment, and the like. In particular, cell site  214  may be configured to wirelessly communicate with devices within a defined and limited geographical area. For the purposes of the present disclosure, it may be assumed that it is undesirable and unintended by the network  208  that the cell site  214  provide wireless connectivity to the UE  202  when the UE  202  is geographically situated outside of the cell associated with cell site  214 . 
     In an exemplary aspect, the cell site  214  comprises a base station that serves at least one sector of the cell associated with the cell site  214 , and at least one transmit antenna for propagating a signal from the base station to one or more of the UE  202 . In other aspects, the cell site  214  may comprise multiple base stations and/or multiple transmit antennas for each of the one or more base stations, any one or more of which may serve at least a portion of the cell. In some aspects, the cell site  214  may comprise one or more macro cells (providing wireless coverage for users within a large geographic area) or it may be a small cell (providing wireless coverage for users within a small geographic area). For example, macro cells may correspond to a coverage area having a radius of approximately  1 - 15  miles or more, the radius measured at ground level and extending outward from an antenna at the cell site. In another example, a small cell may correspond to a coverage area having a radius of approximately less than three miles, the radius measured at ground level and extending outward from an antenna at the cell site. 
     As shown, cell site  214  is in communication with the dynamic disabler  212 , which comprises a receiver  216 , a determiner  218 , a disabler  220 , and an assignor  222 . Beginning with receiver  216 , the receiver  216  may retrieve data from the UE  202 , the network  208 , the database  210 , and the cell site  214 . In some embodiments, the receiver  216  may receive various information from UEs and from particular frequency bands. For example, receiver  216  may receive UE channel conditions at various times. Continuing the example, the cell site  214  may receive channel state feedback via a feedback reporting procedure. The feedback may include antenna configuration, signal-to-noise ratio, the type of the UE receiver, etc. The receiver  216  may receive UE reports based on downlink transmissions from the cell site  214  that were transmitted via uplink channels at predetermined time intervals. The receiver  216  may receive these reports from cell site  214 . 
     Further, the receiver  216  may receive fading information comprising signal strength deterioration. A frequency band may experience fading via random fluctuations of a 5G wireless channel signal due to atmospheric turbulence, for example. Atmospheric turbulence may cause frequency-nonselective fades in beam power when beamforming is enabled. The receiver  216  may receive fading duration information, such as the time that the fading occurred, the time that the fading stopped, and the length of time the signal was deteriorated before returning to a more acceptable level. Because fading may result in UEs consuming more battery power, the receiver  216  may also receive battery power information from UEs. In some embodiments, receiver  216  may receive information relating to attenuation in a wideband MIMO system that experiences frequency selective fading characterized by different attenuation amounts across the system bandwidth. Further, receiver  216  may receive information relating to inter-symbol interference (symbols in received signals acting as distortion to subsequent symbols) caused by the frequency selective fading. In some embodiments, receiver  216  may receive information relating to each spatial subchannel experiencing frequency selective fading. 
     In some embodiments, receiver  216  may access information related to UE self-interference and transmit power information. For example, when the channel fades down, the power may increase more rapidly than the channel due to increased self-interference. The receiver  216  may receive information about the amount of power increase and a length of excess power usage (e.g. the UE may take a long time to decrease excess power usage). In some embodiments, receiver  216  may receive information relating to spatial processing (e.g. based on a channel correlation matrix inversion technique or a minimum mean square error technique) of a flat fading channel. Additionally, receiver  216  may receive information comprising scattering and power decay with distance between transmitter and receiver and channel estimations of the effects these will have on the channel. 
     Furthermore, additional data the receiver  216  may access includes, but is not limited to, location information of the UE  202  and other CQI. Location information may comprise GPS or other satellite location services, terrestrial triangulation, an access point location, or any other means of obtaining coarse or fine location information. The location information may indicate geographic location(s) of one or more of a user device, an antenna, a cell tower, a cell site, and/or a coverage area of a cell site, for example. The other CQI may indicate the quality of communications between one or more user devices and a particular cell site. For example, CQI may quantify how communications are traveling over a particular communication channel quality, thus indicating when communications performance is negatively impacted or impaired. As such, channel quality information may indicate a realized uplink and/or downlink transmission data rate of a cell site and/or each of one or more user devices communicating with the cell site, observed SINR and/or signal strength at the user device(s), or throughput of the connection between the cell site and the user device(s). Location and CQI may take into account the UEs&#39; capability, such as the number of antennas of the user device and the type of receiver used by the user device for detection. The receiver  216  may also be configured to receive information from cell sites other than cell site  214  or other processors and/or servers. 
     The receiver  216  may also access SPR data. SPR data may be affected by orientation (i.e., how the service coverage area has been partitioned into sectors), electrical tilt, mechanical tilt, carrier band associated with an antenna, technical operating specifications of an antenna, manufacturing and materials of an antenna, environmental conditions (i.e., weather, heat, wear and tear), and power supplied to an antenna, for example. Carrier bands may refer to spectrums in any of the low band (e.g., Band 71/600 MHz, 700 MHz), the mid band (e.g., PCS, AWS1/2/3/4), and the high band (e.g., WCS/2.3 GHz, EBS/BRS 2.5 GHz, 24 GHz, 29 GHz, 29 GHz, and 39 GHz spectrums, and 5G mobile network bands). Further, SPR for an antenna may be calculated using RF radiation patterns. For example, the SPR of the antenna accounts for the power of its undesired RF signal relative to the power of the desired RF signal. The SPR of the antenna quantifies the amount of power of the undesired RF radiation contributed by the antenna to areas relative to the amount of power of the desired RF radiation in a sector of the antenna. Due to spillover among various antennas, certain areas experience the presence of interference and noise. 
     In addition, receiver  216  may receive information relating to fast and slow fading. Fast fading occurs when coherence time of a channel is small relative to delay. For example, amplitude and phase change that the channel imposes is varying considerably over a period of use. The coherence time comprises a measure of the minimum time required for the magnitude change or phase change of the channel to become uncorrelated from its previous value. Fast fading may result due to high Doppler spread and coherence time being less than a symbol period. Slow fading may occur due to low Doppler spread and impulse response changes that are slower than a transmitted signal. Accordingly, receiver  216  may receive information about Doppler spread, coherence time, symbol periods, changes to impulse responses, mobility, signal path change, shadowing, instances of physical obstructions, constructive interference patterns, destructive interference patterns, and so forth. 
     Turning to  218 , the determiner  218  may determine that one or more frequency bands are beamforming enabled (e.g. having beam energy concentrated in a certain direction by using a weighting factor) via the base station. For example, a transmitter and receiver may each perform beamforming based on channel state information in a closed-loop MIMO scheme. In some embodiments,  2 D or  3 D beamforming is supported. In some embodiments, sector-specific elevation beamforming (e.g., adaptive control using vertical pattern beamwidth and/or downtilt), improved sectorization in vertical domain, and UE-specific elevation beamforming may be supported. In some embodiments, the beamforming comprises a dual layer beamforming offering up to two spatially multiplexed data layers with beamforming across co-polar (correlated) antenna arrays for each layer. In some embodiments, antenna configurations will benefit from an increase in power received at the UE on the downlink from beamforming gain available from a doubling of array aperture. In some embodiments, grating lobes may spill-over into adjacent sectors causing some increase in inter-sector interference. In some embodiments, determiner  218  determines a beam direction angular deviation (e.g. by using a ratio of receiving energy of a differential beam to receiving energy of a sum beam). 
     In some embodiments, determiner  218  determines or detects that a UE is connected to a frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network. This may be detected via UE transmission of data on an uplink. This may also be detected by using beam configuration information comprising indication information indicating whether a UE uses differential beamforming transmitting mode, beam width used by the UE to transmit a preamble sequence, beam width used by the UE to transmit subsequent data, UE beam scanning cycle, and base station beam scanning cycle. In some embodiments, determiner  218  may determine the cell site  214  received a signal from a UE in a differential beamforming receiving mode or a receiving mode that uses sum beam weight coefficients as beamforming weight coefficients. In some embodiments, UE terminals support two antennas. In other embodiments, the UE terminals support more than two spectrum bands simultaneously (e.g. though a joint optimization approach). In some embodiments, a UE beam direction angular deviation (e.g. by using received energy of the differential beam and energy of the sum beam transmitted by the UE) is determined. 
     In some embodiments, determiner  218  determines that a fading channel measurement of the frequency band is above a threshold. The fading channel measurement may comprise a signal measurement of a MIMO multipath fading channel. The fading channel measurement may be determined using channel state feedback information (e.g. UE reports to the base station), such as channel quality indicator accounting for signal-to-noise ratio, antenna configuration, UE receiver type, etc. The fading channel measurement may be taken over a discontinuous channel and may comprise an average maximum power of the channel, or it may be taken over a continuous channel and may comprise an average power. In some embodiments, the fading channel measurement may be determined using a fading average (linear) power and a fading amplitude. The fading channel measurement may also take into consideration channel capacity of spatial-multiplexing MIMO and Orthogonal Space Time block coded MIMO. Further, the fading channel measurement may also consider channel-error for carrier-to-noise ratio. 
     In some embodiments, the fading channel measurement may be determined based on a Rayleigh fading model or a Rician fading model. Further, fading conditions may comprise Gaussian, Weibull, Rayleigh, and Nakagami-m fading. Continuing the example, the fading channel measurement may comprise a low signal-to-noise ratio performance of a MIMO system under a fading condition with respect to a minimum normalized energy per information bit and wideband slope. In some embodiments, the fading channel measurement may be taken for a Rayleigh fading condition using a feedback channel equalization technique by estimating a fading channel gain. Further, the measurement may be performed by direct use of detected data digits in a decision-directed mode or by exploiting a reference signal. 
     In some embodiments, the threshold may be determined by the determiner  218 . In some embodiments, the threshold is predetermined based on a channel state information report. In some embodiments, the threshold is predetermined by an operator based on a location of the user device and historical data of other user devices. The threshold may vary depending on the frequency that the fading channel measurement is taken, the type of fading condition, or the type of MIMO system. In some embodiments, the threshold may include a level of flat fading of an entire bandwidth of a frequency band. In some embodiments, the threshold is determined based on correlation properties of a fading wireless channel and noise over time. In some embodiments, the threshold is determined based on an impact of the transmission of data streams from the base station to a UE. 
     Turning to  220 , the disabler  220  may dynamically disable beamforming a frequency band in response to determining that the fading channel measurement is above the threshold. In some embodiments, beamforming may be disabled for more than one frequency band. In some embodiments, disabling of the beamforming occurs automatically in response to determining that the fading channel measurement is above the threshold. In some embodiments, disabling of the beamforming occurs in response to determining a first fading channel measurement of a first frequency band is above the threshold and that a second fading channel measurement of a second frequency band is at or below the threshold. In some embodiments, more than two fading channel measurements are determined before disabling the beamforming. 
     Turning to  222 , the assignor  222  may dynamically connect a UE that was connected to the frequency band having the fading channel measurement above the threshold to a second frequency band having a fading channel measurement at or below the threshold. In some embodiments, the UE connected to the second frequency band may have access to a wireless telecommunications network that it was accessing when it was connected to the frequency band. In some embodiments, the UE connected to the second frequency band may have access to a different wireless telecommunications network that it was accessing when it was connected to the frequency band. In some embodiments, the assignor  222  may dynamically connect a UE that was connected to the frequency band having the fading channel measurement above the threshold to a second frequency band having a lowest fading channel measurement compared to other available frequency bands. 
     Turning now to  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B , dynamically disabled beamforming network  300  and beamforming network  301  comprise UEs  302   a - 302   d  , cell center  304 , middle cell  306 , cell edge  308 , cell site  314 , beam  320 , beam  321 , a first distance  324  between the base station of the cell site  214  and an outer boundary of the cell center  304 , a second distance  326  between the base station of the cell site  214  and an outer boundary of the middle cell  306 , and a third distance  328  between the base station of the cell site  214  and an outer boundary of the cell edge  308 .  FIG.  3 A  depicts a network after disabling beamforming and  FIG.  3 B  depicts the network prior to disabling the beamforming. Although  FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  depict the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , and the cell edge  308  extending from the base station in only one direction, a network cell typically extends  360  degrees around the base station. Accordingly, the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , and the cell edge  308  also may extend from the base station in  360  degrees (the cell center  304  may surround the base station, the middle cell  306  may surround the cell center  304 , and the cell edge  308  may surround the middle cell  306  to form a perimeter of the entire network cell). 
     Further, location data indicating a distance between the base station of the cell site  314  and the UEs  302   a - 302   d  (or coordinates of a UE from which a distance is determined) may be used to classify the location of each of the UEs  302   a - 302   d  into the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , or the cell edge  308 . Alternatively, the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , and the cell edge  308  may be defined by the geographical coordinates they cover, which may be compared to the location data indicating coordinates of the UEs  302   a - 302   d  to determine the region in which each of the UEs  302   a - 302   d  are located. Additionally, the location data received may not directly provide a specific location of one of the UEs  302   a - 302   d  but, instead, may be data indicating a signal quality for a particular one of the UEs  302   a - 302   d . Additionally, the signal quality may be used to determine an approximate distance from the base station for classification into one of the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , or the cell edge  308  with UEs  302   a - 302   d  having lower signal qualities being classified as being in cell edge  308 . 
     Fading channel measurements for the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , or the cell edge  308  within a network cell may vary based on particular factors. In one embodiment, a type of geographical environment in which the network cell is located may affect the fading channel measurement of the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , or the cell edge  308 . For example, in urban environments, network cells are generally closer together, which increases the possibility of interference with neighboring cells. As such, a network cell within an urban environment may have a narrower cell edge  308  compared to a network cell within a suburban environment having a lower density of network cells. 
     In some embodiments, dynamically disabling beamforming (e.g. network  301  to network  300 ) may comprise an adjustment to one or more beam weights of beam  321  at full-power broadcast to result in a less than full-power broadcast beamforming. Continuing the example, the adjustment to the one or more beam weights may depend on a weighting pattern of the beams of beam  321  before the adjustment is made. For example, if the base station at cell site  314  in network  301  produces beam  321  servicing the cell center  304 , the middle cell  306 , and the cell edge  308  using four beams in a tapered pattern in which two middle beams are weighted at 1.0 (or 100%), and the other two outside beams are weighted at 1.0 (or 100%), the two outside beams may be adjusted from 1.0 to 0.5 to disable beamforming. 
     In some embodiments, dynamically disabling beamforming may comprise providing a wireless telecommunications network by providing the service through a non-full-powered beamforming scheme, such as tapered beamforming with a tapered weighting pattern. For example, tapered beamforming may occur when the beams within the beam  321  use different signal weights. In some tapered beamforming configurations, one or more beams may still be weighted to achieve a maximum signal strength, but at least one beam may be weighted to a less than maximum signal strength. Accordingly, the signal weight for one or more beams may be adjusted to less than maximum signal strength. In embodiments, the particular adjustments to be made may depend on the non-full-power weighting pattern that the base station will use when not implementing full-power broadcast beamforming. The weighting pattern may be the same pattern used immediately before full-power broadcast beamforming was enabled. In other embodiments, the weighting pattern may be a different pattern used immediately before full-power broadcast beamforming was enabled. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  4   , diagram  400  provides example propagation distances of frequency channels in various frequency bands radiated by an eNodeB. For example, diagram  400  depicts a UE  402 , a cell center  404 , a middle cell  406 , a cell edge  408 , a cell site  414 , a first frequency band  424 , a second frequency band  426 , and a third frequency band  428 . In some embodiments, the first frequency is an 800 MHz band, the second frequency band is a 1.9 GHz band, and the third frequency band is a 2.5 GHz band, as radiated by an eNodeB. Frequency channels in other frequency bands are possible in other embodiments. 
     As depicted, frequency channels of higher bands (e.g., the 1.9 GHz band and the 2.5 GHz band) may not radiate as far as frequency channels of low bands (e.g., the 800 MHz band), because these higher frequency bands may be more susceptible to attenuation by air-interface obstructions (e.g. buildings or trees). In some embodiments, the UE  402  operates on a frequency channel of a low frequency band. Continuing the example, UE  402  may be able to stay within coverage of the frequency channel of the low frequency band even when the UE  402  moves out of coverage of the frequency channels of the higher frequency bands. As such, when traveling at high speeds, operating on a low-frequency band may help the UE  402  to avoid frequent handoffs and improve user experience. 
     In some embodiments, the base station of the cell site  414  may instruct the UE  402  to use a frequency channel in a particular frequency band by transmitting the UE  402  a message on an overhead downlink channel that specifies the frequency channel and the frequency band. In one example, the base station of the cell site  414  may invoke an inter-frequency handover by transmitting, to the UE  402 , an inter-frequency handover directive specifying a new frequency band to use. In other embodiments, other ways of instructing UE  402  to use a frequency channel in a particular frequency band are possible as well. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  5   , system  500  comprises cell site  514  that serves a plurality of UEs  502   a - 502   b  with wireless communication services. The cell site  514  may comprise an antenna array  515 , which may further comprise a plurality of nodes. Each of the plurality of nodes may transmit one or more wireless signals according to a discrete wireless communication protocol. That is, a first node may communicate with one or more UEs according to a first protocol and a second node may communicate with one or more UEs according to a second protocol, wherein the first protocol and the second protocol are different. The one or more wireless signals emitted by the first node may be said to create a first node coverage footprint  524  that covers area  504  when beamforming is disabled. In embodiments, when beamforming of the first node footprint is enabled, the first node footprint has beamforming enabled footprint  526  that also covers additional area  506 . Additionally, the one or more wireless signals emitted by the second node may create a second node coverage footprint  528  that covers additional area  508 . In aspects, the first node and the second node may at least partially serve a common sector (i.e., the first node coverage footprint and the second node coverage footprint may at least partially overlap and make up a portion of an area served by the cell site  514 ). 
     The system  500  may comprise UEs  502   a - 502   b  each configured to wirelessly communicate with either the first node according to the first protocol, or with the second node according to the first protocol or the second protocol. For example, each of the UEs  502   a - 502   b  may be communicating or able to communicate with the first node according to the first protocol when beamforming is enabled. Other UEs (not depicted) may also be communicating with the first node or the second node. In embodiments, the UEs  502   a - 502   b  connected to the first node, which is beamforming enabled, may experience fading that is above a threshold. In this example, one of the UEs  502   a - 502   b  may experience poor quality of service or a connection drop. In response to a determination that the fading is above a threshold, beamforming may be dynamically disabled and the UEs  502   a - 502   b  may dynamically connect to the second node coverage footprint  528  according to the first protocol or the second protocol. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  6   , flow diagram  600  comprises block  602 , wherein a determination may be made that a first frequency band has beamforming enabled. At block  604 , a detection may be made that a user device is connected to the first frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network. Further, at block  606 , a determination may be made that a first fading channel measurement of the first frequency band is above a threshold. The threshold may be predetermined by an operator based on a location of the user device and historical data of other user devices. In some embodiments, the first fading channel measurement is measured using a model that depends on a time difference between input and output. In another embodiment, the first fading channel measurement is measured at a receiving end of the user device for a duration of time. In yet another embodiment, the first fading channel measurement is measured using a signal-to-noise ratio, a configuration of an antenna corresponding to the first frequency band, and a receiver type of the user device. 
     At block  608 , in response to determining that the first fading channel measurement is above the threshold, beamforming of the first frequency band is dynamically disabled. In some embodiments, in response to dynamically disabling beamforming of the first frequency band, the user device may be dynamically connected to a second frequency band that has a second fading channel measurement at or below the threshold. In another embodiment, prior to dynamically disabling beamforming of the first frequency band, a determination may be made that the second frequency band is beamforming enabled and has the second fading channel measurement at or below the threshold. In some embodiments, dynamically connecting the user device to the second frequency band results in access to the wireless telecommunications network or access to a second wireless telecommunications network. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  7   , flow diagram  700  comprises block  702 , wherein a first frequency band and a second frequency band are determined to have beamforming enabled. At block  704 , a user device is detected to be connected to the first frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network. At block  706 , a first fading channel measurement of the first frequency band is determined, and it is also determined that the first fading channel measurement is above a threshold. In some embodiments, the first fading channel measurement comprises a measurement of a rapidity of fading in beam power corresponding to the first frequency band. In some embodiments, the threshold is predetermined based on a channel state information report. Continuing the example, the channel state information report may be generated at regular intervals of time based on a predetermined reporting rate. In another embodiment, the first fading channel measurement may include a measurement of fast fading. In yet another embodiment, the first fading channel measurement may be determined based on a Rayleigh fading model or a Rician fading model. 
     At block  708 , a second fading channel measurement of the second frequency band may be determined, and it may be determined that the second fading channel measurement is at or below the threshold. In some embodiments, the first fading channel measurement and the second fading channel measurement comprise a filtration of noise prior to measurement. In some embodiments, the first fading channel measurement and the second fading channel measurement comprise a measurement of an average duration of how long a signal spends above the threshold. In some embodiments, prior to determining the first fading channel measurement and the second fading channel measurement, a detection is made that a second user device is connected to the first frequency band for access to the wireless telecommunications network. In some embodiments, the first fading channel measurement and the second fading channel measurement are determined based on a time varying channel model. Further, at block  710 , in response to determining the first fading channel measurement and the second fading channel measurement, beamforming of the first frequency band is dynamically disabled. In some embodiments, the user device may be dynamically connected to the second frequency band. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  8   , flow diagram  800  comprises block  802 , wherein it is determined that a first frequency band has beamforming enabled. At block  804 , it is detected that a user device is connected to the first frequency band for access to a wireless telecommunications network. At block  806 , it is determined that the user device is capable of connecting to a second frequency band having a higher frequency band than the first frequency band. At  808 , it is determined that a first fading channel measurement of the first frequency band and that it is above a threshold. At  810 , in response to determining the first fading channel measurement, beamforming of the first frequency band is dynamically disabled. In some embodiments, the user device is dynamically connected to the second frequency band for access to the wireless telecommunications network. 
     Many different arrangements of the various components depicted, as well as components not shown, are possible without departing from the scope of the claims below. Embodiments of our technology have been described with the intent to be illustrative rather than restrictive. Alternative embodiments will become apparent to readers of this disclosure after and because of reading it. Alternative means of implementing the aforementioned can be completed without departing from the scope of the claims below. Certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations and are contemplated within the scope of the claims.