Patent Publication Number: US-2006009499-A1

Title: Compositions useful for the treatment of follicular diseases

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Acne is a skin disorder that is often accompanied by pimples that sometimes cause acne sufferers embarrassment. Consumers have utilized topical anti-acne agents, such as salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide to treat acne for many years. Topical anti-acne agents typically function by exfoliating skin and/or killing bacteria on the surface of the skin. Although such anti-acne agents are often effective at treating acne pimples, they tend to take a long time, typically days or weeks, to abate acne symptoms. They are also often ineffective at treating pre-emergent pimples.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention features a composition including an anti-acne agent, an antimicrobial agent, and a lactate. The present invention also features a method of treating a follicular disease, such as acne, by applying a composition to an area of skin in need of such treatment. The present invention also features a method of promoting a composition by promoting the composition for the treatment of a follicular disease, such as acne.  
      Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description of the invention and from the claims. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      It is believed that one skilled in the art can, based upon the description herein, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.  
      Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Also, all publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. Whenever used, any percentage is weight by weight (w/w) unless otherwise indicated.  
      As used herein, “topically applying” means directly laying on or spreading on outer skin, e.g., by use of the hands or an applicator such as a wipe, puff, roller, or spray.  
      As used herein, “cosmetically-acceptable” means that the compound(s) or composition(s) which the term describes are suitable for use in contact with tissues (e.g., the skin) without undue toxicity, incompatibility, instability, irritation, allergic response, and the like. This term is not intended to limit the compound/composition to which it describes for use solely as a cosmetic (e.g., the ingredient/product may be used as a pharmaceutical).  
      As used herein, “safe and effective amount” means an amount of compound(s) or composition(s) sufficient to treat acne, but low enough to avoid serious side effects.  
      What is meant by “promoting” is promoting, advertising, or marketing. Examples of promoting include, but are not limited to, written, visual, or verbal statements made on the product containing the composition or in stores, magazines, newspaper, radio, television, internet, and the like.  
      The compositions of the present invention are useful for treating follicular diseases, such as acne, seborrhea, follicular rash, follicular infections such as folliculitis and psudofolliculitis barbe, follicular ketarosis, keratosis pilaris, phrynoderma, ichthyosis follicularis, alopecia, follicular dysplasia, hirsutism, and hypertrichosis. As used herein, the term “treating” or “treatment” means the treatment (e.g., alleviation or elimination of symptoms and/or cure) and/or prevention or inhibition of the condition (e.g., a skin condition).  
      In one embodiment, the composition is for the treatment of acne, including but not limited to the treatment or prevention of acne blemishes, acne pimples, pre-emergent pimples, blackheads, and/or whiteheads. What is meant by a “pre-emergent pimple” is an inflamed follicle that are not visually apparent on the surface of the skin with the naked eye (e.g., as a lesion). In one embodiment, the appearance of acne (e.g., the size and/or appearance of the acne lesion and/or blackhead) is reduced within about eight hours, such as within about four hours.  
      In one embodiment, the present invention relates to topical compositions including an anti-acne agent. What is meant by an anti-acne agent is an compound that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the topical treatment of acne. Examples of anti-acne agents include, but are not limited to, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, sulphur, retinoic acid, candida bombicola/glucose/methyl rapeseedate ferment, peat water, resorcinol, silt, peat, permethin, azaleic acid, clindamycin, adapalene, erythromycin, sodium sulfacetamide, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the amount of anti-acne agent in the composition is from about 0.01% to about 10%, for example from about 0.1% to about 5%, or from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.  
      In one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention include a hair growth agent. What is meant by a hair growth agent is a compound that induces hair growth. Examples of hair growth agents include, but are not limited to, minoxadil, spironolactone, cyproterone acetate, azeleic acid, buserelin, bicalutamide, cromakalim, cyclosporin, aminoglutethimide, cyproterone acetate, diazoxide, phenytoin, estradiols, flutamide, prezatide copper, inocoterone, leuprolide acetate, ketoconazole, pinacidil, progesterone, finasteride, retinoic acid, turosteride, vitamins and minerals such as vitamin E, niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), vitamin C, biotin, inositol, zinc, copper, cysteine, methionine, coenzyme Q10, essential fatty acids such as flaxseed oil, primrose oil, and fish oil, herbal extracts such as ginko biloba, and combinations thereof.  
      In one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention include a hair retardation agent. What is meant by a hair retardation agent is a compound that reduces the appearance and/or growth of hair. Examples of hair retardation agents include, but are not limited to eflornithine hydrochloride, soy extracts, antiandrogenic sterols from serenoa (Serenoa repens) and/or from Cucurbita seeds (Cucurbita pepo), dipeptide N-(Carboxymethyl)phenylalanyl-β-alanine compounds, 3-deazaneplanocin, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthetase such as NG-methyl-L-arginine, inhibitors of glutamine metabolism such as 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine (I), and combinations thereof.  
      In one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention include an antimicrobial agent. What is meant by an antimicrobial agent is a compound that kills microorganisms or prevents or inhibits their growth or reproduction. Examples of antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to: ethanol, propanol, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methyl benzethonium chloride, cetypyridiunium chloride, 2,4,4′,-trichloro-2-hydroxy diphenyl ether (Triclosan), parachlorometa xylenol (PCMX), lodopropynyl butylcarbamate, diazolidinyl urea, chlorhexidene digluconate, chlorhexidene acetate, chlorhexidene isethionate, chlorhexidene hydrochloride, hexetidine, Quaternium 15, triclocarbon, polyhexamethylene biguanide, cetylpyridium chloride, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, 3-iodo-2-propynyl-N-butylcarbamate, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, dimethyl dimethyl hydantoin,(5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol, monolaurin glyceryl laurate, camellia sinensis, candida bombicola/glucose/methyl rapeseedate ferment, hydrogen peroxide, phenol, poloxamer 188, PVP-iodine, thiourea, natural antimicrobial agents, such as cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde, lemongrass oil, clove oil, saw palmetto extract, thyme oil white, thyme oil red, thymol, tea tree oil, pinus pinaster bark extract, rosemary leaf extract, grape seed extract, and betel oil, silver containing compounds, such as silver nitrate, silver lactate, silver citrate, and silver zeolite, and combinations thereof.  
      In one embodiment, the amount of antimicrobial agent in the compositions is from about 0.001% to about 10%, such as from about 0.01% to about 5% such as from about 0.05% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.  
      In one embodiment the antimicrobial agent is an anti-fungal agent such as an azole. Examples include, but are not limited to, miconazole, ketoconazole, econazole, itraconazole, sertaconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, clioquinol, bifoconazole, terconazole, butoconazole, tioconazole, oxiconazole, sulconazole, saperconazole, clotrimazole, undecylenic acid, haloprogin, butenafine, tolnaftate, nystatin, ciclopirox olamine, terbinafine, amorolfine, naftifine, elubiol, griseofulvin, their cosmetically acceptable salts, and combinations thereof.  
      In one embodiment the antimicrobial agent is an antibiotic or an antiseptic. Examples include, but are not limited to, mupirocin, neomycin sulfate bacitracin, polymyxin B, 1-ofloxacin, tetracyclines such as chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline-10 hydrochloride and tetrachcycline hydrochoride, clindamycin phsphate, gentamicin sulfate, metronidazole, hexylresorcinol, methylbenzethonium chloride, phenol, quaternary ammonium compounds, tea tree oil, and combinations thereof.  
      In one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention include an antipsoriatic agent. Examples of antipsoriatic agents include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids (e.g., betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, diflorasone diacetate, halobetasol propionate, triamcinonide, dexamethasone, fluocinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, halcinonide, triamcinolone acetate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone verlerate, hydrocortisone butyrate, aclometasone dipropionte, flurandrenolide, mometasone furoate, and methylprednisolone acetate), methotrexate, cyclosporine, calcipotriene, anthraline, shale oil, elubiol, ketoconazole, coal tar, salicylic acid, zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, hydrocortisone, sulfur, menthol, and pramoxine hydrochloride, and combinations thereof.  
      In one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention include an anti-viral agent. Examples of anti-viral agents include, but are not limited to, imiquimod, podofilox, podophyllin, interferon alpha, acyclovir, famcyclovir, valcyclovir, reticulos and cidofovir.  
      In one embodiment, the compositions of the present invention include an anti-inflammatory agent. Examples of anti-inflammatory agents, include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone, hydroxyltriamcinolone alphamethyl dexamethasone, dexamethasone-phosphate, beclomethasone dipropionate, clobetasol valerate, desonide, desoxymethasone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, dexamethasone, dichlorisone, diflorasone diacetate, diflucortolone valerate, fluadrenolone, fluclarolone acetonide, fludrocortisone, flumethasone pivalate, fluosinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, flucortine butylester, fluocortolone, fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)acetate, flurandrenolone, halcinonide, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone butyrate, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone acetonide, cortisone, cortodoxone, flucetonide, fludrocortisone, difluorosone diacetate, fluradrenalone acetonide, medrysone, amciafel, amcinafide, betamethasone, chlorprednisone, chlorprednisone acetate, clocortelone, clescinolone, dichlorisone, difluprednate, flucloronide, flunisolide, fluoromethalone, fluperolone, fluprednisolone, hydrocortisone valerate, hydrocortisone cyclopentylproprionate, hydrocortamate, meprednisone, paramethasone, prednisolone, prednisone, beclomethasone dipropionate, betamethasone dipropionate, and triamcinolone, and combinations thereof.  
      Other active agents include, but are not limited to, wound healing enhancing agents such as recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and other growth factors, ketanserin, iloprost, prostaglandin E 1  and hyaluronic acid; scar reducing agents such as mannose-6-phosphate; analgesic agents; and anesthetics such as lidocaine and benzocaine.  
      In one embodiment, the amount of anti-inflammatory agnet, anti-viral agent, antipsoroiatic agent and/or other active agent in the compositions is from about 0.001% to about 10%, such as from about 0.01% to about 5% such as from about 0.05% to about 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.  
      The compositions of the present invention further includes a lactate. Examples of lactates include, but are not limited to, C2-C22 lactates such as cetyl lactate and C12-C15 lactates. The amount of lactates in the composition of the present invention may vary from about 0.1% to about 50%, for example from about 0.5% to about 20%, or from about 1% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.  
      In one embodiment, the composition of the present incention further comprises a phospholipid. Examples of phospolipids include, but are not limited to synthetic phospholipids and natural phospholipids such as phospholipids composed of diester and triester phosphatides or such as Cocamidopropyl Phosphatidyl PG-Dimonium Chloride (Colalipid C™, Colonial Chemical, Inc., South Pittsburgh, Tenn., USA), Stearamideopropyl Phosphatidyl PG-Dimonium Chloride and Cetyl Alcohol (Colalipid SV™) and sodium coco PG-dimonium chloride phosphate (Arlasilk™ phospholipids CDM, Uniqema, ICI Group of Companies, Wilton, UK), PTC, stearamidipropyl PG-dimonium chloride phosphate and cetyl alcohol (Arlasilk™ phospholipids SV), linoleamidopropyl PG-dimonium chloride phosphate (Arlasilk™ phospholipids EFA), linoleamidopropyl PG-dimonium chloride phosphate dimethicone(Arlasilk™ phospholipids PLN), and sodium borageamidopropyl PG-dimonium chloride phosphate (Arlasilk™ phospholipids GLA), and combinations thereof.  
      In one embodiment, the composition includes a sebum miscible agent. What is mean by a sebum miscible agent is an agent that is miscible with sebum as set forth in the following assay. Artificial sebum is prepared as set forth on page 79 (Table 5.4) of a book chapter entitled “The Influence of Skin Surface Lipids on Topical Formulations” by Obsorne and Hatzenbuhler (in “Topical Drug Delivery Formulations”, edited by D. Osborne and A. Amann, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1990, pages 69-85). At room temperature this sebum is a white waxy substance. 50 μl of the sebum is deposited into a 200 μl clear vial using a precision micropipette. 100 μl of the test agent is then added to the vial. The vial was warmed at 32° C. and visually inspected at the baseline and at eight hours. If the agent is miscible with the sebum, the sebum will become transparent.  
      The following is a non-limiting example of sebum miscible agents: aromatic alcohols such as phenyl alcohols with chemical structures of C6H5-R(OH) where R is an aliphatic radical, such as benzyl alcohol and phenethyl alcohol; aromatic glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol phenyl ether; propylene or butylene oxide-based glycol ethers such as propylene glycol methyl ether and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,133,967; fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, plant, fruit, or marine derived extracts rich in essential fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acids such as but not limited to vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) seed oil, vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) seed oil, vaccinium vitis-idaea (lingonberry) seed oil, rubus idaeus (raspberry) seed oil, rubus chamaemorus (cloudberry) seed oil, ribes nigrum (black currant) seed oil, hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) seed oil, echium plantagineum (echium) seed oil, hordeum vulgare (barley) seed oil, betula alba bud extract, saw palmetto extract, borage oil, evening primrose oil, witch hazel extract and soy oil; cetyl ocenate; isostearyl benzoate; pentaerythiol teraoctenate; isostearyl benzoate; methyl gluceth; tocopherol acetate; benzalkonium chloride; and benzethonium chloride, and combinations thereof.  
      The compositions of the present invention may further include an alcohol. Examples of suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to, ethyl alcohol. In one embodiment, the composition includes less than 40%, such as from about 0.01% to about 40%, for example from about 0.1% to about 30%, or from about 1% to about 20% by weight, of alcohol based on the total weight of the composition.  
      In one embodiment, the composition includes a nonionic surfactant. Examples of nonionic surfactants are disclosed on pages 2955-2976 of the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, eds. Wenninger and McEwen, (The Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Assoc., Washington, D.C., 9 th  Edition, 2002) (hereinafter “CTFA Handbook”)  
      In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention has a pH greater that about 2 and a pH less than about 7 such as less than about 5, such as less than about 4.5.  
      The topical compositions useful in the present invention involve formulations suitable for topical application to skin. The composition may further include a cosmetically-acceptable topical carrier. The cosmetically-acceptable topical carrier may comprise from about 50% to about 99%, by weight, of the composition (e.g., from about 80% to about 95%, by weight, of the composition).  
      The compositions may be made into a wide variety of product types that include but are not limited to solid and liquid compositions such as lotions, creams, gels, sticks, sprays, shaving creams, ointments, cleansing liquid washes and solid bars, pastes, powders, mousses, and wipes. These product types may comprise several types of cosmetically acceptable topical carriers including, but not limited to solutions, emulsions (e.g., microemulsions and nanoemulsions), gels, solids and liposomes. The following are non-limitative examples of such carriers. Other carriers can be formulated by those of ordinary skill in the art.  
      The topical compositions useful in the present invention can be formulated as solutions. Solutions typically include an aqueous solvent (e.g., from about 50% to about 99% or from about 90% to about 95% of a cosmetically acceptable aqueous solvent).  
      Topical compositions useful in the subject invention may be formulated as a solution comprising an emollient. Such compositions preferably contain from about 2% to about 50% of an emollient(s). As used herein, “emollients” refer to materials used for the prevention or relief of dryness, as well as for the protection of the skin. A wide variety of suitable emollients are known and may be used herein. See International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, eds. Wenninger and McEwen, pp. 1656-61, 1626, and 1654-55 (The Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Assoc., Washington, D.C., 7 th  Edition, 1997) (hereinafter “CTFA Handbook”) contains numerous examples of suitable materials.  
      A lotion can be made from such a solution. Lotions typically comprise from about 1% to about 20% (e.g., from about 5% to about 10%) of an emollient(s) and from about 50% to about 90% (e.g., from about 60% to about 80%) of water.  
      Another type of product that may be formulated from a solution is a cream. A cream typically comprises from about 5% to about 50% (e.g., from about 10% to about 20%) of an emollient(s) and from about 45% to about 85% (e.g., from about 50% to about 75%) of water.  
      Yet another type of product that may be formulated from a solution is an ointment. An ointment may comprise a simple base of animal or vegetable oils or semi-solid hydrocarbons. An ointment may comprise from about 2% to about 10% of an emollient(s) plus from about 0.1% to about 2% of a thickening agent(s). A more complete disclosure of thickening agents or viscosity increasing agents useful herein can be found in the CTFA Handbook pp. 1693-1697.  
      The topical compositions useful in the present invention may be formulated as emulsions. If the carrier is an emulsion, from about 1% to about 10% (e.g., from about 2% to about 5%) of the carrier comprises an emulsifier(s). Emulsifiers may be nonionic, anionic or cationic. Suitable emulsifiers are disclosed in, for example, CTFA Handbook, pp.1673-1686.  
      Lotions and creams can be formulated as emulsions. Typically such lotions comprise from 0.5% to about 5% of an emulsifier(s). Such creams would typically comprise from about 1% to about 20% (e.g., from about 5% to about 10%) of an emollient(s); from about 20% to about 80% (e.g., from 30% to about 70%) of water; and from about 1% to about 10% (e.g., from about 2% to about 5%) of an emulsifier(s).  
      Single emulsion skin care preparations, such as lotions and creams, of the oil-in-water type and water-in-oil type are well-known in the cosmetic art and are useful in the subject invention. Multiphase emulsion compositions, such as the water-in-oil-in-water type are also useful in the subject invention. In general, such single or multiphase emulsions contain water, emollients, and emulsifiers as essential ingredients.  
      The topical compositions of this invention can also be formulated as a gel (e.g., an aqueous gel using a suitable gelling agent(s)). Suitable gelling agents for aqueous gels include, but are not limited to, natural gums, acrylic acid and acrylate polymers and copolymers, and cellulose derivatives (e.g., hydroxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose). Suitable gelling agents for oils (such as mineral oil) include, but are not limited to, hydrogenated butylene/ethylene/styrene copolymer and hydrogenated ethylene/propylene/styrene copolymer. Such gels typically comprise between about 0.1% and 5%, by weight, of such gelling agents.  
      The topical compositions of the present invention can also be formulated into a solid formulation (e.g., a wax-based stick, soap bar composition, powder, or a wipe containing powder).  
      The topical compositions useful in the subject invention may contain, in addition to the aforementioned components, a wide variety of additional oil-soluble materials and/or water-soluble materials conventionally used in compositions for use on the skin at their art-established levels.  
      The topical compositions may be applied as needed and/or as part of a regular regimen ranging from application once a week up to one or more times a day (e.g., twice a day). The amount used will vary with the age and physical condition of the end user, the duration of the treatment, the specific compound, product, or composition employed, the particular cosmetically-acceptable carrier utilized, and like factors.  
      Several examples are described below. The invention should not be construed to be limited to the details thereof.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
      An composition of the present invention (pH=3.7) was prepared by first solubilizing salicylic acid and ethanol and then adding the remaining materials listed in Table 1 and mixing the materials in a homogenizer until homogenous.  
                           TABLE 1                                   Ingredient   % W/W                                                    Ethanol   40           Salicylic Acid   2           C12-C15 alkyl   2           lactate           Fragrance   0.1           Benzalkonium   0.2           Chloride, 50%           Solution USP           Aminomethyl Propanol   0.19           DI Water   Qs to 100%                      
 
     EXAMPLE 2  
      A composition of the present invention (pH=3.7) was prepared in a similar manner as Example 1.  
                           TABLE 2                                   Ingredient   % W/W                                                    Ethanol   40           Salicylic Acid   2           C 12 -C 15  alkyl lactate   2           Fragrance   0.1           Benzalkonium   0.2           Chloride, 50%           Solution, USP           Glycerin,   1           Sodium Coco PG-   0.06           Dimonium Chloride           Phosphate           Aminomethyl Propanol   0.19           DI Water   Qs to 100%                      
 
     EXAMPLE 3  
      A composition (pH=3.7) of the present invention was prepared by combining the materials listed in Table 3 as follows. First, the First Pre-mix ingredients were mixed and then the mixture was mixed with the Phase B ingredients until homogenous. The ingredients of phase A were also mixed until homogenous. Then, the phase B mixture was added and mixed into the phase B until uniform. The post addition ingredients and the second Pre-mix were then added to the resulting emulsion until uniform.  
                           TABLE 3                                   Ingredient   % W/W                                                    First Pre-mix               Phenethyl Dimethicone   0.222           Stearoxytrimethylsilane   0.028           and Stearyl Alcohol           Ethanol   4           Second Pre-mix           Feverfew Extract   1           DI water   5           Phase A           Ethanol   36           Salicylic Acid   2           DI Water   42.739           Hydroxypropylcellulose   1.5           Glycerin   3           Phase B           Cyclomethicone   1.665           C 12-15  alkyl lactate   1           Cetyl lactate   0.5           Propylene Glycol   0.1           Fragrance   0.1           Diazolidinyl Urea and   0.1           Iodopropynyl           Butylcarbamate           Ethylene Glycol Phenyl   0.5           Ether           Post Addition           Benzalkonium Chloride,   0.2           50% Solution, USP           Sodium Coco PG-Dimonium   0.056           Chloride Phosphate           Propylene Glycol and   0.1           Diazolidinyl Urea and           Methylparaben and           Propylparaben           Aminomethyl Propanol   0.19                      
 
     EXAMPLE 4  
      A composition (pH=3.7) of the present invention was prepared by combining the materials listed in Table 4 in the same manner as described in Example 3.  
                           TABLE 4                                   Ingredient   % W/W                                                    Pre-mix               Ethanol   4           Phenethyl Dimethicone   0.2           Stearoxytrimethylsilane   0.028           and Stearyl Alcohol           Phase A           Ethanol   36           Salicylic Acid   2           DI Water   39.736           Hydroxypropylcellulose   1.5           Glycerin   3           Phase B           Cyclomethicone   1.66           C 12-15  alkyl lactate   1           Cetyl lactate   0.5           Propylene Glycol   0.1           Fragrance   0.13           DI Water   9           Diazolidinyl Urea and   0.1           Iodopropynyl           Butylcarbamate           Ethylene Glycol Phenyl   0.5           Ether           Post Addition           Benzalkonium Chloride,   0.2           50% Solution, USP           Sodium Coco PG-Dimonium   0.056           Chloride Phosphate           Propylene Glycol and   0.1           Diazolidinyl Urea and           Methylparaben and           Propylparaben           Aminomethyl Propanol   0.19                      
 
     EXAMPLE 5  
      A composition (pH=3.7) of the present invention was prepared by combining the materials listed in Table 5. For phase B, the water was heated to ˜40° C. and all other ingredients were added and mixed until dissolved. Phase A ingredients were mixed until homogenous. Phase A was added to phase B and mixed until uniform. Post addition ingredients were then added.  
                           TABLE 5                                   Ingredient   % W/W                                                    Phase A               C 12-15  alkyl lactate   1           Salicylic Acid   0.5           PEG-32   12           Phase B           DI water   60           glycerin   2           Methylethylcellulose   0.75           Isohexadecane and   1           Ammonium           Polyacryloylldimethyl           Taurate and           Polysorbate 80           Post Addition           Benzalkonium   0.2           Chloride, 50%           Solution, USP           Sodium Coco PG-   1           Dimonium Chloride           Phosphate           DI water   Qs to 100                      
 
     EXAMPLE 6  
      A clinical study was conducted using the composition of Example 4 to treat mild to moderate acne. The study demonstrated the ability of the compositions of the present invention to quickly treat acne (twice a day product applications on the affected acne areas). A control composition of Clearasil® Acne Treatment Cream (Boots International Inc., London UK) containing 10% benzoyl peroxide (“10% BPO”) and an untreated acne population receiving no treatment (“Untreated”) were also used in the study. The acne severity was graded according to the following scale (as recommended by American academy of dermatology):  
                                                                   no   very                           lesion   slight   Slight   Mild   moderate   severe                          0.0   1.0   2.0   3.0   4.0   5.0                      
 
      The results of the clinical study for mild to severe patients (baseline grade 3-5) are shown below in Table 6.  
                                       TABLE 6                       48 hours   Sample   OVERALL   SIZE   REDNESS   ELEVATION   PEELING                                                            Average   10% BPO (n = 5)   −0.2   0   −0.4   −0.6   1       % improve   10% BPO   20   20   60   60   0       % NC   10% BPO   80   60   20   40   40       % worse   10% BPO   0   20   20   0   60       Average   Example 4 (n = 10)   −0.8   −0.5   −0.5   −0.6   0.3       % improve   Example 4   40   50   40   50   10       % NC   Example 4   40   30   40   30   60       % worse   Example 4   20   20   20   20   30       Average   Untreated (n = 2)   −0.5   0.5   0.5   1   0       % improve   Untreated   50   0   0   0   0       % NC   Untreated   50   50   50   50   100       % worse   Untreated   0   50   50   50   0                 NC = no change             
 
      The relative improvement to baseline in pimple size, redness and elevation for the mild acne lesions was superior for the formulation of Example 4 versus the 10% BPO treatment. There was also less peeling associated with the formulation of the present invention.  
      The results of the clinical study for moderate to severe acne patients whose pimples are more deeply rooted (baseline grade 4-5) are shown below in Table 7. Example 4 displayed surprising superior efficacy to treat all of the measured symptoms of moderate to severe acne as compared to untreated control and the 10% BPO cream.  
                                       TABLE 7                       48 HRS   Sample   OVERALL   SIZE   REDNESS   ELEVATION   PEELING                                                            Average   10% BPO n = 3   −0.3   0   0   −0.3   1.3       % improve   10% BPO   33.3   33.3   33.3   33.3   0       % NC   10% BPO   66.7   33.3   33.3   66.7   33.3       % worse   10% BPO   0   33.3   33.3   0   66.7       Average   Example 4 (n = 4)   −1.8   −1.8   −1.5   −1.8   −0.3       % improve   Example 4   50   100   75   75   25       % NC   Example 4   50   0   25   25   75       % worse   Example 4   0   0   0   0   0       Average   Untreated (n = 2)   −0.5   0.5   0.5   1   0       % improve   Untreated   50   0   0   0   0       % NC   Untreated   50   50   50   50   100       % worse   Untreated   0   50   50   50   0                  
 
      For moderate to severe acne, where pimples are often normally more deeply rooted, the composition of the present invention showed dramatic improvement in size, redness, elevation and peeling without irritating the skin, dryness, and forming noticeable scars and postmarks afterwards.  
     EXAMPLE 7  
      A clinical study was also conducted to evaluate the fast-acting efficacy of the formula of Example 4 versus Clearasil® Acne Treatment Cream in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris over a 1 week period. This study was a double blind study involving twice a day full-face application. Subjects were males and females between the ages of 12-30 with a Fitzpatrick Skin Type of I-IV. Subjects exhibited mild to moderate acne vulgaris at the baseline visit, with 1-3 target inflammatory lesions in the active phase.  
      Dermatologist clinical evaluations of the target lesion surprisingly showed that there was a statistically significant reduction in the erythema of the acne target lesions treated with the formulation of Example 4 as early as the four hour time point, with significant reductions in the diameter of the target lesions starting at eight hours, and a significant reduction in lesion height/elevation at Day 2, which were all maintained over time. BPO 10% had no significant effect at 4 hours, and there was a statistically significant difference between Example 4 and 10% BPO treatment cream in target lesion erythema at the 8-hour time point and in diameter at the week 1 time point, in favor of the current invention. Subjects using Example 4 also did not exhibit an increase in any of the skin irritation parameters (peeling, edema, erythema, burning, stinging, itching), as graded by the dermatologist or by the subjects. There was a statistically significant decrease in peeling and oiliness as evaluated by the dermatologist, and a significant decrease in itching and tightness as evaluated by the subjects at various time points versus baseline.  
      Subjects using Example 4 experienced significantly less peeling beginning at 4 hours and significantly less oiliness and dryness beginning at Day 1 versus those subjects using the 10% BPO treatment, which continued through the study. In contrast, subjects using the 10% BPO product experienced a statistically significant increase in oiliness at the Day 2 time point.  
     EXAMPLE 8  
      Two formulations containing 0.10% histamine were prepared according to the following tables:  
                           TABLE 8a                                   Ingredient   % (wt/wt)                                                    Ethanol   40           Salicylic acid   2           DI water   40           Benzalkonium Chloride   0.1           Sodium Hydroxide   0.27           Histamine   0.1           DI water   16.53                      
 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 8b 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Ingredient 
                 % (wt/wt) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ethanol 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Salicylic acid 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 C 12-15  Alkyl lactate 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 DI water 
                 40 
               
               
                   
                 Benzalkonium Chloride 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium Hydroxide 
                 0.27 
               
               
                   
                 Histamine 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 DI water 
                 12.53 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
      A male subject was recruited to evaluate the in-vivo delivery of histamine by these two formulations. Both formulations were shook and 0.05 ml of the solutions were withdrawn and spread onto pre-marked areas of equal size on different sides of the subject nose. The sensation and appearance were recorded. Typical histamine effects of erythema, itching, slight burning was observed for both formulas. The formula of Table 8b (containing the C 12-15  alkyl lactate) had such visible response in less than 2 minutes and peaked at around 5 minutes. The formula of Table 8a (not containing the C 12-15  alkyl lactate) started to experience such visible histamine effect only after about 5 minutes and peaked at around 10-15 minutes. The formula of Table 8b induced and itching sensation that lasted for than one hour, much longer than the formula of Table 8a&#39;s response of less than 35-40 minutes.  
      It is understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, that the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the claims.