Patent Publication Number: US-9890880-B2

Title: Composite coiled tubing connectors

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The current application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 61/681,895, filed Aug. 10, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This application relates generally to connectors for use with a spoolable pipe constructed of composite material and more particularly to a connector formed of a plurality of parts. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A spoolable pipe in common use is steel coiled tubing which finds a number of uses in oil well operations. For example, it is used in running wireline cable down hole with well tools, such as logging tools and perforating tools. Such tubing is also used in the workover of wells, to deliver various chemicals downhole and perform other functions. Coiled tubing offers a much faster and less expensive way to run pipe into a wellbore in that it eliminates the time consuming task of joining typical 30 foot pipe sections by threaded connections to make up a pipe string that typically will be up to 10,000 feet or longer. 
     Steel coiled tubing is capable of being spooled because the steel used in the product exhibits high ductility (i.e. the ability to plastically deform without failure). The spooling operation is commonly conducted while the tube is under high internal pressure which introduces combined load effects. Unfortunately, repeated spooling and use can cause fatigue damage and the steel coiled tubing can suddenly fracture and fail. The hazards of operation, and the risk to personnel and the high economic cost of failure resulting in down time to conduct fishing operations, typically forces the product to be retired before any expected failure after a relatively few number of trips into a well. The cross section of steel tubing may expand during repeated use, resulting in reduced wall thickness and higher bending strains with associated reduction in the pressure carrying capability. Steel coiled tubing presently in service is generally limited to internal pressures of about 5000 psi. Higher internal pressure significantly reduces the integrity of coiled tubing so that it will not sustain continuous flexing and thus severely limits its service life. 
     It is therefore desirable to provide a substantially non-ferrous spoolable pipe capable of being deployed and spooled under borehole conditions and which does not suffer from the structural limitations of steel tubing, and which is also highly resistant to chemicals. Such non-ferrous spoolable pipe often carries fluids which may be transported from the surface to a downhole location, as in the use of coiled tubing, to provide means for treating formations or for operating a mud motor to drill through the formations. In addition, it may be desirable to transport devices through the spoolable pipe, such as through a coiled tubing bore to a downhole location for various operations. Therefore, an open bore within the spoolable pipe is essential for some operations. 
     In the case of coiled tubing, external pressures can also be a major load condition and can be in excess of 2500 psi. Internal pressure may range from 5,000 psi to 10,000 psi in order to perform certain well operations; for example, chemical treatment or fracturing. Tension and compression forces on coiled tubing are severe in that the tubing may be forced into or pulled from a borehole against frictional forces in excess of 20,000 lbf. 
     For the most part, prior art non-metallic tubular structures that are designed for being spooled and also for transporting fluids, are made as a hose, whether or not they are called a hose. An example of such a hose is the Feucht structure in U.S. Pat. No. 3,856,052, which has longitudinal reinforcement in the side walls to permit a flexible hose to collapse preferentially in one plane. However, the structure is a classic hose with vulcanized polyester cord plies which are not capable of carrying compression loads or high external pressure loads. Hoses typically use an elastomer such as rubber to hold fiber together, but do not use a high modulus plastic binder such as epoxy. Hoses are generally designed to bend and carry internal pressure, but are not normally subjected to external pressure or high axial compression or tension loads. For an elastomeric type material, such as that often used in hoses, the elongation at break is so high (typically greater than 400 percent) and the stress-strain response so highly nonlinear, it is common practice to define a modulus corresponding to a specified elongation. The modulus for an elastomeric material corresponding to 200 percent elongation typically ranges from 300 psi to 2000 psi. The modulus of elasticity for plastic matrix material typically used in a composite tube tends to range from about 100,000 psi to about 500,000 psi or greater, with representative strains to failure of from about 2 percent to about 10 percent. This large difference in modulus and strain to failure between rubber and plastics, and thus between hoses and composite tubes, is part of what permits a hose to be easily collapsed to an essentially flat condition under relatively low external pressure and eliminates the capability of the hose to carry high axial tension or compression loads, while the higher modulus characteristic of the plastic matrix material used in a composite tube tends to be sufficiently stiff to transfer loads into the fibers and thus resist high external pressure, axial tension, and compression without collapse. Constructing a composite tube to resist high external pressure and compressive loads may include the use of complex composite mechanics engineering principles to ensure that the tube has sufficient strength. It has not been previously considered feasible to build a truly composite tube capable of being bent to a relatively small diameter, and be capable of carrying internal pressure and high tension and compression loads in combination with high external pressure requirements. Specifically, a hose is not expected to sustain high compression and external pressure loads. 
     In operations involving spoolable pipe, it is often necessary to make various connections, such as to interconnect long sections or to connect tools or other devices into or at the end of the pipe string. With steel coiled tubing, a variety of well-known connecting techniques are available to handle the severe loads encountered in such operations. Threaded connections as well as welded connections are often applied and meet the load requirements described. 
     Grapple and slip type connectors have also been developed for steel coiled tubing to provide a low profile while being field serviceable. However, these steel tubing connectors tend not to be applicable to modern composite coiled tubing. One such connector is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,618 to Sampa et al., showing a pair of wedge rings for making a gripping contact with the coiled tubing. The PETRO-TECH Tools Incorporated catalog shows coiled tubing E-Z Connectors, Product Nos. 9209 to 9211 that are also examples of a slip type steel coiled tubing connector. 
     Another connector for reeled thin-walled tubing is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,206 to Cox, and uses locking slips for engaging the tubing in an arrangement similar to the Petro-Tech connector. U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,682 to Delacour et al. shows a connector having a compression ring for engaging a rod for use in well operations, again using a technique similar to a Petro-Tech connector to seal against the rod. 
     These commercial coiled tubing connectors would not be expected to seal properly to a composite pipe, partially because of circumferential deformation of the pipe inwardly when the connector is on the composite pipe, and also because the external surface of a composite tube or pipe tends not to be as regular in outer diameter tolerance as a steel hose. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,379 to Policelli teaches a composite fiber tubing with a structural transition from the fiber to a metallic connector. The fibers may be graphite, carbon, aramid or glass. The  FIG. 4  embodiment can be employed in a fluid conveyance pipe having bending loads in addition to internal pressure loads, and in structural members having bending and axial stiffness requirements. 
     While many connectors designed for application to elastomeric hoses and tubes, such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,685,860 to Schmidt, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,907,335 to Burge et al., sealing to these hoses is substantially different in that the hose body itself serves as a sealing material when pressed against the connecting members. A composite pipe would be considered too rigid to function in this way. U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,177 to Anderson shows an end fitting for a non-metallic tube such as a plastic tube and having a compression sleeve and a tubing reinforcing insert, but again appears to rely on the tube being deformable to the extent of effecting a seal when compressed by the coupling. 
     Another coupling for non-metallic natural gas pipe is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,813 to Passerell et al., and appears to show a gripping collet for engaging the outer tubular surface of the pipe and a sealing arrangement for holding internal gas pressure within the pipe, but no inner seals are on the pipe and seals cannot be changed without disturbing the gripping mechanism. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,351,752 to Wood et al. appears to show a bonded connector for coupling composite tubing sections for pumping a well. The composite tubing has threaded fittings made of composite materials which are bonded to the tubing. 
     Often, connectors (e.g., interconnects, flanges, and other components for connecting the end of tubing to other elements) are formed from a single piece of bar stock. Because of the dimensional differences between different sections (e.g., a narrower section to fit in the tubing and a thicker section to extend beyond the tubing), the bar stock must be machined down from the thickest dimension, often resulting in a sizable loss of material. Additionally, forming the connector from a single piece of bar stock limits the connector to a single material. This may further increase material costs when a more expensive material is required for only certain portions of the connector but is used for the entire connector. 
     SUMMARY 
     In view of the foregoing, there is a need for a connector that minimizes the loss of material through processing and allows for the use of different materials in a single connector. 
     The present invention includes connectors (and methods for forming the same) having multiple parts. The individual components may be formed and/or machined from materials relatively similarly dimensioned to the final product to lessen the loss of material. Additionally, creating components from different pieces of stock material enables the use of different kinds of material in the final connector. 
     In one aspect, the invention includes a connector for coupling to a composite pipe. The connector has a seal carrier forming a fluid passage that is made of a first material and that includes a seal receiving portion configured to receive at least one seal and a first coupling surface on an outer seal carrier surface. The connector also has an interconnect with a passage configured to receive the seal carrier that is made of a second material and includes a second coupling surface on an inner interconnect surface configured for coupling with the first coupling surface to connect the seal carrier and the interconnect and a third coupling surface on an outer interconnect surface. 
     In one embodiment, the first material is stainless steel (e.g., ASTM A316/316L Stainless Steel). In another embodiment, the seal receiving portion has at least one groove. In some embodiments the first coupling surface is a threaded surface, while in other embodiments the first coupling surface is a smooth surface. The second material may be different from the first material, and the second material may be carbon steel (e.g., ASTM A106 Carbon Steel). The second coupling surface may be a threaded surface in certain embodiments, and may be a smooth surface in other embodiments. The third coupling surface may be a threaded surface. In certain embodiments, a maximum outer diameter of the seal carrier is substantially equal to or less than a minimum inner diameter of the interconnect. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of forming a connector for a composite pipe. The method includes providing a first stock material and processing the first stock material to form a seal carrier (e.g., a mandrel). The seal carrier includes a seal receiving portion configured to receive at least one seal and a first coupling surface on an outer seal carrier surface. The method also includes providing a second stock material and processing the second stock material to form an interconnect. The interconnect includes a second coupling surface on an inner interconnect surface configured for coupling with the first coupling surface to connect the seal carrier and the interconnect and a third coupling surface on an outer interconnect surface. 
     In one embodiment, the first stock material comprises bar stock, which may be machined to a lesser diameter. In some embodiments, the second stock material comprises bar stock that may be machined to a lesser diameter. A maximum diameter of the first stock material may be less than a maximum diameter of the second stock material. In another embodiment, a maximum outer diameter of the seal carrier is substantially equal to or less than a minimum inner diameter of the interconnect. 
     Yet another aspect of the invention includes a flange for coupling to a composite pipe. The flange has an insert with a fluid passage and a first coupling surface, and is made of a first material. The flange also has an interconnect with a second coupling surface configured for coupling with the first coupling surface to connect the insert and the interconnect and a third coupling surface, and is made from a second material. 
     In certain embodiments the first and/or the second material are stainless steel, carbon steel, corrosion resistant alloys, composites, coated materials, or combinations thereof. The first and second materials may be different materials, or they may be the same material. The insert may further include a lip. In some embodiments, the third coupling surface is substantially perpendicular to the second coupling surface. The third coupling surface may have a plurality of openings, which may be disposed in a standard bolt pattern. At least one of the insert and the interconnect may be machined from bar stock, and the insert and the interconnect may be configured to be press fit together. 
     These and other objects, along with advantages and features of the present invention, will become apparent through reference to the following description, the accompanying drawings, and the claims. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein are not mutually exclusive and may exist in various combinations and permutations. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the following description, various embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic perspective view of a service end connector, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic, transparent side view of the service end connector depicted in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 1C  is a schematic cross-section view of the service end connector taken along the line C-C in  FIG. 1B ; 
         FIG. 2A  is a schematic perspective view of a seal carrier of the service end connector depicted in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2B  is a schematic transparent side view of the seal carrier depicted in  FIG. 2A ; 
         FIG. 2C  is a schematic cross-section view of the seal carrier taken along the line C-C in  FIG. 2B ; 
         FIG. 3A  is a schematic perspective view of an interconnect of the service end connector depicted in  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 3B  is a schematic, transparent side view of the interconnect depicted in  FIG. 3A ; 
         FIG. 3C  is a schematic cross-section view of the interconnect taken along the line C-C in  FIG. 3B ; 
         FIG. 4A  is a schematic perspective view of a pipe-to-pipe connector, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4B  is a schematic, transparent side view of the pipe-to-pipe connector depicted in  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 4C  is a schematic cross-section view of the pipe-to-pipe connector taken along the line C-C in  FIG. 4B ; 
         FIG. 5A  is a schematic perspective view of a seal carrier of the pipe-to-pipe connector depicted in  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 5B  is a schematic, transparent side view of the seal carrier depicted in  FIG. 5A ; 
         FIG. 5C  is a schematic cross-section view of the seal carrier taken along the line C-C in  FIG. 5B ; 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic perspective view of an interconnect of the pipe-to-pipe connector depicted in  FIG. 4A ; 
         FIG. 6B  is a schematic, transparent side view of the interconnect depicted in  FIG. 6A ; 
         FIG. 6C  is a schematic cross-section view of the interconnect taken along the line C-C in  FIG. 6B ; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic, exploded perspective view of a flange, in accordance with another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 8A  is a schematic perspective view of an insert of the flange depicted in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 8B  is a schematic side view of the insert depicted in  FIG. 8A ; 
         FIG. 8C  is a schematic cross-section view of the insert taken along the line A-A in  FIG. 8B ; 
         FIG. 9A  is a schematic perspective view of an interconnect of the flange depicted in  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9B  is a schematic front view of the interconnect depicted in  FIG. 9A ; and 
         FIG. 9C  is a schematic cross-section view of the interconnect taken along the line A-A in  FIG. 9B . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     While this invention is directed generally to providing connectors for composite spoolable pipe, the disclosure is directed to a specific application involving line pipe, coiled tubing service and downhole uses of coiled tubing. Composite coiled tubing offers the potential to exceed the performance limitations of isotropic metals, thereby increasing the service life of the pipe and extending operational parameters. Composite coiled tubing is constructed as a continuous tube fabricated generally from non-metallic materials to provide high body strength and wear resistance. This tubing can be tailored to exhibit unique characteristics which optimally address burst and collapse pressures, pull and compression loads, and high strains imposed by bending. This enabling capability expands the performance parameters beyond the physical limitations of steel or alternative isotropic material tubulars. In addition, the fibers and resins used in composite coiled tubing construction help make the tube impervious to corrosion and resistant to chemicals used in treatment of oil and gas wells. 
     High performance composite structures are generally constructed as a buildup of laminant layers with the fibers in each layer oriented in a particular direction or directions. These fibers are normally locked into a preferred orientation by a surrounding matrix material. The matrix material, normally much weaker than the fibers, serves the critical role of transferring load into the fibers. Fibers having a high potential for application in constructing composite pipe include glass, carbon, and aramid. Epoxy or thermoplastic resins are good candidates for the matrix material. 
     The connector of the present invention can have application to any number of composite tube designs, including configured to be applied to a pipe having an outer surface made from a composite material that can receive gripping elements which can penetrate into the composite material without destroying the structural integrity of the outer surface. This outer surface can act as a wear surface as the pipe engages the surface equipment utilized in handling such pipe. The composite pipe is suitable for use in wellbores or as line pipe. Several connectors for similar uses are described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20090278348, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Some of the components, such as slip nuts, may be used interchangeably with the connectors described below. 
       FIGS. 1A-1C  depict a service end connector  100  for attaching a composite pipe to a service member, such as a logging tool, t-fitting, or flange. The end connector  100  may be assembled from two components, e.g., a seal carrier  102  and an interconnect  104 . The interconnect  104  may be sized to fit over the seal carrier  102 . The interconnect  104  and the seal carrier  102  may be connected to each other via a number of techniques, including a threaded connection and/or a press fit. 
       FIGS. 2A-2C  depict the seal carrier  102 . The seal carrier  102  may define a fluid passage  106  running the length of the seal carrier  102 , thereby allowing a fluid to pass freely therethrough. A seal receiving portion  108  may be located on an outer surface of the seal carrier  102 , e.g., at an end of the seal carrier  102 , to receive seals for providing a fluid tight connection with a composite pipe. Grooves  110  may be formed in the seal receiving portion  108  to limit movement of the seals. The seal carrier  102  may also have a first coupling surface  112  on an outer surface thereof. The first coupling surface  112  may form an outer diameter indicated in  FIG. 2C  as OD 1 , that may represent a maximum outer diameter of the seal carrier  102  (particularly when the first coupling surface  112  is a smooth surface). In embodiments where the first coupling surface  112  is a threaded surface, the ends of the threads may extend nominally beyond the diameter OD 1 , instead having a maximum diameter as indicated by OD 2 . The maximum outer diameter is the minimum size of stock material that may be used in forming the seal carrier  102 . In various embodiments, the maximum outer diameter of the seal carrier  102  may be about one inch to about twelve inches, although dimensions above and below this range are also contemplated. The seal carrier  102  may be about six inches to about thirty-six inches in length, although embodiments of less than six inches in length and greater than thirty-six inches in length are contemplated. The seal carrier  102  may be made of any of a variety of materials, including carbon steel, stainless steel, corrosion resistant alloys, and/or composites. 
       FIGS. 3A-3C  depict the interconnect  104  for use with the seal carrier  102 . A passage  120  may extend through the interconnect  104 , allowing for movement of the interconnect  104  over the seal carrier  102 . The passage  120  may define an inner diameter of the interconnect  104 , as indicated by ‘ID’ in  FIG. 3C . The inner diameter ID may be substantially equal to or greater than the outer diameter OD 1  or OD 2 . Any overlap between the dimensions due to thread height are likely to be minimal and the inner diameter ID would still be considered to be substantially equal to or greater than the outer diameter OD 2 . The interconnect  104  may have a second coupling surface  122  on an inner surface thereof for coupling with the first coupling surface  112 . The second coupling surface  122  may be complementary with the first coupling surface  112 , e.g., both are threaded (as depicted) or both are smooth (for a press fit). An outer surface of the interconnect  104  may have a third coupling surface  124  for attachment to other components, e.g., a slip nut for securing the pipe or downhole tools. In various embodiments, the interconnect  104  may be about one inch to about twelve inches in length, and may be shorter than one inch or longer than twelve inches. The interconnect  104  may be made of a variety of materials, including carbon steel, stainless steel, corrosion resistant alloys, and/or composites. As the seal carrier  102  and the interconnect  104  are separate components, they may easily be made of different materials. Use of high cost materials may be limited to the component where they are needed, thereby saving in material costs. Material and machining costs may also be reduced over unitary constructions by starting the formation process with stock materials closer in size to the finished components. For example, the service end connector  102  may be formed by providing a first stock material (e.g., bar stock) with dimensions approximately similar to the final dimensions of the seal carrier  102 . The stock material may be machined to add the features of the seal carrier  102 , e.g., the receiving portion  108  and the first coupling surface  112 , by reducing the outer diameter of certain portions. Depending on the material used, the seal carrier  102  may be otherwise formed, e.g., by molding. A second stock material (e.g., bar stock) may be provided with dimensions approximately similar to the final dimensions of the interconnect  104 , then machined to add the required features, e.g., the second coupling surface  122  and the third coupling surface  124 , by reducing the outer diameter of the second bar stock (and increasing the inner diameter) in selected areas. As the seal carrier  102  generally has a lesser outer diameter than the interconnect  104 , the first stock material may have a lesser maximum diameter than a maximum diameter of the second stock material. Once the seal carrier  102  and the interconnect  104  are formed, they may be combined by many known methods, including the threaded connection depicted in  FIGS. 1A-C . 
     In other embodiments, processes other than those described above may be used to make the seal carrier  102  and the interconnect  104 . For example, the seal carrier  102  and the interconnect  104  may be made by casting, forging, molding, extruding, and other known fabrication methods. The seal carrier  102  and the interconnect  104  may be made with the same process, or may be made with different processes. The seal carrier  102  and the interconnect  104  may each be made through multiple known processes. 
       FIGS. 4A-4C  depict a pipe-to-pipe connector  400  that is substantially similar to the service end connector  100 , but instead of connecting a pipe to a different device the connector  400  connects pipes to each other. This may result in a substantially symmetrical appearance of the connector  400  as seen in the figures. 
     A seal carrier  402 , as seen in  FIGS. 5A-5C , is similar to the seal carrier  102 , though seal receiving portions  408  are disposed on opposite ends of the seal carrier  402  with a smooth first coupling surface  412  inbetween. The seal carrier  402  may have a fluid passage  406  and an outer diameter designated ‘OD’, along with grooves  410  in the seal receiving portions  408 . An interconnect  404  depicted in  FIGS. 6A-6C  is similar to the interconnect  104 , but the interconnect  404  has a smooth second coupling surface  422  and threaded third coupling surfaces  424  at opposite ends. The interconnect  404  defines a passage  420  with an inner diameter designated ‘ID’. The inner diameter ID and the outer diameter OD are substantially similar so that the seal carrier  402  may be press fit into the interconnect  404 . A protrusion or stop may be provided on the first coupling surface  412  and adapted for contact with a corresponding relief in the passage  420  the help provide accurate positioning. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a flange  700  with an insert  702  and an interconnect  704 . The insert  702 , as described in more detail below, is configured for insertion into other object (e.g., the interconnect  704 ), while the interconnect  704  is configured for attachment to a different component. The insert  702  and the interconnect  704  are depicted in  FIG. 7  in a disconnected state, however in use they will be connected such that the flange  700  may appear to be of unitary construction. 
     The insert  702  depicted in  FIGS. 8A-8C  may be substantially cylindrical, with several features similar to the seal carriers  102 ,  402 , such as a fluid passage  706  running the length of the insert  702 , thereby providing an open path for the transfer of fluids, tools, and other objects and substances. A first insert coupling surface  712  having an outer diameter of dimension OD F1  is configured for mating with the interconnect  704 . A lip  730  having an outer diameter of dimension OD F2  may be provided on an end of the insert  702  as a mechanical stop when inserted into the interconnect  704 . As the outer diameter OD F2  of the lip  730  may be the largest diametrical dimension on the insert, bar stock of at least this size may be required. 
     The interconnect  704  depicted in  FIGS. 9A-9C  may also be substantially cylindrical and is configured for mating with other components. A middle portion of the interconnect  704  may be substantially open, forming a passage  720  to complement the passage  706  in providing a path for transportation through the flange  700 . A second interconnect coupling surface  722  with an inner diameter ID F  may be formed on the interior of the interconnect  704  and be sized to receive and mate with the first insert coupling surface  712 . For example, the inner diameter ID F  of the complementary second interconnect coupling surface  722  may be substantially the same as, or slightly greater than, the outer diameter OD F1  of the first insert coupling surface  712 . Several openings  726  may be provided on a third coupling surface  724  having an outer diameter OD F3  of the interconnect  704  to facilitate attachment to other components, particularly those with a complementary bolt pattern. The openings  726  may be located in various standard or non-standard bolt patterns to enable attachment to various components. 
     As with the previously described embodiments, the insert  702  and the interconnect  704  may be made using a variety of methods and materials, and may come in a variety of sizes. For example, the insert  702  may be machined from a corrosion resistant material, such as stainless steel (e.g., 316L stainless steel), while the interconnect  704  is machined from a less corrosion resistant material, such as carbon steel (e.g., A105 carbon steel). Other formation methods and materials as described above may also be used. The insert  702  may range in size from as little as one inch to as much as twelve inches in diameter, and as short as a half inch to as much as twelve inches in length, although dimensions both below and above these ranges are possible. The interconnect  704  may range in size from as little as two inches to as much as eighteen inches in diameter, and as short as a quarter inch to as much as six inches in length, though again dimensions both below and above these ranges are possible. 
     For each of the service end connector  100 , the pipe-to-pipe connector  400 , and the flange  700 , the narrower end is inserted into the end of a pipe (either with or without seals). In some circumstances this fit may be tight enough to be secure without additional support, while often another device (e.g., a clamp or nut) is provided for a secure fit. Each of the service end connector  100 , the pipe-to-pipe connector  400 , and the flange  700  may also be connected with another component (either before or after attachment to a pipe). The service end connector  100 , the pipe-to-pipe connector  400 , and the flange  700  each provide a pathway for production of fluid, transportation of tools, or other purpose considered desirable while the components are engaged. 
     Equivalents 
     Unless otherwise specified, the illustrated embodiments can be understood as providing exemplary features of varying detail of certain embodiments, and therefore, unless otherwise specified, features, components, modules, and/or aspects of the illustrations can be otherwise combined, separated, interchanged, and/or rearranged without departing from the disclosed systems or methods. Additionally, the shapes and sizes of components are also exemplary and unless otherwise specified, can be altered without affecting the scope of the disclosed and exemplary systems or methods of the present disclosure. 
     While specific embodiments of the subject invention have been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification. The full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the specification, along with such variations. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in this specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. 
     The terms “a” and “an” and “the” used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention. 
     Having described certain embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts disclosed herein may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects as only illustrative and not restrictive.