Patent Publication Number: US-2012028129-A1

Title: Method for manufacturing solid electrolyte battery and solid electrolyte battery

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery and a solid electrolyte battery. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Because of remarkable development of portable electronic technology in recent years, portable electronic apparatuses, such as cellular phones and notebook type personal computers, have been recognized as fundamental technology supporting a high information society. Furthermore, research and development on highly advanced performance of these apparatuses have been energetically pursued, and in proportion to this trend, power consumption of the portable electronic apparatuses has been continuously increased. On the other hand, these electronic apparatuses are required to be driven for a long period of time, and inevitably, an increase in energy density of a secondary battery used as a drive power supply has been desired. 
     A higher energy density of the battery is more preferable in view, for example, of the volume and weight occupied by the battery which is embedded in the portable electronic apparatus. Since having an excellent energy density, lithium ion secondary batteries using doping and dedoping of lithium ions have been widely used for the portable electronic apparatuses. 
     Among the lithium ion secondary batteries, since a thin film lithium ion secondary battery, which is formed using a thin-film technique, can realize further reduction in size and weight, this battery has been expected as a power source for an IC card and a small electronic apparatus. 
     For example, a thin film lithium ion secondary battery disclosed in Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846 has a structure in which on a substrate, a positive electrode-side collector layer, a positive electrode active material layer, a solid electrolyte layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a negative electrode-side collector layer are laminated. In this thin film lithium ion secondary battery, every layer (thin film) is formed by a sputtering method. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     However, in the conventional thin film lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter, referred to as “conventional thin film battery) disclosed in Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846, there have been the following problems (1) to (5). 
     (1) In the conventional thin film battery, the collector layer, the positive electrode active material layer, the solid electrolyte layer, the negative electrode active material layer, and the collector layer (each of which is a thin film) are formed from respective different materials. Hence, when the conventional thin film battery is formed, for example, by a sputtering method, different target materials corresponding to materials for forming the respective layers must be prepared, and the number of necessary target materials is increased.
 
(2) In the conventional thin film battery, in order to form the respective layers (respective thin films), sputtering must be performed many times under different conditions, and for example, the target material and the mask must also be exchanged every time; hence, it will take time for manufacturing.
 
(3) Furthermore, in the conventional thin film battery, since the number of films is many (five layers), peeling and cracking occur due to stresses of the respective films.
 
(4) Furthermore, in the conventional thin film battery, since the number of films is many (five layers), when the temperature changes, peeling and cracking occur due to the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between the respective films.
 
(5) Furthermore, in the conventional thin film battery, since a rare metal (Co and/or Ni) is contained in a material used for the positive electrode and/or the negative electrode, the manufacturing cost is increased.
 
     Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery and a solid electrolyte battery, each of which is effective against the problems (1) to (5). 
     Solution to Problem 
     In order to achieve the above object, according to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery which comprises the steps of: forming a laminate having a first collector layer of a first collector material, a second collector layer of a second collector material, and an interlayer of a lithium ion conductive material; and applying a voltage to the laminate. 
     According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery which comprises the steps of: forming a laminate having a substrate, a first collector layer of a first collector material formed on the substrate, an interlayer of a lithium ion conductive material formed on the first collector layer, and a second collector layer of a second collector material formed on the interlayer; and applying a voltage to the laminate. 
     According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solid electrolyte battery which comprises: a first collector layer of a first collector material; a second collector layer of a second collector material; and an interlayer of a lithium ion conductive material provided between the first collector layer and the second collector layer, wherein the interlayer has a positive electrode region, a solid electrolyte region, and a negative electrode region, each of which is formed by the change of the lithium ion conductive material, lithium ions move to the negative electrode region from the positive electrode region via the solid electrolyte region at the time of charge, and lithium ions move to the positive electrode region from the negative electrode region via the solid electrolyte region at the time of discharge. 
     According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a solid electrolyte battery which comprises: a substrate; a first collector layer of a first collector material formed on the substrate; an interlayer of a lithium ion conductive material formed on the first collector layer; and a second collector layer of a second collector material formed on the interlayer, wherein the interlayer has a positive electrode region, a solid electrolyte region, and a negative electrode region, each of which is formed by the change of the lithium ion conductive material, lithium ions move to the negative electrode region from the positive electrode region via the solid electrolyte region at the time of charge, and lithium ions move to the positive electrode region from the negative electrode region via the solid electrolyte region at the time of discharge. 
     According to the first to the fourth aspects of the present invention, since the single interlayer formed of the lithium ion conductive material is changed to form the positive electrode region, the solid electrolyte region, and the negative electrode region, the number of the layers of the solid electrolyte battery can be reduced. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     According to the present invention, since the single interlayer formed of the lithium ion conductive material is changed to form the positive electrode region, the solid electrolyte region, and the negative electrode region, excellent performance can be obtained. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  includes cross-sectional views each illustrating a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to a first embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view showing the structure of one example of a sputtering apparatus used for the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 3  includes cross-sectional views each illustrating a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to a second embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  includes cross-sectional views each illustrating a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to a third embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-1. 
         FIG. 6  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-1. 
         FIG. 7  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-1. 
         FIG. 8  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 1-1. 
         FIG. 9  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 1-1. 
         FIG. 10  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 1-1. 
         FIG. 11  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-2. 
         FIG. 12  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-2. 
         FIG. 13  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 1-2. 
         FIG. 14  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 1-2. 
         FIG. 15  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 1-2. 
         FIG. 16  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-3. 
         FIG. 17  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-3. 
         FIG. 18  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-3. 
         FIG. 19  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 1-3. 
         FIG. 20  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 1-3. 
         FIG. 21  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 1-3. 
         FIG. 22  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-4. 
         FIG. 23  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-4. 
         FIG. 24  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 1-4. 
         FIG. 25  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 1-4. 
         FIG. 26  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 1-4. 
         FIG. 27  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 1-4. 
         FIG. 28  is a graph obtained by plotting discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each material of a collector layer. 
         FIG. 29  is a graph obtained by plotting the discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each material of the collector layer. 
         FIG. 30  is a graph obtained by plotting the discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each material of the collector layer. 
         FIG. 31  is a graph obtained by plotting a discharge capacity retention rate with respect to the number of cycles of each material of the collector layer. 
         FIG. 32  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-1. 
         FIG. 33  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-1. 
         FIG. 34  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 2-1. 
         FIG. 35  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 2-1. 
         FIG. 36  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 2-1. 
         FIG. 37  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-2. 
         FIG. 38  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-2. 
         FIG. 39  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 2-2. 
         FIG. 40  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 2-2. 
         FIG. 41  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 2-2. 
         FIG. 42  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-3. 
         FIG. 43  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-3. 
         FIG. 44  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 2-3. 
         FIG. 45  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 2-3. 
         FIG. 46  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 2-3. 
         FIG. 47  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-4. 
         FIG. 48  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-4. 
         FIG. 49  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 2-4. 
         FIG. 50  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 2-4. 
         FIG. 51  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 2-4. 
         FIG. 52  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-5. 
         FIG. 53  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-5. 
         FIG. 54  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 2-5. 
         FIG. 55  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 2-5. 
         FIG. 56  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 2-5. 
         FIG. 57  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-6. 
         FIG. 58  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-6. 
         FIG. 59  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 2-6. 
         FIG. 60  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 2-6. 
         FIG. 61  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 2-6. 
         FIG. 62  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-7. 
         FIG. 63  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 2-7. 
         FIG. 64  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 2-7. 
         FIG. 65  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 2-7. 
         FIG. 66  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 2-7. 
         FIG. 67  is a graph obtained by plotting discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each material of a collector layer. 
         FIG. 68  is a graph obtained by plotting the discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each material of the collector layer. 
         FIG. 69  is a graph obtained by plotting the discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each material of the collector layer. 
         FIG. 70  is a graph obtained by plotting a discharge capacity retention rate with respect to the number of cycles of each material of the collector layer. 
         FIG. 71  is a graph showing a result of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 3-1. 
         FIG. 72  is a graph showing results of the charge and discharge test of Test Example 3-1. 
         FIG. 73  is a graph showing a measurement result of an open-circuit voltage of Test Example 3-1. 
         FIG. 74  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of impedance measurement of Test Example 3-1. 
         FIG. 75  is a Cole-Cole plot showing results of the impedance measurement of Test Example 3-1. 
         FIG. 76  is a graph showing results of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 3-2. 
         FIG. 77  is a graph showing results of a charge and discharge test of Test Example 3-3. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. The embodiments described below are each a concrete example of the present invention, and technically desirable various limitations are also described; however, in the following description, it is to be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments unless otherwise particularly stated. In addition, description will be made in the following order. 
     1. First embodiment (a first example of a method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery)
 
2. Second embodiment (a second example of the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery)
 
3. Third embodiment (a third example of the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery)
 
4. Other embodiments (modifications)
 
     1. First embodiment 
     The First Example of the Method for Manufacturing a Solid Electrolyte Battery 
     A method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described. When the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment of the present invention is roughly classified, this method includes a laminate formation step of forming a laminate in which a lower collector layer, an interlayer, and an upper collector layer are laminated in this order on a substrate and a step of applying a voltage to the laminate. 
     Hereinafter, the laminate formation step and the step of applying a voltage to a laminate will be described with reference to  FIG. 1 . In addition,  FIG. 1A  is a cross-sectional view illustrating the laminate formation step.  FIG. 1B  is a cross-sectional view illustrating the step of applying a voltage to a laminate.  FIG. 1C  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a solid electrolyte battery formed by the laminate formation step and the step of applying a voltage to a laminate. 
     [Laminate Formation Step] 
     [Laminate] 
     First, the laminate formed by the laminate formation step will be described. This laminate has the structure in which as shown in  FIG. 1A , a lower collector layer  12 , an interlayer  13 , and an upper collector layer  14  are laminated in this order on a substrate  11 . In the first embodiment, an example in which the lower collector layer  12 , the interlayer  13 , and the upper collector layer  14  are each formed as a thin film will be described. 
     In this embodiment, the thin film indicates a material which has a thickness, for example, of several micrometers or less and has a significantly small volume as compared to the surface area thereof, and the shape of this material is generally a flat plate. Although described later in the third embodiment and other embodiments, the present invention is not limited to the example in which all the layers are each formed as a thin film. 
     The substrate  11 , the lower collector layer  12 , the interlayer  13 , and the upper collector layer  14 , which form the laminate, will be described in more details. 
     (Substrate) 
     As the substrate  11 , for example, there may be used a substrate formed from an electrically insulating material, such as a glass, a ceramic including alumina, or a resin; a substrate formed from a semiconductor material, such as silicon; or a substrate formed from a conductive material, such as aluminum, copper, or stainless steel. Although the shape of the substrate  11  is not particularly limited, for example, a plate, a sheet, a film, or a block shape may be mentioned. The substrate  11  may have either hard or flexible properties and can use various materials in a wide range of fields. 
     (Lower Collector Layer) 
     The lower collector layer  12  is a thin film formed from a collector material having good chemical stability and electrical conductivity. As this collector material, for example, a metal material, such as aluminum, nickel, copper, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), titanium, platinum, gold, silver, or stainless steel, or carbon may be mentioned. Among those mentioned above, since more excellent battery characteristics can be obtained, copper is preferable. 
     (Interlayer) 
     The interlayer  13  is a thin film formed from a lithium ion conductive material having lithium ion conductivity and very small electron mobility which can almost be ignored. As the lithium ion conductive material described above, for example, a compound containing lithium and phosphorus, such as Li 3 PO 4  or LiPON formed by adding nitrogen to Li 3 PO 4 , may be mentioned. This thin film is, for example, amorphous and is a thin film having high transparency. 
     (Upper Collector Layer) 
     The upper collector layer  14  is a thin film formed from a collector material having good chemical stability and electrical conductivity. As this collector material, for example, a metal material, such as aluminum, nickel, copper, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), titanium, platinum, gold, silver, or stainless steel, or carbon may be mentioned. Among those mentioned above, since more excellent battery characteristics can be obtained, copper is preferable. In addition, the material for the upper collector layer  14  may be identical to or different from the material for the lower collector layer  12 . 
     [Formation of Laminate (Formation of the Lower Collector Layer  12 , the Interlayer  13 , and the Upper Collector Layer  14 )] 
     The laminate can be obtained by forming a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12 , a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13 , and a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  in this order on the substrate  11 . 
     (Formation Method of Thin Film) 
     A formation method of each of the thin films to be used as the lower collector layer  12 , the interlayer  13 , and the upper collector layer  14  will be described. 
     Each thin film can be formed, for example, by a vapor phase method, such as a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition: physical vapor phase growth) method or a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition: chemical vapor phase growth) method. In addition, the formation can be performed by a liquid phase method, such as electroplating, electroless plating, a coating method, or a sol-gel method. In addition, the formation can be performed by a solid phase method, such as an SPE (solid phase epitaxy) method or an LB (Langmuir-Blodgett) method. 
     The PVD method is a method in which after a thin film-forming material to be formed into a thin film is vaporized and evaporated using energy, such as heat and/or plasma, a thin film is formed on a substrate. As the PVD method, for example, a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, an MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) method, and a laser ablation method may be mentioned. 
     The CVD method is a method in which energy, such as heat, light, and/or plasma, is applied to a material supplied in the form of gas forming a thin film to cause decomposition and reaction of raw material gas molecules and to form an intermediate product, and a thin film is deposited through adsorption, reaction, and desorption, each of which occurs on a substrate surface. 
     As the CVD method, for example, a thermal CVD method, an MOCVD (Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition: organometallic vapor phase growth) method, an RF plasma CVD method, a photo-CVD method, a laser-CVD method, and an LPE (Liquid Phase Epitaxy) method may be mentioned. 
     By the thin-film forming methods described above, it is easy for a person skilled in the art to form the thin films to be used as the lower collector layer  12 , the interlayer  13 , and the upper collector layer  14 , each having a desired composition. That is, a person skilled in the art can easily form the thin films to be used as the lower collector layer  12 , the interlayer  13 , and the upper collector layer  14 , each having a desired composition, by appropriately selecting thin film raw materials, thin-film forming methods, thin-film forming conditions, and the like. 
     [Formation Example of Laminate] 
     Hereinafter, an example of laminate formation will be described in which the laminate is formed by forming the thin films to be used as the lower collector layer  12 , the interlayer  13 , and the upper collector layer  14  using a sputtering method as one example. 
     Incidentally, of course, the formation of the respective thin films to be used as the lower collector layer  12 , the interlayer  13 , and the upper collector layer  14  is not limited to a sputtering method, and the thin-film forming methods described above may be widely applied. 
     (Sputtering Apparatus) 
     First, an example of an RF (high frequency) magnetron sputtering apparatus used for manufacturing the laminate will be described. In addition, the structure of this sputtering apparatus is just one example, and the sputtering apparatus used for manufacturing the laminate is not limited to this structure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , this sputtering apparatus  20  includes a vacuum chamber  21  used as a film-formation room, a vacuum control portion  22  which controls vacuum conditions in this vacuum chamber  21 , and an RF power supply  23  for plasma discharge. In addition, there are also included a sputtering cathode portion  25  connected to this RF power supply  23  through a power supply line  24  and a palette  26  disposed to face this sputtering cathode portion  25  with a predetermined distance therebetween. Furthermore, a discharge gas supply portion  31   a  for supplying an inert gas, such as an argon gas, in the vacuum chamber  21  is included. A reactive gas supply portion  31   b  for supplying a reactive gas, such as a nitrogen gas and/or an oxygen gas, in the vacuum chamber  21  is included. 
     The discharge gas supply portion  31   a  is formed of a discharge gas source  32   a  in which a discharge gas, such as an argon gas, which is an inert gas, is stored, and a mass flow controller  33   a  which controls a gas flow of a discharge gas supplied to the vacuum chamber  21 . The discharge gas is supplied to the vacuum chamber  21  from the discharge gas source  32   a  through the mass flow controller  33   a.    
     The reactive gas supply portion  31   b  is formed of a reactive gas source  32   b  in which a reactive gas, such as a nitrogen gas and/or an oxygen gas, is stored, and a mass flow controller  33   b  which controls a gas flow of a reactive gas supplied to the vacuum chamber  21 . The reactive gas is supplied to the vacuum chamber  21  from the reactive gas source  32   b  through the mass flow controller  33   b.    
     The sputtering cathode portion  25  has a target  28  functioning as a negative electrode, a backing plate  29  configured to fix the target  28 , and a magnet system  30  provided on the surface of the backing plate  29  opposite to the surface thereof to which the target  28  is fixed. 
     In addition, a pair of electrodes is formed from the palette  26  functioning as a positive electrode and the target  28  functioning as the negative electrode. On the palette  26 , a thin-film formation body  36  on which a thin film is to be formed is fitted so as to face the sputtering cathode portion  25 . 
     As described above, the sputtering apparatus  20  for forming each thin film is formed. An example in which the laminate shown in  FIG. 1A  is formed using this sputtering apparatus  20  will be described. 
     [Formation of Laminate] 
     (Formation of Lower Collector Layer) 
     First, after being carried in the sputtering apparatus  20  in which a target  28  of a material to be formed into the lower collector layer  12  is placed, the substrate  11  is fixed to the palette  26 . Next, the inside of the vacuum chamber  21  is evacuated to a predetermined pressure. Then, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  is formed on the substrate  11  by introducing an inert gas, such as an argon gas, in the vacuum chamber  21  from the discharge gas supply portion  31   a  and performing sputtering. 
     (Formation of Interlayer) 
     Next, after being carried in the sputtering apparatus  20  in which a target  28  of a lithium ion conductive material to be formed into the interlayer  13  is placed, the substrate  11  on which the lower collector layer  12  is formed is fixed to the palette  26 . 
     Next, the inside of the vacuum chamber  21  is evacuated to a predetermined pressure. Then, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  is formed on the lower collector layer  12  formed in the previous step by introducing an inert gas, such as an argon gas, in the vacuum chamber  21  from the discharge gas supply portion  31   a  and performing sputtering. 
     In addition, in this step, reactive sputtering may also be performed. The reactive sputtering is a method in which a reactive gas, such as nitrogen gas and/or an oxygen gas, is introduced in the vacuum chamber  21  besides an inert gas, such as an argon gas, used as a discharge gas, and sputtering is performed. For example, a thin film of the aforementioned LiPON is formed in such a way that Li 3 PO 4  is used as a target material, a nitrogen gas is introduced in the vacuum chamber  21 , and sputtering is performed. 
     When the reactive sputtering is performed, an inert gas, such as an argon gas, is introduced in the vacuum chamber  21  from the discharge gas supply portion  31   a , and furthermore, a reactive gas, such as a nitrogen gas and/or an oxygen gas, is introduced from the reactive gas supply portion  31   b . Subsequently, by performing sputtering, the thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  is formed on the lower collector layer  12  formed in the previous step. 
     (Formation of Upper Collector Layer) 
     Next, after being carried in the sputtering apparatus  20  in which a target  28  of a material to be formed into the upper collector layer  14  is placed, the substrate  11  on which the interlayer  13  is formed is fixed to the palette  26 . Next, the inside of the vacuum chamber  21  is evacuated to a predetermined pressure. Then, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  is formed on the interlayer  13  formed in the previous step by introducing an inert gas, such as an argon gas, in the vacuum chamber  21  and performing sputtering. As described above, the laminate shown in  FIG. 1A  can be obtained. 
     [Step of Applying Voltage] 
     As shown in  FIG. 1B , a voltage is applied to the laminate formed in the laminate formation step. A voltage is applied to the laminate, for example, by connecting a + terminal of a power supply  18  to the upper collector layer  14  and connecting a − terminal of the power supply to the lower collector layer  12 . In this case, electrons flow in a direction indicated by an arrow P. Although the intensity of the voltage to be applied is, for example, in a range of 3 to 8 V, the intensity is not limited thereto. The intensity of the voltage to be applied may be lower or higher than the above range. By this step, the state of the laminate is changed, and by this change, the laminate starts to function as a solid electrolyte battery in which charge and discharge operation can be stably performed. 
     [Change in State of Laminate] 
     By the step of applying a voltage, the state of the laminate is changed from the state shown in  FIG. 1A  to the state shown in  FIG. 1C . 
     The laminate shown in this  FIG. 1C  has the substrate  11 /the lower collector layer  12 /a region  13   c /a region  13   b /a region  13   a /the upper collector layer  14 . That is, by applying a voltage, the lithium ion conductive material is changed, so that the interlayer  13  have the region  13   c , the region  13   b , and the region  13   a.    
     This region  13   c  is a region (negative electrode region) in which lithium ions are occluded at the time of charge and from which lithium ions are released at the time of discharge. The region  13   b  is a region (solid electrolyte region) functioning as a medium conducting lithium ions at the time of charge and discharge. The region  13   a  is a region (positive electrode region) from which lithium ions are released at the time of charge and in which lithium ions are occluded at the time of discharge. 
     The laminate shown in  FIG. 1C  functions as a solid electrolyte battery (secondary battery) in which lithium ions move to the region  13   c  from the region  13   a  via the region  13   b  at the time of charge and in which lithium ions move to the region  13   a  from the region  13   c  via the region  13   b  at the time of discharge. 
     These region  13   a , region  13   b , and region  13   c  are formed by applying a voltage once to the laminate shown in  FIG. 1A , and the regions thus formed are maintained also by subsequent charge and discharge. Therefore, the laminate shown in  FIG. 1C  functions as a solid electrolyte battery in which charge and discharge operation can be performed. 
     These region  13   a , region  13   b , and region  13   c  of the laminate shown in this  FIG. 1C  are formed when a single layer (single thin film) is changed. Accordingly, the interfacial resistances between the regions  13   a  and  13   b  and between the regions  13   b  and  13   c  are each very low. 
     [Effects] 
     In the solid electrolyte battery obtained according to the first embodiment of the present invention, the region  13   c /region  13   b /region  13   a  are formed in the single layer (interlayer  13 ) and function as a solid electrolyte battery. Hence, the interfacial resistance generated between the regions is low. 
     In the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment of the present invention, since the number of types of materials forming thin films is small, the number of manufacturing steps can be substantially reduced. 
     That is, in the thin film battery disclosed in Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846 (hereinafter, referred to as “thin-film battery of Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846”) described in the column of Background Art by way of example, four types of thin films of different materials must be formed for the collector layer/positive electrode active material layer/solid electrolyte layer/negative electrode active material layer/collector layer. For example, when the thin films are each formed by a sputtering method, four types of targets of materials corresponding to the respective layers are necessary, and the target materials and the like must be exchanged for the formation of the respective layers. 
     On the other hand, in the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment of the present invention, the number of types of materials forming the thin films for the lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  is three or two which is smaller than that in the past. Hence, compared to the thin film battery disclosed in Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846, the exchange of target materials and the like is not necessarily performed for one or two types of targets, and the number of manufacturing steps can be reduced. By the way, when the number of types of materials is two, the type of thin film of the lower collector layer  12  is identical to the type of thin film of the upper collector layer  14 . 
     In the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment of the present invention, the material cost for forming a solid electrolyte battery can be reduced as compared to that in the past. That is, for example, in the thin-film battery of Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846, as the positive electrode active material, a material containing a rare metal, such as nickel and/or manganese, is used. However, in the first embodiment, since the solid electrolyte battery can be formed without using a material containing a rare metal as described above, the material cost can be reduced. 
     Since the number of the thin films formed for the solid electrolyte battery obtained according to the first embodiment of the present invention is small, peeling and cracking caused by a stress are not likely to occur, and this battery has a long life. That is, for example, in the thin-film battery of Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846, the number of the thin films formed therefor is five. On the other hand, since the number of the thin films formed in the first embodiment is three, as compared with the battery in the past, peeling and cracking caused by a stress are not likely to occur, and the battery thus formed has a long life. 
     In the solid electrolyte battery obtained according to the first embodiment of the present invention, since the number of the thin films formed therefor is small, an adverse influence of thermal expansion caused by the change in temperature is small, and hence, a thin substrate or a soft substrate made of a resin or the like can be used. That is, for example, in the thin-film battery of Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846, the number of the thin films formed therefor is five. On the other hand, since the number of the thin films formed in the solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment is three, as compared with the battery in the past, an adverse influence of thermal expansion caused by the change in temperature is small, and hence, a thin substrate or a soft substrate made of a resin or the like can be used. 
     In the solid electrolyte battery obtained according to the first embodiment of the present invention, a battery having a high transmittance can be obtained by forming the upper collector layer  14  and the lower collector layer  12  from a highly transparent material, such as ITO, and forming the interlayer  13  from a highly transparent Li 3 PO 4  or LiPON. 
     2. Second Embodiment 
     A method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described. In the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the second embodiment of the present invention, a step of applying a voltage to a laminate is different from that of the first embodiment, and the others are similar to those of the first embodiment. 
     Hereinafter, with reference to  FIG. 3 , the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described. In addition,  FIG. 3A  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a laminate formation step.  FIG. 3B  is a cross-sectional view illustrating the step of applying a voltage to a laminate.  FIG. 3C  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a solid electrolyte battery formed by the laminate formation step and the step of applying a voltage. In this embodiment, the same member as that shown in  FIG. 1  is designated by the same reference numeral, and description thereof is appropriately to be omitted. 
     [Laminate Formation Step] 
     First, the laminate shown in  FIG. 3A  is formed. Since the structure of the laminate and the step of forming the laminate are similar to those of the first embodiment, detailed description is omitted. 
     [Step of Applying Voltage] 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 3B , a voltage is applied to the laminate formed in the laminate formation step. A voltage is applied to the laminate, for example, by connecting the + terminal of the power supply  18  to the lower collector layer  12  and connecting the − terminal of the power supply  18  to the upper collector layer  14 . In this case, electrons flow in a direction indicated by an arrow Q. By this step, the state of the laminate is changed, and by this change, the laminate starts to function as a solid electrolyte battery in which charge and discharge operation can be stably performed. 
     [Change in State of Laminate] 
     By the step of applying a voltage, the state of the laminate is changed from the state shown in  FIG. 3A  to the state shown in  FIG. 3C . 
     The laminate shown in this  FIG. 3C  has the substrate  11 /the lower collector layer  12 /a region  13   a /a region  13   b /a region  13   c /the upper collector layer  14 . That is, by applying a voltage, the lithium ion conductive material is changed, so that the interlayer  13  have the region  13   a , the region  13   b , and the region  13   c.    
     This region  13   a  is a region (positive electrode region) from which lithium ions are released at the time of charge and in which lithium ions are occluded at the time of discharge. The region  13   b  is a region (solid electrolyte region) functioning as a medium conducting lithium ions at the time of charge and discharge. The region  13   c  is a region (negative electrode region) in which lithium ions are occluded at the time of charge and from which lithium ions are released at the time of discharge. 
     The laminate shown in  FIG. 3C  functions as a solid electrolyte battery (secondary battery) in which lithium ions move to the region  13   c  from the region  13   a  via the region  13   b  at the time of charge and in which lithium ions move to the region  13   a  from the region  13   c  via the region  13   b  at the time of discharge. 
     These region  13   a , region  13   b , and region  13   c  are formed by applying a voltage once to the laminate shown in  FIG. 3A , and the regions thus formed are maintained also by subsequent charge and discharge. Therefore, the laminate shown in  FIG. 3C  functions as a solid electrolyte battery in which charge and discharge operation can be performed. 
     These region  13   a , region  13   b , and region  13   c  of the laminate shown in this  FIG. 3C  are formed when a single layer (single thin film) is changed. Accordingly, the interfacial resistances between the regions  13   a  and  13   b  and between the regions  13   b  and  13   c  are each very low. 
     [Effects] 
     The method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the second embodiment of the present invention has effects similar to those of the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the first embodiment. 
     3. Third Embodiment 
     A method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the third embodiment of the present invention will be described. In the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the third embodiment of the present invention, the structure of a laminate and a formation method thereof are different from those of the first embodiment. Hereinafter, with reference to  FIG. 4 , the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the third embodiment of the present invention will be described. 
     In addition,  FIG. 4A  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a laminate formation step.  FIG. 4B  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a step of applying a voltage to the laminate.  FIG. 4C  is a cross-sectional view illustrating a solid electrolyte battery formed by the laminate formation step and the step of applying a voltage. In addition, the same member as that shown in  FIG. 1  is designated by the same reference numeral, and detailed description thereof is to be omitted. 
     [Laminate Formation Step] 
     [Laminate] 
     In the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the third embodiment of the present invention, the structure of the laminate is similar to that of the laminate shown in  FIG. 1A  except that the substrate  11  is omitted. That is, the laminate shown in  FIG. 4A  has the structure formed of the lower collector layer  12 /an interlayer  43 /the upper collector layer  14 . In this laminate, the interlayer  43  is composed of a plate-shaped glass (glass substrate) formed from a lithium ion conductive material, such as Li 3 PO 4 , and by using this glass substrate as a thin-film formation object, thin films to be used as the upper collector layer  14  and the lower collector layer  12  are formed. In addition, the shape of this glass substrate is not limited a plate shape and may be, for example, in the form of a sheet, a film, or a block. 
     [Formation of Laminate] 
     First, a plate-shaped glass substrate is manufactured using a lithium ion conductive material as a raw material and is used as the interlayer  43 . Next, the thin films to be used as the upper collector layer  14  and the lower collector layer  12  are formed to this interlayer  43 . That is, the laminate is formed of the interlayer  43 →the upper collector layer  14 →the lower collector layer  12  in this order or is formed of the interlayer  43 →the upper collector layer  14 →the lower collector layer  12  in this order. 
     The plate-shaped glass substrate to be used as the interlayer  43  can be obtained by vitrifying and processing a raw material to have a predetermined shape by a conventionally proposed method, such as a fusion method or a low-temperature synthesis method, using a lithium ion conductive material as a raw material. 
     The fusion method is a method in which after a raw material to be formed into a glass is fused into a liquid state by direct heating, quenching is performed to vitrify the raw material. As the raw material to be formed into a glass, a single material or a mixture containing a plurality of materials may be used. 
     For example, when the interlayer  43  is formed of a glass substrate of Li 3 PO 4 , after Li 3 PO 4  is fused, quenching and processing are performed to form a predetermined shape, so that the glass substrate of Li 3 PO 4  can be obtained. In addition, a glass substrate of Li 3 PO 4  may be obtained in such a way that after a mixture of phosphorus oxide, lithium oxide, and the like is fused, quenching and processing are performed to form a predetermined shape. 
     As the low-temperature synthesis method, for example, a sol-gel method and a liquid phase reaction method may be mentioned. For example, the sol-gel method is a method in which a sol solution of a metal alkoxide, a metal salt, or the like is processed by hydrolysis/polycondensation to form a gel, and this gel is processed by drying and heat treatment to form a glass. 
     [Step of Applying Voltage] 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 4B , a voltage is applied to the laminate formed in the laminate formation step. A voltage is applied to the laminate, for example, by connecting the +terminal of the power supply  18  to the upper collector layer  14  and connecting the − terminal of the power supply  18  to the lower collector layer  12 . In this case, electrons flow in a direction indicated by an arrow P. By this step, the state of the laminate is changed, and by this change, the laminate starts to function as a solid electrolyte battery in which charge and discharge operation can be stably performed. 
     [Change in State of Laminate] 
     By the step of applying a voltage, the state of the laminate is changed from the state shown in  FIG. 4A  to the state shown in  FIG. 4C . 
     The laminate shown in this  FIG. 4C  has the lower collector layer  12 /a region  43   c /a region  43   b /a region  43   a /the upper collector layer  14 . That is, by applying a voltage, the lithium ion conductive material is changed, so that the interlayer  43  have the region  43   c , the region  43   b , and the region  43   a.    
     This region  43   c  is a region (negative electrode region) in which lithium ions are occluded at the time of charge and from which lithium ions are released at the time of discharge. The region  43   b  is a region (solid electrolyte region) functioning as a medium conducting lithium ions at the time of charge and discharge. The region  43   a  is a region (positive electrode region) from which lithium ions are released at the time of charge and in which lithium ions are occluded at the time of discharge. 
     The laminate shown in  FIG. 4C  functions as a solid electrolyte battery (secondary battery) in which lithium ions move to the region  43   c  from the region  43   a  via the region  43   b  at the time of charge and in which lithium ions move to the region  43   a  from the region  43   c  via the region  43   b  at the time of discharge. 
     These region  43   a , region  43   b , and region  43   c  are formed by applying a voltage once to the laminate shown in  FIG. 4A , and the regions thus formed are maintained also by subsequent charge and discharge. Therefore, the laminate shown in  FIG. 4C  functions as a solid electrolyte battery in which charge and discharge operation can be performed. 
     These region  43   a , region  43   b , and region  43   c  of the laminate shown in this  FIG. 4C  are formed when a single layer is changed. Accordingly, the interfacial resistances between the regions  43   a  and  43   b  and between the regions  43   b  and  43   c  are each very low. 
     [Effects] 
     In the solid electrolyte battery obtained according to the third embodiment of the present invention, the region  43   c /region  43   b /region  43   a  are formed in the single layer (interlayer  13 ) and function as a solid electrolyte battery. Hence, the interfacial resistances generated between the regions are low. 
     According to the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery of the third embodiment of the present invention, since the number of types of thin films to be formed is small, the number of manufacturing steps can be substantially reduced. Since the number of types of materials forming the thin films for the lower collector layer  12  and the upper collector layer  14  is small, such as two or one, the number of manufacturing steps can be substantially reduced as compared with that in the past. By the way, when the number of types of materials is one, the type of material for the thin film of the lower collector layer  12  is identical to that of the upper collector layer  14 . 
     In the method for manufacturing a solid electrolyte battery according to the third embodiment of the present invention, the material cost for forming a solid electrolyte battery can be reduced as compared with that in the past. That is, for example, in the thin-film battery of Domestic Re-publication of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2006/082846, as the positive electrode active material, a material containing a rare metal, such as nickel and/or manganese, is used. However, according to the solid electrolyte battery obtained in the third embodiment, since the solid electrolyte battery is formed without using a material containing a rare metal as described above, the material cost can be reduced. 
     In addition, in the solid electrolyte battery obtained according to the third embodiment of the present invention, since the number of the thin films to be formed is small, peeling and cracking caused by a stress are not likely to occur, and the battery thus formed has a long life. 
     In addition, in the solid electrolyte battery obtained according to the third embodiment of the present invention, a battery having a high transmittance can be obtained by forming the upper collector layer  14  and the lower collector layer  12  from a highly transparent material, such as ITO. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Hereinafter, although examples of the present invention will be described, the present invention is not limited thereto. 
     Test Examples 1-1 to 1-7 
     Examples in which Test was Performed Using a Substrate  11  Side as a Positive Electrode 
     Test Example 1-1 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Al 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
Film thickness: 800 nm
 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Al 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The following tests were performed using this laminate. 
     (Charge and Discharge Test) 
     After a + terminal of a power supply was connected to the lower collector layer  12 , and a − terminal of the power upper was connected to the upper collector layer  14 , a charge and discharge test (number of cycles: 10) was performed at a constant current in such a way that a cut-off voltage of charge was set to 3.5 V, and a cut-off voltage of discharge was set to 1.0 V. In addition, the electric current at the time of charge and discharge was set to 0.1 μA, and the effective area was set to 1 cm×1 cm (1 cm 2 ). The measurement results are shown in  FIGS. 5 ,  6 , and  7 . In addition,  FIG. 7  is an enlarged graph of a charge-and-discharge curve shown by an arrow  101  of  FIG. 6 . 
     (Measurement of Open-Circuit Voltage) 
     The laminate processed by the charge and discharge test (numbers of cycles: 10) was connected to an electrochemical measuring apparatus manufactured by Solartron, and an open-circuit voltage was monitored for 25 hours. The open-circuit voltage was measured at intervals of 1 minute, and the measurement result is shown in the graph of  FIG. 8  in which the horizontal axis represents the time and the vertical axis represents the voltage. 
     (Impedance Measurement) 
     By an alternating-current impedance method, the impedance before and after the first cycle of the charge and discharge test was measured. The Cole-Cole plots of the measurement results are shown in  FIGS. 9 and 10 . In addition,  FIG. 10  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     Test Example 1-2 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 1-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 11 and 12 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 13 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 . 
     Test Example 1-3 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: ITO 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: ITO 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 1-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 16 ,  17 , and  18 . In addition,  FIG. 18  is an enlarged graph of a charge-and-discharge curve shown by an arrow  102  of  FIG. 17 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 19 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 20 and 21 . In addition,  FIG. 21  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 20 . 
     Test Example 1-4 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Pt 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Pt 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 1-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 22 ,  23 , and  24 . In addition,  FIG. 24  is an enlarged graph of a charge-and-discharge curve shown by an arrow  103  of  FIG. 23 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 25 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 26 and 27 . In addition,  FIG. 27  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 26 . 
     [Evaluation] 
     From Test Examples 1-1 to 1-4, it was confirmed that the laminate as shown in  FIG. 1A  was able to repeatedly perform charge and discharge operation. In addition, according to the impedance measurement, the behavior before the charge and discharge test was different from that thereafter, and it was confirmed that the state of the interlayer  13  was changed before and after the charge and discharge test. 
     [Evaluation of Cycle Characteristic of Each Collector Material] 
     The graphs obtained by plotting the discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each of the collector materials forming the lower collector layer  12  and the upper collector layer  13  are shown in  FIGS. 28 to 30 . In addition,  FIG. 29  is a partially enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 28 .  FIG. 30  is a partially enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 28 . 
     In addition, the graph obtained by plotting a discharge capacity retention rate to the first discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles is shown in  FIG. 31 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 28 to 30 , it was found that the discharge capacity was changed in accordance with the types of collector materials forming the upper current collector layer  14  and the lower collector layer  12 . In particular, it was found that when copper was used, the discharge capacity was high as compared with that of the other materials. 
     In addition, as shown in  FIG. 31 , it was found that the discharge capacity retention rate was changed in accordance with the types of collector materials. 
     Test Examples 2-1 to 2-7 
     Examples in which Test was Performed Using a Substrate  11  Side as a Negative Electrode 
     Test Example 2-1 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Al 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
Film thickness: 800 nm
 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Al 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The following tests were performed using this laminate. 
     (Charge and Discharge Test) 
     After a + terminal of a power supply was connected to the upper collector layer  14 , and a − terminal of the power upper was connected to the lower collector layer  12 , a charge and discharge test (number of cycles: 10) was performed at a constant current in such a way that a cut-off voltage of charge was set to 3.5 V, and a cut-off voltage of discharge was set to 1.0 V. In addition, the electric current at the time of charge and discharge was set to 0.1 μA, and the effective area was set to 1 cm×1 cm (1 cm 2 ). The measurement results are shown in  FIGS. 32 and 33 . 
     (Measurement of Open-Circuit Voltage) 
     The laminate processed by the charge and discharge test (numbers of cycles: 10) was connected to an electrochemical measuring apparatus manufactured by Solartron, and an open-circuit voltage was monitored for 25 hours. The open-circuit voltage was measured at intervals of 1 minute, and the measurement result is shown in the graph of  FIG. 34  in which the horizontal axis represents the time and the vertical axis represents the voltage. 
     (Impedance Measurement) 
     By an alternating-current impedance method, the impedance before and after the first cycle of the charge and discharge test was measured. The Cole-Cole plots of the measurement results are shown in  FIGS. 35 and 36 . In addition,  FIG. 36  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 35 . 
     Test Example 2-2 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 2-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 37 and 38 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 39 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 40 and 41 . In addition,  FIG. 41  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 40 . 
     Test Example 2-3 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: ITO 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: ITO 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness=100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 2-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 42 and 43 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 44 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 45 and 46 . In addition,  FIG. 46  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 45 . 
     Test Example 2-4 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Ni 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Ni 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 10 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 2-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 47 and 48 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 49 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 50 and 51 . In addition,  FIG. 51  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 50 . 
     Test Example 2-5 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Ti 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 20 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Ti 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 20 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 2-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 52 and 53 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 54 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 55 and 56 . In addition,  FIG. 56  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 55 . 
     Test Example 2-6 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Pt 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Pt 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 2-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 57 and 58 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 59 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 60 and 61 . In addition,  FIG. 61  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 60 . 
     Test Example 2-7 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: C 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 150 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm
 
Film-formation time: 6 hours
 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film thickness: 800 nm 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: C 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 150 minutes
 
Film thickness: 100 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed on this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 2-1. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 62 and 63 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 64 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 65 and 66 . In addition,  FIG. 66  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 65 . 
     [Evaluation] 
     From Test Examples 2-1 to 2-7, it was confirmed that the laminate as shown in  FIG. 1A  was able to repeatedly perform charge and discharge operation. In addition, according to the impedance measurement, the behavior before the charge and discharge test was different from that thereafter, and it was confirmed that the state of the interlayer  13  was changed before and after the charge and discharge test. 
     [Evaluation of Cycle Characteristic of Each Collector Material] 
     The graphs obtained by plotting the discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles of each of the collector materials forming the lower collector layer  12  and the upper collector layer  14  are shown in  FIGS. 67 to 69 . In addition,  FIG. 68  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 67 .  FIG. 69  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 67 . 
     In addition, the graph obtained by plotting the discharge capacity retention rate to the first discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles is shown in  FIG. 70 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 67 to 69 , it was found that the discharge capacity was changed in accordance with the types of collector materials forming the upper collector layer  14  and the lower collector layer  12 . In particular, it was found that when copper was used, the discharge capacity was high as compared with that of the other materials. Furthermore, it was found that when copper was used, the discharge capacity was increased as the number of cycles was increased. 
     Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 70 , it was found that the discharge capacity retention rate was changed in accordance with the types of collector materials forming the collectors. 
     Test Examples 3-1 to 3-3 
     Other Examples in which a Test was Performed Using Copper as a Collector Material 
     Test Example 3-1 
     An Example in which a Substrate  11  Side Was Used as a Negative Electrode 
     In Test Examples 2-1 to 2-7 described above, since excellent performances were obtained when copper was used as a collector material, a test in which copper was used as a collector material was further performed. That is, a laminate was formed in which thin films to be used as the lower collector layer  12  and the upper collector layer  14  were formed using copper as a target material under different sputtering conditions from those of Test Example 2-2, and tests similar to those of Test Example 2-1 were performed. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness: 150 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 hours
 
Film thickness: 1,100 nm
 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 10 minutes
 
Film thickness: 150 nm
 
     The (charge and discharge test), the (open-circuit voltage), and the (impedance measurement) were performed using this laminate in a manner similar to that of Test Example 2-2. 
     The results of the charge and discharge test are shown in  FIGS. 7-1  and  7 - 2 . The result of the open-circuit voltage measurement is shown in  FIG. 7-3 . The Cole-Cole plots of the results of the impedance measurement are shown in  FIGS. 7-4  and  7 - 5 . In addition,  FIG. 7-5  is an enlarged graph of that shown in  FIG. 7-4 . 
     (Evaluation) 
     From Test Example 3-1, it was confirmed that the laminate as shown in  FIG. 1A  was able to repeatedly perform charge and discharge operation. In addition, according to the impedance measurement, the behavior before the charge and discharge test was different from that thereafter, and it was confirmed that the state of the interlayer  13  was changed before and after the charge and discharge test. 
     Test Examples 3-2 and 3-3 
     Examples in which a Voltage Condition of the Charge and Discharge Test was Changed 
     Test Example 3-2 
     An Example in which a Substrate  11  Side was Used as a Positive Electrode 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm
 
Ten outputs: 50 W
 
Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 200 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 hours
 
Film thickness: 1,100 nm
 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 200 nm
 
     The following charge and discharge test was performed using this laminate. 
     (Charge and Discharge Test) 
     After a + terminal of a power supply was connected to the lower collector layer  12 , and a − terminal of the power supply was connected to the upper collector layer  14 , a charge and discharge test (number of cycles: 10) was performed at a constant current in such a way that a cut-off voltage of charge was set to 4.5 V, and a cut-off voltage of discharge was set to 1.0 V. In addition, the electric current at the time of charge and discharge was set to 0.5 μA, and the effective area was set to 1 cm×1 cm (1 cm 2 ). The measurement results are shown in  FIG. 7-6 . 
     Test Example 3-3 
     An Example in which a Substrate  11  Side was Used as a Negative Electrode 
     A laminate having the structure of the substrate  11 /lower collector layer  12 /interlayer  13 /upper collector layer  14  as shown in  FIG. 1A  was formed as described below. 
     [Formation of Lower Collector Layer  12 ] 
     First, a thin film to be used as the lower collector layer  12  was formed on the substrate  11  (glass substrate) using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 200 nm
 
     [Formation of Interlayer  13 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the interlayer  13  was formed on the lower collector layer  12  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Li 3 PO 4    
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar:N 2 =30 sccm:30 sccm 
     Output: 300 W 
     Film-formation time: 8 hours
 
Film thickness: 1,100 nm
 
     [Formation of Upper Collector Layer  14 ] 
     Next, a thin film to be used as the upper collector layer  14  was formed on the substrate  11  using a sputtering apparatus under the following sputtering conditions. 
     (Sputtering Conditions) 
     Target: Cu 
     Pressure: 0.5 Pa 
     Sputtering gas: Ar: 20 sccm 
     Output: 50 W 
     Film-formation time: 15 minutes
 
Film thickness: 200 nm
 
     The following charge and discharge test was performed using this laminate. 
     (Charge and Discharge Test) 
     After a + terminal of a power supply was connected to the upper collector layer  14 , and a − terminal of the power supply was connected to the lower collector layer  12 , a charge and discharge test (number of cycles: 10) was performed at a constant current in such a way that a cut-off voltage of charge was set to 4.5 V, and a cut-off voltage of discharge was set to 1.0 V. In addition, the electric current at the time of charge and discharge was set to 0.5 μA, and the effective area was set to 1 cm×1 cm (1 cm 2 ). The measurement results are shown in  FIG. 7-7 . 
     (Evaluation) 
     From Test Examples 3-2 and 3-3, it was confirmed that the laminate as shown in  FIG. 1A  was able to repeatedly perform charge and discharge operation. 
     4. Other Embodiments 
     The present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various modifications and applications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
     For example, although the solid electrolyte battery is formed by the step of applying a voltage following the laminate formation step in the first and the second embodiments, the step of applying a voltage may be omitted. That is, for example, when the interlayer  13  of the above laminate is formed by a sputtering method, at the stage at which the laminate is formed, electric potential difference is generated therein even before the step of applying a voltage to the laminate is performed, and hence the laminate functions as a solid electrolyte battery. Accordingly, when the interlayer  13  is formed by a sputtering method, the step of applying a voltage may be omitted. 
     Although Li 3 PO 4  and LiPON are mentioned as a lithium ion conductive material which forms the interlayer  13  or the interlayer  43  in the first to the third embodiments, the lithium ion conductive material which forms the interlayer is not limited thereto. 
     As the lithium ion conductive material which forms the interlayer  13  or the interlayer  43 , for example, an inorganic solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, which was been proposed in the past, may be used. As the lithium ion conductive material described above, for example, a nitride, a halide, an oxygen acid salt, or a sulfide of Li, each having lithium ion conductivity, may be mentioned. For example, there may be mentioned NASICON type Li 1+x M x Ti 2−x (PO 4 ) 3  (M is a hetero atom, such as Al or Sc), perovskite type La 2/3−x Li 3x TiO 3 , LISICON type Li 4−x Ge 1−x P x S 4 , β-Fe 2 (SO 4 ) type Li 3 M 2 (PO 4 ) 3  (M is a hetero atom, such as In or Sc). 
     Although the lower collector layer  12  and the upper collector layer  14  are each formed of the thin film of the collector material in the first to the third embodiments, the lower collector layer  12  and the upper collector layer  14  may be each formed of a plate-shaped collector material. 
     In the third embodiment, for example, a voltage may be applied to the laminate by connecting the + terminal of the power supply  18  to the lower collector layer  12  and connecting the − terminal of the power supply  18  to the upper collector layer  14 .