Patent Publication Number: US-2023139452-A1

Title: Partially submerged foam fractionation system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 63/272,813, filed Oct. 28, 2021, entitled PARTIALLY SUBMERGED FOAM FRACTIONATION SYSTEM, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT RIGHTS STATEMENT 
     N/A. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to devices, systems, and methods using foam fractionation to remove non-polar waste molecules, including, but not limited to, sewage bacteria, environmental contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and/or sediment/turbidity caused by dredging activities, from open-water aquatic environments. The present disclosure also relates to such devices and systems that are partially submerged to reduce weight and increase treatment volume. 
     INTRODUCTION 
     Foam fractionation is a process by which non-polar waste molecules, such as sewage bacteria, waste and/or runoff chemicals, petroleum products, and other organic compounds, are removed from water. Foam fractionators (also called protein skimmers or protein fractionators) are used in commercial applications, including municipal water treatment facilities, public aquariums, and open-water aquatic environmental systems, as well as home aquariums and in-home filtration. For example, although originally used for recuperating valuable biomedical compounds, the use of foam fractionation has become popular in the aquarium industry for polishing water to the high qualities necessary for raising fragile fish an invertebrates such as corals. In this capacity, the technology removes leftover food and animal waste from a closed system. 
     However, environmental trials using industrial-sized foam fractionators designed for large public aquariums, for example, not only require significant customization to integrate these machines into platforms that are environmentally durable, versatile, and deployable, but their design must also be carefully considered so these machines draw and release water safely from and to the surrounding environment. Additionally, although foam fractionators that are capable of maximizing foam fractionation for water purification are currently designed for land-based and closed-system applications, they are not configured for mobile applications, such as for temporary and/or repositionable use along canals, in ports, marinas, and/or harbors, in small inland ponds and lakes, and/or narrow and/or shallow waterways, and other locations, including for non-permanent use. Further, known foam fractionation systems are not sufficiently scalable or efficient for large-scale use and/or use in public waterways. 
     SUMMARY 
     Some embodiments advantageously provide a system and method for removing waste materials from a body of water. In some embodiments, a system for removing waste materials from a body of water includes at least one foam fractionation device, each of the at least one foam fractionation device including: a body, the body having a first portion and a second portion opposite the first portion, the first portion including a foam collection reservoir and the second portion defining a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber being in fluid communication with the foam collection reservoir, at least a portion of the second portion being submerged in the body of water when the system is in use. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, a free end of the second portion of the body is open. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the system further includes a bubble generation system, the bubble generation system being in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, the bubble generation system including an air conduit assembly having at least one nozzle. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the at least one nozzle is within the reaction chamber. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the at least one nozzle is below the open second portion when the system is in use. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the system further includes a base structure, each of the at least one foam fractionation devices being configured to be coupled to the base structure. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the base structure is configured to float on a surface of the body of water when the system is in use. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, each of the at least one foam fractionation devices extends through the base structure such that at least a portion of the reaction chamber is submerged in the body of water and the foam collection reservoir is not in direct contact with the body of water when the system is in use. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the system further includes a coupling assembly configured to couple the at least one foam fractionation device to the base structure such that the at least one foam fractionation device is selectively movable relative to the base structure. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the coupling assembly includes at least one post extending from a surface of the base structure and an actuation mechanism operable to move the at least one foam fractionation device relative to the base structure and along the at least one post. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the at least one foam fractionation device includes a plurality of foam fractionation devices. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, each of the at least one foam fractionation devices includes a flotation element configured to maintain a corresponding one of the at least one foam fractionation device in a position such that at least a portion of the reaction chamber is submerged in the body of water and the foam collection reservoir is not in direct contact with the body of water when the system is in use. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the flotation element is coupled to an outer surface of the reaction chamber at a location that is proximate the foam collection reservoir. 
     In some embodiments, a device for removing waste materials from a body of water include: a body, the body having a first portion and a second portion opposite the first portion; a foam collection reservoir, at least a portion of the foam collection reservoir being defined by the first portion; a reaction chamber, at least a portion of the reaction chamber being defined by the second portion; a foam collection cone, the foam collection cone being downstream of the reaction chamber and upstream of the foam collection reservoir; a bubble generation system, the bubble generation system being configured to deliver air bubbles within the reaction chamber; and a flotation element coupled to the body, the device floating on the body of water with at least a portion of the second portion being submerged in the body of water when the device is in use. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the reaction chamber is open to the body of water when the device is in use. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, a method for removing waste materials from a body of water includes: positioning a foam fractionation device relative to the body of water, the foam fractionation device including a first portion having a foam collection reservoir and a second portion opposite the first portion and having a reaction chamber, the foam fractionation device being positioned such that at least a portion of a first portion is submerged in the body of water and at least a portion of the second portion is not in direct contact with the body of water; passing water from the body of water into the reaction chamber; and mixing air bubbles with the water within the reaction chamber. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the foam fractionation device is coupled to a base structure. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the step of positioning the foam fractionation device includes: selectively raising and/or lowering the foam fractionation device relative to the base structure. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the base structure includes a coupling assembly having at least one post extending from the base structure and an actuation mechanism, the step of selectively raising and/or lowering the foam fractionation device including: operating the actuation mechanism to move the foam fractionation device along the at least one post. 
     In some aspects of the embodiment, the foam fractionation device extends through the base structure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete understanding of embodiments described herein, and the attendant advantages and features thereof, will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: 
         FIG.  1    shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a water treatment system in accordance with the present disclosure, the water treatment system including a free-floating, partially submerged or submergible foam fractionation device; 
         FIG.  2    shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a water treatment system in accordance with the present disclosure, the water treatment system including a floating base structure and at least one partially submerged foam fractionation devices; 
         FIGS.  3  and  4    show perspective views of a further exemplary embodiment of a water treatment system in accordance with the present disclosure, the water treatment system including a floating base structure and at least one partially submerged foam fractionation device, the at least one foam fractionation device being positionable relative to the base structure; 
         FIG.  5    shows a perspective view of a further exemplary embodiment of a water treatment system in accordance with the present disclosure, the water treatment system including a floating base structure and at least one partially submerged foam fractional device, the at least one foam fractionation device being positionable relative to the floating base structure; and 
         FIG.  6    shows a simplified schematic view of an exemplary water treatment system in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before describing in detail exemplary embodiments, it is noted that the embodiments reside primarily in combinations of apparatus components and steps related to foam fractionation and foam fractionation devices. Accordingly, the system and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein. 
     The water treatment devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein involve the aggregation, concentration, and evacuation of non-polar waste molecules from open-water systems including bacteria, environmental contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and/or sediment/turbidity caused by dredging activities, and in some cases petroleum products from spills and/or unintended release into the environment. In some embodiments, the water treatment devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein involve the aggregation, concentration, and evacuation of materials such as bacteria, most human-generated waste, and naturally occurring waste and byproduct molecules from a surrounding aquatic environment using foam fractionation. Human-generated waste molecules include many therapeutic and antibiotic products as well as products such as pesticides and industrial waste, which can accumulate in the environment and detrimentally affect ecology. Naturally occurring molecules that can be toxic to the environment include cellular debris or toxins produced during bacterial and algal blooms that are most often caused by human activities. 
     In its simplest form, the water treatment systems for removing waste from bodies of water disclosed herein include at least one foam fractionation device that is partially submerged, or configured to be partially submerged, in the body of water when in use. In some embodiments, the water treatment system also includes a vessel, barge, boat, floating dock, or other water-based mobile structure for supporting and deploying one or more foam fractionation devices in and/or along or proximate a body of water. In some embodiments, the water treatment system includes one or more free-floating, partially submerged foam fractionation devices. The water treatment systems disclosed herein are modular, efficiently and easily scalable, and adaptable to suit any of a variety of environment conditions, uses, and treatment area types and sizes. The unique design of the water treatment systems disclosed herein, wherein each foam fractionation device is at least partially submerged in water, increases treatment capacity and reduces system weight. As such, a foam fractionation device  12  that is included in a water treatment system  10  disclosed herein may be referred to as a floating foam fractionation device, regardless of whether it is used with a base structure, and regardless of how much of the foam fractionation device is actually submerged in the body of water being treated. 
     In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIGS.  2 - 5   , the water treatment system  10  is a foam fractionation system that is includes one or more floating foam fractionation devices  12  and a base structure  14 , as is configured such that at least a portion of each of one or more foam fractionation devices  12  are directly affixed to, coupled to, and/or at least partially borne or supported by a base structure  14  and at least a portion of each of the one or more foam fractionation devices  12  is submerged within the water to be treated (referred to herein as the “surrounding environment”). In the exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG.  1   , the water treatment system  10  is a foam fractionation system that includes one or more free-floating, partially submerged foam fractionation devices  12  that are not directly affixed to, coupled to, and/or at least partially borne or supported by a base structure  14 . However, it will be understood that in some embodiments, the foam fractionation device  12  is configured or configurable for use as either a free-floating floating foam fractionation device (for example, as shown in  FIG.  1   ) or for use at least partially borne or supported by a base structure  14  (for example, as shown in  FIGS.  2 - 5   ). 
     In another embodiment, the water treatment system  10  includes at least one foam fractionation device  12  that is free-floating and partially submerged below the surface of the body of water (for example, as shown in  FIG.  1   ). In another embodiment, the water treatment system  10  includes at least one foam fractionation device  12  that is affixed to, coupled to, at least partially supported by, at least partially borne by, or otherwise associated with the base structure  14  such that at least a portion of each, or at least one, foam fractionation device  12  is submerged below the surface of the body of water (for example, as shown in  FIGS.  2 - 5   ). Thus, the foam fractionation devices  12  are referred to herein as being partially submerged, regardless of whether the water treatment system  10  includes a base structure  14 . 
     Unless otherwise noted, most components of the foam fractionation devices  12  are common to the systems of both  FIG.  1    and of  FIGS.  2 - 5   . The size, shape, configuration, and/or capacity of each foam fractionation device  12  may be chosen based on factors such as the size, type, and/or conditions of the area to be treated, as well as the size, shape, and/or configuration of the base structure  14 . In one non-limiting example, each foam fractionation device  12  is a commercial-/industrial-grade device. Further,  FIG.  6    shows a simplified schematic view of an exemplary water treatment system  10 , which system may be like that of  FIG.  1    and/or of  FIGS.  2 - 5   . 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 - 5   , each foam fractionation device  12  generally includes a body  16  having a first portion and a second portion opposite the first portion. The first portion includes or at least partially defines a foam collection reservoir  18  (hopper) and is configured such that at least a portion extends above the waterline  19 , and the second portion includes or at least partially defines a reaction chamber  20  that is configured such that at least a portion extends downward below the waterline  19 . In some embodiments, the end of the second portion opposite the first portion (the free end of the second portion) is open to allow the water of the surrounding environment to enter freely and directly into the reaction chamber  20 . In other embodiments, the free end of the second portion is closed, and water is introduced into the reaction chamber  20  through the wall of the body  16  via a water intake conduit or other means. Put another way, at least a portion of the foam collection reservoir  18  remains out of the water (above the water line) and at least a portion of the reaction chamber  20  is submerged within, and contains, water from the surrounding environment when in use. In one embodiment, the reaction chamber  20  is submerged within, and completely filled with or at least partially containing, water from the surrounding environment when in use. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1 - 5   , in some embodiments, the first portion of the foam fractionation device  12  includes a cone  22  within the first portion and in fluid communication with the reaction chamber  20 . Although the cone  22  may be within the foam collection reservoir  18 , in one embodiment the cone  22  is downstream of the reaction chamber  20  and upstream of the foam collection reservoir  18  (as the bubbles/foam flow). The cone  22  is configured such that foam (skimmate or waste from the foam fractionation device) and small air bubbles rising within the reaction chamber  20  are channeled into the cone  22 , from where they continue to rise through the cone  22  and overflow into the foam collection reservoir  18 . The size, shape, and/or configuration of the foam collection reservoir  18  and/or cone  22  may be chosen based on the size, shape, and/or configuration of the body  16  of the foam fractionation device  12 , how often the foam and other waste will be removed from the foam collection reservoir  18 , volume of air bubbles injected into the reaction chamber  20 , the expected volume of foam generated per minute, and/or other considerations. Further, in some embodiments the body  16  of the foam fractionation device  12  is composed of one or more lightweight yet durable materials that can withstand or resist degradation by direct sunlight, salt water, oil and/or other floating contaminants, and other environmental stresses. In one non-limiting example, the reaction chamber  20  and/or the foam collection reservoir  18  are composed of plastic (such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and/or polypropylene), corrosion-resistant or coated metal, and/or other rigid or semi-rigid materials. Further, in some embodiments, the foam collection reservoir  18  is composed of a transparent or translucent material so the foam within can be seen through the walls of the foam collection reservoir  18 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  1 - 5   , and with reference to  FIG.  6   , the foam collection reservoir  18  is configured to retain a volume of foam or other waste to allow for the rapid and efficient removal of large amounts of foam and/or waste from the foam fractionation device  12  for further processing and/or disposal. In some embodiments, each foam fractionation device  12  additionally includes waste conduit  24  that is removably connected or removably connectable to a separate waste containment unit  26  (shown in  FIG.  6   ), whether the waste containment unit  26  is dedicated to a single foam fractionation device  12  or is shared between foam fractionation devices  12 . In other embodiments, a plurality of foam fractionation devices  12  are connected in series, and the last foam fractionation device  12  of the series is removably connected or removably connectable to a waste containment unit  26 . However, it will be understood that the water treatment system  10  may include any number of waste containment units  26  and/or connection configurations may be used. Additionally, in some embodiments each foam fractionation device  12  (for example, the foam collection reservoir  18  and/or waste conduit) includes one or more sensors  28  to detect a maximum foam fill level and/or determine a volume of foam or fill level within the foam collection reservoir  18 . In some embodiments, the sensor(s)  28  are in communication (wired, wireless, thermal, optical, infrared, chemical, mechanical etc.) with a remote computer for automatically or semi-automatically removing foam from the foam collection reservoir  18  by suction, drainage, pumping (such as by bilge pump on or within the body, or on or within a separate bilge vessel), or other means. Additionally or alternatively, the sensor(s)  28  are in direct communication with one or more suction, drainage, or pumping devices (for example, a float sensor for actuating a bilge pump and/or valve(s)) for removal of the foam into a waste containment unit. Further, in some embodiments the foam fractionation device  12  includes one or more transceivers and/or communication modules (Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, near field communication, infrared, etc.) for the transfer and/or receipt of data and signals between foam fractionation devices  12  and/or between a foam fractionation device and remote devices  30 , such as computers, user interface devices, servers, networks, user radios or cellular devices, and/or the like (for example, to communication data between a foam fractionation device and a base structure, a cloud network or remote data storage device, or others). For simplicity, such data collection and transmission components and communications components are collectively referred to herein as the device control unit  32 . It will be understood that alternative or additional means for monitoring and managing the level or volume of foam within the foam collection reservoir  18 , as well as for the collection and organization of data (including foam composition, detected waste particles, operating hours, fault conditions, volume of foam collected, air flow volume and rate) may be used. Additionally, the sensor(s)  28  and/or device control unit  32  may be at positions or locations other than those shown in the figures. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  1 - 5   , in some embodiments the water treatment system  10  generally includes a means for the intake of water into at least one foam fractionation device  12  and a means for ejecting or outflowing water from the foam fractionation device(s)  12  and back into the surrounding environment. In some embodiments, each foam fractionation device  12  includes a water intake conduit  34 , which may be coupled to and in fluid communication with a water pump  36  or other means for drawing in water from the surrounding environment and delivering it to the bottom of the reaction chamber  20 . Additionally, in some embodiments, water is supplied from the surrounding environment to the reaction chamber  20  through the open second portion of the body  16 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  1 - 5   , in some embodiments, the water treatment system  10  also generally includes a means for injecting air into the foam fractionation device  12  in addition to or instead of the means for the intake of water. In some embodiments, the water treatment system  10  also generally includes a means for the intake of air from the surrounding environment and ejection or delivery of the air as air bubbles into the reaction chamber  20 . For example, in some embodiments, each foam fractionation device  12  includes an air intake element  38  in addition to the water intake conduit  34  and the water pump  36 . The air intake element  38  may be a hole or valve that permits the entry of air into the water intake conduit  34  as water moves quickly past the air intake element  38  through the water intake conduit  34 . In this way, air is mixed with water within the water intake conduit  34  to create bubbles. Additionally or alternatively, the air intake element  38  is a conduit that is in direct fluid communication with the water pump  36  and introduces air into the water pump  36 , wherein the air is mixed with water. As another example, in some embodiments the foam fractionation device  12  includes an air intake element  38  but does not include a water intake conduit  34  or water pump  36 . In such an embodiment, air alone may be injected (for example, using a pump, air compressor, or other source of air or gas) into the reaction chamber  20 , where it then rises through the water within the reaction chamber  20 , such as in embodiments wherein the free end of the second portion of the body  16  is open. Thus, water need not be pumped or delivered into the foam fractionation device  12 . However, it will be understood that the water intake conduit  34  and/or air intake element  38  may have other suitable configurations. In any embodiment, microbubbles are created within or supplied to the water intake conduit  34  and then ejected or delivered to the reaction chamber  20 . Collectively, the water intake conduit  34 , water pump  36 , and air intake element  38  are referred to herein as the bubble generation system  40 . Put simply, the bubble generation system  40  creates a large volume of small bubbles (microbubbles), in some embodiments by the Venturi effect, which are delivered to the water within the reaction chamber  20 . In some embodiments, the bubble generation system  40  further includes one or more nozzles  42  and/or outlets, which may be positioned below (that is, at a level that is deeper within the water than the walls of the reaction chamber  20 ) and/or at any location within the reaction chamber  20 , such that at least most of the small air bubbles rise within the water in the reaction chamber  20 . However, it will be understood that configurations of bubble generation system  40  other than those shown and described herein may be used. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  1 - 5   , in one embodiment, the foam fractionation device  12  includes a water outflow conduit  44  having one or more valves  46 , such as a gate valve to regulate the standing height of water in the foam collection reservoir  18 . In one embodiment, the foam fractionation device  12  optionally includes one or more outlets, apertures, or other openings  48  in the wall of the reaction chamber  20  that allow water to vent from the reaction chamber  20  into the surrounding environment while retaining air bubbles within the reaction chamber  20 . In one embodiment, each such opening  48  is oriented or faces downward from the outer surface of the body  16  at the reaction chamber  20  to further ensure air bubbles do not pass therethrough. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  1 - 5   , in some embodiments the at least one foam fractionation device  12  includes a plurality of foam fractionation devices  12 . Although four foam fractionation devices  12  are shown in  FIG.  2    and one foam fractionation device  12  is shown in  FIGS.  3 - 5   , it will be understood that any number may be used. Likewise, although one foam fractionation device is shown in  FIG.  1   , it will be understood that any number may be used, either in isolation or in fluid, mechanical, electrical, and/or data communication with each other. Further, in some embodiments, each foam fractionation device  12  is connected to a power source  50 , either directly or indirectly through one or more other foam fractionation devices  12 . In one embodiment, each foam fractionation device  12  includes a solar panel mounted or coupled to the body at a location above the waterline, or one or more batteries isolated from the water of the surrounding environment. Additionally or alternatively, each foam fractionation device may be coupled to a power source located on the base structure or at another location. A power source  50  is shown generally in  FIG.  6   ; however, it will be understood that suitable configurations other than that shown may be used (for example, the power source  50  may be located on or physically attached to a foam fractionation device, shared by two or more foam fractionation devices, each foam fractionation device may include a power source  50 , etc.). In some embodiments, the base structure  14  of the system of  FIGS.  2 - 5    may also include or support other water treatment system  10  components, such as primary and/or redundant power sources, medical or emergency equipment, shade cloths or covers, reservoirs, storage containers or areas, scientific equipment, data storage devices, sensors, communications modules, steering mechanisms, anchoring mechanisms, pumps, conduits, and others. For example, in some embodiments the base structure  14  includes or supports one or more transceivers and/or communication modules (Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, near field communication, infrared, etc.) for the transfer and/or receipt of data and signals from remote devices, such as computers, user interface devices, servers, networks, user radios or cellular devices, and/or the like. For simplicity, such data collection and transmission components and communications components are collectively referred to herein as the base control unit  52 . It will be understood that alternative or additional means for the collection and organization of data (including, for example, skimmate composition, detected waste particles, operating hours, fault conditions, air flow volume and rate, water pH, water temperature) may be used. Additionally or alternatively, such components may be at a remote location other than on the base structure  14 . Although the foam fractionation device  12  of  FIG.  1    is a free-floating foam fractionation device and does not require a base structure  14  for operation, it may be used in conjunction with a base structure  14  (such as a base structure as in  FIGS.  2 - 5    that includes one or more foam fractionation devices) or other structure or location that includes the additional and/or optional system components discussed immediately above. For example, a free-floating, partially submerged foam fractionation device  12  as shown in  FIG.  1    may be in wireless communication with a remote data storage device for data collection, may be tethered to a remote base structure to create an electrical connection (such as for supplying power to the free-floating, partially submerged foam fractionation device), or for other reasons. Thus, although the foam fractionation device(s) of the system shown in  FIGS.  2 - 5    are directly and fixedly coupled to the base structure, the foam fractionation device(s)  12  of the water treatment system  10  shown in in any of the figures may be completely physically uncoupled from, and not in communication with, a base structure  14  (that is, completely independent from a base structure); may be directly coupled to, but located remotely from, a base structure (such as by tethering, conduits, and/or wires); or may be physically uncoupled from, but in wireless communication with, a base structure (that is, physically separate from, but in communication with, a base structure). Additionally, in some embodiments the water treatment system  10  includes a plurality of foam fractionation devices  12  in two or more configurations (for example, at least one free-floating floating foam fractionation devices  12 , as shown in  FIG.  1   , and/or at least one foam fractionation device  12  that is fixedly or movably coupled to a base structure  14 , as shown in  FIGS.  2 - 5   ). Further, in some embodiments the device control unit  32  of each foam fractionation devices is in wired and/or wireless communication with the device control unit  32  of one or more other foam fractionation devices and/or is in wired and/or wireless communication with one or more base control units  52 . 
     In general operation, the water treatment systems  10  disclosed herein and shown in  FIGS.  1 - 5    draw water having waste molecules into one or more foam fractionation devices  12 , which remove the waste molecules and eject or outflow cleaned water into the surrounding environment. In one embodiment, water to be treated is drawn into the water intake conduit  34 , from where it passes into the reaction chamber  20  of at least one foam fractionation device  12 . Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments water from the surrounding environment enters the reaction chamber  20  through the open second portion of the foam fractionation device  12 . The bubble generation system  40  creates small air bubbles that rise through the water within the reaction chamber  20  and bind waste materials along the way to create foam, which continues to rise and collects within the foam collection reservoir  18 . Foam and other waste materials are manually collected from the foam collection reservoir  18  and/or expelled or discharged from the foam fractionation device(s)  12  through waste conduit(s) and collected in waste containment unit(s) for later processing and removal. Cleaned water is simultaneously expelled or discharged from the foam fractionation device(s)  12  through water outflow conduit(s)  44  and back into the surrounding environment. Additionally, in some embodiments a general method of use includes selectively raising and/or lowering a foam fractionation device  12  of the water treatment system  10  relative to the base structure  14  and/or waterline  19  of the body of water being treated. The water treatment system  10  is scalable to increase the effective area of water treated, such as by using additional water treatment systems and/or foam fractionation devices. The unique design of the water treatment systems  10  disclosed herein, wherein, in some embodiments, each foam fractionation device  12  includes a reaction chamber  20  that is both open to and submerged in the surrounding environment, not only allows for larger volumes of water to be treated more efficiently, but also reduces the water mass and, therefore, weight, borne by installations that are entirely above the water line. Additionally, minimizing the weight of above-water components, especially components located on a floating base structure, reduces the chance that a foam fractionation device  12  (for example, a free-floating, partially submerged foam fractionation device as shown in  FIG.  1   ) and/or base structure  14  (for example, as shown in  FIGS.  2 - 5   ) will tip over or capsize. This weight reduction also allows the water treatment system to be more scalable. For example, a base structure can support more foam fractionation devices that are at least partially submerged than foam fractionation devices that are borne above the surface of the water. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1   , the foam fractionation device  12  is configured to float on a surface of the water, such that at least a portion extends above the waterline  19 . In one embodiment, the foam fractionation device  12  includes one or more flotation elements  56  for floating or maintaining the foam fractionation device  12  in a partially submerged position when the foam fractionation device  12  is in use. For example, each flotation element  56  may be an inflated or inflatable bladder or balloon, a buoy, body composed of foam or other material that floats in water, or the like. In some embodiments, each floatation element  56  is coupled to an outer surface of the body  16  of the foam fractionation device  12 . In some embodiments, each flotation element  56  is coupled to an outer surface of the reaction chamber  20 , at a location that is proximate or adjacent the location at which the reaction chamber  20  meets the foam collection reservoir  18 . However, the flotation element(s)  56  may be coupled to the foam fractionation device  12  in any suitable locations that ensure the flotation element(s)  56  provide sufficient buoyancy to the foam fractionation device  12  and prevent it from toppling over or otherwise enable it to maintain an upright, or at least substantially upright, position in the water. For example, in some embodiments the flotation element(s)  56  are movably positionable to adjust the height of standing water within the reaction chamber  20 , such as in embodiments wherein the free end of the second portion of the body  16  is open to the surrounding environment. For example, the flotation element(s)  56  may be attached to the body  16  at a lower position to keep a greater portion of the foam fractionation device  12  out of the water and to lower the standing water height within the reaction chamber  20 . Conversely, the flotation element(s)  56  may be attached to the body  16  at a higher position to submerge a greater portion of the foam fractionation device within the water and to raise the standing water height within the reaction chamber  20 . In some embodiments, the foam fractionation device  12  also includes ballast or counterweight to help keep the foam fractionation device upright, even in rough waters or strong currents. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  2 - 5   , and with reference to  FIG.  6   , in some embodiments, the base structure  14  is a mobile floating vessel such as boat, barge, floating dock, or other vessel floating within the body of water to be treated, including without limitation open waterways such as canals, rivers inlets, lakes, ponds, and the like. In other embodiments, the base structure  14  is a stationary structure, such as a pier, dock, platform, or the like positioned within or adjacent the body of water to be treated. In some embodiments, the water treatment system  10  further includes at least one waste containment unit  26 , at least one intake unit, an outflow unit (which may be separate from or integrated with an intake unit), at least one floating surface skimmer, and/or other system components. The water treatment system  10  is scalable in that any number of base structures  14 , foam fractionation devices  12 , and/or other system components may be used, depending on factors such as the size, type, and/or conditions of the area to be treated. It will also be understood that, in some embodiments, such as when used in a narrow canal, reservoir, channel, irrigation system, or the like, the base structure  14  may be towable behind or pushed in front of another mobile vessel, such as a boat, skiff, barge, raft, or a land vehicle such as a truck, tractor, trailer, terrestrial barge or platform having wheels, or the like. Thus, in some embodiments, a terrestrial vehicle may move along the land adjacent to the body of water and tow or move the foam fractionation device(s)  12  to treat the water as it moves. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  2 - 5   , in one embodiment the base structure  14  includes a motor, engine with propeller, or other means for propulsion, which may be used to position the base structure  14  and/or water treatment system  10  at the desired treatment site and/or to move the foam fractionation device(s)  12  along or adjacent to the body of water. For simplicity, regardless of the configuration of the vessel or vehicle used, any mobile aquatic and/or terrestrial structures and/or vehicles used to support and move the foam fractionation device(s)  12  are collectively referred to herein as a base structure  14 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  2 - 5   , in one embodiment the foam collection reservoir  18  at the first portion extends above an upper surface  60  of the base structure  14  and/or within the base structure  14  (such as at least partially within the hull or deck) and is not in direct contact with the water of the surrounding environment (or at least a portion of the first portion is not in direct contact with the water of the surrounding environment), and the reaction chamber  20  at the second portion is configured to extend below a bottom or lower surface  62  of the base structure  14 , into the water being treated. Put another way, in one embodiment, each foam fractionation device  12  extends through the base structure  14  in a direction that is orthogonal, or at least substantially orthogonal, to the waterline  19  and/or a surface of the base structure  14  when mounted to the base structure  14 . In one embodiment, the water treatment system  10  includes a plurality of foam fractionation devices  12  that are coupled to and extend through the base structure  14 . In some embodiments, each foam fractionation device is inserted through and positioned within a hole or opening  64  through the base structure  14 . In other embodiments, the components of each foam fractionation device  12  are installed separately. For example, in some embodiments the foam collection reservoir  18  is coupled to an upper surface  60  of the base structure  14  (and/or to or within an upper portion of an opening  64 ) and the reaction chamber  20  is coupled to a bottom surface  62  of the base structure (and/or to or within a lower portion of an opening  64 ), and the foam collection reservoir  18  and reaction chamber  29  are put into fluid communication with each other, such as by coupling the two pieces together, by coupling each piece to a sleeve or insert within the base structure  14 , or by other means for ensuring fluid communication between the foam collection reservoir  18  and reaction chamber  20  and for fluidly isolating the foam fractionation device  12  from the rest of the base structure  14 . In one embodiment, at least a portion of the foam collection reservoir  18  at the first portion extends above the waterline  19  and is not in contact with the water of the surrounding environment, and at least a portion of the reaction chamber  20  at the second portion is configured to extend below the waterline  19  such that at least a portion of the reaction chamber  20  is within the water to be treated. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2   , in some embodiments each foam fractionation device  12  is coupled to the base structure in a fixed position relative to the base structure  14 . For example, each foam fractionation device  12  may be mounted within an opening or aperture  64  within the base structure  14  such that the foam fractionation device  12  does not or cannot move within the opening or aperture  64 , and the foam collection reservoir  18  and reaction chamber  20  remain at same positions relative to the base structure  14  (such as relative to a deck or upper surface  60  of the base structure  14  and/or relative to a hull or lower surface  62  of the base structure  14 ). In some non-limiting examples, each foam fractionation device  12  may be secured to the base structure  14  with screws, bolts, pins, latches, fittings, welding, chemical welding, chemical adhesives, friction fit, or by other suitable means. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  3 - 5   , in some embodiments the water treatment system  10  includes at least one foam fractionation device  12  that is movably coupled (that is, positionable) relative to the base structure  14 . In one embodiment, each foam fractionation device  12  is movably coupled to the base structure  14  such that the foam fractionation device  12  may be selectively raised and lowered relative to the base structure  14 . In one non-limiting example, the foam fractionation device  12  is movably coupled to the base structure  14 , such as within an opening or aperture  64  in the base structure  14 , so that it may be raised and lowered through the base structure  14  in a direction that is orthogonal, or at least substantially orthogonal to, the waterline  19  and/or a surface of the base structure  14  (as shown in  FIGS.  3 - 4   ). In another non-limiting example, the foam fractionation device  12  is movably coupled to the base structure  14 , such as alongside the base structure  14 , so that it may be raised and lowered next to the base structure  14  in a direction that is orthogonal, or at least substantially orthogonal to, the waterline  19  and/or a surface of the base structure  14  (as shown in  FIG.  5   ). 
     In currently known systems wherein a foam fractionation device is resting on top of a base structure (such as a barge, skiff, boat, etc.), a significant amount of energy is needed to pump water from the surrounding environment upward and into the reaction chamber. In the water treatment systems  10  disclosed herein, however (such as those shown in  FIGS.  3 - 5   ), the reaction chamber  20  is configured to be positioned at least partially within the water to be treated. Consequently, water from the surrounding environment does not need to be pumped upward against gravity, but can instead be pumped laterally, or at least substantially laterally, from the surrounding environment into the reaction chamber  20 . To accomplish this, it may be desirable to selectively lower the foam fractionation device  12  to: position it at least partially within the body of water to be treated during use; raise the foam fractionation device  12  when the base structure  14  is in transit; to remove the foam fractionation device  12  for replacement, repair, and/or maintenance; to facilitate coupling and positioning of the foam fractionation device  12  to a stationary or terrestrial base structure such as a pier, dock, or trailer for use and/or transportation; to adjust the position of the foam fractionation device  12  during use to compensate for water, skimmate, and fluids within the foam collection reservoir  18 ; and/or to place the foam fractionation device  12  in a position that optimal for efficient use and to reduce energy requirements. Additionally, in some embodiments air alone is pumped into the reaction chamber  20 , which also eliminates the need to move water against gravity. 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  3 - 5   , in some embodiments the water treatment system  10  includes at least one coupling assembly  70  for coupling each foam fractionation device  12  to the base structure  14 . In one embodiment, the at least one coupling assembly  70  incudes one or more posts or guides  72  at a location proximate or adjacent to the location of the foam fractionation device  12 . In one non-limiting example, each post or guide  72  extends upward from an upper surface  60  of the base structure  14 , along a direction in which the foam fractionation device  12  may be raised relative to the base structure  14  (for example, as indicated by the double-headed arrow in  FIGS.  3  and  5   ). In one method of use, each foam fractionation device  12  is controllably raised and lowered along a plurality of posts  72  extending from the base structure  14 , with movement of the foam fractionation device  12  being limited, controlled, or guided by the coupling assembly  70  in general and/or posts  72  in particular. In some embodiments, movement of the foam fractionation device  12  is limited by the posts  72  to movement along a single axis. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  3  and  4   , in one embodiment each coupling assembly  70  further includes an actuation mechanism  74  for effectuating movement (for example, raising and lowering) a foam fractionation device  12 . In some embodiments, the actuation mechanism  74  includes a motor, gear box, and power source to cause automatic or semi-automatic movement or repositioning of the foam fractionation device  12 . However, it will be understood that the actuation mechanism  74  also may include additional components, and/or may be configured for manual operation with or without the need for a power source. For example, the actuation mechanism  74  may be or include a winch, a hoist, block and tackle, a jack, a ratchet, a pulley, a windlass, or the like. Additionally, each foam fractionation device  12  may include complementary components that are configured to couple the foam fractionation device  12  to the coupling assembly  70 . In some embodiments, an outer surface of the foam fractionation device  12 , such as an outer surface of the reaction chamber  20 , includes one or more hooks, chains, eye plates, handles, ropes, ratchet straps, pins, screws, bolts, cables, and/or other components for engaging with the actuation mechanism  74  and facilitating controlled movement of the foam fractionation device  12 . 
     Continuing to refer to  FIGS.  3  and  4   , the foam fractionation device  12  is shown in a lowered position in  FIG.  3    and is shown in a raised position in  FIG.  4   . In some embodiments, the water outflow conduit  44  is mounted on or level with a surface of the base structure  14  and positioned to direct outflow water back into the surrounding environment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , in some embodiments the water treatment system  10  is configured substantially similar to that shown and described in  FIGS.  3 - 4   , except that the foam fractionation device  12  is configured to be selectively raised and/or lowered alongside the base structure  14  (for example, over the port, starboard, aft, or rear side of the base structure) instead of through the hull of the base structure as shown in  FIGS.  3  and  4   . Otherwise, in some embodiments the water treatment system  10 , including each foam fractionation device  12 , coupling assembly  70 , base structure  14 , and/or components thereof are the same or substantially the same as that shown and described in  FIGS.  3  and  4   . 
     EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Some embodiments advantageously provide a system and method for removing waste materials from a body of water. In one embodiment, a system for removing waste materials from a body of water comprises at least one partially submerged foam fractionation device, each of the at least one partially submerged foam fractionation device including: a body, the body having a first portion and a second portion opposite the first portion, the first portion including a hopper and the second portion being open and defining a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber being in fluid communication with the hopper; and a bubble generation system in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, at least a portion of the second portion being submerged in the body of water when the system is in use. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the bubble generation system includes an air conduit assembly having at least one nozzle. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the at least one nozzle is within the reaction chamber. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the at least one nozzle is below the open second portion when the system is in use. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the system further comprises a base structure, each of the at least one partially submerged foam fractionation devices being coupled to the base structure. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the base structure is configured to float on a surface of the body of water when the system is in use. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the base structure is one of a boat, a skiff, a barge, a raft, a ship, and a floating dock. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, each of the at least one partially submerged foam fractionation devices extends through the base structure such that the reaction chamber is submerged in the body of water and the hopper is not in direct contact with the body of water when the system is in use. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the at least one partially submerged foam fractionation device includes a plurality of partially submerged foam fractionation devices. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, each of the at least one partially submerged foam fractionation devices includes a flotation element configured to maintain the at least one partially submerged foam fractionation device in a position such that the reaction chamber is submerged in the fluid and the hopper is not in contact with the fluid when the system is in use. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the flotation element is coupled to an outer surface of the reaction chamber at a location that is proximate the hopper. 
     In one embodiment, device for removing waste materials from a body of water comprises: a body, the body having a first portion and a second portion opposite the first portion; a foam collection reservoir, at least a portion of the foam collection reservoir being defined by the first portion; a reaction chamber, at least a portion of the reaction chamber being defined by the second portion; a foam collection cone, the foam collection cone being downstream of the reaction chamber and upstream of the foam collection reservoir; a bubble generation system, the bubble generation system being configured to deliver air bubbles within the reaction chamber; and a flotation element coupled to the body, the device floating on the body of water with at least a portion of the second portion being submerged in the body of water when the device is in use. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the floatation element is coupled to an outer surface of the reaction chamber at a location that is proximate the foam collection reservoir. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the reaction chamber is open to the body of water when the device is in use. 
     In one aspect of the embodiment, the reaction chamber is completely filled with water from the body of water when the device is in use. 
     As used herein, relational terms, such as “first” and “second,” “top” and “bottom,” and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or element from another entity or element without necessarily requiring or implying any physical or logical relationship or order between such entities or elements. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the concepts described herein. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, “and/or” means “and” or “or”. For example, “A and/or B” means “A, B, or both A and B” and “A, B, C, and/or D” means “A, B, C, D, or a combination thereof” and said “A, B, C, D, or a combination thereof” means any subset of A, B, C, and D, for example, a single member subset (e.g., A or B or C or D), a two-member subset (e.g., A and B; A and C; etc.), or a three-member subset (e.g., A, B, and C; or A, B, and D; etc.), or all four members (e.g., A, B, C, and D). 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present embodiments are not limited to what has been particularly shown and described herein above. In addition, unless mention was made above to the contrary, it should be noted that all of the accompanying drawings are not to scale. A variety of modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings.