Patent Publication Number: US-9850439-B2

Title: Garbage in power out (GIPO) thermal conversion process

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/491,416 filed Jun. 25, 2009, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to gasification systems for generating electrical energy. More specifically, gasification systems and related methods are disclosed that accept a carbonaceous feedstock, such as municipal waste, and gasify the feedstock to generate electricity. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Although gasifiers are a long standing technology, they have yet to seriously challenge our use of fossil fuels due to their inherent complicated nature with respect to the processing of feedstock. Because gasification is an inexact science, engineers have been unsuccessful to date in creating a process or product that can be turned over to an operator to be utilized as a predictable machine. Variations in feedstock, even within homogeneous species of feedstocks, yield varying results. 
     The existing art consists of several styles of gasifiers. Most are of the style that was originally constructed many decades ago in which a bed of feedstock is heated within a vessel, or stages within multiple vessels, where feedstock is subjected to heating at either atmospheric or raised pressure, and is in the presence of steam, oxygen, air, and/or some other gas to provide for a gasification reaction of the feedstock. The gasifier can be directly heated by combustion, which is most common, or indirectly heated by another source. 
     The original belt type or moving bed gasifier is still in use in some applications, where a dry feedstock is heated while a conveyor belt moves the feedstock through a heating zone. The feedstock breaks down over time, and ash is left over at the end of the machine. Synthetic Natural Gas (syngas) is released and captured within the reactor. 
     Up flow, down flow, and cross flow gasifiers consist of a large vessel in which the feedstock is carried through a reaction zone by gravity or by motive steam, air, or another fluidizing injection agent. These are typically more efficient, but again require dry feedstock. 
     Another major type of gasifier is the “tumbler” style gasifier, where a rotating drum rolls feedstock within it to expose the feedstock to a heating medium that is either entrained within, or is applied to the exterior of the tumbling tube. These gasifiers are not very applicable in large scale operations, and require the feedstock to dry out which leads to pyrolysis and gasification. 
     The last method is known as an entrained flow gasifier, where the feedstock is injected into a vessel, usually with steam or air, but which has also been entrained with hydrogen or inert gases. The flow is entrained with the fluidizing agent, and these are typically heated indirectly. The existing art includes entrained flow gasification where the feedstock is dried prior to entrainment. 
     Some styles include a devolatilization reactor preceding the gasifier which dries and extracts the light gaseous materials from the feedstock. This stabilizes the reaction by consuming the entrained oxygen prior to gasification to eliminate “run away” reactions where the feedstock material combines with the entrained oxygen and pyrolyzes and creates poor quality syngas. 
     All of these methods have a single major shortfall, which is that the controllability of their processes is subject to a fixed mechanical dimension, and the ability to change the operating characteristics of these gasifiers is limited by this. 
     Accordingly, there is an immediate need for improved gasification systems and related methods. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Various embodiments take existing gasification processes and advance them through two methods. The first is by using modular construction, and nearly infinitely variable process conditions to allow the process to be tuned during operation for the feedstocks encountered, be they either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The second is the use of a wet devolatilization reaction in lieu of a dry devolatilization reaction. This increases the efficiency of the process by eliminating the energy used to drive off water, and subsequently, the energy required to create steam for injection with the gasification process. 
     One aspect discloses a gasifier. The gasifier includes a plurality of heating channels, with each heating channel comprising a heating fluid metering device for metering the flow of a heating fluid through the respective heating channel. Insulated partitions may thermally separate the heating channels from each other. A plurality of gasifying circuits are each set within a respective heating channel or channels. Each gasifying circuit includes a feedstock metering device for metering the flow of feedstock through the respective gasifying circuit. A product gas outlet is fluidly connected to the plurality of gasifying circuits for outputting the product gas from the gasifier. 
     In certain embodiments the gasifying circuits are configurable by providing differing numbers of passes of the feedstock-carrying tubing through the heating channel. For example, some gasifying circuits may comprise two or more lengths of tubing disposed within the respective heating channel, in which the at least two lengths of tubing are connected to each other by an end piece. In specific embodiments the end piece comprises one or more sensors for collecting process data, such as the temperature, pressure or flow rate of the feedstock within the respective gasifying circuit. In preferred embodiments, each gasifying circuit comprises at one or more sensors for collecting process data for that respective gasifying circuit. 
     In various embodiments each feedstock metering device includes at least one of a block valve and a metering valve. In preferred embodiments the heating fluid metering device is an air damper. 
     In another aspect a devolatilization reactor is disclosed. The devolatilization reactor includes a pressurizable vessel body that is heated by a heating medium jacket. The heating medium jacket accepts a flow of a heating medium through the heating medium jacket and includes an inlet port for the heating medium and an outlet port for the heating medium. A feedstock entrance port is coupled to the pressurizable vessel body for introducing feedstock into the pressurizable vessel body. An auger assembly may be disposed within the pressurizable vessel body for mechanically moving feedstock within the vessel and for mechanically scrubbing the walls of the vessel to ensure that heat from the heating jacket adequately heats the feedstock. A separation column is coupled to the pressurizable vessel body for the exit of volatile gasses and processed feedstock from the vessel. The separation column includes a steam admission port for introducing steam into the separation column, a volatile scavenging port and a feedstock exit port. In preferred embodiments a column level sensor for sensing the height of feedstock within the separation column. 
     In preferred embodiments the pressurizable vessel body is designed to withstand pressures of up to 900 psi and temperatures of up to 600 degrees F. 
     The auger assembly preferably includes at least a gland seal that mechanically couples the auger to the pressurizable vessel body. 
     In yet another aspect, a method for processing a carbonaceous feedstock is disclosed. The feedstock is first used to create a feedstock slurry that comprises between 40% and 80% water. The feedstock slurry is devolatilized at between 300 and 900 psi and between 300 and 600 degrees F. for between 5 and 30 minutes to generate char slurry. The char slurry comprises char and between 40% and 80% water. The char slurry is gasified, using suitable pressures and temperatures, to generate a product gas, which is then supplied to a primary energy generator to generate power and an exhaust gas. The primary energy generator is preferably a fuel cell. The exhaust gas is used to indirectly heat the feedstock slurry and the char slurry during the devolatilization and gasification steps. 
     In preferred embodiments the exhaust gas is used to generate high temperature hot water that heats a devolatilization reactor used to devolatilize feedstock slurry. In such embodiments the exhaust gas also heats a gasification reactor used to gasify the char slurry. In certain embodiments a process air temperature booster may be used to boost the temperature of the exhaust gas before it is used to heat the gasifier. The process air temperature booster may combust the product gas to heat the exhaust gas. 
     In other preferred embodiments heat is scavenged from the product gas and used to pre-heat the feedstock slurry prior to devolatilizing the feedstock slurry. 
     These and other aspects and advantages will become more apparent in the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates preferred embodiment systems installed within a larger plant including auxiliaries. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates the physical layout of an embodiment devolatilization reactor. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a feedstock admission system as well as a single circuit of an embodiment secondary reactor. 
         FIG. 4  is another view illustrating the modular, stacked nature of an embodiment secondary reactor. 
         FIG. 5  is a table that indicates the typical compositions of common feedstock materials. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following, the term “feedstock” generally means any energy-bearing material that may be fed into a system for processing purposes. Hence, the output of one system may serve as the feedstock input material for another system. 
     The GIPO thermal conversion process may process any type of carbonaceous feedstock, utilizing similarly physically designed reactor systems for any given feedstock. The systems are modular such that they can be tuned in terms of capacity and reaction parameters. 
     A preferred embodiment power plant  1  is illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 1  illustrates preferred embodiments of certain aspects of the invention installed within the larger plant  1 , including auxiliaries. The preferred embodiment power plant  1  utilizes fuel cells as the primary energy generator  18 . The plant  1  may provide both power generation and waste disposal. Other embodiment plants, such as a plant for the production of district natural gas, may be configured differently. Other example plants, which may utilize the natural gas for mechanical power generation for use in a third party process, may utilize yet another configuration. 
     One aspect of gasification is the ability to introduce feed stocks to a reaction vessel or vessels  300 , where the feedstock entering the reaction vessels is substantially pulverized, contains a minimal amount of entrained volatiles, and has good contact with the fluidizing agent, the hydrogenating agent, and the heat required to thermally convert the materials from the complex carbon constituents into simple carbon constituents that can be used as synthetic natural gas (syngas). The embodiment plant  1  focuses on the generation of synthetic natural gas, with a concentration on methane. Generation of hydrogen is possible, but may be less attractive considering its low heating value compared to a carbon-based natural gas. 
     The GIPO thermal conversion process attains all of the above parameters by, among other aspects, the method in which the feedstock is devolatilized in the primary reactor  200  and injected into the secondary reactor  300 . The feedstock that is fed into the primary reactor  200  comprises a ground slurry, which preferably contains between 40% and 80% water, with a preferred typical water concentration of roughly 60%. 
     The plant  1  major components include feedstock handling equipment, which may include primary grinders  2  for garbage acceptance and sewage; a primary storage tank  3 ; secondary grinders  4 ; a secondary storage tank  5 , which may include tank heating coils  121 ; a fine grinder pump  6 , and a main pressure pump  7 . In addition, the plant  1  also includes one or more of the primary reactors  200  and one or more of the secondary reactors  300 , the primary energy generator  18  (which, as discussed above, is a fuel cell for preferred embodiments), cooling and economizer systems, and other plant auxiliaries. 
     The cooling and economizer systems may include a process air pre-heater  17 , a high pressure steam generator  23 , a secondary process air bypass circuit  25 , a high temperature hot water generator  24 , a discharge air cooler  26 , a packaged steam power generation system  27 , a low temperature cooling water (LTCW) pump or pumps  28 , a cogeneration heat exchanger  30  and a cooling tower  29 . 
     The other plant auxiliaries may include, for example, odor control system  31 , ash/slag slurry return grinder pump  9 , ash/slag slurry separator and cooler  10 , primary separator water supply pump  12 , ash/slag slurry removal grinder pump  11 , screening and filtering  13 , syngas cooler  14 , gas storage  15 , startup steam boiler  16 , process air temperature booster burner  20 , process air temperature booster assembly  21 , and primary process air bypass circuit  22 . 
     The acceptance of feedstock of municipal garbage  100  and sewage  101  may enter in through primary grinders  2 , and be deposited in one or more primary holding tanks  3 . Feedstock may also include dedicated waste handling systems such as farm waste, food processing waste, etc. Feedstock can be sourced from any number of carbon-based materials. Embodiment plants  1  may be constructed to accept any combination of these feedstock streams. 
     The feedstock may be coarsely ground in the primary grinders  101 ,  2  to provide solids which have a substantially reduced major dimension than the raw feedstock delivered to the plant  1 . The feedstock leaving the primary grinders  2  may be ground to a coarse fineness, where solids will have, for example, a major dimension below 3 inches. An acceptable range of sizes for primary grinders is, for example, between 1 inch and 6 inches. Grinders in this capacity may be constructed in the manner consistent with any suitable grinder known in the field. In preferred embodiments, the primary tanks  3  feed directly into one or more secondary holding tanks  5  through one or more secondary grinders  4 . The feedstock leaving the secondary grinders  4  may be ground to a medium fineness, where the solids will have, for example, a major dimension well below 1 inch. An acceptable range of sizes is, for example, between 0.050″ and 1.000″. 
     The secondary holding tanks  5 , primary holding tanks  3 , or both, may be fitted with the odor control system  31  which may draw a slight vacuum on one or both of the primary  3  and secondary  5  holding tank systems and substantially prevent escape of odorous gasses. The secondary holding tanks  5  may also be fitted with a heating apparatus  121  to provide a primary level of heat extracted from waste heat off of the main process. The cooling system is described later, and is the source of the heat for this heating apparatus  121 . 
     The feedstock is then drawn from the secondary storage tanks  5  by one or more final grinder pumps  6 . This pump  6  draws feedstock slurry from the secondary tanks  5  and finely grinds the material while delivering it to one or more main pressure pumps  7 . Feedstock leaving the final grinder pump preferably will have a major dimension of not more than 0.25″, with, for example, a range of between 0.005″ and 0.25″. The grinder pumps  6  are any suitable unit known in the field for the duty indicated. The main pressure pumps  7  bring the finely ground feedstock from the delivered pressure of the final grinder pump  6  to the operating pressure of the primary reactor  200 . Main pressure pump  7  is a unit suitable for the duty described, of which several construction types are known in the field. Multi-stage piston or progressive cavity pumping units could perform this duty, for example. The main pressure pump  7  may be fitted with a recycle line  102 , leading back to secondary storage  5 . 
     The arrangement of primary/secondary storage and grinder systems may be modified to add or remove stages as necessary for particularly difficult feedstocks, or for feedstocks which are delivered in a primarily pulverized state. For example, usage of especially difficult materials, such as bulk rubber, may require additional stages of pulverization, whereas more-ready materials, such as livestock manure, which is already in a slurry state, may require fewer grinder stages. 
     The slurry is at a high pressure when delivered from the main pressure pump  7 . In preferred embodiments the slurry is at between 500 and 900 psia when it enters the primary reactor  200 . The pressure at which the vessel  200  operates is preferably such that the water in the slurry will not flash to steam while heated. 
     The embodiment primary reactor  200  provides the first stage of feedstock thermal treatment. At high pressure, between 300 and 900 psi, and medium temperature, between 300 and 600 degrees F., the feedstock is devolatilized. The embodied plant  1  may treat the feedstock in the primary reactor at between 400 and 500 degrees F., at just above the treatment temperature&#39;s steam saturation pressure. The feedstock has a long residency time within the primary reactor  200 , where the elevated temperatures and high pressure basically cook the material which releases simple gaseous constituents having simple hydrocarbons and other gaseous compounds and elements in a process known as devolatilization. Residency time within the devolatilization reactor may be between 5 and 30 minutes. Devolatilization entails the release of volatile constituents of the feedstock such as oxygen, and lighter and more easily released simple hydrocarbons. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a more detailed view of the embodiment devolatilization reactor  200 . The feedstock enters through feedstock entrance port  206  and takes residence inside the vessel  200 . The vessel  200  is heated by a heating medium jacket  210  which accepts and rejects heating fluid through high temperature hot water inlet port  208  and outlet port  207 . The vessel  200  may be fitted with a mechanical auger assembly  209 , which provides for interior wall scrubbing through mechanical means. The wall scrubbing maintains the heat transfer qualities of the reactor  200  at an efficient level. Due to the high operating pressure, the devolatilization reactor  200  is preferably fitted with gland seals  203  at either end where the auger assembly  209  penetrates the vessel walls. These seals  203  may be charged with dry nitrogen  220  to provide a clean barrier between the inner seals  203  and outer seals  202 , and keep the bearings  202 A from operating at the same temperatures, pressures, etc. as the secondary reactor internal processes. This also allows the bearings  202 A to be serviceable without entering the vessel  200 . The seal gaps may also be fitted with leak detection equipment  205  to notify operating personnel if and when the inner seals  203  have worn substantially enough to start leaking and require servicing. 
     The feedstock leaves the vessel  200  and enters the separation column  211 . The column  211  introduces a vertical elevation head and is pressurized with steam, which is admitted through steam admission port  213 . The resultant steam blanket limits the height that the feedstock material reaches by operating off of a column level sensor  215  while allowing the volatiles to escape. By way of example, the column level sensor  215  in the preferred embodiment may be an ultrasonic level sensor of any suitable construction known in the field. The usage of the steam blanket and vertical column introduces a height-head based pressure control on the outlet of the reactor  200 . At the base of the column, the feedstock enters at the vessel reaction pressure. The vertical column of feedstock produces a height-head on the base of the column, allowing the pressure in the vessel to be maintained, while the top of the column approaches the saturation pressure of water. At the top of the column, there may be a wet feedstock/steam interface which introduces a steam blanket pressure to the top of the column. The steam blanket pressure, plus the vertical height-head of the column accounts for the full pressurization of the devolatilization reactor. The steam blanket allows for the height in this column to be maintained by administering more or less steam to the column. This is because the height of the column is directly related to the pressure of the blanket steam. Having a steam blanket also allows volatile gasses to escape from the feedstock, up through the steam blanket, and out through the volatile scavenging port  214 . The volatiles are liberated from the feedstock and are allowed to pass through the steam blanket as they reach the volatile scavenging port  214 . This port  214  leads the volatiles to a separate circuit within the secondary reactor  300  to be treated and reformed for use as fuel. These gases may be introduced separately to the secondary reactor  300  in order to utilize the steam reforming capacity to mitigate harmful or ecologically damaging gases such as hydrogen sulfide. The devolatilized feedstock leaves the separating column through port  212 . 
     The feedstock slurry has been substantially converted to char slurry at port  212 . Char includes more complex carbon based constituents in solid or liquid form substantially devoid of volatile materials that requires further processing to break down the final carbon bonds and produce synthetic natural gas. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates that in the embodiment plant  1  the feedstock leaves the primary reactor  200  and enters the secondary reactor  300 . The feedstock may be routed back to the secondary holding tank  5  in a recycle mode  103 . Steam may be admitted to the feedstock from the steam header  104 . 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate the embodiment secondary reactor  300  in two views.  FIG. 3  is a plan view of the secondary reactor  300 , and  FIG. 4  illustrates a section or elevation view of the embodiment secondary reactor  300 . 
     In the embodiment reactor  300 , the feedstock enters the secondary reactor  300  through one or more inlet feed piping train  301  where it may be routed through a plurality of circuits  400 . Each circuit  400  has a modular construction, such that additional lengths of tubing  312 ,  314  may be added in order to tune the specific circuit  400  to meet the needs of the feedstock gasification. The gasification reactor  300  is indirectly heated, meaning that the entrained flow gasification occurs within the tube  312 , while heat is applied to the exterior of the tube  312 . 
     The front end of each circuit  400  may be substantially similar, and each is fitted with a block valve  302 , a metering admission valve  303  and a control valve  304  for steam and/or hot water to be administered to the process flow through the circuit  400 . 
       FIG. 3  illustrates one complete circuit  400  in plan schematic view. These plan schematic views are stacked, one on top of the other, such that the elevation view of the embodiment reactor  300  appears similarly to  FIG. 4 . 
     As the slurry is admitted to the secondary reactor  300 , it passes through a metering device  303 , which can control the flow rate into a specific circuit  400  of the reactor  300 . This is preferably a control valve rather than a fixed orifice, which desirably provides an aspect of process control. As the slurry passes through the metering device  303  of the respective circuit  400 , a portion of the water will flash to steam. As it flashes, it becomes both a pulverizing force and a motive fluidizing agent which carries the feedstock through the reactor  300 . It is also the significant heat transfer medium between the walls of the indirectly heated gasifier  300  and the feedstock material itself. It is also the hydrogenating fluid, as the temperature at which the gasification occurs is within the region where the water-gas shift occurs. 
     Each circuit  400  may comprise several straight sections  312  which may or may not be mechanically enhanced. For example, the lengths shown in  FIG. 3  are indicated to be mechanically enhanced using fins on the exterior of the tube  312 . The outlet of a tube  312  may be joined to additional lengths of tubing  312 . If the circuit  400  is continued, then each length of tubing  312  is fitted with an end piece  314  which turns the flow 180 degrees to make another pass through the embodiment secondary reactor  300 . At the entrance of each circuit  400 , and at each of these end pieces  314 , one or more sensor pockets  313 , or wells, may be fitted in the circuit  400  that allows the process control to obtain telemetry readings from the process flow throughout the passes in a circuit  400 . These pockets are indicated in  FIG. 3  as being partially populated with circuit segment lengths  312 . These sensors  313  may measure any type of telemetry available for process control including, but not limited to, temperature, pressure, mass or volumetric flow, density, sample gathering, etc. 
     The fittings installed in the circuits to allow telemetry readings may be of any suitable construction known in the field. For example, sensor wells may be welded into the circuit conduit constructed of the same material as the circuit material in which a temperature sensor may be installed. Another example may include a well adapted to allow pressure to be transmitted through a port, or through a piston pressure sensing device of a construction known in the field. Another example may include a port which allows a portion of the contents of the circuit to pass out of the circuit to a sampling device. Another example may include a venturi installed within the circuit of the pipe, or an orifice installed in the piping to allow for volumetric or mass flow metering in a method known in the field. Yet another example may include a special spool piece installed within the circuit that is adapted to allow a sensor to be installed to measure the density or flow rate through ultrasonic or microwave sensing methods in a manner known in the field. 
     In the embodiment secondary reactor  300 , the circuits  400  are heated externally by a medium such as air, passing through an independently metered channel  305  for each circuit  400 . The heating medium is a fluid, and most preferably a gaseous fluid, which has been previously heated by any one or combination of a multitude of sources. The primary source of heat is preferably the primary energy generator  18 . The heating medium enters the reactor  300  at, for example, process air inlet  308  through a metering device  309  which is capable of volumetric control over the fluid. The metering device  309  is an air damper in the shown preferred embodiment  300 .  FIG. 4  shows the alternate view of the heating medium channel  308  where the heating medium may pass through the metering assembly  309 , enter a respective channel  305  around the corresponding circuit  400 , which is separated from the next circuit channel  305  by an insulated partition  316 . The heating medium side of the circuit  400  may also be fitted with provisions for telemetry  310  to feed back to the control system as it enters, and after each pass over a circuit length  312 . This allows for the heating medium to be monitored for heat transfer feedback to the operator. 
     Heating medium channels  305  may or may not be populated by a circuit  400  at any point during operation, and each circuit  400  may be of a different length. As shown in  FIG. 4 , some channels  305  may not be populated, as indicated by  306 , while the remaining channels  305  illustrate varying numbers of circuit lengths as provided by corresponding end pieces  314 . These non-populated channels  306  may be used for bypass flow if and when needed. 
     Control aspects may include the metering of flow rate and temperature of the heating fluid. In the embodiment secondary reactor  300  each circuit  400  is provided with a corresponding metering assembly  309  which controls the flow rate of fluid over the exterior of the respective gasification circuit  400 . The embodiment control scheme may also allow for the temperature control of this fluid stream, by adding or subtracting heat through a multitude of means. It is anticipated that the heating medium will operate between 1800 degrees F. and 2500 degrees F. 
     The secondary reactor inlet  308  may also be provided with control telemetry  302 . In preferred embodiments the overall heating medium conditions are measured for temperature, pressure, and/or other telemetric parameters in order to control the treatment of the heating medium upstream of the secondary reactor  300 . This may again be the case for the outlet telemetry  307 . The heating medium collects after passing through each channel  305 , and leaves the reactor  300  at the process air outlet  311 . 
     It has been shown that the pressure at which gasification occurs has an effect on the outcome. As such, each gasifier circuit  400  may be fitted with an exit pressure control device (not shown), which would allow the gasifier  300  to be optimized with respect to the pressure, which could be as low as a vacuum pressure, in the case of a vacuum condenser on the outlet  315  of the gasifier  300  and no throttling on the exit, or could be nearly as high as the devolatilization reactor  200  pressure. It is anticipated that a majority of the feedstock varieties will operate at roughly 150 psia through the gasifier  300 . This pressure control device may be fitted, for example, to the secondary reactor circuit outlet  315  or to the gas outlet of the primary separator  8 . In certain embodiments each circuit  400  may have its own respective gas outlet valve, whereas in other embodiments all circuits  400  may share a single gas outlet valve. Intermediate combinations are also possible. 
     In the embodiment plant  1 , the individual circuits  400  in the secondary reactor  300  are combined as they enter the primary separator  8 . The separator  8  may be of standard construction known in the field, and may feature a water bath at the base, where particulates such as ash are collected. This bath leads to the ash handling system. The ash handling system is comprised of the slurry pump  9  which is a grinder pump suitably selected from those known in the field, which discharges into the separation tank  10 . The separation tank  10  features a cooling coil  125  which cools the ash quenching water, and is of a construction suitable of that known in the field. The first section of the separation tank  10  collects solids, and another grinder pump  11  extracts the more concentrated ash slurry and pumps it to either the secondary storage tank  5  through recycle mode circuit  103  or out to ash transport through circuit  105 . Ash transport may be, for example, a truck that takes the slurry mixture to a material recycler. The ash clean water recycle pump  12  draws off of the settling tank  10  and returns the water to the bath in the primary separator  8 . All of the grinder pumps and regular pumps may be of standard construction, as known in the field. 
     In the primary separator  8  the thermally converted synthetic natural gas is separated from any entrained ash or slag that is unwanted further in the process. Under normal conditions, slag is not formed within the gasification reactor  400 , but under abnormal operating conditions, slag may be formed. To further separate the fine particulates, the gas may be passed through a screening filter  13  and a final aftercooler  14 . Cooling is provided through a cooling coil  122  and the condensate from the steam is drained through circuit  106 . The gas treatment by the filters  13  and aftercoolers  14  may be of standard construction as known in the field. 
     The synthetic natural gas leaves the final aftercooler  14  and may be routed, for example, to gas storage  15 , the auxiliary boiler  16 , the primary energy generator  18 , the booster heater burner  21  or combinations thereof. The primary energy generator  18  is preferably a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), known as a “Direct Fuel Cell,” as known in the field. Another primary energy generator may be a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), known as a high-temperature fuel cell, as known in the field. These types of fuel cells may require that the natural gas is entrained in steam in order to operate according to their own internal reforming techniques. During normal operation, the final aftercooler  14  is tuned to reduce some of the steam entrainment, but not all, because of the fuel cell  18  requirements, in a manner consistent to that known in the field. During cold startup, or when otherwise drawing from natural gas storage  15 , the gas may be required to be entrained with a secondary source of steam. The auxiliary boiler  16  provides steam to the natural gas line when needed to provide the adequate amount of steam to the fuel cells  18  during startup, and the steam header  104  is able to supply the steam when operating normally. 
     The primary energy generator  18  may also be embodied in other commercially available generation sources known in the field such as reciprocating engines, gas turbines, boilers, etc. The prime energy generator  18  is the plant  1  core that provides the conversion of fuel to electricity, while producing heat to drive the remainder of the processes. This is known in the industry as Integrated Combined Cycle. Usage of conventional “burning” equipment may require the removal of all steam from the syngas in order to eliminate efficiency losses from the entrained water mass. Also, using conventional “burning” equipment does nothing to contain the fuel side of the cycle. One objective of the plant  1  is to contain any harmful waste materials within the plant  1  to suitably recycle them. NOx and SOx emissions are nearly non-existent with fuel cells, but would be present in any type of conventional equipment. This is not to say that a plant  1  cannot operate with these as the primary energy generators  18 , but it may come at an efficiency and ecological loss when compared to fuel cells. 
     The booster heater burner  20  and assembly  21  provides a temperature elevation when needed. The need may be dictated by the temperature inlet requirement of the secondary reactor  300  controls. 
     The control system for the plant  1  process may be one that feeds back as much information to the operator to allow adjustments to be made “on the fly” to change process conditions as the feedstock conditions change. With acquisition and processing of trend data, automated control logic may be used to control operations of the plant  1 . Alternatively, manual operation may be provided with loop controllers for individual control points, and operation of these loop set points may be reliant upon an operator. 
     The operation of the plant may be through a process control system which may relay the current operating conditions with respect to temperature, pressure, mass or volumetric flow rates, current valve and damper positions, current motor speeds, flow densities, etc. back to a human operator. Simple loop controllers known in the field may provide elemental controls, or may be integrated in a customizable logic scheme through programmable logic controllers known in the field. For example, there may be a loop controller installed to control the feedstock inlet metering valve  303  for a circuit based on the circuit outlet  315  density of that circuit. Also by example, a temperature loop controller may be installed that references the temperature at certain points  313  within the gasifier circuit  400  that may control the inlet damper to the heating medium channel of the corresponding circuit. Also by example, there may be a loop controller installed to control the pressure of the reaction circuits  400  based upon the outlet gas composition from a suitable mass spectrometer unit known in the field. The operator may adjust the existing condition set points, positions, loop control parameters, etc. in order to tune the reaction to the desirable result. These current operating conditions may be trended within the programmable logic controller using any suitable method known in the field during the operation of the plant to provide reaction curves which will eventually lead to more complex automation programming. 
     The quantity of telemetry points may be based on the individual circuit  400  modular construction, and may be able to be changed as the plant  1  conditions change. Preferred embodiment plants  1  include the facility of these two primary reactors  200 ,  300  to be integrated with such expansive telemetry and control system. The control system may be commercially sourced from existing controls manufacturers known in the field. 
     The process air path, or heating medium path, starts at the outside air intake  106  where outside air is brought into the system  1 . An economizer coil  17  may provide some low-level temperature rise to save energy from the waste heat portions of cycle  120 . The waste heat may be sourced from the cooling system, described later. After passing through the economizer  17 , the air is admitted to the primary energy generator  18  to react with the synthetic natural gas. The primary energy generator  18  converts the fuel into both power and heat. Electrical power is sent to the plant electrical systems while mechanical power, if any, may be utilized at the plant. The heat created is carried by the process air as it leaves the primary energy generator  18 , and is driven through the remainder of the process by the process air booster fan  19 . The air is now either admitted to the secondary reactor  300  or bypassed via bypass  22 . 
     The bypass  22  rejoins the main process air path downstream of the secondary reactor  300 , where, in the embodiment plant  1 , a second set of heat exchangers exists. One path the process air may be admitted is the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)  23 . This HRSG  23  may create medium pressure to high pressure steam between 60 and 900 psia. In the embodiment plant  1 , the steam is preferably generated at 250 psia, and may be superheated to drive, for example, a steam system including a steam turbine generator  27 . A portion of the HRSG may be devoted to high pressure steam service for the primary reactor  300  separation column  211 . The HRSG  23  and steam plant components may be of conventional construction as known in the field. Another path for the process air may be to the primary reactor high temperature hot water (HTHW) heating coil  24 . This coil  24  provides the heat transfer from the process air to the HTHW loop that serves the primary reactor  200 . The HTHW system may employ a pump  222  and balance of plant including air separation, expansion tanks, and makeup water connections  221 . All components of the HTHW system including pumps  222 , heat exchange coils  24 , and related appurtenances  221  are known in the field. This second set of heat exchangers  23 ,  24  also may have a bypass  25  which allows process air to pass without transferring heat to these two systems. 
     The process air then passes through a final economizer coil  26  before being exhausted  107 . The economizer coil  26  in the embodiment plant  1  is a standard air to water coil known in the field. 
     The cooling and economizer system may include a water loop containing the cooling water pump  28 , the cooling tower  29 , and various connections to the systems. The water pump  28  and cooling tower  29  may be of standard construction known in the field. Heat is absorbed by the system at the syngas cooler  122 , the process air outlet stream  123 , the steam turbine condenser  124 , and the ash slurry cooler  125 . Heat is economically salvaged by admitting it back to the process in the outside air preheater  120  and in the secondary storage tank heating apparatus  121 . Further waste heat may be reused through the heat exchangers  30  to provide for third party heating  126 . All of the equipment in the cooling system may be of standard construction known in the field. 
     The GIPO Thermal Conversion Process 
     The driver behind the thermo-chemical conversion is the desire to produce high quality synthetic natural gas using a widely varied feedstock. Carbon based feedstocks are typically around 47-50% carbon, 5% hydrogen, 38% oxygen, and the remainder in other elemental minerals as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . Of this amount, about 0.5% is nitrogen (3% in municipal wastewater), and about 0.4% is sulfur. One objective is to extract the carbon in the form of CH 4  instead of the less useable CO, and completely unusable CO 2 . The process preferably occurs in two distinct steps to provide gas that can be cooled to produce the quality required for the remainder of the process.  FIG. 4  presents a table indicating the typical compositions of common feedstock materials. 
     The first step of the reaction is to liberate the entrained oxygen and volatile light hydrocarbons. This action is desirable in order to control the reaction in the second stage more closely. Separating oxygen ensures that the feedstock reactant temperatures will not “run away” in the second reactor, and will not generate excessive CO 2  which occurs when free oxygen reacts with the bulk of the carbon material. By liberating the already light hydrocarbons, the heat required in the second reaction is lower, due to the fact that most of the materials are already in useable form. Although most of the released material will be in the form of oxygen and easily released light hydrocarbons, other released materials are mineral-gas constituents such as hydrogen sulfide, which will be a part of feedstock derived from municipal wastewater. 
     The primary reactor  200 , i.e., the devolatilization reactor  200 , accomplishes this and allows the released volatiles to be treated, for example, in the second stage  300  in a separate circuit  400 . This is accomplished at high pressure, 500 to 900 psia, and medium temperature, 300 to 500 degrees F., in the first reaction vessel  200  to liberate the volatile components of the feedstock. Keeping the feedstock at the critical water phase changing temperature allows the localized release of entrained gasses without wasting the heat energy of drying out the material to accomplish this. The gasses are to be scavenged later in the reactor  200 . Separate treatment of the released gases in the secondary reactor  300  may allow for the reaction to be controlled independently, and thereby allow all entrained hydrocarbons to be reformed into useable fuel, and to reform other components, such as hydrogen sulfide, into elemental sulfur and hydrogen gas. All elementally reformed materials are collected in primary separator  8 , and subsequently gathered in ash handling system  9 ,  10 ,  125 ,  105 . 
     After this treatment, the feedstock leaving the primary reactor  200 , mostly devoid of oxygen, is ready to enter the secondary reactor  300 . The feedstock, at this point, has been converted to a char material, or simplified hydrocarbons that comprise mostly carbon. 
     The main driver behind the requirement for low oxygen content is the reformation for useable synthetic natural gas. According to the tables in Chemical Equilibria in Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Systems, feedstocks with a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of at least 2:1, and at lower equilibrium temperatures produce gases of higher methane content. Tables under the Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen System, with an H/0 ratio of 2.0 show high methane content in the 750 degrees F. range at elevated pressures. At the outlet of the primary reactor  200 , at approximately 500 degrees F. and 60 bar, any liberated gas will be roughly 20% methane, 61% water vapor, and 20% carbon dioxide. This yields a 50% CH 4  concentration for dry gas, which is ideal for the fuel cells  18  to be utilized in the process. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen System, Constituents by MOL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 H/O 
                 Temp 
                 Press 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ratio 
                 (F.) 
                 (bar) 
                 H 2   
                 H 2 O 
                 CH 4   
                 CO 
                 CO 2   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1.0 
                 500 
                 10 
                 0.0029 
                 0.5249 
                 0.0688 
                 0.000 
                 0.4031 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.0020 
                 0.5257 
                 0.0690 
                 0.000 
                 0.4031 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 0.0013 
                 0.5263 
                 0.0292 
                 0.000 
                 0.4030 
               
               
                 1.0 
                 750 
                 10 
                 0.0231 
                 0.4581 
                 0.0885 
                 0.0017 
                 0.4284 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.0165 
                 0.4632 
                 0.0904 
                 0.0012 
                 0.4284 
               
               
                 2.0 
                 500 
                 10 
                 0.0049 
                 0.6086 
                 0.1919 
                 0.000 
                 0.1944 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.0034 
                 0.6095 
                 0.1926 
                 0.000 
                 0.1943 
               
               
                   
                   
                 50 
                 0.0022 
                 0.6103 
                 0.1931 
                 0.000 
                 0.1942 
               
               
                 2.0 
                 750 
                 10 
                 0.0359 
                 0.5202 
                 0.2126 
                 0.0012 
                 0.2299 
               
               
                 2.0 
                 1000 
                 20 
                 0.0256 
                 0.5260 
                 0.2174 
                 0.0009 
                 0.2298 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 
                 0.1267 
                 0.4222 
                 0.1891 
                 0.0185 
                 0.2432 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.0934 
                 0.4422 
                 0.2054 
                 0.0131 
                 0.2456 
               
               
                 2.0 
                 1250 
                 10 
                 0.2716 
                 0.2833 
                 0.1269 
                 0.1104 
                 0.2075 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 0.2133 
                 0.3261 
                 0.1566 
                 0.0809 
                 0.2228 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 10 
                 0.3944 
                 0.1287 
                 0.0622 
                 0.3102 
                 0.1043 
               
               
                   
                 1750 
                 10 
                 0.4541 
                 0.0396 
                 0.0263 
                 0.4529 
                 0.0269 
               
               
                   
                 2000 
                 10 
                 0.4794 
                 0.0117 
                 0.0117 
                 0.4910 
                 0.0059 
               
               
                 3.0 
                 750 
                 10 
                 0.0437 
                 0.4977 
                 0.3158 
                 0.0010 
                 0.1416 
               
               
                   
                 1000 
                 10 
                 0.1518 
                 0.4055 
                 0.2712 
                 0.0148 
                 0.1564 
               
               
                   
                 1250 
                 10 
                 0.3223 
                 0.2727 
                 0.1788 
                 0.0895 
                 0.1364 
               
               
                   
                 1500 
                 10 
                 0.4685 
                 0.1238 
                 0.0878 
                 0.2512 
                 0.0684 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The driver behind the higher temperatures is the fact that the complex bonds in the feedstock must be broken. To accomplish this, the devolatilized feedstock is admitted to the reactor  300  and brought to much higher temperatures than may be desirable for synthetic natural gas equilibrium. Most bonds are fully broken when feedstocks reach temperatures above 1500 degrees F., and the secondary reactor  300  is capable of bringing feedstock to temperatures upwards of 2000 degrees F. in order to tune the process to the desired feedstock conditions. An objective is to vary the temperature of reaction to obtain carbon chain breakdown, without pushing the temperature into the range where the quality of the syngas is degraded. 
     When the secondary reactions are held at 1500 degrees F., and at a pressure of roughly 10 bar, the gas will most likely comprise about 40% CO, 45% H 2 , 10% CH 4 , 4% water vapor, and 3% CO 2 . It is anticipated that this gas will be held at this pressure in the aftercooler  14  at a temperature of roughly 500 degrees F. in order to reform the gas into the useable concentrations mentioned previously before dropping the pressure and cooling the gas to the useable temperature of about 300 degrees F. for admission to the fuel cells  18 . A throttling valve on the outlet of the primary separator  8  may provide for this residency time. Injection of hydrogen into the aftercooler may produce even higher concentrations of methane. An additional 10% methane may be realized if hydrogen injection is provided. 
     All publications cited in the specification, both patent publications and non-patent publications, are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All these publications are herein fully incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference. 
     Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims.