Patent Publication Number: US-8984835-B2

Title: Laminated shingle with wider nailing zone

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/479,692 filed May 24, 2012, which is it continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/426,056 filed Jun. 23, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,240,100 issued Aug. 14, 2012, which, in turn is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/289,441 filed Nov. 6, 2002, now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Laminated shingles are known in the art to be made from asphaltic roofing material overlaid upon one another, and secured together by means of an adhesive to provide a shingle having a thicker section. The anterior layer of the shingle has alternating tabs and cut out portions in the form of slots of various dimension in the lower end of the shingle, and an upper end of the shingle that is not divided into tabs. The posterior shingle layer, often called a backing sheet is applied, generally to the rear surface of the lower end of the anterior shingle layer, covering the rear surfaces of the tabs such that the two shingle layers are not coextensive in area. 
     In applying the shingles to a roof, by means of fasteners such as nails, staples or the like in accordance with the teachings of the prior art, there is a longitudinal strip or double thickness through which the nails, staples or the like fasteners must be applied, in which they will pass through both shingle layers, such strip being above the area of the slots, but below the upper edge of the posterior shingle layer. 
     In order to most efficiently package a plurality of shingles in a given bundle, the posterior shingle layer is generally less than one half the width of the shingle, such that the shingles may be alternated in packaging without a stack of packaged shingles forming a “hump”. Typically, a backer strip or posterior shingle layer for a shingle of 12 inches in width, is usually 5⅞ to 5 15/16 inches wide in order to avoid the creation of an unduly high zone or “hump” in the middle of the shingle bundle, which is not desirable. Such 12 inch wide shingles then typically has an exposure width of 5 inches, leaving the common bond area between the laminated shingle layers to be a longitudinal strip of less than 1 inch in width. 
     Professional roofers find this width too narrow, as it interferes with efficient fastening of shingles to a roof, slowing down the speed of shingle application. 
     One approach to the problem is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,145,265, granted Nov. 14, 2000, the complete disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. That approach has been to enlarge the width of the posterior shingle layer, to provide a larger (higher) common bond strip, of greater width than 1 inch, so that the nails, staples or like fasteners have a wider strip for passing through two layers. 
     Where laminated shingles have a common bond area that is too narrow, such as 1 inch or less, there can be a tendency for roofers to fail to apply the nail or staple fasteners into the common bond area, but to apply their fasteners above the common bond area, such that the fasteners pass through only the anterior shingle layer, and do not intercept the upper portion of the posterior shingle layer. 
     On roofs having a gentle slope or pitch, such misapplication of shingle fasteners may not be so susceptible to later problems. However, in roofs of steep pitch or slope, especially in warmer weather, such as summer weather, and in more southerly locations where roofs are subjected to more sun and greater heat in the summer, the temperature of a roof, particularly a dark roof, can reach 170° F. In more northerly locations in the summer, the temperature of a lighter colored roof, such as a white or light gray roof, in summer conditions may not reach a temperature higher than 140° F. 
     Most particularly, in more southern geographic areas, during the summer, and wherein roofs are of darker color, the temperature of the roof may approach the softening temperature of the normally bitumen-based adhesive, such as asphalt, which adheres two laminated layers of the laminated shingle together. With such softening of the bitumen-based adhesive, there leaves the possibility, especially for roofs of steeper pitch or slope, that the posterior shingle layer of any given shingle, if the fasteners have not penetrated such posterior layer when the shingle was applied to the roof, the posterior shingle layer, under its own weight, may overcome the adhesive quality and deformation resistance of the softening bitumen, and slide out beneath the anterior shingle layer, at least compromising the quality of the roof. 
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     The present invention is directed toward solving the above problems by providing a laminated shingle in which a stronger adhesive is applied, having a higher heat resistant temperature than the adhesive that normally fastens the shingle layers together, such that under hot conditions and on steep roofs, the stronger adhesive will be sufficient to keep the two shingle layers adhered together even if the heat resistant temperature, or softening point temperature of a prior art shingle laminating adhesive is reached, such that if fasteners that are used to fasten the shingle to a roof are applied through the anterior shingle layer only and not the posterior shingle layer, the posterior shingle layer will nevertheless remain in place, adhered behind the anterior shingle layer. 
     A wide fastening zone is provided on the shingle, not limited to inserting fasteners through the double layers of shingle, but wherein the fastening zone is sufficiently wide to embrace at least a portion of the anterior shingle layer only, having no posterior shingle layer therebehind. In another facet of the invention, optional single shingle layer and double shingle layer areas are presented corresponding to wider and narrower fastening zones, respectively, leaving the installer the option of nailing through two layers of shingle, or only a single layer of shingle, when nailing or otherwise fastening a shingle to a roof. The fastening zones may be defined by demarcation limits, such as marked lines, lines of adhesive, or combinations of both. 
     Accordingly, it is a primary object of this invention to provide a novel multi-layer laminated shingle, in which at least one high softening point adhesive is used to secure the shingle layers together. 
     It is another object of this invention to accomplish the above object, in which if more than one adhesive is used, one of the adhesives has a heat resistance to a temperature level that is higher than that of the other adhesive. 
     It is a further object of this invention to accomplish the above objects, wherein temperature levels normally reached during various seasonal parts of the year, and even for darker shingles, are not sufficiently high to soften an adhesive that is used to adhere the shingle layers together. 
     It is yet another object of this invention to provide a laminated shingle having a wide nailing zone, without having a wide double-layer nailing zone, by using a high temperature softening point adhesive or an adhesive that does not soften at high temperatures or an adhesive having a high shear modulus, to secure the layers of the laminated shingle together, such that it is no longer necessary to nail the shingle through both layers of the laminate in order to retain the posterior layer on a roof. 
     Other objects of the invention comprise providing optional fastening zones for fastening a shingle to a roof through either one two-layer fastening zone, or through a single-layer fastening zone, or combinations of both. 
     Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent upon a reading of the following brief descriptions of the drawing figures, the detailed descriptions of the preferred embodiments, and the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWING FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a top perspective view of a prior an shingle of the type discussed herein. 
         FIG. 2  is a side elevational view of a schematic of multi-layer shingle manufacture, looking in the transverse direction, wherein shingle material is conveyed left-to-right, in a longitudinal direction, and in which adhesive application between the shingle layers is illustrated. 
         FIG. 3  is a top plan view of the rear surface of an anterior shingle layer, wherein two adhesive applications are shown being applied to the shingle layer. 
         FIG. 4  is a top plan view of a shingle made in accordance with this invention, wherein the second adhesive is shown in a series of longitudinal dotted applications, with the common bond area between the two shingle layers being shown in dotted lines as well. 
         FIG. 5  is a top perspective view of another embodiment of the shingle of this invention. 
         FIG. 6  is an illustration similar to that of  FIG. 5 , but of yet another alternative embodiment in accordance with this invention. 
         FIG. 7  is an illustration similar to that of  FIGS. 5 and 6 , but wherein the upper surface of the anterior shingle layer is provided with three demarcation limits, defining a fastening zone for fastening through two shingle layers, and a fastening zone for fastening through, at least in principal part, a single layer fastening zone, such that the installer has options. 
         FIG. 8  is an illustration similar to that of  FIG. 7 , but wherein the demarcation limits for the fastening zones of  FIG. 7  are comprised of spaced-apart lines of either markings or adhesive. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring now to the drawings in detail, reference is first made to  FIG. 1 , wherein a prior art shingle is generally designated by the numeral  10 , as having an anterior shingle layer  11  and a posterior shingle layer  12 . The anterior shingle layer  11  has a plurality of tabs  13 , separated by substantial cut-outs  14 , spaced apart by the tabs  13 , and formed as sizable slotted openings between the tabs  13 . The shingle of  FIG. 1  is often referred to as a multiple-ply dragon-tooth design. 
     The anterior shingle layer  11  has a front surface  15  and a rear surface  16 . The posterior shingle layer  12  has a front surface  17  and a rear surface  18 . The posterior shingle layer  12  has an upper edge  20 . The cut-outs  14  in the anterior shingle layer  11  have an upper edge  21 . Widthwise, the longitudinal area between the upper edge  21  of the cut-outs  14  and the upper edge  20  of the posterior shingle layer defines the common bond area  22 , which runs from the right-most edge  23  of the shingle of  FIG. 1 , to the left-most edge  24 . This common bond area, in which the two shingle layers  11  and  12  are co-extensive, defines the nailing or stapling zone that is desired by many installers for applying shingles to a roof. 
     Referring as  FIG. 2 , a description of the manufacture of shingles in accordance with this invention will be understood. In  FIG. 2 , continuous layers of shingle material for making the posterior shingle layers in accordance with this invention and the anterior shingle layers in accordance with this invention are shown at  30  and  31 , respectively, being conveyed along rollers  32  and  33 , respectively in their longitudinal paths of travel, as indicated by the arrows  34  and  35  respectively. For the layer of posterior shingle material  30 , a cutting roller  36  and associated back-up roller  37  are shown, and for the anterior shingle layer  31 , cutting and back-up rollers respectively numbered  40  and  41  are shown, with the roller  40  having a plurality of cutting blades  42 , for cutting the cut-outs similar to those  14  shown in  FIG. 1 . The layer  31  of shingle material then passes over a pair of adhesive applicators  43  and  44 , and the layers  30  and  31  of shingle material are brought together after passing around suitable turning rollers  45 ,  46 ,  47 ,  48  and  50 , to be laminated together by adhesives delivered from the applicators  43  and  44 , to then pass between cutting and back-up rollers  51 ,  52 , whereby cutting type blade means  53  severs the laminated shingle material into discrete laminated shingles  54  at the left end of  FIG. 2 . 
     It will be understood that various techniques for making laminated shingles maybe employed, such as those set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,092,345, issued Jul. 25, 2000. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , it will be seen that, in one embodiment of the invention, horizontal adhesive strips S 1 , S 2  and S 3  of asphalt, bitumen or other adhesives are applied from rollers R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , respectively, of adhesive applicator  44 , as the sheet of shingle material  31  moves leftward in the direction arrow  35  in  FIGS. 2 and 3 . It will also be seen that the adhesive applicator  43  is shown as applying of plurality of spots  55  of adhesive onto a rear surface of an anterior layer of the shingle material  31 , in zones of tabs T between spaced-apart cut-outs  56 , below the upper edge  57  of the cut-outs at a vertical location where strips of adhesive S 1 , S 2 , S 3  are not applied. The adhesive applicator  43 , like the applicator  44 , may be of any type for applying an adhesive, from a single brush, roller, or the like, or may be of a type for applying adhesive from a two components adhesive application gun, as shown. In the applicator  43 , two discrete adhesive applicator lines  58 ,  60  are shown, for delivering adhesive to two sides  61 ,  62  of an adhesive applicator gun, wherein the two component adhesive will undergo a chemical reaction when the two components which are normally separated combine within the gun, with the chemical reaction thereby occurring forming a chemical bond that secures the shingle layers  30 ,  31  together. Alternatively, one or both adhesive lines  58 ,  60  may deliver a conventional hot melt adhesive, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, a polyamide, a glue, or a bitumen-based adhesive, such as an asphalt, or the like. The adhesive applicator  44  will generally apply an adhesive of bitumen, asphalt or of any other type suitable to secure the two layers of shingle material  30 ,  31 , together. 
     With reference to  FIG. 4 , it will be seen that a shingle  70  in accordance with this invention is shown as having anterior and posterior layers  71 ,  72 , with a common bond or headlap area  73  shown therebetween, between the upper edge  74  of the posterior shingle layer  72  and the upper edge  57  of the cut-outs  56  in the anterior shingle layer  71 . Also shown in phantom are the adhesive dots or spots  75 , (like those  55  of  FIG. 3 ), which secure the two shingle layers together, and which have a heat resistance at a temperature level that is higher than the heat resistance of the adhesive of the strips S 1 , S 2 , S 3  applied to tabs  59  and headlap zone  73 , such as via applicator  44 . It will be apparent that the application of adhesive, instead of being drops or spots  75 , may be a continuous strip, between the right-most end  76  of the shingle  70  of  FIG. 4  and the left-most end  77 , as may be desired. Possibly also, the adhesive applied via applicator  44  will be co-extensive with those portions of the rear surface of the anterior shingle layer  71  that form the tabs  59 , or in horizontal strips as shown or as spots (not shown). The adhesive that is applied as spots  75  will preferably be that when has the higher level of heat resistance, to at least 140° F., and more preferably to at least 170° F. along the common bond area  73 , between the right-most end  76  of the shingle  70  of  FIG. 4  and the leftmost end  77 , as may be desired. Preferably, the adhesive applied via applicator  44  will be co-extensive with those portions of the rear surface of the anterior shingle layer  71  that form the tabs  59 . The adhesive that is applied to the common bond area  73  will preferably be that which has the higher level of heat resistance, to at least 140° F., and more preferably to at least 170° F. Such adhesive will have a softening point that is at least as high as 197° F., and more preferably, at least as high as 240° F., and perhaps as high as 275-300° F. Alternatively, the adhesives that form strips S 1 , S 2 , S 3  and spots  75  may be applied to the anterior surface of the posterior shingle layer to secure the layers  71  and  72  together, or to contacting surfaces of both layers  71 ,  72 . 
     The adhesive that is applied as spots  75 , or in some other form, and which is a high temperature softening point adhesive, and preferably a high heat resistance adhesive may comprise a non-bituminous adhesive having heat resistance to a predetermined temperature level, which may be an epoxy adhesive and/or may be a two-part thermal set adhesive or a one-part thermal or moisture set adhesive and will also preferably have a high shear modulus for securely holding the two to layers of shingle together. Such sheer modulus (SM) is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain. Thus, if shear stress is defined as shearing Force divided by the Area and if shear strain is defined as the change in dimension (x) relative to the original dimension (y), then shear modulus is defined as:
 
SM= x/y  
 
     In the metric system, the modulus is expressed in Newtons per square meter (Newtons/m2). 
     A preferred shear modulus in accordance with the present invention is one that is greater than 10,000 Newtons/m2 and having a shear modulus after 1000 seconds of stress exposure at constant loading at approximately at least 150° F. greater than 1000 Newtons/m2. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 5 , it will be seen that a shingle  90  is provided, comprised of two shingle layers  91  and  92 , that are adhered together in a manner similar to the shingle layers of  FIG. 4 , such that the same will not be repeated here. 
     However, in  FIG. 5 , it will be seen that a pair of rows of sealant  94 ,  95  are shown on the anterior surface of the anterior shingle layer. These rows of sealant may preferably be provided with strips of release paper thereon, when the shingles  90  are packaged together, to be removed prior to installation on a roof, or in the alternative, those portions of a shingle that are packaged adjacent the shingle  90  when the same are packaged together, may have release paper on those portions of that shingle that would be packaged against the sealant rows  94 ,  95 , in the packaged condition, to prevent adjacent shingles in a given package from sticking together. In any event, a shingle as shown in  FIG. 5 , prior to its installation on a roof, will not have release paper disposed over sealant  94 ,  95 , at that time that the shingle is applied to a roof. 
     It will be seen that the sealant row  94  is provided generally in that headlap portion  96 , below the upper edge  93  of the posterior shingle layer, and above the upper edge  97  of the cut-out in the anterior shingle layer, to define for the shingle installer, on the top surface of the shingle as it is being installed on a roof, a lower end to a nailing zone, the upper end of which nailing zone  98  is defined by the row of sealant  95 , placed as shown. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 5 , the rows of sealant  94 ,  95 , are spaced apart a distance “c”, which may be, for example, on the order of two inches, whereas the distance above the upper edge  93  of the posterior shingle layer, that the row of sealant strips  95  is disposed may be a distance “b” that is on the order of 1% to 2 inches, and with the headlap distance “a” being an overlap on the order of % inches or &#39;A inches, or even 1 inch. The wide nailing zone  98  that is displayed to a roofing installer, thereby suggests to the roofer, staples or the like, which secure the shingles to a roof, should be essentially through the single layer  91  of shingle material of the shingle  90 , essentially above the upper edge  93  of the posterior shingle layer, because of the close proximity of the sealant layer  94  thereto, and below the line defined by the strips of sealant  95 . 
     It should be apparent from the above that, in accordance with this invention, the overlapping headlap zone “a” can be reduced, resulting in a saving in material, and packaging of shingles without creating a “humping” when shingles are packaged due to excessive height of the posterior shingle layer, while allowing for rapid installation of the shingles in the field. 
     However, instead of the row of sealant  95  of  FIG. 5 , there is provided a scribe or score line  105 , which, in lieu a row of sealant at that location, can provide for the rooting installer, an upper indication of the nailing zone  98 . 
     It will be apparent from the foregoing that if fasteners happen to be applied through only the anterior shingle layer  71 , and through only that portion of the anterior shingle layer  80  that is above the upper edge  74  of the posterior shingle layer  72 , then with the stronger adhesive  75  applied in the common bond area e.g. like that shown in  FIG. 4 , the posterior shingle layer will remain in place even under high temperature conditions and on roofs of steeper slope or pitch. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 6 , it will be shown that there is a shingle that, for the most part, is constructed like the shingle of  FIG. 5 , with the shingle  100  being comprised of anterior and posterior layers  101 ,  102  the posterior layer of which has an upper edge  103 , and with a row of sealant  104  being disposed on the anterior shingle layer  101  similar to the row of sealant  94  of  FIG. 5 , and with the scribe line  105  defining an upper demarcation line for the nailing zone. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , an alternative multi-layer laminated shingle  120  is shown, having anterior and posterior layers,  121 ,  122 , respectively, with cut-outs  123  in the anterior shingle layer, spacing apart tabs  124  of the anterior shingle layer, and having a width for the anterior shingle layer “m” of 12 inches, with the posterior shingle layer having a width “q” of approximately 6 inches, leaving a common bond headlap area above the upper edge  125  of the cut-out areas  123 , designated as “n”, of approximately ⅞ inch to 1 inch. 
     Demarcation limits or lines  126 ,  127  and  128  are shown, which are markings to guide a shingle installer, as to where the nails, staples or other forms of fastener should be placed, to fasten the shingle  120  to a roof or the like. The lines  126 ,  127  and  128  maybe discrete lines, as shown, or may be demarcation limits in the form of upper and lower ends of bands, of different color, shading, etc, as desired. The demarcation limits  126 ,  127  and  128  may also be scribed lines, or any other form of marking to enable a shingle installer to see the zones that such demarcation limits present for fastening the shingle to a roof. 
     For example, the width of the zone between lines  126  and  127 , of “o” may perhaps be 5/16 inches, for guiding the installer as to where a fastener may be applied to assure that it will go through both posterior and anterior shingle layers, if the perceived security of nailing through two layers is desired. 
     The distance between demarcation limits  126  and  128 , as shown by “p”, may, however, be on the order of 1¾ inches, more or less, to define a wider fastening zone, for instances where the installer is comfortable fastening the shingle through either a shingle thickness in the anterior shingle layer only, or a double thickness portion through both the anterior and posterior shingle layers. 
     Alternatively, if the installer is comfortable nailing only through a single layer of the laminated shingle; namely the anterior shingle layer, the fastener can be applied between demarcation limits  127  and  128 , in a zone of approximately 1⅜ inch in width. The layers  121  and  122  of shingle  120  are adhered together by any of the higher temperature, or high shear modulus adhesives discussed above, that will securely hold them together under the above-mentioned conditions of temperature, slope, etc. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 8 , it will be seen that a shingle  130 , comprised of anterior and posterior shingle layers  131 ,  132  is also provided, and is constructed essentially similarly to that of the shingle of  FIG. 7 , except that the demarcation limits or lines  136 ,  137  and  138  of the shingle of  FIG. 8  are illustrated as being broken or spaced-apart lines. Such lines may be scribe lines, colored lines, portions of a hands or the like, or may be comprised of lines of adhesive. The dimensions m′, n′, o′, p′, and q′ may be similar to the dimensions m n o p q of  FIG. 7 , just as the adhesive that adheres layers  131  and  132  together may be as described above for the shingle of  FIG. 7 . 
     Accordingly, it will be apparent from the foregoing that the objects of the present invention are satisfied, and that various modifications may be made in the details of construction, as well as in the use and operation shingles in accordance with the present invention, all within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.