Patent Publication Number: US-2021169836-A1

Title: Oral Care Product and Methods of Use and Manufacture Thereof

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. provisional application 62/944,696, filed on Dec. 6, 2019, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to oral care compositions comprising a sugar alcohol with a basic amino acid or salt thereof, and optionally a fluoride source, and to methods of using and of making these compositions. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Arginine and other basic amino acids are believed to have significant benefits in combating cavity formation and tooth sensitivity when used in oral care compositions. Combining these basic amino acids with minerals having oral care benefits, e.g., fluoride and calcium, to form an oral care product having acceptable long-term stability, however, has proven challenging. There have been various formulations issues with using amino acids in oral care compositions. For example, previously there had been the concern that the basic amino acid may raise the pH and facilitate dissociation of calcium ions that can react with fluoride ions to form an insoluble precipitate. And, moreover, that the higher pH has the potential to cause irritation. 
     Xylitol is a sugar alcohol and has been used as a sugar substitute in certain contexts. The use of xylitol is attractive because of its taste and technological advantages. Xylitol is a naturally occurring five carbon sugar alcohol which has the same sweetness as sugar and a caloric content which is less than that of sugar. Xylitol is particularly attractive because of its known metabolic, dental and technical characteristics. 
     A significant advantage of xylitol is that it is not fermented by  S. mutans  ( Streptococcus mutans ) and other bacteria that may be found in the oral cavity and, therefore, does not produce acids which can contribute to the formation of dental caries. Xylitol is well established as a non-cariogenic substance, and is not believed to contribute to caries formation. 
     There remains a need in the field to develop an oral care formulation that can provide an effective anti-cariogenic approach to treating or preventing dental caries. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is now discovered that compositions comprising a basic amino acid, e.g., arginine, and one or more sugar alcohols, for example, xylitol can improve the treatment and prophylaxis of dental caries in the oral cavity. One particular advantage is that the addition of a sugar alcohol, such as xylitol, while treating or preventing dental caries can also improve remineralization of the tooth enamel, as well as prevent or reduce or inhibit reductions in oral cavity pH associated with, or consequent to, bacterial metabolic events (e.g., wherein the bacteria is  S. mutans ) when used in combination with arginine. 
     The invention encompasses oral care compositions and methods of using the same that are effective in the treatment or prophylaxis of dental caries, in particular in improving remineralization of the tooth enamel. The invention also encompasses compositions and methods to clean the oral cavity and provide improved methods of promoting oral health and/or systemic health, e.g., by reducing potential for systemic infection via the oral tissues. 
     The invention thus comprises an oral care composition (a Composition of the Invention), e.g., a dentifrice, comprising
     i. an effective amount of a basic amino acid in free or salt form;   ii. an effective amount of a sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol), e.g., about 1% by wt., about 5% by wt., about 10% by wt., e.g., from 4%-15%, by wt.; and   iii. optionally further comprising an effective amount of a fluoride source, e.g., a soluble fluoride salt; and
       wherein the oral care composition is in an amount effective to inhibit a pH reduction in the oral cavity, wherein the pH reduction is consequent to bacterial glycolysis (e.g., pH reduction in the oral cavity consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities).   
       

     In one embodiment, the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol, Glycerol, Erythritol, Threitol, Arabitol, Ribitol, Mannitol, Sorbitol, Galactitol, Fucitol, Iditol Inositol, Volemitol, Isomalt, Maltitol, Lactitol, Maltotriitol, Maltotetraitol, and Polyglycitol. 
     The composition optionally further comprises a small particle fraction which may be, for example, an abrasive, e.g., selected from calcium carbonate (e.g., precipitated calcium carbonate) and silica and mixtures thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions may have a low radioactive dentin abrasion value (RDA), e.g., less than about 140, e.g., about 30-about 130, e.g., about 30-about 70. 
     The composition optionally comprises at least about 5%, e.g., at least about 10%, e.g., at least about 20% of an abrasive having a d50 less than about 5 micrometers, e.g., about 0.5 μm to about 5 μm, e.g., silica having a d50 of about 3 μm to about 4 μm or precipitated calcium carbonate having a d50 of about 0.5 μnm to about 3 μm. 
     For example, in one embodiment, the basic amino acid is in the form of arginine bicarbonate, the fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate, the sugar alcohol is xylitol, and the composition further comprises precipitated calcium carbonate. 
     In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises an anionic surfactant, e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate; an anionic polymer, e.g., a copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride; and/or an antibacterial, e.g., benzyl alcohol. In other particular embodiments, the formulation further comprises an amphoteric surfactant, e.g., betaine. 
     In particular embodiments, the Compositions of the Invention are in the form of a dentifrice comprising additional ingredients selected from one or more of water, abrasives, surfactants, foaming agents, vitamins, polymers, enzymes, humectants, thickeners, antimicrobial agents, preservatives, flavorings, colorings and/or combinations thereof. 
     Without intending to be bound by a particular theory, it is believed that the presence of a sugar alcohol, e.g., xylitol, in combination with a basic amino acid, e.g., arginine, allows for a novel approach to maintain health in the oral cavity. In this embodiment, without being bound by theory, the Compositions of the Invention provide a dual anticariogenic approach where arginine can help mediate potential decreases in oral cavity pH, e.g., by promoting the survival of arginolytic strains of bacteria which may break down arginine to ammonia to provide alkalinity to survive and, in addition, buffer the plaque and make a hostile environment for the cariogenic bacterial systems. Contemporaneously, sugar alcohols (e.g., xylitol) are not metabolized by certain bacteria found in the oral cavity, and can inhibit the growth curves of certain bacterial growth (e.g.,  S. mutans ). In some cases, and without being bound by theory, in addition to actually maintaining mineralization, the addition of an effective amount of a sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol) may also function to help promote remineralization. This provides for a novel approach for preventing or treating dental caries. 
     The invention thus further encompasses methods to (i) reduce or inhibit formation of dental caries, (ii) reduce, repair or inhibit pre-carious lesions of the enamel, e.g., as detected by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) or electrical caries measurement (ECM), (iii) reduce or inhibit demineralization and promote remineralization of the teeth, (iv) reduce hypersensitivity of the teeth, (v) reduce or inhibit gingivitis, (vi) promote healing of sores or cuts in the mouth, (vii) reduce levels of acid producing bacteria, (viii) to increase relative levels of arginolytic bacteria, (ix) inhibit microbial biofilm formation in the oral cavity, (x) raise and/or maintain plaque pH at levels of at least pH about 5.5 following sugar challenge, (xi) reduce plaque accumulation, (xii) reduce dry mouth, (xiii) reduce erosion, (xiv) whiten the teeth, (xv) immunize or protect the teeth against cariogenic bacteria, (xvi) clean the teeth and oral cavity and/or (xvii) promote systemic health, including cardiovascular health, e.g., by reducing potential for systemic infection via the oral tissues, comprising applying a Composition of the Invention to the oral cavity, e.g., by applying a Composition of the Invention to the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     General Description 
     The invention thus comprises an oral care composition (Composition 1.0) comprising
         i. an effective amount of a basic amino acid in free or salt form;   ii. an effective amount of a sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol), e.g., about 1% by wt., about 5% by wt., about 10% by wt., e.g., from 4%-15%, by wt.; and   iii. optionally further comprising an effective amount of a fluoride source, e.g., a soluble fluoride salt; and   wherein the oral care composition is in an amount effective to inhibit a pH reduction in the oral cavity (e.g., with respect to a reference standard), wherein the pH reduction in the oral cavity is consequent to bacterial glycolysis (e.g., pH reduction consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities).       1.1 Composition 1.0 wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, lysine, citrulline, ornithine, creatine, histidine, diaminobutanoic acid, diaminoproprionic acid, salts thereof and/or combinations thereof.   1.2 Composition 1.0 or 1.1 wherein the basic amino acid has the L-configuration.   1.3 Any of the preceding compositions is provided in the form of a salt of a di- or tri-peptide comprising the basic amino acid.   1.4 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, e.g., L-arginine (e.g., where the arginine is added as a powder, e.g., arginine free base powder).   1.5 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is partially or wholly in salt form.   1.6 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine phosphate.   1.7 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine hydrochloride.   1.8 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine sulfate.   1.9 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine bicarbonate.   1.10 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the salt of the basic amino acid is formed in situ in the formulation by neutralization of the basic amino acid with an acid or a salt of an acid.   1.11 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the salt of the basic amino acid is formed by neutralization of the basic amino acid to form a premix prior to combination with the fluoride salt.   1.12 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount corresponding to 0.1 wt. % to 15 wt. %, e.g., about 1% to about 10%, e.g., about 3% to about 10% of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   1.13 Composition 1.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 7.5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   1.14 Composition 1.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   1.15 Composition 1.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 3.75 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   1.16 Composition 1.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 1.5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   1.17 Composition 1.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 1.0 or about 1.1 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   1.18 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt is stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, amine fluoride (e.g., N′-octadecyltrimethylendiamine-N,N,N′-tris(2-ethanol)-dihydrofluoride), ammonium fluoride, titanium fluoride, hexafluorosulfate, and combinations thereof   1.19 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt is a fluorophosphate.   1.20 Any of the preceding composition wherein the fluoride salt is sodium monofluorophosphate.   1.21 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt is present in an amount of 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. % of the total composition weight.   1.22 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt provides fluoride ion in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.2 wt. % of the total composition weight.   1.23 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the soluble fluoride salt provides fluoride ion in an amount of from 50 to 25,000 ppm.   1.24 Any of the preceding compositions which is a mouthwash having 100 to 250 ppm available fluoride ion.   1.25 Any of which is a dentifrice having 750 to 2000 ppm available fluoride ion.   1.26 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition comprises 750 to 2000 ppm fluoride ion.   1.27 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition comprises 1000 to 1500 ppm fluoride ion.   1.28 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition comprises 1450 ppm fluoride ion.   1.29 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is between 6 and 9, e.g., about 6.5-about 7.4 or about 7.5-about 9.   1.30 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is between 6.5 and 7.4.   1.31 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is approximately neutral.   1.32 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is 8.5-9.5.   1.33 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an abrasive or particulate.   1.34 The immediately preceding composition wherein the abrasive or particulate is selected from sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate (e.g., dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), calcium sulfate, precipitated calcium carbonate, silica (e.g., hydrated silica), iron oxide, aluminum oxide, perlite, plastic particles, e.g., polyethylene, and combinations thereof.   1.35 The immediately preceding composition wherein the abrasive is selected from a calcium phosphate (e.g., dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), calcium sulfate, precipitated calcium carbonate, silica (e.g., hydrated silica), calcium pyrophosphate and combinations thereof.   1.36 Any of the preceding compositions comprising an abrasive in an amount of 15 wt. % to 70 wt. % of the total composition weight.   1.37 Any of the preceding compositions comprising a small particle abrasive fraction of at least about 5% having a d50 of less than about 5 μm.   1.38 Any of the preceding compositions having a RDA of less than about 150.   1.39 Any of the preceding compositions having a RDA of 30-130.   1.40 Any of the preceding compositions having a RDA of 30-70.   1.41 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least about 5% small particle synthetic amorphous silica (d50 about 3-about 4 um).   1.42 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least about 20% small particle precipitated calcium carbonate (d50 about 0.5-about 3 um).   1.43 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an anti-calculus agent.   1.44 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an anti-calculus agent which is a polyphosphate, e.g., pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, or hexametaphosphate, e.g., in sodium salt form.   1.45 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one surfactant.   1.46 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one surfactant selected from sodium lauryl sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, and combinations thereof   1.47 Any of the preceding compositions comprising an anionic surfactant.   1.48 Any of the preceding compositions comprising sodium lauryl sulfate.   1.49 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one humectant.   1.50 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one humectant selected from glycerin, sorbitol and combinations thereof   1.51 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one polymer.   1.52 Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one polymer selected from polyethylene glycols, polyvinylmethyl ether maleic acid copolymers, polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose derivatives, for example carboxymethyl cellulose, or polysaccharide gums, for example xanthan gum or carrageenan gum), and combinations thereof.   1.53 Any of the preceding compositions comprising gum strips or fragments.   1.54 Any of the preceding compositions comprising flavoring, fragrance and/or coloring.   1.55 Any of the preceding compositions comprising water.   1.56 Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antibacterial agent.   1.57 Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antibacterial agent selected from, herbal extracts and essential oils (e.g., rosemary extract, tea extract, magnolia extract, thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, geraniol, carvacrol, citral, hinokitol, catechol, methyl salicylate, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, miswak extract, sea-buckthorn extract), bisguanide antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine, alexidine or octenidine), quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), benzalkonium chloride, tetradecylpyridinium chloride (TPC), N-tetradecyl-4-ethylpyridinium chloride (TDEPC)), phenolic antiseptics, hexetidine, octenidine, sanguinarine, povidone iodine, delmopinol, salifluor, metal ions (e.g., zinc salts, for example, zinc citrate, stannous salts, copper salts, iron salts), sanguinarine, propolis and oxygenating agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, buffered sodium peroxyborate or peroxycarbonate), phthalic acid and its salts, monoperthalic acid and its salts and esters, ascorbyl stearate, oleoyl sarcosine, alkyl sulfate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, salicylanilide, domiphen bromide, delmopinol, octapinol and other piperidino derivatives, nicin preparations, chlorite salts, benzyl alcohol; and mixtures of any of the foregoing.   1.58 Any of the preceding compositions comprising an anti-inflammatory compound, e.g., an inhibitor of at least one of host pro-inflammatory factors selected from matrix metalloproteinases (MMP&#39;s), cyclooxygenases (COX), PGE 2 , interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), hyaluronidase, cathepsins, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and IL-1 Receptor Associated Kinase (IRAK), e,g, selected from aspirin, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, aspirin, ketoprofen, piroxicam, meclofenamic acid, nordihydoguaiaretic acid, and mixtures thereof.   1.59 Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antioxidant, e.g., selected from the group consisting of Co-enzyme Q10, PQQ, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, anethole-dithiothione, and mixtures thereof   1.60 Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antibacterial agent in an amount of about 0.01-about 5 wt. % of the total composition weight.   1.61 Any of the preceding compositions comprising a whitening agent.   1.62 Any of the preceding compositions comprising a whitening agent selected from a whitening active selected from the group consisting of peroxides, metal chlorites, perborates, percarbonates, peroxyacids, hypochlorites, and combinations thereof   1.63 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising hydrogen peroxide or a hydrogen peroxide source, e.g., urea peroxide or a peroxide salt or complex (e.g., such as peroxyphosphate, peroxycarbonate, perborate, peroxysilicate, or persulphate salts; for example calcium peroxyphosphate, sodium perborate, sodium carbonate peroxide, sodium peroxyphosphate, and potassium persulfate), or hydrogen peroxide polymer complexes such as hydrogen peroxide-polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer complexes.   1.64 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising a source of calcium and phosphate selected from (i) calcium-glass complexes, e.g., calcium sodium phosphosilicates, and (ii) calcium-protein complexes, e.g., casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.   1.65 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising a soluble calcium salt, e.g., selected from calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium acetate, calcium lactate, and combinations thereof.   1.66 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an agent that interferes with or prevents bacterial attachment, e.g., solbrol or chitosan.   1.67 Any of the preceding compositions further comprising a physiologically acceptable potassium salt, e.g., potassium nitrate, potassium citrate, or potassium chloride, in an amount effective to reduce dentinal sensitivity.   1.68 Any of the preceding compositions comprising from about 0.1% to about 7.5% of a physiologically acceptable potassium salt, e.g., potassium nitrate and/or potassium chloride.   1.69 Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volemitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol.   1.70 The composition of 1.0.69, wherein the sugar alcohol is xylitol.   1.71 Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is between 4.5%-10.5% by wt., e.g., about 5©r by wt., about 6% by wt., about 7% by wt., about 8% by wt., about 9% by wt., or about 10% by wt,   1.72 Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 1% by wt. (e.g., 1% xylitol by wt.)   1.73 Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 5% by wt. (e.g., 5% xylitol by wt.)   1.74 Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 10% by wt. (e.g., 10% xylitol by wt.)   1.75 Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is between 4%-15% by wt. (e.g., 4%-10%, e.g., about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% of xylitol by wt.)   1.76 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, the fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate, and the sugar alcohol is xylitol.   1.77 Any of the preceding compositions wherein:
       The salt of a basic amino acid is arginine bicarbonate, wherein the arginine bicarbonate is present at 2%-5% by wt (e.g., about 3.68% arginine bicarbonate, wherein the arginine bicarbonate is in solution at 40% by wt of the solution)   The fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate from 0.5%-2% by wt. (e.g., about 1.1% by wt.),   and the sugar alcohol is xylitol from 4%-10% by wt (e.g., about 5% or about 10%); and   
       1.78 Any of the preceding compositions wherein:
       The salt of a basic amino acid is arginine bicarbonate, wherein the arginine bicarbonate is present at about 3.68% by wt (e.g., wherein the arginine bicarbonate is in solution at 40% by wt of the solution)   The fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate at about 1.1% by wt.,   and the sugar alcohol is xylitol about 5% or about 10% by wt; and   wherein the oral care composition is in an amount effective to inhibit a pH reduction in the oral cavity, wherein the pH reduction is consequent to  S. mutans  glycolysis.   
       1.79 Any of the preceding compositions effective upon application to the oral cavity, e.g., with brushing, to (i) reduce or inhibit formation of dental caries, (ii) reduce, repair or inhibit pre-carious lesions of the enamel, e.g., as detected by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) or electrical caries measurement (ECM), (iii) reduce or inhibit demineralization and promote remineralization of the teeth, (iv) reduce hypersensitivity of the teeth, (v) reduce or inhibit gingivitis, (vi) promote healing of sores or cuts in the mouth, (vii) reduce levels of acid producing bacteria, (viii) to increase relative levels of arginolytic bacteria, (ix) inhibit microbial biofilm formation in the oral cavity, (x) raise and/or maintain plaque pH at levels of at least pH 5.5 following sugar challenge, (xi) reduce plaque accumulation, (xii) reduce dry mouth, (xiii) clean the teeth and oral cavity (xiv) reduce erosion, (xv) whiten teeth, and/or (xvi) immunize the teeth against cariogenic bacteria.   1.80 A composition obtained or obtainable by combining the ingredients as set forth in any of the preceding compositions.   1.81 Any of the preceding compositions in a form selected from mouthrinse, toothpaste, tooth gel, tooth powder, non-abrasive gel, mousse, foam, mouth spray, lozenge, oral tablet, dental implement, and pet care product.   1.82 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition is toothpaste.   1.83 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition is a toothpaste optionally further comprising one or more of one or more of water, abrasives, surfactants, foaming agents, vitamins, polymers, enzymes, humectants, thickeners, antimicrobial agents, preservatives, flavorings, colorings and/or combinations thereof.   1.84 Any of the preceding compositions 1.0-1.82 wherein the composition is a mouthwash.   1.85 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH reduction is consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities.   1.86 Any of the preceding compositions wherein the amount of xylitol is effective to maintain oral pH levels by reducing the acidogenic potential of the oral microflora (e.g., consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities).   

     In still another aspect, the invention thus comprises an oral care composition (Composition 2.0) comprising
         i. an effective amount of a basic amino acid (e.g., arginine) in free or salt form;   ii. an effective amount of a sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol), e.g., about 1% by wt., about 5% by wt., about 10% by wt., e.g., from 4%-15%, by wt.; and   iii. optionally further comprising an effective amount of a fluoride source, e.g., a soluble fluoride salt; and   wherein the basic amino acid (e.g., arginine) and sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol) are in an amount(s) effective to inhibit a pH reduction in the oral cavity, wherein the pH reduction in the oral cavity is consequent to bacterial glycolysis (e.g., pH reduction consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities).       2.1. Composition 2.0 wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, lysine, citrulline, ornithine, creatine, histidine, diaminobutanoic acid, diaminoproprionic acid, salts thereof and/or combinations thereof   2.2. Composition 2.0 or 2.1 wherein the basic amino acid has the L-configuration.   2.3. Any of the preceding compositions is provided in the form of a salt of a di- or tri-peptide comprising the basic amino acid.   2.4. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, e.g., L-arginine (e.g., where the arginine is added as a powder, e.g., arginine free base powder).   2.5. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is partially or wholly in salt form.   2.6. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine phosphate.   2.7. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine hydrochloride.   2.8. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine sulfate.   2.9. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine bicarbonate.   2.10. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the salt of the basic amino acid is formed in situ in the formulation by neutralization of the basic amino acid with an acid or a salt of an acid.   2.11. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the salt of the basic amino acid is formed by neutralization of the basic amino acid to form a premix prior to combination with the fluoride salt.   2.12. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount corresponding to 0.1 wt. % to 15 wt. %, e.g., about 1% to about 10%, e.g., about 3% to about 10% of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   2.13. Composition 2.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 7.5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   2.14. Composition 2.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   2.15. Composition 2.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 3.75 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   2.16. Composition 2.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 1.5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   2.17. Composition 2.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 1.0 or about 1.1 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   2.18. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt is stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, amine fluoride (e.g., N′-octadecyltrimethylendiamine-N,N,N′-tris(2-ethanol)-dihydrofluoride), ammonium fluoride, titanium fluoride, hexafluorosulfate, and combinations thereof.   2.19. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt is a fluorophosphate.   2.20. Any of the preceding composition wherein the fluoride salt is sodium monofluorophosphate.   2.21. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt is present in an amount of 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. % of the total composition weight.   2.22. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt provides fluoride ion in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.2 wt. % of the total composition weight.   2.23. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the soluble fluoride salt provides fluoride ion in an amount of from 50 to 25,000 ppm.   2.24. Any of the preceding compositions which is a mouthwash having 100 to 250 ppm available fluoride ion.   2.25. Any of which is a dentifrice having 750 to 2000 ppm available fluoride ion.   2.26. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition comprises 750 to 2000 ppm fluoride ion.   2.27. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition comprises 1000 to 1500 ppm fluoride ion.   2.28. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition comprises 1450 ppm fluoride ion.   2.29. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is between 6 and 9, e.g., about 6.5-about 7.4 or about 7.5-about 9.   2.30. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is between 6.5 and 7.4.   2.31. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is approximately neutral.   2.32. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH is 8.5-9.5.   2.33. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an abrasive or particulate.   2.34. The immediately preceding composition wherein the abrasive or particulate is selected from sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate (e.g., dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), calcium sulfate, precipitated calcium carbonate, silica (e.g., hydrated silica), iron oxide, aluminum oxide, perlite, plastic particles, e.g., polyethylene, and combinations thereof.   2.35. The immediately preceding composition wherein the abrasive is selected from a calcium phosphate (e.g., dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), calcium sulfate, precipitated calcium carbonate, silica (e.g., hydrated silica), calcium pyrophosphate and combinations thereof.   2.36. Any of the preceding compositions comprising an abrasive in an amount of 15 wt. % to 70 wt. % of the total composition weight.   2.37. Any of the preceding compositions comprising a small particle abrasive fraction of at least about 5% having a d50 of less than about 5 μm.   2.38. Any of the preceding compositions having a RDA of less than about 150.   2.39. Any of the preceding compositions having a RDA of 30-130.   2.40. Any of the preceding compositions having a RDA of 30-70.   2.41. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least about 5% small particle synthetic amorphous silica (d50 about 3-about 4 um).   2.42. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least about 20% small particle precipitated calcium carbonate (d50 about 0.5-about 3 um).   2.43. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an anti-calculus agent.   2.44. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an anti-calculus agent which is a polyphosphate, e.g., pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, or hexametaphosphate, e.g., in sodium salt form.   2.45. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one surfactant.   2.46. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one surfactant selected from sodium lauryl sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, and combinations thereof.   2.47. Any of the preceding compositions comprising an anionic surfactant.   2.48. Any of the preceding compositions comprising sodium lauryl sulfate.   2.49. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one humectant.   2.50. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one humectant selected from glycerin, sorbitol and combinations thereof   2.51. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one polymer.   2.52. Any of the preceding compositions comprising at least one polymer selected from polyethylene glycols, polyvinylmethyl ether maleic acid copolymers, polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose derivatives, for example carboxymethyl cellulose, or polysaccharide gums, for example xanthan gum or carrageenan gum), and combinations thereof.   2.53. Any of the preceding compositions comprising gum strips or fragments.   2.54. Any of the preceding compositions comprising flavoring, fragrance and/or coloring.   2.55. Any of the preceding compositions comprising water.   2.56. Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antibacterial agent.   2.57. Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antibacterial agent selected from, herbal extracts and essential oils (e.g., rosemary extract, tea extract, magnolia extract, thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, geraniol, carvacrol, citral, hinokitol, catechol, methyl salicylate, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, miswak extract, sea-buckthorn extract), bisguanide antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine, alexidine or octenidine), quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), benzalkonium chloride, tetradecylpyridinium chloride (TPC), N-tetradecyl-4-ethylpyridinium chloride (TDEPC)), phenolic antiseptics, hexetidine, octenidine, sanguinarine, povidone iodine, delmopinol, salifluor, metal ions (e.g., zinc salts, for example, zinc citrate, stannous salts, copper salts, iron salts), sanguinarine, propolis and oxygenating agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, buffered sodium peroxyborate or peroxycarbonate), phthalic acid and its salts, monoperthalic acid and its salts and esters, ascorbyl stearate, oleoyl sarcosine, alkyl sulfate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, salicylanilide, domiphen bromide, delmopinol, octapinol and other piperidino derivatives, nicin preparations, chlorite salts, benzyl alcohol; and mixtures of any of the foregoing.   2.58. Any of the preceding compositions comprising an anti-inflammatory compound, e.g., an inhibitor of at least one of host pro-inflammatory factors selected from matrix metalloproteinases (MMP&#39;s), cyclooxygenases (COX), PGE 2 , interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), hyaluronidase, cathepsins, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and IL-1 Receptor Associated Kinase (IRAK), e,g, selected from aspirin, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, aspirin, ketoprofen, piroxicam, meclofenamic acid, nordihydoguaiaretic acid, and mixtures thereof.   2.59. Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antioxidant, e.g., selected from the group consisting of Co-enzyme Q10, PQQ, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, anethole-dithiothione, and mixtures thereof.   2.60. Any of the preceding compositions comprising an antibacterial agent in an amount of about 0.01-about 5 wt. % of the total composition weight.   2.61. Any of the preceding compositions comprising a whitening agent.   2.62. Any of the preceding compositions comprising a whitening agent selected from a whitening active selected from the group consisting of peroxides, metal chlorites, perborates, percarbonates, peroxyacids, hypochlorites, and combinations thereof   2.63. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising hydrogen peroxide or a hydrogen peroxide source, e.g., urea peroxide or a peroxide salt or complex (e.g., such as peroxyphosphate, peroxycarbonate, perborate, peroxysilicate, or persulphate salts; for example calcium peroxyphosphate sodium perborate, sodium carbonate peroxide, sodium peroxyphosphate, and potassium persulfate), or hydrogen peroxide polymer complexes such as hydrogen peroxide-polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer complexes.   2.64. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising a source of calcium and phosphate selected from (i) calcium-glass complexes, e.g., calcium sodium phosphosilicates, and (ii) calcium-protein complexes, e.g., casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.   2.65. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising a soluble calcium salt, e.g., selected from calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium, acetate, calcium lactate, and combinations thereof,   2.66. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising an agent that interferes with or prevents bacterial attachment, e.g., solbrol or chitosan.   2.67. Any of the preceding compositions further comprising a physiologically acceptable potassium salt, e.g., potassium nitrate, potassium citrate, or potassium chloride, in an amount effective to reduce dentinal sensitivity.   2.68. Any of the preceding compositions comprising from about 0.1% to about 7.5% of a physiologically acceptable potassium salt, e.g., potassium nitrate and/or potassium chloride.   2.69. Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol, inositol, volernitol, isomalt, maltitol, lactitol, maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol.   2.70. The composition of 2.69, wherein the sugar alcohol is xylitol.   2.71. Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is between 4.5%-10.5% by wt., e.g., about 5% by wt., about 6% by wt., about 7% by wt., about 8% by wt., about 9% by wt., or about 10% by wt.   2.72. Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 1% by wt. (e.g., 1% xylitol by wt.)   2.73. Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 5% by wt. (e.g., 5% xylitol by wt.)   2.74. Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 10% by wt. (e.g., 10% xylitol by wt.)   2.75. Any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is between 4%-15% by wt. (e.g., 4%-10%, e.g., about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% of xylitol by wt.)   2.76. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, the fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate, and the sugar alcohol is xylitol.   2.77. Any of the preceding compositions wherein:
       The salt of a basic amino acid is arginine bicarbonate, wherein the arginine bicarbonate is present at about 3.68% by wt (e.g., wherein the arginine bicarbonate is in solution at 40% by wt of the solution)   The fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate at about 1.1% by wt.,   and the sugar alcohol is xylitol about 5%, or about 10% by wt; and   wherein the oral care composition is in an amount effective to inhibit a pH reduction in the oral cavity, wherein the pH reduction is consequent to  S. mutans  glycolysis.   
       2.78. Any of the preceding compositions effective upon application to the oral cavity, e.g., with brushing, to (i) reduce or inhibit formation of dental caries, (ii) reduce, repair or inhibit pre-carious lesions of the enamel, e.g., as detected by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) or electrical caries measurement (ECM), (iii) reduce or inhibit demineralization and promote remineralization of the teeth, (iv) reduce hypersensitivity of the teeth, (v) reduce or inhibit gingivitis, (vi) promote healing of sores or cuts in the mouth, (vii) reduce levels of acid producing bacteria, (viii) to increase relative levels of arginolytic bacteria, (ix) inhibit microbial biofilm formation in the oral cavity, (x) raise and/or maintain plaque pH at levels of at least pH 5.5 following sugar challenge, (xi) reduce plaque accumulation, (xii) reduce dry mouth, (xiii) clean the teeth and oral cavity (xiv) reduce erosion, (xv) whiten teeth, and/or (xvi) immunize the teeth against cariogenic bacteria.   2.79. A composition obtained or obtainable by combining the ingredients as set forth in any of the preceding compositions.   2.80. Any of the preceding compositions in a form selected from mouthrinse, toothpaste, tooth gel, tooth powder, non-abrasive gel, mousse, foam, mouth spray, lozenge, oral tablet, dental implement, and pet care product.   2.81. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition is toothpaste.   2.82. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the composition is a toothpaste optionally further comprising one or more of one or more of water, abrasives, surfactants, foaming agents, vitamins, polymers, enzymes, humectants, thickeners, antimicrobial agents, preservatives, flavorings, colorings and/or combinations thereof.   2.83. Any of the preceding compositions 2.0-2.82 wherein the composition is a mouthwash.   2.84. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the pH reduction is consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities.   2.85. Any of the preceding compositions wherein the amount of xylitol is effective to maintain oral pH levels by reducing the acidogenic potential of the oral microflora (e.g., consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities).   2.86. Any of the preceding composition, wherein the pH reduction in the oral cavity is inhibited by reducing the amount of biofilm in the oral cavity, and wherein the minimum amount of xylitol needed to inhibit  S. mutans  biofilm is at least 5% by wt. xylitol (e.g., as measured by biofilm accretion in culture after 24 hours of exposure).   

     In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a method (Method 2) to improve oral health comprising applying an effective amount of the oral composition of any of the embodiments under Compositions 1.0, et seq or Composition 2.0 et seq to the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof, e.g., a method to:
     i. reduce or inhibit formation of dental caries,   ii. reduce, repair or inhibit pre-carious lesions of the enamel, e.g., as detected by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) or electrical caries measurement (ECM),   iii. reduce or inhibit demineralization and/or promote remineralization of the teeth,   iv. reduce hypersensitivity of the teeth,   v. reduce or inhibit gingivitis,   vi. promote healing of sores or cuts in the mouth,   vii. reduce levels of acid producing bacteria,   viii. to increase relative levels of arginolytic bacteria,   ix. inhibit microbial biofilm formation in the oral cavity,   x. raise and/or maintain plaque pH at levels of at least pH about 5.5 following sugar challenge,   xi. reduce plaque accumulation,   xii. reduce erosion,   xiii. whiten teeth,   xiv. enhance systemic health,   xv. immunize or protect teeth against cariogenic bacteria; and/or clean the teeth and oral cavity.   

     The invention further comprises the use of arginine in the manufacture of a Composition of the Invention, e.g., for use in any of the indications set forth in Method 2. 
     In another embodiment, the invention further encompasses a method (Method 3) to prevent or reduce a pH reduction in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has an increased population of  S. mutans , relative to a reference standard, wherein the method comprises applying an effective amount of the oral composition of any of the embodiments under Compositions 1.0, et seq or Composition 2.0 et seq to the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof. 
     In one aspect, Method 3.0 is directed to a method to prevent and/or inhibit and/or treat a pH reduction in the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject has an increased population of  S. mutans , relative to a reference standard, wherein the method comprises applying an effective amount of the oral care composition comprising:
         i. an effective amount of a basic amino acid (e.g., arginine) in free or salt form;   ii. an effective amount of a sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol), e.g., about 1% by wt., about 5% by wt., about 10% by wt., e.g., from 4%-15%, by wt.; and   iii. optionally further comprising an effective amount of a fluoride source, e.g., a soluble fluoride salt; and   wherein the basic amino acid (e.g., arginine) and sugar alcohol (e.g., xylitol) are in an amount(s) effective to inhibit a pH reduction in the oral cavity, and wherein the pH reduction in the oral cavity is consequent to bacterial glycolysis (e.g., pH reduction consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities).       3.1 Method 3.0, wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, lysine, citrulline, ornithine, creatine, histidine, diaminobutanoic acid, diaminoproprionic acid, salts thereof and/or combinations thereof 3.2 Method 3.0 or 3.1, wherein the basic amino acid has the L-configuration.   3.3 Any of the preceding methods wherein the amino acid is provided in the form of a salt of a di- or tri-peptide comprising the basic amino acid.   3.4 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, e.g., L-arginine (e.g., where the arginine is added as a powder, e.g., arginine free base powder).   3.5 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid is partially or wholly in salt form.   3.6 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine phosphate.   3.7 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine hydrochloride.   3.8 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine sulfate.   3.9 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid comprises arginine bicarbonate.   3.10 Any of the preceding methods wherein the salt of the basic amino acid is formed in situ in the formulation by neutralization of the basic amino acid with an acid or a salt of an acid.   3.11 Any of the preceding methods wherein the salt of the basic amino acid is formed by neutralization of the basic amino acid to form a premix prior to combination with the fluoride salt.   3.12 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount corresponding to 0.1 wt. % to 15 wt. %, e.g., about 1% to about 10%, e.g., about 3% to about 10% of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   3.13 Method 3.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 7.5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   3.14 Method 3.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   3.15 Method 3.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 3.75 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   3.16 Method 3.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 1.5 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   3.17 Method 3.12 wherein the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 1.0 or about 1.1 wt. % of the total composition weight, the weight of the basic amino acid being calculated as free base form.   3.18 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition comprises a fluoride salt, and where fluoride salt is selected from: stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, amine fluoride (e.g., N′-octadecyltrimethylendiamine-N,N,N′-tris(2-ethanol)-dihydrofluoride), ammonium fluoride, titanium fluoride, hexafluorosulfate, and combinations thereof.   3.19 Any of the preceding methods wherein the fluoride salt is a fluorophosphate.   3.20 Any of the preceding methods wherein the fluoride salt is sodium monofluorophosphate.   3.21 Any of the preceding methods wherein the fluoride salt is present in an amount of 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. % of the total composition weight.   3.22 Any of the preceding methods wherein the fluoride salt provides fluoride ion in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.2 wt. % of the total composition weight.   3.23 Any of the preceding methods wherein the soluble fluoride salt provides fluoride ion in an amount of from 50 to 25,000 ppm.   3.24 Any of the preceding methods which is a mouthwash having 100 to 250 ppm available fluoride ion.   3.25 Any of the preceding methods comprising a dentifrice having 750 to 2000 ppm available fluoride ion.   3.26 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition comprises 750 to 2000 ppm fluoride ion.   3.27 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition comprises 1000 to 1500 ppm fluoride ion.   3.28 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition comprises 1450 ppm fluoride ion.   3.29 Any of the preceding methods wherein the pH of the composition is between 6 and 9, e.g., about 6.5-about 7.4 or about 7.5-about 9.   3.30 Any of the preceding methods wherein the pH of the composition is between 6.5 and 7.4.   3.31 Any of the preceding methods wherein the pH of the composition is approximately neutral.   3.32 Any of the preceding methods wherein the pH of the composition is 8.5-9.5.   3.33 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an abrasive or particulate.   3.34 The immediately preceding method wherein the abrasive or particulate is selected from sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate (e.g., dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), calcium sulfate, precipitated calcium carbonate, silica (e.g., hydrated silica), iron oxide, aluminum oxide, perlite, plastic particles, e.g., polyethylene, and combinations thereof.   3.35 The immediately preceding method wherein the abrasive is selected from a calcium phosphate (e.g., dicalcium phosphate dihydrate), calcium sulfate, precipitated calcium carbonate, silica (e.g., hydrated silica), calcium pyrophosphate and combinations thereof.   3.36 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the composition comprises an abrasive in an amount of 15 wt. % to 70 wt. % of the total composition weight.   3.37 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the composition comprises a small particle abrasive fraction of at least about 5% having a d50 of less than about 5 μm.   3.38 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the small particle abrasive fraction has a RDA of less than about 150.   3.39 Any of the preceding methods wherein the small particle abrasive fraction has an RDA of 30-130.   3.40 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the small particle abrasive fraction has an RDA of 30-70.   3.41 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the composition comprises at least about 5% small particle synthetic amorphous silica (d50 about 3-about 4 um).   3.42 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the composition comprises at least about 20% small particle precipitated calcium carbonate (d50 about 0.5-about 3 um).   3.43 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an anti-calculus agent.   3.44 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an anti-calculus agent which is a polyphosphate, e.g., pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, or hexametaphosphate, e.g., in sodium salt form.   3.45 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises at least one surfactant.   3.46 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises at least one surfactant selected from sodium lauryl sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, and combinations thereof.   3.47 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an anionic surfactant.   3.48 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises sodium lauryl sulfate.   3.49 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises at least one humectant.   3.50 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises at least one humectant selected from glycerin, sorbitol and combinations thereof   3.51 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises at least one polymer.   3.52 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises at least one polymer selected from polyethylene glycols, polyvinylmethyl ether maleic acid copolymers, polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose derivatives, for example carboxymethyl cellulose, or polysaccharide gums, for example xanthan gum or carrageenan gum), and combinations thereof.   3.53 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises gum strips or fragments.   3.54 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises flavoring, fragrance and/or coloring.   3.55 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises comprising water.   3.56 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an antibacterial agent.   3.57 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an antibacterial agent selected from, herbal extracts and essential oils (e.g., rosemary extract, tea extract, magnolia extract, thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, geraniol, carvacrol, citral, hinokitol, catechol, methyl salicylate, epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, gallic acid, miswak extract, sea-buckthorn extract), bisguanide antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine, alexidine or octenidine), quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), benzalkonium chloride, tetradecylpyridinium chloride (TPC), N-tetradecyl-4-ethylpyridinium chloride (TDEPC)), phenolic antiseptics, hexetidine, octenidine, sanguinarine, povidone iodine, delmopinol, salifluor, metal ions (e.g., zinc salts, for example, zinc citrate, stannous salts, copper salts, iron salts), sanguinarine, propolis and oxygenating agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, buffered sodium peroxyborate or peroxycarbonate), phthalic acid and its salts, monoperthalic acid and its salts and esters, ascorbyl stearate, oleoyl sarcosine, alkyl sulfate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, salicylanilide, domiphen bromide, delmopinol, octapinol and other piperidino derivatives, nicin preparations, chlorite salts, benzyl alcohol; and mixtures of any of the foregoing.   3.58 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an anti-inflammatory compound, e.g., an inhibitor of at least one of host pro-inflammatory factors selected from matrix metalloproteinases (MMP&#39;s), cyclooxygenases (COX), PGE 2 , interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-1β converting enzyme (ICE), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), hyaluronidase, cathepsins, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and IL-1 Receptor Associated Kinase (IRAK), e,g, selected from aspirin, ketorolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, aspirin, ketoprofen, piroxicam, meclofenamic acid, nordihydoguaiaretic acid, and mixtures thereof.   3.59 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an antioxidant, e.g., selected from the group consisting of Co-enzyme Q10, PQQ, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, anethole-dithiothione, and mixtures thereof.   3.60 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an antibacterial agent in an amount of about 0.01-about 5 wt. % of the total composition weight.   3.61 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises a whitening agent.   3.62 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises a whitening agent selected from a whitening active selected from the group consisting of peroxides, metal chlorites, perborates, percarbonates, peroxyacids, hypochlorites, and combinations thereof   3.63 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises hydrogen peroxide or a hydrogen peroxide source, e.g., urea peroxide or a peroxide salt or complex (e.g., such as peroxyphosphate, peroxycarbonate, perborate, peroxysilicate, or persulphate salts; for example calcium peroxyphosphate, sodium perborate, sodium carbonate peroxide, sodium peroxyphosphate, and potassium persulfate), or hydrogen peroxide polymer complexes such as hydrogen peroxide-polyvinyl pyrrolidone polymer complexes.   3.64 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises a source of calcium and phosphate selected from (i) calcium-glass complexes, e.g., calcium sodium phosphosilicates, and (ii) calcium-protein complexes, e.g., casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.   3.65 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises a soluble calcium salt, e.g., selected from calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium acetate, calcium lactate, and combinations thereof.   3.66 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises an agent that interferes with or prevents bacterial attachment, e.g., solbrol or chitosan.   3.67 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition further comprises a physiologically acceptable potassium salt, e.g., potassium nitrate, potassium citrate, or potassium chloride, in an amount effective to reduce dentinal sensitivity.   3.68 Any of the preceding compositions methods wherein the composition further comprises from about 0.1% to about 7.5% of a physiologically acceptable potassium salt, e.g., potassium nitrate and/or potassium chloride.   3.69 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the sugar alcohol is selected from the group consisting of: ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, threitol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, mannitol, sorbitol, galactitol, fucitol, iditol inositol, volemitol, isornalt, maltitol lactitol, maltotriitol, maltotetraitol, and polyglycitol.   3.70 The composition of 3.69, wherein the sugar alcohol is xylitol.   3.71 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is between 4.5%-10.5% by wt., e.g., about 5% by wt., about 6% by wt., about 7% by wt., about 8% by wt., about 9% by wt., or about 10% by wt.   3.72 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 1% by wt. (e.g., 1% xylitol by wt.)   3.73 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 5% by wt. (e.g., 5% xylitol by wt.)   3.74 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is about 10% by wt. (e.g., 10% xylitol by wt.)   3.75 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the amount of the sugar alcohol is between 4%-15% by wt. (e.g., 4%-10%, e.g., about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, or about 10% of xylitol by wt.)   3.76 Any of the preceding methods wherein the basic amino acid is arginine, the fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate, and the sugar alcohol is xylitol.   3.77 Any of the preceding methods wherein:
       The salt of a basic amino acid is arginine bicarbonate, wherein the arginine bicarbonate is present at about 3.68% by wt (e.g., wherein the arginine bicarbonate is in solution at 40% by wt of the solution)   The fluoride is sodium monofluorophosphate at about 1.1% by wt.,   and the sugar alcohol is xylitol about 5%, or about 10% by wt; and   wherein the oral care composition is in an amount effective to inhibit a pH reduction in the oral cavity, wherein the pH reduction is consequent to  S. mutans  glycolysis.   
       3.78 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition is in a form selected from mouthrinse, toothpaste, tooth gel, tooth powder, non-abrasive gel, mousse, foam, mouth spray, lozenge, oral tablet, dental implement, and pet care product.   3.79 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition is toothpaste.   3.80 Any of the preceding methods wherein the composition is a toothpaste optionally further comprising one or more of one or more of water, abrasives, surfactants, foaming agents, vitamins, polymers, enzymes, humectants, thickeners, antimicrobial agents, preservatives, flavorings, colorings and/or combinations thereof.   3.81 Any of the preceding methods 3.0-2.78 wherein the composition is a mouthwash.   3.82 Any of the preceding methods wherein the method prevents or reduces or treats the pH reduction in the oral cavity, wherein the pH reduction is consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities.   3.83 Any of the preceding methods wherein the amount of xylitol is effective to maintain oral pH levels by reducing the acidogenic potential of the oral microflora (e.g., consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities).   3.84 Any of the preceding methods, wherein the pH reduction in the oral cavity is inhibited by reducing the amount of biofilm in the oral cavity, and wherein the minimum amount of xylitol needed to inhibit  S. mutans  biofilm is at least 5% by wt. xylitol (e.g., as measured by biofilm accretion in culture after 24 hours of exposure).   

     In another aspect the invention contemplates an oral care composition (Composition 4.0), where the oral care composition comprises
         a. an amount of 0.1 wt. % to 15 wt. % arginine in free or salt form;   b. an amount of 4-10% by weight of xylitol; and   c. optionally further comprising an effective amount of a fluoride source.       

     In still another aspect, Composition 4.0 can include the following:
     4.1 Composition 4.0, wherein the composition comprises arginine bicarbonate.   4.2 Composition 4.0 or 4.1 wherein the fluoride source is a fluoride salt, and wherein the fluoride salt is stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, amine fluoride, ammonium fluoride, titanium fluoride, hexafluorosulfate, and combinations thereof.   4.3 The composition of any of the preceding composition, wherein the fluoride salt is sodium monofluorophosphate.   4.4 The composition of any of the preceding compositions wherein the fluoride salt is present in an amount of 0.01 wt. % to 2 wt. % of the total composition weight.   4.5 The composition of any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of xylitol is 5% by wt.   4.6 The composition of any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of the xylitol is 10% by wt.   4.7 The composition of any of the preceding compositions, wherein the amount of xylitol is 4% by wt.   4.8 The composition of any of the preceding compositions comprising arginine bicarbonate and sodium monofluorophosphate.   4.9 The composition of any of the preceding compositions comprising 3.68% by wt. of arginine bicarbonate, 1.1% by wt. of sodium monofluorophosphate and 5% by wt. of xylitol.   4.10 The oral care composition of any of the preceding compositions for use in a method of preventing or reducing dental caries.   4.11 The composition for use according to 4.10, wherein the method prevents or reduces a pH reduction in the oral cavity, wherein the pH reduction is consequent to  S. mutans  and/or  S. sobrinus  glycolytic activities.   4.12 The composition for use according to any of compositions 4.10 or 4.11, wherein the method maintains oral pH levels by reducing the acidogenic potential of the oral microflora.   4.13 The composition for use according to any of the preceding compositions, wherein the pH reduction in the oral cavity is inhibited by reducing the amount of biofilm in the oral cavity, and wherein the amount of xylitol to inhibit  S. mutans  biofilm is 5% by wt.   

     Levels of active ingredients will vary based on the nature of the delivery system and the particular active. For example, the basic amino acid may be present at levels from, e.g., about 0.1 to about 20 wt % (expressed as weight of free base), e.g., about 0.1 to about 3 wt % for a mouthrinse, about 1 to about 10 wt % for a consumer toothpaste or about 7 to about 20 wt % for a professional or prescription treatment product. Fluoride may be present at levels of, e.g., about 25 to about 10,000 ppm, for example about 25 to about 250 ppm for a mouthrinse, about 750 to about 2,000 ppm for a consumer toothpaste, or about 2,000 to about 10,000 ppm for a professional or prescription treatment product. Levels of antibacterial will vary similarly, with levels used in toothpaste being e.g., about 5 to about 15 times greater than used in mouthrinse. For example, a triclosan mouthrinse may contain, e.g., about 0.03 wt % triclosan while a triclosan toothpaste may contain about 0.3 wt % triclosan. 
     As used herein, “inhibition” or “reduction” refer to reduction of oral cavity pH that would otherwise form or develop subsequent to bacterial glycolysis without administration of the oral care Composition of 1.0 or 2.0 et seq, or the oral care composition described in Method 3.0 et seq. Such inhibition can range from a small but observable or measurable reduction to complete inhibition of a subsequent pH reduction that is caused by bacterial glycolysis. The comparison, or determination of “inhibition” or “reduction” can be relative to an untreated or placebo-treated oral cavity. 
     Basic Amino Acids 
     The basic amino acids which can be used in the compositions and methods of the invention include not only naturally occurring basic amino acids, such as arginine, lysine, and histidine, but also any basic amino acids having a carboxyl group and an amino group in the molecule, which are water-soluble and provide an aqueous solution with a pH of about 7 or greater. 
     Accordingly, basic amino acids include, but are not limited to, arginine, lysine, citrulline, ornithine, creatine, histidine, diaminobutanoic acid, diaminoproprionic acid, salts thereof or combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the basic amino acids are selected from arginine, citrulline, and ornithine. 
     In certain embodiments, the basic amino acid is arginine, for example, 1-arginine, or a salt thereof. 
     In some embodiments the basic amino acid comprises at least one intermediate produced in the arginine deiminase system. The intermediates produced in the arginine deiminase system may be useful in an oral care composition to provide plaque neutralization for caries control and/or prevention. Arginine is a natural basic amino acid that may be found in the oral cavity. Arginine in the mouth may be utilized by certain dental plaque bacterial strains such as  S. sanguis, S. gordonii, S. parasanguis, S. rattus, S. milleri, S. anginosus, S. faecalis, A. naeslundii, A. odonolyticus, L. cellobiosus, L. brevis, L. fermentum, P. gingivalis , and  T. denticola  for their survival. Such organisms may perish in an acidic environment that may be present at areas close to the tooth surface where acidogenic and aciduric cariogenic strains may use sugars to produce organic acids. Thus, these arginolytic strains may break down arginine to ammonia to provide alkalinity to survive and, in addition, buffer the plaque and make a hostile environment for the cariogenic systems. 
     Such arginolytic organisms may catabolize arginine by an internal cellular enzyme pathway system called the “arginine deiminase system” whereby intermediates in the pathway are formed. In this pathway, L-arginine may be broken down to L-citrulline and ammonia by arginine deiminase. L-citrulline may then be broken down by ornithane trancarbamylase in the presence of inorganic phosphate to L-ornithine and carbamyl phosphate. Carbamate kinase may then break down carbamyl phosphate to form another molecule of ammonia and carbon dioxide, and in the process also forms ATP (adenosine 5′-triphosphate). ATP may be used by the arginolytic bacteria as an energy source for growth. Accordingly, when utilized, the arginine deiminase system may yield two molecules of ammonia. 
     It has been found that, in some embodiments, the ammonia may help in neutralizing oral plaque pH to control and/or prevent dental caries. 
     The oral care composition of some embodiments of the present invention may include intermediates produced in the arginine deiminase system. Such intermediates may include citrulline, ornithine, and carbamyl phosphate. In some embodiments, the other care composition includes citrulline. In some embodiments, the oral care composition includes ornithine. In some embodiments, the oral care composition includes carbamyl phosphate. In other embodiments, the oral care composition includes any combination of citrulline, ornithine, carbamyl phosphate, and/or other intermediates produced by the arginine deiminase system. 
     The oral care composition may include the above described intermediates in an effective amount. In some embodiments, the oral care composition includes about 1 mmol/L to about 10 mmol/L intermediate. In other embodiments, the oral care composition includes about 3 mmol/L to about 7 mmol/L intermediate. In other embodiments, the oral care composition includes about 5 mmol/L intermediate. 
     The compositions of the invention are intended for topical use in the mouth and so salts for use in the present invention should be safe for such use, in the amounts and concentrations provided. Suitable salts include salts known in the art to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts are generally considered to be physiologically acceptable in the amounts and concentrations provided. Physiologically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acids or bases, for example acid addition salts formed by acids which form a physiological acceptable anion, e.g., hydrochloride or bromide salt, and base addition salts formed by bases which form a physiologically acceptable cation, for example those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium or alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium. Physiologically acceptable salts may be obtained using standard procedures known in the art, for example, by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion. 
     In various embodiments, the basic amino acid is present in an amount of about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the total composition weight, about 1 wt. % to about 10 wt. % of the total composition weight, for example about 1.5 wt. %, about 3.75 wt. %, about 5 wt. %, or about 7.5 wt. % of the total composition weight. 
     RDA: RDA is an abbreviation for radioactive dentin abrasion, a relative measure of abrasivity. Typically, extracted human or cow teeth are irradiated in a neutron flux, mounted in methylmethacrylate (bone glue), stripped of enamel, inserted into a brushing-machine, brushed by American Dental Association (ADA) standards (reference toothbrush, 150 g pressure, 1500 strokes, 4-to-1 water-toothpaste slurry). The radioactivity of the rinse water is then measured and recorded. For experimental control, the test is repeated with an ADA reference toothpaste made of calcium pyrophosphate, with this measurement given a value of 100 to calibrate the relative scale. 
     Fluoride Ion Source 
     The oral care compositions may further include one or more fluoride ion sources, e.g., soluble fluoride salts. A wide variety of fluoride ion-yielding materials can be employed as sources of soluble fluoride in the present compositions. Examples of suitable fluoride ion-yielding materials are found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,421, to Briner et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,155, to Parran, Jr. et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,154, to Widder et al., incorporated herein by reference. 
     Representative fluoride ion sources include, but are not limited to, stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, sodium fluorosilicate, ammonium fluorosilicate, amine fluoride, ammonium fluoride, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments the fluoride ion source includes stannous fluoride, sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate as well as mixtures thereof. 
     In certain embodiments, the oral care composition of the invention may also contain a source of fluoride ions or fluorine-providing ingredient in amounts sufficient to supply about 25 ppm to 25,000 ppm of fluoride ions, generally at least about 500 ppm, e.g., about 500 to about 2000 ppm, e.g., about 1000 to about 1600 ppm, e.g., about 1450 ppm. The appropriate level of fluoride will depend on the particular application. A mouthwash, for example, would typically have about 100 to about 250 ppm fluoride. A toothpaste for general consumer use would typically have about 1000 to about 1500 ppm, with pediatric toothpaste having somewhat less. A dentifrice or coating for professional application could have as much as 5,000 or even 25,000 ppm fluoride. 
     Fluoride ion sources may be added to the compositions of the invention at a level of about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % in one embodiment or about 0.03 wt. % to about 5 wt. %, and in another embodiment about 0.1 wt. % to about 1 wt. % by weight of the composition in another embodiment. Weights of fluoride salts to provide the appropriate level of fluoride ion will obviously vary based on the weight of the counter ion in the salt. 
     Where the composition comprises calcium bicarbonate, sodium monofluorophosphate is preferred to sodium fluoride for stability reasons. 
     Abrasives 
     The Compositions of the Invention may comprise a precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) abrasive, calcium phosphate abrasive, e.g., tricalcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ), hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ), or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO 4 .2H 2 O, also sometimes referred to herein as DiCal) or calcium pyrophosphate. Alternatively, calcium carbonate, and in particular precipitated calcium carbonate, may be employed as an abrasive. 
     The compositions may include one or more additional abrasives, for example silica abrasives such as precipitated silicas having a mean particle size of up to about 20 μm, such as Zeodent 115®, marketed by J. M. Huber. Other useful abrasives also include sodium metaphosphate, potassium metaphosphate, aluminum silicate, calcined alumina, bentonite or other siliceous materials, or combinations thereof. 
     The silica abrasive polishing materials useful herein, as well as the other abrasives, generally have an average particle size of about 0.1 and about 30 μm, about 5 and about 15 μm. The silica abrasives can be from precipitated silica or silica gels, such as the silica xerogels described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,230, to Pader et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,307, to Digiulio, both incorporated herein by reference. Particular silica xerogels are marketed under the trade name Syloid® by the W. R. Grace &amp; Co., Davison Chemical Division. The precipitated silica materials include those marketed by the J. M. Huber Corp. under the trade name Zeodent®, including the silica carrying the designation Zeodent 115 and 119. These silica abrasives are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,583, to Wason, incorporated herein by reference. 
     In certain embodiments, abrasive materials useful in the practice of the oral care compositions in accordance with the invention include silica gels and precipitated amorphous silica having an oil absorption value of about less than 100 cc/100 g silica and in the range of about 45 cc/100 g to about 70 cc/100 g silica. Oil absorption values are measured using the ASTA Rub-Out Method D281. In certain embodiments, the silicas are colloidal particles having an average particle size of about 3 μm to about 12 μm, and about 5 to about 10 μm. 
     In particular embodiments, the abrasive materials comprise a large fraction of very small particles, e.g., having a d50 less than about 5 μm. For example small particle silica (SPS) having a d50 of about 3-about 4 μm, for example Sorbosil AC43® (Ineos). Such small particles are particularly useful in formulations targeted at reducing hypersensitivity. The small particle component may be present in combination with a second larger particle abrasive. In certain embodiments, for example, the formulation comprises about 5 to about 25% small particles e.g., SPS and about 10 to about 30% of a conventional abrasive. 
     Low oil absorption silica abrasives particularly useful in the practice of the invention are marketed under the trade designation Sylodent XWA® by Davison Chemical Division of W.R. Grace &amp; Co., Baltimore, Md. 21203. Sylodent 650 WA®, a silica hydrogel composed of particles of colloidal silica having a water content of about 29% by weight averaging about 7 to about 10 um in diameter, and an oil absorption of less than about 70 cc/100 g of silica is an example of a low oil absorption silica abrasive useful in the practice of the present invention. The abrasive is present in the oral care composition of the present invention at a concentration of about 10 to about 60% by weight, in other embodiment about 20 to about 45% by weight, and in another embodiment about 30 to about 50% by weight. 
     In some embodiments the basic amino acid is incorporated into a dentifrice composition having a base formulation comprising calcium carbonate, and in particular precipitated calcium carbonate, as an abrasive. L-arginine and arginine salts such as arginine bicarbonate are themselves distinctly bitter in taste, and in aqueous solution can also impart a fishy taste. Consequently, it was expected that when L-arginine or arginine salts were incorporated into oral care products such as dentifrice formulations at effective concentrations to impart anticavity efficacy and sensitivity relief, typically in an amount of from 2 to l0 wt % based on the total weight of the dentifrice formulation, the taste and mouthfeel of the dentifrice formulations would be degraded as compared to the same formulation without the addition of L-arginine or arginine salts. 
     However, it has surprisingly been found in accordance with this aspect of the present invention that the addition of L-arginine or arginine salts to a base dentifrice formulation comprising calcium carbonate can provide a significant enhancement of taste and mouthfeel attributes to the dentifrice formulation and to an increase in the overall acceptance of the product to a consumer. 
     Agents to Increase the Amount of Foaming 
     The oral care compositions of the invention also may include an agent to increase the amount of foam that is produced when the oral cavity is brushed. 
     Illustrative examples of agents that increase the amount of foam include, but are not limited to polyoxyethylene and certain polymers including, but not limited to, alginate polymers. 
     The polyoxyethylene may increase the amount of foam and the thickness of the foam generated by the oral care carrier component of the present invention. Polyoxyethylene is also commonly known as polyethylene glycol (“PEG”) or polyethylene oxide. The polyoxyethylenes suitable for this invention will have a molecular weight of about 200,000 to about 7,000,000. In one embodiment the molecular weight will be about 600,000 to about 2,000,000 and in another embodiment about 800,000 to about 1,000,000. Polyox® is the trade name for the high molecular weight polyoxyethylene produced by Union Carbide. 
     The polyoxyethylene may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 90%, in one embodiment about 5% to about 50% and in another embodiment about 10% to about 20% by weight of the oral care carrier component of the oral care compositions of the present invention. The dosage of foaming agent in the oral care composition (i.e., a single dose) is about 0.01 to about 0.9% by weight, about 0.05 to about 0.5% by weight, and in another embodiment about 0.1 to about 0.2% by weight. 
     Surfactants 
     Another agent optionally included in the oral care composition of the invention is a surfactant or a mixture of compatible surfactants. Suitable surfactants are those which are reasonably stable throughout a wide pH range, for example, anionic, cationic, nonionic or zwitterionic surfactants. 
     Suitable surfactants are described more fully, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,458, to Agricola et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 3,937,807, to Haefele; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,234, to Gieske et al., which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     In certain embodiments, the anionic surfactants useful herein include the water-soluble salts of alkyl sulfates having about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl radical and the water-soluble salts of sulfonated monoglycerides of fatty acids having about 10 to about 18 carbon atoms. Sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate and sodium coconut monoglyceride sulfonates are examples of anionic surfactants of this type. Mixtures of anionic surfactants may also be utilized. 
     In another embodiment, cationic surfactants useful in the present invention can be broadly defined as derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds having one long alkyl chain containing about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms such as lauryl trimethylammonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, di-isobutylphenoxyethyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, coconut alkyltrimethylammonium nitrite, cetyl pyridinium fluoride, and mixtures thereof. 
     Illustrative cationic surfactants are the quaternary ammonium fluorides described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,421, to Briner et al., herein incorporated by reference. Certain cationic surfactants can also act as germicides in the compositions. 
     Illustrative nonionic surfactants that can be used in the compositions of the invention can be broadly defined as compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound which may be aliphatic or alkylaromatic in nature. Examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, the Pluronics, polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, products derived from the condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction product of propylene oxide and ethylene diamine, ethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols, long chain tertiary amine oxides, long chain tertiary phosphine oxides, long chain dialkyl sulfoxides and mixtures of such materials. 
     In certain embodiments, zwitterionic synthetic surfactants useful in the present invention can be broadly described as derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium, phosphomium, and sulfonium compounds, in which the aliphatic radicals can be straight chain or branched, and wherein one of the aliphatic substituents contains about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms and one contains an anionic water-solubilizing group, e.g., carboxy, sulfonate, sulfate, phosphate or phosphonate. Illustrative examples of the surfactants suited for inclusion into the composition include, but are not limited to, sodium alkyl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, cocoamidopropyl betaine and polysorbate 20, and combinations thereof. 
     In a particular embodiment, the Composition of the Invention comprises an anionic surfactant, e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate. 
     The surfactant or mixtures of compatible surfactants can be present in the compositions of the present invention in about 0.1% to about 5.0%, in another embodiment about 0.3% to about 3.0% and in another embodiment about 0.5% to about 2.0% by weight of the total composition. 
     Flavoring Agents 
     The oral care compositions of the invention may also include a flavoring agent. Flavoring agents which are used in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, essential oils as well as various flavoring aldehydes, esters, alcohols, and similar materials. Examples of the essential oils include oils of spearmint, peppermint, wintergreen, sassafras, clove, sage,  eucalyptus , marjoram, cinnamon, lemon, lime, grapefruit, and orange. Also useful are such chemicals as menthol, carvone, and anethole. Certain embodiments employ the oils of peppermint and spearmint. 
     The flavoring agent is incorporated in the oral composition at a concentration of about 0.1 to about 5% by weight and about 0.5 to about 1.5% by weight. The dosage of flavoring agent in the individual oral care composition dosage (i.e., a single dose) is about 0.001 to about 0.05% by weight and in another embodiment about 0.005 to about 0.015% by weight. 
     Chelating Agents 
     The oral care compositions of the invention also may optionally include one or more chelating agents able to complex calcium found in the cell walls of the bacteria. Binding of this calcium weakens the bacterial cell wall and augments bacterial lysis. 
     Another group of agents suitable for use as chelating agents in the present invention are the soluble pyrophosphates. The pyrophosphate salts used in the present compositions can be any of the alkali metal pyrophosphate salts. In certain embodiments, salts include tetra alkali metal pyrophosphate, dialkali metal diacid pyrophosphate, trialkali metal monoacid pyrophosphate and mixtures thereof, wherein the alkali metals are sodium or potassium. The salts are useful in both their hydrated and unhydrated forms. An effective amount of pyrophosphate salt useful in the present composition is generally enough to provide at least about 1.0 wt. % pyrophosphate ions, about 1.5 wt. % to about 6 wt. %, about 3.5 wt. % to about 6 wt. % of such ions. 
     Polymers 
     The oral care compositions of the invention also optionally include one or more polymers, such as polyethylene glycols, polyvinylmethyl ether maleic acid copolymers, polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose derivatives, for example carboxymethyl cellulose, or polysaccharide gums, for example xanthan gum or carrageenan gum). Acidic polymers, for example polyacrylate gels, may be provided in the form of their free acids or partially or fully neutralized water soluble alkali metal (e.g., potassium and sodium) or ammonium salts. Certain embodiments include 1:4 to 4:1 copolymers of maleic anhydride or acid with another polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, for example, methyl vinyl ether (methoxyethylene) having a molecular weight (M.W.) of about 30,000 to about 1,000,000. These copolymers are available for example as Gantrez AN 139 (M.W. 500,000), AN 119 (M.W. 250,000) and S-97 Pharmaceutical Grade (M.W. 70,000), of GAF Chemicals Corporation. 
     Other operative polymers include those such as the 1:1 copolymers of maleic anhydride with ethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N-vinyl-2-pyrollidone, or ethylene, the latter being available for example as Monsanto EMA No. 1103, M.W. 10,000 and EMA Grade 61, and 1:1 copolymers of acrylic acid with methyl or hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl or ethyl acrylate, isobutyl vinyl ether or N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. 
     Suitable generally, are polymerized olefinically or ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids containing an activated carbon-to-carbon olefinic double bond and at least one carboxyl group, that is, an acid containing an olefinic double bond which readily functions in polymerization because of its presence in the monomer molecule either in the alpha-beta position with respect to a carboxyl group or as part of a terminal methylene grouping. Illustrative of such acids are acrylic, methacrylic, ethacrylic, alpha-chloroacrylic, crotonic, beta-acryloxy propionic, sorbic, alpha-chlorsorbic, cinnamic, beta-styrylacrylic, muconic, itaconic, citraconic, mesaconic, glutaconic, aconitic, alpha-phenylacrylic, 2-benzyl acrylic, 2-cyclohexylacrylic, angelic, umbellic, fumaric, maleic acids and anhydrides. Other different olefinic monomers copolymerizable with such carboxylic monomers include vinylacetate, vinyl chloride, dimethyl maleate and the like. Copolymers contain sufficient carboxylic salt groups for water-solubility. 
     A further class of polymeric agents includes a composition containing homopolymers of substituted acrylamides and/or homopolymers of unsaturated sulfonic acids and salts thereof, in particular where polymers are based on unsaturated sulfonic acids selected from acrylamidoalykane sulfonic acids such as 2-acrylamide 2 methylpropane sulfonic acid having a molecular weight of about 1,000 to about 2,000,000, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,847, Jun. 27, 1989 to Zahid, incorporated herein by reference. 
     Another useful class of polymeric agents includes polyamino acids, particularly those containing proportions of anionic surface-active amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid and phosphoserine, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,866,161 Sikes et al., incorporated herein by reference. 
     In preparing oral care compositions, it is sometimes necessary to add some thickening material to provide a desirable consistency or to stabilize or enhance the performance of the formulation. In certain embodiments, the thickening agents are carboxyvinyl polymers, carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose and water soluble salts of cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose. Natural gums such as karaya, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth can also be incorporated. Colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate or finely divided silica can be used as component of the thickening composition to further improve the composition&#39;s texture. In certain embodiments, thickening agents in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5.0% by weight of the total composition are used. 
     Enzymes 
     The oral care compositions of the invention may also optionally include one or more enzymes. Useful enzymes include any of the available proteases, glucanohydrolases, endoglycosidases, amylases, mutanases, lipases and mucinases or compatible mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the enzyme is a protease, dextranase, endoglycosidase and mutanase. In another embodiment, the enzyme is papain, endoglycosidase or a mixture of dextranase and mutanase. Additional enzymes suitable for use in the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,939 to Dring et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,992,420; 4,355,022; 4,154,815; 4,058,595; 3,991,177; and 3,696,191 all incorporated herein by reference. An enzyme of a mixture of several compatible enzymes in the current invention constitutes about 0.002% to about 2.0% in one embodiment or about 0.05% to about 1.5% in another embodiment or in yet another embodiment about 0.1% to about 0.5%. 
     Water 
     Water may also be present in the oral compositions of the invention. Water, employed in the preparation of commercial oral compositions should be deionized and free of organic impurities. Water commonly makes up the balance of the compositions and includes about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 60% or about 10% to about 30% by weight of the oral compositions. This amount of water includes the free water which is added plus that amount which is introduced with other materials such as with sorbitol or any components of the invention. 
     Humectants 
     Within certain embodiments of the oral compositions, it is also desirable to incorporate a humectant to prevent the composition from hardening upon exposure to air. Certain humectants can also impart desirable sweetness or flavor to dentifrice compositions. The humectant, on a pure humectant basis, generally includes about 15% to about 70% in one embodiment or about 30% to about 65% in another embodiment by weight of the dentifrice composition. 
     Suitable humectants include edible polyhydric alcohols such as glycerine, sorbitol, xylitol, propylene glycol as well as other polyols and mixtures of these humectants. Polyhydric alcohols can be added in addition to the sugar alcohol already present in the composition, e.g., Composition 1.0 et seq, or can be considered both the sugar alcohol and the humectant. Glycerin may be used as the humectant in the oral care compositions, Composition 1.0, et seq, disclosed herein. Additionally, mixtures of glycerin and sorbitol may be used in certain embodiments as the humectant component of the toothpaste compositions herein. 
     In addition to the above described components, the embodiments of this invention can contain a variety of optional dentifrice ingredients some of which are described below. Optional ingredients include, for example, but are not limited to, adhesives, sudsing agents, flavoring agents, sweetening agents, additional antiplaque agents, abrasives, and coloring agents. These and other optional components are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,597, to Majeti; U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,458 to Agricola et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,937,807, to Haefele, all being incorporated herein by reference. 
     Methods of Manufacture 
     The compositions of the present invention can be made using methods which are common in the oral product area. 
     In one illustrative embodiment, the oral care composition is made by neutralizing or partially neutralizing arginine in a gel phase with an acid, e.g., phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid or carbonic acid, and mixing to form Premix 1. 
     Actives such as, for example, vitamins, CPC, fluoride, abrasives, and any other desired active ingredients are added to Premix 1 and mixed to form Premix 2. 
     Where the final product is a toothpaste, a toothpaste base, for example, dicalcium phosphate, precipitated calcium carbonate, and/or silica, is added to Premix 2 and mixed. The final slurry is formed into an oral care product. 
     Composition Use 
     The present invention in its method aspect involves applying to the oral cavity a safe and effective amount of the compositions described herein. 
     The compositions and methods according to the invention are useful to a method to protect the teeth by facilitating repair and remineralization, in particular to reduce or inhibit formation of dental caries, reduce or inhibit demineralization and promote remineralization of the teeth, reduce hypersensitivity of the teeth, and reduce, repair or inhibit pre-carious lesions of the enamel, e.g., as detected by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) or electronic caries monitor (ECM). 
     Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence is a visible light fluorescence that can detect early lesions and longitudinally monitor the progression or regression. Normal teeth fluoresce in visible light; demineralized teeth do not or do so only to a lesser degree. The area of demineralization can be quantified and its progress monitored. Blue laser light is used to make the teeth auto fluoresce. Areas that have lost mineral have lower fluorescence and appear darker in comparison to a sound tooth surface. Software is used to quantify the fluorescence from a white spot or the area/volume associated with the lesion. Generally, subjects with existing white spot lesions are recruited as panelists. The measurements are performed in vivo with real teeth. The lesion area/volume is measured at the beginning of the clinical. The reduction (improvement) in lesion area/volume is measured at the end of 6 months of product use. The data is often reported as a percent improvement versus baseline. 
     Electrical Caries Monitoring is a technique used to measure mineral content of the tooth based on electrical resistance. Electrical conductance measurement exploits the fact that the fluid-filled tubules exposed upon demineralization and erosion of the enamel conduct electricity. As a tooth loses mineral, it becomes less resistive to electrical current due to increased porosity. An increase in the conductance of the patient&#39;s teeth therefore may indicate demineralization. Generally, studies are conducted of root surfaces with an existing lesion. The measurements are performed in vivo with real teeth. Changes in electrical resistance before and after 6 month treatments are made. In addition, a classical caries score for root surfaces is made using a tactile probe. The hardness is classified on a three-point scale: hard, leathery, or soft. In this type of study, typically the results are reported as electrical resistance (higher number is better) for the ECM measurements and an improvement in hardness of the lesion based on the tactile probe score. 
     The Compositions of the Invention are thus useful in a method to reduce pre-carious lesions of the enamel (as measured by QLF or ECM) relative to a composition lacking effective amounts of fluorine and/or arginine. 
     The Compositions of the invention are additionally useful in methods to reduce harmful bacteria in the oral cavity, for example methods to reduce or inhibit gingivitis, reduce levels of acid producing bacteria, to increase relative levels of arginolytic bacteria, inhibit microbial biofilm formation in the oral cavity, raise and/or maintain plaque pH at levels of at least pH 5.5 following sugar challenge, reduce plaque accumulation, and/or clean the teeth and oral cavity. 
     Finally, by increasing the pH in the mouth and discouraging pathogenic bacteria, the Compositions of the Invention are useful to promote healing of sores or cuts in the mouth. 
     Enhancing oral health also provides benefits in systemic health, as the oral tissues can be gateways for systemic infections. Good oral health is associated with systemic health, including cardiovascular health. The compositions and methods of the invention provide particular benefits because basic amino acids, especially arginine, are sources of nitrogen which supply NO synthesis pathways and thus enhance microcirculation in the oral tissues. Providing a less acidic oral environment is also helpful in reducing gastric distress and creates an environment less favorable to Heliobacter, which is associated with gastric ulcers. Arginine in particular is required for high expression of specific immune cell receptors, for example T-cell receptors, so that arginine can enhance an effective immune response. The compositions and methods of the invention are thus useful to enhance systemic health, including cardiovascular health. 
     Unless stated otherwise, all percentages of composition components given in this specification are by weight based on a total composition or formulation weight of 100%. 
     The compositions and methods according to the invention can be incorporated into oral compositions for the care of the mouth and teeth such as toothpastes, transparent pastes, gels, mouth rinses, sprays and chewing gum. 
     As used throughout, ranges are used as shorthand for describing each and every value that is within the range. Any value within the range can be selected as the terminus of the range. In addition, all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In the event of a conflict in a definition in the present disclosure and that of a cited reference, the present disclosure controls. It is understood that when formulations are described, they may be described in terms of their ingredients, as is common in the art, notwithstanding that these ingredients may react with one another in the actual formulation as it is made, stored and used, and such products are intended to be covered by the formulations described. 
     The following examples further describe and demonstrate illustrative embodiments within the scope of the present invention. The examples are given solely for illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of this invention as many variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein should be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the appended claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1—Formulations 
     Table 1 below lists representative oral care formulations of the present invention. Specifically, the formulations are indicative of representative toothpaste formulations. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Amount 
                 Amount 
                 Amount 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (% by 
                 (% by 
                 (% by 
                 Amount 
               
               
                   
                 wt.) 
                 wt.) 
                 wt.) 
                 (% by 
               
               
                   
                 Formula 
                 Formula 
                 Formula 
                 wt.) 
               
               
                 Ingredient 
                 A 
                 B 
                 C 
                 Control 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Water 
                 q.s. 
                 q.s. 
                 q.s. 
                 q.s. 
               
               
                 Humectant 
                 16.1 
                 16.1 
                 16.1 
                 16.1 
               
               
                 Polymer 
                 1.0 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 Sodium Hydroxide 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Sodium Monofluorophosphate 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 Alkali Phosphate Salt 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Preservative 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 Particulate Abrasive 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 Precipitate Calcium Carbonate 
                 41.0 
                 41.0 
                 41.0 
                 41.0 
               
               
                 Water/SLS slurry 29% 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
                 5.9 
               
               
                 Arginine-Bicarbonate solution 
                 3.68 
                 3.68 
                 3.68 
                 3.68 
               
               
                 40.8% 
               
               
                 Sweetener, Flavor, Whiteners 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Xylitol 
                 1.0 
                 5.0 
                 10.0 
                 — 
               
               
                 Total Components 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     The ability of xylitol to inhibit the growth of  S. mutans  is tested in combination with arginine in culture. Percent growth inhibition is measured at 24 hours after administration of the neat solutions listed in the below table. The percent growth inhibition is measured relative to the control solution which does not contain arginine and/or xylitol: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (% by wt.) 
                 (% growth inhibition relative to control) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 1.5% arginine 
                 4.1% 
               
               
                 1% xylitol 
                 17.9% 
               
               
                 5% xylitol 
                 40.3% 
               
               
                 10% xylitol 
                 45.6% 
               
               
                 1% xylitol and 1.5% arginine 
                 24.2% 
               
               
                 5% xylitol and 1.5% arginine 
                 37.2% 
               
               
                 10% xylitol and 1.5% arginine 
                 43.5% 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results in Table 2 are obtained in the absence of added sucrose. 
     Determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Xylitol: In a separate experiment, simple solutions with only xylitol at varying concentrations, tested in combination with a control, are also tested to determine the minimum inhibitor concentration of xylitol needed to inhibit planktonic  S. mutans  growth in culture. It is determined that at least 10% xylitol is necessary to effectively inhibit microbial growth in culture after 24 hours of exposure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inhibitory effect of xylitol on the growth of  S. mutans   
               
               
                 using optical density readings (OD 610 nm): 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Xylitol (%) 
                 40 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1.25 
                 0.625 
                 0.3125 
                 0.15625 
                 Blank 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Mean 
                 0.071 
                 0.089 
                 0.097 
                 0.114 
                 0.165 
                 0.188 
                 0.241 
                 0.268 
                 0.256 
                 0.097 
               
               
                 Std Dev 
                 0.001 
                 0.009 
                 0.012 
                 0.012 
                 0.012 
                 0.011 
                 0.008 
                 0.010 
                 0.012 
                 0.002 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Determining Biofilm Formation with varying amounts of Xylitol: In a separate experiment, simple solutions with only xylitol at varying concentrations, tested in combination with a control, are also tested to determine the minimum amount of xylitol needed to prevent  S. mutans  biofilm accretion in culture. It is determined that at least 5% xylitol is necessary to inhibit biofilm accretion in culture after 24 hours of exposure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Quantification of  S. mutans  biofilm formation by crystal violet staining (OD 590 nm) 
               
               
                 in the presence of varying concentrations of xylitol using optical density readings: 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Xylitol (%) 
                 40 
                 20 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2.5 
                 1.25 
                 0.625 
                 0.3125 
                 0.15625 
                 Blank 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Mean 
                 0.109 
                 0.123 
                 0.122 
                 0.136 
                 0.221 
                 0.254 
                 0.301 
                 0.338 
                 0.327 
                 0.125 
               
               
                 Std Dev 
                 0.028 
                 0.041 
                 0.043 
                 0.045 
                 0.072 
                 0.059 
                 0.081 
                 0.112 
                 0.099 
                 0.047 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     There can be a relatively significant reduction in the pH of  S. mutans  biofilm. Such drops in pH can be harmful to the health of the oral cavity. However, after 24 hours of exposure with certain combinations of arginine and xylitol, and the addition of growth media, cells in culture unexpectedly are protected against these decreases in pH. Notably, and unexpectedly, combinations of 1.5% arginine and either 5% or 10%, by weight, of xylitol see the largest improvements in the prevention of the pH drop that is the function of glycolysis activities of  S. mutans . Table 5 demonstrates combinations of 1.5% arginine and either 5% or 10% xylitol demonstrate improvement relative to solutions with either arginine or xylitol alone. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Table 5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (% by wt.) 
                 (Total AUC of Δ pH) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Control (no arginine or xylitol) 
                 29.5 
               
               
                   
                 1.5% arginine 
                 28.9; Δ (vs control) = 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 1% xylitol 
                 27.8; Δ(vs control) = 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 5% xylitol 
                 25.3; Δ(vs control) = 4.2 
               
               
                   
                 10% xylitol 
                 24.0; Δ(vs control) = 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 1% xylitol and 1.5% arginine 
                 27.0; Δ (vs control) = 2.5; 
               
               
                   
                 5% xylitol and 1.5% arginine 
                 23.2; Δ (vs control) = 6.3 
               
               
                   
                 10% xylitol and 1.5% arginine 
                 22.4; Δ (vs control) = 7.1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In the above table, the lower the total AUC (area under the curve), this figure represents less of a pH reduction in culture. Samples with 1.5% arginine, and either 5% xylitol or 10% xylitol, show less of a pH reduction than samples with only 1.5% arginine or only 5% xylitol or 10% xylitol. 
     Consequently, the above table suggests that there is even an unexpected benefit, for the combinations of arginine and xylitol, since the obtained effect is more than the sum of effects obtained for the use of either arginine or xylitol alone. 
     Example 4 
     While  S. mutans  is a well-characterized caries pathogen, a number of other oral microorganisms are also acidogenic and have been linked to the development and progression of dental caries. Therefore, the pH response of salivary oral bacteria as a whole is determined in the presence of xylitol-containing toothpaste slurries over a 2-hour period. Salivary sediment incubated in the presence of 5-10% xylitol toothpaste demonstrates a smaller pH decrease compared to the control. Without being bound by theory, xylitol may help maintain oral pH levels by reducing the acidogenic potential of the oral microflora. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 The Delta pH response of mixed bacteria in salivary 
               
               
                 sediment in the presence of 50% toothpaste slurries (pH 7). 
               
               
                 Table 6 (units represent Δ pH) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Control 
                 Formula A 
                 Formula B 
                 Formula C 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.5 
                 h 
                 −0.1895 
                 −0.173 
                 −0.0975 
                 −0.058 
               
               
                 1 
                 h 
                 −0.306 
                 −0.258 
                 −0.1275 
                 −0.0735 
               
               
                 1.5 
                 h 
                 −0.3515 
                 −0.294 
                 −0.131 
                 −0.059 
               
               
                 2 
                 h 
                 −0.375 
                 −0.326 
                 −0.1265 
                 −0.051 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Formula A: 1% xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base* 
               
               
                 Formula B: 5% xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base 
               
               
                 Formula C: 10% xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base 
               
               
                 Control: No xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base 
               
               
                 *Note: 
               
               
                 The same “commercial toothpaste formulation base” is used in Formula A-C, and the control. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Lactic acid production is significantly reduced in vitro in samples containing xylitol and a comparative toothpaste that contains sodium monofluorophosphate. This particular experiment is performed with saliva-derived biofilms. Surprisingly there is an increased drop in lactic acid production, in the same assay, when comparing a commercially available toothpaste that contains sodium monofluorophosphate (and no xylitol) against the same commercially available toothpaste with sodium monofluorophosphate and 5% xylitol. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Lactate (pmol/ul) 
                 Std Dev 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Control 
                 53.62 
                 10.3 
               
               
                   
                 Formula A 
                 38.84 
                 13.8 
               
               
                   
                 Formula B 
                 35.01 
                 14.3 
               
               
                   
                 Formula C 
                 4.87 
                 6.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Formula A: 1% xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base* 
               
               
                   
                 Formula B: 5% xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base 
               
               
                   
                 Formula C: 10% xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base 
               
               
                   
                 Control: No xylitol in a commercial toothpaste formulation base 
               
               
                   
                 *Note: 
               
               
                   
                 The same “commercial toothpaste formulation base” is used in Formula A-C, and the control. 
               
               
                   
                 Note, inhibition or reduction in lactic acid production is dependent on the absence of an added source of sucrose. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     While the invention has been described with respect to specific examples including presently preferred modes of carrying out the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are numerous variations and permutations of the above described systems and techniques. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Thus, the scope of the invention should be construed broadly as set forth in the appended claims.