Patent Publication Number: US-2022214147-A1

Title: Permanent Magnet Seed Field System for Flux Compression Generator

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The field of the present invention relates to projectiles containing a flux compression generator (FCG) for producing a high current that acts to produce a metal mass and project that mass as a jet to penetrate a target. 
     Flux compression generators are already known in the art. Examples thereof are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,576, Foster, Jr., issued on Jan. 25, 1983, and U.S. Pat. No. 9,658,026, Enig et al, and the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     It is known that extremely high magnetic fields can be obtained using high explosives as an energy source in devices known as flux compression generators. In such a generator, an explosive detonation compresses an established low-level magnetic field into a very high density field, with an associated high electrical current flow. Typically, a low-level magnetic field is established within a confined space or cavity and acted upon by the force of explosive detonation to collapse that space to a relatively small volume in which the magnetic field is trapped and compressed. Since the trapped magnetic field exerts magnetic pressure, the explosive does work against that pressure and in the process transfers its chemical energy into electrical energy within the FCG electrical circuit to include the energy stored within the compressed magnetic field. The FCG principles apply to various geometries where the size of the space, or cavity, is reduced. To date, mostly cylindrical geometries have been explored. 
     There are two types of cylindrical FCGs, namely, coaxial and helical. 
     A coaxial generator consists of a central cavity containing a centrally located cylindrical shell, filled with a high explosive and acting as a conducting armature, a cavity between the armature and an outer metallic shell that acts as a conducting stator, and conducting end caps to complete the electrical circuit and provide confinement of the compressed magnetic field. One example of a coaxial generator that can be employed in devices according to the invention is disclosed in: J. H. Goforth, et al, “The Ranchero Explosive Pulsed Power System,” 11 th  IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference, Hyatt Regency, Baltimore Md., Jun. 29-Jul. 2, 1997. 
     A helical generator consists of a similar armature, a stator formed from windings of wires, a cavity between the armature and stator, and end caps. Generally, an electrical load, in the form of a relatively small cavity encased in conducting metals, is attached to the output end of the FCG. One example of a helical generator that can be employed in devices according to the invention is disclosed in: A. Neuber, A. Young, M. Elsayed, J. Dickens, M. Giesselmann, M. Kristiansen, “Compact High Power Microwave Generation,”  Proceedings of the Army Science Conference  (26th), Orlando, Fla., 1-4 Dec. 2008. 
     In addition, an internal arrangement within the device is structured so that an electrical “seed” current can be fed to the metal wire conductors forming the circuit of the stator, armature, end caps, and electrical load that define the cavities of the FCG and the load. The flow of current in the conductors around these cavities establishes a “seed” magnetic field within the cavities. The cavities represent inductances while the conductors have electrical resistance. In operation, upon detonation, the armature expands radially and collides with the stator. During that process, flux compression takes place because the FCG cavity width is reduced to nearly zero. To a first order, the FCG output current results from the starting inductances of both cavities relative to the final inductance of the system after magnetic compression. When the FCG is completely collapsed, current gain is the ratio of the initial cavity inductance to the final inductance represented by the load. 
     An advantage of the helical generator with its wire wound stator is that a much higher initial inductance can be obtained per unit length, but at the expense of added complexity. In contrast, the coaxial generator has a simpler construction, but with a considerably lower initial inductance. Both generators can have electrical breakdown (arcing) since the current and voltages rise during compression unless care is taken to use insulating gas in the cavities. The helical generator can also break down if the voltage between wires rises above a threshold limit related to the insulation used between windings. Further, because of Joule heating due to resistance, the wires can only carry a limited amount of current without reaching their melting temperature. For well-designed generators of similar length, typical current gains are 10 to 12 for the coaxial types, and above 2000 for a helical wound generator. Often, coaxial generators are used with much higher seed current to get high output current since premature electrical breakdown and wire melting are not issues. 
     When initiation of the high explosive (HE) is started at one end of the HE column, i.e. along the length of the generator, the detonation wave travels from that end to the opposite end of the column, referred to as the output end. Armature radial motion first occurs at the initiation end with a progressive expansion from the initiation end to the output end. This sequential motion results in an armature expansion that has a conical profile with the cone becoming progressively larger until successive elements strike the stator. Thus, the armature first strikes the stator at the initiation end and subsequently strikes the stator at progressive locations until impact with the entire stator is complete at the output end. As the armature progressively fills the cavity, magnetic compression progressively takes place. The progression gives rise to a near exponential increase in current to a peak value that occurs near to total cavity collapse where the system inductance has a minimum value. Thus, for the helical generator, initial winding sections are subject to relatively low voltages and temperatures while sections toward the output end approach or exceed the voltage and temperature limits. Internal voltages, electrical breakdown, and wire melting have limited the ability to develop more efficient flux compression generators. In addition, explosive initiation techniques and quality control of fabricated parts including the end caps, stators, and armatures have a major influence on the ability to improve current outputs of FCGs. 
     An FCG can act as a global source of energy that can be focused to power multiple liners to include dual liners where electrical energy is applied through electrical conduits connecting the FCG with the electrical loads. Timing for the action of each liner can be accomplished through dynamic electrical switching. When a follow-through munition is employed, the FCG can be designed as an annular coaxial structure that encloses the munition at its center. Since no explosives surround liner loads, and the munition resides within the FCG, a highly compact and efficient multiple mode warhead can be constructed. A single detonator activates the FCG, which in turn powers the liners without further HE initiation. The present invention constitutes a higher efficiency FCG than previous designs by combining in “unitary” fashion an initial helical section where currents are relatively low with a final coaxial section where current is high. Also, the present invention utilizes several helical winding sections along its length, each with varied pitch and wire size to accommodate increased currents as the armature engages successive stator sections. At the ends of each helical winding section, wires are bifurcated to allow each section to progressively cope with increasing current by splitting that current between multiple wires. This approach provides a highly efficient FCG design with increased output current to project higher levels of lethal kinetic energy. 
     The output of the FCG can be connected to selected loads through thin insulated channels. Upon command, the selected load is connected to the FCG by dynamic switching. Using a FCG power source, sufficient thermal energy is available through Joule heating to ignite RM&#39;s (reactive materials) at multiple and closely spaced sites to obtain rapid and abrupt near volume combustion. 
     Any and all of the aforementioned techniques can be combined into a single warhead configuration to produce multi-modal kinetic energy/blast effects. The technology is scalable and thus can be applied to various systems to include small hand placed devices to large missiles and projectiles. In total, therefore, the invention has advantages in terms of utility, costs, and performance over prior art or conventional approaches. 
     A projectile or missile of the type described includes the following components: 1) a central munition; 2) a wrap-around FCG, i.e. an FCG composed of annular components that enclose the central munition: 3) dual liners as the electrical load; 4) a buffering system; 5) a generator explosive; 6) an initiation scheme to ring initiate the FCG explosive, and 7) an electronics package for producing a seed current for the FCG. The dual liner includes: a shaped charge; a shaped charge end cap; a shaped charge stator; a circular switch; an MFP (Magnetically formed projectile) stator; and an MFP. 
     The basic components of a known explosive device for launching kinetic energy are shown in  FIGS. 1 and 3 . The device includes a flux compression generator, electrical loads composed of two shaped charge liners, a central munition, a means to detonate the high explosives, and an electronic unit to produce starting current for the generator. 
     As shown, the FCG portion of the system has an armature  1 , an annular shell of high explosives (HE)  2  enclosed by armature  1 , a helical wound stator  3  surrounding armature  1 , a stator  4  aligned with, and electrically connected to, stator  3 , and a cavity  5 . A buffer  6  separates high explosives  2  from the centrally located munition having a metallic casing  7  that is filled with explosive  8  having its own detonator  8   a . The generator output end, to the right in  FIG. 1 , contains an armature glide rail  9  and an insulated channel  10 . The initiation end that is opposite to the output end utilizes glide rail  11  together with a gap  12  that will act as a switch, known as a crowbar switch. Ignition of the high explosives  2  is initiated by a “ring” circular initiator  13  that is in turn ignited by ignition of a detonator  14 . 
     Attached to the FCG output end is an electrical load that in this case contains a dual liner arrangement  15 ,  19 . 
     A shaped charge liner  15  is a conical shell disposed coaxially with respect to a longitudinal axis of the device, enclosed by a liner stator  16  with a so-called “glide” plane, or glide surface,  17  in conductive contact with the large diameter end, or base, of liner  15 , and with a glide plane  18  making conductive contact with the small diameter end, or apex, of liner  15 . The glide planes guide the armature ends along their respective surfaces to maintain contact to keep the circuit intact as the armature moves outward. Liner  15  can have various cross-sectional shapes, such as conic sections, tulip, trumpet, or be freely varied depending on the formed penetrator structure desired. 
     Positioned beyond the liner base end is the MFP section of the dual liner load. MFP liner  19  is coaxial with, and may or may not have the same diameter as, an MFP stator  20  and MFP base glide plane  21 . Glide plane  17  also serves as the apex glide plane for the MFP liner  19 . MFP liner  19  and glide plane  17  enclose a circular hole, or opening, that is concentric to the device central axis. The end of the MFP base glide plane  21  encloses a relatively large diameter hole, or opening, that communicates with exterior space outside the device. Insulated channel  10  extends beyond glide rail  9  and continues between liner  15  and liner stator  16 , between base liner glide plane  17  and MFP stator  20 , and between MFP stator  20  and MFP liner  19 . A circular switch  22  placed along insulated channel  10  at a position between shaped charge section  15  and the MFP section  19  controls the amount of FCG output current being applied to MFP liner  19  relative to that applied to liner  15 . MFP liner  19  may have various cross-sectional shapes, such as described above with respect to liner  15 . 
     All of the illustrated components have a circular and annular form and are coaxial with a longitudinal axis of the device. 
     Exemplary materials for the above described components may include conducting metals such as copper or aluminum for armature  1 , wires for stator  3 , coaxial section  4 , liner stator  16 , glide surface  17 , apex glide surface  18 , MFP stator  20 , and MFP glide surface  21 . Liner  15  and MFP liner  19  are composed of aluminum, copper, molybdenum, tantalum, for example. Typically, munition casing  7  is made of steel while munition HE  8  is composed of TNT, PBX, TATB, or TATB derivatives. Buffer  6  is a layer of polyethylene or low density shock-absorbing material. 
     An electronic section  32  is joined to the FCG at the initiation end and contains a battery  23 , capacitor  24 , a positive electrical connection  25  with a series switch  35  and a negative electrical connection  26  to supply current from battery  23  to capacitor  24 . Battery  23  may be a thermal battery, in which case series switch  35  can be omitted. In operation, series switch  35  will be closed or the thermal battery will be activated in response to activation of a point contact fuse or a proximity fuse associated with the device. The electrical circuit from capacitor  24  uses a switch  36  to connect to the FCG. The closing of switch  36  is controlled by suitable electronic circuitry that responds to the charging of capacitor  24  and closes switch  36  when the voltage across capacitor  24  reaches a selected level. When the switch  36  is “on”, or closed, capacitor  24  is connected to the helical stator  3  with stator wire  27  and to armature  1  through armature wire  28 . An exterior electrical signal activates battery  23  that in turn charges capacitor  24 . Circuit switch  36  to the FCG is turned on after capacitor  24  has been fully charged. 
     In FCG operation, closure of a switch in a standard point contact or proximity fuse on the projectile or missile activates thermal battery  23  and closes switch  35  to in turn charge capacitor  24  in sub-milliseconds. At the end of the charging period, circuit  36  switch connects capacitor  24  with helical stator  3  through wire  27  and armature  1  through wire  28 . Flow of current out of capacitor  24  passes, in sequence, through the conducting metals of helical stator  3 , coaxial stator  4 , liner stator  16 , switch  22 , MFP stator  20 , MFP base glide plane  21 , MFP liner  19 , liner base glide plane  17 , liner  15 , liner apex glide plane  18 , armature  1 , and returns to capacitor  24  through wire  28 . Thus, current flows around cavity  5  and insulated channel  10  throughout the FCG/load system. The current flow establishes a “seed” current in the conductors and a seed magnetic field within cavity  5  and insulated channel  10 . 
     After the seed current and magnetic field are established, detonator  14  is activated. This activation is produced by conventional circuitry in electronic section  32  at a selected time after closure of switch  36  and establishment of the seed current. Detonator  14  ignites, or detonates, circular initiator  13 , which, in turn, effects an annular detonation of FCG high explosives  2 . The annular initiation of explosives  2  creates a detonation wave that travels from the initiation end, adjacent initiator  13 , to the output end, adjacent stator  16  and glide plane  18 , of the FCG. Pressure resulting from the detonation of explosives  2  accelerates armature  1  at the initiation end firstly to a given outward radial velocity that depends on the masses of armature  1  and high explosives  2 , and the specific energy of the type of FCG explosives  2  used. After the initial movement by armature  1  at the initiation end, armature  1  closes gap  12 , and strikes glide rail  11 . This action shorts out the capacitor  24  from the main FCG circuit that is now comprised of the metallic conductors described previously, but excludes capacitor  24  and thermal battery  23 . As the detonation wave sweeps across explosives  2  from initiation end to FCG output end, armature  1  takes on a conical shape and enters cavity  5 . Thus, armature  1  engages stator  3  first at the initiation end and progressively contacts additional windings of stator  3  sequentially. Windings of stator  3 , after contact by armature  1 , are eliminated from the active FCG electrical circuit. The volume of cavity  5  is reduced as armature  1 , during its continued, axial progressive outward motion, continues to contact helical stator  3  and subsequently coaxial stator  4  until armature  1  reaches the opening between output end glide rail  9  and coaxial stator  4  delimited, or defined, by insulated channel  10 . At that point, the volume, and therefore the inductance, of cavity  5  have been reduced to near zero and FCG function is complete. 
     In operation, the trapped magnetic field intensity and magnetic pressure acting against inside surfaces of the metallic conductors grow exponentially as armature  1  invades cavity  5 . Thus, motion of armature  1  causes a progressively stronger magnetic pressure to act against armature  1 . In this manner, displacement of armature  1 , driven by the detonation of explosives  2 , constitutes work done by explosives  2  in creating a greater magnetic field intensity and electrical current in the circuit. Essentially, chemical energy released by explosives  3  during detonation is converted to electrical energy in the form of a high current and magnetic field intensity. 
     At the end of FCG function, within the electrical loads consisting of liner  15  and MFP liner  19 , an intense magnetic field having field lines in the circumferential direction exists everywhere within channel  10  together with an intense current flow traveling axially along conducting surfaces. Thus, Lorentz forces described by JXB (where J is the current vector, B is the magnetic field vector, and X is the vector cross product operator) are developed in the conductors that cover channel  10 . The forces can be seen as a magnetic pressure that accelerates metallic conductors in a direction normal to their surfaces. Generally, liner stator  16  and MFP stator  20  are massive compared to liner  15  and MFP liner  19  so that little kinetic energy is acquired by liner stator  16  and MFP stator  20  during acceleration of liner  15  and MFP liner  19 . Liner  15  is imploded by action of magnetic pressure and coalesces violently on the longitudinal axis of the device to form a jet according to jet formation principles. MFP liner  19  can be accelerated forward to form a “washer-like” ring or compact rod on axis depending on its starting inclination. Since liner  15  is inclined at a large angle, it arrives on axis first and forms a jet that travels unobstructed through the hole in MFP liner  19  and liner base glide plan  17 . Subsequently, MFP liner  19  forms a compact rod on axis after the entire jet has passed beyond the collapsing MFP liner  19 . 
     To assure that liner  15  is sufficiently accelerated prior to MFP liner  19 , switch  22  temporarily prevents current flow about the portion of channel  10  that extends between MFP liner  19  and stator  20 . Switch  22  has a small mass and is initially closed but acts as an opening switch in response to magnetic pressure. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a point in time after explosives  2  have detonated and the shaped projectiles  29 ,  30  and  31  have been formed. The previous positions of liners  15  and  19  are shown in broken lines. At this time, detonation of high explosives  2  is complete while the central munition composed of munition casing  7  and HE  8  remain intact due to the provision of buffer  6 . Meanwhile, the FCG has delivered kinetic energy to armature  1 , and armature  1  has expanded and invaded cavity  5 , reducing the volume, and therefore the inductance, of cavity  5  to a minimum. Liner  15  is accelerated, has coalesced at the longitudinal axis of the device, formed jet  29 , and passed through the central hole within MFP liner  19 . During this jet formation process, liner  15  separates into fast moving jet  29  and slowly moving slug  30 . MFP liner  19  also is accelerated to form a rod-like penetrator  31  on the device longitudinal axis. The jet penetrator  29  travels, for example, at a speed of the order of 10 km/s, whereas MFP rod  31  may have a velocity of roughly 2 to 3 km/s and slug  30  may have velocity of 1 km/s. Thus, MFP rod  31  travels faster than slug  30  but slower than jet  29 , placing MFP rod  31  between jet  29  and slug  30 . Jet  29  and MFP rod  31  act together to impact a target. With proper relative thicknesses and inclinations of liner  15  and MFP liner  19 , switch  22  may not be required to obtain an axial arrangement of jet  29 , followed by MFP rod  31 , followed by slug  30 , as previously described. 
     HE  8  will be detonated upon impact of the device on a target, by activation of detonator  8   a  by a suitable, conventional impact responsive device. 
     The FCG and electrical loads can be separated by a horizontal extension of channel  10  and surrounding cylindrical shell conductors, allowing space between the two components to accommodate a payload or munition. The FCG electrical energy may be transmitted through an electrical transmission cable so that the load and FCG can be fired remotely and far away from the vicinity of the electrical load. 
     FCG function as described applies equally well to generators that do not contain a central munition, and do not constitute a “wrapped-around” configuration, but have a solid cylindrical explosive core within the armature. FCG output energy or current depends upon changes in inductances of the FCG and loads, and the level of seed current used to start FCG operation. Thus, FCG devices allow for varied electrical output ranging from the maximum based on FCG design to zero when zero seed current is applied. Control of FCG output energy provides a benefit in application to devices that can be conditionally altered for maximum effects or limited effects to address situations where non-lethal or limited collateral damage are required. 
       FIG. 3  shows an example of the FCG/load electrical circuit, which includes an electronic section  32 , an FCG section  33 , and electrical load section  34 . Electronic section  32  contains thermal battery  23 , capacitor  24 , capacitor charging switch  35 , and capacitor discharge switch  36 . Components in electronic section  32  are connected to FCG variable resistor  37  representing the metallic conductor resistance within the FCG, variable resistor  40  representing the metallic conductor resistance associated with the electrical load section that contains liner  19 , variable inductor  38  representing the inductance of cavity  5 , and variable inductor  39  representing the inductance associated with the cavity between liner  15  and its stator  16 . 
     Crowbar switch  12  is open initially as current is established in the circuit. Output of the FCG is connected to shaped charge liner  15 , represented electrically by a variable inductor  39  and a liner variable resistor  40 . Initially, circular switch  22  blocks current to MFP liner  19 , represented electrically by a variable resistor  41  and an MFP liner variable inductor  42 . 
     The resistances are associated with the flow of current through metallic conductors and are usually kept small using metals like copper or aluminum, for example. Minimum system resistance allows more efficient energy output from the FCG. 
     After the entire circuit is activated by discharge of capacitor  24  with closure of switch  36  to establish seed current and seed magnetic field, a firing signal is sent to detonator  14 . Consequently, initial motion of the armature closes switch  12 , which cuts the circuit in electronic section  32  out of the FCG and load circuit. As the inductance of FCG variable inductor  38  decreases with further armature motion, current increases in the circuit. The increase in current accelerates shaped charge liner  15 , thereby creating a progressively increasing cavity between liner  15  and stator  16  and therefore the inductance of liner load inductor  39  increases. The FCG output current reaches a very high level when FCG cavity collapse is complete, but while a high level of liner acceleration results from the high current, time is required to develop appreciable liner displacement and associated increase in inductance of liner inductor  39 . Thus, the system inductance of combined liner inductor  39  and FCG inductor  38  reaches a minimum near the time of maximum current. By design, current is supplied first to shaped charge liner variable inductor  39  so that the jet can be formed without interference by MFP formation. Subsequently, circular switch  22  opens to allow current flow through resistors and inductors of both loads. 
     It has already been established that extremely high magnetic fields (hundreds of Teslas (T)) and high currents (tens of mega amperes) can be obtained using high explosives as an electromagnetic energy source in devices known as flux compression generators (FCG). An FCG is a compact device that compresses and amplifies magnetic field intensity to produce many mega amperes of electrical current using a magnetic flux compression energy conversion mechanism. During magnetic flux compression, chemical energy of a high explosive (HE) is converted to electromagnetic (EM) energy to generate high currents that can be applied to various electrical loads. Maximum energy conversion efficiency of HE energy to electromagnetic energy can be as high as 30%, while the remaining energy is stored as internal thermal energy within the HE gaseous products (40-50%) or appears as FCG electrical Joule heating loss (10-20%). For a particular FCG device, the final magnitude of the electrical output current depends upon the level of seed current supplied in a monotonically increasing manner. This seed current (and the associated seed magnetic field) is typically supplied by large, high voltage capacitor banks that will require certain timing circuits to initiate charging from the high voltage power supply and discharging to the FCG right before FCG operation. These procedures would require several timing sequences that range from sub milliseconds to seconds. 
     For many DOD and practical FCG applications, this extra seed current operating time will cause a delay in the FCG operation by a few seconds or so. In this scenario, the FCG is used as a very high current generator to the load of interest (e.g., offensive kinetic energy shaped charge jets, flier plates, magnetically formed penetrators, auxiliary hypervelocity projectile accelerators, etc.; or defensive EM armor plates and EM energy extractors). In all these practical scenarios, the extra time (i.e., seconds) introduced by the seed current system prohibits the use of the FCG as an almost instantaneous high EM power generator. For example, if an FCG is used as a high current generator for an EM armor application to defeat an incoming shaped charge jet threat, it is necessary to activate the FCG within threat detection and operation time scales on a microsecond time scale rather than the long delay introduced by seed current capacitor bank systems. Moreover, the typical required seed bank system to generate a few kAs of seed current to an FCG can be very bulky, making the whole self-contained FCG system impractical. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide novel FCG devices that can replace bulky and slow seed current capacitor bank systems with a very compact seed current system using permanent magnets, such as neodymium magnets. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a prior art FCG device constructed to be housed in a suitable projectile, or missile. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the device of  FIG. 1 , which illustrates FCG action and resulting formed MFP and jet. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram of an electrical circuit that can be provided in the device of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic CAD drawing of a helical FCG having a static load on the right-hand side. 
         FIGS. 5A   5 D show operation of an exemplary FCG device 
         FIG. 6  shows an FCG with a PM (permanent magnet)  1  seed current system and a static load. 
         FIG. 7  is a pictorial view of an integrated PM seed+FCG+Static load. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic drawing of a permanent magnet seed-field generator (MAGGEN) coil winding pattern. 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic drawing of a further exemplary MAGGEN embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic drawing of an equivalent circuit diagram representing MAGGEN and FCG together. 
         FIG. 11  provides a simplified pictorial view illustrating a wire coil used in the practice of the present invention, together with an associated equation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     During FCG operation, in effect, the energy released from explosives is transmitted to the electrical load.  FIG. 4  shows various parts of a typical helical FCG connected to a static test load  106 , which can be replaced by an appropriate dynamic load (fragmentation, shaped charge, HE augmentation, or EM armor) for various applications. An auxiliary electronic system (not shown in the figure) supplies initial seed current to helical coils that constitute stator  3 . The seed current creates an initial (seed) magnetic field inside the flux compression zone  104  between armature  1  and stator  3 . The armature  1  is typically composed of an aluminum or copper shell and is filled with a HE  8 , such as PBXN or Comp-B. When the HE is detonated, the expanding armature closes a “crowbar” (switch) on the initiator side and compresses the trapped magnetic field in the compression zone, thereby multiplying, or amplifying, the magnetic field intensity and associated electrical current. The FCG shown in  FIG. 4  also includes an FCG fuse  102 .  FIG. 4  also shows a glide plane  18 . The seed current bank and the permanent magnet are not shown. A load is shown at the right-hand end 
     Operation of an exemplary FCG device (84-mm diameter) with a shaped charge liner is shown at initial ( FIG. 5A ), middle ( FIG. 5B ), and near peak ( FIG. 5C ) current times during a 50 μs FCG pulse time.  FIG. 5D  shows measured current output from the FCG liner (measured by a Rogowski coil) at initial (A), middle (B) and near peak (C) current times. This FCG device includes a capacitor  23  and a battery  24 , the latter being connected between capacitor  24  and a high explosive ( 8  in  FIG. 4 ). 
     The measured output current as a function of time from the exemplary FCG device is shown on the right side of  FIG. 5 . The EM shaped charge liner has replaced the static load of  FIG. 4  and it can be noted that the shaped charge jet is formed near the time when the current peaks. While most of the energy goes into the shaped charge jet that is formed by J×B forces, the EM energy from the FCG somewhat heats the copper liner by Joule heating. The length of the entire FCG (˜40 cm) and the axial detonation speed of the armature HE (˜8 km/s) approximately determine pulse duration (˜50 μs in this case). Peak output current and current evolution for a specific inductive and resistive load is determined by flux compression theory and dedicated FCG analytical codes that solve the FCG generator equation. 
     Enig Associates, Inc. (“ENIG”) has already developed an experimentally-validated in-house comprehensive FCG physics prediction code (EX2GEN™), which has been successfully benchmarked against various size FCG experimental results. One can approximately estimate the peak output current expected from an FCG design when seed current, FCG inductance, FCG performance figure of merit α (typically ˜0.7−0.9), and load inductance are entered into the following equation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     I 
                     peak 
                   
                   ≅ 
                   
                     
                       
                         I 
                         seed 
                       
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           L 
                           fcg 
                         
                         
                           L 
                           load 
                         
                       
                       } 
                     
                     α 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where L fcg  and L load  are the inductances of the FCG and the load, respectively. 
     For example, in a previous ENIG program, a record current gain of almost 3800 was achieved by converting 2.2 kA of seed current into 8.5MA output current when powering a 2 nH static test load. The figure of merit α is the critical parameter to determine the performance of a particular FCG and it depends on the physics of FCG operation. The physics includes resistive loss in helical coils, electrical gas breakdown inside compression zone, and so on. ENIG has been developing the physics based FCG optimization/prediction code including all important physics involved during FCG operation. 
     Maggen Permanent Magnet Seed-Field Generator 
     The following explains how the new component of the generator to convert the magnetic field of a permanent magnet to an amplified current according to the invention is enough to serve as a seed current for the main FCG. We have designated this component MAGGEN. 
     MAGGEN works to generate a required seed current and magnetic flux underneath the initial helical stator section (SECTION  1  as shown in  FIG. 8 ) of the main FCG. The desired effective main seed current for the main FCG depends on the size and the design of the main FCG, so we will use the general formalism to design the MAGGEN system. Typical main seed currents used by previous ENIG-designed FCGs were between 1-10 kA with the associated seed magnetic flux. 
       FIG. 6  shows a complete FCG system that includes a MAGGEN on the left, a unified generator (helical and coaxial FCG) in the middle, and a static inductive load on the right. The unified HE-filled armature serves as a flux compression armature for both MAGGEN and FCG. There is only one detonator (e.g., RP- 80 ) required to initiate flux compression to MAGGEN and then FCG. There is no initial current in any part of the whole device until the expanding armature starts to compress magnetic flux inside the cylindrical shell shaped magnet. Cylindrical permanent magnet  100  is shown on the left-hand side of the figure. There is only one detonator for the whole operation and the system starts with no current. The cylindrical shell shaped Neodymium magnet  100  is shown at the left-hand end of the figure and a load is shown at the right-hand end. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a photorealistic pictorial drawing of an integrated PM, FCG and static load.  FIG. 7  shows a single detonator, a uniform armature for the PM section and the FCG section. A cylindrical PM is not shown in this drawing. There is no electrical current supply to the device. 
     More details of MAGGENs can be seen in  FIGS. 8 and 9 , showing different embodiments of how the coil is wound inside the MAGGEN. Embodiment #1, ( FIG. 8 ) uses a single layer of helical coil  202  in Section  0 , underneath the magnet  201  and the multi-turn coil is directly connected to the couple of tail load loops  204  (shown as loops embedded in the Section  1  of the FCG in  FIG. 8 ). 
     Embodiment #2 ( FIG. 9 ) uses a double layer of helical coils underneath the magnet and the tail load loops are connected to both layers of the helical coils. Outer layer coils  210  in  FIG. 9  replace the return wire  205  in  FIG. 8 . All other components are the same in both  FIGS. 8 and 9 . Thus, double layer of helical coils in  FIG. 9  is composed of the single layer of coils  202 , better shown in  FIG. 8 , and the outer layer coils  210 . 
     In  FIG. 8 , the generator and coil winding patterns include both a main generator coil section (two layered helical coil sections) and dual tail loop coils. These tail loop coils  204 , shown in the “overlapped winding” portion at the left-hand end of SECTION  1  into which a portion of the coil from SECTION  0  extends. The coil in SECTION  1  is the main FCG coil section. The tail loop coils  204  act as a low inductance load to amplify the current in the MAGGEN and associated compressed magnetic flux underneath during explosive expansion of the armature. PM  201  and return wire  205  are also shown in the figure. 
     These dual tail loops ( 204  in  FIG. 8 ) serve as a flux compression load of MAGGEN and detailed geometry (number of loops, spacing between loops, location of loops, etc.) can be determined by a parametric study to maximize the seed magnetic field for the main FCG. 
     The MAGGEN main helical SECTION  0  in  FIG. 8  has densely packed helical coils  202  underneath the magnet  201 , and this SECTION  0  must have much higher inductance than the load tail loops  204 . The two tail loops  204  are directly adjacent helical coils  202 . After winding the two load tail loops  204 , a return wire  205  in  FIG. 8  can come back straight and be electrically connected to the start of the left side of the main MAGGEN helical coils  202  ( FIG. 8  SECTION  0 ). The return wire  205  may be replaced by helical coils to form an additional helix  210  in  FIG. 9  (with the same winding direction as the first layer helix  202 ), to increase the inductance of the MAGGEN main coil. The main requirement for the main helical coil designs is that the expanding armature must electrically short circuit the main helical coil underneath the magnet during MAGGEN operation. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , MAGGEN operation starts with a single initiation of detonator  206 . A booster  207  spreads a detonation wave form to a linear front and a high explosive  208  expands a metal armature  209  in the radial direction. During detonation, armature  209  takes on a conical shape from the detonation side and the conical shape sweeps through the whole armature from the left side as shown in  FIG. 5 . The cylindrical shell metal armature  209  extends all the way from the booster  207  throughout the whole device including the FCG, where only part of the FCG (i.e., section  1 ) is shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9 . There is a preexisting magnetic field inside permanent magnet ring  201 . This magnetic field between magnet ring  201  and armature  209  is compressed when armature  209  radially expands away from the exploding HE after detonation. When the magnetic flux is being compressed, the current inside helical coil section  202  increases from zero. During this magnetic flux compression process, the inductance of the MAGGEN coil  202  decreases to amplify the MAGGEN current in dual tail loop coil  4  according to Eq. (1). 
     The initial seed current in Eq. (1) should be interpreted as an equivalent seed current with a corresponding seed magnetic field permanently supplied by permanent magnetic ring  201 . A nonconducting spacer disk  211  is shown in  FIG. 8  to illustrate that central armature  209  is not structurally floating in the middle. The permanent magnet and all helical coils are, mechanically and structurally held in place by an embedded epoxy compound  212 . The structural components  211  and  212  are not important for the electromagnetic operation of MAGGEN and FCG during explosion. 
     The equivalent circuit diagram ( FIG. 10 ) can be used to explain the physics of the current amplification from zero to an amplified seed current for the main FCG. This figure schematically represents the MAGGEN and FCG in both Embodiment #1 ( FIG. 8 ) and Embodiment #2 ( FIG. 9 ). 
     Initially, prior to detonation initiation, there is no current anywhere in the whole device including MAGGEN. There, however, is a preexisting magnetic field inside the permanent magnet ( 201  in  FIG. 8 ). In  FIG. 8 , the MAGGEN main helical coil  202 , two tail loops  204 , and the return wire  205  will form the MAGGEN electrical circuit connected in series to form a closed circuit. 
     This is shown in equivalent circuit diagram  FIG. 10  as the MAGGEN part. In  FIG. 10 , the inductance  102  represents the main helical coil  202 , the inductance  104  represents the tail loop coils  204 , and these two coils are connected by return wire  105  to form a closed electrical series circuit of MAGGEN. The internal resistance of the circuit is shown as dynamic resistance  121  in  FIG. 10 . After explosive detonation, the expanding left-hand side of the armature  209  contacts the main helical coil  202  and return wire  205  and the armature contact point moves to the right as the detonation wave moves to the right. The length of the return wire  205  is shortened to maintain electrical contact with helical coil  202 . During this process, the inductance of main coil  202  and internal resistance monotonically decrease, as shown as dynamic inductance and resistance in the MAGGEN part of  FIG. 10 . In  FIG. 10 , there is no initial current in the MAGGEN part of the circuit, but there is an initial preexisting magnetic flux inside permanent magnet  201 . During armature expansion, magnetic flux is compressed between PM  201  and armature  209  and the current in dynamic main coil  202  and the tail loops  204  will increase monotonically from zero to an amplified value. This process will create the seed magnetic field inside the tail load loops  204  and the open-circuited FCG. 
     As shown as a closing switch  126  in  FIG. 10 , SECTION  1 , the left-hand end of coil  203  of FCG SECTION  1  is not electrically connected until an armature contact points passes through SECTION  1  during detonation. That is to say, the left-hand end of coil  203  is electrically isolated, or disconnected, until the armature contact point touches the left-hand end of the coil. The amplified magnetic flux formed during MAGGEN operation becomes the seed magnetic flux for the main FCG. This is shown as a transformer coupling  124  in  FIG. 10 . As the armature contacts the initial open coil (left-hand end of coil  203 ), FCG electrical circuit is closed and the amplified magnetic flux is now trapped in FCG coil  203  and this amplified magnetic flux will serve as the seed magnetic flux for the main FCG. So coil  203  of SECTION  1  in  FIG. 8  is represented by the secondary coil  103  in  FIG. 10 , and the transformer coupling  124  in  FIG. 10  represents magnetic flux transfer from MAGGEN to FCG, and the closing switch  126  represents the electrical contact of expanding armature  209  with the left-hand part of FCG coil  203 . After this process, the rest of the operation is the same as the conventional FCG operation and MAGGEN operation is over. FCG dynamic inductance, the resistance, and the load are represented as  127 ,  128 , and  129 , respectively. The main reason why the closing switch  126  is required for FCG is to facilitate magnetic flux transfer from MAGGEN to FCG seed coil  103 . If the FCG circuit is closed during MAGGEN operation, the amplified magnetic flux from MAGGEN must penetrate through FCG seed coil  203  by magnetic flux penetration through the coil. This will take magnetic flux diffusion time penetrating through metal coil and this time scale is not significantly shorter than explosion operation time scale of MAGGEN. After MAGGEN operation, the duty of MAGGEN to generate enough seed magnetic flux for FCG is now over. 
       FIG. 9  shows a schematic drawing of the Embodiment 2 that has dual layer helical winding in the main MAGGEN section. The MAGGEN operation and FCG coupling connection are almost identical to the embodiment of  FIG. 8 , except that the SECTION  0  has dual layer helical coils with return wire  205  in  FIG. 8  being replaced by a return outer layer of helical coils  210  in  FIG. 9  and the end point of the return helical coil is electrically connected to the beginning point of the inner layer helical coils  202 . In embodiment 2 ( FIG. 9 ), the electrical circuit of MAGGEN is closed as in embodiment 1. The advantage of the embodiment 2 over embodiment 1 is that the MAGGEN main inductance increases by the square of the total number of coil windings in section  0  in both embodiments, so that approximately a factor of 4 enhancement in FCG seed current can be achieved for the same volume of the MAGGEN device. In this case, the return wire  205  in  FIG. 8  is replaced with additional helical winding coils  210  (outer layer of the original helical winding  202 ), to increase the inductance of the main coil. The additional helical winding coils  210  wrap around the SECTION  0  helical coils  202  in  FIG. 8 , replacing the return wire  205  in  FIG. 8 . Coil inductance increases as the square of the number of turns, so the increase in inductance is significant. 
     There can be many different variations of the MAGGEN designs, but the main concept is to use a permanent magnet to supply a seed magnetic field of MAGGEN. The magnetic field of the permanent magnet is always on, but there is no current in the whole system until the armature starts to expand. Armature expansion compresses magnetic flux between the stator (MAGGEN helical coils) and the armature, to increase the magnetic flux from the initial value while conserving magnetic flux in the flux compression zone of the system. The associated current starts from zero to a finite value that is determined by flux conservation law. To achieve this objective, load inductance must be much less than the main inductance of the MAGGEN and internal resistance of all coils should be minimal to maximize output. 
     Although there is no initial seed current to start within both MAGGEN operation and main FCG operation, we can approximately calculate the “effective” seed current that is equivalent to the seed magnetic flux for Eq. (1). 
     The formula and illustration in  FIG. 11  can be used to estimate the main coil inductance of the MAGGEN. According to Wheeler [Wheeler, H., A.: Inductance formulas for circular and square coils“; Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 70, Issue 12, pp. 1449-1450, 1982], this formula applies when 1&gt;0.8r. 
     For example, if we have L=4″ (˜10 cm), D=4″, 1 mm wire diameter, d, N=100 turns, we get: 
         L= 690μ H  for embodiment #1, and 2759μ H  for embodiment #2 with 200 turns.
 
     For the inductance of the tail load wire loop, we use the formula below with a caveat. One can calculate more accurate inductance of multiple sparsely separated loops with the EM code, but we will use the simpler version here. 
     
       
         
           
             
               L 
               loop 
             
             ≈ 
             
               
                 N 
                 2 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 μ 
                 o 
               
               ⁢ 
               
                 
                   
                     μ 
                     r 
                   
                   ⁡ 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       D 
                       2 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 · 
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     
                       ln 
                       ⁡ 
                       
                         ( 
                         
                           
                             8 
                             · 
                             D 
                           
                           d 
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                     - 
                     2 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where μ o  is vacuum magnetic permeability, μ r  is relative permeability, and N is the number of turns.
 
For 1 loop, with a 4″ D and 1 mm d, this gives
 
         L   oneloop =0.3μ H  
 
     For densely packed two loops, L=2 2 ×0.3 μH and for far-separated two loops, L=2×0.3 μH. We will choose 0.9 μH for loosely separated two loops as shown in  FIGS. 6 and 7 . Actual inductance of main and tail coils in MAGGEN should subtract the contribution from the armature area for dynamic inductance. At this point, however, we are only interested in the ratio of these two inductances in Eq. (1) to calculate the current gain. For the above example case, for MAGGEN we get 
         L   main   /L   load =2300 for  D # 1, and 9197 for  D # 2. 
     For the effective resistive loss, we approximate that effect with a “figure of merit” α, that typically ranges from 0.7 (poorly designed generator) to 0.9 (good generator). As an example, we will choose 0.8. The current gain factor in Eq. (1) then becomes, 
       ( L   main   /L   load ) α =489 and 1482, respectively. 
     Now, we have to estimate the “effective” seed current from a neodymium magnet seed field and multiply with the current gain factor above to calculate the peak current in MAGGEN. After that, we have to calculate the peak averaged magnetic field under the tail load loops first section of the main FCG. By comparing this magnetic field with the magnetic field produced by the conventional capacitor bank driven seed current field, we can conclude how much effective seed current can be applied from MAGGEN. 
     The B-field inside the cylindrical neodymium magnet is typically highly-localized near the magnet. The remnant magnetic field of neodymium can reach up to 1.4 T, but for our application we will just use an estimated 0.3 Tesla as the average B-field inside PM between the armature and stator. This number is approximately validated by the multi-physics COMSOL code. To generate 0.3 T B-field from main coil currents in  FIG. 6 , we would need about 238 A current in the coil from the simple formula of B=μnI, where n is the number of turns per m and μ is magnetic permeability. Now, from Eq. (1), our load current in two tail loops at the end of MAGGEN operation will be 117 kA. This is not the seed current to the main FCG. This will generate seed magnetic field under the main FCG. That magnetic field can be approximately calculated for Helmholtz coils. This formula applies at the center of the coils when coils are separated by loop radius. In our case n=1. 
     
       
         
           
             
               B 
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       4 
                       5 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   
                     3 
                     / 
                     2 
                   
                 
                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
                     
                       μ 
                       0 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     nI 
                   
                   R 
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     The Helmholtz load current, 117 kA, from MAGGEN will generate seed magnetic field of 2 T under the first section of the main FCG. Assuming that the first section of the main FCG is a densely packed single helical coil section, then this is equivalent to seeding capacitor-bank driven currents as in the table below (using B=μnI). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 18AWG 
                 16AWG 
                 14AWG 
                 12AWG 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Diameter 
                 1.22 
                 mm 
                 1.63 
                 mm 
                 2.03 
                 mm 
                 2.64 
                 mm 
               
               
                 Effective seed 
                 2.04 
                 kA 
                 2.84 
                 kA 
                 3.52 
                 kA 
                 4.59 
                 kA 
               
               
                 current 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     If we repeat the same calculation for the Embodiment #2, we get better results. 
                                                     18AWG   16AWG   14AWG   12AWG                                                        Effective seed   6.12 kA   8.52 kA   10.56 kA   13.77 kA       current                    
Therefore, it seems feasible that MAGGEN can generate enough seed current (2 kA-13 kA from the neodymium permanent magnet in our example for a 4″ D device) for the main FCG to generate 10&#39;s of MA for real application. Clearly this mechanism is scalable to a larger size device so that the effective seed current is not limited by the above numbers.