Patent Publication Number: US-2023142380-A1

Title: Foundry coke products and associated processing methods via cupolas

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/275,891, filed Nov. 4, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present application relates to U.S. Patent Application No. [Attorney Docket No. 84553-8063.US01], filed Nov. 4, 2022, titled FOUNDRY COKE PRODUCTS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This present technology relates to foundry coke products, and associated systems and processing methods via cupolas. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Coke can be divided into various subcategories. Foundry coke has a large size relative to blast coke and is of exceptional quality, including relatively low impurities, and relatively high carbon content, strength, and stability. Foundry coke is used in foundry cupolas to melt iron and produce cast iron and ductile iron products. However, the production cost, including the manufacturing cost, transportation cost, and environmental cost, for foundry coke is high. Additionally, conventional coke products can have characteristics that result in undesirable processing conditions within a cupola. For example, conventional coke products may undergo oxidation and/or combustion reactions at areas of the cupola that limit transfer of the carbon content from the coke products to molten iron within cupolas. This decreased efficiency increases the amount of coke products needed to produce iron product and costs for iron producers. Therefore, there is a need to produce a higher quality foundry coke product. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features, aspects, and advantages of the presently disclosed technology may be better understood with regard to the following drawings. 
         FIG.  1    is a partially schematic illustration of a foundry cupola, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  2    is a plot illustrating the relationship between tap temperature, air volume rate, melting rate, and iron to carbon ratio for a foundry cupola, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates the coke chemistry of a coke product during oxidation in a cupola, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  4    depicts an example foundry coke product and a table of foundry coke properties, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  5    is a chart indicating foundry coke product yield, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  6    is a chart indicating particle size of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  7    is a chart indicating 4-inch drop shatter properties of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  8    is a chart indicating 6-inch drop shatter properties of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  9    is a chart indicating an ash mass fraction of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  10    is a chart indicating a moisture mass fraction of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  11    is a chart indicating a sulfur mass fraction of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  12    is a chart depicting SiO 2  and Al 2 O 3  mass fractions in the ash of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  13    is a chart depicting Fe 2 O 3  and CaO mass fractions in the ash of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  14    is a chart depicting ash softening temperatures and model ash fusion temperatures of different batches of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  15    is a chart depicting ash softening temperatures and ash mass fractions of different batches of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
         FIG.  16    is a chart depicting observed ash fusion temperatures and model ash fusion temperatures of different batches of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. 
     
    
    
     A person skilled in the relevant art will understand that the features shown in the drawings are for purposes of illustrations, and variations, including different and/or additional features and arrangements thereof, are possible. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     I. Overview 
     Embodiments of the present technology relate to foundry coke products and associated systems and processing methods via foundry cupolas (e.g., iron foundry cupolas, mineral wool foundry cupolas, lead foundry cupolas, etc.). Foundry cupolas are used to melt metal (e.g., iron and/or recycled steel) to produce usable products. Foundry coke is an input to and provides multiple functions within a cupola, including (i) providing heat from combustion thereof to melt the metal, (ii) supplying carbon to the metal, (iii) providing structural support for the metal, and (iv) creating permeable layers that allow gases to travel upward and spread throughout the cupola to provide contact with the metal. 
     In operation, as metal and coke heat and progress downward through the cupola, the heat of combustion of the coke causes the metal to melt, decrease in viscosity, and eventually form liquid or molten metal that is high or higher is carbon. At an upper portion or drying region of the cupola, heat dries the cupolas and reduces moistures, but preferably does not burn or combust the coke. If the coke is burned or combusted at the drying region of the cupola (i.e., too early), as opposed to deeper in the cupola at a lower portion or reaction region (e.g., comprising melting, combustion and well zones), relatively high amounts of carbon monoxide and/or hydrogen are produced and released, which corresponds to a loss of carbon and/or less carbon that can be transferred to the metal in the reaction region of the cupola. Stated differently, combusting the coke too early in the cupola, or at an area other than the reaction region, can cause carbon from the coke to react with carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide. This generally results in efficiency losses and higher costs for steel production, including the need to use more coke and more oxygen or wind at the reaction region of the cupola. Additionally, such undesirable reactions at the upper portion of the cupola can result in more smoke production and a lower metal tap temperature, which can limit operational ability of the cupola and also correspond to efficiency losses. Such undesirable reactions can occur due to characteristics of the coke, including the size, shape, density, porosity, composition, and/or chemistry thereof. For example, an ash fusion temperature of the coke, which is a direct result of the chemistry and/or composition of the coke, can dictate where within the cupola the coke begins to cook. Conventional coke products often have an ash fusion temperature that is too high (e.g., above 2650° F.), and thus do not enable optimal processing of coke in the cupola. 
     Embodiments of the present technology address at least some of the above-described issues, and include a coke product comprising a size, shape, density, porosity, composition, and/or chemistry that enables a more optimal processing thereof via cupolas. For example, embodiments of the present technology include a coke product having an ash fusion temperature (e.g., below 2600° F., 2500° F., 2400° F., 2300° F., 2200° F., 2100° F., 2000° F., 1900° F., 1800° F., or within a range of 1800-2600° F., 1800-2400° F., or 1800-2200° F.) that enables the coke to be heated and combusted in a time-controlled and/or temperature-delayed manner, such that a core of the coke product (i) is heated and does not undergo combustion or oxidation in the drying region of the cupola and/or (ii) undergo combustion or oxidation in the reaction region (e.g., the melting, combustion and well zones) of the cupola. In doing so, the surface area of the coke that is exposed to metal or molten metal is increased, relative to conventional coke products, and more carbon from the coke can be transferred to the molten metal. Stated differently, unlike traditional coke products, which undergo more oxidation or combustion prior to the reaction region of the cupola and thus undesirably produce carbon monoxide, embodiments of the present technology optimize the melting profile of the metal and maximize the amount of carbon transferred from the coke to the metal within the cupola. 
     As explained herein, as the foundry coke products of embodiments of the present technology is heated, its core decreases in diameter and one or more diffusion layers can build up around (e.g., at least partially surrounding) the core. The diffusion layers can include (i) a first diffusion layer comprising ash (e.g., an ash diffusion layer) that acts as a rate controlling mechanism to delay combustion and/or oxidation of the coke core, e.g., until the coke progresses through the cupola and reaches the reaction region, and (ii) a second diffusion layer radially outward of the first diffusion layer and comprising iron, which can be a further rate controlling mechanism that also delays combustion and/or oxidation of the coke core. As the coke progresses through the cupola, the ash can be displaced from the coke (e.g., as a liquid) and carbon from the ash can be transferred to the metal within the cupola. In this regard, the ash diffusion layer limits cooking of the coke until the coke reaches the reaction region of the cupola, and as a result more carbon transfer can occur within the reaction region, compared to traditional coke products, which in turn forms carbon dioxide and less carbon monoxide. Moreover, because more of the carbon transfer is happening at the reaction region of the cupola and less or no carbon monoxide is produced outside of the reaction region, the cupolas can be operated at higher temperatures that can lead to increased efficiency and greater operational flexibility. Higher operating temperatures of the cupola can enable less smoke production and lower wind and/or oxygen usage, and can reduce coke usage, all of which result in lower cupolas operating costs. Additionally, higher operating temperatures can enable more desirable (e.g., thinner) steel materials to be produced that have higher profitability. Additional benefits of embodiments of the present technology are described elsewhere herein. 
     In the Figures, identical reference numbers identify generally similar, and/or identical, elements. Many of the details, dimensions, and other features shown in the Figures are merely illustrative of particular embodiments of the disclosed technology. Accordingly, other embodiments can have other details, dimensions, and features without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. In addition, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that further embodiments of the various disclosed technologies can be practiced without several of the details described below. 
     II. Coke Processing Via Foundry Cupolas 
       FIG.  1    is a partially schematic illustration of a foundry cupola  100 , in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. The cupola  100  is a triple bed reactor containing gases, liquids, and solids along a length of the cupola  100 . As shown in  FIG.  1   , the cupola  100  includes a refractory-lined elongate furnace body  102  including an inlet opening at a top of the body  102  configured to receive metal  112  comprising iron and/or steel, as well as coke  130  and fluxing material. The body  102  includes a drying region  106  at an upper portion of the cupola, and a reaction rection  108  downstream of the drying region  106 . The reaction region  108  can include a melting zone, a combustion zone downstream of the melting zone, and a well zone downstream of the melting zone. The cupola  100  further comprises a wind box  110  configured to provide a source of oxygen to the body  102  and enable combustion of the coke  130 . As the metal  112  and coke  130  proceed through the body  102  of the cupola  100 , slag  116  and molten iron  118  form at a lower portion of the cupola  100 . The molten iron  118  can be used to produce desirable steel products, and the slag  116  can be used as an aggregate in multiple end use applications. 
     In operation, the coke  130  supplies carbon to the metal  112  and provides structural support for the metal  112  within the body  102 . Additionally, combustion of the coke  130  provides heat that melts that metal  112  and causes it to transition from a solid material to a molten liquid along a length of the body  102 . In representative embodiments, the coke  130  is dried at the drying region of the cupola  100  to reduce moisture therefrom, but is not oxidized or combusted. That is, carbon content of the coke remains in the coke at this stage and does not react to form carbon monoxide. If carbon monoxide is formed at the drying region or this high up in the body  102 , the carbon of the formed carbon monoxide is released from the upper portion of the cupola  101  and is not able to be transferred to the metal  112  at the downstream reaction region  108  of the cupola  100 . Additionally, combusting and/or oxidizing the coke and/or production of carbon monoxide at the drying region generally results in efficiency losses and higher operating costs for the cupola  100 . 
     The coke  130  of the present technology is inhibited or prevented from being oxidized and combusted in the drying region  106  due to, e.g., the size, shape, density, porosity, composition, and/or chemistry of the coke. As the coke  130  is heated within the body  102 , moisture decreases in the drying region  106 , and the coke  130  undergoes oxidation and combustion in the reaction region  108 . As a result of such oxidation and/or combustion, a core of individual coke particles  130  radially decreases in size and one or more diffusion layers forms around the core, as explained herein with reference to  FIG.  2   . The one or more diffusion layers act as a rate-limiting mechanism to inhibit oxidation and combustion within the drying region  106 , and promote oxidation and combustion within the reaction region  108 . 
     The size, shape, porosity, density, and other characteristics of the coke  130  can also contribute to the optimal melting, oxidizing, and/or combusting profile desired for the cupola  100 . For example, the coke  130  can be about 4×6″ length (i.e., 4″+) or 3.5×6″ which desirably enables a lower pressure drop in the cupola  100 , relative to smaller coke products. In some embodiments, the coke  130  can comprise foundry coke greater than 4″, egg coke greater than 2×4″, stove coke greater than 1×2″, and breeze less than 1″. Including a combination of foundry coke greater than 4″ as well as egg coke of or greater than 2×4″ can decrease costs of the coke blend because 2×4″ coke is less expensive. Additionally or alternatively, a combination of foundry coke greater than 4″ as well as egg coke of or greater than 2×4″ can provide an optimal coke blend to improve pressure drop and/or carbon transfer from coke to metal. In some embodiments, egg coke can comprise less than 20% of the coke blend or between 10-20% of the coke blend. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments less than 10%, less than 8%, or less than 6% of the coke  130  in the cupola  100  is less than 2″. 
     As another example, the coke  130  can have an elongate or oblong shape, which, relative to the traditional more round, less elongate shapes of other coke products, enables a higher surface area to volume ratio and thereby improves contact and thus carbon transfer between the coke  130  and the metal  112 . As another example, the coke  130  can have a porosity (e.g., between 20-50%, 30-50%, or 40-50%), which desirably enables the gas to permeate through the coke  130  and spread heat within the cupola  100 , while also providing sufficient structural support for the metal  112 . As another example, the coke  130  can have a higher density, relative to conventional coke products, and thus have a higher carbon content and better calorific value that enables less coke usage within the cupola  100 . 
     As the coke  130  and metal  112  progress through the cupola  100 , the metal  112  and ash of the coke  130  each begins to melt and decrease in viscosity along a length of the cupola  100 . The melted ash can beneficially more quickly move through the coke bed  114  and/or body  102  generally, and thus increase contact time with the metal  112  to improve carbon transfer. Within the reaction region  108 , carbon is transferred from the coke  130  to the metal  112 . In some embodiments, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or 55% of the carbon from the coke is transferred to the metal (e.g., the molten metal) within the cupola  100 . Additionally, oxygen from air provided via the wind box  110  of the cupola  100  reacts with carbon of the coke  130  causing combustion and carbon dioxide production, as well as heat and gases used to heat upper portions of the cupola  100 , e.g., to reduce moisture of the coke  130  with the drying region  106 . By maximizing the production of carbon dioxide at the reaction region  108 , or at areas deeper in the cupola  100 , less carbon monoxide and more carbon dioxide is produced which leads to higher metal tap temperatures at the tap  120  of the cupola  100 . A higher tap temperature can improve carbon conversion which lower coke usage, and enables lower wind and/or less oxygen injection. For embodiments of the present technology, for example, the iron to coke (or carbon) ratios can be at least 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1, 16:1, or 17:1, whereas for traditional coke products the iron to coke (or carbon ratios) are no higher than 11:1 and more typically less than 10:1. As such, due to efficiency gains, embodiments of the present technology enable less coke usage and thus decreased operating costs. 
     The coke  130  has a fixed carbon content that is transferred to the iron/metal, or released from the top of the cupola  100  via gaseous carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. For reasons described herein, the coke  130  of the present technology promotes transfer of the fixed carbon content to the iron/metal, as a result also limit the amount of carbon monoxide produced and released from the cupola. For example, the coke  130  of the present technology can limit the amount of carbon monoxide released from the cupola  100  to be less than 60 lbs/hr, 55 lbs/hr, 50 lbs/hr, 45 lbs/hr, 40 lbs/hr, 35 lbs/hr, 30 lbs/hr, or 25 lbs/hr. Relatedly, for embodiments of the present technology, the amount of fixed carbon content of the coke  130  that is released from the cupola  100  via carbon monoxide can be no more than 60%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, or 30%. Additionally or alternatively, embodiments of the present technology can include a ratio for the amount of the fixed carbon content released as carbon monoxide relative to the amount of carbon released as carbon dioxide can be no more than 2.2:1, 2.1:1, 2.0:1, 1.95:1, or 1.9:1. 
     The cupola  100  can further include a thermal oxidizer  124 , which can include a thermocouple to monitor temperature and/or be configured to oxidize hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and/or volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In practice, the thermal oxidizer  124  can operate based on maintaining a minimum temperature (e.g., 1700° F., 1750° F., 1800° F., 1850° F., 1900° F., 1950° F., or 2000° F.) at the inlet of the body  102  where gases (e.g., carbon monoxide and hydrogen) are released from the cupola  100 . If, for example, too much carbon monoxide is undesirably produced, particularly within the drying region  106 , the temperature at the inlet or elsewhere of the body  102  can decrease and cause the thermal oxidizer  124  to fire and thereby oxidize the HAPs or VOCs and form, e.g., carbon dioxide and water. 
       FIG.  2    is a plot  200  illustrating the relationship between tap temperature, air volume (i.e., wind) rate, melting rate, and iron to carbon ratio for a foundry cupola, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. A higher tap temperature, higher iron to carbon ratio, and lower wind are generally desired for a given melting rate, as these parameters each correspond to efficiency gains and/or decreased operating costs for cupola operators. Embodiments of the present technology enable a relatively higher tap temperature compared to convention coke products, and thus provide a larger operational window and flexibility for cupola operators to adjust other factors (e.g., tap temperature and wind rate) while maintaining a desired melting rate. Referring to  FIG.  2   , point  210  corresponds to a base operation that may be enabled by coke products of the present technology. Point  210  corresponds to an iron to carbon ratio of about 9.5, a tap temperature of about 2740° F., a melting rate of 24 tons/hr, and an air volume rate of about 9.3 ft 3 /min. Points  215 ,  220 ,  225 , and  230  illustrate optional operational changes that may be enabled based on tap temperature and/or the quality of coke used. For example, relative to point  210 , point  215  corresponds to the same tap temperature of 2740° F. but uses less wind (approximately 8.8 ft 3 /min). As a result of the lower wind, the melting rate is decreased about 10% to 22 tons/hr and about 3% more coke is needed. Point  220  corresponds to a lower tap temperature (approximately 2720° F.) and less wind (approximately 8.4 ft 3 /min), which results in a melting rate decrease of about 10% to 22 tons/hr and needing about 3% less coke. Point  225  corresponds to a lower tap temperature (approximately 2690° F.) and less wind (approximately 8.0 ft 3 /min), which results in the same melting rate as point  210  and needing about 17% less coke. Point  230  corresponds to a lower tap temperature and the same wind as point  210 , which results in an increased melting rate needing about 10% less coke. The plot  200  and points  210 ,  215 ,  220 ,  225 ,  230  illustrate the benefits that coke products of embodiments of the present technology provide. 
     III. Foundry Coke Composition and Characteristics 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a coke particle  300  configured to be heated in a foundry cupola (e.g., the cupola  100 ;  FIG.  1   ), in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in  FIG.  3   , C(b)=carbon bulk, S(b)=sulfur bulk, Ash (b)=ash in bulk, C(s)=surface carbon, S(s)=surface sulfur, Ash(s)=surface ash (which builds up from the shrinking core), Fe(s)=surface Fe, C*(s)=active carbon surface, FeC, S*(s)=active sulfur surface, FeS, C(l)=carbon in liquid, and S(l)=sulfur in liquid. The coke particle  300  includes a core  305  that shrinks due to carbon dissolution in a cupola, where the coke particle  300  can be surrounded by a bulk liquid  320 . As the core  305  of the coke particle  300  shrinks, e.g., due to oxidation and/or combustion of the carbon of the coke particle  300 , diffusion layers comprising ash and iron that are radially outward of the core  305  begin to form. For example, the coke particle  300  can include a first or ash diffusion layer  310  (“first diffusion layer  310 ”) comprising ash that is radially outward of the core  305  and at least partially surrounds the core  305 , and a second or iron diffusion layer  315  (“second diffusion layer  315 ”) that is radially outward of the core  305  and first diffusion layer  310  and at least partially surrounds the first diffusion layer  310 . 
     The first diffusion layer  310  layer can be solid or liquid, and can effectively block the coke surface, or lower the mass transfer area across the coke surface into the surrounding liquid metal. Additionally or alternatively, the first diffusion layer  310  enables oxidation and/or combustion of the carbon of the coke particle to be time and/or temperature delayed, such that the coke does not produce carbon monoxide in the drying region and instead is oxidized and combusted in the reaction region of the cupola. The first diffusion layer  310  comprising ash is formed in part due to the ash fusion temperature of the coke product, which is directly correlated to the composition of the coke particle  300 . As described elsewhere herein, the ash fusion temperature of the coke is lower than traditional coke products, and can no more than 2650° F., 2600° F., 2550° F., 2500° F., 2450° F., 2400° F., 2350° F., 2300° F., 2250° F., 2200° F., 2150° F., 2100° F., 2050° F., 2000° F., 1950° F., 1900° F., 1850° F., or within a range of 1800-2600° F., 1800-2500° F., 1900-1300° F., or 2000-2200° F. This relatively low ash fusion temperature can enable formation of the diffusion ash layer, e.g., in the drying region of the cupola, that prevents cooking of the coke, or more particularly the core  305 , prior to the reaction region. Additionally or alternatively, this relatively low ash fusion temperature can optimize contact time between the coke  300  and the metal within the cupola once the metal melts and becomes molten at the reaction region of the cupola. As a result, more carbon can be transferred from the coke  300  to the metal. This is in contrast to conventional coke products, which can have a higher ash fusion temperature that results in ash being formed deeper (i.e., downstream) of the reaction region and thus limits the contact time between the coke and the molten metal, thereby resulting in relatively less carbon transfer. 
     The second diffusion layer  315  is formed as the coke particle  300  is heated within the cupola and the coke core  305  shrinks. The second diffusion layer can further limit cooking of the coke within the drying region and/or help ensure the vast majority of combustion and oxidation of the coke does not occur until the coke  300  reaches the reaction region. Additionally or alternatively, carbon and sulfur may compete with one another to pass through the second diffusion layer  315 . That is, the presence of sulfur can undesirably decrease the transfer rate of carbon from and out of the coke  300 . In some embodiments, the coke can be pre-fluxed and/or include (e.g., doped with) an additive (e.g., calcium, iron, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, sodium oxide, and potassium oxide, and/or other oxides having a relatively low melting point) that acts as a catalytic material. As an example, sodium can act as a pre-fluxing agent, and iron can act as a pre-fluxing and catalytic agent. The catalytic material can trap sulfur and therein be utilized to flux the sulfur out of the coke. In some embodiments, the pre-fluxed coke is a result of selecting coals to produce the coke that have ash materials proportionally higher in the oxides described above. This is in contrast to coke products that may add calcium oxide or calcium carbonate particles/rocks as a flux to remove ash, as such methods are inefficient due to the very low surface to volume ratio for the fluxing to actually occur. Additionally, the pre-fluxed coke and/or catalytic agents can promote the carbon deposition via the Boudouard reaction, thereby generating more heat and increasing the amount of carbon that is present within the reaction region (e.g., the combustion zone) of the cupola. Without being bound by theory, the pre-fluxing agents can alter the liquid is temperature of the slag (e.g., slag  116 ;  FIG.  1   ) or, more particularly, can alter the liquid is temperature of the ash at the surface or interior of the coke that is blended into the bulk slag. 
     Improved coke chemistry aims at increasing carbon dissolution from the coke particle  300  into the metal (i.e., the iron or steel) within the cupola. In operation, as carbon dissolves into the bulk liquid iron within the cupola, the coke core  305  shrinks and the ash and impurities are built up at the surface. Additionally, carbon and sulfur both dissociate from the surface, which can be aided by catalytic activity of Fe, Ni and other metals. A lower ash melting temperature, represented by an ash fusion temperature (as described elsewhere herein), allows improved ash removal by faster conversion of ash into a liquid phase and reduces ash resistance. Carbon and sulfur diffuse through the thin iron diffusion layer. Additionally, carbon and sulfur are competitive and resistant to dissolving or transferring of each other. As such, a low sulfur content of the coke improves carbon transfer. In addition, coke products having a high coke reactivity index (CRI) or a low coke strength after reaction (CSR) (as described elsewhere herein) allows more reactive carbon forms to dissociate from the surface thereby increasing the carbon dissolution rate. 
     Various metals added to a foundry coke product produced from a coal blend via ash in the coal blend or otherwise introduced into the foundry coke product can provide catalytic functions that increases a carbon dissolution rate. In some embodiments, a multi-oxidation state element (e.g., a metal) may change oxidation states in a coke product to provide catalytic activity. For example, a coke product may include sodium, which may transition from an unoxidized state Na into a first ionic oxidation state Na + . Alternatively, or additionally, a coke product may include iron, which may transition from an unoxidized state Fe into the oxidized states Fe 2+  or Fe 3+ . Furthermore, the coke product may include the multi-oxidation state elements in an oxidized form. For example, the coke product may include Na +  in the form of a salt or Fe′ in the form of Fe 2 O 3 . The coke product may also include other types of metals, such as nickel, copper, etc. The catalytic material embedded in the coke product increases carbon dissolution during steel production because at least some of the catalytic material will remain in contact with the interface between the coke product and a liquid iron bath during steel production. 
       FIG.  4    depicts a foundry coke product  400  and a table  450  of foundry coke properties, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. The foundry coke product  400  can be produced using a coke oven (e.g., a heat recovery oven or non-heat recovery oven). In some embodiments, the foundry coke product  400  can be generally oblong shaped and can have different or similar dimensions along a first length  412 , a second length  414 , and/or a third length  416 . For example, the first length  412  can be greater than 6.0 inches (e.g., 9.0 inches) or within a range of 6.0-12.0 inches, the second length can be greater than 2.5 inches (e.g. 4.0 inches), and the third length can be greater than 2.5 inches (e.g., 4.0 inches). In some embodiments, one or more lengths of the shape of the foundry coke product  400  can be limited to a maximum value. For example, the first length  412  can be between 6.0 inches and 12.0 inches. 
     Due to variations in the specific shape of foundry coke products, a foundry coke product can be characterized by a range of hydraulic diameters. For example, the foundry coke product  400  can have a hydraulic diameter that is greater than or equal to 1.0 inches, greater than or equal to 2.0 inches, or greater than or equal to 3.0 inches, etc. In some embodiments, the hydraulic diameter of a foundry coke product can be greater than an actual diameter of the foundry coke product due to the cross-sectional geometry of the foundry coke product. 
     The table  450  includes a set of attributes of the foundry coke product  400 . Such attributes can be advantageous for foundry operations, such as having lower ash fusion temperature values in comparison to conventional coke products. Ash fusion temperature can be obtained in various ways. In some embodiments, ash fusion temperature can be measured from a sample of ash created by burning a coal, coal blend, or coke product to completion. The ash elemental analysis can be performed on each element, for example, individual silicon atoms create a signal in the analytical instrument. To obtain a mass percentage value used for model ash fusion calculation, some embodiments of the present technology can treat all elements as fully oxidized and determine a mass percentage is based oxidized forms. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can determine the SiO2 mass but not the Si mass. In some embodiments, the mass percentages of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, other compounds, etc., can be normalized to sum up to 100%. 
     Alternatively or additionally, ash fusion temperature can be measured by an ash fusion temperature test, such as a standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D1857. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can determine an initial deformation temperature (IDT), softening temperature (ST), hemispherical temperature (HT), and flow temperature (FT). These measured temperatures can have different values with respect to each other, and can be used to characterize a particular coal, coal blend, or coke product. Furthermore, as discussed elsewhere, the composition of the ash remaining from combustion of a coal or coal blend is considered to be the same as the ash remaining after combustion of a coke product produced from the coal or coal blend. Some embodiments can characterize a coal blend ash composition as the weighted average of the ash compositions of the coal components weighted by their respective mass fractions in the coal blend. 
     The ash fusion temperature can be calculated based on the ash composition using Formula (IA) (Cupola Handbook, 6th ed., © 1999, American Foundrymen&#39;s Society, Inc., Chapter 8), below: 
       AFT(° C.)=19×(wt % of Al 2 O 3 )+15×(wt % of SiO 2 +wt % of TiO 2 )+10×(wt % of CaO+wt % of MgO)+6×(wt % of Fe 2 O 3 +wt % of Na 2 O)   (Formula IA)
 
     Because K 2 O is known to be in ash samples and given the similarity of Na and K the K 2 O is may have a similar impact on the ash fusion temperature as Na 2 O. Formula (IA) may be modified to include the amount of K 2 O in the calculation as shown in Formula (IB) below: 
       AFT(° C.)=19×(wt % of Al 2 O 3 )+15×(wt % of SiO 2 +wt % of TiO 2 )+10×(wt % of CaO+wt % of MgO)+6×(wt % of Fe 2 O 3 +wt % of Na 2 O+wt % of K 2 O)  (Formula IB)
 
     For embodiments of the present technology, ash fusion temperature values can be represented in various forms, such as the initial deformation temperature (IDT) or softening temperature (ST) values. For example, sample “S4” shown in the table  450  has an ash fusion IDT equal to 2150° F. (1177° C.). Some embodiments can perform operations to reduce a low ash fusion to a coke product based on an ash fusion temperature threshold or target ash fusion range. 
     In some embodiments, a target ash fusion temperature value or ash fusion temperature range can vary based on the type of ash fusion value being used. In some embodiments, a produced coke product can have an IDT that is between 2100-2400° F. Some embodiments can include stricter limits on coke products and can include a coke product having an IDT that is between 2100-2250° F. Some embodiments can change coal blends or manufacturing thereof to satisfy a target IDT. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can select a coal blend or determine oven operations based on a target IDT value of approximately 2100° F., 2150° F., 2200° F., 2250° F., 2300° F., 2350° F., or 2400° F. In some embodiments, coke products are produced that have an ST within a specified range, such as between 2150-2500° F., or approximately 2100° F., 2150° F., 2200° F., 2250° F., 2300° F., 2350° F., 2400° F., 2450° F., or 2500° F. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can set a target IDT value as a function of a target ST value. 
     Similarly, embodiments of the present technology can produce coke products having an HT between 2200-2350° F., 2150-2300° F. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can change coal blends, soak times, or durations at different damper positions to satisfy a target HT. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can select a coal blend or determine oven operations based on a target HT value of approximately 2200° F., 2250° F., 2300° F., 2350° F., 2400° F., 2450° F., or 2500° F. Similarly, embodiments of the present technology can produce coke products having an FT between 2250-2600° F. or 2250-2400° F., or approximately 2250° F., 2300° F., 2350° F., 2400° F., 2450° F., 2500° F., 2550° F., or 2600° F. 
     Embodiments of the present technology can also produce coke products that satisfy multiple target ranges for different types of ash fusion temperature values. For example, coke products can have an IDT between 2100-2250° F., an ST between 2150-2300° F., an HT between 2200-2350° F., and/or an FT between 2250-2400° F. Additionally or alternatively, various other combination of target ranges for a coke product are possible. For example, embodiments of the present technology can include coke product having an IDT between 2100-2250° F., an ST between 2150-2300° F., an HT between 2200-2350° F., and an FT between 2250-2400° F. 
     As shown in the table  450 , the CRI value of the foundry coke products can be 36.5% or another value that is greater than 35%. Some embodiments can implement coke production operations that produce batches of foundry coke that satisfy one or more CRI thresholds. For example, embodiments of the present technology can include coke products having a CRI of at least 25.0%, 30.0%, 35.0%, 40.0%, or 45.0%. Some embodiments can perform operations to select coke products that have CRI greater than a minimum CRI threshold for downstream use. 
     As shown in the table  450 , the CSR value of the foundry coke products can be 26%, 15.6%, or another value that is greater than a CSR threshold such as 7.0%. Some embodiments can implement coke production operations that produce batches of foundry coke that satisfy one or more CSR thresholds. For example, embodiments of the present technology can include coke products having a CSR of no more than 40.0%, 35.0%, 30.0%, 25.0%, 20.0%, 15.0%, 10.0%, or 7.0%. 
     As shown in the table  450 , an SiO 2  composition of the coke product ash can include 49.4%, 48.9%, 48.8%, 49.1%, or 46.0%. Other embodiments can include other SiO 2  mass fractions in ash, such as other values less than 70%, 50.0%, or 45.0%. In some embodiments, a mass fraction of approximately 50.0% SiO 2  in coke product ash can correspond to a low amount of SiO 2  in the coke product itself. 
     Embodiments of the present technology can include coke products having a fixed carbon content (e.g., a fixed carbon mass fraction) that is greater than or equal to a fixed carbon threshold. For example, embodiments of the present technology include coke products having a fixed carbon mass fraction that is greater than 80.0%, 85.0%, 90.0%, 90.5%, or 91.0%. In some embodiments, the fixed carbon content can be a targeted range, such as 80-91%, 85-95%, or 90-95%. 
     Embodiments of the present technology can generate coke products having an ash mass fraction within a targeted bounded or unbounded range. For example, embodiments of the present technology can produce foundry coke products having an ash mass fraction of at least 1.0%, 5.0%, 8.0%, 9.0%, or 10.0%. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can include an upper bound to an ash mass fraction. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce foundry coke products having an ash mass fraction that is less than 5.0%, 9.0%, or 10.0%. 
       FIG.  5    is a chart  500  indicating foundry coke product yield in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in the chart  500 , the foundry yield for different batches of coke products produced can vary. As shown by the range  502 , the yield can range between approximately 40% and 60%, where this yield can be a dry yield (i.e., the dry mass fraction of foundry coke product can be 40% or 60% of the dry mass fraction of the total population of coke products). More specifically, yields can vary from approximately 57%, as illustrated by data point  553 , to 41%, as illustrated by data point  551 . In many cases, embodiments of the present technology can implement operations that satisfy a minimum yield threshold, such as operations that result in a yield that is at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, or at least 55%. While some embodiments of the present technology can implement controller optimization operations to increase a yield, some embodiments of the present technology can permit a predicted yield to be less than an expected maximum yield in order to satisfy other target coke product parameters. 
       FIG.  6    is a chart  600  indicating particle size, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in the chart  600 , the mean batch lengths in inches for different batches of coke products produced from a coal blend using operations described in this disclosure can vary. As shown by range  602 , the coke product mean length can range between approximately 5.5 inches, as illustrated by point  651 , to approximately 7.5 inches, as illustrated by point  653 . 
       FIG.  7    is a chart  700  indicating 4-inch drop shatter properties, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in the chart  700 , the 4-inch drop shatter survival rates for different batches of coke products can range between approximately 80%, as illustrated by point  751 , to approximately 95%, as illustrated by point  653 . In many cases, embodiments of the present technology can implement operations that satisfy a minimum 4-inch drop shatter survival rate threshold, such as operations that result in a 4-inch drop shatter survival rate of at least 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. In many cases, a greater drop shatter survival rate is useful for downstream foundry operations because more coke products survive transportation and downstream processing. 
       FIG.  8    is a chart  800  indicating 6-inch drop shatter properties, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in the chart  800 , the 6-inch drop shatter survival rates for different batches of coke products can range between approximately 30%, as illustrated by point  851 , to approximately 80%, as illustrated by point  853 . Embodiments of the present technology can implement operations that satisfy a minimum 6-inch drop shatter survival rate threshold, such as at least 60%, 70%, or 80%. 
       FIG.  9    is a chart  900  indicating an ash mass fraction, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in the chart  900 , the ash mass fractions for different batches of coke products can range between approximately 7%, as illustrated by point  951 , to approximately 10%, as illustrated by point  953 . In some embodiments, an ash content of a coke product can be less than an ash mass fraction threshold of 10.0%, 9.0%, 8.5%, 8.0%, or 7.5%. Additionally or alternatively, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product having an ash mass fraction threshold that satisfies an ash mass fraction threshold that is less than 10.0%, 9.0%, 8.5%, 8.0%, 7.5%, or 7.0%. Some embodiments can include ash within a range, such as between 6-12%, 7-11%, 7-10%, or 8-10%. 
       FIG.  10    is a chart  1000  indicating a moisture mass fraction, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in the chart  1000 , the coke product moisture mass fractions for different batches of coke products can range between approximately 0%, as illustrated by point  1051 , to approximately 15%, as illustrated by point  1053 . In some embodiments, the moisture mass fraction can be no more than 5.0%, 4.0%, 3.0%, 2.0%, 1.0%, or 0.1%. 
       FIG.  11    is a chart  1100  indicating a sulfur mass fraction, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. As shown in the chart  1100 , the sulfur mass fractions for different batches of coke products can range between approximately 0.60%, as illustrated by point  1151 , to approximately 0.75%, as illustrated by point  1153 . In some embodiments, the sulfur mass fraction can be less than 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.65%, 0.5%, or 0.4%. 
       FIG.  12    is a chart  1200  depicting SiO 2  mass fractions and Al 2 O 3  mass fractions in the ash of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. In some embodiments, a coke product can be characterized based on their mass fractions of SiO 2  and Al 2 O 3  or ratios of these mass fractions. As shown in the chart  1200 , different samples of coke ash can indicate different mass fractions or mass fraction ratios of SiO 2  and Al 2 O 3 . For example, point  1250  indicates a sample having an SiO 2  mass fraction of approximately 48.0% and an Al 2 O 3  mass fraction of approximately 24.3%, which suggests that some ash of coke products can have a ratio of approximately 2:1 for a mass fraction ratio of SiO 2  to Al 2 O 3 . As indicated by the range  1201 , the SiO 2  mass fractions of different samples can range between 48.0% and 51.0%. Furthermore, as indicated by the range  1202 , the Al 2 O 3  mass fractions of different samples can range between approximately 24.3% and 28.4% in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the coke products have a low amount of Al 2 O 3  and SiO 2 , such that the ash of the coke products have a combined Al 2 O 3  mass fraction and SiO 2  mass fraction no more than 65%. By reducing the amount of Al and Si in a coke product, embodiments of the present technology can increase the efficiency of foundry operations by reducing their interference with carbon dissolution during foundry operations. 
     Some embodiments can produce a coke product or a coal blend used to produce the coal blend that satisfy other thresholds for Al 2 O 3  or SiO 2 . For example, some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product such that an Al 2 O 3  mass fraction of the ash of the coke product, or an ash of a coal blend used to create the coke product, is less than or approximately 30%, 25%, or 20%. Additionally or alternatively, embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product wherein an SiO 2  mass fraction of the ash of the coke product is no more than approximately 50%, 45%, 40%, or 35%. Additionally or alternatively, embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product wherein a sum of a SiO 2  mass fraction and Al 2 O 3  mass fraction of an ash of the coke product is no more than approximately 80%, 75%, 70%, or 65%. 
       FIG.  13    is a chart  1300  depicting Fe 2 O 3  mass fractions and CaO mass fractions in the ash of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. In some embodiments, a coke product can be characterized based on their mass fractions of Fe 2 O 3  and CaO or ratios of these mass fractions. As shown in the chart  1300 , different data points representing coke ash samples can indicate different mass fractions and mass fraction ratios of Fe 2 O 3  and CaO. For example, the point  1351  indicates a sample having an Fe 2 O 3  mass fraction of approximately 12.1% and an CaO mass fraction of approximately 2.4%. Furthermore, the point  1352  indicates a sample having an Fe 2 O 3  mass fraction of approximately 15.0% and an CaO mass fraction of approximately 2.8%. Furthermore, the point  1352  indicates a sample having an Fe 2 O 3  mass fraction of approximately 12.0% and an CaO mass fraction of approximately 4.5%. Collectively, the points  1351  indicate that the mass fraction ratios of Fe 2 O 3  and CaO for some samples can range between being approximately 5:1 to approximately 5:2 in some embodiments. Furthermore, as indicated by the range  1301 , the Fe 2 O 3  mass fractions of different samples can range between 11.0% and 15.0% in some embodiments. Furthermore, as indicated by the range  1302 , the Fe 2 O 3  mass fractions of CaO can range between 2.5% and 4.5% in some embodiments. In some embodiments, coke products have a CaO mass fraction of at least 10.0%, 9.0%, 8.0%, 7.0%, 6.0%, 5.0%, 4.0%, 3.0%, 2.0%, or 1.0%. 
       FIG.  14    is a chart  1400  depicting Ash Softening Temperatures and Model Ash Fusion Temperatures of different batches of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. In some embodiments, a coke product can be characterized based on their ash ST values, model ash fusion temperature values, or ratios of these two values. As shown in the chart  1400 , different samples of coke ash can have different ST and model ash fusion temperature values. For example, the point  1451  indicates a sample having an ash ST value equal to approximately 2300° F. and a model ash fusion temperature value equal to approximately 2460° F. Furthermore, the point  1452  indicates a sample having an ash ST value equal to approximately 2550° F. and a model ash fusion temperature value equal to approximately 2580° F. Furthermore, as indicated by a range  1401 , the ash ST value of different samples can range between 2300° F. and 2600° F. in some embodiments. Furthermore, as indicated by a range  1402 , the model ash fusion temperature values of some samples can range between 2450° F. and 2600° F. in some embodiments. 
       FIG.  15    is a chart  1500  depicting Ash Softening Temperatures and Ash Mass Fractions of different batches of foundry coke products, in accordance with embodiments of the present technology. In some embodiments, coke products can be characterized based on their ash mass fractions or observed ash ST values. As shown in the chart  1500 , different samples of coke ash can indicate different ash mass fractions and observed STs for the different ash samples. For example, the point  1551  indicates a sample having an ST value equal to approximately 2350° F. and an ash mass fraction of approximately 7.8%. Furthermore, the point  1552  indicates a sample having an ST value equal to approximately 2560° F. and an ash mass fraction of approximately 8.1%. Furthermore, the point  2153  indicates a sample having an ST value equal to approximately 2500° F. and an ash mass fraction of approximately 8.8%. Some embodiments can produce coke products having lower ash content and lower ash fusion temperature than coke products using conventional coal blends or conventional operations. By reducing the ash of a coke product available to build up at a coke surface, some embodiments of the present technology can thus improve a carbon dissolution rate during a foundry operation. Similarly, by reducing an ash fusion temperature of a coke product, some embodiments of the present technology can improve an ash dissolution rate by reducing the temperature required to ash from a coke surface during a foundry operation. 
     In some embodiments, as indicated by the range  1501 , the ash content values of different samples can range between 2300° F. and 2560° F. Furthermore, as indicated by the range  1502 , the ash content can range between approximately 7.8% to 8.8%. As shown in the chart  1500 , some embodiments of the present technology can produce a coke product having an ash mass fraction that is less than 10.0%, less than 9.0%, or less than another maximum ash mass fraction threshold. Furthermore, some embodiments of the present technology can perform operations to maintain a minimum amount of ash product. For example, some embodiments of the present technology can implement coke oven operations to produce coke products having at least 1.0% ash, 5.0% ash, 7.0% ash, etc. 
       FIG.  16    is a chart  1600  depicting Observed Ash Fusion Temperatures vs. Model Ash Fusion Temperatures of different batches of foundry coke products, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present technology. The chart  1600  includes a first range  1601 , which indicates the range of observed ash fusion temperature values that range from approximately 1990-2800° F. The chart  1600  includes a second range, which indicates the range of model ash fusion temperature values that range between 1900-2750° F. As shown by the chart  1600 , coke products can show an approximate direct correlation between model ash fusion temperature values and observed ash fusion temperature values. 
     IV. Conclusion 
     It will be apparent to those having skill in the art that changes may be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles of the present technology. In some cases, well known structures and functions have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description of the embodiments of the present technology. Although steps of methods may be presented herein in a particular order, alternative embodiments may perform the steps in a different order. Similarly, certain aspects of the present technology disclosed in the context of particular embodiments can be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the present technology may have been disclosed in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments can also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages or other advantages disclosed herein to fall within the scope of the technology. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein, and the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 
     Throughout this disclosure, the singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “comprising,” “including,” and “having” should be interpreted to mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greater number of the same feature and/or additional types of other features are not precluded. 
     Reference herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “some embodiments” or similar formulations means that a particular feature, structure, operation, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, the appearances of such phrases or formulations herein are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, various particular features, structures, operations, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. 
     Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing concentrations and other numerical values used in the specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present technology. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Additionally, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “1 to 10” includes any and all subranges between (and including) the minimum value of 1 and the maximum value of 10, i.e., any and all subranges having a minimum value of equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10, e.g., 5.5 to 10. 
     The disclosure set forth above is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that any claim requires more features than those expressly recited in that claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in a combination of fewer than all features of any single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the claims following this Detailed Description are hereby expressly incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. This disclosure includes all permutations of the independent claims with their dependent claims. 
     The present technology is illustrated, for example, according to various aspects described below as numbered clauses or embodiments (1, 2, 3, etc.) for convenience. These are provided as examples and do not limit the present technology. It is noted that any of the dependent clauses can be combined in any combination, and placed into a respective independent clause. 
     1. A method for melting iron in a cupola furnace, the method comprising:
         receiving a population of coke products and iron in a cupola furnace, wherein the coke products comprise (i) an elongate shape including a length:width dimension of at least 1.5:1, (ii) an ash fusion temperature of no more than 2450° F., and/or (iii) a coke reactivity index (CRI) of at least 30%; and   melting the iron in the cupola furnace to form molten iron having a carbon content higher than a carbon content of the received iron.       

     2. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products comprise a fixed carbon content, and wherein at least 40% of the fixed carbon content is transferred to the molten iron in the cupola. 
     3. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products comprise a fixed carbon content, the method further comprising oxidizing the coke products in a lower reactivity region of the cupola to produce carbon monoxide, wherein no more than 40% of the fixed carbon content is released via the produced carbon monoxide. 
     4. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products comprise a fixed carbon content of at least 85%, the method further comprising oxidizing the coke products in a lower reactivity region of the cupola to produce carbon monoxide, wherein no more than 50 lbs/hour of the produced carbon monoxide is released from an upper area of the cupola. 
     5. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein melting the iron comprises melting the iron at a melting rate of at least 22 tons/hour and such that a metal tap temperature of the molten iron is at least 2680° F. 
     6. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the cupola comprises an upper drying region, and a lower reaction region downstream of the upper drying region, and wherein the coke products comprise a composition configured to inhibit Boudouard reactions of the coke products within the upper drying region and/or promote oxidation reactions of the coke products within the lower reactivity region. 
     7. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the cupola comprises an upper drying region, and a lower reaction region downstream of the upper drying region, and wherein the method further comprises (i) drying the coke products in the upper drying region, (ii) oxidizing the coke products in the lower reactivity region to produce carbon monoxide, and (iii) combusting the coke products in the lower reactivity region to produce carbon dioxide. 
     8. The method of clause 7, wherein drying the coke products comprises shrinking a core of individual coke products and forming a diffusion layer comprising ash or iron, wherein the diffusion layer is radially outward of the core and, in operation, inhibits Boudouard reactions within the cupola at the upper drying region. 
     9. The method of clause 7, wherein oxidizing the coke products comprises shrinking a core of individual coke products and forming (i) a first diffusion layer comprising ash that is radially outward of the core and (ii) a second diffusion layer comprising iron that is radially outward of the core and/or first diffusion layer, wherein, in operation, the first diffusion layer and/or the second diffusion layer inhibits Boudouard reactions within the cupola at the upper drying region. 
     10. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the ash fusion temperature is no more than 2200° F. 
     11. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the CRI of the coke products is between 35-45%. 
     12. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the length:width ratio of at least some of the individual coke products is at least 2:1. 
     13. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein at least some of the individual coke products have a length of at least 8 inches and a width of at least 4 inches. 
     14. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products have an ash content of 6.0-12.0%. 
     15. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products have a fixed carbon content of at least 90.0%. 
     16. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products have a sulfur content of no more than 0.7 wt %. 
     17. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products have a 2-inch drop shatter of at least 90.0% and/or a 4-inch drop shatter of at least 78%. 
     18. A system for melting iron, the system comprising:
         a cupola furnace including a refractory-lined elongate furnace body configured to support coke and iron, and a wind box configured to provide a source of oxygen to the furnace body, wherein the furnace body includes (i) an inlet opening configured to receive the coke and iron, (ii) an outlet configured to provide molten iron; a drying region, and (iii) a reaction region downstream of the drying region, wherein, in operation, the cupola furnace is configured to melt the iron to form, at the outlet of the furnace body, the molten iron having a carbon content higher than a carbon content of the received iron; and   a population of coke products disposed within the furnace body at the drying region and the reaction region, wherein individual coke products comprise (i) an elongate shape including a length:width dimension of at least 1.5:1, (ii) an ash fusion temperature no more than 2400° F., and (iii) a coke reactivity index (CRI) of at least 30%.       

     19. The system of any one of the clauses herein, wherein, in operation, the cupola (i) dries the coke products in the drying region, (ii) oxidizes the coke products in the reactivity region to produce carbon monoxide, and (iii) combusts the coke products in the reactivity region to produce carbon dioxide. 
     20. The system of clause 19, wherein oxidizing the coke products comprises shrinking a core of individual coke products and forming a diffusion layer comprising ash or iron, and wherein the diffusion layer is radially outward of the core and, in operation, inhibits Boudouard reactions within the cupola at the upper drying region. 
     21. The method of clause 19, wherein oxidizing the coke products comprises shrinking a core of individual coke products and forming (i) a first diffusion layer comprising ash that is radially outward of the core and (ii) a second diffusion layer comprising iron that is radially outward of the core and first diffusion layer, wherein, in operation, the first diffusion layer and the second diffusion layer inhibits Boudouard reactions within the cupola at the upper drying region. 
     22. The system of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the ash fusion temperature is no more than 2200° F. 
     23. The system of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the CRI of the coke products is between 35-45%. 
     24. The system of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the length:width ratio of at least some of the individual coke products is at least 2:1. 
     25. The system of any one of the clauses herein, wherein at least some of the individual coke products have a length of 8 inches and a width of 4 inches. 
     26. The system of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products have an ash content of 7.0-9.0%. 
     27. The method of any one of the clauses herein, wherein the coke products have a 2-inch drop shatter of at least 90.0% and/or a 4-inch drop shatter of at least 78%.