Patent Publication Number: US-2023152318-A1

Title: Compositions, kits, and methods for anti-microbial serology assays using anti-human immunoglobulin antibody

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS/INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE STATEMENT 
     This application claims benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 63/015,239, filed Apr. 24, 2020. The entire contents of the above-referenced patent application(s) are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The field of medical diagnostics utilizes many different forms of assay technologies. When a patient is suspected of being infected with a microorganism (such as, but not limited to, a bacteria or virus), an assay may be performed on a biological sample from the patient to detect antibodies directed to the microorganism that are being produced by the patient&#39;s immune system. 
     When detection of anti-viral or anti-bacterial antigen antibodies (such as, but not limited to, IgG, IgM, and/or IgA) in patient serum and plasma is desired, bridging serology assays have been employed, in which an immobilized viral/bacterial antigen and a labeled viral/bacterial antigen are often used to formulate the assay reagents. In another example, latex particle agglutination assays utilize viral/bacterial antigen-coated latex particles as a single reagent that aggregate in the presence of anti-viral/bacterial antigen antibodies in patient samples. 
     However, due to the uncertainty associated with antibody excess (i.e., the hook effect), the need for early detection of viral/bacterial infection, and low anti-viral/bacterial antibody titer in some patient samples, there is a need to reduce the amount of sample required for testing while also enhancing the signal generated by the assay. 
     Thus, there is a need in the art for new and improved assays for antibodies against microbial antigens that overcome the disadvantages and defects of the prior art. It is to such new and improved reagents, kits, microfluidics devices, and methods for detecting antibodies to microbial antigens that the present disclosure is directed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    schematically depicts a SARS-CoV-2 Total (COV2T) assay (Siemens Healthineers, Tarrytown, N.Y.) that utilizes the LOCI® assay format. 
         FIG.  2    schematically depicts a serology assay format constructed in accordance with the present disclosure that includes the COV2T LOCI® assay format of  FIG.  1    in combination with anti-human immunoglobulin antibody. 
         FIG.  3    schematically depicts an anti-viral antibody PETINIA particle agglutination serology assay format. 
         FIG.  4    schematically depicts an anti-viral antibody PETINIA particle agglutination serology assay format constructed in accordance with the present disclosure and that is enhanced by the inclusion of anti-human immunoglobulin antibody. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Before explaining at least one embodiment of the present disclosure in detail by way of exemplary language and results, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. As such, the language used herein is intended to be given the broadest possible scope and meaning; and the embodiments are meant to be exemplary—not exhaustive. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
     Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. The foregoing techniques and procedures are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification. The nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques are used for chemical syntheses and chemical analyses. 
     All patents, published patent applications, and non-patent publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which the present disclosure pertains. All patents, published patent applications, and non-patent publications referenced in any portion of this application are herein expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual patent or publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     All of the compositions, kits, devices, and/or methods disclosed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions, kits, devices, and/or methods have been described in terms of particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions, kits, devices, and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the present disclosure. All such similar substitutions and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. 
     As utilized in accordance with the present disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings: 
     The use of the term “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” As such, the terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a compound” may refer to one or more compounds, two or more compounds, three or more compounds, four or more compounds, or greater numbers of compounds. The term “plurality” refers to “two or more.” 
     The use of the term “at least one” will be understood to include one as well as any quantity more than one, including but not limited to, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, etc. The term “at least one” may extend up to 100 or 1000 or more, depending on the term to which it is attached; in addition, the quantities of 100/1000 are not to be considered limiting, as higher limits may also produce satisfactory results. In addition, the use of the term “at least one of X, Y, and Z” will be understood to include X alone, Y alone, and Z alone, as well as any combination of X, Y, and Z. The use of ordinal number terminology (i.e., “first,” “second,” “third,” “fourth,” etc.) is solely for the purpose of differentiating between two or more items and is not meant to imply any sequence or order or importance to one item over another or any order of addition, for example. 
     The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean an inclusive “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or unless the alternatives are mutually exclusive. For example, a condition “A or B” is satisfied by any of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
     As used herein, any reference to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “some embodiments,” “one example,” “for example,” or “an example” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearance of the phrase “in some embodiments” or “one example” in various places in the specification is not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, for example. Further, all references to one or more embodiments or examples are to be construed as non-limiting to the claims. 
     Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for a composition/apparatus/device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. For example, but not by way of limitation, when the term “about” is utilized, the designated value may vary by plus or minus twenty percent, or fifteen percent, or twelve percent, or eleven percent, or ten percent, or nine percent, or eight percent, or seven percent, or six percent, or five percent, or four percent, or three percent, or two percent, or one percent from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods and as understood by persons having ordinary skill in the art. 
     As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”), or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. 
     The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof” is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, AAB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance completely occurs or that the subsequently described event or circumstance occurs to a great extent or degree. For example, when associated with a particular event or circumstance, the term “substantially” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance occurs at least 80% of the time, or at least 85% of the time, or at least 90% of the time, or at least 95% of the time. The term “substantially adjacent” may mean that two items are 100% adjacent to one another, or that the two items are within close proximity to one another but not 100% adjacent to one another, or that a portion of one of the two items is not 100% adjacent to the other item but is within close proximity to the other item. 
     As used herein, the phrases “associated with” and “coupled to” include both direct association/binding of two moieties to one another as well as indirect association/binding of two moieties to one another. Non-limiting examples of associations/couplings include covalent binding of one moiety to another moiety either by a direct bond or through a spacer group, non-covalent binding of one moiety to another moiety either directly or by means of specific binding pair members bound to the moieties, incorporation of one moiety into another moiety such as by dissolving one moiety in another moiety or by synthesis, and coating one moiety on another moiety, for example. 
     The terms “analog” and “derivative” are used herein interchangeably and refer to a substance which comprises the same basic carbon skeleton and carbon functionality in its structure as a given compound, but can also contain one or more substitutions thereto. The term “substitution” as used herein will be understood to refer to the replacement of at least one substituent on a compound with a residue R. In certain non-limiting embodiments, R may include H, hydroxyl, thiol, a halide selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide, a Cl-C4 compound selected one of the following: linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, optionally substituted, and linear branched or cyclic alkenyl, wherein the optional substituents are selected from one or more alkenylalkyl, alkynylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclealkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkenylalkyl, arylcycloalkyl, and arylheterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted wherein the optional substituents are selected from one or more of alkenylalkyl, alkynylalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocyclealkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkenylalkyl, arylcycloalkyl, and arylheterocycloalkyl, phenyl, cyano, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cyano, alkoxy, alkylthio, amino, —NH (alkyl), —NH(cycloalkyl) 2 , carboxy, and —C(O))-alkyl. 
     The term “sample” as used herein will be understood to include any type of biological sample that may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. Examples of fluidic biological samples that may be utilized include, but are not limited to, whole blood or any portion thereof (i.e., plasma or serum), urine, saliva, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skin, intestinal fluid, intraperitoneal fluid, cystic fluid, sweat, interstitial fluid, extracellular fluid, tears, mucus, bladder wash, semen, fecal, pleural fluid, nasopharyngeal fluid, combinations thereof, and the like. 
     The term “antibody” is used herein in the broadest sense and refers to, for example, intact monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies, multi-specific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), as well as antibody fragments and conjugates thereof that exhibit the desired biological activity of analyte binding (such as, but not limited to, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, scFv, Fd, diabodies, single-chain antibodies, and other antibody fragments and conjugates thereof that retain at least a portion of the variable region of an intact antibody), antibody substitute proteins or peptides (i.e., engineered binding proteins/peptides), and combinations or derivatives thereof. The antibody can be of any type or class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA) or sub-class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2). 
     The term “LOCI®” as used herein refers to a commercially used assay technique based on Luminescent Oxygen Channeling Assay (LOCI®) technology. The LOCI® advanced chemiluminescence assay is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,716 (Ullman et al.), the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. The currently available LOCI® technology has high sensitivity and uses several reagents. In particular, the LOCI® assay requires that two of these reagents (referred to as a “sensibead” and a “chemibead”) be held by other specific binding partner assay reagents in a manner whereby the sensibead and chemibead are in close proximity to one another to achieve a signal. Upon exposure to light at a certain wavelength, the sensibead releases singlet oxygen, and if the two beads are in close proximity, the singlet oxygen is transferred to the chemibead; this causes a chemical reaction that results in the chemibead giving off light that can be measured at a different wavelength. 
     Turning now to certain non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure, reagents, kits, and microfluidics devices are disclosed that can be utilized in serology assays for the detection of antibodies to microorganisms present in human biological samples. Anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies are added to the reagent(s) of these assays, which include at least one antigen to the microorganism; these anti-human Ig antibodies bind to the anti-microbial antibodies to be detected and function to increase cross-linking and aggregation in bridging serology assays as well as to enhance agglutination in particle agglutination assays. The use of these anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies enhances the signals generated by these various types of assays while reducing the amount of sample required for each assay. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a kit for a serology assay for the detection of the presence and/or concentration of antibodies to a microorganism in a human biological sample. The kit includes at least two components: a composition comprising a label and at least one antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto; and at least one anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody. The anti-human immunoglobulin antibody binds to anti-microorganism antibodies present in the human biological sample to form a complex. The formation of these complexes increases the antibody prongs capable of binding to the antigen of the microorganism of the detectable composition. That is, each anti-human Ig antibody can bind two human anti-microorganism antibodies at the Fc fragment thereof; these two human anti-microorganism antibodies present in the complex, which are each two pronged when not complexed, become four or multi-prong antibodies upon complexation with the anti-human Ig antibodies. As such, these complexes more efficiently cross link microorganism antigens in antigen bridging serology assays. 
     Non-limiting examples of samples that may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure (and thus upon which the formulation of a matrix may be based, in certain non-limiting embodiments) include biological samples such as, but not limited to, whole blood or any portion thereof (i.e., plasma or serum), urine, saliva, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skin, intestinal fluid, intraperitoneal fluid, cystic fluid, sweat, interstitial fluid, extracellular fluid, tears, mucus, bladder wash, semen, fecal, pleural fluid, nasopharyngeal fluid, and combinations thereof. 
     The serology assay with which the reagents and kits of the present disclosure are utilized may detect human antibodies to an antigen of any microorganism for which detection is desired. For example (but not by way of limitation), the microorganism to be detected may be a bacterium, a virus, a protozoan, a fungus, or the like. 
     Non-limiting examples of bacteria that can be detected in accordance with the present disclosure include  Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Aeromonas, Aggregatibacter, Atopobium, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bartonella, Bifidobacterium, Borellia, Brucella, Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Coxiella, Eikenella, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Eubacterium, Francisella, Fusobacterium, Gardnerella, Haemophilis, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Listeria, Mobiluncus, Moraxella, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria, Parviomonas, Pasteurella, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Tannerella, Treponema, Vibrio , and  Yersinia  species, and the like. 
     Non-limiting examples of viruses that can be detected in accordance with the present disclosure include adenoviruses, astroviruses, coronaviruses (such as, but not limited to, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)), Coxsackie viruses, cytomegaloviruses (CMV), echoviruses, encephalitis viruses, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr viruses (EBV), erythroviruses, hantaviruses, hepatitis viruses, herpes viruses, human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), influenza viruses, noroviruses, papilloma viruses, parainfluenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, polio viruses, rabies viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), rhinoviruses, rotoviruses, rubella viruses, rubeola viruses, Varicella-Zoster viruses, West Nile viruses, and Zika viruses, and the like. 
     Non-limiting examples of protozoans that can be detected in accordance with the present disclosure include  Ascaris, Babesia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Entamoeba, Enterobius, Giardia, Hymenolepis, Necator, Plasmodium, Strongyloides, Taenia, Toxoplasma , and  Trichomonas  species, and the like. 
     Non-limiting examples of fungi that can be detected in accordance with the present disclosure include yeasts, molds, and the like, including (but not limited to)  Candida, Cryptococcus, Epidermophyton, Malassezia, Microsporum , and  Trichophyton  species, and the like. 
     In a particular (but non-limiting) embodiment, the microorganism detected by the serology assay is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), HIV, Hepatitis B Core Total, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Virus (HSV), CMV, Rubella,  H. pylori , or  Toxoplasma gondii.    
     The antigen may be any antigen from the microorganism to be detected. Antigens that are useful in detection of each of the microorganisms listed above are well known in the art and widely available. In addition, the selection of antigens that may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure is well within the purview of a person having ordinary skill in the art. Thus, no further disclosure thereof is deemed necessary. 
     In particular (but non-limiting) embodiments, the microorganism is SARS-CoV-2, and the antigen is any SARS-CoV-2 antigen known in the art or otherwise contemplated herein. For example (but not by way of limitation), the antigen may be from the nucleocapsid (N) protein, the spike (S) protein, the membrane (M) protein, the envelope (E) protein, the fusion (F) protein, and the like. In particular (but non-limiting) embodiments, the antigen may be from the nucleocapsid protein or the spike protein. 
     In one particular (but non-limiting) embodiment, the antigen is the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The RBD S1 antigen can be obtained from any source known in the art. For example (but not by way of limitation), this particular antigen is commercially available from GenScript (Piscataway, N.J.); Meridian Life Sciences, Inc. (Memphis, Tenn.); Sino Biological US Inc. (Wayne, Pa.); ACRO Biosystems (Newark, Del.); Biorbyt, LLC (St. Louis, Mo.); Icosagen, AS (San Francisco, Calif.); and Bios Pacific Inc. (Emeryville, Calif.). 
     The anti-human Ig antibodies may specifically bind to any portion of any human immunoglobulin molecules known in the art or otherwise contemplated herein. For example (but not by way of limitation), the antibodies may be directed to human IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and/or IgA, and/or any portion thereof (such as, but not limited to, anti-human gamma chain, anti-human H+L, anti-human light chain, and the like). Anti-human Ig antibodies (including, but not limited to, anti-human IgG, anti-human IgM, and/or anti-human IgA antibodies, as well as antibodies that recognize two or more human immunoglobulin antibodies) are well known in the art, are widely commercially available, and have been vastly studied. For example (but not by way of limitation), a few commercial sources of anti-human IgG monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies include Rockland Immunochemicals, Inc. (Pottstown, Pa.); USBiological Life Sciences (Swampscott, Mass.); Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, Tex.); Jackson Immuno Research Labs, Inc. (West Grove, Pa.); Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, Mass.); and Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, Mo.). However, this list is not inclusive, and there are many additional commercial sources of anti-human Ig antibodies that can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. Thus, a person having ordinary skill in the art will clearly and unambiguously be able to identify and select a variety of anti-human Ig antibodies that can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure, and as such, no further description of the anti-human Ig antibodies or the characteristics thereof is deemed necessary. 
     The composition comprising a label and at least one antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto may possess any physical and/or structural characteristics that allow for detection of the binding thereto of antibodies to the microorganism. For example (but not by way of limitation), the composition may assume the form of a particle, a bead, a surface or substrate, and the like. Compositions that may be utilized in serology assays are well known in the art and available commercially. Likewise, labels that may be utilized in such compositions are well known in the art and available commercially. Further, the selection of particular compositions and labels for a particular serology assay format is well within the purview of a person of ordinary skill in the art. As such, no further description thereof is deemed necessary. However, solely for the purposes of example, a few different serology assay formats and the particular compositions utilized therewith are provided herein below. 
     The kits of the present disclosure may be designed for use with any serology assay format known in the art or otherwise described herein. For example, but not by way of limitation, the kits may be designed for use in a homogeneous particle labeled serology assay, which utilizes viral/bacterial antigen-coated particles as a single reagent that aggregates in the presence of anti-viral/bacterial antigen antibodies in patient samples. In this type of assay format, the anti-human Ig antibodies of the kit bind to the anti-microbial antibodies to be detected and function to enhance agglutination in the particle agglutination assay and thus enhance the signal generated by the assay while reducing the amount of sample required. One non-limiting example of such a serology assay format is a particle enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (“PETINIA”). Non-limiting examples of PETINIA assay formats are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,186,518; 5,147,529; 5,128,103; 5,158,871; 4,661,408; 5,151,348; 5,302,532; 5,422,284; 5,447,870; and 5,434,051; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. 
     Another non-limiting example of a serology assay format that may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure is a bridging assay. The structure of this type of assay involves the use of two components that both bind to an analyte to be detected and thus form a bridge that can be detected. Kits of the present disclosure that are designed for use in this type of assay format include: a first composition as described herein above (i.e., a composition comprising a label and at least one antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto), the at least one anti-human immunoglobulin antibody as described herein above, and a second composition that also has at least one antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto (wherein the antigens of the two compositions may be the same or different). In this manner, a complex is formed when the microbial antibody binds to the first and second antigens of the first and second compositions, respectively, whereby the microbial antibody “bridges” the first and second compositions in forming the complex. 
     The second antigen-containing composition utilized in a bridging assay format is typically designed for isolation and/or detection of the complex formed by the bridging of the microbial antibody binding to the first and second antigens of the first and second compositions. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the second composition comprises an immobilized surface to which the at least one antigen is directly or indirectly bound; as such, the second composition provides an immobilized surface on which the complex can be formed and thus isolated from the remainder of the sample and the non-bound components of the assay. However, the use of an immobilized surface as part of the second composition is for purposes of illustration only; the second composition can possess any physical and/or structural characteristics that allow for isolation and/or detection of the complex formed between an antimicrobial antibody and the first and second compositions. For example (but not by way of limitation), the second composition can also assume the form of a particle, a bead, an immobilized or non-immobilized surface or substrate, and the like. 
     In another particular (but non-limiting) embodiment of a bridging assay format, the kits may further include one or more reagents for a chemiluminescent detection system, such as (but not limited to) a Luminescence Oxygen Channeling Assay (LOCI®) format. In this particular (but non-limiting) example, the kit includes a composition comprising a singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound (such as (but not limited to) a chemibead) and a composition comprising a sensitizer (such as (but not limited to) a sensibead), each having a microorganism antigen directly or indirectly bound thereto. In an alternative embodiment, the kit contains reagents for directly or indirectly attaching the composition(s) to a microorganism antigen, either prior to or during the assay. 
     In a particular (but non-limiting) embodiment, the first composition of the kit is further defined as comprising a singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound having a first antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto. In addition to the at least one anti-human immunoglobulin antibody, the kit further contains a second composition that comprises a sensitizer capable of generating singlet oxygen in its excited state and a second antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound to the sensitizer. 
     When the kit contains a second composition that comprises a sensitizer and a second antigen of the microorganism, the second composition may not be disposed in the kit with the second antigen of the microorganism already bound to the sensitizer. That is, rather than containing a single second composition that contains both sensitizer and second antigen, the kit may instead include two reagents: (i) a composition comprising a sensitizer capable of generating singlet oxygen in its excited state and having a biotin-specific binding partner directly or indirectly bound thereto; and (ii) a second antigen of the microorganism, wherein the second antigen is biotinylated. 
     A chemiluminescent compound (chemiluminescer) is a compound that is chemically activatable and, as a result of such activation, emits light at a certain wavelength. Examples of chemiluminescers, by way of illustration and not limitation, include: olefins capable of reacting with singlet oxygen or a peroxide to form hydroperoxides or dioxetanes, which can decompose to ketones or carboxylic acid derivatives; stable dioxetanes which can decompose by the action of light; acetylenes which can react with singlet oxygen to form diketones; hydrazones or hydrazides that can form azo compounds or azo carbonyls such as (but not limited to) luminol; and aromatic compounds that can form endoperoxides, for example. As a consequence of the activation reaction, the chemiluminescers directly or indirectly cause the emission of light. 
     In certain embodiments, the singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound may be a substance that undergoes a chemical reaction with singlet oxygen to form a metastabile intermediate species that can decompose with the simultaneous or subsequent emission of light. The composition comprising the chemiluminescent compound may be directly excited by the activated chemiluminescent compound; alternatively, the composition may further comprise at least one fluorescent molecule that is excited by the activated chemiluminescent compound. 
     A sensitizer is a molecule, usually a compound, that generates a reactive intermediate such as, for example, singlet oxygen, for activation of a chemiluminescent compound. In some non-limiting embodiments, the sensitizer is a photosensitizer. Other sensitizers that can be chemi-activated (by, e.g., enzymes and metal salts) include, by way of example and not limitation, other substances and compositions that can produce singlet oxygen with or without activation by an external light source. For example, certain compounds have been shown to catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to singlet oxygen and water. Non-limiting examples of other sensitizer substances and compositions include: oxides of the alkaline earth metals Ca, Sr, and Ba; derivatives of elements of groups 3A, 4A, SA, and 6A in d 0  configuration; oxides of actinides and lanthanides; and oxidizers ClO − , BrO − , Au 3+ , IO 3   − , and IO 4   − ; and in particular, molybdate, peroxomolybdate, tungstate, and peroxotungstate ions, and acetonitrile. The following references, which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety, provide further disclosure regarding sensitizer substances and compositions that also fall within the scope of the present disclosure: Aubry,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  107:5844-5849 (1985); Aubry,  J. Org. Chem.,  54:726-728 (1989); Böhme and Brauer,  Inorg. Chem.,  31:3468-3471 (1992); Niu and Foote, Inorg. Chem., 31:3472-3476 (1992); Nardello et al., Inorg. Chem., 34:4950-4957 (1995); Aubry and Bouttemy,  J. Am. Chem. Soc.,  119:5286-5294 (1997); and Almeida et al.,  Anal. Chim. Acta,  482:99-104 (2003); the entire contents of each of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     Also included within the scope of photosensitizers are compounds that are not true sensitizers but which on excitation by heat, light, ionizing radiation, or chemical activation will release a molecule of singlet oxygen. Members of this class of compounds include, for example (but not by way of limitation), the endoperoxides such as 1,4-biscarboxyethyl-1,4-naphthalene endoperoxide; 9,10-diphenylanthracene-9,10-endoperoxide; and 5,6,11,12-tetraphenyl naphthalene 5,12-endoperoxide. Heating or direct absorption of light by these compounds releases singlet oxygen. 
     A photosensitizer is a sensitizer for activation of a photoactive compound, for example, by generation of singlet oxygen by excitation with light. The photosensitizers are photoactivatable and include, e.g., dyes and aromatic compounds, and are usually compounds comprised of covalently bonded atoms, usually with multiple conjugated double or triple bonds. The compounds should absorb light in the wavelength range of from about 200 nm to about 1,100 nm, such as (but not limited to) a range of from about 300 nm to about 1,000 nm or a range of from about 450 nm to 950 nm, with an extinction coefficient at its absorbance maximum greater than 500 M −1  cm −1 , or greater than 5,000 M −1  cm −1 , or greater than 50,000 M −1  cm −1 , at the excitation wavelength. Photosensitizers should be relatively photostable and may not react efficiently with singlet oxygen. Examples of photosensitizers, by way of illustration and not limitation, include: acetone; benzophenone; 9-thioxanthone; eosin; 9,10-dibromoanthracene; methylene blue; metallo-porphyrins such as (but not limited to) hematoporphyrin; phthalocyanines; chlorophylls; rose bengal; and buckminsterfullerene; as well as derivatives of these compounds. 
     Particular, non-limiting examples of chemiluminescent compounds and photosensitizers that may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,716 (Ullman, et al.), the entire contents of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     Any biotin-specific binding partners known in the art or otherwise contemplated herein may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the biotin-specific binding partner is an antibody against biotin. In other non-limiting embodiments, the biotin-specific binding partner is avidin or an analog thereof. 
     Any avidin analogs known in the art or otherwise contemplated herein may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure, so long as the avidin or avidin analog is: (1) capable of association with the sensitizer; (2) capable of binding to the biotinylated analyte-specific binding partner; and (3) capable of binding to biotin that may be present in a sample. Non-limiting examples of avidin analogs that can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure include those disclosed in Kang et al. ( J Drug Target  (1995) 3:159-65), the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Particular non-limiting examples of avidin analogs include avidin, streptavidin, traptavidin, neutral avidin, Neutralite avidin, Neutravidin, Lite-avidin, succinylated avidin, other forms of modified or genetically engineered) avidin, esters, salts, and/or derivatives of any of the above, and the like. 
     Any fluorescent molecules known in the art that are capable of being excited by the activated chemiluminescent compound and emitting light at a particular, detectable wavelength can be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure as the fluorescent molecules of (a) and (b) (as well as (e), if present), so long as the signals produced by each fluorescent molecule is detectable from the signals produced by the other fluorescent molecules utilized. That is, the fluorescent molecule of (a) must emit light at a wavelength that is sufficiently different from the wavelength at which the fluorescent molecule of (b) emits light so that the two signals can be distinguished from one another when detected simultaneously. In a particular (but non-limiting) example, each fluorescent molecule utilized in accordance with the present disclosure is independently selected from the group consisting of terbium, uranium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, and dysprosium. For example (but not by way of limitation), terbium emits light at a wavelength of about 545 nm, uranium emits light at a wavelength of about 612 nm, and samarium emits light at a wavelength of about 645 nm. 
     The kits of the present disclosure may be utilized for qualitative and/or quantitative measurements of anti-microbial antibodies. 
     The assay components/reagents present in the kits may be provided in any form that allows them to function in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, but not by way of limitation, each of the reagents may be provided in liquid form and disposed in bulk and/or single aliquot form within the kit. Alternatively, in a particular (but non-limiting) embodiment, one or more of the reagents may be disposed in the kit in the form of a single aliquot lyophilized reagent. The use of dried reagents in microfluidics devices is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 9,244,085 (Samproni), the entire contents of which are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     In addition to the assay components/reagents described in detail herein above, the kits may further contain other reagent(s) for conducting any of the particular assays described or otherwise contemplated herein. The nature of these additional reagent(s) will depend upon the particular assay format, and identification thereof is well within the skill of one of ordinary skill in the art; therefore, no further description thereof is deemed necessary. Also, the components/reagents present in the kits may each be in separate containers/compartments, or various components/reagents can be combined in one or more containers/compartments, depending on the cross-reactivity and stability of the components/reagents. In addition, the kit may include a microfluidics device in which the components/reagents are disposed. 
     The relative amounts of the various components/reagents in the kits can vary widely to provide for concentrations of the components/reagents that substantially optimize the reactions that need to occur during the assay methods and further to optimize substantially the sensitivity of an assay. Under appropriate circumstances, one or more of the components/reagents in the kit can be provided as a dry powder, such as a lyophilized powder, and the kit may further include excipient(s) for dissolution of the dried reagents; in this manner, a reagent solution having the appropriate concentrations for performing a method or assay in accordance with the present disclosure can be obtained from these components. Non-limiting examples of other reagents that can be included in the kits include wash solutions, calibration solutions, quality control solutions, dilution solutions, excipients, interference solutions, positive controls, negative controls, and the like. In addition, the kit can further include a set of written instructions explaining how to use the kit. A kit of this nature can be used in any of the methods described or otherwise contemplated herein. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a microfluidics device that contains any of the serology assay reagents described or otherwise contemplated herein. For example (but not by way of limitation), certain additional non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a microfluidics device that includes the components of any of the kits described herein above. 
     In particular, certain non-limiting embodiments include a microfluidics device for detecting the presence and/or concentration of antibodies to a microorganism in a biological sample via the serology assays described or otherwise contemplated herein. The microfluidics device comprises (i) an inlet channel through which the biological sample is applied; and (ii) at least a first compartment capable of being in fluidic communication with the inlet channel. The compartment(s) of (ii) contains any of the reagents described or otherwise contemplated herein, either alone or in combination with one or more other reagents described or otherwise contemplated herein (such as, but not limited to, one or more reagents for use in the serology assay). For example (but not by way of limitation), the one or more reagents include the anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies and the first and/or second compositions containing anti-microbial antigens as described herein above or otherwise contemplated herein. 
     In certain non-limiting embodiments, all of the reagents (as well as any additional elements, as described herein above) of (ii) are present in the same compartment. In alternative non-limiting embodiments, the reagents are split between two or more compartments. 
     The microfluidics device may be provided with any arrangement of compartments and distribution of the various components therebetween that allows the device to function in accordance with the present disclosure. 
     Any of the compartments of the microfluidics device may be sealed to maintain reagent(s) disposed therein in a substantially air tight environment until use thereof; for example, compartments containing lyophilized reagent(s) may be sealed to prevent any unintentional reconstitution of the reagent. The inlet channel and a compartment, as well as two compartments, may be described as being “capable of being in fluidic communication” with one another; this phrase indicates that each of the compartment(s) may still be sealed, but that the two compartments are capable of having fluid flow therebetween upon puncture of a seal formed therein or therebetween. 
     The microfluidics devices of the present disclosure may be provided with any other desired features known in the art or otherwise contemplated herein. For example, but not by way of limitation, the microfluidics devices of the present disclosure may further include a read chamber; the read chamber may be any of the compartments containing the reagents described herein above, or the read chamber may be in fluidic communication with said compartment. 
     The microfluidics device may further include one or more additional compartments containing other solutions, such as (but not limited to) wash solutions, calibration solutions, quality control solutions, dilution solutions, excipients, interference solutions, positive controls, negative controls, and the like. These additional compartment(s) may be in fluidic communication with one or more of the other compartments. For example, the microfluidics device may further include one or more compartments containing a wash solution, and these compartment(s) may be capable of being in fluidic communication with any other compartment(s) of the device. In another example, the microfluidics device may further include one or more compartments containing an excipient for dissolution of one or more dried reagents, and the compartment(s) may be capable of being in fluidic communication with any other compartment(s) of the device. In yet a further example, the microfluidics device may include one or more compartments containing a dilution solution, and the compartment(s) may be capable of being in fluidic communication with any other compartment(s) of the device. 
     Certain non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a method of detecting the presence and/or concentration of antibodies to a microorganism in a human biological sample. In one non-limiting embodiment, the method comprises the steps of: (1) combining, either simultaneously or wholly or partially sequentially, (a) the human biological sample suspected of containing antibodies to the microorganism, (b) any of the compositions comprising a label and at least one antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto disclosed or otherwise contemplated herein, and (c) at least one of any of the anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies disclosed or otherwise contemplated herein; (2) allowing the binding of (b) and (c) to antibodies to the microorganism present in (a), wherein the binding of (b) to the antibodies to the microorganism results in the formation of a complex, and wherein the binding of (c) to the antibodies to the microorganism results in the formation of aggregates of one or more complexes that contain at least two of (a); and (3) detecting the complexes/aggregates to determine the presence and/or concentration of antibodies to the microorganism present in the sample. 
     A particular (but non-limiting) embodiment of a method for detecting the presence and/or concentration of antibodies to a microorganism in a human biological sample that utilizes a chemiluminescent detection system includes the steps of: (1) combining, either simultaneously or wholly or partially sequentially, the human biological sample suspected of containing antibodies to the microorganism with: (a) a composition comprising a singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound having a first antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto; (b) a composition comprising a sensitizer capable of generating singlet oxygen in its excited state and a second antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound to the sensitizer; and (c) at least one anti-human immunoglobulin antibody; (2) allowing the binding of (a), (b), and (c) to antibodies to the microorganism present in the sample, wherein the binding of (a) and (b) to the antibodies to the microorganism results in the formation of a complex in which the sensitizer is brought into close proximity to the chemiluminescent compound, and wherein the binding of (c) to the antibodies to the microorganism results in the formation of aggregates of one or more complexes that contain at least two of (a) and/or at least two of (b); (3) activating the sensitizer to generate singlet oxygen, wherein activation of the sensitizers present in the complex causes the activation of the chemiluminescent compound present in each complex; and (4) determining the amount of chemiluminescence generated by the activated chemiluminescent compound in the complex to determine the presence and/or concentration of antibodies to the microorganism present in the sample. 
     Any anti-microorganism antibody capable of detection via the assay formats described or otherwise contemplated herein may be detected by the serology assays of the present disclosure. In a particular (but non-limiting) embodiment, the antibody is an anti-viral antigen antibody for the SARS-Covid2 virus. 
     In some non-limiting assay embodiments, signal producing system (sps) members are utilized that comprise a sensitizer such as, for example, a photosensitizer, and a chemiluminescent molecule composition, and each of which have the antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly attached thereto (or are capable of having the antigen directly or indirectly attached thereto during the assay); in these assay embodiments, activation of the sensitizer results in a product that activates the chemiluminescent composition(s), thereby generating a detectable signal that relates to the amount of bound human anti-microorganism antibody being detected. An exemplary (but non-limiting) embodiment of an assay platform on which the present disclosure can be based is the Luminescence Oxygen Channeling Assay (LOCI®; Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y.). The LOCI® assay is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,716 (Ullman et al.), the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. 
     In a particular (but non-limiting) assay embodiment, the assay is conducted by incubating the biological sample with two or more reagents of the LOCI® format. For example (but not by way of limitation), the biological sample may be incubated with a singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound (such as (but not limited to) a chemibead) and a composition comprising a sensitizer (such as (but not limited to) a sensibead), each having the antigen of the microorganism directly or indirectly bound thereto. In a particular (but non-limiting) embodiment, the biological sample is simultaneously or partially or wholly sequentially combined with: (i) a composition comprising: a singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound having directly or indirectly bound thereto a first antigen of the microorganism; (ii) a composition comprising a sensitizer capable of generating singlet oxygen in its excited state and having directly or indirectly bound thereto a second antigen of the microorganism; and (iii) at least one anti-human immunoglobulin antibody. In another particular (but non-limiting) embodiment, the biological sample is simultaneously or partially or wholly sequentially combined with: (i) a composition comprising: a singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound having directly or indirectly bound thereto a first antigen of the microorganism; (ii) a composition comprising a sensitizer capable of generating singlet oxygen in its excited state and having a biotin-specific binding partner directly or indirectly bound thereto; (iii) a second antigen of the microorganism, wherein the second antigen is biotinylated; and (iv) at least one anti-human immunoglobulin antibody. 
     In the second step, the components are incubated together to allow for the binding of the chemiluminescent compound-containing composition, the sensitizer-containing composition, and the anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies to the human anti-microorganism antibodies present in the biological sample, thereby resulting in the formation of a complex/aggregate in which one or more sensitizers is brought into close proximity to one or more chemiluminescent compounds. 
     In the third step, the sensitizer is activated to generate singlet oxygen, wherein activation of the sensitizer(s) present in the complex/aggregate causes the activation of the chemiluminescent compound(s) present in each complex/aggregate. 
     In the fourth step, the amount of chemiluminescence generated by the activated chemiluminescent compound(s) in the complex/aggregate is used to detect the amount of human anti-microorganism antibodies in the biological sample. 
     Any of the microorganism antigens, singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compounds, sensitizers, fluorescent molecules, and biotin or analogs thereof described in detail herein above or otherwise contemplated herein may be utilized in the methods of the present disclosure. 
     For example, in certain particular (but non-limiting) embodiments, the singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound is a substance that undergoes a chemical reaction with singlet oxygen to form a metastabile intermediate species that can decompose with the simultaneous or subsequent emission of light. 
     In particular (but non-limiting) embodiments, the sensitizer is a photosensitizer, and the activation of the sensitizer in step (3) comprises irradiation with light (such as, but not limited to, irradiation at about 680 nm). 
     Any sample for which an assay for the presence of antibodies to a microorganism is desired can be utilized as the sample in accordance with the methods of the present disclosure. Non-limiting examples of samples include a biological sample such as, but not limited to, whole blood or any portion thereof (i.e., plasma or serum), urine, saliva, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), skin, intestinal fluid, intraperitoneal fluid, cystic fluid, sweat, interstitial fluid, extracellular fluid, tears, mucus, bladder wash, semen, fecal, pleural fluid, nasopharyngeal fluid, and combinations thereof. Particular non-limiting examples include lysed whole blood cells and lysed red blood cells. In particular (but non-limiting) examples, the sample is from a human. 
     As mentioned above, the various components of the method are provided in combination (either simultaneously or sequentially). When the various components of the method are added sequentially, the order of addition of the components may be varied; a person having ordinary skill in the art can determine the particular desired order of addition of the different components to the assay. The simplest order of addition, of course, is to add all the materials simultaneously and determine the signals produced therefrom. Alternatively, each of the components, or groups of components, can be combined sequentially. In certain embodiments, one or more steps (such as, but not limited to, one or more incubation step(s) and/or one or more wash step(s)) may be involved subsequent to one or more additions. 
     In an alternative (but non-limiting) embodiment, step (1) of the method that utilizes a chemiluminescent detection system includes first combining the sample with the biotinylated target analyte-specific binding partner and the composition comprising the sensitizer and incubating same before adding the composition comprising the singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound. Alternatively, step (1) of the method can include first combining the sample with the composition comprising the singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound and incubating same before adding the composition comprising the sensitizer. In this latter embodiment, the biotinylated target analyte-specific binding partner may be added before or after the incubation step. 
     While the above embodiments have been described with respect to detecting antibodies in human samples, it will be understood that scope of the present disclosure is not limited to use with human samples. Rather, any of the embodiments described herein above can be adapted for detection of antibodies to a microorganism in biological samples from other mammals. Thus, the present disclosure also includes compositions, kits, devices, and methods for detection of anti-microbial antibodies in non-human mammalian biological samples by substituting the anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies utilized in all of the embodiments described above with anti-mammalian immunoglobulin antibodies that correspond to the species from which the biological sample is taken. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Examples are provided hereinbelow. However, the present disclosure is to be understood to not be limited in its application to the specific experimentation, results, and laboratory procedures disclosed herein. Rather, the Examples are simply provided as one of various embodiments and are meant to be exemplary, not exhaustive. 
     Example 1 
     In June 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for a laboratory-based total antibody test developed by Siemens Healthineers (Malvern, Pa.) for the detection of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including IgM and IgG, in blood. A spike protein on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus enables the virus to penetrate and infect human cells found in multiple organs and blood vessels. The Siemens Healthineers&#39; Total Antibody COV2T assay is shown in  FIG.  1    and was designed to detect antibodies to the spike protein. Some of these antibodies are believed to neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 virus and therefore prevent infection. Multiple potential vaccines in development for SARS-CoV-2 include the spike protein within their focus. 
     In this Example, two LOCI® assay formats were compared. The first format is as shown in  FIG.  1    and utilizes anti-FITC chemibeads preformed with the fluorescein-labeled receptor binding domain of the 51 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (RBD of 51) and streptavidin-coated sensibeads bound with biotin-RBD of 51. The results obtained with this assay format are shown in the column of Table 1 labeled “0 μg/mL 4H5.” 
     The second LOCI® format is as shown in  FIG.  2    and includes the addition of anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies to the assay format of  FIG.  1   , in accordance with the present disclosure. In particular, the anti-human Ig antibody utilized was designated 4H5 and contains anti-IgG antibodies. The 4H5 antibody was added to the assay format at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/mL, as shown in the third-fifth columns of Table 1. 
     Materials used: COV2T lot5 bulk reagents (Siemens Healthineers, Tarrytown, N.Y.); 4H5 antibody, 6.38 mg/mL, no NaN 3 ; SARS-Cov-2 S1 RBD antibody from GenScript (Piscataway, N.J.), 1 mg/mL; BSA; and NHS. 
     In the Experimental design, known amounts of anti-RBD antibody were spiked to BSA and NHS, while the CV2T biotin-RBD reagent was spiked with the amounts of 4H5 antibody shown in Table 1. The assay was then performed as shown in  FIG.  1  or  2    (depending on whether or not the 4H5 antibody was present), and the signal was measured as kilocounts on a Dimension EXL 300001 system (Siemens) with 10 μL SS versus 20 μL Biotin-RBD. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-RBD 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Ab in 6% BSA, 
                 0 μg/mL 
                 0.5 μg/mL 
                 1 μg/mL 
                 2 μg/mL 
               
               
                 pH 7.4 PBS buffer 
                 4H5 
                 4H5 
                 4H5 
                 4H5 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 μg/mL 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                 0.1 
                 μg/mL 
                 3 
                 5 
                 5 
                 4 
               
               
                 0.5 
                 μg/mL 
                 6 
                 75 
                 67 
                 36 
               
               
                 1 
                 μg/mL 
                 7 
                 226 
                 261 
                 161 
               
               
                 5 
                 μg/mL 
                 17 
                 219 
                 534 
                 975 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As can be seen, the addition of anti-human Ig antibodies to the assay format had a synergistic effect when combined with the COV2T assay reagents and greatly increased the signal generated by the assay by multiple orders of magnitude. In the reaction mixture, the formation of complex containing viral antigen-coated chemibead, viral antigen-coated sensibead, and anti-viral antibodies in the patient sample generated the initial chemiluminescent signal. With the addition of anti-human IgG antibodies (4H5 clone), formation of a higher magnitude of chemibead and sensibead complexes with the secondary binding of anti-human Ig antibodies to the Fc fragments of the anti-viral antibodies resulted in a synergistic effect on the assay signal, on top of the initial signal generated without the anti-human Ig antibodies. 
     While Examples 1-2 are directed to detection of COV2T antibodies, it will be understood that this technology is applicable to detection of antibodies directed to any microorganism. As such, the use of the COV2T assay in these two Examples is for purposes of example only and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Example 2 
     While Example 1 is related to the addition of anti-human Ig antibodies to serology assays based on a LOCI® assay format, the addition of anti-human Ig antibodies can be utilized with other serology assay formats to decrease the amount of sample needed and to increase the signal generated. For example (but not by way of limitation), other serology assay formats that can benefit from addition of anti-human Ig antibodies are particle agglutination assays. These assays are based on a homogeneous particle labeled serology assay format, which utilizes viral/bacterial antigen-coated latex particles as a single reagent that aggregates in the presence of anti-viral/bacterial antigen antibodies in patient samples. 
     One particular (but non-limiting) example of a particle agglutination assay format is a particle enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (“PETINIA”). Non-limiting examples of PETINIA assay formats are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,186,518; 5,147,529; 5,128,103; 5,158,871; 4,661,408; 5,151,348; 5,302,532; 5,422,284; 5,447,870; and 5,434,051; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. 
       FIG.  3    depicts one example of an anti-viral antibody PETINIA particle agglutination serology assay format, which utilizes viral/bacterial antigen-coated latex particles as a single reagent that aggregates in the presence of anti-viral/bacterial antigen antibodies in patient samples. 
     In contrast,  FIG.  4    depicts an anti-viral antibody PETINIA particle agglutination serology assay format constructed in accordance with the present disclosure and that is enhanced by the inclusion of anti-human immunoglobulin antibody. These anti-human Ig antibodies bind to the anti-microbial antibodies to be detected and function to enhance agglutination in the particle agglutination assays. As above for the LOCI® assays, the use of anti-human immunoglobulin antibodies enhances the signals generated by particle agglutination assays while reducing the amount of sample required for each assay. 
     Thus, in accordance with the present disclosure, there have been provided compositions, kits, and devices, as well as methods of producing and using same, which fully satisfy the objectives and advantages set forth hereinabove. Although the present disclosure has been described in conjunction with the specific drawings, experimentation, results, and language set forth hereinabove, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the present disclosure.