Patent Publication Number: US-2019184140-A1

Title: Apparatus for use with catheters

Description:
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to catheters, and more particularly to an apparatus for use with catheters. 
     RELATED ART 
     Catheters are typically affixed to the skin of a body by adhesive tape, the use of which may be undesirable, in particular for neonates having underdeveloped skin which may become damaged upon application or removal of adhesive tape. The medical industry continues to demand improved methods and apparatuses for securing catheters. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not limited in the accompanying figures. 
         FIG. 1  includes a top perspective view of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment, as seen in a closed configuration. 
         FIG. 2  includes a top perspective view of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment, as seen in an open configuration. 
         FIG. 3  includes a top view of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  includes a top perspective view of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  includes a bottom perspective view of the first component of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  includes a top perspective view of a second component of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  includes a perspective view of a locking element of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  includes a bottom perspective view of the second component of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  includes a cross-sectional view of the second component as seen along Line A-A of  FIG. 8  in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  includes a perspective view of a locking element of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  includes a cross-sectional view of a portion of the apparatus in accordance with an embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  includes a bottom perspective view of a first component of the apparatus in accordance with another embodiment. 
     
    
    
     Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the invention. Embodiments illustrated in separate figures may be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, illustrated in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description in combination with the figures is provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein. The following description will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings. This focus is provided to assist in describing the teachings and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the teachings. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusion inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
     The use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plurality, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing acts are conventional and may be found in textbooks and other sources within the medical device arts. 
     An apparatus in accordance with one or more of the embodiments described herein can generally include a first component and a second component. The first and second components can be selectively coupled together by a locking element moveable between a first position and a second position. In an embodiment, the first and second positions can be angularly (e.g., rotationally) offset from one another. In another embodiment, the first and second positions can be longitudinally offset from one another. In a further embodiment, the first and second positions can be angularly and longitudinally offset from one another. 
     The apparatus is adapted to receive a catheter, such as an umbilical catheter. In an embodiment, the apparatus is adapted to receive a plurality of catheters. For example, the apparatus can receive at least two catheters, or at least three catheters, or at least four catheters, or at least five catheters. In an embodiment, the apparatus can selectively couple the catheter(s) within a receiving portion of the apparatus and secure the catheter at a fixed, or relatively fixed, position with respect to a body of the apparatus. In an embodiment, the receiving portion includes a recess or channel. In a particular embodiment, part of the receiving portion can be disposed on the first component and part of the receiving portion can be disposed on the second component. In a more particular embodiment, half, or approximately half, of the receiving portion can be disposed on the first component and half, or approximately half, of the receiving portion can be disposed on the second component. 
     The catheter can be secured to the apparatus via compressive force applied by the receiving portions of the first and second components. In a particular embodiment, the catheter is disposed between the first and second components. In a more particular embodiment, the catheter is compressed between the receiving portions of the first and second components. Typically, compression between the two components (e.g., along the Y-axis) can create deformation of a catheter along a perpendicular axis (e.g., along the X-axis). The receiving portion can be adapted to prevent deformation of the catheter in the perpendicular axis. That is, the receiving portion can be adapted to mitigate perpendicular axis deformation. When in the second (closed) positioned, the apparatus can permit desirable compressive force along the circumference of the catheter, effectively forming a uniform 360°, or substantially 360°, contact-loading point along the catheter wall. That is, force applied by the apparatus to the catheter can vary by no greater than 50%, or no greater than 25%, or no greater than 10%, or no greater than 5%, or no greater than 1% at any two points measured around the circumference of the catheter. In a particular instance, 360°, or substantially 360°, permits maximum grip between the apparatus and the catheter. 
     In an embodiment, the first and second components are spaced apart from one another when in the second (closed) position by a gap. The gap can have a distance of at least 0.1 mm, or at least 0.2 mm, or at least 0.5 mm, or at least 1 mm, or at least 5 mm. In an embodiment, the gap is less than 50 mm, or less than 25 mm, or less than 10 mm. In a particular instance, the gap has a distance, as measured by a shortest distance between the first and second components, less than an outer circumference of the catheter, or less than 99% of the outer circumference of the catheter, or less than 75% of the outer circumference of the catheter, or less than 50% of the outer circumference of the catheter, or less than 25% of the outer circumference of the catheter, or less than 10% of the outer circumference of the catheter. 
     In an embodiment, the apparatus is adapted to provide substantially equal compressive force to the catheter, as measured around the circumference of the catheter. That is, the force provided by the apparatus to the catheter can be generally uniform as measured at different locations around the circumference of the catheter. In an embodiment, the force provided by the apparatus to the catheter can be within +/−5 pounds per square inch (PSI), or within +/−4 PSI, or within +/−3 PSI, or within +/−2 PSI, or within +/−1 PSI at 90% or more of the circumferential locations around the catheter. The force of the apparatus on the catheter can thus be generally uniform as measured around the circumference of the catheter. Uniform circumferential force along the outer surface of the catheter can prevent deformation of the catheter lumen during secured engagement with the apparatus  100 , thereby preventing occlusions and restrictions of the lumen during use. 
     The apparatus can be secured to the body (e.g., of a neonate) to prevent relative movement between the apparatus and the body. An apparatus in accordance with one or more of the embodiments described herein generally permits selective attachment of a catheter at a generally fixed position relative to a body. In an embodiment, the apparatus mitigates undesirable movement of the catheter relative to the body. This may be particularly suitable for use with umbilical catheters used to administer fluids and drugs and conduct sampling during a neonate&#39;s duration in a hospital. Such umbilical catheters must remain precisely positioned for days (or weeks) to prevent injuring the patient. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 to 4 , an apparatus  100  in accordance with an embodiment generally includes a first component  102  and a second component  104 . The first and second components  102  and  104  can be selectively coupled together by a locking element  106 . 
     In an embodiment, the locking element  106  extends at least partially through an opening  108  in the first component  102 . In another embodiment, the locking element  106  extends at least partially through an opening  110  in the second component  104 . In a further embodiment, the locking element  106  extends at least partially through the openings  108  and  110  of the first and second components  102  and  104 , respectively. As illustrated, the openings  108  and  110  can extend through the entire thickness of the first and second components  102  and  104 , respectively. In another embodiment, at least one of the openings  108  or  110  can extend less than the entire thickness of the first or second component  102  or  104 . The locking element  106  may not extend through the entire thickness of the apparatus  100 . In a particular embodiment, the locking element  106  can be secured within at least one of the openings  108  and  110  such that the locking element  106  is not removable, or readily removable, therefrom. As used with respect to the locking element  106 , “readily removable” refers to a condition whereby the locking element  106  will remain within the opening  108  or  110  when not biased. The locking element  106  can be secured within the at least one opening  108  or  110 , for example, by a tab or projection  198  (see also  FIG. 3 ) that extends into the opening and is shaped to prevent translation of the locking element  106  through the opening  108  or  110 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the locking element  106  can contact an outer surface  112  of the first component  102 . The locking element  106  can also contact an outer surface  114  ( FIG. 2 ) of the second component  104 . The locking element  106  can provide a compressive force between the first and second components  102  and  104  (e.g., between surfaces  112  and  114 ) to lock the first component  102  and the second component  104  together. In a particular embodiment, the locking element  106  can contact both outer surfaces  112  and  114  and provide a compressive force therebetween. In a non-illustrated embodiment, the locking element  106  can contact only one of the outer surfaces  112  or  114  and secure with the other component  102  or  104  at a location spaced apart from the respective outer surface  112  or  114 . In yet another non-illustrated embodiment, the locking element  106  can be spaced apart from both outer surfaces  112  and  114  while securing the first and second components  102  and  104  together. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate the locking element  106  in both a first position  116  and a second position  118 . The locking element  106  can be adjustable between the first position  116  and the second position  118 . The apparatus  100  can be selectively locked when the locking element  106  is in the first position  116 . As used herein, “selectively locked” refers to a condition whereby the first and second components  102  and  104  are coupled relative to one another such that a catheter (not illustrated) can be coupled at a fixed location relative to the apparatus  100 . In the locked position, the apparatus  100  can generally prevent relative movement between the catheter and the first and second components  102  and  104 . In an embodiment, the apparatus  100  can be selectively locked without a catheter positioned within the apparatus  100 . In another embodiment, the apparatus  100  can only be selectively locked when a catheter is positioned within the apparatus  100 . That is, the apparatus  100  may not lock, or may not effectively lock, without a catheter positioned within the apparatus  100 . This can occur, for example, in embodiments adapted to include a gap between the first and second components in the locked position. 
     In an embodiment, the first position  116  is angularly offset from the second position  118  by at least 1°, or at least 2°, or at least 3°, or at least 4°, or at least 5°, or at least 10°, or at least 20°, or at least 30°, or at least 45°, or at least 90°. In another embodiment, the first position  116  is angularly offset from the second position  118  by less than 360°, or no greater than 270°, or no greater than 180°, or no greater than 135°. In an embodiment, the first and second positions  116  and  118  are angularly offset from one another by an angle in a range of 1° and 359°, or in a range of 5° and 315°, or in a range of 45° and 270°, or in a range of 60° and 180°. As illustrated in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the first and second positions  116  and  118  can be angularly offset by approximately 90°, however such angle is not required as the apparatus  100  may be locked at offset angles other than (e.g., less than) 90°. In the illustrated embodiment, locking can occur, for example, at 10°, or at 15°, or at 20°, or at 30°, or at 45°, or at any other rotation other than 90° as measured from the first position  116 . 
     In another embodiment, the first position  116  is offset from the second position  118  by a translational distance (e.g., a longitudinal distance perpendicular to the outer surface  112  or  114 ) of at least 0.1 mm, or at least 0.2 mm, or at least 0.5 mm, or at least 1 mm, or at least 2 mm, or at least 3 mm, or at least 4 mm, or at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm, or at least 20 mm. In another embodiment, the first position  116  is offset form the second position  118  by a distance of no greater than 100 mm, or no greater than 50 mm, or no greater than 20 mm. In an embodiment, the first and second positions  116  and  118  are offset form one another by a distance in a range of 0.1 mm and 100 mm, or in a range of 0.2 mm and 10 mm, or in a range of 0.3 mm and 5 mm. In such a manner, the locking element  106  can be moved between locked and unlocked configurations by translating the locking element  106  in at least one of an X-, Y-, or Z-direction. 
     In an embodiment, the first position  116  is translationally and angularly offset from the second position  118  by a distance and an angular displacement. That is, the locking element  106  is both rotated and translated when the locking element  106  is moved between locked and unlocked configurations. In a particular instance, the user can generate rotational force to rotationally translate the locking element  106 . Translational movement can occur as the result of the design of the apparatus (e.g., inclusion of a ramp which causes translational movement in response to rotational movement). 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the first component  102  can include an inner surface  120  and the second component  104  can include an inner surface  122 . In a particular embodiment, at least one, such as both, of the inner surfaces  120  and  122  can be generally planar. As used herein, “generally planar” refers to a surface that deviates from a best fit plane by no greater than 50 mm at any location, or no greater than 25 mm at any location, or no greater than 10 mm at any location, or no greater than 5 mm at any location, or no greater than 4 mm at any location, or no greater than 3 mm at any location, or no greater than 2 mm at any location, or no greater than 1 mm at any location. In an embodiment, at least one, such as both, of the inner surfaces  120  and  122  can be planar such that no portion of the inner surfaces  120  and  122  deviate from a best fit plane by more than 0.5 mm, or more than 0.3 mm, or more than 0.1 mm. In an embodiment, at least one of the inner surfaces  120  and  122  can include one or more of ridges, concavities, such as dimples, recesses, secondary channels, or other indentions. 
     In an embodiment, the first and second components  102  and  104  can be brought together to secure a catheter therebetween by translating the first and second components  102  and  104  together in a direction generally perpendicular to the inner surfaces  120  and  122 . As used herein, “generally perpendicular” refers to an angle in a range of 85° and 95°, or in a range of 86° and 94°, or in a range of 87° and 93°, or in a range of 88° and 92°, or in a range of 89° and 91°. In another embodiment, the first and second components  102  and  104  are engaged by translating the first and second components  102  and  104  together in a direction perpendicular (in a range of 89.5° and 90.5°) to the inner surfaces  120  and  122 . 
     In an embodiment, one or more posts  124  can extend from at least one of the inner surfaces  120  or  122 . One or more recesses  126  ( FIG. 5 ) can extend into the other of the inner surfaces  120  or  122  to receive a complementary post  124 . In an embodiment, all of the one or more posts  124  extend from a same inner surface  120  or  122 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , all of the posts  124  can extend from the inner surface  122  of the second component  104 . In another embodiment, at least one of the posts  124  can extend from the inner surface  120  of the first component  102  and at least one of the posts  124  can extend from the inner surface  122  of the second component  104 . The recesses  126  can be complementary positioned along one or both of the first and second components  102  or  104  to receive the posts  124 . 
     In an embodiment, at least two of the posts  124  can extend a same distance, as measured from the inner surface  120  or  122  (e.g., at least two of the posts  124  can have a same height). In another embodiment, at least two of the posts  124  can extend different distances, as measured with respect to one another from the inner surface  120  or  122 . By way of a non-limiting example, in an embodiment at least one of the posts  124  can extend at least 0.1 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 , or at least 0.2 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 , or at least 0.5 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 , or at least 1 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 , or at least 5 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 . In another embodiment at least one of the posts  124  can extend no greater than 500 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 , or no greater than 200 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 , or no greater than 100 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 , or no greater than 50 mm from the inner surface  120  or  122 . 
     In an embodiment, at least one of the posts  124  extends from the inner surface  120  or  122  a distance that is no less than 5% of a width of an adjacent receiving portion (described in greater detail below). The receiving portion is adapted to close fit with a catheter having a particular diameter. Thus, the at least one post  124  extends from the inner surface  120  or  122  a distance no less than 5% of the catheter to be received by the adjacent receiving portion. In a further embodiment, the at least one post  124  extends from the inner surface  120  or  122  a distance no less than 10% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 20% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 30% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 40% of the diameter of the catheter. In a more particular embodiment, the at least one post  124  extends from the inner surface  120  or  122  a distance no less than 50% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 55% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 60% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 65% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 70% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 75% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 80% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 85% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 90% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 95% of the diameter of the catheter, or no less than 99% of the diameter of the catheter. By way of a non-limiting example, the posts  124  can be adapted to receive and temporarily maintain a catheter in close proximity to an adjacent receiving portion while the apparatus  100  is not locked (e.g., when a user is inserting a second catheter into the apparatus or while the apparatus is being locked). Posts extending a distance greater than a threshold height (e.g., 50% the diameter of the catheter) may provide enhanced temporary retention capability as compared to posts extending distances less than the threshold height. 
     In an embodiment, at least one of the recesses  126  can extend a depth, as measured from the inner surface  120  or  122 , of at least 0.1 mm, or at least 0.2 mm, or at least 0.5 mm, or at least 1 mm, or at least 5 mm. In an embodiment, at least one of the recesses  126  extends through an entire thickness of the first or second component  102  or  104 . In an embodiment, the depth of at least one of the recesses  126  can be equal to the height of the complementary post  124  to be received in the at least one recess  126 . In another embodiment, the depth of at least one of the recesses  126  can be different than the height of the complementary post  124  to be received in the at least one recess  126 . For example, in a particular embodiment, the depth of the recess(es)  126  can be greater than the height of the post(s)  124 . In another particular embodiment, the depth of the recesses  126  can be less than the height of the posts  124 . In a particular instance, the depth of the recess(es)  126  can be less than the height of the post(s)  124  when the inner surfaces  120  and  122  are spaced apart when the apparatus  100  is locked. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the posts  124  and recesses  126  can have generally cylindrical shapes. The apex  200  of at least one of the posts  124  can be rounded or otherwise tapered to facilitate easier insertion of each post  124  into a corresponding recess  126 . Tapered or rounded apexes  200  can further permit easier installation of a catheter into an area between posts  124  on opposite sides of the receiving portion. In an embodiment, the corresponding recess  126  can have a rounded or otherwise tapered bottom to meet the apex  200  of the corresponding post  124 . In an embodiment, the apex  200  of at least one of the posts  124  can be spaced apart from the bottom of the corresponding recess  126  when the apparatus  100  is locked. In another embodiment, the apex  200  of at least one of the posts  124  can contact, or nearly contact, the bottom of the corresponding recess  126  when the apparatus  100  is locked. 
     In an embodiment, at least one of the recesses  126  receives only one post  124 . In another embodiment, all of the recesses  126  each receive only one post  124 . That is, a ratio of posts  124  to recesses  126  [posts:recesses] can be 1:1. In an embodiment, at least one of the recesses  126  can receive at least two posts  124 , or at least three posts  124 , or at least four posts  124 , or at least five posts  124 . In an embodiment, the ratio of posts  124  to recesses  126  [posts:recesses] can be in a range of 50:1 and 1:50, or in a range of 25:1 and 1:25, or in a range of 10:1 and 1:10. 
     In an embodiment, the posts  124  can act as guides to position the catheter within a receiving portion  128  of the apparatus  100  during installation of the catheter within the apparatus  100 . The posts  124  can assist an operator when guiding the catheter into the receiving portion  128 . In certain embodiments, the receiving portion  128  has an arc length less than 180°. That is, the receiving portion  128  is less than semi-circular in cross-section. In such embodiments, the catheter may not remain within the receiving portion  128  during installation of the catheter (e.g., when locking the apparatus  100 ). The posts  124  can assist the operator to prevent the catheter from being accidently squeezed or kinked between the inner surfaces  120  and  122  by keeping the catheter aligned with the receiving portion  128  when the apparatus  100  is not yet fully closed. 
     In an embodiment, at least one of the posts  124  is disposed immediately adjacent to the receiving portion  128 . In a more particular embodiment, an inner edge  124   a  of at least one of the posts  124  can be contiguous with an inner surface  128   a  of the receiving portion  128 . In a further embodiment, a majority, such as all, of the posts  126  are disposed immediately adjacent to the receiving portion  128 . In an even further embodiment, inner edges of a majority, such as all, of the posts are contiguous with the inner surface of the receiving portion. In a particular embodiment, a distance between posts  124  on opposite sides of the receiving portion  128 , as measured perpendicular to a length of the receiving portion  128 , can be generally equal to the width of the receiving portion  128 , as measured between edges of the receiving portion  128 . The distance between posts  124  on opposite sides of the receiving portion  128  can correspond, or generally correspond, to a diameter of a catheter adapted to be received in the receiving portion  128 . In another embodiment, the distance between posts  124  on opposite sides of the receiving portion  128 , as measured perpendicular to the length of the receiving portion  128 , can be at least 1.01 the width of the receiving portion  128 , or at least 1.02 the width of the receiving portion  128 , or at least 1.05 the width of the receiving portion  128 , or at least 1.1 the width of the receiving portion  128 . In yet another embodiment, the distance between posts  124  on opposite sides of the receiving portion  128 , as measured perpendicular to the length of the receiving portion  128  at a location spaced apart from the inner surface  120  or  122 , can be at no greater than 0.99 the width of the receiving portion  128 . 
     In an embodiment, the posts  124  can be canted (e.g., not normal) relative to the inner surface  120  or  122  of the first or second component  102  or  104 , respectively. By way of a non-limiting example, posts  124  on opposite sides of the receiving portion  128  can taper away from one another such that a smallest distance between opposite posts  124  is at, or adjacent to, the inner surface  120  or  122 . 
     In an embodiment, the posts  124  are relatively rigid. In a more particular embodiment, the posts  124  are rigid and non-deformable. In a further embodiment, the posts  124  can be adapted to deform during installation of the catheter into the apparatus  100 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the second component  104  can include a receiving portion  130  adapted to receive a portion of the catheter (not illustrated) generally opposite a portion adapted to be received in the receiving portion  128  of the first component  102 . For example, the receiving portion  128  can receive a first circumferential portion (e.g., a first circumferential half) of the catheter and the receiving portion  130  can receive a second circumferential portion (e.g., a second circumferential half) of the catheter. In an embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  together receive the catheter and provide biasing force against the catheter during compression between the first and second components  102  and  104 . 
     In an embodiment, the first component  102  can include a second receiving portion  132  and the second component  104  can include a second receiving portion  134 . The second receiving portions  132  and  134  can receive and secure a second catheter to the apparatus  100 . As illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , in an embodiment the receiving portions  128  and  130  can have a first size and the second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have a second size different from the first size. For example, the first receiving portions  128  and  130  can have a first diameter and the second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have a second diameter. In an embodiment, the second diameter is greater than the first diameter. By way of non-limiting example, the second diameter can be at least 1.01 times greater than the first diameter, or at least 1.05 times greater than the first diameter, or at least 1.1 times greater than the first diameter, or at least 1.2 times greater than the first diameter, or at least 1.3 times greater than the first diameter, or at least 1.4 times greater than the first diameter, or at least 1.5 times greater than the first diameter. In another embodiment, the second diameter is no greater than 5 times the first diameter, or no greater than 4 times the first diameter, or no greater than 3 times the first diameter, or no greater than 2 times the first diameter. In a particular instance, the receiving portions  128  and  130  are adapted to receive a first catheter having a different size than a second catheter receivable in the second receiving portions  132  and  134 . 
     In an embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  can have the same size as the second receiving portions  132  and  134 . In such a manner, the receiving portions  128  and  130  and second receiving portions  132  and  134  can both receive the same-sized catheter. 
     In a particular embodiment the receiving portions  128  and  130  and second receiving portions  132  and  134  can be disposed between posts  124  and recesses  126 . More particularly, the receiving portions  128  and  130  and second receiving portions  132  and  134  can be immediately adjacent with the posts  124  and recesses  126 . In such a manner, catheters can be readily aligned by the posts  124  and guided into the receiving portion  130  and second receiving portion  134 . Further, the posts  124  can maintain the catheters at a relatively fixed location relative to the receiving portion  130  and second receiving portion  134 , thus mitigating the occurrence of undesirable movement of the catheter prior to locking the apparatus  100 . 
     In an embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  can have a same or similar shape as compared to one another. For example, the receiving portions  128  and  130  can both be generally arcuate, such as hemi-circular, or polygonal. In another embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  can have different shapes as compared to one another. For example, one of the receiving portions  128  or  130  can have a generally arcuate shape while the other of the receiving portions  128  or  130  has a generally polygonal shape. Similarly, the second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have same, similar, or different shapes as compared to one another. In a particular embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  and second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have generally arcuate shapes. In such a manner, the receiving portions  128  and  130  and second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have a shape generally similar to the shape of the outer surface of the catheter, providing maximum contact between catheter and apparatus  100 , thus increasing grip therebetween. 
     In an embodiment, the inner surfaces  120  and  122  of the first and second components  102  and  104  are spaced apart from one another when the apparatus  100  is in the locked configuration. For example, the inner surfaces  120  and  122  can be spaced apart by at least 0.01 mm, or at least 0.1 mm, or at least 1 mm, or at least 2 mm, or even at least 5 mm. In a particular embodiment, a portion of the catheter may be visible when viewed from a side view through the gap between the inner surfaces  120  and  122 . In a more particular embodiment, a portion of the catheter may be visible along an entire, or substantially entire, length of the apparatus  100  through the gap between the inner surfaces  120  and  122 . Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is noted that the presence of a gap between the inner surfaces  120  and  122  in the closed configuration can allow compressive force to be transmitted only, or substantially only, to the catheter and not between the inner surfaces  120  and  122 . That is, compressive force provided by the locking element  106  can be transmitted substantially to the catheter, whereas contact between the surfaces  120  and  122  in the locked configuration might prevent full transfer of compressive force thereto. 
     In certain embodiments, the receiving portions  128  and  130  lie along generally straight lines. As used herein, “generally straight lines” deviate from a best fit line by no greater than 10 mm, or no greater than 9 mm, or no greater than 8 mm, or no greater than 7 mm, or no greater than 6 mm, or no greater than 5 mm, or no greater than 4 mm, or no greater than 3 mm, or no greater than 2 mm, or no greater than 1 mm at any location therealong. In another embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  can lie along straight lines deviating from a best fit line by no greater than 0.5 mm, or no greater than 0.1 mm. In yet a further embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  can lie along curved or polygonal lines or line segments. 
     In an embodiment, the second receiving portions  132  and  134  can lie along generally straight lines, along straight lines, or along curved or polygonal lines or line segments. In an embodiment, the second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have a similar or same shape as the receiving portions  128  and  130 . In a more particular embodiment, the second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have generally reflective shape as compared to the receiving portions  128  and  130 . In another embodiment, the second receiving portions  132  and  134  can have a different shape as compared to the receiving portions  128  and  130 . 
     In an embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130  and second receiving portions  132  and  134  can terminate at opposite, or generally opposite, sides of the apparatus  100 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the receiving portion  128  and second receiving portion  132  terminate at opposite sides  136  and  138  of the first component  102 . Similarly, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the receiving portion  130  and second receiving portion  134  can terminate at opposite sides  140  and  142 . In another embodiment, the receiving portions  128  and  130 , the second receiving portions  132  and  134 , or a combination thereof can terminate at adjacent sides of the first and second components  102  and  104 . By way of a non-illustrated example, the receiving portion  128  can terminate at sides  136  and  144 . 
     In an embodiment, the first component  102  includes a first alignment feature  146  and the second component  104  includes a second alignment feature  148 . As illustrated, the first and second alignment features  146  and  148  extend from the inner surfaces  120  and  122 , respectively. The first and second alignment features  146  and  148  may be alignable with respect to one another and permit alignment of the first component  102  with the second component  104  prior to fully translating the first and second components  102  and  104  together. In an embodiment, the first and second alignment features  146  and  148  can prevent incorrect assembly of the apparatus  100 . For example, in a previously described embodiment the receiving portions  128  and  130  have a different size than the second receiving portions  132  and  134 . In said embodiment, improper installation of the first and second components  102  and  104  (i.e., reverse installation) may prevent closure of the apparatus  100 , prevent proper seating of the catheters with respect to the first and second components  102  and  104 , or prevent sufficient grip of the catheters with the apparatus  100 . 
     While the first and second alignment features  146  and  148  are illustrated as a recess and post, respectively, in another embodiment the first and second alignment features  146  and  148  can include any other alignment protocol such as a tab and groove, a nonsymmetrical arrangement of posts  124  and recesses  126 , ridges, visual indicia, any other alignment mechanism known by skilled artisans, or any combination thereof. While not illustrated, the posts  124  and recesses  126  can be positioned in a non-reflective arrangement such that the posts  124  and recesses  126  do not align when the first and second components  102  and  104  are incorrectly positioned with respect to one another. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 5 and 6 , in an embodiment one or both of the openings  108  and  110  can have a tapered lip  150  to guide the locking element  106  into the opening  108  or  110  during installation of the locking element  106  into the first and second components  102  and  104 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , in an embodiment, the apparatus  100  can include an operable zone  152  in which the locking element  106  is adjustable within. In a particular instance, the locking element  106  can be moved between the locked and unlocked conditions within the operable zone  152 . In an embodiment, the operable zone  152  is disposed on the outer surface  112  of the first component  102 . In another embodiment, the operable zone  152  is disposed along the outer surface  114  of the second component  104 . In a further embodiment, the operable zone  152  is disposed at a location other than the outer surfaces  112  and  114 . In a particular embodiment, the operable zone  152  is disposed at a central location of the apparatus  100 . In a more particular embodiment, the operable zone  152  is disposed at a central location of the outer surface  112  of the first component  102 . 
     The operable zone  152  can include a feature, such as a guard  154 . The guard  154  can define an outer periphery of the operable zone  152 . In an embodiment, the guard  154  can extend from the outer surface  112  of the first component  102 . The guard  154  can extend a distance from the outer surface  112  further than any portion of the locking element  106 . In such a manner, the guard  154  can prevent the locking element  106  from contacting the skin of a patient. In an embodiment, the guard  154  can extend around the entire circumference of the operable zone  152 . In another embodiment, the guard  154  can extend around less than the entire circumference of the operable zone  152 . For example, the guard  154  can extend around at least 1% of the circumference of the operable zone  152  and no greater than 99% of the circumference of the operable zone  152 . In an embodiment, the guard  154  can have a uniform shape or size as measured around the circumference of the operable zone  154 . In another embodiment, the guard  154  can have a non-uniform shape or size as measured around the circumference of the operable zone  154 . 
     In a non-illustrated embodiment, the operable zone  152  can be recessed from the outer surface  112  of the first component  102 . In a particular instance, the operable zone  152  can be recessed by a dimension corresponding to a height of the exposed portion of the locking element  106 . In such a manner, the locking element  106  can be recessed so as to not contact the skin of a patient during use or such that the locking element  106  is flush with the outer surface  112 . 
     In an embodiment, one or more stops  156  can be disposed in the operable zone  152  to prevent over-rotation of the locking element  106 . The one or more stops  156  can further prevent rotation of the locking element  106  in reverse rotational orientation (e.g., clockwise or counter-clockwise). In an embodiment, the one or more stops  156  can include at least one stop, or at least two stops, or at least three stops, or at least four stops, or even at least five stops. In embodiments with at least two stops, the stops can be equally spaced apart from one another around a circumference of the operable zone. 
     One or more stays  158  can be positioned on the apparatus  100 . The one or more stays  158  can extend from the first component  102 , the second component  104 , or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the one or more stays  158  can include two stays. The two or more stays  158  can have same or different sizes as compared to one another. In a particular embodiment, where the receiving portions  128  and  130  are different in size than the second receiving portions  132  and  134 , the stays  158  can similarly be different in size to accommodate the different sized catheters. Insertion of the catheter into the stays  158  can enhance engagement thereof relative to the apparatus  100 . Further, the stays  158  may redirect the catheters to a more suitable direction upon exiting the receiving portions  128 ,  130 ,  132 , and  134 . While not necessary for securement of the catheter to the apparatus  100 , the stays  158  may act as a fail-safe to further secure the catheter and prevent undesirable movement thereof relative to the apparatus  100 . 
     One or more engagement elements  160  can be disposed on the apparatus  100 . The one or more engagement elements  160  can engage the apparatus  100  to a body. The one or more engagement elements  160  can optionally include openings through which line, such as suture, can be threaded to permit attachment of the apparatus  100  to the body. The line can be secured to the apparatus  100  prior to use with a neonate (e.g., during manufacture) or during engagement with the neonate (e.g., by a medical practitioner). By way of example, the line can be secured to an umbilical stump. In an embodiment, the apparatus  100  is adapted to be secured close to the umbilical stump (e.g., with a short length of line). The one or more engagement elements  160  can be positioned along a same side of the first or second component  102  or  104  to reduce line length when secured to an umbilical stump. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 7 , in an embodiment the locking element  106  includes a central segment  162  having a first longitudinal end  164  and a second longitudinal end  166 . A first end segment  168  can be disposed adjacent to the first longitudinal end  164  of the central segment  162  and a second end segment  170  can be disposed adjacent to the second longitudinal end  166  of the central segment  166 . In a particular embodiment, the first end segment  168  can be disposed at the first longitudinal end  164 . In another particular embodiment, the second end segment  170  can be disposed at the second longitudinal end  166 . The locking element  106  can include indicia or other markings along any one or more of the central segment  162 , the first longitudinal end  164 , and the second longitudinal end  166 . The indicia or markings, for example, may facilitate easier alignment, engagement, or visual inspection of the apparatus  100 . 
     In an embodiment, the first and second end segments  168  and  170  can lie along generally parallel lines. In another embodiment, the first and second end segments  168  and  170  can lie along generally parallel planes. At least one of the first and second end segments  168  and  170  can be oriented in a direction normal to the central segment  162 . In an embodiment, at least one, such as all, of the central segment  162 , first end segment  168 , and second end segment  170  can include an elongated structure. In another embodiment, at least one, such as all, of the central segment  162 , first end segment  168 , and second end segment  170  can include a tubular structure. While the first and second end segments  168  and  170  are illustrated as generally similar structures in  FIG. 7  (e.g., extending generally same directions and having a generally same shape and size), in an embodiment, the first and second end segments  168  and  170  can have different shapes, sizes, or orientations with respect to one another. For example, by way of a non-limiting embodiment, the first and second end segments  168  and  170  can be rotationally offset from one another by an angle in a range of 1° and 179°, or in a range of 5° and 160°, or in a range of 25° and 145°, or in a range of 60° and 120°, or in a range of 75° and 100°. 
     In an embodiment, the locking element  106  includes a central segment  162  and two end segments  168  and  170  having a maximum dimension, as measured normal to a length of the central segment  162 , greater than a diameter, or largest dimension normal to the length of the central segment  162 , of the central segment  162 . 
     In an embodiment, the locking element  106  can be monolithic. In another embodiment, the locking element  106  can include a multi-component structure. In an embodiment, the locking element  106  can include one or more filler materials such as fibers. By way of non-limiting example, the filler materials can include carbon fibers or glass fibers. While a non-reinforced locking element  106  can have sufficient structural integrity to provide desired locking characteristic for the apparatus  100 , in some embodiments a filler material may be suitable to enhance structural integrity of the locking element  106  and provide enhanced locking characteristic. In an embodiment, the locking element  106  can comprise a different material than at least one of the first and second components  102  or  104 . In a more particular embodiment, the locking element  106  can include a material with higher strength as compared to the first or second components  102  or  104 . 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a bottom perspective view of the second component  104 . As illustrated, the second component  104  includes the outer surface  114  and inner surface  122  spaced apart from one another by a thickness of the second component  104 . In an embodiment, the thickness can be at least 0.1 mm, or at least 0.2 mm, or at least 0.3 mm, or at least 0.5 mm, or at least 1 mm. In another embodiment, the thickness can be no greater than 10 cm, or no greater than 5 cm, or no greater than 1 cm, or no greater than 5 mm. In an embodiment, the outer surface  114  and inner surface  122  can be generally parallel with respect to one another. In an embodiment, the outer surface  114  includes an operable zone  172  adapted to receive the locking element  106  in combination with the operable zone  152  of the first component  102  to secure the apparatus  100  and a catheter therein. 
     In an embodiment, the operable zone  172  includes a recessed portion  174  extending into the second component  104  from the outer surface  114 . In another embodiment, the operable zone  172  includes a guard similar to the guard  154  described above. In yet a further embodiment, the operable zone  172  includes a guard and a recessed portion. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , the operable zone  172  can include a locking component  176  adapted to receive a portion of the locking element  106  ( FIG. 7 ). The locking component  176  can secure the locking element  106  at a fixed position relative to the second component  104 . In an embodiment, the locking component  176  includes a ramped portion  178  defining an apex  180 , a recessed portion  182 , and a stop  184 . In an embodiment, the end of the ramped portion  178  is adjacent to the apex  180 . In another embodiment, the apex  180  is adjacent to the recessed portion  182 . In a further embodiment, the recessed portion  182  is adjacent to the stop  184 . The stop  184  can prevent overrotation of the locking element  106  in embodiments where the locking element  106  translates between a locked and unlocked position via rotational movement. 
     The locking element  106  can rotate such that one of the first and second end segments  168  or  170  moves along the ramped portion  178  to the apex  180  and into the recessed portion  182 . The first or second end segment  168  or  170  can rotate within the recessed portion  182  until contacting the stop  184 . In a particular embodiment, the locking element  106 , the locking component  176 , or a combination thereof can create a tactile or audible indication to a user when the locking element  106  is secure within the recessed portion  182  and the apparatus  100  is fully closed. For example, the locking element  106 , the locking component  176 , or a combination thereof can generate an audible sound, a physical feedback, or a combination thereof when the apparatus  100  is fully closed (i.e., when the first or second end segment  168  or  170  is positioned in, or substantially in, the recessed portion  182 ). 
     In an embodiment, the locking component  176  includes a variable height, as measured from a bottom surface  186  of the locking component  176 , such as a first height at the apex  180 , a second height at the recessed portion  182 , and a third height at the stop  184 . In a particular embodiment, the first height is greater than the second height. In another embodiment, the third height is greater than the second height. In a further embodiment, the third height is greater than the first height. 
     The ramped portion  178  can be disposed at a relative angle, as measured with respect to the bottom surface  186 , of at least 1°, or at least 2°, or at least 3°, or at least 4°, or at least 5°, or at least 6°, or at least 7°, or at least 8°, or at least 9°, or at least 10°. In an embodiment, the ramped portion  178  can have a relative angle, as measured with respect to the bottom surface  186 , of no greater than 60°, or no greater than 30°, or no greater than 20°, or no greater than 15°. In a particular embodiment, the apex  180  is rounded. In another particular embodiment, the apex comprises a junction to two or more linear sections joined at relative angles. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates another embodiment of a locking element  188 . The locking element  188  can include a first end segment  190  and a second end segment  192 . The first segment  190  can have a non-rounded cross-section and the second segment  192  can have a rounded cross-section. As illustrated, the first end segment  190  can include a generally planar upper surface  194 . In another embodiment, the first end segment  190  can include one or more planar, or generally planar or partially planar, side surfaces  196 . 
     In certain embodiments, the locking element is moved between an unlocked and locked configuration by manual operation, for example, using a vice such as a hemostat or other similar device. Without wishing to be exclusively bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a non-rounded first end segment  190  may enhance engagement with the vice, permitting easier grip and operation therewith. In other embodiments, the first end segment  190  can include tabs, ridges, castellations, surface roughness, thinned portions, projections or tines, engagement mechanisms adapted to be grabbed by specialized tooling, or any combination thereof to permit easier manual operation during locking and unlocking. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an exemplary cross-sectional view of the apparatus  100 , including the first component  102  and the locking element  106 . As illustrated, the opening  108  has a length, L O , that is less than the length, L FS , of the first segment  168  of the locking element  106 . In an embodiment, L O  is no greater than 0.99 L FS , or no greater than 0.98 L FS , or no greater than 0.97 L FS , or no greater than 0.96 L FS , or no greater than 0.95 L FS , or no greater than 0.9 L FS , or no greater than 0.8 L FS , or no greater than 0.7 L FS , or no greater than 0.6 L FS , or no greater than 0.5 L FS , or no greater than 0.4 L FS . In another embodiment, L O  is no less than 0.01 L FS , or no less than 0.2 L FS , or no less than 0.3 L FS . 
     In another embodiment, the length, L O , of the opening  108  is the same, or approximately the same, as the length, L FS , of the first segment  168 . In yet a further embodiment, the length, L O , of the opening  108  is greater than the length, L FS , of the first segment  168 . 
       FIG. 12  includes another embodiment of the first component  1200  including a receiving portion  1202  having a flared end  1204 . In an embodiment, the flared end  1204  can have a linear taper. That is, the diameter of the flared end can change along a linear path. In another embodiment, the flared end  1204  can have an arcuate taper. In yet a further embodiment, the flared end  1204  can have a taper including one or more linear portions and one or more arcuate portions. 
     A non-flared portion of the receiving portion  1202  can have a width, W RP , as measured, for example, along a plane defined by an inner surface  1206  of the first component, that is less than a width, W FE , of the flared end  1204 , as measured, for example, along a plane defined by an inner surface  1206  of the first component. In an embodiment, W FE  is at least 1.01 W RP , or at least 1.02 W RP , or at least 1.03 W RP , or at least 1.04 W RP , or at least 1.05 W RP , or at least 1.1 W RP , or at least 1.2 W RP , or at least 1.3 W RP , or at least 1.4 W RP , or at least 1.5 W RP . In another embodiment, W FE  is no greater than 10.0 W RP , or no greater than 8.0 W RP , or no greater than 5.0 W RP , or no greater than 2.0 W RP . 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the flared end  1204  flares inward, toward a second receiving portion  1208  of the first component  1200 . In another embodiment, the flared end  1204  can flare outward, away from the second receiving portion  1208 . In yet a further embodiment, the flared end  1204  can flare inward and outward. In a more particular embodiment, the inward portion of the flared end  1204  can extend further from a central axis  1210  of the receiving portion  1208  than the outward portion of the flared end  1204  extends from the central axis  1210 . In another more particular embodiment, the outer portion of the flared end  1204  can extend further from the central axis  1210  of the receiving portion  1208  than the inward portion of the flared end  1204 . In yet a further particular embodiment, the inner and outer portions of the flared end  1204  can be symmetrical about the central axis  1210 . 
     The flared end  1204  can extend along at least 0.5% the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or along at least 1% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or along at least 2% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or along at least 3% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or along at least 5% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or along at least 10% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 . In an embodiment, the flared end  1204  can extend along no greater than 75% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or no greater than 50% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or no greater than 25% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 , or no greater than 15% of the length of the receiving portion  1204 . 
     In an embodiment, the flared end  1204  can extend from an outer edge  1214  of the first component  1200  toward a nearest recess (or post)  1216 . In a more particular embodiment, the flared end  1204  can extend from the outer edge  1214  to an outer edge  1218  of the nearest recess (or post)  1216 . In yet a more particular embodiment, the flared end  1204  can terminate at the outer edge  1218  of the nearest recess (or post)  1216 . In another embodiment, the flared edge  1204  can terminate prior to the outer edge  1218  of the nearest recess (or post)  1216 . In yet another embodiment, the flared edge  1204  can extend from the outer edge  1214  past the outer edge of the nearest recess (or post)  1216 . The flared edge  1204  can extend to a contact point  1220  with the nearest recess (or post)  1216 . In an embodiment, the contact point  1220  can be angularly offset from the outer edge  1214  of the nearest recess (or post)  1216  by at least 1°, or at least 2°, or at least 3°, or at least 4°, or at least 5°, or at least 10°, or at least 15°, or at least 20°, or at least 25°, or at least 30°, or at least 35°, or at least 40°, or at least 45°. In another embodiment, the contact point  1220  can be angularly offset form the outer edge  1214  by no greater than 120°, no greater than 90°, or no greater than 75°. 
     In an embodiment, the second receiving portion  1208  can included a flared end  1212 . The flared end  1212  can have similar or different attributes as compared to the flared end  1204 . In an embodiment, the flared ends  1204  and  1212  can flare, or extend, towards one another. In a more particular embodiment, the flared ends  1204  and  1212  can be contiguous with one another. The flared ends  1204  and  1212  can form a continuous flared portion extending between the receiving portions  1202  and  1208 . 
     In a particular instance, the flared ends  1204  and  1212  can permit flexure of catheters at the ends of the receiving portions  1202  and  1208 . Flexure of the catheters can prevent kinking or binding which might otherwise occur in embodiments where the receiving portions  1202  and  1208  have terminating widths equal to the width of the catheter. In operation, because of the close proximity of umbilical catheters within the umbilical stump, use of two catheters generally requires inward catheter flexure. Flared ends  1204  and  1212  can prevent binding that can occur because of such flexure. 
     In an embodiment, the thickness of at least one of the receiving portions  1202  or  1208  can be uniform along the entire length of the receiving portion  1202  or  1208 . That is, the flared end  1204  or  1212  can flare only in one plane. More particularly, the flared end  1204  or  1212  can flare in a plane generally coplanar with a plane formed by the inner surface  1206 . In another embodiment, the thickness of at least one of the receiving portions  1202  or  1208  can be different at a central location of the receiving portion  1202  or  1208  and the flared end  1204  or  1212 . For example, the flared end  1202  or  1208  can flare in multiple planes (i.e., perpendicular planes). In a particular embodiment the flared end  1202  or  1208  can have a uniform, or generally uniform, flare as measured around the circumference, or outer edge, of the flared end  1202  or  1208 . 
     In certain embodiments, both longitudinal ends of at least one of the receiving portion  1204  and second receiving portion  1208  can include flared ends. Both flared ends on the same receiving portion can have a same shape or a same size as compared to one another. In a particular instance, the flared ends on opposite longitudinal ends of the receiving portion can have different shapes or different sizes. 
     In other embodiments, only one of the longitudinal ends of at least one of the receiving portion  1204  and second receiving portion  1208  can include a flared end. 
     In an embodiment, an apparatus  100  described in accordance with an embodiment herein can receive a catheter. The catheter can be secured to the apparatus  100 . In an embodiment, the catheter can be secured to the apparatus  100  such that the catheter does not move relative to the apparatus  100 . For example, the apparatus  100  can prevent longitudinal translation of the catheter, rotational movement of the catheter, or both longitudinal translation and rotational movement of the catheter relative to the apparatus. In an embodiment, the apparatus is adapted to prevent relative movement of the catheter when a longitudinal biasing force is applied to the catheter. For example, the apparatus  100  can be adapted to prevent longitudinal translation of the catheter upon application of a longitudinal force of at least 1 N, or at least 2 N, or at least 3 N, or at least 5 N, or at least 10 N, or at least 50 N, or at least 100 N. In another embodiment, the apparatus  100  is adapted to prevent longitudinal translation of the catheter upon application of no greater than 10,000 N of force. Projections such as fingers, tines, dimples, waves, or any combination thereof positioned within the receiving portions can further prevent relative movement of the catheter with respect to the apparatus  100 . 
     In an embodiment, the apparatus is adapted to apply a relatively even force to the catheter, as measured around a circumference thereof, during operation. As used herein, “a relatively even force” refers to a condition whereby the force provided by the apparatus to the catheter along the circumference of the catheter at any single location differs from an average force, as measured by an average force at all, or substantially all, locations around the catheter, by no greater than 10 N/mm 2 , or no greater than 5 N/mm 2 , or no greater than 1 N/mm 2 . In a particular embodiment, the apparatus is adapted to apply even force to the catheter, as measured around the circumference thereof. As used herein, “even force” refers to a condition whereby the force provided by the apparatus to the catheter along the circumference of the catheter at any single location differs from the average force, as measured by an average force at all locations around the catheter, by no greater than 0.1 N/mm 2 , or no greater than 0.01 N/mm 2 , or no greater than 0.001 N/mm 2 . 
     Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims. 
     The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. 
     Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.