Patent Publication Number: US-2007117274-A1

Title: Apparatus incorporating small-feature-size and large-feature-size components and method for making same

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
      This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/769,572 filed on Jan. 30, 2004, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/056,192 filed on Jan. 23, 2002 entitled “Apparatus incorporating small-feature-size and large-feature-size components and method for making same” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      1. Field of the Invention  
      The field of the invention generally relates to apparatuses having both large-feature-size components and small-feature-size components, and methods of making such apparatuses. The invention more particularly relates to combination of VLSI integrated circuits and macro-scale components to form a single device.  
      2. Description of the Related Art  
      VLSI provides many effective methods for creation of microscopic-scale and smaller components. Such miniaturization provides many advantages in terms of speed of operation, size of footprint, amount of necessary resources, and speed of manufacture for electronic devices.  
      Unfortunately, some components of electronic devices are not well-suited to formation through well-known VLSI processes. These components often are necessarily very large (macroscopic-scale) relative to devices or components of devices formed through VLSI. One such component is an antenna, which may need to have a characteristic length to allow for adequate transmission on a preferred frequency, and for which the characteristic length in question may be appropriately measured in centimeters or meters, for example. Formation of a conductor for use as an antenna using VLSI tends to waste time and material resources, as a 30 cm conductor (for example) can easily be formed through less expensive processes.  
      Thus, the problem then becomes a matter of combining a large-scale component such as an antenna with a small-scale component such as an integrated circuit. For a conventional radio, this may involve use of packaging for the integrated circuit, conductors on a printed circuit board, a connector attached to the printed circuit board, and an antenna attached to the connector. This approach is simple enough for a device having rigid packaging and flexible size constraints. However, other applications may have more demanding requirements for size and materials cost.  
      In particular, it may be useful to have a small radio-transmitter with flexible materials allowing for bending and other abusive actions without degradation in functionality. Similarly, such a small radio-transmitter may need to be producible rapidly in quantities of millions or billions, thus requiring ease of assembly and relatively inexpensive materials on a per-unit basis. Using a printed-circuit board approach for such a radio-transmitter will likely not succeed. Moreover, avoiding such time (and/or space) consuming processing operations as thermal cure may be advantageous.  
      It is possible to separately produce elements, such as integrated circuits and then place them where desired on a different and perhaps larger substrate. Prior techniques can be generally divided into two types: deterministic methods or random methods. Deterministic methods, such as pick and place, use a human or robot arm to pick each element and place it into its corresponding location in a different substrate. Pick and place methods place devices generally one at a time, and are generally not applicable to very small or numerous elements such as those needed for large arrays, such as an active matrix liquid crystal display. Random placement techniques are more effective and result in high yields if the elements to be placed have the right shape. U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,291 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,545 describe methods that use random placement. In this method, microstructures are assembled onto a different substrate through fluid transport. This is sometimes referred to as fluidic self assembly (FSA). Using this technique, various integrated circuits, each containing a functional component, may be fabricated on one substrate and then separated from that substrate and assembled onto a separate substrate through the fluidic self assembly process. The process involves combining the integrated circuits with a fluid, and dispensing the fluid and integrated circuits over the surface of a receiving substrate that has receptor regions or openings. The integrated circuits flow in the fluid over the surface and randomly align into receptor regions, thereby becoming embedded in the substrate.  
      Once the integrated circuits have been deposited into the receptor regions, the remainder of the device can be assembled. Typically, this involves coating the substrate with a planarization layer to provide electrical insulation and physical retention for the integrated circuits. The planarization layer creates a level surface on top of the substrate by filling in the portions of the receptor regions that are not filled by integrated circuits. After the planarization layer has been deposited, other elements, including pixel electrodes and traces for example, may be installed.  
      Using FSA, the functional components of the device can be manufactured and tested separately from the rest of the device.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      The embodiments of the present invention relates generally to the field of fabricating elements on a substrate. One embodiment pertains to an apparatus that includes a substrate having embedded, contained, or incorporated therein an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit is attached to a first conductor disposed on the substrate. The first conductor can be a thermosetting or a thermoplastic material. The apparatus also includes a large-scale component attached to the first conductor; the large-scale component is thus electrically coupled to the integrated circuit. The large-scale component includes a second substrate.  
      Another embodiment pertains to a method that includes attaching a conductive medium to a substrate having embedded or contained therein an integrated circuit such that the conductive medium is connected electrically to the integrated circuit. The method further includes a conductive medium attached to the first conductor of the integrated circuit. The method also includes attaching a large-scale component to the conductive medium such that the large-scale component is electrically connected to the integrated circuit.  
      In other embodiments, various methods and materials used to attach the large-scale component to the first conductor are described. In some embodiments, anisotropically conductive materials are used to attach the conductor from the large-scale component to the first conductor on the substrate that has an integrated circuit (IC) contained or embedded therein so that there is an electrical and physical connection between the large-scale component and the IC. In other embodiments, isotropically conductive materials are used to attach the conductor from the large-scale component to the first conductor on the substrate that has the IC contained or embedded therein so that there is an electrical and physical connection between the IC and the large-scale component. In some embodiments, the conductor on the substrate that has the IC contained or embedded therein and the conductor of the large-scale component are connected using mechanical methods to keep the conductors in intimate contact. Such mechanical methods include crimping, clinching, pressing, ultrasonic energy, heat and pressure, taping, compressing, stapling, punching, riveting, thermosonic bonding, and thermo compression bonding methods. These mechanical methods bring the conductors into an immediate contact to allow for the necessary electrical interconnection between the large-scale component and the IC.  
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
      The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures.  
       FIG. 1  illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a strap.  
       FIG. 2  illustrates a side view of an embodiment of the strap of  FIG. 1  as attached to a large-scale component.  
       FIG. 3A  illustrates a view of an embodiment of the apparatus of  FIG. 1  along the line A-A in the direction indicated.  
       FIG. 3B  illustrates a view of an embodiment of the apparatus of  FIG. 2  along the line B-B in the direction indicated.  
       FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of an antenna.  
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a web section having adhered thereon straps including functional blocks such as NanoBlock® ICs (NanoBlock is a trademark and/or trade name of ALIEN technology Corporation).  
       FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of a method of forming an apparatus including both small-feature-size and large-feature-size components.  
       FIG. 7  illustrates an alternate embodiment of a method of forming an apparatus including both small-feature-size and large-feature-size components.  
       FIG. 8  illustrates an alternate embodiment of a strap from a side view.  
       FIG. 9  illustrates yet another alternate embodiment of a strap from a side view.  
       FIG. 10  illustrates a side view of still another alternate embodiment of a strap.  
       FIG. 11  illustrates another alternate embodiment of a method of forming an apparatus including both small-feature-size and large-feature-size components.  
       FIG. 12A  illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a substrate.  
       FIG. 12B  illustrates a side view of another embodiment of a substrate.  
       FIG. 13  illustrates a side view of yet another embodiment of a substrate.  
       FIG. 14  illustrates a side view of still another embodiment of a substrate.  
       FIG. 15  illustrates a side view of an embodiment of connecting conductors of a strap to conductors of a large-scale component.  
       FIG. 16  illustrates a side view of another embodiment of connecting conductors of a strap to conductors of a large-scale component.  
       FIGS. 17A-17C  illustrate side view of other embodiments of connecting conductors of a strap to conductors of a large-scale component.  
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
      An apparatus incorporating small-feature-size and large-feature-size components and method for making same is described. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that the invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the invention.  
      Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments.  
      Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the field of fabricating elements on a substrate. In one embodiment, the invention is an apparatus. The apparatus includes a strap, comprising a substrate with an embedded integrated circuit (IC) embedded or contained therein. A first conductor is disposed on the substrate and attached to the IC. A conductive medium is attached to the strap at the first conductor. The apparatus also includes a large-scale component attached to the conductive medium, which allows the large-scale component to be electrically coupled to the integrated circuit. The large-scale component may include a second conductor that attaches to the conductive medium to electrically couple the large-scale component to the IC. The large-scale component may be included in another substrate. The substrate of the strap and the substrate carrying the large-scale component may be flipped over on top of one another to facilitate the coupling of the large-scale component to the IC. In one embodiment, the IC has an active surface. The active surface can be the IC surface where the first conductor can be attached to the IC. In one embodiment, the active surface faces the large scale component.  
      Some embodiments of the invention relate to a method of making an assembly. The method includes creating a strap by attaching a first conductor to a substrate that has an integrated circuit contained or embedded therein such that the first conductor is connected electrically to the integrated circuit. The method also includes attaching a large-scale component to the first conductor such that the large-scale component is electrically connected to the integrated circuit. In some embodiments, a second conductor is included in the large-scale component. The second conductor connects electrically to the first conductor. In some embodiments, a conductive medium is used to connect the first conductor to the second conductor.  
      There are many ways that the first conductor and/or the conductive medium can be formed. The materials used to form the first conductor and/or the conductive medium may be applied by screen printing (e.g., flat bed screen printing or rotary screen printing), stencil printing, ink jet printing, gravure printing, flexography printing, pad stamping, electrostatic printing, laminating, hot pressing, laser assisted chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition (e.g., sputtering), shadow masking, evaporating, extrusion coating, curtain coating, electroplating, or other additive techniques. The materials may also be applied by metering an appropriate amount of material (e.g., through a needle, nozzle, or pipette, or another convenient metering tool) onto a particular substrate or surface.  
      The conductive medium may be a fluid, ink (silver ink, of a thermoplastic or thermoset resin base), electrically conductive tape (thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer with conductive fillers), electrically conductive paste (solder paste or conductive fillers in a polymer matrix), solder, metal film, metal particles suspended in a carrier, conductive polymer, carbon-based conductor, or other thick-film material for example. One exemplary conductive medium product is Acheson Colloids 479SS.  
      In another alternate embodiment, the invention is an apparatus. The apparatus includes an integrated circuit embedded within a substrate. The apparatus also includes a dielectric layer formed over a portion of the integrated circuit and a portion of the substrate. The apparatus further includes a first conductor formed over a portion of the dielectric layer, the first conductor having direct electrical connection with the integrated circuit. The apparatus is called a strap.  
      In yet another alternate embodiment, the invention is a method. The method includes forming a dielectric on a portion of an integrated circuit and a portion of a substrate, the integrated circuit embedded within the substrate. The method also includes attaching a first conductor to the dielectric and to the integrated circuit, the first conductor electrically connected to the integrated circuit.  
      In still another alternate embodiment, the invention is an apparatus. The apparatus includes a substrate having embedded or contained therein an integrated circuit. A first conductor is attached to the substrate and the integrated circuit is attached to the first conductor. This apparatus is referred to as a strap. The apparatus also includes a conductive medium attached to the first conductor of the integrated circuit.  
      In yet another alternate embodiment, the invention is an apparatus. The apparatus includes a strap having embedded therein a functional block such as a NanoBlock IC. A functional block is a small structure or a microstructure that includes an integrated circuit that can drive a particular device. and a first conductor electrically coupled to the NanoBlock IC. The NanoBlock IC may have been produced using conventional VLSI procedures and embedded using fluidic self-assembly (FSA), for example. The NanoBlock IC may also be attached or contained in the substrate by other transferring methods. The substrate has attached thereon a conductive medium, allowing for electrical coupling between the NanoBlock IC and the first conductor. The conductive medium is electrically connected to the first conductor. Attached to the conductive medium is a substrate including an antenna, allowing for electrical coupling between the antenna and the NanoBlock IC.  
      Although the discussion herein focuses on the NanoBlock IC as the IC that is being incorporated, contained, embedded, or included in the substrate, it is to be expected that other functional blocks can be used instead.  
      In still another alternate embodiment, the invention is a method. The method includes attaching a first conductor to a substrate having embedded therein a NanoBlock IC such that the first conductor is coupled electrically to the NanoBlock IC, thereby forming a strap. The method further includes attaching a large-scale component to the first conductor such that the large-scale component is electrically connected or coupled to the first conductor. The method may also include a conductive medium disposed between the first conductor and the large-scale component to interconnect the NanoBlock IC to the large-scale component. The method may further include fabricating the NanoBlock IC and performing FSA to embed the NanoBlock IC into the substrate, in one embodiment. The method may also involve a large-scale component which may be an antenna, a power source such as a battery or a button cell, or a thick-film cell printed on the strap or other substrate; a display electrode or a display; a logic device, or a sensor; among other examples.  
      In a further alternate embodiment, the invention is an apparatus. The apparatus includes a substrate having embedded or contained therein a NanoBlock IC. The substrate has attached thereto a first conductor, which allows for electrical connection between the NanoBlock IC and a conductive medium. The conductive medium is attached to another a substrate such as an antenna. The conductive medium allows for electrical coupling between the antenna and the NanoBlock IC.  
      For purposes of the discussion in this document, the embodiments may involve a strap having a NanoBlock IC deposited therein. However, other functional blocks or other IC devices may be used instead without affecting the scope of the embodiments. In addition, the NanoBlock IC or other IC devices may be embedded within the strap or otherwise contained, included, or incorporated in the strap.  
       FIG. 1  illustrates a side view of an embodiment of a strap, including a substrate with an embedded functional block IC such as a NanoBlock IC, planarizing layer, and first conductor that contacts the NanoBlock™ IC. The NanoBlock IC includes at least one conducting pad as is known in the art. The first conductor contacts the NanoBlock IC by contacting the conducting pad. The substrate  110  has an opening in it to contain a functional block or the NanoBlock IC  120 , and may be a flexible plastic substrate for example. In one embodiment, the IC  120  is a NanoBlock IC formed via conventional VLSI. The NanoBlock IC  120  may be embedded or deposited in the opening of the substrate  110  through FSA, in one embodiment, or by other transferring methods in other embodiments. The IC  120  can also be transferred to the substrate  110  by other methods such as pick-and-place. The IC can also be contained in the substrate  110  using other methods such as using a tool that can press the IC  120  into the substrate  110  or attaching the IC  120  to the substrate  110  by other convenient methods.  
      The NanoBlock IC  120  may have a variety of functions or structures consistent with an integrated circuit. In one embodiment, the NanoBlock IC  120  includes circuitry suitable for receiving radio signals from an external antenna and sending radio signals via the external antenna. The NanoBlock IC  120  also has an active surface such as the surface that has the circuitry of the NanoBlock IC  120 . Moreover, in one embodiment, the NanoBlock IC  120  may receive power from an external source via an external antenna, and use such power to send a radio signal via the external antenna. It is to be appreciated that even though the discussion focuses on the NanoBlock IC  120 , other IC can be used instead and that the embodiments are not limited to the NanoBlock  120 .  
      Formed above the NanoBlock IC  120  is a planarization layer  130 , which may be formed through a conventional lamination or coating of an organic dielectric, pattern and etch or other similar method, for example. Formed above the planarization layer  130  are two first conductors  140 , which may be formed from a screen-printed electrically conductive paste for example, and which occupy two contact holes in the planarization layer  130 . In one embodiment, the two first conductors  140  attach to the conductive pads of NanoBlock IC  120 , and the two first conductors  140  preferably do not directly connect to each other.  
      In one embodiment, the first conductors  140  are formed from a thermosetting ink that contains conductive fillers (e.g., conductive metals such as silver or polymers that are intrinsically conducting polymers (ICP), such as polyaniline) dispersed in a thermosetting polymer. Alternatively, first conductors  140  are formed from a thermoplastic ink that contains similar conductive fillers as the thermosetting ink dispersed in a thermoplastic polymer. In some embodiments, conductive fillers are not needed such as when the thermosetting material or the thermoplastic material is inherently conductive.  
      The conductive thermosetting ink used to form the first conductors  140  may be a one-part starting material, a two-part starting material or a multiple-part polymerizable starting material. After the thermosetting ink is deposited, it can be cured by exposure to reactive species such as oxygen, to heat, to moisture, or by exposure to an electromagnetic radiation such as IR, visible, UV, electron beams, RF, and microwave frequency.  
      The conductive thermoplastic ink used to form the first conductors  140  can be deposited as a softened polymer (by applying heat) and allowed to solidify. In some embodiments, the first conductors  140  may be formed with the conductive thermoplastic ink and solidified to form the first conductor  140 . The first conductors  140  are being bonded to other conductors (such as conductors of a large-scale component). These embodiments allow for a direct electrical connection between the first conductors  140  and other conductors. In other embodiments, the conductive thermoplastic ink may be softened with an appropriate solvent in order to transfer/deposit the conductive thermoplastic ink in its softened form and then allow the softened thermoplastic ink to solidify to form the first conductors  140 . Using the conductive thermoplastic ink may eliminate the need for an intermediate conductive medium  270  to electrically connect the first conductors  140  to other conductors (e.g., conductors  280  of a large-scale component below) since the thermoplastic material can be directly bonded to another conductor as it solidifies. These embodiments allow a direct electrical connection between the first conductors  140  and the other conductors.  
      The first conductors  140  can also be formed by other conductive materials such as silver, aluminum, or copper. The first conductors  140  can be deposited by various techniques known in the art such as physical vapor deposition (e.g., sputtering), chemical vapor deposition or low-pressure vapor deposition, screen printing (e.g., flat bed screen printing or rotary screen printing), stencil printing, ink jet printing, gravure printing, flexography printing, electrostatic printing, laminating, hot pressing, laser assisted chemical vapor deposition, shadow masking, evaporating, extrusion coating, curtain coating, electroplating, or other additive techniques. In one embodiment, the first conductor  140  is made from a conductive paste (such as those available from Acheson, including 479SS) and can be formed or deposited on the substrate  110  through a screen printing process, for example. In another embodiment, the first conductors  140  can be formed by pad transferring where preformed conductive pads are picked up by a robotic tool and transferred to the substrate  110  to form the first conductors  140 . The conductive pads are typically transferred in their softened state and allowed to be cured or solidified after being transferred onto the substrate  110 .  
      In one embodiment, an insulating layer  150  is formed above the first conductors  140 . This insulating layer  150  may be formed through a thin-film or thick-film process for example, and may fill in space between the two first conductors  140 . As will be appreciated, the first conductor  140  may in some instances connect to multiple pads of an integrated circuit by design. One example of such a situation is connecting all ground pads of an IC to a single conductor to achieve a common ground potential.  
      In some embodiments, thin films are applied through use of vacuum or low-pressure processes. Thick films are applied using non-vacuum processes, typically at or near atmospheric pressure. One having skill in the art will appreciate that exact magnitudes of ambient pressure for low-pressure of vacuum as opposed to atmospheric pressure may be difficult to state. However, one having skill in the art will also appreciate that the differences between low-pressure and atmospheric pressure are relatively large compared to atmospheric pressure.  
      In some embodiments, the NanoBlock IC  120  are formed with sufficiently large pads as to allow for direct connection between the first conductors  140  and other conductors (e.g., second conductors  280  of a large-scale component  281 ,  FIG. 2 ) and the NanoBlock IC, thereby avoiding the requirement of an intermediate or intervening conductor. In other embodiments, direct (vertical) connection between any large-scale component and the NanoBlock IC is made through conductors that have isotropic conductivity.  
       FIG. 2  illustrates a side view of an embodiment of the strap of  FIG. 1  as attached to a large-scale component  281 . The large-scale component discussed in this application may be an antenna, an electronic display or display electrode, a sensor, a power source such as a battery or solar cell, or another logic or memory device (such as but not limited to microprocessors, memory, and other logic devices), for example.  
      In attaching the strap to the large-scale component  281 , the first conductors  140  are electrically coupled to other conductors provided on the large-scale components and in one embodiment, electrically coupled to second conductors  280 . In one embodiment, the first conductors  140  are electrically coupled to the second conductors  280  through a conductive medium  270 . In one embodiment, the conductive medium  270  includes two conductors  270  or alternatively, at least two conductors  270 .  
      In one embodiment, the conductors  270  each have a direct connection to one of the first conductors  140 , and potentially having a contact to one or more of the insulating layer  150 , the planarization layer  130 , and the substrate  110 . Attached to each of the conductive media  270  are one of the second conductors  280 , which may be conductive pads of an antenna or conductive ends of an antenna for example. Alternatively, the second conductor may be a conductor of other devices such as an electronic device, display electrode, sensor, power source, and logic/memory device. In one embodiment, there are two or alternatively, at least two second conductors  280 . Thus, as illustrated, each of the second conductors  280  may be said to be coupled (electrically) to the NanoBlock IC  120 . The conductive medium  270  acts as an intermediate conductor for the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 . In one embodiment, a substrate  290  is the material in which the conductors  280  are embedded or to which the conductors  280  are attached, and is preferably insulating in nature. The substrate  290  and the second conductors  280  thus constitute the large-scale component  281  in one embodiment.  
      A space  260  is a space between the two conductors  270 , which may be occupied by the substrate  290  and/or the insulator  150 , may be left as a void in the structure, or may be filled by the conductive medium  270  if anisotropic in nature, for example. It is important to note that in most applications, each of the two conductive media  270  would not be connected directly to the other conductive media  270 , and a similar statement may be made with respect to the two second conductors  280 .  
      In embodiments where the conductive medium  270  is isotropic, areas that need not be conductive can be deactivated using appropriate chemicals or using conventional patterning techniques (e.g., etching). For instance, a layer of an isotropic material can be blanket-deposited over the first conductors  140  to form a conductive layer for the conductive medium  270 . The isotropic material deposited over the area that need not be conductive, such as the space  260 , can be deactivated leaving the conductive area referred to as the conductive medium  270 .  
      In one embodiment, the conductive medium  270  is an electrically conductive tape (such as those available from the 3M Corporation, including 3M Z-Axis 7303, for example). Moreover, the conductive tape may be isotropically or anisotropically conductive. Such a conductive tape may be applied (adhered) by rolling the tape along a row of straps, applying sufficient pressure and possibly heat to adhere the tape to the straps, and then cutting the through the tape and the strap to separate the individual straps. This may be done in various manners.  
      Alternatively, the conductive medium  270  may be made from a conductive paste (such as those available from Acheson, including 479SS), which is deposited through a screen printing process, for example. In one embodiment, the conductive paste is screen printed on to the straps (e.g., on the substrate  110  portion of the strap and on at least portions of the first conductor  140 ) at moderate resolutions relative to overall manufacturing tolerances, thereby allowing for useful connection of the conductive medium  270  to the first conductors  140 . Furthermore, the conductive medium  270  may also be made using metal particles suspended in a polymer carrier such as a thermoplastic material or a thermosetting material, a conductive polymer, a carbon-based conductor, a solder, or other conductive medium as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.  
      In an alternative embodiment, the conductive medium  270  is a polymerized film having conductive particles suspended therein. The conductive particles can be metals or conductive fibers (e.g., carbon). Alternatively, the conductive particles can have a nonconductive core of various shapes, such as spheres or long continuous fibers that are coated with a conductive material. Alternatively, the conductive particles can be carbon nanotubes. In addition, the polymerized film can be a thermosetting material or a thermoplastic material.  
      In some embodiment, the conductive medium  270  is made of particles suspended in a carrier, conductive polymers, pastes, silver inks, carbon-base conductors, solders, and other suitable conductive materials.  
      In another embodiment, the conductive medium  270  is a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) with conductive fillers (e.g., silver flake or particle, metals, fibers coated with conductive materials, or glass beads coated with conductive materials). Having the conductive medium  270  being a PSA with the conductive fillers provides a soft conformal layer between two rigid layers (e.g., the first conductor  140  and another conductor (e.g., the second conductors  280 ) to facilitate better contact. One advantage of using a PSA film having the conductive fibers is that only a small amount of pressure (e.g., less than 25 psig) is needed to cause the connection between the first conductors  140  and the conductive medium  270  and or between the conductive medium  270  and the second conductors  280 .  
      In another embodiment, instead of using the conductive medium  270  as the intermediate conductor to connect the first conductors  140  and the second conductor  280 , the conductive medium  270  is replaced with a non-conductive adhesive  271  as shown in  FIG. 15 . In this embodiment, heat and pressure are used to “rupture” a portion of the non-conductive adhesive  271  as shown in  FIG. 15  so that the second conductors  280  and the first conductors  140  are brought into immediate contact with each other. Thus, portions of the non-conductive adhesive  271  are locally pressed and heated so that they are thinned out or ruptured to allow the second conductors  280  to contact the first conductors  140 . In one embodiment, the non-conductive adhesive  271  functions to hold together substrate  290  (a substrate of a large-scale component  281 ) and substrate  110  while being ruptured at the portions that are dedicated for contact between the second conductors  280  and the first conductors  140 . In another embodiment, the non-conductive adhesive  271  functions to hold together portions of the first conductors  140  and the conductor second  280  as shown in  FIG. 15  and are capacitively coupled. In one embodiment, crimping or pressing can be used to selectively press down on the substrate  290  to cause rupture in the non-conductive adhesive  271  at the crimped or pressed portions. The second conductors  280  get pressed into the ruptured part and are pressed in contact with the first conductors  140  as shown in  FIG. 15 . In one embodiment, the non-conductive adhesive  271  is a thin layer of adhesive that can be ruptured when selectively crimped or pressed.  
      In one embodiment, the first conductors  140  are formed on the substrate  110  as previously described. The non-conductive adhesive  271  is disposed between the second conductors  280  and the first conductors  140  as an intervening layer. The non-conductive adhesive  271  can be a hot melt or pressure sensitive adhesive film, for example. The assembly is then mechanically crimped together, with or without heat and pressure, in such a fashion to cause the second conductors  280  to bend and pierce or penetrate through the non-conductive adhesive  271  creating an intimate connection between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 .  
      In another embodiment, the non-conductive adhesive  271  is used to form an edge-seal for the second conductors  280  and the first conductors  140  as shown in  FIG. 16 . The edge-seal will keep the second conductors  280  and the first conductors  140  in intimate contact and as such, an intermediate conductor (e.g., the conductive medium  270 ) is not necessary. In this embodiment, a thin layer of adhesive is first deposited between the second conductors  280  and the first conductors  140 . A mechanical technique that will press the substrate  290  close to the substrate  110  is then used to press down on the assembly. As the substrate  290  and the substrate  110  are pressed together, the non-conductive adhesive  271  is pressed to the sides or edges of the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280 . In one embodiment, where the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  contact, the non-conductive adhesive  271  is selectively pressed or compressed to cause it to migrate or flow to the edges of the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  to allow the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  to electrically connect as shown in  FIG. 10 .  
      The non-conductive adhesive  271  can be a hot-melt adhesive, a pressure sensitive adhesive, an electromagnetic radiation curable adhesive, (e.g., UV, IR, visible, RF, or microwave curable adhesive), a heat curable adhesive, a thermosetting material, a thermoplastic material, or a material that can flow out under pressure and/or heat to form an edge-seal upon solidifying. The non-conductive adhesive  271  can be deposited either directly on the second conductors  280  and/or the first conductors  140  in its uncured or softened state and allowed to cure or solidify after the substrate  110  and the substrate  290  are pressed together. As the non-conductive adhesive  271  solidifies, it forms edge-seals around the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  to keep these two conductors in immediate contact with each other for the electrical connection.  
      In any of the embodiments previously discussed, small and sharp particles  291  as shown in  FIG. 17A-17C  can be incorporated to enhance the physical interconnection and/or the electrical interconnection between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 , either directly or through the use of the intermediate layer (e.g., the conductive medium  270  or the non-conductive adhesive  271 ). The particles  291  are especially advantageous when the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  may contain a small residue of either contaminates or oxide that may hinder the connection. The small and sharp particles (e.g., fine diamond, glass, or any other hard, small particles that have irregular shapes) can be blended with the conductive ink or paste or the non-conductive adhesives. The conductive ink/paste or the non-conductive adhesive can then be screen-printed or stencil printed or dispensed as previously described. In one embodiment, during the bonding process of the first conductors  140  to the second conductors  280 , the particles will penetrate through the surface and abrade the contamination and thus improve the contact or connection made to the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 . In another embodiment, the small and sharp particles  291  can act as mechanical interlocks to enhance the connection as shown in  FIGS. 17A-17C .  
      In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 17A , the small and sharp particles (e.g., diamonds)  291  are dispensed in the conductive pastes or inks that are used to form the first conductors  140  or the second conductors  280 . In this embodiment, the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  are to be directly connected to each other without the use of an intermediate layer. In one embodiment, the small and sharp particles (e.g., diamonds)  291  are dispensed in a thermosetting ink having conductive fillers that is used to form the first conductors  140  or the second conductors  280 . In another embodiment, the small and sharp particles (e.g., diamonds)  291  are dispensed in a thermoplastic ink having conductive fillers that is used to form the first conductors  140  or the second conductors  280 . The particles  291  for the thermoplastic ink may be slightly larger in size to compensate for the softening of the ink. The thermosetting ink having the particles  291  or the thermoplastic ink having the particles  291  is then allowed to solidify using methods previously mentioned or other convenient methods to form the first conductors  140  or the second conductors  280 . After the first conductors  140  or the second conductors  280  are solidified, the small and sharp particles  291  reside at the surfaces of the first conductors  140  or the second conductors  280 . These particles  291  then act as mechanical interlock to help maintaining the contact between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 . In an alternative embodiment, the particles  291  are coated with a conductive material to further enhance or ensure the electrical interconnection between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 .  
      In another embodiment, the sharp and small particles  291  are incorporated into a non-conductive adhesive  271  and the substrate  110  and the substrate  290  are pressed together such that the non-conductive adhesive  271  are pushed to the outer edges of the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  as shown in  FIG. 17B . In this embodiment, the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  are directly connected to each other without the use of an intermediate layer. The non-conductive adhesive  271  can be a thin layer of adhesive and can first be deposited between the second conductors  280  and the first conductors  140 . A mechanical technique that will press the substrate  290  close to the substrate  110  is then used to press down on the assembly. As the substrate  290  and the substrate  110  are pressed together, the non-conductive adhesive  271  is pressed to the sides or edges of the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280 . In one embodiment, where the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  contact, the non-conductive adhesive  271  is selectively pressed or compressed to cause it to migrate/flow to the edges of the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  to allow the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  to electrically connect.  
      The non-conductive adhesive  271  can be a hot-melt adhesive, a pressure sensitive adhesive, an electromagnetic radiation curable adhesive, (e.g., UV, IR, visible, RF, or microwave curable adhesive), a thermosetting material, or a thermoplastic material. The non-conductive adhesive  271  can be deposited either directly on the second conductors  280  and/or the first conductors  140  in its uncured or softened state and allowed to solidify after the substrate  110  and the substrate  290  are pressed together. As the non-conductive adhesive  271  solidifies, it forms edge-seals around the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  to keep these two conductors in immediate contact with each other for the electrical connection. In addition, the small particles  291  function as the mechanical interlock that further maintains that attachment between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 .  
      In one embodiment, the particles  291  are incorporated into a conductive medium  270 . The particles  291  will reside at the surfaces of the conductive medium  270 , as shown in  FIG. 17C . The particles  291  provide an added mechanical interlocking feature for the conductive medium  270 . As previously described, the conductive medium  270  can be a polymerized film having conductive particles suspended therein such as a thermosetting ink having conductive fillers or a thermoplastic having conductive fillers. The conductive medium  271  acts as an intermediate conductor for the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 . In addition, the particles (e.g., diamonds)  291  dispensed in the conductive medium  270  provide an extra mechanical interlock for the conductive medium  270  to the first conductors  140  and/or second conductors  280 . The particles  291  can also be coated with a conductive material to increase conductivity.  
      In another embodiment, instead of using the conductive medium  270 , non-conductive adhesive  271 , or sharp and small particles  291  to create and/or enhance the electrical and mechanical connection between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 , the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  are directly connected to each other. In one embodiment, soldering is used to directly attach the first conductors  140  to the conductors  280 . Conventional soldering technique or laser soldering can be used to solder the first conductors  140  to the second conductors  280 . Conventional solder joining typically uses a low melting point metallic alloy to join two metallic surfaces (e.g., the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280 ). The solder is heated up to its melting point and placed between the two metallic surfaces to be joined while still in its molten state. It is usually important that both metallic surfaces be specially prepared to promote adhesion with the solder. Thus, both the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  need to be prepared to promote adhesion with the solder. In the laser soldering technique, a small bit of solder (in paste form, for example) can be placed between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  and a laser is used to heat up the solder to bond the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  together. Laser soldering offers the use of a solder as a strap attach method even though plastic substrates (e.g., the substrate  110  and/or  290 ) are involved in the process. The laser can heat up the solder so fast and with such positional accuracy that the plastic substrates can potentially survive the operation.  
      In an alternative embodiment, laser welding is used to directly attach the first conductors  140  to the second conductors  280 . Typically in laser welding, a high energy IR laser is used to provide a precisely positioned heat source to fuse two compatible metals together. It is envisioned that the high speed, high precision of a laser can be used in the attachment process to melt/fuse the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  together to form a strong conductive bond. One way this might be accomplished is to appropriately position the substrate  110  over the substrate  290  and use the laser to heat the attachment area (e.g., the area where the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  need to contact or connect) to a temperature high enough to fuse the surfaces of the two first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  together. It is conceivable that the heat required might actually burn a hole through the supporting plastic materials. This is acceptable as long as a mechanical/electrical bond is formed for the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280 .  
      When using the soldering or welding method, the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  are typically made of conductive materials that are compatible to one another. In some embodiment, holes may be created through the substrate  290  or  110  as the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  are being soldered or welded together. This is acceptable as these holes are not significantly large so as to affect the function of the assembly.  
      In another embodiment, crimping is used to cause the first conductors  140  to electrically couple to the second conductors  280 . In this embodiment, a crimping tool (e.g., pliers, die and plate) can be used to compress the first conductors  140  to the second conductors  280 .  
      In other embodiments, the first conductors  140  can be coupled to the second conductors  280  directly and without the addition of any conductive medium/adhesive or non-conductive adhesives as previous discussed. These embodiments can use mechanical bonding techniques to create the connection for the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280 . A metallic rivet, rod, staple, or wire can be used to punch through the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  to establish the mechanical attachment to allow for the electrical interconnection between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280 . A rivet gun, pressurized air gun, hammer, robotic actuator, stapler, air gun, mechanical impulse device, or other convenient tool is used to accomplish the mechanical attachment.  
      In one embodiment, the first conductors  140  are placed in temporary contact with the second conductors  280  and then crimped together to create a long-lived electrical connection. The crimping could be accomplished in a variety of ways. For example, the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  could be compressed between the teeth of a pair of pliers, a crimp die and a flat plate, or a crimp die and a complementary plate. The crimp die could have a variety of component features on it designed to drive a portion of either the first conductors  140  on one component feature, and the second conductors  280  on the other component feature. An impulse below, such as from a hammer, air piston, or mechanical actuator could also be used to facilitate the crimping.  
      In another embodiment, a pin-shaped die with a corresponding plates on the opposite side is used to mechanically bond the first conductors  140  and  280  together. Pushing the die into the plate causes the conductor in the topmost plate to deform into the conductor on the bottom plate. When this deformation is sufficiently large, a portion of the top conductor will stay partially deformed within the bottom conductor, such that electrical contact is established.  
      Electrical connection of the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  could also be connected together using a wire (not shown) that is sewn into the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280 . The wire could be pulled through the conductors or stitched into the conductors with a purely manual system, such as sewing, or a more automated system, such as conductive filament attachment. The sewn connection could be one stitch or a number of stitches, depending on the required strength of the connection.  
      In one embodiment, the substrate  110  can simply be taped to the substrate  290  that could be a substrate of a large-scale component using conventional taping technique to tightly hold the two substrates together such that the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  are in contact with each other to allow for the electrical connection. In one embodiment, the substrate  110  supporting the first conductors  140  is laid over the substrate  240  supporting the second conductors  280 . Then an adhesive tape is applied over the substrate  110  and onto the substrate  290 , such that the substrate  110  is held against the substrate  290  with the first conductors  140  and second conductors  280  in intimate contact with each other. The adhesive tape could be a pressure sensitive adhesive film, a dry film with a B-staged thermoset adhesive, a UV-curing adhesive, to name a few possibilities. The adhesive tape could be applied to the substrate  110  on the substrate  290 , or, alternatively, the substrate  110  could be placed on the adhesive tape to begin with, and then the adhesive tape could be applied to the substrate  290  such that the first conductors  140  on the substrate  110  is appropriately aligned with respect to the second conductors  280  on the substrate  290 .  
      In another embodiment, the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  can be electrically connected through various mechanical methods. In one embodiment, thermosonic bonding is used to bond the first conductors  140  and the conductors  280  together. Thermosonic bonding is useful when the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  are made of materials that easily fuse together. In one embodiment, either the substrate  110  or the substrate  290  will need to be heated. This can be done by placing the substrate to be heated on a heated stage. If necessary, the substrate ( 110  or  290 ) can be heated by heating the pick-up tool. Other methods of heating the substrate may be used, such as heated gas. The substrate  110  is then placed on the substrate  290  such that the first conductors  140  touch the second conductors  280 . Pressure is then applied to the assembly to ensure good contact. Ultrasonic energy (vibration) is next applied to the assembly for a predetermine length of time. In one embodiment, to accommodate for any planarity angle between the bonding tool and the part a polymer layer may be introduced between the bonding head of the bonding tool and the substrate  110  or substrate  290 . Thermosonic bonding requires less time than some of the other methods. Thermosonic bonding can be used to fuse metals (e.g., Au—Au) and thus can offer lower contact resistance. The addition of ultrasonic energy allows for interface temperature to be lower than otherwise may be required.  
      In one embodiment, thermocompression bonding is used to bond the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  together. Thermocompression bonding is also useful when the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  are made of materials that do not easily fuse together. Thermocompression bonding is similar to thermosonic bonding except that instead of having the ultrasonic energy, thermocompression uses pressure to get the physical contact.  
      In addition, thermosonic bonding and thermocompression bonding can be used to bond the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  together when an intermediate medium (e.g., conductive medium  270  or non-conductive adhesive  271 ) is deposited between the first conductors  140  and the second conductors  280  as previously described.  
       FIG. 3A  illustrates a view of an embodiment of the strap of  FIG. 1  along the line A-A in the direction indicated. The various overlaps between the substrate  110 , the NanoBlock IC  120 , the planarization layer  130 , the first conductors  140  and the insulating layer  150  are all illustrated. Moreover, contact holes  315  in the planarization layer  130  are illustrated, thus making apparent the connection between the first conductors  140  and the NanoBlock IC  120 .  
       FIG. 3B  illustrates a view of an embodiment of the apparatus of  FIG. 2  along the line B-B in the direction indicated. Illustrated are overlaps between the first conductors  140 , the insulating layer  150 , and the second conductors  280 . For clarity, the substrate  110  is also shown and the substrate  290  is not shown.  
       FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of an antenna. Each arm  455  is connected to antenna conductor pad  283 , which is the same as the second conductor  280  in one embodiment. Note that in an alternate embodiment, the arms  455  may simply form the antenna conductor that includes the antenna conductor pads  283 , making them a single unitary structure of both arm and pad.  
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of a web section having adhered thereon straps including NanoBlock ICs. Each strap  505  (of which one exemplary strap  505  is labeled) is adhered to a pair of electrically conductive tape strips  515 . The tape strips  515  form part of a larger spool, which also includes through-holes  525  for purposes of spooling. In one embodiment, the tape strips  515  may be anisotropically conductive film (ACF), with the conductors (e.g., the first conductors  140 ) of the straps  505  adhered to the ACF. Moreover, the tape spools may be formed with gaps between columns of straps  515  allowing for slitting the tape through the gap to produce a single column of straps.  
       FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of a method of forming an apparatus including both small-feature-size and large-feature-size components. At block  610 , the integrated circuits are fabricated, such as through a conventional VLSI method. At block  620 , the integrated circuits are embedded into substrate(s). At block  630 , processing for purposes of forming planarization and insulation layers occurs, and an insulator is formed (one skilled in the art will appreciate that a thin-film or a thick-film insulation layer may also be formed). At block  640 , a conductive medium is applied to the substrate, such as by screen printing on paste or through other additive processes. At block  650 , a large-scale component is attached to the conductive medium. Note that in one embodiment, the tape spool of  FIG. 5  may be used to attach a large volume of straps to large-scale components by attaching each strap individually and then cutting the tape after attachment. In an alternate embodiment, the conductive medium  640  is applied directly to the substrate that contains ICs  620 , omitting the insulating layer.  
       FIG. 7  illustrates an alternative embodiment of a method of forming an apparatus including both small-feature-size and large-feature-size components, with particular reference to fabrication of RF-ID tags using functional blocks such as NanoBlock ICs. At block  710 , NanoBlock ICs are fabricated, such as through conventional VLSI methods. It is to be appreciated that the NanoBlock IC can be deposited, attached, or otherwise contained in the substrate by other suitable methods. At block  720 , NanoBlock ICs are embedded in substrates through FSA. At block  730 , any necessary post-FSA processing for purposes of forming planarization layers, and/or insulation layers, occurs. In particular, at least one thin-film dielectric is formed. As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the thin-film dielectric may not be necessary in alternative embodiments. At block  740 , a first conductive medium is applied to the substrates, such as in the form of a paste screened on to the substrates for example, thus creating straps. At block  750 , an electrically conductive tape is adhered to the conductive medium on the straps. At block  760 , antennas are attached to the straps, such that the antennas are electrically coupled to the NanoBlock ICs of the corresponding straps.  
       FIG. 8  illustrates an alternate embodiment of a strap from a side view. As will be appreciated, the embodiment of  FIG. 8  is similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 1 . However,  FIG. 8  illustrates a substrate  810 , having embedded or contained therein (in an opening) an integrated circuit  820 , with pads  825 . Each of the pads  825  has deposited thereon through use of an additive process a first conductor  840 , such as a silver ink for example. Usually, but not always, the first conductor  840  is deposited such that it contacts one and only one pad  825  directly, thus allowing for separate conductors for each electrical contact of a circuit.  
      Moreover, it will be appreciated that the size of the pads  825  may be greater than the size of similar pads on an integrated circuit such as the NanoBlock IC  120  of  FIG. 1 , in that the pads  825  must interface directly with material (the first conductor  840 ) having a much larger feature size than is common for VLSI devices. Note that in one embodiment, the first conductor  840  may be expected to have an as-deposited thickness of approximately 10-15 μms and a final thickness on the order of 1 μm or less, and that pads  825  may have minimum dimensions on the order of 20×20 μms or more.  
       FIG. 9  illustrates yet another alternate embodiment of a strap from a side view.  FIG. 9  illustrates a similar embodiment to that of  FIG. 8 , which further incorporates an insulator. A substrate  910  including an integrated circuit  920  embedded or contained therein is provided. Pads  925  are a part of the integrated circuit  920 , and may be expected to have similar dimensions to the pads  825 . An insulating layer (dielectric)  930  is deposited on the integrated circuit  920  through use of a thick film process. The insulating layer  930  may be expected to have a thickness on the order of 10 microns. Also deposited with an additive process is a first conductor  940 , which covers both the insulating layer  930  and some portion of a pad  925 , thus, allowing for electrical contact between the integrated circuit  920  and a large-scale component (e.g., through a second conductor included with the large-scale component). The first conductor  940  may be expected to have similar characteristics to the first conductor  840 .  
       FIG. 10  illustrates a side view of still another alternate embodiment of a strap. In this embodiment, a substrate  1010  including an integrated circuit  1020  incorporated or contained therein is provided. On top of the substrate  1010 , an insulator  1030  is formed. The insulator  1030  is a patterned with vias through which the first conductors  1040  may achieve contact with the conductive pads  1025  of the integrated circuit  1020 . As will be appreciated, the vias require greater precision in patterning than do any of the insulators of conductor components of  FIGS. 8 and 9 . Moreover, as will be appreciated, the substrate  1010  may have the insulator  1030  covering nearly its whole surface, rather than the limited areas of  FIG. 9 . Additionally, it will be appreciated that the pads  1025  may be smaller on the integrated circuit  1020  than similar pads of the integrated circuits  920  and  820 .  
       FIG. 11  illustrates another alternate embodiment of a method of forming an apparatus including both small-feature-size and large-feature-size components. At block  1110 , an integrated circuit is embedded within a supporting substrate. At block  1120 , an insulator is applied to the substrate. At block  1130 , the insulator is patterned such as through a photolithographic thin-film process, whereby portions of the insulator are removed to expose portions of the substrate or integrated circuit, such as bond or conductive pads. Further cleaning, such as washing away photoresist for example, may be involved as part of application, patterning, or even in a post-etch phase. Alternatively, as will be appreciated, a photosensitive insulator or dielectric may be used, thereby eliminating the need for photoresist for example.  
      At block  1140 , a conductive material is applied to the substrate, coating all or part of the insulator to form first conductors. At block  1150 , the conductive material is processed (such as by heat curing, for example) as necessary to form a proper conductor (e.g., the first conductors). Note that curing of silver ink is known in the art to be possible at 90-100° C. for some formulations with a reasonable cure time for various manufacturing processes. It will be appreciated that cure times do vary, and that those skilled in the art may adapt cure processes to the needs of a surrounding manufacturing process and the devices to be produced. At block  1160 , the large-scale component is attached to the first conductor, thereby achieving electrical coupling with the integrated circuit. In one embodiment, the large-scale component includes second conductors wherein the first conductors and the second conductors (either directly or through a conductive medium as previously discussed) electrically interconnect the IC to the large-scale component. Also note that the final processing of the first conductor of block  1160  may be performed after the large-scale component is attached at block  1170 .  
      For the most part, the previous description has concentrated on use of the invention in conjunction with attaching a strap having embedded, contained, or incorporated therein an integrated circuit to a separate large-scale component. It will be appreciated that other embodiments exist in which the separate large-scale component is not involved. In particular, a large-feature-size component may be incorporated as part of the strap, such as an embedded conductor acting as an antenna, or may be formed on the strap as illustrated in  FIGS. 12A and 12B . Printing or otherwise using additive processing technology to form an antenna  1240  of the conductive medium on the strap is one option.  
      Alternately, other large-feature-size components, such as power sources, sensors, or logic devices for example may either be formed on the strap or attached to the strap. Interconnecting a NanoBlock IC or other small or micro functional blocks with such large-feature-size components on the strap may be accomplished through use of a conductors  1440 , allowing for electrical coupling between a large-feature-size components  1460  and a small-feature-size (NanoBlock IC for example) components  1420 , as in  FIG. 14 . Moreover, a conductive medium  1340  may be used to interconnect two or more small-feature-size components embedded in a single substrate, such as two NanoBlock ICs for example, as illustrated in  FIG. 13 .  
       FIG. 12A  illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a substrate. A substrate  1210  may be a substrate such as those discussed previously, including a flexible or rigid material. An IC  1220  is embedded in an opening in the substrate  1210 . An insulator  1230  is a layer of insulating material (or a dielectric layer) formed on top of both the substrate  1210  and the IC  1220  and may have planarizing properties. Contact holes  1215  are holes in the insulator  1230  above contact pads of the IC  1220 , allowing for physical contact and electrical connection between the IC  1220  and a first conductor  1240 . An insulating layer  1250  is another insulator or dielectric above portions of the first conductor  1240 , the insulator  1220  and the substrate  1210 , and above all of the IC  1220 . Note that the actual configuration of the various layers may vary considerably. For example, first conductor  1240  is formed into two arms of an antenna, such as may be useful for radio frequency applications. However, batteries, sensors, power supplies, button cells, and displays and display electrodes may also be formed through use of conductors and/or conductive media and other materials.  
       FIG. 12B  illustrates a side view of another embodiment of a substrate. As is illustrated, the first conductor  1240  occupies contact holes  1215  of  FIG. 12A  to contact directly with the IC  1220 . Furthermore, as will be appreciated, the segments illustrated with respect to the first conductor  1240  correspond to the various segments of the antenna as it traces its path along the surface of the insulator  1230 . Along these lines, it will be appreciated that the presence of the insulator  1230  may not be necessary in some instances.  
       FIG. 13  illustrates a side view of yet another embodiment of a substrate. A substrate  1310  includes a first IC  1320  and a second IC  1325 . An insulator  1330  is formed above the IC  1320 , the IC  1325  and the substrate  1310 . A first conductor  1340  is formed the above insulator  1330 , and contacts both the IC  1320  and the IC  1325 . One portion of the first conductor  1340  forms an electrical connection between the IC  1320  and the IC  1325 , thereby electrically coupling the IC  1320  to the IC  1325 . Above both of the IC  1320  and IC  1325  are formed insulator layers  1350 .  
       FIG. 14  illustrates a side view of still another embodiment of a substrate. A substrate  1410  has embedded or contained in an opening therein an IC  1420 . Formed above the substrate  1410  and the IC  1420  is an insulator  1430 . Formed above the insulator  1430  and, connected to the IC  1420  is a conductor  1440 , a portion of which is connected to a sensor  1460 , thereby electrically coupling the IC  1420  to the sensor  1460 . Formed above a portion of the conductor  1440  and the insulator  1430  is an insulator  1450 , which may or may not be of the same material as the insulator  1430 .  
      In the foregoing detailed description, the method and apparatus of the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present invention. In particular, the separate blocks of the various block diagrams represent functional blocks of methods or apparatuses and are not necessarily indicative of physical or logical separations or of an order of operation inherent in the scope of the embodiments of the present invention. For example, the various blocks of  FIG. 1  may be integrated into components, or may be subdivided into components, and may alternately be formed in different physical shapes from those illustrated. Similarly, the blocks of  FIG. 6  (for example) represent portions of a method that, in some embodiments, may be reordered or may be organized in parallel rather than in a linear or step-wise fashion. The present specification and figures are accordingly to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.