Patent Publication Number: US-2015088569-A1

Title: Computer-based system and method for flexible project management

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. U.S. Ser. No. 14/488763, filed Sep. 17, 2014, entitled “Computer-Based System and Method for Flexible Project Management,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/878985, filed Sep. 17, 2013, entitled “Computer-Based System and Method for Flexible Project Management,” U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/886,942, filed Oct. 4, 2013, entitled “Computer-Based System and Method for Flexible Project Management,” and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/915898, filed Dec. 13, 2013, entitled “Computer-Based System and Method for Flexible Project Management,” the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein as is set forth in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention is directed to the management of projects being worked on by teams, and, more particularly, to a system and method for flexible project management. 
     2. Description of the Background 
     In prior art computer-based project management platforms, a project deliverable is created to which resources are directly assigned and scheduled. The schedule is then narrowly followed, or manual adjustments by staff are required. 
     In addition, project timelines, such as may be provided in the aforementioned schedule, generally are of two types. One type shows all project tasks, which can result in data overload. The other type shows only the tasks assigned to an individual, which does not provide context to the individual and may result in inefficiencies. 
     Furthermore, internal data, such as time spent on tasks, may be used to generate updates for external parties, such as clients. However, in other instances, internal conditions leading to revised schedules may not be accounted for to the clients, leading to unrealistic expectations based on incomplete information. Moreover, conventional computer-based project management platforms create networking and processor-based inefficiencies that require excess networking and processor resources to operate. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     A computer-implemented system and method for improved management of projects that result in deliverables, such as deliverables to a client or customer. Resources such as staff members and time needed to generate the deliverables are scheduled according to the environment in which they exist. The environment can include the particular asset list the deliverables are part of, the individual staff or teams of staff that are available for assignment or have been assigned to complete a particular list, and the like. 
     Teams may specify a priority of any task. When a deliverable is entered into the system its component tasks and/or priorities behave as a workflow comprising data objects. The data objects are treated in accordance with team-specific attributes. Schedules are revised automatically as tasks are advanced or completed, or as new tasks are added, taking into account task priorities and team attributes. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, a system is disclosed for managing projects, the system comprising a server having a tangible processor in data communication with a network interface that couples the server to a data communication network, the server processor further in data communication with a data storage device storing instructions which, when executed on the processor, cause the server to perform: generating project information for a project to be completed, the project information comprising at least one of: (a) quantity data for a resource to be used to complete the project, (b) a plurality of task data relating to tasks to be accomplished to complete the project, (c) estimate data for the resource to be used to complete each of the tasks, (d) measurement data for the resource already consumed toward completion of each of the tasks, and (e) schedule data for completing each of the tasks, and at least one of (a) version data, comprising version values for at least a portion of the project, and at least one copy of the portion configured to be displayed together with each of the version values, and (b) comment data comprising information relating to at least one of the project and the version data. Furthermore, the server may be configured for setting permissions for users to access the project information; and formatting at least a portion of the project information for presentation to an internal user in accordance with the set permissions and in accordance with internal formatting rules relating to the presentation of at least two of the quantity data, estimate data, measurement data, schedule data, version data and comment data. 
     In another exemplary embodiment, a processor-based method is disclosed for managing projects, tangibly embodied on a server in data communication with a network interface that couples the server to a data communication network, the server further in data communication with a data storage device, the method comprising, generating project information for a project to be completed, the project information comprising at least one of (a) quantity data for a resource to be used to complete the project,(b) a plurality of task data relating to tasks to be accomplished to complete the project, (c) estimate data for the resource to be used to complete each of the tasks, (d) measurement data for the resource already consumed toward completion of each of the tasks, (e) schedule data for completing each of the tasks, and at least one of (a) version data, comprising version values for at least a portion of the project, and at least one copy of the portion configured to be displayed together with each of the version values, and (b) comment data comprising information relating to at least one of the project and the version data. The method may further comprise setting permissions for users to access the project information; and formatting at least a portion of the project information for presentation to an internal user in accordance with the set permissions and in accordance with internal formatting rules relating to the presentation of at least two of the quantity data, estimate data, measurement data, schedule data, version data and comment data. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       The drawings illustrate exemplary embodiments and/or aspects of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention, the scope of which is determined by the claims. 
       In the drawings, like numerals represent like aspects, and: 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of an exemplary computing device that may be used in the disclosed systems and methods; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram showing a plurality of networked user terminals and a server that may be used in the herein disclosed systems and methods; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates the separation of system functionality for internal users and external users in accordance with the herein disclosed systems and methods; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates exemplary aspects of the apparatus of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIGS. 5-32  show screenshots of illustrative embodiments in accordance with various systems and methods disclosed herein; and 
         FIGS. 33-56  show additional screenshots of other illustrative embodiments in accordance with various systems and method disclosed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The figures and descriptions provided herein may have been simplified to illustrate aspects that are relevant for a clear understanding of the herein described devices, systems, and methods, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, other aspects that may be found in typical devices, systems, and methods. Those of ordinary skill may recognize that other elements and/or operations may be desirable and/or necessary to implement the devices, systems, and methods described herein. Because such elements and operations are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure, a discussion of such elements and operations may not be provided herein. However, the present disclosure is deemed to inherently include all such elements, variations, and modifications to the described aspects that would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed. 
     When an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “engaged to”, “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to”, “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the exemplary embodiments. 
     The herein disclosed systems and methods provide for improved management of projects that result in deliverables, such as deliverables to a client or customer. Such projects may include, by way of non-limiting example, production of entertainment, financial and investment, accounting, auditing, legal, government contracts, and the like. Resources such as staff members and time needed to generate the deliverables are scheduled according to the environment in which they exist. The environment can include the particular asset list the deliverables are part of, the individual staff or teams of staff that are available for assignment or have been assigned to complete a particular list, and the like. The disclosed systems and methods support each team in determining how best to respond to a particular task, group of tasks, or project phase within its own environment. Each team may specify a preferred order in which any task/phase should be processed compared to others. Thus, when a deliverable to be created is entered into the system, for example as part of an asset list, its component tasks behave as a workflow comprising data objects. The data objects are then treated in accordance with team attributes specific to that team. Tasks are scheduled automatically or recommended by the system, taking into account task priorities specific to the project, and taking into account team attributes, settings for approvals, and automation of certain task phases. 
     Use of the system results in workflows that emerge naturally and automatically for any configuration of tasks, as their respective priorities and resource requirements are set on a team level. Consequently, project scheduling does not use templates comprising predetermined static workflows for deliverables, but is instead determined dynamically by the system in accordance with the attributes and environment of any given team. This leads to uniform higher level templates, but with no higher level workflows set up, because team level processes ensure the tasks and project phases are handled efficiently on the lower levels. 
     Illustratively, a user such as a staff member that is participating in advancing a project may be provided with detailed views showing tasks, hours, and resources that pertain to that user, and may include contextual information to clarify the relation of the user&#39;s tasks to other relevant project related information. Conversely, a user that is interested in the progress of the entire project, such as a client that is waiting for a deliverable work product of the project, may be provided with normalized views in which the progress of all relevant tasks are combined, normalized, and converted into an indicator of the progress of the project as a whole, or of specific deliverables and work products of interest, in a manner calculated to result in realistic expectations based on actual progress by abstracting internal details. 
     In exemplary aspects, communication between project participants may be facilitated, including feedback, approval, rejection, and acceptance, for example, based on deliverables. In an embodiment, a plurality of time-based aspects may be viewable, such as bid hours (that is, an estimate of the person-hours required for a project, that may be used to bid on the project); actual hours (that is, person-hours actually expended on the project); and a forecast of the time remaining by the calendar to complete the project. 
     Cost reporting may be tracked, forecasted, and viewed based on individual tasks. Profitability analysis may be based on inputs that account for all resources already used and estimated to be required to complete the project. Project tasks may be ordered based on their respective priority, such as for scheduling and resource management. Efficiency may be determined by comparing the estimated time and resources needed to complete tasks to what has been logged and expended against those tasks. Updates can be provided periodically, such as at the end of every day, or in real time and updated with each new input of relevant information. In an exemplary aspect, assets may be assigned to a group of project participants, and the group&#39;s tasks may take on attributes of the group. 
       FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary computing system  100  that may be used in implementing the herein described apparatus, systems, and methods. Computing system  100  is capable of executing software, such as by providing an operating system (OS) and a variety of executable computing applications, or “apps,”  190 . The operation of exemplary computing system  100  is controlled primarily by computer readable instructions, such as instructions stored in a computer readable main storage device  115 , such as hard disk drive (HDD), an optical disk (not shown) such as a CD or DVD, solid state drive such as a USB “thumb drive” (not shown), or the like. Such instructions may be executed within central processing unit (CPU)  110  to cause computing system  100  to perform operations. In many known computer servers, workstations, personal computers, mobile devices, and the like, CPU  110  is implemented in an integrated circuit called a microprocessor. 
     It is appreciated that, although exemplary computing system  100  is shown to comprise a single CPU  110 , such description is merely illustrative as computing system  100  may comprise a plurality of CPUs  110 . Additionally, computing system  100  may exploit the resources of remote CPUs (not shown), for example, through communications network  170  or some other data communication means. 
     In operation, CPU  110  fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from a computer readable storage medium such as storage device  115 . Information, such as computer instructions and other computer readable data, is transferred between components of computing system  100  via the system&#39;s main data-transfer path  105 . The main data-transfer path may use system bus architecture, although other computer architectures (not shown) can be used, such as architectures using serializers and deserializers and crossbar switches to communicate data between devices over serial communication paths. 
     Memory devices coupled to system bus  105  can include random access memory (RAM)  125  and read only memory (ROM)  130 . Such memories include circuitry that allows information to be stored and retrieved. Data stored in RAM  125  can be read and readily changed by CPU  110  or other hardware devices, whereas data stored ROM  130  generally cannot. Access to RAM  125  and/or ROM  130  may be controlled by memory controller  120 . Memory controller  120  may provide an address translation function that translates virtual addresses into physical addresses as instructions are executed. Memory controller  120  may also provide a memory protection function that isolates processes within the system and isolates system processes from user processes. 
     In addition, computing system  100  may contain peripherals controller  135  responsible for communicating instructions using a peripheral bus from CPU  110  to peripherals, such as printer  140 , keyboard  145 , and mouse  150 . An example of a peripheral bus is the Universal Serial Bus (USB) bus. 
     Display  160 , which is controlled by display controller  155 , can be used to display visual output generated by computing system  100 . Such visual output may include text, graphics, animated graphics, and/or video, for example. Display  160  may be an LCD-based display for example, and may include touch sensitive input capability. Display controller  155  includes electronic components required to generate a video signal that is sent to display  160 . 
     Further, computing system  100  may contain network adapter  165  which may be used to couple computing system  100  to an external communication network  170 , which may include or provide access to the Internet, and hence which may provide for entering, accessing, and analyzing the data discussed herein. Communications network  170  may provide a user of computing system  100  with means of communicating and transferring software and information electronically. The network interface may be wired, such as an ethernet or cable connection to a wired network, or may be wireless, such as an air interface to a WiFi or cellular network. Additionally, communications network  170  may provide for distributed processing involving a plurality of computers and the sharing of workloads or cooperative efforts in performing tasks. It is appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing communications links between computing system  100  and remote users may be used. 
     It is appreciated that exemplary computing system  100  is merely illustrative of an exemplary computing environment in which the herein described systems and methods may operate and does not limit the herein disclosed systems and methods. Rather, computing environments having differing components and configurations may be used. That is to say, the inventive concepts described herein may be implemented in various computing environments using various components and configurations. 
     Computing system  100  may be deployed in networked computing environment  200  such as that shown in  FIG. 2 . In general, aspects of the above description for computing system  100  may be applied to server, client, and peer computers and user terminals deployed in a networked environment as shown. For example, server  205 , laptop computer  210 , mobile telephone  215 , tablet computer  220 , and smart phone  225 , and personal computer (PC)  230  may each include and/or share some or all of the apparatus shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 2  thus illustrates an exemplary networked computing environment  200 , including a server in communication with client computing and/or communicating devices via a communications network, in which the herein described apparatus and methods may be employed. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , server  205  may be interconnected via a communications network  240  (which may include any of, or any combination of, a fixed-wire or wireless LAN, WAN, intranet, extranet, peer-to-peer network, virtual private network, the Internet, or other communications network such as POTS, ISDN, VoIP, PSTN, etc.) with a number of client computing/communication devices such as laptop computer  210 , wireless mobile telephone  215 , tablet computer  220 , smart phone  225 , PC  230 , and/or other communication enabled devices (not shown). Server  205  can comprise dedicated servers operable to process and communicate data such as digital content  250  to and from client devices  210 ,  215 ,  220 ,  225 ,  230 , etc. using any of a number of known protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), or the like. Additionally, networked computing environment  200  can utilize various data security protocols such as secured socket layer (SSL), pretty good privacy (PGP), virtual private network (VPN) security, or the like. Each client device  210 ,  215 ,  220 ,  225 ,  230 , etc. can be equipped with an operating system operable to support one or more computing and/or communication applications, such as a web browser (not shown), email (not shown), and independently developed applications, to interact with server  205 . 
     The server  205  may thus deliver and/or or communicate via applications specifically designed for the client devices. Client devices may any of a plurality of operating systems. Such operating systems may include, for example, Windows, Android, Apple iOS, Symbian, RIM Blackberry OS, Palm webOS, and Linux. Illustratively, mobile operating systems and applications may be programmed in any appropriate programming language, such as C, C++, Java, and/or .NET, for example. 
     The herein disclosed systems and methods provide a computer-based platform for project management, including server and client aspects as described, in connection with  FIGS. 1 and 2 . That is, the systems and methods provided herein may be both locally and remotely accessible, with unique aspects available to a local or remote user based on permissions of that particular user, i.e., general permissions, administrative permissions, client permissions, team A versus team B permissions, legal versus engineering permissions, and so on. Such accessibility may be via an Internet, intranet, and/or extranet access, and/or via a mobile access based on one or more partially thin-client mobile apps, by way of non-limiting example. 
     As is illustrated in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the system allows for separation of users by internal users and external users. That is, internal users are those that contribute to accomplishing a project, in particular by generating project deliverables. External users may be clients for whom the project is being advanced, and who will be receiving the deliverables when complete. As shown, user terminal  310  may be used by an internal user, and user terminal  320  by an external user, to communicate via communications network  330  with server  340 . Server  340  comprises a project management application  350 , and project content  360  such as project information that may be stored in a database, for example. In one aspect, project information may be obtained from internal users and abstracted for presentation to external users, as will be described. 
     In exemplary aspects, the system may be used to generate a work schedule based on attributes of available staff, such as a team of software developers or artists working on computer generated graphics for example. Thereafter, the system may analyze the efficiency of a schedule, either prospectively in connection with a future schedule, or retroactively based on historical information. In an embodiment, the effect of excessive “gaps” in work flow can incur a gap penalty. That is, the system may be configured to favor working on tasks continuously or with minimal interruptions. 
     Further, if there is an interruption, the system may be configured to favor fewer but longer interruptions rather than more numerous but shorter interruptions. Thereby, the system may reduce the amount of fragmentation of tasks, allowing task-advancing momentum to be maintained. In particular, the system can recognize that gaps in any task may translate to a loss of momentum that is difficult or impossible to account for in the prior art. In an embodiment, the system may generate a fragmentation index that takes into account the fragmentation of tasks, and operate to influence the scheduling of tasks to minimize the fragmentation index. 
     Illustratively, the system may assign a maximum allowable fragmentation index to an individual staff member who uses task reporting or task tracking reporting daily. The system may evaluate the fragmentation index of the tasks being worked on by this staff member, and may determine, for example, that this staff member is undesirably stretched between different tasks as indicated by frequent and short periods of time devoted to a plurality of tasks. 
     Based on this determination, the system may generate alerts suggesting that the staff member&#39;s time be scheduled differently, or may automatically generate a less fragmented schedule. Prospectively, the system may determine that an upcoming day is overly filled with meetings resulting in excessive gaps and interruptions to a staff member&#39;s work flow. Based on that, the system may operate to recommend to a manager, or may automatically generate, a schedule containing fewer or shorter meetings, or simply a different, less disruptive schedule. 
     In an embodiment, the system is focused around domains of responsibilities, which are organized as workspaces that help stakeholders by displaying updates relevant to their respective individual position or role. Thereby, the system provides for situational awareness based on a user&#39;s scope of responsibilities in connection with aspects of the projects they are involved in. 
     In contrast, prior art systems tend to rely on one or both of two approaches to displaying project task data. In one approach, prior art systems show everything related to all tasks in a project, typically in a Gantt chart, which creates data overload. A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt charts generally include start and finish dates of project tasks, and of a project as a whole, and may also show dependency relationships between activities. Alternatively, in the prior art tasks may be filtered to provide a view of only tasks in which a particular user is personally associated. Such a view does not provide context, and may lead to inefficiencies arising from a lack of appreciation of how one person&#39;s work relates to others engaged in related work. 
     In contrast, the present system focuses instead on roles and corresponding domains of interest, which may include filters in several steps. Thereby, users are provided with a great amount of flexibility in setting up a project to ensure they are apprised of information for the domain relevant to them. In an embodiment, this is realized by establishing one or more standardized contexts, which are consistent across an enterprise. For example, project codenames and activities may be defined in a central list that determines where tasks and conversations associated with these tasks will be viewable. In an embodiment, tasks may be tagged with predetermined tags or sets of tags, and filters may operate on the tags to provide views of information having a scope determined by the tags and by user roles. 
     In a presently preferred embodiment, tasks may be characterized as belonging in one or both of a production or an operations domain. Tasks so identified may be organized by the system into respective production and operations streams. Further, filters may be applied to such streams based on tags associated with individual tasks, to provide respective stakeholders views of project information having a scope appropriate to the role of the stakeholder. 
     In an exemplary operation, a task may be created and associated with an operational activity, a project activity, or both. The task may subsequently be filtered either into an operations “stream” (i.e., workflow), or a project stream. Access to streams may be limited according to the role of a user requesting access to streams, or limited access to other, unrelated streams may be provided, or access may be limited to streams that are directly or closely related to the requester. This approach provides a comfortable workspace to users in a company based on their respective roles. In an embodiment, an initial default filter may be applied responsive to a request for stream information, based on the role of the requester, such as for production or operational managers. 
     This role-based workspace approach may reduce noise in the system, for example, by avoiding duplicative and confusingly similar names, and may mitigate general oversights caused by excessive tagging and associating people with project elements in an excessive abundance of caution. 
     The role-based workspace also enforces a focus on the roles of project stakeholders, and provides an institutionally relevant stream of activity that may, for example, include history and context to a new individual joining the company, or joining a project mid-stream. That is because streams and filters include distinctions such as production versus operations, projects versus, activities, and the like, and do not depend excessively on individuals who may leave or change roles. 
     Illustratively, a task which is tagged with both an operations and a project tag would show up in both streams as a transversal task concerning both aspects of a project. 
     In an embodiment, the system provides an interface with which a user enters information of a project, which is defined as having deliverables, and a deliverable list may be generated therefrom. Further, each deliverable is defined as comprising one or more tasks, and information of the tasks may be entered via the user interface. Tasks are thereby easily associated with a specific deliverable of a specific project. A new task may be added to a deliverable by searching for the name of the deliverable and using the interface to add the new task. The system may then automatically associate the task to the correct project, and ensure it shows up in the correct production stream. Likewise, a task associated with an operations activity will show up in an operations stream. Thus, elements of projects and operations are treated as data objects which are inserted into a corresponding stream, and can be viewed in context in the stream, and may be commented on by system users. 
     The previously mentioned deliverable list may be used to provide an understanding of progress on a project and whether or not the expectations and estimates originally set have been met. Different views may be provided to users based on their roles, which in an embodiment may include both internal users and external users. Internal users may include, for example, staff members and managers, whereas external user may include clients and customers, for example. Role-based deliverable lists allows for tracking, adjusting, and reporting of time and resources expended on project deliverables in different, but related, ways to both internal and external users. For example, a projected expenditure of time to complete a project deliverable may have been agreed upon with the client. 
     However, times agreed on internally may be different. Furthermore, the time actually spent in advancing the project deliverable may not meet projections. Using different approaches to reporting project progress for internal versus external users gives each user information in a form most important to that user. For example, an internal user may be able to make better informed decisions on expenditures and skill of staff used based on deviations from projections. In contrast, an external user most likely just wants to know how far advanced a project or a deliverable is toward completion. Accordingly, different approaches may be employed to provide different users with information in a form that may be predetermined based on their respective needs, even though such information may be based on the same inputs. 
     In an embodiment, the system provides access to project data of various kinds based on the role or status of the user. For example, the system may recognize that certain data may be shared with clients, whereas other data is only for internal review. In an embodiment, only asset-level information (i.e., information of project deliverables) may be shared with clients, while task level information is reserved for internal use only. However, a normalization process may be used to convert internal data for viewing by external users, thereby providing meaningful updates to the external users (such as clients). 
     Illustratively, an asset may have been agreed with a client to require ten hours of work. However, internally it may have been estimated to actually require 12 hours to complete. Thus, internally the system will display 50% progress after six hours has been spent on it (6/12=50%). Or, it may be that the original internal estimate was ten hours but after six hours the asset is only half done, causing the internal estimate to be revised to 12 hours. It may be undesirable to charge the client for the extra two hours, which may be due to internal inefficiency. 
     Moreover, if it had been reported to the client that six hours of progress had been made on a ten hour project, the client would understand, erroneously. that the project was 60% completed, resulting in distorted client expectations. Therefore, the system normalizes, or converts, the progress toward completion as determined internally, to a value that is scaled in accordance with the original agreement with the client. Here, the six hours spent on the project whose revised estimate to completion is 12 hours, may be reported to the client as 50% completed, or may be converted to the scale of the ten hour time estimate agreed upon, which is 5 hours completed. 
     The result of using the system is that staff working on a project can report hours actually worked, and the staff person or manager can revise the estimate for internal use of how many hours will be needed to complete the project, and the system automatically uses that information to report to the client, but first normalized to the client&#39;s agreed hours. Thereby for example, the system allows fair use of trainees (slower than client agreed), or provides fair benefit for efficiency gains (i.e., time saved internally but still charged fully). Thus, clients can see progress in individual assets in a deliverable list that is always up to date. 
     In an embodiment, assets such as project deliverables may be viewable by an external user such as a client. Accordingly, assets may vary by project type. For example, in a production of entertainment context, assets may comprise individual images, or frames, or a character, such as an animated character. Correspondingly, in such a context, tasks may contribute to completion of one or more assets. Likewise, the deliverables may comprise a set or sets of the assets in an asset list. 
     Internal users may upload completed deliverable files to a server and tag or mark the uploaded files to be visible externally. Such files may be the result of a plurality of completed tasks, for may have been worked on by more than one staff member. Uploaded files so marked will be accessible to the client, for example, as a group of images comprised in one deliverable asset, if the original tasks were identified as port of the same project deliverable. 
     In an embodiment, regular updates by staff may be included in an automatically updated real time schedule (RTS), which may be presented to users as a timeline. The RTS timeline is different from the Gantt charts common in the prior art, which include start and end dates, and rely on analyzing which tasks are still incomplete, how many hours are estimated for those tasks, which individuals they are assigned to. 
     In contrast, in an embodiment tasks are assigned respective priority ratings, which are used by the system to assist in the ordering of the tasks. Tasks that have not been completed are used to generate a full schedule for the future, based at least partially on respective task priorities and the hours estimated to be needed to complete each task. But, unlike generating a Gantt chart, the schedule may be created without entering start and end dates for the tasks, which typically are departed from shortly after having been entered. In an embodiment, avoiding gaps is taken into account during task scheduling. 
     The auto-scheduling by the system can readjust timelines as needed, automatically filling gaps arising from changes in timelines with subsequent tasks, for example, in priority order. Correspondingly, if a new task is added, such as by a supervisor in a schedule that is already tightly packed, it will be positioned in production timelines according to its priority setting, and other tasks will be reordered and moved around it accordingly. In an embodiment, the system may reassign tasks to levelize workloads of staff members working on a project, or may recommend to a manager to reassign tasks. Such automatic reassignment or recommendation may be based on an analysis of staff member efficiencies, known skill sets, and the like. Further, reassignments may be made or recommended based on known or unexpected interruptions in a staff member&#39;s schedule, such as due to a looming vacation, or an unexpected health issue from an accident or disease, for example. 
     In an embodiment, staff may log hours spent on their respective tasks manually, for example at the end of every day. Alternatively, a system timer may be used to keep track of time spent on a task and log the time spent automatically. When time is logged, the task time still left over is automatically reduced by the hours logged against the task. This provides flexibility regarding which tasks are worked on, and allows staff to work on multiple assignments, automatically updating the schedule. Thus, the RTS is both a planning tool, and a tracking tool, receiving ongoing or periodic updates in any given production and adjusting schedules accordingly. 
     In an embodiment, each day&#39;s task-related activities may be analyzed after hours are logged. Analyzing the tasks worked on and the hours logged may provide a highly granular view of resources spent, and can tease out relationships such as velocity versus accuracy. In particular, time spent per day on any given project may be determined, and billings may be automatically calculated based on the hourly rate of the respective staff members who logged the hours. 
     Thus, the system does not use the same automation workflows as are used in prior art management systems. In prior art systems, a project deliverable is created to which resources are assigned directly and scheduled. The schedule is then narrowly followed, or manual adjustments by staff are required. 
     In contrast, in the herein disclosed systems and methods, resources such as time needed to generate deliverables are scheduled according to the environment in which they exist. The environment can include the particular asset list they are part of, the individual staff or teams of staff which are available for assignment or have been assigned to that particular list, and the like. Each team can determine how to respond to a particular task, group of tasks, or project phase within its own environment. Each team may specify a preferred order in which any task/phase should be processed compared to others. Thus, when a deliverable is entered into the system, for example as part of an asset list, its component tasks behave as a workflow comprising data objects that will be treated in accordance with team attributes that are unique to that team. Tasks are scheduled automatically or recommended, taking into account task priorities specific to the project and taking into account team attributes, settings for approvals, and automation of task phases followed through accordingly. 
     Use of the system results in workflows that emerge automatically for any configuration of tasks as their order and behaviors are set on a static team level. Consequently, templates of assets do not require static workflows, but will be determined by the system in accordance with any given team environment. This leads to uniform higher level templates, and no higher level workflows set up, as team level processes ensure the phases are handled appropriately on the lower levels. 
       FIG. 4  shows a method of an illustrative implementation. As shown, the method starts by the system obtaining information of a project to be completed, assets of the project, and tasks to complete the assets,  410 . The system also obtains an estimate of the resources to complete each task, and calculates internal resource estimates for the tasks,  420 . The system obtains a measure of the resources consumed toward the completion of each task, and calculates actual totals of resources consumed on project assets and the project as a whole,  430 . A schedule for completing the tasks is obtained or generated automatically,  440 . Information pertaining to the project, assets, tasks, resources, and schedule information are formatted for internal presentation,  450 . In addition, project, asset, and schedule information are normalized to be reflective of values agreed upon with an external party and formatted for external presentation to that party. 
       FIGS. 5-32  are illustrative screenshots of an exemplary implementation showing aspects of the herein described systems and methods. The screenshots are of an exemplary user interface running on a user terminal, in data communication with a server executing a project management software application.  FIG. 5  is a screen for inputting information of a new client, and  FIG. 6  is a screen for inputting information of a new client contact of the client. As shown, the client contact information includes credentials including a password to log into the system, and a list of predefined roles one of which may be selected and associated with the contact. 
       FIG. 7  is a screen for inputting information of a new project to be accomplished for the client.  FIG. 8  is for inputting information defining a project milestone.  FIG. 9  is for inputting information of an internal contact, such as a member of a team that will be working on the project, which includes more complete information than for client contacts.  FIG. 10  shows a list of roles, one of which may be selected and associated with the internal contact, and  FIG. 11  shows a list of permissions that may be assigned to the internal contact, thereby controlling the scope of operation of the system in connect with the internal contact. In an embodiment, the roles can be set up as templates that include appropriate permission selections. 
       FIG. 12  is a screen for inputting information of internal organization divisions and activities associated with the divisions in connection with the project.  FIG. 13  shows currencies that may be used in accounting for financial transactions of the project.  FIG. 14  shows a holiday schedule that will affect the scheduling of team members to which they apply.  FIG. 15  is a calendar view that may be used for scheduling, and that may interface with a human resources-related application, for example. Thus, in the illustrative implementation, a great deal of information may be included that will have an effect on project scheduling. 
       FIG. 16  is a screen for inputting information of an asset, such as a deliverable, that is included as part of the project. A project will commonly include within its scope a plurality of such assets. As shown, colors may be used to highlight certain aspects of tasks and assets. For example, as shown, where the hours estimated internally to be required to complete a task are less than a bid amount of an approved bid, the hours are highlighted in green. Conversely, hours estimated to exceed the bid amount may be highlighted in red, for example.  FIG. 17  is a screen for adding details to an aspect of the assets of  FIG. 16 . The screen of  FIG. 17  includes a switch to change the focus of the screen between what is viewable to internal users of the system, and what is viewable to external users. 
     The feature of changing a focus or applying a filter to distinguish matter viewable to internal users versus external users may be implemented in various aspects of the system. For example,  FIG. 19  shows a view of a “stream” of data objects that are tracked by the system, which may also be filtered according to internal versus external users. In general, the internally viewable subject matter is useful for internal users to obtain an accurate understanding of the actual status of various details of a project. In contrast, the externally viewable subject matter is controlled to control the perception of various aspects of the project and the project as a whole to external users. Thus, the external views may be automatically filtered, summarized, and/or abstracted, such as to convey realistic expectations to a client without overwhelming them with too much detail, or internal aspects that would be of no interest to the client. 
     In an embodiment, external users may be exposed to project level information, asset level information, and certain agreed-upon constraints such as a number of person-hours that may be charged to a project of asset. In contrast, the more detailed task-related aspects that are of no interest to external users may not be exposed to them. For example,  FIG. 20  is a screen showing an external view of the assets that were shown being set up in  FIG. 16 . None of the task level detail is exposed externally, rather, only asset level information is shown, with one of the assets selected to show asset level information that may be of interest to a client, for example. In addition, a messaging mechanism is included in the illustrative application that can be used to exchange messages with clients, obtain approvals, and the like. 
       FIG. 21  is a screen showing a list of tasks that have been assigned to a worker working on the project, showing detail of a select task.  FIG. 22  is a timeline showing the time scheduled to be spent on the assets shown in  FIG. 16 . In an embodiment, the timeline is generated by the system based on the workers to whom tasks of each asset have been assigned and the priorities that have been assigned to the tasks. 
       FIG. 23  shows the timeline being filtered to show a select subset, such as tasks of a select type, although other bases may be used such as tasks of a select priority, or according to tags that have been applied to tasks. 
       FIG. 24  shows an asset timeline formatted for external viewing. As shown, this timeline does not display information more detailed than the asset level. 
       FIG. 25  shows detail of an asset selected by an internal user. As shown, task information may be displayed internally but not externally, whereas asset level information may be entered and files uploaded to the server for external viewing. 
       FIG. 26  shows a screen containing information pertaining to a select internal worker, that may be available to authorized users such as managers.  FIG. 27  shows even more detail of an asset selected from a link circled in  FIG. 26 .  FIG. 28  shows a list of assets awaiting approval by a manager. 
       FIG. 29  shows a list of assets associated with a plurality of different projects, including responsible workers, status updates, progress indicators, and identifiers (here, an exclamation point in a triangle) where hours exceed the bid amount.  FIG. 30  shows the list of  FIG. 29  filtered by a criterion selected from a list of available criteria. 
       FIG. 31  is a screen showing details of a select asset.  FIG. 32  shows an internal worker selecting images for uploading to the server. Because the images are asset-level information which can be accessed externally, they will be available for viewing externally. The system gathers in one place and makes available for selection images of files from all workers who may be working on the asset, simplifying the process of selecting files of an asset for sharing with clients. 
     Under one exemplary embodiment, user-configurable alerts may be utilized to indicate changes to objects or other events within the system. Preferably, the frequency and detail of the notifications may be adjusted. Controls may be provided in the system to specify passive and/or automatic notifications, as well as manually invoked notifications. The notifications may be enabled through one or more different channels, including, but not limited to, (1) the system user interface, (2) within a browser on a user&#39;s computer, (3) within an app on a user&#39;s mobile device, and/or (4) an email alert. 
     A structured two-way system may be configured to allow feedback and review between parties on the internal and external portions of the system. This, as a deliverable project progresses, different milestones, or events within the milestones, may be subjected to a formal approval process for the workflow on a deliverable level that is not necessarily bound by the approval steps of its component tasks. This provides internal users with the ability to initiate a request to external guests and vice-versa. Such actionable requests preferably include notifications and are visible by each party. 
     Also, uploaded files may be configured within the system to retain all or some existing versions as new variants are uploaded. Such a configuration advantageously allows viewers to access the most recent version, while simultaneously allowing access to previous versions. Tools may be configured within the system to allow for visual overlays to be applied to image files. The overlays may be provided in a variety of shapes and colors. In a preferred embodiment, a history of revisions may be preserved, allowing users with access to step backwards and forwards through revisions. 
     In certain embodiments, any object in the system may be interlinked from within the body of a text (e.g., description, comment, etc.) in any other object. This may be executed by selecting a key or button that is configured to display a searchable list of objects or people. Selecting an object allows the insertion of a link that displays a current name of the object, allowing readers to travel to the location easily. If a user name, having access to the object, is entered, the user associated with the user name may be notified, indicating that they have been mentioned. Users may have associated “followers lists” allowing users to associate themselves or others to an object within the system, indicating their desire to receive notifications whenever an event occurs (e.g., property or state change, comment is posted, etc.). 
     Access to objects may be controlled via a permissions list, which provides and controls authorized access for certain users. In one embodiment, access to objects may be configured using a system of inheritable role-based permissions that are assigned to users to teams of users. Roles may be defined by the type of access provided (view, edit, full control, etc.) for each type of object (e.g., divisions, spaces, projects, tasks, etc.). Aside from built-in roles, unlimited custom roles may be created and assigned. Inheritance may be configured to follow hierarchy any may be overridden at any point in the hierarchy. For example, a user may have an “Administrator” role at a division level, giving the user access to everything at that level, but be denied access to a specific space or project via a “Deny All” role on that object. 
     The system disclosed herein may be configured as a semi-closed system, where each company is assigned an isolated feed instance, segregated from other companies. In one embodiment, a semi-closed system may be modified to allow an individual user, or groups of users, from one stream instance to be added to another instance. Such a configuration may advantageously allow the added users to participate in other instances with the click of a button. User may also be assigned to teams comprising a collection of users. Individual members of teams may be assigned to objects in the same way as users. Teams may also be enabled to carry out additional properties or tasks, such as associating individuals with a particular approval process. 
     In addition to native functionality, the system may be enabled with other features that allow for one- and two-way communication and interaction with other systems via APIs on one or both systems. Exemplary interactions include, but are not limited to, (1) reference to files on a cloud storage service, (2) creating, modification and synchronization of equivalent objects on other project/production tracking services, such as comments, tasks, projects, etc., (3) use of third-party services to display and manipulate content, such as rendering complex file formats not natively handled by a browser, (4) creating and modification of content via emailed commands, and (5) creation and modification of calendar items, tasks, etc. in other services via commands emailed from the system. 
     Turning to  FIG. 33 , an exemplary embodiment is illustrated showing a screenshot of a new space created in the system, where a space name and description may be specified. Furthermore, the space type may be designated as “internal”, meaning that only internal staff may view/access the space, or “external”, meaning that individuals or organizations outside the system may also view/access the space. In the example of  FIG. 34 , a user is added as shown, where the role of the added user (“art director”) is specified. 
     In the example of  FIG. 35 , a project is added into the system, where project specification data, such as name (“Zombies  3 ”), description, project revenue, and contractual start and end date may be specified. Edits to the project may be stored as shown in  FIG. 36 , where edits to the project may be tracked. Each project may have an associate milestone due date as shown. 
     In the example of  FIG. 37A , additional users may be added and specified to a particular division (“Streamline Mediagroup”). In the case of the user being an employee, employee data, including date of employment, salary (currency), hourly cost, sick leave and allotted vacation may be specified. Absence allocated history may further be provided as shown in the figure. When an additional user is added in  FIG. 37B , the entry process is similar to the example of  FIG. 34  where the role of the additionally added user (“artist”) is specified. 
     In the example of  FIG. 38 , added users may further be specified to have specific functions and authorizations as shown. Users may be specified with override rule default(s), user functions, authorization access to spaces/projects, create and edit authorization for work modules, and access to management modules. In the example of  FIG. 39 , divisions associated with the system and/or project spaces may be defined and edited as needed. A short name may be specified for the division, as well as currencies associated with the division. 
     In  FIG. 40 , annual holidays may be tabulated and entered in the system, where different divisions, which may be in different countries, may have division-specific holidays designated to them. As the aforementioned data is entered into the system, the event/milestones relating to the project may be generated into a calendar presentation viewable by year, division and venue as shown in  FIG. 41 . It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the calendar of  FIG. 41  may be modified to restrict the year/division/venue displayed or accessed in the calendar. 
       FIG. 42  illustrates an exemplary screenshot of a project editor that provides a universal display of projects and deliverables including milestones and status. Here, a concept package and all documentation is provided, including project concept work (“Warlock Concept Work”) and related project(s) (“Protominion”). Sub-folders and tasks may be displayed and added as shown. A brief description of each element may be provided, together with a listing of assigned users and approvers. Project status (“percentage completed”), together with planned/quoted hours, due date(s) milestones and status are displayed to quickly determine how a project is proceeding. 
       FIG. 43  illustrates an exemplary deliverables list that is sortable under one embodiment. As each of the deliverables are selected (“Protominion”), existing work product may be concurrently displayed for review, together with object properties and internal/external comments as shown in  FIG. 44 . In one embodiment, a partial display list of the expanded deliverable versions is displayed, with an option to load more information (“load more images”). In another embodiment, a full version display list may be provided. Different authorized users may provide comments via the exemplary interface shown in  FIG. 45 . The comments may be designated for internal and/or external dissemination. 
       FIG. 46  illustrates an exemplary screenshot of a task update for a project, where, in this example, the rigging (i.e., binding digital skeleton to a 3D mesh) of a deliverable is indicated, together with a comment update. In  FIG. 47 , the task of texturing (i.e., adding detail, surface texture, or color to the computer-generated graphic/model) is provided where user comments, project status, project duration, and time spent are presented in relation to the deliverable shown in  FIG. 48 . 
     In the task scheduler, illustrated in  FIGS. 49-51 , the milestones for individual users may be displayed ( FIG. 49 ) and modified ( FIG. 50 ) to provide a global milestone presentation for tasks/deliverables ( FIG. 51 ). As an exemplary deliverable is loaded as shown in the screenshot of  FIG. 51 , the object properties and tasks may be simultaneously presented. In the exemplary screenshot of  FIG. 53 , comments may be expanded to show logged hours, milestones, and the like relating to the deliverable. 
     A deliverable may be subjected to an approval process as illustrated in the screenshot of  FIG. 54 . Pending approvals may be arranged or sorted according to a sort type, space, project or deliverable, work type, and/or user. Existing defects or bugs may be displayed as show, together with comments, which may provide a work history for the to-be-approved task or deliverable. Changes made during the approval process may also be displayed and sorted as shown in  FIG. 55 , providing an advantageous global summary. The final deliverable versions may subsequently be presented as in  FIG. 57  for final selection. 
     It is understood by those skilled in the art that any of the techniques described above may be applicable to any suitable processing device, including portable computing devices such as laptops, tablets and smart phones. Access to at least some of the system&#39;s functionalities may be provided in a iOS, Android and Windows mobile operating system. The user interfaces may be reconfigured for a portable platform to simplify access to functionalities, including, but not limited to, (1) viewing and replying to incoming messages, (2) review of chronological events and filtering, (3) creating, assignment, review and approval of tasks, (4) review of notification for new events and property changes, and/or (5) viewing images attached to any object. 
     Although the herein disclosed systems and methods have been described and illustrated in exemplary forms with a certain degree of particularity, it is noted that the description and illustrations have been made by way of example only. Numerous changes in the details of construction and combination and arrangement of parts and steps may be made, as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent arts in view of the disclosure herein. Accordingly, any such changes are intended to be included within the scope the invention, as defined by the claims appended hereto.