Patent Publication Number: US-9837723-B2

Title: Configurable microwave deflection system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Stage of International patent application PCT/EP2014/052503, filed on Feb. 10, 2014, which claims priority to foreign French patent application No. FR 1300410, filed on Feb. 22, 2013, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to the processing of microwave frequency waves, and in particular the deflection of a microwave frequency beam. More specifically, the invention relates to a configurable deflection system. 
     STATE OF THE ART 
     The invention applies to the processing of a microwave frequency beam, corresponding to frequencies lying between 300 MHz and 300 GHZ, with typical wavelengths of 1 mm to 1 m. 
     A number of applications require the capability to control the direction in which the beam is transmitted and/or received. This property is called aiming. 
     For the aiming, the antenna has to be configured to transmit/receive a wave in a given direction of space. For example, these days, in the field of telecommunications, there is an increasing need to have to redirect an antenna, following the updating of the coverage of the land. For example, each time an antenna is removed, there follows a repositioning of the neighboring antennas. Moreover, the coverage of the land is constantly changing because of the ceaseless search to improve the coverage while optimizing the costs and therefore by minimizing the number of antennas. It also happens that certain antennas have to be eliminated or moved, which gives rise to a reorientation of the neighboring antennas. It is therefore important to have so-called “smart” and “remote” antennas, “smart” for their capacity to be oriented to cover different areas in space and “remote” for their capacity to be controllable remotely from a central facility. 
     For the tracking, the antenna has to be configured to track a target, such as a satellite. 
     For the scanning, the beam must illuminate a defined part of the space or scene to analyze it. 
     Furthermore, efforts are constantly being increased to obtain compact antennas, of reduced weight and bulk. 
     Different known techniques make it possible to produce an agile antenna. 
     A first solution is mechanical. The drawbacks are the addition of an extra mechanical system, in weight/volume (relative to the location of a mast), a sphere of significant bulk, as seen from the outside, which changes volume according to its orientation, the reliability (above all if a “remote” antenna is wanted), and the servicing and preventive maintenance costs. 
     Another type of antennas called “electronic scanning” antennas can be oriented electrically. The antenna is made up of different radiant elements or individual antennas mounted in an array and each with an associated phase shifter. These phase shifters make it possible to inject different phases so as to generate a deflection of the beam. 
     However, this solution presents the following drawbacks
         a complex system: a phase shifter is needed for each individual antenna and a control is needed for each phase shifter, hence an associated power supply. In addition, there are generally numerous wires per individual phase shifter so there is a need for good management of the cables. To facilitate this cable management, the wires are often incorporated in printed circuits to facilitate the “management” of the cables;   the phase shifters in certain cases have difficulty supporting the power, hence a power limitation,   the presence of the phase shifters requires the effects of the power and of the temperature to be taken into account, and therefore requires the addition of a cooling system to extract the energy,   this technology is costly,   this technology involves electrical consumption to maintain the control, even when the antenna is not operating.       

     Another solution is to go back to the principle of optical scanning based on prisms conventionally called “diasporameter”. Such a device applied to the microwave frequency waves is described for example in the document FR 2570886.  FIG. 1  describes the principle of operation of such a deflector. 
     An antenna emits a radiation toward two prisms arranged “back to back”, rotating relative to one another according to an axis ZZ′ at right angles to the transmitting surface, and independently. When a prism passes, the incident radiation is deflected in a given direction, that is a function of the index of the material or of the materials forming the prism and of its angle at the vertex. The total deflection angle θ imparted by the assembly of the two prisms depends on the angles of rotation of the two prisms. A drawback of this system for its application to microwave frequencies is the bulk of the deflector resulting from the thickness of the prisms. 
     The document FR 2945674 discloses the use of disks of constant thickness, of refractive index increasing linearly from one end to the other end of the disk to obtain the deflection of the electromagnetic wave passing through the disk. This solution makes it possible to have two planar-faced components and therefore avoid effects of unbalance. However, from a bulk point of view, this solution offers a bulk linked to the thickness similar to that of a solid prism for an equivalent deflection. Furthermore, as with solid prisms, the greater the diameter (or aperture) of the deflection system, the greater the diameter of the components, which leads to an increase in their thickness (given the same material) to obtain the desired deviation, resulting in a component that is all the more bulky. 
     The document FR 2570886 describes also the use of structures on the faces of the prisms, to produce an adaptation layer providing an antiglare function. 
     The documents FR 2570886 and FR 2945674 describe also the possibility of replacing the prism by a blazed diffraction grating, called “zoned prism”. The thickness of the prism is reduced by the creation of zones for which the differential phase shifting between the material forming the prism, a dielectric material with high refractive index (greater than the index of the air), and the air is equal to 2π between each zone. The height h of the blazed grating is given by the formula:
 
 h=λ 0/( n− 1)
 
     with λ 0  being the design wavelength of the device, typically equal to the wavelength of the incident microwave frequency beam and n being the index of the material. 
     By way of example, a blazed grating produced in Rexolite material of index 1.59 has a height h of approximately 17 mm for λ 0 =10 mm. 
     The period P of the grating determines the angle by which the diffraction of the grating is applied. For an incident beam Finc in normal incidence on a blazed grating of period P, the diffraction angle θp that the first order diffracted beam, called main diffracted beam F 0 , forms with the normal to the grating, is determined by the law of gratings well known for a grating illuminated with normal incidence from the air:
 
sin θ p =λ0/ P  
 
     Typically, with λ 0 =10 mm for a deviation of 30°, it is sufficient to adjust the period of the grating to P=20 mm. 
     The component thus has a smaller bulk than the prism. In addition, the thickness of the component no longer depends on the size of the system (diameter or aperture of the system), which is a major advantage when the aperture of the system is great. 
     The diffraction effectiveness or diffraction efficiency η of the grating is defined by the formula:
 
η= I 0/ Ii  
 
Ii and I 0  corresponding respectively to the intensity of the incident beam Finc and of the main diffracted beam F 0 .
 
     In terms of diffraction effectiveness, this solution is suitable when the total deviation angle is less than approximately 10°, or an angle of 5° per grating. However, when a strong deviation is required, for example at least equal to +/−20°, this solution is no longer suitable because it induces losses that increase with the angle of diffraction, because of the shadowing effect. The shadow or masking effect is illustrated in  FIG. 2  by a ray plot. The part of the incident beam Finc corresponding to the zone  21  is not diffracted in the direction θp of the main diffracted beam F 0 , and a part  22  of the diffracted beam is lost, inducing a loss. 
     Furthermore, when the angle of the first order diffracted beam increases, which corresponds to a period P of the grating which decreases, the energy diffracted in the other orders of the grating or secondary orders increases, also inducing a loss on the diffraction effectiveness of the grating, and therefore on the intensity of the deflected microwave frequency beam. 
     OBJECT OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the invention is to remedy the abovementioned drawbacks, by proposing a compact and lightweight deflection system that makes it possible to obtain high deflection angles, a high effectiveness on the main order of diffraction corresponding to the main direction of the deflection, and a strong attenuation of the other orders of diffraction. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     There is proposed, according to one aspect of the invention, a configurable deflection system for an incident microwave frequency beam exhibiting a wavelength contained in a band of wavelengths corresponding to the microwave frequencies, comprising: 
     a first and a second diffractive dielectric component suitable for each performing a rotation about a rotation axis Z, 
     the deflection system being suitable for generating a microwave frequency beam by diffraction of the incident microwave frequency beam on the first and second components, the microwave frequency beam being oriented according to an angle that is a function of the angular positioning between the first and the second diffractive components, 
     the first and second components respectively exhibiting a first and second periodic structure of first and second periods according to a first and second axis, the first and second structures respectively comprising a plurality of first and second primary microstructures formed respectively on a first and a second substrate of first and second substrate refractive indices, 
     the first and second primary microstructures respectively exhibiting at least one first and one second primary size smaller than the ratio between a target wavelength chosen from the band and respectively the first and second substrate refractive indices, 
     the first and second primary microstructures being arranged so as to form an artificial material respectively exhibiting a first variation of a first respective refractive index and a second variation of a second effective refractive index respectively according to said first and second periods. 
     Advantageously, the primary microstructures are formed in the body of the first and second substrates. 
     Advantageously, the first primary microstructures are in the form of a pillar and/or a hole. 
     Advantageously, the second primary microstructures are in the form of a pillar and/or a hole. 
     Advantageously, the primary microstructures exhibit a hexagonal, circular or square section. 
     According to one embodiment, at least one of the periods is sampled according to a sampling period defining sampling intervals, the primary microstructures being arranged within each interval so as to correspond to a given effective index value in the interval. 
     According to one embodiment, the first and/or second primary microstructures respectively exhibit a plurality of first and/or second primary sizes variable along respectively the first period and/or the second period. 
     Advantageously, at most one primary microstructure is arranged per sampling interval. 
     According to one embodiment, the first and/or second primary microstructures respectively exhibit a first and/or a second given main size and a density per unit of surface area variable respectively along the first and the second periods. 
     According to one embodiment, the system according to the invention further comprises at least one plurality of secondary microstructures of secondary sizes smaller than the primary sizes. 
     Advantageously, at most one secondary microstructure is arranged per sampling interval. 
     Advantageously, the first component and/or the second component is at right angles to the rotation axis Z. 
     Advantageously, the first period is less than or equal to the second period. 
     Advantageously, the incident beam is a collimated beam. 
     According to one embodiment, the microwave frequency beam generated comprises a deflected main beam of relative gain of the main lobe and a plurality of spurious diffracted beams of relative gains of the spurious lobes, and the first and second variations respectively of the first and second effective indices are adapted so that each of the deviations between the relative gain of the main lobe and one of the relative gains of the spurious lobes is greater than or equal to 10 dB when the incident microwave frequency beam exhibits a wavelength equal to said target wavelength. 
     There is also proposed, according to another aspect of the invention, an antenna comprising a microwave frequency source arranged substantially at the focus of a dielectric lens so as to generate a collimated beam and a deflection system according to one of the aspects of the invention. 
     Advantageously, the dielectric lens is produced from microstructures exhibiting a size smaller than the ratio between a target wavelength chosen from the band and respectively the first and second substrate refractive indices. 
     Advantageously, the dielectric lens is produced on a face of the first component opposite the microwave frequency source, the first structure of the first component being produced on the other face. 
     According to one embodiment, the antenna according to the invention comprises a microwave frequency waveguide suitable for generating a collimated bean and a deflection system according to one of the aspects of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent on reading the following detailed description and in light of the attached drawings given as nonlimiting examples and in which: 
         FIG. 1 , already cited, illustrates the principle of the diasporameter applied to a microwave frequency wave. 
         FIG. 2 , already cited, illustrates the shadowing effect induced by a blazed grating with strong diffraction angles. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary deflection system according to the invention. 
         FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b    describe an exemplary diffractive component according to the invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates the concept of effective index for the example described in  FIGS. 4 a    and  4   b.    
         FIGS. 6 a  and 6 b    describe another exemplary diffractive component according to the invention. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates the concept of effective index for the example described in  FIGS. 6 a    and  6   b.    
         FIGS. 8 a -8 c    describe a number of variants of the embodiment of a diffractive component according to the invention comprising secondary microstructures. 
         FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b    describe another variant of the embodiment comprising secondary microstructures. 
         FIG. 10  schematically illustrates the variation of effective index obtained with the microstructures described in  FIGS. 9 a    and  9   b.    
         FIG. 11  illustrates the comparative behavior of three deflection systems compared by numerical simulation. 
         FIGS. 12 a -12 c    describe the phase induced by the three deflection systems illustrated in  FIG. 11 . 
         FIG. 13  illustrates the comparative behavior of three deflection systems according to the invention. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a variant antenna comprising a deflection system according to the invention. 
         FIG. 15  describes another variant antenna comprising a deflection system according to the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG. 3  represents an exemplary deflection system  1  for an incident microwave frequency beam Finc according to the invention. The incident beam Finc exhibits a wavelength contained in a band of wavelengths corresponding to the microwave frequencies, typically a wavelength of between 1 mm and 1 m. 
     The deflection system  1  comprises at least two diffractive dielectric components, a first diffractive dielectric component C 1  and a second diffractive dielectric component C 2 . The components C 1  and C 2  are suitable for each, and independently, performing a rotation about an axis Z. 
     The deflection system  1  is suitable for generating a microwave frequency beam F from the incident microwave frequency beam Finc. The components C 1  and C 2  are diffracting gratings suitable for diffracting a beam. The component C 1  illuminated by the incident beam Finc diffracts a first beam, this beam then itself being diffracted by the second component C 2 , generating the beam F of the system  1 . 
     The beam F is oriented according to an angle that is a function of the angular positioning between the first diffractive component C 1  and the second diffractive component C 2  according to the principle of the diasporameter. 
     The first diffractive dielectric component C 1  exhibits a first periodic structure of first period P 1  along an axis X 1 . The first structure comprises a plurality of first primary microstructures MS 1   p  formed on a first substrate S 1  exhibiting a first substrate refractive index n 1   s.    
     The first structures MS 1   p  exhibit at least one first primary size d 1   p  smaller than the ratio between a target wavelength λ 0  and the index of the substrate n 1   s . The target wavelength λ 0  is chosen from the band of wavelengths corresponding to the microwave frequency waves, i.e. a wavelength of typically between 1 mm and 1 m.
 
 d 1 p&lt;λ 0/ n 1 s  
 
     The structures MS 1   p  are so-called subwavelength structures or sub-λ, because of their small size at the wavelength of the incident beam on the component. 
     The microstructures sub-λ form an artificial material exhibiting a first effective index n 1 eff. The arrangement of the microstructures MS 1   p  in a period is such that they form an artificial material exhibiting a first variation of the effective index n 1 eff. 
     The characteristics of the second component C 2  are of the same nature, but are not necessarily equal. 
     The second component C 2  exhibits a second periodic structure of second period P 2  along an axis X 2 . The second structure comprises a plurality of second primary microstructures MS 2   p  formed in a second substrate S 2  exhibiting a second substrate refractive index n 2   s . The microstructures MS 2   p  are also structures of sub-λ type.
 
 d 2 p&lt;λ 0/ n 2 s  
 
     The arrangement of the microstructures MS 2   p  in a period P 2  is such that they form an artificial material exhibiting a second variation of the effective index n 2 eff. 
     Certain major advantages of the deflection system  1  according to the invention are those of an electronic scanning antenna, that is to say a compact system maintaining a same volume, seen from outside, regardless of the orientation of the radiated beam, but with the advantages of a mechanical system, that is to say a lesser electrical consumption since the control does not need to be maintained when the antenna remains inert, a simpler system (without phase shifter or wire or amplifier) and with no cooling management. 
     The small dimensions of the primary microstructures MS 1   p  and MS 2   p , called subwavelength microstructures or sub-λ microstructures make it possible to eliminate the shadowing effect obtained by a diasporameter produced with blazed gratings. 
     Furthermore, the deflection system  1  according to the invention for the incident beam Finc has little bulk and is lightweight, and the distribution of the energy of the diffracted beam F in space is determined by the value of the periods P 1  and P 2  and by the variation of the effective indices n 1 eff and n 2 eff within the periods P 1  and P 2 . This distribution can thus be optimized. 
     The effective index n 1 eff varies according to the period P 1  as a function of an abscissa x n 1 eff(x), between a first minimum value n 1 min and a first maximum value n 1 max, with n 1 min&lt;n 1 max. Since the grating is in contact with the air, n 1 min is greater than or equal to 1. 
     The effective index n 2 eff varies according to the period P 2  as a function of an abscissa x n 2 eff(x) between a second minimum value n 2 min and a second maximum value n 2 max, with n 2 min&lt;n 2 max. Since the grating is in contact with the air, n 2 min is greater than or equal to 1. 
     According to a preferred variant of the system according to the invention, the sub-λ microstructures MS 1   p  and MS 2   p  are formed in the body of their respective substrates S 1  and S 2 . The microstructures are thus easier to produce, the production technique being, for example, mechanical or laser machining of the substrate, molding, fritting or 3D printing. According to this variant, the values of n 1 max and of n 2 max cannot exceed the index value of the corresponding substrate, thus:
 
1&lt; n 1min&lt; n 1max&lt; n 1 s  and 1&lt; n 2min&lt; n 2max&lt; n 2 s  
 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the beam F generated by the system  1  comprises a plurality of beams: 
     a main beam F 0  corresponding to the deflected beam for which the energy is to be maximized, 
     a plurality of beams Fd diffracted in directions other than the direction of the main beam, which are “spurious” beams for which the energy is to be minimized. 
     The spurious diffracted beams can be indexed by an index i corresponding to the order to which they correspond, and called Fd(i) with i≠1. The set of these spurious beams is called, globally, Fd, thus:
 
 F=F 0+ Fd  
 
     The main beam F 0  concentrates a significant portion of the diffracted energy and corresponds to the beam deflected by the system  1 . Thus, the deflection system  1  is suitable for generating a beam deflected in a plurality of orientations because of the rotations of the components C 1  and C 2 , rendering the system configurable in terms of deflection angle. 
     The spurious diffracted beams Fd comprise, for example, the diffracted beam in the order −1 (Fd(−1)), the diffracted beam in the order 0 (Fd(0)), the diffracted beams in the higher orders Fd(−2), Fd(−3), etc. 
     As will be described later, the sub-λ structures allow for a great flexibility in the design of the variation of the effective index in a period. This flexibility makes it possible to optimize the form and the arrangement of the sub-λ structures MS 1   p  and MS 2   p  to obtain a variation of the effective indices n 1 eff and n 2 eff respectively over a period P 1  and P 2  such that the energy radiated in the main deflected beam F 0  of intensity  10  is favored, and the energy diffracted in the spurious diffracted beams Fd(i) of intensity Id(i) is minimized. 
     More specifically, the variation of the effective index induces a phase variation on the incident beam on the component. The periodic structure of the effective index variation (period P) induces a periodic phase variation structure. 
     Advantageously, the phase variation induced by variation of effective index over a period P is substantially equal to 2π (to within 10%) between one end of the period and the other end of this same period. 
     Over a period, the use of sub-λ microstructures thus makes it possible to produce a phase law optimized for the energy radiated in the main deflected beam to be favored, and the energy diffracted in the spurious diffracted beams to be minimized. The optimization is performed on the complete system comprising at least two diffractive dielectric components. Thus, the period and the phase law over a period is not necessarily identical for the first component C 1  and the second component C 2 . 
     Advantageously, the phase law, and therefore the effective index variation, over a period, is virtually monotonic. According to an embodiment described later, the phase law, and therefore the effective index variation, over a period is constant by subintervals, that is to say variable by steps. 
     The primary microstructures are arranged according to different variants. These variants are applicable to the first diffractive dielectric component C 1  and to the second diffractive dielectric component C 2  independently. 
     Generally, the primary microstructures MSp are arranged according to a periodicity P along an axis X. 
     The microstructures are formed in a dielectric material either protruding, in pillar form, or hollowed out, in hole form. A combination of holes and pillars is also possible. 
     In the case where the microstructures are formed in the body of a substrate S, the pillars and/or the holes are produced directly in the substrate for example by the production methods described previously. 
     The microstructures are of any form, preferentially with axes of symmetry to render them independent of the polarization of the incident beam at normal incidence, which allows for a behavior of the deflection system according to the invention scarcely sensitive to the polarization. Advantageously, the microstructures according to the invention have a square, hexagonal or circular section, or a combination of different geometries. 
     Advantageously, as a variant, the period P of the grating (P 1  and/or P 2 ) is sampled according to a sampling period Pe (P 1   e  and/or P 2   e ) less than P (P 1  and/or P 2 ) dividing period P and defining sampling intervals Ii indexed by an index i. The primary microstructures (MS 1   p , MS 2   p ) are arranged within each interval Ii of dimension Pe so as to correspond to a given effective index value neff(i) in said interval. 
     The variation of effective index neff (n 1 eff and/or n 2 eff) according to the period P is thus sampled according to a period Pe. Preferentially, the sampling period Pe is chosen to be greater than or equal to λo/10.ns. 
     In this case, the phase law synthesized with the microstructures makes it possible to produce a phase law that is discontinuous by levels or jumps, each jump corresponding to a given phase value and therefore to a given effective index value. 
     By way of illustration of this variant,  FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b    describe a diffractive dielectric grating C according to the invention that can correspond to C 1  or to C 2 , consisting of primary microstructures MSp in pillar form distributed periodically according to a period Pe, their primary size dp being variable along the period P. It is the variation of their size which allows for the variation of the effective index neff according to the period P.  FIG. 4 a    corresponds to a profile view,  FIG. 4 b    to a plan view of the component C. 
     In the nonlimiting example of  FIGS. 4 and 4   b , at most one primary microstructure MSp (MS 1   p  and/or MS 2   p ) is arranged per sampling interval Ii. In the example, the dimension of the microstructure dp (dp 1  and/or dp 2 ) varies from one interval to another. The interval without microstructure is equivalent to an effective index equal to the refractive index of air. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates the concept of effective index for the variant described in  FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b    and gives an example of a calibration curve to determine the dimension of the pillar corresponding to a chosen effective index value.  FIG. 5  represents the variation of the effective index neff as a function of the surface fill rate of the microstructures, which varies between 0 and 1. The graph corresponds to pillars of period Pe=2.4 mm, produced in a dielectric substrate material S of substrate index ns=2.54. The target wavelength λ 0  is 7.14 mm, corresponding to a frequency of 42 GHz. The period Pe is, in this example, equal to 0.336x λ 0 . 
     The points P 1  to P 5  represented in  FIG. 5  correspond on the x axis to five microstructure size values, and therefore to five different surface fill rate values. The surface fill rate is represented schematically by a plan view of each square-section pillar  38  centered per unit of surface area  40 . The area  38  represents the dielectric material forming the pillar, the area  42  corresponds to the air, that is to say the area left empty around the pillars. On the y axis, the value of the effective index corresponding to each case can be read. 
     By way of example: 
     for the point P 1 , the side D 0  of the square section of each pillar is 0.179×λ 0 , i.e. 1.28 mm, to which corresponds an effective index of 1.34. 
     for the point P 5 , the side D 0  of the square section of each pillar is 0.322×λ 0 , i.e. 2.3 mm, to which corresponds an effective index of 2.28. 
     At the limits, the absence of a pillar corresponds to an effective index equal to the index of the air  1  and a complete overlapping of the surface by the microstructures corresponds to the substrate index value 2.54. 
     It can be seen in  FIG. 5  that the value of the effective index is a function of the surface fill rate. Thus, by acting on the size of the microstructures, the microstructures that have a plurality of sizes variable along the period P, an ordinary effective index profile is generated lying between 1 and the substrate index value ns, sampled by the number of pillars over the period. In the example of  FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b   , there are 7 pillars per period, plus a gap, 7 effective index values can be obtained, in addition to the limit value 1. The same type of behavior is obtained with holes. 
     According to a second variant described in  FIGS. 6 a  and 6 b   , a diffractive dielectric grating C is made up of pillar microstructures MSp′ of constant size d′, and of density per unit of surface area that is variable along the period P. It is the variation of their density which allows for the variation of the effective index neff according to the period P. The method for producing the component is thus facilitated.  FIG. 6 a    corresponds to a profile view,  FIG. 6 b    to a front view of the component C. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the concept of effective index for the variant described in  FIGS. 6 a  and 6 b    and gives an example of a calibration curve to determine the density per unit of surface area of pillars or of holes corresponding to a chosen effective index value.  FIG. 7  represents the variation of the effective index neff as a function of the surface fill rate of the microstructures, which varies between 0 and 1. 
     The graph  71  corresponds to pillars of dimension d′=0.2 mm, produced in a dielectric substrate material S of substrate index ns=2.54. The graph  72  corresponds to holes of the same dimension. The white areas correspond to the air, the shaded areas to the presence of material. The different surface densities are described schematically at different points on the curves. 
     It can be seen in  FIG. 7  that the value of the effective index is a function of the surface fill rate. 
     In order to obtain a component that is easy to produce, the overall aim is to minimize the height of the microstructures. In a variant, the two geometries are combined, namely pillars and holes, in order to reduce the height of the microstructures. 
     Advantageously, in one embodiment, the component C (C 1  and/or C 2 ) further comprises at least one plurality of the secondary microstructures MSs (MS 1   s  and/or MS 2   s ) of secondary size ds (d 1   s  and/or d 2   s ) smaller than the size D 0  (d 1   p  and/or d 2   p ) of the corresponding primary microstructures MSp. The secondary microstructures are arranged as a second layer on the first layer of the primary structures MSp (MS 1   p  and/or MS 2   p ). 
     The secondary microstructures are preferentially pillars or holes or a combination of the two, and preferentially have forms such as squares, hexagons or circles. 
     The use of secondary microstructures makes it possible to more finely adjust the desired effective index value so as to reduce the energy diffracted by the system  1  in the spurious orders other than that of the main beam and produce an impedance matching layer (antiglare layer). 
       FIGS. 8 a -8 c    illustrate a number of variants of the embodiment comprising secondary microstructures. The component C (C 1  or C 2 ) comprises primary microstructures MSp of variable size in pillar form according to a first layer, and secondary microstructures MSs also in pillar form arranged protruding as a second layer. 
     According to these variants, the secondary pillars of size ds, given ( 8   a  and  8   c ) or variable ( 8   b ), are situated on the primary pillars ( 8   a ,  8   b ,  8   c ) and/or between the latter ( 8   a ). 
     In these variants, the secondary microstructures are arranged periodically according to a period less than ( 8   a  and  8   c ) or equal to ( 8   b ) the period P of the primary microstructures. 
       FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b    illustrate another variant of the embodiment comprising secondary microstructures.  FIG. 9 a    is the profile view and  FIG. 9 b    is the plan view of the component C (C 1  and/or C 2 ). 
     The component C (C 1  and/or C 2 ) comprises primary microstructures MSp (MS 1   p  and/or MS 2   p ) of variable size dp (d 1   p  and/or d 2   p ) along the period P (P 1  and/or P 2 ), as described in  FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b   , in square pillar form. The period P is sampled according to a sampling period Pe (P 1   e  and/or P 2   e ), and there is at most one primary structure per interval Ii. 
     The component C (C 1  and/or C 2 ) also comprises secondary microstructures MSs (MS 1   s  and/or MS 2   s ) in square hole form, of variable size ds (d 1   s  and/or d 2   s ). 
     According to a variant illustrated in  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b   , at most one secondary microstructure is arranged per sampling interval Ii. In the second example illustrated in  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b   , a primary microstructure in square pillar form is holed by a secondary microstructure in square-section hole form. 
     Advantageously, the secondary microstructures are centered on the corresponding primary microstructure arranged in the same sampling interval. 
       FIG. 10  schematically illustrates the variation of effective index neff(i) obtained with the microstructures described in  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b   . The period P is divided into 9 intervals (i=1 to 9) according to a sampling period Pe, and a given effective index value neff(i) is generated for each interval. 
     Advantageously, to simplify the structure, the plane X 1 Y 1  of the component C 1  and/or the plane X 2 Y 2  of the component C 2  is/are at right angles to the rotation axis Z. 
     Advantageously, the angle of diffraction of the main order of the deflection system  1  is greater than or equal to 60° as an absolute value, in order to obtain a total deflection amplitude contained within a cone of at least 120°. 
     Typically, each component C 1  and C 2  has an angle of diffraction of the main beam greater than or equal to 25°, which leads to periods P 1  and P 2  of respectively C 1  and C 2  less than or equal to 24 mm for a target wavelength λ 0 =10 mm. 
     According to a variant, the first period P 1  and the second period P 2  are identical, P 1 =P 2 . The calculations are then simplified. 
     According to another variant, the periods P 1  and P 2  have distinct values, with P 1 &lt;P 2 , for a finer optimization of the deflection system  1 . When the component P 1  is illuminated by the incident beam at normal incidence, the component C 2  is illuminated by the beam diffracted by the component C 1 , according to an angle of incidence greater than 0°. Thus, in order to optimize the system, the period P 2  of the component C 2  is greater than the period P 1  of the component C 1 . 
     Advantageously, the incident beam Finc is a collimated beam for a better operation of the deflection system according to the invention. 
     Advantageously, the incident beam Finc illuminates the first component C 1  at normal incidence for a better operation of the deflection system according to the invention. 
     There now follows a description of exemplary numerical simulations of the performance levels obtained by deflection systems according to the invention, and in comparison to the performance levels obtained by a deflection system according to the prior art using two blazed gratings. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates the comparative behavior, by numerical simulation, of three deflection systems by plotting the relative gain of the antenna misaligned to its maximum deviation as a function of the angle. The three deflection systems, exhibiting an aiming angle at θd=64°, are described hereinbelow: 
     a so-called “blazed” deflection system made up of two gratings of conventional identical blazed type. The phase φ induced by a blazed grating is illustrated in  FIG. 12 a   . The index of the material is 1.59 and the height of the blazed grating is 16.9 mm to induce a phase variation of 27 over a period P. 
     a so-called “pseudo-blazed” deflection system according to the invention consisting of two identical components C 1  and C 2  as described schematically in  FIGS. 4 a  and 4 b   , with 9 sampling intervals. 
     The phase φ induced by a “pseudo-blazed” grating (C 1  or C 2 ) according to the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 12 b   . The index of the material is 3.4 and the height of the microstructures is 4.2 mm. 
     The effective index values neff(i) and the values of the height of the microstructure are calculated to induce a phase variation close to 2π over a period P according to a linear law per step. 
     The sides of the pillars vary between approximately 0.8 mm and 2.5 mm in an increasing manner, and the sampling period Pe is equal to approximately 2.5 mm. 
     a deflection system according to the invention called “optimized  1 ” consisting of two identical components C 1  and C 2  as described schematically in  FIGS. 9 a  and 9 b   , also with 9 sampling intervals. 
     The phase φ induced by an “optimized  1 ” grating (C 1  or C 2 ) according to the invention is illustrated in  FIG. 12 c   . The index of the material is 3.4 and the height of the component is approximately 10 mm. 
     The effective index values neff(i) are calculated to induce a phase variation close to 2π over a period P according to a nonlinear law per step. 
     The sides of the pillars vary between approximately 1.8 mm and 2.5 mm nonlinearly, and the sampling period Pe is equal to approximately 2.5 mm. These pillars are holed with square holes of side varying between 1.4 mm and 2.4 mm. The arrangement of the structures is optimized to minimize the energy diffracted in the spurious diffraction orders. 
     The planes of the substrates of the components are at right angles to the axis Z. 
     The axes X 1  and X 2  are parallel, there is no angular deviation between the two components C 1  and C 2 . 
     For these simulations, the incident beam Finc illuminates the deflection system with an angle equal to 0° by taking the axis Z as reference axis (normal incidence) and exhibits a wavelength λ 0 =10 mm. It is also assumed that the ohmic losses (characterized by a loss tangent) in the material are zero. 
     The periods of the gratings are all identical, equal to P=P 1 =P 2 =22.3 mm, such that the main deflected beam from the deflection system has a diffraction angle θp equal to approximately 64°. 
     The behavior of the deflection systems described above is simulated in  FIG. 11  by calculating the angular distribution of the energy I(θ) expressed in dB, called relative gain D, according to the formula:
 
 D (θ)=10 log [ I (θ)/ Ii] 
 
Ii is the intensity of the incident beam Finc.
 
     The figure gives the relative gain of the antenna in a configuration of maximum deflection as a function of the angle θ, which corresponds to the angle of observation in the plane Oxz relative to the axis Z (rotation axis of the components). 
     A curve D(θ) shows: 
     the main lobe L 0  associated with the energy deflected in the vicinity of the angle θd=64° corresponding to the main order (main deflected beam F 0 ). 
     a plurality of lobes associated with the energy diffracted in the vicinity of the diffraction angles corresponding to the other orders (spurious diffracted beams Fd(i)), called grating lobes Ld(i). 
     secondary lobes generally called Ls arranged on either side of the main lobe and of the grating lobes, and attenuated relative to the lobes around which they are arranged. 
     The curve  110  corresponds to D(θ) for the deflector consisting of conventional blazed gratings. 
     The curve  111  corresponds to D(θ) for the deflector according to the “pseudo-blazed” invention. 
     The curve  112  corresponds to D(θ) for the deflector according to the “optimized  1 ” invention. 
     The efficiency D 0  is defined as the value in dB of the relative gain of the main lobe L 0 , with the minimum attenuation. 
     The level of a spurious lobe Dd(i) is defined as the value in dB of the relative gain of the grating lobe Ld(i), with the minimum attenuation. 
     More particularly, Dd( 0 ) corresponds to the rejection in the mechanical main axis. 
     A level deviation corresponding to a spurious order of index i is also defined by the difference between the absolute value of the relative gain Dd(i) and the absolute value of the relative gain of the main lobe D 0 :
 
 E ( i )=| Dd ( i )|−| D 0|
 
     This relative deviation is expressed in dBc (decibel relative to carrier) and corresponds to the level in dB relative to the main lobe. 
     It can be seen in  FIG. 11  that the blazed deflector exhibits a main relative gain of −3 dB, the “pseudo-blazed” deflector exhibits a main relative gain of −3 dB and the “optimized  1 ” deflector exhibits a main relative gain of −2 dB. 
     The blazed grating lobes are significant and are either not at all or scarcely more attenuated than the main lobe. These lobes are a nuisance in certain applications and must be minimized for a good operation of the deflector. Generally, the aim is to attenuate all the grating lobes. 
     The deflection systems according to the invention, “pseudo-blazed” and “optimized  1 ”, exhibit much more attenuated grating lobes. Table 1 summarizes the various relative gain deviations. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Levels of the 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rejection 
                 other grating 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Efficiency 
                 of the main 
                 lobes 
                 Minimum 
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 axis Dd(0) 
                 Dd(i, i ≠ 0) 
                 deviation 
               
               
                   
                 (in dB) 
                 (in dB) 
                 (in dB) 
                 (in dBc) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Conventional 
                 −3 
                 −3 
                 −3, −5; −6.5 
                 0 
               
               
                 blazed grating 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Pseudo-blazed 
                 −3 
                 −13.5 
                 −13.5; −14; −19.5 
                 10 
               
               
                 grating 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Optimized 1 
                 −2 
                 −15 
                 −14; −17, −18.5 
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, the deflectors according to the invention make it possible to obtain relative gain deviations that are very significantly increased relative to the prior art of the blazed deflector. 
     The theoretical deviations obtained by numerical simulation are greater than or equal to 10 dB. 
     Thus, the optimization of the variation of the effective indices neff according to the period P makes it possible to increase the value of the deviations between the energy radiated in the main order (main relative gain) and the energy radiated in the spurious diffraction orders (spurious relative gain). 
     More generally, the simulation of the behavior of the system according to the invention comprising sub-λ microstructures makes it possible to identify variations n 1 eff(x) and n 2 eff(x) culminating in performance levels of the deflection system according to the invention very superior to those of a deflection system obtained with conventional blazed-type gratings. 
       FIG. 13  describes, on the curve  131 , the relative gain D(θ) of an exemplary deflection system  1  according to the “optimized  2 ” invention with two diffractive components C 1  and C 2  exhibiting the same period (P 1 =P 2 ), and different microstructures for C 1  and C 2  inducing a different variation of n 1 eff and n 2 eff. 
     The curve  132  describes the relative gain D(θ) of an exemplary “optimized  3 ” deflection system  1  according to the invention with two diffractive components C 1  and C 2  exhibiting two different periods P 1  and P 2  and different microstructures for C 1  and C 2  inducing a different variation of n 1 eff and n 2 eff. The curve  112  corresponds to the “optimized  1 ” deflection system as described previously. 
     It can be seen that the deviations E are greater than 14 dB for the “optimized  2 ” system and greater than 20 dB for the “optimized  3 ” system. 
     Thus, advantageously, the deflection system of the invention generates a microwave frequency beam F comprising 
     a deflected main beam F 0 , of main lobe L 0  and of relative gain of the main lobe D 0 , 
     and a plurality of spurious diffracted beams Fd, of spurious lobes Ld and of relative gains of the spurious lobes Dd, 
     in which the first and second variations respectively of the first and second effective indices n 1 eff, n 2 eff are adapted to synthesize a first and a second phase law (each being advantageously monotonic or quasi-monotonic) making it possible to control the radiation pattern of the antenna, and more particularly to maximize the level of the main lobe L 0  and minimize the levels of the spurious lobes Ld. 
     Advantageously, each of the deviations between the relative gain of the main lobe D 0  and one of the relative gains of the spurious lobes Dd is greater than or equal to 10 dB when the incident microwave frequency beam Finc exhibits a wavelength equal to the target wavelength λ 0 . 
     Advantageously, each of the deviations between the relative gain of the main lobe D 0  and one of the relative gains of the spurious lobes Dd is greater than or equal to 15 dB when the incident microwave frequency beam Finc exhibits a wavelength equal to the target wavelength λ 0 . 
     Advantageously, the deviations between the relative gain of the main lobe and the relative gains of the secondary lobes are kept greater than 10 dB for a bandwidth centered on the frequency f 0  corresponding to the target wavelength λ 0 , the limits corresponding to the frequencies associated with a wavelength equal to the target wavelength λ 0 +/−5%. 
     For example, for λ 0  equal to 10 mm, f 0  is equal to 30 GHz, and the bandwidth is equal to [28.5 GHz; 31.5 GHz]. 
     The table below gives the levels of the different lobes of the deflection system according to the “optimized  3 ” invention for three different values of the wavelength of the incident beam Finc. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Rejection of 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 the 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Efficiency 
                 main axis 
                 Level of the other 
                 Minimum 
               
               
                   
                 D0 
                 Dd(0) 
                 grating lobes 
                 deviation 
               
               
                   
                 (in dB) 
                 (in dB) 
                 Dd (i, i ≠ 0) (in dB) 
                 (in dB) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   10 mm 
                 −3 
                 −45 
                 −25, −25, −25.5; −25; 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 −25.5 
                   
               
               
                 10.5 mm 
                 −3 
                 −48 
                 −24; −23; −23.5; 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 −25; −25 
                   
               
               
                  9.5 mm 
                 −2.5 
                 −45 
                 −22.5; −22.5; 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 −26; −24, −24 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this example, for a wavelength variation of +/−5%, the minimum deviations are kept greater than 20 dB. 
     Generally, one of the advantages of the deflection system according to the invention is the production of the diffractive components C 1  and C 2 , which can be done easily and inexpensively because of their dimensioning. In particular, production by molding, and therefore in a single step, is possible. 3D printing is also one possible production technique. 
     Based on the frequency range and the size of the antennas, there are different types of technology for producing the components C 1  and C 2  according to the materials. 
     Various production techniques are possible, such as, for example: 
     mechanical machining 
     molding 
     fritting 
     ceramic or printed circuit stacking techniques 
     laser machining 
     3D printing or prototyping. 
     These techniques are compatible with the materials used in the microwave frequency range. 
     Another aspect of the invention relates to an antenna comprising a deflection system according to the invention. 
     According to one embodiment, the antenna comprises a microwave frequency feed S arranged substantially at the focus of a dielectric lens L so as to generate a collimated beam, and a deflection system according to the invention. 
     Advantageously, the dielectric lens L is also produced from sub-λ microstructures, as described in  FIG. 14 . 
     Advantageously, the sub-λ dielectric lens is produced on the face of the first component C 1  opposite the microwave frequency feed, the function of grating type for the deflector according to the invention being produced on the other face as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . 
     According to another embodiment, the antenna comprises a microwave frequency waveguide suitable for generating a collimated beam, and a deflection system according to the invention.