Patent Publication Number: US-2013237598-A1

Title: Antiviral compositions

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/189,139, filed on Aug. 9, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/670,114, filed on Feb. 1, 2007, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/499,227, filed on Aug. 7, 2006, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/771,744, filed on Feb. 9, 2006, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Compositions and method for inactivating acid stable non-enveloped viruses such as noroviruses are provided. The invention provides a method for producing a topical virucidal effect on mammalian skin against acid stable viruses. A method for enhancing the efficacy of alcohol against acid stable non-enveloped viruses is also provided. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Noroviruses are commonly associated with outbreaks of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in food service establishments, and hands are a principal vehicle of this transmission. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers and antibacterial foam handwashes are recently popular hand hygiene products, but little is known about their effectiveness against noroviruses on contaminated hands. 
     Outbreaks of human norovirus (NoV) often originate in food service establishments and the hands of food handlers are thought to be a principal vehicle for NoV transmission. Hand washing is therefore considered to be an important method to control NoV transmission. 
     Previous studies indicated that alcohol-based hand sanitizers had a significant effect against feline calicivirus (FCV, a surrogate for human NoV) on human hands. Recently, mouse norovirus (MNV) has been considered as a more appropriate surrogate for human NoV, but questions continue as to the relevance of these viruses because both FCV and MNV belong to different calicivirus genera than the human viruses. 
     Skin disinfectants containing one or more lower alcohols are widely known. Disinfectants containing at least about 50 weight percent alcohol exhibit antibacterial efficacy, however the antiviral efficacy of these alcohol disinfectants depends upon the type of virus. 
     The antiviral efficacy of acid-containing disinfectants, and of disinfectants having an acidic pH, depends upon the type of virus. A few non-enveloped viruses, namely rhinovirus, feline calicivirus, and canine calicivirus, are believed to be at least somewhat affected by acid. See  Virus Taxonomy: VIIIth Report of the International Committee On Taxonomy of Viruses , Elsevier Science &amp; Technology Books, ISBN 0122499514, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. At least one reference suggests that a pH of less than 5 will provide efficacy against rhinovirus, and other acid labile viruses. 
     However, human norovirus is known to be stable at an acid pH. It is generally thought that norovirus infects humans through an oral route, and encounters and survives a highly acidic environment in the stomach. It can be likewise expected that other viruses that infect via a similar route will also be acid resistant. 
     Thus, while acid-containing disinfectants have been reported to have some antiviral efficacy against, for example, rhinovirus and feline calicivirus, they have insufficient efficacy against human noroviruses and other non-enveloped viruses that are acid stable. 
     A need continues to exist for a method for rapidly inactivating human noroviruses and other acid stable viruses. Furthermore, a need exists for alcoholic compositions that have bactericidal and virucidal efficacy and may be used topically against a broad spectrum of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. In particular, there is a need for an antiviral composition that has efficacy against human norovirus. In addition, there is a need for an antiviral composition that does not require toxic, regulated, or sensitizing components. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One or more embodiments of this invention provides a method of inactivating acid stable non-enveloped virus particles, the method comprising: contacting acid stable non-enveloped virus particles with a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol, and an efficacy-enhancing amount of one or more enhancers selected from the group consisting of cationic oligomers and polymers, chaotropic agents, and mixtures thereof. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention further provides a method of producing a topical virucidal effect on mammalian skin against an acid stable non-enveloped virus by applying a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol, and an efficacy-enhancing amount of one or more enhancers selected from the group consisting of cationic oligomers and polymers, chaotropic agents, and mixtures thereof. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention still further provides a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol; and an efficacy-enhancing amount of an enhancer selected from the group consisting of cationic oligomers and polymers, chaotropic agents, and mixtures thereof, wherein said virucidal composition exhibits an efficacy against non-enveloped viruses that is higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising said enhancer. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention further provides a method of inactivating acid stable non-enveloped virus particles, the method comprising contacting human norovirus particles with a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic foam composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol, a foaming surfactant, and an efficacy-enhancing amount of one or more enhancers selected from the group consisting of cationic oligomers and polymers, chaotropic agents, and mixtures thereof. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention provides a method of inactivating human norovirus particles, the method comprising contacting human norovirus particles with a wipe containing a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol and an efficacy-enhancing amount of an enhancer, wherein said enhancer comprises a cationic oligomer or polymer, and wherein said virucidal composition exhibits an efficacy against human noroviruses that is higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising said enhancer. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS 
     One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a method of inactivating non-enveloped virus particles. In one embodiment, the antiviral method has rapid antiviral efficacy against non-enveloped viruses including members of the families Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Caliciviridae, Adenoviridae and Parvoviridae. More specifically, in certain embodiments, the antiviral method has rapid antiviral efficacy against non-enveloped viruses such as rhinovirus, poliovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, papillomavirus, feline calicivirus, hepatitis A virus, parvovirus, and rotavirus. In one or more embodiments, the antiviral method has rapid antiviral efficacy against adenovirus, human norovirus, papillomavirus, feline calicivirus, hepatitis A virus, parvovirus, and rotavirus. Advantageously, the antiviral method has rapid antiviral efficacy against one or more of human norovirus, papillomavirus, feline calicivirus, hepatitis A virus, and parvovirus. 
     In certain embodiments, the antiviral method of the present invention is also effective in killing gram negative and gram positive bacteria, fungi, parasites, and enveloped viruses. More specifically, in certain embodiments the antiviral method has rapid anti-bacterial efficacy against gram positive bacteria such as  Staphylococcus , and against gram negative bacteria such as  Escherichia coli . In these or other embodiments, the present method has rapid efficacy against fungi such as  Aspergillus . In one or more embodiments, the present method has efficacy against enveloped viruses such as herpes and influenza. 
     The antiviral method includes contacting the virus with an antiviral composition. The physical form of the antiviral composition is not particularly limited, and in one or more embodiments, the composition may be presented as a liquid that is poured, pumped, sprayed, or otherwise dispensed, a gel, an aerosol, or a foam, including both aerosol and non-aerosol foams. The antiviral composition may be employed on a wide variety of surfaces or substrates, including skin, porous, and non-porous surfaces. In one or more embodiments, the antiviral composition may be presented as a wipe, i.e. a tissue or cloth that is wiped over a surface. In general, the antiviral composition includes an alcohol and at least one enhancer. 
     Advantageously, the method of the present invention has antiviral efficacy over a wide range of temperatures, including ambient temperatures of from about 25 to about 35° C. In one embodiment, the antiviral composition is brought into contact with the virus particles, and greater than 1 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds, in another embodiment greater than 2 log reduction is achieved, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 3 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In another embodiment, greater than 3.5 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 4 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In one or more embodiments, the virus is completely inactivated to the limits of detection of the test method within about 60 seconds. In certain embodiments, the antiviral composition is brought into contact with the virus particles, and greater than 1 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds, in another embodiment greater than 2 log reduction is achieved, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 3 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds, in another embodiment, greater than 3.5 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 4 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds. In one or more embodiments, the virus is completely inactivated to the limits of detection of the test method within about 30 seconds. 
     The antiviral composition exhibits efficacy against MS2, a non-enveloped bacteriophage that is sometimes employed in tests to indicate efficacy against non-enveloped viruses. In one embodiment, the antiviral composition is brought into contact with the non-enveloped bacteriophage MS2, and greater than 1 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds, in another embodiment greater than 2 log reduction is achieved, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 3 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In another embodiment, greater than 3.5 log reduction of MS2 virus is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In yet another embodiment, greater than 4 log reduction of MS2 is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In one or more embodiments, the virus is completely inactivated to the limits of detection of the test method within about 60 seconds. In certain embodiments, the antiviral composition is brought into contact with the virus particles, and greater than 1 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds, in another embodiment greater than 2 log reduction is achieved, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 3 log reduction of MS2 is achieved in less than 30 seconds. In another embodiment, greater than 3.5 log reduction of MS2 is achieved in less than 30 seconds. In yet another embodiment, greater than 4 log reduction of MS2 is achieved in less than 30 seconds. In one or more embodiments, the virus is completely inactivated to the limits of detection of the test method within about 30 seconds. 
     In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is brought into contact with a mammalian virus, such as human norovirus, and greater than 1 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds, in another embodiment greater than 2 log reduction is achieved, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 3 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In another embodiment, greater than 3.5 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In yet another embodiment, greater than 4 log reduction is achieved in less than 60 seconds. In one or more embodiments, the virus is completely inactivated to the limits of detection of the test method within about 60 seconds. In certain embodiments, the antiviral composition is brought into contact with the human norovirus particles, and greater than 1 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds, in another embodiment greater than 2 log reduction is achieved, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 3 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds. In another embodiment, greater than 3.5 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds. In yet another embodiment, greater than 4 log reduction is achieved in less than 30 seconds. In one or more embodiments, the virus is completely inactivated to the limits of detection of the test method within about 30 seconds. In certain embodiments, the antiviral composition is brought into contact with the human norovirus particles, and greater than 1 log reduction is achieved in less than 15 seconds, in another embodiment greater than 2 log reduction is achieved, and in yet another embodiment, greater than 3 log reduction is achieved in less than 15 seconds. In another embodiment, greater than 3.5 log reduction is achieved in less than 15 seconds. In yet another embodiment, greater than 4 log reduction is achieved in less than 15 seconds. In one or more embodiments, the virus is completely inactivated to the limits of detection of the test method within about 15 seconds. 
     In one embodiment, the method of bringing the antiviral composition into contact with a virus on human skin includes applying an amount of the composition to the skin, and allowing the composition to remain in contact with the skin for a suitable amount of time. In other embodiments, the composition may be spread over the surface of the skin, rubbed in, or rinsed off, allowed to dry via evaporation, or wiped off. 
     Advantageously, the antiviral composition of the present invention exhibits enhanced efficacy against non-enveloped viruses, including acid stable viruses such as human noroviruses, when compared to the efficacy of alcohol. Whereas C 1-6  alcohols have little efficacy against non-enveloped virus, the efficacy may be enhanced by combining the C 1-6  alcohol with an efficacy-enhancing amount of an enhancer, to form an antiviral composition. In one or more embodiments, the antiviral composition exhibits an increased efficacy against non-enveloped viruses when compared to a composition containing an equivalent amount of C 1-6  alcohol. In certain embodiments, a synergistic effect is seen. In other words, the efficacy of the antiviral composition against non-enveloped virus is greater than the sum of the efficacies of equivalent amounts of the individual components. 
     Therefore, the present invention provides a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising alcohol, and an enhancer. In one embodiment, the alcohol is a lower alkanol, i.e. an alcohol containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Typically, these alcohols have antimicrobial properties. Examples of lower alkanols include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, and isomers and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the alcohol comprises ethanol, propanol, or butanol, or isomers or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the alcohol comprises ethanol. 
     Generally, the antiviral composition comprises an amount of alcohol of at least about 50 percent by weight. In embodiments where rapid antimicrobial efficacy is not a requirement, the amount of alcohol may be reduced. In one embodiment, the antiviral composition comprises at least about 60 weight percent alcohol, in another embodiment, the antiviral composition comprises at least about 65 weight percent alcohol, in yet another embodiment, the antiviral composition comprises at least about 70 weight percent alcohol, and in still yet another embodiment, the antiviral composition comprises at least about 78 weight percent alcohol, based upon the total weight of antiviral composition. More or less alcohol may be required in certain instances, depending particularly on other ingredients and/or the amounts thereof employed in the composition. In certain embodiments, the antiviral composition comprises from about 50 weight percent to about 98 weight percent alcohol, in other embodiments, the antiviral composition comprises from about 60 weight percent to about 95 weight percent of alcohol, in yet other embodiments, the antiviral composition comprises from about 65 weight percent to about 90 weight percent of alcohol, and in still other embodiments, the antiviral composition comprises from about 70 weight percent to about 85 weight percent of alcohol, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     It has been found that, in certain embodiments, a cationic oligomer or polymer enhances the antiviral efficacy of alcoholic compositions against non-enveloped viruses, including human noroviruses. Cationic oligomers or polymers include, but are not necessarily limited to, cationic polysaccharides, cationic copolymers of saccharides and synthetic cationic monomers, and synthetic cationic oligomer or polymers. Synthetic cationic oligomers or polymers include cationic polyalkylene imines, cationic ethoxy polyalkylene imines, cationic poly[N-[3-(dialkylammonio)alkyl]N′[3-(alkyleneoxyalkylene dialkylammonio)alkyl]urea dichloride], vinyl caprolactam/VP/dialkylaminoalkyl alkylate copolymers, and polyquaternium polymers. 
     Examples of cationic oligomers or polymers include chitosan, copolymers of isophorone diisocyanate and PEG-15 cocamine, vinyl caprolactam/VP/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer, polyquaternium-4/hydroxypropyl starch copolymer, butylmethacrylate-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate-methylmethacrylate-copolymer, guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride and dilinoleyl amidopropyl dimethylammonium chloride hydroxypropyl copolymer. Examples of polyquaterniums include those listed in Table 1, below, including the INCI name and technical name. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 INCI Name 
                   
               
               
                 Polyquaternium -X 
                 Technical Name 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 -2 
                 Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, polym. w. N,N′-bis[3- 
               
               
                   
                 (dimethylamino)propyl]urea 
               
               
                 -4 
                 Hydroxyethylcellulose Dimethyldiallylammoinum Chloride 
               
               
                   
                 Copolymer 
               
               
                 -5 
                 Copolymer of acrylamide and beta-methacrylyloxyethyl trimethyl 
               
               
                   
                 ammonium methosulfate 
               
               
                 -6 
                 Polydimethyldiallyl Ammonium Chloride 
               
               
                 -7 
                 Dimethyldiallyl Ammonium Chloride &amp; Acrylamide Copolymer 
               
               
                 -9 
                 Polydimethyaminoethyl methacrylate quaternized with Methyl 
               
               
                   
                 Bromide 
               
               
                 -10 
                 Hydroxyethylcellulose reacted with trimethyl ammonium substituted 
               
               
                   
                 epoxide 
               
               
                 -11 
                 PVP N,N-Dimethyl Aminoethyl Methacrylic Acid Copolymer 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyl Sulfate Soln 
               
               
                 -14 
                 Ethanaminium, N,N,N-Trimethyl-2-[(2-methyl-1-oxo-2- 
               
               
                   
                 propenyl)oxy]-, Methyl Sulfate Homopolymer 
               
               
                 -15 
                 Acrylamide-Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Methyl Chloride 
               
               
                   
                 Copolymer 
               
               
                 -16 
                 3-Methyl-1-Vinylimidazolium Chloride-1-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidinone 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
               
               
                 -17 
                 Quat salt made from Adipic acid &amp; diethylaminopropylamine &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 dichloroether 
               
               
                 -18 
                 Quat salt prepared by the reaction of adipic acid and 
               
               
                   
                 dimethylaminopropylamine, reacted with dichloroethyl ether 
               
               
                 -19 
                 Quat ammonium salt prepared by the reaction of polyvinyl alcohol 
               
               
                   
                 with 2,3-epoxypropylamine 
               
               
                 -20 
                 Quat ammonium salt prepared by the reaction of polyvinyl octadecyl 
               
               
                   
                 ether with 2,3-epoxypropylamine 
               
               
                 -22 
                 Acrylic Acid-Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride (DADMAC) 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer 
               
               
                 -24 
                 Polyquat ammonium salt of hydroxyethyl cellulose reacted with 
               
               
                   
                 lauryl dimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide 
               
               
                 -27 
                 Block Copolymer of Polyquaternium-2 and 17 
               
               
                 -28 
                 Vinylpyrrolidone/Methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride Copolymer 
               
               
                 -29 
                 Propoxylated Chitosan quaternized with epichlorhydrin 
               
               
                 -30 
                 Ethanaminium, N-Carboxymethyl)-N,N-Dimethyl-2-((2-Methyl-1- 
               
               
                   
                 Oxo-2-Propenyl)Oxy)-, Inner Salt, Polymer with Methyl 2-Methyl- 
               
               
                   
                 2-Propenoate 
               
               
                 -31 
                 2-propane nitrile reaction product w/ N,N-dimethylpropanediamine, 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfate 
               
               
                 -32 
                 Acrylamide-Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Methyl Chloride 
               
               
                   
                 (DMAEMA) Copolymer 
               
               
                 -37 
                 Trimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Chloride Polymer 
               
               
                 -39 
                 Acrylic Acid (AA), Polymer w/ Acrylamide &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 Diallyldimethylammonium Chloride(DADMAC) 
               
               
                 -42 
                 Polyoxyethylene (dimethyliminio)ethylene- 
               
               
                   
                 (dimethyliminio)ethylene dichloride 
               
               
                 -43 
                 Copolymer of Acrylamide, acrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride, 
               
               
                   
                 amidopropylacrylamide &amp; DMAPA Monomers 
               
               
                 -44 
                 Polyquat ammonium salt of vinylpyrrilidone &amp; quaternized 
               
               
                   
                 imidazoline monomers 
               
               
                 -46 
                 Quat ammonium salt of vinylcaprolactum, vinylpyrrolidone 
               
               
                   
                 &amp;methylvinylimidazolium 
               
               
                 -47 
                 Quat ammonium chloride-acrylic acid, methyl acrylate &amp; 
               
               
                   
                 methacrylamidopropyltrimonium Chloride 
               
               
                 -48 
                 Copolymer of methacryolyl ethyl betaine, 2- 
               
               
                   
                 hydroxyethylmethacrylate &amp; methacryloylethyltrimethylammonium 
               
               
                   
                 chloride 
               
               
                 -51 
                 3,5,8-Triox-4-Phosphaundec-10-en-1-aminium, 4-Hydroxy- 
               
               
                   
                 N,N,N,10-Tetramethyl-9-Oxo, Inner Salt, 4-Oxide, Polymer with 
               
               
                   
                 Butyl 2-Methyl-2-Propenoate 
               
               
                 -53 
                 Acrylic Acid (AA)/Acrylamide/Methacrylamidopropyltrimonium 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride (MAPTAC) Copolymer 
               
               
                 -54 
                 Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt prepared by the reaction of 
               
               
                   
                 aspartic acid and C6-18 alkylamine with dimethylaminopropylamine 
               
               
                   
                 and sodium chloroacetate 
               
               
                 -55 
                 1-Dodecanaminium, N,N-Dimethyl-N-[3-[(2-Methyl-1-Oxo-2- 
               
               
                   
                 Propenyl)AminoPropyl]-, Chloride, Polymer with N-[3- 
               
               
                   
                 (Dimethylamino)Propyl]-2-Methyl-2-Propenamide and 1-Ethenyl-2- 
               
               
                   
                 Pyrrolidinone 
               
               
                 -56 
                 Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt prepared by the reaction of 
               
               
                   
                 aspartic acid and C6-18 alkylamine with dimethylaminopropylamine 
               
               
                   
                 and sodium chloroacetate. 
               
               
                 -57 
                 Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt consisting of Castor 
               
               
                   
                 Isostearate Succinate (q.v.) and Ricinoleamidopropyltrimonium 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride (q.v.) monomers 
               
               
                 -58 
                 2-Propenoic Acid, Methyl Ester, Polymer with 2,2-Bis[(2- 
               
               
                   
                 Propenyloxy)Methyl]-1-Butanol and Diethenylbenzene, Reaction 
               
               
                   
                 Products with N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-Propanediamine, Chloromethane- 
               
               
                   
                 Quaternized 
               
               
                 -59 
                 Polyquaternium polyester 
               
               
                 -60 
                 9-Octadecenoic Acid, 12-Hydroxy-, [(2-Hydroxyethyl)Imino]Di- 
               
               
                   
                 2,1-Ethanediyl Ester, Polymer with 5-Isocyanato-1- 
               
               
                   
                 (Isocyanatomethyl)-1,3,3-Trimethylcyclohexane, Compd. with 
               
               
                   
                 Diethyl Sulfate 
               
               
                 -62 
                 Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt prepared by the reaction of 
               
               
                   
                 butyl methacrylate, polyethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate, 
               
               
                   
                 ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 2-methacryloyethyl trimonium 
               
               
                   
                 chloride with 2,2′-azobis(2-methyl propionamidine) dihydrochloride 
               
               
                 -63 
                 Copolymer of acrylamide, acrylic acid and ethyltrimonium chloride 
               
               
                   
                 acrylate 
               
               
                 -65 
                 Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt consisting of 2- 
               
               
                   
                 methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine, butyl methacrylate and 
               
               
                   
                 sodium methacrylate monomers 
               
               
                 -68 
                 Quaternized copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone (VP), 
               
               
                   
                 methacrylamide(MAM) vinylimidazole(VI) &amp; quaternized 
               
               
                   
                 vinylimidazole (QVI) 
               
               
                 -69 
                 Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt containing vinyl caprolactam, 
               
               
                   
                 vinylpyrrolidone, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide (DMAPA), 
               
               
                   
                 and methoacryloylaminopropyl lauryldimonium chloride 
               
               
                 -70 
               
               
                 -71 
               
               
                 -72 
               
               
                 -73 
               
               
                 -74 
               
               
                 -75 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one or more embodiments, the polyquatemium polymer includes polyquaternium-2, polyquatemium-4, polyquatemium-5, polyquatemium-6, polyquatemium-7, polyquatemium-10, polyquatemium-11, polyquatemium-16, polyquatemium-22, polyquatemium-24, polyquatemium-28, polyquatemium-32, polyquatemium-37, polyquatemium-39, polyquatemium-42, polyquatemium-43, polyquatemium-44, polyquatemium-46, polyquatemium-47, polyquatemium-51, polyquatemium-53, polyquatemium-55, polyquatemium-57, polyquatemium-58, polyquatemium-59, polyquatemium-60, polyquaternium-63, polyquaternium-64, polyquaternium-65, polyquaternium-68, or mixtures thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the polyquaternium polymer includes polyquaternium-2, polyquaternium-4, polyquaternium-6, polyquaternium-7, polyquaternium-11, polyquaternium-16, polyquaternium-22, polyquaternium-28, polyquaternium-32, polyquaternium-37, polyquaternium-39, polyquaternium-42, polyquaternium-47, polyquaternium-51, polyquaternium-53, polyquaternium-55, polyquaternium-58, or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the polyquaternium polymer includes polyquaternium-37. 
     In certain embodiments, the cationic oligomer or polymer is characterized by a charge density that may be determined by methods known in the art, such as colloidal titration. 
     In one embodiment, the charge density of the cationic oligomer or polymer is at least about 0.1 meq/g, in another embodiment at least about 2.5 meq/g, and in yet another embodiment, at least about 5 meq/g. 
     Advantageously, it has been found that antiviral compositions comprising alcohol and an efficacy-enhancing amount of cationic oligomer or polymer have increased efficacy against a broad spectrum of non-enveloped viruses, when compared to compositions comprising alcohol without cationic oligomer or polymer. In certain embodiments, cationic oligomers or polymers that exhibit no efficacy on their own against non-enveloped viruses provide an enhanced efficacy when combined with alcohol according to the present invention. 
     In one embodiment, an efficacy-enhancing amount of cationic oligomer or polymer is at least about 0.02 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition, in another embodiment at least about 0.05, and in yet another embodiment at least about 0.1 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. Generally, an efficacy-enhancing amount of cationic oligomer or polymer is from about 0.02 to about 20 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In one embodiment, the cationic oligomer or polymer is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent, in another embodiment, the cationic oligomer or polymer is present in an amount of from about 0.25 to about 5 percent by weight, in yet another embodiment, from about 0.3 to about 2.5 percent by weight, and in yet another embodiment, from about 0.2 to about 1.5 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In certain embodiments, the amount of cationic oligomer or polymer may affect the viscosity of the antiviral composition, as well as other aesthetic qualities. Nevertheless, it will be understood that greater amounts of cationic oligomer or polymer can be employed, if desired, and are expected to perform at least equally as well, in terms of antiviral efficacy. 
     The cationic oligomer or polymer may be supplied in the form of a dry powder, or as an emulsion or liquid mixture. In one embodiment, the cationic oligomer or polymer is added to the antiviral composition as a solid. In another embodiment, the cationic oligomer or polymer is added to the antiviral composition as a solution or emulsion. In other words, the cationic oligomer or polymer may be premixed with a carrier, and optionally one or more other ingredients, to form a cationic oligomer or polymer solution or emulsion, with the proviso that the carrier does not deleteriously affect the antiviral properties of the composition. More specifically, a carrier deleteriously affects the antiviral properties of the composition when it decreases the log reduction by more than a de minimus amount. By de minimus is meant a decrease of less than about 0.5 log reduction. 
     Examples of carriers include water, alcohol, or blends of water and another carrier such as glycols, ketones, linear and/or cyclic hydrocarbons, triglycerides, carbonates, silicones, alkenes, esters such as acetates, benzoates, fatty esters, glyceryl esters, ethers, amides, polyethylene glycols, PEG/PPG copolymers, inorganic salt solutions such as saline, and mixtures thereof. It will be understood that, when the cationic oligomer or polymer is premixed to form a cationic oligomer or polymer solution or emulsion, the amount of solution or emulsion that is added to the antiviral composition is selected so that the amount of cationic oligomer or polymer falls within the ranges set forth hereinabove. 
     In one or more embodiments, the virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprises alcohol, a cationic oligomer or polymer, and a synergistic amount of a zinc or copper compound. Synergistic zinc or copper compounds include those where the zinc or copper is present in the compound as an ion (e.g. has an oxidation state of I or II). In one or more embodiments, the copper or zinc compound is soluble in water and/or hydroalcoholic compositions. In one or more embodiments, the copper or zinc compounds is dissolved, dispersed, or suspended in the alcoholic composition. 
     Examples of efficacy-enhancing zinc compounds include aluminum zinc oxide, ammonium silver zinc aluminum silicate, ethylene/zinc acrylate copolymer,  lactobacillus /milk/calcium/phosphorus/magnesium/zinc ferment,  lactobacillus /milk/manganese/zinc ferment lysate, luminescent zinc sulfide, magnesium/aluminum/zinc/hydroxide/carbonate, porphyridium/zinc ferment,  saccharomyces /zinc ferment,  saccharomyces /zinc/iron/germanium/copper /magnesium/silicon ferment,  saccharomyces /zinc/magnesium/calcium/germanium/selenium ferment, silicon/titanium/cerium/zinc oxides, sodium zinc cetyl phosphate, sodium zinc histidine dithiooctanamide, zinc acetate, zinc acetylmethionate, zinc adenosine triphosphate, zinc ascorbate, zinc aspartate, zinc borate, zinc borosilicate, zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate hydroxide, zinc cerium oxide, zinc chloride, zinc citrate, zinc coceth sulfate, zinc coco-sulfate, zinc cysteinate, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, zinc DNA, zinc formaldehyde sulfoxylate, zinc glucoheptonate, zinc gluconate, zinc glutamate, zinc glycinate, zinc glycyrrhetinate, zinc hexametaphosphate, zinc hydrolyzed collagen, zinc lactate, zinc laurate, zinc magnesium aspartate, zinc myristate, zinc neodecanoate, zinc oxide, zinc palmitate, zinc PCA, zinc pentadecene tricarboxylate, zinc peroxide, zinc phenolsulfonate, zinc picolinate, zinc pyrithione, zinc ricinoleate, zinc rosinate, zinc salicylate, zinc silicates, zinc stearate, zinc sulfate, zinc sulfide, zinc thiosalicylate, zinc undecylenate, zinc undecylenoyl hydrolyized wheat protein, and zinc zeolite. 
     Examples of efficacy-enhancing copper compounds include copper sulfate, copper citrate, copper oxylate, copper usnate, copper acetate, copper chloride, copper carbonate, alanine/histidine/lysine polypeptide copper HCl, bis(tripeptide-1) copper acetate, chlorophyllin-copper complex, copper acetylmethionate, copper acetyl tyrosinate methylsilano, copper adenosine triphosphate, copper aspartate, copper chlorophyll, copper DNA, copper gluconate, copper PCA, copper PCA methylsilanol, copper picolinate, copper powder, copper sulfate, copper tripeptide-1, disodium EDTA-copper,  saccharomyces /copper ferment,  saccharomyces /copper ferment lysate filtrate,  saccharomyces /zinc/iron/germanium/copper/magnesium/silicon ferment, and silver copper zeolite. 
     It has been found that, in certain embodiments, a copper or zinc compound enhances the antiviral efficacy of alcoholic solutions against non-enveloped viruses. In one or more embodiments, copper or zinc compounds that exhibit moderate or no efficacy on their own against non-enveloped viruses, provide an enhanced efficacy when present in the antiviral composition of the present invention. 
     In one or more embodiments, a synergistic enhancement of antiviral efficacy may be achieved by contacting non-enveloped virus particles with a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol, an efficacy-enhancing amount of a cationic oligomer or polymer, and a synergistic amount of a copper or zinc compound. For purposes of this specification, the synergistic amount will be expressed as the amount of copper or zinc compounds that are added to form the alcoholic composition, and it will be understood that in one or more embodiments, upon forming the alcoholic composition the copper or zinc compounds may be dissolved or solubilized in the alcoholic composition. 
     The amount of copper or zinc compound is not particularly limited, so long as it is at least a synergistic amount. The minimum amount of copper or zinc compound that corresponds to a synergistic amount can be determined by comparing the log reduction of virus achieved by a composition comprising an alcohol and a cationic oligomer or polymer to a composition comprising an alcohol and a given amount of copper or zinc compound. The amount of copper or zinc compound below which no difference in log reduction is seen is a synergistic amount. 
     In one or more embodiments, the minimum synergistic amount of copper or zinc compound is about 0.001 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In certain embodiments, a synergistic amount of copper or zinc compound is at least about 0.003 percent by weight, and in other embodiments, at least about 0.005 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. The synergistic amount may vary depending upon which copper or zinc compound is selected and upon which virus is to be inactivated. 
     In one embodiment, the copper or zinc compound is added in an amount of from about 0.0001 to about 0.8 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the amount of copper or zinc compound is from about 0.001 to about 0.5 weight percent, and in yet another embodiment, from about 0.003 to about 0.2 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. It will be understood that greater levels of copper or zinc compound can be used, if desired, and are expected to perform at least equally as well. 
     In certain embodiments, the minimum synergistic amount of copper or zinc compound is that which will provide an effective amount of copper or zinc to the antiviral composition. In one or more embodiments, an effective amount of copper or zinc is at least about 1 part per million (ppm) by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition, in other embodiments, at least about 10 ppm, and in yet other embodiments, at least about 30 ppm by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine the molecular weight of a particular copper or zinc compound and calculate a synergistic amount (i.e. the amount necessary to deliver the desired parts per million of copper or zinc to the antiviral composition). 
     The copper or zinc compound may be added to the antiviral composition in any appropriate form, for example as a solid or liquid. In one or more embodiments, the copper or zinc compound is added as a powder that dissolves or is dispersed in the antiviral composition. In other embodiments, the copper or zinc compound is added to the antiviral composition as a solution or emulsion. In other words, the copper or zinc compound may be premixed with a carrier, and optionally one or more other ingredients, to form a copper or zinc compound solution or emulsion, with the proviso that the carrier does not deleteriously affect the antiviral properties of the composition. Examples of carriers include water, alcohol, any of the blends described above as carriers for the cationic oligomer or polymer, and mixtures thereof. It will be understood that, when the copper or zinc compound is premixed to form a copper or zinc compound solution or emulsion, the amount of solution or emulsion that is added to the antiviral composition is selected so that the amount of copper or zinc compound falls within the ranges set forth hereinabove. 
     In one or more embodiments where the antiviral composition includes an efficacy enhancing copper or zinc compound, the amount of acid is limited. In one embodiment, the amount of acid is less than about 0.05 percent by weight, in another embodiment, less than about 0.01 percent by weight, and in yet another embodiment, less than about 0.005 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of acid. 
     In certain embodiments, the antiviral composition includes a chaotropic agent. Chaotropic agents include agents that disrupt molecular structure, particularly molecular structure formed by nonbonding forces such as hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals interaction, and hydrophobic effect. Chaotropic agents are well known in the field of biochemistry and include, but are not limited to, urea, thiourea, guanidine-HCl, guanidine thiocyanate, aminoguanidine bicarbonate, guanidine carbonate, guanidine phosphate, and aminoguanidine-HCL. Although it is known in the art that heat may act as a chaotropic agent, for purposes of this specification, the term chaotropic agent refers to a substance other than heat. This should not be interpreted to exclude the presence of heat from the method of the present invention, because as stated hereinbelow, the method of the present invention operates over a wide range of temperatures. 
     In one embodiment, the chaotropic agent comprises urea. The chaotropic agent may be supplied in the form of a dry powder, or as an emulsion or liquid mixture, and can optionally include a carrier such as those described above for the cationic oligomer or polymer. 
     It has been found that, in certain embodiments, the presence of a chaotropic agent enhances the antiviral efficacy of alcoholic solutions against non-enveloped viruses. Advantageously, a synergistic antiviral effect is observed when the chaotropic agent is combined with alcohol and a cationic oligomer or polymer. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the chaotropic agent may enhance the antiviral efficacy of the alcoholic composition by disrupting the proteins of the virus capsid. In certain embodiments, chaotropic agents that exhibit no efficacy on their own against non-enveloped viruses, provide an enhanced efficacy when combined with alcohol according to the present invention. In contrast to views expressed in the prior art, where concentrations of about 6-8 M are advocated for chaotropic agents in order to denature proteins, it has surprisingly been found that the antiviral method of the present invention provides good antiviral efficacy at much lower concentrations of chaotrope. 
     The amount of chaotropic agent is not particularly limited, so long as it is at least an efficacy-enhancing amount. The minimum amount of chaotropic agent that corresponds to an efficacy-enhancing amount can be determined by comparing the log reduction of virus achieved by a composition comprising an alcohol to a composition comprising an alcohol and a given amount of chaotropic agent. The amount of chaotropic agent below which no difference in log reduction is seen is an efficacy-enhancing amount. 
     In one embodiment, the chaotropic agent is added in an amount of from about 0.25 to about 20 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the amount of chaotropic agent is from about 1 to about 15 weight percent, and in yet another embodiment, from about 4 to about 12 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. It will be understood that greater levels of chaotropic agent can be used, if desired, and are expected to perform equally as well. 
     As described hereinabove, the antiviral composition of this invention includes an alcohol, and an enhancer selected from cationic oligomers or polymers, and chaotropic agents. In one or more embodiments, the composition includes one or more copper or zinc compounds. The composition can further comprise a wide range of optional ingredients, with the proviso that they do not deleteriously affect the antiviral efficacy of the composition. By deleterious is meant that the decrease in the log reduction is not de minimus, or in other words, the log reduction does not decrease by more than about 0.5. The CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, Eleventh Edition 2005, and the 2004 CTFA International Buyer&#39;s Guide, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, describe a wide variety of non-limiting cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients commonly used in the skin care industry, that are suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention. Nonlimiting examples of functional classes of ingredients are described at page 537 of the Handbook. Examples of these functional classes include: abrasives, anti-acne agents, anticaking agents, antioxidants, binders, biological additives, bulking agents, chelating agents, chemical additives; colorants, cosmetic astringents, cosmetic biocides, denaturants, drug astringents, emulsifiers, external analgesics, film formers, fragrance components, humectants, opacifying agents, plasticizers, preservatives (sometimes referred to as antimicrobials), propellants, reducing agents, skin bleaching agents, skin-conditioning agents (emollient, miscellaneous, and occlusive), skin protectants, solvents, surfactants, foam boosters, hydrotropes, solubilizing agents, suspending agents (nonsurfactant), sunscreen agents, ultraviolet light absorbers, detackifiers, and viscosity increasing agents (aqueous and nonaqueous). Examples of other functional classes of materials useful herein that are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art include solubilizing agents, sequestrants, and keratolytics, topical active ingredients, and the like. In one embodiment, the antiviral composition further comprises glycerin. 
     Foaming surfactants may be included, with the proviso that they will not deleteriously affect the antiviral efficacy of the composition. The foaming surfactant contributes foaming properties to the alcoholic composition, and may include anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, or amphoteric surfactants and their associated salts. In one embodiment, the foaming surfactant includes a fluorosurfactant, a siloxane polymer surfactant, or a combination thereof. Fluorosurfactants include compounds that contain at least one fluorine atom. Examples of fluorosurfactants include perfluoroalkylethyl phosphates, perfluoroalkylethyl betaines, fluoroaliphatic amine oxides, fluoroaliphatic sodium sulfosuccinates, fluoroaliphatic stearate esters, fluoroaliphatic phosphate esters, fluoroaliphatic quaternaries, fluoroaliphatic polyoxyethylenes, and the like, and mixtures thereof. 
     Examples of fluorosurfactants include perfluoroalkylethyl phosphates, perfluoroalkylethyl betaines, fluoroaliphatic amine oxides, fluoroaliphatic sodium sulfosuccinates, fluoroaliphatic phosphate esters, and fluoroaliphatic quaternaries. Specific examples of fluorosurfactants include DEA-C8-18 perfluoroalkylethyl phosphate, TEA-C8-18 perfluoroalkylethyl phosphate, NH 4 —C8-18 perfluoroalkylethyl phosphate, and C8-18 perfluoroalkylethyl betaine. 
     Siloxane polymer surfactants may be generally characterized by containing one or more Si—O—Si linkages in the polymer backbone. The siloxane polymer surfactant may or may not include a fluorine atom. Therefore, some foaming surfactants may be classified as both fluorosurfactants and siloxane polymer surfactants. Siloxane polymer surfactants include organopolysiloxane dimethicone polyols, silicone carbinol fluids, silicone polyethers, alkylmethyl siloxanes, amodimethicones, trisiloxane ethoxylates, dimethiconols, quaternized silicone surfactants, polysilicones, silicone crosspolymers, and silicone waxes. 
     Examples of siloxane polymer surfactants include dimethicone PEG-7 undecylenate, PEG-10 dimethicone, PEG-8 dimethicone, PEG-12 dimethicone, perfluorononylethyl carboxydecal PEG 10, PEG-20/PPG-23 dimethicone, PEG-11 methyl ether dimethicone, bis-PEG/PPG-20/20 dimethicone, silicone quats, PEG-9 dimethicone, PPG-12 dimethicone, fluoro PEG-8 dimethicone, PEG 23/PPG 6 dimethicone, PEG 20/PPG 23 dimethicone, PEG 17 dimethicone, PEG5/PPG3 methicone, bis PEG20 dimethicone, PEG/PPG20/15 dimethicone copolyol and sulfosuccinate blends, PEG-8 dimethicone\ dimmer acid blends, PEG-8 dimethicone\ fatty acid blends, PEG-8 dimethicone\ cold pressed vegetable oil\polyquaternium blends, random block polymers and mixtures thereof. 
     The amount of foaming surfactant is not particularly limited, so long as an effective amount to produce foaming is present. In certain embodiments, the effective amount to produce foaming may vary, depending upon the amount of alcohol and other ingredients that are present. In one or more embodiments, the composition includes at least about 0.002 wt. % of foaming surfactant, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the composition includes at least about 0.01 wt. % of foaming surfactant, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In yet another embodiment, the composition includes at least about 0.05 wt. % of foaming surfactant, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     In one embodiment, the foaming surfactant is present in an amount of from about 0.002 to about 4 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the foaming surfactant is present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 2 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. It is envisioned that higher amounts may also be effective to produce foam. All such weights as they pertain to listed ingredients are based on the active level, and therefore do not include carriers or by-products that may be included in commercially available materials, unless otherwise specified. 
     Foamable alcoholic compositions are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/438,664 and 12/032,083, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In certain embodiments, alcohol is the only active antimicrobial or preservative ingredient introduced into the composition. Any antimicrobial or preservative ingredient other than alcohol may be referred to as an auxiliary antimicrobial agent. In one embodiment, the amount of auxiliary antimicrobial agent is less than about 0.1 percent by weight, in another embodiment, less than about 0.05 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of auxiliary antimicrobial agents. 
     It is envisioned that, in other embodiments, auxiliary antimicrobial agents could be included, with the proviso that the antimicrobial ingredient does not deleteriously affect the antiviral properties of the composition. Examples of auxiliary antimicrobial agents include, but are not limited to, triclosan, also known as 5-chloro-2(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol and available from Ciba-Geigy Corporation under the tradename IRGASAN®; chloroxylenol, also known as 4-chloro-3,5-xylenol (PCMX), available from Nipa Laboratories, Inc. under the tradenames NIPACIDE® MX or PX; hexetidine, also known as 5-amino-1,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-5-methyl-hexahydropyrimidine; chlorhexidine salts including chlorhexidine gluconate and the salts of N,N″-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-2,4,11,14-tetraazatetradecanediimidi amide; 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1; 3-diol, benzalkonium chloride; cetylpyridinium chloride; alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides; iodine; phenol, bisphenol, diphenyl ether, phenol derivatives, povidone-iodine including polyvinylpyrrolidinone-iodine; parabens; hydantoins and derivatives thereof, including 2,4-imidazolidinedione and derivatives of 2,4-imidazolidinedione as well as dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (also known as DMDM hydantoin or glydant); phenoxyethanol; cis isomer of 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,6-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride, also known as quaternium-15 and available from Dow Chemical Company under the tradename DOWCIL™ 2000; diazolidinyl urea; benzethonium chloride; methylbenzethonium chloride; glyceryl laurate, transition metal compounds such as silver, copper, magnesium, zinc compounds, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, anilides, bisguanidines, and mixtures thereof. When used, the auxiliary antimicrobial agents are present in amounts of from about 0.1 to about 1 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     In certain embodiments, the combination of alcohol and enhancer is the virucidally active ingredient, and the amount of other virucidally active materials is limited. In one embodiment, the amount of auxiliary virucidally active materials is less than about 0.1 percent by weight, in another embodiment less than about 0.05 percent by weight, and in another embodiment, less than about 0.02 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of auxiliary virucidally active material. 
     It is envisioned that, in other embodiments, auxiliary antiviral agents could be included, with the proviso that the antiviral ingredient does not deleteriously affect the antiviral properties of the composition according to the present invention. Examples of auxiliary antivirals include botanicals such as rosmarinic acid, tetrahydrocurcuminoids, oleuropen, oleanolic acid, aspalathus linearis extract, white tea, red tea, green tea extract, neem oil limonoids, coleus oil, licorice extract, burnet, ginger &amp; cinnamon extracts, alpha-glucan oligosaccharide,  perilla  ocymoides leaf powder, camphor, camellia oleifera leaf extract, ginger, menthol, eucalyptus, capillisil hc, hydroxyprolisilane cn, sandlewood oil/resin,  calendula  oil, rosemary oil, lime/orange oils, and hop acids. 
     In one or more embodiments, the antiviral composition may optionally further includes a proton donor as an auxiliary antiviral agent or as an antiviral enhancer. Proton donors include Arrhenius acids, Bronsted-Lowry acids and Lewis acids. Strong or weak acids may be used. 
     Examples of acids include mineral acids and organic acids. Mineral acids include, without limitation, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, boric acid, and sulfuric acid. Organic acids include sulfonic acids, organophosphorus acids, carboxylic acids such as benzoic acids, propionic acids, phthalic acids, butyric acids, acetic acids, amino acids, and other substituted and unsubstituted organic acids. 
     Examples of organic acids include adipic acid, benzene 1,3,5 tricarboxylic acid, chlorosuccinic acid, choline chloride, cis-aconitic acid, citramalic acid, citric acid, cyclobutane 1,1,3,3 tetracarboxylic acid, cyclohexane 1,2,4,5 tetracarboxylic acid, cyclopentane 1,2,3,4 tetracarboxylic acid, diglycolic acid, fumaric acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, glyoxylic acid, isocitric acid, ketomalonic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, oxalacetic acid, oxalic acid, phytic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, tartronic acid, tetrahydrofuran 2,3,4,5 tetracarboxylic acid, tricarballylic acid, versene acids, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, 2-hydroxypropane 1,3 dicarboxylic acid, glyceric acid, furan 2,5 dicarboxylic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2,5 dicarboxylic acid, 3,4-dihydroxytetrahydrofuran-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, dl-glyceric acid, and 2,5 furandicarboxylic acid. 
     In certain embodiments, the proton donor includes a hydroxy carboxylic acid, and in one embodiment, the hydroxy acid includes two or more carboxylic acid groups. In one or more embodiments, the hydroxy carboxylic acid includes alpha-hydroxy acids and beta-hydroxy acids. Examples of alpha-hydroxy acids having two or more carboxylic acid groups include tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, and isocitric acid. Examples of other alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids include lactic acid, tartronic acid, and malonic acid. In one embodiment, the proton donor includes citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, salicylic acid, oxalic acid, or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the proton donor includes citric acid. 
     It has been found that, in certain embodiments, a proton donor enhances the antiviral efficacy of alcoholic solutions against non-enveloped viruses. In one or more embodiments, proton donors that exhibit moderate or no efficacy on their own against non-enveloped viruses, provide an enhanced efficacy when present in the antiviral composition of the present invention. 
     In one or more embodiments, a synergistic enhancement of antiviral efficacy may be achieved by contacting non-enveloped virus particles with a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol, an efficacy-enhancing amount of a proton donor, and a synergistic amount of a cationic oligomer or polymer. The minimum amount of cationic oligomer or polymer that corresponds to a synergistic amount is at least about 0.02 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition, in another embodiment at least about 0.05, and in yet another embodiment at least about 0.1 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     In one or more embodiments, the amount of proton donor is not particularly limited, so long as it is at least an efficacy-enhancing amount. The minimum amount of proton donor that corresponds to an efficacy-enhancing amount can be determined by comparing the log reduction of virus achieved by a composition comprising an alcohol to a composition comprising an alcohol and a given amount of proton donor. The amount of proton donor below which no difference in log reduction is seen is an efficacy-enhancing amount. In certain embodiments, for example when efficacy against MS2 virus is desired, the minimum efficacy-enhancing amount of proton donor is about 0.01 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     In another embodiment, for example when efficacy against feline calicivirus is desired, the minimum efficacy-enhancing amount of proton donor is about 0.04 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     In one embodiment, the proton donor is added in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 1 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the amount of proton donor is from about 0.015 to about 0.5 weight percent, and in yet another embodiment, from about 0.03 to about 0.3 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. It will be understood that greater levels of proton donor can be used, if desired, and are expected to perform at least equally as well. 
     In one embodiment, the proton donor is added to the antiviral composition as a solution or emulsion. In other words, the proton donor may be premixed with a carrier, and optionally one or more other ingredients, to form a proton donor solution or emulsion, with the proviso that the carrier does not deleteriously affect the antiviral properties of the composition. Examples of carriers include water, alcohol, any of the blends described above as carriers for the cationic oligomer or polymer, and mixtures thereof. It will be understood that, when the proton donor is premixed to form a proton donor solution or emulsion, the amount of solution or emulsion that is added to the antiviral composition is selected so that the amount of proton donor falls within the ranges set forth hereinabove. The efficacy of alcoholic compositions comprising a C 1-6  alcohol, an acid, and a cationic oligomer or polymer against resident and transient flora is described in co-pending U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2007/0184016 A1, which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In one or more embodiments, the amount of proton donor may be advantageously limited, for example to avoid a low pH that can be harsh on animate surfaces. In one embodiment, the amount of proton donor is less than about 0.1 percent by weight, in another embodiment less than about 0.05 percent by weight, and in another embodiment, less than about 0.02 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of proton donors. 
     Advantageously, certain ingredients that have been designated in the prior art as critical to achieving rapid antiviral efficacy can be limited in the antiviral composition of the present invention. For example, zinc compounds are not necessary, and can be limited, if desired, to less than about 0.5 percent by weight, or in another embodiment to less than about 0.1 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the disinfecting composition. In another embodiment, the disinfecting composition is devoid of organic salts of zinc. Zinc compounds that may be so limited include any of those listed hereinabove. Specific zinc compounds that may be so limited include those having a counterion selected from gluconate, acetate, chloride, acetylacetonate, bromide citrate, formate, glycerophosphate, iodide, lactate, nitrate, salicylate, sulfate, pyrithione, and tartrate. 
     In certain embodiments, the amount of metal salts in the composition is limited. For example, in one embodiment, the virucidally enhanced composition comprises alcohol, a cationic oligomer or polymer, and a proton donor, and the amount of metal salt is limited. In one embodiment, the amount of metal salts is less than about 0.05 percent by weight, in another embodiment, less than about 0.01 percent by weight, and in yet another embodiment, less than about 0.001 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of metal salts. 
     In certain embodiments, the amount of iodine in the composition is limited. In one embodiment, the amount of iodine is less than about 1 percent by weight, in another embodiment, less than about 0.1 percent by weight, and in yet another embodiment, less than about 0.01 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of iodine. 
     In these or other embodiments, the amount of inorganic salts, aluminum compounds, zirconium compounds, or aluminum-zirconium complexes may be limited. In one or more embodiments, the amount of inorganic salts, aluminum compounds, zirconium compounds, or aluminum-zirconium complexes is less than about 0.05 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     In certain embodiments, the amount of fatty acid may be limited. In these embodiments, the amount of fatty acid may be less than about 1 percent by weight, in another embodiment less that about 0.1 percent by weight, in yet another embodiment, less than about 0.05 percent by weight, and in still yet another embodiment, less than about 0.01 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of fatty acid. In these or other embodiments, the amount of fatty ester may be limited. In these embodiments, the amount of fatty ester may be less than about 1 percent by weight, in another embodiment less that about 0.1 percent by weight, in yet another embodiment, less than about 0.05 percent by weight, and in still yet another embodiment, less than about 0.01 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of fatty ester. In these or yet other embodiments, the amount of fatty ether may be limited. In these embodiments, the amount of fatty ether may be less than about 1 percent by weight, in another embodiment less that about 0.1 percent by weight, in yet another embodiment, less than about 0.05 percent by weight, and in still yet another embodiment, less than about 0.01 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. In another embodiment, the antiviral composition is devoid of fatty ether. 
     In general, the fatty acids, fatty esters, and fatty ethers that may optionally be limited include those that are claimed in the literature to have antimicrobial properties. Examples of these antimicrobial fatty compounds include (C6-C14) alkyl carboxylic acids, (C6-C14) alkyl carboxylate ester carboxylic acids, (C8-C22) mono- or polyunsaturated carboxylic acids, (C7-C12) saturated fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, (C8-C22) unsaturated fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, (C7-C22) saturated fatty ethers of polyhydric alcohols, (C8-C22) unsaturated fatty ethers of polyhydric alcohols, and alkoxylated derivatives thereof. 
     Indeed, any component other than the alcohol and enhancer is not necessary to achieve antimicrobial or antiviral efficacy and can optionally be limited to less than about 0.5 percent by weight, if desired to less than about 0.1 percent by weight, if desired to less than about 0.01 percent by weight, or if desired to less than about 0.001 percent by weight, based upon the total weight of the antiviral composition. 
     In one or more embodiments, the balance of the alcoholic composition includes water or other suitable solvent. The antiviral composition may be prepared by simply mixing the components together. In one embodiment, where the cationic oligomer or polymer is obtained as a solid powder, the antiviral composition is prepared by a method comprising dispersing the cationic oligomer or polymer in water, adding alcohol with slow to moderate agitation, and then adding other ingredients as desired, and mixing until the mixture is homogeneous. 
     As stated hereinabove, the antiviral composition of the present invention may be embodied in a variety of forms, including as a liquid, gel, or foam. The foamable composition of the present invention may be employed in any type of dispenser typically used for foam products. In one or more embodiments, an aerosolized foam is produced by employing an aerosol propellant such as those known in the art. Advantageously, while the foamable composition can optionally be foamed by aerosolizing the composition, an aerosolized product is not necessary for foaming. Any dispenser that is capable of mixing the foamable alcoholic composition with air or an inert gas may be used. Inert gases include gas that does not substantially react or otherwise deleteriously affect the foamable composition. Examples of inert gases include nitrogen, argon, xenon, krypton, helium, neon, and radon. 
     In one embodiment, the alcoholic composition is used in dispensers that employ foaming pumps, which combine ambient air or an inert gas and the alcoholic composition in a mixing chamber and pass the mixture through a mesh screen. In this and other embodiments, the viscosity of the composition is less than about 100 mPas, in one embodiment less than about 50 mPas, and in another embodiment less than about 25 mPas. 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that the viscosity of the liquid antiviral composition does not affect the disinfecting efficacy of the composition. For example, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, the same amount of log reduction is achieved with a liquid antiviral composition having a viscosity of 5 centipoise (cPs) and a disinfecting composition having a viscosity of about 2000 cPs. Thus it will be understood that the viscosity of the antiviral composition of the present invention is not limited. 
     It will also be understood that the viscosity of the antiviral composition may be affected by the relative amounts of ingredients. For example, a decrease in the relative amount of certain polyquaternium polymers may result in a lower viscosity. Also, the type of polyquaternium polymer can affect the viscosity of the antiviral composition. For example, when a non-thickening cationic oligomer or polymer, such as polyquaternium-22, is employed, the amount of cationic oligomer or polymer may not substantially affect the viscosity of the antiviral composition. 
     In one embodiment, where the antiviral composition is a liquid, the viscosity is from about 0 cPs to about 5000 cPs, in another embodiment, from about 50 to about 500 cPs, and in another embodiment, from about 100 to about 400 cPs, as measured by Brookfield RV Viscometer using RV and/or LV Spindles at 22° C.+/−3° C. 
     Surprisingly, it has been found that the antiviral composition may provide antiviral efficacy over a wide range of pH. Antiviral efficacy may be achieved at a pH of from 0 to about 14. More specifically, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, 3 log reduction or greater against non-enveloped viruses is achieved with antiviral compositions having a pH of greater than about 3.5, in other embodiments greater than about 4, in other embodiments greater than about 4.2, in still yet other embodiments greater than about 4.5, and in still other embodiments, greater than about 5. In certain embodiments, 3 log reduction or greater against non-enveloped viruses is achieved with antiviral compositions having a pH of from about 4.2 to about 9, in other embodiments from about 4.5 to about 8.5, in other embodiments from about 5 to about 8, and in yet other embodiments from about 5.5 to about 7.5. 
     In one or more embodiments, a wipe is provided containing a virucidally-enhanced alcoholic composition comprising a C 1-6  alcohol; and an efficacy-enhancing amount of an enhancer, wherein said enhancer comprises a cationic oligomer or polymer, wherein said virucidal composition exhibits an efficacy against non-enveloped viruses that is higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising said enhancer. 
     In one or more embodiments, the wipe includes a nonwoven substrate and an antiviral liquid composition loaded onto the nonwoven substrate, and may be referred to as a wet wipe. Wet wipes are typically pre-moistened, disposable towelettes which may be utilized in a variety of applications both domestic and industrial, and perform a variety of functions. Wet wipes can be used to wipe inanimate surfaces. In addition, wipes can be used as personal hygiene wipes (e.g. hand wipes) for cleaning various parts of the body. Wet wipes can provide numerous benefits such as cleaning, cleansing, and disinfecting. 
     In one or more embodimentns, the wet wipe is constructed from a web of combinations of synthetic, man-made and natural fibres, such as polyolefin fibres, viscose fibres, and cotton fibres. 
     In order to demonstrate the practice of the present invention, the following examples have been prepared and tested. The examples should not, however, be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention. The claims will serve to define the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     [Bacteriophage Propagation] 
     MS2 (obtained from ATCC) was grown to high titres on  E. coli  ATCC 15597. An exponentially growing culture of  E. coli  in LB broth supplemented with 2 mM CaCl 2  was divided into 200 microliter aliquots and inoculated with 200 microliters of serially diluted phage stock. The mixtures were added to 2.5 ml molten soft (0.7%) MS agar held at 44° C. and immediately poured over the surface of an LB agar plate. After 16 hours incubation at 37° C., phage were harvested from plates demonstrating complete lysis of the  E. coli  lawn. To harvest the phage, 10 mL of sterile SM buffer was added to the surface of the plate and the soft agar was broken with a bent sterile glass rod. The broken agar was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 5000 G to remove debris and the supernatant containing purified phage was treated with chloroform and stored for up to 2 months at 4° C. Prior to use, phage suspensions were allowed to equilibrate to room temperature. 
     [Bacteriophage Titre] 
     Infectious particles were counted by using a soft agar overlay technique. Molten, soft (0.7%) MS agar was dispensed in 2.5 ml aliquots in glass bottles and held at 44° C. Phage-containing solutions were serially diluted in SM buffer at 20° C. and 0.1 ml added, together with 0.1 ml exponential culture of  E. coli  ATCC 15597 to the molten agar. The contents were gently mixed and poured over the surface of a nutrient agar plate. Plaques were countable after 24 hours incubation at 37° C. and results expressed as plaque forming units per milliter (pfu ml −1 ). 
     [Virucidal Suspension Tests with MS2] 
     Suspension tests with MS2 were performed essentially as follows. Typically, 100 μl phage was added to 9.9 ml of antiviral composition. After the desired contact time at 25° C., 0.1 ml suspension was neutralized by dilution into 9.9 ml D.E. broth. Further 10-fold serial dilutions were prepared in D.E. broth. The remaining active phage was quantified by infecting  E. coli  and using the soft agar overlay method as described above. 
     [Virucidal Suspension Tests with Mammalian Viruses] 
     Virucidal suspension tests with mammalian viruses were performed using a modification of the Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Virucidal Agents Intended for Special Applications (ASTM E1052). Viral strains and indicator cells lines were as follows: Rhinovirus type 37, ATCC VR-1147 grown on MRC-5 human embryonic lung cells; Feline calicivirus Strain F-9, ATCC VR-782 grown on CRFK feline kidney cells, Adenovirus type 2, ATCC VR-846 grown on A-549 human lung carcinoma cells; Rotavirus WA, ATCC VR-2018, grown on MA-104 rhesus monkey kidney cells; Herpes Simplex Type 1 Strain F(1), ATCC VR-733 grown on rabbit kidney cells (RK) from ViroMed Laboratories; Hepatitis A Virus Strain HM-175 was grown on Fetal Rhesus monkey kidney cells (FRhK-4) from AppTec Laboratory Services; Canine Parvovirus Strain Cornell, ATCC VR-72017, was grown on A-72 canine tumor cells from ViroMed. Laboratories. A 4.5 ml aliquot of each test substance was dispensed into separate sterile 15 ml conical tubes and each was mixed with a 0.5 ml aliquot of the stock virus suspension. The mixtures were vortex mixed for 10 seconds and held the remainder of the 30 second exposure time at 33±2° C. Immediately following the exposure period, a 0.1 ml aliquot was removed from each tube and the mixtures were titered by 10-fold serial dilutions and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting indicator cell lines. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was used in each case to indicate infection and TCID50 values were calculated by the method of Spearman Karber. Virus controls, neutralization controls, and cytotoxicity controls were also performed. 
     Preparation and Testing of Antiviral Compositions 
     Example 1 
     95% ethanol was mixed with water to form a 78% by weight ethanol mixture. 
     Example 2 
     was prepared as described for Example 1, except that 1.25 wt. % of 1 M citric acid in water was added, with stirring, to form a homogeneous mixture. 
     Example 3 
     Powdered Synthalen CR (polyquaternium-37) was added to water in a flask, and mixed until a smooth gel was formed. 78% ethanol was added to the flask, with stirring, to form a homogeneous mixture. 
     Example 4 
     Powdered Synthalen CR (polyquaternium-37) was added to water in a flask, and mixed until a smooth gel was formed. 78% ethanol was added to the flask, with stirring, to form a homogeneous mixture. 1.25 wt. % of 1 M citric acid in water was added, with mixing. 
     The antiviral efficacy of Examples 1-4 were tested as described above for MS2, and the results are shown in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REDUCTION, 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 MS2 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 78% ethanol 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 2 
                 78% ethanol + 0.25% citric acid 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 3 
                 78% ethanol + 0.4% polyquaternium-37 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 4 
                 78% ethanol + 0.25% citric acid + 0.4% 
                 4.3 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 60 seconds at 25° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 5-13 
     Example 5 was prepared by mixing 95% ethanol with water to form a 70% by weight ethanol mixture. Example 6 was prepared by dissolving urea in water to form a 10 wt. % mixture. Example 7 was prepared as for Example 5, except that urea was also added. Example 8 was prepared as for Example 7, except that polyquaternium-37 was also added. The pH of Example 8 was about 5.5. Example 9 was prepared as for Example 5, except that polyquaternium-22 was also added. Example 10 was prepared as for Example 9, except that urea was also added. The pH of Example 10 was about 4.9. Example 11 was prepared as for Example 5, except that guanidine HCl was also added. The pH of Example 11 was about 7.6. Example 12 was prepared as for Example 11, except that polyquaternium-22 was also added. The pH of Example 12 was about 6.2. Example 13 was prepared as for Example 12. The pH of Example 13 was about 5.8. The antiviral efficacy of Examples 5-13 were tested as described above for MS2, and the results are shown in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REDUCTION 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 MS2 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 5 
                 70% ethanol 
                 0 
               
               
                 6 
                 10% urea in water 
                 0 
               
               
                 7 
                 70% ethanol + 10% urea 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 8 
                 70% ethanol + 10% urea + 0.4% 
                 ≧6.1 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 9 
                 70% ethanol + 1% polyquaternium-22 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 10 
                 70% ethanol + 10% urea + 0.4% 
                 6.1 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-22 
               
               
                 11 
                 70% ethanol + 10% guanidine HCl 
                 2.7 
               
               
                 12 
                 70% ethanol + 10% guanidine 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
                 HCl + 0.4% polyquaternium-22 
               
               
                 13 
                 70% ethanol + 10% aminoguanidine 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                 HCl + 0.4% polyquaternium-22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 60 seconds at 25° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 14-15 
     Example 14 was prepared as described for Example 1, and Example 15 was prepared as described for Example 4. The efficacy of Examples 14 and 15 against feline calicivirus was tested by using a modification of the Standard Test Method for Efficacy of Virucidal Agents Intended for Special Applications (ASTM E1052). The samples were tested by in-vitro virucidal suspension assay. The F-9 strain of Feline Calicivirus stock virus was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. (ATCC VR-782). A suspension of virus was exposed to the sample. At a pre-determined exposure time, an aliquot was removed, neutralized by serial dilution, and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting CRFK cells and measuring CPE as described hereinabove. Positive virus controls, cytotoxicity controls, and neutralization controls were assayed in parallel. Log reduction was calculated, and the results are shown in Table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REDUCTION, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 FELINE 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 CALICIVIRUS 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 14 
                 78% ethanol 
                 3.4 
               
               
                 15 
                 78% ethanol + 0.25% citric acid + 0.4% 
                 ≧4.7 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 30 seconds at 33° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 16-17 
     Example 16 was prepared as described for Example 2, and Example 17 was prepared as described for Example 4. The efficacy of Examples 16 and 17 against adenovirus type 2 was tested by using a modification of ASTM E1052. The samples were tested by in-vitro virucidal suspension assay. The Adenoid 6 strain of Adenovirus type 2 stock virus was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. (ATCC VR-846). A suspension of virus was exposed to the sample. At a pre-determined exposure time, an aliquot was removed, neutralized by serial dilution, and assayed for the presence of virus. Positive virus controls, cytotoxicity controls, and neutralization controls were assayed in parallel. Log reduction was calculated, and the results are shown in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REDUCTION, 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 ADENOVIRUS 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 16 
                 78% ethanol + 0.25% citric acid 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 17 
                 78% ethanol + 0.25% citric acid + 0.4% 
                 ≧5.0 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 30 seconds at 33° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 18-20 
     Example 18 was prepared as described for Example 4, except that the concentration of ethanol was 70% by weight. Example 19 was prepared as described for Example 4. Example 20 was prepared as described for Example 4, except that tartaric acid was used instead of citric acid. The mixtures were tested for efficacy against five different viruses, and the results are shown in Table 6. 
     The efficacy of Examples 18-20 against rhinovirus type 37 was tested by using a modification of ASTM E1052. The samples were tested by in-vitro virucidal suspension assay. The 151-1 strain of Rhinovirus type 37 stock virus was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. (ATCC VR-1147). A suspension of virus was exposed to the sample. At a pre-determined exposure time, an aliquot was removed, neutralized by serial dilution, and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting MRC-5 cells and measuring CPE as described hereinabove. Positive virus controls, cytotoxicity controls, and neutralization controls were assayed in parallel. 
     The efficacy of Examples 18-20 against rotavirus was tested by using a modification of ASTM E1052. The samples were tested by in-vitro virucidal suspension assay. The WA stock virus was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va. (ATCC VR-2018). A suspension of virus was exposed to the sample. At a pre-determined exposure time, an aliquot was removed, neutralized by serial dilution, and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting MA-104 cells and measuring CPE as described hereinabove. Positive virus controls, cytotoxicity controls, and neutralization controls were assayed in parallel. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 FELINE 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 EX. 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 MS2 1   
                 CALICIVIRUS 2   
                 ADENOVIRUS 3   
                 ROTAVIRUS 4   
                 RHINOVIRUS 5   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 18 
                 70% ethanol + 
                 2.4 
                 ≧4.7 
                 ≧5.0 
                 ≧3.8 
                 ≧3.3 
               
               
                   
                 0.25% citric acid + 
               
               
                   
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 19 
                 78% ethanol + 
                 3.7 
                 ≧4.7 
                 ≧5.0 
                 ≧3.8 
                 ≧3.3 
               
               
                   
                 0.25% citric acid + 
               
               
                   
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 20 
                 78% ethanol + 
                 4.4 
                 ≧4.7 
                 ≧5.0 
                 ≧3.8 
                 ≧3.3 
               
               
                   
                 0.25% tartaric acid + 
               
               
                   
                 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 60 seconds at 25° C. average of replicates; 
               
               
                   2-5 30 seconds at 33° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 21-22 
     Example 21 was prepared by mixing 95% ethanol with water to form a 78% by weight ethanol mixture. Example 22 was prepared as for Example 21, except that polyquaternium-37 was also added. The efficacy of Examples 21-22 against hepatitis A virus was tested by using a modification of ASTM E1052. The samples were tested by in-vitro virucidal suspension assay. The HM-175 strain of Hepatities A virus (HAV) stock virus was obtained from AppTec Laboratory Services, Camden, N.J. A suspension of virus was exposed to the sample. At a pre-determined exposure time, an aliquot was removed, neutralized by serial dilution, and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting FRhK-4 cells and measuring CPE as described hereinabove. Positive virus controls, cytotoxicity controls, and neutralization controls were assayed in parallel. Results are shown in Table 7. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG REDUCTION, 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 HEPATITIS A VIRUS 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 21 
                 78% ethanol 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 22 
                 78% ethanol + 1% 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   15 60 seconds at 25° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 23-24 
     Example 23 was prepared as for Example 18. Example 24 represents an antibacterial hand sanitizer composition similar to a product currently commercially available, the label of which is marked with U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,417. The efficacy of Examples 23-24 against Canine parvovirus was tested by using a modification of ASTM E1052. The samples were tested by in-vitro virucidal suspension assay. The virus tested was Strain Cornell, ATCC VR-2017, cell line A-72 canine tumor cells, ATCC CRL-1542. A suspension of virus was exposed to the sample. At a pre-determined exposure time, an aliquot was removed, neutralized by serial dilution, and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting CRFK cells and measuring CPE as described hereinabove. Positive virus controls, cytotoxicity controls, and neutralization controls were assayed in parallel. Results are shown in Table 8. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG REDUCTION, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CANINE 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 PARVOVIRUS 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 23 
                 70% ethanol + 0.25% citric 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 acid + 0.4% polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 24 
                 Manorapid Synergy 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 30 seconds at 33° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 25-26 
     Examples 25-26 represent antibacterial hand sanitizer compositions similar to products currently commercially available. The compositions were formulated as shown in Table 9, and tested for efficacy against MS2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 LOG REDUCTION, MS2 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 25 
                 62% ethanol in carbomer gel 
                 0 
               
               
                 26 
                 Manorapid Synergy 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 60 seconds at 25° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Fingerpad in vivo testing of Examples 19 and 23 was performed according to ASTM E1838-96, “Standard Test Method for Determining the Virus-Eliminating Effectiveness of Liquid Hygienic Handwash Agents Using the Fingerpads of Adult Volunteers.” The efficacy of the compositions was tested against feline calicivirus and rotavirus, and the results are shown in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 REDUCTION, 
                 LOG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 FELINE 
                 REDUCTION, 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 CALICIVIRUS 1   
                 ROTAVIRUS 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example 23 
                 62% ethanol in 
                 0.6 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbomer gel 
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 78% ethanol + 0.25% 
                 1.6 
                 3.0 
               
               
                   
                 citric acid + 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 log 10  reduction at 15 seconds 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Examples 25-26 
     The efficacy of Examples 25-26 against herpes virus (an enveloped virus) was tested by in-vitro virucidal suspension assay. (Herpes Simplex Type 1 Strain F(1), ATCC VR-733 grown on rabbit kidney cells (RK) from ViroMed Laboratories) A suspension of virus was exposed to the sample. At a pre-determined exposure time, an aliquot was removed, neutralized by serial dilution, and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting RK cells and measuring CPE as described hereinabove. Positive virus controls, cytotoxicity controls, and neutralization controls were assayed in parallel. Results are shown in Table 11. 
                             TABLE 11                       LOG REDUCTION       EXAMPLE   COMPOSITION   HERPES VIRUS 1                    25   62% ethanol in carbomer gel   ≧5.5       26   62% ethanol + 1.5%   ≧4.5           polyquaternium-37                 1 60 seconds at room temperature            
[Virucidal Suspension Tests with Adenovirus and Poliovirus According to EN 14476:2005]
 
     Virucidal suspension tests with mammalian viruses were performed using European Standard 14476:2005. 
     The adenovirus viral strain used was Adenovirus Type 5, strain Adenoid 75, ATCC VR-5 obtained from the Institute of Medical Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover Germany. Adenovirus was grown on A549 human lung epithelial carcinoma cells also procured from Institute of Medical Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover Germany. 
     The poliovirus viral strain was Poliovirus Type 1, LSc-2ab (Chiron-Behring) obtained from Eurovir, Luckenwalde, Germany. Poliovirus was grown on buffalo green monkey kidney cells obtained from Institut f{umlaut over (r)} angewandte Zellkultur, München, Germany. 
     A 0.1 ml aliquot of the stock virus suspension virus was added to 0.1 ml of phosphate buffered saline and vortex mixed. A 0.8 ml aliquot of test substance was added to the tube, vortex mixed and held for the remainder of the exposure time in a water bath at 20±1° C. Immediately following the exposure period (ranging from 30 seconds to 5 minutes), the test mixture was neutralized via dilution and assayed for the presence of virus by infecting the indicator cell lines. The infectivity was determined through measurement of the cytopathic effect ten days after infection. Calculation of the virus concentration was carried out by the Spearman-Kärber method to determine log 10 TCID 50 /mL. Experimental controls included a 0.7% formaldehyde solution, virus controls and neutralization controls. 
     [Preparation and Testing of Antiviral Compositions] 
     Example 27 
     was prepared as described for Example 5. 
     Example 28 
     was prepared by adding copper gluconate powder to water to form a solution. Ethanol was added, with stirring, to form a homogeneous mixture having the composition shown in Table 12. 
     Example 29 
     powdered Synthalen CR (polyquaternium-37) was added to water in a flask, and mixed until a smooth gel was formed. 70% ethanol was added to the flask, with stirring, to form a homogeneous mixture. 
     Example 30 
     was prepared as described for Example 29, except that a sufficient amount of a solution of copper gluconate in water was added, with stirring, to form a homogeneous mixture having the composition shown in Table 12. 
     The antiviral efficacy of Examples 27-30 was tested as described above for EN 14476:2005, and the results, in terms of log reduction, are shown in Table 12. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 EXAM- 
                   
                 ADENOVIRUS 
                 POLIOVIRUS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 30 SEC 
                 1 MIN 
                 30 SEC 
                 1 MIN 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 27 
                 70% ethanol 
                 &gt;5.69 
                 &gt;5.69 
                 0.25 
                 0.75 
               
               
                 28 
                 70% ethanol + 0.08% 
                 2.37 
                 3.87 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 Cu gluconate 
               
               
                 29 
                 70% ethanol + 0.4% 
                 &gt;4.81 
                 &gt;4.81 
                 0.00 
                 0.00 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 30 
                 70% ethanol + 0.4% 
                 &gt;5.00 
                 &gt;5.00 
                 0.50 
                 &gt;4.00 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 + 
               
               
                   
                 0.08% Cu gluconate 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     [Virucidal Tests Against Human Norovirus] 
     Several commercial alcohol-based hand sanitizer products and compositions according to the present invention were tested for efficacy against Norwalk virus, which is type I strain of noroviruses, using a standard ASTM fingerpad method, specifically ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) E1838-02 standard method. Approximately 6.3×10 6  Norwalk Virus (NV) particles were inoculated on each fingerpad. NV RNAs were extracted by a heat-release method and RNA titers were assayed by an on-step TaqMan real-time quantitative RT-PCR. 
     Norwalk Virus was obtained from the stool samples of experimentally infected volunteers. The stool was diluted 20% in RNase free water prior to seeding on volunteers&#39; fingerpads. 
     The Norwalk virus eluates were precipitated by the addition of 12% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000, incubated for 2 h at 4° C. and centrifuged at 12,000×g for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and the precipitate was suspended in sterile DNase-RNase free water and stored at −80° C. until molecular amplification. 
     Norovirus RNA was extracted by a heat-released RNA extraction method that has been described in Schwab, K. J., M. K. Estes, F. H. Neill, and R. L. Atmar, “Use of Heat Release and an Internal RNA Standard Control in Reverse Transcription-PCR Detection of Norwalk Virus From Stool Samples,” J. Clinical Microbiology 35 pp. 511-4 (1997). NV real-time RT-PCR method has been described by Liu, P., L. A, Jaykus, C. L. Moe, “Efficacy of Handwash Agents against Norwalk Virus Using the Fingerpad Method,” Poster P-018, 106 th  General Meeting for the American Society for Microbiology, May 2006, Orlando, Fla. Real-time RT-PCR has also been described in Kageyama, T., S. Kojima, M. Shinohara, K. Uchida, S. Fukushi, F. B. Hoshino, N. Takeda, and K. Katayama, “Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR,” J. Clinical Microbiology 41 pp. 1548-57 (2003). 
     Preparation and Testing of Antiviral Compositions 
     Example 31 
     was a dry control. 
     Example 32 
     was prepared as described for Example 18. 
     Example 33 
     was prepared as described for Example 30. 
     Example 34 
     was a commercially available product marketed under the name PURELL® Food Code Compliant, and containing 62 wt. % ethanol. 
     Example 35 
     Ecolab® Endure 300 is a commercially available product believed to contain 70% ethanol. 
     Example 36 
     Germstar® Noro is a commercially available product believed to contain 70% isopropanol. 
     Example 37 
     Actigel™ is a commercially available product from Kay believed to contain 60% ethanol. 
     Example 38 
     MICRELL® Antibacterial Foam Handwash is a commercially available aqueous foaming handwash containing 0.5 wt. % chloroxylenol and less than 10 wt. % ethanol. 
     Example 39 
     Sterillium® Viragard® is a commercially available product believed to contain 95% ethanol. 
     Example 40 
     Anios Gel 85 NPC is a commercially available product believed to contain 70% isopropanol. 
     The efficacy of various compositions against Norwalk Virus is summarized in Table 13, where N is the number of subjects tested, and SD is the standard deviation. The samples were exposed to virus for 30 seconds, and except for the MICRELL® Foaming Handwash were not followed by a rinse. Results are compared to a dried virus control, and are expressed as the mean log in  Norwalk Virus reduction compared to the baseline virus levels eluted from fingerpads. A “blot dry” step using a KimWipe was used after all MICRELL® washes. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mean NV 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 log 10   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Composition 
                 N 
                 Reduction 
                 SD 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 31 
                 Dry control 
                 24 
                 0.11 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 32 
                 70% ethanol + 0.25% citric 
                 47 
                 1.90 
                 1.03 
               
               
                   
                 acid + 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 33 
                 70% ethanol + 0.08% Cu 
                 23 
                 2.98 
                 0.81 
               
               
                   
                 gluconate + 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 34 
                 PURELL ® Food Code 
                 11 
                 0.66 
                 0.32 
               
               
                   
                 Compliant 
               
               
                 35 
                 Ecolab ® Endure 300 
                 12 
                 1.50 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 36 
                 Germstar ® Noro 
                 12 
                 0.07 
                 0.38 
               
               
                 37 
                 Kay Actigel 
                 12 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 38 
                 MICRELL ® Foaming 
                 12 
                 1.44 
                 0.33 
               
               
                   
                 Handwash 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A number of compositions were tested where samples were exposed to virus for 15 seconds, and the results are summarized in Table 14. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Mean NV log 10   
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Composition 
                 N 
                 Reduction 
                 SD 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 31 
                 Dry control 
                 12 
                 0.11 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 32 
                 70% ethanol + 0.25% citric 
                 12 
                 2.03 
                 0.78 
               
               
                   
                 acid + 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 33 
                 70% ethanol + 0.08% Cu 
                 12 
                 3.74 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
                 gluconate + 0.4% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-37 
               
               
                 35 
                 Ecolab ® Endure 300 
                 12 
                 1.48 
                 0.62 
               
               
                 36 
                 Germstar ® Noro 
                 12 
                 0.11 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 39 
                 Sterillium Viragard 
                 12 
                 0.10 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 40 
                 Anios Gel 85 NPC 
                 6 
                 1.27 
                 0.22 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preparation of Foamable Compositions 
     Example 41 
     was a dry control. 
     Example 42 
     was prepared by dispersing the foaming surfactants, PEG-10 dimethicone and PEG-12 dimethicone, in 95% ethanol with slow to moderate agitation until a homogeneous dispersion was achieved. Water was added, with mixing. Polyquaternium-6 was added after the water, and agitated until a homogeneous mixture was achieved. 
     Example 43 
     was prepared by dispersing the foaming surfactants, PEG-10 dimethicone and PEG-12 dimethicone, in 95% ethanol with slow to moderate agitation until a homogeneous dispersion was achieved. Water was added, with mixing. Polyquaternium-2 was added after the water, and agitated until a homogeneous mixture was achieved. 
     The foamable composition was dispensed from an Airspray foaming pump mechanism. Testing was done as described hereinabove. 
     Examples 42 and 43 were tested for efficacy against Adenovirus as described hereinabove for Examples 18-20. Examples 42 and 43 were also tested against hepatitis A virus as described hereinabove for Examples 21-22. Results are summarized in Table 16. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 LOG 
               
               
                   
                   
                 LOG 
                 REDUCTION, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 REDUCTION, 
                 HEPATITIS A 
               
               
                 EXAMPLE 
                 COMPOSITION 
                 ADENOVIRUS 1   
                 VIRUS 1   
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example 42 
                 74.1% ethanol + 
                 &gt;4.13 
                 &gt;3.6 
               
               
                   
                 1.88% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium- 
               
               
                   
                 6 + 1.6% 
               
               
                   
                 PEG-10 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethicone + 0.54% 
               
               
                   
                 PEG-12 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethicone 
               
               
                 Example 43 
                 74.1% ethanol + 
                 &gt;5.13 
                 &gt;3.6 
               
               
                   
                 1.88% 
               
               
                   
                 polyquaternium-2 + 
               
               
                   
                 1.6% PEG-10 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethicone + 
               
               
                   
                 0.54% PEG-12 
               
               
                   
                 Dimethicone 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   1 log 10  reduction at 30 seconds 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, it should be evident that the present invention provides a method for inactivating virus. In certain embodiments, a virucidal composition comprising alcohol, a cationic oligomer or polymer, and an enhancer exhibits an efficacy against non-enveloped viruses that is higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising the enhancer. In one embodiment, the virucidal composition exhibits an efficacy against non-enveloped viruses that is at least about 0.5 log reduction higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising the enhancer. In another embodiment, the composition exhibits an efficacy against non-enveloped viruses that is at least about 1 log reduction higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising the enhancer. In one embodiment, the virucidal composition exhibits an efficacy against acid stable non-enveloped viruses that is at least about 0.5 log reduction higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising the enhancer. In another embodiment, the composition exhibits an efficacy against acid stable non-enveloped viruses that is at least about 1 log reduction higher than the efficacy of the same composition but not comprising the enhancer. 
     The antiviral composition is highly efficacious for household cleaning applications (e.g., hard surfaces like floors, countertops, tubs, dishes and softer cloth materials like clothing, sponges, paper towels, etc.), personal care applications (e.g. lotions, shower gels, soaps, hand sanitizers, shampoos, wipes) and industrial and hospital applications (e.g., disinfection of instruments, surfaces, medical devices, gloves). This composition is efficacious for rapidly sanitizing or de-germing surfaces that are infected or contaminated with Gram negative bacteria, fungi, parasites, Gram positive bacteria, enveloped viruses, and non-enveloped viruses. 
     Various modifications and alterations that do not depart from the scope and spirit of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. This invention is not to be duly limited to the illustrative embodiments set forth herein.