Patent Publication Number: US-2011057554-A1

Title: Ignition Device Having a Reflowed Firing Tip and Method of Construction

Description:
This application claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/500,850, filed Aug. 8, 2006, and is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Technical Field 
     This invention relates generally to sparkplugs and other ignition devices, and more particularly to electrodes having firing tips on sparkplugs and other ignition devices used in internal combustion engines and there method of construction. 
     2. Related Art 
     Within the field of sparkplugs, there exists a continuing need to improve the erosion resistance and reduce the sparking voltage at the sparkplug&#39;s center and ground electrode, or in the case of multi-electrode designs, the ground electrodes. Various designs have been proposed using noble metal electrodes or, more commonly, noble metal firing tips applied to standard metal electrodes. Typically, the firing tip is formed as a pad or rivet which is then welded onto the end of the electrode. 
     Platinum and iridium alloys are two of the noble metals most commonly used for these firing tips. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,910 to Kondo et al. which discloses a center electrode firing tip made from 70 to 90 wt % platinum and 30 to 10 wt % iridium. As mentioned in that patent, platinum-tungsten alloys have also been used for these firing tips. Such a platinum-tungsten alloy is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,424 to Chang et al. which further discloses the construction of firing tips using platinum-rhodium alloys and platinum-iridium-tungsten alloys. 
     Apart from these basic noble metal alloys, oxide dispersion strengthened alloys have also been proposed which utilize combinations of the above-noted metals with varying amounts of different rare earth metal oxides. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,710 to Heywood et al. In this regard, several specific platinum and iridium-based alloys have been suggested which utilize yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ). In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,624 to Moore et al. discloses a firing tip made from a platinum alloy containing &lt;2% yttrium oxide. U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,602 to Katoh et al. discloses a platinum-iridium alloy containing between 0.01 and 2% yttrium oxide. U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,275 to Oshima discloses an iridium alloy that includes between 5 and 15% yttrium oxide. While the yttrium oxide has historically been included in small amounts (e.g., &lt;2%) to improve the strength and/or stability of the resultant alloy, the Oshima patent discloses that, by using yttrium oxide with iridium at &gt;5% by volume, the sparking voltage can be reduced. 
     Further, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,412,465 B1 to Lykowski et al., it has been determined that reduced erosion and lowered sparking voltages can be achieved at much lower percentages of yttrium oxide than are disclosed in the Oshima patent by incorporating the yttrium oxide into an alloy of tungsten and platinum. The Lykowski patent discloses an ignition device having both a ground and center electrode, wherein at least one of the electrodes includes a firing tip formed from an alloy containing platinum, tungsten, and yttrium oxide. Preferably, the alloy is formed from a combination of 91.7%-97.99% platinum, 2%-8% tungsten, and 0.01%-0.3% yttrium, by weight, and in an even more preferred construction, 95.68%-96.12% platinum, 3.8%-4.2% tungsten, and 0.08%-0.12% yttrium. The firing tip can take the form of a pad, rivet, ball, or other shape and can be welded in place on the electrode. 
     While these and various other noble metal systems typically provide acceptable sparkplug performance, some well-known and inherent performance limitations associated with the methods which are used to attach the noble metal firing tips to the electrodes, particularly various forms of welding, exist. In particular, cyclic thermal stresses in the operating environments of the sparkplugs, such as those resulting from a mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the noble metals and noble metal alloys mentioned above, which are used for the firing tips, and the Ni, Ni alloy and other well-known metals which are used for the electrodes, are known to result in cracking, thermal fatigue and various other interaction phenomena that can result in the failure of the welds, and ultimately of the sparkplugs themselves. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method of manufacturing an electrode for an ignition device includes providing an electrode body constructed from one metallic material; providing an elongate wire having a free end, with the wire being formed of another metallic material that is different than the metallic material of the electrode body, and providing a high energy emitting device. Further, feeding the free end of the wire into a focal zone of high energy emitted from the high energy emitting device and forming a melt pool of the wire material from the free end on a surface of the electrode body. Next, cooling the melt pool to form a solidified firing tip on the electrode. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of manufacturing an ignition device for an internal combustion engine. The method includes providing a housing and securing an insulator within the housing with an end of the insulator exposed through an opening in the housing. Further, mounting a center electrode within the insulator with a free end of the center electrode extending beyond the insulator, and extending a ground electrode from the housing with a portion of the ground electrode being located opposite the free end of the center electrode to define a spark gap therebetween. In addition, providing an elongate wire of metal having a free end and providing a high energy emitting device. Next, melting the free end of the elongate wire to form a melt pool of the metal on at least a selected one of the center electrode or ground electrode with the high energy emitting device while feeding the free end of the wire toward the selected electrode. Further, cooling the melt pool to forma solidified firing tip on the selected electrode. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes an electrode for an ignition device. The electrode has a body constructed from one metallic material, and a firing tip formed on the body. The firing tip is formed at least in part from a different material than the body and defines a transition gradient extending from the body. The transition gradient includes a generally homogenous mixture of the metallic material adjacent the body, with the homogeneous mixture including the material forming the body and the different material forming at least a portion of the firing tip. 
     Yet another aspect of the invention includes an ignition device for an internal combustion engine. The ignition device includes a housing having an opening with an insulator secured within the housing with an end of the insulator being exposed through the opening. A center electrode is mounted within the insulator and has a free end extending beyond the insulator. A ground electrode extends from the housing and has a portion located opposite the free end of the center electrode to define a spark gap therebetween. At least a selected one of said center electrode or ground electrode has a firing tip, with the firing tip being formed at least in part from a different material than the selected electrode. A transition gradient extends from the selected electrode and includes a generally homogenous mixture of the material forming the body and the different material forming at least a portion of the firing tip. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily appreciated when considered in connection with the following detailed description of the presently preferred embodiments and best mode, and appended drawings, wherein like features have been given like reference numerals, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a fragmentary and partial cross-sectional view of a sparkplug constructed in accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2A  is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of region  2  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 2B  is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of region  2  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 2C  is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of region  2  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 2D  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of region  2  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of a sparkplug constructed in accordance with another presently preferred embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of region  4  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5A  is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of region  5  of region  4  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5B  is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of region  5  of region  4  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5C  is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of region  5  of region  4  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5D  is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of region  5  of region  4  of the sparkplug of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic representation of a method of constructing a sparkplug according to a presently preferred embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic partial representation of the method of  FIG. 6  according to one aspect of the invention showing a firing tip being formed on a surface of an electrode; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic partial representation of the method of  FIG. 6  according to another aspect of the invention showing a firing tip being formed at least partially within a recess of an electrode; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic partial representation of the method of  FIG. 6  according to yet another aspect of the invention showing a firing tip being formed on an electrode; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic representation of a wire feed mechanism in accordance with the method of constructing a center electrode according to one presently preferred embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic representation of a wire feed mechanism in accordance with the method of constructing a ground electrode according to one presently preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there is shown the working end of a sparkplug  10  constructed according to one presently preferred method of manufacture of the invention. The sparkplug  10  includes a metal casing or housing  12 , an insulator  14  secured within the housing  12 , a center electrode  16 , a ground electrode  18 , and a pair of firing tips  20 ,  22  located opposite each other on the center and ground electrodes  16 ,  18 , respectively. The housing  12  can he constructed in a conventional manner as a metallic shell and can include standard threads  24  and an annular lower end  26  to from which the ground electrode  18  extends, such as by being welded or otherwise attached thereto. Similarly, all other components of the sparkplug  10  (including those not shown) can be constructed using known techniques and materials, with exception to the center and/or ground electrodes  16 ,  18  which are constructed with firing tips  20  and/or  22  in accordance with the present invention. 
     As is known, the annular end  26  of housing  12  defines an opening  28  through which the insulator  14  preferably extends. The center electrode  16  is generally mounted within insulator  14  by a glass seal or using any other suitable technique. The center electrode  16  may have any suitable shape, but commonly is generally cylindrical in shape having an arcuate flair or taper to an increased diameter on the end opposite firing tip  20  to facilitate seating and sealing the end within insulator  14 . The center electrode  16  generally extends out of insulator  14  through an exposed, axial end  30 . The center electrode  16  is generally constructed from any suitable conductor, as is well-known in the field of sparkplug manufacture, such as various Ni and Ni-based alloys, for example, and may also include such materials clad over a Cu or Cu-based alloy core. 
     The ground electrode  18  is illustrated, by way of example and without limitations, in the form of a conventional arcuate ninety-degree elbow of generally rectangular cross-sectional shape. The ground electrode  18  is attached to the housing  12  at one end  32  for electrical communication therewith and preferably terminates at a free end  34  generally opposite the center electrode  16 . A firing portion or end is defined adjacent the free end  34  of the ground electrode  18  that, along with the corresponding firing end of center electrode  16 , defines a spark gap  36  therebetween. However, it will be readily understood by those skilled in the art that the ground electrode  18  may have a multitude of shapes and sizes. For example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , where the housing  12  is extended so as to generally surround the center electrode  16 , the ground electrode  18  may extend generally straight from the lower end  26  of the housing  12  generally parallel to the center electrode  16  so as to define spark gap  36  ( FIGS. 5A-5D ). As will also be understood, the firing tip  20  may be located on the end or sidewall of the center electrode  16 , and the firing tip  22  may be located as shown or on the free end  34  of ground electrode  18  such that the spark gap  36  may have many different arrangements and orientations. 
     The firing tips  20 ,  22  are each located at the firing ends of their respective electrodes  16 ,  18  so that they provide sparking surfaces  21 ,  23 , respectively, for the emission and reception of electrons across the spark gap  36 . As viewed from above firing tip surfaces  21 ,  23  ( FIGS. 2A-2D ) of the firing tips  20 ,  22 , the firing tip surfaces  21 ,  23  may have any suitable shape, including rectangular, square, triangular, circular, elliptical, polygonal (either regular or irregular) or any other suitable geometric shape. These firing ends are shown in cross-section for purposes of illustrating the firing ups  20 ,  22  which, in this embodiment of the invention, comprise metals, at least some of which are different from the electrode metal, such as noble metals, for example, reflowed into place on the firing tips in accordance with the invention. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B , the firing tips  20 ,  22  can be reflowed in accordance with the invention onto generally flat surfaces  37 ,  38  of the electrodes  16 ,  18 , respectively. Alternately, as shown in  FIGS. 2C and 2D , the firing tips  20 ,  22  can be reflowed in accordance with the invention into respective recesses  40 ,  42  provided in one or both of the surfaces of respective electrodes  16 ,  18 . Any combination of surface reflowed and recess reflowed for the center and ground electrodes  16 ,  18  is possible. Accordingly, one or both of the tips  20 ,  22  can be fully or partially recessed on its associated electrode, or reflowed onto the outer surface of the electrode without being recessed. The recess  40 ,  42  formed in the electrode  16 ,  18  prior to reflow of the firing tip  20 ,  22  may he of any suitable cross-sectional shape, including rectangular, square, triangular, circular or semicircular, elliptical or semi-elliptical, polygonal (either regular or irregular), arcuate (either regular or irregular) or any other suitable geometric shape. The recess  40 ,  42  defines a sidewall  43 ,  45  which may be orthogonal to the firing tip surface  21 ,  23 , or may be oblique, either inwardly or outwardly. Further, the sidewall profile may he a linear or curvilinear profile. As such, the recess  40 ,  42  may take on any suitable three-dimensional shape, including boxed, frustoconical, pyramidal, hemispherical, and hemi-elliptical, for example. 
     The firing tips  20 ,  22  may he of the same shape and have the same surface area, or they may have different shapes and surface areas. For example, it may be desirable to make the firing tip  22  such that it has a larger surface area than the firing tip  20  in order to accommodate a certain amount of axial misalignment of the electrodes  16 ,  18  in service without negatively affecting the spark transmittance performance of the sparkplug  10 . It should be noted that it is possible to apply firing tips of the present invention to just one of the electrodes  16 ,  18 , however, it is known to apply firing tips  20 ,  22  to both the electrodes  16 ,  18  to improve the overall performance of the sparkplug  10 , and particularly, its erosion and corrosion resistance at the firing ends. Except where the context states otherwise, it will be understood that references herein to firing tips  20 ,  22  may be to either or both of the firing tips  20 ,  22 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3-5 , the reflowed electrodes  16 ,  18  according to the invention may also utilize other ignition device electrode configurations. Referring to  FIG. 3 , a multi-electrode sparkplug  10  of construction similar to that described above with respect to  FIGS. 1 , and  2 A- 2 D is illustrated, wherein the sparkplug  10  has a center electrode  16  having a firing tip  20  and a plurality of ground electrodes  18  having firing tips  22 . The firing tips  20 ,  22  are each located at the firing ends of their respective electrodes  16 ,  18  so that they provide sparking surfaces  21 ,  23  for the emission and reception of electrons across the spark gap  36 . The firing ends are shown in axial cross-section for purposes of illustrating the firing tips which, in this embodiment, comprise metallic material reflowed into place on the firing tips. The firing tips  20 ,  22  may be formed on an outer surface  37 ,  38  of the respective electrode  20 ,  22 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 5A and 5B , or in a recess  40 ,  42  as illustrated in  FIGS. 5C and 5D . The external and cross-sectional shapes of the recess may be varied as described above. 
     In accordance with the invention, each firing tip  20 ,  22  is preferably formed at least in part from at least one noble metal from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, palladium, rhodium, osmium, gold and silver, and may include more than one of these noble metals in combination (e.g., all manner of Pt—Ir alloys). The firing tips  20 ,  22  may also comprise as an alloying constituent one or more metals from the group consisting of tungsten, yttrium, lanthanum, ruthenium and zirconium. Further, it is believed that the present invention is suitable for use with all known noble metal alloys used as firing tips for sparkplug and other ignition device applications, including the alloy compositions described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,412,465, to Lykowski et al., which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, as well as those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,304,022 (which describes certain layered alloy structures) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,766 (which describes the use of certain noble metal tips and associated stress relieving layers), which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Additionally, metallic materials used for construction of the electrodes  16 ,  18 . such as Ni or Ni-based alloys, for example, may also be used as an alloying constituent in forming the respective firing tip  20 ,  22 , thereby facilitating the formation of a smooth, homogeneous transition gradient interface region  46  from the electrode material to the Firing tip material, as shown in  FIGS. 2B ,  2 D,  5 B and  5 D. This smooth transition gradient interface region  46  reduces internal thermal stresses, and thus, reduces the potential for the onset of crack propagation. Accordingly, the useful life of the ignition device can be increased. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6-11 , the firing tips  20 ,  22  are made by reflowing or melting an end portion  47  of a continuous wire  48  ( FIGS. 7-9 ) or multiple wires  48 ,  50 ,  52  ( FIGS. 10-11 ) of the desired metals, one or more of which are preferably noble metals and alloys thereof, at the desired location of the firing tip  20 ,  22  on the firing end of electrodes  16 ,  18  by application of a high intensity or energy density energy source  54 , such as a laser or electron beam. The localized application of energy source  54  is sufficient to cause melting of the wire end or ends  47  sufficient to produce a melt pool  56  in the area where the energy source  54  is applied. As to the shape of the interface, as may be seen for example in  FIGS. 2B ,  2 D,  5 B and  5 D, the firing tip/electrode interface region  46  may comprise a generally homogeneous transition gradient between the differing material chemistries of the electrode  16 ,  18  and the active portion of the firing tip  20 ,  22  which is believed to reduce the propensity for crack propagation and premature failure in response to the thermal cycling experienced by the electrodes  16 ,  18  in service environments. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the present invention also comprises a method  100  of manufacturing a metal electrode having an ignition tip for an ignition device. The method a forming step  110  wherein at least a portion of a metal electrode  16 ,  18  having a firing end and a firing tip portion is formed. Another step  120  includes providing a selected firing tip material in continuous wire form and positioning the end  47  of the wire over the firing tip portion of the electrode  16 ,  18 . Further, another step  130  includes reflowing an end of the continuous metallic wire to form the melt pool  56 , which in turn forms the firing tip  20 ,  22  during a cooling step  140 . The method  100  may optionally include a step  140  of forming a recess  40 ,  42  in the metal electrode  16 ,  18  prior to the step  130  of reflowing, such that the firing tip  20 ,  22  is formed at least partially in the recess. The method may also optionally include a step  150  of finish forming the firing tip  20 ,  22  following the step of cooling  150 . Further, the reflowing step  130  may be repeated, as necessary, to add additional layers of material to the firing tips  20 ,  22 , or to form firing tips  20 ,  22  having multiple layers of different material. 
     The step  110  of forming at least a portion of the metal electrode  16 ,  18  may be performed using any conventional method for manufacturing both the center and/or the ground electrode. As referenced above, the electrodes  16 ,  18  may be manufactured from conventional sparkplug electrode materials, for example, Ni and Ni-based alloys. The center electrodes  16  are frequently formed in a generally cylindrical shape as shown in  FIG. 3 , and may have a variety of firing tip configurations, including various necked down cylindrical or rectangular tip shapes. The ground electrodes  18  are generally constructed in the form of straight bars, L-shaped elbows, and other shapes, and typically have a rectangular lateral cross-section shape, though any suitable geometry can he used. 
     The step  140  of forming the recess  40 ,  42  in the electrode  16 ,  18  may be performed by any suitable method, such as stamping, drawing, machining, drilling, abrasion, etching and other well-known methods of forming or removing material to create the respective recess  40 ,  42 . The recesses  40 ,  42  may be of any suitable size and shape, including box-shapes, frusto-conical shapes, pyramids and others, as described herein. 
     The step  120  of providing a selected firing tip material as continuous wires  48 ,  50 ,  52  includes providing one or more selected firing tip materials having a free end portion  47  and another end carried by a wire feed mechanism  58  ( FIGS. 10-11 ). It should be recognized that the number of wire feed mechanisms  58  can be varied, as necessary, to provide the number of metal wires desired, at the feed rates desired. The wire feed mechanism  58  is represented here schematically, by way of example and without limitations, as one or more spools adapted to advance or feed the wire or wires  48 ,  50 ,  52  earned thereon at a selected feed rate. The wire feed mechanism  58  can be any device capable of carrying elongate, and preferably micro-sized wires, such as about 100 μm 1 mm in diameter, for example, and preferably being able to feed the wires during a feeding step  170  at selected feed rates, such as about 100-200 mm/min, for example. Accordingly, one wire feed mechanism  58  could be used to carry a first type of noble metal wire material for introduction into the firing tip region  20 ,  22  at one feed rate, and another feed mechanism  58  could be used to carry a different second wire material, such as a different noble metal wire material, and/or a metal wire material generally the same as the electrode material, for example, for introduction into the firing tip region simultaneously with the first wire, and at the same or a different feed rate as the first wire. As such, depending on the firing tip characteristics desired, the number of wire feed mechanisms, the number and types of wire material, and the respective wire feed rates, can be selectively controlled. In addition to varying the types of wire materials carried on the wire feed mechanisms  58 , it should be recognized that the cross sectional geometries of the wires  48 ,  50 ,  52  may be different from one another, such as having differing diameters, and/or differing shapes, such as round, elliptical, or flat, for example. Accordingly, not only can the type of firing tip material being melted be controlled, but so to can the amount of the selected firing tip materials. Accordingly, the resulting alloying content of the respective firing tip  20 ,  22  can be closely controlled by selecting the desired types and parameters of wire material and by selecting appropriate feed rates for the different wires to achieve the desired firing tip chemistry. It should be recognized that any one feed rate of selected wires can be continuously altered in process to further provide the finish firing tip chemistry sought. By being able to carefully select and alter the above variables, two or more dissimilar meta-stable materials that are typically difficult to combine are able to be interspersed with one another across gradual transition gradients to produce firing tips having efficient, long-lasting characteristics in use. 
     Once the end or ends  47  of the selected wires have been located in their desired locations relative to the firing end of the electrode  16 ,  18  in the positioning step  120 , the method  100  continues with the step of reflowing  130  the respective ends  47  of the wires  48 ,  50 ,  52  to form the firing tip  20 , 22 . Reflowing is in contrast to prior methods of making firing tips using noble metal alloys, particularly those which employ various forms of welding and/or mechanical attachment, wherein a noble metal cap is attached to the electrode by very localized melting which occurs in the weld heat affected zone (i.e. the interface region between the cap and the electrode), but wherein all, or substantially all, of the cap is not melted. This difference produces a number of differences in the structure of, or which affect the structure and performance of, the resulting firing tip. One significant difference is the shape of the resulting firing tip. Related art firing tips formed by welding tend to retain the general shape of the cap which is welded to the electrode. In the present invention, the melting of the end or ends  47  of the respective metal wires provides liquid flow of the metal wire material, which flows to create the desired shape of the firing tip  20 ,  22  as it solidifies. In addition, surface tension effects in the melt pool  56  together with the design of the firing end of the electrode  16 ,  18  can be used to form any number of shapes which are either not possible or very difficult to obtain in related art devices. For example, if the electrode  16 ,  18  incorporates an undercut recess in the electrode, the flowing metal wire material produced in accordance with this invention can be utilized to create forms not previously made possible. 
     The step of reflowing  130  is illustrated schematically in  FIGS. 7-9 . The energy input  54  may be moved relative to the electrode  16 ,  18  in a moving step  180 . The energy input  54  may be applied as a scanned beam  64  or stationary beam  66  of an appropriate laser having a continuous or pulsed output, which is preferably applied on focus, but could he applied off focus, depending on the desired energy density, beam pattern and other factors desired. Because lasers having the necessary energy output to melt the end of the continuous wire or wires also have sufficient energy to cause melting of the electrode surface proximate the wire ends  47  being melted, it may be desirable to utilize a mask or shield, such as a gas shield of argon, nitrogen or helium, for example, which can be delivered coaxially by a nozzle about the firing tip region, or a metal mask  60  could be disposed about the firing tip region. The metal mask  60  preferably has a polished surface  62  which is adapted to reflect the laser energy over those portions of the electrodes  16 ,  18  proximate the firing tip region, thereby generally limiting melting to the ends  47  of the continuous wire  48 ,  50 ,  52  in the firing tip region, and potentially to portions of the electrode  16 ,  18  proximate the firing tips  20 ,  22 , if such melting is desired. 
     In  FIG. 7 , the scanned beam  64  is used to reflow one or more ends  47  of continuous metal wire  48  so as to form the respective firing tip  20 ,  22 .  FIG. 8  is similar to  FIG. 7 , except that the firing tip  20 ,  22  is being formed in the recess  40 ,  42  of the respective electrode  16 ,  18 .  FIG. 9  is also similar to  FIG. 7 , except that the beam used to melt the end of the continuous wire  48  is stationary rather than scanned. It should be recognized that though the beam is stationary, that the electrode  20 ,  22  and/or mask  60  may be rotated under the stationary beam during the moving step  180 . 
     While it is expected that many types industrial lasers may be utilized in accordance with the present invention, including those having a beam with a distributed area at the focal plane of approximately 12 mm by 0.5 mm, and CO2 and diode lasers, for example, it is contemplated that those having a single point shape at the focal plane, such as provided by small spot Neodymium:YAG lasers, are preferred. In addition, it is generally preferred that the beam of the laser  54  have substantially normal incidence with respect to the surface of the electrode  16 ,  18  and/or the wire surface being melted. Depending on the diameter and/or shape of the metallic wire compared to the size of the beam and other factors, such as the desired heating rate, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of the metallic wire  48 ,  50 ,  52  and other factors which influence the heating and/or melting characteristics of the wire, as mentioned, the laser  54  may be held stationary with respect to the electrode  16 ,  18  and wire  48 ,  50 ,  52 , or scanned across the surface of the electrode  16 ,  18  and along the length of the wire  48 ,  50 ,  52  during the moving step  180  in any pattern that produces the desired heating/reflowing result. In addition, the electrode  16 ,  18  may be rotated and/or moved vertically in the moving step  180  with respect to the beam of the laser, Relative vertical movement between the laser  54  and electrode  16 ,  18  away from one another is believed to provide more rapid solidification of the melt pool  56 , thereby decreasing the time needed to produce the firing tip  20 ,  22 , and thus, increasing the manufacturing efficiencies. As an alternative or addition to scanning the beam of the laser, the electrode  16 ,  18  may be scanned with respect to the beam of the laser  54  to provide the desired relative movement. Any of the relative movements mentioned above in the moving step  180  can be imparted by linear slides, rotary tables, multi-axis robots, or beam steering optics, by way of examples and without limitation. In addition, any other suitable mechanism for rapidly heating the metallic wire ends  47 , such as various high-intensity, near-infrared heaters may be employed, so long as they are adapted to reflow the wire ends  47  and be controlled to limit undesirable heating of electrode  16 ,  18 . 
     In combination with the step of reflowing  130 , a monitoring step  190  including a feedback system can be incorporated to enhance to formation of the firing tip  20 ,  22 . The feedback system, by way of example and without limitation, can include a vision system and control loop to monitor the melt pool  56 . The control loop can communicate the melt pool characteristic being monitored, such as temperature, for example, back to one or more of the parameters at least partially responsible for forming the firing tip, such as the laser  54 , the wire feed mechanism  58 , or any of the mechanisms controlling relative movement of the electrode  16 ,  18  to the laser  54 , thereby allowing continuous real-time adjustments to be made. As such, any one of the parameters can be adjusted in real-time to provide an optimally formed firing tip  20 ,  22 . For example, the laser intensity could be increased or decreased, the rate of wire feed could be increased or decreased, and/or the rate of relative scanning and/or vertical movement of the electrode relative to the laser could be increased or decreased. 
     The step  160  of finish forming the reflowed metal firing tip  20 ,  22  may utilize any suitable method of forming, such as, for example, stamping, forging, or other known metal forming methods and machining, grinding, polishing and other metal removal/finishing methods. 
     The reflowing step  130  may be repeated as desired to add material to the firing tip  20 ,  22 . The layers of material added may be of the same composition or may have a different composition such that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the firing tip is varied through its thickness, wherein the CTE of the firing tip layers proximate the electrode are generally similar to the electrode, and the CTE of the firing tip layers spaced from the electrode being that desired at the firing surface  21 ,  23  of the firing tip  20 ,  22 . 
     It will thus be apparent that there has been provided in accordance with the present invention an ignition device and manufacturing method therefor which achieves the aims and advantages specified herein. It will, of course, be understood that the foregoing description is of preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention and that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments shown and described. Accordingly, various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. All such changes and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. The invention is defined by the following claims.