Patent Publication Number: US-7224313-B2

Title: Multiband antenna with parasitically-coupled resonators

Description:
This application claim the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/469,317, filed May 9, 2003. 

   BACKGROUND 
   1. Technical Field 
   This application relates generally to an antenna structure. More specifically, this application relates to an antenna that is responsive in at least two distinct frequency regimes whose resonators are coupled parasitically. 
   2. Background Information 
   Multiple frequency ranges have been allocated to handle the recent explosion of wireless communication devices and systems. Of the more recent devices, wireless communications devices such as laptop computers have been using the Bluetooth and 802.11 a/b frequency domains for wireless data transfer. Bluetooth, IEEE Standard 802.11 and the Japanese standard Hyperlan and their variants, are standards for wireless data communication. These standards are referred to collectively herein as 802.11a/b, although it will be recognized that some embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to other technologies as well. However, numerous problems exist with current antennas that must communicate in the 2.4 GHz and 5.2–5.8 GHz frequency domains specified by these standards. 
   One of these problems is the tradeoff between size and antenna efficiency: a relatively large size is necessary for a multi-frequency response antenna. Antenna performance must always be weighed against the size of the antenna. With any approach there will be a fundamental limit on the efficiency and bandwidth that can be achieved based on the total volume of the antenna. A smaller antenna is preferred for portable devices, such as laptop computers. 
   Traditionally, to gain more bandwidth in a particular band a matching network using lumped components is optimized, often in a pi or T network. However, with this solution, the achievable efficiency is limited to the realizable efficiency of the single element. Plus, the addition of lumped inductors and capacitors introduces loss. 
   Some of the best antenna solutions for 802.11a/b coverage in laptop computers presently are Planar Inverted F-Antennas (PIFAs). These narrow cross section antennas are designed to fit into very limited spaces around the display screen. However, PIFAs with very narrow cross sectional dimensions of 5 mm×5 mm or less have insufficient bandwidth to cover the 4.9 GHz to 5.85 GHz frequency range at a −10 dB return loss. To increase bandwidth to an acceptable range, the height or width of the PIFA must be increased beyond those permitted for installation near laptop computer displays. 
   A parasitic resonator has been used in conjunction with a PIFA to increase return loss bandwidth in handset antenna applications. This parasitic resonator is located above a ground plane and is coplanar with the PIFA. However, only the bandwidth of a single-band PIFA has been enhanced in this manner as typical handset applications. The single-band PIFA is both physically and electrically completely different from a PIFA that is designed to have a sufficient response in multiple frequency ranges. For example, if a lower frequency resonator is added, bandwidth is lost in the upper frequency range. Furthermore, emphasis in previous single-band PIFAs have been on a relatively wide and thin PIFA for handset form factors, which is incompatible with laptop computer use at least because of the stringent size requirements and thus design requirements in both. In addition, in the single-band PIFA with the parasitic resonator, the ground pin is located at an extremity of the antenna, i.e. the PIFA is fed conventionally. 
   Other 802.11b and/or Bluetooth antennas, which are also too large to fit next to laptop computer screens, include triband Bluetooth antennas for the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands from SkyCross, Inc., Melbourne, Fla., ranging in size from 20×18×3 mm to 22.3×14.9×6.2 mm. The smallest of these antennas appears to have an efficiency of better than 60% but has a poor Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of less than 3.0:1. The largest antenna is matched to better than a 2:1 VSWR but the efficiency is not listed (and is probably significantly lower due to the various tradeoffs involved in the design). Ethertronics, Inc., San Diego, Calif., offers a triband Bluetooth antenna that is only matched to −6 dB across the upper band (5.2–5.8 GHz) and has an estimated peak efficiency of 75% in the upper band (based on the return loss plot shown). Tyco Electronics Corporation, Wilmington, Del., also offers a circular triband Bluetooth Antenna with a diameter of 16 mm and a height of 6 mm. This antenna has a VSWR of better than 2.5:1 but like the larger SkyCross antenna has an unknown efficiency. 
   Thus, current multi-band antennas are not capable of meeting efficiency and overall compactness requirements for electronic devices, such as laptop computers, which use wireless communications in multiple frequency bands. 
   BRIEF SUMMARY 
   One advantage of this application is to create electrically small broadband antenna structures that enable wireless voice and data platforms that seek to cover multiple frequency bands for operation anywhere in the world. Another advantage of this application is to improve the combination of efficiency and compactness of multi-band antennas used in wireless communication devices. Another advantage of this application is to provide a multi-band antenna that is capable of being fastened to the wireless communication device in a cost and labor-efficient manner. 
   To at least these ends, a multiband antenna of a first embodiment comprises a radio frequency (RF) feed, a ground plane, at least two resonators containing a first resonator and a second resonator that are driven directly by the RF feed and resonate in different frequency bands, and at least one parasitically coupled resonator that is connected to the ground plane, coupled to the first resonator and the second resonator, and resonates near the frequency band of the second resonator. In a second embodiment, at least a portion of the ground plane is formed into a clip that is attachable to an external grounding sheet. 
   The multiband antenna is preferably fabricated from a single, thin pattern of stamped metal that is bent to form the first and second resonators, the coupled resonator, the ground plane, and the RF feed. The metal pattern is preferably bent to form a receptacle configured to retain a cable that feeds the RF feed. 
   The multiband antenna may contain a spacer layer separating the first and second resonators and coupled resonator from the ground plane, the first and second resonators and coupled resonator disposed on one surface of the spacer layer and the ground plane disposed on an opposing surface of the spacer layer. 
   Preferably the first resonator resonates in the 802.11b/Bluetooth frequency band and the second resonator resonates in or near the 802.11a frequency band (or other dual or more bands used in communication systems) and the multiband antenna has a form factor is such that the antenna is suitable for use in a laptop computer. The coupled resonator may be tuned at a slightly different frequency than the second resonator. The coupled resonator is preferably grounded at one end and acts as a quarter-wavelength transmission line. Preferably the coupled resonator and at least one of the first resonator and the second resonator are colinear. Preferably, the coupled resonator, the first resonator, and the second resonator are coplanar. In this case, the second resonator may be disposed between the coupled resonator and the first resonator. Alternatively, the coupled resonator may be partially surrounded by the first resonator such that a width of the combination of the coupled resonator, a portion of the first resonator adjacent to the coupled resonator, and spacing separating the coupled resonator and the portion of the first resonator is about equal to a width of the second resonator. In the latter case, the coupled resonator is preferably grounded at an end most distal from the radiating end of the first resonator. 
   The first resonator may have a reverse-fed configuration in which a radiating end of the first resonator is more proximate to a short between the first resonator and ground plane than to the RF feed. The first resonator, the second resonator, and the coupled resonator are preferably PIFAs. 
   In another embodiment, an antenna system comprises: an antenna containing at least one resonator that resonates in a desired frequency band and a ground plane; and at least one clip that is attachable to one of to an external grounding sheet and the ground plane. 
   In this embodiment, the antenna may be fabricated from a single, thin pattern of stamped metal that is bent to form the at least one resonator, the ground plane, and the at least one clip or may be formed separate from the antenna. The at least one clip may form a receptacle configured to retain a cable that feeds an RF feed that in turn feeds the at least one resonator. The at least one clip may be formed on an attachment device that further comprises at least one bracket containing a hole or that further comprises a base from which the at least one clip extends, the base having an area about the same as or larger than an area of the ground plane. The antenna may further comprise a spacer layer between the at least one resonator and the ground plane, the spacer layer having air gaps configured to allow the at least one clip to be attached to the ground plane. The antenna is preferably suitable for use in a mobile computing device. The clip may be a portion of the external grounding sheet. 
   In another embodiment, a method for improving efficiency of a multiband antenna includes forming a ground plane, forming at least two resonators that resonate at different frequency bands, connecting an RF feed to the at least two resonators such that a first resonator of the at least two resonators has a reverse-fed connection in which a radiating end of the first resonator is more proximate to a short between the first resonator and the ground plane than to the RF feed, and connecting the ground plane to a coupled resonator that is coupled to the first resonator and resonates at the frequency band of a second resonator of the at least two resonators. These may be done at the same time, e.g. by stamping the antenna from a thin metal sheet and bending the antenna to form the desired shape, or may be performed individually, e.g. using standard fabrication techniques (sputtering, soldering, etc. . .). 
   The method may further comprise forming the coupled resonator and the first and second resonators to be coplanar. In this case, the method may further comprise forming the second resonator between the coupled resonator and the first resonator or partially surrounding the coupled resonator by the first resonator such that a width of the combination of the coupled resonator, a portion of the first resonator adjacent to the coupled resonator, and spacing separating the coupled resonator and the portion of the first resonator is about equal to a width of the second resonator. In the latter case, the method preferably comprises grounding the coupled resonator at an end most distal from a radiating end of the first resonator. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic flat pattern of a first embodiment; 
       FIG. 2  is a perspective view of a construct of the first embodiment; 
       FIG. 3  is a side view of the construct of the first embodiment; 
       FIG. 4  is another side view of the construct of the first embodiment; 
       FIGS. 5   a  and  5   b  are plots of return loss and efficiency vs. frequency for a conventional antenna without the coupled resonator and for the construct of the first embodiment, respectively; 
       FIG. 6  is a schematic of a second embodiment; 
       FIG. 7  is a plot of return loss and efficiency vs. frequency for the construct of the second embodiment; 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic flat pattern of a third embodiment; 
       FIG. 9  is a perspective view of a construct of the third embodiment; 
       FIG. 10  is another perspective view of the construct of the third embodiment; 
       FIG. 11  is a close-up view of the third embodiment attached to a laptop computer; 
       FIG. 12  is a conventional laptop computer to which a conventional antenna is attached; 
       FIG. 13  is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment; 
       FIG. 14  is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment; and 
       FIG. 15  is a perspective view of a sixth embodiment. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AND THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
   Although traditional approaches to improving bandwidth use matching networks of lumped elements, one embodiment of the present application realizes broadband antenna responses that introduce an additional radiating resonator rather than using lumped components. The present approach is not limited by the realizable efficiency of the original element because the coupled resonator will act as another radiator. The two resonators together will have a broader realizable efficiency curve than either resonator alone. 
   The triband antenna disclosed here is electrically very small for the efficiency bandwidth product it achieves. The bandwidth for the highband of a dual-band PIFA is enhanced while the antenna is a relatively narrow and tall PIFA for environments such as those of a laptop computer screen. In one embodiment, a reverse-fed PIFA is used, at least for the low band, in which the ground pin is located near the center of the PIFA rather than at the edge of the PIFA. 
   The antennas described here use an electromagnetically coupled resonant element (or resonator) to gain additional return loss and efficiency bandwidth near the frequency of operation for the coupled element. The electromagnetically coupled resonator is a finite length of coplanar metal acting as quarter-wavelength transmission line, since it is grounded with a conductive trace at one end. Hence this is a parasitic or coupled resonator since the antenna&#39;s feed trace does not touch it. The coupled resonator is coupled to a resonator that is directly fed and that is resonant in a lower frequency band than the coupled resonator. Of course, the addition of the coupled resonator may also decrease the bandwidth in the lower frequency band. 
   The coupled element can be tuned slightly higher or lower in frequency than the primary, directly fed resonator that resonates in the same or near the frequency band to produce an additional resonance in the return loss response. For one element to resonate near the frequency band of another element means that the antenna has two frequencies at which the return loss is a local minimum; the lower frequency is at most about 25% less than the upper frequency (or alternatively, the lower frequency of resonance is at most about 25% less than the upper frequency of resonance). Using this technique, and starting with elements that had approximately 650–700 MHz of 2:1 VSWR bandwidth near 5.5 GHz, the 2:1 dB VSWR bandwidth was approximately doubled by introducing a coupled resonator. The dimensions of the coupled resonator are important to achieving this increased bandwidth. Not only does the coupled resonator have to be resonant near the frequency band of interest but the Q of the coupled resonator must be substantially the same as the Q of the directly fed resonator in order to be able to achieve a 2:1 VSWR bandwidth improvement. If the coupled resonator were significantly closer to the ground plane it would create a high Q resonance that would not be able to produce a 2:1 VSWR improvement. 
     FIG. 1  shows the flat conductive (metal) pattern of a multiband antenna of one embodiment using a parasitically coupled resonator to increase the gain-bandwidth product of one band of the antenna. The 802.11a/b antenna  100  contains a parasitically coupled 5 GHz resonator  6 . The portion of  FIG. 1  contained within the dotted lines shows a dual-band PIFA  9  with a reverse fed 2.4 GHz PIFA  4  (or lower frequency resonator) and a conventionally fed (or driven) 5 GHz PIFA  5  (or upper frequency resonator). The 2.4 GHz PIFA  4  has a reverse fed configuration in which the radiating end of the 2.4 GHz PIFA  4  is more proximate to the short  2  between the 2.4 GHz PIFA  4  and the ground plane  3  than to the RF feed  1  (in this case by about 20%). The coupled resonator  6  and the upper frequency resonator  5  are about the same distance from the ground plane  3 , and may be coplanar, along with the lower frequency resonator  4 . In fact, as shown at least two, if not all of the resonators are colinear as well as being coplanar. This permits the resonators and thus antenna to be fit within an extremely narrow cross-sectional area, such as that required by laptop computer manufacturers. 
   The lower frequency resonator  4 , upper frequency resonator  5 , and coupled resonator  6  are all substantially rectangular with the same width. The lower frequency resonator  4 , upper frequency resonator  5 , and coupled resonator  6  are all patch antennas (with the directly driven resonators actually PIFAs). A notch  12  in the flat pattern is the dividing point between the lower frequency resonator  4  and the upper frequency resonator  5  into which the RF feed  1  is coupled. The shorts  2  are thin conductors that connect the resonators  4 ,  5 ,  6  with the ground plane  3 . The ground plane  3  is substantially rectangular and has a thinner rectangle connected to a wider rectangle through a neckdown  13 . The widths of the two rectangles of the ground plane  3  are about as wide and as long as (or wider or longer than) the resonators  4 ,  5 ,  6 . 
   Two shorts  2  exist: the first short  2  connects the lower frequency resonator  4  to the ground plane  3  at about ⅕ of the length of the lower frequency resonator  4  from the RF feed  1 , while the second short  2  connects the ground plane  3  to an end of the parasitically coupled resonator  6 . The parasitically coupled element  6  is coupled to the directly fed upper frequency resonator  5  through free space. The shorted end of the parasitically coupled resonator  6  is located at the end nearest to the upper frequency resonator  5 . However, in this embodiment the second short  2  may be moved to the farthest end of the coupled resonator  6  while realizing the same benefits and not substantially altering the overall length of the antenna  100 . Although the first short is shown as being formed in an “S” shape and the second short is formed in a straight line, as long as conductive contact exists between the resonators and the ground plane, any shape may be used so long as the return loss is substantially optimized. The main factor for optimization depends on the particular frequency range of interest: for example, the main factor for the upper frequency resonator is placement of the short  2  and for the lower frequency resonator it is the dimensions (length/width) of the short  2 . 
   Although  FIG. 1  illustrates the planar structure of the antenna  100 , the antenna  100  is a three dimensional structure that is bent as shown in  FIGS. 2–4 . Thus, the materials that are used to fabricate the antenna  100  are preferably thin, lightweight, conductive, and flexible. Such a planar structure can be, for example, stamped from a thin piece of metal and then bent into the antenna shape. This is a simple, inexpensive means of fabricating the antenna. Of course, this is not the sole manner in which to fabricate the antenna. One of skill in the art will readily ascertain alternate methods to fabricate the structure, perhaps at the expense of additional component cost or time (for example, semiconductor processing techniques such as sputtering or deposition may be used, the metal pattern may be etched or silk screened on a flexible substrate which gets folded around a plastic or foam core, or traditional PCB processes may be used to create a surface mount version of this antenna). 
   However, as illustrated in  FIGS. 2–4 , the flat pattern of  FIG. 1  is bent around a polystyrene spacer layer  7  (see  FIG. 2 ) to help define the antenna&#39;s overall height. The spacer layer separates the upper and lower resonators  4 ,  5  and coupled resonator  6  from the ground plane  3 . The upper and lower resonators  4 ,  5  and coupled resonator  6  are disposed on one surface of the spacer layer  7  and the ground plane  3  is disposed on an opposing surface of the spacer layer  7 . Although any low-permittivity spacer layer with sufficient physical stability can be used as the insert layer (such as plastic), the spacer layer may be omitted as long as the material used to form the flat pattern is physically robust enough to be used in the environment for which it is designed without compromising the structural integrity of the antenna. The thick horizontal lines in  FIG. 1  indicate where the metal is bent to form the antenna  100 .  FIGS. 2–4  show a sample antenna structure with the flat pattern, spacer layer  7 , and a coaxial cable  8  connected to the RF feed  1  that feeds signals to the RF feed  1 . As shown in  FIG. 4  (and more clearly in the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 ), the ground plane  3  is bent so as to form a receptacle that is configured to retain the cable  8  (into which the cable  8  can be inserted). Although the cable  8  is itself shielded, this configuration serves to further shield and protect the antenna  100  from the cable  8 , as well as providing a means for physically supporting the cable  8 . In addition, the plastic spacer layer  7  could also be used to insure the cable  8  is placed the same way underneath the antenna. 
   The overall length of the antenna  100  in  FIG. 1  is 46.5 mm, the width is 3 mm, and the thickness is 5 mm, making it compatible for use with laptop computers, for example. The ground plane  3  is substantially parallel with, and overlaps at least a significant portion of (i.e. &gt;50%), if not substantially the entirety of, the resonators  4 ,  5 ,  6 . In other embodiments, these physical dimensions may be altered to satisfy particular design goals. 
   Such a design improves the 2:1 VSWR bandwidth over at least the 4.9 GHz to 5.825 GHz range. The coupled resonator  6  may be tuned at a different frequency than the driven resonator  5  operating in the same band. For example, the coupled resonator  6  may be resonant at approximately 5.2 GHz while the driven resonator  5  that is directly attached to the antenna feed  1  is tuned to be resonant close to 5.9 GHz.  FIG. 5  shows the response of an antenna with such a configuration. The antenna response clearly shows a dual resonance between 5 and 6 GHz which was caused by adding the second resonant element. The antenna achieves a 2:1 VSWR over a span of 1.35 GHz centered at 5.55 GHz with over 70% efficiency over that entire range as measured on the edge of a laptop computer screen. A similar antenna without the coupled resonant element only achieves 700 MHz of 2:1 VSWR bandwidth. The dotted vertical lines shown in  FIG. 5  indicate the edges of the 802.11a/b bands and the Japanese Hyperlan band. Without the additional parasitically coupled resonator there would not be enough 2:1 VSWR bandwidth to cover both 802.11a and the Japanese Hyperlan bands. 
   Another embodiment of a multiband antenna in which more bandwidth is realized at the higher frequency resonance is shown in  FIG. 6 . The basic elements of this antenna  200  are the same as for the embodiment described above in conjunction with  FIGS. 1–4  and thus the numbering remains the same accordingly. In  FIG. 6 , it is apparent that it is possible to place the parasitic element in closer proximity to the lower frequency element to achieve smaller form factors. In doing so, some bandwidth at the lower resonance is sacrificed to gain a considerable increase in bandwidth at the higher frequency. The smaller form factors (about 3 mm width, 27.8 mm length, and 5 mm thickness) permit the antenna  200  to be suitable for use in a greater number of laptop computers, whose design specifications are dictated by the manufacturers. 
   The antenna  200  shown in  FIG. 6  is electrically similar to the antenna  100  shown in  FIG. 1  in as much as the antenna  200  has two coupled high band resonators  5 ,  6  but the overall length has been reduced significantly from 45 mm to 28 mm. In addition, the parasitically coupled resonator  6  is significantly narrower than it was previously (1.5 mm vs. 3 mm, a 50% reduction) and is now a slightly higher Q resonator. This antenna  200  has less 2:1 VSWR bandwidth than the antenna  100  described in  FIG. 1  at both the low and the high bands. 
   Unlike the antenna  100  of the previous embodiment in which the upper frequency resonator  5  is disposed between the coupled resonator  6  and the lower frequency resonator  4 , the coupled resonator  6  in this embodiment is partially surrounded by the lower frequency resonator  4 . The coupled resonator  6  is coupled to the low frequency resonator  4  through the gap between them. Thus the response and bandwidth of the antenna  200  is dependent on the gap distance (as well as being dependent on the overall width of the resonators). Because of the “embedding” of the coupled resonator  6  in the lower frequency resonator  4 , the length of the overall length is significantly smaller than without embedding. 
   The 2.4 GHz resonator  4  in this embodiment rather than being substantially a single rectangle of conductive material (as in the first embodiment), is essentially formed from three smaller rectangles, two that have essentially the same dimensions and the third substantially thinner than and connecting the other two. The wider portions of the 2.4 GHz resonator  4  are about the same width as the driven 5 GHz resonator  5  and the ground plane  3  for matching purposes as well as size requirements dictated by the application. The parasitically coupled resonator  6  is disposed in parallel with the thin portion of the 2.4 GHz resonator  4 . The thickness of the combination of the parasitically coupled resonator  6  and the thin portion of the 2.4 GHz resonator  4  is about equal to the thickness of the wider portions of the 2.4 GHz resonator  4 , for the same reasons. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the thickness of the combination is somewhat less than the thickness of the wider portions so that the total thickness of the combination and the separation between the parasitically coupled resonator  6  and the thin portion of the 2.4 GHz resonator  4  is about equal to the thickness of the wider portions. 
   In this embodiment, the shorts  2  are straight connections (unlike the S shape shown in  FIG. 1  for one of the shorts) between the different resonators and the ground plane, but are disposed at substantially the same relative locations of the resonators as those in  FIG. 1 . Although the short  2  that connects the coupled resonator  6  with the ground plane  3  may be disposed on either end of the coupled resonator  6 , as in the previous embodiment, to minimize the length of the coupled resonator  6  and overall length of the antenna  2 , the short  2  is preferably connected to the end  15  of the coupled resonator  6  most distal to the radiating end  14  of the lower frequency resonator  4  (i.e. the end of the lower frequency resonator  4  that is not connected to the RF feed  1 ). In addition, if the short  2  is connected to the end  16  of the coupled resonator  6  most proximate to the radiating end  14  of the lower frequency resonator  4 , the lower frequency resonator  4  will lose bandwidth. 
     FIG. 7  shows the Return Loss of the antenna  200  shown in  FIG. 6 . The antenna  200  has approximately 1.15 GHz of −9 dB Return Loss bandwidth centered at 5.4 GHz compared to the previous antenna  100 , which had 1.35 GHz of −9.5 dB Return Loss bandwidth centered at 5.55 GHz. The 2.4 GHz resonance has also lost some bandwidth and now displays only 95 MHz of −10 dB Return Loss bandwidth compared to the previous antenna  100 , which had 135 MHz of −10 dB Return Loss. Thus, a tradeoff exists: by at least partially circumscribing the parasitically coupled resonator  6  by the lower resonator  4 , the antenna is significantly reduced in length (preferably at least about 40%) while the bandwidth at both bands is slightly reduced (preferably at most about 25%). 
   In different embodiments, which are not illustrated here, the coupled resonator is disposed adjacent to the radiating end of the lower frequency resonator, rather than being partially surrounded by the lower frequency resonator. In this case, the coupled radiator is once again separated from the lower frequency resonator by a small gap, and grounded at an end most distal to the radiating end of the lower frequency resonator. Although the lower frequency resonator and the coupled resonator may be rectangular, they preferably have shapes which interlock. For example, the lower frequency resonator and the coupled resonator may be formed from interlocking “L” shaped metal portions. Alternately, one of the lower frequency resonator and the coupled resonator may be formed in a “T” shape and the other in an interlocking “U” shape. In any of these cases, the width of the structure may remain about 3 mm at most, the length about 30 mm, and the thickness about 5 mm, thereby enabling the antenna to be used in a laptop computer. Similarly, although the lower and upper frequency resonators are described as essentially rectangular, they may have an interlocking structure similar to the structures above. 
   In another embodiment, shown in  FIGS. 8–11 , the antenna  300  contains a clip-on mounting feature (clip) that can be made of the same metal from which the antenna  300  is stamped.  FIG. 8  shows the flat pattern as well as the lines along which the clip-on antenna  300  is bent after being stamped.  FIG. 9  shows the clip-on antenna  300  after the flat pattern has been stamped, bent and plastic  304  has been injection molded around the metal lead frame, so that the resonators  302  and ground plane  308  are formed. Note that in  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the plastic spacer layer  304 , fills in around the flat pattern so that portions of the connections between the resonators and ground plane and the resonators and the RF feed are, in effect, buried in the spacer layer. The clip  306  is integrally formed with the ground plane  308  and is attachable to a metal frame  320  (see  FIG. 11 ) to ground the ground plane to the same potential as the metal frame  320 . The clip  306  is also configured so that there is enough room in the curve back portion of the clip to capture the coaxial cable  310  feeding the antenna  300  and ensure that the cable  310  is always positioned in approximately the same manner near the antenna  300 . The clip on antennas is suitable to be used in multiple mobile computing devices, e.g. a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a personal data assistant (PDA). 
     FIG. 11  illustrates one manner in which the clip-on antenna may be mounted above or beside the display screen in a laptop computer (not shown). Such a display screen can be a liquid crystal display, organic light emitter, plasma display, or any other material suitable for use in a laptop computer. Most laptop computers made have an EMI shield behind the display, which is usually made of a separate piece of stamped metal heat staked to the plastic case. The metal frame  320  is the shield behind the display on which the antenna  300  is mounted. As shown in  FIG. 12 , conventional laptop computers use a pair of screws in a pair of threaded inserts in a plastic housing to attach the antenna to the computer. In fact, most laptop computers have at least two antennas for diversity, which means that manufacturers must pay an assembler to put four additional screws as well as four threaded inserts in each laptop computer to retain the antennas. The clip antenna  300  saves both the cost of the screws and threaded inserts as well as the time it would take an assembly worker to put in the inserts and screws. Additionally if the antenna vendor wishes to ground the antenna through the screws, the laptop computer manufacturer would have to bring metal from the shield up to the screw holes for grounding. The clip antenna requires no such special consideration to achieve grounding. The clip thus has at least two advantages over conventional antenna mounting mechanisms: it provides an easy way to ground the antenna  300  along its full length and it eliminates screws that would normally be used to mount antennas for laptop applications. This saves both component cost as well as time (and thus cost) of integration of the antenna. Although  FIG. 9  shows the clip  306  is integrally formed from the ground plane  308  (and metal pattern), the clip may be formed separately from the ground plane.  FIG. 13  illustrates such an embodiment, in which the attachment device  400  is external to the antenna (not shown) so that the antenna attached to the attachment device  400  can accommodate multiple mounting styles. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the attachment device  400  contains a metal pattern that is stamped (or otherwise fabricated as above) to form a base  402 , one or more brackets  404  having a hole  406 , one or more clips  408 , and notches  410  disposed around the clips. 
   In this embodiment, the antenna is securely fastened to the base  402  by the clip(s)  408 . More particularly, the ground plane of the antenna is clipped to the base  402 . Although three clips are shown, any number of clips may be used so long as the antenna remains securely fastened to the base  402 . The brackets  404  are used to mount the antenna to the laptop computer through the holes  406  via screws, for example. Although the brackets  404  are shown as being bent at substantially a right angle to the base  402 , the brackets  404  may be bent at any angle so long as the attachment device  400  is securely mounted to the computer and the antenna is securely mounted to the attachment device  400 . In addition, the notches  410  are formed in the base  402  around the clips  408 . The notches  410  permit the stamped metal that originally extends from the base  402  to be more easily bent to form the clips  408  shown in  FIG. 13 . The base  402  has an area about the same as or larger than the ground plane of the antenna. 
   A tradeoff exists to forming the clip separate from the antenna, i.e. the clip is formed from a different piece of material than the antenna and is thus not integral with the antenna. While such an embodiment slightly increases the cost, the industrial designs of many more laptop computers may be accommodated while the arrangement is still able to offer customers the option of a simple push on mounting scheme. For example, the more traditional screw mounted design can be realized using the mounting bracket of  FIG. 13 . Alternatively, the brackets can be disposed of, as shown in  FIG. 14 , in which case the attachment device  500  may be attached to the case through soldering, or a conductive or non-conductive adhesive. Also, the clip may be provided on the EMI shield such that  FIG. 14  shows a portion of the EMI shield that contains the attachment device  500  rather than an attachment device that is separate from the EMI shield. 
   As shown in  FIG. 15 , the antenna design  600  for this mounting style has air gaps between the plastic spacer layer  604  and the antenna ground. This allows the clip of the attachment device  606  to be pushed onto the antenna  602  and connect the antenna  602  to the EMI shield behind the display. As shown, the cable  610  can be secured using a bracket  608  either formed from a separate piece of material or, similar to the previous embodiment, integral with the antenna  602 . 
   Present embodiments shown and described herein improve the bandwidth of multiband antennas while reducing the size of the antennas by adding a coupled resonator having a frequency slightly lower than that of one of the two directly driven resonators (which in turn operate in different frequency bands). The coupled resonator is coupled to the resonator that is resonant in the frequency band other than the coupled resonator. Additional return loss and efficiency bandwidth near the frequency of operation for the coupled element is gained, which permits the antenna to be used in environments with stringent size as well as multiple wireless communication band requirements such as those of a laptop computer. 
   One skilled in the art may formulate similar antenna designs without altering the basic results or ideas behind the results. For example, while not shown, the reverse-fed PIFA may be normally fed: the coupling resonator can couple to any PIFA as it merely acts as extra way to excite resonances in one of the bands. It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.