Patent Publication Number: US-2023159457-A1

Title: Fluorene derivatives, polymers obtained from said fluorene derivatives and method for preparing the same

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to novel fluorene derivatives, polymers obtained from said fluorene derivatives and method for preparing the same, as well as their uses as materials for an organic light-emitting diode. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The organic light-emitting diode (OLED) has recently drawn attention due to an increase in demand for various applications such as flat panel displays, automotive headlamps, advertising signage, packaging and general lighting. These because of its advantages over other light sources that are lower energy consumption, large area, flexible, and natural white light. 
     Basically, the OLED transforms electrical energy into light by applying current to an OLED material. It has a structure in which an organic material layer is interposed between an anode and a cathode. The organic material layer includes a multi-layer comprising different materials, for example an organic light-emitting layer (EL), a hole transport layer (HTL), an electron transport layer (ETL). The organic light-emitting material is classified as blue, green, and red light-emitting materials according to emitted colors. 
     In order to implement excellent performance of OLED, materials constituting the organic material layer should be stable and have good efficiency. Many attempts have been made to improve performances of OLED, for example: 
     US 20060284140 A1 discloses mixtures and conjugated polymers which contain bridged carbazole structural units and structural units which emit light from the triplet state. The mixtures comprise at least one conjugated polymer, at least one bridged carbazole unit and at least one triplet emitter. 
     WO 2000/046321 discloses fluorene copolymers, polymer blends comprising such copolymers, and electronic devices (such as polymer light-emitting diodes) containing one or more films derived from these copolymers. The copolymer comprises monomeric units in combination with at least 10 percent of the monomeric units are fluorene moieties selected from 9-substituted fluorene moieties, 9,9-disubstituted fluorene moieties or combinations thereof, and at least 1 percent of the monomeric units comprising two non-fluorene moieties which are different from each other but which both comprise delocalized-electrons and are independently selected from moieties that have hole transporting properties and moieties that have electron transporting properties. 
     KR 781921 B1 discloses a carbazole derivative and an organic electroluminescent device using the said carbazole derivative. The invention provides a compound of specified formula comprising carbazole as a center of a chrysene derivative with at least 2 amino acid residues and a substituted thereof. 
     Further examples of prior art can be found for instance in Lin-Peng Yu et al: “Modification of a donor-acceptor photovoltaic polymer by integration of optoelectronic moieties into its side chains”, POLYMER, Vol. 59, pages 57-66 XP029197836, WO 00/46321 A1, CN 102 936 332 B, and WO 2004/113468 A1. 
     However, development of the organic material layer forming material for OLED has not been satisfactory and thus there is a need for a novel derivatives and polymers that are suitable for producing the organic material layer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a fluorene derivative having a structure of formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; and 
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine (TPA), carbazole and carbazole derivative. 
     In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing a fluorene derivative having a structure of formula (I), the method comprising reacting a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B) in an organic solvent in the presence of a strong base, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; 
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4  and R are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative; and 
     wherein a mole ratio of the compound of formula (A) to the compound of formula (B) to the strong base ((A):(B):strong base) is in a range of 1:2.5-3:8-9. 
     In a third aspect, the present invention relates to a polymer comprising a repeating unit derived from a fluorene derivative having a structure of formula (I). 
     In a fourth aspect, the present invention relates to a method for preparing the polymers that comprise a repeating unit derived from a fluorene derivative having a structure of formula (I), the method comprising a polymerization of monomers comprising fluorene derivatives having structures of formula (I) and (II) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     Z is dioxaborolane; and 
     R 5  and R 6  are independently selected from C 3 -C 12  alkyl group. 
     In another aspect, the present invention relates to a use of polymers provided according to the invention as a hole transport layer in an electroluminescent device. 
     In further aspect, the present invention relates to a light-emitting element comprising the polymers provided according to the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Unless otherwise indicated, any aspects shown herein shall encompass the application to other aspects of the present invention as well. 
     Unless otherwise specified, technical and scientific terms used herein have the definitions which are understood by a person skilled in the art. 
     Throughout the present invention, the term “about” is used to indicate that any values shown or presented herein may be varied or deviated. Such variation or deviation may be a result of an error of the equipment or method used to determine the values. 
     The terms “consist(s) of” and its variation such as “consisting of” and “consisted of”, “comprise(s)” and its variation such as “comprising” and “comprised”, “has/have/having”, “include(s)” and its variation such as “including” and “included” are open-ended verbs. For example, any methods which “consist of”, “comprise”, “have” or “include” one or more components or steps are not limited only to the one or more components or steps, but also cover the components or steps that are not mentioned. 
     The terms “a”, “an”, “the”, when used to refer to a singular noun, are intended to include a plural of that noun as well, unless otherwise specified. 
     Any tools, equipment, methods, materials or chemicals mentioned herein, unless otherwise indicated, mean the tool, equipment, methods, materials or chemicals generally used or practiced by a person skilled in the art. 
     Fluorene Derivatives of the Invention 
     According to the first aspect, the present invention provides a fluorene derivative having a structure of formula (I): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; and 
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative. 
     In a preferred embodiment, X is Br or I. Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 10. 
     Preferably, carbazole derivative is tert-butyl-substituted carbazole. 
     More preferably, tert-butyl-substituted carbazole which can be used according to the present invention is selected from 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole and 3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert-butyl-9′H-9,3′: 6′,9″-tercarbazole. 
     Examples of fluorene derivatives according to the present invention have the following structures: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparation of Fluorene Derivatives 
     According to the second aspect, the present invention also provides a method for preparing the fluorene derivative having the structure of formula (I), wherein the symbols X, Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  have the same meanings as defined above. The method according to this invention comprises reacting a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B) in an organic solvent in the presence of a strong base, 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; 
     Each R is independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative. 
     The preferred fluorene derivatives according to the present invention can be obtained by using an appropriate specific mole ratio and types of the reactants and reagents. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the mole ratio of the compound of formula (A) to the compound of formula (B) to the strong base ((A):(B):strong base) is in a range of 1:2.5-3:8-9. 
     The organic solvents for use in the reaction of the compound of formula (A) and the compound of formula (B) may be selected from a group consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF), hexane, toluene, dichloromethane and chloroform. 
     According to this invention, the compounds of formula (A) can be obtained by using a specific procedure as described below. 
     The compound of formula (A) is prepared from steps comprising: 
     (i) reacting a fluorene compound with a halogenating agent or triflating agent in an organic solvent in the presence of a catalyst; and 
     (ii) reacting the compound obtained from the step (i) with a C 3 -C 12  alkyl halide in an organic solvent in the presence of the halogenating agent or triflating agent and a strong base. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the step (i) is conducted at an ambient temperature for 3-5 hours and the step (ii) is conducted at a temperature of 70-80° C. for 4-5 hours. Further, the step (i) is carried out by using a mole ratio of the fluorene compound to the halogenating agent or triflating agent to the catalyst (fluorene compound:halogenating agent or triflating agent:catalyst) is in a range of 1:2-3:0.05-0.1. 
     Preferably, the halogenating agent that can be used in the step (i) is selected from a group consisting of dibromine (Br 2 ) and tert-butyl ammonium bromide. 
     Preferably, the triflating agent that can be used in the step (i) is selected from a group consisting of trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate. 
     The catalyst that can be used in step (i) is preferably selected from a group consisting of metal halide. For example, the metal halide catalyst is iron (III) chloride (FeCl 3 ). 
     To obtain the desired compound of formula (A), an appropriate specific mole ratio and types of the reactants and reagents are used. In a preferred embodiment, the step (ii) is carried out by using a mole ratio of the compound obtained from step (i) to the C 3 -C 12  alkyl halide to the halogenating agent or triflating agent to the strong base (compound obtained from step (i): C 3 -C 12  alkyl halide:halogenating agent or triflating agent:strong base) in a range of 1:3-5:0.1-0.3:8-15. 
     Preferably, the C 3 -C 12  alkyl halide that can be used in step (ii) is selected from a group consisting of 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,6-dibromohexane, 1,8-dibromooctane and 1,10-dibromodecane. 
     Preferably, the organic solvents that can be used to perform the reaction of step (i) and (ii) may be commercially available and selected from a group consisting of chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane, toluene, and hexane. 
     Examples of the compounds of formula (A) have structures as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     According to this invention, the compounds of formula (B) can be obtained by using a procedure as described herein below. 
     The compound of formula (B) is prepared by reacting carbazole with a halogenated compound or triflating agent in a mixed organic solvent in the presence of a catalyst. 
     The reaction between the carbazole and the halogenated compound or triflating agent can be achieved by using an appropriate specific mole ratio of the reactants and catalyst. In a preferred embodiment, the preparation of the compound of formula (B) is carried out by using a mole ratio of carbazole to the halogenated compound or triflating agent to the catalyst (carbazole:halogenating compound or triflating agent:catalyst) in a range of 1:2.5-3.5:2.5-3.5. 
     Preferably, the halogenated compound is 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, the triflating agent is selected from a group consisting of trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenesulfonate. The catalyst is selected from a group of metal halide such as zinc (II) chloride. 
     The mixed organic solvent suitable for use in the reaction is a mixture of two or more organic solvents in an appropriate volume ratio that can at least partially dissolve the carbazole, halogenated compound and catalyst used in this invention. Preferably, the organic solvents may be any commercially available and selected from a group consisting of nitromethane (CH 3 NO 2 ), dichloromethane, hexane and toluene. 
     In an embodiment, the mixed organic solvent is the mixture of nitromethane and dichloromethane and a volume ratio of nitromethane and dichloromethane is 2 to 1. 
     According to this invention, the compound of formula (B) is prepared by steps of: 
     (i) reacting 3,6-dihalo-N-tosyl carbazole with carbazole or carbazole derivative in an organic solvent in the presence of a catalyst and a strong base; and 
     (ii) deprotecting a tosyl group of the compound obtained from step (i) in a mixed organic solvent in the presence of a strong base. 
     Preferably, the step (i) is conducted at a temperature of 110-120° C. under refluxing condition for 40-50 hours. The step (ii) is conducted at a temperature of 70-80° C. under refluxing condition for 3-5 hours. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the step (i) is carried out by using a mole ratio of 3,6-dihalo-N-tosyl carbazole to carbazole or carbazole derivative to the catalyst (3,6-dihalo-N-tosyl carbazole:carbazole or carbazole derivative:catalyst) in a range of 1:2.2-2.5:0.5-0.8. The 3,6-dihalo-N-tosyl carbazole is preferably 3,6-diiodo-9-tosyl-9H-carbazole. 
     The catalyst used in the reaction between 3,6-dihalo-N-tosyl carbazole and carbazole, or 3,6-dihalo-N-tosyl carbazole and carbazole derivative according to the step (i) may be in a form of a transition metal-ligand complex, or a transition metal precursor/ligand mixture. In one embodiment, the catalyst can be provided by mixing a transition metal precursor and a ligand compound in an appropriate organic solvent. Preferably, the catalyst can be selected from a group consisting of metal halide and diamine compound. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst of step (i) is prepared from copper(I) iodide (CuI) and trans-diaminocyclohexane. 
     The organic solvent that can be used in the preparation of the compound of formula (B) may be commercially available and selected from toluene, dichloromethane, hexane, dimethyl sulfoxide and THF. Preferably, the organic solvent of step (i) is toluene and the mixed organic solvent step (ii) is a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). 
     Examples of the compounds of formula (B) have structures as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Polymers of the Invention 
     According to the third aspect, the present invention provides a polymer comprising a repeating unit derived from a fluorene derivative having a structure of formula (I), wherein the symbols X, Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  have the same meanings as defined above. 
     In a preferred embodiment, X is Br or I. Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 10. 
     The carbazole derivative according to the present invention is preferably Cert-butyl-substituted carbazole. 
     The tert-butyl-substituted carbazole according to the present invention is preferably 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole. 
     According to specific embodiments of the present invention, the polymer is provided in which the fluorene derivative unit of the invention is incorporated into a backbone of the polymer as described in detail below. 
     Blue Light-Emitting Polymer 
     An embodiment of a blue light-emitting polymer of the present invention comprises a repeating unit derived from fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; 
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4,  are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative; 
     Z is dioxaborolane; and 
     R 5  and R 6  are independently selected from C 3 -C 12  alkyl group. 
     In a preferred embodiment, Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 10. R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are identical. The carbazole derivative is tert-butyl-substituted carbazole. The preferred carbazole derivative can be selected from a group consisting of 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole and 3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert-butyl-9′H-9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole. R 5  and R 6  are identical and are C 6 -C 10  alkyl group. 
     The compounds having structures of formulas (I) and (II) which are used as monomers for preparing the blue light-emitting polymer according to the present invention can have any sequence of arrangement within the polymer chain. 
     Examples of the blue light-emitting polymers according to the present invention have structures as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is preferable that the blue light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) in a range of 6,000 to 60,000 g/mol, a number average molecular weight (Mn) in a range of 4,200 to 30,000 g/mol and a polydispersity index (PDI) in a range of 1 to 5. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the blue light-emitting polymer according the present invention has a mole ratio of formula (II) to formula (I) in a range of 1:0.3-1, preferably 1 to 1. 
     In one embodiment, the blue light-emitting polymer has a peak wavelength of light emitted in a visible spectrum of 350 nm to 385 nm. 
     In further embodiment, the blue light-emitting polymer has CIE coordinates of light emission of x=0.16 to 0.18, y=0.07 to 0.13. 
     It is preferable that the polymer is used as a blue electroluminescent material. 
     Red Light-Emitting Polymer 
     An embodiment of a red light-emitting polymer of the present invention comprises a repeating unit derived from fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and a compound of formula (III): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; 
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4,  are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative; 
     Z is dioxaborolane; and 
     R 5  and R 6  are independently selected from C 3 -C 12  alkyl group. 
     In a preferred embodiment, Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 10. R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are identical. The carbazole derivative is tert-butyl-substituted carbazole. The preferred carbazole derivative can be selected from a group consisting of 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole and 3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert-butyl-9′H-9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole. R 5  and R 6  are identical and are C 6 -C 10  alkyl group. 
     The derivatives and compounds having structures of formulas (I), (II) and (III) which are used as monomers for preparing the red light-emitting polymer according to the present invention can have any sequence of arrangement within the polymer chain. For example, the monomer sequences for the red light-emitting polymer can be (I)-(II)-(III), (I)-(III)-(II), (II)-(I)-(III), (II)-(III)-(I), (III)-(I)-(II) or (III)-(II)-(I). 
     Examples of the red light-emitting polymers according to the present invention have structures as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is preferable that the red light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) in a range of 10,000 to 100,000 g/mol, a number average molecular weight (Mn) in a range of 10,000 to 35,000 g/mol and a polydispersity index (PDI) in a range of 1 to 5. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the red light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a mole ratio of formula (II) to formula (I) to formula (III) in a range of 1:0.3-1:0.005-0.5. 
     In one embodiment, the red light-emitting polymer has a peak wavelength of light emitted in a visible spectrum of 370 nm to 390 nm and 540 nm to 560 nm. 
     In further embodiment, the red light-emitting polymer has CIE coordinates of light emission of x=0.68 to 0.72, y=0.28 to 0.31 
     It is preferable that the polymer is used as a red electroluminescent material. 
     Green Light-Emitting Polymer 
     An embodiment of a green light-emitting polymer of the present invention comprises a repeating unit derived from fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and a compound of formulas (IV) or (V): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; 
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4,  are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative; 
     Z is dioxaborolane; and 
     R 5  and R 6  are independently selected from C 3 -C 12  alkyl group. 
     In a preferred embodiment, Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 10. R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are identical. The carbazole derivative is tert-butyl-substituted carbazole. The preferred carbazole derivative can be selected from a group consisting of 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole and 3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert-butyl-9′H-9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole. R 5  and R 6  are identical and are C 6 -C 10  alkyl group. 
     The compounds having structures of formulas (I), (II), (IV) or (V) which are used as monomers for preparing the green light-emitting polymer according to the present invention can have any sequence of arrangement within the polymer chain. For example, the monomer sequences for the green light-emitting polymer can be (I)-(II)-(IV), (I)-(IV)-(II), (II)-(I)-(IV), (II)-(IV)-(I), (I)-(II)-(V), (I)-(V)-(II), (II)-(I)-(V) or (II)-(V)-(I). 
     Examples of the green light-emitting polymer according to the present invention have structures as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is preferable that the green light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) in a range of 10,000 to 50,000 g/mol, a number average molecular weight (Mn) in a range of 10,000 to 30,000 g/mol and a polydispersity index (PDI) in a range of 1 to 5. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the green light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a mole ratio of formula (II) to formula (I) to formula (IV) in a range of 1:0.3-1:0.008-0.7. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the green light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a mole ratio of formula (II) to formula (I) to formula (V) in a range of 1:0.3-1:0.008-0.7. 
     In one embodiment, the green light-emitting polymer has a peak wavelength of light emitted in a visible spectrum of 430 nm to 440 nm. 
     In further embodiment, the green light-emitting polymer has CIE coordinates of light emission of x=0.32 to 0.36, y=0.52 to 0.60. 
     It is preferable that the polymer is used as a green electroluminescent material. 
     White Light-Emitting Polymer 
     An embodiment of a white light-emitting polymer of the present invention comprises a repeating unit derived from fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and a compound of formula (III) and a compound of formulas (IV) or (V): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein 
     X is independently selected from a group consisting of Cl, Br, I, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate; 
     Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 12; 
     R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4,  are independently selected from a group consisting of tert-butyl group, triphenylamine, carbazole and carbazole derivative; 
     Z is dioxaborolane; and 
     R 5  and R 6  are independently selected from C 3 -C 12  alkyl group. 
     In a preferred embodiment, Y is a group of formula —(CH 2 ) n — where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 10. R 1 , R 2 , R 3  and R 4  are identical. The carbazole derivative is tert-butyl-substituted carbazole. The preferred carbazole derivative can be selected from a group consisting of 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole and 3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert-butyl-9′H-9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole. R 5  and R 6  are identical and are C 6 -C 10  alkyl group. 
     The compounds having structures of formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV) or (V) which are used as monomers for preparing the white light-emitting polymer according to the present invention can have any sequence of arrangement within the polymer chain. For example, the monomer sequences for the white light-emitting polymer can be (I)-(II)-(III)-(IV), (I)-(II)-(IV)-(III), (I)-(III)-(IV)-(II), (I)-(III)-(II)-(IV), (I)-(IV)-(II)-(III), (I)-(IV)-(III)-(II), (II)-(I)-(III)-(IV), (II)-(I)-(IV)-(III), (II)-(III)-(IV)-(I), (II)-(III)-(I)-(IV), (II)-(IV)-(III)-(I), (II)-(IV)-(I)-(III), (III)-(I)-(II)-(IV), (III)-(I)-(IV)-(II), (III)-(II)-(I)-(IV), (III)-(II)-(IV)-(I), (III)-(IV)-(I)-(II), (III)-(IV)-(II)-(I), (IV)-(I)-(II)-(III), (IV)-(I)-(III)-(II), (IV)-(II)-(I)-(III), (IV)-(II)-(III)-(I), (IV)-(III)-(II)-(I), (IV)-(III)-(I)-(II), (I)-(II)-(III)-(V), (I)-(II)-(V)-(III), (I)-(III)-(V)-(II), (I)-(III)-(II)-(V), (I)-(V)-(II)-(III), (I)-(V)-(III)-(II), (II)-(I)-(III)-(V), (II)-(I)-(V)-(III), (II)-(III)-(V)-(I), (II)-(III)-(I)-(V), (II)-(V)-(III)-(I), (II)-(V)-(I)-(III), (III)-(I)-(II)-(V), (III)-(I)-(V)-(II), (III)-(II)-(I)-(V), (III)-(II)-(V)-(I), (III)-(V)-(I)-(II), (III)-(V)-(II)-(I), (V)-(I)-(II)-(III), (V)-(I)-(III)-(II), (V)-(II)-(I)-(III), (V)-(II)-(III)-(I), (V)-(III)-(II)-(I), (V)-(III)-(I)-(II). 
     Examples of the white light-emitting polymer according to the present invention have structures as shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     It is preferable that the white light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) in a range of 10,000 to 60,000 g/mol, a number average molecular weight (Mn) in a range of 10,000 to 36,000 g/mol and a polydispersity index (PDI) in a range of 1 to 5. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the white light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a mole ratio of formula (II) to formula (I) to formula (III) to formula (IV) in a range of 1:0.3-1:0.002-0.5:0.008-0.7. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the white light-emitting polymer according to the present invention has a mole ratio of formula (II) to formula (I) to formula (III) to formula (V) in a range of 1:0.3-1:0.002-0.5:0.008-0.7. 
     In one embodiment, the white light-emitting polymer has a peak wavelength of light emitted in a visible spectrum of 360 nm to 380 nm. 
     In further embodiment, the white light-emitting polymer has CIE coordinates of light emission of x=0.27 to 0.35, y=0.20 to 0.33. 
     It is preferable that the polymer is used as a white electroluminescent material. 
     Preparation of Polymer 
     In the present invention, the direct synthesis of small conjugated polymer nanoparticles (&lt;30 nm) under mini-emulsion conditions via Glaser coupling reactions has been developed. The advantages of emulsion polymerization over the post-polymerization are scalable, which can obtain the concentration of polymer as 11 mg/ml, size controllable, and the uniform of particles. Due to the high stability of each droplet, evaporation of the solvent does not lead to any change of the droplet number. Therefore, using this mini-emulsion polymerization method in preparation of light-emitting conjugated polymer nanoparticles (NP) dispersion or light-emitting NP inks (EL inks) is attractive alternatives for commercial production of OLED devices by printing. The use of NPs dispersion in OLED fabrication promises of low temperature processing techniques and gives much lower viscosities than the equivalent loadings of high molar mass conjugated polymer dissolved in organic solvents. 
     The fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a method for preparing the polymers of the invention. The method comprises a polymerization of monomers comprising fluorene derivatives having structures of formulas (I) and (II) as described above. 
     In one embodiment, the monomers further comprise at least one compound having a structure of formulas (III), (IV) or (V) as described above. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a polymerization of monomers comprising the fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and the compound of formula (III). 
     More preferably, the polymerization is conducted by using a mole ratio of the fluorene derivatives of formula (I):formula (II):the compound of formula (III) in a range of 0.3-1:1:0.005-0.5. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a polymerization of monomers comprising the fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and the compound of formula (IV). 
     More preferably, the polymerization is conducted by using a mole ratio of the fluorene derivatives of formula (I):formula (II):the compound of formula (IV) in a range of 0.3-1:1:0.008-0.7. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a polymerization of monomers comprising the fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and the compound of formula (V). 
     More preferably, the polymerization is conducted by using a mole ratio of the fluorene derivatives of formula (I):formula (II):the compound of formula (V) in a range of 0.3-1:1:0.008-0.7. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a polymerization of monomers comprising the fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and the compound of formulas (III) and (IV). 
     More preferably, the polymerization is conducted by using a mole ratio of the fluorene derivatives of formula (I):formula (II):the compound of formula (III):the compound of formula (IV) in a range of 0.3-1:1:0.002-0.5:0.008-0.7. 
     In one embodiment, the present invention provides a polymerization of monomers comprising the fluorene derivatives of formulas (I) and (II) and the compound of formulas (III) and (V). 
     More preferably, the polymerization is conducted by using a mole ratio of the fluorene derivatives of formula (I):formula (II):the compound of formula (III):the compound of formula (V) in a range of 0.3-1:1:0.002-0.5:0.008-0.7. 
     Examples 
     The invention will now be described further by way of the following examples. The examples are for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 
     1. Preparation of Fluorene Derivatives 
     Examples of fluorene derivatives of formula (I) according to this invention are prepared by reacting the compound of formula (A) with the compound of formula (B). The compound (A) and (B) were prepared according to the following procedure. 
     1.1 Synthesis of Compound (A): 2,7-disubstituted-9,9-dihaloalkylfluorene 
     Step 1: Synthesis of 2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene 
     Fluorene (50 g) was dissolved in chloroform and then added FeCl 3  (0.3 g). After that, the solution of bromine 10% v/v chloroform was dropped at lower 10° C. and then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3-5 hours. When the reaction completed, the reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane and brine solution. The resultant product was then dried over sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), concentrated on a rotary evaporator and recrystallized to give more than 70% yield of 2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene. 
     Step 2: Alkylation of 2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene 
     2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene (2 g) and tert-butylammonium bromide (0.1 g) were dissolved in 30 mL tetrahydrofuran and then the solution of KOH solution was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for half an hour. After that, an alkylating agent (2 mL) was added and then stirred at 60-70° C. for 4-5 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the reaction mixture was poured in water, extracted with dichloromethane 3 times and brine solution. The resultant product was dried over sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated on a rotary evaporator prior to purify by column chromatography to give 2,7-disubstituted-9,9-dihaloalkylfluorene. 
     The alkylating agents used in the step 2 above were varied resulting in different reaction products of the compound (A). Those different compounds A5-A8 obtained from using various alkylating agents are shown in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Compound 
                 Alkylating agent 
                 Reaction Product 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 A5 
                 1,3-dibromopropane 
                 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (3-bromopropyl)-9H-fluorene 
               
               
                 A6 
                 1,6-dibromohexane 
                 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (6-bromohexyl)-9H-fluorene 
               
               
                 A7 
                 1,8-dibromooctane 
                 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (8-bromooctyl)-9H-fluorene 
               
               
                 A8 
                 1,10-dibromodecane 
                 2,7-dibromo-9,9-bis 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (10-bromodecyl)-9H-fluorene 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     1.2 Synthesis of Compound (B): 3,6-disubstituted 9H-carbazole 
     Examples of compound (B) obtained from the analogous manner with a variety of substituting groups are shown in Table 2 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Com- 
                 Substituting  
                   
               
               
                 pound 
                 group 
                 Reaction Product 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 B1 
                 tert-butyl 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole 
               
               
                 B2 
                 carbazole 
                 9′H-9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole 
               
               
                 B3 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl- 
                 3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert-butyl-9′H- 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                 9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole 
               
               
                 B4 
                 TPA 
                 4,4′-(9H-carbazole-3,6- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylaniline) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The synthesis of compounds B1-B4 are as described below. 
     Synthesis of Compound B1: 3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole 
     Carbazole (10 g) was dissolved in the mixed solvent of nitromethane and dichloromethane. ZnCl 2  (25 g) was added to the mixture solution, followed by dropwise addition of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (20 mL) The reaction mixture was sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for at least 30 minutes. After that, the reaction mixture was poured into water, extracted with dichloromethane and brine solution. The resultant product was dried over sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated on a rotary evaporator prior to purify by crystallization to give 3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole. 
     Synthesis of Compound B2: 9′H-9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole 
     —Ullmann Coupling Reaction of 3,6-diiodo-9-tosyl-9H-carbazole 
     3,6-diiodo-9-tosyl-9H-carbazole (1 g), carbazole (0.6 g), copper(I) iodide (0.1 g) and Potassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4 ) (4.36 mmol) were dissolved in toluene. The mixture solution was added by trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (0.92 mmol), stirred at 110-120° C. and then refluxed for 40-50 hours. After the reaction completed, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and the reaction mixture was evaporated by using a rotary evaporator. Finally, the crude product was purified by crystallization with mixed solvent of dichloromethane and methanol. 
     —Deprotection of Tosyl Group 
     The deprotection of tosyl group was conducted by using potassium hydroxide as base and a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent. The reaction mixture was added with small amount of water, stirred at 70-80° C. and then refluxed for 3-5 hours. After the reaction completed, the reaction mixture was poured in water, extracted with dichloromethane and brine solution. The resultant product was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. 
     Synthesis of Compound B3: 3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert-butyl-9′H-9,3′:6′,9″-tercarbazole 
     —Ullmann Coupling Reaction of 3,6-diiodo-9-tosyl-9H-carbazole 
     3,6-diiodo-9-tosyl-9H-carbazole (1 g), 3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole (0.6 g), copper(I) iodide (0.1 g) and Potassium phosphate (K 3 PO 4 ) (4.36 mmol) were dissolved in toluene. The mixture solution was added by trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (0.92 mmol), stirred at 110-120° C. and then refluxed for 40-50 hours. After the reaction completed, the reaction was cooled to room temperature and the reaction mixture was evaporated by using a rotary evaporator. Finally, the crude product was purified by crystallization with mixed solvent of dichloromethane and methanol. 
     —Deprotection of Tosyl Group 
     The deprotection of tosyl group was conducted by using potassium hydroxide as base and a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent. The reaction mixture was added with small amount of water, stirred at 70-80° C. and then refluxed for 3-5 hours. After the reaction completed, the reaction mixture was poured in water, extracted with dichloromethane and brine solution. The resultant product was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated by a rotary evaporator. 
     Synthesis of Compound B4: 4,4′-(9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylaniline) 
     3,6-diiodo-9H-carbazole (1 g) and 4-(Diphenylamino)phenylboronic acid (1.7 g) was dissolve in THF (30 mL). 2M Na 2 CO 3  and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4  were added into the solution. The mixture was stirred and reflux at 75° C. for 18 h. After cool to room temperature, the mixture was poured in water and then extracted with dichloromethane (DCM, 3×50 mL) and brine solution (100 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4  and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. Finally, the residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with DCM/hexane to give white solid of 4,4′-(9H-carbazole-3,6-diyl)bis(N,N-diphenylaniline). 
     1.3 Synthesis of Fluorene Derivatives of the Invention 
     The fluorene derivatives of this invention were obtained by reacting the fluorene compounds A5-A8 with the carbazole compounds B1-B4. The synthesis follows the procedure as specified below. 
     The carbazole compound and potassium hydroxide were dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) and then added the fluorene compound. The reaction mixtures were stirred at room temperature for 4-5 hours. After the reaction completed, the reaction mixtures were poured in water and extracted with dichloromethane and brine solution. The resultant products were dried over sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) and evaporated by a rotary evaporator. Finally, the resultant products were purified by column chromatography to give fluorene derivatives 
     Various compounds of fluorene derivatives (I1-I16) obtained from the analogous manner using different fluorene compounds (A5-A8) and carbazole compounds (B1-B4) are shown in Table 3 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fluorene derivative 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Fluorene 
                 Carbazole 
                 Example 
                   
               
               
                 compound 
                 compound 
                 No. 
                 Chemical name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A5 
                 B1 
                 I1 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(3,6-di-tert- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl-9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                 A6 
                 B1 
                 I2 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(hexane- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 6,1-diyl))bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                 A7 
                 B1 
                 I3 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(octane- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 8,1-diyl))bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                 A8 
                 B1 
                 I4 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(decane- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 10,1-diyl))bis(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                 A5 
                 B2 
                 I5 
                 9′,9″″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(propane 3,1-diyl))bis(9′H-9,3′:6,9″- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A6 
                 B2 
                 I6 
                 9′,9″″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(9′H-9,3′:6′,9″- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A7 
                 B2 
                 I7 
                 9′9″″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(9′H-9,3′:6′,9″- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A8 
                 B2 
                 I8 
                 9′9″″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(decane-10,1-diyl))bis(9′H-9,3′: 6′,9″- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A5 
                 B3 
                 I9 
                 9′,9″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl-9′H-9,3′:6,9″-tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A6 
                 B3 
                 I10 
                 9′,9″″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl-9′H-9,3′:6,9″-tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A7 
                 B3 
                 I11 
                 9′,9″″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl-9′H-9,3′:6,9″-tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A8 
                 B3 
                 I12 
                 9′,9″″-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(decane-10,1-diyl))bis(3,3″,6,6″-tetra-tert- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 butyl-9′H-9,3′:6,9″-tercarbazole) 
               
               
                 A5 
                 B4 
                 I13 
                 4,4′,4″,4′″-(((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(propane-3,1-diyl))bis(9H-carbazole-9,3,6- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 triyl))tetrakis(N,N-diphenylaniline) 
               
               
                 A6 
                 B4 
                 I14 
                 4,4′4″,4″′-(((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(9H-carbazole-9,3,6- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 triyl))tetrakis(N,N-diphenylaniline) 
               
               
                 A7 
                 B4 
                 I15 
                 4,4′4″,4″′-(((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(octane-8,1-diyl))bis(9H-carbazole-9,3,6- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 triyl))tetrakis(N,N-diphenylaniline) 
               
               
                 A8 
                 B4 
                 I16 
                 4,4′,4″,4″′-(((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene-9,9- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl)bis(decane-10,1-diyl))bis(9H-carbazole-9, 3,6- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 triyl))tetrakis(N,N-diphenylaniline) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The fluorene derivatives I1-I16 were characterized by  1 H NMR and Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-Mass Spectrometry (APCI-MS) analysis. The exemplary characterization results for the fluorene derivatives I1-I4 of the present invention are shown below. 
     Compound I1 
       1 H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=8.03 (s, 4H), 7.46 (d, 2H, J=7.98 Hz), 7.43-7.40 (m, 6H), 7.26 (s, 4H), 6.94 (d, 4H, J=8.52 Hz), 3.88 (t, 4H, J=7.26, 7.32 Hz), 1.46 (s, 37H), 1.17-1.12 (m, 4H) ppm. APCI (m/z) calcd for C 65 H 78 Br 2 N 2  [M + ]: 962.3572; found 963.4061. 
     Compound I2 
       1 H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=8.07 (s, 4H), 7.48-7.47 (m, 6H), 7.43 (d, 2H, J=8.04 Hz), 7.38 (s, 2H), 7.21 (s, 2H), 7.19 (s, 2H), 4.11 (t, 4H J=7.02, 7.08 Hz), 1.85-1.83 (m, 4H), 1.66 (t, 4H, J=7.14, 7.14), 1.53 (s, 8H), 1.45 (s, 38H), 1.37-1.15 (m, 4H), 1.10-1.06 (m, 4H), 0.56-0.55 (m, 4H) ppm, APCI (m/z) calcd for C 6 H 78 Br 2 N 2  [M + ]:: 1046.4511; found 1047.5145. 
     Compound I3 
       1 H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=8.08 (s, 4H), 7.48-7.45 (m, 6H), 7.41 (d, 4H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.24 (s, 4H), 4.16 (t, 4H, J=6.96, 6.90 Hz), 1.89-1.86 (m, 4H), 1.76-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.45 (s, 36H), 1.29-1.25 (m, 5H), 1.12 (m, 4H), 1.01 (s, 8H), 0.55 (br. s, 4H), APCI (m/z) calcd for C 69 H 86 Br 2 N 2  [M + ]: 1102.5564; found 1103.5642. 
     Compound I4 
       1 H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=8.09 (br. d, 4H), 7.49 (br. d, 2H), 7.48 (br. d, 2H), 7.47-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.41 (m, 4H), 4.20 (t, 4H, J=6, 12 Hz), 1.90-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 4H), 1.46 (s, 36H) 1.36-1.30 (m, 4H), 1.15-1.11 (m, 4H), 1.06-1.02 (m, 12H) 0.56 (br. s, 4H) ppm. 
     1.4 Synthesis of Comparative Examples of Fluorene Derivatives 
     The comparative examples of fluorene derivatives were synthesized by the same procedure as specified in 1.3 using the fluorene compound A5-A8 but using 9H-carbazole as the carbazole compound. The obtained comparative fluorene derivatives are shown in Table 4 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Fluorene 
                 Carbazole 
                 Comparative fluorene derivative 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 compound 
                 compound 
                 Example No. 
                 Chemical name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A5 
                 9H-carbazole 
                 C1 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 9,9-diyl)bis(propane-3,1- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl))bis(9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                 A6 
                 9H-carbazole 
                 C2 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 9,9-diyl)bis(hexane-6,1- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl))bis(9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                 A7 
                 9H-carbazole 
                 C3 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 9,9-diyl)bis(octane-8,1- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl))bis(9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                 A8 
                 9H-carbazole 
                 C4 
                 9,9′-((2,7-dibromo-9H-fluorene- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 9,9-diyl)bis(decane-10,1- 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 diyl))bis(9H-carbazole) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The comparative fluorene compounds C 1 -C 4  were characterized by  1 H NMR and Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-Mass Spectrometry (APCI-MS) analysis. The characterization results for such comparative fluorene compounds are shown below. 
     Comparative C1 
       1 H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=8.07 (d, 4H, J=12 Hz), 7.49-7.44 (m, 4H), 7.40 (t, 4H, J=12, 6 Hz), 7.29 (s, 2H), 7.20 (t, 4H, J=6, 6 Hz), 7.05 (d, 4H, J=12 Hz), 3.97 (t, 4H, J=12, 6 Hz), 2.00 (t, 4H, J=12, 6 Hz), 1.20-1.15 (m, 4H) ppm. APCI (m/z) calc for C 43 H 34 Br 2 N 2  [M + ]: 738.1068; found 739.1790. 
     Comparative C2 
       1 H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=8.09-8.07 (m, 5H), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=12 Hz), 7.44-7.42 (m, 7H), 7.36 (s, 2H), 7.33-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.22-7.19 (m, 5H), 4.18 (t, 4H, J=6, 6 Hz), 1.82-1.80 (m, 5H), 1.72-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.16-1.06 (m, 8H), 0.53 (br. s, 4H) ppm. APCI (m/z) calc for C 49 H 46 Br 2 N 2  [M + ]: 822.2007; found 823.2857 
     Comparative C3 
       1 H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=8.09 (d, 4H, J=6 Hz), 7.48-7.40 (m, 10H), 7.36 (d, 4H, J=12 Hz), 7.21 (t, 4H, J=6, 6 Hz), 4.24 (t, 4H, J=6, 6 Hz), 1.86 (t, 4H, J=6, 6 Hz), 1.81-1.76 (m, 4H), 1.86 (t, 4H, J=6, 6 Hz), 1.14-1.12 (m, 4H), 1.01 (s, 8H), 0.54 (brs, 4H) ppm. APCI (m/z) calc for C 53 H 54 Br 2 N 2  [M + ]: 878.2633; found 879.3067. 
     Comparative C4 
       1 H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl 3 ): δ=7.97 (d, 4H, J=6 Hz), 7.34-7.28 (m, 10H), 7.26 (d, 4H, J=12 Hz), 7.11-7.08 (m, 4H), 4.13 (t, 4H, J=12, 6 Hz), 1.76 (t, 4H, J=6, 12 Hz), 1.72-1.67 (m, 4H), 1.22-1.17 (m, 4H), 1.14-1.08 (m, 4H), 0.99-0.97 (m, 4H), 0.92-0.88 (m, 12H), 0.44 (br. s, 4H) ppm. 
     2. Preparation of Polymer 
     The polymers according to this invention were synthesized by mini-emulsion polymerization via Suzuki Miyaura cross-coupling of fluorene derivative monomers of the invention and at least one other monomer as described in detailed description of the invention. The examples and comparative examples were synthesized by following procedure. 
     The solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (Et 4 NOH) (0.2 ml) was added to a three-neck flask containing 0.5 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 50 mL of deionized water. The mixture solution was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen for 30-40 minutes. Monomers were dissolved in toluene, to which 100 uL of hexadecane was also added. The monomer solution was degassed by bubbling with nitrogen for 5-10 minutes. [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (Pd(dppf)Cl 2 ) was added into the monomer solution, which then was transferred to the reaction vessel. The reaction mixture was emulsified by ultrasonication for 15-20 minutes while cooling with an ice bath. The three-neck flask was resealed, and the mini-emulsion polymerization was performed at 70-80° C. for 24-30 hours. After the polymerization completed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and precipitated in methanol. The reaction product was filtered and dried in an oven. 
     The resultant polymers obtained from the polymerization may be further purified to remove residue Pd catalyst which is the cause of dark spot in OLED device. The obtained polymers were extracted with Et 4 NOH solution under reflux at 70-80° C. for 3-5 hours, two times. 
     In addition, the comparative polymers were obtained by the same procedure as specified in the method of polymerization but using the comparative fluorene derivatives C1-C4 instead of fluorene derivatives of the present invention. 
     The preparation of polymers with different color properties are specified below. 
     2.1 Blue Light-Emitting Polymer 
     Examples of blue light-emitting polymers are prepared from variations of substituents of the monomers as shown in Table 5 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Functional  
                 Mole ratio  
               
               
                   
                   
                 group of 
                 of fluorene 
               
               
                   
                 Functional group of fluorene 
                 fluorene  
                 deriv- 
               
               
                   
                 derivative of formula (I) 
                 derivative of 
                 atives of 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example  
                 R 1 , R 2 , R 3   
                 n of Y group 
                 formula (II) 
                 formulas 
               
               
                 No. 
                 and R 4  groups 
                 (—CH 2 ) n ) 
                 R 5  and R 6  group 
                 (I):(II) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 ative 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 ative 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 ative 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 ative 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                  1 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  2 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  3 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  4 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  5 
                 Carbazole 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  6 
                 Carbazole 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  7 
                 Carbazole 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  8 
                 Carbazole 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                  9 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 13 
                 TPA 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 14 
                 TPA 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 15 
                 TPA 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                 16 
                 TPA 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 1:1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     2.2 Red Light-Emitting Polymer 
     Examples of red light-emitting polymers are prepared from variations of substituents of the monomers as shown in Table 6 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Functional 
                 Mole  
               
               
                   
                   
                 group 
                 ratio of 
               
               
                   
                 Functional group of fluorene 
                 of fluorene 
                 fluorene  
               
               
                   
                 derivative of formula (I) 
                 derivative of 
                 derivatives 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 
                 R 1 , R 2 , R 3   
                 n of Y group 
                 formula (II) 
                 of formulas 
               
               
                 No. 
                 and R 4   
                 (—CH 2 ) n ) 
                 R 5  and R 6   
                 (I):(II):(III) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 ative 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 ative 6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 ative 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 ative 8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 18 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 19 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 20 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 21 
                 Carbazole 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 22 
                 Carbazole 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 23 
                 Carbazole 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 24 
                 Carbazole 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 25 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 26 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 27 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 28 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 29 
                 TPA 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 30 
                 TPA 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 31 
                 TPA 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 32 
                 TPA 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     2.3 Green Light-Emitting Polymer 
     Examples of green light-emitting polymers are prepared from variations of substituents of the monomers as shown in Table 7 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Functional  
                 Functional  
                 Mole  
               
               
                   
                 group of fluorene 
                 group 
                 ratio of 
               
               
                   
                 derivative of formula (I) 
                 of fluorene 
                 Fluorene 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 n of Y 
                 derivative of 
                 derivative 
               
               
                   
                 R 1 , R 2 , R 3   
                 group 
                 formula (II) 
                 of formulas 
               
               
                 Example No. 
                 and R 4   
                 (—CH 2 ) n ) 
                 R 5  and R 6   
                 (I):(II):(V) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 9 
                 H 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 Comparative 10 
                 H 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 Comparative 11 
                 H 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 Comparative 12 
                 H 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 33 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 34 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 35 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 36 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 37 
                 Carbazole 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 38 
                 Carbazole 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 39 
                 Carbazole 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 40 
                 Carbazole 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 41 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 42 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 43 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 44 
                 3,6-di-tert-butyl 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
                 carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 45 
                 TPA 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 46 
                 TPA 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 47 
                 TPA 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                 48 
                 TPA 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.5:1:0.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     2.4 White Light-Emitting Polymer 
     Examples of white light-emitting polymers are prepared from variations of substituents of the monomers as shown in Table 8 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Functional  
                 Mole  
               
               
                   
                 Functional 
                 group 
                 ratio of 
               
               
                   
                 group of fluorene 
                 of fluorene 
                 Fluorene 
               
               
                   
                 derivative of formula (I) 
                 derivative of 
                 derivative 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example  
                 R 1 , R 2 , R 3   
                 n of Y group 
                 formula (II) 
                 of formulas 
               
               
                 No. 
                 and R 4   
                 (—CH 2 ) n ) 
                 R 5  and R 6   
                 (I):(II):(III):(V) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 ative 13 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 ative 14 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 ative 15 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 H 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 ative 16 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 49 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 50 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 51 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 52 
                 Tert-butyl 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 53 
                 Carbazole 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 54 
                 Carbazole 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 55 
                 Carbazole 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 56 
                 Carbazole 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 57 
                 3,6-di-tert- 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                   
                 butyl carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 58 
                 3,6-di-tert- 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                   
                 butyl carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 59 
                 3,6-di-tert- 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                   
                 butyl carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 60 
                 3,6-di-tert- 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                   
                 butyl carbazole 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 61 
                 TPA 
                 3 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 62 
                 TPA 
                 6 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 63 
                 TPA 
                 8 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                 64 
                 TPA 
                 10 
                 C 8  alkyl 
                 0.96:1:0.002:0.038 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     3. Determination of Characteristics of the Polymers 
     The examples of polymers from the above-described Tables 5-8 were further characterized by using various techniques. 
     3.1 Determination of Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers 
     The weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (PD) of the polymers were measured by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), relative to a polystyrene standard. 
     5 mg of polymer example was dissolved in 2 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 35° C. for 45 minutes. X μL of the sample solution was injected into the GPC with RI detector (Malvern, United Kingdom) with flow rate of 1 mL/min at 35° C. in column zone and 35° C. in detector zone. The data was processed by Malvern Omnisec software, Malvern Viscotek TDAmax, country. 
     3.2 Determination of Shading and Optical Properties of Polymers 
     Color of the polymer was measured by using the coordinates of CIE 1931 XYZ color space chromaticity diagram. 
     Optical properties of the polymer were measured by Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and UV-Visible Spectroscopy in both diluted solution and film of samples. 
     UV-visible absorption of the polymer was detected by using Perkin-Elmer Lambda 1050 spectrometer. 
     Photoluminescence of the polymer was detected by using Edinburgh Instruments FLS 980 spectrometer. The samples were prepared by coating 2% w/v of the synthesized polymers in toluene on a glass substrate at 3000 rpm. 
     4. Results 
     4.1 Blue Light-Emitting Polymer 
     —Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 
     The results of measurement of weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (PDI) obtained by GPC technique are shown in Table 9 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Mn (g/mol) 
                 Mw (g/mol) 
                 PDI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 1 
                 8,721 
                 18,315 
                 2.100 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 2 
                 21,611 
                 45,615 
                 2.111 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 3 
                 20,121 
                 33,278 
                 1.654 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 4 
                 19,057 
                 39,039 
                 2.049 
               
               
                   
                  1 
                 11,045 
                 23,794 
                 2.154 
               
               
                   
                  2 
                 4,258 
                 6,086 
                 1.429 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                 29,233 
                 56,937 
                 1.938 
               
               
                   
                  4 
                 19,750 
                 41,769 
                 2.115 
               
               
                   
                  5 
                 11,092 
                 20,293 
                 1.829 
               
               
                   
                  6 
                 11,995 
                 26,818 
                 2.236 
               
               
                   
                  7 
                 19,899 
                 36,461 
                 1.832 
               
               
                   
                  8 
                 13,190 
                 20,938 
                 1.587 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 9,331 
                 12,554 
                 1.344 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 12,547 
                 18,872 
                 1.504 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 11,703 
                 16,904 
                 1.444 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 13,533 
                 18,310 
                 1.353 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 9,259 
                 14,657 
                 1.583 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 16,932 
                 30,846 
                 1.822 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 9,393 
                 11,916 
                 1.268 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 13,562 
                 22,607 
                 1.667 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     —Optical Properties 
     The photoluminescence, UV-visible absorption and CIE coordinates results of obtained polymers from the polymerization according to the present are shown in Table 10 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Maximum 
                 Maximum 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 absorption  
                 absorption  
                 Photo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 peak 
                 peak of 
                 lumin- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of UV- 
                 photo- 
                 escence 
               
               
                   
                 CIE 
                 Visible 
                 luminescence 
                 quantum  
               
               
                 Example  
                 coordinates 
                 spectrum  
                 spectrum  
                 yield 
               
               
                 No. 
                 (x, y) 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
                 (Φ, %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.17, 0.11) 
                 378 
                 420 
                 13 
               
               
                 ative 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.17, 0.09) 
                 383 
                 434 
                 16 
               
               
                 ative 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.17, 0.10) 
                 385 
                 423 
                 16 
               
               
                 ative 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.17, 0.10) 
                 379 
                 419 
                 16 
               
               
                 ative 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 1 
                 (0.17, 0.10) 
                 377 
                 417 
                 22 
               
               
                 2 
                 (0.18, 0.13) 
                 355 
                 416 
                 25 
               
               
                 3 
                 (0.17, 0.07) 
                 384 
                 417 
                 16 
               
               
                 4 
                 (0.17, 0.09) 
                 354 
                 416 
                 17 
               
               
                 5 
                 (0.17, 0.09) 
                 374 
                 423 
                 15 
               
               
                 6 
                 (0.16, 0.08) 
                 376 
                 421 
                 16 
               
               
                 7 
                 (0.16, 0.08) 
                 383 
                 422 
                 21 
               
               
                 8 
                 (0.17, 0.09) 
                 377 
                 422 
                 19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4.2 Red Light-Emitting Polymer 
     —Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 
     The results of measurement of weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (PDI) obtained by GPC technique are shown in Table 11 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Mn (g/mol) 
                 Mw (g/mol) 
                 PDI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 5 
                 21,400 
                 28,900 
                 1.35 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 6 
                 21,957 
                 29,345 
                 1.34 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 7 
                 23,876 
                 29,877 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 8 
                 23,368 
                 28,497 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 18,344 
                 31,400 
                 1.71 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 19,456 
                 31,675 
                 1.62 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 19,432 
                 30,966 
                 1.594 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 20,554 
                 31,868 
                 1.55 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 22,600 
                 32,899 
                 1.45 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 25,744 
                 35,233 
                 1.37 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 26,877 
                 33,856 
                 1.25 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 27,655 
                 35,899 
                 1.29 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 23,987 
                 33,125 
                 1.38 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 24,777 
                 32,658 
                 1.32 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 28,976 
                 31,455 
                 1.08 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 26,588 
                 32,635 
                 1.23 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 24,567 
                 33,555 
                 1.36 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 26,678 
                 31,699 
                 1.18 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 26,788 
                 35,899 
                 1.34 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 29,743 
                 35,134 
                 1.18 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     —Optical Properties 
     The photoluminescence, UV-visible absorption and CIE coordinates results of obtained polymers from the polymerization according to the present are shown in Table 12 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Maximum 
                 Maximum 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 absorption  
                 absorption  
                 Photo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 peak 
                 peak of 
                 lumin- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of UV- 
                 photo- 
                 escence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Visible 
                 luminescence 
                 quantum  
               
               
                   
                 CIE 
                 spectrum  
                 spectrum  
                 yield 
               
               
                 Example 
                 coordinates 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
                 (Φ, %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.69, 0.30) 
                 380, 544 
                 680 
                 8.55 
               
               
                 ative 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.69, 0.29) 
                 381, 545 
                 677 
                 9.64 
               
               
                 ative 6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.72, 0.31) 
                 382, 544 
                 676 
                 13.44 
               
               
                 ative 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.70, 0.30) 
                 380, 545 
                 680 
                 14.78 
               
               
                 ative 8 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 17 
                 (0.71, 0.29) 
                 381, 550 
                 678 
                 15.66 
               
               
                 18 
                 (0.72, 0.29) 
                 382, 551 
                 678 
                 15.66 
               
               
                 19 
                 (0.70, 0.30) 
                 383, 546 
                 686 
                 19.31 
               
               
                 20 
                 (0.71, 0.29) 
                 381, 550 
                 678 
                 15.66 
               
               
                 21 
                 (0.70, 0.30) 
                 370, 546 
                 674 
                 9.55 
               
               
                 22 
                 (0.72, 0.29) 
                 372, 551 
                 680 
                 14.73 
               
               
                 23 
                 (0.68, 0.29) 
                 376, 545 
                 677 
                 13.55 
               
               
                 24 
                 (0.70, 0.30) 
                 377, 550 
                 675 
                 14.51 
               
               
                 25 
                 (0.71, 0.30) 
                 380, 548 
                 687 
                 16.78 
               
               
                 26 
                 (0.70, 0.28) 
                 381, 546 
                 675 
                 16.22 
               
               
                 27 
                 (0.70, 0.29) 
                 382, 549 
                 685 
                 22.56 
               
               
                 28 
                 (0.72, 0.31) 
                 388, 550 
                 680 
                 15.46 
               
               
                 29 
                 (0.71, 0.30) 
                 375, 543 
                 677 
                 11.12 
               
               
                 30 
                 (0.70, 0.31) 
                 380, 550 
                 680 
                 15.44 
               
               
                 31 
                 (0.70, 0.29) 
                 376, 544 
                 670 
                 14.56 
               
               
                 32 
                 (0.72, 0.30) 
                 380, 552 
                 669 
                 16.78 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4.3 Green Light-Emitting Polymer 
     —Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 
     The results of measurement of weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (PDI) obtained by GPC technique are shown in Table 13. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 Mn (g/mol) 
                 Mw (g/mol) 
                 PDI 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comparative 9 
                 16,342 
                 46,789 
                 2.86 
               
               
                 Comparative 10 
                 16,360 
                 40,233 
                 2.45 
               
               
                 Comparative 11 
                 17,865 
                 47,854 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 Comparative 12 
                 18,112 
                 46,890 
                 2.58 
               
               
                 33 
                 18,289 
                 46,556 
                 2.54 
               
               
                 34 
                 19,553 
                 47,885 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 35 
                 19,723 
                 48,903 
                 2.479 
               
               
                 36 
                 19,966 
                 48,775 
                 2.44 
               
               
                 37 
                 18,211 
                 45,877 
                 2.54 
               
               
                 38 
                 19,456 
                 40,764 
                 2.09 
               
               
                 39 
                 19,254 
                 46,213 
                 2.479 
               
               
                 40 
                 19,369 
                 45,786 
                 2.36 
               
               
                 41 
                 16,654 
                 43,765 
                 2.62 
               
               
                 42 
                 17,854 
                 42,800 
                 2.39 
               
               
                 43 
                 18,236 
                 45,600 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 44 
                 18,657 
                 41,671 
                 2.23 
               
               
                 45 
                 17,890 
                 47,901 
                 2.67 
               
               
                 46 
                 18,354 
                 42,890 
                 2.33 
               
               
                 47 
                 19,432 
                 48,300 
                 2.48 
               
               
                 48 
                 19,800 
                 41,543 
                 2.09 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     —Optical Properties 
     The photoluminescence, UV-visible absorption and CIE coordinates results of obtained polymers from the polymerization according to the present are shown in Table 14 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Maximum 
                 Maximum 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 absorption  
                 absorption  
                 Photo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 peak 
                 peak of 
                 lumin- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of UV- 
                 photo- 
                 escence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Visible 
                 luminescence 
                 quantum  
               
               
                   
                 CIE 
                 spectrum  
                 spectrum  
                 yield 
               
               
                 Example 
                 coordinates 
                 (nm) 
                 (nm) 
                 (Φ, %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.34, 0.55) 
                 434 
                 532 
                 6.75 
               
               
                 ative 9 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.33, 0.54) 
                 430 
                 531 
                 6.80 
               
               
                 ative 10 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.36, 0.55) 
                 436 
                 532 
                 6.76 
               
               
                 ative 11 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 (0.36, 0.56) 
                 435 
                 533 
                 6.70 
               
               
                 ative 12 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 41 
                 (0.35, 0.52) 
                 435 
                 533 
                 10.78 
               
               
                 42 
                 (0.36, 0.54) 
                 436 
                 534 
                 14.55 
               
               
                 43 
                 (0.35, 0.60) 
                 430 
                 535 
                 16.89 
               
               
                 44 
                 (0.33, 0.55) 
                 434 
                 536 
                 17.66 
               
               
                 45 
                 (0.34, 0.55) 
                 437 
                 535 
                 10.88 
               
               
                 46 
                 (0.34, 0.54) 
                 440 
                 535 
                 11.88 
               
               
                 47 
                 (0.33, 0.58) 
                 432 
                 532 
                 14.55 
               
               
                 48 
                 (0.35, 0.55) 
                 435 
                 536 
                 16.49 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     4.4 White Light-Emitting Polymer 
     —Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 
     The results of measurement of weight average molecular weight (Mw), number average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity (PDI) obtained by GPC technique are shown in Table 15 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Mn (g/mol) 
                 Mw (g/mol) 
                 PDI 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Comparative 13 
                 13,480 
                 46,789 
                 3.47 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 14 
                 15,467 
                 45,765 
                 2.96 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 15 
                 13,935 
                 43,566 
                 3.12 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 16 
                 24,577 
                 48,534 
                 1.97 
               
               
                   
                 49 
                 21,333 
                 45,677 
                 2.14 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 24,756 
                 38,344 
                 1.55 
               
               
                   
                 51 
                 23,935 
                 46,724 
                 1.95 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 29,788 
                 36,456 
                 1.22 
               
               
                   
                 53 
                 23,455 
                 38,765 
                 1.65 
               
               
                   
                 54 
                 21,674 
                 41,234 
                 1.90 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 25,678 
                 39,675 
                 1.53 
               
               
                   
                 56 
                 28,980 
                 43,567 
                 1.50 
               
               
                   
                 57 
                 24,455 
                 48,970 
                 2.00 
               
               
                   
                 58 
                 27,865 
                 41,235 
                 1.47 
               
               
                   
                 59 
                 25,654 
                 41,896 
                 1.63 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 24,788 
                 43,688 
                 1.76 
               
               
                   
                 61 
                 29,876 
                 42,990 
                 1.43 
               
               
                   
                 62 
                 28,987 
                 39,888 
                 1.38 
               
               
                   
                 63 
                 31,467 
                 41,907 
                 1.33 
               
               
                   
                 64 
                 35,678 
                 57,890 
                 1.62 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     —Optical Properties 
     The photoluminescence, UV-visible absorption and CIE coordinates results of obtained polymers from the polymerization according to the present are shown in Table 16. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Maximum  
                 Maximum  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 absorption 
                 absorption peak 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 peak of UV- 
                 of photo- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CIE 
                 Visible 
                 luminescence 
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 coordinates 
                 spectrum (nm) 
                 spectrum (nm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Compar- 
                 (0.30, 0.31) 
                 367 
                 445, 615 
               
               
                   
                 ative 13 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compar- 
                 (0.29, 0.28) 
                 370 
                 451, 616 
               
               
                   
                 ative 14 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compar- 
                 (0.30, 0.31) 
                 371 
                 450, 620 
               
               
                   
                 ative 15 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compar- 
                 (0.30, 0.28) 
                 372 
                 451, 619 
               
               
                   
                 ative 16 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 49 
                 (0.33, 0.30) 
                 370 
                 450, 620 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 (0.28, 0.29) 
                 368 
                 449, 618 
               
               
                   
                 51 
                 (0.32, 0.26) 
                 371 
                 451, 618 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 (0.28, 0.29) 
                 369 
                 450, 617 
               
               
                   
                 53 
                 (0.33,0.20) 
                 372 
                 451, 620 
               
               
                   
                 54 
                 (0.30, 0.28) 
                 370 
                 451, 615 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 (0.31,0.27) 
                 365 
                 450, 620 
               
               
                   
                 56 
                 (0.33, 0.29) 
                 375 
                 455, 619 
               
               
                   
                 57 
                 (0.35, 0.33) 
                 371 
                 450, 622 
               
               
                   
                 58 
                 (0.31,0.33) 
                 370 
                 451, 623 
               
               
                   
                 59 
                 (0.33, 0.30) 
                 371 
                 450, 621 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 (0.29, 0.30) 
                 370 
                 451, 620 
               
               
                   
                 61 
                 (0.30, 0.31) 
                 369 
                 450, 615 
               
               
                   
                 62 
                 (0.27, 0.30) 
                 371 
                 451, 620 
               
               
                   
                 63 
                 (0.28, 0.30) 
                 367 
                 450, 617 
               
               
                   
                 64 
                 (0.31,0.33) 
                 371 
                 445, 615 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The synthesized white light-emitting polymers were further measured photoluminescence quantum yield (Φ) to compare with the comparative examples 13-16. From the experimental results, it shows that the obtained polymers of the present invention provide higher photoluminescence quantum yields than that of the comparative examples when compared with the same number of carbon atoms of —(CH 2 ) n — group of the fluorene derivatives of formula (I). For example, when n is 3 the photoluminescence quantum yield of the comparative example 13 is 20% while that of white polymer of the present invention is 30% (example 57) and when n is 8 the photoluminescence quantum yield of the comparative example 15 is 31% while that of the white polymers of the present invention are 48% (examples 51) and 40% (example 59).