Patent Publication Number: US-2010131840-A1

Title: Products and processes for providing one or more links in an electronic file that is presented to a user

Description:
This application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/456,844 entitled “Products and Processes for Providing One or More Links In An Electronic File That Is Presented To A User”, filed Jul. 11, 2006; 
     which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/698,191, entitled “Products and Processes for Providing One or More Links in an Electronic File that is Presented to a User,” filed Jul. 11, 2005, incorporated herein by reference as part of the present disclosure. 
     The present application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/267,873, entitled “Method and System for Providing a Link in an Electronic File Being Presented to a User,” filed Nov. 4, 2005; which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/606,422, entitled “Method and System for Providing a Link in an Electronic File Being Presented to a User”, filed Jun. 29, 2000 and now abandoned; which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/202,390, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Displaying an Electronic File to a Requestor,” filed May 8, 2000. Each of the above-referenced applications is incorporated herein by reference as part of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/583,706, entitled “Method and System for Transmitting Data from a Destination to a User Over a Network Using a Variable Link,” filed May 31, 2000 and now abandoned. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a flow chart representing an exemplary method for providing a link in an electronic file being presented to a user, in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2A  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer network environment suitable for implementing the method shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 2B  is a block diagram illustrating an alternative computer network environment suitable for implementing the method shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer system which can serve as any of the user devices shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . 
         FIG. 4  is block diagram illustrating the Domain Name System server (“DNS server”) shown in  FIG. 2A  or Dial-up Server shown in  FIG. 2B . 
         FIG. 5  is a table representing an embodiment of the preference database of  FIG. 3  or  4 , populated by sample values for illustration only. 
         FIG. 6  is a table representing an embodiment of the display code database of  FIG. 3  or  4 , populated by sample values for illustration only. 
         FIG. 7  is a table representing an embodiment of the user account database of  FIG. 4 , populated by sample values for illustration only. 
         FIGS. 8A and 8B  combined are a flow chart of operations performed by the user device of  FIG. 3  in modifying requested content. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart of operations performed in updating the preference database of  FIG. 5  in response to a user&#39;s acceptance of an offer. 
         FIG. 10  is a flow chart of an alternative method for updating the preference database in response to a user&#39;s manual modifications. 
         FIG. 11  is a flow chart of an alternative method for updating the preference database of  FIG. 5  as part of the installation of a Web browser. 
         FIGS. 12-21  include exemplary displays of a Web browser and represent various embodiments and features for modifying an electronic file. 
     
    
    
     RULES OF INTERPRETATION 
     The term “product” means any machine, manufacture and/or composition of matter as contemplated by 35 U.S.C. §101, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “an embodiment”, “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “one embodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the disclosed invention(s)”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does not imply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with another embodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referenced embodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “including”, “comprising” and variations thereof mean “including but not limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “a”, “an” and “the” mean “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “plurality” means “two or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “herein” means “in the present application, including anything which may be incorporated by reference”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The phrase “at least one of”, when such phrase modifies a plurality of things (such as an enumerated list of things) means any combination of one or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the phrase at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel means either (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car, (v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, a car and a wheel. 
     The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on”, unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on” and “based at least on”. 
     The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other set of words that express only the intended result, objective or consequence of something that is previously and explicitly recited. Thus, when the term “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause or other words that the term “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations of the claim or otherwise restricts the meaning or scope of the claim. 
     Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as well as more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least one widget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where in a second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses a definite article “the” to refer to the limitation (e.g., “the widget”), this does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature, and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of the feature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than one widget). 
     Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise) inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a “step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in the mere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, any reference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficient antecedent basis. 
     When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) is used as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unless expressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature, such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature that is described by the same term or by a similar term. For example, a “first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a “second widget”. Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any other relationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate any other characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or after any other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widget occurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does not indicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as in importance or quality. In addition, the mere usage of ordinal numbers does not define a numerical limit to the features identified with the ordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate that there must be no more than two widgets. 
     Please note that the extra spaces in the URL addresses in this application prevent the URLs from being interpreted as embedded hyperlinks when this application is viewed. 
     When a single device or article is described herein, more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate) may alternatively be used in place of the single device/article that is described. Accordingly, the functionality that is described as being possessed by a device may alternatively be possessed by more than one device/article (whether or not they cooperate). 
     Similarly, where more than one device or article is described herein (whether or not they cooperate), a single device/article may alternatively be used in place of the more than one device or article that is described. For example, a plurality of computer-based devices may be substituted with a single computer-based device. Accordingly, the various functionality that is described as being possessed by more than one device or article may alternatively be possessed by a single device/article. 
     The functionality and/or the features of a single device that is described may be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are described but are not explicitly described as having such functionality/features. Thus, other embodiments need not include the described device itself, but rather can include the one or more other devices which would, in those other embodiments, have such functionality/features. 
     Numerous embodiments are described in this patent application, and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The presently disclosed invention(s) are widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed invention(s) may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features of the disclosed invention(s) may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The present disclosure is neither a literal description of all embodiments of the invention nor a listing of features of the invention which must be present in all embodiments. 
     Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of this patent application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of this patent application) is to be taken as limiting in any way as the scope of the disclosed invention(s). 
     Devices that are in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary or desirable, and may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine in communication with another machine via the Internet may not transmit data to the other machine for weeks at a time. In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. 
     A description of an embodiment with several components or features does not imply that all or even any of such components/features are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention(s). Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no component/feature is essential or required. 
     Further, although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described in a sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order practical. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the invention, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. 
     Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps, that does not indicate that all or even any of the steps are essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step is essential or required. 
     Although a product may be described as including a plurality of components, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, that does not indicate that all of the plurality are essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other products that omit some or all of the described plurality. 
     An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. Likewise, an enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are comprehensive of any category, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, a PDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are mutually exclusive and does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are comprehensive of any category. 
     Headings of sections provided in this patent application and the title of this patent application are for convenience only, and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
     “Determining” something can be performed in a variety of manners and therefore the term “determining” (and like terms) includes calculating, computing, deriving, looking up (e.g., in a table, database or data structure), ascertaining and the like. 
     It will be readily apparent that the various methods and algorithms described herein may be implemented by, e.g., appropriately programmed general purpose computers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one or more microprocessors) will receive instructions from a memory or like device, and execute those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes defined by those instructions. Further, programs that implement such methods and algorithms may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g., computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or in combination with, software instructions for implementation of the processes of various embodiments. Thus, embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software 
     A “processor” means any one or more microprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, or like devices. 
     The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions) which may be read by a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes the main memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying sequences of instructions to a processor. For example, sequences of instruction (i) may be delivered from RAM to a processor, (ii) may be carried over a wireless transmission medium, and/or (iii) may be formatted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Bluetooth, TDMA, CDMA, 3G. 
     Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to those described may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structures besides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations or descriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrative arrangements for stored representations of information. Any number of other arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g., tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustrated entries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content of the entries can be different from those described herein. Further, despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats (including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributed databases) could be used to store and manipulate the data types described herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a database can be used to implement various processes, such as the described herein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be stored locally or remotely from a device which accesses data in such a database. 
     The present invention can be configured to work in a network environment including a computer that is in communication, via a communications network, with one or more devices. The computer may communicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via a wired or wireless medium such as the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, or via any appropriate communications means or combination of communications means. Each of the devices may comprise computers, such as those based on the Intel® Pentium® or Centrino™ processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any number and type of machines may be in communication with the computer. 
     The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, an enabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some of these embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in the present application, but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuing applications that claim the benefit of priority of the present application. Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursue patents for subject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but not claimed in the present application. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Definitions 
     For the convenience of the reader, the following glossary provides definitions and some examples (others examples may be found herein) for various terms and acronyms used throughout the disclosure, unless clearly indicated otherwise: 
     “Association” refers to a relationship between one object and another object, such as a relationship between a data pattern and the address (e.g., Uniform Resource Locator or “URL”) of a computer network resource. 
     “Browser” refers to a computer program operable to access and display content. A browser operable to access and display content that resides on the World Wide Web is referred to as a “Web browser”. A browser can typically access and display data formatted as hypertext, plain text, file lists accessible via the File Transfer Protocol (“FTP”), graphics, audio, multi-media, and other formats. A browser is also operable to access a computer network resource via activation of a hyperlink (or other practical mechanisms for linking) to that network resource. 
     “Computer network resource” refers to a resource available on a computer network. An example of a computer network resource includes, for example, a file, a Web page or site, an application, an applet, a script, etc. Each computer network resource is typically identified by an address (e.g., a “URL”), which can be associated with a hyperlink to provide a linkage or cross-reference to that particular resource. A computer network resource may be variable, such that parameters or other data can be passed as part of the process of retrieving an associated computer network resource. For example, a computer network resource may comprise both (i) a URL (e.g., www. dictionary. com), and (ii) a command to transmit with the URL a one or more terms to look up in the dictionary. 
     “Content” refers to data (e.g., graphics, text, audio, video, a program, a file, a Web page, etc.) that is available from a computer server. 
     “Data pattern” refers to a recognizable arrangement of data that may be found in a requested electronic file. Typical data patterns may include one or more keywords, text patterns, graphic patterns, or other data patterns. 
     A “hyperlink” (also referred to as a “link”) refers to a graphic, text or program element in a hypertext document that provides a linkage to a computer network resource. A text hyperlink is typically displayed using text of a predetermined color (e.g., blue) and/or attribute (e.g., underlining). A graphic hyperlink may be indicated by a graphic image. Hyperlinks are often used to provide linkages between Web pages or files. In one embodiment, clicking on or otherwise activating a hyperlink directs a program (e.g., a browser) to access the computer network resource to which the hyperlink provides a linkage. 
     “Markup Language” refers to a set of codes or tags embedded in a file that instruct a computer how to format the file for purposes of printing or display, as well as how to index and link the content of the file. A markup language, as presented, may incorporate a combination of files comprising graphics, text, programs, and/or cross-references. Markup languages include the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), SGML, XML, VRML and NRML. 
     “Preference”, used in the context of a viewpoint or a layer (discussed further below), refers to an association made between one or more data patterns and a computer network resource. The network resource may be a Web page or site, an application, an applet, a script, or any other resource, and the association may be between one or more data patterns and the address or URL of the resource. Additional descriptions of preferences and sets of preferences are provided below. For convenience, reference to “set of preferences,” or “preference set” means “one or more preferences,” unless clearly indicated otherwise. A “plurality of preferences” means “more than one preference” or a “set of more than one preference,” unless clearly indicated otherwise. 
     “Uniform Resource Locator” or “URL” refers to an address for use in accessing a computer network resource on the Internet or other network. The address of a computer network resource is typically provided by its URL. 
     Viewpoints, Layers, and Other Sets of Preferences 
     As described above, a preference defines an association between a particular network resource (e.g., a Web page, a word processing document) and each of one or more data patterns. 
     Preferences may be defined, grouped, organized, made available for use, assigned to users, etc., in various types of ways, such as in viewpoints, layers, and other types of collections of preferences. Some examples are provided in this disclosure, and others will be readily understood by those skilled in the art in light of this disclosure. 
     “Viewpoint” refers to one type of set of one or more preferences for a user. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a viewpoint is used by a browser or other computer program (e.g., a word processing program) to analyze and, when appropriate, modify content delivered to a user. For example, a viewpoint may be used for including a hyperlink to a computer network resource associated with any matching data pattern found within the content. 
     In some embodiments, a viewpoint refers to a set of preferences that are currently active and will be used to analyze and modify requested content (e.g., automatically). In other embodiments, a viewpoint may refer to a set of one or more preferences potentially available for use in modifying content requested by a user (e.g., present in a database stored on a user&#39;s computer or at a remote server), whether or not all of the preferences are currently active. As discussed herein, some subset of the preferences of a viewpoint (e.g., a layer) may be active while another subset (e.g., a different layer) is inactive. An inactive subset may be available for the user to use (e.g., may be selectable or requested from a database). 
     Although a viewpoint may refer generally to any group of one or more available preferences, in some embodiments the term may be useful for referring to a set of preferences selected or assigned to a user based on the user. For example, a viewpoint may be “customized” for a user such that the viewpoint defined for the user may differ from another viewpoint defined for another user. Thus, a viewpoint may be customized for an individual user, or for a user belonging to a particular category, class, organization or other group of users. A viewpoint may be customized for a user in various ways. In one embodiment, a viewpoint is selected for a user from among a plurality of viewpoints based upon data that identifies the user, or based upon data that is provided by the user. For example, a viewpoint customized for frequent book buyers may be selected in response to a user entering information indicating an interest in buying books. 
     In another embodiment, an organization may establish one or more customized viewpoints to facilitate the ability of its members to conduct the business of the organization. For example, a corporation may establish a first viewpoint for use by its sales agents, and a second viewpoint for use by its engineers. The viewpoint selected for a particular user then depends on the category or class of users to which that user belongs. For example, the first viewpoint could be customized to include preferences defining associations between inventory item names and hyperlinks to the Web sites of particular suppliers from which the corporation typically buys such items, such that the sales agents would be provided with hyperlinks to these suppliers within any received content. The second viewpoint could be customized to include preferences defining associations between engineering keywords and links to corporate engineering specifications, so that the engineers would be provided with hyperlinks to these specifications within any received content. Schools, churches and other organizations could also establish one or more viewpoints for the use of its members. 
     Viewpoints may also be customized based upon a characteristic of the user. For example, a chamber of commerce for a town could customize a viewpoint to include preferences defining associations between keywords (e.g., “restaurants”) and network resources providing information about local businesses (e.g., “Joe&#39;s Pizza”). This viewpoint could be selected to provide local users with hyperlinks to the local businesses based on, for example, the zip code of the user, or the users&#39; ISP for Internet access. 
     In another embodiment, viewpoints are automatically assigned to users. For example, data identifying the viewpoint selected for a user may be stored in a “cookie” file in the user&#39;s computer to allow the selected viewpoint to be automatically retrieved without interaction with the user. For another example, a viewpoint may be assigned automatically to a user based upon data about that user, such as data about the user&#39;s browsing history (e.g., if data indicates that a user frequently accesses book-related Web sites, then a viewpoint providing book-related preferences could be automatically assigned to the user). A viewpoint could also be automatically assigned to a user based upon other data associated with that user, such as demographic data (e.g., age, gender, address, occupation, income, interests, hobbies, etc. of that user). 
     According to one embodiment, a method for providing a link in an electronic file being presented to a user includes defining a customized viewpoint for the user. The viewpoint includes a preference for the user that provides an association between a data pattern and a computer network resource. The method also includes generating a request for content, receiving an electronic file in response to the request, and evaluating the electronic file to recognize a match between at least one portion of the electronic file and the data pattern. Upon recognizing a match, the electronic file is modified to include a link to the computer network resource associated with the matching data pattern, and the modified electronic file is presented to the user. Thus, the link included in the electronic file presented to the user is customized for the user, and different users who retrieve the same content can be provided with links to different computer network resources depending on their respective viewpoints. 
     In addition to the various ways described above for assigning and/or modifying sets of preferences for users, according to some embodiments, a user can use an input device to select a set of preferences (e.g., a customized viewpoint, a layer) from among a plurality of sets of preferences stored on his or her computer, such as a first viewpoint or layer providing at least one book-related preference and a second viewpoint or layer providing at least one movie-related preference. These sets of preferences may, for example, have been incorporated within the user&#39;s Web browser, or may have been installed at another time. Then, the user may use an input device to select the set of preferences that the user prefers. If the user prefers books to movies, the user may select the set of book-related preferences. The selected set may then be used for inserting hyperlinks into the content received by the user. 
     A “layer” also refers to a set of one or more preferences. In one embodiment, a layer may be a subset of the available preferences (e.g., that may be stored in a preferences database, that may be available with a particular viewpoint). According to some embodiments, a layer may be defined to include those preferences involving one or more types of data patterns (e.g., book titles, movie titles, celebrity names) and/or one or more types of resources (e.g., dictionaries, biographies, e-commerce sites). In some embodiments, a layer may include a set of preferences having a common theme and/or a seemingly common functionality. 
     In one embodiment, a layer may refer to a subset of the preferences of the current viewpoint of a user. In accordance with some embodiments, a viewpoint may include one or more layers. For example, a viewpoint may define one or more layers, or other subsets of one or more preferences within the viewpoint, for a user. For example, a viewpoint may define three layers, in which each layer includes one or more preferences. 
     In some embodiments, one or more layers of a viewpoint may be readily available, but not currently in use and/or inactive. For example, if a user&#39;s viewpoint defines two different layers, only one of the two layers might be active at a particular time. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the grouping or identification of preferences as a layer provides a convenient way for a user to activate or deactivate a subset of available preferences. In one embodiment, a user is able, via an appropriate interface (e.g., a software application displaying selectable radio buttons), to toggle a layer off and on while viewing an electronic document (e.g., using an interface of a browser or word processing application), and may be able to selectively activate and deactivate a plurality of such layers in various combinations. In this way, the user may easily modify the presentation of a particular electronic document in accordance with various individual layers and/or combinations of layers, and may do so within a particular viewpoint. In some embodiments, modifying the same electronic file multiple times does not require an additional request for the electronic file (e.g., does not require an additional request to a Web server that is the source of a Web page being viewed by a user and selectively modified using layers). 
     In one embodiment, a predefined number of layers is established for each of a plurality of users, even though the users may have different viewpoints. Thus each of the users can access the same number of layers. Such an embodiment can be advantageous where, e.g., advertising or other communication depends on a consistent message to all users (e.g., a message specifying the number of layers being offered for a subscription or promotion). 
     In an embodiment, a layer having a predefined theme and/or functionality is established for use by each of a plurality of users, and thus each of the users can access a layer with the same predefined theme and/or functionality. Again, such an embodiment can be advantageous where, e.g., advertising or other communication depends on a consistent message to all users (e.g., a message specifying the types of available layers). 
     According to some embodiments, a layer may be activated (also referred to as “applied”), and thus the preferences that are included in that layer may be employed such that an electronic file is modified to include a link to the computer network resource that is associated with the matching data pattern in accordance with the preference(s) of the active layer. In an embodiment, only the data patterns that are indicated by the preferences of an active layer are so employed. 
     As noted above, a layer may be applied upon the command, request or other direction of a user. A layer may be selected by a user or applied to a file for various reasons, e.g., (i) to link to a computer network resource associated with a particular type of data pattern (e.g. names, places, products) and/or (ii) to link to a computer network resource of a particular type (e.g. a dedicated resource for making a purchase, an online dictionary, a thesaurus or other source of contextual information, a product information site). 
     In accordance with one embodiment, the user may select one or more layers to be applied. For example, a user may elect to apply a first layer (e.g., a “transactional layer”) and/or a second layer (e.g., a “historical information layer”) to a document (e.g., an HTML document displayed by a browser) being read by the user. Based on the applied layer(s), if an occurrence is found in the document of a data pattern of any preference in any of the applied layers, at least one link to an appropriate network resource may be indicated to the user. 
     As discussed above, two or more layers may or may not be applied simultaneously. In one embodiment, only one layer is allowed to be applied at a time. For example, a user may switch among different individual layers. In such an embodiment, applying a layer results in the previously applied layer being deactivated (i.e. not applied). 
     It will be readily understood that the same data pattern may be referenced by more than one preference. Further, any particular preference could be included in any layer (or even in no layer at all). For example, similar to what is discussed herein with respect to different viewpoints, a first layer can indicate (by virtue of a first preference included in the layer) the occurrence of a first data pattern that is associated with a first computer network resource, and a second layer can indicate (by virtue of a second preference included in the layer) the occurrence of the same data pattern and associate the same data pattern with a second computer network resource (e.g., a different resource). 
     In such a circumstance, where the data pattern associated with multiple layers is found in an electronic file, the user or controller (or other means operable to apply layers and/or preferences, as described variously herein) may elect to modify a file based on: (i) only a first layer, (ii) only a second layer, or (iii) both the first and second layers simultaneously. 
     If both the first and second layers are simultaneously applied, an indication of both the first and second associations may be provided to the user. For example, the user may be presented with two links via any mechanism, such as via an applet, a pop-up browser window, or a balloon window (e.g., in response to moving a pointer device over the location of the matched data pattern). 
     Alternatively, one layer may be defined or determined to have “precedence” over another layer. Accordingly, when the preferences of different layers each reference the same matched data pattern (or those preferences would, with respect to a particular electronic file, each reference the same data in the file), the preferences included in a first layer may take precedence over the preferences defined by another layer. For example, in the circumstance described above in which a first data pattern is referenced by the first preference and by the second preference, only a link to one of the associated computer network resources (e.g., the first computer network resource) might be displayed even though both layers include a preference directed to the same data pattern. In some embodiments, the user (or another party, such as a sponsor of a layer, viewpoint, or other set of preferences) may specify how to resolve such matches in common (e.g., indicating a preference for a particular layer, indicating a hierarchy for active or available layers). In an embodiment, in the event of matches for multiple preferences in different layers, an electronic page (e.g., a window, an HTML document) may be displayed to the user, allowing the user to see indications of the multiple computer network resources (e.g., different hyperlinks) and select which he prefers (e.g., by clicking on one using a pointer device). 
     In one embodiment, layers may be associated advantageously with respective purposes, and a plurality of layers may be available to the user (e.g., via a graphical user interface of a browser or word processor application). In one non-limiting example, (i) a first layer may function to identify one or more data patterns in a written article and incorporate links to computer network resources that enable the purchase of products associated with those data patterns; (ii) a second layer may function to identify one or more data patterns in the same article and incorporate links to computer network resources that provide definitions and/or thesaurus entries for terms used in the article; and (iii) a third layer may function to identify one or more data patterns in the same article and incorporate links to computer network resources that provide historical, contextual and/or supporting materials for events or facts asserted in the article. 
     The following table includes some examples of types of layers and respective types of computer network resources that might be associated with such layers. The examples are non-limiting and are provided to illustrate some described embodiments. Additional types of layers with different functionality are described herein. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the functionality of the layers below can be applied to, e.g., text or text-based documents that are accessed by a program (e.g., a Web browser application, spreadsheet application, a word processing application). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 Layer Type 
                 Layer Functionality/Theme 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Transactional 
                 Network resources where products named in published 
               
               
                   
                 text can be purchased or priced. 
               
               
                 Dictionary/ 
                 Network resources where definitions and synonyms for 
               
               
                 Thesaurus 
                 key words can be referenced. 
               
               
                 Historical/ 
                 Network resources where statements of fact in the 
               
               
                 Contextual 
                 published text can be substantiated (e.g. past news 
               
               
                   
                 stories, published statistics, others&#39; opinions, etc.). 
               
               
                 Biographical 
                 Network resources where more information on people 
               
               
                   
                 referenced within the published text can be found. 
               
               
                 Paid/Sponsored 
                 Network resources where more information pertaining to 
               
               
                   
                 sponsored key words can be found. 
               
               
                 User Favorites 
                 User-defined network resources associated with key 
               
               
                   
                 words from the document. 
               
               
                 Search 
                 Search results retrieved e.g. from a Web-based search 
               
               
                   
                 engine (e.g. Google(tm), MSN(tm), Yahoo(tm)). 
               
               
                 Geographic 
                 Network resources where more information pertaining to 
               
               
                   
                 particular geographic areas (e.g. cities, countries, etc.) 
               
               
                   
                 and/or traveling to those areas can be found. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     According to some embodiments, a single data pattern may be associated with more than one computer network resource, and the appropriate resource may be determined based on which layer is in use. For example, in accordance with a “transactional” layer, the name of an author may be associated with a resource where works by that author may be purchased, while in accordance with the application of a “biographical” layer, the same name may be associated with a computer network resource that includes biographical and/or bibliographical information for the author. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, preferences may be employed to provide links to computer network resources in files that are not primarily mark-up language based files. For example, preferences may be employed to create links between data patterns and associated computer network resources from the text of an e-mail message, a word processing document, spreadsheet, etc. Resources might not be output by a browser (e.g., displayed), but may be output by another application, applet, etc. which is executed to handle to resource. 
     Example Process 
     For purposes only of illustration and introduction to some of the various embodiments described herein, reference is made to an example method  10  depicted in  FIG. 1 . Other example processes are described below. As explained above, although method  10  is described as including a plurality of steps, that does not indicate that all or even any of the steps are essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention(s) include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. Also, although method  10  and other various embodiments may be described with respect to a viewpoint, those skilled in the art, upon reading this disclosure will readily understand that one or more steps of method  10 , and other described embodiments, may be applicable and/or modified as deemed desirable for use with other types of sets of preferences. For example, a layer may be defined, a record describing a layer may be stored, and the preference(s) of one or more layers may be utilized for modifying an electronic file, in manners similar to those described below with respect to viewpoints. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment a method  10  for providing a link in an electronic file being presented to a user includes defining a customized viewpoint for a user that includes a preference for the user, with the preference providing an association between a data pattern and a computer network resource (step  12 ), generating a request for content (step  14 ), and receiving an electronic file in response to the request (step  16 ). Method  10  further includes evaluating the electronic file to recognize a match between at least a portion of the file and the data pattern (step  18 ). If no match is found, the electronic file is presented (e.g., displayed) to the user without being modified (step  20 ). However, upon recognizing a match at step  18 , the electronic file is modified to include a link to the computer network resource that is associated with the matching data pattern in accordance with the preference (step  22 ), and the modified file is presented to the user (step  24 ). The viewpoint for the user may include one or more preferences, each preference providing an association between one or more data patterns and a computer network resource. 
     At step  12 , a customized viewpoint for a user, in which the viewpoint includes at least one preference, can be defined in a variety of ways. In one embodiment, a customized viewpoint for a user is defined by a preference database stored at the user&#39;s computer, or otherwise accessible by the user&#39;s computer. The preference database includes at least one preference, each defining an association between at least one data pattern and a computer network resource such as a Web page, a Web site, an application, an applet, a script, etc. 
     Alternatively or in addition, one or more layers may be defined in a database, for example, by including in a preference record an identifier that identifies a layer with which the preference is associated. For instance, a preference record may indicate that a particular reference is associated with a “transactional” layer or a “reviews” layer. 
     When the user&#39;s computer receives an electronic file at step  16 , the file may include one or more data patterns that match one or more of the data patterns stored in the preference database. Each matching data pattern is used to insert, into the file, a hyperlink to the computer network resource associated with the matching data pattern by a preference. Hypertext markup language, for example, may be used to insert such a hyperlink into the retrieved content. 
     The establishment of various types of sets of preferences, such as viewpoints, the establishment of and layers, and the manipulation of content to include links to computer network resources associated with data patterns may be performed by a user&#39;s computer (e.g., a personal computer, personal digital assistant (“PDA”), a television with access to a wide area network, a computer terminal, etc.), or may be performed in whole or in part by a second computer in communication with the user&#39;s computer via a network (e.g., a local area network, a wireless network, a wide area network, a public switched telephone network, the Internet, etc.). For example, if a user receives content via a server operated by an ISP, that server can store viewpoints and/or manipulate content before providing that content to the user. Alternatively, a user can configure his computer system to allow any retrieved content to be processed by a third-party server, other than the user&#39;s ISP server. In another alternative, the user&#39;s ISP server, or a third-party server, stores viewpoints, which may be retrieved by the user&#39;s computer and used to manipulate content retrieved by the user. 
     In one embodiment, the retrieved content is user-displayable. In other embodiments, the retrieved content may be data that is not intended for user display, such as a database, an applet or a script (e.g., based upon the Java standard). In embodiments where the retrieved content is not displayed, links may also be inserted into the retrieved content so that they may be used by the recipient as part of evaluating the data, or executing the applet or script. For example, if content retrieved by a user includes an applet which will play a first sound (stored in a file named “firstsound.au”) according to the AudioClip interface in the Java applet package, the user&#39;s viewpoint could associate the first sound with a second sound (e.g., stored in a file “secondsound.au”) such that, when the applet executes, the second sound is played rather than the first. 
     As links are inserted into retrieved content, an identification of the originator of the link may be provided in a tag of the link. The originator may be, for example, a party such as an advertiser or other commercial entity that established the viewpoint. The originator may also be a person, computer system, or browser that manually or automatically established the viewpoint. For example, a commercial entity seeking to establish a viewpoint may solicit a user to alter the user&#39;s viewpoint to include one or more added or alternate preferences in exchange for a payment, merchandise credit, discount, coupon or other benefit (e.g., a sweepstakes entry). After the user authorizes the alteration, hyperlinks may be inserted into content that is retrieved by the user in accordance with the altered preferences. Modifications may be solicited from other parties (e.g., a party that created the viewpoint or a prior preference, or that stores the viewpoint). 
     As links are generated and used, usage fields in a preference database may be updated to reflect the number of times that a hyperlink has been generated based upon a particular preference. The database may also be updated to reflect the number of times that a hyperlink generated from a particular preference has been used. The usage information can be used to delete, deactivate or otherwise change the status of the corresponding preference in the preference database after a predetermined number of uses. For example, a preference may be disabled once it has been used to insert twenty (20) hyperlinks into received content, or after a user has activated a hyperlink included within received content due to the preference a total of ten (10) times. 
     Preferences may also “age”, such that their status changes with time. For example, an advertiser may offer to pay a user an amount of money in exchange for the user&#39;s agreement to include a particular preference in her viewpoint for a predetermined period of time. If the user accepts the offer, the preference is inserted into her viewpoint for use during that period, after which the preference is disabled. A commercial entity that solicits the inclusion of a particular preference may condition delivery of the offered payment, credit, discount, coupon or other benefit upon use of that preference for a predefined time period, the generation of a predetermined number of hyperlinks using the preference, a predetermined number of uses of hyperlinks generated by the preference, and/or use of the link for a specific purpose (e.g., a purchase). 
     According to some embodiments, layers may age in a manner similar to that described above with respect to individual preferences. For example, layers may be active for a predetermined period of time, for the generation of a predetermined total number of hyperlinks using any of the preferences of the layer, etc. 
     Other information for each preference may also be stored in the preference database. For example, a geographic location may be identified to indicate where a preference may or may not be used. Exclusionary criteria may identify retrieved content for which a preference may not be used. One or more monetary values may be indicated, identifying a value for placement of the preference in the database, a value for insertion of a link derived from the preference, or a value for use of a hyperlink derived from the preference. The latter can be used to automatically create or provide payments, credits, discounts, coupons or other benefits that are due for the insertion of preferences, generation of links from preferences, or the use of links generated from preferences. Thus, the party that established a preference may be notified upon use of (i) the preference or (ii) a link derived therefrom, which may lead to an exchange of monetary value. 
     A given data pattern may be associated with multiple computer network resources. For example, multiple associations may occur if multiple commercial entities solicited the insertion of preferences into a viewpoint. In this situation, when the given data pattern is found in retrieved content, one of the preferences is selected, in a predetermined fashion or at random, with a link defined by the selected preference inserted into the content. Alternatively, an applet may be inserted into the content, permitting the user to select from among the multiple available associations for the matched data pattern. 
     In one embodiment, the invention is implemented in the form of a Web browser that is capable of dynamically providing hyperlinks in an electronic file being presented to a user. The browser resides locally within a user device, such as a personal computer, and is associated with a viewpoint that is customized for the user to include at least one preference for the user. The viewpoint may be implemented, for example, using a preference database for storing one or more preferences for the user. Each of the preferences provides an association between one or more data patterns and a computer network resource, such as a Web site, Web page, document, applet or script. 
     In response to receiving a request from a user to retrieve markup language-based electronic content, the browser performs a content retrieval routine. The content retrieval routine causes the browser to identify and access markup language-based electronic content identified by the user. Upon retrieval of the identified content, the browser examines the content for one or more data patterns defined by the viewpoint for the user. As a specific example, the browser evaluates the user-viewable text portion of the content and performs comparisons between the text found in this portion and one or more patterns identified by the preference database for the user&#39;s viewpoint. If the comparison yields a match between a data pattern stored in the preference database and a data portion of the requested content, the preference database is again accessed to retrieve an address or URL of a computer network resource that is associated with the matching data pattern. A hyperlink based upon this address is then incorporated into the content at or near the location of the matching data pattern, thereby altering the user-viewable text to reflect the hyperlink. The requested content, altered by incorporating any supplemental hyperlinks, is then stored and presented to the user by the user device. 
     In one embodiment, the indication of the hyperlink presented to the user represents the matched data pattern or keyword. Thus, the user may be presented with a hyperlink including the matched data pattern (e.g., “The Committee”), which appears in place of the text (e.g., “The Committee”) in the unmodified electronic file. By activating the hyperlink, the user may be connected to the home page of the computer network resource (e.g., “www. bookstore. com”), or to a specific Web page of that computer network resource, that is associated with the matching data pattern (e.g., “www. bookstore. com/The_Committee”). The user may then purchase the book directly from that specific Web page in a known manner. 
     The preferences stored in the preference database that provide associations between data patterns and addresses of corresponding computer network resources, and which establish a viewpoint for use by a user, may be established by a publisher/developer of the Web browser, a user/installer of the browser, a third party such as an online merchant, service provider or portal type Web site wishing to influence Web traffic, and/or an administrator that wishes to establish certain associations for members of an organization, etc. The respective processes, and motivations for generating associations within the preference database, by the parties listed above are described below. 
     Additionally, it is envisioned that the disclosed Web browser may facilitate the provision of benefits to users and/or service providers in exchange for allowing the preference database to be updated by third parties. The benefits may be provided merely for allowing the preference database to be updated, in response to hyperlinks being generated based upon the updates, and/or in response to users activating the hyperlinks specified by the updates. The third party may be, for example, a service provider, an online merchant, or a portal-type Web site. The benefits provided to a user and/or service provider may include monetary payments, discounts and/or promotional offers. 
     Alternatively, benefits may be provided in exchange for allowing the installation of a software “plug-in”, module or upgrade. A “plug-in” is an auxiliary software program used to enhance a browser to permit the access and display of additional file formats, such as Portable Document Format (“PDF”), Tagged Image File Format (“TIFF”), etc. An exemplary process by which benefits are provided is described in relation to  FIG. 9 . 
     Method  10  can be implemented in various computer network systems such as the two network systems shown in  FIGS. 2A and 2B . It will be understood by a person of skill in the art, however, that these two systems are merely illustrative examples of computer network systems in which method  10  may be implemented, and that method  10  may also be implemented in other computer network systems having other combinations of components. 
     Networks, Systems, and Apparatus 
     Referring to  FIG. 2A , method  10  (and various other exemplary processes described herein) can be implemented using a computer network  100  including a plurality of user devices  110 ,  120  and  130 , with each user device residing at a node of a local area network (“LAN”)  132 . LAN  132  is a network of computers that exchange data, and share a common access portal to the Internet  160 . Network  100  may include more or fewer than the three (3) user devices shown. Each user device  110 - 130  may include a personal computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a WebTV™ terminal, an Internet appliance, a cellular phone, or another device operative to communicate over a network, and to request, receive and present markup language-based files. 
     Each user device  110 ,  120  and  130  can generate a request for electronic content (step  14  of method  10 ), with the electronic content typically accessed based upon the address of that content, as is known in the art. In one embodiment, a user initiates a request for electronic content by entering (e.g., typing) its URL into an address bar area of the user interface of his or her Web browser. Then, the user device generates a request for the addressed content. For example, to initiate a request for book reviews on a Web page hosted on a Web server run by a newspaper (e.g., “City Times”), a user may enter the URL “www. citytimes. com/bookreviews” into the address bar area of the user&#39;s Web browser. A user may, alternatively, initiate a request for content by activating a hyperlink that has been presented to the user by user device  110 ,  120  or  130 . For example, a user may activate a hyperlink (e.g., by “clicking” a mouse on the hyperlink) to initiate a request to retrieve the book reviews from the newspaper&#39;s Web server. In either case, the user device would generate an appropriate request for the content, which is communicated to a Domain Name System server (“DNS server”)  142  via LAN  132  for evaluation by DNS  142 . DNS server  142  is a computer server that operates name resolution software that allows users to locate computers on the Internet by their domain names. 
     As known in the art, DNS server  142  evaluates each requested address received from any of user devices  110 ,  120  or  130 , and determines if the requested content must be accessed via a Wide Area Network (“WAN”), such as Internet  160 . If the requested content must be accessed via Internet  160 , the request is delivered via LAN  132  to a local router  144  for delivery to Internet  160 . A router is an intermediary device in a communications network that facilitates the delivery of messages from transmitting to receiving devices. Internet routing protocols cause the request to be delivered to a host Web server  140  via a remote router  150 . Web server  140  accesses the requested content and returns an electronic file containing that content to router  144  via router  150  and Internet  160 . Router  144  relays the file to user device  110 ,  120  or  130  for presentation to the user. Thus, the user device  110 ,  120  or  130  receives the electronic file in response to the request (step  16  of method  10 ). 
     Upon receipt of the electronic file, but before displaying the file to the user, the Web browser causes user device  110 ,  120  or  130  to evaluate the file to recognize any match between at least a portion of the file and any data pattern stored as a preference by the browser (step  18  of method  10 ). If no match is found, the electronic file is presented (e.g., displayed) to the user without modification (step  20 ). However, upon recognizing a match, the user device modifies the file by including a hyperlink to a computer network resource that is associated with the matching data pattern by the preference (step  22 ), and then presents (e.g., displays) the modified electronic file to the user (step  24 ). 
     For example, after receiving an electronic file for the book review page from the newspaper&#39;s Web site, the user device may evaluate the user-viewable text portion of that file to recognize any match between any portion of the Web page and any of the data patterns stored as a preference for the user. In this example, assume that the customized viewpoint for the user includes a preference providing an association between the two data patterns “book” and “The Committee”, and the address of an online book retailer (e.g., “www. bookstore. com”). If no match is found, the electronic file is presented to the user without modification. However, if a match is found (e.g., “The Committee” is found in the content), the user device modifies the file by inserting a hyperlink to a computer network resource associated with the matched data pattern (e.g., “www. bookstore. com”) and presents the modified file to the user with an indication of the hyperlink. If the user activates this link (e.g., by clicking on the link with a mouse), he or she may be connected to “www. bookstore. com”, where the book “The Committee” can be purchased. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2B , method  10  of  FIG. 1  may also be implemented by a second computer network  170 , wherein each user device  110 ,  120  and  130  can access Internet  160  via a dial-up account, in a known manner. Each of the user devices accesses a dial-up server  175  via a telephone connection of a Public Switched Telephone Network (“PSTN”)  178 . Typically, dial-up server  175  is maintained by an Internet service provider (“ISP”), such as “AMERICA ONLINE”. Each user device uses a modem or other communication interface, and dial-up networking software, to communicate with dial-up server  175 . Each user device may be a personal computer, a PDA, a WebTV™ terminal, a phone or other device to access a dial-up account, and to request, receive and present markup language-based content. Any or all of user devices  110 ,  120 ,  130  may alternatively access Internet  160  via other communication interfaces, such as Digital Subscriber Line (“DSL”) and/or cable modem interfaces. 
     In computer network  170 , each user device  110 ,  120 ,  130  can generate a request for the delivery of electronic content (step  14  of method  10 ), typically in the form of a URL, as is known in the art. Each request is delivered to dial-up server  175 , which evaluates the requested URL and determines if the requested content must be accessed through a Wide Area Network (WAN) such as the Internet  160 . If so, the request is delivered to Internet  160 . Internet routing protocols cause the request to be delivered to a host Web server  140  via remote router  150  and a proxy server  180 . In response, Web server  140  accesses and returns the requested content via proxy server  180 , router  150  and Internet  160  to dial-up server  175 , which relays an electronic file for the requested content to the requesting user device. Thus, that user device receives the electronic file in response to the request (step  16  of method  10 ). In contrast to the arrangement shown in  FIG. 2A , the requests are delivered to Web server  140  via proxy server  180 , which translates the addresses used by Internet  160  to addresses used by Web server  140 , and thus insulates the addresses used by Web server  140  from external access. A proxy server similar to proxy server  180  could also be used in network  100  between Web server  140  and router  150 , or between the user devices and router  144 . 
     As in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2A , upon receipt of the electronic file but before displaying the file to the user (or before re-displaying the file to the user, as in a re-load or automatic refresh cycle), a Web browser causes the user device to attempt to recognize a match between at least a portion of the file and any data pattern stored as a preference by the browser (step  18 ). For example, the user device may determine if at least a portion of text in the user-viewable portion of the file matches a data pattern stored as a preference by the browser. If no match is found, the file is displayed to the user without modification (step  20 ). Upon recognizing a match, however, the user device modifies the file to include a hyperlink to a network resource associated with the matching data pattern (step  22 ), and presents the modified file to the user (step  24 ). 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , one embodiment of each of user device  110 ,  120  and  130  includes a processor  200  (e.g., a CPU or central controller) for executing instructions of computer programs and controlling operation of the user device  110 ,  120  or  130 . Processor  200  has access to memory  202 , such as random-access memory (RAM) and/or read-only memory (ROM) for storing programs, data, variables, and/or a basic input-output system (BIOS). Processor  200  receives input data from one or more input devices  204 , and transmits output data to one or more output devices. Each input device  204  may include a mouse, a keyboard, a touch-screen, a microphone, a digital camera, a clock, etc. Each output device  206  may include a computer monitor, an audio circuit/speakers, a printer, etc. Processor  200  communicates with networked computers via a communication device  208 . Device  208  may include a network interface card (“NIC”) coupled to a LAN as in  FIG. 2A , a modem in a dial-up embodiment such as in  FIG. 2B , or another type of communication device or interface. 
     Processor  200  has access to a mass storage device  210  for storing objects such as programs and data. The stored objects may include an operating system (“OS”)  212 , a Web browser  214 , a preference database  216 , and a display code database  218 . OS  212  may be, for example, MICROSOFT WINDOWS®, Linux, MAC O/S, UNIX, or another operating system. 
     In one embodiment, Web browser  214  provides functionality for inserting hyperlinks into retrieved electronic files. In particular, by executing instruction of Web browser  214 , processor  200  is operable to generate a request for content (e.g., a markup language-based electronic file) from a Web server, and to receive, modify and present the requested content to a user. Processor  200  accesses preference database  216 , which includes one or more records for storing one or more preferences. Each preference provides an association between one or more pre-registered data patterns (e.g., words, phrases and/or graphics that may occur in markup language-based files) and an address of a corresponding computer network resource. When processor  200  finds that the requested content includes a data pattern stored in preference database  216 , it inserts a hyperlink to the network resource associated with the matching data pattern (step  22  of method  10 ). In one embodiment, the hyperlink is inserted in a manner that depends on a code stored in display code database  218 , as described below. Additional embodiments related to a Web browser are described below with respect to  FIGS. 13-21 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , DNS server  142  ( FIG. 2A ) and dial-up server  175  ( FIG. 2B ) each may include a processor  220  to execute instructions of computer programs and to control operations of the respective server. Processor  220  has access to a memory  222 , such as random access memory (RAM) or read only memory (ROM), for storage of computer programs, data and a basic input-output system (BIOS). Processor  220  receives input data from one or more input devices  224 , and transmits output data to one or more output devices  226 . Each input device  224  may include a mouse, a keyboard, a touchscreen, a microphone, a digital camera, a clock, etc. Each output device  226  may include a computer monitor, an audio circuit and speakers, a printer, etc. Processor  220  also communicates with networked computers via one or more communication device(s)  228 . Device(s)  228  may include a network interface card (NIC) in a LAN embodiment such as shown in  FIG. 2A , or one or more modems in a dial-up embodiment as shown in  FIG. 2B . 
     Processor  220  has access to a mass storage device  230 , which is configured to store objects such as programs and data. The objects stored on storage device  230  may include an operating system (“OS”)  232  suitable for a network server. For example, OS  232  may be “MICROSOFT WINDOWS® NT”, Linux, Unix, “NOVELL NETWARE”, or another suitable operating system. Mass storage device  230  also stores shared file structures used by computers on the network, which may include documents of various forms created and shared by the members of the workgroup using the network. In one embodiment, the shared file structures include a preference database  234 , a display code database  236 , and a user account database  238 . Each of these databases is accessible to processor  220  and other computers on the network. 
     Preference database  234 , similar to preference database  216  ( FIG. 3 ), includes one or more records for storing one or more preferences. Each preference provides an association between one or more pre-registered data patterns (e.g., words, phrases and/or graphics that may occur in markup language-based files) and the address of a corresponding computer network resource. The preferences stored in preference database  234  at DNS server  142  or dial-up server  175  are accessible to multiple users, each of whom may also have a separate preference database  216  stored on his or her user device. By storing preferences in server  142  or  175 , the preferences may be provided to all of the members of a workgroup who are connected to server  142  or  175 . The preferences stored within preference database  234  may be modified, for example, by a person responsible for managing the preferences for the entire workgroup (e.g., a manager, or an Information Technology employee). These preferences may also be modified by each user, if given permission to do so. If, however, a user wishes to add a preference for only his or her own use, the preference may be stored in preference database  216  rather than database  234 . In that case, the user&#39;s Web browser  214  may retrieve preferences from both locally stored preference database  216  and shared preference database  234 . 
     In one embodiment, all of the preferences of a particular user are stored in preference database  234  of DNS server  142  or dial-up server  175 . In this embodiment, all of the user&#39;s preferences are centralized in server  142  or  175 , such that the user may use all of his or her preferences even with different user devices. In this embodiment, a user logging into the network software of server  142  or  175  could be provided with access to his or her preference database based upon a login identifier associated with that user. 
     When processor  200  or  220  determines that content requested by a user includes one of the data patterns stored within preference database  234 , a hyperlink to the computer network resource that is associated with the matching data pattern is inserted in the electronic file for that content. In one embodiment, the hyperlink is inserted in a manner that depends on a display code stored within display code database  236 , which is similar to display code database  218  ( FIG. 3 ). The manner in which this occurs is described below. 
     In one embodiment, user account database  238  is provided for storing account data for users. User account database  238  is used for tracking the amount of payments or other benefits due to users in response to the use of preferences stored in preference database  216  or  234 . For example, whenever user device  110 ,  120  or  130  inserts a hyperlink based on a preference into an electronic file being retrieved by a user device, and/or the user activates a hyperlink inserted within a file based upon a preference, the user device transmits an indication to DNS server  142  or dial-up server  175 . That server then updates user account database  238  to reflect any additional payment or benefit due to the user. At the end of a billing cycle, the accumulated total of payments due to each user stored within user account database  238  is accessed to provide payment to each user. User account database  238  can also accumulate payments that are due to users for accepting offers to include preferences in their viewpoints. 
     Databases 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , an exemplary structure of preference database  216  and/or  234  includes a plurality of records  260 - 272 . Each record  260 - 272  includes a plurality of fields  240 - 254 , and defines one preference. For each record  260 - 272 , fields  240 - 254  include N data pattern fields  240 A- 240 N, an address information field  242 , a display code field  243 , an expiration field  244 , an originator field  246 , a number of times accessed field  248 , a number of times visited field  249 , a number of times accessed since last visit field  250 , a status field  252 , and a benefit per use field  254 . Database  216  or  234  may include other and/or less than all of these fields (e.g., database  216  may not include display code field  243  if hyperlinks are provided or displayed in a default manner). 
     For each record, fields  240 A- 240 N define N data patterns that have been associated with the address stored in address information field  242 . The N data patterns are numbered 1-N, with N being any integer greater than or equal to 1 (i.e., 1, 2, 3, . . . ). For example, fields  240 A- 240 N of record  260  define two data patterns (i.e., N=2) that are associated with the URL “www. bookstore. com” (i.e., the address information stored in field  242 ). As shown in  FIG. 5 , a data pattern may have the form of a user-viewable text pattern (e.g., “book”) that may occur within a retrieved electronic file. A data pattern may also have the form of a non-viewable pattern, such as a particular pattern found in a metatag, script, applet, graphic, or any other data found in retrieved content and describable by a data pattern. 
     As shown by records  268 - 272 , a single data pattern stored within a single field (i.e., field  240 A) may be associated with one address. For example, fields  240 A- 240 N of record  268  indicate the data pattern “soda” is the only data pattern that is associated with the address “www. sodaco. com”. Alternatively, as shown by records  260 - 266 , multiple data patterns stored in multiple fields may also be associated with one address. For example, fields  240 A- 240 N of record  260  indicate that two data patterns (i.e., “book” and “The Committee”) have been associated with the address of “www. bookstore. com”. Other fields may be used to store additional data patterns associated with one address. For example, additional fields (not shown) of record  260  could store the data patterns “soft-cover books” and “hard-cover books”, each of which is associated with “www. bookstore. com” (in this example, N=4). 
     Alternatively, rather than or in addition to defining one or more specific data patterns associated with a single address, a computer-executable algorithm may be used to analyze received content to determine if that content includes any variation of one (or more) defined data patterns. This approach would allow for the automatic identification of multiple variations of a single data pattern. For example, assume that the data pattern “jump” is stored in a preference database. The algorithm could be applied to the words “jumped” and “jumping” in the retrieved content to determine that both of these words are variations of the stored data pattern “jump” since they share a common root (i.e., “jump”). The algorithm could also identify any other data patterns within the retrieved content (e.g., “jumps”) which also share this common root. All of these words could then be associated with the address information associated with the word “jump”. While this same result may be achieved by defining multiple data patterns including all of the variations of the common root, it may not always be easy or practical to predict all of the variations, in advance, for storage within fields  240 A- 240 N of the preference database. 
     For each record in preference database  216  or  234 , field  242  stores address information associated with the N defined data patterns. The address information may be in the form of a numeric IP address (e.g., field  242  of record  262  stores the numeric IP address 202.164.214.53). Alternatively, the address information may be a text-based URL that may later be submitted to DNS server  142  for conversion to a numeric IP address (e.g., field  242  of record  260  stores the text-based URL of “www. bookstore. com”). Address information field  242  may also store one or more markup language-based tags associated with the record. The tag may identify, for example, the originator of the record in the preference database (i.e., the party that added the record to the database), or may provide detailed information about the identified URL. 
     Optionally, in accordance with some embodiments, each record in preference database  216  or  234  includes a field storing one or more identifiers, each identifier identifying a respective layer or layers, if applicable, that is associated with the preference. 
     In  FIG. 5 , the address information stored in field  242  of each record  260 - 272  is independent, such that the N data patterns stored for each record is associated with an independent computer network resource. In this case, the address information stored in field  242  of one record may be different or the same as the address information stored in field  242  for any other record. 
     Alternatively, the address information stored within preference database  216  or  234  may be the same, or partially the same for every record. For example, an online bookstore could create a customized viewpoint that includes a record for each of a plurality of books, each record providing an association between the title of one of the books (stored in field  240 A) and the URL of a Web site for that bookstore. The URL of the Web site for that bookstore may be stored in field  242  or, since the same URL would be associated with every record, the URL may be stored only once in database  216  or  234 . According to another example, each record of the customized viewpoint could provide an association between the title of one of the books (stored in field  240 A) and the URL of a Web page specific to that book (e.g., a Web page with that specific book already placed in an electronic shopping cart). In this case, the URL associated with each data pattern may include, for example, a base portion that is the same for all of the books and a variable portion specific to each book (e.g., “www. bookstore. com/The_Committee”). The online bookstore could then pay or provide benefits to frequent book purchasers for using the customized viewpoint. Then, when one of the frequent book purchasers retrieves an electronic file including any of the book titles stored in the preference database, the file presented to the user would be modified to include a hyperlink to the online bookstore. In this case, the viewpoint is customized for all of the frequent book purchasers. 
     Whenever an electronic file is modified to include a hyperlink to a computer network resource defined by a preference, the hyperlink will be inserted into the file in a particular manner. In one embodiment, the hyperlink is inserted into the file in a default manner. For example, a hyperlink may be included in a file by “converting” the matching data pattern into the hyperlink. In another embodiment, the manner in which a hyperlink is included within a file will be determined by a display code that is stored within field  243 . For example, based upon record  260 , a hyperlink for “www. bookstore. com” will be included within an electronic file according to a display code of “1”. The meaning of the various display codes is further described in relation to  FIG. 6 . 
     Expiration field  244  stores data indicating the expiration time or date, if any, for the preference represented by the corresponding record of the database. Expiration field  244  may identify a definitive “cut-off” date or time when the preference will be disabled or deleted, or an indication of an amount of time remaining before the corresponding record in the database is disabled or deleted. For example, field  244  of record  260  indicates that the preference providing an association between the data pattern “book” (field  240 A) and the address information for “www. bookstore. com” (field  242 ) will expire on Dec. 31, 2002. User device  110  may store the expiration data in expiration field  244  at the time the record for the corresponding preference is created, based upon information provided by the party that establishes the preference. For example, the signal received by user device  110  at step  342  (see  FIG. 9 ) may also include expiration information for a particular record that may be updated. 
     Alternatively, preference database  216  or  234  could store a range of dates or times during which a preference would, or would not, be effective. For example, preference database  216  or  234  may include a field which allows a particular association to occur on Saturdays and Sundays, but not weekdays, or to occur only during certain hours of the day. As another alternative, expiration field  244  could store data representative of a number of associations or presentations that will be made before the preference expires. For example, when a preference is stored within preference database  216 , the value “100” could be stored in expiration field  244  for that preference, such that the preference will expire after it has been used to make 100 associations. In one embodiment, expiration information may be stored in field  244  using an expiration function. For example, the function “expire when field  249 =10” would cause the corresponding preference to expire when the network resource pointed to by the address information has been visited 10 times. 
     Originator field  246  stores information generally or specifically identifying the originator of the corresponding preference. The originator is a party that generated the preference which defines the association between the data patterns in fields  240 A- 240 N and the corresponding address information in field  242 . In embodiments in which an originator is identified generally, field  246  may store any of a variety of general identifiers (e.g., “DEFAULT”, “USER”, “THIRD PARTY”, etc.). “DEFAULT” indicates that the originator of the preference was the publisher or developer of the Web browser. “USER” indicates that the originator was the user, who may have generated and stored the association during an installation or update procedure for Web browser  214 . “THIRD PARTY” indicates the originator was a third party (e.g., an online merchant, ISP, portal Web site, etc.) who generated and/or last updated the preference. Alternatively, rather than generally identifying the originator, field  246  may identify a specific originator. For example, field  246  of record  268  indicates that SODACO was the specific originator for that preference. 
     Fields  248 ,  249  and  250  store usage information for each of the preferences described by a record of the preference database. Field  248  stores data representing the number of times that each record has been accessed (i.e., the number of times that a Web browser has recognized that received content included data matching any of the N data patterns for that record). Field  249  stores data representing the number of times that the network resource for that record has been visited by the user. Field  250  stores data representing the number of times that each record has been accessed since the user last visited the network resource by activating a hyperlink generated using that record. 
     Fields  248  and  249  may be used to determine that a preference should expire after that preference has been used to insert a hyperlink a certain number of times, or after a resource has been visited a certain number of times, respectively. For example, the data in field  248  may be used by a browser to determine that a preference should expire after 100 links to an associated network resource have been incorporated into retrieved content, and the data in field  249  may be used to determine that a preference should expire after the user has visited the corresponding computer network resource 20 times. Thus, the data stored in fields  248 - 250  allows for accurate tracking and reporting of usage data for the preferences. This data can be supplied to, for example, the parties who were responsible for inserting the preferences into the preference database, for use in determining payments or benefits due to the user. Other usage fields may also be used, and fewer than all of fields  248 - 250  may be needed. For example, field  250  may not be needed in particular embodiments. 
     Status field  252  stores, for each record, data representing a status for the corresponding preference. In one embodiment, the user may enable or disable each preference by changing the corresponding status data. When the status data represents “ENABLED”, the preference is operational for use in modifying an electronic file to include a link to a computer network resource associated with a matching data pattern. When the status data represents “DISABLED”, the preference is not operational for use in modifying an electronic file to include a link to a computer network resource associated with a matching data pattern. In another embodiment, the status of each preference may be overridden by, for example, a third party that wishes to update the preference database being used by a user. One embodiment for overriding each preference is discussed below ( FIG. 9 ). 
     Field  254  stores an indication of a benefit to be provided to the user per use of the corresponding preference. In one embodiment, field  254  stores an amount paid per visit representing an amount due to a user whenever the user activates a hyperlink generated using that preference to access the corresponding resource. Alternatively, instead of or in addition to providing an amount paid per visit, field  254  stores an amount paid per inclusion representing an amount due to a user whenever a hyperlink is inserted within retrieved content based upon that preference (regardless of whether the user actually activates the hyperlink). 
     The benefit provided to a user may be a monetary amount, coupon, points, frequent flyer miles, etc. The benefit may be provided by the party that inserted the preference, an organization to which the user belongs, the user&#39;s ISP (e.g., the benefit amount may be deducted from the user&#39;s ISP bill, or any other bill), or another party that was responsible for controlling the insertion of records into the preference database. Benefit per use field  254  may be used for controlling third-party insertion of records into the preference database. For example, if a third party wants to change address information associated with a data pattern already identified in the preference database, the third party may be required to offer a benefit per use that exceeds the benefit per use stored in field  254  of the corresponding record before being allowed to alter the address information. Field  254  may store an indication of a currency amount, or of some other benefit or value to be provided. Alternatively, field  254  may identify an index or ranking of a record that indicates the comparative value of the record as compared to other records. 
     In certain embodiments, the viewpoint defined by a particular preference database  216  or  234  is customized for a particular user, who may have a unique user identifier, such as that indicated by reference numeral  256 . For example, the preference database  216  or  234  shown in  FIG. 5  defines the viewpoint for a particular user who is identified by user identification number  58120 . A different user having a different user identifier will use a different viewpoint. This customized preference database may, for example, be stored by the user device  110 ,  120  or  130  being used by the user. Alternatively, this preference database may be stored by DNS server  142  or dial-up server  175 , for use in determining preferences for a particular user, with the user&#39;s login identifier used to select between his viewpoint and viewpoints of other users. 
     In other embodiments, a viewpoint may be customized for a particular class or category of users rather than for a particular user. In these embodiments, a category or class indicia (instead of a unique user identifier) is associated with preference database  216  or  234  in order to customize that database for use by users belonging to a particular category or class. For example, data representative of users belonging to the class of “sales agents” or “engineers” may be associated with database  216  or  234  so that the viewpoint defined by that database is used for users who are sales agents or engineers, respectively. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , an exemplary structure of display code database  218  and/or  236  defines different manners in which a hyperlink may be included within an electronic file. Database  218  and/or  236  includes a plurality of records  278 - 284 , each defining a manner by which a hyperlink may be included within a received file. Each record includes a first field  274  for storing the display code for the hyperlink, corresponding to the values in display code field  243  of preference database  216  and/or  234 , and a second field  276  for storing data representing the manner in which the hyperlink will be included in the file. For example, if the display code is “1”, a hyperlink will be included by converting the matching data pattern into an indication of the hyperlink. If the display code is “2”, an indication of the hyperlink will be included as a footnote to the matching data pattern. If the display code is “3”, an indication of the hyperlink will be included within a margin adjacent to the matching data pattern. If the display code is “4”, an indication of the hyperlink will be included just after the matching data pattern. In each case, the hyperlink will be inserted in association with the matching data pattern. 
     Other manners of including a hyperlink within a received file may also be used. For example, an indication of a hyperlink could be included within an “onMouseOver” tag. An “onMouseOver” is a JavaScript instruction used for testing the position of a pointer such as a mouse. The hyperlink indication could appear, for example, in a “balloon” window that emerges when the user places a pointer over a data pattern and/or clicks on the data pattern with the pointer. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , an exemplary structure of user account database  238  includes a plurality of records  296 - 299 , each record having a user identification number field  286 , a user name field  288 , a user contact information field  290 , a user account information field  292 , and an accumulated total field  294 . Field  286  stores an identifier that uniquely identifies a user. Field  288  stores the user&#39;s name. Field  290  stores contact information for the user, such as the user&#39;s mailing address, electronic mail address, telephone number, etc. Field  292  stores user account information identifying a financial or other account of the user, such as a credit card account, debit card account, ISP account, telephone account, electronic cash account, etc. Field  294  stores the accumulated total of payments due to the user resulting from the use of the user&#39;s preferences. For example, based upon field  254  of record  260  ( FIG. 5 ), Susan Smith (i.e., the user identified by user identification number  58120 ) will receive $0.25 from the third-party who inserted record  260  into her preference database each time that she activates a hyperlink providing a linkage to “www. bookstore. com” that was included within presented electronic content due to her preference (assuming that field  254  stores an amount to be paid per visit to that resource). 
     Processes 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8A-8B , another embodiment of a method  300  for providing a link in an electronic file being presented to a user is shown. Method  300  is performed by the Web browser of any of user devices  110 ,  120  or  130  ( FIG. 2A  or  2 B). Similar to method  10 , method  300  includes defining a customized viewpoint for the user including a preference for the user (not shown), generating a request for content (steps  302 - 308 ), receiving an electronic file corresponding to the request (steps  310 - 312 ), and evaluating the electronic file to recognize a match between at least a portion of the file and the data pattern (steps  314 - 316 ). If no match is found, method  300  also includes presenting the file to the user without modification (step  318 ). Upon recognizing a match, method  300  also includes modifying the electronic file to include a link to the computer network resource associated with the matching data pattern (step  320  of  FIG. 8B ), and presenting the modified file to the user (step  322  of  FIG. 8B ). As with method  10 , the viewpoint may include one or more than one preference, and each preference may provide an association between one or more than one data pattern and a computer network resource. The following description assumes that the user device is user device  110  within network  100  ( FIG. 2A ). A similar description would apply for user device  120  or  130 , and if user device  110  was coupled to network  170  of  FIG. 2B . 
     At step  302 , user device  110 , operating Web browser  214 , receives address data (e.g., a text-based URL or numeric IP address) from a hyperlink embedded into a document being viewed by the user. The address data may include an address corresponding to remotely stored Web site content. In one embodiment, the address data is received by user device  110  in response to the user initiating a request for content by activating the hyperlink. Alternatively, the address data may be received after the user initiates a request for content by entering the address information into an address bar area of the browser&#39;s user interface. In each case, the user initiates the request. In another alternative, the address data is received without being initiated by the user. For example, the address data may have been received in response to an automatic refresh function that is being performed by the Web browser, or in response to a default mechanism when the browser is launched (e.g., similar to MSN.COM™). 
     At step  304 , if the address data is in the form of a text-based URL, user device  110  transmits the address data to computer network  100  ( FIG. 2A ). In computer network  100 , this involves transmitting the received address data (i.e., the text-based URL) to DNS server  142  via LAN  132 . Alternatively, in computer network  170  ( FIG. 2B ), step  304  would involve transmitting the received address data to dial-up server  175  via a telephone modem or other communication interface (e.g., DSL or cable modem interface). 
     At step  306 , user device  110  receives the IP address, which corresponds to the address data from DNS server  142 . Generally, the IP address will be expressed numerically as opposed to being expressed textually. To provide the IP address, DNS server  142  receives the text-based address data that was transmitted by user device  110  at step  304 , queries a database for a record which associates the text-based address data to the corresponding IP address, and returns the numeric IP address data to user device  110 . Note that steps  304  and  306  may be omitted if the numeric IP address was received at step  302 . 
     At step  308 , user device  110  uses the received IP address data to transmit a request to the corresponding host Web server  140  via router  144 , the Internet  160 , and router  150 . The request includes a header (i.e., a numeric code assigned to a request for content identifying a user&#39;s unique IP address). Either the LAN  132  or the ISP server assigns a numeric header corresponding to the user device, which is integrated with the numeric IP address information. The numeric IP address information is then transmitted to and received by a router which executes packet-routing software to accurately and efficiently transmit the request for access of the desired content to the appropriate Web server  140 . 
     At step  310 , user device  110  receives a signal from the host Web server  140  acknowledging that the host Web server  140  received the request for remotely stored content. User device  110  may also provide the user with an indication that this signal was received in a status line area of the Web browser interface (e.g., “Web Site Found—Waiting for Reply”). Using the received header information, the host Web server  140  transmitted this signal to user device  110  to indicate that the request for content was received, and input the request to a queue to be addressed sequentially upon fulfillment of other pending requests for access to the desired content. The host Web server  140  may include several computers, including mirror site servers. Alternatively, the host Web server does not transmit such an indication to the user device  110 , and device  110  merely waits to receive the requested content. 
     At step  312 , user device  110  receives at least one markup language-based electronic file from the host Web server  140 . This file was transmitted by the host Web server  140  after accessing the requested content. This file includes computer-readable code that dictates the formation of the content upon presentation to the user. The code itself may also include URL&#39;s associated with supplementary content located on the requested host server, or on a separate host server. The requested content may be delivered completely, or in parts. For example, text and graphic information may be transmitted separately as different files to be assembled by the user device for presentation to the user. At this point, the requested markup language-based file has been received by user device  110 , but has not yet been presented (e.g., displayed) to the user. 
     At step  314 , user device  110 , executing Web browser  214 , accesses preference database  216 , and compares the data patterns  240 A- 240 N stored within preference database  216  with the retrieved electronic file to determine if any portion of the electronic file matches any of the data patterns stored in that database. The preference database  216  may be accessed from local and/or remote storage. In various embodiments, preference database  216  may be integrated with the user&#39;s Web browser or, alternately, the LAN or ISP server may be involved in accessing the preference database. As described above, preference database  216  comprises one or more preferences, each preference providing an association between at least one data pattern that may occur in the retrieved content (e.g., in the markup language-based electronic code) and the address information for the corresponding computer network resource (e.g., numeric IP or text-based address data of the computer network resource). 
     At step  316 , user device  110  determines if any portion of the electronic file matches any data pattern stored in preference database  216 . In one specific example, user device  110  compares the user-viewable text portion of the markup language-based code that comprises the electronic file with the data patterns  240 A- 240 N stored in preference database  216 . The Web browser of user device  110  (in the browser embodiment) or a server at another location (in the server embodiment) compares all of the user-viewable text portions of the markup language-based code with each data pattern in the preference database. 
     In one embodiment, to recognize a “match”, user device  110  requires a portion of the requested content to be the same as a data pattern stored in preference database  216 . For example, if a preference in preference database  216  defines data patterns including “jump” and “jumping”, a match may be recognized only if one of those data patterns appears in a portion of the requested content. In another embodiment, to recognize a match, user device  110  analyzes the requested content to determine if any portion of that content has a predetermined relationship with a stored data pattern. For example, the predetermined relationship may result in a match being recognized if a portion of the requested content shares a common root with a stored data pattern (e.g., the word “jumped” may be recognized as matching stored data pattern “jump” since they share a common root). Other relationships may also be used to find that a portion of requested content matches a stored data pattern. For example, if the stored data pattern comprises the United States flag, then a portion of the requested content may be found to match the stored data pattern if that portion includes certain combinations of stars and stripes. As another example, if the stored data pattern comprises a graphic, a portion of the requested content may be found to match the stored data pattern if that portion includes more than a predetermined percentage (e.g., 90%) of the same pixels. Thus, a portion of requested content may be recognized as matching a stored data pattern if that portion has a sufficient relationship to the stored data pattern. Various data pattern recognition techniques may be used to determine if a match occurs. 
     At step  318 , if no part of the requested content (e.g., no part of the user-viewable text portion of the markup language-based code) matches a data pattern stored in preference database  216 , user device  110  displays the markup language-based file to the user as received (i.e., without modification). If, however, any part of the requested content matches any data pattern stored in the preference database, then processing continues at step  320  of  FIG. 8B . 
     At step  320 , user device  110  accesses preference database  216  to determine the address information for any data pattern that was recognized to match user-viewable text in the received file, and inserts a hyperlink to the computer network resource corresponding to that address information into the markup language-based file for subsequent display to the user via the output device(s)  206  of device  110 . The hyperlink may be inserted into the file such that an indication of the link will be displayed in association with (e.g., at or substantially adjacent to) the original location of the matching user-viewable text (i.e., the matching data pattern). For example, a hyperlink may be inserted into the file such that, when an indication of the hyperlink is displayed to the user, the hyperlink will be located at or substantially adjacent to the location of the matching data pattern. The indication of the hyperlink will be “substantially adjacent to” the location of the matching data pattern if a user will perceive the hyperlink as being associated with the matching data pattern. Thus, user device  110  (or a separate server) effectively modifies the user-viewable text portion of the markup language-based code to indicate one or more supplemental hyperlinks in accordance with preference database  216 . 
     A retrieved electronic file may be altered to include a hyperlink indication according to the display code stored in field  243  of the record of the corresponding preference. For example, assume that Web browser  214  causes user device  110  to recognize that a portion of text in the user-viewable portion of requested content matches the data pattern “The Committee” stored in field  240 N of record  260  in preference database  216 . User device  110  may modify the requested content to include a hyperlink for the matching data pattern (e.g., a hyperlink to “www. bookstore. com”, based upon field  242  of record  260 ). Since the display code for this preference is “1”, user device  110  will include a hyperlink indication within the requested content by “converting” the matched data pattern into the hyperlink. For example, if the requested content includes the data pattern “The Committee” as plain text, the Web browser may replace this text with a hyperlink which is displayed to the user as “The Committee” so that, if the user then activates this hyperlink, user device  110  will request an electronic file from the associated network resource (“www. bookstore. com”). 
     Alternatively, using a display code, a hyperlink indication may be displayed to a user in association with a matched data pattern by being placed at or adjacent to that data pattern. For example, a hyperlink indication may be placed just after “The Committee” (display code “4”), or just after the end of the sentence containing “The Committee” (e.g., “To purchase this book online, click on www. bookstore. com”). As this example shows, additional text may be inserted in the requested content to describe the hyperlink to the user. This text may be stored in another field (not shown) of preference database  216  or display code database  218 ,  236 . A hyperlink indication may also be displayed at other locations in the requested content that provide an association with the matched pattern. For example, an indication may be placed in a footnote from the matched pattern (display code “2”), or in a margin adjacent to the matched pattern (display code “3”). 
     When a hyperlink associated with a matching data pattern is inserted into requested content, any existing hyperlink in the requested content may, or may not, be overridden with the inserted hyperlink. The Web browser may determine whether an existing hyperlink is present within a user-viewable text portion and, if so, overwrite (or not overwrite) that existing hyperlink with a new hyperlink associated with a matching data pattern. For example, if the original requested content includes: “We recommend ‘The Committee’. To purchase this book online, click on www. departmentstore. com”, the browser could replace the hyperlink “www. departmentstore. com” with the hyperlink “www. bookstore. com”. By activating this hyperlink, the user may then access “www. bookstore. com” in accordance with his or her previously-established viewpoint. 
     At step  322 , the altered markup language-based electronic file is presented (e.g., displayed) to the user via the output device(s)  206  of user device  110 . This file includes a hyperlink for the address information stored within preference database  216  for each matching user-viewable text portion of the markup language-based code, as determined above. If the user activates one of these hyperlinks, he or she will access the computer network resource specified by the address information. Thus, additional Web traffic resulting from the display of the altered markup language-based file may be directed to one or more third-party Web sites as dictated by the preference database. 
     At step  324 , user device  110  updates the usage fields for each record of preference database  216  for which a data pattern was found to match a portion of the requested content. In particular, user device  110  updates fields  248  and  250  to reflect the number of times accessed and the number of times accessed since last visit. For example, user device  110  may increment by one the numeric data stored within fields  248  and  250  of each record determined to store a matching data pattern. Fields  248  and  250  are maintained for tracking the number of occurrences of text-based user-viewable content and the display of resultant hyperlinks associated therewith, and may be used to provide data for billing purposes and/or for providing benefits to the user. 
     At step  326 , user device  110  transmits a notification(s) to all of the originators identified by preference database records as having matched data patterns. For each record of the preference database that was accessed in step  320  and used for inserting a hyperlink into content, the originator data in field  246  of the record is used to generate a notification to the originator of the record indicating that the record was used. This notification may or may not trigger an action if the originator was the user or an administrator of the user&#39;s organization. If no action is triggered, the notification need not be provided. However, if the originator was a third party that offered compensation or another benefit for the use of associations that were inserted by the third party into the preference database, this notification may be used to trigger payment from the third party to the user or another designated recipient. Alternatively, a coupon may be delivered, or a points value in an incentive program may be incremented, in response to receiving this notification. Other forms of benefit or compensation may also be used by each third-party organization wishing to have records included within the preference database used by a user. In other embodiments, instead of generating a notification to the originator of a record each time that the record is used, data fields  248 ,  249  and  250  are used to track the usage of each record, and billing/notification is performed afterwards in batches. 
     In another embodiment, user device  110  transmits a notification to DNS server  142  ( FIG. 2A ) or dial-up server  175  ( FIG. 2B ), and that server updates the accumulated total due the user stored in field  294  of user account database  238 . This database can later be used to provide payments to the user, and to bill the originator of the preference that caused the link to be inserted. 
     After step  326 , the user will view the modified electronic file that has been presented to the user by the output device(s) of his or her user device  110 . Ultimately, the user will close the Web browser, or will initiate a request for additional content by delivering new address data to the browser. Thus, at step  328 , the browser may receive new address data from the user, in a similar fashion to that described above with reference to step  302  ( FIG. 8A ). 
     At step  330 , user device  110  evaluates if the new address data received from the user originated from a hyperlink previously inserted into an electronic file presented to the user via the actions that are described above. If not (e.g., if the user typed a new address into an address box of his or her Web browser, or clicked on a preexisting hyperlink in the retrieved content), then processing continues at step  304  ( FIG. 8A ) to retrieve the newly-requested content. If, however, the user has clicked on a hyperlink added by the Web browser according to the above-described steps, then user device  110  transmits a notification of the visit derived from the preference database record that was used to generate the hyperlink to the originator of that record, at step  332 . 
     In particular, at step  332 , user device  110  accesses the record of the preference database previously accessed at step  320  to obtain the originator information from field  246  of that record, and uses this information to generate a notification to the originator that a visit was initiated by that record. This notification may not be provided if the originator was the user, or was an administrator of the user&#39;s organization. If, however, the originator was a third party that offered a benefit (e.g., compensation) for visits initiated by use of the associations inserted by the third party into preference database  216 , this notification may trigger providing the benefit from the third party to the user or to another designated recipient. Alternatively, a coupon may be delivered or the number of points in an incentive program (e.g., frequent flyer miles) may be incremented in response to this notification. Other forms of benefits may also be used by each third-party organization wishing to entice visits to particular network resources. In some embodiments, instead of generating a notification to the originator of a record each time a visit is initiated by the record, a data field (as discussed above) is used to track the number of visits initiated by each record (e.g., by being incremented whenever a link that was added using the record is activated), and billing/notification is performed later in batches. As another alternative, the notification may be sent to the DNS server  142  or dial-up server  175  for use in updating the user account database  238  by, for example, incrementing the accumulated total due to the user in field  294 . 
     At step  334 , user device  110  updates the usage fields for the corresponding record in the preference database (i.e., the record that was accessed at step  320  to insert the hyperlink). In particular, user device  110  updates (e.g., increments by one) the numeric data stored in field  249  of that record to reflect the user&#39;s access of the computer network resource, and resets field  250  (i.e., sets field  250  equal to zero) of that record. The data in field  249  can be used for billing purposes and/or for providing payment to the user. These actions maintain accurate statistics on the use of each record. After step  334 , processing continues at step  304  ( FIG. 8A ) to obtain the newly-requested content. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , an exemplary method  340  performed by user device  110  for updating preference database  216  based upon a received signal and a monetary value associated with the signal is illustrated. In this manner, an ISP or a user may benefit by allowing preference database  216  to be updated by a third party, such as a merchant, a service provider, or a portal-type Web site. In accordance with method  340 , preference database  216  may be implemented using a commonly-accessible “cookie” file. A “cookie” is a set of data created by a Web server and stored on a client system (e.g., a user&#39;s computer) which allows a Web site to track a user&#39;s patterns and preferences. A “cookie” contains a range of addresses or URLs for which it is valid. When a user&#39;s browser encounters one of those URLs again, the browser sends a copy of the cookie to the Web server. Cookies may be used to identify the user computer, to instruct the Web server to transmit a customized version of a Web page, to submit account information for the user, and for other administrative purposes. 
     Additionally, it is envisioned that the method of  FIG. 9  may facilitate the addition of data records to preference database  216  in a manner that does not require any monetary or other benefit “override”. The addition of records into preference database  216  may be facilitated merely in response to an absence of certain data patterns within the preference database. 
     At step  342 , user device  110  receives a signal indicating a third party&#39;s interest in updating preference database  216 . Optionally, the received signal may be received by the Web browser as part of viewing content, in which case the signal may be presented to the user in the form of a text box message or audio prompt for acceptance or decline by the user. The signal may also be received by the user in the form of an electronic mail message including or having a hyperlink leading to an executable script or program (e.g., an applet) for updating the preference database. The signal preferably comprises data including benefit values and an indication of the particular records within the preference database to be updated. Preferably the indication includes data corresponding to one or more portions of user-viewable text. The signal may comprise other data needed to complete a record within the preference database, such as expiration information for the proposed update. 
     At step  344 , user device  110  analyzes the received signal and compares that signal to preference database  216  to determine if there is any conflict between a requested addition to the preference database and a record already existing in that database. This process involves evaluating any data patterns (e.g., user-viewable text portion(s)) identified by the received signal and comparing these data patterns to data patterns  240 A- 240 N already existing in the preference database. Any match indicates a possible override of a record already in the preference database. If there are no such overrides, preference database  216  is updated as described below in relation to step  356 . If there are one or more potential overrides, processing continues at step  346 . 
     At step  346 , user device  110  determines the value of each potential override request. To determine the value, the browser in conjunction with processor  200  examines the received signal to determine the value of the benefit identified by the override signal, and compares the value with a benefit that is identified in field  254  of the existing preference database record. 
     In an embodiment in which field  254  stores an amount paid per visit, or an amount paid per hyperlink insertion, this analysis may involve the comparison of monetary values. In non-monetary embodiments (e.g., where the benefit is a coupon, discount or points awarded in an incentive program), the browser may access stored information regarding the ranking of benefits to produce an index or ranking of the benefit provided by the existing preference database entry and the benefit offered by the received signal. If sufficient data to perform such a comparison is not available, the Web browser may produce a dialog box for display to the user that provides a comparison of the benefit described by the current preference database entry with the benefit offered by the received signal, and may request that the user identify a comparative ranking or an index value for use in determining which benefit is preferable. The browser can thus develop data for ranking benefits, enabling automatic evaluation of the comparative preference of the user (e.g., frequent flyer miles vs. cash payments, or between frequent flyer miles from different airlines). 
     At step  348 , after the values of potential override requests are determined, user device  110  selects one potential override request. At step  350 , user device  110  compares the determined value of the selected potential override request with the benefit per use value stored in field  254  of preference database  216  for the conflicting record that may be overridden by the received signal. If the received signal identifies a greater value, processing proceeds at step  352  and the preference database is updated to reflect the new preference or preferences identified by the received signal (by updating fields  240 A- 240 N and  242 ), any expiration data for the new preference (by updating field  244 ), the new originator (by updating field  246 ), and the new benefit per use (by updating field  254 ). Usage fields  248 - 250  and status field  252  are reset to their initial values, and the updating process is complete for that request. 
     After step  352 , or after step  350  if the potential override request has a lower value than the value of the existing preference database record, user device  110  determines at step  354  whether the received signal included any additional override request that should be analyzed. If so, processing returns to step  348  to select one of these additional override requests. 
     After all of the potential override requests are processed, or if there were no potential override requests, processing proceeds from step  354  to  356 . At step  356 , preference database  216  is updated to reflect (e.g., by adding) any nonconflicting association(s) identified by the received signal. At this point, method  340  for updating the preference database is complete. 
     Method  340 , as shown in  FIG. 9 , may automatically update the preference database upon receipt of a signal requesting an update. Alternately, the step of updating the preference database to reflect any new preference(s) may be postponed or canceled based upon a received accept/decline response signal that is generated by the user via user device  110 . The user may also individually accept and/or decline each new proposed preference. The Web browser may also be configured to allow the user to select a certain level of involvement that the user desires to have in updating the preference database. 
     In one embodiment, a user may specify a maximum number of custom hyperlinks that will be allowed to appear within a single electronic file. For example, a user could specify that only one association may be made between a matching data pattern and an associated computer network resource for a given electronic file, even if more than one data pattern within the file matches one of the data patterns stored within preference database  216 . The user can thus limit the extent to which requested content can be customized. 
     In another embodiment, a user may specify that his or her viewpoint may not be modified to contain particular preferences or types of preferences. For example, a user could specify that his or her viewpoint may not be customized by a third-party to include any preferences that provide an association to an adult-oriented Web site, or an organization could specify that the viewpoints used by its members may not be customized by a third-party to include preferences providing an association with any competing organization. 
     In one embodiment, an originator who wishes to add a new or updated preference to the viewpoint of a user may offer the user a benefit that will be provided to the user if the user agrees to accept the new or updated preference. For example, if a third party wishes to add a new preference to the viewpoint of a user, the potential override request received by user device  110  at step  342  includes an offer, which is presented to the user. The user may then accept or decline the new preference. If the user declines, his or her viewpoint is not changed. If the user accepts, his or her viewpoint is modified to include the new preference, and the user&#39;s account is credited with the offered benefit (e.g., by incrementing accumulated total field  294  for the user&#39;s record). Based on the terms of the offer, the user may then receive additional payments based upon use of the new or updated preference, as previously described. 
     To prevent the user from quickly deleting the new preference, the offer to add a new or updated preference may include a condition that must be met for the user to receive the offer amount. For example, the condition may specify a time period during which the new or updated preference must remain in effect, and which cannot be overridden by the user. Alternatively, the condition may specify a minimum number of times that the preference must be accessed and used to insert a hyperlink into received content, or a minimum number of times that the associated computer network resource must be visited, during which the new or updated preference must remain in effect. When a condition is present, the party establishing the preference may (but need not) withhold payment to the user until the condition has been met. 
     As described above, a third party may pay a user for the right to include one or more preferences within the user&#39;s viewpoint, and/or for uses of one or more preferences within the user&#39;s viewpoint. Alternatively, any of these payments may be made by a third party to another party who establishes or operates a viewpoint for use by one or more users. For example, an organization may evaluate offers received from third parties for the right to insert preferences in the customized viewpoint that is used by members of that organization. For a specific example, a book club that provides its members with a viewpoint that is customized to include a variety of book-related preferences may determine which preferences to include in the viewpoint based on offers made by online bookstores. If Bookstore1 offers $100.00 for the right to include a preference providing an association to its Web site, and Bookstore2 offers $200.00 for the right to include a preference providing an association to its Web site, the club may decide to accept Bookstore2&#39;s offer such that the customized viewpoint will drive the book club&#39;s members to Bookstore2&#39;s Web site. The club and/or its members then receive additional payments whenever the members use that preference. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , an alternative method  360  for updating or populating preference database  216  is performed via maintenance of the Web browser by the user. In method  360 , a user specifies one or more data patterns (e.g., user-viewable text portions of markup language-based electronic files), and corresponding address data to be incorporated upon receipt of a markup language-based file including a matching user-viewable text portion. Method  360  may be repeated to add additional records to preference database  216 . 
     At step  362 , user device  110  creates a new record in the preference database. At step  364 , user device  110  receives one or more data patterns (e.g., user-viewable text) specified by the user, to be used as the one or more data patterns for the new record. At step  366 , user device  110  receives and stores address information to be associated with the specified data patterns that are provided by the user. Next, at step  368 , the user-specified data patterns and the address information received from the user are stored in the new record of the preference database. Thereafter, the preference database record is available for use according to the process of  FIGS. 8A and 8B  for the receipt and modification of content. 
     Referring to  FIG. 11 , still another method  370  for updating or populating the preference database is based upon installation of Web browser  214  by the user. In method  370 , upon installation of Web browser  214 , a user may accept or reject the default preference settings that were previously stored by the publisher or developer of the Web browser. If the user wishes to reject one or more of the default preference settings, the user, as shown in method  360  ( FIG. 10 ), may manually specify a replacement preference setting. 
     At step  372 , user device  110  provides a user with the option of accepting the default preference settings built into the installation program for the Web browser. If the user accepts the default settings, the process is done. However, if the user rejects the default settings, user device  110  displays the default preference settings to the user using its output device(s)  206  at step  374 . At step  376 , user device  110  provides the user with the option of modifying any or all of the default preference settings. If the user does not choose to perform any modification, the process is done. However, if the user wants to make one or more modifications, processing continues at step  364  ( FIG. 10 ) to allow the user to manually indicate one or more data patterns and address information. 
     While the invention has been illustrated by a description of various embodiments and while these embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not Applicants&#39; intent to restrict or limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Other advantages and modifications will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art. For example, various databases described above may reside, and various functions may be performed, in other locations or via other devices. For example, while user account database  238  has been described as residing in DNS server  142  or dial-up server  175 , user account database  238  could also be located within another computer in communication with user devices  110 ,  120  and  130 , such as another server coupled to LAN  132  ( FIG. 2A ). This server would then receive indications from each user device whenever a payment or other benefit is earned by the respective user, and would update the accumulated total for that user. As another example, while the viewpoint defined by preference database  216  and/or  234  have been described as residing in user device  110 ,  120  or  130  and/or DNS server  142  or dial-up server  175 , the viewpoint could reside at one or more other devices that operate in conjunction with the user&#39;s device. For example, a viewpoint may be partially or completely implemented at a user&#39;s computer, a device operating with the user&#39;s computer (e.g., a firewall, a remotely-accessible library, a router, a server, etc.), or another system. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, as discussed above, the application of one or more layers to an electronic file may be enabled by the user via a graphical user interface (GUI). As will be readily understood by those of skill in the art, the GUI may include one or more various representations of user-selectable menus, tabs and/or buttons. For example, each respective menu item or button may represent or otherwise correspond to a particular layer that may be applied to the electronic file to include links to computer network resources based on data patterns within the file. 
     Referring to  FIG. 12 , a method  1200  is provided in accordance with some embodiments for modifying an electronic document in accordance with an active layer. In one embodiment, method  1200  may be performed by a computing device (e.g., a personal computer of a user) executing one or more instructions of a software program (e.g., a Web browser) stored on the computing device. Other hardware and/or software embodiments are contemplated by this disclosure. 
     The exemplary method  1200  includes receiving a request from a user to activate a layer (step  1210 ). As discussed herein, the layer may include one or more preferences, each preference providing an association between one or more data patterns and a computer network resource. Various examples of ways of initiating and receiving such a request are discussed in this disclosure, and any of the discussions with respect to how a user may direct the establishment of a set of preferences may be used in receiving such a request. In one example, a user selects a selectable control of a computer application, such as by clicking on a button in a browser application with a pointer device or otherwise inputting an indication that the user wants to activate a layer. 
     At step  1220 , the layer is activated for the user. Generally, activating a layer or other type of set of preferences may include storing an indication that the particular set of preferences is to be used in analyzing and/or modifying any requested electronic content in accordance with the preferences. In one embodiment, a status of a layer is updated in a database to indicate that the layer is active. In some embodiments, activating a layer may comprise activating each of the individual preferences constituting the layer. In one embodiment, activating a layer may comprise determining what preferences are associated with the requested layer (e.g., by querying a preferences database). 
     At step  1230 , an electronic document is received, in which the received electronic document is requested by a user. For example, a browser application may receive a second Web page requested by a user clicking on a hyperlink in a first Web page the user is viewing using the browser application. Other ways of receiving such electronic documents are discussed herein and will readily understood by those skilled in the art. 
     In step  1240 , the electronic document is modified in accordance with the layer. For example, as discussed herein, modifying may include inserting into the electronic document one or more links to computer network resources. In some embodiments, modifying may comprise analyzing and/or parsing the electronic document to determine whether any data patterns of any active preferences are present in the electronic document. In step  1250 , the modified electronic document is displayed to the user. In one embodiment, a browser application initiates display of the modified electronic document via a display device of a personal computer or other computing device (e.g., a cellular telephone or PDA). 
     According to an embodiment, individual layers may be employed to link data patterns to corresponding computer network resources such that links established in accordance with a first set of preferences (e.g., a first layer) are presented in a manner that visually distinguishes them from links of a second set of preferences (e.g., a second layer). For example, all links occurring under a “transactional” layer may be presented in a first color (e.g. green), while links associated with a “biographical” layer may be presented in a second color (e.g. gold). Thus, users may more easily distinguish the nature of available network resources associated with various data patterns, prior to retrieving a corresponding network resource (e.g., by clicking on a hyperlink). Such functionality may be advantageous where, for example, modifications (e.g., inserted links) based on multiple layers are provided simultaneously in the same file. Of course, different presentation schemes may be used to distinguish links from one another even where only one set of preferences may be active at a time. For example, where a user is given an option to select from among different viewpoints, or is allowed to utilize only one active layer, each corresponding set of preferences may have its own respective scheme for how modifications and indications are presented. 
     In accordance with various embodiments, a user may be presented with a respective hyperlink (or other indication) for each of two data patterns (e.g., in accordance with one or more preferences) indicating that each data patterns is associated with a respective network resource. Where the two data patterns are side by side (e.g., where one relevant portion of text follows another in a sentence), however, it may be unclear to the user that two links are being provided. For instance, if underlining is used to indicate hyperlinks, it may appear to the user that consecutive underlined words must be linked to the same network resource. In some situations, it may be difficult for the user to determine whether one or more hyperlinks (or data patterns) are involved where, for example, a first underlined word appears at the end of a line in a newspaper column and a second underlined word appears at the beginning of the following line. Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention allow for a visual signal to be provided. In one example, when a user places a pointer over a word in a document and the word is part of a data pattern that has been linked (e.g., as indicated by underlining), the applicable data pattern will be highlighted (e.g., by background shading of the text). In this way, even if the data pattern appears next to another linked data pattern that is also linked (e.g., also underlined), the highlighting will clearly indicate that the highlighted text is being treated differently than any adjoining underlined text. In one embodiment, if the user selects text from more than one linked data pattern (e.g., using a cursor to drag over the text), all of the respective links (and/or an indication of the network resource(s) associated with the data pattern(s)) may be displayed to the user (e.g., in a balloon indicating a plurality of available hyperlinks). 
       FIGS. 13-21  illustrate various embodiments in which an electronic file is modified in accordance with various sets of preferences. In accordance with some embodiments, a user is able to switch easily from one set of preferences to another by clicking on different buttons of the user interface, and can see selectable representations of all or a subset of the available sets of preferences (e.g., layers). 
     In one embodiment, an additional request for the electronic file from a remote network server is not necessary in order to present a new modification to the user. For example, a copy of a Web page may be stored locally at a user&#39;s computer, and then referenced each time the user selects a new viewpoint, layer, or combination of layers. 
     Each of  FIGS. 13-21  illustrates an instance of a window of a Web browser that displays an electronic file (identified by the address “www. msn. com”). In each window an exemplary toolbar (labeled “LINKSTRIP”) provides a plurality of buttons. Each button, when actuated, applies a particular layer (or no layer if, e.g., a button corresponding to deactivation of all layers is actuated) to the displayed electronic file, some of which are described with respect to an individual figure. 
       FIG. 13  shows a window  1300  of a Web browser. The window  1300  includes a displayed electronic file  1305  and a location  1310  (e.g., a toolbar) that includes a plurality of selectable controls or elements (e.g., layer buttons). Scroll elements  1312  and  1328  allow a user to scroll or page sideways in order to view additional controls. Each of layer buttons  1316 ,  1318 ,  1320 ,  1322 ,  1324 , and  1326  corresponds to a respective layer, and each includes a label or identifier describing the layer. The leftmost layer button  1314  (“NONE”), if selected, would deactivate all active layers. Window  1300  is intended to represent a display of an electronic file without any of the modifications discussed in this disclosure based on preference(s). 
     In contrast to  FIG. 13 ,  FIG. 14  indicates a window  1400  in which a particular layer has been activated (e.g., by a user clicking on a selectable layer button). The layer button  1416  (“COMPARISON”) of location  1410  has been activated, as indicated with the different relative presentation of that layer button. In response, the electronic file  1405  has been analyzed and modified to include links based on the preference(s) corresponding to an exemplary “comparison” type of layer. File portions  1450 ,  1452 , and  1454  (and other portions not specifically referenced for this discussion) are presented as highlighted or otherwise different from the other portions. For example, the portion  1450  (“PANASONIC TH-42PD5OU 42″ FLAT PANEL PLASMA TV”) is highlighted and has been modified. In this example window  1400 , selecting, moving the pointer  1440  over, and for clicking on the portion  1450  has spawned a second window  1490 . The second window  1490  displays information relevant to comparison shopping for the product indicated by the selected data pattern. 
       FIG. 15  provides an example of a “comparison” type layer activation that is similar to that of  FIG. 14 . In  FIG. 15 , window  1500  includes a displayed electronic file  1505 , location  1510  and an activated layer button  1516  (“COMPARISON”). The pointer  1540  is similarly over the portion  1550 . In contrast to the example of  FIG. 14 , one or more second windows  1590  have been opened. In one embodiment, a second window may be opened (e.g., automatically or in response to user input) for each matched data pattern (e.g., in a cascaded manner, as depicted by windows  1590 ). In one embodiment, the second window  1590  corresponding to a particular matched data pattern may be made active, given the focus, or otherwise revealed if it is hidden (e.g., stacked behind another window) by selecting or mousing over that matched data pattern. Portions  1552  (“TINY LIQUID CRYSTAL MONITORS”) and  1554  (“CRT SCREENS”) represent a presentation schemes that differ from those provided for other data patterns. For example, as discussed herein, different preferences (even within the same layer) may have different corresponding ways of modifying the file to indicate linked resources. It will also be readily understood that one or more of the example layers depicted in  FIGS. 13-23  may have a presentation scheme that differs from other layers. 
       FIG. 16  provides an example of a window  1600  in which a “shopping” type of layer is active. In particular with respect to this illustrative example, layer button  1618  (“SHOPPING”) of location  1610  has been selected by a user and displayed electronic file  1605  indicates the results of application of that layer. Portions  1650  and  1656 , for example, indicate that the file has been modified and indications of links to one or more computer network resources have been included. One or more second windows  1690  have been provided (e.g., in response to moving pointer  1640  over portion  1656 ) that provides information about purchasing items referenced in the displayed electronic file  1605 . In accordance with some embodiments, the application of preferences may provide the functionality to allow for products to be purchased (e.g., via second window  1690 ). 
     Similarly,  FIG. 17  provides an example of modifying an electronic file in accordance with an activated “price” type of layer. Window  1700  includes location  1710  that includes exemplary selected layer button  1720  (“PRICE”), and displayed electronic file  1705 , which includes portions  1750  and  1754 . Pointer  1740  is indicated near portion  1750 . One or more second windows  1790  allow for the display of price information (e.g., about products identified and/or related to the electronic file). 
       FIG. 18  provides an example of modifying an electronic file in accordance with an activated “blog” type of layer. Window  1800  includes location  1810  that includes exemplary selected layer button  1822  (“BLOGS”), and displayed electronic file  1805 , which includes portions  1850 ,  1852 ,  1854  and  1856 . Pointer  1840  is indicated near portion  1856 . One or more second windows  1890  allow for the display of all or a portion of one or more blogs (e.g., a blog including content related to content identified in the electronic file in accordance with one or more preferences of the active layer). 
       FIG. 19  provides an example of modifying an electronic file in accordance with an activated “consumer reports®” type of layer. Window  1900  includes location  1910  that includes exemplary selected layer button  1924  (“CONSUMER REPORTS”®), and displayed electronic file  1905 , which includes portions  1954 ,  1958 , and  1960 . Pointer  1940  is indicated near portion  1960 . One or more second windows  1990  allow for the display of consumer-focused review information, such as may be provided by a reviewing organization such as Consumer Reports.org® (e.g., content such as reports on products identified in or related to content of the electronic file). 
     Similar,  FIG. 20  provides an example of modifying an electronic file in accordance with an activated “reviews” type of layer. Window  2000  includes location  2010  that includes exemplary selected layer button  2026  (“REVIEWS”), and displayed electronic file  2005 , which includes portions  2050 ,  2052 ,  2054 , and  2060 . Pointer  2040  is indicated near portion  2060 . One or more second windows  2090  allow for the display of product reviews, such as may be provided by users contributing to a Web site for reviewing products. 
       FIG. 21  provides an example of modifying an electronic file in accordance with an activated “instructions” type of layer to allow for a product manual and/or usage instructions to be displayed. Window  2100  includes location  2110  that includes exemplary selected layer button  2128  (“INSTRUCTIONS”), and displayed electronic file  2105 , which includes portions  2150 . Pointer  2140  is indicated near portion  2150 . According to the example, the user has clicked using the pointer  2140  on the hyperlink created in association with the matched portion  2150  based on the activated layer. In response, another electronic file (i.e., the network resource identified as “TH-42PD5OU.PDF”) has been displayed in a second window  2190 . 
     Although each figure individually provides description of one or more embodiments discussed herein, the collection of exemplary  FIGS. 13-23  may be considered as illustrating, in accordance with some embodiments, how the same user could selectively modify the same requested electronic file based on which set of available preferences is activated. For instance, the  FIGS. 13-23  (or a subset thereof) may be considered as illustrative of how one user alternately selected different available layers to apply to and thus modify the same file. 
     Further types of layers, and accompanying functionality, are contemplated. For example, in a “celebrity commentary” layer a television viewer could hear celebrity commentary over the phone simultaneously with the broadcast of a television program, as generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,209,028. Similarly, such a layer could permit readers to view links as suggested by their favorite commentators or celebrity personalities. For example, a fan of the Rush Limbaugh radio program who reads a particular news story on CNN.com might activate the “Rush Limbaugh Commentary” layer in order to obtain links to Rush Limbaugh&#39;s commentary about the news story. Such an embodiment could advantageously promote various blogs (e.g., blogs of the celebrity). in some embodiments, there may be a plurality of layers which permit conflicting commentary or conflicting viewpoints, such as both liberal and conservative commentary. 
     In an exemplary “Chat room” layer, preferences are define computer network resources that are chat rooms and blogs, and clicking on links generated pursuant to such preferences may open and close windows as the chat room is formed, joined, updated, closed, etc. In an exemplary interstitial “steering” layer, one or more “intermediate” sets of results may be displayed to help “steer” a reader. For example, if the reader clicks on a book title as it appears in a news story (e.g., “The Da Vinci Code”), a search engine can be queried to return a set of several different options. Each option may then be displayed on a page. Example options include a “shopping” option, a “chat room” option and a “book review” option. Based on which option is clicked on, the linking rules for the original “source” document might change. For example, upon clicking on the “shopping” option, the suggested links may be adjusted accordingly, now that it is likely that the user is interested in shopping. 
     Various commercial layers are contemplated, in which a user is provided with one or more “layers” of a commercial nature such as: (i) a “customer service” link layer (e.g., to link to the customer service page of a particular product manufacturer&#39;s site, to open a “mailto” link to the customer service department, to start a text-message session with a CSR, etc.); (ii) a “pricing” link layer (e.g., for links to sites providing pricing info); (iii) a “blog” (e.g., for links to blogs about a product, enthusiast sites, etc); and (iv) a “warranty” layer (e.g., for links to information about a product&#39;s warranty). According to an Instant Messenger layer, a user can be presented links to friends or others who are available to exchange “instant messages” (e.g., chat one-on-one) about a particular topic. Accordingly, readers may highlight portions of text in an electronic document (e.g., an e-mail document) to indicate their “availability.” Other readers may see this indication (e.g. the topic for discussion may be underlined) when subsequently reading the same document. 
     Links that are generated pursuant to a pattern may indicate various types of information. For example, a link&#39;s color (or formatting, font, size, etc) may indicate if the associated computer network resource has changed since last being viewed. To determine whether the computer network resource has changed, the computer or another device can query the resource (e.g., request from a web server an indication of whether a certain page has a “modified” date after a date sent with the request) and/or the computer or another device can itself determine whether the current content differs from the content as last accessed through a comparison. Such an embodiment can be advantageous, especially where the computer network resource is expected to change often (e.g., a blog that typically changes every few days). 
     In an embodiment, a link may indicate (by its color, etc.) whether a chat room, blog, etc., is highly active (e.g., is being joined by many participants, is being contributed to by a threshold number of users). For example, a link that is red can indicate a topic garnering lots of discussion in a chat room, and then change to blue or disappear when fewer than, e.g., three people are left discussing the topic. 
     Similarly, in an embodiment, a link may indicate (by its color, boldness, visual density, hue, etc.) the “popularity” of a term (e.g., how many hits the produces or would produce through a search engine such as Google.com). For example, a first color may indicate that a search engine would return between 3,500,000 and 10,000,000 websites that describe the associated data pattern. 
     Further Embodiments 
     In addition to or instead of inserting a hyperlink to a computer network resource, other functionality may be performed in response to a matching data pattern. For example, a new window can be opened, a pop-up window can be opened, programs or applets can be run, etc. 
     In the Web browser embodiment described above, preference database  214  resides within the user&#39;s Web browser, and is updated by a third party (e.g., an online merchant) that registers the data patterns, or by the user. Alternatively, instead of interacting directly with users, a merchant (or other third party) who wants to include preferences in a viewpoint may interact with the provider or developer of the Web browser to establish default preferences leading to the Web site of the merchant. In this case, the provider or developer of the Web browser would control updates to the default preference database, and the users&#39; agreement to updates would not be needed. Such preferences would drive Web traffic from content being viewed by users to the merchant&#39;s site. For example, a user installing the NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR® browser may be provided with default preferences compiled by Netscape. A user may be required to use these preferences. Alternatively, a user&#39;s preferences may be established entirely or partly by the user during installation of the browser, or later, to allow the user to entirely or partly override the default viewpoint. 
     Further, a user may input his or her own preferences to be associated with content to be viewed later. For example, a user may prefer to do his or her book shopping at a particular Web site. The user could register a preference such that each time the name of his or her favorite author occurs in a user-viewable text portion of a markup language-based document that is being read, a hyperlink to the corresponding bibliography Web page at that Web site would be automatically inserted at the location of the author&#39;s name. Thus, a user utilizing a Web browser to view a Web page for a newly published book review may access his or her choice of on-line bookseller simply by clicking on the author&#39;s name within the book review document. 
     In another embodiment, multiple parties may be involved in brokering modifications to a preference database. For example, an ISP such as AMERICA ON-LINE (AOL) may accept competitive bids from multiple on-line merchants who seek to derive traffic from occurrences of data patterns (e.g., words or phrases) in documents presented to users. Once a user logs-on to AOL, the preference database that is stored on the user&#39;s hard-drive could be automatically updated by AOL to reflect any newly-registered preferences. Alternatively, the preference database may reside at the user&#39;s ISP. In this manner, the results corresponding to the updated preference database may be broadcast or reflected across a large number of user devices, as reflected by the preference database that is centrally-maintained on an ISP server. 
     The above embodiment may also be implemented and practiced by a portal Web site, such as “YAHOO!®”. For example, a portal Web site could create a preference database based upon bids made by online merchants. Then, before the Web site sends any content (e.g., search results, news, email, chat group messages, etc.) to a user, the Web site may include a hyperlink based on that preference database. For example, any Web site user receiving search results containing a data pattern that matches a data pattern stored by one of the preferences may be provided with an inserted hyperlink that leads to a computer network resource that has been associated with that data pattern. 
     As another example, a news organization (e.g., CNN.com™) could register a number of data patterns relevant to current events with a portal Web site (e.g., “YAHOO!®). For example, the news organization could register the keywords “Federal Investigation”, “Supreme Court decision”, “War in Chechnya”, etc. Then, whenever any of the registered data patterns is found on the portal Web site, the content could be marked up with a link to the news organization. For example, a link to CNN.com™ could be inserted wherever “Federal investigation” is found on YAHOO!&#39;s content. Thus, users of the portal Web site would be driven to the CNN.com™ site. 
     In one embodiment, users may be presented with offers made by online merchants or ISPs who seek to derive or influence Web traffic based upon the occurrence of data patterns such as single words or phrases within user-viewable text portions of documents. The users could then accept the offers to receive benefits. In one embodiment, a user who elects to allow his or her personal preferences to be updated by an on-line merchant or ISP may receive a discount, a coupon or another type of benefit. For example, a user who previously indicated his preferred online bookseller is “Bookstore1.com” may be willing to accept a discount, such as 10% off of his first purchase, to allow “Bookstore2.com” (a competitor of “Bookstore1.com”) to adjust his personal preferences in its favor. For another example, an ISP may decrease the price that is charged to the user for providing Internet access services in exchange for being allowed to update a preference database associated with the user (e.g., the user may receive a discount of $5.00/month from the normal access rate of $19.95/month). It is also envisioned that a portal Web site may aggregate several preference updates to be presented to a user in a batch. 
     As noted above, the preference database may reside within the user device as part of the user&#39;s Web browser, or may reside remotely (e.g., at a dial-up ISP Server or LAN Server). The preference database may also be stored in cache, thus allowing it to be updated with “cookie” files. In this manner, a Web site may generate and store an indication of the preference database currently associated with a particular user device. The preference database may alternatively reside as a remote library, accessible by the ISP Server, LAN Server, and/or the user device&#39;s Web browser program. The preference database may also reside in the RAM of the user device. 
     As described above, the user device processes retrieved content to include additional hyperlinks. The processing could also occur at another location. For example, the processing may be performed at a LAN server, proxy server or firewall responsible for handling the Internet traffic for the members of an organization. Also, the processing could be performed by a server at an ISP as a value-added service for its customers. Further, the processing may be performed at an Internet site so that all content retrieved via that site would be delivered with appropriate hyperlinks incorporated therein. 
     In one embodiment, the preference database stores or uses records based upon one or more additional criteria or conditions (e.g., geography) for creating a specific association. For example, a user in New England who is viewing a document including one or more occurrences of the user-viewable text portion “groceries” may be directed to the Web site of a grocer conducting business in New England. The user&#39;s geographic location may be determined, for example, from his contact information (e.g., zip code, telephone number, street address, ISP provider, etc.) stored in field  290  of user account database  238 . Meanwhile, another user located in Texas viewing the same document may be presented with a link to the Web site of a different grocer conducting business in Texas. This result may be achieved by inserting associations into the request that represent the geographic location of the user. Alternatively, this result could be achieved using geographic information (e.g., zip code) for each preference such that any preferences that are geographically specific to the current location of the user could be preferred over preferences that are not geographically specific to the user&#39;s location, or over preferences geographically specific to an area that does not include the location of the user. 
     In one embodiment, a user may indicate a preference for certain Web sites to be included and/or excluded from his or her preference database by an ISP or by a third-party. For example, a user may indicate that his or her preference database may be updated by an ISP or third party to reflect links for merchants A and B, while excluding links for merchant D. Alternatively, a user may indicate a preference for one or more particular classes of Web sites to be included and/or excluded from his or her preference database. The user-specified preferences could be entered into the database during, for example, a setup or installation routine such as that described in relation to  FIGS. 10-11 . 
     In one embodiment, the features of the present invention may be activated and inactivated by a user using a button on the toolbar area of the browser interface. Similar to a “refresh” function, the user could initiate such a “view preferred links” function. In this manner, a user of the disclosed Web browser may view Web content either as intended by the content&#39;s authors or publishers, or in accordance with the preference database of the invention. 
     In a similar embodiment, the hyperlinks corresponding to the user-viewable text portions within retrieved markup language-based electronic files may be displayed separately from the user-viewable text itself. For example, if the user device is a personal computer, the links may appear in a separate area or “frame” of the output screen of the user device. The links may also appear using a different color, font or other attribute. The user may then select whether to activate the original link, if any, or a “preferred” link. 
     As described above, a Web browser in accordance with an embodiment of the invention can modify an electronic file being presented to a user to include a link to a computer network resource associated with a data pattern matching one of the data patterns stored in a viewpoint. Alternatively, in addition to or in lieu of including such a link, a Web browser can modify an electronic file being presented to a user to include content retrieved from the computer network resource that is associated with the matching data pattern. For example, if a user&#39;s viewpoint specifies an association between the data pattern “The Committee” and the URL for an online bookstore, and the user retrieves an electronic file which includes the data pattern “The Committee”, the user&#39;s Web browser could recognize the match between the data pattern “The Committee” in the electronic file and the viewpoint, then contact the online bookstore to receive content associated with this data pattern (e.g., a book review for the book entitled “The Committee”), and then modify the electronic file being presented to the user to include both the book review for the book “The Committee” and the URL of the online bookstore. The user could then read the book review as part of the electronic file to decide whether to activate the URL of the online bookstore to purchase the book. For another alternative, the viewpoint itself could store content associated with the one or more data patterns of a preference within, for example, another field of the record for that preference. Then, when the data pattern is recognized as being within a received electronic file, the Web browser could modify the file to include the content that is stored in association with that preference. 
     In another embodiment, a Web browser can modify an electronic file being presented to a user to include a “purchasing link” which, if activated, allows a user to buy a product from a computer network resource without being required to visit that network resource. For example, if a user&#39;s viewpoint specifies an association between the data pattern “The Committee” and the URL for an online bookstore, and the user retrieves an electronic file which includes the data pattern “The Committee”, the user&#39;s Web browser could recognize the match between the data pattern “The Committee” in the electronic file and the viewpoint. In response, the Web browser could modify the electronic file to include a “purchasing link” by, for example, adding a hyperlink stating: “Click here to purchase ‘The Committee’ for $19.95”. By clicking on this hyperlink, the user could purchase “The Committee” via an appropriate message sent by the Web browser to the online bookstore, or could add the book to his or her electronic shopping cart for subsequent purchase. 
     Exemplary Uses 
     As a non-limiting, exemplary use of an embodiment, an advertiser seeking to target consumers may create one or more preferences, each defining an association between a computer network resource of that advertiser (e.g., a Web site where that advertiser&#39;s products are sold) and relevant data patterns. For example, a book retailer may create a preference providing an association between the title of a book, the name of an author and/or the word “book”, and the address or URL of a Web page of that retailer&#39;s Web site where the book, a book by that author, or books in general, may be purchased. The retailer could then target advertisements to frequent book buyers by causing the insertion of these book-related preferences only into viewpoints used by frequent book buyers. At the same time, a movie retailer may create a preference providing an association between the title of a movie, the name of an actress and/or the word “movie”, and the address of that retailer&#39;s Web site where that movie, a movie starring that actress, or movies in general, may be purchased. The movie retailer could then target advertisements by causing the insertion of the movie-related preferences into viewpoints used by other users. 
     In this way, customized viewpoints may be defined for both sets of potential purchasers, with the viewpoints used by the frequent book buyers being customized to include the preferences from the book retailer, and the viewpoints used by the other users being customized to include the preferences from the movie retailer. 
     Alternatively, a user could be presented with an option to select one or both sets of preferences for use in modifying electronic files. For example, as described above, a toolbar may be provided in a graphical user interface (GUI) of a browser application. The toolbar may have two user-selectable buttons, with one button corresponding to and allowing for activation/deactivation of a book-related layer, and the other button corresponding to and allowing for activation/deactivation of a movie-related layer. In accordance with one embodiment, both layers may be active at the same time (e.g., allowing for modifications based on both the movie-related and book-related preferences, such as by providing respective indications for each associated network resource). 
     Using these customized viewpoints, the frequent book buyers will be provided with links to the book retailer in their retrieved content, while the other users will be provided with links to the movie retailer in their retrieved content, even in response to the same data pattern appearing in their retrieved content. As an example, assume that the book retailer stocks a book entitled “The Committee” by Mike Nugent, and the movie retailer stocks a movie of the same title. The book retailer may provide a preference defining an association between the data pattern “The Committee” and its Web site (“www. bookstore. com”), and insert this preference into the viewpoints used by the frequent book buyers. The movie retailer may provide a preference defining an association between the same data pattern (i.e., “The Committee”) and its Web site (“www. moviestore. com”), and insert this preference into the viewpoints used by the other users. If one of the frequent book buyers then requests a Web page including the data pattern “The Committee”, he or she will be presented with a hyperlink to the Web site for the book retailer. If one of the other users requests that same Web page, however, he or she will be presented with a hyperlink to the Web site for the movie retailer. Thus, the hyperlink presented to each user depends on the customized viewpoint for that user. 
     In this example, each retailer caused the insertion of the book- or movie-related preferences into the viewpoints used by frequent book buyers or other users. In one embodiment, the retailers may each have caused these insertions by offering money or other consideration to users to have the users agree to include the preferences into their own viewpoints. Each user was thus able to “customize” his or her viewpoint by deciding which offers to accept. 
     ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTION 
     Each of the following labeled sentences describes one or more embodiments of the present invention. These sentences are not being presented as claims for examination at this time, but the recited subject matter may be later claimed in this application and/or in one or more continuing applications. Where convenient for describing an embodiment, reference by label to a preceding sentence may be made. 
     1. A method comprising:
         receiving a web document;   receiving a selection of a first set from a predefined plurality of sets of one or more preferences,
           each preference defining an association between a respective network resource and each of one or more data patterns; and   
           applying the first set of one or more preferences to the web document,
           in which applying comprises:
               determining a match between a user-viewable portion of the web document and a data pattern of a preference of the first set of one or more preferences, and   modifying the web document to provide an indication of a hyperlink to the network resource that is associated with the matched data pattern, the indication appearing when a pointer is over the matched user-viewable portion of the web document.   
               
               

     2. The method of sentence #1, in which each set of one or more preferences is associated with a respective user viewpoint. 
     3. The method of sentence #1, in which each set of the predefined plurality of sets of one or more preferences corresponds to a respective layer. 
     4. The method of sentence #1, in which applying comprises:
         highlighting one or more occurrences of the data pattern in the received web document.       

     5. The method of sentence #1, in which receiving the selection comprises:
         receiving an instruction from a user to activate the first set of one or more preferences.       

     6. The method of sentence #1, further comprising:
         receiving a selection of a second set from the predefined plurality of sets of one or more preferences.       

     7. The method of sentence #6, further comprising:
         in response to receiving the selection of the second set of one or more preferences, deactivating the first set of one or more preferences.       

     8. The method of sentence #7, further comprising:
         applying the second set of one or more preferences to the web document.       

     9. The method of sentence #6, further comprising:
         applying the second set of one or more preferences to the web document while applying the first set of one or more preferences to the web document.       

     10. The method of sentence #1, in which each set of the predefined plurality of sets corresponds to a respective predefined theme. 
     11. The method of sentence #1, in which each set of the predefined plurality of sets corresponds to a respective predefined functionality. 
     12. The method of sentence #1, in which at least one set of the predefined plurality of sets corresponds to a predefined type of data pattern. 
     13. The method of sentence #12, in which the type of data pattern comprises names. 
     14. The method of sentence #12, in which the type of data pattern comprises locations. 
     15. The method of sentence #12, in which the type of data pattern comprises products. 
     16. The method of sentence #1, in which at least one set of the predefined plurality of sets corresponds to a predefined type of network resource. 
     17. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises Web sites with product information. 
     18. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises online language references. 
     19. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises historical information. 
     20. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises contextual information. 
     21. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises gossip. 
     22. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises celebrity information. 
     23. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises commentary. 
     24. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises at least one of online dictionaries and online thesauruses. 
     25. The method of sentence #16, in which the type of network resource comprises resources for making online purchases. 
     29. A method for configuring an application for viewing electronic documents, the method comprising:
         presenting a plurality of layers available for selection by a user,
           each layer including at least one preference for use in modifying electronic documents,   each preference defining an association between a respective network resource and each of one or more data patterns; and   
           allowing the user to select a predetermined number of layers for activation, the predetermined number being less than the total number of layers presented for selection.       

     30. The method of sentence #29, in which presenting comprises:
         presenting a first predefined package of layers; and   presenting a second predefined package of layers.       

     31. The method of sentence #30, in which allowing comprises:
         allowing the user to select either the first predefined plurality of layers or the second predefined plurality of layers.       

     32. The method of sentence #30, in which the first predefined plurality of layers and the second predefined plurality of layers include at least one layer in common. 
     33. The method of sentence #30, in which the first predefined plurality of layers and the second predefined plurality of layers do not include any layers in common. 
     34. A method for modifying an electronic document, the method comprising:
         activating a first defined association for modifying electronic documents,
           the first defined association defining an association between a first network resource and a first data pattern;   
           activating a second defined association for modifying electronic documents,
           the second defined association defining an association between a second network resource and a second data pattern;   
           determining that the first data pattern matches a portion of user-viewable text of an electronic document;   modifying the electronic document to provide a user-selectable link to the first network resource, the user-selectable link indicating a characteristic (e.g., status, usage, popularity) of the first network resource; and   displaying the modified electronic document for a user.