Patent Publication Number: US-11661521-B2

Title: Three-dimensional printing system employing a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/948,877, filed on Dec. 17, 2019, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Additive manufacturing, also called three-dimensional or 3D printing, is generally a process in which a three-dimensional structure is selectively formed from a digital model. Various types of three-dimensional printing techniques may be employed, such as fused deposition modeling, ink jetting, powder bed fusion (e.g., selective laser sintering), powder/binder jetting, electron-beam melting, electrophotographic imaging, and so forth. In a fused deposition modeling system, for instance, a build material may be extruded through an extrusion tip carried by a print nozzle of the system, and then deposited as a sequence of layers on a substrate. The extruded material fuses to previously deposited material, and solidifies upon a drop in temperature. The position of the print nozzle relative to the substrate may be incremented along an axis (perpendicular to the build plane) after each layer is formed, and the process may then be repeated to form a printed part resembling the digital representation. If desired, supporting layers or structures can also be built underneath overhanging portions or in cavities of printed parts under construction, which are not supported by the build material itself. The support structure adheres to the part material during fabrication, and is removable from the completed printed part when the printing process is complete. Regardless of the particular technique, three-dimensional printing has been more commonly employed to form plastic parts. Unfortunately, its use has still been somewhat limited in advanced product applications that require a higher level of material performance, such as high thermal stability and heat resistance, enhanced flow, and good mechanical properties. One reason for this limitation is that the polymeric materials commonly employed in three-dimensional printing systems, such as polylactic acid and polyethylene, generally lack high performance properties. Conversely, attempts at employing high performance polymers have often failed as such polymers tend to lack the requisite melt strength and stability required for three-dimensional printing. 
     As such, a need exists for a high performance polymer composition that can be readily employed in a three-dimensional printing system. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a three-dimensional printing method is disclosed that comprises selectively forming a three-dimensional structure from a polymer composition. The polymer composition comprises a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer and exhibits a complex viscosity of from about 50 to about 1,000 Pa-s, as determined by a parallel plate rheometer at an angular frequency of 0.63 radians per second, constant strain amplitude of 1%, and temperature 15° C. above the melting temperature of the polymer composition. 
     In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a printer cartridge for use in a three-dimensional printing system is disclosed that comprises a filament that is formed from a polymer composition, such as described above. In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, a three-dimensional printing system is disclosed that comprises a supply source containing a polymer composition, such as described above, and a nozzle that is configured to receive the polymer composition from the supply source and deposit the composition onto a substrate. In accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention, a three-dimensional printing system is disclosed that comprises a powder supply comprising a plurality of particles formed from a polymer composition, such as described above; a powder bed configured to receive the powder supply; and an energy source for selectively fusing the powder supply when present within the powder bed. 
     Other features and aspects of the present invention are set forth in greater detail below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
       A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof to one skilled in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a front view of one embodiment of a fused deposition modeling system that may be employed in the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    is a perspective view of one embodiment of a three-dimensional structure that may be formed from the polymer composition of the present invention; 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  are cross-sectional views of  FIG.  2    taken along a line  3 A- 3 A, depicting a process for forming a three-dimensional structure; 
         FIG.  4    is an exploded perspective view of one embodiment of a printer cartridge that may be employed in the present invention; and 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic view of one embodiment of a powder bed fusion system that may be employed in the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention. 
     Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to a three-dimensional printing system and method that employs a polymer composition that contains a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer. By selectively controlling the specific nature of the liquid crystalline polymer and other aspects of the composition, the present inventors have discovered that the resulting composition can achieve certain unique properties that enable the composition to be readily employed in a three-dimensional printing system. More particularly, the composition may exhibit a high degree of melt strength, which facilitates its ability to be three-dimensionally printed without losing its physical integrity. This high degree of melt strength may be characterized by a relatively high complex viscosity, such as from about about 50 to about 1,000 Pa-s, in some embodiments from about 60 to about 800 Pa-s, and in some embodiments, from about 80 to about 600 Pa-s, as determined at an angular frequency of 0.63 radians per second, temperature of 15° C. above the melting temperature of the composition, and constant strain amplitude of 1%. The melt strength of the polymer composition may also be characterized by its engineering stress. As explained in more detail below, such testing may be performed in accordance with the ARES-EVF during which an extensional viscosity fixture (“EVF”) is used on a rotational rheometer to allow the measurement of the material stress versus percent strain. In this regard, the polymer composition can have a relatively high maximum engineering stress even at relatively high percent strains. For example, the composition can exhibit its maximum engineering stress at a percent strain of from about 0.3% to about 1.5%, in some embodiments from about 0.4% to about 1.5%, and in some embodiments, from about 0.6% to about 1.2%. The maximum engineering stress may, for instance, range from about 340 kPa to about 600 kPa, in some embodiments from about 350 kPa to about 500 kPa, and in some embodiments, from about 370 kPa to about 420 kPa. Just as an example, at a percent strain of about 0.6%, the composition can exhibit a relatively high engineering stress of 340 kPa to about 600 kPa, in some embodiments from about 350 kPa to about 500 kPa, and in some embodiments, from about 360 kPa to about 400 kPa. The elongational viscosity may also range from about 350 kPa-s to about 1500 kPa-s, in some embodiments from about 500 kPa-s to about 1000 kPa-s, and in some embodiments, from about 600 kPa-s to about 900 kPa-s. 
     Despite having a relatively high degree of melt strength, the polymer composition may nevertheless still possess a low melt viscosity at high shear rates. For example, the polymer composition may exhibit a melt viscosity of about 250 Pa-s or less, in some embodiments about 200 Pa-s or less, in some embodiments from about 0.5 to about 150 Pa-s, and in some embodiments, from about 1 to about 100 Pa-s, as determined in accordance with ISO Test No. 11443:2005 at a shear rate of 1,000 s −1  and temperature 15° C. above the melting temperature of the composition. 
     Conventionally, it was believed that polymer compositions that possesses a high degree of melt strength and good flow properties would not also possess sufficiently good thermal and mechanical properties to enable their use in three-dimensional printing systems. Contrary to conventional thought, however, the polymer composition may possess both excellent thermal and mechanical properties. The melting temperature of the composition may, for instance, generally range from about 200° C. to about 400° C., in some embodiments from about 210° C. to about 400° C., and in some embodiments, from about 250° C. to about 380° C. The melting temperature may be determined as is well known in the art using differential scanning calorimetry (“DSC”), such as determined by ISO Test No. 11357-3:2011. In certain cases, the polymer composition may have a relatively low melting temperature to help with processability during three-dimensional printing, such as from about 200° C. to about 300° C., and in some embodiments, from about 210° C. to about 290° C. Of course, in other embodiments, the polymer composition may have a relatively high melting temperature, such as from about 300° C. to about 400° C., and in some embodiments, from about 310° C. to about 380° C. 
     Even at the melting temperatures noted above, the ratio of the deflection temperature under load (“DTUL”), a measure of short term heat resistance, to the melting temperature may still remain relatively high. For example, the ratio may range from about 0.5 to about 1.00, in some embodiments from about 0.6 to about 0.95, and in some embodiments, from about 0.65 to about 0.85. The specific DTUL values may, for instance, range from about 200° C. to about 350° C., in some embodiments from about 210° C. to about 320° C., and in some embodiments, from about 230° C. to about 290° C. 
     The polymer composition may also possess good tensile and flexural mechanical properties. For example, the polymer composition may exhibit a tensile strength of from about 20 to about 500 MPa, in some embodiments from about 50 to about 400 MPa, and in some embodiments, from about 70 to about 350 MPa; a tensile break strain of about 0.4% or more, in some embodiments from about 0.5% to about 10%, and in some embodiments, from about 0.6% to about 3.5%; and/or a tensile modulus of from about 5,000 MPa to about 20,000 MPa, in some embodiments from about 8,000 MPa to about 20,000 MPa, and in some embodiments, from about 10,000 MPa to about 20,000 MPa. The tensile properties may be determined at a temperature of 23° C. in accordance with ISO Test No. 527:2012. The polymer composition may also exhibit a flexural strength of from about 20 to about 500 MPa, in some embodiments from about 50 to about 400 MPa, and in some embodiments, from about 100 to about 350 MPa; a flexural elongation of about 0.4% or more, in some embodiments from about 0.5% to about 10%, and in some embodiments, from about 0.6% to about 3.5%; and/or a flexural modulus of from about 5,000 MPa o about 20,000 MPa, in some embodiments from about 8,000 MPa to about 20,000 MPa, and in some embodiments, from about 10,000 MPa to about 15,000 MPa. The flexural properties may be determined at a temperature of 23° C. in accordance with 178:2010. 
     Various embodiments of the present invention will now be described in more detail. 
     I. Polymer Composition 
     A. Liquid Crystalline Polymer 
     As indicated, the polymer composition contains one or more liquid crystalline polymers, generally in an amount of from about 40 wt. % to 100 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 50 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 60 wt. % to about 95 wt. % of the entire polymer composition. Liquid crystalline polymers are generally classified as “thermotropic” to the extent that they can possess a rod-like structure and exhibit a crystalline behavior in their molten state (e.g., thermotropic nematic state). The liquid crystalline polymers employed in the polymer composition typically have a melting temperature within the ranges noted above. Such polymers may be formed from one or more types of repeating units as is known in the art. A liquid crystalline polymer may, for example, contain one or more aromatic ester repeating units generally represented by the following Formula (I): 
                         
wherein,
 
     ring B is a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl group (e.g., 1,4-phenylene or 1,3-phenylene), a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl group fused to a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered aryl group (e.g., 2,6-naphthalene), or a substituted or unsubstituted 6-membered aryl group linked to a substituted or unsubstituted 5- or 6-membered aryl group (e.g., 4,4-biphenylene); and 
     Y 1  and Y 2  are independently O, C(O), NH, C(O)HN, or NHC(O). 
     Typically, at least one of Y 1  and Y 2  are C(O). Examples of such aromatic ester repeating units may include, for instance, aromatic dicarboxylic repeating units (Y 1  and Y 2  in Formula I are C(O)), aromatic hydroxycarboxylic repeating units (Y 1  is O and Y 2  is C(O) in Formula I), as well as various combinations thereof. 
     Aromatic hydroxycarboxylic repeating units, for instance, may be employed that are derived from aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids, such as, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid; 4-hydroxy-4′-biphenylcarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid; 2-hydroxy-5-naphthoic acid; 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid; 4′-hydroxyphenyl-4-benzoic acid; 3′-hydroxyphenyl-4-benzoic acid; 4′-hydroxyphenyl-3-benzoic acid, etc., as well as alkyl, alkoxy, aryl and halogen substituents thereof, and combination thereof. Particularly suitable aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids are 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (“HBA”) and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (“HNA”). When employed, repeating units derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids (e.g., HBA and/or HNA) typically constitute about 40 mol. % or more, in some embodiments about 50 mole % or more, in some embodiments from about 55 mol. % to 100 mol. %, and in some embodiments, from about 60 mol. % to about 95 mol. % of the polymer. 
     Aromatic dicarboxylic repeating units may also be employed that are derived from aromatic dicarboxylic acids, such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ether-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid, 1,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,7-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-dicarboxybiphenyl, bis(4-carboxyphenyl)ether, bis(4-carboxyphenyl)butane, bis(4-carboxyphenyl)ethane, bis(3-carboxyphenyl)ether, bis(3-carboxyphenyl)ethane, etc., as well as alkyl, alkoxy, aryl and halogen substituents thereof, and combinations thereof. Particularly suitable aromatic dicarboxylic acids may include, for instance, terephthalic acid (“TA”), isophthalic acid (“IA”), and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (“NDA”). When employed, repeating units derived from aromatic dicarboxylic acids (e.g., IA, TA, and/or NDA) typically constitute from about 1 mol. % to about 40 mol. %, in some embodiments from about 2 mol. % to about 30 mol. %, and in some embodiments, from about 5 mol. % to about 25% of the polymer. 
     Other repeating units may also be employed in the polymer. In certain embodiments, for instance, repeating units may be employed that are derived from aromatic diols, such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene, 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl (or 4,4′-biphenol), 3,3′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 3,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl ether, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, etc., as well as alkyl, alkoxy, aryl and halogen substituents thereof, and combinations thereof. Particularly suitable aromatic diols may include, for instance, hydroquinone (“HQ”) and 4,4′-biphenol (“BP”). When employed, repeating units derived from aromatic diols (e.g., HQ and/or BP) typically constitute from about about 1 mol. % to about 40 mol. %, in some embodiments from about 2 mol. % to about 30 mol. %, and in some embodiments, from about 5 mol. % to about 25% of the polymer. Repeating units may also be employed, such as those derived from aromatic amides (e.g., acetaminophen (“APAP”)) and/or aromatic amines (e.g., 4-aminophenol (“AP”), 3-aminophenol, 1,4-phenylenediamine, 1,3-phenylenediamine, etc.). When employed, repeating units derived from aromatic amides (e.g., APAP) and/or aromatic amines (e.g., AP) typically constitute from about 0.1 mol. % to about 20 mol. %, in some embodiments from about 0.5 mol. % to about 15 mol. %, and in some embodiments, from about 1 mol. % to about 10% of the polymer. It should also be understood that various other monomeric repeating units may be incorporated into the polymer. For instance, in certain embodiments, the polymer may contain one or more repeating units derived from non-aromatic monomers, such as aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydroxycarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, diols, amides, amines, etc. Of course, in other embodiments, the polymer may be “wholly aromatic” in that it lacks repeating units derived from non-aromatic (e.g., aliphatic or cycloaliphatic) monomers. 
     Although by no means required, the liquid crystalline polymer may be a “high naphthenic” polymer in certain embodiments to the extent that it contains a relatively high content of repeating units derived from naphthenic hydroxycarboxylic acids and naphthenic dicarboxylic acids, such as NDA, HNA, or combinations thereof. That is, the total amount of repeating units derived from naphthenic hydroxycarboxylic and/or dicarboxylic acids (e.g., NDA, HNA, or a combination of HNA and NDA) is typically about 40 mol. % or more, in some embodiments about 45 mol. % or more, in some embodiments about 50 mol. % or more, in some embodiments, in some embodiments about 55 mol. % or more, and in some embodiments, from about 60 mol. % to about 95 mol. % of the polymer. For instance, the repeating units derived from HNA may constitute from about 40 mol. % or more, in some embodiments about 50 mol. % or more, in some embodiments about 55 mol. % or more, and in some embodiments, from about 55 mol. % to about 85 mol. % of the polymer. In such embodiments, the liquid crystalline polymer may contain the naphthenic monomers (e.g., HNA and/or NDA) in the amounts specified above in combination with various other monomers, such as aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid(s) (e.g., HBA) in an amount of from about 5 mol. % to about 50 mol. %, and in some embodiments, from about 10 mol. % to about 40 mol. %; aromatic dicarboxylic acid(s) (e.g., IA and/or TA) in an amount of from about 1 mol. % to about 40 mol. %, and in some embodiments, from about 5 mol. % to about 25 mol. %; and/or aromatic diol(s) (e.g., BP and/or HQ) in an amount of from about 1 mol. % to about 40 mol. %, and in some embodiments, from about 5 mol. % to about 25 mol. %. 
     Regardless of the particular constituents and nature of the polymer, the liquid crystalline polymer may be prepared by initially introducing the aromatic monomer(s) used to form the ester repeating units (e.g., aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid, aromatic dicarboxylic acid, etc.) and/or other repeating units (e.g., aromatic diol, aromatic amide, aromatic amine, etc.) into a reactor vessel to initiate a polycondensation reaction. The particular conditions and steps employed in such reactions are well known, and may be described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,161,470 to Calundann; U.S. Pat. No. 5,616,680 to Linstid, III, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,114,492 to Linstid, III, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,514,611 to Shepherd, et al.; and WO 2004/058851 to Waggoner. The vessel employed for the reaction is not especially limited, although it is typically desired to employ one that is commonly used in reactions of high viscosity fluids. Examples of such a reaction vessel may include a stirring tank-type apparatus that has an agitator with a variably-shaped stirring blade, such as an anchor type, multistage type, spiral-ribbon type, screw shaft type, etc., or a modified shape thereof. Further examples of such a reaction vessel may include a mixing apparatus commonly used in resin kneading, such as a kneader, a roll mill, a Banbury mixer, etc. 
     If desired, the reaction may proceed through the acetylation of the monomers as known the art. This may be accomplished by adding an acetylating agent (e.g., acetic anhydride) to the monomers. Acetylation is generally initiated at temperatures of about 90° C. During the initial stage of the acetylation, reflux may be employed to maintain vapor phase temperature below the point at which acetic acid byproduct and anhydride begin to distill. Temperatures during acetylation typically range from between 90° C. to 150° C., and in some embodiments, from about 110° C. to about 150° C. If reflux is used, the vapor phase temperature typically exceeds the boiling point of acetic acid, but remains low enough to retain residual acetic anhydride. For example, acetic anhydride vaporizes at temperatures of about 140° C. Thus, providing the reactor with a vapor phase reflux at a temperature of from about 110° C. to about 130° C. is particularly desirable. To ensure substantially complete reaction, an excess amount of acetic anhydride may be employed. The amount of excess anhydride will vary depending upon the particular acetylation conditions employed, including the presence or absence of reflux. The use of an excess of from about 1 to about 10 mole percent of acetic anhydride, based on the total moles of reactant hydroxyl groups present is not uncommon. 
     Acetylation may occur in in a separate reactor vessel, or it may occur in situ within the polymerization reactor vessel. When separate reactor vessels are employed, one or more of the monomers may be introduced to the acetylation reactor and subsequently transferred to the polymerization reactor. Likewise, one or more of the monomers may also be directly introduced to the reactor vessel without undergoing pre-acetylation. 
     In addition to the monomers and optional acetylating agents, other components may also be included within the reaction mixture to help facilitate polymerization. For instance, a catalyst may be optionally employed, such as metal salt catalysts (e.g., magnesium acetate, tin(I) acetate, tetrabutyl titanate, lead acetate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, etc.) and organic compound catalysts (e.g., N-methylimidazole). Such catalysts are typically used in amounts of from about 50 to about 500 parts per million based on the total weight of the recurring unit precursors. When separate reactors are employed, it is typically desired to apply the catalyst to the acetylation reactor rather than the polymerization reactor, although this is by no means a requirement. 
     The reaction mixture is generally heated to an elevated temperature within the polymerization reactor vessel to initiate melt polycondensation of the reactants. Polycondensation may occur, for instance, within a temperature range of from about 200° C. to about 400° C., in some embodiments from about 210° C. to about 400° C., and in some embodiments, from about 250° C. to about 380° C. For instance, one suitable technique for forming the aromatic polyester may include charging precursor monomers and acetic anhydride into the reactor, heating the mixture to a temperature of from about 90° C. to about 150° C. to acetylize a hydroxyl group of the monomers (e.g., forming acetoxy), and then increasing the temperature to from about 200° C. to about 400° C. to carry out melt polycondensation. As the final polymerization temperatures are approached, volatile byproducts of the reaction (e.g., acetic acid) may also be removed so that the desired molecular weight may be readily achieved. The reaction mixture is generally subjected to agitation during polymerization to ensure good heat and mass transfer, and in turn, good material homogeneity. The rotational velocity of the agitator may vary during the course of the reaction, but typically ranges from about 10 to about 100 revolutions per minute (“rpm”), and in some embodiments, from about 20 to about 80 rpm. To build molecular weight in the melt, the polymerization reaction may also be conducted under vacuum, the application of which facilitates the removal of volatiles formed during the final stages of polycondensation. The vacuum may be created by the application of a suctional pressure, such as within the range of from about 5 to about 30 pounds per square inch (“psi”), and in some embodiments, from about 10 to about 20 psi. 
     Following melt polymerization, the molten polymer may be discharged from the reactor, typically through an extrusion orifice fitted with a die of desired configuration, cooled, and collected. Commonly, the melt is discharged through a perforated die to form strands that are taken up in a water bath, pelletized and dried. In some embodiments, the melt polymerized polymer may also be subjected to a subsequent solid-state polymerization method to further increase its molecular weight. Solid-state polymerization may be conducted in the presence of a gas (e.g., air, inert gas, etc.). Suitable inert gases may include, for instance, include nitrogen, helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon, etc., as well as combinations thereof. The solid-state polymerization reactor vessel can be of virtually any design that will allow the polymer to be maintained at the desired solid-state polymerization temperature for the desired residence time. Examples of such vessels can be those that have a fixed bed, static bed, moving bed, fluidized bed, etc. The temperature at which solid-state polymerization is performed may vary, but is typically within a range of from about 250° C. to about 350° C. The polymerization time will of course vary based on the temperature and target molecular weight. In most cases, however, the solid-state polymerization time will be from about 2 to about 12 hours, and in some embodiments, from about 4 to about 10 hours. 
     B. Other Optional Components 
     A wide variety of additional additives can also be included in the polymer composition, such as fillers (e.g., fibers, particulate fillers, etc.), lubricants, impact modifiers, flow modifiers, pigments, antioxidants, stabilizers, surfactants, waxes, flame retardants, anti-drip additives, and other materials added to enhance properties and processability. 
     For instance, a filler may be employed for improving certain properties of the polymer composition. When employed, the filler may be employed in the polymer composition in an amount of from about 10 to about 95 parts, in some embodiments from about 20 to about 90 parts, and in some embodiments, from about 50 to about 85 parts by weight per 100 parts of the aromatic polymer(s) employed in the polymer composition. For instance, the filler may constitute from about 10 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 30 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of the polymer composition. The nature of the filler may vary, such as particles, fibers, etc. Fibrous fillers, for instance, may be employed to help improve strength. Examples of such fibrous fillers may include those formed from glass, carbon, ceramics (e.g., alumina or silica), aramids (e.g., Kevler® marketed by E.I. DuPont de Nemours, Wilmington, Del.), polyolefins, polyesters, etc., as well as mixtures thereof. Glass fibers are particularly suitable, such as E-glass, A-glass, C-glass, D-glass, AR-glass, R-glass, S1-glass, S2-glass, etc., and mixtures thereof. Particulate fillers may also be employed. Clay minerals may be particularly suitable for use in the present invention. Examples of such clay minerals include, for instance, talc (Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ), halloysite (Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ), kaolinite (Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 ), illite ((K, H 3 O)(Al, Mg, Fe) 2 (Si,Al) 4 O 10 [(OH) 2 ,(H 2 O)]), montmorillonite (Na, Ca) 0.33 (Al, Mg) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 .nH 2 O), vermiculite ((MgFe, Al) 3 (Al, Si) 4 O 10 (OH) 2 .4H 2 O), palygorskite ((Mg, Al) 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH).4(H 2 O)), pyrophyllite (Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ), etc., as well as combinations thereof. In lieu of, or in addition to, clay minerals, still other particulate fillers may also be employed. For example, other suitable silicate fillers may also be employed, such as calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, mica, diatomaceous earth, wollastonite, and so forth. 
     The liquid crystalline polymer and other optional additives may be melt processed or blended together. The components may be supplied separately or in combination to an extruder that includes at least one screw rotatably mounted and received within a barrel (e.g., cylindrical barrel) and may define a feed section and a melting section located downstream from the feed section along the length of the screw. The extruder may be a single screw or twin screw extruder. The speed of the screw may be selected to achieve the desired residence time, shear rate, melt processing temperature, etc. For example, the screw speed may range from about 50 to about 800 revolutions per minute (“rpm”), in some embodiments from about 70 to about 150 rpm, and in some embodiments, from about 80 to about 120 rpm. The apparent shear rate during melt blending may also range from about 100 seconds −1  to about 10,000 seconds −1 , in some embodiments from about 500 seconds −1  to about 5000 seconds −1 , and in some embodiments, from about 800 seconds −1  to about 1200 seconds −1 . The apparent shear rate is equal to 4Q/πR 3 , where Q is the volumetric flow rate (“m 3 /s”) of the polymer melt and R is the radius (“m”) of the capillary (e.g., extruder die) through which the melted polymer flows. 
     II. Three-Dimensional Printing 
     As noted above, the unique properties of the polymer composition are particularly well-suited for forming structures by three-dimensional printing. Various types of three-dimensional printing techniques may be employed, such as extrusion-based systems (e.g., fused deposition modeling), powder bed fusion, electrophotography, etc. When employed in a fused deposition modeling system, for instance, the polymer composition may be employed as the build material that forms the three-dimensional structure and/or the support material that is removed from the three-dimensional structure after it is formed. Referring to  FIG.  1   , for example, one embodiment of an extrusion-based, three-dimensional printer system  10  is shown that may be employed to selectively form a precursor object containing a three-dimensional build structure  30  and a corresponding support structure  32 . In the particular embodiment illustrated, the system includes a build chamber  12  and supply sources  22  and  24 . As noted above, the polymer composition of the present invention may be used to form the build structure  30  and/or support structure  32 . In those embodiments in which the polymer composition is only employed in the build structure or the support structure, it should be understood any other conventional material can be employed for the other structure. For example, in certain embodiments, the polymer composition of the present invention may be used to form the build structure  30 . In such embodiments, suitable materials for the support structure  32  may include conventional materials that are soluble or at least partially soluble in water and/or an aqueous alkaline solution, which is suitable for removing support structure  32  in a convenient manner without damaging build structure  24 . Examples of such materials may include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,070,107 to Lombardi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,923 to Lombardi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,790,403 to Priedeman et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,807 to Priedeman et al. 
     The material for the build structure  30  may be supplied to a nozzle  18  from the supply source  22  via a feed line  26  and the support material for the support structure  32  may be supplied to the nozzle  18  from supply source  24  via a feed line  28 . The build chamber  12  likewise contains a substrate  14  and substrate frame  16 . The substrate  14  is a platform on which the build structure  30  and support structure  32  are built. The substrate is supported by a substrate frame  16 , which is configured to move the substrate  14  along (or substantially along) a vertical z-axis. Likewise, the nozzle  18  is supported by a head frame  20 , which is configured to move the nozzle  18  in (or substantially in) a horizontal x-y plane above chamber  12 . The nozzle  18  is configured for printing the build structure  30  and the support structure  32  on the substrate  14  in a layer-by-layer manner, based on signals provided from the controller  34 . In the embodiment shown in  FIG.  1   , for example, the nozzle  18  is a dual-tip extrusion nozzle configured to deposit build and support materials from the supply source  22  and the supply source  24 , respectively. Examples of such extrusion nozzles are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,785 to Crump, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,124 to Swanson, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,604,470 to LaBossiere, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,625,200 to Leavitt. The system  10  may also include other print nozzles for depositing build and/or support materials from one or more tips. During a print operation, the frame  16  moves the nozzle  18  in the horizontal x-y plane within the build chamber  12 , and drive mechanisms are directed to intermittently feed the build and support materials from supply sources  22  and  24 . In alternative embodiments, the nozzle  18  may function as a screw pump, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,764,521 to Batchelder, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,891,964 to Skubic, et al. 
     The system  10  may also include a controller  34 , which may include one or more control circuits configured to monitor and operate the components of the system  10 . For example, one or more of the control functions performed by controller  34  can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, and the like, or a combination thereof. The controller  34  may communicate over communication line  36  with chamber  12  (e.g., with a heating unit for chamber  12 ), the nozzle  18 , and various sensors, calibration devices, display devices, and/or user input devices. The system  12  and/or controller  34  may also communicate with a computer  38 , which is one or more computer-based systems that communicates with the system  12  and/or controller  34 , and may be separate from system  12 , or alternatively may be an internal component of system  12 . The computer  38  includes computer-based hardware, such as data storage devices, processors, memory modules, and the like for generating and storing tool path and related printing instructions. The computer  38  may transmit these instructions to the system  10  (e.g., to controller  34 ) to perform printing operations so that the three-dimensional structure are selectively formed. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , the build structure  30  may be printed onto the substrate  14  as a series of successive layers of the build material, and the support structure  32  may likewise be printed as a series of successive layers in coordination with the printing of the build structure  30 . In the illustrated embodiment, the build structure  30  is shown as a simple block-shaped object having a top surface  40 , four lateral surfaces  44  ( FIG.  3 A ), and a bottom surface  46  ( FIG.  3 A ). Although by no means required, the support structure  32  in this embodiment is deposited to at least partially encapsulate the layers of build structure  30 . For example, the support structure  32  may be printed to encapsulate the lateral surfaces and the bottom surface of build structure  30 . Of course, in alternative embodiments, the system  10  may print three-dimensional objects having a variety of different geometries. In such embodiments, the system  10  may also print corresponding support structures, which optionally, at least partially encapsulate the three-dimensional objects. 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 C  illustrate the process of for printing the three-dimensional build structure  24  and support structure  32  in the manner described above. As shown in  FIG.  3 A , each layer of the build structure  30  is printed in a series of layers  42  to define the geometry of the build structure  30 . In this embodiment, each layer of the support structure  32  is printed in a series of layers  48  in coordination with the printing of layers  42  of the three-dimensional build structure  30 , where the printed layers  48  of the support structure  32  encapsulate the lateral surfaces  44  and the bottom surface  46  of the build structure  30 . In the illustrated embodiment, the top surface  40  is not encapsulated by the layers  48  of the support structure  32 . After the print operation is complete, the support structure  32  may be removed from the build structure  30  to create a three-dimensional object  27 . For example, in embodiments in which the support material is at least partially soluble in water or an aqueous alkaline solution, the resulting object may be immersed in water and/or an aqueous alkaline solution bath to dissolve the support structure  32 . 
     The polymer composition may be supplied to the three-dimensional printer in a variety of different forms, such as in the form of a sheet, film, fiber, filament, pellet, powder, etc. In one particular embodiment, such as when a fused deposition modeling technique is employed, the polymer composition may be supplied in the form of a filament as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,923,634 to Swanson, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,246 to Comb, et al. The filament may, for example, have an average diameter of from about 0.1 to about 20 millimeters, in some embodiments from about 0.5 to about 10 millimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 1 to about 5 millimeters. The filament may be included within a printer cartridge that is readily adapted for incorporation into the printer system. The printer cartridge may, for example, contains a spool or other similar device that carries the filament. For example, the spool may have a generally cylindrical rim about which the filament is wound. The spool may likewise define a bore or spindle that allows it to be readily mounted to the printer during use. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , for example, one embodiment of a spool  186  is shown that contains an outer rim about which a filament  188  is wound. A generally cylindrical bore  190  is also defined within a central region of the spool  186  about which multiple spokes  225  are axially positioned. Although not required, the printer cartridge may also contain a housing structure that encloses the spool and thus protects the filaments from the exterior environment prior to use. In  FIG.  4   , for instance, one embodiment of such a cartridge  184  is shown that contains a canister body  216  and a lid  218  that are mated together to define an interior chamber for enclosing the spool  186 . In this embodiment, the lid  218  contains a first spindle  227  and the canister body  216  contains a second spindle (not shown). The spool  186  may be positioned so that the spindles of the canister body and/or lid are positioned within the bore  190 . Among other things, this can allow the spool  186  to rotate during use. A spring plate  222  may also be attached to the inside of the lid  218  that has spiked fingers, which are bent to further enhance rotation of the spool  186  in only the direction that will advance filament out of the cartridge  184 . Although not shown, a guide block may be attached to the canister body  216  at an outlet  224  to provide an exit path for the filament  188  to the printer system. The guide block may be fastened to the canister body  216  by a set of screws (not shown) that can extend through holes  232 . If desired, the cartridge  184  may be sealed prior to use to help minimize the presence of moisture. For example, a moisture-impermeable material  223  (e.g., tape) may be employed to help seal the lid  218  to the canister body  216 . Moisture can be withdrawn from the interior chamber of the canister body  216  through a hole  226 , which can thereafter be sealed with a plug  228 . A moisture-impermeable material  230  may also be positioned over the plug  228  to further seal the hole  226 . Before sealing the cartridge  184 , it may be dried to achieve the desired moisture content. For example, the cartridge  184  may be dried in an oven under vacuum conditions. Likewise, a desiccant material may also be placed within the cartridge  184 , such as within compartments defined by the spokes  225  of the spool  186 . Once fully assembled, the cartridge  184  may optionally be sealed within a moisture-impermeable package. 
     In addition to being supplied in the form of a filament, the polymer composition may also be supplied to the fused deposition modeling system of  FIG.  1    in other forms. In one embodiment, for instance, the polymer composition may be supplied in the form of pellets. For instance, the pellets may be supplied via a hopper (not shown) to a viscosity pump (not shown) that deposits the polymer composition onto the substrate  14 . Such techniques are described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,955,558 to Bosveld, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference. The viscosity pump may be an auger-based pump or extruder configured to shear and drive successive portions of received pellets and may be supported by a head frame  20  that can move the viscosity pump and/or hopper in the horizontal x-y plane. 
     Of course, the three-dimensional printing system is by no means limited to fused deposition modeling. For instance, a powder bed fusion system may likewise be employed in certain embodiments of the present invention. In such embodiments, the polymer composition is generally provided in the form of a powder containing a plurality of particles. The size of the particles may be selectively controlled to help facilitate three-dimensional printing. The volume-based median particle size may, for example, range from about 0.5 to about 200 micrometers, in some embodiments from about 1 to about 100 micrometers, and in some embodiments, from about 2 to about 80 micrometers. The particle size distribution may be relatively narrow such that at least 90% by volume of the microparticles have a size within the ranges noted above. Further, the particles may also be generally spherical to help improve processability. Such particles may, for example, have an aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter) of from about 0.7 to about 1.3, in some embodiments from about 0.8 to about 1.2, and in some embodiments, from about 0.9 to about 1.1 (e.g., about 1). 
     Generally speaking, powder bed fusion involves selectively fusing the powder within a powder bed to form the three-dimensional structure. The fusion process may be initiated by an energy source, such as a laser beam (e.g., laser sintering), electron beam, acoustic energy, thermal energy, etc. Examples of such systems are described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,863,538; 5,132,143; 5,204,055; 8,221,858; and 9,895,842. Referring to  FIG.  5   , for example, one embodiment of a lasering sintering system is shown. As shown, the system includes a powder bed  301  for forming a three-dimensional structure  303 . More particularly, the powder bed  301  has a substrate  305  from which extends sidewalls  302  that together define an opening. During operation, a powder supply  311  is deposited on the substrate  305  in a plurality of layers to form a build material. A frame  304  is moveable in a vertical direction (e.g., parallel to the sidewall of the powder bed  301 ) to position the substrate  305  in the desired location. A printer head  310  is also provided to deposit the powder supply  311  onto the substrate  305 . The printer head  310  and powder bed  301  may both be provided within a machine frame  301 . After the powder supply is deposited, an irradiation device  307  (e.g., laser) emits a light beam  308  onto a work plane  306 . This light beam  308  is directed as deflected beam  308 ′ towards the work plane  306  by a deflection device  309 , such as a rotating mirror. Thus, the powder supply  311  may be deposited layer-by-layer onto the working surface  305  or a previously fused layer, and thereafter fused at the positions of each powder layer corresponding by the laser beam  8 ′. After each selective fusion of a layer, the frame  304  may be lowered by a distance corresponding to the thickness of the powder layer to be subsequently applied. If desired, a control system  340  may also be employed to control the formation of the three-dimensional structure on the working surface  305 . The control system  305  may include a distributed control system or any computer-based workstation that is fully or partially automated. For example, the control system  340  may be any device employing a general-purpose computer or an application-specific device, which may generally include processing devices (e.g., microprocessor), memory (e.g., CAD designs), and/or memory circuitry for storing one or more instructions for controlling operation of the printer head  310 , powder bed  301 , frame  304 , and/or deflection device  309 . 
     The following test methods may be employed to determine certain of the properties described herein. 
     Test Methods 
     Melt Viscosity: The melt viscosity (Pa-s) may be determined in accordance with ISO Test No. 11443:2005 at a shear rate of 1000 s −1  and temperature 15° C. above the melting temperature (e.g., 350° C.) using a Dynisco LCR7001 capillary rheometer. The rheometer orifice (die) had a diameter of 1 mm, length of 20 mm, L/D ratio of 20.1, and an entrance angle of 180°. The diameter of the barrel was 9.55 mm+0.005 mm and the length of the rod was 233.4 mm. 
     Complex Viscosity: Complex viscosity is a frequency-dependent viscosity, determined during forced harmonic oscillation of shear stress at angular frequencies of 0.1 to 500 radians per second. Prior to testing, the sample is cut into the shape of a circle (diameter of 25 mm) using a hole-punch. Measurements are determined at a temperature 15° C. above the melting temperature (e.g., 350° C. or 375° C.) and at a constant strain amplitude of 1% using an ARES-G2 rheometer (TA Instruments) with a parallel plate configuration (25 mm plate diameter). The gap distance for each sample is adjusted according to the thickness of each sample. 
     Melt Elongation: Melt elongation properties (i.e., stress, strain, and elongational viscosity) may be determined in accordance with the ARES-EVF: Option for Measuring Extensional Velocity of Polymer Melts, A. Franck, which is incorporated herein by reference. In this test, an extensional viscosity fixture (“EVF”) is used on a rotational rheometer to allow the measurement of the engineering stress at a certain percent strain. More particularly, a thin rectangular polymer melt sample is adhered to two parallel cylinders: one cylinder rotates to wind up the polymer melt and lead to continuous uniaxial deformation in the sample, and the other cylinder measures the stress from the sample. An exponential increase in the sample length occurs with a rotating cylinder. Therefore, the Hencky strain (ε H ) is determined as function of time by the following equation: ε H (t)=ln(L(t)/L o ), where L o  is the initial gauge length of and L(t) is the gauge length as a function of time. The Hencky strain is also referred to as percent strain. Likewise, the elongational viscosity is determined by dividing the normal stress (kPa) by the elongation rate (s −1 ). Specimens tested according to this procedure have a width of 1.27 mm, length of 30 mm, and thickness of 0.8 mm. The test may be conducted at the melting temperature (e.g., about 360° C.) and elongation rate of 2 s −1 . 
     Melting Temperature: The melting temperature (“Tm”) may be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (“DSC”) as is known in the art. The melting temperature is the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) peak melt temperature as determined by ISO Test No. 11357-2:2013. Under the DSC procedure, samples were heated and cooled at 20° C. per minute as stated in ISO Standard 10350 using DSC measurements conducted on a TA Q2000 Instrument. 
     Deflection Temperature Under Load (“DTUL”): The deflection under load temperature may be determined in accordance with ISO Test No. 75-2:2013 (technically equivalent to ASTM D648-07). More particularly, a test strip sample having a length of 80 mm, thickness of 10 mm, and width of 4 mm may be subjected to an edgewise three-point bending test in which the specified load (maximum outer fibers stress) was 1.8 Megapascals. The specimen may be lowered into a silicone oil bath where the temperature is raised at 2° C. per minute until it deflects 0.25 mm (0.32 mm for ISO Test No. 75-2:2013). 
     Tensile Modulus, Tensile Stress, and Tensile Elongation: Tensile properties may be tested according to ISO Test No. 527:2012 (technically equivalent to ASTM D638-14). Modulus and strength measurements may be made on the same test strip sample having a length of 80 mm, thickness of 10 mm, and width of 4 mm. The testing temperature may be 23° C., and the testing speeds may be 1 or 5 mm/min. 
     Flexural Modulus and Flexural Stress: Flexural properties may be tested according to ISO Test No. 178:2010 (technically equivalent to ASTM D790-10). This test may be performed on a 64 mm support span. Tests may be run on the center portions of uncut ISO 3167 multi-purpose bars. The testing temperature may be 23° C. and the testing speed may be 2 mm/min. 
     These and other modifications and variations of the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims.