Patent Publication Number: US-2022216728-A1

Title: Multilayer control for managing power flow

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present disclosure is directed to managing net power flow, and more particularly to managing behind-the-meter (BTM) power distribution via a monitoring and multilayered control architecture. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/134,659 filed Jan. 7, 2021, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     A home or small business electrical infrastructure generally includes circuits, grouped by breaker, that correspond to load types, spatially related loads, or both. The breakers are tripped over current or manual action, and thus provide some circuit protection. If a user, supplier, or other entity wants to monitor or manage operation if the circuits it may be performed at a load device, monitoring a total current flow at the electrical meter. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure is directed to an integrated approach to electrical systems, including monitoring and control. For example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to equipment having integrated components configured to be field-serviceable. In a further example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a platform configured to monitor, control, or otherwise manage aspects of operation of the electrical system. For example, the system may monitor and control electrical loads, energy storage, generation sources, or a combination thereof to maintain power consumption within power capacity. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes an electrical panel with embedded power electronics configured to enable direct DC coupling of distributed energy resources (DERs). In some embodiments, the system is configured to provide DC-DC isolation for the main breaker, which enables seamless islanding and self-consumption mode, for example. In some embodiments, the system includes one or more current sensing modules (e.g., current transformer (CT) flanges, or printed circuit boards (PCBs)) configured to provide metering, controls, and/or energy management. In some embodiments, the system includes components that are designed for busbar mounting, or DIN rail mounting to provide power conversion that is modular and field serviceable. 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured to implement a platform configured to manage energy information. In some embodiments, the platform is configured to host applications. In some embodiments, the platform is configured to host a computing environment in which developers may create value-added software for existing/emerging applications. In some embodiments, the system includes processing equipment integrated in the main electrical panel and configured for local energy management (e.g., metering, controls, and power conversion). In some embodiments, the processing equipment is configured to communicate over wired (e.g., power-line communication (PLC), or other protocol) or wireless communications links to externally controllable loads, third-party sensors, any other suitable devices or components, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the processing equipment is configured to support distributed computing needs (e.g., transactive energy, blockchain, virtual currency mining). For example, the computing capacity of the processing equipment may be used for purposes other than managing energy flow. In a further example, excess generation may be used to support computing needs. In some embodiments, the platform is open-access and is configured to serve as an operating system (OS) layer for third-party applications. For example, third-party applications may be developed for consumer/enterprise facing solutions (e.g., disaggregation, solar monitoring, electric vehicle (EV) charging, load controls, demand response (DR), and other functions). 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a system for managing electrical loads. The system includes a plurality of branch circuits each including a respective controllable element, a sensor system configured to measure one or more electrical parameters corresponding to the plurality of branch circuits, and control circuitry coupled to each controllable element and the sensor system. The control circuitry is configured to determine respective electrical load information in each respective branch circuit of the plurality of branch circuits based on the sensor system, and control the respective electrical load in each respective branch circuit using the respective controllable element based on the respective electrical load information. In some embodiments, the sensor system includes a plurality of current sensors coupled to the plurality of branch circuits, a voltage sensor coupled to buses that are coupled to the plurality of branch circuits, or a combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a method for managing an electrical system. The method includes identifying, during operation in a first operating mode wherein electrical power is limited by protection devices, an indicator to enter a second operating mode. The indicator corresponds to power consumption of the electrical system exceeding a power capacity of the electrical system. The method includes operating in the second operating mode by retrieving reference information comprising load preferences and limits, and managing one or more loads to modify power consumption based on the indicator and based on the reference information. 
     In some embodiments, identifying the indicator is based on determining one or more limits indicative of electrical current in the electrical system. In some embodiments, managing the one or more loads includes identifying the one or more loads based at least in part on the load preferences, identifying one or more modifications corresponding to the one or more loads based at least in part on the load preferences, and causing power consumption of the one or more loads to be modified based on the one or more modifications. 
     In some embodiments, causing power consumption of the one or more loads to be modified includes at least one of (i) changing a setpoint of an operating parameter of a load of the one or more loads, or (ii) turning a load of the one or more loads off. 
     In some embodiments, the reference information includes at least one of user preference information, historical usage information, or predetermined settings. For example, a user may specify which loads should be shed in which order or priority during an event. In some embodiments, identifying the indicator includes identifying the event, and determining the one or more limits is based at least in part on the event. For example, the system may detect an interruption in the AC grid, and accordingly enter a limiting mode. 
     In some embodiments, the second operating mode includes managing one or more power sources to increase the power capacity based on the reference information. 
     In some embodiments, identifying the indicator includes identifying a reduction in the power capacity of the electrical system. In some embodiment, operating in the second operating mode includes applying a load model to determine a set of modifications to one or more loads coupled to the electrical system via the plurality of branch circuits, and managing the one or more loads includes modifying operation of a load of the one or more loads based on the load model. For example, the load model may provide a desired operating range to achieve a specified current demand or minimum performance. 
     In some embodiments, retrieving reference information includes communicating with one or more first loads or sources to request a modified operating profile. In some embodiments, operating in the second operating mode includes isolating one or more second loads or sources from contributing to power consumption or power capacity, and monitoring current flow in the electrical system using one or more current sensors such as branch current sensors. 
     In some embodiments, the method includes monitoring current flow in the electrical system using one or more current sensors, and determining to return to operating in the first mode, which may be a normal operating mode, based on monitoring the current flow. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a system for managing an electrical system, wherein the system may be configured to implement the method. The system includes a communications interface for sending and receiving information to one or more loads, and control circuitry coupled to the communications interface for (i) identifying, during operation in a first operating mode wherein electrical power is limited by protection devices, an indicator to enter a second operating mode, wherein the indicator corresponds to power consumption of the electrical system exceeding a power capacity of the electrical system, and (ii) operating in the second operating mode by retrieving reference information comprising load preferences and limits, and managing the one or more loads to modify power consumption based on the indicator and based on the reference information. In some embodiments, the system includes a sensor interface for receiving a one or more sensor signals corresponding to a plurality of branch circuits. In some embodiments, the system uses the communications interface to request a modified operating profile, and isolates one or more second loads or sources from contributing to power consumption or power capacity based on the modified operating profile. In some embodiments, the system monitors current flow in the electrical system based on the one or more sensor signals, and determines to return to operating in the first mode based on monitoring the current flow. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a non-transient computer readable medium comprising non-transitory computer readable instructions that when executed by control circuitry (e.g., of an electrical system) control the system by implementing the method. The non-transitory computer readable instructions include an instruction for identifying, during operation in a first operating mode wherein electrical power is limited by protection device, an indicator to enter a second operating mode. The non-transitory computer readable instructions include an instruction for operating in the second operating mode by retrieving reference information comprising load preferences and limits, and managing one or more loads to modify power consumption based on the indicator and based on the reference information. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer readable instructions include instructions for implementing the methods disclosed herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present disclosure, in accordance with one or more various embodiments, is described in detail with reference to the following figures. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict typical or example embodiments. These drawings are provided to facilitate an understanding of the concepts disclosed herein and shall not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability of these concepts. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration these drawings are not necessarily made to scale. 
         FIG. 1  shows a system diagram of an illustrative electrical panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of an illustrative current sensor, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  shows an illustrative set of subsystems, which may be included in a power conversion device, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  shows a legend of illustrative symbols used in the context of  FIGS. 5-16 ; 
         FIG. 5  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration that may be implemented for a home without distributed energy resources (e.g., such as solar, storage, or EVs), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit that allows for direct DC-coupling of the output of a solar system with a DC string maximum power point tracking (MPPT) unit or module-mounted DC MPPT unit, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including a solar inverter connected as an AC input through a circuit breaker, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  shows an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit which allows for direct DC coupling with a battery, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including a bi-directional battery inverter coupled to an AC circuit breaker, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit which can interconnect both a solar photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery system on the DC bus/link, in some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an external hybrid inverter connected to AC circuit breakers in the panel, wherein both the solar PV and battery systems operate through the external hybrid inverter, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit connected to the solar PV system DC, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an integrated power conversion unit coupled to the battery system DC, and AC circuit breakers in the panel connected to a PV system operating through an external inverter, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including a panel having a DC link and an integrated power conversion unit connected to the solar PV, battery systems, and an electric vehicle with on-board DC charging conversion, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an AC breaker connected to an electric vehicle with an on-board charger, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 16  shows a block diagram of an illustrative configuration including an EV DC-DC charger connected to an electric vehicle, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 17  shows an illustrative panel layout, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18  shows an illustrative panel layout, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 19  shows an illustrative current sensing board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 20  shows an illustrative current sensing board arrangement, including processing equipment, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 21  shows an illustrative power distribution and control board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 22  shows an illustrative IoT module, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 23  shows a table of illustrative use cases, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 24  shows an IoT arrangement, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 25  shows a flowchart of illustrative processes that may be performed by the system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 26  shows bottom, side, and front views of an illustrative panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 27  shows a perspective view of an illustrative panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 28A-28D  show several views of a current transformer board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 29  shows a perspective view of a current transformer board, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 30  shows an exploded perspective view of an illustrative panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 31  shows a block diagram of a system including an illustrative electrical panel having relays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 32  shows a block diagram of a system including an illustrative electrical panel having relays and shunt current sensors, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 33A  shows a front view,  FIG. 33B  shows a side view, and  FIG. 33C  shows a bottom view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 34  shows a perspective view and exploded view of the illustrate assembly of  FIGS. 33A-33C , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 35A  shows a front view,  FIG. 35B  shows a side view,  FIG. 35C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 35D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, a deadfront installed, and circuit breakers installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 36A  shows a front view,  FIG. 36B  shows a side view,  FIG. 36C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 36D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, a deadfront installed, and circuit breakers installed, wherein the branch relay control wires are illustrated, in accordance with some embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 37A  shows an exploded perspective view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , and  FIG. 37B  shows an exploded side view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 38A  shows a front view,  FIG. 38B  shows a side view,  FIG. 38C  shows a bottom view,  FIG. 38D  shows a perspective view,  FIG. 38E  shows a perspective exploded view, and  FIG. 38F  shows a side exploded view of an illustrative assembly including a relay housing with a main relay installed, a main breaker installed, and busbars, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 39  shows a perspective view of an illustrative branch relay, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 40  shows a perspective view of an illustrative branch relay and circuit breaker, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 41  shows an exploded perspective view of an illustrative panel having branch circuits, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 42  shows a perspective view of an illustrative installed panel having branch circuits, a main breaker, and an autotransformer, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 43  shows an illustrative system for managing electrical loads and sources, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 44  shows an illustrative graphical user interface (GUI), including an indication of system characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 45  shows a diagram of a system having elements for multiple-redundant control and monitoring, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 46  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for controlling electrical loads, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 47  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for modifying operation of loads and sources, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Determination of electrical loads over time can be based on measurements (e.g., current measurements), information about what appliances are connected to each circuit, expected electrical profile behavior, any other available information. During normal usage, or emergencies, the actual electrical load of devices and circuits, as well as the capacity of electrical sources, may be determined and managed. 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a system that is capable of monitoring and managing the flow of energy (e.g., from multiple sources of energy, both AC and DC), serving multiple loads (e.g., both AC and DC, via branch circuits), communicating energy information, or any combination thereof. The system may include, for example, any or all of the components, subsystems and functionality described below. The system may include a microgrid interconnect device, for example. In some embodiments, the system may be configured to serve as a power control system (PCS) as defined in § 705.13 of the National Electric Code (2023). 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (1) a controllable rely and main service breaker that is arranged between the AC utility electric supply and all other generators, loads, and storage devices in a building or home. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (2) an array of individual, controllable, electromechanical relays and/or load circuit breakers that are connected via an electrical busbar to the main service breaker (e.g., applies to both panel mounted or DIN rail mounted systems). 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (3) an array of current sensors such as, for example, solid-core or split-core current transformers (CTs), current measurement shunts, Rogowski coils, or any other suitable sensors integrated into the system for the purpose of providing a current measurement, providing a power measurement, and/or metering the energy input and output from each load service breaker. In some embodiments, for example, a relay is integrated with an attached shunt, and the relay/shunt is attached to a busbar. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (4) a bidirectional power-conversion device that can convert between AC and DC forms of energy: 
     (a) with the ability to take multiple DC sub-components as inputs (e.g., with the same or different DC voltages); 
     (b) designed to mount or connect directly to the busbar (e.g., AC interface) or DIN-rail (e.g., with AC terminals); and 
     (c) with different size options (e.g., kVA ratings, current rating, or voltage rating). 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (5) processing equipment/control circuitry such as, for example, an onboard gateway computer, printed circuit board, logic board, any other suitable device configured to communicate with, and optionally control, any suitable sub-components of the system. The control circuitry may be configured: 
     (a) for the purpose of managing energy flow between the electricity grid and the building/home; 
     (b) for the purpose of managing energy flow between the various generators, loads, and storage devices (sub-components) connected to the system; 
     (c) to be capable of islanding the system from the electricity grid by switching the controllable main (e.g., dipole) relay off while leaving the safety and functionality of the main service breaker unaffected (e.g., energy sources and storage satisfy energy loads); 
     (d) to be capable of controlling each circuit (e.g., branch circuit) individually or in groups electronically and capable of controlling end-devices (e.g., appliances) through wired or wireless communication means. The groups can be on demand or predefined in response to an external system state (e.g. based on grid health, battery state of energy); 
     (e) for performing local computational tasks including making economic decisions for optimizing energy use (e.g., time of use, use mode); 
     (f) for allowing for external computational tasks to be run onboard as part of a distributed computing resource network (e.g. circuit level load predictions, weather-based predictions) that enhance the behavior of the local tasks; 
     (g) allowing for monitoring and control via a mobile app that can connect directly to the panel via WiFi or from anywhere in the world by connecting via the cloud. This allows for graceful operation of homeowner app in the absence of the cloud (e.g. during natural disasters); 
     (h) allowing for setup and configuration via a single mobile app for installers that simplifies the entire solar and storage installation process by connecting directly to the panel via WiFi or connecting through the cloud via a cellular network; and allowing suggestions of breaker naming by installer through mobile application to standardize names allowing immediate predictions of loads and improved homeowner experience from the moment of installation. For example, the application may be hosted via the cloud, or may be accessed by directly connecting with the panel. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes (6) communications equipment such as, for example, an onboard communication board with cellular (e.g., 4G, 5G, LTE), Zigbee, Bluetooth, Thread, Z-Wave, WiFi radio functionality, any other wireless communications functionality, or any combination thereof: 
     (a) with the ability to act both as a transponder (e.g., an access point), receiver, and/or repeater of signals; 
     (b) with the ability to interface wired or wireless with internet/cable/data service provider network equipment. For example, the equipment may include coaxial cables, fiber optic, ethernet cables, any other suitable equipment configured for wired and/or wireless communication, or any combination thereof; 
     (c) capable of updating software and/or firmware of the system by receiving updates over-the-air. For example, by receiving updates to applications and operating systems by downloading them via a network connection, or from a user&#39;s phone through an application, or any combination thereof; or 
     (d) capable of relaying software and/or firmware updates to remote components of the system contained elsewhere, inside the primary system enclosure, or outside the primary system enclosure. 
     Any or all of the components listed above may be designed to be field replaceable or swappable for repairs, upgrades, or both. The system includes energy-handling equipment as well as data input/output (TO) equipment. 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured for single phase AC operation, split phase AC operation, 3-phase AC operation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system contains a neutral-forming autotransformer or similar magnetics or power electronics in order to support microgrid operation when installed with a single-phase inverter. 
     In some embodiments, the system contains hardware safety circuits that protect against disconnection, failure, or overload of the neutral-forming autotransformer or equivalent component by detecting and automatically disconnecting power to prevent risk of damage to appliances or fire caused by imbalanced voltage between phases. 
     In some embodiments, components of the system are configured for busbar mounting, DIN rail mounting, or both, for integration in electrical distribution panels. In some embodiments, the system is designed to be mechanically compatible with commercial off-the-shelf circuit breakers. In some circumstances, commercial off-the-shelf controllable breakers may be included in the panel and managed by the system&#39;s control circuitry. 
     A consumer, nominated service provider, or other suitable entity may monitor and control one or more breakers, relays, devices, or other components using an application or remotely controlling (e.g., from a network-connected mobile device, server, or other processing equipment). 
     In some embodiments, the system is installed with included (e.g., complimentary) hardware that provides controls, metering, or both for one or more downstream subpanels, communicating using wireless or powerline communications. 
     In some embodiments, a thermal system design allows for heat rejection from power electronics or magnetics such as neutral-forming transformers. This may be done with active cooling or passive convection. 
     In some embodiments, the system includes various modular power-conversion system sizes that are configured to replace circuit breakers, relays, or both (e.g., as more are needed, or larger capacity is needed). 
     In some embodiments, controllable relays are configured to receive a relatively low-voltage (e.g., less than the grid or load voltage) signal (e.g., a control signal) from an onboard computer. 
     In some embodiments, a main service breaker is also metered (e.g., by measuring current, voltage, or both). For example, metering may be performed at any suitable resolution (e.g., at the main, at a breaker, at several breakers, at a DC bus, or any combination thereof). Metering may be performed at any suitable frequency, with any suitable bandwidth, and accuracy to be considered “revenue grade” (e.g., to provide an ANSI metering accuracy of within 0.5% or better). 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured to determine and analyze high-resolution meter data for the purpose of disaggregation. For example, disaggregation may be performed by an entity (e.g., an on-board computer, or remote computing equipment to which energy information is transmitted via the network). 
     In some embodiments, the main utility service input can be provided directly or through a utility-provided meter. 
     In some embodiments, control of the system is divided between microprocessors, such that safety and real-time functionality features are handled by a real-time microprocessor and higher-level data analysis, networking, logic interactions, any other suitable functions, or a combination thereof are performed in a general-purpose operating system. 
       FIG. 1  shows illustrative system  100  for managing and monitoring electrical loads, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. System  100  may be configured for single phase AC operation, split phase AC operation, 3-phase AC operation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, components of system  100  are configured for busbar mounting, DIN rail mounting, or both, for integration in electrical distribution panels. In some circumstances, non-controllable breakers are included in panel  102 . In some embodiments, a consumer, a nominated service provider, any other suitable entity, or any combination thereof may monitor and control one or more breakers, devices, or other components using an application or remotely (e.g., from a network-connected mobile device, server, or other processing equipment). In some embodiments, system  100  is thermally designed to allow for heat rejection (e.g., due to Ohmic heating). In some embodiments, system  100  includes one or more modular power-conversion system sizes that are configured to replace circuit breakers (e.g., as more are needed, or larger capacity is needed). In some embodiments, controllable circuit devices  114  (e.g., breakers, relays, or both) are configured to receive a relatively low-voltage (e.g., less than the grid or load voltage) control signal from an onboard computer  118  (e.g., processing equipment/control circuitry). For example, onboard computer  118  may include a wireless gateway, a wired communications interface, a display, a user interface, memory, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, main service breaker  112  is metered (e.g., be measuring current, voltage, or both). For example, metering may be performed at any suitable resolution (e.g., at the main, at a breaker, at several breakers, at a DC bus, or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, system  100  is configured to determine high-resolution meter data for the purpose of disaggregation. For example, disaggregation may be performed by an entity (e.g., an on-board computer, or remote computing equipment to which energy information is transmitted via the network). In some embodiments, main utility service input  110  is provided directly or provided through a utility-provided meter. 
     An AC-DC-AC bi-directional inverter may be included as part of the system of  FIG. 1  but need not be. As illustrated, system  100  includes power electronics  120  for electrically coupling DC resources. For example, power electronics  120  may have a 10 kVa rating, or any other suitable rating. DC inputs  116  may be coupled to any suitable DC devices. 
     In some embodiments, system  100  includes one or more sensors configured to sense current. For example, as illustrated, system  100  includes current sensors  152  and  162  (e.g., a current transformer flange or current shunt integrated into a busbar) for panel-integrated metering functionality, circuit breaker functionality, load control functionality, any other suitable functionality, or any combination thereof. Current sensors  152  and  162  each include current sensors (e.g., current transformers, shunts, Rogowski coils) configured to sense current in respective branch circuits  156  (e.g., controlled by respective breakers  154  or relays of controllable circuit devices  114 , as illustrated in enlargement  150 ). In some embodiments, system  100  includes voltage sensing equipment, (e.g., a voltage sensor), configured to sense one or more AC voltage (e.g., voltage between line and neutral), coupled to control circuitry. 
     In some embodiments, panel  102  includes indicators  122  that are configured to provide a visual indication, audio indication, or both indicative of a state of a corresponding breaker of controllable circuit devices  114 . For example, indicators  122  may include one or more LEDs or other suitable lights of one color, or a plurality of colors, that may indicate whether a controllable breaker is open, closed, or tripped; in what range a current flow or power lies; a fault condition; any other suitable information; or any combination thereof. To illustrate, each indicator of indicators  122  may indicate either green (e.g., breaker is closed on current can flow) or red (e.g., breaker is open or tripped). 
     In some embodiments, the system includes, for example, one or more low-voltage connectors configured to interface with one or more other components inside or outside the electrical panel including, for example, controllable circuit breakers, communication antennas, digital/analog controllers, any other suitable equipment, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, system  100  includes component such as, for example, one or more printed circuit boards configured to serve as a communication pathway for and between current sensors, voltage sensors, power sensors, actuation subsystems, control circuitry, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, a current sensor provides a sufficient accuracy to be used in energy metering (e.g., configured to provide an ANSI metering accuracy of within 0.5% or better). In some embodiments, current sensors  152  and  162  (e.g., the current sensing component) can be detached, field-replaced, or otherwise removable. In some embodiments, one or more cables may couple the PCB of a current sensor to the processing equipment. In some embodiments, the sum of each power of the individual circuits (e.g., branch circuits) corresponds to the total meter reading (e.g., is equivalent to a whole-home “smart” meter). 
     In some embodiments, system  100  includes an embedded power conversion device (e.g., power electronics  120 ). The power conversion device (e.g., power conversion device  120 ) may be arranged in a purpose-built electrical distribution panel, allowing for DC-coupling of loads and generation (e.g., including direct coupling or indirect coupling if voltage levels are different). For example, DC inputs  116  may be configured to be electrically coupled to one or more DC loads, generators, or both. In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  includes one or more electrical breakers that snap on to one or more busbars of an electrical panel  102 . For example, AC terminals of power conversion system  120  may contact against the busbar directly. In a further example, power conversion device  120  may be further supported mechanically by anchoring to the backplate of electrical panel  102  (e.g., especially for larger, or modular power stages). In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  includes a bi-directional power electronics stack configured to convert between AC and DC (e.g., transfer power in either direction). In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  includes a shared DC bus (e.g., DC inputs  116 ) configured to support a range of DC devices operating within a predefined voltage range or operating within respective voltage ranges. In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  is configured to enable fault-protection. For example, system  100  may prevent fault-propagation using galvanic isolation. In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  is configured to allow for digital control signals to be provided to it in real-time from the control circuitry (e.g., within electrical panel  102 , from onboard computer  118 ). 
     In some embodiments, power conversion device  120  is configured as a main service breaker and utility disconnect from a utility electricity supply. For example, power conversion device may be arranged at the interface between a utility service and a site (e.g., a home or building). For example, power conversion device  120  may be arranged within electrical panel  102  (e.g., in place of, or in addition to, a main service breaker  112 ). 
       FIG. 2  shows a perspective view of illustrative current sensor  200 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, current sensor  200  may be mounted to the backplate of an electrical panel in a purpose-built housing (e.g., as part of panel  102  of  FIG. 1 ), mounted on a DIN-rail, or include any other suitable mounting configuration. In some embodiments, the component includes, for example, one or more solid-core current-transformers  206  configured to provide high-accuracy metering of individual load wires fed into the electrical panel and connected to circuit breakers (e.g., in some embodiments, one sensor per breaker). In some embodiments, the component includes, for example, current measurement shunts attached to, or integrated directly with, one or more bus bars. Signal leads  204  are configured to transmit sensor information (e.g., measurement signals), receive electric power for sensors, transmit communications signals (e.g., when current sensor  200  includes an analog to digital converter and any other suitable corresponding circuitry). In some embodiments, current sensor  200  is configured to sense current and transmit analog signals via signal leads  204  to control circuitry. In some embodiments, current sensor  200  is configured to sense current and transmit digital signals via signal leads  204  to control circuitry. For example, signal leads  204  may be bundled into one or more low-voltage data cables for providing breaker controls. In some embodiments, current sensor  200  is configured to sense one or more voltages, as well as current, and may be configured to calculate, for example, power measurements associated with branch circuits or other loads. 
       FIG. 3  shows illustrative set of subsystems  300 , which may include a power conversion device (e.g. power conversion device  120  of  FIG. 1 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to provide galvanic isolation between the grid (e.g., AC grid  302 , as illustrated) and the electrical system by converting AC to DC (e.g., using AC-DC converter  304 ) at the electrical main panel. In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to step-up from nominal DC voltage to a shared DC bus voltage (e.g., that may be compatible with inter-operable DC loads and generation). For example, DC-DC converter  306  may be included to provide isolation, provide a step up or step down in voltage, or a combination thereof. In a further example, the power conversion device may include a DC-DC isolation component (e.g., DC-DC converter  306 ). In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to convert power from DC bus voltage to nominal AC voltage to connect with conventional AC loads &amp; generation. For example, DC-AC converter  308  may be included to couple with AC loads and generation. In some embodiments, the power conversion device is configured to support microgrid (e.g., self-consumption) functionality, providing a seamless or near seamless transition from and to grid power. In some embodiments, the self-consumption architecture benefits in terms of conversion losses associated with the double-conversion (e.g., no need to convert to grid AC during self-consumption). In some embodiments, the device is configured to support AC and DC voltages used in homes/buildings. For example, the power conversion device may be configured to support typical AC appliance voltages and DC device voltages. In some embodiments, the power conversion device may be used to support a microgrid, real-time islanding, or other suitable use-cases. 
       FIG. 4  shows legend  400  of illustrative symbols used in the context of  FIGS. 5-16 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 5  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  500  that may be implemented for a home without distributed energy resources (e.g., such as solar, storage, or EVs), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the system includes integrated gateway  503 , controllable (e.g., islanding) main service device  501  with transfer device  502 , and individual circuit devices  504  that are both metered and controllable (e.g., switched). In some embodiments, the busbar design can accommodate both controllable and non-controllable (e.g., legacy) circuit devices (e.g., breakers, relays, or both). In some embodiments, branch meters  505  are configured to be modular, allowing for grouping circuits with one device (e.g., 2-4 circuits or more). In some embodiments, integrated gateway  503  is configured to perform several local energy management functions including, for example: voltage-sensing the grid; controlling islanding main service breaker  501 ; controlling circuit breakers of circuit breakers  504  individually and in groups, measuring power &amp; energy in real-time from each branch, computing total power at who panel level; and communicating wirelessly (e.g., using cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, or other standard) with external devices as well as any suitable cloud-hosted platform. The system may be configured to monitor and control various electrical loads  506 . The field-installable power conversion unit (e.g., a bi-directional inverter) may be included to this configuration. In some embodiments, controllable main service device  501  with transfer device  502  is configured to be used for safely disconnecting from the grid, connecting to grid  599 , or both. 
       FIG. 6  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  600  including integrated power conversion device  510  that allows for direct DC-coupling of the output of a solar system  512  with a DC string maximum power point tracking (MPPT) unit or module-mounted DC MPPT unit (e.g., unit  511 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the DC input voltage range of power conversion device  510  can accommodate various DC inputs allowing for easy integration of solar modules into a home. In some embodiments, power conversion device  510  is configured to serve as an isolation or disconnect device from the grid or electric loads. In some embodiments, the output level of solar system  512  is controllable from power conversion device  510  modulating the DC link voltage. 
       FIG. 7  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  700  including external power conversion device  513  (e.g., a solar inverter) connected as an AC input through a circuit breaker (e.g., of controllable circuit breakers  504 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, external power conversion device  513  may be a string MPPT or solar module mounted MPPT or micro-inverter. In some embodiments, a circuit breaker used to couple solar system  514  to the busbar of the panel may be sized to accommodate the appropriate system capacity. The output level of solar system  514  may be controlled using direct communication with solar system  514  or using voltage-based or frequency-based controls (e.g., from gateway  503 ). For example, frequency droop may be described as a modulation to instantaneous voltage V(t), rather than root-mean square voltage (V_RMS). 
       FIG. 8  shows illustrative configuration  800  including power conversion device  515  (e.g., a DC-DC converter, as illustrated) which allows for direct DC coupling with battery system  516  (i.e., an energy storage device), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The output of battery system  516  may vary within an allowable range of DC link  517  (e.g., a DC bus). In some embodiments, the output level of battery system  516  is controllable from the integrated power conversion unit modulating the DC link voltage (e.g., an AC-DC converter). 
       FIG. 9  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  900  including bi-directional battery inverter  518  coupled via AC link  520  to an AC circuit breaker (of controllable circuit breakers  504 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the charge/discharge levels of battery system  519  may be controlled either using direct communication with battery inverter  518  or through voltage-based or frequency-based control. 
       FIG. 10  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1000  including integrated power conversion device  510  which can interconnect both a solar photovoltaic (PV) system (e.g., solar system  525 ) using maximum-power point tracking (MPPT) and a battery system (e.g., battery system  523 ) via DC link  521 . In some embodiments, integrated power conversion device  510  effectively serves as a hybrid inverter embedded within the panel. Illustrative configuration  1000  of  FIG. 10  may offer significant advantages in terms of direct DC charging of the battery from PV generation. In some embodiments, the illustrative configuration of  FIG. 10  allows for minimizing, or otherwise reducing, the number of redundant components across power conversion, metering, and gateway/controls. In some embodiments, both the PV and battery input/output levels may be modified using voltage-based controls on the DC bus. The DC/DC converter may be provided by PV or battery vendor but may also be provided as part of the system (e.g., integrated into the system). In some embodiments, as illustrated, battery system  523  is coupled to DC-DC converter  522  and solar system  525  is coupled to DC-DC converter  524 , and thus both are coupled to DC link  521 , albeit operating at potentially different voltages. 
       FIG. 11  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1100  including external hybrid inverter  527  coupled via AC link  526  to one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  in the panel, wherein both solar system  529  and battery system  528  operate through external hybrid inverter  527 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the PV output and battery charge/discharge levels may be controlled either using direct communication with hybrid inverter  527  or through voltage-based control (e.g., using gateway  503 ). In some embodiments, the system is configured to accommodate installation of an autotransformer. For example, the autotransformer may support a 240V hybrid inverter when the system includes a split phase 120V/240V set of loads. In some embodiments, the system is configured with hardware and/or software devices designed to protect loads from autotransformer failures, and/or protect an autotransformer from excessive loads. In some embodiments the system is configured with hardware and/or software devices designed to disconnect an inverter from the system in the event of a fault in order to protect an autotransformer and/or to protect loads. In some embodiments, the autotransformer may be controlled by, for example, controllable circuit breakers or control relays. In some embodiments hardware and/or software designed for system protection may use controllable circuit breakers or control relays to disconnect the autotransformer and or inverter from the system. 
       FIG. 12  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1200  including integrated power conversion device  510  connected to solar PV system  532  via DC link  530  and DC-DC converter  531 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The system also includes one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  in the panel coupled via AC link  533  to external bi-directional inverter  534 , which is connected to battery system  535 . Illustrative configuration  1200  of  FIG. 12  may be configured to support various battery designs that are deployed with built-in bi-directional inverter  534 . In some embodiments, the configuration allows for relatively easy augmentation of battery capacity on the direct DC bus (e.g., coupled to bi-directional inverter  534 ). 
       FIG. 13  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1300  including integrated power conversion device  510  coupled to battery system  538  via DC-DC converter  537 , and one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  in the panel coupled via AC link  539  to solar PV system  541  operating through external inverter  540 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, illustrative configuration  1300  of  FIG. 13  is configured to support installation where solar is already deployed. For example, it may allow for relatively easy augmentation of battery and PV capacity on the direct DC bus (e.g., DC link  536 ). 
       FIG. 14  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1400  including a panel having DC link  542  and integrated power conversion device  510  connected to solar PV system  547  via DC-DC converter  546 , battery system  545  coupled via DC-DC converter  544 , and electric vehicle with on-board DC charging conversion system  543 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, each of the systems coupled to DC link  542  may be individually monitored and controlled using direct communication or voltage-based controls, for example (e.g., from gateway  503 ). 
       FIG. 15  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1500  including one or more of controllable circuit breakers  504  coupled via AC link  549  to electric vehicle  550  with on-board charger  551  and onboard battery system  552 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the system may be configured to control charging/discharging of battery system  552  of electric vehicle  550  (e.g., depending on whether onboard charger  551  is bi-directional). 
       FIG. 16  shows a block diagram of illustrative configuration  1600  including power conversion device  510  coupled to EV DC-DC charger  554  via DC link  553 , which is in turn coupled to electric vehicle  560  via DC link  555 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, this may allow for circumvention of any on-board chargers (e.g., onboard charger  561 ) and faster, higher efficiency charging of battery system  562  of electric vehicle  560 . In some embodiments, the charge/discharge levels of battery system  562  may be controlled either using direct communication with battery system  562  or through voltage-based control of DC-DC charger  554 , for example. In some embodiments, the system includes an integrated DC-DC charger (e.g., integrated into power conversion device  510 ), configured to charge an electric vehicle directly (e.g., without an intermediate device). 
       FIG. 17  shows illustrative panel layout  1700 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the panel includes main breaker relay  1702  (e.g., for grid-connection), gateway board  1704  (e.g., including processing equipment, communications equipment, memory, and input/output interface), two current transformer modules  1706  and  1708  (e.g., PCBs including solid-core current sensors), and power conversion device  1710  (e.g., an AC-DC converter). 
       FIG. 18  shows illustrative panel layout  1800 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the panel includes main breaker relay  1802  (e.g., for grid-connection), processing equipment  1804  (e.g., IoT module  1814 , microcontroller unit  1824  (MCU), and input/output (I/O) interface  1834 ), two current transformers modules  1806  and  1808  (e.g., PCBs including solid-core current sensors), and power conversion device  1810  (e.g., an AC-DC converter). In an illustrative example, main breaker relay  1802  and power conversion device  1810  of  FIG. 18  may be controllable using processing equipment  1804  (e.g., having a wired or wireless communications coupling). 
       FIG. 19  shows illustrative current sensing board  1900  (e.g., with current transformers), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, as illustrated, current sensing board  1900  includes connectors  1902 ,  1904 , and  1906  for power and signal I/O, ports  1910  for coupling to controllers, LEDs  1908  or other indicators for indicating status, any other suitable components (not shown), or any combination thereof. For example, current sensing board  1900  may be included any illustrative panel or system described herein. 
       FIG. 20  shows illustrative current sensing board arrangement  2000 , with current sensing board  2001  including processing equipment, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, as illustrated, current sensing board  2001  is configured to receive signals from six current transformers at terminals  2002 . In some embodiments, current sensing board  2001 , as illustrated, includes general purpose input/output (GPIO) terminals  2008  and  2012  configured to transmit, receive, or both, signals from one or more other devices (e.g., a rotary breaker drive, LED drive, and/or other suitable devices). In some embodiments, current sensing board  2001 , as illustrated, includes serial peripheral interface (SPI) terminals  2004 , universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter terminals  2010 , system activity report (SAR) terminals  2006 , any other suitable terminals, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 21  shows an illustrative arrangement including board  2100  (e.g., for power distribution and control), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, illustrative board  2100  includes GPIO terminals  2102 ,  2104 , and  2106  (e.g., coupled to main AC breaker relay  2150 , main AC breaker control module  2151 , LED drive  2152 , and IoT module  2153 ), serial inter-integrated circuit (I2C) communications terminals  2108  (e.g., I2C protocol for communicating with temperature sensor  2154  and authentication module  2155 ), a universal serial bus (USB) communications terminals  2110  (e.g., for communicating with an IoT module  2153 ), a real-time clock (RTC)  2112  coupled to clock  2156  (e.g., a 32 kHz clock), several serial peripheral interface (SPI) communications terminals  2114  (e.g., for communicating with current sensor boards  2157 , any other suitable sensors, or any other suitable devices), and quad-SPI (QSPI) communications terminals  2116  (e.g., for communicating with memory equipment  2158 ). Board  2100 , as illustrated, is configured to manage/monitor main AC relay  2150  and accompanying electrical circuitry that may be coupled to AC-DC converters  2160 ,  2161 , and  2162 , AC busbars  2170 , or any other suitable devices/components of the system. 
       FIG. 22  shows an illustrative IoT module  2200 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Illustrate IoT module  2200  includes power interface  2202  (e.g., to receive electrical power from power supply  2203 ), memory interface  2204  (e.g., to store and recall information/data from memory  2205 ), communications interfaces  2216  and  2208  (e.g., to communicate with a WiFi module  2217  or LTE module  2209 ), USB interface  2206  (e.g., to communicate with control MCU  2207 ), GPIO interface  2208  (e.g., to communicate with control MCU  2207 ), and QSPI interface  2210  (e.g., to communicate with memory equipment  2211  or other devices). 
       FIG. 23  shows table  2300  of illustrative use cases, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, table  2300  includes self-generation cases (e.g., with self-consumption, import/export), islanding cases (e.g., with and without solar, battery, and EV), and a next export case (e.g., including solar, battery and EV, with net export). In some embodiments, the panels and systems described herein may be configured to achieve the illustrative use cases of table  2300 . 
     In some embodiments, the system is configured to implement a platform configured to communicate with HMI devices (e.g., Echo™, Home™, etc.). In some embodiments, the system may be configured to serve as a gateway for controlling smart appliances enabled with compatible wired/wireless receivers. For example, a user may provide a command to an HMI device or to an application, which then sends a direct control signal (e.g., a digital state signal) to a washer/dryer (e.g., over PLC, WiFi or Bluetooth). 
     In some embodiments, the platform is configured to act as an OS layer, connected to internal and external sensors, actuators, both. For example, the platform may allow for third party application developers to build features onto or included in the platform. In a further example, the platform may provide high-resolution, branch level meter data for which a disaggregation service provider may build an application on the platform. In a further example, the platform may be configured to control individual breakers, and accordingly a demand-response vendor may build an application on the platform that enables customers to opt-in to programs (e.g., energy-use programs). In a further example, the platform may provide metering information to a solar installer who may provide an application that showcases energy generation &amp; consumption to the consumer. The platform may receive, retrieve, store, generate, or otherwise manage any suitable data or information in connection with the system. In some embodiments, for example, the platform may include a software development kit (SDK), which may include an applications programming interface (API), and other aspects developers may use to generate applications. For example, the platform may provide libraries, functions, objects, classes, communications protocols, any other suitable tools, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the systems disclosed herein are configured to serve as a gateway and platform for an increasing number of connected devices (e.g., appliances) in a home or business. In some embodiments, rather than supporting only a handful of ‘smart’ appliances in a home (e.g., sometimes with redundant gateways, cloud-based platforms, and applications), the systems disclosed herein may interface to many such devices. For example, each powered device in a home may interface with the electrical panel of the present disclosure, through an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that is purpose-built and installed with or within the appliance. The ASIC may be configured for communication and control from the panel of the present disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the system provides an open-access platform for any appliance to become a system-connected device. For example, the panel may be configured to serve as a monitoring and control hub. By including integration with emerging HMI (human-machine interface) solutions and communication pathways, the system is configured to participate in the growing IoT ecosystem. 
       FIG. 24  shows illustrative IoT arrangement  2400 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The systems disclosed herein may be installed in many locations (e.g., indicated by houses  2401  in  FIG. 24 ), each including a respective main panel, solar panel system  2402 , battery system  2404 , set of appliances  2406  (e.g., smart appliances or otherwise), other loads  2408  (e.g., lighting, outlets, user devices), electric vehicle charging station  2410 , one or more HMI devices  2412 , any other suitable devices, or any combination thereof. The systems may communicate with one another, communicate with a central processing server (e.g., platform  2450 ), communicate with any other suitable network entities, or any combination thereof. For example, network entities providing energy services, third-party IoT integration, and edge computing may communicate with, or otherwise use data from, one or more systems. 
     In some embodiments, the system may be configured to communicate with low-cost integrated circuits, ASIC (application specific integrated circuits), PCBs with ASICs mounted onboard, or a combination thereof that may be open-sourced or based on reference designs, and adopted by appliance manufacturers to readily enable communication and controls with the systems disclosed herein. For example, the system (e.g., a smart panel) may be configured to send/receive messages and control states of appliances to/from any device that includes an IoT module. In an illustrative example, an oven can become a smart appliance (e.g., a system-connected device) by embedding an IoT module. Accordingly, when a customer using a smart panel inputs a command (e.g., using an application hosted by the system) to set the oven to 350 degrees, the system may communicate with the module-enabled oven, transmitting the command. In a further example, the system may be configured to communicate with low-cost DC/DC devices, ASICs, or both that can be embedded into solar modules, battery systems, or EVs (e.g., by manufacturers or aftermarket) that allow control of such devices (e.g., through DC bus voltage modulation/droop curve control). 
       FIG. 25  shows a flowchart of illustrative processes  2500  that may be performed by the system. For example, processes  2500  may be performed by any suitable processing equipment/control circuitry described herein. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2502 , the system is configured to measure one or more currents associated with the electrical infrastructure or devices. For example, the system may include one or more current sensor boards configured to measure currents. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2504 , the system is configured to receive user input (e.g., from a user device or directly to a user input interface). For example, the system may include a communications interface and may receive a network-based communication from a user&#39;s mobile device. In a further example, the system may include a touchscreen and may receive haptic input from a user. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2506 . the system is configured to receive system information. For example, the system may receive usage metrics (e.g., peak power targets, or desired usage schedules). In a further example, the system may receive system updates, driver, or other software. In a further example, the system may receive information about one or more devices (e.g., usage information, current or voltage thresholds, communications protocols that are supported). In some embodiments, the system is configured to update firmware on connected or otherwise communicatively coupled devices (e.g., the inverter, battery, downstream appliances, or other suitable devices). 
     In some embodiments, at step  2508 , the system is configured to receive input from one or more devices. For example, the system may include an I/O interface and be configured to receive power line communications (PLC) from one or more devices. For example, an appliance may include one or more digital electrical terminals configured to provide electricals signals to the system to transmit state information, usage information, or provide commands. Device may include solar systems, EV charging systems, battery systems, appliances, user devices, any other suitable devices, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2510 , the system is configured to process information and data that it has received, gathered, or otherwise stores in memory equipment. For example, the system may be configured to determine energy metrics such as peak power consumption/generation, peak current, total power consumption/generation, frequency of use/idle, duration of use/idle, any other suitable metrics, or any combination thereof. In a further example, the system may be configured to determine an energy usage schedule, disaggregate energy loads, determine a desired energy usage schedule, perform any other suitable function, or any combination thereof. In a further example, the system may be configured to compare usage information (e.g., current) with reference information (e.g., peak desired current) to determine an action (e.g., turn off breaker). 
     In some embodiments, at step  2512 , the system is configured to store energy usage information in memory equipment. For example, the system may store and track energy usage over time. In a further example, the system may store information related to fault events (e.g., tripping a breaker or a main relay). 
     In some embodiments, at step  2514 , the system is configured to transmit energy usage information to one or more network entities, user devices, or other entities. For example, the system may transmit usage information to a central database. In a further example, the system may transmit energy usage information to an energy service provider. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2516 , the system is configured to control one or more controllable breakers, relays, or a combination thereof. For example, the breakers, relays, or both may be coupled to one or more busbars, and may include a terminal to trip and reset the breaker that is coupled to processing equipment. Accordingly, the processing equipment may be configured to turn breakers, relays or both “on” or “off” depending on a desired usage (e.g., a time schedule for usage of a particular electrical circuit), a safety state (e.g., an overcurrent, near overcurrent, or inconsistent load profile), or any other suitable schedule. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2518 , the system is configured to control one or more controllable main breakers. For example, the main breaker may be coupled to an AC grid or meter and may include a terminal to trip and reset the breaker that is coupled to processing equipment. The processing equipment may turn the breaker on or off depending on safety information, user input, or other information. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2520 , the system is configured to schedule energy usage. For example, the system may determine a desired energy usage schedule based on the actual usage data and other suitable information. In a further example, the system may use controllable breakers, IoT connectivity, and PoL connectivity to schedule usage. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2522 , the system is configured to perform system checks. For example, the system may be configured to test breakers, check current sensors, check communications lines (e.g., using a lifeline or ping signal), or perform any other function indicating a status of the system. 
     In some embodiments, at step  2524 , the system is configured to provide output to one or more devices. For example, the system may be configured to provide output to an appliance (e.g., via PLC, WiFi, or Bluetooth), a DC-DC converter or DC-AC inverter (e.g., via serial communication, ethernet communication, WiFi, Bluetooth), a user device (e.g., a user&#39;s mobile smart phone), an electric vehicle charger or control system thereof, a solar panel array or control system thereof, a battery system or control system thereof. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the system may manage electrical loads by sensing currents, determining operating parameters, and controlling one or more breakers. The system (e.g., control circuitry thereof, using one or more current sensing modules thereof) may sense a plurality of currents. Each current of the plurality of currents may correspond to a respective controllable breaker. The system determines one or more operating parameters and controls each respective controllable breaker based on the current correspond to the respective controllable breaker and based on the one or more operating parameters. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the one or more operating parameters may include a plurality of current limits each corresponding to a respective current of the plurality of currents. If the respective current is greater than the corresponding current limit, the system may control the respective controllable breaker by opening the respective controllable breaker. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the one or more operating parameters may include a load profile including a schedule for limiting a total electrical load. The system may control each respective controllable breaker further based on the load profile. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the one or more operating parameters may include temporal information. The system may control each respective controllable breaker further based on the temporal information. For example, the temporal information may include an on-off time schedule for each breaker (e.g., which may be based on the measured load in that branch circuit), duration information (e.g., how long a branch circuit will be left on), any other suitable temporal information, an estimated time remaining (e.g., during operation on battery power, or until a pre-scheduled disconnect), or any combination thereof. 
     In an illustrative example of processes  2500 , the system may (e.g., at step  2510 ) detect a fault condition and determine the one or more operating parameters based on the fault condition. For example, the system may determine a faulted current (e.g., based on measured currents from step  2502 ), receive a fault indicator (e.g., from user input at step  2504 ), receive a fault indicator from a network entity (e.g., from system information at step  2506 ), receive a fault indicator from another device (e.g., from step  2508 ), determine a faulted condition in any other suitable manner, or any combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 26-30  show illustrative views and components of electrical panel  2600 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, panel  2600  is an illustrative example of system  100  of  FIG. 1 , which may be used to implement any of the illustrative configurations shown in  FIGS. 5-16 . 
       FIG. 26  shows bottom, side, and front views of illustrative panel  2600 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 27  shows a perspective view of illustrative panel  2600 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Panel  2600 , as illustrated, includes: 
     antennae enclosure  2602  (e.g., configured for housing an antennae for receiving/transmitting communications signals); 
     gateway  2604  (e.g., control circuitry); 
     dead-front  2606  (e.g., to provide a recognizable/safe user interface to breakers); power module  2608  (e.g., for powering components of panel  2600  with AC, DC, or both); 
     main breaker  2610  (e.g. controllable by gateway  2604 ); 
     main relay  2612  (e.g., for controlling main power using gateway  2604 ); 
     controllable circuit breaker(s)  2614  (e.g., for controlling branch circuits); 
     sensor boards  2616  and  2617  (e.g., for measuring current, voltage, or both, or characteristics thereof, panel  2600  includes two sensor boards); 
     inner load center  2618  (e.g., including busbars and back-plane); and 
     power electronics  2620  (e.g., for generating/managing a DC bus, for interfacing to loads and generation). 
     In some embodiments, inner load center  2618  of panel  2600  is configured to accommodate a plurality of controllable circuit breakers  2614 , wherein each breaker is communicatively coupled to gateway  2604  (e.g., either directly or via an interface board). As illustrated, panel  2600  includes inner enclosure  2650  and outer enclosure  2651 . Outer enclosure  2651  may be configured to house power electronics  2620  and any other suitable components (e.g. away from usual access by a user for safety considerations). In some embodiments, inner enclosure  2650  provides access to breaker toggles for a user, as well as access to a user interface of gateway  2604 . To illustrate, conductors (e.g., two single phase lines 180 degrees out of phase and a neutral, three-phase lines and a neutral, or any other suitable configuration) from a service drop may be routed to the top of panel  2600  (e.g., an electric meter may be installed just above panel  2600 ), terminating at main breaker  2610 . Each line, and optionally neutral, is then routed to main relay  2612 , which controls provision of electrical power to/from inner load center  2618  (e.g., busbars thereof). Below main relay  2612 , each line is coupled to a respective busbar (e.g., to which controllable circuit breakers  2614  may be affixed). In some embodiments, a bus bar may include or be equipped with current sensors such as shunt current sensors, current transformers, Rogowski coils, any other suitable current sensors, or any combination thereof. The neutral may be coupled to a terminal strip, busbar, or any other suitable distribution system (e.g., to provide a neutral to each controllable circuit breaker, branch circuit, current sensor, or a combination thereof). Sensor boards  2616  and  2617 , as illustrated, each include a plurality of current sensors (e.g., each branch circuit may have a dedicated current sensor). Sensor boards  2616  and  2617  may output analog signals, conditioned analog signals (e.g., filtered, amplified), digital signals (e.g., including level shifting, digital filtering, of electrical or optical character), any other suitable output, or any combination thereof. 
       FIGS. 28A-28D  shows several views of sensor board  2616  (e.g., sensor board  2617  may be identical, similar, or dissimilar to sensor board  2616 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 29  shows a perspective view of sensor board  2616 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In reference to  FIG. 28A  shows a top view of sensor board  2616 ,  FIG. 28B  shows a side view of sensor board  2616 ,  FIG. 28C  shows an end view of sensor board  2616 , and  FIG. 28D  shows a bottom view of sensor board  2616 . As illustrated, sensor board  2616  includes PCB  2691 , PCB support  2692  affixed to PCB  2691 , current sensors  2690  affixed to PCB  2691 , indicators  2696  (e.g., LED indicators), controller ports  2693 , power and I/O port  2694 , and power and I/O port  2695 . Each current sensor of current sensors  2690  includes a passthrough to accommodate a line or neutral to sense current. For example, each current sensor of current sensor  2690  may correspond to a branch circuit. In some embodiments, power and I/O ports  2694  and  2695  are configured to be coupled to other sensor boards (e.g., sensor board  2617 ), a power supply (e.g., power module  2608 ), gateway  2604 , any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, controller port  2693  is configured to interface to control circuitry (e.g., of gateway  2604  or otherwise) to receive/, transmit, or both, communications signals. In some embodiments, ports  2693 ,  2694 , and  2695  are configured to communicate analog signals, electric power (e.g., DC power), digital signals, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 30  shows an exploded perspective view of illustrative panel  2600  (i.e., exploded panel  3000 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Panel  3000  more clearly illustrates components of panel  2600 . 
     Some illustrative aspects of the systems described herein are described below. For example, any of the illustrative systems, components, and configurations described in the context of  FIGS. 1-22, 24, and 26-30  may be used to implement any of the techniques, processes, and use cases described herein. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) is configured for grid health monitoring; managing energy reserves and power flow; and integrating ATS/disconnect functionality into a panel. A circuit breaker panelboard may be designed for connection to both a utility grid as well as a battery inverter or other distributed energy resource, and may include one or more switching devices on the circuit connecting the panelboard to the utility point of connection, one or more switching devices on the branch circuits serving loads, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system includes voltage measurement means connected to all phases of the utility grid side of the utility point of connection circuit switching device, which are in turn connected to logic circuitry capable of determining the status of the utility grid. In some embodiments, the system includes one or more logic devices (e.g., control circuitry of a gateway) capable of generating a signal to cause the switching device (e.g., main relay  2612  of  FIG. 26 ) to disconnect the panelboard from the utility grid when the utility grid status is unsuitable for powering the loads connected to the panelboard, thereby forming a local electrical system island and either passively allows or causes the distributed energy resource to supply power to this island (e.g., using electrical signaling or actuation of circuit connected switching devices). In some embodiments, the system includes a preprogrammed selection of branch circuits, which are capable of being disabled when the local electrical system is operating as an island, in order to optimize energy consumption or maintain the islanded electrical system power consumption at a low enough level to be supplied by the distributed energy resource. In some embodiments, the system executes logic that generates and/or uses forecasts of branch circuit loads, appliance loads, measurements of branch circuit loads (e.g., based on signals from a sensor board), or a combination thereof to dynamically disconnect or reconnect branch circuits to the distributed energy resource, send electrical signals to appliances on branch circuits enabling or disabling them in order to optimize energy consumption, maintain the islanded electrical system power consumption at a low enough level to be supplied by the distributed energy resource, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system includes an energy reservoir device such as, for example, one or more capacitors or batteries, capable of maintaining logic power and switching device actuation power in the period after the utility grid point of connection circuit switching device has disconnected the electrical system from the utility grid, and before the distributed energy resource begins to supply power to the islanded electrical system, in order to facilitate actuation of point of connection and branch circuit switching devices to effect the aforementioned functions. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) is configured to provide hardware safety for phase imbalance or excessive phase voltage in a panelboard serving an islanded electrical system. In some embodiments, the system includes a circuit breaker panelboard (e.g., panel  2600  of  FIG. 26 ) designed for connection to a battery inverter or other distributed energy resource. The panelboard may be configured to operate in islanded mode, with the served AC electrical system disconnected from any utility grid. In some embodiments, a distributed energy resource supplying power to the panelboard is connected using fewer power conductors (hereafter “conductors”) than the electrical system served by the panelboard. The panelboard may include a transformer or autotransformer, or be designed for connection to a transformer or autotransformer provided with at least one set of windings with terminals equal in number to the number of conductors of the electrical system served by the panelboard. In some embodiments, the transformer is designed to receive power from a connection including the same number of power conductors as the connection to the distributed energy resource. 
     In some embodiments, a panelboard includes a plurality of electronic hardware safety features and a plurality of electrical switching devices (e.g., controllable relays and circuit breakers). For example, the safety features may be designed to monitor either the difference in voltage of all of the power conductors of the supplied electrical system, designed to monitor the difference in voltage of each of the conductors of the electrical system with respect to a shared return power conductor (“neutral”), or both. The system (e.g., control circuitry thereof) may monitor voltages, hereafter termed “phase voltages,” or a suitable combination of monitoring of difference in voltages and phase voltages such that the power supply voltage to all devices served by the electrical system is thereby monitored. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) includes safety features configured to maintain a safe state when subjected to a single point component or wiring fault. For example, the safety features may be configured to entirely break the connection between the distributed energy resource and the panelboard if conditions that could lead to excessive voltages being supplied to any load served by the panelboard are detected. In a further example, a panelboard connected to a 240V battery inverter having two terminals with corresponding conductors. In some embodiments, the panelboard includes an autotransformer having two windings and three terminals, and is configured to serve an islanded electrical system of the 120V/240V split phase type. This configuration, for example, includes three conductors that are used to supply two 120V circuits with respect to a shared neutral conductor, each of the 120V conductors being supplied with power 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the other. In some such embodiments, the panelboard includes one or more of the following: 
     (1) A single phase 240V battery inverter containing an overvoltage detection circuit, which disables output of the inverter when excessive voltages are detected. 
     (2) A central voltage imbalance detector circuit, which sends a signal when an imbalance in phase voltage is detected. 
     (3) Two separate actuation circuits associated with two separate switching devices, each switching device being in circuit with the battery inverter. 
     (4) Two voltage amplitude detector circuits, one associated with each switching device, and each monitoring one phase of the electrical system. 
     (5) Actuation circuits configured to disconnect the associated switching device if either the central voltage imbalance detector signal is transmitted, or an excessive voltage associated with the monitored electrical system phase is detected, or if the logic power supply to the actuation circuit is lost. 
     (6) Optionally, an energy reservoir associated with each actuation circuit, to enable each actuation circuit to take the action needed to disconnect the switching device after loss of logic power supply to the actuation circuit, especially if the switching device is bi-stable. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) includes a plurality of metering circuits connected to control circuitry (e.g., a gateway) that monitor current transducers associated with one busbar (e.g., included in a sensor board). In some embodiments, an electrical panelboard includes at least one power distribution conductor (hereafter “bus bar” and referring to any rigid or flexible power distribution conductors) that distributes power to multiple branch circuits. For example, each branch circuit may include one or more current transducers such as current measurement shunts, non-isolated current transformers, non-isolated Rogowski coils, any other suitable current sensor, or any combination thereof (e.g., using sensor board  2616  of  FIG. 26  or any other suitable sensor system). In some embodiments, all branch circuits associated with a given bus bar are monitored by a plurality of metering circuits that each measure current or power associated with a given branch circuit or set of branch circuits (e.g., using sensor board  2616  of  FIG. 26  or any other suitable sensor system). The metering circuits may be connected together without need for galvanic isolation, and the metering circuits may include, for example, a system of common mode filters, differential amplifiers, or both. For example, metering circuits including one or more filters or filter systems may be able to produce accurate results from the signals generated by the current transducers even in the presence of transient or steady state voltage differences existing between the transducers of each branch circuit served by the bus bar. Such differences may result from voltage differences associated with current flow through the resistive or inductive impedance of the bus bar and branch circuit system, and may be coupled to the current transducers either by direct galvanic connection or capacitive coupling, parasitic or intentional. 
     In the present disclosure, “non-isolated” is understood to mean the condition which exists between two electrical conductors either when they are in direct electrical contact, or when any insulation or spacing between them is of insufficient strength or size to provide for the functional or safety design requirements which would be needed if one of the conductors were energized by an electric potential associated with a conductor in the electrical system served by the panelboard, and the other conductor were to be either left floating, or connected to a different potential served by the electrical system. 
     In some embodiments, metering circuits (e.g., which transmit sensor signals) share a common logic or low voltage power supply system. In some embodiments, metering circuits share a non-isolated communication medium. In some embodiments, metering circuits are collocated on a single printed circuit board (e.g., sensor board  2616  of  FIG. 26 ), which is physically close to the bus bar and is sized similarly in length to the bus bar, and in which a printed low voltage power distribution conductor associated with the metering circuits is electrically connected to the bus bar at a single central point, near the middle of the length of the bus bar. In some embodiments, a power supply system is galvanically bonded to the bus bar at one or more points. 
     In some embodiments, a system (e.g., system  100  of  FIG. 1 ) includes an electrical connection to the bus bar that is made using a pair of resistance elements (e.g., resistors) connected between the printed power distribution conductor and each of the leads associated with a single current measurement shunt type of current transducer (e.g., which each serve one of the branch circuits). For example, the transducer may be arranged near the middle of the length of the bus bar. Further, the resistance elements may be sized such that any current flow through them caused by the potential drop across the shunt transducer is negligible in comparison to the resistance of the shunt and the resistances of any connecting conductors that connect the shunt to the resistances, so as not to materially affect the signal voltage produced by the transducer when said current flows. 
     In some embodiments, a pair of systems (e.g., two instances of system  100  of  FIG. 1 , which may be but need not be similarly configured) as have been previously described are included, with one system being associated with each line voltage bus bar of a split phase 120V/240V electrical panelboard. In some embodiments, each of the systems is connected to a central communication device or computing device (e.g., including control circuitry) by means of a galvanically isolated communications link, and in which each system is served by a separate, galvanically isolated power supply 
       FIG. 31  shows a block diagram of a system including illustrative electrical panel  3110  having relays, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. An AC source, such as an AC service drop  3101  includes one or more electrical conductors configured to transmit AC power. As illustrated in  FIG. 31 , service drop  3101  includes a neutral (e.g., a grounded neutral), a first line (e.g., L1 that is 120 VAC), and a second line (e.g., L2 that is 120 VAC and 180 degrees out of phase with L1). The service drop lines are coupled to electrical meter  3102 , which is configured to sense, record, or both electrical power usage and generation. For example, electrical meter  3102  may include current and voltage sensors that are used to determine usage. The L1 and L2 lines are coupled to main contactor  3111 , which is used to disconnect components of electrical panel  3110  from AC service drop  3101  (e.g., for safety, service, or component installation). For example, as illustrated, main contactor  3111  may be a two pole, single throw contactor, configured to disconnect both L1 and L2 from the rest of electrical panel  3110 . Main relays  3112  and  3122  are configured to couple respective L1 and L2 to respective busbars  3113  and  3123 . In some embodiments, main relays  3112  and  3122  are communicatively coupled to control circuitry  3130 , and accordingly may be actuated open or closed by control circuitry  3130 . For example, main relays  3112  and  3122  may include control terminals configured to be coupled to control circuitry  3130 , and current carrying terminals configured to conduct current from L1 and L2. Main relays  3112  and  3122  may include, for example, solenoid-based relays, solid state relays, any other suitable type of relay, or any combination thereof. Busbars  3113  and  3123  are each configured to interface to a coupled to a plurality of relays and sensors, which in turn are coupled to corresponding circuit breakers. In some embodiments, busbars  3113  and  3123  distribute lines L1 and L2 to a plurality of respective relays  3114  and  3124  having integrated current sensors. For example, busbar  3113  may be engaged with a plurality of relays  3114  having a measurement current shunt included. Voltage measurement leads may be coupled to the current shunt (e.g., having a known and precise resistance or impedance), and also coupled to control circuitry  3130  for voltage measurements (e.g., real-time voltage measurements across the respective shunts to determine real-time current flow). In an illustrative example, the current shunt may include a strip of metal having a precise geometry, or otherwise precisely known electrical resistance. In some embodiments, control circuitry  3130  is configured to open and close relays  3114  and  3124 , as well as read voltage drops across current shunts. Breakers  3115  and  3125  may include circuit breakers configured to provide mechanical circuitry breaking, or manual circuit breaking. For example, breakers  3115  and  3125  are accessible by a user to reset, shut off, and observe (e.g., observe if tripped). Breakers  3115  engage with relays  3114  and breakers  3125  engage with relays  3124 . The output of breakers  3115  and  3125  are lines L1 and L2, available to be coupled to the wiring and load of the site (e.g., load  3140 ), for example. 
     In an illustrative example, referencing  FIG. 31 , electrical panel  3110  may be a “main” panel for a residence. The electrical utility may provide, manage or specify requirements of service drop  3101  (or distribution lines coupled thereto), electrical meter  3102  (e.g., record usage from meter  3102  at some schedule), or both. Electrical panel may include main contractor  3111  near the top of the panel, with main relays  3112  and  3122  arranged behind (e.g., deeper into the wall, as viewed by a user) main contactor  3111 . 
     In an illustrative example, referencing  FIG. 31 , electrical panel  3110  may be retrofitted into a residential electrical system, displacing a conventional panel. In some embodiments, main contactor  3111  (or main breaker in some embodiments), main relays  3112  and  3122 , busbars  3113  and  3123 , and branch relays  3114  and  3124 , are installed on a backing plate. In some such embodiments, a dead-front panel is installed to cover the relay components and busbars, with only bus bar tabs exposed thus providing access for breakers to be engaged with the relay-switched busbars. 
     In some embodiments, one or more relays are included in a panel, and are controllable by control circuitry  3130 . In some such embodiments, the system is configured for mechanical circuit breaking (e.g., from circuit breakers), controlled circuit breaking (e.g., from relays), circuit shut-off and reset (e.g., from circuit breakers, relays, or both), or a combination thereof. For example, a user may interact with electrical panel  3110  manually (e.g., by opening or closing breakers), via an integrated user interface (e.g., a touchscreen or touchpad), via a software application (e.g., installed on a smart phone or other user device), or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 32  shows a block diagram of system  3200  including an illustrative electrical panel having relays  3230  and  3231 , and shunt current sensors  3220  and  3221 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, system  3200  includes main breaker  3201 , main current sensors  3202 , main relay  3203 , lines  3204  and  3205  (e.g., L1 and L2), shunts  3220  and  3221 , relays  3230  and  3231 , breakers  3240  and  3241 , shunts  3290  and  3291 , relays  3297  and  3292 , breakers  3298  and  3293 , autotransformer  3299 , inverter  3294 , relay drive override  3280 , and phase imbalance monitor  3270 . 
     A first branch includes line  3204  (e.g., L1), with shunt current sensors  3220 , relays  3230 , and breakers  3240  coupled in series for each branch circuit. Similarly, a second branch includes line  3205  (e.g., L2), with shunt current sensors  3221 , relays  3231 , and breakers  3241  coupled in series for each branch circuit. Also coupled to lines  3204  and  3205  are shunt current sensors  3290 , relays  3297 , breakers  3298 , and autotransformer  3299 , as well as shunt current sensors  3291 , relays  3292 , breakers  3293 , and inverter  3294 . Relay driver override  3280  is coupled to each of relays  3297 ,  3292 , and phase imbalance monitor  3270 . 
       FIGS. 33A-42  show illustrative examples of components and aspects of an electrical panel, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the illustrative components shown in  FIGS. 33A-42  may be included in an electrical panel such as electrical panel  3110  of  FIG. 31 , electrical panel  3200  of  FIG. 32 , or any other suitable electrical panel. 
       FIG. 33A  shows a front view,  FIG. 33B  shows a side view, and  FIG. 33C  shows a bottom view of an illustrative assembly including a backing plate with branch relays and control boards installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.  FIG. 34  shows perspective view  3400  and exploded view  3450  of the illustrate assembly of  FIGS. 33A-33C , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, eight branch relays  3310  are installed on backing plate  3303  (e.g., in a 4×2 arrangement), with first terminal  3312  of each branch relay  3310  secured to a busbar (e.g., busbar  3301  or busbar  3302 ), and second terminal  3311  of each branch relay  3310  extending outwards (e.g., in the side view, towards a user to the left). For example, as illustrated first terminals  3312  are secured by threaded fasteners (e.g., nuts threaded onto studs such as pem studs). A plurality of wires  3355  connect branch relays  3310  to corresponding connectors  3356  of a corresponding control board (e.g., control board  3350  or control board  3351 , although in some embodiments, a single board may be used). For example, wires  3355  may be configured to transmit control signals from control boards  3350  and  3351  to each relay  3310  to cause the relay to open or close a circuit. In a further example, wires  3355  may be configured to transmit sensor signals (e.g., voltage signals) from a current shunt integrated into each relay  3310  to control boards  3350  and  3351  (e.g., which may determine current based on the voltage drop across the shunt). In some embodiments, backing plate  3303  is configured to be mounted to an electrical enclosure, to a building structure, included in an electrical assembly, or a combination thereof. As illustrated, each of control boards  3350  and  3351  includes four connectors  3356 , although any suitable number of control boards may be included (e.g., one, two, or more than two, and each control board may include any suitable number of connectors, electrical terminals, or electrical interfaces. As illustrated in  FIG. 34 , second terminals  3311  are also referred to herein as “branch breaker tabs,” control boards  3350  and  3351  are also referred to herein as “Column PCBs” or control circuitry, and backing plate  3303  is also referred to herein as a “main bus housing.” In some embodiments, each of control boards  3350  and  3351  may be electrically coupled to a central controller, which may include control circuitry, a user interface, a communications interface, memory, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. For example, each of control boards  3350  and  3351  may be connected via a cable (e.g., having suitable terminating connectors), terminated wires, or both to the controller. As illustrated in  FIG. 34 , main busbars  3301  and  3302  are included, which may correspond to two different AC lines (e.g., L1 and L2 of a utility service drop). It will be understood that although shown as coupled to control boards  3350  and  3351 , wires  3355  that are coupled to branch relays  3310  may be coupled to a central controller having control circuitry, and accordingly control boards  3350  and  3351  need not be included. Control boards  3350  and  3351  may include control circuitry, be installed intermediately between branch relays  3310  and a central controller, or may be omitted entirely. It will be understood that control boards  3350 ,  3351 , or both may provide any suitable functionality and may include, for example, a current sensing board, a sensor board, and interface board, a PCB, any other suitable control circuitry, or any combination thereof. For example, a control board may be configured to receive sensor signals, provide control signals, execute a feedback control loop, condition signals (e.g., amplify, filter, or modulate), convert signals, generate signals, manage electric power, receive and transmit digital signals, any other suitable function, or any combination thereof. It will be understood that a control board may provide any suitable functionality and may include, for example, a current sensing board, a sensor board, and interface board, a PCB, any other suitable control circuitry, or any combination thereof. For example, a control board may be configured to receive sensor signals, provide control signals, execute a feedback control loop, condition signals (e.g., amplify, filter, or modulate), convert signals, generate signals, manage electric power, receive and transmit digital signals, any other suitable function, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 35A  shows a front view,  FIG. 35B  shows a side view,  FIG. 35C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 35D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including backing plate  3303  with branch relays  3310  and control boards  3350  and  3351  installed, deadfront  3330  installed, and circuit breakers  3320  installed, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Circuit breakers  3320  engage with second terminals  3311  of branch relays  3310  to create a branch circuit. 
       FIG. 36A  shows a front view,  FIG. 36B  shows a side view,  FIG. 36C  shows a bottom view, and  FIG. 36D  shows a perspective view of an illustrative assembly including backing plate  3303  with branch relays  3310  and control boards  3350  and  3351  installed, deadfront  3330  installed, and circuit breakers  3320  installed, wherein the branch relay sensor and control wires  3357  are illustrated, in accordance with some embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D  is the same as the assembly of  FIGS. 35A-35D , with sensor and relay control wires  3357  added in  FIGS. 36A-36D . For example, each branch relay  3310  may include three control terminals, configured to allow two-way actuation of the control coil (e.g., for solenoid actuated relays). In some embodiments, the sensing wires and relay control wires  3357  (e.g., from the current shunt and sense pins and actuator pins) may be, but need not be, terminated at a single connector. For example, as illustrated, a single connector  3356  is included for each branch relay  3310 . 
       FIG. 37A  shows an exploded perspective view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , and  FIG. 37B  shows an exploded side view of the illustrative assembly of  FIGS. 36A-36D , with some components labeled, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, each of branch relays  3310  may include electrical terminals configured to engage with an electrical connector (e.g., of a wiring harness), to engage with individual terminating connectors of a wire bundle or cable, to be soldered to, any other suitable electrical interface, or any combination thereof. For example, installer deadfront  3330 , neutral bar(s)  3304 , and branch circuit breakers  3320  may be added to the assembly of  FIGS. 33A-34  to create the assembly of  FIGS. 36A-37B . In some embodiments, installer deadfront  3330  is installed to hide branch relays  3310  from a user, prevent access to branch relays  3310  by a user, or otherwise provide a simplified interface to a user. For example, a user can interact with, replace, install, and view branch circuit breakers  3320  without having access to branch relays  3310 , which are controllable by control boards  3350  and  3351 , as illustrated. In a further example, neutral bars  3304  (e.g., coupled to a Neutral of a utility service drop) may secured to installer deadfront  3330  and may include screw terminals for affixing neutral wires. Branch circuit breakers  3320  may be installed, and be electrically coupled to second terminals  3311  of each branch relay  3310  to provide protected AC power. For example, each branch circuit breaker  3320  includes a terminal to which a wire may be secured (e.g., to provide AC voltage). An outer deadfront (not shown) may be installed to cover branch circuit breakers  3320 , providing access only to circuit breaker toggles  3321 , which a user may interact with. As illustrated in  FIGS. 36A-36D , each of branch circuit breakers  3320  may engage with a busbar (e.g., busbar  3301  or busbar  3302 ) and a neutral bar (e.g., either of neutral bars  3304 ), and may include corresponding terminals (e.g., line and neutral) to which branch circuit wiring may be terminated. In some embodiments, each of branch circuit breakers  3320  may engage busbar  3301  or  3302  and include a single output terminal, and the corresponding neutral wire may terminate at a neutral bus bar (e.g., neutral bar  3304 ) having a screw terminal, for example. Any suitable type of branch circuit breaker  3320  may be included (e.g., a manual breaker, a controllable breaker, a cheater breaker, a di-pole breaker), having any suitable capacity or operating characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. An assembly may include backing plate  3303 , busbars  3301  and  3302 , a relay layer (e.g., an array of branch relays  3310  affixed to busbars  3301  or  3302 ), a deadfront layer (e.g., deadfront  3330 ), a circuit breaker layer (e.g., an array of branch circuit breakers  3320  each affixed to busbars  3301  or  3302 ), and a customer deadfront layer (not shown), all arranged in an electrical enclosure. 
       FIG. 38A  shows a front view,  FIG. 38B  shows a side view,  FIG. 38C  shows a bottom view,  FIG. 38D  shows a perspective view,  FIG. 38E  shows a perspective exploded view, and  FIG. 38F  shows a side exploded view of illustrative assembly  3800  including relay housing  3830  with main relay  3810  installed, main breaker  3820  installed, and busbars  3801  and  3802 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Main relay  3810  includes two first terminals coupled to two respective busbars  3801  and  3802  (e.g., L1 and L2). Main relay  3810  also includes two second terminals coupled to two respective terminals of main breaker  3820  (e.g., corresponding to L1 and L2 housed by main bus housing  3803 ). Main breaker  3820  is coupled to L1 and L2 from an electrical meter, for example. Main relay  3810  may also be referred to as an “islanding relay,” because it is configured to disconnect the panel and panel circuits from the AC source (e.g., a utility service drop). As illustrated, current sensors  3811  (e.g., current transformers or any other suitable current sensor) are installed on each of L1 and L2 to sense currents in the AC lines. For example, the current sensors may be coupled to control circuitry via wires such that the control circuitry may determine the current in either or both of L1 and L2 (e.g., instantaneous, averaged or otherwise derived current). The two cable portions  3899  illustrated in  FIGS. 38A-38D  include sensor wires corresponding to the solid core current transformers. 
       FIG. 39  shows a perspective view of illustrative branch relay  3900 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Breaker tab  3920  is the secondary terminal (e.g., secondary terminal  3311  of  FIGS. 33A-34 , to which a branch circuit breaker (e.g., one of branch circuit breakers  3320  of  FIGS. 35A-37B ) is electrically coupled. Main bus tab  3911  is the first terminal (e.g., first terminal  3312  of  FIGS. 33A-34 ), which is secured to a busbar. Shunt sense pins  3950  may provide electrical terminals to which wires may be affixed (e.g., crimped, soldered, clamped, or otherwise) for measuring a voltage difference across shunt  3960  (e.g., which includes a precise, or precisely known, resistive element). Sense pin  3951  may provide electrical terminals to which a wire may be affixed (e.g., crimped, soldered, clamped, or otherwise) for measuring a voltage at the output of branch relay  3900  (e.g., just before the corresponding branch circuit breaker). For example, sense pin  3951  and shunt sense pins  3950  may be coupled to control circuitry to determine a state of branch relay  3900 , an operating condition of branch relay  3900 , or any other suitable information about branch relay  3900 . Main bus tab  3911  is configured to be secured to a stud of a busbar or a bolt affixed to a busbar. Shunt  3960  may include any suitable material (e.g., a metal or metal alloy such as manganin, a metallic wound wire, a thin dielectric, a carbon film), having any suitable electrical properties (e.g., resistance, impedance, and temperature dependence thereof) and any suitable geometry (e.g., flat, cylindrical, wound, a thin film with electrodes) for measuring an electrical current. 
       FIG. 40  shows a perspective view of illustrative branch relay  3900  and circuit breaker  4020  (e.g., forming assembly  4000 ), in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Branch circuit breaker  4020  is secured to breaker tab  3920  (e.g., a second terminal). For example, branch circuit breaker  4020  may include a clamp mechanism that clamps breaker tab  3920 , thus maintaining electrical contact between branch circuit breaker  4020  and branch relay  3900 . In some embodiments, a deadfront (not shown) may physically separate branch circuit breaker  4020  from branch relay  3900 , except for openings where breaker tab  3920  protrudes. Circuit breaker  4020  includes toggle  4021  for switching, resetting, or otherwise manually controlling circuit breaker  4020 . 
       FIG. 41  shows an exploded perspective view of illustrative panel  4100  having branch circuits, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated, no installer deadfront is included in panel  4200 , although a deadfront may optionally be included. For example, main busbars  4101  and  4102  may include respective current shunt in the branch extensions (e.g., the structures extending inward to which branch relays  4110  are secured). In a further example, main busbars  4101  and  4102  may include a comb-like structure as illustrated in  FIG. 41 , and each extension configured to secure one of branch relays  4110 , which may include a current shunt with sense pins or terminals to determine a branch current based on voltage drop across the shunt. In some embodiments, each of branch relays  4110  may include electrical terminals configured to engage with an electrical connector (e.g., of a wiring harness), to engage with individual terminating connectors of a wire bundle or cable, to be soldered to, any other suitable electrical interface, or any combination thereof. Branch circuit breakers  4120  may be installed, and be electrically coupled to second terminals of each branch relay  4110  to provide protected AC power. For example, each branch circuit breaker  4120  includes a terminal to which a wire may be secured (e.g., to provide AC voltage). An outer deadfront (not shown) may be installed to cover branch circuit breakers  4120 , providing access only to circuit breaker toggles  4121 , which a user may interact with. In some embodiments, each of branch circuit breakers  4120  may engage busbar  4101  or  4102  and include a single output terminal, and the corresponding neutral wire may terminate at a neutral bus bar having a screw terminal, for example. Any suitable type of branch circuit breaker  4120  may be included (e.g., a manual breaker, a controllable breaker, a cheater breaker, a di-pole breaker), having any suitable capacity or operating characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. An assembly may include backing plate  4103 , busbars  4101  and  4102 , a relay layer (e.g., an array of branch relays  4110  affixed to busbars  4101  or  4102 ), a deadfront layer (e.g., not shown), a circuit breaker layer (e.g., an array of branch circuit breakers  4120  each affixed to busbars  4101  or  4102 ), and a customer deadfront layer (not shown), all arranged in an electrical enclosure. In some embodiments, as illustrated, wires  4155  may be configured to transmit sensor signals (e.g., voltage signals) from a current shunt integrated into each relay  4110  to connectors  4156  of control boards  4150  and  4151  (e.g., which may determine current based on the voltage drop across the shunt). In some embodiments, as illustrated, wires  4155  may be configured to transmit relay control signals from control boards  4150  and  4151  to suitable terminals of branch relays  4110 . 
       FIG. 42  shows a perspective view of illustrative installed panel  4200  having branch circuits  4220 , a main breaker  4208 , and autotransformer  4290 , in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Several components are not shown in  FIG. 42  for clarity including, for example, a customer deadfront, a panel front, incoming conduit and AC lines, and outgoing branch circuit conduits and corresponding wires. In some embodiments, electrical panel  4200  is configured to be installed in a residential structure (e.g., between sixteen-inch-spaced wall two-by-fours  4280 ). As illustrated, main lines L1 and L2, and the neutral line are introduced through the top of panel  4200  (e.g., in conduit coupled to a knockout in the panel top), from an electrical meter. The main lines are then routed to main breaker  4208 , to the main relays (not shown), to the main busbars, to the branch relays having shunts, to the branch circuit breakers, and finally to the branch circuits (e.g., the residential wiring and outlets and ultimately electrical loads). As illustrated, autotransformer  4270  is included, and coupled to an external device (not shown). The external device may include an inverter (e.g., from a solar PV installation) or other non-grid AC source. In some embodiments, the autotransformer has a fixed winding ratio (e.g., a fixed voltage ratio). In some embodiments, autotransformer  4270  has a variable and controllable winding ratio (e.g., a variable voltage ratio). For example, autotransformer  4270  may be coupled to the main busbars and neural line via relays. When grid-connected, autotransformer  4270  may be disconnected from the busbars and neutral. When islanding, main relays and/or breaker  4208  may be opened, and autotransformer  4270  relays are closed, thus electrically coupling the branch circuit neutrals to an inverter neutral, and coupling the main busbars to lines of the inverter with suitable voltage conversion at the autotransformer. 
     Computer  4240  illustrated in  FIG. 42  includes control circuitry configured to manage and control aspects of the electrical panel. For example, computer  4240  may be configured to control the throw position of one or more main relays (e.g., coupled to main breaker  4208 ), one or more branch relays, any other suitable relay or controllable switch, or any combination thereof (e.g., of branch circuits  4220 ). In a further example, computer  4240  may be configured to receive analog signals from a sense pin (e.g., to determine a state of a relay), shunt sense pin (e.g., to determine a current), a current sensor (e.g., to determine a current), a voltage sensor (e.g., to determine a voltage), a temperature sensor (e.g., to determine a surface, component, or environmental temperature), any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. Computer  4240  may include a power supply, a power converter (e.g., a DC-DC, AC-AC, DC-AC, or AC-DC converter), a digital I/O interface (e.g., connectors, pins, headers, or cable pigtails), an analog-to-digital converter, a signal conditioner (e.g., an amplifier, a filter, a modulation), a network controller, a user interface (e.g., a display device, a touchscreen, a keypad), memory (e.g., solid state memory, a hard drive, or other memory), a processor configured to execute programmed computer instructions, any other suitable equipment, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, panel  4200  of  FIG. 42  includes one or more control boards coupled to branch relays, main relays, and the computer. In some embodiments, computer  4240  is coupled directly to branch relays, main relays, sensors, any other suitable components of the panel, or any combination thereof. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may allow branch circuit monitoring. In some embodiments, high-accuracy branch circuit monitoring may be achieved, because each circuit is populated with an integrated shunt (e.g., with a calibrated resistive element) configured to measure the current flowing through each circuit. Electrical power in each branch circuit may be determined based on the current and voltage. For each branch circuit, this functionality provides the ability to perform in-line measurement of real power, reactive power, energy, any other suitable parameters, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, for the mains (e.g., L1 and L2) entering the panel, high-accuracy solid-core current sensors (e.g., current shunts) are assembled on each busbar to provide energy metering on each branch circuit (e.g., whole-home metering). In some embodiments, the control boards are designed to accommodate pre-assembled shunts, split-core CT inputs (e.g., to measure retrofitted PV circuits, sub-panel, or other similar devices connected to the panel), or both. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may allow branch circuit control. In some embodiments, each branch circuit is fitted with a controllable relay that is directly mounted on a main busbar thus allowing for individual circuit level controls. In some embodiments, the branch relay&#39;s inputs allow for easy installation within an electrical panel and the breaker tabs are designed to accommodate standard molded-case circuit breakers. In some embodiments, each relay is actuated independently and in real-time by control circuitry, thus allowing for software-defined load controls within the panel. In some embodiments, relays are designed such that the only exposed component of the panel to the installer is the breaker tab where the branch circuit breaker is mounted (e.g., the installer deadfront hides the remaining portion of the relay). In some embodiments, the branch relay breaker tab is provided with a sense pin configured to detect the throw position of the relay in real-time (e.g., on or off based on the voltage at the sense pin). A relay may have any suitable rating, capacity, or operating characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In an illustrative example, a branch relay may be rated to  90 A (e.g., higher than a typical residential circuit or circuit breaker), which allows for the branch circuit breaker to operate normally as the passive safety device. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may have an architecture that allows branch level sensing and actuation. In some embodiments, the branch level sensing and actuation is achieved using a control board. In some embodiments, the control board is configured to receive analog signals from a plurality of shunt resistors. In some embodiments, the control board may include relay drivers configured to receive control signals from control circuitry (e.g., low-voltage DC signals generated by a gateway computer). A control board may include an analog-to-digital converter, a digital I/O interface, a power supply or power conversion module, any other suitable components or functionality, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an electrical panel includes two control boards, arranged one on either side of the interior of the panel and each with the ability to manage a plurality of circuits (e.g., simultaneously). For example, a panel may include twenty circuit branches on each side of the panel. In some embodiments, a busbar configuration allows for inter-changing lines L1 and L2 connections, making it possible to connect a di-pole breaker (e.g., for a 240 VAC branch coupled to both L1 and L2). In some embodiments, one or more control boards and associated control logic allow for configuring current sensors and relay actuators in groups or clusters. For example, a relatively large load connected to a di-pole breaker could be configured to be treated as a single branch for the purposes of energy metering and load controls. In some embodiments, control boards are connected to a main board (e.g., a carrier board) that is capable of performing additional computations as well as supporting software applications. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may include one or more autotransformer (e.g., a single winding transformer). Many solar/hybrid inverters require an external autotransformer to provide a neutral reference for phase-balanced loads. In some embodiments, an electrical panel includes an autotransformer that is enabled/sourced (e.g., through a pair of relays) during off-grid operations (e.g., when islanding). In some embodiments, the control circuitry may include control logic that ensures that the autotransformer is only connected to one or more busbars during off-grid operations. In some embodiments, an electrical panel is designed to provide suitable cooling for an autotransformer. For example, cooling may be achieved by passive or active cooling elements such as fins, fans, heat exchangers, any other suitable components, or any combination thereof. An autotransformer may include a fixed primary-secondary voltage ratio, or may include a variable primary-secondary voltage ratio. In an illustrative example, a solar PV inverter may provide a first AC voltage, which may be reduced by the autotransformer to match the line-neutral voltage between a busbar and the neutral of the panel. Accordingly, the solar PV system need not output the same AC voltage as required by electrical loads. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may include one or more busbars. Each busbar may be designed to easily couple to a main breaker and a main relay, as well as a plurality of branch circuit breakers through a plurality of branch relays having corresponding shunt resistors. In some embodiments, a busbar may include or having installed with threaded studs (e.g., pem studs) to allow for easy alignment and assembly with each branch relay while ensuring that the L1, L2 configuration inside a panel is preserved (e.g., to meet industry standards). In some embodiments, a busbar is designed with terminals (e.g., spring terminals or screw terminals) to allow devices such as sub-panels to be powered from the panel without the need for branch circuit breakers. 
     In an illustrative example, in the context of  FIGS. 31-42 , an electrical panel may include one or more deadfronts. In some embodiments, the sensing and relay actuation mechanism and control boards are assembled underneath an installer deadfront to ensure that the installation process is simplified/modular. In some embodiments, a neutral bar is mounted on the installer deadfront to allow plug-on neutral breakers to both be aligned with and serve as a path of current return for each circuit. In some embodiments, the only exposed portions of the relays are the breaker tabs to which the branch circuit breakers are mounted to. In some embodiments, an electrical panel includes a customer deadfront that goes in front of the breakers and the load wiring which only exposes the breaker toggles to the customer (e.g., a panel may, but need not, include an installer deadfront and a customer deadfront). In some embodiments, a status light for each branch circuit is embedded on the customer deadfront for ease of debugging the system as well as providing visual feedback on the status of individual circuits. For example, a plurality of LEDs may be included on the deadfront, and the LEDs may be wired to control circuitry configured to turn the LEDs on and off. In a further example, LEDs may include LEDs of different colors, size, or shape configured to indicate various states of the panel or circuits coupled thereto. 
     The systems and methods of the present disclosure may be used to, for example, provide circuit level prediction for load forecasting, managed backup controls and energy optimization using main circuit, branch circuit and/or appliance controls, dynamic time-remaining estimates incorporating circuit-level load and forecasting (e.g., solar forecasting), software-configured backup with real-time feedback, hardware safety for phase imbalance or excessive phase voltage in a panelboard serving an islanded electrical system, a plurality of metering circuits connected to common circuitry, monitoring of current transducers associated with one busbar, firmware updates of an electrical panel, a connection to distributed energy resources, a connection to appliances, third-party application support for distributed energy and home automation, grid health monitoring, energy reserve, and power flow management, any other suitable functionality, or any combination thereof. 
     The consumption of a home is predicted using high-frequency, short-term load forecasting on a circuit level, an appliance level, or both. High frequency measurements on the circuit level may be disaggregated to identify individual appliances using, for example, a non-intrusive (e.g., appliance level) load monitoring algorithm. Information on circuit usage, appliance usage, consumption, or a combination thereof are extracted from the data and used to group the circuits and/or appliances into different categories using a clustering/classification algorithm to identify similar usage and consumption pattern. Depending on the category, a different forecast model is applied to account for specific consumption characteristics. The circuit/appliance level load predictions are aggregated to the household level. 
     In an illustrative example, measurements of current for each circuit branch and bus voltages may be used to determine electrical load at a given time, or over time, in a circuit. Information such as which appliances are connected to each branch, the temporal or spectral character of the current draw for those appliances, historical and/or current use information (e.g., time of day, frequency of use, duration of use), or any other suitable information may be used to disaggregate branch level measurements. 
       FIG. 43  shows illustrative system  4300  for managing electrical loads and sources, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. System  4300  includes control system  4310 , AC bus  4320 , one or more branch circuits  4330 , one or more appliances  4340 , one or more devices  4380  (e.g., which may include loads and/or sources), user device  4350 , and network device  4360 . Sensors may be coupled to control system  4310 , AC bus  4320 , one or more branch circuits  4330 , one or more appliances  4340 , one or more devices  4380 , or a combination thereof, and provide sensor signals to sensor system  4313 . Control system  4310 , as illustrated, includes control circuitry  4311 , memory  4312 , sensors system  4313  (e.g., which may include any component described herein for measuring current, voltage, or other electrical signals, and any suitable sensor interface), communications interface  4314 . Also, as illustrated, control system  4310  is coupled to AC bus  4320  (e.g., for voltage measurement, and main disconnect control), one or more branch circuits  4330  (e.g., for current measurement, breaker/relay control, or both), one or more appliances  4340  (e.g., to determine an appliance identifier (ID), directly control appliance operation, retrieve applicant information), or a combination thereof. 
     User device  4350 , illustrated as smartphone, is coupled to communications network  4301  (e.g., connected to the Internet). User device  4350  may be communicatively coupled to communications network  4301  via USB cables, IEEE 1394 cables, a wireless interface (e.g., Bluetooth, infrared, WiFi), any other suitable coupling or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, user device  4350  is configured to communicate directly with control system  4310 , one or more appliances  4340 , network device  4360 , any other suitable device, or any combination thereof using near field communication, Bluetooth, direct WiFi, a wired connection (e.g., USB cables, ethernet cables, multi-conductor cables having suitable connectors), any other suitable communications path not requiring communication network  4301 , or any combination thereof. User device  4350  may implement energy application  4351 , which may send and receive information from communication interface  4314  of control system  4310 . Energy application  4351  may be configured to store information and data, display information and data, receive information and data, analyze information and data, provide a visualization of information and data, otherwise interact with information and data, or a combination thereof. For example, energy application  4351  may interact with usage information (e.g., electrical load over time, electrical load per branch circuit), schedule information (e.g., peak usage, time histories, duration histories, planned operation schedules, predetermined interruptions), reference information (e.g., a reference usage schedule, a desired usage schedule or limit, thresholds for comparing operation parameters such as current or duration), historical information (e.g., past usage information, past fault information, past settings or selections, information from a plurality of users, statistical information corresponding to one or more users), energy information (e.g., energy source identification, power supply characteristics), user information (e.g., user demographic information, user profile information, user preferences, user settings, user generated settings for responding to faults), any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, energy application  4351  is implemented on user device  4350 , network device  4360 , or both. For example, energy application  4351  may be implemented as software or a set of executable instructions, which may be stored in memory storage of the user device  4350 , network device  4360 , or both and executed by control circuitry of the respective devices. 
     Network device  4360  may include a database (e.g., including usage information, schedule information, reference information, historical information, energy information, user information), one or more applications (e.g., as an application server, host server), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, network device  4360 , and any other suitable network-connected device, may provide information to control system  4310 , receive information from control system  4310 , provide information to user device  4350 , receive information from user device  4350 , provide information to one or more appliances  4340 , receive information from appliances  4340 , or any combination thereof. 
     Device(s)  4380  may include, for example, a battery system, an electric vehicle charging station, a solar panel system, a DC-DC converter, an AC-DC converter, and AC-AC converter, a transformer, any other suitable device coupled to an AC bus or DC bus, or any combination thereof. For example, device(s)  4380  may be configured to communicate directly with, or via communication network  4301  with, any of control system  4310 , user device  4350 , one or more appliances  4340 , and network device  4360 . 
     In an illustrative example, system  4300 , or control system  4310  thereof, may be configured to implement any of the illustrative use cases of table  2300  of  FIG. 23 . In a further example, system  4300 , or control system  4310  thereof, may be configured to implement IoT arrangement  2400  of  FIG. 24 . In a further example, system  4300 , or control system  4310  thereof, may be configured to implement process  2500  of  FIG. 25 . 
     In an illustrative example, control system  4310  may use labels or identifiers provided by the installer, retrieved from a device, or otherwise received to provide backing context to a disaggregation algorithm (e.g., energy application  4351 ). Because the branch circuits are individually monitored and controlled, the load in each circuit may be classified, modeled, or otherwise characterized based on the intended use (e.g., kitchen appliances, lighting, heating), thus reducing the algorithmic complexity required for control system  4310  to associate measured electrical characteristics with reference load types. To illustrate, control system  4310  may receive at least one sensor signal from sensor system  4313  configured to measure one or more electrical parameters corresponding to one or more branch circuits  4330 . Control system  4310  associates one or more of branch circuits  4330  with reference load information (e.g., stored in memory  4312 ), which can include expected load (e.g., peak load, maximum load, power factor, startup transients, duration or other temporal characteristics), expected power consumption, power capacity information (e.g., expected power capacity), any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. Based on the sensor signal received at, or generated by, sensor system  4313 , control system  4310  (e.g., control circuitry  4311  thereof) determines a respective electrical load in the one or more branch circuits based on the sensor signal. Control system  4310  (e.g., control circuitry  4311  thereof) disaggregates more than one load on a branch circuit based at least in part on the reference load information and based at least in part on the respective electrical load in the one or more branch circuits. Control system  4310  (e.g., control circuitry  4311  thereof) controls a respective controllable element (e.g., a controllable breaker or relay) to manage the respective electrical load in each respective branch circuit. To illustrate, control system  4310  (e.g., control circuitry  4311  thereof) identifies which components are loading a particular branch circuit (e.g., based on an expected power or current profile). To illustrate further, control system  4310  (e.g., control circuitry  4311  thereof) forecasts power or current behavior of a particular branch circuit based on the loads coupled to the branch circuitry (e.g., for which reference load information if available). In some embodiments, control system  4310  (e.g., control circuitry  4311  thereof) identifies an event associated with a power grid coupled to one or more branch circuits  4330  (e.g., via AC bus  4320 ), determines operating criteria based on the event, and disconnects or connects branch circuits of one or more branch circuits  4330  based on the operating criteria. As an illustrative example, control system  4310  may use disaggregated load identifications to anticipate inverter overload before an overload occurs by projecting out power demand for each active appliance in a household based on those appliances&#39; cyclic power characteristics, historical usage information of the appliances, and disconnect circuits in order to prevent said overload. 
     In some embodiments, a first step includes control circuitry  4311  causing user-defined circuits (e.g., one or more of branch circuits  4330 ) to be automatically disconnected in different stages to reduce power consumption. In some embodiments, a first set of loads (e.g., less critical loads, or highly draining loads) are disconnected as soon as the system goes off-grid (e.g., AC bus  4320  is disconnected from a power grid). Accordingly, the other stages are then connected or disconnected as soon as pre-defined battery state of charge levels are reached (e.g., by a battery system of devices  4380  coupled to AC bus  4320  via an AC-DC converter of devices  4380 ). The state of each branch or main circuit can optionally be changed by a user (e.g., by interacting with communications interface  4314 ) or control system  4310  in real-time. In some embodiments, control system  4310  monitors and/or manages phase imbalance (e.g., among two phases loaded equally exceeding an inverter&#39;s output capability, or on a single phase) to extend uptime (e.g., during backup an energy optimization is used in the second step), avoid inverter overload, preserve power to systems deemed critical, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, optimal or otherwise determined load shifting and/or curtailment measures for one or more appliances  4340  are identified based on, for example, load forecast, solar power prediction, user preferences, appliance information, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, control system  4310  communicates (directly or indirectly) with individual devices (e.g., one or more appliances  4340 , devices  4380 ) to adjust the power level and operating time (e.g., in the event of a grid blackout or other power disruption). 
       FIG. 44  shows illustrative graphical user interface (GUI)  4400 , including an indication of system characteristics, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In an illustrative example, GUI  4400  may be generated by a user device (e.g., user device  4350  of  FIG. 43 ), implementing an application (e.g., energy application  4351  of  FIG. 43 ), on a screen of the user device (e.g., or another suitable device). To illustrate, GUI  4400  may be displayed on a touch screen of a smartphone, a screen included in an interface of control system  4310 , any other suitable device, or any combination thereof. As illustrated, GUI  4400  includes user device status information  4401 , which may include, for example, time, date, communications signal strength, network communications strength, user device battery life, user device notifications, warnings, any other status information, or any combination thereof. As illustrated, GUI  4400  includes time estimates  4402 , which may include, for example, an estimated time duration of power supply, an estimated operating life of a load or source, an estimated remaining time, a graphic illustrating power allocation, a graphic illustrating operating life for classes of loads (e.g., “must have,” “nice to have,” and “nonessential”), an amount of energy allotted or remaining for a load, any other information indicative of use of a finite power source (e.g., a battery pack during a grid disconnect), or any combination thereof. As illustrated, GUI  4400  includes circuit classifier  4403 , which may include, for example, a classification of loads or branch circuits, selectable options for classifying loads or branch circuits, descriptions of each classification (e.g., “must have,” “nice to have,” and “nonessential” as illustrated), load preferences (e.g., which loads to turn off first, an order or ranking, or which loads are prioritized), any other information indicative of classification or options related to classification, or any combination thereof. For example, a user may drag the icons for each circuit (e.g., “pool” or “basement”, etc.) to any classification to modify the electric power allotment and scheduling. As illustrated, GUI  4400  includes options  4404 , which may include, for example, dashboard (e.g., the screen illustrated in  FIG. 44 ), control options (e.g., for adjusting energy scheduling, user profile information, device information, communication information, time durations, instructions for managing energy loads, specifying load preferences, or a combination thereof), scheduling options (e.g., for scheduling disconnection and connection of branch circuits, maintenance, disconnection from grid, updating of software, storage of data), limits (e.g., on any suitable operating parameters), any other options for interacting with GUI  4400 , or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, control system  4310  (e.g., control circuitry  4311  thereof) executes an algorithm that generates real-time estimates of remaining time in backup for residences having a backup battery system, illustrated via GUI  4400  of  FIG. 44  (e.g., generated by an interface of control system  4310  or a user&#39;s mobile device). In some embodiment, the algorithm takes into account instantaneous power draw from individual circuits in the house (e.g., each branch circuit), load forecasting based on historical data from those same circuits (e.g., or from other users based on statistical analysis), solar forecasting based on historical data, weather forecasts (e.g., provided by third parties), any other suitable information or forecast based on information, or any combination thereof. For example, as user behavior patterns change or loads are switched on/off by control system  4310 , the estimates and settings illustrated in GUI  4400  of  FIG. 44  may change in real time. 
     In some embodiments, control system  4310  includes real-time switching and metering capability for each circuit in a house, as well as the ability to island the house from the grid during grid outages. For example, control system  4310  provides the ability to configure which circuits will be powered while off-grid through a user interface (e.g., energy application  4351  of  FIG. 43 , GUI  4400  of  FIG. 44 ). The system allows this configuration to be achieved in real-time. While the user is configuring which loads will be powered while off-grid, the system utilizes historical measurements from those circuits to provide real-time feedback to the user, including but not limited to, warning of potential overload when too many circuits are configured to be powered; warning of potential phase imbalance; and providing feedback as to the estimated time that the system will be able to power the selected loads. In some embodiments, control system  4310  (control circuitry  4311  thereof) automatically sheds load(s) to prevent overload, ensure continuity of power overnight or through cloudy days, or both. In some embodiments, the operating criteria may include partition of loads indicating which can be shed or in what order loads are shed (e.g., “nice to haves” are shed before “must haves”). 
     In addition, in some embodiments, control system  4310  uses clustering and/or categorization algorithms to identify those loads which are operated in distinct cycles consuming regular amounts of energy, such as dishwashers or electric dryers. In some embodiments, control system  4310  determines average energy usage for each cycle and detects the start of cycles. When a cycle begins while the house is off-grid, for example, control system  4310  notifies the homeowner of the expected change in battery energy level. In some embodiments, control system  4310  notifies the homeowner (e.g., at the user interface) when the battery energy level falls below the amount necessary to run a complete cycle of any of the loads in the house. If In some embodiments, control system  4310  detects the start of a cycle in this condition, it issues a warning to the homeowner that the cycle may not complete. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  or other integrated system includes a circuit breaker panelboard designed for connection to both a utility grid as well as a battery inverter (e.g., of devices  4380 ) or other distributed energy resource, and containing one or more switching devices on the circuit connecting the panelboard to the utility point of connection, as well as switching devices on branch circuits  4330  serving loads. In some embodiments, system  4300  includes voltage measurement means (e.g., voltage sensors coupled to sensor system  4313 ) connected to all phases of the utility grid side of the utility point of connection circuit switching device, which are connected to logic circuitry (e.g., control circuitry  4311  of control system  4310 ) capable of determining the status of the utility grid. Furthermore, In some embodiments, control system  4310  may include logic devices capable of generating a signal to cause the switching device to disconnect the panelboard from the utility grid when the utility grid status is unsuitable for powering the loads connected to the panelboard, thereby forming a local electrical system island and either passively allowing or causing (through electrical signaling or actuation of circuit connected switching devices) the distributed energy resource to supply power to this island. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, control system  4310  determines a preprogrammed selection of branch circuits which are to be disabled when operating the local electrical system as an island, in order to optimize energy consumption or maintain the islanded electrical system power consumption at a low enough level to be supplied by the distributed energy resource. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, control system  4310  includes logic that uses forecasts of branch circuit loads, or of appliance loads, or measurements of branch circuit loads, to dynamically disconnect or reconnect branch circuits to the distributed energy resource, or send electrical signals to appliances on branch circuits enabling or disabling them, in order to optimize energy consumption, or maintain the islanded electrical system power consumption at a low enough level to be supplied by the distributed energy resource. In some embodiments, In some embodiments, control system  4310  includes an energy reservoir device, such as one or more capacitors, capable of maintaining logic power and switching device actuation power in the period after the utility grid point of connection circuit switching device has disconnected the electrical system from the utility grid, and before the distributed energy resource begins to supply power to the islanded electrical system, in order to facilitate actuation of point of connection and branch circuit switching devices to effect the aforementioned functions. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  or other integrated system includes a circuit breaker panelboard designed for connection to a battery inverter or other distributed energy resource and operating in islanded mode, with the served AC electrical system (e.g., via AC bus  4320 ) disconnected from any utility grid; the distributed energy resource supplying power to the panelboard being connected to it via a connection incorporating fewer power conductors (hereafter “conductors”) than the electrical system served by the panelboard, and said panelboard incorporating or designed for connection to a transformer or autotransformer provided with at least one set of windings with terminals equal in number to the number of conductors of the electrical system served by the panelboard, with said transformer being designed to receive power from a connection incorporating the same number of power conductors as the connection to the distributed energy resource. 
     In some embodiments, the panelboard incorporates a plurality of electronic hardware safety features and additionally a plurality of electrical switching devices, with said safety features designed to monitor either the difference in voltage of all of the power conductors of the supplied electrical system, or designed to monitor the difference in voltage of each of the conductors of the electrical system with respect to a shared return power conductor (“neutral”), said voltages hereafter termed “phase voltages”, or a suitable combination of monitoring of difference in voltages and phase voltages such that the power supply voltage to all devices served by the electrical system is thereby monitored. 
     In some embodiments, the plurality of safety features are designed to retain safe behavior when subject to a single point component or wiring fault, and intended to entirely disconnect the connection between the distributed energy resource and the panelboard if conditions that could lead to excessive voltages being supplied to any load served by the panelboard are detected. 
     For example, a panelboard connected to a 240V battery inverter that is provided with two terminals by two conductors, said panelboard incorporating an autotransformer provided with two windings and three terminals, and said panelboard serving an islanded electrical system of the 120V/240V split phase type, where three conductors are used to supply two 120V circuits with respect to a shared neutral return conductor, each of said 120V conductors being supplied with power 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the other, and with said panelboard containing a complement of said safety features, wherein the safety features include: 
     1. A single phase 240V battery inverter containing an overvoltage detection circuit, which disables output of the inverter when excessive voltages are detected. 
     2. A central voltage imbalance detector circuit, which sends a signal when an imbalance in phase voltage is detected. 
     3. Two separate actuation circuits associated with two separate switching devices, each switching device being in circuit with the battery inverter. 
     4. Two voltage amplitude detector circuits, one associated with each switching device, and each monitoring one phase of the electrical system. 
     5. Actuation circuits being designed to disconnect the associated switching device if either the central voltage imbalance detector signal is transmitted, or an excessive voltage associated with the monitored electrical system phase is detected, or if the logic power supply to the actuation circuit is lost. 
     6. Optionally, an energy reservoir associated with each actuation circuit, to enable each actuation circuit to take the action needed to disconnect the switching device after loss of logic power supply to the actuation circuit, especially if the switching device is bi-stable. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  uses an energy reservoir and dual-redundant circuitry to cause latching relays to fail-safe open, thus reducing energy consumption (e.g., and heat generation) in components of system  4300  while maintaining single-fault tolerance. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  or another integrated system includes an electrical panelboard containing at least one power distribution conductor (“busbar”, the term being a placeholder and here incorporating all manner of rigid or flexible power distribution conductors) that distributes power to multiple branch circuits, each branch circuit incorporating current transducers such as current measurement shunts, or non-isolated current transformers, or non-isolated Rogowski coils. Wherein all branch circuits (e.g., one or more branch circuits  4330 ) associated with a given bus bar (e.g., of AC bus  4320 ) are monitored by a plurality of metering circuits that each measure current or power associated with a given branch circuit or set of branch circuits, said metering circuits being connected together without need for galvanic isolation, and said metering circuits being provided with or incorporating a system of common mode filters, or differential amplifiers, or both, such that the metering circuits are able to produce accurate results from the signals generated by the current transducers even in the presence of transient or steady state voltage differences existing between the transducers of each branch circuit served by the bus bar, which result from voltage differences associated with current flow through the resistive or inductive impedance of the bus bar and branch circuit system, and are coupled to the current transducers either by direct galvanic connection or capacitive coupling, parasitic or intentional. 
     As described herein, non-isolated is understood to mean the condition which exists between two electrical conductors either when they are in direct electrical contact, or when any insulation or spacing between them is of insufficient strength or size to provide for the functional or safety design requirements which would be needed if one of the conductors were energized by a potential associated with a conductor in the electrical system served by the panelboard, and the other conductor were to be either left floating, or connected to a different potential served by the electrical system. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  includes metering circuits that share a common logic or low voltage power supply system. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  includes a power supply system that is galvanically bonded to the busbar (e.g., of AC bus  4320 ) at one or more points. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  includes metering circuits sharing a non-isolated communication medium. 
     In some embodiments, system  4300  includes metering circuits that are collocated on a single printed circuit board, which is physically close to the busbar (e.g., of AC bus  4320 ) and is sized similarly in length to the bus bar, and in which a printed low voltage power distribution conductor associated with the metering circuits is electrically connected to the bus bar at a single central point, near the middle of the length of the busbar. 
     In some embodiments, electrical connection to the busbar (e.g., of AC bus  4320 ) is made by means of a pair of resistances connected between the printed power distribution conductor and each of the leads associated with a single current measurement shunt type of current transducer, which serves one of the branch circuits, said transducer being located close to the middle of the length of the busbar, and with said resistances being sized such that any current flow caused through them by the potential drop across the shunt transducer is negligible in comparison to the resistance of the shunt and the resistances of any connecting conductors that connect the shunt to the resistances, so as not to materially affect the signal voltage produced by the transducer when said current flows. 
     In some embodiments, a pair of systems are used (e.g., two control systems  4310  and two sets of loads and sources), one associated with each line voltage bus bar of a split phase 120V/240V electrical panelboard. For example, each of the systems is connected to a central communication device or computing device by means of a galvanically isolated communications link, and in which each system is served by a separate, galvanically isolated power supply. 
     In some embodiments, an Internet-connected gateway computer serves as a home energy controller and also distributes over-the-air firmware updates to connected devices throughout the house. The computer is capable of receiving over-the-air firmware updates through wired and wireless Internet connections. A genericized firmware update process allows firmware packages for connected distributed-energy resources, including but not limited to solar inverters, hybrid inverters, and batteries, as well as home appliances to be included in the firmware update package for the gateway, such that the gateway can then update those devices and appliances. To illustrate, control system  4310  may distribute over-the-air communications (OTAs) through powerline communication, wireless communication, Ethernet networks, serial buses, any other suitable communications link, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, an Internet-connected gateway computer, serving as an energy management system (EMS) for a residence, runs programs (“apps”) compiled for the computer by third parties intended to contribute to the management of the distributed energy resources in the residence, and provides those programs with measurements and control capabilities over those distributed energy resources. Information is exchanged between programs through a secure internal API. 
       FIG. 45  shows a diagram of system  4520  (e.g., a PCS) having elements for multiple-redundant control and monitoring, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Arrangement  4500  includes system  4520  (e.g., an integrated panel, having programmable controller  4525 ), point of interconnection (POI)  4510  (e.g., connecting to an AC grid), directly controllable loads and sources  4530 , loads and sources  4540  without direct communication to programmable controller  4525 , and sources  4550  (e.g., DERs). To illustrate, in some embodiments, additional layers of monitoring and control may be expanded by establishing communication to capable loads and generation sources (DERs). 
     In some embodiments, for example, POI  4510  corresponds to main utility service input  110  of  FIG. 1 . POI  4510  is coupled to primary overcurrent protection device (OCPD)  4521 , which may include a main service breaker (e.g., similar to main service breaker  112  of  FIG. 1 ), and optionally a controllable main relay. Overcurrent protection devices (OCPD)  4522  (e.g., circuit breakers) and actuators  4523  (e.g., relays) may correspond to a plurality of branch circuits (e.g., any of respective branch circuits  156  of  FIG. 1  or branch circuit(s)  4330  of  FIG. 43 ). To illustrate, each OCPD of OCPDs  4522  may correspond to a branch circuit and may be coupled to an AC line (e.g., “L1” or “L2” busbar of a 240 VAC system, or any other suitable line). To illustrate further, each actuator of actuators  4523  may correspond to a branch circuit and may be coupled to an AC line (e.g., “L1” or “L2” busbar of a 240 VAC system, or any other suitable line). It will be understood that OCPDs  4522  and actuators  4523 , for each branch, may be arranged in any suitable order (e.g., either may interface directly to a busbar, and the other may interface to load wires). 
     Power monitor  4524  is configured to sense bus current (e.g., of L1 and L2) and branch current and, as illustrated, is coupled to each of actuators  4523  (e.g., relays having or coupled to current sensing shunts as illustrated in  FIGS. 32-37B and 39-41 ). Programmable controller  4525  is configured to receive input from power monitor  4524 , provide control signals to actuators  4523 , communicate with loads and sources  4530 , communicate with sources  4550 , manage electric power production and consumption, any other suitable functions, or any combination thereof. To illustrate, for example, control circuitry may include power monitor  4524  and programmable controller  4525 , and may be similar to, the same as, or included as part of onboard computer  118  of  FIG. 1 , gateway  503  of  FIGS. 6-16 , control circuitry  3130  of  FIG. 32 , or control circuitry  4311  of  FIG. 43 . In some embodiments, programmable controller  4525  may execute computer-readable instructions for managing loads, sources, operation of system  4520 , communication with devices, or any combination thereof. 
     System  4520  is electrically coupled to loads, sources, or both (e.g., via branch circuits and wiring, transformers, AC-DC converters, or a combination thereof). Each of loads and sources  4530 , loads and sources  4540 , and sources  4550  may be coupled to branch circuits of system  4520  (e.g., each corresponding to an OCPD and actuator of system  4520 ). To illustrate, loads and sources  4530 , loads and sources  4540 , and sources  4550  may include suitable components of appliance(s)  4340  and device(s)  4380  of  FIG. 43 . 
       FIG. 46  is a flowchart of illustrative process  4600  for controlling electrical loads, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, process  4600  includes illustrative application logic followed by a multilevel control scheme, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, each of step of process  4600  is implemented as a fallback to the previous step. For example, by combining communications-enabled generation sources and loads with a fallback layer of series actuators capable of interrupting current to loads, the system can offer functionally safe current limiting with reduced user experience impact as compared to an actuator-only approach. In an illustrative example, process  4600  may be an example of process  2500  of  FIG. 25 , wherein the system processes information based on inputs, and controls one or more devices to maintain energy consumption within a limit. In a further example, process  4600  may be implemented by onboard computer  118  of  FIG. 1 , gateway  503  of  FIGS. 6-16 , control system  4310  of  FIG. 43 , system  4520  of  FIG. 45 , or any other suitable system or device of the present disclosure. 
     Step  4602  includes the system determining whether energy consumption is near, at, or greater than a limit. At step  4602 , the system determines an energy consumption such as, for example, a total power (e.g., voltage multiplied by current), a sum of branch circuit power (e.g., sum of voltage multiplied by branch current), a sum of device power consumptions (e.g., as modeled or otherwise determined based on branch loads), an output of a model, a smoothed or filtered energy consumption (e.g., a time average or ensemble average), an input received from another system or device, any other suitable value indicative of energy consumption, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at step  4602 , the system determines the limit based on reference information (e.g., a predetermined limit stored in memory), user input (e.g., as received at a user input interface), information received from another system or device, sensor signals (e.g., temperature signals, current signals, or any other suitable signals), a scheduled limit (e.g., a predetermined calendar of limit values per minute, hour, or day), an amount of energy production or transfer (e.g., from one or more energy sources), any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at step  4602 , the system compares the energy consumption (e.g., a numerical value, collection of values, or other suitable designation such as a level or range) to the limit (e.g., a numerical value, designation, or a range), and based on the comparison, the system determines whether to modify loads, sources, or both. In some embodiments, at step  4602 , the system determines whether the energy consumption is within a predetermined numerical proximity of the limit (e.g., based on a difference between the energy consumption and the limit). In some embodiments, at step  4602 , the system determines whether the energy consumption is equal to or greater than the limit (e.g., based on a difference, ratio, or other suitable comparison). The system may compare the energy consumption and the limit based on instantaneous values (e.g., a current energy consumption value), values over time (e.g., an averaged or otherwise filtered difference), a model (e.g., having inputs and outputs), derived values (e.g., derivatives, integrals, transforms), any other suitable information or values, or any combination thereof. 
     Step  4604  includes the system generating one or more control signals, corresponding to one or more energy sources, to affect electrical energy production. In an illustrative example, the one or more energy sources may include any of device(s)  4380  of  FIG. 4380  such as, for example, a battery system, an electric vehicle charging station, a solar panel photovoltaic system, a DC-DC converter, an AC-DC converter, and AC-AC converter, a transformer, a generator, any other suitable device coupled to an AC bus or DC bus, or any combination thereof. Each control signal may include an analog signal, a digital signal (e.g., in serial or parallel, or a combination thereof), a message (e.g., transmitted using any suitable protocol), a relay/switch signal (e.g., on/off, or one position of a multi-position switch), a waveform (e.g., having a frequency, phase, amplitude, and/or other characteristic), a pulse-based signal (e.g., a pulse-width modulated signal, a pulse-density modulated signal), any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at step  4604 , the system generates a control signal corresponding to an energy source to cause the energy source to increase power generation or transfer to lessen the chance of the energy consumption exceeding the limit. In some embodiments, the system includes a signal generator, communications bus, communications interface (e.g., communications interface  4314 ), or any other suitable components for generating a software signal (e.g., included in a gateway), electrical signal, optical signal, wireless signal, any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, step  4604  includes the system transmitting the one or more control signals over one or more communications links. The one or more control signals may be transmitted over a cable (e.g., a multiconductor cable), a communications bus, one or more wires, one or more fiber optics, one or more wireless signals (e.g., transmitted and received by antennas), control circuitry (e.g., of a PCB), any other suitable communications link, or any combination thereof. In an illustrative example, step  4604  may include the system sending one or more control signals to communications-enabled generation sources (e.g., solar panels, battery system) to increase or decrease production. 
     Step  4606  includes the system generating one or more control signals, corresponding to one or more loads, to affect electrical energy consumption. In an illustrative example, the one or more loads may include any of appliance(s)  4340  or device(s)  4380  of  FIG. 4380 , as well as loads on any of branch circuit(s)  4330 , such as, for example, lighting, outlets, kitchen appliances, other appliances, motors (e.g., for fans, pumps, compressors), electronics (e.g., computers, entertainment systems, sound systems), any other suitable electrical loads, or any combination thereof. Each control signal may include an analog signal, a digital signal (e.g., in serial or parallel, or a combination thereof), a message (e.g., transmitted using any suitable protocol), a relay/switch signal (e.g., on/off, or one position of a multi-position switch), a waveform (e.g., having a frequency, phase, amplitude, and/or other characteristic), a pulse-based signal (e.g., a pulse-width modulated signal, a pulse-density modulated signal), any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at step  4606 , the system generates a control signal corresponding to a load to cause the load to decrease power consumption or transfer to lessen the chance of the energy consumption exceeding the limit. In some embodiments, the system includes a signal generator, communications bus, communications interface (e.g., communications interface  4314 ), or any other suitable components for generating a software signal (e.g., included in a gateway), electrical signal, optical signal, wireless signal, any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, step  4606  includes the system transmitting the one or more control signals over one or more communications links. The one or more control signals may be transmitted over a cable (e.g., a multiconductor cable), a communications bus, one or more wires, one or more fiber optics, one or more wireless signals (e.g., transmitted and received by antennas), control circuitry (e.g., of a PCB), any other suitable communications link, or any combination thereof. In an illustrative example, step  4606  may include the system sending one or more control signals to communications-enabled loads (e.g., appliances, HVAC system) to reduce consumption. 
     Step  4608  includes the system generating one or more control signals, corresponding to one or more controllable elements, to interrupt current to loads, sources, or a combination thereof. In an illustrative example, the one or more controllable elements may include controllable breakers and/or controllable relays of any of branch circuit(s)  4330  of  FIG. 43 , controllable circuit devices  114  of branch circuits  156  of  FIG. 1 , relays  3114  and  3124  of  FIG. 31 , relays  3230  and  3231  of  FIG. 32 , or any other controllable elements. Each control signal may include an analog signal, a digital signal (e.g., in serial or parallel, or a combination thereof), a message (e.g., transmitted using any suitable protocol), a relay/switch signal (e.g., on/off, or one position of a multi-position switch), a waveform (e.g., having a frequency, phase, amplitude, and/or other characteristic), a pulse-based signal (e.g., a pulse-width modulated signal, a pulse-density modulated signal), any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at step  4608 , the system generates a control signal corresponding to a controllable element to interrupt current flow to loads, interrupt a branch circuit, or otherwise lessen the chance of the energy consumption exceeding the limit. In some embodiments, the system includes a signal generator, communications bus, communications interface (e.g., communications interface  4314 ), or any other suitable components for generating a software signal (e.g., included in a gateway), electrical signal, optical signal, wireless signal, any other suitable signal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, step  4608  includes the system transmitting the one or more control signals over one or more communications links. The one or more control signals may be transmitted over a cable (e.g., a multiconductor cable), a communications bus, one or more wires, one or more fiber optics, one or more wireless signals (e.g., transmitted and received by antennas), control circuitry (e.g., of a PCB), any other suitable communications link, or any combination thereof. In an illustrative example, step  4608  may include the system sending one or more control signals to relays or other actuators to interrupt current flow to and from loads and sources. 
     Step  4610  includes the system determining whether energy consumption is within, less than, or otherwise not exceeding the limit. In some embodiments, the system performs the same determination at step  4610  as step  4602  to determine whether the energy consumption exceeds the limit, is within the limit, or otherwise whether to generate control signals for loads and sources. In some embodiments, the system performs step  4610  after each of steps  4604 ,  4606 , or  4608  to determine if whether energy consumption is within the limit. For example, the system may perform step  4604  and then check the results at step  4610 . Further, if the energy consumption is not within the limit, the system may proceed to step  4606  and then check again at step  4610 . Further, if the energy consumption is still not within the limit, the system may proceed to step  4608  and then check again at step  4610 . In some embodiments, if the system determine that the energy consumption is within the limit (e.g., at least one of steps  4604 ,  4606 , or  4608  was successful), then the system may proceed to normal operation at step  4699 , wherein the system need not generate control signals to affect production or consumption. 
     It will be understood that the steps of process  4600  may be rearranged, omitted, or otherwise modified in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, any or all steps  4604 ,  4606 , and  4608  may be performed in parallel or in an order differing from that illustrated in  FIG. 46 . 
     In some embodiments, process  2500  of  FIG. 25  or process  4600  of  FIG. 46  may be used by control systems or algorithms to adjust power management by, for example, shifting loads in time (e.g., by disconnecting a load for a period of time and then reconnecting it and allowing it to draw power) or reducing the rate of draw of loads whose draw is adjustable (e.g. by reducing the available current of a J1772 electric vehicle charger). 
     In some embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a programmable control system (e.g., system  4500 ) configured to limit net power flow to a set threshold at given physical point(s) of a behind-the-meter (BTM) power distribution system (e.g., point of interconnection of a property to the electric utility power distribution grid), via a monitoring and multilayered control architecture. For example, control elements (e.g., actuators  4523  of  FIG. 45  or any other suitable controllable elements such as relays) are used to modulate current and/or power to and from loads, energy storage, and generation sources in response to control system algorithms. The system (e.g., system  4520 ) may be configured to modify duty cycles, modify setpoints, electrically isolate groups of loads and/or sources from the broader system, turn loads and/or sources on and off, perform any other suitable functions, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) prevents overload of, or otherwise manages, current-carrying conductors and electrical bussing within the system, such as to avoid upgrades to electrical service conductors when adding new loads and/or behind-the-meter generation sources. The system (e.g., system  4520 ) may also be configured for, for example: (i) limiting apparent peak demand at the site electrical meter, such as for utility bill charge reduction or for ensuring stability of the electrical grid when acting in aggregate with other similar systems; and (ii) improving system efficiency, such as to make preferential use of on-site power generation sources to power loads (e.g., versus drawing from a local electric power system (EPS) such as a utility grid); (iii) ensuring stability of the electrical grid when acting in aggregate with other systems (e.g., frequency regulation, voltage regulation, such as by Demand Response (DR) control of loads and sources); and (iv) interrupting electrical issue that may present safety risks such as electrical short circuits within a home or structure. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) may be used to serve residential or commercial sites, as the fundamental architecture of monitoring and control may be the same or similar. Metering and actuation devices, for example, would only need to be scaled to meet the required current and voltage needs of the site. Similarly, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) may be applied to single-phase, two-phase, split-phase, three-phase electrical systems, any other suitable systems, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., a control system, control circuitry, a module, a device) includes:
         a programmable controller (e.g., programmable controller  4525  of  FIG. 25 );   software control algorithms (e.g., computer-executable instructions stored in memory);   power metering of selected feeder(s), bussing, and individual circuit(s) such as branch circuits (e.g., using actuators  4523  or communication with devices);   sensor and sensor interfaces for measurement (e.g., instantaneous measurement) of current (e.g., branch current, bus current), voltage, frequency, power factor, real and reactive power, energy accumulation over time, any other suitable power quality measurements, any other suitable power quantity measurements, or any combination thereof (e.g., power monitor  4524  of  FIG. 45 );   physical control elements (e.g., OCPDs  4522  and actuators  4523  of  FIG. 45 ) incorporated within the control system such as relays, contactors, controllable breakers, or switches for interrupting alternating current (AC) circuits and/or direct current (DC) to directly interrupting power flow or for interrupting logic signals to external controllers (e.g., the elements may be controlled directly by the programmable controller and need not rely on communication to a third party device);   overcurrent protection devices (e.g., OCPDs  4522  of  FIG. 45 ) such as circuit breakers or fuses (e.g., which can be installed within the device or externally);   a user interface for programming control settings and viewing system operational status (e.g., which may be coupled to, or integrated as part of, programmable controller  4525 );   communication interfaces (e.g., hardware which may be coupled to, or integrated as part of, programmable controller  4525 , and/or software including computer readable instructions stored in memory) to interconnect with communication-enabled ‘smart’ loads (e.g., of loads and sources  4530 ), generation sources (e.g., of loads and sources  4530  and/or sources  4550 ), load devices including an input/output interface, any other suitable devices, or any combination thereof such as wireless radios (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Cellular, Zigbee, or ZWave) and/or physical interfaces for wired communication connections such as using Ethernet TCP/IP, USB, modbus, RS-485, CANbus, power-line communications, or other suitable techniques.       

     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) may incorporate distributed, networked control elements which communicate to the centralized control system for the purposes of granular monitoring and control. The networked control elements may respond to control requests from the centralized control system from within the area electric power system (EPS) or externally via remote communications from entities such as electric utilities or fleet aggregators to schedule their operation, modify duty cycle or setpoints, modulate current flow, perform any other suitable action, or any combination thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) may include multiple devices operating in conjunction with each other to achieve a desired system-level control result (e.g., a control optimization). 
     In some embodiments, direct communication to distributed elements (e.g., loads, load groups, generation sources, generation source groups) may be transmitted over wired or wireless (e.g., local network or through Internet) communication routes. For example, loads and sources  4530  may be communicatively coupled to programmable controller  4525  via a communications network. For example, steps  4604 ,  4606 , and  4608  of process  4600  of  FIG. 46  may include such direct communications. 
     In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) monitors power flow and other related or otherwise suitable signals such as rate of change of frequency, voltage, current at a circuit and/or sub-circuit level (e.g., using power monitor  4524 ) in addition to monitoring of feeders and bussing allows the system to determine which load(s) or group(s) of loads must be modulated or interrupted to limit net power as a given point in the system (e.g., at step  4608  of process  4600  of  FIG. 46 ). Preferential modulation of loads and/or sources (e.g., steps  4604  and  4606  of process  4600  of  FIG. 46 ) may follow a hierarchy, included in an illustrative example as: 
     (1) the controller communicates directly with individual loads and generation sources (e.g., of loads of sources  4530 ) to request they modify their operating profile, such as by coordinating time when loads cycle on/off in relation to other loads or available onsite generation (e.g., at steps  4604  and  4606  of process  4600  of  FIG. 46 ). By coordinating operation of loads, sources, or both net power flow at the controlled point(s) is maintained at the set point. In some embodiments, the controller (e.g., programmable controller  4520 ) communicates directly with on-site energy storage or generation sources (e.g., a home battery system or solar photovoltaic system of loads and sources  4530 ) to request that additional source current be provided to offset consumption from the load. Where generating sources and loads both are located on the same side of the controlled point(s), net power at the controlled point(s) is maintained at the set point such as by coordinating time when loads cycle on/off in relation to other loads or available onsite generation, or by reducing the power draw of a variable-rate load such as an electric vehicle charger. In some embodiment, the operating profile or modified operating profile may be modified, displayed, or both using energy application  4351  of  FIG. 43  or GUI  4400  of  FIG. 44 . 
     (2) where the above inter-device software control layers do not bring power flows within the set limits, circuit controllers and/or other actuators (e.g., actuators  4523 ) directly connected to the control system (e.g., programmable controller  4525 ) at the distribution circuit level electrically isolate loads/sources from contributing to power flow on the controlled conductor following pre-determined sequences (e.g., user-defined shut-off sequences). By interrupting connection of loads and/or sources (e.g., at step  4608  of process  4600  of  FIG. 46 ), net power flow at the controlled point(s) is limited to the set point (e.g., energy consumption is maintained within limits). 
     (3) as a final or otherwise additional hardware fail-safe, overcurrent protection devices (OCPDs) such as thermal-magnetic breakers or fuses (e.g., OCPDs  4522  of  FIG. 45 ) are installed per electrical code to interrupt circuits or groups of circuits based on a defined current-time relationship to prevent thermal overload at given points of the electrical distribution system. Interruption of the connected loads and/or sources provides a final hardware protection against overcurrent. 
     In some embodiments, the multilayered controls scheme creates multiple-redundant mechanisms to achieve the desired control outputs based on feedback from the controller&#39;s power monitoring sensors and control algorithms (e.g., process  4600  of  FIG. 46  as implemented by system  4520  of  FIG. 45 ). For example, steps  4604 ,  4606 , and  4608  may be performed sequentially (e.g., as illustrated, or in any suitable order), in parallel, or a combination thereof. For example, the system may perform step  4604  and then check whether power consumption exceeds power capacity at step  4610 . If so, then the system may proceed to step  4606 , and if not, the system may proceed to normal operation. After performing step  4606 , the system may again check whether power consumption exceeds power capacity at step  4610 . If so, then the system may proceed to step  4608 , and if not, the system may proceed to normal operation. After performing step  4608 , the system may again check whether power consumption exceeds power capacity at step  4610 . If so, then the system may further modify operation at any of steps  4604 ,  4606 , or  4608  (e.g., by modifying setpoints, turning off additional branch circuits, or further increase power capacity of an energy source), and if not, the system may proceed to normal operation. 
     In some embodiments, once the power/current setpoint is achieved by modulating BTM loads and/or sources, the controller (e.g., programmable controller  4525 ) evaluates the information from the metering system (e.g., at a regular interval, or in response to an event), and determines (e.g., decides) when to return to, or otherwise enter, another operating mode. For example, when energy consumption is within limits (e.g., as determined at step  4610 ), the controller may turn loads that have been shed back on, or return to an original setpoint (e.g., normal operation of step  4699  of  FIG. 46 ). In a further example, if the controller (e.g., programmable controller  4525 ) returns loads and setpoints to original operation and that does not result in power flows exceeding set limits, the controller need not take further action (e.g., other than monitoring by power monitor  4524  in normal operation of step  4699 ). If returning the loads, sources, and setpoints does result in power flows exceeding set limits, the controller may follow any or all of the hierarchical steps described above (e.g., of process  4600 ) within predetermined limits. 
     In some embodiments, inputs such as physical and electrical system layout, current-carrying capacities of electrical conductors, ratings of overcurrent protection devices, any other suitable information, or any combination thereof are set at the time of installation by a user interface (e.g., such as smartphone App) and settings may be updated over time as system elements are added, removed, or otherwise modified. Settings may be stored in local memory of the controller (e.g., programmable controller  4525 ), for example, or otherwise be accessible to the controller as reference information. In some embodiments, read access, write access, or both for some settings is regulated using security provisions such as restricted passwords, specification of authorized users, or other protective measures. 
     In some embodiments, the controller (e.g., programmable controller  4525 ) is configured for optimizing of targets and constraints by determining, for example, setpoints, schedules, charge levels, stored energy, requirements related to the utility grid, any other suitable user preferences, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, users input preferences may be received (e.g., at an input interface) for a sequence of control, which may include reducing or otherwise ceasing one appliance&#39;s load before another load. 
     The control system (e.g., system  4520  of  FIG. 45 ) may inform the user such as by a notification through a user interface (e.g., via a smartphone App) of any autonomous action taken by the control system. For example, energy application  4351  of  FIG. 43  may be configured to indicate actions taken by the system (e.g., control system  4310 , which may be similar to system  4520  of  FIG. 45 ). 
     In some embodiments, the controller (e.g., programmable controller  4525 ) may implement software that builds predictive models of system operation. For example, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) may use the models to anticipate a likelihood of power/current flow at points in the system, take preventative action (e.g., such as scheduling operation of loads and generation sources in a coordinated fashion), notify a user to edit preferences (e.g., temperature setpoints for HVAC, charge profiles for electric vehicles, battery reserve capacity, any other suitable preferences, or any combination thereof), any other suitable action, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system (e.g., system  4520 ) implements a model that may incorporate or otherwise access local weather information, indoor temperature, solar forecasting, user behavior (e.g., of one or more users, statistical determinations based on many users), user schedule, any other suitable reference information, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 47  is a flowchart of illustrative process  4700  for modifying operation of loads and sources, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Any of the suitable systems or controllers of the present disclosure may implement process  4700 , or suitable portions thereof. For example, system  100  (e.g., or onboard computer  118  thereof) of  FIG. 1 , gateway  503  of  FIGS. 6-16 , control system  4310  of  FIG. 43  (e.g., or control circuitry  4311  thereof), system  4520  of  FIG. 45 , or any other suitable system may implement process  4700 . In an illustrative example, process  4700  may be an example of process  4600  of  FIG. 46 . 
     Step  4702  includes the system determining an indicator corresponding to a limit in power capacity. In some embodiments, at step  4702 , the system retrieves, receives, or otherwise accesses reference information  4790 , which may include setpoint values, power capacity limits or ranges, current limits or ranges, temperature limits or ranges, any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at step  4702 , the system retrieves, receives, or otherwise accesses sensor information  4791 , which may include sensor signals, calculated values based on sensor signals, modeled values, any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. For example, the indicator may include an energy consumption (e.g., calculated based on sensed currents), a power generation capacity (e.g., reduction in electrical power capacity of a source), a loss of an energy source, a change in one or more limits, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system may determine an indicator indicative of reduced electrical power capacity, increased consumption, reduced limits of operation, any other suitable indicator, or any combination thereof. 
     Step  4704  includes the system identifying one or more loads, energy storage devices, sources, or a combination thereof that may be controlled (e.g., loads and sources  4530  in communication with programmable controller  4525 ). The system may identify one or more appliances, one or more generators, one or more energy storage devices (e.g., battery systems, which can be a load or a source depending on operation), based on load preferences, a predetermined hierarchy, user preferences, any other suitable criteria, or any combination thereof. The system may identify a device at step  4704  based on a hardware identification, a network identification, an identifier stored in memory, which branch circuit the device is coupled to, any other suitable identifying information, or any combination thereof. 
     Step  4706  includes the system identifying one or more modifications that may be applied to sources, loads, branch circuit, or a combination thereof. Modifications may include modified setpoints, de-powering and powering devices, alternating operation of devices, scheduling device operation, any other suitable change from normal operation, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the modification depends on the type or characteristics of the identified loads, sources, or energy storage devices of step  4704 . 
     Step  4708  includes the system communicating with one or more loads or sources to request a modified operating profile. In some embodiments, step  4708  may include step  4604 , step  4606 , or both, for generating control signals for one or more loads, sources, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, step  4708  includes sending messages or information, receiving messages or information, or a combination thereof to and from one or more devices communicatively coupled to the system (e.g., any of loads and sources  4530  of  FIG. 45 ). 
     Step  4710  includes the system isolating one or more loads or sources from contributing to power flow. In some embodiments, at step  4710 , the system generates one or more control signals (e.g., a plurality of control signals) for controlling one or more controllable elements corresponding to one or more branch circuits. For example, the system may disconnect one or more loads, sources, or both by controlling branch relays to open the respective branch circuit. In a further example, the system may, at step  4710 , turn off one or more devices to isolate the one or more devices from the AC bus (e.g., or other loads and sources). 
     Step  4712  includes the system applying at least one load and/or source model. The model may be stored in suitable memory and may include, for example, parameter values, functions (e.g., an equation), logic operations, vector operations, any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, a model may simulate behavior of a load or source based on time, temperature, use, location, device characteristics, user characteristics, any other suitable input, or any combination thereof. Accordingly, the system may determine one or more inputs (e.g., a set of inputs), provide the one or more inputs to the model, and extract one or more outputs (e.g., a set of outputs) that correspond to energy consumption, current draw, operating temperature (e.g., of a winding, power electronics, or other electronic component), voltage drop, frequency, phase shift, impedance, any other suitable output, or any combination thereof. 
     Step  4714  includes the system causing electrical power to or from loads or sources to be modified based on any or all of steps  4702 ,  4704 ,  4706 ,  4708 ,  4710 , and  4712 . In some embodiments, steps  4702 ,  4704 ,  4706 ,  4708 ,  4710 , and  4712  along with step  4714  define a second operating mode wherein one or more loads or sources is limited other than by main or branch circuit OCPDs (e.g., by controlled relays or modified operation). Step  4714  may include modifying setpoints, disconnecting circuits or device, turning devices on or off, isolating one or more first circuits/devices from other circuits/devices, modifying an operating schedule or operating range, any other suitable modification to limit an energy consumption from exceeding an energy supply, or any combination thereof. 
     Step  4716  includes the system monitoring current flow in branch circuits, lines (e.g., main busbars), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, step  4716  includes step  4610  of  FIG. 46 . In some embodiments, at step  4716 , the system receives one or more sensor signals and determines, based on the one or more sensor signals, a state of the electrical system. For example, the system may monitor branch currents based on branch current sensors, a bus current based on one or more main current sensors, or a combination thereof. In a further example, the system may send and receive messages or other information to and from one or more devices (e.g., of loads and sources  4530 ) to determine a state of each device. 
     Step  4718  includes the system returning to a normal mode, or otherwise normal operation (e.g., a first mode). In some embodiments, the system returns to the normal mode based on monitoring at step  4716  (e.g., based on one or more sensor signals). In some embodiments, the system returns to normal operation in response to a received input or event (e.g., an indication from another device or server to return to normal mode). In some embodiments, the system returns to normal operation after a predetermined amount of time has elapsed (e.g., return to normal mode in 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, or any other suitable time duration) and at a predetermined time (e.g., at midnight, at noon, at some other clock time). Step  4718  may include generating a control signal to a controllable element (e.g., to close a relay to connect a branch circuit), ceasing a control signal to a controllable element (e.g., allowing a relay to connect a branch circuit), generating a message or signal indicating to a device to return to normal mode, resetting or otherwise adjusting a setpoint, resetting or otherwise adjusting a limit or threshold, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system may implement a set of computer-readable instructions that correspond to normal mode. In an illustrative example, process  4700  may start with the system in normal mode, and end with a return to normal mode after responding to a limiting condition (e.g., a fault or interruption in power capacity, overconsumption, or other suitable condition). 
     Step  4720  includes the system remaining in a limiting mode, or otherwise modified operation (e.g., a second mode). In some embodiments, the system remains in the limiting mode until receiving an input or detecting an event (e.g., an indication from another device or server to return to normal mode). In some embodiments, the system remains in the limiting mode until a predetermined amount of time has elapsed (e.g., return to normal mode in 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, or any other suitable time duration) and until a predetermined time (e.g., at midnight, at noon, at some other clock time). Step  4720  may include generating a control signal to a controllable element (e.g., to open a relay to disconnect a branch circuit), ceasing a control signal to a controllable element (e.g., allowing a relay to disconnect a branch circuit), generating a message or signal indicating to a device to remain in limiting mode, resetting or otherwise adjusting a setpoint, resetting or otherwise adjusting a limit or threshold, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the system may continue to implement a set of computer-readable instructions that correspond to limiting mode. In some embodiments, wherein the system determines that energy consumption in the limiting mode does not exceed production or otherwise exceed a limit, the system determines to return to an unmodified operating profile at step  4720  based on monitoring the current flow at step  4716 . 
     In some embodiments, process  4700  includes the system (e.g., programmable controller  4525 ) communicating with one or more electrical loads or generation sources to request a modified operating profile (e.g., from loads and sources  4530 ) at step  4708 , isolating one or more second loads or generation sources from contributing to power flow at step  4710 , and monitoring current flow in the electrical system (e.g., branches, mains, loads, sources) at step  4716 . 
     In an illustrative example, the system may detect an indicator at step  4702  corresponding to a limit of power capacity, communicate with the one or more first electrical loads or sources in response to the indicator at step  4708 , and isolate one or more second loads or generation sources is in response to the indicator at step  4710 . 
     In an illustrative example, in some embodiments, the system operates in a first operating mode where electrical power is limited by protection devices (e.g., normal mode of step  4718 ). The system may identify an indicator corresponding to a reduced capacity of electrical power at step  4702 , and then enter a second operating mode (e.g., shown as portions of process  4700  and as indicated by step  4720 ) that includes retrieving reference information including load preferences and limits (e.g., at step  4702 ) and managing one or more loads to limit electrical power based on the reduced capacity and based on the reference information at any or all of steps  4702 ,  4704 ,  4706 ,  4708 ,  4710 , and  4712 . 
     In an illustrative example, in some embodiments, the system manages an electrical system by determining one or more limits on electrical current or electrical power at step  4702  based on reference information  4790 , identifying one or more loads to be modified at step  4704 , identifying one or more modifications corresponding to the one or more loads at step  4706 , and causing electrical power to the one or more loads to be modified based on the one or more modifications at step  4714 . In some embodiments, the one or more modifications of step  4706  include a change to a setpoint of an operating parameter (e.g., current, temperature, duty cycle, or other suitable parameter). In some embodiments, the one or more modifications of step  4706  include turning a load of the one or more loads off (e.g., to reduce energy consumption). In some embodiments, the system identifies the one or more modifications at step  4706  by accessing reference information  4790 , which includes at least one of user preference information, historical usage information, or predetermined settings. In some embodiments, the one or more loads include one or more appliances (e.g., smart-appliances communicatively coupled to the controller, as illustrated in  FIG. 45 ). In some embodiments, the one or more loads include one or more branch circuits. In some embodiments, the system identifies an event and determines the one or more limits based at least in part on the event. The event may include, for example, a fault, a user input, an input received from another device (e.g., a remote server), an indication from a power monitor (e.g., power monitor  4524  of  FIG. 45 ), any other suitable event, or any combination thereof. 
     In an illustrative example, in some embodiments, the system identifies a reduced electrical power capacity of the electrical system at step  4702 , applies a load model to determine a set of modifications to one or more loads coupled to the electrical system via a plurality of branch circuits at step  4712  (e.g., where each of the plurality of branch circuits is controllable), and modifies operation of the one or more loads based on the load model at step  4714 . 
     The foregoing is merely illustrative of the principles of this disclosure and various modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The above described embodiments are presented for purposes of illustration and not of limitation. The present disclosure also can take many forms other than those explicitly described herein. Accordingly, it is emphasized that this disclosure is not limited to the explicitly disclosed methods, systems, and apparatuses, but is intended to include variations to and modifications thereof, which are within the spirit of the following claims.