Patent Publication Number: US-6984676-B1

Title: Extrusion of synthetic wood material

Description:
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/659,266, filed Sep. 11, 2000 now abandoned, which is continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/735,329, filed Oct. 22, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,117,924. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to wood replacement materials. In particular, the present invention relates to a wood-polymer composite material suitable for use in place of natural wood. The present invention includes a process for manufacturing the composite materials. 
     For several reasons, there is a need to find other materials that exhibit the look and feel of natural wood. One reason has to do with the supply of good wood for construction purposes from the world&#39;s forests. The supply of wood from mature trees has become an important issue in recent years and as a result the cost of wood has risen. 
     Several attempts have been made by others to find a wood like material. Many of these efforts have failed due to the poor qualities of the resultant product. 
     In addition to natural wood, other materials such as particle board, wafer board, and the like may be replaced by the synthetic wood of the present invention. One noticeable improvement over these materials is that synthetic wood has enhanced moisture resistance. 
     The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages of the prior art attempts at a quality wood replacement material that is capable of being produced in a commercially practicable production environment. The present invention includes the combining of cellulosic material with a thermoplastic material and optionally with a cross-linking agent to form a combined product. 
     In the present invention an extrusion of the combined product under sufficient conditions to blend the combined product into a homogeneous mixture is described. The mixture of material is extruded through at least one die in a manner described in greater detail hereinafter. 
     The extruder preferably comprises a hopper to receive and mix the organic fibrous material and the thermoplastic material before being extruded through the die system. In an exemplary material composition of the present invention, the synthetic wood material includes approximately two-thirds organic fibrous or cellulosic material and approximately one-third thermoplastic material in combination. The resultant product has an appearance similar to wood and may be sawed, sanded, shaped, turned, fastened and/or finished in the same manner as natural wood. The resultant product is resistant to rot and decay as well as termite attack. The resultant product may be used for example as, decorative moldings inside or outside of a house, picture frames, furniture, porch decks, window moldings, window components, door components, roofing systems, and any other type of use where structural requirements do not exceed the physical properties of the resultant material. 
     The present invention is useful in a number of different extrusion environments in which at least one extrusion die and a packer are employed. More particularly, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, it is useful in conjunction with the synthetic wood composition and method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,472, which issued on May 14, 1996, entitled EXTRUDED SYNTHETIC WOOD COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR MAKING SAME. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram illustrating the process of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of a die system of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT(S) 
     The present invention is directed toward synthetic wood extrusions of the type in which synthetic wood material composites are extruded through at least one die into and adjacent a profile or packer component. The die may produce strands of the composite material that flow into the packer or in another embodiment of the invention, the die may simply produce one flowable homogeneous mass of material into the packer. In either case, the essence of the present invention is that the packer is of a substantially reduced cross-section area from that of the adjacent die, causing the composite extruded material to be shaped as it passes through the packer. 
     A compression ratio of about 1.5 to 1 up to about 3.5 to 1 or higher is preferred. For example, when a plate of a die through which material is extruded has an equal cross-sectional area as the cross-sectional area of the packer, the compression ratio is said to be 1 to 1. When the cross-sectional area of extrusion of the plate of a die is twice the size of the cross-sectional of the packer opening, the compression ratio is said to be 2 to 1. 
     Surprising and dramatically improved results were achieved when the compression ratio was increased from about 1 to 1 to 1.5 to 1 and higher. One noticeable improvement is that nails driven through material produced with a 2 to 1 compression ratio did not cause significant cracks in the product while nails driven through material produced at a 1 to 1 compression ratio exhibited significant cracks in the cross-section area of the material. 
     Another surprising and beneficial result occurred when the length of the packer was reduced by about half of its previous length. Originally, with extrusions of the present invention, a packer length of 8 inches was employed. Later, upon refinement of the invention, it was discovered that a packer length of about 4 inches improved the efficiency of the manufacturing process at least in the fact that it resulted in less cost to make each packer and the performance was equal to or better than the prior 8 inch length packer. 
     As the strands or mass of material, in an exemplary embodiment, leave the stranding die and enter the packer, the material  10  is compressed causing the material to bond to adjacent material strands. In a packer, the final shape is maintained while the cross linking agents continue to react which bond the material together along with the individual cellulose molecular chains. The formed product is then cooled in a cooling tank  16  and transported to an area where it may be cut into desired lengths. 
     The cellulosic fibrous-polymer composite material used in the present invention may have a higher cellulosic fiber content then normally recognized. The overall process may include the mixing of raw materials including cellulosic fibers, thermoplastic materials, cross-linking agents and process lubricants. The cellulosic material may be any one or more cellulosic materials such as sawdust, newspapers, alfalfa, wheat pulp, wood chips, wood fibers, wood particles, ground wood, wood flour, wood flakes, wood veneers, wood laminates, paper, cardboard, straw, cotton, rice hulls, coconut shells, peanut shells, bagass, plant fibers, bamboo or palm fiber, and kenaf. Cellulosic material is first dried to a low moisture content. Although apparently not critical, an exemplary moisture content is about 1% to about 10%. 
     Thermoplastic materials may include multilayer films, polyethylene, polypropylene, poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), low density polyethylene (LDPE), ethyl-vinyl acetate, other polyethylene copolymers and other thermoplastics. 
     Examples of cross-linking agents include polyurethanes, such as isocynate, phenolic resins, unsaturated polyesters and epoxy resins and combinations of the same. Lubricants may be added as a process aid. Examples of lubricants include zinc stearate or wax. Other materials may be added which are known to the art of extrusion and include accelerators, inhibitors, enhancers, compatibilizers and blowing agents. 
     Two example formulation recipes are described below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Amount (parts per total) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Recipe A 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wood Flour (40/mesh maple) 
                 250 
               
               
                   
                 Polyethylene (HDPE) 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Zinc Stearate 
                 7.5 
               
               
                   
                 External Wax 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 Phenolic Resin 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                 Isocyanate (MDI) 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 Recipe B 
               
               
                   
                 Wood Flour (40/mesh maple) 
                 250 
               
               
                   
                 PVC 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 Lubricant (ester) 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 External Wax 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Process Aids (acrylic) 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 Calcium Stearate 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 Tin Stabilizer 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the cellulosic fiber and thermoplastic raw materials are physically mixed with the cross-linking agents and lubricants in a blender  20 , and subsequently placed into a feed hopper  22 . The mixing of the materials may be accomplished by any simple mixing device. A typical feed hopper may be used such as a gravity feed hopper or a hopper with a force feed mechanism known as a crammer. Once the materials are properly mixed and transferred to the hopper, they are delivered utilizing a crammer feeder to a heated extruder  24 . The extruder utilizes low temperature mixing and extruding. An exemplary mixing temperature at the extruder is around 330° F. Several well known extruders may be used in the present invention. A twin screw extruder by Cincinnati Milacron (CM-80-Hp) may be used. In the extruder, the materials are blended and heated and then forced into a die system. The flow rate of the extruder may be between about 150 and 600 pounds per hour. The die system  30  is made up of one or more plates. The die system allows the starting materials to bond and form a shaped-homogeneous product. A typical plate may be made from cast iron and stainless steel material. 
     In one embodiment the die system is comprised of a plurality of plates nested together to form one continuous die. The first die connected to the extruder is known as an adapter die  32 . Following the adapter die is a transition die  34 . The transition die transforms the combined material discharged from the round stock exiting the adapter die to a shape more generally approaching that of the finished product. Following the transition die may be a stranding die  36 . The stranding die plate has multiple apertures which may be substantially round. In an exemplary embodiment, the stranding die contains apertures which are approximately one-eighth of an inch or larger in diameter. As the material leaves the stranding die it leaves in strands of homogeneous material which are compressed together in a compression die section  38 . The compression die section is contemplated to take a shape of many common items such as decorative house hold moldings including crown moldings, chair rails, baseboards, door moldings, picture frames, furniture trim, and other products. After passing through the compression die section the material enters the setting die  40  where the final shape is maintained. This setting die is also known as the packer. The final shape is maintained yet substantially compressed in overall cross section area. A compression ratio at the packer of about 1.5 to 1 to about 3.5 to 1 provides substantial improvements in the quality of the finished product. With the higher compression ratio of the present invention the resultant product is less likely to crack, split, or otherwise fail in actual applications. The higher compression of the present invention results in a greater degree of material compaction and molecular adhesion. 
     The above described advantages and features of the present invention are offered as an example of the way in which the present invention may be commercially implemented. The embodiments listed herein are, therefore, exemplary in nature and are not intended to unnecessarily limit the scope of the following claims.