Patent Publication Number: US-2004052224-A1

Title: Method and means for providing enhanced subscriber identity confidentiality during roming in a cellular radio communication system

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] The present invention relates in general to the field of cellular radio communication and, in particular, to a method and means for providing enhanced subscriber identity confidentiality during roaming in a cellular radio communication system with at least one pool of core network nodes.  
       DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART  
       [0002] A cellular radio communication system is normally divided into an access network and a core network. The access network in GSM includes the Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and control nodes such as the Base Station Controller (BSC) while the core network includes core network nodes (CNN) such as the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC), the Visiting Location Register (VLR), the Home Location Register (HLR) and also the GPRS Support Node (GSN) if General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is included in the system. An example of a GSN is the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN).  
       [0003] The next generation cellular radio communication system, i.e. the 3 rd  generation, is called IMT 2000 by ITU (the International Telecommunication Union) and includes the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The access network in UMTS includes the base transceiver stations (Node B) and control nodes such as the Radio Network Controller (RNC) while the core network includes the same types of nodes as the GSM system (as described above).  
       [0004] Each control node in the access network (BSC or RNC) is served by one specific MSC and each MSC in the core network is served by one specific VLR in known GSM and UMTS systems. This means that each control node always communicates with one dedicated MSC that serves a specific geographical area of the cellular system, i.e. an MSC Service Area and that each MSC always communicates with one dedicated VLR. When a mobile station requests a service from the cellular system it will be connected to the MSC of the current MSC Service Area by one of the control nodes. The subscriber information of the mobile subscriber, that is using the mobile station, is stored in the VLR that serves the MSC, i.e. the mobile subscriber is registered in this VLR. It is a common practice to combine the VLR with the MSC into an MSC/VLR, which means that the mobile subscriber is registered in an MSC/VLR. Due to the fact that the mobile subscriber is using a mobile station it is also common to say that the mobile station is registered in the MSC/VLR.  
       [0005] When a mobile station moves in the cellular radio communication system in such a way that it needs to move the registration of the mobile subscriber from one core network node to another it is referred to as roaming in this document, e.g. to move the registration of the mobile subscriber (or mobile station) from a first MSC/VLR to a second MSC/VLR. The first MSC/VLR is called the old or the previous MSC/VLR and the second MSC/VLR is called the new MSC/VLR. Correspondingly, the registration of the mobile subscriber may need to be moved from one SGSN to another SGSN if the mobile station supports GPRS. This is similar as the roaming between MSC/VLR&#39;s. The first SGSN is called the old or the previous SGSN and the second SGSN the new SGSN. Hence, to move the registration between any type of core network node in the system is included in the word roaming in this document.  
       [0006] A proposed new type of architecture for a cellular radio communication system is to create a pool of core network nodes, e.g. a pool of MSC/VLR&#39;s, that is connected to one or more access networks, e.g. to control nodes, in the system. This means that each control node can access a number of MSC/VLR&#39;s and that an MSC/VLR in a pool of MSC/VLR&#39;s can serve a mobile station in a larger geographical area than in a “normal” MSC service area. This service area that is supported by all MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool is called MSC-pool service area. In this case, the MSC service area of each MSC/VLR in the pool will be the same area as the MSC-pool service area. A pool of core network nodes is also called a CNN-pool. If it is a pool of MSC/VLR&#39;s it is called an MSC-pool for simplicity and if it is a pool of SCSN&#39;s it is called an SGSN-pool. This new architecture will reduce the amount of inter MSC handovers, reduce the amount of inter MSC/VLR Location Updates and reduce the amount of inter SGSN Routing Area Updates. This new architecture will also provide an easy and smooth way to add (e.g. to increase capacity) or remove (e.g. for maintenance) MSC/VLR&#39;s, SGSN&#39;s or other types of. core network nodes arranged in a pool in the cellular system.  
       [0007] When a mobile station roams from a previous MSC service area (supported by a previous MSC/VLR) to a new MSC service area (supported by a new MSC/VLR) in a GSM network, it performs location updating towards the new MSC/VLR. The mobile station will use a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) to identify the mobile subscriber during the location updating (if it is available in the memory of the mobile station) together with the previous location area information indicating where the mobile station is coming from. The new MSC/VLR, which receives the location updating from the mobile station, needs the real identity of the mobile subscriber, i.e. the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), to be able to identify the mobile subscriber properly. As one alternative, the new MSC/VLR may send a request for the IMSI directly to the mobile station, which responds by transmitting the IMSI over the air interface during the location updating procedure The transmission of the IMSI over the air interface is, however, not recommended, because it will decrease the subscriber identity confidentiality. As a better alternative, the new MSC/VLR may send a request for the IMSI to the previous MSC/VLR, which can transmit its response with the IMSI without using the air interface. The new MSC/VLR will base the addressing of the previous MSC/VLR on the received previous location area information, while the addressing of the mobile subscriber within the previous MSC/VLR is based on the received TMSI.  
       [0008] If a mobile station roams from an MSC-pool service area to an MSC service area (or even to another MSC-pool service area), the new MSC/VLR in the new service area can not identify the previous MSC/VLR within the previous MSC-pool service area based on the location area information only. This is because all of the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool serve the same location areas and theoretically any one of the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool could have been the previous MSC/VLR. This leads to the situation where the new MSC/VLR needs to request the IMSI directly from the mobile station over the air interface, which results in a low subscriber identity confidentiality. Hence, there is a need for a method and means to enable the new MSC/VLR to collect the IMSI without using the air interface to enhance the subscriber identity confidentiality during roaming from an MSC-pool.  
       [0009] By a mobile station is meant all portable equipment intended for radio communication, like mobile stations, transceivers, pagers, electronic notebooks, laptops with integrated radios, communicators, tailored microchips connected to radios or any other portable electronic equipment that is using a radio link as a means of communication.  
       SUMMARY  
       [0010] The present invention meets a problem related to a cellular radio communication system, and in particular, to roaming in a cellular radio communication system where a pool of core network nodes (e.g. MSC/VLR&#39;s) is arranged to serve at least one access network.  
       [0011] The problem is that a new core network node, arranged outside a CNN-pool, can not identify a previous core network node, arranged in the CNN-pool, to collect subscriber information, when a mobile station roams from the previous core network node to the new core network node.  
       [0012] In light of the foregoing, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a method and means to enable the new core network node to collect the subscriber information from the previous core network node in the CNN-pool during roaming.  
       [0013] Accordingly, the present invention provides a node as claimed in claim 1.  
       [0014] The present invention also provides a method as claimed in claim 13.  
       [0015] A system, including the node as claimed in claim 1-10, is also provided.  
       [0016] Embodiments of the present invention are characterised as it appears from the sub-claims.  
       [0017] An advantage with the present invention is that it gives the same level of subscriber identity confidentiality for a CNN-pool system as for a system without a CNN-pool. This is because the mobile station does not need to transmit the IMSI over the radio interface when it roams from a pool of core network nodes.  
       [0018] A further advantage is that the signalling in connection with roaming etc. can be made more flexible.  
       [0019] A still further advantage is that the invention could be used to facilitate a move of subscriber registrations from a first MSC/VLR to a second MSC/VLR, where the second MSC/VLR is arranged in the same CNN-pool as the first MSC/VLR or outside said CNN-pool. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0020]FIG. 1 is illustrating a view of a known GSM system.  
     [0021]FIG. 2 a  is illustrating a view of a first cellular radio communication system with a pool of core network nodes.  
     [0022]FIG. 2 b  is illustrating a view of a second cellular radio communication system with a pool of core network nodes.  
     [0023]FIG. 3 is illustrating a view of a third cellular radio communication system with a number of core network nodes arranged in a pool and a core network node arranged outside the pool.  
     [0024]FIG. 4 is illustrating a simplified block diagram of a SISN connected to a pool of core network nodes according to the present invention.  
     [0025]FIG. 5 is illustrating a simplified block diagram of a SISN according to the present invention.  
     [0026]FIG. 6 is illustrating a flow chart of a first embodiment of the method according to the present invention.  
     [0027]FIG. 7 is illustrating a signaling scheme of the first embodiment of the method according to the present invention.  
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS  
     [0028] The present invention relates to a method and means for subscriber identity confidentiality during roaming in a cellular radio communication system.  
     [0029]FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified view of a known GSM system  100 . The GSM system  100  includes four Base Transceiver Stations (BTS)  101 - 104 , which are serving one cell  105 - 108  each. BTS  101  and  102  are connected to a first Base Station Controller (BSC)  109 , i.e. a first control node, and BTS  103  and  104  are connected to a second Base Station Controller (BSC)  110 , i.e. a second control node. The first BSC is connected to a first MSC/VLR  111  and the second BSC  110  is connected to a second MSC/VLR  112 . Cell  105  and  106  cover the MSC Service Area  116  of MSC/VLR  111  and cell  107  and  108  cover the MSC Service Area  117  of MSC/VLR  112 . The BTS  101 - 104  and BSC  109 - 110  are access network nodes and part of the access network  114  and the MSC/VLR  111 - 112  are core network nodes and part of the core network  115 . A Mobile Station  118  in communication with BTS  102  is also illustrated in cell  106 . The MSC/VLR  111  and MSC/VLR  112  are connected to Home Location Registers (not illustrated).  
     [0030]FIG. 2 a  illustrates a simplified view of an example of a cellular radio communication system  200  with an MSC-pool  201 , connected to an access network  202 . The MSC-pool  201  includes three MSC/VLR&#39;s  203 - 205  (that belongs to the core network). The three MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool  201  are connected to three control nodes (Ctrl nodes)  206 - 208  in the access network  202 . The control nodes  206 - 208  can, as an example, be Base Station Controllers in a GSM-system or Radio Network Controllers in a UMTS-system. The control nodes  206 - 208  are connected to a number of base stations  209 - 215 , i.e. Base Transceiver Stations in a GSM system or Node B&#39;s in a UMTS system. Other parts of the access and core network are not illustrated in FIG. 2 a  for simplicity. The connection  217  between the MSC/VLR&#39;s  203 - 205  and the control nodes  206 - 208  can be arranged by circuit connections as illustrated in FIG. 2 a  or by a packet network  218 , e.g. an IP network, as illustrated in FIG. 2 b.  All control nodes  206 - 208  in the access network  202  can access any one of the MSC/VLR&#39;s  203 - 205  in the MSC-pool  201 .  
     [0031] As previously described, each of the control nodes within the MSC-pool service area is connected to all of the MSC/VLR&#39;s within the MSC-pool which means that the control nodes can distribute the traffic generated via the radio access over all the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool. A traffic distribution based on the known Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) can be used as a possible distribution mechanism in the control nodes. The use of the TMSI is extended by letting some or all of the bits in the TMSI represent a core network node identity. This is done without affecting the known use of the TMSI to identify the mobile subscribers. Each of the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool can, as an example, be given a specific number of the TMSI&#39;s that are used in the system, i.e. a unique part of the whole TMSI range in the system. This means that each TMSI will become associated with a specific MSC/VLR. When a mobile station roams into the MSC-pool service area and performs the location updating the first time via the radio access, the control node in charge distributes the location updating to one of the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool. When the MSC/VLR receives the location updating from the new mobile station it will register the mobile subscriber in the VLR-part of the MSC/VLR and allocate a TMSI from its own number of TMSI&#39;s to the mobile subscriber. Because the mobile station will use the allocated TMSI in radio accesses within the MSC-pool service area, the Control nodes in the MSC-pool service area will be able to forward the traffic to the MSC/VLR where the mobile subscriber has been registered, i.e. the MSC/VLR that has been given (or is associated with) the specific TMSI. The Control nodes will translate the TMSI to an actual MSC/VLR address, e.g. with the help of a table, before they can address the right MSC/VLR. The TMSI is an example of an existing identifier that can be used as Core Network Node Identifier (CNNI) in combination with its original purpose. A completely new identifier that is only used as a CNNI can also be used.  
     [0032] The MSC service area is divided into location areas in which a mobile station can move freely without the need to update location information to the MSC/VLR. A mobile station that moves into a new location area performs a location area update to the MSC/VLR. When the mobile station roams to a new MSC/VLR it changes its location area and performs a location area update to the new MSC/VLR. In case of an MSC-pool, the MSC-pool service area is also divided into a number of location areas that are common to all of the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool.  
     [0033] Routing areas are GPRS specific areas in which a GPRS mobile station can move freely without the need to update the routing area information to the SGSN. The size of a routing area can be one cell up to an entire location area. A GPRS mobile station that moves into a new routing area performs a routing area update to the SGSN. If the GPRS mobile station also needs to change SGSN it is called inter-SGSN routing area update. In case of an SGSN-pool, the SGSN-pool serves a number of routing areas that are common to all of the SGSN&#39;s in the SGSN-pool.  
     [0034] A new logical node, called Subscriber Identification Service Node (SISN), is introduced in the cellular radio communication system. The SISN is illustrated in connection with FIG. 3 below. The SISN is arranged to represent previous MSC/VLR&#39;s in an MSC-pool for the location areas within the MSC-pool service area during roaming to new MSC/VLR&#39;s outside the MSC-pool, i.e. it acts as the previous MSC/VLR in the pool. The MSC-pool can also include more than one SISN to distribute the SISN function within the pool. The SISN can also be arranged to represent previous MSC/VLR&#39;s in more than one MSC-pool, i.e. it can be dedicated to more than one MSC-pool. This is explained more in connection with FIG. 4 below. The SISN can also be arranged to represent previous SGSN&#39;s in an SGSN-pool for the routing areas within the SGSN-pool.  
     [0035] The SISN can be implemented as one or more physical nodes in the system or as a part of existing nodes, e.g. integrated with one or more MSC/VLR&#39;s in an MSC-pool or SGSN&#39;s in an SGSN-pool.  
     [0036] The new MSC/VLR will transmit its request of the IMSI to the SISN that is associated with the previous MSC-pool, instead of transmitting its request to any individual MSC/VLR within the MSC-pool. Ordinary Operations and Maintenance (O&amp;M) commands in the MSC/VLR&#39;s are used to introduce the address to the SISN in the MSC/VLR&#39;s that needs to be able to communicate with the SISN in case of roaming.  
     [0037] The MSC/VLR&#39;s outside of the MSC-pool will base the addressing of the SISN on the received information about the previous location area in the same way as if a single MSC/VLR would cover the whole MSC-pool service area. This is because each of the MSC/VLR&#39;s within the MSC-pool has been given unique CNNI&#39;s. The SISN has a CNNI-address table, where the CNNI&#39;s are converted to the addresses of the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool. The CNNI-address table of the MSC-pool is administrated with ordinary O&amp;M commands in the SISN. Another possibility is to synchronise a change in the CNNI-address table in the SISN with a change in the distribution of CNNI&#39;s between the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool.  
     [0038] In case of GPRS, the SGSN&#39;s outside of the SGSN-pool will base the addressing of the SISN on the received information about the previous routing area.  
     [0039]FIG. 3 illustrates a simplified view of a cellular radio communication system  300  with the MSC-pool  201  and the access network  202 , as illustrated in FIG. 2 a,  plus an SISN  301  in the MSC-pool  201 , one single MSC/VLR  303  outside the MSC-pool  201 , one control node  306  and two base stations  307 - 308 . The base stations  209 - 211  and  214 - 215  in FIG. 2 a  are omitted in FIG. 3 for simplicity. The base stations  307 - 308  are connected to the control node  306 , which is connected to MSC/VLR  303 . The MSC/VLR  303  supports an MSC service area  302  that includes the cells  304  and  305 . Base station  307  supports cell  304  and base station  308  supports cell  305 . The MSC/VLR  303  and the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the MSC-pool  201  are arranged to communicate with the SISN  301 , e.g. by MAP signalling (MAP=Mobile Application Part) on no.  7  signalling (TCAP, SCCP and MTP). The carrier of the MAP could also be IP or similar. The SISN  301  is in this case arranged as a stand-alone node in the MSC-pool  201 . The MSC-pool service area  311 , that is supported by the MSC-pool  201 , and the cells that base stations  212  and  213  are supporting inside the MSC-pool service area  311  are also illustrated in FIG. 3. Base station  212  supports cell  309  and base station  213  supports cell  310 . A mobile station  312  is communicating with base station  213  in cell  310 . The rest of the cells, base stations, connections etc. within the MSC-pool service area  311  and other parts of the system  300  are not illustrated in FIG. 3 for simplicity.  
     [0040]FIG. 4 illustrates a simplified block diagram of how the SISN  301  can be arranged between the MSC-pool  201  and the MSC/VLR  303 . The SISN  301  can also be arranged to communicate with more than one MSC/VLR outside the MSC-pool  201  as illustrated by the dashed blocks  401  and  402 .  
     [0041] The MSC-pool can include more than one SISN to distribute the SISN function within the pool. In a first example (not illustrated), each of the SISN&#39;s is serving certain location areas within the MSC-pool service area. The MSC/VLR&#39;s outside the MSC-pool can address the right SISN based on the information of the previous location area.  
     [0042] In a second example (not illustrated), each of the SISN&#39;s is serving different sets of MSC/VLR&#39;s outside the MSC-pool. The MSC/VLR&#39;s outside the MSC-pool can address “their” SISN independently of each other. The first and second examples could also be combined.  
     [0043] The SISN can also be arranged to represent previous MSC/VLR&#39;s in more than one MSC-pool. In this case, the SISN must know to which pool the received identity request is intended to. This can in a first example be solved by using different TMSI ranges for different MSC-pools. The SISN can then find out the right MSC-pool by analysing the received TMSI. This can in a second example be solved by including the location area in the identity request. The SISN can then find out the right MSC-pool by analysing the received location area. This can in a third example be solved by using SISN addresses, which are different for different pools. The SISN can then find out the right MSC-pool by analysing the called address in the received identity request.  
     [0044] The SISN  301  can also be arranged to transfer at least parts of the subscriber information from the previous VLR (e.g. the VLR in MSC/VLR  204 ) to the new VLR (e.g. the VLR in MSC/VLR  303 ). This will reduce the load on the HLR and on the signalling network between the new VLR and the HLR.  
     [0045] The SISN can be further arranged to transmit identity requests to and receive identity responses from CNN&#39;s in situations where some of the TMSI&#39;s are not uniquely identifying a specific CNN. For instance, if a new CNN is connected to the MSC-pool and some of the TMSI&#39;s that are used to identify the old CNN&#39;s are re-arranged to identify the new CNN. During this change one and the same TMSI might indicate the wrong or more than one CNN before the system and the mobile stations are fully updated. The CNN&#39;s can in these cases use the SISN to request for the IMSI from those CNN&#39;s in which the subscriber is probably registered.  
     [0046]FIG. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of an SISN according to the present invention. The SISN includes a CNN Addressing unit  501  (CA-unit) connected to a Subscriber Identification unit  502  (SI-unit). The CA-unit  501  is used for identifying the CNN identity (e.g. to find the CNNI within a TMSI) and to find the right CNN within the pool, e.g. identify the right MSC/VLR. The CA-unit includes the CNNI-address table that enables the SISN to translate each CNN identity to the correct MSC/VLR address.  
     [0047] The SI-unit  502  is used to communicate with the respective MSC/VLR and the CA-unit  501 , e.g. to receive the identity request, forward the CNNI to the CA-unit, receive the CNN address from the CA-unit and forward the identity request to the previous CNN. It also relays the identity response from the previous CNN back to the requester (i.e. the new CNN). The address to the new CNN, which is received with the identity request from the new CNN, is stored in the SISN so that the SI-unit can identify and address the new CNN when it relays the identity response from the previous CNN. If the CNNI is embedded in e.g. a TMSI, the whole TMSI is forwarded to the CA-unit, which identifies the CNNI part of the TMSI. The SI-unit  502  is also responsible to supervise the response to the identity request. If no response is received within a pre-defined time (defined e.g. by O&amp;M), the SI-unit  502  will respond to the requesting MSC/VLR, that the subscriber identity was not found.  
     [0048] The SISN can as an alternative include an Identifier Administration unit (IA-unit), not illustrated, where the whole TMSI O&amp;M for the CNN-pool is implemented. This means that the MSC/VLR&#39;s within the MSC-pool will get their CNNI&#39;s, e.g. specific parts of the TMSI range, from the SISN. The IA-unit in the SISN will also keep the control nodes in the access network updated on the latest allocation of the CNNI&#39;s so that they can address the right CNN.  
     [0049]FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a first embodiment of the method according to the present invention. The method is applied in the system that is illustrated in FIG. 3 This means that there will be references to FIG. 3 as well as to FIG. 6. The mobile station  312  moves from MSC-pool service area  311  to the MSC service area  302  (an arrow illustrates the direction of the movement in FIG. 3). The mobile station is in stand by mode, i.e. powered on but not involved in any active communication session (such as a voice call or a data transfer). The mobile subscriber that uses the mobile station is currently registered in MSC/VLR  204 .  
     [0050] According to a step  601  in FIG. 6, the mobile station  312  performs a location registration to the MSC/VLR  303  via base station  308  and control node  306 . In the location registration the mobile station will indicate its previous location area as well as the TMSI allocated in the previous location area. The MSC/VLR  303  is now the new MSC/VLR.  
     [0051] According to a step  602 , the MSC/VLR  303  analyses the received previous location area. This is made to detect from which MSC/VLR the mobile subscriber is roaming from. In this case the analysis will indicate the SISN  301  as the mobile subscriber is roaming from the MSC-pool  201 . The connection between the location area and the SISN  301  is controlled by ordinary O&amp;M commands in the MSC/VLR  303  and can as an example be made in a table.  
     [0052] According to a step  603 , the MSC/VLR  303  transmits an identity request to the SISN  301  that includes the TMSI received from the mobile station  312 .  
     [0053] According to a step  604 , the SISN  301  translates the received TMSI to an MSC/VLR address within the MSC-pool  201  with the help of the CNNI-address table. In this case it will be the address to MSC/VLR  204 . The whole TMSI is used as the CNNI in this embodiment. The SISN  301  also stores the address to the MSC/VLR  303 . This address is included in the identity request.  
     [0054] According to a step  605 , the SISN  301  forwards the identity request (received from the MSC/VLR  303 ) to the MSC/VLR  204 , i.e. the previous MSC/VLR. The SISN has changed the address of the MSC/VLR  303  to its own address in the identity request.  
     [0055] According to a step  606 , the MSC/VLR  204  transmits an identity response with the real identity, i.e. the IMSI, to the SISN  301  after it has identified the subscriber with the help of the TMSI included in the identity request received from the SISN  301 .  
     [0056] According to a step  607 , the SISN  301  forwards the received identity response from the MSC/VLR  204  (with the IMSI) to the MSC/VLR  303 , i.e. to the new MSC/VLR. The identity request procedure is now completed and the MSC/VLR  303  has identified the mobile subscriber.  
     [0057] According to a step  608 , the MSC/VLR  303  contacts the HLR to complete the roaming procedure, e.g. by obtaining subscriber information from the HLR. The new MSC/VLR must know the IMSI to be able to find the correct HLR and to obtain the right subscriber information from the HLR.  
     [0058] If the system uses a CNNI that is not included in the TMSI, the same steps as above can be used although the CNNI is transmitted separately together with the TMSI in the identity request.  
     [0059]FIG. 7 illustrates signalling between the mobile station  312  (MS), the MSC/VLR  303  (the new MSC/VLR) , the SISN  301  and the MSC/VLR  204  (the previous MSC/VLR).  
     [0060] If no response is received from the MSC/VLR  204  in the MSC-pool, i.e. step  606  is not performed, the SISN replies to the MSC/VLR  303 , that the subscriber identity was not found. This can as an example trigger an identity request procedure between the MSC/VLR  303  and the mobile station  312 , where the mobile station transmits the IMSI over the radio interface. A timer is used in the SISN to determine how long it should wait for a reply from MSC/VLR  204 . This timer is started when the request is forwarded in step  605 .  
     [0061] It is possible to use the SISN to collect authentication information from the previous MSC/VLR. This can for instance be made just before or during step  608  or as a separate operation. It is also possible to use the SISN to transfer at least parts of the subscriber information from the previous VLR (e.g. the VLR in MSC/VLR  204 ) to the new VLR (e.g. the VLR in MSC/VLR  303 ). This transfer can for instance be made in parallel with steps  606 - 607 , between steps  607 - 608 , during step  608  or as a separate operation.  
     [0062] If the SISN includes the IA-unit, the SISN will generate a TMSI distribution plan, distribute the TMSI ranges to each MSC/VLR in the pool and update the control nodes in the access network according to the TMSI distribution plan.  
     [0063] The SISN could also be used to facilitate a move of subscriber registrations from one MSC/VTR to another within the same MSC-pool, e.g. when an MSC/VLR is to be taken out for service or to arrange a different load distribution between the MSC/VLR&#39;s in the pool. This makes it possible for the other MSC/VLR&#39;s in the pool to get hold of the subscriber identification in a secure way, i.e. without communication with the mobile stations over the air-interface.  
     [0064] The inventive roaming process described here is similar in UMTS. This means that the SISN and the method described here is also applicable for UMTS systems mutatis mutandis.  
     [0065] In general, the SISN is arranged to forward messages (e.g. requests for specific information) between a third core network node (arranged outside a first pool of CNN&#39;s) and a first core network node (arranged in the first pool of CNN&#39;s). This means that the third core network node “outside” the pool only need to be able to identify the SISN and not one of the core network nodes in the first pool when needed, e.g. during/after roaming.  
     [0066] As previously stated, SGSN&#39;s in systems with GPRS can also be arranged in pools. The SISN can in this case forward messages between a third SGSN (arranged outside an SGSN pool) and a first SGSN (arranged in the SGSN pool). An inter-SGSN routing area update is performed when a subscriber moves from a routing area controlled by an SGSN in an SGSN-pool to a routing area controlled by an SGSN outside the SGSN-pool. The SGSN, arranged outside the SGSN-pool, does only need to identify and communicate with the SISN and not one of the SGSN&#39;s in the pool when performing the inter SGSN routing area update. The SISN identifies (e.g. by using the P-TMSI instead of the TMSI) and handles the communication with the right SGSN in the pool in line with the MSC/VLR routing embodiment described in connection with FIG. 6 above. Other types of information exchange between SGSN&#39;s, arranged outside the SGSN-pool, and SGSN&#39;s, in the pool, can also be made via the SISN.  
     [0067] The invention can be completely or partially implemented as software in at least one microprocessor.