Patent Publication Number: US-2012045637-A1

Title: Self hardening flexible insulation material showing excellent temperature and flame resistance

Description:
The present invention relates to a thermal and/or sound insulation system or material with resistance to elevated temperatures (&gt;300° C.) due to a controlled self-ceramifying/self-glassing/self-hardening effect which also leads to low or non-combustibility, the process for manufacturing of such system or material and the use of such system or material. 
     High temperature insulation systems, as e.g. in industrial application such as steam or fluid pipes or tanks reaching 400° C. and more are exclusively consisting of mainly inorganic materials, such as glass or mineral fibre like Isover® or Rockwool®, foamed glass like Foamglas®, silica (e.g. in vacuum panels), silica gels like Aerogel®, and metal and ceramic fibres and foams in some cases (e.g. Fiberfrax Durablanket®, Cellaris Lite-Cell®). 
     Organic insulation materials (i.e. foams) like PIR/PUR (e.g. Puren®), thermosets, such as melamine (e.g. Basotec®) etc. will reach their performance limit at significantly lower temperatures as decomposition of organic polymers of all kinds takes place in a range between 100 and 350° C. and most organic materials even will show their flashpoint at 400-450° C., means, those so-called “rigid” organic insulations are not the material of choice. For the same reason more flexible organic insulation materials like elastomeric (e.g. EPDM, NBR) or polyolefinic foams (like PE, PP) have never even been thought about for a.m. purpose as they even would decompose (i.e. melt/soften or stiffen/get brittle) earlier and easier in comparison with a.m. thermosets or crosslinked materials, and as they are not sufficiently flame resistant. 
     However, a basic disadvantage of all inorganic insulation materials is their lack of easy mounting and demounting properties; they exhibit limits both when it comes to efficiently insulating bows, flanges etc., and of course they can scarcely be offered as pre-insulation. Furthermore fibrous materials have a high gas and water vapour transmission as they are naturally open porous or open cell. This can e.g. cause condensation on the pipes which leads to corrosion. Foamed glass is very brittle in comparison with fibrous materials and therefore the installation is quite elaborate and expensive. Due to this, foamed glass does not withstand vibrations and expansion/contraction cycles that usually appear in the respective installations and pipework due to internal and environmental temperature change etc., limiting its fields of applications and reliability. Ceramic and metal fibres and foams are both brittle and costly, and show the same mounting deficiencies. Metal foams and some ceramics furthermore are too good heat transmitters and therefore are not recommended for insulation purposes. 
     A major object of the present invention thus is to provide an insulation system or material not showing the above mentioned deficiencies, but exhibiting good mounting properties through flexibility. A further aim is to achieve a good resistance versus thermal load through controlled subsequent hardening by self-glassing or self-ceramification (in general: self-rigidification). This eventually leads to a stable rigid foam insulation which shows a very low content of combustibles. 
     Surprisingly, it is found that such system or material not showing the above mentioned disadvantages can be obtained by using organic polymer blends comprising specially tailored filler/additive compositions to ensure sufficient self-rigidification at typical application temperatures being faster than the expected degradation and/or hampering and/or overcompensating said degradation. 
    
    
     
       In the drawings, which form a part of this specification, 
         FIG. 1   a ) are examples of secondary crosslinkers; wherein X is a functional reactive group; 
         FIG. 1   b ) is an example of the secondary crosslinking system, wherein X, Y, and Z are functional (reactive) groups for subsequent crosslinking: X of the crosslinker, Y of the polymer, and Z of the filler; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic drawing of the claimed thermal and/or sound insulation material; and 
         FIG. 3  is a chart of the hardness over time for controlled self hardening versus uncontrolled hardening. 
     
    
    
     The claimed material comprises at least one layer (A), which consists of an expanded organic polymer based blend. The polymer based blend comprises at least one organic polymer which may be chosen from the classes of thermoplasts, thermoplastic elastomers, elastomers, thermosets or any mixtures thereof, and it may comprise homo-, co- or terpolymers or any mixtures thereof. Preferred are organic polymers chosen from elastomers or thermoplastic elastomers or some resins due to the provided flexibility. Especially preferred are polymers of said nature with potential to form additional bonds and/or crosslinking at elevated temperatures, i.e. either having hetero atoms in the polymer backbone and/or side groups or reactive sites, such as polysiloxanes, e.g. MQ, EPM/EPDM, CR, CM, CSM, NBR, SBR, PVC, EVA, polyesters, polyacetates and the like, and any mixtures thereof. 
     The polymer based blend furthermore comprises at least one filler which may be chosen from the classes of carbon blacks, metal/half metal/non metal oxides and/or hydroxides, halogenides, silica or silicates, phosphates or phosphites, sulphates or sulphites or sulphides, nitrates or nitrites or nitrides, borates etc., and any mixtures thereof, such as, but not exclusively, aluminium oxides/hydroxides, silicates, clay, gypsum and/or cement based systems, calcium phosphate, sodium sulphate etc. Preferred are fillers providing chemical reactivity, i.e. potential for forming stable bonds and/or supporting crosslinking reactions at elevated temperatures (&gt;280° C.), i.e. with chemical reaction potential at a temperature higher than 280° C. 
     The polymer based blend also comprises an expansion system based on physical (e.g. gases, volatile liquids) and/or chemical (e.g. forming gases and/or vapour by decomposition) expansion agents. 
     The polymer based blend also may comprise at least one (primary) crosslinking system for vulcanisation at low to medium temperatures as used in the industry, such as sulphur or peroxide or metal oxide or bisphenol or metal catalyst based crosslinkers together with their respective accelerators, retarders, synergists etc. Primary crosslinking can also be achieved by radiation, optionally through support by internal activators. 
     The polymer based blend furthermore comprises at least one secondary crosslinking system not participating at possible vulcanisation reactions of the polymers itself, but providing chemical reactivity at elevated temperatures, i.e. leading to a subsequent crosslinking during heat loading, i.e. a permanent exposition to temperatures higher than 280° C., and wherein that crosslinker is chemically active at a temperature higher than 280° C., thus leading to subsequent crosslinking. The secondary crosslinking system may comprise one or more compounds chosen from the classes of initiators (e.g. high decomposition temperature peroxides, such as BaO2), bifunctional crosslinkers (e.g. sulphides glycol), trifunctional crosslinkers (e.g. borates, phosphates, phosphorous modifications, phosphorous compounds or nitrogen compounds, such as nitrides or nitrates) or tetrafunctional crosslinkers (e.g. silicon based compounds), multifunctional crosslinkers (e.g. polyols, sugars) or any mixtures thereof (see  FIG. 1   a ). Preferred are tri- and tetrafunctional crosslinkers as they will form more stable ceramic-like structures more rapidly. This crosslinking system for elevated temperatures (i.e. significantly above the vulcanisation temperature, means ranging from 300-600° C.) will not be changed or touched during the manufacturing of the expanded polymer blend (mixing, giving shape, vulcanising), but will interfere with active sites on polymers and/or fillers at said high temperatures. It has been found that downstream crosslinking by the secondary crosslinking system is most fast and complete if it is based to more than 50% on condensation and/or polycondensation reaction mechanisms releasing low molecular substances (small molecules) and wherein such low molecular substances are of the general formula HX, wherein X is —OH, halogen, —OR, or —OOR (where R is any organic or inorganic substituent) and/or MX, wherein M is a metal or half metal, e.g. halides—including salts—, water, OH-substituted compounds, such as MeOH, EtOH, silanols, acids etc. This is finally leading to a three-dimensional high crosslinking density network with properties comparable to foamed ceramic or foamed glass. 
     The polymer based blend furthermore may comprise additional additives participating in heat induced downstream crosslinking to accelerate the desired crosslinking reactions, such as moisture scavengers (e.g. anhydrides, hygroscopic compounds), halogen absorbers (e.g. alkali), acid or alkali neutralizers, pH buffering systems and the like. These accelerators are mainly intended to shift the equilibrium of condensation reactions to the right side (see also equations (1′) and (2′)) and to prevent undesired side or consecutive reactions. 
     The polymer based blend furthermore may comprise a heat and/or reversion stabilizer system. The stabilizers can be chosen from the classes of carbon blacks, metal oxides (e.g. iron oxide) and hydroxides (e.g. magnesium hydroxide), metal organic complexes, radical scavengers (e.g. tocopherol derivates), complex silicates (e.g. perlite, vermiculite) and combinations thereof. The stabilizing system has to prevent that (uncontrolled) premature hardening of the polymer blend would take place before ceramification (see  FIG. 3 ) and to stabilize the material when used at medium temperatures, e.g. during the start up phase of a hot pipe system. However, as some too inert bonds of the polymers and/or fillers (like e.g. Si—O, B—N) in some cases need to be activated to participate in the subsequent downstream crosslinking right in time it can be opportune to even accelerate said reversion or cleavage. Therefore, the polymer based blend may also comprise acid or alkali compounds to ensure and to trigger this controlled cleavage. 
     The polymer based blend furthermore may comprise all kinds of other fillers or additives, such as other elastomers, thermoplastic elastomers and/or thermoplastics and/or thermoset based polymer mixtures, or combinations thereof, or as recycled material, other recycled polymer based materials, fibres etc. Preferred are fillers or additives both supporting the heat resistance and secondary the crosslinking of the blend either by direct stabilization and/or by synergistic effects with the heat stabilizing and/or secondary crosslinking system, and/or fillers or additives supporting the high temperature crosslinking directly, such as carbon black, iron oxide, e.g. magnetite, vermiculite, perlite, aluminium oxide and hydroxide etc., or mixtures thereof. 
     The polymer based blend may comprise further additives such as flame retardants, biocides, plasticizers, stabilizers, colours etc., of any kind in any ratio, including additives for improving its manufacturing, application, aspect and performance properties, such as emulsifiers, softeners, inhibitors, retarders, accelerators, etc.; and/or additives for adapting it to the applications&#39; needs, such as char-forming and/or intumescent additives, like expanding graphite and/or phosphorous compounds, to render the material self-intumescent and/or char-forming in case of fire to close and protect e.g. wall and bulkhead penetrations or to prevent accidents in case of pipe leakage; and/or internal adhesion promoters to ensure self-adhesive properties in co-extrusion and co-lamination applications, such as silicate esters, functional silanes, polyols, etc. 
     The polymer based blend is expanded to a mainly closed cell foam with a closed cell content of at least 70%. The blend is expanded to a density of less than 700 kg/m3, preferably less than 500 kg/m3, especially preferred less than 200 kg/m 3 . The expanded polymer blend shows a thermal conductivity to less than 0.2 W/mK at 0° C., preferably to less than 0.08 W/mK at 0° C. 
     Layer (A) may show a smooth, plain surface or ridge-like surface structure on one or both of its sides to act as a spacer for limiting heat transmission and for decoupling from sound, see  FIG. 2 . The ridge-like structure may be of sinus like shape, or rectangular, or triangular, or trapezoidal, or a combination thereof. 
     Layer (A) will resist temperatures up to 600° C. without showing severe hardening or decomposition that would lead to brittleness and disintegration of the insulation material or system. This is achieved by a.m. heat induced downstream or subsequent crosslinking of the polymer part of (A) and/or the filler part of (A) by the secondary crosslinkers of (A). If only the polymers are crosslinked there will likely be occurrence of brittleness at an early stage of usage of the material. If only filler particles or molecules are crosslinked brittleness will occur later, but also be likely. In both cases the reason for probable brittleness can be found in active sites (mainly of the polymer) not being involved in the controlled crosslinking and thus showing danger of uncontrolled hardening. Highest stability versus high temperatures is achieved by connecting both the polymers&#39; and fillers&#39; active sites by crosslinkers. The crosslinkers here can act as bridging compound as in equation (1) and/or as initiators (i.e. not being integrated into the final structure) as in equation (2), see  FIG. 1   b,    
       [P1]-Y+[P2]-Y+X-Crosslinker-X→[P1]-Crosslinker-[P2]+2XY  (1)
 
       [P1]-Y+[P2]-Y+X-Crosslinker-X→[P1]-[P2]+YX-Crosslinker-XY  (2)
 
     where P1, P2 can be polymers and/or fillers, and X,Y are functional groups or active sites. (1) is typical for reactions of hydroxides and related compounds (chalkogen compounds in general), whereas (2) is typical for reactions with participation of halogens, see equations (1′) and (2′). 
       [P1]-OH+[P2]-OH+HO—B(R)—OH→[P1]-O—B(R)—O—[P2]+2H2O  (1′)
 
       [P1]-Cl+[P2]-Cl+M→[P1]-[P2]+MCl2  (2′)
 
     Reactions of type (1) or (2) can be combined to obtain firstly a controlled crosslinking and a stable final rigid structure and to secondly tailor-make the crosslinking system to the applications&#39; temperature profile. The level of controlled self-hardening and the temperature level at which this reaction will start can be varied in a wide range by choosing the proper polymer/filler/crosslinker/accelerator combinations. Some of them are shown in table 1. As a general rule it can be stated that highest temperature resistance is linked to lowest total carbon content in the final ceramified or glassed layer (A) and is also related to the presence of silicon and/or aluminium atoms and their metal/oxygen and metal/hetero atom (e.g. boron, nitrogen) ratio. Due to the organic polymers being the major contributor to the total carbon content it is therefore favourable to choose such polymers for highest temperature applications showing non-carbon atoms in the polymer backbone itself (like in polyacetates, e.g. vinyl acetate, cellulose acetate; in polysiloxanes; in polyesters and polyethers/polyols; etc.) or having hetero atoms in the side chain (like in CR, CM, CSM, polyacetates and polyesters; etc.). 
     It is important in any case to carefully design the blend according to the final applications&#39; temperature profile: the downstream crosslinking reaction has to be faster than the respective polymer decomposition velocity profile.  FIG. 3  shows typical hardness/heat aging curves of polymer blends: hardening will accelerate disproportionately with rising temperature and finally lead to disintegration of the material, means, the material will become such brittle that it sooner or later breaks down under own weight or gravity. The major reason for this brittleness can be found in a very high level of uncontrolled and inhomogeneous crosslinking almost exclusively from carbon atoms to carbon atoms, which, together with the generally high carbon content, will finally lead to short chain polymer decomposition by-products and even carbon particles. 
     The bold curves in  FIG. 3  indicate how the claimed material will behave under the same conditions: it will become hard to the same level, but will not decompose or disintegrate but turn into rigid foam. This is due to the downstream crosslinking reaction firstly taking care of connecting carbon atoms to hetero atoms; secondly it is “absorbing” thermally cleaved bonds by integrating them into the homogeneously growing network; thirdly it is decreasing the total carbon content: carbon that will not be integrated into the network either will remain within the grid as an inactive filler without influence or will be oxidized to carbon dioxide and therefore be removed from the final blend. If the total carbon content in the final rigid foam is below 5% and the filler is mainly silicon based one can speak of a self-glassed material, else one should speak of a self-ceramified material. In general, one could speak about a self-rigidification effect. 
     As the general content of organics or combustibles is low to very low after self-rigidification the material of layer (A) then has to be judged as non-flammable/non combustible (see table 2). 
     The claimed material may comprise at least one layer (B) which can be applied as a protective layer between the hot surface and layer (A), see  FIG. 2 . Layer (B) is only required if the hardening/ceramification balance of layer (A) would not be as desired, thus negatively disturbed by being shifted to the uncontrolled hardening side. Layer (B) may comprise temperature invariant materials, such as foamed glass, micro and nano scale inorganic particles in a matrix (e.g. silica gel like Aerogel®); fibres of glass, ceramics, minerals, carbon, aramide, imide etc., as tissue, fabric, mesh, woven or nonwoven; or any combination thereof. 
     The claimed material furthermore may comprise additional layers (C) providing additional insulation or diffusion barrier or protection properties or a combination thereof. Layers (C) may be applied underneath or on top of layers (A)-(B) or within the layers (A)-(B). Layers (C) can preferably be applied on the outer surface of the system for protection purposes, e.g. against weathering, UV, or mechanical impact. Layers (C) especially can be used to provide vibration damping and/or shock and/or impact absorbing functionality to prevent layer (A) from getting damaged after self-rigidification in case of mechanical load. 
     The claimed material furthermore may comprise additional parts (D) not being insulation material, e.g. plastics or metal work like pipes or tubes, such as corrugated metal pipe, or wires, sensors etc., that can directly be co-extruded on by the system (A)-(C) or that can be inserted into the insulation part after its manufacturing to form a pre-insulated system. 
     It is a prominent advantage of the claimed material that it is providing reliable and sustainable thermal insulation at temperatures rising up to 600° C. 
     It is another advantage of the claimed material that it provides additional acoustic insulation. 
     Another basic advantage of the claimed material is the fact that it is flexible and easy to handle during mounting. It can easily be cut and shaped; therefore the insulation of elbows, valves, flanges etc. is particularly easy. 
     It is another advantage of the claimed material that it can be manufactured at temperatures up to 300° C., mounted at temperatures from −10 to 400° C., and only after these manipulations it will rigidify during use. The claimed material is therefore stable during storage. 
     It is another prominent advantage of the claimed material that the process of self-ceramification takes place in a rather short time at elevated, but not extreme temperatures, whereas known self-ceramifying materials (see e.g. EP 1006144, EP 1298161) or related char forming/intumescent materials (see e.g. EP 1733002) require very high temperatures (at least &gt;650° C.), flame temperatures or even a direct flame contact. Those materials, however, do not ceramify at lower temperatures but disintegrate through heat aging, especially when they are foamed and/or mechanically loaded. 
     Materials ceramifying at lower temperatures need additional treatment, e.g. need to be ceramified under special conditions, like in the presence of ozone and water vapour (see DE 4035218) or in an ammonia atmosphere (like in EP 323103). Such additional treatment is advantageously not necessary in this invention. 
     It is another important advantage of the claimed material that its insulation properties are very constant over a wide temperature range, especially over the temperature range of the intended application (300-600° C.). 
     It is another advantage of the claimed material that it is not only high temperature resistant but also suitable for low temperature use, therefore ideal for outdoor purposes and for use under harsh conditions. 
     It is a further advantage of the claimed material that its composition will allow to use it indoors as well as outdoors, as weathering and UV stability is usually provided, as well as non toxic composition, and no odour is being formed. It is environmental friendly as it does not comprise or release harmful substances (e.g. phthalates are not needed as plasticizers, which are partially under discussion and partially prohibited), does not affect water or soil and as it can be blended or filled with or can contain scrapped or recycled material of the same kind to a very high extent not losing relevant properties significantly. 
     It is a linked advantage of the claimed material that it is fibre free and free of dust and therefore does not pollute air. 
     It is another advantage of the claimed material that it can be compressed during mounting and therefore, if mounted properly under said compression, will compensate shrinkage that usually occurs during self-rigidification due to volatiles and increase of network density. 
     It is a further advantage of the claimed material that it rigidifies, but still is able to bear tension, e.g. from thermal expansion/contraction during use. 
     It is a linked advantage of the material that it can withstand temperature fluctuations without mechanical damages like cracking, exfoliation, etc. 
     It is a further prominent advantage of the claimed material that even after self-rigidification it will maintain most of its closed cell content, thus, will show built-in vapour barrier properties and low thermal convection. 
     It is another advantage of the claimed material that it will not only provide thermal but also acoustic insulation for both airborne and body sound as it can be varied in its density and closed to open cell ratio to be adapted to the intended sound shielding profile. 
     A further advantage of the claimed material is the possibility to adapt also other than the acoustic properties to the desired property profile (concerning insulation, mechanical properties, temperature resistance etc.) by expanding it to an appropriate foam cell structure or density or by designing the proper blend or by applying appropriate layer combinations. 
     It is a prominent advantage of the claimed material that it can be produced in an economic way in a one-step mixing and a one-step shaping process, e.g. by moulding, extrusion and other shaping methods. It shows versatility in possibilities of manufacturing and application. It can be extruded, co-extruded, laminated, moulded, co-moulded etc. as single item or multilayer and thus it can be applied in almost unrestricted shaping. 
     It is a further advantage of the claimed material that it can be transformed and given shape by standard methods being widespread in the industry and that it does not require specialized equipment. 
     It is another advantage of the claimed material that it provides good high temperature insulation for reasonable economics. 
     A prominent advantage of the claimed material is the fact that it can be easily surface treated, e.g. coated, with various agents and by various means. 
     A further advantage of the claimed material is the fact that it is easily colourable, e.g. in red to indicate heat. 
     It is another important advantage of the claimed material that it can be pre-treated with energy to initiate the subsequent secondary crosslinking before mounting or other manipulations. The level of secondary crosslinking can be adjusted by temperature and duration of temperature treatment. This can be helpful for insulating large surfaces where more stiffness is desired or for doing performs, such as half shells, or for doing rigid final parts. This can e.g. be done after manufacturing in ovens, or on job site with heat guns of radiators. 
     A very prominent advantage of the claimed material is the fact that it will become inflammable or non combustible during and after self-rigidification which renders the claimed material ideal for applications in critical environment, e.g. in the oil/gas and chemical industry. 
     A further advantage is the use of the claimed material for applications requiring high temperature resistance at application temperatures &gt;300° C. (continuous, intermediate or peak), such as for thermal solar pipe and tank insulation, industrial thermal and/or acoustic insulation, e.g. for high temperature fluid or steam pipe and tank or reactor insulation, for heating systems, e.g. burners or ovens, for indoor and/or outdoor purposes. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Self-Rigidifying Blends and their Behaviour when being Exposed to High Temperatures 
     Samples for testing were obtained by blending the respective base blend for A-F (see table 1) with a sulphur based vulcanisation system and with azodicarbonamide as expansion agent. 
     The mixtures then were extruded, expanded and crosslinked to a 330 mm wide and 25 mm thick foam sheet. 
     The samples (approximately 300×200 mm) were cut out from the sheets and put on a Stuart® heating hotplate for tests up to 400° C. or on a gas burner heated plate for tests up to 600° C., respectively. 
     Table 1 shows the blends/mixtures being used for comparative trials. The ceramification temperature range is according to the temperature range wherein the self-rigidification process takes place most efficiently. A stable rigid state is reached after some days at the respective temperature; the higher the temperature the faster the crosslinking. The service temperature is the maximum temperature recommended for final use, i.e. permanent heat load, if no more change of properties (e.g. no more shrinkage) is favoured. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition and respective service temperature range of typical self-rigidifying 
               
               
                 blends (all innovative examples) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Rigid 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Filler for 
                   
                 Accelerator/ 
                   
                   
                 state 
               
               
                   
                 Polymer 
                 cross- 
                 Crosslinking 
                 support 
                 Ceramification 
                 Service 
                 reached 
               
               
                   
                 base 
                 linking 
                 system 
                 additive 
                 temperature 
                 temperature 
                 after 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 A 
                 VMQ* 
                 Silicate 
                 Boric acid, 
                 Pyromellitic 
                 300-600° C. 
                 500° C. 
                 2-5 days 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sodium borate 
                 dianhydride 
               
               
                 B 
                 VMQ* 
                 ATH 
                 Boric acid, 
                 — 
                 400-600° C. 
                 470° C. 
                 2-8 days 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sodium borate 
               
               
                 C 
                 EPDM* 
                 Silicate 
                 Boric acid, 
                 — 
                 300-400° C. 
                 350° C. 
                 3-8 days 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 sodium borate 
               
               
                 D 
                 EPDM* 
                 ATH 
                 Pyrophosphate 
                 Pyromellitic 
                 300-500° C. 
                 380° C. 
                 2-4 days 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dianhydride 
               
               
                 E 
                 CR* 
                 Silicate 
                 Pyrophosphate 
                 Pyromellitic 
                 300-400° C. 
                 430° C. 
                 2-4 days 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dianhydride, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Mg(OH) 2   
               
               
                 F 
                 CR* 
                 ATH 
                 Pyrophosphate 
                 Pyromellitic 
                 300-400° C. 
                 400° C. 
                 2-5 days 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 dianhydride, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Mg(OH) 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *A and B: Armaprene ® UHT; C and D: Armaprene ® HT; E and F: Armaprene ® BS2; all Armacell, Germany. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Used Raw Materials: 
     ATH: Martinal® 107, Martinswerk, Germany; 
     Boric acid, sodium borate and magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH) 2 : Merck, Germany; 
     Pyrophosphate: sodium pyrophosphate, dibasic: SigmaAldrich, Germany; 
     Pyromellitic dianhydride: Lonza, Switzerland; 
     Silicate: Kieselguhr/Perlite, Lehmann&amp;Voss, Germany. 
     Example 2 
     Insulation and Flame Retardant Properties 
     Samples of 25 mm thickness were prepared as in example 1. Density was tested by ISO 845; LOI by ISO 4589; thermal conductivity by EN 12667; flammability classification in accordance with EN 13501/EN 13823. 
     Table 2 shows some insulation related properties of selected blends from table 1 before and after self-rigidification in comparison to other materials being used for high temperature insulation. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 High temperature insulation materials and their physical properties 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Foamed 
                 Glass 
                 Mineral 
               
               
                   
                 A* 
                 C* 
                 E* 
                 glass 
                 wool 
                 wool 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Density 
                 85 
                 78 
                 79 
                 — 
                   
                 — 
               
               
                 [kg/m 3 ] 
               
               
                 after vulc. 
               
               
                 Density 
                 96 
                 76 
                 73 
                 120 
                 63 
                 130 
               
               
                 [kg/m 3 ] in 
               
               
                 rigid state 
               
               
                 LOI after vulc. 
                 44 
                 37 
                 52 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Thermal 
                 0.041 
                 0.039 
                 0.040 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Conductivity 
               
               
                 at 0° C. 
               
               
                 [W/mK] 
               
               
                 after vulc. 
               
               
                 Thermal 
                 0.044 
                 0.038 
                 0.039 
                 0.040 
                 0.039 
                 0.034 
               
               
                 Conductivity 
               
               
                 at 0° C. 
               
               
                 [W/mK] 
               
               
                 in rigid state 
               
               
                 Flammability 
                 C S1 d0 
                 D S3 d0 
                 B S2 d0 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 classification 
               
               
                 after vulc. 
               
               
                 Flammability 
                 A S1 
                 B S1 d0 
                 A S1 
                 A S1** 
                 A S1** 
                 A S1** 
               
               
                 classification in 
                   
                   
                   
                 A 
                 B 
                 A 
               
               
                 rigid state 
                   
                   
                   
                 S2*** 
                 S2*** 
                 S2*** 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *innovative example; 
               
               
                 **tested as stand-alone product; 
               
               
                 ***tested as system with mounting aids/covering/laminated layers as recommended and/or sold by manufacturers 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Materials for Comparative Examples 
     Foamed glass: Foamglas® ONE (1 inch=25.4 mm thickness), Pittsburgh Corning, USA; 
     Glass wool: Isover®, Saint Gobain, France; 
     Mineral wool: Rockwool® Duraflex (30 mm thickness), Rockwool, Netherlands.