Patent Publication Number: US-2001000212-A1

Title: Battery system providing indicia of a charging parameter

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
     1. The present application is a continuation-in-part application of: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/104,123, filed on Sep. 16, 1993, which is a U.S. national phase patent application of PCT application No. PCT/DK92/00047, filed Feb. 14, 1992, and (2) PCT application No. PCT/DK93/00267, international filing date of Aug. 16, 1993.  
    
    
     
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       2. The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for controlling the charging of a rechargeable battery and, more particularly, to optimizing the charging or discharging process of such batteries to ensure that full charge is achieved without damaging the battery.  
       3. Rechargeable storage cells or batteries are electrochemical devices for storing and retaining an electrical charge and later delivering that charge as useful power. A battery may typically have a number of storage cells connected together to form a battery having specific voltage or current delivery capability. A familiar example of a rechargeable battery is the nickel-cadmium, NiCd, battery used in portable electronic devices such as cameras and mobile telephones.  
       4. When charging a rechargeable battery, such as for example an NiCd battery, an electrical voltage greater than the terminal voltage of the battery is applied to the terminals of the battery, so that current flows through the battery. This current initiates a chemical process by which energy is stored in the battery.  
       5. When the battery has reached a full charge condition, the chemical process stops and the added energy is instead converted into heat. Because the battery is constructed as a sealed container, the pressure in the battery increases, and tends to cause mechanical and chemical destruction. Chemical destruction may reduce the capacity of the battery, and the capacity may eventually be reduced significantly after several such chargings. To optimize the battery utilization, it is therefore important to ensure not only that the battery will be charged fully, but also that charging is interrupted before the generation of heat becomes too great. Thus, it is desirable to accurately control the charging process to obtain an almost optimum charging and/or to interrupt charging at a proper time.  
       6. Accurate control of the charging process is especially important when it is desired to charge the battery as quickly as possible. Frequently, it is desirable that the charging period for a battery (the period of time necessary to charge the battery) be as brief as possible. This has lead to the use of greater and greater charging currents. Higher levels of current, however, may tend to accelerate the heat-generating process within the battery. Because the heat-generating process may be accelerated, it is particularly important to interrupt (e.g., terminate) the charging at the proper time. If the charging is interrupted too late, the result is heat generation and mechanical and chemical destruction as mentioned, and if the charging is cut off too early, the battery will be charged only to part of its full capacity.  
       7. In a typical charging process the voltage across the battery initially increases evenly as the battery is charged. However, as the battery approaches its full state of charge, the voltage increases more steeply to a peak (the full state of charge). The voltage then drops again; after the full charge is reached, temperature increases, and the temperature coefficient of the voltage is negative. Correspondingly, the charging current typically falls to a minimum at full charge and then increases.  
       8. A number of methods are known which attempt to terminate charging at the proper time. However, they have all been found to be lacking in precision.  
       9. For example, one known method comprises measuring the temperature of the battery and cutting off the charging when an increase in temperature is observed. However, by the time the increase in temperature is sufficiently high to measure, it is often too late. It is also difficult to measure the temperature with sufficient accuracy, because among other things, there may be variations in the ambient temperature. This is the case, e.g., if a battery from an automobile telephone is moved in winter from a cold car to a charger which is at room temperature.  
       10. Other known methods involve measuring the voltage across the battery or the magnitude of the charging current and terminating charging when the voltage or current assumes a specific level. However, it is very difficult to determine the voltage (or current) at which charging should be terminated. For example, voltage, at full capacity, often varies somewhat from battery to battery, even in case of batteries of the same type. Moreover, the voltage is temperature dependent. Similarly, it is possible to measure the charging current, and the same observations apply here as well.  
       11. Many known chargers use a fixed period of time; charging is simply terminated after the elapse of this time. However, the time period necessary to charge the battery is strongly dependent upon the initial charge on the battery (whether the battery is completely or only partially discharged), and the battery charge state. This might be solved by fully discharging the battery prior to the charging. However, such an approach is unsatisfactory, in addition to the waste of energy involved, it takes a certain time, and there will still be a good deal of difference between the necessary charging time from battery to battery.  
       12. A more advanced method is to measure the voltage change (or current change) as a function of time, i.e. the slope of a curve showing the voltage as a function of time. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,656 discloses a method which detects the point at which this slope is zero, corresponding to the peak occurring where the battery is fully charged. However, it is difficult to determine this point accurately since the curve approaching the peak may be very flat. Further, there may be other points on the curve where the slope is zero, resulting in premature termination of charging.  
       13. U.S. Pat. No. 4,747,854 describes a system which detects when the voltage curve assumes a negative slope exceeding a reference value. The observations made with respect to zero slope detection also apply here. Moreover, by the time the negative slope occurs, the battery may have already been overcharged to a point sufficient to damage the battery.  
       14. U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,582 similarly describes a system which measures the slope of the voltage curve to find the point where the slope of the curve begins to decrease after having been increasing. While the battery will rarely be overcharged using this method, the systems remain susceptible to premature termination of charging; the battery is often only charged to part of its full capacity. Further, there is also risk of incorrect measurements if, e.g., the charging current or the voltage supply is changed during charging.  
       15. Use of a combination of various of the above-mentioned methods is also known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,655 describes a system which uses four stop criteria, viz. a voltage limit, a predetermined time limit, a calculated increase on the voltage curve, as well as the point where the slope of the voltage curve is zero. The charging is interrupted if any one of these criteria is satisfied. The predetermined time limit is selected after the charging has begun; an initial voltage measurement is made, a short or a long charging time is selected, e.g., 1 hour or 1.75 hours on the basis of the measurement. The advantage of such an approach is that the battery discharge state and the number of cells in the battery can be taken into consideration from the beginning. However, such a system is rather, and remains susceptible to battery overcharging.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       16. The methods of the present invention ensure full charging, but stop the charging process before heat generation within the battery becomes high enough to cause damage to the battery.  
       17. This is achieved according to various aspects of the present invention by monitoring a value and/or sequence of values (e.g., curve or plot) of at least one characteristic parameter of the charging process during at least part of the process of charging the battery, comparing the measured value and/or sequence of values of the charging parameter(s) with corresponding reference values and/or sequences, and determining the remaining period necessary to charge the battery.  
       18. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the reference values suitably include sets of values representing ideal or desirable charging processes for different types of batteries and/or different battery conditions, and one may be selected based the comparison of the measured values with the stored sets of reference parameters. At least part of the process of charging the battery is then controlled on the basis of one or more reference parameters of the selected set.  
       19. In accordance with various aspects of the invention, a first characteristic parameter may be controlled during at least part of the process of charging to obtain a predetermined desired sequence of a second of the characteristic parameters. For example, the first parameter may be the charging current while the second parameter may be the charging voltage.  
       20. When a battery is to be charged for the first time, or when the battery has been stored for a long time without charging, such battery (hereinafter called a “virgin battery”) cannot immediately accept the normal full charging current. Therefore, the process of charging such virgin battery cannot be controlled in the same manner as another battery of the same type and with the same state of charge, but not being a virgin battery. Consequently, it would be advantageous to test the battery to be charged prior to actual charging in order to find out whether the battery is a virgin battery, which needs an individual “nursing” program which may, for example, involve a relatively low charging current for a shorter or longer period of time. Also, batteries which are not virgins may show some kind of anomaly.  
       21. Therefore, according to another aspect of the present invention, a rechargeable battery is charged by connecting the terminals of the battery to an electrical power source, initially test charging the battery by supplying a first test charging current to the terminals of the battery for a short first period of time, monitoring or measuring at least one test parameter at least during part of the test charging process or at the end thereof, subsequently test discharging the battery for a short, second period of time, surveying or measuring at least one test discharging parameter during at least part of the test discharging process or at the end thereof, selecting or determining a sequence or values of at least one charging parameter based on the monitoring or measurements of the test charging and/or discharging processes, and subsequently at least partly charging the battery substantially in accordance with the sequence or values selected for the charging parameter(s).  
       22. The test charging of the battery may take place in any suitable manner. As an example, a predetermined fixed test charging voltage may be applied to the terminals of the battery for a predetermined period of time. Alternatively, the test charging voltage may be increased gradually or step-wise in a predetermined manner. In both cases, the charging current, the temperature of the battery, and/or the inner pressure of the battery may be surveyed or measured currently or at one or more selected points of the charging and/or discharging process.  
       23. Another possibility would be to control the test charging voltage to maintain the charging current at a predetermined level or to gradually or step-wise increase the test charging current in a predetermined manner. In the latter case, the charging voltage, the temperature of the battery, and/or the inner pressure of the battery may be monitored or measured.  
       24. It may be advantageous to repeat the test charging and discharging processes one or more times. If so, the sequence of the controlled test parameter (charging voltage or charging current) may be chosen differently for successive test charging processes.  
       25. Preferably, a relatively low test charging current is supplied to the battery, for example in the order of 0.2 C/h (CmA×h being the capacity of the battery) to prevent the temperature and/or the inner pressure of the battery from attaining values which could have a detrimental effect on the battery.  
       26. Each test charging period is preferably relatively short compared to the time period for the subsequent actual charging. As an example, each test charging may take a few seconds, such as 1 or 2 seconds.  
       27. The nursing program selected on the basis of the testing described above may comprise the total charging process of the battery and even a subsequent discharging process and a new charging process. If the nursing program selected is terminated before the battery is fully charged, the battery may be further charged. The further charging comprises: monitoring the value and/or sequence of at least one characteristic parameter of the charging process during at least part of the process of charging the battery; comparing the value and/or sequence of the charging parameter(s) with corresponding values and/or sequences of stored reference parameters representing ideal or desirable charging processes for different types of battery and/or different battery conditions; selecting based on the comparison one of the stored sets of reference parameters; and controlling at least part of the process of charging the battery on the basis of one or more reference parameters of the selected set.  
       28. A smaller or greater number of empirically determined reference parameters may be stored (such as graphs where values of the reference parameter are plotted versus the period of time lapsed since starting of the charging process), for example by electronic storing means, such as a memory. When it is desired to rapidly charge the rechargeable battery without substantially deteriorating the battery, the ideal or desirable charging process mainly depends on the state of charge of the battery prior to starting the charging process. Therefore, the reference parameter sequences stored represent idealistic or desirable processes of charging for different starting states of charge of the battery. If the state of charge of the battery to be recharged is known or may be determined, the reference sequence with the starting state of charge closest to the actual state of charge of the battery to be recharged may be selected, and the process of charging the battery may be controlled to approximate the sequence of the parameter(s) to the selected reference sequence, whereby it may be secured that the battery is not at any time exposed to unduly high voltage or charging current or to undue heating.  
       29. In principle, the state of charge of the battery to be recharged may be determined by a special measuring step, and the corresponding reference parameter sequence adapted to the same or a similar starting state of charge may then be selected, for example, by providing the relevant information to an electronic control unit by suitable keys. In the preferred embodiment, however, the relevant reference sequence is selected automatically by an electronic control circuit.  
       30. The charging parameter may, for example, comprise the potential across the battery terminals, the electric charging current supplied to the battery, the temperature of the battery cell, the rate of change of any such parameter, and any combination of such parameters and/or rate of change.  
       31. It should be understood that the charging process may be controlled in any suitable manner by which the sequence of the charging parameter may be approximated to the selected reference parameter sequence. In the preferred embodiment, however, the process of charging is controlled by controlling the voltage supplied to the terminals of the battery. The voltage is preferably controlled so that the charging current applied to the battery is relatively low at the beginning of the charging process, while the charging current is preferably maintained at substantially the same maximum value during a subsequent major part of the charging process, to accelerate the same.  
       32. As mentioned previously, the selection of reference parameters may depend on the state of charge of the battery. Such state of charge may be determined by briefly supplying a voltage to the battery prior to the initiation of the charging process to measure one or more charging parameters. If the battery is fully charged, the charging process will not be initiated. If the battery is partly charged, such information may be used in selecting proper reference parameters for the charging process.  
       33. Controlling the charging process may comprise determining the remaining period of charging time when the value of at least one characteristic parameter fulfills a certain predetermined condition or predetermined conditions, and terminating the charging process when the remaining period of time has expired. In one embodiment according to the invention, the remaining period of charging time is determined when the characteristic parameter, such as charging voltage, charging current, battery temperature, or inner battery pressure, reaches a predetermined value.  
       34. Towards the end of the charging process, the internal resistance of the battery cell may increase so that the charging voltage tends to increase when the charging current is to be maintained at a relatively high predetermined value. A too high voltage may cause a detrimental temperature increase within the battery cells. Therefore, the voltage supplied to the terminals of the battery is preferably limited to a predetermined maximum, the charging process being terminated at the expiration of a predetermined remaining period of time starting when the voltage has reached the maximum. This means that the charging voltage is preferably kept at its maximum value during the predetermined remaining period of time, and as the inner resistance of the battery cells is increasing, the charging current will normally decrease gradually during this period of time, which is preferably selected so that the battery is substantially fully charged when the period of time has expired. Preferably, the predetermined remaining period of time is related to the reference sequence selected, which means that each reference parameter sequence includes information about not only the maximum charging voltage to be supplied to the battery, but also about the period of time in which such maximum voltage should be maintained at the end of the charging period.  
       35. As mentioned above, the reference parameter sequences to be compared with the actual parameter sequence may be curves or graphs, and the comparison process may be performed by a pattern recognition technique by means of pattern recognition circuitry. In the presently preferred embodiment, however, the charging parameter is currently measured at short time intervals during charging, the measured parameter values being compared with corresponding reference values of the reference parameter sequences, and the relevant reference parameter sequence being selected on the basis of comparison of such measured values and reference values. The comparison process may be performed currently during the charging process so that the control circuit or control unit may shift from one reference parameter sequence to another when the continued comparison process reveals that the reference parameter sequence chosen first is not the one which is closest to the actual charging process.  
       36. In comparing the charging parameter values with the reference values, it may be advantageous to compare the rate of change of the parameter values as a function of the charging time lapsed with similar reference values. As an example, the rate of change of the charging voltage as a function of the charging time lapsed may be compared with corresponding reference values. In order to permit the detection of the internal resistance or the potential of the battery, the charging current may be cut off for a short period of time immediately prior to each measurement of the potential difference of the battery terminals.  
       37. The parameter values may be measured and the rate of change of the parameter values may be determined at uniform first time intervals, each determination of the rate of change being based on parameter values measured at second time intervals, the second time interval being a multiple of the first time interval. The parameter values may be measured rather frequently, which means that the first time interval may be relatively short, for example about 10 seconds. The rate of change is, however, preferably based on measurements with a time spacing being several times greater, for example 90 seconds.  
       38. Determining the rate of change may be initiated at the beginning of the charging process. However, the determination of the rate of change may advantageously be postponed until a measured value of the characteristic parameters exceeds a predetermined value, after which distinguishable rates of change are found.  
       39. In a particular embodiment, there is a limited number of reference values, and a new stop point of time for the charging process is determined only when the parameter or parameters concerned assume one of the reference values. This results in a simpler procedure which can nevertheless normally determine the optimum stop point of time sufficiently accurately.  
       40. In particular, in case of fast charge mode using a high charging current, it may be advantageous to reduce the charging current gradually as the stop point of time approaches. Gradually reducing the charging current as the stop point of time approaches makes identifying the optimum stop point of time easier. Thus, charging may, for example, be performed with a constant high charging current (for example about 4 C milliamperes, when the capacity of the battery is C milliamperes×hour) until one of the measured parameters has reached a predetermined level, following which the current can be reduced gradually.  
       41. An expedient manner of obtaining the desired charging current is to use a constant voltage source which is pulse width modulated in a manner providing the desired charging current.  
       42. It may be an advantage to delay the procedure of determining the possible stop point for the charging process until the charging process approaches its termination. Thus, a simpler method may be used, such as simple measurement of current or voltage, for deciding when the more accurate procedure is to be initiated.  
       43. In a particular embodiment, the accuracy of the measurements is improved in that each of the measured values of the characteristic parameters for each of the mentioned points of time is an average value of a plurality of intermediate measurements. The measurements will then be less sensitive to transients, for example. Of course, the same effect can be obtained by integrating the parameter in question over the period which has elapsed since the last measurement.  
       44. As an additional safeguard, some of the stop criteria used in prior art methods may be adopted. Thus, for example, a maximum charge period may be fixed. Charging will then be interrupted at this point of time at the latest even though the other stop criteria have not yet occurred. Alternatively, limits may be fixed for one or more of the measured parameters so that charging is terminated if one of the parameters exceeds or drops below specific values. Furthermore, the charging process may be interrupted if and when the value or sequence surveyed deviates too much from any of the corresponding sequences or values of the stored reference parameters.  
       45. After the termination of charging, it may be expedient to maintain the charge state of the battery by means of a pulsating current. This ensures that the battery is constantly fully charged even if it is not removed from the charger till long after the termination of the charging.  
       46. The reference parameter sequences stored may comprise not only sequences representing charging processes, which are ideal or desirable for one and the same type of battery, but even a plurality of reference parameter sequences for each of two or more different types of battery. In such case, the first process step may be to determine the type of the battery to be charged and to select the reference parameter sequences related to that type of battery. Thereafter, the process may proceed as described above.  
       47. The present invention also provides an apparatus comprising a connecting means for connecting the battery to an electrical power source, apparatus for surveying the value and/or sequence of at least one characteristic parameter of the charging process during at least part of the process of charging the battery, monitoring apparatus for storing a plurality of the values and/or sequences of reference parameters representing idealistic or desirable charging processes for different types of battery and/or different battery conditions, apparatus for comparing the value and/or sequence of the at least one charging parameter with the values and/or sequences of the stored reference parameters and for selecting based on the comparison one of the stored sets of reference parameters, and apparatus for controlling at least part of the process of charging the battery on the basis of one of more reference parameters of the selected set.  
       48. The operation of such an apparatus may, for example, be controlled by a microprocessor or another electronic control device, which may also comprise a memory for storing the reference parameter sequences or values.  
       49. According to a further aspect, the present invention provides a battery system comprising a rechargeable battery including a pair of battery terminals and information means for containing information about the battery, and a charging apparatus including a pair of charger terminals, means for releasably interconnecting the battery and the charging apparatus so that the battery terminals are in electrical conductive contact with the charger terminals, and information receiving means for receiving information from the information means of the battery, whereby the charging of the battery may be controlled based on the information. The battery system may comprise control means for controlling the charging process based on information received by the information receiving means.  
       50. The information means of the battery may be more or less sophisticated. In the most simple form, the information means may, for example, comprise an indicator which is removed, inactivated, and/or destroyed when the battery is charged for the first time. The presence of such an indicator would inform the control means that the battery should be charged in accordance with a “nursing program” suitable for a virgin battery of the battery type in question. Alternatively or additionally, the information means may comprise an information code which may be read or sensed by the information receiving means of the charger. Such information code may be read or sensed by mechanical, optical, electromagnetic, and/or electronic reading or sensing means, and the code may, for example, contain information about the type, capacity, maximum charging voltage, maximum charging current, maximum temperature, maximum inner pressure and/or other characteristics of the battery. Furthermore, the information means may, alternatively or additionally, comprise a temperature sensor for sensing the temperature of the battery.  
       51. In a preferred embodiment of the battery system, the charging current and/or charging voltage may initially be increased when the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor is low.  
       52. The invention also relates to a rechargeable battery for use in a battery system as described above, the battery comprising a pair of battery terminals and information means for containing battery information in a form which may be sensed or read by suitable information receiving means of a corresponding battery charging apparatus.  
       53. As described above, the information means may be rather simple. Alternatively, the information means may comprise an electronic memory for storing battery information. This battery information may then comprise information about one or more previous charging and discharging processes and/or about the present state and condition of the battery and its individual cells. Thus, the information means of the battery may inform the control means in detail about the condition of the battery, and the control means may then control the charging process on the basis of such information. Such charging may be controlled in accordance with any of the methods described above or by means of conventional charging methods. The battery information may for example comprise information about the type of the battery, the capacity of the battery, other specifications of the battery, charging status of the battery, the condition of the various battery cells, the last charging process, the last discharging process, the time period lapsed since the last charging and/or discharging process, charging parameter algorithms, and/or the internal battery pressure.  
       54. In order to survey the internal pressure and/or temperature of the battery, the information means may comprise a pressure and/or temperature sensor located within the battery. These sensors are connected or connectable to the control means so that information about pressure and/or temperature may be transmitted to the control means.  
       55. The control means are preferably adapted to control charging of individual cells of the battery in response to information received from the information means, whereby it may be ensured that the cells of the battery are substantially uniformly charged.  
       56. It should be understood that the battery could also comprise an electronic display for displaying information from the memory in a directly readable form. It is also envisaged that the battery could also contain the control means. This means that the charging apparatus is eliminated or included in the battery unit. In such case, the battery should just be connected to a suitable electrical power supply.  
       57. Usually, the battery comprises several battery cells and in order for the information means to obtain information about the individual cells, such as voltage and/or temperature of each cell, the battery may further comprise means for measuring the voltage of each battery cell and means for storing the measured cell values in the information means.  
       58. In connection with the method of charging described above, it is presupposed that sequences or sets of reference parameters for the type of battery in question are known and available. The present invention provides a method for providing such sequences or sets of reference parameters. Thus, the present invention provides a method of determining a process of charging a rechargeable battery having a capacity C, the method comprising determining a maximum value for at least one charging parameter and controlling the charging process so as to not exceed the maximum value or values determined.  
       59. A set of maximum values obtained in the manner described above may form a reference for use in charging. Further reference values or parameters may be obtained by controlling other charging parameters to ensure the predetermined maximum charging parameters are not exceeded.  
       60. A set of maximum values and/or parameters which may be obtained as described above may be used in a controlled method of charging. The battery is then charged with a substantially constant charging current during part of the charging process, the substantially constant charging current preferably being several times the C-rate based on the capacity value determined or measured. As an example, the value or parameter may be the voltage. In that case, the voltage(s) of the battery or cell terminal(s) is (are) surveyed, and when a predetermined maximum terminal voltage of the battery or cell has been reached at a time Tmax, the charging process is controlled so as to maintain the battery or cell voltage substantially constant for the remaining period of the charging process. If the battery has at least two cells, the parameter or voltage of each cell of the battery may be surveyed, and the remaining period of the charging process may be controlled based on the voltage of the cell having a voltage first reaching the maximum cell terminal voltage. It should be understood that the charging process could be controlled based on any other charging parameter, such as the temperature of the battery or of the individual cells thereof.  
       61. It is also preferred that the stop point of time of the remaining charging period of the charging process is determined by surveying the charging current, and when no further decrease in the charging current has been detected for a predetermined period of time the charging process may be terminated. Alternatively, the charging process is stopped at a time, Tstop, the remaining charging period, Tstop minus Tmax, being determined generally at the time Tmax when the predetermined maximum battery or cell terminal voltage is reached. The remaining charging period of time, Tstop minus Tmax, may be determined on the basis of a comparison of the battery or cell terminal voltage sequence with stored reference voltage sequences, or the remaining charging period of time may be determined in dependency of the value of Tmax.  
       62. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the stop point, Tstop, and thus the remaining charging period of time, is determined based on a comparison of the time, Tmax at which the maximum voltage is reached, with stored reference values of time and corresponding remaining charging periods of time.  
       63. In connection with discharging, when the battery is used in operation, the present discharge invention provides a method for controlling a discharging process of a rechargeable battery having at least two cells, the method comprising surveying the voltage of each cell of the battery, and interrupting the discharging process when the voltage of at least one cell drops to a predetermined threshold voltage.  
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     64. The invention will now be further described with reference to the drawing, in which:  
     65.FIG. 1 is a graphical representation or curve showing the voltage as a function of time for an NiCd battery which is charged with a constant charging current;  
     66.FIG. 2 shows in an enlarged scale part of the curve of FIG. 1;  
     67.FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the sequence (e.g., plot) of various charging parameters in a controlled process of charging a NiCd battery;  
     68.FIG. 4 is a graphical representation showing the battery voltage of a NiCd battery as a function of charging time for six different starting states of charge;  
     69.FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an apparatus according to the invention;  
     70.FIG. 6 shows a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5;  
     71.FIG. 7 is a graphical representation corresponding to that shown in FIG. 3 for a battery with some anomaly;  
     72.FIGS. 8 and 9 diagrammatically illustrate charging curves at the beginning of a process of charging a virgin battery and a fully charged battery, respectively;  
     73.FIGS. 10 and 11 diagrammatically illustrate discharging curves for a virgin battery and a fully charged battery, respectively;  
     74.FIG. 12 shows the charging voltage curve and the temperature curves for a battery which is charged with a constant low charging current;  
     75.FIGS. 13, 14 and  15  show the charging voltage curves and the temperature curves for the same battery as in FIG. 12 when charged with substantially constant charging currents of different values, respectively;  
     76.FIG. 16 shows the charging voltage curve and the temperature curve for a battery which is test charged with a constant low charging current in the range of 0.1 C/h;  
     77.FIG. 17 shows the charging voltage curve and the temperature curve for a battery which is test charged with a constant charging current in the range of 1 C/h;  
     78.FIGS. 18, 19 and  20  show the charging voltage curves, the temperature curves and the charging voltage curves for a NiCd battery which is charged with charging currents of different values, the charging processes being controlled in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention;  
     79.FIG. 21 shows the charging voltage curve, the temperature curve and the charging current curve for a Nickel Metal Hydride battery which is initially charged with a high charging current;  
     80.FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a battery according to the invention;  
     81.FIG. 23 shows the discharging voltage curves for each cell in a NiCd battery having 6 cells and being discharged with a constant current;  
     82.FIG. 24 illustrates a controlled discharging process according to the invention for a NiCd battery having 6 cells;  
     83.FIG. 25 shows the charging voltage curves and the temperature curves of each cell of a NiCd battery having 6 cells and being charged with a constant charging current;  
     84.FIGS. 26, 27 and  28  are block diagrams showing different embodiments of a battery systems according to the invention;  
     85.FIG. 29 is a block diagram of a battery charger system according to various aspects of the invention;  
     86.FIG. 30 is a schematic representation of the embodiment of FIG. 29;  
     87.FIG. 31 is a schematic representation of memory map utilized by a control circuit according to various aspects of the invention; and  
     88.FIGS. 32-36 is a flow chart of an exemplary battery charging process effected by the system of FIG. 29.  
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT  
     89. It is normally desirable to fully charge a battery within the shortest possible charging period of time. However, the chemical reactions taking place within the cells of the battery limit the rate of charging. When the charging current is relatively low the charging current may be increased by increasing the charging voltage without any increase of the battery temperature, and the temperature of the battery may even drop slightly when the charging current is increased. However, after the charging current has reached the maximum value that can be accommodated by the chemical reactions, further increases in the charging voltage may cause a drastic increase of the battery temperature and also of the internal pressure of the battery. Accordingly, maximum values for battery (and/or cells thereof temperature, the difference in temperature, inner pressure, charging voltage, and/or the terminal voltage are suitably determined, and the charging process controlled so that the maximum value(s) is (are) not exceeded.  
     90. For example, maximum values may be determined from values obtained when a relatively low charging current is supplied to the battery for a certain period of time, for example in the order of one hour or even up to 10 or 15 hours. The charging voltage may then be controlled so that the charging current is kept substantially constant at least during the later part of the charging process. The charging current supplied to the battery may, for example, be 0.05-0.3 C/h, 0.1-0.3 C/h, and preferably 0.2-0.25 C/h (C/h being the “C-rate”). This means that when the capacity of the battery being charged is, for example, C mA.h, the charging current may be 0.05-0.3 C mA, 0.1 C-0.3 mA, and preferably 0.2-0.25 C mA. Such charging current is relatively low and requires a charging time of e.g., 3.3-10 hours to fully charge the battery. Maximum values can be determined in such a manner for, e.g., battery/cell temperature and/or inner battery/cell pressure.  
     91. In order to obtain a shorter charging time, it is necessary to use a higher charging current in the major part of the charging period. The maximum value of the charging and/or terminal voltage is suitably determined by measuring the maximum voltage obtained when a relatively high charging current is supplied to the battery for a certain period of time, preferably sufficient to fully charge the battery. Such relatively high charging current may, for example, be 0.75-1.5 C/h, preferably about 1 C/h. When such a charging current is used, the necessary charging time for fully charging the battery is, e.g., 0.67-1.34 hours.  
     92. When determining the maximum value of the charging or terminal voltage, it is preferred to charge the battery with a charging current which is substantially equal to the C-rate based on the determined real value of the capacity of the battery. Furthermore, it is preferred to determine the maximum value of the voltage as the voltage measured across the battery or cell terminals at the point of time when the battery or cell temperature has increased by the maximum temperature difference determined during charging with the relatively low charging current. It is also preferred that the battery is substantially discharged before initiating any charging process for determining charging parameters.  
     93. Preferably, when determining one or more of the above mentioned maximum parameters, the battery is at least partly charged at a slow rate and subsequently discharged at least once prior to any further charging. It is further preferred that the relatively low charging current is supplied to the battery for such a long period of time that a rise in at least one of the charging parameters, such as battery or cell temperature, has been obtained and no further essential parameter change has been detected.  
     94. The real value of the capacity of the battery will often vary from the capacity stated by the battery manufacturer. Thus, the real value of the battery capacity is suitably determined; the battery is charged at the relatively slow rate and the capacity value of the battery determined by calculating or measuring a total first charging power supplied to the battery during charging until the battery is substantially fully charged. The point of time when the battery is substantially fully charged may be determined as the point of time when no further rise in parameter value(s) has (have) been detected for a predetermined period of time. The parameter values may, for example, be the temperature and/or the terminal voltage of the battery and/or cells thereof.  
     95. If the battery is being charged for the first time (is a virgin battery) or a rather long period of time has passed since last charging, it is important to ensure that the battery “gets started,” i.e. that the chemical reaction within the cells is normal. This may be accomplished by employing a nursing program; the battery is suitably at least partly charged rather slowly and subsequently discharged at least once prior to determining the maximum value of parameters.  
     96. During a charging sequence, certain parameters of a battery, e.g., the voltage and current, manifest characteristic curves. For example, in a typical charging sequence, a battery is subject to a constant charging current over a period of time causing the battery voltage to increase. The shape of the curve representing the battery voltage as a function of time with a constant charging current will be generally the same for all batteries of a given type, e.g., NiCd, but the specific voltage and time values may vary, for example, with the actual charging current and from battery to battery. A representative curve for a NiCd battery is shown in FIG. 1. An analogous characteristic curve will result if the charging current is plotted as a function of time with a constant charging voltage, and reproducible curves showing the above-mentioned stages in the charging process will be obtained even if neither charging current nor charging voltage is kept constant.  
     97. The curve may be divided into four nominal regions representing various stages in the charging process marked A, B, C, and D, respectively, in FIG. 1.  
     98. Region A corresponds to the start of the charging process. When the charging process is initiated, the voltage may vary somewhat depending upon the state of charge of the battery prior to the initiation of charging. Thus, the voltage in this region is rather indefinite (and therefore measurements of parameters are usually not performed in this region).  
     99. Region B corresponds to the actual charging period where substantially all of the charging current is converted into stored energy in the battery by a chemical process. In this period, the voltage of the battery increases only slowly.  
     100. In Region C, the full state of charge approaches and is ultimately obtained. During this phase, the voltage initially increases more rapidly. However, as the full charge is approached (i.e., the chemical process approaches exhaustion), gas begins to develop in the cells of the battery. This results in an increase in pressure and in temperature in the battery. Battery voltage has a negative temperature coefficient. Accordingly, the voltage begins to increase more slowly. Ultimately, at the end of Region C, the battery voltage ceases to increase; the voltage has reached its highest value or peak value at the transition between Regions C and D.  
     101. Region D corresponds to continued application of current after full charge has been reached (i.e., after the chemical process is exhausted). If the charging process is continued in Region D, the electrical energy is now generally converted into heat and the battery voltage drops. The resulting increase in temperature and pressure will cause destruction of the battery and concomitant reduction in capacity. Therefore, the charging process should advantageously be terminated at the commencement of or in the beginning of the period D.  
     102. The curve of FIG. 1 may vary somewhat in response to the charging current used and the “charging history” of the battery in question; however, tests have shown that there is close correlation between various charging parameter values within the regions A, B, and C, such as the instantaneous slope of the voltage curve at a certain time or moment in the region C and the time difference from the moment in question to the optimum time to terminate (stop point for) the charging process.  
     103. The present invention employs the correlation between parameter values to optimize the charging process. Suitably, if information about the correlation between parameter values (e.g., curve slope) and charging period is stored, the parameter e.g., the slope of the curve at a given moment, is sampled; and the charging period required to reach the optimum time to terminate (stop point for) the charging process is calculated or otherwise determined.  
     104. Referring to FIG. 2, such a calculation may be performed at several consecutive moments to generate indicia of a corresponding number of potential optimum termination times (stop points). In the example of FIG. 2, three measurements are performed. A remaining charging period of delta Ti is calculated (or otherwise determined) at the point of time T 1 , a remaining charging period delta T 2  is calculated (determined) at the point of time T 2  and a remaining charging period delta T 3  is calculated (determined) at the point of time T 3 . In the example of FIG. 2, the three calculated stop points are indicated as occurring at precisely the same moment. However, in practice the calculated stop points will usually differ slightly. If desired, the charging process may be terminated when the first one (earliest) of the calculated termination times occurs. However, more sophisticated stop criteria may also be utilized. For example, more importance may be attached to the last calculated termination times. It is possible, for example, to disregard some of the values first calculated if all the subsequent calculations gather around a specific value.  
     105. Corresponding curves of a different appearance will be obtained for other battery types. For certain battery types or parameters the correlation between the sampling time and the optimum time to terminate charging will not necessarily be associated with the slope of the curve at the moment in question, but with other parameters for the curve, for example, the absolute voltage at the moment concerned.  
     106. The relevant parameter may be sampled periodically, e.g., the instantaneous slope of the voltage curve may be measured at predetermined intervals, for example, every tenth second. For each measurement, a projected termination time is determined. The processor can then either store this value together with the others or it can incorporate it into a more sophisticated calculation of the charging process termination time.  
     107. Alternatively, a predetermined number of reference values for the parameter, e.g., slope of the curve, are stored. The parameter is then periodically sampled. Each measured sample, e.g., the actual slope of the curve is then compared with the reference values. When the parameter (e.g., slope) passes (e.g., passes or exceeds) one of the reference values, the processor calculates a new termination time. In this manner, calculating time for the processor is saved, and the result will be fully satisfactory in many situations.  
     108. As mentioned, the curves in FIGS. 1 and 2 are provided with a constant charging current. However, when the parameter being measured is the voltage across the connection terminals of the battery, a more exact measurement is obtained if the charging current to the battery is cut off for a short period before the voltage is measured. Batteries have an internal series resistance, across which the charging current creates a voltage drop. This voltage drop is preferably not included in the voltage measurement. Thus, cutting off the charging current to the battery provides a more exact voltage measurement by effectively eliminating the voltage drop across the batteries&#39; internal series resistance that is created by the charging current. Cutting off the charging current briefly each time a voltage measurement is performed results in a curve corresponding to that of FIGS. 1 and 2, but with slightly lower absolute voltage values; the curve does not include the voltage drop generated by the charging current across the internal resistance of the battery. Because this internal resistance typically increases at the end of the charging sequence, a voltage measurement without this contribution is a more accurate measure of the state of the battery.  
     109. As previously mentioned, reproducible voltage curves are obtained even if the charging current is not kept constant during the entire charging procedure. Accordingly, charging may be initially performed with a constant, high current which is then reduced toward the end of the charging procedure. By using the lower charging current during the last portion of the charging process, it is possible to determine the optimum stop point more precisely, without substantially affecting the overall charging time. If desired, a simple voltage measurement may be utilized during the first portion of the charging process. When the voltage has reached a predetermined value, the charging current may be reduced, and the measurement of the slope of the curve may be initiated as described above. Of course, it is also possible to reduce the charging current at one voltage value and initiating the measurement of the slope of the curve at another voltage value.  
     110. In general, optimization charging can be obtained in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, by constant charging current during a first portion of the process, then maintaining a constant voltage at the battery terminals. Referring to FIG. 3, a typical charging curve obtained in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention for a NiCd battery, is controlled in accordance with the invention in order to obtain an optimum charging current curve and an optimum battery temperature curve. The exemplary voltage curve of FIG. 3 may be divided into four nominal regions (A, B, C, and D) representing various stages of the charging process, similar to FIG. 1.  
     111. Region A again corresponds to the start of the charging process. Here, the voltage supplied is controlled so that the charging current supplied to the battery is relatively low, and gradually increased to the maximum desired magnitude (determined according to, e.g., the type of battery involved).  
     112. Region B again corresponds to the actual charging period where substantially all of the charging current is converted to stored energy in the battery. Here, the applied voltage is controlled to maintain the charging current substantially constant at the same maximum value, and the voltage across the battery increases only slowly.  
     113. In Region C, the battery approaches its state of full charge and in order to maintain the constant maximum charging current, the voltage across the battery begins to increase more rapidly until the voltage across the battery terminals reaches the predetermined maximum Vmax. Vmax may be different for different types of batteries.  
     114. Once Vmax is attained, the system, in effect, switches from constant current to constant voltage mode; in Region D, the voltage supplied is controlled to maintain the measured voltage across the battery terminals substantially at the maximum limit, Vmax. In the Regions C and D, the internal resistance of the battery cell increases, with battery voltage held constant, as is the case in the D region, the resulting charging current will decrease. Because the battery voltage is kept at a constant value in the region D, the resulting temperature increase is relatively low, keeping any destructive effect caused by the charging current to the battery cells at a minimum.  
     115. The remaining charging period (the time period from reach of Vmax until the charging process is terminated) is determined, suitably no later than the time Tmax, when Vmax is reached. When such remaining charging period starting at Tmax has lapsed, the charging process is terminated. The charging current fed to the battery is controlled by pulse width modulating a constant voltage source.  
     116. The charging period necessary to obtain the maximum voltage, Vmax, increases when the initial charge of the batter decreases. For example, the voltage curve shown in FIG. 3 represents a process of charging a NiCd battery which is nearly discharged. FIG. 4 shows six similar voltage curves, V 1 -V 6 , representing different charging sequences (e.g., curves) for the same battery with different starting charges. The curve V 1  represents the charging process of the battery when nearly fully charged and the curve V 6  represents a charging process of the battery when almost fully discharged. Further, the “remaining charging time” increases as the starting charge state of the battery decreases.  
     117. Information regarding ideal or desired reference voltage curves for the type of battery in question for a plurality of different starting charge conditions of the battery is suitably stored in an electronic memory. By comparing a sequence of measured parameters, such as the slope of the curve, with the stored reference values, the relevant reference voltage curve and the “remaining charging time” associated therewith may be determined.  
     118. The instantaneous slope of the voltage curve may be periodically measured, for example every tenth second during the charging process. For each measurement, a comparison is made with the stored reference slopes and a new projection for a “remaining charging time” is determined. When the measured battery voltage reaches the stored maximum voltage, Vmax, determination of the “remaining charging time” is suitably canceled and the last determined “remaining charging time” value used.  
     119. Alternatively, a limited number of reference values for the slope of the voltage curve can be stored. For each measurement, the actual slope of the curve is compared with the reference values, and a new “remaining charging time” value determined, only when the slope equals or exceeds one of the reference values.  
     120. Other battery types also manifest curves corresponding to those shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. These curves might be of different appearance and in some instances the correlation between the time for reaching the voltage, Vmax, and the optimum remaining charging time will not necessarily be associated with the slope of the voltage curve in question, but with other parameters of the curve, such as the absolute voltage at the moment concerned. The more parameters measured and stored, the more sophisticated determinations can be made in order to determine the optimum remaining charging time.  
     121. A further embodiment of the method according to the invention resulting in charging curves of the type shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 comprises measuring the battery voltage at a fixed time together with measuring the slope of the voltage curve when the maximum voltage, Vmax, is reached. In this embodiment, the voltage together with the slope of the voltage curve can be incorporated in a more sophisticated determination of the optimum remaining charging time.  
     122. As previously noted, it may be desirable to cut-off the charging current briefly each time a voltage measurement is performed to minimize the effect of the internal resistance of the battery.  
     123. The measurement of the slope of the curve may be affected in any suitable manner. For example, at each measurement point, e.g., every tenth second, the voltage of the battery is measured, and indicative of the stored memory. The processor then calculates the difference between this value just measured and, the value of an earlier measured sample, for example, the value measured 90 seconds before. This difference is used as a measure of the slope of the curve at the time in question. In this manner, a new value of the slope which has been measured over a period of, for example, 90 seconds, is obtained every ten seconds.  
     124. To prevent the voltage measurements from being affected by transients and the like, the voltage is preferably measured much more frequently, for example, 100 times between each of the measurement points. Each of these intermediate measurements is stored, and at the actual measurement points of time, the processor calculates an average of the 100 intermediate measurements which have been performed since the last measurement point of time.  
     125. In addition to the above-mentioned criterion of terminating the charging process, a plurality of other stop criteria used in known methods may be adopted. For example, a maximum time may be determined which the process must not exceed, just as the charging process may be terminated if the measured voltage exceeds a predetermined value.  
     126. After the charging process has been terminated, maintenance charging of the battery may be effected if the battery is left in the charger, suitably by passing current pulses through the battery at predetermined intervals. These current pulses and the time between them are adapted such that they compensate for the self discharge of the battery which would otherwise take place. The pulses may, for example, have a duration of 15-30 seconds and the time intervals between sequential pulses may be a few hours.  
     127. Referring to FIG. 5, an embodiment of an apparatus  50  according to the invention comprises: a conventional plug  1 ; rectifier circuit  2 ; current regulator  3 ; terminals  4  and  5 ; resistor  6 ; processor  7 ; control circuit  8 ; analog/digital converter  9 ; storage circuit  10 ; and regulator circuit  11 . An A.C. line signal of predetermined voltage, e.g., 220 volts, is applied to the apparatus through plug  1 , and the voltage is converted in rectifier  2  to a predetermined voltage level, e.g., 9 volts DC. Current regulator  3  supplies current to the battery to be charged via respective terminals  4  and  5 . The current from the battery flows from terminal  5  and resistor  6  via ground back to rectifier circuit  2 . Current regulator  3  is controlled via control circuit  8  from processor  7 . Processor  7  is capable of measuring current and voltage by means of analog/digital converter  9 . The charging current is measured by measuring the voltage drop across resistor  6  while the voltage of the battery is obtained as the difference between the voltages measured on terminals  4  and  5 , respectively. Processor  7  is moreover connected to storage circuit (memory)  10 , which is used, inter alia, for storing measured current and voltage values as well as the calculated stop times. Regulator circuit  11  generates a direct voltage of 5 volts from the voltage of 9 volts from rectifier circuit  2 . The voltage of 5 volts is used for supplying processor  7 , analog/digital converter  9 , and storage circuit  10 . Current regulator  3  is controlled by pulse width modulation and processor  7  controls the pulse width in a manner such that the desired charging current constantly flows through the battery. Processor  7  measures the charging current, as mentioned, by measuring the voltage drop across resistor  6 . If desired, processor  7  may perform the voltage measurement across the battery in the intervals between the current pulses. The voltage measurement will then not be affected by the voltage drop caused by the charging current across the internal resistance of the battery.  
     128. Referring to FIG. 6, Rectifier  2  suitably comprises a transformer T 1 , and a rectifier bridge consisting of the four diodes D 1 , D 2 , D 3 , and D 4 . The output voltage from rectifier circuit  2  is a predetermined DC voltage, e.g., 9 volts, which is passed partly to current regulator  3  and partly to regulator circuit  11 . Current regulator  3  suitably comprises a transistor Q 4  and is controlled via control circuit  8 . Control circuit  8  suitably comprises resistors R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 , and a transistor Q 3 . When the output terminal P 1 . 1  of the processor provides a high output signal, transistor Q 3  is placed in conductive state via a voltage divider comprising resistors R 7  and R 8 . Current will hereby flow through a voltage divider R 5  and R 6 , causing Q 4  to assume a conductive state. Current is thus supplied to the battery. When the output terminal P 1 . 1  of the processor is low, the transistors Q 3  and Q 4  are placed in a non-conductive state and no charging current is provided to the battery.  
     129. Analog/digital converter  9  suitably comprises integrated circuit IC 2  cooperating with resistors R 2  and R 3  and smoothing capacitors C 4  and C 7 . Measured voltages are indicative of the battery voltage and the charging current, respectively, are converted to digital information in integrated circuit IC 2 , and this digital information is passed further on to terminals P 1 . 2  and P 1 . 3  of processor  7 .  
     130. Processor circuit IC 1  includes processor  7 , as well as storage circuit  10  (memory  10  is internal to the chip). Further, capacitors C 1 , C 2 , and C 3 , as well as a crystal X 1 , are connected to processor C 1 .  
     131. Regulator circuit  11  comprises integrated voltage regulator IC 3  and capacitors C 5  and C 6 . Regulator circuit  11  supplies a direct voltage of 5 volts to circuits IC 1  and IC 2 .  
     132. Circuit  50  may be used to maintain the charging current at a substantially constant value, to control the current during charging of the battery to maintain a substantially constant voltage, or combinations of both methods.  
     133. In general, when charging a rechargeable battery in accordance with the present invention as described herein, the charging process may be controlled so that the voltage measured across the battery terminals during “the remaining charging period” is kept at a constant value once predetermined maximum voltage, Vmax, has been reached. Vmax for a certain type battery may be determined as described above.  
     134. However, some individual batteries never reach the value Vmax determined for the applicable type of battery due to, e.g., various defects or anomalies of the batteries. FIG. 7 shows exemplary charging curves for such an anomalous battery. During the first period of the charging process, the charging curves follow the normal sequences as shown in FIG. 3. However, the voltage curve flattens out at a voltage V′ which is lower than Vmax. Therefore, the termination time for the charging process cannot be determined based on the time when the charging voltage reaches Vmax. In such case, the maximum charging voltage may be determined in a different manner. For example, the battery voltage may be measured at predetermined time intervals, and the measured values may be compared. If the measured battery voltage has not increased during the last successive measurements, and Vmax has not yet been reached, the last measured voltage may be defined as the maximum voltage, V′, for this battery and a remaining charging period may be determined starting from the point of time at which V′ was first measured.  
     135. Charging curves when test charging a virgin battery will differ from charging curves when test charging a fully charged battery. For example, FIG. 8 shows typical first charging curves when test charging a virgin battery, and FIG. 9 shows corresponding charging curves when test charging a fully charged battery. When a battery has to be charged for the first time or for the first time after the battery has been stored for a long time without charging, the chemical reactions which must take place within the battery during the charging process are initially rather slow. For such batteries, the controlled high current charging process described above cannot be used. For such “virgin batteries,” the charging process has to take place with a relatively low, almost constant current supplied to the battery for a relatively long period of time in order to ensure that the battery is fully charged. Therefore, before the initiation of the actual charging process, the battery may be exposed to a test charging program in which the battery is charged for a short period of time in accordance with a normal charging process as described above.  
     136. However, the starting charging current must be relatively low, for example, in the range of 1 C/h, and then increased to a higher value which can be in the range of 4 C/h, C/h being the “C-rate.” After a short predetermined period of time, for example a few seconds, or when the voltage across the battery terminals reaches Vmax, the charging process is stopped. The battery is discharged with a relatively high discharging current. FIG. 10 diagrammatically shows discharging curves for the virgin battery charged as illustrated in FIG. 8. FIG. 11 diagrammatically shows discharging curves for the fully loaded battery charged as illustrated in FIG. 9.  
     137.FIG. 8 illustrates that a virgin battery will reach the battery voltage Vmax within a very short period of time, for example less than 10 seconds. However, the charging current accepted by the battery is very low. Consequently, as shown in FIG. 10, the virgin battery charged in accordance with FIG. 8 may be fully discharged within a very short period of time, which in the example is less than 1 second. When a test charging results in curves similar to those of FIGS. 8 and 10, the control system of the charging apparatus may be instructed to treat the battery as a virgin battery, and during the following charging process, a relatively low, almost constant charging current, for example in the order of 0.2 C/h, will be supplied to the battery until the battery is charged to its full capacity.  
     138. When a fully charged battery is tested, the voltage across the battery terminals reaches Vmax within the same period of time as a virgin battery as shown in FIG. 9. However, in contradistinction to the charging current supplied to the virgin battery, the charging current supplied to the fully loaded battery increases very rapidly. When discharging the fully loaded battery during the testing, a high, nearly constant current flows from the battery within the testing period, and at the same time the battery voltage will be rather constant, as shown in FIG. 11. When the test charging of a battery results in curves similar to those of FIGS. 9 and 11, the charging system may be instructed to treat the battery as a fully charged battery; the charging process is stopped.  
     139. As an alternative, the rates of change of the voltage curves may be measured during the charging and the discharging tests. By comparing the measured rates of change of the voltage curves with reference values, the start conditions of the battery can be calculated, and a charging process can be selected for the battery being tested. If necessary, the test program may involve several subsequent charging and discharging periods in order to obtain the desired information.  
     140. When selecting an ideal charging process for a battery, it is desirable to have a set of reference parameters for the type of battery to be charged. Thus it is desirable to have a method of determining or selecting a set of reference parameters for a new type of battery. These parameters may comprise, e.g., the battery voltage, the charging and discharging currents, the inner and outer temperatures of the battery, and/or the chemical reactions within the battery cells.  
     141. One of the most important parameters is the battery temperature when the battery has just been fully charged, Temp.(100%). When charging further from this point, the battery temperature will increase and the battery may be damaged.  
     142. In order to measure Temp.(100%) for a battery of an unknown type without having too much interference from the heat dissipated in the series resistance within the battery, the battery may be charged with a relatively low, almost constant charging current for a relatively long period of time (several hours) in order to ensure that the battery is fully charged. When the battery has been charged, it may be discharged over a relatively long period of time in order to test whether it was actually fully charged. If not, a new charging process is started with a higher charging current. If yes, a new charging process is started with the same charging current, but this time the charging period of time will be shorter. When this charging process is terminated, the battery is again discharged in order to determine whether the battery has been fully charged. If yes, a new charging process with the same charging current but with an even shorter charging period of time is initiated. If not, a new charging process with the same charging current but with a longer period of charging time is initiated. These charging and discharging processes will continue with the same charging current and with new periods of charging time until the minimum charging time, t(100%), where the battery is just fully charged, has been found. When measuring the temperature of the battery at t(100%), Temp.(100%) can be found for this type of battery and for the given charging current. By measuring the voltage across the battery at t(100%), the value of V(100%) can be found. FIG. 12 shows the sequence of the voltage and temperature values for a typical charging process in which a relatively low charging current is used. In FIG. 12 the charging current is 2 C/h, and the points Temp.(100%) and V(100%) are indicated on the charging voltage and temperature curves shown.  
     143. It is to be understood that other methods of determining the value of Temp.(100%) may be used including the measurement of the rate of change of the temperature curve during charging.  
     144. Another important parameter for use in the present invention is the predetermined maximum voltage, Vmax, which will vary with the type of battery involved. When using a high speed charging process as illustrated in FIG. 3, the charging process is controlled so that the voltage is maintained at a substantially constant value during the rest of the charging process when Vmax has been reached, the charging process being terminated when a predetermined period of time has lapsed, starting when Vmax is reached.  
     145. Vmax for a new type of battery may be determined by charging the battery with an almost constant charging current slightly higher than the charging current used to determine the temperature Temp.(100%). The rate of change of the voltage curve is measured and compared with the temperature of the battery. If the voltage rate of change is positive at Temp.(100%), the charging process is reinitiated with a slightly higher charging current. This process is repeated until the measured voltage rate of change at Temp.(100%) becomes zero or slightly negative. This procedure is illustrated in FIG. 13 for a charging current of 0.5 C/h and in FIG. 14 for a charging current of 1 C/h, when using the same battery as in FIG. 12. The measured value of V(100%) for a charging process where the voltage rate of change has just become zero or slightly negative will be a good measure for the value of Vmax for this type of batteries, and the selected value of Vmax should be selected rather close to this measured value of V(100%). Other methods could be used in determining the value Vmax.  
     146.FIG. 15 illustrates a controlled charging process according to the present invention for the same battery as in FIGS. 12-14 when using a maximum charging current of 4 C/h and a maximum charging voltage Vmax, which has been determined from the measured value of V(100%) in FIG. 13.  
     147. By performing the above described measurements of t(100%), Temp.(100%), and V(100%), a set of reference parameters representing reference values of voltage, temperature, current, and charging time may be compiled. All of these reference values may be used in determining characteristic charging parameters to be used in a controlled charging process, including alternative ways of calculating Vmax.  
     148. According to another embodiment of the invention, the reference parameters for use in a controlled charging process may be determined for each battery or for each type of batteries using first and second sequential charging analysis processes. Since the battery may comprise several battery cells, the charging analysis processes may also be used in order to determine reference parameters for each cell of the battery.  
     149. Referring to FIG. 16, during the first charging analysis, a maximum battery charging temperature difference, ΔT, is determined by supplying a relatively low, almost constant charging current for a relatively long period of time and surveying (sampling) the battery temperature and/or the battery terminal voltage. The first charging analysis current should be sufficiently low that no substantial increase in the battery voltage is detected for the first six hours of the charging process. However, the charging current should be high enough to ensure a rise in battery voltage after about 10 hours of charging. The charging current is preferably around 0.1 C/h, although the exact value of the capacity of the battery may not be known at the time when the first charging analysis process occurs. If the value of the first analysis charge current has been chosen so that the above mentioned requirements of the battery voltage is not fulfilled, a new value of the first analysis charge current is selected, and the charging analyzing process repeated. Preferably, the battery is fully discharged before being subjected to any charging analysis process.  
     150. If a correct value of the first analysis charging current has been selected, the battery will be fully charged after several hours of charging and no further increase in the battery temperature will be detected. Hence, the maximum charging temperature difference, ΔT, can be determined for the battery by comparing the lowest and the highest values of the measured battery temperature. It is also to be noted that no further increase is detected for the battery voltage when the battery has obtained the fully charged condition. If a temperature sensor is available for each cell of the battery, the maximum charging temperature difference may be determined accordingly for each cell of the battery.  
     151. The actual capacity value of the battery to be charged can also be determined. This is also done during the first analysis charging process by determining a first charging stop point of time t(capacity) at the time when no further increase in the battery temperature and/or battery voltage is detected for a predetermined period of time involving at least two measurements of the battery temperature and/or voltage. Alternatively, t(capacity) may be determined as the point in time where the change in battery temperature and/or battery voltage has decreased below a predetermined level for a predetermined period of time. By calculating the power supplied to the battery during the first analysis charging process until the time t(capacity), which is equal to the time when the battery has been fully charged, the real value of the capacity of the battery may be determined.  
     152. Referring to FIG. 17, the second charging process is employed to determine a maximum battery terminal voltage by supplying a second, almost constant, analysis charging current to the battery with the second analysis current equal to the C-rate based on the real capacity value of the battery determined during the first analysis charging process. During the second analysis charging process, the terminal voltage and the battery temperature are surveyed (sampled). The maximum terminal voltage is the voltage measured across the battery terminals at the point in time when the battery temperature has increased by the maximum battery charging temperature difference, ΔT (which has been determined during the first analysis charging process). If the terminal voltage is surveyed for each cell of the battery, then the maximum terminal voltage may be determined in the same way for each cell of the battery, either at the maximum battery charging temperature difference or, if the temperature is surveyed individually for each cell, at the maximum charging temperature difference of the cell.  
     153.FIGS. 18, 19, and  20  show the charging curves for a NiCd battery when the charging process is controlled in accordance with the results obtained during the first and second analysis charging processes. Thus, the real battery capacity value determined during the first analysis charging process may be used when determining the charging current supplied to the battery during the first part of the charging process. In FIGS.  1   8 ,  19 , and  20 , this charging current is equal to 2, 3, and 4 times the C-rate, respectively. During the charging process, the battery terminal voltage is surveyed and when the maximum battery terminal voltage, Vmax, determined during the second analysis charging process is reached, the charging process is controlled so that the voltage is held constant during the remaining charging process. At the time Tmax, when Vmax is reached, a remaining charging period may be determined in accordance with the previous discussion and the charging process may be terminated when this remaining charging period has lapsed.  
     154. However, the remaining charging period may also be determined in dependency of the value of Tmax, and the remaining charging period may be determined by comparing the value of Tmax with stored reference values having corresponding remaining charging periods of time and thus, selecting the remaining charging period corresponding to the value of Tmax.  
     155. When charging a battery, the battery temperature and/or the charging current may be monitored, and the charging process may be terminated when the measured rise in temperature equals the maximum battery temperature difference determined during the first analysis charging process. Alternatively, the charging process may be terminated when no further decrease in the charging current has been detected for a predetermined period of time during the remaining charging period. This is illustrated in FIG. 21 which shows the charging curves for a Nickel Metal Hydride battery which is initially charged with a very high charging current. In this case, Vmax is reached very early and the charging process is controlled so that the battery terminal voltage is held constant at Vmax, resulting in a decrease in the charging current, and the charging process is terminated when no further decrease has been detected in the charging current.  
     156. As mentioned above the battery may comprise several battery cells. These cells are connected in series and the resulting battery voltage depends on the number of cells within the battery. However, the characteristics of the battery cells may vary from cell to cell within the battery. In order to obtain substantial control of the discharging and charging processes of the battery, it is desirable to be able to measure the voltage and/or temperature of each individual cell during discharge and/or charge of the battery. A battery having at least two battery cells, therefor preferably including a mechanism for measuring the voltage of each cell. The battery suitably also comprises a memory device for storing the measured cell voltages. In a preferred embodiment of the battery, each cell is also provided with a temperature sensor with the measured temperature being stored in the memory device.  
     157. Referring to FIG. 22, a battery  20  according to various aspects of the invention comprises a predetermined number, e.g., 6 battery cells  21 - 26 , each with an associated temperature sensor  27 - 32  provided for each cell and a memory device  33  such as an EEPROM and/or a microprocessor for reading the voltage across each cell and/or the temperature of each cell  21 - 26 .  
     158. As the characteristic may vary for each cell of the battery, it is very important to control the discharging process with respect to the cell showing the largest drop in cell voltage when the battery is being discharged. Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24, if a NiCd battery having 6 cells is discharged with a constant current, and the overall voltage of the battery is used in order to stop discharging of the battery, at least one of the cells obtains a relatively large voltage drop and, thus, is discharged to a very high degree. As a result, this cell may not be fully charged when the battery is subsequently being re-charged and the capacity of the battery may decrease. This may be avoided by the discharging process shown in FIG. 24, where the discharging process is controlled so that the discharge of the battery is terminated when the first of the cell voltage curves drops to a predetermined level. This level might be, for example, in the range of 0.8-1 Volt.  
     159. Similarly, the maximum cell voltage will not be reached at the same time during a charging process. Referring to FIG. 25, during charging one of the cells of a NiCd battery may reach the maximum cell voltage before the other cells. In an aspect of the present invention, the remaining charging period of the charging process is preferably determined at the point in time when one of the cell voltages first reaches the maximum cell voltage.  
     160. Referring to FIGS. 26, 27, and  28 , the block diagrams of different embodiments of a battery system according to the present invention are shown. FIG. 26 shows a system wherein a battery  40  comprises a memory device  41 , such as an EEPROM, and a charging apparatus  42  having a controlling device  43 , such as a microprocessor. However, memory device  41  of battery  40  may also comprise a controlling device  43  such as a microprocessor, as shown in FIG. 27. Referring to FIG. 28, the charging control device may also be integral to memory device  41  of the battery  40  and in this case, the battery  40  only needs to be connected to a power supply  44  which is controlled by the memory device  41  of the battery.  
     161. The above described first and/or second analysis charging processes may be used in connection with a battery including a memory device, and the measured data and parameters may be determined and/or stored within the memory device/controller of the battery. Alternatively, data may be collected by a computer system which will supply the characteristic parameters to the charging apparatus having a memory for storing these parameters.  
     162. Referring to FIG. 29, a battery charging system  99  according to various aspects of the present invention suitably varies the voltage and current provided to the battery according to various sensed parameters. The voltage or current provided to the recharging battery may be modulated, for example using pulse width modulation, to control the charge provided to the battery. Battery charging system  99  suitably selectively operates either as a substantially constant current source or as a substantially constant voltage according to the requirements of control circuit  400 . A suitable system is comprised of conventional components, such as battery recharging system  99  of FIG. 29. Battery charging system  99  comprises: a power supply  100 ; system power circuitry  200 ; a charge switch circuit  300 ; a control circuit  400 ; interface circuitry  500 ; and a current sensing circuit  600 .  
     163. Power supply  100  provides electrical power to the remainder of the charger from, for example, a conventional wall outlet. Power supply  100  suitably filters transients from and rectifies the incoming signal to generate a relatively stable d-c signal. For example, referring to FIG. 30, power supply  100  suitably comprises a switched mode power supply having high efficiency and compatible with a wide range of inputs, for example, 85 to 265 volts. Power supply  100  suitably comprises: filter  102  for filtering line noise; a rectifier  103 ; a switch transistor  106 , such as a power MOS switch transistor; a snubber network  108 ; and a transformer  120 . Filter  102 , suitably comprising a conventional analog filter and filters anomalies in the incoming signal. Rectifier  103 , such as a bridge rectifier, converts the incoming a-c signal into a d-c signal, which is provided to snubber network  108 . Snubber network  108  clamps high voltages from switch transistor  106 .  
     164. Current from power supply  100  is suitably transferred to the battery through transformer  120 . The primary winding of transformer  120  receives the rectified signal from snubber network  108 , and is controlled by switch transistor  106 . Switch transistor  106  is controlled by control circuit  400 , as further described below, suitable for controlling the power supplied to the battery, for example, using pulse width modulation. When switch transistor  106  is activated, current flows through the primary winding of transformer  120  to transfer power to the secondary winding. By selectively activating and deactivating switch transistor  106 , the power provided to the battery may be controlled. Power transferred through the secondary winding of transformer  120  is then provided to charge switch circuit  300  through a suitable power rectifier  122 .  
     165. Charge switch  300  effectively controls the charging of the battery connected to battery charger system  99  by selectively interrupting the charging current. Charge switch  300  suitably comprises a first transistor  302  controlled by a second transistor  304  that is selectively activated by control circuit  400 . First transistor  302  suitably comprises a power MOSFET having its source connected to the power supply through power rectifier  122  and its drain connected to the positive terminal of the battery. The gate of first transistor  302  is connected to and controlled by second transistor  304 . Second transistor  304  suitably comprises a BJT having its emitter connected to ground, its collector connected to first transistor  302 , and its base connected to control circuit  400 . When second transistor  304  is activated by control circuit  400 , the potential at the gate of first transistor  302  decreases, deactivating first transistor  302  and terminating the current provided to the battery. Conversely, when control circuit  400  deactivates second transistor  304 , first transistor  302  is activated and current is again supplied to the battery. Thus, control circuit  400  directly controls the power supply to the battery.  
     166. System power circuitry  200  is also connected to the secondary winding of transformer  120 . System power circuitry  200  provides a predetermined voltage, for example +5 volts d-c, for system operation. System power circuitry  200  suitably comprises: a low power rectifier  202 ; and a regulator  204 , such as a linear load drop regulator. Low power rectifier  202  rectifies the current from transformer  120  to provide d-c current to regulator  204 . A capacitor  124  is suitably charged while rectifier  202  conducts, and discharges when rectifier  202  is reverse biased to support the voltage provided to regulator  204 . Regulator  204  provides an accurate predetermined voltage for the various system components of battery charger system  99 .  
     167. Control circuit  400  receives data from the battery through interface circuitry  500 . Interface circuitry  500  couples control circuit  400  to the battery to determine various parameters, such as the voltage, capacity, temperature, and to otherwise communicate with the battery being charged and provide relevant data to control circuit  400 . Interface circuitry  500  suitably comprises a series of voltage dividers connected to various checkpoints for the battery. For example, a first voltage divider  510  connects control circuit  400  to the battery&#39;s positive terminal to reduce the battery voltage within a range compatible with control circuit  400 . A second voltage divider  520  suitably connects a coding resistor internal to the battery for determining the battery type, capacity, or other parameter of the battery. This type of coding resistor is typically built into the battery or battery pack. A third voltage divider  530  suitably couples control circuit  400  to a temperature sensor, suitably a negative temperature coefficient thermistor, integral to the battery or battery pack. The thermistor provides data corresponding to the internal temperature of the battery. Communication interface  540  may also be included for transmitting data between information circuitry, such as an EEPROM or microprocessor, located in the battery or battery pack, and control circuit  400 . Control circuit  400  suitably reads information from the battery&#39;s internal EPROM regarding, for example, charging characteristics of the battery or other significant data.  
     168. A current sensing circuit  600  is suitably coupled between control circuit  400  and, for example, the negative terminal of the battery. Current sensing circuit  600  senses the charging current traveling from the negative terminal of the battery being charged, BAT-, to the common ground of the power supply  100 . Current sensing circuit  600  suitably comprises a current sensing resistor  602  and an operational amplifier  604  which amplifies the signal allowing direct measurement of charging current by the analog/digital converter (not shown) of control circuit  400 . Charging current flowing through the battery flows from the negative terminal to ground through a current sensing resistor  602 . The proportional voltage drop across resistor  602  is amplified by amplifier  604 , from which the charging current may be determined by control circuit  400 .  
     169. Control circuit  400  monitors various parameters, e.g., temperature, current, and the voltage of the battery being charged and controls the current and voltage applied to the battery. In particular, control circuit  400  monitors data through interface circuitry  500 , and controls the power level of power supply  100  and charge switch circuit  300  to charge the battery. Control circuit  400  suitably comprises: a microprocessor  401 , such as an 8-bit microcontroller; an analog to digital converter (suitably integral to microprocessor  401 ) for converting data, such as voltage, current, capacity, and temperature information from the battery being charged, into digital format for further processing within control circuit  400 ; a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit  104 ; and a storage circuit (suitably integral to microprocessor  401 ) for storing data, such as, for example, the voltage, current, and temperature data, for use in further processing and controlling of the battery being charged. Microprocessor  401  suitably analyzes data received through interface circuit  500  and current sensing circuit  600  according to an analysis program, as described in further detail below. Based on this analysis, microprocessor adjusts PWM circuitry to affect the current and voltage supplied to the battery and controls charge switch circuit  300 .  
     170. PWM circuitry  104  suitably comprises: PWM controller IC 1 ; optocoupler IC 2 ; transistor Q 1 ; and resistors R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 . Microprocessor  401  provides a control signal to optocoupler IC 2  through a buffer  128 . Optocoupler IC 2  couples, but electrically isolates, microprocessor  401  and PWM circuitry  104 . The pulse width control signal is coupled to the primary side of optocoupler IC 2 , which selectively activates the secondary. Optocoupler IC 2  selectively activates and deactivates transistor Q 1  by providing signals to the base of transistor Q 1  corresponding to the signals received from microprocessor  401 . Transistor Q 1  suitably comprises a BJT which activates in response to signals from optocoupler IC 2 . The collector of transistor Q 1  is connected to a voltage divider formed by resistors R 6  and R 4 . When transistor Q 1  is activated, however, a third resistor R 5  is connected in parallel with resistor R 4 , reducing the voltage at the node between R 4  and R 6 . It is this node voltage which affects the duty cycle of the PWM signal.  
     171. The voltage divider formed by resistors R 4  and R 6  is connected to an input of PWM controller IC 1 . PWM circuitry  104  further suitably includes an auxiliary winding in transformer  120 . Auxiliary winding is suitably wound to generate a voltage identical to that of the secondary winding, and is connected to the supply end of the voltage divider formed by resistors R 4  and R 6 . PWM controller IC 1  varies the duty cycle of the PWM signal provided to transistor  106  according to the voltage asserted at the voltage divider. If the voltage at the node between resistors R 4  and R 6  falls below the desired voltage, for example 2.5 volts, PWM controller IC 1  extends the duty cycle of the PWM signal, thus providing greater charging power across transformer  120 . Thus, if the voltage of the secondary winding (and therefore the auxiliary winding) falls below the selected threshold, PWM controller IC 1  extends the duty to enhance the voltage to the appropriate level.  
     172. Similarly, microprocessor  401  directly controls the current supplied to the battery. By activating optocoupler IC 2 , transistor Q 1  is activated, which reduces the voltage at the node between resistors R 4  and R 6 , and PWM controller IC 1  extends the duty cycle to increase the power supply. Thus, microprocessor  401  directly controls power delivery to the battery by modifying the PWM signal according to various parameters. In addition, microprocessor  401  may selectively provide constant current or constant voltage to the battery as necessary according to its requirements.  
     173. In general, battery charging system  99  effects a charging operation on a battery or battery pack by initially increasing voltage until the maximum predetermined current (Imax) level is attained. At that point, the voltage is measured, and that voltage equal to the midpoint between the measured voltage and predetermined maximum voltage, the target voltage, is calculated and stored. Termination of charging is also calculated, and loaded into a downcounter. The system then applies a constant charge current (Imax) while monitoring the voltage level. If the calculated midpoint voltage is sensed, a new midpoint or target voltage (midway between the present voltage level and predetermined maximum voltage) is calculated, and the termination time recalculated. If the downcounter times out prior to reaching the target voltage, charging is suitably deemed complete. This process is continued until the maximum voltage is sensed. At this point, the circuit effects a constant voltage mode of operation wherein the charging current is reduced, and the time to termination of charge again recalculated. Once the charging time expires, the battery pack is maintained at its maximum voltage by supplying a trickle charge current to the battery pack.  
     174. Microprocessor  400  of FIG. 30, suitably includes an internal memory, e.g., an EEPROM and/or random access memory (RAM) (or respective randomly accessible registers), and/or read only memory (ROM). A set of instructions (typically maintained in ROM) are effected to control the operation battery charger system  99 . In general, the EEPROM (or random access memory) suitably includes locations and/or arrays corresponding to parameters used in the charging process: a charge time counter  3102 , for maintaining indicia of the time remaining until charging termination; indicia of measured charge current  3104 , measured charge voltage  3106 , measured temperature  3108 , and measured battery voltage  3110  (each suitably averaged over a predetermined number of values maintained in respective stacks  3116 ,  3118 ,  3120  and  3122 ); indicia of a battery type code  3112 ; a charge flag  3124 , indicative of the charging operation status; a battery information table  3126 , containing various predetermined parameters for each type of battery accommodated by battery charger system  99 ; a voltage level count  3146  indicative of the advancement through the charging cycle (i.e., level of Target Voltage); a Target Voltage  3148 , indicative of the calculated voltage corresponding to the voltage level count; indicia Vmax  3150  of the maximum voltage for the particular battery at the measured temperature (suitably obtained from battery information table  3126 ) and the Vrecharge  3152 , indicative of the voltage drop after full charging at which the battery would be recharged.  
     175. Battery information table  3126  may be preprogrammed with a respective set of parameters for each respective type of batteries which battery charging system  99  is to accommodate, or may receive information from a memory device maintained in the battery pack. The parameters suitably include: T short  ( 3128 ), indicative of the limiting maximum threshold temperature recognized by the temperature sensor in battery pack (e.g., 86° C.); T disconnect  ( 3136 ), indicative of a minimum threshold operating temperature for the battery pack (e.g., minus 28° C.); T hicharge  ( 3130 ), indicia of the highest permissible temperature during a charging operation (e.g., 50° C.); T lowcharge  ( 3132 ), indicative of the maximum permissible battery temperature at which charging will be initiated (e.g., 40° C.); and T cutmin  ( 3134 ), indicia of a minimum battery pack temperature below which charging will not be initiated (e.g., −10° C.).  
     176. An array  3138  of Vmax values for respective predetermined temperatures Temp 1 -Temp n , indicative of the maximum battery voltage for the particular battery pack at a particular temperature; a Vrecharge array  3140 , indicative of the Vrecharge values at temperatures Temp 1 -Temp n ; Imax ( 3142 ), indicative of the maximum charging current for the particular battery pack; and Itrickle ( 3144 ), indicative of the trickle current level to be provided to the battery pack.  
     177. Referring now to FIGS. 32-36 and  31 , upon power up, the charger hardware is suitably initialized (Step  3202 ) and, if desired, an indicator actuated (Step  3204 ).  
     178. After initialization, a measurement of various external parameters is effected (Step  3205 ). Charge switch  302  is closed, and the current and charging voltage measured, i.e., the signals from current sensor  600  and voltage divider  510  are applied, in sequence, to the A to D converter in microprocessor  400 . If averaging is to be effected, the digitized values are pushed onto corresponding stacks  3116  and  3118 , and the contents of the stack averaged, and the average loaded into the associated registers  3104  and  3106  (Step  3206 ). Charge switch  302  is then opened, to minimize the effects of internal battery resistance, and the temperature, voltage, and battery code data is acquired, and averages similarly calculated (if desired) (Step  3208 ).  
     179. A determination is then made with respect to whether the battery pack is within permissible temperature range. The measured (average) temperature in  3108  is tested against T disconnect  (e.g., −28° C.), corresponding to the limiting minimum temperature of battery pack temperature sensor (Step  3210 ). If the temperature is not greater than the disconnect, and is outside the range of signals generated by the temperature sensor, it is assumed that no battery is present in the charger, and a indicator is suitably deactivated (Step  3212 ), and the measurement sequence (Steps  3206 ,  3208 ) repeated.  
     180. Assuming that the temperature measurement indicates a battery present, the temperature is tested against value of T cutmin , indicative of the minimum temperature at which charging will be initiated (Step  3214 ). If the temperature is not greater than T cutmin , the battery is deemed too cold to be charged, and the indicative suitably turned off (Step  3216 ), and the measurement sequence repeated.  
     181. Assuming the temperature is above the minimum, it is then tested against the limiting maximum threshold level (T short ), e.g., 86° C., of the temperature sensor (Step  3218 ). If the temperature purports to be above the maximum, it is assumed that the sensor short-circuited, the indicator suitably turned off (Step  3220 ), and the measurement sequence reinitiated.  
     182. If the temperature is within the appropriate range, charge flag  3124  is tested to determine if the battery is presently being charged, or if a charge process is just being initiated (Step  3222 ). Charge flag  3124  is typically set to zero during initialization, and accordingly, it is at zero during the initial cycle. In the initial cycle, the temperature is tested against T lowcharge  (e.g., 40° C.), indicative of the highest battery temperature at which a charging operation will be initiated. If temperature is not less than the value of T lowcharge  (Step  3324 ), the battery is deemed too warm, the indicator suitably turned off, and a return to the measurement steps effected.  
     183. Assuming the temperature is within range, the battery code is then tested against the codes recognized by the system (Step  3328 ). If the code is not recognized, the indicator is suitably turned off (Step  3330 ), and a return to the measurement sequence effected.  
     184. Assuming that the code is recognizable, appropriate parameters are extracted from battery information table  3126  (or a memory device contained in battery pack) (Step  3332 ). The charging operation is then initiated. Charge time counter  3102  is set to a default value, suitably equal to the amount of time necessary to fully charge a battery of the type indicated by the battery code, voltage level count  3146  is set to 1, and charge flag  3124  is set to 1 (Step  3334 ). A return to the measurement sequence is then effected. New values of current, charging voltage, temperature, battery voltage, and code are then generated (Steps  3206 ,  3208 ). Assuming that the temperature is still in range (Steps  3210 ,  3214 ,  3218 ), charge flag  3124  is again tested (Step  3322 ).  
     185. The charge flag having been set during the previous set (Step  3334 ), the temperature is tested against T hicharge  (e.g., 50° C.), indicative of the highest temperature the battery is permitted to attain during the charging process (Step  3336 ). If the threshold temperature is exceeded, the battery is deemed too warm, the indicator suitably deactivated (Step  3338 ), and a return to the measurement sequence effected.  
     186. Assuming the temperature is within range, the battery code reading is retested (Step  3440 ) to ensure that the battery has not been replaced with another. If the code does not match the previous code, the indicator is suitably deactivated (Step  3442 ), and a return to the measurement sequence effected.  
     187. Assuming that the code is appropriate, the voltage level count is checked to determine the progress through the cycle (Step  3444 ). In the initial pass, the voltage level count is equal to 1. Accordingly, charge time counter is decremented (Step  3446 ) to reflect the period of time charge current was applied to the battery.  
     188. Assuming that charge time is remaining (Step  3448 ), the measured battery voltage  3110  is tested against Vmax, indicative of the maximum battery voltage at the given temperature (Step  3454 ). If the measured voltage is below the predetermined maximum, a constant current mode is entered. Measured charge current  3104  is compared against predetermined maximum Imax  3142  for the type of battery pack detected (Step  3456 ). If the charge current has not exceeded its maximum value, e.g., the current is ramping up, the current is increased (Step  3458 ), and a return to measurement sequence is effected. Once the charge current has slightly exceeded its predetermined maximum value, the voltage level and corresponding charge time are calculated and set (Step  3460 ), and a return to measurement sequence effected.  
     189. If, however, the measured battery voltage  3110  exceeds the predetermined maximum Vmax (Step  3454 ), the measured battery voltage is set to Vmax (Step  3524 ) and a return to measurement sequence effected.  
     190. After the initial pass, the voltage level count will be greater than one and the measurement battery voltage  3110  will be compared to the predetermined maximum voltage (Step  3462 ). If the battery pack has not yet reached its maximum value, Vmax, charging continues. Accordingly, charge time counter  3102  is decremented (Step  3562 ) to reflect the period of time charge current was applied to the battery pack. The contents of charge time (Counter  3102 ) are then tested against zero to determine whether there is charge time remaining for the process (Step  3564 ). If charge time counter  3102  has timed out, the battery pack is deemed to have finished charging, an indicator set accordingly (Step  3450 ), and a trickle charge operation initiated (Step  3452 ).  
     191. Assuming that there is charge time remaining, the charging current is adjusted towards its predetermined maximum level (Step  3566 ); microprocessor  400  adjusts the pulse width modulated control signal, which, as described above, effects increased power supply output current. The measured battery voltage  3110  is tested against the Target Voltage  3148  calculated in Step  3460 . If the measured voltage is below the Target Voltage  3148 , a return to the measurement sequence is effected. If, however, measured voltage is greater than or equal to the target voltage, the next charge time and voltage are calculated and set, and the level counter incremented (Step  3570 ).  
     192. Measured voltage  3110  is again compared against the predetermined maximum voltage for the battery type detected (Step  3572 ). If the measured voltage is below the maximum  3150 , a return to measurement sequence is effected. If the measured voltage is not below the maximum, the level  3110  is set to the maximum (Step  3574 ) and a return to measurement sequence effected.  
     193. The sequence will continue as described until microprocessor  400  detects that the measured battery voltage  3110  is equal to the maximum voltage  3150  (Step  3462 ). A determination is made with respect to whether the battery pack has finished charging (Step  3676 ). Assuming that the battery has not finished charging, the charge time counter  3102  is decremented. A determination is again made with respect to whether there is charge time remaining (Step  3684 ). If time has expired, an indicator is set to indicate the completion of charging (Step  3450 ) and trickle charge initiated (Step  3452 ). Assuming, however, that the time has not expired, the charging process continues. The battery voltage  3110  is adjusted towards its maximum  3150  without allowing the charging current  3104  to exceed its predetermined maximum level  3142  (Step  3686 ). A return to measurement sequence is then effected.  
     194. If, instead, it is determined that charging is finished (Step  3676 ), the battery voltage  3110  is checked to determine if the battery voltage has dropped below a predetermined level, V recharge    3152  (Step  3678 ). If the battery voltage is above the recharge level  3152 , a return to measurement sequence is effected. If, however, the battery voltage has dropped below the recharge level  3152 , the finished charging status is cleared (Step  3680 ) to allow recharging and a return to measurement sequence effected.  
     195. It should be understood that the above described methods of the present invention are not valid only for a single type of batteries such as Nickel Cadmium batteries but should also be applicable for other types of rechargeable batteries such as, for example, Lithium batteries and Nickel Metal Hydride batteries.  
     196. The foregoing description of preferred exemplary embodiments and best mode of the invention known to the applicant at the time of filing the application has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the present description. The various embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims.