Patent Publication Number: US-2013234121-A1

Title: Method of manufacturing organic el apparatus, organic el apparatus, and electronic equipment

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescence (EL) apparatus, an organic EL apparatus and electronic equipment. 
     The above-described organic EL apparatus has a structure in which a light emitting layer formed of organic light emitting material is pinched between an anode and a cathode. As the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus, for example, as described in JP-A-2001-76874, a method of manufacturing, which employs the mutual merits of a printing method and a vapor deposition method, is used. 
     For example, first, in consideration of the coating separation property corresponding to the light emission colors of red (R), green (G), and blue (B), forming up to a light emitting layer is performed using a printing method with high material usage efficiency. Next, a buffer layer formed of organic material is formed using a vapor deposition method. For the organic material, the use of an electron injection material is preferable in order to ensure the electron injection property and the hole blocking property with respect to the light emitting layer. In this manner, it is possible to efficiently form an organic EL element (light emitting element) having a long light emitting lifespan. 
     However, since the transportation of electrons to the light emitting layer cannot be performed smoothly without obtaining sufficient affinity at the interface between the light emitting layer formed by the printing method and the buffer layer formed by the vapor deposition method, there have been problems such as the generation of dark spots and the reduction of the light emitting area. In addition, even if the dark spots are improved by arranging a film for increasing electron transportability between the light emitting layer and the buffer layer, there is a problem in that it is not possible to efficiently emit light. 
     SUMMARY 
     The invention can be realized in the following forms or application examples. 
     Application Example 1 
     A manufacturing method of an organic EL apparatus according to the present application example provided with a plurality of light emitting elements having a light emitting layer between an anode and a cathode, includes: forming the light emitting layer using a liquid phase process, and forming an intermediate layer between the light emitting layer and the cathode in contact with the light emitting layer using a gas phase process, in which the intermediate layer includes a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer. 
     According to the present application example, between a light emitting layer formed by a liquid phase process and a cathode formed by a gas phase process, an intermediate layer formed by a gas phase process and including a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer is arranged in contact with the light emitting layer. Accordingly, in comparison with a case of pinching an electron transporting layer, for example, formed by a gas phase process between the light emitting layer, which is a coating film, and the cathode, since the intermediate layer has excellent affinity with respect to the light emitting layer, it is possible to smoothly perform transportation of the electrons from the cathode to the light emitting layer. Thus, it is possible to suppress the generation of dark spots and the reduction of the light emitting area and it is possible to manufacture an organic EL apparatus having excellent light emitting efficiency. Here, the light emitting efficiency indicates the current efficiency or the external quantum efficiency. 
     Application Example 2 
     A manufacturing method of an organic EL apparatus according to the present application example provided with a first light emitting element having a first light emitting layer between a first anode and a shared cathode, and a second light emitting element having a second light emitting layer between a second anode and the shared cathode, includes: forming the first light emitting layer using a liquid phase process, forming the second light emitting layer, which straddles the first light emitting element and the second light emitting element, between the first light emitting layer and the shared cathode and between the second anode and shared cathode using a gas phase process, and forming an intermediate layer, which straddles the first light emitting element and the second light emitting element, between the first light emitting layer and the second light emitting layer and in contact with the first light emitting layer using the gas phase process, in which the intermediate layer includes a low molecular weight host material included in the first light emitting layer. 
     According to the present application example, in the first light emitting element, since the intermediate layer has excellent affinity with respect to the first light emitting layer even when there are the first light emitting layer formed by a liquid phase process and the second light emitting layer formed by a gas phase process between the first anode and the shared cathode, it is possible to make the first light emitting layer selectively emit light. In other words, it is possible to provide a method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus, which is able to be efficiently manufactured and in which the first light emitting layer emits light in the first light emitting element and the second light emitting layer emits light in the second light emitting element, without separately coating the first light emitting layer and the second light emitting layer, by using a liquid phase process and a gas phase process. 
     Application Example 3 
     The method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above may further include: forming a hole injecting layer between the first anode and the first light emitting layer and between the second anode and the intermediate layer, in contact with the first anode and the second anode, using the liquid phase process, forming a first hole transporting layer between the hole injecting layer and the first light emitting layer and in contact with the hole injecting layer, using the liquid phase process, and forming a second hole transporting layer, which straddles the first light emitting element and the second light emitting element, between the intermediate layer and the second light emitting layer, using the gas phase process, in which the second light emitting layer may be formed in contact with the second hole transporting layer. 
     According to this method, since, in the first light emitting layer formed by the liquid phase process, a first hole transporting layer formed by the same liquid phase process is in contact therewith, and in the second light emitting layer formed by the gas phase process, a second hole transporting layer formed by the same gas phase process is in contact therewith, holes are injected into the respective light emitting layers with high efficiency. Accordingly, it is possible to realize high light emitting efficiency in the first light emitting layer and the second light emitting layer. 
     Application Example 4 
     The method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above may further include: forming a carrier adjusting layer between the intermediate layer and the second hole transporting layer in contact with the intermediate layer, using the gas phase process, in which the carrier adjusting layer may include a metal compound having an electron transporting property. 
     According to this method, since, in the first light emitting element, the carrier adjusting layer formed in contact with the intermediate layer has an electron transporting property even when there are the intermediate layer and the second light emitting layer between the first light emitting layer and the shared cathode, it is possible to efficiently transport electrons to the first light emitting layer and it is possible to realize a high light emitting efficiency in the first light emitting layer. 
     Application Example 5 
     In the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above, the metal compound may be cesium carbonate. 
     According to this method, it is possible to form a carrier adjusting layer having an excellent electron transporting property. 
     Application Example 6 
     In the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above, the second hole transporting layer may include a hole transporting material of low molecular weight and the method may further include: forming a third hole transporting layer including a hole transporting material of low molecular weight between the second anode of the second light emitting element and the intermediate layer and in contact with the hole injecting layer, using the liquid phase process, in which the step of forming the third hole transporting layer may be performed after the step of forming the first light emitting layer. 
     According to this method, since the third hole transporting layer including the hole transporting material of low molecular weight included in the second hole transporting layer is formed between the hole injecting layer of the second light emitting element and the intermediate layer, the transporting property of the holes to the second light emitting layer is further improved. Accordingly, it is possible to realize high light emitting efficiency in the second light emitting layer of the second light emitting element. In addition, since the forming of the third hole transporting layer is performed by the liquid phase process after the first light emitting layer is formed, in comparison with a case where the third hole transporting layer is formed before the first light emitting layer is formed, it is possible to prevent a decrease in the functions of the third hole transporting layer due to the hole transporting material of low molecular weight aggregating due to a drying process such as heating during the forming of the first light emitting layer. 
     Application Example 7 
     In the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above, a third light emitting element having a third light emitting layer between the third anode and the shared cathode is further provided, and the method may further include: forming the third light emitting layer, using the liquid phase process, in which the second light emitting layer may be formed between the first light emitting layer and the shared cathode and between the third light emitting layer and the shared cathode, and the first light emitting layer, the second light emitting layer, and the third light emitting layer respectively indicate different light emission colors. 
     According to this method, it is possible to manufacture an organic EL apparatus which has excellent light emitting efficiency and which is able to make the first light emitting layer, the second light emitting layer, and the third light emitting layer selectively emit light, respectively. 
     Application Example 8 
     In the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above, the first light emitting layer indicating a red light emission color may be formed, the second light emitting layer indicating a blue light emission color may be formed, and the third light emitting layer indicating a green light emission color may be formed. 
     According to this method, it is possible to manufacture an organic EL apparatus which has excellent light emitting efficiency and is capable of a full color display. 
     Application Example 9 
     In the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above, a thickness of the intermediate layer may be 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less. 
     According to this method, since the thickness of the intermediate layer is set within the above-described range, it is possible to suppress an increase in the driving voltage or a decrease in the light emitting efficiency caused by forming the intermediate layer between the light emitting layer and the cathode or the shared cathode. 
     Application Example 10 
     In the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above, the low molecular weight host material may have an electron transporting property. 
     According to this method, since the intermediate layer has an electron transporting property, it is possible to more smoothly move electrons from the cathode or the shared cathode to the light emitting layer, whereby it is possible the improve the light emitting efficiency. 
     Application Example 11 
     In the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the application examples described above, the liquid phase process may be a liquid droplet discharge method discharging a functional liquid including a functional layer forming material as the liquid droplets. 
     According to this method, since it is possible to discharge with high precision a predetermined amount of the functional liquid in a desired region as the liquid droplets, it is possible to manufacture with high efficiency an organic EL apparatus having the desired light emitting characteristics. 
     Application Example 12 
     An organic EL apparatus according to the present application example includes, on a substrate, an anode, a cathode which is a vapor deposited film, a light emitting layer which is a coating film between the anode and the cathode, and an intermediate layer, which is a vapor deposited film including a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer, between the light emitting layer and the cathode and in contact with the light emitting layer. 
     According to the present application example, between the light emitting layer which is an inked film and the cathode which is a vapor deposited film, an intermediate layer which is a vapor deposited film and which includes a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer is arranged in contact with the light emitting layer. Accordingly, in comparison with a case of pinching, for example, an electron transporting layer which is a vapor deposited film between the light emitting layer, which is a coating film, and the cathode, which is a vapor deposited film, since the intermediate layer has excellent affinity with respect to the light emitting layer, it is possible to smoothly perform transportation of the electrons from the cathode to the light emitting layer. Thus, it is possible to suppress the generation of dark spots and the reduction of the light emitting area and it is possible to provide an organic EL apparatus having excellent light emitting characteristics. 
     Application Example 13 
     An organic EL apparatus according to the present application example includes, on a substrate, a first light emitting element having a first light emitting layer which is a coating film and a second light emitting layer which is a vapor deposited film between a first anode and a shared cathode which is a vapor deposited film, a second light emitting element having a second light emitting layer between the second anode and the shared cathode, and an intermediate layer, which is a vapor deposited film including a low molecular weight host material included in the first light emitting layer and which is formed to straddle the first light emitting element and the second light emitting element in contact with the first light emitting layer between the first light emitting layer and the second light emitting layer and between the second anode and the second light emitting layer. 
     According to the present application example, in the first light emitting element, since the intermediate layer has excellent affinity with respect to the first light emitting layer even when there are the first light emitting layer which is a coating film and the second light emitting layer which is a vapor deposited film between the first anode and the shared cathode, it is possible to make the first light emitting layer selectively emit light. In other words, it is possible to provide an organic EL apparatus which is able to be efficiently manufactured and in which the first light emitting layer emits light in the first light emitting element and the second light emitting layer emits light in the second light emitting element, without separately coating the first light emitting layer and the second light emitting layer, by using a liquid phase process and a gas phase process. 
     Application Example 14 
     The organic EL apparatus according to the above-described application examples may further include a hole injecting layer, which is a coating film, between the first anode and the first light emitting layer and between the second anode and the intermediate layer in contact with the first anode and the second anode, a first hole transporting layer, which is a coating film, between the hole injecting layer and the first light emitting layer in contact with the hole injecting layer, and a second hole transporting layer, which is a vapor deposited film, between the intermediate layer and the second light emitting layer. 
     According to this configuration, since the first light emitting layer which is a coating film contacts the first hole transporting layer which is the same coating film, and the second light emitting layer which is a vapor deposited film contacts the second hole transporting layer which is the same vapor deposited film, holes are injected into the respective light emitting layers with high efficiency. Accordingly, it is possible to realize high light emitting efficiency in the first light emitting layer and the second light emitting layer. 
     Application Example 15 
     The organic EL apparatus according to the above-described application examples may further include a carrier adjusting layer, which is a vapor deposited film, between the intermediate layer and the second hole transporting layer in contact with the intermediate layer, in which the carrier adjusting layer may include a metal compound having an electron transporting property. 
     According to this configuration, since, in the first light emitting element, the carrier adjusting layer formed in contact with the intermediate layer has an electron transporting property even when there are the intermediate layer and the second light emitting layer between the first light emitting layer and the shared cathode, it is possible to efficiently transport electrons to the first light emitting layer and it is possible to realize a high light emitting efficiency in the first light emitting layer. 
     Application Example 16 
     The organic EL apparatus according to the above-described application examples, in which the second hole transporting layer includes a low molecular weight hole transporting material, may further include: a third hole transporting layer including the low molecular weight hole transporting material, which is a coating film, between the second anode of the second light emitting element and the intermediate layer in contact with the second anode. 
     According to this configuration, since the third hole transporting layer including the hole transporting material of low molecular weight included in the second hole transporting layer is arranged between the hole injecting layer of the second light emitting element and the intermediate layer, the transporting property of the holes to the second light emitting layer is further improved. Accordingly, it is possible to realize high light emitting efficiency in the second light emitting layer of the second light emitting element. 
     Application Example 17 
     The organic EL apparatus according to the above-described application examples may further include a third light emitting element having a third light emitting layer, which is a coating film, between the third anode and the shared cathode, in which the second light emitting layer may be formed between the first light emitting layer and the shared cathode and between the third light emitting layer and the shared cathode, and the first light emitting layer, the second light emitting layer and the third light emitting layer may respectively indicate different light emission colors. 
     According to this configuration, it is possible to provide an organic EL apparatus which has excellent light emitting efficiency and which is able to make the first light emitting layer, the second light emitting layer, and the third light emitting layer selectively emit light, respectively. 
     Application Example 18 
     In the organic EL apparatus according to the above-described application examples, the first light emitting layer of the first light emitting element may indicate a red light emission color, the second light emitting layer of the second light emitting element may indicate a blue light emission color, and the third light emitting layer of the third light emitting element may indicate a green light emission color. 
     According to this configuration, it is possible to provide an organic EL apparatus which has excellent light emitting efficiency and is capable of a full color display. 
     Application Example 19 
     Electronic equipment according to the present application example includes an organic EL apparatus manufactured using the method of manufacturing an organic EL apparatus according to the above-described application examples. 
     According to this configuration, since an organic EL apparatus which is able to be manufactured efficiently and which has excellent light emitting efficiency is provided, it is possible to provide electronic equipment having an excellent cost performance. 
     Application Example 20 
     Electronic equipment according to the present application example includes an organic EL apparatus according to the above-described application examples. 
     According to this configuration, since an organic EL apparatus which has excellent light emitting efficiency is provided, it is possible to provide electronic equipment with a good appearance. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements. 
         FIG. 1  is an equivalent circuit diagram showing an electrical configuration of an organic EL apparatus of a first embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a light emitting element in the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a light emitting element of Comparative Example 1. 
         FIG. 6  is a table showing a configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and Examples 1 to 7. 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of the light emitting element in the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment. 
         FIGS. 10A to 10E  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment. 
         FIGS. 11F to 11J  are schematic cross-sectional views showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 12  is a table showing the configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in the Comparative Example 5 and the Examples 8 to 12 in the second embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of the light emitting element in the organic EL apparatus of the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 14  is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 15  is a table showing a configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in the Comparative Example 5 and the Examples 13 to 17 in the third embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a light emitting element in an organic EL apparatus of the fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 17  is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 18  is a table showing the configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in the Comparative Example 5 and the Examples 18 to 22 in the fourth embodiment. 
         FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram showing a smartphone as an example of electronic equipment. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, specific embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. Here, the drawings to be used are displayed after enlarging or reducing as appropriate in order that the portions to be described are recognizable. In addition, the organic EL apparatus may have a top emission structure, or may have a bottom emission structure. In the present embodiment, description will be given of a bottom emission structure as an example. 
     Here, in the following forms, for example, a case where “on a substrate” is described is set to represent a case where arrangement is performed so as to contact the top of the substrate, a case where arrangement is performed through another constituent component at the top of the substrate, a case where a part is arranged so as to contact the top of the substrate, and a case where a part is arranged through another constituent component. 
     First Embodiment 
     Configuration of Organic EL Apparatus 
       FIG. 1  is an equivalent circuit diagram showing an electrical configuration of the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment. Below, description will be given of the configuration of the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment with reference to  FIG. 1 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , an organic EL apparatus  11  of the present embodiment is provided with a plurality of scanning lines  12 , a plurality of signal lines  13  extending in a direction intersecting with respect to the scanning lines  12 , and a plurality of power lines  14  extending in parallel with the signal lines  13 . Then, the region partitioned by the scanning lines  12  and the signal lines  13  is configured as a pixel region. The signal lines  13  are connected to a signal line driving circuit  15 . In addition, the scanning lines  12  are connected to a scanning line driving circuit  16 . 
     In each pixel region, there is provided a switching thin film transistor (TFT)  21  supplying a scanning signal to a gate electrode through the scanning lines  12 , a storage capacitor  22  storing a pixel signal supplied from the signal lines  13  through the switching TFT  21 , and a driving TFT  23  in which the pixel signal stored by the storage capacitor  22  is supplied to the gate electrode. Furthermore, in each pixel region, there is provided an anode  24  in which driving current is made to flow from the power lines  14  when electrically connected to the power lines  14  through the driving TFT  23 , a cathode  25 , and a functional layer  26  pinched between the anode  24  and the cathode  25 . 
     The organic EL apparatus  11  is provided with a plurality of light emitting elements  27  having the functional layer  26  including a light emitting layer between the anode  24  and the cathode  25 . In addition, the organic EL apparatus  11  is provided with a display region configured by a plurality of light emitting elements  27 . 
     According to this configuration, when the scanning lines  12  are driven and the switching TFT  21  enters the on state, the potential of the signal lines  13  at that time is stored in the storage capacitor  22 , and the on or off state of the driving TFT  23  is determined according to the potential state stored in the storage capacitor  22 . Then, current flows from the power lines  14  to the anode  24  through a channel of the driving TFT  23 , further, current flows to the cathode  25  through the functional layer  26 . The functional layer  26  emits light at a luminance according to the amount of current flowing through the functional layer  26 . 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic plan view showing a configuration of the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment. Below, description will be given of the configuration of the organic EL apparatus  11  with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the organic EL apparatus  11  is configured to have a display region  32  (region inside the dashed line in the drawing) and a non-display region  33  (region outside the dashed line) on a substrate  31 . The display region  32  is provided with an actual display region  32   a  (region inside the two-dot chain line) and a dummy region  32   b  (region outside the two-dot chain line in the drawing). 
     Inside the actual display region  32   a , sub-pixels  34  from which light is irradiated are disposed in a matrix shape. Each of the plurality of sub-pixels  34  is provided with the previously mentioned light emitting elements  27  and is configured to emit light of each color of R (red), G (green), and B (blue) in accordance with the operation of the switching TFT  21  and the driving TFT  23  (refer to  FIG. 1 ). 
     The dummy region  32   b  is provided with a circuit mainly for making each sub-pixel  34  emit light. For example, the scanning line driving circuit  16  is arranged along the left side and the right side of the actual display region  32   a  in the drawing, and a test circuit  35  is arranged along the upper side of the actual display region  32   a  in the drawing. 
     The lower side of the substrate  31  in the drawing is provided with a flexible substrate  36 . The flexible substrate  36  is provided with a driving IC  37  connected to each wiring. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment. Below, description will be given of the structure of the organic EL apparatus  11  with reference to  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 3  shows the cross-sectional positional relationship of each constituent component, which are represented at a scale which can be understood clearly. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the organic EL apparatus  11  performs light emission in a light emitting region  42 , and has the substrate  31 , a circuit element layer  43  formed on the substrate  31 , a light emitting element layer  44  formed on the circuit element layer  43 , and a cathode (shared cathode)  25  formed on the light emitting element layer  44 . The substrate  31  uses a transparent substrate of glass, plastic, or the like, for example. Here, in a case where the organic EL apparatus  11  is a top emission structure, it is possible for the substrate  31  to use, for example, an opaque substrate of silicon, ceramics, or the like instead of the transparent substrate. 
     In the circuit element layer  43 , a base protective film  45  formed of a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 ) is formed on the substrate  31 , and the driving TFT  23  is formed on the base protective film  45 . In detail, an island-shaped semiconductor film  46  formed of a polysilicon film is formed on the base protective film  45 . On the semiconductor film  46 , a source region  47  and a drain region  48  are formed by the introduction of impurities. Then, the portion into which impurities were not introduced becomes a channel region  51 . 
     Furthermore, in the circuit element layer  43 , a transparent gate insulating film  52  formed of a silicon oxide film covering the base protective film  45  and the semiconductor film  46  is formed. On the gate insulating film  52 , a gate electrode  53  using a metal material such as aluminum (A 1 ), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), or tungsten (W), or an alloy or the like of metal materials is formed. 
     On the gate insulating film  52  and the gate electrode  53 , a transparent first interlayer insulating film  54 , and a second interlayer insulating film  55  are formed. The first interlayer insulating film  54  and the second interlayer insulating film  55  are, for example, configured of silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), or the like. The gate electrode  53  is provided at a position corresponding to the channel region  51  of the semiconductor film  46 . 
     The source region  47  of the semiconductor film  46  of the driving TFT  23  is electrically connected to power lines  14  formed on the first interlayer insulating film  54  through a contact hole  56  provided to pass through the gate insulating film  52  and the first interlayer insulating film  54 . On the other hand, the drain region  48  is electrically connected to the anode  24  formed on the second interlayer insulating film  55  through a contact hole  57  provided to pass through the gate insulating film  52 , the first interlayer insulating film  54 , and the second interlayer insulating film  55 . 
     The anode  24  is formed in each light emitting region  42 . In addition, the anode  24  is formed of a transparent Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) film, and has, for example, a shape which is substantially rectangular in plan view. The anodes may be referred to as anodes  24 R,  24 G, and  24 B corresponding to the light emission colors of the sub-pixels  34 . The anode  24 R corresponds to the first anode in the invention, the anode  24 B corresponds to the second anode in the invention, and the anode  24 G corresponds to the third anode in the invention. 
     Here, in the circuit element layer  43 , a storage capacitor and a transistor for switching (not shown) are formed. In addition, as described above, in the circuit element layer  43 , a transistor for driving (driving TFT  23 ) connected to each anode  24 R,  24 G, and  24 B is formed. 
     The light emitting element layer  44  is provided with light emitting elements  27  arranged in a matrix shape and is formed on the substrate  31 . In detail, the light emitting element layer  44  is mainly configured of the functional layer  26  formed on the anode  24  and a bank (partition wall)  62  partitioning the functional layer  26 . For example, the functional layer  26  is configured to include a hole injecting layer  63  (refer to  FIG. 4 ), a light emitting layer  64 , an intermediate layer  74  formed in contact with the light emitting layer  64 , and the like. 
     Between the circuit element layer  43  and a bank  62 , an insulating layer  66  is formed. Examples of the insulating layer  66  include inorganic materials, such as a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 ). The insulating layer  66  ensures the insulation property between adjacent anodes  24 , and along with this, is formed so as to ride on the peripheral portion of the anodes  24  in order to set the shape of the light emitting region  42  to a desired shape (for example, a track shape). In other words, the anodes  24  and the insulating layer  66  have structures which are arranged so as to partially overlap in plan view. Furthermore, to rephrase, the insulating layer  66  may be formed in a region in which the light emitting region  42  is omitted. 
     For example, the bank  62  is a trapezoidal shape in which a cross-section has an inclined surface, and is formed to surround the light emitting region  42  (light emitting element  27 ). In other words, the surrounded region is an opening portion  67  of the bank  62 . Examples of the material of the bank  62  include organic materials having heat resistance and solvent resistance such as acrylic resins and polyimide resins. 
     The hole injecting layer  63  (refer to  FIG. 4 ) is formed of a conductive polymer film containing a dopant in the conductive polymer material. For example, it is possible for such a hole injecting layer to be configured by 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT-PSS) containing polystyrene sulfonic acid as a dopant. 
     Here, although not illustrated in  FIG. 3 , a hole transporting layer  71  is provided on the hole injecting layer  63  (refer to  FIG. 4 ). The light emitting layer  64  is formed on the hole transporting layer  71  and is a layer of organic light emitting material exhibiting the electroluminescence phenomenon. The intermediate layer  74  is formed on the light emitting layer  64  and an electron transporting layer  78  (refer to  FIG. 4 ) or the like is formed thereon. Over the functional layer  26 , on the entirety of the substrate  31  including the top of the bank  62 , the cathode  25  is set as a whole surface formed film (solid formed film) in contact with the functional layer  26 . 
     For example, it is possible for the cathode  25  to adopt a configuration in which a lithium fluoride (LiF) layer, a calcium (Ca) layer, and an aluminum (A 1 ) layer, or a configuration in which an alloy such as magnesium silver (MgAg) is used. In addition, other than this, single metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, copper silver, gold, and the like, or alloys may be used. In addition, cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 ) may be used. 
     On the cathode  25 , a sealing member  38  made of resin or the like and a sealing substrate  20  are laminated in order to prevent the ingress of water and oxygen. The light emitting element  27  is configured by the anode  24 , the functional layer  26 , and the cathode  25 . 
     By applying a voltage between the anode  24  and the cathode  25 , holes are injected from the anode  24  side and electrons are injected from the cathode  25  side into the light emitting layer  64 . In the light emitting layer  64 , the energy generated when these carriers (holes and electrons) are bonded is turned to light and emitted. 
     Configuration of Light Emitting Element 
       FIG. 4  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a light emitting element in the organic EL apparatus of the first embodiment. Below, description will be given of the configuration of the light emitting element with reference to  FIG. 4 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , the light emitting element  27  has, in order from the substrate  31 , the anode  24 , the hole injecting layer  63 , the hole transporting layer  71 , the light emitting layer  64 , the intermediate layer  74 , the electron transporting layer  78 , an electron injecting layer  79 , and the cathode  25 . 
     The substrate  31  is used as a support body of the light emitting element  27 . For example, as previously mentioned, the substrate  31  may use glass, plastic, or the like. Here, as long as the substrate functions as the support body of the light emitting element  27 , it is not limited to these materials. 
     Examples of the material of the anode  24  include metal oxides such as ITO, Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO), In 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , fluorine-doped SnO 2 , Sb-doped SnO 2 , ZnO, Al doped ZnO, and Ga-doped ZnO, Au, Pt, Ag, Cu, or alloys including these, and it is possible to use one kind among these or to combine two or more kinds. 
     The film thickness of the anode  24  is not particularly limited; however, for example, approximately 10 nm or more to 200 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 30 nm or more to 150 nm or less is more preferable. 
     Here, in a case where the organic EL apparatus  11  is set as a display panel with a bottom emission structure, since optical transparency is demanded in the anode  24 , a metal oxide having optical transparency may be favorably used among the above-described constituent materials. 
     The hole injecting layer  63  has a function of facilitating the hole injection from the anode  24 . As the material of the hole injecting layer  63 , in the forming step of the hole injecting layer  63  to be described below, an ion-conducting hole injection material to which an electron-accepting dopant was added to a conductive polymer material (or a conductive oligomer material) may be favorably used in order to achieve the forming using the liquid phase process. 
     Examples of such an ion-conducting hole injection material include polythiophone based hole injecting material such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline based hole injection material such as polyaniline-polystyrene sulfonic acid) (PANT/PSS), and oligoaniline based hole injecting material forming a salt with oligoaniline derivatives and an electron-accepting dopant. The film thickness of the hole injecting layer  63  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 5 nm or more to 150 nm or less is preferable and approximately 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less is more preferable. 
     The hole transporting layer  71  has a function of transporting holes injected from the hole injecting layer  63  up to the light emitting layer  64 . In addition, in some cases, the hole transporting layer  71  has a function of blocking electrons entering from the light emitting layer  64  and passing through the hole transporting layer  71 . 
     As the material of the hole transporting layer  71 , for example, it is possible to favorably use an amine based compound such as triphenylamine based polymers or the like in order to achieve the forming using the liquid phase process. It is possible to use a polymer organic material based on polysilane or the like including other polyfluorene derivatives (PF) or polyparaphenylenevinylene derivatives (PPV), polyparaphenylene derivatives (PPP), polyvinylcarbazole (PVK), polythiophene derivatives, or poly methyl phenyl silane (PMPS). 
     The film thickness of the hole transporting layer  71  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less is more preferable. 
     The light emitting layer  64  is configured from a light emitting material. In the configuration of the light emitting layer  64 , when a voltage is applied between the anode  24  and the cathode  25 , a charge is injected into the light emitting layer  64 . In so doing, the holes and electrons are rebonded, excitation energy is generated and the excitation energy moves to the light emitting material, and it is possible to obtain light emission. 
     The light emitting material configuring the light emitting layer  64  is configured by a host material in which holes and electrons are transported and rebonded, and a dopant which takes in the energy generated from the host material during the rebonding and emits light, or in which the rebonding of the holes and electrons is performed in the dopant itself. 
     As the host material, there are CBP(4,4′-bis(9-dicarbazolyl)-2,2′-biphenyl), BAlq(bis-(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-(phenylphenolate) aluminum), mCP(N,N′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene: CBP derivative), CDBP(4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-biphenyl), DCB(N,N′-Dicarbazolyl-1,4-dimethene-benzene), P06(2,7-bis(diphenylphosphine oxide)-9,9-dimethylfluorene), SimCP(3,5-bis(9-carbazolyl)tetraphenylsilane), UGH3(W-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene). These host materials are all low molecular weight organic materials having an electron transporting property. In this embodiment, low molecular weight refers to a molecular weight of less than 1000. In addition, the polymer refers to one having a structure in which the main skeleton is repeated, and the molecular weight is 1000 or more. 
     As the dopant material, there are phosphorescent materials which emit phosphorescence, and fluorescent materials which emit fluorescence, and, as the phosphorescent materials, there are Ir(ppy)3(Fac-tris(2-phenypyridine)iridium), Ppy2Ir(acac)(Bis(2-phenyl-pyridinato-N,C2)iridium(acetylacetone), Bt2Ir(acac)(Bis(2-phenylbenxothiozolato-N,C2′)iridium(III)(acetylacetonate)), Btp2Ir(acac)(Bis(2-2′-benzothienyl)-pyridinato-N,C3)Iridium(acetylacetonate), FIrpic(Iridium-bis(4,6 difluorophenyl-pyridinato-N,C,2,)-picolinate), Ir(pmb)3(Iridium-tris(1-phenyl-3-methylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene-C,C(2)′), FIrN4(((Iridium(III)bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato)(5-(pyridin-2-yl)-tetrazolate), Firtaz((Iridium(III)bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato)(5-(pyridine-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazo-late), PtOEP(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-Octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine, platinum(II), and the like. 
     As the fluorescent material, there are Alq3(8-hydroxyquinolinate)aluminum, rubrene, perylene, 9,10-diphenyl anthracene, tetraphenylbutadiene, Nile Red, Coumarin 6, Quinacridone, and the like. 
     The film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 10 nm or more and 150 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 20 nm or more and 100 nm or less is more preferable. 
     The intermediate layer  74  includes a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer  64  and is formed in contact with the light emitting layer  64 . In addition, the intermediate layer  74  is formed using a gas phase process (vapor deposition method). 
     As the material configuring the intermediate layer  74 , for example, there are the above-described CBP(4,4′-bis(9-dicarbazolyl)-2,2′-biphenyl), BAlq(Bis-(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-(phenylphenolate)aluminum), mCP(N,N-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene: CBP derivative), CBP(4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-biphenyl), DCB(N,N′-Dicarbazolyl-1,4-dimethene-benzene), P06(2,7-bis(diphenylphosphine oxide)-9,9-dimethylfluorene), SimCP(3,5-bis(9-carbazolyl)tetraphenylsilane), and UGH3(W-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene). Here, the intermediate layer  74  is configured to include at least one type of the above-described host materials, and may be configured to include a plurality of types. 
     The thickness of the intermediate layer  74  is preferably approximately 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less. Since the thickness of the intermediate layer  74  is set within the above-described range, it is possible to suppress an increase in the driving voltage or a decrease in the light emitting efficiency caused by placing the intermediate layer  74  between the light emitting layer  64  and the electron transporting layer  78 . 
     The electron transporting layer  78  has a function of transporting injected electrons from the cathode  25  to the intermediate layer  74  and the light emitting layer  64 . 
     The material of the electron transporting layer  78  (electron transporting material) is not particularly limited; however, in the forming step of the electron transporting layer to be described below, in order to achieve the forming using the gas phase process, for example, oxadiazole derivatives such as BAlq, OXD-1,1,3,5-tri(5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole), BCP(Bathocuproine), PBD(2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole), tBu-PBD(2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole), DPVBi(4,4′-bis(1,1-diphenylethenyl)biphenyl), BND(2,5-bis(1-naphthyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole), DTVBi(4,4′-bis(1,1-bis(4-methylphenyl)ethenyl)biphenyl), BBD (2,5-bis(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole), oxazole derivatives, triazole derivatives such as TAZ(3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole), fenansororin derivatives, anthraquinodimethane derivatives, benzoquinone derivatives, naphthoquinone derivatives, anthraquinone derivatives, tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, diphenyldicyanoethylene derivative, diphenoquinone derivatives, quinoline derivatives such as organic metal complexes with hydroxyquinoline derivatives or derivatives thereof set as ligands, silole derivatives, pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, quinoxaline derivative containing nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives, and the like may be favorably used, and it is possible to use one kind among these or to combine two or more kinds. 
     The film thickness of the electron transporting layer  78  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less is more preferable. In this manner, it is possible to favorably transport electrons injected into the electron transporting layer  78  to the light emitting layer  64 . 
     The electron injecting layer  79  has a function of improving the injection efficiency of electrons from the cathode  25  to the electron transporting layer  78 . The electron injecting material configuring the electron injecting layer  79  is not particularly limited; however, in order to achieve the forming using the gas phase process such as the vapor deposition method, possible examples include alkali metal compound and alkaline earth metal compounds. 
     Examples of the alkali metal compounds include alkali metal salts such as LiF, Li 2 CO 3 , LiCl, NaF, Na 2 CO 3 , NaCl, CsF, Cs 2 CO 3 , CsCl, and the like. In addition, examples of the alkaline earth metal compounds include alkaline earth metal salts such as CaF 2 , CaCO 3 , SrF 2 , SrCO 3 , BaF 2 , BaCO 3 , and the like. It is possible to use one kind among these alkali metal compounds and alkaline earth metal compound or to combine two or more kinds. 
     The film thickness of the electron injecting layer  79  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 0.01 nm or more and 100 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 0.1 nm or more and 10 nm or less is more preferable. Here, it is possible to omit the electron injecting layer  79  according to the combination of the types of constituent material of the electron transporting layer  78  and the cathode  25 , the film thicknesses thereof, and the like. 
     The cathode  25  is an electrode injecting electrons into the electron transporting layer  78  through the electron injecting layer  79 . As the material of the cathode  25 , it is preferable to use a material with a low work function, and in order to achieve the forming using the gas phase process in the forming step of the cathode  25  to be described later, for example, Li, Mg, Ca, Sr, La, Ce, Er, Eu, Sc, Y, Yb, Ag, Cu, Al, Cs, Rb, Au, alloys including the above, or the like, may be used, and it is possible to use one type or a combination (for example, laminate body having a plurality of layers, or the like) of two or more types from the above. 
     In addition, for the cathode  25 , it is desirable to use a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, a mixture of these, or the like with a work function smaller than that the anode  24 . For example, there are elements belonging to Group 1 or Group 2 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, that is, alkali metals, such as lithium and cesium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium, strontium, and the like, MgAg, ALLi, Europium, ytterbium, and the like, which are alloys including these. 
     In particular, in the present embodiment, in a case of the organic EL apparatus  11  with a bottom emission structure, optical transparency is not required in the cathode  25 , and, as the constituent material of the cathode  25 , for example, metals or alloys such as Al, Ag, AlAg, and AlNd may be preferably used. By using the above metals and alloys as the constituent material of the cathode  25 , it is possible to achieve an increase in the electron injection efficiency and stability properties of the cathode  25 . 
     The film thickness of the cathode  25  in the bottom emission structure is not particularly limited; however, approximately 50 nm or more and 1000 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 100 nm or more and 500 nm or less is more preferable. 
     Here, in a case where the organic EL apparatus  11  has a top emission structure, alloys such as MgAg, MgAl, MgAu, and AlAg are preferably used as the constituent material of the cathode  25 . By using the above metals and alloys as the constituent material of the cathode  25 , it is possible to achieve an increase in the electron injection efficiency and stability properties of the cathode  25  while maintaining the optical transparency of the cathode  25 . 
     The film thickness of the cathode  25  in the top emission structure is not particularly limited; however, approximately 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 5 nm or more and 20 nm or less is more preferable. Below, description will be given of the method of manufacturing the light emitting element  27 . 
     Method of Manufacturing Light Emitting Element 
     Hole Injection Layer Forming Step 
     In the hole injecting layer forming step, first, a hole injecting layer forming ink is coated using an ink jet method. Specifically, a hole injecting layer forming ink (liquid material) containing hole injecting material is discharged from the head of the ink jet printing apparatus and coated on the anode  24 . 
     Here, examples of the solvents (ink solvents) or dispersion media (ink dispersion media) used in the preparation of the hole injecting layer forming ink include various inorganic solvents such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, water, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and ethylene carbonate; ketone based solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), methyl isopropyl ketone (MIPK), and cyclohexanone; alcohol based solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol (DEG), and glycerine; ether based solvents such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetrahydropyran (THP), anisole, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), and diethylene glycol ethyl ether (carbitol); cellosolve-based solvents such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and phenyl cellosolve; aliphatic hydrocarbon based solvents such as hexane, pentane, heptane, and cyclohexane; alicyclic hydrocarbon based solvents such as cyclohexane, and tetralin; aromatic hydrocarbon based solvents such as toluene, xylene, benzene, trimethylbenzene, tetramethylbenzene, and 3-phenoxytoluene; aromatic heterocyclic compound based solvents such as pyridine, pyrazine, furan, pyrrole, thiophene, and methyl pyrrolidone; amide based solvents such as N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA); halogen compound based solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, and ethyl formate; sulfur compound based solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sulfolane; nitrile based solvents such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, and acrylonitrile; various types of organic solvents such as organic acid based solvents such as formic acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid; a mixed solvent including the above, or the like. 
     Here, the hole injecting layer forming ink (liquid material) coated on the anode  24  has high fluidity (low viscosity) and tries to spread in the horizontal direction (surface direction); however, since the anode  24  is surrounded by the bank  62 , spreading outside a predetermined region is prevented, and the contour shape of the hole injecting layer  63  is defined precisely. 
     Next, post processing is performed with respect to the coated hole injecting layer forming ink. Specifically, the hole injecting layer forming ink coated on the anode  24  is dried and the hole injecting layer  63  is formed. By this drying, it is possible to remove the solvent or the dispersion medium. Examples of methods of drying include a method of being left to stand in a reduced-pressure atmosphere, a method using a heating process (for example, approximately 40° C. or more and 80° C. or less), a method using the flow of an inert gas such as nitrogen gas, and the like. Furthermore, according to necessity, the substrate  31  in which the hole injecting layer  63  is formed is heated (baked) at approximately 100° C. or more and 300° C. or less. By this heating, it is possible to remove the solvent or dispersion medium remaining in the film of the hole injecting layer  63  after drying. 
     In addition, in a case where a hole injection material which is cross-linked by heating and made insoluble with respect to the solvent is used, it is also possible to make the hole injecting layer  63  insoluble by the heating. In addition, after this heating, in order to remove the non-insoluble portion of the hole injecting layer  63 , the surface of the substrate  31  in which the hole injecting layer  63  is formed may be rinsed (cleaned) using a solvent. By this rinsing, it is possible to prevent the non-insoluble portion of the hole injecting layer  63  from mixing with the hole transporting layer  71  formed on top of the hole injecting layer  63 . 
     Hole Transporting Layer Forming Step 
     In the hole transporting layer forming step, first, hole transporting layer forming ink is coated on the hole injecting layer  63  using an ink jet method in the same manner as the hole injecting layer forming step, and then post processing similar to the hole injecting layer forming step is performed with respect to the coated hole transporting layer forming ink. However, the ink solvent or dispersion medium used in the hole transporting layer forming ink, the post processing method and conditions, and the like are appropriately selected as suitable for the forming of the hole transporting layer  71 . 
     Here, examples of the solvents (ink solvents) or dispersion media (ink dispersion media) used in the preparation of the hole transporting layer forming ink include various inorganic solvents such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, water, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and ethylene carbonate; ketone based solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), methyl isopropyl ketone (MIPK), and cyclohexanone; alcohol based solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol (DEG), and glycerine; ether based solvents such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetrahydropyran (THP), anisole, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), and diethylene glycol ethyl ether (carbitol); cellosolve-based solvents such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and phenyl cellosolve; aliphatic hydrocarbon based solvents such as hexane, pentane, heptane, and cyclohexane; alicyclic hydrocarbon based solvents such as cyclohexane, and tetralin; aromatic hydrocarbon based solvents such as toluene, xylene, benzene, trimethylbenzene, tetramethylbenzene, and 3-phenoxytoluene; aromatic heterocyclic compound based solvents such as pyridine, pyrazine, furan, pyrrole, thiophene, and methylpyrrolidone; amide based solvents such as N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA); halogen compound based solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, and ethyl formate; sulfur compound based solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sulfolane; nitrile based solvents such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, and acrylonitrile; various types of organic solvents such as organic acid based solvents such as formic acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid; a mixed solvent including the above, or the like. 
     Light Emitting Layer Forming Step 
     In the light emitting layer forming step, first, light emitting layer forming ink is coated on the hole transporting layer  71  using an ink jet method, and then post processing similar to the hole injecting layer forming step is performed with respect to the coated light emitting layer forming ink. However, the ink solvent or ink dispersion medium used in the light emitting layer forming ink, the post processing method and conditions, and the like are appropriately selected as suitable for the forming of the light emitting layer  64 . 
     Here, examples of the solvents (ink solvents) or dispersion media (ink dispersion media) used in the preparation of the light emitting layer forming ink include various inorganic solvents such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, water, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and ethylene carbonate; ketone based solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), acetone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), methyl isopropyl ketone (MIPK), and cyclohexanone; alcohol based solvents such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol (DEG), and glycerine; ether based solvents such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydropyran (THF), tetrahydropyran (THP), anisole, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), and diethylene glycol ethyl ether (carbitol); cellosolve-based solvents such as methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and phenyl cellosolve; aliphatic hydrocarbon based solvents such as hexane, pentane, heptane, and cyclohexane; alicyclic hydrocarbon based solvents such as cyclohexane, and tetralin; aromatic hydrocarbon based solvents such as toluene, xylene, benzene, trimethylbenzene, tetramethylbenzene, and 3-phenoxytoluene; aromatic heterocyclic compound based solvents such as pyridine, pyrazine, furan, pyrrole, thiophene, and methyl pyrrolidone; amide based solvents such as N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA); halogen compound based solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, and ethyl formate; sulfur compound based solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sulfolane; nitrile based solvents such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, and acrylonitrile; various types of organic solvents such as organic acid based solvents such as formic acid, acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid; a mixed solvent including the above, or the like. 
     In the above hole injecting layer forming step, hole transporting layer forming step, and light emitting layer forming step, it is preferable to use an ink jet method. In the ink jet method, since it is possible to control with high precision the discharge amount of the ink and the landing position of the ink droplets regardless of the size of the area of the substrate  31 , by using such a method, it is possible to achieve the miniaturization of the pixel size, as well as to increase the area of the organic EL apparatus  11 . 
     In addition, without being limited to the ink jet method, in the hole injecting layer forming step, the hole transporting layer forming step, and the light emitting layer forming step, it is possible to use a liquid phase process such as a spin coating method (pyrosol process), a casting method, a micro gravure coating method, a gravure coating method, a bar coating method, a roll coating method, a wire bar coating method, a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a screen printing method, a flexographic printing method, an offset printing method, or the like. 
     Intermediate Layer Forming Step 
     In the intermediate layer forming step, the intermediate layer  74  including a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer  64  is formed in contact with the light emitting layer  64 . Examples of the method of forming the intermediate layer  74  include the gas phase process such as the vapor deposition method. The post processing method and conditions, and the like are appropriately selected as suitable for the forming of the intermediate layer  74 . 
     Electron Transporting Layer Forming Step 
     In the electron transporting layer forming step, the electron transporting layer  78  is formed using the gas phase process such as the vapor deposition method so as to cover the intermediate layer  74 . In this manner, the electron transporting layer  78  is formed in common over each light emitting element  27 . 
     Electron Injecting Layer Forming Step 
     In the electron injecting layer forming step, the electron injecting layer  79  is formed using the gas phase process such as the vapor deposition method so as to cover the electron transporting layer  78 . In this manner, the electron injecting layer  79  is formed in common over each light emitting element  27 . 
     Cathode Forming Step 
     In the cathode forming step, the cathode  25  is formed using the gas phase process such as the vapor deposition method so as to cover the electron injecting layer  79 . In this manner, the cathode  25  is formed in common over each light emitting element  27 . Through the above steps, the organic EL apparatus  11  is completed. 
     In the above-described light emitting elements  27 , by performing film formation using the liquid phase process such as the ink jet method up to the light emitting layer  64  in the functional layer  26 , it is possible to easily separate the coating of the light emitting layers  64  having different light emission colors and to easily realize an increase in the area of the organic EL apparatus  11 . 
     In addition, in the above-described light emitting elements  27 , by forming the film of the upper layer from the light emitting layer  64  using a gas phase process, each light emitting element  27  is provided with a sufficient light emission lifetime at a practical level. 
     In addition, by arranging the intermediate layer  74  formed of a vapor deposited film including a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer  64  in the gas phase process between the light emitting layer  64  formed by the liquid phase process and the electron transporting layer  78  formed by the gas phase process, it is possible to smoothly perform transporting of the electrons from the cathode  25  to the light emitting layer  64 . Thus, it is possible to suppress the generation of dark spots and the reduction of the light emitting area and it is possible to improve the display characteristics. 
     Next, description will be given with reference to  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 6  showing specific Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and Examples 1 to 7.  FIG. 5  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a light emitting element of Comparative Example 1.  FIG. 6  is a table showing the configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in the Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and the Examples 1 to 7. Here, the same reference numerals will be given to Comparative Examples 1 to 4 as in Example 1 and the detailed description thereof will be omitted. In the table of  FIG. 6 , HIL indicates the hole injecting layer, HTL indicates the hole transporting layer, EML indicates the light emitting layer, and ETL indicates the electron transporting layer. In addition, since the configuration of the electron injecting layer is the same in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and Examples 1 to 7, description thereof is omitted in the table. 
     Comparative Example 1 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , in a light emitting element  27 C of Comparative Example 1, the hole injecting layer  63 , the hole transporting layer  71 , and the light emitting layer  64  are formed by the liquid phase process on the anode  24  of the substrate  31 . Thereafter, the electron transporting layer  78 , the electron injecting layer  79 , and the cathode  25  are formed by the gas phase process. In other words, a functional layer  26 C of the light emitting element  27 C is configured not to include the intermediate layer  74  between the light emitting layer  64  and the electron transporting layer  78 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the film thicknesses of each layer are 50 nm for the hole injecting layer  63 , 10 nm for the hole transporting layer  71 , 30 nm for the light emitting layer  64 , 20 nm for the electron transporting layer  78 , and 200 nm for the cathode  25 . The details of the materials and the like are the same as the configuration of the light emitting element  27  of the above-described embodiment with the exception of the intermediate layer  74 . 
     Specifically, first, a transparent glass substrate with a thickness of 1.0 mm was prepared as the substrate  31 . Next, after an ITO film with a thickness of 50 nm was formed on the substrate  31  using the sputtering method, the anode  24  is formed by patterning this ITO film using a photolithography method. Then, after the substrate  31  in which the anode  24  is formed was immersed in acetone and 2-propanol in order and subjected to ultrasonic cleaning, an oxygen plasma treatment was performed. 
     Next, after an insulating film configured by an acrylic based resin was formed using a spin coating method on the substrate  31  in which the anode  24  was formed, the bank  62  was formed by patterning this insulating layer using the photolithography method such that the anode  24  is exposed. Furthermore, the surface of the substrate  31  in which the bank  62  was formed is first subjected to a plasma treatment using O 2  gas as the treatment gas. In this manner, the surface of the anode  24  and the surface of the bank  62  (including the wall surfaces) are activated and lyophilized. Subsequently, the surface of the substrate  31  in which the bank  62  was formed is subjected to a plasma treatment using CF 4  gas as the treatment gas. In this manner, the CF 4  gas reacts with and makes lyophobic only the surface of the bank  62  formed of the acrylic based resin. 
     Next, at the inner side of the bank  62  positioned in the region in which the light emitting element  27  is to be formed, a 1.0 wt % PEDOT/PSS aqueous dispersion medium which is a hole injecting layer forming ink is coated using the ink jet method. 
     Next, after drying the PEDOT/PSS aqueous dispersion medium coated in each of the above-described steps, the substrate  31  was heated in the atmosphere, and an ion conductive hole injecting layer  63  with a film thickness of 50 nm configured of PEDOT/PSS was formed. 
     Next, at the inner side of the bank  62  positioned in the region in which the light emitting layer  64  is to be formed, a triphenylamine based polymer 1.5 wt % tetramethyl benzene solution which is a hole transporting layer forming ink is coated using the ink jet method. 
     Next, after drying the tetramethyl benzene solution of triphenylamine based polymer coated in each of the above-described steps, the substrate  31  was heated in a nitrogen atmosphere. Furthermore, the region of the substrate  31  in which the light emitting layer  64  is to be formed was rinsed with xylene. In this manner, on each hole injecting layer  63 , hole transporting layers  71  with a film thickness of 10 nm configured by the triphenylamine based polymer were formed respectively. 
     Next, at the inner side of the bank  62  positioned in the region in which the light emitting layer  64  is to be formed, a tetramethyl benzene solution, which is a light emitting layer forming ink including 1.2 wt % of CBP and mCP as the host material and three types of dopant Irppy3, is coated using the ink jet method. 
     Next, after drying the coated light emitting layer forming ink, the substrate  31  is heated in a nitrogen atmosphere. In this manner, on each hole transporting layer  71 , light emitting layers  64  with a film thickness of 30 nm configured by the host material CBP, mCP, and dopant Irppy3 were formed respectively. 
     Next, on the light emitting layer  64 , the electron transporting layer  78  with a film thickness of 20 nm configured by tris-(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (Alq3) is formed using the vapor deposition method. 
     Next, on the electron transporting layer  78 , the electron injecting layer  79  with a film thickness of 1 nm configured by lithium fluoride (LiF) is formed using the vapor deposition method. 
     Next, on the electron injecting layer  79 , the cathode  25  with a film thickness of 200 nm configured by Al is formed using the vapor deposition method. 
     Next, a protective cover (sealing member) made of glass is overlaid so as to cover each layer, fixed using epoxy resin, and sealed. According to the above steps, the organic EL apparatus having the light emitting element  27 C with the bottom emission structure as shown in  FIG. 5  is manufactured. 
     Comparative Example 2 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , with respect to Comparative Example 1, in Comparative Example 2, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 29.5 nm and the intermediate layer  74  is configured between the light emitting layer  64 , which is a coated film, and the electron transporting layer  78 , which is a vapor deposited film, by forming the CBP which is the host material included in the light emitting layer  64  so as to have a film thickness of 0.5 nm by the vapor deposition method. 
     Comparative Example 3 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , with respect to Comparative Example 1, in Comparative Example 3, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 20.0 nm and the intermediate layer  74  is configured between the light emitting layer  64 , which is a coated film, and the electron transporting layer  78 , which is a vapor deposited film, by forming the CBP which is the host material included in the light emitting layer  64  so as to have a film thickness of 10.0 nm by the vapor deposition method. 
     Comparative Example 4 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , with respect to Comparative Example 1, in Comparative Example 4, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 10.0 nm and the intermediate layer  74  is configured between the light emitting layer  64 , which is a coated film, and the electron transporting layer  78 , which is a vapor deposited film, by forming the CBP which is the host material included in the light emitting layer  64  so as to have a film thickness of 20.0 nm by the vapor deposition method. 
     Example 1 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , in the light emitting element  27  of Example 1, the hole injecting layer  63 , the hole transporting layer  71 , and the light emitting layer  64  are formed by the liquid phase process on the anode  24 . Thereafter, the intermediate layer  74 , the electron transporting layer  78 , the electron injecting layer  79 , and the cathode  25  are formed by the gas phase process. In other words, with respect to Comparative Example 1, between the light emitting layer  64 , which is a coated film, and the electron transporting layer  78 , which is a vapor deposited film, the intermediate layer  74 , which is a vapor deposited film, is added. 
     Specifically, on the hole transporting layers  71 , light emitting layers  64  with a film thickness of 29 nm configured by the host material CBP, mCP, and dopant Irppy3 were formed respectively by the liquid phase process (ink jet method). 
     Next, the intermediate layer  74  is formed on the light emitting layer  64  using the vapor deposition method with the film thickness of the host material CBP included in the light emitting layer  64  as 1 nm. The total film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  and the intermediate layer  74  is 30 nm. 
     Next, on the intermediate layer  74 , the electron transporting layer  78  with a film thickness of 20 nm configured by tris-(8-quinolinolato) aluminum(Alq3) is formed using the vapor deposition method. 
     Next, on the electron transporting layer  78 , the electron injecting layer  79  with a film thickness of 1 nm configured by lithium fluoride (LiF) is formed using the vapor deposition method. 
     Next, on the electron injecting layer  79 , the cathode  25  with a film thickness of 200 nm configured by Al is formed using the vapor deposition method. 
     Next, a protective cover (sealing member) made of glass is overlaid so as to cover each layer, fixed using epoxy resin, and sealed. According to the above steps, the organic EL apparatus  11  having the light emitting element  27  with the bottom emission structure as shown in  FIG. 4  is manufactured. 
     Example 2 
     With respect to Example 1, in Example 2, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 27.0 nm and the film thickness of the intermediate layer  74  is set to 3.0 nm. That is, the total film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  and the intermediate layer  74  is 30 nm, which is the same as Example 1. 
     Example 3 
     With respect to Example 1, in Example 3, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 25.0 nm and the film thickness of the intermediate layer  74  is set to 5.0 nm. That is, the total film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  and the intermediate layer  74  is 30 nm, which is the same as Example 1. 
     Example 4 
     With respect to Example 1, in Example 4, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 25.0 nm and the intermediate layer  74  is configured using mCP, which is the host material, and the film thickness thereof is set to 5.0 nm. That is, the total film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  and the intermediate layer  74  is 30 nm, which is the same as Example 1. 
     Example 5 
     With respect to Example 1, in Example 5, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 25.0 nm and the intermediate layer  74  is configured using two types of host material, CBP and mCP, and the film thickness thereof is set to 5.0 nm. That is, the total film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  and the intermediate layer  74  is 30 nm, which is the same as Example 1. 
     Example 6 
     With respect to Example 1, in Example 6, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 25.0 nm and the intermediate layer  74  is configured by further adding Irppy3, which is a dopant, to two types of host material, CBP and mCP, and the film thickness thereof is set to 5.0 nm. That is, the intermediate layer  74  which has the same material configuration as the light emitting layer  64  is formed on the light emitting layer  64 , which is a coating layer, by the vapor deposition method, and the total film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  and the intermediate layer  74  is 30 nm, which is the same as Example 1. 
     Example 7 
     With respect to Example 1, in Example 7, the film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  is set to 25.0 nm and the intermediate layer  74  is configured by further adding BAlq, which is an electron transporting material to the two types of host material, CBP and mCP, and the Irppy3, which is a dopant, and the film thickness thereof is set to 5.0 nm. The total film thickness of the light emitting layer  64  and the intermediate layer  74  is 30 nm, which is the same as Example 1. 
     The evaluation of the element characteristics of Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and Examples 1 to 7 was determined according to three items of light emitting efficiency, brightness half-life, and dark spots. The light emitting efficiency is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 1 based on the current amount when the brightness is 1000 cd/m 2 . The brightness half-life is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 1 based on the energization time when the brightness is 500 cd/m 2 , which is half of 1000 cd/m 2 . The dark spots are set on the basis of the presence or absence of the generation thereof at the time point when the brightness was reduced by half. The evaluation takes these three items together and indicates one of “X”, not at a level for practical use, “◯”, at a level for practical use, and “⊙”, exceeds a level for practical use. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the organic EL apparatuses of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 are similar in light emitting efficiency and brightness half-life; however, the evaluation is “X” as dark spots were observed after the half-life. 
     The organic EL apparatuses  11  of Example 1 to Example 3 are equal to or more than the Comparative Example 1 in light emitting efficiency and brightness half-life, and the evaluation is “◯” as dark spots were not observed after the half-life. In particular, Example 2, in which the film thickness of the intermediate layer  74  was 3 nm, was superior to Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 in both the light emitting efficiency and brightness half-life. 
     In Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 4, in which the film thickness of the intermediate layer  74  was set to 10 nm or more, the generation of dark spots was not seen; however, since decreases in the light emitting efficiency and the brightness half-life as a result of pinching the intermediate layer  74  between the light emitting layer  64  and the electron transporting layer  78  were seen, the evaluation is “X”. 
     Even when mCP was used for the host material configuring the intermediate layer  74  as in Example 4 without being limited to CSP, it is possible to obtain the effect of pinching the intermediate layer  74 , which is a vapor deposited film, between the light emitting layer  64 , which is a coated film, and the electron transporting layer  78 , which is a vapor deposited film. In addition, without limiting the host material configuring the intermediate layer  74  to one type, the effect thereof is exhibited even when a dopant such as Irppy3 or an electron transporting material such as BAlq are included, as well as the plurality of types of host material as in Example 5 to Example 7. Accordingly, the evaluation of Example 4 to Example 7 is “◯”. 
     Among the above, the configuration of the organic EL apparatus of Example 6 is considered preferable from the point of being able to obtain the most superior light emitting efficiency (1.3 times) and the light emitting lifetime (1.6 times) with respect to Comparative Example 1. 
     The effects of the first embodiment described above are as follows. 
     (1) According to the organic EL apparatus  11  and the method of manufacturing thereof of the above-described first embodiment, between the light emitting layer  64  which is a coated film and the cathode  25  (specifically, the electron transporting layer  78 ) which is a vapor deposited film, since the intermediate layer  74  including a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer  64  is formed in contact with the light emitting layer  64  using the gas phase process (vapor deposition method), it is possible to smoothly perform transportation of electrons from the cathode  25  to the light emitting layer  64 . Thus, it is possible to suppress the generation of dark spots and the reduction of the light emitting area and it is possible to provide or manufacture the organic EL apparatus  11  provided with the light emitting element  27  having an excellent light emitting efficiency and light emitting lifetime. 
     (2) In addition, since the total film thicknesses of the intermediate layer  74  and the light emitting layer  64  are set in a provided with range (for example, to 30 nm) determined according to the light emitting wavelength, it is possible to improve the light emitting efficiency and, along with this, it is possible to display predetermined colors. Here, the light emitting efficiency indicates the current efficiency or the external quantum efficiency. In addition, since the thickness of the intermediate layer  74  is set to 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less, it is possible to suppress an increase in the driving voltage or a decrease in the light emitting efficiency caused by forming the intermediate layer  74  between the light emitting layer  64  and the electron transporting layer  78 . 
     Second Embodiment 
     Configuration of Organic EL Apparatus 
     Next, description will be given of the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment with reference to  FIG. 7  and  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment and  FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the light emitting element in the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment. With respect to the organic EL apparatus  11  of the first embodiment, in the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment, the configuration of each of the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light emitting elements is different. Here, where the configuration is the same as the first embodiment, the same reference numerals will be given and the detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , an organic EL apparatus  111  of the present embodiment has the substrate  31  provided with a light emitting element  27 R (equivalent to the first light emitting element according to an aspect of the invention) provided corresponding to the red (R) sub-pixel, a light emitting element  27 G (equivalent to the third light emitting element according to an aspect of the invention) provided corresponding to the green (G) sub-pixel, and a light emitting element  27 B (equivalent to the second light emitting element according to an aspect of the invention) provided corresponding to the blue (B) sub-pixel. In addition, the organic EL apparatus  111  has the sealing member  38  sealing each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B of the substrate  31  and the sealing substrate  20  pinching the sealing member  38  and bonded to the substrate  31 . 
     The substrate  31  is formed of, for example, glass or the like, and has a bottom emission structure in which the emitted light from each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B is taken out from the substrate  31 . Here, without being limited to the bottom emission structure, application is also possible to the top emission structure. In addition, although not shown in  FIG. 7 , similarly to the above-described first embodiment, the circuit element layer  43  including: a pixel circuit or a peripheral circuit, which includes the driving TFT  23  for making each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B emit light; wiring; or the like is provided on the substrate  31 . 
     The light emitting element  27 R has a functional layer  26 R including a light emitting layer  164  capable of obtaining red emitted light between the anode  24 R and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode. The light emitting element  27 G has a functional layer  26 G including a light emitting layer  165  capable of obtaining green emitted light between the anode  24 G and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode. The light emitting element  27 B has the functional layer  26 R including a light emitting layer  177  capable of obtaining blue emitted light between the anode  24 B and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode. 
     The red light emitting layer  164  is formed using the liquid phase process on the anode  24 R surrounded by the bank  62 . The green light emitting layer  165  is formed using the same liquid phase process on the anode  24 G surrounded by the bank  62 . The blue light emitting layer  177  is formed using the gas phase process to straddle each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B. 
     More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 8 , the light emitting element  27 R has the anode  24 R, and, formed in order on the anode  24 R using the liquid phase process, a hole injecting layer  163 , a first hole transporting layer  171 , and a red light emitting layer  164  as a first light emitting layer, and, formed in order using the gas phase process, an intermediate layer  174 , a second hole transporting layer  176 , a red light emitting layer  177  as a second light emitting layer, an electron transporting layer  178 , an electron injecting layer  179 , and the cathode  25 . Similarly, the light emitting element  27 G has the anode  24 G, and, formed in order on the anode  24 G using the liquid phase process, the hole injecting layer  163 , the first hole transporting layer  171 , and a green light emitting layer  165  as a third light emitting layer, and, formed in order using the gas phase process, the intermediate layer  174 , the second hole transporting layer  176 , a blue light emitting layer  177 , the electron transporting layer  178 , the electron injecting layer  179 , and the cathode  25 . The light emitting element  27 B has the anode  24 B, and, formed on the anode  24 B using the liquid phase process, the hole injecting layer  163 , and, formed in order using the gas phase process, the intermediate layer  174 , the second hole transporting layer  176 , the blue light emitting layer  177 , the electron transporting layer  178 , the electron injecting layer  179 , and the cathode  25 . 
     Similarly to the hole injecting layer  63  in the first embodiment, the hole injecting layer  163  common to each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B is formed using hole injecting layer forming ink including polymer hole injecting material. 
     Similarly to the hole transporting layer  71  in the first embodiment, the first hole transporting layer  171  common to the light emitting element  27 R, and the light emitting element  27 G is formed using hole transporting layer forming ink including polymer hole transporting material. Here, the hole transporting material is not limited to a polymer material, and may be a low molecular weight material. 
     Similarly to the light emitting layer  64  in the first embodiment, the red light emitting layer  164  of the light emitting element  27 R and the green light emitting layer  165  of the light emitting element  27 G are formed using light emitting layer forming ink including a low molecular weight host material and a dopant. 
     The intermediate layer  174  common to each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B includes the low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layer  164  and the light emitting layer  165 , which are coating films, and is formed using a gas phase process such as, for example, the vapor deposition method. 
     The second hole transporting layer  176  common to each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B includes the hole transporting material of low molecular weight and is formed using a gas phase process such as, for example, the vapor deposition method. Examples of the hole transporting material of low molecular weight include copper phthalocyanine(TAPC), 1,1-bis[4-(di-p-tolyl)amini phenyl]cyclohexane(TPD), N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine, N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(1-naphthyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine(α-NPD), m-MTDATA, 4,4′,4″-tris(3-methylphenylamino)triphenylamine(2-TNATA), 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-(2-naphthyl)phenylamino)triphenylamine(TCTA), tris-(4-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-amine(spiro-TAD), DPPD(DTP), HTM1, tris-p-tolylamine (HTM2), 1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino) phenyl]cyclohexane(TPT1), 1,3,5-tris(4-pyridyl)-2,4,6-triazine(TPTE), triphenylamine tetramers, and the like. 
     The light emitting layer  177  common to each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B includes the low molecular weight host material and the dopant, which is able to obtain blue emitted light, and is formed using a gas phase process such as, for example, the vapor deposition method. 
     The electron transporting layer  178  common to each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B includes an electron transporting material of low molecular weight in the same manner as the electron transporting layer  78  of the first embodiment and is formed using a gas phase process such as, for example, the vapor deposition method. 
     The electron injecting layer  179  common to each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B includes an electron injecting material in the same manner as the electron injecting layer  79  of the first embodiment and is formed using a gas phase process such as, for example, the vapor deposition method. 
     Since this organic EL apparatus  111  has the intermediate layer  174 , which is a vapor deposition film, including a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layers  164  and  165  between the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , which are coating films, and the light emitting layer  177 , which is a vapor deposition film, and in common with the light emitting elements  27 R and  27 G, it is possible to transport the electrons injected from the cathode  25  to the light emitting layers  164  and  165  with high efficiency. Accordingly, the light emitting elements  27 R and  27 G are able to obtain the original red and green emitted light even when there is the light emitting layer  177  having a different light emission color. 
     On the other hand, since the light emitting element  27 B has the electron transporting layer  178  on the cathode  25  side in contact with the blue light emitting layer  177  and, along with this, has a second hole transporting layer  176  on the anode  24 B side, it is possible to obtain blue emitted light by injecting holes and electrons with good balance as a carrier. 
     That is, the organic EL apparatus  111  of the present embodiment has a configuration using the liquid phase process and the gas phase process, separately coating the red light emitting layer  164  and the green light emitting layer  165 , forming the blue light emitting layer  177  in common without being coated separately, and being able to selectively obtain respective light emission colors of red, green, and blue. In particular, the red and green light emitting layers  164  and  165  formed by the liquid phase process have reached a level for practical use in the points of light emitting brightness and light emitting lifetime; however, the blue light emitting layer formed by the liquid phase process has not yet reached a level for practical use. In the present embodiment, since the blue light emitting layer  177  is formed by gas phase process to reach a level for practical use, it is possible to provide the organic EL apparatus  111  which reaches the level for practical use in the points of light emitting brightness and light emitting lifetime. 
     Method of Manufacturing Organic El Apparatus 
     Next, more specific description will be given of the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment with reference to  FIGS. 9 to 11 .  FIG. 9  is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment, and  FIGS. 10A to 10E  and  FIGS. 11F to 11J  are schematic cross-sectional views showing the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the second embodiment. Here, in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the display of the circuit element layer  43  in the substrate  31  is omitted. It is possible to use a known method as the forming method of the circuit element layer  43  including the driving TFT  23 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus  111  of the present embodiment is provided with a hole injecting layer forming step (step S 11 ), a first hole transporting layer forming step (step S 12 ), an R and G light emitting layer forming step (step S 13 ), an intermediate layer forming step (step S 14 ), a second hole transporting layer forming step (step S 15 ), a B light emitting layer forming step (step S 16 ), an electron transporting layer forming step (step S 17 ), an electron injecting layer forming step (step S 18 ), a cathode forming step (step S 19 ), and a sealing substrate bonding step (step S 20 ). 
     First, as shown in  FIG. 10A , the substrate  31 , which has the anodes  24 R,  24 G, and  24 B corresponding to the red, green, and blue light emitting pixels, and the bank  62  formed so as to partition the anodes  24 R,  24 G, and  24 B respectively, was prepared. In the first embodiment, first, the insulating layer  66  for electrically insulating the anodes  24 R,  24 G, and  24 B was provided (refer to  FIG. 3 ); however, in the present embodiment, the forming of the insulating layer  66  is omitted. In addition, the bank  62  has an insulating property, and, along with this, is formed using, for example, a photosensitive acrylic based resin or polyimide resin including a liquid repellent material exhibiting liquid repellency with respect to the functional layer forming ink to be used later. Thus, a CF 4  plasma treatment imparting liquid repellency to the bank  62  is not necessary. Here, to remove residue remaining on the surface of the anodes  24 R,  24 G, and  24 B at the time of forming the bank  62 , for example, a UV ozone treatment (treatment removing residue formed of organic matter using ozone generated by the irradiation of ultraviolet rays) may be performed. 
     In the hole injecting layer forming step (step S 11 ) of  FIG. 9 , as shown in  FIG. 10B , a hole injecting layer forming ink  70  is coated in the respective regions partitioned by the bank  62 . The coating of the hole injecting layer forming ink  70  uses the ink jet method (droplet discharge method) in which an ink jet head  100  having a plurality of nozzles  101  and the substrate  31  are arranged in opposition and, while these are moving relatively, the hole injecting layer forming ink  70  is discharged as droplets from the plurality of nozzles  101 . The coated hole injecting layer forming ink  70  fills the regions partitioned by the bank  62  evenly and is raised by surface tension. Then, by performing a drying process involving performing a heating process and a decompression process on the coated hole injecting layer forming ink  70 , as shown in  FIG. 10C , the hole injecting layer  163  in contact with the anodes  24 R,  24 G, and  24 B is formed. The hole injecting layer forming ink  70  includes the hole injecting material and the stereoscopic described in the first embodiment, and it is possible to use a 1.0 wt % PEDOT/PSS aqueous dispersion medium, for example. The film thickness of the hole injecting layer  163  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 5 nm or more to 150 nm or less is preferable and approximately 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less is more preferable. Next, the process proceeds to step S 12 . 
     In the first hole transporting layer forming step (step S 12 ) of  FIG. 9 , as shown in  FIG. 10D , a hole transporting layer forming ink  80  is coated on the hole injecting layer  163  of the anodes  24 R and  24 G partitioned by the bank  62 . The coating of the hole transporting layer forming ink  80  also uses the ink jet head  100 . The hole transporting layer forming ink  80  includes the polymer hole transporting material described in the first embodiment, and it is possible to use a tetramethyl benzene solution including 1.5 wt % of a triphenylamine based polymer, for example. The coated hole transporting layer forming ink  80  fills the regions partitioned by the bank  62  evenly and is raised by surface tension. Then, by performing a drying process involving performing a heating process and a decompression process on the coated hole transporting layer forming ink  80 , as shown in  FIG. 10E , the first hole transporting layer  171  in contact with the hole injecting layer  163  formed with respect to the anodes  24 R and  24 G is formed. The film thickness of the first hole transporting layer  171  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less is more preferable. 
     The first hole transporting layer  171  is not formed on the hole injecting layer  163  formed corresponding to the anode  24 B. Next, the process proceeds to step S 13 . 
     In the R and G light emitting layer forming step (step S 13 ) of  FIG. 9 , as shown in  FIG. 11F , a light emitting layer forming ink  90 R is coated on the first hole transporting layer  171  of the anode  24 R partitioned by the bank  62 . In addition, a light emitting layer forming ink  90 G is coated on the first hole transporting layer  171  of the anode  24 G partitioned by the bank  62 . The coating of the light emitting layer forming inks  90 R and  90 G also uses ink jet heads  100 R and  100 G filled with inks corresponding thereto respectively. The light emitting layer forming inks  90 R and  90 G include the low molecular weight host material and the dopant described in the first embodiment, and it is possible to use a tetramethyl benzene solution including 1.2 wt % of CBP and mCP as the host material and three types of dopant Irppy3, for example. The coated light emitting layer forming inks  90 R and  90 G fill the regions partitioned by the bank  62  evenly and are raised by surface tension. Then, by performing a drying process involving performing a decompression process and a heating process on the coated light emitting layer forming inks  90 R and  90 G, as shown in  FIG. 11G , the red light emitting layer  164  in contact with the first hole transporting layer  171  on the anode  24 R and the green light emitting layer  165  in contact with the first hole transporting layer  171  on the anode  24 G are coated separately and formed. The film thicknesses of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  are not particularly limited; however, approximately 10 nm or more and 150 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 20 nm or more and 100 nm or less is more preferable. Next, the process proceeds to step S 14 . 
     In the intermediate layer forming step (step S 14 ) of  FIG. 9 , as shown in  FIG. 11H , the red light emitting layer  164 , the green light emitting layer  165 , the hole injecting layer  163  on the anode  24 B, and the intermediate layer  174  covering the bank  62  are formed by the vapor deposition method which is a gas phase process. The intermediate layer  174  includes a low molecular weight host material included in the red light emitting layer  164  and the green light emitting layer  165 , an example of which may include the host material of CBP, mCP, and the like described in the first embodiment. In the same manner as the first embodiment, the thickness of the intermediate layer  174  is preferably approximately 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less. Next, the process proceeds to step S 15 . 
     In the second hole transporting layer forming step (step S 15 ) of  FIG. 9 , as shown in  FIG. 11I , the second hole transporting layer  176  covering the intermediate layer  174  is formed by the vapor deposition method which is a gas phase process. The second hole transporting layer  176  includes a hole transporting material of low molecular weight. Examples of the hole transporting material of low molecular weight include α-NPD and the like. The film thickness of the second hole transporting layer  176  is preferably 10 nm to 40 nm. Next, the process proceeds to step S 16 . 
     In the B light emitting layer forming step (step S 16 ) of  FIG. 9 , the blue (B) light emitting layer  177  covering the second hole transporting layer  176  is formed by the vapor deposition method which is a gas phase process. The light emitting layer  177  includes a low molecular weight host material and a dopant, and examples of the low molecular weight host material include CBP(4,4′-bis(9-dicarbazolyl)-2,2′-biphenyl), BAlq(Bis-(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-(phenylphenolate)) aluminum), mCP(N,N-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene: CBP derivative), CDBP(4,4′-bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2′-dimethyl-biphenyl), DCB(N,N′-Dicarbazolyl-1,4-dimethene-benzene), P06(2,7-bis(diphenylphosphineoxide)-9,9-dimethylfluorene), SimCP(3,5-bis(9-carbazolyl)tetraphenylsilane), UGH3(W-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene), and the like. In particular, as the host material of the blue light emitting layer  177  formed using a vapor deposition method, it is preferable to use the anthracene derivative. 
     Examples of the dopant which is able to obtain blue light emission include iridium complexes such as FIrpic (Iridium-bis(4,6-difluorophenyl-pyridinato-N,C,2,)-picolinate), Ir(pmb)3(Iridium-tris(1-phenyl-3-methylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene-C,C(2)′), FIrN4(((Iridium(III)bis(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato)5-(pyridin-2-yl)-tetrazolate), Firtaz((Iridium(III)bis-(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato) (5-(pyridine-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazo-late), and the like, and it is possible to obtain blue phosphorescent light by adding these to the previously described host materials. 
     In addition, styrylbenzene derivatives such as 1,4-bis(2-methylstyryl)benzene, 1,4-(3-methylstyryl)benzene, 1,4-bis-(2-methylstyryl)benzene, 1,4-(3-methylstyryl)benzene, 1,4-bis(4-methylstyryl)benzene, distyryl benzene, 1,4-bis(2-ethylstyryl)benzene, 1,4-bis(3-ethylstyryl)benzene, and 1,4-bis(2-methylstyryl)-2-methylbenzene are used as the dopant, and it is possible to obtain blue fluorescent light by adding these to the previously described host materials. 
     The film thickness of the light emitting layer  177  is not particularly limited; however, 20 nm or more and 60 nm or less is preferable. Next, the process proceeds to step S 17 . 
     In the electron transporting layer forming step (step S 17 ) of  FIG. 9 , the electron transporting layer  178  covering the blue light emitting layer  177  is formed by the vapor deposition method which is a gas phase process. The configuration of the electron transporting layer  178  is the same as the electron transporting layer  78  of the first embodiment. The film thickness of the electron transporting layer  178  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less is more preferable. Next, the process proceeds to step S 18 . 
     In the electron injecting layer forming step (step S 18 ) of  FIG. 9 , the electron injecting layer  179  covering the electron transporting layer  178  is formed by the vapor deposition method which is a gas phase process. The configuration of the electron injecting layer  179  is the same as the electron injecting layer  79  of the first embodiment. The film thickness of the electron injecting layer  179  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 0.01 nm or more and 100 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 0.1 nm or more and 10 nm or less is more preferable. Next, the process proceeds to step S 19 . 
     In the cathode forming step (step S 19 ) of  FIG. 9 , the cathode  25  covering the electron injecting layer  179  is formed by the vapor deposition method which is a gas phase process. The film thickness of the cathode  25  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 50 nm or more and 1000 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 100 nm or more and 500 nm or less is more preferable. In this manner, as shown in  FIG. 11I , the functional layer  26 R including a red light emitting layer  164  between the anode  24 R and the cathode  25  is formed, the functional layer  26 G including a green light emitting layer  165  between the anode  24 G and the cathode  25  is formed, and a functional layer  26 B including a blue light emitting layer  177  between the anode  243  and the cathode  25  is formed. Next, the process proceeds to step S 20 . 
     In the sealing substrate bonding step (step S 20 ) of  FIG. 9 , as shown in  FIG. 7 , the substrate  31  and the sealing substrate  20  are bonded via the sealing member  38  having a bonding property and formed of a transparent resin covering and sealing each light emitting element  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B of the substrate  31 . In this manner, the organic EL apparatus  111  is completed. 
     Next, description will be given with reference to  FIG. 12  specifically showing Comparative Example 5 and Examples 8 to 12.  FIG. 12  is a table showing the configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in the Comparative Example 5 and the Examples 8 to 12 in the second embodiment. Here, in the table of  FIG. 12 , HIL indicates the hole injecting layer, 1-HTL indicates the first hole transporting layer, 1,3-EML indicates the red light emitting layer which is the first light emitting layer and the green light emitting layer which is the third light emitting layer, 2-HTL indicates the second hole transporting layer, 2-EML indicates the blue light emitting layer which is the second light emitting layer, and ETL indicates the electron transporting layer. In addition, since the configuration of the electron injecting layer is the same in Comparative Example 5 and Examples 8 to 12, description thereof is omitted in the table. 
     In the same manner as the first embodiment, the evaluation of the element characteristics of Comparative Example 5 and Examples 8 to 12 was determined according to three items of light emitting efficiency, brightness half-life, and dark spots. The light emitting efficiency is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 5 based on the current amount when the brightness is 1000 cd/m 2 . The brightness half-life is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 5 based on the energization time when the brightness is 500 cd/m 2 , which is half of 1000 cd/m 2 . The dark spots are set on the basis of the presence or absence of the generation thereof at the time point when the brightness was reduced by half. The evaluation takes these three items together and indicates one of “X”, not at a level for practical use, “◯”, at a level for practical use, and “⊙”, exceeds a level for practical use. 
     Comparative Example 5 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , with respect to organic EL apparatus  111  of the above-described second embodiment, the organic EL apparatus of Comparative Example 5 is configured with the intermediate layer  174  between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film omitted. 
     Specifically, the hole injecting layer  163  includes a polymer PEDOT/PSS as the hole injection material, and has a film thickness of 50 nm. The first hole transporting layer  171  includes a triphenylamine based polymer (TFP) which is a polymer hole transporting material, and has a film thickness of 10 nm. The red light emitting layer  164  as the first light emitting layer includes CBP and mCP, which are a low molecular weight host material, and PtOEP as the dopant, and has a film thickness of 60 nm. The green light emitting layer  165  as the third light emitting layer includes CBP and mCP, which are a low molecular weight host material, and Irppy3 as the dopant, and has a film thickness of 60 nm. The second hole transporting layer  176  includes α-NPD as a hole transporting material of low molecular weight, and has a film thickness of 20 nm. The blue light emitting layer  177  as the second light emitting layer includes CBP which is a low molecular weight host material, and FIrpic as the dopant, and has a film thickness of 40 nm. The electron transporting layer  178  includes BAlg as a hole transporting material of low molecular weight, and has a film thickness of 20 nm. Additionally, the film thickness of the electron injecting layer  179  is 5 nm and the film thickness of the cathode  25  is 200 nm. 
     The hole injecting layer  163 , the first hole transporting layer  171 , and the light emitting layers  164  and  165  are respectively formed using the liquid phase process (ink jet method) and the second hole transporting layer  176 , the light emitting layer  177 , the electron transporting layer  178 , the electron injecting layer  179 , and the cathode  25  are respectively formed using the gas phase process (vapor deposition method). 
     Example 8 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , with respect to Comparative Example 5, in Example 8, the intermediate layer  174  is formed with the gas phase process (vapor deposition method) between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film. The intermediate layer  174  includes CBP which is a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , and has a film thickness of 5.0 nm. In addition, the film thickness of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  is 55.0 nm, respectively. That is, the total film thickness of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  and the intermediate layer  174  is 60 nm. 
     Example 9 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , with respect to Example 8, in Example 9, the low molecular weight host material configuring the intermediate layer  174  is set as mCP. 
     Example 10 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , with respect to Example 8, Example 10 includes CBP and mCP as the low molecular weight host material configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Example 11 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , with respect to Example 8, Example 11 includes CBP and mCP which are the low molecular weight host material and Irppy3 which is the dopant as the components configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Example 12 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , with respect to Example 8, Example 12 includes CBP and mCP which are the low molecular weight host material, Irppy3 which is the dopant, and BAlq which is an electron transporting material as the components configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Since dark spots were confirmed when the brightness was halved without the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposited film, the evaluation of Comparative Example 5 was “X”. 
     Since Example 8 and Example 9 in which the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film between the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , which are coating films, and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film had a light emitting efficiency equal with respect to Comparative Example 5 while having 1.2 times the brightness half-life and dark spots were also not confirmed, the evaluation thereof is “◯”. 
     With respect to Comparative Example 5, since Example 10 to Example 12 including a low molecular weight host material of two species in the intermediate layer  174  exhibited excellent numerical values in light emitting efficiency and brightness half-life and dark spots were also not confirmed, the evaluation thereof is “◯”. In particular, with respect to Comparative Example 5, Example 11 further including Irppy3, which is a dopant, in the intermediate layer  174  is more preferable with a light emitting efficiency of 1.3 times and a brightness half-life of 1.6 times. 
     According to the above-described second embodiment, the following effects can be obtained. 
     (1) According to the organic EL apparatus  111  and the manufacturing method thereof of the above-described second embodiment, the configuration separately coats the red light emitting layer  164  and the green light emitting layer  165  using the liquid phase process, further forms the blue light emitting layer  177  in common using the gas phase process (vapor deposition method), and is able to selectively obtain respective light emission colors of red, green, and blue. Then, the red and green light emitting layers  164  and  165  formed by the liquid phase process reached a level for practical use in the points of light emitting brightness and light emitting lifetime. In addition, by forming the blue light emitting layer  177  by the gas phase process, the blue light emitting layer  177  was made to reach a level for practical use. Accordingly, it is possible to provide the organic EL apparatus  111  provided with the light emitting elements  27 R,  27 G, and  27 B reaching the level for practical use in the points of light emitting brightness and light emitting lifetime, in the respective sub-pixels  34 . In addition, since a deposition mask is not necessary in comparison with a case where the red, green, and blue light emitting layers are individually formed as films using, for example, a deposition mask, it is possible to manufacture the organic EL apparatus  111  with high efficiency. 
     (2) In addition, since the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film includes the low molecular weight host material with the electron transporting property included in the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , which are coating films, it is possible to transport the electrons injected from the cathode  25  side to the light emitting layers  164  and  165  with high efficiency. In addition, since the thickness of the intermediate layer  174  is 1 nm or more and 5 nm or less, it is possible to suppress an increase in the driving voltage or a decrease in the light emitting efficiency caused by forming the intermediate layer  174  between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  and the second hole transporting layer  176 . 
     (3) In addition, in the blue light emitting layer  177 , since the second hole transporting layer  176  is formed by a gas phase process on the anode  24 B side and the electron transporting layer  178  is formed by the same gas phase process on the cathode  25  side, it is possible to transport the holes which are the carrier and the electrons to the light emitting layer  177  with high efficiency and obtain blue emitted light. 
     Third Embodiment 
     Configuration of Organic EL Apparatus 
     Next, description will be given of the organic EL apparatus of the third embodiment with reference to  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 13  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the light emitting element in the organic EL apparatus of the third embodiment. With respect to the organic EL apparatus  111  of the second embodiment, in the organic EL apparatus of the third embodiment, the configuration of each of the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light emitting elements is different. Here, where the configuration is the same as the second embodiment, the same reference numerals will be given and the detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , an organic EL apparatus  211  of the present embodiment is provided with a light emitting element  227 R having a functional layer  226 R between the anode  24 R and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode, a light emitting element  227 G having a functional layer  226 G between the anode  24 G and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode, and a light emitting element  227 B having a functional layer  226 B between the anode  24 B and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode. 
     The functional layer  226 R of the light emitting element  227 R has, formed in order from the anode  24 R side using the liquid phase process, the hole injecting layer  163 , the first hole transporting layer  171 , and the red light emitting layer  164  as the first light emitting layer. In addition, the functional layer  226 R has, formed in order using the gas phase process, the intermediate layer  174 , a carrier adjusting layer  175 , the second hole transporting layer  176 , the blue light emitting layer  177  as the second light emitting layer, the electron transporting layer  178 , and the electron injecting layer  179 . 
     The functional layer  226 G of the light emitting element  227 G has, formed in order from the anode  24 G side using the liquid phase process, the hole injecting layer  163 , the first hole transporting layer  171 , and the green light emitting layer  165  as the third light emitting layer. In addition, the functional layer  226 G has, formed in order using the gas phase process, the intermediate layer  174 , the carrier adjusting layer  175 , the second hole transporting layer  176 , the blue light emitting layer  177  as the second light emitting layer, the electron transporting layer  178 , and the electron injecting layer  179 . 
     The functional layer  226 B of the light emitting element  227 B has the hole injecting layer  163  formed from the anode  24 B side using the liquid phase process, and, formed in order using the gas phase process, the intermediate layer  174 , the carrier adjusting layer  175 , the second hole transporting layer  176 , the blue light emitting layer  177  as the second light emitting layer, the electron transporting layer  178 , and the electron injecting layer  179 . 
     In other words, with respect to the organic EL apparatus  111  of the second embodiment, the organic EL apparatus  211  of the present embodiment is different in the point of having the carrier adjusting layer  175  between the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film and the second hole transporting layer  176 . 
     The carrier adjusting layer  175  is configured to include a metal compound having an electron transporting property. Examples of the metal compound include alkali metals and alkaline earth metals with an excellent electron transporting property. 
     Examples of the alkali metal compounds include alkali metal salts such as LiF, Li 2 CO 3 , LiCl, NaF, Na 2 CO 3 , NaCl, CsF, Cs 2 CO 2 , CsCl, and the like. In addition, examples of the alkaline earth metal compounds include alkaline earth metal salts such as CaF 2 , CaCO 3 , SrF 2 , SrCO 3 , BaF 2 , BaCO 3 , and the like. 
     In particular, from the point of having an excellent electron transporting property, the use of cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 ) is preferable. 
     The film thickness of the carrier adjusting layer  175  is preferably 0.2 nm or more to 1.0 nm or less. In this manner, it is possible to more efficiently transport electrons to the red light emitting layer  164  and the green light emitting layer  165  respectively through the intermediate layer  174 . In addition, by arranging the carrier adjusting layer  175  between the intermediate layer  174  and the second hole transporting layer  176 , it is possible to suppress an increase in the driving voltage or a decrease in the light emitting efficiency of the blue light emitting layer  177  as the second light emitting layer. 
     Method of Manufacturing Organic EL Apparatus 
     Next, description will be given of the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the third embodiment with reference to  FIG. 14 .  FIG. 14  is a flowchart showing the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the third embodiment. 
     The method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus  211  of the present embodiment is provided with a hole injecting layer forming step (step S 21 ), a first hole transporting layer forming step (step S 22 ), an R and G light emitting layer forming step (step S 23 ), an intermediate layer forming step (step S 24 ), a carrier adjusting layer forming step (step S 25 ), a second hole transporting layer forming step (step S 26 ), a B light emitting layer forming step (step S 27 ), an electron transporting layer forming step (step S 28 ), an electron injecting layer forming step (step S 29 ), a cathode forming step (step S 30 ), and a sealing substrate bonding step (step S 31 ). In other words, with respect to the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus  111  of the second embodiment, the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus  211  of the present embodiment is different in the point of having an added carrier adjusting layer forming step. Accordingly, hereafter, description will be given of the step which is different to the second embodiment. 
     In the carrier adjusting layer forming step (step S 25 ) of  FIG. 14 , the carrier adjusting layer  175  covering the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film is formed by the vapor deposition method which is a gas phase process. The carrier adjusting layer  175  includes an alkali metal compound or an alkaline earth metal compound having an electron transporting property as described above, and, for example, is configured by forming cesium carbonate such that the film thickness becomes approximately 0.5 nm using the vapor deposition method. 
     Next, description will be given using specific Comparative Examples and Examples with reference to  FIG. 15 .  FIG. 15  is a table showing the configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in the Comparative Example 5 and the Examples 13 to 17 in the third embodiment. Here, in the table of  FIG. 15 , HIL indicates the hole injecting layer, 1-HTL indicates the first hole transporting layer, 1,3-EML indicates the red light emitting layer which is the first light emitting layer and the green light emitting layer which is the third light emitting layer, CTL indicates the carrier adjusting layer, 2-HTL indicates the second hole transporting layer, 2-EML indicates the blue light emitting layer which is the second light emitting layer, and ETL indicates the electron transporting layer. In addition, since the configuration of the electron injecting layer is the same in Comparative Example 5 and Examples 13 to 17, description thereof is omitted in the table. 
     In the same manner as the first embodiment, the evaluation of the element characteristics of Comparative Example 5 and Examples 13 to 17 was determined according to three items of light emitting efficiency, brightness half-life, and dark spots. The light emitting efficiency is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 5 based on the current amount when the brightness is 1000 cd/m 2 . The brightness half-life is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 5 based on the energization time when the brightness is 500 cd/m 2 , which is half of 1000 cd/m 2 . The dark spots are set on the basis of the presence or absence of the generation thereof at the time point when the brightness was reduced by half. The evaluation takes these three items together and indicates one of “X”, not at a level for practical use, “◯”, at a level for practical use, and “⊙”, exceeds a level for practical use. 
     Comparative Example 5 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , with respect to organic EL apparatus  211  of the above-described third embodiment, Comparative Example 5 is configured with the intermediate layer  174  and the carrier adjusting layer  175  between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film omitted. 
     Since the specific configuration of each layer has been described in the second embodiment, a detailed explanation will be omitted here. 
     The hole injecting layer  163 , the first hole transporting layer  171 , and the light emitting layers  164  and  165  are respectively formed using the liquid phase process (ink jet method) and the second hole transporting layer  176 , the light emitting layer  177 , the electron transporting layer  178 , the electron injecting layer  179 , and the cathode  25  are respectively formed using the gas phase process (vapor deposition method). 
     Example 13 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , with respect to Comparative Example 5, in Example 13, the intermediate layer  174  and the carrier adjusting layer  175  are formed with the gas phase process (vapor deposition method) between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film. The intermediate layer  174  includes CBP which is a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , and has a film thickness of 5.0 nm. In addition, the film thickness of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  is 55.0 nm, respectively. That is, the total film thickness of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  and the intermediate layer  174  is 60 nm. The carrier adjusting layer  175  includes cesium carbonate which is an alkali metal compound having an electron transporting property, and the film thickness thereof is 0.5 nm. 
     Example 14 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , with respect to Example 13, in Example 14, the low molecular weight host material configuring the intermediate layer  174  is set as mCP. 
     Example 15 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , with respect to Example 13, Example 15 includes CBP and mCP as the low molecular weight host material configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Example 16 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , with respect to Example 13, Example 16 includes CBP and mCP which are the low molecular weight host material and Irppy3 which is the dopant as the components configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Example 17 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , with respect to Example 13, Example 17 includes CBP and mCP which are the low molecular weight host material, Irppy3 which is the dopant, and BAlq which is an electron transporting material as the components configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Since dark spots were confirmed when the brightness was halved without the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film and the carrier adjusting layer  175  between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposited film, the evaluation of Comparative Example 5 was “X”. 
     Example 13 and Example 14 in which the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film and the carrier adjusting layer  175  were provided between the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , which are coating films, and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film had a light emitting efficiency equal with respect to Comparative Example 5 while having 1.2 times the brightness half-life and dark spots were also not confirmed. In addition, by having the carrier adjusting layer  175 , since changes of the light emission color of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  when the brightness is reduced by half are suppressed in order to make the transport of the electrons to the red light emitting layer  164  as the first light emitting layer and the green light emitting layer  165  as the third light emitting layer more efficient and to improve the balance of the carrier (holes and electrons) in the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , the evaluation thereof is “⊙” which is excellent even in comparison with Example 8 and Example 9 of the second embodiment. 
     With respect to Comparative Example 5, since Example 15 to Example 17 including a low molecular weight host material of two species in the intermediate layer  174  exhibited excellent numerical values in light emitting efficiency and brightness half-life, dark spots were also not confirmed, and changes of the light emission color when the brightness is reduced by half are suppressed, the evaluation thereof is “⊙”. In particular, with respect to Comparative Example 5, Example 16 further including Irppy3, which is a dopant, in the intermediate layer  174  is more preferable with a light emitting efficiency of 1.3 times and a brightness half-life of 1.6 times. 
     According to the above-described third embodiment, the following effects can be obtained in addition to the effects (1) to (3) of the above-described second embodiment. 
     (4) According to the organic EL apparatus  211  of the above-described third embodiment and the manufacturing method thereof, since the carrier adjusting layer  175  having an electron transporting property is formed using the gas phase process in addition to the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film between the red light emitting layer  164  and the green light emitting layer  165 , which are coating films, and the second hole transporting layer  176 , which is a vapor deposition film, it is possible to provide and manufacture the organic EL apparatus  211  having an excellent display quality (light emitting characteristic), in which the carrier balance in the red light emitting layer  164  and the green light emitting layer  165  is favorable and changes in the respective light emission colors are suppressed even after the brightness is reduced by half. 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     Configuration of Organic EL Apparatus 
     Next, description will be given of the organic EL apparatus of the fourth embodiment with reference to  FIG. 16 .  FIG. 16  is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the light emitting element in the organic EL apparatus of the fourth embodiment. With respect to the organic EL apparatus  211  of the third embodiment, in the organic EL apparatus of the fourth embodiment, the configuration of the blue (B) light emitting element is different. Here, where the configuration is the same as the third embodiment, the same reference numerals will be given and the detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , an organic EL apparatus  311  of the present embodiment is provided with the light emitting element  227 R having the functional layer  226 R between the anode  24 R and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode, the light emitting element  227 G having the functional layer  226 G between the anode  24 G and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode, and a light emitting element  327 B having a functional layer  326 B between the anode  24 B and the cathode  25  which is a shared cathode. 
     Below, detailed description will be given of the configuration of the blue light emitting element  327 B which is different to the organic EL apparatus  211  of the above-described third embodiment. 
     The functional layer  326 B of the light emitting element  327 B has the hole injecting layer  163  and a third hole transporting layer  173  formed from the anode  24 B side using the liquid phase process, and, formed in order using the gas phase process, the intermediate layer  174 , the carrier adjusting layer  175 , the second hole transporting layer  176 , the blue light emitting layer  177  as the second light emitting layer, the electron transporting layer  178 , and the electron injecting layer  179 . 
     In other words, with respect to the organic EL apparatus  211  of the third embodiment, the organic EL apparatus  311  of the present embodiment is different in the point of having the third hole transporting layer  173  between the hole injecting layer  163  which is a coating film and the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film. 
     The third hole transporting layer  173  includes a hole transporting material of low molecular weight and is formed by the liquid phase process. For the hole transporting material of low molecular weight, it is possible to use the same ones included in the second hole transporting layer  176  formed by the gas phase process. In this manner, the configuration is able to more efficiently perform transportation of the holes to the blue light emitting layer  177  which is a vapor deposition film as the second light emitting layer. In other words, it is possible to obtain an effect of improving the light emitting efficiency in the blue light emitting layer  177 . Examples of the hole transporting material of low molecular weight include the previously described α-NPD and the like. 
     The film thickness of the third hole transporting layer  173  is not particularly limited; however, approximately 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less is preferable, and approximately 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less is more preferable. 
     Method of Manufacturing Organic EL Apparatus 
     Next, description will be given of the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the fourth embodiment with reference to  FIG. 17 .  FIG. 17  is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus of the fourth embodiment. 
     The method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus  311  of the present embodiment is provided with a hole injecting layer forming step (step S 41 ), a first hole transporting layer forming step (step S 42 ), an R and G light emitting layer forming step (step S 43 ), a third hole transporting layer forming step (step S 44 ), an intermediate layer forming step (step S 45 ), a carrier adjusting layer forming step (step S 46 ), a second hole transporting layer forming step (step S 47 ), a B light emitting layer forming step (step S 48 ), an electron transporting layer forming step (step S 49 ), an electron injecting layer forming step (step S 50 ), a cathode forming step (step S 51 ), and a sealing substrate bonding step (step S 52 ). In other words, with respect to the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus  211  of the third embodiment, the method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus  311  of the present embodiment is different in the point of having an added third hole transporting layer forming step. Accordingly, hereafter, description will be given of the step which is different to the third embodiment. 
     In the third hole transporting layer forming step (step S 44 ) of  FIG. 17 , the third hole transporting layer  173  is formed by the liquid phase process (ink jet method) in the same manner as and in contact with the hole injecting layer  163  formed by the liquid phase process (ink jet method) on the anode  24 B. As described above, the third hole transporting layer  173  is formed by coating a third hole transporting layer forming ink including the same hole transporting material of low molecular weight as the second hole transporting layer  176  on a region surrounded by the bank  62 , and performing a drying process such as a decompression process or a heating process on the coated third hole transporting layer forming ink. Accordingly, when a heating process such as a drying process is applied again to the temporarily formed third hole transporting layer  173 , there is a concern that the hole transporting material of low molecular weight may aggregate and generate partial defects. For this reason, the third hole transporting layer forming step is performed after the R and G light emitting layer forming step (step S 43 ). 
     Forming the third hole transporting layer  173  including the hole transporting material of low molecular weight using a gas phase process may also be considered; however, since there is a need for selective forming on the anode  24 B, the liquid phase process (ink jet method) is adopted in the present embodiment in consideration of productivity. 
     Next, description will be given with reference to  FIG. 18  specifically showing Comparative Example 5 and Examples 18 to 22.  FIG. 18  is a table showing the configuration of each layer and the evaluation results of the element characteristics in the Comparative Example 5 and the Examples 18 to 22 in the fourth embodiment. Here, in the table of  FIG. 18 , HIL indicates the hole injecting layer, 1-HTL indicates the first hole transporting layer, 1,3-EML indicates the red light emitting layer which is the first light emitting layer and the green light emitting layer which is the third light emitting layer, 3-HTL indicates the third hole transporting layer, CTL indicates the carrier adjusting layer, 2-HTL indicates the second hole transporting layer, 2-EML indicates the blue light emitting layer which is the second light emitting layer, and ETL indicates the electron transporting layer. In addition, since the configuration of the electron injecting layer is the same in Comparative Example 5 and Examples 18 to 22, description thereof is omitted in the table. 
     In the same manner as the first embodiment, the evaluation of the element characteristics of Comparative Example 5 and Examples 18 to 22 was determined according to three items of light emitting efficiency, brightness half-life, and dark spots. The light emitting efficiency is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 5 based on the current amount when the brightness is 1000 cd/m 2 . The brightness half-life is quantified on the basis of Comparative Example 5 based on the energization time when the brightness is 500 cd/m 2 , which is half of 1000 cd/m 2 . The dark spots are set on the basis of the presence or absence of the generation thereof at the time point when the brightness was reduced by half. The evaluation takes these three items together and indicates one of “X”, not at a level for practical use, “◯”, at a level for practical use, and “⊙”, exceeds a level for practical use. 
     Comparative Example 5 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , with respect to organic EL apparatus  311  of the above-described fourth embodiment, Comparative Example 5 is configured with the intermediate layer  174  and the carrier adjusting layer  175  between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film omitted, and with the third hole transporting layer  173  between the hole injecting layer  163  and the intermediate layer  174  on the anode  24 B omitted. 
     Since the specific configuration of each layer has been described in the second embodiment, a detailed explanation will be omitted here. 
     The hole injecting layer  163 , the first hole transporting layer  171 , and the light emitting layers  164  and  165  are respectively formed using the liquid phase process (ink jet method) and the second hole transporting layer  176 , the light emitting layer  177 , the electron transporting layer  178 , the electron injecting layer  179 , and the cathode  25  are respectively formed using the gas phase process (vapor deposition method). 
     Example 18 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , with respect to Comparative Example 5, in Example 18, the intermediate layer  174  and the carrier adjusting layer  175  are formed with the gas phase process (vapor deposition method) between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film. In addition, the third hole transporting layer  173  is formed between the hole injecting layer  163  and the intermediate layer  174  on the anode  24 B. The third hole transporting layer  173  includes α-NPD as a hole transporting material of low molecular weight, and has a film thickness of 40.0 nm. The intermediate layer  174  includes CBP which is a low molecular weight host material included in the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , and has a film thickness of 5.0 nm. In addition, the film thickness of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  is 55.0 nm, respectively. That is, the total film thickness of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  and the intermediate layer  174  is 60 nm. The carrier adjusting layer  175  includes cesium carbonate and the film thickness thereof is 0.5 nm. 
     Example 19 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , with respect to Example 18, in Example 19, the low molecular weight host material configuring the intermediate layer  174  is set as mCP. 
     Example 20 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , with respect to Example 18, Example 20 includes CBP and mCP as the low molecular weight host material configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Example 21 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , with respect to Example 18, Example 21 includes CBP and mCP which are the low molecular weight host material and Irppy3 which is the dopant as the components configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Example 22 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , with respect to Example 18, Example 22 includes CBP and mCP which are the low molecular weight host material, Irppy3 which is the dopant, and BAlq which is an electron transporting material as the components configuring the intermediate layer  174 . 
     Since dark spots were confirmed when the brightness was halved without the intermediate layer  174  and the carrier adjusting layer  175  which are vapor deposition films between the light emitting layers  164  and  165  which are coating films and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposited film, and without the third hole transporting layer  173  between the hole injecting layer  163  and the intermediate layer  174  on the anode  24 B, the evaluation of Comparative Example 5 was “X”. 
     Example 18 and Example 19, in which the intermediate layer  174  and the carrier adjusting layer  175  which are vapor deposition films were provided between the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , which are coating films, and the second hole transporting layer  176  which is a vapor deposition film and in which the third hole transporting layer  173  including the hole transporting material of low molecular weight was provided between the hole injecting layer  163  and the intermediate layer  174  on the anode  24 B, had a light emitting efficiency 1.2 times that of Comparative Example 5 while having 1.4 times the brightness half-life and dark spots were also not confirmed. In particular, the light emitting efficiency in the light emitting layer  177  was improved. In addition, by having the carrier adjusting layer  175 , since changes of the light emission color of the light emitting layers  164  and  165  when the brightness is reduced by half are suppressed in order to make the transport of the electrons to the red light emitting layer  164  as the first light emitting layer and the green light emitting layer  165  as the third light emitting layer more efficient and to improve the balance of the carrier (holes and electrons) in the light emitting layers  164  and  165 , the evaluation thereof is “⊙” which is excellent even in comparison with Example 13 and Example 14 of the third embodiment. 
     With respect to Comparative Example 5, since Example 20 to Example 22 including a low molecular weight host material of two species in the intermediate layer  174  exhibited excellent numerical values in light emitting efficiency and brightness half-life, dark spots were also not confirmed, and changes of the light emission color when the brightness is reduced by half are suppressed, the evaluation thereof is “⊙”. In particular, with respect to Comparative Example 5, Example 21 further including Irppy3, which is a dopant, in the intermediate layer  174  is particularly further improved in the light emitting efficiency in the light emitting layer  177  and is more preferable with a light emitting efficiency of 1.6 times and a brightness half-life of 1.8 times. 
     According to the above-described fourth embodiment, the following effects can be obtained in addition to the effects (1) to (3) of the above-described second embodiment and the effect (4) of the third embodiment. 
     (5) According to the organic EL apparatus  311  and the manufacturing method thereof of the fourth embodiment, since, in the blue light emitting element  327 B, the third hole transporting layer  173  including the hole transporting material of low molecular weight is selectively formed by the liquid phase process between the hole injecting layer  163  which is a coating film and the intermediate layer  174  which is a vapor deposition film on the anode  24 B, the transporting property of the holes to the blue light emitting layer  177  is improved, and the light emitting efficiency is improved. In other words, it is possible to provide and manufacture the organic EL apparatus  311  having the blue light emitting element  327 B in which superior light emitting efficiency and brightness half-life are realized. 
     Fifth Embodiment 
     Configuration of Electronic Equipment 
       FIG. 19  is a schematic diagram showing a smartphone as an example of electronic equipment. Below, description will be given of the configuration of the smartphone provided with the above-described organic EL apparatus with reference to  FIG. 19 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , the smartphone  81  has a display unit  82  and icons  83 . The organic EL apparatus  11  of the first embodiment is incorporated in the inner portion of the display unit  82 . Accordingly, it is possible to achieve a high quality display. Here, any of the organic EL apparatuses  111 ,  211 , and  311  of the previously described second to fourth embodiments may be mounted in the display unit  82 . 
     In addition, other than the above-described smartphone  81 , examples of the electronic equipment to which any of the organic EL apparatuses  11 ,  111 ,  211 , and  311  are applied include mobile phones, head-mounted displays, mini projectors, mobile computers, digital cameras, digital video cameras, vehicle equipment, audio equipment, exposure apparatuses, lighting equipment, and the like. 
     The invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments and is able to be appropriately changed within a range not departing from the gist or spirit of the invention read from the claims and the entire specification, and an organic EL apparatus according to such changes, a method of manufacturing the organic EL apparatus, and electronic equipment to which the organic EL apparatus is applied are also further included in the technical range of the invention. Other than the above-described embodiments, various modification examples may be considered. Below, description will be given of an example modification example. 
     Modification Example 1 
     In the above-described fourth embodiment, it is desirable to provide the carrier adjusting layer  175 ; however, by providing the third hole transporting layer  173 , it is possible to improve the light emitting efficiency in the blue light emitting layer  177  in comparison with the organic EL apparatus  111  of the second embodiment even when there is no carrier adjusting layer  175 . 
     Modification Example 2 
     The organic EL apparatuses  11 ,  111 ,  211 , and  311  of the above-described embodiments are configured to display an image using units of pixels with a set of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) sub-pixels  34 ; however, the invention is not limited thereto. A configuration including sub-pixels  34  other than red (R), green (G), and blue (B), for example, yellow or orange, coating the light emitting layers of the sub-pixels  34  separately using the liquid phase process, and having the blue (B) light emitting layer formed by the gas phase process in common, may be adopted. 
     The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-051322, filed Mar. 8, 2012 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-267971, filed Dec. 7, 2012 are expressly incorporated by reference herein.