Patent Publication Number: US-9888927-B2

Title: Balloon tamponade

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/069,314 filed Feb. 8, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,055,949, issued Jun. 16, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/900,714, filed Feb. 9, 2007. The disclosure of each of which is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of medicine and, more particularly, to a balloon tamponade device and methods for controlling hemorrhage in a body cavity. 
     2. Related Art 
     The pelvis is the bony structure located at the base of the spine. Each hipbone (os coxae) consists of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis. The two hipbones are joined anteriorly at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly to the sacrum. The pelvis incorporates the socket portion of the hip joint for each leg and forms the lower limb girdle of the skeleton. The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and that primarily contains the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, the appendix, part of the large intestine and the rectum. The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine and part of the large intestine. The abdominal cavity is not physically separated from the pelvic cavity, and frequently the cavities are referred to collectively as the abdominopelvic cavity. 
     Loss of blood internally into the abdominopelvic cavity occurs frequently with blunt trauma, blast injuries, pelvic fractures and abdominal or pelvic surgeries (e.g., hysterectomy), that cause injury to the network of blood vessels lying on the inner wall of the abdominal cavity and/or pelvic cavity. Up to 52% of patients with pelvic fractures will develop hemorrhagic shock in the emergency department. The management of abdominal and pelvic hemorrhage has been limited to more rigorous interventions, including pharmaceutical (e.g., recombinant Factor Vila), surgical (e.g., vascular ligation, such as hypogastric artery ligation) and radiological (e.g., selective arterial embolization). Packing of the pelvic cavity (e.g., Logothetopulos, mushroom or umbrella pack) has been used to control pelvic hemorrhage, but there is no commercially available product. Pelvic packing is performed by the physician in situ using a sterile bag (e.g., a trash bag, X-ray cassette drape, etc.) that is packed with gauze or other packing material that may later be removed from the bag. See, Dildly et al., “An Effective Pressure Pack for Severe Pelvic Hemorrhage,”  Obstet . &amp;  Gynecol.  108(5):1222-1226 (2006). However, pelvic packing is difficult to insert, may not provide pressure where most needed (at the specific site of bleed or near involved vasculature), and may mask continued bleeding, making it difficult to determine whether hemorrhage has been effectively managed by the pelvic pack. 
     Significant blood loss may also occur in gynecologic and obstetric patients, for example, due to trauma, abortion procedures, vaginal or cesarean delivery (e.g., lacerations to uterus, vagina or broad ligament or retained placental tissue), or due to a variety of other causes, including, placental abruption, placenta previa, placenta accreta or placenta percreta or placenta increta, uterine atony, uterine inversion, coagulation disorders, chronic endometritis and placental polyps. Treatments to manage gynecologic/obstetric hemorrhage include: blood product (e.g., blood or platelet transfusion) and/or pharmaceutical intervention (e.g., Factor Vila or other clotting mediators, and uterotonics, such as oxytocin, prostaglandins, misoprostol, methylergonovine, carboprost tromethamine, dinoprostone), uterine massage and compression sutures, surgical procedures (e.g., vascular ligation of the iliac, hypogastric, uterine and/or ovarian arteries), and interventional radiology procedures (e.g., selective arterial embolization). Hysterectomy is the measure of last recourse, particularly if the patient is of low parity. 
     Uterine and vaginal packing, similar to pelvic packing, have been used to treat uterine and vaginal hemorrhage, but packing for gynecologic/obstetric hemorrhage has largely been replaced by use of balloon catheters that were originally developed for other purposes, such as Foley catheters, Rusch catheters and Sengstaken-Blakemore tubes. See, L. W. Bowen and J. H. Beeson, “Use of a Large Foley Catheter Balloon to Control Postpartum Hemorrhage Resulting from a Low Placental Implantation,”  J. Reprod. Med.  30:623-628 (1985); G. S. Condous, et al., “The Tamponade Test in the Management of Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage,  Obstet. and Gynecol.  1201 (4):767-772 (2003). The SOS Bakri Tamponade Balloon Catheter (manufactured by Cook Medical Inc., Bloomington, Ind.) is the only commercially available balloon catheter specifically developed for management of postpartum hemorrhage from an intact uterus. Y. N. Bakri, “Uterine tamponade-drain for hemorrhage secondary to placenta previa-accreta,”  Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet.  27:302-303 (1992); Y. N. Bakri, “Balloon device for control of obstetrical bleeding,”  Euro. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol.  86:S84 (1999); and Y. N. Bakri, et al., “Tamponade-balloon for obstetrical bleeding,”  Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet.  74:139-142 (2001). Balloon tamponade devices to manage vaginal and uterine hemorrhage are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,552,557; 5,062,425; 5,571,153; 5,674,239; 6,024,753; 6,520,977; 6,676,680; 7,220,252; and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006/0173486, 2005/0049627, and 2004/0030352. 
     However, there are disadvantages in existing balloon catheters used for uterine or vaginal hemorrhage. Existing balloon catheters are of a small volume (maximum full of 500 milliliters or less), and cannot be rapidly filled (inflated with a fluid) because the elasticity of the balloon creates a counter-inflation pressure that must first be overcome. For example, it takes significant applied pressure to inflate a Bakri device, delaying full inflation time (the inflation necessary to exert compression) for three-minutes or more. Also, when these balloon catheter devices are used to control uterine hemorrhage, external traction is applied to the lower portion of the balloon device so that it properly sits at the base of the lower uterine segment. Traction to the balloon tamponade requires a means to prevent the balloon catheter from being pulled downward into the vagina. Typically, the vagina is separately packed (even if not bleeding) to prevent the uterine balloon tamponade from being pulled by traction into the vagina, resulting in yet additional delay and preventing rapid control of uterine hemorrhage. Furthermore, it is frequently desirable to simultaneously control hemorrhage in the uterus and vagina, but there is no unitary device to provide a tamponade to both such body cavities. 
     Due to the substantially larger volume of the abdominopelvic cavity, none of these existing vaginal or uterine balloon catheter devices is suitable for controlling hemorrhage in the pelvic or abdominal cavity. Thus, there is a need for an effective means to control hemorrhage from an abdominal or pelvic cavity. There is also a need to control hemorrhage from an abdominal or pelvic cavity that does not mask a continuing bleed. Further, there is a need for a device to control hemorrhage that provides separate lumens for administering fluids to the body cavity and for draining body fluids and debris from the body cavity. Further, there is a need for an apparatus having the ability to simultaneously control hemorrhage from a uterus and a vaginal body cavity. There is also a need for an effective means to rapidly control hemorrhage in a body cavity. 
     The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems set forth above. The invention described herein is not limited in any manner by the descriptions or definitions, or the diagnostic or clinical indications or uses described herein. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The present invention relates to an apparatus (sometimes referred to herein as a “balloon tamponade”) to control hemorrhage in a body cavity and, unless otherwise provided herein, “body cavity” shall mean a pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, a uterus or a vagina. After the apparatus is implanted or inserted into a pelvic cavity or abdominal cavity, the balloon is inflated to expand the balloon to a shape within the body cavity. Expansion of the balloon so that it generally conforms as closely as possible to the shape of the body cavity, causes a compressive force or pressure against a wall, tissue, structure or a site that is bleeding and thereby controls hemorrhage from the body cavity. The apparatus of the present invention may also be used as a prophylactic device in patients who may be expected to experience internal hemorrhage in a body cavity (e.g., due to trauma or surgery or other medical condition), such that the device is implanted before hemorrhage begins and may prevent hemorrhage or limit the severity of hemorrhage that does occur. 
     Specifically, in one aspect of the invention, there is provided an expansible, deformable material (referred to herein as a “balloon”) and a conduit, the balloon sealaby surrounding at least a portion of the conduit. The conduit has a first lumen (a first inflation lumen) in fluid communication with the interior of the balloon to provide a channel to inflate the balloon when it is implanted in a body cavity. The conduit is further comprised of a second lumen and a deforming means to deform the shape of the balloon so that a balloon dimension is changed in an axis or a direction. Deformation of the balloon changes the dimension of the balloon in a first direction or axis, causing expansion and compressive forces to be directed in a preferred second direction or axis. For example, deforming the balloon at the dome changes the shape from an ellipse in the longitudinal axis to an ellipse in the lateral axis, thereby directing expansion more laterally in the posterior/anterior axis, against the sides of the body cavity. 
     In yet other preferred embodiments, the conduit of the pelvic balloon tamponade extends the length of the balloon and is sealably surrounded by the balloon at the distal and proximal ends of the balloon. The conduit comprises an inflation lumen and a second irrigation/drainage lumen. The irrigation/drainage lumen has a distal end and a proximal end and lumen openings at or near the opposing distal and proximal ends of the conduit, in communication with the pelvic or abdominal cavity and the exterior of the subject&#39;s body, to deliver fluids to (irrigate) and/or receive fluids and debris from (drain) the pelvic or abdominal cavity. In yet another aspect, the tube may have separate irrigation and drainage lumens to minimize contamination of the body cavity that may occur when irrigation and drainage is accomplished through the same lumen. In still other embodiments, separate inflation lumens and deflation lumens may be provided, each lumen being in communication with the balloon interior, to permit circulation or replacement of the inflation media while maintaining substantially continuous pressure within the balloon interior, which is preferred when warming or cooling of the body cavity is desired. 
     In yet another embodiment, the balloon apparatus provides a means to control hemorrhage from separated areas within the body cavity or from a body cavity and a natural or created lumen or orifice in the body (e.g., a pelvic cavity and a vagina, or a pelvic cavity and an orifice created in a perineum). In a preferred embodiment, the balloon apparatus comprises at least two balloons axially spaced along the inflation tube, each balloon capable of being inflated to control hemorrhage from the separate areas. In other preferred embodiments, separate inflation lumens are provided so that the balloons may be separately and differentially inflated, or such that only one of such balloons may be inflated. 
     In other embodiments, the balloon apparatus may further comprise an introducer or guide to assist insertion and placement of the balloon apparatus when inserted through a lumen or channel in a subject (e.g., insertion through the vagina of a female subject who has had a hysterectomy or insertion through an opening created in the perineum of a male subject). In yet other embodiments, a rigid or semi-rigid collar located at the base of the balloon is provided to secure a traction means to the apparatus, thereby preventing displacement of the balloon apparatus or upward movement of the balloon apparatus further into the body cavity. In still other embodiments, the balloon apparatus may further comprise one or more connecting means (such as fittings, luers/leurs, adapters, etc.) to connect a lumen of a tube or conduit of the balloon apparatus to tubing and/or to an inflation media source that is external to the body. In still other embodiments, the balloon apparatus may further comprise a control means to retain the inflation medium within the balloon. Control means (e.g., valves, stop-cocks, clamps) may also be provided to seal and unseal a lumen of a tube or to control influx or efflux through the lumen of tubing, tubes or conduits of various embodiments of the invention. In still other embodiments, the balloon apparatus may further comprise a pressure detection means, such as a pressure gauge, to detect the internal pressure of the media within the balloon. 
     In yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling hemorrhage from a pelvic or abdominal cavity by inserting or implanting an expansible balloon into a pelvic or abdominal cavity of a subject that is experiencing (or may be expected to experience) hemorrhage. Once implanted, the balloon is inflated with a biologically and physiologically compatible fluid, and is retained in its inflated state within the body cavity at a pressure and for a period of time, as may be determined by clinical judgment to be sufficient to control hemorrhage. Preferably, the inflation pressure (internal pressure) of the balloon would be maintained at or just above the blood pressure of the subject. The inflated balloon apparatus may be retained in the subject for any suitable period of time, in most instances, from approximately 20 minutes to 72 hours, and preferably only as long as is necessary to determine that hemorrhage has been effectively controlled (evidence of clotting, no further bleeding from the body cavity, or other sign of hemostasis), or that damage is so severe that the balloon apparatus cannot adequately manage hemorrhage such that more significant intervention is required (e.g., surgical or radiological intervention). Medical personnel may assess whether hemorrhage has been controlled or staunched by release of the inflation medium from the balloon (by suction or release or opening of a control means). 
     In still another aspect, the invention provides a balloon tamponade kit, comprising a balloon apparatus, one or more inflation supply tubes, drainage effluent tubes, a fluid collection means and instructions for use and implantation of the device. 
     Further aspects, features, embodiments and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following disclosure, the claims and the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be better understood and further features, details and advantages of the invention will appear more clearly with reference to the diagrammatic drawings, illustrating specific embodiments of the invention by way of non-limiting example only: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a cross-sectional view of a non-inflated embodiment of a balloon tamponade of the invention. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an isometric elevation of a non-inflated, folded or pleated balloon of the invention. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a front elevation of a non-inflated, folded or pleated balloon of the invention. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a cross-sectional view of an inflated dual balloon tamponade of the invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an elevation of an inflated dual balloon tamponade of the invention. 
         FIGS. 6A-6G  illustrate cross-sectional views of conduits having configurations of lumens suitable for various embodiments of the invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description includes a description of the best mode or modes of the invention as presently known. The descriptions are not intended to in any way limit the invention and are examples given only for illustration, so that by reference to the accompanying drawings, one skilled in the art may appreciate the features, aspects, and advantages of the invention. 
     The present invention for controlling hemorrhage in a pelvic or abdominal cavity of a subject comprises an expansible material (e.g., a balloon) that is implanted in the body cavity and, when inflated by a fluid medium, generally conforms to the shape of the body cavity, exerting a compressive force against at least one wall, surface, structure or site (e.g., a bone, a blood vessel, an organ or a tissue) to control hemorrhage from the body cavity. The various embodiments of the apparatus disclosed herein are sometimes referred to herein as a “balloon tamponade” and/or “balloon apparatus.” When used herein in reference to a balloon of the present invention, the following terms shall have the following meaning: “deflated” shall mean a condition of the balloon immediately prior to and after insertion, followed by “fill,” which indicates that the balloon has been inflated, then followed by “drain” in which the inflating fluid is released so that the balloon returns to the deflated state (e.g., the condition of the balloon prior to removal under intended use conditions); “deform” shall mean a feature or attribute of a balloon that allows the shape of the balloon to be changed when desired; “conform” shall mean a condition of a balloon wherein the balloon has changed shape to substantially mirror that of the implantation site; “compliance” shall mean a feature or attribute of a balloon that allows the balloon to change shape to substantially mirror that of the implantation site in response to a resistance force within the body cavity (e.g., due to encountering a wall, structure or tissue or organ) or in response to a traction or other force applied to the balloon. 
     Referring now to the drawings, wherein like numerals designate like and corresponding parts throughout the several views, in  FIG. 1  is shown a balloon tamponade apparatus  200  for controlling hemorrhage in a pelvic or abdominal body cavity, comprising an expansible material (balloon)  100  having a distal end  190  (in reference to placement in the subject, a cephalic end) and a proximal end  180  (in reference to placement in the subject, a caudal end), and a conduit  30  having an inflation lumen  32  in communication with the interior  50  of the balloon through one or a plurality of openings  34 . The inflation lumen  32  provides a means to inflate or fill the balloon interior  50  with a fluid medium (e.g., gas or liquid), thereby expanding the balloon to a shape within the body cavity. The inflation lumen also provides a means to deflate the balloon, by efflux or withdrawal of the inflation medium from the balloon, so that the apparatus may be removed from a body cavity of the subject. Preferably, at least a portion of the tube is sealably surrounded by the balloon, the seal providing a means to retain the inflation medium within the balloon interior and to secure the tube to the balloon. 
     The balloon is made of an expandable material, such as natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, latex, urethane (polyurethane), polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, nylon or any other expansible elastomer, polymer or other material. Preferably, the balloon is formed of biocompatible, sterilizable material that is ultrasonic/radio opaque and may be treated with antimicrobial agents. Most preferably, the balloon will have sufficient compliance to generally conform to the shape, contours, walls and structures of a pelvic or abdominal cavity. However, it should be recognized by one in the art that, in certain circumstances, it may be preferable to have a balloon that is non-resilient and/or non-conforming and that will generally retain its original shape after inflation. In a preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 , a vaginal balloon  150 , having a cylindrical or oval shape, will be non-conforming such that it retains the cylindrical or ovoid shape when inflated within a vagina. 
     The balloons of various embodiments of the invention may be of any shape, contour, size and volume. Preferably, the shape, contour, size and volume are such that, when inflated, the balloon will generally conform to the body cavity where hemorrhage is to be controlled (i.e., the interior wall or surface or structure of the pelvis or abdominal cavity). Most preferably, the balloon will substantially conform to the body cavity. Conformance of the exterior shape of balloon with the interior wall, surface or structure of the body cavity enables the balloon to fit against a wall, surface, or structure, thereby exerting a compressive force or pressure to control hemorrhage. The balloon may have folds, ribs, channels, undulations and/or other formations or contours to increase the expandable surface area of the balloon, or to facilitate expansion to a desired shape, or to facilitate conformance of the balloon with an interior surface, or to enhance balloon compliance to accommodate specific features, structures, tissues or organs of the body cavity. As shown in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the balloon may comprise a plurality of folds or pleats to facilitate rapid fill or inflation to “fill volume” of the balloon, by overcoming the elasticity of the expansible material. Shapes particularly suited to the pelvic and abdominal cavities include spherical, mushroom, teardrop, heart or winged, ovoid, oblong and cylindrical. Balloons of the invention may be made by any conventional method known in the art, such as by extrusion or dip molding. 
     The balloon is constructed to be inflated by and hold a biologically and physiologically compatible medium, preferably a fluid and most preferably a liquid such as water or saline, or any other liquid used for intravenous infusion, such as Ringer&#39;s, lactated Ringer&#39;s, sterile water for injection, or sterile normal saline. The size and volume of the balloon will be determined by the body cavity or select area of a body cavity where hemorrhage control is desired. Balloons may be of any size or volume. Preferably, balloon tamponades suitable for pelvic and abdominal cavities may be inflated or filled with fluid volumes between approximately 500 milliliters and approximately 5 liters, while balloon tamponades suitable for a uterine or vaginal cavity may be from approximately 200 milliliters to approximately 1 liter. If bleeding is known to originate from a particular area of a body cavity, a smaller size and volume balloon appropriate for the select area may be used to localize pressure to the select area of the body cavity. Also, male and female anatomy and subject size (e.g., adult vs. child) may dictate the shapes, contours, size and volume of the balloon that is suitable for control of hemorrhage from a body cavity of such a subject. For example, a balloon tamponade for a child may require a balloon volume capacity of approximately 500 milliliters to approximately 1 liter, while a balloon tamponade for a large adult male may require a balloon of approximately 3.5 liters to approximately 5 liters. 
     In certain preferred embodiments, a balloon suitable for a pelvic or abdominal or uterine cavity may be of a size having 400 milliliters at neutral inflation (un-inflated), and 1 liter upon full fill volume when inflated. Most preferably, a balloon suitable for a pelvic or abdominal or uterine cavity may be of a size having 800 milliliters neutral inflation and 1.5 liters full fill volume when inflated. The deformation force (application of internal balloon traction means) should have no more than 10 N when inflated to full fill volume pressure, most preferably no more than 3 N when inflated to full fill volume pressure. Preferably, the diameter of the balloon before insertion (in the un-inflated state) will be no more than 3 centimeters, most preferably no more than 1 centimeter. The diameter of the balloon at deflation (removal diameter) is preferably no more than 4 centimeters, and most preferably no more than 2 centimeters. In certain preferred embodiments, a balloon suitable for a vaginal cavity may be of a size having a diameter of 10 centimeters and a length of twenty centimeters when fully inflated, preferably a diameter of 12 centimeters, and a length of 25 centimeters when fully inflated. 
     The tubes, tubing or conduits of the balloon tamponade apparatus and various aspects, features and embodiments of the invention, may be made of any biocompatible material, such as natural rubber, synthetic rubber, silicone, latex, urethane (polyurethane), polyvinylchloride, polyethylene (e.g., low density polyethylene), nylon, polycarbonate or any other biocompatible, flexible elastomer, polymer or other material suitable for tubes, conduits, tubing and catheters. However, it should be recognized by one in the art that in certain circumstances, it may be preferable to have a conduit (or part of a conduit) that is less flexible or inflexible, rigid or semi-rigid (non-resilient and/or non-conforming), such as a portion of a conduit contained within a vaginal balloon. Preferably, the tube, conduit or tubing is formed of sterilizable material that is ultrasonic/radio opaque and may be treated with antimicrobial agents. Most preferably, the tube, conduit or tubing is made of polyethylene, silicone or nylon. As used herein, the conduit may comprise a single tube having a single lumen, multiple tubes each having one or more lumens, a tube within a tube and each tubing having one or more lumens, or an extruded conduit having a plurality of lumens within the extruded conduit, in each instance, having lumen diameters, lumen lengths and openings as suited to the particular purpose of the lumen. The “working length” of a lumen (i.e., the length needed to accomplish its function) may be changed by plugging or skiving the individual lumen to achieve desirable length to achieve or perform a particular function. For example, drainage and irrigation lumens will extend beyond the distal and proximal ends of the balloon, so that each such lumen may be in communication with a body cavity at or near the distal end of a balloon, and at the proximal end, be in communication with the exterior of the subject&#39;s body. An inflation lumen may not extend the length of the balloon at the distal end, but may extend beyond the proximal end and have an opening in communication with the exterior of the subject&#39;s body for connection to a source of inflation media. 
     As more fully described below, the tube or conduit or tubing of various embodiments of the invention may comprise one or a plurality of lumens, the lumens having one or a plurality of openings for fluid communication with a balloon interior or a lumen or a separate tube or conduit or a body cavity. As shown in  FIGS. 6A-6G , lumens may be provided in any arrangement suitable for a particular embodiment of the invention described herein.  FIGS. 6A and 6B  illustrate a single tube having two lumens;  FIGS. 6C and 6D  illustrate a single tube having three lumens;  FIGS. 6E and 6F  illustrate a single tube having four lumens. The tubes and conduits of the balloon tamponade and, in particular, those tubes and conduits that are physically contained within or surrounded by the balloon, are preferably sufficiently inflexible or rigid or inelastic to maintain their inner diameter when the balloon is inflated (e.g., made from a more rigid/inelastic material than the balloon or have a thicker cross-section than the wall of the balloon). The inflation lumen should be of a diameter sufficiently large to allow rapid inflation or filling of the balloon. Preferably, the inflation lumen will be of a diameter to allow inflation or filling of the balloon in approximately three minutes or less, and most preferably in one minute or less. An inflation supply means may be provided to inflate the balloon, such as a large syringe, a pump (e.g., an infusion pump), a filled IV fluid source (e.g., a bag or bottle) or other receptacle for holding a fluid, preferably a sterile sealed container readily available to medical personnel to contain or supply a physiological fluid. 
     As show in  FIG. 4 , in another aspect, the invention provides a deforming means for deforming the shape of the balloon or limiting expansion of the balloon in a first direction, so that when the balloon is inflated, more force is exerted in a second direction against a wall or surface or structure (e.g., a bone, a blood vessel, an organ or a tissue) within the body cavity to control hemorrhage. The deforming means may be any suitable means to limit expansion of an expansible material or to exert a deforming, resistive or opposing force to expansion of a wall of the balloon during inflation of the balloon or to change the dimension of a balloon or change the shape of a balloon. For example, in a preferred embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4 , traction means  115  (e.g., a wire, cable, filament, or other tensile attachment) is attached by a traction connecting means  110  (e.g., a loop, an adhesive, a fitting, etc.) to a wall at the distal end  190  of the balloon and extends the length of the balloon to a traction application means  120 , such as a tab, a grip, a ring, a ratchet, a clamp, a friction wheel, a bead or step catch, or other latching or locking means or other means to apply a traction force to the traction means. Placing a traction force (e.g., pulling downwardly) on the traction application means  120  during inflation (or after inflation) will deform the expansible shape of the balloon, limit upward expansion of the balloon, and cause the balloon to expand more laterally, thereby selectively causing pressure laterally and downwardly along the sides and base of the body cavity. Alternatively, a traction wire, cable, filament or other tensile or tensioning means may be attached (fixedly or releasably) to a portion of the conduit  30  or to an internal cuff  130  surrounding the conduit at or near the proximal (caudal) end of the balloon, which provides a traction force during inflation to deform the shape of the balloon or limit upward expansion of the dome (distal/cephalic end) of the balloon. Alternatively, the deforming means may be an area or wall of expansible material having less expansibility or elasticity than another area or wall of the balloon, thereby deforming the balloon shape or limiting the expansion of the balloon in that area. For example, the deforming means may be a cap or disk within a wall of the balloon, or a collar (rigid or semi-rigid) disposed over a wall or area of the balloon. In yet another embodiment, the deforming means may be a second balloon that, when inflated or filled, provides a resistive force against expansion of the first balloon. 
     In yet another embodiment, the traction means may be the cuff of the balloon disposed (rolled) inside the balloon during assembly to effectively position the cuff approximately medial to a portion of the conduit surrounded by the balloon interior, wherein the conduit provided thereby becomes a traction means. When tension is applied to the conduit, the proximal end of the balloon “roll ups” over the cuff, deforming the balloon&#39;s shape to more elliptical in the lateral or horizontal axis than in the longitudinal axis, and forcing the proximal end of the balloon to conform to the surrounding anatomy of the body cavity. 
     In yet another embodiment, a balloon may be formed of an expansible material that increases in thickness in an area of the wall of the balloon, thereby limiting the expansibility of the balloon at the thicker wall, deforming the shape of the balloon and causing expansion of the balloon to be directed in areas where the balloon wall is of lesser thickness or greater expansibility. Most preferably, the thickened area is at the distal or cephalic end of the balloon so that expansion is limited at the cephalic end or in the cephalic-caudal axis, thereby facilitating expansion of the balloon laterally (dorsal axis) and in the anterior (front) and posterior (back) axis. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6B , in yet another embodiment of the invention, the balloon tamponade apparatus comprises an expansible balloon and a conduit, a conduit  30  comprising an inflation lumen  32  in communication with the interior of the balloon, and a drainage/irrigation lumen  70  that extends beyond the distal (cephalic) end of the balloon and having a distal opening  72  in communication with a pelvic or abdominal cavity and a proximal opening  78  in communication with the exterior of the subject&#39;s body. Preferably, the distal and proximal openings are located at or near opposing ends of the drainage/irrigation lumen. The drainage/irrigation lumen provides a means to drain the body cavity (e.g., of blood, debris, and irrigation fluids) and to irrigate the body cavity with cleansing and hydrating fluids (e.g., water or saline) and therapeutic agents (e.g., pharmaceuticals) or diagnostic instruments. In an alternative embodiment as shown in  FIGS. 6C-6G , the balloon tamponade apparatus provides separate irrigation  72  and drainage  74  lumens to minimize contamination of the body cavity (e.g., due to return of debris to the body cavity during supply of irrigation fluid). Preferably, the proximal end of the conduit comprising the drainage/irrigation lumen (whether a single lumen or separate lumens) extends outside the body to facilitate irrigation and collection of drainage materials. Preferably, the drainage lumen has a diameter sufficient to permit removal (by flushing or suction) of debris (pieces of tissue, cells, blood clots) that may enter the drainage tube, and to prevent such debris from blocking drainage of fluids through the drainage lumen. 
     In a preferred embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the balloon tamponade comprises a conduit assembly having a distal end and a proximal end, a first balloon  100  and a second balloon  150  co-axially spaced along the conduit, wherein the conduit assembly is sealably surrounded by each of the first balloon and the second balloon and comprises a first inflation lumen ( 40  as shown in  FIG. 6G ), in communication with the interior of the first balloon interior and a second inflation lumen ( 42  as shown in  FIG. 6G ) in communication with the interior of the second balloon. The first balloon has at least a fold or pleat to facilitate rapid fill and inflation and is axially spaced along the conduit adjacent to the distal end of the conduit. The second balloon is of a cylindrical shape and is non-conforming to substantially retain the cylindrical shape upon inflation. In the conduit assembly, the second conduit is slidably disposed over the first conduit and the conduit assembly comprises the lumen configuration shown in  FIG. 6G . The second conduit has a joint disposed between the first and second balloons, wherein the joint is comprised of a joint fitting  152  to allow the second balloon to be disjoined from the first balloon at the joint. The joint fitting  152  may be a friction bit, a snap fitting, a threaded fitting, a taper-fit, a collar, a bayonet fitting, or a quick-release fitting. 
     In still other embodiments, the balloon apparatus may further comprise one or more connecting means to connect a lumen of conduit to a lumen of a tube or to a medium source (e.g., irrigation fluid or inflation media), or to a drainage receptacle, or to a control means or pressure detection means (as described below) that is located external to the body. Any conventional connecting means may be employed, such as luers/leurs, lugs, locks, lock nuts, rings, fittings, Y connectors, adapters, connecting means described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,520,977 (which is incorporated herein), and any other means suitable for connecting tubes, conduits, tubing, or control means. Connecting means for use in medical applications are commercially available and well known in the art. Preferably, where an IV bag is the inflation supply source, the connecting means for connecting an inflation lumen to inflation supply source is a bag spike to puncture an IV bag to facilitate rapid fill of the balloon. 
     In yet other embodiments, a control means is provided to seal or unseal, or retain or release, or regulate flow of fluids through, the lumens of the tubes, conduits and tubing of the invention. The control means may be any means suitable for sealing and unsealing, or regulating flow through a lumen, or to control influx or efflux through the lumen or to retain or release a fluid within a lumen. Control means may include volume flow regulators, valves (e.g., ball valves or needle valves), stop-cocks, clasps, clamps (e.g., pinch, spike, slide and roller clamps), clips, caps, plugs, stoppers and any other means suitable for sealing or unsealing a tube or conduit or tubing. Such control means for use in medical applications are commercially available and well known in the art. Preferably, control means for irrigation tubes or lumens have a means to provide flow in one direction (e.g., one-way valves) to prevent reverse flow. Control means for the deflation lumen or drainage lumen preferably comprise a one-way stopcock. 
     In yet other embodiments, the balloon tamponade may further comprise a means to detect the level of pressure within the balloon interior, such as a simple pressure gauge. The pressure detection means may be connected by connecting means to the inflation lumen. During inflation of the balloon, the pressure gauge needle will pulse in concert with the subject&#39;s heartbeat. When the balloon is inflated with sufficient pressure (i.e., at or just above the blood pressure of the subject), the pressure gauge needle will cease pulsing. 
     In yet other embodiments as shown in  FIG. 5 , the balloon tamponade apparatus may further comprise an external traction connecting means  175  for attachment of an external traction source  300  to apply external traction to the balloon tamponade apparatus after inflation has been completed. External traction source  300  may be any means to apply a traction force in the caudal direction, such as by manually pulling, attaching a weight or a filled IV bag/bottle or by taping a traction line to a subject&#39;s leg. External traction to the balloon tamponade provides yet another means to apply compressive force in the caudal direction toward the base of the body cavity. The external traction source  300  is attached to external traction connecting means  175  (fixedly or releasably) by an attachment means  185 , such as a wire, filament or string. Preferably, the external traction connecting means  175  comprises a semi-rigid cuff or rigid cuff having a fastening means for fastening an external traction attachment means to the cuff. The cuff may be sealably or removably attached to a conduit of the balloon tamponade, preferably at or adjacent to the proximal end of the conduit. 
     In certain embodiments of the balloon tamponade, the apparatus may further comprise an introducer assembly for aiding insertion of the balloon tamponade apparatus into a pelvic or abdominal cavity from an opening in the body (for example, in a hysterectomy patient through the vagina, or in a male patient through an incision in the perineum). The introducer assembly is generally used to prevent the balloon tamponade device from flexing excessively during insertion. The introducer assembly comprises a wire attached to a gripping means at a proximal end. The wire is threaded from the proximal end to the distal end of a lumen of the conduit and extends substantially the length of the balloon. Preferably, the introducer wire is threaded through a lumen that is not in communication with a body cavity (e.g., not threaded through an irrigation lumen or drainage lumen). Preferably, the wire of the introducer assembly extends to within one or two centimeters from the distal end of the lumen. Generally, the introducer assembly is removed from the lumen of the balloon tamponade after balloon tamponade insertion and placement in the body cavity has been accomplished. The wire may comprise a trocar, guide, stem, stylet or other semi-rigid or rigid means to aid insertion of a tubular medical device (e.g., a catheter) into a subject. The traction wire described above may also function as an introducer in certain embodiments of the invention. In an alternate embodiment, the introducer may be surrounded by a drain tube or an irrigation tube. The insertion means may be hollow or solid and may be made of any suitable material that will not damage the balloon or the body cavity, or the organs or tissues of the subject, such as natural or synthetic rubber, latex, semi-rigid polymers (e.g., polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride or polycarbonate), or of metal. 
     In other embodiments, an external surface of the balloon may be coated (e.g., by layer, film, spray, gel or powder), impregnated, infused, permeated or otherwise comprise a hemostatic material or a pharmaceutical composition in order that the hemostatic material or composition may come into general contact with a wall, tissue, or structure within a body cavity. Any pharmaceutical may be used, and hemostatic agents such as oxidized cellulose, hemotene, thrombin, Factor VII, and other blood-clotting factors are particularly suitable for use in connection with the balloon tamponade. 
     In a preferred embodiment shown in  FIG. 5 , the balloon tamponade apparatus comprises a first balloon having a distal end and proximal end, sealably surrounding a portion of a first conduit having a first lumen and in communication with the interior of the first balloon. At the proximal end of the balloon, the balloon meets an external portion of the first tube at an internal cuff  130 . The first conduit  250  extends to the exterior of the body and is connected to a control means for maintaining the balloon in an inflated state and for controllably releasing fluid from (deflating) the balloon when pressure to the body cavity is to be reduced or when the device is to be removed from the body cavity. 
     In a preferred embodiment, there is provided a balloon tamponade for controlling hemorrhage in a body cavity of a subject, comprising an expansible balloon comprising a plurality of folds or pleats, and having a distal end and a proximal end. The device further comprises a conduit sealably surrounded by the balloon, having a distal end and a proximal end and having an inflation lumen, a guide lumen, an irrigation lumen and a drainage lumen. A traction means (preferably a wire or cable) extends the length of the guide lumen. A traction connecting means, preferably a cuff, is disposed along the conduit at or near the proximal end of the conduit. The inflation lumen is in communication with the interior of the balloon and the guide lumen is in communication with an interior surface at the distal end of the balloon. The irrigation lumen and drainage lumen are each in communication with a body cavity through openings at or near the distal end of the conduit and are each in communication with the exterior of the subject&#39;s body through an opening at or near the proximal end of the conduit. The traction means is attached to an interior surface of the balloon at the distal end of the balloon and is attached to a traction connecting means (e.g., cuff) at the proximal end of the conduit. 
     In yet another embodiment, a dual balloon tamponade for controlling hemorrhage in a body cavity comprises a first balloon and a second balloon, each having a distal end and a proximal end. The first balloon comprises a plurality of folds or pleats. A first conduit, having a distal end and a proximal end, comprises a first inflation lumen in communication with the interior of the first balloon, and is sealably surrounded by the first balloon. A second conduit has a distal and proximal end and comprises a second inflation lumen in communication with the interior of the second balloon. The second conduit is sealably surrounded by the second balloon and the second conduit is slidably arranged over the first conduit. A first semi-rigid cuff disposed between the first and second balloons, surrounds either the proximal end of the first conduit or the distal end of the second conduit. In other embodiments, the first conduit further comprises an irrigation lumen and a drainage lumen, each of the irrigation lumen and drainage lumen having an opening in communication with a body cavity and an opening in communication with the exterior of the subject&#39;s body, to provide channels for irrigation of and drainage from the body cavity. Fitting means may be provided for releasably fitting the second conduit to the first conduit. Such fitting means may include a friction bit, a snap fitting, a threaded fitting, a taper-fit, a collar, a bayonet fitting, or a quick-release fitting. 
       FIG. 6A  illustrates yet another embodiment, in which the inflation lumen may comprise a bifurcated lumen  32   a  and  32   b , and each one of such bifurcated lumens may be attached to a control means, thereby allowing simultaneous infusion/inflation to and drainage of a physiological medium from the balloon interior, or allowing the physiological medium within the balloon to be exchanged as needed (e.g., allow for fluid replacement) without altering the pressure within the balloon. The bifurcation of the inflation lumen also permits substantially continuous circulation of a physiological medium into and out of the balloon, such as when heating or cooling of the body cavity is desired. In a preferred embodiment, an additional tube provides an inflow and outflow means for a physiological medium capable of being heated or cooled, thus providing a means to heat or cool the physiological medium within the balloon interior where the tube may constitute one or more lumens in an open or closed-loop configuration, with or without exchange external to the tube. Specifically, a loop may be created of a tube such that the diameter is compatible with existing peristaltic or infusion or other pumps and heat or cooling sources, so that the fluid within the balloon(s) may be circulated in a closed loop by the pump through a heat or cooling source in order to increase or decrease body cavity temperature. 
     In yet another aspect, the invention provides a rapid-fill balloon for controlling hemorrhage in a body cavity, comprising an expansible balloon having a plurality of folds or pleats. The balloon has a fluid fill volume (volume upon full inflation) of between 300 and 1000 milliliters, and is capable of being inflated to fill volume in less than three minutes without requiring application of pressure to overcome the elasticity of the balloon. 
     In yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a kit for controlling hemorrhage in a pelvic or abdominal cavity, comprising an embodiment of the expansible balloon tamponade apparatus described herein, and instructions for use of such material, and packaging for containing the balloon tamponade apparatus and instructions. In another, preferred embodiment, the balloon tamponade kit further comprises a drainage receptacle and a connecting means to releasably connect the drainage lumen to the drainage receptacle to collect fluid and debris that is discharged from the drainage lumen. In still other embodiments, the kit may further comprise inflation supply tubing and/or irrigation supply tubing and/or drainage efflux tubing, or any combination thereof, together with connecting means suitable for connecting such inflation supply, irrigation supply or drainage efflux tubing to the balloon tamponade apparatus. In certain preferred embodiments, the kit may further comprise a pharmaceutical agent, such as a hemostatic agent that may be applied to the surface of the balloon before implantation. The kit may further comprise digital or electronic information and instructions on use, insertion and implantation of the balloon tamponade devices, such as a video cassette, compact disk (CD), digital video disk (DVD), flash or zip or thumb drive, or any other means to electronically store information that may be accessible by a computer. 
     Another aspect of the invention provides a method to control hemorrhage in a body cavity, by providing a balloon tamponade in an unfilled (non-inflated) state, implanting or inserting the balloon tamponade into a body cavity (with or without the assistance of an introducer), filling the balloon with a biologically and physiologically compatible fluid through the inflation lumen of the tube (preferably a warmed or cooled sterile fluid) supplied from an external inflation media supply source, such as a filled IV bag or a syringe filled with the inflation medium. The physiologic medium is supplied at a pressure and volume sufficient to inflate the balloon (or the particular balloon of a dual balloon tamponade, as applicable). During the infusion of the physiologic medium, the balloon distends and its effect on bleeding is observed by efflux from a drain tube. Preferably, the effluent is collected for measurement and evaluation. The preferred inflation pressure of the balloon is the lowest pressure that controls bleeding from the particular body cavity in which it is placed and, most preferably, the pressure that staunches bleeding from the body cavity of the subject. 
     When the desired volume or pressure is reached in the balloon interior, a control means may be manipulated to cease further infusion of the inflation medium and/or to retain the inflation medium in the balloon interior and the inflation lumen. The external source of the medium is disconnected, and a drainage bag or other drainage collection receptacle may be releasably attached by connecting means to the drainage lumen (or to a drainage efflux tubing connected to the drainage tube through a connecting means) to capture drainage fluid. Optimum pressure is detected, for example, when there is no further fluid drainage from the drain tube or when blood clots are observed in the drain tube, indicating that normal coagulation has been restored in the subject. After an appropriate length of time, balloon pressure may be lowered (fluid gradually drained or released from the balloon through the inflation or deflation lumen, as applicable) and observations made to determine whether or not bleeding has been controlled (i.e., whether bleeding is observed in the drain tube). If bleeding is observed upon release of balloon pressure, then the balloon may be re-inflated to an appropriate pressure to control hemorrhage. 
     These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings. In addition to the objects, features and advantages in the embodiments and examples described above, other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The disclosed aspects are merely illustrative of the innumerable aspects associated with the present invention and should not be deemed as limiting in any manner. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described above. The materials, methods and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting in any manner. While preferred examples and steps of the present invention have been illustrated and described, this has been by way of illustration and the invention should not be limited except as required by the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.