Patent Publication Number: US-2022238525-A1

Title: Semiconductor device

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device. 
     Note that one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field. The technical field of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method. One embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, manufacture, or a composition of matter. 
     Note that in this specification and the like, a semiconductor device generally means a device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics. Thus, a semiconductor element such as a transistor or a diode and a circuit including a semiconductor element are semiconductor devices. A display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, a communication device, an electronic device, and the like may include a semiconductor element or a semiconductor circuit. Therefore, a display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, an imaging device, a communication device, an electronic device, and the like may be called a semiconductor device. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     Information terminals that are easy to carry, typified by smartphones, tablet terminals, goggle-type displays (head-mounted displays), and the like, have come into widespread use. With the widespread use of information terminals, various communication standards have been established. For example, the use of an LTE-Advanced standard called the fourth-generation mobile communication system (4G) has started. 
     Information technology such as IoT (Internet of Things) has been developed recently, where electronic devices (e.g., in-vehicle electronic devices, home electronic appliances, house, buildings, or wearable devices) other than information terminals are connected to Internet. Thus, the amount of data handled by such electronic devices are increasing. In addition, the transmission speed of electronic devices such as information terminals needs to be improved. 
     For realization of IoT, since more and more electronic devices are newly connected to Internet, the number of electronic devices to be connected at a time is required to increase. Furthermore, a large number of electronic devices are connected to the Internet at a time, and thus a communication time lag (may be also expressed as a delay) occurs. Thus, in order to be compatible with various kinds of information technology including IoT, a new communication standard called the fifth-generation mobile communication system (5G) that achieves, for example, higher transmission speed, more simultaneous connections, and shorter delay time than 4G has been examined. Note that 5G uses communication frequencies of a 3.7 GHz band, a 4.5 GHz band, and a 28 GHz band. 
     Patent Document 1 discloses a semiconductor device formed by stacking transistors including different semiconductor materials. 
     A 5G compatible semiconductor device is manufactured using a semiconductor containing one kind of element such as Si as its main component or a compound semiconductor containing a plurality of kinds of elements such as Ga and As as its main components. Furthermore, an oxide semiconductor, which is one kind of metal oxide, has attracted attention. 
     For oxide semiconductors, a c-axis-aligned crystalline (CAAC) structure and a nanocrystalline (nc) structure, which are neither a single crystal structure nor an amorphous structure, have been discovered (see Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2). 
     Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a technique for forming a transistor with the use of an oxide semiconductor having the CAAC structure. 
     REFERENCE 
     Patent Document 
     
         
         [Patent Document 1] PCT International Publication No. 2015-147835 
       
    
     Non-Patent Document 
     
         
         [Non-Patent Document 1] S. Yamazaki et al., SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 2012, Volume 43, Issue 1, pp. 183-186. 
         [Non-Patent Document 2] S. Yamazaki et al., Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2014, Volume 53, Number 4S, pp. 04ED18-1-04ED18-10. 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Problems to be Solved by the Invention 
     Electronic devices are known to generate heat as the communication speed is higher. The electronic devices include semiconductor devices, and the semiconductor devices have a problem that malfunction might occur due to increased leakage current in a high-temperature environment. In addition, electronic devices connected to the network using 5G including IoT, are required to have high portability and be small. Such electronic devices need multiples devices such as a power supply control unit to supply electric power for high-speed operation, a signal processing control unit, an arithmetic processing unit, and a memory device, which causes a problem of an increase in size of the electronic devices. 
     Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel semiconductor device or the like. Another object is to provide a small semiconductor device or the like. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device or the like with high productivity. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device and the like with reduced power consumption. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device and the like with stable operation. Another object is to provide a highly reliable semiconductor device or the like. 
     Note that the description of these objects does not preclude the existence of other objects. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is no need to achieve all the objects. Other objects will be apparent from and can be derived from the description of the specification, the drawings, the claims, and the like. 
     Means for Solving the Problems 
     One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer formed over a substrate. A first transistor included in the first layer includes a first semiconductor layer containing silicon (Si). A second transistor included in the second layer includes a second semiconductor layer containing Ga. A third transistor included in the third layer includes a third semiconductor layer containing at least one of In and Zn. The first semiconductor layer of the first transistor is formed using the substrate. The second semiconductor layer of the second transistor is formed using a crystal obtained by crystal growth over the substrate. The third semiconductor layer of the third transistor is formed above the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer. 
     In the above structure, the third transistor is preferably placed in a position having a region overlapping with the first transistor. 
     In the above structure, the third transistor is preferably placed in a position having a region overlapping with the second transistor. 
     In the above structure, the semiconductor device further includes a fourth layer. A fourth transistor included in the fourth layer contains at least one of In and Zn in a fourth semiconductor layer. The fourth transistor is placed in a position having a region overlapping with the third transistor. 
     In the above structure, a sensor module is preferably placed on a side opposite to a side where the first transistor in the first layer is formed. 
     Effect of the Invention 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, a semiconductor device or the like with low power consumption can be provided. A semiconductor device or the like with stable operation can be provided. Alternatively, a highly reliable semiconductor device or the like can be provided. Alternatively, a semiconductor device or the like with high productivity can be provided. A novel semiconductor device or the like can be provided. A small semiconductor device or the like can be provided. 
     Note that the description of these effects does not preclude the existence of other effects. In one embodiment of the present invention, there is no need to achieve all the effects. Other effects will be apparent from and can be derived from the description of the specification, the drawings, the claims, and the like. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram illustrating a semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating the semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating a semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 6A  and  FIG. 6B  are diagrams illustrating a semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram illustrating a structure example of a wireless transmitter-receiver. 
         FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  are diagrams illustrating a structure example of a wireless transmitter-receiver. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram illustrating a structure example of a semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram illustrating a structure example of a semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 11A  to  FIG. 11C  are diagrams illustrating structure examples of transistors. 
         FIG. 12A  to  FIG. 12C  are diagrams illustrating a structure example of a transistor. 
         FIG. 13A  to  FIG. 13C  are diagrams illustrating a structure example of a transistor. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram illustrating a structure example of a semiconductor device. 
         FIG. 15A  is a table showing classifications of crystal structures of IGZO.  FIG. 15B  is a graph showing an XRD spectrum of a CAAC-IGZO film.  FIG. 15C  is a nanobeam electron diffraction pattern of a CAAC-IGZO film. 
         FIG. 16A  is a top view of the semiconductor wafer.  FIG. 16B  is an enlarged view of a chip. 
         FIG. 17A  is a flow chart describing an example of a process for manufacturing an electronic component.  FIG. 17B  is a schematic perspective view of an electronic component. 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram illustrating examples of electronic devices. 
         FIG. 19A  to  FIG. 19F  are diagrams each illustrating an example of an electronic device. 
         FIG. 20  is a diagram illustrating a hierarchical structure of an IoT network and tendencies of required specifications. 
         FIG. 21  is an image diagram of factory automation. 
         FIG. 22A  to  FIG. 22C  illustrate the structure of an OS-FET used for calculation of a cutoff frequency. 
         FIG. 23  is a graph showing calculation results of the cutoff frequency of the OS-FET. 
     
    
    
     MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that the present invention is not limited to the following description, and it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modes and details can be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the description in the following embodiments. Note that in the structures of the invention described below, the same portions or portions having similar functions are denoted by the same reference numerals in different drawings, and description of such portions is not repeated. 
     The position, size, range, and the like of each component illustrated in the drawings and the like are not accurately represented in some cases to facilitate understanding of the invention. Therefore, the disclosed invention is not necessarily limited to the position, size, range, and the like disclosed in the drawings and the like. For example, in the actual manufacturing process, a resist mask or the like might be unintentionally reduced in size by treatment such as etching, which is not illustrated in some cases for easy understanding. 
     In a top view (also referred to as a plan view), a perspective view, or the like, some components might not be illustrated for easy understanding of the drawings. 
     In this specification and the like, the term such as “electrode” or “wiring” does not limit the function of a component. For example, an “electrode” is used as part of a “wiring” in some cases, and vice versa. Furthermore, the term “electrode” or “wiring” can also mean a combination of a plurality of electrodes or wirings provided in an integrated manner, for example. 
     In this specification and the like, the resistance value of a “resistor” is sometimes determined depending on the length of a wiring. Alternatively, the resistance value is sometimes determined by connection of a conductive layer used for a wiring to a conductive layer with resistivity different from that of the conductive layer. Alternatively, the resistance value is sometimes determined by impurity doping in a semiconductor layer. 
     In this specification and the like, a “terminal” in an electric circuit refers to a portion that inputs or outputs current or voltage or receives or transmits a signal. Accordingly, part of a wiring or an electrode functions as a terminal in some cases. 
     Note that the term “over”, “above”, “under”, or “below” in this specification and the like does not necessarily mean that a component is placed directly over and in contact with or directly under and in contact with another component. For example, the expression “electrode B over insulating layer A” does not necessarily mean that the electrode B is formed on and in direct contact with the insulating layer A, and does not exclude the case where another component is provided between the insulating layer A and the electrode B. Additionally, the expression “conductive layer D above conductive layer C” does not necessarily mean that the conductive layer D is formed on and in direct contact with the conductive layer C, and does not exclude the case where another component is provided between the conductive layer C and the conductive layer D. The term “above” or “below” does not exclude the case where a component is placed in an oblique direction. 
     Furthermore, functions of a source and a drain might be switched depending on operation conditions, e.g., when a transistor of opposite polarity is employed or a direction of current flow is changed in circuit operation. Therefore, it is difficult to define which is a source or a drain. Thus, the terms “source” and “drain” can be interchanged with each other in this specification. 
     In this specification and the like, the expression “electrically connected” includes the case where components are directly connected to each other and the case where components are connected through an object having any electric function. There is no particular limitation on an object having any electric function as long as electric signals can be transmitted and received between components that are connected through the object. Thus, even when the expression “electrically connected” is used, there is a case where no physical connection is made and a wiring just extends in an actual circuit. Furthermore, the expression “directly connected” includes the case where wirings formed of different conductive layers are connected through a contact to function as one wiring. 
     In this specification and the like, the term “parallel” indicates that the angle formed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to −10° and less than or equal to 10°, for example, and accordingly also includes the case where the angle is greater than or equal to −5° and less than or equal to 5°. The terms “perpendicular” and “orthogonal” indicate that the angle formed between two straight lines is greater than or equal to 80° and less than or equal to 100°, for example, and accordingly also includes the case where the angle is greater than or equal to 85° and less than or equal to 95°. 
     In this specification and the like, the terms “identical”, “the same”, “equal”, “uniform”, and the like used in describing calculation values and actual measurement values allow for a margin of error of ±20% unless otherwise specified. 
     Note that voltage refers to a potential difference between a given potential and a reference potential (e.g., a ground potential or a source potential) in many cases. Therefore, the terms “voltage” and “potential” can be replaced with each other in many cases. In this specification and the like, “voltage” and “potential” can be replaced with each other unless otherwise specified. 
     Note that a “semiconductor” has characteristics of an “insulator” when the conductivity is sufficiently low, for example. Thus, a “semiconductor” and an “insulator” can be replaced with each other. In that case, a “semiconductor” and an “insulator” cannot be strictly distinguished from each other because a border therebetween is not clear. Accordingly, a “semiconductor” and an “insulator” in this specification can be replaced with each other in some cases. 
     Furthermore, a “semiconductor” has characteristics of a “conductor” when the conductivity is sufficiently high, for example. Thus, a “semiconductor” and a “conductor” can be replaced with each other. In that case, a “semiconductor” and a “conductor” cannot be strictly distinguished from each other because a border therebetween is not clear. Accordingly, a “semiconductor” and a “conductor” in this specification can be replaced with each other in some cases. 
     Note that the ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in this specification and the like are used in order to avoid confusion among components and do not denote the priority or the order such as the order of steps or the stacking order. A term without an ordinal number in this specification and the like might be provided with an ordinal number in a claim in order to avoid confusion among components. A term with an ordinal number in this specification and the like might be provided with a different ordinal number in a claim. A term with an ordinal number in this specification and the like might not be provided with an ordinal number in a claim and the like. 
     Note that in this specification and the like, an “on state” of a transistor refers to a state in which a source and a drain of the transistor are electrically short-circuited (also referred to as a “conduction state”). Furthermore, an “off state” of the transistor refers to a state in which the source and the drain of the transistor are electrically disconnected (also referred to as a “non-conduction state”). 
     In this specification and the like, in some cases, “on-state current” means a current that flows between a source and a drain when a transistor is in an on state, and “off-state current” means a current that flows between a source and a drain when a transistor is in an off state. 
     In this specification and the like, a high power supply voltage VDD (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “VDD”, “H voltage”, or “H”) is a power supply voltage higher than a low power supply voltage VSS (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “VSS”, “L voltage”, or “L”). Moreover, VSS is a power supply voltage lower than VDD. In addition, a ground voltage (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “GND” or “GND voltage”) can be used as VDD or VSS. For example, in the case where a ground voltage is used as VDD, VSS is lower than the ground voltage, and in the case where a ground voltage is used as VSS, VDD is higher than the ground voltage. 
     In this specification and the like, a gate refers to part or the whole of a gate electrode and a gate wiring. A gate wiring refers to a wiring for electrically connecting at least one gate electrode of a transistor to another electrode or another wiring. 
     In this specification and the like, a source refers to part or the whole of a source region, a source electrode, and a source wiring. A source region refers to a region in a semiconductor layer, where the resistivity is lower than or equal to a given value. A source electrode refers to part of a conductive layer, which is connected to a source region. A source wiring refers to a wiring for electrically connecting at least one source electrode of a transistor to another electrode or another wiring. 
     In this specification and the like, a drain refers to part or the whole of a drain region, a drain electrode, and a drain wiring. A drain region refers to a region in a semiconductor layer, where the resistivity is lower than or equal to a given value. A drain electrode refers to part of a conductive layer, which is connected to a drain region. A drain wiring refers to a wiring for electrically connecting at least one drain electrode of a transistor to another electrode or another wiring. 
     In the drawings and the like, for easy understanding of the voltage of a wiring, an electrode, or the like, “H” representing an H voltage or “L” representing an L voltage is sometimes written near the wiring, the electrode, or the like. In addition, enclosed “H” or “L” is sometimes written near a wiring, an electrode, or the like whose voltage changes. Moreover, a symbol “x” is sometimes written on a transistor in an off state. 
     Embodiment 1 
     A semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to drawings.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a structure example of a semiconductor device  10  included in an electronic device. 
     Note that the structure of the semiconductor device  100  exemplified in this specification and the like is merely an example, and all of the components are not necessarily included. It is acceptable as long as the semiconductor device include necessary components among the components shown in the specification and the like. Moreover, the semiconductor device may have a component other than the components shown in the specification and the like. 
     The semiconductor device  10  includes, for example, an antenna array  11 , a transmission/reception control unit  12 , a signal processing unit  13 , a processor  14 , a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)  15 , a power supply control unit  16 , a PLD (Programmable Logic Device)  17 , a memory device  18 , and a display device  19 . Note that the transmission/reception control unit  12  is described in detail with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating the semiconductor device  10 . The semiconductor device  10  includes a layer L 1 , a layer L 2 , a layer L 3 , and a layer L 4  that are formed over a substrate. For example, a first transistor included in the layer L 1  includes a first semiconductor layer containing Si. A second transistor included in the layer L 2  includes a second semiconductor layer containing Ga. A third transistor included in the layer L 3  includes a third semiconductor layer containing at least one of In and Zn. Note that the first to third transistors are formed on a substrate containing Si or above the substrate. Note that the layer L 4  is a layer not including a semiconductor layer. 
     The first semiconductor layer of the first transistor is formed using the substrate. The second semiconductor layer of the second transistor is formed with a crystal which is obtained by crystal growth over the substrate. The third semiconductor layer of the third transistor is formed above the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer. Note that the semiconductor layers of the transistors are each a layer in which a channel formation region of the transistor is formed. 
     The transmission/reception control unit  12  includes a transmission/reception control unit  12 A and a transmission/reception control unit  12 B. The power supply control unit  16  includes a power supply control unit  16 A and a power supply control unit  16 B. For example, the transmission/reception control unit  12 A, the signal processing unit  13 , the processor  14 , the GPU  15 , the power supply control unit  16 A, and the PLD  17  are formed in the layer L 1 . The transmission/reception control unit  12 B and the power supply control unit  16 B are formed in the layer L 2 . The memory device  18  and the display device  19  are formed in the layer L 3 .  FIG. 2  illustrates an example where the antenna array  11  for wireless communication is formed in the layer L 4 . 
     The memory device  18  formed in the layer L 3  can be formed using the third transistor including the third semiconductor layer. Note that the display device  19  can be formed using a third transistor which includes a third semiconductor layer different from that in the memory device  18 . In detail, the layer L 3  includes a layer L 3 A and a layer L 3 B over the layer L 3 A. For example, the memory device  18  can be formed using a transistor formed in the layer L 3 A. The display device  19  can be formed using a transistor formed in the layer L 3 B. In other words, the third transistors can be stacked in the layer L 3 . Although  FIG. 2  illustrates the example in which the transistors used in different circuits are stacked, the number of the third transistors stacked in the layer L 3  is not limited. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating the details of the semiconductor device  10 . In the layer L 1 , the transmission/reception control unit  12 A, the signal processing unit  13 , the processor  14 , the GPU  15 , the power supply control unit  16 A, and the PLD  17  are formed. In the layer L 2 , the transmission/reception control unit  12 B and the power supply control unit  16 B are formed. The memory device  18  is formed in the layer L 3 A. The memory device  18  includes memory devices  18 A to  18 F. The display device  19  is formed in the layer L 3 B. The display device  19  includes a gate driver  19 A and a display region  19 B. The antenna array  11  for wireless communication is formed in the layer L 4 . The antenna array  11  includes a plurality of antennas  11 A. 
     The transmission/reception control unit  12 A formed in the layer L 1  has a function of processing a signal which is transmitted and received through the antenna  11 A. The transmission/reception control unit  12 B formed in the layer L 2  includes either a transistor or a diode capable of supplying a sufficient electric power that can be instantaneously consumed by the transmission/reception control unit  12 A. 
     The signal processing unit  13  can supply a control signal to the gate driver  19 A through the layer L 3 A, and can further supply image data to the display region  19 B. Thus, the signal processing unit  13  can function as an image processing unit. In addition, the signal processing unit  13  can conduct extended conversion of image data by utilizing the GPU  15 . The extended conversion includes, for example, filtering of a display image and conversion of pixel number. 
     The processor  14  controls the semiconductor device  10 . For learning and inference of artificial intelligence (AI) to be processed in the signal processing unit  13 , the GPU  15  can rapidly process part of arithmetic operation. For example, a matrix operation using an neural network is often performed for the inference of AI. The matrix operation can be efficiently and rapidly processed with the use of the GPU  15 . 
     The power supply control unit  16 A formed in the layer L 1  can control power supply to the transmission/reception control unit  12 , the signal processing unit  13 , the processor  14 , the GPU  15 , the PLD  17 , the memory device  18 , or the display device  19 . The power supply control unit  16 B formed in the layer L 2  includes a transistor or a diode capable of supplying a sufficient electric power that is consumed by the semiconductor device  10 . 
     The PLD  17  can provide a different function by update of a logic configuration. In an example, the PLD  17  can function as a memory device. The signal processing unit can temporarily store previous display data displayed in the display device  19  described later and easily detect a difference between the previous display data and display data received by the transmission/reception control unit  12 . In another example, the PLD  17  can extend part of the arithmetic function of the signal processing unit  13  or the GPU  15 . For example, the parallel number in parallel arithmetic operations can be extended. 
     The layer L 2  is described next. The layer L 2  is a layer formed by growth of a crystal over the substrate of the layer L 1 . Thus, the first transistor formed using the layer L 1  is placed so as not to overlap with the second transistor formed using the layer L 2 . The second semiconductor layer of the second transistor preferably contains Ga. The second semiconductor layer of the second transistor preferably contains nitrogen or oxygen. 
     The layer L 2  includes the transmission/reception control unit  12 B and the power supply control unit  16 B. The transmission/reception control unit  12 B can supply large electric power that is instantaneously consumed by the transmission/reception control unit  12 A. The power supply control unit  16 B supplies electric power to the transmission/reception control unit  12 A, the signal processing unit  13 , the processor  14 , the GPU  15 , the power supply control unit  16 A, and the PLD  17  that are placed in the layer L 1 . In addition, the power supply control unit  16 B can supply electric power to the memory device  18  formed in the layer L 3 A and the display device  19  formed in the layer L 3 B. 
     The layer L 3  is described next. The layer L 3 A formed over the layer L 1  is described first. 
     The memory device  18 A is preferably placed over the transmission/reception control unit  12 A. The memory device  18 B is preferably placed over the signal processing unit  13 . The memory device  18 C is preferably placed over the processor  14 . The memory device  18 F is preferably placed over the GPU  15 . In addition, the memory device  18 D is preferably placed over the power supply control unit  16 A. The memory device  18 E is preferably placed over the PLD  17 . 
     Note that any of the memory devices  18 A to  18 F can function as a data saving register. In another example, any of the memory devices  18 A to  18 F can function as a data management memory. In another example, any of the memory devices  18 A to  18 F can function as a FIFO memory (First in First out memory) that absorbs different processing speed between devices. For example, a FIFO memory temporarily stores data received by the transmission/reception control unit  12  and the signal processing unit  13  can read the data from the FIFO memory using the processor  14 . At this time, the transmission/reception control unit  12  can operate with an operation frequency different from that of the signal processing unit  13  or the processor  14 . Multiple kinds of logic information for configuration of the PLD  17  are preferably stored in the memory device  18 E. 
     The memory device  18  includes the third transistor. The third semiconductor layer of the third transistor preferably contains oxygen and further contains at least any one of or a plurality of In, Ga, and Zn. Thus, this can be expressed as that the third semiconductor layer of the third transistor includes an oxide semiconductor. A transistor including an oxide semiconductor (OS), which is one kind of metal oxide, in a semiconductor layer where a channel is formed is also referred to as an “OS transistor” or “OS-FET”). It is known that the OS transistor has a small variation in electric characteristics due to temperature change. The semiconductor layer in the OS transistor has a large energy gap, and thus the OS transistor can have an extremely low off-state current value of several yA per micrometer of a channel width. Therefore, the OS transistor is preferably used for a memory device. The OS transistor will be described in detail in Embodiment 2. 
     A memory device including an OS transistor is described here. In the case where an OS transistor is used in a memory device, the memory device can be referred to as an “OS memory”. 
     The OS memory can inhibit deterioration of data retained in the OS memory even when supply of electric power is stopped. Furthermore, the OS memory enables a capacitor retaining data to be downsized, and therefore a memory device suitable for high-density can be provided. Moreover, the OS memory can retain data written in a period of one year or longer, or further ten years or longer, utilizing an extremely low off-state current characteristics of the OS transistor. Thus, the OS memory can be regarded as a nonvolatile memory. 
     In the OS memory, charge is written to the node through the OS transistor; hence, high voltage, which a conventional flash memory requires, is unnecessary and high-speed write operation is possible. Furthermore, it is possible that the number of data write and read operations in the OS memory is substantially unlimited because charge injection and extraction into/from a floating gate or a charge trap layer are not performed. The OS memory is less likely to degrade than a conventional flash memory and can have high reliability. 
     Unlike a magnetic memory, a resistive random access memory, or the like, an OS memory has no change in the structure at the atomic level. Thus, an OS memory has higher rewrite endurance than a magnetic memory and a resistive random access memory. 
     The off-state current of the OS transistor hardly increases even in a high-temperature environment. Specifically, the off-state current hardly increases even at an environment temperature of from room temperature to 200° C. In addition, the on-state current of the OS transistor is unlikely to decrease even in high-temperature environments. The OS transistor has high withstand voltage between its source and drain. When OS transistors are used as transistors included in a semiconductor device, the semiconductor device achieves stable operation and high reliability even in a high-temperature environment. 
     In addition, the OS transistor can be formed by a sputtering method during a BEOL (Back end of line) process where a wiring of a semiconductor device is formed. Thus, one semiconductor device  10  can be formed using transistors with different characteristics. In other words, the use of the OS transistor can facilitate formation of SoC (System on chip). 
     Note that the OS transistor can have a back gate. The back gate is positioned so that a channel formation region of the third semiconductor layer is sandwiched between the gate and the back gate. The back gate can function like the gate. In addition, by changing the voltage of the back gate, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be changed. The voltage of the back gate may be the same as that of the gate or may be a GND voltage or a given voltage. 
     In addition, the gate and the back gate are formed using conductive layers in general and thus each have a function of preventing an electric field generated outside the transistor from influencing the semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed (particularly, a function of preventing static electricity). That is, the variation in the electrical characteristics of the transistor due to the influence of external electric field such as static electricity can be prevented. 
     The layer L 3 B is described next. The display device  19  is formed using transistors included in the layers L 3 B. Although not described in detail, the display region  19 B includes a plurality of pixels, each of which includes a light-emitting element. As the light-emitting element, an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Device) or an LED (Light Emitting Device) is preferably used. 
     The layer L 4  is described next. The antenna array  11  includes the plurality of antennas  11 A. The antennas  11 A are preferably formed using a light-transmitting conductive layer. The light-transmitting conductive layer can be formed using, for example, indium oxide, ITO, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide, or zinc oxide to which gallium is added. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a semiconductor device  10 A with a structure different from the structure of the semiconductor device  10  in  FIG. 2 . Note that in the structures described below, the same portions or portions having similar functions are denoted by the same reference numerals in common in different drawings and repetitive description thereof will be omitted. 
     The semiconductor device  10 A is different from the semiconductor device  10  in that the layer L 3 B includes the display device  19 , a memory device  18 G, and a memory device  18 H. The third transistors included in the display device  19 , the memory device  18 G, and the memory device  18 H are formed in the same process. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating the details of the semiconductor device  10 A. The semiconductor device  10 A is different from the semiconductor device  10  illustrated in  FIG. 3  in that the layer L 3 B partly overlaps with the layer L 2 . For example, the storage device  18 G is preferably placed over the transmission/reception control unit  12 B. The memory device  18 G stores setting data of the transmission/reception control unit  12 B. The memory device  18 H is preferably placed over the power supply control unit  16 B. The memory device  18 H stores setting data of the power supply control unit  16 B. Note that the memory device  18 G and the memory device  18 H preferably use an OS memory each. 
       FIG. 6A  is a block diagram illustrating a structure of a semiconductor device  10 B different from that of the semiconductor device  10  illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The semiconductor device  10 B illustrated in  FIG. 6A  includes a sensor module  20 .  FIG. 6B  illustrates the semiconductor device  10 B that has the structure different from that of the semiconductor device  10  in  FIG. 2 . The semiconductor device  10 B includes a layer L 5  below the layer L 1  (on the side opposite to the layer L 2 ). The sensor module  20  is placed in the layer L 5 . The sensor module  20  can be electrically connected to the layer L 1  through a through-silicon via (TSV). Note that the sensor module  20  can include an image sensor, an infrared sensor, an ultrasonic wave sensor, a touch sensor, or the like. 
     Description is made on the case where the sensor module  20  is an image sensor, for example. The semiconductor device  10 B can display data captured by the sensor module as an image on the display device  19 . 
     In the semiconductor device  10 B, wireless communication, signal processing for extended conversion of image data, the display device, and the sensor module can be configured as SoC to reduce the number of components. Thus, the semiconductor device  10 B is suitable for a portable terminal including a goggle-type display device which requires a small and lightweight semiconductor device. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a structure example of a wireless transmitter-receiver  900  as an example of the transmission/reception control unit  12 . The wireless transmitter-receiver  900  includes a low-noise amplifier  901  (LNA), a band pass filter  902  (BPF), a mixer  903  (MIX), a band pass filter  904 , a demodulator  905  (DEM), a power amplifier  911  (PA), a band pass filter  912 , a mixer  913 , a band pass filter  914 , a modulator  915  (MOD), a duplexer  921  (DUP), a local oscillator  922  (LO), and an antenna  931 . 
     &lt;Reception&gt; 
     The signal  941  transmitted from another semiconductor device, a base station, or the like is input to the low-noise amplifier  901  as a received signal through the antenna  931  and the duplexer  921 . The duplexer  921  has a function of transmitting and receiving a wireless signal with one antenna. 
     The low-noise amplifier  901  has a function of amplifying a weak received signal to a signal with strength that can be processed in the wireless transmitter-receiver  900 . The signal  941  amplified by the low-noise amplifier  901  is supplied to the mixer  903  through the band pass filter  902 . 
     The band pass filter  902  has a function of allowing a necessary frequency band from frequency components included in the signal  941  to pass by attenuating frequency components other than the necessary frequency band. 
     The mixer  903  has a function of mixing the signal  941  passed through the band pass filter  902  and a signal  943  generated in the local oscillator  922  by a super-heterodyne system. The mixer  903  mixes the signal  941  and the signal  943  and supplies a signal with a frequency component of a difference between the two signals and a signal with a frequency component of a sum of the two signals to the band pass filter  904 . 
     The band pass filter  904  has a function of allowing one of the two frequency components to pass, and for example, allows the frequency component of the difference to pass. The band pass filter  904  also has a function of removing a noise component generated in the mixer  903 . The signal passed through the band pass filter  904  is supplied to the demodulator  905 . The demodulator  905  has a function of converting the supplied signal into a control signal, a data signal, or the like and outputting the signal. The signal output from the demodulator  905  is supplied to a variety of processing units (e.g., an arithmetic unit or a memory device). 
     &lt;Transmission&gt; 
     The modulator  915  has a function of generating a basic signal for transmitting a control signal, a data signal, or the like from the wireless transmitter-receiver  900  to another semiconductor device, a base station, or the like. The basic signal is supplied to the mixer  913  through the band pass filter  914 . 
     The band pass filter  914  has a function of removing a noise component generated when the modulator  915  generates the basic signal. 
     The mixer  913  has a function of mixing the basic signal passed through the band pass filter  914  and a signal  944  generated in the local oscillator  922  by a super-heterodyne system. The mixer  913  mixes the basic signal and the signal  944  and supplies a signal with a frequency component of a difference between the two signals and a signal with a frequency component of a sum of the two signals to the band pass filter  912 . 
     The band pass filter  912  has a function of allowing one of the two frequency components to pass, and for example, allows the frequency component of the sum to pass. The band pass filter  912  also has a function of removing a noise component generated in the mixer  913 . The signal passed through the band pass filter  912  is supplied to the power amplifier  911 . 
     The power amplifier  911  has a function of amplifying the supplied signal to generate a signal  942 . The signal  942  is radiated to the outside from the antenna  931  through the duplexer  921 . 
     A wireless transmitter-receiver  900 A which is a modification example of the above-described wireless transmitter-receiver  900  is described with reference to  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B . In order to avoid repeated description, a description is mainly given to parts that are different from those of the wireless transmitter-receiver  900 . 
     The wireless transmitter-receiver  900 A includes a plurality of antennas  931  compatible with 5G communication standard. A plurality of duplexers  921 , a plurality of low-noise amplifiers  901 , and a plurality of power amplifiers  911  are also included. The wireless transmitter-receiver  900 A includes a decoder circuit  906  (DEC) and a decoder circuit  916 . 
       FIG. 8A  illustrates an example in which five pieces of each of the antenna  931 , the duplexer  921 , the low-noise amplifier  901 , and the power amplifier  911 . In  FIG. 8A , the first antenna  931  is denoted as an antenna  931 [ 1 ], and the fifth antenna  931  is denoted as an antenna  931 [ 5 ]. The duplexer  921 , the low-noise amplifier  901 , and the power amplifier  911  are also denoted in a manner similar to the antenna  931 . Note that the number of the antenna  931 , the duplexer  921 , the low-noise amplifier  901 , and the power amplifier  911  is not limited to five. 
     The antenna  931 [ 1 ] is electrically connected to the duplexer  921 [ 1 ]. The duplexer  921 [ 1 ] is electrically connected to the low-noise amplifier  901  [ 1 ] and the power amplifier  911  [ 1 ]. The antenna  931 [ 5 ] is electrically connected to the duplexer  921 [ 5 ]. The duplexer  921 [ 5 ] is electrically connected to the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 5 ] and the power amplifier  911 [ 5 ]. The second to fourth antennas  931  are also electrically connected to the second to fourth duplexers  921  like the antenna  931 [ 1 ]. In addition, the second to fourth duplexers  921  are also electrically connected to the second to fourth low-noise amplifiers  901  and the second to fourth power amplifiers  911  like the duplexer  921 [ 1 ]. 
     The decoder circuit  906  is electrically connected to the plurality of low-noise amplifiers  901 . In  FIG. 8A , five low-noise amplifiers  901  are connected to the decoder circuit  906 . The decoder circuit  916  is electrically connected to the plurality of power amplifiers  911 . In  FIG. 8A , five power amplifiers  911  are connected to the decoder circuit  916 . 
     The decoder circuit  906  has a function of selecting any one or more of the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 1 ] to the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 5 ]. The decoder circuit  906  has a function of sequentially selecting the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 1 ] to the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 5 ]. Similarly, the decoder circuit  916  has a function of selecting any one or more of the power amplifier  911 [ 1 ] to the power amplifier  911 [ 5 ]. The decoder circuit  916  has a function of sequentially selecting the power amplifier  911 [ 1 ] to the power amplifier  911 [ 5 ]. 
       FIG. 8B  illustrates an example of a connection between the decoder circuit  906  and the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 1 ] and the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 2 ]. The decoder circuit  906  is electrically connected to a memory element  111  (denoted as a memory element  111 [ 1 ]) included in the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 1 ] through a terminal  124  electrically connected to the memory element  111 [ 1 ]. The decoder circuit  906  is electrically connected also to a memory element  111  (denoted as a memory element  111 [ 2 ]) included in the low-noise amplifier  901 [ 2 ] through a terminal  124  electrically connected to the memory element  111 [ 2 ]. 
     The memory element  111  includes a transistor  112  and a capacitor  113 . A gate of the transistor  112  is electrically connected to the terminal  124 . One of a source and a drain of the transistor  112  is electrically connected to a terminal  123 . The other of the source and the drain of the transistor  112  is electrically connected to one of electrodes of the capacitor  113  and a gate of the transistor  115 . Note that a node  114  is formed on a wiring to which the other of the source and the drain of the transistor  112 , the one electrode of the capacitor  113 , and the gate of the transistor  115  are electrically connected. The terminal  124  is electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the transistor  116  in the decoder circuit  906 . Note that the transistor  112  is preferably an OS transistor. In addition, the memory element  111  including an OS transistor can also be referred to as an “OS memory”. 
     The terminal  123  electrically connected to the memory element  111 [ 1 ] and the terminal  123  electrically connected to the memory element  111 [ 2 ] are electrically connected to a wiring  126 . A voltage (electric charge) written to the node  114  is supplied through the wiring  126 . 
     The decoder circuit  906  has a function of supplying a signal to turn on or off the transistor  112  to the terminal  124  electrically connected to a given memory element  111 . When the memory elements  111  included in the low-noise amplifiers  901  are sequentially selected by the decoder circuit  906 , a different voltage for each memory element  111  can be written to the node  114 . In other words, a voltage appropriate for each of the plurality of low-noise amplifiers  901  can be written to the node  114 . 
     The decoder circuit  916  also functions to the plurality of power amplifiers  911  in a manner similar to the decoder circuit  906 . 
     The structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in the other embodiments and examples, for example. 
     Embodiment 2 
     In this embodiment, structures of transistors that can be used in the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment will be described. For example, a structure in which transistors having different electrical characteristics are stacked will be described. With such a structure, the degree of freedom in design of a semiconductor device can be increased. Stacking transistors having different electrical characteristics can increase the integration degree of the semiconductor device. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates part of a cross-sectional structure of a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device illustrated in  FIG. 9  includes a transistor  550 , a transistor  500 , a transistor  650 , and a capacitor  600 .  FIG. 11A  is a cross-sectional view of the transistor  500  in the channel length direction,  FIG. 11B  is a cross-sectional view of the transistor  500  in the channel width direction, and  FIG. 11C  is a cross-sectional view of the transistor  550  in the channel width direction. For example, the transistor  500 , the transistor  550 , and the transistor  650  correspond to the transistor  112 , the transistor  116 , and the transistor  115 , respectively, described in the above embodiment. The capacitor  600  corresponds to the capacitor  113 . The wiring  2001  to the wiring  2006  can be electrically connected to other transistors or the like. Note that the wiring  2005  is electrically connected to the wiring  2006 . 
     Note that in this specification, an expression that stacked transistors are placed in an overlapping position is sometimes used. The range of a transistor is a range including a channel formation region of the transistor and a region where a semiconductor layer of the transistor functions as a source or a drain. 
     For example, in the case where the transistor  500  is placed in a position overlapping with the transistor  550 , it can be said that the transistor  500  and the transistor  550  are placed in a position overlapping of the part of one region of a source or a drain of the transistor  500  and one region of a source and a drain of the transistor  550  as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . It can also be said that part of the one region of the source and the drain of the transistor  500  is placed in a position overlapping with one of the source and the drain of the transistor  550 . 
     Note that in  FIG. 9 , the transistor  500  is placed in a position overlapping with each of the transistor  550  and the transistor  650  for explanation. Note that the transistor  550  is the transistor included in the layer L 1  and the transistor  650  is the transistor included in the layer L 2 . The transistor  500  is the transistor included in the layer L 3 . 
     The transistor  500  is an OS transistor and has an extremely low off-state current. Accordingly, data voltage or charge written to a storage node through the transistor  500  can be retained for a long time. In other words, the power consumption of the semiconductor device can be reduced because the storage node has a reduced frequency of refresh operation or requires no refresh operation. 
     In  FIG. 9 , the transistor  500  is provided above the transistor  550 , and the capacitor  600  is provided above the transistor  550  and the transistor  500 . 
     The transistor  550  is provided on a substrate  311  and includes a conductor  316 , an insulator  315 , a semiconductor region  313  that is part of the substrate  311 , and a low-resistance region  314   a  and a low-resistance region  314   b  each functioning as a source region or a drain region. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 11C , the top surface and the side surface in the channel width direction of the semiconductor region  313  of the transistor  550  is covered with the conductor  316  with the insulator  315  therebetween. The use of such a Fin-type transistor as the transistor  550  can increase the effective channel width and thus improve on-state characteristics of the transistor  550 . In addition, contribution of the electric field of the gate electrode can be increased, so that the off-state characteristics of the transistor  550  can be improved. 
     Note that the transistor  550  may be either a p-channel transistor or an n-channel transistor. 
     It is preferable that a region of the semiconductor region  313  where a channel is formed, a region in the vicinity thereof, the low-resistance regions  314   a  and  314   b  each functioning as the source region or the drain region, and the like contain a semiconductor such as a silicon-based semiconductor, further preferably single crystal silicon. Alternatively, a material containing germanium (Ge), silicon germanium (SiGe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs), or the like may be used. Silicon whose effective mass is adjusted by applying stress to the crystal lattice and thereby changing the lattice spacing may also be used. Alternatively, the transistor  550  may be a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) using GaAs and GaAlAs, or the like. 
     The low-resistance regions  314   a  and  314   b  contain an element that imparts n-type conductivity, such as arsenic or phosphorus, or an element that imparts p-type conductivity, such as boron, in addition to a semiconductor material used for the semiconductor region  313 . 
     The conductor  316  functioning as a gate electrode can be formed using a semiconductor material such as silicon containing the element that imparts n-type conductivity, such as arsenic or phosphorus, or the element that imparts p-type conductivity, such as boron, or a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, or a metal oxide material. 
     Note that a material used for a conductor determines the work function; thus, selecting the material used for the conductor can adjust the threshold voltage of a transistor. Specifically, titanium nitride, tantalum nitride, or the like is preferably used for the conductor. Furthermore, in order to ensure the conductivity and embeddability of the conductor, a stacked layer of metal materials such as tungsten and aluminum is preferably used for the conductor. In particular, tungsten is preferable in terms of heat resistance. 
     The transistor  550  may be formed using a SOI (Silicon on Insulator) substrate, for example. 
     The SOI substrate may be a SIMOX (Separation by Implanted Oxygen) substrate formed in such a manner that an oxygen ion is implanted into a mirror-polished wafer, and then, an oxide layer is formed at a certain depth from the surface and defects generated in a surface layer are eliminated by high-temperature heating or an SOI substrate formed by a Smart-Cut method in which a semiconductor substrate is cleaved by utilizing growth of a minute void, which is formed by implantation of a hydrogen ion, by heat treatment; an ELTRAN (registered trademark: Epitaxial Layer Transfer) method; or the like. A transistor formed using a single crystal substrate contains a single crystal semiconductor in a channel formation region. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates the transistor  550 A as the third transistor included in the layer L 3 A and the transistor  500  as the third transistor included in the layer L 3 B. Note that  FIG. 10  illustrates an example where the transistor  550 A is electrically connected to the transistor  500 . Note that in the case where the transistor  550 A is a transistor included in a memory device and the transistor  500  is a transistor included in a display device, the transistor  550 A is not necessarily connected to the transistor  500 . 
     Note that the transistor  550  illustrated in  FIG. 9  and the transistor  500  or the transistor  550 A illustrated in  FIG. 10  are just examples and are not limited to the structure, and an appropriate transistor can be used in accordance with a circuit configuration or a driving method. For example, when the semiconductor device is configured as a single-polarity circuit using only OS transistors (i.e., transistors having the same polarity, e.g., only n-channel transistors), the transistor  550 A has a structure similar to that of the transistor  500  as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . Note that the details of the transistor  500  will be described later. 
     The transistor  650  is described here. The transistor  650  is formed over the same substrate where the transistor  550  is formed. The transistor  650  is formed using a semiconductor layer to be formed over a single crystal silicon substrate, a sapphire substrate, or an SOI substrate. The semiconductor layer preferably has a crystalline structure containing gallium. Examples of the semiconductor layer containing gallium include gallium nitride (hereinafter, GaN) and gallium oxide (GaOx). 
     A semiconductor device using GaN for a semiconductor layer  654  is described with reference to  FIG. 9 . For example, GaN can be generated in such a manner that a low-temperature buffer layer  652  is provided over the substrate  311  to make single crystal GaN epitaxially grow on the low-temperature buffer layer  652 . The epitaxially-grown single crystal GaN corresponds to the semiconductor layer  654 . Note that in the example of  FIG. 9 , a single crystal silicon substrate is used as the substrate  311 . 
     The transistor  650  is preferably formed using a semiconductor layer where a semiconductor layer  656  is epitaxially grown on the semiconductor layer  654 . The semiconductor layer  654  is preferably GaN and the semiconductor layer  656  is preferably AlGaN. For example, it is known that aluminum nitride (AlN) has superior material characteristics of a band gap (6.2 eV) that is approximately 2 times that of GaN, an electrostatic breakdown electric field (12 MV/cm) that is approximately 4 times that of GaN, and a thermal conductivity (2.9 W/cmK) that is approximately 1.5 times that of GaN. Therefore, AlN, and AlGaN, a mixed crystal of AlN and GaN are preferred materials for high-output and high-frequency devices. A HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) using AlGaN in a channel formation region enables a higher withstand voltage operation than a HEMT using GaN in a channel formation region. At the interface between GaN and AlGaN, two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is generated due to polarization effects in GaN and AlGaN. That is, in a HEMT transistor, 2DEG serves as a channel formation region. 
     A conductor  330  is provided over the semiconductor layer  656 . The conductor  330  corresponds to a source or a drain of the transistor  650 . 
     An insulator  324  is provided between the conductor  658  and the semiconductor layer  656 . Note that the conductor  658  may also be referred to as a gate electrode, and the insulator  324  may also be referred to as a gate insulator of the transistor  650 . The insulator  324  can be formed using silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or the like. For example, the insulator  324  contains any one of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, and hafnium oxide, so that the off-state current of the transistor  650  is reduced. For detailed description of the gate insulator, the gate insulator is preferably a SiO 2  film, an Al 2 O 3  film, or a HfO 2  film. 
     The transistor  650  preferably has a recessed gate structure.  FIG. 9  illustrates an example in which the transistor  650  has a recessed gate structure. When the transistor  650  has a recessed gate structure, the off-state current of the transistor  650  is reduced. The recessed gate structure is formed by thinning with etching of the semiconductor layer  656  that is in a position overlapping with the gate electrode and in which a channel formation region is formed. The region of the semiconductor layer  656  that is thinned with the etching is referred to as a recessed region. The recessed region can have a high threshold voltage due to increased depletion of 2DEG. In addition, large current can flow through a non-recessed region because the concentration of 2DEG is increased. 
     An insulator  320 , an insulator  322 , an insulator  324 , and an insulator  326  are stacked sequentially to cover the transistor  550 . 
     The insulator  320 , the insulator  322 , the insulator  324 , and the insulator  326  are formed using, for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, aluminum nitride oxide, or aluminum nitride. 
     Note that in this specification, silicon oxynitride refers to a material that has a higher oxygen content than a nitrogen content, and silicon nitride oxide refers to a material that has a higher nitrogen content than an oxygen content. Moreover, in this specification, aluminum oxynitride refers to a material that has a higher oxygen content than a nitrogen content, and aluminum nitride oxide refers to a material that has a higher nitrogen content than an oxygen content. 
     The insulator  322  may function as a planarization film for eliminating a level difference caused by the transistor  550  or the like provided below the insulator  322 . For example, the top surface of the insulator  322  may be planarized by planarization treatment using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like to increase the planarity. 
     The insulator  324  is preferably formed using a film having a barrier property that prevents hydrogen and impurities from diffusing from the substrate  311 , the transistor  550 , or the like into a region where the transistor  500  is provided. 
     For the film having a barrier property against hydrogen, for example, silicon nitride deposited by a CVD method can be suitably used. Here, diffusion of hydrogen into a semiconductor element including an oxide semiconductor, such as the transistor  500 , degrades the characteristics of the semiconductor element in some cases. Therefore, a film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is preferably provided between the transistor  500  and the transistor  550 . Specifically, the film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is a film from which a small amount of hydrogen is released. 
     The amount of released hydrogen can be measured by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), for example. The amount of hydrogen released from the insulator  324  that is converted into hydrogen atoms per unit area of the insulator  324  is less than or equal to 10×10 15  atoms/cm 2 , preferably less than or equal to 5×10 15  atoms/cm 2  in TDS analysis in a film-surface temperature range of 50° C. to 500° C., for example. 
     Note that the dielectric constant of the insulator  326  is preferably lower than that of the insulator  324 . For example, the dielectric constant of the insulator  326  is preferably lower than 4, further preferably lower than 3. For example, the dielectric constant of the insulator  326  is preferably 0.7 times or less that of the insulator  324 , further preferably 0.6 times or less that of the insulator  324 . In the case where a material with a low dielectric constant is used for an interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance between wirings can be reduced. 
     A conductor  328 , the conductor  330 , and the like that are connected to the capacitor  600  or the transistor  500  are embedded in the insulator  320 , the insulator  322 , the insulator  324 , and the insulator  326 . The conductor  330  has a function of the source electrode or the drain electrode of the transistor  650 . Note that the conductor  328  and the conductor  330  each function as a plug or a wiring. A plurality of conductors functioning as plugs or wirings are collectively denoted by the same reference numeral in some cases. In this specification and the like, a wiring and a plug connected to the wiring may be a single component. That is, part of a conductor functions as a wiring in some cases, and part of a conductor functions as a plug in other cases. 
     As a material for each of the plugs and wirings (e.g., the conductor  328  and the conductor  330 ), a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material can be used in a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure. It is preferable to use a high-melting-point material that has both heat resistance and conductivity, such as tungsten or molybdenum, and it is preferable to use tungsten. Alternatively, a low-resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper is preferably used. The use of a low-resistance conductive material can reduce wiring resistance. 
     A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator  326  and the conductor  330 . For example, an insulator  350 , an insulator  352 , and an insulator  354  are stacked sequentially in  FIG. 9 . Furthermore, a conductor  356  is formed in the insulator  350 , the insulator  352 , and the insulator  354 . The conductor  356  functions as a plug connected to the transistor  550 , a plug connected to the transistor  650 , or a wiring. Note that the conductor  356  can be formed using a material similar to that for the conductor  328  and the conductor  330 . 
     Note that for example, the insulator  350  is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen, like the insulator  324 . Furthermore, the conductor  356  preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. The conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed particularly in an opening portion of the insulator  350  having a barrier property against hydrogen. In such a structure, the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  can be separated from the transistor  500  with a barrier layer, so that the hydrogen diffusion from the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  into the transistor  500  can be inhibited. 
     Note that as the conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen, tantalum nitride is preferably used, for example. By stacking tantalum nitride and tungsten, which has high conductivity, hydrogen diffusion from the transistor  550  can be inhibited while the conductivity of a wiring is ensured. In that case, a tantalum nitride layer having a barrier property against hydrogen is preferably in contact with the insulator  350  having a barrier property against hydrogen. 
     A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator  354  and the conductor  356 . For example, an insulator  360 , an insulator  362 , and an insulator  364  are stacked sequentially in  FIG. 9 . Furthermore, a conductor  366  is formed in the insulator  360 , the insulator  362 , and the insulator  364 . The conductor  366  functions as a plug or a wiring. Note that the conductor  366  can be formed using a material similar to that for the conductor  328  and the conductor  330 . 
     Note that for example, the insulator  360  is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen, like the insulator  324 . Furthermore, the conductor  366  preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. The conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed particularly in an opening portion of the insulator  360  having a barrier property against hydrogen. In such a structure, the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  can be separated from the transistor  500  with a barrier layer, so that the hydrogen diffusion from the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  into the transistor  500  can be inhibited. 
     A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator  364  and the conductor  366 . For example, an insulator  370 , an insulator  372 , and an insulator  374  are stacked sequentially in  FIG. 9 . Furthermore, a conductor  376  is formed in the insulator  370 , the insulator  372 , and the insulator  374 . The conductor  376  functions as a plug or a wiring. Note that the conductor  376  can be formed using a material similar to that for the conductor  328  and the conductor  330 . 
     Note that for example, the insulator  370  is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen, like the insulator  324 . Furthermore, the conductor  376  preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. The conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed particularly in an opening portion of the insulator  370  having a barrier property against hydrogen. In such a structure, the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  can be separated from the transistor  500  with a barrier layer, so that the hydrogen diffusion from the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  into the transistor  500  can be inhibited. 
     A wiring layer may be provided over the insulator  374  and the conductor  376 . For example, an insulator  380 , an insulator  382 , and an insulator  384  are stacked sequentially in  FIG. 9 . Furthermore, a conductor  386  is formed in the insulator  380 , the insulator  382 , and the insulator  384 . The conductor  386  functions as a plug or a wiring. Note that the conductor  386  can be formed using a material similar to that for the conductor  328  and the conductor  330 . 
     Note that for example, the insulator  380  is preferably formed using an insulator having a barrier property against hydrogen, like the insulator  324 . Furthermore, the conductor  386  preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen. The conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen is formed particularly in an opening portion of the insulator  380  having a barrier property against hydrogen. In such a structure, the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  can be separated from the transistor  500  with a barrier layer, so that the hydrogen diffusion from the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  into the transistor  500  can be inhibited. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an example where the transistor  550  is connected to the transistor  650  through the conductor  366 . Note that the wiring for connection between the transistor  550  and the transistor  650  is not limited to the conductor  366 . 
     Although the wiring layer including the conductor  356 , the wiring layer including the conductor  366 , the wiring layer including the conductor  376 , and the wiring layer including the conductor  386  are described above, the semiconductor device of this embodiment is not limited thereto. The number of wiring layers similar to the wiring layer including the conductor  356  may be three or less, or five or more. 
     An insulator  510 , an insulator  512 , an insulator  514 , and an insulator  516  are stacked sequentially over the insulator  384 . A substance having a barrier property against oxygen or hydrogen is preferably used for any of the insulator  510 , the insulator  512 , the insulator  514 , and the insulator  516 . 
     For example, each of the insulator  510  and the insulator  514  is preferably formed using a film having a barrier property that can prevent diffusion of hydrogen and impurities from the substrate  311 , a region where the transistor  550  is provided, a region where the transistor  650  is provided, or the like into a region where the transistor  500  is provided. Therefore, each of the insulator  510  and the insulator  514  can be formed using a material similar to that for the insulator  324 . 
     For the film having a barrier property against hydrogen, for example, silicon nitride deposited by a CVD method can be used. Here, diffusion of hydrogen into a semiconductor element including an oxide semiconductor, such as the transistor  500 , degrades the characteristics of the semiconductor element in some cases. Therefore, a film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is preferably provided between the transistor  500  and the transistor  550  or the transistor  650 . Specifically, the film that inhibits hydrogen diffusion is a film from which a small amount of hydrogen is released. 
     For the film having a barrier property against hydrogen, for example, a metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide is preferably used for each of the insulator  510  and the insulator  514 . 
     In particular, aluminum oxide has an excellent blocking effect that prevents both oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen and moisture, which can cause a change in electrical characteristics of the transistor, from passing through the film. Accordingly, the use of aluminum oxide can prevent entry of impurities such as hydrogen and moisture into the transistor  500  during and after a manufacturing process of the transistor. In addition, release of oxygen from the oxide contained in the transistor  500  can be prevented. Therefore, aluminum oxide is suitably used as a protective film for the transistor  500 . 
     The insulator  512  and the insulator  516  can be formed using a material similar to that for the insulator  320 , for example. In the case where a material with a relatively low dielectric constant is used for these insulators, the parasitic capacitance between wirings can be reduced. A silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film can be used for the insulator  512  and the insulator  516 , for example. 
     A conductor  518 , a conductor included in the transistor  500  (e.g., a conductor  503 ), and the like are embedded in the insulator  510 , the insulator  512 , the insulator  514 , and the insulator  516 . Note that the conductor  518  functions as a plug or a wiring that is connected to the capacitor  600  or the transistor  550  or the transistor  650 . The conductor  518  can be formed using a material similar to that for the conductor  328  and the conductor  330 . 
     In particular, the conductor  518  in a region in contact with the insulator  510  and the insulator  514  is preferably a conductor having a barrier property against oxygen, hydrogen, and water. In such a structure, the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  can be separated from the transistor  500  with a layer having a barrier property against oxygen, hydrogen, and water, so that the hydrogen diffusion from the transistor  550  or the transistor  650  into the transistor  500  can be inhibited. 
     The transistor  500  is provided above the insulator  516 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , the transistor  500  includes the conductor  503  embedded in the insulator  514  and the insulator  516 , an insulator  520  positioned over the insulator  516  and the conductor  503 , an insulator  522  positioned over the insulator  520 , an insulator  524  positioned over the insulator  522 , an oxide  530   a  positioned over the insulator  524 , an oxide  530   b  positioned over the oxide  530   a , a conductor  542   a  and a conductor  542   b  positioned to be apart from each other over the oxide  530   b , an insulator  580  that is positioned over the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  and has an opening overlapping with a region between the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b , an insulator  545  positioned on a bottom surface and a side surface of the opening, and a conductor  560  positioned in the formation area of the insulator  545 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , an insulator  544  is preferably provided between the insulator  580  and the oxide  530   a , the oxide  530   b , the conductor  542   a , and the conductor  542   b . In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , the conductor  560  preferably includes a conductor  560   a  provided inside the insulator  545  and a conductor  560   b  embedded inside the conductor  560   a . Moreover, as illustrated in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , an insulator  574  is preferably placed over the insulator  580 , the conductor  560 , and the insulator  545 . 
     In this specification and the like, the oxide  530   a  and the oxide  530   b  are sometimes collectively referred to as the oxide  530  and the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  are sometimes collectively referred to as the conductor  542 . 
     The transistor  500  has, in the region where the channel is formed and its vicinity, a structure in which two layers, the oxide  530   a  and the oxide  530   b , are stacked; however, one embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, a single layer of the oxide  530   b  or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers may be provided. 
     Although the conductor  560  has a two-layer structure in the transistor  500 , the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the conductor  560  may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers. The transistor  500  illustrated in  FIG. 9 ,  FIG. 10 ,  FIG. 11A , and  FIG. 14  is just an example and is not limited to the structure illustrated therein, and an appropriate transistor can be used in accordance with a circuit configuration, a driving method, or the like. 
     Here, the conductor  560  functions as a gate electrode of the transistor, and the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  each function as a source electrode or a drain electrode. As described above, the conductor  560  is embedded in the opening of the insulator  580  and the region between the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b . The positions of the conductor  560 , the conductor  542   a , and the conductor  542   b  with respect to the opening of the insulator  580  are selected in a self-aligned manner. That is, in the transistor  500 , the gate electrode can be positioned between the source electrode and the drain electrode in a self-aligned manner. Therefore, the conductor  560  can be formed without an alignment margin, resulting in a reduction of an area occupied by the transistor  500 . Accordingly, miniaturization and high integration of the semiconductor device can be achieved. 
     In addition, since the conductor  560  is formed in the region between the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  in a self-aligned manner, the conductor  560  has neither a region overlapping with the conductor  542   a  nor a region overlapping with the conductor  542   b . Thus, parasitic capacitance between the conductor  560  and the conductors  542   a  and  542   b  can be reduced. As a result, the transistor  500  can have increased switching speed and excellent frequency characteristics. 
     The conductor  560  functions as a first gate (also referred to as a top gate) electrode in some cases. The conductor  503  functions as a second gate (also referred to as a bottom gate) electrode in some cases. In that case, by changing a voltage applied to the conductor  503  independently of a voltage applied to the conductor  560 , the threshold voltage of the transistor  500  can be controlled. In particular, when a negative voltage is applied to the conductor  503 , the threshold voltage of the transistor  500  can be further increased, and the off-state current can be reduced. Thus, a drain current at the voltage application of 0 V to the conductor  560  can be smaller in the case where a negative voltage is applied to the conductor  503  than in the case where the negative voltage is not applied to the conductor  503 . 
     The conductor  503  is provided to overlap with the oxide  530  and the conductor  560 . Accordingly, in the case where voltages are applied to the conductor  560  and the conductor  503 , an electric field generated from the conductor  560  and an electric field generated from the conductor  503  are connected, thereby covering the channel formation region in the oxide  530 . 
     In this specification and the like, a transistor structure in which a channel formation region is electrically surrounded by the electric fields of a pair of gate electrodes (a first gate electrode and a second gate electrode) is referred to as a surrounded channel (S-channel) structure. Furthermore, in this specification and the like, the S-channel structure has a feature in that the side surface and the vicinity of the oxide  530  in contact with the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  functioning as a source electrode and a drain electrode are of I-type like the channel formation region. Note that in this specification and the like, “I-type” can be equated with “highly purified intrinsic” to be described later. The side surface and the vicinity of the oxide  530  in contact with the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  are in contact with the insulator  544  and thus can be of I-type like the channel formation region. The S-channel structure disclosed in this specification and the like is different from a Fin structure or a planar structure. With the use of the S-channel structure, a transistor with high resistance to a short-channel effect, i.e., a transistor in which a short-channel effect is unlikely to occur, can be obtained. 
     The conductor  503  has a structure similar to that of the conductor  518 ; a conductor  503   a  is formed in contact with an inner wall of the opening in the insulator  514  and the insulator  516 , and a conductor  503   b  is formed inside the conductor  503   a . Although the conductor  503   a  and the conductor  503   b  are stacked in the transistor  500 , one embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, the conductor  503  may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers. 
     The conductor  503   a  is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, and a copper atom, (a conductive material through which the above impurities are less likely to pass). Alternatively, the conductor  503   a  is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, and the like), (a conductive material through which the above oxygen is less likely to pass). Note that in this specification, a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities or oxygen means a function of inhibiting diffusion of any one or all of the above impurities and oxygen. 
     For example, when the conductor  503   a  has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen, the conductivity of the conductor  503   b  can be prevented from being lowered because of oxidation. 
     In the case where the conductor  503  also functions as a wiring, the conductor  503   b  is preferably formed using a conductive material with high conductivity that contains tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component. Although the conductor  503  has a stacked layer of the conductor  503   a  and the conductor  503   b  in this embodiment, the conductor  503  may have a single-layer structure. 
     The insulator  520 , the insulator  522 , and the insulator  524  function as a second gate insulating film. 
     Here, an insulator containing oxygen more than that in the stoichiometric composition is preferably used as the insulator  524  in contact with the oxide  530 . Such oxygen is easily released from the insulator by heating. In this specification and the like, oxygen released by heating is sometimes referred to as excess oxygen. That is, a region containing excess oxygen (also referred to as an excess-oxygen region) is preferably formed in the insulator  524 . When such an insulator containing excess oxygen is provided in contact with the oxide  530 , oxygen vacancies (V O ) in the oxide  530  can be reduced, leading to an improvement in reliability of the transistor  500 . When hydrogen enters the oxygen vacancies in the oxide  530 , such defects (hereinafter, referred to as V O H in some cases) serve as donors and generate electrons serving as carriers in some cases. In other cases, bonding of part of hydrogen to oxygen bonded to a metal atom sometimes generates electrons serving as carriers. Thus, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor that contains a large amount of hydrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics. Moreover, hydrogen in an oxide semiconductor is easily transferred by a stress such as heat or an electric field; thus, a large amount of hydrogen in an oxide semiconductor might reduce the reliability of a transistor. In one embodiment of the present invention, V O H in the oxide  530  is preferably reduced as much as possible so that the oxide  530  becomes a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic. In order to obtain such an oxide semiconductor with sufficiently reduced V O H, it is important to remove impurities such as moisture and hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor (this treatment is also referred to as dehydration or dehydrogenation treatment) and supply oxygen to the oxide semiconductor to fill oxygen vacancies (this treatment is also referred to as oxygen adding treatment). When an oxide semiconductor with sufficiently reduced impurities such as V O H is used for a channel formation region of a transistor, the transistor can have stable electrical characteristics. 
     As the insulator including the excess-oxygen region, specifically, an oxide material that releases part of oxygen by heating is preferably used. An oxide that releases oxygen by heating is an oxide film in which the amount of released oxygen converted into oxygen atoms is greater than or equal to 1.0×10 18  atoms/cm 3 , preferably greater than or equal to 1.0×10 19  atoms/cm 3 , further preferably greater than or equal to 2.0×10 19  atoms/cm 3  or greater than or equal to 3.0×10 20  atoms/cm 3  in TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy) analysis. In the TDS analysis, the film-surface temperature is preferably higher than or equal to 100° C. and lower than or equal to 700° C., or higher than or equal to 100° C. and lower than or equal to 400° C. 
     One or more of heat treatment, microwave treatment, and RF treatment may be performed in a state in which the insulator including the excess-oxygen region and the oxide  530  are in contact with each other. By the treatment, water or hydrogen in the oxide  530  can be removed. For example, in the oxide  530 , dehydrogenation can be performed when a reaction in which a bond of V O H is cut occurs, i.e., a reaction of V O H→V O +H occurs. Part of hydrogen generated at this time is bonded to oxygen to be H 2 O, and removed from the oxide  530  or an insulator near the oxide  530  in some cases. In other cases, part of hydrogen is gettered by the conductor  542 . 
     For the microwave treatment, for example, an apparatus including a power supply that generates high-density plasma or an apparatus including a power supply that applies RF to the substrate side is suitably used. For example, the use of an oxygen-containing gas and high-density plasma enables high-density oxygen radicals to be generated, and application of the RF to the substrate side allows the oxygen radicals generated by the high-density plasma to be efficiently introduced into the oxide  530  or an insulator in the vicinity of the oxide  530 . The microwave treatment is performed under a pressure of 133 Pa or higher, preferably 200 Pa or higher, further preferably 400 Pa or higher. As a gas introduced into an apparatus for performing the microwave treatment, for example, oxygen and argon are used and the oxygen flow rate (O 2 /(O 2 +Ar)) is lower than or equal to 50%, preferably higher than or equal to 10% and lower than or equal to 30%. 
     In a manufacturing process of the transistor  500 , the heat treatment is preferably performed with the surface of the oxide  530  exposed. For example, the heat treatment is performed at a temperature higher than or equal to 100° C. and lower than or equal to 450° C., preferably higher than or equal to 350° C. and lower than or equal to 400° C. The heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, an inert gas atmosphere, or an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more. For example, the heat treatment is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere. Accordingly, oxygen can be supplied to the oxide  530  to reduce oxygen vacancies (V O ). The heat treatment may be performed under a reduced pressure. Alternatively, the heat treatment may be performed in such a manner that heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere, and then another heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more in order to compensate for released oxygen. Alternatively, the heat treatment may be performed in such a manner that heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas at 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more, and then another heat treatment is successively performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere. 
     Note that the oxygen adding treatment performed on the oxide  530  can promote a reaction in which oxygen vacancies in the oxide  530  are filled with supplied oxygen, i.e., a reaction of V O +O→null. Furthermore, hydrogen remaining in the oxide  530  reacts with supplied oxygen, so that the hydrogen can be removed as H 2 O (dehydration). This can inhibit recombination of hydrogen remaining in the oxide  530  with oxygen vacancies and formation of V O H. 
     In the case where the insulator  524  includes an excess-oxygen region, it is preferable that the insulator  522  have a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules) (or that the above oxygen be less likely to pass through the insulator  522 ). 
     The insulator  522  preferably has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen or impurities, in which case diffusion of oxygen contained in the oxide  530  to the insulator  520  side is prevented. In addition, the conductor  503  can be inhibited from reacting with oxygen contained in the insulator  524  or the oxide  530 . 
     The insulator  522  preferably has a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure using an insulator containing what is called a high-k material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), or (Ba,Sr)TiO 3  (BST), for example. With miniaturization and high integration of a transistor, a problem such as generation of leakage current sometimes arises because of a thin gate insulating film. When a high-k material is used for an insulator functioning as the gate insulating film, a gate voltage at the time of operating the transistor can be reduced while the physical thickness of the gate insulating film is kept. 
     It is particularly preferable to use an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, which is an insulating material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities, oxygen, and the like, (an insulating material through which the above oxygen is less likely to pass). Aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like is preferably used for the insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium. The insulator  522  formed of such a material functions as a layer that inhibits release of oxygen from the oxide  530  and entry of impurities such as hydrogen from the periphery of the transistor  500  into the oxide  530 . 
     Alternatively, aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, or zirconium oxide may be added to the insulator, for example. Alternatively, the insulator may be subjected to nitriding treatment. Silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride may be stacked over the insulator. 
     It is preferable that the insulator  520  be thermally stable. For example, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are suitable because of their thermal stability. Furthermore, combination of an insulator which is a high-k material and silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride enables the insulator  520  to have a stacked-layer structure that is thermally stable and has a high dielectric constant. 
     Note that the transistor  500  in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  includes the insulator  520 , the insulator  522 , and the insulator  524  as the second gate insulating film having a three-layer structure; however, the second gate insulating film may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of two layers or four or more layers. In that case, the stacked layers are not necessarily formed of the same material and may be formed of different materials. 
     In the transistor  500 , a metal oxide functioning as an oxide semiconductor is used as the oxide  530  including a channel formation region. Note that the oxide semiconductor preferably contains at least one of In and Zn. For example, as the oxide  530 , a metal oxide such as an In-M-Zn oxide (the element M is one or more of aluminum, gallium, yttrium, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, and the like) is preferably used. 
     The metal oxide functioning as an oxide semiconductor may be formed by a sputtering method or an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. Note that the metal oxide functioning as an oxide semiconductor will be described in detail in another embodiment. 
     As the metal oxide functioning as the channel formation region in the oxide  530 , a metal oxide whose band gap is greater than or equal to 2 eV, preferably greater than or equal to 2.5 eV is preferably used. The use of a metal oxide having such a wide band gap can reduce the off-state current of a transistor. 
     When the oxide  530   a  is provided below the oxide  530   b  in the oxide  530 , impurities can be inhibited from diffusing into the oxide  530   b  from the components formed below the oxide  530   a.    
     The oxide  530  preferably has a plurality of oxide layers that differ in the atomic ratio of metal atoms. Specifically, the atomic ratio of the element M to constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide  530   a  is preferably greater than the atomic ratio of the element M to constituent elements in the metal oxide used as the oxide  530   b . Moreover, the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide  530   a  is preferably greater than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used as the oxide  530   b . Moreover, the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used as the oxide  530   b  is preferably greater than the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used as the oxide  530   a.    
     The energy of the conduction band minimum of the oxide  530   a  is preferably higher than the energy of the conduction band minimum of the oxide  530   b . In other words, the electron affinity of the oxide  530   a  is preferably smaller than the electron affinity of the oxide  530   b.    
     Here, the energy level of the conduction band minimum is gradually varied at a junction portion of the oxide  530   a  and the oxide  530   b . In other words, the energy level of the conduction band minimum at a junction portion of the oxide  530   a  and the oxide  530   b  is continuously varied or continuously connected. To vary the energy level gradually, the density of defect states in a mixed layer formed at the interface between the oxide  530   a  and the oxide  530   b  is preferably made low. 
     Specifically, when the oxide  530   a  and the oxide  530   b  contain the same element (as a main component) in addition to oxygen, a mixed layer with a low density of defect states can be formed. For example, in the case where the oxide  530   b  is an In-Ga—Zn oxide, it is preferable to use an In-Ga—Zn oxide, a Ga—Zn oxide, gallium oxide, or the like as the oxide  530   a.    
     At this time, the oxide  530   b  serves as a main carrier path. When the oxide  530   a  has the above structure, the density of defect states at the interface between the oxide  530   a  and the oxide  530   b  can be made low. Thus, the influence of interface scattering on carrier conduction is small, and the transistor  500  can have high on-state current. 
     The conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  functioning as the source electrode and the drain electrode are provided over the oxide  530   b . For the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b , it is preferable to use a metal element selected from aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, and lanthanum; an alloy containing any of the above metal elements as its component; an alloy containing a combination of the above metal elements; or the like. For example, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, or the like is preferably used. Tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, and an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel are preferable because they are oxidation-resistant conductive materials or materials that retain their conductivity even after absorbing oxygen. Furthermore, a metal nitride film such as tantalum nitride is preferable because it has a barrier property against hydrogen or oxygen. 
     Although the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  have a single-layer structure in  FIG. 11 , they may have a stacked-layer structure of two or more layers. For example, a tantalum nitride film and a tungsten film may be stacked. Alternatively, a titanium film and an aluminum film may be stacked. Other examples include a two-layer structure in which an aluminum film is stacked over a tungsten film, a two-layer structure in which a copper film is stacked over a copper-magnesium-aluminum alloy film, a two-layer structure in which a copper film is stacked over a titanium film, and a two-layer structure in which a copper film is stacked over a tungsten film. 
     Other examples include a three-layer structure in which a titanium film or a titanium nitride film, an aluminum film or a copper film, and a titanium film or a titanium nitride film are stacked in this order and a three-layer structure in which a molybdenum film or a molybdenum nitride film, an aluminum film or a copper film, and a molybdenum film or a molybdenum nitride film are stacked in this order. Note that a transparent conductive material containing indium oxide, tin oxide, or zinc oxide may be used. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 11A , a region  543   a  and a region  543   b  are sometimes formed as low-resistance regions at and near the interface between the oxide  530  and the conductor  542   a  (and the conductor  542   b ). In that case, the region  543   a  functions as one of a source region and a drain region, and the region  543   b  functions as the other of the source region and the drain region. A channel formation region is formed in a region between the region  543   a  and the region  543   b.    
     When the conductor  542   a  (the conductor  542   b ) is provided in contact with the oxide  530 , the oxygen concentration of the region  543   a  (the region  543   b ) sometimes decreases. In addition, a metal compound layer that contains the metal contained in the conductor  542   a  (the conductor  542   b ) and the component of the oxide  530  is sometimes formed in the region  543   a  (the region  543   b ). In that case, the region  543   a  (the region  543   b ) has increased carrier density to be a low-resistance region. 
     The insulator  544  is provided to cover the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  and inhibits oxidation of the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b . Here, the insulator  544  may be provided to cover the side surface of the oxide  530  and to be in contact with the insulator  524 . 
     A metal oxide containing one or more of hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, neodymium, lanthanum, magnesium, and the like can be used as the insulator  544 . For the insulator  544 , silicon nitride oxide or silicon nitride can be used, for example. 
     It is particularly preferable to use, as the insulator  544 , an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate). In particular, hafnium aluminate has higher heat resistance than a hafnium oxide film and thus is less likely to be crystallized by heat treatment in a later step, and thus hafnium aluminate is preferable. Note that the insulator  544  is not necessarily provided when the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  are oxidation-resistant or do not significantly lose the conductivity even after absorbing oxygen. Design is determined as appropriate in consideration of required transistor characteristics. 
     The insulator  544  can inhibit impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator  580  from diffusing into the oxide  530   b  through the insulator  545 . Moreover, the oxidation of the conductor  560  due to excess oxygen in the insulator  580  can be inhibited. 
     The insulator  545  functions as a first gate insulating film. The insulator  545  is preferably formed using an insulator which contains excess oxygen and from which oxygen is released by heating, like the insulator  524 . 
     Specifically, any of silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, and porous silicon oxide each containing excess oxygen can be used. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride, which have thermal stability, are preferable. 
     When an insulator containing excess oxygen is provided as the insulator  545 , oxygen can be effectively supplied from the insulator  545  to the channel formation region of the oxide  530   b . As in the insulator  524 , the concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the insulator  545  is preferably lowered. The thickness of the insulator  545  is preferably greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm. 
     Furthermore, in order that excess oxygen of the insulator  545  can be efficiently supplied to the oxide  530 , a metal oxide may be provided between the insulator  545  and the conductor  560 . The metal oxide preferably inhibits diffusion of oxygen from the insulator  545  into the conductor  560 . Providing the metal oxide that inhibits diffusion of oxygen inhibits diffusion of excess oxygen from the insulator  545  into the conductor  560 . That is, a reduction in the amount of excess oxygen supplied to the oxide  530  can be inhibited. Moreover, oxidization of the conductor  560  due to excess oxygen can be inhibited. The metal oxide can be formed using a material that can be used for the insulator  544 . 
     Note that the insulator  545  may have a stacked-layer structure like the second gate insulating film. With miniaturization and high integration of a transistor, a problem such as generation of leakage current sometimes arises because of a thin gate insulating film. Thus, when an insulator functioning as a gate insulating film has a stacked-layer structure of a high-k material and a thermally stable material, a gate voltage at the time of operating the transistor can be reduced while the physical thickness of the gate insulating film is kept. Furthermore, the stacked-layer structure can be thermally stable and have a high dielectric constant. 
     Although the conductor  560  functioning as the first gate electrode has a two-layer structure in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B , the conductor  560  may have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure of three or more layers. 
     The conductor  560   a  is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, a nitrogen oxide molecule (e.g., N 2 O, NO, and NO 2 ), and a copper atom. Alternatively, the conductor  560   a  is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, and the like). When the conductor  560   a  has a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen, the conductivity of the conductor  560   b  can be prevented from being lowered because of oxidization due to oxygen in the insulator  545 . As a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen, for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, or ruthenium oxide is preferably used. The conductor  560   a  can be formed using an oxide semiconductor that can be used for the oxide  530 . In that case, when the conductor  560   b  is formed by a sputtering method, the conductor  560   a  can have a reduced electric resistance value and become a conductor. Such a conductor can be referred to as an OC (Oxide Conductor) electrode. 
     Furthermore, the conductor  560   b  is preferably formed using a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component. The conductor  560   b  also functions as a wiring and thus is preferably a conductor having high conductivity. For example, a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component can be used. The conductor  560   b  may have a stacked-layer structure, for example, a stacked-layer structure of titanium or titanium nitride and the above conductive material. 
     The insulator  580  is provided over the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b  with the insulator  544  positioned therebetween. The insulator  580  preferably includes an excess-oxygen region. For example, the insulator  580  preferably contains silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, porous silicon oxide, a resin, or the like. In particular, silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride, which have thermal stability, are preferable. Silicon oxide and porous silicon oxide are particularly preferable because an excess-oxygen region can be formed easily in a later step. 
     The insulator  580  preferably includes an excess-oxygen region. When the insulator  580  from which oxygen is released by heating is provided, oxygen in the insulator  580  can be efficiently supplied to the oxide  530 . The concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the insulator  580  is preferably lowered. 
     The opening of the insulator  580  is formed to overlap with a region between the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b . Thus, the conductor  560  is embedded in the opening of the insulator  580  and the region between the conductor  542   a  and the conductor  542   b.    
     The gate length needs to be short for miniaturization of the semiconductor device without a reduction in the conductivity of the conductor  560 . When the conductor  560  is made thick to achieve this, the conductor  560  might have a shape with a high aspect ratio. Even when having a shape with a high aspect ratio, the conductor  560  can be formed without collapsing during the process because the conductor  560  is embedded in the opening of the insulator  580  in this embodiment. 
     The insulator  574  is preferably provided in contact with the top surfaces of the insulator  580 , the conductor  560 , and the insulator  545 . When the insulator  574  is formed by a sputtering method, the insulator  545  and the insulator  580  can include an excess-oxygen region. Therefore, oxygen can be supplied from the excess-oxygen region to the oxide  530 . 
     For example, a metal oxide containing one or more of hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, magnesium, and the like can be used as the insulator  574 . 
     In particular, aluminum oxide has a high barrier property, and even a thin aluminum oxide film having a thickness greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 3.0 nm can inhibit diffusion of hydrogen and nitrogen. Thus, aluminum oxide deposited by a sputtering method can serve as not only an oxygen supply source but also a barrier film against impurities such as hydrogen. 
     The insulator  581  functioning as an interlayer film is preferably provided over the insulator  574 . As in the insulator  524  or the like, the concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the film of the insulator  581  is preferably lowered. 
     A conductor  540   a  and a conductor  540   b  are provided in the openings formed in the insulator  581 , the insulator  574 , the insulator  580 , and the insulator  544 . The conductor  540   a  and the conductor  540   b  are provided to face each other with the conductor  560  therebetween. The conductor  540   a  and the conductor  540   b  have a structure similar to that of a conductor  546  and a conductor  548  described later. 
     An insulator  582  is provided over the insulator  581 . A substance having a barrier property against oxygen or hydrogen is preferably used for the insulator  582 . Thus, the insulator  582  can be formed using a material similar to that for the insulator  514 . For the insulator  582 , a metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide is preferably used, for example. 
     In particular, aluminum oxide has an excellent blocking effect that prevents both oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen and moisture, which can cause a change in electrical characteristics of the transistor, from passing through the film. Accordingly, the use of aluminum oxide can prevent entry of impurities such as hydrogen and moisture into the transistor  500  during and after a manufacturing process of the transistor. In addition, release of oxygen from the oxide contained in the transistor  500  can be prevented. Therefore, aluminum oxide is suitably used as a protective film for the transistor  500 . 
     An insulator  586  is provided over the insulator  582 . The insulator  586  can be formed using a material similar to that for the insulator  320 . In the case where a material with a relatively low dielectric constant is used for these insulators, the parasitic capacitance between wirings can be reduced. For example, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, or the like can be used for the insulator  586 . 
     The conductor  546 , the conductor  548 , and the like are embedded in the insulator  520 , the insulator  522 , the insulator  524 , the insulator  544 , the insulator  580 , the insulator  574 , the insulator  581 , the insulator  582 , and the insulator  586 . 
     The conductor  546  and the conductor  548  function as plugs or wirings that are connected to the capacitor  600 , the transistor  500 , or the transistor  550 . The conductor  546  and the conductor  548  can each be formed using a material similar to that for the conductor  328  and the conductor  330 . 
     After the transistor  500  is formed, an opening may be formed to surround the transistor  500  and an insulator having a high barrier property against hydrogen or water may be formed to cover the opening. Surrounding the transistor  500  by the insulator having a high barrier property can prevent entry of moisture and hydrogen from the outside. Alternatively, a plurality of transistors  500  may be collectively surrounded by the insulator having a high barrier property against hydrogen or water. When an opening is formed to surround the transistor  500 , for example, the formation of an opening reaching the insulator  522  or the insulator  514  and the formation of the insulator having a high barrier property in contact with the insulator  522  or the insulator  514  are suitable because these formation steps can also serve as some of the manufacturing steps of the transistor  500 . The insulator having a high barrier property against hydrogen or water may be formed using a material similar to that for the insulator  522  or the insulator  514 , for example. 
     The capacitor  600  is provided above the transistor  500 . The capacitor  600  includes a conductor  610 , a conductor  620 , and an insulator  630 . 
     A conductor  612  may be provided over the conductor  546  and the conductor  548 . The conductor  612  functions as a plug or a wiring that is connected to the transistor  500 . The conductor  610  functions as an electrode of the capacitor  600 . The conductor  612  and the conductor  610  can be formed in the same process. 
     The conductor  612  and the conductor  610  can be formed using a metal film containing an element selected from molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, chromium, neodymium, and scandium; a metal nitride film containing any of the above elements as its component (a tantalum nitride film, a titanium nitride film, a molybdenum nitride film, or a tungsten nitride film); or the like. Alternatively, it is possible to use a conductive material such as indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added. 
     The conductor  612  and the conductor  610  each have a single-layer structure in this embodiment; however, the structure is not limited thereto, and a stacked-layer structure of two or more layers may be used. For example, between a conductor having a barrier property and a conductor having high conductivity, a conductor that is highly adhesive to the conductor having a barrier property and the conductor having high conductivity may be formed. 
     The conductor  620  is provided to overlap with the conductor  610  with the insulator  630  therebetween. Note that the conductor  620  can be formed using a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, or a metal oxide material. It is preferable to use a high-melting-point material that has both heat resistance and conductivity, such as tungsten or molybdenum, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten. In the case where the conductor  620  is formed in the same process as another component such as a conductor, copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), or the like, which is a low-resistance metal material, may be used. 
     An insulator  640  is provided over the conductor  620  and the insulator  630 . The insulator  640  can be formed using a material similar to that for the insulator  320 . The insulator  640  may function as a planarization film that covers a roughness thereunder. 
     With the use of the structure, a semiconductor device that includes a transistor including an oxide semiconductor can be miniaturized or highly integrated. 
     Examples of a substrate that can be used for the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a ceramic substrate, a metal substrate (e.g., a stainless steel substrate, a substrate including stainless steel foil, a tungsten substrate, and a substrate including tungsten foil), a semiconductor substrate (e.g., a single crystal semiconductor substrate, a polycrystalline semiconductor substrate, and a compound semiconductor substrate), and an SOI (Silicon on Insulator) substrate. Alternatively, a plastic substrate having heat resistance to the processing temperature in this embodiment may be used. Examples of a glass substrate include barium borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, and soda lime glass. Alternatively, crystallized glass or the like can be used. 
     Alternatively, a flexible substrate, an attachment film, paper including a fibrous material, a base film, or the like can be used as the substrate. Examples of a material for a flexible substrate, an attachment film, a base film, or the like include plastic typified by polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyether sulfone (PES), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Another example is a synthetic resin such as acrylic. Other examples include polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl fluoride, and polyvinyl chloride. Alternatively, polyamide, polyimide, an aramid resin, an epoxy resin, an inorganic vapor deposition film, and paper can be used. Specifically, the use of a semiconductor substrate, a single crystal substrate, an SOI substrate, or the like enables the manufacture of small-sized transistors with a small variation in characteristics, size, shape, or the like and with high current capability. A circuit using such transistors achieves lower power consumption or higher integration. 
     A flexible substrate may be used as the substrate, and a transistor, a resistor, a capacitor, and/or the like may be formed directly over the flexible substrate. Alternatively, a separation layer may be provided between the substrate and the transistor, the resistor, the capacitor, and/or the like. The separation layer can be used when part or the whole of a semiconductor device formed over the separation layer is separated from the substrate and transferred to another substrate. In such a case, the transistor, the resistor, the capacitor, and/or the like can be transferred to a substrate having low heat resistance or a flexible substrate. As the separation layer, a stack of inorganic films, namely a tungsten film and a silicon oxide film, an organic resin film of polyimide or the like formed over a substrate, or a silicon film containing hydrogen can be used, for example. 
     That is, a semiconductor device may be formed over one substrate and then transferred to another substrate. Examples of a substrate to which a semiconductor device is transferred include, in addition to the above-described substrates over which transistors can be formed, a paper substrate, a cellophane substrate, an aramid film substrate, a polyimide film substrate, a stone substrate, a wood substrate, a cloth substrate (including a natural fiber (e.g., silk, cotton, or hemp), a synthetic fiber (e.g., nylon, polyurethane, or polyester), a regenerated fiber (e.g., acetate, cupro, rayon, or regenerated polyester), or the like), a leather substrate, and a rubber substrate. With the use of any of these substrates, it is possible to manufacture a flexible semiconductor device or a highly durable semiconductor device, to provide heat resistance, or to reduce a weight or a thickness. 
     Providing a semiconductor device over a flexible substrate can suppress an increase in weight and can produce a non-breakable semiconductor device. 
     Modification Example 1 of Transistor 
     A transistor  500 A illustrated in  FIG. 12A  to  FIG. 12C  is a modification example of the transistor  500  having the structure illustrated in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B .  FIG. 12A  is a top view of the transistor  500 A,  FIG. 12B  is a cross-sectional view of the transistor  500 A in the channel length direction, and  FIG. 12C  is a cross-sectional view of the transistor  500 A in the channel width direction. Note that for simplification of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view in  FIG. 12A . The structure illustrated in  FIG. 12A  to  FIG. 12C  can be used for other transistors such as the transistor  550  included in the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. 
     The transistor  500 A illustrated in  FIG. 12A  to  FIG. 12C  is different from the transistor  500  having the structure illustrated in  FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  in including an insulator  552 , an insulator  513 , and an insulator  404 . The transistor  500 A is different from the transistor  500  also in that the insulators  552  are provided in contact with the side surfaces of the conductor  540   a  and the conductor  540   b . The transistor  500 A is different from the transistor  500  also in not including the insulator  520 . 
     In the transistor  500 A having the structure illustrated in  FIG. 12A  to  FIG. 12C , the insulator  513  is provided over the insulator  512 . The insulator  404  is provided over the insulator  574  and the insulator  513 . 
     In the transistor  500 A having the structure illustrated in  FIG. 12A  to  FIG. 12C , the insulator  514 , the insulator  516 , the insulator  522 , the insulator  524 , the insulator  544 , the insulator  580 , and the insulator  574  are patterned and covered with the insulator  404 . That is, the insulator  404  is in contact with the top surfaces of the insulator  574  and the insulator  513  and the side surfaces of the insulator  574 , the insulator  580 , the insulator  544 , the insulator  524 , the insulator  522 , the insulator  516 , and the insulator  514 . With such a structure, the oxide  530  and the like are isolated from the outside by the insulator  404  and the insulator  513 . 
     The insulator  513  and the insulator  404  preferably have high capability of inhibiting diffusion of hydrogen (e.g., at least one of hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, and the like) or water molecules. For example, the insulator  513  and the insulator  404  are preferably formed using silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide with a high hydrogen barrier property. This can inhibit diffusion of hydrogen or the like into the oxide  530 , thereby suppressing the degradation of the characteristics of the transistor  500 A. Thus, the reliability of the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be increased. 
     The insulator  552  is provided in contact with the insulator  581 , the insulator  404 , the insulator  574 , the insulator  580 , and the insulator  544 . The insulator  552  preferably has a function of inhibiting diffusion of hydrogen or water molecules. For example, as the insulator  552 , an insulator such as silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, or silicon nitride oxide that has a high hydrogen barrier property is preferably used. In particular, silicon nitride is suitably used for the insulator  552  because of its high hydrogen barrier property. The use of a material having a high hydrogen barrier property for the insulator  552  can inhibit diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen from the insulator  580  and the like into the oxide  530  through the conductor  540   a  and the conductor  540   b . Furthermore, oxygen contained in the insulator  580  can be inhibited from being absorbed by the conductor  540   a  and the conductor  540   b . In this manner, the reliability of the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be increased. 
     Modification Example 2 of Transistor 
     A structure example of a transistor  500 B is described with reference to  FIG. 13A ,  FIG. 13B , and  FIG. 13C .  FIG. 13A  is a top view of the transistor  500 B.  FIG. 13B  is a cross-sectional view taken along the dashed-dotted line L 1 -L 2  in  FIG. 13A .  FIG. 13C  is a cross-sectional view taken along the dashed-dotted line W 1 -W 2  in  FIG. 13A . Note that for simplification of the drawing, some components are not illustrated in the top view in  FIG. 13A . 
     The transistor  500 B is a modification example of the transistor  500  and can be replaced with the transistor  500 . Therefore, differences from the transistor  500  are mainly described to avoid repeated description. 
     The conductor  560  functioning as the first gate electrode includes the conductor  560   a  and the conductor  560   b  over the conductor  560   a . The conductor  560   a  is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of impurities such as a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, and a copper atom. Alternatively, the conductor  560   a  is preferably formed using a conductive material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen (e.g., at least one of oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, and the like). 
     When the conductor  560   a  has a function of inhibiting oxygen diffusion, the range of choices for the material of the conductor  560   b  can be expanded. That is, the conductor  560   a  inhibits oxidation of the conductor  560   b , thereby preventing a decrease in conductivity of the conductor  560   b.    
     The insulator  544  is preferably provided to cover the top surface and the side surface of the conductor  560  and the side surface of the insulator  545 . Note that the insulator  544  is preferably formed using an insulating material having a function of inhibiting diffusion of oxygen and impurities such as water and hydrogen. For example, aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide is preferably used. Alternatively, for example, a metal oxide such as magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, or tantalum oxide; silicon nitride oxide; or silicon nitride can be used. 
     The insulator  544  can inhibit the oxidation of the conductor  560 . In addition, the insulator  544  can inhibit diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator  580  into the transistor  500 B. 
     The transistor  500 B has a structure in which the conductor  560  overlaps with part of the conductor  542   a  and part of the conductor  542   b  and thus tends to have larger parasitic capacitance than the transistor  500 . Thus, the transistor  500 B tends to have a lower operation frequency than the transistor  500 . However, the transistor  500 B does not require a step of embedding the conductor  560 , the insulator  545 , and the like in the opening formed in the insulator  580  and the like; thus, the productivity of the transistor  500 B is higher than that of the transistor  500 . 
     The structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in the other embodiments and examples, for example. 
     Embodiment 3 
     In this embodiment, an oxide semiconductor, which is one kind of metal oxide, will be described. 
     A metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, indium and zinc are preferably contained. In addition to them, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, or the like is preferably contained. Furthermore, one or more elements selected from boron, silicon, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt, and the like may be contained. 
     &lt;Classification of Crystal Structure&gt; 
     First, the classification of crystal structures of an oxide semiconductor will be described with reference to  FIG. 15A .  FIG. 15A  shows the classification of crystal structures of an oxide semiconductor, typically IGZO (a metal oxide containing In, Ga, and Zn). 
     As shown in  FIG. 15A , an oxide semiconductor is roughly classified into “Amorphous”, “Crystalline”, and “Crystal”. The term “Amorphous” includes completely amorphous. The term “Crystalline” includes CAAC (c-axis-aligned crystalline), nc (nanocrystalline), and CAC (cloud-aligned composite) structures (excluding single crystal and poly crystal). Note that the term “Crystalline” excludes single crystal, poly crystal, and completely amorphous structures. The term “Crystal” includes single crystal and poly crystal. 
     Note that the structures in the thick frame in  FIG. 15A  are in an intermediate state between “Amorphous” and “Crystal”, and belong to a new boundary region (New crystalline phase). In other words, these structures are completely different from “Amorphous”, which is energetically unstable, and “Crystal”. 
     A crystal structure of a film or a substrate can be evaluated with an X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum.  FIG. 15B  shows an XRD spectrum, which is obtained by GIXD (Grazing-Incidence XRD) measurement, of a CAAC-IGZO film classified into “Crystalline”. Note that the GIXD method is also called a thin film method or a Seemann-Bohlin method. The XRD spectrum that is shown in  FIG. 15B  and obtained by GIXD measurement is hereinafter simply referred to as an XRD spectrum. The CAAC-IGZO film in  FIG. 15B  has an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 or a neighborhood thereof. The CAAC-IGZO film in  FIG. 15B  has a thickness of 500 nm. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15B , a clear peak indicating crystallinity is observed in the XRD spectrum of the CAAC-IGZO film. Specifically, a peak indicating c-axis alignment is detected at 2θ of around 31° in the XRD spectrum of the CAAC-IGZO film. As shown in  FIG. 15B , the peak at 2θ of around 31° is asymmetric with respect to the axis of the angle at which the peak intensity is detected. 
     A crystal structure of a film or a substrate can also be evaluated with a diffraction pattern obtained by a nanobeam electron diffraction (NBED) method (such a pattern is also referred to as a nanobeam electron diffraction pattern).  FIG. 15C  shows a diffraction pattern of the CAAC-IGZO film.  FIG. 15C  shows a diffraction pattern obtained by the NBED method in which an electron beam is incident in the direction parallel to the substrate. The CAAC-IGZO film in  FIG. 15C  has an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 or a neighborhood thereof. In the nanobeam electron diffraction method, electron diffraction is performed with a probe diameter of 1 nm. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15C , a plurality of spots indicating c-axis alignment are observed in the diffraction pattern of the CAAC-IGZO film. 
     &lt;&lt;Oxide Semiconductor Structure&gt;&gt; 
     Oxide semiconductors might be classified in a manner different from the one in  FIG. 15A  when classified in terms of the crystal structure. For example, oxide semiconductors are classified into a single crystal oxide semiconductor and a non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor. 
     Examples of the non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor include the above-described CAAC-OS and nc-OS. Other examples of the non-single-crystal oxide semiconductor include a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an amorphous-like oxide semiconductor (a-like OS), and an amorphous oxide semiconductor. 
     Here, the CAAC-OS, the nc-OS, and the a-like OS will be described in detail. 
     [CAAC-OS] 
     The CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor including a plurality of crystal regions whose c-axes are aligned in a particular direction. Note that the particular direction is the thickness direction of a CAAC-OS film, the normal direction of the surface where the CAAC-OS film is formed, or the normal direction of the surface of the CAAC-OS film. The crystal region has a periodic atomic arrangement. When an atomic arrangement is regarded as a lattice arrangement, the crystal region refers to a region with a regular lattice arrangement. Moreover, in some cases, the CAAC-OS includes a region where a plurality of crystal regions are connected to each other in the a-b plane direction, and this region has distortion. Note that distortion refers to a portion where the direction of a lattice arrangement changes between a region with a regular lattice arrangement and another region with a regular lattice arrangement in the region where the plurality of crystal regions are connected to each other. That is, the CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor that has c-axis alignment and does not have clear alignment in the a-b plane direction. 
     Note that the plurality of crystal regions are each formed of one or more minute crystals (crystals each of which has a maximum diameter less than 10 nm). The maximum diameter of a crystal region formed of one minute crystal is less than 10 nm. The size of a crystal region formed of a plurality of minute crystals may be approximately several tens of nanometers. 
     In an In-M-Zn oxide (an element M is one or more elements selected from aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, titanium, and the like), the CAAC-OS tends to have a layered crystal structure (also referred to as a layered structure) in which a layer containing indium (In) and oxygen (hereinafter, referred to as an In layer) and a layer containing the element M, zinc (Zn), and oxygen (hereinafter, referred to as an (M,Zn) layer) are stacked. Indium and the element M can be replaced with each other. Thus, the (M,Zn) layer contains indium in some cases. The In layer contains the element M in some cases, and contains Zn in other cases. The layered structure is observed as a lattice image in a high-resolution TEM image, for example. 
     When the CAAC-OS film is subjected to structural analysis by out-of-plane XRD measurement with an XRD apparatus using θ/2θ scanning, for example, a peak indicating c-axis alignment is detected at 2θ of 31° or around 31°. Note that the position of the peak indicating c-axis alignment (the value of 2θ) may change depending on the kind, composition, or the like of the metal element contained in the CAAC-OS. 
     For example, a plurality of bright spots are observed in the electron diffraction pattern of the CAAC-OS film. Note that one spot and another spot are observed point-symmetrically with a spot of the incident electron beam passing through a sample (also referred to as a direct spot) as the symmetric center. 
     When the crystal region is observed from the particular direction, a lattice arrangement in the crystal region is basically a hexagonal lattice arrangement; however, a unit lattice is not always a regular hexagon and is a non-regular hexagon in some cases. A pentagonal lattice arrangement, a heptagonal lattice arrangement, and the like are included in the distortion in some cases. Note that a clear grain boundary cannot be observed even in the vicinity of the distortion in the CAAC-OS. That is, formation of a grain boundary is inhibited by the distortion of a lattice arrangement. This is probably because the CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion owing to a low density of arrangement of oxygen atoms in the a-b plane direction, an interatomic bond distance changed by substitution of a metal atom, and the like. 
     A crystal structure in which a clear grain boundary is observed is what is called a polycrystal structure. It is highly probable that the grain boundary becomes a recombination center and traps carriers and thus decreases the on-state current and field-effect mobility of a transistor, for example. Thus, the CAAC-OS in which a clear grain boundary is not observed is one of crystalline oxides having a crystal structure suitable for a semiconductor layer of a transistor. Note that Zn is preferably contained to form the CAAC-OS. For example, an In—Zn oxide and an In-Ga—Zn oxide are suitable because they can inhibit generation of a grain boundary as compared with an In oxide. 
     The CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor which has high crystallinity and in which a clear grain boundary is not observed. Thus, in the CAAC-OS, a reduction in electron mobility due to the grain boundary is less likely to occur. Entry of impurities, formation of defects, or the like might decrease the crystallinity of an oxide semiconductor. This means that the CAAC-OS can be referred to as an oxide semiconductor having small amounts of impurities and defects (e.g., oxygen vacancies). Thus, an oxide semiconductor including the CAAC-OS is physically stable. Accordingly, the oxide semiconductor including the CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability. In addition, the CAAC-OS is stable with respect to high temperatures in the manufacturing process (i.e., thermal budget). Accordingly, the use of the CAAC-OS for the OS transistor can extend a degree of freedom of the manufacturing process. 
     [nc-OS] 
     In the nc-OS, a microscopic region (e.g., a region with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, in particular, a region with a size greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm) has a periodic atomic arrangement. In other words, the nc-OS includes a minute crystal. Note that the size of the minute crystal is, for example, greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, particularly greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm; thus, the minute crystal is also referred to as a nanocrystal. There is no regularity of crystal orientation between different nanocrystals in the nc-OS. Thus, the orientation in the whole film is not observed. Accordingly, in some cases, the nc-OS cannot be distinguished from an a-like OS or an amorphous oxide semiconductor, depending on an analysis method. For example, when an nc-OS film is subjected to structural analysis by out-of-plane XRD measurement with an XRD apparatus using θ/2θ scanning, a peak indicating crystallinity is not observed. Furthermore, a diffraction pattern like a halo pattern is observed when the nc-OS film is subjected to electron diffraction (also referred to as selected-area electron diffraction) using an electron beam with a probe diameter larger than the diameter of a nanocrystal (e.g., 50 nm or larger). Meanwhile, in some cases, a plurality of spots in a ring-like region with a direct spot as the center are observed in the obtained electron diffraction pattern when the nc-OS film is subjected to electron diffraction (also referred to as nanobeam electron diffraction) using an electron beam with a probe diameter nearly equal to or smaller than the diameter of a nanocrystal (e.g., 1 nm or larger and 30 nm or smaller). 
     [a-Like OS] 
     The a-like OS is an oxide semiconductor having a structure between those of the nc-OS and the amorphous oxide semiconductor. The a-like OS has a void or a low-density region. 
     That is, the a-like OS has lower crystallinity than the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS. Moreover, the a-like OS has higher hydrogen concentration than the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS. 
     &lt;&lt;Oxide Semiconductor Structure&gt;&gt; 
     Next, the above-described CAC-OS will be described in detail. Note that the CAC-OS relates to the material composition. 
     [CAC-OS] 
     The CAC-OS refers to one composition of a material in which elements constituting a metal oxide are unevenly distributed with a size greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm, or a similar size, for example. Note that a state in which one or more metal elements are unevenly distributed and regions including the metal element(s) are mixed with a size greater than or equal to 0.5 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 3 nm, or a similar size in a metal oxide is hereinafter referred to as a mosaic pattern or a patch-like pattern. 
     In addition, the CAC-OS has a composition in which materials are separated into a first region and a second region to form a mosaic pattern, and the first region is distributed in the film (this composition is hereinafter also referred to as a cloud-like composition). That is, the CAC-OS is a composite metal oxide having a composition in which the first region and the second region are mixed. 
     Note that the atomic ratios of In, Ga, and Zn to the metal elements contained in the CAC-OS in an In-Ga—Zn oxide are denoted by [In], [Ga], and [Zn], respectively. For example, the first region in the CAC-OS in the In-Ga—Zn oxide has [In] higher than [In] in the composition of the CAC-OS film. Moreover, the second region in the CAC-OS in the In-Ga—Zn oxide has [Ga] higher than [Ga] in the composition of the CAC-OS film. For example, the first region has higher [In] and lower [Ga] than the second region. Moreover, the second region has higher [Ga] and lower [In] than the first region. 
     Specifically, the first region includes indium oxide, indium zinc oxide, or the like as its main component. The second region includes gallium oxide, gallium zinc oxide, or the like as its main component. That is, the first region can be rephrased as a region containing In as its main component. The second region can be rephrased as a region containing Ga as its main component. 
     Note that a clear boundary between the first region and the second region cannot be observed in some cases. 
     For example, in EDX mapping obtained by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), it is confirmed that the CAC-OS in the In-Ga—Zn oxide has a composition in which the region containing In as its main component (the first region) and the region containing Ga as its main component (the second region) are unevenly distributed and mixed. 
     In the case where the CAC-OS is used for a transistor, a switching function (on/off switching function) can be given to the CAC-OS owing to the complementary action of the conductivity derived from the first region and the insulating property derived from the second region. That is, the CAC-OS has a conducting function in part of the material and has an insulating function in another part of the material; as a whole, the CAC-OS has a function of a semiconductor. Separation of the conducting function and the insulating function can maximize each function. Accordingly, when the CAC-OS is used for a transistor, high on-state current (I on ), high field-effect mobility (μ), and excellent switching operation can be achieved. 
     An oxide semiconductor can have any of various structures that show various different properties. Two or more of the amorphous oxide semiconductor, the polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, the a-like OS, the CAC-OS, the nc-OS, and the CAAC-OS may be included in an oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention. 
     &lt;Transistor Including Oxide Semiconductor&gt; 
     Next, a transistor including the above oxide semiconductor is described. 
     When the oxide semiconductor is used for a transistor, the transistor can have high field-effect mobility. In addition, the transistor with high reliability can be obtained. 
     An oxide semiconductor with a low carrier concentration is preferably used for the transistor. For example, the carrier concentration of an oxide semiconductor is lower than or equal to 1×10 17  cm −3 , preferably lower than or equal to 1×10 15  cm −3 , further preferably lower than or equal to 1×10 13  cm −3 , still further preferably lower than or equal to 1×10 11  cm −3 , yet further preferably lower than 1×10 10  cm −3 , and higher than or equal to 1×10 −9  cm −3 . In order to reduce the carrier concentration of an oxide semiconductor film, the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor film is reduced so that the density of defect states can be reduced. In this specification and the like, a state with a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect states is referred to as a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic state. Note that an oxide semiconductor with a low carrier concentration may be referred to as a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor. 
     A highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor film has a low density of defect states and thus has a low density of trap states in some cases. 
     Charges trapped by the trap states in an oxide semiconductor take a long time to disappear and may behave like fixed charges. Thus, a transistor whose channel formation region is formed in an oxide semiconductor having a high density of trap states has unstable electrical characteristics in some cases. 
     Thus, a reduction in the concentration of impurities in the oxide semiconductor is effective in stabilizing electrical characteristics of the transistor. In order to reduce the concentration of impurities in the oxide semiconductor, the concentration of impurities in an adjacent film is also preferably reduced. Examples of impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, iron, nickel, and silicon. 
     &lt;Impurity&gt; 
     The influence of impurities in the oxide semiconductor is described here. 
     When silicon or carbon, which is a Group 14 element, is contained in an oxide semiconductor, defect states are formed in the oxide semiconductor. Thus, the concentration of silicon or carbon in the oxide semiconductor and the concentration of silicon or carbon in the vicinity of an interface with the oxide semiconductor (the concentration measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)) are lower than or equal to 2×10 18  atoms/cm 3 , preferably lower than or equal to 2×10 17  atoms/cm 3 . 
     When the oxide semiconductor contains alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, defect states are formed and carriers are generated, in some cases. Accordingly, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor that contains alkali metal or alkaline earth metal tends to have normally-on characteristics. Thus, the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the oxide semiconductor measured by SIMS is set lower than or equal to 1×10 18  atoms/cm 3 , preferably lower than or equal to 2×10 16  atoms/cm 3 . 
     An oxide semiconductor containing nitrogen easily becomes n-type by generation of electrons serving as carriers and an increase in carrier concentration. Thus, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor that contains nitrogen as the semiconductor tends to have normally-on characteristics. When nitrogen is contained in the oxide semiconductor, trap states are sometimes formed. This might result in unstable electrical characteristics of the transistor. Thus, the concentration of nitrogen in the oxide semiconductor, which is measured by SIMS, is lower than 5×10 19  atoms/cm 3 , preferably lower than or equal to 5×10 18  atoms/cm 3 , further preferably lower than or equal to 1×10 18  atoms/cm 3 , still further preferably lower than or equal to 5×10 17  atoms/cm 3 . 
     Hydrogen contained in an oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to be water, and thus causes an oxygen vacancy in some cases. Entry of hydrogen into the oxygen vacancy generates an electron serving as a carrier in some cases. Furthermore, in some cases, bonding of part of hydrogen to oxygen bonded to a metal atom generates an electron serving as a carrier. Thus, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor that contains hydrogen tends to have normally-on characteristics. Accordingly, hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor is preferably reduced as much as possible. Specifically, the hydrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor measured by SIMS is lower than 1×10 20  atoms/cm 3 , preferably lower than 1×10 19  atoms/cm 3 , further preferably lower than 5×10 18  atoms/cm 3 , still further preferably lower than 1×10 18  atoms/cm 3 . 
     When an oxide semiconductor with sufficiently reduced impurity concentration is used for a channel formation region in a transistor, the transistor can have stable electrical characteristics. 
     The structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in the other embodiments and examples, for example. 
     Embodiment 4 
     In this embodiment, application examples of the above-described semiconductor device will be described. 
     [Semiconductor Wafer and Chip] 
       FIG. 16A  is a top view of a substrate  711  before dicing treatment. As the substrate  711 , a semiconductor substrate (also referred to as a “semiconductor wafer”) can be used, for example. A plurality of circuit regions  712  are provided on the substrate  711 . A semiconductor device, a CPU, an RF tag, an image sensor, or the like of one embodiment of the present invention can be provided in the circuit region  712 . 
     The plurality of circuit regions  712  are each surrounded by a separation region  713 . Separation lines (also referred to as “dicing lines”)  714  are set at a position overlapping with the separation regions  713 . The substrate  711  can be cut along the separation lines  714  into chips  715  including the circuit regions  712 .  FIG. 16B  is an enlarged view of the chip  715 . 
     A conductor or a semiconductor layer may be provided in the separation regions  713 . Providing a conductor or a semiconductor layer in the separation regions  713  relieves ESD that might be caused in a dicing step, preventing a decrease in the yield of the dicing step. A dicing step is generally performed while letting pure water whose specific resistance is decreased by dissolution of a carbonic acid gas or the like flow to a cut portion, in order to cool down a substrate, remove swarf, and prevent electrification, for example. Providing a conductor or a semiconductor layer in the separation regions  713  allows a reduction in the usage of the pure water. Therefore, the cost of manufacturing semiconductor devices can be reduced. Moreover, semiconductor devices can be manufactured with improved productivity. 
     For a semiconductor layer provided in the separation regions  713 , a material having a band gap of 2.5 eV or more and 4.2 eV or less, preferably 2.7 eV or more and 3.5 eV or less is preferably used. The use of such a material allows accumulated charges to be released slowly; thus, the rapid move of charges due to ESD can be suppressed and electrostatic breakdown is less likely to occur. 
     [Electronic Component] 
       FIG. 17  show an example in which the chip  715  is used in an electronic component. Note that the electronic component is also referred to as a semiconductor package or an IC package. There are various standards and names for the electronic component on a terminal extraction direction and a terminal shape. 
     The electronic component is completed when the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment is combined with components other than the semiconductor device in an assembly process (post-process). 
     The post-process will be described with reference to a flow chart in  FIG. 17A . After an element substrate including the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment is completed in a pre-process, a “back surface grinding step” of grinding a back surface (a surface where a semiconductor device and the like are not formed) of the element substrate is performed (Step S 721 ). When the element substrate is thinned by grinding, warpage or the like of the element substrate is reduced, so that the size of the electronic component can be reduced. 
     Next, a “dicing step” of dividing the element substrate into a plurality of chips (chips  715 ) is performed (Step S 722 ). Then, a “die bonding step” of separately picking up the divided chips and bonding the chips onto a lead frame is performed (Step S 723 ). To bond a chip and a lead frame in the die bonding step, a method such as bonding using resin or a tape is selected as appropriate depending on products. Note that the chip may be bonded onto an interposer substrate instead of the lead frame. 
     Next, a “wire bonding step” of electrically connecting a lead of the lead frame and an electrode on the chip through a metal fine line (wire) is performed (Step S 724 ). A silver line or a gold line can be used as the metal fine line. Ball bonding or wedge bonding can be used as the wire bonding. 
     The wire-bonded chip is subjected to a “sealing step (molding step)” of sealing the chip with an epoxy resin or the like (Step S 725 ). Through the sealing step, the inside of the electronic component is filled with a resin, so that a circuit portion incorporated in the chip and a wire for connecting the chip to the lead can be protected from external mechanical force, and deterioration of characteristics (a decrease in reliability) due to moisture or dust can be reduced. 
     Subsequently, a “lead plating step” of plating the lead of the lead frame is performed (Step S 726 ). This plating process prevents rust of the lead and enables more securely soldering at the time of mounting the electronic component on a printed circuit board in a later step. Then, a “forming step” of cutting and forming of the lead is performed (Step S 727 ). 
     Next, a “marking step” of printing (marking) on a surface of the package is performed (Step S 728 ). After a “testing step” (Step S 729 ) for checking whether an external shape is good and whether there is an operation malfunction, for example, the electronic component is completed. 
       FIG. 17B  is a schematic perspective view of a completed electronic component.  FIG. 17B  is a schematic perspective view illustrating a QFP (Quad Flat Package) as an example of the electronic component. In an electronic component  750  in  FIG. 17B , a lead  755  and a semiconductor device  753  are shown. As the semiconductor device  753 , the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment or the like can be used. 
     The electronic component  750  in  FIG. 17B  is mounted on a printed circuit board  752 , for example. A plurality of electronic components  750  are combined and electrically connected to each other over the printed circuit board  752 ; thus, a substrate on which the electronic components are mounted (a circuit board  754 ) is completed. The completed circuit board  754  is provided in an electronic device or the like. 
     [Electronic Device] 
     Next, examples of electronic devices including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the above-described electronic component will be described. 
     Examples of electronic devices including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component include display devices of televisions, monitors, and the like; lighting devices; desktop personal computers; laptop personal computers; word processors; image reproduction devices that reproduce still images and moving images stored in recording media such as DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs); portable CD players; radios; tape recorders; headphone stereos; stereos; table clocks; wall clocks; cordless phone handsets; transceivers; mobile phones; car phones; portable game machines; tablet terminals; large-sized game machines such as pachinko machines; calculators; portable information terminals; electronic notebooks; e-book readers; electronic translators; audio input devices; video cameras; digital still cameras; electric shavers; high-frequency heating appliances such as microwave ovens; electric rice cookers; electric washing machines; electric vacuum cleaners; water heaters; electric fans; hair dryers; air-conditioning systems such as air conditioners, humidifiers, and dehumidifiers; dishwashers; dish dryers; clothes dryers; futon dryers; electric refrigerators; electric freezers; electric refrigerator-freezers; freezers for preserving DNA; flashlights; tools such as chain saws; smoke detectors; and medical equipment such as dialyzers. Other examples include industrial equipment such as guide lights, traffic lights, conveyor belts, elevators, escalators, industrial robots, power storage systems, and power storage devices for leveling the amount of power supply and smart grid. 
     In addition, moving objects and the like driven by electric motors using electric power from the power storage devices are also included in the category of electronic devices. Examples of the moving objects include electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) that include both an internal-combustion engine and a motor, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), tracked vehicles in which caterpillar tracks are substituted for wheels of these vehicles, motorized bicycles including motor-assisted bicycles, motorcycles, electric wheelchairs, golf carts, boats, ships, submarines, helicopters, aircraft, rockets, artificial satellites, space probes, planetary probes, and spacecraft. 
     The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component can be used for a communication device or the like incorporated in the electronic devices. 
     The electronic devices may include a sensor (a sensor having a function of measuring force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotational frequency, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, electric power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, oscillation, odor, or infrared rays), for example. 
     The electronic devices can have a variety of functions such as a function of displaying a variety of data (a still image, a moving image, a text image, and the like) on a display portion, a touch panel function, a function of displaying a calendar, date, time, and the like, a function of executing a variety of software (programs), a wireless communication function, and a function of reading out a program or data stored in a recording medium, for example. 
       FIG. 18  and  FIG. 19A  to  FIG. 19F  illustrate examples of electronic devices. In  FIG. 18 , a display device  8000  is an example of an electronic device including a semiconductor device  8004  of one embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the display device  8000  corresponds to a display device for TV broadcast reception and includes a housing  8001 , a display portion  8002 , speaker portions  8003 , the semiconductor device  8004 , a power storage device  8005 , and the like. The semiconductor device  8004  of one embodiment of the present invention is provided in the housing  8001 . The semiconductor device  8004  can retain control data, a control program, or the like. The semiconductor device  8004  has a communication function, and the display device  8000  can function as an IoT device. The display device  8000  can receive electric power from a commercial power supply. Alternatively, the display device  8000  can use electric power stored in the power storage device  8005 . 
     A display device such as a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting display device in which a light-emitting element such as an organic EL element is provided in each pixel, an electrophoresis display device, a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device), a PDP (Plasma Display Panel), or a FED (Field Emission Display) can be used for the display portion  8002 . 
     Note that the display device includes, in its category, all of information display devices for personal computers, advertisement displays, and the like besides TV broadcast reception. 
     In  FIG. 18 , an installation lighting device  8100  is an example of an electronic device including a semiconductor device  8103  of one embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the lighting device  8100  includes a housing  8101 , a light source  8102 , the semiconductor device  8103 , a power storage device  8105 , and the like. Although  FIG. 18  illustrates the case where the semiconductor device  8103  is provided in a ceiling  8104  on which the housing  8101  and the light source  8102  are installed, the semiconductor device  8103  may be provided in the housing  8101 . The semiconductor device  8103  can retain data such as emission luminance of the light source  8102 , a control program, or the like. The semiconductor device  8103  has a communication function, and the lighting device  8100  can function as an IoT device. The lighting device  8100  can receive electric power from a commercial power supply. Alternatively, the lighting device  8100  can use electric power stored in the power storage device. 
     Although  FIG. 18  illustrates the installation lighting device  8100  provided in the ceiling  8104  as an example, the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used in an installation lighting device provided in, for example, a wall  8405 , a floor  8406 , a window  8407 , or the like other than the ceiling  8104 , or a tabletop lighting device or the like. 
     As the light source  8102 , an artificial light source that emits light artificially by using electric power can be used. Specific examples of the artificial light source include an incandescent lamp, a discharge lamp such as a fluorescent lamp, and light-emitting elements such as an LED and an organic EL element. 
     In  FIG. 18 , an air conditioner including an indoor unit  8200  and an outdoor unit  8204  is an example of an electronic device including a semiconductor device  8203  of one embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the indoor unit  8200  includes a housing  8201 , an air outlet  8202 , the semiconductor device  8203 , a power storage device  8205 , and the like. Although  FIG. 18  illustrates the case where the semiconductor device  8203  is provided in the indoor unit  8200 , the semiconductor device  8203  may be provided in the outdoor unit  8204 . Alternatively, the semiconductor devices  8203  may be provided in both the indoor unit  8200  and the outdoor unit  8204 . The semiconductor device  8203  can retain control data, a control program, or the like of the air conditioner. The semiconductor device  8203  has a communication function, and the air conditioner can function as an IoT device. The air conditioner can receive electric power from a commercial power supply. Alternatively, the air conditioner can use electric power stored in the power storage device  8205 . 
     Although  FIG. 18  illustrates the split-type air conditioner including the indoor unit and the outdoor unit as an example, the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used in a unified-type air conditioner in which the functions of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit are included in one housing. 
     In  FIG. 18 , an electric refrigerator-freezer  8300  is an example of an electronic device including a semiconductor device  8304  of one embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the electric refrigerator-freezer  8300  includes a housing  8301 , a refrigerator door  8302 , a freezer door  8303 , the semiconductor device  8304 , a power storage device  8305 , and the like. In  FIG. 18 , the power storage device  8305  is provided in the housing  8301 . The semiconductor device  8304  can retain control data, a control program, or the like of the electric refrigerator-freezer  8300 . The semiconductor device  8304  has a communication function, and the electric refrigerator-freezer  8300  can function as an IoT device. The electric refrigerator-freezer  8300  can receive electric power from a commercial power supply or use electric power stored in the power storage device  8305 . 
       FIG. 19A  illustrates an example of a watch-type portable information terminal. A portable information terminal  6100  includes a housing  6101 , a display portion  6102 , a band  6103 , operation buttons  6105 , and the like. The portable information terminal  6100  further includes a secondary battery and the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component. The portable information terminal  6100  including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component can function as an IoT device. 
       FIG. 19B  illustrates an example of a portable telephone. A portable information terminal  6200  includes a display portion  6202  incorporated in a housing  6201 , operation buttons  6203 , a speaker  6204 , a microphone  6205 , and the like. 
     The portable information terminal  6200  further includes a fingerprint sensor  6209  in a region overlapping with the display portion  6202 . The fingerprint sensor  6209  may be an organic optical sensor. Since a fingerprint differs between individuals, the fingerprint sensor  6209  can perform personal authentication when acquiring fingerprint patterns. As a light source for acquiring fingerprint patterns with the fingerprint sensor  6209 , light emitted from the display portion  6202  can be used. 
     The portable information terminal  6200  further includes a secondary battery and the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component. The portable information terminal  6200  including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component can function as an IoT device. 
       FIG. 19C  illustrates an example of a cleaning robot. A cleaning robot  6300  includes a display portion  6302  placed on the top surface of a housing  6301 , a plurality of cameras  6303  placed on the side surface of the housing  6301 , a brush  6304 , operation buttons  6305 , a variety of sensors, and the like. Although not illustrated, the cleaning robot  6300  is provided with a tire, an inlet, and the like. The cleaning robot  6300  is self-propelled, detects dust  6310 , and sucks up the dust through the inlet provided on the bottom surface. 
     For example, the cleaning robot  6300  can determine whether there is an obstacle such as a wall, furniture, or a step by analyzing images taken by the cameras  6303 . In the case where the cleaning robot  6300  detects an object, e.g. wiring, that is likely to be caught in the brush  6304  by image analysis, the rotation of the brush  6304  can be stopped. The cleaning robot  6300  further includes a secondary battery and the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component. The cleaning robot  6300  including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component can function as an IoT device. 
       FIG. 19D  illustrates an example of a robot. A robot  6400  illustrated in  FIG. 19D  includes an arithmetic unit  6409 , an illuminance sensor  6401 , a microphone  6402 , an upper camera  6403 , a speaker  6404 , a display portion  6405 , a lower camera  6406 , an obstacle sensor  6407 , and a moving mechanism  6408 . 
     The microphone  6402  has a function of detecting a speaking voice of a user, an environmental sound, and the like. The speaker  6404  has a function of outputting sound. The robot  6400  can communicate with a user using the microphone  6402  and the speaker  6404 . 
     The display portion  6405  has a function of displaying various kinds of information. The robot  6400  can display information desired by a user on the display portion  6405 . The display portion  6405  may be provided with a touch panel. Moreover, the display portion  6405  may be a detachable information terminal, in which case charging and data communication can be performed when the display portion  6405  is set at the home position of the robot  6400 . 
     The upper camera  6403  and the lower camera  6406  have a function of taking an image of the surroundings of the robot  6400 . The obstacle sensor  6407  can detect an obstacle in the direction where the robot  6400  advances with the moving mechanism  6408 . The robot  6400  can move safely by recognizing the surroundings with the upper camera  6403 , the lower camera  6406 , and the obstacle sensor  6407 . The light-emitting device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for the display portion  6405 . 
     The robot  6400  further includes a secondary battery and the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component. The robot  6400  including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component can function as an IoT device. 
       FIG. 19E  illustrates an example of a flying object. A flying object  6500  illustrated in  FIG. 19E  includes propellers  6501 , a camera  6502 , a battery  6503 , and the like and has a function of flying autonomously. 
     For example, image data taken by the camera  6502  is stored in an electronic component  6504 . The electronic component  6504  can analyze the image data to detect whether there is an obstacle in the way of the movement. Moreover, the electronic component  6504  can estimate the remaining battery level from a change in the power storage capacity of the battery  6503 . The flying object  6500  further includes the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component. The flying object  6500  including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component can function as an IoT device. 
       FIG. 19F  illustrates an example of an automobile. An automobile  7160  includes an engine, tires, a brake, a steering gear, a camera, and the like. The automobile  7160  further includes the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component. The automobile  7160  including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention or the electronic component can function as an IoT device. 
     The structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in this example can be combined as appropriate with any of the structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in the other embodiments and examples. 
     Embodiment 5 
     The use of the OS transistor described in this specification and the like enables a normally-off CPU (also referred to as “Noff CPU”) to be obtained. Note that the Noff CPU is an integrated circuit including a normally-off transistor, which is in a non-conduction state (also referred to as off state) even when a gate voltage is 0 V. 
     In the Noff CPU, power supply to a circuit that does not need to operate can be stopped so that the circuit can be brought into a standby state. The circuit brought into the standby state because of the stop of power supply does not consume power. Thus, the power usage of the Noff CPU can be minimized. Moreover, the Noff CPU can retain data necessary for operation, such as setting conditions, for a long time even when power supply is stopped. The return from the standby state requires only restart of power supply to the circuit and does not require rewriting of setting conditions or the like. In other words, high-speed return from the standby state is possible. As described here, the power consumption of the Noff CPU can be reduced without a significant decrease in operation speed. 
     The Noff CPU can be suitably used for a small-scale system such as an IoT (Internet of Things) end device (also referred to as endpoint microcomputer)  803  in the IoT field, for example. 
       FIG. 20  shows a hierarchical structure of an IoT network and tendencies of required specifications.  FIG. 20  shows power consumption  804  and processing performance  805  as the required specifications. The hierarchical structure of the IoT network is roughly divided into a cloud field  801  at the upper level and an embedded field  802  at the lower level. The cloud field  801  includes a server, for example. The embedded field  802  includes a machine, an industrial robot, an in-vehicle device, and a home appliance, for example. 
     At the upper level, higher processing performance is required rather than lower power consumption. Thus, a high-performance CPU, a high-performance GPU, a large-scale SoC, and the like are used in the cloud field  801 . Furthermore, at the lower level, lower power consumption is required rather than higher processing performance, and the number of devices is explosively increased. The semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be suitably used for a communication device in the IoT end device that needs to have low power consumption. 
     Note that an “endpoint” refers to an end region of the embedded field  802 . Examples of a device used in the endpoint include microcomputers used in a factory, a home appliance, infrastructure, agriculture, and the like. 
       FIG. 21  is an image diagram showing factory automation as an application example of the endpoint microcomputer. A factory  884  is connected to a cloud  883  through Internet connection. The cloud  883  is connected to a home  881  and an office  882  through Internet connection. The Internet connection may be wired communication or wireless communication. In the case of wireless communication, for example, wireless communication based on a communication standard such as the 4th generation mobile communication system (4G) or the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G) can be performed using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention for a communication device. The factory  884  may be connected to a factory  885  and a factory  886  through Internet connection. 
     The factory  884  includes a master device (control device)  831 . The master device  831  is connected to the cloud  883  and has a function of transmitting and receiving data. The master device  831  is connected to a plurality of industrial robots  842  included in an IoT end device  841  through a M2M (Machine-to-Machine) interface  832 . As the M2M interface  832 , for example, industrial Ethernet (“Ethernet” is a registered trademark), which is a kind of wired communication, or local 5G, which is a kind of wireless communication, may be used. 
     A manager of the factory can check the operational status or the like from the home  881  or the office  882  connected to the factory  884  through the cloud  883 . In addition, the manager can check wrong items and part shortage, instruct a storage space, and measure takt time, for example. 
     In recent years, IoT has been globally introduced into factories, under the name “Smart Factory”. Smart Factory has been reported to enable not only simple examination and inspection by an endpoint microcomputer but also detection of failures and prediction of abnormality, for example. 
     The total power consumption of a small-scale system such as an endpoint microcomputer during operation is often small, which enhances the power reduction effect in a standby state by the Noff CPU. Although the embedded field of IoT sometimes requires quick response, the use of the Noff CPU achieves high-speed return from a standby state. 
     The structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in this embodiment can be combined as appropriate with any of the structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in the other embodiments and examples, for example. 
     Example 
     In this example, simulation results of cut-off frequency of an OS-FET which can be used for a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention are described. 
     The cutoff frequency (f T ) of the OS-FET is obtained by Formula 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     f 
                     T 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       g 
                       m 
                     
                     
                       2 
                       ⁢ 
                       π 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         C 
                         g 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   1 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here, C g  and g m  denote a gate capacitance and a mutual conductance, respectively, of the OS-FET. The mutual conductance g m  at a particular drain voltage can be obtained with the use of Formula 2 below 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Formula 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     2 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     g 
                     m 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ( 
                       
                         
                           ∂ 
                           
                             I 
                             d 
                           
                         
                         
                           ∂ 
                           
                             V 
                             g 
                           
                         
                       
                       ) 
                     
                     
                       V 
                       d 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   2 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Formula 2 above, V g , I d , and V d  denote a gate voltage, a drain current, and a drain voltage, respectively, of an OS-FET. 
     For the calculation of the cut-off frequency, Atlas  3 D, a device simulator from Silvaco Inc., was used.  FIG. 22A  to  FIG. 22C  illustrate a structure of the OS-FET used for the calculation.  FIG. 22A  is a schematic cross-sectional view in the L-length direction of a channel center portion of the OS-FET.  FIG. 22B  is a schematic cross-sectional view in the W-width direction of the channel center portion of the OS-FET.  FIG. 22C  is a schematic cross-sectional view in the W-width direction of the source region or the drain region of the OS-FET. 
     In  FIG. 22A  to  FIG. 22C , the OS-FET includes BGE, BGI1, BGI2, OS1, OS2, SD, TGI, and TGE. BGE functions as a back gate electrode and TGE functions as a gate electrode (also referred to as a top gate electrode). OS1 and OS2 are stacked metal oxides. SD functions as one of the source electrode and the drain electrode or the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode. BGI1 and BGI2 function as stacked gate insulating films which are provided between BGE and OS1, and TGI functions as a gate insulating film which is provided between OS2 and TGE. 
     A metal oxide having an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=1:3:4 was used as OS1. Furthermore, a metal oxide having an atomic ratio of In:Ga:Zn=4:2:3 was used as OS2. 
     In  FIG. 22A , L that is a width of TGE denotes a channel length, and in  FIG. 22B , W that is a width of OS1 and OS2 denotes a channel width. 
     Table 1 shows the calculation conditions. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Software 
                 Atlas3D (Silvaco Inc.) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Structure 
                 L 
                 30 
                 nm 
               
               
                   
                 W 
                 30 
                 nm 
               
               
                 BGE 
                 Work function 
                 5.0 
                 eV 
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 20 
                 nm 
               
               
                 BGI1 
                 Dielectric constant 
                 16.4 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 20 
                 nm 
               
               
                 BGI2 
                 Dielectric constant 
                 4.1 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 30 
                 nm 
               
               
                 TGI 
                 Dielectric constant 
                 4.1 
                 nm 
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 6 
                 nm 
               
               
                 TGE 
                 Work function 
                 4.7 
                 eV 
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 50 
                 nm 
               
               
                 SD 
                 Work function 
                 4.5 
                 eV 
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 20 
                 nm 
               
               
                 OS1 
                 Electron affinity 
                 4.5 
                 eV 
               
               
                 IGZO(134) 
                 Eg 
                 3.4 
                 eV 
               
               
                   
                 Dielectric constant 
                 15 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Electron mobility 
                 1.5 
                 cm 2 /Vs 
               
               
                   
                 Hole mobility 
                 0.01 
                 cm 2 /Vs 
               
               
                   
                 Nc 
                 5E+18 
                 /cm 3   
               
               
                   
                 Nv 
                 5E+18 
                 /cm 3   
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 5 
                 nm 
               
               
                 OS2 
                 Electron affinity 
                 4.6 
                 eV 
               
               
                 IGZO(423) 
                 Eg 
                 3.0 
                 eV 
               
               
                   
                 Dielectric constant 
                 15 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Electron mobility 
                 8 
                 cm 2 /Vs 
               
               
                   
                 Hole mobility 
                 0.01 
                 cm 2 /Vs 
               
               
                   
                 Nc 
                 5E+18 
                 /cm 3   
               
               
                   
                 Nv 
                 5E+18 
                 /cm 3   
               
               
                   
                 Film thickness 
                 15 
                 nm 
               
               
                   
                 Nd in n + region 
                 1E+20 
                 /cm 3   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 23  shows calculation results of the cutoff frequency of the OS-FET obtained under the above conditions. In  FIG. 23 , the horizontal axis represents the drain voltage (unit: V) of the OS-FET and the vertical axis represents the cutoff frequency f T  (unit: GHz). In the above calculation, the gate voltage and the drain voltage are the same value. The channel length and channel width of the OS-FET were 30 nm and 30 nm, respectively. 
     From the result of  FIG. 23 , it is found that the cut-off frequency of the OS-FET at the drain voltage of 1 V is 38.6 GHz; the cut-off frequency of the OS-FET at the drain voltage of 2 V is 71.5 GHz; the cut-off frequency of the OS-FET at the drain voltage of 3 V is 104.4 GHz; the cut-off frequency of the OS-FET at the drain voltage of 4 V is 132.8 GHz; and the cut-off frequency of the OS-FET at the drain voltage of 5 V is 160.1 GHz. It is thus found that the cutoff frequency at 100 GHz or higher can be obtained at the drain voltage of 3 V or higher by the calculation. 
     The above calculation result shows that the OS-FET can be favorably used in a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention. 
     The structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in this example can be combined as appropriate with any of the structures, the configurations, the methods, and the like described in the other embodiments, for example. 
     REFERENCE NUMERALS 
     L 1 : layer, L 2 : layer, L 3 : layer, L 3 A: layer, L 3 B: layer, L 4 : layer,  5 G: local,  10 : semiconductor device,  10 A: semiconductor device,  10 B: semiconductor device,  11 : antenna array,  11 A: antenna,  12 : transmission/reception control unit,  12 A: transmission/reception control unit,  12 B: transmission/reception control unit,  13 : signal processing unit,  14 : processor,  15 : GPU,  16 : power supply control unit,  16 A: power supply control unit,  16 B: power supply control unit,  17 : PLD,  18 : memory device,  18 A: memory device,  18 B: memory device,  18 C: memory device,  18 D: memory device,  18 E: memory device,  18 F: memory device,  18 G: memory device,  18 H: memory device,  19 : display device,  19 A: gate driver,  19 B: display region,  20 : sensor module,  24 : capacitor,  111 : memory element,  112 : transistor,  113 : capacitor,  114 : node,  115 : transistor,  116 : transistor,  123 : terminal,  124 : terminal,  126 : wiring,  311 : substrate,  313 : semiconductor region,  314   a : low-resistance region,  314   b : low-resistance region,  315 : insulator,  316 : conductor,  320 : insulator,  322 : insulator,  324 : insulator,  326 : insulator,  328 : conductor,  330 : conductor,  350 : insulator,  352 : insulator,  354 : insulator,  356 : conductor,  360 : insulator,  362 : insulator,  364 : insulator,  366 : conductor,  370 : insulator,  372 : insulator,  374 : insulator,  376 : conductor,  380 : insulator,  382 : insulator,  384 : insulator,  386 : conductor,  404 : insulator,  500 : transistor,  500 A: transistor,  500 B: transistor,  503 : conductor,  503   a : conductor,  503   b : conductor,  510 : insulator,  512 : insulator,  513 : insulator,  514 : insulator,  516 : insulator,  518 : conductor,  520 : insulator,  522 : insulator,  524 : insulator,  530 : oxide,  530   a : oxide,  530   b : oxide,  540   a : conductor,  540   b : conductor,  542 : conductor,  542   a : conductor,  542   b : conductor,  543   a : region,  543   b : region,  544 : insulator,  545 : insulator,  546 : conductor,  548 : conductor,  550 : transistor,  550 A: transistor,  552 : insulator,  560 : conductor,  560   a : conductor,  560   b : conductor,  574 : insulator,  580 : insulator,  581 : insulator,  582 : insulator,  586 : insulator,  600 : capacitor,  610 : conductor,  612 : conductor,  620 : conductor,  630 : insulator,  640 : insulator,  650 : transistor,  652 : low-temperature buffer layer,  54 : semiconductor layer,  656 : semiconductor layer,  658 : conductor,  711 : substrate,  712 : circuit region,  713 : separation region,  714 : separation line,  715 : chip,  750 : electronic component,  752 : printed circuit board,  753 : semiconductor device,  754 : circuit board,  755 : lead,  801 : cloud field,  802 : embedded field,  804 : power consumption,  805 : processing performance,  831 : master device,  832 : M2M interface,  841 : IoT end device,  842 : industrial robot,  881 : home,  882 : office,  883 : cloud,  884 : factory,  885 : factory,  886 : factory,  900 : wireless transmitter-receiver,  900 A: wireless transmitter-receiver,  901 : low-noise amplifier,  902 : band pass filter,  903 : mixer,  904 : band pass filter,  905 : demodulator,  906 : decoder circuit,  911 : power amplifier,  912 : band pass filter,  913 : mixer,  914 : band pass filter,  915 : modulator,  916 : decoder circuit,  921 : duplexer,  922 : local oscillator,  931 : antenna,  941 : signal,  942 : signal,  943 : signal,  944 : signal,  2001 : wiring,  2005 : wiring,  2006 : wiring,  6100 : portable information terminal,  6101 : housing,  6102 : display portion,  6103 : band,  6105 : operation button,  6200 : portable information terminal,  6201 : housing,  6202 : display portion,  6203 : operation button,  6204 : speaker,  6205 : microphone,  6209 : fingerprint sensor,  6300 : cleaning robot,  6301 : housing,  6302 : display portion,  6303 : camera,  6304 : brush,  6305 : operation button,  6310 : dust,  6400 : robot,  6401 : illuminance sensor,  6402 : microphone,  6403 : upper camera,  6404 : speaker,  6405 : display portion,  6406 : lower camera,  6407 : obstacle sensor,  6408 : moving mechanism,  6409 : arithmetic unit,  6500 : flying object,  6501 : propeller,  6502 : camera,  6503 : battery,  6504 : electronic component,  7160 : automobile,  8000 : display device,  8001 : housing,  8002 : display portion,  8003 : speaker portion,  8004 : semiconductor device,  8005 : power storage device,  8100 : lighting device,  8101 : housing,  8102 : light source,  8103 : semiconductor device,  8104 : ceiling,  8105 : power storage device,  8200 : indoor unit,  8201 : housing,  8202 : air outlet,  8203 : semiconductor device,  8204 : outdoor unit,  8205 : power storage device,  8300 : electric refrigerator-freezer,  8301 : housing,  8302 : refrigerator door,  8303 : freezer door,  8304 : semiconductor device,  8305 : power storage device,  8405 : wall,  8406 : floor,  8407 : window