Patent Publication Number: US-2007119788-A1

Title: Anemone Killing Mixture And Method For Aquariums

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
      This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/963,701 filed Oct. 13, 2004, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/623,250, filed Jul. 18, 2003. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      The present invention relates to aquarium maintenance and in particular to an anemone killing mixture and method for use in reef aquariums.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Anemones are a nuisance and dangerous to corals that hobbyists care for in reef aquariums. Aiptasia and Majana anemones pack a powerful sting that can irritate or kill desirable corals and clams in the tank. Aiptasia are small light brown anemones of the species A. pallida and A. pulchella. The anemones are typically less than 1.5″ long and frequently much smaller. Aiptasia are photosynthetic, but will eat things that are small enough for them to catch. The stalk is attached to a hard substrate, usually in a crevice, which allows the anemone to quickly withdraw into the hole when danger approaches. Aiptasia reproduce quickly through the process known as pedal laceration which occurs when baby anemones develop from small bits of tissue left behind as the anemone wanders around. Aiptasia have remarkable powers of regeneration so cutting, grinding or smashing of the anemones may serve more to propagate the animals that to kill them.  
      Prior art patents disclose methods for the extermination of algae and macroinverabrates. The term “macroinvertebrates” is defined to include but is not limited to mollusks such as clams, mussels, oysters, and snails; crustaceans such as barnacles; sponges, hydrozoans; sea anemones; bryozoans annelids; and tunicates. None of the prior art patents list direct application of a mixture for elimination of individual unwanted anemones.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 6,315,910, issued 13 Nov. 2001 to Farmerie, provides a method for controlling snails in aqueous systems which involves treating aqueous systems which contain snails or which are prone to snail infestation with an effective amount of a water-soluble dialkyl diallyl quaternary ammonium polymer (polyquat).  
      U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,157, issued 4 May 1999 to Petrille, discloses methods for controlling the fouling potential of macroinvertebrates. An effective controlling amount of a polymer that comprises a tannin and a cationic monomer is added to an aqueous system suffering from the fouling potential of macroinvertebrates. The term “macroinvertebrates” is defined to include but is not limited to mollusks such as clams, mussels, oysters, and snails; crustaceans such as barnacles; sponges, hydrozoans; sea anemones; bryozoans; armelids; and tunicates.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,209, issued 15 Aug. 1989 to Lyons, claims a method of controlling the fouling potential of macroinvertebrates, such as mollusks, in aqueous systems which comprises adding to the system an effective controlling amount of a water-soluble quaternary ammonium salt.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,163, issued 28 Mar. 1989 to Lyons, describes a method of controlling the fouling potential of macroinvertebrates, such as mollusks, in aqueous systems which comprises adding to the system an effective controlling amount of a water-soluble alkyl guanidine salt wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 18 carbons.  
      U.S. Pat. No.  4 , 906 , 385 , issued 6 Mar. 1990 to Lyons, discloses a method of controlling the fouling potential of macroinvertebrates, such as mollusks, in aqueous systems. The method comprises adding to the system an effective controlling amount of a water-soluble alkyl guanidine salt wherein the alkyl group has from about 8 to about 18 carbons.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,739, issued 21 Nov. 1995 to Whitekettle, indicates methods for controlling the fouling potential of Asiatic clams in aqueous systems are. The methods comprise adding to the aqueous system an effective controlling amount of a tetraalkyl phosphonium salt compound. The preferred compound is tri-butyltetradecyl phospbonium chloride.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,638, issued 11 May 1982 to Smithson, puts forth a method of eliminating mussels and the like from an underwater bed. Mussels and related bottom dwelling creatures may be eliminated from an underwater bed by applying to the zone of at least the bottom 2 feet of water above the bed water-soluble sulfite salt such as sodium metabisulfite to substantially deplete dissolved oxygen in the zone. Thereafter, hydrogen sulfide may be directly added to the zone, being stabilized by the absence of oxygen therein to enhance the mussel kill. Thereafter, as fresh water is added to the zone, the hydrogen sulfide and residual sulfites are oxidized to relatively harmless sulfates.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,734, issued 19 Mar. 1985 to Freedenthal, concerns basic copper salts such as cupric hydroxide, basic copper chloride, basic copper sulfate and the like with an ailkanolamine result in an unexpectedly beneficial composition useful in a method for treating bodies of water to arrest or eliminate the growth of algae and aquatic weeds.  
      U.S. Pat. No.  3 , 634 , 061 , issued 11 Jan. 1972 to Geiger, illustrates the application of a herbicidally effective substantially insoluble copper-containing compound to areas of water infested with undesirable aquatic plants. The compound comes into contact with the plants and is held thereby, destroys said plants with minimal pollution and toxicity to other forms of aquatic life.  
      U.S. Pat. No. 3,905,797, issued 16 Sep. 1975 to Kunkel, is for an algaecide and herbicide composition for use in controlling the growth of algae and aquatic and terrestrial plants.  
      What is needed is an anemone killing mixture and method for use in reef aquariums which works instantly and has no adverse affect on the coral or other inhabitants of the aquarium. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1A  is an illustration of a step of filling a dispenser with an anemone killing mixture of the method of killing anemones in accordance with the invention.  
       FIG. 1B  is an illustration of a step of dispensing an anemone killing mixture to kill an anemone in accordance with the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      An object of the present invention is to provide an anemone killing mixture and method for use in reef aquariums, which works instantly and has no adverse affect on the coral or other inhabitants of the aquarium.  
      One more object of the present invention is to provide a simple anemone killing method, which uses a dispenser such as a syringe to apply the mixture directly to an anemone when it is located underwater in a marine aquarium.  
      In brief, the present mixture is to be fed to Aiptasia and Majano anemones located in reef aquariums. These anemones are a nuisance and dangerous to corals that hobbyists actual care for in their aquariums. Within a few seconds of contact of this product the problem anemone dies. When properly applied, the product does not injure other marine life commonly found in marine aquariums.  
      The anemone killing mixture of the present invention comprises an effective amount of an alkaline compound, preferably, a weakly soluble, strongly alkaline compound, which is preferably calcium hydroxide (CaOH 2 ) but could also be sodium hydroxide or another alkaline compound, and preferably, but optionally, an effective amount of non-iodized salt (NaCl or sea salt) mixed with water to form a saturated suspension of CaOH 2 . Effective amounts of these components in an anemone killing mixture for reef aquariums comprises: about 1.0 parts by volume of purified water; about 0.35-0.70 parts by volume of dry calcium hydroxide; and about 0.1-0.4 parts by volume of dry non-iodized salt.  
      A mixture is obtained these components by either preheating the liquid to a boil, then mixing it together with the dry components, or by mixing the components, then and heating the mixture until boiling.  
      The non-iodized salt may be non-iodized sodium chloride; however, in the preferred embodiment, it comprises sea salt. A typical composition for sea salt is Magnesium Chloride (MgCl 2 ) (31.0-35.0%, preferably 33.3%), Potassium Chloride (KCl) (20.0-28.0%, preferably 24.3%), Sodium Chloride (NaCl) (3.0-8.0%, preferably 5.5%), Calcium Chloride (CaCl 2 ) (0.1-0.5%, preferably 0.2%), Bromide (Br—) (0.3-0.6%, preferably 0.5%), Sodium sulphates (Na 2 SO 4 ) (0.05-0.2%, preferably 0.15%), Insolubles (0 0.3% or less, preferably 0.03%), and Water of Crystallization (32.0-40.0%, preferably 36.4%).  
      The water is preferably purified water, and most preferably comprises water obtained by reverse osmosis.  
      The method of making the anemone killing mixture is as follows: 
          (1) Mix the calcium hydroxide in the purified water;     (2) Add the salt and continue mixing;     (3) Heat the combined ingredients until the solution comes to a boil.        

      An alternate method of making the anemone killing mixture is as follows: 
          (1) Mix the salt with the water; add sufficient additional salt to create a fully saturated salt water solution:     (2) Mix the saturated salt water solution with the calcium hydroxide;     (3) Heat all the ingredients to boiling.        

      The most preferred method of making the anemone killing mixture is as follows: 
          (1) Heat the purified water to boiling;     (2) Mix the salt with the water; continue adding salt until a supersaturated salt water solution is obtained:     (3) Mix the heated saturated salt water solution with the calcium hydroxide to form a suspension.        

      The method of applying the anemone killing mixture to an anemone is shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , and comprises steps as follows: 
      (1) Fill a dispenser  12  (for example a 5 ml syringe) with the anemone killing mixture  10 ;     (2) Place the tip  14  of the filled dispenser  12  near the mouth or other digestive intake organ of the anemone  16 ;     (3) Feed the anemone  16  a small amount (between 0.25 to about 1 ml of the mixture). It will ingest the anemone killing mixture and die.    

      More specifically, the method of killing anemones using the anemone killing mixture for two different types of anemones comprises steps as follows:  
      For Aiptasia:  
     
         
          (1) Fill a dispenser  12  (for example a 5 ml syringe) with the anemone killing mixture  10 ;  
          (2) Place the tip of the filled dispenser  12  near the mouth of the anemone Aiptasia;  
          (3) Feed the Aiptasia anemone a small amount (between 0.25 to about 1 ml of the mixture). It will ingest the anemone killing mixture and die. 
 
 For Majano: 
 
          (1) Fill a dispenser  12  (for example, a 5 ml syringe) with the anemone killing mixture  10 ;  
          (2) Place the tip  14  of the filled dispenser near the bubble tips of the Majano anemone;  
          (3) Spread product over the Majano anemone (between 0.5 to about 1 ml of the mixture). It will ingest the anemone killing mixture and die.  
       
    
      While the mechanism of the method of killing anemones is not certain, there is an uptake of the mixture into the anemone, whereupon the calcium hydroxide reacts with the anemone tissues to destroy the anemone.  
      The anemone killing mixture of the present invention is reef safe; it is simple to apply by feeding it to Aiptasia and Majano anemones. The mixture does not require injection into the anemone. The mixture can be applied with aquarium and/or ambient lights on, and the Aiptasia and Majano anemones do not retract while being fed. The mixture kills the anemone within minutes, causing it to shrivel and die, and leaves very little visible residue, so that there is no need to siphon the dead anemone out of tank after application of the mixture. The mixture has no substantial effect on the water chemistry of the aquarium.  
      The dispenser used to feed the mixture to the undesirable anemones preferably has a plastic flow control tip, and may be provided with an angled tip to provide greater flexibility when feeding. The mixture is administered from the center of the mouth (oral disk) of the Aiptasia outward across the mouth until it reaches the base of the tentacles. If the mixture is applied only to the tentacles, the anemone will not fully digest the product and will require a second proper feeding in order to be eliminated. The mixture does not cause breakage of the pest anemone or cause reproduction. In some cases, the user may find new smaller Aiptasia that have been hiding, unseen, under or near the larger anemones. These will be eliminated by further feeding of all visible Aiptasia with the mixture.  
      In experiments with the anemone killing mixture of the invention, pest anemones were carefully marked in a 250 gallon marine aquarium. The mixture was applied as described above. Within 20 minutes the treated Aiptasia and Majano anemones disappeared. In other testing, all Aiptasia and Majano anemones found in a 4,000 gallon store marine aquarium. Aiptasia and Majano located on live rock pieces where corals were attached were fed the anemone killing mixture. Aiptasia attached to clams, as well as aiptasia attached to desirable decorative anemones were also fed the mixture. Water quality was tested twice a week and remained stable. In general, small Aiptasia treated with the mixture vanished completely within an half hour; some of the larger Aiptasia required two to three doses to completely destroy them. In further testing, the mixture was used in over 100 retail aquarium stores, with uniformly successful results when the above described methods and procedures were filed.  
      The anemone killing mixture is easy to apply and it kills the anemone within a few seconds of contact. An advantage of the present invention is that the anemone killing mixture will not harm other inhabitants of the reef aquarium. The mixture and method has been tested and has been found to be effective against anemone without harming a variety of desirable fish, shrimp, crabs, snails, anemones and live coral inhabitants.