Patent Publication Number: US-2023156580-A1

Title: Session mangement function service area information provision

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/980,824, filed on Sep. 14, 2020, which is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 national stage application of PCT International Application No. PCT/EP2019/058576 filed on Apr. 4, 2019, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/652,920 filed on Apr. 5, 2018, the disclosure and content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure is related to wireless communication networks and more particularly to how such systems perform management of a session of a user equipment as the user equipment moves between different service areas of the wireless communication networks. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical specification 3GPP TR 23.726 rel-16 describes some technical challenges related to when a wireless communication network determines that a serving Session Management Function (SMF) node of the wireless communication network cannot serve a user equipment (UE) when it moves to a different service area in the wireless communication network. For example,  FIG.  1    illustrates an Anchor Session Management Function (A-SMF) node serving a protocol data unit (PDU) session with the UE in a Region 1 of Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN A).  FIG.  1    also illustrates that a single SMF is used for non-roaming and local break-out (LBO) scenarios as also described in 3GPP TR 23.726 rel-15. The A-SMF node is thus the SMF node that controls the PDU session for anchor user-plane functions (UPF)(s) that are allocated before a user moves to a new service area in the wireless communication network. The A-SMF node also interfaces between the Policy and Control Function (PCF) node and the Unified Data Management (UDM) node. The A-SMF also performs address allocation for the UE. 
     However, scenarios exist when the A-SMF can&#39;t control the UPF(s) for the UE in the entire wireless communication network. Thus, there is a need for controlling a PDU session for UPF(s) for the UE after the user moves to a new service area in the PLMN. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to some embodiments, an Access and Mobility Management Function (“AMF”) is provided. The AMF includes processing circuitry; a network interface configured to communicate with other network functions of a communications system; and memory coupled to the processing circuitry and having instructions stored therein that are executable by the processing circuitry to cause the AMF to perform operations. The operations include determining that selection of a Session Management Function (“SMF”) from a plurality of SMFs of the communications system is needed. The operations further include, responsive to determining that selection of the SMF is needed, generating a Network Function (“NF”) discovery request including a service area indication requesting service area information for discovered SMFs. The operations further include communicating, through the network interface, the NF discovery request toward a NF Repository Function (“NRF”). The operations further include receiving, through the network interface, a NF discovery response including SMF identifiers and service area information for a list of SMFs. The operations further include selecting the SMF from the list of SMFs. 
     According to other embodiments, a method performed by an Access and Mobility Management Function (“AMF”) is provided. The method includes determining that selection of a Session Management Function (“SMF”) from a plurality of SMFs of a communications system is needed. The method further includes responsive to determining that selection of the SMF is needed, generating a Network Function (“NF”) discovery request including a service area indication requesting service area information for discovered SMFs. The method further includes communicating the NF discovery request toward a NF Repository Function (“NRF”). The method further includes receiving a NF discovery response including SMF identifiers and service area information for a list of SMFs. The method further includes selecting the SMF from the list of SMFs. 
     According to other embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable medium having instructions stored therein that are executable by an Access and Mobility Management Function (“AMF”) to cause the AMF to perform operations. The operations include determining that selection of a Session Management Function (“SMF”) from a plurality of SMFs of a communications system is needed. The operations can further include, responsive to determining that selection of the SMF is needed, generating a Network Function (“NF”) discovery request including a service area indication requesting service area information for discovered SMFs. The operations further include communicating the NF discovery request toward a NF Repository Function (“NRF”). The operations further include receiving a NF discovery response including SMF identifiers and service area information for a list of SMFs. The operations further include selecting the SMF from the list of SMFs. 
     According to other embodiments of inventive concepts according to the present disclosure, methods are provided to operate a Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF) to manage NF profiles of Session Management Functions (SMFs) in a communication system. The NRF is configured to communicate with other network functions of a communications system over a network interface. The NRF receives, through the network interface, NF profiles for the SMFs, wherein at least some of the NF profiles each include both a SMF identifier and a service area information for a respective one of the SMFs. After receiving the NF profiles, the NRF stores the SMF identifiers and the service area information of the NF profiles in a repository in memory. The NRF may also receive a NF discovery request for discovering SMFs. After receiving the NF discovery request, the NRF may retrieve from the repository at least one of the NF profiles respectively for at least one SMF based on content of the NF discovery request. The NRF communicates, through the network interface, a NF discovery response containing the SMF identifier and the service area information of the at least one SMF. 
     According to some other embodiments of the inventive concepts, methods may be provided to operate an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) configured to communicate with other network functions of a communications system over a network interface. The AMF is configured to determine that a selection of a Session Management Function (SMF) among SMFs of the communications system is needed. In response to the determination, the AMF generates a NF discovery request containing a service area indication requesting service area information for discovered SMFs. The AMF communicates, through the network interface, the NF discovery request toward a NRF. After communicating the discovery request, the AMF receives, through the network interface, a NF discovery response containing SMF identifiers and service area information for a list of SMFs. The AMF is also configured to select the SMF from among the list of SMFs. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate certain non-limiting embodiments of inventive concepts. In the drawings: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram illustrating the UE served by the A-SMF in the Region  1  of PLMN A; 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram illustrating the UE served by an Intermediate Session Management Function (I-SMF) in a Region 2 of PLMN A; 
         FIG.  3    is a signaling diagram of messages exchanged between network nodes in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    is system diagram comprising a block diagram of a Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF) configured according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  5    is a flowchart illustrating operations of the NRF in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    is a flowchart illustrating further operations of the NRF in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    is system diagram comprising a block diagram of Access and Mobility Function (AMF) configured according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  8    is a flowchart illustrating operations of the AMF in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram of a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    is a block diagram of a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments 
         FIG.  11    is a block diagram of a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  12    is a block diagram of a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  13    is a block diagram of a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  14    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  15    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; 
         FIG.  16    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  17    is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Inventive concepts will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which examples of embodiments of inventive concepts are shown. Inventive concepts may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of present inventive concepts to those skilled in the art. It should also be noted that these embodiments are not mutually exclusive. Components from one embodiment may be tacitly assumed to be present/used in another embodiment. 
     Controlling a PDU Session with Multiple SMFs 
     Various embodiments of the inventive concepts that are disclosed herein may arise from how the wireless communication network determines the serving SMF, or A-SMF, cannot serve the UE in the new service area. The wireless communication network may determine that, within a Home PLMN (PLMN) or a Visitor PLMN (VPLM), a PDU session may be simultaneously controlled by multiple SMFs. The wireless communication network may also determine which Network Function (NF) node is responsible for SMF selection or reselection. The wireless communication network may also determine how to insert and/or relocate an Intermediate SMF (I-SMF) to control a UPF terminated on a N3 interface of the I-SMF if reallocation is needed. The wireless communication network may also determine which SMF selects the additional UPF (the UPF to be inserted) when there is more than one SMF. The wireless communication network may also determine the impact of the UE mobility within a 5G Communication System (5GS) (e.g. mobility between different SMF areas) but also mobility with an Evolved Packet System (EPS), e.g. the case where an UE moves from 5GS, to EPS and then back to 5GS but in a different region/administrative area of the 5GS. The wireless communication network may also determine which SMF(s) (if there is more than one) support(s) the interfaces with a Core Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) node, with a Unified Data Management (UDM) node, with the PCF, with charging, the Event exposure, etc., and which of these SMF is to be considered for EPS interworking. The wireless communication network may also determine if there is an interface between SMF(s) (if there is more than one), the nature of the information exchanged on this interface. 
     Service Discovery in 5G Communication Systems 
     3GPP Technical Specification 23.501 (TS 23.501) describes a Network Function Repository Function (NRF) node that supports a service discovery function. The NFR node receives a NF Discovery Request form a NF instance and provides information of the discovered NF instances (be discovered) to the NF instance. The NFR node also maintains a NF profile of available NF instances and their supported services. A NF profile of a NF instance maintained in an NFR node includes the following information:
         NF instance ID   NF type   PLMN ID   Network Slice related Identifier(s) e.g. S-NSSAI, NSI ID   FQDN or IP address of NF   NF capacity information   NF Specific Service authorization information   Names of supported services   Endpoint Address(es) of instance(s) of each supported service   Identification of stored data/information.       

     i. NOTE 1: This is only applicable for a UDR profile. See applicable input parameters for Nnrf NFManagement_NFRegister service operation in TS 23.502 [3] clause 5.2.7.2.2. This information applicability to other NF profiles is implementation specific.
         Other service parameter, e.g., DNN, notification endpoint for each type of notification that the NF service is interested in receiving.       

     ii. NOTE 2: It is expected service authorization information is usually provided by OA&amp;M system, and it can also be included in the NF profile in the case that e.g. an NF instance has an exceptional service authorization information. 
     3GPP TS 23.501 also describes, in the context of Network Slicing, based on network implementation, multiple NRFs can be deployed at different levels (see clause 5.15.5):
         PLMN level (the NRF is configured with information for the whole PLMN),   shared-slice level (the NRF is configured with information belonging to a set of Network Slices),   slice-specific level (the NRF is configured with information belonging to a Single Network Slice Selection Assistance Information (S-NSSAI)).       

     3GPP TS 23.501 also describes, in the context of roaming, multiple NRFs may be deployed in the different networks (see clause 4.2.4):
         the NRF(s) in the Visited PLMN (also known as the vNRF) configured with information for the visited PLMN.   the NRF(s) in the Home PLMN (also known as the hNRF) configured with information for the home PLMN, referenced by the vNRF via the N27 interface.       

     3GPP Technical Specification 23.502 (TS 23.502) describes when a Network Function (NF) registers itself in the NRF. 3GPP TS 23.502 also describes an operation with the service operation name of Nnrf NFManagement_NFRegister. The Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister service operation registers the consumer NF in the NRF by providing the NF profile of the consumer NF to NRF, and NRF marks the consumer NF available. Inputs required for the Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister service operation include the NF profile of the NF consumer (NF type, NF ID, NF services). It should be noted that for the UPF, the addressing information within the NF profile corresponds to the N4 interface. Optional inputs for the Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister service operation include, if the consumer NF stores Data Set(s) (e.g. UDR): Range(s) of Subscription Permanent Identifiers (SUPIs), Data Set Identifier(s), Range(s) of (UE)IPv4 addresses, or Range(s) of (UE) IPv6 prefixes. The Range(s) of UE IPv4 addresses or Range(s) of UE IPv6 prefixes may be provided if the consumer is a Bootstrapping Server Function (BSF). Outputs required for the Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister service operation include a result indication. 
     3GPP TS 23.502 also describes another operation with the service operation name of Nnrf_NFDiscovery_Request. The Nnrf_NFDiscovery_Request service operation provides the IP address or Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) of the expected NF instance(s) or the Endpoint Address(es) of NF service instance(s) to the NF service consumer. Inputs required for the Nnrf_NFDiscovery_Request service operation include one or more target NF service Name(s), NF type of the target NF, NF type of the NF service consumer. If the NF service consumer intends to discover an NF service producer providing all the standardized services, it provides a wildcard NF service name. 
     Optional inputs for the Nnrf_NFDiscovery_Request service operation include:
         S-NSSAI and the associated NSI ID (if available), Data Network Name (DNN), target NF/NF service PLMN ID, NRF to be used to select NFs/services within HPLMN, Serving PLMN ID, the NF service consumer ID, AMF Set.   If the target NF stores Data Set(s) (e.g., UDR): SUPI, Data Set Identifier(s). (UE) IP address or (UE) IPV6 Prefix. In should be noted that in the context of network slicing the NF service consumer ID is a required input.   For the “UPF_Management” service defined in clause 4.17.6 of TS 23.502: UPF Provisioning Information as defined in that clause.       

     The (UE) IP address or (UE) IPV6 Prefix is provided for BSF discovery: in that case the NRF looks up for a match within one of the Range(s) of (UE) IPv4 addresses or Range(s) of (UE) IPv6 prefixes provided by BSF(s) as part of the invocation of Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister operation. The NRF is not meant to store individual (UE) IPv4 addresses or (UE) IPv6 prefixes. 
     Outputs required for the Nnrf NFDiscovery_Request service operation include: FQDN, IP address(es) or Endpoint Addresses for the target Service Name, or all the services supported by the target NF type. The FQDN, IP address(es) belong to a set of requested target NF instance(s). The Endpoint Address(es) belong to a set of requested target, NF service instance(s). Optional outputs for the Nnrf_NFDiscovery_Request service operation include: NSI ID associated with the S-NSSAI. If the target NF stores Data Set(s) (e.g., User Data Repositories (UDR)): Range(s) of SUPIs, Data Set Identifier(s) are applicable for each NF (e.g. UDR) instance returned. It should be noted that a Range of SUPI(s) is limited in this release to a SUPI type of IMSI as defined in 3GPP TS 23.003. Clauses 4.17.4/4.17.5 of TS 23.502 also provides details on the usage of the Nnrf NFDiscovery_Request service operation. 
     Embodiments of the Inventive Concepts 
     Inventive concepts of the present disclosure include that the AMF shall receive SMF Service Area information from a NRF of a PLMN. The inventive concepts also include that, based on the SMF Service Area information, the AMF determines whether to select and/or change the I-SMF based on current UE location during a PDU session establishment or during a UE mobility procedure (e.g. handover procedure, service request procedure etc.). Inventive concepts also include that when the SMF is registered in the NRF, either by the SMF itself or by OAM system, the Service Area of the SMF shall be included during registration. Inventive concepts further include that when the SMF is queried as a target NF, e.g. by the AMF, the NRF shall also provide the Service Area if it&#39;s requested by the consumer NF (e-g. when user location is included by the consumer NF or by an explicit indication in the request). 
       FIG.  2    illustrates a UE that has moved to a Region 2 of PLMN A. An I-SMF has been inserted in Region 2 and is the SMF that controls a UPF, with the N3 interface, not controlled by the A-SMF of Region  1 . The UPF with the N3 interface is an intermediate UPF (I-UPF) between the RAN and the PDU session Anchor UPF (UPF (PSA)).  FIG.  2    also illustrates a Core Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) in Region 2 of PLMN A. In accordance with embodiments, the AMF is configured to manage access control and mobility and network slice selection functionality in PLMN A. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a signal flow diagram of SMF registration and selection in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  3   , a SMF profile, including the SMF SA (Service Area) is registered in the NRF. In one example,  FIG.  3    illustrates the SMF registers the SMF profile, including the SMF SA in a Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister service operation (1a). In another example,  FIG.  3    illustrates an Operations and Management (OAM) node registers the SMF profile by including the SMF SA in a OAM configuration of the NRF configuration operation (1b). 
       FIG.  3    also illustrates that the AMF determines (2) that SMF selection is needed. In accordance with embodiments, the AMF may determine SMF selection is needed during PDU session establishment, or later during the lifetime of a PDU Session during different mobility procedures. 
     Responsive to determining SMF selection is needed,  FIG.  3    also illustrates the AMF sends a Nnrf_NFDiscovery Request (DNN, S-NSSAI, SA indication, User Location Info) (3) to the NRF in order to select an SMF that supports the S-NSSAI and the DNN. In accordance with embodiments, the SA indication is included when the AMF also wants to receive SMF Service Area information about each SMF. Also in accordance with embodiments, the AMF may also include the current user location information for the UE. 
     The NRF, in response to receiving the Nnrf NFDiscovery Request, returning a Nnrf NFDiscovery Response (4) that comprises a list of SMF IDs to the AMF as shown in  FIG.  3   . The Nnrf_NFDiscovery Response (4) also comprises SMF Service Area information (SMF SA) for each SMF ID in the Nnrf NFDiscovery Response (4). 
     In accordance with embodiments, the service area information may define a geographical area in which the SMF provides service coverage to UEs. Different SMF (or other NF) service area representation formats can be used to represent the SMF SA. For example, the service area information may define an area of a 5G radio access network (RAN) based on a Tracking Area Identity (TAI), a Cell ID, a RAN node ID or other area IDs (for example, same as the current AMF area) that can be realized by the AMF. In another example, representation format may include a represent ID that corresponds to TAIs, Cell IDs, RAN node IDs or other area IDs that can be interpreted by AMF (e.g. location configured in AMF). 
       FIG.  4    is a block diagram illustrating elements of NRF  400  according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein. The NRF  400  may include at least one network interface circuit  402  (also referred to as a network interface) configured to provide communications, over a communication network  408 , with a UE, other network nodes (e.g. network nodes  410 ,  412 , and  414  in  FIG.  4   ), such as any one of the AMF, SMF, and OAM network nodes of  FIG.  3   , and one or more nodes of an access network, a core network, and/or another system node. The NRF  400  may also include at least one processor circuit  404  (also referred to as a processor) coupled to the network interface  402 , and at least one memory circuit  406  (also referred to as memory) coupled to the processor  404 . The memory  406  may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processor  404  causes the processor  404  to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein for a network node. According to other embodiments, processor  404  may be defined to include memory so that a separate memory circuit is not required. 
     As discussed herein, operations of the NRF  400  may be performed by processor  404  and/or network interface  402 . For example, processor  404  may control network interface  402  to send communications through network interface  402  to a UE, one or more other network nodes, and/or other system nodes, and/or to receive communications through network interface  402 . Alternatively, or additionally, the NRF  400  may include modules, e.g., circuitry, that performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed herein with respect to example embodiments of network nodes). 
     Operations of the NRF will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of  FIG.  5    according to some embodiments of inventive concepts. For example, modules may be stored in the NRF memory  406  of  FIG.  4   , and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by the processor  404 , processor  404  performs respective operations of the flow chart of  FIG.  5   . 
     The NRF may be initially configured with a network interface, for example, such as network interface  402  of  FIG.  4   , to communicate with other network functions of a communications system. At block  500 , the NRF processor  404  may receive, through network interface  402 , NF profiles for the SMFs, wherein at least some of the NF profiles each include both a SMF identifier and a service area information for a respective one of the SMFs. At block  502 , the NRF processor may store the SMF identifiers and the service area information of the NF profiles in a repository  416  in memory  406 . In an alternative embodiment, the NRF processor may store the SMF identifiers in a repository located in a database  418  of the communication system. 
       FIG.  5    also illustrates, at block  504 , the NRF processor  404  may receive a NF discovery request for discovering SMFs. The NRF processor  404  may retrieve from the repository  416  at least one of the NF profiles respectively for at least one SMF based on content of the discovery request at block  506  of  FIG.  5   . At block  508 , the NRF processor  404  communicates, through the network interface  402 , a NF discovery response containing the SMF identifier and the service area information of the at least one SMF. 
     Further operations of the NRF will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of  FIG.  6    according to some embodiments of inventive concepts. For example,  FIG.  6    illustrates, at block  600 , the NRF processor  404  may determine the NF discovery request contains a service area indication indicating a request that the NF discovery response include the service area information of the discovered SMFs. Responsive to determining that the NF discovery request contains the service area indication, the NRF processor  404  may include in the NF discovery response the service area information from the retrieved at least one of the NF profiles as shown in block  602 . 
     In accordance with embodiments, when a service area indication is determined to be contained in the NF discovery request, adding the service area information from the at least one of the NF profiles, which are retrieved from the repository, to the NF discovery response that is communicated. In accordance with other embodiments, when a service area indication is determined to not be contained in the NF discovery request, not adding the service area information from the at least one of the NF profiles to the NF discovery response that is communicated. 
     In accordance with embodiments, the NF profiles are received in NF registration messages from the SMFs. In accordance with some embodiments, the NF profiles are received in NF registration messages from an Operations Administration Maintenance (OAM). 
     In accordance with embodiments, the NF discovery request is received from an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) and the NF discovery response is communicated toward the AMF. In accordance with embodiments, the NF discovery request further contains a data network name and a single network slice selection assistance information. The at least one of the NF profiles is selected for use in generating the NF discovery response based on the data network name and the single network slice selection assistance information in accordance with embodiments. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the NF discovery request further contains user equipment, UE, location information. The at least one of the NF profiles is selected for use in generating the NF discovery response based on the UE location information being determined to correspond to the service area information of the at least one of the NF profiles in accordance with embodiments. 
       FIG.  7    is a block diagram illustrating elements of a AMF  700  according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein. As shown, the AMF  700  may include at least one network interface circuit  702  (also referred to as a network interface) configured to provide communications, over a communication network  708 , with a UE, other network nodes (e.g. network nodes  710 ,  712 , and  714  in  FIG.  7   ), such as any one of the SMF, OAM, and NRF network nodes of  FIG.  3   , and one or more nodes of an access network, a core network, and/or another system node. The AMF  700  may also include at least one processor circuit  704  (also referred to as a processor) coupled to the network interface  702 , and at least one memory circuit  706  (also referred to as memory) coupled to the processor  704 . The memory  706  may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processor  704  causes the processor  706  to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein for a network node. According to other embodiments, processor  704  may be defined to include memory so that a separate memory circuit is not required. 
     As discussed herein, operations of the AMF  700  may be performed by processor  704  and/or network interface  702 . For example, processor  704  may control network interface  702  to send communications through network interface  702  to a UE, one or more other network nodes, and/or other system nodes, and/or to receive communications through network interface  702 . Alternatively, or additionally, the AMF  700  may include modules, e.g., circuitry, that performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed herein with respect to example embodiments of network nodes). 
     Operations of the AMF will now be discussed will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of  FIG.  8    according to some embodiments of inventive concepts. For example, modules may be stored in the AMF memory  706  of  FIG.  7   , and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by the processor  704 , processor  704  performs respective operations of the flow chart of  FIG.  8   . 
     The AMF, as discussed above, may be initially configured with a network interface, such as network interface  702 , to communicate with other network functions of a communications system, such as communication system  708  of  FIG.  7   . At block  800 , the AMF processor  704  may determine that selection of a Session Management Function (SMF) among SMFs of the communications system is needed. Responsive to the determination, the AMF processor  704  generates a NF discovery request containing a service area indication requesting service area information for discovered SMFs at block  802 .  FIG.  8    also illustrates, at block  804 , the AMF processor  704  communicates, through the network interface  702 , the NF discovery request toward a Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF). The AMF processor  704  may receive, through the network interface  702 , a NF discovery response containing SMF identifiers and service area information for a list of SMFs at block  806 .  FIG.  8    further illustrates, at block  808 , the AMF processor  704  selects the SMF from among the list of SMFs. 
     In accordance with embodiments, selection of a SMF is determined to be needed based on a defined operation of a protocol data unit session establishment procedure. In accordance with other embodiments, selection of a SMF is determined to be needed based on a defined operation of a mobility procedure during a protocol data unit session. 
     In accordance with embodiments, the AMF may be configured to obtain UE location information. The NF discovery request can be generated to further contain the UE location information. 
     In accordance with embodiments, the NF discovery request is generated to further contain a data network name and a single network slice selection assistance information. In accordance with embodiments, the NF discovery response that is received contains a SMF identifier and service area information for each SMF among the list of SMFs. The SMF is selected from among the list of SMFs based on the UE location information that is obtained corresponding to the service area information of the SMF in accordance with embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the operations described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments hosted by one or more of network nodes. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized. 
     The operations may be implemented by one or more applications (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications are run in a virtualization environment which provides hardware comprising processing circuitry and memory. Memory contains instructions executable by processing circuitry whereby application is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein. 
     Listing of Example Embodiments 
     Example Embodiments are discussed below. Reference numbers/letters are provided in parenthesis by way of example/illustration without limiting example embodiments to particular elements indicated by reference numbers/letters. 
     Embodiment 1. A Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF) for managing NF profiles of Session Management Functions (SMFs) in a communications system, the NRF comprising:
         a network interface configured to communicate with other network functions of the communications system; and   at least one processor configured to perform operations comprising:
           receiving, through the network interface, NF profiles for the SMFs, wherein at least some of the NF profiles each include both a SMF identifier and a service area information for a respective one of the SMFs;   storing the SMF identifiers and the service area information of the NF profiles in a repository in memory;   receiving a NF discovery request for discovering SMFs;   retrieving from the repository at least one of the NF profiles respectively for at least one SMF based on content of the NF discovery request; and   communicating, through the network interface, a NF discovery response containing the SMF identifier and the service area information of the at least one SMF.   
               

     Embodiment 2. The NRF of Embodiment 1, further comprising:
         determining the NF discovery request contains a service area indication indicating a request that the NF discovery response include the service area information of discovered SMFs, and   responsive to determining that the NF discovery request contains the service area indication, including in the NF discovery response the service area information from the retrieved at least one of the NF profiles.       

     Embodiment 3. The NRF of Embodiment 2, further comprising:
         when a service area indication is determined to be contained in the NF discovery request, adding the service area information from the at least one of the NF profiles, which are retrieved from the repository, to the NF discovery response that is communicated; and   when a service area indication is determined to not be contained in the NF discovery request, not adding the service area information from the at least one of the NF profiles to the NF discovery response that is communicated.       

     Embodiment 4. The NRF of any of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the NF profiles are received in NF registration messages from the SMFs. 
     Embodiment 5. The NRF of any of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the NF profiles are received in NF registration messages from an Operations Administration Maintenance (OAM). 
     Embodiment 6. The NRF of any of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the NF discovery request is received from an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) and the NF discovery response is communicated toward the AMF. 
     Embodiment 7. The NRF of any of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein:
         the NF discovery request further contains a data network name and a single network slice selection assistance information; and   the at least one of the NF profiles is selected for use in generating the NF discovery response based on the data network name and the single network slice selection assistance information.       

     Embodiment 8. The NRF of any of Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein:
         the NF discovery request further contains user equipment, UE, location information; and   the at least one of the NF profiles is selected for use in generating the NF discovery response based on the UE location information being determined to correspond to the service area information of the at least one of the NF profiles.       

     Embodiment 9. A method by a Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF) for managing NF profiles of Session Management Functions (SMFs) in a communications system, the method comprising:
         receiving NF profiles for the SMFs, wherein at least some of the NF profiles each include both a SMF identifier and a service area information for a respective one of the SMFs;   storing the SMF identifiers and the service area information of the NF profiles in a repository in memory;   receiving a NF discovery request for discovering SMFs;   retrieving from the repository at least one of the NF profiles respectively for at least one SMF based on content of the NF discovery request; and   communicating, through the network interface, a NF discovery response containing the SMF identifier and the service area information of the at least one SMF.       

     Embodiment 10. The method of Embodiment 9, further comprising performing the operations of any of Embodiments 2 to 8. 
     Embodiment 11. An Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) comprising:
         a network interface configured to communicate with other network functions of a communications system; and   at least one processor configured to perform operations comprising:
           determining that selection of a Session Management Function (SMF) among SMFs of the communications system is needed;   responsive to the determination, generating a NF discovery request containing a service area indication requesting service area information for discovered SMFs;   communicating, through the network interface, the NF discovery request toward a Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF);   receiving, through the network interface, a NF discovery response containing SMF identifiers and service area information for a list of SMFs; and   selecting the SMF from among the list of SMFs.   
               

     Embodiment 12. The AMF of Embodiment 11, wherein selection of a SMF is determined to be needed based on a defined operation of a protocol data unit session establishment procedure. 
     Embodiment 13. The AMF of any of Embodiments 11 to 12, wherein selection of a SMF is determined to be needed based on a defined operation of a mobility procedure during a protocol data unit session. 
     Embodiment 14. The AMF of any of Embodiments 11 to 13, further comprising:
         obtaining UE location information,   wherein the NF discovery request is generated to further contain the UE location information.       

     Embodiment 15. The AMF of any of Embodiments 11 to 14, wherein the NF discovery request is generated to further contain a data network name and a single network slice selection assistance information. 
     Embodiment 16. The AMF of any of Embodiments 11 to 15, further comprising:
         obtaining UE location information,   wherein the NF discovery response that is received contains a SMF identifier and service area information for each SMF among the list of SMFs, and   wherein the SMF is selected from among the list of SMFs based on the UE location information that is obtained corresponding to the service area information of the SMF.       

     Embodiment 17. A method by an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) comprising:
         determining that selection of a Session Management Function (SMF) among SMFs of the communications system is needed;   responsive to the determination, generating a NF discovery request containing a service area indication requesting service area information for discovered SMFs;   communicating, through the network interface, the NF discovery request toward a Network Function (NF) Repository Function (NRF);   receiving, through the network interface, a NF discovery response containing SMF identifiers and service area information for a list of SMFs; and   selecting the SMF from among the list of SMFs.       

     Embodiment 18. The method of Embodiment 17, further comprising performing the operations of any of Embodiments 12 to 16. 
     Additional Explanation 
     Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description. 
     Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. 
       FIG.  9   : A wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in  FIG.  9   . For simplicity, the wireless network of  FIG.  9    only depicts network  906 , network nodes  960  and  960   b , and WDs  910 ,  910   b , and  910   c  (also referred to as mobile terminals). In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node  960  and wireless device (WD)  910  are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices&#39; access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network. 
     The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards. 
     Network  906  may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices. 
     Network node  960  and WD  910  comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections. 
     As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&amp;M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network. 
     In  FIG.  9   , network node  960  includes processing circuitry  970 , device readable medium  980 , interface  990 , auxiliary equipment  984 , power source  986 , power circuitry  987 , and antenna  962 . Although network node  960  illustrated in the example wireless network of  FIG.  9    may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node  960  are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium  980  may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules). 
     Similarly, network node  960  may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node  960  comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeB&#39;s. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node  960  may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium  980  for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna  962  may be shared by the RATs). Network node  960  may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node  960 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node  960 . 
     Processing circuitry  970  is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry  970  may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  970  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Processing circuitry  970  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node  960  components, such as device readable medium  980 , network node  960  functionality. For example, processing circuitry  970  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  980  or in memory within processing circuitry  970 . Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry  970  may include a system on a chip (SOC). 
     In some embodiments, processing circuitry  970  may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  972  and baseband processing circuitry  974 . In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry  972  and baseband processing circuitry  974  may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  972  and baseband processing circuitry  974  may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units. 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry  970  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  980  or memory within processing circuitry  970 . In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  970  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  970  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  970  alone or to other components of network node  960 , but are enjoyed by network node  960  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Device readable medium  980  may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  970 . Device readable medium  980  may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  970  and, utilized by network node  960 . Device readable medium  980  may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry  970  and/or any data received via interface  990 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  970  and device readable medium  980  may be considered to be integrated. 
     Interface  990  is used in the wired or wireless communication of signalling and/or data between network node  960 , network  906 , and/or WDs  910 . As illustrated, interface  990  comprises port(s)/terminal(s)  994  to send and receive data, for example to and from network  906  over a wired connection. Interface  990  also includes radio front end circuitry  992  that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna  962 . Radio front end circuitry  992  comprises filters  998  and amplifiers  996 . Radio front end circuitry  992  may be connected to antenna  962  and processing circuitry  970 . Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  962  and processing circuitry  970 . Radio front end circuitry  992  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  992  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  998  and/or amplifiers  996 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  962 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  962  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  992 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  970 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     In certain alternative embodiments, network node  960  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  992 , instead, processing circuitry  970  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  962  without separate radio front end circuitry  992 . Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry  972  may be considered a part of interface  990 . In still other embodiments, interface  990  may include one or more ports or terminals  994 , radio front end circuitry  992 , and RF transceiver circuitry  972 , as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface  990  may communicate with baseband processing circuitry  974 , which is part of a digital unit (not shown). 
     Antenna  962  may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna  962  may be coupled to radio front end circuitry  990  and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna  962  may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna  962  may be separate from network node  960  and may be connectable to network node  960  through an interface or port. 
     Antenna  962 , interface  990 , and/or processing circuitry  970  may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna  962 , interface  990 , and/or processing circuitry  970  may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. 
     Power circuitry  987  may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node  960  with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry  987  may receive power from power source  986 . Power source  986  and/or power circuitry  987  may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node  960  in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source  986  may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry  987  and/or network node  960 . For example, network node  960  may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry  987 . As a further example, power source  986  may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry  987 . The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used. 
     Alternative embodiments of network node  960  may include additional components beyond those shown in  FIG.  9    that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node&#39;s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node  960  may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node  960  and to allow output of information from network node  960 . This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node  960 . 
     As used herein, wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a WD include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE). a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another WD and/or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g. refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal. 
     As illustrated, wireless device  910  includes antenna  911 , interface  914 , processing circuitry  920 , device readable medium  930 , user interface equipment  932 , auxiliary equipment  934 , power source  936  and power circuitry  937 . WD  910  may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD  910 , such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within WD  910 . 
     Antenna  911  may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface  914 . In certain alternative embodiments, antenna  911  may be separate from WD  910  and be connectable to WD  910  through an interface or port. Antenna  911 , interface  914 , and/or processing circuitry  920  may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another WD. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna  911  may be considered an interface. 
     As illustrated, interface  914  comprises radio front end circuitry  912  and antenna  911 . Radio front end circuitry  912  comprise one or more filters  918  and amplifiers  916 . Radio front end circuitry  914  is connected to antenna  911  and processing circuitry  920 , and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna  911  and processing circuitry  920 . Radio front end circuitry  912  may be coupled to or a part of antenna  911 . In some embodiments, WD  910  may not include separate radio front end circuitry  912 ; rather, processing circuitry  920  may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna  911 . Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry  922  may be considered a part of interface  914 . Radio front end circuitry  912  may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry  912  may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters  918  and/or amplifiers  916 . The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna  911 . Similarly, when receiving data, antenna  911  may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry  912 . The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry  920 . In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. 
     Processing circuitry  920  may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other WD  910  components, such as device readable medium  930 , WD  910  functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry  920  may execute instructions stored in device readable medium  930  or in memory within processing circuitry  920  to provide the functionality disclosed herein. 
     As illustrated, processing circuitry  920  includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry  922 , baseband processing circuitry  924 , and application processing circuitry  926 . In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry  920  of WD  910  may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  922 , baseband processing circuitry  924 , and application processing circuitry  926  may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry  924  and application processing circuitry  926  may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry  922  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  922  and baseband processing circuitry  924  may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry  926  may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry  922 , baseband processing circuitry  924 , and application processing circuitry  926  may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry  922  may be a part of interface  914 . RF transceiver circuitry  922  may condition RF signals for processing circuitry  920 . 
     In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry  920  executing instructions stored on device readable medium  930 , which in certain embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry  920  without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry  920  can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry  920  alone or to other components of WD  910 , but are enjoyed by WD  910  as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally. 
     Processing circuitry  920  may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry  920 , may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry  920  by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by WD  910 , and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. 
     Device readable medium  930  may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry  920 . Device readable medium  930  may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry  920 . In some embodiments, processing circuitry  920  and device readable medium  930  may be considered to be integrated. 
     User interface equipment  932  may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with WD  910 . Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment  932  may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to WD  910 . The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment  932  installed in WD  910 . For example, if WD  910  is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if WD  910  is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment  932  may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment  932  is configured to allow input of information into WD  910 , and is connected to processing circuitry  920  to allow processing circuitry  920  to process the input information. User interface equipment  932  may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment  932  is also configured to allow output of information from WD  910 , and to allow processing circuitry  920  to output information from WD  910 . User interface equipment  932  may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment  932 , WD  910  may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein. 
     Auxiliary equipment  934  is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by WDs. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment  934  may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario. 
     Power source  936  may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. WD  910  may further comprise power circuitry  937  for delivering power from power source  936  to the various parts of WD  910  which need power from power source  936  to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry  937  may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry  937  may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case WD  910  may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry  937  may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source  936 . This may be, for example, for the charging of power source  936 . Power circuitry  937  may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source  936  to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD  910  to which power is supplied. 
       FIG.  10   : User Equipment in accordance with some embodiments 
       FIG.  10    illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE  10200  may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE  1000 , as illustrated in  FIG.  10   , is one example of a WD configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP&#39;s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term WD and UE may be used interchangeable. Accordingly, although  FIG.  10    is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice-versa. 
     In  FIG.  10   , UE  1000  includes processing circuitry  1001  that is operatively coupled to input/output interface  1005 , radio frequency (RF) interface  1009 , network connection interface  1011 , memory  1015  including random access memory (RAM)  1017 , read-only memory (ROM)  1019 , and storage medium  1021  or the like, communication subsystem  1031 , power source  1033 , and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  1021  includes operating system  1023 , application program  1025 , and data  1027 . In other embodiments, storage medium  1021  may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in  FIG.  10   , or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc. 
     In  FIG.  10   , processing circuitry  1001  may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry  1001  may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry  1001  may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer. 
     In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface  1005  may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE  1000  may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface  1005 . An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE  1000 . The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE  1000  may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface  1005  to allow a user to capture information into UE  1000 . The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor. 
     In  FIG.  10   , RF interface  1009  may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface  1011  may be configured to provide a communication interface to network  1043   a . Network  1043   a  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  1043   a  may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface  1011  may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface  1011  may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     RAM  1017  may be configured to interface via bus  1002  to processing circuitry  1001  to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM  1019  may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry  1001 . For example, ROM  1019  may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium  1021  may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium  1021  may be configured to include operating system  1023 , application program  1025  such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file  1027 . Storage medium  1021  may store, for use by UE  1000 , any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     Storage medium  1021  may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM/RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium  1021  may allow UE  1000  to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium  1021 , which may comprise a device readable medium. 
     In  FIG.  10   , processing circuitry  1001  may be configured to communicate with network  1043   b  using communication subsystem  1031 . Network  1043   a  and network  1043   b  may be the same network or networks or different network or networks. Communication subsystem  1031  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network  1043   b . For example, communication subsystem  1031  may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.10, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter  1033  and/or receiver  1035  to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter  1033  and receiver  1035  of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem  1031  may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem  1031  may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network  1043   b  may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network  1043   b  may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near-field network. Power source  1013  may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE  1000 . 
     The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE  1000  or partitioned across multiple components of UE  1000 . Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem  1031  may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry  1001  may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus  1002 . In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry  1001  perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry  1001  and communication subsystem  1031 . In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware. 
       FIG.  11   : Virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments 
       FIG.  11    is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment  1100  in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks). 
     In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments  1100  hosted by one or more of hardware nodes  1130 . Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized. 
     The functions may be implemented by one or more applications  1120  (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications  1120  are run in virtualization environment  1100  which provides hardware  1130  comprising processing circuitry  1160  and memory  1190 . Memory  1190  contains instructions  1195  executable by processing circuitry  1160  whereby application  1120  is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein. 
     Virtualization environment  1100 , comprises general-purpose or special-purpose network hardware devices  1130  comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry  1160 , which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory  1190 - 1  which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions  1195  or software executed by processing circuitry  1160 . Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs)  1170 , also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface  1180 . Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage media  1190 - 2  having stored therein software  1195  and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry  1160 . Software  1195  may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers  1150  (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines  1140  as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. 
     Virtual machines  1140 , comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer  1150  or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance  1120  may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines  1140 , and the implementations may be made in different ways. 
     During operation, processing circuitry  1160  executes software  1195  to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer  1150 , which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer  1150  may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine  1140 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  11   , hardware  1130  may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware  1130  may comprise antenna  11225  and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware  1130  may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g. such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO)  11100 , which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications  1120 . 
     Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment. 
     In the context of NFV, virtual machine  1140  may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines  1140 , and that part of hardware  1130  that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines  1140 , forms a separate virtual network elements (VNE). 
     Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines  1140  on top of hardware networking infrastructure  1130  and corresponds to application  1120  in  FIG.  11   . 
     In some embodiments, one or more radio units  11200  that each include one or more transmitters  11220  and one or more receivers  11210  may be coupled to one or more antennas  11225 . Radio units  11200  may communicate directly with hardware nodes  1130  via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. 
     In some embodiments, some signalling can be effected with the use of control system  11230  which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes  1130  and radio units  11200 . 
       FIG.  12   : Telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments. 
     With reference to  FIG.  12   , in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network  1210 , such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network  1211 , such as a radio access network, and core network  1214 . Access network  1211  comprises a plurality of base stations  1212   a ,  1212   b ,  1212   c , such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area  1213   a ,  1213   b ,  1213   c . Each base station  1212   a ,  1212   b ,  1212   c  is connectable to core network  1214  over a wired or wireless connection  1215 . A first UE  1291  located in coverage area  1213   c  is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station  1212   c . A second UE  1292  in coverage area  1213   a  is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station  1212   a . While a plurality of UEs  1291 ,  1292  are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station  1212 . 
     Telecommunication network  1210  is itself connected to host computer  1230 , which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer  1230  may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections  1221  and  1222  between telecommunication network  1210  and host computer  1230  may extend directly from core network  1214  to host computer  1230  or may go via an optional intermediate network  1220 . Intermediate network  1220  may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network  1220 , if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network  1220  may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown). 
     The communication system of  FIG.  12    as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs  1291 ,  1292  and host computer  1230 . The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection  1250 . Host computer  1230  and the connected UEs  1291 ,  1292  are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection  1250 , using access network  1211 , core network  1214 , any intermediate network  1220  and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection  1250  may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection  1250  passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station  1212  may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computer  1230  to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE  1291 . Similarly, base station  1212  need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE  1291  towards the host computer  1230 . 
       FIG.  13   : Host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to  FIG.  13   . In communication system  1300 , host computer  1310  comprises hardware  1315  including communication interface  1316  configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  1300 . Host computer  1310  further comprises processing circuitry  1318 , which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry  1318  may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer  1310  further comprises software  1311 , which is stored in or accessible by host computer  1310  and executable by processing circuitry  1318 . Software  1311  includes host application  1312 . Host application  1312  may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE  1330  connecting via OTT connection  1350  terminating at UE  1330  and host computer  1310 . In providing the service to the remote user, host application  1312  may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection  1350 . 
     Communication system  1300  further includes base station  1320  provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware  1325  enabling it to communicate with host computer  1310  and with UE  1330 . Hardware  1325  may include communication interface  1326  for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system  1300 , as well as radio interface  1327  for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection  1370  with UE  1330  located in a coverage area (not shown in  FIG.  13   ) served by base station  1320 . Communication interface  1326  may be configured to facilitate connection  1360  to host computer  1310 . Connection  1360  may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in  FIG.  13   ) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware  1325  of base station  1320  further includes processing circuitry  1328 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station  1320  further has software  1321  stored internally or accessible via an external connection. 
     Communication system  1300  further includes UE  1330  already referred to. Its hardware  1335  may include radio interface  1337  configured to set up and maintain wireless connection  1370  with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE  1330  is currently located. Hardware  1335  of UE  1330  further includes processing circuitry  1338 , which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE  1330  further comprises software  1331 , which is stored in or accessible by UE  1330  and executable by processing circuitry  1338 . Software  1331  includes client application  1332 . Client application  1332  may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE  1330 , with the support of host computer  1310 . In host computer  1310 , an executing host application  1312  may communicate with the executing client application  1332  via OTT connection  1350  terminating at UE  1330  and host computer  1310 . In providing the service to the user, client application  1332  may receive request data from host application  1312  and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection  1350  may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application  1332  may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides. 
     It is noted that host computer  1310 , base station  1320  and UE  1330  illustrated in  FIG.  13    may be similar or identical to host computer  1230 , one of base stations  1212   a ,  1212   b ,  1212   c  and one of UEs  1291 ,  1292  of  FIG.  12   , respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in  FIG.  13    and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of  FIG.  12   . 
     In  FIG.  13   , OTT connection  1350  has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer  1310  and UE  1330  via base station  1320 , without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE  1330  or from the service provider operating host computer  1310 , or both. While OTT connection  1350  is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network). 
     Wireless connection  1370  between UE  1330  and base station  1320  is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments may improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE  1330  using OTT connection  1350 , in which wireless connection  1370  forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the deblock filtering for video processing and thereby provide benefits such as improved video encoding and/or decoding. 
     A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  1350  between host computer  1310  and UE  1330 , in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection  1350  may be implemented in software  1311  and hardware  1315  of host computer  1310  or in software  1331  and hardware  1335  of UE  1330 , or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection  1350  passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software  1311 ,  1331  may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection  1350  may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station  1320 , and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station  1320 . Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer  1310 ′s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software  1311  and  1331  causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection  1350  while it monitors propagation times, errors etc. 
       FIG.  14   : Methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  14    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  12  and  13   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  14    will be included in this section. In step  1410 , the host computer provides user data. In substep  1411  (which may be optional) of step  1410 , the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1420 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step  1430  (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1440  (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer. 
       FIG.  15   : Methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  15    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  12  and  13   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  15    will be included in this section. In step  1510  of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step  1520 , the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step  1530  (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission. 
       FIG.  16   : Methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  16    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  12  and  13   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  16    will be included in this section. In step  1610  (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step  1620 , the UE provides user data. In substep  1621  (which may be optional) of step  1620 , the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep  1611  (which may be optional) of step  1610 , the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep  1630  (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step  1640  of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. 
       FIG.  17   : Methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments. 
       FIG.  17    is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to  FIGS.  12  and  13   . For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to  FIG.  17    will be included in this section. In step  1710  (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step  1720  (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step  1730  (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station. 
     Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     The term unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein. 
     Further Definitions are Provided Below. 
     In the above-description of various embodiments of present inventive concepts, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of present inventive concepts. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which present inventive concepts belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     When an element is referred to as being “connected”, “coupled”, “responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, it can be directly connected, coupled, or responsive to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly coupled”, “directly responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Furthermore, “coupled”, “connected”, “responsive”, or variants thereof as used herein may include wirelessly coupled, connected, or responsive. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity. The term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It will be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements/operations, these elements/operations should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element/operation from another element/operation. Thus a first element/operation in some embodiments could be termed a second element/operation in other embodiments without departing from the teachings of present inventive concepts. The same reference numerals or the same reference designators denote the same or similar elements throughout the specification. 
     As used herein, the terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “comprises”, “include”, “including”, “includes”, “have”, “has”, “having”, or variants thereof are open-ended, and include one or more stated features, integers, elements, steps, components or functions but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, elements, steps, components, functions or groups thereof. Furthermore, as used herein, the common abbreviation “e.g.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “exempli gratia,” may be used to introduce or specify a general example or examples of a previously mentioned item, and is not intended to be limiting of such item. The common abbreviation “i.e.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “id est,” may be used to specify a particular item from a more general recitation. 
     Example embodiments are described herein with reference to block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of computer-implemented methods, apparatus (systems and/or devices) and/or computer program products. It is understood that a block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions that are performed by one or more computer circuits. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor circuit of a general purpose computer circuit, special purpose computer circuit, and/or other programmable data processing circuit to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, transform and control transistors, values stored in memory locations, and other hardware components within such circuitry to implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks, and thereby create means (functionality) and/or structure for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block(s). 
     These computer program instructions may also be stored in a tangible computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks. Accordingly, embodiments of present inventive concepts may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) that runs on a processor such as a digital signal processor, which may collectively be referred to as “circuitry,” “a module” or variants thereof. 
     It should also be noted that in some alternate implementations, the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks and/or the functionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be at least partially integrated. Finally, other blocks may be added/inserted between the blocks that are illustrated, and/or blocks/operations may be omitted without departing from the scope of inventive concepts. Moreover, although some of the diagrams include arrows on communication paths to show a primary direction of communication, it is to be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction to the depicted arrows. 
     Many variations and modifications can be made to the embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the present inventive concepts. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of present inventive concepts. Accordingly, the above disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the examples of embodiments are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the spirit and scope of present inventive concepts. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of present inventive concepts are to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the present disclosure including the examples of embodiments and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.