Patent Publication Number: US-4545326-A

Title: Liquid toner applicator

Description:
This invention relates to a liquid development system and more particularly to a toner applicator or head for applying liquid toner to a recording medium in order to develop an image recorded electrostatically on that medium. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In direct, as opposed to transfer, electrography or xerography, a recording medium such as paper is advanced past a succession of processing stations. First, an electrostatic charge is impressed on the photoconductive surface of the paper. Then, the paper is exposed to a light image of an original document or record with the result that those areas of the paper that receive light are discharged while the remaining areas of the paper which are not illuminated retain their charge so that a electrostatic latent image corresponding to the original document is impressed on the paper. That image is then developed by applying liquid toner to the paper. The toner contains resin binder and black or colored pigment or particles suspended in a carrier liquid. The particles carry an electric charge that is oposite that of the paper so that the particles migrate and adhere to only to those areas on the paper which still carry an electric charge whereby the latent image on the paper is reduced to visible form. Finally, the developed image on the paper is fixed by passing the paper through a dryer which heats the binder thereby bonding the toner to the paper, creating a permanent copy of the original document or record. 
     Similar image recorders make reproductions on dielectric recording media. In those, only the aforementioned steps of charging and toning take place in the recording apparatus. 
     We are concerned here specifically with the toner applicator at the toning station of such recording apparatus which distributes liquid toner across the charged exposure surface of the recording medium, and which is critical to the creation of high quality reproductions of an original document or record. We will describe the invention as incorporated into recording apparatus using a photosensitive recording medium. It should be understood, however, that it is equally applicable for use in recorders such as those marketed by Sanders Associates, Inc. under the designation CALCOMP which make reproductions on dielectric recording media. 
     Conventional applicators have a working or bearing surface that contacts the photoconductive surface of the medium. A multiplicity of small passages lead from locations on that bearing surface to a source of liquid toner. The liquid is pumped through the passages forming a film between the head and the recording medium. Some heads also include other passages maintained at a negative pressure for removing excess toner from the medium surface. Examples of such toner applicators are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,929,099; 3,727,578; 4,133,906 and 4,281,620. 
     While certain existing applicators do fulfill their basic function of distributing toner over the charged surface areas of the recording media, they have serious drawbacks which restrict their ability to develop electrostatic images of high quality at reasonable cost. More particularly, in some prior applicators, the liquid toner is not flowed equally to all regions of the charged exposure surface of the medium with the result that dark areas of the image developed on the medium are nonuniform or blotchy. Some toning heads do achieve uniform flow of liquid over the medium. However, the toner reaching certain portions of the medium surface is partially or totally depleted of toner particles so that the image developed on the medium has regions which are gray instead of black. Some conventional electrographic recorders suffer because the toner is not maintained in contact with the charged surface of the recording medium long enough for an adequate number of toner particles to reach and adhere to the medium surface, again creating a copy having poor contrast. This may be due to the fact that the electrostatic field intensity in the gap between the head and the recording medium is too weak or the residence time of fresh or undepleted toner flowing in that gap is too short. Those applicators which do develop reasonably high contrast, high quality electrographic images on the medium tend to be relatively complicated machined structures which are difficult to manufacture and therefore relatively expensive to make and maintain. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention aims to provide an improved liquid toner applicator having particular utility in an electrographic recorder. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide a liquid toner applicator which ensures equal flow of undepleted toner over the entire exposure surface area of a recording medium. 
     A further object of the invention is to provide an applicator of this type which develops electrostatic latent images on an electrographic recording medium which are of high quality. 
     Still another object of the invention is to provide a liquid toner applicator or head which is relatively easy and inexpensive to manufacture in quantity. 
     Another object of the invention is to provide such an applicator which makes efficient use of the liquid toner. 
     Other objects will, in part, be obvious and will, in part, appear hereinafter. 
     The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction, combination of elements and arrangement of parts which will be exemplified in the following detailed description, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims. 
     The liquid toner applicator of the present invention is situated in the electrographic recorder at the toning station between the exposing station where an electrostatic image is applied to the photoconductive surface of the recording medium and the drying station where the developed image on the medium is bonded to the medium to create a permanent copy of the original document or record. The applicator or head comprises an elongated, generally rectangular housing or manifold, open on one side, which is partitioned lengthwise to divide the manifold into two longitudinal chambers or channels, namely a toner delivery channel and a toner collection channel. The open side of the manifold is closed by a fluid distribution plate which consists of a multi-layered lamination of thin sheet layers, such as etched thin metal foils. The plate is rigid and is bonded to the manifold, including its partition, so that one lengthwise section of the innermost layer of the plate is exposed to the toner delivery channel, while the other lengthwise section of that innermost layer is exposed to the toner collection channel. A plurality of small holes extend through that innermost plate layer, one half of these holes being open to each channel. 
     The outermost layer of the distribution plate constitutes the working or bearing surface of the applicator which actually contacts the surface of the recording medium passing through the toning station. That outermost foil layer is quite thin and it is formed with a pattern of lengthwise slots or cells distributed in columns and rows over substantially its entire area. The cells in the cell pattern are staggered or offset so that, when the recording medium is advanced across the distribution plate, each point on the surface of the medium is moved opposite a plurality of those cells in succession. 
     The intermediate foil layers of the laminated distribution plate are etched with different patterns of slots or holes to form a fluid distribution system between the two manifold channels and the cells in the outermost layer of the plate. More particularly, the slots and holes in the intermediate layers define two networks of passages through the plate. One network of passages connects the holes in the innermost layer that open to the toner delivery channel to the ends of all of the applicator cells in the outermost layer. The other network of passages connect the opposite ends of all of those cells to the holes of the innermost layer that open to the toner collection channel. 
     The toner applicator, and more particularly its housing or manifold, is connected to a source of liquid toner and a vacuum pump so that toner is introduced into the toner delivery channel of the manifold and withdrawn from the toner collection channel thereof. When toner is circulated through the head thusly, the fluid pathways formed by the patterns of slots and holes in the plate layers feed the applicator cells at the surface of the head with fresh toner supplied to the manifold delivery channel from the toner supply. The pathways also return the depleted or spent toner from those cells to the toner supply via the return or collection channel of the manifold. Thus, when a recording medium bearing a electrostatic latent image is advanced across the toner applicator or head, with its charged exposure surface in intimate contact with the distribution plate containing the applicator cells, all portions of the exposure surface are drawn opposite a succession of those cells as fresh toner is circulated continuously through the cells. 
     The holes and slots in the various plate layers that define the fluid pathways through the plate are formed by imaging and etching techniques customarily used in the manufacture of printed circuits. Therefore, the positions and dimensions of those various holes and slots can be controlled very precisely so that the impedance or resistance to flow of the corresponding fluid pathways between all of the applicator cells and the manifold channels can be made substantially the same. This ensures that the toner distribution system in the applicator will provide equal flow of undepleted toner over the entire exposure surface of the recording medium advancing across the applicator. 
     The utilization in the applicator of a distribution plate composed of etched foils also means that the outer layer of that plate can be made very thin, e.g. 2 mils, so that liquid toner flows along the applicator cells as a thin film . Resultantly, most of the toner particles suspended in the toner liquid must pass very close to the charged surface of the recording medium. Therefore, not only is the time required for those particles to gravitate to the charged media surface minimized, but also the electric field in the gap between the toner applicator and the medium surface at the locations of toner delivery is a maximum thereby maximizing the force tending to accelerate the toner particles toward the medium surface. Both of the above factors ensure that, as the medium passes each applicator cell in the head, a maximum number of toner particles will reach and adhere to the charged areas of the medium. 
     The construction of the applicator distribution plate as a lamination of individually etched foil layers also permits accurate control of the other dimensions of the applicator cells. Therefore, the slot length can be selected to give the fresh toner a definite residence time in each cell without allowing the toner to become depleted between the time the toner enters and exits the cell. On the other hand, the cell width may be chosen so that the plate provides adequate bearing area for the recording medium moving across the plate without imposing excessive frictional drag on the medium or subjecting the plate to excessive surface wear. 
     A preferred embodiment of the toner applicator includes means for squeegeeing or doctoring excess liquid toner along the medium surface as the medium exits the applicator. This further insures uniform application of toner particles to the charged areas of the medium surface and further minimizes toner depletion. For this, longitudinal slots are provided in the outer layer of the distribution plate adjacent the exit side of the applicator. These slots communicate through the plate with the toner collection channel of the manifold. Since that channel is maintained under negative pressure, a vacuum is present at those slots causing air pressure to press the paper or other recording medium against the plate along a line extending across the medium. That pressure line on the paper functions as a squeegee or doctor blade and spreads any excess liquid toner along the exiting medium surface so that the excess toner is not just carried out of the toning station into the drying station and lost. 
     As noted above, the applicator distribution plate can be made with a very high degree of precision using standard photoetching and laminating techniques. The dual-channel manifold component of the applicator may be composed of simple extrusions and the remaining components of the applicator are more or less standard parts. Therefore the applicator as a whole, while achieving superior performance, can be made at less cost than prior comparable toner applicators which require the manufacture and assembly of expensive machined parts. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the processing stations in an electrographic recorder; 
     FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view with parts broken away showing the liquid toner applicator at the toning station of the FIG. 1 recorder; 
     FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view on a slightly larger scale illustrating a part of the FIG. 2 applicator in greater detail; and 
     FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view on a still larger scale taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 2. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     Referring first to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the series of steps typically accomplished to make an electrographic reproduction of an original document or record is shown there. First, an electrographic recording medium P, e.g., paper, is advanced through a charging station 12 which applies an electrostatic charge, say a negative charge, to the photoconductive surface of the medium. Then, the medium passes to an exposing station 14 which includes a lens system that projects an image of the original document D onto the charged exposure surface of the medium. Those regions of that surface exposed to light lose their electrostatic charge, while those regions which are not illuminated retain their charge so that an electrostatic latent image of the original document D is impressed upon the surface of the medium. Then the medium advances through a toning station 16 which is the subject of the present invention. In that station, liquid toner containing a suspension of electrostatically charged, e.g. positive, toner particles is distributed over the surface of the medium, adhering only to those regions thereof which still carry an electric charge. The toner particles are opaque or dark so that the latent image on the medium is developed and becomes visible. Finally, the medium bearing the developed image is advanced through a drying station 18 which cures the resin component of the liquid toner, thereby fusing or bonding the toner particles to the medium creating a permanent copy C of the original document D. 
     FIG. 2 shows the liquid toner applicator or head 22 which actually distributes the toner particles over the medium exposure surface at station 16. The applicator includes an elongated generally rectangular housing or manifold 24 having a bottom wall 24a and a pair of spaced-apart parallel side walls 24b and 24c. A lengthwise partition wall 24d extends up from bottom wall 24a midway between the two manifold side walls thereby dividing the manifold into two longitudinal chambers or channels 26 and 28. The side of the manifold opposite wall 24a is open, as are the ends of the manifold. Those ends are closed by similar end plates 32 and 34. The plates are secured to the ends of the manifold by threaded fasteners 36 extending through openings 38 spaced around the edge margins of the end plates and turned down into threaded holes 42 in the ends of the manifold. If desired, appropriate gaskets or seals (not shown) may be provided between the end plates and the manifold ends to prevent fluid leakage. The manifold 24 can be formed as an aluminum extrusion. Likewise, the end plates 32 and 34 can be sliced as slabs from a single extrusion. Therefore, those parts are quite inexpensive to make. 
     The open side of the manifold 22 is closed by a special distribution plate indicated generally at 44 which completely fills the space between the manifold side walls 24b and 24c and end plates 32 and 34. Plate 44 bridges the partition wall 24d, which is somewhat higher than the other manifold walls, so that the plate 44 is gently bowed or arched from one side of the applicator to the other. The upper edges of the manifold side walls 24b and 24c are recessed to form ledges 46a and 46b so that, when the side edge margins of plate 44 are seated on the ledges, the exposed surface of the plate is flush with the upper edges of plates 32 and 34, as well as with the edges of the manifold side walls which are themselves beveled to conform to the curvature of the plate. Those side margins of the plate are bonded to ledges 46a and 46b by appropriate means such as epoxy cement. Likewise, the inner surface of the plate 44 is bonded to the upper edge of the partition wall 24d. This divides the inner surface of the plate 44 lengthwise into two strips, one strip being exposed to the manifold channel 26 and the other strip being exposed to manifold channel 28. 
     Still referring to FIG. 2, the outer surface of plate 44 which is engaged by medium P as that passes through the toning station is formed with a pattern or array of lengthwise slots or cells 52 which are arranged in columns and rows extending over substantially the entire area of plate 44. As will be seen presently, plate 44 is formed so that fluid communication is established through the plate between manifold channel 26 and one end of each cell 52 as well as between the manifold channel 28 and the other end of each cell 52. Liquid toner from a container 56 is delivered via a conduit 58 connected to an inlet port 62 in end plate 32 to manifold channel 26, which thus constitutes a toner delivery channel. Toner is withdrawn from the other channel 28, the toner collection channel, through an outlet port 64 in plate 32 by a vacuum pump 66 connected to that port by a conduit 68. The pump delivers the liquid back to container 56 by way of a conduit 72. 
     The liquid toner delivered to the manifold channel 26 is distributed by plate 44 to one end of each of the applicator cells 52 in the outer surface of that plate. The toner travels as a thin film along each cell and returns through plate 44 to the toner collection channel 28, whence it is returned by pump 66 to container 56. Thus, fresh toner from container 56 is circulated continuously along all of the applicator cells 52 where it is brought into intimate contact with the opposing photoconductive surface Pa of the medium P advancing across the head. 
     The arrangement of cells 52 on the head is such that, as the medium moves across the head, each point on medium surface Pa encounters a succession of cells 52. Thus, in the illustrated cell pattern, the cells are arranged in columns and rows, with the columns being staggered. The length of distribution plate 44 is commensurate with the width of the recording medium, thirty-six inches being a typical length. One and a half inches is a typical plate width. This width provides a sufficient number of slot 52 rows to ensure adequate exposure of the recording medium to the toner present in cells 52 and the requisite amount of wrap of the medium about the applicator to ensure intimate contact between the opposing surfaces of the plate 44 and medium P. 
     Still referring to FIG. 2, the illustrated toner applicator 22 also includes a so-called air knife or doctor blade shown generally at 74 which extends the length of the plate adjacent to manifold wall 24c at the exit side of the applicator. The air knife consists of two offset rows of lengthwise slots 76. These slots extend parallel to cells 52 and they are somewhat longer than those cells. The slots are connected via a network of passageways through plate 44 to the toner collection channel 28. During operation of the applicator, the negative pressure maintained in channel 28 by pump 66 draws a vacuum at slots 76. Therefore, air pressure on the medium P presses the medium against the plate along the line of slots thereby creating a dam or doctor blade which spreads or squeegees any excess liquid toner back along the surface of the medium as the medium leaves the applicator. While the air knife 74 is not necessary for proper operation of the applicator, it does assure that substantially all of the toner fed to cells 52 is used constructively to coat the medium P so that most efficient use is made of the available toner in container 56. 
     Refer now to FIG. 3 which shows the distribution plate 44 in greater detail. As seen there, the plate comprises a lamination of six rectangular thin sheets or foils of a conductive material such as aluminum or stainless steel. In a typical plate, the outermost foil layer 44a is on the order of two mils thick, while layers 44b, 44d and 44f are about five mils in thickness. The remaining two layers 44c and 44e are approximately ten mils thick. These foil layers are formed from larger foil sheets by a conventional chemical etching process of the type commonly employed to manufacture printed circuits. There are also formed in the foil layers during the etching process different patterns of holes or slots arranged in rows and/or columns. 
     For ease of illustration, only some of the columns of slots or holes in the pattern in each layer are shown, the illustrated columns being repeated along the entire length of the particular layer. Also, each pattern actually includes many more rows of openings than are shown and the individual slots and holes are much smaller than depicted. Further, while FIG. 3 shows the vertical alignment of the slots and holes in the various plate layers when the layers are flat, that illustrated alignment actually exists when the layers are bowed or arched as shown in FIG. 2. 
     In any event, the pattern of applicator cells 52 and air knife slots 76 described above are etched in the top plate layer 44a. It should be understood that the words &#34;top&#34;, &#34;bottom&#34;, etc. as used herein should not imply any particular orientation of the plate on the applicator as a whole. A pattern of small holes is formed in layer 44b under the cell pattern 52 in layer 44a. These holes are arranged in rows and staggered columns with the holes in alternate columns being numbered 92a and 92b. Layer 44b  also contains two offset rows of grouped holes 94 located under the air knife slots 76 in layer 44a. Plate layer 44c contains a pattern of L-shaped slots arranged in rows and staggered columns, the slots in alternate columns being numbered alternately 96a and 96b. Slots 96a are more or less upright &#34;Ls&#34;, while the slots 96b are upside down and reversed &#34;Ls&#34;, all of the slots being located generally under the pattern of holes 92a, 92b in layer 44b. Also, layer 44c includes two offset rows of lengthwise slots 98 located under the rows of holes 94 in layer 44b. 
     The plate layer 44d is formed with an array of small holes arranged in rows and staggered columns, the holes in alternate columns being numbered 102a and 102b respectively. That array of holes is located under the pattern of slots 96a, 96b in layer 44c. Also formed in layer 44d are two rows of holes 104 which are positioned under the slots 98 in layer 44c. The plate layer 44e contains two sets of interlaced branched diagonal slots 106a and 106b. The shapes of the branched slots are difficult to describe in words. Suffice it to say that the slots are located under the pattern of holes 102a, 102b in layer 44d and extend between the endmost rows of those holes. Each slot 106b includes end branches 106c that extend under the rows of holes 104 in layer 44d. Finally, the innermost foil layer 44f contains a row of spaced holes 110a adjacent the left-hand edge margin of that layer more or less under the lower ends of slots 106a. A second row of holes 110b is located adjacent the opposite edge of that layer more or less under the ends of slots 106b in layer 44e. 
     The bowed layers 44a to 44f are laminated together to form plate 44 using a suitable bonding agent such as epoxy resin without obstructing the patterns of holes and slots etched into the layers. When the plate is mounted to the manifold as described above and as shown in FIG. 2, the holes 110a in the innermost plate layer 44f are open to the toner delivery channel 26, while the holes 110b therein are exposed to the toner collection manifold 28 and the holes and slots in the various layers have the vertical alignment shown in FIG. 3. 
     More particularly, a branch of each slot 106a in layer 44e lies opposite a hole 110a in the bottom layer, while a segment of each slot 106b in layer 44e is disposed opposite a hole 110b in the bottom layer. The holes 102a and 102b in layer 44d are arranged so that branches of slots 106a extend opposite holes 102a in the same column and branches of slots 106b are disposed opposite holes 102b in the same column. Since there are twelve branches in each slot 106a and 106b, each hole 110a in layer 44f feeds twelve holes 102a in layer 44d and each hole 110b communicates with twelve holes 102b. 
     Each hole 102a is aligned with the short leg of a slot 96a in layer 44c and each hole 102b is aligned with the short leg of a slot 96b in that same layer. The long leg of each slot 96a communicates with three adjacent holes 92a in the same column of the hole pattern in layer 44b and the long leg of each slot 96b opens to three adjacent holes 92b of layer 44b. Thus, each hole 102a in layer 44d feeds three holes 92a in layer 44b and each hole 102b communicates with three holes 92b in layer 44b. These patterns yield a total multiplication factor of 36 (12×3) so that 36 holes 92a and 36 holes 92b are fed from each of the holes 110a and 110b respectively in layer 44f. As further shown in FIG. 3, the adjacent holes 92a and 92b in each row of holes formed in layer 44b are located directly under the opposite ends of a cell 52 in the uppermost plate layer 44a. 
     Thus, the slots and holes in the various plate layers combine to provide a system of precisely defined pathways for feeding fresh toner from manifold channel 26 to the applicator cells 52 and for recovering partially depleted toner from those cells for collection in the manifold channel 28 from where it is returned by pump 66 to container 56 (FIG. 2). With the illustrated etched plate layers 44a to 44f which are only one and a half inches long and thirty-six inches long, fresh toner may be circulated through as many as 2650 or more cells 52 formed in a plate layer 44a. 
     The air knife slots 76 in plate layer 44a communicate through the rows of holes 94, slots 98, holes 104 and slot branches 106c in layers 44b to 44e respectively, with the holes 110b that open to the toner recovery channel 28. As noted above, that channel is maintained at a negative pressure by pump 66 so that some air is drawn in through cells 52 along with the partially depleted liquid toner creating the squeegee effect discussed above which removes excess toner from the medium P. 
     Referring now to FIG. 4, due to the construction of the toner distribution plate 44 as a multi-layer lamination of etched thin foils, the dimensions of the various slots and holes in the plate layers can be controlled to a very high degree of accuracy. Consequently, the overall dimensions and flow characteristics of the fluid pathways to and from the applicator cells 52 that are defined by those etched slots and holes can likewise be controlled so that the corresponding pathways for all of the applicator cells have precisely the same impedance or resistance to flow. Further, with this arrangement, that impedance can be made relatively high even though the total thickness of the plate 44 is small, e.g. 27 mils. This means that uniform amounts of fresh toner T will be circulated through all of the applicator cells 52 so that the developing process is carried out uniformly over the entire working area of the plate 44. That factor, coupled with the fact that the recording medium P encounters a succession of cells 52 as it advances, across plate 44 ensures that toner particles are applied uniformly to the entire exposure surface Pa of the medium. The aforementioned air knife 74 also helps in that respect. 
     Other important advantages accruing because of the construction of plate 44 as a lamination of etched thin foils are the uniformity and small depth that can be obtained for the applicator cells 52. More particularly, when the recording medium passes across the distribution plate 44, an electric field is developed in the gap G between the bottom of the gap, i.e. plate layer 44b, and the negatively charged surface Pa of the recording medium. If the gap is uniform, the intensity of that field is uniform at all points inside the gap. Also, since the intensity of that field for a given dielectric charge on surface Pa is inversely proportional to the gap length, a short gap G means that a very strong field can be developed in the gap through which the liquid toner circulates. Therefore the force acting to accelerate the positively charged toner T particles (which is proportional to the field intensity and the particle charge magnitude) can be made quite high. Still further, the thinness of layer 44a assures that the liquid toner flows through gap G as a very thin layer or film so that a maximum number of toner particles are flowed very close to the medium surface Pa. Both of these factors maximize the chances of a toner particle in a cell 52 reaching and adhering to a charged region of the medium surface Pa. 
     In other words, the small depth of gap G minimizes the time it takes for the toner particles to travel from each cell 52 to a charged portion of the medium surface Pa and maximizes the intensity of the electric field that propels those particles to that surface. This is quite important because, as the toner particles attach themselves to surface Pa, the field intensity in gap G drops thereby diminishing the toner particle application rate as surface charges are being satisfied. The optimum gap G length, then, for a given applicator is a compromise between a gap length that produces maximum field intensity and one that permits flow of the requisite amount of fresh toner T along the gap in a given time. 
     In this connection, the gap length produced by a foil layer 44a thickness of about two mils has been found to be satisfactory. The residence time of the toner in gap G depends to a great extent on the length of gap G, i.e., the length of each cell 52. This length should be selected so that the toner nearing the exit end of the slot is not depleted of toner particles. This result has been achieved with a gap or cell length of about one-quarter inch. The width of cells 52 controls to a large extent the bearing area on plate 44 for supporting the recording medium P. A cell width of about 0.04 inch has been found to provide adequate bearing area without causing excessive surface wear of the plate or frictional drag on the recording medium. The exposure of the recording medium to toner depends, of course, on the number and position of the applicator cells 52. As noted above, these are present in sufficient numbers to cover the entire exposed surface area of the recording medium and so that each point on that area is exposed to a plurality of applicator cells from which to receive toner particles. 
     By the time each increment of recording medium surface Pa reaches air knife 74, a uniform and adequate number of toner particles have reached all charged portions of that increment. However, at that knife, even more toner particles are brought into contact with those charged surface portions due to the squeegee or doctoring action of the air knife described above. Resultantly, by the time each medium surface increment exits the toner applicator 22, its charged surface portions are assuredly covered uniformly with the requisite density of toner particles required to produce a high contrast reproduction of the original document. 
     It will be seen from the foregoing, then, that the present liquid toner applicator develops an electrostatic latent image of superior quality quickly and reliably. Yet, because the applicator distribution plate 44 is formed as a lamination of etched thin metal foils and the remaining major components of the head are simple extrusions, the overall cost of the applicator is a minimum; indeed, it is far less than the cost of prior comparable toner applicators and heads which utilize or require expensive machined parts. Therefore, when incorporated into an electrographic recorder, the present applicator helps to reduce the overall cost of that recorder, while improving the quality of the document or record reproduced by the recorder. 
     It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained. Also, certain changes may be made in the above construction without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, plate 44 may be composed of more or fewer layers depending upon the flow impedance and multiplication or branching factor desired for the plate. Likewise, the dimensions and shapes of the slots and holes in the plates may vary from those specifically illustrated. Therefore, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 
     It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described.