Patent Publication Number: US-2021187509-A1

Title: Method and analysis system for testing a sample

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/725,323 filed Oct. 5, 2017, which claims the benefit of priority to European Patent Application No. 16 020 371.7 filed Oct. 7, 2016, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to an analysis system and method in which analytes of a sample are pre-treated and/or amplification products produced from analytes of the sample in a reaction cavity. 
     Preferably, the present invention deals with analysing and testing a sample, in particular from a human or animal, particularly preferably for analytics and diagnostics, for example with regard to the presence of diseases and/or pathogens and/or for determining blood counts, antibodies, hormones, steroids or the like. Therefore, the present invention is in particular within the field of bioanalytics. A food sample, environmental sample or another sample may optionally also be tested, in particular for environmental analytics or food safety and/or for detecting other substances. 
     In particular, by means of the present invention, at least one analyte (target analyte) of a sample, preferably a nucleic-acid product, such as a particular nucleic-acid sequence, can be determined, identified or detected. In particular, the sample can be tested for qualitatively or quantitatively determining at least one analyte, for example in order for it to be possible to detect a disease and/or pathogen. 
     The present invention deals in particular with what are known as point-of-care systems, i.e., with systems, devices and other apparatuses, and deals with methods for carrying out tests on a sample at the sampling site and/or independently or away from a central laboratory or the like. 
     Description of Related Art 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,669 discloses a point-of-care system for testing a biological sample, in particular a blood sample. The system comprises a single-use cartridge and an analysis device. Once the sample has been received, the cartridge is inserted into the analysis device in order to carry out the test. The cartridge comprises a microfluidic system and a sensor apparatus comprising electrodes, the apparatus being calibrated by means of a calibration liquid and then being used to test the sample. 
     Furthermore, International Patent Application Publication WO 2006/125767 A1 and U.S. Patent Application Publication 2016/0047832 A1 disclose a point-of-care system for integrated and automated DNA or protein analysis, comprising a single-use cartridge and an analysis device for fully automatically processing and evaluating molecular-diagnostic analyses using the single-use cartridge. The cartridge is designed to receive a sample, in particular blood, and in particular allows cell disruption, PCR and detection of PCR amplification products, which are bonded to capture molecules and provided with a label enzyme, in order for it to be possible to detect bonded PCR amplification products or nucleic sequences as target analytes in what is known as a redox cycling process. The temperature in the PCR chamber can be manipulated by associated Peltier elements. 
     U.S. Patent Application Publication 2009/0227476 A1 discloses a biological assay apparatus which can perform PCR in a PCR thermal cycling chamber and, thereafter, can detect nucleic acids in a microarray. The PCR thermal cycling chamber can be separately heated or cooled. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The problem addressed by the present invention is to provide an improved analysis system and an improved method for testing an in particular biological sample, which allow or facilitate testing of the sample that is efficient, reliable, rapid and/or as precise as possible. 
     The above problem is solved by an analysis system and a method as described herein. 
     The proposed analysis system for testing, in particular, a biological sample preferably comprises a receiving cavity for receiving the sample and/or at least one reaction cavity for amplifying analytes of the sample and/or for forming amplification products from the analytes of the sample. 
     Preferably, the analysis system comprises a sensor apparatus that is in particular separate from the receiving cavity and/or reaction cavity, and/or is spaced apart from the receiving cavity and/or reaction cavity, in order to in particular electrochemically detect the analytes and/or amplification products that are preferably bonded to capture molecules of the sensor apparatus. 
     According to a first aspect of the present invention, the analysis system comprises an intermediate temperature-control cavity for actively temperature-controlling, in particular heating, the amplified analytes and/or amplification products, the intermediate temperature-control cavity being arranged between the receiving cavity and/or reaction cavity on one side and the sensor apparatus on the other side, and/or the sensor apparatus being fluidically connected to the receiving cavity and/or reaction cavity by the intermediate temperature-control cavity. 
     Advantageously, by means of the intermediate temperature-control cavity it is possible to prevent or reduce undesired hybridization of the analytes and/or amplification products before they are fed to the sensor apparatus, and/or to separate or denature analytes and/or amplification products that are bonded to one another, in particular such that the number of analytes and/or amplification products that are unbonded or available for hybridization to the corresponding capture molecules is maximised or at least increased. In this way, the yield of amplification products bonded to capture molecules, and thus the efficiency of the test, is increased. 
     In particular, by means of the intermediate temperature-control cavity it is possible to denature and/or temperature-control the analytes and/or amplification products amplified in the reaction cavity before they are fed to the sensor apparatus, preferably such that the analytes and/or amplification products can be fed to the sensor apparatus in the denatured state and/or the state in which they are temperature-controlled in advance. Therefore, denaturing of the analytes and/or amplification products in or on the sensor apparatus can be omitted, and/or the required temperature control of the amplification products in or on the sensor apparatus can be reduced, as a result of which the efficiency of the test is increased. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, which can also be implemented independently, the analysis system comprises, in particular in addition to the intermediate temperature-control cavity, a sensor temperature-control apparatus for in particular directly temperature-controlling the sensor apparatus and/or for temperature-controlling the capture molecules and analytes and/or amplification products in the sensor apparatus, in particular so that heat is transferred from the sensor temperature-control apparatus through the sensor apparatus to the capture molecules, analytes and/or amplification products or vice versa. 
     Particularly preferably, different temperatures of the capture molecules and analytes and/or amplification products in or on the sensor apparatus can be set or reacted by means of the sensor temperature-control apparatus, preferably such that (different) analytes and/or amplification products can be bonded to the corresponding capture molecules at different hybridization temperatures. Advantageously, the efficiency and/or specificity of the test and/or detection is thus increased. 
     Preferably, the sensor apparatus comprises a support, in particular a chip as the support, a plurality of electrodes arranged on the support and/or a sensor compartment, the sensor temperature-control apparatus preferably being designed for in particular directly temperature-controlling the support and/or the sensor compartment, in particular so that heat is transferred from the sensor temperature-control apparatus through the support to the sensor compartment or vice versa, and/or the sensor temperature-control apparatus, in the operating state, resting on or against the support or the back thereof, in particular in a planar manner and/or centrally, in order to temperature-control the sensor compartment from outside and/or in particular with heat being transferred through the support. 
     By means of the sensor temperature-control apparatus, it is possible to achieve different temperatures or temperature curves or temperature profiles in or on the sensor apparatus and/or in the sensor compartment, and/or to adapt the temperature control of the support and/or sensor compartment for (optimally) hybridizing the amplification products to the capture molecules. 
     The proposed analysis system is in particular portable, mobile and/or is a point-of-care system and/or can be used in particular at the sampling site and/or away from a central laboratory. 
     The analysis system preferably comprises an analysis device and/or at least one cartridge for testing the sample. 
     The term “analysis device” is preferably understood to mean an instrument which is in particular mobile and/or can be used on site, and/or which is designed to chemically, biologically and/or physically test and/or analyse a sample or a component thereof, preferably in and/or by means of a cartridge. In particular, the analysis device controls the testing of the sample in the cartridge. 
     Particularly preferably, the analysis device is designed to receive the cartridge or to connect said cartridge. 
     The term “cartridge” is preferably understood to mean a structural apparatus or unit designed to receive, to store, to physically, chemically and/or biologically treat and/or prepare and/or to measure a sample, preferably in order to make it possible to detect, identify or determine at least one analyte of the sample. 
     A cartridge within the meaning of the present invention preferably comprises a fluid system having a plurality of channels, cavities and/or valves for controlling the flow through the channels and/or cavities. 
     In particular, within the meaning of the present invention, a cartridge is designed to be at least substantially planar, flat and/or card-like, in particular is designed as a (micro)fluidic card and/or is designed as a main body or container that can preferably be closed and/or said cartridge can be inserted and/or plugged into a proposed analysis device when it contains the sample. 
     The proposed method for testing an in particular biological sample provides for actively temperature-controlling, in particular heating, the analytes of the sample and/or the amplification products, which are preferably amplified by means of PCR, between the reaction cavity and the sensor apparatus and/or after amplification/copying and immediately before hybridization to capture molecules, particularly preferably in order to denature the analytes and/or amplification products, and/or prevent or reduce undesired hybridization of the analytes and/or amplification products to one another. 
     Preferably, different analytes and/or amplification products or groups thereof are initially, in particular simultaneously and/or in parallel, produced by means of an amplification reaction, in particular PCR, in preferably different PCR chambers and/or reaction cavities, and are then bonded to the capture molecules in succession at different hybridization temperatures. 
     In particular, it is provided that a first, second and optional third group of amplification products are produced in different reaction cavities. It may however also be provided that the analytes are amplified by means of an amplification reaction, in particular PCR, in a common PCR chamber or reaction cavity, and/or that the amplification products are produced in a common reaction cavity. 
     Preferably, a plurality of amplification reactions, in particular PCRs, run simultaneously, in parallel or independently from one another during the test. 
     Preferably, different amplification reactions, in particular PCRs with different primers, are provided or carried out. 
     Within the meaning of the present invention, amplification reactions are in particular molecular-biological reactions in which an analyte is amplified/copied and/or in which amplification products, in particular nucleic-acid products, of an analyte are produced. Particularly preferably, PCRs are amplification reactions within the meaning of the present invention. 
     “PCR” stands for polymerase chain reaction and is a molecular-biological method by means of which certain analytes, in particular portions of RNA or DNA, of a sample are amplified, preferably in several cycles, using polymerases or enzymes, in particular in order to then test and/or detect the amplification products or nucleic-acid products. If RNA is intended to be tested and/or amplified, before the PCR is carried out, a cDNA is produced starting from the RNA, in particular using reverse transcriptase. The cDNA is used as a template for the subsequent PCR. 
     Preferably, during a PCR, a sample is first denatured by the addition of heat in order to separate the strands of DNA or cDNA. Preferably, primers or nucleotides are then deposited on the separated single strands of DNA or cDNA, and a desired DNA or cDNA sequence is replicated by means of polymerase and/or the missing strand is replaced by means of polymerase. This process is preferably repeated in a plurality of cycles until the desired quantity of the DNA or cDNA sequence is available. 
     For the PCR, marker primers are preferably used, i.e., primers which (additionally) produce a marker or a label, in particular biotin, on the amplified analyte. This allows or facilitates detection. Preferably, the primers used are biotinylated and/or comprise or form in particular covalently bonded biotin as the label. 
     It is proposed that the analytes and/or amplification products are actively temperature-controlled, preferably in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled (again) in the sensor apparatus, preferably (pre-)heated, preferably in an intermediate temperature-control cavity and/or by means of an intermediate temperature-control apparatus, after leaving the reaction cavity and/or after the PCR is carried out and/or immediately before being fed to the sensor apparatus, in particular in order to separate any potentially double-stranded analytes and/or amplification products into single strands. 
     Preferably, the analytes and/or amplification products are then subsequently and/or again temperature-controlled, in particular after being temperature-controlled in the intermediate temperature-control cavity, and/or brought to the corresponding hybridization temperature, in particular in or on the sensor apparatus and/or by means of a sensor temperature-control apparatus, preferably in order to hybridize the amplification products to the corresponding capture molecules. 
     Preferably, the sensor compartment, or the capture molecules, analytes and/or amplification products is/are actively temperature-controlled and/or brought to the corresponding hybridization temperature, in particular with heat being transferred through a support, in particular a chip, of the sensor apparatus. 
     The support is preferably both electrically and thermally contacted on the back, and/or is connected and/or coupled to the analysis device. This allows a particularly compact design. 
     The hybridization temperature is preferably the (average) temperature at which an (amplified) analyte, in particular portions of RNA or DNA, and/or an amplification product is bonded to corresponding capture molecules and/or is hybridized to corresponding capture molecules. 
     The optimal hybridization temperature is preferably the temperature at which the number of amplification products bonded to corresponding capture molecules is maximised and/or the number of amplification products bonded to one another is minimised. 
     Preferably, the (optimal) hybridization temperature varies for different analytes and/or amplification products. 
     A group of different analytes and/or amplification products preferably only includes, at least substantially, analytes and/or amplification products having similar (optimal) hybridization temperatures. Therefore, this results in an average and/or optimal hybridization temperature of the group or a temperature range of (optimal) hybridization temperatures. At this temperature or in this temperature range of the group—both also referred to as “group temperature” for short—the total number of analytes and/or amplification products in this group that are bonded to the capture molecules is (likely to be) maximal. The temperature range is preferably less than 8° C., in particular less than 5° C. 
     Preferably, different groups having different group temperatures are formed. The group temperatures preferably differ or are spaced apart by at least 2° C., in particular by more than 3° C. 
     In particular, the group temperature of a first group is greater than the group temperature of a second group. 
     Preferably, the (optimal) hybridization temperature varies depending on the GC content of the DNA or cDNA, the length of the DNA or cDNA, the melting point or melting temperature of the DNA or cDNA sequence and/or the conditioning or salt concentration of the solvent, ambient medium and/or buffer. 
     The melting point or melting temperature is preferably the temperature at which or from which the DNA or cDNA denatures and/or the strands of double-stranded DNA or cDNA are separated from one another. The melting point or melting temperature is preferably dependent on the GC content of the DNA or cDNA, the length of the DNA or cDNA, and/or the conditioning or salt concentration of the solvent, ambient medium and/or buffer. Preferably, the melting point or melting temperature is at least 85° C. or 90° C., particularly preferably 92° C. or 94° C., and/or at most 99° C. or 98° C., particularly preferably at most 97° C. or 96° C. 
     Preferably, the hybridization temperature is lower than the melting point or melting temperature, preferably by at least 2° C. or 5° C., particularly preferably 8° C. or 10° C., in particular 15° C. or 20° C. or more. 
     The capture molecules of the sensor apparatus are in particular oligonucleotide probes, which are preferably immobilised on the sensor, sensor array and/or electrodes by a spacer, in particular a C6 spacer. The formation of structures that disrupt hybridization, e.g., hairpin structures, can be prevented by the preferred bonding of the capture molecules by spacers. 
     The analytes and/or amplification products bonded at different hybridization temperatures are preferably detected in a single or common detection process. 
     Particularly preferably, the sensor apparatus is only used a single time for a process for detecting said analytes and/or amplification products, electrochemical determination preferably taking place in particular simultaneously for all the bonded amplification products. This allows very rapid and efficient testing. 
     In particular, different analytes and/or amplification products of different analytes can be very efficiently bonded by hybridization temperatures in succession, to preferably immobilised capture molecules, particularly preferably on or in a sensor apparatus, in order for it to be possible to measure and/or determine or detect a particularly large number of different amplification products at the same time, in particular in a single or common detection process. 
     In the context of the present invention, it is thus possible to test analytes and/or amplification products that are produced and/or amplified in parallel and have different hybridization temperatures in a single detection process and at the same time with high specificity. 
     Preferably, the bonded analytes and/or amplification products are detected by feeding detector molecules to the sensor apparatus. 
     Within the meaning of the present invention, the term “detector molecules” is preferably understood to mean molecules that bond specifically to the marker or label of the primers used to amplify the analytes and/or analytes or amplification products provided therewith, and thus allow the detection thereof. 
     In particular, the detector molecules may be enzyme conjugates and/or immunoconjugates, which bond specifically to the marker or label, in particular biotin, and comprise a reporter enzyme for converting a substrate. In the context of the present invention, the detector molecules are preferably based on streptavidin, which has a high affinity for biotin, and/or alkaline phosphatase, which can convert non-reactive phosphate monoesters to electrochemically active molecules and phosphate. 
     Preferably, a detection system is used, where the label is based on biotin and where the detector molecules are based on streptavidin/alkaline phosphatase. However, other detector molecules can also be used. 
     The above-mentioned aspects and features of the present invention and the aspects and features of the present invention that will become apparent from the following description can in principle be implemented independently from one another, but also in any combination or order. 
     Other aspects, advantages, features and properties of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of a preferred embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic section through a proposed analysis system or analysis device comprising a proposed cartridge received therein; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic view of the cartridge; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic front view of a proposed sensor apparatus of the analysis system and/or cartridge; 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged detail from  FIG. 3  illustrating a sensor field of the sensor apparatus; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic rear view of the sensor apparatus; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic sectional view of the sensor apparatus; and 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic curve or profile for the temperature of the sample and/or of amplification products as a function of the position in the cartridge. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the figures, which are only schematic and sometimes not to scale, the same reference signs are used for the same or similar parts and components, corresponding or comparable properties and advantages being achieved even if these are not repeatedly described. 
       FIG. 1  is a highly schematic view of a proposed analysis system  1  and analysis device  200  for testing an in particular biological sample P, preferably by means of or in an apparatus or cartridge  100 . 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of the proposed apparatus or cartridge  100  for testing the sample P. The apparatus or cartridge  100  in particular forms a handheld unit, and in the following is merely referred to as a cartridge. 
     The term “sample” is preferably understood to mean the sample material to be tested, which is in particular taken from a human or animal. In particular, within the meaning of the present invention, a sample is a fluid, such as saliva, blood, urine or another liquid, preferably from a human or animal, or a component thereof. Within the meaning of the present invention, a sample may be pre-treated or prepared if necessary, or may come directly from a human or animal or the like, for example. A food sample, environmental sample or another sample may optionally also be tested, in particular for environmental analytics, food safety and/or for detecting other substances, preferably natural substances, but also biological or chemical warfare agents, poisons or the like. 
     Preferably, the analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  controls the testing of the sample P in particular in or on the cartridge  100  and/or is used to evaluate the testing or the collection, processing and/or storage of measured values from the test. 
     By means of the proposed analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  or by means of the cartridge  100  and/or using the proposed method for testing the sample P, preferably an analyte A of the sample P, in particular a nucleic-acid product, such as a certain nucleic-acid sequence, or particularly preferably a plurality of analytes A of the sample P, can be determined, identified or detected. Said analytes are in particular detected and/or measured not only qualitatively, but particularly preferably also quantitatively. 
     Therefore, the sample P can in particular be tested for qualitatively or quantitatively determining at least one analyte A, for example in order for it to be possible to detect a disease and/or pathogen or to determine other values, which are important for diagnostics, for example. 
     Particularly preferably, a molecular-biological test is made possible by means of the analysis system  1  and/or analysis device  200  and/or by means of the cartridge  100 . 
     Particularly preferably, a molecular and/or PCR assay, in particular for detecting DNA and/or RNA, i.e., nucleic-acid products and/or sequences, is made possible and/or carried out. 
     Preferably, the sample P or individual components of the sample P or analytes A can be amplified if necessary, in particular by means of PCR, and tested, identified or detected in the analysis system  1 , analysis device  200  and/or in the cartridge  100 . Preferably, amplification products V of the analyte A or analytes A are thus produced. 
     The analytes A and/or amplification products V of the sample P, in particular the nucleic-acid products, which are amplified in particular by means of PCR, in particular have a length of at least 20 or 50, particularly preferably 80 or 100, and/or at most 300 or 280, particularly preferably 250 or 220, nucleotides. However, it may also be provided that shorter or longer amplification products V are produced in particular by means of PCR. 
     In the following, further details are first given on a preferred construction of the cartridge  100 , with features of the cartridge  100  preferably also directly representing features of the analysis system  1 , in particular even without any further explicit explanation. 
     The cartridge  100  is preferably at least substantially planar, flat and/or plate-shaped and/or card-like. 
     The cartridge  100  preferably comprises an in particular at least substantially flat, planar, plate-shaped and/or card-like main body  101 , the main body  101  in particular being made of and/or injection-moulded from plastics material, particularly preferably polypropylene. 
     The cartridge  100  preferably comprises at least one film or cover  102  for covering the main body  101  and/or cavities and/or channels formed therein at least in part, in particular on the front  100 A, and/or for forming valves or the like, as shown by dashed lines in  FIG. 2 . 
     The analysis system  1  or cartridge  100  or the main body  101  thereof, in particular together with the cover  102 , preferably forms and/or comprises a fluidic system  103 , referred to in the following as the fluid system  103 . 
     The cartridge  100  and/or the fluid system  103  thereof is preferably at least substantially vertically oriented in the operating position and/or during the test, in particular in the analysis device  200 , as shown schematically in  FIG. 1 . In particular, the main plane or surface extension of the cartridge  100  thus extends at least substantially vertically in the operating position. 
     The cartridge  100  and/or the fluid system  103  preferably comprises a plurality of cavities, in particular at least one receiving cavity  104 , at least one metering cavity  105 , at least one intermediate cavity  106 , at least one mixing cavity  107 , at least one storage cavity  108 , at least one reaction cavity  109 , at least one intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  and/or at least one collection cavity  111 , as shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     The cartridge  100  and/or the fluid system  103  also preferably comprises at least one pump apparatus  112  and/or at least one sensor apparatus  113 . 
     Some, most or all of the cavities are preferably formed by chambers and/or channels or other depressions in the cartridge  100  and/or the main body  101 , and particularly preferably are covered or closed by the film or cover  102 . However, other structural solutions are also possible. 
     In the example shown, the cartridge  100  or the fluid system  103  preferably comprises two metering cavities  105 A and  105 B, a plurality of intermediate cavities  106 A to  106 G, a plurality of storage cavities  108 A to  108 E and/or a plurality of reaction cavities  109 , which can preferably be loaded independently from one another, in particular a first reaction cavity  109 A, a second reaction cavity  109 B and an optional third reaction cavity  109 C, as can be seen in  FIG. 2 . 
     The reaction cavity/cavities  109  is/are used in particular to carry out an amplification reaction, in particular PCR, or several, preferably different, amplification reactions, in particular PCRs. It is preferable to carry out several, preferably different, PCRs, i.e., PCRs having different primer combinations or primer pairs, in parallel and/or independently and/or in different reaction cavities  109 . 
     The amplification products V and/or other portions of the sample P forming in the one or more reaction cavities  109  can be conducted or fed to the connected sensor apparatus  113 , in particular by means of the pump apparatus  112 . 
     The sensor apparatus  113  is used in particular for detecting, particularly preferably qualitatively and/or quantitatively determining, the analyte A or analytes A of the sample P, in this case particularly preferably the amplification products V of the analytes A. Alternatively or additionally, however, other values may also be collected or determined. 
     In particular, the pump apparatus  112  comprises or forms a tube-like or bead-like raised portion, in particular by means of the film or cover  102 , particularly preferably on the back of the cartridge, as shown schematically in  FIG. 1 . 
     The cartridge  100 , the main body  101  and/or the fluid system  103  preferably comprise a plurality of channels  114  and/or valves  115 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     By means of the channels  114  and/or valves  115 , the cavities  104  to  111 , the pump apparatus  112  and/or the sensor apparatus  113  can be temporarily and/or permanently connected and/or separated from one another, as required and/or optionally or selectively, in particular such that they are controlled by the analysis system  1  or the analysis device  200 . 
     The cavities  104  to  111  are preferably each fluidically linked by a plurality of channels  114 . Particularly preferably, each cavity is linked or connected by at least two associated channels  114 , in order to make it possible for fluid to fill, flow through and/or drain from the respective cavities as required. 
     The fluid transport or the fluid system  103  is preferably not based on capillary forces, or is not exclusively based on said forces, but in particular is essentially based on the effects of gravity and/or pumping forces and/or compressive forces and/or suction forces that arise, which are particularly preferably generated by the pump or pump apparatus  112 . In this case, the flows of fluid or the fluid transport and the metering are controlled by accordingly opening and closing the valves  115  and/or by accordingly operating the pump or pump apparatus  112 , in particular by means of a pump drive  202  of the analysis device  200 . 
     Preferably, each of the cavities  104  to  110  has an inlet at the top and an outlet at the bottom in the operating position. Therefore, if required, only liquid from the respective cavities can be removed via the outlet. 
     In particular, the liquid-containing cavities, particularly preferably the storage cavity/cavities  108 , the mixing cavity  107  and/or the receiving cavity  104 , are each dimensioned such that, when said cavities are filled with liquid, bubbles of gas or air that may potentially form rise upwards in the operating position, such that the liquid collects above the outlet without bubbles. However, other solutions are also possible here. 
     Preferably, at least one valve  115  is assigned to each cavity, the pump apparatus  112  and/or the sensor apparatus  113  and/or is arranged upstream of the respective inlets and/or downstream of the respective outlets. 
     Preferably, the cavities  104  to  111  or sequences of cavities  104  to  111 , through which fluid flows in series or in succession for example, can be selectively released and/or fluid can selectively flow therethrough by the assigned valves  115  being actuated, and/or said cavities can be fluidically connected to the fluid system  103  and/or to other cavities. 
     In particular, the valves  115  are formed by the main body  101  and the film or cover  102  and/or are formed in another manner, for example by additional layers, depressions or the like. 
     Particularly preferably, one or more valves  115 A are provided which are preferably tightly closed initially or when in storage, particularly preferably in order to seal liquids or liquid reagents F, located in the storage cavities  108 , and/or the fluid system  103  from the open receiving cavity  104  in a storage-stable manner. 
     Preferably, an initially closed valve  115 A is arranged upstream and downstream of each storage cavity  108 . Said valves are preferably only opened, in particular automatically, when the cartridge  100  is actually being used and/or while inserting the cartridge  100  into the analysis device  200 . 
     A plurality of valves  115 A, in particular three valves in this case, are preferably assigned to the receiving cavity  104  when an optional intermediate connection  104 D is provided in addition to an inlet  104 B and an outlet  104 C, for example in order for it to be possible to optionally discharge or remove a supernatant of the sample P, such as blood serum or the like. Depending on the use, in addition to the valve  115 A on the inlet  104 B, then preferably only the valve  115 A either at the outlet  104 C or at the intermediate connection  104 D is opened. 
     The valves  115 A assigned to the receiving cavity  104  seal the fluid system  103  and/or the cartridge  100  in particular fluidically and/or in a gas-tight manner until the sample P is inserted and the receiving cavity  104  or a connection  104 A of the receiving cavity  104  is closed. 
     As an alternative or in addition to the valves  115 A (which are initially closed), one or more valves  115 B are preferably provided which are not closed in a storage-stable manner and/or which are open initially and/or which can be closed by actuation. These valves are used in particular to control the flows of fluid during the test. 
     The cartridge  100  is preferably designed as a microfluidic card and/or the fluid system  103  is preferably designed as a microfluidic system. In the present invention, the term “microfluidic” is preferably understood to mean that the respective volumes of individual cavities, some of the cavities or all of the cavities  104  to  111  and/or channels  114  are, separately or cumulatively, less than 5 ml or 2 ml, particularly preferably less than 1 ml or 800 μl in particular less than 600 μl or 300 μl, more particularly preferably less than 200 μl or 100 μl. 
     Particularly preferably, a sample P having a maximum volume of 5 ml, 2 ml or 1 ml can be introduced into the cartridge  100  and/or the fluid system  103 , in particular the receiving cavity  104 . 
     Reagents and liquids which are preferably introduced or provided before the test in liquid form as liquids or liquid reagents F and/or in dry form as dry reagents S are required for testing the sample P, as shown in the schematic view according to  FIG. 2 . 
     Furthermore, other liquids F, in particular in the form of a wash buffer, solvent for dry reagents S and/or a substrate SU, for example in order to form detection molecules and/or a redox system, are also preferably required for the test, the detection process and/or for other purposes and are in particular provided in the cartridge  100 , i.e., are likewise introduced before use, in particular before delivery. At some points in the following, a distinction is not made between liquid reagents and other liquids, and therefore the respective explanations are accordingly also mutually applicable. 
     The analysis system  1  or the cartridge  100  preferably contains all the reagents and liquids required for carrying out one or more amplification reactions or PCRs and/or for carrying out the test, and therefore, particularly preferably, it is only necessary to receive the optionally pre-treated sample P. 
     The cartridge  100  and/or the fluid system  103  preferably comprises a bypass  114 A that can optionally be used, in order for it to be possible, if necessary, to conduct or convey the sample P or components thereof past the reaction cavities  109  and, by bypassing the optional intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , also directly to the sensor apparatus  113 , and/or in order for it to be possible to convey or pump liquids or liquid reagents F 2 -F 5  out of the storage cavities  108 B- 108 E into the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular in the opposite direction to the analytes A and/or amplification products V, when the bypass  114 A is open, more specifically when the valve  115 B of the bypass  114 A is open. 
     The cartridge  100  or the fluid system  103  or the channels  114  preferably comprise sensor portions  116  or other apparatuses for detecting liquid fronts and/or flows of fluid. 
     It is noted that various components, such as the channels  114 , the valves  115 , in particular the valves  115 A that are initially closed and the valves  115 B that are initially open, and the sensor portions  116  in  FIG. 2  are, for reasons of clarity, only labelled in some cases, but the same symbols are used in  FIG. 2  for each of these components. 
     The collection cavity  111  is preferably used for receiving excess or used reagents and liquids and volumes of the sample. It is preferably given appropriate large dimensions and/or is only provided with inputs or inlets, in particular such that liquids cannot be removed or pumped out again in the operating position. 
     The receiving cavity  104  preferably comprises a connection  104 A for introducing the sample P. After the sample P is introduced into the receiving cavity  104 , said cavity and/or the connection  104 A is closed. 
     The cartridge  100  can then be inserted into the proposed analysis device  200  and/or received thereby, as shown in  FIG. 1 , in order to test the sample P. Alternatively, the sample P could also be fed in later. 
       FIG. 1  shows the analysis system  1  in a ready-to-use state for carrying out a test on the sample P received in the cartridge  100 . In this state, the cartridge  100  is therefore linked to, received by and/or inserted into the analysis device  200 . 
     In the following, some features and aspects of the analysis device  200  are first explained in greater detail. The features and aspects relating to said device are preferably also directly features and aspects of the proposed analysis system  1 , in particular even without any further explicit explanation. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises a mount or receptacle  201  for mounting and/or receiving the cartridge  100 . 
     Preferably, the cartridge  100  is fluidically, in particular hydraulically, separated or isolated from the analysis device  200 . In particular, the cartridge  100  forms a preferably independent and in particular closed fluidic and/or hydraulic system  103  for the sample P and the reagents and other liquids. 
     Preferably, the analysis device  200  is designed to actuate the pump apparatus  112  and/or valves  115 , to have a thermal effect and/or to detect measured data, in particular by means of the sensor apparatus  113  and/or sensor portions  116 . 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises a pump drive  202 , the pump drive  202  in particular being designed for mechanically actuating the pump apparatus  112 . 
     Preferably, a head of the pump drive  202  can be rotated in order to rotationally axially depress the preferably bead-like raised portion of the pump apparatus  112 . Particularly preferably, the pump drive  202  and pump apparatus  112  together form a pump, in particular in the manner of a hose pump or peristaltic pump and/or a metering pump, for the fluid system  103  and/or the cartridge  100 . 
     Particularly preferably, the pump is constructed as described in German Patent DE 10 2011 015 184 B4 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 8,950,424. However, other structural solutions are also possible. 
     Preferably, the capacity and/or discharge rate of the pump can be controlled and/or the conveying direction of the pump and/or pump drive  202  can be switched. Preferably, fluid can thus be pumped forwards or backwards as desired. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises a connection apparatus  203  for in particular electrically and/or thermally connecting the cartridge  100  and/or the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the connection apparatus  203  preferably comprises a plurality of electrical contact elements  203 A, the cartridge  100 , in particular the sensor apparatus  113 , preferably being electrically connected or connectable to the analysis device  200  by the contact elements  203 A. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises one or more temperature-control apparatuses  204 , in particular heating elements or Peltier elements, for temperature-controlling the cartridge  100  and/or having a thermal effect on the cartridge  100 , in particular for heating and/or cooling. 
     Individual temperature-control apparatuses  204 , some of these apparatuses or all of these apparatuses can preferably be positioned against the cartridge  100 , the main body  101 , the cover  102 , the sensor apparatus  113  and/or individual cavities and/or can be thermally coupled thereto and/or can be integrated therein and/or in particular can be operated or controlled electrically by the analysis device  200 . In the example shown, in particular the temperature-control apparatuses  204 A,  204 B and/or  204 C are provided. 
     Preferably, the temperature-control apparatus  204 A, referred to in the following as the reaction temperature-control apparatus  204 A, is assigned to the reaction cavity  109  or to a plurality of reaction cavities  109 , in particular in order for it to be possible to carry out one or more amplification reactions and/or PCRs therein. 
     The reaction cavities  109  are preferably temperature-controlled simultaneously and/or uniformly, in particular by means of one common reaction temperature-control apparatus  204 A or two reaction temperature-control apparatuses  204 A. 
     More particularly preferably, the reaction cavity/cavities  109  can be temperature-controlled from two different sides and/or by means of two or the reaction temperature-control apparatuses  204 A that are preferably arranged on opposite sides. 
     Alternatively, for reaction cavities  109 , each reaction cavity  109  can be temperature-controlled independently and/or individually. 
     The temperature-control apparatus  204 B, referred to in the following as the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B, is preferably assigned to the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  and/or is designed to temperature-control the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  or a fluid located therein, in particular the amplification products V, preferably to a preheat temperature TV. 
     The intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  and/or temperature-control apparatus  204 B is preferably arranged upstream of or (immediately) before the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular in order for it to be possible to temperature-control or preheat, in a desired manner, fluids to be fed to the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular analytes A and/or amplification products V, particularly preferably immediately before said fluids are fed. 
     Particularly preferably, the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  and/or temperature-control apparatus  204 B is designed or intended to denature the sample P or analytes A and/or the amplification products V produced, and/or to divide any double-stranded analytes A or amplification products V into single strands and/or to counteract premature bonding and/or hybridizing of the amplification products V, in particular by the addition of heat. 
     The intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is preferably elongate and/or designed as a channel which is in particular sinuous or meandering and/or planar in cross section. Advantageously, a sufficiently long retention time of the fluid and/or sufficiently great thermal coupling with the fluid in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is thus obtained in order to achieve the desired temperature control for example without changing the flow speed or also while the fluid is flowing through said cavity. However, other solutions are also possible here, in particular those in which the fluid flow in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is stopped. 
     Preferably, the length of the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is at least 10 mm or 15 mm, particularly preferably at least 20 mm or 25 mm, in particular 30 mm or 40 mm, and/or at most 80 mm or 75 mm, particularly preferably at most 70 mm or 65 mm, in particular at most 60 mm. 
     Preferably, the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  has a volume of at least 10 μl or 20 μl, particularly preferably at least 25 μl or 30 μl, and/or at most 500 μl or 400 μl, particularly preferably at most 350 μl or 300 μl. 
     The intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  comprises an inlet  110 A and an outlet  110 B, a valve  115 , in particular an initially open valve  115 A, preferably being assigned to (each of) the inlet  110 A and/or the outlet  110 B, as shown in  FIG. 1 . In this way, the flow of fluid through the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  can be controlled. For example, it is thus possible to temperature-control a fluid flowing through the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  while it is flowing through and/or to initially fill the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  with a fluid to be temperature-controlled and to close the input-side and/or output-side valve  115 A in order to stop the fluid in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  for the purpose of temperature control and to only subsequently pass on said fluid. 
     Preferably, the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is (fluidically) arranged between the reaction cavity/cavities  109  and the sensor apparatus  113  and/or (all) the reaction cavities  109  are fluidically connected or connectable to the sensor apparatus  113 , preferably exclusively, by means of the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . 
     Preferably, the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is arranged closer to the sensor apparatus  113  than to the reaction cavity/cavities  109 . In particular, the distance or flow path between the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , in particular the outlet  110 B thereof, and the sensor apparatus  113  is shorter than the distance or flow path between the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , in particular the inlet  110 A thereof, and the reaction cavity/cavities  109 . 
     The intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is preferably designed to actively temperature-control, particularly preferably to heat, fluids, in particular the amplification products V, preferably to a melting point or melting temperature, as explained in greater detail in the following. 
     The intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B assigned to the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  is preferably designed to (actively) temperature control, in particular heat, the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . 
     Preferably, the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B comprises a heating element, in particular a heating resistor or a Peltier element, or is formed thereby. 
     The intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B is preferably planar and/or has a contact surface which is preferably elongate and/or rectangular allowing for heat transfer between the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B and the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . 
     Preferably, the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B can be externally positioned against, in particular pressed against, the cartridge  100 , the main body  101  and/or the cover  102 , in the region of the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  or on the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , preferably over the entire surface thereof. 
     In particular, the analysis device  200  comprises the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B. However, other structural solutions are also possible in which the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B is arranged in the cartridge  100  or integrated in the cartridge  100 , in particular in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . 
     Preferably, the analysis system  1 , analysis device  200  and/or the cartridge  100  and/or one or each temperature-control apparatus  204  comprise/comprises a temperature detector and/or temperature sensor (not shown), in particular in order to make it possible to control and/or regulate temperature. 
     One or more temperature sensors may for example be assigned to the sensor portions  116  and/or to individual channel portions or cavities, i.e., may be thermally coupled thereto. 
     Particularly preferably, a temperature sensor is assigned to each temperature-control apparatus  204 A,  204 B and/or  204 C, for example, in order to measure the temperature of the respective temperature-control apparatuses  204  and/or the contact surfaces thereof. 
     The temperature-control apparatus  204 C, referred to in the following as the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C, is in particular assigned to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or is designed to temperature-control fluids located in or on the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular analytes A and/or amplification products V, reagents or the like, in a desired manner, preferably to a hybridization temperature TH. 
     The sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C preferably comprises a heating element, in particular a heating resistor or a Peltier element, or is formed thereby. 
     The sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C is preferably planar and/or has a contact surface which is preferably rectangular and/or corresponds to the dimensions of the sensor apparatus  113 , the contact surface allowing for heat transfer between the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C and the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     Preferably, the analysis device  200  comprises the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C. However, other structural solutions are also possible in which the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C is integrated in the cartridge  100 , in particular in the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     Particularly preferably, the connection apparatus  203  comprises the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C, and/or the connection apparatus  203  together with the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C can be linked to, in particular pressed against, the cartridge  100 , in particular the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     More particularly preferably, the connection apparatus  203  and the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C (together) can be moved toward and/or relative to the cartridge  100 , in particular the sensor apparatus  113 , and/or can be positioned against said cartridge, preferably in order to both electrically and thermally couple the analysis device  200  to the cartridge  100 , in particular the sensor apparatus  113  or the support  113 D thereof. 
     Preferably, the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C is arranged centrally on the connection apparatus  203  or a support thereof and/or is arranged between the contact elements  203 A. 
     In particular, the contact elements  203 A are arranged in an edge region of the connection apparatus  203  or a support thereof or are arranged around the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C, preferably such that the connection apparatus  203  is connected or connectable to the sensor apparatus  113  thermally in the centre and electrically on the outside or in the edge region. However, other solutions are also possible here. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises one or more actuators  205  for actuating the valves  115 . Particularly preferably, different (types or groups of) actuators  205 A and  205 B are provided which are assigned to the different (types or groups of) valves  115 A and  115 B for actuating each of said valves, respectively. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises one or more sensors  206 . In particular, the sensors  206 A are designed or intended to detect liquid fronts and/or flows of fluid in the fluid system  103 . Particularly preferably, the sensors  206 A are designed to measure or detect, for example, optically and/or capacitively, a liquid front and/or the presence, the speed, the mass flow rate/volume flow rate, the temperature and/or another value of a fluid in a channel and/or a cavity, in particular in a respectively assigned sensor portion  116 , which is in particular formed by a planar and/or widened channel portion of the fluid system  103 . 
     Particularly preferably, the sensor portions  116  are each oriented and/or incorporated in the fluid system  103  and/or fluid flows against or through the sensor portions  116  such that, in the operating position of the cartridge  100 , fluid flows through the sensor portions  116  in the vertical direction and/or from the bottom to the top, in order to make it possible or easier to reliably detect liquid. 
     Alternatively, or additionally, the analysis device  200  preferably comprises (other or additional) sensors  206 B for detecting the ambient temperature, internal temperature, atmospheric humidity, position, and/or alignment, for example by means of a GPS sensor, and/or the orientation and/or inclination of the analysis device  200  and/or the cartridge  100 . 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises a control apparatus  207 , in particular comprising an internal clock or time base for controlling the sequence of a test and/or for collecting, evaluating and/or outputting or providing measured values in particular from the sensor apparatus  113 , and/or from test results and/or other data or values. 
     The control apparatus  207  preferably controls or regulates the pump drive  202 , the temperature-control apparatuses  204  and/or actuators  205 , in particular taking into account or depending on the desired test and/or measured values from the sensor apparatus  113  and/or sensors  206 . 
     Generally, it is noted that the cartridge  100 , the fluid system  103  and/or the conveying of fluid preferably do not operate on the basis of capillary forces, but at least essentially or primarily under the effects of gravity and/or the effect of the pump or pump apparatus  112 . 
     In the operating position, the liquids from the respective cavities are preferably removed, in particular drawn out, via the outlet that is at the bottom in each case, it being possible for gas or air to flow and/or be pumped into the respective cavities via the inlet that is in particular at the top. In particular, relevant vacuums in the cavities can thus be prevented or at least minimised when conveying the liquids. 
     The flows of fluid are controlled in particular by accordingly activating the pump or pump apparatus  112  and actuating the valves  115 . 
     Particularly preferably, the pump drive  202  comprises a stepper motor, or a drive calibrated in another way, such that desired metering can be achieved, at least in principle, by means of appropriate activation. 
     Additionally, or alternatively, sensors  206 A are preferably used to detect liquid fronts or flows of fluid, in particular in cooperation with the assigned sensor portions  116 , in order to achieve the desired fluidic sequence and the desired metering by accordingly controlling the pump or pump apparatus  112  and accordingly activating the valves  115 . 
     Optionally, the analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  comprises an input apparatus  208 , such as a keyboard, a touch screen or the like, and/or a display apparatus  209 , such as a screen. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises at least one interface  210 , for example for controlling, for communicating and/or for outputting measured data or test results and/or for linking to other devices, such as a printer, an external power supply or the like. This may in particular be a wired or wireless interface  210 . 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises a power supply  211 , preferably a battery or an accumulator, which is in particular integrated and/or externally connected or connectable. 
     Preferably, an integrated accumulator is provided as a power supply  211  and is (re)charged by an external charging device (not shown) via a connection  211 A and/or is interchangeable. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  preferably comprises a housing  212 , all the components and/or some or all of the apparatuses preferably being integrated in the housing  212 . Particularly preferably, the cartridge  100  can be inserted or slid into the housing  212 , and/or can be received by the analysis device  200 , through an opening  213  which can in particular be closed, such as a slot or the like. 
     The analysis system  1  or analysis device  200  is preferably portable or mobile. Particularly preferably, the analysis device  200  weighs less than 25 kg or 20 kg, particularly preferably less than 15 kg or 10 kg, in particular less than 9 kg or 6 kg. 
     In the following, further details are given on a preferred construction of the sensor apparatus  113  with reference to  FIG. 3  to  FIG. 6 . 
     The sensor apparatus  113  preferably allows electrochemical measurement and/or redox cycling. 
     In particular, the sensor apparatus  113  is designed to identify, to detect and/or to determine (identical or different) analytes A bonded to capture molecules M or products derived therefrom, in particular amplification products V of the analyte A or different analytes A. 
     The sensor apparatus  113  preferably comprises a sensor array  113 A comprising a plurality of sensor regions or sensor fields  113 B, as shown schematically in  FIG. 3 , which schematically shows the measuring side of the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the sensor array  113 A.  FIG. 4  is an enlarged detail from  FIG. 3 .  FIG. 5  shows a connection side and  FIG. 6  is a schematic section through the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     Preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  or the sensor array  113 A comprises more than 10 or 20, particularly preferably more than 50 or 80, in particular more than 100 or 120 and/or less than 1000 or 800 sensor fields  113 B. 
     Preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  or the sensor array  113 A comprises a plurality of electrodes  113 C. At least two electrodes  113 C are preferably arranged in each sensor region or sensor field  113 B. In particular, at least two electrodes  113 C in each case form a sensor field  113 B. 
     The electrodes  113 C are preferably made of metal, in particular of noble metal, such as platinum or gold, and/or said electrodes are coated, in particular with thiols. 
     Preferably, the electrodes  113 C are finger-like and/or engage in one another, as can be seen from the enlarged detail of a sensor field  113 B according to  FIG. 4 . However, other structural solutions or arrangements are also possible. 
     The sensor apparatus  113  preferably comprises a support  113 D, in particular a chip, the electrodes  113 C preferably being arranged on the support  113 D and/or being integrated in the support  113 D. 
     The measuring side comprises the electrodes  113 C and/or is the side that faces the fluid, the sample P, the amplification products V and/or a sensor compartment, and/or is the side of the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the support  113 D comprising capture molecules M (as shown in  FIG. 6 ) to which the analytes A and/or amplification products V are bonded. 
     The connection side of the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the support  113 D is preferably opposite the measuring side and/or is the side that faces away from the fluid, the sample P and/or the amplification product V. 
     Particularly preferably, the measuring side and the connection side of the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the support  113 D each form one flat side of the in particular planar and/or plate-like support  113 D. 
     The sensor apparatus  113 , in particular the support  113 D, preferably comprises a plurality of, in this case eight, electrical contacts or contact surfaces  113 E, the contacts  113 E preferably being arranged on the connection side and/or forming the connection side, as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  can be contacted on the connection side and/or by means of the contacts  113 E and/or can be electrically connected to the analysis device  200 . In particular, an electrical connection can be established between the cartridge  100 , in particular the sensor apparatus  113 , and the analysis device  200 , in particular the control apparatus  207 , by electrically connecting the contacts  113 E to the contact elements  203 A. 
     Preferably, the contacts  113 E are arranged laterally, in the edge region and/or in a plan view or projection around the electrodes  113 C and/or the sensor array  113 A, and/or the contacts  113 E extend as far as the edge region of the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular such that the support  113 D can be electrically contacted, preferably by means of the connection apparatus  203  or the contact elements  203 A, as already explained, laterally, in the edge region and/or around the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C, which can preferably be positioned centrally or in the middle on the support  113 D. 
     Preferably, the sensor fields  113 B are separated from one another, as shown in the schematic view from  FIG. 6 . In particular, the sensor apparatus  113  comprises barriers or partitions between each of the sensor fields  113 B, which are preferably formed by an in particular hydrophobic layer  113 F having corresponding recesses for the sensor fields  113 B. However, other structural solutions are also possible. 
     The cartridge  100  and/or the sensor apparatus  113  comprises or forms a sensor compartment  113 G. In particular, the sensor compartment  113 G is formed between the sensor array  113 A, the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the support  113 D, or between the measuring side on one side and a sensor cover  113 H on the other side. 
     The sensor apparatus  113  preferably defines the sensor compartment  113 G by means of its measuring side and/or the sensor array  113 A. The electrodes  113 C are therefore in the sensor compartment  113 G. 
     Preferably, the cartridge  100  and/or the sensor apparatus  113  comprises the sensor cover  113 H, the sensor compartment  113 G in particular being defined or delimited by the sensor cover  113 H on the flat side. 
     Particularly preferably, the sensor cover  113 H can be lowered onto the partitions and/or layer  113 F for the actual measurement. 
     The sensor apparatus  113  or the sensor compartment  113 G is fluidically linked to the fluid system  103 , in particular to the reaction cavity/cavities  109 , preferably by connections  113 J, such that the (treated) sample P, the analytes A or amplification products V can be admitted to the measuring side of the sensor apparatus  113  or sensor array  113 A. 
     The sensor compartment  113 G can thus be loaded with fluids and/or said fluids can flow therethrough. 
     The sensor apparatus  113  preferably comprises a plurality of in particular different capture molecules M, different capture molecules M preferably being arranged and/or immobilised in or on different sensor fields  113 B and/or preferably being assigned to different sensor fields  113 B. 
     Particularly preferably, the electrodes  113 C are provided with capture molecules M, in this case via bonds B, in particular thiol bonds, in particular in order to bond and/or detect or identify suitable analytes A and/or amplification products V. 
     Different capture molecules M 1  to M 3  are preferably provided for the different sensor fields  113 B and/or the different electrode pairs and/or electrodes  113 C, in order to specifically bond different analytes A and/or amplification products V, in  FIG. 6  the amplification products V 1  to V 3 , in the sensor fields  113 B. 
     Particularly preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  or sensor array  113 A allows the amplification products V bonded in each sensor field  113 B to be qualitatively or quantitatively determined. 
     Preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  comprises capture molecules M having different hybridization temperatures TH, preferably in order to bond the amplification products V to the corresponding capture molecules M at different hybridization temperatures TH. 
     In order to achieve hybridization at the different hybridization temperatures TH, the temperature of the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular of the electrodes  113 C, the support  113 D, the sensor compartment  113 G and/or the cover  113 H, can be controlled or set, at least indirectly, preferably by means of the analysis device  200 , in particular the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 B and/or  204 C, as already explained. 
     Preferably, the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C is used to temperature-control the sensor compartment  113 G, in this case by being in contact with the connection side, in particular such that the desired or required hybridization temperature TH is reached on the measuring side, in the sensor compartment  113 G and/or in the fluid. 
     Preferably, in the operating state, the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C rests on the support  113 D in a planar manner and/or centrally and/or so as to be opposite the sensor array  113 A and/or rests on one or more contacts  113 E at least in part. This makes it possible to particularly rapidly and efficiently temperature-control the sensor compartment  113 G and/or amplification products V. 
     The sensor apparatus  113 , in particular the support  113 D, preferably comprises at least one, preferably a plurality of, electronic or integrated circuits, the circuits in particular being designed to detect electrical currents or voltages that are preferably generated at the sensor fields  113 B in accordance with the redox cycling principle. 
     Particularly preferably, the measurement signals from the different sensor fields  113 B are separately collected or measured by the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the circuits. 
     Particularly preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the integrated circuits directly convert the measurement signals into digital signals or data, which can in particular be read out by the analysis device  200 . 
     Particularly preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the support  113 D is constructed as described in European Patent EP 1 636 599 B1 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 7,914,655. 
     In the following, a preferred sequence of a test or analysis using the proposed analysis system  1  and/or analysis device  200  and/or the proposed cartridge  100  and/or in accordance with the proposed method is explained in greater detail by way of example. 
     The analysis system  1 , the cartridge  100  and/or the analysis device  200  is preferably designed to carry out the proposed method. 
     During the proposed method for testing a sample P, at least one analyte A of the sample P is preferably amplified or copied, in particular by means of PCR. The amplified analyte A and/or the amplification products V produced in this way is/are then bonded and/or hybridized to corresponding capture molecules M. The bonded amplification products V are then detected, in particular by means of electronic measurement. 
     The method may be used in particular in the field of medicine, in particular veterinary medicine, in order to detect diseases and/or pathogens. 
     Within the context of the method according to the invention, a sample P having at least one analyte A on the basis of a fluid or a liquid from the human or animal body, in particular blood, saliva or urine, is usually first introduced into the receiving cavity  104  via the connection  104 A, in order to detect diseases and/or pathogens, it being possible for the sample P to be pre-treated. 
     Once the sample P has been received, the receiving cavity  104  and/or the connection  104 A thereof is fluidically closed, in particular in a liquid-tight and/or gas-tight manner. 
     Preferably, the cartridge  100  together with the sample P is then linked or connected to the analysis device  200 , in particular is inserted or slid into the analysis device  200 . 
     The method sequence, in particular the flow and conveying of the fluids, the mixing and the like, is controlled by the analysis device  200  or the control apparatus  207 , in particular by accordingly activating and actuating the pump drive  202  or the pump apparatus  112  and/or the actuators  205  or valves  115 . 
     Preferably, the sample P, or a part or supernatant of the sample P, is removed from the receiving cavity  104  via the outlet  104 C and/or the intermediate connection  104 D and is fed to the mixing cavity  107  in a metered manner. 
     Preferably, the sample P in the cartridge  100  is metered, in particular in or by means of the first metering cavity  105 A and/or second metering cavity  105 B, before being introduced into the mixing cavity  107 . Here, in particular the upstream and/or downstream sensor portions  116  are used together with the assigned sensors  206  in order to make possible the desired metering. However, other solutions are also possible. 
     In the mixing cavity  107 , the sample P is prepared for further analysis and/or is mixed with a reagent, preferably with a liquid reagent F 1  from a first storage cavity  108 A and/or with one or more dry reagents S 1 , S 2  and/or S 3 , which are preferably provided in the mixing cavity  107 . 
     The liquid and/or dry reagents can be introduced into the mixing cavity  107  before and/or after the sample P. In the example shown, the dry reagents S 1  to S 3  are preferably introduced into the mixing cavity  107  previously and are optionally dissolved by the sample P and/or the liquid reagent F 1 . 
     The liquid reagent F 1  may in particular be a reagent, in particular a PCR master mix, for the amplification reaction or PCR. Preferably, the PCR master mix contains nuclease-free water, enzymes for carrying out the PCR, in particular at least one DNA polymerase, nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), in particular deoxynucleotides (dNTPs), salts, in particular magnesium chloride, and/or reaction buffers. 
     The dry reagents S 1 , S 2  and/or S 3  may likewise be reagents required for carrying out an amplification reaction or PCR, which are in a dry, in particular lyophilised, form. Preferably, the dry reagents S 1 , S 2  and/or S 3  are selected in particular from lyophilised enzymes, preferably DNA polymerases, NTPs, dNTPs and/or salts, preferably magnesium chloride. 
     The dissolving or mixing in the mixing cavity  107  takes place or is assisted in particular by introducing and/or blowing in gas or air, in particular from the bottom. This is carried out in particular by accordingly pumping gas or air in the circuit by means of the pump or pump apparatus  112 . 
     Subsequently, a desired volume of the sample P that is mixed and/or pretreated in the mixing cavity  107  is preferably fed to one or more reaction cavities  109 , particularly preferably via (respectively) one of the upstream, optional intermediate cavities  106 A to  106 C and/or with different reagents or primers, in this case dry reagents S 4  to S 6 , being added or dissolved. 
     Particularly preferably, the (premixed) sample P is split into several sample portions, preferably of equal size, and/or is divided between the intermediate cavities  106 A to  106 C and/or reaction cavities  109 , preferably evenly and/or in sample portions of equal size. 
     Different reagents, in the present case dry reagents S 4  to S 6 , particularly preferably primers, in particular those required for the PCR or PCRs, in particular groups of different primers in this case, are preferably added to the (premixed) sample P in the intermediate cavities  106 A to  106 C and/or different reaction cavities  109 , respectively. 
     The primers in the different groups differ in particular in terms of the hybridization temperatures of the amplification products V produced by the respective primers. As a result, in particular the different group temperatures of the groups of analytes A and/or amplification products V are produced, as already mentioned at the outset. 
     Particularly preferably, marker primers are used in the sense already specified at the outset. 
     In the embodiment shown, the reagents or primers S 4  to S 6  are contained in the intermediate cavities  106 A to  106 C. However, other solutions are also possible, in particular those in which the reagents or primers S 4  to S 6  are contained in the reaction cavities  109 . 
     According to a preferred embodiment, the intermediate cavities  106 A to  106 C each contain primers for amplifying/copying one analyte A, preferably two different analytes A and more preferably three different analytes A. However, it is also possible for four or more different analytes A to be amplified/copied per reaction cavity  109 . 
     Particularly preferably, the reaction cavities  109  are filled in succession with a specified volume of the (pre-treated) sample P or with respective sample portions via the intermediate cavities  106 A to  106 C that are each arranged upstream. For example, the first reaction cavity  109 A is filled with a specified volume of the pre-treated sample P before the second reaction cavity  109 B and/or the second reaction cavity  109 B is filled therewith before the third reaction cavity  109 C. 
     In the reaction cavities  109 , the amplification reactions or PCRs are carried out to copy/amplify the analytes A. This is carried out in particular by means of the assigned, preferably common, reaction temperature-control apparatus  204 A and/or preferably simultaneously for all the reaction cavities  109 , i.e., in particular using the same cycles and/or temperature (curves/profiles). 
     The PCR or PCRs are carried out on the basis of protocols or temperature profiles that are essentially known to a person skilled in the art. In particular, the mixture or sample volume located in the reaction cavities  109  is preferably cyclically heated and cooled. 
     Preferably, nucleic-acid products are produced from the analytes A as amplification products V in the reaction cavity/cavities  109 . 
     During the pretreatment, reaction and/or PCR or amplification, a label L is directly produced (in each case) and/or is attached to the amplification products V. This is in particular achieved by using corresponding, preferably biotinylated, primers. However, the label L can also be produced and/or bonded to the amplification products V separately or later, optionally also only in the sensor compartment  113 G and/or after hybridization. 
     The label L is used in particular for detecting bonded amplification products V. In particular, the label L can be detected or the label L can be identified in a detection process, as explained in greater detail in the following. 
     According to the invention, it is possible for a plurality of amplification reactions or PCRs to be carried out in parallel and/or independently from one another using different primers S 4  to S 6  and/or primer pairs, such that a large number of (different) analytes A can be copied or amplified in parallel and subsequently analysed. 
     In particular, identical or different analytes A 1  are amplified in the first reaction cavity  109 A, identical or different analytes A 2  are amplified in the second reaction cavity  109 B and identical or different analytes A 3  are amplified in the third reaction cavity  109 C, preferably by means of amplification reactions, in particular PCRs, that run in parallel. 
     Particularly preferably, the analytes A 1  to A 3  are different from one another, in particular such that a large number of different analytes A can be amplified and/or tested by means of the method. Preferably, more than 2 or 4, particularly preferably more than 8 or 11, in particular more than 14 or 17, analytes A can be tested and/or amplified, in particular at the same time. 
     In particular, a plurality of groups of amplification products V of the analytes A are formed and/or produced, preferably in parallel and/or independently from one another and/or in the reaction cavities  109 . Therefore, for example, a first group of amplification products V 1  of the analytes A 1  is formed and/or produced in the first reaction cavity  109 A, a second group of amplification products V 2  of the analytes A 2  is formed and/or produced in the second reaction cavity  109 B, and a third group of amplification products V 3  of the analytes A 3  is formed and/or produced in the optional third reaction cavity  109 C. 
     Particularly preferably, groups of (amplified) analytes A and/or amplification products V are formed that have different group temperatures in the sense mentioned at the outset. The groups thus preferably have different (optimal) hybridization temperatures TH and/or ranges of hybridization temperatures. 
     Preferably, different groups of analytes A and/or amplification products V, i.e., in particular nucleic-acid products and/or sequences, are thus amplified and/or formed for the test, it being possible, for the different groups to be amplified and/or formed and/or provided in particular in the different reaction chambers  109 A to  109 C, but alternatively also in a different manner. 
     After carrying out the PCR and/or amplification, corresponding fluid volumes and/or amplification products V and/or the groups are conducted out of the reaction cavities  109  in succession to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or to the sensor compartment  113 G, in particular via a group-specific and/or separate intermediate cavity  106 E,  106 F or  106 G (respectively) and/or via the optional (common) intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . 
     The intermediate cavities  106 E to  106 G may contain further reagents, in this case dry reagents S 9  and S 10 , respectively, for preparing the amplification products V for the hybridization, e.g. a buffer, in particular an SSC buffer, and/or salts for further conditioning. On this basis, further conditioning of the amplification products V can be carried out, in particular in order to improve the efficiency of the subsequent hybridization (bonding to the capture molecules M). Particularly preferably, the pH of the sample P is set or optimised in the intermediate cavities  106 E to  106 G and/or by means of the dry reagents S 9  and S 10 . 
     Preferably, the sample P or the analytes A and/or amplification products V or groups formed thereby is/are, in particular immediately before being fed to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or between the reaction cavities  109  and the sensor apparatus  113 , actively temperature-controlled (in particular in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled in the sensor apparatus  113 ), preferably preheated, in particular by means of and/or in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  and/or by means of the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B. 
     Preferably, the groups and/or analytes A or amplification products V of the individual reaction cavities  109  are actively temperature-controlled (in particular in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled in the sensor apparatus  113 ) and/or fed to the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  in succession. The groups are in particular fed to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the sensor compartment  113 G in succession being temperature-controlled, in particular in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled in the sensor apparatus  113 . 
       FIG. 7  shows an exemplary schematic curve or profile for the temperature T of the sample P as a function of the position X in or on the cartridge  100 . 
     The sample P is preferably fed to the cartridge  100  and/or receiving cavity  104  at or with an ambient temperature TU, for example of approximately 20° C. The amplification reactions are then carried out in the reaction cavities  109 , the prepared sample P preferably being cyclically heated and cooled (not shown in  FIG. 7 ). 
     As already explained, a plurality of groups having in particular different analytes A and/or amplification products V and/or group temperatures or hybridization temperatures TH are preferably produced. 
     The groups and/or amplification products V are then preferably fed to the assigned intermediate cavities  106 E to  106 G and/or to the subsequent intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , preferably in succession. 
     Preferably, the groups and/or amplification products V cool at different rates and/or continuously in the reaction cavities  109 , and/or the groups and/or amplification products V leave the reaction cavities  109  in succession and/or at different temperatures, as shown schematically in  FIG. 7 . However, other method variants are also possible in which the groups and/or amplification products V are also temperature-controlled and/or kept at a constant temperature in the reaction cavities  109  after the end of the PCRs, preferably such that the groups and/or amplification products V leave the reaction cavities  109  at the same temperature. 
     Preferably, the groups and/or amplification products V cool on the way to the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . In this process, the groups and/or amplification products V can cool particularly significantly and/or additionally in the intermediate cavities  106 B to  106 G by absorbing the reagents S 9  and S 10  contained in said cavities, as shown in  FIG. 7  by a jump in the temperature curve or temperature profile between the reaction cavities  109  and the inlet  110 A of the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , and/or at the reaction cavities  106 . 
     Preferably, the groups and/or amplification products V have different inlet temperatures TE at the inlet  110 A of the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , as shown in  FIG. 7  at the inlet  110 A, in particular if they have left the reaction cavities  109 A to  109 C at different temperatures. However, the inlet temperatures TE may also be substantially identical. 
     The inlet temperature TE at the inlet  110 A preferably corresponds at least substantially to the ambient temperature TU or is at most 10° C. or 5° C. above the ambient temperature TU. However, the inlet temperature TE may also be higher if necessary. 
     Preferably, the groups and/or amplification products V are heated (in succession) in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  to a preheat temperature TV and/or melting point or melting temperature, the preheat temperature TV preferably being reached (at the latest) at the outlet  110 B of the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . 
     Preferably, the preheat temperature TV is higher than the hybridization temperature TH, and in particular at least as high as the melting point or melting temperature of the respective groups and/or amplification products V. In particular, the groups and/or amplification products V are heated to the preheat temperature TV immediately before being fed to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or between the reaction cavities  109  and the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular in order to denature the groups and/or amplification products V, as already explained. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , all the groups and/or amplification products V are preferably heated to the same preheat temperature TV, for example at least 95° C. 
     However, other method variants are also possible in which the groups and/or amplification products V are temperature-controlled (in particular in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled in the sensor apparatus  113 ) and/or (pre-)heated to different preheat temperatures TV. In particular, the preheat temperature TV can be varied for each group and/or depending on the required hybridization temperature TH and/or group temperature. In particular, the preheat temperature TV of the first group may be greater than the preheat temperature TV of the second and/or third group and/or the preheat temperature TV may decrease from group to group. 
     The melting point or melting temperature and/or preheat temperature TV is preferably above the respective hybridization temperatures TH and/or is at least 70° C. or 80° C. and/or at most 99° C. or 96° C., in particular such that bonds of the analytes A and/or amplification products V produced in the meantime dissolve, and/or such that the analytes A and/or amplification products V can be fed to the sensor apparatus  113  in the denatured and/or dissolved state. 
     Optionally, the analytes A and/or amplification products V and/or the groups of amplification products V are temperature-controlled (in particular in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled in the sensor apparatus  113 ), in particular (pre-) heated, to the corresponding hybridization temperature TH before being fed to the sensor apparatus  113 , preferably such that they can be bonded directly to the corresponding capture molecules M after being fed to the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     In an alternative method variant, the groups and/or amplification products V are actively temperature-controlled, in particular heated, (exclusively) in or on the sensor apparatus  113 , and/or brought to the corresponding hybridization temperature TH, preferably solely by means of the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C. In particular, both the denaturing of any hybridized amplification products V and the (subsequent) hybridization of the amplification products V and the corresponding capture molecules M can take place in or on the sensor apparatus  113 . In this case, previous (intermediate) temperature control before the sensor apparatus  113  can therefore be omitted. 
     In the preferred method variant, the sample P and/or the groups or analytes A and/or amplification products V is/are, however, in particular immediately before being fed to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or between the reaction cavities  109  and the sensor apparatus  113 , actively temperature-controlled (in particular in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled in the sensor apparatus  113 ) and/or brought to the preheat temperature TV, preferably by means of the intermediate temperature-control apparatus  204 B, and, after being fed to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or in the sensor apparatus  113 , is/are subsequently and/or again temperature-controlled (in particular after being temperature-controlled in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 ) and/or brought to the corresponding hybridization temperature TH and/or group temperature, preferably by means of the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C. In this case, any hybridized amplification products V are thus denatured before being fed to and/or outside the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     In particular, in the preferred method variant, the sample P and/or the groups and/or amplification products V is/are brought to the respective hybridization temperatures TH and/or group temperatures in multiple stages or more rapidly after leaving the reaction cavity/cavities  109 , preferably the amplification products V being, in a first stage, temperature-controlled, in particular in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  and/or in advance and/or before being temperature-controlled in the sensor apparatus  113 , to a temperature above the hybridization temperature TH and/or to the preheat temperature TV and/or being denatured at the melting point or melting temperature, and, in a second stage, being subsequently and/or again temperature-controlled, in particular heated and/or cooled, to the corresponding hybridization temperature TH and/or group temperature, in particular in the sensor apparatus  113  and/or after being temperature-controlled in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 . 
     By means of the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C, the sensor apparatus  113  is in particular preheated such that in particular undesired cooling of the sample P that is preheated, in this case in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , and/or groups, in particular to below the respective hybridization temperatures TH and/or group temperatures, can be prevented. 
     Particularly preferably, the sensor apparatus  113  is preheated in each case at least substantially to the hybridization temperature TH of the respective analytes A and/or amplification products V, and/or to the respective group temperatures or to a slightly higher or lower temperature. Owing to the relatively large thermal mass of the sensor apparatus  113 , the desired and/or optimal temperature for the hybridization can be (rapidly) reached when the preferably warmer sample P and/or group is fed into the sensor apparatus  113  and/or the sensor compartment  113 G thereof. 
     The amplification products V, nucleic-acid products and/or the groups from the reaction cavities  109  are conducted to the sensor apparatus  113  in succession, in particular in order to be detected or determined therein. 
     Preferably, the first group and/or the amplification products V 1  from the first reaction cavity  109 A is/are fed to the sensor apparatus  113  and/or bonded to the corresponding capture molecules M 1  before the second group and/or the amplification products V 2  from the second reaction cavity  109 B, in particular the second group and/or the amplification products V 2  from the second reaction cavity  109 B being bonded to the corresponding capture molecules M 2  before the third group and/or the amplification products V 3  from the third reaction cavity  109 C. 
     After the sample P and/or the amplification products V are fed to the sensor apparatus  113 , the amplification products V are hybridized to the capture molecules M. 
     In the context of the present invention, it has proven to be particularly advantageous to hybridize the amplification products V and/or groups of the amplification products V at a hybridization temperature TH and/or group temperature that is specifically selected in each case. 
     Particularly preferably, the sample portions and/or amplification products V from the different PCRs and/or from the different reaction cavities  109  are bonded to the capture molecules M, in particular in succession, at different hybridization temperatures TH and/or at decreasing hybridization temperatures TH and/or group temperatures. 
     Preferably, the analytes A and/or amplification products V in a group each have a similar, preferably at least substantially identical, (optimal) hybridization temperature TH at which they bond to the suitable capture molecules M. However, it is also possible for the analytes A and/or amplification products V in a group to each have somewhat different (optimal) hybridization temperatures TH, i.e., a range of hybridization temperatures, as already explained at the outset. Therefore, this results in an average and/or optimal hybridization temperature TH of the group or a temperature range of (optimal) hybridization temperatures for this group. This hybridization temperature TH of the group or this temperature range is also referred to as the “group temperature” for short. 
     The groups and/or amplification products V can be hybridized at a decreasing or increasing, preferably decreasing, group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH. If a decreasing hybridization temperature TH is used, amplification products V that are already bonded can be prevented from becoming detached from the capture molecules M again due to the subsequent temperature increase. 
     Particularly preferably, the group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 1  of the first group, amplification products V 1  and/or analytes A 1  is greater than the group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 2  of the second group, amplification products V 2  and/or analytes A 2 , and this temperature is in turn greater than the third group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 3  of the third group, amplification products V 3  and/or analytes A 3 . 
     “Hybridization temperature” is understood to mean in particular the temperature at which, on average, the most analytes A and/or amplification products V in the respective groups bond to the suitable capture molecules M. 
     The group temperatures and/or hybridization temperatures TH of the different groups preferably differ by more than 3° C., in particular more than 4° C., preferably by approximately 5° C. or more. 
     Preferably, the group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH is at least 40° C. or 45° C. and/or at most 75° C. or 70° C. 
     Preferably, the first group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 1  of the first group and/or amplification products V 1  is at least 55° C. or 58° C., particularly preferably at least 60° C. or 62° C., and/or at most 80° C. or 78° C., particularly preferably at most 75° C. or 72° C. 
     Preferably, the second group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 2  of the second group and/or amplification products V 2  is at least 40° C. or 45° C., particularly preferably at least 48° C. or 52° C., and/or at most 70° C. or 65° C., particularly preferably at most 60° C. or 58° C. 
     Preferably, the third group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 3  of the third group and/or amplification products V 3  is at least 35° C. or 40° C., particularly preferably at least 42° C. or 45° C., and/or at most 65° C. or 62° C., particularly preferably at most 60° C. or 55° C. 
     At the first group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 1 , for example approximately 60° C., the first group bonds particularly well to the corresponding or suitable capture molecules M 1 . At the second group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 2 , for example approximately 55° C., the second group bonds particularly well to the corresponding or suitable capture molecules M 2 . At the third group temperature and/or hybridization temperature TH 3 , for example approximately 50° C., the third group bonds particularly well to the corresponding or suitable capture molecules M 3 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the groups and/or amplification products V cool on the way from the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110  to the sensor apparatus  113 . Depending on the temperature control in advance and/or in the intermediate temperature-control cavity  110 , the preheat temperature TV and/or the temperature prevailing when the fluid enters the sensor apparatus  113 , and/or depending on the group temperature and/or optimal hybridization temperature TH, it may therefore be necessary to temperature-control individual or all groups and/or amplification products V or the sensor apparatus  113  to different extents by means of the sensor temperature-control apparatus  204 C. 
     For example, the first group and/or the amplification products V 1  from the first reaction cavity  109 A is/are temperature-controlled, in particular heated, to a greater extent or cooled to a lesser extent than the second group and/or the amplification products V 2  from the second reaction cavity  109 B and/or the third group and/or amplification products V 3  from the third reaction cavity  109 C. 
     In particular, the temperature control of the sensor apparatus  113 , in particular of the support  113 D, is adapted for each group and/or the different amplification products V in order to reach the respective group temperatures and/or hybridization temperatures TH. 
     In the example shown, the hybridization temperature TH 1  of the first group is above the temperature of the first group at which it enters the sensor apparatus  113 , preferably such that the first group and/or the amplification products V 1  from the first reaction cavity  109 A has/have to be heated for the hybridization, for example by more than 2° C. or 5° C. 
     The hybridization temperature TH may, however, also correspond to the inlet temperature TE or temperature at entry into the sensor apparatus  113 . In this case, the respective groups and/or the amplification products V are kept at a constant temperature in or on the sensor apparatus  113  for the hybridization. In particular, the group and/or the amplification products V may already be fed to the sensor apparatus  113  at the corresponding hybridization temperature TH, as shown in  FIG. 7  for the second group and/or the amplification products V 2  from the second reaction cavity  109 B. 
     Furthermore, it is possible that the inlet temperature TE or temperature at entry into the sensor apparatus  113  is greater than the hybridization temperature TH of the respective groups and/or of the amplification products V. In this case, the respective groups and/or the amplification products V are cooled or (slightly) temperature-controlled in or on the sensor apparatus  113  for the hybridization such that the temperature is reduced to the required hybridization temperature TH, in particular at a specified speed, as shown in  FIG. 7  for the third group and/or the amplification products V 3  from the third reaction cavity  109 C. 
     According to the invention, it may be provided both that the hybridization temperature TH is changed in stages, for example in increments of several degrees Celsius and/or in 5° C. increments, and that the hybridization temperature TH is changed, in particular reduced, continuously and/or gradually during the hybridization of a group or at least one analyte A and/or amplification product V. 
     In another method variant, it may be provided that the respective groups and/or amplification products V in the respective groups are temperature-controlled differently, and/or the temperature is varied in or on the sensor apparatus  113  for the hybridization of the amplification products V in one of the groups, preferably in order to bond the different amplification products V in the respective groups to the corresponding capture molecules M at respectively different hybridization temperatures TH. 
     Once the sample P, groups, analytes A and/or amplification products V are hybridized and/or bonded to the capture molecules M, detection follows, in particular by means of the preferably provided labels L, or in another manner. 
     In the following, a particularly preferred variant of the detection is described in greater detail, specifically electrochemical detection, but other types of detection, for example optical detection, capacitive detection or the like, may also be carried out. 
     Following the respective bondings/hybridizations, preferably an optional washing process takes place and/or additional reagents or liquids, in particular from the storage cavities  108 B to  108 E, are optionally fed in. 
     In particular, it may be provided that sample residues and/or unbonded amplification products V, reagents and/or remnants of the PCR and other substances that may disrupt the rest of the method sequence are removed. 
     Washing or flushing may in particular take place using a fluid and/or reagent F 3 , in particular a wash buffer, particularly preferably a sodium-citrate buffer or SSC buffer, which is preferably contained in the storage cavity  108 C. Unbonded analytes A and/or amplification products V, and substances which could disrupt subsequent detection, are preferably removed from the sensor apparatus  113  and/or fed to the collection cavity  111  by the wash buffer. 
     Subsequently and/or after the washing process, in accordance with a preferred variant of the method, detection of the amplification products V bonded to the capture molecules M takes place. 
     In order to detect the amplification products V bonded to the capture molecules M, a reagent F 4  and/or detector molecules D, in particular alkaline phosphatase/streptavidin, is/are fed to the sensor apparatus  113 , preferably from the storage cavity  108 D. 
     The reagents F 4  and/or detector molecules D can bond to the bonded amplification products V, in particular to the label L of the bonded amplification products V, particularly preferably to the biotin marker, as shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     In the context of detection, it may also be provided that additional liquid reagents F 3  and/or F 5  are fed from the storage cavities  108 C and/or  108 E to the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     Optionally, subsequently or after the reagents F 4  and/or detector molecules D have bonded to the amplification products V and/or the labels L, an (additional) washing process and/or flushing takes place, preferably by means of the fluid and/or reagent F 3  and/or wash buffer, in particular in order to remove unbonded reagents F 4  and/or detector molecules D from the sensor apparatus  113 . 
     Preferably, a reagent S 7  and/or S 8  and/or substrate SU for the detection, in particular from the storage cavity  106 D, is lastly fed to the sensor apparatus  113 , preferably together with a fluid or reagent F 2  (in particular a buffer), which is suitable for the substrate SU, particularly preferably for dissolving the reagent S 7  and/or S 8  and/or substrate SU, the fluid or reagent F 2  in particular being taken from the storage cavity  106 B. In particular, the reagent S 7  and/or S 8  can form or can comprise the substrate SU. 
     After adding the substrate SU, the cover  113 H is preferably lowered in order to isolate the sensor fields  113 B from one another and/or to minimise the exchange of substances therebetween. 
     Preferably, p-aminophenyl phosphate (pAPP) is used as the substrate SU. 
     The substrate SU preferably reacts on and/or with the bonded amplification products V and/or detector molecules D and/or allows these to be electrochemically measured. 
     Preferably, the substrate SU is split by the bonded detector molecules D, in particular the alkaline phosphatase of the bonded detector molecules D, preferably into a first substance SA, such as p-aminophenol, which is in particular electrochemically active and/or redox active, and a second substance SP, such as phosphate. 
     Preferably, the first or electrochemically active substance SA is detected in the sensor apparatus  113  or in the individual sensor fields  113 B by electrochemical measurement and/or redox cycling. 
     Particularly preferably, by means of the first substance SA, specifically a redox reaction takes place at the electrodes  113 C, the first substance SA preferably discharging electrons to or receiving electrons from the electrodes  113 C. 
     In particular, the presence of the first substance SA and/or the respective amounts in the respective sensor fields  113 B is detected by the associated redox reactions. In this way, it can be determined qualitatively and in particular also quantitatively whether and how many analytes A and/or amplification products V are bonded to the capture molecules M in the respective sensor fields  113 B. This accordingly gives information on which analytes A are or were present in the sample P, and in particular also gives information on the quantity of said analytes A. 
     In particular, by means of the redox reaction with the first substance SA, an electrical current signal or power signal is generated at the assigned electrodes  113 C, the current signal or power signal preferably being detected by means of an assigned electronic circuit. 
     Depending on the current signal or power signal from the electrodes  113 C that is generated in this way, it is determined whether and/or where hybridization to the capture molecules M has occurred. 
     The measurement is preferably taken just once and/or for the entire sensor array  113 A and/or for all the sensor fields  113 B, in particular simultaneously or in parallel. In particular, the bonded groups and/or amplification products V from all the groups and/or reaction cavities  109  are detected, identified or determined simultaneously or in parallel in a single or common detection process. 
     In other words, the amplification products V from the individual reaction cavities  109  that are bonded at different and/or specifically selected hybridization temperatures TH are detected together and/or in parallel, such that rapid measurement is possible, and high specificity in relation to the hybridization of the analytes A and/or amplification products V to the capture molecules M is nevertheless also achieved on the basis of the hybridization temperature TH that is set in a targeted manner in each case. 
     However, in principle, it is also possible to measure a plurality of sample portions in the sensor apparatus  113  or in a plurality of sensor apparatuses  113  in succession or separately. 
     The test results or measurement results are in particular electrically transmitted to the analysis device  200  or the control apparatus  207  thereof, preferably by means of the electrical connection apparatus  203 , and are accordingly prepared, analysed, stored, displayed and/or output, in particular by the display apparatus  209  and/or interface  210 . 
     After the test has been carried out, the cartridge  100  is disconnected from the analysis device  200  and/or is released and/or ejected therefrom, and is in particular disposed of. 
     Individual aspects and features of the present invention and individual method steps and/or method variants may be implemented independently from one another, but also in any desired combination and/or order. 
     In particular, the present invention relates also to any one of the following aspects which can be realized independently or in any combination, also in combination with any aspects described above. 
     1. Analysis system ( 1 ) for testing an in particular biological sample (P),
 
the analysis system ( 1 ) comprising a receiving cavity ( 104 ) for the sample (P) and/or a reaction cavity ( 109 ) for forming amplification products (V) of analytes (A) of the sample (P) and further comprising a sensor apparatus ( 113 ) for detecting the analytes (A) and/or amplification products (V),
 
the sensor apparatus ( 113 ) being fluidically connected to the receiving cavity ( 104 ) and/or reaction cavity ( 109 ),
 
characterized
 
in that the analysis system ( 1 ) comprises an intermediate temperature-control cavity ( 110 ) for actively temperature-controlling the analytes (A) and/or amplification products (V), the intermediate temperature-control cavity ( 110 ) being arranged between the receiving cavity ( 104 ) and/or reaction cavity ( 109 ) on one side and the sensor apparatus ( 113 ) on the other side, and/or
 
in that the sensor apparatus ( 113 ) comprises a support ( 113 D) and a plurality of electrodes ( 113 C) arranged on the support ( 113 D), and the analysis system ( 1 ) comprises a sensor temperature-control apparatus ( 204 C) for in particular directly temperature-controlling the support ( 113 D).
 
2. Analysis system according to aspect 1, characterised in that the analysis system ( 1 ) comprises a plurality of reaction cavities ( 109 ) for producing the amplification products (V) in parallel and/or independently, and/or in that the sensor apparatus ( 113 ) comprises capture molecules (M) for bonding the amplification products (V), the sensor apparatus ( 113 ) preferably being fluidically connected to all the reaction cavities ( 109 ) via the intermediate temperature-control cavity ( 110 ).
 
3. Analysis system according to aspect 1 or 2, characterised in that the intermediate temperature-control cavity ( 110 ) is elongate and/or designed as a preferably sinuous channel
 
4. Analysis system according to any of the preceding aspects, characterised in that the analysis system ( 1 ) comprises an intermediate temperature-control apparatus ( 204 B) for actively temperature-controlling the intermediate temperature-control cavity ( 110 ), preferably the intermediate temperature-control apparatus ( 204 B) comprising a heating resistor or a Peltier element or being formed thereby.
 
5. Analysis system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterised in that the support ( 113 D) is arranged between the electrodes ( 113 C) and the sensor temperature-control apparatus ( 204 C), in that, in the operating state, the sensor temperature-control apparatus ( 204 C) rests on the support ( 113 D), preferably in a planar manner and/or centrally, and/or in that the sensor temperature-control apparatus ( 204 C) comprises a heating resistor or a Peltier element or is formed thereby.
 
6. Analysis system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterised in that the support ( 113 D) comprises a chip or is formed by a chip, the chip preferably being electrically contactable and/or comprising a plurality of electrical contacts ( 113 E), in particular laterally, in the edge region and/or around the sensor temperature-control apparatus ( 204 C).
 
7. Analysis system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterised in that the analysis system ( 1 ) comprises a connection apparatus ( 203 ) for electrically and/or thermally connecting the sensor apparatus ( 113 ), in particular the support ( 113 D), preferably the connection apparatus ( 203 ) comprising the sensor temperature-control apparatus ( 204 C) and/or a plurality of electrical contact elements ( 203 A) and/or being able to be moved, in particular pressed, against the sensor apparatus ( 113 ), in particular the support ( 113 D), or vice versa.
 
8. Analysis system according to any one of the preceding aspects, characterised in that the analysis system ( 1 ) comprises a cartridge ( 100 ) for receiving the sample (P) and an analysis device ( 200 ) for receiving the cartridge ( 100 ), preferably the cartridge ( 100 ) comprising the receiving cavity ( 104 ), reaction cavity/cavities ( 109 ), sensor apparatus ( 113 ) and/or intermediate temperature-control cavity ( 119 ), and/or the analysis device ( 200 ) comprising the sensor temperature-control apparatus ( 204 C), intermediate temperature-control apparatus ( 204 B) and/or the connection apparatus ( 203 ).
 
9. Method for testing an in particular biological sample (P), analytes (A) of the sample (P) being pretreated and/or amplification products (V) being produced from analytes (A) of the sample (P) in a reaction cavity ( 109 ), and
 
the pretreated analytes (A) and/or amplification products (V) being bonded to capture molecules (M) on a support ( 113 D) of a sensor apparatus ( 113 ) and the bonded analytes (A) and/or amplification products (V) being detected by means of the sensor apparatus ( 113 ), characterized
 
in that the amplification products (V) are actively temperature-controlled between the reaction cavity ( 109 ) and the sensor apparatus ( 113 ), and/or
 
in that the support ( 113 D) is directly temperature-controlled in order to temperature-control the capture molecules (M) and/or analytes (A) and/or amplification products (V), and/or to reach a corresponding hybridisation temperature (TH).
 
10. Method according to aspect 9, characterised in that, after leaving the reaction cavity ( 109 ), the amplification products (V) are brought to the hybridisation temperature (TH) in multiple stages, and/or are actively temperature-controlled in advance, preferably preheated, in an intermediate temperature-control cavity ( 110 ) immediately before the sensor apparatus ( 113 ), in particular to a temperature above the hybridisation temperature (TH) and/or to at least 70° C. or 80° C. and/or at most 99° C. or 95° C., and/or are subsequently temperature-controlled in or on the sensor apparatus ( 113 ) and/or are temperature-controlled to the corresponding hybridisation temperature (TH), in particular heated and/or cooled.
 
11. Method according to aspect 9 or 10, characterised in that different analytes (A) are amplified, preferably in parallel and/or independently from one another and/or in a plurality of reaction cavities ( 109 ), and/or a first group of amplification products (V) and a second group of different amplification products (V) are formed, preferably in parallel and/or independently from one another and/or in different reaction cavities ( 109 ).
 
12. Method according to aspect 11, characterised in that the amplification products (V) and/or the first group and the second group are fed to the sensor apparatus ( 113 ) in succession and/or are bonded to the corresponding capture molecules (M) in succession and/or are detected or determined in a single or common detection process.
 
13. Method according to any of one aspects 9 to 12, characterised in that the amplification products (V) and/or the first group and the second group are actively temperature-controlled, preferably heated, when the fluid is flowing through, in particular in order to denature the amplification products (V).
 
14. Method according to any one of aspects 9 to 13, characterised in that the amplification products (V) and/or the first group and the second group are bonded to the corresponding capture molecules (M) at different hybridisation temperatures (TH).
 
15. Method according to any one of aspects 9 to 14, characterised in that the analytes (A) are amplified by means of an amplification reaction, in particular PCR, and/or nucleic-acid products are produced as amplification products (V) from the analytes (A).