Patent Publication Number: US-8116446-B1

Title: Agent driven work item awareness for tuning routing engine work-assignment algorithms

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     Cross reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/243,436, not yet assigned, filed Oct. 3, 2005, entitled “Work Item Relation Awareness for Agents During Routing Engine Driven Sub-Optimal Work”, which is incorporated herein by this reference. Cross reference is also made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/243,437, not yet assigned, filed Oct. 3, 2005, entitled “Agent Driven Media Agnostic Work Item Grouping and Sharing Over a Consult Medium”, which is also incorporated herein by this reference. 
     FIELD 
     The invention relates generally to servicing interactions in a contact center and specifically to enhancing the efficiency with which interactions and contacts are handled. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Contact centers, such as Automatic Call Distribution or ACD systems, are employed by many enterprises to service customer contacts and non-media interactions or activities (i.e., one or more elements within a business process). Media and non-media interactions are collectively referred to as “work items”. A typical contact center includes a switch and/or server to receive and route incoming packet-switched and/or circuit-switched interactions and one or more resources, such as human agents and automated resources (e.g., Interactive Voice Response (IVR) units), to service the incoming interactions. 
     A workflow routing engine directs work items to various agents based on algorithms and predetermined criteria. Conventionally, the ACD&#39;s controller identifies all predefined interaction-handling skills of the agent and delivers to the agent the interaction that best matches the agent&#39;s highest-priority skill. The criteria may be customer-specifiable (i.e., programmable by the contact center operator) via a call vectoring capability or through complex programmable workflows that select the “optimal” agent based on various parameters. Normally predetermined criteria include agent skills, interaction requirements, media type and availability of an agent, expected contact wait time, etc. 
     In multi-media contact centers servicing a wide variety of contact types, different routing and queuing algorithms are commonly used for different media types to increase the accuracy and speed with which such contacts are handled. Unlike voice calls, when a document-based contact (e.g., email, fax, Short Message Service or SMS message, instant message, etc.) is received, the contact&#39;s text may be analyzed via natural language processing to determine the topic and then routed to an “optimal” agent (e.g., Subject Matter Expert or SME) for that topic. A voice call, in contrast, is analyzed by the time intensive interaction of an automated resource, specifically an IVR, with the customer. When a customer sends in an email with a question to a contact center, they are not always concerned with receiving immediate feedback. In contrast, when a customer calls into a contact center with a question they almost certainly do not want to wait for days to be attended to. As a consequence, the rules regarding how these two different media types are handled vary significantly. When a call comes into a call center, the amount of time a call has waited is often the most important parameter that determines where that contact is sent. However, when an email comes into a contact center, matching of agent skills with contact requirements is commonly the most important parameter, and the amount of time that contact sits in the queue is not as high a priority. 
     Exemplary multi-media contact center work item routing parameters include routing an interaction escalated by a customer (e.g., email) to an agent who has handled a previous escalated interaction from the same customer, but over different media (e.g., voice); routing an interaction (e.g., a first email from a first customer) to an agent who has previously handled an interaction that is part of the same thread (e.g., the first email is a reply to a second email sent by a first agent, which in turn was a response to a third email that was the first customer&#39;s initial email into the contact center); and routing an interaction based on the available agent&#39;s skill sets. As used herein, “escalation” is the process of generating an incoming interaction. 
     Commonly, the only conditions that result in an interaction not being delivered to an agent are first that there are not available agents for that escalated media type (in which case the interaction is queued indefinitely to be routed to the next available agent) and second that there are no interactions in the contact center to be delivered. 
     There are many occasions when the workflow routing engine chooses an agent who cannot handle a given interaction or set of interactions, usually because the workflow routing engine is making decisions with a limited amount of information (the relatively-easy-to-determine parameters). When this situation arises, the agent is typically required to put the interaction back into the queue, and the workflow routing engine is forced to re-route the contact or find another agent who may or may not be able to handle the given interaction. Every time an interaction is re-routed from agent to agent, precious bandwidth and contact center capacity is utilized, plus the customer has to wait that much longer to have their interaction serviced. It is also not uncommon to have a single interaction be re-routed multiple times in a typical contact center. These unfortunate delays pose a serious inconvenience to any customer who has escalated an interaction, especially a customer who has escalated a real time interaction. 
     In current call centers, every time the workflow routing engine chooses a new agent for a re-routed interaction, it does so using only the information it received from the initial IVR or human agent exchange. The only thing that the workflow routing engine knows during a re-route is that it should not send that particular interaction back to the same agent. This negative limitation is the only information the workflow routing engine gains during a re-route. The workflow routing engine can only make a routing decision as “smart” as the information it has available to it. This information typically does not change once an interaction or set of interactions has been assigned to a first servicing agent, thus re-routes and transfers are completed with basically the same information that was available to the workflow routing engine during the first assignment. For this reason, during re-routes and transfers, the workflow routing engine will sometimes assign agents to an interaction(s) who are incapable of servicing that given interaction(s). 
     In addition, when a second interaction enters the contact center that is similar to the previously re-routed interaction, that interaction sometimes finds itself being assigned by the workflow routing engine to the same agent who has already determined that he cannot handle this type of interaction. The agent is then forced to spend time rerouting interactions of the same type back to the workflow routing engine for additional re-routes. All the while, the customer must wait for an exceptional amount of time until they are finally routed to an agent that can handle their queries. All of these potentially unnecessary re-routes can lead to unhappy customers and frustrated agents. 
     The following examples illustrate the above-noted contact center inefficiencies. In a first example a customer has escalated a chat to query about an email that they had sent sometime earlier. The customer record in the contact center specifies the chat customer&#39;s email id to be customer@address1.com, while the email sent earlier was from another account, customer@address2.com. Since the address2.com account is not part of the customer record, the contact center routing algorithms have no way to detect that this chat escalation is related to the previous email. It may happen that these interactions initially arrive at the same agent&#39;s desktop. However, the agent is not a domain expert on the topic associated with the chat and email, so the agent would like to transfer the chat interaction back to another chat queue and would also like to transfer the email interactions back to another email queue. In this scenario, the agent knows that these interactions are related (from the same customer) based on conversations with the customer. Unfortunately, the contact center routing engine has no idea of this relation. If the agent transfers both these interactions, the workflow routing engine may make the mistake of sending the interactions to two different agents. This will lead to a duplication of work in the contact center and result in decreased contact center efficiency. 
     As another example, an agent has multiple interactions assigned to him/her. In this scenario, assume the interactions include 20 emails and 10 fax interactions. All interactions are from different customers, but some of them have a common topic—that of a home loan application. The agent is a domain expert on car loans, but not home loans. The agent decides to transfer all these home loan application related emails back to the system. Now, the routing engine may not know they are related in intent or purpose, since they are not from the same customer. In this case, the emails may get routed to different agents, when ideally, they should go to just one agent, since they are related, and therefore the agent could deal with all of them quickly and efficiently. 
     The foregoing examples reveal a number of problems in conventional contact centers. Every contact center confronts situations where the workflow routing engine initially fails to direct the interactions to a capable agent. Transfers and re-routes are common place in all contact centers and every uninformed re-route by the workflow routing engine leads to increased inefficiencies of the contact center as a whole. Workflow routing engines are only as smart as the information they have available to them. They have no way to collect information for an interaction without some other entity providing it to them. Some contact centers have IVR&#39;s and other initial information gathering members that can provide fairly easy to acquire information to the contact center. However, these members are limited in that they are only able to gather information for one interaction at a time and can only do so when an interaction enters a contact center. Furthermore, none of the current information collecting members are able to continually update information pertinent to a given interaction during that interaction&#39;s existence in the contact center. There is no mechanism available to allow the human agents of a contact center to provide additional “human” intelligence to the workflow routing engine before or during a re-route/transfer. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present invention is directed generally to agent assistance of a workflow routing engine during a re-route of an interaction or set of interactions. 
     In one embodiment, the agent “assists” the routing engine by providing the routing engine with a “deductive context” regarding a work item or set of work items that is known to the agent but was unknown to the routing engine when the work item or set of work items was initially routed. The deductive context can include any information that would have been relevant to the routing engine&#39;s routing decision. Examples of deductive context include the currently assigned work item&#39;s relationship to other active (i.e., awaiting service or being serviced) or inactive (i.e., previously serviced) work items from the same customer currently existing in the contact center. In particular, re-routed, related work items, though initially delivered to the contact center over different media channels and/or types, can be “bundled” or combined and assigned by re-routing to a common agent. Commonly, work item(s) are related when they have a common source or point of origin (e.g., customer), topic or subject matter, same intent, or as a result of contact center-specified business rules. 
     In one configuration, the deductive context is provided using relationship pointers in a data structure associated with the assigned work item. The pointers point to related work items that should be bundled together with the assigned work item and re-routed as a group of work items to a common agent. The pointers may have attributes that, in turn, provide the routing engine with additional information relevant to the re-route request, such as the type of relationship between/among the identified work items (e.g., “same intent”, “same customer”, etc.). The pointers and attributes collectively provide the deductive context to the routing engine in a format that the routing engine is already configured to process. 
     Providing the routing engine with an agent-provided deductive context can ensure that, when the work item is requeued and/or re-routed through a transfer by the agent, the routing engine can use the deductive context to understand the relationship(s) (of which the engine was previously unaware) between the work item(s) to be transferred and other work item(s), can use the deductive context in selecting an optimal resource (whether human or automated) for the work item(s), and can assign the work item(s), most likely as a group, to a common agent. Unlike the prior art, the invention uses, rather than ignores, human intelligence in the work item routing process. Such information permits the engine to understand relationships between/among work items that are far from obvious. The invention effectively allows the routing engine to use agent-driven assistance for improved routing decisions based on parameters deduced by the initially assigned human agent. 
     The invention can enable routing engines to make better or more optimal routing decisions using agent-driven deductive context. Although routing engine logic is relatively sophisticated and efficient, it nonetheless can fail, due to unawareness of relevant routing parameters, to initially make the most effective, or optimal, work item assignment. Thus, the invention can provide, relative to existing contact centers, substantial improvements in contact center efficiency, reduced work item waiting and service times, higher levels of work item service, and increased levels of customer satisfaction. 
     The invention can be readily implemented in current contact center designs. Current contact centers permit agents to transfer work items back to the routing engine. Contact centers support such transfer and conference functions because an agent may not be able to handle a particular work item, even though the routing engine already determined that the routing was optimal. Common reasons for the agent being unable to service the contact include agent load, agent breaks, agent is not skilled to handle this contact, or the agent refuses the contact. The routing engine logic therefore is readily adaptable to consider deductive context when a re-route request is received from an agent who could not handle the contact or set of contacts. 
     A number of definitions are used herein. 
     “Interactions” refers to an atomic unit of work arriving into a contact center that may be delivered over a particular media channel or through implementation of a specific business process. These interactions may or may not be serviced using a particular media server. An example of a media specific interaction would be an email sent by a customer, a chat session, a phone call, a fax document, voice-over-IP or VoIP call, video call, etc. An example of a non-media interaction would be any element within a processing flow that has a representation within the contact center, such as a loan form filling operation, actions an agent needs to take to place a customer order, and so on. The term “interaction” will be used to represent media specific work items as well as non-media interactions and activities. 
     A “contact” refers to a ‘physical’ grouping of one or more atomic interactions or activities that defines a “context”. 
     An “activity” refers to non-media business process representations that are treated as atomic work items within the contact center space. It is expected that these “activities” in the process flow will have a representation within the contact center domain. 
     “Context” defines the media agnostic logical grouping of atomic work items (e.g., interactions, activities, etc.). In contrast, a “contact” is the physical representation of the “context”. For example, a “context” can be based on predefined rules that identify a relation between the interactions that constitute the grouping prior to the interaction being assigned to an agent, where the relation is defined by the work item routing engine and/or agent initiated grouping (where the agent determines that some work items are related and need to be grouped). An example of rules would be ‘same originating customer’, ‘same email thread’, ‘same fax thread’, ‘same topic determination’ (where the originating customer or media over which the interaction is delivered is different, but the topic is the same), ‘same application form to be filed’, etc. 
     A “thread” refers to a series of contacts involving a common party and common subject matter. Alternatively, the “context” may be an agent initiated grouping, where the agent determines that some interactions are related, and need to be grouped. 
     “At least one”, “one or more”, and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together. 
     These and other advantages will be apparent from the disclosure of the invention(s) contained herein. The above-described embodiments and configurations are neither complete nor exhaustive. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the invention are possible using, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram depicting a contact center in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram depicting a server in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart depicting movement of an interaction(s) in a contact center according to a further embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart depicting switch/server logic in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is a screen shot of an agent&#39;s service screen with multiple interactions in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  is another screen shot of an agent&#39;s service screen with a subset of the multiple interactions grouped in accordance with still another embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  is yet another screen shot of an agent&#39;s service screen with the group command in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8  is still another screen shot of an agent&#39;s service screen with the Re-Route command in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The invention will be illustrated below in conjunction with an exemplary communication system. Although well suited for use with, e.g., a system having an ACD or other similar contact processing switch, the invention is not limited to use with any particular type of communication system switch or configuration of system elements. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed techniques may be used in any communication application in which it is desirable to provide workflow routing assistance from a contact center agent. 
       FIG. 1  shows an illustrative embodiment of the present invention. A contact center  100  comprises a central server  110 , a set of data stores or databases  114  containing contact or customer related information and other information that can enhance the value and efficiency of the contact, and a plurality of servers, namely a voice mail server  118 , an Interactive Voice Response unit or IVR  122 , and other servers  126 , a switch  130 , a plurality of working agents (not shown) operating packet-switched (first) telecommunication devices  134 - 1  to N (such as computer work stations or personal computers), and/or circuit-switched (second) telecommunication devices  138 - 1  to M, all interconnected by a local area network LAN (or wide area network WAN)  142 . The servers can be connected via optional communication lines  148  to the switch  130 . As will be appreciated, the other servers  126  can also include a scanner (which is normally not connected to the switch  130  or Web server), VoIP software, video contact software, voice messaging software, an IP voice server, a fax server, a web server, SMTP and POP3 servers for relaying and receiving emails respectively, chat server to host chat sessions, instant messaging gateways, SMS/MMS gateways for receiving SMS/MMS messages through a mobile device, context analysis appliances, auto-responders, VOID gateways, and the like. The switch  130  is connected via a plurality of trunks  150  to the Public Switch Telecommunication Network or PSTN  154  and via link(s)  152  to the second telecommunication devices  138 - 1  to M. A gateway  158  is positioned between the server  110  and the packet-switched network  162  to process communications passing between the server  110  and the network  162 . 
     The term “switch” or “server” as used herein should be understood to include a PBX, an ACD, an enterprise switch, an enterprise server, or other type of telecommunications system switch or server, as well as other types of processor-based communication control devices such as media servers, computers, adjuncts, etc. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the gateway  158  can be any suitable gateway device, such as Avaya Inc.&#39;s, G700™, G600™, MCC/SCC™ media gateways and may be implemented as hardware such as via an adjunct processor (as shown) or as a chip in the server. 
     The first telecommunication devices  134 - 1  . . .  134 -N are packet-switched and can include, for example, IP hardphones such as the Avaya Inc.&#39;s 4600 Series IP Phones™, IP softphones such as Avaya Inc.&#39;s IP Softphone™, Personal Digital Assistants or PDAs, Personal Computers or PCs, laptops, packet-based H.320 video phones and conferencing units, packet-based voice messaging and response units, and packet-based traditional computer telephony adjuncts. 
     The second telecommunication devices  138 - 1  . . .  138 -M are circuit-switched. Each of the telecommunication devices  138 - 1  . . .  138 -M corresponds to one of a set of internal extensions. The switch/server can direct incoming contacts to and receive outgoing contacts from these extensions in a conventional manner. The second telecommunication devices can include, for example, wired and wireless telephones, PDAs, H.320 video phones and conferencing units, voice messaging and response units, and traditional computer telephony adjuncts. 
     It should be noted that the invention does not require any particular type of information transport medium between switch or server and first and second telecommunication devices, i.e., the invention may be implemented with any desired type of transport medium as well as combinations of different types of transport media. 
     The packet-switched network  162  can be any data and/or distributed processing network, such as the Internet. The network  162  typically includes proxies (not shown), registrars (not shown), and routers (not shown) for managing packet flows. 
     The packet-switched network  162  is in communication with an external first telecommunication device  174  via a gateway  178 , and the circuit-switched network  154  with an external second telecommunication device  180 . These telecommunication devices are referred to as “external” in that they are not directly supported as telecommunication device endpoints by the switch or server. The telecommunication devices  174  and  180  are an example of devices more generally referred to herein as “external endpoints.” 
     In a preferred configuration, the server  110 , network  162 , and first telecommunication devices  134  are Session Initiation Protocol or SIP compatible and can include interfaces for various other protocols such as the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol or LDAP, H.248, H.323, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol or SMTP, IMAP4, ISDN, E1/T1, and analog line or trunk. 
     It should be emphasized that the configuration of the switch, server, user telecommunication devices, and other elements as shown in  FIG. 1  is for purposes of illustration only and should not be construed as limiting the invention to any particular arrangement of elements. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , one possible configuration of the server  110  is depicted. The server  110  is in communication with a plurality of customer communication lines  200   a - y  (which can be one or more trunks, phone lines, etc.) and agent communication line  204  (which can be a voice-and-data transmission line such as LAN  142  and/or a circuit switched voice line  140 ). The server  110  can include an agent and contact selector  220  and a relation awareness agent  224 , whereby the relation awareness agent  224  provides agents in a contact center a modality to provide the agent and contact selector  220  with new information about a given interaction or set of interactions during a re-route/transfer. The agent and contact selector  220  was not aware of the new information before the re-route/transfer. 
     Also included among the data stored in the server  110  are a set of interaction queues  208   a - n  and a separate set of agent queues  212   a - n . Each interaction queue  208   a - n  corresponds to a different set of agent skills, as does each agent queue  212   a - n . Conventionally, interactions are prioritized and either are enqueued in individual ones of the interactions queues  208   a - n  in their order of priority or are enqueued in different ones of a plurality of interaction queues that correspond to a different priority. Interactions in a common queue need not be of the same media type. For example, one interaction queue could contain VoIP calls, telephone calls, emails, and chats. Furthermore, a single interaction could be a physical representation of a grouping of different media types, e.g., one interaction may be a grouping of emails and calls from a similar customer or even from different customers related to the same subject matter. Likewise, each agent&#39;s skills are prioritized according to his or her level of expertise in that skill, and either agents are enqueued in individual one of agent queues  212   a - n  in their order of expertise level or are enqueued in different ones of a plurality of agent queues  212   a - n  that correspond to a skill and each one of which corresponds to a different expertise level. Included among the control programs in the server  110  is a contact vector  216 . Interactions incoming to the contact center are assigned by contact vector  216  to different interaction queues  208   a - n  based upon a number of predetermined criteria, including customer identity, customer needs, contact center needs, current contact center queue lengths, interaction media type, customer value, and the agent skill that is required for the proper handling of the interaction. Agents who are available for handling interactions are assigned to agent queues  212   a - n  based upon the skills that they possess. An agent may have multiple skills, and hence may be assigned to multiple agent queues  212   a - n  simultaneously. Furthermore, an agent may have different levels of skill expertise (e.g., skill levels  1 -N in one configuration or merely primary skills and secondary skills in another configuration), and hence may be assigned to different agent queues  212   a - n  at different expertise levels. Additionally, agents can be non-human interaction handling media. For instance, a recording device may be the “agent” that an interaction is directed to as an intermediate step to assigning a human agent to processing the interaction. The definition of agent need not be limited to human servicing agents. 
     The relation awareness agent  224  provides a mechanism for any agent in the agent queues  212   a - n  to supply the agent and contact selector  220  with new or non-obvious (previously unknown) information, or deductive context, pertaining to a work item or set of work items upon a transfer or re-route of one or more of the work items. This non-obvious information is information that was previously unavailable to the agent and contact selector  220  when one or more of the work items was initially routed to a queue and/or agent. Examples of non-obvious information include information that was received by an agent during an exchange with a customer, information regarding related work items, the intent of the work item (if content analysis is not enabled), or any other type of information that was not obtained by an IVR, initial information collection agent, and prior interactions with the customer, or is otherwise unavailable to the routing engine when the work item was routed. 
     The deductive context and other information can be provided to the selector by a data structure that is created for each work item in the contact center (regardless of the media or process implementation over or by which the work item arrives) and used by the routing engine in determining where to route the work item. The data structure is preferably a media agnostic/process agnostic representation, possibly via a map or an equivalent thereof, that stores relationship pointers, such as a pointer to a corresponding work item, and work item attributes, such as a unique work-item/interaction identifier, the current state/status of the work-item, a customer record or pointer thereto, media specific parameters such as ANI or DNIS digit collection and analysis for a telephony call, originating email address, chat session user id, computer IP address, SIP identifier, voice recognition results, email headers for an email, media type indicator, etc. 
     The data structure preferably represents the media agnostic view of the work item, where the media type is just another attribute in the map, assuming that there is a media type for the work item. This data structure will be referred to as the Electronic Data Unit or “EDU” as used hereinafter, and the unique identifier of the EDU as the “EDUID”. Attributes within the data-structure provide a complete view of an incoming interaction. The EDU represents how the information flows within the contact center system throughout the life cycle of an interaction. The EDU may also contain information relating to the last interaction that was initiated by the same person to assist the agent in handling this particular interaction more effectively. As long as the EDU is available, services within the contact center that have access to this EDU at a given point in time can use the EDUID to access the work item attributes within the EDU. Attributes within the EDU may be added, changed, or removed by the server  110  and/or any agent in the contact center. 
     In one configuration, the EDU is a container of attributes. By judicious use of attribute identifiers, one can define sub-containers within the EDU that contain attributes associated with a particular function. For example, the attribute “media” could be a simple accessor for the work item&#39;s media type. There could be sub-containers within any given attribute, for instance “email.header” would have “email” as the container within the EDU, and “email.header” would be a sub-container within the “email” container. The true attribute identifier may exist in any one of these containers or sub-containers and they would allow the agents and server to access the information of any given contact. As a continuation of the above example, the true attribute identifier for the email&#39;s content type may be in the sub-container “email.header.contenttype”. While this type of container based (nested) functional grouping of attributes is not necessary, it allows for a logical categorization of attributes, which can be useful. The term “container” refers to one or more logical categorizations in the EDU. Another type of “container” is a related interaction or grouping container. 
     The determination of whether interactions are related is done by the agent after assignment of the work item to the agent, commonly during servicing of the work item, and prior to or at the time of transferring the work item(s) back to the routing engine. Once the agent realizes that some interactions he wishes to transfer or re-route are related in some way, he can group the related interactions to generate the deductive context using the mechanism described below. Achieving this awareness context includes invoking the relation awareness agent  224  to create relationship pointers between the related interactions, thereby providing the agent and contact selector  220  with knowledge that the interaction to be re-routed is related to some other interaction. This is done so that the agent and contact selector  220  can consider the additional information when making the transfer or re-route. In the simplest case, the pointer may be a reference to the EDUID(s) of one or more other work items that the re-routed work item is related to and which is/are currently assigned to other agents or still enqueued. 
     Relationship pointers may also have attributes that describe to the agent and contact selector  220  the exact relationship of given interactions and provide other relevant information. For example, the attributes may include a suboptimal routing indicator (which is a flag that is set/unset depending on whether the routing decision was optimal (correct) or suboptimal (incorrect)), an optimal agent identifier indicating, for suboptimal routes, the optimal agent that should have been selected for the subject contact/customer, and an optimal agent selection code(s) setting forth, for suboptimal routes, the reason(s) why the optimal agent should be selected. By including the suboptimal routing information in the EDU associated with the selected contact, the relation awareness agent  224  notifies the routing engine that a suboptimal routing decision has been made and why. 
     The relationship pointers and their attributes (if any) are then stored and passed to the agent and contact selector  220  when the work item(s) are re-queued/transferred. As mentioned earlier, the EDU exists for the lifecycle of the interaction and, using the EDUID, is accessible by components within the contact center system. Thus, one can rely on this data structure to maintain the generated relationships for the lifetime of an interaction. The EDU is accordingly used to store the generated “deductive context” relationships. 
     The EDUs may be of one of two basic configurations. In a simple case, the EDU container can reside in the existing EDUs associated with the “n” interactions that have been grouped. The container can be transitory and created for the duration of the agent session (agent who owns these grouped interactions) or it can be persistent and remain until “n−1” interactions in the grouping have been completed. The EDU container may stay around in a particular EDU until ownership of the interaction associated with the EDU has been transferred to another agent, as a result of a re-route/transfer. To track these over a period of multiple re-routes, one could also have new EDU containers defined for each successive re-route, without having the need to overwrite old ones. This can give a historical perspective on the number of times re-routes occurred, the interactions involved, and the like. 
     In a complex case, the EDU container may not be a container within the existing EDU&#39;s associated with the group, but rather a new EDU may itself contain the EDUs of the grouped contacts. This configuration may be useful in treating the grouping as one for the duration of all interactions. For purposes of the present invention, it does not matter whether the EDU container is persisted or not and whether the EDU container is written into existing EDUs or in a newly created EDU to implement the solution. 
     In a preferred implementation, pointers are created in the EDUs of each of the work items, including the assigned work item and the related work items. For example, assume that a first work item is routed to a first agent, a second work item has been routed to a second agent, and a third work item has been routed to a third agent. Each of the first, second, and third work items are currently active in the contact center. Further assume that first, second, and third EDUs correspond respectively to the first, second, and third work items and that the three work items are related to one another because they involve the same customer and/or similar or the same subject matter, even though the various work items may be on different channels of the same media type or over different media types. For example, an email and voice contact currently enqueued for the same customer are “related”. Likewise, two currently enqueued voice contacts directed to the same technical question are “related”. Furthermore, the work items can be determined to be “related” by a human agent for any other reason that may help in the re-routing/transfer and subsequent servicing of the given work item(s). The first agent determines that the three contacts are related. He therefore requests re-routing of the three contacts to a common agent. Relationship or awareness pointers are generated in each EDU with respect to the other work items. Thus, pointers to the first and second work items are included in the third work item&#39;s EDU, to the first and third work items in the second work item&#39;s EDU, and to the second and third work items in the first work item&#39;s EDU. The pointers are the EDUIDs of the other related work items&#39; EDUs. The pointers&#39; attributes may also provide the agent and contact selector  220  with other contextual information (e.g., why the work items are related, queue position information, interaction assignment information, etc.) about the other work items. The pointers and associated attributes are then stored and passed to the routing engine when the work item(s) are re-routed/transferred. When the routing engine receives the request to re-route the first work item, it extracts the pointers/attributes and knows the identities of the second and third work items and the reason(s) for the request. It may then re-route the work items appropriately, such as by routing the work items to a common agent. 
     A further example illustrates how a human agent can use the EDU container to generate the deductive context for the agent and contact selector  220  by using the relation awareness agent  224 . The human agent determines that a voice call (EDUID du_voice — 1) is related to an email (EDUID du_email — 1), both of which are assigned to him but he cannot handle, and wants to generate relationship pointers so the agent and contact selector  220  can know of this. To generate the relationship pointer graph, a container is created in the each interaction&#39;s EDU called “assist”. Entries within this container will contain the generated context specific data. “assist.interaction.*” Sub-containers are then built that provide a reference to all the related interactions that are part of this deductive context (as determined by the agent). An entry “assist.relation” will indicate the actual relationship as seen by the agent (or the reason for the re-route request). For example, the “assist.relation” could be “same-customer”, “same-intent”, etc. The set of possible agent specified relations is also available to the agent and contact selector  220 . 
     After the relationship context is determined, the following entries may be generated within a newly created EDU container and/or within the EDUs of all the interactions that are part of the deductive context and that need to be transferred. 
     EDU for Voice (EDUID-du_voice — 1): 
     assist.interaction.1.id=du_email — 1 [relationship pointer] 
     assist.relation=same intent 
     EDU for Email (EDUID-du_email — 1): 
     assist.interaction.1.id=du_voice — 1 [relationship pointer] 
     assist.relation=same intent 
     As explained above, an assist deductive context container has been created in the grouped interactions that reflect the relations built. When this interaction is re-routed/transferred, the agent and contact selector  220  gets notification that it needs to re-run routing algorithms on this re-routed/transferred interaction. At this point, it has access to the transferred interaction&#39;s EDU, and thus access to the deductive context container “assist.interaction.”, and the “assist.relation” and therefore all the necessary contextual data needed to make the correct routing decisions using the agent specified relationship context. 
     In one configuration, the agent and contact selector  220  extracts this relationship information and uses it to determine that the related interactions need to be treated as potentially one unit, and should get assigned to the same agent if possible. This decision could never have been made had the human agent not provided the relationship context to the agent and contact selector  220 . 
     In another configuration, the agent and contact selector  220  may re-route/transfer the given interactions to multiple queues, distributing them among commonly qualified servicing agents. When one interaction in the related set of interactions is assigned to a servicing agent, the relational pointers in the EDU notify the servicing agent that other interactions exist in the contact center that are related to the instant interaction. The servicing agent can use this information accordingly to have all interactions serviced in the most efficient manner. For example, the next assigned agent can have the other interactions transferred to him/her only after it is determined that he/she can service that type of interaction, or could simply service the one interaction and create new fields in the EDU, and pointers to the related interactions notifying others that he/she is currently servicing a related interaction. If the next assigned agent cannot handle this particular type of interaction then he/she could re-route/transfer the one interaction and the other related interactions would not need to concede their place in their respective queues. 
     In an alternative configuration, when the interaction is assigned to the servicing agent, all other related interactions can be instantly pulled from their respective queues and assigned to the same servicing agent. This particular configuration (which works well for multiple contacts from a common source) treats all interactions separately until one is assigned to a servicing agent, at that point the relationship pointers are used to pull all other interactions together to be treated as one interaction. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3  a flow chart depicting the movement of an interaction or group of interactions is described in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     In step  300 , an interaction or set of interactions is received in a contact center. 
     In step  304 , the interaction&#39;s relatively-easy-to-determine information is acquired by an IVR or a human information collector. This information may include the interaction&#39;s origins, content type, skill requirements, service level requirements, customer status, previous interactions escalated by the same customer, etc. 
     In step  308 , a first servicing agent is determined by the agent and contact selector  220  and the interaction assigned to that agent or his/her queue. In the event that the interaction is queued, the interactions may be in a workload list on the agent&#39;s workstation or may be simply enqueued telephone calls. The first servicing agent chosen by the agent and contact selector  220  is the best choice as determined by the agent and contact selector  220  given only the easily determined information. For that reason, the “optimal” agent as determined by the agent and contact selector  220 , initially may not necessarily be the true optimal agent available to service the interaction in the contact center. The reason that the first servicing agent may not be optimal is that the agent and contact selector  220  was not provided with enough information to make the optimal decision. 
     In step  312 , the first servicing agent receives the interaction or set of interactions. The first servicing agent begins an exchange with at least one of the interactions in his/her work queue and because of these exchanges, (which may only be reading the subject of an email for example) determines information about this particular interaction and any other interaction in his/her work queue that the agent and contact selector  220  did not previously know. 
     In step  316 , the first agent determines if they can handle the given interaction(s) that are currently assigned to him/her. If so, the first agent goes on to service the interaction(s) in step  320 . However, if the first agent has identified one or a set of interactions that they cannot handle then the first agent goes on to add “intelligence” to the interaction(s) in step  324 . “Intelligence” may be relational information, as described above, for a set of interactions. Additionally, “intelligence” may be providing information to the agent and contact selector  220  that it did not previously have access to, e.g., the customer only wants to speak to a female, what agents other than himself/herself should not be assigned the interaction, the customer will only wait five minutes otherwise they will change companies, etc. 
     When the first agent adds relational intelligence to the interactions by the methods described above, the agent and contact selector  220  knows that the related interactions should be treated differently than before. In one configuration, the first agent does not necessarily need to provide the agent and contact selector  220  with information as to who the best agent in the contact center would be to handle the interactions. Rather, for example, the additional information may simply be, “I don&#39;t care where you send these interactions, but wherever one goes, the others should go there as well.” This type of information is very useful to the agent and contact selector  220  because now multiple interactions can be treated as one interaction with multiple pointers to other related interactions. 
     In step  328 , the interactions are sent back to the agent and contact selector  220  for re-routing/transfer with the additional intelligence provided by the first agent. 
     Referring to  FIG. 4 , the switch/server logic will be explained in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     In step  400 , an interaction or set of interactions is received by the server  110 . 
     In step  404 , relatively-easy-to-determine data is gathered from the given interaction(s), much like in step  304  above. Based on this data the interaction(s) are assigned to a first agent in step  408 . 
     In step  412 , the first agent turns out to be unable to handle some or all of the current interaction(s). However, as a result of some sort of exchange between the agent and the interaction(s) additional information, e.g. relational information for a set of interactions, is determined by the servicing agent who then relays that information on to the server  110  in step  416 . 
     In step  420 , the EDU containers are created in a way similar to the manner described above. These containers are where any relational pointers are created in step  424 . The relational pointers may also have attributes associated with them. If so, those are created in the EDU as well in step  428 . Then both the relational pointers and their associated attributes are stored in the EDU in step  432 . The relational pointers provide the human deduced intelligence of the first agent back to the agent and contact selector  220  in step  436 . 
     In step  440 , the agent and contact selector  220  reroutes the interaction(s) in any one of the manners described above. For instance, in one configuration, related interactions may be treated as a single interaction and will be re-routed/transferred to the same agent or agent queue. Alternatively, related interactions may be spread to multiple agents or agent queues where they can be re-grouped after at least one of them is received by an agent. 
     In step  444 , the interaction or set of interactions is received by the next assigned agent. If the interactions are not already grouped and at the next assigned agent&#39;s work station then all other related interactions are sent to the next assigned agent and are presented to him/her at their workstation. 
     This process can continue if the next assigned agent still cannot handle the given interaction(s) but is able to determine more information about the interaction(s) and possibly their relationship with other interactions. However, the advantage of the present invention is that it is intended to limit the number of re-routes/transfers because the addition of intelligence to the agent and contact selector  220  from the agent before transfer affords the agent and contact selector  220  to make a more informed routing decision. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 5-9 , the interactions of an agent with their User Interface (UI) will be discussed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     A set of interactions  500  for servicing has been received and displayed on an assigned agent&#39;s workstation. Although the figure shows a graphical UI (GUI), the UI may also be a telephone, smart/wireless PDA, computer desktop, softphone, or the like depending on the type of media that the interactions are in. An agent is able to determine that he/she cannot service a given interaction. However, the agent also realizes that there are multiple related interactions  504   a - n  that have been assigned to him/her. The interactions may be related because they come from a common source as is shown in  FIG. 6 . Interactions may also be related for other reasons including they are directed toward common subject matter. If the agent were to send the highlighted interactions back to the agent and contact selector  220  at this point, they may or may not end up being assigned to a common agent, especially because the subject of one of the four highlighted interactions is different and maybe another interaction came from a different email address of the same customer. Regardless of the reason why, when the server  110  goes to re-route/transfer the interactions it would run a routing algorithm for each individual interaction. Fortunately, embodiments of the present invention allow the agent to provide additional information to the agent and contact selector  220  by first selecting the group command  508  and then selecting the Re-Route (or transfer) command  512 , as can be seen in  FIGS. 7 and 8 . When the group command  508  is selected, the relational pointers and their attributes are created in a newly created EDU for some or all of the related interactions. At this point, the agent may be asked by a popup menu to identify a reason for the re-route or transfer request. The menu selections would include “same customer” and “same intent”. Then by selecting the Re-Route command  512  the agent and contact selector  220  runs it&#39;s routing algorithm and incorporates the newly added information that was provided by the first agent. 
     As can be appreciated, scenarios were used to describe particular embodiments and configurations of the present invention. Specifically, a “first” agent is assigned to a given interaction to service that interaction. However, it is understood by one skilled in the art, after reading the disclosure, that the “first” agent can be any agent that is assigned to an interaction or set of interactions and then subsequently has that interaction(s) sent back to the agent and contact selector  220  with additional human intelligence. The term “first” agent is not intended, nor should it be construed, to limit the invention to the first agent assigned to an interaction. 
     The present invention, in various embodiments, includes components, methods, processes, systems and/or apparatus substantially as depicted and described herein, including various embodiments, subcombinations, and subsets thereof. Those of skill in the art will understand how to make and use the present invention after understanding the present disclosure. The present invention, in various embodiments, includes providing devices and processes in the absence of items not depicted and/or described herein or in various embodiments hereof, including in the absence of such items as may have been used in previous devices or processes, e.g., for improving performance, achieving ease and\or reducing cost of implementation. 
     The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description for example, various features of the invention are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention. 
     Moreover though the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.