Patent Publication Number: US-4257815-A

Title: Air entraining mortar and process of manufacture

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates to the manufacture of mortar or concrete which includes a fly ash containing carbon and an air entraining chemical admixture which is intended to create tiny air voids in the concrete to allow for the expansion of freezing water. 
     2. Description of the Prior Art 
     Fly ash from pulverized coal fired boilers is a &#34;pozzolan&#34; long used with cement, sand, gravel, air entraining chemicals and water to make concrete of special handling characteristics, or to reduce the amount of cement required. Boiler operating characteristics generally leave varying amounts of carbon in the fly ash. High carbon fly ash, with a carbon content of over 5%, is generally considered unsatisfactory for use in concrete because it tends to lower air entrainment. The small air bubbles formed in the mixing and then retained for several hours after pouring of the concrete are necessary in most parts of the United States to allow for the expansion of freezing water to counteract freeze/thaw scaling problems. 
     One way of trying to overcome this problem is to mix in an excess amount of the air entraining agent. Even in this event however another problem arises during transportation of the product. 
     This problem is that of maintaining air entrainment in the concrete during its travel from the mixer to the final placement. Loss of entrained air could occur even if there is little or no fly ash containing carbon in the mixture but the loss is more serious with high carbon fly ashes. 
     A search of the prior art has revealed Patent No. 2,880,101 to Ulfstedt relating to the manufacture of steam cured light aggregate concrete by adding burnt magnesia or dolomite. However, the starting materials as well as the end purpose and product in the Ulfstedt patent are different than that of the present invention. Ulfstedt is concerned with the manufacture of lime silica brick which tends to shrink during steam curing. The slow hydrating burnt magnesia which Ulfstedt adds to the concrete mixture is relatively insoluble and would be unsuitable for use in the present invention which requires a soluble alkaline earth oxide which is immediately hydrated in the mix. 
     Burley U.S. Pat. No. 4,011,094 shows a composition for patching or grouting which includes magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide to provide sag resistance. 
     The following patents disclose the manufacture of light weight concrete by adding calcium oxide per se, calcium oxide in the form of a burnt clinker or as a mixture of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide to the concrete composition: 
     
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       3,470,005     3,884,710                                            
       3,785,844     3,558,526                                            
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     The following patents depict the manufacture of hydraulic cements containing calcium oxide as an additive: 
     
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       2,947,643     3,066,031                                            
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     The following patents are submitted as of general interest: 
     
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       2,250,107     4,047,962                                            
       2,476,306     4,101,332                                            
       2,517,993     1,006,725                                            
       4,018,617     1,343,929                                            
       4,108,619     2,502,418                                            
       4,038,095     2,836,502                                            
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     None of the above listed patents are believed to suggest or disclose the presently claimed invention. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved process and composition of matter which will increase the ability of mortar and concrete with fly ash containing carbon and an air entraining agent, to entrain air necessary to reduce freeze/thaw scaling problems. 
     It is another object to provide an improved process and composition of matter having these characteristics, which helps maintain air entrainment in concrete being transported from the mixer to final placement. 
     It is a further object to provide an improved process and composition of matter of this nature, which is easy and economical to carry out and uses readily available materials. 
     Briefly, the process of this invention includes the step of mixing a fly ash containing carbon and a soluble alkaline earth oxide in a form immediately available to inhibit the air adsorptive properties of the carbon in said fly ash. In another aspect, the invention comprises the steps of providing a mortar including at least fly ash containing carbon, cement, sand, water, an air entraining chemical admixture, and a soluble alkaline earth oxide in a quantity sufficient to inhibit the air-adsorptive properties of the carbon in said fly ash, and agitating said mixture to create air entrainment. 
     The composition of matter of this invention is for inclusion in a mortar and briefly comprises fly ash containing carbon and a soluble alkaline earth oxide in a form immediately available to inhibit the air adsorptive properties of the carbon in said fly ash. In another aspect, the composition of matter briefly comprises a mortar having at least fly ash containing carbon, cement, sand, water, an air entraining chemical admixture and a soluble alkaline earth oxide in a quantity sufficient to inhibit the air adsorptive of the carbon in said fly ash. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     To carry out the process of this invention, a mortar or a concrete is prepared by mixing a fly ash containing carbon and a soluble alkaline earth oxide such as lime or calcium oxide, magnesium oxide or another soluble alkaline earth oxide which is either already hydrated or will be immediately hydrated in the mixture. These materials are mixed with water. The quantity of such oxides is preferably between 0.1% and 3% of the weight of the cement used, or 0.01% to 0.6% of the weight of concrete. 
     Instead of or in addition to calcium oxide and/or magnesium oxide, the process could include a mixture of fly ash containing carbon with the hydrates of either calcium oxide or magnesium oxide. As a low cost alternative, waste dusts from the production of calcium oxide or magnesium oxide, containing soluble calcium oxide or magnesium oxide, could be mixed with the fly ash containing carbon. 
     In another embodiment, the process could comprise the steps of providing a mortar or concrete which includes at least a fly ash containing carbon, cement, sand, water and coarse aggregate in the case of concrete, together with an air entraining chemical admixture. The latter is available in a wide variety of commercial air entraining agents such as lignins or organics. To this mixture is added a soluble alkaline earth oxide chosen from the group described above and in a quantity sufficient to inhibit the air adsorptive properties of the carbon in the fly ash. Upon agitating this mixture to create air entrainment, the soluble alkaline earth oxide will help retain the small air voids which are created. 
     Any of various mixing sequences could be used in carrying out the process. In one sequence, the sand and coarse aggregate are first mixed, the cement including the fly ash containing carbon is added, and water is then added simultaneously with the air entraining agent and the soluble alkaline earth oxide. Mixing takes place during this sequence. Alternatively, the water and cement including the fly ash containing carbon could first be mixed and the sand, coarse aggregate, air entraining agent and soluble alkaline earth oxide added. 
     It is important in carrying out the process of this invention that the soluble alkaline earth oxide be readily hydrated. This is because the additive will have no effect after the mortar or concrete sets, in about two hours, as far as air voids are concerned. 
     As a composition of matter, the invention may be considered as one for inclusion in a mortar or concrete and thus comprising a fly ash containing carbon and a soluble alkaline earth oxide chosen from the above described group and in a form immediately available so as to inhibit the air adsorptive properties of the carbon in the fly ash. Alternatively, the composition of matter may comprise a mortar or concrete which, in addition to the above listed ingredients also contains cement, sand, water and an air entraining chemical admixture. 
     The following tests demonstrate the ability of the invention to overcome problems of air entrainment and freeze/thaw scaling. 
     
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I.                                                                        
                           With CaO Additive,                             
              Control      2-1/2 lbs/cu yd                                
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Lab Mix                                                                   
Cement         500 lbs/cu yd                                              
                            500 lbs/cu yd                                 
Fly Ash (5% carbon)                                                       
               100 lbs/cu yd                                              
                            100 lbs/cu yd                                 
2NS Sand      1150 lbs/cu yd                                              
                           1150 lbs/cu yd                                 
6A pebble     1920 lbs/cu yd                                              
                           1920 lbs/cu yd                                 
H.sub.2 O      262 lbs/cu yd                                              
                            262 lbs/cu yd                                 
Air Entraining                                                            
Agent - Type  Darex        Darex                                          
Amount        25 oz/cu yd  25 oz/cu yd                                    
Initial Tests                                                             
Slump         4&#34;           4&#34;                                             
Air           5.8% by vol. 8.0% by vol.                                   
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     This initial test shows that the air entrainment in the mix having the calcium oxide was substantially higher than that without this ingredient. 
     
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Delay Tests                                                               
40 mins.                                                                  
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Slump           3&#34;        4&#34;                                              
Air             3.3%      7.3%                                            
Air Loss        43%       9%                                              
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     This delay test illustrates that the air loss is substantially less in the mixture having the additive and thus air voids were still present to a greater extent. 
     
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II.                                                                       
        Both With CaO Additive                                            
        2-1/2 lbs/cu yd                                                   
        Regular (5% Carbon)                                               
                       High Carbon (12%)                                  
         Fly Ash        Fly Ash                                           
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Lab Mixes                                                                 
Cement     500 lbs/cu yd    500 lbs/cu yd                                 
Fly Ash    100 lbs/cu yd    100 lbs/cu yd                                 
2NS Sand  1150 lbs/cu yd   1150 lbs/cu yd                                 
6A pebble 1920 lbs/cu yd   1920 lbs/cu yd                                 
H.sub.2 O  262 lbs/cu yd    262 lbs/cu yd                                 
AEA-Type  Darex            Darex                                          
Amount    25 oz/cu yd      25 oz/cu yd                                    
Initial Tests                                                             
Slump     4-1/2%           4-1/2%                                         
Air       4.8%             6.0%                                           
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     The initial test showed that air in the mixture with the high carbon fly ash was greater than that with the regular fly ash. This anomalous result may be due to extra air entrapped as large bubbles in the fluffy carbon particles, rather than to entrainment by the air entraining agent. Entrapped air bubbles are of no benefit to concrete, and usually disappear very quickly, even before placement of the concrete. 
     
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          Regular (5% Carbon)                                             
                          High Carbon (12%)                               
Delay Tests                                                               
           Fly Ash         Fly Ash                                        
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Time      75 mins.        40 mins.                                        
Slump     3-1/4&#34;          3-1/2&#34;                                          
Air       4.8%            3.9%                                            
Air Loss  0               35%                                             
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     There was no air loss in the mixture containing the 5% carbon fly ash. The test showed that even with the high carbon fly ash some air entrainment was obtained using the additive. Past experience had indicated that, with this level of air entraining agent, one would not have been able to obtain air entrainment with high (12%) carbon fly ash. 
     
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III. This test was for a lower target strength concrete.                  
            Control    With Additive                                      
______________________________________                                    
Plant Mix                                                                 
Cement         360 lbs/cu yd                                              
                            360 lbs/cu yd                                 
Fly Ash        60 lbs/cu yd                                               
                            60 lbs/cu yd                                  
2NS Sand      1530 lbs/cu yd                                              
                           1530 lbs/cu yd                                 
6A pebble     1800 lbs/cu yd                                              
                           1800 lbs/cu yd                                 
H.sub.2 O      275 lbs/cu yd                                              
                            275 lbs/cu yd                                 
AEA-Type      Darex        Darex                                          
Amount        25 oz/cu yd  25 oz/cu yd                                    
Water Reducing                                                            
              3 oz/100 lbs.                                               
                           3 oz/100 lbs.                                  
Additive                                                                  
Additive of Invention                                                     
              None         1.8 lbs CaO/cu yd                              
Initial Tests                                                             
Slump         6-3/4&#34;       6&#34;                                             
Air           6.9%         7.6%                                           
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     The initial test showed substantially greater air entrainment in the mixture with the additive. 
     
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Delay Tests  Control       With Additive                                  
______________________________________                                    
Time         25 mins.      20 mins.                                       
Slump        5-1/2&#34;        5&#34;                                             
Air          5.6%          7.0%                                           
Time         50 mins.      30 mins.                                       
Water Added  3.5 gals/cu yd                                               
                           3.0 gal/cu yd                                  
Slump        8-1/2&#34;        8&#34;                                             
Air          4.6%          6.9%                                           
Time         70 mins.      65 mins.                                       
Slump        8-1/2&#34;        8&#34;                                             
Air          4.2%          6.0%                                           
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     These delay tests show that the mixture containing the additive consistently maintained air entrainment to a greater extent than the control mixture. The invention thus enables mortar or concrete to be made with a much higher carbon fly ash content than ever before. 
     While it will be apparent that the preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed are well calculated to fulfill the objects above stated, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair meaning of the subjoined claims.