Patent Publication Number: US-2022220490-A1

Title: A method for biologically producing sugar alcohol from agar

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/KR2019/011505 filed Sep. 5, 2019, claiming priority based on Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0106567 filed Sep. 6, 2018. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method of biologically producing novel sugar alcohols, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactitol (L-AHGol) and agarobititol (ABol) which is a disaccharide having the L-AHGol as a reducing end, from marine algae using GRAS strains. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     The ocean accounts for about 71% of the earth and has an environment very different from land, such as low temperature, high pressure, a small amount of light, low oxygen content, and high salt content. Marine organisms living in this environment are very diverse and also have unique characteristics different from those of terrestrial organisms. Among marine organisms, marine algae are composed of unique components unlike land plants. In particular, marine algae have very unique characteristics such as absorbing and preserving moisture well due to carbohydrates that are not found in land plants. 
     Among marine algae, especially, agar, which is obtained from red algae, retains moisture to form a gel, and therefore, it has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Agarose, which is a major polysaccharide constituting the agar, is a polymer consisting of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG) and D-galactose (D-Gal) alternately linked by an α-1,3-bond and a β-1,4-bond. In this case, L-AHG, which is a rare sugar that does not exist in terrestrial organisms, can be used as a cosmetic material due to having excellent whitening and moisturizing effects and is a multifunctional high value-added material with anti-inflammatory, anti-caries, and colon cancer prevention effects. Due to the functionality of L-AHG, many studies have been conducted to produce L-AHG from red algae for use as a high value-added material. In addition, agarobiose (AB) which is a disaccharide having L-AHG as a reducing end is known to have an excellent anti-inflammatory effect. 
     However, although L-AHG and AB are high value-added materials with multifunctionality, it is difficult to industrially use L-AHG and AB. This is because L-AHG and AB are very unstable under conditions of high temperatures and acids and thus are easily converted into 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) and the like and lose the functionality thereof. 
     Therefore, to solve the problem of the thermal stability of not only L-AHG but also AB, it is intended to convert the sugars into the corresponding novel sugar alcohols. Sugar alcohols generally refer to all types of sugars whose aldehyde group or ketone group is substituted with an alcohol group by adding hydrogen. Sugar alcohols have a variety of functions that natural sugars do not have and also have lower sweetness than natural sugars and a refreshing feeling. For this reason, various sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, and the like have been used as food additives, and maltitol, lactitol, erythritol, and the like are themselves treated as foods. In addition, sugar alcohols may be converted into useful chemicals through chemical and biological catalytic reactions. In this way, sugar alcohols are potential high value-added materials, and there is a need for production of novel sugar alcohols. 
     There have been no reports about production of sugar alcohols, agarobititol (ABol) and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactitol (L-AHGol), from agar or agarose of red algae in yeast which is a eukaryotic cell. 
     The inventors of the present invention established optimal conditions for producing ABol and L-AHGol by introducing enzyme genes derived from  Kluyveromyces lactis  (NRRL: Y-8279) into yeast and produced a high concentration and high yield of sugar alcohols for the first time by culturing the yeast, thereby completing the present invention. 
     RELATED-ART DOCUMENTS 
     Korean Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-2017-0114785 
     DISCLOSURE 
     Technical Problem 
     The present invention is directed to providing recombinant yeast and a method of mass-producing agarobititol (ABol) and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactitol (L-AHGol) using the recombinant yeast, which are intended to produce sugar alcohols, ABol and L-AHGol, from the yeast using an enzymatic recombination technique. 
     Technical Solution 
     Yeast is known to have higher resistance to ethanol, organic acids, and inhibitors than other bacteria and also known as a safe microorganism widely used in foods such as bread and wine. Therefore, yeast has been widely used in the production of biofuels and chemical materials. 
     3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG) is a high value-added material with multifunctionality, but L-AHG is greatly affected by temperature and thus easily converted into 5-HMF. To solve this problem, it is intended to produce 3,6-anhydro-L-galactitol (L-AHGol) which is a sugar alcohol of L-AHG. To produce L-AHGol, two major conditions are required. First, agarobiose (AB) or L-AHG needs to be efficiently, easily, and simply produced from red algae. Second, the AB and L-AHG thus produced need to be converted into agarobititol (ABol) and L-AHGol, respectively. 
     First, various studies have been conducted to produce L-AHG and AB. As representative methods, first, there is a method of hydrolyzing agar or agarose using an acid at high temperatures to produce AB and L-AHG. Second, there is a method of hydrolyzing agar or agarose using endo- and exo-β-agarases to produce neoagarobiose (NAB) and then producing L-AHG using α-neoagarobiose hydrolase (α-NABH). Third, as a combination of the first and second methods, there is a method of liquefying agar or agarose using a chemical catalyst and then using the β-agarases and α-NABH. Recently, a process of not only liquefying a high concentration of agarose using phosphoric acid as a catalyst but also selectively hydrolyzing only an α-1,3-glycosidic bond to produce L-AHG and AB at one time has been studied. Since the AB thus produced may be hydrolyzed using only one type of enzyme, which enables the hydrolysis of AB, to produce L-AHG and D-Gal which are monosaccharides, this process may be very simple and efficient. 
     Subsequently, to convert the produced AB and L-AHG into ABol and L-AHGol, which are sugar alcohols thereof, the AB and L-AHG need to be reduced. As methods therefor, there are a chemical method using a chemical reductant and a biological method using a reductase. With the development of genetic engineering technology today, research has been conducted on the production of xylitol, which is a representative sugar alcohol, by a biological method using  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  yeast into which a reductase that allows xylose to be reduced to produce xylitol is introduced. 
     Therefore, to efficiently produce novel sugar alcohols, ABol and L-AHGol, from agar or agarose of red algae, the present invention is intended to combine, through a metabolic engineering method, a process of producing agarobiose (AB) from agarose using phosphoric acid and then producing L-AHG using an enzyme that allows the AB to be hydrolyzed and a process of conversion into ABol and L-AHGol by a biological reduction reaction by which the L-AHG is reduced using an enzyme. 
     Therefore, the present invention provides recombinant yeast for producing a sugar alcohol using agarobiose as a substrate, which includes a gene encoding aldose reductase (AR) and a gene encoding lactose permease. 
     The recombinant yeast may further include a gene encoding β-galactosidase. 
     One or more of the gene encoding aldose reductase, the gene encoding lactose permease, and the gene encoding β-galactosidase may be foreign genes derived from other yeast species or inherent genes of the recombinant yeast. 
     According to a specific embodiment,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  yeast does not absorb agarobiose so that the agarobiose is used as a substrate, and does not include an enzyme that allows agarobiose to be hydrolyzed into a monosaccharide. Accordingly, the inventors of the present invention have attempted to introduce a LAC12 gene encoding lactose permease which is a lactose transporter so that the yeast is able to absorb agarobiose into the cell and further introduce a LAC4 gene encoding β-galactosidase which is an enzyme that allows agarobiose to be saccharified to produce L-AHG. 
     More specifically, the gene encoding aldose reductase may be an inherent gene of the recombinant yeast, and the gene encoding lactose permease and/or the gene encoding β-galactosidase may be a foreign gene(s). 
     Even more specifically, the recombinant yeast of the present invention is  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  in which an inherent GRE3 gene represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 is a gene encoding aldose reductase, and a LAC12 gene represented by SEQ ID NO: 2, which encodes lactose permease which is a lactose transporter, and/or a LAC4 gene represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, which encodes β-galactosidase which is an enzyme that allows agarobiose to be hydrolyzed (saccharified) to produce L-AHG, are/is transformed as a foreign gene(s) into the yeast. The gene encoding lactose permease and the gene encoding β-galactosidase are derived from  Kluyveromyces lactis  (NRRL: Y-8279). 
     Therefore, the recombinant yeast for producing a sugar alcohol using agarobiose produced from agar or agarose of red algae as a substrate, which includes the enzymes, allows the agarobiose to be converted into agarobititol which is a reduced form thereof and also allows the agarobiose to be hydrolyzed to produce L-AHG which is a monosaccharide and then the L-AHG to be converted into L-AHGol which is a reduced form of L-AHG. 
     Specifically, agarobiose absorbed into the recombinant yeast is used as a starting material, the agarobiose is subjected to a two-step enzymatic reaction in the cell to produce sugar alcohols, and this reaction is as shown in  FIG. 1 . More specifically, agarobiose, which is a substrate, may be hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase to produce L-AHG and D-galactose which are monosaccharides, and the L-AHG may be converted into L-AHGol, which is a sugar alcohol, by aldose reductase. In addition, the aldose reductase may allow agarobiose, which is an initial substrate, to be converted into ABol which is a sugar alcohol. Therefore, the sugar alcohols produced by the recombinant yeast may be L-AHGol and ABol. 
     The aldose reductase may be presented by an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, and the lactose permease and β-galactosidase may be presented by amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6, respectively. 
     The above-described genes include polynucleotides encoding proteins having the physicochemical activity of the enzymes and including one or more deleted, substituted, inserted, and/or added amino acids. For example, the genes include any one polynucleotide set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3 and also include polynucleotides encoding proteins having the physicochemical properties of the enzymes, which has been hybridized under strict conditions. The “polynucleotide hybridized under strict conditions” refers to a polynucleotide hybridized, for example, to one or more probe DNAs including a sequence of at least 20, and preferably, at least 30 consecutive residues (e.g., 40, 60, or 100 consecutive residues) optionally selected from enzyme proteins under conditions described in the instructions (washing with a 0.5×SSC-containing primary washing buffer at 42° C.) using a ECL direct nucleic acid labeling/detection system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). In the present invention, a “polynucleotide” includes an isolated polynucleotide. The “isolated polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide that exists in a form different from a naturally occurring polynucleotide. For example, a vector and polynucleotide integrated into the genome of another organism are included in the isolated polynucleotide. In addition, the isolated polynucleotide includes a polynucleotide obtained as cDNA, a PCR product, or a restriction fragment. Additionally, a polynucleotide used as a part of a polynucleotide encoding a fusion protein is also included in the “isolated polynucleotide”. 
     Polynucleotides encoding the above-described enzymes of the present invention may be isolated, for example, by a method described below. PCR primers are designed based on polynucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3, respectively, and PCR is performed using chromosomal DNA derived from an enzyme-producing strain as a template or a cDNA library to obtain DNA of the present invention. 
     In addition, the polynucleotides of the present invention may be prepared using a DNA fragment obtained as a probe through colony hybridization, plaque hybridization, or the like, specifically, by screening (a) a library obtained by introducing a restriction enzyme fragment of chromosomal DNA derived from an enzyme-producing strain into a phage or plasmid and transforming the phage or vector into  E. coli  cells or (b) a cDNA library. 
     Alternatively, the polynucleotides of the present invention may be obtained by analyzing the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment obtained by PCR; designing a PCR primer based on the analyzed sequence to extend a strand outside of a known DNA sequence; and digesting chromosomal DNA derived from an enzyme-producing strain with an appropriate restriction enzyme and performing reverse-PCR by a self-cyclization reaction using the DNA as a template ( Genetics,  120, 621-623 (1988)). In addition, the polynucleotides of the present invention may be obtained by RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA End; ‘PCR Jikken Manual (Manual for PCR Experiments)’, 25-33, HBJ Publishing Bureau). 
     In addition to the genomic DNA and cDNA cloned by the above method, the polynucleotides of the present invention include synthesized DNAs. 
     In the present invention, a “recombinant vector” is a vector capable of expressing a protein of interest in a suitable host cell and refers to a gene construct including essential regulatory elements operably linked to express a gene insert. 
     The vector includes a plasmid vector, a cosmid vector, a bacteriophage vector, a viral vector, or the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto. A suitable expression vector includes, in addition to expression control elements such as a promoter, an operator, an initiation codon, a termination codon, a polyadenylation signal, and an enhancer, a signal sequence or a leader sequence for membrane targeting or secretion, and may be prepared in various forms according to purpose. The promoter of the vector may be constitutive or inducible. In addition, the expression vector includes a selection marker for selecting a host cell containing the vector, and a replicable expression vector includes the origin of replication. 
     The recombinant vector of the present invention may be preferably prepared by inserting each or all of the above-described enzyme-encoding nucleic acids into a general vector for expression of a  E. coli  strain. As the vector for expression of an  E. coli  strain, any vector for expression of an  E. coli  strain, which is generally usable, may be used without limitation. 
     According to a specific embodiment, the method of the present invention uses a CRISPR/Cas9 system for transforming foreign genes into yeast and for more stably expressing the genes. Donor plasmids containing the genes encoding the enzymes and guide plasmids for introducing the genes by cleavage at a specific location were prepared and introduced into host cells together with CRISPR/Cas9 to produce recombinant yeast. 
     The transformation may be performed by any method of introducing a nucleic acid into an organism, cell, tissue, or organ and, as known in the art, by selecting an appropriate standard technique according to a host cell. The method includes electroporation, protoplast fusion, calcium phosphate (CaPO 4 ) precipitation, calcium chloride (CaCl 2 )) precipitation, agitation using silicon carbide fibers, agrobacteria-mediated transformation, PEG, dextran sulfate, Lipofectamine, and the like, but the present invention is not limited thereto. 
     The recombinant yeast may be one or more of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, Schizosaccharomyces, Kluyveromyces lactis, Neurospora crassa, Yarrowia lipolytica, Pichia angusta, Candida boidinii , and  Blastobotrys adeninivorans , but the present invention is not limited thereto. According to a specific embodiment,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  is used as the recombinant yeast. 
     The present invention also provides a method of producing a sugar alcohol, which includes fermenting the above-described recombinant yeast for producing a sugar alcohol using a substrate and a carbon source. 
     In general, transformed cells (including yeast) may not absorb a substrate that was not used prior to transformation or have no resistance to a product newly produced from the substrate. Therefore, the substrate or product may interfere with the metabolism of the transformed cells or act as a toxic substance, which is one cause of inhibition of the production of a desired product. According to an embodiment of the present invention, as a result of confirming the sugar alcohol production efficiency of the recombinant yeast of the present invention and the cytotoxicity of a substrate, it was confirmed that agarobiose, which is a substrate, interferes with the metabolism of the transformed strain and thus inhibits the growth thereof. Accordingly, the inventors of the present invention have found a new method for mass production of a sugar alcohol. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of mass-producing a sugar alcohol, which includes: subjecting the recombinant yeast to high cell-density culture; producing a high concentration of agarobiose as a substrate; and subjecting the high cell-density cultured recombinant yeast to fed-batch culture using the produced high concentration of agarobiose and one or more of D-Gal, D-Glc, and lactose as a carbon source to induce fermentation. 
     According to a specific embodiment, as the concentration of agarobiose, which is a substrate, increases, the recombinant yeast absorbs less carbon sources, and thus cell growth is inhibited. For this reason, for mass production of a sugar alcohol, which is a final product, a high concentration of agarobiose and high cell-density cultured recombinant yeast are reacted, and thus the growth inhibition problem may be solved. 
     The concentration of the high cell-density cultured recombinant yeast may specifically range from 4 g/L to 90 g/L, and more specifically, from 5 g/L to 40 g/L. The concentration of agarobiose, which is a substrate, may range from 100 g/L to 300 g/L, and specifically, from 100 g/L to 150 g/L. 
     In addition, to increase the growth rate of the recombinant yeast, a carbon source or substrate is constantly supplied to a medium through fed-batch culture (fed-batch fermentation), and the supply amount of the carbon source or substrate and the usage amount of cells are equalized to prevent the absorption of the substrate or carbon source from being inhibited. Also, to minimize the production of galactitol (Galol) which is a by-product, D-Gal may be used as a carbon source. 
     More specifically, the fed-batch culture of the recombinant yeast may be performed 3 to 7 times using D-Gal as a carbon source to induce the sufficient growth of cells and then additionally performed 3 to 7 times using agarobiose as a substrate to obtain a desired sugar alcohol with high yield. 
     Descriptions of the recombinant yeast and the enzymatic reaction described in the method of the present invention are the same as described above and therefore will be omitted to avoid repetition. 
     Advantageous Effects 
     According to the present invention, recombinant yeast capable of biosynthesizing a sugar alcohol is produced and subjected to a combination of high cell-density culture and fed-batch culture, and thus agarobititol and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactitol (L-AHGol) can be mass-produced. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of the production of L-AHGol from red algae by a biological method using  S. cerevisiae.    
         FIG. 2  shows an SDS-PAGE result obtained after cloning of a GRE3 gene derived from  S. cerevisiae  into a pET21α+ vector, overexpression using  Escherichia coli , and purification. 
         FIGS. 3A-3J  show results of the reactivity of L-AHG and AB with AR overexpressed by  S. cerevisiae -derived GRE3.  FIG. 3A  shows a structural change by conversion of L-AHG and AB into L-AHGol and ABol by reaction with AR and the molecular weight thereof.  FIG. 3B  shows a result of the reactivity of L-AHG and AB when reacted with AR, as obtained by measuring a tendency in which NADPH, which is a cofactor, decreases at 340 nm using a spectrophotometer. In this case, xylose and galactose are used as positive controls.  FIG. 3C  shows a total ion chromatography (TIC) result obtained by measuring products before and after the reaction of L-AHG with AR through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS).  FIG. 3D  shows a characteristic mass spectrum of L-AHG in a product before the reaction of L-AHG with AR.  FIG. 3E  shows a characteristic mass spectrum of produced L-AHGol in a product after the reaction of L-AHG with AR.  FIG. 3F  shows a mass spectrum of produced L-AHGol in a product after the reaction L-AHG of with AR, as obtained by LC/MS-IT-TOF analysis.  FIG. 3G  shows a TIC result obtained by measuring products before and after the reaction of AB with AR through GC/MS.  FIG. 3H  shows a characteristic mass spectrum of AB in a product before the reaction of AB with AR.  FIG. 3I  shows a characteristic mass spectrum of produced ABol in a product after the reaction of AB with AR.  FIG. 3J  shows a tandem mass spectrum of produced ABol in a product after the reaction of AB with AR, as obtained by LC/MS-IT-TOF analysis, and an inserted diagram of  FIG. 3J  shows a mass spectrum of ABol. 
         FIGS. 4A-4F  show experimental results of confirming an effect of bringing AB into the cell in a minimal medium for genetically engineered D452-2-L12, into which a  K. lactis -derived LAC12 gene capable of expressing a lactose transporter is introduced, and a parent strain D452-2.  FIG. 4A  shows a result of consuming AB with D452-2-L12 without a carbon source,  FIG. 4B  shows a result of consuming AB with D452-2-L12 when glucose is provided as a carbon source,  FIG. 4C  shows a result of consuming AB with D452-2-L12 when galactose is provided as a carbon source,  FIG. 4D  shows a result of consuming AB with a parent strain D452-2 without a carbon source,  FIG. 4E  shows a result of consuming AB with a parent strain D452-2 when glucose is provided as a carbon source, and  FIG. 4F  shows a result of consuming AB with a parent strain D452-2 when galactose is provided as a carbon source. 
         FIG. 5  shows a result of a coenzyme experiment for examining the AB hydrolysis effect of genetically engineered D452-2-L124 into which a  K. lactis -derived LAC4 gene capable of expressing β-galactosidase is introduced and strains into which LAC4 is not introduced. As experimental strains, D452-2-L124, D452-2-L12, and parent D452-2 were used and compared, and an inserted diagram of  FIG. 5  shows a result of a coenzyme experiment of the strains with respect to lactose as a positive control. 
         FIGS. 6A-6B  show experimental results of confirming an inhibition effect of AB on cell growth and glucose (carbon source) consumption of D452-2, D452-2-L12, and D452-2-L124 in a minimal medium.  FIG. 6A  shows a result of the specific growth rate of the strains according to an AB concentration, and  FIG. 6B  shows a result of the glucose consumption rate of the strains according to an AB concentration. 
         FIGS. 7A-7D  show the fermentation tendency of a high concentration of a D452-2-L124 strain to produce L-AHGol in a minimal medium according to an AB concentration.  FIGS. 7A to 7D  show the fermentation tendency of the D452-2-L124 strain when 10 g/L of AB, 20 g/L of AB, 45 g/L of AB, and 90 g/L of AB were used as substrates, respectively. 
         FIG. 8  shows a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) result of AB produced by hydrolyzing 20% (w/w) agarose with phosphoric acid. 
         FIG. 9  shows the fermentation tendency of D452-2-L124 to produce L-AHGol through AB fed-batch culture in a fermentor using a minimal medium. 
         FIG. 10  a result of separation and purification of L-AHGol produced using a fermentor in  FIG. 9  by size exclusion chromatography using a G-10 resin. 
         FIGS. 11A-11D  show experimental results of confirming the thermal stability of L-AHG and AB and the corresponding sugar alcohols, L-AHGol and ABol.  FIG. 11A to 11D  show results of the thermal stability of L-AHG, AB, L-AHGol, and ABol, respectively. 
     
    
    
     MODES OF THE INVENTION 
     Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples according to the present invention. However, it should be understood that the following examples are given for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. 
     &lt;Example 1&gt; Cloning of  S. cerevisiae -Derived GRE3 Gene Expressing AR, Overexpression Using  E. coli  (DE3), and Purification 
     To obtain the genomic DNA of  S. cerevisiae  D452-2, D452-2 was cultured in a 20 g/L glucose-containing YP medium at 30° C. for 24 hours. Genomic DNA was extracted using a commercial DNA extraction kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif., USA). A target gene GRE3 was amplified from the genomic DNA by PCR. The primers used herein were 5′-CATATGTCTTCACTGGTTACTCTTAATAACGGT-3′ (forward) and 5′-GCGGCCGCGGCAAAAGTGGGGAATTTACCATCCAA-3′ (reverse). To easily purify the protein using affinity chromatography, the base sequence of a gene encoding 6 histidines at the C-terminus was added. The PCR product and pET21α vector were cleaved with NdeI and NotI, respectively, and ligated to construct a pET21α_AR plasmid. The plasmid was transformed into  E. coli  Top10. 
     To overexpress the gene thus obtained, the gene was transformed into a host for protein expression,  E. coli  BL21 (DE3). The cells were cultured in a Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing 50 mg/L of ampicillin at 37° C. until the absorbance at 600 nm reached 0.4 to 0.6. 0.1 mM IPTG was added to induce the expression of the protein, the induction temperature was set to 16° C., and the protein was overexpressed in a water-soluble form for 16 hours. After the cultivation was completed, the cells were recovered by centrifugation, released with a 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4), and then lyzed using a sonicator. The resultant was centrifuged again at 10,000 g to obtain a supernatant. The recombinant protein was purified using a HisTrap column (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, USA). The purified protein was concentrated with an Amicon Ultra centrifugal filter (30,000 molecular weight cutoff; Millipore, Billerica, Mass., USA), and the concentration of the protein was measured using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Hose, Calif., USA). 
     As an 8% SDS-PAGE result for AR thus expressed, 37.1 kDa was confirmed ( FIG. 2 ). 
     &lt;Example 2&gt; Measurement of Reduction of L-AHG and AB by AR 
     Until now, there have been no research results confirming whether it is possible to biologically convert a substrate L-AHG into the corresponding sugar alcohol, L-AHGol, using enzymes. In this study, to convert L-AHG into L-AHGol, an inherent enzyme AR expressed by a GRE3 gene derived from  S. cerevisiae , which is a GRAS strain, was examined.  S. cerevisiae -derived AR is known to react extensively with various aldoses having aldehyde groups, such as glucose, xylose, arabinose, and glyceraldehyde, to produce the corresponding sugar alcohols. 
     To confirm AR reactivity, not only L-AHG and AB but also xylose and galactose as positive controls were used as substrates. An enzymatic reaction was performed in a pH 6.0 sodium phosphate buffer at 30° C. 1 mM NADPH was used as a cofactor, and each substrate was allowed to react at 2 mM and a protein concentration of 9.36 nmol.  FIGS. 3A-3J  show results of the AR enzyme reaction. As shown in  FIG. 3A , when L-AHG and AB were converted into L-AHGol and ABol by reduction with AR, hydrogen was added to an aldehyde group, and thus a structural change occurred. Accordingly, the molecular weight thereof was also changed from 162 (L-AHG) to 164 (L-AHGol) and from 324 (AB) to 326 (ABol). As shown in  FIG. 3B , AR reacted best with xylose which is a positive control and then with L-AHG. In this case, interestingly, AB, which is a disaccharide having L-AHG as a reducing end, was also converted into ABol by AR. 
     To confirm that L-AHG and AB were actually converted into L-AHGol and ABol by AR, products before and after the enzymatic reaction were measured using GC/MS and LC/MS-IT-TOF. First, a derivatization process for GC/MS analysis was as follows. 20 μl of products before and after the AR enzyme reaction of L-AHG and AB were dried using a speed vac. For derivatization, 10 μl of 4% (w/v) o-methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine was added to the dried samples and allowed to react at 30° C. for 90 minutes. Afterward, 45 μl of N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide was added and allowed to react at 37° C. for 30 minutes. In this case, an Agilent 7890A GC/5975C MSD system equipped with an RTX-5Si1 MS (30 m×0.25 mm i.d., 25 μm film thickness, Resteck) column was used for analysis. The temperature of the column was first maintained at 150° C. for a minute, raised to 330° C. at 20° C./min, and then maintained for 5 minutes. 1 μl of the samples were analyzed in a splitless manner. A total ion chromatography (TIC) result of  FIG. 3C  showed the peak of L-AHG in the product after the enzymatic reaction was reduced compared to the peak of L-AHG before the enzymatic reaction, and a peak presumed to be L-AHGol, which was not present in the product before the enzymatic reaction, appeared.  FIGS. 3D and 3E  show mass spectra of L-AHG and L-AHGol, respectively. 
     To confirm produced L-AHGol in the product after the AR enzyme reaction, analysis was performed by liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-IT-TOF). Conditions for LC/MS-IT-TOF analysis are as follows. As a column, a Hypercarb porous graphitic carbon LC column (100×2.1 mm, packed with 3 μm particles) was used, and the temperature of the column was maintained at 70° C. during analysis. A mobile phase consisted of 25 μM lithium chloride and acetonitrile and had a gradient of 0 to 80% during analysis at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min for 41 minutes. Electrospray ionization was performed in a positive ion mode, and source-dependent parameters were set as follows: nebulizing gas flow: 1.5 L/min, interface voltage: 4.5 kV, detector voltage: 1.65 kV, curved desolvation line (CDL), and heat block temperature: 200° C. Mass spectrometry was performed in a range of 100 to 700 m/z. When L-AHG was converted into L-AHGol, the molecular weight of L-AHGol was 164. In this case, a lithium ion was added to L-AHGol, and thus the actually measured molecular weight was 171 ( FIG. 3F ). 
     In addition, a GC/MS analysis result showed that AB was converted into ABol by AR. The peak of AB before the enzymatic reaction was reduced after the enzymatic reaction, and a new peak presumed to be ABol appeared ( FIG. 3G ).  FIGS. 3H and 3I  show mass spectra of AB and ABol, respectively. Also, an LC/MS-IT-TOF analysis result showed, when AB was converted into ABol, the molecular weight of ABol was 326. In this case, a lithium ion was added to ABol, and thus the actually measured molecular weight was 333. As shown in  FIG. 3J , the product produced after the enzymatic reaction had a molecular weight of 333, and as a result of confirming the chemical structure of the product by the tandem mass spectrum of ABol, it can be seen that peaks at 171.1330 which is a molecular weight of L-AHGol having a lithium ion added thereto and 169.1192 which is a molecular weight of galactose excluding a water molecule and having a lithium ion added thereto were exhibited, indicating that L-AHG present at a reducing end of ABol was converted into L-AHGol by AR, and thus L-AHGol and galactose were included. 
     &lt;Example 3&gt; Preparation of Strain Capable of Producing L-AHGol from AB 
     D452-2-L124 that is able to consume AB was prepared as follows. LAC12 was cloned into a pRS423-pGPD plasmid. A LAC12 gene fraction was amplified from genomic DNA of  K. lactis  (NRRL: Y-8279) by PCR using LAC12-F and LAC12-R primers (Table 3). The PCR product and pRS423-GPD plasmid were cleaved with restriction enzymes SpeI and SalI, respectively, and then ligated to construct pRS423-pGPD-LAC12. A LAC4 gene was also constructed from  K. lactis . LAC4 was amplified by PCR using LAC4-F and LAC4-R primers (Table 3), cleavage with restriction enzymes SpeI and SalI was performed like the pRS425-pGPD plasmid, and then ligation was performed to construct pRS425-pGPD-LAC4. 
     To introduce genes into the genome of a parent strain D452-2 using CRISPR/Cas9 for stably expressing the genes, guide plasmids p42K-CS8 and p42K-CS6 were made as shown in Table 3. To construct p42K-CS8 and p42K-CS6, a pRS42K plasmid was subjected to reverse PCR using a pair of gCS8-U and gCS8-D primers and a pair of gCS6-U and gCS6-D primers, which included a guide RNA base sequence (Table 3). The 20 bp target base sequence of the guide RNA was bound to the empty locus of chromosome XVI (CS8) and VII (CS6) (Tables 4 and 5). Then, the target genes of interest were introduced into the chromosomal position by homologue recombination without affecting the function of other genes. 
     To introduce LAC12 into the genome of the D452-2 strain based on CRISPR/Cas9, as donor DNA, the pRS423-pGPD-LAC12 plasmid was amplified using CS8-IU and CS8-ID primers. CS8-LAC12-introduced cells were confirmed by PCR using CS8-CKU and CS8-CKD primers. The strain thus prepared was D452-2-L12 (Table 1). Similarly, in the case of C56-LAC4, donor DNA amplified from the pR425-pGPD-LAC4 plasmid using CS6-IU and CS6-ID primers was introduced into D452-2-L12. CS6-LAC4-introduced cells were confirmed using CS6-CKU and CS6-CKD primers, and the strain thus prepared was D452-2-L124 (Table 1). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Information on strains 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Strains 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D452-2 
                 MATα leu2 ura3 his3 can1 
               
               
                 D452-L12 
                 D452-2 with CS8-LAC12 integration 
               
               
                 D452-L124 
                 D452-2 with CS8-LAC12, CS6-LAC4 integration 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Information on used plasmids 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Plasmids 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 p423-pGPD 
                 pSR423-pTDH3-tCYC1 
               
               
                 p425-pGPD 
                 pSR425-pTDH3-tCYC1 
               
               
                 pRS423- 
                 p 82 R7S9423-pGPD harboring LAC12 gene from 
               
               
                 pGPD-LAC12 
                   K. lactis  Y-8279 
               
               
                 pRS425- 
                 pR7S9425-pGPD harboring LAC4 gene from 
               
               
                 pGPD-LAC4 
                    K. lactis  Y-8279 
               
               
                 Cas9-NAT 
                 p414-TEF 1p-Cas9-CYC1t-NAT1 
               
               
                 p42K-gCS8 
                 pRS42K carrying guide RNA for integration at CS8  
               
               
                   
                 locus 
               
               
                 p42H-gCS6 
                 pRS42H carrying guide RNA for integration at CS6  
               
               
                   
                 locus 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Information on used primers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Primers 
                 Primer sequences 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LAC12-F 
                 5′-tctagagcggccgc actagt gccaccatggcagatcattcgagcag-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LAC12- 
                 5′-tctagagcggccgc gtcgac ttaaacagattctgcctctg-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) 
               
               
                 R 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LAC4-F 
                 5′-tctagagcggccgc actagtg ccaccatgtcttgccttattcctgagaat-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 LAC4-R 
                 5′-tctagagcggccgc gtcgac ttattcaaaagcgagatcaaactc-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gCS8-U 
                 TGATTCAATCATTCTTATTGgttttagagctagaaatagcaag (SEQ ID NO: 11) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gCS8-D 
                 CAATAAGAATGATTGAATCAgatcatttatctttcactgcgga (SEQ ID NO: 12) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS8-IU 
                 caaaattacctacggtaattagtgaaaggccaaaatctaatgttacaataAATTAACCCTCACTAAA 
               
               
                   
                 GGGA (SEQ ID NO: 13) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS8-ID 
                 gaccgttccatgtgttgtaccagtggtagggttatctcggtagatctGTAATACGACTCACTATA 
               
               
                   
                 GGGC (SEQ ID NO: 14) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS8- 
                 Agtggaacatagaagggg (SEQ ID NO: 15) 
               
               
                 CKU 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS8- 
                 Taagcagcccagtgaac (SEQ ID NO: 16) 
               
               
                 CKD 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gCS6-U 
                 GATACTTATCATTAAGAAAAgttttagagctagaaatagcaag (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gCS6-D 
                 TTTTCTTAATGATAAGTATCgatcatttatattcactgcgga (SEQ ID NO: 18) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS6-IU 
                 aacctcgaggagaagtttttttacccctctccacagatcCAGGAAACAGCTATGACCATG 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 19) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS6-ID 
                 taattaggtagaccgggtagatttttccgtaaccttggtgtcTGTAAAACGACGGCCAGT (SEQ 
               
               
                   
                 ID NO: 20) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS6- 
                 Gtctgccgaaattctgtg (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
               
               
                 CKU 
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CS6- 
                 Cggtcagaaagggaaatg (SEQ ID NO: 22) 
               
               
                 CKD 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1. CS8 region, Chromosome XVI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 . . . &lt;TAGATCTTATACAAAAGCAACTGCGCGCTGTGGTAAAGCTACGGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ACAATGTCCTATCTGTGGGAAGGTTTGTTCGAGACCTTCAACACTGAGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTCATTACTTAATACATACGGGAGACACACCTTTCAAATGTACTTGGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CATTGCAACAAATCTTTCAATGTCAAGAGTAACATGTTAAGGCATTTAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AACCCATCAAAAGAAAATAGCAAAGAAAAAACATCAGTGA&gt;[[[aagcattgttta 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gaatattttgttttcagtgtgattttgatgtaggtgtgacactttttaccaagtaaaatgagtatagatatgtattagttccatataat 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 atattacatgtagccaacaatcaatttttactgacttccgatttttgaatagtgagaggatttttgttcgaattataatttctacaag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aaatttgtttgcgaatgcatcagcatttgtaatacggttctatactgccgcacgatacattttattctgtctagttcgtaagacaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aggaccttttcatttagtacaacgttgccgacacggatgtcttgatgaatctctgtaccaggaattcaattacctgactagtatg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cagttcactatcaaaaaaaaaaaaaaggttaaattggtataatcatggttaaagaacaaacagcctctttcctctacaaaagt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 atgttaaatgtaggtagttcaaattgcggtcacgtatatgccaacgttgttaatatataatgatccattggaacaatgaagttta 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cagaagctcaaaattaatgcaagaataattacgtcaagggagtcataacaaactaagaaaacaaaggaatttgactaagttt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gagcgcaatgatatatccatgcttgatattctgattcatacatatcgtttctgtcatttcaatggaagtctttatttatcaattacca 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 caacctttagtattgtgcttattattggtcaaaaggagttcatgcgctagtgatagtcaacccatgaagtgatt]]]{{{agtgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aacatagaagggg}}}[[[ataaatttcctatcggataacaaagaaaaaccaggattattgitttaccaccacattttcaaact 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ttcccgctgaatttc ctactaccctcatttgaaagaacgctttccactctttaggttggcgttgtatcatcttttcttccattcaatg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 caccaagacttaattttgttggttaaactcttattattgtcagtttaaccaa]]]{{caaaattacctacggtaattagtgaaagg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ccaaaatctaatgttacaat}}[[[a]]]{tgattcaatcattcttattg}[[[[cgg]]]]{{agaagctaccgagaagaaccc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 taccactggtacaacacaagggaacggtc}}[[[tcattgacctcgtgcataaccgggaaggtaacacatgaatatgctgt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gtttgaatc atctccaatccaaactataggaatgaaaaattttttttgggtacaatgtcttctcacaatatcgtattcttggtcagc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aatgtttccaaggatgacagactctttctaagaaaagatttcaagttcaaaatttacataacagtgaactatgcagaaaatttta 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cttctagaccacgcatttaacaataatgtttgcccgcaacaataaagtatttggtcgctttaagacgttatc agttattttatgag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aaggtgtttaccattcgtgctcccatactaaaaccaaggggtaaataggacccacatttcgtttctgacagccaacaacgtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ccactagcaggacagttattggaggtttatattatgtaattattgttagctgataaatgatttacagaaagcgctgat]]]{{{g 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ttcactgggctgctta}}}[[[ttcagaatccccacgcatatttacttcaaagagaaagaatttttgatgtaagttttatttgaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cgtggaactttggcgtggggcatttatggctgctatcacacaaatcgcggagcagagtacccctggattatataacacaac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tcactaaaatcgctcaaaattggggggtacgggttagcgcggcagctcatcgagggaacagcacctagtgcacgtttaat 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tgatagtatcttcagaacgaaatcaaatttttcgcagtatcatttacgtttcaagaaacttaaagtgtttggagaaattaggaac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gaaaaaaagctactatagaaattgtagcctgtcttcaactgctgtcctcggcttttgacttgcctaagtatatgccgcaatggg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cgataagcgggagtgtcggtcagatctgtggtaaaaaaaagatagcaataaaaaattatgaatttaaacagtagtcttgaatt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 taaacaagtgatcttgacttgaatacttccatcaatgagtcgctaaaatgaaaatggctgcacaatctcctccgcatatcttaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aaggcagcaattagccagttgatcaccctacatttccacagaaacgaaaaagtgtaatagttatttttgcggccaatatcgta 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 agctctagcggtgccttagctttatgattgttgcaagaaagtttgcctttttgactctccttcaggtgtcagtattaacaaacgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cgttgaatgtttaagttattattttattcatcaaatcgacttggatactttctcggtgatgtcgctaattggattataccattaaggtt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gtcaccagtgtaaaaattttgcatcggtacttgcaactacgtgtgaaggtcaagttactcaacgcaaagaaacgttaacatttt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tacaaattttagctgcagtactatgttttaagtaatccaaagggaactatttgttatatcccagaattatttacattcgtttcttagtt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tcataaacaatgaatacctattgaatggatagaaattctgacttgattttacgagttattattgctgacattagtccaaagacatc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tcagttttgtttcctctacaacccaatgaggaggctagccagggctgtcgcccaaaaaaatagccaataaagcggcaacttt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ctgt]]]&lt;&lt;ATGTCTTGCATTTTTTCCGCTGACTTGGGAGTAGAGTACAGCTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCGGAGTCGCGTATTACAAATCTTGTACTTTGCATTCTGTGCATACGTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGAAAAAGCAGCACCTGTTGTGAAAAAAGATAAATTTCTTTTTTTCATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCTATCCTCAAAGGAAAATCTTTTCTGCGAAATTTCTAGCCGCTCTTCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTTCCGAAGTAAAGTCGCTGAGGGCGAAAAACAACTTTATTTGCCCACAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GCTGTTATAGGCTTCCAGGGAGCAAAAGCGCAATTGGGAATAAGGTTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTCAATTGAATGGTTTGCTTCGCCTACAGCATTAA&gt;&gt;[[[ccagaaggtaatttgatctct 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tgtatgtccgctaacagatcttgtccattaattgtttattttcttcaggtaggctgagcccactttgtagtagctccctaccattac 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tatggccagtagttattggctttgattttactttctatgacaatcccgttgagcaaccttgcgaagggctchtttgaaaaaaag 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gcgtgggcaagatctctgtat]]] . . . 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 &lt;NNNN&gt;: CDS of functional gene 
               
               
                 &lt;&lt;NNNN&gt;&gt;: CDS of not essential protein, or protein with no function (or unknown function) 
               
               
                 &lt;&lt;&lt;NNNN&gt;&gt;&gt;: tRNA 
               
               
                 [NNNN]: δ sequence 
               
               
                 [[[nnnn]]]: Non-coding region 
               
               
                 [[[[nnnn]]]]: PAM sequence 
               
               
                 {nnnn}: Target sequence for gRNA 
               
               
                 {{nnnn}}: Homologous region for integration 
               
               
                 {{{nnnn}}}: sequencing primer site 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 2. CS6 region, Chromosome VII 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 [[[ataaaa]]]&lt;&lt;&lt;TGAAACGGACAGGAATTGAACCTGCAACCCTTCGATTGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATCTTATTCCGTGGAATTTCCAAGATTTAATTGGAGTCGAAAGCTCTACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ATTGAGCCACCGCTTC&gt;&gt;&gt;[[[atcttgaaatatcgaagatataacattttactt]]]{{{gtctgccgaaatt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ctgtg}}}[[[tttgctataatgtttgaattagaatctcttaaaatagctactcatacttcttcataactaatccattagtgaccata 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tgaagtaatcggacgccacacatcattgatgtttcacgatggagaatgataacacactaagtggcattgtgggcaaagtaa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gttaaacacctattgctcaaatgatcaacttggtgtttgcacatatacggatgtaagtcatgacattgaaatcataatatgctttc 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 atgataatcatatgagcatgtttaatattactaataaggctgtattctatacttctcttatatagaataagaagatctgcatttattct 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tgattgacactacagttcaacaattaattaccaacagaattaattactacctatcgttcacaagctactacgttatcatacacaat 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gtaaaaatatgacacaaaaatggaaaaccgtcatcagatttaatggggctgaaacacaagaattcataatgtgatagaataa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tgggtgaagtgtataaagaagaatatataatattactgtgtagaaatatcaatttccctttgtgagttctcat]]]{{aacctcga 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ggagaagtttttttacccctctccacagatc}}{gatacttatcattaagaaaa}[[[[tgg]]]]{{gacaccaaggttacgg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aaaaatctacccggtctacctaatta}}[[[ctctcttggcgcactagttttccgaaaaaaacaggtaaattcttctttagataa 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 agataaatataaaacttcacagccattcactcacacaaactagtcccttagggtgcgtataatgatctgtacatcttatttctata 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 tatcttaccgtgtattttttcttttctcaattcttgttcgcaaataaaaagatattcgtgtttgtggaagaacactagttccgttttgta 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ttcaacctggaaatttacaatagatcttcatcatcgtatgtctaccatgttaatctcccgttaaactgtttcacgttatcaagattat 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 gtcatctattcctgggcgaacataattccttacaaaaacatttgtcattacacaagtgtaaggggtaatgaaaagtaattttgtt 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 acaagtacgcaaaattcgtttatttcaagaaacactaaggatcgt]]]{{{catttccctttctgaccg}}}[[[atgttccttct 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ttttgctatttttttcccgagtcatctcatcgttttgagtttttcctagtccattaaattgtcaccttactctcggaaaaaagaaacga 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 caaatgctcctagtgccgtttttcgaagcttgaaaaaaaaaattgcaaattatttaattttgctgctaaggagttgaagtaggtg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 cattccgccttattgatcaccctgttagatttgttgcgatcgttatagtgctagtttgtccattgttgtgtcataaaagatagctttg 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ggagaaaattca]]]&lt;&lt;TCAAAACAACATATCATCAGCGTTATTACAATTCATTGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CTTCCCAAGTTTTTTTGACGTATAATATTATCGCTATCTGACTCATTAGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 CACAAATACAGATATACAACCTCAAAATCAAAAATGCCTAGAAACCCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TGAAAAAGGAATATTGGGCAGATGTAGTTGACGGATTCAAGCCGGCTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TTCTCCAGCCTTCGAGAATGAAAAAGAATCTACTACATTTGTTACCGAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAACTTCCAAAACCGATTCTGCATTTCCATTAAGTAGCAAGGATTCACCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 GGCATAAACCAAACCACAAACGATATTACCTCTTCAGATCGCTTCCGTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 TAATGAAGACACAGAGCAGGAAGACAT&gt;&gt;[[[caacaacacca]]] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 &lt;&lt;NNNN&gt;&gt;: CDS of not essential protein, or protein with no function (or unknown function) 
               
               
                 &lt;&lt;&lt;NNNN&gt;&gt;&gt;: tRNA 
               
               
                 [[[nnnn]]]: Non-coding region 
               
               
                 [[[[nnnn]]]]: PAM sequence 
               
               
                 {nnnn}: Target sequence for gRNA 
               
               
                 {{nnnn}}: Homologous region for integration 
               
               
                 {{{nnnn}}}: sequencing primer site 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     &lt;Example 4&gt; Effect of Intracellular AB Uptake by LAC12 
     To produce L-AHGol from a substrate AB, first, AB needs to be hydrolyzed into a monosaccharide. However, since L-AHG has not only poor thermal stability but also poor stability even when exposed to a medium for a long period of time, when AB itself is brought into the cell and then hydrolyzed, rather than when AB is hydrolyzed to produce L-AHG outside the cell and then brought into the cell, the denaturation of L-AHG may be prevented. Therefore, to minimize the denaturation of L-AHG, AB is intended to be brought into  S. cerevisiae . However, native  S. cerevisiae  is not able to consume lactose. AB and lactose have very similar structures in which L-AHG and glucose as reducing ends are bonded to D-galactose by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond, respectively. Therefore, it is expected that the parent strain D452-2 used in the present invention will not be able to consume AB. To solve this problem, LAC12 expressing a lactose transporter was taken from  Kluyveromyces lactis , which is GRAS yeast known to be able to metabolize lactose well, and introduced into D452-2. 
     As a result of confirming whether AB was brought into the cells by LAC12 expression in a minimal medium (Verduyn medium) for the constructed strain D452-2-L12 and parent D452-2 as a control ( FIGS. 4A-4F ), it can be seen that D452-2-L12 intracellularly consumed AB, and thus the concentration of AB in the medium decreased. In this case, interestingly, it can also be seen AB was converted into ABol ( FIG. 4A ). Since AR expressed by GRE3 is an inherent intracellular enzyme, this result is absolute evidence showing that AB was intracellularly consumed. However, in the case of parent D452-2, the concentration of AB in the medium did not decrease, and ABol was also not detected ( FIG. 4D ). To confirm the possibility that, when a carbon source that may be consumed by a transporter is provided, AB is consumed together or AB is uptaken into the cell by producing energy from the carbon source, about 10 g/L of glucose and galactose, which are representative carbon sources, was provided, and then AB consumption experiments were performed for D452-2-L12 and parent D452-2 as a control. As a result, both when glucose ( FIG. 4B ) was provided and when galactose ( FIG. 4C ) was provided, only D452-2-L12 was able to consume AB and produced ABol. On the other hand, parent D452-2 did not consume both glucose ( FIG. 4E ) and galactose ( FIG. 4F ). Therefore, D452-2-L12 was able to consume AB by LAC12. 
     &lt;Example 5&gt; AB Hydrolysis Effect of LAC4 
     AB as a substrate for producing L-AHGol is intracellularly uptaken and then needs to be hydrolyzed to intracellularly produce L-AHG and D-Gal. As described above, native  S. cerevisiae  is unable to intracellularly consume lactose, and thus hydrolysis does also not occur. Therefore, to apply β-galactosidase which is derived from  K. lactis  known to be able to metabolize lactose well and is thus able to hydrolyze lactose, based on the structural similarity of lactose and AB, a LAC4 gene expressing the β-galactosidase was introduced into D452-2-L12. 
     The AB hydrolysis ability of LAC4 was examined for the constructed strain D452-2-L124 and controls D452-2-L12 and parent D452-2. Since a method of verifying AB hydrolysis is to verify the enzymatic reaction in the cell, a protein, that is, a coenzyme, obtained by growth, collection, and lysis of each cell was used to measure the AB hydrolysis ability. More specifically, each strain was allowed to grow in a YP medium, which is a nutrient broth containing 20 g/L of glucose, at 30° C. and centrifuged in the mid-exponential growth phase at 3,000 g for 10 minutes to collect cells. The collected cells were released with a 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) buffer and then lyzed using a sonicator. The lyzed cells were centrifuged at 4° C. and 10,000 g for 10 minutes. The resultant was analyzed by BCA protein concentration quantification to measure the concentration of a coenzyme. 
     Enzymatic reaction conditions for AB hydrolysis by LAC4 were as follows. AB and lactose as a positive control were used as substrates in the experiment. Each substrate with a concentration of 2 g/L and a coenzyme at 0.5 g/L were reacted in a sodium acetate (pH 6.0) buffer at 30° C. As shown in  FIG. 5 , it was confirmed that AB was best hydrolyzed in the coenzyme obtained from the D452-2-L124 strain. However, AB was hardly hydrolyzed in the coenzymes obtained from strains not expressing LAC4, D452-2-L12 and parent D452-2. This result coincides with a result for lactose which is a positive control. However, AB was found to be less reactive to β-galactosidase expressed by LAC4 than lactose. This is due to a structural difference between AB and lactose. In this way, it is expected that AB brought into the cell by LAC12 will be hydrolyzed by LAC4. 
     &lt;Example 6&gt; Cell Growth Inhibition Effect According to Concentration of Substrate AB 
     As described above, to produce L-AHGol, AB needs to be brought into the cell and then hydrolyzed to produce L-AHG. However, L-AHG has been reported to have an antibacterial effect against  Streptococcus mutans . In industrialization, the addition of a high concentration of substrate is important in terms of not only increasing the final concentration of a desired reaction product but also reducing process costs such as reducing a reactor, using a smaller amount of water, and the like. However, when the growth of the host  S. cerevisiae  is inhibited by the substrate AB, a high concentration of AB will not be added. Therefore, the effect of inhibiting the growth of genetically engineered D452-2-L124 and controls, D452-2-L12 and parent D452-2, according to various concentrations of AB was confirmed. 
     An experiment for confirming the growth inhibition effect is as follows. Each strain was cultured in a minimal medium (Verduyn medium) at 30° C. and 300 rpm by providing 20 g/L of glucose as a carbon source and varying an AB concentration at 0, 10, 20, and 50 g/L. As a result, as the AB concentration increased, the specific growth rate of D452-2-L124 most sharply decreased ( FIG. 6A ). Also, the specific growth rate of D452-2-L12 decreased as the AB concentration increased. However, the specific growth rate of parent D452-2 was not affected until the AB concentration was 20 g/L, unlike D452-2-L124 and D452-2-L12. When the AB concentration was 50 g/L, D452-2-L124 and D452-2-L12 did not grow, but parent D452-2 slowly grew afterward. This is because an increase in AB concentration causes a glucose (carbon source) consumption rate to be decreased ( FIG. 6B ). The glucose consumption rate of each strain also showed a tendency similar to the specific growth rate shown in  FIG. 6A . 
     It is not appropriate that low cell-density fermentation is used due to inhibition of the growth of the genetically engineered strain D452-2-L124 as the concentration of the substrate AB increases. Therefore, to solve this problem, high cell-density culture was considered. 
     &lt;Example 7&gt; High Cell-Density Culture for Producing L-AHGol According to AB Concentration 
     Since the growth of D452-2-L124 is inhibited as the concentration of the substrate AB increases, this example was attempted to overcome the growth inhibition through high cell-density culture. An experiment method is as follows. D452-2-L124 with a high concentration of 6 g/L was used, and the substrate AB was added so that the concentration thereof was about 10, 20, 45, and 90 g/L. Fermentation was performed in a minimal medium (Verduyn medium) at 30° C. and 300 rpm. As a result (see  FIGS. 7A-7D  and Table 4), under the condition of AB with a concentration of 10 g/L, AB was completely consumed in 36 hours, and 4.62 g/L of L-AHGol was produced. In the process of consuming AB, AB was initially converted into ABol, but the final amount of ABol was 0.10 g/L as ABol was almost completely hydrolyzed ( FIG. 7A ). Under the condition of AB with a concentration of 20 g/L ( FIG. 7B ), AB was almost completely consumed in 49 hours, and 9.25 g/L of L-AHGol was produced. However, unlike the condition of AB with a concentration of 10 g/L, AB was converted into ABol at the beginning of fermentation, but ABol was not completely hydrolyzed and remained in an amount of 0.33 g/L as a by-product even though the fermentation was terminated, and 0.33 g/L of galactitol (Galol) which is a sugar alcohol of Gal was produced. In the case of further increasing the AB concentration (45 g/L) ( FIG. 7C ), AB was consumed to produce 18.62 g/L of L-AHGol for about 84 hours. However, by-products, ABol and Galol, were produced in large amounts of 1.41 g/L and 1.46 g/L, respectively, compared to those under the preceding condition. Under the condition of AB with a concentration of 90 g/L ( FIG. 7D ), about 43.92 g/L of AB was consumed for 84 hours, and 12.91 g/L of L-AHGol was produced. In this case, by-products, ABol and Galol, were also produced in large amounts of 2.24 g/L and 0.98 g/L, respectively, compared to those under the condition of 20 g/L or less. In this case, interestingly, the yield of L-AHGol produced as the AB concentration rapidly increased was decreased (Table 6). In particular, under the condition of 90 g/L, L-AHGol was produced with a very low yield of 0.29 g/g AB consumed. The yield of by-products, ABol and Galol, also increased as the AB concentration increased, except for the condition of 90 g/L. When provided with a carbon source,  S. cerevisiase  is known to typically produce ethanol, glycerol, and acetic acid, but these products were not finally produced. 
     Based on the result, since the L-AHGol yield was high until the AB concentration was 20 g/L, a high concentration of AB was applied through fed-batch saccharification so as to produce a high concentration and high yield of L-AHGol. 
     
       
         
           
               
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Concentration and yield of L-AHGol, ABol, and Galol by high cell-density 
               
               
                 culture according to AB concentration 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 L-AHGol 
                 ABol 
                 Galol 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 AB 
                   
                 Yield 
                   
                 Yield 
                   
                 Yield 
               
               
                 concentration 
                 Titer 
                 (g/g AB 
                 Titer 
                 (g/g AB 
                 Titer 
                 (g/g AB 
               
               
                 (g/L) 
                 (g/L) 
                 consumed) 
                 (g/L) 
                 consumed) 
                 (g/L) 
                 consumed) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 10 
                  4.62 ± 0.07 
                 0.47 ± 0.01 
                 0.10 ± 0.02 
                 0.01 ± 0.00 
                 0.00 ± 0.00 
                 0.00 ± 0.00 
               
               
                 20 
                  9.25 ± 0.00 
                 0.48 ± 0.00 
                 0.33 ± 0.00 
                 0.02 ± 0.00 
                 0.33 ± 0.04 
                 0.02 ± 0.00 
               
               
                 45 
                 18.62 ± 0.05 
                 0.42 ± 0.00 
                 1.41 ± 0.06 
                 0.03 ± 0.00 
                 1.46 ± 0.10 
                 0.03 ± 0.00 
               
               
                 90 
                 12.91 ± 0.45 
                 0.29 ± 0.01 
                 2.24 ± 0.14 
                 0.05 ± 0.00 
                 0.98 ± 0.09 
                 0.02 ± 0.00 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     &lt;Example 8&gt; Production of High Concentration of Substrate AB from High Concentration of Agarose Through Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysis 
     To produce L-AHGol from red algae, a substrate AB was produced from agarose. As described above, the addition of a high concentration of substrate in the process is important in several ways. Reaction conditions for producing a high concentration of AB are as follows. A high concentration (20% (w/w)) of agarose was allowed to react with 2% (w/v) phosphoric acid at 95° C. for 120 minutes. For example, 90 g of agarose was allowed to react with 360 mL so that the final concentration of agarose was 20% (w/w). 
     As a result, AB was finally produced with a high concentration of 128.99 g/L. To use the agarose hydrolysate as a substrate, calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) was used to neutralize and remove the phosphoric acid. The resultant was used as a substrate for subsequently producing L-AHGol ( FIG. 8 ). 
     &lt;Example 9&gt; Production of L-AHGol from Agarose Hydrolysate Through Fed-Batch Culture Using Fermentor 
     To examine the possibility that L-AHGol may be mass-produced from red algae, a fermentor was used. Based on the above-described results, to produce a high concentration and high yield of L-AHGol using a high concentration of agarose hydrolysate as a substrate, first, D452-2-L124 was subjected to high cell-density culture. Second, an agarose hydrolysate containing a high-concentration (128.99 g/L) of AB was subjected to fed-batch culture five times. Finally, pre-cultivation was performed to minimize a by-product Galol, and strains were designed using D-Gal as a carbon source for increasing a cell concentration so that the strains adapt to D-Gal and thus consume the same well. Operating conditions of the fermentor were as follows: a reaction volume in a 1 L fermentor was 450 mL, a minimal medium (Verduyn medium) was used as a medium, and 30° C. and pH 6.0 were set. Each of 5 N NaOH and HCl was used for pH control. A stirring rate was set at 500 rpm, and an aeration rate was set to 2 vvm. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , by adding 20 to 30 g/L D-Gal as a carbon source in a fed-batch manner, cultivation was performed for about 30 hours until a cell concentration reached 23.85 g/L which is about 4.33 times higher than the initial cell concentration of 5.51 g/L. In this case, as D-Gal was consumed, by-products such as ethanol, glycerol, and acetic acid were produced. Particularly, glycerol was produced in an amount of 7.56 g/L. After 30 hours, an agarose hydrolysate was dividedly added five times. As a result, AB contained in the agarose hydrolysate was hydrolyzed and thus converted well into L-AHGol. Finally, a high concentration and high yield of L-AHGol was successively produced from 41.18 g/L and 0.48 g/g AB. As fermentation proceeded, the initially produced ethanol, glycerol, and acetic acid were consumed again in the cell and thus hardly produced, and ABol and Galol were produced in very small amounts of 0.68 g/L and 1.18 g/L, respectively. This is very favorable for subsequently separating and purifying L-AHGol. 
     &lt;Example 10&gt; Separation and Purification of L-AHGol from Fermentation Product Using Size Exclusion Chromatography 
     To separate and purify L-AHGol from the product of fermentation, size exclusion chromatography was used. Sephadex G-10 (GE Healthcare) was used as a resin, and distilled water was used as a mobile phase. 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , since other by-products were hardly produced other than an oligosaccharide with a high degree of polymerization, which remained unhydrolyzed after agarose was hydrolyzed by phosphoric acid, and medium components used in fermentation, L-AHGol was easily separated by size exclusion chromatography. In addition, since distilled water was used as a mobile phase, there is no need for a subsequent process, and thus a process is simple. 
     &lt;Example 11&gt; Thermal Stability of L-AHG, AB, L-AHGol, and ABol 
     To confirm whether L-AHGol and L-ABol, which were produced by fermentation and separated by size exclusion chromatography, are actually stable against heat, L-AHG and AB were experimentally compared. The experiment was performed by measuring the degree of denaturation of each substance over time at 4, 25, 50, and 70° C. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 11A-11D , L-AHG and AB were denatured over time at 50° C. or more, but L-AHGol and ABol were very stable without being denatured even at 70° C.