Patent Publication Number: US-11664328-B2

Title: Warpage compensating RF shield frame

Description:
CLAIM FOR PRIORITY 
     This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/937,246, filed on Mar. 27, 2018, titled “WARPAGE COMPENSATING RF SHIELD FRAME”, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     During manufacturing of integrated circuit (IC) packaging warpage of the package substrate can break solder joints causing open connections between components such as IC dies to the metallization on the package substrate. For radio frequency integrate circuits (RFIC), a grounded shield may be integrated into the package to mitigate electromagnetic interference due to RF generation by the RFIC components on board the package. Suppliers of RF shields specify coplanarities of 100 microns or less. The large non-planarity of the shield combined with substrate warpage, as well as possible warpage of the shield itself, can result in breakage of solder joints connecting the RF shield to the ground metallization of the package. Failure of the shield ground connections reduces the efficacity of the shield to contain RF energy within the package, resulting in significantly lower yields of RFIC packages. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments of the disclosure will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the disclosure, which, however, should not be taken to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only. 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of an embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  1 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of the embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate shown in  FIG.  1 A , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of an embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  2 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of the embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate shown in  FIG.  2 A , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of an embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  3 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of the embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate shown in  FIG.  3 A , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of an embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate, according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  4 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of the embodiment of a warpage compensating RF shield frame over a package substrate shown in  FIG.  4 A , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of a warpage compensating RF shield assembly comprising an RF shield lid and an RF shield frame, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of separated components of a warpage compensating RF shield assembly  500  comprising RF shield lid and RF shield frame, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  5 C  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of a warpage compensating RF shield assembly in the assembled state, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a flow chart summarizing an exemplary method for forming a warpage compensating RF shield frame, according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIGS.  7 A- 7 G  illustrate a progression of operations comprised by exemplary method for making a warpage compensating RF shield frame, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an IC package having a warpage-compensating RF shield frame, fabricated according to the disclosed method, as part of a system-on-chip (SoC) package in an implementation of computing device, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, numerous details are discussed to provide a more thorough explanation of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) require careful shielding to prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI) with nearby integrated circuits (ICs) or devices. Presently, packages conceived for RFICs include an RF shield which may be soldered to the ground plane or traces on the package board or substrate. The shield may comprise a frame and lid structure, where the frame is attached by solder to the package substrate board. For the RF shield to be effective, it must remain electrically coupled to the package ground circuit metallization during the life of the IC. However, warpage of the IC package substrate, which generally occurs after solder reflow operations, may result in open solder joints due to coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the shield and substrate materials. In addition, coplanarity of standard mass-produced RF shields is generally not better than 100 microns. This level of shield co-planarity may exacerbate the occurrence of open solder joints due to substrate warpage. 
     Package architectures that include RF shields conventionally include a metal lid-like structure that attaches (i.e., by soldering to the ground metallization) to the package substrate and covers all components bonded to the substrate, such as IC dies and discrete components. In some instances, a shield frame is included with the lid forming a shield assembly. The frame may be directly soldered to the substrate, while the lid is fitted over the frame. 
     As damage to the integrity of the shield/substrate bond, generally in the form of open solder joints, can result from warpage that strains the solder joints, attempts to mitigate such loss of shield integrity have included the use of thicker substrate and/or thicker shield frame to reduce warpage. However, package height restrictions may preclude this approach, as it counters current trends to reduce package dimensions, particularly in the z-dimension. Other approaches, such as a more brute force example of adding more solder paste to strengthen the solder joint, have not presented robust solutions as solder wicking between the lid and frame has been observed. 
     Large coplanarity, along with substrate warpage can result in open solder joints or shield fall off during reflow. Use of more expensive shield materials also have been considered, where the materials exhibit less warpage or better co-planarity. However, this approach runs counter to requirements to reduce cost of integrated circuits. Another approach has been to divide the frame into two sections in order to compensate substrate warpage by independently attaching the two sections to each half of the substrate, and allowing the separate sections to independently follow the relative bending of each half of the substrate. However, it has been observed that the two frame sections spread during reflow, exceeding frame dimension tolerances. In addition, warpage generally occurs at the corners of the substrate, and not at the edges. 
     A robust warpage-compensating RF shield frame is disclosed herein that overcomes the afore-mentioned limitations. Embodiments of the disclosed RF shield frame comprises multiple interlocking frame sections. In some embodiments, the disclosed RF shield frame comprises four interlocking sections, attached to the four corners of the substrate. The interlocking frame sections comprise interdigitating interface extensions that restrict lateral motion of the sections during reflow. As substrate warpage generally occurs at the corners of the substrate, attachment of four shield frame sections over the corners allows the frame to follow the warpage at the substrate corners. 
     The disclosed warpage-compensating RF shield frame provides a mounting structure for a lid to complete the shield. The lid may cover IC dies and discrete components attached to the package substrate. In some embodiments, the lid comprises slots that align with raised embossments on the frame to lock the lid on the frame. The embossments project through the slots, locking the lid to the frame. Movement of the lid relative to the frame is restricted during subsequent package assembly operations, such as encapsulation. In some embodiments, the lid is soldered to the frame. 
     Assembly of the frame may be carried out by pick and place operations, according to some embodiments. The frame segments are placed either one-by-one, or simultaneously, over the substrate. In some embodiments, each of four frame segments have one or more interlocking sections to assemble into a frame along the edges of a rectangular substrate. The interlocking sections comprise finger-like extensions or protrusions. In some embodiments, interlocking frame segments comprise two interlocking sections that have protrusions that interlock by interdigitation. In some embodiments, each frame segment comprises two interlocking sections. The protrusions of each of the two interlocking sections of a first frame segment interdigitate with those of a second and third mating frame segments. The second and third mating frame segments interlock with fourth frame segment to complete the frame surrounding the rectangular substrate. In some embodiments, the interlocking sections interdigitate along each of the four edges between corners. In this way, the four frame segments may articulate independently about the joints formed by the interlocking sections following the warpage of the substrate, which tends to bend at the corners. 
     In addition to providing a point of articulation for the independent movement of the individual frame segments, the joints formed by the interlocking sections restrict lateral motion of the frame segments. Without the safeguard of the interlocking sections, lateral motion of the frame segments may occur during solder reflow by surface tension, for example, causing an offset of the frame segments relative to the substrate edges. The dimensional tolerances may be exceeded by unrestricted movement of the frame segments, thereby preventing the lid to be fitted over the substrate. In some embodiments, the seam that separates the interdigitated protrusions has a maximum separation tolerance of 50 microns. In some embodiments, the separation tolerance is 20-30 microns. 
     In some embodiments, a single protrusion follows a complementary indentation (to allow a mating protrusion to interdigitate). In some embodiments, the protrusions and complementary indentations are rounded. A meandering or S-shaped curve may define the protrusion and indentation pair on an interlocking section of a frame segment. In some embodiments, the protrusions and indentations are pointed. A single protrusion follows a complementary indentation, forming a N-shaped or zig-zag shaped protrusion and indentation pair. 
     In some embodiments, the protrusion shape is rectilinear. A rectilinear meander may define the protrusion and indentation pair. In some embodiments, the protrusion is an oval or circular tab on one frame segment that fits into a complementary indentation on a mating frame segment. 
     In some embodiments, frame segments comprise one or more elongate structural members that extend from edge members. When placed on a substrate, the one or more elongate structural members extend over the surface of the substrate. In some embodiments, the one or more elongate structural members extend diagonally from the edge members. In some embodiments, a first diagonal elongate structural member extends from the distal end of a first edge member and terminate at the distal end of the second edge member, forming a triangle in the x-y plane. In some embodiments, a second diagonal elongate structural member extends from the corner to terminate at a point along the first diagonal structural elongate member. In some embodiments, a touch-down pad is affixed to one or more of the elongate structural members. The touch-down pad provides a surface for a pick and place nozzle suction cup to touch down and lift a frame segment. 
     In some embodiments, the one or more elongate structural members extend orthogonally from the edge members. In some embodiments, two elongate structural members intersect at their distal ends, forming a rectangle with the orthogonal edge members in the x-y plane. 
     A method of forming a RF shield is also disclosed. The method comprises placing pre-reflow solder over ground circuitry metallization on a package substrate. In some embodiments, solder balls are attached to the ground circuitry metallization. In some embodiments, solder paste is applied over the ground circuitry metallization. The method further comprises the placement of one or more shield frame segments over the package substrate. In some embodiments the one or more shield frame segments are placed over the package substrate by pick and place techniques. The method further comprises placing the frame segments over the substrate in such a way that the that the segments interlock by interdigitation as described above. The method further comprises reflowing the solder to permanently bond the shield frame to the substrate. The bonding is both mechanical and electrical, as the shield frame is coupled to the ground circuitry of the substrate. 
     Throughout the specification, and in the claims, the term “connected” means a direct connection, such as electrical, mechanical, or magnetic connection between the things that are connected, without any intermediary devices. 
     The term “coupled” means a direct or indirect connection, such as a direct electrical, mechanical, or magnetic connection between the things that are connected or an indirect connection, through one or more passive or active intermediary devices. 
     Here, the term “package” generally refers to a self-contained carrier of one or more dies, where the dies are attached to the package substrate, and encapsulated for protection, with integrated or wire-boned interconnects between the die(s) and leads, pins or bumps located on the external portions of the package substrate. The package may contain a single die, or multiple dies, providing a specific function. The package is usually mounted on a printed circuit board for interconnection with other packaged ICs and discrete components, forming a larger circuit. 
     Here, the term “dielectric” generally refers to any number of non-conductive materials that make up the structure of a package substrate. For purposes of this disclosure, dielectric material may be incorporated into an IC package as layers of laminate film or as a resin molded over IC dies mounted on the substrate. 
     Here, the term “metallization” generally refers to metal layers formed over the dielectric material of the package substrate. The metal layers are generally patterned to form metal structures such as traces and bond pads. The metallization of a package substrate may be confined to a single layer or in multiple layers separated by layers of dielectric. 
     The term “circuit” or “module” may refer to one or more passive and/or active components that are arranged to cooperate with one another to provide a desired function. The term “signal” may refer to at least one current signal, voltage signal, magnetic signal, or data/clock signal. The meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references. The meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on.” 
     The vertical orientation is in the z-direction and it is understood that recitations of “top”, “bottom”, “above” and “below” refer to relative positions in the z-dimension with the usual meaning. However, it is understood that embodiments are not necessarily limited to the orientations or configurations illustrated in the figure. 
     Relative distances at times may be indicated by the terms “proximal” and “distal” when referring to elongate structures in particular. “Distal” may refer to a point at or near the end of an elongated structure that is extended furthest from other structures near the “proximal” end of the elongate structure. “Proximal” may refer to the origin of the structure, for example, wherefrom the elongate structure extends (e.g., “edge members extending from a corner”, where the corner is the origin). 
     The terms “substantially,” “close,” “approximately,” “near,” and “about,” generally refer to being within +/−10% of a target value (unless specifically specified). Unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinal adjectives “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking or in any other manner. 
     For the purposes of the present disclosure, phrases “A and/or B” and “A or B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B). For the purposes of the present disclosure, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), or (A, B and C). 
     Views labeled “cross-sectional”, “profile” and “plan” correspond to orthogonal planes within a cartesian coordinate system. Thus, cross-sectional and profile views are taken in the x-z plane, and plan views are taken in the x-y plane. Typically, profile views in the x-z plane are cross-sectional views. Where appropriate, drawings are labeled with axes to indicate the orientation of the figure. 
       FIG.  1 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of RF shield frame  100  over a package substrate, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In  FIG.  1 A , RF shield frame  100  comprises frame segments  101  that interlock together.  FIG.  1 A  depicts four interlocking frame segments  101   a ,  101   b ,  101   c  and  101   d , distributed about the four edges of package substrate  102 . In some embodiments, interlocking frame segments  101   a - d  are mechanically and electrically coupled to substrate  102 . In some embodiments, interlocking frame segments  101   a - d  are solder-bonded to the ground metallization of substrate  102  (including a ground plane, not shown). In the illustrated embodiment, each of the frame segments  101   a - d  comprise orthogonal edge members  103  and elongate structural members  104 , extending diagonally over portions of substrate  102 . In the illustrated embodiment, frame segments  101   a - d  comprise three diagonal elongate structural members  104  that extend from edge members  103 . The three elongate members  104  terminate at a common point. In some embodiments, pads  105  are disposed along elongate structural members  104 . Pads  105  may be employed to provide a surface for pick-and-place nozzle suction cup touch-down. 
     In some embodiments, frame segments  101   a - 101   d  comprise conductive materials such as copper, nickel and beryllium. In some embodiments, frame segments comprise sheet metal comprising the copper, nickel and beryllium having thickness ranging from 100 to 500 microns. 
     Frame segments  101   a  and  101   b  comprise two interlocking sections  106   a  and  106   b , respectively, disposed at the distal ends of edge members  103   a  and  103   b , respectively. For the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  1 A , a magnified view of adjacent interlocking sections  106   a  and  106   b  is shown within the zoom window (interlocking interface  107  encircled within dashed circle). The adjacent interlocking sections  106   a  and  106   b  comprise interdigitating protrusions  108   a  and  108   b , respectively. In some embodiments, interlocking sections (e.g.,  106   a  and  106   b ) comprise multiple interdigitating protrusions (e.g.,  108   a  and  108   b ). The interdigitating protrusions  108   a  and  108   b  restrict lateral movement in both the x and y directions of frame segments  101   a  and  101   b . For example, lateral motion of frame segments  101   a  and  101   b  may occur during solder reflow, allowing the frame segments to move apart beyond the lateral tolerance of the package. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, interdigitating protrusions  108   a  and  108   b  are rounded, having an S-shaped boundary. A gap may exist within the boundary, where the gap separation is the distance d 1  denoted in  FIG.  1 A . In some embodiments, the distance d 1  is 50 microns. In some embodiments, distance d 1  is less than 50 microns. While the interlocking interfaces of frame segments  103   a  and  103   b  were described in detail above, each frame segment comprises two interlocking sections at the distal ends of the corresponding edge members, similar to  106   a  and  106   b.    
     The boundary between the interdigitated protrusions may provide an articulating joint between adjacent frame segments (e.g.,  101   a  and  101   b ), allowing a degree of freedom of motion in the z-direction of frame segments  101   a - d  to follow out-of-plane warpage of substrate  102 . The four frame segments  101   a - d  may articulate independently at the joints formed within each of the four interlocking interfaces  107 ,  109 ,  110  and  111 , allowing flexible warpage adjustment of RF shield frame  100 . The need to match CTE or utilize thick RF shield frames and/or package substrates to mitigate damage to the bond integrity of the RF shield due to substrate warpage may be obviated by the employment of a flexible RF frame comprising articulating joints. 
     The interdigitated portion (comprising protrusions  108   a  and  108   b ) shown in the magnified view of interlocking interface  107  may be repeated for each interlocking interface  109 ,  110  and  111 . Frame segments  101   a  interfaces with both frame segment  101   b  and  101   c . The corresponding interlocking interfaces  107  and  111 , respectively, are denoted by dashed circles. Similarly, frame segment  101   b  interfaces with frame segment  101   d  (interlocking interface  109 ), and frame segment  101   d  interfaces with frame segment  101   c  (interlocking interface  110 ). The four interlocking interfaces  107 ,  109 ,  110  and  111  couple together the four frame segments  101   a - d  of RF shield frame  100  in a manner substantially the same as described in detail for interlocking interface  107 . In some embodiments, embossments  112  are provided to aid in shield lid attachment (not shown) to RF shield frame  100 , as described below. 
       FIG.  1 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of RF shield frame  100  over a package substrate, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
       FIG.  1 B  shows details in the x-z plane of frame members  103   a  and  103   b  of frame segments  101   a  and  101   b , respectively. These details may be repeated for frame members  101   c  and  101   d , not shown in  FIG.  1 B . Frame members  103   a  and  103   b  extend a distance d 2  in the x-z plane, corresponding substantially to the thickness of frame members  103   a  and  103   b . Embossments  112  are shown in profile on the top portions of frame members  103   a  and  103   b , extending a distance d 3  above the edge members  103   a  and  103   b . In some embodiments, embossments  112  are provided to align with slots on a mating lid (described below and shown in  FIG.  5 A ). 
     A profile view of interlocking interface  107  is shown in the circled region, encompassing interlocking sections  106   a  and  106   b . The gap between interlocking sections  106   a  and  106   b  is shown and denoted by distance d 1 . 
       FIG.  2 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of RF shield frame  200  over a package substrate, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In  FIG.  2 A , RF shield frame  200  comprises frame segments  201   a ,  201   b ,  201   c  and  201   d  disposed over substrate  102 . In the illustrated embodiment, frame segments  201   a - d  are substantially similar. The following description references the details of one or both of adjacent frame segments  201   a  and  201   b , which may be applied to frame segments  201   c  and  201   d . All four frame segments  201   a - d  comprises orthogonal edge members (e.g.,  203   a  and  204   a ), which extend from a corner along orthogonal edges of substrate  102 . Elongate structural members  104  extend from edge members (e.g.,  203   a  and  204   a ) of frame segments  201   a - d  over substrate  102 . In some embodiments, elongate structural members  104  extend diagonally from edge members  203  and  204 , imparting a right triangular shape to frame segments  201   a - d . Corners of frame segments  201   a - d  may coincide with corners of substrate  102 . 
     In some embodiments, frame segments  201   a - 201   d  comprise conductive materials such as copper, nickel and beryllium. In some embodiments, frame segments comprise sheet metal comprising the copper, nickel and beryllium having thickness ranging from 100 to 500 microns. 
     Adjacent frame segments  201   a  and  201   b  comprise interlocking sections  206   a  and  206   b , located at the distal ends of edge members  203   a  and  203   b , respectively. Interlocking sections  206   a  and  206   b  comprise protrusions  208   a  and  208   b , respectively, which are interdigitated, forming an articulating hinge-like structure in an interlocking interface  207 . A magnified view is shown of interlocking interface  207  (encircled within dashed circle). Interlocking interface  207  is shared between frame segments  201   a  and  201   b , where interlocking sections  206   a  and  206   b  are respectively parts of mating frame segments  201   a  and  201   b.    
     In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG.  2 A , protrusions  208   a  and  208   b  have a pointed shape. A zig-zag shaped boundary is between interdigitated protrusions  208   a  and  208   b . The structural features of interlocking interface  207  are substantially repeated by interlocking interfaces  209 ,  210  and  211 , where each interlocking interface couples adjacent frame segments  201   a - b . Interlocking interfaces  209 ,  210  and  211  are encompassed by the dashed circles on each edge of RF shield frame  200 . The zig-zag boundary between interdigitated protrusions  208   a  and  208   b  comprises a gap separated by a distance d 4 . Interdigitated protrusions  208   a  and  208   b  restrict lateral movement of linked frame segments  201   a  and  201   b . In some embodiments, distance d 4  is 50 microns or less. 
     In some embodiments, the gap between interdigitated protrusions  208   a  and  208   b  functions as an articulating joint, allowing linked frame segments  201   a  and  201   b  to bend in the z-direction, following warpage of substrate  102 . 
     While the above description has been confined to interlocking interface  207 , it is understood that in some embodiments, interlocking interfaces  209 ,  210  and  211  comprise interdigitating protrusions that are substantially the same as or similar to interdigitating protrusions  208   a  and  208   b , having a pointed shape, and separated by zig-zag boundaries. Interlocking interfaces  209 ,  210  and  211  comprise gaps similar to the gap shown in the magnified view of interlocking section  207 , having a separation distance substantially similar to d 4 . In a substantially similar manner, interlocking sections  209 ,  210  and  211  respectively link together frame segments  201   b  and  201   c ;  201   c  and  201   d ; and  201   d  and  201   a . In some embodiments, at least one of interlocking interfaces  209 ,  210  and  211  comprises interdigitating protrusions having a shape that is substantially different than interdigitating protrusions  208   a  and  208   b.    
       FIG.  2 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of RF shield frame  200 , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
       FIG.  2 B  shows details in the x-z plane of frame members  203   a  and  203   b  of frame segments  201   a  and  201   b , respectively. In some embodiments, the details depicted in the view of  FIG.  2 B  may be repeated for frame members  201   c  and  201   d , not shown in  FIG.  2 B . In the illustrated embodiment, the edges of substrate  102  are partially clad by portions of frame members  203   a  and  203   b , which are folded into the x-z plane, and extend over the edges of substrate  102  a distance d 2  from the top of substrate  102 . Embossments  112  are shown in profile view on the top portions of edge members  203   a  and  203   b  of frame segments  201   a  and  201   b , respectively, extending a distance d 3  above edge members  203   a  and  203   b . In some embodiments, embossments  112  are provided to align with slots on a mating lid (described below and shown in  FIG.  5 A ). In some embodiments, embossments  112  are omitted. 
       FIG.  3 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of RF shield frame  300 , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In  FIG.  3 A , RF shield frame  300  comprises frame segments  301   a ,  301   b ,  301   c  and  301   d . In some embodiments, frame segments  301   a - d  are substantially structurally similar. In some embodiments, RF shield frame  300  has substantial symmetry. For clarity, therefor, structural details described for structural members of frame segments  301   a  and  301   b  are generally repeatable for  301   c  and  301   d . Frame segments  301   a  and  301   b  comprise orthogonal edge members  303   a  and  303   b , where edge member  303   a  extends orthogonally from edge member  303   b , according to some embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment, frame segments  301   a  and  301   b  comprise elongate structural members  104  that extend diagonally over substrate  102  from edge members  303   b  and  304   b . In some embodiments, elongate structural members  104  terminate at a common point. In some embodiments, pads  105  are disposed along elongate structural members  104 . As noted above (e.g., see discussion related to  FIGS.  1 A and  2 A ), pads  105  may be employed to provide a surface for pick-and-place nozzle suction cup touch-down. 
     Frame segments  301   a  and  301   b  comprise interlocking sections  306   a  and  306   b  at the distal end of edge members  303   a  and  303   b , respectively, where interlocking sections  306   a  and  306   b  are interfaced. A magnified view is shown of interlocking interface  307  (within dashed circle). In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG.  3 A , protrusions  308   a  and  308   b  have a rectangular shape. A rectilinear meandering boundary is between interdigitated protrusions  308   a  and  308   b . Interlocking interfaces  309 ,  310  and  311  are encompassed by the dashed circles on each edge of RF shield frame  300 . The structural features of interlocking interface  307  are substantially repeated by interlocking interfaces  309 ,  310  and  311 , coupling frame segments  301   b  and  301   d ,  301   d  with  301   c , and  301   c  with  301   a , respectively. 
     In some embodiments, frame segments  301   a - 301   d  comprise conductive materials such as copper, nickel and beryllium. In some embodiments, frame segments comprise sheet metal comprising the copper, nickel and beryllium having thickness ranging from 100 to 500 microns. 
     The rectilinear meandering boundary between interdigitated protrusions  308   a  and  308   b  comprises a gap separated by a distance d 5 . Interdigitated protrusions  308   a  and  308   b  restrict lateral movement of linked frame segments  301   a  and  301   b . In some embodiments, distance d 5  ranges between 0 and 50 microns. In some embodiments, interdigitated protrusions  308   a  and  308   b  together function as an articulating hinge, allowing linked frame segments  301   a  and  301   b  to bend in the z-direction, following warpage of substrate  102 . 
     In some embodiments, frame members  301   a  and  301   b  comprise embossments  112  distributed along at least one of edge members (e.g.,  303   a  and  303   b ). In some embodiments, embossments  112  are not present. Embossments  112  are described in more detail below ( FIG.  3 B ). 
     Interlocking interfaces  309 ,  310  and  311  comprise interdigitating protrusions that are substantially the same as interdigitating protrusions  308   a  and  308   b , separated by rectilinear meandering boundaries. Interlocking sections  309 ,  310  and  311  respectively link together frame segments  301   b  and  301   d ;  301   d  and  301   c ; and  301   c  and  301   a . In some embodiments, at least one of interlocking interfaces  309 ,  310  and  311  comprises interdigitating protrusions having a shape that is substantially different than interdigitating protrusions  308   a  and  308   b.    
       FIG.  3 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of RF shield frame  300 , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In the illustrated embodiments shown in the profile view of  FIG.  3 B , portions of edge members  303   a  and  303   b  are folded into the x-z plane over an edge of substrate  102 . In some embodiments, the details shown in the view of  FIG.  3 B  for frame members  301   a  and  301   b  are repeated for frame members  301   c  and  301   d , having edge members along the remaining three edges of substrate  102 , not shown. In some embodiments, edge members  303   a  and  303   b  extend in the x-z plane approximately distance d 2  from the top of substrate  102 , corresponding to the thickness of frame members  301   a  and  301   b.    
     Embossments  112  are shown in profile view extending a distance d 3  above the top portions of edge members  303   a  and  303   b  and  304   a  and  304   b . In some embodiments, embossments  112  are to align with slots on a mating RF shield lid (described below and shown in  FIG.  5 A ). In some embodiments, embossments  112  are omitted. 
       FIG.  4 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of warpage-compensating RF shield frame  400 , according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In  FIG.  4 A , RF shield frame  400  comprises frame segments  401   a ,  401   b ,  401   c  and  401   d  along corners of substrate  102 . In some embodiments, frame segments  401   a - d  are substantially similar. For the purposes of clarity, the following description references the details of one or both of adjacent frame segments  401   a  and  401   b , which then may be applied to frame segment  401   c  and  401   d . Frame segments  401   a - d  comprise orthogonal edge members (e.g.,  403   a  and  404   a ,  403   b  and  404   b ) disposed along one edge of substrate  102 . In some embodiments, elongate structural members  104  extend from edge members (e.g.,  403   a  and  404   a ) over substrate  102 . In some embodiments, elongate structural members  104  extend diagonally from edge members (e.g.,  403   a  and  404   b ), imparting a right triangular shape to frame segments  401   a - d . Corners of frame segments  401   a - d  may coincide with corners of substrate  102 . 
     Adjacent frame segments  401   a  and  401   b  comprise interlocking sections  406   a  and  406   b , located at the distal ends of edge members  403   a  and  403   b , respectively. Interlocking sections  406   a  and  406   b  comprise protrusions  408   a  and  408   b , respectively, which are interdigitated in the illustrated embodiment, forming an articulating hinge. A magnified view is shown of interlocking interface  407  (encircled within dashed circle). 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  4 A , interlocking interface  407  comprises interdigitating structures  408   a  and  408   b  in a lock and key configuration. In some embodiments, interdigitating structure  408   a  is a spoon-shaped tab extending from interlocking section  406   a . Interdigitating structure  408   a  inserts into mating or docking interdigitating structure  408   b , disposed within interlocking section  406   b.    
     Interdigitating structures  408   a  and  408   b  restrict lateral movement of frame segments  401   a  and  401   b . In some embodiments, interlocking interface comprises a gap separating interdigitating structures  408   a  and  408   b  by a distance d 6 . In some embodiments, distance d 6  ranges between 0 and 50 microns. 
     The structural features of interlocking interface  407  may be substantially repeated by interlocking interfaces  409 ,  410  and  411 , respectively coupling frame segments  401   a  with  401   d ,  401   d  with  401   c , and  401   c  with  401   a . Interlocking interfaces  409 ,  410  and  411  are encompassed by the dashed circles on each edge of RF shield frame  400 . 
     In some embodiments, frame segments  401   a - 401   d  comprise conductive materials such as copper, nickel and beryllium. In some embodiments, frame segments comprise sheet metal comprising the copper, nickel and beryllium having thickness ranging from 100 to 500 microns. 
       FIG.  4 B  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of warpage-compensating RF shield frame  400 , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
       FIG.  4 B  shows details in the x-z plane of frame members  403   a  and  403   b  of frame segments  401   a  and  401   b , respectively. In some embodiments, the details depicted in the view of  FIG.  4 B  may be repeated for frame members  401   c  and  401   d , not shown in  FIG.  4 B . In the illustrated embodiment, the edges of substrate  102  are at least partially clad by portions of edge members  403   a  and  403   b , which are folded into the x-z plane. Edge members  403   a  and  403   b  extend down from the top of substrate  102  by a distance d 2 , corresponding to the thickness of frame members  401   a  and  401   b , according to some embodiments. Embossments  112  are shown in profile view extending over edge members  403   a  and  403   b  by a distance d 3 . In some embodiments, embossments  112  are provided to align with slots on a mating lid (not shown; described below and shown in  FIG.  5 A ). In some embodiments, embossments  112  are omitted. 
       FIG.  5 A  illustrates a plan view in the x-y plane of a warpage-compensating RF shield assembly  500  comprising RF shield lid  501  and RF shield frame  100 , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In  FIG.  5 A , warpage-compensating RF shield assembly  500  is shown as separate parts comprising RF shield lid  501  and RF shield frame  100 , related by the dashed lines. RF shield frame  100  is shown fully assembled and mounted on package substrate  102 . RF shield frame  100  comprises elongate members  104  and pads  105  to facilitate assembly, as described above. In the illustrated embodiment, RF shield lid  501  comprises slots  502  that align with embossments  112  on RF shield frame  100 . In some embodiments, slots  502  and embossments  112  are omitted. In some embodiments, RF shield lid  501  is to be press-fitted onto RF shield frame  100 . Details of the interaction between embossments  112  and slots  502  are given below for  FIG.  5 C . In some embodiments, RF shield lid  500  comprise conductive materials such as copper, nickel and beryllium. In some embodiments, RF shield lid comprises sheet metal comprising the copper, nickel and beryllium having thickness ranging from 100 to 500 microns. 
     Referring again to  FIG.  5 A , substrate  102  comprises IC die  504  attached substantially at the center of substrate  102 . In some embodiments, multiple dies are attached to substrate  102 . Elongate members  104  may be arranged in different configurations to accommodate various die layouts. In order to accommodate RF shield lid  501 , IC die  504  may have a thickness no greater than the thickness of the structural elements of RF shield frame  100 . 
       FIG.  5 B  illustrates an exploded view of separate components of comprising RF shield lid  501  and RF shield frame  100  of RF shield assembly  500  in the x-z plane, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In  FIG.  5 B , lateral edges of RF shield lid  501  are aligned with lateral edges of RF shield frame  100 , as indicated by the dashed connector lines. RF shield frame  100  is shown mounted on substrate  102 . In some embodiments, edge  503  of RF shield lid  501  is to slide over edge members  103   a  and  103   b  of RF shield frame  100 . A profile outline of an IC die (e.g., IC die  504  in  FIG.  5 A ) is shown as a hidden dashed rectangle centered over substrate  102  just below the top of frame members  103   a  and  103   b . In the illustrated embodiment, the IC die profile does not exceed the clearance of the sheet metal thickness of frame members  103   a  and  103   b  (e.g., distance d 3  in  FIG.  3 B ). 
       FIG.  5 C  illustrates a profile view in the x-z plane of RF shield assembly  500  in the assembled state, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Embossments  112  extend a distance d 7  above the top of RF shield frame  100  (shown in hidden dashed line below the top of RF shield lid  501 ). In some embodiments, d 7  may be several hundred microns, including the thickness of the sheet metal of RF shield frame  100 . In some embodiments, distance d 7  ranges between 100 and 500 microns, and includes clearance for an attached IC die, (e.g., IC die  504  in  FIG.  5 A ), indicated by the dashed hidden rectangle centered on the top surface of substrate  102  (indicated by the dashed hidden line below lid top  505 ). In some embodiments, RF shield lid  501  is attached by a press-fit process onto RF shield frame  100 . In some embodiments, embossments  112  are omitted. RF shield lid  503  may rest on RF shield frame  100  with some lateral tolerance. 
     Soldering or welding lid  501  to frame  100  may restrict or prevent frame segments from following out-of-plane warpage of corners or other portions of substrate  102 . Embossments  112  provide RF shield lid  501  with a plurality of intimate contact points with RF shield frame  100  by virtue of the ability of embossments  112  to slide vertically within slots  502 . When substrate  102  undergoes warpage, the corners typically warp out of the x-y plane, causing individual frame segments of RF shield frame  100  to follow this warpage substrate  102  by articulating about the interdigitated joints without unduly straining any solder joints between RF shield frame  100  and substrate  102 , creating open solder joints. 
     RF shield  500  is generally grounded through substrate  102 . Open solder joints between RF shield lid  501  and RF shield frame  100  may significantly reduce the effectiveness of RF shield assembly  500  against EMI and RFI emanating from the integrated circuit generating the RF. In some embodiments, embossments  112  extend in the z-direction through slots  502  by several hundred microns, allowing RF shield assembly  500  to tolerate significant warpage of substrate  102 . 
       FIG.  6    illustrates flow chart  600 , summarizing an exemplary method for forming a RF shield frame according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     At operation  601 , a package substrate (e.g., substrate  102 ) is received for attachment of the RF shield according to the some of the embodiments of the disclosure. The state of assembly of the package may include attachment of IC dies onto the substrate. In some embodiments other components, such as a stiffener, are attached. 
     At operation  602 , pre-reflow solder points are applied to the substrate. The substrate may be bumped with solder balls, or points of solder paste may be applied along the edges and at points on the interior region of the substrate. Solder points may be applied over ground metallization on the substrate, such as a ground plane and/or ground traces. 
     At operation  603 , the RF shield frame is assembled onto the substrate. The RF shield frame is assembled by placement of frame segments. In exemplary embodiments, four frame segments are placed at each corner of the substrate either one-by-one, or all four simultaneously. The frame segments are assembled so that articulating joints are made by linking interlocking sections by interdigitation. Pick-and-place operations may be employed to manipulate the frame segments and assemble them on the substrate. In some embodiments, frame segments are assembled one at a time. In some embodiments, frame segments are placed and assembled simultaneously. 
     At operation  604 , the substrate is subjected to solder reflow temperatures in order to melt the solder points, and reflowing the solder to form bonds between the RF shield frame segments to the substrate. During reflow, interlocking joints (e.g., the joint formed by interdigitating protrusions  108   a  and  108   b  in  FIG.  1 A ) restrict lateral movement of the individual frame segments, which may float on the liquid solder. Interlocking joints between frame segment restrict lateral separation of the individual frame segments, which may move laterally and may fall off of the substrate. Minor lateral motion of the frame segments may cause edge members to overhang the substrate, exceeding package dimensional tolerances in the x and/or y dimensions. 
     At operation  605 , a RF shield lid (e.g., RF shield lid  504  in  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C ) is attached to the bonded RF shield frame. In some embodiments, the RF shield frame comprises embossments (e.g.,  112  in  FIG.  1 A ) that are aligned with slots or apertures in the RF shield lid. In some embodiments, the RF shield lid is press-fit onto the RF shield frame. The attachment of the lid completes the assembly RF shield (e.g.,  500  in  FIG.  5 C ) on the package substrate. 
     At operation  606 , the package substrate comprising the RF shield is passed on to downstream package assembly operations (e.g., package component attachment, encapsulation). 
       FIGS.  7 A- 7 G  illustrate a progression of operations expanding upon the exemplary method shown in  FIG.  6    for making warpage compensating RF shield frame  100 , according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     In the operation depicted in  FIG.  7 A , package substrate  102  is received partially assembled. For clarity, only metallization layer  701  over dielectric  602  is shown to represent package substrate  102  as received for assembly of a warpage-compensating RF shield frame, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, package substrate  102  as received comprises mounted components such as IC dies, discrete components, stiffeners, etc. Metallization layer  701  may be part of the ground circuitry. In some embodiments, metallization layer  701  comprises a ground plane and traces coupled to the ground plane. In some embodiments, metallization layer  701  comprises traces electrically coupled to metal structures to be electrically coupled to ground circuitry. 
     In the operation depicted in  FIG.  7 B , solder points  703  are dispensed over portions of metallization layer  701 . In some embodiments, solder points  703  are boules of semi-solid solder paste. In some embodiments, solder points  703  are solder balls or bumps. Solder points may be dispensed on package substrate  102  by established methods known in the industry. Solder points  703  are to be reflowed subsequently. 
     In the operation depicted in  FIG.  7 C , RF shield frame  100  assembly begins with placement of frame segment  103   a  on substrate  102 . In the illustrated embodiment, frame segment  103   a  is the first of four frame segments (e.g., frame segments  103   a - d  in  FIG.  1 A ) to be placed on substrate  102  for the assembly of RF shield frame  100  (see  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  for structural details). However, the assembly process of RF shield frame  100  described herein is not limited to any particular order of part placement. Frame segments  103   a - d  may be assembled together in random order. 
     Any suitable method may be employed to place frame segment  103   a  (and the subsequent frame segments) on substrate  102 . In some embodiments, an automated pick-and-place tool is employed to pick up frame segment parts and align them over substrate  102 . Referring to  FIG.  1 A , some embodiments of RF shield frame  100  comprise pads  105 , which provide a contact surface for a pick-and-place suction interface. 
     Returning to  FIG.  7 C , frame segment  103   a  is first aligned over substrate  102 . In some embodiments, corner  704  of frame segment  103   a  is aligned with corner  705  of substrate  102 . Frame segment  103   a  is also aligned with edge  706  of substrate  102 . Down-pointing arrows indicate lowering of frame segment  103   a  to touch down on solder points  703 . 
     In the operation depicted in  FIG.  7 D , frame segment  103   b  is aligned and placed over substrate  102  subsequent to frame segment  103   a . As mentioned above, the order of frame segment placement is not limited to any particular order or that depicted in the operation sequence shown in  FIGS.  7 C and  7 D . In a manner similar to the operation of FIG.  7 C, frame segment  103   b  is first aligned over substrate  102 . In some embodiments, corner  707  of frame segment  103   b  is aligned with corner  708  and edge  706  of substrate  102 . Additionally, frame segment  103   b  is aligned in such a way that interlocking segments  106   a  and  106   b  are aligned. 
     Interlocking segments  106   a  and  106   b  comprise interdigitating protrusions  108   a  and  108   b  (e.g.,  FIG.  1 A ). Referring back to  FIG.  7 D , the alignment operation of frame segments  103   a  and  103   b  is performed so that protrusions  108   a  and  108   b  (not shown) are interdigitated when frame segment  103   b  is lowered (indicated by down-pointing arrows) onto solder points  703 . The operation creates an interlocking interface between frame segments  103   a  and  103   b.    
     Remaining frame segments  103   c  and  103   d  may be added in any order to the assembly of RF shield frame  100  in two subsequent operations, similar to the operation depicted in  FIG.  7 D  for frame segment  103   b . As an example, frame segment  103   c  (not shown) is aligned with a third corner and edge of substrate  102 , below the plane of the figure. The interlocking sections of both frame segment  103   c  and that of frame segment  103   b  (interlocking section  106   b ) are aligned. Frame segment  103   c  is then placed over substrate  102  to form an interlocking interface with frame segment  103   b . Frame segment  103   d  is aligned with a fourth corner and edge of substrate  102 , as well as alignment of the interlocking sections of frame segments  103   c  and  103   a . Frame segment  103   d  forms an interlocking interface with both frame segment  103   c  and  103   a  as frame segment is placed over substrate  102 . 
     In the operation depicted in  FIG.  7 E , RF shield fame  100  is assembled.  FIG.  1 A  shows the finished assembly in the x-y plane. A reflow operation is performed to solder frame segments to substrate  102  causing reflow of solder points  703 , hidden from the view of the figure under frame segments  103   a  and  103   b . The reflow operation may be performed in a reflow oven or in a thermal compression bonder. 
     In the operation depicted in  FIG.  7 F , RF shield lid  500  (see  FIGS.  5 A and  5 B ) is aligned and placed over RF shield frame  100 . In some embodiments, shield lid  500  comprises slots on the top (in the x-y plane,  FIG.  5 A ) that align with embossments  112 . In some embodiments, RF shield lid  500  is press fit to RF shield frame  100  (see discussion for  FIG.  5 B ). 
     In  FIG.  7 G , assembly of RF shield  501  is completed. RF shield lid  500  is attached to RF shield frame  100  ( FIG.  5 C ). 
       FIG.  8    illustrates an IC package having a warpage-compensating RF shield (e.g.,  500  in  FIG.  5 A- 5 C ), fabricated according to the disclosed method, as part of a system-on-chip (SoC) package in an implementation of computing device, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a mobile device in which flat surface interface connectors could be used. In some embodiments, computing device  800  represents a mobile computing device, such as a computing tablet, a mobile phone or smart-phone, a wireless-enabled e-reader, or other wireless mobile device. It will be understood that certain components are shown generally, and not all components of such a device are shown in computing device  800 . 
     In some embodiments, computing device  800  includes a first processor  810 . The various embodiments of the present disclosure may also comprise a network interface within  870  such as a wireless interface so that a system embodiment may be incorporated into a wireless device, for example, cell phone or personal digital assistant. 
     In one embodiment, processor  810  can include one or more physical devices, such as microprocessors, application processors, microcontrollers, programmable logic devices, or other processing means. The processing operations performed by processor  810  include the execution of an operating platform or operating system on which applications and/or device functions are executed. The processing operations include operations related to I/O (input/output) with a human user or with other devices, operations related to power management, and/or operations related to connecting the computing device  800  to another device. The processing operations may also include operations related to audio I/O and/or display I/O. 
     In one embodiment, computing device  800  includes audio subsystem  820 , which represents hardware (e.g., audio hardware and audio circuits) and software (e.g., drivers, codecs) components associated with providing audio functions to the computing device. Audio functions can include speaker and/or headphone output, as well as microphone input. Devices for such functions can be integrated into computing device  800 , or connected to the computing device  800 . In one embodiment, a user interacts with the computing device  800  by providing audio commands that are received and processed by processor  810 . 
     Display subsystem  830  represents hardware (e.g., display devices) and software (e.g., drivers) components that provide a visual and/or tactile display for a user to interact with the computing device  800 . Display subsystem  830  includes display interface  832  which includes the particular screen or hardware device used to provide a display to a user. In one embodiment, display interface  832  includes logic separate from processor  810  to perform at least some processing related to the display. In one embodiment, display subsystem  830  includes a touch screen (or touch pad) device that provides both output and input to a user. 
     I/O controller  840  represents hardware devices and software components related to interaction with a user. I/O controller  840  is operable to manage hardware that is part of audio subsystem  820  and/or display subsystem  830 . Additionally, I/O controller  840  illustrates a connection point for additional devices that connect to computing device  800  through which a user might interact with the system. For example, devices that can be attached to the computing device  800  might include microphone devices, speaker or stereo systems, video systems or other display devices, keyboard or keypad devices, or other I/O devices for use with specific applications such as card readers or other devices. 
     As mentioned above, I/O controller  840  can interact with audio subsystem  820  and/or display subsystem  830 . For example, input through a microphone or other audio device can provide input or commands for one or more applications or functions of the computing device  800 . Additionally, audio output can be provided instead of, or in addition to display output. In another example, if display subsystem  830  includes a touch screen, the display device also acts as an input device, which can be at least partially managed by I/O controller  840 . There can also be additional buttons or switches on the computing device  800  to provide I/O functions managed by I/O controller  840 . 
     In one embodiment, I/O controller  840  manages devices such as accelerometers, cameras, light sensors or other environmental sensors, or other hardware that can be included in the computing device  800 . The input can be part of direct user interaction, as well as providing environmental input to the system to influence its operations (such as filtering for noise, adjusting displays for brightness detection, applying a flash for a camera, or other features). 
     In one embodiment, computing device  800  includes power management  850  that manages battery power usage, charging of the battery, and features related to power saving operation. Memory subsystem  860  includes memory devices for storing information in computing device  800 . Memory can include nonvolatile (state does not change if power to the memory device is interrupted) and/or volatile (state is indeterminate if power to the memory device is interrupted) memory devices. Memory subsystem  860  can store application data, user data, music, photos, documents, or other data, as well as system data (whether long-term or temporary) related to the execution of the applications and functions of the computing device  800 . 
     Elements of embodiments are also provided as a machine-readable medium (e.g., memory  860 ) for storing the computer-executable instructions. The machine-readable medium (e.g., memory  860 ) may include, but is not limited to, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, phase change memory (PCM), or other types of machine-readable media suitable for storing electronic or computer-executable instructions. For example, embodiments of the disclosure may be downloaded as a computer program (e.g., BIOS) which may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection). 
     Connectivity via network interface  870  includes hardware devices (e.g., wireless and/or wired connectors and communication hardware) and software components (e.g., drivers, protocol stacks) to enable the computing device  800  to communicate with external devices. The computing device  800  could be separate devices, such as other computing devices, wireless access points or base stations, as well as peripherals such as headsets, printers, or other devices. 
     Network interface  870  can include multiple different types of connectivity. To generalize, the computing device  800  is illustrated with cellular connectivity  872  and wireless connectivity  874 . Cellular connectivity  872  refers generally to cellular network connectivity provided by wireless carriers, such as provided via GSM (global system for mobile communications) or variations or derivatives, CDMA (code division multiple access) or variations or derivatives, TDM (time division multiplexing) or variations or derivatives, or other cellular service standards. Wireless connectivity (or wireless interface)  874  refers to wireless connectivity that is not cellular, and can include personal area networks (such as Bluetooth, Near Field, etc.), local area networks (such as Wi-Fi), and/or wide area networks (such as WiMax), or other wireless communication. 
     Peripheral connections  880  include hardware interfaces and connectors, as well as software components (e.g., drivers, protocol stacks) to make peripheral connections. It will be understood that the computing device  800  could both be a peripheral device (“to”  882 ) to other computing devices, as well as have peripheral devices (“from”  884 ) connected to it. The computing device  800  commonly has a “docking” connector to connect to other computing devices for purposes such as managing (e.g., downloading and/or uploading, changing, synchronizing) content on computing device  800 . Additionally, a docking connector can allow computing device  800  to connect to certain peripherals that allow the computing device  800  to control content output, for example, to audiovisual or other systems. 
     In addition to a proprietary docking connector or other proprietary connection hardware, the computing device  800  can make peripheral connections  880  via common or standards-based connectors. Common types can include a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector (which can include any of a number of different hardware interfaces), DisplayPort including MiniDisplayPort (MDP), High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Firewire, or other types. 
     Reference in the specification to “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or “other embodiments” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments, but not necessarily all embodiments. The various appearances of “an embodiment,” “one embodiment,” or “some embodiments” are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments. If the specification states a component, feature, structure, or characteristic “may,” “might,” or “could” be included, that particular component, feature, structure, or characteristic is not required to be included. If the specification or claim refers to “a” or “an” element, that does not mean there is only one of the elements. If the specification or claims refer to “an additional” element, that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element. 
     Furthermore, the particular features, structures, functions, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. For example, a first embodiment may be combined with a second embodiment anywhere the particular features, structures, functions, or characteristics associated with the two embodiments are not mutually exclusive. 
     While the disclosure has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, many alternatives, modifications and variations of such embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description. The embodiments of the disclosure are intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as to fall within the broad scope of the appended claims. 
     In addition, well known power/ground connections to integrated circuit (IC) chips and other components may or may not be shown within the presented figures, for simplicity of illustration and discussion, and so as not to obscure the disclosure. Further, arrangements may be shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the disclosure, and also in view of the fact that specifics with respect to implementation of such block diagram arrangements are highly dependent upon the platform within which the present disclosure is to be implemented (i.e., such specifics should be well within purview of one skilled in the art). Where specific details (e.g., circuits) are set forth in order to describe example embodiments of the disclosure, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the disclosure can be practiced without, or with variation of, these specific details. The description is thus to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting. 
     An abstract is provided that will allow the reader to ascertain the nature and gist of the technical disclosure. The abstract is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to limit the scope or meaning of the claims. The following claims are hereby incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment.