Patent Publication Number: US-10761853-B2

Title: Extending data range addressing

Description:
This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 14/871,959, entitled “EXTENDING DATA RANGE ADDRESSING,” filed Sep. 30, 2015, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     One or more aspects relate, in general, to processing within a computing environment, and in particular, to extending data range addressing within the computing environment. 
     Different computer system architectures offer data addressing with different displacements providing varying sizes of directly addressable data ranges. For instance, the Power Architecture, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y., provides data addressing with a 16-bit displacement providing a 64 KB (kilobyte) directly addressable data range, while the x86 architecture, offered by Intel Corporation, provides data addressing with a 32-bit displacement providing a 4 GB (gigabyte) directly addressable data range. 
     The size of the directly addressable data range impacts and limits software applications. For instance, the size of global data areas, such as a Global Offset Table or Table of Contents used by software applications to locate global variables, is limited by the size of the directly addressable data range. As an example, if 16 bits is the maximum size of an immediate offset from a base register, then the size of the directly usable global data area is limited to 64 KB. 
     Previously, attempts have been made to overcome this limitation. In one approach, a 16-bit offset is used and an overflow of the global data area (e.g., GOT) is handled as a linker correction step. For instance, when an instruction to access a GOT entry overflows the 16 bits, an access to the GOT with a load is replaced by a branch to a subroutine, where each load has one separate subroutine that has a hardcoded return to the place where the subroutine was invoked to improve flexibility and performance. However, even with software optimizations, this can be prohibitive and lead to penalties in excess of 10% of the overall runtime. 
     In a further approach, a compiler generates a two instruction sequence for all accesses to handle the overflow. As an example, the load (ld) instruction of the following code fragment (where insn 0 and insn 1 represent arbitrary instructions preceding and following the ld instruction) may be replaced by a two instruction sequence. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 insn 0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ld 
                 r4, offset_of_a(r2) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 insn 1 
               
               
                   
                 =&gt; 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             In one example, the ld instruction is replaced by a two instruction sequence of addis and ld, where ld is a load instruction and addis is an add immediate instruction. 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 insn 0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 addis 
                 r4, r2, offset_of_a @ha 
                 ;; high bits 
               
               
                   
                 ld 
                 r4, offset_of_a(r4) 
                 ;; low bits 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 insn 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A two instruction sequence is generated by the compiler for all accesses, since the compiler does not know which GOT slots will be assigned by the linker outside of the 64 KB. 
     In yet a further approach, fusion is used, which enables the above sequence to be executed as three internal operations (iops), an example of which is: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 insn 0 
                 iop: insn 0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 addis 
                 r4, r2, offset_of_a @ha 
                 ;; high bits \ 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ld 
                 r4, offset_of_a@l(r4) 
                 ;; low bits / -- fuse 
                 iop: ld r4, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to 
                 offset_of_a(r2) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 insn 1 
                   
                 iop: insn 1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     However, this may not be used for various types of instructions, including float, vector and/or store instructions, as examples, where the result of addis in R 4  is not to be overwritten by the second operation. Consequently, the first instruction computing an intermediate result may not be optimized away. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with one or more aspects, enhanced addressability of a broad range of instructions is provided. Extended data ranges are provided minimizing limits on software applications. 
     Shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a computer-implemented method of facilitating processing in a computing environment. The computer-implemented method includes, for instance, obtaining, by a processor, an instruction to be executed, the instruction explicitly specifying one or more fields to be used to obtain an operand to be employed by the instruction; obtaining an indication that the operand is to be overridden; and based on obtaining the indication that the operand is to be overridden, replacing at least a portion of the operand with an address based on the instruction. The address overrides the operand, and is used to provide an extended address for use by the instruction. The extended address increases a range of addressing by the instruction. This enables the size of a directly addressable data range, such as a global data area, to be increased. 
     In a further embodiment, the extended address is further extended to provide additional addressability. The extending employs additional bits to extend the extended address. This allows the size of the directly addressable data range to be further increased. 
     As one example, the obtaining the indication is via another instruction. The other instruction is, in one embodiment, the same size as a size of the instruction, and it is to specify that the instruction is to ignore the operand. Further, the other instruction may specify the additional bits, via, for instance, one or more fields. Additionally, the other instruction may further include a specifier to indicate whether additional bits are specified. The other instruction provides, for instance, efficiencies in processing, by, e.g., being the same size. This reduces the complexity in decoding. 
     In a further aspect, the other instruction is decoded, and the decoding includes placing the indication and the additional bits in a register; and using the register to decode the instruction, the decoding including the replacing. 
     Computer program products and systems relating to one or more aspects are also described and may be claimed herein. Further, services relating to one or more aspects are also described and may be claimed herein. 
     Additional features and advantages are realized through the techniques described herein. Other embodiments and aspects are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed aspects. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       One or more aspects are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed as examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and objects, features, and advantages of one or more aspects are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1A  depicts one example of a computing environment to incorporate and/or use one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts further details of a processor of the computing environment of  FIG. 1A , in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  depicts another embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and/or use one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3A  depicts yet a further embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and/or use one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3B  depicts further details of the memory of the computing environment of  FIG. 3A , in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIGS. 4A-4C  depict various examples of a prefix instruction used in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5A  depicts one example of a Store Word instruction, used in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5B  depicts one embodiment of a Vector Load To Block Boundary instruction, used in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 6  depicts one embodiment of logic used to decode an instruction, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 7  depicts one embodiment of logic used to decode an overridden operand, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8A  depicts one embodiment of logic associated with decoding an immediate operand of an instruction, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8B  depicts a further embodiment of logic used to decode an immediate operand of an instruction, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 8C  depicts yet a further embodiment of logic used to decode an immediate operand of an instruction, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 9  depicts one embodiment of logic to form instruction groups, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 10  depicts one example of logic used to decode instructions from a group, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 11  depicts one embodiment of decoding an instruction using a special purpose register, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 12  depicts one example of a plurality of instruction decode units receiving a plurality of instruction units, in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 13  depicts further details of the instruction decode units of  FIG. 12 , in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 14  depicts one example of a prefix storage facility used in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; 
         FIG. 15  depicts one example of processing associated with extending addressability, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention; 
         FIG. 16  depicts one embodiment of a cloud computing node; 
         FIG. 17  depicts one embodiment of a cloud computing environment; and 
         FIG. 18  depicts one example of abstraction model layers. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In accordance with one or more aspects, a capability is provided to extend addressability of instructions, and therefore, addressing of directly addressable data ranges (referred to herein as an extend facility). In one aspect, one or more fields explicitly specified by an instruction and used to specify an operand or data to be used to obtain an operand are overridden (i.e., ignored). Instead, an address based on the instruction (e.g., a current instruction address, or an address adjusted for a prefix, etc.) is substituted for the one or more operands (or at least a portion thereof). By overriding such a field of an instruction, the operand is also overridden. This provides an address having more bits than allowed by the operand being overridden, thereby extending addressability of the instruction and extending data range addressing. Further, in one aspect, additional bits may be employed with (e.g., added to) one or more immediate fields of the instruction, thereby extending addressability of the instructions and extending data range addressing. 
     One embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of an extend facility is described with reference to  FIG. 1A . A computing environment  100  includes, for instance, a processor  102  (e.g., a central processing unit), a memory  104  (e.g., main memory), and one or more input/output (I/O) devices and/or interfaces  106  coupled to one another via, for example, one or more buses  108  and/or other connections. 
     In one example, processor  102  is based on the z/Architecture offered by International Business Machines Corporation, and is part of a server, such as the System z server, which is also offered by International Business Machines Corporation and implements the z/Architecture. One embodiment of the z/Architecture is described in an IBM® publication entitled, “z/Architecture Principles of Operation,” IBM® Publication No. SA22-7832-10, Eleventh Edition, March 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In one example, the processor executes an operating system, such as z/OS, also offered by International Business Machines Corporation. IBM®, Z/ARCHITECTURE® and Z/OS® (as well as Z/VM® referenced below) are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y., USA. Other names used herein may be registered trademarks, trademarks, or product names of International Business Machines Corporation or other companies. 
     In a further embodiment, processor  102  is based on the Power Architecture offered by International Business Machines Corporation. One embodiment of the Power Architecture is described in “Power ISA™ Version 2.07B,” International Business Machines Corporation, Apr. 9, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. POWER ARCHITECTURE® is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. 
     In yet a further embodiment, processor  102  is based on an Intel architecture offered by Intel Corporation. One embodiment of the Intel architecture is described in “Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Developer&#39;s Manual: Vol. 2B, Instructions Set Reference, A-L,” Order Number 253666-045US, January 2013, and “Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Developer&#39;s Manual: Vol. 2B, Instructions Set Reference, M-Z,” Order Number 253667-045US, January 2013, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Intel® is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. 
     Processor  102  includes a plurality of functional components used to execute instructions. As depicted in  FIG. 1B , these functional components include, for instance, an instruction fetch component  120  to fetch instructions to be executed; an instruction decode unit  122  to decode the fetched instructions and to obtain operands of the decoded instructions; an instruction execute component  124  to execute the decoded instructions; a memory access component  126  to access memory for instruction execution, if necessary; and a write back component  130  to provide the results of the executed instructions. One or more of these components may, in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, provide extend functionality by including at least a portion of or having access to an extend component  136 . This functionality is described in further detail below. 
     Processor  102  also includes, in one embodiment, one or more registers  140  to be used by one or more of the functional components. 
     Another embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the extend facility is described with reference to  FIG. 2 . In one example, a computing environment  200  is based on the z/Architecture, offered by International Business Machines (IBM®) Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. Computing environment  200  includes, for example, a central processor complex (CPC)  202  coupled to one or more input/output (I/O) devices  206  via one or more control units  208 . Central processor complex  202  includes, for instance, a processor memory  204  (a.k.a., main memory, main storage, central storage) coupled to one or more central processors (a.k.a., central processing units (CPUs))  210 , and an input/output subsystem  211 , each of which is described below. 
     Processor memory  204  includes, for example, one or more partitions  212  (e.g., logical partitions), and processor firmware  213 , which includes, for instance, a logical partition hypervisor  214  and other processor firmware  215 . One example of logical partition hypervisor  214  is the Processor Resource/System Manager (PR/SM), offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. 
     A logical partition functions as a separate system and has one or more applications  220 , and optionally, a resident operating system  222  therein, which may differ for each logical partition. In one embodiment, the operating system is the z/OS operating system, the z/VM operating system, the z/Linux operating system, or the TPF operating system, offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. Logical partitions  212  are managed by logical partition hypervisor  214 , which is implemented by firmware running on processors  210 . As used herein, firmware includes, e.g., the microcode and/or millicode of the processor. It includes, for instance, the hardware-level instructions and/or data structures used in implementation of higher level machine code. In one embodiment, it includes, for instance, proprietary code that is typically delivered as microcode that includes trusted software or microcode specific to the underlying hardware and controls operating system access to the system hardware. 
     Central processors  210  are physical processor resources allocated to the logical partitions. In particular, each logical partition  212  has one or more logical processors, each of which represents all or a share of a physical processor  210  allocated to the partition. The logical processors of a particular partition  212  may be either dedicated to the partition, so that the underlying processor resource  210  is reserved for that partition; or shared with another partition, so that the underlying processor resource is potentially available to another partition. In one example, one or more of the CPUs include aspects of the extend facility  224  described herein. 
     Input/output subsystem  211  directs the flow of information between input/output devices  206  and main storage  204 . It is coupled to the central processing complex, in that it can be a part of the central processing complex or separate therefrom. The I/O subsystem relieves the central processors of the task of communicating directly with the input/output devices and permits data processing to proceed concurrently with input/output processing. To provide communications, the I/O subsystem employs I/O communications adapters. There are various types of communications adapters including, for instance, channels, I/O adapters, PCI cards, Ethernet cards, Small Computer Storage Interface (SCSI) cards, etc. In the particular example described herein, the I/O communications adapters are channels, and therefore, the I/O subsystem is referred to herein as a channel subsystem. However, this is only one example. Other types of I/O subsystems can be used. 
     The I/O subsystem uses one or more input/output paths as communication links in managing the flow of information to or from input/output devices  206 . In this particular example, these paths are called channel paths, since the communication adapters are channels. 
     Another embodiment of a computing environment to incorporate and use one or more aspects of the extend facility is described with reference to  FIG. 3A . In this example, a computing environment  300  includes, for instance, a native central processing unit (CPU)  302 , a memory  304 , and one or more input/output devices and/or interfaces  306  coupled to one another via, for example, one or more buses  308  and/or other connections. As examples, computing environment  300  may include a PowerPC processor or a pSeries server offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.; an HP Superdome with Intel Itanium II processors offered by Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto, Calif.; and/or other machines based on architectures offered by International Business Machines Corporation, Hewlett Packard, Intel, Oracle, or others. 
     Native central processing unit  302  includes one or more native registers  310 , such as one or more general purpose registers and/or one or more special purpose registers used during processing within the environment. These registers include information that represent the state of the environment at any particular point in time. 
     Moreover, native central processing unit  302  executes instructions and code that are stored in memory  304 . In one particular example, the central processing unit executes emulator code  312  stored in memory  304 . This code enables the computing environment configured in one architecture to emulate another architecture. For instance, emulator code  312  allows machines based on architectures other than the z/Architecture, such as PowerPC processors, pSeries servers, HP Superdome servers or others, to emulate the z/Architecture and to execute software and instructions developed based on the z/Architecture. 
     Further details relating to emulator code  312  are described with reference to  FIG. 3B . Guest instructions  350  stored in memory  304  comprise software instructions (e.g., correlating to machine instructions) that were developed to be executed in an architecture other than that of native CPU  302 . For example, guest instructions  350  may have been designed to execute on a z/Architecture processor  102 , but instead, are being emulated on native CPU  302 , which may be, for example, an Intel Itanium II processor. In one example, emulator code  312  includes an instruction fetching routine  352  to obtain one or more guest instructions  350  from memory  304 , and to optionally provide local buffering for the instructions obtained. It also includes an instruction translation routine  354  to determine the type of guest instruction that has been obtained and to translate the guest instruction into one or more corresponding native instructions  356 . This translation includes, for instance, identifying the function to be performed by the guest instruction and choosing the native instruction(s) to perform that function. 
     Further, emulator code  312  includes an emulation control routine  360  to cause the native instructions to be executed. Emulation control routine  360  may cause native CPU  302  to execute a routine of native instructions that emulate one or more previously obtained guest instructions and, at the conclusion of such execution, return control to the instruction fetch routine to emulate the obtaining of the next guest instruction or a group of guest instructions. Execution of the native instructions  356  may include loading data into a register from memory  304 ; storing data back to memory from a register; or performing some type of arithmetic or logic operation, as determined by the translation routine. 
     Each routine is, for instance, implemented in software, which is stored in memory and executed by native central processing unit  302 . In other examples, one or more of the routines or operations are implemented in firmware, hardware, software or some combination thereof. The registers of the emulated processor may be emulated using registers  310  of the native CPU or by using locations in memory  304 . In embodiments, guest instructions  350 , native instructions  356  and emulator code  312  may reside in the same memory or may be disbursed among different memory devices. 
     The computing environments described above are only examples of computing environments that can be used. Other environments, including but not limited to, other non-partitioned environments, other partitioned environments, and/or other emulated environments, may be used; embodiments are not limited to any one environment. 
     Each computing environment is capable of being configured to include one or more aspects of the present invention. For instance, each may be configured to extend addressability of an instruction by having one or more operands of the instruction overridden and/or have additional bits added to one or more operands of the instruction. By extending addressability of an instruction, extended data ranges are addressable. 
     In one embodiment, an indication to extend addressability of an instruction is provided via a prefix instruction. One example of such an instruction is described with reference to  FIG. 4A . In one example, a prefix instruction  400 A includes, for instance, an operation code (OPC) field  402  including an operation code that specifies a prefix instruction; an instruction address (IA) field  404  including an indicator indicating whether an address based on a successor instruction, such as the current instruction address (e.g., the program counter) of the successor instruction, is to be used as a base address for this successor instruction, thus overriding one or more operands of the successor instruction; and at least one immediate (imm16) field  406  including a value (e.g., 16 bits) that is to be employed with (e.g., added to) one or more operands of the successor instruction. The instruction address indicator and the value(s) are referred to herein as a prefix. The prefix is specified by the prefix instruction, as one example. 
     In a further embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4B , a prefix instruction  400 B may include a displacement specifier field (d)  450  that indicates whether additional immediate bits are to be used. 
     In yet a further embodiment, a prefix instruction  400 C includes a further immediate (limm3) field  470  including a value (e.g., 3 bits) which may be employed with (e.g., added to, OR&#39;d with) low order bits of an immediate operand of the successor instruction, while the value in immediate field  406  may be employed with high order bits of an immediate operand. Additionally, limm3 may be used to override one or more bits of an immediate operand of the successor instruction. As examples, if an instruction has a DS immediate field (e.g., a Load Floating-Point Double Pair or a Store Floating-Point Double Pair instruction), then the operand of the field may be extended as follows: imm16∥DS∥limm3&lt;1:2&gt;; or in another example, imm16∥DS&lt;16:28&gt;∥limm3&lt;0:2&gt;. Many other possibilities exist. For instance, limm3 may be OR&#39;d, e.g., (DS∥0b00) OR limm3&lt;0:2&gt;. Again, other possibilities exist. 
     In one example, in operation of the prefix instruction (e.g.,  400 A,  400 B,  400 C), a special purpose register, referred to herein as SPRd, is updated to include values of the fields of the instruction. For instance, one field of the register (e.g., SPRd[val]) is set equal to the value in immediate field  406 . Further, another field of the register (e.g., SPRd[IA]) is set equal to the instruction address indicator included in the prefix instruction (e.g., set to one to indicate that the current instruction address is to be used as a base address in the next instruction). In yet a further embodiment, another field of the register or an existing field (e.g., VAL) may include the value in immediate field  470 . Other possibilities also exist. These values are then used in many types of instructions, including D-form instructions that include displacements, x-form instructions (i.e., index form instructions computing a memory address as the sum of two registers, e.g., RA+RB), etc. 
     As one particular example, the prefix instruction may be used to override and/or alter operands of a Store Word instruction, an example of which is depicted in  FIG. 5A . As depicted in  FIG. 5A , a Store Word instruction  500  includes an opcode field  502  having an operation code to specify a store word operation; and one or more operand fields including an RS field  504  that includes a register having a value to be stored; and an RA field  506  having a register that includes a value to be used to determine a storage address of a location in which to store the value of register RS. Instruction  500  further includes a displacement field  508  having data used in determining the storage address. 
     This instruction (referred to as the prefixed instruction) follows a prefix instruction, and in execution of the Store Word instruction, in one embodiment, if SPRd[IA]=a predefined value (e.g., 1), and optionally, RA=another predefined value (e.g., 0), then a variable (e.g., b) is set equal to the Store Word instruction address. Further, in one embodiment, additional bits are added to the value of the displacement field, a result of which is added to b. One example of pseudo-code for the Store Word instruction is as follows: 
     If (SPRd[IA]=1 &amp;&amp; RA=0) then b=IA else 
     if RA=0 then b←0 
     else b←(RA) 
     EA←b+EXTS(SPRd[val]∥D) 
     MEM(EA, 4)←(RS) 32:63    
     SPRd=0
         Let the effective address (EA) be the sum of a base address specified by variable b and the sign extended concatenated value of the displacement field of the prefix instruction (e.g., captured in SPRd[val] in this example) and the displacement specified in the Store Word instruction. The base address variable b is initialized to the current instruction address, if, in one example, the IA prefix field is set in the prefix instruction to override the RA field, and if and only if the RA field specifies register 0. Otherwise, if the register value of 0 is specified in the RA field, the base address variable b is 0, and otherwise if a register number from 1 to 31 is specified, the base address b corresponds to the value stored in the specified register. (RS) 32:63  are stored into the word in storage addressed by EA. The prefix is cleared by resetting SPRd. Further, EXTS refers to extended sign and ∥ refers to concatenation.       

     In a further embodiment, the value of RA is not checked. Thus, the pseudo-code is as follows: 
     If (SPRd[IA]=1) then b=IA else 
     if RA=0 then b←0 
     else b←(RA) 
     EA←b+EXTS(SPRd[val]∥D) 
     MEM(EA, 4)←(RS) 32:63    
     SPRd=0
         Let the effective address (EA) be the sum of b+d. The base address variable b is initialized to the current instruction address, if the IA prefix field is set in the prefix instruction in order to override the RA field, in one example. Otherwise, if the register value of 0 is specified in the RA field, the base address variable b is 0, and otherwise if a register number from 1 to 31 is specified, then the base address b corresponds to the value stored in the specified register. The displacement d is the sign extended concatenated value of the displacement bits specified by the prefix and the displacement bits specified by the store word instruction. (RS) 32:63  are stored into the word in storage addressed by EA. The prefix is cleared by resetting SPRd.       

     In one or more embodiments, the instruction address used to override the operand may be the current instruction address of the prefixed instruction, as indicated above, or it may be other addresses. As examples, it may be the address of the prefix, or the address of the prefix instruction. In yet another embodiment, it may be the address of the instruction following the prefixed instruction. Other addresses at a fixed positive or negative offset from the prefix, prefixed instruction, or the instruction following such instruction are also contemplated within the scope of aspects of the present invention. Many variations are possible. 
     Further, while the combination of portions of prefix provided and instruction provided displacements has been described as bits in one example hereinabove, the use of other combination functions are contemplated, such as the addition of shifted sign extended values, e.g., EXTS(SPRd[val])&lt;&lt;16+EXTS(d), the subtraction of values EXTS(SPRd[val])&lt;&lt;16−EXTS(d), the use of a bit-interleaving function EXTS(bit_interleave(SPRd[val], d)), or any other function adapted to combine two bit vectors, i.e., combine(SPRd[val],d). Many possibilities exist. 
     In yet another embodiment, a prefix instruction may be provided to specify additional addressing information, e.g., providing an index register to be included in conjunction with a base instruction specifying a base plus index addressing mode in order to enable the computation of addressing modes IA+RX+displacement in one embodiment. In one such embodiment, IA corresponds to an instruction address, RX to the contents of a specified index register and the displacement corresponds to at least the displacement of the base instruction, optionally further including additional displacement bits, when specified by a prefix in one embodiment. In another embodiment, a specified index, register Rx may be used to specify an index register to be used in conjunction with a non-overridden base address and a displacement, when used in conjunction with a base plus displacement address mode instruction to enable the computation of an addressing mode RA+RX+displacement when a base ISA (instruction set architecture) does not support such an addressing mode without the prefix. In one such embodiment, RA corresponds to the content of register RA (optionally forcing the value 0 when register, RA=0 is specified, in some embodiments), RX to the contents of a specified index register and the displacement corresponds to at least the displacement of the base instruction, optionally further including additional displacement bits, when specified by a prefix, in one embodiment. 
     The above instruction is of a reduced instruction set architecture (RISC). However, many other instructions may use one or more of the prefixing capabilities, described herein, including instructions in the RISC architecture, as well as instructions of other architectures, such as complex instruction set architectures (CISC). One such instruction is a Vector Load to Block Boundary instruction. An example of a format of this instruction is described with reference to  FIG. 5B . 
     In  FIG. 5B , a Vector Load to Block Boundary instruction  550  includes a plurality of fields including one or more opcode fields  552   a ,  552   b  that includes a value specifying a vector load to block boundary operation; a vector register field (V 1 )  554  specifying a vector register to be used by the instruction; an index field (X 2 )  556 , a base field (B 2 )  558  and a displacement field (D 2 )  560  to provide an address of an operand in memory (e.g., the contents of the general registers specified by the X 2  and B 2  fields are added to the contents of the D 2  field to form an address of a second operand); a mask field (M 3 )  562  used to provide the block boundary; and an RXB field  564  providing a possible extension for the vector register field. In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, the value in the register specified by B 2  is ignored, and instead, the IA of the prefix instruction is used. Other fields may similarly be altered by the prefix instruction. 
     In operation, the first operand (value in the register specified in V 1 ) is loaded starting at the zero indexed byte element with bytes from the second operand. If a boundary condition is encountered, the rest of the first operand is unpredictable in one embodiment or model dependent in another embodiment. 
     Access exceptions are not recognized for second operand locations beyond the specified boundary. If no boundary is encountered, all byte elements of the first operand are loaded with data from storage. 
     If an IA prefix is specified, the value of B 2  is ignored, and the current instruction address, i.e., the instruction address of the next instruction, or other address in accordance with the specification of an IA prefix is used in lieu of the value in the base register to form the address of the second operand. That is, B 2  and thus, the operand are overridden. 
     The displacement (D 2 ) for VLBB is treated as a 12-bit unsigned integer. If a displacement prefix is specified (e.g., imm16 and/or limm3), the displacement includes the combined prefix-specified displacement and instruction specified displacement. In one embodiment, this is true if a displacement selector is specified. In one embodiment, the displacement combination is a concatenation of bit strings. In another optimization to align with fusion, it corresponds to the combination of an immediate shifted and immediate displacement, e.g., hd&lt;&lt;16+sign_ext(ld). Other possibilities exist. 
     Again, many other types of instructions and/or many other instructions may be altered by the prefix instruction. 
     One embodiment of logic to decode an instruction in accordance with an aspect of the present invention is described with reference to  FIG. 6 . In one example, this logic is performed by a decode unit of a processor. However, other units of the processor may process one or more aspects of the invention. 
     Initially, a determination is made as to whether the instruction has been prefixed, INQUIRY  600 . That is, does the instruction have a prefix instruction associated or corresponding thereto (e.g., a prefix instruction provided immediately prior to this instruction or combined with this instruction). If not, then the instruction is decoded as previously known, STEP  602 . However, if the instruction is prefixed, then a decode function is initiated, STEP  604 , and optionally, a determination is made as to whether the decoding supports prefixing, INQUIRY  606 . If not, then an error may be presented, STEP  608 . However, if prefixing is supported, then one or more operand fields are decoded, STEP  610 . The fields to be decoded depend on the operand fields of the particular instruction. For example, for the Store Word instruction in  FIG. 5A , the RS, RA and D operand fields are decoded. 
     Further details regarding the decoding of an operand, and in particular, an operand to be overridden, are described with reference to  FIG. 7 . In one embodiment, this logic is performed by a decode unit of the processor. Initially, a determination is made as to whether an operand override is specified in the prefix for the operand being decoded (e.g., the operand specified by RA in Store Word or by B 2  in Vector Load to Block Boundary), INQUIRY  700 . That is, does the prefix instruction indicate that an instruction address is to be used to override the operand being decoded. If not, then the operand is decoded as in previous techniques, STEP  702 . However, if there is an operand override specified for this operand, then the field used to specify the operand is ignored, STEP  704 . Instead, an address based on the prefixed instruction (e.g., the current instruction address) is selected and used to decode the instruction and provide the operand value, STEP  706 . 
     One embodiment of the logic for decoding immediate operands is described with reference to  FIG. 8A . This logic is performed by a decode unit, as one example. Initially, a determination is made as to whether there is an extension provided in the prefix for the immediate operand being decoded, INQUIRY  800 . If not, then the immediate operand is decoded as in previous techniques, STEP  802 . However, if there is an immediate extension in the prefix for this operand, INQUIRY  800 , then an optional check may be performed that determines whether the applying of the prefix is allowed for this particular instruction, INQUIRY  804 . If prefixing is not allowed, then an error may be indicated, STEP  806 . However, if prefixing is allowed, then the immediate field is obtained from the instruction (e.g., the D field in Store Word or the D 2  field in the Vector Load to Block Boundary), STEP  808 . Further, a prefix-specified immediate field is selected. In one particular example, the prefix-specified immediate field comprises multiple fields, including a high-order immediate field (e.g., imm16) and a low-order immediate field (e.g., limm3). Thus, in this example, the prefix-specified high-order immediate field is selected, STEP  810 , as well as the prefix-specified low-order immediate field, STEP  812 . Further, in one embodiment, a subset of low order bits is selected based on the instruction, STEP  814 . Thereafter, the high order bits from the prefix are concatenated with the instruction specified bits and the selected low order bits from the prefix to produce an address, STEP  816 . 
     An alternative embodiment of processing associated with decoding an immediate operand is described with reference to  FIG. 8B . This logic is performed by a decode unit, in one example. Again, a determination is made as to whether an immediate extension is indicated in the prefix, INQUIRY  830 . If not, then the immediate operand is decoded using previous techniques, STEP  832 . However, if the immediate extension is indicated in the prefix, then an optional check may be performed to determine whether prefixing is allowed for this instruction, INQUIRY  834 . If not, then an error may be indicated, STEP  836 . Otherwise, the immediate field is obtained from the instruction (e.g., the D or D 2  field), STEP  838 , as well as the extension from the prefix. For instance, in one embodiment, a prefix-specified high-order immediate field (e.g., imm16) is selected, STEP  840 . Further, a prefix-specified low-order immediate field (e.g., limm3) may be selected, STEP  842 . Additionally, a subset of instruction-specified immediate bits is selected based on the instruction, STEP  844 . Then, the high-order bits from the prefix are concatenated with the selected instruction specified bits, which are concatenated with the low-order bits from the prefix, STEP  846 . 
     A yet further embodiment for decoding the immediate operand is described with reference to  FIG. 8C . This logic may be performed by a decode unit. Once again, a determination is made as to whether an immediate extension is indicated in the prefix, INQUIRY  850 . If not, then the immediate operand is decoded as in previous techniques, STEP  852 . However, if the immediate extension is specified, then an optional check may be performed to determine whether prefixing is allowed for this specific instruction, INQUIRY  854 . If not, then an error may be indicated, STEP  856 . Otherwise, in one embodiment, the immediate field (e.g., D or D 2 ) is obtained from the instruction, STEP  858 . Further, the high-order immediate field (imm16) and the low-order immediate field (e.g., limm3) are selected from the prefix, STEPS  860  and  862 . Then, the high-order bits of the prefix are concatenated with the instruction specified bits and overlaid (e.g., OR, XOR, etc.) with the low-order bits, STEP  864 . 
     Although various examples are provided herein for decoding an immediate operand, other examples are possible. For instance, there may be one prefix-specified extension that is concatenated to all (or a subset) of the instruction specified immediate operand. Further, there may be multiple immediate operands, one or more of which are extended in one or more aspects. Yet further, other prefix-specified fields may be used and/or the values provided herein for the prefix-specified fields may be other than 16 and/or 3. Many other examples exist. 
     In a further implementation, instruction group formation may be used and may be based on prefixes. This is described further with reference to  FIG. 9 . One or more decode units may execute this logic. In one embodiment, a group having instructions to be decoded together is formed based on prefix information to ensure the prefix and the prefixed instruction are in the same group, STEP  900 . Then, the instructions of a particular group are decoded, as described herein, STEP  902 . 
     Further details of decoding instructions from a group are described with reference to  FIG. 10 . In one embodiment, groups are formed based on the prefix information to ensure the prefix and prefixed instruction are in the same group, STEP  1000 . A determination is made as to whether there is a prefix in the group, INQUIRY  1002 . If there is no prefix, then decoding is performed without a prefix as in current techniques, STEP  1004 . Then, a determination is made as to whether there are more instructions to be processed, INQUIRY  1006 . If there are no more instructions, then processing is complete. However, if there are more instructions, then processing continues to STEP  1000 . 
     Returning to INQUIRY  1002 , if a prefix is included within the group, then a next instruction (e.g., the successor prefixed instruction) is obtained, STEP  1010 . The instruction is decoded with the prefix, STEP  1012 , as described herein. Processing then continues to INQUIRY  1006 . 
     One embodiment of decoding an instruction, including an instruction with a prefix, is described with reference to  FIG. 11 . Initially, an instruction is obtained to be decoded, STEP  1100 . A determination is made as to whether this is a prefix instruction, INQUIRY  1102 . If it is a prefix instruction, then one or more values of the prefix are stored in, for instance, a special purpose register, SPRd, STEP  1104 . For instance, the instruction address indicator is stored in SPRd[IA], and imm16 is stored in SPRd[val], as examples. Thereafter, a determination is made as to whether there are additional instructions to be processed, INQUIRY  1114 . If not, processing is complete. Otherwise, processing continues with STEP  1100 . However, if this instruction is not a prefix instruction, then a determination is made as to whether a special purpose register (e.g., SPRd) is available for decoding the instruction, INQUIRY  1110 . If a special purpose register is not available, then decoding is performed without the special purpose register, STEP  1112 , and processing continues to INQUIRY  1114 . 
     Returning to INQUIRY  1110 , if a special purpose register is available, then decoding is performed with the specified prefix included in the special purpose register, STEP  1116 . For instance, if an override prefix is specified, the instruction operand corresponding to that prefix is overridden, as described with reference to  FIG. 7 . Similarly, if an extension is provided for an immediate operand, then that extension is used, as described with reference to  FIGS. 8A-8C . 
     Thereafter, the special purpose register is reset (e.g., set to 0 to indicate it is not available), STEP  1118 , and processing continues with INQUIRY  1114 . 
     Further details of one example of processing associated with decoding application code that includes prefixes are described with reference to  FIG. 12 . As shown, an instruction stream  1200  includes a plurality of instruction units  1202 . For the Power Architecture, each instruction unit is 4 bytes, and therefore, each instruction unit is the same size. However, in other examples, such as the z/Architecture, the size of the instruction unit is determined by one or more bytes of the instruction. In this particular example, five instruction units are processed in parallel, but in other embodiments, there may be more or less instruction units being processed in parallel. The instruction units are placed in a queue  1204  and then passed to instruction decode units  1206  (ID; e.g., ID 0 -ID 4 ); also referred to herein as decoders or decoder units. Each instruction decode unit decodes its instruction unit. 
     Further details of an instruction decode unit are described with reference to  FIG. 13 . In one example, each decoder includes prefix detection and transmission logic  1300  and prefix reception logic  1302 , as well as other logic. 
     Prefix detection and transmission logic  1300  detects if the instruction received by the decoder is a prefix instruction, and if it is, it is forwarded to prefix reception logic  1302  of a neighboring instruction unit decoder  1206 . For instance, prefix detection and transmission logic  1300  checks the opcode of the instruction and determines that it is a prefix instruction. It then forwards the instruction (or portions thereof) to the next instruction decode unit in succession. As an example, if prefix detection and transmission logic  1300  of ID 0  detects that the instruction is a prefix instruction, then it forwards the instruction to ID 1 . Reception logic  1302  of ID 1  receives the prefix instruction, which is to be used with the instruction received at ID 1  by prefix detection and transmission logic  1300  of ID 1 . The prefix instruction and the instruction to be modified by the prefix instruction (i.e., the prefixed instruction) are decoded together. 
     In one embodiment, a determination of the presence of a prefix may be made by a single instruction decode unit to which the prefix is assigned, thereby initiating the combining of the prefix and the prefixed instruction. 
     In a further embodiment, referring to  FIG. 14 , a prefix storage facility  1400  is provided in the event that the last decoder unit in the group of decoder units includes the prefix instruction. This is to accommodate the fact that the last decoder has no “next” decoder in which to forward the prefix instruction. The prefix instruction is saved in prefix storage facility  1400 , and then forwarded to the first decoder (ID 0 ) of the next group of instruction units to be decoded. Therefore, the prefix instruction is united with the instruction to be prefixed, and they are decoded together. In one embodiment in which there are multithreaded processors, i.e., processors with hardware multithreading or simultaneous multithreading, multiple prefix storage facilities  700  may be present, one for each thread. 
     In one embodiment, the prefix is universal and may be applied to multiple instructions. For example, by defining a universal prefix applicable to a large number of instructions, the need for decode logic that would otherwise be necessary to determine how to apply the prefix to the next instruction is eliminated. Instead, the prefix simply loads SPRd and applies SPRd the same way to all D-form instructions, thereby eliminating the need for extensive logic. 
     Similarly, the universal prefix can be applied to x-form instructions, i.e., instructions with an indexed addressing mode computing the address as the sum of a base and an index register, e.g., RS 1 +RS 2 , RA+RB, or RB+RX, in a uniform manner to provide pc-relative addressing as well, effectively extending the capability of all x-form instructions with the use of a single prefix. Thus, enabling addressing of operands with IA+RS 2 , IA+RB, or IA+RX, respectively. In yet other embodiments, other existing and future undefined addressing modes may be similarly modified by overriding operands. 
     The universal prefix can override operands outright with the instruction address functionality, and may cause the instruction-specified register to be completely ignored, simultaneously extending the immediate field. 
     Also, because SPRd is set to 0 after the next instruction is executed, it is determined if a prefix has been erroneously inserted before an instruction that does not use prefixes. That is, if code erroneously inserts a prefix before a “non-prefixable’ instruction, SPRd is non-zero at execution of the instruction, and hardware can easily recognize this coding error and cause an interrupt. 
     As described herein, in one embodiment, referring to  FIG. 15 , a processor obtains an instruction to be executed, STEP  1500 . The instruction explicitly specifies one or more fields to be used to obtain an operand to be employed by the instruction. An indication is obtained that the operand is to be overridden, STEP  1502 . As an example, the indication is obtained via another instruction, the other instruction to specify that the instruction is to ignore the operand, STEP  1504 . In one particular example, the size of the other instruction is the same size as the instruction, STEP  1506 . 
     Based on obtaining the indication that the operand is to be overridden, at least a portion of the operand is substituted with an address based on the instruction, the address overriding the operand, STEP  1510 . The address is used to provide an extended address for use by the instruction, the extended address increasing a range of addressing by the instruction, STEP  1512 . 
     In a further embodiment, the extended address is extended to provide additional addressability, the extending employing additional bits to extend the extended address, STEP  1520 . As an example, the other instruction further specifies the additional bits, STEP  1524 . For instance, the other instruction includes one or more fields to specify the additional bits, STEP  1524 . 
     In one embodiment, the other instruction is decoded, and the decoding includes placing the indication and the additional bits in the register, and using the register to decode the instruction, the decoding including the substituting, STEP  1526 . 
     Additionally, in one embodiment, the other instruction includes a specifier to indicate whether additional bits are specified, STEP  1528 . 
     One or more aspects may relate to cloud computing. 
     It is understood in advance that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. 
     Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models. 
     Characteristics are as follows: 
     On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service&#39;s provider. 
     Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). 
     Resource pooling: the provider&#39;s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). 
     Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. 
     Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. 
     Service Models are as follows: 
     Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider&#39;s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. 
     Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. 
     Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls). 
     Deployment Models are as follows: 
     Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises. 
     Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. 
     Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds). 
     A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising a network of interconnected nodes. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 16 , a schematic of an example of a cloud computing node is shown. Cloud computing node  10  is only one example of a suitable cloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the invention described herein. Regardless, cloud computing node  10  is capable of being implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forth hereinabove. 
     In cloud computing node  10  there is a computer system/server  12 , which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server  12  include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. 
     Computer system/server  12  may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server  12  may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices. 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , computer system/server  12  in cloud computing node  10  is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The components of computer system/server  12  may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units  16 , a system memory  28 , and a bus  18  that couples various system components including system memory  28  to processor  16 . 
     Bus  18  represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus. 
     Computer system/server  12  typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server  12 , and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. 
     System memory  28  can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM)  30  and/or cache memory  32 . Computer system/server  12  may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system  34  can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus  18  by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory  28  may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention. 
     Program/utility  40 , having a set (at least one) of program modules  42 , may be stored in memory  28  by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules  42  generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein. 
     Computer system/server  12  may also communicate with one or more external devices  14  such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display  24 , etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server  12 ; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server  12  to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces  22 . Still yet, computer system/server  12  can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter  20 . As depicted, network adapter  20  communicates with the other components of computer system/server  12  via bus  18 . It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server  12 . Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 17 , illustrative cloud computing environment  50  is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment  50  comprises one or more cloud computing nodes  10  with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone  54 A, desktop computer  54 B, laptop computer  54 C, and/or automobile computer system  54 N may communicate. Nodes  10  may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment  50  to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices  54 A-N shown in  FIG. 17  are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes  10  and cloud computing environment  50  can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser). 
     Referring now to  FIG. 18 , a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment  50  ( FIG. 17 ) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in  FIG. 18  are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided: 
     Hardware and software layer  60  includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include mainframes  61 ; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers  62 ; servers  63 ; blade servers  64 ; storage devices  65 ; and networks and networking components  66 . In some embodiments, software components include network application server software  67  and database software  68 . 
     Virtualization layer  70  provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers  71 ; virtual storage  72 ; virtual networks  73 , including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems  74 ; and virtual clients  75 . 
     In one example, management layer  80  may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning  81  provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing  82  provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may comprise application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal  83  provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management  84  provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment  85  provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA. 
     Workloads layer  90  provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation  91 ; software development and lifecycle management  92 ; virtual classroom education delivery  93 ; data analytics processing  94 ; transaction processing  95 ; and extension processing  96 . 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     In addition to the above, one or more aspects may be provided, offered, deployed, managed, serviced, etc. by a service provider who offers management of customer environments. For instance, the service provider can create, maintain, support, etc. computer code and/or a computer infrastructure that performs one or more aspects for one or more customers. In return, the service provider may receive payment from the customer under a subscription and/or fee agreement, as examples. Additionally or alternatively, the service provider may receive payment from the sale of advertising content to one or more third parties. 
     In one aspect, an application may be deployed for performing one or more embodiments. As one example, the deploying of an application comprises providing computer infrastructure operable to perform one or more embodiments. 
     As a further aspect, a computing infrastructure may be deployed comprising integrating computer readable code into a computing system, in which the code in combination with the computing system is capable of performing one or more embodiments. 
     As yet a further aspect, a process for integrating computing infrastructure comprising integrating computer readable code into a computer system may be provided. The computer system comprises a computer readable medium, in which the computer medium comprises one or more embodiments. The code in combination with the computer system is capable of performing one or more embodiments. 
     Although various embodiments are described above, these are only examples. For example, computing environments of other architectures can be used to incorporate and use one or more embodiments. Further, different instructions, instruction formats, instruction fields and/or instruction values may be used. Additionally, the prefix may be specified in other ways and/or other types of prefixes may be used. Many variations are possible. 
     Further, other types of computing environments can benefit and be used. As an example, a data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code is usable that includes at least two processors coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements include, for instance, local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memory which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution. 
     Input/Output or I/O devices (including, but not limited to, keyboards, displays, pointing devices, DASD, tape, CDs, DVDs, thumb drives and other memory media, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems, and Ethernet cards are just a few of the available types of network adapters. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof. 
     The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below, if any, are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain various aspects and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.