Patent Publication Number: US-2021161970-A1

Title: Methods and uses of biological tissues for various stent and other medical applications

Description:
PRIORITY 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/377,619, filed Aug. 8, 2014, which was the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US13/25591, filed Feb. 11, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/640,381, filed Apr. 30, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/597,406, filed Feb. 10, 2012. Each of these related applications is incorporated by reference into this disclosure in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     To date, the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is the major biological tissue scaffold that has garnered some biological applications to replace or augment injured or damaged biological tissues. Once the smooth muscles are stripped away, the SIS consists of largely collagen and some elastin fibers. The fixation of the tissue, however, renders the scaffold stiff and can result in losses of some of its biological advantages. 
     In view of the same, it would be advantageous to identify and process an effective alternative tissue that would maintain its elasticity, keep its biological advantages, and be useful for various bodily purposes, including as part of various medical devices. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing pulmonary ligament tissue of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of acquiring a mammalian tissue comprising at least a portion of a pulmonary ligament, selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the at least a portion of pulmonary ligament, and fixing the sample of pulmonary ligament tissue using a fixative, resulting in a fixed sample. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of acquiring a mammalian tissue comprising at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue, selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue, and fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative, resulting in a fixed sample. In another embodiment, the step of acquiring comprises acquiring the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by way of dissecting or resecting tissue from a deceased mammal. In yet another embodiment, the step of acquiring comprises acquiring the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue from a mammal selected from the group consisting of a pig, a horse, a cow, a goat, a sheep, and a human. In an additional embodiment, the step of acquiring comprises acquiring the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue from a larger quantity of mammalian tissue comprising at least a portion of a lung, at least a portion of an aorta, and at least a portion of a pulmonary ligament. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the step of acquiring comprises acquiring the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue from a larger quantity of mammalian tissue comprising at least a portion of a lung, at least a portion of an esophagus, and at least a portion of a pulmonary ligament. In an additional embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the mammalian tissue. In yet an additional embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of visceral pleura tissue from the mammalian tissue. In another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting the sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by cleaning the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue to remove blood from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue. In yet another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by cleaning the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue to remove blood from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of visceral pleura tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by cleaning the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue to remove blood from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue. In another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting the sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by removing fatty material from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue. In yet another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by removing fatty material from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue. In an additional embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of visceral pleura tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by removing fatty material from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting the sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue that is free or substantially free of perforations. In an additional embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue that is free or substantially free of perforations. In yet an additional embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of visceral pleura tissue that is free or substantially free of perforations. In another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting the sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue that is free or substantially free of blood or blood vessels. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue that is free or substantially free of blood or blood vessels. In another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of visceral pleura tissue that is free or substantially free of blood or blood vessels. In yet another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting the sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue that is free or substantially free of irregularities. In an additional embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue further comprises placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue in a saline solution. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue further comprises placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue in a solution at least 20° F. below ambient temperature. In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon a mount having known dimensions, wherein the placing step is performed prior to the fixing step. In yet an additional embodiment, the step of placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon a mount is performed by placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon a circular or relatively circular mount and securing the sample of pulmonary region tissue to the mount. In another embodiment, the step of placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon a mount is performed by placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon a square or rectangular mount and securing the sample of pulmonary region tissue to the mount. In yet another embodiment, the step of placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon a mount is performed by placing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon a multidimensional mount and securing the sample of pulmonary region tissue to the mount. In an additional embodiment, the fixed sample maintains or closely resembles the known dimensions of the mount. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of securing the sample of pulmonary region tissue within or upon the mount, wherein the securing step is performed prior to the fixing step. In another embodiment, the securing step performed using a securing member selected from the group consisting of one or more sutures, one or more clamps, and one or more forceps. In yet another embodiment, the step of fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative is performed by fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using the fixative selected from the group consisting of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and glycerol. In an additional embodiment, the step of fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative is performed by fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using the fixative within a HEPES or phosphate buffer. In yet an additional embodiment, the step of fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative is performed by fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixation procedure selected from the group consisting of aqueous fixation, cryo-preservation, and dry tissue fixation. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of placing at least two dots on the sample of pulmonary region tissue prior to performing the fixing step, wherein distance(s) between the at least two dots are known prior to performing the fixing step. In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of measuring the distance(s) between the at least two dots after performing the fixing step, and comparing the distance(s) between the at least two dots after performing the fixing step to the distances between the at least two dots prior to performing the fixing step. In yet an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of determining an amount of shrinkage based upon data collected from the comparing step. In another embodiment, the acquiring step comprises separating the at least a portion of pulmonary region tissue. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of forming the fixed sample into a valve. In another embodiment, method further comprises the step of shaping the fixed sample so that the fixed sample will fit around portions of a frame. In yet another embodiment, the shaping step is performed by stretching the fixed tissue and cutting the fixed tissue to form a desired shape. In an additional embodiment, method further comprises the step of positioning the fixed sample upon portions of the frame, wherein the fixed sample and the frame collectively form a tissue product. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of positioning the fixed sample upon portions of a frame, wherein the fixed sample and the frame collectively form a tissue product. In an additional embodiment, method further comprises the step of securing a portion of the fixed sample to the frame using one or more sutures. In yet an additional embodiment, method further comprises the step of weaving a portion of the fixed sample around at least a portion of the frame to secure the portion of the fixed sample to the frame. In another embodiment, the weaving step is performed to secure the portion of the fixed sample to the frame without requiring sutures. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of weaving a portion of the fixed sample around at least a portion of the frame to secure the portion of the fixed sample to the frame, wherein when the tissue product is positioned within a mammalian luminal organ, the one or more sutures are not in contact with fluid flowing through the mammalian luminal organ. In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of positioning the tissue product within a mammalian luminal organ so that fluid native to the mammalian luminal organ may pass through a lumen defined within the tissue product. In yet another embodiment, the frame comprises at least one superior arm and at least one inferior arm positioned at or near an inlet portion of the tissue product, the at least one superior arm and the at least one inferior arm configured to receive a first portion of the fixed sample thereon. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the at least one superior arm and the at least one inferior arm are configured to receive the first portion of the fixed sample thereon, and wherein the method further comprises the step of securing the first portion of the fixed sample to the frame using one or more sutures. In an additional embodiment, the frame further comprises at least one connection portion coupled to at least one of the at least one superior arm and/or the at least one inferior arm, the at least one connection portion extending along a longitudinal axis of the frame and configured to receive a second portion of the fixed sample thereon. In yet an additional embodiment, the connection portion is configured to receive the second portion of the mammalian tissue thereon, and wherein the method further comprises the step of securing the second portion of the fixed sample to the frame using one or more sutures. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the tissue product comprises a valve having a bileaflet configuration or a trileaflet configuration. In another embodiment, the desired shape results in a valve having symmetrical leaflets. In yet another embodiment, the fixed sample is sized and shaped to substantially or completely similar to an outer perimeter of the frame. In an additional embodiment, the frame further comprises at least one vertical bar coupled to at least one of the at least one superior arm and/or the at least one inferior arm. In yet an additional embodiment, the frame further comprises at least one lower arm coupled to at least one of the at least connection portion and the at least one vertical arm. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the frame (or tissue product) is configured to move from a first, closed configuration to a second, open configuration. In an additional embodiment, when the frame is in the first, closed configuration, it is configured to fit within a mammalian luminal organ, such as by percutaneous delivery through the mammalian luminal organ. In yet an additional embodiment, the tissue product is configured as a stent valve. In another embodiment, the stent valve is configured for use as a venous valve. In yet another embodiment, the tissue product is configured so that the fluid native to the mammalian luminal organ can pass through an inlet portion of the tissue product and exit from an outlet portion of the tissue product 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the fixed sample coupled to the frame operates as a valve. In another embodiment, the fluid native to the mammalian luminal organ is at least partially prevented from flowing from the outlet portion to the inlet portion due to a configuration of the tissue product. In yet another embodiment, the fixed sample comprises mammalian pulmonary ligament. In an additional embodiment, the fixed sample comprises visceral pleura. In yet an additional embodiment, the fixed sample comprises tissue having stretchability and durability properties to allow the fixed sample to move relative to the fluid flow through the lumen defined within the tissue product. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the frame is capable of expansion using a balloon catheter. In an additional embodiment, the frame is autoexpandable. In yet an additional embodiment, the frame comprises a material selected from the group consisting of nitinol, chromium, cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, a nickel composite, nickel-cadmium nickel-chromium, nitinol palladium, palladium, cobalt, platinum, and stainless steel. In various embodiments, the fixed samples is configured as a products selected from the group consisting of a stent cover, a diaphragm cover, a hernia repair cover, a brain cover, a general organ cover, a wound cover, a prosthetic device cover, a skull cover, a general tissue cover, a tissue valve, a patch, a surgical membrane, a skin substitute, a suture reinforcement, a tubular structure, a tendon replacement, a bladder tissue replacement, a urethra tissue replacement, a vaginal tissue replacement, a muscle replacement, and another tissue replacement. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the positioning step is performed by positioning at least part of the fixed sample around the at least part of the frame. In another embodiment, the positioning step is performed by positioning at least part of the fixed sample around one or more of a superior arm, an inferior arm, and a connection portion of the frame. In yet another embodiment, the positioning step is performed by positioning at least part of the fixed sample around at least part of the frame so that at least part of the fixed sample operates as one or more valve leaflets. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of forming the fixed sample into a product configured for mammalian treatment or therapy. In an additional embodiment, the step of fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises fixing a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue, resulting in a fixed pulmonary ligament sample. In yet an additional embodiment, the step of fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises fixing a sample of visceral pleura tissue, resulting in a fixed visceral pleura sample. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the placing step is performed in connection with stretching the fixed sample in a first direction. In another embodiment, the placing step is performed in connection with stretching the fixed sample in a second direction different from the first direction. In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of determining lengths of one or more fibers of the sample of pulmonary region tissue prior to, during, or after the fixing step. In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of determining desmosine content of the sample of pulmonary region tissue prior to, during, or after the fixing step. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the acquiring step is performed to acquire the at least a portion of pulmonary region tissue from a mammalian heart/lung block. In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of preseeding the sample of pulmonary region tissue to facilitate endothelialization prior to performing the fixing step. In yet another embodiment, wherein the fixed sample is between about 40 and about 300 microns in thickness. In an additional embodiment, the fixed sample comprises pulmonary ligament tissue having a thickness of between about 80 microns and about 120 microns, and even as high as about 300 microns. In yet an additional embodiment, the fixed sample comprises visceral pleura tissue having a thickness of between about 40 microns and about 80 microns. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the acquiring step is performed to acquire the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue from a middle-anterior portion of at least one lung of the mammal. In another embodiment, the acquiring step is performed to acquire the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue by making an incision in the at least one lung and pressing tissue of the at least one lung away from a visceral pleura. In yet another embodiment, the fixing step is performed using a fixative comprising a glutaraldehyde solution having a concentration of glutaraldehyde of less than 1%. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprising the step of storing the fixed sample in a storage solution. In another embodiment, fixative has a different fixative concentration than the storage solution. In yet another embodiment, the fixing step is performed using a fixative that is buffered. In an additional embodiment, the fixing step is performed using a fixative having a pH of between about 7.2 and about 7.6. In yet an additional embodiment, the fixing step is performed so that the sample of pulmonary region tissue contacts the fixative for at least about 24 hours. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the storage solution a glutaraldehyde solution having a concentration of glutaraldehyde of or about 0.5%. In another embodiment, the fixing step is performed within a tray lined with a silicone elastomer and by pinning the sample of pulmonary region tissue to the silicone elastomer. In yet another embodiment, the fixing step is performed using bovine serum albumin. In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of removing the fixative from the fixed sample, and placing the fixed sample in a solution comprising at least one item selected from the group consisting of saline, a preservative, bovine serum albumin, and liquid nitrogen. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of decellularizing at least a portion of the sample of pulmonary region tissue prior to performing the fixing step. In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of sterilizing the at least a portion of the sample of pulmonary region tissue prior to performing the fixing step. In an additional embodiment, method further comprises the step of sterilizing the fixed sample. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method further comprises the step of treating a patient using the fixed sample. In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of treating a patient using the product. In yet an additional embodiment, the fixed sample is acellular. In another embodiment, the product is configured for use in connection with transcatheter aortic-valve implantation. In yet another embodiment, the product is configured for percutaneous or surgical implantation. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the product is configured for use to replace a valve selected from the group consisting of an aortic valve, a mitral valve, a pulmonary valve, a tricuspid valve, and a percutaneous valve. In another embodiment, the fixed sample has a thickness that is smaller than a thickness of pulmonary tissue. In yet another embodiment, the product has an overall bulk that is smaller than a bulk of a corresponding product made using fixed pericardial tissue instead of using the fixed sample. In an additional embodiment, the fixed visceral pleura product contains at least one valve leaflet, wherein a non-mesothelial side of the fixed visceral pleura sample is on a relative front of the at least one valve leaflet, and wherein a mesothelial side of the fixed visceral pleura sample is on a relative back of the at least one leaflet. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the fixed sample has a circumferential axis corresponding to a circumferential axis of the at least a portion of pulmonary region tissue, wherein the fixed sample has an axial axis corresponding to an axial axis of the at least a portion of pulmonary region tissue. In an additional embodiment, the fixed sample can stretch in a direction of the circumferential axis of the fixed sample a first distance, and wherein the fixed sample can stretch in a direction of the axial axis of the fixed sample a second distance, the second distance being less than the first distance. In an additional embodiment, the method further comprises the step of forming the fixed sample into a product configured for mammalian treatment or therapy, wherein the fixed sample is oriented so that the circumferential axis of the fixed sample is aligned within an axial axis of the product, the axial axis being perpendicular to a circumferential axis of a luminal organ to receive the product. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of acquiring at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue from a mammal, selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue, and forming the sample of pulmonary region tissue into a tissue product configured for mammalian treatment or therapy. In another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the mammalian tissue. In yet another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of visceral pleura tissue from the mammalian tissue. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a processed tissue of the present disclosure, the processed tissue is obtained by acquiring at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue from a mammal, selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue, and fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative, resulting in a fixed sample. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a processed pulmonary region tissue of the present disclosure, the pulmonary region tissue is obtained by fixing a sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative, the sample of pulmonary region tissue selected from a larger quantity of pulmonary region tissue harvested from a mammal. In an additional embodiment, the sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises pulmonary ligament. In yet an additional embodiment, the sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises visceral pleura. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a processed pulmonary region tissue product of the present disclosure, the pulmonary region tissue product is obtained by forming a sample of pulmonary region tissue fixed using a fixative into a pulmonary region tissue product, the sample of pulmonary region tissue selected from a larger quantity of pulmonary region tissue harvested from a mammal, wherein the pulmonary region tissue product is configured for mammalian treatment or therapy. In another embodiment, the sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises pulmonary ligament. In yet another embodiment, the sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises visceral pleura. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a product of the present disclosure, the product comprises a frame configured to retain a mammalian tissue thereon, and the mammalian tissue coupled to the frame, wherein when the product is positioned within a mammalian luminal organ, fluid native to the mammalian luminal organ may pass through a lumen defined within the product. In another embodiment, the frame comprises at least one superior arm and at least one inferior arm positioned at or near an inlet portion of the product, the at least one superior arm and the at least one inferior arm configured to receive a first portion of the mammalian tissue thereon. In yet another embodiment, the at least one superior arm and the at least one inferior arm is configured to receive the first portion of the mammalian tissue thereon and to retain said mammalian tissue using one or more sutures. In an additional embodiment, the frame further comprises at least one connection portion coupled to at least one of the at least one superior arm and/or the at least one inferior arm, the at least one connection portion extending along a longitudinal axis of the device and configured to receive a second portion of the mammalian tissue thereon. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a product of the present disclosure, the connection portion is configured to receive the second portion of the mammalian tissue thereon and to retain said mammalian tissue using one or more sutures. In an additional embodiment, the product is configured as a bileaflet frame. In yet an additional embodiment, the product is configured as a trileaflet frame. In another embodiment, the mammalian tissue is sized and shaped to substantially or completely conform to an outer perimeter of the frame. In yet another embodiment, the frame further comprises at least one vertical bar coupled to at least one of the at least one superior arm and/or the at least one inferior arm. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a product of the present disclosure, the frame further comprises at least one lower arm coupled to at least one of the at least connection portion and the at least one vertical arm. In another embodiment, the frame is configured to move from a first, closed configuration to a second, open configuration. In yet another embodiment, wherein when the frame is in the first, closed configuration, the product is configured for percutaneous passage through the mammalian luminal organ. In an additional embodiment, the product is configured as a stent valve. In yet an additional embodiment, the stent valve is configured for use as a venous valve. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a product of the present disclosure, the fluid native to the mammalian luminal organ passes through an inlet portion of the product and exits from an outlet portion of the product when the product is positioned within the mammalian luminal organ. In an additional embodiment, the mammalian tissue coupled to the frame operates as a valve. In yet an additional embodiment, the fluid native to the mammalian luminal organ is at least partially prevented from flowing from the outlet portion to the inlet portion when the product is positioned within the mammalian luminal organ. In another embodiment, the mammalian tissue comprises mammalian pulmonary ligament. In yet another embodiment, the mammalian tissue comprises mammalian pulmonary viscera. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a product of the present disclosure, the mammalian tissue comprises tissue having stretchability and durability properties to allow the mammalian tissue to move relative to fluid flow through the lumen defined within the product. In another embodiment, the mammalian tissue is fixed. In yet another embodiment, the mammalian tissue is fixed using glutaraldehyde. In an additional embodiment, the frame is capable of expansion using a balloon catheter. In yet an additional embodiment, the frame is autoexpandable. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a product of the present disclosure, the frame comprises a material selected from the group consisting of nitinol, chromium, cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, a nickel composite, nickel-cadmium nickel-chromium, nitinol palladium, palladium, cobalt, platinum, and stainless steel. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of shaping an mammalian tissue so that the mammalian tissue will fit around portions of a frame, the mammalian tissue excised from a mammalian body, positioning the mammalian tissue around a mount, positioning at least part of a frame around the mammalian tissue positioned around the mount, and connecting the mammalian tissue to the at least part of the frame to form the product. In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of processing the excised mammalian tissue prior to the shaping step. In yet another embodiment, the processing step is performed by excising the mammalian tissue from the mammalian body, removing any undesirable portions of the excised mammalian tissue, placing the excised mammalian tissue on a frame, and fixing the tissue using a fixative. In an additional embodiment, the shaping step is performed by stretching the mammalian tissue and cutting the mammalian tissue to form a desired shape. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, the connection step is performed by positioning at least part of the mammalian tissue around the at least part of the frame. In another embodiment, the connection step is performed by positioning at least part of the mammalian tissue around one or more of a superior arm, an inferior arm, and a connection portion of the frame. In yet another embodiment, the connection step is further performed by suturing at least part of the mammalian tissue around the at least part of the frame. In an additional embodiment, the connection step is performed by positioning at least part of the mammalian tissue around the at least part of the frame so that at least part of the mammalian tissue operates as one or more valve leaflets. In yet an additional embodiment, the mammalian tissue comprises pulmonary ligament. In an exemplary embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, the mammalian tissue comprises visceral pleura. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of acquiring a sample of pulmonary region tissue from a mammal, and fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative, resulting in a fixed sample. In another embodiment, the step of acquiring a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of pulmonary ligament tissue from the mammal. In yet another embodiment, the step of selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue comprises selecting a sample of visceral pleura tissue from the mammal. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a processed pulmonary ligament of the present disclosure, the processed pulmonary ligament is prepared by fixing a sample of pulmonary region tissue acquired from a mammal using a fixative, resulting in a fixed sample. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of the present disclosure, the method comprises the step of fixing a sample of pulmonary region tissue acquired from a mammal using a fixative, resulting in a fixed sample In an exemplary embodiment of a method for preparing a tissue material of the present disclosure, the method comprises the step of decellularizing a segment of pulmonary region tissue. In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of: sterilizing the pulmonary region tissue. In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of fixing the pulmonary region tissue. In an additional embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue comprises pulmonary ligament tissue. In yet an additional embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue comprises visceral pleura tissue. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a medical article of manufacture, the medical article of manufacture comprises acellular pulmonary region tissue sterilely enclosed within packaging. In another embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue is chemically fixed. In yet another embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue is not chemically fixed. In an additional embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue comprises pulmonary ligament tissue. In yet an additional embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue comprises visceral pleura tissue. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method for treating a patient of the present disclosure, the method comprises the step of introducing into a patient a medical device including pulmonary region tissue. In another embodiment, the tissue is acellular. In yet another embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue comprises pulmonary ligament tissue. In an additional embodiment, the pulmonary region tissue comprises visceral pleura tissue. 
     In an exemplary embodiment of a method of processing a tissue of the present disclosure, the method comprises the steps of acquiring at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue from a mammal, selecting a sample of pulmonary region tissue from the at least a portion of a pulmonary region tissue, and fixing the sample of pulmonary region tissue using a fixative, resulting in a fixed sample. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosed embodiments and other features, advantages, and disclosures contained herein, and the matter of attaining them, will become apparent and the present disclosure will be better understood by reference to the following description of various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  show a swine pulmonary ligament connected to a lung, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2A  shows a close-up view of a swine pulmonary ligament, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2B  shows a portion of a pulmonary ligament held in place upon a frame, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 3A and 3B  show a fixed product, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 4A-4D  show various depictions of a portion of a pulmonary ligament, after fixation, formed into an exemplary constructed valve according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 5A-5D  show various processed lung ligament products in various configurations, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5E  shows a block diagram of components of a kit, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 5F and 5G  show mammalian tissue and tissue harvest locations, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 6A and 6B  show a bileaflet frame configuration, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7A  shows a portion of a mammalian tissue cut/shaped to fit along a bileaflet frame, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 7B and 8A  show how portions of mammalian tissue can be positioned within/around portions of a frame, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8B  shows an exemplary product having a bileaflet frame and a tissue positioned thereon, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 9A and 9B  show a trileaflet frame configuration, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10A  shows a portion of a mammalian tissue cut/shaped to fit along a trileaflet frame, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10B  shows an exemplary product having a trileaflet frame and a tissue positioned thereon, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10C  shows an exemplary product configured as a valve and positioned within a mammalian luminal organ, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 11  shows steps of a method to manufacture a product, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     An overview of the features, functions and/or configurations of the components depicted in the various figures will now be presented. It should be appreciated that not all of the features of the components of the figures are necessarily described. Some of these non-discussed features, such as various couplers, etc., as well as discussed features are inherent from the figures themselves. Other non-discussed features may be inherent in component geometry and/or configuration. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the present disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of this disclosure is thereby intended. 
     The present disclosure contains disclosure of novel methods and uses for harvesting and applying certain mammalian tissue for use in connection with various medical applications. The mammalian pulmonary ligament and the mammalian visceral pleura, as referenced in detail below and disclosed within the present application, can be harvested, fixed, and used for a number of medical applications previously unknown and not identified in the medical arts. In at least one embodiment of the present disclosure, pulmonary ligament tissue is identified, harvested, fixed, and ultimately used in connection with mammalian treatment/therapy. As referenced herein, pulmonary ligament and visceral pleura are both “pulmonary region” tissue. 
     As referenced in detail herein, it is advantageous to identify and process thin scaffold biological tissue that consists of largely elastin and some collagen fibers (the converse of SIS), since elastin is not as prone to fixation as collagen fibers. Hence, fixation of tissue with elastin largely maintains its elasticity and hence biological mechanical activity. Furthermore, it is advantageous to identify a thin membraneous native tissue that does not require any processing, such as stripping of muscle or treatment with antibiotics given the bacteria flora such as present within the intestines. Finally, there is significant advantage to tissue that has epithelial layers on both sides of the tissue. As referenced in detail herein, the present disclosure includes uses and methods in connection with such a biological tissue and processing steps for various biological applications. 
     The visceral pleura that covers the lung extends to the hilum where it becomes continuous with the parietal pleura that covers the diaphragm, chest wall, and mediastinum. As the anterior and posterior pleural extend below the pulmonary veins, the two layers of pleura come together to form the inferior pulmonary ligament. Hence, the pulmonary ligament is a double layer of pleura that drapes caudally from the lung root and loosely tethers the medial aspect of the lower lobe of the lung to the mediastinum. However, and importantly, the pulmonary ligament does not functionally behave the same as two layers of pleura, as the non-isotropy of pulmonary ligament tissue is notably different than just two layers of pleura. Furthermore, the degree of collagen within pulmonary ligament is also different than in two layers of pleura, and the function of pulmonary ligament is also different, as pulmonary ligament tissue resists load in one direction. The pulmonary ligament tethers the lung and has substantial elasticity (over 200% extension, which may be a lateral extension) to expand with each inflation of the lung. The significant elasticity stems from the high elastin content. Contrary to collagen, elastin cannot be fixed and largely retains its elasticity post fixation. As such, and as described above and otherwise herein, the novel nature of identifying, harvesting, fixing, and using processed lung ligament tissue can result in numerous therapies and treatments not previously considered or used in the medical arts. 
     In certain embodiments of processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure, said tissues can have a microarchitecture including non-randomly oriented collagen and elastin fibers, which can be retained from the native microarchitecture of the processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60 , and/or the processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  can exhibit an anisotropic elastic character, for example as can be demonstrated in biaxial stretch testing and/or through optical and/or microscopic visualization of the tissue microstructure. As well, in these and other embodiments, processed pulmonary ligament  50  tissue can have a thickness of about 80 microns to about 100 or 120 microns, and even as high as about 300 microns, including thicknesses between about 90 microns and 100 microns, which depends upon the species from which the pulmonary ligament tissue is obtained. Processed visceral pleura  60  may have a smaller thickness, such as between about 40 microns and about 80 microns, as referenced further herein. Other embodiments of processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure may be up to 300 microns in thickness. In an actual exemplary sample of 15 harvested processed pulmonary ligament samples obtained according to the present disclosure, the average thickness was 102 microns, and the thickness range was from 22 microns to 269 microns. Different thicknesses of tissue may be preferred for different embodiments, such as relatively thinner tissues for valve applications, and relatively thicker tissues for hernia repair, for example. 
     For various pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  samples, a predominant proportion of the collagen fibers in the tissue are oriented generally in a first direction, with that direction having extended substantially parallel to the median (or midsagittal) plane of the animal from which the tissue was harvested. For example, and in at least one embodiment, at least 75% of collagen fibers within the harvested pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  tissue are oriented in a first direction. In at least another embodiment, at least 60% of collagen fibers within the harvested pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  tissue are oriented in a first direction. Furthermore, and in various pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  samples, said tissues include elastin fibers that extend in a direction transverse to that of the predominating collagen fibers contained therein. 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  pictorially show a swine pulmonary ligament (an exemplary ligament  30 ) by way of gripping a portion of the pig (such as by the aorta and/or esophagus (collectively shown as  32  in  FIG. 1A ) or tissue in that general vicinity) and pulling the same away from the lung  34 , as shown in  FIG. 1B . Gripping and/or separation of tissue can be performed by hand, as shown in  FIG. 1A , and/or by using forceps  40 , as shown in  FIG. 1B . The pulmonary ligament  30  is clearly shown and identified in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . 
       FIG. 2A  shows a closer view of a portion of the pulmonary ligament  30 , and  FIG. 2B  shows a portion of the pulmonary ligament  30  held in place using a series of clamps  42  positioned around a mount  44 , for example, and being fixed with a fixative, such as glutaraldehyde. Post fixation pulmonary ligament (which could also be referred to as a processed ligament  50  of the present disclosure, potentially configured as an exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure as referenced below), as shown in  FIGS. 3A and 3B , has high elasticity, and both sides of the ligament tissue are smooth and covered with an epithelial layer that secretes a lubricant. 
       FIGS. 4A-4D  show various depictions of a portion of a porcine pulmonary ligament  30 , after glutaraldehyde fixation (to form processed ligament  50  and potentially an exemplary product  100 ), and formed into an exemplary constructed valve  400  of the present disclosure. For example, and as shown in  FIGS. 2B and 4A-4C , pulmonary ligament  30  can be placed upon a mount  44 , using one or more forceps  40  and/or clamps  42  (as shown in  FIG. 2B ), and/or one or more sutures  800  (as shown in  FIG. 4B  in connection with use of a mount  44 , and as described in further detail herein in connection with one or more frames  600  of the present disclosure). Placement may also include folding portions of pulmonary ligament  30  around portions of mount  44 , as shown by way of folded portion  48  in  FIG. 4C . If one or more sutures  800  are used, said sutures  800  could comprise nylon or another suitable material, and could be placed using a needle (not shown), as described in further detail herein. 
     As shown in the various figures, the valve  400  (comprising pulmonary ligament in the embodiment shown), which is an exemplary processed product  100  of the present disclosure, easily flexes and maintains its shape. Products  100  can include processed ligament  50  or processed visceral pleura  60 , as referenced in further detail herein, and may also be referred to herein as medical articles of manufacture. As referenced herein, pulmonary ligament  30  refers to pulmonary ligament tissue that has not yet been processed, and processed ligament  50 , optionally configured as one or more processed products  100  of the present disclosure, refers to tissue that has been processed, such as by fixation, and optionally configured as products  100 . Similarly, and as also referenced herein, visceral pleura  556  refers to visceral pleura tissue that has not yet been processed, and processed visceral pleura  60 , optionally configured as one or more processed products  100  of the present disclosure, refers to tissue that has been processed, such as by fixation, and optionally configured as products  100 . Various valves  400  of the present disclosure may comprises any number of valves, including, but not limited to, aortic valves, mitral valves, pulmonary valves, tricuspid valves, and/or other percutaneous valves. 
       FIGS. 5A-5D  show various processed products  100  in various configurations, according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For example,  FIG. 5A  shows an exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure configured as a patch, membrane, tissue replacement, cover, or reinforcement. Said embodiments (patch, membrane, tissue replacement, cover, or reinforcement) shall be referred to generally as patches  500 , as labeled in  FIG. 5A .  FIG. 5B  shows another exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure configured as a curved patch, membrane, tissue replacement, cover, or reinforcement (collectively curved patches  500 ).  FIG. 5C  shows an exemplary product  100  configured as a tube  502 , and  FIG. 5D  shows an exemplary product  100  configured as a valve  400 . Valve  400 , as shown in  FIG. 5D , is configured as a tri-leaflet valve  400  (including, for example, leaflets  802 ,  804 , and  1000 , as referenced in further detail herein), but other valve  400  embodiments of the present disclosure may be single leaflet valves  400 , bileaflet valves  400 , or valves  400  with more than three leaflets. In each embodiment shown therein, products  100  comprise one or more processed ligaments  50  and/or one or more processed visceral pleura  60 . 
     Other product  100  configurations are contemplated by the present disclosure, as various biological uses of products  100  can be had, and the present disclosure is not limited to the configurations shown in the figures. For example, a venous stent cover (an exemplary cover  502 ) with a membrane and valve  400  included is an exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure, with features shown in one or more figures referenced herein, such as  FIGS. 5B, 5C , and  5 D. For example, a product  100  of the present disclosure could have an external shape shown in  FIG. 5C  and a valve  400  as shown in  FIG. 5D . 
     As for preparation of all or a portion of a pulmonary ligament  30  or a visceral pleura  556 , it is known that biological tissues are pre-stretched or otherwise pre-stressed in vivo for optimal function. For an exemplary embodiment of this particular tissue, the degree of pre-stretch was determined, in at least one method, by measuring the dimensions of the tissue before and after harvest. This was accomplished in this particular example by placing various dots/markings (such as dots/markings  575  shown in  FIG. 5F ) on the ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  itself in its in vivo state to determine the degree of stretch in the two principle directions (referred to herein as the x and y directions). Using such a method, one can characterize that the tissue shrinks by X and Y amount in the x and y directions. 
     In the glutaraldehyde (or other chemical/mechanism) fixation and mounting process of the tissue on mounts  44  or frames (for stents and other uses as referenced herein), the tissue can be pre-stretched by X and Y to the in vivo values to ensure optimal function of the tissue. In addition, fiber lengths and/or desmosine contents could be measured/obtained in connection with various steps of fixation, including but not limited to determining an amount of tissue shrinkage due to fixation. For example, a stress-strain relation could be determined in fresh lung ligament  30  tissue and processed lung ligament  50  tissue, and a fixed strain could be selected that corresponds to the stress in fresh tissue, for example. Similar stress-strain relations could also be determined in fresh visceral pleura  556  tissue and processed visceral pleura  60  tissue. Furthermore, optical means of selection, such as with the use of traditional light, polarized light, and/or other light, with and without magnification, could be used to optically scan the various harvested tissues. 
     An example pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  harvesting procedure is described as follows. In at least one method, the heart/lung block can be extracted from a mammal (such as in connection with a meat processing facility), and the extracted tissue could then be placed in a relatively cold saline solution to help preserve the same. The heart/lung block may be generally referred to herein a pulmonary region tissue, which may include, but is not limited to, lung tissue and one or more of the bronchi, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and/or the heart, so long as the desired tissue to be harvested (pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556 ) is contained therein. At or before the time of processing, the tissue can be inspected for blood infiltration, fatty material, perforations, and/or other irregularities, and portions of the tissue containing the same can be treated to either removed the undesired components or discarded/disregarded in view of other portions of the tissue that are relatively homogenous and free of undesired properties, such as perforations or fat. 
     After selection of desired portions of pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  from the overall resected tissue, the selected membranes can be mounted in mounts  44  (such as available circular or rectangular frame mounts) to prevent shrinkage and/or folding during fixation, and can be submerged in a fixation solution (such as glutaraldehyde, for example) for fixation. Prior to mounting and/or fixation, or after mounting and/or fixation if desired, the pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  can be pre-seeded to make it more likely to endothelialize. As pulmonary ligament tissue has mesothelium on both sides and visceral pleura has mesothelium on only one side, pre-seeding (also referred to as endothelial seeding) could be performed on the non-mesothalial side of the tissue. After fixation, a relatively flat piece of fixed tissue will result. Using another method, and after selection of the membranes or desired portions thereof, the membranes can be placed on multidimensional molds, for example, allowing the user to stretch and/or otherwise fit the membrane so to mimic the mold shape, and then fix the membrane on the mold. With such a method, the resultant fixed material will maintain or closely resemble to multidimensional shape of the mold, and can be used for various purposes. 
     Various sizes and/or thicknesses of processed lung ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  tissues could be used and be tailored to specific applications. For example, and in embodiments of processed lung ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  tissue ultimately used as valves  400  (exemplary products  100  of the present disclosure), lung ligament  50  tissue of between about 80 microns and about 100 microns to about 300 microns could be used, while visceral pleura  60  between about 40 microns and about 80 microns could be used. 
     With respect to initial tissue harvesting of visceral pleura  556  tissue, an exemplary method of the present disclosure includes the step of isolating tissue  556  from the middle-anterior portion of the lungs,  34  which tends to be relatively thicker and more uniform than other portions of the lung  34 . A lateral incision can be made, and using forceps  40  for example, the lung  34  tissue can be carefully pressed away from the visceral pleura  556 .  FIG. 5F  shows a diagram of a portion of a mammalian body  550  showing the lungs  34  and an identified harvest section  552 , generally comprising the middle-anterior portion of the lungs  34 . Two portions of tissue are shown, namely the parietal pleura  554  that lines the chest cavity and the visceral pleura  556  which lines the lungs  34  and is internal to the parietal pleura  554 . As shown in  FIG. 5F , and referenced in further detail herein the mesothelial side  860  of visceral pleura  556  is on a relative outside of the lung  34 , while the non-mesothelial side  862  of visceral pleura  556  is on the relative inside of the lung  34 . Pulmonary region tissue  558  is also shown therein, which may include, but is not limited to, lung tissue and one or more of the bronchi, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and/or the heart, as previously referenced herein. The acquired pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  from said pulmonary region tissue may be referred to herein as “samples” of tissue from the pulmonary region tissue  558 . After an initial portion of visceral pleura  556  tissue (such as ˜0.5 cm or so) has been separated, the tissue can be gently worked away (manually using one&#39;s hand/fingers, for example), taking care/precautions not to overly stress or pull on the visceral pleura  556  tissue. Prior to removal of the visceral pleura  556 , the general orientation can be noted and potentially marked on the tissue, noting that visceral pleura  556  has different degrees of potential stretch depending on orientation. 
       FIG. 5F  also demonstrates an exemplary harvesting method whereby pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  tissue is harvested and ultimately used in a desired orientation based upon an orientation of harvest. As shown in  FIG. 5F , the x-axis (identified as “X” in the figure) may also be referred to herein as a “circumferential” or “transverse” axis or direction/orientation of tissue, and the y-axis (identified as “Y” in the figure) may also be referred to herein as a “vertical” or “axial” axis or direction/orientation of tissue. Natural lung expansion and contraction, consistent with breathing, occurs in a fashion whereby whereby pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  would stretch more in the circumferential direction as compared to the axial direction, so whereby pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  tissue harvested from a mammal would also have more stretchability in the circumferential direction as compared to the axial direction. Phrased differently, the axial direction is notably stiffer than the circumferential direction, which is also referred to herein as being relatively softer than movement/stretch in the axial direction. To leverage the inherent non-isotropy of said tissue(s), and using a specific orientation of the same in connection with one or more products  100  of the present disclosure, including but not limited to valves  400  as referenced herein, the tissue orientation would be identified at the time of harvest and use accordingly in connection with one or more products  100  of the present disclosure. For example, processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  can be oriented on frame  600 , as referenced in further detail herein, so that the axial direction of the product  100  in a mammalian luminal organ (such as a blood vessel) is softer than the circumferential/radial direction, in reference to the product  100 , as the circumferential direction is, for example, constrained by the diameter of the blood vessel and cannot distend further, while the axial direction is the direction of opening and closing a valve  400  (in a product  100  embodiment configured as a valve), where more deformation would be needed or desired. Leveraging this non-isotropy (directionality) could be used in connection with various products  100  of the present disclosure depending on the application of interest. 
     With respect to initial tissue harvesting of pulmonary ligament  30  tissue, an exemplary method of the present disclosure includes the step of isolating tissue  30  from the relative middle section between the lungs  34 , as indicated by harvest sections  552  shown in  FIG. 5G . The specific harvest section  552  used may depend on mammalian species, the age of the mammal, and/or the thickness of tissue required for a particular application. As with visceral pleura  556  (referenced above and shown in  FIG. 5F ), pulmonary ligament  30  thickness varies with location within the body. As generally referenced herein, efforts to avoid vascular areas (and/or those areas with blood infiltration), fatty material, perforations, and/or other irregularities should be made to that desirable pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556  can be obtained. In addition, and regarding certain pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556  tissue, avoiding said tissues near the lungs  34  and/or the aorta/esophagus  32  may also lead to preferable pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556  harvest. Similar to visceral pleura  556  harvest, and prior to removal of the pulmonary ligament  30 , the general orientation can be noted and potentially marked on the tissue, noting that pulmonary ligament  30  has different degrees of potential stretch depending on orientation, noting that as shown in  FIG. 5G , ligament  30  is most elastic in the x-direction as shown in the figure. 
     Pulmonary ligament  30 , as referenced herein, may be generally described as a sheet of tissue, and not generally as a combined/bundled tissue. For example, and upon pulmonary ligament  30  harvest, the sections of pulmonary ligament  30  suitable for harvest are generally continuous with the aorta, and are generally not part of the bundled ligament that descends from the mammalian lung root. 
     General tissue harvesting can apply to several mammalian species, including, but not limited to, cattle, pigs, and horses, such as from blocks of tissue collected after animal slaughter. Harvesting is preferred using clean/sterile conditions, and can proceed after an initial inspection of the blocks of tissue for portions of suitable tissue not having any malformations, abnormalities, perforations, tears, calcifications, spots, etc., as generally referenced herein. The desired tissue (pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556 ) can be cleaned using a suitable solution (water and/or saline, for example), and fat and/or muscle covering the tissue can be removed, such as with the use of forceps  40 . The removed tissue (pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556 ) can be positioned about a mount  44 , as described and shown herein, and attached to the same using clamps  42  and/or sutures, such as those comprising Nylon 0, used as overcast stiches, with a needle such as a 333/5 needle. The attachment step can be performed outside of a solution or within a solution, such as a fixative solution. One such fixative solution may comprise 0.65% glutaraldehyde solution BLUE. The dissected tissue can then be stored, upon the mount  44 , within an appropriate fixative solution for an appropriate amount of time. For example, and to accomplish initial fixation, the tissue can be fixed in the fixative solution for at or approximately 24 hours, and the solution can be changed (to either the same fresh fixative solution or to another solution) and stored until the tissues are ready to be cut, formed, manipulated, or otherwise used. Keeping the tissue hydrated is important, as should the tissue completely or partially dry out, it would likely irretrievably lose desired mechanical properties. Long term (or relatively long term) storage can be in, for example, 0.65% glutaraldehyde solution BLUE or another solution for an initial period of time, and then changed to a lower concentration solution (such as 0.50% glutaraldehyde solution CELESTE), for example, and stored until needed. 
     Regarding fixation, an exemplary fixative solution of the present disclosure can be prepared, resulting in a buffered glutaraldehyde solution, can be prepared as follows. In at least one example of a fixative solution, and in less than 1 L of DDH 2 O), the following can be added: 1) 2.05 h of NaOH, 2) 9.08 g of PO 4 H 2 K, and 3) 13 mL of 50% glutaraldehyde solution (or 26 mL of 25% glutaraldehyde solution). The desired pH would be at or near 7.4 for this exemplary fixative solution, and if the combined solution is not at 7.4, it can be adjusted using additional NaOH solution. After pH adjustment to the desired pH, the overall volume of the flask can be increased to 1.0 L, resulting in the exemplary fixative solution. Other fixative solutions may be optimal for use in connection with various fixation procedures of the present disclosure. 
     To ultimately fix acquired pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556  tissue, at least one fixation method comprises fixing the pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556  in a fixation solution for at least 24 hours, and optionally at a reduced temperature (such as at or near 23° C.). Other fixation times and temperatures may be used as well. For long-term storage of fixed tissue, storage in 0.5% glutaraldehyde (for example) can protect the fixed tissue. In at least one embodiment, fixation with minimal to no preload is recommended, as preloading may change the mechanical properties of the tissue during and/or after fixation. To maintain preferred tissue fiber orientation, flat or relatively-flat fixation would be recommended. Flat or relatively-flat fixation can be performed, for example, using a tray lied with a silicone elastomer (such as Sylgard), allowing for the tissue to remain flat or relatively flat when pinned down during the fixation process. 
     Regarding fixation, glutaraldehyde is widely used, and can be used in connection with various buffers, such as HEPES and phosphate buffers. In at least one method, glutaraldehyde is used around a neutral and slightly alkaline pH at or about 7.4, noting that other pH values or ranges can be used with various fixation methods. For example, and in at least one additional fixation method, formaldehyde (formalin) may be used, and/or glycerol may be used. In an exemplary fixation method using glycerol, at or about 98% glycerol may be used to fix the tissue. In at least one embodiment of a method of fixing pulmonary ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556  tissue, bovine serum albumin (BSA) can be used to remove cytotoxicity in connection with fixation, such as fixation using glutaraldehyde and/or formaldehyde. Eliminating glutaraldehyde and/or formaldehyde from the storage solution may be beneficial as such compositions are quite cytotoxic, and storage of fixed tissue in non-toxic solutions or using dry tissue technologies can be useful to stored said fixed tissue for various amounts of time. 
     Other fixation methods may include, but are not limited to, various cryo-preservation or dry tissue fixation methods known are developed in the art for tissue fixation. Furthermore, fixation could be performed at various loads or strains, such as in vivo stretch ratios, as determined by the markers (dots placed upon the tissue prior to harvest). For example, and as referenced above and at the time of or prior to harvest, markings could be placed on the lung ligament  30  or visceral pleura  556  tissue (using a marker, for example), and measurements between markings could provide the harvester with information relating to said tissue at a natural (non-stretched state). When placing said harvested tissue upon a frame for fixation, for example, said tissue could be stretched at various degrees of stretch, with either raw distance stretch being known and/or a percentage stretch being known based upon the distance between markings at the natural (non-stretched) and stretched states. 
     With respect to overall pulmonary ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  preparation, preservation of the tissue&#39;s elastin component is important so that the intended uses of the prepared pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  may still be considered. As the overall flexibility of the processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  preparation is important for various uses, efforts to preserve the elastin component may be reflected in the overall preparation methods. Different methods may be used to generate different products  100  of the present disclosure, such as different frames, tissue stretching, fixation duration, and/or a combination of the same. Furthermore, decellularization of the epithelial layer or layers of pulmonary ligament  30 , for example, can be performed while also preserving/keeping the elastin scaffolds. As is known, the biologically occurring pulmonary ligament includes a layer of mesothelial cells (a specialized type of epithelial cells) on each side of the ligament. In addition, storage can be had using saline and/or an additional preservative, so that the product  100  is safe to use when needed. 
     Pulmonary ligaments  30  and/or visceral pleura  556 , for potential use in connection with the present disclosure, can be harvested from any number of mammalian species and used in the same or other species. For example, pulmonary ligaments  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  can be harvested from pigs, horses, cows, goats, sheep, etc., and used to treat the same species or different species, including humans. Further, pulmonary ligaments  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  could be harvested from one human and used to treat another human. For long or short term storage, for example, pulmonary ligaments  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  (and/or processed ligament  50 , processed visceral pleura  60 , and/or products  100  of the present disclosure) may be preserved by freezing in liquid nitrogen (−198° C. in at least one example). So to ensure that fixed tissue thickness, stiffness, strength, and/or micro-structure do not change (or substantially change) over time, various short- and/or long-term storage mechanisms may be used. 
     In at least one embodiment of a method of preparing fixed/processed lung ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  tissue of the present disclosure, the method includes the steps of obtaining a heart/lung block (such as from a slaughterhouse), placing the heart/lung block in cold saline (or another suitable solution at various temperatures) for transport as needed, isolating the lung ligament  30  and/or visceral pleura  556  tissue, and fixing the same as referenced herein. Such a method may be performed while taking precautions/steps to avoid tissue, perforations, fenestrations, and/or blood vessels or infiltrations therein. 
     In at least one embodiment of a product of the present disclosure, the product is not treated with a fixative. Instead, the product, in at least one embodiment, is harvested from a mammal and used in connection with one or more procedures or as one or more products reference herein without the use of a fixative. In certain aspects, such non-fixed pulmonary ligament products can be acellular, e.g., after treatment with one or more decellularization agents, and/or sterile. 
     In additional embodiments, provided are medical articles (exemplary products  100 ), such as kits  525 , shown in block diagram form in  FIG. 5E , that may include processed pulmonary ligament  50 , processed visceral pleura  60  tissue, and/or a product  100 , sterilely enclosed within packaging  530 . A sterile condition of pulmonary ligament  50 , processed visceral pleura  60  tissue, and/or a product  100  within the packaging  525  may be achieved, for example, by terminal sterilization using irradiation, ethylene oxide gas, or any other suitable sterilization technique, and the materials and other properties of the medical packaging can be selected accordingly. 
     Uses of a processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60 , as referenced above, include, but are not limited to, the following applications: 
     a. As a cover for various stents, such for as coronary stents, peripheral stents (porto cava shunts), aortic stents, neurological stents, esophageal stents, biliary tract stents, and the like. 
     b. As various types of biological tissue valves, including, but not limited to, venous and/or arterial valves, which may have various leaflet configurations, such as monocusp, bileaflet, trileaflet, and others. 
     c. As a cover for saphenous vein bypasses, thus avoiding vein over-distension. 
     d. As a patch, in various cardiac and other surgical procedures, such as ventricular reconstruction, an arterial patch, a venous patch (such as a carotid endarterectomy), or to repair other holes. 
     e. As a placement around the ascending aorta after surgery to avoid aortic aneurysm formation in hypertensive patients. 
     f. As a membrane in cardiac, thoracic, or general surgery to avoid adhesion in reoperations (valvular, transplants, left ventricular assist device (LVAD), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), pediatric surgery, or general surgery). 
     g. As a cover for LVAD diaphragms or a total artificial heart diaphragm. 
     h. As a cover for the synthetic net in hernia repair and abdominal dehiscense. 
     i. As a biologic skin substitute in burn patients avoiding infection and loss of proteins, water. 
     j. As a cover for organs such as the heart (to limit dilation of the left ventricle, for example), stomach, urinary bladder, and to avoid overdistension and/or to prevent adhesion especially in laparoscopic procedures of diabetic patients. 
     k. As a reinforcement of a suture line, such as with ventricular aneurysm repair, bariatric surgery, and fistulae repair for intestines, bronchus, and esophagus. 
     l. As a structure for biological composite tubes, such as stented or stentless valves for inclusion within a biological tube, which can be used, for example, in ascending aortic aneurysm (AAA) replacement or pulmonary artery replacement. 
     m. In orthopedic surgery, such as with tendon replacement (having advantages in resistance and elasticity), total or partial replacement of the articular capsulae during surgery of the hip, elbow, knee, and/or the like, and/or as a cover for various orthopedic prosthetic devices. 
     n. As a cover for neurosurgical applications, such as a cover of part of the brain surface during tumor resection or resection of the skull. 
     o. In urologic surgery, such as in connection with reconstruction of a partial or total urinary bladder and/or urethral resection. 
     p. In gynecological surgery, such as in connection with vaginal reconstruction after tumor resection or other trauma, with reconstruction of perineal muscles to fix the urinary bladder, or with uterus prolapse. 
     q. In head &amp; neck surgery, such as in connection with reconstructive surgery, replacement of muscles (requiring elasticity and resistance), and as a cover for a maxillary prosthesis. 
     r. In connection with other trauma, such as treating vehicular accident victims by covering complex wounds until surgical repair, which may be complex, can take place. 
     In view of the various uses of processed pulmonary ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  to create various products  100  of the present disclosure, said ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  may be used to produce products  100  configured as stents and/or stent valves  400  as follows.  FIGS. 6A and 6B  show closed and opened stent valve frames, respectively, for use with various products  100  of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , an exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure comprises a frame  600 , with said frames  600 , in various embodiments, comprising at least one superior arm  602  and at least one inferior arm  604 . Arms  602 ,  604 , as shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , may be positioned at or near a relative end of frame  600 , and may be parallel or substantially parallel to one another. Frames  600 , as shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , further comprise a connection portion  606 , and optionally one or more vertical bars  608  extending along an elongate axis (A-A′ as shown therein) to provide additional overall stability. As shown in  FIG. 6B , an exemplary frame  600  comprises three vertical bars  608  extending along axis A-A′ along a portion of a length of frame  600  from a first end  610  to a second end  612 . 
     At or near the relative second end  612  of frame  600 , one or more lower arms  614  may be present, which may, as shown in  FIG. 6B , connect to one or more vertical bars  608  and/or one or more elements of connection portion  606 . A combination of vertical bars  608 , as referenced in further detail below, may comprise a connection portion  606 . Frames  600 , or portions thereof, may comprise a number of biologically-compatible materials including, but not limited to, nitinol, chromium, cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, a nickel composite (such as, for example, nickel-cadmium and/or nickel-chromium), nitinol palladium, palladium, cobalt, platinum, and/or stainless steel. 
     Connection portion  606  is shown in  FIG. 6B  as being an element of an exemplary frame  600  coupling to one or more of superior arm(s)  602 , inferior arm(s)  604 , vertical bar(s)  608 , and lower arm(s)  614 . In at least one embodiment, and as shown in  FIG. 6B , connection portion  606  comprises a plurality of connection bars  616 , which are used to connect one or more processed ligaments  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 , or one or more other bodily tissues having the necessary stretchability and durability properties necessary to be useful in connection with one or more products  100  of the present disclosure, to frame  600  as referenced in further detail herein. As referenced herein, a “tissue” may be referred to as a ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 , and ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 , in at least one embodiment, may comprise another non-ligament tissue having the necessary properties noted above. 
     As noted above, a plurality of vertical bars  608  may also comprise a connection portion  606  of the present disclosure. Therefore, and depending on how portions of frame  600  are viewed, the exemplary frame shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B  may comprise one connection portion  606  and a plurality of vertical bars  606 , or they may comprise two connection portions  606 , with one connection portion  606  comprising connection bars  616  and the other connection portion  606  comprising vertical bars  608 . In addition, and as shown in  FIG. 6B , various frames  600  of the present disclosure may comprise one or more barbs  618  positioned along various portions of frames  600  (such as vertical bars  608 , connection bars  616 , and/or other components) to facilitate securing a product  100  within a mammalian luminal organ (to prevent migration), and/or to facilitate securing the tissue (such as ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 ) to frame  600 . 
       FIG. 7A  shows an exemplary processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure molded for use with or as a bileaflet valve  400 . As shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B , frame  600  is configured as two leaves with one connection portion  606 . As referenced further herein, other frame  600  embodiments, such as being configured as a trileaflet valve  400  and as potentially a valve  400  with even more leaflets, may be produced consistent with the present disclosure. The processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 , as shown in  FIG. 7A , is shaped substantially similar to an outer perimeter of frame  600  shown in  FIGS. 6A and 6B . The shape shown in  FIG. 7A  represents processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  configured so to create symmetrical valve leaflets upon placement of processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  upon frame  600 . 
       FIG. 7B  shows a cross-section of a portion of an exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure, whereby individual connection bars  616  of an exemplary frame  600  are shown with a portion of a processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  positioned therebetween. This view may be considered as an upper or lower cross-sectional view, and demonstrates an exemplary method of positioning a portion of processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  within said connection bars  616  to secure the processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  at that particular location within device  100 . 
       FIG. 8A  shows another cross-section of a portion of an exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure, whereby a superior arm  602  and an inferior arm  604  of an exemplary frame  600  are shown with a portion of a processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  positioned therebetween. This view shows an exemplary method of positioning a portion of processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  within said arms  602 ,  604  to secure the processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  at that particular location within device  100 . One or more sutures  800 , as shown in  FIG. 8A , may be used to connect two portions of processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  to one another to prevent movement of the same. For example, and as shown therein, an end portion of processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  may be positioned upon or adjacent to inferior arm  604 , and wrapped counter-clockwise (as shown in  FIG. 8A ) around inferior arm  604 . When the wrapped portion of processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  is positioned near the end portion, it may continue being wrapped around frame  600  by way of wrapping clockwise (as shown in  FIG. 8A ) around superior arm  602 , and the processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  may be sutured to itself as shown in the figure. 
     An exemplary embodiment of a product  100  of the present disclosure comprising a frame  600  and processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  attached thereto is shown in  FIG. 8B . Product  100  is shown in a closed configuration in  FIG. 8B , whereby processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  is sutured to itself and/or to portions of frame  600  at multiple locations to hold the processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  in place. As shown in  FIG. 8B , product  100  is configured as a bileaflet valve  400 , which may be used, for example, as a venous valve or another type of valve. Leaflets  802  and  804  are identified in  FIG. 8B . In various embodiments referenced herein, processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  is sutured to frame  600 , but sutures  800  are outside of the bloodstream (are not in contact with blood flow) when frame  600  with processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  thereon (an exemplary product  100 ) is positioned within a mammalian luminal organ having blood flowing therethrough. 
     A completed product  100  (such as shown in  FIG. 8B  and in  FIG. 10B  described below) may be configured as a stent or stent valve  400 . Configurations as a stent valve  400  would utilize leaflets  802  and  804  to control the flow of fluid through a lumen  806  defined within product  100 . The direction of fluid flow of such an embodiment would be such that fluid would enter inlet portion  808  of product  100  and exit from outlet portion  810  of product  100 , as shown in  FIG. 8B . In such a configuration, product  100  could be positioned within a mammalian luminal organ, and fluid flow through said organ could continue through lumen  806  of product  100 . 
       FIGS. 9A and 9B  show additional exemplary closed and opened stent valve frames, respectively, for use with various products  100  of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , an exemplary product  100  of the present disclosure comprises a frame  600  configured for ultimate use as a trileaflet valve  400 , with said frames  600 , in various embodiments, comprising at least one superior arm  602  and at least one inferior arm  604 . Arms  602 ,  604 , as shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , may be positioned at or near a relative end of frame  600 . Frames  600 , as shown in  FIGS. 9A and 6B , further comprise two or more connection portions  606  (as referenced in further detail below), and optionally one or more vertical bars  608  extending along an elongate axis to provide additional overall stability. As shown in  FIG. 9B , such an exemplary frame comprises three vertical bars  608  extending along a portion of a length of frame  600  from a first end  610  to a second end  612 . At or near the relative second end  612  of frame  600 , one or more lower arms  614  may be present, which may, as shown in  FIG. 6B , connect to one or more vertical bars  608  and/or one or more elements of connection portion  606 . A combination of vertical bars  608 , as referenced herein, may comprise a connection portion  606 . 
     Depending on how portions of frame  600  are viewed, the exemplary frame  600  shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  may comprise two connection portions  606  and a plurality of vertical bars  608 , or they may comprise three connection portions  606 , with two connection portions  606  comprising connection bars  616  and the other connection portion  606  comprising vertical bars  608 .  FIG. 9A  shows frame  600  as having three connection portions  606 , while the same frame  600 , shown in  FIG. 9B , shows two connection portions  606  and a plurality of vertical bars  608 . The frames shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  are identical, however, with one being shown in a closed configuration ( FIG. 9A ) and the other being shown in a closed configuration ( FIG. 9B ). 
     Connection portions  606  are shown in  FIG. 9B , for example, as being elements of an exemplary frame  600  coupling to one or more of superior arm(s)  602 , inferior arm(s)  604 , vertical bar(s)  608 , and lower arm(s)  614 . In at least one embodiment, and as shown in  FIG. 9B , connection portions  606  comprise a plurality of connection bars  616 , which are used to connect one or more processed ligaments  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  to frame  600  as referenced herein with respect to other frame  600  and/or product  100  embodiments. 
       FIG. 10A  shows an exemplary processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure molded for use with as a trileaflet valve  400 . As shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B , frame  600  is configured as three leaves with two or three connection portions  606 , depending on how the frame  600  is viewed. The processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 , as shown in  FIG. 10A , is shaped substantially similar to an outer perimeter of frame  600  shown in  FIG. 9A  and  9 B. The shape shown in  FIG. 7A  represents processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  configured so to create symmetrical valve leaflets upon placement of processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  upon frame  600 . 
     An exemplary embodiment of a product  100  of the present disclosure comprising a frame  600  as shown in  FIGS. 9A and 9B  and a processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  attached thereto is shown in  FIG. 10B . Product  100  is shown in a closed configuration in  FIG. 10B , whereby processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  is sutured to itself and/or to portions of frame  600  at multiple locations to hold the processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  in place. As shown in  FIG. 10B , product  100  is configured as a trileaflet valve  400 , which may be used, for example, as a venous valve or another type of valve. Leaflets  802 ,  804 , and  1000  are identified in  FIG. 10B . 
     Various products  100  of the present disclosure configured as valves  400 , including products  100  shown in  FIGS. 8B and 10B  for example, and/or other valve  400  products of the present disclosure used with or without various frames, can have the processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  positioned in specific configuration(s) to improve overall operation, effectiveness, and/or size of said products  100 . Visceral pleura  556 , and therefore processed visceral pleura  60 , has one side with mesothelium (also referred to herein as a relatively smooth “mesothelial side”), and has an opposite side without mesothelium (also referred to herein as a relatively rough “non-mesothelial side”). As shown in  FIG. 5F , the mesothelial side  860  of visceral pleura  556  is on a relative outside of the lung  34 , while the non-mesothelial side  862  of visceral pleura  556  is on the relative inside of the lung  34 . 
     For example, and in connection with various products  100  of the present disclosure using processed visceral pleura  60  as one or more valve  400  leaflets  802 ,  804 , or  1000 , processed visceral pleura  60  can be positioned in a way/configuration so that the side of processed visceral pleura  60  having mesothelium would be on the relative back of the valve  400  leaflet(s)  802 ,  804 , and/or  1000 , and so that the side of processed visceral pleura  60  without mesothelium would be on the relative front of the valve  400  leaflet(s)  802 ,  804 , and/or  1000 . In such a configuration, the mesothelial side  860  of processed visceral pleura  60  is on the back of leaflet(s)  802 ,  804 , and/or  1000 , where blood flow reversal exists as the valve  400  closes. The relatively smooth mesothelial side  860  would be in contact with blood flows more slowly, where shear stresses may be lower and reversing. As such, the rougher non-mesothelial  862  side of processed visceral pleura  60  would then be on the front of leaflet(s)  802 ,  804 , and/or  1000 , in contact with fast moving blood, because there is less of a risk of thrombosis as compared with the slower moving blood or shear stress. 
     Such a valve  400  (exemplary product  100 ) embodiment is shown in  FIG. 10C  positioned within a luminal organ  850 , where valve leaflets  802 ,  804  (or more, less, or different leaflets, depending on valve  400  configuration) are shown therein. As shown therein, valve  400  is in contact with the wall(s)  852  of luminal organ  850 , positioned within a lumen  854  defined therethrough. A mesothelial side  860  of processed visceral pleura  60  is on a relative back of leaflets  802 ,  804 , and a non-mesothelial side  862  of processed visceral pleura  60  is on a relative front of leaflets  802 ,  804 , as described above. Such a device embodiment  100  is one such embodiment referenced herein where processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  is oriented in a specific direction. In at least another embodiment, for example, mesothelial side  860  of processed visceral pleura  60  would be on a relative front of leaflets  802 ,  804 , and a non-mesothelial side  862  of processed visceral pleura  60  would be on a relative back of leaflets  802 ,  804 . 
     Exemplary products  100  of the present disclosure may be prepared as follows. In at least one method for preparing a product of the present disclosure, the method  1100 , as shown by the method steps in  FIG. 11 , comprises the steps of preparing a bodily tissue (such as a processed ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60  or another bodily tissue having the necessary stretchability and durability properties necessary to be useful in connection with one or more products  100  of the present disclosure) (an exemplary tissue preparation step  1102 , which may be optional, as the tissue may have been previously prepared and subsequently used in connection with method  1100 ), and shaping the bodily tissue (an exemplary tissue shaping step  1104 ) so that the tissue will fit around portions of an exemplary frame  600 . In at least one embodiment, tissue preparation step comprises preparing a portion of tissue (such as pulmonary ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 ) by way of excising the tissue from a mammalian body, removing any undesirable portions of tissue (such as those with holes or vessels therein), placing the tissue on a frame (to maintain a desired shape and/or amount of stretch), and fixing the tissue using glutaraldehyde and buffer, for example. Tissue shaping step  1104 , in at least one embodiment, comprises stretching the tissue (such as lung ligament  50 , visceral pleura  60 , lung viscera, and/or another tissue) and cutting the tissue using a flat mold, for example. 
     In various embodiments, method  1100  further comprises the step of positioning the tissue around a mount (such as a cylindrical or conical mount, which may be made of acrylic or another suitable material) (an exemplary mounting step  1106 ), and positioning at least part of an exemplary frame  600  around the tissue positioned upon the mount (an exemplary frame positioning step  1108 ). Tissue may then be passed around various bars of frame  600  (such as connection bars  616  of connection portion  606  or other components of frame  600 ), such as shown in  FIG. 7B  (an exemplary tissue connection step  1110 ), and various sutures  800  may be used to suture portions of tissue together to form the overall relatively cylindrical shape (an exemplary suturing step  1112 ). Tissue connection step  1110  may be repeated, such as by allowing the inflow portion of the tissue cylinder to pass through the superior and inferior parallel arms (arms  602 ,  604 ) to cover arms  602 ,  604 , as shown in  FIG. 8A , for example. Additional sutures may then be used, by way of repeating suturing step  1112 , so that the border of the tissue is sutured with, for example, a continuing suture line facilitated by using a polypropylene 7-0 or 8-0 needle, for example, or another type/size of needle, to result in a product  100  as shown in  FIG. 8B, 10B , or in other product  100  embodiments. 
     After product  100  is prepared, it can be delivered into a mammalian luminal organ in a number of ways. One method of delivery involves gently crimping or compressing product  100  so that its overall cross-section decreases, to facilitate delivery into the luminal organ. This delivery may be facilitated using a catheter or a wire, for example. If delivered by catheter, and it at least one embodiment (such as with a nickel-cadmium product  100  of the present disclosure), a balloon catheter may be used, with product  100  positioned at the balloon. Inflation of the balloon, using a gas or a liquid, for example, can cause the balloon to expand and thus cause product  100  to expand and be positioned within the luminal organ. Deflation of the balloon can then facilitate removal of the catheter. Furthermore, products  100  of the present disclosure may be autoexpandable, such as those comprising nitinol, whereby delivery using a balloon catheter may not be necessary. Delivery of products  100  of the present disclosure is not limited to the aforementioned delivery methods, as other methods of delivering implantable devices into a mammalian luminal organ may be used to deliver products  100 . 
     The present disclosure also includes disclosure of uses of various processed ligaments  50 , processed visceral pleura  60 , and/or products  100  in connection with various Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation (TAVI) and other percutaneous approaches. TAVI involves the placement of an aortic valve within a patient using a catheter to avoid a traditional open surgical procedure and to minimize general stresses to the patient during the procedure. This procedure is used when a patient&#39;s aortic valve fails to operate as desired, and can effectively prolong the patient&#39;s life without requiring additional surgical and non-surgical procedures, including but not limited to heart transplant. Certain patients may not be suitable for surgery, such as those with such a severe aortic stenosis that would preclude an open surgical procedure, allowing TAVI to be considered. Processed ligaments  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure can be used with current or potentially developed aortic valve frames/housings, or products  100  of the present disclosure comprising one or more frames  600 , can be used as aortic or other valves as referenced herein. Furthermore, various processed ligaments  50 , processed visceral pleura  60 , and/or products  100  can be delivered percutaneously or surgically, using various catheters or wires or other surgical tools for example, avoiding more invasive surgical procedures. 
     As processed lung ligaments  50  and processed visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure are thinner than pericardium, which is currently used in TAVI or used with any number of valve procedures to replace and/or insert various aortic, mitral, pulmonary, tricuspid, and/or other percutaneous valves, the overall dimensions of the final delivery system, whether it be a product  100  of the present disclosure or processed ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure coupled with another type of frame or housing, can be significantly reduced by using processed ligaments  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  instead of pericardium. The bulk of a traditional TAVI product is not the stent frame itself, but the pericardial tissue, and using processed ligament  50  and/or processed visceral pleura  60  of the present disclosure instead of pericardial tissue would notably and beneficially decrease the overall bulk of said product  100 . Having a product  100  configured smaller than a traditional TAVI product, for example, would not only allow for more potential manipulation of said product  100  in connection with delivery, expansion, and/or placement as compared to traditional products, but also would allow for smaller delivery devices (catheters, for example) to be used, therefore decreasing the potential aperture/opening made into a femoral or iliac artery, for example, during product  100  delivery. For example, reducing a catheter from 18 French to 12 French, or from 12 French to 8 French, would permit a smaller delivery aperture/opening to be used. This would also reduce or eliminate the need for a potential closure device, reduce patient bleeding, reduce overall patient trauma, and/or simplify delivery, placement, and/or expansion of relatively smaller products  100 . 
     There are various advantages to using products  100  of the present disclosure as valves and/or as other medical implantable devices. For example, and with various embodiments described herein, products  100  are configured to avoid suture of commissure and thus spread out the stress, and there is may be no sutures  800  that come in contact with blood. Frames  600  may have a less metallic stent design, and may also comprise a completed inflow metal stent tissue cover. With respect to the different product  100  borders, various products  100  of the present disclosure have no suture line at the inflow border, and no tissue (such as processed lung ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 ) fixation at the stent border. The double parallel (or relatively/substantially parallel) arms (superior arm(s)  602  and inferior arm(s)  604 )) are configured so that a tissue (such as ligament  50  and/or visceral pleura  60 ) can be passed around them. Furthermore, and in at least one product  100  embodiment, the suture line is not submitted to the inflow stress and blood flow, and the suture knot is not in contact with the inflow blood. 
     Other advantages of products  100  of the present disclosure also exist. For example, and when preparing said products  100 , the commissure are obtained by passing the tissue around the various vertical arms with the advantage of no suture and diffuse tissue stress along the vertical length of the bars. The various frame  600  designs and their tissue covers have the advantage of very little contact of any metallic frame material with the blood flow. The valves themselves have excellent leaflet coaptation, good valve sinus formation, and no blood stagnation areas when developed/configured as described herein and used within a mammalian blood vessel. Furthermore, the inflow stent area covered with tissue is in broad contact with the venous wall with the advantage of tissue-tissue contact when positioned within a mammalian vein. 
     While various embodiments of biological tissue products and methods of using and generating the same have been described in considerable detail herein, the embodiments are merely offered as non-limiting examples of the disclosure described herein. It will therefore be understood that various changes and modifications may be made, and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting with respect to the content thereof. 
     Further, in describing representative embodiments, the present disclosure may have presented a method and/or a process as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth therein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described, as other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps disclosed herein should not be construed as limitations of the present disclosure. In addition, disclosure directed to a method and/or process should not be limited to the performance of their steps in the order written. Such sequences may be varied and still remain within the scope of the present disclosure.