Patent Publication Number: US-2020303765-A1

Title: Secondary battery, battery pack, and vehicle

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-049745, filed Mar. 18, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     FIELD 
     Embodiments of the present invention relate to a secondary battery, a battery pack, and a vehicle. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Nonaqueous electrolyte batteries using lithium metal, a lithium alloy, a lithium compound, or a carbonaceous material as their negative electrodes are expected to be high energy density batteries, and research and development thereon are actively promoted. A lithium-ion battery which includes: a positive electrode including LiCoO 2 , LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , or LiMn 2 O 4  as an active material; and a negative electrode including a carbonaceous material which allows lithium ions to be inserted in and to be extracted from has been widely put to practical use for portable devices so far. 
     On the other hand, on installing the battery in a vehicle such as an automobile or a car of a train, materials excellent in chemical and electrochemical stabilities, strength, and corrosion resistance are required for materials of the positive electrode and the negative electrode in terms of storage performance under a high temperature environment (60° C. or higher), cycle performance, high output, long-term reliability, and the like. Further, the battery is required to have high performance even in cold districts, and improvements in high output performance and lifetime performance under a low temperature environment (−30° C.) are required. In addition, as for a nonaqueous electrolyte used for the battery, while development of solid electrolytes and non-volatile, non-flammable electrolytic solutions is promoted in terms of improving safety performance, these electrolytes involve decreases in output performance, performance at a low temperature, and lifetime performance and therefore have not been practically used yet. 
     Accordingly, in order to install a nonaqueous electrolyte battery such as a lithium-ion battery as a replacement of a lead storage battery in a vehicle (for example, an engine room of an automobile) or the like, there is a problem with high-temperature durability and output performance at a low temperature. 
     While studies are made on such a secondary battery to achieve both performance at a low temperature and lifetime performance at a high temperature by improving its nonaqueous electrolyte, it is difficult to achieve both performance at a low temperature and lifetime performance at a high temperature because the nonaqueous electrolyte, which has a high ion conductivity at a low temperature, is likely to react with the positive electrode at a high temperature and lifetime performance is considerably reduced accordingly. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a partially cutaway cross-sectional view of a secondary battery of an embodiment; 
         FIG. 2  is a side view of the battery of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view cutting the secondary battery of the embodiment in a direction perpendicular to an extending direction of a terminal; 
         FIG. 4  is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the part A of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the secondary battery according to the embodiment; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view showing an example of a battery module including the secondary battery of the embodiment; 
         FIG. 7  is an exploded perspective view of a battery pack of the embodiment; 
         FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing an electric circuit of the battery pack of  FIG. 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic drawing showing an example of a vehicle equipped with the secondary battery of the embodiment; 
         FIG. 10  is a view schematically showing another example of a vehicle according to the embodiment; and 
         FIG. 11  is a scanning electron microscope picture showing a cross-section near a surface of the positive electrode of Example 26. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     First Embodiment 
     According to one embodiment, provided is a secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode capable of allowing lithium ions to be inserted and to be extracted, and an inorganic solid-containing layer. The inorganic solid-containing layer is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. In addition, the inorganic solid-containing layer contains a mixed solvent, a lithium salt dissolved in the mixed solvent, and inorganic solid particles. The mixed solvent includes a fluorinated carbonate and a fluorinated ether. 
     According to another embodiment, provided is a battery pack including the secondary battery according to the embodiment. 
     According to still another embodiment, provided is a vehicle including the battery pack according to the embodiment. 
     The mixed solvent that includes a fluorinated carbonate and a fluorinated ether is resistant to oxidative decomposition even being exposed to a high temperature and a high potential and is excellent in oxidation resistance. In addition, this mixed solvent is non-flammable and therefore excellent in safety. Further, a nonaqueous electrolyte including a lithium salt that is dissolved in this mixed solvent has a low viscosity and therefore easily permeates gaps between the inorganic solid particles in the inorganic solid-containing layer to allow the contact area with the inorganic solid particles to enlarge. As a result, the ion conductivity of the inorganic solid-containing layer increases. 
     Accordingly, the secondary battery of the embodiment can suppress oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte upon exposure to a high temperature and a high potential to reduce an amount of gas to be generated, and therefore the secondary battery of the embodiment is excellent in cycle life performance and high-temperature durability performance. In addition, since a decrease in lithium ion mobility in the secondary battery under a low-temperature environment is suppressed, performance at a low temperature can be improved. Therefore, a secondary battery excellent in performance at a low temperature, cycle life performance, and high-temperature durability performance can be achieved. In addition, since oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte is suppressed, gas generation is reduced even when a high potential positive electrode is used, and practical use of a high-voltage secondary battery including a high potential positive electrode becomes possible. 
     Since non-flammability of the nonaqueous electrolyte is further enhanced by using a salt including a fluorine atom as the lithium salt, safety of the secondary battery can be further enhanced. 
     A weight ratio between the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether is desirably within the range of 1:1 to 9:1. By virtue of the above range, the oxidation resistance and ion conductivity of the nonaqueous electrolyte can be improved. In addition, the viscosity of the nonaqueous electrolyte becomes appropriate, and the wettability of the nonaqueous electrolyte with respect to the inorganic solid particles can be made good. Accordingly, the performance at a low temperature, cycle life performance, and high-temperature durability performance of the secondary battery can be further improved. 
     The examples of fluorinated carbonate desirably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC), trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (FEMC), trifluorodiethyl carbonate (FDEC), and trifluorodimethyl carbonate (FDMC). Consequently, the performance at a low temperature, cycle life performance, and high-temperature durability performance of the secondary battery can be further improved. In addition, a compound having a small molecular weight such as FEC is likely to cause solvation with lithium ions and therefore preferable, for example. 
     The examples of fluorinated ether desirably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (TFTrEE), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TFTFPE), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTrFEE), bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) ether (BTFEE), and ethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (TFEE). Consequently, the performance at a low temperature, cycle life performance, and high-temperature durability performance of the secondary battery can be further improved. In addition, a compound having a small molecular weight is likely to cause solvation with lithium ions and therefore preferable. 
     The inorganic solid particles desirably include a lithium phosphate compound with a nasicon-type structure represented by Li 1+x M 2 (PO 4 ) 3  (M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ge, Zr, Al, and Ca, 0≤x≤0.5). This lithium phosphate compound is stable in the air. Therefore, the inorganic solid-containing layer including the inorganic solid particles is excellent in stability with respect to the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Accordingly, the cycle life performance can be improved. 
     The negative electrode desirably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a lithium titanium-containing oxide, a titanium-containing oxide, and a titanium niobium-containing oxide. Reductive decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte is considerably suppressed by using the negative electrode active material, and the cycle life performance of the secondary battery can be improved. 
     The positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the inorganic solid-containing layer will be described below. 
     (Positive Electrode) 
     This positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material-containing layer which is held on one surface or both surfaces, on at least one primary surface out of two primary surfaces of the current collector and which includes an active material, a conductive agent, and a binder. 
     A positive electrode having a high electrochemical stability with respect to the inorganic solid-containing layer and having a small interface resistance is desirably used as the positive electrode. 
     Examples of the positive electrode active material include a lithium manganese composite oxide, a lithium cobalt composite oxide, a lithium nickel composite oxide, a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide, a lithium cobalt aluminum composite oxide, a lithium nickel aluminum composite oxide, a lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide, a lithium manganese nickel composite oxide with a spinel structure, a lithium manganese cobalt composite oxide, a lithium-containing phosphate compound with an olivine structure, fluorinated iron sulfate, and Li x Fe 1−a Mn a SO 4 F (0&lt;x≤1, 0≤a&lt;1) having a tavorite structure, and the like. One kind or two or more kinds of the positive electrode active material can be used. 
     Li x Mn 2 O 4  (0&lt;x≤1), Li x MnO 2  (0&lt;x≤1), and the like are exemplified as the lithium manganese composite oxide, for example. 
     Li x CoO 2  (0&lt;x≤1) and the like are exemplified as the lithium cobalt composite oxide, for example. 
     Li x Ni 1−y Al y O 2  (0&lt;x≤1, 0&lt;y≤1) and the like are exemplified as the lithium nickel aluminum composite oxide, for example. 
     Li x Ni 1−y−z Co y Mn z O 2  (0&lt;x≤1, 0&lt;y≤1, 0≤z≤1, 0&lt;1-y-z&lt;1) and the like are exemplified as the lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide, for example. 
     Li x Mn y Co 1−y O 2  (0&lt;x≤1, 0&lt;y&lt;1) and the like are exemplified as the lithium manganese cobalt composite oxide, for example. 
     Li x Mn 2−y Ni y O 4  (0&lt;x≤1, 0&lt;y&lt;2) and the like are exemplified as the lithium manganese nickel composite oxide with a spinel structure, for example. 
     Li x FePO 4  (0&lt;x≤1), Li x Fe 1−y Mn y PO 4  (0&lt;x≤1, 0≤y≤1), Li x CoPO 4  (0&lt;x≤1), Li x MPO 4  (0&lt;x≤1), and the like are exemplified as the lithium-containing phosphate compound with an olivine structure, for example. 
     Li x FeSO 4 F (0&lt;x≤1) and the like are exemplified as the fluorinated iron sulfate, for example. 
     Li x Ni 1−y−z Co y Mn z O 2  (0&lt;x≤1.1, 0&lt;y≤0.5, 0&lt;z≤0.5, 0&lt;1-y-z&lt;1) and the like are exemplified as the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide, for example. 
     According to the above positive electrode active material, a high positive electrode voltage can be obtained. 
     The lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide (for example, Li x Ni 1−y−z Co y Mn z O 2 ) is preferable as a positive electrode active material with a high capacity. The lithium manganese nickel composite oxide with a spinel structure (for example, Li x Mn 2−y Ni y O 4 ) and the lithium cobalt phosphate with an olivine structure (Li x CoPO 4 ) are preferable as a positive electrode active material with a high voltage. The deterioration of the high-capacity or high-voltage positive electrode active material and the oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte can be suppressed by using the inorganic solid-containing layer according to the embodiment, and the cycle life performance and high-temperature stability of the secondary battery can be enhanced. Further, since the nonaqueous electrolyte and the inorganic solid particles in the electrolyte are stable even when the positive electrode decomposes due to over-charge and oxygen is extracted therefrom, exothermic reaction associated with oxidation reaction is considerably suppressed to suppress thermal runaway reaction. 
     Preferable examples of the positive electrode active material include a lithium-containing metal compound represented by Li x M y O 2 , Li x M 2y O 4 , Li x M y SO 4 F, or Li x M y PO 4  (M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Ni, Co, and Fe, 0&lt;x≤1.1, 0.8≤y≤1.1). Li x Mn 2 O 4 , Li x MnO 2 , a lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide (for example, Li x Ni 1−a Co a O 2 ), a lithium cobalt composite oxide (for example, Li x CoO 2 ), a lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide (for example, Li x Ni 1−a−b Mn a Co b O 2 ) a lithium manganese cobalt composite oxide (for example, Li x Mn 1−a Co a O 2 ), a spinel-type lithium manganese nickel composite oxide (Li x Mn 2−a Ni a O 4 ), Li x Fe 1−a Mn a SO 4 F having a tavorite structure, a lithium phosphate having an olivine structure (Li x FePO 4 , Li x Fe 1−a Mn a PO 4 , Li x CoPO 4 , and the like) (0≤a≤1, 0≤b≤1) are exemplified as more preferable examples of the positive electrode active material. 
     In addition, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Ti, Nb, Sn, Zr, Ba, B, and C (hereinafter, referred to as a first element) may be present on at least a part of the surfaces of the positive electrode active material particles. Such a positive electrode active material can suppress the oxidative decomposition reaction of the nonaqueous electrolyte under a high-temperature environment and therefore can suppress an increase in resistance. Consequently, the cycle life performance at a high temperature of the secondary battery can be considerably improved. 
     It is preferable that the first element adheres in a form of metal oxide particles and/or phosphate particles having a particle size of 0.001 to 1 μm, or the first element coats at least a part of the surfaces of the positive electrode active material particles as a metal oxide layer or a phosphate layer. Alternatively, the first element may form solid solution in a surface layer of the positive electrode active material particles. Examples of the metal oxide include MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SnO, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , BaO, B 2 O 3 , and the like. Examples of the phosphate include AlPO 4 , Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , Sn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , and the like. In addition, when C is used as the first element, it is preferable that carbon particles having an average particle size of 1 μm or less adhere to the surface of the active material. The amount of the metal oxide, the phosphate, or the carbon particles as the first element is preferably 0.001 to 3% by weight of the positive electrode active material. When the amount exceeds this range, resistance at the interface between the positive electrode and the inorganic solid-containing layer may increase to deteriorate output performance. In addition, when the amount is less than this range, the reactivity between the positive electrode active material and the inorganic solid-containing layer may increase under a high-temperature environment to deteriorate cycle life performance. 
     The positive electrode active material particles may be in a form of primary particles or may be secondary particles in which primary particles aggregate. In addition, primary particles and secondary particles may coexist. 
     The average primary particle size of the positive electrode active material particles may be 0.05 μm or more and 5 μm or less, and a more preferable range is 0.05 μm or more and 3 μm or less. In addition, the average secondary particle size of the positive electrode active material particles may be 3 μm or more and 20 μm or less. 
     The conductive agent may enhance electron conductivity and reduce contact resistance with the current collector. Acetylene black, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, and the like can be exemplified as the conductive agent, for example. 
     The binder may bind the active material and the conductive agent. Polymer such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), fluoro rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and acrylic material are exemplified as the binder, for example. The binder can impart flexibility to the active material-containing layer including polymer fibers. PVdF and styrene-butadiene rubber are excellent in the effect of enhancing flexibility. 
     The blending ratios of the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder are preferably in the following range: 80 to 95% by weight for the positive electrode active material, 3 to 19% by weight for the conductive agent, and 1 to 7% by weight for the binder. 
     The positive electrode may include inorganic solid particles. Consequently, ion conductivity of the positive electrode becomes good, and resistance between the positive electrode and the inorganic solid-containing layer is also reduced. Specific examples of the inorganic solid particles will be described later. The content of the inorganic solid particles in the positive electrode active material-containing layer is desirably 10% by weight or less in order to increase weight energy density. A more preferable range is 1% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less. In addition, it is preferable that at least one selected from Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , an oxide-based inorganic solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, and the like is included in pores in the positive electrode in an amount of 1% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less as the inorganic solid particles. Consequently, discharge characteristics can be improved by reducing resistance at a low temperature. 
     The positive electrode is produced by suspending the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder in an appropriate solvent and applying this suspension to aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil followed by drying and pressing, for example. A specific surface area of the positive electrode active material-containing layer according to BET method is preferably within a range of 0.1 to 2 m 2 /g. 
     The current collector is preferably aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil. A thickness of the current collector may be 20 μm or less and is more preferably 15 μm or less. 
     (Negative Electrode) 
     This negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material-containing layer which is held on one surface or both surfaces, on at least one primary surface out of two primary surfaces of the current collector and which includes a negative electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder. 
     A negative electrode having high electrochemical stability with respect to the inorganic solid-containing layer and having a small interface resistance is desirably used as the negative electrode. 
     Those capable of allowing lithium ions to be inserted in and to be extracted from are exemplified as the negative electrode active material. Examples of the negative electrode active material include lithium metal, a lithium alloy, a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, a metal fluoride, and a metal nitride. A titanium-containing metal oxide is preferable from the point of view of improving cycle life performance. Examples of the titanium-containing metal oxide include a lithium titanium-containing oxide, a titanium-containing oxide, and a titanium niobium-containing oxide. On the other hand, lithium metal and a lithium alloy are preferable from the point of view of increasing capacity. The inorganic solid-containing layer according to the embodiment can form a stable film at the interface with the negative electrode including lithium metal and/or a lithium alloy. Consequently, the cycle life performance and thermal stability of the secondary battery can be improved. 
     The negative electrode including a titanium-containing oxide as the negative electrode active material preferably capable of allowing lithium ions to be inserted in and to be extracted from at a potential ranging from 2.5 V (vs. Li/Li + ) to 0.8 V (vs. Li/Li + ) with respect to the electrode potential of lithium metal. When the negative electrode potential is within this range, a film stable at a high temperature is formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material, and therefore a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent lifetime performance under a high-temperature environment can be obtained. A more preferable range of the negative electrode potential is 2 V (vs. Li/Li + ) to 1 V (vs. Li/Li + ). One kind or two or more kinds of the negative electrode active material can be used. 
     Examples of the lithium titanium-containing oxide include one having a spinel structure (for example, general formula Li 4/3+a Ti 5/3 O 4  (0≤a≤2)); one having a ramsdellite structure (for example, general formula Li 2+a Ti 3 O 7  (0≤a≤1)); Li 1+b Ti 2 O 4  (0≤b≤1); Li 1.1+b Ti 1.8 O 4  (0≤b≤1); Li 1.07+b Ti 1.86 O 4  (0≤b≤1); a lithium titanium-containing composite oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Nb, Mo, W, P, V, Sn, Cu, Ni, and Fe; and the like. 
     In addition, examples of the lithium titanium-containing oxide include a lithium titanium-containing composite oxide represented by Li 2+a A d Ti 6−b B b O 14−c  (A is one or more elements selected from Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Sr; B is a metal element other than Ti; 0≤a≤5; 0≤b≤6; 0≤c≤0.6; 0≤d≤3). A crystal structure of the lithium titanium-containing composite oxide may be a crystal structure of a space group Cmca. 
     The titanium-containing oxide can be represented by a general formula Li a TiO 2  (0≤a≤2). In this case, the compositional formula before charging is TiO 2 . Examples of the titanium oxide include a titanium oxide with a monoclinic structure (bronze structure (B)), a titanium oxide with a rutile structure, a titanium oxide with an anatase structure, and the like. TiO 2  (B) with a monoclinic structure (bronze structure (B)) is preferable, and one having been heat-treated at a temperature of 300 to 600° C. and having a low crystallinity is preferable. 
     Examples of the titanium niobium-containing oxide include one represented by general formula Li c TiNb d O 7  (0≤c≤5, 1≤d≤4) and the like. More preferably, the titanium niobium-containing oxide is represented by TiNb 2 O 7 . 
     Since a negative electrode that includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a lithium titanium oxide having a ramsdellite structure, a titanium oxide having a monoclinic structure, a niobium titanium-containing oxide having a monoclinic structure, and a lithium titanium-containing composite oxide represented by Li 2+a A d Ti 6−b B b O 14−c  allows a voltage curve of the battery to have an appropriate gradient, a state of battery charge (SOC) can be easily measured only by voltage monitoring. In addition, influence of variations among batteries is small also in a battery pack, and control by voltage monitoring alone can be made possible. 
     An average particle size of primary particles of the negative electrode active material is preferably within a range of 0.001 to 1 μm. As for particle shapes, good performance can be obtained in any of particulate form and fibrous form. In the case of fibrous form, a fiber diameter is preferably 1 μm or less. 
     The negative electrode active material desirably has an average particle size of 1 μm or less and a specific surface area according to BET method in terms of N 2  adsorption ranging from 3 to 200 m 2 /g. Consequently, affinity of the negative electrode with the nonaqueous electrolyte can be further enhanced. 
     The porosity of the negative electrode (except for the current collector) desirably ranges from 20 to 50%. Consequently, a negative electrode in which the affinity between the negative electrode and the nonaqueous electrolyte is excellent and the density is high can be obtained. A more preferable range of the porosity is 25 to 40%. 
     Examples of the negative electrode current collector include nickel foil, copper foil, stainless steel foil, aluminum foil, and aluminum alloy foil. The negative electrode current collector is desirably aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil. A negative electrode current collector in a mesh form can be used other than the foil form. 
     The thickness of the aluminum foil and the aluminum alloy foil is preferably 20 μm or less and more preferably 15 μm or less. The purity of the aluminum foil is preferably 99.99% or more. The aluminum alloy is preferably an alloy including an element such as magnesium, zinc, and silicon. On the other hand, the content of a transition metal such as iron, copper, nickel, and chromium is preferably 100 ppm or less. 
     Acetylene black, carbon black, coke (desirably having been heat-treated at a temperature of 800° C. to 2000° C. and having an average particles size of 10 μm or less), carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphite, powder of a metal compound such as TiO, TiC, TiN, or the like, and powder of metal such as Al, Ni, Cu, Fe, or the like can be singly used or can be mixed and used as the conductive agent, for example. The electrode resistance is reduced and the cycle life performance is improved by using carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers having a fiber diameter of 1 μm or less. 
     Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), fluoro rubber, acrylic rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, a core-shell binder, and a polyimide are exemplified as the binder, for example. One kind or two or more kinds of the binder may be used. 
     A blending ratio of the active material, the conductive agent, and the binder in the negative electrode active material-containing layer is preferably in the following range: 80 to 95% by weight of the negative electrode active material, 1 to 18% by weight of the conductive agent, and 2 to 7% by weight of the binder. 
     The negative electrode may include inorganic solid particles. This allows not only ion conductivity of the negative electrode to be good but also resistance between the negative electrode and the inorganic solid-containing layer to decrease. Specific examples of the inorganic solid particles will be described later. The content of the inorganic solid particles in the negative electrode active material-containing layer is desirably 10% by weight or less in order to increase weight energy density. A more preferable range is 1% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less. In addition, at least one selected from Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , an oxide-based inorganic solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, and the like is preferably included in pores in the negative electrode in an amount of 1% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less as the inorganic solid particles. Consequently, resistance is reduced especially at a low temperature, and discharge characteristics are improved. 
     The negative electrode is produced by suspending the negative electrode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder in an appropriate solvent and applying this suspension to the current collector followed by drying and heat-pressing, for example. 
     An average particle size of the negative electrode active material is measured by the following method, for example. Measurements are conducted by a method in which about 0.1 g of a sample, a surfactant, and 1 to 2 mL of distilled water are firstly added to a beaker, sufficiently stirred, and consequently poured into a stirring water tank. A luminous intensity distribution is measured 64 times at intervals of two seconds, and size distribution data are analyzed using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (SHIMADZU CORPORATION, laser diffraction particle size analyzer SALD-300). 
     BET specific surface areas of the negative electrode active material and the negative electrode in terms of N 2  adsorption are measured under the following conditions, for example. One gram of a powdery negative electrode active material or two 2×2 cm 2  pieces cut out from the negative electrode are used as a sample. A BET specific surface area measurement apparatus manufactured by YUASA IONICS Co. is used, and nitrogen gas is used as adsorption gas. 
     A porosity of the negative electrode is calculated by comparing a volume of the negative electrode active material-containing layer with a volume of the negative electrode active material-containing layer with a porosity of 0%, regarding the amount increased from the volume of the negative electrode active material-containing layer with a porosity of 0% as a pore volume. Incidentally, when the negative electrode active material-containing layer is formed on both surfaces of the current collector, the volume of the negative electrode active material-containing layer is the sum of the volumes of the negative electrode active material-containing layers on the both surfaces. 
     (Inorganic Solid-Containing Layer) 
     The inorganic solid-containing layer contains a mixed solvent that includes a fluorinated carbonate and a fluorinated ether, a lithium salt dissolved in the mixed solvent, and inorganic solid particles. The inorganic solid-containing layer is at least disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The inorganic solid-containing layer may include a part facing only the positive electrode or a part facing only the negative electrode or both of them. 
     The inorganic solid-containing layer may be a layer in which a nonaqueous electrolyte including the mixed solvent and the lithium salt is held in a porous layer mainly including aggregated inorganic solid particles, and the inorganic solid-containing layer may include a member other than these. 
     Fluorinated carbonates are excellent in oxidation resistance. Meanwhile, fluorinated ethers are low in viscosity. In addition, both of fluorinated carbonates and fluorinated ethers are non-flammable. Therefore, the mixed solvent that includes a fluorinated carbonate and a fluorinated ether can suppress oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolyte at a high temperature and a high potential and is easily dispersed in gaps between the inorganic solid particles. A weight ratio between the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether is preferably within a range of 1:1 to 9:1. When the weight of the fluorinated carbonate is less than the weight of the fluorinated ether, oxidation resistance of the nonaqueous electrolyte deteriorates. On the other hand, when the weight of the fluorinated carbonate is more than the weight of the fluorinated ether, the viscosity of the mixed solvent increases. A solvent in which the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether are mixed in the weight ratio ranging from 1:1 to 9:1 has a high oxidation resistance, can decrease the viscosity of the electrolyte and enhance ion conductivity of the electrolyte, and can enhance the cycle life performance and thermal stability of the secondary battery. 
     The fluorinated carbonate preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC), trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (FEMC), trifluorodiethyl carbonate (FDEC), and trifluorodimethyl carbonate (FDMC). 
     The fluorinated ether preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (TFTrEE), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TFTFPE), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTrFEE), bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl) ether (BTFEE), and ethyl 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (TFEE). 
     Examples of the lithium salt include LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C, LiB[(OCO) 2 ] 2 , and the like. One kind or two or more kinds of the lithium salt can be used. The amount of the lithium salt dissolved into a solvent is preferably 1 mol/L or more and 5 mol/L or less. It is preferable that at least one selected from the group consisting of LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , and LiN(FSO 2 ) 2  is included among them. Consequently, the chemical stability, oxidation resistance and reduction resistance in particular of the mixed solvent can be enhanced, and the resistance of the film formed on the negative electrode can be reduced. 
     The mixed solvent can contain another organic solvent. Examples of another organic solvent include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC); linear carbonates such as diethyl carbonate (DEC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC); ethers such as dimethoxyethane (DME), diethoxyethane (DEE), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), and α-methyl-γ-butyrolactone (MBL); and phosphoric acid esters such as trimethyl phosphate (PO(OCH 3 ) 3 ), triethyl phosphate (PO(OC 2 H 5 ) 3 ), and tripropyl phosphate (PO(OC 4 H 9 ) 3 ). When the mixed solvent includes a cyclic carbonate and/or a linear carbonate as a first solvent, the content of the first solvent in the mixed solvent is desirably 50% by weight or less. In addition, when the mixed solvent includes an ether and/or a phosphoric acid ester as a second solvent, content of the second solvent in the mixed solvent is desirably 30% by weight or less. Consequently, an increase in resistance against ion conductivity under a low-temperature environment is suppressed, and discharge characteristics at a low temperature (−30° C. or lower) can be improved. 
     The nonaqueous electrolyte may be a liquid electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved in the mixed solvent, but may be a gel electrolyte in which a liquid electrolyte and a polymer material are mixed. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and the like can be exemplified as the polymer material, for example. In addition, the nonaqueous electrolyte can contain a room-temperature molten salt including a non-volatile and non-flammable ionic liquid. 
     The inorganic solid particles may be an oxide and/or a sulfide which are stable with respect to the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The inorganic solid particles are desirably particles of an oxide-based solid electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity. 
     Examples of inorganic solid particles not showing lithium ion conductivity include Al 2 O 3  particles, TiO 2  particles, and ZrO 2  particles. 
     Examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte with lithium ion conductivity (also referred to as a lithium-ion conductor) include an oxide solid electrolyte with a garnet-type structure and a lithium phosphoric acid solid electrolyte with a NASICON-type structure. The oxide solid electrolyte with a garnet-type structure has advantages of a high lithium ion conductivity, a high reduction resistance, and a wide electrochemical window. Examples of the oxide solid electrolyte with a garnet-type structure include La 5+x A x La 3−x M 2 O 12  (A is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba; and M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Nb and Ta), Li 3 M 2−x L 2 O 12  (M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb; and L is Zr), Li 7−3x Al x La 3 Zr 3 O 12 , and Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 . Among them, Li 6.25 Al 0.25 La 3 Zr 3 O 12  and Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12  each have a high ion conductivity and are electrochemically stable, and therefore are excellent in discharge characteristics and cycle life performance. Further, Li 6.25 Al 0.25 La 3 Zr 3 O 12  and Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12  are chemically stable with respect to the mixed solvent even when they are fine particles having a specific surface area of 50 to 500 m 2 /g. It is preferable that x is within a range of 0 or more and 0.5 or less. 
     The lithium phosphoric acid solid electrolyte with a NASICON-type structure is stable even in the presence of moisture, specifically in the air. Examples of the lithium phosphoric acid solid electrolyte with a NASICON-type structure include Li 1+x M 2 (PO 4 ) 3  (M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ge, Zr, Al, and Ca; x is within a range of 0 or more and 0.5 or less). Li 1+x Al x Ge 2−x (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 1+x Al x Zr 2−x (PO 4 ) 3 , and Li 1+x Al x Ti 2−x (PO 4 ) 3  have a high ion conductivity and have a high electrochemical stability, and therefore are preferable. It is preferable that x is within a range of 0 or more and 0.5 or less. 
     One kind or two or more kinds of the inorganic solid particles can be used. 
     The average particle size of the inorganic solid particles is desirably 1 μm or less. The lower limit of the average particle size can be 0.05 μm. 
     The content of the inorganic solid particles in the inorganic solid-containing layer can be within a range of 50% by weight or more and 99% by weight or less. 
     The inorganic solid-containing layer may contain a binder. Examples of the binder include polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyethylene oxide (PEO), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polymethyl methacrylate, cellulose, rubber, and the like. One kind or two or more kinds of the binder can be used. The content of the binder in the inorganic solid-containing layer can be within a range of 1% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less. 
     The thickness of the inorganic solid-containing layer can be within a range of 1 μm or more and 30 μm or less. 
     The inorganic solid-containing layer is produced by the following method, for example. The inorganic solid-containing layer is obtained by dispersing the inorganic solid particles and the binder in a solvent, applying the obtained slurry to a surface of an electrode (a surface of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, for example) followed by drying and subsequent impregnation with the nonaqueous electrolyte. 
     The nonaqueous electrolyte may be held in pores in the inorganic solid-containing layer. When the nonaqueous electrolyte is held between the inorganic solid particles, a decrease in lithium ion mobility under a low-temperature environment is suppressed and performance at a low temperature of the secondary battery improves. The porosity of the inorganic solid-containing layer is preferably 5% by volume or more and 50% by volume or less. In addition, it is preferable that the inorganic solid particles are also present in pores of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. 
     An identification method of components of the mixed solvent will be described below. 
     First, a secondary battery to be measured is discharged at 1 C until a voltage of the battery becomes 1.0 V. The discharged secondary battery is disassembled in a glove box under an inert atmosphere. Next, the nonaqueous electrolyte included in the battery and electrode group is extracted. When the nonaqueous electrolyte can be taken out from the part at which the battery has been opened, the nonaqueous electrolyte is directly sampled. On the other hand, when the nonaqueous electrolyte to be sampled is held in the electrode group, the electrode group is disassembled, and a separator impregnated with the nonaqueous electrolyte is taken out, for example. The nonaqueous electrolyte with which the separator is impregnated can be extracted by using a centrifugal separator or the like, for example. Sampling of the nonaqueous electrolyte can be performed as above. Incidentally, when an amount of the nonaqueous electrolyte included in the nonaqueous electrolyte battery is small, the nonaqueous electrolyte can also be extracted by immersing the electrode and the separator in an acetonitrile solution. The amount extracted can be calculated by measuring the weight of the acetonitrile solution before and after extraction. 
     The sample of the nonaqueous electrolyte thus obtained is provided for gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), for example, to perform composition analysis. On analysis, kinds of the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether are firstly identified. Then, calibration curves of the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether are created. When a plurality of kinds is included, a calibration curve of each ester is created. A weight ratio between the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether in the mixed solvent can be calculated by comparing the created calibration curves with peak intensities or areas in results obtained from measurement of a nonaqueous electrolyte sample. 
     The secondary battery can further include any of a separator, a container, a positive electrode terminal, and a negative electrode terminal. 
     (Separator) 
     A separator can be disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. At least one surface, for example, primary surface of the separator contacts the inorganic solid-containing layer. The separator may be integrated in the inorganic solid-containing layer but may be integrated in the positive electrode or the negative electrode or both electrodes. The mechanical strength of the inorganic solid-containing layer can be compensated with the separator by integrating the separator in the inorganic solid-containing layer. 
     A synthetic resin-made nonwoven fabric, a polyethylene porous film, a polypropylene porous film, a cellulose-made nonwoven fabric, and the like can be exemplified as the separator, for example. The thickness of the separator may be 20 μm or less and is preferably 2 μm or more and 5 μm or less. In addition, polymer fibers may be directly stacked to at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode as the separator by electrospinning for electrical insulation. 
     Since the inorganic solid-containing layer is disposed at least between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, it is desirable that the surface, for example, the primary surface of the inorganic solid-containing layer faces the positive electrode and the surface, for example, the primary surface of the separator faces the negative electrode. The primary surfaces of the inorganic solid-containing layer are two surfaces which define a thickness of the inorganic solid-containing layer. 
     (Container) 
     A metal container and a stacked film container can be used as the container storing the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the inorganic solid-containing layer. 
     A metallic can which is made of aluminum, aluminum alloy, iron, stainless steel, or the like and which has a shape of square form or a cylindrical form can be used as the metal container. In addition, the sheet thickness of the container is desirably 0.5 mm or less, and a more preferable range thereof is 0.3 mm or less. 
     A multilayer film in which stainless steel foil or aluminum foil is covered with a resin film and the like can be exemplified as the stacked film, for example. Polymers such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), nylon, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be used as the rein. In addition, the thickness of the stacked film is preferably 0.2 mm or less. The purity of the aluminum foil is preferably 99.5% or more. 
     In addition, a large-size, thin, cup-molded body can be used as the container using stainless steel foil (thickness of 0.1 to 0.3 mm) without resin film coating. 
     A metallic can made of aluminum alloy is preferably an alloy containing an element such as manganese, magnesium, zinc, and silicon and having an aluminum purity of 99.8% or less. As the strength of the metallic can made of aluminum alloy significantly increases, the wall thickness of the can can be thinned. As a result, a thin and light battery having a high output and excellent heat dissipation can be achieved. 
     (Negative Electrode Terminal) 
     The negative electrode terminal can be formed from a material which has conductivity and is electrochemically stable at a potential at which the negative electrode active material allows Li to be inserted in and to be extracted from. Specifically, copper, nickel, stainless steel, or aluminum, or an aluminum alloy including at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Si is exemplified as the material for the negative electrode terminal. Aluminum or an aluminum alloy is preferably used as the material for the negative electrode terminal. The negative electrode terminal preferably includes a similar material to that of the negative electrode current collector so as to reduce contact resistance with the negative electrode current collector. 
     (Positive Electrode Terminal) 
     The positive electrode terminal can be formed from a material which has conductivity and is electrically stable in the potential range of 3 V or more and 4.5 V or less (vs. Li/Li + ) with respect to the redox potential of lithium. Aluminum or an aluminum alloy including at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Si is exemplified as the material for the positive electrode terminal. The positive electrode terminal is preferably formed from a similar material to that of the positive electrode current collector so as to reduce contact resistance with the positive electrode current collector. 
     The secondary battery of the embodiment can be applied to secondary batteries of various types such as square-type, cylindrical-type, flat-type, thin-type, coin-type, and the like. Further, the secondary battery preferably has a bipolar structure. Consequently, there is an advantage that a secondary battery having a volume equivalent to a plurality of cells connected in series can be produced from one cell. 
     An example of the secondary battery according to the embodiment will be described with reference to  FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 . 
       FIGS. 1 and 2  show an example of the secondary battery using a metal container. 
     An electrode group  1  is stored in a rectangular tubular metal container  2 . The electrode group  1  has a structure formed by spirally winding the positive electrode active material-containing layer of a positive electrode  3  and the negative electrode active material-containing layer of a negative electrode  4  with an inorganic solid-containing layer  5  interposing therebetween so as to form a flat shape. The inorganic solid-containing layer  5  covers the surface (principal surface) of the positive electrode active material-containing layer or negative electrode active material-containing layer. As shown in  FIG. 2 , a strip-shaped positive electrode lead  6  is electrically connected to each of a plurality of portions at an end of the positive electrode  3  located on an end face of the electrode group  1 . A strip-shaped negative electrode lead  7  is electrically connected to each of a plurality of portions at an end of the negative electrode  4  located on the end face. The plurality of positive electrode leads  6  are bundled, and in this state, electrically connected to a positive electrode tab  8 . A positive electrode terminal is formed from the positive electrode leads  6  and the positive electrode tab  8 . In addition, the negative electrode leads  7  are bundled, and in this state, connected to a negative electrode tab  9 . A negative electrode terminal is formed from the negative electrode leads  7  and the negative electrode tab  9 . A sealing plate  10  made of a metal is fixed to the opening portion of the metal container  2  by welding or the like. The positive electrode tab  8  and the negative electrode tab  9  are extracted to the outside from outlet holes formed in the sealing plate  10 , respectively. The inner circumference surface of each outlet hole of the sealing plate  10  is covered with an insulating member  11  to avoid a short circuit caused by contact between the positive electrode tab  8  and the negative electrode tab  9 . 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  show an example of a secondary battery using a container member made of a laminated film. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , the flat wound electrode group  1  is stored in a sack-shaped container member  12  made of a laminated film including a metal layer interposing between two resin films. The flat wound electrode group  1  is formed by spirally winding a stacked structure obtained by stacking the negative electrode  4 , a inorganic solid-containing layer  15 , the positive electrode  3 , and the inorganic solid-containing layer  15  from the outside, and pressing the stacked structure. The inorganic solid-containing layer  15  covers the surface (principal surface) of the positive electrode active material-containing layer or negative electrode active material-containing layer. The outermost negative electrode  4  has an arrangement in which a negative electrode layer (negative electrode active material-containing layer)  4   b  containing a negative electrode active material on one surface on the inner side of a negative electrode current collector  4   a , as shown in  FIG. 4 , and the remaining negative electrodes  4  are arranged by forming the negative electrode layers  4   b  on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector  4   a . The positive electrode  3  is arranged by forming positive electrode layers (positive electrode active material-containing layers)  3   b  on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector  3   a.    
     Near the outer end of the wound electrode group  1 , a negative electrode terminal  13  is electrically connected to the negative electrode current collector  4   a  of the outermost negative electrode  4 , and a positive electrode terminal  14  is electrically connected to the positive electrode current collector  3   a  of the positive electrode  3  on the inner side. The negative electrode terminal  13  and the positive electrode terminal  14  extend outward from the opening portion of the sack-shaped container  12 . The opening portion of the sack-shaped container  12  is heat-sealed, thereby sealing the wound electrode group  1 . At the time of heat-sealing, the negative electrode terminal  13  and the positive electrode terminal  14  are sandwiched by the sack-shaped container member  12  in the opening portion. 
     A separator may be used in addition to the inorganic solid-containing layers  5  and  15 . 
     Next, a secondary battery having a bipolar structure will be described. The secondary battery further includes a current collector having a first surface and a second surface located at the opposite side of the first surface. Those similar to the positive electrode current collector or the negative electrode current collector of the secondary battery can be used as the current collector. The secondary battery has a bipolar structure in which a positive electrode active material-containing layer is formed on the first surface of the current collector and a negative electrode active material-containing layer is formed on the second surface of the current collector. The inorganic solid-containing layer is present on a surface of at least one of the positive electrode active material-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. As a result, at least a part of the inorganic solid-containing layer is located between the positive electrode active material-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. Those similar to that described in the secondary battery can be used for the positive electrode active material-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of a bipolar secondary battery. The secondary battery shown in  FIG. 5  includes a metal container  531 , an electrode body  532  having a bipolar structure, a sealing plate  533 , a positive electrode terminal  534 , and a negative electrode terminal  535 . The metal container  531  has a bottomed square tubular shape. As the metal container, a metal container similar to that described above is usable. The electrode body  532  having the bipolar structure includes a current collector  536 , a positive electrode active material-containing layer  537  stacked on one surface (first surface) of the current collector  536 , and a negative electrode active material-containing layer  538  stacked on the other surface (second surface) of the current collector  536 . An inorganic solid-containing layer  539  is arranged between the electrode bodies  532  each having the bipolar structure. The positive electrode terminal  534  and the negative electrode terminal  535  are fixed to the sealing plate  533  via an insulating member  542 . One end of a positive electrode lead  540  is electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal  534  and the other end is electrically connected to the current collector  536 . One end of a negative electrode lead  541  is electrically connected to the negative electrode terminal  535  and the other end is electrically connected to the current collector  536 . 
     Since the secondary battery of the first embodiment described above includes an inorganic solid-containing layer containing a mixed solvent that includes a fluorinated carbonate and a fluorinated ether, a lithium salt dissolved in the mixed solvent, and inorganic solid particles, excellent charge-and-discharge cycle life, high-temperature durability, and performance at a low temperature can be achieved. 
     Second Embodiment 
     A battery module of a second embodiment includes the secondary battery of the first embodiment, with the number of the secondary batteries being more than one. 
     Examples of the battery module can include one including a plurality of single batteries electrically connected in series and/or in parallel as a structural unit, one including a first unit that includes a plurality of single batteries electrically connected in series or a second unit that includes a plurality of single batteries electrically connected in parallel, and the like. The battery module may include at least one form of these configurations. 
     Examples of the form in which a plurality of secondary batteries is electrically connected in series and/or in parallel include one in which secondary batteries each provided with a container member are electrically connected in series and/or in parallel, and one in which a plurality of battery groups or bipolar electrode bodies are electrically connected in series and/or in parallel, and are stored in a common housing. A specific example of the former is one in which positive electrode terminals and negative electrode terminals of the secondary batteries are connected by bus bar made of metal (for example, aluminum, nickel, or copper). A specific example of the latter is one in which a plurality of electrode groups or bipolar electrode bodies is stored in one housing in a state of being electrochemically insulated by, a partition wall, and the electrode groups or bipolar electrode bodies are electrically connected in series. In a case of a secondary battery, when the number of the batteries electrically connected in series is within a range of 5 to 7, compatibility with voltage of lead storage batteries becomes good. In order to further enhance the compatibility with voltage of lead storage batteries, a configuration in which five or six single batteries are connected in series is preferable. 
     A metallic can made of aluminum alloy, iron, stainless steel, or the like, a plastic container, and the like can be used as the housing for storing the battery module. In addition, the wall thickness of the housing is desirably 0.5 mm or more. 
     An example of a battery module will be described with reference to  FIG. 6 . A battery module  200  shown in  FIG. 6  includes, as single batteries, a plurality of rectangular secondary batteries  100   1  to  100   5  shown in  FIG. 1 . A positive electrode tab  8  of the battery  100   1  and a negative electrode tab  9  of the battery  100   2  located adjacent to the battery  100   1  are electrically connected by a lead or bus bar  21 . In addition, a positive electrode tab  8  of the battery  100   2  and a negative electrode tab  9  of the battery  100   3  located adjacent to the battery  100   2  are electrically connected by a lead or bus bar  21 . The batteries  100   1  to  100   5  are thus electrically connected in series. 
     Since the battery module of the second embodiment described above includes the secondary batteries of the first embodiment, excellent charge-and-discharge cycle life, high-temperature durability, and performance at a low temperature can be achieved. 
     Third Embodiment 
     A battery pack according to a third embodiment can include as the single battery the secondary battery according to the first embodiment, with the number of the secondary batteries being one or more than one. A plurality of secondary batteries can also be electrically connected in series, in parallel, or by a combination of serial and parallel connection to configure a battery module. The battery pack according to the third embodiment may include a plurality of battery modules. 
     The battery pack according to the third embodiment can further include a protective circuit. The protective circuit has a function of controlling charge-and-discharge of the secondary battery. Alternatively, a circuit included in a device (for example, an electronic device, an automobile, or the like) which uses the battery pack as a power source can be used as the protective circuit of the battery pack. 
     Moreover, the battery pack according to the third embodiment may further include an external power distribution terminal. The external power distribution terminal is configured to externally output current from the battery, and/or to input external current into the battery. In other words, when the battery pack is used as a power source, the current is provided out via the external power distribution terminal. When the battery pack is charged, the charging current (including regenerative energy of motive force of vehicles such as automobiles) is provided to the battery pack via the external power distribution terminal. 
     Next, an example of a battery pack according to the third embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings. 
       FIG. 7  is an exploded perspective view schematically showing an example of the battery pack according to the third embodiment.  FIG. 8  is a block diagram showing an example of an electric circuit of the battery pack shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     A battery pack  300  shown in  FIGS. 7 and 8  includes a housing container  31 , a lid  32 , protective sheets  33 , a battery module  200 , a printed wiring board  34 , wires  35 , and an insulating plate (not shown). 
     The housing container  31  shown in  FIG. 7  is a square-bottomed container having a rectangular bottom surface. The housing container  31  is configured to be capable of housing the protective sheets  33 , the battery module  200 , the printed wiring board  34 , and the wires  35 . The lid  32  has a rectangular shape. The lid  32  covers the housing container  31  to house the battery module  200  and such. Although not illustrated, the housing container  31  and the lid  32  are provided with openings, connection terminals, or the like for connection to an external device or the like. 
     The battery module  200  includes plural single-batteries  100 , a positive electrode-side lead  22 , a negative electrode-side lead  23 , and adhesive tape(s)  24 . 
     At least one of the plural single-batteries  100  is a battery according to the first embodiment. The plural single-batteries  100  are electrically connected in series, as shown in  FIG. 8 . The plural single-batteries  100  may alternatively be electrically connected in parallel, or connected in a combination of in-series connection and in-parallel connection. If the plural single-batteries  100  are connected in parallel, the battery capacity increases as compared to a case in which they are connected in series. 
     The adhesive tape(s)  24  fastens the plural single-batteries  100 . The plural single-batteries  100  may be fixed using a heat shrinkable tape in place of the adhesive tape(s)  24 . In this case, protective sheets  33  are arranged on both side surfaces of the battery module  200 , and the heat shrinkable tape is wound around the battery module  200  and protective sheets  33 . After that, the heat shrinkable tape is shrunk by heating to bundle the plural single-batteries  100 . 
     One end of the positive electrode-side lead  22  is connected to the battery module  200 . The one end of the positive electrode-side lead  22  is electrically connected to the positive electrode(s) of one or more single-battery  100 . One end of the negative electrode-side lead  23  is connected to the battery module  200 . The one end of the negative electrode-side lead  23  is electrically connected to the negative electrode(s) of one or more single-battery  100 . 
     The printed wiring board  34  is provided along one face in the short side direction among the inner surfaces of the housing container  31 . The printed wiring board  34  includes a positive electrode-side connector  342 , a negative electrode-side connector  343 , a thermistor  345 , a protective circuit  346 , wirings  342   a  and  343   a , an external power distribution terminal  350 , a plus-side (positive-side) wiring  348   a , and a minus-side (negative-side) wiring  348   b . One principal surface of the printed wiring board  34  faces a surface of the battery module  200 . An insulating plate (not shown) is disposed in between the printed wiring board  34  and the battery module  200 . 
     The other end  22   a  of the positive electrode-side lead  22  is electrically connected to the positive electrode-side connector  342 . The other end  23   a  of the negative electrode-side lead  23  is electrically connected to the negative electrode side connector  343 . 
     The thermistor  345  is fixed to one principal surface of the printed wiring board  34 . The thermistor  345  detects the temperature of each single-battery  100  and transmits detection signals to the protective circuit  346 . 
     The external power distribution terminal  350  is fixed to the other principal surface of the printed wiring board  34 . The external power distribution terminal  350  is electrically connected to device(s) that exists outside the battery pack  300 . The external power distribution terminal  350  includes a positive-side terminal  352  and a negative-side terminal  353 . 
     The protective circuit  346  is fixed to the other principal surface of the printed wiring board  34 . The protective circuit  346  is connected to the positive-side terminal  352  via the plus-side wiring  348   a . The protective circuit  346  is connected to the negative-side terminal  353  via the minus-side wiring  348   b . In addition, the protective circuit  346  is electrically connected to the positive electrode-side connector  342  via the wiring  342   a . The protective circuit  346  is electrically connected to the negative electrode-side connector  343  via the wiring  343   a . Furthermore, the protective circuit  346  is electrically connected to each of the plural single-batteries  100  via the wires  35 . 
     The protective sheets  33  are arranged on both inner surfaces of the housing container  31  along the long side direction and on the inner surface along the short side direction facing the printed wiring board  34  across the battery module  200 . The protective sheets  33  are made of, for example, resin or rubber. 
     The protective circuit  346  controls charge and discharge of the plural single-batteries  100 . The protective circuit  346  is also configured to cut-off electric connection between the protective circuit  346  and the external power distribution terminal  350  (positive-side terminal  352 , negative-side terminal  353 ) to external device(s), based on detection signals transmitted from the thermistor  345  or detection signals transmitted from each single-battery  100  or the battery module  200 . 
     An example of the detection signal transmitted from the thermistor  345  is a signal indicating that the temperature of the single-battery(s)  100  is detected to be a predetermined temperature or more. An example of the detection signal transmitted from each single-battery  100  or the battery module  200  include a signal indicating detection of over-charge, over-discharge, and overcurrent of the single-battery  100 . When detecting over charge or the like for each of the single batteries  100 , the battery voltage may be detected, or a positive electrode potential or negative electrode potential may be detected. In the latter case, a lithium electrode to be used as a reference electrode may be inserted into each single battery  100 . 
     Note, that as the protective circuit  346 , a circuit included in a device (for example, an electronic device or an automobile) that uses the battery pack  300  as a power source may be used. 
     As described above, the battery pack  300  includes the external power distribution terminal  350 . Hence, the battery pack  300  can output current from the battery module  200  to an external device and input current from an external device to the battery module  200  via the external power distribution terminal  350 . In other words, when using the battery pack  300  as a power source, the current from the battery module  200  is supplied to an external device via the external power distribution terminal  350 . When charging the battery pack  300 , a charge current from an external device is supplied to the battery pack  300  via the external power distribution terminal  350 . If the battery pack  300  is used as an onboard battery, the regenerative energy of the motive force of a vehicle can be used as the charge current from the external device. 
     Note that the battery pack  300  may include plural battery modules  200 . In this case, the plural battery modules  200  may be connected in series, in parallel, or connected in a combination of in-series connection and in-parallel connection. The printed wiring board  34  and the wires  35  may be omitted. In this case, the positive electrode-side lead  22  and the negative electrode-side lead  23  may respectively be used as the positive-side terminal and negative-side terminal of the external power distribution terminal. 
     Such a battery pack is used, for example, in applications where excellent cycle performance is demanded when a large current is extracted. More specifically, the battery pack is used as, for example, a power source for electronic devices, a stationary battery, or an onboard battery for various kinds of vehicles and railway cars. An example of the electronic device is a digital camera. The battery pack is particularly favorably used as an onboard battery. 
     The battery pack according to the third embodiment is provided with the secondary battery according to the first embodiment or the battery module according to the second embodiment. Accordingly, the battery pack can exhibit excellent charge-and-discharge cycle life, excellent high-temperature durability, and excellent performance at a low temperature. 
     Fourth Embodiment 
     According to a fourth embodiment, a vehicle is provided. The battery pack according to the third embodiment is installed on this vehicle. 
     In the vehicle according to the fourth embodiment, the battery pack is configured, for example, to recover regenerative energy from motive force of the vehicle. The vehicle may include a mechanism (e.g., a regenerator) configured to convert kinetic energy of the vehicle into regenerative energy. 
     Examples of the vehicle according to the fourth embodiment include two-wheeled to four-wheeled hybrid electric automobiles, two-wheeled to four-wheeled electric automobiles, electrically assisted bicycles, and railway cars. 
     In the vehicle according to the fourth embodiment, the installing position of the battery pack is not particularly limited. For example, when installing the battery pack on an automobile, the battery pack may be installed in the engine compartment of the automobile, in rear parts of the vehicle body, or under seats. 
     The vehicle according to the fourth embodiment may have plural battery packs installed. In such a case, batteries included in each of the battery packs may be electrically connected to each other in series, electrically connected in parallel, or electrically connected in a combination of in-series connection and in-parallel connection. For example, in a case where each battery pack includes a battery module, the battery modules may be electrically connected to each other in series, electrically connected in parallel, or electrically connected in a combination of in-series connection and in-parallel connection. Alternatively, in a case where each battery pack includes a single battery, each of the batteries may be electrically connected to each other in series, electrically connected in parallel, or electrically connected in a combination of in-series connection and in-parallel connection. 
     An example of the vehicle according to the fourth embodiment is explained below, with reference to the drawings. 
       FIG. 9  is a partially see-through diagram schematically showing an example of a vehicle according to the fourth embodiment. 
     A vehicle  400 , shown in  FIG. 9  includes a vehicle body  40  and a battery pack  300  according to the third embodiment. In the example shown in  FIG. 9 , the vehicle  400  is a four-wheeled automobile. 
     This vehicle  400  may have plural battery packs  300  installed. In such a case, the batteries (e.g., single-batteries or battery module) included in the battery packs  300  may be connected in series, connected in parallel, or connected in a combination of in-series connection and in-parallel connection. 
     In  FIG. 9 , depicted is an example where the battery pack  300  is installed in an engine compartment located at the front of the vehicle body  40 . As mentioned above, for example, the battery pack  300  may be alternatively installed in rear sections of the vehicle body  40 , or under a seat. The battery pack  300  may be used as a power source of the vehicle  400 . The battery pack  300  can also recover regenerative energy of motive force of the vehicle  400 . 
     Next, with reference to  FIG. 10 , an aspect of operation of the vehicle according to the fourth embodiment is explained. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram schematically showing an example of a control system related to an electric system in the vehicle according to the fourth embodiment. A vehicle  400 , shown in  FIG. 10 , is an electric automobile. 
     The vehicle  400 , shown in  FIG. 10 , includes a vehicle body  40 , a vehicle power source  41 , a vehicle ECU (electric control unit)  42 , which is a master controller of the vehicle power source  41 , an external terminal (an external power connection terminal)  43 , an inverter  44 , and a drive motor  45 . 
     The vehicle  400  includes the vehicle power source  41 , for example, in the engine compartment, in the rear sections of the automobile body, or under a seat. In  FIG. 10 , the position of the vehicle power source  41  installed in the vehicle  400  is schematically shown. 
     The vehicle power source  41  includes plural (for example, three) battery packs  300   a ,  300   b  and  300   c , a battery management unit (BMU)  411 , and a communication bus  412 . 
     The battery pack  300   a  includes a battery module  200   a  and a battery module monitoring unit  301   a  (e.g., a VTM: voltage temperature monitoring). The battery pack  300   b  includes a battery module  200   b  and a battery module monitoring unit  301   b . The battery pack  300   c  includes a battery module  200   c  and a battery module monitoring unit  301   c . The battery packs  300   a  to  300   c  are battery packs similar to the aforementioned battery pack  300 , and the battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  are battery modules similar to the aforementioned battery module  200 . The battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  are electrically connected in series. The battery packs  300   a ,  300   b  and  300   c  can each be independently removed, and may be exchanged by a different battery pack  300 . 
     Each of the battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  includes plural single-batteries connected in series. At least one of the plural single-batteries is the secondary battery according to the first embodiment. The battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  each perform charging and discharging via a positive electrode terminal  413  and a negative electrode terminal  414 . 
     The battery management unit  411  performs communication with the battery module monitoring units  301   a  to  301   c  and collects information such as voltages or temperatures for each of the single-batteries  100  included in the battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  included in the vehicle power source  41 . In this manner, the battery management unit  411  collects information concerning security of the vehicle power source  41 . 
     The battery management unit  411  and the battery module monitoring units  301   a  to  301   c  are connected via the communication bus  412 . In communication bus  412 , a set of communication lines is shared at multiple nodes (i.e., the battery management unit  411  and one or more battery module monitoring units  301   a  to  301   c ). The communication bus  412  is, for example, a communication bus configured based on CAN (Control Area Network) standard. 
     The battery module monitoring units  301   a  to  301   c  measure a voltage and a temperature of each single-battery in the battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  based on commands from the battery management unit  411 . It is possible, however, to measure the temperatures only at several points per battery module, and the temperatures of all of the single-batteries need not be measured. 
     The vehicle power source  41  may also have an electromagnetic contactor (for example, a switch unit  415  shown in  FIG. 10 ) for switching on and off electrical connection between the positive electrode terminal  413  and the negative electrode terminal  414 . The switch unit  415  includes a precharge switch (not shown), which is turned on when the battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  are charged, and a main switch (not shown), which is turned on when output from the battery modules  200   a  to  200   c  is supplied to a load. The precharge switch and the main switch each include a relay circuit (not shown), which is switched on or off based on a signal provided to a coil disposed near the switch elements. The magnetic contactor such as the switch unit  415  is controlled based on control signals from the battery management unit  411  or the vehicle ECU  42 , which controls the operation of the entire vehicle  400 . 
     The inverter  44  converts an inputted direct current voltage to a three-phase alternate current (AC) high voltage for driving a motor. Three-phase output terminal(s) of the inverter  44  is (are) connected to each three-phase input terminal of the drive motor  45 . The inverter  44  is controlled based on control signals from the battery management unit  411  or the vehicle ECU  42 , which controls the entire operation of the vehicle. Due to the inverter  44  being controlled, output voltage from the inverter  44  is adjusted. 
     The drive motor  45  is rotated by electric power supplied from the inverter  44 . The drive generated by rotation of the motor  45  is transferred to an axle and driving wheels W via a differential gear unit, for example. 
     The vehicle  400  also includes a regenerative brake mechanism (i.e., a regenerator), though not shown. The regenerative brake mechanism rotates the drive motor  45  when the vehicle  400  is braked, and converts kinetic energy into regenerative energy, as electric energy. The regenerative energy, recovered in the regenerative brake mechanism, is inputted into the inverter  44  and converted to direct current. The converted direct current is inputted into the vehicle power source  41 . 
     One terminal of a connecting line L 1  is connected to the negative electrode terminal  414  of the vehicle power source  41 . The other terminal of the connecting line L 1  is connected to a negative electrode input terminal  417  of the inverter  44 . A current detector (current detecting circuit)  416  in the battery management unit  411  is provided on the connecting line L 1  in between the negative electrode terminal  414  and negative electrode input terminal  417 . 
     One terminal of a connecting line L 2  is connected to the positive electrode terminal  413  of the vehicle power source  41 . The other terminal of the connecting line L 2  is connected to a positive electrode input terminal  418  of the inverter  44 . The switch unit  415  is provided on the connecting line L 2  in between the positive electrode terminal  413  and the positive electrode input terminal  418 . 
     The external terminal  43  is connected to the battery management unit  411 . The external terminal  43  is able to connect, for example, to an external power source. 
     The vehicle ECU  42  performs cooperative control of the vehicle power source  41 , switch unit  415 , inverter  44 , and the like, together with other management units and control units including the battery management unit  411  in response to inputs operated by a driver or the like. Through the cooperative control by the vehicle ECU  42  and the like, output of electric power from the vehicle power source  41 , charging of the vehicle power source  41 , and the like are controlled, thereby performing the management of the whole vehicle  400 . Data concerning the security of the vehicle power source  41 , such as a remaining capacity of the vehicle power source  41 , are transferred between the battery management unit  411  and the vehicle ECU  42  via communication lines. 
     The vehicle according to the fourth embodiment is installed with the battery pack according to the third embodiment. Accordingly, a vehicle excellent in traveling performance in a wide temperature range from a low temperature to a high temperature can be achieved. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Hereinafter, Examples of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the Examples provided below. 
     Example 1 
     As the positive electrode active material, lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide particles which had a layered structure, was represented by LiNi 0.8 CO 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 , and had an average particle size of 0.05 μm, with 0.1% by weight of MgO fine particles having an average particle size of 0.05 μm formed on the surfaces thereof were prepared. To 87% by weight of the positive electrode active material, each of 5% by weight of graphite powder as a conductive material, 5% by weight of Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3  powder as the lithium-ion conductor (inorganic solid particles), 3% by weight of PVdF as the binder was added. Each amount blended is a value based on the positive electrode active material-containing layer as 100% by weight. After the mixed powder thereof was dispersed in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to prepare slurry, the slurry was applied to both surfaces of aluminum alloy foil (purity: 99%) having a thickness of 15 μm followed by drying and pressing to produce a positive electrode in which the amount coated on one side was 15 mg/cm 2 , the thickness of one side of the positive electrode active material-containing layer was 50 μm, and the electrode density was 3.1 g/cm 3 . The specific surface area of the positive electrode active material-containing layer was 0.5 m 2 /g. 
     An inorganic solid-containing layer having a thickness of 10 μm was produced on the surface of the produced electrode according to the following method. In n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent, Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3  particles having an average particle size of 0.4 μm as the lithium-ion conductor (inorganic solid particles) and PVdF as the binder were dispersed so that the weight ratio therebetween became 98:2 to prepare slurry, the obtained slurry was applied to the surface of the positive electrode active material-containing layer and dried to coat the surface of the positive electrode active material-containing layer with the inorganic solid-containing layer having a thickness of 10 μm. The porosity of the inorganic solid-containing layer was 50%. 
     In addition, titanium niobium oxide (TiNb 2 O 7 ) powder which has an average particle size of 0.8 μm, a BET specific surface area of 5 m 2 /g, a potential at which Li is inserted of 1.56 V (vs. Li/Li + ), and a monoclinic structure, carbon nanotube powder having an average fiber diameter of 20 nm, graphite, Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3  as the lithium-ion conductor, acetylene black powder, and PVdF as the binder were blended in a weight ratio of 90:2:2:2:2:2 and dispersed in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent followed by stirring under the condition in which a rotational speed was 1000 rpm, and a stirring time of two hours using a ball mill to prepare slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to aluminum alloy foil (purity: 99.3%) having a thickness of 15 μm followed by drying and heat-pressing to produce a negative electrode in which the amount coated on one side was 15 mg/cm 2 , the thickness of one side of the negative electrode active material-containing layer was 68 μm, and the electrode density was 2.7 g/cm 3 . The porosity of the negative electrode except the current collector was 35%. In addition, the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material-containing layer (a surface area per one gram of the negative electrode active material-containing layer) was 10 m 2 /g. 
     The positive electrode and the negative electrode in which the positive electrode active material-containing layer was coated with the inorganic solid-containing layer were superposed so that the inorganic solid-containing layer was interposed therebetween and that the positive electrode active material-containing layer covered the negative electrode active material-containing layer. They were spirally wound, and then pressed and shaped into a flat shape to produce a flat electrode group. The electrode group was stored in a container of a thin metallic can made of aluminum alloy (Al purity: 99%) having a thickness of 0.25 mm. 
     On the other hand, as for the nonaqueous electrolyte, LiPF 6  as the electrolyte was dissolved in a mixed solvent of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (FEMC), and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TFTFPE) (weight ratio: 30:40:30) at a concentration of 1.0 mol/L to prepare a liquid nonaqueous electrolyte (nonaqueous electrolytic solution). 
     This nonaqueous electrolyte was poured into the electrode group in the container to produce a thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which has the structure shown in  FIG. 1  described above and has a thickness of 12 mm, a width of 55 mm, and a height of 82 mm. 
     Examples 2 to 25 
     Thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries were produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active materials, the negative electrode active materials, and the inorganic solid-containing layers shown in Tables 1 and 2 below were adopted and the compositions of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 3 and Table 4 below were adopted. Incidentally, the content of the inorganic solid-containing layer represents content (% by weight) of the inorganic solid particles in the inorganic solid-containing layer. In addition, the weight ratio represents a weight ratio of the fluorinated carbonate based on the weight of the fluorinated ether as 1. 
     The potential of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12  at which Li is inserted is 1.55 V (vs. Li/Li + ), and the potential of TiO 2  (B) at which Li is inserted is 1.6 V (vs. Li/Li + ). Metal lithium negative electrodes of Examples 22 to 25 were produced according to the following methods. Metal lithium foil having a thickness of 150 μm was prepared as the negative electrode. The potential of the negative electrode at which Li is inserted is 0 V (vs. Li/Li + ). 
     Example 26 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that DFEC was used as the fluorinated carbonate instead of FEC; the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the inorganic solid-containing layer shown in Table 2 below were adopted; the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted; and a separator of a nonwoven fabric made of cellulose fibers was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. Specifics such as the thickness of the separator are shown in Table 2. 
     Example 27 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that BTrFEE was used as the fluorinated ether; the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the inorganic solid-containing layer shown in Table 2 below were adopted; the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted; and a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity of 60% and a thickness of 5 μm was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
     Example 28 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that the inorganic solid-containing layer had a thickness of 1 μm; the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the inorganic solid-containing layer shown in Table 2 below were adopted; the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted; and a separator of a nonwoven fabric made of cellulose fibers was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. Specifics such as the thickness of the separator are shown in Table 2. 
     Example 29 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that the inorganic solid-containing layer had a thickness of 30 μm; the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the inorganic solid-containing layer shown in Table 2 below were adopted; the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted; and a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity and a thickness similar to those of Example 27 was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
     Example 30 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that, the content of the binder PVdF was changed to 10% by weight and the content of the inorganic solid particles was changed to 90% by weight in the inorganic solid-containing layer; the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the inorganic solid-containing layer shown in Table 2 below were adopted; the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted; and a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity and a thickness similar to those of Example 27 was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
     Example 31 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that the content of the binder PVdF was changed to 1% by weight and the content of the inorganic solid particles was changed to 99% by weight in the inorganic solid-containing layer; the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the inorganic solid-containing layer shown in Table 2 below were adopted; the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted; and a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity and a thickness similar to those of Example 27 was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
     Example 32 
     A positive electrode without inorganic solid particles added was produced according to the following method. 5% by weight of graphite powder as the conductive material and 3% by weight of PVdF as the binder were added to 92% by weight of the positive electrode active material similar to that of Example 1. Each of the amounts blended is a value based on the positive electrode active material-containing layer as 100% by weight. After the mixed powder thereof was dispersed in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to prepare slurry, the slurry was applied to both surfaces of aluminum alloy foil (purity: 99%) having a thickness of 15 μm followed by drying and pressing to produce a positive electrode in which the amount coated on one side was 12.8 mg/cm 2 , the thickness of one side of the positive electrode active material-containing layer was 43 μm, and the electrode density was 3.1 g/cm 3 . The specific surface area of the positive electrode active material-containing layer was 0.5 m 2 /g. 
     An inorganic solid-containing layer having a thickness of 10 μm was produced on the surface of the produced positive electrode according to a similar method to that of Example 1. 
     Using the positive electrode and the inorganic solid-containing layer described above, a thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that of Example 1 except that a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity and a thickness similar to those of Example 27 was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
     Example 33 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that of Example 1 except that LiN[FSO 2 ] 2  was used as the lithium salt instead of LiPF 6 , and a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity and a thickness similar to those of Example 27 was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
     Example 34 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that of Example 1 except that a separator of a nonwoven fabric made of cellulose fibers was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. Specifics such as the thickness of the separator are shown in Table 2. 
     Example 35 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that of Example 1 except that a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity of 50% and a thickness of 15 μm was disposed between the inorganic solid-containing layer and the negative electrode active material-containing layer. 
     Comparative Examples 1 to 4 
     Thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries were produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that a separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity of 50% and a thickness of 15 μm was used instead of the inorganic solid-containing layer, the positive electrode active materials and the negative electrode active materials shown in Table 2 below were adopted, and the compositions of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below were adopted. 
     Comparative Example 5 
     A negative electrode including graphite was produced according to the following method. Graphite powder having an average particle size of 10 μm, a BET specific surface area of 1 m 2 /g, and a potential at which Li is inserted of 0.15 V (vs. Li/Li + ), Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3  as the lithium-ion conductor, acetylene black powder, and PVdF as the binder were blended in a weight ratio of 90:3.3:3.3:3.3 and dispersed in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to prepare slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to copper foil having a thickness of 15 μm followed by drying and pressing to produce a negative electrode in which the amount coated on one side was 13 mg/cm 2 , the thickness of one side of the negative electrode active material-containing layer was 59 μm, and the electrode density was 2.7 g/cm 3 . The porosity of the negative electrode except the current collector was 35%. In addition, the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material-containing layer (a surface area per one gram of the negative electrode active material-containing layer) was 0.8 m 2 /g. 
     A separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity of 50% and a thickness of 15 μm was used instead of the inorganic solid-containing layer. In addition, a thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material shown in Table 2 below was adopted, and the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted. 
     Comparative Example 6 
     A negative electrode including hard carbon was produced according to the following method. Hard carbon powder having an average particle size of 5 μm, a BET specific surface area of 1.5 m 2 /g, and a potential at which Li is inserted of 0.2 V (vs. Li/Li + ), Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3  as the lithium-ion conductor, acetylene black powder, and PVdF as the binder were blended in a weight ratio of 90:3.3:3.3:3.3 and dispersed in n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent to prepare slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to copper foil having a thickness of 15 μm followed by drying and pressing to produce a negative electrode in which the amount coated on one side was 13 mg/cm 2 , the thickness of one side of the negative electrode active material-containing layer was 59 μm, and the electrode density was 2.7 g/cm 3 . The porosity of the negative electrode except the current collector was 35%. In addition, the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material-containing layer (a surface area per one gram of the negative electrode active material-containing layer) was 1.0 m 2 /g. 
     A separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity of 50% and a thickness of 15 μm was used instead of the inorganic solid-containing layer. In addition, a thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material shown in Table 2 below was adopted and the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted. 
     Comparative Example 7 
     A metal lithium negative electrode was produced according to the following method. Metal lithium foil having a thickness of 150 μm was prepared as the negative electrode. The potential of the negative electrode at which Li is inserted is 0 V (vs. Li/Li + ). 
     A separator of a polyethylene porous film (PE) having a porosity of 50% and a thickness of 15 μm was used instead of the inorganic solid-containing layer. In addition, a thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that described in Example 1 except that the positive electrode active material shown in Table 2 below was adopted and the composition of the nonaqueous electrolyte shown in Table 4 below was adopted. 
     Comparative Example 8 
     A thin nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was produced in a similar manner to that of Example 1 except that the nonaqueous electrolyte having the composition shown in Table 4 was used. 
     The discharge capacity, average operating voltage, energy, discharge capacity retention ratio at −30° C., and charge-and-discharge cycle life at 45° C. of each of the produced nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries were measured according to the following methods. 
     The measurement method of charge-and-discharge performance of the obtained nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 18 and 26 to 35 and Comparative Examples 1, 2 and 8 is as follows. Each of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries was charged to 3.1 V with a constant current of 6.5 A (corresponding to 1 C rate) at 25° C. and subsequently discharged to 1.5 V at 1.3 A (corresponding to 0.2 C rate), and a discharge capacity and an average operating voltage at that time were measured. Energy was calculated from the product of the obtained discharge capacity at 25° C. and average operating voltage. In addition, a capacity retention ratio on discharging of 6.5 A at −30° C. (a capacity retention ratio based on discharging of 6.5 A at 25° C. as 100) was measured as a low-temperature performance test. A cycle test in which charging to 3.1 V with a constant current of 6.5 A at 45° C. and subsequent discharging to 1.5 V with a constant current of 6.5 A were repeated was conducted as a high-temperature cycle test. The number of cycles at which the capacity retention ratio became 80% of an initial capacity was regarded as a cycle life in the cycle test at 45° C. 
     The measurement method of charge-and-discharge performance of the obtained nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples 19 to 21 and Comparative Examples 3 and 4 is as follows. Each of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries was charged to 3.4 V with a constant current of 4 A (corresponding to 1 C rate) at 25° C. and subsequently discharged to 2.0 V at 0.8 A (corresponding to 0.2 C rate), and a discharge capacity and an average operating voltage at that time were measured. Energy was calculated from the product of the obtained discharge capacity at 25° C. and average operating voltage. In addition, a capacity retention ratio on discharging of 4 A at −30° C. (a capacity retention ratio based on discharging of 4 A at 25° C. as 100) was measured as a low-temperature performance test. A cycle test in which charging to 3.4 V with a constant current of 5 A at 45° C. and subsequent discharging to 2.0 V with a constant current of 4 A were repeated was conducted as a high-temperature cycle test. The number of cycles at which the capacity retention ratio became 80% of an initial capacity was regarded as a cycle life in the cycle test at 45° C. 
     The measurement method of charge-and-discharge performance of the obtained nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of Examples 22 to 25 and Comparative Examples 5 to 7 is as follows. Each of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries was charged at 4.1 V with a constant current of 4 A (corresponding to 1 C rate) at 25° C. and subsequently discharged to 3 V at 0.8 A (corresponding to 0.2 C rate), and a discharge capacity and an average operating voltage at that time were measured. Energy was calculated from the product of the obtained discharge capacity at 25° C. and average operating voltage. In addition, a capacity retention ratio on discharging of 4 A at −30° C. (a capacity retention ratio based on discharging of 4 A at 25° C. as 100) was measured as a low-temperature performance test. A cycle test in which charging to 4.1 V with a constant current of 4 A at 45° C. and subsequent discharging to 3.0 V with a constant current of 4 A were repeated was conducted as a high-temperature cycle test. The number of cycles at which the capacity retention ratio became 80% of an initial capacity was regarded as a cycle life in the cycle test at 45° C. 
     Measurement results thereof are shown in Tables 5 and 6 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Negative 
                 Inorganic solid-containing layer 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Positive 
                 electrode 
                 Content 
                 Separator 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 electrode 
                 active 
                 Inorganic solid 
                 Thickness 
                 (% by 
                   
                 Thickness 
               
               
                   
                 active material 
                 material 
                 particles 
                 (μm) 
                 weight) 
                 Type 
                 (μm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 Li 4 Ti 5 O 12   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiO 2  (B) 
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 16 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 6.25 Al 0.25 La 3 Zr 3 O 12   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 17 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Al 2 O 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 18 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 20 
                 LiCoPO 4   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Negative 
                 Inorganic solid-containing layer 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Positive 
                 electrode 
                 Content 
                 Separator 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 electrode 
                 active 
                 Inorganic solid 
                 Thickness 
                 (% by 
                   
                 Thickness 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 active material 
                 material 
                 particles 
                 (μm) 
                 weight) 
                 Type 
                 (μm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 21 
                 LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 22 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 Li 
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 23 
                 LiMn 0.9 Fe 0.1 PO 4   
                 Li 
                 Li 1.2 Ca 0.1 Zr 1.9 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 24 
                 LiFePO 4   
                 Li 
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 25 
                 LiFePO 4   
                 Li 
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 26 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 5 
                 98 
                 Cellulose 
                 10 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 nonwoven 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fabric 
               
               
                 Example 27 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 Polyethylene 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Example 28 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 1 
                 93 
                 Cellulose 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 nonwoven 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fabric 
               
               
                 Example 29 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 30 
                 95 
                 Polyethylene 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Example 30 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 15 
                 90 
                 Polyethylene 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Example 31 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 20 
                 99 
                 Polyethylene 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Example 32 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 Polyethylene 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Example 33 
                 LiMn 0.8 Fe 0.2 PO 4   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 Polyethylene 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Example 34 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 Cellulose 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 nonwoven 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 fabric 
               
               
                 Example 35 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 1 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 Graphite 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 Hard 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                   
                 carbon 
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 Li 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Polyethylene 
                 15 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 porous film 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2   
                 TiNb 2 O 7   
                 Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Zr 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3   
                 10 
                 98 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mixed solvent composition 
                 Weight 
                 Lithium salt 
               
               
                   
                 (% represents % by weight) 
                 ratio 
                 (mol/L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTrEE 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% BTrFEE 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTrEE 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFEE 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% DFEC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% DFEC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FDMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 30% FEC/ 
                     1:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 20% FEMC/50% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 30% FEC/ 
                     9:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 60% FEMC/10% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% BTFEE 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 16 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 17 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 18 
                 40% FEC/ 
                     1:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% TFTFPE/20% DEC 
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 20 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Mixed solvent 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 composition 
               
               
                   
                 (% represents 
                 Weight 
                 Lithium salt 
               
               
                   
                 % by weight) 
                 ratio 
                 (mol/L) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 21 
                 30% FEC/ 
                     9:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 60% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 10% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 22 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 23 
                 50% FEC/ 
                 1.7:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE/ 
               
               
                   
                 20% PC 
               
               
                 Example 24 
                 50% FEC/ 
                 1.7:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTrEE/ 
               
               
                   
                 20% DME 
               
               
                 Example 25 
                 50% FEC/ 
                 1.7:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTrEE/ 
               
               
                   
                 20% DEE 
               
               
                 Example 26 
                 30% DFEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 27 
                 30% FEC/ 
                     9:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 60% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 10% BTrFEE 
               
               
                 Example 28 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 29 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 30 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 31 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 32 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 33 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiN [FSO 2 ] 2   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 34 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Example 35 
                 30% FEC/ 
                 2.3:1 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                   
                 40% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 30% TFTFPE 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% PC/ 
                 — 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 1 
                 60% DEC 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% FEC/ 
                  10:0 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 60% FEMC 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% FEC/ 
                  10:0 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 50% FEMC/ 
               
               
                   
                 10% DME 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% EC/ 
                 — 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 60% DEC 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% FEC/ 
                  10:0 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 60% FEMC 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% FEC/ 
                  10:0 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 60% FEMC 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% EC/ 
                 — 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 60% DME 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 40% FEC/ 
                  10:0 
                 1 mol/L LiPF 6   
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 60% DME 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Discharge 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                   
                   
                 retention 
                 Cycle 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
                 Volt- 
                   
                 ratio 
                 life at 
               
               
                   
                 at 25° 
                 age 
                 Energy 
                 at −30° 
                 45° C. 
               
               
                   
                 C. (Ah) 
                 (V) 
                 (Wh) 
                 C. (%) 
                 (cycles) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 6.5 
                 2.25 
                 14.625 
                 87 
                 3000 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 6.4 
                 2.25 
                 14.4 
                 80 
                 2000 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 6.4 
                 2.25 
                 14.4 
                 88 
                 2500 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 6.4 
                 2.25 
                 14.4 
                 85 
                 2400 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 6.4 
                 2.25 
                 14.4 
                 83 
                 2400 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 6.4 
                 2.25 
                 14.4 
                 85 
                 2800 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 6.4 
                 2.25 
                 14.4 
                 85 
                 2800 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 6.5 
                 2.25 
                 14.6 
                 88 
                 2600 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 6.5 
                 2.25 
                 14.6 
                 89 
                 2200 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 6.2 
                 2.25 
                 13.95 
                 75 
                 2800 
               
               
                 Example 11 
                 5.4 
                 2.3 
                 12.42 
                 89 
                 3500 
               
               
                 Example 12 
                 5.6 
                 2.25 
                 12.6 
                 80 
                 2000 
               
               
                 Example 13 
                 6.5 
                 2.25 
                 14.625 
                 86 
                 3100 
               
               
                 Example 14 
                 6.2 
                 2.25 
                 13.95 
                 80 
                 2800 
               
               
                 Example 15 
                 6.5 
                 2.25 
                 14.625 
                 88 
                 3000 
               
               
                 Example 16 
                 6.6 
                 2.25 
                 14.85 
                 82 
                 2500 
               
               
                 Example 17 
                 6.0 
                 2.2 
                 13.2 
                 70 
                 2000 
               
               
                 Example 18 
                 6.5 
                 2.25 
                 14.625 
                 90 
                 2800 
               
               
                 Example 19 
                 4.5 
                 3.1 
                 13.95 
                 86 
                 1800 
               
               
                 Example 20 
                 4.6 
                 3.2 
                 14.172 
                 70 
                 1600 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Discharge 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 capacity 
               
               
                   
                 Discharge 
                   
                   
                 retention 
                 Cycle 
               
               
                   
                 capacity 
                 Volt- 
                   
                 ratio 
                 life at 
               
               
                   
                 at 25° 
                 age 
                 Energy 
                 at −30° 
                 45° C. 
               
               
                   
                 C. (Ah) 
                 (V) 
                 (Wh) 
                 C. (%) 
                 (cycles) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 21 
                 4.4 
                 3.1 
                 13.64 
                 75 
                 1600 
               
               
                 Example 22 
                 5.0 
                 3.7 
                 18.5 
                 85 
                 800 
               
               
                 Example 23 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 16.0 
                 60 
                 900 
               
               
                 Example 24 
                 4.5 
                 3.4 
                 15.3 
                 70 
                 1000 
               
               
                 Example 25 
                 4.5 
                 3.4 
                 15.3 
                 65 
                 1200 
               
               
                 Example 26 
                 6.2 
                 2.25 
                 13.95 
                 80 
                 3200 
               
               
                 Example 27 
                 6.2 
                 2.25 
                 13.95 
                 83 
                 3400 
               
               
                 Example 28 
                 6.2 
                 2.25 
                 13.95 
                 70 
                 2500 
               
               
                 Example 29 
                 5.5 
                 2.25 
                 12.375 
                 65 
                 3300 
               
               
                 Example 30 
                 5.8 
                 2.25 
                 13.05 
                 82 
                 3200 
               
               
                 Example 31 
                 6.0 
                 2.25 
                 13.5 
                 78 
                 3200 
               
               
                 Example 32 
                 5.6 
                 2.25 
                 12.6 
                 82 
                 3200 
               
               
                 Example 33 
                 6.0 
                 2.4 
                 14.4 
                 70 
                 3000 
               
               
                 Example 34 
                 6.2 
                 2.25 
                 13.95 
                 82 
                 3300 
               
               
                 Example 35 
                 6.0 
                 2.25 
                 13.5 
                 70 
                 3100 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 6.2 
                 2.25 
                 13.95 
                 40 
                 600 
               
               
                 Example 1 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 6.3 
                 2.25 
                 14.175 
                 35 
                 800 
               
               
                 Example 2 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 3.5 
                 3.1 
                 10.85 
                 20 
                 50 
               
               
                 Example 3 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 4.0 
                 3.1 
                 12.4 
                 35 
                 200 
               
               
                 Example 4 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 2.0 
                 3.5 
                 7.0 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 5 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 3.5 
                 3.6 
                 12.6 
                 20 
                 500 
               
               
                 Example 6 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 6.0 
                 3.7 
                 22.2 
                 40 
                 100 
               
               
                 Example 7 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 3.0 
                 3.6 
                 10.8 
                 20 
                 50 
               
               
                 Example 8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As is clear from Tables 1 to 6, the nonaqueous electrolyte batteries of Examples 1 to 35 are excellent in discharge capacity retention ratios under the low-temperature environment of −30° as compared to Comparative Examples 1 to 8. In addition, the batteries of Examples 1 to 35 have a high energy and have cycle life at 45° C. equivalent to or better than those of Comparative Examples 1 to 8. Especially, Examples 1, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, and 25 have large amounts of energy (Wh). Examples 3, 8, 9, 11, 15, and 18 are excellent in discharge performance at −30° C. Examples 1, 11, 13, 15, 26, 27, and 29 to 35 are excellent in cycle life performance at a high temperature of 45° C. Example 18 is relatively excellent in cycle life performance and discharge performance at −30° C. even in high-voltage operation of 3.1 V. 
     In addition, batteries of Examples 26 to 35 in which a separator is stacked on the inorganic solid-containing layer have better discharge capacity retention ratios at −30° C. than those of Comparative Examples and have cycle life at 45° C. of 2500 or more. From the results of Examples 1, 9, and 10, it is found that the energy, discharge capacity retention ratio at −30° C., and cycle life at 45° C. are excellent when the weight ratio between the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether is within the range of 1:1 to 9:1. From the results of Examples 26 to 29, it is found that the energy, discharge capacity retention ratio at −30° C., and cycle life at 45° C. are excellent when the thickness of the inorganic solid-containing layer is within the range of 1 μm or more and 30 μm or less. On the other hand, from the results of Examples 26 to 31, it is found that the energy, discharge capacity retention ratio at −30° C., and cycle life at 45° C. are excellent when the content of the inorganic solid particles in the inorganic solid-containing layer is within the range of 90% by weight or more and 99% by weight or less. 
     All of Comparative Example 1 to 7 are examples using no inorganic solid-containing layer. As shown in Comparative Example 3, when no inorganic solid-containing layer is used, even the mixed solvent that includes the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether is used for the nonaqueous electrolyte, both of the discharge capacity under a low-temperature environment of −30° C. and cycle life at 45° C. are poor as compared to Examples. As shown in Comparative Example 8, even when the inorganic solid-containing layer is used, all of the energy, discharge capacity retention ratio at −30° C., and cycle life at 45° C. are poor as compared to Examples unless the nonaqueous electrolyte contains both the fluorinated carbonate and the fluorinated ether. 
       FIG. 11  is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) picture in which a cross-section of the positive electrode active material-containing layer and the inorganic solid-containing layer of Example 26 has been captured. As shown in  FIG. 11 , the inorganic solid-containing layer covers the surface (primary surface) of the positive electrode active material-containing layer. In addition, since the inorganic solid-containing layer is formed on the positive electrode active material-containing layer through coating, the inorganic solid-containing layer is held or supported on the positive electrode active material-containing layer. 
     According to the secondary battery of at least one of the embodiments or Examples described above, by virtue of including an inorganic solid-containing layer that contains: a mixed solvent that includes a fluorinated carbonate and a fluorinated ether; a lithium salt dissolved in the mixed solvent; and inorganic solid particles, excellent charge-and-discharge cycle life, high-temperature durability, and performance at a low temperature can be achieved. 
     While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel embodiments described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms; furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions.