Patent Publication Number: US-2017355939-A1

Title: Devices and methods for removal of biogenic amines from wines and other liquids

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application 62/347,761, filed Jun. 9, 2016, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Biogenic amines are a group of compounds produced by microorganisms during the wine manufacturing process, primarily through decarboxylation of amino acids. It has been shown that these amines can be a cause of headache for individuals who consume wine. See Smit et al., Biogenic Amines in Wine: Understanding the Headache,  Afr. J. Enol. Vitic.  29(2):109-238 (2008). While there can be others, a list of eleven biogenic amines commonly found in wine is presented in Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Biogenic amines found in wines 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Type 
                 Common Name 
                 Structure/Chemical Name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 aliphatic amines 
                 Putrescine 
                 NH 2 —(CH 2 ) 4 —NH 2   
               
               
                   
                 Cadaverine 
                 NH 2 —(CH 2 ) 5 —NH 2   
               
               
                   
                 Ethylamine 
                 CH 3 —CH 2 —NH 2   
               
               
                   
                 Methylamine 
                 CH 3 —NH 2   
               
               
                   
                 Agmatine 
                 NH 2 —(CH 2 ) 4 —N═C(NH 2 ) 2   
               
               
                   
                 Spermidine 
                 NH 2 —(CH 2 ) 4 —NH—(CH 2 ) 3 —NH 2   
               
               
                   
                 Spermine 
                 NH 2 —(CH 2 ) 3 —NH—(CH 2 ) 4 —NH—(CH 2 ) 3 —NH 2   
               
               
                 aromatic amines 
                 Tyramine 
                 HO—C 6 H 5 —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH 2   
               
               
                   
                 β-phenylethylamine 
                 C 6 H 5 —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH 2   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 heterocyclic amines 
                 Histamine 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tryptamine 
                 
                   
                     
                     
                         
                         
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with the purposes of the disclosed materials, compositions, devices, and methods, as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosed subject matter, in one aspect, relates to methods for removing one or more amines from wine or other liquid samples at the point of use. The disclosed methods also relate to devices for use in removing amines from wine or other liquids. The disclosed devices comprise a cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium selective for amines. 
     Additional advantages of the disclosed subject matter will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects described below. 
         FIG. 1  is a first perspective view of a device according to one implementation. 
         FIG. 2  is a second perspective view of the device shown in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a longitudinal cut-a-way view of the device shown in  FIG. 1 , showing an internal cavity of the device. 
         FIG. 4  is a cross-sectional view of a device located inside the neck of a bottle according to another implementation. 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional side view of the device shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 6  is a side view of the device shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 7  is a side view of a device according to one implementation, showing slits defined in a lower portion of the body. 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of a device according to one implementation in which the lower portion is disposed outside the neck of a bottle. 
         FIG. 9  is a graph of pH over time for various aqueous phases contacted with Amberlyst 15 ion exchange resin. 
         FIG. 10  is a graph of pH over time for various aqueous phases spiked with biogenic amines and contacted with Amberlyst 15 resin. 
         FIG. 11  is a graph of pH over time for various aqueous phases spiked with 10% ethanol and biogenic amines and contacted with Amberlyst 15 resin. 
         FIG. 12  is a decanter comprising a cartridge filled with cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The materials, compositions, devices, and methods described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the Examples and Figures included therein. 
     Before the present materials, compositions, devices, and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific synthetic methods or specific reagents, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. 
     Also, throughout this specification, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which the disclosed matter pertains. The references disclosed are also individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein for the material contained in them that is discussed in the sentence in which the reference is relied upon. 
     Devices 
     Disclosed herein is a device and a method for removing or reducing biogenic amines from wine or other liquids at the point of use. In various embodiments, the device has a generally elongated body having a lower portion and an upper portion. At least a portion of the lower portion is configured to engage the neck of a bottle and defines one or more openings configured for receiving liquid from the bottle. An internal cavity is defined between the upper and lower portions. Liquid entering the one or more openings of the lower portion flows into the internal cavity of the body. A cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium, or a cartridge containing a cation exchange resin or molecularly imprint medium, is disposed within the internal cavity. After liquid flows through the internal cavity and past the resin, medium, or cartridge, the liquid flows through one or more openings defined in the upper portion to exit the internal cavity. It is to be understood that there are many different bottle shapes currently in use for wine and other liquids, and the disclosed devices are intended to be adaptable and usable in most if not all such bottle designs. 
       FIGS. 1-3  show one exemplary embodiment of a device  1 . The device  1  has a generally elongated body, with an upper portion  2  and a lower portion  3 . An internal cavity  5  is defined between the upper  2  and lower portions  3 . A bottom surface  4   b  of the lower portion  3  defines one or more openings  4   a  configured for allowing liquid to enter the internal cavity  5  through the openings  4   a . A cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium, or cartridge containing these materials, (not shown) is disposed within the internal cavity  5 . 
     An outer diameter of the lower portion  3  has a diameter that is slightly smaller than an internal diameter of most commercially available bottles such that at least a portion of the lower portion  3  fits within the neck of the bottle and prevents liquid from exiting the bottle except through the device  1 . Most bottles in commercial use for products such as wine have an internal diameter of about 16.36 mm to about 19.81 mm. Thus the outer diameter of the bottom portion  3  can be accordingly dimensioned. The disclosed device  1  could be manufactured in any size to fit different applications. In addition, as discussed below in relation to  FIGS. 4-7 , the lower portion  3  may include annular ribs that extend radially outwardly from at least a portion of the lower portion. The annular ribs may be flexible, for example, and allow the lower portion  3  to be used in bottles with necks having slightly different inner diameters. 
     The upper portion  2  has an outer diameter that is larger than the inside diameter of the neck. In addition, the upper portion  2  comprises a flute  7  and a porous layer  6 . The flute  7  extends from one side of a side wall  24  of the upper portion  2  and defines an opening with a top surface  21  of the upper portion  2 . Fluid may exit the internal cavity  5  through the flute  7 . The porous layer  6  is disposed adjacent the flute  7  and extends between the flute  7  and the internal cavity  5  such that liquid poured from the internal cavity  5  through the flute  7  passes through the porous layer  6 . The porous layer  6  may include one or more openings defined in the upper portion  2  or may be a separate, porous material disposed within the upper portion  2 . 
     The top surface  21  may be part of a cover  8  that is separately formed from the upper portion  2  and defines a space over at least a substantial majority of the porous layer  6 , but not over the flute  7 . The cover  8  may be removably affixed to the upper portion  2 . For example, the cover  8  may threadingly engage a portion of the upper portion  2  or may include an annular ring that snap fits onto a portion of the upper portion  2 . This configuration allows the user to separate the top part so that the contents, e.g., used cation exchange resin, of the internal cavity  5  can be removed and replenished. This can also allow the user to clean the internal surfaces of the device  1 . In other embodiments, the cover  8  may be permanently affixed to the upper portion  2  or integrally formed therewith. 
     Further, a channel vent  9  is defined in the side wall  24  of the upper portion  2  and the lower portion  3  on a side substantially opposite from the flute  7  relative to a longitudinal axis that extends through the upper  2  and lower portions  3  of the device  1 . The channel vent  9  is separated from the internal cavity  5  via an intermediate side wall portion  25 . In particular, the channel vent  9  is a generally elongated channel that extends between a lower opening  22  defined adjacent the bottom surface  4   b  of the lower portion  3  and an upper opening  23  defined in the side wall  24  of the upper portion  2 . The channel vent  9  allows air to enter the bottle when the liquid is being poured through the device  1  and out the flute  7 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1-3 , the lower portion  2  frictionally engages the internal side walls of the neck of the bottle. However, in other embodiments (not shown), the lower portion  3  may define one or more annular ribs that extend radially outwardly from at least a portion of an external surface of the side wall  24  of the lower portion  3  to help secure the device  1  in the neck of the bottle and prevent it from sliding out of the neck when pouring liquid contents of the bottle through the device  1 . These ribs may be flexible or radially compressible to allow the lower portion  2  to be engaged in bottles having necks with different internal diameters. For example, one embodiment of ribs that may be used with device  1  is described below in relation to  FIGS. 4-7 . 
     In still another example (not shown), the lower portion  3  may define a smooth external surface and taper toward its bottom surface  4   b . For example, in such an implementation, the diameter may increase from a smaller diameter adjacent the one or more openings  4   a  to a larger diameter axially above the bottom surface  4   b  approaching the upper portion  2 . The larger diameter may be greater than the neck&#39;s internal diameter. In this embodiment, the lower portion  3  of the device  1  can be inserted into the neck to a point where the outer diameter of the lower portion  3  substantially equals the internal diameter of the bottle neck. This configuration can act to wedge the device  1  into the bottle&#39;s neck and prevent it from sliding out of the neck when pouring liquid contents of the bottle through the device  1 . 
     In another embodiment (not shown), the upper portion  2  of the device  1  may be divided into two parts along a horizontal plane and the two parts can be configured such that they can be separated and reattached. 
     An effective amount of cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium to remove the biogenic amines from a quantity of wine is disposed within the internal cavity  5 . In certain embodiments, the effective amount of cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium may be disposed in a cartridge or a sachet (e.g., like a tea bag) prior to disposing within the internal cavity  5 . Separate cartridges and sachets containing said effective amount of cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium are also disclosed herein. Such cartridges and sachets can be provided with the devices disclosed herein so that the devices can be refilled and reused. It is also contemplated that the cartridges or sachets, as disclosed herein, containing the cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium can be inserted into the internal cavity  5  of the device  1 . The cartridge or “tea-bag” can be configured so that they fit snugly within the device  1 . 
     In still another exemplary embodiment (not shown), an internal surface of the elongated body of device  1  may define one or more ridges, such as annular or semi-annularly shaped ridges or an array of protrusions that extend into the internal cavity  5  that cause a turbulent flow of the liquid as it flows through the device  1 . 
     The device  1  can be made from of a plastic material such as polypropylene or polyethylene and manufactured by injection molding, for example. 
       FIGS. 4-6  show another exemplary embodiment of a device  10  as disclosed herein. The device  10  includes a generally elongated body  13  having an upper portion  18  and a lower portion  19 . These portions  18 ,  19  have an external surface  26  and an internal surface  27 . The external diameter of the body  13  is substantially the same for at least a portion of the upper  18  and lower portions  19 , and at least a portion of the lower portion  19  fits within the internal diameter of most commercially available bottles. Most bottles in commercial use for products such as wine have an internal diameter of about 16.36 mm to about 19.81 mm. Thus the diameter of the device  10  can be accordingly dimensioned. The disclosed device  10  could be manufactured in any size to fit different applications. 
     The body  13  includes a spout  11 . The spout  11  is defined by one or more openings in a side wall  28  of the upper portion  18 . In alternative embodiments (not shown), the spout  11  may include one or more openings in the side wall  28  and a flute that extends radially outwardly from the side wall  28 . For example, the flute may be similar to the flute  7  described above in relation to  FIGS. 1-3 . In embodiments including the flute, the flute may be integrally formed with the side wall  28  or defined as part of a separate sleeve that fits around at least a portion of the upper portion  18  adjacent one or more openings defined therein. 
     In certain examples, the device  10  may include a cap that is configured to fit around the spout  11  and seal the contents of the bottle. In other examples (not shown), the spout is omitted and the liquid may flow out of one or more openings defined in the upper portion  18  of the body  13 , such as, for example, in a top surface of the upper portion  18  or in the side wall  28 . 
     The body  13  also includes a lip  12  that is extends radially outwardly from the upper portion  18  of the body  13 . A lower surface  29  of the lip  12  is configured to securely fit on a top surface of the neck of the bottle  20 . In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 4-6 , the lip  12  has a frusto-conical cross-sectional shape with the wide, annular lower surface  29  adjacent the lower portion  19  and a side wall that slopes radially inwardly and axially upwardly toward the upper portion  18  from the lower surface  29 . 
     In addition, one or more annular or semi-annular ribs  14  extends radially outwardly from an external surface of the side wall  28  of the body  13  and is integrally formed therewith. The ribs  14  are disposed on the lower portion  19  of the body  13  axially below the lip  12 . The ribs  14  allow the device  10  to securely fit within the neck of the bottle  20 . The ribs  14  are sufficiently flexible to accommodate a bottle having an internal diameter that is slightly smaller than an outer diameter of the ribs  14 . For example, the ribs  14  may be formed of a flexible polymer material or rubber. The ribs  14  and lip  12  allow for a snug fit of the device  10  within the neck of a bottle so that the device  10  does not fall out of a bottle when pouring and so that the liquid inside the bottle does not leak out. In other embodiments (not shown), the external diameter of the body  13  can taper such that the external diameter at the lower portion  19  of the body  13  is smaller than the external diameter at the upper portion  18 . In this way the device  10  can be inserted into the neck to the point on the body  13  where its diameter equals the internal diameter of the bottle neck and “wedges” the device  10  into the bottle neck so that it stays put during pouring. 
     A cartridge  15  comprising a cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium, as is detailed more herein, is disposed within the body  13 . The cartridge  15  can be disposed near the lower portion  19  of the body  13  (as shown in  FIGS. 4 and 5 ), near the upper portion  18 , in between the lower  19  and upper portions  18 , or through substantially the entire length of the body  13 . In one aspect, the cartridge  15  can be removed from the body  13 , e.g., it is removably affixed within the body. The cartridge  15  may fit tightly within the body and remain in place by tension or friction, or it may be held into place by complementary, engageable ridges or protrusions defined on an external surface of the cartridge  15  and an internal surface of the body  13 , which allows removal and insertion of the cartridge  15  without prying or other undue force. In this way, the user can replace an old cartridge  15  for a new one and thereby replace the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium after one or several uses or after the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium is no longer useful, without replacing the entire device  10 . In other aspects, the cartridge  15  can be permanently affixed within the body  13 . 
     The cartridge  15  has a top surface  16  and a bottom surface  17 , and optionally side walls, that are porous (liquid permeable) and allow the wine or other liquid to flow through the device  10 , yet hold the exchange resin in place and prevent it from being poured out along with the wine or other liquid. The lower portion  19  of the body  13  defines one or more openings along a bottom surface  36  of the lower portion  19  to allow the wine or other liquid into the body  13  and the cartridge  15  so that the wine or other liquid can contact the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium. 
     The lower portion  19  of the body  13  adjacent the openings in the bottom surface  36  may also include a screen or other filter for removing fragments of cork and sediment. Such screens or filters may be cellulose, nylon, or polypropylene or other inert material and may have pore sizes of from about 105 to about 500 microns. 
     The length of the cartridge  15  should be long enough to contain an amount of cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium suitable to sufficiently remove the amines from a given volume of wine or other liquid. For a 750 mL bottle of wine, the amount of cation exchange resin can be from about 0.5 g to about 10 g; thus the length of the cartridge, given the diameter of the body  13 , should be sufficiently long to accommodate the amount of cation exchange resin. The amount of molecularly imprinted medium would be similar to or less than the amount of cation exchange resin needed. Likewise, the length of the body  13  is sufficiently long to accommodate the length of the cartridge  15 . For an average bottle of wine, the length of the cartridge  15  can be from about 3 cm to about 30 cm long, though variations from changes in diameter and volume can be accounted for. Based on the volume of cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium used, the length and diameter of the cartridge can be adjusted accordingly. 
     The internal surface  27  of the lower portion  19  may be generally smooth along the edge (as shown in the figures). In other embodiments (not shown), it is contemplated that an internal surface of the body  13  and/or an external surface of the cartridge  15  may be corrugated, to increase the contact of the wine or other liquid with the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium. Similarly, in other embodiments (not shown), at least a portion of the upper portion  18  of the body  13  can be curved to lengthen the path of contact for the wine and cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium. 
     The embodiment shown in  FIG. 7  is similar to the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 4-6 . However, in this embodiment, the lower portion of the body  13  defines one or more slits  37  or shaped openings within the side wall  28 . The walls of the cartridge  15  are at least partially porous, and the cartridge  15  is disposed within the lower portion  19  adjacent the one or more slits  37  so wine or other fluid can flow through the slits  18  and into the cartridge  15  to contact the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium. An advantage of this embodiment is that more wine or other liquid can contact the ionic exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium in a shorter amount of time. Alternative embodiments may include disposing the cartridge  15  completely axially above the slits  18  or other opening(s) in the body  13  or partially above the slits  18  or other opening(s). Such alternative embodiments may allow a part of the cartridge  15  to be directly accessed via the slits  18  or openings. 
     In other exemplary embodiments (not shown), the device  10  can comprise one or more additional cartridges above and/or below cartridge  15 . These additional cartridges can comprise other materials that filter or otherwise alter the wine or other liquid being poured through the device  10 . For example, an additional cartridge can contain activated charcoal to remove sediment or impurities, weakly acidic or basic exchange resins to alter pH or remove minerals, cellulose or nylon to filter particulates, and the like. These additional cartridges can be permanently affixed to the body  13  or removable from the body  13 . 
     In still another exemplary embodiment (not shown), the device  10  need not contain a cartridge  15 , but instead, is filled with the cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium. Alternatively, sachets containing an effective amount of cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium can be provided with device  10  so that the device can be refilled and reused. 
     The body  13 , spout  11 , lip  12 , and/or ribs  14 , can be made of a plastic material such as polypropylene or polyethylene and manufactured by injection molding. The external surface  26  of the body  13  may also include handles or other protrusions that the user can use to grip or leverage the device  10  when twisting the device  10  into a bottle  20  (not shown). 
     In other exemplary embodiments (not shown), a cylindrical tube may be disposed inside or through the body  13 . For example, the tube may be disposed or formed in the side wall  28  of the body  13  substantially opposite the spout  11  relative to a longitudinal axis that extends through the body  13  between the upper portion  18  and the lower portion  19 . The cylindrical tube may extend from the external surface  26  of the upper portion  18  of the body  13 , through the body  13 , and out of the external surface  26  of the lower portion  19  of the body  13  to allow air into the bottle  20  more quickly for faster pouring. In another embodiment, the tube may extend through at least a portion of the cartridge  15  but is not in liquid communication with the liquid in the body  13  or cartridge  15 . 
       FIG. 8  shows a device  30  according to yet another implementation that is attachable to an outside surface of the neck of a standard bottle  20 . Again, it is to be understood that there are many different bottle shapes currently in use for wine and other liquids, and the disclosed devices are intended to be usable in most if not all such bottle designs. The exemplary embodiment shown in  FIG. 8  is illustrative of these various designs. 
     The device  30  includes a generally elongated body  33  having an upper portion  34 , a lower portion  32 , an external surface  38 , and an internal surface  39 . The lower portion  32  defines a neck-receiving channel  42  axially above an annular bottom surface  41  of the lower portion  32 . The neck-receiving channel  42  is configured for being urged in a radially outward direction to receive the neck of the bottle and biasing itself radially inwardly against an upper portion of the neck. An internal diameter of the neck-receiving channel  42  is greater than an internal diameter of the annular bottom surface  41  of the device  30  and is sized to engage (e.g., is slightly larger or larger than) the external diameter of the upper portion of the neck of most commercially available bottles (as shown). The engagement of the neck-receiving channel  42  around the upper portion of the neck of the bottle allows the device  30  to securely fit to the bottle&#39;s neck. The lower portion  32  can be integrally with the body  33  or it can be a separately formed sleeve configured to fit around and engage the body  33  (not shown). 
     In addition, the annular bottom surface  41  is configured for engaging a portion of the neck of the bottle that has a reduced external diameter as compared to the upper portion of the neck. In other embodiments (not shown), the annular bottom surface  41  and the neck-receiving channel  42  have substantially the same internal diameter. 
     Integrally formed with the body  33  (or as a separate sleeve on the body) is a spout  31 . The spout  31  is defined by one or more openings in a side wall  48  of the upper portion  34 . In alternative embodiments (not shown), the spout  31  may include one or more openings in the side wall  48  and a flute that extends radially outwardly from the side wall  48 . For example, the flute may be similar to the flute  7  described above in relation to  FIGS. 1-3 . In embodiments including the flute, the flute may be integrally formed with the side wall  48  or defined as part of a separate sleeve that fits around at least a portion of the upper portion  34  adjacent one or more openings defined therein. 
     In certain examples, the device  30  may include a cap (not shown) that is configured to fit over or engage with the spout  31  to seal the contents of the bottle. In other examples (not shown), the spout is omitted and the liquid may flow out of one or more openings defined in the upper portion  34  of the body  33 , such as, for example, in a top surface of the upper portion  34  or in the side wall  48 . 
     A cartridge  35  containing a cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium, as is detailed more herein, is disposed within the body of the device  30 . The cartridge  35  can be disposed adjacent the lower portion  32  of the body  33  (as shown in the figures), adjacent the upper portion  34 , or through substantially the entire length of the body  33 . In one implementation, the cartridge  35  can be removed from the body  33 , e.g., it can fit tightly within the body and remain in place by tension or friction, or it can be held into place by complementary, engaging ridges or protrusions defined on an external surface of the cartridge  35  and an internal surface of the body  33 , which allow the cartridge  35  to come out of the tube with minimal prying or force. In this way, the user can replace an old cartridge  35  for a new one and thereby replace the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium after one or several uses or after the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium is no longer useful. In other implementations, the cartridge  35  can be permanently affixed to the body  33 . 
     The length of the cartridge  35  should be long enough to contain an amount of cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium suitable to sufficiently remove the amines from a given volume of wine or other liquid. For a 750 mL bottle of wine, the amount of cation exchange resin can be from about 0.5 g to about 10 g; thus the length of the cartridge, given the diameter of the body  33 , should be sufficiently long to accommodate the amount of cation exchange resin. The amount of molecularly imprinted medium needed would be similar or less than the amount of cation exchange resin. Likewise, the length of the body  33  should be sufficiently long to accommodate the length of the cartridge  35 . For an average bottle of wine, the length of the cartridge  35  can be from about 3 cm to about 10 cm long, though variations from changes in diameter and volume can be accounted for. Based on the volume of cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium used, the length and diameter of the cartridge can be adjusted accordingly. The body  33  is longer than the cartridge  35  within it. 
     It is also contemplated that at least a portion of the internal surface of the elongated body  33  and/or at least a portion of the external surface of the cartridge  35  can be corrugated or include protrusions, to increase the contact of the wine with the cation exchange resin. Similarly, at least a portion of the body  33  can be curved to lengthen the path of contact for the wine and cation exchange resin. 
     In another exemplary embodiment (not shown), the device  30  can comprise one or more additional cartridges disposed above and/or below cartridge  35 . These additional cartridges can comprise other materials that filter or otherwise alter the wine or other liquid being poured through the device  30 . For example, an additional cartridge can contain activated charcoal to remove sediment or impurities, acidic or basic exchange resins to alter pH or remove minerals, cellulose, nylon or other filter material. These additional cartridges can be permanently affixed to the body  33  or removable from the body  33 . 
     In still another exemplary embodiment, the device  30  need not contain a cartridge  35 , but instead, is filled with the cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium. Sachets containing an effective amount of cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium can be provided with device  30  so that the device can be refilled and reused. 
     The body  33  can be made of a plastic material such as polypropylene or polyethylene and manufactured by injection molding, for example. 
     In other exemplary embodiments (not shown), a cylindrical tube may be disposed inside or through the body  33 . For example, the tube may be disposed or formed in the side wall  48  of the body  33  substantially opposite the spout  31  relative to a longitudinal axis that extends through the body  33  between the upper portion  34  and the lower portion  38 . The cylindrical tube may extend from an external surface of the upper portion  34  of the body  33 , through the body  33 , and out an external surface of the lower portion  38  of the body  33  to allow air into the bottle  20  more quickly for faster pouring. In another embodiment, the tube may extend through at least a portion of the cartridge  35  but is not in liquid communication with the liquid in the body  33  or cartridge  35 . 
     Cartridge 
     Also, disclosed herein are cartridges, such as cartridges  15 ,  35 , that contain an ionic exchange resin. The cartridge can be generally elongated (e.g., cylindrically shaped) and can be configured so as to fit within the internal cavity  5  of device  1 , or the body  13 ,  33  of devices  10 ,  30 , respectively. At least the top and bottom of the cartridge are porous such that the wine or other liquid can pass through the cartridge while keeping the cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium contents of the cartridge remain inside the cartridge. At least a portion of the side walls of the cartridge may be porous as well. The cartridges may include walls made of a generally rigid material. The cartridge can define a single chamber in which cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium is disposed. Alternatively, the cartridge can define multiple chambers, each with the same or different ion exchange resins and/or molecularly imprinted media. Still further, the cartridge can define multiple chambers where at least one contains a cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium and at least another contains other filtering material like charcoal, cellulose, nylon and the like. In implementations in which the body provides structural support to the cartridge, the cartridge may instead have flexible walls, e.g., like a porous bag or “tea-bag”, or at least a portion of the walls may be made of a flexible material. 
     The size of the cartridge should be sufficiently large so as to accommodate an amount of cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium effective for removing biogenic amines from a given volume of wine or other liquid. In general about 1 g of cation exchange resin is suitable for removing amines in 100 mL of wine or other liquid to base line levels. Correspondingly, 7.5 g of cation exchange resin is suitable for 750 mL of wine or other liquid and so forth. The amounts of molecularly imprinted medium needed would be similar. Given the volume of the liquid or size of the bottle, a suitable range of cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium can be determined, which leads to a corresponding volume of resin that cartridge should accommodate. The length and diameter of the cartridge can be sized accordingly to accommodate the desired volume of resin. 
     In an exemplary embodiment, the cartridge can be used alone, without the device, such as the devices described above in relation to  FIGS. 1-8 . In such an embodiment, the cartridge can simply be dropped into the bottle or glass. A string can be attached to the cartridge so that it can be retrieved (e.g., like a tea bag). Alternatively, the cartridge can be attached to a rod so that the cartridge can be retrieved. The disclosed cartridges can also be used on other filtering devices such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,417,860, 6,165,362, 6,153,096, which are each incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for their teachings of liquid filtering devices. 
     Also disclosed herein is an intermediary container that comprises a sufficient amount of cation exchange resin and/or molecularly imprinted medium to remove or reduce amines from wine or other liquids. The intermediary containing can be decanter that contains within its volume a cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium. There are a variety of decorative decanters or other similar vessels for holding wine or other liquids. These can be modified to contain one or more cartridges, e.g., on the bottom, along the neck or walls, that house a sufficient amount of cation exchange resin or molecularly imprinted medium. An example is shown in  FIG. 12 . 
     Methods 
     Disclosed herein is a method for removing or reducing one or more biogenic amines from wine or other liquid at the point of use. These methods can use the devices and cartridges disclosed herein or use other columns or filters containing cation exchange resins. As can be seen from the molecular structures in Table 1, biogenic amines vary significantly in size and structure, but one of their common features is that they all have one or more primary amine group connected to the rest of the molecule by an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain. As such, the disclosed methods and devices involve the use of a cation exchange resin in its hydrogen form to remove these amines from wine or other liquids. The methods disclosed herein comprise contacting a wine or other liquid at the point of use with a cation exchange resin for a time sufficient to remove one or more amines from the wine or other liquid. It is noted during the production of wine, there are no biogenic amines since such amines are generated after the wine is prepared, bottled, and stored. Thus, use of cation exchange resins during the production of wine would not have removed biogenic amines. 
     The general reaction for removing the amines (RNH 2 ) by ion exchange is shown in the equation below. 
       Resin-CO 2 H+RNH 2 →Resin-CO 2   − +RN + H 3  
 
       Resin-SO 3 H+RNH 2 →Resin-SO 3   − +RN + H 3  
 
     The general reaction for removing ammonium salts (e.g., Ac − RNH 3   + ) by ion exchange is shown in the equation below. 
       Resin-SO 2 H+Ac − RN + H 3 →Resin-SO 2   − +RN + H 3 +AcH
 
     Ion Exchange Resin 
     Ion exchange is the reversible interchange of ions between a solid (ion exchange material) and a liquid in which there is no permanent change in the structure of the solid. Ion exchange is used in water treatment and also provides a method of separation in many non-water processes. It has special utility in chemical synthesis, medical research, food processing, mining, agriculture and a variety of other areas. 
     Ion exchange resins have been used to treat wine during the manufacturing process, but not at the point of use. In particular, treating wine before bottling with cation exchange resins in the hydrogen form has been alleged to reduce potassium bitartrate haze, prevent copper and iron turbidity, stabilize against microbial infection, and increase in bouquet (R. Kunin, “AmberHi-Lite, Fifty Years of Ion Exchange,” Tall Oaks Publishing, July 1996). Phenolic cation exchange resins have been used for similar purposes, but with the caveat that the amount of wine treated is limited by the resulting decrease in pH. Id. Small particle size carboxylic resins have also been used to pre-concentrate biogenic amines for analytical purposes. The method also picked-up some amino acids and saccharides (Lethonen, “Determination of Amines and Amino Acids in Wine—a Review,”  Am. J. Enol. Vitic.  47(2):127-133 (1996)). 
     To use ion exchange at the point of use for the removal of biogenic amines, three parameters should be considered: type of resin, capacity (i.e., the amount of resin required to remove the amines present in a given volume of liquid), and kinetics (i.e., how long it takes to remove the amines from the liquid). These parameters have different levels of importance at the point of use stage than at the manufacturing stage. Thus, whether a given resin or device may work for one purpose at one stage of the process would not directly translate into whether the resin can be used at another point, under different conditions, and for a different purpose. 
     Type of Resin 
     The structure and porosity of an ion exchange resin are determined principally by the conditions of polymerization of the backbone polymer. Porosity determines the size of the species (molecule or ion) that may enter a specific structure and its rate of diffusion and exchange. There also is a strong interrelationship between the equilibrium properties of swelling and ionic selectivity. For example, a conventional gel type, styrenic ion exchanger is built on a matrix prepared by co-polymerizing styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB). In these systems, porosity is inversely related to the DVB cross-linking. Suitable resins for use herein are such gel resins. Gel resins exhibit microporosity with pore volumes typically up to 10 or 15 Å. 
     In other examples, the resin is a macroporous (macroreticular) ion exchange resin, which have pores of a considerably larger size than those of the gel type resins with pore diameters up to several hundred Å. Their surface area can reach 500 m 2 /g or higher. Macroporous polymers are generally highly cross-linked and therefore exhibit little volume change (swelling). 
     Suitable cation exchange resins for use herein are food grade. The term “food grade matrix” is any material that can form a matrix and that is cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a Secondary Direct Food Additive under 21 C.F.R. §173. Sections 5-165 of 21 C.F.R. §173 provide representative examples of materials useful as the food grade matrix as well as permissible amounts of impurities to be considered a food grade matrix useful herein. For example, the material used to produce the food grade matrix comprises less than 10%, less than 8%, less than 6%, less than 4%, or less than 2% by weight nonpolymerizable impurities. 
     In one aspect, the food grade matrix comprises an acrylate-acrylamide resin (173.5), a polyacrylamide resin (173.10), an ion exchange resin (173.25), a perfluorinated ion exchange membrane (173.21), an ion exchange membrane (173.20), a molecular sieve resin (173.40), polymaleic acid or the sodium salt thereof (173.45), polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (173.50), polyvinylpyrrolidone (173.55), dimethylamine-epichlorohydrin copolymer (173.60), chloromethylated aminated styrene-divinylbenzene resin (173.70), sodium polyacrylate (173.73), or sorbitan monooleate (173.75), where the number in parenthesis is the federal registration section number that provides information with respect to the requirements of the material to be a secondary direct food additive. In a preferred aspect, the resin is a sulfonated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene, as described in 21 C.F.R. §173.25(a)(1)). 
     In another aspect, the food grade matrix comprises a copolymer of divinylbenzene. For example, the food grade matrix comprises a copolymer of (1) divinylbenzene and (2) acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl vinyl benzene, or styrene. Title 21 C.F.R. §173.65 provides the requirements for the use of divinylbenzene copolymers as a secondary direct food additive. For example, the divinylbenzene copolymer must have at least 79 weight percent divinylbenzene and no more than 4 weight percent nonpolymerizable impurities. Examples of divinylbenzene copolymers useful herein as food grade matrices include, but are not limited to, Amberlite™ XAD resins which are crosslinked, macroporous polystyrene/divinylbenzene copolymers. 
     The cation exchange resins are functionalized with chemical group that can chemically react with primary amines. Generally, this is a carboxylic acid group such as —CO 2 H or a sulfonic acid group such as —SO 3 H. 
     Capacity 
     Ion exchange capacity can be expressed in a number of ways. Total capacity, i.e., the total number of sites available for exchange, is normally determined after converting the resin by chemical regeneration techniques to a given ionic form. The ion is then chemically removed from a measured quantity of the resin and quantitatively determined in solution by conventional analytical methods. Total capacity is expressed on a dry weight, wet weight, or wet volume basis. The water uptake of a resin and therefore its wet weight and wet volume capacities are dependent on the nature of the polymer backbone as well as the environment in which the sample is placed. 
     Operating capacity is a measure of the useful performance obtained with the ion exchange material when it is operating in a column under a prescribed set of conditions. It is dependent on a number of factors including the inherent (total) capacity of the resin, the level of regeneration, the composition of solution treated, the flow rates through the column, temperature, particle size and distribution. 
     In Table 2, the maximum amounts of various biogenic amines found in wines prepared using different processes are shown (milliequivalents of amine groups per liter of wine). Adding all the values gives a “worst case scenario” total amine content of 0.82 meq/L. Using a volume capacity of 3.5 meq/mL for a poly(methacrylic acid) resin (such as Rohm and Haas&#39; IRC-50) and 1.4 meq/g for a macroporous (fast kinetics) sulfonic resin (such as Thermax&#39;s T-84), about one gram or less of resin is sufficient to remove all amines from 1 L of wine. Extrapolation to other volumes of wine or other liquids can accordingly be made. Accordingly, as disclosed herein the methods and devices can use from about 0.5 g to about 10 g of cation exchange resin. For example, the cartridges disclosed herein can comprises from about 0.5 g to about 10 g, from about 1 to about 5 g, from about 5 to about 10 g, from about 2 to about 4 g, from about 1 to about 5, from about 0.5 to about 2 g of cation exchange resin. In other examples, the cartridges disclosed herein can comprise about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 g of cation exchange resin, where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint of a range. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Highest levels of various biogenic amines encountered in wines 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 MAX. AMT. 
                 MW 
                   
               
               
                 AMINE 
                 (mg/L) 
                 (Daltons) 
                 MAX. meq. -NH 2 /L 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Putrescine 
                 11.07 
                 88 
                 (11.07 × 2)/88 = 0.25 
               
               
                 Cadaverine 
                 2.09 
                 102 
                 (2.09 × 2)/102 = 0.40 
               
               
                 Ethylamine 
                 3.07 
                 45 
                  3.07/45 = 0.07 
               
               
                 Methylamine 
                 1.36 
                 31 
                  1.36/31 = 0.04 
               
               
                 Tyramine 
                 2.37 
                 137 
                 2.37/137 = 0.02 
               
               
                 Histamine 
                 4.89 
                 111 
                 4.89/111 = 0.04 
               
               
                 TOTAL 
                   
                   
                 0.82 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Kinetics 
     Short times are desirable for removing amines at the point of use with cation exchange resins packed in a column, device or cartridge. On method involves contacting a poured glass of wine or other liquid with a cartridge containing a cation exchange resin (e.g., either attached to a rod or sting as in a tea bag), rather than pouring the content of the bottle through a cartridge into the glass. 
     Another method for increasing kinetics and is to decrease the particle size of the cation exchange resin. Suitably small particles sizes are below 1680 microns, e.g., from 500 to 1410 microns. Smaller sizes can also be used such as 10 micron, 15 micron, 25 micron, 37 micron, 44 micron, 53 micron, 63 micron, 74 micron, 88 micron, 105 micron, 125 micron, 149 micron, 177 micron, 210 micron, 250 micron, 297 micron, 354 micron, 400 micron, 500 micron, 595 micron, 707 micron, 841 micron, 100 micron, 119 micron, 1410 micron, or 1680 micron, where any of the stated values can form an upper or lower endpoint of a range. Alternatively, resins with larger particle sizes (e.g., from 1680 to 6730 micron) can be ground down to small sizes. 
     Molecularly Imprinted Medium 
     In alternative embodiments the cartridge is filed with a polymer molecularly imprinted with the —CH 2 —CH 2 —NH 2  moiety common to all biogenic amines (except methylamine). Molecular imprinting is a technique, which creates a polymer (or similar) matrix with binding sites for specific molecules based on a combination of recognition mechanisms including size, shape, and functionality. Molecular imprinting has become increasingly recognized as a powerful technique to produce synthetic polymers that contain tailor-made recognition sites for binding specific target molecules. The non-covalent imprinting and recognition principle is based on the concepts of molecular “keys” and polymeric “locks.” In principle, the imprinted sites would specifically recognize only the template molecules. Consequently a number of biomedical applications in the life sciences have been enabled by molecularly imprinted media (MIMs), including chromatographic separation, drug delivery, solid-phase extraction, diagnostic devices and biosensors. As disclosed herein, a molecularly imprinted medium is used in the cartridges disclosed herein or in a column to remove biogenic amines from wine or other liquids. 
     Molecularly imprinted media are described in the following patents and publications: U.S. Pat. No. 5,110,833 to Mosbach; U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,311 to Mosbach et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,296 to Domb; U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,198 to Mosbach et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,638,498 to Green et al.; Mosbach, K. et al, “The Emerging Technique of Molecular imprinting and Its Future Impact on Biotechnology”, Biotechnology, vol Feb. 14, 1996, pp 163-170; G. Wulff. “Molecular Imprinting in Cross-Linked Materials with the Aid of Molecular Templates—A Way towards Artificial Antibodies” Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl., 34, 1812-1832 (1995); P. Hollinger, et al., “Mimicking Nature and Beyond” Trends in Biochemistry, 13(1), 79 (1995); Haupt, K., Mosbach, K. Trends Biotech, 16, 468-475 (1997); Davis et al, “Rational Catalyst Design via Imprinted Nanostructured Materials” Chem. Mater. 8 (1996) pp 1820-1839. and Wulff. G. et al, “Enzyme models Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Strong Esterase Activity” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 36 1962 (1997). Each of these references in incorporated by reference herein in their entireties for their teachings of molecularly imprinted media and methods for their preparation. 
     Molecular imprinting involves mixing a functional monomer capable of subsequent co-polymerization into a matrix, and the target molecule in solution and facilitating arrangement/binding of the functional monomer to the print molecules with a variety of possible interactions. After adding a cross-linking agent, a reaction is initiated via physical or chemical means inducing co-polymerization of the monomer and the cross-linker into a matrix. Then, the print molecules are removed by a variety of extraction processes, thereby leaving “molds” (a.k.a., binding sites complementary in shape, size, and functionality to the target/template molecule) in the matrix that can later entrap/re-recognize the “target” molecule (a.k.a., the print molecule). Each “mold” or cavity can be configured to capture the entire molecule or a portion thereof, e.g., a terminal end or a (or several) functional group(s). Also, the matrix can physically trap the target molecule, and can optionally employ a wide variety of binding types including but not limited to ionic, electrostatic, covalent, hydrogen, or van der Waals binding. By creating such a matrix specifically tailored for biogenic amines, these amines will be selectively remove from the wine or other liquid without affecting other constituents of the liquid. 
     There are two main approaches to molecular imprinting, though a wide variety of modifications and combinations have been published: (i) the covalent approach pioneered by Wulff and Sarhan, and (ii) the non-covalent approach initially developed by Arshady and Mosbach. Covalent imprinting uses templates, which are covalently bound to one or more polymerizable functional monomer groups. After polymerization, the template bonds to the matrix are cleaved, and the functionality left in the binding site is capable of binding the target molecule by re-establishment of a covalent bond. The advantage of this approach is that the functional groups are only associated with the template site. 
     Non-covalent imprinting based on non-covalent interactions such as but not limited to H-bonding, ion-pairing, and dipole-dipole interactions is also possible, as this approach is readily adaptable and facilitates rapid synthesis, provides close resemblance to the molecular recognition mechanisms of natural receptors, and benefits from the availability of substantial functional monomer libraries reported in literature. 
     Semi-covalent imprinting attempts to combine the advantages of the covalent and the non-covalent approach. As the template is covalently bound to a polymerizable functional monomer group, the functionality which is recovered after cleavage of the template should only be found in the binding site. However, re-binding takes place via semi- or non-covalent interactions. In stoichiometric non-covalent imprinting, the complex between functional monomer and template is strong enough to ensure that the equilibrium lies well on the side of the complex, therefore ensuring that it retains its integrity during the polymerization process; this can usually be ensured if the association constant (K a ) for the template-monomer interaction is greater than or equal to 10 3  M −1 . 
     MIMs can be prepared as bulk polymer monoliths followed by mechanical grinding and sieving, thereby providing small (milli- to micrometer-sized) particles. Grafting approaches have also been applied, and electropolymerization procedures have been used to build up layers of e.g., acrylamide-based MIMs at ISFET (ion-sensitive field effect transistor) surfaces. Alternatively, a MIM material shaped as regular or irregular particle may be incorporated in thin layer or membrane serving as a structural scaffold coated at the device surface. 
     In exemplary embodiments, the cartridges disclosed herein or columns can comprise a non-covalent molecularly imprinted media. There are a number of monomers that can be used for the molecular imprinting, for example, acrylic acid, acrylamide, agarose, methacrylic acid, trifluoro-methacrylic acid, 4-vinylbenzoic acid, itaconic acid, 4-vinylbenzyl-iminodiacetic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonic acid, 1-vinylimadazole, 2-vinylpyridine, N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, styrenesulfonic acid, vinyl pyrrolidone, vinylimidazole, 4(5)-vinylimidazole, 3-acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride, styrene, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphate, styrene sulfonic acid, and mixtures thereof. The cross-linking monomer is responsible for mechanical and thermal stability of the polymer. It fixes the pre-polymerization complex in its position, yet provides sufficient porosity to easily release the template after the imprinting process, giving access to the target for rebinding. Hence, template leaking from the polymer should be low, and the polymer backbone should provide sufficient micro-, macro-, and meso-channels for the target to rapidly diffuse to the binding site. Examples of cross-linkers include divinylbenzene, trivinylcyclohexane, N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide, N,N′-phenylene-bisacrylamide, 2,6-bisacrylamidopyridine, ethylene glycol methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, and mixtures thereof. Generally, the more polymerizable groups per cross-linker the more rigid, and specific, the resulting imprinted medium. 
     In order to facilitate (initiate) the cross-linking (polymerization) of the monomer-print molecule admixture to form the imprinted medium, heat, radiation, or chemical initiation can be utilized depending on the selected materials. A number of different photo- and/or thermolabile initiators can be used such as 2,2′-azobis-(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (ABDV), azobis-(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), and benzoyl peroxide (BPO). 
     As an exemplary embodiment, a suitable MIM can be prepared by a non-covalent imprinting approach in aqueous solution using methacrylic acid or styrene sulfonic acid as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker. One more of the biogenic amines shown in Table 1 can be used as the template. Polymer precursors (i.e., monomers and an initiator) can be combined with the template in a solution for a time to ensure equilibration of non-covalent associations between templates and monomers. The solution can then be placed in an oven to initiate free radical thermal polymerization. The resulting polymers can be sieved, washed, and dried. 
     It is contemplated herein that the molecularly imprinted media can be used in place or in addition to the cation exchange resin in the disclosed devises and methods above. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples are set forth below to illustrate the methods and results according to the disclosed subject matter. These examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate representative methods and results. These examples are not intended to exclude equivalents and variations of the present invention, which are apparent to one skilled in the art. 
     Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. There are numerous variations and combinations of reaction conditions, e.g., component concentrations, temperatures, pressures and other reaction ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the product purity and yield obtained from the described process. Only reasonable and routine experimentation will be required to optimize such process conditions. 
     Example 1: pH Vs. Time Curves as a Method for Determining the Removal Efficiency and Rate of Removal of Amine from Aqueous Phases 
     This set of experiments determined the “baseline” values of changes in pH over time of aqueous phases (both ultrapure water (UPW) and distilled water) upon the addition of an ion exchange resin. The experiments were performed by adding one gram of resin (dry base) to water after rewetting the resin in water for various amounts of time. The results obtained using Amberlyst 15, a strong acid (sulfonic) ion exchange resin of large particle size (from about 0.5 to about 1.2 mm particle diameter) are summarized in  FIG. 9 . 
     As the results in  FIG. 9  show, stable pH is observed over time for the various grades of water used (UPW and distilled). Upon addition of 1 g of resin (dry basis, rewetted) to the water, a drop of pH is observed with final stabilization at about pH 3.5 in 5 to 10 min. The longest rewet time gave the fastest pH drop. 
     Example 2: Amines Removal from Ultrapure Water 
     This set of experiments used three amines (methyl amine (MeA), cadaverine (cadav.), and tyrasine (tyras.), which were selected because they covered a range of size and hydrophobicity. Methylamine is the smallest and the most hydrophilic of the three. Cadaverine is of intermediate size and hydrophilicity. Tyrasine is the largest and most hydrophobic of the three. 
     The pH changes over time observed upon addition of 1 gram of Amberlyst 15 dry (A-15) to 100 mL of the amine solutions at various concentrations are provided in  FIG. 10 . For Methyl amine and cadaverine, low concentrations were used to mimic the levels encountered in wine (a few ppm). For tyrasine, higher concentrations were required in order to detect a measurable drop in pH upon addition of the ion exchange resin to the amine solution. 
     One gram of resin in 100 mL of amine solution was a sufficient amount of resin required to effectively remove the amines to the “baseline” level from Example 1. In other words, about 7.5 g of resin would effectively remove biogenic amines from a 750 mL bottle of wine. 
     Where the time required to remove the amines is concerned, at the typical concentration of a few ppm encountered in wine, the data in  FIG. 10  shows that, in a stirred batch mode, about 2 minutes are required to reach the “baseline” of pH 4. It is also observed that the time required to reach the baseline increases as the amine concentration in the solution increases. Presumably, diffusion to ion exchange sites deeper into the resin beads is required at the higher concentrations. Considering a 30 mL “bottle-top” cartridge, corresponding to a 10 mL void volume of packed ion exchange resins, a 2 minute contact time would translate to a flow rate of 5 mL/min. One would also have to wait for two minutes before any wine comes out of the cartridge. 
     Example 3: Effect of Ethanol 
     The impact of ethanol on the efficacy and rate of removal of amines from aqueous solutions was obtained using 10% by weight ethanol in water and cadaverine as the amine model. The same conditions and resin used in Example 2 were used here. The results, presented in  FIG. 11 , show that, although the presence of alcohol seems to slow down the amine pick-up rate at higher (30 ppm) concentration, no such effect is observed at the concentrations typically encountered in wine (a few ppm). 
     The materials and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific materials and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any materials and methods that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. Various modifications of the materials and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative materials, methods, and aspects of these materials and methods are specifically described, other materials and methods and combinations of various features of the materials and methods are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents can be explicitly mentioned herein; however, all other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated.