Patent Publication Number: US-6342939-B1

Title: Liquid crystal display including pixel electrode (S) designed to improve viewing characteristics

Description:
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/318,620 filed May 26, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No 6,141,077, which is a division of Ser. No. 09/189,639 filed Nov. 10, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,953,093, which is a division of Ser. No. 08/816,806 filed Mar. 19, 1997, U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,611, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/278,146, filed Jul. 21, 1994 now abandoned. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display that can eliminate viewing angle dependence. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     A liquid crystal display (LCD) includes a pair of substrates and a liquid crystal layer (liquid crystal cell) sandwiched between them, and produces a display by altering the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer and thereby changing the optical refractive index within the liquid crystal cell. Accordingly, the liquid crystal molecules need to be aligned in an orderly manner within the liquid crystal cell. 
     One method commonly used to align the liquid crystal molecules in a given direction involves forming an alignment film on the liquid crystal layer side of each substrate and controlling the substrate surface liquid crystal alignment film material is first applied on the facing surfaces of the pair of substrates, and then dried and cured to form an alignment film on each surface, and preferential orientation is given by rubbing the surface of the alignment film with a nylon cloth or the like (rubbing method). 
     An inorganic alignment film or an organic alignment film may be used as the alignment film for the above purpose. Oxides, organic silanes, metals, and metallic complexes are examples of the inorganic alignment film materials. As the organic alignment film materials, polyimide resins are widely used; by rubbing the polyimide film surface formed on the substrate, the liquid crystal molecules can be aligned in a given direction. 
     Of such liquid crystal displays, thin-film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs) are constructed using twisted nematic liquid crystals. In the TN liquid crystal display, the liquid crystal molecules are arranged with their long axes lying substantially parallel to the pair of substrates and gradually twisting through 90° between them; when a voltage is applied between electrode conductive lines formed on the respective substrates and an electric field is formed in a direction perpendicular to the substrates, the molecular alignment is altered with the liquid crystal molecules being caused to line up in the direction of the electric field by virtue of the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal, thus producing a change on the optical refractive index within the liquid crystal layer. 
     In such a TN liquid crystal display, since the liquid crystal molecules have the property of refractive index anisotropy (birefringence), a phenomenon occurs in which the contrast varies depending on the angle at which the observer views the screen of the liquid crystal display. This phenomenon will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1,  2 , and  3 . 
     FIGS. 1 and 2 are a plan view and a perspective view, respectively, of a typical TN liquid crystal display, and FIG. 3 shows a cross section taken along line F-F′ in FIG.  1 . The liquid crystal display is an active matrix display, and includes a pair of wiring substrates  131  and  132  and a liquid crystal layer  133  sandwiched between them. One wiring substrate  131  includes of a glass substrate  111   a , a transparent pixel electrode  114 , and an alignment film  116   a , while the other wiring substrate  132  includes of a glass substrate  111   b , a transparent counter-electrode  115 , and an alignment film  116   b.    
     The edges of the two wiring substrates  131  and  132  are sealed with a resin or the like (not shown) in such a manner as to surround the liquid crystal layer  133 . Peripheral circuits for driving the liquid crystal layer  133 , etc. are mounted outward of the sealing resin. Around the pixel electrode  114  are arranged scanning lines  112  and signal lines  113  intersecting with each other. Electrical signals are applied to the scanning line  112  and signal line  113  connected to the pixel electrode  114  to drive the liquid crystal layer through a TFT  120 . 
     Liquid crystal molecules  133   a  in the liquid crystal layer  133  placed between the two wiring substrates  131  and  132  are oriented in such a manner that they twist through 90° between the two substrates  131  and  132 , the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate being substantially parallel to the direction of line F-F′. Also, the liquid crystal molecules  133   a  have a pretilt angle δ with respect to the substrates  131  and  132 . This pretilt angle δ is provided to prevent the occurrence of disclination lines due to multidomain; because of the pretilt angle δ, when a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  114  and the counter electrode  115 , the liquid crystal molecules  133   a  line up uniformly in the direction of the pretilt angle δ. In FIG. 2, the arrow  134  indicates the rubbing direction of the substrate  131  and the arrow  135  the rubbing direction of the substrate  132 , while the arrow  136  indicates the positive viewing direction. Such an arrangement is also employed in liquid crystal displays of other types than the active matrix. 
     In conventional liquid crystal displays, however, since the direction in which the liquid crystal molecules line up when an electric field is applied is predetermined, a phenomenon occurs in which the contrast varies depending on the angle at which the observer views the liquid crystal display. The reason why this phenomenon occurs will be explained with reference to FIG. 4 showing the voltage-transmittance (V-T) characteristics of a normally white mode liquid crystal display which produces a white display when no voltage is applied. Here, when the liquid crystal molecules  133   a  are viewed from the θ1 side in FIG. 3, the viewing direction is said to be the positive viewing direction, and when viewed from the θ2 side, it is said to be the negative viewing direction. 
     When the liquid crystal display is viewed from directly above (from a direction perpendicular to the substrate plane), a V-T characteristic such as shown by solid line L 1  in FIG. 4 is obtained. As can be seen, as the applied voltage value increases, the light transmittance decreases until it becomes substantially zero at a certain applied voltage value, at voltages above which the transmittance remains substantially zero. 
     On the other hand, the viewing angle is shifted from the direct-above position toward the positive viewing direction (θ1 side in FIG.  3 ), a V-T characteristic such as shown by solid line L 2  in FIG. 4 is obtained. As can be seen, the light transmittance decreases with increasing applied voltage until the voltage reaches a particular value, from which point the transmittance begins to increase and then gradually decreases. This means that at a particular angle of light incidence (viewing angle) the liquid crystal molecules are tilted in the same direction and the refractive index anisotropy of the liquid crystal molecules is lost, resulting in the loss of the optical rotatory power. That is, at a particular viewing angle an inversion phenomenon (contrast reversal) occurs in which the dark and light parts of an image appear as light and dark, respectively. 
     Conversely, when the viewing angle is shifted toward the negative viewing direction (θ2 side in FIG.  3 ), the refractive index of the liquid crystal molecules becomes difficult to change and the V-T characteristic shown by solid line L 3  in FIG. 4 is obtained, which indicates that the light transmittance is hard to change. As a result, contrast between black and white drops markedly. 
     More specifically, when the applied voltage is zero or relatively low, the center molecule  133   a  appears as an ellipse to the observer  137  positioned in the positive viewing direction, as shown in FIG.  5 A. When the applied voltage is gradually increased, the center molecule  133   a  tilts toward the direction of the electric field and there is an instant in time at which the center molecule  133   a  appears as a true circle to the observer  137 , as shown in FIG.  5 B. At this time, the light transmittance is the highest. When the applied voltage is further increased, the center molecule  133   a  stands up substantially parallel to the direction of the electric field, as shown in FIG. 5C, and again appears as an ellipse to the observer  137 . In this manner, the refractive index (Δn) varies with the tilt angle of the liquid crystal molecule; therefore, as the viewing angle is shifted toward the positive viewing direction θ1, the inversion phenomenon in which the dark and light parts of an image appears reversed occurs at a particular angle. 
     In other viewing directions (the negative viewing direction) than the positive viewing direction θ1, no inversion phenomenon occurs because the V-T characteristic is different, but for the same reason as described above, there occurs a phenomenon in which the contrast ratio between black and white decreases with an increasing viewing angle. 
     In the TN liquid crystal display, the inversion phenomenon and decreased contrast as described above are very annoying to the observer, and make one doubt the display characteristics of the liquid crystal display. 
     Various methods have heretofore been proposed to improve the viewing angle characteristic peculiar to such TN liquid crystal displays and enhance the display quality. For example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 60-211424 and The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Technical Research Report (“Complementary TN (CTN) - TN with wide viewing angle−,” pp. 35-41, February 1993) disclose methods in which each pixel is divided so that two or more different molecular orientations are provided. Furthermore, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 3-230120 (“Liquid Crystal Display” by Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha) proposes a method that uses a compensation plate, while Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 1-200329 discloses a method for improving the viewing angle characteristic by adjusting the liquid crystal materials and liquid crystal cell thickness. 
     The various methods proposed for improving the viewing angle characteristic of the liquid crystal display, however, have had the following problems. 
     For example, the methods involving dividing every pixel and providing two or more different molecular orientations include, for example, a method in which an alignment film formed from an organic film is etched, or selectively masked by photolithography, and then subjected to rubbing so that a masked region is made a nonoriented region and an unmasked region an oriented region, thus forming differently oriented regions, especially regions with opposite orientations, within the same pixel area. According to this technique, each pixel can be formed with orientations for both the positive and negative viewing directions, so that the contrast decrease in the negative viewing direction can be prevented. However, in either method, foreign matter adheres to the alignment film or the alignment film is scratched, which may degrade the display quality of the liquid crystal display. 
     On the other hand, with the method involving the use of a compensation plate, the viewing angle cannot be increased on the opposite side from the side for which the compensation plate is intended, while with the method involving adjusting the liquid crystal materials and liquid crystal cell thickness, it is difficult to improve the quality of the liquid crystal display since the materials that can be used are limited. 
     Another known method for preventing the inversion phenomenon and contrast reduction is one disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2-12. According to this method, which is used for an active matrix liquid crystal display, a display electrode forming each pixel is split into several parts and a capacitor is coupled to each split display electrode, making it possible to create orientations in several different directions by forming different electric fields within the same pixel, thus achieving an improvement in the viewing angle characteristic. While this method of driving the split display electrodes is effective in improving the viewing angle characteristic resulting from changes in retardation such as observed on normally black mode liquid crystal displays, little effect can be obtained in preventing the half-tone (gray-scale) inversion phenomenon caused by the tilting of liquid crystal molecules. That is, this method is effective in improving the viewing angle characteristic for normally black mode liquid crystal displays, but is not effective for normally white mode liquid crystal displays that provide good contrast. 
     Furthermore, all of the above-described methods have had the problem of requiring extra steps in the manufacture of liquid crystal displays, leading to increased manufacturing cost. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The liquid crystal display of this invention comprises a pair of transparent substrates disposed opposite each other sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, with a transparent electrode and an alignment film formed on the liquid crystal layer side of each of said substrates. Said transparent electrodes disposed opposite each other in pairs are at two or more different spacings at least within one display area of a pixel. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, bumps and depressions are formed, using a transparent photosensitive resin, between said transparent substrates and said transparent electrodes to provide two or more different spacings between said transparent electrodes. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, bumps and depressions are formed using an inorganic film between said transparent substrates and said transparent electrodes to provide two or more different spacings between said transparent electrodes. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, a portion that provides two or more different spacings between said electrodes is formed extending over two or more pixels. 
     According to another aspect of the present invention, the liquid crystal display comprises a pair of transparent substrates sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, and a plurality of pixels with electrodes thereof provided on a side of each of said substrates that faces said liquid crystal layer. A line-patterned insulating film is formed on at least one of said substrates in such a manner as to cover at least a part of a region corresponding to each of said pixels between said electrodes and said liquid crystal layer, said line-patterned insulating film being formed so that an average direction of direction taken over a longitudinal length of each individual line crosses substantially at right angles with an average direction of orienting directions of liquid crystal molecules projected on said substrate. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, a second line-patterned insulating film made of the same material as said line-patterned insulating film is formed between adjacent lines of said line-patterned insulating film to a thickness smaller than a thickness of said line-patterned insulating film. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, a third line-patterned insulating film made of a different material from said line-patterned insulating film is formed between adjacent lines of said line-patterned insulating film. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, said third line-patterned insulating film is formed from two or more line-patterned insulating films of different materials. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, the angle that the average direction of directions taken over the longitudinal length of each individual line of said line-patterned insulating film makes with the average direction of orienting directions of liquid crystal molecules projected on said substrate, is 70° at minimum and 110° at maximum. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, said line-patterned insulating film is formed in a straight line pattern. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, said line-patterned insulating film is formed in a wavy line pattern. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, at least one of a line width and a line spacing of said line-patterned insulating film is smaller than or equal to a spacing between said pair of substrates. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, each individual line of said line-patterned insulating film is formed with tapered film walls along both longitudinal sides thereof so that liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal layer region on one of said longitudinal sides are oriented in a direction opposite from an orienting direction of liquid crystal molecules in a liquid crystal layer region on the other longitudinal side. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, a line width of said line-patterned insulating film is 0.5 μm at minimum and 12 μm at maximum and a line spacing of said line-patterned is larger than or equal to 0 μm but not larger than twice said line width. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, each of said tapered film walls is formed at an angle of 1° at minimum and 45° at maximum with respect to a surface of said substrate. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, said liquid crystal molecules are provided with a pretilt angle not larger than 1°. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, said line-patterned insulating film is formed on each of said two substrates in such a manner that a line pattern on one substrate is displaced widthwise from a corresponding line pattern on the other substrate. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, adjacent lines of said line-patterned insulating film are connected together at least one longitudinal end thereof. 
     According to still another aspect of the present invention, the liquid crystal display comprises a pair of wiring substrates disposed opposite each other sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, each of said substrates having a plurality of electrodes formed on a liquid crystal layer side thereof, each pair of electrodes on said substrates forming a pixel. One or more slit-like openings are formed per pixel in each of said electrodes on at least one of said substrates, each of said openings extending longitudinally in a direction perpendicular to an average orienting direction of liquid crystal molecules projected on said substrate, and each region forming one pixel on one substrate is made larger than a corresponding region forming one pixel on the other substrate by an arbitrary value in directions parallel to said average orienting direction, said opposing electrodes being displaced relative to each other in two directions parallel to said average orienting direction. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, said slit-like openings are formed in said pixels on both of said substrates, said slit-like openings on one substrate being displaced from said slit-like openings on the other substrate in such a manner that said slit-like openings on said one substrate are positioned alternately between said slit-like openings on said other substrate along directions parallel to said orienting direction. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, a width of each of said slit-like openings is not smaller than a spacing between said pair of wiring substrates. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, said liquid crystal molecules are provided with a pretilt angle of 0°. 
     According to still another aspect of the present invention, the liquid crystal display comprises a pair of wiring substrates disposed opposite each other sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, each of said substrates having a plurality of electrodes formed on a liquid crystal layer side thereof, each pair of opposing electrodes on said substrates forming a pixel. One or more line-patterned low-permittivity insulating films are formed per pixel on each of said electrodes on at least one of said substrates, each of said insulating films extending longitudinally in a direction perpendicular to an average orienting direction of liquid crystal molecules projected on said substrate, and each region forming one pixel on one substrate is made larger than a corresponding region forming one pixel on the other substrate by an arbitrary value in directions parallel to said average orienting direction, said opposing electrodes being displaced relative to each other in two directions parallel to said average orienting direction. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, said line-patterned low-permittivity insulating films are formed between said liquid crystal layer and said pixels on both of said substrates, said insulating films on one substrate being displaced from said insulating films on the other substrate in such a manner that openings on said one substrate are positioned alternately between openings on said other substrate along directions parallel to said orienting direction. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, a width of each of said line-patterned low-permittivity insulating films is not smaller than a spacing between said pair of wiring substrates. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, each of said line-patterned low-permittivity insulating films has tapered edges. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, said liquid crystal molecules are provided with a pretilt angle of 0°. 
     According to still another aspect of the present invention, the liquid crystal display comprises a pair of wiring electrodes disposed opposite each other sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, electrodes formed on a liquid crystal layer side of each of said substrates, and a matrix array of pixels each formed between a pair of opposing electrodes on said substrates. Each of said electrodes provided on one of said paired substrates and corresponding to one pixel is formed in a comb-like shape with teeth thereof extending substantially parallel to an average orienting direction of liquid crystal molecules projected on said substrate. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, a spacing between said teeth is not smaller than a spacing between said pair of wiring substrates. 
     According to still another aspect of the present invention, the liquid crystal display comprises a pair of wiring electrodes disposed opposite each other sandwiching a liquid crystal layer therebetween, electrodes formed on a liquid crystal layer side of each of said substrates, and a matrix array of pixels each formed between a pair of opposing electrodes on said substrates. Each of said electrodes provided on one of said paired substrates and corresponding to one pixel is provided with one or more open slits that are formed extending substantially parallel to an average orienting direction of liquid crystal molecules projected on said substrate. 
     In still another embodiment of the present invention, a width of each of said slits is not smaller than a spacing between said pair of wiring substrates. 
     Thus, the invention described herein makes possible the advantages of (1) providing a liquid crystal display with improved viewing angle characteristic for all viewing directions without degrading the display quality of the liquid crystal display and without imposing restrictions on the materials, construction, fabrication methods, etc., and (2) providing a liquid crystal display that achieves an improvement in display quality at low cost and that can be applied to normally white mode display. 
     These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying figures. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a plan view showing an example of a conventional art liquid crystal display. 
     FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the conventional art liquid crystal display. 
     FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line F-F′ in FIG.  1 . 
     FIG. 4 is a graph showing the applied voltage-transmittance characteristics (V-T characteristics) of the conventional art liquid crystal display. 
     FIGS. 5A to  5 C are schematic diagrams for explaining an inversion phenomenon that occurs in a liquid crystal display. 
     FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphs showing the applied voltage-transmittance characteristics (V-T characteristics) of a liquid crystal display according to the present invention. 
     FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to Example 1 of the present invention. 
     FIGS. 8A and 8B are graphs showing the applied voltage-transmittance characteristics (V-T characteristics) of the liquid crystal display of Example 1. 
     FIGS. 9A to  9 C are schematic diagrams showing bump/depression patterns in the liquid crystal display of the present invention. 
     FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a portion of a liquid crystal display according to Example 3 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of an active matrix substrate forming part of the liquid crystal display of FIG.  10 . 
     FIG. 12 is a plan view showing a portion of a liquid crystal display according to Example 4 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of a liquid crystal display according to Example 5 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of a liquid crystal display according to Example 6 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of a liquid crystal display according to Example 7 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing a portion of a liquid crystal display according to Example 8 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 17 is a plan view showing a portion of a liquid crystal display according to Example 9 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ in FIG.  17 . 
     FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display of the present invention in which a line-patterned insulating film is formed with adjacent lines contacting each other. 
     FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display of the present invention, showing a line-patterned insulating film in an alternative form wherein each film line is provided with tapered sides. 
     FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display of the present invention, showing a line-patterned insulating film in a further alternative form wherein each film line is provided with tapered sides. 
     FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view of an active matrix liquid crystal display according to Example 10 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 23 is a plan view of the liquid crystal display of FIG.  22 . 
     FIG. 24 is a graph showing the applied voltage-transmittance characteristics (V-T characteristics) of the liquid crystal display of Example 10 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 25 is a plan view of a liquid crystal display according to another example of the present invention. 
     FIG. 26 is a plan view of a liquid crystal display according to another example of the present invention. 
     FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to Example 11 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to another example of the present invention. 
     FIG. 29 is a plan view of a liquid crystal display according to another example of the present invention. 
     FIG. 30 is a plan view of a liquid crystal display according to another example of the present invention. 
     FIG. 31 is a plan view of a TN active matrix liquid crystal display according to Example 12 of the present invention. 
     FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C′ in FIG.  31 . 
     FIG. 33 is an enlarged view of portion E in FIG.  31 . 
     FIG. 34 is a graph showing the applied voltage-transmittance characteristics (V-T characteristics) of the liquid crystal display of Example 12 of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The preferred examples of the present invention will be described below. 
     In one aspect of the invention, a pair of transparent electrodes disposed opposite each other are at two or more different spacings at least within a display area of one pixel (hereinafter simply called pixel). 
     The threshold voltage at which the transmittance of a liquid crystal layer begins to change is a function of the electrode spacing, as expressed by Equation (1) below. Therefore, with the electrode spacing varying within the same pixel, the threshold voltage Vth varies in the various regions within the pixel.              Vth   =     dEc   =     π            k   ij            Δ                 ɛ                          (   1   )                         
     In Equation (1), d is the liquid crystal cell thickness (electrode spacing), Ec is the value of the threshold electric field at which the initial molecular alignment in the liquid crystal begins to make a transition to a different molecular alignment, and k ij  is the elasticity of the liquid crystal material. The elasticity k ij  indicates k 11  (splay), k 22  (twist), or k 33  (bend) according to the kind of deformation, and k 11  (homogeneous molecular alignment) or k 11 +(k 33 −2k 22 )/4 according to the kind of initial molecular alignment. Furthermore, Δε is the dielectric anisotropy that the liquid crystal material has. 
     As can be seen from Equation (1), by varying the electrode spacing, various threshold values Vth can be obtained regardless of the liquid crystal material used. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain various V-T curves within one pixel, as shown in FIG.  6 A. As a result, when an observer views the liquid crystal panel, these V-T curves appear combined as shown in FIG. 6B, thus relaxing the inversion phenomenon that occurs when the viewing angle is shifted toward the positive viewing direction. 
     Since the regions that provide different electrode spacings can be formed in any position in an orderly manner within one pixel or across two or more pixels, the viewing angle characteristic when viewed from any direction can be improved. 
     Examples according to the above aspect of the invention will now be described in detail below with reference to relevant drawings. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     FIG. 7 shows a cross section of a one-pixel area in a liquid crystal panel of a liquid crystal display according to one example of the invention. As illustrated, the liquid crystal panel includes a transparent glass substrate  1   a , bumps  5  of various heights formed thereon, and a transparent electrode  2   a  formed over the bumps  5 . On top of the transparent electrode  2   a  is formed an alignment film  3   a  which is processed for orientation. Furthermore, a transparent electrode  2   b  and an alignment film  3   b  are formed on top of a transparent substrate  1   b , the alignment film  3   b  being processed for orientation. The substrates  1  and  2  are placed opposite each other with a liquid crystal layer  6  sandwiched between them. 
     The fabrication of this liquid crystal panel is performed in the following sequence. First, an acrylic film is transferred onto the transparent glass substrate  1   a , to form the bumps  5  of various heights. The heights of the bumps  5  can be set at various values to provide the desired electrode spacings. In the present example, the heights of the bumps are set to provide electrode spacings d1=10 μm, d11=8 μm, d12=5 μm, and d13=3 μm. 
     Next, in the same manner as in the manufacture of conventional liquid crystal panels, the transparent electrode  2   a  is formed by depositing an ITO (indium tin oxide) transparent conductive film or the like. On top of the transparent electrode  2   a , polyimide or like material is applied to form the alignment film  3   a  which is then processed for orientation, thus completing the substrate  1 . 
     In the same manner as above, the transparent electrode  2   b  and the alignment film  3   b  are formed on top of the glass substrate  1   b , and the alignment film  3   b  is processed for orientation, to complete the other substrate  2 . 
     Thereafter, the substrates  1  and  2  are placed facing each other so that the liquid crystal cell thickness is set at about 10 μm, and liquid crystal molecules, plastic beads, etc. are sealed between them to form the liquid crystal layer  6 , thus completing the fabrication of the liquid crystal panel. 
     When a 30-Hz square wave voltage was gradually applied to this liquid crystal panel and the liquid crystal panel was viewed from a position at an angle of 40° with respect to the positive viewing direction, a V-T characteristic as shown in FIG. 8B was obtained and no inversion phenomenon was observed. This is because of the presence of the bumps  5  of different heights in each pixel, providing different threshold voltages Vth 1 , Vth 11 , Vth 12 , and Vth 13  at positions with different electrode spacings d1, d11, d12, and d13. Thus, the apparent V-T curve is a combined form of the individual V-T curves, and as a result, a good viewing angle characteristic free from inversion phenomenon can be obtained when viewed from any direction. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     In this example, an inorganic film such as SiN was formed on the substrate  1   a  and etched to form the bumps  5 . The resulting liquid crystal panel showed a good viewing angle characteristic, as in Example 1. 
     In the above examples, the bumps  5  of different heights were formed within each single pixel. Instead of forming an individual bump pattern within each pixel as shown in FIG. 9A, a bump pattern extending over two or more pixels may be formed as shown in FIG.  9 B. It is also possible to form bumps on top of each bump pattern formed extending over two or more pixels, as shown in FIG.  9 C. In FIGS. 9A to  9 C, a square marked by a thick solid line indicates one pixel. 
     Any of the above examples has dealt with a black and white duty panel, but it will be appreciated that the present invention can also be applied to active matrix liquid crystal panels using switching devices such as TFTs and also to color liquid crystal panels using color filters. 
     As is apparent from the above description, in the present aspect of the invention, various threshold voltages Vth can be obtained regardless of the liquid crystal material by varying the electrode spacing within each pixel. Accordingly, it is possible to obtain various V-T curves within each pixel; when the observer views the liquid crystal panel, these V-T curves appear combined together, and thus, the problems of inversion phenomenon in the positive viewing direction and contrast reduction in the negative viewing direction can be alleviated. Furthermore, the regions that provide different electrode spacings can be formed in any positions within one pixel or across two or more pixels, and the alignment films are free from scratches and foreign matter. As a result, the viewing angle characteristic when viewed from any direction can be improved without imposing limitations on the structure or on the fabrication process. 
     In another aspect of the present invention, a line-patterned insulating film is formed in such a manner that an average direction of directions taken over the longitudinal length of each individual line crosses substantially at right angles with an average direction of orienting directions of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. As a result, when a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal layer, the angle at which the liquid crystal molecules in the portions of the liquid crystal layer where no line-patterned insulating film is formed are caused to line up is different from the angle at which the liquid crystal molecules in the portions of the liquid crystal layer where the line-patterned insulating film is formed are caused to line up under the same condition. The different angles at which the molecules are caused to line up result in different molecular alignments within the same pixel. 
     Such different molecular alignments can be obtained not only by forming the insulating film in a line pattern but by varying the thickness or the material. 
     Examples according this aspect of the invention will be described in detail below with reference to relevant drawings. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a portion of a TN active matrix liquid crystal display embodying the present invention, and FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing an active matrix substrate which forms part of the liquid crystal display. In this liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal layer  33  is sealed between an active matrix substrate  31  and a counter substrate  32  disposed opposite each other. The active matrix substrate  31  includes a glass substrate  31   a  on which a transparent electrode (pixel electrode)  31   c , a line-patterned insulating film  31   d , and an alignment film  31   e  are formed, while the counter substrate  32  includes a glass substrate  32   a  on which a color filter  32   b , a transparent electrode  32   c , and an alignment film  32   e  are formed. Liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  33  are aligned in such a manner as to twist through 90° between the substrates  31  and  32 . The edges (not shown) of the substrates  31  and  32  are sealed with a resin or the like, and peripheral circuits (not shown), etc. are mounted. 
     In the active matrix substrate  31 , scanning lines  12  and signal lines  13  are formed intersecting with each other on the insulating glass substrate  31   a , as shown in FIG.  10 . Near each intersection of the scanning lines  12  and signal lines  13  is formed a thin-film transistor (hereinafter referred to as the TFT)  20  that acts as a switching device. In the present example, the TFT  20  is an amorphous silicon TFT. The TFT  20  may be formed on each scanning line  12 . 
     Each TFT  20  is connected to one of a plurality of pixel electrodes  31   c  formed in a matrix array, and also connected electrically to one scanning line  12  and one signal line  13 . The connection of the TFT  20  to the scanning line  12  is accomplished by using a gate electrode  15  formed on the insulating substrate  31   a  and branching out from the scanning line  12 ; the connection of the TFT  20  to the signal line  13  is accomplished by using a source electrode  16  branching out from the signal line  13  and partially extending over the gate electrode  15 ; and the connection of the TFT  20  to the pixel electrode  31   c  is accomplished by using a drain electrode  17  a portion of which lies above the gate electrode  15 . 
     The pixel electrode  31   c  is formed in such a manner as to overlap a scanning line  12  adjacent to the scanning line connected to the TFT  20 . The overlapping portion forms a capacitor  18 . Alternatively, a capacitance line may be formed separately from the scanning line  12  and the capacitor  18  may be formed on the capacitance line. 
     A plurality of insulating film lines  31   d  are formed parallel to each other on the pixel electrode  31   c  except where the capacitor  18  is formed. These insulating film lines  31   d  are provided to improve viewing angle dependence. The presence of the insulating film lines  31   d  also serves to prevent shorting due to the inclusion of foreign matter in the liquid crystal layer and stabilizes the TFT performance. The insulating film lines  31   d  are formed by first depositing a silicon nitride film of 600 nm thickness over the entire surface of the insulating substrate  31   a  using a CVD process, for example, and then patterning the film in a line pattern. At this time, the insulating film lines  31   d  are formed in such a manner that an average direction of directions taken over the longitudinal length of each individual line crosses substantially at right angles with an average direction of orienting directions of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate  31   a , and preferably within the range of 90°±20°. Since the insulating film lines  31   d  can be formed in the same processing step of patterning an insulating protective film usually formed between the pixel electrode  31   c  and the liquid crystal layer  33 , no extra fabrication steps are needed. 
     On the substrate  31   a  with the insulating film lines  31   d  is formed the alignment film  32   e  for controlling the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules. The alignment film  32   e  is subjected to rubbing. 
     In the above-constructed liquid crystal display of the present example, the insulating film lines  31   d  are formed parallel to each other with their longitudinal sides extending generally in a direction crossing substantially at right angles with the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. In this structure, when a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  31   c  and the transparent electrode  32   c  across the liquid crystal layer  33 , as shown in FIG. 11, the strength of the electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer is different where no insulating film lines  31   d  are formed than where the insulating film lines  31   d  are formed. As a result, in those portions of the liquid crystal layer where no insulating film lines  31   d  are formed, i.e., in each position corresponding to spacing b between the insulating film lines  31   d , the liquid crystal molecules line up, in response to the applied voltage, at a different angle (shown by an arrow) than the angle (shown by another arrow) at which the liquid crystal molecules are caused to line up under the same condition in those portions of the liquid crystal layer where the insulating film lines  31   d  are formed, i.e., in each position corresponding to the line width a of each insulating film line  31   d.    
     The different angles at which the molecules in the pixel are caused to line up result in different molecular alignments within the same pixel. In this situation, light incident obliquely (indicated by a large arrow) on the liquid crystal display passes through the liquid crystal layer regions with different molecular alignments, and therefore, the optical rotatory power is not lost completely. This suppresses the inversion phenomenon of half-tone portions, and thus can improve viewing angle dependence in a normally white mode liquid crystal display as well. From the standpoint of improving the viewing angle dependence, it is preferable that the insulating film lines  31   d  be formed with their longitudinal sides crossing at 90°±20° with the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. 
     Furthermore, when the line width a or line spacing b of the line-patterned insulating film  31   d  is made smaller than the thickness d of the liquid crystal layer  33 , the viewing angle characteristic can be improved, particularly for 20° and greater viewing angles where the inversion phenomenon of half-tone portions can occur most conspicuously. Preferably, the width a or the spacing b should be made less than d/2.7. 
     In this example, silicon nitride is used as the material of the insulating film lines  31   d , but this is only an example; other materials may be used such as inorganic insulating films formed of aluminum, tantalum or silicon oxides or their nitrides, or organic insulating films formed of polyimide, polyamide, or polystyrene. The same applies to the insulating protective film. 
     When an organic insulating film such as mentioned above is used, a film of about 100 nm thickness is first formed by screen printing, for example, and then patterned by photolithography or by photolysis using deep UV (wavelength 250 nm). The patterning can also be performed using a printing process. Furthermore, such an organic insulating film can also be used as the alignment film  31   e.    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     In this example, a wavy-line-patterned insulating film is used instead of the straight-line-patterned insulating film. 
     FIG. 12 is a plan view showing an active matrix substrate  31  on which wavy insulating film lines  31   d  are formed. The same parts as those shown in FIG. 10 are designated by the same numerals. In this example also, the insulating film lines  31   d  are formed in such a manner that an average direction of directions taken along the longitudinal length of each individual film line, though it makes its way in zigzag directions, crosses substantially at right angles with an average direction of orienting directions of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate  31   a . By forming the insulating film lines  31   d  in this manner, viewing angle dependence can be eliminated, as in the case of Example 3. 
     In this example, the insulating film is formed in a wavy line pattern, but alternatively, it may be formed in a triangular wave pattern or other curved pattern. 
     EXAMPLE 5 
     In this example, each insulating film line is formed in a tapered shape sloping down on both longitudinal sides thereof. 
     FIG. B is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to this example. In this liquid crystal display, the insulating film lines  31   d  are each formed in a tapered shape sloping down on both longitudinal sides thereof. The longitudinal sides of the insulating lines  31   d  can be formed in a sloped shape by isotropic etching or by a photoresist etchback technique. 
     In the structure of this example, by making the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules smaller than the taper angle α of the associated film side, the liquid crystal molecules on both tapered sides of each film line can be provided with opposite tilt angles, as shown in FIG. 13, which serves to eliminate viewing angle dependence for both the positive and negative viewing directions. On the other hand, when the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules is made greater than the taper angle α of the associated film side, the inversion phenomenon of half-tone portions can be prevented, which serves to improves the viewing angle dependence of the liquid crystal display, as in the liquid crystal display shown in FIG.  12 . 
     The taper angle a should preferably be set within a range of 1° to 45° with respect to the substrate surface. With the taper angle α thus set, the liquid crystal molecules can be provided in a further reliable manner with pretilt angles in both the normal and opposite directions, so that the viewing angle dependence in both the positive and negative viewing directions can be eliminated efficiently. 
     Furthermore, the pretilt angle should preferably be set at 1° or less. In addition to setting the pretilt angle at 1° or less, the line width a and the line spacing b of the line-patterned insulating film  31   d  should preferably be set at 0.5 μm≦a≦12 μm and 0&lt;b≦ 2   a , respectively. When the angle that the average longitudinal direction of the insulating film lines  31   d  makes with the rubbing direction of the alignment film  31   e  for controlling the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, is set within the range of 90°±20°, the elimination of the viewing angle dependence can be further ensured. 
     EXAMPLE 6 
     This example is concerned with a structure in which a second line-patterned insulating film of the same material is formed between the insulating film lines. 
     FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to this example. In this example, insulating film lines  31   f  are each formed in the portion corresponding to the spacing b in FIG. 11, the thickness of the insulating film lines  31   f  being smaller than that of the insulating lines  31   d  formed in the portions corresponding to the line width a. As a result, most of the substrate surface is covered with insulating films of different thicknesses. The insulating film lines  31   d  are formed in such a manner that an average direction of directions taken along the longitudinal length of each individual film line crosses substantially at right angles with an average direction of orienting directions of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate  31   a . The insulating film lines  31   f  also are formed in like manner. 
     In the structure of this example, though the entire surface of the substrate is substantially covered with insulating films, the insulating films lines  31   f  are formed thinner than the insulating films lines  31   d ; therefore, when a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  31   c  and the transparent electrode  32   c  across the liquid crystal layer  33 , the resulting electric field is stronger through the insulating film lines  31   f  than through the insulating film lines  31   d . As a result, when a voltage is applied, the liquid crystal molecules above the portions corresponding to the spacing b line up at a different angle (indicated by an arrow) than the angle (indicated by another arrow) at which the liquid crystal molecules above the portions corresponding to the line width a are caused to line up under the same condition. This serves to eliminate viewing angle dependence. 
     In this example, the insulating film lines  31   f  are made thinner than the insulating film lines  31   d , but alternatively, the insulating film lines  31   f  may be made thicker than the insulating film lines  31   d . The point here is that the insulating films should be formed with different thicknesses. 
     EXAMPLE 7 
     This example is concerned with a structure in which a third line-patterned insulating film of different material is formed between the insulating film lines. 
     FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to this example. In this liquid crystal display, insulating film lines  31   g  are formed in the portions corresponding to the spacing b in FIG. 11, the material of the insulating film lines  31   g  being different from that of the insulating film lines  31   d  formed in the portions corresponding to the line width a. More specifically, silicon nitride and tantalum oxide having different relative permittivities, for example, are used for the insulating films  31   g  and  31   d , respectively. The insulating film lines  31   d  are formed in such a manner that an average direction of directions taken along the longitudinal length of each individual film line crosses substantially at right angles with an average direction of orienting directions of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate  31   a . The insulating film lines  31   g  also are formed in like manner. 
     In the structure of this example, though the entire surface of the substrate is substantially covered with insulating films, the insulating film lines  31   g  have a higher relative permittivity than the insulating film lines  31   d ; therefore, when a voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  31   c  and the transparent electrode  32   c  across the liquid crystal layer  33 , the resulting electric field is stronger through the insulating film lines  31   g  than through the insulating film lines  31   d . As a result, when a voltage is applied, the liquid crystal molecules above the portions corresponding to the spacing b line up at a different angle (indicated by an arrow) than the angle (indicated by another arrow) at which the liquid crystal molecules above the portions corresponding to the line width a are caused to line up under the same condition. This serves to eliminate viewing angle dependence. 
     In this example, the insulating film lines  31   g  are formed to provide a higher relative permittivity than the insulating film lines  31   d , but the present invention is not limited to this arrangement. Conversely, the insulating film lines  31   g  may be formed to provide a lower relative permittivity than the insulating film lines  31   d , or other characteristic than relative permittivity may be used to differentiate one type of insulting film from the other. The point here is that the two types of insulating film should be formed so that different electric field strengths can be obtained. 
     Furthermore, in this example, one insulating film line  31   g  is formed between adjacent insulating film lines  31   d , but alternatively, two or more insulating film lines  31   g  having different relative permittivity or other characteristic may be formed between them. 
     EXAMPLE 8 
     In this example, line-patterned insulating films are formed on both substrates disposed with the liquid crystal layer sandwiched between them, and the line pattern formed on one substrate is displaced widthwise from that formed on the other substrate. 
     FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to this example. In this liquid crystal display, a line-patterned insulating film  31   d  is formed on the active matrix substrate  31 , and a line-patterned insulating film  32   d  is formed on the counter substrate  32 , the line-patterned insulating films  31   d  and  32   d  being displaced in position from each other in the width direction thereof. The line-patterned insulating films  31   d  and  32   d  are each formed in such a manner that an average direction of directions taken along the longitudinal length of each individual film line crosses substantially at right angles with an average direction of orienting directions of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate  31   a.    
     In the structure of this example, three different regions are formed: a region where the portion corresponding to the spacing b of the line-patterned insulating film  31   d  is opposite the portion corresponding to the spacing b′ of the line-patterned insulating film  32   d ; a region where the portion corresponding to the spacing b or the spacing b′ is opposite the insulating film line  31   d  or  32   d ; and a region where the insulating film line  31   d  is opposite the insulating film line  32   d . This structure therefore offers the same effect as can be obtained when the line width or line spacing of the line-patterned insulating film  31   d  is reduced. 
     EXAMPLE 9 
     This example is concerned with a structure in which the insulating film lines are connected together at both ends thereof. 
     FIG. 17 is a plan view of a liquid crystal display according to this example, and FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′ in FIG.  17 . In FIGS. 17 and 18, the same parts as those shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 are designated by the same reference numerals. In this liquid crystal display, first an insulating film  20  is formed to cover most of the display area surface where the pixel electrodes  31   c  are formed in a matrix array on the active matrix substrate  31 , and then, linelike openings  21  are etched into the insulating film  20  over selected regions of the pixel electrode  31   c , which results in the formation of insulating film lines  31   d . Adjacent insulating film lines  31   d  are connected together at both ends thereof. 
     In this structure, the regions where the line openings  21  are formed correspond to the spacing b shown in FIG. 11, and the insulating film regions where no line openings  21  are formed correspond to the line width a. The structure therefore provides a similar effect to that obtained in Example 3. Furthermore, since each insulating film line is formed in a tapered shape, a similar effect to that obtained in Example 5 can also be obtained. The insulating, film lines  31   d  are formed in such a manner that the longitudinal direction thereof makes an angle 90°±20° with the rubbing direction indicated by an arrow  11 . 
     In Example 9 also, the same modifications as described in Examples 4 to 8 can be made, in which case the same effects as mentioned in the respective examples can be obtained for the respective modifications. 
     In Example 9, adjacent insulating film lines  31   d  are connected together at both ends thereof, but the invention is not limited to the illustrated structure. In an alternative structure, each insulating film line  31   d  may be connected to an adjacent film line at one end thereof. In this case, the insulating film lines  31   d  may be connected together, with each connecting end positioned in alternating fashion or in a random order. 
     In Examples 3, 4, 5, and 9, no insulating film is formed between adjacent insulating film lines  31   d , but the invention is not limited to such a structure. For example, the insulating film lines  31   d  may be formed in a tapered shape in such a manner that adjacent insulating film lines contact with each other, as shown in FIG.  19 . In such a structure also, a stronger electric field is formed across the thinner regions of the insulating film  31   d  than across the thicker regions thereof. 
     In Examples 5 and 9, the taper-structured line-patterned insulating film  31   d  does not have a planar top, but it will be recognized that the insulating film  31   d  may be formed in such a manner that each film line has a planar top as shown in FIG.  20 . Also, the taper structure of the insulating film line  31   d  includes a structure in which both sides of the top are rounded as shown in FIG.  21 . In this rounded taper structure, the angle that the average slope of the tangents to each rounded portion makes with the substrate surface correspond to the taper angle. The taper angle should be set within the range of 1° to 45°. 
     In any of Examples 3 to 9, description has been given by taking an active matrix liquid crystal display as an example, but it will be appreciated that the invention is also applicable to other types of display structure where nonlinear electric elements are not formed on one substrate, that is, simple matrix liquid crystal displays. 
     As is apparent from the above explanation, according to the above aspect of the invention, an insulating film is patterned in a line pattern, or insulating films of different materials or different thicknesses are formed over the electrode in each pixel area. As a result, different regions with different electric field strengths and therefore different orientations can be formed within one pixel area. This structure prevents the inversion phenomenon occurring in the positive viewing direction and the contrast degradation occurring in the negative viewing direction, and thus improves the viewing angle dependence. Furthermore, since the inversion phenomenon of half-tone portions can be suppressed, this structure can also be applied to normally white mode liquid crystal displays which provide good contrast. Moreover, since the step of forming the line-patterned insulating film can be performed simultaneously with the patterning of the insulating protective film formed between the electrode and the liquid crystal layer, no extra fabrication steps are needed. The invention thus provides a low-cost, high-contrast, and high-quality liquid crystal display. 
     In a further aspect of the present invention, of the pair of wiring substrates disposed opposite each other, at least one substrate has one or more slit-like openings or low-permittivity insulating film lines formed in or on the electrode of each pixel. Such slit-like openings and low-permittivity insulating film lines are formed in such a manner that the longitudinal direction thereof is perpendicular to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate; furthermore, each pixel region of the electrode formed on one substrate is made larger than the corresponding region of the electrode formed on the other substrate by an arbitrary value in directions substantially parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. As a result, the electrode regions formed opposite each other are displaced from each other along two directions parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate, so that an obliquely acting electric field is formed between the electrodes. When the pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules is set at 0°, the liquid crystal molecules line up parallel to the obliquely acting electric field, and therefore, it is easy to control the molecular alignment. 
     Because of the physical displacement between the opposing electrode regions, different regions where the liquid crystal molecules are caused to line up differently can be formed within the same pixel. This structure greatly improves the viewing angle characteristic. 
     It is desirable that the width of the slit-like opening or low-permittivity insulating film line be made larger than the spacing between the pair of wiring substrate, since a smaller width would make the application of an oblique electric field to the liquid crystal molecules difficult. 
     The step of forming the slit-like openings and the step of forming the above-mentioned region of the electrode on the one substrate larger than the corresponding region of the electrode on the other substrate can be performed simultaneously with the usual electrode patterning steps. Also, the step of forming the low-permittivity insulating film lines can be performed simultaneously with the step of forming the insulating protective film formed to prevent shorting between the wiring substrate. Subsequent formation and rubbing processing of the organic alignment films can be performed using a conventional processing step. Therefore, no extra processing steps are needed, and there is no possibility of contaminating the organic alignment films. 
     Examples according to the above aspect of the invention will be described in detail below with reference to relevant drawings. 
     EXAMPLE 10 
     FIG. 22 shows a cross-sectional view of a TN active matrix liquid crystal display according to Example 10. In this liquid crystal display, wiring substrates  61  and  62  with a plurality of electrode conductors formed thereon are disposed opposite each other with a liquid crystal layer  63  sealed between them. 
     FIG. 23 shows a plan view of the wiring substrate  61 . The wiring substrate  61  includes an insulating substrate  41   a  formed from glass or like material, and scanning lines  42  and signal lines  43  formed thereon intersecting with each other. A pixel electrode  44  is formed in each region surrounded by the scanning lines  42  and signal lines  43 . In one corner of each of the regions is formed a switching device  50  which is electrically connected to the pixel electrode  44  and also to one scanning line  42  and one signal line  43  adjacent to the pixel electrode  44 . A device of any desired structure can be used as the switching device  50 . In this example, an amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (hereinafter called the TFT)  50  is used. 
     On the other wiring substrate  62 , there are formed a light blocking film (not shown) for blocking light to other regions than the pixel region, and a counter electrode  45 . 
     In the counter electrode  45 , there is formed, as shown by dotted lines in FIG. 23, a slit-like opening  48  extending perpendicular to the average orientating direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. The average orienting direction here refers to the direction in which the liquid crystal molecule in the center of the liquid crystal layer  63  is oriented. As shown in FIG. 22, each square region of the counter electrode  45 , which forms one pixel region, is made larger than the corresponding region of the pixel electrode  44  along directions parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. In this example, the width of the slit-like opening  48  is chosen to be about 10 μm. It is desirable that this width be made larger than the spacing (about 5 μm) between the wiring substrates  61  and  62 , since a smaller width would make the application of oblique electric field components to the liquid crystal molecules difficult. The slit-like opening  48  is formed at the same time when the counter electrode  45  is patterned. 
     Furthermore, alignment films  46   a  and  46   b  for controlling the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules are formed on the wiring substrates  61  and  62 , respectively. The alignment films  46   a  and  46   b , each formed from an organic material, are subjected to rubbing processing. The wiring substrates  61  and  62  are then bonded together, and liquid crystal material is sealed in between the two substrates  61  and  62  (liquid crystal cell), to form the liquid crystal layer  63 . The pretilt angle of the liquid crystal molecules is 0°. The ends (not shown) of the substrates  61  and  62  are sealed with a resin or the like, and peripheral circuits (not shown), etc. are mounted to complete the liquid crystal display. 
     In this liquid crystal display, since the slit-like opening  48  is formed in the counter electrode  45 , an oblique electric field is formed between the pixel electrode  44  and the counter electrode  45 , as shown in FIG. 22, so that the liquid crystal molecules can be aligned in the directions shown by the arrows. Thus, within the same pixel region, different regions are formed where the liquid crystal molecules are caused to line up in opposite directions; as a result, the V-T characteristics shown in FIG. 24 can be obtained and the viewing angle characteristic of the liquid crystal display can be improved. 
     In Example 10, the slit-like opening  48  is formed in the counter electrode  45 . Alternatively, as sown in FIG. 25, slit-like openings  48  (shown by solid lines in FIG. 25) may be formed in the pixel electrode  44  on the wiring substrate  61  and slit-like openings  48  (shown by dotted lines in FIG. 25) in the counter electrode  45  on the wiring substrate  62  in such a manner that the slit-like openings on one substrate are positioned alternately between the slit-like openings on the other substrate along a direction parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. Further, as shown in FIG. 26, slit-like openings  48  (shown by dotted lines in FIG. 26) may be formed in the counter electrode  45  in such a manner that each opening partially, for example, half faces an edge portion of the pixel electrode  44  on the wiring substrate  61 . On the other hand, when the slit-like openings  48  are formed in the pixel electrode  44 , one end of each slit-like opening may be open, in which case the pixel electrode  44  is formed in a comb-like or bellows-like shape. 
     Since the slit-like openings  48  may result in the formation of disclination lines due to disturbed orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, a light blocking film may be formed over the openings to conceal such lines. Such light blocking film can be formed at the same time when a light blocking film material is applied and patterned on the wiring substrate  62 . The light blocking film can also be formed at the same time when an opaque film, such as a titanium, tantalum, or aluminum film, for forming the switching device  50  is patterned on the wiring substrate  61 , or when the scanning lines  42  are patterned using a wiring material. In the case of the slit-like openings  48  shown in FIG. 26 also, disclination lines formed at the boundaries between the different regions where the liquid crystal molecules line up differently can be concealed by forming light blocking film in the same manner as described above. 
     Any of the slit-like openings  48  shown in FIGS. 23,  25 , and  26  can provide similar effects. The more regions each pixel is divided into, the more natural the effect looks to the eye of the observer, but this in turn reduces the ratio of aperture of the liquid crystal display. Therefore, it is desirable that the pixel be divided into an optimum number of regions according to the size of the pixel. For example, when the pixel size is about 70 μm×230 μm, it is desirable that the pixel be divided into two to four regions. 
     In Example 10, an insulating protective film (not shown) may be formed on the pixel electrode  44  or the counter electrode  45  or on both, to prevent shorting between the wiring substrates  61  and  62 . This insulating protective film should preferably be formed with a window opened in at least one portion thereof to prevent the dc component of the electric field from being applied to the liquid crystal molecules in the pixel. With respect to the window-opened structure, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2-171721 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,066,110. are referred to in this application. Furthermore, color filters (not shown) may be provided on the wiring substrate  62  to achieve a color display. 
     EXAMPLE 11 
     FIG. 27 shows a cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal display according to Example 11. In this liquid crystal display, there is formed, in a convenient position between the counter electrode  45  and the liquid crystal layer  63 , a low-permittivity insulating film  47 , as shown by dotted lines in FIG. 23, which extends in a direction perpendicular to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. As shown in FIG. 27, the square region of the counter electrode  45  that forms one pixel is made larger than the pixel electrode  44  in directions parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. It is desirable that the width of this insulating film  47  be made larger than the spacing (about 5 μm) between the substrates, since a smaller width would make the application of oblique electric field components to the liquid crystal molecules difficult. The insulating film  47  is made of silicon oxide or silicon nitride and formed simultaneously with an insulating protective film (not shown) formed to prevent shorting between the wiring substrates  61  and  62 . In other respects, the construction can be made identical to that of Example 10. 
     In this liquid crystal display, the low-permittivity insulating film formed between the counter electrode  45  and the liquid crystal layer  63  serves to weaken the electric field applied to the liquid crystal layer  63  in that portion. As a result, as in Example 10, an oblique electric field is formed between the electrodes, and the aligning direction of the liquid crystal molecules can be controlled as shown by the arrows. Since the liquid crystal molecules can be caused to line up in opposite directions within one pixel, as in Example 10, the viewing,angle characteristic of the liquid crystal display can be improved. 
     In Example 11, the low-permittivity insulating film  47  is formed between the counter electrode  45  and the liquid crystal layer  63 , but this may be formed between the pixel electrode  44  and the liquid crystal layer  63  (as shown by solid lines in FIG. 25) as well as between the counter electrode  45  and the liquid crystal layer  63  (as shown by dotted lines in FIG. 25) in such a manner that one alternates with another, as shown in FIG. 26, along a direction parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate. Alternatively, insulating film lines  47  (shown by dotted lines in FIG. 26) formed between the counter electrode  45  and the liquid crystal layer  63  may be arranged so that each film line partially, for example, half faces an edge portion of the pixel electrode  44  on the wiring substrate  61 . Furthermore, the insulating film  47  may be formed continuously across two or more pixels instead of being formed like a separate island in each pixel. Moreover, if the insulating film is formed with tapered edges as shown in FIG. 28, the aligning direction of the liquid crystal molecules can be further stabilized. 
     As in Example 10, a light blocking film may be formed over the low-permittivity insulating film  47  to conceal the disclination lines resulting from disturbed orientation of the liquid crystal molecules. 
     Any of the variation of the low-permittivity insulating film  47  shown in FIGS. 23,  25 , and  26  can provide similar effects. The more regions each pixel is divided into, the more natural the effect looks to the eye of the observer, but this in turn reduces the ratio of aperture of the liquid crystal display. Therefore, it is desirable that the pixel be divided into an optimum number of regions according to the size of the pixel. For example, when the pixel size is about 70 μm×230 μm, it is desirable that the pixel be divided into two to four regions. 
     Furthermore, color filters (not shown) may be provided on the wiring substrate  62  to achieve a color display. 
     The liquid crystal display of the present invention may be provided with both the slit-like openings  48  shown in Example 10 and the low-permittivity insulating film  47  shown in Example 11 in or on each electrode on at least one of the substrates. 
     In Examples 10 and 11, the invention is applied to an active matrix-driven liquid crystal display, but it will be appreciated that the invention is also applicable to a duty-driven liquid crystal display. In the latter case, a slit-like opening  48   a  may be formed in the pixel  45   a  formed on one wiring substrate  62 , as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30, wherein the electrodes  44   a  formed on the wiring substrate  61  are indicated by solid lines and the electrodes  45   a  formed on the wiring substrate  62  are shown by dotted lines. In the liquid crystal displays shown in FIGS. 29 and 30, instead of the slit-like openings  48   a  a low-permittivity insulating film may be formed in a similar pattern. 
     As is apparent from the above description, according to the invention, since the liquid crystal molecules in the display can be easily controlled so that they line up in different directions, more than one viewing directions can be built into each pixel. This structure serves to reduce the viewing angle dependence of the liquid crystal display. 
     The step of forming the slit-like opening in the pixel and the step of forming the low-permittivity insulating film between the pixel and the liquid crystal layer can be performed simultaneously with the usual pixel patterning step and protective insulating film forming step, respectively. This achieves low-cost production of liquid crystal displays having good display quality and high reliability. 
     In a still further aspect of the present invention, of a pair of electrodes provided on the pair of opposing wiring substrates to form a pixel, at least one electrode is formed in a comb-like shape or with one or more open slits. In this structure, an obliquely acting electric field is formed in regions where no electrode is formed, and a force having components acting parallel to the substrate is exerted on the liquid crystal molecules. Furthermore, since the electrode is formed in such a manner that the teeth of the comb or the longitudinal sides of the slits extend substantially parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules, the liquid crystal molecules are caused to line up in opposite directions on both outward sides of each tooth or on both inward side of each slit. 
     Since the liquid crystal molecules are thus caused to line up in different directions within each pixel, the inversion phenomenon that occurs in the positive viewing direction can be suppressed. In the negative viewing direction also, since the liquid crystal molecules partially stand up by the force having components acting parallel to the substrate, the refractive index of the liquid crystal molecules is caused to change and the contrast can be improved. 
     Furthermore, if the teeth spacing or the slit width is made larger than the spacing between the two substrates, a situation that would occur with a narrower spacing or width can be prevented where oblique components of the electric field are difficult to be applied to the liquid crystal molecules. 
     The step of forming each pixel in a comb-like shape or with a slit or slits can be performed simultaneously with the usual pixel patterning step without affecting the subsequent steps and without requiring extra steps. 
     An example according to the above mode of the invention will be described in detail below with reference to relevant drawings. 
     EXAMPLE 12 
     FIG. 31 is a plan view of a TN active matrix liquid crystal display embodying the present invention. FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C′ in FIG.  31 . In this liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal layer  93  is sealed between wiring substrates  91  and  92  disposed opposite each other. The wiring substrate  91  includes an insulating substrate  71   a  made of glass or like material, on which scanning lines  72  and signal lines  73  are formed intersecting with each other. A pixel electrode  74  is formed in each region surrounded by the scanning lines  72  and signal lines  73 . A switching device  80  is formed in one corner of each pixel region, and is electrically connected to the associated pixel electrode  74  and also to the scanning line  72  and signal line  73  adjacent to the pixel electrode  74 . A device of any desired structure can be used as the switching device  80 . In this example, an amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (hereinafter called the TFT)  80  is used. The pixel electrode  74  is formed in a comb-like shape as shown in FIG. 31, with the teeth  74   a  of the comb extending parallel to the average orienting direction (line D-D′) of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the liquid crystal molecules. 
     On the other wiring substrate  92 , a light blocking film (not shown) for blocking light to other regions than the pixel region, and a counter electrode  75  are formed in this order from the side of the substrate  92 . 
     Furthermore, alignment films  76   a  and  76   b  for controlling the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules are formed on the wiring substrates  91  and  92 , respectively, and are subjected to rubbing processing. The wiring substrates  91  and  92  are then bonded together with the alignment films  76   a  and  76   b  facing inside, and liquid crystals are sealed between the two substrates  91  and  92 , to form the liquid crystal layer  93 . The edges (not shown) of the substrates  91  and  92  are sealed with a resin or the like, and peripheral circuits (not shown), etc. are mounted. 
     In this liquid crystal display, since the pixel electrode  74  is formed in a comb-like shape, as described above, an obliquely acting electric field (electric lines of force are indicated by dotted lines) is formed in regions on both outward sides of each tooth  74   a  and between the pixel electrode  74  and the counter electrode  75 , and a force having components parallel to the substrate is exerted on the liquid crystal molecules. Furthermore, since the teeth  74   a  are formed extending parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate, the liquid crystal molecules are caused to line up in directions toward the electrode in such a manner as to respond to the change of the electric lines of force, as shown in FIG. 33 (an enlarged view of portion E in FIG.  31 ), the molecular alignment thus being changed in opposite directions on both outward sides of each tooth  74   a . This results in the formation of different regions within the same pixel where the liquid crystal molecules are caused to line up in opposite directions; consequently, the inversion phenomenon that occurs in the positive viewing direction can be suppressed, as shown by solid line L 2  in FIG.  34 . The teeth  74   a  need not necessarily be oriented exactly in parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate, but may be displaced somewhat from the parallel direction. 
     In the negative viewing direction, on the other hand, since the liquid crystal molecules partially stand up by the force having components acting parallel to the substrate, the refractive index of the liquid crystal molecules is caused to change as shown by solid line L 3  in FIG. 34, providing an improvement in contrast. 
     The teeth  74   a  can be formed with a desired width and in any number, the width and number being chosen appropriately according to the liquid crystal display. However, since an excessively narrow spacing between adjacent teeth  74   a  would make the application of oblique electric field components to the liquid crystal molecules difficult, it is desirable that the spacing between adjacent teeth  74   a  be made larger than the spacing (thickness of the liquid crystal layer  93 ) d between the wiring substrates  91  and  92 . In this example, since the spacing d is about 5 μm, the width of each tooth  74   a  is set at 10 μm and the spacing between adjacent teeth  74   a  also at 10 μm. 
     In the above example, the pixel electrode  74  is formed in a comb-like shape, but the invention is not limited to this structure. Instead, one or more open slits may be formed in the pixel electrode  74 . In this case, it is desirable that each slit be formed with its longitudinal side extending substantially parallel to the average orienting direction of the liquid crystal molecules projected on the substrate, so that the molecular alignment is changed in opposite directions on both inward sides of each slit, thus forming different regions within the same pixel where the liquid crystal molecules are caused to line up in opposite directions. This structure provides the same effect as obtained when the pixel electrode  74  is formed in a comb-like shape. Far the same reason as described above, it is desirable that the slit width be made larger than the spacing (thickness of the liquid crystal layer  93 ) d between the wiring substrates  91  and  92 . 
     In the above example, the pixel electrode  74  is formed in a comb-like shape or with one or more slits, but the present invention is not limited to forming the pixel electrode  74  in such structure. Instead, the counter electrode  75  may be formed in such structure. 
     The step of forming each pixel in a comb-like shape or with a slit-like opening, as described above, can be performed simultaneously with the usual pixel patterning step. Accordingly, liquid crystal displays having good display quality and high reliability can be produced at low cost. 
     Furthermore, in the above example, an insulating protective film (not shown) may be formed on the pixel electrode  74  or the counter electrode  75  or on both, to prevent shorting between the wiring substrates  91  and  92 . This insulating protective film should preferably be formed with a window opened in at least one portion thereof to prevent the dc component of the electric field from being applied to the liquid crystal molecules in the pixel. Furthermore, color filters (not shown) may be provided on the wiring substrate  92  to achieve a color display. 
     In the above example, the invention is applied to a TN active matrix liquid crystal display, but the invention is not limited to this application but can be applied to liquid crystal displays of other modes. Furthermore, the invention is not limited to active matrix-driven displays but can also be applied to duty-driven liquid crystal displays, etc. 
     As is apparent from the above description, according to the present invention, since liquid crystal molecules can be caused to line up in different directions within the same pixel, the inversion phenomenon that occurs in the positive viewing direction can be suppressed. Furthermore, since the liquid crystal molecules partially stand up by the force having components parallel to the substrate, the contrast in the negative viewing direction can be improved. Improvement in the viewing angle characteristic of the liquid crystal display is thus achieved. 
     The step of forming each pixel in a comb-like shape or with a slit-like opening can be performed simultaneously with the usual pixel patterning step. Accordingly, liquid crystal displays having good display quality and high reliability can be produced at low cost. 
     Various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the description as set forth herein, but rather that the claims be broadly construed.