Patent Publication Number: US-7589528-B2

Title: Magnetic sensor formed of magnetoresistance effect elements

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/821,913, filed Apr. 12, 2004 which in turn is a Division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/052,525 filed on Jan. 23, 2002, claiming priority of Japanese Application No. 2001-281703, dated Sep. 17, 2001, and Japanese Application No. 2001-15805, dated Jan. 24, 2001, the contents of each are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a magnetic sensor using a magnetoresistance effect (magnetoresistive effect) element containing a pinned layer and a free layer, and more particularly to a magnetic sensor having two or more magnetoresistance effect elements formed on a single chip where the magnetization directions of the pinned layers of the magnetoresistance effect elements cross each other, as well as a method of producing the same 
     2. Description of the Background Art 
     Hitherto, as an element usable in a magnetic sensor, there are known a giant magnetoresistance element (GMR element), a magnetic tunnel effect element (TMR element, tunneling GMR), and others. These magnetoresistance effect elements are provided with a pinned layer whose magnetization direction is pinned (fixed) in a predetermined direction and a free layer whose magnetization direction changes in accordance with an external magnetic field, thereby exhibiting a resistance value that accords with the relative relationship between the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer. 
     However, it is difficult to form two or more magnetoresistance effect elements on a single minute chip where the magnetization directions of the pinned layers of the magnetoresistance effect elements cross each other. Such a single chip has not been proposed yet, and therefore there arises a problem such that a magnetic sensor made of a single chip using a magnetoresistance effect element cannot have a wider application range due to the restriction imposed on the magnetization direction of the pinned layer. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A characteristic feature of the present invention lies in a magnetic sensor including a magnetoresistance effect element that contains a pinned layer and a free layer, said magnetoresistance effect element having a resistance value that changes in accordance with a relative angle formed by (or between)the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer, said magnetic sensor being formed in such a manner that a plurality of said magnetoresistance effect elements are provided on a single chip (one and the same substrate), and the pinned layers of at least two of said plurality of magnetoresistance effect elements have magnetization directions that cross each other. 
     This allows that, since magnetoresistance effect elements in which the magnetization directions of the pinned layers cross each other are formed on one and the same substrate, a magnetic sensor having a small size and a wide application range is provided. 
     Another characteristic feature of the present invention lies in a method of producing a magnetic sensor including a magnetoresistance effect element that contains a pinned layer and a free layer, said magnetoresistance effect element having a resistance value that changes in accordance with a relative angle formed by the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer, said method including the steps of: forming a layer containing a magnetic layer that will become said pinned layer (for example, an antiferromagnetic layer and a ferromagnetic layer) in a predetermined configuration on a substrate; forming magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers for applying a magnetic field to the layer containing the magnetic layer that will become said pinned layer: magnetizing said magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers; and pinning the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer that will become said pinned layer with the residual magnetization of said magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers. 
     According to the method above, the magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers for applying a magnetic field to the layer containing the magnetic layer that will become the pinned layer are formed, for example, by plating or the like, and thereafter these magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers are magnetized. The magnetic field produced by the residual magnetization of the aforesaid magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers then pins the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer that will become the aforesaid pinned layer. In this case, the step of forming said magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers is advantageously a step of forming said magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers so as to sandwich the layer containing the magnetic layer that will become said pinned layer in a plan view, and the magnetization direction of said magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers is advantageously different from a direction of the magnetic field produced by said residual magnetization. 
     The direction of the magnetic field produced by the residual magnetization of the aforesaid magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers is dependent on the shape of the end surface of the magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers. Therefore, by making a suitably shaped end surface or by suitably placing the layer containing the magnetic layer that will become the pinned layer with respect to the end surface, the layer containing the magnetic layer that will become the pinned layer can be imparted with a magnetization having an arbitrary direction. This allows that two or more magnetoresistance effect elements having pinned layers with magnetizations pinned in different directions from each other can be easily produced on one and the same substrate. 
     Still another characteristic feature of the present invention lies in a method of producing a magnetic sensor including a magnetoresistance effect element that contains a pinned layer and a free layer, said magnetoresistance effect element having a resistance value that changes in accordance with a relative angle formed by a magnetization direction of the pinned layer and a magnetization direction of the free layer, said method including the steps of preparing a magnet array constructed in such a manner that a plurality of permanent magnets are arranged at lattice points of a square lattice, where a polarity of a magnetic pole of each permanent magnet is different from a polarity of other magnetic poles that are adjacent thereto and spaced apart therefrom by the shortest distance; disposing a wafer in which a layer containing a magnetic layer that will at least become said pinned layer has been formed, above said magnet array; and pinning the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer that will become said pinned layer by using a magnetic field formed between one of said magnetic poles and another of said magnetic poles that is adjacent thereto and spaced apart therefrom by the shortest distance. 
     The above-mentioned magnet array is constructed in such a manner that a plurality of permanent magnets are disposed at lattice points of a square lattice, where a polarity of a magnetic pole of each permanent magnet is different from a polarity of other magnetic poles that are adjacent thereto and spaced apart therefrom by the shortest distance. Therefore, above the magnet array, in a plan view of the magnet array, a magnetic field in the rightward direction from one N-pole to the S-pole located on the right side of the N-pole, a magnetic field in the upward direction from the N-pole to the S-pole located on the upside of the N-pole, a magnetic field in the leftward direction from the N-pole to the S-pole located on the left side of the N-pole, and a magnetic field in the downward direction from the N-pole to the S-pole located on the downside of the N-pole are formed (See  FIGS. 56 and 57 ). Similarly, to one S-pole, a magnetic field in the leftward direction from the N-pole located on the right side of the S-pole, a magnetic field in the downward direction from the N-pole located on the upside of the S-pole, a magnetic field in the rightward direction from the N-pole located on the left side of the S-pole, and a magnetic field in the upward direction from the N-pole located on the downside of the S-pole are formed. The above-described method pins the magnetization direction of the layer that will become the pinned layer by using these magnetic fields, whereby a magnetic sensor in which the magnetization directions of the pinned layers cross each other (in this case, perpendicular to each other) can be easily produced on a single chip. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and other objects, features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which, 
         FIG. 1  is a conceptual plan view illustrating a magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is an enlarged view of the magnetic tunnel effect element (group) shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 3  is a cross-sectional view of the magnetic tunnel effect element (group) shown in  FIG. 2  and cut with a plane along the line  1 - 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic plan view of the magnetic tunnel effect element shown in  FIG. 3 , illustrating an antiferromagnetic film and a ferromagnetic film (pinned layer) of the element; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 7  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic plan view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production: 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 1 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 18  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of one magnetic tunnel effect element (group) shown in  FIG. 1  when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the longitudinal direction (X-axis direction) of the element is applied to the element; 
         FIG. 19  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of one magnetic tunnel effect element (group) shown in  FIG. 1  when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the direction (Y-axis direction) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the element is applied to the element: 
         FIG. 20  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of the other magnetic tunnel effect element (group) shown in  FIG. 1  when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the direction (X-axis direction) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the element is applied to the element; 
         FIG. 21  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of the other magnetic tunnel effect element (group) shown in  FIG. 1  when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the longitudinal direction (Y-axis direction) of the element is applied to the element; 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 23  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 24  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 25  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production: 
         FIG. 26  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 27  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 28  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production: 
         FIG. 29  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 30  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 31  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 32  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production: 
         FIG. 33  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 34  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 35  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the magnetic sensor according to embodiment 2 at one stage during the production; 
         FIG. 36  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of one magnetic tunnel effect element (group) according to embodiment 2 when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the longitudinal direction (X-axis direction in  FIG. 1 ) of the element is applied to the element; 
         FIG. 37  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of one magnetic tunnel effect element (group) according to embodiment 2 when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the direction (Y-axis direction in  FIG. 1 ) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the element is applied to the element: 
         FIG. 38  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of the other magnetic tunnel effect element (group) according to embodiment 2 when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the direction (X-axis direction in  FIG. 1 ) perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the element is applied to the element: 
         FIG. 39  is a graph depicting the change of the MR ratio of the other magnetic tunnel effect element (group) according to embodiment 2 when an external magnetic field changing in magnitude in the longitudinal direction (Y-axis direction in  FIG. 1 ) of the element is applied to the element; 
         FIG. 40  is a graph depicting the magnetization curves of a pinned layer and a free layer when a magnetic field changing in magnitude within the direction perpendicular to the magnetization direction of die pinned layer is applied to a magnetic tunnel effect element group according to embodiment 1 and 2; 
         FIG. 41  is a plan view of another substrate, according to the present invention, having a differently configured plating film formed thereon; 
         FIG. 42  is a schematic plan view of a magnetic sensor according to embodiment 3 of the present invention; 
         FIG. 43  is a schematic enlarged plan view of the first X-axis GMR element shown in  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 44  is a schematic cross-sectional view of the first X-axis GMR element shown in  FIG. 43  and cut with a plane along the line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 43 ; 
         FIG. 45  is a view illustrating a construction of a spin valve film of the first X-axis GMR element shown in  FIG. 43 ; 
         FIG. 46  is a graph depicting the change in the resistance value (solid line) of the first X-axis GMR element shown in  FIG. 43  relative to a magnetic field changing in the X-axis direction and the change in the resistance value (broken line) of the element relative to a magnetic field changing in the Y-axis direction; 
         FIG. 47  is an equivalent circuit diagram of an X-axis magnetic sensor included in the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 48  is a graph depicting the change in the output voltage (solid line) of the X-axis magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 47  relative to a magnetic field changing in the X-axis direction and the change in the output voltage (broken line) of the sensor relative to a magnetic field changing in the Y-axis direction; 
         FIG. 49  is a graph depicting the change in the output voltage (solid line) of the Y-axis magnetic sensor included in the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42  relative to a magnetic field changing in the X-axis direction and the change in the output voltage (broken line) of the sensor relative to a magnetic field changing in the Y-axis direction; 
         FIG. 50  is a plan view of quartz glass on which a spin valve film has been formed at one stage during the production of the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42 : 
         FIG. 51  is a plan view of a metal plate for preparing a magnet array to be used in the production of the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 52  is a cross-sectional view of the metal plate and the permanent bar magnets shown in  FIG. 51  and cut with a plane along the line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 51 : 
         FIG. 53  is a plan view of a plate for forming a magnet array to be used in the production of the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 54  is a cross-sectional view of the magnet array to be used in the production of the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 55  is a cross-sectional view showing a step in the production of the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 56  is a perspective view illustrating some magnets taken out from the magnet array shown in  FIG. 54 ; 
         FIG. 57  is a conceptual view illustrating a method for pinning the magnetization direction of the pinned layer of each GMR element of the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42 ; 
         FIG. 58  is a view illustrating a relationship between the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42  and the azimuth; and 
         FIG. 59  is a graph depicting an output voltage of the magnetic sensor shown in  FIG. 42  relative to the azimuth. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereafter, embodiments of the magnetic sensor according to the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. The magnetic sensor according to the first embodiment includes a generally square-shaped substrate  10  made of, for example, SiO.sub.2/Si, glass, or quartz, two magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21 , a coil  30  for bias magnetic field, and a plurality of electrode pads  40   a  to  40   f , as illustrated in the plan view of  FIG. 1 . Magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21  and coil  30  for bias magnetic field are connected respectively to electrode pads  40   a ,  40   b ,  40   c ,  40   d , and  40   e ,  40   f . Since magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11  and magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21  are identical in structure, magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11  will be described hereafter as a representative example, and the description of magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21  will be omitted. 
     Magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11  is made of a plurality of (in this example, twenty) magnetic tunnel effect elements that are connected in series, as illustrated in the enlarged plan view of  FIG. 2 . Each magnetic tunnel effect element includes a plurality of lower electrodes  12  having a rectangular shape in a plan view on substrate  10 , as illustrated in  FIG. 3  showing a partial cross-sectional view along the  1 - 1  plane of  FIG. 2 . Lower electrodes  12  are arranged in a row and spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance in the lateral direction. Lower electrodes  12  are made of Ta (which may be Cr or Ti), which is an electrically conductive non-magnetic metal material, and are formed to have a thickness of about 30 nm. On each lower electrode  12  is respectively laminated an antiferromagnetic film  13  made of PtMn having a thickness of about 30 nm and formed to have the same planar shape as lower electrode  12 . 
     A pair of ferromagnetic films  14 ,  14  made of NiFe having a thickness of about 20 nm is laminated at an interval on each antiferromagnetic film  13 . These ferromagnetic films  14 ,  14  have a rectangular shape in a plan view and are arranged so that the longer sides thereof oppose each other in parallel. The ferromagnetic films  14 ,  14  constitute a pinned layer in which the magnetization direction is pinned by the antiferromagnetic film  13 . The ferromagnetic films  14 ,  14  are magnetized in the direction of arrows in the partially enlarged plan view of  FIG. 4  (i.e. in the rightward direction). Here, the antiferromagnetic film  13  and the ferromagnetic films (pinned layers)  14 ,  14  constitute a fixed magnetization layer in which the magnetization direction of the ferromagnetic films  14 ,  14  is substantially fixed (i.e. having a fixed magnetization axis). 
     On each ferromagnetic film  14  is formed an insulating layer  15  having the same planar shape as the ferromagnetic film  14 . This insulating layer  15  is made of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 (Al—O), which is an insulating material, and is formed to have a thickness of about 1 nm. 
     On the insulating layer  15  is formed a ferromagnetic film  16  having the same planar shape as the insulating layer  15  and made of NiFe with a thickness of about 80 nm. This ferromagnetic film  16  constitutes a free layer (free magnetization layer) whose magnetization direction changes in accordance with the direction of an external magnetic field, and constitutes a magnetic tunnel junction structure together with the pinned layer made of the aforesaid ferromagnetic film  14  and the aforesaid insulating layer  15 . In other words, the antiferromagnetic film  13 , the ferromagnetic film  14 , the insulating layer  15 , and the ferromagnetic film  16  constitute one magnetic tunnel effect element (excluding the electrodes and others). 
     On each ferromagnetic film  16  is respectively formed a dummy film  17  having the same planar shape as each ferromagnetic film  16 . This dummy film  17  is constituted with an electrically conductive non-magnetic metal material made of a Ta film having a thickness of about 40 nm. 
     An interlayer insulating layer  18  for insulated separation of the plurality of lower electrodes  12  and the antiferromagnetic film  13  and for respective insulated separation of the pair of ferromagnetic films  14 , the insulating layers  15 , the ferromagnetic films  16 , and the dummy films  17  disposed on each antiferromagnetic film  13  is formed in a region that covers the substrate  10 , lower electrode  12 , antiferromagnetic film  13 , ferromagnetic films  14 , insulating layers  15 , ferromagnetic films  16 , and dummy films  17 . The interlayer insulating layer  18  is made of SiO.sub.2 and has a thickness of about 250 nm. 
     Through this interlayer insulating layer  18 . a contact hole  18   a  is respectively formed on each dummy film  17 . Upper electrodes  19 ,  19  made of, for example, Al having a thickness of about 300 nm are respectively formed so as to fill in the contact hole  18   a  and to electrically connect each one of the pair of dummy films  17 ,  17  disposed on a different lower electrode  12  (and antiferromagnetic film  13 ). Thus, by electrically connecting each of the ferromagnetic films  16 ,  16  (each of the dummy films  17 ,  17 ) and each of the antiferromagnetic films  13 ,  13  of a pair of adjacent magnetic tunnel junction structures alternately and successively with the lower electrode  12 , antiferromagnetic film  13 , and upper electrode  19 , there is formed a magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11  in which a plurality of magnetic tunnel junction structures whose pinned layers have the same magnetization direction are connected in series. Here, a protective film made of SiO and SiN (illustration omitted) is formed on the upper electrodes  19 ,  19 . 
     The coil  30  is for imparting a bias magnetic field of alternating current to the above-described magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21 , and is buried in the upper part of substrate  10  so as to extend under the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21  in a direction parallel to the magnetization direction of the pinned layer of the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21 . 
     Next, a method of producing the above-mentioned magnetic tunnel effect elements will be described with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 17 . Here, in  FIGS. 5 to 12  and  FIGS. 14 to 17 , a magnetic tunnel effect element group made of four magnetic tunnel effect elements that are connected in series is shown for the sake of description. Further, in these Figures, illustration of coil  30  is omitted. 
     First, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , a film made of Ta constituting the lower electrode  12  is formed to a thickness of about 30 nm by sputtering on a substrate  10  (which is, at this stage, one sheet of substrate from which a plurality of magnetic sensors will be obtained by a later dicing process). Then, a film made of PtMn and a film made of NiFe for constructing the antiferromagnetic film  13  and the ferromagnetic film (pinned layer)  14  of the fixed magnetization layer are formed to have a thickness of 30 nm and 20 nm, respectively, by sputtering. In this description, the lower electrode  12 , the PtMn film which will be the antiferromagnetic film  13 , and the FeNi film which will be the ferromagnetic film  14  are referred to as a lower magnetic layer SJ. 
     Thereafter, Al is laminated for only 1 am, and this is oxidized by oxygen gas to form an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 (Al—O) film which will become the insulating layer  15 . Subsequently, a film made of NiFe constituting the ferromagnetic film  16  of the free layer is formed, for example, to have a thickness of 80 nm by sputtering, and a film made of Ta constituting the dummy film  17  is formed to have a thickness of 40 nm thereon. Here, the ferromagnetic film  16  and the dummy film  17  are referred to as an upper magnetic layer UJ. Next, by ion milling or the like, the upper magnetic layer UJ is processed for separation, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , and the lower magnetic layer SJ is processed for separation, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . As a result, the layer having a predetermined configuration, which will be the magnetic tunnel effect elements, is formed. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , a film made of SiO.sub.2 constituting the interlayer insulating layer  18  is formed by sputtering so that the thickness thereof on the elements will be 250 nm, and a film made of Cr and a film made of NiFe are formed thereon by sputtering to have a thickness of 100 nm and 50 nm, respectively, as a plating underlayer film. Next, a resist  51  is applied, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 . The resist  51  is patterned into a predetermined shape so as not to cover the part where the plating will be carried out later. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the wafer is plated with NiCo as a magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer. The thickness of NiCo is, for example, set to be 10 .mu.m. Then, after the resist is removed as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , the entire surface is subjected to milling (Ar milling) to remove WiFe formed as the plating underlayer film, as illustrated in  FIG. 12 . 
       FIG. 13  is a plan view of the wafer in this state. Here, in  FIG. 13 , each of the substrates that will be separated from each other by a later dicing process are denoted with the reference numeral  10  for convenience sake. Referring to  FIG. 13 , by the previous patterning of the resist, the magnetic-field-applying magnetic layers (NiCo) are each formed to have a generally square shape with its center located at the center of four adjacent substrates  10  which will be separated from each other later, and are disposed so as to exclude parts (its portions) located immediately above the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21  in the longitudinal direction and in the lateral direction (i.e. so as to sandwich the layer, having the predetermined configuration, that will be the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21  where the lower magnetic layer SJ including the magnetic layer that will be the pinned layer is formed in a plan view). In this state, a magnetic field having a strength of about 1000 (Oe) is given in the direction parallel to the diagonal line of the square that each magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer forms, so as to magnetize the magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer in the direction shown by arrow A in  FIG. 13 . 
     Next, the aforesaid magnetic field is removed. At this time, the residual magnetization of the magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer generates a magnetic field in the direction from the upper side of each magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer to the lower side of an adjacent magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer and a magnetic field in the direction from the right side of each magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer to the left side of an adjacent magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer, as shown by arrows B in  FIG. 13 . For this reason, to the parts that will become the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21 , a magnetic field parallel to the longitudinal direction of the parts is applied. Then, in order to form the antiferromagnetic film  13  made of PtMn into an ordered alloy and to impart an exchange coupling magnetic field Hex, a high-temperature annealing process is carried out to put the wafer into a high-temperature environment. As a result of this, the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21  formed on one and the same substrate  10  will have pinned layers that are magnetized (pinned) in different directions from each other (in this case, in the directions that are perpendicular to each other). In other words, the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21  will each have a fixed magnetization axis in the direction shown by the arrows in  FIG. 1 . 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 , the NiCo which is the plating film and the sputtered NiFe (which is the plating underlayer film) are removed by acid, and Cr is removed by milling, as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . Thereafter, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , a contact hole  18   a  Is formed through the interlayer insulating film  18 ; an Al film is formed to have a thickness of 300 nm by sputtering as illustrated in  FIG. 17 ; and the Al film is processed in a wiring pattern to form an upper electrode  19 . 
     Then, electrode pads  40   a  to  40   f  illustrated in  FIG. 1  are formed on the substrate  10 , and the electrode pads  40   a  to  40   f  are respectively connected to the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ,  21  and the toil  30 . Finally, a film (not illustrated) made of SiO having a thickness of 150 nm and a film (not illustrated) made of SiN having a thickness of 1000 nm are formed as a protective film (passivation film) by CVD. Thereafter, a part of the protective film is opened by milling, RIE, or etching using a resist mask to expose the electrode pads  40   a  to  40   f  Subsequently, the substrate is subjected to back grinding (thinning by grinding); the substrate is separated into individual magnetic sensors by dicing; and finally, the packaging is carried out. 
     To the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11  thus produced and shown in  FIG. 1 , external magnetic fields changing in magnitude along the respective axes in the X-axis direction shown in  FIG. 1  and in the Y-axis direction perpendicular to the X-axis were applied, so as to measure the resistance changing ratio MR (MR ratio) at the time the magnetic fields were applied. The results are shown in  FIGS. 18 and 19 . As will be clear from  FIGS. 18 and 19 , the MR ratio of the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11  changed more greatly in response to the external magnetic field changing in the X-axis direction than to the external magnetic field changing in the Y-axis direction. This has confirmed that, in the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11 , the magnetization direction of the pinned layer thereof is parallel to the X-axis. 
     Similarly, to the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21  shown in  FIG. 1 , external magnetic fields changing in magnitude along the respective axes in the X-axis direction and in the Y-axis direction were applied, so as to measure the resistance changing ratio MR (MR ratio) at the time the magnetic fields were applied. The results are shown in  FIGS. 20 and 21 . As will be clear from  FIGS. 20 and 21 , the MR ratio of the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21  changed more greatly in response to the external magnetic field changing in the Y-axis direction than to the external magnetic field changing in the X-axis direction. This has confirmed that, in the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21 , the magnetization direction of the pinned layer thereof is parallel to the Y-axis. In other words, it has been confirmed that, on one and the same substrate  10 , this magnetic sensor has two magnetic tunnel effect elements (magnetoresistance effect elements) having pinned layers that are pinned so that the magnetization directions thereof are different from each other (i.e. so that the magnetization directions thereof cross each other). 
     Next, a magnetic sensor according to the second embodiment will be described. The second embodiment is different from the first embodiment only in that, whereas the fixed magnetization layer of the first embodiment is constituted with PtMn and NiFe, the fixed magnetization layer of the second embodiment is constituted with a film made of MnRh having a thickness of 30 nm and a film made of NiFe (pinned layer) having a thickness of 40 nm. On the other hand, by this difference in the material of the fixed magnetization layer, the method of producing the second embodiment is a little different from that of the first embodiment, which will be described as follows. 
     Namely, in the second embodiment, as illustrated in  FIG. 22 , a film made of Ta having a thickness of 30 nm, a film made of MnRh having a thickness of 30 nm, and a film made of NiFe having a thickness of 40 nm are formed on a substrate  10  by sputtering so as to form a lower magnetic layer SJ. Subsequently, an Al film of 1 nm is formed and oxidized to form an insulating layer  15 . A film made of NiFe having a thickness of 40 nm and a film made of Ta having a thickness of 40 nm are formed thereon so as to form an upper magnetic layer UJ. 
     Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 23 , the upper magnetic layer UJ is processed for separation, and the lower magnetic layer SJ is processed for separation, as illustrated in  FIG. 24 . Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 25 , SiO.sub.2 is sputtered to form a film having a thickness of 250 nm so as to form an interlayer insulating layer  18 , and successively a contact hole  18   a  is formed through the interlayer insulating layer  18 , as illustrated in  FIG. 26 . Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 27 , Al is sputtered to form a film having a thickness of 300 nm and processed in a wiring pattern to form an upper electrode  19 . Then, as illustrated in  FIG. 28 , a protective film  20  made of SiO and SiN is formed by CVD. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 29 , a film made of Cr and a film made of NiFe are formed by sputtering to have a thickness of 100 nm and 50 nm, respectively, as a plating underlayer film, and successively, a resist  51  is applied, as illustrated in  FIG. 30 . The resist  51  is patterned into a predetermined shape so as not to cover the part where the plating will be carried out later. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 31 , the wafer is plated with NICO as a magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer. The thickness of NiCo is, for example, set to be 10 .mu.m. Then, after the resist is removed as illustrated in  FIG. 32 , the entire surface is subjected to milling (Ar milling) to remove NiFe formed as the plating underlayer film, as illustrated in  FIG. 33 . At this stage, the wafer is in the state shown in  FIG. 13 . In this state, a magnetic field having a strength of about 1000 (Oe) is given in the direction parallel to the diagonal line of the square that each magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer forms, so as to magnetize the magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer in the direction shown by arrow A in  FIG. 13 . Thereafter, the magnetic field is removed. 
     At this time, to the parts that will later become the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ′,  21 ′, a magnetic field parallel to the longitudinal direction of the parts is applied by the residual magnetization of NiCo. Then, a high-temperature annealing process is carried out to put the wafer into a high-temperature environment. As a result of this, the magnetic tunnel effect elements (groups)  11 ′,  21 ′ formed on one and the same substrate  10 ′ will have pinned layers that are magnetized (pinned) in different directions from each other (in this case, in the directions that are perpendicular to each other). After the high-temperature annealing process is finished, the plating film NiCo and the plating underlayer film NiFe are removed by acid as illustrated in  FIG. 34 , and the plating underlayer film Cr Is removed by milling, as illustrated in  FIG. 35 . Thereafter, a process similar to that of the first embodiment is carried out. 
     To the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11 ′ thus produced and shown in  FIG. 1 , external magnetic fields changing in magnitude along the respective axes in the X-axis direction and in the Y-axis direction were applied, so as to measure the resistance changing ratio MR (MR ratio) at the time the magnetic fields were applied. The results are shown in  FIGS. 36 and 37 . As will be clear from  FIGS. 36 and 37 , the MR ratio of the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11 ′ changed more greatly in response to the external magnetic field changing in the X-axis direction than to the external magnetic field changing in the Y-axis direction. This has confirmed that, in the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  11 ′. the magnetization direction of the pinned layer thereof is parallel to the X-axis. 
     Similarly, to the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21 ′ shown in  FIG. 1 . external magnetic fields changing in magnitude along the respective axes in the X-axis direction and in the Y-axis direction were applied, so as to measure the resistance changing ratio MR (MR ratio) at the time the magnetic fields were applied. The results are shown in  FIGS. 38 and 39 . As will be clear from  FIGS. 38 and 39 , the MR ratio of the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21 ′ changed more greatly in response to the external magnetic field changing in the Y-axis direction than to the external magnetic field changing in the X-axis direction. This has confirmed that, in the magnetic tunnel effect element (group)  21 ′, the magnetization direction of the pinned layer thereof is parallel to the Y-axis. In other words, it has been confirmed that, on one and the same substrate  10 ′, this magnetic sensor according to the second embodiment has two magnetic tunnel effect elements (magnetoresistance effect elements) having pinned layers that are pinned so that the magnetization directions thereof cross each other (i.e. are different from each other). 
     As described above, the magnetic sensors according to the first and second embodiments have, on one and the same substrate (on a single chip), magnetic tunnel effect elements in which the magnetization directions of the pinned layers cross each other (i.e. the magnetization directions of at least two of the pinned layers form an angle other than 0.degree. and 180.degree.). For this reason, these magnetic sensors can be used as a small magnetic sensor (for example, as a geomagnetism sensor or the like) that is requested to detect magnetic fields in different directions. Also, according to the methods of the above-described embodiments, these sensors can be easily produced. 
     Here, in the first embodiment, since PtMn is used in the fixed magnetization layer as a pinning layer, the magnetization direction of the pinned layer in the fixed magnetization layer must be pinned at the timing at which the wafer is initially brought to a high temperature. Therefore, in the first embodiment, the wafer is subjected to a high-temperature annealing process at a stage prior to the high-temperature process by CVD or the like that is carried out for forming the protective film. In contrast, in the second embodiment, MnRh is used as a pinning layer of the fixed magnetization layer. The MnRh film will be deteriorated in quality if another high-temperature process is carried out after the high-temperature annealing process. Therefore, in the second embodiment, the high-temperature annealing process is carried out after the high-temperature process by CVD or the like for forming the protective film is carried out. 
     Further, according to the above-described production methods of the first and second embodiments, one can obtain a magnetic tunnel effect element (group) that exhibits an even-function property to an external magnetic field to be detected. In other words, when a magnetic field changing in magnitude within the direction perpendicular to the magnetization direction of the pinned layer is applied to the magnetic tunnel effect element groups  11 ,  21 ,  11 ′,  21 ′, the magnetization of the pinned layer changes smoothly as illustrated by the line LP of  FIG. 40 . On the other hand, the free layer of these elements reacts sensitively to the direction of the aforesaid external magnetic field due to the shape anisotropy, and the magnetization of the free layer changes in a stepwise manner when the magnitude of the external magnetic field approaches the neighborhood of “0”, as illustrated by the line LF of  FIG. 40 . As a result of this, the relative angle formed between the magnetization direction of the pinned layer and the magnetization direction of the free layer attains the maximum value (approximately 90.degree.) when the external magnetic field is “0” and, according as the magnitude (absolute value) of the external magnetic field increases, the relative angle decreases. This can be confirmed by  FIGS. 19 ,  20 ,  37 , and  38 . 
     Further, as will be also clear from  FIG. 13 , when a plating film (NiCo) constituting each magnetic-field-applying magnetic layer is magnetized in a predetermined direction shown by arrow A in  FIG. 13 , the direction of the magnetic field generated between the plating films by the residual magnetization of the plating films will be different from the magnetization direction of the plating films but will be the direction perpendicular to the end surfaces of the plating films M as shown by arrows B in  FIG. 13 . Therefore, if the end surface shape of the plating films M is designed, for example, as shown in  FIG. 41  and the plating films are magnetized in the direction shown by arrow C, a magnetic field having a desired direction (direction shown by arrows D) can be locally generated at a suitable position on the wafer. Therefore, by using this, one can produce magnetic tunnel effect elements TMR 1 , TMR 2  having fixed magnetization axes in desired directions on a single substrate (magnetic tunnel effect elements TMR 1 , TMR 2  in which the magnetization directions of the pinned layers cross each other on a single chip). 
     Next, a magnetic sensor according to the third embodiment of the present invention will be described. While the magnetic sensors of the above-described first and second embodiments are constituted with TMR elements, the magnetic sensor of the third embodiment is constituted with GMR elements. Further, this magnetic sensor is provided with an X-axis magnetic sensor for detecting a magnetic field in the X-axis direction and a Y-axis magnetic sensor for detecting a magnetic field in the Y-axis direction perpendicular to the aforesaid X-axis. 
     More specifically described, this magnetic sensor  60  has a rectangular (generally square) shape having sides along the X-axis and the Y-axis that are perpendicular to each other in a plan view as illustrated in  FIG. 42 , and includes a single chip (same substrate)  60   a  made of quartz glass having a small thickness in the Z-axis direction perpendicular to the X-axis and the Y-axis, a sum of eight GMR elements  61  to  64 ,  71  to  74  formed on the chip  60   a , a sum of eight pads  65  to  68 ,  75  to  78  formed on the chip  60   a , and a connecting line that connects the pads and the elements. 
     The first X-axis GMR element  61  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the negative direction of the X-axis and a little below a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the Y-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the negative direction of the X-axis, as illustrated by an arrow in  FIG. 42 . The second X-axis GMR element  62  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the negative direction of the X-axis and a little above a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the Y-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the negative direction of the X-axis, as illustrated by an arrow in  FIG. 42 . The third X-axis GMR element  63  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the positive direction of the X-axis and a little above a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the Y-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the positive direction of the X-axis, as illustrated by an arrow in  FIG. 42 . The fourth X-axis GMR element  64  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the positive direction of the X-axis and a little below a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the Y-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the positive direction of the X-axis, as illustrated by an arrow in  FIG. 42 . 
     The first Y-axis GMR element  71  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the positive direction of the Y-axis and a little to the left of a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the X-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the positive direction of the Y-axis, as illustrated by an arrow in  FIG. 42 . The second Y-axis GMR element  72  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the positive direction of the Y-axis and a little to the right of a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the X-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the positive direction of the Y-axis, as illustrated by an arrow in  FIG. 42 . The third Y-axis GMR element  73  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the negative direction of the Y-axis and a little to the right of a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the X-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the negative direction of the Y-axis, as illustrated by ah arrow in  FIG. 42 . The fourth Y-axis GMR element  74  is formed in a neighborhood of the end of the chip  60   a  in the negative direction of the Y-axis and a little to the left of a generally central part of the chip  60   a  in the X-axis direction, and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer is in the negative direction of the Y-axis, as illustrated by an arrow in  FIG. 42 . 
     The GMR elements  61  to  64 ,  71  to  74  have substantially the same structure with each other except that the position thereof on the chip  60   a  and the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned layer relative to the chip  60   a  are different. Therefore, the structure thereof will be described hereafter using the first X-axis GMR element  61  as a representative example. 
     The first X-axis GMR element  61  includes a plurality of narrow band-shaped parts  61  . . .  61   a  made of a spin valve film SV and having a longitudinal direction in the Y-axis direction and bias magnet films (hard ferromagnetic thin film layers)  61   b  . . .  61   b  made of a hard ferromagnetic material such as CoCrPt formed under the two ends of each narrow band-shaped part  61   a  in the Y-axis direction and having a high magnetic coercive force and a high square ratio, as illustrated in  FIG. 43  which is a plan view and in  FIG. 44  which is a schematic cross-sectional view of the first X-axis GMR element  61  cut with a plane along the line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 43 . Each of the narrow band-shaped parts  61   a  . . .  61   a  extends in the X-axis direction on the upper surface of each bias magnet film  61   b  and is bonded to an adjacent narrow band-shaped part  61   a.    
     The spin valve film SV of the first X-axis GMR element  61  is, as shown by the film construction in  FIG. 45 , composed of a free layer (free magnetization layer) F. an electrically conductive spacer layer S made of Cu having a thickness of 2.4 nm (24 .ANG.), a fixed magnetization layer P, and a cap layer C made of titanium (Ti) or tantalum (Ta) having a thickness of 2.5 nim (25 .ANG.) which are successively laminated on a chip  60   a  constituting a substrate. 
     The free layer F is a layer whose magnetization direction changes in accordance with the direction of an external magnetic field, and is composed of a CoZrNb amorphous magnetic layer  61 - 1  formed immediately above the substrate  60   a  and having a thickness of 8 nm (80 .ANG.). a NiFe magnetic layer  61 - 2  formed on the CoZrNb amorphous magnetic layer  61 - 1  and having a thickness of 3.3 nm (33 .ANG.), and a CoFe layer  61 - 3  formed on the NiFe layer  61 - 2  and having a thickness of about 1 to 3 nm (10 to 30 .ANG.). The CoZrNb amorphous magnetic layer  61 - 1  and the NiFe magnetic layer  61 - 2  constitute a soft ferromagnetic thin film layer. The CoFe layer  61 - 3  is for preventing diffusion of Ni in the NiFe layer  61 - 2  and Cu  61 - 4  in the spacer layer S. Here, the above-described bias magnet films  61   b  . . .  61   b  apply a bias magnetic field to the free layer F in the Y-axis direction (right and left directions shown by arrows in  FIG. 43 ) for maintaining the uniaxial anisotropy of the free layer F. 
     The fixed magnetization layer P is a lamination of a CoFe magnetic layer  61 - 5  having a thickness of 2.2 nm (22 .ANG.) and an antiferromagnetic film  61 - 6  formed from a PtMn alloy containing 45 to 55 mol % of Pt and having a thickness of 24 nm (240 .ANG.). The CoFe magnetic layer  61 - 5  is lined with the magnetized antiferromagnetic film  61 - 6  in an exchange coupling manner so as to constitute a pinned layer whose magnetization direction (magnetization vector) is pinned (fixed) in the negative direction of the X-axis. 
     The first X-axis GMR element  61  thus constructed exhibits a resistance value that changes generally in proportion to an external magnetic field that changes along the X-axis in the range from −Hc to +Hc, as shown by a solid line in  FIG. 46 , and exhibits a generally constant resistance value to an external magnetic field that changes along the Y-axis, as shown by a broken line in  FIG. 46 . 
     The X-axis magnetic sensor is constructed by full bridge connection of the first to fourth X-axis GMR elements  61  to  64 , as shown by an equivalent circuit in  FIG. 47 . Here, in  FIG. 47 , the arrows show pinned magnetization directions of the pinned layers of the GMR elements  61  to  64 . In such a construction, the pad  67  and the pad  68  are connected respectively to the positive electrode and the negative electrode of a constant power source (not illustrated) so as to give a voltage Vxin+ (5 V in this example) and a voltage Vxin− (0 V in this example). Then, the voltages of the pad  65  and the pad  66  are taken out as a voltage Vxout+ and a voltage Vxout−, and the voltage difference thereof (Vxout+−Vxout−) is taken out as a sensor output Vxout. As a result of this, the X-axis magnetic sensor shows an output voltage Vxout that changes generally in proportion to an external magnetic field that changes along the X-axis in the range from −Hc to +Hc, as shown by a solid line in  FIG. 48 , and shows a generally “0” output voltage to an external magnetic field that changes along the Y-axis, as shown by a broken line in  FIG. 48 . 
     The Y-axis magnetic sensor is constructed by full bridge connection of the first to fourth Y-axis GMR elements  71  to  74  in the same manner as the X-axis magnetic sensor. Further, the pad  77  and the pad  78  are connected respectively to the positive electrode and the negative electrode of a constant power source (not illustrated) so as to give a voltage Vyin+ (5 V in this example) and a voltage Vyin− (0 V in this example). Then, the voltage difference between the pad  75  and the pad  76  is taken out as a sensor output Vyout. As a result of this, the Y-axis magnetic sensor shows an output voltage Vyout that changes generally in proportion to an external magnetic field that changes along the Y-axis in the range from −Hc to +Hc, as shown by a broken line in  FIG. 49 , and shows a generally “0” output voltage to an external magnetic field that changes along the X-axis, as shown by a solid line in  FIG. 49 . 
     Next, a method of producing the magnetic sensor  60  constructed in the aforesaid manner will be described. First, a plurality of films M. which are made of the aforesaid spin valve film SV and the aforesaid bias magnet film  61   b , and which will constitute individual GMR elements, are formed in a manner like islands on a rectangular quartz glass  60   a   1 , as illustrated by the plan view of  FIG. 50 . The films M are formed by successive lamination to precise thicknesses using a ultra high vacuum apparatus. These films M are formed so that the films M will be located at the positions of the GMR elements  61  to  64 ,  71  to  74  shown in  FIG. 42  when the quartz glass .alpha.al is cut along the broken line of  FIG. 50  by a cutting process carried out later and separated into individual chips  60   a  shown in  FIG. 42 . Further, alignment (positioning) marks  60   b  having a rectangular shape excluding a shape of a cross are formed at the four corners of the quarts glass  60   a   1 . 
     Next, as shown in  FIG. 51  which is a plan view and in  FIG. 52  which is a cross-sectional view cut with the cross section along the line  3 - 3  of  FIG. 51 , a rectangular metal plate  81  is prepared in which a plurality of square through-holes are formed in a square lattice configuration (namely, square through-holes having sides parallel to the X-axis and the Y-axis are formed to be equally spaced apart from each other along the X-axis and the Y-axis). Then, permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  having a rectangular parallelopiped shape and having approximately the same square cross section as the through-holes are inserted into the through-holes of the metal plate  81  so that the end surfaces of the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82 , where the magnetic poles are formed, will be parallel to the metal plate  81 . At this time, the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  are arranged so that the polarity of the magnetic pole of each permanent bar magnet  82  will be different from the polarity of the magnetic pole of the other permanent bar magnets  82  adjacent thereto and space apart therefrom by the shortest distance. Here, the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  to be used have a magnetic charge of the same magnitude. 
     Next, as shown in a plan view of  FIG. 53 . a plate  83  is prepared which has a thickness of about 0.5 mm and which is made of transparent quartz glass having approximately the same rectangular shape as the aforesaid metal plate  81 . This plate  83  is let to have alignment (positioning) marks  83   a  having a shape of a cross on the four corners for positioning in cooperation with the alignment marks  60   b  of the aforesaid quarts glass  60   a   1 . Further, in the central part, alignment marks  83   b  are formed at positions corresponding to the outer shape of the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  that are inserted into the aforesaid metal plate  81 . Subsequently, as illustrated in  FIG. 54 , the upper-surface of the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  are bonded to the lower surface of the plate  83  by means of an adhesive. At this time, the relative position of the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  to the plate  83  is determined by using the alignment marks  83   b . Then, the metal plate  81  is removed from the lower side. At this stage, the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  and the plate  83  form a magnet array constructed in such a manner that a plurality of permanent magnets having square end surfaces constituting the magnetic poles are disposed at lattice points of a square lattice and the polarity of the magnetic pole of each permanent magnet is different from the polarity of the magnetic pole of the other permanent magnets adjacent thereto and spaced apart therefrom by the shortest distance. 
     Next, as illustrated in  FIG. 55 , the quartz glass  60   a   1 , on which the films to become the GMR elements (the layer containing the magnetic layer to become the pinned layer, that is, the layer containing the magnetic layer to become the fixed magnetization layer) are formed, is positioned so that the surface on which the films to become the GMR elements are formed will be brought into contact with the upper surface of the plate  83 . The relative position of the quartz glass  60   a   1  to the plate  83  is exactly determined by bringing the cross shape of the alignment marks  83   a  into respective coincidence with the part of the aforesaid alignment marks  60   b  where the cross shape has been removed. 
       FIG. 56  is a perspective view illustrating a state in which four of the aforesaid permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82  have been taken out. As will be clear from this figure, above the upper surface of the permanent bar magnets  82  . . .  82 , magnetic fields are formed from one N-pole towards the four S-poles adjacent to the N-pole by the shortest distance, i.e. in four directions that are different from each other by 90.degree. Therefore, as illustrated by a model view of  FIG. 57 , in the state in which the quartz glass  60   a   1  is placed on the upper surface of the plate  83  shown in  FIG. 55 , magnetic fields in the positive direction of the Y-axis, in the positive direction of the X-axis, in the negative direction of the Y-axis, and in the negative direction of the X-axis are applied to the films which are placed in parallel to each side of the square end surface of one N-pole and which will become the GMR elements. 
     In this embodiment, by using such magnetic fields, a thermal treatment is carried out to fix the magnetization direction of the fixed magnetization layer P (the pinned layer of the fixed magnetization layer P). Namely, in the state shown in  FIG. 55 . the plate  83  and the quartz glass  60   a   1  are fixed to each other by a clamp CL, heated to 250.degree. C. to 280.degree. C. in vacuum, and left to stand in this state for about four hours. 
     Thereafter, the quartz glass  60   a   1  is taken out; the pads  65  to  68 .  75  to  78  shown in  FIG. 42  are formed; a wiring connecting these is formed; and finally the quartz glass  60   a   1  is cut along the broken lines shown in  FIG. 50 . The above process completes the production of the magnetic sensor  60  shown in  FIG. 42 . 
     Next, the result of measurement of geomagnetism using the aforesaid magnetic sensor  60  will be described. In this measurement, the azimuth theta. (measurement angle) is defined as 0.degree. when the positive direction of the Y-axis of the magnetic sensor  60  is directed to the south, as illustrated in  FIG. 58 . The measurement results are shown in  FIG. 59 . As will be clear from  FIG. 59 . the X-axis magnetic sensor output Sx shown by a solid line changes like a sine curve, and the Y-axis magnetic sensor output Sy shown by a broken line changes like a cosine curve. This result is exactly as expected from the characteristics shown in  FIGS. 48 and 49 . 
     In this case, the azimuth can be determined by (1) .theta.=arctan(Sx/Sy) when the X-axis magnetic sensor output Sx and the Y-axis magnetic sensor output Sy both assume positive values; (2) .theta.=180.degree.+arctan(Sx/Sy) when the Y-axis magnetic sensor output Sy assumes a negative value: and (3) .theta.=360.degree.+arctan(Sx/Sy) when the X-axis magnetic sensor output Sx assumes a negative value and the Y-axis magnetic sensor output Sy assumes a positive value. Therefore, the magnetic sensor  60  can be used, for example, as a geomagnetism (azimuth) sensor that can be mounted onto portable type electronic devices such as a portable telephone. Here, if the representation in the range from −90.degree. to 0.degree. is permitted when the azimuth is within the range from 270.degree. to 360.degree., the azimuth may be determined by .theta.=arctan(Sx/Sy) when the output Sy is positive, and by .theta.=180.degree.+arctan(Sx/Sy) when the output Sy is negative. 
     As described above, according to the third embodiment, a magnet array is prepared which is constructed in such a manner that a plurality of permanent magnets are disposed at lattice points of a square lattice and the polarity of the magnetic pole of each permanent magnet is different from the polarity of the magnetic pole of the other permanent magnets adjacent thereto and spaced apart therefrom by the shortest distance, and the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer that will become the aforesaid pinned layer is pinned with the use of the magnetic fields formed by the magnet array. Therefore, on a single chip, one can easily form GMR elements in which the pinned magnetization directions of the pinned layers are different from each other (perpendicular to each other). Further, by this method, one can produce single chips each having GMR elements in which the pinned magnetization directions of the pinned layers are different from each other, at a time and in a large amount, thereby leading to reduction in the cost of producing the single chips. 
     Here, the present invention is by no means limited to the aforesaid embodiments, and various modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention. For example, though NiCo having a large residual magnetization is adopted as a plating film in the aforesaid first and second embodiments, other materials (for example, Co) having a large residual magnetization may be adopted in place of NiCo. Further, the method of fixing the magnetization direction of the fixed magnetization layer in the first and second embodiments can be applied to other magnetoresistance effect elements having pinned layers (layers having a fixed magnetization axis) such as in the third embodiment. Furthermore, though PtMn is used as a pinning layer of the fixed magnetization layer P in the aforesaid three embodiments, FeMn, IrMn, or the like may be used in place of this PtMn.