Patent Publication Number: US-2004058983-A1

Title: Plan-derived and synthetic phenolic compounds and plant extracts, effective in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections

Description:
[0001] The invention relates to effective plant-derived phenolic compounds and to the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts as well as compositions containing them, useful in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections and the use of the plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and compositions containing them in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections. The plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts can be used in the preparation of pharmaceutical preparations, food additive compositions and functional food stuffs beneficial for health.  
       [0002] Chlamydiae are small Gram-negative bacteria. Due to their unique intracellular reproduction cycle they have been classified as a separate order Chlamydiales, including genus Chlamydia. The genus Chlamydia was already initially divided into two species,  C. trachomatis  and  C. psittaci.  The division was based on biochemical properties:  
                                                             C. trachomatis       C. psittaci                            Accumulation of glycogen   +   −           in chlamydial inclusions           (iodine staining+)           Sensitivity to sulpha drugs   +   −                      
 
       [0003] From the beginning, “ C. trachomatis”  was considered a homogeneous group and “ C. psittaci”  a very heterogeneous group. When the chlamydial strain (later  C. pneumoniae ) causing respiratory infections without bird contacts was discovered, it was indisputably considered to belong to the group of “ C. psittaci ” because it satisfied the above-mentioned conditions based on biochemistry.  C. trachomatis  and  C. pneumoniae  are different in respect of their surface structure. The main component of the surface structure of  C. trachomatis  is the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) that varies at four different sites and gives the basis on the division of  C. trachomatis  to, at the present, almost 20 different immunotypes. In  C. pneumoniae,  MOMP is very conservative and only one immunotype is found. In addition, the target cells in tissue are different: the epithelium of genitals and conjunctiva in the case of  C. trachomatis  and the epithelium of respiratory tract in the case of  C. pneumoniae.  The former, with the exception of rare lymphogranuloma venereum strain (LGV), is not capable of multiplying in phagocytes and macrophages, which specifically constitute the target cells of the latter. When penetrating into cells,  C. pneumoniae  uses a heparin receptor which is not used by genital chlamydiae with the exception of LGV. Furthermore, transmission routes and resulting clinical pictures are different:  C. pneumoniae  is transmitted via respiratory tract and may spread inside monocytes into the circulatory system, whereas  C. trachomatis  is transmitted principally in sexual contacts. In addition, the treatment is different:  C. trachomatis  is usually treated with a single dose, whereas for  C. pneumoniae,  even three-week antibiotic courses are recommended.  
       [0004] A list of diseases caused by or associated with these chlamydial species is shown below:  
       [0005] C. trachomatis:    
       [0006] conjunctivitis  
       [0007] cervicitis  
       [0008] urethritis  
       [0009] pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)  
       [0010] infections of newborns e.g. infant pneumonitis  
       [0011] peritonitis  
       [0012] perihepatitis  
       [0013] reactive arthritis  
       [0014] C. pneumoniae:    
       [0015] upper respiratory tract infections  
       [0016] bronchitis  
       [0017] pneumonia  
       [0018] chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  
       [0019] asthma  
       [0020] vasculitis  
       [0021] atherosclerosis with its complications  
       [0022] encephalitis  
       [0023] certain types of multiple sclerosis  
       [0024] part of the late onset of Alzheimer&#39;s disease  
       [0025] It was shown as early as 1989 that the chlamydial strain causing respiratory infections without bird contacts differed genetically both from  C. trachomatis  and from the described  C. psittaci  species so clearly that it was separated into its own species,  C. pneumoniae.  Its nucleic acid homology with  C. trachomatis  is below 10%.  C. trachomatis  has extragenomic plasmids not found in human  C. pneumoniae  strains. The genomes of both species have been sequenced and the number of genes is considerably higher (about 200) in  C. pneumoniae  than in  C. trachomatis . In a recent reclassification of chlamydiae, it has already been transferred to a totally different genus, Chlamydophila. Thus, there is good reason to believe that all that is known from  C. trachomatis  cannot be applied to  C. pneumoniae.    
       [0026] Most common chlamydial species in humans are  C. pneumoniae  and  C. trachomatis  which cause common important diseases.  C. psittaci  is very widespread in the animal kingdom but can only occasionally also cause infections in man. Additionally  C. pecorum  is known causing infections in ruminants. The classification of new genera and species in order Chlamydiales is in progress.  
       [0027] C. pneumoniae  is the most common chlamydiae of the mankind and almost everybody gets infected with it 2 to 3 times during the life time.  C. pneumoniae  can easily invade lung tissue and multiply in macrophages and endothelium of blood vessels. The clinical picture of respiratory infections caused by  C. pneumoniae  varies largely from the usually mild upper respiratory tract infections in children to serious pneumonias of adults. 5-10% of all pneumonias are caused by  C. pneumoniae. C. pneumoniae  is spread as an airway infection from people to people. Obviously some individuals are effective transmitters, because the infections become more common only at school age. In Nordic countries infections caused by  C. pneumoniae  occur as two to three years long epidemics with about six years&#39; intervals.  
       [0028] Chlamydial infections are of incidious and latent nature and their chronic late complications are obviously most significant of all. Epidemiological studies indicate an important association between chronic  C. pneumoniae  infections and atherosclerosis: many studies have also revealed a connection between chlamydial infections and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Further, the chronic  C. pneumoniae  infection apparently plays a role in the outbreak of asthma as well as of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  
       [0029] Arteriosclerosis is a chronic inflammation state and  C. pneumoniae  particles can be demonstrated in foam cells and smooth muscle cells in over half of the atherosclerotic plaques. In the AMI patients there often occurs an immune response to the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating the exacerbation of an infection. It has also been possible to detect chlamydiae in damaged heart valves and they are especially abundant in abdominal-aortic aneurysms. Additionally,  C. pneumoniae  have been discovered to play a role in cerebral infarcts and transient cerebral ischemic attacks. As yet it is not finally clear what role the chlamydiae found in the damaged site play in the development of the damage itself, but one factor in the slow progress of these diseases seems anyhow to be the chronic chlamydial infection. In animal models, however,  C. pneumoniae  has been shown to initiate and accelerate the development of the atherosclerosis. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that there is a clear connection between a chronic  C. pneumoniae  infection and atherosclerosis and AMI. In the latest studies, it has also been concluded that  C. pneumoniae  infection is a risk factor of the cardiac events.  C. pneumoniae  infection is often connected to cigarette smoking which obviously predisposes to a chronic chlamydial infection.  
       [0030] Antibiotic treatment has been observed to reduce the risk of heart attacks and it has also been possible to influence the common inflammation marker CRP and serum fibrinogen levels with antibiotic treatment. In most of the industrialised countries, the morbidity of heart diseases began to sink when the use of antibiotics, very effective against chlamydiae, became common in the treatment of other infections.  
       [0031] C. trachomatis  is the most important cause of the genital infections of women. Additionally a part of the bacterial culture negative urinary tract infections of women in fertile age are caused by  C. trachomatis. C. trachomatis  is a common cause of the chronic endometriosis, and PID is the most common complication of  C. trachomatis  infections in women. A  C. trachomatis  infection can be almost symptomless, and even extrauterine pregnancy as well as infertility are known as complications of the obstructive scar formation caused by the incidious silent infection. About a half of the children born to chlamydiae carriers will get infected by the birth and about half of infected new-born children will develop inclusion conjunctivitis with  C. trachomatis  pneumonia as a complication.  C. trachomatis  also causes genital infections in men.  
       [0032] Chlamydiae are sensitive to tetracyclines and erythromycin; rifampicin and some new fluorokinolones are effective too.  C. trachomatis  is also, in contrast to e.g.  C. pneumoniae,  sensitive to sulpha drugs. In spite of the response to treatment, chlamydial infections are often recurring and there is also a risk that they become chronic. Chlamydiae multiply only inside the cell, and hence the new macrolide antibiotics and azalides concentrating efficiently into the cells are nowadays alternatives to tetracycline and erythromycin as a primary drug. In a complicated chlamydial infection the treatment possibly has to be continued for a long time and for example in Reiter&#39;s disease caused by chlamydiae, a three month&#39;s treatment is recommended.  
       [0033] Until now there are no vaccines for the prevention of chlamydial infections. The nature of the immune response is insufficiently known and a tendency towards hypersensitivity is connected to it.  
       [0034] In patent EP O 377 722 a method for the evaluation of the risk of a cardiac infarct, a method of diagnosing a heart and blood vessel disease as well as the use of drugs effective against chlamydiae are described. In this publication tetracyclines, erythromycin, rifampicillin and fluorokinolones are described as suitable drugs for the treatment or prevention of a chronic heart disease caused by chlamydiae.  
       [0035] WO 98/50074 describes, especially for the treatment of an infection caused by  C. pneumoniae,  a combination of anti-chlamydiae agents wherein the active ingredients are each effective at a certain stage of the life cycle of chlamydia.  
       [0036] In patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,874 a method for diagnosing of arterial chlamydial granuloma caused by  C. pneumoniae,  as well as therapeutical compositions for the treatment of arterial chlamydial granulomatosis are described. As suitable therapeutically acting compounds tetracyclines, erythromycins, clarithromycins, azitromycin and kinolones etc. effective against chlamydiae are mentioned.  Patent JP  10 139 686 describes for the treatment of atherosclerosis caused by  C. pneumoniae  the use of 2-(3,4-dimetoxycinnamoyl)-aminobenzoic acid as a therapeutically active compound at a daily dosage of 100-1000 mg.  
       [0037] According to the above information there is an obvious need for new compounds and compositions which can be used in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections.  
       [0038] Shikimates or compounds formed from shikimic acid via a biosynthetic pathway, compounds formed via the acetate-malonate biosynthetic pathway and compounds formed via combinations of both pathways belong to the group of plant-derived phenolic compounds. Simple aromates, phenols, coumarins, lignans, lignins as well as flavonoids and their derivatives belong to said compounds. Simple aromates mainly include phenylpropane derivatives and phenylmethane derivatives. In nature flavonoids, which are structurally phenolic compounds, form a widespread plant pigment group. Flavonoids occur everywhere in the plant kingdom, in bryophytes, in the stonecrop family and in other lower plants. Most of all they have been found from higher plants and vascular plants and they occur in all fruits, vegetables and among others in tea as well as wines, especially red wines. Flavonoids occur in nature mainly in the glycosidic form, but they can also be free phenols and sulphates in the so-called aglycon form or as bound to polysaccharides and proteins. In most cases the flavonoids are of their chemical structure polyphenolic compounds. Over 8000 flavonoids have been identified from plants and they have a myriad of functions. They, due to their bitter taste, protect plants against noxious insects and, due to their antibiotic properties, protect plants against viruses and bacteria. According to the current opinion flavonoids are not nutritionally important compounds, but they seem to have beneficial effects on the health. This effect is apparently independent from the vitamins and minerals contained in the plant. Hardly anyone can avoid ingesting flavonoids, but their possibilities to effect depend, anyhow, on the absorption properties and bioavailability and additionally on the interaction of the simultaneously obtained flavonoids.  
       [0039] The antioxidant effect of natural phenolic compounds has been already known for quite a long time and the antioxidant effect as well as the capture of free radicals have been dealt with in several studies. According to the present research information the ability of flavonoids to prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol is considered as one of their most important properties. The oxidation of LDL cholesterol in the subendothelium of a blood vessel is the initial factor in atherogenesis. Many studies suggest that insufficient intake of flavonoids from the nutrition would be an important factor in the morbidity caused by the heart and blood vessel diseases. In human studies concerning flavonoids only a few most important flavonoids have been observed, of which quercetin has been shown to prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and thus to reduce the risk of coronary disease, because the oxidised LDL cholesterol has clearly been related to the atherosclerotic stages.  
       [0040] The daily intake of flavonoids from the nutrition varies, for example according to a Dutch research, between 0-30 mg. In studies conducted in Finns, flavonoids have been noticed to show a modest protecting effect against the morbidity of heart and blood vessel diseases, but the differences in the intake of flavonoids on the other hand were rather small, the total amounts being about 2-6 mg/day. In a study carried out in Holland an inverse relation between from nutrition acquirable flavonols and flavanols and death cases caused by the heart and blood vessel diseases has been noticed. An inverse relation between the intake of flavonols and flavones and the risk of cardiac infarct has also been noticed. The flavonoids are further known to have an effect on inflammation and immune responses as well as on many other functions of the cell. Some flavonoids and many other phenolic natural compounds can prevent or enhance the calcium intake to the cell which is also demonstrated in Table 1 presented later.  
       [0041] The calcium channel blocking drugs have an important role in the treatment of heart and blood vessel diseases, such as chest pain caused by cardiac anoxia, of myocardial infarct, atherosclerosis and hypertension. These drugs act on the calcium channels by preventing the influx of calcium to the cell and thus enlarge the coronary artery as well as lower the peripheral resistance of blood vessels wherein the cardiac load is diminished. Large scale use of calcium blockers has lead e.g. to the development of screening programs in order to find the calcium channel blocking effect of compounds isolated from nature. As the screening medium in the studies e.g. a continuous cell line originating from a tumour of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of rat (GH 4 C 1 ) has been used, as well as patch clamp technique, in which the separate calcium channels of one cell can be examined at a time. As the result of the studies naturally occurring compounds and extracts have been found which have calcium channel blocking or activating effects. These compounds have been found among plant-derived simple phenols, coumarins, flavonoids and extracts rich in said compounds. Some of these are in their blocking effect comparable with verapamil and some of the compounds have a tendency to enhance the calcium influx to the cell.  
       [0042] The present invention relates to effective plant-derived phenolic compounds and to the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and compositions containing them, useful in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections, as well as to the use of the plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and of compositions containing them, in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections.  
       [0043] The characteristic features of the plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts according to the invention, compositions according to the invention containing them, as well as their use in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections are presented in the patent claims, as well as their use in the manufacture of medicaments or food stuffs beneficial to health, useful in the treatment and prevention of chlamydial infections.  
       [0044] Surprisingly it has been found that certain plant-derived phenolic compounds, the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and fractions and partial fractions containing said plant-derived compounds have an antibiotic-like, strong effect against chlamydiae. According to the invention the plant-derived phenolic compounds are phenolic compounds formed from shikimic acid via a biosynthetic pathway, phenolic compounds formed via the acetate-malonate pathway and phenolic compounds formed as a result of combinations of both pathways. These compounds, such as simple aromates, phenols, coumarins, lignans, lignins and flavonoids are obtained from products of the vegetable kingdom such as fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, vegetables, berries, onions, tea, red wines etc.  
       [0045] The plant-derived phenolic compounds, the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and extracts and fractions and partial fractions containing them may be used as such or as mixtures of them, optionally in combination with sulphur compounds contained in garlic, such as alliicine or derivatives of alliicine.  
       [0046] Preferred plant-derived natural phenolic compounds are flavonoids as well as phenylmethane and phenylpropane derivatives, phenolic acids, triterpenes, coumarins and cathecins, and extracts and partial fractions containing them, as well as fractions containing simple phenols, flavonoids, their derivatives, polyphenols, diterpene phenols and diterpene kinones, as well as fractions from which the tannin and diterpene fractions have been removed. Preferred are also the corresponding synthetic compounds and derivatives thereof and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and derivatives of the above cited compounds.  
       [0047] Preferred compounds and extracts thereof are the ones with the anti-chlamydial effect (inhition of formation of inclusions) of equal or more than 30% and particularly preferable are the ones with the anti-chlamydial effect of equal or more than 90%, as defined in the examples. In the following are presented groups of preferred compounds and extracts:  
       [0048] Flavones, such as apigenin, luteolin, flavone  
       [0049] Flavonols, such as quercetin, rhamnetin, morin  
       [0050] Flavonones, such as naringin  
       [0051] Isoflavones, such as genistein  
       [0052] Phenylmethane-derived compounds, such as methyl gallate, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, dodecyl gallate, isopropyl gallate  
       [0053] Phenylpropane-derived compounds, such as:  
       [0054] Coumarins like umbelliferone, scopoletin, methoxy psoralen, xanthotoxin and coumarin  
       [0055] Flavan-3-ols like (−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin gallate  
       [0056] Synthetic compounds, such as flavonoids and coumarins like coumarin 106, 2′-methoxy-α-naphto-flavone, 6,2′-dimethoxyflavone, 6-methylcoumarin, alpha-naphtoflavone, rotanone, 7-diethyl-amino-3-thenoylcoumarin  
       [0057] Natural plant extracts, such as extracts of  Mentha longifolia, Mentha arvensis, Galeopsis speciosa, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Rumex acetocella, Rosa rugosa, Veronica longifolia, Symphytum asperum, Artemisia vulgaris, Convallaria majalis, Quercus robur, Daucus carota, Fragaria iinumae, Brassica oleracea, Brassica napus, Medicago sativa, Citrus sinensis,  Phloem flour,  Vaccinum myrtillus    
       [0058] The plant-derived phenolic compounds, extracts and partial fractions containing them can conveniently be obtained from natural plants or parts of them by using any conventional technique for extracting and isolating substances. Braces, roots or leaves are suitably hydrodistilled and macerated or only hydrodistilled in order to obtain the desired extract, which may further be purified using any conventional purification technique known to a man skilled in the art. The corresponding synthetic compounds or their derivatives are usually commercially available substances or they may be manufactured using any known synthetic methods.  
       [0059] In the following Table I some of the preferred plant-derived phenolic compounds according to the present invention, the effect of the compounds on the calcium influx to the cell, the antioxidant effect as well as the chemical structure of the compounds are presented.  
       [0060] The chemical structures of the compounds presented in Table 1 are given in the following Schemes A, B, C, D and E. In Scheme A flavones, flavonols, in Scheme B flavanones, in Scheme C isoflavones, in Scheme D phenylmethane derivatives and in Scheme E phenylpropane derivatives are given. The substituents R 1-7  refer to the respective functional groups given in Table 1.  
                 
 
                                                           TABLE 1                                                       Effect           IC50 [moles L −1 ]                                       on Ca 2+         Compound (20 μg/ml)   R 1     R 2     R 3     R 4     R 5     R 6     R 7     intake [%]   S.E.M   M w     against DPPH′                                                                                Flavones (Structure A)                                                   Apigenin a     OH   H   OH   H   H   OH   H   −29.3   4.0   270.2   &gt;3.70 × 10 −3         Luteolin a     OH   H   OH   OH   H   OH   H   −51.4   7.7   286.2    1.20 × 10 −5         Acacetin a     OCH 3     H   OH   H   H   OH   H   −1.39   1.9   284.3   &gt;3.52 × 10 −3         Flavone a     H   H   H   H   H   H   H   −63.5   3.0   222.2   &gt;4.50 × 10 −3         Vitexin a     OH   H   OH   H   Glu   OH   H   −2.12   5.1   432.4   n.d.       Vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside a     OH   H   OH   H   GluRha   OH   H   −14.6   0.3   587.5   n.d.       Luteolin-7-glucoside a     OH   H   OGlu   OH   H   OH   H   −16.3   1.3   448.4    1.07 × 10 −5         Luteolin-3′,7-glucoside a     OH   H   OGlu   Oglu   H   OH   H   −14.6   3.3   610.5   n.d.       Flavonol (Structure A)       Quercetin a     OH   OH   OH   OH   H   OH   H   +54.1   6.9   302.2    1.07 × 10 −5         Rhamnetin a     OH   OH   OCH 3     OH   H   OH   H   +6.63   0.8   316.3    1.21 × 10 −5         Isorhamnetin a     OH   OH   OH   OCH 3     H   OH   H   +52.4   2.3   316.3    1.81 × 10 −5         Morin a  OH   OH   OH   H   H   OH   OH       +48.0   5.9   302.2    2.39 × 10 −5         Quercitrin a     OH   ORha   OH   OH   H   OH   H   +20.1   0.6   448.4    1.29 × 10 −5         Rutin a     OH   ORut   OH   OH   H   OH   H   −3.88   6.0   610.5    1.02 × 10 −5         Flavanones (Structure B)       Naringenin a     OH   OH   H   H   OH   —   —   −56.3   5.6   272.3   &gt;3.67 × 10 −3         Naringin a     OH   ORhaGlu   H   H   OH   —   —   +6.5   7.5   580.5    7.30 × 10 −3         Isoflavones (Structure C)       Daizein a     H   OH   OH   H   —   —   —   −26.2   1.2   254.2   &gt;3.93 × 10 −3         Genistein a     H   OH   OH   OH   —   —   —   −54.6   1.7   270.2   &gt;3.70 × 10 −3         Daizin a  H   OGlu   OH   H   —   —   —   —   +7.6   5.9   416.4   n.d.       Genistin a     H   OGlu   OH   OH   —   —   —   −3.39   5.9   432.4   n.d.       Phenylmethanes       (Structure D)       Benzoic acid d     OH   H   H   H   —   —   —   −9.82   1.9   122.1   &gt;8.19 × 10 −3         Gallic acid d     OH   OH   OH   OH   —   —   —   −5.33   1.3   170.1    2.15 × 10 −5         Syringic acid a     OH   OCH 3     OH   OCH 3     —   —   —   −10.9   4.0   198.2    3.26 × 10 −5         Methygallate b     OCH 3     OH   OH   OH   —   —   —   −21.2   6.4   184.1    5.09 × 10 −6         Proplygallate c     O(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3     OH   OH   OH   —   —   —   −37.9   4.1   212.2    1.33 × 10 −5         Octylgallate c     O(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3     OH   OH   OH   —   —   —   −92.2   7.8   282.3    1.70 × 10 −5         Dodecylgallate c     O(CH 2 ) 11 CH 3     OH   OH   OH   —   —   —   −40.4   6.8   338.4    1.54 × 10 −5         Phenylpropanes       (Structure E)       Caffeic acid a     OH   —   —   —   —   —   —   +9.71   2.4   180.2    2.14 × 10 −5         Ferulic acid b     OCH 3     —   —   —   —   —   —   +9.23   2.1   194.2    4.43 × 10 −5                                                    
 
       [0061] The anti-chlamydial effect of the plant-derived phenolic compounds quercetin, morin, rhamnetin and octyl gallate on  C. pneumoniae  and  C. trachomatis  was studied in examples 1-4. All of these compounds inhibited the growth of the  C. pneumoniae  in a concentration of 0.5-50 μg and quercetin, morin and rhamnetin were shown particularly effective on  C. trachomatis  when pretreated host cells were used. Preferable compounds for the treatment and prevention of a  C pneumoniae  infection thus are for example phenolic compounds quercetin, morin, rhamnetin and octyl gallate isolated from natural materials, and for the treatment and prevention of a  C. trachomatis  infection in turn quercetin, morin and rhamnetin and extracts and partial fractions containing them.  
       [0062] The anti-chlamydial effect also of other plant-derived phenolic compounds, certain synthetic flavonoids and coumarins and mixtures of plant-derived phenolic compounds with garlic, using the concentration of 50 μg was studied in example 5 showing remarkable inhibiting effect. Correspondingly, the anti-chlamydial effect of alliicine, contained in garlic, on  C. pneumoniae  has been studied with similar results.  
       [0063] The anti-chlamydial effect of natural plant extracts and dietary plant extracts was studied in example 6 showing excellent inhibiting effect.  
       [0064] Preferred compounds and extracts and fractions are the ones with the anti-chlamydial effect (inhition of formation of inclusions) of equal or more than 30% and particularly preferable are the ones with the anti-chlamydial effect of equal or more than 90%, as defined in the examples.  
       [0065] A compound according to the present invention, typically effective against chlamydia, is additionally an antioxidant and has an effect on the Ca 2+  intake in the cell.  
       [0066] Octyl gallate is also a compound commonly used as a food additive.  
       [0067] As active ingredients the plant-derived phenolic compounds, the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts, fractions and mixtures of them may be dosed so that the daily supply counted as an aglycon is from 25 μg to 3000 mg. The plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and fractions and mixtures of them may, according to the present invention, be prepared as pharmaceutical preparations in the form of capsules, tablets, ointments, liquid preparations or in other corresponding forms known to one skilled in the art. The preparations contain the active ingredient so that the daily supply is from 25 μg to 3000 mg counted as an aglycon, as unit doses preferably of from 25 μg to 500 mg.  
       [0068] The plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and fractions and mixtures of them may also be added as such to food stuffs or they can be prepared as compositions suitable for food stuffs, such as herbal preparations, spices, granules or the like, which can be used as such, as added to the daily nourishment or functional food stuffs beneficial to health also called pro-health products, such as ready-prepared foods, porridges, salad dressings, drinks, milk-based products, edible fats, frozen products, freeze-dried food stuffs, speciality food stuffs, potato ships, dipping sauces etc. in connection with the production. The plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives can exist in the compositions according to the present invention either in an aglycon form or in a glycosidic form.  
       [0069] The plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and fractions and mixtures of them according to the present invention are safe as compounds. The compositions and preparations according to the invention can be used both as a course of treatment of an acute chlamydial infection or by dosing the composition or preparation continuously and regularly with the daily nourishment in order to prevent a chlamydial infection. Because the chronic coronary heart disease causes considerably eases on the other hand causes high costs for national economy, it is possible with the plant-derived phenolic compounds and the corresponding synthetic compounds and their derivatives and plant extracts and fractions and mixtures thereof according to the present invention and with the new compositions containing them to considerably prevent and slow down the upraise and outbreak of the heart and blood vessel diseases especially within the risk groups. The compositions and preparations according to the invention can also be used for the treatment and prevention of an acute  C. trachomatis  infection as well as for the prevention of the late complications, such as infertility, extrauterine pregnancy and cervical cancer, and also for the treatment and prevention of other chlamydiae related infections and complications.  
       [0070] The invention is demonstrated in the following examples in more detail, but the invention is anyhow not restricted to the examples. In the examples, the direct anti-chlamydial effect of the compounds and plant extracts according to the invention on  C. pneumoniae  and  C. trachomatis  as well as the toxicity of the compounds and extracts towards the used host cells (HL cells, human lung tissue, standard diploid cell line) are described. 
     
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1  
     [0071] The Direct Anti-Chlamydial Effect of Plant-Derived Phenolic Compounds (As Inhibition of Formation of Inclusions)/ C. pneumoniae  K7 Strain (Clinical Isolate)  
                              Results/Concentration 50 μM:                                 Compounds   Inhibition   Inhibition % of the           Concentration   % of the   DMSO control           50 μM   DMSO control   (pre-treated)*                                             Quercetin   90   90           Morin   99   96           Rhamnetin   99   59           Octyl gallate   100   100           DMSO   0   0                                   # in the determination method.           
 
     [0072]                              Results/Concentration 0.5 μM:                                 Compounds   Inhibition   Inhibition % of the           Concentration   % of the   DMSO control           0.5 μM   DMSO control   (pre-treated)*                                             Quercetin   68   77           Morin   80   62           Rhamnetin   73   50           Octyl gallate   82   62           DMSO   0   0                                   # in the determination method.             
     EXAMPLE 2  
     Inhibition of the Infectivity/ C. pneumoniae    
     [0073]                              Results/Concentration 50 μM:                                 Compounds   Inhibition   Inhibition % of the           Concentration   % of the   DMSO control           50 μM   DMSO control   (pre-treated)*                                             Quercetin   76   0           Morin   94   76           Rhamnetin   100   67           Octyl gallate   100   100           DMSO   0   0                                   # in the determination method.             
     [0074]                              Results/Concentration 0.5 μM:                                 Compounds   Inhibition   Inhibition % of the           Concentration   % of the   DMSO control           0.5 μM   DMSO control   (pre-treated)*                                             Quercetin   58   0           Morin   81   53           Rhamnetin   100   75           Octyl gallate   59   42           DMSO   0   0                                   # in the determination method.             
     EXAMPLE 3  
     Direct Anti-Chlamycial Effect on  C trachomatis    
     [0075] C. trachomatis,  cultivation in McCoy cells. The test procedure otherwise the same as with  C. pneumoniae.                                 Results/Concentration 50 μM:                                 Compounds   Inhibition   Inhibition % of the           Concentration   % of the   DMSO control           50 μM   DMSO control   (pre-treated)*                                             Quercetin   0   100           Morin   0   100           Rhamnetin   0   100           Octyl gallate   14   88                                   # in the determination method.             
     [0076]                              Results/Concentration 0.5 μM:                                 Compounds   Inhibition   Inhibition % of the           Concentration   % of the   DMSO control           0.5 μM   DMSO control   (pre-treated)*                                             Quercetin   0   20           Morin   0   100           Rhamnetin   0   17           OG   0   0                                   # in the determination method.             
     EXAMPLE 4  
     Determination of the Toxicity of Some of the Studied Samples Towards the Host Cells  
     [0077] The determination was performed as in the previous tests but without any infection. The viability was determined with Trypan blue staining.  
     [0078] Samples:  
     [0079] Q=quercetin  
     [0080] M=morin  
     [0081] R=rhamnetin  
     [0082] OG=octyl gallate  
     [0083] HL-C=HL cells in the sole nutrition medium  
     [0084] HL-CD=HL cells with a DMSO addition  
                                  TOXICITY TEST HL-C                                             Q50   Q5   Q0, 5   Q0, 05   Q0, 005   HL-C   HL-CD   μM                                                     10.5   9.2   7.0   11.7   7.4   19.7   9.6   %                                             M50   M5   M0, 5   M0, 05   M0, 005   HL-C   HL-CD   μM                                                     11.2   8.3   8.4   9.0   8.3   19.0   9.0   %                                             R50   R5   R0, 5   R0, 05   R0, 005   HL-C   HL-CD   μM                                                     15.7   9.6   10.0   9.5   10.9           %                                             OG50   OG5   OG0, 5   OG0, 05   OG0, 005   HL-C   HL-CD   μM                                                     16.4   8.8   7.9   7.4   8.0   5.7   7.8   %                  
 
     [0085]                                  TOXICITY TEST HL-C (pre-treated)                                             Q50   Q5   Q0, 5   Q0, 05   Q0, 005       HL-CD   μM                                                 10.5   8.1   3.3   7.2   7.9   30.1   %                                             M50   MS   M0, 5   M0, 05   M0, 005       HL-CD   μM                                                 9.7   12.7   6.4   8.1   14.4       %                                             R50   R5   R0, 5   R0, 05   R0, 005   HL-C   HL-CD   μM                                                     16.9   8.0   10.6   7.6   6.6   10.8   10.7   %                                             OG50   OG5   OG0, 5   OG0, 05   OG0, 005   HL-C       μM                                                     14.8   8.5   5.0   7.1   7.0   7.9       %                    
     EXAMPLE 5  
     Direct Anti-Chlamydial Effect of Plant-Derived Phenolic Compounds, Certain Synthetic Compounds and Mixtures on  C. pneumoniae    
     [0086] The concentration used was 50 μM.  
                                                   Compound   Inhibition %                                        1. NATURAL FLAVONOIDS                             Apigenin   100           Luteolin   100           Flavone   90           Vitexin   3           Vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside   11           Luteolin-7-glucoside   23           Luteolin-3′,7-glucoside   45           Quercetin   90           Rhamnetin   100           Isorhamnetin   70           Morin   100           Quercitrin   50           Rutin   46           Naringenin   16           Naringin   66           Daidzein   51           Genistein   60           Daidzin   0           Genistin   37           Procyanidin B1   30           Procyanidin B2   0                 2. NATURAL PHENOLIC ACIDS                             Benzoic acid   44           Gallic acid   27           Syringic acid   32           Caffeic acid   78           Ferulic acid   14           Methyl gallate   100           Propyl Gallate   100           Octyl Gallate   100           Dodecyl gallate   100                 3. NATURAL TRITERPENE                             Resveratrole   54                 4. NATURAL COUMARINS AND CATHECINS                             Scopoletin   96           Methoxy psoralen   100           Umbelliferone   75           Xanthotoxin   94           Coumarin   28           (−)-Epicatechin gallate   85           (−)-Epigallocatechin   58           (−)-Epicatechin   75           (+)-Catechin   76                 5. SYNTHETIC FLAVONOIDS AND COUMARINS                             3-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-   0           hydroxycoumarin           Coumarin 102   63           Coumarin 106   100           2′-methoxy-α-naphtoflavone   100           6,2′-dimethoxyflavone   73           6-methylcoumarin   71           Alpha-naphtoflavone   92           Rotenone   100           7-diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin   100           3-(2-benzoxazoyl)umbelliferone   28           Coumarin 30   50           3-benzoylbenzo(F)coumarin   62           6,8-dibromocoumarin-3-   0           carboxylic acid           4-methyl-3-phenylcoumarin   0                 6. MIXTURES                             Octylgallate   100           Octylgallate 1/10   53           Octylgallate 1/100   17           Garlic   26           Garlic 1/10   25           Garlic 1/100   19           Octylgallate 50% + Garlic 50%   100           Octylgallate 50% + Garlic 50%   47           1/10           Octylgallate 50% + Garlic 50%   34           1/100           Octylgallate 50% + Garlic 50%   6           1/1000                      
 
     EXAMPLE 6  
     Effect of Plant Extracts against  C. pneumoniae    
     [0087] Initial screening of 101 extracts prepared from 61 natural and dietary plant materials against  C. pneumoniae  was conducted. The concentration used was 40 μg/well.  
     [0088] In the following are presented results of the selected most active natural plant extracts against  C. pneumoniae,  calculated from 4 different evaluations.  
                                           Plant   Family   Inhibition %   Viability                                                N48.  Mentha longifolia     Labiateae   100   OK       N53.  Mentha arvensis     Labiateae   100   OK       N44.  Galeopsis speciosa     Labiateae   100   OK       N57.  Salvia officinalis     Labiateae   100   OK       N57.  Salvia officinalis     Labiateae   100   OK       N58.  Thymus vulgaris     Labiateae   100   OK       N34.  Rumex acetocella     Polygonaceae   100   less       N30.  Rosa rugosa     Rosaceae   100   OK       N28.  Veronica longifolia     Scrophulariaceae   100   less       N8.  Symphytum asperum     Boraginaceae   100   less       N22.  Artemisia vulgaris     Asteraceae   100   OK       N37.  Convallaria majalis     Convallariaceae   100   —         Quercus robur     Fagaceae   100   —                  
 
     [0089] In the following are presented results of the selected most active dietary plant extracts that showed 100% inhibition of  C. pneumoniae,  calculated from 4 different evaluations.  
                                           Plant   Family   Inhibition %   Viability                                                D8.  Daucus carota     Umbelliferae   100   —       D14.  Fragaria iinumae     Rosaceae   100   less       D16.  Brassica oleracea     Cruciferae   100   OK       D17.  Brassica napus     Cruciferae   100   OK       D21.  Medicago sativa     Leguminosae   100   OK       D23.  Citrus sinensis     Rutaceae   100   Less       D25. Phloem flour   Polygonaceae   100   OK       D30.  Vaccinum myrtillus     Ericaceae   100   OK       D31.  Vaccinum myrtillus     Ericaceae   100   OK                  
 
     [0090] No significant activity differences were noticed between organically and normally grown plants.  
     [0091] In this study the extracts of plants that showed 100% inhibition of  C. pneumoniae  inclusions (n=4) were considered active. Five plants that belong to the family Labiateae were found particularly active. Despite of the method of extraction, both hydrodistilled and macerated or only hydrodistilled extracts of  Salvia officinalis  were active against  C. pneumoniae.    
     [0092] In the following is provided a description of the microbiological methods used.  
     [0093] 1. Culture and Passage of HL Cells  
     [0094] Passage cultures of HL cells are made with intervals of 3 days. The host cells are inoculated on the day preceding the infection. The cells are rinsed with PBS 1×10 mls and harvested by trypsinisation (1:10, 1.5-2.0 ml/bottle; ca. 5 min in a laminar flow cabinet or 2 min in CO 2  at +37° C.). The cell suspension is diluted to a level of ca. 350000 cells/ml of nutrition medium (RN). Cultivation at +37° C., CO 2  (5.0%) and the RN medium changed 1-2 times a week. The HL cells can be freezed in liquid nitrogen [1 ml 7.5% FCS (RN)+1 ml DMSO].  
     [0095] 2. Purification of the Chlamydiae  
     [0096] EB (Elementary Body)=the infective extracellular form of the chlamydiae. On the preceding day the necessary amount of the HL cell suspension infected with the chlamydia is taken to thawing. The cells are suspended well and kept in an ultrasonic bed for 2 minutes altogether [20 seconds of sonication (Amplitude is 24-25) and 10 seconds of cooling×6]. The cells are broken and the chlamydiae remain undamaged.  
     [0097] The suspension is centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1600 rpm (550×g), wherein the chlamydiaes are in the supernatant (the HL cells remnants are discarded). The supernatant is aspirated away and 5 ml of PBS is added, suspended and sonicated for 1 minute (10 seconds of sonication−5 seconds of cooling×6).  
     [0098] The chlamydiae can be stored frozen at −70° C.  
     [0099] 3. Chlamydiae Test Procedure  
     [0100] The cultivated HL cells are infected with  C. pneumoniae  EB&#39;s. The EB&#39;s which have invaded the cell are changed into the metabolically active reticulate body (RB) which are dividing by binary fission in the endosome vacuole or inclusion.  
     [0101] After a certain time (about 72 hr) the  C. pneumoniae  RB&#39;s are condensing back into EB&#39;s, after which the inclusions are broken, the host cells are broken and the EB&#39;s are liberated. In this method the intention is to verify the inclusions before the breaking up of the host cells.  
     [0102] As the host cell of  C. pneumoniae  in in vitro conditions HL cells are used. As the host cells of  C. trachomatis  in in vitro conditions McCoy cells often are used.  
     [0103] Infection of HL cells and McCoy cells  
     [0104] On the day preceding the infection the host cells are inoculated on a 24-well plate: the cells are harvested by trypsinisation, they are suspended in ca. 5 ml of the nutrition liquid and counted in a Burker&#39;s chamber. Each well are seeded using a concentration of 250000-400000 cells/well for cultivation. Before the addition of the cells to the well is if necessary round cover glass (diameter 13 mm) put for staining. Nutrition liquid is added so that the volume is 1 ml/well. On the following day the cells are infected with the desired bacterium.  
     [0105] Solution to be used in the infection and containing chlamydiae particles is mixed throughout. The old nutrition liquid is aspirated away. By the infection the inoculum which has been stored at −70° C. is diluted to an IFU concentration of ca. 10 3  so that the volume of the solution is at least 200 μl/well on a 24-well plate. The cells are infected by centrifuging at 1600 rpm (550×g)/1 hr. The nutrition medium is aspirated away and changed to a maintenance medium containing cyclohexamide and also containing the studied compound (DMSO concentration 0.2%), 1 ml/well. The cells are incubated in a 5% CO 2  atmosphere at +35° C. The cells infected with  C. pneumoniae  are incubated for 3 days. After 2-3 days the maintenance medium is removed and the cells washed with 1×1 ml of PBS. To the wells 200 μl of SPG are added for further infection, harvested with a pipette tip and transferred into tubes. This is used for infecting new cells in the same way as above to test the inhibition of infectivity (chlamydiasidic effect).  
     [0106] Chlamydial Staining  
     [0107] The nutrition medium, which is above the cover glass left for staining, is aspirated away. The infected cells are fixed on the cover glass with methanol for 10 min. The cover glass is removed from the well and -transferred onto a suitable fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody on Parafilm in a moist chamber with the cell-containing side down. The cover glass is incubated for 30 min at +37° C. and washed twice with PBS and once with water. Finally it is dried. The cover glass is put with the cell-containing side down on an object glass containing a fixative (e.g. Mounting medium). When viewed under the fluorescent microscope, cell culture specimens infacted with chlamydiae show a characteristic apple-green fluorescence of inclusions against a red counterstained background.  
     [0108] Chemicals and Reagents  
     [0109] RN=FCS nutrition medium: 100 ml of RPM 1640 (Sigma), to which 3.5% L-glutamine and 10 mg streptomycin have been added (final concentration 20 μg/ml), 7.5 ml FCS. The ready solutions are stored at +8° C.  
     [0110] Maintenance medium: 100 ml of FCS nutrition medium with addition of 50 μg of cyclohexamide final concentration 0.5 μg/ml. The ready solutions are stored at +8° C.  
     [0111] PBS (Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate buffered saline, Gibco), pH 7.4  
     [0112] SPG=Saccharose 0.2M (37.5 g), KH 2 PO 4  3.8 mM (0.26 g), Na 2 HPO 4 ×2H 2 O 6.7 mM (0.61 g), glutamic acid (C 5 H 9 NO 4 ) 5 mM (0.36 g) as mixed to 500 ml of milli-Q water. Is after sterilisation stored at −20° C.  
     [0113] FCS, Foetal Calf Serum (Gibco, Scotland), is inactivated at 56° C., 30 min, filtered and stored at −70° C.