Patent Publication Number: US-2022221540-A1

Title: Propeller echo planar time-resolved imaging with dynamic encoding

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/824,583, filed on Mar. 27, 2019, and entitled “PROPELLER ECHO PLANAR TIME-RESOLVED IMAGING WITH DYNAMICE ENCODING (PEPTIDE),” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     This invention was made with government support under MH116173, EB020613, EB019437, EB025162, EB015896, RR023401, RR019307, RR019254, and RR023043 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Echo-planar imaging (“EPI”) is a well-established technique for rapid magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) acquisition, with either single-shot or multi-shot varieties used in a wide range of applications, including diffusion, perfusion, and functional MRI. Despite the fast acquisition enabled by EPI, the extended readout duration comes with well-known drawbacks: BO inhomogeneity induced phase accrual along the phase-encoding direction, leading to geometric distortions of the image and T2/T2* decay during the readout, resulting in spatial filtering (blurring). Additionally, while EPI allows rapid image acquisition, the extended readout duration places a limit on the timing between TEs, restricting its application to multi-echo techniques. 
     Echo-planar time-resolved imaging (“EPTI”) is a recently developed multi-shot EPI-based technique that can rapidly create a large time-series of multi-contrast T2 and T2*-weighted images, free from image distortion and blurring. This can enable production of accurate T2, T2*, proton-density, and QSM maps, all with whole-brain coverage from a single acquisition of less than one minute. 
     EPTI creates time-resolved datasets, with complete k-t coverage across the EPI readout window ata time-resolution of an echo spacing (e.g., about 1 ms). This allows images to be produced for each time point along the EPI readout, free from associated distortion and blurring caused by B 0 -inhomogeneity induced phase and T2*decay. EPTI acquires k-t space through a k y -segmented traversal, using a highly-undersampled zig-zag trajectory, where the even and odd diagonal transversals of this trajectory sample complementary neighboring k y -points. Such spatiotemporal CAIPI-sampling facilities accurate reconstruction of highly undersampled k y -t space through B 0 -inhomogeneity-informed parallel imaging. With this time-resolved approach, the EPI readout in a dual gradient- and spin-echo EPTI sequence has been used to efficiently acquire large time-series of T2 and T2*-weighted images. The k y -segmented acquisition facilitates very rapid acquisitions, however, this also leads to a potential sensitivity to inter-segment shot-to-shot motion and B 0  phase variations. 
     Radial and pseudo-radial trajectories are known for their inherent motion robust properties. Continual resampling of central k-space ensures tolerance to inter-shot motion, as well as enabling further motion- and phase-correction methods. In addition, such trajectories cope well with sub-Nyquist sampling and combine well with many advanced reconstruction techniques. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure addresses the aforementioned drawbacks by providing a method for producing an image with a magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) system by acquiring data with the MRI system by sampling a hybrid space along a zig-zag trajectory within each of a plurality of k-space blades, where the hybrid space comprises a first axis along a temporal dimension and a second axis along a phase-encoding k-space dimension. An image is then reconstructed from the acquired data. 
     It is another aspect of the present disclosure to provide a method for producing an image with an MRI system, in which data are acquired with the MRI system by sampling k-space in a plurality of k-space blades, where k-space is sampled within each k-space blade along a plurality of interleaved phase encoding lines such that temporally adjacent phase encoding lines are separated in time by a first temporal spacing and phase encoding lines that are adjacent in k-space are separated in time by a second temporal spacing that is greater than the first temporal spacing. An image is then reconstructed from the acquired data by reconstructing a blade image for each k-space blade and combining the blade images, generating output as the reconstructed image. 
     The foregoing and other aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will appear from the following description. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration a preferred embodiment. This embodiment does not necessarily represent the full scope of the invention, however, and reference is therefore made to the claims and herein for interpreting the scope of the invention. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-1C  show examples of an echo-planar time-resolve imaging (“EPTI”) sampling pattern ( FIG. 1A ), a conventional EPTI acquisition scheme ( FIG. 1B ) and a PROPELLER echo-planar time-resolved imaging with dynamic encoding (“PEPTIDE”) acquisition scheme. 
         FIG. 2  depicts graphic illustrations of example signal evolution curves for a gradient-echo and spin-echo pulse sequence, and a corresponding multi-contrast image series. 
         FIG. 3  is an example of a gradient-echo and spin-echo (“GESE”) PEPTIDE pulse sequence for one shot, which can be implemented with some embodiments described in the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart setting forth the steps of an example method for generating images with an MRI system using a PEPTIDE acquisition scheme and corresponding image reconstruction framework. 
         FIG. 5  is a block diagram of an example MRI system that can implement the methods described in the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  is a block diagram of an example computer system that can implement methods described in the present disclosure, such as methods for reconstructing images from data acquired with a PEPTIDE acquisition. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Described here are systems and methods for magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) using a PROPELLER echo-planar time-resolved imaging with dynamic encoding (“PEPTIDE”) scheme. The PEPTIDE scheme combines a PROPELLER-style trajectory with an echo-planar time-resolved imaging (“EPTI”) acquisition framework, along with dynamic-updating of sensitivity-encoding information. Based in part on this modification, the PEPTIDE acquisition provides an improved robustness to motion and phase-variations, and also utilizes benefits conferred from radial type acquisitions, such as resilience to undersampling. Given this robustness to motion, the PEPTIDE acquisition provides specific advantages for rapidly acquiring data from adult subjects, as well as patient populations that are traditionally difficult to scan due to motion and/or patient discomfort, such as pediatric patient populations or geriatric patient populations. 
     Advantageously, the PEPTIDE acquisition scheme described in the present disclosure enables the creation of a large multi-contrast time-series of distortion-free images in a short acquisition time, with improved tolerance to the presence of motion. For example, the PEPTIDE sequence can be implemented in any situation that calls for highly motion-robust rapid acquisition of different contrasts. This includes T2, T2* and T1 (if combined with inversion preparation) mapping, quantitative susceptibility mapping (“QSM”), susceptibility-weighted imaging (“SWI”), perfusion imaging, diffusion imaging, and functional MRI (“fMRI”). From these results, synthetic contrasts can also be generated. 
     EPTI is a multi-shot EPI-based technique that can rapidly create a large time-series of multi-contrast T2-weighted and T2*-weighted images in which image distortion and blurring are significantly mitigated. EPTI uses a highly efficient sampling strategy, which is performed through EPI readouts that are segmented along the phase encoding direction, but extended through time. This creates an undersampled hybrid space spanned by the phase encoding dimension and the temporal dimension, which as one example may be spanned by the k y  dimension in k-space and the temporal dimension, t, and thus may be referred to as k y -t space. In this hybrid space, neighboring k y  points are closely separated in time, such that with appropriate reconstruction the formation of a time-series of images with differing contrasts can be generated at a temporal resolution equal to the echo-spacing. 
     The images of this time-series are therefore free of the typical B 0 -inhomogeneity and T2* decay limitations of EPI imaging. The resulting image series enables many mapping techniques from just a single rapid acquisition. However, the sampling scheme used in EPTI necessitates the combination of the acquired segments prior to reconstruction. In doing so, there is increased sensitivity to shot-to-shot motion and B 0  phase variations. 
     In general, an EPTI approach acquires k-t space through a multi-shot k y -segmented traversal using a highly undersampled zig-zag trajectory across each segment, as shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B . The temporal dimension represents the echo time (“TE”) of each phase-encode line during the echo-train readout. If k y -t space is fully sampled, a complete image with consistent phase accumulation and signal decay can be generated for each TE point from the corresponding k x -k y  data. This gives a large time-series of contrast-varying, distortion-free images, with a temporal spacing (Δt) equal to that of the EPI echo spacing. 
     The segmented zig-zag traversal ensures that the phase changes between neighboring acquired k-space points are minimized, while the jittered diagonal transversals of odd and even numbered k y  points mean that complementary neighboring k y  points are sampled in a spatiotemporal controlled aliasing in parallel imaging (“CAIPI”) sampling pattern. This enables accurate reconstruction of the highly undersampled k y -t space through B 0  inhomogeneity-informed parallel imaging, which uses GRAPPA-like compact kernels that utilize the small and spatially smooth phase differences between the neighboring data points in k y -t space. 
     As an example, in typical brain imaging situations, approximately 25-40 k y  encoding lines (RsEG) can be covered with each EPTI shot when a k y  sampling distance (R PE ) of 4× Nyquist is used ( FIG. 1A ). This results in a 7-9 EPTI-shot acquisition for 1-mm in-plane resolution imaging. This approach can be, for example, applied to the EPI readout in a gradient-echo sequence, as well as for a dual gradient echo-spin echo (“GESE”) EPTI sequence. The choice of sequence affects the signal curves that are sampled in k y -t space, as shown in  FIG. 2 , and thus the quantitative maps that can be derived from the acquisition (e.g., the time series of differing image contrasts shown in  FIG. 2 ). 
     As noted above, the PEPTIDE acquisition scheme described in the present disclosure extends the EPTI technique through the introduction of a PROPELLER style component to the acquisition. For example, the segments of varying k y -positions that are used in EPTI are instead repeatedly acquired as central segments, but with varying rotations in the k y -k x  plane, as shown in  FIG. 1C . These rotations in the acquisition allow the collection of k-space to be built up in a pseudo-radial manner. Additionally, these PEPTIDE segments additionally extend the acquisition through time. As such, the reconstruction of complete “k-t” space is still possible with the PEPTIDE acquisition. The rotational element of the acquisition provides a far greater robustness to motion due to the continual sampling of the k-space center with every segment, and allows further correction to the data on a blade-by-blade basis. In addition, such an acquisition allows for potential incorporation of advanced reconstruction techniques that utilize a diffuse undersampling pattern for even further acceleration. 
     Thus, the PEPTIDE approach samples k-t space with a zig-zag segmental pattern, similar to EPTI. However, instead of sampling different segments with shifts along k y , PEPTIDE repeatedly acquires central segments but with varying rotations in the k y -k x  plane, as mentioned above and shown in  FIG. 1C . As compared with EPTI, this is achieved in the sequence through replacement of the shot-to-shot k y  shifts with shot-dependent rotation in the k y -k x  plane. 100251 Consistent with previous EPTI definitions, R PE  is defined as the spacing between sequential phase-encode acquisitions, with each diagonal line of acquisitions covering a total distance in the phase-encode direction that is defined as R SEG . For EPTI, the number of segments (N seg ) required for complete k-space coverage (−k y,max  to +k y,max ) is dependent on the value of R SEG . 
     Similarly, for PEPTIDE, the number of acquired blades (N b ) required to achieve full k-space sampling is also dependent on RsEG and is related to the EPTI N seg  equivalent through 
     
       
         
           
             
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     to account for the radial coverage. Although more shots are used to provide full Nyquist coverage in PEPTIDE, this comes with the benefit of motion robustness. Additionally, the radial sampling with an oversampled k-space center provided by PEPTIDE provides the ability to still achieve reasonable reconstruction in the presence of certain levels of angular undersampling. 
     In some embodiments, simultaneous multislice (“SMS”) acquisitions can be implemented in the PEPTIDE methods described in the present disclosure. As an example, different data samples in an EPTI sampling trajectory within a given k-space blade can be with two different k z  encodings, k z,1  and k z,2  , to encode and acquire the two slices at the same time. 
     When implementing the PEPTIDE methods described in the present disclosure to time-series acquisitions (e.g., in fMRI, perfusion imaging, diffusion imaging), random undersampling, or some appropriate reordering, of PEPTIDE blades across TRs in conjunction with a spatiotemporal constrained reconstruction can be used. In doing so, higher temporal sampling with PEPTIDE can be achieved. As one non-limiting example, instead of creating an image only after 10 TRs in order to fully sample k x -k y , using a random PEPTIDE-blade acquisitions across TRs together with a constrained reconstruction can enable an image to be produced every third TR. 
     An example of a GESE pulse sequence that can be used to implement a PEPTIDE acquisition is shown in  FIG. 3 . The pulse sequence includes a radio frequency (“RF”) excitation pulse  302  that is played out to produce transverse magnetization (e.g., in one or more prescribed imaging slices). A refocusing RF pulse  304  is later applied to refocus transverse spin magnetization in the one or more prescribed slice locations. Frequency encoding gradients 306 are applied in both a gradient echo (“GE”) readout occurring before the application of the refocusing RF pulse  304  and a spin echo (“SE”) readout occurring after the refocusing RF pulse  304 . The target EPTI sampling pattern in each k-space blade is achieved by phase encoding gradients  308  and the series of phase encoding gradient blips  310 . Additional gradients can then be used in each repetition in order to rotate the EPTI sampling pattern in the k y -k x  plane, as described above. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , a flowchart is illustrated as setting forth the steps of an example method for acquiring data using a PEPTIDE acquisition and reconstructing one or more images from the acquired data. 
     The method includes setting parameters of the sampling pattern to be used for acquiring data, as indicated at step  402 . The parameters can be selected via user input to a computer system that then communicates those parameters to the MRI system. For instance, the parameters can be entered via a user interface, which may be a graphical user interface. As described above, the parameters can include a first temporal spacing, Δt, between temporally adjacent data samples in each section of the hybrid space sampling pattern, a phase encoding spacing, R PE , between temporally adjacent data samples in each section of the hybrid space sampling pattern, a second temporal spacing, N t  , between temporally adjacent sections of the hybrid space sampling pattern, the number of sections in the hybrid space sampling pattern, the number of shots/segments of the phase encoding dimension, the number of k-space blades, and so on. 
     After the parameters for the hybrid space sampling pattern have been selected they are communicated to the MRI system, which is then operated to perform a PEPTIDE pulse sequence to acquire data according to the defined hybrid space sampling pattern, as indicated at step  404 . As described above, data can be acquired in one or more shots. The acquired data undersample the hybrid space in order to accelerate the data acquisition process; however, using the hybrid space sampling patterns described in the present disclosure B 0 -inhomogeneity induced phase errors and T 2 * decay related blurring are reduced. Further, as described above, the PEPTIDE pulse sequence is robust against patient motion, such that motion-induced errors are reduced in the acquired data. 
     Reconstructing images from data acquired using a PEPTIDE pulse sequence includes accessing calibration data with a computer system, as indicated at step  406 . Accessing these data can include retrieving the data from a memory or other suitable data storage device or medium. Alternatively, accessing these data can include acquiring the data with an MRI system and transferring or otherwise communicating the data to the computer system, which may be a part of the MRI system. 
     As one example, the calibration data can be acquired using a low-resolution calibration scan. For instance, a short calibration scan of a small, fully sampled k y -t region can be implemented, and these calibration data can be used to train reconstruction kernels. As described below, separate calibration data do not need to be acquired for each blade. Rather, an identical single calibration scan can be used for all blades by applying a rotation to the calibration data before calculation of the reconstruction kernels for each blade. This avoids the necessity to collect additional reference data for each blade. 
     As also described below, for any reconstructed blade in which significant motion is detected, the estimated motion can be used to update the rotation that needs to be applied to the calibration data for the reconstruction kernel calculation of that blade. The reconstruction kernel for that blade can then recalculated and the reconstruction performed again with the updated reconstruction kernel in order to achieve improved results. In doing so, it is possible to dynamically update the parallel imaging reconstruction to ensure maximal accuracy across all blades and at all of the time points. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 4 , the calibration data are then adjusted to match the current k-space blade being reconstructed, as described above and indicated at step  408 . For example, a rotation can be applied to the calibration data such that the calibration data are rotated to match the angular orientation of the k-space blade being reconstructed. 
     Each k-space blade is then separated reconstructed, as indicated at step  410 . As one example, a parallel imaging reconstruction, such as a B 0 -informed parallel imaging reconstruction, can be implemented. As a non-limiting example, a PE-t GRAPPA reconstruction can be implemented to reconstruct each k-space blade. This is equivalent to reconstruction of only the central segment of an EPTI data set, which yields a time-series data set with low resolution in one spatial dimension. As another example, a tilted-CAIPI reconstruction such as those described in co-pending U.S. Patent Appin. Pub. No. US 2019/0369186, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     A PROPELLER-style reconstruction/combination across the blades and time series, implementing various motion-correction techniques for inter-blade motion/phase prior to combination through a gridding method, can then be performed, as follows. 
     First, a phase correction is initially applied to each blade, as indicated at step  412 . As one example, the phase correction can be implemented by subtracting a triangularly windowed phase of each blade from itself in order to remove low-frequency spatially varying components. This corrects for any offset in the center of the blade rotation, and removes B 0  variation phase. 
     An affine (e.g., three degrees-of-freedom) transformation is calculated between the blade data and a common reference, for each blade, to estimate the rotational and translational motion that has occurred, as indicated at step  414 . As one example, the motion estimation can use the centrally overlapping region of each blade to analyze both the real-component k-space correlations at various rotations as well as the peak of the complex data convolution, both against a fixed reference. 
     Motion correction can then be performed either for every time point within each PEPTIDE blade acquisition or for a temporal average per blade if the temporal footprint of each blade acquisition is deemed short enough (e.g., less than 150 ms). For instance, an adjustment is made to the k x -k y  trajectory for each blade to correct for the estimated rotational motion, as indicated at step  416 . If the rotation correction applied is above a selected threshold, then the corresponding calibration data can also be corrected and steps  410 - 416  repeated for the given k-space blade until the rotation correction is below the desired threshold. The appropriate phase adjustment (e.g., linear phase slope) can also applied to each blade k-space data set to correct for the translational motion, as indicated at step  418 . 
     The translation and rotation corrected blades are then cross-correlated, so that a reduced weighting can be appropriately applied to blades that are poorly correlated, to alleviate the artifacts due to through-plane or non-rigid motion, as indicated at step  420 . The reconstructed and corrected blades can then be combined, as indicated at step  422 . For example, the blades can be combined through a gridded process across all time points, generating output as the multi-contrast image time series after Fourier transform, as indicated at step  424 . As one non-limiting example, gridding can be performed with an oversampling factor of two and a Kaiser-Bessel kernel width of five, with the application of an iteratively calculated density compensation function. Blade weighting was applied to the density compensation function with weighting coefficients calculated from the cross-correlation process. 
     The reconstructed multi-contrast images can be displayed to a user, or stored for later use or processing. For example, quantitative parameter maps can be generated from the multi-contrast images, such as T1 maps, T2 maps, T2* maps, diffusion coefficient maps, perfusion parameter maps, quantitative susceptibility maps, and so on. 
     Referring particularly now to  FIG. 5 , an example of an MRI system  500  that can implement the methods described here is illustrated. The MRI system  500  includes an operator workstation  502  that may include a display  504 , one or more input devices  506  (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse), and a processor  508 . The processor  508  may include a commercially available programmable machine running a commercially available operating system. The operator workstation  502  provides an operator interface that facilitates entering scan parameters into the MRI system  500 . The operator workstation  502  may be coupled to different servers, including, for example, a pulse sequence server  510 , a data acquisition server  512 , a data processing server  514 , and a data store server  516 . The operator workstation  502  and the servers  510 , 512 , 514 , and  516  may be connected via a communication system  540 , which may include wired or wireless network connections. 
     The pulse sequence server  510  functions in response to instructions provided by the operator workstation  502  to operate a gradient system  518  and a radiofrequency (“RF”) system  520 . Gradient waveforms for performing a prescribed scan are produced and applied to the gradient system  518 , which then excites gradient coils in an assembly  522  to produce the magnetic field gradients G x , G y , and G z  that are used for spatially encoding magnetic resonance signals. The gradient coil assembly  522  forms part of a magnet assembly  524  that includes a polarizing magnet  526  and a whole-body RF coil  528 . 
     RF waveforms are applied by the RF system  520  to the RF coil  528 , or a separate local coil to perform the prescribed magnetic resonance pulse sequence. Responsive magnetic resonance signals detected by the RF coil  528 , or a separate local coil, are received by the RF system  520 . The responsive magnetic resonance signals may be amplified, demodulated, filtered, and digitized under direction of commands produced by the pulse sequence server  510 . The RF system  520  includes an RF transmitter for producing a wide variety of RF pulses used in MRI pulse sequences. The RF transmitter is responsive to the prescribed scan and direction from the pulse sequence server  510  to produce RF pulses of the desired frequency, phase, and pulse amplitude waveform. The generated RF pulses may be applied to the whole-body RF coil  528  or to one or more local coils or coil arrays. 
     The RF system  520  also includes one or more RF receiver channels. An RF receiver channel includes an RF preamplifier that amplifies the magnetic resonance signal received by the coil  528  to which it is connected, and a detector that detects and digitizes the I and Q quadrature components of the received magnetic resonance signal. The magnitude of the received magnetic resonance signal may, therefore, be determined at a sampled point by the square root of the sum of the squares of the I and Q components: 
         M =√{square root over (1 2   +Q   2 )}  (1);
 
     and the phase of the received magnetic resonance signal may also be determined according to the following relationship: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
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     The pulse sequence server  510  may receive patient data from a physiological acquisition controller  530 . By way of example, the physiological acquisition controller  530  may receive signals from a number of different sensors connected to the patient, including electrocardiograph (“ECG”) signals from electrodes, or respiratory signals from a respiratory bellows or other respiratory monitoring devices. These signals may be used by the pulse sequence server  510  to synchronize, or “gate,” the performance of the scan with the subject&#39;s heart beat or respiration. 
     The pulse sequence server  510  may also connect to a scan room interface circuit  532  that receives signals from various sensors associated with the condition of the patient and the magnet system. Through the scan room interface circuit  532 , a patient positioning system  534  can receive commands to move the patient to desired positions during the scan. 
     The digitized magnetic resonance signal samples produced by the RF system  520  are received by the data acquisition server  512 . The data acquisition server  512  operates in response to instructions downloaded from the operator workstation  502  to receive the real-time magnetic resonance data and provide buffer storage, so that data is not lost by data overrun. In some scans, the data acquisition server  512  passes the acquired magnetic resonance data to the data processor server  514 . In scans that require information derived from acquired magnetic resonance data to control the further performance of the scan, the data acquisition server  512  may be programmed to produce such information and convey it to the pulse sequence server  510 . For example, during pre-scans, magnetic resonance data may be acquired and used to calibrate the pulse sequence performed by the pulse sequence server  510 . As another example, navigator signals may be acquired and used to adjust the operating parameters of the RF system  520  or the gradient system  518 , or to control the view order in which k-space is sampled. In still another example, the data acquisition server  512  may also process magnetic resonance signals used to detect the arrival of a contrast agent in a magnetic resonance angiography (“MRA”) scan. For example, the data acquisition server  512  may acquire magnetic resonance data and processes it in real-time to produce information that is used to control the scan. 
     The data processing server  514  receives magnetic resonance data from the data acquisition server  512  and processes the magnetic resonance data in accordance with instructions provided by the operator workstation  502 . Such processing may include, for example, reconstructing two-dimensional or three-dimensional images by performing a Fourier transformation of raw k-space data, performing other image reconstruction algorithms (e.g., iterative or backprojection reconstruction algorithms), applying filters to raw k-space data or to reconstructed images, generating functional magnetic resonance images, or calculating motion or flow images. 
     Images reconstructed by the data processing server  514  are conveyed back to the operator workstation  502  for storage. Real-time images may be stored in a data base memory cache, from which they may be output to operator display  502  or a display  536 . Batch mode images or selected real time images may be stored in a host database on disc storage  538 . When such images have been reconstructed and transferred to storage, the data processing server  514  may notify the data store server  516  on the operator workstation  502 . The operator workstation  502  may be used by an operator to archive the images, produce films, or send the images via a network to other facilities. 
     The MRI system  500  may also include one or more networked workstations  542 . For example, a networked workstation  542  may include a display  544 , one or more input devices  546  (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse), and a processor  548 . The networked workstation  542  may be located within the same facility as the operator workstation  502 , or in a different facility, such as a different healthcare institution or clinic.  100561  The networked workstation  542  may gain remote access to the data processing server  514  or data store server  516  via the communication system  540 . Accordingly, multiple networked workstations  542  may have access to the data processing server  514  and the data store server  516 . In this manner, magnetic resonance data, reconstructed images, or other data may be exchanged between the data processing server  514  or the data store server  516  and the networked workstations  542 , such that the data or images may be remotely processed by a networked workstation  542 .  100571  Referring now to  FIG. 6 , a block diagram of an example of a computer system  600  that can perform the methods described in the present disclosure is shown. 
     WO  2020 / 198475  PCT/US 2020 / 024964   
     MGH  25448 . 02   
     The computer system  600  generally includes an input  602 , at least one hardware processor  604 , a memory  606 , and an output  608 . Thus, the computer system  600  is generally implemented with a hardware processor  604  and a memory  606 .  100581  In some embodiments, the computer system  600  can be a workstation, a notebook computer, a tablet device, a mobile device, a multimedia device, a network server, a mainframe, one or more controllers, one or more microcontrollers, or any other general-purpose or application-specific computing device. 
     The computer system  600  may operate autonomously or semi-autonomously, or may read executable software instructions from the memory  606  or a computer-readable medium (e.g., a hard drive, a CD-ROM, flash memory), or may receive instructions via the input  602  from a user, or any another source logically connected to a computer or device, such as another networked computer or server. Thus, in some embodiments, the computer system  600  can also include any suitable device for reading computer-readable storage media. 
     In general, the computer system  600  is programmed or otherwise configured to implement the methods and algorithms described in the present disclosure. For instance, the computer system  600  can be programmed to reconstruct images from data acquired using a PEPTIDE pulse sequence using a suitable reconstruction algorithm, such as those described in the present disclosure. 
     The input  602  may take any suitable shape or form, as desired, for operation of the computer system  600 , including the ability for selecting, entering, or otherwise specifying parameters consistent with performing tasks, processing data, or operating the computer system  600 . In some aspects, the input  602  may be configured to receive data, such as data acquired with an MRI system. Such data may be processed as described above to reconstruct images. In addition, the input  602  may also be configured to receive any other data or information considered useful for reconstructing images using the methods described above. 
     Among the processing tasks for operating the computer system  600 , the one or more hardware processors  604  may also be configured to carry out any number of post-processing steps on data received by way of the input  602 . For instance, one or more parameter maps can be generated from multi-contrast images reconstructed from data acquired with a PEPTIDE pulse sequence. 
     The memory  606  may contain software  610  and data  612 , such as data acquired with an MRI system, and may be configured for storage and retrieval of processed information, instructions, and data to be processed by the one or more hardware processors  604 . In some aspects, the software  610  may contain instructions directed to reconstructing images from data acquired with a PEPTIDE pulse sequence using a suitable reconstruction algorithm. 
     In addition, the output  608  may take any shape or form, as desired, and may be configured for displaying reconstructed images, in addition to other desired information. 
     In some embodiments, any suitable computer readable media can be used for storing instructions for performing the functions and/or processes described herein. For example, in some embodiments, computer readable media can be transitory or non-transitory. For example, non-transitory computer readable media can include media such as magnetic media (e.g., hard disks, floppy disks), optical media (e.g., compact discs, digital video discs, Blu-ray discs), semiconductor media (e.g., random access memory (“RAM”), flash memory, electrically programmable read only memory (“EPROM”), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (“EEPROM”)), any suitable media that is not fleeting or devoid of any semblance of permanence during transmission, and/or any suitable tangible media. As another example, transitory computer readable media can include signals on networks, in wires, conductors, optical fibers, circuits, or any suitable media that is fleeting and devoid of any semblance of permanence during transmission, and/or any suitable intangible media. 
     The present disclosure has described one or more preferred embodiments, and it should be appreciated that many equivalents, alternatives, variations, and modifications, aside from those expressly stated, are possible and within the scope of the invention.