Patent Publication Number: US-2023147247-A1

Title: Sensor devices including force sensors and robots incorporating the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Pat. Application 63/272,824 filed on Oct. 28, 2021 and entitled “Soft Tactile-sensing Upper-body Robot for Large Object Manipulation and Physical Human Interaction,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present specification generally relates to sensors and, more particularly, to sensor devices including force sensors and robots incorporating the same. 
     BACKGROUND 
     There are many problems that should be solved before robust robotic manipulation finds its way into our homes and daily lives. Many avenues of manipulation research rely on gripper-only grasps and interactions. While many objects are designed to be held, grasped, or used with our hands, humans manipulate larger objects using their whole bodies on a daily basis with natural, contact-rich actions. Arms, chests, and other areas of the body are frequently used to carry and stabilize large or heavy objects, piles of items, or delicate items that require a gentle distribution of pressure. Research has shown that older adults need and want assistance with lifting and carrying large and heavy objects; a type of assistance that may allow them to live independently longer. Co-developing effective hardware and control strategies for these kinds of whole-body manipulation tasks greatly expands the capabilities of robots, especially for assisting people in their homes. 
     Whole-body manipulation is a challenge that requires innovative solutions in both hardware and control. Accordingly, a need exists for alternative robotic hardware and control methods for whole body object manipulation. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one embodiment, a sensor device includes an inflatable diaphragm operable to be disposed on a member, and an array of force sensors disposed about the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In another embodiment, a robot includes at least one member and a sensor device including an inflatable diaphragm disposed on the at least one member, and an array of force sensors disposed about the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     These and additional features provided by the embodiments described herein will be more fully understood in view of the following detailed description, in conjunction with the drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments set forth in the drawings are illustrative and exemplary in nature and not intended to limit the subject matter defined by the claims. The following detailed description of the illustrative embodiments can be understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, where like structure is indicated with like reference numerals and in which: 
         FIG.  1    schematically depicts a perspective view of an example robot according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  2    schematically depicts a side view of the robot illustrated by  FIG.  1    according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  3    schematically depicts a perspective view of the robot illustrated by  FIG.  1    with its arms raised according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  4    schematically depicts a perspective view of the robot illustrated by  FIG.  1    with its arms in a grasping position according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  5    schematically depicts a front view of a body structure of the robot illustrated by  FIG.  1    having a cover removed according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  6 A  schematically depicts a perspective view of an illustrative flexible tactile sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  6 B  schematically depicts a top-down view of an illustrative coil arrangement for a flexible tactile sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  6 C  schematically depicts a top-down view of an illustrative coil arrangement on a printed circuit board and positioned below a conductive target of a flexible tactile sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  6 D  schematically depicts a perspective side view of an illustrative coil arrangement positioned below a conductive target of a flexible tactile sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  6 E  schematically depicts a perspective view of an illustrative flexible tactile sensor having a modular flexible layer according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  6 F  schematically depicts a bottom perspective view of a connecting means for coupling two or more flexible tactile sensor modules according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  6 G  schematically depicts an illustrative diagram of a magnetic field of a coil interacting with a conductive target according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  7    schematically depicts front view of an array of flexible tactile sensors of a body structure of a robot 1 according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  8    schematically depicts rear view of the body structure illustrated by  FIG.  7    according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  9 A  schematically depicts a side view of an example body structure of a robot in an upright position 1 according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  9 B  schematically depicts a side view of the example body structure illustrated by  FIG.  9 A  in a tilted position 1 according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  10    schematically depicts an example robot holding a hamper with its arms according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  11    schematically depicts an example deformable sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  12    schematically depicts a deformable sensor on a rigid segment of a robot arm according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  13    schematically depicts a top-down view of an assembly providing an array of sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  14    schematically depicts a perspective view of the assembly of  FIG.  13    disposed on an inflatable sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  15    schematically depicts a plurality of inflatable sensors disposed on segments of a robot arm according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  16    schematically depicts members for preventing movement of a deformable sensor on a robot arm according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  17    schematically depicts the member shown in  FIG.  16    and further including friction tape according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  18    schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of an example rigid segment and members for preventing movement of a deformable sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  19    schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of another example rigid segment and members for preventing movement of a deformable sensor according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  20    schematically depicts an example pressure sensor device according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIGS.  21 A and  21 B  schematically depict another example pressure sensor device according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIGS.  22 A- 22 C  schematically depict another example pressure sensor device according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  23    schematically depicts another example pressure sensor device configured as a cube according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  24    schematically depicts a sensor assembly disposed on a rigid segment of a robot according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; 
         FIG.  25    schematically depicts rigid segments of a robot configured to hold soft sensor assemblies according to one or more embodiments described and illustrated herein; and 
         FIG.  26    schematically depicts soft sensor assemblies disposed on the rigid segments of the robot depicted by  FIG.  25   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring generally to the appended figures, embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to sensor devices including a deformable layer and force sensors, and robots incorporating the same. 
     Unsurprisingly, older adults have difficulty with lifting and carrying large, bulky and/or heavy objects; “heavy” can be quantified as 10 lbs/5 kg as defined by PROMIS® or as “groceries” in the SF-36 Physical Function. As people age, they experience a decrease in their mobility and stability, which are key to being able to lift and carry these objects. Older adults are reluctant to accept or ask for help from a person as relying on someone else (e.g., familial caregiver, home healthaide) can decreases their sense of independence. Some older adults even discontinue the use or purchase of large, bulky, or heavy objects, which maintains their independence with a slightly reduced quality of life. Some older adults are open to the idea of robotic technology physically assisting them, especially in Japan where the ratio of older adults to young adults is 1:2. 
     When it comes to maintaining contact and regulating object state during grasping and manipulation, the present inventors have found that incorporating under-actuated mechanisms, joint and surface compliance, and friction offers tremendous gains in manipulation robustness. Effectively using compliant contacts all over the body is demonstrated by pressure-based feedback informed grasping of unmodeled objects. Inspired by these ideas, a gripper known as a soft bubble gripper, incorporates highly compliant tactile sensing fingers and not only maintains passively stable grasps but leverages multi-modal sensing to detect contact and manipuland state. The soft bubble gripper is described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,668,627, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In embodiments of the present disclosure, hard robots are equipped with durable, highly compliant, tactile sensing surfaces to enable more capable, contact-rich manipulation with minimal reliance on advanced control strategies. Embodiments also provide grasping methodologies that take advantage of softness and tactile sensing for whole-body grasping and lifting, object manipulation, and contact-rich physical human-robot interaction. Contact-rich, whole arm manipulation of objects includes challenges, such as accounting for the resulting closed-kinematic chains of multiple arms making and maintaining contact with a target geometry, enumerating and maintaining rich contact (more than two independent contact regions) with the target object, accounting for the surface frictional and compliance properties of the contact, and observing the state of the manipuland and the contact area, among others. 
     Various tactile sensing skins that monitor contact with objects that have been developed for both robot grippers and for the entire body of the robot are disclosed. This potentially enables whole-body physical interaction with humans and the environment, and is a promising solution for multi-contact control, as evidenced by results on monitoring contact patch geometries and in developing manipulation primitives. 
     Embodiments provide for an approach for augmenting off-the-shelf hard robot platforms with surface compliance and tactile sensing. With a strong focus on exploiting mechanical intelligence, embodiments enable robust and effective whole-body manipulation for large, unmodeled domestic objects with comparatively simpler tactile feedback- based control strategies. 
     Various embodiments for sensor devices and robots are described in detail below. 
     Referring now to  FIGS.  1 - 4   , a non-limiting example robot  100  capable of lifting large, heavy objects by full-body, contact rich manipulation is illustrated.  FIG.  1    is a front perspective view of the robot  100 .  FIG.  2    is a side view of the robot.  FIG.  3    is a front perspective view of the robot  100  with its arms  130  raised, and  FIG.  4    is a front perspective view with the arms  130  of the robot in a grasping position. It should be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited by the robot  100  illustrated by  FIGS.  1 - 4    and that other configurations are also possible. 
     Generally, the robot  100  is configured as a soft, bimanual upper-body platform for large object manipulation. The robot  100  comprises a rail system  110 , a base (which is defined by base members  113 ), a body structure  120  coupled to the rail system  110 , and two arms  130  coupled to the body structure  120 . As described in more detail below, the body structure  120  acts as the “chest” of the robot  100  in a similar manner as a chest of a human, which can be used for supporting large objects. 
     The rail system  110  includes a vertical rail  111  that extends in a system direction (e.g., a system vertical direction) on which the body structure  120  and the two arms  130  may traverse to be raised and lowered. The robot  100  further includes a lift actuator  125  ( FIG.  2   ) that is operable to raise and lower the body structure  120  and thus the two arms  130  on the vertical rail  111 . The lift actuator  125  may be any actuator capable of raising and lowering the body structure  120 . Non-limiting examples of the lift actuator  125  include a linear motor and a rack and pinion linear actuator. In other embodiments, the lift actuator  125  may be manual such that a human operator may raise and lower the body structure  120  on the vertical rail  111 . 
     The vertical rail  111  and lift actuator  125  allows for the adjustment of the body structure  120  to a specific grasping height. The base of the body structure  120  can travel vertically from the floor to a maximum height (e.g., 140 cm). The body structure  120  and the lift actuator  125  sit on the base members  113 , which have passive casters  114 . The base members  113  may also support a control computer and other electronics. With a power and networking bundle running off the platform, the robot  100  can be wheeled around to transfer grasped objects from one location to another. For example, the robot  100  may include handlebars  170  that may be grasped by the user to push and pull the robot in the operating environment. Thus, embodiments provide a robot  100  defining a mobile manipulation platform, either wheeled or legged, without distracting development focus from the core manipulation goals being explored. Further, the human element prevents a reliance on ground truth knowledge of the manipuland’s state, forcing an embrace of tactile-driven feedback control. 
     Although the illustrated robot  100  is shown as having passive casters  114 , it should be understood that embodiments described herein may have motorized wheels, tracks or other components configured to either remotely control the robot  100  or provide for an autonomous robot  100  that may maneuver an environment autonomously. 
     The robot  100  may also include a cabinet  160  to house computing devices, sensors, and other electronic components. 
     The two arms  130  and the body structure  120  are mounted in-line on the vertical rail  111  so that the shoulder width of the robot  100  can be adjusted at any time. In the illustrated embodiment, the bottom of the body structure  120  aligns with the base of the arms. The configuration of the arms  130  and the body structure  120  relative to one another, particularly the shoulder angles, impacts the whole-body manipulation workspace. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  5   , a front view of the body structure  120  of the example robot  100  of  FIGS.  1 - 4    is schematically illustrated. The example body structure  120  comprises an array of flexible tactile sensors  127  that is optionally covered by a cover  129 . The cover  129  may be fabricated from a friction material that increases the coefficient of friction between the body structure  120  and an object over the coefficient of friction between the array of flexible tactile sensors  127  and the same object. The cover  129  may be fabricated from a durable material such that it protects the array of flexible tactile sensors  127 . 
     As a non-limiting example, the cover  129  may be a neoprene cover striped in high-friction tape (e.g., 3M TB641 manufactured by 3M). The neoprene material creates a smooth, uniform surface over the entire array of flexible tactile sensors  127 , providing a protective layerfor the flexible tactile sensors  127  and bridging gaps between the individual flexible tactile sensors  127 . Meanwhile, the friction tape provides a high friction surface for objects to interface with during manipulation, thereby reducing the load carried by the arms  130  during a grasp. 
     Each flexible tactile sensor  127  of the array of flexible tactile sensors  127  is operable to produce a signal that is determinative of a magnitude and a direction of a force applied to the flexible tactile sensor  127  (i.e., a directional force vector). The flexible tactile sensors  127  are “flexible” in that they are capable of being deformed when a force is applied thereto. As each individual flexible tactile sensor provides an individual directional force vector when an object is pressed against the body structure  120 , the geometric shape and/or pose of the object may be determined. For example, a trained model may be utilized to receive the individual directional force vectors and output a geometric shape and pose of an object pressed against the body structure  120 . The data from the array of flexible tactile sensors  127  may be used to manipulate objects by using the arms  130  to press an object, such as a hamper  199 , against the body structure  120 . 
     Turning to  FIG.  6 A , a perspective view of an illustrative flexible tactile sensor  127  according to one or more embodiments is depicted. It should be understood that embodiments are not limited by the shape and configuration of the example flexible tactile sensor  127  shown in  FIG.  6 A . Some embodiments of the flexible tactile sensor  127  include a housing having an upper structure  10  coupled to a lower structure  12  forming a cavity therebetween. A print circuit board (PCB)  20  is positioned within the cavity of the housing. The PCB  20 , as described in more detail herein, may include a plurality of coils  25  and/or other electronic components for enabling the sensing functionality of the flexible tactile sensor  127 . The flexible tactile sensor  127  further includes a pliable material  30  coupled directly to the plurality of coils  25  or to the upper structure  10  of the housing including the PCB  20 . The pliable material  30  may be any material that is capable of elastically deforming under an applied force. That is, the pliable material  30  may temporarily deform and then return to an initial form when applied contact forces are removed. The pliable material  30  may be made up of one or more materials or may be a mechanical structure having members that are capable of flexing, folding, bending or the like under a contact force then returning to an initial state without permanent deformation. An example mechanical structure type of pliable material  30  is depicted and described herein with reference to  FIG.  6 E . 
     Still referring to  FIG.  6 A , the pliable material  30  is further coupled to a conductive target  40 . The conductive target  40  is a metal plate or similar material that is spaced apart from the plurality of coils  25  by the pliable material  30 . The conductive target  40  may be a metal plate or composite material having a conductive layer that interacts with the magnetic fields generated by the plurality of coils  25 . The conductive target has a thickness that is greater than the skin depth of the electric field created in response to the electromagnetic field generated by the plurality of coils  25 . This is to ensure that the sensors are responding to the conductive target  40  and the electromagnetic field is not effectively going through the conductive target  40  and responding to conductive items beyond the conductive target  40 . 
     The conductive target  40  has a first surface  40 A and a second surface  40 B. In embodiments, the surface area of at least the second surface  40 B of the conductive target  40  which is oriented to face the plurality of coils  25  has a surface area that is greater than at least one of the plurality of coils  25  and when in a non-contact position extends over one or more of the plurality of coils  25 . The second surface  40 B is coupled to the pliable material  30 . The pliable material  30  enables the conductive target  40  to move with respect to the plurality of coils  25  in response to contact forces applied thereto. For example, the pliable material  30  may compress, twist, translate, or otherwise cause the conductive target  40  to move in response to applied contact forces. 
     In some embodiments, the conductive target  40  includes a compliant material  45 . The compliant material  45  may be coupled to and/or formed over a portion of the conductive target  40 . The compliant material  45  may be generally applied to the surface of the conductive target  40  that is opposite the surface coupled to the pliable material  30 . The compliant material  45  may be a neoprene, rubber-like, latex, or similar material that assists in providing a friction surface for shear forces or other non-perpendicular forces applied to the surface of the conductive target  40 . In some embodiments, the compliant material  45  may extend over the surface of the conductive target  40  and the pliable material  30  thereby coupling to the housing (e.g., the upper structure  10 ) to constrain the conductive target  40  and the pliable material  30  in the X-Y directions. This configuration may also be used to pre-compress the pliable material  30 . It should be understood that the compliant material  45  is not provided in some embodiments. 
     The housing may further include openings  22  in either or both the upper structure  10  and/or the lower structure. The openings  22  may provide access to connections between flexible tactile sensor  127  modules and/or computing devices. The connections may be electrical and/or mechanical. Electrical connections may be facilitated by electrical terminal disposed on the PCB  20  within the housing and wiring harnesses and mating connectors extending through the openings. Mechanical connections may be implemented to connect multiple flexible tactile sensor  127  modules together in a row, a column, or an array. In other embodiments, no openings are provided. 
     The lower structure  12  of the housing includes the PCB  20  and other electronic components. In some embodiments, a ferrite material (not shown) may be positioned between the PCB  20  and the lower structure  12 . The ferrite material may be in the form of a sheet and configured to constrain the electromagnetic field created by the plurality of coils  25  disposed in or on the PCB  20 . This concentrates the magnetic flux and redirects it toward the conductive target  40 , which may also increase the range of the sensor. In some embodiments, a ferrite material may be applied to the first surface  40 A of the conductive target  40 . The application of a ferrite material on the first surface  40 A of the conductive target  40  may further help prevent the plurality of coils  25  from sensing beyond the conductive target  40 . This may be beneficial when objects that the flexible tactile sensor  127  is interfacing with are large metallic objects such as pots and pans. 
     Turning to  FIG.  6 B , a top-down view of an illustrative coil arrangement for a flexible tactile sensor is depicted. Coil arrangements of the present disclosure include at least three coils arranged in a planar array configuration with each other.  FIG.  6 B  depicts a PCB  20  that includes four coils  25 A,  25 B,  25 C, and  25 D. The coils  25 A- 25 D (collectively referenced as coils  25 ) may be configured on or within the PCB  20 . That is, the coils  25  may be formed on the surface of the PCB  20  as a layer of the PCB  20  or the coils may be formed and/or embedded with the PCB  20 . The coils are planar coils having a predetermined number of turns. Configurations of three or more coils  25  enable rich sensing having multiple points of measurement. That is, compound rotations about the X and Y-axes enable the sensor to measure the normal force vector. 
     Turning to  FIG.  6 C , the top-down view of the flexible tactile sensor depicted in  FIG.  6 B  now shows the conductive target  40 . The conductive target  40  as described herein, is positioned, for example, in vertical alignment with the plurality of coils  25  such that a portion of the conductive target  40  vertically aligns with the plurality of coils  25 . The flexible tactile sensor depicted in  FIG.  6 C  is in a contactless state. Additionally, the conductive target  40  is depicted as a circular disc. However, in other embodiments, the conductive target  40  may have other shapes such as a triangular plate or a square plate. The shape of the conductive target  40  may be selected in conjunction with the arrangement of the array of three or more coils  25 .  FIG.  6 D  depicts a perspective side view of the illustrative coils  25  and conductive target  40  depicted in  FIG.  6 C . Here,  FIG.  6 D  shows that the conductive target  40  is spaced apart from the coils  25  by a height H. The spacing between the conductive target  40  and the coils  25  may be occupied by the pliable material  30 , which enables the conductive target  40  to move with respect to the coils  25 . As described in more detail herein, as the respective height between the conductive target  40  and select coils  25  changes the inductance of the coils changes, which may be sensed and used to determine the change in position of the conductive target  40 . 
     Turning to  FIG.  6 E , a perspective view of an illustrative flexible tactile sensor  127 . In particular, the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  6 E  includes a non-limiting example of a modular flexible layer  50  forming a mechanical structure type of pliable material  30 . For example, the pliable material  30  may be a 3D-printed, molded, machined, or otherwise formed structure. The modular flexible layer  50  functioning as the pliable material  30  portion of the flexible tactile sensor  127  may comprise a plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D that can independently flex thereby enabling the modular flexible layer  50  to support the conductive target  40  (not shown in  FIG.  6 E ) and respond to forces applied to the conductive target  40 . For example, each of the plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D includes a first surface  51  opposite a second surface  53 . The first surface  51  and the second surface  53  are interconnected by a plurality of flexible members  52 . The plurality of flexible members  52  may be configured to bend, flex, or fold when stressed and return to a relaxed positioned when the source of stresses are removed. For example, the plurality of flexible members  52  may be rib shaped structures extending from the first surface  51  to the second surface  53 . However, embodiments are not limited to rib shaped structures. Furthermore, each of the plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D includes a first interlocking feature  55  configured to receive a second interlocking feature  54 . For example, the first interlocking feature  55  may be a flange having a receptacle for receiving the second interlocking feature  54 . The first interlocking feature  55  and second interlocking feature  54  are positioned on different edges of each of the plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D so that one interlocking segment  50 A may be connected to another interlocking segment  50 B. 
     Each of the plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D further include a third interlocking feature  56  extending vertically (+Z-axis direction) from the first surface  51  of each of the plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D. The third interlocking features  56  are configured to mate with a corresponding feature on the conductive target  40  thereby coupling the modular flexible layer  50  with the conductive target  40 . Similarly, each of the plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D further include a fourth interlocking feature  57  extending vertically (-Z-axis direction) from the second surface  53  of each of the plurality of interlocking segments  50 A,  50 B,  50 C, and  50 D. The fourth interlocking features  57  are configured to mate with a corresponding feature on the upper housing structure 10′ thereby coupling the modular flexible layer  50  with the upper housing structure 10′. The upper housing structure 10′ couples to a lower housing structure 12′ which function similar to the upper and lower structures  10  and  12  depicted and described with reference to  FIG.  6 A . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6 F , a bottom perspective view of a connecting means for coupling two or more flexible tactile sensor modules  127 A and  127 B together is depicted. For example, in some embodiments the lower structure  12  may include receiving cavities  13  formed along the edges of the bottom surface of the lower structure  12 . A receiving cavity  13  of a first flexible tactile sensor module  127 A may be configured to receive a first end of a connecting member  14 . Another receiving cavity  13  of a second flexible tactile sensor module  127 B may be configured to receive a second end of the connecting member  14 . The connecting member  14  may couple to the receiving cavities  13  through an interference or friction type connection. However, the coupling of two or more flexible tactile sensor modules  127 A and  127 B may not be limited to the specific embodiment described herein. Two or more flexible tactile sensor modules  127 A and  127 B may be fastened to each other through any known fastening means resulting in a rigid or flexible connection between the two or more flexible tactile sensor modules  127 A and  127 B. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  6 G  an illustrative diagram of a magnetic field of a coil  25  interacting with a conductive target  40  is depicted. When current (e.g., alternating current AC) flows through the coil  25  an AC magnetic field  26  is induced. The magnetic field  26  will induce eddy currents  41  in nearby conductors such as a conductive target  40 . 
     The eddy currents  41  are a function of the distance, size, and composition of the conductor. The eddy currents  41  generate their own magnetic field  42 , which opposes the original field  26  generated by the coil  25  (also referred to as the sensor inductor). By opposing the original field  26 , the original field  26  is weakened. This produces a reduction in inductance compared to the inductor’s free space inductance. The interactions between these structures are phenomena known as inductive coupling. That is, the eddy currents  41  induced on the conductive target  40  flow in such a way that they weaken the magnetic field  26  of the source coil  25  according to Lenz’s Law. As the conductive target  40  moves closer to the coil  25  the eddy currents  41  increase, and the magnetic field  26  of the source coil  25  weakens further. When the inductance of the system is reduced, the resonant frequency of the coil  25  increases. 
     Additional information regarding example flexible tactile sensors  127  is provided in U.S. Pat. Appl. No.  17 / 344 , 354 , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     It should be understood that embodiments are not limited by the flexible tactile sensors  127  illustrated by  FIGS.  6 A- 6 G , and that other sensors may be utilized. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  7   , the array of flexible tactile sensors  127  may be configured as an array of columns and rows. However, in other embodiments the flexible tactile sensors  127  may be arranged in a circular array, an elliptical array, or an irregular array. 
     As shown in  FIG.  7   , the array of flexible tactile sensors  127  may be arranged in an arcuate manner such that the body structure  120  has a convex shape. In this manner, the body structure  120  may be shaped in a similar manner as a person’s body core, such as a person’s chest. Referring now to  FIG.  8   , the body structure  120  of the example robot  100  includes an arcuate base  180  on which the array of flexible tactile sensors  127  are attached.  FIG.  8    illustrates a rear surface of the arcuate base  180 . The example arcuate base  180  includes two crossbar members  181  and a plurality of slats  183  that are coupled to the two crossbar members  181  (e.g., by fasteners) to define an arcuate (i.e., convex) surface on which the array of flexible tactile sensors is attached. Wiring  184  for connecting the individual flexible tactile sensors  127  to a processor of the robot  100  may be routed through the slats  183 , for example. The crossbar members  181  can be changed out to modify the curve of the chest. The illustrated configuration has a slight convex curve with the surface of each slat (and thus the base of each force/geometry sensor) angled 170° from those horizontally adjacent. This curve could be updated to have a more or less extreme angle between the slats, or to even be concave, in order to support different types of grasps. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure may also provide for the ability for the body structure  120  to tilt backwards, much like a human does when she leans backwards when supporting and carrying a large and/or heavy object.  FIG.  9 A  illustrates a body structure  120  coupled to one or more vertical rails  119  (which may be the same or different than the vertical rail  111  illustrated in  FIG.  1   ). The one or more vertical rails  119  may pivotably coupled to one or more tilt structure support members  126  at pivot point P 1 . A tilt structure  124  is pivotably coupled to the one or more vertical rails  119  at pivot point P 2  and pivotably coupled to the tilt structure support member  126  at pivot point P 3 . The tilt structure  124  is operable to tilt the body structure  120  in a backward direction away from a rail system defined by the one or more vertical rails  119  to support an object. The tilt structure  124  may be any component capable of tilting the one or more vertical rails  119  (i.e., the rail system) and the body structure  120 . Non-limiting examples of components for the tilt structure  124  include a linear motor, a hydraulic jack, and a pneumatic jack. 
       FIG.  9 A  illustrates the tilt structure  124  in an extended position such that the one or more vertical rails  119  are upright and an angle α 1  between the one or more vertical rails  119  and the tilt structure support member  126  is about 90°.  FIG.  9 B  illustrates the tilt structure  124  in a retracted position such that the one or more vertical rails  119  and thus the body structure  120  tilts back as indicated by arrow A, and an angle α 2  between the one or more vertical rails  119  and the tilt structure support member  126  is less than angle α 1 . Thus, the tilt structure  124  may assist the robot  100  in supporting a large and/or heavy object. 
     Referring once again to  FIG.  1   , the two arms  130  are adjacent to the body structure  120 . The arms  130  may have any number of segments and any number of actuatable joints. Each arms  130  further includes an end effector  140 , which in the illustrated embodiment is a soft bubble gripper configured for gripping an object by contact. The two arms  130  are operable to wrap around an object, and press the object against the body structure  120 , much like a human would wrap her arms around an object and press the object against her core (i.e., stomach and/or chest). 
       FIG.  10    illustrates an example robot  100  having its arms  130  wrapped around a box  117  such that the box  117  is pressed against the body structure  120  (not visible in  FIG.  10   ). The lift actuator  125  is operable to lift the box  117  as well as lower the box  117  along the vertical rail  111 . The tilt structure  124  is operable to tilt the box  117  backwards to further support the hamper  117 . 
     To perform the grasping of a large object, such as the hamper  117  shown in  FIG.  10   , it may be desirable to provide tactile sensing on the arms  130  of the robot  100  such that the robot may understand how it is contacting and grasping the object by feedback. Referring once again to  FIG.  1   , each arm  130  has a plurality of deformable sensors  150  disposed thereon. The deformable sensors  150  are also referred to as sensor devices herein. The deformable sensors  150  act as contact sensors that sense contact between an object and the arm  130 . The deformable sensor  150  may generate a signal when contact is made against it. Any number of deformable sensors  150  may be provided on each arm. In the illustrated embodiment, each segment of the robot arms  130  has a deformable sensor  150  around it. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  11   , an example deformable sensor  150  is illustrated. The deformable sensor  150  generally comprises an inflatable diaphragm  155  having a port  156 , a pressure sensor  153 , and a tubing  157  that fluidly couples the port  156  to the pressure sensor  153 . The inflatable diaphragm  155  may be made of a deformable material, such as, without limitation, polyvinyl chloride. The inflatable diaphragm  155  may be configured as a ring that can be disposed around a segment of the robot arms  130 .  FIG.  12    shows how a deformable sensor  150  may be disposed around a segment  192  of a robot arm  130 . 
     Referring once again to  FIG.  11   , the inflatable diaphragm  155  may also include an inflation port that is utilized to inflate the inflatable diaphragm  155  to the desired pressure. The pressure sensor  153  may be maintained at a location separate from the inflatable diaphragm  155 . For example, the pressure sensor  153  may be maintained within a body or other housing of the robot  100 . Although the pressure sensor  153  is illustrated as being remote from the inflatable diaphragm, it should be understood that it may be provided within the inflatable diaphragm  155 . In such embodiments, one or more signal wires may be provided to one or processors within the robot  100  to communicate a pressure reading. Alternatively, the pressure sensor may wireless communicate pressure readings to the one or more processors within the robot  100 . 
     The pressure sensor  153  is operable to detect a pressure within the inflatable diaphragm  155 , and provides a scalar pressure value. When contact is made with inflatable diaphragm  155 , the pressure increases because the interior volume within the inflatable diaphragm  155  decreases. When the pressure within the inflatable diaphragm  155  meets a predetermined criteria, contact with the deformable sensor  150  may be inferred. For example, when the pressure sensor  153  detects a pressure above a predetermined threshold, a processor  158  or other component may generate a contact signal indicating contact with the deformable sensor  150 . As another example, when a pressure within the inflatable diaphragm as measured by the pressure sensor  153  changes by a threshold percentage (e.g., a 10% increase), a processor or other component may generate a contact signal indicating contact within the deformable sensor  150 . When the pressure within the inflatable diaphragm  155  does not meet a predetermined criteria, a processor or other component may not produce a contact signal. In this manner, the deformable sensor  150  may act as a contact sensor for the arms (and/or other components) of the robot  100 . 
     Referring once again to  FIG.  12   , a deformable sensor  150  is disposed around a segment  192  of a robot arm  130 . In some embodiments, the deformable sensor  150  further comprises an outer cover layer  190  disposed around the inflatable diaphragm  155 . The outer cover layer  190  has properties to protect the inflatable diaphragm  155  from being cut or punctured by a sharp object, like a knife, that may be present in uncontrolled, cluttered environments. Thus, the outer cover layer  190  should have a suitable strength to prevent the inflatable diaphragm  155  from being cut or punctured. The outer cover layer  190  may cover both the exterior surface of the inflatable diaphragm  155  as well as an interior surface of the inflatable diaphragm  155  that faces the arm  130  (or other robot component). 
     As non-limiting examples, the material may have a strength greater than or equal to 30 cN/dtex, greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex, greater than or equal to 40 cN/dtex, or greater than or equal to 45 cN/dtex. As further non-limiting examples, the outer cover layer may be fabricated from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene or poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide. As a further non-limiting example, the outer cover layer  190  may be fabricated from Dyneema made by Royal DSM of The Netherlands. 
     In some embodiments, a first material provides the high strength for the outer cover layer  190 , and a second material is provided to provide another function. For example, a high friction second material may be woven with the first material to increase the coefficient of friction of the outer cover layer  190  with respect to an object. Thus, the second material has a coefficient of friction with respect to an object that is greater than a coefficient of friction of the first material with respect to the same object. Such a second material having a high coefficient of friction may prevent the robot  100  from dropping an obj ect due to the object slipping against the outer cover layer  190  of the deformable sensor  150 . 
     In some embodiments, the second material may be a conductive material that is woven with the first material, or a third material that is conductive is woven with the first material and the second material to provide an additional functionality of capacitive sensing. Thus, the outer cover layer  190  may detect contact with an electrically conductive object, such as a metal object or a person’s hand. 
     It should be understood that the deformable sensors  150  described herein may be provided on any robot of any configuration, and are not limited to being applied to the robot  100  illustrated in  FIGS.  1 - 10   . 
     Although the deformable sensors  150  detect contact with an object, they alone to not provide data relating to localized contact with the deformable sensors  150 . In other words, each deformable sensor  150  can only detect whether or not contact with an object was made and not the specific location on the deformable sensor  150  where contact was made. Thus, in some embodiments, additional sensors may be provided to provide localized contact feedback regarding contact between the deformable sensors  150  and an object. 
     As a non-limiting example, an array of force sensors may be disposed on at least one of an inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm  155  (or outer cover layer  190 , if provided) and an outer surface of the inflatable diaphragm  155  (or outer cover layer  190 , if provided). As a non-limiting example, the array of force sensors may be disposed between the outer cover layer  190  and the inflatable diaphragm  155 . As described in more detail below, the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the deformable sensor  150 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  13   , an example assembly  161  providing an array of force sensors  165  is illustrated. The illustrated array of force sensors  165  is configured as individual linear force sensors. As a non-limiting example, each force sensor  165  may be configured as carbon-doped linear potentiometers; however, other linear force sensors may be utilized. Each force sensor  165  provides a signal indicative of contact along its length. Although the array of force sensors  165  are illustrated as linear force sensors, it should be understood that individual, discrete force sensors may be utilized. In the illustrated example, each force sensor  165  has an electrical connector  167  for connecting to one or more wiring harnesses that provide respective contact signals to one or more processors of the robot  100 . 
     In some embodiments, a force concentrator  166  is disposed on a top surface of each force sensor  165 . The force concentrators  166  extend a height above the top surface of the force sensors  165 . The force concentrators  166  may be fabricated from any material. As a non-limiting example, the force concentrators  166  may be fabricated from a rigid plastic or stiffened rubber. The force concentrators  166  increase the force sensors  165  sensitivity to contact, particularly when the force sensors  165  are disposed beneath the outer cover layer  190 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  13   , the assembly  161  further includes a sensor housing  162  configured to receive the array of force sensors  165 . The sensor housing  162  is made of a pliable material so that it may be wrapped around the robot arm  130  (or other robot component) or the inflatable diaphragm. The example sensor housing  162  includes two tabs  163  that have a width w that is less than that of the sensor housing  162  that receives the array of force sensors  165 . The reduces width w may increase the flexibility of the sensor housing  162 . It should be understood that other embodiments may not include tabs  163  having a reduced width. 
     In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor housing  162  includes securing features  164  at each tab  163  that may be used to secure the sensor housing  162  to the robot arm  130 , the inflatable diaphragm  155 , or the outer cover layer  190 . The securing features  164  may be configured to receive an elastic member (such as elastic rope, a rubber band, and/or the like) to hold pull the two tabs  163  together to secure the sensor housing  162  to the desired component. It should be understood that other methods of securing the sensor housing  162  to the desired component may be provided. 
       FIG.  14    illustrates the assembly  161  attached to an outer surface of an outer cover layer  190 . However, in other embodiments the assembly  161  may be disposed under an outer cover layer  190 , or even disposed on a rigid robot segment such that it is between the rigid robot segment and the deformable sensor  150 .  FIG.  15    illustrates a robot arm  130  having four deformable sensors  150  with outer cover layers  190  on four rigid segments  192  of the robot arm  130 . 
     It should be understood that the assembly  161  having force sensors  165  may be applied to any robot or machine, and are not limited to being applied to the robot  100  illustrated by  FIGS.  1 - 10   . 
     In some cases, the deformable sensor  150  may undesirably slip up and/or down the robot  130 , as well as rotate around the robot arm  130 . This slipping and/or rotation of the deformable sensor  150  may cause errors in contact location signals, as well as may cause the robot  100  to drop an object. Thus, in some embodiments, structures may be provided on the rigid segments  192  of the robot  100  to prevent movement of the deformable sensor(s)  150 . In other words, structures to limit movement of the deformable sensor(s)  150  may be positioned between the rigid segment(s)  192  and the deformable sensors(s)  150 . 
     Referring now to  FIG.  16   , an example rigid segment  192  of a robot having a member  196  for reducing the movement of a deformable sensor  150  is illustrated. As shown in  FIG.  16   , the member  196  is attached to the rigid segment  192 . The member  196  may be attached in any manner (e.g., straps, fasteners, adhesive, and/or the like). In the illustrated embodiment, the member  196  is attached by a Velcro pad  195 E. However, other means for attaching the member  196  may be utilized.  FIG.  16    illustrates additional Velcro pads  195 A- 195 D for attaching additional members (not shown) that prevent movement. 
     In some embodiments, the member(s)  196  is a compliant member. For example, the member(2)  196  may be made of a foam material that compresses upon contact with an object. A compliant member  196  may be more suitable than a rigid member because a compliant member  196  will provide more deformability, making for a softer robot  100 . 
     The shape of the member  196  may be selected to conform to the particular rigid segment  192  to which it is attached. In the example of  FIG.  16   , the rigid segment  192  is tapered (i.e., it has a non-uniform thickness), which may lead to a member  196  also having a tapered shape to better accept the cylindrically shaped deformable sensor  150 . For example, in the smaller surface area of the rigid segment  192 , the member  196  may have a larger surface area than in the larger area of the rigid segment  192 . The combination of the smaller portion of the rigid segment  192  and the larger area of the member  196  provides for a cylindrical shape around which the cylindrically shaped deformable sensor  150  is disposed. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  17   , any number of members  196 A- 196 E (e.g., compliant members) may be disposed on an individual rigid segment  192  to prevent linear and/or rotational movement of a deformable sensor  150 . Further, as shown in  FIG.  17   , one or more of the members  196 A- 196 E may further comprise a friction tape  197 A- 197 E to increase the coefficient of friction with respect to the deformable sensor  150  to further prevent movement. Thus, the members  196 A- 196 E have a coefficient of friction with respect to the deformable sensor  150  that is greater than a coefficient of friction between the deformable sensor  150  and the rigid surface  192 . Any friction tape may be utilized. In other embodiments, a high friction coating may be applied to one or more of the members  196 A- 196 E in addition to, or instead of, friction tape. In yet other embodiments, no additional high friction components may be provided. Rather, the material of the members  196 A- 196 E has a high enough coefficient of friction with respect to the deformable sensor  150  to prevent movement. 
     The number and shape of the members may be provided on a member to match an interior contour of a deformable sensor.  FIG.  18    illustrates a cross-sectional view of the rigid segment  192  depicted in  FIG.  17   . The inflatable diaphragm  155  of the deformable sensor  150  may have “valleys” on the interior surface when fully inflated. These valleys are caused by a crease forming in the inflatable diaphragm upon inflation. In the embodiment of  FIG.  18   , two semi-elliptically shaped members  196 A and  196 D are on opposing surfaces of the rigid segment  192  and are configured to extend into the valleys of the interior surface of the deformable sensor  150 . Two relatively flat members  196 B and  196 C are disposed on the other opposing surfaces of the rigid segment  192 . By extending the semi-elliptically shaped members  196 A,  196 D into the valleys of the deformable sensor  150 , rotational movement of the deformable sensor  150  with respect to the rigid segment  192  may be prevented. 
       FIG.  19    illustrates another embodiment of a rigid segment  301  having concave surfaces  302  in cross-section. Compliant member  303  are positioned within the concave surfaces  302  to provide a cylindrical shape in cross-section over which a deformable sensor  150  may be disposed. 
     It should be understood that the members for preventing deformable sensor movement may be applied to any robot or machine, and are not limited to being applied to the robot  100  illustrated by  FIGS.  1 - 10   . 
     Contact sensors other than the deformable sensors  150  described above may also be applied to the robot. Referring now to  FIG.  20   , an example pressure sensor device  400  that may be applied to a robot or other machine is illustrated. The pressure sensor device  400  may be provided to detect contact between an object and a robot, such as the robot  100  illustrated by  FIGS.  1 - 10   , for example. 
     The example pressure sensor device  400  illustrated by  FIG.  20    comprises a base layer  402  and a deformable layer  404  bonded to the base layer  402  such that the base layer  402  and the deformable layer  404  define at least one inflatable chamber  403 . In some embodiments, the deformable layer  404  may be bonded to the base layer  402  at their interfaces. For example, the deformable layer  404  may be heat sealed to the base layer  402  by a heat sealer such that the deformable layer  404  is bonded to the base layer  402  with no intermediate material (i.e., adhesive). 
     The base layer  402  may be fabricated with a rigid material, such as a thermoplastic. The deformable layer  404  is fabricated from a compliant material to enable deformation when in contact with an object. As a non-limiting example, the deformable layer  404  may be made from a thermoplastic polyurethane. The two materials for the base layer  402  and the deformable layer  404  may be chosen such that they may be bonded together by heat sealing, for example. 
     The pressure sensor device  400  further includes a pressure sensor (not shown in  FIG.  20    and which may be similar to the pressure sensor  153  described above) that is operable to send a signal indicative of pressure within the inflatable chamber  403 , which may be inflated with a gas or a fluid. In some embodiments, the pressure sensor may be disposed within the inflatable chamber  403  and communicate with a central processor of the robot by a wired or wireless communication method. In other embodiments, the pressure sensor is remote from the inflatable chamber  403 . As shown in  FIG.  20   , the pressure sensor device  400  may include a port  406  that may be used for both inflating the inflatable chamber  403  as well as for connecting to a fitting  408  that is further fluidly coupled to tubing  410 . The tubing  410  may also be fluidly coupled to a remote pressure sensor so that the pressure sensor is fluidly coupled to the inflatable chamber  403 . As shown in  FIG.  20   , a second fitting  412  may be fluidly coupled to the tubing  410  to fluidly couple the tubing  410  to the pressure sensor. 
     Embodiments are not limited to embodiments where the base layer is a rigid material. In some embodiments, both the base layer and the deformable layer are deformable and/or compliant. In some embodiments, both the base layer and the deformable layer are fabricated from the same material. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  21 A and  21 B , another example pressure sensor device  450  is illustrated.  FIG.  21 A  shows the base layer  452  while  FIG.  21 B  shows the deformable layer  454  that is configured to contact an object. It should be understood that the base layer  452  and the deformable layer  454  may be made of the same materials or different materials. The material(s) of the base layer  452  and the deformable layer  454  may be such that that the base layer  452  and the deformable layer  454  are heat sealed to form a sealed perimeter  458  around an inflatable chamber  453 . As shown in  FIG.  21 A , the base layer  452  may have a port  456  that is used to both inflate the inflatable chamber  453  as well as fluidly couple the inflatable chamber  453  to a pressure sensor (not shown) by tubing  460 . 
     Any number of inflatable chambers  453  may be fabricated from a single base layer  452  and a single deformable layer  454 . For example, an array of inflatable chambers  453  may be formed by heat sealing.  FIG.  24   , which is described in more detail below, illustrates an example array of inflatable chambers in a single base layer and a single deformable layer. The plurality of inflatable chambers  453  may be arranged in an array, or may be arbitrarily arranged. Each inflatable chamber  453  has associated therewith a pressure sensor. In this manner, the plurality of inflatable chambers  453  can provide localized contact feedback regarding an object contacting the robot. 
       FIGS.  22 A- 22 C  illustrate another example pressure sensor device  470 .  FIGS.  22 A and  22 B  illustrate a bottom surface of a base layer  472  that is fabricated from a thermoplastic resin. As a non-limiting example, the thermoplastic resin may be Worbla® sold by Cast4Art of Neuhemsbach, Germany. Worbla® may be advantageous because it is capable of being shaped/molded into a desirable shape and can also be heat-sealed to other materials, such as the deformable layer  474  ( FIG.  22 C ). For example, the thermoplastic resin, such as Worbla®, may be shaped to the contours of the rigid segment of the robot to which it is attached. 
     As shown in  FIG.  22 A , the base layer  472  has a port  476  that is configured as a through-hole. The port  476  is then provided with a fitting  479  to be coupled to a tubing  410  that is used to both inflate an inflatable chamber  473  and fluidly couple the inflatable chamber  473  to a pressure sensor (not shown, but see pressure sensor  153  of  FIG.  11   ). 
       FIG.  22 C  shows the inflatable chamber  473 , which is defined by the base layer  472  (e.g., Worbla® or some other thermoplastic resin) and a deformable layer  474  that is fabricated from a thermoplastic polyurethane. The base layer  472  and the deformable layer  474  are bonded (e.g., heat sealed) around a perimeter  478  to define the inflatable chamber  473 , which is filled with a gas or fluid. 
     The shape of the pressure sensor devices described herein are not limited to dome-shaped inflatable chambers. The pressure sensor devices described herein may take on any shape. Referring to  FIG.  23   , a pressure sensing device  490  having an inflatable chamber  493  shaped as a cube is illustrated. The inflatable chamber  493  is defined by cuts within a deformable layer that are made to form the cubic shape. It should be understood that other shapes are also possible. 
     It should be understood that the pressure sensor devices described herein may be provided on robots and/or machines other than the robot  100  illustrated by  FIGS.  1 - 10   . 
     As stated above, a sheet of a base layer and a deformable layer having a plurality of inflatable chambers may be used as a soft robot “skin” capable of detecting the location of contact of a robot. The skin provides both softness to the robot as well as the sense of touch.  FIG.  24    illustrates an example array  500  of pressure sensor devices defined by inflatable chambers  503  that is disposed around a rigid segment  592  of a robot. The rigid segment  592  has a hollow inner chamber  555  to maintain the tubing for the individual inflatable chambers  503 . Additionally, a plurality of pressure sensors (not shown) may be disposed within the inner chamber  444 . The array  500  of pressure sensor devices provides a soft skin to the robot as well as provides feedback regarding contact between an object and the robot. 
     In some embodiments, both the rigid segment and the array of pressure sensor devices have features that enable the array of pressure sensor devices (i.e., the robot “skin”) to be attached to the rigid segment. Referring now to  FIG.  25   , two rigid segments  690 A,  690 B (also referred to herein as structures) provided on a robot arm  630  for receiving robot skins having arrays of pressure sensor devices are illustrated. Each rigid segment  690 A,  690 B a first set of engagement features  697 A,  697 B that extend from an outer surface of the rigid segment  690 A,  690 B at a first location  698 A,  698 B. Although not shown in  FIG.  25   , each rigid segment  690 A,  690 B further has a second set of engagement features that extend from the outer surface at a second location. The first location  698 A,  698 B is offset from the second location on each rigid segment  690 A,  690 B. In the illustrated embodiment, the first sets of engagement features  697 A,  697 B and the second sets of engagement features are configured as hooks operable to receive corresponding engagement features of a robot skin. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  26   , a first sensor assembly  550 A (i.e., first array of pressure sensor devices) is shown attached to the first rigid segment  690 A and a second sensor assembly  550 B (i.e., a second array of pressure sensor devices) is shown attached to the second rigid segment  690 B. Referring specifically to the first sensor assembly  550 A, it includes a first member  559  proximate to a first edge  557  of the first sensor assembly  550 A, and a second member  559 ′ proximate to a second edge  557 ′ of the first sensor assembly  550 A. The first member  559  and the second member  559 ′ are rigid and configured to be disposed in the first and second sets of engagement features  697 A,  697 A′ of the first rigid segment  690 A, respectively. As a non-limiting example, the first and second members  559 ,  559 ′ are configured as metal rods. However, it should be understood that other rigid materials are also possible. 
     To attach the first sensor assembly  690 A to the first rigid segment  690 A, the first member  559  is disposed within the hooks as defined by the first set of engagement features  697 A ( FIG.  25   ) at the first location  698 A. The first sensor assembly  690 A is then pulled taut so that it is under tension. The second member  559 ′ is then disposed within the hooks defined by the second set of engagement features at the second location  698 ′. The tension on the first sensor assembly  690 A then holds the first sensor assembly  690 A in an engagement state with the first rigid segment  690 A. 
     It should now be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to robots and various assorted components that enable a robot to lift heavy objects with its arms and chest, as we as to soft and deformable contact sensors that provide feedback regarding object contact location. 
     In a first aspect, a robot includes a rail system, a body structure coupled to the rail system, a first arm coupled to a first side of the body structure, one or more first arm actuators providing the first arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a second arm coupled to a second side of the body structure, one or more second arm actuators providing the second arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a lift actuator operable to move the body structure along the rail system, and a tilt structure coupled to the body structure. The one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators are operable to wrap the first arm and the second arm around an object and hold the object against the body structure. The tilt structure is operable to tilt the body structure in a direction away from the rail system to support the object. The lift actuator is operable to move the body structure such that the object is lifted on the rail system. 
     In a second aspect, a robot according to the first aspect, further including a tilt structure support member, wherein the tilt structure is coupled to the tilt structure support member at a first end and the tilt structure is coupled to a rear surface of the body structure at a second end such that the tilt structure defines an angle with respect to the tilt structure support member. 
     In a third aspect, a robot according to the second aspect, wherein the tilt structure comprises a pneumatic jack. 
     In a fourth aspect, a robot according to the second or third aspect, wherein the tilt structure is controlled such that a tilt angle of the body structure with respect to the tilt structure support member is based at least in part on a weight of the object. 
     In a fifth aspect, a robot according to any preceding aspect, wherein the body structure comprises one or more force sensors operable to detect a force applied to the body structure. 
     In a sixth aspect, a robot according to the fifth aspect, wherein the one or more force sensors comprises an array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a seventh aspect, a robot according to the sixth aspect, wherein each force sensor of the array of flexible tactile sensors is operable to detect a force magnitude and a force direction. 
     In an eighth aspect, a robot according to the seventh aspect, wherein each force sensor comprises a compliant layer. 
     In a ninth aspect, a robot according to the seventh or eighth aspect, further including a processor, wherein the processor is operable to receive one or more and, from the one or more signals, determine a geometry of the object. 
     In a tenth aspect, a robot according to any one of the fifth through ninth aspects, further including a friction material that covers the one or more force sensors. 
     In an eleventh aspect, a robot according to any preceding aspect, further including one or more compliant sensors positioned on at least one of the first arm and the second arm. 
     In a twelfth aspect, a robot according to the eleventh aspect, wherein the one or more compliant sensors comprises a deformable membrane. 
     In a thirteenth aspect, a robot according to any preceding aspect, further including one or more control members operable to be grasped by a user such that the user may move the robot. 
     In a fourteenth aspect, a robot includes a rail system, a body structure coupled to the rail system, the body structure having one or more force sensors operable to detect a force applied to the body structure, a first arm coupled to a first side of the body structure, a plurality of first arm actuators providing the first arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a second arm coupled to a second side of the body structure, a plurality of second arm actuators providing the second arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a lift actuator operable to move the body structure along the rail system, and a tilt structure coupled to the body structure. The plurality of first arm actuators and the plurality of second arm actuators are operable to wrap the first arm and the second arm around an object and hold the object against the body structure. The tilt structure is operable to tilt the body structure in a direction away from the rail system to support the object. The lift actuator is operable to move the body structure such that the object is lifted on the rail system. 
     In a fifteenth aspect, a robot according to the fourteenth aspect, further including a tilt structure support member, wherein the tilt structure is coupled to the tilt structure support member at a first end and the tilt structure is coupled to a rear surface of the body structure at a second end such that the tilt structure defines an angle with respect to the tilt structure support member. 
     In a sixteenth aspect, a robot according to the fifteenth aspect, wherein the tilt structure is a pneumatic jack. 
     In a seventeenth aspect, a robot according to the fifteenth aspect or the fourteenth aspect, wherein the tilt structure is controlled such that a tilt angle of the body structure with respect to the tilt structure support member is based at least in part on a weight of the object. 
     In an eighteenth aspect, a robot according to any one of the fourteenth through seventeenth aspects, wherein the one or more force sensors comprises an array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a nineteenth aspect, a robot according to the eighteenth aspect, wherein each force sensor of the array of flexible tactile sensors is operable to detect a force magnitude and a force direction. 
     In a twentieth aspect, a robot according to the nineteenth aspect, wherein each force sensor comprises a compliant layer. 
     In a twenty-first aspect, a sensor assembly includes a compliant substrate assembly having a base layer, and a deformable layer heat-sealed to the base layer such that the base layer and the deformable layer define at least one inflatable chamber. The sensor assembly further includes a first member proximate to a first edge of the compliant substrate assembly, a second member proximate to a second edge of the compliant substrate assembly, wherein the second edge is opposite the first edge, and at least one pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the at least one inflatable chamber and operable to produce a signal indicative of a pressure within the at least one inflatable chamber. 
     In a twenty-second aspect, a sensor assembly according to the twenty-first aspect, wherein the at least one inflatable chamber is operable to be filled with a gas. 
     In a twenty-third aspect, a sensor assembly according to the twenty-second aspect, further including a tubing that fluidly couples the at least one inflatable chamber to the at least one pressure sensor. 
     In a twenty-fourth aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the twenty-first through twenty-third aspect, wherein the base layer is fabricated from a first material and the deformable layer is fabricated from a second material that is different from the first material. 
     In a twenty-fifth aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the twenty-first through twenty-third aspects, wherein the at least one inflatable chamber comprises an array of inflatable chambers. 
     In a twenty-sixth aspect, a sensor assembly according to the twenty-fifth aspect, wherein the at least one pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure sensors fluidly coupled to the array of inflatable chambers. 
     In a twenty-seventh aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the twenty-first through twenty-sixth aspects, wherein the first member and the second member are rods. 
     In a twenty-eighth aspect, a structure for receiving a compliant substrate assembly includes an outer surface, a first set of engagement features extending from a first location of the outer surface, wherein the first set of engagement features are configured to receive a first member of the compliant substrate assembly, and a second set of engagement features extending from a second location of the outer surface that is offset from the first location by a distance, wherein the second set of engagement features are configured to receive a second member of the compliant substrate assembly. 
     In a twenty-ninth aspect, a structure according to the twenty-eighth aspect, wherein the distance is greater than a length of the compliant substrate assembly as measured from the first member to the second member. 
     In thirtieth aspect, a structure according to the twenty-eighth aspect or the twenty-ninth aspect, wherein the first set of engagement features comprises two or more first hooks and the second set of engagement features comprises two or more second hooks. 
     In a thirty first aspect, a structure according to any one of the twenty eighth through thirtieth aspects, wherein the structure is at least a portion of a robot arm. 
     In a thirty second aspect, a sensor assembly includes a base structure including an outer surface, a first set of engagement features extending from a first location of the outer surface, and a second set of engagement features extending from a second location of the outer surface that is offset from the first location by a distance. The sensor assembly further includes a compliant substrate assembly including a base layer, a deformable layer heat-sealed to the base layer such that the base layer and the deformable layer define at least one inflatable chamber, a first member proximate to a first edge of the compliant substrate assembly, wherein the first member is held by the first set of engagement features, and a second member proximate to a second edge of the compliant substrate assembly, wherein the second edge is opposite the first edge and the second member is held by the second set of engagement features such that the compliant substrate assembly is stretched over at least a portion of the base structure. The sensor assembly further includes at least one pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the at least one inflatable chamber and operable to produce a signal indicative of a pressure within the at least one inflatable chamber. 
     In a thirty third aspect, a sensor assembly according to the thirty second aspect, wherein the at least one inflatable chamber is operable to be filled with a gas. 
     In a thirty fourth aspect, a sensor assembly according to the thirty third aspect, further including a tubing that fluidly couples the at least one inflatable chamber to the at least one pressure sensor. 
     In a thirty fifth aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the thirty second through thirty fourth aspects, wherein the base layer is fabricated from a first material and the deformable layer is fabricated from a second material that is different from the first material. 
     In a thirty-sixth aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the thirty second through thirty fifth aspects, wherein the at least one inflatable chamber comprises an array of inflatable chambers. 
     In a thirty seventh aspect, a sensor assembly according to the thirty-sixth aspect, wherein the at least one pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure sensors fluidly coupled to the array of inflatable chambers. 
     The thirty eighth aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the thirty second through thirty seventh aspects, wherein the first member and the second member are rods. 
     In the thirty ninth aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the thirty second through thirty eighth aspects, wherein the distance is greater than a length of the compliant substrate assembly as measured from the first member to the second member. 
     In a fortieth aspect, a sensor assembly according to any one of the thirty second through thirty ninth aspects, wherein the first set of engagement features comprises two or more first hooks and the second set of engagement features comprises two or more second hooks. 
     In a forty first aspect, a pressure sensor device includes a base layer, a deformable layer bonded to the base layer such that the base layer and the deformable layer define at least one inflatable chamber, and at least one pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the at least one inflatable chamber and operable to produce a signal indicative of a pressure within the at least one inflatable chamber. 
     In forty second aspect, the pressure sensor according to the forty first aspect, wherein the at least one inflatable chamber is operable to be filled with a gas. 
     In a forty third aspect, a pressure sensor according to the forty second aspect, further including a tubing that fluidly couples the at least one inflatable chamber to the at least one pressure sensor. 
     In a forty fourth aspect, a pressure sensor according to any one of the forty first through forty third aspects, wherein the deformable layer defines a dome shape when the at least one inflatable chamber is filled with a gas. 
     In a forty fifth aspect, a pressure sensor according to any one of the forty first through forty fourth aspects, wherein the deformable layer defines a cubic shape when the at least one inflatable chamber is filled with a gas. 
     In a forty sixth aspect, a pressure sensor according to any one of the forty first 340 fifth aspects, wherein the base layer is fabricated from a first material and the deformable layer is fabricated from a second material that is different from the first material. 
     In a forty seventh aspect, a pressure sensor according to the forty sixth aspect, wherein the first material is a thermoplastic resin and the second material is a thermoplastic polyurethane material. 
     In a forty eighth aspect, a pressure sensor according to the forty-six aspect or the forty seventh aspect, wherein the first material is an acrylic material and the second material is a thermoplastic polyurethane material. 
     In a forty ninth aspect, a pressure sensor according to one of the forty first through forty eighth aspects, wherein the at least one inflatable chamber comprises an array of inflatable chambers. 
     In a fiftieth aspect, a pressure sensor according to the forty ninth aspect, wherein the at least one pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure sensors fluidly coupled to the array of inflatable chambers. 
     In a fiftieth first aspect, a robot includes a component having a surface and a pressure sensor device coupled to the surface, the pressure sensor device including a base layer, a deformable layer bonded to the base layer such that the base layer and the deformable layer define at least one inflatable chamber, and at least one pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the at least one inflatable chamber and operable to produce a signal indicative of a pressure within the at least one inflatable chamber. 
     In a fifty second aspect, a robot according to the fifty first aspect, wherein the surface includes an arm. 
     In a fifty third aspect, a robot according to any one of the fifty first or fifty second aspects, further comprising a tubing that fluidly couples the at least one inflatable chamber to the at least one pressure sensor. 
     In a fifty fourth aspect, a robot according to any one of the fifty first through fifty third aspects, wherein the deformable layer defines a dome shape when the at least one inflatable chamber is filled with a gas. 
     In the fifty fifth aspect, a robot according to any one of the fifty first through fifty third aspects, wherein the deformable layer defines a cubic shape when the at least one inflatable chamber is filled with a gas. 
     In a fifty sixth aspect, a robot according to any one of the fifty first through fifty fifth aspects, wherein the base layer is fabricated from a first material and the deformable layer is fabricated from a second material that is different from the first material. 
     In a fifty seventh aspect, a robot according to the fifty sixth aspect, wherein the first material is a thermoplastic resin and the second material is a thermoplastic polyurethane material. 
     In a fifty eighth aspect, a robot according to the fifty sixth aspect, wherein the first material is an acrylic material and the second material is a thermoplastic polyurethane material. 
     In a fifty ninth aspect, a robot according to any one of the fifty first through fifty eighth aspects, wherein the at least one inflatable chamber comprises an array of inflatable chambers. 
     In a sixtieth aspect, a robot according to the fifty ninth aspect, wherein the at least one pressure sensor comprises a plurality of pressure sensors fluidly coupled to the array of inflatable chambers. 
     In a sixty first aspect, a robot includes a rail system extending in a system direction, a body structure coupled to the rail system, the body structure comprising an array of flexible tactile sensors, wherein each flexible tactile sensor of the array of flexible tactile sensors is operable to produce a signal determinative of a magnitude and a direction of a force applied to the flexible tactile sensor, and a lift actuator operable to move the body structure along the rail system. 
     In a sixty second aspect, robot according to the sixty first aspect, further including a processor, wherein the processor is operable to receive one or more signals from the array of flexible tactile sensors and, from the one or more signals, determine a geometry of an object pressed against the array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a sixty third aspect, a robot according to the sixty first or sixty second aspect, further including a friction material that covers the array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a sixty fourth aspect, a robot according to any one of the sixty first through sixty third aspects, wherein the body structure further comprises an arcuate base and the array of flexible tactile sensors are coupled to the arcuate base. 
     In a sixty fifth aspect, a robot according to any one of the sixty first through the sixty fourth aspects, wherein each tactile sensor of the array of flexible tactile sensors includes a conductive target positioned in a first plane, at least three coils forming an array within a second plane, the second plane spaced apart from the first plane, a pliable material disposed between the conductive target and the at least three coils, and an electronic device electrically coupled to each of the at least three coils, the electronic device configured to induce an AC signal within each of the at least three coils and measure a change in inductance in the at least three coils in response to movement of the conductive target. 
     In a sixty sixth aspect, a robot according to any one of the sixty first through sixty fifth aspects, further including a first arm coupled to a first side of the body structure, one or more first arm actuators providing the first arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a second arm coupled to a second side of the body structure, and one or more second arm actuators providing the second arm with multiple degrees of freedom, wherein the one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators are operable to wrap the first arm and the second arm around an object and hold the object against the body structure. 
     In a sixty-seventh aspect, a robot according to the sixty sixth aspect, wherein each of the one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators includes a shoulder actuator that couples the first arm and the second arm to the body structure, an elbow actuator, and a wrist actuator. 
     In a sixtieth aspect, a robot according to the sixty sixth aspect, further including one or more deformable sensors positioned on at least one of the first arm and the second arm. 
     In a sixty ninth aspect, a robot according to the sixty eighth aspect, wherein the one or more deformable sensors comprises a deformable membrane. 
     In a seventieth aspect, a robot according to any one of the sixty first through sixty ninth aspects, further including a tilt structure coupled to the body structure, wherein the tilt structure is operable to tilt the body structure in a direction away from the rail system to support an object. 
     In a seventy first aspect, a robot includes a rail system extending in a system direction and a body structure coupled to the rail system, the body structure comprising an array of flexible tactile sensors. Each flexible tactile sensor of the array of flexible tactile sensors include a conductive target positioned in a first plane, at least three coils forming an array within a second plane, the second plane spaced apart from the first plane, a pliable material disposed between the conductive target and the at least three coils, and an electronic device electrically coupled to each of the at least three coils, the electronic device configured to induce an AC signal within each of the at least three coils and measure a change in inductance in the at least three coils in response to movement of the conductive target. The robot further includes a first arm coupled to a first side of the body structure, a second arm coupled to a second side of the body structure, and a lift actuator operable to move the body structure along the rail system. 
     In a seventy second aspect, a robot according to the seventy first aspect, further including a processor, wherein the processor is operable to receive one or more signals from the array of flexible tactile sensors and, from the one or more signals, determine a geometry of an object pressed against the array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a seventy third aspect, a robot according to the seventy first aspect or the seventy second aspect, further including a friction material that covers the array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a seventy fourth aspect, a robot according to any one of the seventy first through seventy third aspects, wherein the body structure further comprises an arcuate base and the array of flexible tactile sensors are coupled to the arcuate base. 
     In a seventy fifth aspect, a robot according to any one of the seventy first through seventy fourth aspects, further including one or more first arm actuators providing the first arm with multiple degrees of freedom, and one or more second arm actuators providing the second arm with multiple degrees of freedom. The one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators are operable to wrap the first arm and the second arm around an object and hold the object against the body structure. 
     In a seventy-six aspect, a robot according to the seventy fifth aspect, wherein each of the one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators includes a shoulder actuator that couples the first arm and the second arm to the body structure, an elbow actuator, and a wrist actuator. 
     In a seventy seventh aspect, a robot according to any one of the seventy first through seventy sixth aspects, further including a tilt structure coupled to the body structure, wherein the tilt structure is operable to tilt the body structure in a direction away from the rail system to support an object. 
     In a seventy eighth aspect, a robot according to any one of the seventy first through seventy seventh aspects, further including one or more deformable sensors positioned on at least one of the first arm and the second arm. 
     In a seventy ninth aspect, a robot according to the seventy eighth aspect, wherein the one or more deformable sensors comprises a deformable membrane. 
     In an eightieth aspect, a robot according to any one of the seventy first through seventy ninth aspects, further including one or more deformable sensors positioned on at least one of the first arm and the second arm. 
     In an eighty first aspect, a sensor device includes an inflatable diaphragm operable to be disposed on a member, and an array of force sensors disposed about the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In an eighty second aspect, a sensor device according to the eighty first aspect, wherein the array of force sensors are operable to be disposed on a surface of the member such that the array of force sensors contacts the inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In an eighty third aspect, a sensor device according to the eighty first aspect or the eighty second aspect, further including a sensor housing, wherein the array of force sensors is disposed within the sensor housing. 
     In an eighty fourth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the eighty first through eighty third aspects, wherein the array of force sensors comprises a plurality of linear force resistors. 
     In an eighty fifth aspect, a sensor device according to the eighty fourth aspect, wherein each linear force resistor comprises a carbon-doped linear potentiometer. 
     In an eighty sixth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the eighty first through eighty fifth aspects, wherein the array of force sensors comprises a plurality of individual force sensors. 
     In an eighty seventh aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the eighty first through eighty sixth aspects, wherein one or more force sensors of the array of force sensors comprises a force concentrator. 
     In the eighty eighth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the eighty first through eighty seventh aspects, wherein the inflatable diaphragm further includes a port, and the sensor device further includes a pressure sensor and tubing, wherein the tubing fluidly couples the port to the pressure sensor. 
     In an eighty ninth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the eighty first through eighty eighth aspects, further including an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex. 
     In a ninetieth aspect, a sensor device according to the eighty ninth aspect, wherein the outer cover layer further includes one or more additional materials comprising one or more of an electrically conductive material and a friction material having a coefficient of friction that is greater than a coefficient of friction of the material. 
     In a ninety first aspect, a robot includes at least one member, and a sensor device including an inflatable diaphragm disposed on the at least one member and an array of force sensors disposed about the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a ninety second aspect, a robot according to the ninety first aspect, wherein the array of force sensors are disposed on a surface of the at least one member such that the array of force sensors contacts the inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a ninety third aspect, a robot according to the ninety first aspect or the ninety second aspect, wherein the sensor device further includes a sensor housing, wherein the array of force sensors is disposed within the sensor housing. 
     In the ninety fourth aspect, a robot according to any one of the ninety first through ninety third aspects, wherein the array of force sensors includes a plurality of linear force resistors. 
     In a ninety fifth aspect, a robot according to the ninety fourth aspect, wherein each linear force resistor comprises a carbon-doped linear potentiometer. 
     In a ninety sixth aspect, a robot according to any one of the ninety first through ninety fifth aspects, wherein the array of force sensors includes a plurality of individual force sensors. 
     In a ninety seventh aspect, a robot according to any one of the ninety first through ninety-sixth aspects, wherein one or more force sensors of the array of force sensors includes a force concentrator. 
     In a ninety eighth aspect, a robot according to any one of the ninety first through ninety seventh aspects, wherein the inflatable diaphragm further includes a port, and the sensor device further includes a pressure sensor and tubing, wherein the tubing fluidly couples the port to the pressure sensor. 
     In a ninety ninth aspect, a robot according to any one of the ninety first through ninety eighth aspects, further including an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex. 
     In a one hundredth aspect, a robot according to any one of the ninety first through ninety ninth aspects, further including one or more compliant members disposed between a surface of the at least one member and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and first aspect, a sensor includes an inflatable diaphragm operable to be disposed on a member, wherein the inflatable diaphragm includes a port. The sensor further includes an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex, and a pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the port and operable to detect a pressure within the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and second aspect, a sensor according to the one hundred and first aspect, wherein the material of the outer cover layer is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. 
     In a one hundred and third aspect, a sensor according to the one hundred and first aspect or the one hundred and second aspect, wherein the material of the outer cover layer is poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide. 
     In a one hundred and fourth aspect, a sensor according to its any one of the one hundred and first through one hundred and third aspects, wherein the outer cover layer is further fabricated from a second material having a coefficient of friction that is greater than a coefficient of friction of the material. 
     In a one hundred and fifth aspect, a sensor according to the one hundred and fourth aspect, wherein the material and the second material are woven to fabricate the outer cover layer. 
     In a one hundred and sixth aspect, a sensor according to any one of the one hundred and first through one hundred and fifth aspects, wherein the outer cover layer is further fabricated from a second material that is electrically conductive. 
     In a one hundred and seventh aspect, a sensor according to any one of the one hundred and first through one hundred and sixth aspects, further including tubing that fluidly couples the pressure sensor to the port. 
     In a one hundred and eighth aspect, a robot component including a member and one or more deformable sensors including an inflatable diaphragm disposed on the member, the inflatable diaphragm comprising a port, an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex, and a pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the port and operable to detect a pressure within the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and ninth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and eighth aspect, wherein the material of the outer cover layer is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. 
     In a one hundred and tenth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and eighth aspect, wherein the material of the outer cover layer is poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide. 
     In a one hundred and eleventh aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and eighth aspect, wherein the outer cover layer is further fabricated from a second material having a coefficient of friction that is greater than a coefficient of friction of the material. 
     In a one hundred and twelfth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and eleventh aspect, wherein the material and the second material are woven to fabricate the outer cover layer. 
     In a one hundred and thirteenth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and eighth through one hundred and twelfth aspects, wherein the outer cover layer is further fabricated from a second material that is electrically conductive. 
     In a one hundred and fourteenth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and eighth through one hundred and thirteenth aspects, wherein the member comprises a robot arm. 
     In a one hundred and fifteenth aspect, a robot including a rail system, a body structure coupled to the rail system, a first arm coupled to a first side of the body structure, one or more first arm actuators providing the first arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a second arm coupled to a second side of the body structure, one or more second arm actuators providing the second arm with multiple degrees of freedom, one or more deformable sensors disposed on one or more of the first arm and the second arm. The one or more deformable sensors includes an inflatable diaphragm having a port, an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex, and a pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the port and operable to detect a pressure within the inflatable diaphragm. The robot further includes a lift actuator operable to move the body structure along the rail system. The one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators are operable to wrap the first arm and the second arm around an object and hold the object against the body structure. The lift actuator is operable to move the body structure such that the object is lifted on the rail system. 
     In a one hundred and sixteenth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and fifteenth aspect, wherein the material of the outer cover layer is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. 
     In a one hundred and seventeenth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and fifteenth aspect, wherein the material of the outer cover layer is poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide. 
     In a one hundred and eighteenth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and fifteenth aspect, wherein the outer cover layer is further fabricated from a second material having a coefficient of friction that is greater than a coefficient of friction of the material. 
     One hundred and nineteenth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and eighteenth aspect, wherein the material and the second material are woven to fabricate the outer cover layer. 
     In a one hundred and twentieth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and fifteenth through one hundred and nineteenth aspects, wherein the outer cover layer is further fabricated from a second material that is electrically conductive. 
     In a one hundred and twenty first aspect, a robot including a rigid surface, one or more compliant members attached to the rigid surface, and a sensor device. The sensor device includes an inflatable diaphragm operable to be disposed around the one or more compliant members, the inflatable diaphragm having a port, and a pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the port and operable to detect a pressure within the inflatable diaphragm. The one or more compliant members has a coefficient of friction with respect to the sensor device that is greater than a coefficient of friction between the sensor device and the rigid surface. 
     In a one hundred and twenty second aspect, a robot according to the hundred and twenty first aspect, further including an arm, and the rigid surface is on the arm. 
     In a one hundred and twenty third aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and twenty first aspect or the one hundred and twenty second aspect, wherein the one or more compliant members comprises a foam layer and a friction tape. 
     In a one hundred and twenty fourth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and twenty first through one hundred and twenty third aspects, wherein the inflatable diaphragm defines an interior contour, and the one or more compliant members define a surface that corresponds to the interior contour. 
     In a one hundred and twenty fifth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and twenty first through one hundred and twenty fourth aspects, wherein the one or more compliant members comprises a first compliant member having a non-uniform thickness, a second compliant member having a non-uniform thickness. 
     In a one hundred and twenty sixth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and twenty fifth aspect, wherein the one or more compliant members further comprises a third compliant member having a uniform thickness and a fourth compliant member having a uniform thickness. 
     In a one hundred and twenty seventh aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and twenty sixth aspect, wherein the one or more compliant members are arranged on the rigid surface such that the first compliant member and the second compliant member are opposite from one another and the third compliant member and the fourth compliant member are opposite from one another. 
     In a one hundred and twenty eighth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and twenty first through one hundred and twenty seventh aspects, wherein the sensor device further includes an array of force sensors disposed on at least one of an inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm and an outer surface of the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and twenty ninth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and twenty eighth aspect, wherein the array of force sensors are disposed on a surface of the one or more compliant members such that the array of force sensors contacts the inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and thirtieth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and twenty ninth aspect, wherein the sensor device further includes a sensor housing, wherein the array of force sensors is disposed within the sensor housing. 
     Anyone hundred and thirty first aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and twenty first through one hundred and thirtieth aspects, wherein the sensor device further includes an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex. 
     In a one hundred and thirty second aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and thirty first aspect, wherein the material of the outer cover layer is ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. 
     In a one hundred and thirty third aspect, a sensor system includes one or more compliant members operably to be attached to a rigid surface and a sensor device. The sensor device includes an inflatable diaphragm operable to be disposed around the one or more compliant members, the inflatable diaphragm having a port, and a pressure sensor fluidly coupled to the port and operable to detect a pressure within the inflatable diaphragm. The one or more compliant members has a coefficient of friction with respect to the sensor device that is greater than a coefficient of friction between the sensor device and the rigid surface. 
     In a one hundred and thirty fourth aspect, a sensor system according to the one hundred and thirty third aspect, wherein the one or more compliant members includes a foam layer and a friction tape. 
     In a one hundred and thirty fifth aspect, a sensor system according to the one hundred and thirty third aspect or the one hundred and thirty fourth aspect, wherein the inflatable diaphragm defines an interior contour, and the one or more compliant members define a surface that corresponds to the interior contour. 
     In a one hundred and thirty sixth aspect, a sensor system according to any one of the one hundred and thirty third through one hundred and thirty fifth aspects, wherein the one or more compliant members includes a first compliant member having a non-uniform thickness, a second compliant member having a non-uniform thickness. 
     In a one hundred and thirty seventh aspect, a sensor system, according to the one hundred and thirty sixth aspect, wherein the one or more compliant members further includes a third compliant member having a uniform thickness and a fourth compliant member having a uniform thickness. 
     In a one hundred and thirty eighth aspect, a sensor system according to the one hundred and thirty seventh aspect, wherein the one or more compliant members are arranged on the rigid surface such that the first compliant member and the second compliant member are opposite from one another and the third compliant member and the fourth compliant member are opposite from one another. 
     In a one hundred and thirty ninth aspect, a sensor system according to any one of the one hundred and thirty third through one hundred and thirty eighth aspects, wherein the sensor device further comprises an array of force sensors disposed on at least one of an inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm and an outer surface of the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and fortieth aspect, a sensor system according to any one of the one hundred and thirty third three one hundred and thirty ninth aspects, wherein the sensor device further includes an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex. 
     In a one hundred and forty first aspect, a sensor device includes an inflatable diaphragm operable to be disposed on a member, and an array of force sensors disposed about the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and forty second aspect, a sensor device according to the one hundred and forty first aspect, wherein the array of force sensors are operable to be disposed on a surface of the member such that the array of force sensors contacts the inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm. 
     Anyone hundred and forty third aspect, a sensor device according to the one hundred and forty first aspect or the one hundred and forty second aspect, further including a sensor housing, wherein the array of force sensors is disposed within the sensor housing. 
     In a one hundred and forty fourth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the one hundred and forty first through one hundred and forty third aspects, wherein the array of force sensors includes a plurality of linear force resistors. 
     In a one hundred and forty fifth aspect, a sensor device according to the one hundred and forty fourth aspect, wherein each linear force resistor includes a carbon-doped linear potentiometer. 
     In a one hundred and forty sixth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the one hundred and forty first through one hundred and forty fifth aspects, wherein the array of force sensors includes a plurality of individual force sensors. 
     In a one hundred and forty seventh aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the one hundred and forty first through one hundred and forty sixth aspects, wherein one or more force sensors of the array of force sensors includes a force concentrator. 
     In a one hundred and forty eighth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the one hundred and forty first through one hundred and forty seventh aspects, wherein the inflatable diaphragm further includes a port and the sensor device further includes a pressure sensor and tubing that fluidly couples the port to the pressure sensor. 
     In a one hundred and forty ninth aspect, a sensor device according to any one of the one hundred and forty first through one hundred and forty eighth aspects, further including an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex. 
     In a one hundred and fiftieth aspect, a sensor device according to the one hundred and forty ninth aspect, wherein the outer cover layer further includes one or more additional materials including one or more of an electrically conductive material and a friction material having a coefficient of friction that is greater than a coefficient of friction of the material. 
     In a one hundred and fifty first aspect, a robot including at least one member and a sensor device including an inflatable diaphragm disposed on the at least one member, and an array of force sensors disposed about the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the array of force sensors provides one or more signals indicative of a location of contact between an object and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a hundred and fifty second aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and fifty first aspect, wherein the array of force sensors are disposed on a surface of the at least one member such that the array of force sensors contacts the inner surface of the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and fifty third aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and fifty first or the one hundred and fifty second aspect, wherein the sensor device further comprises a sensor housing, wherein the array of force sensors is disposed within the sensor housing. 
     In a one hundred and fifty fourth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and fifty first through one hundred and fifty third aspects, wherein the array of force sensors includes a plurality of linear force resistors. 
     In a one hundred and fifty fifth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and fifty fourth aspect, wherein each linear force resistor includes a carbon-doped linear potentiometer. 
     In a one hundred and fifty sixth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and fifty first through one hundred and fifty fifth aspects, wherein the array of force sensors comprises a plurality of individual force sensors. 
     In a one hundred and fifty seventh aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and fifty first through one hundred and fifty sixth aspects, wherein one or more force sensors of the array of force sensors includes a force concentrator. 
     In a one hundred and fifty eighth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and fifty first through one hundred and fifty seventh aspects, wherein the inflatable diaphragm further includes a port, and the sensor device further includes a pressure sensor and tubing, wherein the tubing fluidly couples the port to the pressure sensor. 
     In a one hundred and fifty ninth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and fifty first through one hundred and fifty eighth aspects, further including an outer cover layer disposed around the inflatable diaphragm, wherein the outer cover layer is fabricated from a material having a strength of greater than or equal to 35 cN/dtex. 
     In a one hundred and sixtieth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and fifty first through one hundred and fifty ninth aspects, further including one or more compliant members disposed between a surface of the at least one member and the inflatable diaphragm. 
     In a one hundred and sixty first aspect, a robot includes a rail system, a body structure coupled to the rail system, a first arm coupled to a first side of the body structure, one or more first arm actuators providing the first arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a second arm coupled to a second side of the body structure, one or more second arm actuators providing the second arm with multiple degrees of freedom, and a lift actuator operable to move the body structure along the rail system. The one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators are operable to wrap the first arm and the second arm around an object and hold the object against the body structure. The lift actuator is operable to move the body structure such that the object is lifted on the rail system. 
     In a one hundred and sixty second aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty first aspect, wherein each of the one or more first arm actuators and the one or more second arm actuators includes a shoulder actuator that couples the first arm and the second arm to the body structure, an elbow actuator, and a wrist actuator. 
     In a one hundred and sixty third aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty first aspect or the one hundred and sixty second aspect, further including a first end effector coupled to the wrist actuator of the one or more first arm actuators and a second end effector coupled to the wrist actuator of the one or more second arm actuators. 
     In a one hundred and sixty fourth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty third aspect, wherein the first end effector and the second end effector each comprise a deformable membrane. 
     In a one hundred and sixty fifth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and sixty first aspect through one hundred and sixty fourth aspect, wherein the body structure includes one or more force sensors operable to detect a force applied to the body structure. 
     In a one hundred and sixty sixth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty fifth aspect, wherein the one or more force sensors includes an array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a one hundred and sixty seventh aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty sixth aspect, wherein each force sensor of the array of flexible tactile sensors is operable to detect a force magnitude and a force direction. 
     In a one hundred and sixty eighth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty seventh aspect, wherein each flexible tactile sensor includes a pliable layer. 
     In a one hundred and sixty ninth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty seventh aspect, further including a processor, wherein the processor is operable to receive one or more signals from the array of force sensors and, from the one or more signals, determine a geometry of the object. 
     In a one hundred and seventieth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and sixty fifth aspect, further including a friction material that covers the one or more force sensors. 
     In a one hundred and seventy first aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and sixty first through one hundred and seventieth aspects, further including one or more deformable sensors positioned on at least one of the first arm and the second arm. 
     In a one hundred and seventy second aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and seventy first aspect, wherein the one or more deformable sensors includes a deformable membrane. 
     In a one hundred and seventy third aspects, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and sixty first through one hundred and seventy second aspects, further including one or more control members operable to be grasped by a user such that the user may move the robot. 
     In a one hundred and seventy fourth aspect, a robot including a rail system, a body structure coupled to the rail system, the body structure including one or more force sensors operable to detect a force applied to the body structure, a first arm coupled to a first side of the body structure, a plurality of first arm actuators providing the first arm with multiple degrees of freedom, a second arm coupled to a second side of the body structure, a plurality of second arm actuators providing the second arm with multiple degrees of freedom, and a lift actuator operable to move the body structure along the rail system. The plurality of first arm actuators and the plurality of second arm actuators are operable to wrap the first arm and the second arm around an object and hold the object against the body structure. The lift actuator is operable to move the body structure such that the object is lifted on the rail system. 
     In a one hundred and seventy fifth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and seventy fourth aspect, wherein each of the plurality of first arm actuators and the plurality of second arm actuators includes a shoulder actuator that couples the first arm and the second arm to the body structure, an elbow actuator, and a wrist actuator. 
     In a one hundred and seventy sixth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and seventy fifth aspect, wherein the one or more force sensors includes an array of flexible tactile sensors. 
     In a one hundred and seventy seventh aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and seventy sixth aspect, wherein each force sensor of the array of flexible tactile sensors is operable to detect a force magnitude and a force direction. 
     In a one hundred and seventy eighth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and seventy seventh aspect, wherein each flexible tactile sensor includes a pliable layer. 
     In a one hundred and seventy ninth aspect, a robot according to the one hundred and seventy seventh aspect, further including a processor, wherein the processor is operable to receive one or more signals from the array of force sensors and, from the one or more signals, determine a geometry of the object. 
     In a one hundred and eightieth aspect, a robot according to any one of the one hundred and seventy fourth through one hundred and seventy ninth aspects, further including one or more deformable sensors positioned on at least one of the first arm and the second arm. 
     While particular embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it should be understood that various other changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Moreover, although various aspects of the claimed subject matter have been described herein, such aspects need not be utilized in combination. It is therefore intended that the appended claims cover all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of the claimed subject matter.