Patent Publication Number: US-8534824-B2

Title: Methods of adjusting gloss of images locally on substrates using ink partial-curing and contact leveling and apparatuses useful in forming images on  substrates

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is related to the applications entitled “METHODS OF FORMING IMAGES ON SUBSTRATES WITH INK PARTIAL-CURING AND CONTACT LEVELING AND APPARATUSES USEFUL IN FORMING IMAGES ON SUBSTRATES” (Ser. No. 12/881,715); “METHODS OF ADJUSTING GLOSS OF IMAGES ON SUBSTRATES USING INK PARTIAL-CURING AND CONTACT LEVELING AND APPARATUSES USEFUL IN FORMING IMAGES ON SUBSTRATES” (Ser. No. 12/881,802) and “METHODS OF TREATING INK ON POROUS SUBSTRATES USING PARTIAL CURING AND APPARATUSES USEFUL IN TREATING INK ON POROUS SUBSTRATES” (Ser. No. 12/881,837), which are each filed on the same date as the present application, commonly assigned to the assignee of the present application, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In printing processes, marking material is applied to substrates to form images. In these processes, pressure can be applied to the substrates and marking material by contact surfaces to level the marking material on the substrates. The marking material can offset to the surfaces, resulting in unsatisfactory fixed images. 
     It would be desirable to provide methods of forming images on substrates in printing and apparatuses for forming images on substrates that can form images having adjustable gloss with ink. 
     SUMMARY 
     Apparatuses and methods for forming images on substrates in printing are provided. An exemplary embodiment of the apparatuses comprises a first marking station for applying a first ink having a first color to a surface of a substrate; a first partial-curing station downstream from the first marking station including at least one first array of first light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for irradiating the first ink on the surface of the substrate with first radiation to partially-cure, and adjust gloss of, the first ink, each first LED of each first array of first LEDs being individually addressable to vary the intensity of the first radiation emitted therefrom as the substrate is passed by the at least one first array of first LEDs; a second marking station downstream from the first partial-curing station for applying a second ink having a second color to the surface of the substrate; a second partial-curing station downstream from the second marking station including at least one second array of second LEDs for irradiating the first ink and the second ink on the surface of the substrate with second radiation to further partially-cure the first ink and to partially-cure the second ink to adjust gloss of the first ink and the second ink, each second LED of each second array of second LEDs being individually addressable to vary the intensity of the second radiation emitted therefrom as the substrate is passed by the at least one second array of second LEDs; a leveling device for applying pressure to the substrate and the partially-cured first ink and second ink to level the first ink and second ink on the surface of the substrate; and a post-leveling curing device for irradiating the as-leveled first ink and second ink on the surface of the substrate to substantially-fully cure the first ink and the second ink. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary embodiment of a printing apparatus for forming images on substrates with ink partial-curing and contact leveling of the images. 
         FIG. 2  depicts an exemplary embodiment of the marking/partial-curing device of the printing apparatus of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary marking station and partial curing station of the marking/partial-curing device. 
         FIG. 4  depicts an exemplary spectrum of radiant energy that may be emitted by radiant energy sources of the partial-curing stations of the marking/partial-curing device of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 5  shows a substrate including a front surface on which ink is disposed prior to entering a nip of a leveling device, and also showing the substrate after passing through the nip. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The disclosed embodiments include apparatuses for forming images on substrates in printing. An exemplary embodiment of the apparatuses comprises a first marking station for applying a first ink having a first color to a surface of a substrate; a first partial-curing station downstream from the first marking station including at least one first array of first light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for irradiating the first ink on the surface of the substrate with first radiation to partially-cure, and adjust gloss of, the first ink, each first LED of each first array of first LEDs being individually addressable to vary the intensity of the first radiation emitted therefrom as the substrate is passed by the at least one first array of first LEDs; a second marking station downstream from the first partial-curing station for applying a second ink having a second color to the surface of the substrate; a second partial-curing station downstream from the second marking station including at least one second array of second LEDs for irradiating the first ink and the second ink on the surface of the substrate with second radiation to further partially-cure the first ink and to partially-cure the second ink to adjust gloss of the first ink and the second ink, each second LED of each second array of second LEDs being individually addressable to vary the intensity of the second radiation emitted therefrom as the substrate is passed by the at least one second array of second LEDs; a leveling device for applying pressure to the substrate and the partially-cured first ink and second ink to level the first ink and second ink on the surface of the substrate; and a post-leveling curing device for irradiating the as-leveled first ink and second ink on the surface of the substrate to substantially-fully cure the first ink and the second ink. 
     The disclosed embodiments further include methods for forming images on substrates in printing. An exemplary embodiment of the methods comprises applying a first ink having a first color to a surface of a substrate with a first marking station; irradiating the first ink on the surface of the substrate with first radiation emitted by at least one first array of first light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of a first partial-curing station downstream from the first marking station, each first LED of each first array of first LEDs being individually addressable to vary the intensity of the first radiation emitted therefrom as the substrate is passed by the at least one first array of first LEDs to partially-cure, and adjust gloss of, the first ink; applying a second ink having a second color to the surface of the substrate with a second marking station downstream from the first partial-curing station; irradiating the second ink on the surface of the substrate with second radiation emitted by at least one second array of second light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of a second partial-curing station downstream from the second marking station, each second LED of each second array of second LEDs being individually addressable to vary the intensity of the second radiation emitted therefrom as the substrate is passed by the at least one second array of second LEDs to further partially-cure the first ink and to partially-cure the second ink to adjust gloss of the first ink and the second ink; applying pressure to the substrate and the partially-cured first ink and second ink with a leveling device to level the first ink and second ink on the surface of the substrate; and irradiating the as-leveled first ink and second ink on the surface of the substrate to substantially-fully cure the first ink and second ink. 
     Ultra-violet (UV) curable inks can be used to form images on substrates in printing. UV-curable inks applied to a substrate are exposed to UV radiation to cure the ink. During this exposure, photoinitiator substances contained in the ink are irradiated with the UV radiation, and the incident flux converts monomers in the ink into a cross-linked polymer matrix, resulting in a hard and durable mark on the substrate. However, for various applications it is desirable for the ink to be leveled prior to this UV curing. This leveling can produce more-uniform image gloss and mask missing jets of print heads. Additionally, certain print applications, such as packaging, may benefit from having thin ink layers of relatively-constant thickness on prints. 
     UV-curable phase change inks may have a gel-like consistency at ambient temperature. When these inks are heated from about ambient temperature to an elevated temperature, they undergo a phase change to a low-viscosity liquid. These inks can be heated until they change to a liquid and then applied to a substrate. Once the ink contacts the substrate, the inks cools and changes phase from the liquid phase back to its more-viscous, gel consistency. 
     At ambient temperature, UV-curable gel inks have very little cohesive strength prior to being cured. Moreover, these inks may be formulated to have good affinity to many types of materials. Consequently, conventional methods and devices used for flattening a layer of other ink types, such as a conventional fixing roll that may be used in xerography, are unsuitable for leveling gel inks prior to curing, because gel inks will tend to split and offset onto the device used to try to flatten it. It has been determined that radiation-curable inks, such as UV-curable gel inks, applied to substrates, can be exposed to radiation to partially-cure the inks prior to being contact leveled to allow the inks to be leveled with zero, or substantially no, offset of the inks to contact surfaces of the leveling device. 
     The term “curable” describes, for example, a material that may be cured via polymerization, including for example free radical routes, and/or in which polymerization is photoinitiated though use of a radiation-sensitive photoinitiator. The term “radiation-curable” refers, for example, to all forms of curing upon exposure to a radiation source, including light and heat sources and including in the presence or absence of initiators. Exemplary radiation-curing techniques include, but are not limited to, curing using ultraviolet (UV) light, for example having a wavelength of 200-400 nm or more rarely visible light, optionally in the presence of photoinitiators and/or sensitizers, curing using thermal curing, in the presence or absence of high-temperature thermal initiators (and which may be largely inactive at the jetting temperature), and appropriate combinations thereof. 
     As used herein, the term “partial-cure” means that the radiant energy directed onto the ink is effective to cause some photoinitiators contained in the ink to be activated such that only partial polymerization of the ink occurs. The ink may contain two or more photoinitiators where some are activated in part and some are not activated at all by the radiation used during partial-curing. As a result of this partial polymerization, the viscosity of the ink is increased sufficiently to allow the as-irradiated ink to be passed through a nip and subjected to pressure substantially without offset of the ink in the nip. When the substrate enters the nip, the partially-cured ink can flow or spread on the substrate when sufficient pressure is applied to the ink to provide the desired leveling of the ink on the substrate with zero, or substantially no, offset of the ink. 
     It has been further determined that because pigments contained in individual ink colors absorb and reflect radiation differently, the cure rate for different ink colors is different. For example, black ink cures more slowly than cyan, magenta or yellow inks. Consequently, black ink will have significantly less gloss than magenta or yellow inks when these inks are cured using the same irradiation conditions. The final image will have differential gloss. 
     However, in various applications, it is desirable to be able to locally modify image gloss. For example, it may be desirable to have glossy regions, such as glossy graphics or watermarks, each having a desired gloss, and also matte regions, such as text, on the same substrate. Image gloss can be locally modified by techniques, such as jetting a clear ink only in the desired locations. In these techniques, the additional cost of the equipment and the additional materials cost per page mean results in pages that contain this addressable gloss being more expensive to produce. 
     In light of these observations, methods of forming images on substrates in printing and apparatuses for forming images on substrates in printing are provided. The methods and apparatuses use partial-curing of ink applied to substrates to affect image gloss. In embodiments, the irradiation conditions used for the partial-curing of inks can be adjusted to allow local modification of gloss level of images in real time. 
       FIG. 1  depicts an exemplary embodiment of a printing apparatus  100  useful in forming images on substrates with ink. The apparatus  100  includes a marking/partial-curing device  120 , a leveling device  160 , and a post-leveling curing device  200 , arranged along the process direction, P. A substrate  110  including a front surface  112  and an opposite back surface  114  is shown. The marking/partial-curing device  120  deposits ink  116  onto the front surface  112  of the substrate  110  and irradiates the as-applied ink  116  with radiant energy effective to partially-cure the ink  116 . The leveling device  160  levels the partially-cured ink  116  on the front surface  112  of the substrate  110  by applying pressure to the ink  116 . The post-leveling curing device  200  irradiates the as-leveled ink  116  with radiant energy. The post-leveling curing device  200  can substantially fully cure the ink  116 . 
     The substrate  110  is a sheet, such as a sheet of plain paper, a polymer film, metal foil, packaging material, or the like. In other embodiments, the substrate can be a continuous web of material, such as plain paper, a polymer film, metal foil, packaging material, or the like. In embodiments, the marking/partial-curing device  120  and the post-leveling curing device  200  are stationary and the substrate  110  is moved past these devices to deposit ink onto and then irradiate the layer of ink  116 . 
     Embodiments of the marking/partial-curing device  120  include at least two marking stations and at least two partial-curing stations. Each marking station can apply a different color of ink to the substrate  110 .  FIG. 2  depicts an exemplary embodiment of the marking/partial-curing device  120 . The marking/partial-curing device  120  includes a first marking station  122 , second marking station  124 , third marking station  126 , and fourth marking station  128  arranged in this order along the process direction P. 
     Each of the first marking station  122 , second marking station  124 , third marking station  126  and fourth marking station  128  can include print heads arranged in a “direct-to-substrate” arrangement to deposit ink droplets on the front surface  112  of the substrate  110  advancing in the process direction P. For example, the print heads can be heated piezoelectric print heads, or the like. 
     The marking/partial-curing device  120  further includes a first partial-curing station  130  positioned between the first marking station  122  and the second marking station  124 , a second partial-curing station  132  positioned downstream from the first partial-curing station  130  and between the second marking station  124  and the third marking station  126 , a third partial-curing station  134  positioned downstream from the second partial-curing station  132  and between the third marking station  126  and the fourth marking station  128 , and a fourth partial-curing station  136  positioned downstream from the fourth marking station  128 . The first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136  are connected in a conventional manner to a controller  138  configured to control their operation in printing. 
     Each of the first marking station  122 , second marking station  124 , third marking station  126  and fourth marking station  128  can apply a different primary color of ink to the front face  112  of the substrate  110 . For example, these marking stations can use the subtractive primary colors cyan, magenta and yellow with black ink. The print heads can place different color separations onto the front surface  112  to build a desired full-color image according to input digital data. In terms of difficulty of curing, black ink is most difficult to cure, followed by cyan ink, then magenta ink and then yellow ink. In the marking/partial-curing device  120 , the order that different ink colors are applied to a substrate to form a multi-color image can be from the most-difficult to cure ink color to the least-difficult to cure ink color of the different ink colors that are applied. For example, the first marking station  122  can apply black ink, the second marking station  124  can apply cyan ink, the third marking station  126  can apply magenta ink, and the fourth marking station  128  can apply yellow ink to a substrate to form a full-color image. In this arrangement of the marking stations, the as-deposited black ink is irradiated by each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136  prior being leveled at the leveling device  160 , as the substrate  110  is advanced along the process direction P. The black ink is progressively further partially-cured by radiant energy emitted at the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136  as the substrate  110  advances. The as-deposited cyan ink is exposed to radiation at the second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136 ; the magenta ink is exposed to radiation at the third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136 ; and the yellow ink is exposed to radiation only at the fourth partial-curing station  136 . By arranging the marking stations and partial-curing stations of the marking/partial-curing device  120  in this manner, the black ink applied to a substrate is subjected to the most partial-curing to increase its viscosity, the cyan ink the second most partial-curing, the magenta ink the third most partial-curing, and the yellow ink the least partial-curing to modify the gloss of these inks. 
     The dosage of radiant energy applied to each ink color deposited on the substrate  110  can be controlled by adjusting the radiation intensity and/or dwell. The intensity of the radiation emitted by each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136 ; the transport speed of the substrate  110  past these partial-curing stations; and the number of radiant energy sources of each of these partial-curing stations can be selected to control radiation dosage. 
     The ink has a composition that allows it to be cured using radiant energy to fix robust images onto substrates. The ink can comprise ultraviolet light (UV)-curable ink containing one or more photoinitiator materials. UV-curable inks can be heated to an elevated temperature and jetted while at a low viscosity. When these inks impinge on a cooler substrate, such as paper at ambient temperature, the inks cool to the substrate temperature. During cooling, the inks become increasingly viscous. When the UV-curable ink is exposed to UV radiation, polymerization and cross-linking occurs in the ink, which further increases its viscosity. 
     The UV-curable inks used in embodiments can include curable gellator and/or curable wax components. 
     Exemplary inks that can be used to form images on substrates in embodiments of the disclosed methods and apparatuses are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,665,835, which discloses a phase change ink comprising a colorant, an initiator, and an ink vehicle; in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0123606, which discloses a phase change ink comprising a colorant, an initiator, and a phase change ink carrier; and in U.S. Pat. No. 7,559,639, which discloses a radiation curable ink comprising a curable monomer that is liquid at 25° C., curable wax and colorant that together form a radiation curable ink, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     The print heads of the marking/partial-curing device  120  can be used to heat phase-change inks, for example, to a sufficiently-high temperature to reduce their viscosity for jetting as droplets onto the substrate  110 . When a phase-change ink impinges on the substrate  110 , the as-deposited ink rapidly cools and develops a gel consistency on the substrate  110 . Due to this rapid cooling, the phase-change ink does not have sufficient time to level on the front surface  112  of the substrate  110  before developing the gel consistency. 
     In embodiments of the printing apparatus  100 , each ink color of the as-deposited ink  116  on the front surface  112  of the substrate  110  is irradiated by the marking/partial-curing device  120  with radiant energy effective to partially-cure the ink. As a result of this partial polymerization, the viscosity and cohesion of the ink are increased sufficiently to allow the as-irradiated ink to be passed through a nip and subjected to pressure without offset of the ink in the nip. When the substrate  110  enters the nip, the partially-cured ink  116  has viscosity and hardness characteristics that allow it to flow or spread on the front surface  112  of the substrate  110  when sufficient pressure is applied to provide the desired leveling of the ink  116  on the front surface  112 . 
     Each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136  includes one or more radiant energy sources.  FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary embodiment of the fourth marking station  128  and the fourth partial-curing station  136 . As shown, the fourth marking station  128  includes print heads  128 A,  128 B,  128 C,  128 D and  128 E. The fourth partial-curing station  136  includes radiant energy sources  136 A,  136 B and  136 C. The print heads  128 A,  128 B,  128 C,  128 D and  128 E and the radiant energy sources  136 A,  136 B and  136 C both have a staggered arrangement. The first marking station  122 , second marking station  124  and third marking station  126  can include the same number, type and arrangement of print heads as the fourth marking station  128 . The first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132  and third partial-curing station  134  can include the same number, type and arrangement of radiant energy sources as the fourth marking station  128 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the substrate  110  has a width, W, in the cross-process direction, CP, which is perpendicular to the process direction P. In the illustrated embodiment, the print heads  128 A,  128 B,  128 C,  128 D and  128 E and the radiant energy sources  136 A,  136 B and  136 C both have a total length in the cross-process direction CP that exceeds the width W of the substrate  110 . The width W may be the maximum width of substrates used in the printing apparatus  100 . 
     The radiant energy sources of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136  can comprise one or more light-emitting diode (LED) arrays, or the like. For example, the radiant energy sources  136 A,  136 B and  136 C shown in  FIG. 3  can each comprise an LED array including multiple LEDs positioned along the cross-process direction CP. The radiant energy sources of the partial-curing stations can be selected to emit radiant energy having a spectrum that is optimized for the ink compositions used in printing in order to produce optimized partial-curing of the ink  116 . The spectrum of the radiant energy is generally provided by a graph giving the intensity of the radiant energy at a range of wavelengths extending from the far UV (about 100 nm wavelength) to the near UV (about 400 nm wavelength).  FIG. 4  depicts an exemplary spectrum of the radiant energy emitted by the pre-curing device  140 . 
     During partial-curing, the temperature of the substrate  110  and layer of ink  116  can be controlled using a temperature-controlled platen  150 . For example, the platen  150  can be operated at a temperature of about 10° C. to about 30° C., such as about 15° C. to about 20° C., to control the temperature of the substrate  110  and ink  116  to the desired temperature. During partial-curing, the ink  116  may be at ambient temperature, or at a temperature below or above ambient temperature. 
     In embodiments of the marking/partial-curing device  120 , in each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136 , the individual irradiating elements (e.g., LEDs) of each radiant energy source are independently addressable to allow image gloss to be modified locally on a substrate. Image gloss can be modified along length and width dimensions of substrates. 
     For example, in embodiments of the marking/partial-curing device  120  in which each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136  includes one or more LED arrays, the individual LEDs of the array(s) can be independently addressed for each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136 . For example, in the fourth partial-curing station  136  shown in  FIG. 3 , the individual LEDs of the LED array of each of the radiant energy sources  136 A,  136 B and  136 C can be independently addressed. This addressability allows radiant energy emission to be controlled along the process and cross-process directions in the printing apparatus  100  as substrates are advanced past the radiant energy sources  136 A,  136 B and  136 C. The LEDs can be addressed in real time, under control of the controller  138  ( FIG. 2 ), as the substrate  110  advances past the fourth partial-curing station  136 . For each individual LED of the radiant energy sources  136 A,  136 B and  136 C, the intensity of the emitted radiant energy can be increased or decreased, on command and in real time, as the substrate  110  advances past the fourth partial-curing station  136 . Individual LEDs can also be turned ON or OFF. Selectively adjusting the intensity of radiant energy emission of the individual LEDs in LED arrays allows the final image to have the desired gloss level with respect to length and width dimensions of a substrate. 
     The individual LEDs of each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132  and third partial-curing station  134  are also selectively addressable, in real time, as the substrate  110  advances past these partial-curing stations. In this manner, each ink color applied to the substrate  110  can be partially-cured with addressable LEDs as the substrate  110  advances. The amount of radiant energy exposure of selected different regions on a substrate can be controlled to balance gloss in some regions, raise gloss in other regions, or lower gloss in other regions. 
     In embodiments, the printing apparatus  100  can include a component having internal look-up capabilities for control of the radiant energy emission by the partial curing stations of the marking/partial-curing station  120  in real time. The emitted radiant energy intensity as a function of time for each LED of the one or more LED arrays of each of the first partial-curing station  130 , second partial-curing station  132 , third partial-curing station  134  and fourth partial-curing station  136  can be mapped to the desired final gloss of the final image over the imaged surface of the substrate  110 . The device can have internal look-up capabilities for various final images. The sequence of the variation in radiant energy intensity of the individual LEDs of the LED arrays for a given final image can be timed with respect to the position and travel speed of the substrate  110  past the marking/partial-curing device  120  to achieve the desired radiant energy exposure over the entire imaged region of the front surface  112  of the substrate  110  to result in the desired final image. For example, for forming images on sheets, the leading edge of the sheets approaching the marking/partial curing device  120  can be sensed by a sensor to initiate the sequence of operation of the LEDs. 
     After the substrate  110  has advanced past the marking/partial-curing station  120 , the partially-cured ink  116  has viscosity and cohesion characteristics that allow it to be leveled by the leveling device  160  to spread the ink on the front surface  112  to increase the line width of the layer of ink  116 . The leveling device  160  includes members having opposed surfaces for applying pressure to the ink  116  on the substrate  110 . The members can include two rolls; a first roll and a belt provided on a second roll; or two belts. 
       FIG. 5  depicts an exemplary embodiment of the leveling device  160 , which includes a leveling roll  162  and a pressure roll  164 . The fourth partial-curing station  136  including an LED array  137  is also shown. The leveling roll  162  and the pressure roll  164  form a nip  166  at which the substrate  110  and ink  116  are subjected to sufficient pressure to level the partially-cured ink  116  to produce the leveled layer of ink  116 ′. Typically, the pressure applied at the nip  166  may range of about 10 psi to about 800 psi, such as about 30 psi to about 120 psi, to produce sufficient leveling of the ink  116 . 
     The leveling roll  162  can be made from various materials. For example, the illustrated leveling roll  162  includes a core  168  and an outer layer  170 . The core  168  can comprise a suitable metal, such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or the like. The outer layer  170  includes the outer surface  172 . In embodiments, the outer layer  170  can be comprised of a durable, hydrophilic material. In embodiments, the outer layer  170  can be comprised of a polymer having suitable properties, such as a fluorinated polymer, or the like. The outer layer  170  can be applied, e.g., as a coating over the core  168 . 
     The pressure roll  164  can be made from various materials. The illustrated pressure roll  164  includes a core  174  and an outer layer  176  overlying the core  174 . In embodiments, the core  174  is comprised of a relatively-hard material. For example, the core  174  can be comprised of a suitable metal, such as steel, stainless steel, or the like. The outer layer  176  includes an outer surface  178  and can be comprised of a material that is elastically deformed by contact with the leveling roll  162  to form the nip  166 . For example, the outer layer  176  can be comprised of silicone rubber, or the like. 
     In embodiments, a release liquid can be applied to the outer surface  172  of the leveling roll  162  to wet the outer surface  172  to aid in the reduction of image offset during leveling. For example, the release liquid can be comprised substantially of water, with an effective amount of added detergent to reduce surface tension. 
     In embodiments, the leveling device  160  does not include a thermal energy source that actively heats either of the outer surface  172  of the leveling roll  162  or the outer surface  178  of the pressure roll  164 . In these embodiments, the outer surfaces  172  and  178  apply pressure to the substrate  110  and ink  116  at the nip  166  to level the ink without actively heating the substrate  110  and ink  116 . In embodiments of the leveling device that include one or more belts that form at least one of the leveling surfaces, the leveling device may not include a thermal energy source that actively heats either of the leveling surfaces. 
     In embodiments, the outer surface  172  of the leveling roll  162  and/or the outer surface  178  of the pressure roll  164  can be actively cooled to a desired temperature using one or more internal and/or external cooling devices. In embodiments of the leveling device that include one or more belts forming at least one of the leveling surfaces, the belt(s) may be actively cooled to a desired temperature by one or more cooling devices. 
     In the apparatus  100 , the post-leveling curing device  200  includes at least one radiant energy source that is operable to emit radiant energy having a spectrum effective to substantially fully cure the ink  116  subsequent to the leveling of the ink  116  by the leveling device  160 . In embodiments, the spectrum of the radiant energy source(s) of the post-leveling curing device  200  can be the same as, or can be different from, the spectrum of the radiant energy emitted by the radiant energy sources of the marking/partial-curing device  120 . For example, the post-leveling curing device  200  can comprise a UV-LED array that emits at a different peak wavelength and intensity than the radiant energy sources of the marking/partial-curing device  120 . 
     It will be appreciated that various ones of the above-disclosed, as well as other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also, various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.