Patent Publication Number: US-2017369958-A1

Title: Thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate and method for manufacturing the same

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is the U.S. National Phase application of PCT/JP2016/000197, filed Jan. 15, 2016, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-006670, filed Jan. 16, 2015, the disclosures of these applications being incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate for use in steel structures in construction, bridges, shipbuilding, offshore structures, construction and industrial machinery, tanks, penstocks, and the like and to a method for manufacturing the thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate. In particular, the surface of the steel plate has high toughness, and the inner part of the steel plate has high strength and toughness. The steel plate has a thickness of 100 mm or more and a yield strength of 620 MPa or more. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In general, steel for use in construction, bridges, shipbuilding, offshore structures, construction and industrial machinery, tanks, penstocks, and other fields is welded to have a desired shape. In recent years, with significantly increasing in size of steel structures, the strength and thickness of steel to be used have also been greatly increased. 
     Despite trying to manufacture a thick-walled high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more and having high strength and toughness in a half-thickness portion (the central portion in the thickness direction), a structure having relatively low strength, such as ferrite, tends to be formed in the half-thickness portion due to a decreased cooling rate. Thus, the addition of large amounts of alloying elements is required to reduce the formation of such a structure. 
     In particular, in order to achieve high strength and toughness of a half-thickness portion of a thick-walled material (a thick-walled steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more), it is important to form bainite or a mixed structure of bainite and martensite in the half-thickness portion during quenching. This requires the addition of large amounts of alloying elements, such as Mn, Ni, Cr, and/or Mo. 
     The cooling rate is higher on the surface of a steel plate than in the half-thickness portion. Thus, a martensite structure having low toughness is formed on the surface of the steel plate. Thus, a high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more rarely has both high surface toughness and high strength and toughness of the inner part thereof. 
     A steel plate is described in the following two pieces of non-patent literature. Non Patent Literature 1 describes a material having a thickness of 210 mm, and Non Patent Literature 2 describes a material having a thickness of 180 mm. 
     Non-Patent Literature 
     
         
         NPL 1: Nippon Steel Technical Report, 348 (1993), 10-16 
         NPL 2: Nippon Kokan Technical Report, 107 (1985), 21-30 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     These pieces of non-patent literature describe high strength and toughness of the half-thickness portion. However, these pieces of non-patent literature do not describe the toughness (Charpy impact characteristics) of the surface of a steel plate. In general, thick-walled materials are manufactured by a quenching and tempering process. The formation of a martensite structure on the surface of a steel plate, on which the cooling rate is higher than in the half-thickness portion, deteriorates the toughness (Charpy impact characteristics) of the surface of the steel plate. However, these pieces of non-patent literature do not describe the manufacture of a steel plate consistently having a tough surface. 
     The present invention has been made to solve such problems and aims to provide a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate that has high surface toughness and high strength and toughness of the inner part thereof and a method for manufacturing the thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate. 
     In order to solve the problems, the present inventors have extensively studied the microstructure control factors that satisfy high toughness of the surface of a thick-walled steel plate having a yield strength of 620 MPa or more and a thickness of 100 mm or more and also satisfy high strength and toughness of the half-thickness portion of the thick-walled steel plate, and have found the following. 
     1. When the cooling rate during the solidification of a raw material steel exceeds 1° C./s, microsegregation competes with the solidification reaction. This reduces microsegregation. In the manufacture of a large piece of steel, the cooling rate during the solidification of the steel decreases to 1° C./s or less, and consequently microsegregation becomes noticeable. Even in such a case, in order to achieve high toughness of the surface of a steel plate, on which a martensite structure is formed during quenching, it is important to reduce the P content and microsegregation during solidification. When primary crystals during solidification form a δ phase, and the percentage of the δ phase at the beginning of the formation of a γ phase is 30% or more, this results in reduced microsegregation and improved toughness. The percentage % described above refers to % by volume. 
     2. In order to achieve high strength and toughness of the half-thickness portion, in which the cooling rate is much lower than on the surface of a steel plate during cooling after hot working, it is important to appropriately select the steel composition (components) so as to form a martensite and/or bainite microstructure even at a low cooling rate. To this end, the alloy components should be appropriately selected, and in particular the carbon equivalent (Ceq) should be 0.65% or more. In addition to the appropriate component design, it is also important to form the desired structure by hot working and heat treatment. 
     3. Refinement of prior γ grain size is effective in improving toughness. Refinement of prior γ grain size before heat treatment, that is, refinement of prior γ grain size just after hot working is important for refinement of prior γ grain size after heat treatment. Thus, it is important to select appropriate hot working conditions and rolling conditions. 
     As a result of further investigation of these findings, the present invention provides for the following embodiments. 
     [1] A thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more, containing, on a mass percent basis, C: 0.08% to 0.20%, Si: 0.40% or less, Mn: 0.5% to 5.0%, P: 0.010% or less, S: 0.0050% or less, Cr: 3.0% or less, Ni: 0.1% to 5.0%, Al: 0.010% to 0.080%, N: 0.0070% or less, and O: 0.0025% or less, formulae (1) and (2) being satisfied, the remainder being Fe and incidental impurities, a surface of the steel plate having a toughness (vE-40) of 70 J or more, 
       Ceq IIW =C+Mn/6+(Cu+Ni)/15+(Cr+Mo+V)/5≧0.65   (1)
 
       (C L −C)/C L ×100≧30  (2)
 
     wherein C L  is defined by the following formula: 
       C L =0.2−(−0.1×(0.2−Si)−0.03×(1.1−Mn)−0.12×(0.2−Cu)−0.11×(3−Ni)+0.025×(1.2−Cr)+0.1×(0.5−Mo)+0.2×(0.04−V)−0.05×(0.06−Al))  (3)
 
     wherein element symbols in the formulae denote the respective alloy component contents (% by mass), and, in the absence of an element, the element symbol is denoted by 0. 
     The surface of the steel plate has high toughness, and the inner part of the steel plate has high strength and toughness. 
     [2] The thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to [1], further containing, on a mass percent basis, one or two or more of Cu: 0.50% or less, Mo: 1.50% or less, V: 0.400% or less, Nb: 0.100% or less, and Ti: 0.005% to 0.020%. 
     [3] The thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to [1] or [2], further containing, on a mass percent basis, at least one of Mg: 0.0001% to 0.0050%, Ta: 0.01% to 0.20%, Zr: 0.005% to 0.1%, Y: 0.001% to 0.01%, B: 0.0030% or less, Ca: 0.0005% to 0.0050%, and REM: 0.0005% to 0.0100%. 
     [4] The thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate has a yield strength of 620 MPa or more. 
     [5] The thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the reduction of area in the thickness direction at half the thickness of the plate is 40% or more. 
     [6] The method for manufacturing the thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to any one of [1] to [5], 
     heating steel to 1200° C. to 1350° C., hot-forging the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 25% or more, heating the steel to an Ac3 temperature or more and 1200° C. or less, hot-rolling the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 40% or more, leaving the steel to cool, reheating the steel to the Ac3 temperature or more and 1050° C. or less, rapidly cooling the steel from the Ac3 temperature or more to a lower temperature selected from 350° C. or less and an Ar3 temperature or less, and tempering the steel at a temperature in the range of 450° C. to 700° C. 
     [7] The method for manufacturing the thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to any one of [1] to [5], 
     heating steel to 1200° C. to 1350° C., hot-forging the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 25% or more, heating the steel to an Ac3 temperature or more and 1200° C. or less, hot-rolling the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 40% or more, rapidly cooling the steel from the Ar3 temperature or more to a lower temperature selected from 350° C. or less and an Ar3 temperature or less, and tempering the steel at a temperature in the range of 450° C. to 700° C. 
     [8] The method for manufacturing the thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to any one of [1] to [5], 
     heating steel to 1200° C. to 1350° C., slabbing the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 40% or more, heating the steel to an Ac3 temperature or more and 1200° C. or less, hot-rolling the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 40% or more, leaving the steel to cool, reheating the steel to the Ac3 temperature or more and 1050° C. or less, rapidly cooling the steel from the Ac3 temperature or more to a lower temperature selected from 350° C. or less and an Ar3 temperature or less, and tempering the steel at a temperature in the range of 450° C. to 700° C. 
     [9] The method for manufacturing the thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to any one of [1] to [5], 
     heating steel to 1200° C. to 1350° C., slabbing the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 40% or more, heating the steel to an Ac3 temperature or more and 1200° C. or less, hot-rolling the steel at a cumulative rolling reduction of 40% or more, rapidly cooling the steel from the Ar3 temperature or more to a lower temperature selected from 350° C. or less and an Ar3 temperature or less, and tempering the steel at a temperature in the range of 450° C. to 700° C. 
     In certain embodiments, the present invention provides for a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more and having a yield strength of 620 MPa or more and high toughness. The thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate can be used to manufacture steel structures having high safety. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the present invention will be described below. The present invention is not limited to these embodiments. 
     &lt;Thick-Walled High-Toughness High-Strength Steel Plate&gt; 
     A thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to the present invention has a composition containing, on a mass percent basis, C: 0.08% to 0.20%, Si: 0.40% or less (including 0%), Mn: 0.5% to 5.0%, P: 0.010% or less (including 0%), S: 0.0050% or less (including 0%), Cr: 3.0% or less (including 0%), Ni: 0.1% to 5.0%, Al: 0.010% to 0.080%, N: 0.0070% or less (including 0%), and O: 0.0025% or less (including 0%). Each of the components will be described below. The symbol “%” in the component content refers to “% by mass”. 
     C: 0.08% to 0.20% 
     C is an element useful for achieving the strength necessary for structural steel at low cost. This effect requires a C content of 0.08% or more. In a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding, however, a C content of more than 0.20% significantly deteriorates toughness of the base metal and weld. Thus, the C content has an upper limit of 0.20%. The C content preferably ranges from 0.08% to 0.14%. 
     Si: 0.40% or Less 
     Si is added for deoxidation. When another element is added for deoxidation, however, a steel plate according to the present invention does not necessarily contain Si. In a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding, a Si content of more than 0.40% significantly deteriorates toughness of the base metal and heat-affected zone. Thus, the Si content is 0.40% or less, preferably 0.05% to 0.3%, more preferably 0.1% to 0.3%. 
     Mn: 0.5% to 5.0% 
     Mn is added to ensure high strength of the base metal. This effect is insufficient at a Mn content of less than 0.5%. A Mn content of more than 5.0% promotes center segregation, results in a larger casting defect of the slab, and deteriorates mechanical properties of the base metal in a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding. Thus, the Mn content has an upper limit of 5.0%. The Mn content preferably ranges from 0.6% to 2%, more preferably 0.6% to 1.6%. 
     P: 0.010% or Less 
     In a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding, a P content of more than 0.010% significantly deteriorates toughness of the base metal and heat-affected zone. Thus, the P content is preferably minimized (may be zero) and is limited to 0.010% or less. 
     S: 0.0050% or Less 
     In a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding, a S content of more than 0.0050% significantly deteriorates toughness of the base metal and heat-affected zone. Thus, the S content is preferably minimized (may be zero) and is 0.0050% or less. 
     Cr: 3.0% or Less 
     Cr is an element effective in strengthening the base metal. However, an excessively high Cr content deteriorates weldability. Thus, the Cr content is 3.0% or less, preferably 0.1% to 2%, more preferably 0.7% to 1.7%. The Cr content may be 0%. 
     Ni: 0.1% to 5.0% 
     Ni is an element useful for improving the strength of steel and the toughness of the heat-affected zone. This effect requires a Ni content of 0.1% or more. However, a Ni content of more than 5.0% significantly deteriorates economic efficiency. Thus, the Ni content has an upper limit of 5.0%. The Ni content preferably ranges from 0.4% to 4%, more preferably 0.8% to 3.8%. 
     Al: 0.010% to 0.080% 
     Al is added for sufficient deoxidation of molten steel. An Al content of less than 0.010% is insufficient for the effect. On the other hand, an Al content of more than 0.080% deteriorates toughness of the base metal due to an increased dissolved Al content in the base metal in a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding. Thus, the Al content is 0.080% or less, preferably 0.030% to 0.080%, more preferably 0.030% to 0.070%. 
     N: 0.0070% or Less 
     N, together with Ti, forms a nitride and thereby performs refinement of the structure and improves the toughness of the base metal and heat-affected zone in a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding. The toughness can be improved by a constituent other than N. Thus, a steel plate according to the present invention does not necessarily contain N. When trying to produce this effect with N, the N content is preferably 0.0015% or more. In a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding, however, a N content of more than 0.0070% deteriorates toughness of the base metal due to an increased dissolved N content in the base metal and deteriorates toughness of the heat-affected zone due to the formation of coarse carbonitride. Thus, the N content is 0.0070% or less, preferably 0.006% or less, more preferably 0.005% or less. 
     O: 0.0025% or Less 
     An O content of more than 0.0025% significantly deteriorates toughness due to the formation of a hard oxide in steel. Thus, the O content is preferably minimized (may be zero) and is 0.0025% or less. 
     In addition to these elements, a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to the present invention can contain at least one of Cu, Mo, V, Nb, and Ti in order to further improve strength and/or toughness. 
     Cu: 0.50% or Less 
     Cu can improve the strength of steel without reducing toughness. A Cu content of more than 0.50% may cause a crack on the surface of a steel plate during hot working. Thus, the Cu content, if any, is 0.50% or less. 
     Mo: 1.50% or Less 
     Mo contributes to high strength of the base metal in a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding. However, a Mo content of more than 1.50% results in increased hardness and deteriorates toughness due to the precipitation of alloy carbide. Thus, the Mo content, if any, has an upper limit of 1.50%. The Mo content preferably ranges from 0.2% to 0.8%. 
     V: 0.400% or Less 
     V contributes to improved strength and toughness of the base metal in a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding. V precipitates as VN and is effective in decreasing the amount of dissolved N. However, a V content of more than 0.400% deteriorates toughness due to the precipitation of hard VC. Thus, the V content, if any, is preferably 0.400% or less, more preferably 0.01% to 0.1%. 
     Nb: 0.100% or Less 
     Nb is effective in improving the strength of the base metal. A Nb content of more than 0.100% deteriorates toughness of the base metal. Thus, the Nb content has an upper limit of 0.100%. The Nb content is preferably 0.025% or less. 
     Ti: 0.005% to 0.020% 
     Ti forms TiN during heating and effectively suppresses the coarsening of austenite. In a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding, Ti improves the toughness of the base metal and heat-affected zone. However, a Ti content of more than 0.020% results in coarsening of Ti nitride and deteriorates toughness of the base metal. Thus, the Ti content, if any, ranges from 0.005% to 0.020%, preferably 0.008% to 0.015%. 
     In addition to these components, a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate according to the present invention can further contain at least one of Mg, Ta, Zr, Y, B, Ca, and REM to improve the material quality. 
     Mg: 0.0001% to 0.0050% 
     Mg forms a stable oxide at high temperatures, effectively suppresses the coarsening of prior γ grains in the heat-affected zone, and is effective in improving the toughness of the weld. These effects require a Mg content of 0.0001% or more. However, a Mg content of more than 0.0050% results in an increased number of inclusions and deteriorates toughness. Thus, the Mg content, if any, is preferably 0.0050% or less, more preferably 0.0001% to 0.015%. 
     Ta: 0.01% to 0.20% 
     The addition of an adequate amount of Ta is effective in improving strength. More specifically, a Ta content of 0.01% or more is effective. However, a Ta content of more than 0.20% deteriorates toughness due to formation of precipitates. Thus, the Ta content, if any, ranges from 0.01% to 0.20%. 
     Zr: 0.005% to 0.1% 
     Zr is an element effective in improving strength. A Zr content of 0.005% or more is effective in producing this effect. However, a Zr content of more than 0.1% deteriorates toughness due to the formation of a coarse precipitate. Thus, the Zr content, if any, ranges from 0.005% to 0.1%. 
     Y: 0.001% to 0.01% 
     Y forms a stable oxide at high temperatures, effectively suppresses the coarsening of prior γ grains in the heat-affected zone, and is effective in improving the toughness of the weld. An Y content of 0.001% or more is effective in producing these effects. However, an Y content of more than 0.01% results in an increased number of inclusions and deteriorates toughness. Thus, the Y content, if any, ranges from 0.001% to 0.01%. 
     B: 0.0030% or Less 
     B segregates at austenite grain boundaries, suppresses ferrite transformation from the grain boundaries, and improves hardenability. However, a B content of more than 0.0030% deteriorates hardenability and toughness due to the precipitation of B as a carbonitride. Thus, the B content is 0.0030% or less. The B content, if any, preferably ranges from 0.0003% to 0.0030%, more preferably 0.0005% to 0.002%. 
     Ca: 0.0005% to 0.0050% 
     Ca is an element useful for the morphology control of a sulfide inclusion. This effect requires a Ca content of 0.0005% or more. However, a Ca content of more than 0.0050% deteriorates cleanliness and toughness. Thus, the Ca content, if any, is preferably 0.0050% or less, more preferably 0.0005% to 0.0025%. 
     REM: 0.0005% to 0.0100% 
     Like Ca, REM forms an oxide and a sulfide in steel and is effective in improving the material quality. This effect requires a REM content of 0.0005% or more. However, the effect levels off at a REM content of 0.0100% or more. Thus, the REM content, if any, is 0.0100% or less, preferably 0.0005% to 0.005%. 
     These optional elements in amounts below the lower limits do not reduce the advantages of the present invention. Thus, the optional elements in amounts below the lower limits are considered to be contained as incidental impurities. 
     Ceq IIW ≧0.65% 
     In embodiments of the present invention, an appropriate alloy component needs to be added to ensure that a half-thickness portion of a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more has a yield strength of 620 MPa or more and high toughness. More specifically, as represented by the following formula (1), alloying element contents need to be adjusted such that the carbon equivalent (Ceq IIW ) is 0.65% or more. 
       Ceq IIW =C+Mn/6+(Cu+Ni)/15+(Cr+Mo+V)/5≧0.65   (1)
 
     The element symbols in the formula denote the corresponding element contents (% by mass). In the absence of an element, the element symbol is denoted by 0. 
       (C L −C)/C L ×100≧30  (2)
 
     As described later, embodiments of the present invention provides a steel plate having desirable characteristics even when the steel plate is manufactured from steel casted under conditions where the cooling rate of a slab surface during solidification is 1° C./s or less. In embodiments of the present invention, microsegregation needs to be reduced to achieve high toughness (vE-40≧70 J) of the surface of a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more, particularly manufactured from steel casted under conditions where the cooling rate of a slab surface during solidification is 1° C./s or less. To this end, primary crystals during solidification need to form a δ phase, and the percentage ((C L −C)/C L ×100) of the δ phase at the beginning of the formation of a γ phase needs to be 30% or more. 
       C L =0.2−(−0.1×(0.2−Si)−0.03×(1.1−Mn)−0.12×(0.2−Cu)−0.11×(3−Ni)+0.025×(1.2−Cr)+0.1×(0.5−Mo)+0.2×(0.04−V)−0.05×(0.06−Al))  (3)
 
     In the formula (3), the element symbols denote the respective alloy component contents (% by mass), and in the absence of an element, the element symbol is denoted by 0. 
     In order to form a δ phase, the C content needs to be specified depending on each component other than C, such as Si or Mn. The effects of an alloying element on the C solid solubility limit (C L ) of the δ phase were calculated using thermodynamic calculation software “Thermo-Calc”. The result was used to determine the factor. For example, the factor “−0.1” for “Si” means that 1% Si decreases the C solid solubility limit of the δ phase by 0.1%, and the C content of the base metal needs to be decreased to achieve the required percentage of the δ phase. In embodiments of the present invention, the calculation of C L  was based on the component of C: 0.12%, Si: 0.2%, Mn: 1.1%, Cu: 0.2%, Cr: 1.2%, Ni: 3%, Mo: 0.5%, V: 0.04% and Al: 0.06%, and the factors for the calculation of C L  were determined by calculating a variation from the dissolved C content caused by a variation in each alloying element content. When the percentage (C L −C)/C L ×100 of C to be added relative to the C solid solubility limit in the δ phase thus calculated is 30% or more, the percentage of the δ phase at the beginning of the formation of the γ phase can be 30% or more. 
     In embodiments of the present invention, in order to ensure the safety of steel during use, the reduction of area in the thickness direction at half the thickness of the plate is preferably 40% or more when measured by a method described in the example. 
     &lt;Method for Manufacturing Thick-Walled High-Toughness High-Strength Steel Plate&gt; 
     The manufacturing conditions in embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In the description, the temperature “° C.” refers to the temperature in the half-thickness portion except for the quenching temperature in the case of quenching without leaving to cool after rolling. The quenching temperature in the case of quenching without leaving to cool after rolling is the surface temperature of the steel plate. This is because the temperature distribution of the steel plate in the thickness direction increases during rolling, and a decrease in the surface temperature of the steel plate needs to be considered. The temperature of the half-thickness portion is determined, for example, by simulation calculation from the thickness, surface temperature, and cooling conditions. For example, the temperature of the half-thickness portion is determined by calculating the temperature distribution in the thickness direction using finite difference methods. 
     Steel 
     A molten steel having the composition described above is produced by a conventional method, such as with a converter, an electric furnace, or a vacuum melting furnace, and is formed into a piece of steel, such as a slab or billet, by a conventional casting method, such as a continuous casting process or an ingot casting process. The cooling rate during solidification is determined by direct measurement with a thermocouple or by simulation calculation, such as heat-transfer calculation. As described above, in embodiments of the present invention, steel manufactured under conditions where the cooling rate of a surface during solidification is 1° C./s or less can preferably be used. 
     When the loads of a forging machine and a rolling mill and so on are restricted, the thickness of the material may be reduced by slabbing. 
     Hot-Forging Conditions for Steel 
     A cast bloom or steel bloom having the composition described above is heated to a temperature in the range of 1200° C. to 1350° C. A reheating temperature of less than 1200° C. results in not only an insufficient rolling reduction due to an increased load to achieve a predetermined cumulative rolling reduction in hot working but also low production efficiency due to additional heating as required during working. Thus, the reheating temperature is 1200° C. or more. A large amount of additive alloying element as steel having a carbon equivalent of 0.65% or more according to embodiments of the present invention results in a casting defect such as a center porosity or porous shrinkage cavity, having a much increased size in steel. In order to make them harmless by pressure bonding, the cumulative rolling reduction needs to be 25% or more. On the other hand, a reheating temperature of more than 1350° C. results in excessive energy consumption, increased likelihood of occurrence of surface flaws due to scales during heating, and increased repair load after hot forging. Thus, the upper limit is 1350° C. 
     Slabbing Conditions for Steel 
     A cast bloom or steel bloom having the composition described above is heated to a temperature in the range of 1200° C. to 1350° C. A reheating temperature of less than 1200° C. results in not only an insufficient rolling reduction due to an increased load to achieve a predetermined cumulative rolling reduction in hot working but also low production efficiency due to additional heating as required during working. Thus, the reheating temperature is 1200° C. or more. In order to make casting defects harmless by pressure bonding and to provide the advantages of embodiments of the present invention, the cumulative rolling reduction is 30% or more, preferably 40% or more in terms of good reduction of area (RA). On the other hand, a reheating temperature of more than 1350° C. results in excessive energy consumption, increased likelihood of surface flaws due to scales during heating, and increased repair load after hot forging. Thus, the upper limit is 1350° C. 
     Reheating of Steel after Forging or after Slabbing 
     Steel after forging is heated to an Ac3 transformation temperature or more and 1200° C. or less in order that the steel may have a uniform austenite structure alone. The heating temperature preferably ranges from 1000° C. to 1200° C. 
     The Ac3 transformation temperature is calculated using the following formula (4). 
       Ac3=937.2−476.5C+56Si−19.7Mn−16.3Cu−26.6Ni−4.9Cr+38.1Mo+124.8V+136.3Ti+198.4Al+3315B  (4)
 
     The element symbols in the formula (4) denote the respective alloy component contents (% by mass). 
     Hot Rolling Conditions 
     Steel is hot-rolled to form a plate having a desired thickness. In order to ensure desirable mechanical properties of a half-thickness portion of a thick-walled steel plate having a thickness of 100 mm or more, it is necessary to adjust the steel in the rolling step in order to sufficiently elicit an effect of adjusting and refining of the prior γ grain size. More specifically, rolling at a cumulative rolling reduction of 40% or more can adjust the grain size in the rolling step even in the half-thickness portion in which recrystallization rarely occurs in processing. 
     Heat-Treatment Conditions 
     In order to achieve high strength and toughness of a half-thickness portion, in embodiments of the present invention, a steel plate is left to cool (for example, air cooling) after hot rolling or is rapidly cooled from the Ar3 temperature or more to 350° C. or less without leaving to cool after hot rolling. When the steel plate is left to cool, the steel plate is reheated to the Ac3 temperature to 1050° C. and is rapidly cooled from the Ac3 temperature or more to 350° C. or less. The reason for the reheating temperature of 1050° C. or less is that reheating at a high temperature of more than 1050° C. results in coarsening of austenite grains and significantly deteriorates toughness of the base metal in a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding. The reheating temperature is the Ac3 temperature or more in order that the steel plate may entirely have an austenite structure. The quenching temperature is the Ac3 temperature or more because the desirable characteristics are not obtained at a temperature below the Ac3 temperature due to the formation of a nonuniform structure composed of ferrite and austenite. In the case of rapid cooling without leaving to cool, the quenching temperature is the Ar3 temperature or more for quenching from the austenite single phase region. The rapid cooling stop temperature is a lower temperature selected from 350° C. or less and the Ar3 temperature or less in order to ensure that the steel plate entirely has a transformed structure. The stop temperature should be the Ar3 temperature or less and 350° C. or less. 
     The Ar3 transformation temperature is calculated using the following formula (5). 
       Ar3=910−310C−80Mn−20Cu−15Cr−55Ni−80Mo  (5)
 
     The element symbols in the formula (5) denote the respective alloy component contents (% by mass). 
     In general, the rapid cooling method is industrially water cooling. It is desirable that the cooling rate be as high as possible. Thus, the cooling method is not necessarily water cooling and may be gas cooling, for example. 
     Tempering Conditions 
     The reason for tempering at a temperature in the range of 450° C. to 700° C. after rapid cooling is described below. Residual stress is not effectively relieved at less than 450° C. On the other hand, a temperature of more than 700° C. results in precipitation of various carbides and coarsens the structure of the base metal and deteriorates strength and toughness of the base metal in a steel structure manufactured from a thick-walled high-toughness high-strength steel plate by welding. 
     Industrially, quenching is sometimes repeated to strengthen steel. Although quenching may be repeated also in embodiments of the present invention, final quenching requires rapid cooling to 350° C. or less after heating to the Ac3 temperature to 1050° C. and requires subsequent tempering at 450° C. to 700° C. 
     Examples 
     Steel plate samples No. 1 to No. 38 were manufactured by melting and casting steel No. 1 to No. 30 listed in Table 1 under the conditions listed in Table 2, performing hot forging (except for the samples No. 5, No. 6, and No. 41) or slabbing (the samples No. 5, No. 6, and No. 41), hot-rolling the steel to form a steel plate having a thickness listed in Table 2, and subjecting the steel plate to water quenching and tempering. The steel plate samples No. 1 to No. 38 were subjected to the following tests. In reheating and quenching in this example, the reheating temperature corresponds to the quenching temperature. 
     The percentage of the δ phase is calculated using the formula (2) from C L  calculated using the formula (3) with each base metal component and the C content of the base metal. 
     The cooling rate during solidification in the manufacture of steel is determined by heat-transfer calculation from the mold surface temperature data measured with a radiation thermometer. 
     Tensile Test 
     A round bar tensile test piece (φ2.5 mm, GL 50 mm) was taken from the half-thickness portion of each steel plate in the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction and was measured in terms of yield strength (YS) and tensile strength (TS). 
     Charpy Impact Test 
     Three 2-mm V-notched Charpy impact test specimens were taken from each surface and half-thickness portion of the steel plates. The rolling direction was the longitudinal direction. The absorbed energies of the test specimens were measured at a test temperature of −40° C. in a Charpy impact test and were averaged (the average value for the test specimens taken from the half-thickness portion and the average value for the test specimens taken from the surface). 
     Tensile Test in Thickness Direction 
     A round bar tensile test piece (φ10 mm) was taken from a region including the half-thickness portion of each steel plate in the thickness direction and was measured in terms of reduction of area (RA). The reduction of area is the percentage of the difference between the minimum cross-sectional area after the test specimen was broken and the original cross-sectional area relative to the original cross-sectional area. 
     Table 2 shows the test results. The results showed that the steel plates of the examples having a steel composition according to the present invention (samples No. 1 to No. 21 and No. 41) had YS of 620 MPa or more, TS of 720 MPa or more, and toughness (vE-40) of 70 J or more at −40° C. in the surface and half-thickness portion of the base metal, showing high strength and toughness of the base metal. A comparison between Nos. 5 and 6 and No. 41 showed that reduction of area (RA) was also satisfactory under particular slabbing conditions. 
     In contrast, in the steel plates according to comparative examples having a composition outside the scope of the present invention (samples No. 22 to No. 32), the base metal had at least one of YS of less than 620 MPa, TS of less than 720 MPa, and toughness (vE-40) of less than 70 J, thus deteriorating characteristics. 
     As in samples No. 33 to No. 40, even if steel plates had a steel composition according to the present invention, steel plates manufactured under the conditions outside the scope of the present invention had at least one deterioration in YS, TS, and toughness (vE-40) (No. 41, which had a cumulative rolling reduction of 30% and satisfied the minimum conditions required to provide the advantages of the present invention, is not outside the scope of the present invention). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Steel 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ingot 
                 Chemical composition (mass %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Category 
                 No. 
                 C 
                 Si 
                 Mn 
                 P 
                 S 
                 Cr 
                 Ni 
                 Ti 
                 Al 
                 N 
                 B 
                 Cu 
                 Mo 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 1 
                 0.085 
                 0.18  
                 1.61 
                 0.006 
                 0.0012 
                 0.66 
                 0.88 
                   
                 0.063 
                 0.0041 
                 0.0013 
                 0.25 
                 0.45 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 0.095 
                 0.22 
                 1.15 
                 0.005 
                 0.0006 
                 1.80 
                 1.95 
                   
                 0.045 
                 0.0022 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 0.128 
                 0.21 
                 0.98 
                 0.005 
                 0.0011 
                 0.81 
                 1.01 
                 0.010 
                 0.045 
                 0.0040 
                 0.0011 
                 0.28 
                 0.54 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.120 
                 0.22 
                 1.14 
                 0.006 
                 0.0006 
                 0.94 
                 1.94 
                   
                 0.062 
                 0.0049 
                 0.0011  
                 0.18 
                 0.49 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 0.126 
                 0.20 
                 1.15 
                 0.003 
                 0.0008 
                 0.95 
                 2.05 
                 0.010 
                 0.043 
                 0.0028 
                 0.0009 
                 0.22 
                 0.51 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 0.123 
                 0.20 
                 1.18 
                 0.004 
                 0.0007 
                 0.87 
                 2.44 
                   
                 0.066 
                 0.0050 
                 0.0012  
                 0.19 
                 0.52 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 0.109 
                 0.17 
                 0.85 
                 0.003 
                 0.0004 
                 1.13 
                 3.56 
                   
                 0.071 
                 0.0049 
                 0.0010  
                 0.08 
                 0.53 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 0.121 
                 0.22 
                 0.88 
                 0.006 
                 0.0011 
                 1.49 
                 2.93 
                   
                 0.068 
                 0.0046 
                 0.0008 
                 0.21 
                 0.55 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 0.142 
                 0.21 
                 0.69 
                 0.006 
                 0.0009 
                 1.51 
                 2.87 
                   
                 0.071 
                 0.0038 
                 0.0013 
                 0.20 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 0.113 
                 0.11 
                 0.81 
                 0.006 
                 0.0005 
                 1.53 
                 3.61 
                   
                 0.069 
                 0.0052 
                 0.0010 
                 0.02 
                 0.56 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 0.178 
                 0.09 
                 0.60 
                 0.006 
                 0.0006 
                 1.14 
                 2.84 
                   
                 0.078 
                 0.0054 
                 0.0009 
                 0.11 
                 0.55 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 0.196 
                 0.06 
                 0.53 
                 0.009 
                 0.0007 
                 1.35 
                 3.65 
                   
                 0.062 
                 0.0046 
                   
                   
                 1.43 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 0.095 
                 0.23 
                 2.21 
                 0.006 
                 0.0004 
                   
                 0.74 
                   
                 0.035 
                 0.0039 
                 0.0011 
                 0.20 
                 0.65 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 0.118 
                 0.21 
                 1.13 
                 0.006 
                 0.0008 
                 1.44 
                 3.49 
                   
                 0.065 
                 0.0045 
                   
                 0.12 
                 0.57 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 0.142 
                 0.05 
                 0.57 
                 0.009 
                 0.0012 
                 2.41 
                 0.15 
                 0.009 
                 0.026 
                 0.0050 
                 0.0009 
                 0.14 
                 1.07 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 0.161 
                 0.22 
                 1.03 
                 0.005 
                 0.0013 
                 1.55 
                 0.98 
                 0.011  
                 0.045 
                 0.0033 
                 0.0011 
                 0.32 
                   
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 0.103 
                 0.20 
                 0.98 
                 0.006 
                 0.0018 
                 0.56 
                 2.21 
                   
                 0.049 
                 0.0063 
                 0.0013 
                 0.18 
                 0.55 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 0.132 
                 0.13 
                 1.01 
                 0.005 
                 0.0006 
                 0.86 
                 1.44 
                 0.012  
                 0.065 
                 0.0041 
                 0.0009 
                 0.22 
                 0.44 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 0.162 
                 0.16 
                 0.59 
                 0.006 
                 0.0019 
                 1.41 
                 3.98 
                   
                 0.063 
                 0.0038 
                 0.0018  
                 0.16 
                 1.47 
               
               
                 Comparative 
                 20 
                 0.113 
                 0.22  
                 1.14 
                 0.006 
                 0.0006 
                 0.81 
                 3.57 
                   
                 0.070 
                 0.0050 
                 0.0012  
                 0.20 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 example 
                 21 
                 0.083 
                 0.16  
                 1.45 
                 0.007 
                 0.0011 
                 0.67 
                 0.45 
                   
                 0.006 
                 0.0043 
                 0.0014  
                 0.21 
                 0.45 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 0.221 
                 0.55  
                 1.02 
                 0.006 
                 0.0006 
                 0.91 
                 0.89 
                 0.010 
                 0.044 
                 0.0028 
                 0.0011 
                 0.12 
                 0.46 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 0.058 
                 0.39  
                 1.41 
                 0.010 
                 0.0018 
                 1.23 
                 1.96 
                   
                 0.045 
                 0.0056 
                 0.0012 
                 0.23 
                 0.41 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 0.129 
                 0.63 
                 1.33 
                 0.009 
                 0.0009 
                 0.98 
                 0.65 
                   
                 0.058 
                 0.0049 
                 0.0009 
                 0.21 
                 0.55 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 0.153 
                 0.18 
                 6.11 
                 0.009 
                 0.0009 
                 1.04 
                 1.21 
                   
                 0.066 
                 0.0051 
                 0.0009 
                 0.21 
                 0.44 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 0.124 
                 0.22 
                 1.41 
                 0.018 
                 0.0007 
                 0.91 
                 2.11 
                   
                 0.056 
                 0.0048 
                 0.0007 
                 0.19 
                 0.38 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 0.135 
                 0.21 
                 1.14 
                 0.005 
                 0.0069 
                 1.21 
                 1.48 
                   
                 0.065 
                 0.0044 
                 0.0009 
                   
                 0.48 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 0.124 
                 0.26 
                 0.65 
                 0.005 
                 0.0006 
                 4.10 
                 1.38 
                   
                 0.056 
                 0.0038 
                 0.0007 
                   
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 0.131 
                 0.24 
                 1.15 
                 0.009 
                 0.0008 
                 1.05 
                 1.95 
                 0.006 
                 0.098 
                 0.0069 
                 0.0009 
                 0.29 
                 0.48 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 0.133 
                 0.26 
                 1.13 
                 0.009 
                 0.0018 
                 0.96 
                 1.99 
                   
                 0.063 
                 0.0123 
                 0.0008 
                 0.22 
                 0.43 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Steel 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 δ 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 ingot 
                 Chemical composition (mass %) 
                 Ac3 
                 Ar3 
                 fraction 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Category 
                 No. 
                 V 
                 O 
                 Nb 
                 Mg 
                 Ta 
                 Zr 
                 Y 
                 Ca 
                 REM 
                 Ceq IIW   
                 ° C. 
                 ° C. 
                 % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 1 
                 0.035 
                 0.0021 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0017 
                   
                 0.658 
                 883 
                 656 
                 78 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                   
                 0.0015 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.777 
                 830 
                 654 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3 
                 0.045 
                 0.0018 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0019  
                 0.0021 
                 0.656 
                 873 
                 675 
                 69 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 0.039 
                 0.0016 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0017 
                   
                 0.745 
                 850 
                 618 
                 61 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                 0.042 
                 0.0018 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0015 
                   
                 0.769 
                 840 
                 607 
                 58 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6 
                 0.041 
                 0.0019 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0020 
                   
                 0.781 
                 836 
                 585 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                   
                 7 
                 0.040 
                 0.0022 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0012 
                   
                 0.833 
                 819 
                 551 
                 34 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 0.038 
                 0.0021 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0019 
                   
                 0.893 
                 828 
                 570 
                 46 
               
               
                   
                   
                 9 
                 0.037 
                 0.0019 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0018 
                   
                 0.871 
                 823 
                 586 
                 39 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 
                 0.040  
                 0.0023 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0016 
                   
                 0.916 
                 813 
                 543 
                 39 
               
               
                   
                   
                 11 
                 0.041 
                 0.0024 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.821 
                 807 
                 587 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                   
                 12 
                 0.059 
                 0.0021 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.095 
                 807 
                 471 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13 
                   
                 0.0022 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0022 
                   
                 0.656 
                 874 
                 607 
                 76 
               
               
                   
                   
                 14 
                 0.045 
                 0.0021 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0013 
                   
                 0.958 
                 809 
                 521 
                 30 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 
                 0.328  
                 0.0022 
                 0.031 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 1.018 
                 934 
                 688 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16 
                 0.043 
                 0.0009 
                   
                 0.0013 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0019 
                   
                 0.738 
                 833 
                 694 
                 56 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17 
                 0.036 
                 0.0022 
                   
                   
                 0.048 
                   
                   
                 0.0022 
                   
                 0.655 
                 855 
                 622 
                 63 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18 
                 0.028 
                 0.0019 
                   
                   
                   
                 0.015 
                   
                 0.0018 
                   
                 0.677 
                 853 
                 657 
                 64 
               
               
                   
                   
                 19 
                 0.115 
                 0.0018 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.005 
                 0.0016 
                   
                 1.135 
                 831 
                 452 
                 31 
               
               
                   
                 Comparative 
                 20 
                 0.040 
                 0.0020 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0016 
                   
                 0.826 
                 813 
                 530 
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 example 
                 21 
                 0.038 
                 0.0022 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0018 
                   
                 0.600 
                 887 
                 693 
                 82 
               
               
                   
                   
                 22 
                   
                 0.0013 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.732 
                 844 
                 658 
                 43 
               
               
                   
                   
                 23 
                 0.041  
                 0.0018 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0023 
                   
                 0.775 
                 875 
                 616 
                 79 
               
               
                   
                   
                 24 
                 0.039  
                 0.0021 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0016 
                 0.722 
                 900 
                 665 
                 68 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 0.041 
                 0.0016 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0014 
                   
                 1.570 
                 751 
                 252 
                 36 
               
               
                   
                   
                 26 
                   
                 0.0026 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0016 
                   
                 0.770 
                 827 
                 595 
                 52 
               
               
                   
                   
                 27 
                 0.026 
                 0.0019 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.767 
                 854 
                 639 
                 65 
               
               
                   
                   
                 28 
                   
                 0.0016 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0026 
                   
                 1.194 
                 846 
                 662 
                 72 
               
               
                   
                   
                 29 
                   
                 0.0016 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.778 
                 845 
                 610 
                 54 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                   
                 0.0022 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.0018 
                   
                 0.747 
                 836 
                 616 
                 53 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ceq IIW , Ac3, Ar3, and δ fraction were calculated using the formulae (1), (2), (4), and (5), respectively. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Cooling  
                 Hot forging  
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 rate 
                 or slabbing 
                   
                 Thick- 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Thick- 
                 during 
                   
                 Cumulative 
                 Hot rolling 
                 ness  
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Steel 
                 ness of  
                 solidi- 
                   
                 rolling 
                   
                 Cumulative 
                 of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 ingot 
                 material 
                 fication 
                 Heating 
                 reduction  
                 Heating 
                 rolling  
                 product 
                 Type of  
               
               
                 Category 
                 No. 
                 No. 
                 (mm) 
                 ° C./s 
                 (° C.) 
                 (%) 
                 (° C.) 
                 reduction (%) 
                 (mm) 
                 heat treatment 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1000 
                 0.32 
                 1270 
                 80 
                 1130 
                 43 
                 100 
                 Direct quenching 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 2 
                  500 
                 0.64 
                 1230 
                 65 
                 1130 
                 43 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.90 
                 1200 
                 30 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 4 
                 1000 
                 0.33 
                 1270 
                 70 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 150 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 4 
                 1000 
                 0.33 
                 1320 
                 55 
                 1200 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 4 
                 1000 
                 0.33 
                 1300 
                 55 
                 1180 
                 67 
                 150 
                 Direct quenching 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 5 
                  500 
                 0.61 
                 1270 
                 45 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 150 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 6 
                 1000 
                 0.32 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 60 
                 180 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 7 
                 1000 
                 0.31 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 8 
                 1000 
                 0.31 
                 1300 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 9 
                 1000 
                 0.30 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 10 
                 1200 
                 0.25 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1160 
                 50 
                 250 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 11 
                 1000 
                 0.29 
                 1270 
                 70 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 150 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 12 
                 1300 
                 0.19 
                 1270 
                 60 
                 1160 
                 50 
                 250 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 15 
                 13 
                 1200 
                 0.32 
                 1270 
                 85 
                 1130 
                 43 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 14 
                 1000 
                 0.31 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1160 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 17 
                 15 
                 1000 
                 0.32 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1160 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 18 
                 16 
                  500 
                 0.64 
                 1230 
                 65 
                 1130 
                 43 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 19 
                 17 
                  500 
                 0.65 
                 1230 
                 65 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 18 
                  300 
                 0.91 
                 1200 
                 40 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 100 
                 Direct quenching 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 19 
                 1000 
                 0.29 
                 1350 
                 50 
                 1160 
                 50 
                 250 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                 Compar- 
                 22 
                 20 
                 1000 
                 0.29 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1160 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                 ative 
                 23 
                 21 
                  300 
                 0.92 
                 1200 
                 40 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                 example 
                 24 
                 22 
                 1000 
                 0.31 
                 1270 
                 70 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 150 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 23 
                 1000 
                 0.29 
                 1270 
                 70 
                 1160 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 24 
                 1000 
                 0.29 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 250 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 25 
                 1200 
                 0.24 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1160 
                 43 
                 150 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 26 
                 1000 
                 0.28 
                 1270 
                 70 
                 1160 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 27 
                 1000 
                 0.31 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 28 
                 1000 
                 0.29 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 53 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 29 
                 1000 
                 0.32 
                 1270 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 43 
                 150 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 30 
                 1000 
                 0.31 
                 1270 
                 70 
                 1160 
                 60 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.91 
                 1200 
                 15 
                 1130 
                 20 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.89 
                 1200 
                 55 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.90 
                 1200 
                 30 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.92 
                 1200 
                 30 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.90 
                 1200 
                 30 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Direct quenching 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.91 
                 1200 
                 30 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.90 
                 1200 
                 30 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 3 
                  300 
                 0.91 
                 1200 
                 30 
                 1130 
                 50 
                 100 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                 Example 
                 41 
                 5 
                  500 
                 0.61 
                 1300 
                 30 
                 1180 
                 40 
                 210 
                 Reheating quenching 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Mechanical properties  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 of base metal (1/2t) 
                 Tough- 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile  
                 ness  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Final heat 
                   
                   
                   
                 RA in 
                 of base  
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 treatment conditions 
                   
                   
                   
                 thickness 
                 metal 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Quenching 
                 Cooling  
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 direction  
                 (surface) 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sample 
                 temperature 
                 stop 
                 Tempering 
                 YS 
                 TS 
                 vE-40 
                 RA  
                 vE-40 
               
               
                   
                 Category 
                 No. 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (° C.) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (MPa) 
                 (J) 
                 (%) 
                 (J) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 1 
                 850 
                 150 
                 630 
                 695 
                 786 
                 108 
                 73 
                  98 
               
               
                   
                   
                 2 
                 930 
                 100 
                 650 
                 698 
                 795 
                 167 
                 63 
                 105 
               
               
                   
                   
                 3 
                 930 
                 100 
                 630 
                 725 
                 793 
                 102 
                 70 
                 116 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4 
                 900 
                 100 
                 630 
                 785 
                 856 
                 205 
                 65 
                 221 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 
                 900 
                 100 
                 630 
                 743 
                 829 
                 145 
                 71 
                 124 
               
               
                   
                   
                 6 
                 860 
                 100 
                 630 
                 751 
                 832 
                 126 
                 58 
                 159 
               
               
                   
                   
                 7 
                 900 
                 100 
                 630 
                 725 
                 821 
                 153 
                 63 
                 205 
               
               
                   
                   
                 8 
                 880 
                 100 
                 630 
                 705 
                 816 
                 238 
                 61 
                 211 
               
               
                   
                   
                 9 
                 880 
                 100 
                 650 
                 756 
                 864 
                 216 
                 63 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                   
                 10 
                 880 
                 100 
                 650 
                 741 
                 836 
                 193 
                 60 
                 121 
               
               
                   
                   
                 11 
                 880 
                 100 
                 650 
                 759 
                 857 
                 186 
                 62 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                   
                 12 
                 900 
                 100 
                 630 
                 748 
                 852 
                 221 
                 59 
                 146 
               
               
                   
                   
                 13 
                 880 
                 100 
                 630 
                 728 
                 839 
                 169 
                 71 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                   
                 14 
                 880 
                 100 
                 660 
                 793 
                 912 
                 221 
                 68 
                 145 
               
               
                   
                   
                 15 
                 930 
                 100 
                 650 
                 665 
                 756 
                 103 
                 73 
                 126 
               
               
                   
                   
                 16 
                 880 
                 100 
                 650 
                 723 
                 814 
                 203 
                 69 
                 163 
               
               
                   
                   
                 17 
                 1050 
                 150 
                 670 
                 641 
                 738 
                 145 
                 70 
                 101 
               
               
                   
                   
                 18 
                 930 
                 100 
                 650 
                 732 
                 841 
                 167 
                 77 
                  83 
               
               
                   
                   
                 19 
                 900 
                 100 
                 650 
                 703 
                 789 
                 196 
                 73 
                 113 
               
               
                   
                   
                 20 
                 880 
                 150 
                 650 
                 752 
                 846 
                 138 
                 65 
                 106 
               
               
                   
                   
                 21 
                 900 
                 100 
                 650 
                 746 
                 863 
                 231 
                 62 
                  93 
               
               
                   
                 Compar- 
                 22 
                 880 
                 100 
                 640 
                 716 
                 815 
                 196 
                 61 
                  43 
               
               
                   
                 ative 
                 23 
                 930 
                 100 
                 650 
                 589 
                 695 
                  22 
                 69 
                 121 
               
               
                   
                 example 
                 24 
                 900 
                 100 
                 630 
                 845 
                 956 
                  19 
                 62 
                  96 
               
               
                   
                   
                 25 
                 930 
                 100 
                 630 
                 547 
                 663 
                  21 
                 68 
                 124 
               
               
                   
                   
                 26 
                 930 
                 100 
                 650 
                 728 
                 823 
                  41 
                 64 
                  39 
               
               
                   
                   
                 27 
                 880 
                 100 
                 630 
                 802 
                 915 
                  23 
                 51 
                  96 
               
               
                   
                   
                 28 
                 880 
                 100 
                 630 
                 731 
                 829 
                  32 
                 57 
                  23 
               
               
                   
                   
                 29 
                 900 
                 100 
                 650 
                 741 
                 854 
                  35 
                 63 
                  31 
               
               
                   
                   
                 30 
                 900 
                 100 
                 650 
                 796 
                 921 
                  43 
                 61 
                  89 
               
               
                   
                   
                 31 
                 900 
                 100 
                 650 
                 732 
                 816 
                  48 
                 72 
                  56 
               
               
                   
                   
                 32 
                 900 
                 100 
                 630 
                 698 
                 784 
                  61 
                 70 
                  52 
               
               
                   
                   
                 33 
                 930 
                 100 
                 630 
                 716 
                 804 
                  43 
                 23 
                 115 
               
               
                   
                   
                 34 
                 930 
                 100 
                 630 
                 722 
                 816 
                  45 
                 35 
                  96 
               
               
                   
                   
                 35 
                 1100 
                 100 
                 630 
                 735 
                 824 
                  36 
                 53 
                  49 
               
               
                   
                   
                 36 
                 840 
                 100 
                 630 
                 536 
                 646 
                  46 
                 49 
                  52 
               
               
                   
                   
                 37 
                 623 
                 100 
                 630 
                 596 
                 683 
                  52 
                 51 
                  61 
               
               
                   
                   
                 38 
                 930 
                 400 
                 630 
                 503 
                 641 
                  32 
                 64 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                   
                 39 
                 930 
                 100 
                 720 
                 569 
                 657 
                 153 
                 68 
                 146 
               
               
                   
                   
                 40 
                 930 
                 100 
                 400 
                 793 
                 902 
                  41 
                 63 
                  53 
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 41 
                 900 
                 100 
                 600 
                 683 
                 766 
                 105 
                 29 
                 192