Patent Publication Number: US-10317652-B1

Title: Optical assembly for a wide field of view point action camera with low astigmatism

Description:
PRIORITY AND RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/099,947, filed Apr. 15, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,778,444; which is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/215,049, filed on Mar. 16, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,316,820; which is one of four contemporaneously-filed applications by the same Applicant and Inventors that are entitled: OPTICAL ASSEMBLY FOR A WIDE FIELD OF VIEW POINT ACTION CAMERA WITH LOW FIELD CURVATURE, application Ser. No. 14/215,041, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,494,772; OPTICAL ASSEMBLY FOR A WIDE FIELD OF VIEW POINT ACTION CAMERA WITH LOW ASTIGMATISM, application Ser. No. 14/215,049, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,316,820; OPTICAL ASSEMBLY FOR A WIDE FIELD OF VIEW POINT ACTION CAMERA WITH LOW TRACK LENGTH TO FOCAL LENGTH RATIO, application Ser. No. 14/215,056, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,091,843; and OPTICAL ASSEMBLY FOR A WIDE FIELD OF VIEW POINT ACTION CAMERA WITH A LOW SAG ASPHERIC LENS ELEMENT, application Ser. No. 14/215,058, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,316,808; which are each hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Point Action cameras, as they are referred to herein, go by many other names, including point of view cameras (see, e.g., pointofviewcameras.com), helmet cameras, action cams or action cameras, point of view shooter cams, video action cameras, and extreme sports cameras among others. Brand names include GoPro. Conventional point action cameras typically have significant distortion, particularly at the outer several degrees of the field of view. In addition, astigmatism errors in conventional point action cameras can negatively impact the appearance of the video images that it captures. It is desired to have a point action camera that is capable of capturing a wide field of view, or a field of view that is greater than 90 degrees in either or both of the horizontal (x) and/or vertical (y) dimensions (or an arbitrary axis normal to the depth (z) dimension), and perhaps 135-150 degrees or more in the horizontal (x) dimension and/or perhaps 110-120 degrees or more in the vertical (y) dimension, and that is configured with built-in distortion and astigmatism correction. 
     Distortion in wide field of view cameras has been reduced with image processing software (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,493,459 and 8,493,460, and US published patent applications nos. US20110216156 and US20110216157). It is desired however to alternatively provide a point action camera, wherein the distortion that is typically inherent in wide field of view systems such as conventional point action cameras is compensated by an effective and efficient optical design. 
     Alex Ning describes a six lens design in U.S. Pat. No. 7,023,628 that has a ratio of total track length (TTL) to effective focal length (EFL), or TTL/EFL, that has a maximum value of 15 over which Ning states that the design would not have been considered compact. The Ning six lens design also has a minimum value of 8 under which Ning states that the design would not achieve the required fish eye field of view. U.S. Pat. No. 7,929,221 describes multiple optical assemblies that each include three aspheric surfaces on two lens elements and that each have a TTL/EFL ratio between 15 and 25. In an unrelated technical field, U.S. Pat. No. 7,675,694 nonetheless describes multiple optical assemblies that each include six aspheric surfaces on three lens elements. 
     It is recognized by the present inventors that it would be advantageous to have a design with a lower TTL/EFL ratio, which takes into account the desire for compactness in physical size as well as the desire to have point action video with a wide field of view without intolerable amounts of distortion and astigmatism errors. It is desired therefore to have an optical system for a point action camera that has a low TTL/EFL ratio and that also achieves a desired wide field of view with tolerable, minimal, insubstantial, insignificant or drastically reduced distortion and astigmatism characteristics. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  schematically illustrates an optical assembly for a point action camera in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIGS. 4A-4E and 5A-5E  respectively show plots of tangential and sagittal ray aberrations for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for tangential and sagittal rays impinging upon the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). 
         FIG. 7  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential fan (T) and sagittal fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 1  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure. 
         FIG. 8  schematically illustrates another optical assembly for a point action camera in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 10  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIGS. 11A-11E and 12A-12E  respectively show plots of tangential and sagittal ray aberrations for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
         FIG. 13  illustrates diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for tangential and sagittal rays impinging upon the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). 
         FIG. 14  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential fan (T) and sagittal fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 9  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure. 
         FIG. 15  schematically illustrates another optical assembly for a point action camera in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 16  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 17  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 15 . 
         FIGS. 18A-18E and 19A-19E  respectively show plots of tangential and sagittal ray aberrations for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 15 . 
         FIG. 20  illustrates diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for tangential and sagittal rays impinging upon the optical assembly of  FIG. 15  normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). 
         FIG. 21  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential fan (T) and sagittal fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 16  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure. 
         FIG. 22  schematically illustrates another optical assembly for a point action camera in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG. 23  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 24  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the thirteenth surface from the object, or the object side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 25  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the fourteenth surface from the object, or the image side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 26  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance from the center of the asphere for the fourteenth surface from the object, or the image side surface of the seventh lens, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . 
         FIGS. 27A-27E and 28A-28E  respectively show plots of tangential and sagittal ray aberrations for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 22 . 
         FIG. 29  illustrates diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for tangential and sagittal rays impinging upon the optical assembly of  FIG. 22  normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). 
         FIG. 30  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential fan (T) and sagittal fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 22  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES 
     Table 1 includes an Optical Design Prescription in accordance with a first example embodiment. 
     It is here noted that the Glass code=xxxxxx.yyyyyy describes the refractive index (xxxxxx) and dispersion (yyyyyy). For example: 516800.641672 means that the refractive index nd=1.517 and the dispersion vd=64.2, each for the “d-line”, where the “d-line”=587.5618 d Yellow helium line He. This formula applies also to Tables 4, 7 and 10. 
     Table 2 includes Aspheric Sag Data Relative to Best Fit Sphere (SAG&lt;20 um) in accordance with the first example embodiment. 
     Table 3 includes quantitative data for a Design of an aspheric element E 7  that enables multiple order astigmatism correction in accordance with the first example embodiment. 
     Table 4 includes an Optical Design Prescription in accordance with a second example embodiment. 
     Table 5 includes Aspheric Sag Data Relative to Best Fit Sphere (SAG&lt;17 um) in accordance with the second example embodiment. 
     Table 6 includes quantitative data for a Design of an aspheric element E 7  that enables multiple order astigmatism correction in accordance with the second example embodiment. 
     Table 7 includes an Optical Design Prescription in accordance with a third example embodiment. 
     Table 8 includes Aspheric Sag Data Relative to Best Fit Sphere (SAG&lt;17 um) in accordance with the third example embodiment. The best fit sphere bfs in this example is about 9.3 mm (bfs=9.287 mm) 
     Table 9 includes quantitative data for a Design of an aspheric element E 7  that enables multiple order astigmatism correction in accordance with the third example embodiment. 
     Table 10 includes an Optical Design Prescription in accordance with a fourth example embodiment. 
     Table 11 includes Aspheric Sag data for a first of two aspheric lens surfaces (A 1 ) of a single aspheric lens element of a wide field of view optical assembly for a point action camera in accordance with the fourth example embodiment. In this example, the Data is Relative to a Best Fit Sphere of about 9.15 mm (Rbfs=9.153 mm). 
     Table 12 includes Aspheric Sag data for a second of two aspheric lens surfaces (A 2 ) of the single aspheric lens element of the fourth example embodiment. In this example, the Data is Relative to Best Fit Sphere of about −37.5 mm (Rbfs=−37.5 mm). The minus sign is indicative of a convex image facing surface of the single aspheric lens element of the optical assembly in accordance with the fourth example embodiment. 
     Table 13 includes quantitative asphere analysis data for the object facing surface A 1  of a single aspheric lens element E 7 (A)(A) that enables multiple order astigmatism correction in accordance with the fourth example embodiment. 
     Table 14 includes quantitative asphere analysis data for the image facing surface A 2  of a single aspheric lens element E 7 (A)(A) that enables multiple order astigmatism correction in accordance with the fourth example embodiment. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 RDY 
                 THI 
                 RMD 
                 GLA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 &gt;OBJ: 
                 INFINITY 
                 2500.000000 
                   
               
               
                  1: 
                 13.10000 
                 1.750000 
                 800999.349787 
               
               
                  2: 
                 3.30000 
                 2.219000 
                   
               
               
                  3: 
                 40.00000 
                 1.000000 
                 496998.815947 
               
               
                  4: 
                 3.10000 
                 1.390000 
                   
               
               
                  5: 
                 9.00000 
                 2.450000 
                 846670.237912 
               
               
                  6: 
                 −11.63500 
                 0.606000 
                   
               
               
                 STO: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.200000 
                   
               
               
                  8: 
                 14.35000 
                 1.500000 
                 883003.408069 
               
               
                  9: 
                 −4.75000 
                 0.359000 
                   
               
               
                 10: 
                 −4.03500 
                 1.000000 
                 846670.237912 
               
               
                 11: 
                 3.95000 
                 2.745000 
                 618000.633335 
               
               
                 12: 
                 −5.22500 
                 0.100000 
                   
               
               
                 13: 
                 8.33000 
                 1.800000 
                 516800.641673 
               
               
                 SLB: “A1” 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ASP: 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 A: −.902607E−03 B: −.512165E−04 C: 0.149690E−04 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 D: −.154499E−05 E: 0.561297E−07 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 14: 
                 −37.50000 
                 0.100000 
                   
               
               
                 15: 
                 INFINITY 
                 1.000000 
                 516800.641673 
               
               
                 16: 
                 INFINITY 
                 2.681803 
                   
               
               
                 17: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.500000 
                 516800.641673 
               
               
                 18: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.400000 
                   
               
               
                 IMG: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.000000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 SPECIFICATION DATA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 FNO 
                 2.70000 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DIM 
                 MM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 WL 
                 650.00 
                 586.00 
                 486.00 
                 450.00 
                   
               
               
                 WTW 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
               
               
                 XAN 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
               
               
                 YAN 
                 0.00000 
                 15.00000 
                 35.00000 
                 55.00000 
                 75.00000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC EQUATION 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Z 
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 CURV 
                                 ) 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 Y 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           + 
                                           K 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           CURV 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         Y 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   / 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               A 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               4 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               B 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               6 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               C 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               8 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               D 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               10 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               E 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               12 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 ASPH SAG 
                 SPHERE  
                 SAG  
               
               
                 Y 
                 (Z) 
                 SAG 
                 DIFFERENCE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                  0.000000 
               
               
                 0.132000 
                 0.001192 
                 0.001046 
                 −0.000146 
               
               
                 0.264000 
                 0.004764 
                 0.004184 
                 −0.000580 
               
               
                 0.396000 
                 0.010711 
                 0.009418 
                 −0.001293 
               
               
                 0.528000 
                 0.019021 
                 0.016750 
                 −0.002271 
               
               
                 0.660000 
                 0.029679 
                 0.026187 
                 −0.003492 
               
               
                 0.792000 
                 0.042663 
                 0.037736 
                 −0.004927 
               
               
                 0.924000 
                 0.057947 
                 0.051405 
                 −0.006541 
               
               
                 1.056000 
                 0.075499 
                 0.067205 
                 −0.008294 
               
               
                 1.188000 
                 0.095284 
                 0.085149 
                 −0.010135 
               
               
                 1.320000 
                 0.117262 
                 0.105250 
                 −0.012013 
               
               
                 1.452000 
                 0.141393 
                 0.127524 
                 −0.013869 
               
               
                 1.584000 
                 0.167632 
                 0.151988 
                 −0.015644 
               
               
                 1.716000 
                 0.195939 
                 0.178664 
                 −0.017275 
               
               
                 1.848000 
                 0.226272 
                 0.207572 
                 −0.018700 
               
               
                 1.980000 
                 0.258593 
                 0.238737 
                 −0.019856 
               
               
                 2.112000 
                 0.292861 
                 0.272184 
                 −0.020677 
               
               
                 2.244000 
                 0.329035 
                 0.307942 
                 −0.021094 
               
               
                 2.376000 
                 0.367070 
                 0.346042 
                 −0.021028 
               
               
                 2.508000 
                 0.406911 
                 0.386518 
                 −0.020393 
               
               
                 2.640000 
                 0.448494 
                 0.429406 
                 −0.019087 
               
               
                 2.772000 
                 0.491752 
                 0.474747 
                 −0.017005 
               
               
                 2.904000 
                 0.536630 
                 0.522582 
                 −0.014048 
               
               
                 3.036000 
                 0.583117 
                 0.572957 
                 −0.010159 
               
               
                 3.168000 
                 0.631312 
                 0.625924 
                 −0.005389 
               
               
                 3.300000 
                 0.681534 
                 0.681534 
                  0.000000 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 WHERE THE ASPHERIC COEFFICIENTS ARE AS FOLLOWS: 
               
               
                 A: −.902607E−03 
               
               
                 B: −.512165E−04 
               
               
                 C: 0.149690E−04 
               
               
                 D: −.154499E−05 
               
               
                 E: 0.561297E−07 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aspheric 
                   
                 Aspheric  
               
               
                 Height (Y) 
                 Sag (um) 
                 Height (Y) 
                 Slope (um/mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 0.132 
                 −0.146 
                 0.132 
                 −1.106060606 
               
               
                 0.264 
                 −0.580 
                 0.264 
                 −3.287878788 
               
               
                 0.396 
                 −1.293 
                 0.396 
                 −5.401515152 
               
               
                 0.528 
                 −2.271 
                 0.528 
                 −7.409090909 
               
               
                 0.660 
                 −3.492 
                 0.66 
                 −9.25 
               
               
                 0.792 
                 −4.927 
                 0.792 
                 −10.87121212 
               
               
                 0.924 
                 −6.541 
                 0.924 
                 −12.22727273 
               
               
                 1.056 
                 −8.294 
                 1.056 
                 −13.28030303 
               
               
                 1.188 
                 −10.135 
                 1.188 
                 −13.9469697 
               
               
                 1.320 
                 −12.013 
                 1.32 
                 −14.22727273 
               
               
                 1.452 
                 −13.869 
                 1.452 
                 −14.06060606 
               
               
                 1.584 
                 −15.644 
                 1.584 
                 −13.4469697 
               
               
                 1.716 
                 −17.275 
                 1.716 
                 −12.35606061 
               
               
                 1.848 
                 −18.700 
                 1.848 
                 −10.79545455 
               
               
                 1.980 
                 −19.856 
                 1.98 
                 −8.757575758 
               
               
                 2.112 
                 −20.677 
                 2.112 
                 −6.21969697 
               
               
                 2.244 
                 −21.094 
                 2.244 
                 −3.159090909 
               
               
                 2.376 
                 −21.028 
                 2.376 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 2.508 
                 −20.393 
                 2.508 
                 4.810606061 
               
               
                 2.640 
                 −19.087 
                 2.64 
                 9.893939394 
               
               
                 2.772 
                 −17.005 
                 2.772 
                 15.77272727 
               
               
                 2.904 
                 −14.048 
                 2.904 
                 22.40151515 
               
               
                 3.036 
                 −10.159 
                 3.036 
                 29.46212121 
               
               
                 3.168 
                 −5.389 
                 3.168 
                 36.13636364 
               
               
                 3.300 
                 0.000 
                 3.3 
                 40.82575758 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 RDY 
                 THI 
                 GLA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 OBJ: 
                 INFINITY 
                 2500.000000 
                   
               
               
                    1: 
                 10.25000 
                 1.500000 
                 729157.546800 
               
               
                    2: 
                 3.15000 
                 1.802000 
                   
               
               
                    3: 
                 6.25000 
                 1.000000 
                 729157.546800 
               
               
                    4: 
                 2.24000 
                 1.029000 
                   
               
               
                    5: 
                 11.23500 
                 3.220000 
                 808095.227608 
               
               
                    6: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.250000 
                   
               
               
                 STO: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.257000 
                   
               
               
                    8: 
                 −102.50000 
                 1.225000 
                 729157.546800 
               
               
                    9: 
                 −4.20000 
                 0.100000 
                   
               
               
                   10: 
                 8.55000 
                 1.710000 
                 922860.188969 
               
               
                   11: 
                 3.72500 
                 2.200000 
                 618000.633335 
               
               
                   12: 
                 −29.92000 
                 0.806000 
                   
               
               
                 &gt;13: 
                 8.00971 
                 1.500000 
                 496999.815459 
               
               
                 SLB: “A1” 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ASP: 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 A: −.170738E−02 B: 0.959932E−04 C: −.862671E−05  
               
               
                 D: 0.442436E−06 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   14: 
                 −100.00000 
                 0.250000 
                   
               
               
                   15: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.500000 
                 516330.641420 
               
               
                   16: 
                 INFINITY 
                 2.050000 
                   
               
               
                   17: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.500000 
                 516330.641420 
               
               
                   18: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.400000 
                   
               
               
                   19: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.000000 
                   
               
               
                 IMG: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.000000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 SPECIFICATION DATA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 FNO 
                 2.70000 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DIM 
                 MM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 WL 
                 650.00 
                 586.00 
                 486.00 
                 450.00 
                   
               
               
                 WTW 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                   
               
               
                 XAN 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
               
               
                 YAN 
                 0.00000 
                 15.00000 
                 35.00000 
                 55.00000 
                 75.00000 
               
               
                 VUY 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.15000 
                 0.25000 
                 0.40000 
               
               
                 VLY 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.15000 
                 0.25000 
                 0.40000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC EQUATION 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Z 
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 CURV 
                                 ) 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 Y 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           + 
                                           K 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           CURV 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         Y 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   / 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               A 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               4 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               B 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               6 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               C 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               8 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               D 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               10 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Y 
                 ASPH SAG 
                 SPHERE SAG 
                 SAG DIFFERENCE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                  0.000000 
               
               
                 0.115000 
                 0.000825 
                 0.000700 
                 −0.000125 
               
               
                 0.230000 
                 0.003298 
                 0.002800 
                 −0.000498 
               
               
                 0.345000 
                 0.007409 
                 0.006302 
                 −0.001107 
               
               
                 0.460000 
                 0.013144 
                 0.011207 
                 −0.001938 
               
               
                 0.575000 
                 0.020483 
                 0.017516 
                 −0.002966 
               
               
                 0.690000 
                 0.029399 
                 0.025233 
                 −0.004165 
               
               
                 0.805000 
                 0.039863 
                 0.034362 
                 −0.005501 
               
               
                 0.920000 
                 0.051843 
                 0.044906 
                 −0.006936 
               
               
                 1.035000 
                 0.065300 
                 0.056871 
                 −0.008430 
               
               
                 1.150000 
                 0.080198 
                 0.070261 
                 −0.009937 
               
               
                 1.265000 
                 0.096493 
                 0.085082 
                 −0.011411 
               
               
                 1.380000 
                 0.114145 
                 0.101343 
                 −0.012802 
               
               
                 1.495000 
                 0.133109 
                 0.119049 
                 −0.014060 
               
               
                 1.610000 
                 0.153340 
                 0.138210 
                 −0.015131 
               
               
                 1.725000 
                 0.174794 
                 0.158834 
                 −0.015961 
               
               
                 1.840000 
                 0.197425 
                 0.180931 
                 −0.016494 
               
               
                 1.955000 
                 0.221188 
                 0.204512 
                 −0.016676 
               
               
                 2.070000 
                 0.246038 
                 0.229588 
                 −0.016450 
               
               
                 2.185000 
                 0.271933 
                 0.256171 
                 −0.015762 
               
               
                 2.300000 
                 0.298836 
                 0.284274 
                 −0.014561 
               
               
                 2.415000 
                 0.326717 
                 0.313913 
                 −0.012805 
               
               
                 2.530000 
                 0.355562 
                 0.345100 
                 −0.010461 
               
               
                 2.645000 
                 0.385376 
                 0.377853 
                 −0.007523 
               
               
                 2.760000 
                 0.416200 
                 0.412189 
                 −0.004012 
               
               
                 2.875000 
                 0.448125 
                 0.448125 
                  0.000000 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 RADIUS OF BEST SPHERE = 9.447 
               
               
                 WHERE THE ASPHERIC COEFFICIENTS ARE AS FOLLOWS: 
               
               
                 A: −0.170738E−02 
               
               
                 B: 0.959932E−04 
               
               
                 C: −0.862671E−05 
               
               
                 D: 0.442436E−06 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Height (Y) 
                 Aspheric Sag (um) 
                 Height (Y) 
                 Aspheric Slope (um/mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 0.115 
                 −0.125 
                 0.115 
                 −1.087 
               
               
                 0.230 
                 −0.498 
                 0.230 
                 −3.243 
               
               
                 0.345 
                 −1.107 
                 0.345 
                 −5.296 
               
               
                 0.460 
                 −1.938 
                 0.460 
                 −7.226 
               
               
                 0.575 
                 −2.966 
                 0.575 
                 −8.939 
               
               
                 0.690 
                 −4.165 
                 0.690 
                 −10.426 
               
               
                 0.805 
                 −5.501 
                 0.805 
                 −11.617 
               
               
                 0.920 
                 −6.936 
                 0.920 
                 −12.478 
               
               
                 1.035 
                 −8.430 
                 1.035 
                 −12.991 
               
               
                 1.150 
                 −9.937 
                 1.150 
                 −13.104 
               
               
                 1.265 
                 −11.411 
                 1.265 
                 −12.817 
               
               
                 1.380 
                 −12.802 
                 1.380 
                 −12.096 
               
               
                 1.495 
                 −14.060 
                 1.495 
                 −10.939 
               
               
                 1.610 
                 −15.131 
                 1.610 
                 −9.313 
               
               
                 1.725 
                 −15.961 
                 1.725 
                 −7.217 
               
               
                 1.840 
                 −16.494 
                 1.840 
                 −4.635 
               
               
                 1.955 
                 −16.676 
                 1.955 
                 −1.583 
               
               
                 2.070 
                 −16.450 
                 2.070 
                 1.965 
               
               
                 2.185 
                 −15.762 
                 2.185 
                 5.983 
               
               
                 2.300 
                 −14.561 
                 2.300 
                 10.443 
               
               
                 2.415 
                 −12.805 
                 2.415 
                 15.270 
               
               
                 2.530 
                 −10.461 
                 2.530 
                 20.383 
               
               
                 2.645 
                 −7.523 
                 2.645 
                 25.548 
               
               
                 2.760 
                 −4.012 
                 2.760 
                 30.530 
               
               
                 2.875 
                 0.000 
                 2.875 
                 34.887 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 RDY 
                 THI 
                 RMD 
                 GLA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 OBJ: 
                 INFINITY 
                 INFINITY 
                   
                   
               
               
                  1: 
                 9.83500 
                 1.500000 
                   
                 729157.546800 
               
               
                  2: 
                 3.20000 
                 1.915000 
                   
                   
               
               
                  3: 
                 7.46000 
                 1.000000 
                   
                 618000.633335 
               
               
                  4: 
                 2.22000 
                 1.028000 
                   
                   
               
               
                  5: 
                 13.51456 
                 3.000000 
                   
                 808095.227608 
               
               
                  6: 
                 −15.50477 
                 0.211500 
                   
                   
               
               
                 &gt;STO: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.285400 
                   
                   
               
               
                  8: 
                 −48.00000 
                 1.160000 
                   
                 882997.407651 
               
               
                  9: 
                 −5.00000 
                 0.285400 
                   
                   
               
               
                 10: 
                 INFINITY 
                 1.000000 
                   
                 808095.227608 
               
               
                 11: 
                 3.70000 
                 2.500000 
                   
                 618000.633335 
               
               
                 12: 
                 −7.20000 
                 0.250000 
                   
                   
               
               
                 13: 
                 8.64801 
                 1.500000 
                   
                 487490.702363 
               
               
                 SLB: “A1” 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ASP: 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 A: −.980930E−03 B: 0.996294E−04 C: −.898355E−05  
               
               
                 D: 0.464096E−06 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 14: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.616800 
                   
                   
               
               
                 15: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.500000 
                   
                 516330.641420 
               
               
                 16: 
                 INFINITY 
                 2.647000 
                   
                   
               
               
                 17: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.500000 
                   
                 516330.641420 
               
               
                 18: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.400000 
                   
                   
               
               
                 IMG: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.000000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 SPECIFICATION DATA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 FNO 
                 2.70000 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DIM 
                 MM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 WL 
                 650.00 
                 600.00 
                 550.00 
                 500.00 
                 450.00 
               
               
                 REF 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 WTW 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 XAN 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
               
               
                 YAN 
                 0.00000 
                 15.00000 
                 35.00000 
                 55.00000 
                 75.00000 
               
               
                 WTF 
                 1.00000 
                 2.00000 
                 1.00000 
                 1.00000 
                 1.00000 
               
               
                 VUY 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.15000 
                 0.25000 
                 0.40000 
               
               
                 VLY 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.15000 
                 0.25000 
                 0.40000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC EQUATION 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Z 
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 CURV 
                                 ) 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 Y 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           + 
                                           K 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           CURV 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         Y 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   / 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               A 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               4 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               B 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               6 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               C 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               8 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               D 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               10 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Y 
                 ASPH SAG 
                 SPHERE SAG 
                 SAG DIFFERENCE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                  0.000000 
               
               
                 0.115000 
                 0.000764 
                 0.000712 
                 −0.000052 
               
               
                 0.230000 
                 0.003056 
                 0.002849 
                 −0.000208 
               
               
                 0.345000 
                 0.006871 
                 0.006411 
                 −0.000460 
               
               
                 0.460000 
                 0.012200 
                 0.011400 
                 −0.000800 
               
               
                 0.575000 
                 0.019033 
                 0.017818 
                 −0.001215 
               
               
                 0.690000 
                 0.027358 
                 0.025669 
                 −0.001690 
               
               
                 0.805000 
                 0.037162 
                 0.034956 
                 −0.002206 
               
               
                 0.920000 
                 0.048429 
                 0.045683 
                 −0.002746 
               
               
                 1.035000 
                 0.061144 
                 0.057855 
                 −0.003289 
               
               
                 1.150000 
                 0.075293 
                 0.071479 
                 −0.003814 
               
               
                 1.265000 
                 0.090862 
                 0.086560 
                 −0.004302 
               
               
                 1.380000 
                 0.107840 
                 0.103106 
                 −0.004734 
               
               
                 1.495000 
                 0.126216 
                 0.121124 
                 −0.005092 
               
               
                 1.610000 
                 0.145982 
                 0.140624 
                 −0.005357 
               
               
                 1.725000 
                 0.167131 
                 0.161615 
                 −0.005516 
               
               
                 1.840000 
                 0.189660 
                 0.184107 
                 −0.005554 
               
               
                 1.955000 
                 0.213570 
                 0.208111 
                 −0.005459 
               
               
                 2.070000 
                 0.238863 
                 0.233639 
                 −0.005224 
               
               
                 2.185000 
                 0.265549 
                 0.260705 
                 −0.004844 
               
               
                 2.300000 
                 0.293645 
                 0.289322 
                 −0.004323 
               
               
                 2.415000 
                 0.323180 
                 0.319505 
                 −0.003675 
               
               
                 2.530000 
                 0.354201 
                 0.351270 
                 −0.002931 
               
               
                 2.645000 
                 0.386778 
                 0.384633 
                 −0.002145 
               
               
                 2.760000 
                 0.421023 
                 0.419614 
                 −0.001409 
               
               
                 2.875000 
                 0.457098 
                 0.456230 
                 −0.000867 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
               
                 A: −.980930E−03 
               
               
                 B: 0.996294E−04 
               
               
                 C: −.898355E−05 
               
               
                 D: 0.464096E−06 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aspheric  
                   
                 Aspheric  
               
               
                 Height (Y)  
                 Sag (um) 
                 Height (Y) 
                 Slope (um/mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.000 
                 0.000 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 0.115 
                 −0.052 
                 0.115 
                 −0.452173913 
               
               
                 0.230 
                 −0.208 
                 0.23 
                 −1.356521739 
               
               
                 0.345 
                 −0.460 
                 0.345 
                 −2.191304348 
               
               
                 0.460 
                 −0.800 
                 0.46 
                 −2.956521739 
               
               
                 0.575 
                 −1.215 
                 0.575 
                 −3.608695652 
               
               
                 0.690 
                 −1.690 
                 0.69 
                 −4.130434783 
               
               
                 0.805 
                 −2.206 
                 0.805 
                 −4.486956522 
               
               
                 0.920 
                 −2.746 
                 0.92 
                 −4.695652174 
               
               
                 1.035 
                 −3.289 
                 1.035 
                 −4.72173913 
               
               
                 1.150 
                 −3.814 
                 1.15 
                 −4.565217391 
               
               
                 1.265 
                 −4.302 
                 1.265 
                 −4.243478261 
               
               
                 1.380 
                 −4.734 
                 1.38 
                 −3.756521739 
               
               
                 1.495 
                 −5.092 
                 1.495 
                 −3.113043478 
               
               
                 1.610 
                 −5.357 
                 1.61 
                 −2.304347826 
               
               
                 1.725 
                 −5.516 
                 1.725 
                 −1.382608696 
               
               
                 1.840 
                 −5.554 
                 1.84 
                 −0.330434783 
               
               
                 1.955 
                 −5.459 
                 1.955 
                 0.826086957 
               
               
                 2.070 
                 −5.224 
                 2.07 
                 2.043478261 
               
               
                 2.185 
                 −4.844 
                 2.185 
                 3.304347826 
               
               
                 2.300 
                 −4.323 
                 2.3 
                 4.530434783 
               
               
                 2.415 
                 −3.675 
                 2.415 
                 5.634782609 
               
               
                 2.530 
                 −2.931 
                 2.53 
                 6.469565217 
               
               
                 2.645 
                 −2.145 
                 2.645 
                 6.834782609 
               
               
                 2.760 
                 −1.409 
                 2.76 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 2.875 
                 −0.867 
                 2.875 
                 4.713043478 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 &gt;OBJ: 
                 INFINITY 
                 INFINITY 
                   
               
               
                  1: 
                 9.75000 
                 1.600000 
                 729157.546800 
               
               
                  2: 
                 3.05000 
                 1.770000 
                   
               
               
                  3: 
                 6.30000 
                 1.100000 
                 729157.546800 
               
               
                  4: 
                 2.20000 
                 0.968200 
                   
               
               
                  5: 
                 16.28500 
                 2.617000 
                 922860.188969 
               
               
                  6: 
                 −15.33500 
                 0.256000 
                   
               
               
                 STO: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.294000 
                   
               
               
                  8: 
                 −16.50000 
                 1.250000 
                 618000.633335 
               
               
                  9: 
                 −3.95000 
                 0.100000 
                   
               
               
                 10: 
                 50.00000 
                 1.000000 
                 922860.188969 
               
               
                 11: 
                 6.00000 
                 2.300000 
                 618000.633335 
               
               
                 12: 
                 −7.46500 
                 0.250000 
                   
               
               
                 13: 
                 9.64694 
                 1.583000 
                 496999.815459 
               
               
                 SLB: “A1” 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ASP: 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 A: 0.171027E−03 B: 0.780901E−04 C: −.170715E−05  
               
               
                 D: −.594285E−06 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 14: 
                 −18.95073 
                 0.250000 
                   
               
               
                 SLB: “A2” 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 ASP: 
                   
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 A: 0.141992E−02 B: −.879215E−05 C: 0.135290E−04  
               
               
                 D: −.133102E−05 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 15: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.500000 
                 516330.641420 
               
               
                 SLB: “ircut” 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 16: 
                 INFINITY 
                 3.736401 
                   
               
               
                 17: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.500000 
                 516330.641420 
               
               
                 18: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.400000 
                   
               
               
                 IMG: 
                 INFINITY 
                 0.000000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 SPECIFICATION DATA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 FNO 
                 2.70000 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 DIM 
                 MM 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 WL 
                 650.00 
                 600.00 
                 550.00 
                 500.00 
                 450.00 
               
               
                 REF 
                 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 WTW 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 XAN 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
                 0.00000 
               
               
                 YAN 
                 0.00000 
                 15.00000 
                 35.00000 
                 55.00000 
                 75.00000 
               
               
                 WTF 
                 1.00000 
                 2.00000 
                 1.00000 
                 1.00000 
                 1.00000 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC EQUATION 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Z 
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 CURV 
                                 ) 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 Y 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           + 
                                           K 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           CURV 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         Y 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   / 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               A 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               4 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               B 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               6 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               C 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               8 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               D 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               10 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Y 
                 ASPH SAG 
                 SPHERE SAG 
                 SAG DIFFERENCE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                 0.000000 
                 −0.005251 
               
               
                 0.115000 
                 0.000686 
                 0.000722 
                 −0.005214 
               
               
                 0.230000 
                 0.002743 
                 0.002890 
                 −0.005103 
               
               
                 0.345000 
                 0.006174 
                 0.006504 
                 −0.004920 
               
               
                 0.460000 
                 0.010982 
                 0.011566 
                 −0.004666 
               
               
                 0.575000 
                 0.017173 
                 0.018079 
                 −0.004345 
               
               
                 0.690000 
                 0.024755 
                 0.026045 
                 −0.003960 
               
               
                 0.805000 
                 0.033738 
                 0.035469 
                 −0.003520 
               
               
                 0.920000 
                 0.044138 
                 0.046354 
                 −0.003034 
               
               
                 1.035000 
                 0.055971 
                 0.058706 
                 −0.002516 
               
               
                 1.150000 
                 0.069262 
                 0.072532 
                 −0.001981 
               
               
                 1.265000 
                 0.084040 
                 0.087838 
                 −0.001453 
               
               
                 1.380000 
                 0.100337 
                 0.104630 
                 −0.000958 
               
               
                 1.495000 
                 0.118196 
                 0.122919 
                 −0.000527 
               
               
                 1.610000 
                 0.137660 
                 0.142712 
                 −0.000198 
               
               
                 1.725000 
                 0.158779 
                 0.164020 
                 −0.000009 
               
               
                 1.840000 
                 0.181603 
                 0.186854 
                  0.000000 
               
               
                 1.955000 
                 0.206181 
                 0.211224 
                 −0.000207 
               
               
                 2.070000 
                 0.232553 
                 0.237145 
                 −0.000658 
               
               
                 2.185000 
                 0.260740 
                 0.264629 
                 −0.001362 
               
               
                 2.300000 
                 0.290739 
                 0.293691 
                 −0.002299 
               
               
                 2.415000 
                 0.322498 
                 0.324346 
                 −0.003403 
               
               
                 2.530000 
                 0.355903 
                 0.356611 
                 −0.004542 
               
               
                 2.645000 
                 0.390747 
                 0.390505 
                 −0.005493 
               
               
                 2.760000 
                 0.426698 
                 0.426045 
                 −0.005904 
               
               
                 2.875000 
                 0.463253 
                 0.463253 
                 −0.005251 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
               
                 A: 0.171027E−03 
               
               
                 B: 0.780901E−04 
               
               
                 C: −0.170715E−05 
               
               
                 D: −0.594285E−06 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC EQUATION 
               
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         Z 
                         = 
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 ( 
                                 CURV 
                                 ) 
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                 Y 
                                 2 
                               
                             
                             
                               1 
                               + 
                               
                                 
                                   ( 
                                   
                                     1 
                                     - 
                                     
                                       
                                         ( 
                                         
                                           1 
                                           + 
                                           K 
                                         
                                         ) 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         
                                           ( 
                                           CURV 
                                           ) 
                                         
                                         2 
                                       
                                       ⁢ 
                                       
                                         Y 
                                         2 
                                       
                                     
                                   
                                   ) 
                                 
                                 
                                   1 
                                   / 
                                   2 
                                 
                               
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                               
                           
                           ⁢ 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               A 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               4 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               B 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               6 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               C 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               8 
                             
                           
                           + 
                           
                             
                               ( 
                               D 
                               ) 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               Y 
                               10 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Y 
                 ASPH SAG 
                 SPHERE SAG 
                 SAG DIFFERENCE 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 0.000000 
                  0.000000 
                  0.000000 
                 0.000000 
               
               
                 0.120000 
                 −0.000380 
                 −0.000192 
                 0.000188 
               
               
                 0.240000 
                 −0.001515 
                 −0.000768 
                 0.000747 
               
               
                 0.360000 
                 −0.003396 
                 −0.001728 
                 0.001668 
               
               
                 0.480000 
                 −0.006005 
                 −0.003072 
                 0.002932 
               
               
                 0.600000 
                 −0.009317 
                 −0.004800 
                 0.004517 
               
               
                 0.720000 
                 −0.013301 
                 −0.006913 
                 0.006389 
               
               
                 0.840000 
                 −0.017919 
                 −0.009409 
                 0.008510 
               
               
                 0.960000 
                 −0.023123 
                 −0.012290 
                 0.010833 
               
               
                 1.080000 
                 −0.028860 
                 −0.015555 
                 0.013304 
               
               
                 1.200000 
                 −0.035063 
                 −0.019205 
                 0.015859 
               
               
                 1.320000 
                 −0.041660 
                 −0.023239 
                 0.018421 
               
               
                 1.440000 
                 −0.048563 
                 −0.027658 
                 0.020905 
               
               
                 1.560000 
                 −0.055674 
                 −0.032462 
                 0.023212 
               
               
                 1.680000 
                 −0.062880 
                 −0.037651 
                 0.025230 
               
               
                 1.800000 
                 −0.070056 
                 −0.043225 
                 0.026831 
               
               
                 1.920000 
                 −0.077066 
                 −0.049184 
                 0.027882 
               
               
                 2.040000 
                 −0.083766 
                 −0.055529 
                 0.028237 
               
               
                 2.160000 
                 −0.090017 
                 −0.062259 
                 0.027758 
               
               
                 2.280000 
                 −0.095693 
                 −0.069376 
                 0.026317 
               
               
                 2.400000 
                 −0.100705 
                 −0.076878 
                 0.023827 
               
               
                 2.520000 
                 −0.105031 
                 −0.084767 
                 0.020264 
               
               
                 2.640000 
                 −0.108758 
                 −0.093043 
                 0.015715 
               
               
                 2.760000 
                 −0.112139 
                 −0.101705 
                 0.010433 
               
               
                 2.880000 
                 −0.115670 
                 −0.110755 
                 0.004915 
               
               
                 3.000000 
                 −0.120192 
                 −0.120192 
                 0.000000 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ASPHERIC CONSTANTS 
               
               
                 A: 0.141992E−02 
               
               
                 B: −0.879215E−05 
               
               
                 C: 0.135290E−04 
               
               
                 D: −0.133102E−05 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Height (Y)  
                 Aspheric Sag (um) 
                 Height (Y)  
                 Aspheric Slope (um/mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.000 
                 −5.251 
                 0 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 0.115 
                 −5.214 
                 0.115 
                 0.322 
               
               
                 0.230 
                 −5.103 
                 0.23 
                 0.965 
               
               
                 0.345 
                 −4.920 
                 0.345 
                 1.591 
               
               
                 0.460 
                 −4.666 
                 0.46 
                 2.209 
               
               
                 0.575 
                 −4.345 
                 0.575 
                 2.791 
               
               
                 0.690 
                 −3.960 
                 0.69 
                 3.348 
               
               
                 0.805 
                 −3.520 
                 0.805 
                 3.826 
               
               
                 0.920 
                 −3.034 
                 0.92 
                 4.226 
               
               
                 1.035 
                 −2.516 
                 1.035 
                 4.504 
               
               
                 1.150 
                 −1.981 
                 1.15 
                 4.652 
               
               
                 1.265 
                 −1.453 
                 1.265 
                 4.591 
               
               
                 1.380 
                 −0.958 
                 1.38 
                 4.304 
               
               
                 1.495 
                 −0.527 
                 1.495 
                 3.748 
               
               
                 1.610 
                 −0.198 
                 1.61 
                 2.861 
               
               
                 1.725 
                 −0.009 
                 1.725 
                 1.643 
               
               
                 1.840 
                 0.000 
                 1.84 
                 0.078 
               
               
                 1.955 
                 −0.207 
                 1.955 
                 −1.800 
               
               
                 2.070 
                 −0.658 
                 2.07 
                 −3.922 
               
               
                 2.185 
                 −1.362 
                 2.185 
                 −6.122 
               
               
                 2.300 
                 −2.299 
                 2.3 
                 −8.148 
               
               
                 2.415 
                 −3.403 
                 2.415 
                 −9.600 
               
               
                 2.530 
                 −4.542 
                 2.53 
                 −9.904 
               
               
                 2.645 
                 −5.493 
                 2.645 
                 −8.270 
               
               
                 2.760 
                 −5.904 
                 2.76 
                 −3.574 
               
               
                 2.875 
                 −5.251 
                 2.875 
                 5.678 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Height (Y)  
                 Aspheric Sag (um) 
                 Height (Y) 
                 Aspheric Slope (um/mm) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.000 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.000 
               
               
                 0.120 
                 0.188 
                 0.12 
                 1.567 
               
               
                 0.240 
                 0.747 
                 0.24 
                 4.658 
               
               
                 0.360 
                 1.668 
                 0.36 
                 7.675 
               
               
                 0.480 
                 2.932 
                 0.48 
                 10.533 
               
               
                 0.600 
                 4.517 
                 0.6 
                 13.208 
               
               
                 0.720 
                 6.389 
                 0.72 
                 15.600 
               
               
                 0.840 
                 8.51 
                 0.84 
                 17.675 
               
               
                 0.960 
                 10.833 
                 0.96 
                 19.358 
               
               
                 1.080 
                 13.304 
                 1.08 
                 20.592 
               
               
                 1.200 
                 15.859 
                 1.2 
                 21.292 
               
               
                 1.320 
                 18.421 
                 1.32 
                 21.350 
               
               
                 1.440 
                 20.905 
                 1.44 
                 20.700 
               
               
                 1.560 
                 23.212 
                 1.56 
                 19.225 
               
               
                 1.680 
                 25.23 
                 1.68 
                 16.817 
               
               
                 1.800 
                 26.831 
                 1.8 
                 13.342 
               
               
                 1.920 
                 27.882 
                 1.92 
                 8.758 
               
               
                 2.040 
                 28.237 
                 2.04 
                 2.958 
               
               
                 2.160 
                 27.758 
                 2.16 
                 −3.992 
               
               
                 2.280 
                 26.317 
                 2.28 
                 −12.008 
               
               
                 2.400 
                 23.827 
                 2.4 
                 −20.750 
               
               
                 2.520 
                 20.264 
                 2.52 
                 −29.692 
               
               
                 2.640 
                 15.715 
                 2.64 
                 −37.908 
               
               
                 2.760 
                 10.433 
                 2.76 
                 −44.017 
               
               
                 2.880 
                 4.915 
                 2.88 
                 −45.983 
               
               
                 3.000 
                 0 
                 3 
                 −40.958 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     An optical assembly for a point action camera having a wide field of view includes multiple lens elements including an aspheric surface. The optical assembly is configured to provide a wide field of view, which is in certain embodiments in excess of 150 degrees. The optical assembly includes an inward field curvature of less than approximately 75 microns. In certain embodiments, the inward field curvature is less than approximately 60 microns. In other embodiments, the inward field curvature is less than approximately 50 microns or less. 
     Another optical assembly for a point action camera having a wide field of view, comprising multiple lens elements, including an aspheric surface, configured to provide a field of view in excess of 150 degrees that comprises a longitudinal astigmatism of 0.7 mm or less. 
     Another optical assembly for a point action camera having a wide field of view, comprising multiple lens elements, including an aspheric surface, configured to provide a field of view in excess of 150 degrees that comprises a ratio of total track length to effective focal length that is less than 8. 
     Another optical assembly for a point action camera having a wide field of view, comprising multiple lens elements, including an aspheric surface with an approximately 30 microns or less sag and an approximately 25 microns/millimeter aspheric sag slope, configured to provide a field of view in excess of 150 degrees. 
     In certain embodiments, the longitudinal astigmatism comprises approximately 0.6 mm or less, or in other embodiments, approximately 0.5 mm or less, or approximately 0.3 mm or less, or approximately 0.2 mm or less, or approximately 0.1 mm or less in certain embodiments. 
     From object end to image end, an optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments includes a first optical group and a second optical group, wherein the first optical group is configured to collect light at a wide field of view and a second optical group is configured to correct distortion or astigmatism error or both. An aperture stop may be disposed between said first and second optical groups. 
     The second optical group may be configured to correct astigmatism error. The second optical group may include multiple lens elements including an ultimate or penultimate lens element that is configured with an aspheric departure to correct astigmatism error. In certain embodiments, the ultimate lens element of the optical lens assembly includes an aspheric departure. In certain embodiments, an object facing surface of the ultimate lens element has an aspheric departure. The optical assembly may include seven lens elements. 
     A second optical group (from object to image) may include four lens elements. The second optical group may include, from object side to image side, a first singlet, a doublet and a second singlet. The first singlet may include a biconvex or plano-convex or quasi-plano-convex lens. The second singlet may include a biconvex, or convexo-plano or convexo-quasi-plano lens. 
     The first optical group may include two or more convexo-concave or meniscus lenses. The first optical group may include a biconvex lens. The doublet may include in certain embodiments, from object side to image side, a biconcave lens and a biconvex lens. 
     A third optical group may be disposed between the first and second optical groups. The third optical group may include a biconvex lens. 
     The lateral chromatic aberration (LCA) of an optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments may be less than approximately three pixels. The LCA in certain embodiments may be less than approximately two pixels. The LCA in certain embodiments may be less than approximately five microns or less than approximately three microns. 
     An optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments may include a single aspheric lens element, which may be the only aspheric lens element within the optical assembly. In these embodiments, lens elements other than the single aspheric lens element have spherical or planar lens surfaces, or both, each without significant aspheric departures. 
     An optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments may include a single aspheric lens surface, which may be the only aspheric lens surface within the optical assembly. In these embodiments, lens surfaces other than the single aspheric lens surface have spherical or planar lens surfaces, or both, each without significant aspheric departures. 
     Another optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments includes only one aspheric lens element. Subsets of these embodiments include lens elements that have two aspheric surfaces, i.e., both the object facing surface and the image facing surface of a same aspheric lens element are configured with aspheric departure. Other subsets of these embodiments include lens elements that have only a single aspheric lens surface, i.e., either the object facing surface or the image facing surface is aspheric, while the other surface does not have significant aspheric departure or to tolerance one of the lens surfaces is spherical. 
     Another optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments includes only one aspheric lens surface. This optical assembly includes a single aspheric lens surface configured to correct astigmatism. 
     A digital point action camera is provided that includes any of the optical assemblies described herein, along with an image sensor disposed approximately at a focal plane of the optical assembly. A digital camera housing includes electronics and a user interface, and contains and durably affixes the optical assembly and the image sensor in optically effective relative disposition. The housing may be waterproof and may include shock absorbing material to withstand shocks such as may be caused by collisions or sudden acceleration or high speed or high frequency jitter. 
     An aspheric lens element is provided for an optical assembly of a wide field of view point action camera in accordance with any of the embodiments of optical assemblies or point action cameras described herein. In certain embodiments, one or both surfaces has an approximately 30 microns or less sag and an approximately 25 microns/millimeter or less aspheric sag slope. In a specific embodiment, only a single lens surface has aspheric departure. In another embodiment, both the image facing surface and the object facing surface of the same lens element include aspheric departures. 
     In addition, combinations of features described herein, above and/or below, with regard to different embodiments form additional embodiments of optical assemblies, point action cameras and aspheric lens elements. 
     Several example embodiments are described below and are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In certain embodiments, a seventh lens element, from object to image, is the only lens element of the optical assembly that includes one or two surfaces aspheric surfaces. In certain embodiments, the object facing surface of the seventh lens element or the thirteenth surface of the optical assembly has an aspheric departure, while the image facing surface of the seventh lens element or the fourteenth surface of the optical assembly may have an aspheric surface also, or a spherical surface that may be slightly curved or quasi-planar, or may have a significant spherical curvature, or may be approximately planar. Alternatively, the fourteenth surface may be the only surface of the optical assembly that has an aspheric departure, while the thirteenth surface has a planar, quasi-planar or convex spherical curvature. The single lens element of the optical assembly that has aspheric departure may be the fifth or sixth lens element rather than the seventh, or may be instead the first or the second lens element. In these alternative embodiments, one or both surfaces of the single aspheric lens element may have aspheric departure, and in those embodiments wherein only a single lens surface has aspheric departure, the other surface of the aspheric lens element may be planar, or may be quasi-planar or slightly spherically curved, or may be significantly spherical. 
     First Example Embodiment 
     Referring to the example illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1 , and in the plots shown in  FIGS. 2-7 , and quantitatively at Tables 1-3, an optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments may include a first lens group G 1  and a second lens group G 2 . The first lens group G 1  is disposed nearer to the object or scene that is being imaged than the second lens group G 2 . The second lens group G 2  is disposed between the first lens group G 1  and the image plane. Together, the first and second optical groups G 1  and G 2  cover a wide field of view, i.e., greater than 120 degrees, or in certain embodiment greater than 135 degrees and in others greater than 150 degrees and even in certain embodiments significantly close to 180 degrees. Alternatively, there may be three, or more, lens groups instead of two, or the entire optical assembly may form a single lens group. 
     Generally speaking, the lens group G 1  is configured to collect wide field rays, whereas the lens group G 2  is configured to correct aberrations, and particularly distortion and astigmatism. However, the configuration can include contributions within the second lens group G 2  to the collection of wide field rays and/or contributions within the first lens group G 1  to the correction of aberrations such as distortion and astigmatism. For example, one or more lens elements of the group G 2  may have a reduced diameter or a material or shape characteristic tending to facilitate collection of wide angle rays and/or a surface of a lens element of group G 1  may have aspheric departure configured to assist in the correction of aberrations. 
     In the embodiment illustrated schematically at  FIG. 1 , the first lens group G 1  includes three lenses from furthest to closest to the image plane, namely lens E 1 , lens E 2  and lens E 3 . 
     Lens E 1  comprises a convex-concave lens, or meniscus, in the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 . This means that the object facing surface of lens E 1 , which is the first surface of the optical assembly of the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 , has a convex shape tending to converge incident light, while the image facing surface of lens E 1 , which is the second surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , has a concave shape tending to diverge incident light. The lens E 1  has a nominal overall optical power. This lens E 1  may have an extended radius outside of an active radius which assists and facilitates a wide field of view feature of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 . The physical dimensional characteristics of the lenses of the optical assemblies of the embodiments described herein generally permit configuring the wide field of view optical assembly within a lens barrel of a point action camera and/or within a compact or miniature point action camera. 
     The lens E 1  may be fixed, i.e., relative to the image plane and other fixed elements of the system. Alternatively, the lens E 1  may be movable to permit focusing by automatic or manual actuation using, e.g., a voice coil motor, piezo, or MEMS coupled to the lens E 1 . In this alternative embodiment, a feedback based on analysis of image data received at the image sensor by a processor, an image processor or an image signal processor (ISP). Another optical group may include one or more movable lenses, mirrors or other optics. In this context, a zoom feature may also be provided optically and/or electronically. Thus, embodiments of point action cameras described herein include fixed focus, autofocus and autofocus zoom point action cameras. In certain embodiments, the lens E 1  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.8, or n(λ d )≈1.8. The dispersion may be around 35. In certain embodiments, the lens E 1  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company of type HZLAF66. The lens E 1  has little overall optical power, as mentioned, and serves primarily as a collecting lens that facilitates the wide field of view of the optical assembly. 
     Lens E 1  has a larger diameter in order to collect rays at outer edges of a wide field of view and reduces the field angle for the subsequent lenses of the optical assembly. Lens group G 1 , and particularly lenses E 1  and E 2 , generally serves to reduce the ray angle for the group G 2  lens elements. Lens group G 2  generally serves to correct distortion and astigmatism errors. The overall optical design of the second lens group generally serves to correct distortion, while the aspheric thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  generally serves to correct astigmatism. 
     The lens element E 2  of the lens group G 1  has a convexo-concave or plano-concave or quasi-plano-concave structure in the example of  FIG. 1 . In other words the object facing surface of the lens E 2 , which is the third surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , has a slightly or nominally convex or planar surface shape, while the image facing surface of the lens E 2 , or the fourth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , has a concave shape tending to diverge incident light rays. In certain embodiments, the lens element E 2  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company of type HFK61. The lens E 2  has a negative overall focal length and serves as a diverging optical element. In certain embodiments, the lens E 2  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.5, or n(λ d )≈1.5. The dispersion may be around 82. In certain embodiments, the lens element E 2  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company of type HZF52A. 
     The lens element E 3  comprises a functionally converging optical element and has a biconvex structure in the illustrative example of  FIG. 1 . Both the object facing and image facing surfaces of the lens element E 3 , which are the fifth and sixth surfaces of the optical assembly that is illustrated schematically in the example embodiment of  FIG. 1 , are convex and tend to converge incident light. The lens element E 3  has a strongest positive optical power among the elements of group  1 . In certain embodiments, the lens E 3  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.85, or n(λ d )≈0.8. The dispersion may be around 24. In certain embodiments, the lens element E 3  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company of type HZF52A. 
     The lens group G 1  has an overall negative focal length, e.g., in one embodiment EFL (G 1 )≈−28.4 mm, and serves to collect and converge incoming light from an object, group of objects or a foreground, background or overall scene, including a wide field of view greater than 90 degrees in the horizontal and/or vertical dimensions, and typically 135-150 degrees or more in the horizontal and/or 110-120 degrees or more in the vertical. The first two lens elements E 1  and E 2  have a combined focal length in one example of around −2.6 mm, while the lens element E 3  has a focal length of around +6.3 mm. The rays received from the optical group G 1  are not greatly further optically reduced by optical group G 2 , which has a positive focal length, e.g., in one embodiment EFL (G 2 ) 5.8 mm. Optical group G 2  serves to correct distortion and astigmatism before images are captured by an image sensor of a point action camera for viewing on a display, and/or for recording or storage or for data analysis, monitoring, security or surveillance and/or for transmission and/or image processing. 
     The lens group G 1  may include two lenses or four lenses, or even one lens or five or more lenses. An aperture stop is disposed between the lens element E 3  and the lens element E 4  in the example of  FIG. 1 . Alternatively, an aperture stop is disposed between the lens groups G 1  and G 2 , whatever number of optical elements each may comprise. An aperture stop may be located differently and there may be one or more additional apertures within the optical assembly. 
     The optical group G 2  in the example of  FIG. 1  includes three or four lens elements, depending on whether one considers a lens doublet to comprise a single lens element or two lens elements. The lens group G 2  in the example of  FIG. 1  includes lens E 4 , lens doublet E 5 /E 6  and lens E 7 . 
     Lens E 4  may have a biconvex, plano-convex or quasi-plano-convex shape. That is, the object facing surface of lens E 4 , which is the seventh surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , has a slightly or nominally convex or planar shape, while the image facing surface of the lens E 4 , which is the eighth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , has a convex shape tending to converge incident light. The lens E 4  is disposed in the example of  FIG. 1  just on the image side of an aperture stop. The lens E 4  has an overall positive focal length and is functionally convergent of incident light after that light has been collected by the lens group G 1 , has passed through the aperture and has become incident upon the object facing surface of lens E 4 , or surface  7  of the overall optical assembly of  FIG. 1 . In certain embodiments, the lens E 4  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.88, or n(λ d )≈0.9. The dispersion may be around 41. In certain embodiments, the lens E 4  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company as type HZLAF68B. 
     The lens E 5  has a biconcave shape while the lens E 6  has a biconvex shape. The ninth and tenth surfaces of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , or both of the two surfaces of lens E 5 , have a concave shape tending to diverge incident light rays, while the eleventh and twelfth surfaces of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , or both of the two surfaces of the lens E 6 , have a convex shape. The twelfth surface of the optical assembly may be strongly convex and tend to relatively strongly converge incident light. 
     The lenses E 5  and E 6  are coupled together to form a doublet. In certain embodiments, the image facing surface of lens E 5  and the object facing surface of the lens E 6  are in direct contact. An adhesive or other standard process of coupling constituent lenses of a doublet may be used, which process may depend upon the materials of the constituent lenses E 5  and E 6 . In certain embodiments, the lens E 5  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.85, or n(λ d )≈1.8. The dispersion of lens E 5  may be around 24. In certain embodiments, the lens E 6  has n(λ d )≈1.6. In certain embodiments, the lens E 6  has a dispersion around 63. In certain embodiments, the lens E 5  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company of type HZF52A, while the lens E 6  may be obtained from the OHARA corporation of type SPHM52. The doublet overall serves to configure the light rays before becoming incident upon the lens element E 7 (A). 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , there a significant advantage to having an optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments, wherein the E 5 /E 6  doublet, which is shown disposed between the fourth singlet and the asphere in  FIG. 1 , is configured to correct oblique aberrations. Alternatively, the doublet may be disposed between lens E 3  and lens E 4 . 
     The lens element E 7 (A) has a biconvex, or convexo-quasi-plano, or convexo-plano shape. The object facing surface of the lens E 7 (A), which is the thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , has a strongly convex shape which relatively strongly converges incident light. The thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  is also aspheric in this example embodiment. The image facing surface of the lens E 7 (A), which is the fourteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , has a slightly or nominally convex or planar shape. 
     Between the fourteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  and the image plane are an IR filter and a cover plate. The IR filter serves to cut out infrared light that can otherwise interfere with the function of a silicon-based image sensor to collect visible image data. The cover plate serves to protect the image sensor from incident dust, water, oxygen or other corrosive or artifact producing elements that may be present in the ambient space surrounding the point action camera. A separate baffle may be included to reduce the amount of stray light that may become otherwise incident upon the image sensor. Each of the seventh lens, the IR filter and the cover glass may comprise NBK7 Schott glass, such that each may have a refractive index around 1.5 and a dispersion around 64. 
     The aspheric departure of the thirteenth optical surface of the optical assembly in the example embodiment of  FIG. 1  serves to advantageously significantly reduce astigmatism errors that would be otherwise inherent in a wide field of view system without an aspheric surface in accordance with embodiments described herein. Moreover, the advantageous design of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 , and specifically of the second optical group G 2 , and more specifically of the lens element E 7 (A), and still more specifically of the object facing surface of the lens element E 7 (A) permits the optical assembly in this embodiment to have a more efficient manufacturability than conventional designs that contain multiple aspheric surfaces and/or multiple aspheric lens or other optical elements. 
       FIG. 1  has H(θ)/f*θ=1.078. In another similar embodiment H(θ)/f*0=1.174. In other embodiments, H(θ)/f*θ is greater than 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and even 1.5, and in other embodiments H(θ)/f*θ is approximately 1. 
     Table 1 generally discloses certain specifications of the example optical assembly that is represented schematically in side view in  FIG. 1 . Table 1 lists RDY, which is the radius of curvature of the optical surface. Table 1 lists THI which are the thicknesses of the lens elements and airspaces in sequential order. The row 1 thickness described the thickness of the first lens element in this embodiment. The row 2 thickness describes the thickness of the spacing between the first and second lens elements. The spacing may include air, or for example dry air or nitrogen gas or vacuum or a noble gas, or a liquid such as water. The row 3 describes the thickness of the second lens element. The row 4 describes the air spacing between the second and third lens elements in this example. The row 5 describes the thickness of the third lens element. The row 6 describes the thickness of the spacing between the third lens element and the aperture stop. The row STO describes the thickness of the air spacing between the aperture stop and the fourth lens element. The row 8 describes the thickness of the fourth lens element. The row 9 describes the air spacing between the fourth lens element and the fifth lens element. The row 10 describes the thickness of the fifth lens element. The row 11 describes the thickness of the sixth lens element. There is no air thickness between the fifth and sixth lens elements described in the Table 1, because the fifth and sixth lens elements form a doublet in this example, wherein the tenth and eleventh surfaces of the optical assembly are substantially in contact with each other. The row 12 describes the thickness of the spacing between the sixth lens and the seventh lens in this example. The row 13 describes the thickness of the seventh lens. The row 14 describes the spacing between the seventh lens and the IR cut filter. The row 15 describes the thickness of the IR cut filter. The row 16 describes the spacing thickness between the IR cut filter and the cover plate (e.g., glass or polymer) for the image sensor. The row 18 describes the spacing between the cover plate and the image sensor. The row IMG describes the image sensor plane. 
     Seven lens elements E 1 -E 7 (A) make up the example optical assembly that is illustrated schematically at  FIG. 1 , while a point action camera includes the IR cut filter, cover glass and an image sensor packaged within a housing along with the optical assembly. The first three lens elements E 1 -E 3  form a first optical group G 1  (or E 1 -E 2  form G 1  and E 3  alone forms G 2 ), while the final four lens elements E 4 -E 7 (A) form a second optical group G 2  (or E 4 -E 7 (A) form a third optical group G 3 ). 
     The radii of curvature are, in the single aspheric surface example, approximately, i.e., within manufacturing tolerances, the same everywhere along the optical surface for each of the first through twelfth and fourteenth surfaces of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 . That is, the coefficients A thru E are each approximately zero for 13 out of 14 surfaces of the embodiment of  FIG. 1  in the single aspheric surface example of a wide field of view optical assembly for a point action camera or compact camera, or miniature camera module or other camera or camera module including a single aspheric lens element, or only one aspheric lens element, and exhibiting advantageously low distortion and low astigmatism. The departures from spherical of the thirteenth surface are represented in Table 1 as nonzero coefficients A-E, which correspond mathematically to the coefficients indicated in the formula that is provided above the Table 2 in the illustration. 
     This formula with the non-zero coefficients A-E as indicated in Table 1 represent the aspheric curvature of the surface  13  of the example optical assembly that is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1 . 
     The specification data of Table 1 represent the first order software inputs to complete the optical model. FNO is F number and is approximately 2.7 in this example. DIM is the dimension which is mm. WL are the wavelengths which are in nanometers, and are 650 nm (red), 586 nm (yellow), 486 nm (blue) and 450 nm (violet) in this example. WTF is the spectral wavelength weighting. XAN and YAN are the x and y field angles. VUY and VLY are the vignetting factors for each field. WID indicates that the example of  FIG. 1  is for a wide field of view or WFOV. 
     Table 2 shows aspherical and spherical SAG data for the thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 . These data may fit to a formula for SAG for a spherical conic section, e.g., z(r)=r 2 /[R+(R 2 −r 2 ) 1/2 ], wherein for a best sphere of radius 8.330, as in an example embodiment, and a curvature of best sphere, R, corresponding to 0.120047, the different actual radii of curvature, r, for a surface with aspheric departure produce SAG differences compared to values for a true spherical conic section. These aspherical SAGs for an example thirteenth surface are compared with would be true spherical SAGs in Table 2 for different distances Y from the vertex center at Y=0 to Y=3.3 (mm) in steps of 0.132 (mm). 
     The aspheric sags in Table 3 that are plotted in  FIG. 2  are the aspheric sag difference numbers shown in Table 2, which are the differences from the best fit sphere sags of the aspheric surface  13 . Table 3 also shows values of aspheric slope that are plotted in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 2  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the second column from the left in Table 3, for the 13 th  optical surface from the object in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1 . The aspheric sag for the 13 th  surface in this example has a sag minimum between approximately −20 μm and −25 μm between 2 mm and 2.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The sag is approximately zero at the center and at the edge about 3 mm from the center. The sag plot has a width of approximately 1.5 mm at −13 μm. The sag has points of inflection between approximately 1 mm and 1.5 mm and 3 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
       FIG. 3  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the fourth column from the left (or rightmost column) in Table 3, for the 13 th  optical surface in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1 . The aspheric slope has a minimum between −10 μm/mm and −20 μm/mm between 1 mm and 1.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The aspheric slope has a largest value at the outer edge of the 13 th  lens surface of around 40 μm/mm. The aspheric slope has points of inflection between around 0.5 mm and 1 mm and between 2.5 mm and 3 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
     While the asphere may be disposed on other optical surfaces and/or on other lens elements in other embodiments, the 13th surface is selected in the embodiment illustrated by example in  FIG. 1  at least in part due to the advantageous ratio of the chief ray and marginal ray heights at that location within the optical assembly. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 12 th  13 th  and/or 14 th  optical surface is/are selected to have aspheric departure over the 5 th -11 th  surfaces in part due to the ratio of real chief and marginal ray heights, e.g., of about 2.8 or more, and because ratios nearer to one tend to provide reduced or even nominal aberrational correction, e.g., of astigmatism, when aspheric departure is accordingly provided in corresponding locations within the optical assemblies of such embodiments. 
     An image sensor, e.g., a charge coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device is disposed at the image plane in embodiments that include an assembled compact, miniature, point action or point of view camera. The optical assembly may be configured for later assembly with an image sensor. In this sense, the first and second optical groups may be manufactured or assembled separately and later combined, and in general, parts of the optical assembly or point action camera may be separately manufactured or assembled and it is possible in certain embodiments to replace, restore or realign optical group G 1 , optical group G 2  and/or certain other groups of one or more of the lenses or other optical components of the optical assembly or point action camera. 
       FIGS. 4A-4E  respectively show plots of tangential ray aberrations respectively at 75°, 55°, 35°, 15° and 0° for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 1 .  FIGS. 4A-4E and 5A-5E  show five pairs of graphs, where each pair illustrates the tangential and sagittal rays at one of these five field angles. The independent variable (horizontal axis) is the relative coordinate of a ray over the pupil diameter. The vertical axis has a maximum distance measure of +/− approximately three microns or a spread of six microns or less over a 150 degree field (which is clearly advantageous over a conventional system that may have, e.g., a 20 micron spread. The vertical axis therefore represents the transverse ray aberration (ray interception distance from the ideal focal point) of a ray passing through a specific relative pupil position. Graphs  4 A- 4 E (tangential plane) and  5 A- 5 E (sagittal plane) show the transverse ray aberrations for an on-axis ray bundle as the bundle is refracted through the lens elements of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1 . 
     In  FIGS. 4E and 5E , the performance of the embodiment of  FIG. 1  is illustrated for a ray bundle at zero degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  4 D and  5 D show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 15 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  4 C and  5 C show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 35 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  4 B and  5 B show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 55 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  4 A and  5 A show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 75 degrees with the optical axis. 
     LCA is demonstrated in  FIGS. 4A-4E  as the separation of the three rays which correspond to four different colors or wavelengths, which are in this example 650 nm, 550 nm, 486 nm and 450 nm. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates the polychromatic diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for pixels lying normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). Those pixels lying at 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis would be those at the edge of a point action camera assembly having a field of view of 150 degrees. A point action camera is provided herein having a wide field of view of 150 degrees or more. Advantageously high areas under these curves are noticeable in  FIG. 6 . In accordance with  FIGS. 4A-4E , the plots of  FIG. 6  demonstrate that the image quality of the embodiment of  FIG. 1  is advantageous. 
       FIG. 7  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential (e.g., vertical) fan (T) and sagittal (e.g., horizontal) fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 1  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure.  FIG. 7  shows that without the asphere, the longitudinal astigmatism (T′−S′)˜0.75 mm in this example. With an aspheric departure in accordance with certain embodiments, e.g., on the thirteenth surface, such as has been described and illustrated in the example of  FIG. 1 , the longitudinal astigmatism reduces to approximately zero. Moreover, the field curvature is approximately flat, e.g., &lt;50 microns, across the sensor format. 
     An optical design in accordance with the first embodiment exhibits an advantageous ratio of total track length to effective focal length, or TTL/EFL&lt;8. The specific example illustrated schematically in  FIG. 1  has a calculated TTL to EFL ratio of 7.79 in air, i.e., in physical geometrical units for the track and focal lengths, i.e., where the unity index of refraction or is used throughout in the calculation. This example ratio can also be calculated optically by taking into account the indices of refraction of the glasses, polymers and/or other solid, liquid and/or gaseous materials of the cover plate element. When the TTL/EFL ratio is calculated optically as an optical track length over an optical focal length that takes into account the index of refraction of the material that forms the cover glass element (otherwise sometimes deemed part of a separate image sensor component to be coupled to the optical assembly), then the ratio is calculated to be approximately 7.98, which is based on an optical track length of 21.8 mm and an optical focal length of 2.73 mm. 
     The optical assembly of the first example embodiments illustrated schematically in side view at  FIG. 1  exhibits a ratio of TTL/EFL that is less than 8. The embodiment of  FIG. 1  has a ratio of TTL/EFL that is less than 7.8 in air, and may be approximately 7.79 in air. The specific TTL/EFL ratio of 7.8 for the specific non-limiting example embodiment illustrated at  FIG. 1  is based on total track lengths typically between 18 and 26 and on effective focal lengths typically between 2.5 and 3.0. In certain embodiments, a ratio of TTL to EFL of 7.79 is achieved with a total track length of 21.8 mm and an effective focal length of 2.7 mm. An effective focal length of the first group G 1  that includes the first three lens elements E 1 , E 2  and E 3  may be between approximately −20 and −40, or between −24 and −34, or between −26 and −32, or approximately −28, or approximately −29 or −28.4. Among the lens elements of the first group G 1 , the first two lens elements E 1  and E 2  may have a combined focal length between −1 and −4, or between −1.5 and −3.5, or between −2 and −3, or around −2.6 or −2.7 or −2.65 mm, while the third element E 3  may have a focal length between approximately +4 and +9, or between +5 and +8, or between +6 and +7, or around +6.5 or +6.3 or +6.34. The lens Group G 2  including the lenses E 4 -E 7 (A) may have an effective focal length between +2 and +10, or between +3 and +9, or between +4 and +8, or between +5 and +7 or around +6 or around +5.8 or +5.84. 
     In this context, referring again to Table 1, which generally discloses certain specifications of the example optical assembly that is represented schematically in side view in  FIG. 1 , Table 1 lists radius of curvature (RDY) values for each of the fourteen optical surfaces, i.e., numbered 1-14 in the left hand column of Table 1, of the seven lens elements E 1 -E 7 (A) that make up the first and second optical groups G 1 , G 2 . Table 1 also lists thickness values (THI) for each of the lens elements and spacings between the lens elements, or of the distances between each adjacent optical surface in the optical assembly illustrated schematically in side view in  FIG. 1 . The optical assembly of  FIG. 1  has a TTL/EFL ratio of about 7.79 in air, for a track length of approximately 21.8 mm and an effective focal length of approximately 2.7 mm. The effective focal length of the lens group G 1  is −28.37 mm and that of the lens group G 2  in this example is about 5.84 mm. The lens group G 1  could be broken down into the first two lenses E 1  and E 2  which together have an effective (negative) focal length of about −2.65 mm, while the third lens E 3  has an effective (positive) focal length of about 6.3 mm. 
     Second Example Embodiment 
       FIGS. 8-14  and Tables 4-6 illustrate schematically and quantitatively a second example embodiment. In some respects, the second embodiment is the same as the first embodiment or similar enough that the description above is incorporated here and not repeated. As with the first embodiment, the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 8  includes six or seven lens elements, wherein a first lens group G 1  and a second lens group G 2  are separated by an aperture stop disposed between the third and fourth lens elements E 3  and E 4 , respectively. Another aperture may be disposed between the second and third lens elements E 2  and E 3 , respectively, in certain embodiments. The optical assembly of  FIG. 8  is configured to cover a wide field of view, i.e., greater than 120 degrees, or in certain embodiments greater than 135 degrees and in others greater than 150 degrees and even in certain embodiments 180 degrees, or even greater than 180 degrees depending on the degree of convex curvature of the first lens surface. 
     Generally speaking, the lens group G 1  is configured to collect wide field rays, whereas the lens group G 2  is configured to correct aberrations, and particularly distortion and astigmatism. However, the configuration can include contributions within the second lens group G 2  to the collection of wide field rays and/or contributions within the first lens group G 1  to the correction of aberrations such as distortion and astigmatism. For example, one or more lens elements of the group G 2  may have a reduced diameter or a material or shape characteristic tending to facilitate collection of wide angle rays and/or a surface of a lens element of group G 1  may have aspheric departure configured to assist in the correction of aberrations such as distortion and astigmatism, and even higher order coma in certain embodiments. In certain embodiments, the combination of the lens groups G 1  and G 2  serve to provide wide field of view imaging with advantageously low distortion, while a single aspheric lens element serves to provide advantageously low astigmatism error characteristics for the optical assembly. 
     Lens E 1  comprises a convex-concave lens, or meniscus, in the example embodiment of  FIG. 8 . This means that the object facing surface of lens E 1 , which is the first surface of the optical assembly of the example embodiment of  FIG. 8 , has a convex shape tending to converge incident light, while the image facing surface of lens E 1 , which is the second surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , has a concave shape tending to diverge incident light. The lens E 1  has a nominal overall optical power. This lens E 1  may have an extended radius outside of an active radius which assists and facilitates a wide field of view feature of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 . The physical dimensional characteristics of the lenses of the optical assemblies of the embodiments described herein generally permit configuring the wide field of view optical assembly within a lens barrel of a point action camera and/or within a compact or miniature point action camera. 
     The lens E 1  may be fixed, i.e., relative to the image plane and other fixed elements of the system. Alternatively, the lens E 1  may be movable to permit focusing by automatic or manual actuation using, e.g., a voice coil motor, piezo, or MEMS coupled to the lens E 1 . In this alternative embodiment, a feedback based on analysis of image data received at the image sensor by a processor, an image processor or an image signal processor (ISP). Another optical group may include one or more movable lenses, mirrors or other optics. In this context, a zoom feature may also be provided optically and/or electronically. Thus, embodiments of point action cameras described herein include fixed focus, autofocus and autofocus zoom point action cameras. In certain embodiments, the lens E 1  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.8, or n(λd)≈1.7 or 1.73. The dispersion may be around 55 The lens E 1  has little overall optical power, as mentioned, and serves primarily as a collecting lens that facilitates the wide field of view of the optical assembly. 
     Lens E 1  has a larger diameter in order to collect rays at outer edges of a wide field of view and reduces the field angle for the subsequent lenses of the optical assembly. Lens group G 1 , and particularly lens E 1  and E 2 , generally serves to reduce the ray angle for the group G 2  lens elements. Lens group G 2  generally serves to correct distortion and astigmatism errors. The overall optical design of the second lens group generally serves to correct distortion, while the aspheric thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  generally serves to correct astigmatism. 
     The lens element E 2  of the lens group G 1  has a convexo-concave or plano-concave or quasi-plano-concave structure in the example of  FIG. 8 . In other words the object facing surface of the lens E 2 , which is the third surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , has a slightly or nominally convex or planar surface shape, while the image facing surface of the lens E 2 , or the fourth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , has a concave shape tending to diverge incident light rays The lens E 2  has a negative overall focal length and serves as a diverging optical element. In certain embodiments, the lens E 2  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.7, or n(λd)≈0.73. The dispersion may be around 55 The lens element E 3  comprises a functionally converging optical element and has a convexo-planar, or convexo-quasi-planar, or alternatively biconvex structure in the illustrative example of  FIG. 8 . The object facing surface of the lens element E 3 , which is the fifth surface of the optical assembly that is illustrated schematically in the example embodiment of  FIG. 8 , is convex and tends to converge incident light. The image facing surface of the lens element E 3 , which is the sixth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , is planar or quasi-planar or only slightly curved convex or concave. The lens element E 3  has a strongest positive optical power among the elements of the first optical group G 1 . In certain embodiments, the lens E 3  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.81, or n(λd)≈1.8. The dispersion may be around 23. In certain embodiments, the lens element E 3  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company of type HZF52A. 
     The lens group G 1  serves to collect and converge incoming light from an object, group of objects or a foreground, background or overall scene, including a wide field of view greater than 90 degrees in the horizontal and/or vertical dimensions, and typically 135-150 degrees or more in the horizontal and/or 110-120 degrees or more in the vertical. The rays received from the optical group G 1  are not greatly further optically reduced by optical group G 2 , which serves to correct distortion and astigmatism before images are captured by an image sensor of a point action camera for viewing on a display, and/or for recording or storage or for data analysis, monitoring, security or surveillance and/or for transmission and/or image processing. 
     The lens group G 1  may include two lenses or four lenses, or even one lens or five or more lenses. An aperture stop is disposed between the lens element E 3  and the lens element E 4  in the example of  FIG. 8 . Alternatively, an aperture stop is disposed between the lens groups G 1  and G 2 , whatever number of optical elements each may comprise. An aperture stop may be located differently and there may be one or more additional apertures within the optical assembly. 
     The optical group G 2  in the example of  FIG. 8  includes three or four lens elements, depending on whether one considers a lens doublet to comprise a single lens element or two lens elements. The lens group G 2  in the example of  FIG. 8  includes lens E 4 , lens doublet E 5 /E 6  and lens E 7 . 
     Lens E 4  may have a biconvex, plano-convex or quasi-plano-convex shape. That is, the object facing surface of lens E 4 , which is the seventh surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , has a slightly or nominally convex or planar shape, while the image facing surface of the lens E 4 , which is the eighth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , has a convex shape tending to converge incident light. The lens E 4  is disposed in the example of  FIG. 8  just on the image side of an aperture stop. The lens E 4  has an overall positive focal length and is functionally convergent of incident light after that light has been collected by the lens group G 1 , has passed through the aperture and has become incident upon the object facing surface of lens E 4 , or surface  7  of the overall optical assembly of  FIG. 8 . In certain embodiments, the lens E 4  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.7, or n(λd)≈1.73. The dispersion may be around 55. The lens E 5  has a biconcave shape while the lens E 6  has a biconvex shape. The ninth and tenth surfaces of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , or both of the two surfaces of lens E 5 , have a concave shape tending to diverge incident light rays, while the eleventh and twelfth surfaces of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , or both of the two surfaces of the lens E 6 , have a convex shape. The twelfth surface of the optical assembly may be strongly convex and tend to relatively strongly converge incident light. 
     The lenses E 5  and E 6  are coupled together to form a doublet. In certain embodiments, the image facing surface of lens E 5  and the object facing surface of the lens E 6  are in direct contact. An adhesive or other standard process of coupling constituent lenses of a doublet may be used, which process may depend upon the materials of the constituent lenses E 5  and E 6 . In certain embodiments, the lens E 5  has an index of refraction at the sodium d line (i.e., 587.5618 nm) at around 1.9, or n(λd)≈1.93. The dispersion of lens E 5  may be around 19. In certain embodiments, the lens E 6  has n(λd)≈0.6. In certain embodiments, the lens E 6  has a dispersion around 63. In certain embodiments, the lens E 5  may be obtained from the CDGM glass company of type HZF52A, while the lens E 6  may be obtained from the OHARA corporation of type SPHM52. The doublet overall serves to configure the light rays before becoming incident upon the lens element E 7 (A). 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , there a significant advantage to having an optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments, wherein the E 5 /E 6  doublet, which is shown disposed between the fourth singlet and the asphere in  FIG. 8 , is configured to correct oblique aberrations. Alternatively, the doublet may be disposed between lens E 3  and lens E 4 . 
     The lens element E 7 (A) has a biconvex, or convexo-quasi-plano, or convexo-plano shape. The object facing surface of the lens E 7 (A), which is the thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , has a strongly convex shape which relatively strongly converges incident light. The thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  is also aspheric in this example embodiment. The image facing surface of the lens E 7 (A), which is the fourteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , has a slightly or nominally convex or planar shape. 
     Between the fourteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  and the image plane are an IR filter and a cover plate. The IR filter serves to cut out infrared light that can otherwise interfere with the function of a silicon-based image sensor to collect visible image data. The cover plate serves to protect the image sensor from incident dust, water, oxygen or other corrosive or artifact producing elements that may be present in the ambient space surrounding the point action camera. A separate baffle may be included to reduce the amount of stray light that may become otherwise incident upon the image sensor. Each of the seventh lens, the IR filter and the cover glass may comprise NBK7 Schott glass. 
     The aspheric departure of the thirteenth optical surface of the optical assembly in the example embodiment of  FIG. 8  serves to advantageously significantly reduce astigmatism errors that would be otherwise inherent in a wide field of view system without an aspheric surface in accordance with embodiments described herein. Moreover, the advantageous design of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 , and specifically of the second optical group G 2 , and more specifically of the lens element E 7 (A), and still more specifically of the object facing surface of the lens element E 7 (A) permits the optical assembly in this embodiment to have a more efficient manufacturability than conventional designs that contain multiple aspheric surfaces and/or multiple aspheric lens or other optical elements. 
     The optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 8  has H(θ)/f*θ=1.078. In another similar embodiment H(θ)/f*θ=1.174. In other embodiments, H(θ)/f*θ is greater than 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and even 1.5, and in other embodiments H(θ)/f*θ is approximately 1. 
     Table 4 generally discloses certain specifications of the example optical assembly that is represented schematically in side view in  FIG. 8 . Table 4 lists RDY, which is the radius of curvature of the optical surface. Table 4 lists THI which are the thicknesses of the lens elements and airspaces in sequential order. The row 1 thickness described the thickness of the first lens element in this embodiment. The row 2 thickness describes the thickness of the spacing between the first and second lens elements. The spacing may include air, or for example dry air or nitrogen gas or vacuum or a noble gas, or a liquid such as water. The row 3 describes the thickness of the second lens element. The row 4 describes the air spacing between the second and third lens elements in this example. The row 5 describes the thickness of the third lens element. The row 6 describes the thickness of the spacing between the third lens element and the aperture stop. The row STO describes the thickness of the air spacing between the aperture stop and the fourth lens element. The row 8 describes the thickness of the fourth lens element. The row 9 describes the air spacing between the fourth lens element and the fifth lens element. The row 10 describes the thickness of the fifth lens element. The row 11 describes the thickness of the sixth lens element. There is no air thickness between the fifth and sixth lens elements described in the Table 1, because the fifth and sixth lens elements form a doublet in this example, wherein the tenth and eleventh surfaces of the optical assembly are substantially in contact with each other. The row 12 describes the thickness of the spacing between the sixth lens and the seventh lens in this example. The row 13 describes the thickness of the seventh lens. The row 14 describes the spacing between the seventh lens and the IR cut filter. The row 15 describes the thickness of the IR cut filter. The row 16 describes the spacing thickness between the IR cut filter and the cover plate (e.g., glass or polymer) for the image sensor. The row 18 describes the spacing between the cover plate and the image sensor. The row IMG describes the image sensor plane. 
     Seven lens elements E 1 -E 7 (A) make up the optical assembly, while a point action camera includes the IR cut filter, cover glass and image sensor along with the optical assembly. The first two or three lens elements form a first optical group G 1 , while with either the third lens element forms a second group G 2  and the final four lens elements form a third optical group G 3  or the final four lens elements form the second optical group G 2 , respectively. 
     The radii of curvature are, in the single aspheric surface example, approximately, i.e., within manufacturing tolerances, the same everywhere along the optical surface for each of the first thru twelfth and fourteenth surfaces of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 . That is, the coefficients A thru E are each approximately zero for 13 out of 14 surfaces of the embodiment of  FIG. 8  in the single aspheric surface example. The departures from spherical of the thirteenth surface are represented in Table 4 as nonzero coefficients A-E, which correspond mathematically to the coefficients indicated in the formula provided between Table 1 and Table 2. 
     This formula with the non-zero coefficients A-E as indicated in Table 4 represents the aspheric curvature of the surface  13  of the example optical assembly that is illustrated schematically in  FIG. 8 . 
     The specification data of Table 4 represent the first order software inputs to complete the optical model. FNO is F number and is approximately 2.7 in this example. DIM is the dimension which is mm. WL are the wavelengths which are in nanometers, and are 650 nm (red), 586 nm (yellow), 486 nm (blue) and 450 nm (violet) in this example. WTF is the spectral wavelength weighting. XAN and YAN are the x and y field angles. VUY and VLY are the vignetting factors for each field. WID indicates that the example of  FIG. 8  is for a wide field of view or WFOV. 
     Table 5 shows aspherical and spherical SAG data for the thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 . These data fit to the formula for SAG for a spherical conic section that is provided between Table 1 and Table 2, or that may be generally or alternatively written as: z(r)= r2 /[R+( R2   _   r2 ) 1/2 ]; wherein for a best sphere of radius 8.330, as in an example embodiment, and a curvature of best sphere, R, corresponding to 0.120047, the different actual radii of curvature, r, for a surface with aspheric departure produce SAG differences compared to values for a true spherical conic section. These aspherical SAGs for an example thirteenth surface are compared with would be true spherical SAGs in Table 4 for different distances Y from the vertex center at Y=0 to Y=3.3 (mm) in steps of 0.132 (mm). 
     The aspheric sags in Table 6 that are plotted in  FIG. 9  are the aspheric sag difference numbers shown in Table 5, which are the difference from the best fit sphere sags of the aspheric surface  13 . Table 6 also shows values of aspheric slope that are plotted in  FIG. 10 . 
     While the asphere may be disposed on other optical surfaces and/or on other lens elements in other embodiments, the 13th surface is selected in the embodiment illustrated by example in  FIG. 8  at least in part due to the advantageous ratio of the chief ray and marginal ray heights at that location within the optical assembly. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 12th 13th and/or 14th optical surface is/are selected to have aspheric departure over the 5th-11th surfaces in part due to the ratio of real chief and marginal ray heights, e.g., of about 2.8 or more, and because ratios nearer to one tend to provide reduced or even nominal aberrational correction, e.g., of astigmatism, when aspheric departure is accordingly provided in corresponding locations within the optical assemblies of such embodiments. 
     An image sensor, e.g., a charge coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device is disposed at the image plane in embodiments that include an assembled compact, miniature, point action or point of view camera. The optical assembly may be configured for later assembly with an image sensor. In this sense, the first and second optical groups may be manufactured or assembled separately and later combined, and in general, parts of the optical assembly or point action camera may be separately manufactured or assembled and it is possible in certain embodiments to replace, restore or realign optical group G 1 , optical group G 2  and/or certain other groups of one or more of the lenses or other optical components of the optical assembly or point action camera. 
       FIGS. 11A-11E  respectively show plots of tangential ray aberrations respectively at 75°, 55°, 35°, 15° and 0° for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 8 .  FIGS. 11A-11E and 12A-12E  show five pairs of graphs, where each pair illustrates the tangential and sagittal rays at one of these five field angles. The independent variable (horizontal axis) is the relative coordinate of a ray over the pupil diameter. The vertical axis has a maximum distance measure of +/− approximately three microns or a spread of six microns or less over a 150 degree field (which is clearly advantageous over a conventional system that may have, e.g., a 20 micron spread. The vertical axis therefore represents the transverse ray aberration (ray interception distance from the ideal focal point) of a ray passing through a specific relative pupil position. Graphs  11 A- 11 E (tangential plane) and  12 A- 12 E (sagittal plane) show the transverse ray aberrations for an on-axis ray bundle as the bundle is refracted through the lens elements of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 . 
     In  FIGS. 11E and 12E , the performance of the embodiment of  FIG. 8  is illustrated for a ray bundle at zero degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  11 D and  12 D show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 15 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  11 C and  12 C show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 35 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  11 B and  12 B show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 55 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  11 A and  12 A show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 75 degrees with the optical axis. 
     LCA is demonstrated in  FIGS. 11A-11E  as the separation of the three rays which correspond to four different colors or wavelengths, which are in this example 650 nm, 550 nm, 486 nm and 450 nm. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates the polychromatic diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for pixels lying normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). Those pixels lying at 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis would be those at the edge of a point action camera assembly having a field of view of 150 degrees. A point action camera is provided herein having a wide field of view of 150 degrees or more. Advantageously high areas under these curves are noticeable in  FIG. 13 . In accordance with  FIGS. 11A-11E , the plots of  FIG. 13  demonstrate that the image quality of the embodiment of  FIG. 8  is advantageous. 
       FIG. 14  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential (e.g., vertical) fan (T) and sagittal (e.g., horizontal) fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 8  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure.  FIG. 14  shows that without the asphere, the longitudinal astigmatism (T′−S′)˜0.75 mm in this example. With an aspheric departure in accordance with certain embodiments, e.g., on the thirteenth surface, such as has been described and illustrated in the example of  FIG. 8 , the longitudinal astigmatism reduces to approximately zero. Moreover, the field curvature is approximately flat, e.g., &lt;50 microns, across the sensor format. 
     Both of the embodiments illustrated at  FIGS. 1 and 8  exhibit ratios of TTL/EFL that are less than 8. The embodiment of  FIG. 8  has a ratio of TTL/EFL that is less than 7.5, and may be approximately 7 or approximately 7.4 or 7.43. The specific TTL/EFL ratios of 7.8 and 7.4 for the specific non-limiting example embodiments illustrated at  FIGS. 1 and 8  are based on total track lengths typically between 18 and 21 and on effective focal lengths typically between 2.5 and 3.0. In certain embodiments, a ratio of TTL to EFL of 7.5 is achieved with a total track length of 20.3 and an effective focal length of 2.7. An effective focal length of the first group G 1  that includes the first three lens elements E 1 , E 2  and E 3  may be between approximately −120 and −60, or between −110 and −70, or between −100 and −80, or approximately −90, or approximately −92 or −91.6. Among the lens elements of the first group G 1 , the first two lens elements E 1  and E 2  may have a combined focal length between −1 and −4, or between −1.5 and −3.5, or between −2 and −3, or around −2.5 or −2 or −2.3, while the third element E 3  may have a focal length between approximately +3 and +8, or between +4 and +7, or between +5 and +6, or around +5.5 or +5.3. 
     In this context, referring again to Table 4, which generally discloses certain specifications of the example optical assembly that is represented schematically in side view in  FIG. 8 , Table 4 lists radius of curvature (RDY) values for each of the fourteen optical surfaces, i.e., numbered 1-14 in the left hand column of Table 4, of the seven lens elements E 1 -E 7 (A) that make up the first and second optical groups G 1 , G 2 . Table 4 also lists thickness values (THI) for each of the lens elements and spacings between the lens elements, or of the distances between each adjacent optical surface in the optical assembly illustrated schematically in side view in  FIG. 8 . The optical assembly of  FIG. 8  has a TTL/EFL ratio of about 7.4, for a track length of approximately 20.3 mm and an effective focal length of approximately 2.7 mm. The effective focal length of the lens group G 1  is −91.6 mm and that of the lens group G 2  in this example is about 6.1 mm. The lens group G 1  could be broken down into the first two lenses E 1  and E 2  which together have an effective (negative) focal length of about −2.3 mm, while the third lens E 3  has an effective (positive) focal length of about 5.3 mm. 
     Table 5 shows aspherical and spherical SAG data for the thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 8 . These data may fit to a formula for SAG for a spherical conic section, e.g., z(r)=r 2 /[R+(R 2 −r 2 ) 1/2 ], wherein for a best sphere of radius 8.330, as in an example embodiment, and a curvature of best sphere, R, corresponding to 0.120047, the different actual radii of curvature, r, for a surface with aspheric departure produce SAG differences compared to values for a true spherical conic section. These aspherical SAGs for an example thirteenth surface are compared with would be true spherical SAGs in Table 5 for different distances Y from the vertex center at Y=0 to Y=3.3 (mm) in steps of 0.132 (mm). 
     The aspheric sags in Table 6 that are plotted in  FIG. 9  are the aspheric sag difference numbers shown in Table 5, which are the differences from the best fit sphere sags of the aspheric surface  13 . Table 6 also shows values of aspheric slope that are plotted in  FIG. 10 . 
       FIG. 9  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the second column from the left in Table 6, for the 13 th  optical surface from the object in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 8 . The aspheric sag for the 13 th  surface in this example has a sag minimum between approximately −16 μm and −18 μm between 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The sag is approximately zero at the center and at the edge about 3 mm from the center. The sag plot has a width of approximately 1.5 mm at −8.0 μm. The sag has points of inflection at approximately 1.0 mm and 2.6 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
       FIG. 10  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the fourth column from the left (or rightmost column) in Table 6, for the 13 th  optical surface in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 8 . The aspheric slope has a minimum between −10 μm/mm and −15 μm/mm between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The aspheric slope has a largest value at the outer edge of the 13 th  lens surface of between 30 μm/mm and 40 μm/mm. The aspheric slope has points of inflection at around 0.5 mm and between 2 mm and 2.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
     Certain embodiments include multiple lens elements that have one or both surfaces exhibiting some aspheric departure, including embodiments wherein each of the lens groups G 1  and G 2  (or G 1  and G 3  in the three lens group examples) has at least one aspheric lens element. However, an advantage of both of the first and second example embodiments illustrated schematically in  FIGS. 1 and 8 , respectively, involves ease of manufacturability compared with a design that might alternatively have an aspheric surface within both the first lens group G 1  and the second lens group G 2 . For example, the first lens group G 1  can be combined with the second lens group at any selected point in the process, and a versatile number of sources and optical alignment and assembly techniques may be available when only the single lens Group  2  includes one or more aspheric surfaces. If one divides the optical assembly into three lens groups G 1  (including E 1  and E 2 ), G 2  (including E 3 ) and G 3  (including E 4 , E 5 /E 6  and E 7 (A)) then further versatility in manufacturing, alignment, assembly and optical application become more readily available. 
     In a three lens group example in accordance with the first or second embodiment, a focal length of group G 1  may be negative and in certain embodiments between −1 mm and −5 mm and may be between −2 mm and −3 mm, and may be approximately −2 mm, −2.5 mm or −3 mm, for example, −2.3 mm. A focal length of group G 2  (lens E 3 ) may be positive and in certain embodiments between +3 mm and +8 mm, and may be between +4 mm and +7 mm, and may be between +5 mm and +6 mm, and may be approximately +5 mm, for example, +5.3 mm. A focal length of group G 3  may be positive and in certain embodiments less than +12 mm, and may be between +3 mm and +10 mm, and may be between +4 and +8, and may be between +5 and +7, and may be approximately 6 mm, e.g., +6.1 mm. 
     Third Example Embodiment 
     A third example embodiment is illustrated at  FIGS. 15-21  and Tables 7-9, respectively, schematically and quantitatively. Like the first two example embodiments, the third example embodiment has a ratio of total track length (TTL) to effective focal length (EFL) that is less than 8. The third example embodiment, like the first example embodiment, actually has a TTL/EFL ratio that is approximately 7, or that is between around 7.0 and 7.8, or between around 7.2 and 7.6, or between around 7.3 and 7.5 or approximately 7.4, or in a specific example, the ratio is around 7.43. The third embodiment utilizes a different mix of optical materials than either of the first and second embodiments. The basic layout of the first and second optical groups G 1  and G 2  which are separated by an aperture stop in  FIG. 15  is configured to provide an advantageously low distortion. The seventh lens element (from object to image) E 7  has at least one surface, e.g., the object facing surface or thirteenth surface of the optical system, that has an aspheric departure that is configured to provide an advantageously low astigmatism error across the wide field of view of the optical assembly of the third example embodiment illustrated schematically at  FIG. 15 . 
     In the third example embodiment, the lens element E 7  may have a convexo-planar or convexo-quasi-planar design as in the illustration of  FIG. 15 . The 14 th  optical surface of the lens assembly of  FIG. 15  has a flatter shape than the 14 th  surface of the second embodiment. In other embodiments, E 7  may have a plano-convex or quasi-plano-convex design, wherein the fourteenth surface of the third example optical assembly has an aspheric departure while the thirteenth surface does not. In certain embodiments, both the thirteenth and fourteenth surfaces have aspheric departure. 
     In another embodiment, the 12 th  surface or image facing surface of the lens element E 6  has aspheric departure, while the 13 th  and 14 th  surfaces may both be spherical without aspheric departure, or may include one spherical surface and one planar or quasi-planar surface as in the illustration of  FIG. 15 , or may include one aspheric surface, or may both have significant aspheric departure. In other embodiments, the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd  or 4 th  lens surfaces of the optical assembly may have aspheric departure such that the optical assembly exhibits a wide field of view and both low distortion and low astigmatism, while the 13th and 14th surfaces may both be spherical without aspheric departure, or may include one spherical surface and one planar or quasi-planar surface as in the illustration of  FIG. 15 , or may include one aspheric surface, or may both have significant aspheric departure. In certain embodiments, only a single lens element of the optical assembly has aspheric departure. One or both surfaces of the single aspheric lens element may have aspheric departure. The example of  FIG. 15  includes only a single aspheric lens surface, e.g., the 13 th  surface or object facing surface of the seventh lens, element E 7 (A). In certain embodiments, only a single lens surface, e.g., the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th , 12 th , 13 th , or 14th has aspheric departure. While any or all of the optical surfaces may have aspheric departure in alternative embodiments, those lens surfaces that are nearest the image or object tend to provide the most significant corrective capacities due to the greater differences between the chief and marginal ray heights at those positions within the wide field of view optical assembly of the third example embodiment. 
     A notable difference between the second and third example embodiments illustrated schematically in side view at  FIGS. 8 and 15 , respectively, with regard to the shapes of the lenses and/or lens surfaces, has to with the third and fourth lens elements E 3  and E 4 . The lens element E 3  of  FIG. 16  has a thicker biconvex shape than that illustrated schematically in  FIG. 8 . The lens element E 4  of  FIG. 15  has a meniscus shape that is concavo-convex or quasi-planar (slightly concave)-convex compared with the biconvex or quasi-planar (slightly convex)-convex design of the fourth lens element E 4  of the example illustrated at  FIG. 8 . 
     The first lens group G 1  of the third example embodiment of  FIG. 15  includes two convexo-concave meniscus collecting lenses E 1  and E 2  and the third biconvex converging lens E 3 . The lens elements E 4  through E 7  of the second lens group G 2  include, from nearest to aperture stop to nearest to image plane, the quasi-plano-convex meniscus lens E 4 , the doublet E 5 /E 6  including a plano-concave lens E 5  and a biconvex lens E 6  that are substantially in contact at the 10 th  and 11 th  surfaces of the optical assembly of  FIG. 15 , and the aspheric lens element E 7 (A). The aspheric lens element E 7 (A) has a convexo-planar or convexo-quasi-planar shape in this third example embodiment, while in the second example embodiment illustrated schematically in side view at  FIG. 8  the lens element E 7 (A) has a biconvex design, or a convexo-quasi-planar shape wherein the 14 th  lens surface is flatter in the third example of  FIG. 15  than in the second example of  FIG. 8  even when in certain embodiments both can be termed convexo-quasi-planar. 
     There is a significant advantage to the location of the doublet E 5 /E 6  between the lenses E 4  and E 7 . Specifically, this location facilitates the correction of oblique aberrations. In alternative embodiments, the doublet is disposed on the image side of the aperture stop between E 3  and E 4 , or in other embodiments on the object side of the aperture stop. In this embodiment, the lens element E 7 (A) is a plano-convex asphere, wherein S 1  is aspheric and S 2  is plano (wherein S 1  and S 2  are in this example the 13 th  and 14 th  optical surfaces of the lens assembly illustrated in  FIG. 15 ). 
     The first two lenses E 1  and E 2  together have a negative focal length that may be between around −1 and −5, or between approximately −1.5 and −3.5 or −4, or between around −2 and −3, or about −2.5 or −2.6. the third lens E 3  may have a positive focal length between +5 and +15, or between around +7 and +12, or between around +8 and +11, or about +9, or +9.2 or +9.3. The final four lenses, or the lens group G 2 , may have a combined positive focal length between +1 and +10, or between around +2 and +7, or between around +3 and +6, or between around +4 and +5, or approximately +4.5, or +4.7. The optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 15  may have a ratio of total track length (TTL) to effective focal length (EFL) that is less than 8, or between 5 and 10, or between approximately 6 or 7 and 8 or 9, or between 7.2 and 7.7, or between 7.3 and 7.6, or between 7.4 and 7.5, or around 7.4 or 7.43. The TTL may be between 15 mm and 25 mm, or between 17 mm and 23 mm, or between 18 mm and 22 mm, or between 19 mm and 21 mm, or around 20 mm or 20.3 mm. The EFL may be between approximately 1.5 mm and 5 mm, or between about 2 m and 3.5 mm or 4 mm, or between around 2.5 mm and 3 mm, or between around 2.7 mm and 2.8 mm, or around 2.73 mm. 
     Table 7 provides quantitative data for the third example embodiment.  FIGS. 17-22  illustrate advantageous features of the optical assembly shown in schematic side view representation at  FIG. 15 . Table 8 shows aspherical and spherical SAG data for the thirteenth surface of the optical assembly of  FIG. 15 . These data may fit to a formula for SAG for a spherical conic section, e.g., z(r)=r 2 /[R+(R 2 −r 2 ) 1/2 ], wherein for a best sphere of radius 8.330, as in an example embodiment, and a curvature of best sphere, R, corresponding to 0.120047, the different actual radii of curvature, r, for a surface with aspheric departure produce SAG differences compared to values for a true spherical conic section. These aspherical SAGs for an example thirteenth surface are compared with would be true spherical SAGs in Table 8 for different distances Y from the vertex center at Y=0 to Y=3.3 (mm) in steps of 0.132 (mm). 
     The aspheric sags in Table 9 that are plotted in  FIG. 16  are the aspheric sag difference numbers shown in Table 8, which are the differences from the best fit sphere sags of the aspheric surface  13 . Table 9 also shows values of aspheric slope that are plotted in  FIG. 17 . 
       FIG. 16  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the second column from the left in Table 9, for the 13 th  optical surface from the object in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 15 . The aspheric sag for the 13 th  surface in this example has a sag minimum between approximately −5 μm and −6 μm between 1.5 mm and 2 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The sag is approximately zero at the center and is about −1 μm at the edge about 3 mm from the center. The sag plot has a width of approximately 1.5 mm at −3.0 μm. The sag has points of inflection at approximately 1.0 mm and 2.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
       FIG. 17  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the fourth column from the left (or rightmost column) in Table 9, for the 13 th  optical surface in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 15 . The aspheric slope has a minimum between −4 μm/mm and −6 μm/mm at about 1 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The aspheric slope has a maximum near the outer edge of the 13 th  lens surface around 2.5 mm from the center of between 6 μm/mm and 8 μm/mm. The aspheric slope has points of inflection at around 0.5 mm and 2 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
       FIGS. 18A-18E  respectively show plots of tangential ray aberrations respectively at 75°, 55°, 35°, 15° and 0° for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 15 .  FIGS. 18A-18E and 19A-19E  show five pairs of graphs, where each pair illustrates the tangential and sagittal rays at one of these five field angles. The independent variable (horizontal axis) is the relative coordinate of a ray over the pupil diameter. The vertical axis has a maximum distance measure of +/− approximately three microns or a spread of six microns or less over a 150 degree field (which is clearly advantageous over a conventional system that may have, e.g., a 20 micron spread. The vertical axis therefore represents the transverse ray aberration (ray interception distance from the ideal focal point) of a ray passing through a specific relative pupil position. Graphs  18 A- 18 E (tangential plane) and  19 A- 19 E (sagittal plane) show the transverse ray aberrations for an on-axis ray bundle as the bundle is refracted through the lens elements of the optical assembly of  FIG. 15 . 
     In  FIGS. 18E and 19E , the performance of the embodiment of  FIG. 15  is illustrated for a ray bundle at zero degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  18 D and  19 D show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 15  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 15 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  18 C and  19 C show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 1  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 35 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  18 B and  19 B show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 15  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 55 degrees with the optical axis. Graphs  18 A and  19 A show the performance of the optical assembly of  FIG. 15  for a ray bundle when the light source is moved providing an incident angle of 75 degrees with the optical axis. 
     LCA is demonstrated in  FIGS. 18A-18E  as the separation of the three rays which correspond to four different colors or wavelengths, which are in this example 650 nm, 550 nm, 486 nm and 450 nm. 
       FIG. 20  illustrates the polychromatic diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for pixels lying normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). Those pixels lying at 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis would be those at the edge of a point action camera assembly having a field of view of 150 degrees. A point action camera is provided herein having a wide field of view of 150 degrees or more. Advantageously high areas under these curves are noticeable in  FIG. 20 . In accordance with  FIGS. 18A-18E , the plots of  FIG. 20  demonstrate that the image quality of the embodiment of  FIG. 15  is advantageous. 
       FIG. 21  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential (e.g., vertical) fan (T) and sagittal (e.g., horizontal) fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 15  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure.  FIG. 21  shows that without the asphere, the residual field curvature ˜0.25 mm in this example. With an aspheric departure in accordance with certain embodiments, e.g., on the thirteenth surface, such as has been described and illustrated in the example of  FIG. 15 , the longitudinal astigmatism reduces to less than 0.05 mm. That is, the field curvature is approximately flat, e.g., &lt;50 microns, across the sensor format. 
     Fourth Example Embodiment 
       FIG. 22  schematically illustrates another optical assembly for a point action camera in accordance with certain embodiments. The optical assembly of  FIG. 22  includes a first optical group G 1  and a second optical group G 2  that are configured to provide a wide field of view with low distortion compared with conventional wide field of view systems. An advantageous bi-aspheric lens element is provided to correct astigmatism across the wide field of view, e.g., &gt;150°. Certain embodiments of the optical assembly according to the example illustrated at  FIG. 22  include a single bi-aspheric lens element. In certain embodiments, the single bi-aspheric lens element is the only lens element of the lens elements of the optical assembly that has a non-negligible aspheric departure on either surface. 
     In certain embodiments of the optical assembly having a single bi-aspheric lens element, the field curvature is less than 75 microns, and a subset of these embodiments provides field curvatures that are less than 60 microns, and another subset provides images that exhibit field curvatures that are less than 50 microns. Certain subsets of embodiments have astigmatism across the wide field of view that is less than 7 mm, 5 mm, 3 mm, 2 mm and 1 mm. In certain embodiments, the ratio of total track length to effective focal length is less than 8. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 22 , The signs of the curvatures of the lens elements in the illustrative example are similar to those described above with reference to any of  FIG. 1, 8 or 15 , or combinations thereof, such that the above discussions are incorporated rather than repeated here. The position of the single bi-aspheric lens element may be as the ultimate or penultimate lens element on the image side or on the object side of the optical assembly, e.g., at E 1 , E 2 , E 6  or E 7 , as the enhanced chief ray to marginal ray distances improve the versatility in astigmatism compensation performance of the bi-aspheric lens element. In single-asphieric lens element is selected in the example illustrated at  FIG. 22  as the seventh and ultimate lens element labeled E 7 (A)(A) from object to image of the wide field of view optical assembly. 
     The lens assembly illustrated at  FIG. 22  includes a doublet, whereby in this example, the 10 th  and 11 th  surfaces are not spaced apart but are instead combined together. The doublet E 5 /E 6  advantageously facilitates the correction of oblique aberrations that may otherwise be present without the doublet E 5 /E 6 . 
     An aperture stop is provided between the lens groups G 1  and G 2 , or between the third biconvex, or quasi-plano-convex or convexo-quasi-plano lens element E 3  and the concavo-convex meniscus, biconvex, plano or quasi-plano convex lens element E 4 . One or more further apertures may be included in certain alternative embodiments. 
     The first two convexo-concave collecting lens elements E 1  and E 2  may have an effective focal length between around −1 mm and −4 mm, or between around −1.5 mm and −3.5 mm, or between around −2 mm and −3 mm, or approximately-2.4 mm or −2.5 mm or −2.46 mm. The effective focal length of the lens element E 3  may be between 4 mm and 12 mm, or between 5 mm and 11 mm, or between 6 mm and 10 mm, or between 7 mm and 9 mm, or approximately 8.1 mm. The overall effective focal length o the group G 1  including lens elements E 1 , E 2  and E 3  may be between 1 mm and 5 mm, or between 1 mm and 4 mm, or between 1.5 mm nd 3.5 mm, or between 2 mm and 3 mm, or between around 2.7 mm and 2.8 mm, or approximately 2.73 mm. the effective focal length of the second lend group G 2  including lens elements E 4 , E 5 /E 6  and E 7 (A)(A) in the example illustrated schematically in side view at  FIG. 22  may be between 2 mm and 7 mm, or between 3 mm and 6 mm, or between 4 mm and 5 mm, or between 4.5 mm and 4.8 mm, or between 4.6 mm and 4.7 mm, or approximately 4.64 mm. 
     The ratio of total track length to effective focal length in this example may be less than 8, or approximately 7 or 7.5, or between 7 and 8, or less than about 7.8, 7.7, 7.6 or 7.5. The total track length may be approximately 20.5 mm and the effective focal length approximately 2.7 mm. 
     Table 10 provides a quantitative optical prescription of the surfaces of the optical elements of an optical assembly in accordance with one example of the system that is illustrated schematically at  FIG. 22 . The left most column indicates the number of the surface from the object to the image. The second column from the left indicates the radius of curvature of the surface. The third column from the left indicates the thickness or distance from the surface to the next surface travelling in a direction from object to image. The rightmost column indicates the index of refraction and the dispersion of the material selected for each optical element in this example. 
     The indices of refraction for the lens elements E 1 -E 7 (A)(A) are indicated in Table 10 as 1.73, 1.73, 1.92, 1.62, 1.92, 1.62, and 1.5, respectively, while the indices of refracton of the IR cut filter and the cover glass for the image sensor are each indicated as 1.52. The dispersion of the lens elements E 1 -E 7 (A)(A) are indicated in Table 10 as 55, 55, 19, 63, 19, 63 and 82, respectively, while the dispersion of the IR cut filter and cover glass are each indicated as 64. 
     The aspheric constants or coefficients A, B, C and D for the 13 th  and 14 th  surfaces, respectively, may be inserted into the aspheric equation provided at the top of each of Tables 11 and 12 to obtain a formula that describes the aspheric curvatures of these 13 th  and 14 th  surfaces in this example. 
     In a fourth example embodiment, another optical assembly for a point action camera is configured for capturing images with a wide field of view and includes a single aspheric lens element, wherein the single aspheric lens element may be a bi-aspheric lens element, i.e., having two aspheric surfaces. In the fourth example embodiment, the optical assembly includes two or three optical groups as described with respect to the first, second and third example embodiments, e.g., including four, five, six or seven or more lens elements. In a seven lens element example, the seventh lens element is the only lens element having a significant aspheric departure. Each of the first through sixth lens elements in this example, from object to image, include approximately spherical surfaces within optical tolerances, while the seventh lens element has both an aspheric object facing surface and an aspheric image facing surface. The overall design is configured to capture wide field of view images, e.g., exceeding 90 degrees, 120 degrees, 135 degrees, 150 degrees and in certain embodiment even 180 degrees or more with tolerable distortion characteristics. The aspheric departures of the 13 th  and 14 th  lens surfaces are configured to correct astigmatism error that would otherwise be present in the design. 
     Tables 11-12 and 13-14, respectively, show data for example aspheric departures for the 13 th  and 14 th  lens surfaces of a seventh lens element of a wide field of view optical assembly in accordance with certain embodiments that includes a single aspheric lens element. In this example, the radius of the seventh lens element is approximately just below 3 mm, and aspheric sags and sag slopes are indicated at radii from the center Y=0 in the Tables 11-14 in steps of 115 microns out to Y=2.875. 
     The second and third columns from the left in each of Tables 11-12 show the data for aspherical and spherical sags, respectively, for the 13 th  and 14 th  surfaces, respectively. The fourth column from left in Tables 11-12 show the data for aspheric sag of the 13 th  and 14 th  surfaces, respectively, as a distance between a plane normal to the optical axis that would include a point along theoptical surface at the radius provided in the left-most column and a parallel plane that actually includes the point along the optical surface at that radius. The sag differences indicated in the fourth column from the left in Tables 11-12 manifest the aspheric departures of the 13 th  and 14 th  surfaces, respectively, from a best fit sphere. The data for the slope of the sags provided in the fourth column, or the derivative of the sag slope with respect to radius or height Y for the 13 th  and 14 th  surfaces in this example, are respectively provided in the Table 13-14. 
       FIG. 23  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the fourth column from the left in Table 10, for the 13 th  optical surface from the object in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . The aspheric sag for the 13 th  surface in this example has a sag between approximately −5 μm and −6 μm at the center and at its outermost edge around 3 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The sag is less than −5 everywhere between 0.5 mm and 2.5 mm from the center. The sag plot has a width of approximately 1.5 mm at −3.0 μm. The sag has a maximum of 0 μm between 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm from the center. In one embodiment, the maximum sag is at 1.8 mm. A sag minimum is shown in  FIG. 23  between 2.5 mm and 3.0 mm of approximately −6 μm. In one embodiment, the minimum sag is at a radial distance of about 2.8 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The sag has points of inflection at approximately 1.0 mm and 2.3 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
       FIG. 24  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the fifth column from the left in Table 10, for the 13 th  optical surface in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . The aspheric slope has a maximum between 4 μm/mm and 5 μm/mm between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The aspheric slope has a minimum of −10 μm/mm at 2.5 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. The aspheric slope rises to about 6 μm/mm from 2.5 mm to the outer edge. The aspheric slope has points of inflection at around 0.5 mm and 2 mm from the center of the 13 th  lens surface. 
     The second and third columns from the left in Table 11 show the data for aspherical and spherical sags, respectively, for the 14 th  surface. The fourth column from left shows the data for aspheric sag of the 14 th  surface as a distance between a plane normal to the optical axis that would include a point along the 14 th  optical surface at the radius provided in the left-most column and a parallel plane that actually includes the point along the 14 th  surface at that radius. The sag differences indicated in the fourth column from the left in Table 11 manifest the aspheric departure of the 14 th  surface from a best fit sphere. The data for the slope of the sags provided in the fourth column, or the derivative of the sag slope with respect to radius or height Y for the 14th surface in this example, are provided in the fifth column from the left in Table 11. 
       FIG. 25  is a plot of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the fourth column from the left in Table 11, for the 14 th  optical surface from the object, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . The aspheric sag for the 14 th  surface in this example has a sag of approximately 0 μm at the center and at its outermost edge around 3 mm from the center of the 14 th  lens surface. The sag is positive everywhere between the center and the edge. The sag plot has a width of approximately 1.5 mm at 14 μm. The sag has a maximum of 28 μm at approximately 2 mm from the center. The sag has points of inflection between approximately 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm and between approximately 2.5 mm and 3 mm from the center of the 14 th  lens surface. 
       FIG. 26  is a plot of slope of aspheric sag versus radial distance, or the data provided in the fifth column from the left in Table 11, for the 14 th  optical surface from the object, in the example optical assembly illustrated schematically in  FIG. 22 . The aspheric slope has a maximum just above 20 μm/mm between 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm from the center of the 14 th  lens surface. The aspheric slope has a minimum between −40 μm/mm and −50 μm/mm near the outermost edge of the 14 th  lens surface. The aspheric slope has points of inflection between around 0.5 mm and 1 mm and between 2 mm and 2.5 mm from the center of the 14 th  lens surface. 
       FIGS. 27A-27E and 28A-28E  respectively show plots of tangential and sagittal ray aberrations for the wide field of view objective assembly illustrated in  FIG. 22 . 
       FIG. 29  illustrates diffraction modulation transfer function (MTF) plots of contrast vs. spatial frequency for tangential and sagittal rays impinging upon the optical assembly of  FIG. 22  normal to the optical axis (F 1 ), 15 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 2 ), 35 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 3 ), 55 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 4 ), and 75 degrees from normal to the optical axis (F 5 ). 
       FIG. 30  shows astigmatic field curves for tangential fan (T) and sagittal fan (S) for the optical assembly illustrated schematically at  FIG. 22  as well as the tangential fan (T′) and sagittal fan (S′) for a similar optical assembly except that the thirteenth optical surface has no aspheric departure. 
     GENERAL DISCUSSION 
     Yet greater dynamic capacities in the process of building a point action camera with both wide field of view and heretofore unknown reduction in distortion, astigmatism and combinations of these optical aberrations that have been otherwise problematic in conventional wide field of view systems is provided herein with optical assemblies in accordance with multiple embodiments that contain only one aspheric lens element, e.g, lens element E 1  or E 2  of the first lens group G 1  or lens element E 5 /E 6 , E 6  or E 7  of the lens group G 2  in combination with five or six lens elements that have spherical curvatures to understood tolerances. One or both surfaces of the single aspheric lens element of these embodiments may have significant calculated aspheric departure, while the other lens elements are spheres (or in other embodiments cylinders or a combination of cylinders and spheres). 
     Example embodiments have been provided above wherein only one optical surface within the optical assembly has a specifically-intended and advantageous aspheric departure. In the embodiments illustrated schematically in side view in  FIGS. 1 and 9 , five or six lens elements, depending on how the E 5 /E 6  doublet is characterized, do not have departures from spherical (i.e., at least none that exceed specified optical tolerances). 
     In another set of embodiments, one or more aspheric lens element is/are provided in the first lens Group G 1 . For example, lens element E 1  and/or E 2  may have one or more surfaces with aspheric departures that serve to reduce astigmatism in a wide field of view point action camera system that is also or already configured with significantly reduced distortion characteristics, particularly at the edges of the field of view (e.g., 50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, or 75° or more from normal to the optical axis), where conventional uncorrected wide field of view systems tend to exhibit unacceptably high combinations of either or both of distortional and astigmatic aberrations. In certain embodiments, only lens element E 1  or lens element E 2  has one or both surfaces that exhibit calculably advantageous aspheric departures. 
     In specific embodiments, only a single surface, e.g., the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd  or 4 th  surface, of the optical assembly has aspheric departure that provides a point action camera with a wide field of view along with unprecedented reductions in distortional, astigmatic or combinational aberrations that would be otherwise inherent in less thorough designs, in designs without any aspheric surface or surfaces and/or in designs without the specific optical design shape and/or aberrational error correctional characteristics provided herein. In a specific alternative embodiment, only the first lens surface of the optical assembly, or the surface of lens E 1  that faces the object, includes demonstratedly and advantageously significant aspheric departure. In another embodiment, the image facing surface of lens E 1  has a uniquely aspherical attributional curvature characteristic within the optical assembly of a wide field of view point action camera. 
     Alternative embodiments have a single aspheric surface within the lens group G 2  at the twelfth lens surface or image facing surface of the lens E 6  (or E 6 (A) in this alternative embodiment) which is the image-side lens of the doublet E 5 /E 6 . Another alternative to having aspheric departure on the thirteenth surface (as in the above illustrated examples) is to instead provide aspheric curvature on the fourteenth lens surface, which is the image facing surface of the lens E 7 (A). Other surfaces of the lens group G 2  such as the seventh through eleventh surfaces of the optical assemblies illustrated in  FIGS. 1 and 9  could also have aspheric departures that could benefit, albeit to a lesser extent than the aforementioned 12 th , 13 th  and/or 14 th  optical surfaces of lens group G 2 , the versatility and optical design characteristics of an optical assembly of a point action camera. 
     While an exemplary drawings and specific embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to the particular embodiments discussed. Thus, the embodiments shall be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and it should be understood that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the arts without departing from the scope of the present invention. 
     In addition, in methods that may be performed according to preferred embodiments herein and that may have been described above, the operations have been described in selected typographical sequences. However, the sequences have been selected and so ordered for typographical convenience and are not intended to imply any particular order for performing the operations, except for those where a particular order may be expressly set forth or where those of ordinary skill in the art may deem a particular order to be necessary. 
     A group of items linked with the conjunction “and” in the above specification should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping in accordance with all embodiments of that grouping, as various embodiments will have one or more of those elements replaced with one or more others. Furthermore, although items, elements or components of the invention may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated to be within the scope thereof unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated or clearly understood as necessary by those of ordinary skill in the art. 
     The presence of broadening words and phrases such as “one or more,” “at least,” “but not limited to” or other such as phrases in some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may be absent. The use of the term “assembly” does not imply that the components or functionality described or claimed as part of the assembly are all configured in a common package. Indeed, any or all of the various components of a assembly, e.g., optical group  1  and optical group  2 , may be combined in a single package or separately maintained and may further be manufactured, assembled or distributed at or through multiple locations. 
     Different materials may be used to form the lenses of the optical assemblies of the several embodiments. For example, various kinds of glass and/or transparent plastic or polymeric materials may be used. Examples include polyimides. Among the polymeric materials are high refractive index polymers, or HRIPs, with refractive indices typically above 1.5 (see, e.g., Hung-Ju Yen and Guey-Sheng Liou (2010). “A facile approach towards optically isotropic, colorless, and thermoplastic polyimidothioethers with high refractive index”. J. Mater. Chem. 20 (20): 4080; H. Althues, J. Henle and S. Kaskel (2007). “Functional inorganic nanofillers for transparent polymers”. Chem. Soc. Rev. 9 (49): 1454-65; Akhmad Herman Yuwono, Binghai Liu, Junmin Xue, John Wang, Hendry Izaac Elim, Wei Ji, Ying Li and Timothy John White (2004). “Controlling the crystallinity and nonlinear optical properties of transparent TiO2-PMMA nanohybrids”. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (20): 2978; Naoaki Suzuki, Yasuo Tomita, Kentaroh Ohmori, Motohiko Hidaka and Katsumi Chikama (2006). “Highly transparent ZrO2 nanoparticle-dispersed acrylate photopolymers for volume holographic recording”. Opt. Express 14 (26): 012712, which are incorporated by reference). 
     Optical image stabilization techniques may be included in a point action camera in accordance with certain embodiments. For examples, techniques described at U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,649,628, 8,649,627, 8,417,055, 8,351,726, 8,264,576, 8,212,882, 8,593,542, 8,509,496, 8,363,085, 8,330,831, 8,648,959, 8,637,961, 8,587,666, 8,604,663, 8,521,017, 8,508,652, 8,358,925, 8,264,576, 8,199,222, 8,135,184 and 8,184,967, and US published patent applications nos. 2012/0121243, 2012/0207347, 2012/0206618, 2013/0258140, 2013/0201392, 2013/0077945, 2013/0076919, 2013/0070126, 2012/0019613, 2012/0120283, and 2013/0075237 which are hereby incorporated by reference, may be used. 
     Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are described in terms of exemplary schematic diagrams and other illustrations. As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated embodiments and their various alternatives may be implemented without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, schematic diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration. 
     Point action cameras in accordance with several further embodiments are described herein. Several examples of point action cameras that can be efficiently manufactured are illustrated in the text with reference to accompanying drawings. Certain optical parts of the point action camera such as one or more lenses, mirrors and/or apertures, a shutter, a housing or barrel for holding certain optics, a lens or a lens barrel, or other optic such as a mirror, light source, secondary sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, power connection, a data storage chip, a microprocessor, a wired or wireless transmission/reception connection and/or receiver/transmitter, or housing alignment and/or coupling pins or recesses or other such structures may be included in certain embodiments even if they have not been specifically described or illustrated herein. It is noted that in certain embodiments, a shutter is included, while in other embodiments, the point action camera does not have a shutter. A flash may or may not be included in any of these camera embodiments. 
     In certain embodiments, a wide field of view is desired in only a single dimension. In such cases, the principles described herein can be reduced to cylindrical applications of any of the spherical examples provided. 
     In addition, all references cited above and below herein, as well as the background, invention summary, abstract and brief description of the drawings, are all incorporated by reference into the detailed description of the preferred embodiments as disclosing alternative embodiments. Several embodiments of point action cameras have been described herein and schematically illustrated by way of example physical, electronic and optical architectures. Other point action camera embodiments and embodiments of features and components of point action cameras that may be included within alternative embodiments, may be described at one or a combination of U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,224,056, 7,683,468, 7,936,062, 7,935,568, 7,927,070, 7,858,445, 7,807,508, 7,569,424, 7,449,779, 7,443,597, 7,449,779, 7,768,574, 7,593,636, 7,566,853, 7,858,445, 7,936,062, 8,005,268, 8,014,662, 8,090,252, 8,004,780, 8,119,516, 7,920,163, 7,747,155, 7,368,695, 7,095,054, 6,888,168, 6,844,991, 6,583,444, and/or 5,882,221, and/or US published patent applications nos. 2013/0270419, 2013/0258140, 2014/0028887, 2014/0043525, 2012/0063761, 2011/0317013, 2011/0255182, 2011/0274423, 2010/0053407, 2009/0212381, 2009/0023249, 2008/0296717, 2008/0099907, 2008/0099900, 2008/0029879, 2007/0190747, 2007/0190691, 2007/0145564, 2007/0138644, 2007/0096312, 2007/0096311, 2007/0096295, 2005/0095835, 2005/0087861, 2005/0085016, 2005/0082654, 2005/0082653, and/or 2005/0067688. All of these patents and published patent applications are incorporated by reference. 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,593,636, 7,768,574, 7,807,508 and 7,244,056 which are incorporated by reference describe examples of structures where the electrical height of a camera device is nested within the optical height to decrease the physical height. An advantageously compact point action camera is provided herein in alternative embodiments. Point action cameras that have an advantageously low ratio of optical length (or physical size or height) to effective focal length, or TTL/EFL, are provided herein. In specifically described examples, optical assemblies with TTL/EFL ratios below 8.0 are provided. 
     US2013/0242080 which is also incorporated by reference describes examples of point action cameras or camera modules disposed within watertight compartments. A mechanism may be provided for optical and/or electrical communication of image data that does not involve breaking the watertight seal of the housing within which the point action camera resides.