Patent Publication Number: US-2018041485-A1

Title: Systems and methods for securing data using multi-factor or keyed dispersal

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/750,562, filed Jun. 25, 2015 (now allowed), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/903,444, filed May 28, 2013 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,098,718), which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/349,897, filed Jan. 7, 2009 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,473,756), which claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent Application No. 61/010,313, entitled “Systems and Methods for Securing Data” filed Jan. 7, 2008. The aforementioned, earlier-filed applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates in general to improved systems and methods for securing data. Some of the systems and methods described herein utilize keyed information dispersal algorithms (called keyed IDAs) and multi-factor secret sharing techniques. The systems and methods described herein may be used in conjunction with other systems and methods described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,391,865 and commonly-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/458,928, filed Jun. 11, 2003, Ser. No. 11/258,839, filed Oct. 25, 2005, Ser. No. 11/602,667, filed Nov. 20, 2006, Ser. No. 11/983,355, filed Nov. 7, 2007, Ser. No. 11/999,575, filed Dec. 5, 2007, and Ser. No. 12/209,703, filed Sep. 12, 2008, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In today&#39;s society, individuals and businesses conduct an ever-increasing amount of activities on and over computer systems. These computer systems, including proprietary and non-proprietary computer networks, are often storing, archiving, and transmitting all types of sensitive information. Thus, an ever-increasing need exists for ensuring data stored and transmitted over these systems cannot be read or otherwise compromised. 
     One common solution for securing computer systems is to provide login and password functionality. However, password management has proven to be quite costly with a large percentage of help desk calls relating to password issues. Moreover, passwords provide little security in that they are generally stored in a file susceptible to inappropriate access, through, for example, brute-force attacks. 
     Another solution for securing computer systems is to provide cryptographic infrastructures. Cryptography, in general, refers to protecting data by transforming, or encrypting, it into an unreadable format. Only those who possess the key(s) to the encryption can decrypt the data into a useable format. Cryptography is used to identify users, e.g., authentication, to allow access privileges, e.g., authorization, to create digital certificates and signatures, and the like. One popular cryptography system is a public key system that uses two keys, a public key known to everyone and a private key known only to the individual or business owner thereof. Generally, the data encrypted with one key is decrypted with the other and neither key is recreatable from the other. 
     Unfortunately, even the foregoing typical public-key cryptographic systems are still highly reliant on the user for security. For example, cryptographic systems issue the private key to the user, for example, through the user&#39;s browser. Unsophisticated users then generally store the private key on a hard drive accessible to others through an open computer system, such as, for example, the Internet. On the other hand, users may choose poor names for files containing their private key, such as, for example, “key.” The result of the foregoing and other acts is to allow the key or keys to be susceptible to compromise. 
     In addition to the foregoing compromises, a user may save his or her private key on a computer system configured with an archiving or backup system, potentially resulting in copies of the private key traveling through multiple computer storage devices or other systems. This security breach is often referred to as “key migration.” Similar to key migration, many applications provide access to a user&#39;s private key through, at most, simple login and password access. As mentioned in the foregoing, login and password access often does not provide adequate security. 
     One solution for increasing the security of the foregoing cryptographic systems is to include biometrics as part of the authentication or authorization. Biometrics generally include measurable physical characteristics, such as, for example, finger prints or speech that can be checked by an automated system, such as, for example, pattern matching or recognition of finger print patterns or speech patterns. In such systems, a user&#39;s biometric and/or keys may be stored on mobile computing devices, such as, for example, a smartcard, laptop, personal digital assistant, or mobile phone, thereby allowing the biometric or keys to be usable in a mobile environment. 
     The foregoing mobile biometric cryptographic system still suffers from a variety of drawbacks. For example, the mobile user may lose or break the smartcard or portable computing device, thereby having his or her access to potentially important data entirely cut-off. Alternatively, a malicious person may steal the mobile user&#39;s smartcard or portable computing device and use it to effectively steal the mobile user&#39;s digital credentials. On the other hand, the portable-computing device may be connected to an open system, such as the Internet, and, like passwords, the file where the biometric is stored may be susceptible to compromise through user inattentiveness to security or malicious intruders. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Based on the foregoing, a need exists to provide a cryptographic system whose security is user-independent while still supporting mobile users. 
     Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for securing virtually any type of data from unauthorized access or use. The method comprises one or more steps of parsing, splitting and/or separating the data to be secured into two or more parts or portions. The method also comprises encrypting the data to be secured. Encryption of the data may be performed prior to or after the first parsing, splitting and/or separating of the data. In addition, the encrypting step may be repeated for one or more portions of the data. Similarly, the parsing, splitting and/or separating steps may be repeated for one or more portions of the data. The method also optionally comprises storing the parsed, split and/or separated data that has been encrypted in one location or in multiple locations. This method also optionally comprises reconstituting or re-assembling the secured data into its original form for authorized access or use. This method may be incorporated into the operations of any computer, server, engine or the like, that is capable of executing the desired steps of the method. 
     Another aspect of the present invention provides a system for securing virtually any type of data from unauthorized access or use. This system comprises a data splitting module, a cryptographic handling module, and, optionally, a data assembly module. The system may, in one embodiment, further comprise one or more data storage facilities where secure data may be stored. 
     Accordingly, one aspect of the invention is to provide a secure server, or trust engine, having server-centric keys, or in other words, storing cryptographic keys and user authentication data on a server. According to this embodiment, a user accesses the trust engine in order to perform authentication and cryptographic functions, such as, but not limited to, for example, authentication, authorization, digital signing and generation, storage, and retrieval of certificates, encryption, notary-like and power-of-attorney-like actions, and the like. 
     Another aspect of the invention is to provide a reliable, or trusted, authentication process. Moreover, subsequent to a trustworthy positive authentication, a wide number of differing actions may be taken, from providing cryptographic technology, to system or device authorization and access, to permitting use or control of one or a wide number of electronic devices. 
     Another aspect of the invention is to provide cryptographic keys and authentication data in an environment where they are not lost, stolen, or compromised, thereby advantageously avoiding a need to continually reissue and manage new keys and authentication data. According to another aspect of the invention, the trust engine allows a user to use one key pair for multiple activities, vendors, and/or authentication requests. According to yet another aspect of the invention, the trust engine performs at least one step of cryptographic processing, such as, but not limited to, encrypting, authenticating, or signing, on the server side, thereby allowing clients or users to possess only minimal computing resources. 
     According to yet another aspect of the invention, the trust engine includes one or multiple depositories for storing portions of each cryptographic key and authentication data. The portions are created through a data splitting process that prohibits reconstruction without a predetermined portion from more than one location in one depository or from multiple depositories. According to another embodiment, the multiple depositories may be geographically remote such that a rogue employee or otherwise compromised system at one depository will not provide access to a user&#39;s key or authentication data. 
     According to yet another embodiment, the authentication process advantageously allows the trust engine to process multiple authentication activities in parallel. According to yet another embodiment, the trust engine may advantageously track failed access attempts and thereby limit the number of times malicious intruders may attempt to subvert the system. 
     According to yet another embodiment, the trust engine may include multiple instantiations where each trust engine may predict and share processing loads with the others. According to yet another embodiment, the trust engine may include a redundancy module for polling a plurality of authentication results to ensure that more than one system authenticates the user. 
     Therefore, one aspect of the invention includes a secure cryptographic system, which may be remotely accessible, for storing data of any type, including, but not limited to, a plurality of private cryptographic keys to be associated with a plurality of users. The cryptographic system associates each of the plurality of users with one or more different keys from the plurality of private cryptographic keys and performs cryptographic functions for each user using the associated one or more different keys without releasing the plurality of private cryptographic keys to the users. The cryptographic system comprises a depository system having at least one server which stores the data to be secured, such as a plurality of private cryptographic keys and a plurality of enrollment authentication data. Each enrollment authentication data identifies one of multiple users and each of the multiple users is associated with one or more different keys from the plurality of private cryptographic keys. The cryptographic system also may comprise an authentication engine which compares authentication data received by one of the multiple users to enrollment authentication data corresponding to the one of multiple users and received from the depository system, thereby producing an authentication result. The cryptographic system also may comprise a cryptographic engine which, when the authentication result indicates proper identification of the one of the multiple users, performs cryptographic functions on behalf of the one of the multiple users using the associated one or more different keys received from the depository system. The cryptographic system also may comprise a transaction engine connected to route data from the multiple users to the depository server system, the authentication engine, and the cryptographic engine. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a secure cryptographic system that is optionally remotely accessible. The cryptographic system comprises a depository system having at least one server which stores at least one private key and any other data, such as, but not limited to, a plurality of enrollment authentication data, wherein each enrollment authentication data identifies one of possibly multiple users. The cryptographic system may also optionally comprise an authentication engine which compares authentication data received by users to enrollment authentication data corresponding to the user and received from the depository system, thereby producing an authentication result. The cryptographic system also comprises a cryptographic engine which, when the authentication result indicates proper identification of the user, performs cryptographic functions on behalf of the user using at least said private key, which may be received from the depository system. The cryptographic system may also optionally comprise a transaction engine connected to route data from the users to other engines or systems such as, but not limited to, the depository server system, the authentication engine, and the cryptographic engine. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of facilitating cryptographic functions. The method comprises associating a user from multiple users with one or more keys from a plurality of private cryptographic keys stored on a secure location, such as a secure server. The method also comprises receiving authentication data from the user, and comparing the authentication data to authentication data corresponding to the user, thereby verifying the identity of the user. The method also comprises utilizing the one or more keys to perform cryptographic functions without releasing the one or more keys to the user. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes an authentication system for uniquely identifying a user through secure storage of the user&#39;s enrollment authentication data. The authentication system comprises one or more data storage facilities, wherein each data storage facility includes a computer accessible storage medium which stores at least one of portions of enrollment authentication data. The authentication system also comprises an authentication engine which communicates with the data storage facility or facilities. The authentication engine comprises a data splitting module which operates on the enrollment authentication data to create portions, a data assembling module which processes the portions from at least one of the data storage facilities to assemble the enrollment authentication data, and a data comparator module which receives current authentication data from a user and compares the current authentication data with the assembled enrollment authentication data to determine whether the user has been uniquely identified. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a cryptographic system. The cryptographic system comprises one or more data storage facilities, wherein each data storage facility includes a computer accessible storage medium which stores at least one portion of one or more cryptographic keys. The cryptographic system also comprises a cryptographic engine which communicates with the data storage facilities. The cryptographic engine also comprises a data splitting module which operate on the cryptographic keys to create portions, a data assembling module which processes the portions from at least one of the data storage facilities to assemble the cryptographic keys, and a cryptographic handling module which receives the assembled cryptographic keys and performs cryptographic functions therewith. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of storing any type of data, including, but not limited to, authentication data in geographically remote secure data storage facilities thereby protecting the data against composition of any individual data storage facility. The method comprises receiving data at a trust engine, combining at the trust engine the data with a first substantially random value to form a first combined value, and combining the data with a second substantially random value to form a second combined value. The method comprises creating a first pairing of the first substantially random value with the second combined value, creating a second pairing of the first substantially random value with the second substantially random value, and storing the first pairing in a first secure data storage facility. The method comprises storing the second pairing in a second secure data storage facility remote from the first secure data storage facility. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of storing any type of data, including, but not limited to, authentication data comprising receiving data, combining the data with a first set of bits to form a second set of bits, and combining the data with a third set of bits to form a fourth set of bits. The method also comprises creating a first pairing of the first set of bits with the third set of bits. The method also comprises creating a second pairing of the first set of bits with the fourth set of bits, and storing one of the first and second pairings in a first computer accessible storage medium. The method also comprises storing the other of the first and second pairings in a second computer accessible storage medium. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of storing cryptographic data in geographically remote secure data storage facilities thereby protecting the cryptographic data against comprise of any individual data storage facility. The method comprises receiving cryptographic data at a trust engine, combining at the trust engine the cryptographic data with a first substantially random value to form a first combined value, and combining the cryptographic data with a second substantially random value to form a second combined value. The method also comprises creating a first pairing of the first substantially random value with the second combined value, creating a second pairing of the first substantially random value with the second substantially random value, and storing the first pairing in a first secure data storage facility. The method also comprises storing the second pairing in a secure second data storage facility remote from the first secure data storage facility. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of storing cryptographic data comprising receiving authentication data and combining the cryptographic data with a first set of bits to form a second set of bits. The method also comprises combining the cryptographic data with a third set of bits to form a fourth set of bits, creating a first pairing of the first set of bits with the third set of bits, and creating a second pairing of the first set of bits with the fourth set of bits. The method also comprises storing one of the first and second pairings in a first computer accessible storage medium, and storing the other of the first and second pairings in a second computer accessible storage medium. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a method of handling sensitive data of any type or form in a cryptographic system, wherein the sensitive data exists in a useable form only during actions by authorized users, employing the sensitive data. The method also comprises receiving in a software module, substantially randomized or encrypted sensitive data from a first computer accessible storage medium, and receiving in the software module, substantially randomized or encrypted data which may or may not be sensitive data, from one or more other computer accessible storage medium. The method also comprises processing the substantially randomized pre-encrypted sensitive data and the substantially randomized or encrypted data which may or may not be sensitive data, in the software module to assemble the sensitive data and employing the sensitive data in a software engine to perform an action. The action includes, but is not limited to, one of authenticating a user and performing a cryptographic function. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a secure authentication system. The secure authentication system comprises a plurality of authentication engines. Each authentication engine receives enrollment authentication data designed to uniquely identify a user to a degree of certainty. Each authentication engine receives current authentication data to compare to the enrollment authentication data, and each authentication engine determines an authentication result. The secure authentication system also comprises a redundancy system which receives the authentication result of at least two of the authentication engines and determines whether the user has been uniquely identified. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes a secure data in motion system whereby data may be transmitted in different portions that are secured in accordance with the present invention such that any one portion becoming compromised shall not provide sufficient data to restore the original data. This may be applied to any transmission of data, whether it be wired, wireless, or physical. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes integration of the secure data parser of the present invention into any suitable system where data is stored or communicated. For example, email system, RAID systems, video broadcasting systems, database systems, or any other suitable system may have the secure data parser integrated at any suitable level. 
     Another aspect of the invention includes using any suitable parsing and splitting algorithm to generate shares of data. Either random, pseudo-random, deterministic, or any combination thereof may be employed for parsing and splitting data. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present invention is described in more detail below in connection with the attached drawings, which are meant to illustrate and not to limit the invention, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of a cryptographic system, according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of the trust engine of  FIG. 1 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of the transaction engine of  FIG. 2 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of the depository of  FIG. 2 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of the authentication engine of  FIG. 2 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of the cryptographic engine of  FIG. 2 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a block diagram of a depository system, according to aspects of another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a flow chart of a data splitting process according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 9 , Panel A illustrates a data flow of an enrollment process according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 9 , Panel B illustrates a flow chart of an interoperability process according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a data flow of an authentication process according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a data flow of a signing process according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a data flow and an encryption/decryption process according to aspects and yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a trust engine system according to aspects of another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a trust engine system according to aspects of another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a block diagram of the redundancy module of  FIG. 14 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 16  illustrates a process for evaluating authentications according to one aspect of the invention; 
         FIG. 17  illustrates a process for assigning a value to an authentication according to one aspect as shown in  FIG. 16  of the invention; 
         FIG. 18  illustrates a process for performing trust arbitrage in an aspect of the invention as shown in  FIG. 17 ; and 
         FIG. 19  illustrates a sample transaction between a user and a vendor according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention where an initial web based contact leads to a sales contract signed by both parties. 
         FIG. 20  illustrates a sample user system with a cryptographic service provider module which provides security functions to a user system. 
         FIG. 21  illustrates a process for parsing, splitting and/or separating data with encryption and storage of the encryption master key with the data. 
         FIG. 22  illustrates a process for parsing, splitting and/or separating data with encryption and storing the encryption master key separately from the data. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates the intermediary key process for parsing, splitting and/or separating data with encryption and storage of the encryption master key with the data. 
         FIG. 24  illustrates the intermediary key process for parsing, splitting and/or separating data with encryption and storing the encryption master key separately from the data. 
         FIG. 25  illustrates utilization of the cryptographic methods and systems of the present invention with a small working group. 
         FIG. 26  is a block diagram of an illustrative physical token security system employing the secure data parser in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 27  is a block diagram of an illustrative arrangement in which the secure data parser is integrated into a system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 28  is a block diagram of an illustrative data in motion system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 29  is a block diagram of another illustrative data in motion system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 30-32  are block diagrams of an illustrative system having the secure data parser integrated in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 33  is a process flow diagram of an illustrative process for parsing and splitting data in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 34  is a process flow diagram of an illustrative process for restoring portions of data into original data in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 35  is a process flow diagram of an illustrative process for splitting data at the bit level in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 36  is a process flow diagram of illustrative steps and features, that may be used in any suitable combination, with any suitable additions, deletions, or modifications in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 37  is a process flow diagram of illustrative steps and features, that may be used in any suitable combination, with any suitable additions, deletions, or modifications in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 38  is a simplified block diagram of the storage of key and data components within shares, that may be used in any suitable combination, with any suitable additions, deletions, or modifications in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 39  is a simplified block diagram of the storage of key and data components within shares using a workgroup key, that may be used in any suitable combination, with any suitable additions, deletions, or modifications in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS. 40A and 40B  are simplified and illustrative process flow diagrams for header generation and data splitting for data in motion, that may be used in any suitable combination, with any suitable additions, deletions, or modifications in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 41  is a simplified block diagram of an illustrative share format, that may be used in any suitable combination, with any suitable additions, deletions, or modifications in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     One aspect of the present invention is to provide a cryptographic system where one or more secure servers, or a trust engine, stores cryptographic keys and user authentication data. Users access the functionality of conventional cryptographic systems through network access to the trust engine, however, the trust engine does not release actual keys and other authentication data and therefore, the keys and data remain secure. This server-centric storage of keys and authentication data provides for user-independent security, portability, availability, and straightforwardness. 
     Because users can be confident in, or trust, the cryptographic system to perform user and document authentication and other cryptographic functions, a wide variety of functionality may be incorporated into the system. For example, the trust engine provider can ensure against agreement repudiation by, for example, authenticating the agreement participants, digitally signing the agreement on behalf of or for the participants, and storing a record of the agreement digitally signed by each participant. In addition, the cryptographic system may monitor agreements and determine to apply varying degrees of authentication, based on, for example, price, user, vendor, geographic location, place of use, or the like. 
     To facilitate a complete understanding of the invention, the remainder of the detailed description describes the invention with reference to the figures, wherein like elements are referenced with like numerals throughout. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of a cryptographic system  100 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the cryptographic system  100  includes a user system  105 , a trust engine  110 , a certificate authority  115 , and a vendor system  120 , communicating through a communication link  125 . 
     According to one embodiment of the invention, the user system  105  comprises a conventional general-purpose computer having one or more microprocessors, such as, for example, an Intel-based processor. Moreover, the user system  105  includes an appropriate operating system, such as, for example, an operating system capable of including graphics or windows, such as Windows, Unix, Linux, or the like. As shown in  FIG. 1 , the user system  105  may include a biometric device  107 . The biometric device  107  may advantageously capture a user&#39;s biometric and transfer the captured biometric to the trust engine  110 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the biometric device may advantageously comprise a device having attributes and features similar to those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/926,277, filed on Sep. 5, 1997, entitled “RELIEF OBJECT IMAGE GENERATOR,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/558,634, filed on Apr. 26, 2000, entitled “IMAGING DEVICE FOR A RELIEF OBJECT AND SYSTEM AND METHOD OF USING THE IMAGE DEVICE,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/435,011, filed on Nov. 5, 1999, entitled “RELIEF OBJECT SENSOR ADAPTOR,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/477,943, filed on Jan. 5, 2000, entitled “PLANAR OPTICAL IMAGE SENSOR AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING AN ELECTRONIC IMAGE OF A RELIEF OBJECT FOR FINGERPRINT READING,” all of which are owned by the instant assignee, and all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     In addition, the user system  105  may connect to the communication link  125  through a conventional service provider, such as, for example, a dial up, digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, fiber connection, or the like. According to another embodiment, the user system  105  connects the communication link  125  through network connectivity such as, for example, a local or wide area network. According to one embodiment, the operating system includes a TCP/IP stack that handles all incoming and outgoing message traffic passed over the communication link  125 . 
     Although the user system  105  is disclosed with reference to the foregoing embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives embodiments of the user system  105 , including almost any computing device capable of sending or receiving information from another computer system. For example, the user system  105  may include, but is not limited to, a computer workstation, an interactive television, an interactive kiosk, a personal mobile computing device, such as a digital assistant, mobile phone, laptop, or the like, a wireless communications device, a smartcard, an embedded computing device, or the like, which can interact with the communication link  125 . In such alternative systems, the operating systems will likely differ and be adapted for the particular device. However, according to one embodiment, the operating systems advantageously continue to provide the appropriate communications protocols needed to establish communication with the communication link  125 . 
       FIG. 1  illustrates the trust engine  110 . According to one embodiment, the trust engine  110  comprises one or more secure servers for accessing and storing sensitive information, which may be any type or form of data, such as, but not limited to text, audio, video, user authentication data and public and private cryptographic keys. According to one embodiment, the authentication data includes data designed to uniquely identify a user of the cryptographic system  100 . For example, the authentication data may include a user identification number, one or more biometrics, and a series of questions and answers generated by the trust engine  110  or the user, but answered initially by the user at enrollment. The foregoing questions may include demographic data, such as place of birth, address, anniversary, or the like, personal data, such as mother&#39;s maiden name, favorite ice cream, or the like, or other data designed to uniquely identify the user. The trust engine  110  compares a user&#39;s authentication data associated with a current transaction, to the authentication data provided at an earlier time, such as, for example, during enrollment. The trust engine  110  may advantageously require the user to produce the authentication data at the time of each transaction, or, the trust engine  110  may advantageously allow the user to periodically produce authentication data, such as at the beginning of a string of transactions or the logging onto a particular vendor website. 
     According to the embodiment where the user produces biometric data, the user provides a physical characteristic, such as, but not limited to, facial scan, hand scan, ear scan, iris scan, retinal scan, vascular pattern, DNA, a fingerprint, writing or speech, to the biometric device  107 . The biometric device advantageously produces an electronic pattern, or biometric, of the physical characteristic. The electronic pattern is transferred through the user system  105  to the trust engine  110  for either enrollment or authentication purposes. 
     Once the user produces the appropriate authentication data and the trust engine  110  determines a positive match between that authentication data (current authentication data) and the authentication data provided at the time of enrollment (enrollment authentication data), the trust engine  110  provides the user with complete cryptographic functionality. For example, the properly authenticated user may advantageously employ the trust engine  110  to perform hashing, digitally signing, encrypting and decrypting (often together referred to only as encrypting), creating or distributing digital certificates, and the like. However, the private cryptographic keys used in the cryptographic functions will not be available outside the trust engine  110 , thereby ensuring the integrity of the cryptographic keys. 
     According to one embodiment, the trust engine  110  generates and stores cryptographic keys. According to another embodiment, at least one cryptographic key is associated with each user. Moreover, when the cryptographic keys include public-key technology, each private key associated with a user is generated within, and not released from, the trust engine  110 . Thus, so long as the user has access to the trust engine  110 , the user may perform cryptographic functions using his or her private or public key. Such remote access advantageously allows users to remain completely mobile and access cryptographic functionality through practically any Internet connection, such as cellular and satellite phones, kiosks, laptops, hotel rooms and the like. 
     According to another embodiment, the trust engine  110  performs the cryptographic functionality using a key pair generated for the trust engine  110 . According to this embodiment, the trust engine  110  first authenticates the user, and after the user has properly produced authentication data matching the enrollment authentication data, the trust engine  110  uses its own cryptographic key pair to perform cryptographic functions on behalf of the authenticated user. 
     A skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that the cryptographic keys may advantageously include some or all of symmetric keys, public keys, and private keys. In addition, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that the foregoing keys may be implemented with a wide number of algorithms available from commercial technologies, such as, for example, RSA, ELGAMAL, or the like. 
       FIG. 1  also illustrates the certificate authority  115 . According to one embodiment, the certificate authority  115  may advantageously comprise a trusted third-party organization or company that issues digital certificates, such as, for example, VeriSign, Baltimore, Entrust, or the like. The trust engine  110  may advantageously transmit requests for digital certificates, through one or more conventional digital certificate protocols, such as, for example, PKCS10, to the certificate authority  115 . In response, the certificate authority  115  will issue a digital certificate in one or more of a number of differing protocols, such as, for example, PKCS7. According to one embodiment of the invention, the trust engine  110  requests digital certificates from several or all of the prominent certificate authorities  115  such that the trust engine  110  has access to a digital certificate corresponding to the certificate standard of any requesting party. 
     According to another embodiment, the trust engine  110  internally performs certificate issuances. In this embodiment, the trust engine  110  may access a certificate system for generating certificates and/or may internally generate certificates when they are requested, such as, for example, at the time of key generation or in the certificate standard requested at the time of the request. The trust engine  110  will be disclosed in greater detail below. 
       FIG. 1  also illustrates the vendor system  120 . According to one embodiment, the vendor system  120  advantageously comprises a Web server. Typical Web servers generally serve content over the Internet using one of several internet markup languages or document format standards, such as the Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) or the Extensible Markup Language (XML). The Web server accepts requests from browsers like Netscape and Internet Explorer and then returns the appropriate electronic documents. A number of server or client-side technologies can be used to increase the power of the Web server beyond its ability to deliver standard electronic documents. For example, these technologies include Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) security, and Active Server Pages (ASPs). The vendor system  120  may advantageously provide electronic content relating to commercial, personal, educational, or other transactions. 
     Although the vendor system  120  is disclosed with reference to the foregoing embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that the vendor system  120  may advantageously comprise any of the devices described with reference to the user system  105  or combination thereof. 
       FIG. 1  also illustrates the communication link  125  connecting the user system  105 , the trust engine  110 , the certificate authority  115 , and the vendor system  120 . According to one embodiment, the communication link  125  preferably comprises the Internet. The Internet, as used throughout this disclosure is a global network of computers. The structure of the Internet, which is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, includes a network backbone with networks branching from the backbone. These branches, in turn, have networks branching from them, and so on. Routers move information packets between network levels, and then from network to network, until the packet reaches the neighborhood of its destination. From the destination, the destination network&#39;s host directs the information packet to the appropriate terminal, or node. In one advantageous embodiment, the Internet routing hubs comprise domain name system (DNS) servers using Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) as is well known in the art. The routing hubs connect to one or more other routing hubs via high-speed communication links. 
     One popular part of the Internet is the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web contains different computers, which store documents capable of displaying graphical and textual information. The computers that provide information on the World Wide Web are typically called “websites.” A website is defined by an Internet address that has an associated electronic page. The electronic page can be identified by a Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Generally, an electronic page is a document that organizes the presentation of text, graphical images, audio, video, and so forth. 
     Although the communication link  125  is disclosed in terms of its preferred embodiment, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize from the disclosure herein that the communication link  125  may include a wide range of interactive communications links. For example, the communication link  125  may include interactive television networks, telephone networks, wireless data transmission systems, two-way cable systems, customized private or public computer networks, interactive kiosk networks, automatic teller machine networks, direct links, satellite or cellular networks, and the like. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of the trust engine  110  of  FIG. 1  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the trust engine  110  includes a transaction engine  205 , a depository  210 , an authentication engine  215 , and a cryptographic engine  220 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the trust engine  110  also includes mass storage  225 . As further shown in  FIG. 2 , the transaction engine  205  communicates with the depository  210 , the authentication engine  215 , and the cryptographic engine  220 , along with the mass storage  225 . In addition, the depository  210  communicates with the authentication engine  215 , the cryptographic engine  220 , and the mass storage  225 . Moreover, the authentication engine  215  communicates with the cryptographic engine  220 . According to one embodiment of the invention, some or all of the foregoing communications may advantageously comprise the transmission of XML documents to IP addresses that correspond to the receiving device. As mentioned in the foregoing, XML documents advantageously allow designers to create their own customized document tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, and interpretation of data between applications and between organizations. Moreover, some or all of the foregoing communications may include conventional SSL technologies. 
     According to one embodiment, the transaction engine  205  comprises a data routing device, such as a conventional Web server available from Netscape, Microsoft, Apache, or the like. For example, the Web server may advantageously receive incoming data from the communication link  125 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the incoming data is addressed to a front-end security system for the trust engine  110 . For example, the front-end security system may advantageously include a firewall, an intrusion detection system searching for known attack profiles, and/or a virus scanner. After clearing the front-end security system, the data is received by the transaction engine  205  and routed to one of the depository  210 , the authentication engine  215 , the cryptographic engine  220 , and the mass storage  225 . In addition, the transaction engine  205  monitors incoming data from the authentication engine  215  and cryptographic engine  220 , and routes the data to particular systems through the communication link  125 . For example, the transaction engine  205  may advantageously route data to the user system  105 , the certificate authority  115 , or the vendor system  120 . 
     According to one embodiment, the data is routed using conventional HTTP routing techniques, such as, for example, employing URLs or Uniform Resource Indicators (URIs). URIs are similar to URLs, however, URIs typically indicate the source of files or actions, such as, for example, executables, scripts, and the like. Therefore, according to the one embodiment, the user system  105 , the certificate authority  115 , the vendor system  120 , and the components of the trust engine  210 , advantageously include sufficient data within communication URLs or URIs for the transaction engine  205  to properly route data throughout the cryptographic system. 
     Although the data routing is disclosed with reference to its preferred embodiment, a skilled artisan will recognize a wide number of possible data routing solutions or strategies. For example, XML or other data packets may advantageously be unpacked and recognized by their format, content, or the like, such that the transaction engine  205  may properly route data throughout the trust engine  110 . Moreover, a skilled artisan will recognize that the data routing may advantageously be adapted to the data transfer protocols conforming to particular network systems, such as, for example, when the communication link  125  comprises a local network. 
     According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the transaction engine  205  includes conventional SSL encryption technologies, such that the foregoing systems may authenticate themselves, and vise-versa, with transaction engine  205 , during particular communications. As will be used throughout this disclosure, the term “½ SSL” refers to communications where a server but not necessarily the client, is SSL authenticated, and the term “FULL SSL” refers to communications where the client and the server are SSL authenticated. When the instant disclosure uses the term “SSL”, the communication may comprise or FULL SSL. 
     As the transaction engine  205  routes data to the various components of the cryptographic system  100 , the transaction engine  205  may advantageously create an audit trail. According to one embodiment, the audit trail includes a record of at least the type and format of data routed by the transaction engine  205  throughout the cryptographic system  100 . Such audit data may advantageously be stored in the mass storage  225 . 
       FIG. 2  also illustrates the depository  210 . According to one embodiment, the depository  210  comprises one or more data storage facilities, such as, for example, a directory server, a database server, or the like. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the depository  210  stores cryptographic keys and enrollment authentication data. The cryptographic keys may advantageously correspond to the trust engine  110  or to users of the cryptographic system  100 , such as the user or vendor. The enrollment authentication data may advantageously include data designed to uniquely identify a user, such as, user ID, passwords, answers to questions, biometric data, or the like. This enrollment authentication data may advantageously be acquired at enrollment of a user or another alternative later time. For example, the trust engine  110  may include periodic or other renewal or reissue of enrollment authentication data. 
     According to one embodiment, the communication from the transaction engine  205  to and from the authentication engine  215  and the cryptographic engine  220  comprises secure communication, such as, for example conventional SSL technology. In addition, as mentioned in the foregoing, the data of the communications to and from the depository  210  may be transferred using URLs, URIs, HTTP or XML documents, with any of the foregoing advantageously having data requests and formats embedded therein. 
     As mentioned above, the depository  210  may advantageously comprises a plurality of secure data storage facilities. In such an embodiment, the secure data storage facilities may be configured such that a compromise of the security in one individual data storage facility will not compromise the cryptographic keys or the authentication data stored therein. For example, according to this embodiment, the cryptographic keys and the authentication data are mathematically operated on so as to statistically and substantially randomize the data stored in each data storage facility. According to one embodiment, the randomization of the data of an individual data storage facility renders that data undecipherable. Thus, compromise of an individual data storage facility produces only a randomized undecipherable number and does not compromise the security of any cryptographic keys or the authentication data as a whole. 
       FIG. 2  also illustrates the trust engine  110  including the authentication engine  215 . According to one embodiment, the authentication engine  215  comprises a data comparator configured to compare data from the transaction engine  205  with data from the depository  210 . For example, during authentication, a user supplies current authentication data to the trust engine  110  such that the transaction engine  205  receives the current authentication data. As mentioned in the foregoing, the transaction engine  205  recognizes the data requests, preferably in the URL or URI, and routes the authentication data to the authentication engine  215 . Moreover, upon request, the depository  210  forwards enrollment authentication data corresponding to the user to the authentication engine  215 . Thus, the authentication engine  215  has both the current authentication data and the enrollment authentication data for comparison. 
     According to one embodiment, the communications to the authentication engine comprise secure communications, such as, for example, SSL technology. Additionally, security can be provided within the trust engine  110  components, such as, for example, super-encryption using public key technologies. For example, according to one embodiment, the user encrypts the current authentication data with the public key of the authentication engine  215 . In addition, the depository  210  also encrypts the enrollment authentication data with the public key of the authentication engine  215 . In this way, only the authentication engine&#39;s private key can be used to decrypt the transmissions. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the trust engine  110  also includes the cryptographic engine  220 . According to one embodiment, the cryptographic engine comprises a cryptographic handling module, configured to advantageously provide conventional cryptographic functions, such as, for example, public-key infrastructure (PKI) functionality. For example, the cryptographic engine  220  may advantageously issue public and private keys for users of the cryptographic system  100 . In this manner, the cryptographic keys are generated at the cryptographic engine  220  and forwarded to the depository  210  such that at least the private cryptographic keys are not available outside of the trust engine  110 . According to another embodiment, the cryptographic engine  220  randomizes and splits at least the private cryptographic key data, thereby storing only the randomized split data. Similar to the splitting of the enrollment authentication data, the splitting process ensures the stored keys are not available outside the cryptographic engine  220 . According to another embodiment, the functions of the cryptographic engine can be combined with and performed by the authentication engine  215 . 
     According to one embodiment, communications to and from the cryptographic engine include secure communications, such as SSL technology. In addition, XML documents may advantageously be employed to transfer data and/or make cryptographic function requests. 
       FIG. 2  also illustrates the trust engine  110  having the mass storage  225 . As mentioned in the foregoing, the transaction engine  205  keeps data corresponding to an audit trail and stores such data in the mass storage  225 . Similarly, according to one embodiment of the invention, the depository  210  keeps data corresponding to an audit trail and stores such data in the mass storage device  225 . The depository audit trail data is similar to that of the transaction engine  205  in that the audit trail data comprises a record of the requests received by the depository  210  and the response thereof. In addition, the mass storage  225  may be used to store digital certificates having the public key of a user contained therein. 
     Although the trust engine  110  is disclosed with reference to its preferred and alternative embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize in the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for the trust engine  110 . For example, the trust engine  110 , may advantageously perform only authentication, or alternatively, only some or all of the cryptographic functions, such as data encryption and decryption. According to such embodiments, one of the authentication engine  215  and the cryptographic engine  220  may advantageously be removed, thereby creating a more straightforward design for the trust engine  110 . In addition, the cryptographic engine  220  may also communicate with a certificate authority such that the certificate authority is embodied within the trust engine  110 . According to yet another embodiment, the trust engine  110  may advantageously perform authentication and one or more cryptographic functions, such as, for example, digital signing. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of the transaction engine  205  of  FIG. 2 , according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. According to this embodiment, the transaction engine  205  comprises an operating system  305  having a handling thread and a listening thread. The operating system  305  may advantageously be similar to those found in conventional high volume servers, such as, for example, Web servers available from Apache. The listening thread monitors the incoming communication from one of the communication link  125 , the authentication engine  215 , and the cryptographic engine  220  for incoming data flow. The handling thread recognizes particular data structures of the incoming data flow, such as, for example, the foregoing data structures, thereby routing the incoming data to one of the communication link  125 , the depository  210 , the authentication engine  215 , the cryptographic engine  220 , or the mass storage  225 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the incoming and outgoing data may advantageously be secured through, for example, SSL technology. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of the depository  210  of  FIG. 2  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. According to this embodiment, the depository  210  comprises one or more lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) servers. LDAP directory servers are available from a wide variety of manufacturers such as Netscape, ISO, and others.  FIG. 4  also shows that the directory server preferably stores data  405  corresponding to the cryptographic keys and data  410  corresponding to the enrollment authentication data. According to one embodiment, the depository  210  comprises a single logical memory structure indexing authentication data and cryptographic key data to a unique user ID. The single logical memory structure preferably includes mechanisms to ensure a high degree of trust, or security, in the data stored therein. For example, the physical location of the depository  210  may advantageously include a wide number of conventional security measures, such as limited employee access, modern surveillance systems, and the like. In addition to, or in lieu of, the physical securities, the computer system or server may advantageously include software solutions to protect the stored data. For example, the depository  210  may advantageously create and store data  415  corresponding to an audit trail of actions taken. In addition, the incoming and outgoing communications may advantageously be encrypted with public key encryption coupled with conventional SSL technologies. 
     According to another embodiment, the depository  210  may comprise distinct and physically separated data storage facilities, as disclosed further with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
       FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of the authentication engine  215  of  FIG. 2  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. Similar to the transaction engine  205  of  FIG. 3 , the authentication engine  215  comprises an operating system  505  having at least a listening and a handling thread of a modified version of a conventional Web server, such as, for example, Web servers available from Apache. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the authentication engine  215  includes access to at least one private key  510 . The private key  510  may advantageously be used for example, to decrypt data from the transaction engine  205  or the depository  210 , which was encrypted with a corresponding public key of the authentication engine  215 . 
       FIG. 5  also illustrates the authentication engine  215  comprising a comparator  515 , a data splitting module  520 , and a data assembling module  525 . According to the preferred embodiment of the invention, the comparator  515  includes technology capable of comparing potentially complex patterns related to the foregoing biometric authentication data. The technology may include hardware, software, or combined solutions for pattern comparisons, such as, for example, those representing finger print patterns or voice patterns. In addition, according to one embodiment, the comparator  515  of the authentication engine  215  may advantageously compare conventional hashes of documents in order to render a comparison result. According to one embodiment of the invention, the comparator  515  includes the application of heuristics  530  to the comparison. The heuristics  530  may advantageously address circumstances surrounding an authentication attempt, such as, for example, the time of day, IP address or subnet mask, purchasing profile, email address, processor serial number or ID, or the like. 
     Moreover, the nature of biometric data comparisons may result in varying degrees of confidence being produced from the matching of current biometric authentication data to enrollment data. For example, unlike a traditional password which may only return a positive or negative match, a fingerprint may be determined to be a partial match, e.g. a 90% match, a 75% match, or a 10% match, rather than simply being correct or incorrect. Other biometric identifiers such as voice print analysis or face recognition may share this property of probabilistic authentication, rather than absolute authentication. 
     When working with such probabilistic authentication or in other cases where an authentication is considered less than absolutely reliable, it is desirable to apply the heuristics  530  to determine whether the level of confidence in the authentication provided is sufficiently high to authenticate the transaction which is being made. 
     It will sometimes be the case that the transaction at issue is a relatively low value transaction where it is acceptable to be authenticated to a lower level of confidence. This could include a transaction which has a low dollar value associated with it (e.g., a $10 purchase) or a transaction with low risk (e.g., admission to a members-only web site). 
     Conversely, for authenticating other transactions, it may be desirable to require a high degree of confidence in the authentication before allowing the transaction to proceed. Such transactions may include transactions of large dollar value (e.g., signing a multi-million dollar supply contract) or transaction with a high risk if an improper authentication occurs (e.g., remotely logging onto a government computer). 
     The use of the heuristics  530  in combination with confidence levels and transactions values may be used as will be described below to allow the comparator to provide a dynamic context-sensitive authentication system. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, the comparator  515  may advantageously track authentication attempts for a particular transaction. For example, when a transaction fails, the trust engine  110  may request the user to re-enter his or her current authentication data. The comparator  515  of the authentication engine  215  may advantageously employ an attempt limiter  535  to limit the number of authentication attempts, thereby prohibiting brute-force attempts to impersonate a user&#39;s authentication data. According to one embodiment, the attempt limiter  535  comprises a software module monitoring transactions for repeating authentication attempts and, for example, limiting the authentication attempts for a given transaction to three. Thus, the attempt limiter  535  will limit an automated attempt to impersonate an individual&#39;s authentication data to, for example, simply three “guesses.” Upon three failures, the attempt limiter  535  may advantageously deny additional authentication attempts. Such denial may advantageously be implemented through, for example, the comparator  515  returning a negative result regardless of the current authentication data being transmitted. On the other hand, the transaction engine  205  may advantageously block any additional authentication attempts pertaining to a transaction in which three attempts have previously failed. 
     The authentication engine  215  also includes the data splitting module  520  and the data assembling module  525 . The data splitting module  520  advantageously comprises a software, hardware, or combination module having the ability to mathematically operate on various data so as to substantially randomize and split the data into portions. According to one embodiment, original data is not recreatable from an individual portion. The data assembling module  525  advantageously comprises a software, hardware, or combination module configured to mathematically operate on the foregoing substantially randomized portions, such that the combination thereof provides the original deciphered data. According to one embodiment, the authentication engine  215  employs the data splitting module  520  to randomize and split enrollment authentication data into portions, and employs the data assembling module  525  to reassemble the portions into usable enrollment authentication data. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of the cryptographic engine  220  of the trust engine  200  of  FIG. 2  according to aspects of one embodiment of the invention. Similar to the transaction engine  205  of  FIG. 3 , the cryptographic engine  220  comprises an operating system  605  having at least a listening and a handling thread of a modified version of a conventional Web server, such as, for example, Web servers available from Apache. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the cryptographic engine  220  comprises a data splitting module  610  and a data assembling module  620  that function similar to those of  FIG. 5 . However, according to one embodiment, the data splitting module  610  and the data assembling module  620  process cryptographic key data, as opposed to the foregoing enrollment authentication data. Although, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that the data splitting module  910  and the data splitting module  620  may be combined with those of the authentication engine  215 . 
     The cryptographic engine  220  also comprises a cryptographic handling module  625  configured to perform one, some or all of a wide number of cryptographic functions. According to one embodiment, the cryptographic handling module  625  may comprise software modules or programs, hardware, or both. According to another embodiment, the cryptographic handling module  625  may perform data comparisons, data parsing, data splitting, data separating, data hashing, data encryption or decryption, digital signature verification or creation, digital certificate generation, storage, or requests, cryptographic key generation, or the like. Moreover, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that the cryptographic handling module  825  may advantageously comprises a public-key infrastructure, such as Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), an RSA-based public-key system, or a wide number of alternative key management systems. In addition, the cryptographic handling module  625  may perform public-key encryption, symmetric-key encryption, or both. In addition to the foregoing, the cryptographic handling module  625  may include one or more computer programs or modules, hardware, or both, for implementing seamless, transparent, interoperability functions. 
     A skilled artisan will also recognize from the disclosure herein that the cryptographic functionality may include a wide number or variety of functions generally relating to cryptographic key management systems. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a depository system  700  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 7 , the depository system  700  advantageously comprises multiple data storage facilities, for example, data storage facilities D1, D2, D3, and D4. However, it is readily understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the depository system may have only one data storage facility. According to one embodiment of the invention, each of the data storage facilities D1 through D4 may advantageously comprise some or all of the elements disclosed with reference to the depository  210  of  FIG. 4 . Similar to the depository  210 , the data storage facilities D1 through D4 communicate with the transaction engine  205 , the authentication engine  215 , and the cryptographic engine  220 , preferably through conventional SSL. Communication links transferring, for example, XML documents. Communications from the transaction engine  205  may advantageously include requests for data, wherein the request is advantageously broadcast to the IP address of each data storage facility D1 through D4. On the other hand, the transaction engine  205  may broadcast requests to particular data storage facilities based on a wide number of criteria, such as, for example, response time, server loads, maintenance schedules, or the like. 
     In response to requests for data from the transaction engine  205 , the depository system  700  advantageously forwards stored data to the authentication engine  215  and the cryptographic engine  220 . The respective data assembling modules receive the forwarded data and assemble the data into useable formats. On the other hand, communications from the authentication engine  215  and the cryptographic engine  220  to the data storage facilities D1 through D4 may include the transmission of sensitive data to be stored. For example, according to one embodiment, the authentication engine  215  and the cryptographic engine  220  may advantageously employ their respective data splitting modules to divide sensitive data into undecipherable portions, and then transmit one or more undecipherable portions of the sensitive data to a particular data storage facility. 
     According to one embodiment, each data storage facility, D1 through D4, comprises a separate and independent storage system, such as, for example, a directory server. According to another embodiment of the invention, the depository system  700  comprises multiple geographically separated independent data storage systems. By distributing the sensitive data into distinct and independent storage facilities D1 through D4, some or all of which may be advantageously geographically separated, the depository system  700  provides redundancy along with additional security measures. For example, according to one embodiment, only data from two of the multiple data storage facilities, D1 through D4, are needed to decipher and reassemble the sensitive data. Thus, as many as two of the four data storage facilities D1 through D4 may be inoperative due to maintenance, system failure, power failure, or the like, without affecting the functionality of the trust engine  110 . In addition, because, according to one embodiment, the data stored in each data storage facility is randomized and undecipherable, compromise of any individual data storage facility does not necessarily compromise the sensitive data. Moreover, in the embodiment having geographical separation of the data storage facilities, a compromise of multiple geographically remote facilities becomes increasingly difficult. In fact, even a rogue employee will be greatly challenged to subvert the needed multiple independent geographically remote data storage facilities. 
     Although the depository system  700  is disclosed with reference to its preferred and alternative embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for the depository system  700 . For example, the depository system  700  may comprise one, two or more data storage facilities. In addition, sensitive data may be mathematically operated such that portions from two or more data storage facilities are needed to reassemble and decipher the sensitive data. 
     As mentioned in the foregoing, the authentication engine  215  and the cryptographic engine  220  each include a data splitting module  520  and  610 , respectively, for splitting any type or form of sensitive data, such as, for example, text, audio, video, the authentication data and the cryptographic key data.  FIG. 8  illustrates a flowchart of a data splitting process  800  performed by the data splitting module according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 8 , the data splitting process  800  begins at step  805  when sensitive data “S” is received by the data splitting module of the authentication engine  215  or the cryptographic engine  220 . Preferably, in step  810 , the data splitting module then generates a substantially random number, value, or string or set of bits, “A.” For example, the random number A may be generated in a wide number of varying conventional techniques available to one of ordinary skill in the art, for producing high quality random numbers suitable for use in cryptographic applications. In addition, according to one embodiment, the random number A comprises a bit length which may be any suitable length, such as shorter, longer or equal to the bit length of the sensitive data, S. 
     In addition, in step  820  the data splitting process  800  generates another statistically random number “C.” According to the preferred embodiment, the generation of the statistically random numbers A and C may advantageously be done in parallel. The data splitting module then combines the numbers A and C with the sensitive data S such that new numbers “B” and “D” are generated. For example, number B may comprise the binary combination of A XOR S and number D may comprise the binary combination of C XOR S. The XOR function, or the “exclusive-or” function, is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The foregoing combinations preferably occur in steps  825  and  830 , respectively, and, according to one embodiment, the foregoing combinations also occur in parallel. The data splitting process  800  then proceeds to step  835  where the random numbers A and C and the numbers B and D are paired such that none of the pairings contain sufficient data, by themselves, to reorganize and decipher the original sensitive data S. For example, the numbers may be paired as follows: AC, AD, BC, and BD. According to one embodiment, each of the foregoing pairings is distributed to one of the depositories D1 through D4 of  FIG. 7 . According to another embodiment, each of the foregoing pairings is randomly distributed to one of the depositories D1 through D4. For example, during a first data splitting process  800 , the pairing AC may be sent to depository D2, through, for example, a random selection of D2&#39;s IP address. Then, during a second data splitting process  800 , the pairing AC may be sent to depository D4, through, for example, a random selection of D4&#39;s IP address. In addition, the pairings may all be stored on one depository, and may be stored in separate locations on said depository. 
     Based on the foregoing, the data splitting process  800  advantageously places portions of the sensitive data in each of the four data storage facilities D1 through D4, such that no single data storage facility D1 through D4 includes sufficient encrypted data to recreate the original sensitive data S. As mentioned in the foregoing, such randomization of the data into individually unusable encrypted portions increases security and provides for maintained trust in the data even if one of the data storage facilities, D1 through D4, is compromised. 
     Although the data splitting process  800  is disclosed with reference to its preferred embodiment, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for the data splitting process  800 . For example, the data splitting process may advantageously split the data into two numbers, for example, random number A and number B and, randomly distribute A and B through two data storage facilities. Moreover, the data splitting process  800  may advantageously split the data among a wide number of data storage facilities through generation of additional random numbers. The data may be split into any desired, selected, predetermined, or randomly assigned size unit, including but not limited to, a bit, bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes or larger, or any combination or sequence of sizes. In addition, varying the sizes of the data units resulting from the splitting process may render the data more difficult to restore to a useable form, thereby increasing security of sensitive data. It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the split data unit sizes may be a wide variety of data unit sizes or patterns of sizes or combinations of sizes. For example, the data unit sizes may be selected or predetermined to be all of the same size, a fixed set of different sizes, a combination of sizes, or randomly generates sizes. Similarly, the data units may be distributed into one or more shares according to a fixed or predetermined data unit size, a pattern or combination of data unit sizes, or a randomly generated data unit size or sizes per share. 
     As mentioned in the foregoing, in order to recreate the sensitive data S, the data portions need to be derandomized and reorganized. This process may advantageously occur in the data assembling modules,  525  and  620 , of the authentication engine  215  and the cryptographic engine  220 , respectively. The data assembling module, for example, data assembly module  525 , receives data portions from the data storage facilities D1 through D4, and reassembles the data into useable form. For example, according to one embodiment where the data splitting module  520  employed the data splitting process  800  of  FIG. 8 , the data assembling module  525  uses data portions from at least two of the data storage facilities D1 through D4 to recreate the sensitive data S. For example, the pairings of AC, AD, BC, and BD, were distributed such that any two provide one of A and B, or, C and D. Noting that S=A XOR B or S=C XOR D indicates that when the data assembling module receives one of A and B, or, C and D, the data assembling module  525  can advantageously reassemble the sensitive data S. Thus, the data assembling module  525  may assemble the sensitive data S, when, for example, it receives data portions from at least the first two of the data storage facilities D1 through D4 to respond to an assemble request by the trust engine  110 . 
     Based on the above data splitting and assembling processes, the sensitive data S exists in usable format only in a limited area of the trust engine  110 . For example, when the sensitive data S includes enrollment authentication data, usable, nonrandomized enrollment authentication data is available only in the authentication engine  215 . Likewise, when the sensitive data S includes private cryptographic key data, usable, nonrandomized private cryptographic key data is available only in the cryptographic engine  220 . 
     Although the data splitting and assembling processes are disclosed with reference to their preferred embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for splitting and reassembling the sensitive data S. For example, public-key encryption may be used to further secure the data at the data storage facilities D1 through D4. In addition, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the data splitting module described herein is also a separate and distinct embodiment of the present invention that may be incorporated into, combined with or otherwise made part of any pre-existing computer systems, software suites, database, or combinations thereof, or other embodiments of the present invention, such as the trust engine, authentication engine, and transaction engine disclosed and described herein. 
       FIG. 9A  illustrates a data flow of an enrollment process  900  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 9A , the enrollment process  900  begins at step  905  when a user desires to enroll with the trust engine  110  of the cryptographic system  100 . According to this embodiment, the user system  105  advantageously includes a client-side applet, such as a Java-based, that queries the user to enter enrollment data, such as demographic data and enrollment authentication data. According to one embodiment, the enrollment authentication data includes user ID, password(s), biometric(s), or the like. According to one embodiment, during the querying process, the client-side applet preferably communicates with the trust engine  110  to ensure that a chosen user ID is unique. When the user ID is nonunique, the trust engine  110  may advantageously suggest a unique user ID. The client-side applet gathers the enrollment data and transmits the enrollment data, for example, through and XML document, to the trust engine  110 , and in particular, to the transaction engine  205 . According to one embodiment, the transmission is encoded with the public key of the authentication engine  215 . 
     According to one embodiment, the user performs a single enrollment during step  905  of the enrollment process  900 . For example, the user enrolls himself or herself as a particular person, such as Joe User. When Joe User desires to enroll as Joe User, CEO of Mega Corp., then according to this embodiment, Joe User enrolls a second time, receives a second unique user ID and the trust engine  110  does not associate the two identities. According to another embodiment of the invention, the enrollment process  900  provides for multiple user identities for a single user ID. Thus, in the above example, the trust engine  110  will advantageously associate the two identities of Joe User. As will be understood by a skilled artisan from the disclosure herein, a user may have many identities, for example, Joe User the head of household, Joe User the member of the Charitable Foundations, and the like. Even though the user may have multiple identities, according to this embodiment, the trust engine  110  preferably stores only one set of enrollment data. Moreover, users may advantageously add, edit/update, or delete identities as they are needed. 
     Although the enrollment process  900  is disclosed with reference to its preferred embodiment, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for gathering of enrollment data, and in particular, enrollment authentication data. For example, the applet may be common object model (COM) based applet or the like. 
     On the other hand, the enrollment process may include graded enrollment. For example, at a lowest level of enrollment, the user may enroll over the communication link  125  without producing documentation as to his or her identity. According to an increased level of enrollment, the user enrolls using a trusted third party, such as a digital notary. For example, and the user may appear in person to the trusted third party, produce credentials such as a birth certificate, driver&#39;s license, military ID, or the like, and the trusted third party may advantageously include, for example, their digital signature in enrollment submission. The trusted third party may include an actual notary, a government agency, such as the Post Office or Department of Motor Vehicles, a human resources person in a large company enrolling an employee, or the like. A skilled artisan will understand from the disclosure herein that a wide number of varying levels of enrollment may occur during the enrollment process  900 . 
     After receiving the enrollment authentication data, at step  915 , the transaction engine  205 , using conventional FULL SSL technology forwards the enrollment authentication data to the authentication engine  215 . In step  920 , the authentication engine  215  decrypts the enrollment authentication data using the private key of the authentication engine  215 . In addition, the authentication engine  215  employs the data splitting module to mathematically operate on the enrollment authentication data so as to split the data into at least two independently undecipherable, randomized, numbers. As mentioned in the foregoing, at least two numbers may comprise a statistically random number and a binary X0Red number. In step  925 , the authentication engine  215  forwards each portion of the randomized numbers to one of the data storage facilities D1 through D4. As mentioned in the foregoing, the authentication engine  215  may also advantageously randomize which portions are transferred to which depositories. 
     Often during the enrollment process  900 , the user will also desire to have a digital certificate issued such that he or she may receive encrypted documents from others outside the cryptographic system  100 . As mentioned in the foregoing, the certificate authority  115  generally issues digital certificates according to one or more of several conventional standards. Generally, the digital certificate includes a public key of the user or system, which is known to everyone. 
     Whether the user requests a digital certificate at enrollment, or at another time, the request is transferred through the trust engine  110  to the authentication engine  215 . According to one embodiment, the request includes an XML document having, for example, the proper name of the user. According to step  935 , the authentication engine  215  transfers the request to the cryptographic engine  220  instructing the cryptographic engine  220  to generate a cryptographic key or key pair. 
     Upon request, at step  935 , the cryptographic engine  220  generates at least one cryptographic key. According to one embodiment, the cryptographic handling module  625  generates a key pair, where one key is used as a private key, and one is used as a public key. The cryptographic engine  220  stores the private key and, according to one embodiment, a copy of the public key. In step  945 , the cryptographic engine  220  transmits a request for a digital certificate to the transaction engine  205 . According to one embodiment, the request advantageously includes a standardized request, such as PKCS10, embedded in, for example, an XML document. The request for a digital certificate may advantageously correspond to one or more certificate authorities and the one or more standard formats the certificate authorities require. 
     In step  950  the transaction engine  205  forwards this request to the certificate authority  115 , who, in step  955 , returns a digital certificate. The return digital certificate may advantageously be in a standardized format, such as PKCS7, or in a proprietary format of one or more of the certificate authorities  115 . In step  960 , the digital certificate is received by the transaction engine  205 , and a copy is forwarded to the user and a copy is stored with the trust engine  110 . The trust engine  110  stores a copy of the certificate such that the trust engine  110  will not need to rely on the availability of the certificate authority  115 . For example, when the user desires to send a digital certificate, or a third party requests the user&#39;s digital certificate, the request for the digital certificate is typically sent to the certificate authority  115 . However, if the certificate authority  115  is conducting maintenance or has been victim of a failure or security compromise, the digital certificate may not be available. 
     At any time after issuing the cryptographic keys, the cryptographic engine  220  may advantageously employ the data splitting process  800  described above such that the cryptographic keys are split into independently undecipherable randomized numbers. Similar to the authentication data, at step  965  the cryptographic engine  220  transfers the randomized numbers to the data storage facilities D1 through D4. 
     A skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that the user may request a digital certificate any time after enrollment. Moreover, the communications between systems may advantageously include FULL SSL or public-key encryption technologies. Moreover, the enrollment process may issue multiple digital certificates from multiple certificate authorities, including one or more proprietary certificate authorities internal or external to the trust engine  110 . 
     As disclosed in steps  935  through  960 , one embodiment of the invention includes the request for a certificate that is eventually stored on the trust engine  110 . Because, according to one embodiment, the cryptographic handling module  625  issues the keys used by the trust engine  110 , each certificate corresponds to a private key. Therefore, the trust engine  110  may advantageously provide for interoperability through monitoring the certificates owned by, or associated with, a user. For example, when the cryptographic engine  220  receives a request for a cryptographic function, the cryptographic handling module  625  may investigate the certificates owned by the requesting user to determine whether the user owns a private key matching the attributes of the request. When such a certificate exists, the cryptographic handling module  625  may use the certificate or the public or private keys associated therewith, to perform the requested function. When such a certificate does not exist, the cryptographic handling module  625  may advantageously and transparently perform a number of actions to attempt to remedy the lack of an appropriate key. For example,  FIG. 9B  illustrates a flowchart of an interoperability process  970 , which according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention, discloses the foregoing steps to ensure the cryptographic handling module  625  performs cryptographic functions using appropriate keys. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9B , the interoperability process  970  begins with step  972  where the cryptographic handling module  925  determines the type of certificate desired. According to one embodiment of the invention, the type of certificate may advantageously be specified in the request for cryptographic functions, or other data provided by the requestor. According to another embodiment, the certificate type may be ascertained by the data format of the request. For example, the cryptographic handling module  925  may advantageously recognize the request corresponds to a particular type. 
     According to one embodiment, the certificate type may include one or more algorithm standards, for example, RSA, ELGAMAL, or the like. In addition, the certificate type may include one or more key types, such as symmetric keys, public keys, strong encryption keys such as 256 bit keys, less secure keys, or the like. Moreover, the certificate type may include upgrades or replacements of one or more of the foregoing algorithm standards or keys, one or more message or data formats, one or more data encapsulation or encoding schemes, such as Base 32 or Base 64. The certificate type may also include compatibility with one or more third-party cryptographic applications or interfaces, one or more communication protocols, or one or more certificate standards or protocols. A skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that other differences may exist in certificate types, and translations to and from those differences may be implemented as disclosed herein. 
     Once the cryptographic handling module  625  determines the certificate type, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  974 , and determines whether the user owns a certificate matching the type determined in step  974 . When the user owns a matching certificate, for example, the trust engine  110  has access to the matching certificate through, for example, prior storage thereof, the cryptographic handling module  825  knows that a matching private key is also stored within the trust engine  110 . For example, the matching private key may be stored within the depository  210  or depository system  700 . The cryptographic handling module  625  may advantageously request the matching private key be assembled from, for example, the depository  210 , and then in step  976 , use the matching private key to perform cryptographic actions or functions. For example, as mentioned in the foregoing, the cryptographic handling module  625  may advantageously perform hashing, hash comparisons, data encryption or decryption, digital signature verification or creation, or the like. 
     When the user does not own a matching certificate, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  978  where the cryptographic handling module  625  determines whether the users owns a cross-certified certificate. According to one embodiment, cross-certification between certificate authorities occurs when a first certificate authority determines to trust certificates from a second certificate authority. In other words, the first certificate authority determines that certificates from the second certificate authority meets certain quality standards, and therefore, may be “certified” as equivalent to the first certificate authority&#39;s own certificates. Cross-certification becomes more complex when the certificate authorities issue, for example, certificates having levels of trust. For example, the first certificate authority may provide three levels of trust for a particular certificate, usually based on the degree of reliability in the enrollment process, while the second certificate authority may provide seven levels of trust. Cross-certification may advantageously track which levels and which certificates from the second certificate authority may be substituted for which levels and which certificates from the first. When the foregoing cross-certification is done officially and publicly between two certification authorities, the mapping of certificates and levels to one another is often called “chaining.” 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, the cryptographic handling module  625  may advantageously develop cross-certifications outside those agreed upon by the certificate authorities. For example, the cryptographic handling module  625  may access a first certificate authority&#39;s certificate practice statement (CPS), or other published policy statement, and using, for example, the authentication tokens required by particular trust levels, match the first certificate authority&#39;s certificates to those of another certificate authority. 
     When, in step  978 , the cryptographic handling module  625  determines that the users owns a cross-certified certificate, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  976 , and performs the cryptographic action or function using the cross-certified public key, private key, or both. Alternatively, when the cryptographic handling module  625  determines that the users does not own a cross-certified certificate, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  980 , where the cryptographic handling module  625  selects a certificate authority that issues the requested certificate type, or a certificate cross-certified thereto. In step  982 , the cryptographic handling module  625  determines whether the user enrollment authentication data, discussed in the foregoing, meets the authentication requirements of the chosen certificate authority. For example, if the user enrolled over a network by, for example, answering demographic and other questions, the authentication data provided may establish a lower level of trust than a user providing biometric data and appearing before a third-party, such as, for example, a notary. According to one embodiment, the foregoing authentication requirements may advantageously be provided in the chosen authentication authority&#39;s CPS. 
     When the user has provided the trust engine  110  with enrollment authentication data meeting the requirements of chosen certificate authority, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  984 , where the cryptographic handling module  825  acquires the certificate from the chosen certificate authority. According to one embodiment, the cryptographic handling module  625  acquires the certificate by following steps  945  through  960  of the enrollment process  900 . For example, the cryptographic handling module  625  may advantageously employ one or more public keys from one or more of the key pairs already available to the cryptographic engine  220 , to request the certificate from the certificate authority. According to another embodiment, the cryptographic handling module  625  may advantageously generate one or more new key pairs, and use the public keys corresponding thereto, to request the certificate from the certificate authority. 
     According to another embodiment, the trust engine  110  may advantageously include one or more certificate issuing modules capable of issuing one or more certificate types. According to this embodiment, the certificate issuing module may provide the foregoing certificate. When the cryptographic handling module  625  acquires the certificate, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  976 , and performs the cryptographic action or function using the public key, private key, or both corresponding to the acquired certificate. 
     When the user, in step  982 , has not provided the trust engine  110  with enrollment authentication data meeting the requirements of chosen certificate authority, the cryptographic handling module  625  determines, in step  986  whether there are other certificate authorities that have different authentication requirements. For example, the cryptographic handling module  625  may look for certificate authorities having lower authentication requirements, but still issue the chosen certificates, or cross-certifications thereof. 
     When the foregoing certificate authority having lower requirements exists, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  980  and chooses that certificate authority. Alternatively, when no such certificate authority exists, in step  988 , the trust engine  110  may request additional authentication tokens from the user. For example, the trust engine  110  may request new enrollment authentication data comprising, for example, biometric data. Also, the trust engine  110  may request the user appear before a trusted third party and provide appropriate authenticating credentials, such as, for example, appearing before a notary with a drivers license, social security card, bank card, birth certificate, military ID, or the like. When the trust engine  110  receives updated authentication data, the interoperability process  970  proceeds to step  984  and acquires the foregoing chosen certificate. 
     Through the foregoing interoperability process  970 , the cryptographic handling module  625  advantageously provides seamless, transparent, translations and conversions between differing cryptographic systems. A skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of advantages and implementations of the foregoing interoperable system. For example, the foregoing step  986  of the interoperability process  970  may advantageously include aspects of trust arbitrage, discussed in further detail below, where the certificate authority may under special circumstances accept lower levels of cross-certification. In addition, the interoperability process  970  may include ensuring interoperability between and employment of standard certificate revocations, such as employing certificate revocation lists (CRL), online certificate status protocols (OCSP), or the like. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a data flow of an authentication process  1000  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. According to one embodiment, the authentication process  1000  includes gathering current authentication data from a user and comparing that to the enrollment authentication data of the user. For example, the authentication process  1000  begins at step  1005  where a user desires to perform a transaction with, for example, a vendor. Such transactions may include, for example, selecting a purchase option, requesting access to a restricted area or device of the vendor system  120 , or the like. At step  1010 , a vendor provides the user with a transaction ID and an authentication request. The transaction ID may advantageously include a 192 bit quantity having a 32 bit timestamp concatenated with a 128 bit random quantity, or a “nonce,” concatenated with a 32 bit vendor specific constant. Such a transaction ID uniquely identifies the transaction such that copycat transactions can be refused by the trust engine  110 . 
     The authentication request may advantageously include what level of authentication is needed for a particular transaction. For example, the vendor may specify a particular level of confidence that is required for the transaction at issue. If authentication cannot be made to this level of confidence, as will be discussed below, the transaction will not occur without either further authentication by the user to raise the level of confidence, or a change in the terms of the authentication between the vendor and the server. These issues are discussed more completely below. 
     According to one embodiment, the transaction ID and the authentication request may be advantageously generated by a vendor-side applet or other software program. In addition, the transmission of the transaction ID and authentication data may include one or more XML documents encrypted using conventional SSL technology, such as, for example, SSL, or, in other words vendor-side authenticated SSL. 
     After the user system  105  receives the transaction ID and authentication request, the user system  105  gathers the current authentication data, potentially including current biometric information, from the user. The user system  105 , at step  1015 , encrypts at least the current authentication data “B” and the transaction ID, with the public key of the authentication engine  215 , and transfers that data to the trust engine  110 . The transmission preferably comprises XML documents encrypted with at least conventional SSL technology. In step  1020 , the transaction engine  205  receives the transmission, preferably recognizes the data format or request in the URL or URI, and forwards the transmission to the authentication engine  215 . 
     During steps  1015  and  1020 , the vendor system  120 , at step  1025 , forwards the transaction ID and the authentication request to the trust engine  110 , using the preferred FULL SSL technology. This communication may also include a vendor ID, although vendor identification may also be communicated through a non-random portion of the transaction ID. At steps  1030  and  1035 , the transaction engine  205  receives the communication, creates a record in the audit trail, and generates a request for the user&#39;s enrollment authentication data to be assembled from the data storage facilities D1 through D4. At step  1040 , the depository system  700  transfers the portions of the enrollment authentication data corresponding to the user to the authentication engine  215 . At step  1045 , the authentication engine  215  decrypts the transmission using its private key and compares the enrollment authentication data to the current authentication data provided by the user. 
     The comparison of step  1045  may advantageously apply heuristical context sensitive authentication, as referred to in the forgoing, and discussed in further detail below. For example, if the biometric information received does not match perfectly, a lower confidence match results. In particular embodiments, the level of confidence of the authentication is balanced against the nature of the transaction and the desires of both the user and the vendor. Again, this is discussed in greater detail below. 
     At step  1050 , the authentication engine  215  fills in the authentication request with the result of the comparison of step  1045 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the authentication request is filled with a YES/NO or TRUE/FALSE result of the authentication process  1000 . In step  1055  the filled-in authentication request is returned to the vendor for the vendor to act upon, for example, allowing the user to complete the transaction that initiated the authentication request. According to one embodiment, a confirmation message is passed to the user. 
     Based on the foregoing, the authentication process  1000  advantageously keeps sensitive data secure and produces results configured to maintain the integrity of the sensitive data. For example, the sensitive data is assembled only inside the authentication engine  215 . For example, the enrollment authentication data is undecipherable until it is assembled in the authentication engine  215  by the data assembling module, and the current authentication data is undecipherable until it is unwrapped by the conventional SSL technology and the private key of the authentication engine  215 . Moreover, the authentication result transmitted to the vendor does not include the sensitive data, and the user may not even know whether he or she produced valid authentication data. 
     Although the authentication process  1000  is disclosed with reference to its preferred and alternative embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for the authentication process  1000 . For example, the vendor may advantageously be replaced by almost any requesting application, even those residing with the user system  105 . For example, a client application, such as Microsoft Word, may use an application program interface (API) or a cryptographic API (CAPI) to request authentication before unlocking a document. Alternatively, a mail server, a network, a cellular phone, a personal or mobile computing device, a workstation, or the like, may all make authentication requests that can be filled by the authentication process  1000 . In fact, after providing the foregoing trusted authentication process  1000 , the requesting application or device may provide access to or use of a wide number of electronic or computer devices or systems. 
     Moreover, the authentication process  1000  may employ a wide number of alternative procedures in the event of authentication failure. For example, authentication failure may maintain the same transaction ID and request that the user reenter his or her current authentication data. As mentioned in the foregoing, use of the same transaction ID allows the comparator of the authentication engine  215  to monitor and limit the number of authentication attempts for a particular transaction, thereby creating a more secure cryptographic system  100 . 
     In addition, the authentication process  1000  may be advantageously be employed to develop elegant single sign-on solutions, such as, unlocking a sensitive data vault. For example, successful or positive authentication may provide the authenticated user the ability to automatically access any number of passwords for an almost limitless number of systems and applications. For example, authentication of a user may provide the user access to password, login, financial credentials, or the like, associated with multiple online vendors, a local area network, various personal computing devices, Internet service providers, auction providers, investment brokerages, or the like. By employing a sensitive data vault, users may choose truly large and random passwords because they no longer need to remember them through association. Rather, the authentication process  1000  provides access thereto. For example, a user may choose a random alphanumeric string that is twenty plus digits in length rather than something associated with a memorable data, name, etc. 
     According to one embodiment, a sensitive data vault associated with a given user may advantageously be stored in the data storage facilities of the depository  210 , or split and stored in the depository system  700 . According to this embodiment, after positive user authentication, the trust engine  110  serves the requested sensitive data, such as, for example, to the appropriate password to the requesting application. According to another embodiment, the trust engine  110  may include a separate system for storing the sensitive data vault. For example, the trust engine  110  may include a stand-alone software engine implementing the data vault functionality and figuratively residing “behind” the foregoing front-end security system of the trust engine  110 . According to this embodiment, the software engine serves the requested sensitive data after the software engine receives a signal indicating positive user authentication from the trust engine  110 . 
     In yet another embodiment, the data vault may be implemented by a third-party system. Similar to the software engine embodiment, the third-party system may advantageously serve the requested sensitive data after the third-party system receives a signal indicating positive user authentication from the trust engine  110 . According to yet another embodiment, the data vault may be implemented on the user system  105 . A user-side software engine may advantageously serve the foregoing data after receiving a signal indicating positive user authentication from the trust engine  110 . 
     Although the foregoing data vaults are disclosed with reference to alternative embodiments, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of additional implementations thereof. For example, a particular data vault may include aspects from some or all of the foregoing embodiments. In addition, any of the foregoing data vaults may employ one or more authentication requests at varying times. For example, any of the data vaults may require authentication every one or more transactions, periodically, every one or more sessions, every access to one or more Webpages or Websites, at one or more other specified intervals, or the like. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a data flow of a signing process  1100  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 11 , the signing process  1100  includes steps similar to those of the authentication process  1000  described in the foregoing with reference to  FIG. 10 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the signing process  1100  first authenticates the user and then performs one or more of several digital signing functions as will be discussed in further detail below. According to another embodiment, the signing process  1100  may advantageously store data related thereto, such as hashes of messages or documents, or the like. This data may advantageously be used in an audit or any other event, such as for example, when a participating party attempts to repudiate a transaction. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , during the authentication steps, the user and vendor may advantageously agree on a message, such as, for example, a contract. During signing, the signing process  1100  advantageously ensures that the contract signed by the user is identical to the contract supplied by the vendor. Therefore, according to one embodiment, during authentication, the vendor and the user include a hash of their respective copies of the message or contract, in the data transmitted to the authentication engine  215 . By employing only a hash of a message or contract, the trust engine  110  may advantageously store a significantly reduced amount of data, providing for a more efficient and cost effective cryptographic system. In addition, the stored hash may be advantageously compared to a hash of a document in question to determine whether the document in question matches one signed by any of the parties. The ability to determine whether the document is identical to one relating to a transaction provides for additional evidence that can be used against a claim for repudiation by a party to a transaction. 
     In step  1103 , the authentication engine  215  assembles the enrollment authentication data and compares it to the current authentication data provided by the user. When the comparator of the authentication engine  215  indicates that the enrollment authentication data matches the current authentication data, the comparator of the authentication engine  215  also compares the hash of the message supplied by the vendor to the hash of the message supplied by the user. Thus, the authentication engine  215  advantageously ensures that the message agreed to by the user is identical to that agreed to by the vendor. 
     In step  1105 , the authentication engine  215  transmits a digital signature request to the cryptographic engine  220 . According to one embodiment of the invention, the request includes a hash of the message or contract. However, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that the cryptographic engine  220  may encrypt virtually any type of data, including, but not limited to, video, audio, biometrics, images or text to form the desired digital signature. Returning to step  1105 , the digital signature request preferably comprises an XML document communicated through conventional SSL technologies. 
     In step  1110 , the authentication engine  215  transmits a request to each of the data storage facilities D1 through D4, such that each of the data storage facilities D1 through D4 transmit their respective portion of the cryptographic key or keys corresponding to a signing party. According to another embodiment, the cryptographic engine  220  employs some or all of the steps of the interoperability process  970  discussed in the foregoing, such that the cryptographic engine  220  first determines the appropriate key or keys to request from the depository  210  or the depository system  700  for the signing party, and takes actions to provide appropriate matching keys. According to still another embodiment, the authentication engine  215  or the cryptographic engine  220  may advantageously request one or more of the keys associated with the signing party and stored in the depository  210  or depository system  700 . 
     According to one embodiment, the signing party includes one or both the user and the vendor. In such case, the authentication engine  215  advantageously requests the cryptographic keys corresponding to the user and/or the vendor. According to another embodiment, the signing party includes the trust engine  110 . In this embodiment, the trust engine  110  is certifying that the authentication process  1000  properly authenticated the user, vendor, or both. Therefore, the authentication engine  215  requests the cryptographic key of the trust engine  110 , such as, for example, the key belonging to the cryptographic engine  220 , to perform the digital signature. According to another embodiment, the trust engine  110  performs a digital notary-like function. In this embodiment, the signing party includes the user, vendor, or both, along with the trust engine  110 . Thus, the trust engine  110  provides the digital signature of the user and/or vendor, and then indicates with its own digital signature that the user and/or vendor were properly authenticated. In this embodiment, the authentication engine  215  may advantageously request assembly of the cryptographic keys corresponding to the user, the vendor, or both. According to another embodiment, the authentication engine  215  may advantageously request assembly of the cryptographic keys corresponding to the trust engine  110 . 
     According to another embodiment, the trust engine  110  performs power of attorney-like functions. For example, the trust engine  110  may digitally sign the message on behalf of a third party. In such case, the authentication engine  215  requests the cryptographic keys associated with the third party. According to this embodiment, the signing process  1100  may advantageously include authentication of the third party, before allowing power of attorney-like functions. In addition, the authentication process  1000  may include a check for third party constraints, such as, for example, business logic or the like dictating when and in what circumstances a particular third-party&#39;s signature may be used. 
     Based on the foregoing, in step  1110 , the authentication engine requested the cryptographic keys from the data storage facilities D1 through D4 corresponding to the signing party. In step  1115 , the data storage facilities D1 through D4 transmit their respective portions of the cryptographic key corresponding to the signing party to the cryptographic engine  220 . According to one embodiment, the foregoing transmissions include SSL technologies. According to another embodiment, the foregoing transmissions may advantageously be super-encrypted with the public key of the cryptographic engine  220 . 
     In step  1120 , the cryptographic engine  220  assembles the foregoing cryptographic keys of the signing party and encrypts the message therewith, thereby forming the digital signature(s). In step  1125  of the signing process  1100 , the cryptographic engine  220  transmits the digital signature(s) to the authentication engine  215 . In step  1130 , the authentication engine  215  transmits the filled-in authentication request along with a copy of the hashed message and the digital signature(s) to the transaction engine  205 . In step  1135 , the transaction engine  205  transmits a receipt comprising the transaction ID, an indication of whether the authentication was successful, and the digital signature(s), to the vendor. According to one embodiment, the foregoing transmission may advantageously include the digital signature of the trust engine  110 . For example, the trust engine  110  may encrypt the hash of the receipt with its private key, thereby forming a digital signature to be attached to the transmission to the vendor. 
     According to one embodiment, the transaction engine  205  also transmits a confirmation message to the user. Although the signing process  1100  is disclosed with reference to its preferred and alternative embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited thereby. Rather, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for the signing process  1100 . For example, the vendor may be replaced with a user application, such as an email application. For example, the user may wish to digitally sign a particular email with his or her digital signature. In such an embodiment, the transmission throughout the signing process  1100  may advantageously include only one copy of a hash of the message. Moreover, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that a wide number of client applications may request digital signatures. For example, the client applications may comprise word processors, spreadsheets, emails, voicemail, access to restricted system areas, or the like. 
     In addition, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that steps  1105  through  1120  of the signing process  1100  may advantageously employ some or all of the steps of the interoperability process  970  of  FIG. 9B , thereby providing interoperability between differing cryptographic systems that may, for example, need to process the digital signature under differing signature types. 
       FIG. 12  illustrates a data flow of an encryption/decryption process  1200  according to aspects of an embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the decryption process  1200  begins by authenticating the user using the authentication process  1000 . According to one embodiment, the authentication process  1000  includes in the authentication request, a synchronous session key. For example, in conventional PKI technologies, it is understood by skilled artisans that encrypting or decrypting data using public and private keys is mathematically intensive and may require significant system resources. However, in symmetric key cryptographic systems, or systems where the sender and receiver of a message share a single common key that is used to encrypt and decrypt a message, the mathematical operations are significantly simpler and faster. Thus, in the conventional PKI technologies, the sender of a message will generate synchronous session key, and encrypt the message using the simpler, faster symmetric key system. Then, the sender will encrypt the session key with the public key of the receiver. The encrypted session key will be attached to the synchronously encrypted message and both data are sent to the receiver. The receiver uses his or her private key to decrypt the session key, and then uses the session key to decrypt the message. Based on the foregoing, the simpler and faster symmetric key system is used for the majority of the encryption/decryption processing. Thus, in the decryption process  1200 , the decryption advantageously assumes that a synchronous key has been encrypted with the public key of the user. Thus, as mentioned in the foregoing, the encrypted session key is included in the authentication request. 
     Returning to the decryption process  1200 , after the user has been authenticated in step  1205 , the authentication engine  215  forwards the encrypted session key to the cryptographic engine  220 . In step  1210 , the authentication engine  215  forwards a request to each of the data storage facilities, D1 through D4, requesting the cryptographic key data of the user. In step  1215 , each data storage facility, D1 through D4, transmits their respective portion of the cryptographic key to the cryptographic engine  220 . According to one embodiment, the foregoing transmission is encrypted with the public key of the cryptographic engine  220 . 
     In step  1220  of the decryption process  1200 , the cryptographic engine  220  assembles the cryptographic key and decrypts the session key therewith. In step  1225 , the cryptographic engine forwards the session key to the authentication engine  215 . In step  1227 , the authentication engine  215  fills in the authentication request including the decrypted session key, and transmits the filled-in authentication request to the transaction engine  205 . In step  1230 , the transaction engine  205  forwards the authentication request along with the session key to the requesting application or vendor. Then, according to one embodiment, the requesting application or vendor uses the session key to decrypt the encrypted message. 
     Although the decryption process  1200  is disclosed with reference to its preferred and alternative embodiments, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein, a wide number of alternatives for the decryption process  1200 . For example, the decryption process  1200  may forego synchronous key encryption and rely on full public-key technology. In such an embodiment, the requesting application may transmit the entire message to the cryptographic engine  220 , or, may employ some type of compression or reversible hash in order to transmit the message to the cryptographic engine  220 . A skilled artisan will also recognize from the disclosure herein that the foregoing communications may advantageously include XML documents wrapped in SSL technology. 
     The encryption/decryption process  1200  also provides for encryption of documents or other data. Thus, in step  1235 , a requesting application or vendor may advantageously transmit to the transaction engine  205  of the trust engine  110 , a request for the public key of the user. The requesting application or vendor makes this request because the requesting application or vendor uses the public key of the user, for example, to encrypt the session key that will be used to encrypt the document or message. As mentioned in the enrollment process  900 , the transaction engine  205  stores a copy of the digital certificate of the user, for example, in the mass storage  225 . Thus, in step  1240  of the encryption process  1200 , the transaction engine  205  requests the digital certificate of the user from the mass storage  225 . In step  1245 , the mass storage  225  transmits the digital certificate corresponding to the user, to the transaction engine  205 . In step  1250 , the transaction engine  205  transmits the digital certificate to the requesting application or vendor. According to one embodiment, the encryption portion of the encryption process  1200  does not include the authentication of a user. This is because the requesting vendor needs only the public key of the user, and is not requesting any sensitive data. 
     A skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that if a particular user does not have a digital certificate, the trust engine  110  may employ some or all of the enrollment process  900  in order to generate a digital certificate for that particular user. Then, the trust engine  110  may initiate the encryption/decryption process  1200  and thereby provide the appropriate digital certificate. In addition, a skilled artisan will recognize from the disclosure herein that steps  1220  and  1235  through  1250  of the encryption/decryption process  1200  may advantageously employ some or all of the steps of the interoperability process of  FIG. 9B , thereby providing interoperability between differing cryptographic systems that may, for example, need to process the encryption. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a trust engine system  1300  according to aspects of yet another embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the trust engine system  1300  comprises a plurality of distinct trust engines  1305 ,  1310 ,  1315 , and  1320 , respectively. To facilitate a more complete understanding of the invention,  FIG. 13  illustrates each trust engine,  1305 ,  1310 ,  1315 , and  1320  as having a transaction engine, a depository, and an authentication engine. However, a skilled artisan will recognize that each transaction engine may advantageously comprise some, a combination, or all of the elements and communication channels disclosed with reference to  FIGS. 1-8 . For example, one embodiment may advantageously include trust engines having one or more transaction engines, depositories, and cryptographic servers or any combinations thereof. 
     According to one embodiment of the invention, each of the trust engines  1305 ,  1310 ,  1315  and  1320  are geographically separated, such that, for example, the trust engine  1305  may reside in a first location, the trust engine  1310  may reside in a second location, the trust engine  1315  may reside in a third location, and the trust engine  1320  may reside in a fourth location. The foregoing geographic separation advantageously decreases system response time while increasing the security of the overall trust engine system  1300 . 
     For example, when a user logs onto the cryptographic system  100 , the user may be nearest the first location and may desire to be authenticated. As described with reference to  FIG. 10 , to be authenticated, the user provides current authentication data, such as a biometric or the like, and the current authentication data is compared to that user&#39;s enrollment authentication data. Therefore, according to one example, the user advantageously provides current authentication data to the geographically nearest trust engine  1305 . The transaction engine  1321  of the trust engine  1305  then forwards the current authentication data to the authentication engine  1322  also residing at the first location. According to another embodiment, the transaction engine  1321  forwards the current authentication data to one or more of the authentication engines of the trust engines  1310 ,  1315 , or  1320 . 
     The transaction engine  1321  also requests the assembly of the enrollment authentication data from the depositories of, for example, each of the trust engines,  1305  through  1320 . According to this embodiment, each depository provides its portion of the enrollment authentication data to the authentication engine  1322  of the trust engine  1305 . The authentication engine  1322  then employs the encrypted data portions from, for example, the first two depositories to respond, and assembles the enrollment authentication data into deciphered form. The authentication engine  1322  compares the enrollment authentication data with the current authentication data and returns an authentication result to the transaction engine  1321  of the trust engine  1305 . 
     Based on the above, the trust engine system  1300  employs the nearest one of a plurality of geographically separated trust engines,  1305  through  1320 , to perform the authentication process. According to one embodiment of the invention, the routing of information to the nearest transaction engine may advantageously be performed at client-side applets executing on one or more of the user system  105 , vendor system  120 , or certificate authority  115 . According to an alternative embodiment, a more sophisticated decision process may be employed to select from the trust engines  1305  through  1320 . For example, the decision may be based on the availability, operability, speed of connections, load, performance, geographic proximity, or a combination thereof, of a given trust engine. 
     In this way, the trust engine system  1300  lowers its response time while maintaining the security advantages associated with geographically remote data storage facilities, such as those discussed with reference to  FIG. 7  where each data storage facility stores randomized portions of sensitive data. For example, a security compromise at, for example, the depository  1325  of the trust engine  1315  does not necessarily compromise the sensitive data of the trust engine system  1300 . This is because the depository  1325  contains only non-decipherable randomized data that, without more, is entirely useless. 
     According to another embodiment, the trust engine system  1300  may advantageously include multiple cryptographic engines arranged similar to the authentication engines. The cryptographic engines may advantageously perform cryptographic functions such as those disclosed with reference to  FIGS. 1-8 . According to yet another embodiment, the trust engine system  1300  may advantageously replace the multiple authentication engines with multiple cryptographic engines, thereby performing cryptographic functions such as those disclosed with reference to  FIGS. 1-8 . According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the trust engine system  1300  may replace each multiple authentication engine with an engine having some or all of the functionality of the authentication engines, cryptographic engines, or both, as disclosed in the foregoing, 
     Although the trust engine system  1300  is disclosed with reference to its preferred and alternative embodiments, a skilled artisan will recognize that the trust engine system  1300  may comprise portions of trust engines  1305  through  1320 . For example, the trust engine system  1300  may include one or more transaction engines, one or more depositories, one or more authentication engines, or one or more cryptographic engines or combinations thereof. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a trust engine System  1400  according to aspects of yet another embodiment of the invention. As shown in  FIG. 14 , the trust engine system  1400  includes multiple trust engines  1405 ,  1410 ,  1415  and  1420 . According to one embodiment, each of the trust engines  1405 ,  1410 ,  1415  and  1420 , comprise some or all of the elements of trust engine  110  disclosed with reference to  FIGS. 1-8 . According to this embodiment, when the client side applets of the user system  105 , the vendor system  120 , or the certificate authority  115 , communicate with the trust engine system  1400 , those communications are sent to the IP address of each of the trust engines  1405  through  1420 . Further, each transaction engine of each of the trust engines,  1405 ,  1410 ,  1415 , and  1420 , behaves similar to the transaction engine  1321  of the trust engine  1305  disclosed with reference to  FIG. 13 . For example, during an authentication process, each transaction engine of each of the trust engines  1405 ,  1410 ,  1415 , and  1420  transmits the current authentication data to their respective authentication engines and transmits a request to assemble the randomized data stored in each of the depositories of each of the trust engines  1405  through  1420 .  FIG. 14  does not illustrate all of these communications; as such illustration would become overly complex. Continuing with the authentication process, each of the depositories then communicates its portion of the randomized data to each of the authentication engines of the each of the trust engines  1405  through  1420 . Each of the authentication engines of the each of the trust engines employs its comparator to determine whether the current authentication data matches the enrollment authentication data provided by the depositories of each of the trust engines  1405  through  1420 . According to this embodiment, the result of the comparison by each of the authentication engines is then transmitted to a redundancy module of the other three trust engines. For example, the result of the authentication engine from the trust engine  1405  is transmitted to the redundancy modules of the trust engines  1410 ,  1415 , and  1420 . Thus, the redundancy module of the trust engine  1405  likewise receives the result of the authentication engines from the trust engines  1410 ,  1415 , and  1420 . 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a block diagram of the redundancy module of  FIG. 14 . The redundancy module comprises a comparator configured to receive the authentication result from three authentication engines and transmit that result to the transaction engine of the fourth trust engine. The comparator compares the authentication result from the three authentication engines, and if two of the results agree, the comparator concludes that the authentication result should match that of the two agreeing authentication engines. This result is then transmitted back to the transaction engine corresponding to the trust engine not associated with the three authentication engines. 
     Based on the foregoing, the redundancy module determines an authentication result from data received from authentication engines that are preferably geographically remote from the trust engine of that the redundancy module. By providing such redundancy functionality, the trust engine system  1400  ensures that a compromise of the authentication engine of one of the trust engines  1405  through  1420 , is insufficient to compromise the authentication result of the redundancy module of that particular trust engine. A skilled artisan will recognize that redundancy module functionality of the trust engine system  1400  may also be applied to the cryptographic engine of each of the trust engines  1405  through  1420 . However, such cryptographic engine communication was not shown in  FIG. 14  to avoid complexity. Moreover, a skilled artisan will recognize a wide number of alternative authentication result conflict resolution algorithms for the comparator of  FIG. 15  are suitable for use in the present invention. 
     According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the trust engine system  1400  may advantageously employ the redundancy module during cryptographic comparison steps. For example, some or all of the foregoing redundancy module disclosure with reference to  FIGS. 14 and 15  may advantageously be implemented during a hash comparison of documents provided by one or more parties during a particular transaction. 
     Although the foregoing invention has been described in terms of certain preferred and alternative embodiments, other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the disclosure herein. For example, the trust engine  110  may issue short-term certificates, where the private cryptographic key is released to the user for a predetermined period of time. For example, current certificate standards include a validity field that can be set to expire after a predetermined amount of time. Thus, the trust engine  110  may release a private key to a user where the private key would be valid for, for example, 24 hours. According to such an embodiment, the trust engine  110  may advantageously issue a new cryptographic key pair to be associated with a particular user and then release the private key of the new cryptographic key pair. Then, once the private cryptographic key is released, the trust engine  110  immediately expires any internal valid use of such private key, as it is no longer securable by the trust engine  110 . 
     In addition, a skilled artisan will recognize that the cryptographic system  100  or the trust engine  110  may include the ability to recognize any type of devices, such as, but not limited to, a laptop, a cell phone, a network, a biometric device or the like. According to one embodiment, such recognition may come from data supplied in the request for a particular service, such as, a request for authentication leading to access or use, a request for cryptographic functionality, or the like. According to one embodiment, the foregoing request may include a unique device identifier, such as, for example, a processor ID. Alternatively, the request may include data in a particular recognizable data format. For example, mobile and satellite phones often do not include the processing power for full X509.v3 heavy encryption certificates, and therefore do not request them. According to this embodiment, the trust engine  110  may recognize the type of data format presented, and respond only in kind. 
     In an additional aspect of the system described above, context sensitive authentication can be provided using various techniques as will be described below. Context sensitive authentication, for example as shown in  FIG. 16 , provides the possibility of evaluating not only the actual data which is sent by the user when attempting to authenticate himself, but also the circumstances surrounding the generation and delivery of that data. Such techniques may also support transaction specific trust arbitrage between the user and trust engine  110  or between the vendor and trust engine  110 , as will be described below. 
     As discussed above, authentication is the process of proving that a user is who he says he is. Generally, authentication requires demonstrating some fact to an authentication authority. The trust engine  110  of the present invention represents the authority to which a user must authenticate himself. The user must demonstrate to the trust engine  110  that he is who he says he is by either: knowing something that only the user should know (knowledge-based authentication), having something that only the user should have (token-based authentication), or by being something that only the user should be (biometric-based authentication). 
     Examples of knowledge-based authentication include without limitation a password, PIN number, or lock combination. Examples of token-based authentication include without limitation a house key, a physical credit card, a driver&#39;s license, or a particular phone number. Examples of biometric-based authentication include without limitation a fingerprint, handwriting analysis, facial scan, hand scan, ear scan, iris scan, vascular pattern, DNA, a voice analysis, or a retinal scan. 
     Each type of authentication has particular advantages and disadvantages, and each provides a different level of security. For example, it is generally harder to create a false fingerprint that matches someone else&#39;s than it is to overhear someone&#39;s password and repeat it. Each type of authentication also requires a different type of data to be known to the authenticating authority in order to verify someone using that form of authentication. 
     As used herein, “authentication” will refer broadly to the overall process of verifying someone&#39;s identity to be who he says he is. An “authentication technique” will refer to a particular type of authentication based upon a particular piece of knowledge, physical token, or biometric reading. “Authentication data” refers to information which is sent to or otherwise demonstrated to an authentication authority in order to establish identity. “Enrollment data” will refer to the data which is initially submitted to an authentication authority in order to establish a baseline for comparison with authentication data. An “authentication instance” will refer to the data associated with an attempt to authenticate by an authentication technique. 
     The internal protocols and communications involved in the process of authenticating a user is described with reference to  FIG. 10  above. The part of this process within which the context sensitive authentication takes place occurs within the comparison step shown as step  1045  of  FIG. 10 . This step takes place within the authentication engine  215  and involves assembling the enrollment data  410  retrieved from the depository  210  and comparing the authentication data provided by the user to it. One particular embodiment of this process is shown in  FIG. 16  and described below. 
     The current authentication data provided by the user and the enrollment data retrieved from the depository  210  are received by the authentication engine  215  in step  1600  of  FIG. 16 . Both of these sets of data may contain data which is related to separate techniques of authentication. The authentication engine  215  separates the authentication data associated with each individual authentication instance in step  1605 . This is necessary so that the authentication data is compared with the appropriate subset of the enrollment data for the user (e.g. fingerprint authentication data should be compared with fingerprint enrollment data, rather than password enrollment data). 
     Generally, authenticating a user involves one or more individual authentication instances, depending on which authentication techniques are available to the user. These methods are limited by the enrollment data which were provided by the user during his enrollment process (if the user did not provide a retinal scan when enrolling, he will not be able to authenticate himself using a retinal scan), as well as the means which may be currently available to the user (e.g. if the user does not have a fingerprint reader at his current location, fingerprint authentication will not be practical). In some cases, a single authentication instance may be sufficient to authenticate a user; however, in certain circumstances a combination of multiple authentication instances may be used in order to more confidently authenticate a user for a particular transaction. 
     Each authentication instance consists of data related to a particular authentication technique (e.g. fingerprint, password, smart card, etc.) and the circumstances which surround the capture and delivery of the data for that particular technique. For example, a particular instance of attempting to authenticate via password will generate not only the data related to the password itself, but also circumstantial data, known as “metadata”, related to that password attempt. This circumstantial data includes information such as: the time at which the particular authentication instance took place, the network address from which the authentication information was delivered, as well as any other information as is known to those of skill in the art which may be determined about the origin of the authentication data (the type of connection, the processor serial number, etc.). 
     In many cases, only a small amount of circumstantial metadata will be available. For example, if the user is located on a network which uses proxies or network address translation or another technique which masks the address of the originating computer, only the address of the proxy or router may be determined. Similarly, in many cases information such as the processor serial number will not be available because of either limitations of the hardware or operating system being used, disabling of such features by the operator of the system, or other limitations of the connection between the user&#39;s system and the trust engine  110 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , once the individual authentication instances represented within the authentication data are extracted and separated in step  1605 , the authentication engine  215  evaluates each instance for its reliability in indicating that the user is who he claims to be. The reliability for a single authentication instance will generally be determined based on several factors. These may be grouped as factors relating to the reliability associated with the authentication technique, which are evaluated in step  1610 , and factors relating to the reliability of the particular authentication data provided, which are evaluated in step  1815 . The first group includes without limitation the inherent reliability of the authentication technique being used, and the reliability of the enrollment data being used with that method. The second group includes without limitation the degree of match between the enrollment data and the data provided with the authentication instance, and the metadata associated with that authentication instance. Each of these factors may vary independently of the others. 
     The inherent reliability of an authentication technique is based on how hard it is for an imposter to provide someone else&#39;s correct data, as well as the overall error rates for the authentication technique. For passwords and knowledge based authentication methods, this reliability is often fairly low because there is nothing that prevents someone from revealing their password to another person and for that second person to use that password. Even a more complex knowledge based system may have only moderate reliability since knowledge may be transferred from person to person fairly easily. Token based authentication, such as having a proper smart card or using a particular terminal to perform the authentication, is similarly of low reliability used by itself, since there is no guarantee that the right person is in possession of the proper token. 
     However, biometric techniques are more inherently reliable because it is generally difficult to provide someone else with the ability to use your fingerprints in a convenient manner, even intentionally. Because subverting biometric authentication techniques is more difficult, the inherent reliability of biometric methods is generally higher than that of purely knowledge or token based authentication techniques. However, even biometric techniques may have some occasions in which a false acceptance or false rejection is generated. These occurrences may be reflected by differing reliabilities for different implementations of the same biometric technique. For example, a fingerprint matching system provided by one company may provide a higher reliability than one provided by a different company because one uses higher quality optics or a better scanning resolution or some other improvement which reduces the occurrence of false acceptances or false rejections. 
     Note that this reliability may be expressed in different manners. The reliability is desirably expressed in some metric which can be used by the heuristics  530  and algorithms of the authentication engine  215  to calculate the confidence level of each authentication. One preferred mode of expressing these reliabilities is as a percentage or fraction. For instance, fingerprints might be assigned an inherent reliability of 97%, while passwords might only be assigned an inherent reliability of 50%. Those of skill in the art will recognize that these particular values are merely exemplary and may vary between specific implementations. 
     The second factor for which reliability must be assessed is the reliability of the enrollment. This is part of the “graded enrollment” process referred to above. This reliability factor reflects the reliability of the identification provided during the initial enrollment process. For instance, if the individual initially enrolls in a manner where they physically produce evidence of their identity to a notary or other public official, and enrollment data is recorded at that time and notarized, the data will be more reliable than data which is provided over a network during enrollment and only vouched for by a digital signature or other information which is not truly tied to the individual. 
     Other enrollment techniques with varying levels of reliability include without limitation: enrollment at a physical office of the trust engine  110  operator; enrollment at a user&#39;s place of employment; enrollment at a post office or passport office; enrollment through an affiliated or trusted party to the trust engine  110  operator; anonymous or pseudonymous enrollment in which the enrolled identity is not yet identified with a particular real individual, as well as such other means as are known in the art. 
     These factors reflect the trust between the trust engine  110  and the source of identification provided during the enrollment process. For instance, if enrollment is performed in association with an employer during the initial process of providing evidence of identity, this information may be considered extremely reliable for purposes within the company, but may be trusted to a lesser degree by a government agency, or by a competitor. Therefore, trust engines operated by each of these other organizations may assign different levels of reliability to this enrollment. 
     Similarly, additional data which is submitted across a network, but which is authenticated by other trusted data provided during a previous enrollment with the same trust engine  110  may be considered as reliable as the original enrollment data was, even though the latter data were submitted across an open network. In such circumstances, a subsequent notarization will effectively increase the level of reliability associated with the original enrollment data. In this way for example, an anonymous or pseudonymous enrollment may then be raised to a full enrollment by demonstrating to some enrollment official the identity of the individual matching the enrolled data. 
     The reliability factors discussed above are generally values which may be determined in advance of any particular authentication instance. This is because they are based upon the enrollment and the technique, rather than the actual authentication. In one embodiment, the step of generating reliability based upon these factors involves looking up previously determined values for this particular authentication technique and the enrollment data of the user. In a further aspect of an advantageous embodiment of the present invention, such reliabilities may be included with the enrollment data itself. In this way, these factors are automatically delivered to the authentication engine  215  along with the enrollment data sent from the depository  210 . 
     While these factors may generally be determined in advance of any individual authentication instance, they still have an effect on each authentication instance which uses that particular technique of authentication for that user. Furthermore, although the values may change over time (e.g. if the user re-enrolls in a more reliable fashion), they are not dependent on the authentication data itself. By contrast, the reliability factors associated with a single specific instance&#39;s data may vary on each occasion. These factors, as discussed below, must be evaluated for each new authentication in order to generate reliability scores in step  1815 . 
     The reliability of the authentication data reflects the match between the data provided by the user in a particular authentication instance and the data provided during the authentication enrollment. This is the fundamental question of whether the authentication data matches the enrollment data for the individual the user is claiming to be. Normally, when the data do not match, the user is considered to not be successfully authenticated, and the authentication fails. The manner in which this is evaluated may change depending on the authentication technique used. The comparison of such data is performed by the comparator  515  function of the authentication engine  215  as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     For instance, matches of passwords are generally evaluated in a binary fashion. In other words, a password is either a perfect match, or a failed match. It is usually not desirable to accept as even a partial match a password which is close to the correct password if it is not exactly correct. Therefore, when evaluating a password authentication, the reliability of the authentication returned by the comparator  515  is typically either 100% (correct) or 0% (wrong), with no possibility of intermediate values. 
     Similar rules to those for passwords are generally applied to token based authentication methods, such as smart cards. This is because having a smart card which has a similar identifier or which is similar to the correct one, is still just as wrong as having any other incorrect token. Therefore tokens tend also to be binary authenticators: a user either has the right token, or he doesn&#39;t. 
     However, certain types of authentication data, such as questionnaires and biometrics, are generally not binary authenticators. For example, a fingerprint may match a reference fingerprint to varying degrees. To some extent, this may be due to variations in the quality of the data captured either during the initial enrollment or in subsequent authentications. (A fingerprint may be smudged or a person may have a still healing scar or burn on a particular finger.) In other instances the data may match less than perfectly because the information itself is somewhat variable and based upon pattern matching. (A voice analysis may seem close but not quite right because of background noise, or the acoustics of the environment in which the voice is recorded, or because the person has a cold.) Finally, in situations where large amounts of data are being compared, it may simply be the case that much of the data matches well, but some doesn&#39;t. (A ten-question questionnaire may have resulted in eight correct answers to personal questions, but two incorrect answers.) For any of these reasons, the match between the enrollment data and the data for a particular authentication instance may be desirably assigned a partial match value by the comparator  515 . In this way, the fingerprint might be said to be a 85% match, the voice print a 65% match, and the questionnaire an 80% match, for example. 
     This measure (degree of match) produced by the comparator  515  is the factor representing the basic issue of whether an authentication is correct or not. However, as discussed above, this is only one of the factors which may be used in determining the reliability of a given authentication instance. Note also that even though a match to some partial degree may be determined, that ultimately, it may be desirable to provide a binary result based upon a partial match. In an alternate mode of operation, it is also possible to treat partial matches as binary, i.e. either perfect (100%) or failed (0%) matches, based upon whether or not the degree of match passes a particular threshold level of match. Such a process may be used to provide a simple pass/fail level of matching for systems which would otherwise produce partial matches. 
     Another factor to be considered in evaluating the reliability of a given authentication instance concerns the circumstances under which the authentication data for this particular instance are provided. As discussed above, the circumstances refer to the metadata associated with a particular authentication instance. This may include without limitation such information as: the network address of the authenticator, to the extent that it can be determined; the time of the authentication; the mode of transmission of the authentication data (phone line, cellular, network, etc.); and the serial number of the system of the authenticator. 
     These factors can be used to produce a profile of the type of authentication that is normally requested by the user. Then, this information can be used to assess reliability in at least two manners. One manner is to consider whether the user is requesting authentication in a manner which is consistent with the normal profile of authentication by this user. If the user normally makes authentication requests from one network address during business days (when she is at work) and from a different network address during evenings or weekends (when she is at home), an authentication which occurs from the home address during the business day is less reliable because it is outside the normal authentication profile. Similarly, if the user normally authenticates using a fingerprint biometric and in the evenings, an authentication which originates during the day using only a password is less reliable. 
     An additional way in which the circumstantial metadata can be used to evaluate the reliability of an instance of authentication is to determine how much corroboration the circumstance provides that the authenticator is the individual he claims to be. For instance, if the authentication comes from a system with a serial number known to be associated with the user, this is a good circumstantial indicator that the user is who they claim to be. Conversely, if the authentication is coming from a network address which is known to be in Los Angeles when the user is known to reside in London, this is an indication that this authentication is less reliable based on its circumstances. 
     It is also possible that a cookie or other electronic data may be placed upon the system being used by a user when they interact with a vendor system or with the trust engine  110 . This data is written to the storage of the system of the user and may contain an identification which may be read by a Web browser or other software on the user system. If this data is allowed to reside on the user system between sessions (a “persistent cookie”), it may be sent with the authentication data as further evidence of the past use of this system during authentication of a particular user. In effect, the metadata of a given instance, particularly a persistent cookie, may form a sort of token based authenticator itself. 
     Once the appropriate reliability factors based on the technique and data of the authentication instance are generated as described above in steps  1610  and  1615  respectively, they are used to produce an overall reliability for the authentication instance provided in step  1620 . One means of doing this is simply to express each reliability as a percentage and then to multiply them together. 
     For example, suppose the authentication data is being sent in from a network address known to be the user&#39;s home computer completely in accordance with the user&#39;s past authentication profile (100%), and the technique being used is fingerprint identification (97%), and the initial finger print data was roistered through the user&#39;s employer with the trust engine  110  (90%), and the match between the authentication data and the original fingerprint template in the enrollment data is very good (99%). The overall reliability of this authentication instance could then be calculated as the product of these reliabilities: 100%*97%*90%*99%-86.4% reliability. 
     This calculated reliability represents the reliability of one single instance of authentication. The overall reliability of a single authentication instance may also be calculated using techniques which treat the different reliability factors differently, for example by using formulas where different weights are assigned to each reliability factor. Furthermore, those of skill in the art will recognize that the actual values used may represent values other than percentages and may use non-arithmetic systems. One embodiment may include a module used by an authentication requestor to set the weights for each factor and the algorithms used in establishing the overall reliability of the authentication instance. 
     The authentication engine  215  may use the above techniques and variations thereof to determine the reliability of a single authentication instance, indicated as step  1620 . However, it may be useful in many authentication situations for multiple authentication instances to be provided at the same time. For example, while attempting to authenticate himself using the system of the present invention, a user may provide a user identification, fingerprint authentication data, a smart card, and a password. In such a case, three independent authentication instances are being provided to the trust engine  110  for evaluation. Proceeding to step  1625 , if the authentication engine  215  determines that the data provided by the user includes more than one authentication instance, then each instance in turn will be selected as shown in step  1630  and evaluated as described above in steps  1610 ,  1615  and  1620 . 
     Note that many of the reliability factors discussed may vary from one of these instances to another. For instance, the inherent reliability of these techniques is likely to be different, as well as the degree of match provided between the authentication data and the enrollment data. Furthermore, the user may have provided enrollment data at different times and under different circumstances for each of these techniques, providing different enrollment reliabilities for each of these instances as well. Finally, even though the circumstances under which the data for each of these instances is being submitted is the same, the use of such techniques may each fit the profile of the user differently, and so may be assigned different circumstantial reliabilities. (For example, the user may normally use their password and fingerprint, but not their smart card.) 
     As a result, the final reliability for each of these authentication instances may be different from One another. However, by using multiple instances together, the overall confidence level for the authentication will tend to increase. 
     Once the authentication engine has performed steps  1610  through  1620  for all of the authentication instances provided in the authentication data, the reliability of each instance is used in step  1635  to evaluate the overall authentication confidence level. This process of combining the individual authentication instance reliabilities into the authentication confidence level may be modeled by various methods relating the individual reliabilities produced, and may also address the particular interaction between some of these authentication techniques. (For example, multiple knowledge-based systems such as passwords may produce less confidence than a single password and even a fairly weak biometric, such as a basic voice analysis.) 
     One means in which the authentication engine  215  may combine the reliabilities of multiple concurrent authentication instances to generate a final confidence level is to multiply the unreliability of each instance to arrive at a total unreliability. The unreliability is generally the complementary percentage of the reliability. For example, a technique which is 84% reliable is 16% unreliable. The three authentication instances described above (fingerprint, smart card, password) which produce reliabilities of 86%, 75%, and 72% would have corresponding unreliabilities of (100−86)%, (100−75)% and (100−72)%, or 14%, 25%, and 28%, respectively. By multiplying these unreliabilities, we get a cumulative unreliability of 14%*25%*28%−0.98% unreliability, which corresponds to a reliability of 99.02%. 
     In an additional mode of operation, additional factors and heuristics  530  may be applied within the authentication engine  215  to account for the interdependence of various authentication techniques. For example, if someone has unauthorized access to a particular home computer, they probably have access to the phone line at that address as well. Therefore, authenticating based on an originating phone number as well as upon the serial number of the authenticating system does not add much to the overall confidence in the authentication. However, knowledge based authentication is largely independent of token based authentication (i.e. if someone steals your cellular phone or keys, they are no more likely to know your PIN or password than if they hadn&#39;t). 
     Furthermore, different vendors or other authentication requestors may wish to weigh different aspects of the authentication differently. This may include the use of separate weighing factors or algorithms used in calculating the reliability of individual instances as well as the use of different means to evaluate authentication events with multiple instances. 
     For instance, vendors for certain types of transactions, for instance corporate email systems, may desire to authenticate primarily based upon heuristics and other circumstantial data by default. Therefore, they may apply high weights to factors related to the metadata and other profile related information associated with the circumstances surrounding authentication events. This arrangement could be used to ease the burden on users during normal operating hours, by not requiring more from the user than that he be logged on to the correct machine during business hours. However, another vendor may weigh authentications coming from a particular technique most heavily, for instance fingerprint matching, because of a policy decision that such a technique is most suited to authentication for the particular vendor&#39;s purposes. 
     Such varying weights may be defined by the authentication requestor in generating the authentication request and sent to the trust engine  110  with the authentication request in one mode of operation. Such options could also be set as preferences during an initial enrollment process for the authentication requestor and stored within the authentication engine in another mode of operation. 
     Once the authentication engine  215  produces an authentication confidence level for the authentication data provided, this confidence level is used to complete the authentication request in step  1640 , and this information is forwarded from the authentication engine  215  to the transaction engine  205  for inclusion in a message to the authentication requestor. 
     The process described above is merely exemplary, and those of skill in the art will recognize that the steps need not be performed in the order shown or that only certain of the steps are desired to be performed, or that a variety of combinations of steps may be desired. Furthermore, certain steps, such as the evaluation of the reliability of each authentication instance provided, may be carried out in parallel with one another if circumstances permit. 
     In a further aspect of this invention, a method is provided to accommodate conditions when the authentication confidence level produced by the process described above fails to meet the required trust level of the vendor or other party requiring the authentication. In circumstances such as these where a gap exists between the level of confidence provided and the level of trust desired, the operator of the trust engine  110  is in a position to provide opportunities for one or both parties to provide alternate data or requirements in order to close this trust gap. This process will be referred to as “trust arbitrage” herein. 
     Trust arbitrage may take place within a framework of cryptographic authentication as described above with reference to  FIGS. 10 and 11 . As shown therein, a vendor or other party will request authentication of a particular user in association with a particular transaction. In one circumstance, the vendor simply requests an authentication, either positive or negative, and after receiving appropriate data from the user, the trust engine  110  will provide such a binary authentication. In circumstances such as these, the degree of confidence required in order to secure a positive authentication is determined based upon preferences set within the trust engine  110 . 
     However, it is also possible that the vendor may request a particular level of trust in order to complete a particular transaction. This required level may be included with the authentication request (e.g. authenticate this user to 98% confidence) or may be determined by the trust engine  110  based on other factors associated with the transaction (i.e. authenticate this user as appropriate for this transaction). One such factor might be the economic value of the transaction. For transactions which have greater economic value, a higher degree of trust may be required. Similarly, for transactions with high degrees of risk a high degree of trust may be required. Conversely, for transactions which are either of low risk or of low value, lower trust levels may be required by the vendor or other authentication requestor. 
     The process of trust arbitrage occurs between the steps of the trust engine  110  receiving the authentication data in step  1050  of  FIG. 10  and the return of an authentication result to the vendor in step  1055  of  FIG. 10 . Between these steps, the process which leads to the evaluation of trust levels and the potential trust arbitrage occurs as shown in  FIG. 17 . In circumstances where simple binary authentication is performed, the process shown in  FIG. 17  reduces to having the transaction engine  205  directly compare the authentication data provided with the enrollment data for the identified user as discussed above with reference to  FIG. 10 , flagging any difference as a negative authentication. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , the first step after receiving the data in step  1050  is for the transaction engine  205  to determine the trust level which is required for a positive authentication for this particular transaction in step  1710 . This step may be performed by one of several different methods. The required trust level may be specified to the trust engine  110  by the authentication requestor at the time when the authentication request is made. The authentication requestor may also set a preference in advance which is stored within the depository  210  or other storage which is accessible by the transaction engine  205 . This preference may then be read and used each time an authentication request is made by this authentication requestor. The preference may also be associated with a particular user as a security measure such that a particular level of trust is always required in order to authenticate that user, the user preference being stored in the depository  210  or other storage media accessible by the transaction engine  205 . The required level may also be derived by the transaction engine  205  or authentication engine  215  based upon information provided in the authentication request, such as the value and risk level of the transaction to be authenticated. 
     In one mode of operation, a policy management module or other software which is used when generating the authentication request is used to specify the required degree of trust for the authentication of the transaction. This may be used to provide a series of rules to follow when assigning the required level of trust based upon the policies which are specified within the policy management module. One advantageous mode of operation is for such a module to be incorporated with the web server of a vendor in order to appropriately determine required level of trust for transactions initiated with the vendor&#39;s web server. In this way, transaction requests from users may be assigned a required trust level in accordance with the policies of the vendor and such information may be forwarded to the trust engine  110  along with the authentication request. 
     This required trust level correlates with the degree of certainty that the vendor wants to have that the individual authenticating is in fact who he identifies himself as. For example, if the transaction is one where the vendor wants a fair degree of certainty because goods are changing hands, the vendor may require a trust level of 85%. For situation where the vendor is merely authenticating the user to allow him to view members only content or exercise privileges on a chat room, the downside risk may be small enough that the vendor requires only a 60% trust level. However, to enter into a production contract with a value of tens of thousands of dollars, the vendor may require a trust level of 99% or more. 
     This required trust level represents a metric to which the user must authenticate himself in order to complete the transaction. If the required trust level is 85% for example, the user must provide authentication to the trust engine  110  sufficient for the trust engine  110  to say with 85% confidence that the user is who they say they are. It is the balance between this required trust level and the authentication confidence level which produces either a positive authentication (to the satisfaction of the vendor) or a possibility of trust arbitrage. 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , after the transaction engine  205  receives the required trust level, it compares in step  1720  the required trust level to the authentication confidence level which the authentication engine  215  calculated for the current authentication (as discussed with reference to  FIG. 16 ). If the authentication confidence level is higher than the required trust level for the transaction in step  1730 , then the process moves to step  1740  where a positive authentication for this transaction is produced by the transaction engine  205 . A message to this effect will then be inserted into the authentication results and returned to the vendor by the transaction engine  205  as shown in step  1055  (see  FIG. 10 ). 
     However, if the authentication confidence level does not fulfill the required trust level in step  1730 , then a confidence gap exists for the current authentication, and trust arbitrage is conducted in step  1750 . Trust arbitrage is described more completely with reference to  FIG. 18  below. This process as described below takes place within the transaction engine  205  of the trust engine  110 . Because no authentication or other cryptographic operations are needed to execute trust arbitrage (other than those required for the SSL communication between the transaction engine  205  and other components), the process may be performed outside the authentication engine  215 . However, as will be discussed below, any reevaluation of authentication data or other cryptographic or authentication events will require the transaction engine  205  to resubmit the appropriate data to the authentication engine  215 . Those of skill in the art will recognize that the trust arbitrage process could alternately be structured to take place partially or entirely within the authentication engine  215  itself. 
     As mentioned above, trust arbitrage is a process where the trust engine  110  mediates a negotiation between the vendor and user in an attempt to secure a positive authentication where appropriate. As shown in step  1805 , the transaction engine  205  first determines whether or not the current situation is appropriate for trust arbitrage. This may be determined based upon the circumstances of the authentication, e.g. whether this authentication has already been through multiple cycles of arbitrage, as well as upon the preferences of either the vendor or user, as will be discussed further below. 
     In such circumstances where arbitrage is not possible, the process proceeds to step  1810  where the transaction engine  205  generates a negative authentication and then inserts it into the authentication results which are sent to the vendor in step  1055  (see  FIG. 10 ). One limit which may be advantageously used to prevent authentications from pending indefinitely is to set a time-out period from the initial authentication request. In this way, any transaction which is not positively authenticated within the time limit is denied further arbitrage and negatively authenticated. Those of skill in the art will recognize that such a time limit may vary depending upon the circumstances of the transaction and the desires of the user and vendor. Limitations may also be placed upon the number of attempts that may be made at providing a successful authentication. Such limitations may be handled by an attempt limiter  535  as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     If arbitrage is not prohibited in step  1805 , the transaction engine  205  will then engage in negotiation with one or both of the transacting parties. The transaction engine  205  may send a message to the user requesting some form of additional authentication in order to boost the authentication confidence level produced as shown in step  1820 . In the simplest form, this may simply indicates that authentication was insufficient. A request to produce one or more additional authentication instances to improve the overall confidence level of the authentication may also be sent. 
     If the user provides some additional authentication instances in step  1825 , then the transaction engine  205  adds these authentication instances to the authentication data for the transaction and forwards it to the authentication engine  215  as shown in step  1015  (see  FIG. 10 ), and the authentication is reevaluated based upon both the pre-existing authentication instances for this transaction and the newly provided authentication instances. 
     An additional type of authentication may be a request from the trust engine  110  to make some form of person-to-person contact between the trust engine  110  operator (or a trusted associate) and the user, for example, by phone call. This phone call or other non-computer authentication can be used to provide personal contact with the individual and also to conduct some form of questionnaire based authentication. This also may give the opportunity to verify an originating telephone number and potentially a voice analysis of the user when he calls in. Even if no additional authentication data can be provided, the additional context associated with the user&#39;s phone number may improve the reliability of the authentication context. Any revised data or circumstances based upon this phone call are fed into the trust engine  110  for use in consideration of the authentication request. 
     Additionally, in step  1820  the trust engine  110  may provide an opportunity for the user to purchase insurance, effectively buying a more confident authentication. The operator of the trust engine  110  may, at times, only want to make such an option available if the confidence level of the authentication is above a certain threshold to begin with. In effect, this user side insurance is a way for the trust engine  110  to vouch for the user when the authentication meets the normal required trust level of the trust engine  110  for authentication, but does not meet the required trust level of the vendor for this transaction. In this way, the user may still successfully authenticate to a very high level as may be required by the vendor, even though he only has authentication instances which produce confidence sufficient for the trust engine  110 . 
     This function of the trust engine  110  allows the trust engine  110  to vouch for someone who is authenticated to the satisfaction of the trust engine  110 , but not of the vendor. This is analogous to the function performed by a notary in adding his signature to a document in order to indicate to someone reading the document at a later time that the person whose signature appears on the document is in fact the person who signed it. The signature of the notary testifies to the act of signing by the user. In the same way, the trust engine is providing an indication that the person transacting is who they say they are. 
     However, because the trust engine  110  is artificially boosting the level of confidence provided by the user, there is a greater risk to the trust engine  110  operator, since the user is not actually meeting the required trust level of the vendor. The cost of the insurance is designed to offset the risk of a false positive authentication to the trust engine  110  (who may be effectively notarizing the authentications of the user). The user pays the trust engine  110  operator to take the risk of authenticating to a higher level of confidence than has actually been provided. 
     Because such an insurance system allows someone to effectively buy a higher confidence rating from the trust engine  110 , both vendors and users may wish to prevent the use of user side insurance in certain transactions. Vendors may wish to limit positive authentications to circumstances where they know that actual authentication data supports the degree of confidence which they require and so may indicate to the trust engine  110  that user side insurance is not to be allowed. Similarly, to protect his online identity, a user may wish to prevent the use of user side insurance on his account, or may wish to limit its use to situations where the authentication confidence level without the insurance is higher than a certain limit. This may be used as a security measure to prevent someone from overhearing a password or stealing a smart card and using them to falsely authenticate to a low level of confidence, and then purchasing insurance to produce a very high level of (false) confidence. These factors may be evaluated in determining whether user side insurance is allowed. 
     If user purchases insurance in step  1840 , then the authentication confidence level is adjusted based upon the insurance purchased in step  1845 , and the authentication confidence level and required trust level are again compared in step  1730  (see  FIG. 17 ). The process continues from there, and may lead to either a positive authentication in step  1740  (see  FIG. 17 ), or back into the trust arbitrage process in step  1750  for either further arbitrage (if allowed) or a negative authentication in step  1810  if further arbitrage is prohibited. 
     In addition to sending a message to the user in step  1820 , the transaction engine  205  may also send a message to the vendor in step  1830  which indicates that a pending authentication is currently below the required trust level. The message may also offer various options on how to proceed to the vendor. One of these Options is to simply inform the vendor of what the current authentication confidence level is and ask if the vendor wishes to maintain their current unfulfilled required trust level. This may be beneficial because in some cases, the vendor may have independent means for authenticating the transaction or may have been using a default set of requirements which generally result in a higher required level being initially specified than is actually needed for the particular transaction at hand. 
     For instance, it may be standard practice that all incoming purchase order transactions with the vendor are expected to meet a 98% trust level. However, if an order was recently discussed by phone between the vendor and a long-standing customer, and immediately thereafter the transaction is authenticated, but only to a 93% confidence level, the vendor may wish to simply lower the acceptance threshold for this transaction, because the phone call effectively provides additional authentication to the vendor. In certain circumstances, the vendor may be willing to lower their required trust level, but not all the way to the level of the current authentication confidence. For instance, the vendor in the above example might consider that the phone call prior to the order might merit a 4% reduction in the degree of trust needed; however, this is still greater than the 93% confidence produced by the user. 
     If the vendor does adjust their required trust level in step  1835 , then the authentication confidence level produced by the authentication and the required trust level are compared in step  1730  (see  FIG. 17 ). If the confidence level now exceeds the required trust level, a positive authentication may be generated in the transaction engine  205  in step  1740  (see  FIG. 17 ). If not, further arbitrage may be attempted as discussed above if it is permitted. 
     In addition to requesting an adjustment to the required trust level, the transaction engine  205  may also offer vendor side insurance to the vendor requesting the authentication. This insurance serves a similar purpose to that described above for the user side insurance. Here, however, rather than the cost corresponding to the risk being taken by the trust engine  110  in authenticating above the actual authentication confidence level produced, the cost of the insurance corresponds to the risk being taken by the vendor in accepting a lower trust level in the authentication. 
     Instead of just lowering their actual required trust level, the vendor has the option of purchasing insurance to protect itself from the additional risk associated with a lower level of trust in the authentication of the user. As described above, it may be advantageous for the vendor to only consider purchasing such insurance to cover the trust gap in conditions where the existing authentication is already above a certain threshold. 
     The availability of such vendor side insurance allows the vendor the option to either: lower his trust requirement directly at no additional cost to himself, bearing the risk of a false authentication himself (based on the lower trust level required); or, buying insurance for the trust gap between the authentication confidence level and his requirement, with the trust engine  110  operator bearing the risk of the lower confidence level which has been provided. By purchasing the insurance, the vendor effectively keeps his high trust level requirement; because the risk of a false authentication is shifted to the trust engine  110  operator. 
     If the vendor purchases insurance in step  1840 , the authentication confidence level and required trust levels are compared in step  1730  (see  FIG. 17 ), and the process continues as described above. 
     Note that it is also possible that both the user and the vendor respond to messages from the trust engine  110 . Those of skill in the art will recognize that there are multiple ways in which such situations can be handled. One advantageous mode of handling the possibility of multiple responses is simply to treat the responses in a first-come, first-served manner. For example, if the vendor responds with a lowered required trust level and immediately thereafter the user also purchases insurance to raise his authentication level, the authentication is first reevaluated based upon the lowered trust requirement from the vendor. If the authentication is now positive, the user&#39;s insurance purchase is ignored. In another advantageous mode of operation, the user might only be charged for the level of insurance required to meet the new, lowered trust requirement of the vendor (if a trust gap remained even with the lowered vendor trust requirement). 
     If no response from either party is received during the trust arbitrage process at step  1850  within the time limit set for the authentication, the arbitrage is reevaluated in step  1805 . This effectively begins the arbitrage process again. If the time limit was final or other circumstances prevent further arbitrage in step  1805 , a negative authentication is generated by the transaction engine  205  in step  1810  and returned to the vendor in step  1055  (see  FIG. 10 ). If not, new messages may be sent to the user and vendor, and the process may be repeated as desired. 
     Note that for certain types of transactions, for instance, digitally signing documents which are not part of a transaction, there may not necessarily be a vendor or other third party; therefore the transaction is primarily between the user and the trust engine  110 . In circumstances such as these, the trust engine  110  will have its own required trust level which must be satisfied in order to generate a positive authentication. However, in such circumstances, it will often not be desirable for the trust engine  110  to offer insurance to the user in order for him to raise the confidence of his own signature. 
     The process described above and shown in  FIGS. 16-18  may be carried out using various communications modes as described above with reference to the trust engine  110 . For instance, the messages may be web-based and sent using SSL connections between the trust engine  110  and applets downloaded in real time to browsers running on the user or vendor systems. In an alternate mode of operation, certain dedicated applications may be in use by the user and vendor which facilitate such arbitrage and insurance transactions. In another alternate mode of operation, secure email operations may be used to mediate the arbitrage described above, thereby allowing deferred evaluations and batch processing of authentications. Those of skill in the art will recognize that different communications modes may be used as are appropriate for the circumstances and authentication requirements of the vendor. 
     The following description with reference to  FIG. 19  describes a sample transaction which integrates the various aspects of the present invention as described above. This example illustrates the overall process between a user and a vendor as mediates by the trust engine  110 . Although the various steps and components as described in detail above may be used to carry out the following transaction, the process illustrated focuses on the interaction between the trust engine  110 , user and vendor. 
     The transaction begins when the user, while viewing web pages online, fills out an order form on the web site of the vendor in step  1900 . The user wishes to submit this order form to the vendor, signed with his digital signature. In order to do this, the user submits the order form with his request for a signature to the trust engine  110  in step  1905 . The user will also provide authentication data which will be used as described above to authenticate his identity. 
     In step  1910  the authentication data is compared to the enrollment data by the trust engine  110  as discussed above, and if a positive authentication is produced, the hash of the order form, signed with the private key of the user, is forwarded to the vendor along with the order form itself. 
     The vendor receives the signed form in step  1915 , and then the vendor will generate an invoice or other contract related to the purchase to be made in step  1920 . This contract is sent back to the user with a request for a signature in step  1925 . The vendor also sends an authentication request for this contract transaction to the trust engine  110  in step  1930  including a hash of the contract which will be signed by both parties. To allow the contract to be digitally signed by both parties, the vendor also includes authentication data for itself so that the vendor&#39;s signature upon the contract can later be verified if necessary. 
     As discussed above, the trust engine  110  then verifies the authentication data provided by the vendor to confirm the vendor&#39;s identity, and if the data produces a positive authentication in step  1935 , continues with step  1955  when the data is received from the user. If the vendor&#39;s authentication data does not match the enrollment data of the vendor to the desired degree, a message is returned to the vendor requesting further authentication. Trust arbitrage may be performed here if necessary, as described above, in order for the vendor to successfully authenticate itself to the trust engine  110 . 
     When the user receives the contract in step  1940 , he reviews it, generates authentication data to sign it if it is acceptable in step  1945 , and then sends a hash of the contract and his authentication data to the trust engine  110  in step  1950 . The trust engine  110  verifies the authentication data in step  1955  and if the authentication is good, proceeds to process the contract as described below. As discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 17 and 18 , trust arbitrage may be performed as appropriate to close any trust gap which exists between the authentication confidence level and the required authentication level for the transaction. 
     The trust engine  110  signs the hash of the contract with the user&#39;s private key, and sends this signed hash to the vendor in step  1960 , signing the complete message on its own behalf, i.e., including a hash of the complete message (including the user&#39;s signature) encrypted with the private key  510  of the trust engine  110 . This message is received by the vendor in step  1965 . The message represents a signed contract (hash of contract encrypted using user&#39;s private key) and a receipt from the trust engine  110  (the hash of the message including the signed contract, encrypted using the trust engine  110 &#39;s private key). 
     The trust engine  110  similarly prepares a hash of the contract with the vendor&#39;s private key in step  1970 , and forwards this to the user, signed by the trust engine  110 . In this way, the user also receives a copy of the contract, signed by the vendor, as well as a receipt, signed by the trust engine  110 , for delivery of the signed contract in step  1975 . 
     In addition to the foregoing, an additional aspect of the invention provides a cryptographic Service Provider Module (SPM) which may be available to a client side application as a means to access functions provided by the trust engine  110  described above. One advantageous way to provide such a service is for the cryptographic SPM is to mediate communications between a third party Application Programming Interface (API) and a trust engine  110  which is accessible via a network or other remote connection. A sample cryptographic SPM is described below with reference to  FIG. 20 . 
     For example, on a typical system, a number of API&#39;s are available to programmers. Each API provides a set of function calls which may be made by an application  2000  running upon the system. Examples of API&#39;s which provide programming interfaces suitable for cryptographic functions, authentication functions, and other security function include the Cryptographic API (CAPI)  2010  provided by Microsoft with its Windows operating systems, and the Common Data Security Architecture (CDSA), sponsored by IBM, Intel and other members of the Open Group. CAPI will be used as an exemplary security API in the discussion that follows. However, the cryptographic SPM described could be used with CDSA or other security API&#39;s as are known in the art. 
     This API is used by a user system  105  or vendor system  120  when a call is made for a cryptographic function. Included among these functions may be requests associated with performing various cryptographic operations, such as encrypting a document with a particular key, signing a document, requesting a digital certificate, verifying a signature upon a signed document, and such other cryptographic functions as are described herein or known to those of skill in the art. 
     Such cryptographic functions are normally performed locally to the system upon which CAPI  2010  is located. This is because generally the functions called require the use of either resources of the local user system  105 , such as a fingerprint reader, or software functions which are programmed using libraries which are executed on the local machine. Access to these local resources is normally provided by one or more Service Provider Modules (SPM&#39;s)  2015 ,  2020  as referred to above which provide resources with which the cryptographic functions are carried out. Such SPM&#39;s may include software libraries  2015  to perform encrypting or decrypting operations, or drivers and applications  2020  which are capable of accessing specialized hardware  2025 , such as biometric scanning devices. In much the way that CAPI  2010  provides functions which may be used by an application  2000  of the system  105 , the SPM&#39;s  2015 ,  2020  provide CAPI with access to the lower level functions and resources associated with the available services upon the system. 
     In accordance with the invention, it is possible to provide a cryptographic SPM  2030  which is capable of accessing the cryptographic functions provided by the trust engine  110  and making these functions available to an application  2000  through CAPI  2010 . Unlike embodiments where CAPI  2010  is only able to access resources which are locally available through SPM&#39;s  2015 ,  2020 , a cryptographic SPM  2030  as described herein would be able to submit requests for cryptographic operations to a remotely-located, network-accessible trust engine  110  in order to perform the operations desired. 
     For instance, if an application  2000  has a need for a cryptographic operation, such as signing a document, the application  2000  makes a function call to the appropriate CAPI  2010  function. CAPI  2010  in turn will execute this function, making use of the resources which are made available to it by the SPM&#39;s  2015 ,  2020  and the cryptographic SPM  2030 . In the case of a digital signature function, the cryptographic SPM  2030  will generate an appropriate request which will be sent to the trust engine  110  across the communication link  125 . 
     The operations which occur between the cryptographic SPM  2030  and the trust engine  110  are the same operations that would be possible between any other system and the trust engine  110 . However, these functions are effectively made available to a user system  105  through CAPI  2010  such that they appear to be locally available upon the user system  105  itself. However, unlike ordinary SPM&#39;s  2015 ,  2020 , the functions are being carried out on the remote trust engine  110  and the results relayed to the cryptographic SPM  2030  in response to appropriate requests across the communication link  125 . 
     This cryptographic SPM  2030  makes a number of operations available to the user system  105  or a vendor system  120  which might not otherwise be available. These functions include without limitation: encryption and decryption of documents; issuance of digital certificates; digital signing of documents; verification of digital signatures; and such other operations as will be apparent to those of skill in the art. 
     In a separate embodiment, the present invention comprises a complete system for performing the data securing methods of the present invention on any data set. The computer system of this embodiment comprises a data splitting module that comprises the functionality shown in  FIG. 8  and described herein. In one embodiment of the present invention, the data splitting module, sometimes referred to herein as a secure data parser, comprises a parser program or software suite which comprises data splitting, encryption and decryption, reconstitution or reassembly functionality. This embodiment may further comprise a data storage facility or multiple data storage facilities, as well. The data splitting module, or secure data parser, comprises a cross-platform software module suite which integrates within an electronic infrastructure, or as an add-on to any application which requires the ultimate security of its data elements. This parsing process operates on any type of data set, and on any and all file types, or in a database on any row, column or cell of data in that database. 
     The parsing process of the present invention may, in one embodiment, be designed in a modular tiered fashion, and any encryption process is suitable for use in the process of the present invention. The modular tiers of the parsing and splitting process of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, 1) cryptographic split, dispersed and securely stored in multiple locations; 2) encrypt, cryptographically split, dispersed and securely stored in multiple locations; 3) encrypt, cryptographically split, encrypt each share, then dispersed and securely stored in multiple locations; and 4) encrypt, cryptographically split, encrypt each share with a different type of encryption than was used in the first step, then dispersed and securely stored in multiple locations. 
     The process comprises, in one embodiment, splitting of the data according to the contents of a generated random number, or key and performing the same cryptographic splitting of the key used in the encryption of splitting of the data to be secured into two or more portions, or shares, of parsed and split data, and in one embodiment, preferably into four or more portions of parsed and split data, encrypting all of the portions, then scattering and storing these portions back into the database, or relocating them to any named device, fixed or removable, depending on the requestor&#39;s need for privacy and security. Alternatively, in another embodiment, encryption may occur prior to the splitting of the data set by the splitting module or secure data parser. The original data processed as described in this embodiment is encrypted and obfuscated and is secured. The dispersion of the encrypted elements, if desired, can be virtually anywhere, including, but not limited to, a single server or data storage device, or among separate data storage facilities or devices. Encryption key management in one embodiment may be included within the software suite, or in another embodiment may be integrated into an existing infrastructure or any other desired location. 
     A cryptographic split (cryptosplit) partitions the data into N number of shares. The partitioning can be on any size unit of data, including an individual bit, bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, or larger units, as well as any pattern or combination of data unit sizes whether predetermined or randomly generated. The units can also be of different sized, based on either a random or predetermined set of values. This means the data can be viewed as a sequence of these units. In this manner the size of the data units themselves may render the data more secure, for example by using one or more predetermined or randomly generated pattern, sequence or combination of data unit sizes. The units are then distributed (either randomly or by a predetermined set of values) into the N shares. This distribution could also involve a shuffling of the order of the units in the shares. It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the distribution of the data units into the shares may be performed according to a wide variety of possible selections, including but not limited to size-fixed, predetermined sizes, or one or more combination, pattern or sequence of data unit sizes that are predetermined or randomly generated. 
     One example of this cryptographic split process, or cryptosplit, would be to consider the data to be 23 bytes in size, with the data unit size chosen to be one byte, and with the number of shares selected to be 4. Each byte would be distributed into one of the 4 shares. Assuming a random distribution, a key would be obtained to create a sequence of 23 random numbers (r1, r2, r3 through r23), each with a value between 1 and 4 corresponding to the four shares. Each of the units of data (in this example 23 individual bytes of data) is associated with one of the 23 random numbers corresponding to one of the four shares. The distribution of the bytes of data into the four shares would occur by placing the first byte of the data into share number r1, byte two into share r2, byte three into share r3, through the 23 rd  byte of data into share r23. It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of other possible steps or combination or sequence of steps, including the size of the data units, may be used in the cryptosplit process of the present invention, and the above example is a non-limiting description of one process for cryptosplitting data. To recreate the original data, the reverse operation would be performed. 
     In another embodiment of the cryptosplit process of the present invention, an option for the cryptosplitting process is to provide sufficient redundancy in the shares such that only a subset of the shares are needed to reassemble or restore the data to its original or useable form. As a non-limiting example, the cryptosplit may be done as a “3 of 4” cryptosplit such that only three of the four shares are necessary to reassemble or restore the data to its original or useable form. This is also referred to as a “M of N cryptosplit” wherein N is the total number of shares, and M is at least one less than N. It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that there are many possibilities for creating this redundancy in the cryptosplitting process of the present invention. 
     In one embodiment of the cryptosplitting process of the present invention, each unit of data is stored in two shares, the primary share and the backup share. Using the “3 of 4” cryptosplitting process described above, any one share can be missing, and this is sufficient to reassemble or restore the original data with no missing data units since only three of the total four shares are required. As described herein, a random number is generated that corresponds to one of the shares. The random number is associated with a data unit, and stored in the corresponding share, based on a key. One key is used, in this embodiment, to generate the primary and backup share random number. As described herein for the cryptosplitting process of the present invention, a set of random numbers (also referred to as primary share numbers) from 0 to 3 are generated equal to the number of data units. Then another set of random numbers is generated (also referred to as backup share numbers) from 1 to 3 equal to the number of data units. Each unit of data is then associated with a primary share number and a backup share number. Alternatively, a set of random numbers may be generated that is fewer than the number of data units, and repeating the random number set, but this may reduce the security of the sensitive data. The primary share number is used to determine into which share the data unit is stored. The backup share number is combined with the primary share number to create a third share number between 0 and 3, and this number is used to determine into which share the data unit is stored. In this example, the equation to determine the third share number is: 
       (primary share number+backup share number)MOD 4=third share number. 
     In the embodiment described above where the primary share number is between 0 and 3, and the backup share number is between 1 and 3 ensures that the third share number is different from the primary share number. This results in the data unit being stored in two different shares. It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that there are many ways of performing redundant cryptosplitting and non-redundant cryptosplitting in addition to the embodiments disclosed herein. For example, the data units in each share could be shuffled utilizing a different algorithm. This data unit shuffling may be performed as the original data is split into the data units, or after the data units are placed into the shares, or after the share is full, for example. 
     The various cryptosplitting processes and data shuffling processes described herein, and all other embodiments of the cryptosplitting and data shuffling methods of the present invention may be performed on data units of any size, including but not limited to, as small as an individual bit, bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes or larger. 
     An example of one embodiment of source code that would perform the cryptosplitting process described herein is: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 DATA [1:24] - array of bytes with the data to be split 
               
               
                   
                 SHARES[0:3; 1:24] - 2-dimensionalarray with each row 
               
               
                   
                 representing one of the shares 
               
               
                   
                 RANDOM[1:24] - array random numbers in the range of 
               
               
                   
                 0..3 
               
               
                   
                 S1 = 1; 
               
               
                   
                 S2 = 1; 
               
               
                   
                 S3 = 1; 
               
               
                   
                 S4 = 1; 
               
               
                   
                 For J = 1 to 24 do 
               
               
                   
                  Begin 
               
               
                   
                  IF RANDOM[J[ ==0 then 
               
               
                   
                   Begin 
               
               
                   
                   SHARES[1,S1] = DATA [J]; 
               
               
                   
                   S1 = S1 + 1; 
               
               
                   
                   End 
               
               
                   
                  ELSE IF RANDOM[J[ ==1 then 
               
               
                   
                   Begin 
               
               
                   
                   SHARES[2,S2] = DATA [J]; 
               
               
                   
                   S2 = S2 + 1; 
               
               
                   
                   END 
               
               
                   
                  ELSE IF RANDOM[J[ ==2 then 
               
               
                   
                   Begin 
               
               
                   
                   Shares[3,S3] = data [J]; 
               
               
                   
                   S3 = S3 + 1; 
               
               
                   
                   End 
               
               
                   
                  Else begin 
               
               
                   
                   Shares[4,S4] = data [J]; 
               
               
                   
                   S4 = S4 + 1; 
               
               
                   
                   End; 
               
               
                   
                  END; 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     An example of one embodiment of source code that would perform the cryptosplitting RAID process described herein is: 
     Generate two sets of numbers, PrimaryShare is 0 to 3, BackupShare is 1 to 3. Then put each data unit into share[primaryshare[1]] and share[(primaryshare[1]+backupshare[1]) mod 4, with the same process as in cryptosplitting described above. This method will be scalable to any size N, where only N−1 shares are necessary to restore the data. 
     The retrieval, recombining, reassembly or reconstituting of the encrypted data elements may utilize any number of authentication techniques, including, but not limited to, biometrics, such as fingerprint recognition, facial scan, hand scan, iris scan, retinal scan, ear scan, vascular pattern recognition or DNA analysis. The data splitting and/or parser modules of the present invention may be integrated into a wide variety of infrastructure products or applications as desired. 
     Traditional encryption technologies known in the art rely on one or more key used to encrypt the data and render it unusable without the key. The data, however, remains whole and intact and subject to attack. The secure data parser of the present invention, in one embodiment, addresses this problem by performing a cryptographic parsing and splitting of the encrypted file into two or more portions or shares, and in another embodiment, preferably four or more shares, adding another layer of encryption to each share of the data, then storing the shares in different physical and/or logical locations. When one or more data shares are physically removed from the system, either by using a removable device, such as a data storage device, or by placing the share under another party&#39;s control, any possibility of compromise of secured data is effectively removed. 
     An example of one embodiment of the secure data parser of the present invention and an example of how it may be utilized is shown in  FIG. 21  and described below. However, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the secure data parser of the present invention may be utilized in a wide variety of ways in addition to the non-limiting example below. As a deployment option, and in one embodiment, the secure data parser may be implemented with external session key management or secure internal storage of session keys. Upon implementation, a Parser Master Key will be generated which will be used for securing the application and for encryption purposes. It should be also noted that the incorporation of the Parser Master key in the resulting secured data allows for a flexibility of sharing of secured data by individuals within a workgroup, enterprise or extended audience. 
     As shown in  FIG. 21 , this embodiment of the present invention shows the steps of the process performed by the secure data parser on data to store the session master key with the parsed data: 
     1. Generating a session master key and encrypt the data using RS1 stream cipher. 
     2. Separating the resulting encrypted data into four shares or portions of parsed data according to the pattern of the session master key. 
     3. In this embodiment of the method, the session master key will be stored along with the secured data shares in a data depository. Separating the session master key according to the pattern of the Parser Master Key and append the key data to the encrypted parsed data. 
     4. The resulting four shares of data will contain encrypted portions of the original data and portions of the session master key. Generate a stream cipher key for each of the four data shares. 
     5. Encrypting each share, then store the encryption keys in different locations from the encrypted data portions or shares: Share 1 gets Key 4, Share 2 gets Key 1, Share 3 gets Key 2, Share 4 gets Key 3. 
     To restore the original data format, the steps are reversed. 
     It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that certain steps of the methods described herein may be performed in different order, or repeated multiple times, as desired. It is also readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the portions of the data may be handled differently from one another. For example, multiple parsing steps may be performed on only one portion of the parsed data. Each portion of parsed data may be uniquely secured in any desirable way provided only that the data may be reassembled, reconstituted, reformed, decrypted or restored to its original or other usable form. 
     As shown in  FIG. 22  and described herein, another embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of the process performed by the secure data parser on data to store the session master key data in one or more separate key management table: 
     1. Generating a session master key and encrypt the data using RS1 stream cipher. 
     2. Separating the resulting encrypted data into four shares or portions of parsed data according to the pattern of the session master key. 
     3. In this embodiment of the method of the present invention, the session master key will be stored in a separate key management table in a data depository. Generating a unique transaction ID for this transaction. Storing the transaction ID and session master key in a separate key management table. Separating the transaction ID according to the pattern of the Parser Master Key and append the data to the encrypted parsed or separated data. 
     4. The resulting four shares of data will contain encrypted portions of the original data and portions of the transaction ID. 
     5. Generating a stream cipher key for each of the four data shares. 
     6. Encrypting each share, then store the encryption keys in different locations from the encrypted data portions or shares: Share 1 gets Key 4, Share 2 gets Key 1, Share 3 gets Key 2, Share 4 gets Key 3. 
     To restore the original data format, the steps are reversed. 
     It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that certain steps of the method described herein may be performed in different order, or repeated multiple times, as desired. It is also readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the portions of the data may be handled differently from one another. For example, multiple separating or parsing steps may be performed on only one portion of the parsed data. Each portion of parsed data may be uniquely secured in any desirable way provided only that the data may be reassembled, reconstituted, reformed, decrypted or restored to its original or other usable form. 
     As shown in  FIG. 23 , this embodiment of the present invention shows the steps of the process performed by the secure data parser on data to store the session master key with the parsed data: 
     1. Accessing the parser master key associated with the authenticated user 
     2. Generating a unique Session Master key 
     3. Derive an Intermediary Key from an exclusive OR function of the Parser Master Key and Session Master key 
     4. Optional encryption of the data using an existing or new encryption algorithm keyed with the Intermediary Key. 
     5. Separating the resulting optionally encrypted data into four shares or portions of parsed data according to the pattern of the Intermediary key. 
     6. In this embodiment of the method, the session master key will be stored along with the secured data shares in a data depository. Separating the session master key according to the pattern of the Parser Master Key and append the key data to the optionally encrypted parsed data shares. 
     7. The resulting multiple shares of data will contain optionally encrypted portions of the original data and portions of the session master key. 
     8. Optionally generate an encryption key for each of the four data shares. 
     9. Optionally encrypting each share with an existing or new encryption algorithm, then store the encryption keys in different locations from the encrypted data portions or shares: for example, Share 1 gets Key 4, Share 2 gets Key 1, Share 3 gets Key 2, Share 4 gets Key 3. 
     To restore the original data format, the steps are reversed. 
     It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that certain steps of the methods described herein may be performed in different order, or repeated multiple times, as desired. It is also readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the portions of the data may be handled differently from one another. For example, multiple parsing steps may be performed on only one portion of the parsed data. Each portion of parsed data may be uniquely secured in any desirable way provided only that the data may be reassembled, reconstituted, reformed, decrypted or restored to its original or other usable form. 
     As shown in  FIG. 24  and described herein, another embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of the process performed by the secure data parser on data to store the session master key data in one or more separate key management table: 
     1. Accessing the Parser Master Key associated with the authenticated user 
     2. Generating a unique Session Master Key 
     3. Derive an Intermediary Key from an exclusive OR function of the Parser Master Key and Session Master key 
     4. Optionally encrypt the data using an existing or new encryption algorithm keyed with the Intermediary Key. 
     5. Separating the resulting optionally encrypted data into four shares or portions of parsed data according to the pattern of the Intermediary Key. 
     6. In this embodiment of the method of the present invention, the session master key will be stored in a separate key management table in a data depository. Generating a unique transaction ID for this transaction. Storing the transaction ID and session master key in a separate key management table or passing the Session Master Key and transaction ID back to the calling program for external management. Separating the transaction ID according to the pattern of the Parser Master Key and append the data to the optionally encrypted parsed or separated data. 
     7. The resulting four shares of data will contain optionally encrypted portions of the original data and portions of the transaction ID. 
     8. Optionally generate an encryption key for each of the four data shares. 
     9. Optionally encrypting each share, then store the encryption keys in different locations from the encrypted data portions or shares. For example: Share 1 gets Key 4, Share 2 gets Key 1, Share 3 gets Key 2, Share 4 gets Key 3. 
     To restore the original data format, the steps are reversed. 
     It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that certain steps of the method described herein may be performed in different order, or repeated multiple times, as desired. It is also readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the portions of the data may be handled differently from one another. For example, multiple separating or parsing steps may be performed on only one portion of the parsed data. Each portion of parsed data may be uniquely secured in any desirable way provided only that the data may be reassembled, reconstituted, reformed, decrypted or restored to its original or other usable form. 
     A wide variety of encryption methodologies are suitable for use in the methods of the present invention, as is readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The One Time Pad algorithm, is often considered one of the most secure encryption methods, and is suitable for use in the method of the present invention. Using the One Time Pad algorithm requires that a key be generated which is as long as the data to be secured. The use of this method may be less desirable in certain circumstances such as those resulting in the generation and management of very long keys because of the size of the data set to be secured. In the One-Time Pad (OTP) algorithm, the simple exclusive-or function, XOR, is used. For two binary streams x and y of the same length, x XOR y means the bitwise exclusive-or of x and y. 
     At the bit level is generated: 
     0 XOR 0=0 
     0 XOR 1=1 
     1 XOR 0=1 
     1 XOR 1=0 
     An example of this process is described herein for an n-byte secret, s, (or data set) to be split. The process will generate an n-byte random value, a, and then set: 
       b=a XOR s. 
     Note that one can derive “s” via the equation: 
       s=a XOR b. 
     The values a and b are referred to as shares or portions and are placed in separate depositories. Once the secret s is split into two or more shares, it is discarded in a secure manner. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may utilize this function, performing multiple XOR functions incorporating multiple distinct secret key values: K1, K2, K3, Kn, K5. At the beginning of the operation, the data to be secured is passed through the first encryption operation, secure data=data XOR secret key 5: 
     S=D XOR K5 
     In order to securely store the resulting encrypted data in, for example, four shares, S1, S2, S3, Sn, the data is parsed and split into “n” segments, or shares, according to the value of K5. This operation results in “n” pseudorandom shares of the original encrypted data. Subsequent XOR functions may then be performed on each share with the remaining secret key values, for example: Secure data segment 1=encrypted data share 1 XOR secret key 1: 
     SD1=S1 XOR K1 
     SD2=S2 XOR K2 
     SD3=S3 XOR K3 
     SDn=Sn XOR Kn. 
     In one embodiment, it may not be desired to have any one depository contain enough information to decrypt the information held there, so the key required to decrypt the share is stored in a different data depository: 
     Depository 1: SD1, Kn 
     Depository 2: SD2, K1 
     Depository 3: SD3, K2 
     Depository n: SDn, K3. 
     Additionally, appended to each share may be the information required to retrieve the original session encryption key, K5. Therefore, in the key management example described herein, the original session master key is referenced by a transaction ID split into “n” shares according to the contents of the installation dependant Parser Master Key (TID1, TID2, TID3, TIDn): 
     Depository 1: SD1, Kn, TID1 
     Depository 2: SD2, K1, TID2 
     Depository 3: SD3, K2, TID3 
     Depository n: SDn, K3, TIDn. 
     In the incorporated session key example described herein, the session master key is split into “n” shares according to the contents of the installation dependant Parser Master Key (SK1, SK2, SK3, SKn): 
     Depository 1: SD1, Kn, SK1 
     Depository 2: SD2, K1, SK2 
     Depository 3: SD3, K2, SK3 
     Depository n: SDn, K3, SKn. 
     Unless all four shares are retrieved, the data cannot be reassembled according to this example. Even if all four shares are captured, there is no possibility of reassembling or restoring the original information without access to the session master key and the Parser Master Key. 
     This example has described an embodiment of the method of the present invention, and also describes, in another embodiment, the algorithm used to place shares into depositories so that shares from all depositories can be combined to form the secret authentication material. The computations needed are very simple and fast. However, with the One Time Pad (OTP) algorithm there may be circumstances that cause it to be less desirable, such as a large data set to be secured, because the key size is the same size as the data to be stored. Therefore, there would be a need to store and transmit about twice the amount of the original data which may be less desirable under certain circumstances. 
     Stream Cipher RS1 
     The stream cipher RS1 splitting technique is very similar to the OTP splitting technique described herein. Instead of an n-byte random value, an n′=min(n, 16)-byte random value is generated and used to key the RS1 Stream Cipher algorithm. The advantage of the RS1 Stream Cipher algorithm is that a pseudorandom key is generated from a much smaller seed number. The speed of execution of the RS1 Stream Cipher encryption is also rated at approximately 10 times the speed of the well known in the art Triple DES encryption without compromising security. The RS1 Stream Cipher algorithm is well known in the art, and may be used to generate the keys used in the XOR function. The RS1 Stream Cipher algorithm is interoperable with other commercially available stream cipher algorithms, such as the RC4™ stream cipher algorithm of RSA Security, Inc and is suitable for use in the methods of the present invention. 
     Using the key notation above, K1 thru K5 are now an n′ byte random values and we set: 
     SD1=S1 XOR E(K1) 
     SD2=S2 XOR E(K2) 
     SD3=S3 XOR E(K3) 
     SDn=Sn XOR E(Kn) 
     where E(K1) thru E(Kn) are the first n′ bytes of output from the RS1 Stream Cipher algorithm keyed by K1 thru Kn. The shares are now placed into data depositories as described herein. 
     In this stream cipher RS1 algorithm, the required computations needed are nearly as simple and fast as the OTP algorithm. The benefit in this example using the RS1 Stream Cipher is that the system needs to store and transmit on average only about 16 bytes more than the size of the original data to be secured per share. When the size of the original data is more than 16 bytes, this RS1 algorithm is more efficient than the OTP algorithm because it is simply shorter. It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of encryption methods or algorithms are suitable for use in the present invention, including, but not limited to RS1, OTP, RC4™, Triple DES and AES. 
     There are major advantages provided by the data security methods and computer systems of the present invention over traditional encryption methods. One advantage is the security gained from moving shares of the data to different locations on one or more data depositories or storage devices, that may be in different logical, physical or geographical locations. When the shares of data are split physically and under the control of different personnel, for example, the possibility of compromising the data is greatly reduced. 
     Another advantage provided by the methods and system of the present invention is the combination of the steps of the method of the present invention for securing data to provide a comprehensive process of maintaining security of sensitive data. The data is encrypted with a secure key and split into one or more shares, and in one embodiment, four shares, according to the secure key. The secure key is stored safely with a reference pointer which is secured into four shares according to a secure key. The data shares are then encrypted individually and the keys are stored safely with different encrypted shares. When combined, the entire process for securing data according to the methods disclosed herein becomes a comprehensive package for data security. 
     The data secured according to the methods of the present invention is readily retrievable and restored, reconstituted, reassembled, decrypted, or otherwise returned into its original or other suitable form for use. In order to restore the original data, the following items may be utilized: 
     1. All shares or portions of the data set. 
     2. Knowledge of and ability to reproduce the process flow of the method used to secure the data. 
     3. Access to the session master key. 
     4. Access to the Parser Master Key. 
     Therefore, it may be desirable to plan a secure installation wherein at least one of the above elements may be physically separated from the remaining components of the system (under the control of a different system administrator for example). 
     Protection against a rogue application invoking the data securing methods application may be enforced by use of the Parser Master Key. A mutual authentication handshake between the secure data parser and the application may be required in this embodiment of the present invention prior to any action taken. 
     The security of the system dictates that there be no “backdoor” method for recreation of the original data. For installations where data recovery issues may arise, the secure data parser can be enhanced to provide a mirror of the four shares and session master key depository. Hardware options such as RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks, used to spread information over several disks) and software options such as replication can assist as well in the data recovery planning. 
     Key Management 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the data securing method uses three sets of keys for an encryption operation. Each set of keys may have individual key storage, retrieval, security and recovery options, based on the installation. The keys that may be used, include, but are not limited to: 
     The Parser Master Key 
     This key is an individual key associated with the installation of the secure data parser. It is installed on the server on which the secure data parser has been deployed. There are a variety of options suitable for securing this key including, but not limited to, a smart card, separate hardware key store, standard key stores, custom key stores or within a secured database table, for example. 
     The Session Master Key 
     A Session Master Key may be generated each time data is secured. The Session Master Key is used to encrypt the data prior to the parsing and splitting operations. It may also be incorporated (if the Session Master Key is not integrated into the parsed data) as a means of parsing the encrypted data. The Session Master Key may be secured in a variety of manners, including, but not limited to, a standard key store, custom key store, separate database table, or secured within the encrypted shares, for example. 
     The Share Encryption Keys 
     For each share or portions of a data set that is created, an individual Share Encryption Key may be generated to further encrypt the shares. The Share Encryption Keys may be stored in different shares than the share that was encrypted. 
     It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the data securing methods and computer system of the present invention are widely applicable to any type of data in any setting or environment. In addition to commercial applications conducted over the Internet or between customers and vendors, the data securing methods and computer systems of the present invention are highly applicable to non-commercial or private settings or environments. Any data set that is desired to be kept secure from any unauthorized user may be secured using the methods and systems described herein. For example, access to a particular database within a company or organization may be advantageously restricted to only selected users by employing the methods and systems of the present invention for securing data. Another example is the generation, modification or access to documents wherein it is desired to restrict access or prevent unauthorized or accidental access or disclosure outside a group of selected individuals, computers or workstations. These and other examples of the ways in which the methods and systems of data securing of the present invention are applicable to any non-commercial or commercial environment or setting for any setting, including, but not limited to any organization, government agency or corporation. 
     In another embodiment of the present invention, the data securing method uses three sets of keys for an encryption operation. Each set of keys may have individual key storage, retrieval, security and recovery options, based on the installation. The keys that may be used, include, but are not limited to: 
     1. The Parser Master Key 
     This key is an individual key associated with the installation of the secure data parser. It is installed on the server on which the secure data parser has been deployed. There are a variety of options suitable for securing this key including, but not limited to, a smart card, separate hardware key store, standard key stores, custom key stores or within a secured database table, for example. 
     2. The Session Master Key 
     A Session Master Key may be generated each time data is secured. The Session Master Key is used in conjunction with the Parser Master key to derive the Intermediary Key. The Session Master Key may be secured in a variety of manners, including, but not limited to, a standard key store, custom key store, separate database table, or secured within the encrypted shares, for example. 
     3. The Intermediary Key 
     An Intermediary Key may be generated each time data is secured. The Intermediary Key is used to encrypt the data prior to the parsing and splitting operation. It may also be incorporated as a means of parsing the encrypted data. 
     4. The Share Encryption Keys 
     For each share or portions of a data set that is created, an individual Share Encryption Key may be generated to further encrypt the shares. The Share Encryption Keys may be stored in different shares than the share that was encrypted. 
     It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the data securing methods and computer system of the present invention are widely applicable to any type of data in any setting or environment. In addition to commercial applications conducted over the Internet or between customers and vendors, the data securing methods and computer systems of the present invention are highly applicable to non-commercial or private settings or environments. Any data set that is desired to be kept secure from any unauthorized user may be secured using the methods and systems described herein. For example, access to a particular database within a company or organization may be advantageously restricted to only selected users by employing the methods and systems of the present invention for securing data. Another example is the generation, modification or access to documents wherein it is desired to restrict access or prevent unauthorized or accidental access or disclosure outside a group of selected individuals, computers or workstations. These and other examples of the ways in which the methods and systems of data securing of the present invention are applicable to any non-commercial or commercial environment or setting for any setting, including, but not limited to any organization, government agency or corporation. 
     Workgroup, Project, Individual PC/Laptop or Cross Platform Data Security 
     The data securing methods and computer systems of the present invention are also useful in securing data by workgroup, project, individual PC/Laptop and any other platform that is in use in, for example, businesses, offices, government agencies, or any setting in which sensitive data is created, handled or stored. The present invention provides methods and computer systems to secure data that is known to be sought after by organizations, such as the U.S. Government, for implementation across the entire government organization or between governments at a state or federal level. 
     The data securing methods and computer systems of the present invention provide the ability to not only parse and split flat files but also data fields, sets and or table of any type. Additionally, all forms of data are capable of being secured under this process, including, but not limited to, text, video, images, biometrics and voice data. Scalability, speed and data throughput of the methods of securing data of the present invention are only limited to the hardware the user has at their disposal. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, the data securing methods are utilized as described below in a workgroup environment. In one embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 23  and described below, the Workgroup Scale data securing method of the present invention uses the private key management functionality of the TrustEngine to store the user/group relationships and the associated private keys (Parser Group Master Keys) necessary for a group of users to share secure data. The method of the present invention has the capability to secure data for an enterprise, workgroup, or individual user, depending on how the Parser Master Key was deployed. 
     In one embodiment, additional key management and user/group management programs may be provided, enabling wide scale workgroup implementation with a single point of administration and key management. Key generation, management and revocation are handled by the single maintenance program, which all become especially important as the number of users increase. In another embodiment, key management may also be set up across one or several different system administrators, which may not allow any one person or group to control data as needed. This allows for the management of secured data to be obtained by roles, responsibilities, membership, rights, etc., as defined by an organization, and the access to secured data can be limited to just those who are permitted or required to have access only to the portion they are working on, while others, such as managers or executives, may have access to all of the secured data. This embodiment allows for the sharing of secured data among different groups within a company or organization while at the same time only allowing certain selected individuals, such as those with the authorized and predetermined roles and responsibilities, to observe the data as a whole. In addition, this embodiment of the methods and systems of the present invention also allows for the sharing of data among, for example, separate companies, or separate departments or divisions of companies, or any separate organization departments, groups, agencies, or offices, or the like, of any government or organization or any kind, where some sharing is required, but not any one party may be permitted to have access to all the data. Particularly apparent examples of the need and utility for such a method and system of the present invention are to allow sharing, but maintain security, in between government areas, agencies and offices, and between different divisions, departments or offices of a large company, or any other organization, for example. 
     An example of the applicability of the methods of the present invention on a smaller scale is as follows. A Parser Master key is used as a serialization or branding of the secure data parser to an organization. As the scale of use of the Parser Master key is reduced from the whole enterprise to a smaller workgroup, the data securing methods described herein are used to share files within groups of users. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 25  and described below, there are six users defined along with their title or role within the organization. The side bar represents five possible groups that the users can belong to according to their role. The arrow represents membership by the user in one or more of the groups. 
     When configuring the secure data parser for use in this example, the system administrator accesses the user and group information from the operating system by a maintenance program. This maintenance program generates and assigns Parser Group Master Keys to users based on their membership in groups. 
     In this example, there are three members in the Senior Staff group. For this group, the actions would be: 
     1. Access Parser Group Master Key for the Senior Staff group (generate a key if not available); 
     2. Generate a digital certificate associating CEO with the Senior Staff group; 
     3. Generate a digital certificate associating CFO with the Senior Staff group; 
     4. Generate a digital certificate associating Vice President, Marketing with the Senior Staff group. 
     The same set of actions would be done for each group, and each member within each group. When the maintenance program is complete, the Parser Group Master Key becomes a shared credential for each member of the group. Revocation of the assigned digital certificate may be done automatically when a user is removed from a group through the maintenance program without affecting the remaining members of the group. 
     Once the shared credentials have been defined, the parsing and splitting process remains the same. When a file, document or data element is to be secured, the user is prompted for the target group to be used when securing the data. The resulting secured data is only accessible by other members of the target group. This functionality of the methods and systems of the present invention may be used with any other computer system or software platform, any may be, for example, integrated into existing application programs or used standalone for file security. 
     It is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that any one or combination of encryption algorithms are suitable for use in the methods and systems of the present invention. For example, the encryption steps may, in one embodiment, be repeated to produce a multi-layered encryption scheme. In addition, a different encryption algorithm, or combination of encryption algorithms, may be used in repeat encryption steps such that different encryption algorithms are applied to the different layers of the multi-layered encryption scheme. As such, the encryption scheme itself may become a component of the methods of the present invention for securing sensitive data from unauthorized use or access. 
     The secure data parser may include as an internal component, as an external component, or as both an error-checking component. For example, in one suitable approach, as portions of data are created using the secure data parser in accordance with the present invention, to assure the integrity of the data within a portion, a hash value is taken at preset intervals within the portion and is appended to the end of the interval. The hash value is a predictable and reproducible numeric representation of the data. If any bit within the data changes, the hash value would be different. A scanning module (either as a stand-alone component external to the secure data parser or as an internal component) may then scan the portions of data generated by the secure data parser. Each portion of data (or alternatively, less than all portions of data according to some interval or by a random or pseudo-random sampling) is compared to the appended hash value or values and an action may be taken. This action may include a report of values that match and do not match, an alert for values that do not match, or invoking of some external or internal program to trigger a recovery of the data. For example, recovery of the data could be performed by invoking a recovery module based on the concept that fewer than all portions may be needed to generate original data in accordance with the present invention. 
     Any other suitable integrity checking may be implemented using any suitable integrity information appended anywhere in all or a subset of data portions. Integrity information may include any suitable information that can be used to determine the integrity of data portions. Examples of integrity information may include hash values computed based on any suitable parameter (e.g., based on respective data portions), digital signature information, message authentication code (MAC) information, any other suitable information, or any combination thereof. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be used in any suitable application. Namely, the secure data parser described herein has a variety of applications in different areas of computing and technology. Several such areas are discussed below. It will be understood that these are merely illustrative in nature and that any other suitable applications may make use of the secure data parser. It will further be understood that the examples described are merely illustrative embodiments that may be modified in any suitable way in order to satisfy any suitable desires. For example, parsing and splitting may be based on any suitable units, such as by bits, by bytes, by kilobytes, by megabytes, by any combination thereof, or by any other suitable unit. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be used to implement secure physical tokens, whereby data stored in a physical token may be required in order to access additional data stored in another storage area. In one suitable approach, a physical token, such as a compact USB flash drive, a floppy disk, an optical disk, a smart card, or any other suitable physical token, may be used to store one of at least two portions of parsed data in accordance with the present invention. In order to access the original data, the USB flash drive would need to be accessed. Thus, a personal computer holding one portion of parsed data would need to have the USB flash drive, having the other portion of parsed data, attached before the original data can be accessed.  FIG. 26  illustrates this application. Storage area  2500  includes a portion of parsed data  2502 . Physical token  2504 , having a portion of parsed data  2506  would need to be coupled to storage area  2500  using any suitable communications interface  2508  (e.g., USB, serial, parallel, Bluetooth, IR, IEEE 1394, Ethernet, or any other suitable communications interface) in order to access the original data. This is useful in a situation where, for example, sensitive data on a computer is left alone and subject to unauthorized access attempts. By removing the physical token (e.g., the USB flash drive), the sensitive data is inaccessible. It will be understood that any other suitable approach for using physical tokens may be used. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be used to implement a secure authentication system whereby user enrollment data (e.g., passwords, private encryption keys, fingerprint templates, biometric data or any other suitable user enrollment data) is parsed and split using the secure data parser. The user enrollment data may be parsed and split whereby one or more portions are stored on a smart card, a government Common Access Card, any suitable physical storage device (e.g., magnetic or optical disk, USB key drive, etc.), or any other suitable device. One or more other portions of the parsed user enrollment data may be stored in the system performing the authentication. This provides an added level of security to the authentication process (e.g., in addition to the biometric authentication information obtained from the biometric source, the user enrollment data must also be obtained via the appropriate parsed and split data portion). 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be integrated into any suitable existing system in order to provide the use of its functionality in each system&#39;s respective environment.  FIG. 27  shows a block diagram of an illustrative system  2600 , which may include software, hardware, or both for implementing any suitable application. System  2600  may be an existing system in which secure data parser  2602  may be retrofitted as an integrated component. Alternatively, secure data parser  2602  may be integrated into any suitable system  2600  from, for example, its earliest design stage. Secure data parser  2600  may be integrated at any suitable level of system  2600 . For example, secure data parser  2602  may be integrated into system  2600  at a sufficiently back-end level such that the presence of secure data parser  2602  may be substantially transparent to an end user of system  2600 . Secure data parser  2602  may be used for parsing and splitting data among one or more storage devices  2604  in accordance with the present invention. Some illustrative examples of systems having the secure data parser integrated therein are discussed below. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be integrated into an operating system kernel (e.g., Linux, Unix, or any other suitable commercial or proprietary operating system). This integration may be used to protect data at the device level whereby, for example, data that would ordinarily be stored in one or more devices is separated into a certain number of portions by the secure data parser integrated into the operating system and stored among the one or more devices. When original data is attempted to be accessed, the appropriate software, also integrated into the operating system, may recombine the parsed data portions into the original data in a way that may be transparent to the end user. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be integrated into a volume manager or any other suitable component of a storage system to protect local and networked data storage across any or all supported platforms. For example, with the secure data parser integrated, a storage system may make use of the redundancy offered by the secure data parser (i.e., which is used to implement the feature of needing fewer than all separated portions of data in order to reconstruct the original data) to protect against data loss. The secure data parser also allows all data written to storage devices, whether using redundancy or not, to be in the form of multiple portions that are generated according to the parsing of the present invention. When original data is attempted to be accessed, the appropriate software, also integrated into the volume manager or other suitable component of the storage system, may recombine the parsed data portions into the original data in a way that may be transparent to the end user. 
     In one suitable approach, the secure data parser of the present invention may be integrated into a RAID controller (as either hardware or software). This allows for the secure storage of data to multiple drives while maintaining fault tolerance in case of drive failure. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be integrated into a database in order to, for example, protect sensitive table information. For example, in one suitable approach, data associated with particular cells of a database table (e.g., individual cells, one or more particular columns, one or more particular rows, any combination thereof, or an entire database table) may be parsed and separated according to the present invention (e.g., where the different portions are stored on one or more storage devices at one or more locations or on a single storage device). Access to recombine the portions in order to view the original data may be granted by traditional authentication methods (e.g., username and password query). 
     The secure parser of the present invention may be integrated in any suitable system that involves data in motion (i.e., transfer of data from one location to another). Such systems include, for example, email, streaming data broadcasts, and wireless (e.g., WiFi) communications. With respect to email, in one suitable approach, the secure parser may be used to parse outgoing messages (i.e., containing text, binary data, or both (e.g., files attached to an email message)) and sending the different portions of the parsed data along different paths thus creating multiple streams of data. If any one of these streams of data is compromised, the original message remains secure because the system may require that more than one of the portions be combined, in accordance with the present invention, in order to generate the original data. In another suitable approach, the different portions of data may be communicated along one path sequentially so that if one portion is obtained, it may not be sufficient to generate the original data. The different portions arrive at the intended recipient&#39;s location and may be combined to generate the original data in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIGS. 28 and 29  are illustrative block diagrams of such email systems.  FIG. 28  shows a sender system  2700 , which may include any suitable hardware, such as a computer terminal, personal computer, handheld device (e.g., PDA, Blackberry), cellular telephone, computer network, any other suitable hardware, or any combination thereof. Sender system  2700  is used to generate and/or store a message  2704 , which may be, for example, an email message, a binary data file (e.g., graphics, voice, video, etc.), or both. Message  2704  is parsed and split by secure data parser  2702  in accordance with the present invention. The resultant data portions may be communicated across one or more separate communications paths  2706  over network  2708  (e.g., the Internet, an intranet, a LAN, WiFi, Bluetooth, any other suitable hard-wired or wireless communications means, or any combination thereof) to recipient system  2710 . The data portions may be communicated parallel in time or alternatively, according to any suitable time delay between the communication of the different data portions. Recipient system  2710  may be any suitable hardware as described above with respect to sender system  2700 . The separate data portions carried along communications paths  2706  are recombined at recipient system  2710  to generate the original message or data in accordance with the present invention. 
       FIG. 29  shows a sender system  2800 , which may include any suitable hardware, such as a computer terminal, personal computer, handheld device (e.g., PDA), cellular telephone, computer network, any other suitable hardware, or any combination thereof. Sender system  2800  is used to generate and/or store a message  2804 , which may be, for example, an email message, a binary data file (e.g., graphics, voice, video, etc.), or both. Message  2804  is parsed and split by secure data parser  2802  in accordance with the present invention. The resultant data portions may be communicated across a single communications paths  2806  over network  2808  (e.g., the Internet, an intranet, a LAN, WiFi, Bluetooth, any other suitable communications means, or any combination thereof) to recipient system  2810 . The data portions may be communicated serially across communications path  2806  with respect to one another. Recipient system  2810  may be any suitable hardware as described above with respect to sender system  2800 . The separate data portions carried along communications path  2806  are recombined at recipient system  2810  to generate the original message or data in accordance with the present invention. 
     It will be understood that the arrangement of  FIGS. 28 and 29  are merely illustrative. Any other suitable arrangement may be used. For example, in another suitable approach, the features of the systems of  FIGS. 28 and 29  may be combined whereby the multi-path approach of  FIG. 28  is used and in which one or more of communications paths  2706  are used to carry more than one portion of data as communications path  2806  does in the context of  FIG. 29 . 
     The secure data parser may be integrated at any suitable level of a data-in motion system. For example, in the context of an email system, the secure parser may be integrated at the user-interface level (e.g., into Microsoft® Outlook), in which case the user may have control over the use of the secure data parser features when using email. Alternatively, the secure parser may be implemented in a back-end component such as at the exchange server, in which case messages may be automatically parsed, split, and communicated along different paths in accordance with the present invention without any user intervention. 
     Similarly, in the case of streaming broadcasts of data (e.g., audio, video), the outgoing data may be parsed and separated into multiple streams each containing a portion of the parsed data. The multiple streams may be transmitted along one or more paths and recombined at the recipient&#39;s location in accordance with the present invention. One of the benefits of this approach is that it avoids the relatively large overhead associated with traditional encryption of data followed by transmission of the encrypted data over a single communications channel. The secure parser of the present invention allows data in motion to be sent in multiple parallel streams, increasing speed and efficiency. 
     It will be understand that the secure data parser may be integrated for protection of and fault tolerance of any type of data in motion through any transport medium, including, for example, wired, wireless, or physical. For example, voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) applications may make use of the secure data parser of the present invention. Wireless or wired data transport from or to any suitable personal digital assistant (PDA) devices such as Blackberries and SmartPhones may be secured using the secure data parser of the present invention. Communications using wireless 802.11 protocols for peer to peer and hub based wireless networks, satellite communications, point to point wireless communications, Internet client/server communications, or any other suitable communications may involve the data in motion capabilities of the secure data parser in accordance with the present invention. Data communication between computer peripheral device (e.g., printer, scanner, monitor, keyboard, network router, biometric authentication device (e.g., fingerprint scanner), or any other suitable peripheral device) between a computer and a computer peripheral device, between a computer peripheral device and any other suitable device, or any combination thereof may make use of the data in motion features of the present invention. 
     The data in motion features of the present invention may also apply to physical transportation of secure shares using for example, separate routes, vehicles, methods, any other suitable physical transportation, or any combination thereof. For example, physical transportation of data may take place on digital/magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical disks, physical tokens, USB drives, removable hard drives, consumer electronic devices with flash memory (e.g., Apple IPODs or other MP3 players), flash memory, any other suitable medium used for transporting data, or any combination thereof. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may provide security with the ability for disaster recovery. According to the present invention, fewer than all portions of the separated data generated by the secure data parser may be necessary in order to retrieve the original data. That is, out of m portions stored, n may be the minimum number of these m portions necessary to retrieve the original data, where n&lt;=m. For example, if each of four portions is stored in a different physical location relative to the other three portions, then, if n=2 in this example, two of the locations may be compromised whereby data is destroyed or inaccessible, and the original data may still be retrieved from the portions in the other two locations. Any suitable value for n or m may be used. 
     In addition, the n of m feature of the present invention may be used to create a “two man rule” whereby in order to avoid entrusting a single individual or any other entity with full access to what may be sensitive data, two or more distinct entities, each with a portion of the separated data parsed by the secure parser of the present invention may need to agree to put their portions together in order to retrieve the original data. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be used to provide a group of entities with a group-wide key that allows the group members to access particular information authorized to be accessed by that particular group. The group key may be one of the data portions generated by the secure parser in accordance with the present invention that may be required to be combined with another portion centrally stored, for example in order to retrieve the information sought. This feature allows for, for example, secure collaboration among a group. It may be applied in for example, dedicated networks, virtual private networks, intranets, or any other suitable network. 
     Specific applications of this use of the secure parser include, for example, coalition information sharing in which, for example, multi-national friendly government forces are given the capability to communicate operational and otherwise sensitive data on a security level authorized to each respective country over a single network or a dual network (i.e., as compared to the many networks involving relatively substantial manual processes currently used). This capability is also applicable for companies or other organizations in which information needed to be known by one or more specific individuals (within the organization or without) may be communicated over a single network without the need to worry about unauthorized individuals viewing the information. 
     Another specific application includes a multi-level security hierarchy for government systems. That is, the secure parser of the present invention may provide for the ability to operate a government system at different levels of classified information (e.g., unclassified, classified, secret, top secret) using a single network. If desired, more networks may be used (e.g., a separate network for top secret), but the present invention allows for substantially fewer than current arrangement in which a separate network is used for each level of classification. 
     It will be understood that any combination of the above described applications of the secure parser of the present invention may be used. For example, the group key application can be used together with the data in motion security application (i.e., whereby data that is communicated over a network can only be accessed by a member of the respective group and where, while the data is in motion, it is split among multiple paths (or sent in sequential portions) in accordance with the present invention). 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be integrated into any middleware application to enable applications to securely store data to different database products or to different devices without modification to either the applications or the database. Middleware is a general term for any product that allows two separate and already existing programs to communicate. For example, in one suitable approach, middleware having the secure data parser integrated, may be used to allow programs written for a particular database to communicate with other databases without custom coding. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be implemented having any combination of any suitable capabilities, such as those discussed herein. In some embodiments of the present invention, for example, the secure data parser may be implemented having only certain capabilities whereas other capabilities may be obtained through the use of external software, hardware, or both interfaced either directly or indirectly with the secure data parser. 
       FIG. 30 , for example, shows an illustrative implementation of the secure data parser as secure data parser  3000 . Secure data parser  3000  may be implemented with very few built-in capabilities. As illustrated, secure data parser  3000  may include built-in capabilities for parsing and splitting data into portions (also referred to herein as shares) of data using module  3002  in accordance with the present invention. Secure data parser  3000  may also include built in capabilities for performing redundancy in order to be able to implement, for example, the m of n feature described above (i.e., recreating the original data using fewer than all shares of parsed and split data) using module  3004 . Secure data parser  3000  may also include share distribution capabilities using module  3006  for placing the shares of data into buffers from which they are sent for communication to a remote location, for storage, etc. in accordance with the present invention. It will be understood that any other suitable capabilities may be built into secure data parser  3000 . 
     Assembled data buffer  3008  may be any suitable memory used to store the original data (although not necessarily in its original form) that will be parsed and split by secure data parser  3000 . In a splitting operation, assembled data buffer  3008  provides input to secure data parser  3008 . In a restore operation, assembled data buffer  3008  may be used to store the output of secure data parser  3000 . 
     Split shares buffers  3010  may be one or more memory modules that may be used to store the multiple shares of data that resulted from the parsing and splitting of original data. In a splitting operation, split shares buffers  3010  hold the output of the secure data parser. In a restore operation, split shares buffers hold the input to secure data parser  3000 . 
     It will be understood that any other suitable arrangement of capabilities may be built-in for secure data parser  3000 . Any additional features may be built-in and any of the features illustrated may be removed, made more robust, made less robust, or may otherwise be modified in any suitable way. Buffers  3008  and  3010  are likewise merely illustrative and may be modified, removed, or added to in any suitable way. 
     Any suitable modules implemented in software, hardware or both may be called by or may call to secure data parser  3000 . If desired, even capabilities that are built into secure data parser  3000  may be replaced by one or more external modules. As illustrated, some external modules include random number generator  3012 , cipher feedback key generator  3014 , hash algorithm  3016 , any one or more types of encryption  3018 , and key management  3020 . It will be understood that these are merely illustrative external modules. Any other suitable modules may be used in addition to or in place of those illustrated. 
     Cipher feedback key generator  3014  may, externally to secure data parser  3000 , generate for each secure data parser operation, a unique key, or random number (using, for example, random number generator  3012 ), to be used as a seed value for an operation that extends an original session key size (e.g., a value of 128, 256, 512, or 1024 bits) into a value equal to the length of the data to be parsed and split. Any suitable algorithm may be used for the cipher feedback key generation, including, for example, the AES cipher feedback key generation algorithm. 
     In order to facilitate integration of secure data parser  3000  and its external modules (i.e., secure data parser layer  3026 ) into an application layer  3024  (e.g., email application, database application, etc.), a wrapping layer that may make use of, for example, API function calls may be used. Any other suitable arrangement for facilitating integration of secure data parser layer  3026  into application layer  3024  may be used. 
       FIG. 31  illustratively shows how the arrangement of  FIG. 30  may be used when a write (e.g., to a storage device), insert (e.g., in a database field), or transmit (e.g., across a network) command is issued in application layer  3024 . At step  3100  data to be secured is identified and a call is made to the secure data parser. The call is passed through wrapper layer  3022  where at step  3102 , wrapper layer  3022  streams the input data identified at step  3100  into assembled data buffer  3008 . Also at step  3102 , any suitable share information, filenames, any other suitable information, or any combination thereof may be stored (e.g., as information  3106  at wrapper layer  3022 ). Secure data processor  3000  then parses and splits the data it takes as input from assembled data buffer  3008  in accordance with the present invention. It outputs the data shares into split shares buffers  3010 . At step  3104 , wrapper layer  3022  obtains from stored information  3106  any suitable share information (i.e., stored by wrapper  3022  at step  3102 ) and share location(s) (e.g., from one or more configuration files). Wrapper layer  3022  then writes the output shares (obtained from split shares buffers  3010 ) appropriately (e.g., written to one or more storage devices, communicated onto a network, etc.). 
       FIG. 32  illustratively shows how the arrangement of  FIG. 30  may be used when a read (e.g., from a storage device), select (e.g., from a database field), or receive (e.g., from a network) occurs. At step  3200 , data to be restored is identified and a call to secure data parser  3000  is made from application layer  3024 . At step  3202 , from wrapper layer  3022 , any suitable share information is obtained and share location is determined. Wrapper layer  3022  loads the portions of data identified at step  3200  into split shares buffers  3010 . Secure data parser  3000  then processes these shares in accordance with the present invention (e.g., if only three of four shares are available, then the redundancy capabilities of secure data parser  3000  may be used to restore the original data using only the three shares). The restored data is then stored in assembled data buffer  3008 . At step  3204 , application layer  3022  converts the data stored in assembled data buffer  3008  into its original data format (if necessary) and provides the original data in its original format to application layer  3024 . 
     It will be understood that the parsing and splitting of original data illustrated in  FIG. 31  and the restoring of portions of data into original data illustrated in  FIG. 32  is merely illustrative. Any other suitable processes, components, or both may be used in addition to or in place of those illustrated. 
       FIG. 33  is a block diagram of an illustrative process flow for parsing and splitting original data into two or more portions of data in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, the original data desired to be parsed and split is plain text  3306  (i.e., the word “SUMMIT” is used as an example). It will be understood that any other type of data may be parsed and split in accordance with the present invention. A session key  3300  is generated. If the length of session key  3300  is not compatible with the length of original data  3306 , then cipher feedback session key  3304  may be generated. 
     In one suitable approach, original data  3306  may be encrypted prior to parsing, splitting, or both. For example, as  FIG. 33  illustrates, original data  3306  may be XORed with any suitable value (e.g., with cipher feedback session key  3304 , or with any other suitable value). It will be understood that any other suitable encryption technique may be used in place of or in addition to the XOR technique illustrate. It will further be understood that although  FIG. 33  is illustrated in terms of byte by byte operations, the operation may take place at the bit level or at any other suitable level. It will further be understood that, if desired, there need not be any encryption whatsoever of original data  3306 . 
     The resultant encrypted data (or original data if no encryption took place) is then hashed to determine how to split the encrypted (or original) data among the output buckets (e.g., of which there are four in the illustrated example). In the illustrated example, the hashing takes place by bytes and is a function of cipher feedback session key  3304 . It will be understood that this is merely illustrative. The hashing may be performed at the bit level, if desired. The hashing may be a function of any other suitable value besides cipher feedback session key  3304 . In another suitable approach, hashing need not be used. Rather, any other suitable technique for splitting data may be employed. 
       FIG. 34  is a block diagram of an illustrative process flow for restoring original data  3306  from two or more parsed and split portions of original data  3306  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The process involves hashing the portions in reverse (i.e., to the process of  FIG. 33 ) as a function of cipher feedback session key  3304  to restore the encrypted original data (or original data if there was no encryption prior to the parsing and splitting). The encryption key may then be used to restore the original data (i.e., in the illustrated example, cipher feedback session key  3304  is used to decrypt the XOR encryption by XORing it with the encrypted data). This the restores original data  3306 . 
       FIG. 35  shows how bit-splitting may be implemented in the example of  FIGS. 33 and 34 . A hash may be used (e.g., as a function of the cipher feedback session key, as a function of any other suitable value) to determine a bit value at which to split each byte of data. It will be understood that this is merely one illustrative way in which to implement splitting at the bit level. Any other suitable technique may be used. 
     It will be understood that any reference to hash functionality made herein may be made with respect to any suitable hash algorithm. These include for example, MD5 and SHA-1. Different hash algorithms may be used at different times and by different components of the present invention. 
     After a split point has been determined in accordance with the above illustrative procedure or through any other procedure or algorithm, a determination may be made with regard to which data portions to append each of the left and right segments. Any suitable algorithm may be used for making this determination. For example, in one suitable approach, a table of all possible distributions (e.g., in the form of pairings of destinations for the left segment and for the right segment) may be created, whereby a destination share value for each of the left and right segment may be determined by using any suitable hash function on corresponding data in the session key, cipher feedback session key, or any other suitable random or pseudo-random value, which may be generated and extended to the size of the original data. For example, a hash function of a corresponding byte in the random or pseudo-random value may be made. The output of the hash function is used to determine which pairing of destinations (i.e., one for the left segment and one for the right segment) to select from the table of all the destination combinations. Based on this result, each segment of the split data unit is appended to the respective two shares indicated by the table value selected as a result of the hash function. 
     Redundancy information may be appended to the data portions in accordance with the present invention to allow for the restoration of the original data using fewer than all the data portions. For example, if two out of four portions are desired to be sufficient for restoration of data, then additional data from the shares may be accordingly appended to each share in, for example, a round-robin manner (e.g., where the size of the original data is 4 MB, then share 1 gets its own shares as well as those of shares 2 and 3; share 2 gets its own share as well as those of shares 3 and 4; share 3 gets its own share as well as those of shares 4 and 1; and share 4 gets its own shares as well as those of shares 1 and 2). Any such suitable redundancy may be used in accordance with the present invention. 
     It will be understood that any other suitable parsing and splitting approach may be used to generate portions of data from an original data set in accordance with the present invention. For example, parsing and splitting may be randomly or pseudo-randomly processed on a bit by bit basis. A random or pseudo-random value may be used (e.g., session key, cipher feedback session key, etc.) whereby for each bit in the original data, the result of a hash function on corresponding data in the random or pseudo-random value may indicate to which share to append the respective bit. In one suitable approach the random or pseudo-random value may be generated as, or extended to, 8 times the size of the original data so that the hash function may be performed on a corresponding byte of the random or pseudo-random value with respect to each bit of the original data. Any other suitable algorithm for parsing and splitting data on a bit by bit level may be used in accordance with the present invention. It will further be appreciated that redundancy data may be appended to the data shares such as, for example, in the manner described immediately above in accordance with the present invention. 
     In one suitable approach, parsing and splitting need not be random or pseudo-random. Rather, any suitable deterministic algorithm for parsing and splitting data may be used. For example, breaking up the original data into sequential shares may be employed as a parsing and splitting algorithm. Another example is to parse and split the original data bit by bit, appending each respective bit to the data shares sequentially in a round-robin manner. It will further be appreciated that redundancy data may be appended to the data shares such as, for example, in the manner described above in accordance with the present invention. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, after the secure data parser generates a number of portions of original data, in order to restore the original data, certain one or more of the generated portions may be mandatory. For example, if one of the portions is used as an authentication share (e.g., saved on a physical token device), and if the fault tolerance feature of the secure data parser is being used (i.e., where fewer than all portions are necessary to restore the original data), then even though the secure data parser may have access to a sufficient number of portions of the original data in order to restore the original data, it may require the authentication share stored on the physical token device before it restores the original data. It will be understood that any number and types of particular shares may be required based on, for example, application, type of data, user, any other suitable factors, or any combination thereof. 
     In one suitable approach, the secure data parser or some external component to the secure data parser may encrypt one or more portions of the original data. The encrypted portions may be required to be provided and decrypted in order to restore the original data. The different encrypted portions may be encrypted with different encryption keys. For example, this feature may be used to implement a more secure “two man rule” whereby a first user would need to have a particular share encrypted using a first encryption and a second user would need to have a particular share encrypted using a second encryption key. In order to access the original data, both users would need to have their respective encryption keys and provide their respective portions of the original data. In one suitable approach, a public key may be used to encrypt one or more data portions that may be a mandatory share required to restore the original data. A private key may then be used to decrypt the share in order to be used to restore to the original data. 
     Any such suitable paradigm may be used that makes use of mandatory shares where fewer than all shares are needed to restore original data. 
     In one suitable embodiment of the present invention, distribution of data into a finite number of shares of data may be processed randomly or pseudo-randomly such that from a statistical perspective, the probability that any particular share of data receives a particular unit of data is equal to the probability that any one of the remaining shares will receive the unit of data. As a result, each share of data will have an approximately equal amount of data bits. 
     According to another embodiment of the present invention, each of the finite number of shares of data need not have an equal probability of receiving units of data from the parsing and splitting of the original data. Rather certain one or more shares may have a higher or lower probability than the remaining shares. As a result, certain shares may be larger or smaller in terms of bit size relative to other shares. For example, in a two-share scenario, one share may have a 1% probability of receiving a unit of data whereas the second share has a 99% probability. It should follow, therefore that once the data units have been distributed by the secure data parser among the two share, the first share should have approximately 1% of the data and the second share 99%. Any suitable probabilities may be used in accordance with the present invention. 
     It will be understood that the secure data parser may be programmed to distribute data to shares according to an exact (or near exact) percentage as well. For example, the secure data parser may be programmed to distribute 80% of data to a first share and the remaining 20% of data to a second share. 
     According to another embodiment of the present invention, the secure data parser may generate data shares, one or more of which have predefined sizes. For example, the secure data parser may split original data into data portions where one of the portions is exactly 256 bits. In one suitable approach, if it is not possible to generate a data portion having the requisite size, then the secure data parser may pad the portion to make it the correct size. Any suitable size may be used. 
     In one suitable approach, the size of a data portion may be the size of an encryption key, a splitting key, any other suitable key, or any other suitable data element. 
     As previously discussed, the secure data parser may use keys in the parsing and splitting of data. For purposes of clarity and brevity, these keys shall be referred to herein as “splitting keys.” For example, the Session Master Key, previously introduced, is one type of splitting key. Also, as previously discussed, splitting keys may be secured within shares of data generated by the secure data parser. Any suitable algorithms for securing splitting keys may be used to secure them among the shares of data. For example, the Shamir algorithm may be used to secure the splitting keys whereby information that may be used to reconstruct a splitting key is generated and appended to the shares of data. Any other such suitable algorithm may be used in accordance with the present invention. 
     Similarly, any suitable encryption keys may be secured within one or more shares of data according to any suitable algorithm such as the Shamir algorithm. For example, encryption keys used to encrypt a data set prior to parsing and splitting, encryption keys used to encrypt a data portions after parsing and splitting, or both may be secured using, for example, the Shamir algorithm or any other suitable algorithm. 
     According to one embodiment of the present invention, an All or Nothing Transform (AoNT), such as a Full Package Transform, may be used to further secure data by transforming splitting keys, encryption keys, any other suitable data elements, or any combination thereof. For example, an encryption key used to encrypt a data set prior to parsing and splitting in accordance with the present invention may be transformed by an AoNT algorithm. The transformed encryption key may then be distributed among the data shares according to, for example, the Shamir algorithm or any other suitable algorithm. In order to reconstruct the encryption key, the encrypted data set must be restored (e.g., not necessarily using all the data shares if redundancy was used in accordance with the present invention) in order to access the necessary information regarding the transformation in accordance with AoNTs as is well known by one skilled in the art. When the original encryption key is retrieved, it may be used to decrypt the encrypted data set to retrieve the original data set. It will be understood that the fault tolerance features of the present invention may be used in conjunction with the AoNT feature. Namely, redundancy data may be included in the data portions such that fewer than all data portions are necessary to restore the encrypted data set. 
     It will be understood that the AoNT may be applied to encryption keys used to encrypt the data portions following parsing and splitting either in place of or in addition to the encryption and AoNT of the respective encryption key corresponding to the data set prior to parsing and splitting. Likewise, AoNT may be applied to splitting keys. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, encryption keys, splitting keys, or both as used in accordance with the present invention may be further encrypted using, for example, a workgroup key in order to provide an extra level of security to a secured data set. 
     In one embodiment of the present invention, an audit module may be provided that tracks whenever the secure data parser is invoked to split data. 
       FIG. 36  illustrates possible options  3600  for using the components of the secure data parser in accordance with the invention. Each combination of options is outlined below and labeled with the appropriate step numbers from  FIG. 36 . The secure data parser may be modular in nature, allowing for any known algorithm to be used within each of the function blocks shown in  FIG. 36 . For example, other key splitting (e.g., secret sharing) algorithms such as Blakely may be used in place of Shamir, or the AES encryption could be replaced by other known encryption algorithms such as Triple DES. The labels shown in the example of  FIG. 36  merely depict one possible combination of algorithms for use in one embodiment of the invention. It should be understood that any suitable algorithm or combination of algorithms may be used in place of the labeled algorithms. 
     1)  3610 ,  3612 ,  3614 ,  3615 ,  3616 ,  3617 ,  3618 ,  3619   
     Using previously encrypted data at step  3610 , the data may be eventually split into a predefined number of shares. If the split algorithm requires a key, a split encryption key may be generated at step  3612  using a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator. The split encryption key may optionally be transformed using an All or Nothing Transform (AoNT) into a transform split key at step  3614  before being key split to the predefined number of shares with fault tolerance at step  3615 . The data may then be split into the predefined number of shares at step  3616 . A fault tolerant scheme may be used at step  3617  to allow for regeneration of the data from less than the total number of shares. Once the shares are created, authentication/integrity information may be embedded into the shares at step  3618 . Each share may be optionally post-encrypted at step  3619 . 
     2)  3111 ,  3612 ,  3614 ,  3615 ,  3616 ,  3617 ,  3618 ,  3619   
     In some embodiments, the input data may be encrypted using an encryption key provided by a user or an external system. The external key is provided at step  3611 . For example, the key may be provided from an external key store. If the split algorithm requires a key, the split encryption key may be generated using a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator at step  3612 . The split key may optionally be transformed using an All or Nothing Transform (AoNT) into a transform split encryption key at step  3614  before being key split to the predefined number of shares with fault tolerance at step  3615 . The data is then split to a predefined number of shares at step  3616 . A fault tolerant scheme may be used at step  3617  to allow for regeneration of the data from less than the total number of shares. Once the shares are created, authentication/integrity information may be embedded into the shares at step  3618 . Each share may be optionally post-encrypted at step  3619 . 
     3)  3612 ,  3613 ,  3614 ,  3615 ,  3612 ,  3614 ,  3615 ,  3616 ,  3617 ,  3618 ,  3619   
     In some embodiments, an encryption key may be generated using a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator at step  3612  to transform the data. Encryption of the data using the generated encryption key may occur at step  3613 . The encryption key may optionally be transformed using an All or Nothing Transform (AoNT) into a transform encryption key at step  3614 . The transform encryption key and/or generated encryption key may then be split into the predefined number of shares with fault tolerance at step  3615 . If the split algorithm requires a key, generation of the split encryption key using a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator may occur at step  3612 . The split key may optionally be transformed using an All or Nothing Transform (AoNT) into a transform split encryption key at step  3614  before being key split to the predefined number of shares with fault tolerance at step  3615 . The data may then be split into a predefined number of shares at step  3616 . A fault tolerant scheme may be used at step  3617  to allow for regeneration of the data from less than the total number of shares. Once the shares are created, authentication/integrity information will be embedded into the shares at step  3618 . Each share may then be optionally post-encrypted at step  3619 . 
     4)  3612 ,  3614 ,  3615 ,  3616 ,  3617 ,  3618 ,  3619   
     In some embodiments, the data may be split into a predefined number of shares. If the split algorithm requires a key, generation of the split encryption key using a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator may occur at step  3612 . The split key may optionally be transformed using an All or Nothing Transform (AoNT) into a transformed split key at step  3614  before being key split into the predefined number of shares with fault tolerance at step  3615 . The data may then be split at step  3616 . A fault tolerant scheme may be used at step  3617  to allow for regeneration of the data from less than the total number of shares. Once the shares are created, authentication/integrity information may be embedded into the shares at step  3618 . Each share may be optionally post-encrypted at step  3619 . 
     Although the above four combinations of options are preferably used in some embodiments of the invention, any other suitable combinations of features, steps, or options may be used with the secure data parser in other embodiments. 
     The secure data parser may offer flexible data protection by facilitating physical separation. Data may be first encrypted, then split into shares with “m of n” fault tolerance. This allows for regeneration of the original information when less than the total number of shares is available. For example, some shares may be lost or corrupted in transmission. The lost or corrupted shares may be recreated from fault tolerance or integrity information appended to the shares, as discussed in more detail below. 
     In order to create the shares, a number of keys are optionally utilized by the secure data parser. These keys may include one or more of the following: 
     Pre-encryption key: When pre-encryption of the shares is selected, an external key may be passed to the secure data parser. This key may be generated and stored externally in a key store (or other location) and may be used to optionally encrypt data prior to data splitting. 
     Split encryption key: This key may be generated internally and used by the secure data parser to encrypt the data prior to splitting. This key may then be stored securely within the shares using a key split algorithm. 
     Split session key: This key is not used with an encryption algorithm; rather, it may be used to key the data partitioning algorithms when random splitting is selected. When a random split is used, a split session key may be generated internally and used by the secure data parser to partition the data into shares. This key may be stored securely within the shares using a key splitting algorithm. 
     Post encryption key: When post encryption of the shares is selected, an external key may be passed to the secure data parser and used to post encrypt the individual shares. This key may be generated and stored externally in a key store or other suitable location. 
     In some embodiments, when data is secured using the secure data parser in this way, the information may only be reassembled provided that all of the required shares and external encryption keys are present. 
       FIG. 37  shows illustrative overview process  3700  for using the secure data parser of the present invention in some embodiments. As described above, two well-suited functions for secure data parser  3706  may include encryption  3702  and backup  3704 . As such, secure data parser  3706  may be integrated with a RAID or backup system or a hardware or software encryption engine in some embodiments. 
     The primary key processes associated with secure data parser  3706  may include one or more of pre-encryption process  3708 , encrypt/transform process  3710 , key secure process  3712 , parse/distribute process  3714 , fault tolerance process  3716 , share authentication process  3716 , and post-encryption process  3720 . These processes may be executed in several suitable orders or combinations, as detailed in  FIG. 36 . The combination and order of processes used may depend on the particular application or use, the level of security desired, whether optional pre-encryption, post-encryption, or both, are desired, the redundancy desired, the capabilities or performance of an underlying or integrated system, or any other suitable factor or combination of factors. 
     The output of illustrative process  3700  may be two or more shares  3722 . As described above, data may be distributed to each of these shares randomly (or pseudo-randomly) in some embodiments. In other embodiments, a deterministic algorithm (or some suitable combination of random, pseudo-random, and deterministic algorithms) may be used. 
     In addition to the individual protection of information assets, there is sometimes a requirement to share information among different groups of users or communities of interest. It may then be necessary to either control access to the individual shares within that group of users or to share credentials among those users that would only allow members of the group to reassemble the shares. To this end, a workgroup key may be deployed to group members in some embodiments of the invention. The workgroup key should be protected and kept confidential, as compromise of the workgroup key may potentially allow those outside the group to access information. Some systems and methods for workgroup key deployment and protection are discussed below. 
     The workgroup key concept allows for enhanced protection of information assets by encrypting key information stored within the shares. Once this operation is performed, even if all required shares and external keys are discovered, an attacker has no hope of recreating the information without access to the workgroup key. 
       FIG. 38  shows illustrative block diagram  3800  for storing key and data components within the shares. In the example of diagram  3800 , the optional pre-encrypt and post-encrypt steps are omitted, although these steps may be included in other embodiments. 
     The simplified process to split the data includes encrypting the data using encryption key  3804  at encryption stage  3802 . Portions of encryption key  3804  may then be split and stored within shares  3810  in accordance with the present invention. Portions of split encryption key  3806  may also be stored within shares  3810 . Using the split encryption key, data  3808  is then split and stored in shares  3810 . 
     In order to restore the data, split encryption key  3806  may be retrieved and restored in accordance with the present invention. The split operation may then be reversed to restore the ciphertext. Encryption key  3804  may also be retrieved and restored, and the ciphertext may then be decrypted using the encryption key. 
     When a workgroup key is utilized, the above process may be changed slightly to protect the encryption key with the workgroup key. The encryption key may then be encrypted with the workgroup key prior to being stored within the shares. The modified steps are shown in illustrative block diagram  3900  of  FIG. 39 . 
     The simplified process to split the data using a workgroup key includes first encrypting the data using the encryption key at stage  3902 . The encryption key may then be encrypted with the workgroup key at stage  3904 . The encryption key encrypted with the workgroup key may then be split into portions and stored with shares  3912 . Split key  3908  may also be split and stored in shares  3912 . Finally, portions of data  3910  are split and stored in shares  3912  using split key  3908 . 
     In order to restore the data, the split key may be retrieved and restored in accordance with the present invention. The split operation may then be reversed to restore the ciphertext in accordance with the present invention. The encryption key (which was encrypted with the workgroup key) may be retrieved and restored. The encryption key may then be decrypted using the workgroup key. Finally, the ciphertext may be decrypted using the encryption key. 
     There are several secure methods for deploying and protecting workgroup keys. The selection of which method to use for a particular application depends on a number of factors. These factors may include security level required, cost, convenience, and the number of users in the workgroup. Some commonly used techniques used in some embodiments are provided below: 
     Hardware-Based Key Storage 
     Hardware-based solutions generally provide the strongest guarantees for the security of encryption/decryption keys in an encryption system. Examples of hardware-based storage solutions include tamper-resistant key token devices which store keys in a portable device (e.g., smartcard/dongle), or non-portable key storage peripherals. These devices are designed to prevent easy duplication of key material by unauthorized parties. Keys may be generated by a trusted authority and distributed to users, or generated within the hardware. Additionally, many key storage systems provide for multi-factor authentication, where use of the keys requires access both a physical object (token) and a passphrase or biometric. 
     Software-Based Key Storage 
     While dedicated hardware-based storage may be desirable for high-security deployments or applications, other deployments may elect to store keys directly on local hardware (e.g., disks, RAM or non-volatile RAM stores such as USB drives). This provides a lower level of protection against insider attacks, or in instances where an attacker is able to directly access the encryption machine. 
     To secure keys on disk, software-based key management often protects keys by storing them in encrypted form under a key derived from a combination of other authentication metrics, including: passwords and passphrases, presence of other keys (e.g., from a hardware-based solution), biometrics, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The level of security provided by such techniques may range from the relatively weak key protection mechanisms provided by some operating systems (e.g., MS Windows and Linux), to more robust solutions implemented using multi-factor authentication. 
     The secure data parser of the present invention may be advantageously used in a number of applications and technologies. For example, email system, RAID systems, video broadcasting systems, database systems, tape backup systems, or any other suitable system may have the secure data parser integrated at any suitable level. As previously discussed, it will be understand that the secure data parser may also be integrated for protection and fault tolerance of any type of data in motion through any transport medium, including, for example, wired, wireless, or physical transport mediums. As one example, voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) applications may make use of the secure data parser of the present invention to solve problems relating to echoes and delays that are commonly found in VoIP. The need for network retry on dropped packets may be eliminated by using fault tolerance, which guarantees packet delivery even with the loss of a predetermined number of shares. Packets of data (e.g., network packets) may also be efficiently split and restored “on-the-fly” with minimal delay and buffering, resulting in a comprehensive solution for various types of data in motion. The secure data parser may act on network data packets, network voice packets, file system data blocks, or any other suitable unit of information. In addition to being integrated with a VoIP application, the secure data parser may be integrated with a file-sharing application (e.g., a peer-to-peer file-sharing application), a video broadcasting application, an electronic voting or polling application (which may implement an electronic voting protocol and blind signatures, such as the Sensus protocol), an email application, or any other network application that may require or desire secure communication. 
     In some embodiments, support for network data in motion may be provided by the secure data parser of the present invention in two distinct phases—a header generation phase and a data partitioning phase. Simplified header generation process  4000  and simplified data partitioning process  4010  are shown in  FIGS. 40A and 40B , respectively. One or both of these processes may be performed on network packets, file system blocks, or any other suitable information. 
     In some embodiments, header generation process  4000  may be performed one time at the initiation of a network packet stream. At step  4002 , a random (or pseudo-random) split encryption key, K, may be generated. The split encryption key, K, may then be optionally encrypted (e.g., using the workgroup key described above) at AES key wrap step  4004 . Although an AES key wrap may be used in some embodiments, any suitable key encryption or key wrap algorithm may be used in other embodiments. AES key wrap step  4004  may operate on the entire split encryption key, K, or the split encryption key may be parsed into several blocks (e.g., 64-bit blocks). AES key wrap step  4004  may then operate on blocks of the split encryption key, if desired. 
     At step  4006 , a secret sharing algorithm (e.g., Shamir) may be used to split the split encryption key, K, into key shares. Each key share may then be embedded into one of the output shares (e.g., in the share headers). Finally, a share integrity block and (optionally) a post-authentication tag (e.g., MAC) may be appended to the header block of each share. Each header block may be designed to fit within a single data packet. 
     After header generation is complete (e.g., using simplified header generation process  4000 ), the secure data parser may enter the data partitioning phase using simplified data splitting process  4010 . Each incoming data packet or data block in the stream is encrypted using the split encryption key, K, at step  4012 . At step  4014 , share integrity information (e.g., a hash H) may be computed on the resulting ciphertext from step  4012 . For example, a SHA-256 hash may be computed. At step  4106 , the data packet or data block may then be partitioned into two or more data shares using one of the data splitting algorithms described above in accordance with the present invention. In some embodiments, the data packet or data block may be split so that each data share contains a substantially random distribution of the encrypted data packet or data block. The integrity information (e.g., hash H) may then be appended to each data share. An optional post-authentication tag (e.g., MAC) may also be computed and appended to each data share in some embodiments. 
     Each data share may include metadata, which may be necessary to permit correct reconstruction of the data blocks or data packets. This information may be included in the share header. The metadata may include such information as cryptographic key shares, key identities, share nonces, signatures/MAC values, and integrity blocks. In order to maximize bandwidth efficiency, the metadata may be stored in a compact binary format. 
     For example, in some embodiments, the share header includes a cleartext header chunk, which is not encrypted and may include such elements as the Shamir key share, per-session nonce, per-share nonce, key identifiers (e.g., a workgroup key identifier and a post-authentication key identifier). The share header may also include an encrypted header chunk, which is encrypted with the split encryption key. An integrity header chunk, which may include integrity checks for any number of the previous blocks (e.g., the previous two blocks) may also be included in the header. Any other suitable values or information may also be included in the share header. 
     As shown in illustrative share format  4100  of  FIG. 41 , header block  4102  may be associated with two or more output blocks  4104 . Each header block, such as header block  4102 , may be designed to fit within a single network data packet. In some embodiments, after header block  4102  is transmitted from a first location to a second location, the output blocks may then be transmitted. Alternatively, header block  4102  and output blocks  4104  may be transmitted at the same time in parallel. The transmission may occur over one or more similar or dissimilar communications paths. 
     Each output block may include data portion  4106  and integrity/authenticity portion  4108 . As described above, each data share may be secured using a share integrity portion including share integrity information (e.g., a SHA-256 hash) of the encrypted, pre-partitioned data. To verify the integrity of the outputs blocks at recovery time, the secure data parser may compare the share integrity blocks of each share and then invert the split algorithm. The hash of the recovered data may then be verified against the share hash. 
     As previously mentioned, in some embodiments of the present invention, the secure date parser may be used in conjunction with a tape backup system. For example, an individual tape may be used as a node (i.e., portion/share) in accordance with the present invention. Any other suitable arrangement may be used. For example, a tape library or subsystem, which is made up of two or more tapes, may be treated as a single node. 
     Redundancy may also be used with the tapes in accordance with the present invention. For example, if a data set is apportioned among four tapes (i.e., portions/shares), then two of the four tapes may be necessary in order to restore the original data. It will be understood that any suitable number of nodes (i.e., less than the total number of nodes) may be required to restore the original data in accordance with the redundancy features of the present invention. This substantially increases the probability for restoration when one or more tapes expire. 
     Each tape may also be digitally protected with a SHA-256, HMAC hash value, any other suitable value, or any combination thereof to insure against tampering. Should any data on the tape or the hash value change, that tape would not be a candidate for restoration and any minimum required number of tapes of the remaining tapes would be used to restore the data. 
     In conventional tape backup systems, when a user calls for data to be written to or read from a tape, the tape management system (TMS) presents a number that corresponds to a physical tape mount. This tape mount points to a physical drive where the data will be mounted. The tape is loaded either by a human tape operator or by a tape robot in a tape silo. 
     Under the present invention, the physical tape mount may be considered a logical mount point that points to a number of physical tapes. This not only increases the data capacity but also improves the performance because of the parallelism. 
     For increased performance the tape nodes may be or may include a RAID array of disks used for storing tape images. This allows for high-speed restoration because the data may always be available in the protected RAID. 
     In any of the foregoing embodiments, the data to be secured may be distributed into a plurality of shares using deterministic, probabilistic, or both deterministic and probabilistic data distribution techniques. In order to prevent an attacker from beginning a crypto attack on any cipher block, the bits from cipher blocks may be deterministically distributed to the shares. For example, the distribution may be performed using the BitSegment routine, or the BlockSegment routine may be modified to allow for distribution of portions of blocks to multiple shares. This strategy may defend against an attacker who has accumulated less than “M” shares. 
     In some embodiments, a keyed secret sharing routine may be employed using keyed information dispersal (e.g., through the use of a keyed information dispersal algorithm or “IDA”). The key for the keyed IDA may also be protected by one or more external workgroup keys, one or more shared keys, or any combination of workgroup keys and shared keys. In this way, a multi-factor secret sharing scheme may be employed. To reconstruct the data, at least “M” shares plus the workgroup key(s) (and/or shared key(s)) may be required in some embodiments. The IDA (or the key for the IDA) may also be driven into the encryption process. For example, the transform may be driven into the clear text (e.g., during the pre-processing layer before encrypting) and may further protect the clear text before it is encrypted. 
     For example, in some embodiments, keyed information dispersal is used to distribute unique portions of data from a data set into two or more shares. The keyed information dispersal may use a session key to first encrypt the data set, to distribute unique portions of encrypted data from the data set into two or more encrypted data set shares, or both encrypt the data set and distribute unique portions of encrypted data from the data set into the two or more encrypted data set shares. For example, to distribute unique portions of the data set or encrypted data set, secret sharing (or the methods described above, such as BitSegment or BlockSegment) may be used. The session key may then optionally be transformed (for example, using a full package transform or AoNT) and shared using, for example, secret sharing (or the keyed information dispersal and session key). 
     In some embodiments, the session key may be encrypted using a shared key (e.g., a workgroup key) before unique portions of the key are distributed or shared into two or more session key shares. Two or more user shares may then be formed by combining at least one encrypted data set share and at least one session key share. In forming a user share, in some embodiments, the at least one session key share may be interleaved into an encrypted data set share. In other embodiments, the at least one session key share may be inserted into an encrypted data set share at a location based at least in part on the shared workgroup key. For example, keyed information dispersal may be used to distribute each session key share into a unique encrypted data set share to form a user share. Interleaving or inserting a session key share into an encrypted data set share at a location based at least in part on the shared workgroup may provide increased security in the face of cryptographic attacks. In other embodiments, one or more session key shares may be appended to the beginning or end of an encrypted data set share to form a user share. The collection of user shares may then be stored separately on at least one data depository. The data depository or depositories may be located in the same physical location (for example, on the same magnetic or tape storage device) or geographically separated (for example, on physically separated servers in different geographic locations). To reconstruct the original data set, an authorized set of user shares and the shared workgroup key may be required. 
     Keyed information dispersal may be secure even in the face of key-retrieval oracles. For example, take a blockcipher E and a key-retrieval oracle for E that takes a list (X 1 , Y 1 ), . . . , (X c , Y c ) of input/output pairs to the blockcipher, and returns a key K that is consistent with the input/output examples (e.g., Y i =E K (X i ) for all i). The oracle may return the distinguished value ⊥ if there is no consistent key. This oracle may model a cryptanalytic attack that may recover a key from a list of input/output examples. 
     Standard blockcipher-based schemes may fail in the presence of a key-retrieval oracle. For example, CBC encryption or the CBC MAC may become completely insecure in the presence of a key-retrieval oracle. 
     If Π IDA  is an IDA scheme and Π Enc  is an encryption scheme given by a mode of operation of some blockcipher E, then (Π IDA , Π Enc ) provides security in the face of a key-retrieval attack if the two schemes, when combined with an arbitrary perfect secret-sharing scheme (PSS) as per HK1 or HK2, achieve the robust computational secret sharing (RCSS) goal, but in the model in which the adversary has a key-retrieval oracle. 
     If there exists an IDA scheme Π IDA  and an encryption scheme Π Enc  such that the pair of schemes provides security in the face of key-retrieval attacks, then one way to achieve this pair may be to have a “clever” IDA and a “dumb” encryption scheme. Another way to achieve this pair of schemes may be to have a “dumb” IDA and a “clever” encryption scheme. 
     To illustrate the use of a clever IDA and a dumb encryption scheme, in some embodiments, the encryption scheme may be CBC and the IDA may have a “weak privacy” property. The weak privacy property means, for example, that if the input to the IDA is a random sequence of blocks M=M 1  . . . M l  and the adversary obtains shares from a non-authorized collection, then there is some block index i such that it is infeasible for the adversary to compute M i . Such a weakly-private IDA may be built by first applying to M an information-theoretic AoNT, such as Stinson&#39;s AoNT, and then applying a simple IDA such as BlockSegment, or a bit-efficient IDA like Rabin&#39;s scheme (e.g., Reed-Solomon encoding). 
     To illustrate the use of a dumb IDA and a clever encryption scheme, in some embodiments, one may use a CBC mode with double encryption instead of single encryption. Now any IDA may be used, even replication. Having the key-retrieval oracle for the blockcipher would be useless to an adversary, as the adversary will be denied any singly-enciphered input/output example. 
     While a clever IDA has value, it may also be inessential in some contexts, in the sense that the “smarts” needed to provide security in the face of a key-retrieval attack could have been “pushed” elsewhere. For example, in some embodiments, no matter how smart the IDA, and for whatever goal is trying to be achieved with the IDA in the context of HK1/HK2, the smarts may be pushed out of the IDA and into the encryption scheme, being left with a fixed and dumb IDA. 
     Based on the above, in some embodiments, a “universally sound” clever IDA Π IDA  may be used. For example, an IDA is provided such that, for all encryption schemes Π Enc , the pair (Π IDA , Π Enc ) universally provides security in the face of key-retrieval attacks. 
     In some embodiments, an encryption scheme is provided that is RCSS secure in the face of a key-retrieval oracle. The scheme may be integrated with HK1/HK2, with any IDA, to achieve security in the face of key-retrieval. Using the new scheme may be particularly useful, for example, for making symmetric encryption schemes more secure against key-retrieval attacks. 
     As mentioned above, classical secret-sharing notions are typically unkeyed. Thus, a secret is broken into shares, or reconstructed from them, in a way that requires neither the dealer nor the party reconstructing the secret to hold any kind of symmetric or asymmetric key. The secure data parser described herein, however, is optionally keyed. The dealer may provide a symmetric key that, if used for data sharing, may be required for data recovery. The secure data parser may use the symmetric key to disperse or distribute unique portions of the message to be secured into two or more shares. 
     The shared key may enable multi-factor or two-factor secret-sharing (2FSS). The adversary may then be required to navigate through two fundamentally different types of security in order to break the security mechanism. For example, to violate the secret-sharing goals, the adversary (1) may need to obtain the shares of an authorized set of players, and (2) may need to obtain a secret key that it should not be able to obtain (or break the cryptographic mechanism that is keyed by that key). 
     In some embodiments, a new set of additional requirements is added to the RCSS goal. The additional requirements may include the “second factor”—key possession. These additional requirements may be added without diminishing the original set of requirements. One set of requirements may relate to the adversary&#39;s inability to break the scheme if it knows the secret key but does not obtain enough shares (e.g., the classical or first-factor requirements) while the other set of requirements may relate to the adversary&#39;s inability to break the scheme if it does have the secret key but manages to get hold of all of the shares (e.g., the new or second-factor requirements). 
     In some embodiments, there may be two second-factor requirements: a privacy requirement and an authenticity requirement. In the privacy requirement, a game may be involved where a secret key K and a bit b are selected by the environment. The adversary now supplies a pair of equal-length messages in the domain of the secret-sharing scheme, M 1   0  and M 1   1 . The environment computes the shares of M 1   b  to get a vector of shares, S 1 =(S 1  [1], . . . , S 1  [n]), and it gives the shares S 1  (all of them) to the adversary. The adversary may now choose another pair of messages (M 2   0 , M 2   1 ) and everything proceeds as before, using the same key K and hidden bit b. The adversary&#39;s job is to output the bit b′ that it believes to be b. The adversary privacy advantage is one less than twice the probability that b=b′. This games captures the notion that, even learning all the shares, the adversary still cannot learn anything about the shared secret if it lacks the secret key. 
     In the authenticity requirement, a game may be involved where the environment chooses a secret key K and uses this in the subsequent calls to Share and Recover. Share and Recover may have their syntax modified, in some embodiments, to reflect the presence of this key. Then the adversary makes Share requests for whatever messages M 1 , . . . , M q  it chooses in the domain of the secret-sharing scheme. In response to each Share request it gets the corresponding n-vector of shares, S 1 , . . . , S q . The adversary&#39;s aim is to forge a new plaintext; it wins if it outputs a vector of shares S′ such that, when fed to the Recover algorithm, results in something not in {M 1 , . . . , M q }. This is an “integrity of plaintext” notion. 
     There are two approaches to achieve multi-factor secret-sharing. The first is a generic approach—generic in the sense of using an underlying (R)CSS scheme in a black-box way. An authenticated-encryption scheme is used to encrypt the message that is to be CSS-shared, and then the resulting ciphertext may be shared out, for example, using a secret sharing algorithm, such as Blakely or Shamir. 
     A potentially more efficient approach is to allow the shared key to be the workgroup key. Namely, (1) the randomly generated session key of the (R)CSS scheme may be encrypted using the shared key, and (2) the encryption scheme applied to the message (e.g., the file) may be replaced by an authenticated-encryption scheme. This approach may entail only a minimal degradation in performance. 
     Although some applications of the secure data parser are described above, it should be clearly understood that the present invention may be integrated with any network application in order to increase security, fault-tolerance, anonymity, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. 
     Additionally, other combinations, additions, substitutions and modifications will be apparent to the skilled artisan in view of the disclosure herein.