Patent Publication Number: US-11651162-B2

Title: Composite entity for rule driven acquisition of input data to chatbots

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/839,580 filed Apr. 26, 2019, entitled “ROUTING FOR CHATBOTS,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
     The present application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/900,392, filed Sep. 13, 2019, titled “COMPOSITE ENTITY FOR RULE DRIVEN ACQUISITION OF VARIABLES DURING A CHATBOT CONVERSATION,” the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to chatbot systems, and more particularly, to techniques for obtaining data items for input to a chatbot. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Chatbots provide an interface for conversations with human users. Chatbots can be configured to perform various tasks in response to user input provided during a conversation. The user input can be supplied in various forms including, for example, audio input and text input. Thus, natural language understanding (NLU), speech-to-text, and other linguistic processing techniques may be employed as part of the processing performed by a chatbot. In some computing environments, multiple chatbots are available for conversing with a user, with each chatbot handling a different set of tasks. 
     One of the challenges to implementing a chatbot system is gathering the data that a chatbot needs to process. Depending on the task that the chatbot is to perform, there can be many different types of data used by the chatbot for completing the task. Data items (e.g., values of variables) are often expected to be provided by a user interacting with the chatbot. Typically, the chatbot will prompt the user for each data item as part of a conversation between the chatbot and the user. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates to chatbot systems, and more particularly, to techniques for obtaining data items (e.g., values of variables) for input to a chatbot. Various embodiments are described herein, including methods, systems, non-transitory computer-readable storage media storing programs, code, or instructions executable by one or more processors, and the like. 
     An important but challenging functionality for chatbots is the ability to obtain the data that a chatbot will use for performing a task. In particular, it is important to be able to efficiently obtain, from a user, data items that the chatbot will process in connection with performing the task. It is also important to be able to allow a chatbot designer to configure dialog flows for prompting the user for data items, responding to invalid data items (e.g., invalid values) provided by the user, and to configure rules for determining the validity of user supplied data. Further, it can be beneficial to permit the chatbot designer to perform such configuration separately from configuring the overall dialog flow for the chatbot. This would allow the chatbot designer to focus on the general interaction between the chatbot and the user as well as how the chatbot will process data items once the data items have been obtained, and without making the overall dialog flow overly complex by, for example, creating dialog flow states specifically designed to handle the obtaining and validating of the data items. 
     In certain embodiments, a chatbot system is configured to perform a method involving invoking a chatbot in a dialog flow state configured for the chatbot, and determining that the dialog flow state indicates a composite entity to be filled with data items for processing by the chatbot. The method further involves determining, from a composite entity definition configured for the composite entity, a set of data items to be obtained from a user of the chatbot system and a plurality of rules that specify how the user is to be prompted for the set of data items. The plurality of rules includes, for each data item in the set of data items, at least one rule configured for the data item. The method further involves obtaining the set of data items from the user in accordance with the plurality of rules, and inputting the obtained set of data items to the chatbot for processing. 
     The foregoing, together with other features and embodiments will become more apparent upon referring to the following specification, claims, and accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a simplified block diagram of a distributed environment incorporating an exemplary embodiment. 
         FIG.  2    is a simplified block diagram of a chatbot system configured to use a composite entity according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a simplified block diagram of a composite entity according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example user interface for configuring a composite entity definition according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  5    is a flowchart illustrating an example process for obtaining data items using a composite entity according to certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  6    depicts a simplified diagram of a distributed system for implementing an embodiment. 
         FIG.  7    is a simplified block diagram of a cloud-based system environment in which various chatbot-related services may be offered as cloud services, in accordance with certain embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an exemplary computer system that may be used to implement certain embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of certain embodiments. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. 
     Described herein are various techniques for obtaining data items (e.g., values of variables) for input to a chatbot. In certain embodiments, a chatbot system includes a component that can be invoked by a chatbot in the chatbot system to obtain data items needed by the chatbot. The component can be invoked based on a reference to the component in a dialog flow definition configured for the chatbot. The reference to the component can indicate a composite entity that the component will use to determine how the data items are obtained from a user. The composite entity acts as a container for the data items and may be configured separately from the dialog flow definition of the chatbot. The data items can be obtained based on rules specified in a composite entity definition configured for the composite entity. 
     Composite entities provide a way to automate the obtaining of data items. Composite entities provide flexibility for customizing the manner in which data items are obtained and can be configured without requiring a chatbot developer to write custom code for defining how the data items are obtained. For example in certain embodiments, a user interface may be provided for configuring a composite entity with rules (e.g., rules based on business logic) for determining which data items among a set of data items defined for the composite entity are needed by the chatbot, rules for determining whether user provided data items are valid, and dialog flow for prompting a user for the data items. The dialog flow for the composite entity can include dialog for handling different scenarios that occur when the user is prompted for the data items, such as when the user provides an invalid value or multiple values for a variable that has only one value. Thus, the configuration for a composite entity can specify what data items are needed and the manner in which the data items are obtained from the user. 
     Chatbot System Overview (Example) 
       FIG.  1    is a simplified block diagram of an environment  100  incorporating a chatbot system according to certain embodiments. Environment  100  comprises a digital assistant builder platform (DABP)  102  that enables users of DABP  102  to create and deploy digital assistants or chatbot systems. DABP  102  can be used to create one or more digital assistants (DAs) or chatbot systems. For example, as shown in  FIG.  1   , user  104  representing a particular enterprise can use DABP  102  to create and deploy a digital assistant  106  for users of the particular enterprise. For example, DABP  102  can be used by a bank to create one or more digital assistants for use by the bank&#39;s customers. The same DABP  102  platform can be used by multiple enterprises to create digital assistants. As another example, an owner of a restaurant (e.g., a pizza shop) may use DABP  102  to create and deploy a digital assistant that enables customers of the restaurant to order food (e.g., order pizza). 
     For purposes of this disclosure, a “digital assistant” is an entity that helps users of the digital assistant accomplish various tasks through natural language conversations. A digital assistant can be implemented using software only (e.g., the digital assistant is a digital entity implemented using programs, code, or instructions executable by one or more processors), using hardware, or using a combination of hardware and software. A digital assistant can be embodied or implemented in various physical systems or devices, such as in a computer, a mobile phone, a watch, an appliance, a vehicle, and the like. A digital assistant is also sometimes referred to as a chatbot system. Accordingly, for purposes of this disclosure, the terms digital assistant and chatbot system are interchangeable. 
     A digital assistant, such as digital assistant  106  built using DABP  102 , can be used to perform various tasks via natural language-based conversations between the digital assistant and its users  108 . As part of a conversation, a user may provide one or more user inputs  110  to digital assistant  106  and get responses  112  back from digital assistant  106 . A conversation can include one or more of inputs  110  and responses  112 . Via these conversations, a user can request one or more tasks to be performed by the digital assistant and, in response, the digital assistant is configured to perform the user-requested tasks and respond with appropriate responses to the user. 
     User inputs  110  are generally in a natural language form and are referred to as utterances. A user utterance  110  can be in text form, such as when a user types in a sentence, a question, a text fragment, or even a single word and provides the text as input to digital assistant  106 . In some embodiments, a user utterance  110  can be in audio input or speech form, such as when a user says or speaks something that is provided as input to digital assistant  106 . The utterances are typically in a language spoken by the user  108 . When an utterance is in speech form, the speech input is converted to text form utterances in that particular language and the text utterances are then processed by digital assistant  106 . Various speech-to-text processing techniques may be used to convert a speech or audio input to a text utterance, which is then processed by digital assistant  106 . In some embodiments, the speech-to-text conversion may be done by digital assistant  106  itself. 
     An utterance, which may be a text utterance or a speech utterance, can be a fragment, a sentence, multiple sentences, one or more words, one or more questions, combinations of the aforementioned types, and the like. Digital assistant  106  is configured to apply natural language understanding (NLU) techniques to the utterance to understand the meaning of the user input. As part of the NLU processing for an utterance, digital assistant  106  is configured to perform processing to understand the meaning of the utterance, which involves identifying one or more intents and one or more entities corresponding to the utterance. Upon understanding the meaning of an utterance, digital assistant  106  may perform one or more actions or operations responsive to the understood meaning or intents. For purposes of this disclosure, it is assumed that the utterances are text utterances that have been provided directly by a user  108  of digital assistant  106  or are the results of conversion of input speech utterances to text form. This however is not intended to be limiting or restrictive in any manner. 
     For example, a user  108  input may request a pizza to be ordered by providing an utterance such as “I want to order a pizza.” Upon receiving such an utterance, digital assistant  106  is configured to understand the meaning of the utterance and take appropriate actions. The appropriate actions may involve, for example, responding to the user with questions requesting user input on the type of pizza the user desires to order, the size of the pizza, any toppings for the pizza, and the like. The responses provided by digital assistant  106  may also be in natural language form and typically in the same language as the input utterance. As part of generating these responses, digital assistant  106  may perform natural language generation (NLG). For the user ordering a pizza, via the conversation between the user and digital assistant  106 , the digital assistant may guide the user to provide all the requisite information for the pizza order, and then at the end of the conversation cause the pizza to be ordered. Digital assistant  106  may end the conversation by outputting information to the user indicating that the pizza has been ordered. 
     At a conceptual level, digital assistant  106  performs various processing in response to an utterance received from a user. In some embodiments, this processing involves a series or pipeline of processing steps including, for example, understanding the meaning of the input utterance (using NLU), determining an action to be performed in response to the utterance, where appropriate causing the action to be performed, generating a response to be output to the user responsive to the user utterance, outputting the response to the user, and the like. The NLU processing can include parsing the received input utterance to understand the structure and meaning of the utterance, refining and reforming the utterance to develop a better understandable form (e.g., logical form) or structure for the utterance. Generating a response may include using natural language generation (NLG) techniques. Thus, the natural language processing (NLP) performed by a digital assistant can include a combination of NLU and NLG processing. 
     The NLU processing performed by a digital assistant, such as digital assistant  106 , can include various NLU related processing such as sentence parsing (e.g., tokenizing, lemmatizing, identifying part-of-speech tags for the sentence, identifying named entities in the sentence, generating dependency trees to represent the sentence structure, splitting a sentence into clauses, analyzing individual clauses, resolving anaphoras, performing chunking, and the like). In certain embodiments, the NLU processing or portions thereof is performed by digital assistant  106  itself. In some other embodiments, digital assistant  106  may use other resources to perform portions of the NLU processing. For example, the syntax and structure of an input utterance sentence may be identified by processing the sentence using a parser, a part-of-speech tagger, and/or a named entity recognizer. In one implementation, for the English language, a parser, a part-of-speech tagger, and a named entity recognizer such as ones provided by the Stanford NLP Group are used for analyzing the sentence structure and syntax. These are provided as part of the Stanford CoreNLP toolkit. 
     While the various examples provided in this disclosure show utterances in the English language, this is meant only as an example. In certain embodiments, digital assistant  106  is also capable of handling utterances in languages other than English. Digital assistant  106  may provide subsystems (e.g., components implementing NLU functionality) that are configured for performing processing for different languages. These subsystems may be implemented as pluggable units that can be called using service calls from an NLU core server. This makes the NLU processing flexible and extensible for each language, including allowing different orders of processing. A language pack may be provided for individual languages, where a language pack can register a list of subsystems that can be served from the NLU core server. 
     A digital assistant, such as digital assistant  106  depicted in  FIG.  1   , can be made available or accessible to its users  108  through a variety of different channels, such as but not limited to, via certain applications, via social media platforms, via various messaging services and applications (e.g., an instant messaging application), and other applications or channels. A single digital assistant can have several channels configured for it so that it can be run on and be accessed by different services simultaneously. 
     A digital assistant or chatbot system generally contains or is associated with one or more skills. In certain embodiments, these skills are individual chatbots (referred to as skill bots) that are configured to interact with users and fulfill specific types of tasks, such as tracking inventory, submitting timecards, creating expense reports, ordering food, checking a bank account, making reservations, buying a widget, and the like. For example, for the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  1   , digital assistant or chatbot system  106  includes skills  116 - 1 ,  116 - 2 , and so on. For purposes of this disclosure, the terms “skill” and “skills” are used synonymously with the terms “skill bot” and “skill bots,” respectively. 
     Each skill associated with a digital assistant helps a user of the digital assistant complete a task through a conversation with the user, where the conversation can include a combination of text or audio inputs provided by the user and responses provided by the skill bots. These responses may be in the form of text or audio messages to the user and/or provided using simple user interface elements (e.g., select lists) that are presented to the user for the user to make selections. 
     There are various ways in which a skill or skill bot can be associated or added to a digital assistant. In some instances, a skill bot can be developed by an enterprise and then added to a digital assistant using DABP  102 , e.g., through a user interface provided by DABP  102  for registering the skill bot with the digital assistant. In other instances, a skill bot can be developed and created using DABP  102  and then added to a digital assistant created using DABP  102 . In yet other instances, DABP  102  provides an online digital store (referred to as a “skills store”) that offers multiple skills directed to a wide range of tasks. The skills offered through the skills store may also expose various cloud services. In order to add a skill to a digital assistant being generated using DABP  102 , a user of DABP  102  can access the skills store via DABP  102 , select a desired skill, and indicate that the selected skill is to be added to the digital assistant created using DABP  102 . A skill from the skills store can be added to a digital assistant as is or in a modified form (for example, a user of DABP  102  may select and clone a particular skill bot provided by the skills store, make customizations or modifications to the selected skill bot, and then add the modified skill bot to a digital assistant created using DABP  102 ). 
     Various different architectures may be used to implement a digital assistant or chatbot system. For example, in certain embodiments, the digital assistants created and deployed using DABP  102  may be implemented using a master bot/child (or sub) bot paradigm or architecture. According to this paradigm, a digital assistant is implemented as a master bot that interacts with one or more child bots that are skill bots. For example, in the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  1   , digital assistant  106  comprises a master bot  114  and skill bots  116 - 1 ,  116 - 2 , etc. that are child bots of master bot  114 . In certain embodiments, digital assistant  106  is itself considered to act as the master bot. 
     A digital assistant implemented according to the master-child bot architecture enables users of the digital assistant to interact with multiple skills through a unified user interface, namely via the master bot. When a user engages with a digital assistant, the user input is received by the master bot. The master bot then performs processing to determine the meaning of the user input utterance. The master bot then determines whether the task requested by the user in the utterance can be handled by the master bot itself, else the master bot selects an appropriate skill bot for handling the user request and routes the conversation to the selected skill bot. This enables a user to converse with the digital assistant through a common single interface and still provide the capability to use several skill bots configured to perform specific tasks. For example, for a digital assistant developed for an enterprise, the master bot of the digital assistant may interface with skill bots with specific functionalities, such as a CRM bot for performing functions related to customer relationship management (CRM), an ERP bot for performing functions related to enterprise resource planning (ERP), an HCM bot for performing functions related to human capital management (HCM), etc. This way the end user or consumer of the digital assistant need only know how to access the digital assistant through the common master bot interface and behind the scenes multiple skill bots are provided for handling the user request. 
     In certain embodiments, in a master bot/child bots infrastructure, the master bot is configured to be aware of the available list of skill bots. The master bot may have access to metadata that identifies the various available skill bots, and for each skill bot, the capabilities of the skill bot including the tasks that can be performed by the skill bot. Upon receiving a user request in the form of an utterance, the master bot is configured to, from the multiple available skill bots, identify or predict a specific skill bot that can best serve or handle the user request. The master bot then routes the utterance (or a portion of the utterance) to that specific skill bot for further handling. Control thus flows from the master bot to the skill bots. The master bot can support multiple input and output channels. In certain embodiments, routing may be performed with the aid of processing performed by one or more available skill bots. For example, as discussed below, a skill bot can be trained to infer an intent for an utterance and to determine whether the inferred intent matches an intent with which the skill bot is configured. Thus, the routing performed by the master bot can involve the skill bot communicating to the master bot an indication of whether the skill bot has been configured with an intent suitable for handling the utterance. 
     While the embodiment in  FIG.  1    shows digital assistant  106  comprising a master bot  114  and skill bots  116 - 1 ,  116 - 2 , and  116 - 3 , this is not intended to be limiting. A digital assistant can include various other components (e.g., other systems and subsystems) that provide the functionalities of the digital assistant. These systems and subsystems may be implemented only in software (e.g., code, instructions stored on a computer-readable medium and executable by one or more processors), in hardware only, or in implementations that use a combination of software and hardware. 
     DABP  102  provides an infrastructure and various services and features that enable a user of DABP  102  to create a digital assistant including one or more skill bots associated with the digital assistant. In some instances, a skill bot can be created by cloning an existing skill bot, for example, cloning a skill bot provided by the skills store. As previously indicated, DABP  102  can provide a skills store or skills catalog that offers multiple skill bots for performing various tasks. A user of DABP  102  can clone a skill bot from the skills store. As needed, modifications or customizations may be made to the cloned skill bot. In some other instances, a user of DABP  102  creates a skill bot from scratch using tools and services offered by DABP  102 . 
     In certain embodiments, at a high level, creating or customizing a skill bot involves the following steps: 
     (1) Configuring settings for a new skill bot 
     (2) Configuring one or more intents for the skill bot 
     (3) Configuring one or more entities for one or more intents 
     (4) Training the skill bot 
     (5) Creating a dialog flow for the skill bot 
     (6) Adding custom components to the skill bot as needed 
     (7) Testing and deploying the skill bot 
     Each of the above steps is briefly described below. 
     (1) Configuring settings for a new skill bot—Various settings may be configured for the skill bot. For example, a skill bot designer can specify one or more invocation names for the skill bot being created. These invocation names, which serve as identifiers for the skill bot, can then be used by users of a digital assistant to explicitly invoke the skill bot. For example, a user can include an invocation name in the user&#39;s utterance to explicitly invoke the corresponding skill bot. 
     (2) Configuring one or more intents and associated example utterances for the skill bot—The skill bot designer specifies one or more intents (also referred to as bot intents) for a skill bot being created. The skill bot is then trained based upon these specified intents. These intents represent categories or classes that the skill bot is trained to infer for input utterances. Upon receiving an utterance, a trained skill bot infers an intent for the utterance, where the inferred intent is selected from the predefined set of intents used to train the skill bot. The skill bot then takes an appropriate action responsive to an utterance based upon the intent inferred for that utterance. In some instances, the intents for a skill bot represent tasks that the skill bot can perform for users of the digital assistant. Each intent is given an intent identifier or intent name. For example, for a skill bot trained for a bank, the intents specified for the skill bot may include “CheckBalance,” “TransferMoney,” “DepositCheck,” and the like. 
     For each intent defined for a skill bot, the skill bot designer may also provide one or more example utterances that are representative of and illustrate the intent. These example utterances are meant to represent utterances that a user may input to the skill bot for that intent. For example, for the CheckBalance intent, example utterances may include “What&#39;s my savings account balance?”, “How much is in my checking account?”, “How much money do I have in my account,” and the like. Accordingly, various permutations of typical user utterances may be specified as example utterances for an intent. 
     The intents and their associated example utterances are used as training data to train the skill bot. Various different training techniques may be used. As a result of this training, a predictive model is generated that is configured to take an utterance as input and output an intent inferred for the utterance. In some instances, input utterances are provided to an intent analysis engine (e.g., a rules-based or machine-learning based classifier executed by the skill bot), which is configured to use the trained model to predict or infer an intent for the input utterance. The skill bot may then take one or more actions based upon the inferred intent. 
     (3) Configuring entities for one or more intents of the skill bot—In some instances, additional context may be needed to enable the skill bot to properly respond to a user utterance. For example, there may be situations where a user input utterance resolves to the same intent in a skill bot. For instance, in the above example, utterances “What&#39;s my savings account balance?” and “How much is in my checking account?” both resolve to the same CheckBalance intent, but these utterances are different requests asking for different things. To clarify such requests, one or more entities can be added to an intent. Using the banking skill bot example, an entity called AccountType, which defines values called “checking” and “saving” may enable the skill bot to parse the user request and respond appropriately. In the above example, while the utterances resolve to the same intent, the value associated with the AccountType entity is different for the two utterances. This enables the skill bot to perform possibly different actions for the two utterances in spite of them resolving to the same intent. One or more entities can be specified for certain intents configured for the skill bot. Entities are thus used to add context to the intent itself. Entities help describe an intent more fully and enable the skill bot to complete a user request. 
     In certain embodiments, there are two types of entities: (a) built-in entities provided by DABP  102 , and (2) custom entities that can be specified by a skill bot designer. Built-in entities are generic entities that can be used with a wide variety of bots. Examples of built-in entities include, without limitation, entities related to time, date, addresses, numbers, email addresses, duration, recurring time periods, currencies, phone numbers, URLs, and the like. Custom entities are used for more customized applications. For example, for a banking skill, an AccountType entity may be defined by the skill bot designer that enables various banking transactions by checking the user input for keywords like checking, savings, and credit cards, etc. 
     (4) Training the skill bot—A skill bot is configured to receive user input in the form of utterances, parse or otherwise process the received input, and identify or select an intent that is relevant to the received user input. As indicated above, the skill bot has to be trained for this. In certain embodiments, a skill bot is trained based upon the intents configured for the skill bot and the example utterances associated with the intents (collectively, the training data), so that the skill bot can resolve user input utterances to one of its configured intents. In certain embodiments, the skill bot uses a predictive model that is trained using the training data and allows the skill bot to discern what users say (or in some cases, are trying to say). DABP  102  provides various different training techniques that can be used by a skill bot designer to train a skill bot, including various machine-learning based training techniques, rules-based training techniques, and/or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, a portion (e.g., 80%) of the training data is used to train a skill bot model and another portion (e.g., the remaining 20%) is used to test or verify the model. Once trained, the trained model (also sometimes referred to as the trained skill bot) can then be used to handle and respond to user utterances. In certain cases, a user&#39;s utterance may be a question that requires only a single answer and no further conversation. In order to handle such situations, a Q&amp;A (question-and-answer) intent may be defined for a skill bot. Q&amp;A intents are created in a similar manner as regular intents. The dialog flow for Q&amp;A intents can be different from that for regular intents. For example, unlike regular intents, the dialog flow for a Q&amp;A intent may not involve prompts for soliciting additional information (e.g., the value for a particular entity) from the user. 
     (5) Creating a dialog flow for the skill bot—A dialog flow specified for a skill bot describes how the skill bot reacts as different intents for the skill bot are resolved responsive to received user input. The dialog flow defines operations or actions that a skill bot will take, e.g., how the skill bot responds to user utterances, how the skill bot prompts users for input, and how the skill bot returns data. A dialog flow is like a flowchart that is followed by the skill bot. The skill bot designer specifies a dialog flow using a language, such as markdown language. In certain embodiments, a version of YAML called OBotML may be used to specify a dialog flow for a skill bot. The dialog flow definition for a skill bot acts as a model for the conversation itself, one that lets the skill bot designer choreograph the interactions between a skill bot and the users that the skill bot services. 
     In certain embodiments, the dialog flow definition for a skill bot contains three sections: 
     (a) a context section 
     (b) a default transitions section 
     (c) a states section 
     Context section—The skill bot designer can define variables that are used in a conversation flow in the context section. Other variables that may be named in the context section include, without limitation: variables for error handling, variables for built-in or custom entities, user variables that enable the skill bot to recognize and persist user preferences, and the like. 
     Default transitions section—Transitions for a skill bot can be defined in the dialog flow states section or in the default transitions section. The transitions defined in the default transition section act as a fallback and get triggered when there are no applicable transitions defined within a state, or the conditions required to trigger a state transition cannot be met. The default transitions section can be used to define routing that allows the skill bot to gracefully handle unexpected user actions. 
     States section—A dialog flow and its related operations are defined as a sequence of transitory states, which manage the logic within the dialog flow. Each state node within a dialog flow definition names a component that provides the functionality needed at that point in the dialog. States are thus built around the components. A state contains component-specific properties and defines the transitions to other states that get triggered after the component executes. 
     Special case scenarios may be handled using the states section. For example, there might be times when it is desirable to provide users the option to temporarily leave a first skill they are engaged with to do something in a second skill within the digital assistant. For example, if a user is engaged in a conversation with a shopping skill (e.g., the user has made some selections for purchase), the user may want to jump to a banking skill (e.g., the user may want to ensure that he/she has enough money for the purchase), and then return to the shopping skill to complete the user&#39;s order. To address this, the states section in the dialog flow definition of the first skill can be configured to initiate an interaction with the second different skill in the same digital assistant and then return to the original dialog flow. 
     (6) Adding custom components to the skill bot—As described above, states specified in a dialog flow for a skill bot name components that provide the functionality needed corresponding to the states. Components enable a skill bot to perform functions. In certain embodiments, DABP  102  provides a set of preconfigured components for performing a wide range of functions. A skill bot designer can select one of more of these preconfigured components and associate them with states in the dialog flow for a skill bot. The skill bot designer can also create custom or new components using tools provided by DABP  102  and associate the custom components with one or more states in the dialog flow for a skill bot. 
     (7) Testing and deploying the skill bot—DABP  102  provides several features that enable the skill bot designer to test a skill bot being developed. The skill bot can then be deployed and included in a digital assistant. 
     While the description above describes how to create a skill bot, similar techniques may also be used to create a digital assistant (or the master bot). At the master bot or digital assistant level, built-in system intents may be configured for the digital assistant. These built-in system intents are used to identify general tasks that the digital assistant itself (i.e., the master bot) can handle without invoking a skill bot associated with the digital assistant. Examples of system intents defined for a master bot include: (1) Exit: applies when the user signals the desire to exit the current conversation or context in the digital assistant; (2) Help: applies when the user asks for help or orientation; and (3) Unresolvedlntent: applies to user input that doesn&#39;t match well with the Exit and Help intents. The digital assistant also stores information about the one or more skill bots associated with the digital assistant. This information enables the master bot to select a particular skill bot for handling an utterance. 
     At the master bot or digital assistant level, when a user inputs a phrase or utterance to the digital assistant, the digital assistant is configured to perform processing to determine how to route the utterance and the related conversation. The digital assistant determines this using a routing model, which can be rules-based, AI-based, or a combination thereof. The digital assistant uses the routing model to determine whether the conversation corresponding to the user input utterance is to be routed to a particular skill for handling, is to be handled by the digital assistant or master bot itself per a built-in system intent, or is to be handled as a different state in a current conversation flow. 
     In certain embodiments, as part of this processing, the digital assistant determines if the user input utterance explicitly identifies a skill bot using its invocation name. If an invocation name is present in the user input, then it is treated as an explicit invocation of the skill bot corresponding to the invocation name. In such a scenario, the digital assistant may route the user input to the explicitly invoked skill bot for further handling. If there is no specific or explicit invocation, in certain embodiments, the digital assistant evaluates the received user input utterance and computes confidence scores for the system intents and the skill bots associated with the digital assistant. The score computed for a skill bot or system intent represents how likely the user input is representative of a task that the skill bot is configured to perform or is representative of a system intent. Any system intent or skill bot with an associated computed confidence score exceeding a threshold value (e.g., a Confidence Threshold routing parameter) is selected as a candidate for further evaluation. The digital assistant then selects, from the identified candidates, a particular system intent or a skill bot for further handling of the user input utterance. In certain embodiments, after one or more skill bots are identified as candidates, the intents associated with those candidate skills are evaluated (using the trained model for each skill) and confidence scores are determined for each intent. In general, any intent that has a confidence score exceeding a threshold value (e.g., 70%) is treated as a candidate intent. If a particular skill bot is selected, then the user utterance is routed to that skill bot for further processing. If a system intent is selected, then one or more actions are performed by the master bot itself according to the selected system intent. 
     Configuring and Using a Composite Entity 
     A chatbot system can include a dialog engine that manages dialog flow for one or more skill bots. For example, the dialog engine can be a component in a digital assistant (e.g., DA  106  in  FIG.  1   ) or a component in a particular chatbot within a digital assistant. As indicated above, the dialog flow definition for a chatbot can include a context section and a states section. Typically, the data items (e.g., values for named entities) that are used during execution of a dialog flow are defined in the states section of the dialog flow definition for the chatbot. At least some of these data items may be extracted from user input. 
     The states specified in the states section of the dialog flow definition manage the logic within the dialog flow. Each state is generally built around a specific component (e.g., a built-in or custom component) that performs a certain function or action. Such actions can range from basic interactions such as receiving user input and outputting response text, to some service-specific action such as fulfilling an order or booking an airplane flight. At runtime, the dialog engine can traverse the states section (e.g., from top to bottom) and execute the components associated with the states. For example, one of the first states that a dialog engine usually encounters is an “Intent” state that calls a “System.Intent” component to resolve a user intent represented in a user utterance to a particular intent configured for the chatbot (e.g., using the rules-based or machine-learning based classifier associated with the chatbot). 
     Once the user&#39;s intent has been matched to a bot intent, the dialog engine may execute a component associated with a state configured for the matching bot intent. For example, if the user inputs “order pizza,” the dialog engine may generate a response by executing a component associated with an “OrderPizza” state. Within the OrderPizza state, there may be prompts configured for requesting the user to provide values for one or more data items needed for completing a pizza order (e.g., values for “PizzaType,” “PizzaToppings,” and “PizzaSize” entities). 
     In order to gather all the data items by a chatbot (e.g., data items associated with a particular bot intent), the dialog flow should be configured to output information to the user through a logical sequence of prompts, questions, statements, and the like, that elicit the data items from the user. Such a logical sequence can be burdensome to define programmatically and often leads to extremely long dialog flow definitions with complicated state transitions. Further, a chatbot developer may end up writing many custom components and creating many states to call those components. Thus, if the chatbot designer has to specify in the dialog flow definition the prompts to use for requesting data items from users, logic for handling validation of data items, and other data-item-related processing, this may make the dialog flow definition time-consuming to program and difficult for the chatbot designer to follow. Consequently, the user may be prompted for data items at unexpected times, leading to user confusion or frustration. In order to alleviate these problems, the chatbot designer can be provided with the option to make use of a composite entity configured for obtaining data items from the user so that at least some of the data items needed by a chatbot are obtained by passing the composite entity to a special component configured to acquire the contents of the composite entity. 
       FIG.  2    is a simplified block diagram of a chatbot system  200  configured to use a composite entity according to certain embodiments. The chatbot system  200  can be implemented within the environment  100  in  FIG.  1    and includes a digital assistant  210 . The digital assistant  210  can be implemented using a master bot/child architecture similar to that depicted in  FIG.  1   . For simplicity, the chatbots within the digital assistant  210  are omitted from  FIG.  2   . However, it will be understood that the digital assistant  210  may include at least one chatbot (e.g., a master bot and/or one or more skill bots) that is configured to interact with users  208  of the digital assistant  210 . As discussed above, a chatbot may require one or more data items as input to the processing performed by the chatbot, and at least some of these data items are to be provided by a user (e.g., one of the users  208 ). In order to obtain the data items from the user, the digital assistant  210  is provided with a dialog engine  230  and an entity resolver  240 . Both the dialog engine  230  and the entity resolver  240  can be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of hardware and software. 
     Dialog engine  230  is configured to manage conversations between a chatbot in the chatbot system  200  and the users  208 . In particular, the dialog engine  230  can execute the dialog flow that has been configured for at least one chatbot in the chatbot system  200 . In certain embodiments, the dialog engine  230  is a shared component implemented at the digital assistant or system level and manages conversations for all chatbots in the chatbot system  200 . However, in other embodiments, one or more chatbots may be configured with their own dialog engine. As part of executing the dialog flow, the dialog engine  230  is configured to access one or more dialog flow definitions  254 . As discussed above, each chatbot can have a dialog flow definition configured for it. The dialog engine  230  is configured to execute the dialog flow for any particular conversation by determining, based on the dialog flow definition that applies to the particular conversation (i.e., the dialog flow definition for the chatbot that is participating in the particular conversation), which states to transition to. In this respect, the dialog engine  230  can be viewed as a state machine that receives user input for processing (e.g., user input  202 ) and produces dialog for output to users (e.g., responses  204 ). 
     The dialog engine  230  can invoke components associated with the states that have been configured in a dialog flow definition (e.g., a dialog flow definition  252 ). For example, as indicated above, the dialog engine  230  can call a System.Intent component that resolves a user intent represented in an utterance to a bot intent that has been configured for a chatbot. Another component that the dialog engine  230  can invoke is the entity resolver  240 , which can be called when the dialog engine  230  transitions to a state that references the entity resolver  240 . As explained below, the entity resolver  240  can use a composite entity to obtain data items from a user  208  for processing by the dialog engine  230  and/or processing by a chatbot that is configured to make use of the obtained data items. This composite entity can be passed to the entity resolver  240  when invoking the entity resolver  240 . For instance, the dialog engine  230  may, based on an identifier of a composite entity included as a part of a reference to the entity resolver  240 , communicate the identifier or some other indication  214  of the composite entity  254  to the entity resolver  240 . 
     Entity resolver  240  is configured to parse a composite entity definition  254  that has been configured for the composite entity associated with the indication  214  to determine, from the contents of the composite entity definition  254 , what data items are required from a user, what dialog to present to the user in order to request the data items, and whether a data item provided by the user is valid or not. If the data item is invalid, the composite entity definition  254  may indicate to the entity resolver  240  how to proceed with obtaining a valid data item. For instance, the composite entity definition  254  can provide error messages and follow-up prompts for output to the user when the user provides an invalid data item. 
     The entity resolver  240  can process the composite entity definition  254  in a similar manner to how the dialog engine would process the dialog flow definition  252 . For instance, the entity resolver  240  may traverse the composite entity definition  254  (e.g., from top to bottom) to determine the order in which the data items specified in the composite entity definition  254  should be obtained. In some instances, data items can be obtained out of order. For each data item to be obtained, the composite entity definition  254  may include dialog for prompting a user for the data item, dialog for responding when the user supplies an invalid data item, one or more validation rules for determining the validity of a user supplied data item, and/or other configuration information associated with the data item. Thus, each data item specified in the composite entity definition  254  can have at least one rule configured for it. Unlike the dialog flow definition  252 , the composite entity definition  254  generally does not include any states to transition between. Instead, the dialog specified in the composite entity definition  254  usually follows a straightforward sequence of prompts and/or messages to the user. In certain embodiments, the dialog in a composite entity definition is arranged as a set of dialog sequences, where each sequence is designed to handle a corresponding data item. 
     Like the dialog engine  230 , the entity resolver  240  can be a digital assistant or system level component. In some embodiments, the entity resolver  240  can be a built-in “System.CommonResponse” or “System.ResolveEntities” component that is accessible to any chatbot in the chatbot system  200 . Both of these components can be included in the chatbot system  200  and each may provide functionality besides data item-related processing. For example, the System.CommonResponse component may be configured to generate a user interface for output to a user  208 , where the user interface includes text, action buttons (e.g., a button to select a particular option), images (e.g., a carousel of user selectable images representing values), and/or other user interface elements. Thus, the System.CommonResponse component can generate, based on the composite entity definition  254 , a user interface designed to guide the user through the process of providing data items specified in the composite entity definition. When the System.ResolveEntities component is used as the entity resolver  240 , the System.ResolveEntities component can iterate through the data items specified in composite entity definition  254  and converse with a user  208  to obtain the data items, e.g., using text prompts and action buttons, but through a less feature-rich user interface compared to that which the System.CommonResponse component is capable of generating. 
     After obtaining data items  216  for the composite entity, the entity resolver  240  can return the data items  216  to the dialog engine  230 . The dialog engine  230  can process the data items  216  as part of executing the dialog flow specified in the dialog flow definition  252 . Since the dialog flow definition  252  is a model for the conversation between the chatbot and the user, the processing of the data items  216  by the dialog engine can be considered to be processing performed by the chatbot itself. Further, there may be some instances in which the chatbot performs some processing on the data items  216  separately from any processing of the data items  216  performed as part of executing the dialog flow. In such instances, the data items  216  can be passed from the dialog engine  230  to the chatbot. In certain embodiments, a composite entity is configured for use in connection with a particular bot intent and may group together related data items that are applicable to that particular bot intent. For example, for a pizza ordering bot configured with an OrderPizza intent, a composite entity used in connection with the OrderPizza intent could contain values for the “PizzaSize,” “PizzaToppings,” and “PizzaType” entities. Thus, the dialog flow definition  252  and the composite entity definition  254  could both be stored (e.g., in a data store  250 ) in association with a particular chatbot in the chatbot system  200 . Grouping related data items together in the same composite entity provides a way to efficiently obtain all user-provided data items that are needed for processing by a particular chatbot or a particular intent configured for the chatbot. 
       FIG.  3    is a simplified block diagram of a composite entity  300  according to certain embodiments. The composite entity  300  can be instantiated when a corresponding composite entity definition  354  is accessed by an entity resolver (e.g., entity resolver  230  in  FIG.  2   ). The composite entity  300  can be maintained as a data structure within a memory of the chatbot system  300  (e.g., in database  250 ). A composite entity definition, such as the composite entity definition  354 , can be custom created by a chatbot developer from scratch. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, one or more composite entities may be provided as built-in entities that are made available for use as-is or for customization if a chatbot developer so desires. 
     A composite entity can be view as a container or bag that has slots for holding a set of data items. For example, as depicted in  FIG.  3   , the composite entity  300  can include multiple entities  352 . Each entity  352  can be, for example, a variable that has one or more values associated with it. For example, as indicated above, a pizza ordering bot may be configured to use “PizzaToppings” and “PizzaSize” entities. A user may be permitted to specify multiple types of toppings for the PizzaToppings entity (e.g., “pepperoni,” “mushroom,” “olives,” “sausage,” or any combination thereof), whereas the user may be limited to specifying a single value for the “PizzaSize” entity (e.g., “small,” “medium,” or “large”). Thus, the values for an entity  352  can be stored as a single value or a multi-value array. 
     In certain embodiments, a composite entity can also be configured to hold non-entities (e.g., non-entities  353 ). A non-entity can be a data item that does not have a predefined set of valid values configured for it or a data item that does not have a fixed format. A non-entity can nonetheless be obtained by an entity resolver in a similar manner to values for entities. Examples of non-entities include strings (e.g., a free-text explanation for why a user cannot provide a receipt for an expense report), locations (e.g., a location captured by a GPS sensor on a device that a user is using to communicate with a chatbot system), and documents or other file attachments (e.g., an image of a receipt). Additionally, in some embodiments, a composite entity can be a nested entity that holds another composite entity. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , for each entity  352  and non-entity  353 , a corresponding configuration ( 372  and  373 , respectively) is specified in the composite entity definition  354  that defines the composite entity  300 . Each configuration  372 ,  373  can specify whether the corresponding entity or non-entity is required or optional, one or more rules for determining what values or other parameters associated with a data item are considered valid, how a user should be prompted for a corresponding data item, as well other configuration parameters that determine the way in which the slots within the composite entity  300  are filled by an entity resolver. For example, the configurations  372 ,  373  may provide, for each of their corresponding data items (i.e., entities  352  and non-entities  353 ), a logical sequence of prompts, questions, statements, and the like, that elicit the data items from the user. 
     Accordingly, when the functionality provided by the composite entity definition  354  is taken into consideration, the composite entity  300  is not just a container for different data items, but also a way to implement logic for controlling the manner in which the data items are obtained from a user. For example, whether or not an entity resolver needs to obtain the value of an entity  352  can be based on one or more conditions specified as part of the entity configuration  372  for the entity. The conditions can relate to actions that the user wants to perform, a particular response the user has provided, the state or value of an entity not part of the composite entity, the state or value of an entity that is part of the composite entity (e.g., obtain entity A only if entity B is first obtained, or obtain entity A only if entity B is greater than a certain value, where entities A and B are part of the same composite entity), information obtained from a computer system communicatively coupled to the chatbot system (e.g., a server of a financial institution), the dialog flow state that led to the entity resolver being invoked, and the like. 
     As an example of the use of conditions for obtaining data items, a composite entity for the OrderPizza intent could be configured with a rule that causes the entity resolver to ask whether the user wants pineapple (a type of topping) if and only if the user has requested a Hawaiian pizza (a type of pizza that has pineapple by default). Thus, a composite entity definition can specify both what slots to fill and how to fill the slots. 
     Example User Interface for Configuring a Composite Entity Definition 
     In certain embodiments, a user interface is provided that enables a chatbot developer to create and configure a composite entity definition without doing any explicit programming. The user interface may be provided, for example, by a DABP such as the DABP  102  in  FIG.  1   . An example of such an interface is shown in  FIG.  4   . 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an example user interface  400  for configuring a composite entity definition according to certain embodiments. In the context of  FIG.  4   , a user is a person using the user interface  400  to configure a composite entity (e.g., a chatbot developer), and an end-user is a person providing data items to fill the slots of the composite entity (e.g., a user  208  in  FIG.  2   ). Further, in the context of  FIG.  4   , an entity defined using the user interface  400  can refer to any of the data items described herein (e.g., the entities  352  and non-entities  353  in  FIG.  3   ). The user interface  400  can be presented after the user has indicated all the data items to be contained within a composite entity. A separate user interface (not depicted) can be provided for indicating the data items. 
     The user interface  400  include various options  402  to  430 , each option associated with a particular property of a data item. Configuration performed using the options  402  to  430  may result in one or more rules being created for each data item contained within the composite entity. Such rules can be expressed in different ways, for example, as logical expressions that include Boolean terms, AND/OR statements, IF-ELSE statements, and the like. Although depicted together, the options  402  to  430  can be presented separately, and each option may be associated with its own set of user interface elements (e.g., sub-menus, drop-down lists, text entry fields, etc.) that are not shown in  FIG.  4   . Therefore, it will be understood that the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  4    is merely an example intended to illustrate different configuration options that can be made available through a user interface. Options  402  to  430  are described below in reference to the text labels depicted for these options in  FIG.  4   . 
     Name/Entity Name ( 402 )—Allows the user to specify a name by which a data item is identified (e.g., “PizzaType”). In certain embodiments, the user can create a “Name” that uniquely identifies the data item within the composite entity and a separate “Entity Name” by which the data item is identified outside the composite entity. For example the Entity Name can be the name of a system level (e.g., built-in) entity or a custom entity. Using both Name and Entity Name allows the same system level or custom entity to be reused multiple times within the composite entity. For instance, multiple entities can be defined that each correspond to a built-in Yes No entity in order to capture yes/no answers to different questions. 
     Entity Type ( 404 )—Allows the user to specify the type of data item. Examples of data item types that can be supported include: Entity, String, Attachment, and Location. The last three are examples of non-entities described above in connection with  FIG.  3   . 
     Description ( 406 )—Allows the user to provide a short description of the data item. 
     enumRangeSize ( 408 )—Allows the user to specify how many values are displayed to an end-user (e.g., in connection with requesting confirmation that the end-user entered the values correctly). If the range size is smaller than the total number of values to be listed, “show more” and “shown previous” buttons can be generated to navigate through the values in the list. The range size can also be used to determine how many disambiguation options are presented to the end-user (e.g., when the end-user provides multiple valid values, but only the data item only supports one value). 
     Max Prompts ( 410 )—Allows the user to specify a value for the maximum number of times the end-user is prompted for a valid data item after supplying an invalid data item. If this value is exceeded, then the entity resolver can terminate the process of obtaining data items for the composite entity or, alternatively, continue on to the next data item in the composite entity. 
     Error Message ( 412 )—Allows the user to specify an error message to present to the end-user when the end-user is prompted for a data item and provides an invalid data item. In some embodiments, the error message is not presented if the data item provided by the end-user is valid for a different item in the composite entity (e.g., the end-user is prompted for pizza toppings, but responds by indicating the pizza size instead). 
     Multi-Value ( 414 )—Allows the user to specify whether the data item supports multiple values. For example, as discussed above, multiple types of toppings can be specified for the PizzaToppings entity (e.g., “pepperoni,” “mushroom,” “olives,” “sausage,” or any combination thereof). 
     Out of Order Extraction ( 416 )—Allows the user to specify whether the data item can be resolved while the end-user is prompted for a different data item in the composite entity. When out of order extraction is enabled, slots can be filled in a different order than that which is defined in the composite entity definition. Out of order extraction also permits a slot to be filled without the end-user being prompted to provide the data item used to fill the slot (e.g., the end-user is prompted for account type, but the end-user provides the amount of money to transfer either in addition to, or instead of, providing the account type). Together with the Extract With option  420  and the Prompt for Value option  426  described below, the Out of Order Extraction option  416  can be used to create one or more extraction rules that determine slot filling behavior. 
     Fuzzy Match ( 418 )—Allows the user to specify whether fuzzy matching against an entity value list is used. When fuzzy matching is enabled, the entity resolver can match the end-user input to the closest valid value. This provides an allowance for inexact matches (e.g., when the end-user inputs a value with a typographical error or uses a synonym for a valid value). 
     Extract With ( 420 )—Allows the user to specify that the data item should be obtained in conjunction with another data item in the composite entity. The Extract With option is useful for when an end-user&#39;s reply could potentially be one of multiple alternative data items. For example, when prompting the end-user for a receipt as evidence of an expense, the end-user&#39;s response to the prompt could be to upload an image of the receipt or state that the end-user does not have a receipt (e.g., the receipt was lost). To capture both possible scenarios, a composite entity for an expense bot may include a “ReceiptNotFound” entity that is extracted with a “Receipt” entity, where the ReceiptNotFound entity is used to capture a value of “noReceipt” in the event that the user does not have a receipt. Since “ReceiptNotFound” is extracted with “Receipt,” this means that the value of the “ReceiptNotFound” entity is filled as a result of asking the user for the value of the “Receipt” entity instead of separately prompting for the value of “ReceiptNotFound.”. When the entity resolver tries to obtain the Receipt entity, but the end-user responds that he or she does not have a receipt, then and only then will the entity resolver try to obtain the ReceiptNotFound entity. If the end-user&#39;s response is a match to the “noReceipt” value, then the end-user will not be prompted again for the “Receipt” entity, and the entity resolver will move on to the next data item. Prompt for Disambiguation ( 422 )—Allows the user to specify whether the end-user will be prompted to choose which value to use when the end-user has provided multiple values that are valid for an entity. 
     Disambiguation Prompt ( 424 )—Allows the user to specify a custom prompt that will be presented to the end-user in connection with asking the end-user to choose between multiple values that are valid for an entity. For example, the custom prompt could be: “You can only order one pizza at a time. Which pizza would you like to order?” If no custom prompt is configured, a default prompt can be presented (e.g., “Please select one value for &lt;item name&gt;”). In some embodiments, disambiguation can be performed automatically by calling a custom component that resolves the ambiguity without prompting the user. This provides chatbot developers with the flexibility to programmatically create their own logic for disambiguation should they wish to do so. 
     Prompt for Value ( 426 )—Allows the user to set a property that controls whether the end-user will be prompted to provide a value for a data item, thus indicating whether the data item is optional or not. The property can be set as a Boolean flag that evaluates to “true” or “false.” This allows for conditional prompting for an entity based on other entity values in the composite entity and/or based on other context or user variables. Thus, the Prompt for Value option  426  can be used to create a logical expression that indicates one or more conditions that trigger a prompt (e.g., prompt for the value of data item A only if the value of data item B is greater than a certain amount, prompt for the value of data item C only if the end-user logged in within the past week, and so on). 
     In the no receipt example described above in connection with the Extract With option  420 , the composite entity could further include a “ReasonNoReceipt” string for capturing an explanation as to why the end-user does not have a receipt. The entity resolver may prompt the end-user to input the explanation, based on an extraction rule created for the ReasonNoReceipt string using the Prompt for Value option  426 . For example, the extraction rule may cause the entity resolver to prompt the end-user to provide an explanation when both of the following conditions are met: (1) the expense amount is greater than $25 and (2) a valid value (e.g., “noReceipt”) has been obtained for the ReceiptNotFound entity. This rule could be represented as a logical expression: 
     “$(expense.value.Amount.amount&gt;25 &amp;&amp; expense.value.ReceiptNotFound? has_content).” 
     Prompts ( 428 )—Allows the user to specify a list of different prompts that can be presented to the end-user in connection with obtaining a data item. In certain embodiments, the user is permitted to configure the list as an ordered sequence, where each prompt in the list is assigned a different order. In this manner, the user can control the output order of the prompts. The order may be configured so that data items are requested in an order that the end-user would expect based on the task to be perform by the chatbot. For example, the sequence of prompts for the PizzaType entity within a composite entity that holds data items relating to the OrderPizza intent could be as follows: 
     1. What kind of pizza would you like to order? 
     2. What size pizza do you want? 
     3. Pizza sizes are like large, medium, small, etc. Which one would you like? 
     Prompt sequences can also be used to present increasing detailed prompts to the end-user if the end-user&#39;s responses are insufficient for resolving an ambiguity. 
     Validation Rules ( 430 )—Allows the user to specify rules for determining whether a data item supplied by an end-user is valid (e.g., a valid range of numerical values, valid sizes for pizzas, etc.). For example, a validation rule may be defined to disallow expense amounts of less than $5 for expense reports. Similar to extraction rules, validation rules can be defined as logical expressions, e.g., “$(expense.value.Amount.amount&gt;4).” In some embodiments, validation rules defined programmatically, thus giving the user the flexibility of programming their own validation rules in addition or as an alternative to creating validation rules using the user interface  400 . 
     The composite entity can be configured with error messages to present to the end-user when a data item is determined to be invalid. The error messages can be generated based on logical expressions, e.g., “$(expense.value.Amount.currency) cannot be expensed. Enter a higher amount or type ‘cancel.’” 
     In addition to the options  402  to  430  described above, the user interface  400  can include other options for configuring the slot filling behavior for the composite entity. For example, in certain embodiments, a “transitionAfterMatch” option is provided which permits a transition (e.g., from a state referencing the entity resolver) to a different state after the entity resolver receives a valid data item. For instance, when the end-user provides a data item that is determined to be valid (e.g., based on matching the data item to a list of valid values configured for the data item or based on a validation rule), a transition can be made to a state associated with a custom component. 
     Transitioning to the state associated with the custom component enables the dialog flow execution to temporarily leave the entity resolver to do some custom logic in the custom component (e.g., downstream processing of an end-user supplied value that the entity resolver determined to be valid), and then return to the entity resolver to resume filling the composite entity. Example use cases for transitioning to a different state include:
         After a receipt has been uploaded as an attachment-type data item for an “Expense” composite entity, scanning the receipt to extract information used to fill other data items in the Expense composite entity (e.g., expense date, amount, expense type, etc.). This could be used to reduce the workload of the entity resolver, as there would no longer be a need to prompt the end-user for this information.   After a certain number of entities in a composite entity have been resolved as a result of valid data items being provided for those entities, outputting a “nicety” message such as “Almost there, just two more questions!”   When a data item needs to be validated through some backend processing (e.g., via an application-program interface (API) call to a software application) and one of the following is true: (1) the validation of the data item cannot wait because the API call returns information that dictates which other data items in the composite entity need to be prompted for, or (2) the API call returns some information that must be shared with the end-user.
 
Example Method
       

       FIG.  5    is a flowchart illustrating a process for obtaining data items using a composite entity according to certain embodiments. The processing depicted in  FIG.  5    may be implemented in software (e.g., code, instructions, program) executed by one or more processing units (e.g., processors, cores) of the respective systems, hardware, or combinations thereof. The software may be stored on a non-transitory storage medium (e.g., on a memory device). The method presented in  FIG.  5    and described below is intended to be illustrative and non-limiting. Although  FIG.  5    depicts the various processing steps occurring in a particular sequence or order, this is not intended to be limiting. In certain alternative embodiments, the processing may be performed in some different order or some steps may also be performed in parallel. In certain embodiments, the processing depicted in  FIG.  5    is performed by a chatbot system that includes an entity resolver (e.g., the entity resolver  230  in  FIG.  2   ). 
     At  502 , a chatbot is invoked in a particular dialog flow state based on an utterance input by a user of the chatbot system. For example, the chatbot could be a skill bot in a digital assistant and may be invoked in a default starting state or a state associated with a particular intent that has been configured for the skill bot. As discussed above, the dialog flow definition for a chatbot can be configured with different dialog flow states associated with different intents, where the intents represent tasks that the chatbot is capable of performing. Depending on what was specified in the utterance, the chatbot could be invoked in any number of possible dialog flow states. Each of the states in the dialog flow definition can reference a particular component (e.g., a built-in or custom component) that performs a certain function or action. In some instances, the invoking in  502  occurs prior to starting a conversation between the chatbot and the user. In other instances, the invoking occurs during an existing conversation between the chatbot and the user, in which case the invoking may involve a transition from one dialog flow state configured for the chatbot to another dialog flow state configured for the chatbot. 
     At  504 , a determination is made that the dialog flow state in which the chatbot was invoked in  502  indicates a composite entity to be filled with data items that will be processed by the chatbot. For example, as indicated above, the composite entity may be a container for a set of data items (e.g., variables that hold certain values, strings, location data such as GPS coordinates, file attachments, or a combination thereof). If the chatbot was invoked in a dialog flow state associated with a particular intent, then at least some of the data items to be filled may be data items that are processed in connection with performing the task represented by the particular intent (e.g., “PizzaType” and “PizzaSize” entities for an OrderPizza intent). 
     At  506 , a composite entity definition configured for the composite entity is parsed (e.g., by an entity resolver), to determine the data items to be filled and rules specifying how the composite entity will be filled through input from the user. For example, as discussed above, a composite entity can be configured with validation rules and/or extraction rules. Validation rules can specify conditions for when a data item (e.g., a value provided by a user for a particular entity) is considered valid. Extraction rules can specify the manner in which a user is prompted for data items (e.g., what text prompts to present to the user, the order in which text prompts are presented, whether a data item is to be obtained in conjunction with another data item, error messages to present when the user provides an invalid, whether a data item can be resolved while the end-user is prompted for a different data item in the composite entity, and conditions for when the user is prompted for a particular data item). Accordingly, there can be at least one rule configured for each data item in the composite entity. 
     At  508 , the data items are obtained from the user and in accordance with the rules determined in  506 . It should be noted that the rules do not have to be determined all at once. Instead, the entity resolver may evaluate rules on a per data item basis by obtaining a data item specified in the composite entity definition (through one or more prompts configured for the data item, evaluating the validity of the data item, etc.), and then progressing to the next data item in the composite entity definition. 
     At  510 , the data items obtained in  508  are input to the chatbot that was invoked in  502 . To input the data items, the chatbot system or entity resolver may include the composite entity in a message sent to the chatbot. In some embodiments, the entire contents of the composite entity are included in a body of the message. In other embodiments, the contents of the composite entity are written to a data store accessible to the chatbot and then a pointer to the location of the composite entity in the data store is communicated to the chatbot. After the data items have been input to the chatbot, the data items may be processed by another component called from the chatbot (e.g., a different component that is indicated in dialog flow state in which the chatbot was invoked). This other component may perform some downstream processing using the obtained data items, based on which the chatbot may determine an action to perform or a response to send to the user. 
     Additionally, in some instances, the state in which the chatbot was invoked may indicate multiple composite entities. In such instances, the processing in blocks  506  to  510  can be repeated for each additional composite entity. When there are multiple composite entities, the data obtained for the composite entities can be input over the course of a single communication (e.g., a single message sent to the chatbot with all the data items for the various composite entities) or over multiple communications (e.g., a separate message for each composite entity). 
     Example Composite Entity Definition 
     The following is an example composite entity definition for a composite entity named “Expense.” In this example, the composite entity is configured to hold the following data items: 
     Type—the type of expense report that a user is creating. 
     Amount—the amount of the expense being reported. 
     UseCanadianDollars—a Boolean entity indicating whether the expense is being reported in Canadian dollars. 
     ReasonMaxAmountExceeded—a string to capture the reason why a maximum allowable amount (in this example, $2,000) is exceeded. 
     Date—the date on which the expense was incurred. 
     Receipt—a file attachment corresponding to an expense receipt. 
     ReceiptNotFound—an entity that is set when no receipt is found. 
     ReasonNoReceipt—a string to capture the reason why the user cannot provide a receipt. 
     Confirmed—a Boolean entity set based on prompting the user to confirm that the information provided by the user for creating the expense report is accurate and complete. 
     AnythingElse—a Boolean entity set based on asking the user whether the user wants to make a change to the information already provided by the user. This entity is prompted for when the value of the Confirmed entity is set to “No.” 
                                name: “Expense”       type: “COMPOSITEBAG”                         compositeBagItems:           - name: “Type”                         type: “ENTITY”           entityName: “ExpenseType”           description: “the type”           errorMessage: “‘${system.entityToResolve.value.userInput!‘This&#39;}’ is not a valid expense                 type. ”                         multiValue: false           fuzzyMatch: false           outOfOrderExtraction: true           promptForDisambiguation: true           disambiguationPrompt: “You can only expense one item at the time, choose which one                 you want to start with”                         maxPrompts: 3           enumRangeSize: 3           prompts:           - text: “What type of expense would you like to create?”           - text: “Can you give me the expense type?”                         - name: “Amount”                         entityName: “CURRENCY”           type: “ENTITY”           description: “the amount”           errorMessage: “Sorry, ‘${system.entityToResolve.value.userInput!‘this&#39;}’ is not a valid                 amount. ”                         maxPrompts: 2           promptForDisambiguation: true           disambiguationPrompt: “You have to provide one exact amount.”           outOfOrderExtraction: true           prompts:           - sequenceNr: 1                         text: “How much did you pay?”                         - sequenceNr: 2                         text: “Please specify the expense amount and currency. For example ‘$30’ or ‘20 euros&#39;”                         validationRules:           - expression: “${expense.value.Amount.amount &gt; 4}”                         errorMessage: “Amounts below 5 ${expense.value.Amount.currency} cannot be                 expensed. Enter a higher amount or type ‘cancel’.”                         - name: “UseCanadianDollars”                         type: “ENTITY”           entityName: “YES_NO”           description: “use Canadian dollars”           errorMessage: “Sorry, I didn&#39;t get that, please answer with ‘yes&#39; or ‘no’”           outOfOrderExtraction: false           promptForValue: “${expense.value.Amount.currency==‘dollar’ &amp;&amp;                 lastExpense.value?has_content &amp;&amp; lastExpense.value.Amount.currency==‘cad’}”                         prompts:           - text: “Do you still want to use Canadian dollars?”                         - name: “ReasonMaxAmountExceeded”                         type: “STRING”           description: “the reason max amount exceeded”           outOfOrderExtraction: false           promptForValue: “${expense.value.Amount.amont &gt; 2000}”           prompts:           - text: “You need to give a justification for any transaction above 2000 USD. Please enter a                 reason to add to this expense.”                         - name: “Date”                         type: “ENTITY”           entityName: “DATE”           description: “the expense date”           errorMessage: “${system.entityToResolve.value.userInput!‘This&#39;} is not a valid date. ”           promptForDisambiguation: true           disambiguationPrompt: “I found multiple dates: &lt;#list                 system.entityToResolve.value.disambiguationValues.Date as       date&gt;${date.date?number_to_date}&lt;#sep&gt; and &lt;/#list&gt;. Which date should I use as expense       date?”                         outOfOrderExtraction: false           prompts:           - sequenceNr: 1                         text: “When did that expense occur?”                         - sequenceNr: 2                         text: “Can you provide a valid expense date? For example ‘yesterday’, ‘jul 2’ or ‘20 jun’”                         validationRules:           - expression: “${(.now?date?string[‘yyyyMMdd’]?number &gt;=                 expense.value.Date.date?number_to_date?string[‘yyyyMMdd’]?number)?then(‘true’,‘false’)}”                         errorMessage: “Expense data cannot be in the future, you can use today or a date in the                 past.”                         - name: “Receipt”                         type: “ATTACHMENT”           description: “the receipt”           outOfOrderExtraction: false           promptForValue: “${expense.value.Amount.amount &gt; 25 &amp;&amp;                 !expense.value.ReceiptNotFound?has_content}”                         prompts:           - text: “A receipt is needed for expenses above 25$. If you have a digital version of the                 receipt, you can attach it. If you have a printed version, you can take a picture and attach it.”‘                         - name: “ReceiptNotFound”                         type: “ENTITY”           entityName: “ReceiptNotFound”           outOfOrderExtraction: false           extractWith: “Receipt”           promptForValue: “false”                         - name: “ReasonNoReceipt”                         type: “STRING”           outOfOrderExtraction: false           promptForValue: “${expense.value.Amount.amount &gt; 25 &amp;&amp;                 expense.value.ReceiptNotFound?has_content}”                         prompts:           - text: “You need to give a justification why you don&#39;t have the receipt”                         - name: “Confirmed”                         type: “ENTITY”           entityName: “YES_NO”           description: “confirmed”           outOfOrderExtraction: false           prompts:           - text: “I have all information needed to create your expense. Just to verify my                 understanding: you want to expense a ${expense.value.Type} for       ${expense.value.Amount.amount} ${expense.value.Amount.currency} on       ${expense.value.Date.date?number_to_date}. Is that correct?”’                         - name: “AnythingElse”                         type: “ENTITY”           entityName: “YES_NO”           description: “anything else”           promptForValue: “${expense.value.Confirmed.yesno==‘NO’}”           outOfOrderExtraction: false           prompts:           - text: “${(system.entityToResolve.value.updatedEntities?size!=0)?then(‘Anything else                 you want to change?’,‘What do you want to change?’)}”                    
Example Computing Environments for Implementing a Chatbot System
 
       FIG.  6    depicts a simplified diagram of a distributed system  600  for implementing an embodiment. In the illustrated embodiment, distributed system  600  includes one or more client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608 , coupled to a server  612  via one or more communication networks  610 . Clients computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608  may be configured to execute one or more applications. 
     In various embodiments, server  612  may be adapted to run one or more services or software applications that enable the composite entity related processing described in this disclosure. 
     In certain embodiments, server  612  may also provide other services or software applications that can include non-virtual and virtual environments. In some embodiments, these services may be offered as web-based or cloud services, such as under a Software as a Service (SaaS) model to the users of client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and/or  608 . Users operating client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and/or  608  may in turn utilize one or more client applications to interact with server  612  to utilize the services provided by these components. 
     In the configuration depicted in  FIG.  6   , server  612  may include one or more components  618 ,  620  and  622  that implement the functions performed by server  612 . These components may include software components that may be executed by one or more processors, hardware components, or combinations thereof. It should be appreciated that various different system configurations are possible, which may be different from distributed system  600 . The embodiment shown in  FIG.  6    is thus one example of a distributed system for implementing an embodiment system and is not intended to be limiting. 
     Users may use client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and/or  608  to more configure a composite entity definition, configure a dialog flow definition for a chatbot, and engage in conversation with a chatbot system to provide data items for filling a composite entity, in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure. A client device may provide an interface that enables a user of the client device to interact with the client device. The client device may also output information to the user via this interface. Although  FIG.  6    depicts only four client computing devices, any number of client computing devices may be supported. 
     The client devices may include various types of computing systems such as portable handheld devices, general purpose computers such as personal computers and laptops, workstation computers, wearable devices, gaming systems, thin clients, various messaging devices, sensors or other sensing devices, and the like. These computing devices may run various types and versions of software applications and operating systems (e.g., Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems, Linux or Linux-like operating systems such as Google Chrome™ OS) including various mobile operating systems (e.g., Microsoft Windows Mobile®, iOS®, Windows Phone®, Android™, BlackBerry®, Palm OS®). Portable handheld devices may include cellular phones, smartphones, (e.g., an iPhone), tablets (e.g., iPad®), personal digital assistants (PDAs), and the like. Wearable devices may include Google Glass® head mounted display, and other devices. Gaming systems may include various handheld gaming devices, Internet-enabled gaming devices (e.g., a Microsoft Xbox® gaming console with or without a Kinect® gesture input device, Sony PlayStation® system, various gaming systems provided by Nintendo®, and others), and the like. The client devices may be capable of executing various different applications such as various Internet-related apps, communication applications (e.g., E-mail applications, short message service (SMS) applications) and may use various communication protocols. 
     Network(s)  610  may be any type of network familiar to those skilled in the art that can support data communications using any of a variety of available protocols, including without limitation TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol), SNA (systems network architecture), IPX (Internet packet exchange), AppleTalk®, and the like. Merely by way of example, network(s)  610  can be a local area network (LAN), networks based on Ethernet, Token-Ring, a wide-area network (WAN), the Internet, a virtual network, a virtual private network (VPN), an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network (PSTN), an infra-red network, a wireless network (e.g., a network operating under any of the IEEE 802.11 suite of protocols, Bluetooth®, and/or any other wireless protocol), and/or any combination of these and/or other networks. 
     Server  612  may be composed of one or more general purpose computers, specialized server computers (including, by way of example, PC (personal computer) servers, UNIX® servers, mid-range servers, mainframe computers, rack-mounted servers, etc.), server farms, server clusters, or any other appropriate arrangement and/or combination. Server  612  can include one or more virtual machines running virtual operating systems, or other computing architectures involving virtualization such as one or more flexible pools of logical storage devices that can be virtualized to maintain virtual storage devices for the server. In various embodiments, server  612  may be adapted to run one or more services or software applications that provide the functionality described in the foregoing disclosure. 
     The computing systems in server  612  may run one or more operating systems including any of those discussed above, as well as any commercially available server operating system. Server  612  may also run any of a variety of additional server applications and/or mid-tier applications, including HTTP (hypertext transport protocol) servers, FTP (file transfer protocol) servers, CGI (common gateway interface) servers, JAVA® servers, database servers, and the like. Exemplary database servers include without limitation those commercially available from Oracle®, Microsoft®, Sybase®, IBM® (International Business Machines), and the like. 
     In some implementations, server  612  may include one or more applications to analyze and consolidate data feeds and/or event updates received from users of client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608 . As an example, data feeds and/or event updates may include, but are not limited to, Twitter® feeds, Facebook® updates or real-time updates received from one or more third party information sources and continuous data streams, which may include real-time events related to sensor data applications, financial tickers, network performance measuring tools (e.g., network monitoring and traffic management applications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile traffic monitoring, and the like. Server  612  may also include one or more applications to display the data feeds and/or real-time events via one or more display devices of client computing devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608 . 
     Distributed system  600  may also include one or more data repositories  614 ,  616 . These data repositories may be used to store data and other information in certain embodiments. For example, one or more of the data repositories  614 ,  616  may be used to store dialog flow definitions, composite entities, composite entity definitions, and/or other information used to provide the composite entity related functionalities described above. Data repositories  614 ,  616  may reside in a variety of locations. For example, a data repository used by server  612  may be local to server  612  or may be remote from server  612  and in communication with server  612  via a network-based or dedicated connection. Data repositories  614 ,  616  may be of different types. In certain embodiments, a data repository used by server  612  may be a database, for example, a relational database, such as databases provided by Oracle Corporation® and other vendors. One or more of these databases may be adapted to enable storage, update, and retrieval of data to and from the database in response to SQL-formatted commands. 
     In certain embodiments, one or more of data repositories  614 ,  616  may also be used by applications to store application data. The data repositories used by applications may be of different types such as, for example, a key-value store repository, an object store repository, or a general storage repository supported by a file system. 
     In certain embodiments, the composite entity related functionalities described in this disclosure may be offered as services via a cloud environment.  FIG.  7    is a simplified block diagram of a cloud-based system environment in which various chatbot-related services, including composite entity related services, may be offered as cloud services, in accordance with certain embodiments. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  7   , cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide one or more cloud services that may be requested by users using one or more client computing devices  704 ,  706 , and  708 . Cloud infrastructure system  702  may comprise one or more computers and/or servers that may include those described above for server  612 . The computers in cloud infrastructure system  702  may be organized as general purpose computers, specialized server computers, server farms, server clusters, or any other appropriate arrangement and/or combination. 
     Network(s)  710  may facilitate communication and exchange of data between clients  704 ,  706 , and  708  and cloud infrastructure system  702 . Network(s)  710  may include one or more networks. The networks may be of the same or different types. Network(s)  710  may support one or more communication protocols, including wired and/or wireless protocols, for facilitating the communications. 
     The embodiment depicted in  FIG.  7    is only one example of a cloud infrastructure system and is not intended to be limiting. It should be appreciated that, in some other embodiments, cloud infrastructure system  702  may have more or fewer components than those depicted in  FIG.  7   , may combine two or more components, or may have a different configuration or arrangement of components. For example, although  FIG.  7    depicts three client computing devices, any number of client computing devices may be supported in alternative embodiments. 
     The term cloud service is generally used to refer to a service that is made available to users on demand and via a communication network such as the Internet by systems (e.g., cloud infrastructure system  702 ) of a service provider. Typically, in a public cloud environment, servers and systems that make up the cloud service provider&#39;s system are different from the customer&#39;s own on-premise servers and systems. The cloud service provider&#39;s systems are managed by the cloud service provider. Customers can thus avail themselves of cloud services provided by a cloud service provider without having to purchase separate licenses, support, or hardware and software resources for the services. For example, a cloud service provider&#39;s system may host an application, and a user may, via the Internet, on demand, order and use the application without the user having to buy infrastructure resources for executing the application. Cloud services are designed to provide easy, scalable access to applications, resources and services. Several providers offer cloud services. For example, several cloud services are offered by Oracle Corporation® of Redwood Shores, Calif., such as middleware services, database services, Java cloud services, and others. 
     In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide one or more cloud services using different models such as under a Software as a Service (SaaS) model, a Platform as a Service (PaaS) model, an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model, and others, including hybrid service models. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may include a suite of applications, middleware, databases, and other resources that enable provision of the various cloud services. 
     A SaaS model enables an application or software to be delivered to a customer over a communication network like the Internet, as a service, without the customer having to buy the hardware or software for the underlying application. For example, a SaaS model may be used to provide customers access to on-demand applications that are hosted by cloud infrastructure system  702 . Examples of SaaS services provided by Oracle Corporation® include, without limitation, various services for human resources/capital management, customer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resource planning (ERP), supply chain management (SCM), enterprise performance management (EPM), analytics services, social applications, and others. 
     An IaaS model is generally used to provide infrastructure resources (e.g., servers, storage, hardware and networking resources) to a customer as a cloud service to provide elastic compute and storage capabilities. Various IaaS services are provided by Oracle Corporation®. 
     A PaaS model is generally used to provide, as a service, platform and environment resources that enable customers to develop, run, and manage applications and services without the customer having to procure, build, or maintain such resources. Examples of PaaS services provided by Oracle Corporation® include, without limitation, Oracle Java Cloud Service (JCS), Oracle Database Cloud Service (DBCS), data management cloud service, various application development solutions services, and others. 
     Cloud services are generally provided on an on-demand self-service basis, subscription-based, elastically scalable, reliable, highly available, and secure. For example, a customer, via a subscription order, may order one or more services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702 . Cloud infrastructure system  702  then performs processing to provide the services requested in the customer&#39;s subscription order. For example, in certain embodiments, the composite entity related functionalities described herein may be provided as cloud services that are subscribed to by a user/subscriber. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may be configured to provide one or even multiple cloud services. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide the cloud services via different deployment models. In a public cloud model, cloud infrastructure system  702  may be owned by a third-party cloud services provider and the cloud services are offered to any general public customer, where the customer can be an individual or an enterprise. In certain other embodiments, under a private cloud model, cloud infrastructure system  702  may be operated within an organization (e.g., within an enterprise organization) and services provided to customers that are within the organization. For example, the customers may be various departments of an enterprise such as the Human Resources department, the Payroll department, etc. or even individuals within the enterprise. In certain other embodiments, under a community cloud model, the cloud infrastructure system  702  and the services provided may be shared by several organizations in a related community. Various other models such as hybrids of the above-mentioned models may also be used. 
     Client computing devices  704 ,  706 , and  708  may be of different types (such as devices  602 ,  604 ,  606 , and  608  depicted in  FIG.  6   ) and may be capable of operating one or more client applications. A user may use a client device to interact with cloud infrastructure system  702 , such as to request a service provided by cloud infrastructure system  702 . For example, a user may use a client device to request a composite entity related service described in this disclosure. 
     In some embodiments, the processing performed by cloud infrastructure system  702  for providing composite entity related services may involve big data analysis. This analysis may involve using, analyzing, and manipulating large data sets to detect and visualize various trends, behaviors, relationships, etc. within the data. This analysis may be performed by one or more processors, possibly processing the data in parallel, performing simulations using the data, and the like. The data used for this analysis may include structured data (e.g., data stored in a database or structured according to a structured model) and/or unstructured data (e.g., data blobs (binary large objects)). 
     As depicted in the embodiment in  FIG.  7   , cloud infrastructure system  702  may include infrastructure resources  730  that are utilized for facilitating the provision of various cloud services offered by cloud infrastructure system  702 . Infrastructure resources  730  may include, for example, processing resources, storage or memory resources, networking resources, and the like. 
     In certain embodiments, to facilitate efficient provisioning of these resources for supporting the various cloud services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702  for different customers, the resources may be bundled into sets of resources or resource modules (also referred to as “pods”). Each resource module or pod may comprise a pre-integrated and optimized combination of resources of one or more types. In certain embodiments, different pods may be pre-provisioned for different types of cloud services. For example, a first set of pods may be provisioned for a database service, a second set of pods, which may include a different combination of resources than a pod in the first set of pods, may be provisioned for Java service, and the like. For some services, the resources allocated for provisioning the services may be shared between the services. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may itself internally use services  732  that are shared by different components of cloud infrastructure system  702  and which facilitate the provisioning of services by cloud infrastructure system  702 . These internal shared services may include, without limitation, a security and identity service, an integration service, an enterprise repository service, an enterprise manager service, a virus scanning and white list service, a high availability, backup and recovery service, a service for enabling cloud support, an email service, a notification service, a file transfer service, and the like. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may comprise multiple subsystems. These subsystems may be implemented in software, or hardware, or combinations thereof. As depicted in  FIG.  7   , the subsystems may include a user interface subsystem  712  that enables users or customers of cloud infrastructure system  702  to interact with cloud infrastructure system  702 . User interface subsystem  712  may include various different interfaces such as a web interface  714 , an online store interface  716  where cloud services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702  are advertised and are purchasable by a consumer, and other interfaces  718 . For example, a customer may, using a client device, request (service request  734 ) one or more services provided by cloud infrastructure system  702  using one or more of interfaces  714 ,  716 , and  718 . For example, a customer may access the online store, browse cloud services offered by cloud infrastructure system  702 , and place a subscription order for one or more services offered by cloud infrastructure system  702  that the customer wishes to subscribe to. The service request may include information identifying the customer and one or more services that the customer desires to subscribe to. For example, a customer may place a subscription order for a composite entity related service offered by cloud infrastructure system  702 . As part of the order, the customer may provide information for configuring a composite entity. 
     In certain embodiments, such as the embodiment depicted in  FIG.  7   , cloud infrastructure system  702  may comprise an order management subsystem (OMS)  720  that is configured to process the new order. As part of this processing, OMS  720  may be configured to: create an account for the customer, if not done already; receive billing and/or accounting information from the customer that is to be used for billing the customer for providing the requested service to the customer; verify the customer information; upon verification, book the order for the customer; and orchestrate various workflows to prepare the order for provisioning. 
     Once properly validated, OMS  720  may then invoke the order provisioning subsystem (OPS)  724  that is configured to provision resources for the order including processing, memory, and networking resources. The provisioning may include allocating resources for the order and configuring the resources to facilitate the service requested by the customer order. The manner in which resources are provisioned for an order and the type of the provisioned resources may depend upon the type of cloud service that has been ordered by the customer. For example, according to one workflow, OPS  724  may be configured to determine the particular cloud service being requested and identify a number of pods that may have been pre-configured for that particular cloud service. The number of pods that are allocated for an order may depend upon the size/amount/level/scope of the requested service. For example, the number of pods to be allocated may be determined based upon the number of users to be supported by the service, the duration of time for which the service is being requested, and the like. The allocated pods may then be customized for the particular requesting customer for providing the requested service. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may send a response or notification  744  to the requesting customer to indicate when the requested service is now ready for use. In some instances, information (e.g., a link) may be sent to the customer that enables the customer to start using and availing the benefits of the requested services. In certain embodiments, for a customer requesting the composite related service, the response may include a confirmation that a composite entity has been successfully configured and is ready to be accessed as part of executing a dialog flow definition. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide services to multiple customers. For each customer, cloud infrastructure system  702  is responsible for managing information related to one or more subscription orders received from the customer, maintaining customer data related to the orders, and providing the requested services to the customer. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may also collect usage statistics regarding a customer&#39;s use of subscribed services. For example, statistics may be collected for the amount of storage used, the amount of data transferred, the number of users, and the amount of system up time and system down time, and the like. This usage information may be used to bill the customer. Billing may be done, for example, on a monthly cycle. 
     Cloud infrastructure system  702  may provide services to multiple customers in parallel. Cloud infrastructure system  702  may store information for these customers, including possibly proprietary information. In certain embodiments, cloud infrastructure system  702  comprises an identity management subsystem (IMS)  728  that is configured to manage customers information and provide the separation of the managed information such that information related to one customer is not accessible by another customer. IMS  728  may be configured to provide various security-related services such as identity services, such as information access management, authentication and authorization services, services for managing customer identities and roles and related capabilities, and the like. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates an exemplary computer system  800  that may be used to implement certain embodiments. For example, in some embodiments, computer system  800  may be used to implement any of various servers and computer systems described above. As shown in  FIG.  8   , computer system  800  includes various subsystems including a processing subsystem  804  that communicates with a number of other subsystems via a bus subsystem  802 . These other subsystems may include a processing acceleration unit  806 , an I/O subsystem  808 , a storage subsystem  818 , and a communications subsystem  824 . Storage subsystem  818  may include non-transitory computer-readable storage media including storage media  822  and a system memory  810 . 
     Bus subsystem  802  provides a mechanism for letting the various components and subsystems of computer system  800  communicate with each other as intended. Although bus subsystem  802  is shown schematically as a single bus, alternative embodiments of the bus subsystem may utilize multiple buses. Bus subsystem  802  may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures, and the like. For example, such architectures may include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, which can be implemented as a Mezzanine bus manufactured to the IEEE P1386.1 standard, and the like. 
     Processing subsystem  804  controls the operation of computer system  800  and may comprise one or more processors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The processors may include be single core or multicore processors. The processing resources of computer system  800  can be organized into one or more processing units  832 ,  834 , etc. A processing unit may include one or more processors, one or more cores from the same or different processors, a combination of cores and processors, or other combinations of cores and processors. In some embodiments, processing subsystem  804  can include one or more special purpose co-processors such as graphics processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), or the like. In some embodiments, some or all of the processing units of processing subsystem  804  can be implemented using customized circuits, such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). 
     In some embodiments, the processing units in processing subsystem  804  can execute instructions stored in system memory  810  or on computer readable storage media  822 . In various embodiments, the processing units can execute a variety of programs or code instructions and can maintain multiple concurrently executing programs or processes. At any given time, some or all of the program code to be executed can be resident in system memory  810  and/or on computer-readable storage media  822  including potentially on one or more storage devices. Through suitable programming, processing subsystem  804  can provide various functionalities described above. In instances where computer system  800  is executing one or more virtual machines, one or more processing units may be allocated to each virtual machine. 
     In certain embodiments, a processing acceleration unit  806  may optionally be provided for performing customized processing or for off-loading some of the processing performed by processing subsystem  804  so as to accelerate the overall processing performed by computer system  800 . 
     I/O subsystem  808  may include devices and mechanisms for inputting information to computer system  800  and/or for outputting information from or via computer system  800 . In general, use of the term input device is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for inputting information to computer system  800 . User interface input devices may include, for example, a keyboard, pointing devices such as a mouse or trackball, a touchpad or touch screen incorporated into a display, a scroll wheel, a click wheel, a dial, a button, a switch, a keypad, audio input devices with voice command recognition systems, microphones, and other types of input devices. User interface input devices may also include motion sensing and/or gesture recognition devices such as the Microsoft Kinect® motion sensor that enables users to control and interact with an input device, the Microsoft Xbox® 360 game controller, devices that provide an interface for receiving input using gestures and spoken commands. User interface input devices may also include eye gesture recognition devices such as the Google Glass® blink detector that detects eye activity (e.g., “blinking” while taking pictures and/or making a menu selection) from users and transforms the eye gestures as inputs to an input device (e.g., Google) Glass®. Additionally, user interface input devices may include voice recognition sensing devices that enable users to interact with voice recognition systems (e.g., Sin® navigator) through voice commands. 
     Other examples of user interface input devices include, without limitation, three dimensional (3D) mice, joysticks or pointing sticks, gamepads and graphic tablets, and audio/visual devices such as speakers, digital cameras, digital camcorders, portable media players, webcams, image scanners, fingerprint scanners, barcode reader 3D scanners, 3D printers, laser rangefinders, and eye gaze tracking devices. Additionally, user interface input devices may include, for example, medical imaging input devices such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, and medical ultrasonography devices. User interface input devices may also include, for example, audio input devices such as MIDI keyboards, digital musical instruments and the like. 
     In general, use of the term output device is intended to include all possible types of devices and mechanisms for outputting information from computer system  800  to a user or other computer. User interface output devices may include a display subsystem, indicator lights, or non-visual displays such as audio output devices, etc. The display subsystem may be a cathode ray tube (CRT), a flat-panel device, such as that using a liquid crystal display (LCD) or plasma display, a projection device, a touch screen, and the like. For example, user interface output devices may include, without limitation, a variety of display devices that visually convey text, graphics and audio/video information such as monitors, printers, speakers, headphones, automotive navigation systems, plotters, voice output devices, and modems. 
     Storage subsystem  818  provides a repository or data store for storing information and data that is used by computer system  800 . Storage subsystem  818  provides a tangible non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for storing the basic programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of some embodiments. Storage subsystem  818  may store software (e.g., programs, code modules, instructions) that when executed by processing subsystem  804  provides the functionality described above. The software may be executed by one or more processing units of processing subsystem  804 . Storage subsystem  818  may also provide a repository for storing data used in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure. 
     Storage subsystem  818  may include one or more non-transitory memory devices, including volatile and non-volatile memory devices. As shown in  FIG.  8   , storage subsystem  818  includes a system memory  810  and a computer-readable storage media  822 . System memory  810  may include a number of memories including a volatile main random access memory (RAM) for storage of instructions and data during program execution and a non-volatile read only memory (ROM) or flash memory in which fixed instructions are stored. In some implementations, a basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer system  800 , such as during start-up, may typically be stored in the ROM. The RAM may contain data and/or program modules that are presently being operated and executed by processing subsystem  804 . In some implementations, system memory  810  may include multiple different types of memory, such as static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and the like. 
     By way of example, and not limitation, as depicted in  FIG.  8   , system memory  810  may load application programs  812  that are being executed, which may include various applications such as Web browsers, mid-tier applications, relational database management systems (RDBMS), etc., program data  814 , and an operating system  816 . By way of example, operating system  816  may include various versions of Microsoft Windows®, Apple Macintosh®, and/or Linux operating systems, a variety of commercially-available UNIX® or UNIX-like operating systems (including without limitation the variety of GNU/Linux operating systems, the Google Chrome® OS, and the like) and/or mobile operating systems such as iOS, Windows® Phone, Android® OS, BlackBerry® OS, Palm® OS operating systems, and others. 
     Computer-readable storage media  822  may store programming and data constructs that provide the functionality of some embodiments. Computer-readable media  822  may provide storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for computer system  800 . Software (programs, code modules, instructions) that, when executed by processing subsystem  804  provides the functionality described above, may be stored in storage subsystem  818 . By way of example, computer-readable storage media  822  may include non-volatile memory such as a hard disk drive, a magnetic disk drive, an optical disk drive such as a CD ROM, DVD, a Blu-Ray® disk, or other optical media. Computer-readable storage media  822  may include, but is not limited to, Zip® drives, flash memory cards, universal serial bus (USB) flash drives, secure digital (SD) cards, DVD disks, digital video tape, and the like. Computer-readable storage media  822  may also include, solid-state drives (SSD) based on non-volatile memory such as flash-memory based SSDs, enterprise flash drives, solid state ROM, and the like, SSDs based on volatile memory such as solid state RAM, dynamic RAM, static RAM, DRAM-based SSDs, magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) SSDs, and hybrid SSDs that use a combination of DRAM and flash memory based SSDs. 
     In certain embodiments, storage subsystem  818  may also include a computer-readable storage media reader  820  that can further be connected to computer-readable storage media  822 . Reader  820  may receive and be configured to read data from a memory device such as a disk, a flash drive, etc. 
     In certain embodiments, computer system  800  may support virtualization technologies, including but not limited to virtualization of processing and memory resources. For example, computer system  800  may provide support for executing one or more virtual machines. In certain embodiments, computer system  800  may execute a program such as a hypervisor that facilitated the configuring and managing of the virtual machines. Each virtual machine may be allocated memory, compute (e.g., processors, cores), I/O, and networking resources. Each virtual machine generally runs independently of the other virtual machines. A virtual machine typically runs its own operating system, which may be the same as or different from the operating systems executed by other virtual machines executed by computer system  800 . Accordingly, multiple operating systems may potentially be run concurrently by computer system  800 . 
     Communications subsystem  824  provides an interface to other computer systems and networks. Communications subsystem  824  serves as an interface for receiving data from and transmitting data to other systems from computer system  800 . For example, communications subsystem  824  may enable computer system  800  to establish a communication channel to one or more client devices via the Internet for receiving and sending information from and to the client devices. For example, the communication subsystem may be used for communications between a master bot and an individual bot in connection with a routing decision, or for communications between an individual bot and a user after the user has been routed to the individual bot. 
     Communication subsystem  824  may support both wired and/or wireless communication protocols. For example, in certain embodiments, communications subsystem  824  may include radio frequency (RF) transceiver components for accessing wireless voice and/or data networks (e.g., using cellular telephone technology, advanced data network technology, such as 3G, 4G or EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution), WiFi (IEEE 802.XX family standards, or other mobile communication technologies, or any combination thereof), global positioning system (GPS) receiver components, and/or other components. In some embodiments communications subsystem  824  can provide wired network connectivity (e.g., Ethernet) in addition to or instead of a wireless interface. 
     Communication subsystem  824  can receive and transmit data in various forms. For example, in some embodiments, in addition to other forms, communications subsystem  824  may receive input communications in the form of structured and/or unstructured data feeds  826 , event streams  828 , event updates  830 , and the like. For example, communications subsystem  824  may be configured to receive (or send) data feeds  826  in real-time from users of social media networks and/or other communication services such as Twitter® feeds, Facebook® updates, web feeds such as Rich Site Summary (RSS) feeds, and/or real-time updates from one or more third party information sources. 
     In certain embodiments, communications subsystem  824  may be configured to receive data in the form of continuous data streams, which may include event streams  828  of real-time events and/or event updates  830 , that may be continuous or unbounded in nature with no explicit end. Examples of applications that generate continuous data may include, for example, sensor data applications, financial tickers, network performance measuring tools (e.g. network monitoring and traffic management applications), clickstream analysis tools, automobile traffic monitoring, and the like. 
     Communications subsystem  824  may also be configured to communicate data from computer system  800  to other computer systems or networks. The data may be communicated in various different forms such as structured and/or unstructured data feeds  826 , event streams  828 , event updates  830 , and the like to one or more databases that may be in communication with one or more streaming data source computers coupled to computer system  800 . 
     Computer system  800  can be one of various types, including a handheld portable device (e.g., an iPhone® cellular phone, an iPad® computing tablet, a PDA), a wearable device (e.g., a Google Glass® head mounted display), a personal computer, a workstation, a mainframe, a kiosk, a server rack, or any other data processing system. Due to the ever-changing nature of computers and networks, the description of computer system  800  depicted in  FIG.  8    is intended only as a specific example. Many other configurations having more or fewer components than the system depicted in  FIG.  8    are possible. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the various embodiments. 
     Although specific embodiments have been described, various modifications, alterations, alternative constructions, and equivalents are possible. Embodiments are not restricted to operation within certain specific data processing environments, but are free to operate within a plurality of data processing environments. Additionally, although certain embodiments have been described using a particular series of transactions and steps, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that this is not intended to be limiting. Although some flowcharts describe operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. A process may have additional steps not included in the figure. Various features and aspects of the above-described embodiments may be used individually or jointly. 
     Further, while certain embodiments have been described using a particular combination of hardware and software, it should be recognized that other combinations of hardware and software are also possible. Certain embodiments may be implemented only in hardware, or only in software, or using combinations thereof. The various processes described herein can be implemented on the same processor or different processors in any combination. 
     Where devices, systems, components or modules are described as being configured to perform certain operations or functions, such configuration can be accomplished, for example, by designing electronic circuits to perform the operation, by programming programmable electronic circuits (such as microprocessors) to perform the operation such as by executing computer instructions or code, or processors or cores programmed to execute code or instructions stored on a non-transitory memory medium, or any combination thereof. Processes can communicate using a variety of techniques including but not limited to conventional techniques for inter-process communications, and different pairs of processes may use different techniques, or the same pair of processes may use different techniques at different times. 
     Specific details are given in this disclosure to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques have been shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments. This description provides example embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of other embodiments. Rather, the preceding description of the embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing various embodiments. Various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements. 
     The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, be evident that additions, subtractions, deletions, and other modifications and changes may be made thereunto without departing from the broader spirit and scope as set forth in the claims. Thus, although specific embodiments have been described, these are not intended to be limiting. Various modifications and equivalents are within the scope of the following claims.