Patent Publication Number: US-7903782-B2

Title: Apparatus and method for fluid phase fraction determination using x-rays optimized for wet gas

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Not applicable. 
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention relates generally to the field of measurement of fluid properties using x-ray radiation. More particularly, the invention relates to x-ray radiation methods and apparatus for determining fluid phase fractions of multiple phase fluids wherein gas comprises a majority of the fluid under examination. 
     2. Background Art 
     Wellbores are drilled through subsurface Earth formations for the purpose of extracting useful fluids from the subsurface formations, such as petroleum. Typically, when formation fluid is extracted from the formations and is moved into a wellbore, it consists of a mixture of various fractions of oil, gas, and water. Certain well operations, for example, include pumping fluid such as water, natural gas or carbon dioxide into a wellbore drilled through the same formations and adjacent to a fluid-producing wellbore to help force formation fluid from the formations into the fluid-producing wellbore. A phase fraction meter is useful in such instances to dispose in the fluid-producing wellbore to show when unwanted fluids, such as water, carbon dioxide or natural gas are being extracted from a particular subsurface formation along with the desired fluid, such as oil. Information concerning the fractional volume of particular fluids being extracted from a wellbore is also useful in optimizing the production of fluid from a subsurface reservoir. The gas to liquid ratio, and the oil to water ratio, for example, are important and constant monitoring of such ratios can assist in determining the best utilization of a reservoir. 
     Additionally, fluid that is high fractional volume of water will be of less monetary worth than fluid having a high fractional volume other components, such as gas and oil. By determining the fractional volumes of each of gas, oil and water early in the process of extracting fluid from a reservoir, it is possible to estimate the economic value of any given operation affecting fluid production from a subsurface reservoir. By testing fluid when delivered from an unknown source, it is also possible for a buyer of produced fluids to determine if the fluid fractions represented by the fluid producer are what are in fact being provided by the fluid producer. 
     One approach for determining fluid fractional composition known in the art includes a separator or a large tank used to physically store some amount of fluid extracted from a well. Segregating the various fluid components is performed in the tank through a gravity-based process. Such process requires stable conditions inside the separator, and the results may take an extended period of time to obtain. The required degree of condition stability may be difficult or even impossible to obtain, and because of the extended time needed to obtain fluid component separation such technique may create an obstacle to economic recovery of hydrocarbons because flow from the wellbore must be stopped during the testing process. Separator-based systems can also provide erroneous results when there is some commingling of the various fluid components (“phases”). Additionally, viscous fluids such as heavy oil make accurate separation and testing difficult. 
     Other systems known in the art may allow for substantially “real-time” phase fraction determination using a radiation source and detector. Such fractional composition measuring devices use chemical isotope radiation sources and may be deployed for long periods of time in unattended locations. The locations often are not secure and may encounter variable ambient environmental conditions. Security and environmental risks associated with chemical isotope radiation sources makes it desirable to use non-chemical radiation sources for fluid fractional composition measuring devices. Electrical radiation generators would alleviate some of the foregoing concerns, but most electrical radiation generators (such as x-ray generators) have radiation output that is related to the degree of accuracy with which actuation voltage and target current can be controlled. As a result there are certain benefits to the use of chemical sources. Specifically, the change of their output radiation over time is stable, enabling such sources to provide a highly predictable radiation flux. 
     An example of using an electrically powered x-ray generator for fractional fluid volume composition determination is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,540 issued to Stephenson et al. and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The device described in the Stephenson et al. &#39;540 patent is a system for imparting a spectrum of photon radiation through a fluid sample and determining a fluid fraction by analysis of detected radiation after it has passed through the fluid sample. 
     Another device is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/425,285 filed on Jun. 20, 2006, entitled, “HIGH PERFORMANCE X-RAY MULTIPHASE FRACTION METER” and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. Such device includes an x-ray generator with a special filter disposed in the output of the x-ray generator. Filtered x-rays from the generator are detected both at a reference detector, which is essentially disposed directly in the radiation output of the generator, and a measurement detector, which is disposed along a radiation path through a chamber in which a sample of the fluid under analysis is disposed. Fractional volumes of three different phases, gas, oil and water may be determined by analysis of the radiation detected by the measurement detector. Measurements from the reference detector are used to automatically control various operating parameters of the x-ray generator so that analysis of the measurement detector signal is relatively unaffected by changes in x-ray generator output. The system disclosed in the foregoing patent application is susceptible to improvement in accuracy under conditions that include high fractional volume of gas, e.g., 90 percent or more gas volume fraction, in the fluid being examined. Accordingly, it is desirable to have a multiple phase fluid fraction analysis device that has improved accuracy under conditions of high fractional volume of gas. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An apparatus for determining fractional amounts of each phase of a multiple phase fluid includes an x-ray generator. A sample chamber is configured to admit therein a sample of fluid for analysis. The chamber is disposed in a radiation path output from the generator. A filter is disposed in the radiation path between the output of the generator and the radiation input of the sample chamber. A first radiation detector is positioned in a radiation path from the sample chamber after radiation has passed through the sample chamber. A thickness and a material of the filter are selected to optimize resolution of radiation detected by the first detector to changes in volume fraction of oil and water in the fluid sample when a gas fraction thereof is between about 90 to 100 percent. 
     A method for determining volume fraction of selected components of a fluid according to another aspect of the invention includes generating x-rays by accelerating electrons into a target material. The acceleration of electrons is controlled and the generated x-rays are filtered such that the filtered x-rays have a predetermined energy spectrum optimized to resolve volume fractions of oil and water disposed in gas, wherein a volume fraction of the gas is between about 90 and 100 percent. The filtered x-rays are passed through a sample of the fluid. X-rays within selected energy ranges that have passed through the fluid sample are detected. Fractional volumes of gas, oil and water are determined from the detected x-rays. 
     Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows an example fluid analysis device. 
         FIG. 1A  shows another example fluid analysis device. 
         FIG. 2  shows a graph of sensitivity of an instrument to oil and water liquid fractions as a function of energy of radiation used to make measurements. 
         FIG. 3  shows a graph of detector counting rate ratios for various thicknesses of radiation filter for various x-ray target voltages. 
         FIG. 4  shows a graph of detector counting rates for various thicknesses of radiation filter for various x-ray target voltages. 
         FIG. 5  shows an example x-ray energy spectrum produced by filtering x-rays and operating an x-ray generator at a selected target voltage. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A device according to various aspects of the invention may be used within a wellbore drilled through subsurface Earth formations. The device according to the invention may also be used to monitor oil/gas well effluents, and may be situated on the Earth&#39;s surface, either at the bottom of the sea on a submersible structure, or on an offshore platform, or on land. When used in wellbores, such device may be conveyed by armored electrical cable (“wireline”), in a “string” of drill pipe or tubing, by coiled tubing, by slickline, or by any other conveyance mechanism known in the art. A device according to the invention may also be permanently emplaced in a wellbore. Accordingly, the device is described without regard to its manner of disposition, its place of disposition or any means of conveyance as the foregoing are not limitations on the scope of the present invention. 
     An example device for analyzing fluid phase fractional volumes in a multiple phase fluid, particularly wherein the fluid includes a high fractional volume of gas (for example, 90 percent or more) is shown schematically in  FIG. 1 . The device  10  includes a chamber  12  that may be placed in a fluid flow stream, such as on the wellhead of a borehole drilled through subsurface Earth formations. The chamber  12  may be made such that the fluid disposed therein is at ambient pressure of the fluid flow stream. Other components of the device  10  disposed laterally adjacent to the chamber  12  may be enclosed in various housings (not shown) so as to be maintained at surface atmospheric pressure, as is ordinarily the case for certain types of instruments placed in a fluid flow stream. The chamber  12  is shown in  FIG. 1  as being cylindrical, however the particular shape of the chamber  12  is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, a “venturi” type chamber, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,786 issued to Groves et al. and assigned to the assignee of the present invention, may be used in some examples. In such examples, it may be possible to calculate a volumetric flow rate of each phase of the fluid sample being analyzed by measuring pressure drop within the venturi and determining the volume fraction of each phase in a manner such as will be explained below. By determining pressure drop and fluid phase volume fraction of each phase, the flow rate of each phase may be determined using techniques known in the art. 
     Samples of fluid to be analyzed generally pass through the chamber  12  where they are exposed to x-rays (γ) generated by an x-ray generator  20  forming part of the device  10 . X-rays passing through the fluid sample are detected by a measurement detector  16 , the output of which is used to characterize the sample of fluid passing through the chamber  12 . Operation of the x-ray generator  20  and the measurement detector  16  will be further explained below. 
     A radiation transparent window  14 ,  14 A may be disposed on laterally opposite sides of the chamber  12  so as to define a radiation path having an inlet into the chamber  12  and an outlet from the chamber  12 . The windows  14 ,  14 B may be made from a material, for example boron carbide (B 4 C), that will transmit photons having selected energy therethrough while attenuating the radiation by at most a selected amount. The material is preferably able to withstand fluid pressure in the flowline as well as being able to transmit radiation as explained above. In the present example, the windows  14 ,  14 A may each be about 4 mm thickness, such that x-ray energy photon radiation having energy in a range of between about 18 to 60 keV (thousand electron volts) will be attenuated by both the windows  14 ,  14 A at most by about 90 percent. Thus, the intensity of the x-ray energy photon radiation applied to the exterior (away from the chamber  12 ) face of one window ( 14 A in  FIG. 1 ) is reduced by at most about 90 percent by the time it reaches the outer face of the opposite window ( 14  in  FIG. 1 ) when the chamber  12  is empty. The thickness of the windows  14 ,  14 A may be selected to resist failure to a selected hydrostatic pressure. In the present example the windows  14 ,  14 A may resist external pressure up to 15,000 pounds per square inch. 
     The measurement detector  16  may be coupled to or otherwise disposed proximate to the exterior face of the opposite window  14  and as explained above is arranged to detect radiation after it passes through any material (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) disposed within the chamber  12 . The measurement detector  16  may be a scintillation counter including a scintillation crystal  16 A coupled to a photomultiplier  16 B. As is known in the art, radiation entering the crystal  16 A will cause the crystal to produce flashes of light, the amplitude of which is proportional to the energy of the entering radiation. In some examples, the scintillation crystal  16 A may include an energy calibration source (“seed source”—not shown) therein. Such seed source may be used to enable calibration of the output of the measurement detector  16  so that the absolute energy level of entering x-ray and other photons is determinable. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,463 issued to Wraight et al. and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. One non-limiting example of such a calibration source is the isotope Cesium 137, which emits monochromatic gamma rays at an energy level of about 662 keV. In some examples, the measurement detector may include ancillary devices configured to maintain stability of detection with respect to intensity and energy level of incoming radiation. One such detector and ancillary devices is described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2001/096902 filed by Perciot et al. Such detector used in the device  10  may provide the advantage of higher accuracy than examples of the device  10  using other types of radiation detector because of the very high stability offered by the disclosed detector. 
     Radiation to make the measurements for characterizing fluid in the chamber  12  may be provided by the x-ray generator  20 . The x-ray generator  20  may include a thermally actuated cathode  20 B made from a material that is susceptible to emission of electrons (e − ) when heated. The source of heat in the x-ray generator  20  may be a resistance type heater  20 A. Electrons emitted by the cathode  20 B may be maintained at a high negative voltage relative to a target anode  20 C, such that the electrons emitted by the cathode  20 B are attracted to and strike the target anode  20 C. In such examples, the target anode is at ground potential. A possible advantage of such configuration is elimination of the need to electrically isolate the target from the exterior of the generator, thus simplifying construction and increasing reliability of the generator. In the present example, the target anode  20 C (or simply “target”) may be made from metallic gold foil, having thickness selected to substantially stop passage therethrough of electrons having energy less than about 100 keV, but enabling relatively free transmission of x-rays having energy above about 10 keV. The target end of the x-ray generator  20  may include suitable shielding (not shown separately) so that x-rays may reach the measurement detector  16  and a reference detector  18  essentially only along direct travel paths as shown in  FIG. 1 . A filter  20 D is disposed proximate the face of the target  20 C opposed to the face exposed to electrons from the cathode  20 B. The function and structure of the filter  20 D will be further explained below. Although not shown in  FIG. 1 , the foregoing components of the x-ray generator  20  are typically disposed in an evacuated housing. An x-ray output through the wall of such housing (not shown), typically proximate the target  20 C and the filter  20 D, may be made through a radiation transparent, pressure resistant window (not shown) such as can be made from beryllium. One example of such a window may be a beryllium plate or disk having thickness of about 0.25 mm. Some of the x-rays emanating from the x-ray generator  20  may travel directly to a reference detector  18  disposed proximate the x-ray generator  20 . The reference detector  18  may be a scintillation counter, similar in structure to the measurement detector  16 , and may include a scintillation crystal  18 B and a photomultiplier  18 A. In some examples, the reference detector crystal  18 B may include a seed source (not shown) as explained above. In other examples, the reference detector  18  may be similar in structure to the detector disclosed in the International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2001/096902 filed by Perciot et al. set forth above. 
     Output of each photomultiplier  16 B,  18 B may be coupled to a multichannel pulse height analyzer (“MCA”)  22  disposed within or proximate to the other components of the device  10 . The MCA  22  may generate a digital bit or count, or similar signal corresponding to each electrical pulse from each photomultiplier  16 B,  18 B having a selected amplitude, or having amplitude within a selected amplitude range. Thus an output of the MCA  22  may include numbers of counts for each of a selected number of energy “windows” (ranges) detected by each detector  16 ,  18  within selected time intervals. The counts from the MCA  22  may be coupled to a controller  24 , which may be any microprocessor based device, for analysis as will be further explained below. 
     A high voltage controller  26  may provide actuation voltage for each of the photomultipliers  16 B,  18 B and the target  20 C. In the present example, the cathode  20 A,  20 B may be maintained at high voltage, and the target  20 C maintained at ground potential. The high voltage controller  26  may operate under control of the controller  24  so that a selected voltage is applied to each of the photomultipliers  16 B,  18 B and the target  20 C at all times. The controller  24  may also provide a control signal to the heater  20 A to adjust its output so that an electrical current flowing through the generator  20  to the target  20 C (called “beam current”) is maintained at a selected value for any selected value of high voltage applied to the target  20 C. The manner of controlling the beam current and target voltages will be further explained below. In other examples, a separate high voltage controller may be used for the photomultipliers  16 B,  18 B and the x-ray generator  20 . 
     Another example is shown in  FIG. 1A . Sample fluid flows through a channel  505  in a sample cell  506  which in the present example can be a venturi chamber. In response to input high voltage, an x-ray generator  502  creates radiation that is passed through a filter  504 . The filtered radiation can then travel along two paths. Note that for optimal performance, the x-ray generator  502  may be positioned symmetrically with respect to the two paths so that the effect of the filter  504  on the radiation traversing the two paths is as nearly identical as possible. A first path  516  is a measurement path where radiation is passed through the sample cell  506  and fluid in the channel  505  therein and on to the measurement detector  508 . The second path  514  is a reference path where radiation is passed directly from the x-ray generator  502  to the reference detector  510 . In one example, the outputs of the two radiation detectors  508 ,  510  are routed to a control and acquisition system  512 , which is also connected to the x-ray generator  502  via a cable or wireline  513 . Information from the detectors is forwarded from the acquisition system along a cable or wireline  517  to an analysis unit  518 . 
     In examples of a device for determining phase composition of “wet gas” mixtures, that is, mixtures of natural gas including at most about 10 percent brine and/or liquid hydrocarbon, a thickness and composition of the filter  20 D, an operating voltage for the x-ray generator  20  (applied between the cathode  20 B and the target  20 C) and a beam current in the x-ray generator  20  are selected such that a resolution of the device  10  is optimized with respect to changes in composition of the liquid phase components of such a wet gas mixture. 
     The following conditions are related to the thickness and composition of the filter  20 D and the target current and target voltage (cathode). First, in the present example, the target  20 C is a 5 micron thick gold foil. Such thickness and composition of foil produce a Brehmsstralung x-ray radiation spectrum that has been determined to be suitable for purposes of the invention. The filter  20 D is selected so that the energy spectrum of x-rays entering the chamber  12  through the entry window  14 A includes two, distinct energy peaks (local maxima of numbers of photons at each of two distinct energy levels), defined herein as a low energy (“LE”) peak and a high energy (“HE”) peak. Preferably, the LE peak is as low as practical to enhance sensitivity of the measurements to discriminate between oil and water. 
     It has been determined through numerical simulation of response of a device such as the one shown in  FIG. 1  that a mixture of 10 percent oil in 90 percent gas, at a pressure of 5,000 pounds per square inch and a temperature of 100 degrees C. will have a maximum x-ray attenuation contrast as compared with a mixture of 10 percent water in 90 percent gas under the same pressure and temperature conditions at an x-ray energy of about 18 keV. A graph showing difference between absorption response with water as the liquid phase and oil as the liquid phase is shown in  FIG. 2 . One characteristic of the filter  20 D therefore, is to have relatively high energy absorption for photons only above about 18-20 keV. Examples of materials having a “K-absorption edge” at a suitable value are shown in Table 1 below. “K-absorption edge” refers to the threshold energy required to energize electrons in the K-shell orbit about the atomic nucleus so that the electrons are ejected from the atom. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 X-ray Absorption Edges 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Element 
                 K Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Y 
                 17.0384 
               
               
                   
                 Zr 
                 17.9976 
               
               
                   
                 Nb 
                 18.9856 
               
               
                   
                 Mo 
                 19.9995 
               
               
                   
                 Tc 
                 21.0440 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the foregoing simulation, it has been determined that a suitable material for the filter  20 D can be an element having atomic number (Z) in a range of about 38 to 45 or mixtures of such elements. In the example, the filter  20 D can be made from molybdenum. Molybdenum (Mo) has a characteristic x-ray absorption “edge” at 19.9995 keV. By using such a filter, energy above the absorption edge is substantially attenuated from the Brehmsstralung x-ray energy spectrum above the absorption edge until the x-ray energy is closer to the Brehmsstralung endpoint energy. 
     Having selected a suitable filter material, the thickness thereof and operating voltage that may be used in some examples was determined by simulation of a device such as shown in  FIG. 1 .  FIG. 3  shows a graph of simulated counting rate ratios (ratios of counts detected in the HE window with respect to counts detected in the LE window) for various filter thicknesses and x-ray generator target voltages at curves  30  through  48 . Filter thickness ranges from 50 microns (curve  30 ) to 500 microns (curve  48 ). A ratio of count rates of x-rays having energy around the HE peak and around the LE peak may be in the range from about 10 to 1. It has been determined from such numerical simulation that a practical range for target voltage is about 40 to 50 kV. 
     It is believed that a total count rate (HE plus LE) should be at least 1×10 4  counts per second per microampere of electron beam current. For an x-ray generator operating voltage in the range of about 40 to 50 kV, the maximum filter thickness is believed to be about 0.25 mm (250 microns). A graph of total counting rate with respect to various target voltages and various Mo filter thicknesses is shown by curves  50  through  68  in  FIG. 4 . Based on the foregoing analysis, a target voltage in some examples may be about 47 kV for a Mo filter thickness of about 250 microns. 
       FIG. 5  shows a graph of a photon energy spectrum with detector resolution broadening for an x-ray generator operating at 47 kV, with an empty chamber having 4 mm thick B 4 C windows (see  14  and  14 A in  FIG. 1 , representing a total B 4 C thickness of 8 mm) and a 0.0250 cm thick filter made from molybdenum. 
     The mean energies of the LE and HE peaks are 18.6 and 41.5 keV respectively. Thus, two well defined energy peaks with a small radiation flux at intermediate energies can be created from a Brehmsstralung x-ray spectrum by suitable selection of filter material, filter thickness and x-ray generator operating voltage. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , in the present example, the controller  24  may be programmed to count numbers of photons detected by the reference detector  18  in a HE “window” and a LE “window” during selected time intervals. The HE window and the LE window may be a predetermined range of contiguous MCA channels (each such range generally centered around the HE peak and the LE peak, respectively, for the HE and LE windows) or other selected channels of the channel range of the MCA  22 . In some examples, the LE window may be configured such that counts corresponding to x-ray energy between about 10 to 30 keV will cumulate to the LE window. The HE window may be configured such that counts corresponding to x-ray energy between about 30 to 55 keV cumulate to the HE window. 
     For each such time interval, or for selected time intervals, a ratio of HE window counts to LE window counts may be calculated in the controller  24  for the output of the reference detector  18 . Any change in the calculated ratio may be used to adjust the output of the high voltage controller  26  to the x-ray generator  20 . It has been determined that the change in calculated HE to LE count rate ratio is linearly related to the voltage applied to the x-ray generator  20  for small variations from the nominal operating voltage. In one example, the change in calculated ratio is used to adjust the voltage to maintain a substantially constant ratio of HE window counts to LE window counts measured by the reference detector  18 . In addition, the change in the sum of the HE and LE count rate can be used to adjust the x-ray tube electron beam current to maintain substantially constant sum of HE and LE window counts measured by the reference detector  18 . 
     To compensate for any changes in total x-ray photon output of the x-ray generator  20 , in making measurements using the device shown in  FIG. 1 , counts measured in each of a selected number of time intervals for each of the HE window and the LE window by the measurement detector  16  are normalized by the counts in each of the HE and LE windows from the reference detector  18  during the same time intervals. 
     In order to determine the phase fractions of oil, gas, and water in a sample of fluid, counts from the measurement detector  16  from the HE window and the LE window in selected time intervals are processed as follows. The HE window count measurements correspond to the following equation:
 
 I   M     H     =I   M     H     (0)   e   −[μ     o     (H)dα     o     +μ     w     (H)dα     w     +μ     g     (H)dα     g     ] 
 
     where I M     H    represents the number of HE counts detected by the measurement detector  16 , I M     H     (0)  represents the number of HE counts when the radiation is passed through the chamber  12  when it is empty, d represents the diameter (photon path length) of the sample cell, α o  represents the fluid phase fraction of oil, α w  represent the fluid phase fraction of water, and α g  represent the fluid phase fraction of gas. μ o (H), μ w (H) and μ g (H) represent the linear attenuation of the oil, water and gas phases respectively for the HE window. These values are dependent upon the energy of the X-rays, the composition and density of the oil, water and gas phases. These fractions are the subject of interest. The LE window count measurements correspond to the following equation:
 
 I   M     L     =I   M     L     (0)   e   −[     o     μ(L)dα     o     +μ     w     (L)dα     w     +μ     g     (L)dα     g     ] 
 
     where I M     L    represents the number of LE counts detected by the measurement detector  16  and I M     L     (0)  represent the number of low energy counts when the radiation is passed through the empty sample chamber  12 . μ o (L), μ w (L) and μ g (L) are different coefficients for the LE window. Both of the foregoing equations can be rearranged to provide the following: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     for the LE window measurements. A further equation is needed to solve for the three fluid fractions. The sample fluids comprise oil, water, and gas, so it is also known that:
 
α o +α w +α g =1
 
     Using these three foregoing equations, the fluid fractions of oil, water, and gas can be determined based on the radiation passed through the sample that is detected in each of the LE window and HE window by the measurement detector. In analyzing fractional volumes of the above three constituent phases, certain assumptions are made with respect to density and composition of each phase. Density is readily determinable when temperature and pressure of the gas are known. Sensors (not shown in the figures) may be used in association with the device  10  to determine pressure and temperature for determining gas density. 
     It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the above analysis relies solely on counts from the measurement detector  16  to determine the volume fractions of various phases in a fluid sample. It is possible, given a sufficiently stable type of measurement detector and x-ray generator, to use only the measurement detector for such volume fraction determination. Practical examples of a device, however, may benefit from the use of a reference detector as explained herein. 
     A fluid phase fraction analysis device according to the various aspects of the invention may provide improved accuracy when used in fluids having high fractional volume of gas (e.g., 90 percent or more) than devices known in the art. 
     While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.