Patent Publication Number: US-2023142732-A1

Title: Semiconductor device manufacturing method

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0152838 filed on Nov. 9, 2021 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field of the Disclosure 
     The present disclosure relates to methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices, specifically, methods for manufacturing a semiconductor device using vapor deposition and desorption. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     There is increased demand for semiconductor devices with enhanced functionality. In order to meet performance and price requirements of consumers, the degree of integration and miniaturization of semiconductor elements has increased. The significance of electrically separating integrated elements has also increased with the increase in integration and miniaturization. 
     SUMMARY 
     Aspects of the present inventive concept provide methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices using selective vapor deposition and selective desorption. 
     However, aspects of the present inventive concept are not restricted to the one set forth herein. The above and other aspects of the present inventive concept will become more apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present inventive concept pertains by referencing the detailed description of the present disclosure given below. 
     According to an aspect of the present inventive concept, there is provided a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising, providing a first layer having a first surface, forming a second layer on the first layer such that a portion of the first surface is not covered by the second layer, wherein the second layer has a second surface that meets the first surface, forming an inhibitor layer on the first surface and the second surface, selectively removing the inhibitor layer from the second surface to expose the second surface, and forming an interest layer on the second surface, wherein physical properties of the first layer are different from physical properties of the second layer. 
     According to another aspect of the present inventive concept, there is provided a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising, forming a gap fill insulating layer on a titanium nitride layer, etching the gap fill insulating layer to form a first gap fill insulating pattern and a second gap fill insulating pattern, the first gap fill insulating pattern including a first surface facing the second gap fill insulating pattern, and the second gap fill insulating pattern including a second surface facing the first surface, wherein the first gap fill insulating pattern and the second gap fill insulating pattern expose an upper surface of the titanium nitride layer, forming a first inhibitor layer on the upper surface of the titanium nitride layer, forming a second inhibitor layer on the first surface and the second surface, selectively removing the second inhibitor layer using a heat treatment process to expose the first surface and the second surface, and depositing an interest layer on the first surface and the second surface, wherein the interest layer exposes the first inhibitor layer. 
     According to another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, the method comprising, forming a first sheet pattern on a first region of the substrate, forming a second sheet pattern on a second region of the substrate, forming a work function metal layer on the substrate, wherein the work function metal layer extends around the first sheet pattern and the second sheet pattern, forming a sacrificial layer on the first and second sheet patterns, forming a trench that penetrates the sacrificial layer between the first sheet pattern and the second sheet pattern, wherein the trench exposes a portion of the work function metal layer, forming an inhibitor layer on a bottom surface and a side surface of the trench, performing a heat treatment process to selectively remove the inhibitor layer on the side surface of the trench, and selectively forming an interest layer on the side surface of the trench, wherein the work function metal layer includes titanium nitride. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects and features of the present inventive concept will become more apparent by describing in detail example embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a flowchart for explaining methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices according to some example embodiments. 
         FIGS.  2  to  6    are intermediate views for explaining methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices according to some example embodiments. 
         FIGS.  7   a  and  7   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing a first surface and a second surface, as defined herein, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before treatment of the inhibitor layer. 
         FIGS.  8   a  and  8   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 1 minute. 
         FIGS.  9   a  and  9   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 3 minutes. 
         FIGS.  10   a  and  10   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after the heat treatment process proceeds for 1 minute. 
         FIGS.  11   a  and  11   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after the heat treatment process proceeds for 4 minutes. 
         FIG.  12    is a graph obtained by analyzing the first surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) when performing the acid treatment. 
         FIGS.  13  to  26    are intermediate views for explaining methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices according to some example embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices according to some example embodiments will be described referring to  FIGS.  1  to  6   . 
       FIG.  1    is an example flowchart for explaining methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices according to some embodiments.  FIGS.  2  to  6    are intermediate views for explaining methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices according to some example embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  2   , a first layer  10  and a second layer  20  may be provided (S 100 ). 
     The first layer  10  may be a titanium nitride layer. That is, the first layer  10  may include, for example, titanium nitride (TiN), an organic polymer, and a combination thereof. The second layer  20  may be a gap fill insulating layer. The second layer  20  may be, for example, but is not limited to, a dry etch resistance layer or a wet etch resistance layer. 
     The second layer  20  is formed on an upper surface  10 US of the first layer  10 . A part of the upper surface  10 US of the first layer  10  comes into contact with the second layer  20 , and the other part of the upper surface  10 US of the first layer  10  may be exposed by the second layer  20 , as illustrated in  FIG.  2   . For example, the second layer  20  may include a first sub-layer  21  and a second sub-layer  22 . Although not shown, the first sub-layer  21  and the second sub-layer  22  may be formed by etching the second layer  20  in a second direction D 2 . The first sub-layer  21  may be a first gap fill insulating pattern, and the second sub-layer  22  may be a second gap fill insulating pattern. 
     The first sub-layer  21  and the second sub-layer  22  may be spaced apart from each other in a first direction D 1 . The upper surface  10 US of the first layer  10  may be exposed in a space in which the first sub-layer  21  and the second sub-layer  22  are spaced apart from each other. Hereinafter, the exposed upper surface  10 US of the first layer  10  is defined as a first surface. The first sub-layer  21  includes a first surface  21 SS. The first surface  21 SS of the first sub-layer  21  may face the second sub-layer  22 . The second sub-layer  22  includes a second surface  22 SS. The second surface  22 SS of the second sub-layer  22  may face the first sub-layer  21 . That is, the first surface  21 SS of the first sub-layer  21  and the second surface  22 SS of the second sub-layer  22  may face each other. Hereinafter, the first surface  21 SS of the first sub-layer  21  and the second surface  22 SS of the second sub-layer  22  are defined as a second surface. 
     That is, the first surface  10 US may extend in the first direction D 1 , and the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS may extend in the second direction D 2 . The first direction D 1  and the second direction D 2  may intersect each other (i.e., are transverse to each other and contact each other, as illustrated in  FIG.  2   ). The first direction D 1  and the second direction D 2  may be substantially perpendicular to each other. 
     The first surface  10 US may include a hydroxy group or an amine group through a surface pretreatment process, for example, a dry etching process, a wet etching process, a wet cleaning process, or the like. Further, the first surface  10 US may include a metal or a combination of a metal and an organic polymer. For example, the first surface  10 US includes a combination of titanium nitride (TiN) and an organic polymer, and may include a hydroxyl group or an amine group through the dry etching process, the wet etching process, the wet cleaning process, or the like. 
     The second layer  20  may include an acid precursor. When a stimulus such as heat, light, and an electromagnetic wave is applied to the second layer  20 , the second layer  20  may emit acid or hydrogen cation. The second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS may include a hydroxy group or an amine group through a surface pretreatment process, for example, a dry etching process, a wet etching process, a wet cleaning process, or the like. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  3   , an inhibitor layer  30  may be formed on the first surface  10 US of the first layer  10  and the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS of the second layer  20  (S 200 ). 
     The inhibitor layer  30  may be conformally formed on the first surface  10 US of the first layer  10  and the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS of the second layer  20 , but is not limited thereto. The formation of the inhibitor layer  30  may be performed under temperature conditions of from about 80° C. to about 240° C. The formation time of the inhibitor layer  30  may take a minimum of about 1 minute to a maximum of about 20 minutes. However, the present inventive concept is not limited thereto, and the temperature for forming the inhibitor layer  30  and the time for forming the inhibitor layer  30  may vary depending on the process conditions and circumstances. 
     The inhibitor layer  30  may include a first inhibitor layer  31  and a second inhibitor layer  32 . The first inhibitor layer  31  may be formed on the first surface  10 US. The first inhibitor layer  31  may extend in the first direction D 1  along the first surface  10 US. The second inhibitor layer  32  may be formed on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS. The second inhibitor layer  32  may extend in the second direction D 2  along the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS. 
     The inhibitor layer  30  may include a material that is dissociated by acid or hydrogen cation. The inhibitor layer  30  may include a protecting group that is dissociated by acid. For example, the inhibitor layer  30  may include, but is not limited to, a trimethylsilyl group. The inhibitor layer  30  may include an ester group or an ether group. 
     The inhibitor layer  30  is, for example, at least one of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), trimethylsilyldiethylamine, bis(N,N-dimethylamino)dimethylsilane, trimethylsilyldimethylamine, bis(trimethylsilyl)hydrazine, and trimethylchlorosilane. 
     The inhibitor layer  30  may be formed to have a very thin thickness. For example, the thickness of the inhibitor layer  30  may be about 20 angstroms (Å) or less. Preferably, the thickness of the inhibitor layer  30  may be about 10 angstroms (Å) or less. For example, a width of the first inhibitor layer  31  in the second direction D 2  may be about 10 angstroms (Å) or less. A width of the second inhibitor layer  32  in the first direction D 1  may be about 10 angstroms (Å) or less. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  4   , the inhibitor layer on the second surface may be selectively removed (S 300 ). 
     The inhibitor layer  30  on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS may be selectively removed through a heat treatment process. Specifically, the second inhibitor layer  32  may be selectively removed. The first inhibitor layer  31  may not be removed while the second inhibitor layer  32  is being removed. The inhibitor layer  30  on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS may be removed to expose the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS again. 
     The heat treatment process may be performed at a temperature of from about 150° C. to about 250° C. The heat treatment process may proceed for a time of from about 1 minute to about 3 minutes. When the inhibitor layer  30  is subjected to the heat treatment process, the first inhibitor layer  31  on the first surface  10 US is not removed, and the second inhibitor layer  32  on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS may be removed. Only the second inhibitor layer  32  may be selectively removed due to the different physical characteristics of the first layer  10  and the second layer  20 . 
     For example, when the heat treatment process is performed, hydrogen cations (H + ) are emitted in the second layer  20 . The emitted hydrogen cations may react with the second inhibitor layer  32  on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS. Since the second inhibitor layer  32  includes a material that is dissociated by an acid, the second inhibitor layer  32  may be dissociated when the second inhibitor layer  32  reacts with hydrogen cations. On the other hand, even if the heat treatment process is performed, hydrogen cations are not generated in the first layer  10 . Therefore, the first inhibitor layer  31  on the first surface  10 US of the first layer  10  does not react with hydrogen cations. As a result, the first inhibitor layer  31  is not removed. 
     In some embodiments, the upper surface of the first inhibitor layer  31  may not be flat after the second inhibitor layer  32  is removed. For example, the upper surface of the first inhibitor layer  31  may be concave with respect to the first layer  10 . As a part of the first inhibitor layer  31  that is in contact with the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS is removed, the upper surface of the first inhibitor layer  31  may not be flat. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  5   , an interest layer may be deposited on the second surface (S 400 ). 
     The interest layer  40  may be deposited on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS. The interest layer  40  may be deposited using, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The interest layer  40  may include a first interest layer  41  and a second interest layer  42 . The first interest layer  41  may be deposited on the first surface  21 SS of the first sub-layer  21 . The second interest layer  42  may be deposited on the second surface  22 SS of the second sub-layer  22 . 
     The interest layer  40  may include an organic material and an inorganic material. For example, the interest layer  40  may include, but is not limited to, silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) or aluminum oxide (AlO). 
     Referring to  FIGS.  1  and  6   , the inhibitor layer on the first surface may be removed (S 500 ). 
     For example, the first inhibitor layer  31  on the first surface  10 US may be removed. The first inhibitor layer  31  may be removed using an acid treatment process. As mentioned above, the first inhibitor layer  31  includes a material that may be dissociated by acid or hydrogen cation. Therefore, when the hydrogen cation is supplied to the first inhibitor layer  31 , the first inhibitor layer  31  may be removed. 
     In some embodiments, as the first inhibitor layer  31  is removed, an empty space may be generated between the interest layer  40  and the first surface  10 US, as illustrated in  FIG.  6   . That is, the first surface  10 US and the interest layer  40  may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D 2 . The first interest layer  41  is spaced apart from the first surface  10 US in the second direction D 2 , and the second interest layer  42  is spaced apart from the first surface  10 US in the second direction D 2 , as illustrated in  FIG.  6   . 
     As mentioned above, the inhibitor layer  30  may be formed to have a very thin thickness. For example, the thickness of the first inhibitor layer  31  in the second direction D 2  may be about 10 angstroms (Å) or less. When the thickness of the first inhibitor layer  31  in the second direction D 2  is thin, the empty space between the interest layer  40  and the first surface  10 US may be narrowed. In this case, because less etchant penetrates between the empty spaces when performing the subsequent process, a semiconductor device having improved reliability can be manufactured. 
     Hereinafter, experimental data of the semiconductor manufacturing method according to some embodiments will be described referring to  FIGS.  7   a    to  12 . For reference, the first layer ( 10  of  FIG.  2   ) includes titanium nitride, the second layer ( 20  of  FIG.  2   ) includes a gap fill insulating material, and the inhibitory layer ( 30  of  FIG.  3   ) includes hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). 
       FIGS.  7   a  and  7   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing a first surface and a second surface, as defined above, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before treatment of the inhibitor layer. 
     The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique for analyzing a surface of a sample to be analyzed, and is an analytical method based on the theory of the photoelectric effect. A sample to be analyzed is irradiated with soft X-rays corresponding to energy of tens to thousands of eV having a relatively long wavelength among X-rays. In this case, strongly bonded core level electrons or weakly bonded valance level electrons are emitted from the surface layer atoms forming the assay sample. 
     The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons. In order for photoelectrons to be emitted, there is a need for a binding energy of electrons and a kinetic energy that may exceed a work function. The binding energy of the electrons of the sample to be analyzed may be derived by measuring the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons. Since the binding energy is an intrinsic energy of the element, the element of the analysis sample may be analyzed. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  2 ,  7     a  and  7   b , the inhibitor layer is not placed on the first surface  10 US and the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS before the inhibitor layer is treated. That is, silicon (Si) does not exist on the first surface  10 US and the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS. 
     In the graphs of  FIGS.  7   a  and  7   b   , an x-axis represents the binding energy of the element, and a y-axis represents a binding intensity. A strong binding intensity means that the number of bonds corresponding to that energy is large. 
     The binding energy of silicon is about 100 eV to about 105 eV. Therefore, if the element has a strong binding intensity in the binding energy range of about 100 eV to about 105 eV, it may mean that the sample to be analyzed has a large number of silicon bonds. 
     In  FIGS.  7   a  and  7   b   , the binding intensity in the range of about 100 eV to about 106 eV is not strong. This shows that there is no silicon on the first and second surfaces before the inhibitor layer is treated. 
       FIGS.  8   a  and  8   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 1 minute. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  3  and  8     a , when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 1 minute, the inhibitor layer  30  is formed on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS. The second inhibitor layer  32  is formed on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS. 
     In  FIG.  8   a   , the binding intensity is strongly exhibited at a binding energy of about 105 eV. That is, it may be understood that when performing the inhibitor layer treatment on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS for 1 minute, the number of silicon bonds on the second surfaces  21 SS and  22 SS increases. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  3  and  8     b , the inhibitor layer  30  is formed on the first surface  10 US when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 1 minute. The first inhibitor layer  31  is formed on the first surface  10 US. 
     In  FIG.  8   b   , the binding intensity is strongly exhibited at a binding energy of about 101 eV. That is, it may be understood that the number of silicon bonds on the first surface  10 US increases when performing the inhibitor layer treatment on the first surface  10 US for 1 minute. 
       FIGS.  9   a  and  9   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 3 minutes. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  8   a  and  9   a   , it may be understood that the binding intensity at a binding energy of about 105 eV when performing the inhibitor layer treatment on the second surface for 3 minutes increases compared to the binding intensity at the binding energy of about 105 eV when performing the inhibitor layer treatment on the second surface for 1 minute. 
     Specifically, when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 1 minute, the binding intensity at the binding energy of 105 eV is about 5.35, and when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 3 minutes, the binding intensity at the binding energy of 105 eV is about 5.6. That is, the longer the inhibitor layer treatment time is, the greater the number of silicon bonds on the second surface is. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  8   b  and  9   b   , it may be understood that the binding intensity at a binding energy of about 101 eV when performing the inhibitor layer treatment on the first surface for 3 minutes increases compared to the binding intensity at the binding energy of about 101 eV when performing the inhibitor layer treatment on the first surface for 1 minute. 
     Specifically, when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 1 minute, the binding intensity at the binding energy of 101 eV is about 3.2, and when the inhibitor layer treatment proceeds for 3 minutes, the binding intensity at the binding energy of 101 eV is about 3.3. That is, the longer the inhibitor layer treatment time is, the larger the number of silicon bonds on the first surface is. 
       FIGS.  10   a  and  10   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after the heat treatment process proceeds for 1 minute. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10   a   , when the heat treatment process proceeds on the second surface for 1 minute, the binding intensity at a binding energy of about 105 eV decreases. That is, when the heat treatment process on the second surface occurs for 1 minute, the inhibitor layer on the second surface is removed. 
     On the other hand, referring to  FIG.  10   b   , even if the heat treatment process on the first surface occurs for 1 minute, the binding intensity at the binding energy of 101 eV does not decrease. That is, even if the heat treatment process proceeds on the first surface for 1 minute, the inhibitor layer on the first surface is not removed. 
     In this way, when the heat treatment process is performed, the inhibitor layer on the first surface is not removed, and the inhibitor layer on the second surface may be selectively removed. As described above, this may be caused by a difference in physical properties in which when performing the heat treatment process, hydrogen cations are generated in the second layer, but hydrogen cations are not generated in the first layer. That is, the inhibitor layer on the second surface may be selectively removed by the difference in physical properties between the first layer and the second layer. 
       FIGS.  11   a  and  11   b    are graphs obtained by analyzing the first surface and the second surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after the heat treatment process proceeds for 4 minutes. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   a   , when the heat treatment process on the second surface occurs for 4 minutes, the binding intensity at the binding energy of 105 eV is weak. That is, most of the inhibitor layer on the second surface may be removed. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   b   , even if the heat treatment process on the first surface occurs for 4 minutes, the binding intensity at the binding energy of 101 eV is not weakened. That is, even if the heat treatment process on the first surface occurs for 4 minutes, the inhibitor layer on the first surface is not removed. 
     In some embodiments, the heat treatment process may occur for about 1 to 4 minutes to selectively remove the inhibitor layer on the second surface. 
       FIG.  12    is a graph obtained by analyzing the first surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) when performing the acid treatment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , when the acid treatment proceeds on the first surface, the binding intensity at a binding energy of about 101 eV is weakened. That is, when the acid treatment proceeds on the first surface, the inhibitor layer on the first surface may be removed. 
     As mentioned above, the inhibitor layer includes materials that are dissociated by acid or hydrogen cations. For example, the inhibitor layer includes HMDS. When supplying acid or hydrogen cation to HMDS, HMDS may be dissociated. 
     Hereinafter, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to some embodiments will be described. In the drawings relating to the semiconductor device to be described below, a transistor including nanowire or nanosheet, MBCFET (Multi-Bridge Channel Field Effect Transistor) are shown as an example, but the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. 
     A semiconductor device according to some embodiments may, of course, include a fin-type transistor (FinFET) including a channel region of a fin-type pattern shape, a tunneling transistor (tunneling FET) or a three-dimensional (3D) transistor. The semiconductor device according to some embodiments may, of course, include a planar transistor. In addition, the technical idea of the present disclosure may be applied to a transistor based on two-dimensional material (2D material based FETs) and a heterostructure thereof. 
     Further, the semiconductor device according to some embodiments may also include a bipolar junction transistor, a laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS), or the like. 
       FIGS.  13  to  26    are intermediate views for explaining methods for manufacturing semiconductor devices according to some embodiments of the present inventive concept. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , a substrate  100  is provided. The substrate  100  may include a first region I and a second region II. The first region I and the second region II may be regions adjacent to each other or may be regions spaced apart from each other. 
     The substrate  100  may be a silicon substrate or an SOI (silicon-on-insulator). In contrast, the substrate  100  may include, but is not limited to, silicon germanium, SGOI (silicon germanium on insulator), indium antimonide, lead tellurium compounds, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide or gallium antimonide. 
     Although not shown, the substrate  100  may include active regions and a field region. The field region may be formed between the active regions. That is, the active region may be separated by the field region. Alternatively, an element isolation film may be placed around the active region. A portion in which the element isolation film is placed may be the field region. 
     For example, a portion in which a channel region of a transistor, which may be an example of the semiconductor device, is formed may be the active region, and a portion that divides the channel region of the transistor formed in the active region may be a field region. Alternatively, the active region may be a portion in which nanosheets or nanowires used as the channel region of the transistor are formed, and the field region may be a region in which the nanosheets or nanowires used as the channel region are not formed. 
     In some embodiments, one of the first region I and the second region II may be a PMOS formation region and the other thereof may be an NMOS formation region. In another embodiment, the first region I and the second region II may both be the PMOS formation region. In another embodiment, the first region I and the second region II may both be the NMOS formation region. 
     A first active pattern AP 1  may be formed on the substrate  100  of the first region I. A second active pattern AP 2  may be formed on the substrate of the second region II. The portion in which the first active pattern AP 1  and the second active pattern AP 2  are formed may be the active region. 
     The first active pattern AP 1  may include a first lower pattern BP 1  and a plurality of first sheet patterns UP 1 . The second active pattern AP 2  may include a second lower pattern BP 2  and a plurality of second sheet patterns UP 2 . 
     The first lower pattern BP 1  and the second lower pattern BP 2  may protrude from the substrate  100  in the second direction D 2  and extend long in a third direction D 3 . The first lower pattern BP 1  and the second lower pattern BP 2  may be spaced apart from each other in the first direction D 1 . The first direction D 1 , the second direction D 2 , and the third direction D 3  may intersect each other. The first direction D 1 , the second direction D 2 , and the third direction D 3  may be substantially perpendicular to each other. 
     The first sheet pattern UP 1  may be formed on the first lower pattern BP 1 . The first sheet pattern UP 1  may be spaced apart from the first lower pattern BP 1  in the second direction D 2 . The first sheet pattern UP 1  may be at least one or more. Each first sheet pattern UP 1  may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D 2 . 
     The second sheet pattern UP 2  may be formed on the second lower pattern BP 2 . The second sheet pattern UP 2  may be spaced apart from the second lower pattern BP 2  in the second direction D 2 . The second sheet pattern UP 2  may be at least one or more. Each of the second sheet patterns UP 2  may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D 2 . 
     Although the three first sheet patterns UP 1  and second sheet patterns UP 2  are each shown, this is only for convenience of explanation, and the number thereof is not limited thereto. 
     Each of the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may be a part of the substrate  100 , and may include an epitaxial layer that is grown from the substrate  100 . The first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may include, for example, silicon or germanium, which are elemental semiconductor materials. Further, the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may include a compound semiconductor, and may include, for example, a group IV-IV compound semiconductor or a group III-V compound semiconductor. The group IV-IV compound semiconductor may include, for example, a binary compound or a ternary compound including at least two or more of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and tin (Sn), or a compound obtained by doping these elements with a group IV element. The group III-V compound semiconductor may be, for example, at least one of a binary compound, a ternary compound or a quaternary compound formed by combining at least one of aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga) and indium (In) as a group III element with one of phosphorus (P), arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) as a group V element. 
     In some embodiments, the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may include the same material. In other embodiments, the first and second active patterns AP 1  and AP 2  may include different materials from each other. 
     A field insulating film  105  may be formed between the first lower pattern BP 1  and the second lower pattern BP 2 . The portion in which the field insulating film  105  is formed may be the field region. The first lower pattern BP 1  and the second lower pattern BP 2  may be interposed between the field insulating films  105 . The field insulating film  105  may be formed on a part of the side surface of the first lower pattern BP 1  and a part of the side surface of the second lower pattern BP 2 . The first and second lower patterns BP 1  and BP 2  may each protrude upward from the upper surface of the field insulating film  105 . The field insulating film  105  may include, for example, an oxide film, a nitride film, an oxynitride film, or a combination film thereof. 
     A gate insulating film  130  may be formed. The gate insulating film  130  may be formed on the upper surface of the field insulating film  105 , the upper surface and a part of the side surface of the first lower pattern BP 1 , the upper surface and a part of the side surface of the second lower pattern BP 2 , the first sheet pattern UP 1  and the second sheet pattern UP 2 . The gate insulating film  130  may wrap around the first sheet pattern UP 1  and the second sheet pattern UP 2 . 
     The gate insulating film  130  may include silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride, or a high dielectric constant material having a higher dielectric constant than that of silicon oxide. The high dielectric constant material may include, for example, one or more of boron nitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium silicon oxide, hafnium aluminum oxide, lanthanum oxide, lanthanum aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zirconium silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, barium strontium titanium oxide, barium titanium oxide, strontium titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide, lead scandium tantalum oxide or lead zinc niobate. 
     The semiconductor device according to some embodiments may include an NC (Negative Capacitance) FET that uses a negative capacitor. For example, the gate insulating film  130  may include a ferroelectric material film having ferroelectric properties, and a paraelectric material film having paraelectric properties. 
     The ferroelectric material film may have a negative capacitance, and the paraelectric material film may have a positive capacitance. For example, if two or more capacitors are connected in series and the capacitance of each capacitor has a positive value, the overall capacitances decrease from the capacitance of each of the individual capacitors. On the other hand, if at least one of the capacitances of two or more capacitors connected in series has a negative value, the overall capacitance may be greater than an absolute value of each of the individual capacitances, while having a positive value. 
     When the ferroelectric material film having the negative capacitance and the paraelectric material film having the positive capacitance are connected in series, the overall capacitance value of the ferroelectric material film and the paraelectric material film connected in series may increase. By the use of the increased overall capacitance value, a transistor including the ferroelectric material film may have a subthreshold swing (SS) of less than 60 mV/decade at room temperature. 
     The ferroelectric material film may have ferroelectric properties. The ferroelectric material film may include, for example, at least one of hafnium oxide, hafnium zirconium oxide, barium strontium titanium oxide, barium titanium oxide, and lead zirconium titanium oxide. Here, as an example, the hafnium zirconium oxide may be a material obtained by doping hafnium oxide with zirconium (Zr). As another example, the hafnium zirconium oxide may be a compound of hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), and oxygen (O). 
     The ferroelectric material film may further include a doped dopant. For example, the dopant may include at least one of aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), lanthanum (La), yttrium (Y), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), gadolinium (Gd), germanium (Ge), scandium (Sc), strontium (Sr), and tin (Sn). The type of dopant included in the ferroelectric material film may vary, depending on which type of ferroelectric material is included in the ferroelectric material film. 
     When the ferroelectric material film includes hafnium oxide, the dopant included in the ferroelectric material film may include, for example, at least one of gadolinium (Gd), silicon (Si), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al), and yttrium (Y). 
     When the dopant is aluminum (Al), the ferroelectric material film may include about 3 to about 8 at % (atomic %) aluminum. Here, a ratio of the dopant may be a ratio of aluminum to the sum of hafnium and aluminum. 
     When the dopant is silicon (Si), the ferroelectric material film may include about 2 to about 10 at % silicon. When the dopant is yttrium (Y), the ferroelectric material film may include about 2 to about 10 at % yttrium. When the dopant is gadolinium (Gd), the ferroelectric material film may include about 1 to about 7 at % gadolinium. When the dopant is zirconium (Zr), the ferroelectric material film may include about 50 to about 80 at % zirconium. 
     The paraelectric material film may have the paraelectric properties. The paraelectric material film may include at least one of, for example, a silicon oxide and a metal oxide having a high dielectric constant. The metal oxide included in the paraelectric material film may include, for example, but is not limited to, at least one of hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, and aluminum oxide. 
     The ferroelectric material film and the paraelectric material film may include the same material. The ferroelectric material film has the ferroelectric properties, but the paraelectric material film may not have the ferroelectric properties. For example, when the ferroelectric material film and the paraelectric material film include hafnium oxide, a crystal structure of hafnium oxide included in the ferroelectric material film is different from a crystal structure of hafnium oxide included in the paraelectric material film. 
     The ferroelectric material film may have a thickness having the ferroelectric properties. The thickness of the ferroelectric material film may be, for example, but is not limited to, about 0.5 to about 10 nm. Since a critical thickness that exhibits the ferroelectric properties may vary for each ferroelectric material, the thickness of the ferroelectric material film may vary depending on the ferroelectric material. 
     In some embodiments, the gate insulating film  130  may include one ferroelectric material film. In another embodiment, the gate insulating film  130  may include a plurality of ferroelectric material films spaced apart from each other. The gate insulating film  130  may have a stacked film structure in which the plurality of ferroelectric material films and the plurality of paraelectric material films are alternately stacked. 
     A work function metal layer  140  may be formed on the substrate  100 . The work function metal layer  140  may be formed on the gate insulating film  130 . The work function metal layer  140  may wrap around the first and second sheet patterns UP 1  and UP 2 . The work function metal layer  140  may include titanium nitride (TiN), an organic polymer, and a combination thereof. The work function metal layer  140  may include, for example, but is not limited to, a titanium nitride layer. 
     A protective layer  150  may be formed on the work function metal layer  140 . The protective layer  150  may cover the work function metal layer  140 . The material included in the protective layer  150  may be the same as the material included in the work function metal layer  140 . For example, the protective layer  150  may include, but is not limited to, a titanium nitride film. 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , a sacrificial layer  160  may be formed. 
     A gap fill insulating material may be deposited on the protective layer  150 . The protective layer  150  and the gap fill insulating material may be combined to form the sacrificial layer  160 . The sacrificial layer  160  may be, for example, a material whose surface includes an acid precursor. When a stimulus such as heat, light, or electromagnetic wave is applied to the sacrificial layer  160 , the sacrificial layer  160  may emit acid or hydrogen cation. 
     Referring to  FIG.  15   , a first photoresist PR 1  may be formed on the sacrificial layer  160 . 
     The first photoresist PR 1  may have an opening that schematically defines a position of a first trench (TR 1  of  FIG.  16   ). The first photoresist PR 1  may be formed of at least one of a photoresist film, an ACL (Amorphous Carbon Layer), a SOH (Spin on Hardmask), an SOC (Spin on Carbon), and a silicon nitride film. 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , the first trench TR 1  may be formed using the first photoresist PR 1  as a mask. 
     A part of the sacrificial layer  160  may be removed through a dry etching process. The sacrificial layer  160  is etched in the second direction D 2  to form the first trench TR 1 . Although the first trench TR 1  is shown as being formed at a boundary between the first region I and the second region II, this is only for convenience of explanation, and the embodiment is not limited thereto. 
     The first trench TR 1  may include a side surface TR 1 _SS and a bottom surface TR 1 _BS of the first trench TR 1 . The first trench TR 1  may expose the surface of the work function metal layer  140  and the surface of the sacrificial layer  160 . The bottom surface TR 1 _BS of the first trench TR 1  exposes the surface of the work function metal layer  140 . The side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1  exposes the surface of the sacrificial layer  160 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , an inhibitor layer  170  may be formed along the bottom surface TR 1 _BS and the side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1 . The inhibitor layer  170  may be conformally formed along the bottom surface TR 1 _BS and the side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1 . 
     The inhibitor layer  170  may be formed under temperature conditions of from about 80° C. to about 240° C. The formation time of the inhibitor layer  170  may take a minimum of about 1 minute to a maximum of about 20 minutes. However, the technical idea of the inventive concept is not limited thereto, and the temperature for forming the inhibitor layer  170  and the time for forming the inhibitor layer  170  may vary depending on the process conditions and circumstances. 
     The inhibitor layer  170  may include a first portion  170 _ 1  and a second portion  170 _ 2 . The first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be formed along the bottom surface TR 1 _BS of the first trench TR 1 . The first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be formed on the surface of the work function metal layer  140 . The second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be formed along the side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1 . The second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be formed on the surface of the sacrificial layer  160 . 
     The inhibitor layer  170  may include a material that is dissociated by acid or hydrogen cation. The inhibitor layer  170  may include a protecting group that is dissociated by acid. The inhibitor layer  170  may include, but is not limited to, a trimethylsilyl group. 
     The inhibitor layer  170  may include, for example, but is not limited to, at least one of, hexamethyldisilazane (HMD S), trimethylsilyldiethylamine, bis(N,N-dimethylamino)dimethylsilane, trimethylsilyldimethylamine, bis(trimethylsilyl)hydrazine, and trimethylchlorosilane. 
     The inhibitor layer  170  may be formed to have a very thin thickness. For example, a thickness of the inhibitor layer  170  may be about 20 angstroms (Å) or less. Preferably, the thickness of the inhibitor layer  170  may be about 10 angstroms (Å) or less. That is, a width of the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  in the second direction D 2  may be about 10 angstroms (Å) or less. The width of the second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  in the first direction D 1  may be about 10 angstroms (Å) or less. 
     Referring to  FIG.  18   , the inhibitor layer  170  formed along the side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1  may be selectively removed. 
     For example, the second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be selectively removed. While the second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  is removed, the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  is not removed. The second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  is removed and the surface of the sacrificial layer  160  may be exposed again. 
     Specifically, the second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be selectively removed through the heat treatment process. The heat treatment process may be performed under temperature conditions of from about 150° C. to about 250° C. The heat treatment process may proceed for a time of at least about 1 minute to about 3 minutes. When the heat treatment process is performed, hydrogen cations (H + ) are emitted in the sacrificial layer  160 . The emitted hydrogen cations may react with the inhibitor layer  170  on the side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1 . Since the inhibitor layer  170  includes a material that is dissociated by an acid, the inhibitor layer  170  may be dissociated when the inhibitor layer  170  reacts with a hydrogen cation. 
     On the other hand, even if the heat treatment process is performed, the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  is not removed. Even if the heat treatment process is performed, hydrogen cations are not generated inside the work function metal layer  140 . The inhibitor layer  170  on the bottom surface TR 1 _BS of the first trench TR 1  does not react with hydrogen cations. That is, the inhibitor layer  170  on the bottom surface TR 1 _BS of the first trench TR 1  is not removed. 
     In some embodiments, the upper surface of the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  may not be flat after the second portion  170 _ 2  of the inhibitor layer  170  is removed. For example, the upper surface of the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be concave with respect to the substrate  100 . As a part of the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  that is in contact with the side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1  is removed, the upper surface of the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  may not be flat. 
     Referring to  FIG.  19   , an interest layer  180  may be deposited on the side surface TR 1 _SS of the first trench TR 1 . The interest layer  180  is not deposited on the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  in the second direction D 2 . 
     The interest layer  180  may be deposited on the surface of the exposed sacrificial layer  160 . The interest layer  180  may be deposited using, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The interest layer  180  may be deposited on the surface of the sacrificial layer  160  in the first direction D 1 , but is not limited thereto. The interest layer  180  may be deposited to narrow the spaced distance between the interest layers  180  in the first direction D 1 . 
     The interest layer  180  may include an organic material and an inorganic material. For example, the interest layer  180  may include, but is not limited to, silicon oxide or aluminum oxide. 
     Referring to  FIG.  20   , the inhibitor layer  170  on the bottom surface TR 1 _BS of the first trench TR 1  may be removed. The first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  may be removed. 
     The inhibitor layer  170  on the bottom surface TR 1 _BS of the first trench TR 1  may be removed, using an acid treatment process. As mentioned above, the inhibitor layer  170  includes a material that can be dissociated by acid or hydrogen cation. Therefore, when supplying a hydrogen cation to the inhibitor layer  170 , the inhibitor layer  170  may be removed. 
     In some embodiments, as the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  is removed, an empty space may be generated between the interest layer  180  and the work function metal layer  140 . That is, the work function metal layer  140  and the interest layer  180  may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D 2 . 
     As mentioned above, the inhibitor layer  170  needs to be formed to have a very thin thickness. For example, the thickness of the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  in the second direction D 2  may be equal to or less than about 10 angstroms (Å). If the thickness of the first portion  170 _ 1  of the inhibitor layer  170  in the second direction D 2  is thin, the empty space between the interest layer  180  and the work function metal layer  140  may be narrowed. In this case, when performing the subsequent process of removing the work function metal layer  140 , because less etchant penetrates between the empty spaces, it is possible to manufacture a semiconductor device in which the reliability is improved. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  21   a  and  21   b   , a part of the work function metal layer  140  may be removed to expose the gate insulating film  130 . A part of the work function metal layer  140  may be removed to form a second trench TR 2 . 
     That is, the work function metal layer  140  on the first region I and the work function metal layer  140  on the second region II may be separated. The work function metal layer  140 A may be removed, using a wet etching process. Therefore, the work function metal layer  140  may be removed through isotropic etching. As the work function metal layer  140  is removed through the isotropic etching, the second trench TR 2  may have a portion whose width increases in the first direction D 1  from the upper surface of the work function metal layer  140  toward the substrate  100 . 
     In some embodiments, the width of the open first trench TR 1  in the first direction D 1  may be reduced, using the interest layer  180 . Accordingly, only a small amount of etchant may penetrate the work function metal layer  140 . In addition, since the thickness of the inhibitor layer  170  is thin, only a small amount of etchant may penetrate the work function metal layer  140 . 
     In  FIG.  21   a   , the width of the second trench TR 2  in the first direction D 1  may be smaller than the width of the first trench TR 1  in the first direction D 1 . Here, the width of the second trench TR 2  in the first direction D 1  means the largest width among the widths of the second trench TR 2  in the first direction D 1 , and the width of the first trench TR 1  in the first direction D 1  may mean the smallest width among the widths of the first trench TR 1  in the first direction D 1 . 
     On the other hand, in  FIG.  21   b   , the width of the second trench TR 2  in the first direction D 1  may be larger than the width of the first trench TR 1  in the first direction D 1 . That is, the largest portion among the widths of the second trench TR 2  in the first direction D 1  may be larger than the smallest portion among the widths of the first trench TR 1  in the first direction D 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  22   , the gap fill insulating material in the interest layer  180  and the sacrificial layer  160  may be removed. 
     The gap fill insulating material in the sacrificial layer  160  may be removed to form the protective layer  150 . The interest layer  180  may be removed to expose the surface of the protective layer  150 . A part of the work function metal layer  140  and a part of the gate insulating film  130  may also be exposed by the first trench TR 1  and the second trench TR 2 . 
     The gap fill insulating material inside the interest layer  180  and the sacrificial layer  160  may be removed, using a wet etching process or an ashing process. However, the technical idea of the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. 
     Referring to  FIG.  23   , a gap fill insulating layer  190  may be formed on the substrate  100 . 
     A gap fill insulating material may be applied onto the substrate  100 . The applied gap fill insulating material may be combined with the protective layer  150  to form the sacrificial layer  160 . The gap fill insulating material may fill the first trench TR 1  and the second trench TR 2 . The gap fill insulating material may fill the first trench TR 1  and the second trench TR 2  to form the gap fill insulating layer  190 . That is, the gap fill insulating layer  190  may cover the exposed gate insulating film  130  and the exposed work function metal layer  140 . 
     The gap fill insulating layer  190  may include, for example, a gap fill insulating material. As another example, the gap fill insulating layer  190  may be, but is not limited to, a dry etch resistance layer or a wet etch resistance layer. 
     Referring to  FIG.  24   , a second photoresist PR 2  may be formed on the sacrificial layer  160  and the gap fill insulating layer  190 . 
     The second photoresist PR 2  may cover the sacrificial layer  160  on the second region II, a part of the sacrificial layer  160  on the first region I, and the gap fill insulating layer  190 . 
     The second photoresist PR 2  may be formed of at least one of a photoresist film, an ACL (Amorphous Carbon Layer), a SOH (Spin on Hardmask), an SOC (Spin on Carbon), and a silicon nitride film. 
     Next, the gap fill insulating material inside the sacrificial layer  160  may be removed, using the second photoresist PR 2  as a mask. The gap fill insulating material inside the sacrificial layer  160  may be removed to form the protective layer  150 . The gap fill insulating material inside the sacrificial layer  160  may be removed, but is not limited to, using a dry etching process. 
     Referring to  FIG.  25   , the protective layer  150  and the work function metal layer  140  of the first region I may be removed. Only the protective layer  150  of the first region I may be selectively removed. 
     The protective layer  150  and the work function metal layer  140  of the first region (I) may be removed, using a wet etching process. When the wet etching process is used, the protective layer  150  and the work function metal layer  140  are removed, but the gap fill insulating material and the gap fill insulating layer  190  may not be removed. The etchant of the wet etching process may not penetrate the gap fill insulating material and the gap fill insulating layer  190 . Therefore, the etchant may not reach the sacrificial layer  160  of the second region II. The sacrificial layer  160  of the second region II may not be removed. 
     That is, the protective layer  150  and the work function metal layer  140  of the first region I may be selectively removed. 
     Referring to  FIG.  26   , the gap fill insulating layer  190  and the gap fill insulating material inside the sacrificial layer  160  of the second region II may be removed. 
     The gap fill insulating material inside the sacrificial layer  160  of the second region II may be removed to form the protective layer  150 . The gap fill insulating layer  190  and the gap fill insulating material inside the sacrificial layer  160  of the second region II may be removed through, but is not limited to, a wet etching process or an ashing process. 
     In some embodiments, all the work function metal layers  140  on the first region I are removed, and the work function metal layers  140  on the second region II are not removed through the aforementioned process. The gate insulating film  130  that wraps around the first sheet pattern UP 1  is exposed, and the gate insulating film  130  that wraps around the second sheet pattern UP 2  is not exposed. 
     In some embodiments, an NMOS may be formed in the first region I, and a PMOS may be formed in the second region II, but is not limited thereto. 
     In concluding the detailed description, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many variations and modifications may be made to the example embodiments without substantially departing from the scope of the present inventive concept. Therefore, the disclosed example embodiments of the disclosure are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.