Patent Publication Number: US-2005123681-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for the treatment of individual filaments of a multifilament yarn

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD  
      The present invention relates to the field of multifilament yarns, in particular, to a method and apparatus for treating the surfaces of the individual filaments with treatment solutions.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      Those in the textile industry have long recognized the value in treating the entire surface area of each individual filament in a multifilament yarn. The industry has unsuccessfully tried to develop methods and apparatus to overcome the issues surrounding such surface treatment. In fact, many multifilament applications have dealt with the issue simply by treating the individual filament surfaces prior to creating the multifilament yarn; however, this individual surface treatment is not economically practical in most applications.  
      In the past, the textile industry has generally dealt with treating the surface of individual filaments of a multifilament yarn by submerging the yarn in a tank of treatment solution while the yarn is under no tension, or only enough tension to gradually move the yarn through the tank. Using this method, the yarn was left in the tank for an extended period of time to allow the treatment solution to penetrate past the outermost filaments and wet the innermost fibers.  
      The traditional method of treating multifilament yarns has many drawbacks. The most apparent drawback is that the method can be extremely slow as the yarn must be submerged in the treatment tank for a long period of time and cannot travel at any appreciable speed through the tank. Additionally, the extended exposure time required to treat the innermost filaments of the yarn subjects the outermost filaments to possible overexposure. For instance, it is often desirable to clean and etch the outer surfaces of the individual filaments of the multifilament yarn with an acidic solution. Using traditional treatment methods the outermost filaments may be subjected to the acidic solution significantly longer than the innermost filaments resulting in non-uniform etching and reduced filament strength.  
      Another significant drawback of this method is that surfactants are generally required to lower the surface tension of the treatment solution, and reduce the interfacial tension between the treatment solution and the filaments, thereby promoting wetting of the filaments. Surfactants introduce additional costs and difficulties in the surface treatment process. Yet a further drawback is that the yarn can become tangled in the treatment solution because it has to essentially float through the solution under little, or no, tension. This free floating aspect of the process further limits the processing speed in that additional measures that may improve the surface coating of the filaments, such as agitation of the solution and the yarn, cannot be implemented due to the increased likelihood of yarn entanglement.  
      The art has needed an improved method of treating the surfaces of the individual filaments of multifilament yarns that increases the processing speed, reduces reliance on surfactants, and provides increased uniformity of the surface treatment of inner filaments and outer filaments of the multifilament yarn. The method and apparatus of the present invention provides these desired qualities and significantly improves the state of the art of surface treatment of filament surfaces in multifilament yarns. With these capabilities taken into consideration, the instant invention addresses many of the shortcomings of the prior art and offers significant benefits heretofore unavailable.  
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
      In its most general configuration, the present invention advances the state of the art with a variety of new capabilities and overcomes many of the shortcomings of prior devices in new and novel ways. In its most general sense, the present invention overcomes the shortcomings and limitations of the prior art in any of a number of generally effective configurations. The instant invention demonstrates such capabilities and overcomes many of the shortcomings of prior methods in new and novel ways.  
      In an exemplary configuration, the method of treating the surfaces of individual filaments in a multifilament yarn of the present invention includes the steps of immersing the yarn into a liquid treatment solution and coating all exposed surface areas of each individual filament with the treatment solution, disrupting the orientation of the individual filaments and coating all newly exposed surface areas of each individual filament with the treatment solution, and repeating the previous steps until a predetermined treatment level is achieved, and then withdrawing the yarn from the treatment solution.  
      The general method begins with the yarn entering the treatment solution contained in a solution reservoir and passing through at least one filament orientation disruption assembly whereby the orientation of individual filaments is changed. This change of orientation exposes some previously unexposed areas of the individual filaments to the treatment solution. The force necessary to disrupt the orientation of the filaments is very small and is easily accomplished by simply changing the direction of travel of the yarn about a roller; however, other methods are contemplated herein. Not only does this method benefit from the exposure of previously unexposed surface areas to the treatment solution, but there is also frictional contact among the individual filaments that is desirable in a number of instances, as will be disclosed further later in this section. During the disruption of orientation of the filaments, they not only translate with respect to one another but may also rotate with respect to one another, and such motion may be controlled in part by the design of the filament orientation disruption assembly.  
      The disruption of the orientation of the filaments of this invention may be repetitively applied, and applied in a number of manners and orientations, to ensure that substantially all surface areas of the individual filaments are contacted by the treatment solution. Further, this methodology greatly reduces the amount of time that the yarn must be immersed in the treatment solution, thereby reducing the likelihood that exterior filaments are overexposed to the treatment solution. This method has proven to be so effective that the use of surfactants has been eliminated with most treatment solutions. Traditional multifilament treatment methods have generally relied upon the use of surfactants to lower the surface tension of the treatment solution, and reduce the interfacial tension between the treatment solution and the filaments, thereby promoting wetting of the filaments. Elimination of surfactants significantly reduces treatment costs and simplifies the treatment process. Additionally, the forced orientation disruption of the filaments permits the process to introduce greater amounts of tension on the yarn which permits increased travel speed and reduced processing time.  
      The present method permits the introduction of a step wherein the yarn and the treatment solution are agitated to increase the orientation disruption of the individual filaments and increase the treatment efficiency. The agitation may be introduced in any number of other ways including, but not limited to, ultrasonically, mechanically, chemically, electromechanically, acoustically, and electromagnetically.  
      Another embodiment of the present method incorporates the steps of repeatedly changing the direction of travel of yarn in, or through, the treatment solution. By repeatedly changing the direction of travel of the yarn, the actual volume of treatment solution is dramatically reduced and the physical size of the treatment reservoir may be greatly reduced. This embodiment also benefits from the ability to use orientation disruption assemblies to facilitate the changes in direction.  
      The apparatus of the present invention includes a treatment solution reservoir, containing a predetermined amount of liquid treatment solution and a yarn transfer system configured to feed at least one yarn through the reservoir, having at least one filament orientation disruption assembly configured to guide the yarn through a portion of the reservoir and disrupt the orientation of the individual filaments, thereby exposing previously unexposed surface areas of each individual filament to the treatment solution. The treatment solution reservoir may be configured simply as a holding tank containing the treatment solution into which the yarn is fed. The at least one filament orientation disruption assembly may be located within the reservoir, immersed in the treatment solution, or it may be external to the reservoir, or a hybrid thereof.  
      Alternatively, the apparatus may be configured to minimize the physical space required. In this particular embodiment, the apparatus is formed with an entry weir and an exit weir through which the yarn and the treatment solution may pass. The treatment solution is maintained at a solution level above that of the weirs such that the treatment solution flows from the reservoir through the weirs. One particular embodiment includes a first filament orientation disruption assembly and a second filament orientation disruption assembly between which the yarn may repeatedly traverse. The filament orientation disruption assemblies may be as simple as rollers located external to the reservoir, yet in close proximity to the weirs. The rollers may be configured to rotate as the yarn turns about them and may guide the yarn through the weirs and the reservoir while disrupting the orientation of the individual filaments and thereby exposing previously unexposed surface areas of each individual filament to the treatment solution. One with skill in the art will appreciate that the filament orientation disruption assemblies may incorporate any number of material handling assemblies that would disrupt the orientation of the individual filaments.  
      The apparatus may further include a collection and filtration system having a collection basin, configured to collect the treatment solution as it exits the weirs, a filtration assembly to filter the treatment solution collected in the collection basin, and a pump to transfer the filtered treatment solution back into the treatment solution reservoir. The filtered treatment solution may enter the treatment solution reservoir at such locations, and in such a fashion, as to impart desirable flow patterns in the treatment solution reservoir. Such desirable flow patterns may reduce the likelihood of contamination in the treatment solution.  
      These variations, modifications, alternatives, and alterations of the various preferred embodiments, arrangements, and configurations may be used alone or in combination with one another as will become more readily apparent to those with skill in the art with reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying figures and drawings. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
      Without limiting the scope of the present invention as claimed below and referring now to the drawings and figures:  
       FIG. 1  illustrates the method of the present invention in elevated perspective view, not to scale;  
       FIG. 2  illustrates the method of the present invention in elevated perspective view, not to scale;  
       FIG. 3   a  illustrates a multifilament yarn, in cross sectional view, not to scale;  
       FIG. 3   b  illustrates the multifilament yarn of  FIG. 3   a,  in cross sectional view, not to scale, after disruption of the orientation of the individual filaments;  
       FIG. 4  illustrates an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in elevated perspective view, not to scale;  
       FIG. 5  illustrates an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in part in cross sectional view and in part schematically, not to scale;  
       FIG. 6  illustrates an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in elevated perspective view, not to scale  
       FIG. 7  illustrates a schematic of a method of an embodiment of the present invention;  
       FIG. 8  illustrates an embodiment of a filament orientation disruption assembly of the present invention;  
       FIG. 9  illustrates an embodiment of a filament orientation disruption assembly of the present invention;  
       FIG. 10  illustrates an embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention in elevated perspective view, not to scale; and  
       FIG. 11  illustrates the apparatus of the present invention in part in cross sectional view and in part schematically, not to scale.  
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
      The method and apparatus for treating the surfaces of individual filaments in a multifilament yarn of the instant invention enables a significant advance in the state of the art. The preferred embodiments of the method and apparatus accomplish this by new and novel arrangements of elements and methods that are configured in unique and novel ways and which demonstrate previously unavailable but preferred and desirable capabilities.  
      The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings is intended merely as a description of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present invention may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the designs, functions, means, and methods of implementing the invention in connection with the illustrated embodiments. It is to be understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions and features may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention.  
      One exemplary embodiment of the method of treating the surfaces of individual filaments in a multifilament yarn Y of the present invention includes the steps of immersing the yarn Y into a liquid treatment solution S and coating all exposed surface areas of each individual filament F with the treatment solution S, disrupting the orientation of the individual filaments F and coating all newly exposed surface areas of each individual filament F with the treatment solution S, and repeating the previous steps until a predetermined treatment level is achieved, and then withdrawing the yarn Y from the treatment solution S. As one with skill in the art will recognize, the desired predetermined treatment level will vary with the type of treatment being applied to the surface of the individual filaments F, as well as other variables that will be later disclosed herein. For instance, the predetermined treatment level required when dyeing a white yarn black may be greatly different than the predetermined treatment level required when catalyzing a high strength aromatic-heterocyclic rigid-rod polymer. The method and apparatus of the present invention advances the art of treating the surfaces of such varied multifilament yarns equally as well.  
      The general method is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Starting at the left of the figure, the yarn Y enters the treatment solution S contained in a solution reservoir  200  and passes through at least one filament orientation disruption assembly  110  whereby the orientation of individual filaments F is changed, thereby exposing some previously unexposed areas of the individual filaments F to the treatment solution S. It is important to note, and as will be illustrated later herein, that the at least one filament orientation disruption assembly  110  may be immersed in the treatment solution S, located completed external to the treatment solution S and reservoir  200 , or some combination of both, depending on the treatment being performed.  
      The disruption of the orientation of the individual filaments F is illustrated in  FIG. 3   a  and  3   b.  For instance,  FIG. 3   a  illustrates a 33 filament yarn Y with the filaments F in an initial orientation. One with skill in the art will appreciate that this 33 filament yarn Y is for illustrative purposes only and the discussion and principles described are applicable to yarns Y having hundreds of filaments F, or more, and yarn Y having filaments F with structural matrices different than that illustrated.  FIG. 3   b  illustrates the yarn of  FIG. 3   a  upon a disruption of the orientation of the individual filaments F thereby exposing previously unexposed areas of the filaments F. The disruption of the filament orientation illustrated in  FIG. 3   b  is consistent with the exertion of a compressive force on the yarn Y at an angle of approximately 30 degrees from the horizontal. The compressive force necessary to disrupt the orientation is very small and is easily accomplished by simply changing the direction of travel of the yarn Y about a roller; however, other methods are contemplated herein. Not only does this method benefit from the exposure of previously unexposed surface areas to the treatment solution S, but there is also frictional contact among the individual filaments F that is desirable in a number of instances, as will be disclosed further in this section. It is important to note that during the disruption of orientation of the filaments F, they not only translate with respect to one another but may also rotate with respect to one another, and that such motion may be controlled in part by the design of the filament orientation disruption assembly  110 . Additionally, various embodiments of the filament orientation disruption assembly  110  will be disclosed later in this section.  
      One with skill in the art will appreciate that the disruption of the orientation of the filaments F of this invention may be repetitively applied, and applied in a number of manners and orientations, to ensure that substantially all surface areas of the individual filaments F are contacted by the treatment solution S, if so desired. Further, this methodology greatly reduces the amount of time that the yarn Y must be immersed in the treatment solution S, thereby reducing the likelihood that exterior filaments F are overexposed to the treatment solution S, as is often the case in etching and acidic cleaning operations. Such overexposure is common and the resultant excess etching may severely damage the mechanical integrity of overexposed filaments F.  
      This method has proven to be so effective at exposing the surface area of the individual filaments F to the treatment solution that the use of surfactants has been eliminated with most treatment solutions S. Traditional multifilament treatment methods have generally relied upon the use of surfactants to lower the surface tension of the treatment solution, and reduce the interfacial tension between the treatment solution and the filaments, thereby promoting wetting of the filaments. Elimination of surfactants significantly reduces treatment costs and simplifies the treatment process.  
      The method of the present invention allows the treatment process speed to be greatly improved. The forced orientation disruption of the filaments F permits the process to introduce greater amounts of tension on the yarn Y which permits increased travel speed and reduced processing time. The method may include the step of introducing a predetermined amount of tension to the yarn Y at any point in the process. Additionally, alternative embodiments may include tension controllers that continuously vary the tension according to the type of treatment solution S, to maintain specific travel rates at various stages in the method, or to vary the amount of exposure to the treatment solution S, just to name a few.  
      Further, the present method provides the robustness necessary to further introduce the step of agitating the yarn Y and the treatment solution S to increase the orientation disruption of the individual filaments F and increase the treatment efficiency. In one embodiment the agitation is introduced ultrasonically to the treatment solution S and yarn Y, as seen in  FIG. 2 . One with skill in the art will appreciate that the agitation may be introduced in any number of other ways including, but not limited to, mechanically, chemically, electromechanically, acoustically, and electromagnetically.  
      Another embodiment of the present method incorporates a sequence that provides the additional benefit of only necessitating a very small operating space, unlike traditional multifilament yarn treatment methods. Since the present method performs effectively while the yarn Y is under some degree of tension, the method may incorporate the steps of repeatedly changing the direction of travel of yarn Y in, or through, the treatment solution S, as illustrated in one embodiment in  FIG. 4 , and in an alternative embodiment in  FIG. 10 . By repeatedly changing the direction of travel of the yarn Y, the actual volume of treatment solution S may be dramatically reduced, and therefore the physical size of the treatment reservoir  200  may be greatly reduced. This embodiment also benefits from the ability to use orientation disruption assemblies  110 ,  130  to facilitate the changes in direction. Therefore, multiple changes in direction may lead to a very small solution reservoir  200 , may provide the required amount of contact time with the solution S under increased processing speed, and may permit the disruption of the orientation of the filaments F at each change in direction. One with skill in the art will recognize that given the characteristics of the yarn Y, the desired degree of surface contact and contact time, and the properties of the treatment solution S; the number of passes or changes in direction may be determined.  
      Yet another embodiment of the method of the present invention is directed to electroless plating of nonmetallic filaments F of a multifilament yarn Y, illustrated in  FIG. 7 . This embodiment includes a plurality of processing cells  500 , each having a treatment solution reservoir  510  containing a predetermined amount of treatment solution S specific to the particular stage of the plating process. The yarn Y begins the plating process in a first yarn transfer system  520  that guides the ingress and egress of the yarn Y from an acidic solution  530  and disrupts the orientation of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y to achieve a substantially uniform etching of the exterior surface of each individual filament F. Next, the yarn Y is transferred from the first yarn transfer system  520  to a second yarn transfer system  540  that guides the ingress and egress of the yarn from a bathing solution  550  and disrupts the orientation of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y to remove substantially all of the acidic solution  530  from each individual filament F. Thirdly, the yarn Y is transferred from the second yarn transfer system  540  to a third yarn transfer system  560  that guides the ingress and egress of the yarn Y from a catalyzing solution  570  and disrupts the orientation of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y to achieve substantially uniform absorption of a plurality of metal ions on each of the individual filaments F. Next, the yarn Y is transferred from the third yarn transfer system  560  to a fourth yarn transfer system  580  that guides the ingress and egress of the yarn Y from a reduction solution  590  and disrupts the orientation of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y to facilitate substantially uniform reduction of the plurality of metal ions on each individual filament F to form a substantially uniform coating of metal on each of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y. Lastly, the yarn Y is transferred from the fourth yarn transfer system  580  to a fifth yarn transfer system  600  that guides the ingress and egress of the yarn from an electroless bath  610  and disrupts the orientation of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y to facilitate a substantially uniform conductive undercoating on each of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y.  
      One with skill in the art will appreciate that additional cells  500  may easily be incorporated into the present method to include additional operations including, but not limited to, intermediary cleaning and treatment of the yarn, as well as finishing operations such as electroplating of the yarn Y. As such, the yarn Y may be transferred from the fifth yarn transfer system  600  to a sixth yarn transfer system  620  that guides the ingress and egress of the yarn Y from an electroplating bath solution  630  and disrupts the orientation of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y to facilitate a substantially uniform plating on each of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y. As previously disclosed, any of the treatment solutions reservoirs  510  may incorporate devices to introduce agitation, by means of an agitator  552 , into the treatment solution and the yarn. Additionally, one with skill in the art will appreciate that the present method may include steps varying the amount of tension on the yarn Y in each processing cell  500 . Further, each processing cell  500  need not be of the same design or configuration, for instance some processing cells  500  may incorporate the design illustrated in  FIG. 4 , while others may incorporate the design illustrated in  FIG. 10 , among others.  
      As previously discussed, the method of the present invention, and particularly the illustrative plating example just disclosed, is so effective that the various treatment solutions may be surfactant free. For example, the acidic solution  530 , the bathing solution  550 , the catalyzing solution  570 , and the reduction solution  590  of the previously disclosed plating method may be void of surfactants. Additionally, the plating method may further include agitation, and more specifically ultrasonic agitation, represented by agitator  552 , of the treatment solution and yarn to further improve the efficiency of the various steps in the plating process. The introduction of ultrasonic agitation in the bathing solution  550 , in particular, is extremely effective at ensuring that the amount of residual acidic solution  530  carried over into other steps in the process is minimized.  
      As one illustration of the improved control offered by the present invention, the processing cell  500  containing the acidic solution  530  intended to etch the individual filaments F of the yarn Y produces filaments F with substantially uniform etching. It is widely understood in the industry that the exposure time of the filaments Y to the acidic solution  530  during etching should be optimized to avoid extensive filament degradation. Traditionally, uniform etching of the individual filaments F has been very difficult to achieve unless the filaments F are separated from each other during immersion in the acidic solution  530 . Most prior methods recognize this limitation and opt for reduced contact time to minimize the potential damage to the filaments F. As such, many of the filaments F are inadequately etched and are therefore less susceptible to the catalyst, resulting in filaments F having weak plating-to-fiber adhesion. The present invention&#39;s repeated disruption of the individual filaments F of the yarn Y exposes each filament F of the yarn Y to the acidic solution  530 .  
      While the previous description of the plating method identifies a unique yarn transfer system for each processing cell, all of the yarn transfer systems may function as a single yarn transfer system. This method and the ability to control treatment processing time, and the ability to function as a single yarn transfer system, permits the plating method to operate continuously from the first processing cell to the last processing cell. This is a significant advance given that prior multifilament yarn treatment methods have required intermediate collection and storage of the yarn at various points in the treatment process because of the variability in the transfer speed required in various steps. As such, many prior art treatment systems have relied on more expensive treatment solutions to permit the intermediate storage. For example, many prior methods have relied upon boron based electroless nickel, rather than the much less expensive phosphorous based electroless nickel, because of the former&#39;s resistance to oxidation. The cost of boron based electroless nickel is approximately five to six times the cost of phosphorous based electroless nickel. The present method is continuous, thereby not requiring intermediate storage, and is therefore relatively unconcerned with oxidation caused by intermediate storage and can use the most cost effective materials, such as phosphorous based electroless nickel. The method of the present invention may expose the yarn to air for less than 120 seconds from start to finish.  
      The present invention is particularly effective in treating multifilament yarns Y that have been found to be difficult to treat using traditional treatment methods. This method facilitates uniform metal deposition on the highly anisotropic structure of uniaxially oriented polymer fibers. In particular, the present treatment method is effective with multifilament yarns Y composed of a plurality of polymeric filaments, and more specifically polyacrylnitrile, aromatic-heterocyclic rigid-rod and ladder polymers such as PBO, poly(p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) and poly{2,6-diimidazo[4,5-b:4′5′-e]pyridinylene-1,4(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene} (M5). This continuous process of metal plating of such high-temperature, high-strength polymers with uniform layers of metals such as nickel, copper, and silver in combined electroless and electroplating processes reduces the cost of these yarns such that they are now practical for application in a wide variety of industries. Such metal plated polymers offer outstanding thermal and thermooxidative stability, mechanical flexibility, durability, strength, electrical conductivity, and are light weight. This method increases the feasibility of incorporating such polymers in applications in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, signal and power transmission, aerospace applications including satellite antennas and space tethers, and electronic textiles.  
      The present method has produced reliable electroless plating at yarn speeds of 10 feet/min in an experimental laboratory setting. The apparatus  50  disclosed below may facilitate a yarn travel speed of 50 feet/min, and it is estimated that in an industrial production environment the present method may facilitate a yarn travel speed up to 400 feet/min.  
      One embodiment of the apparatus  50  for the treatment of individual filaments F of a multifilament yarn Y, configured to implement the method of the present invention, is illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The apparatus  50  includes a treatment solution reservoir  200 , containing a predetermined amount of liquid treatment solution S, having at least one sidewall  210  and a bottom  260 ; and a yarn transfer system  100  configured to feed at least one yarn Y through the reservoir  200 , having at least one filament orientation disruption assembly  110  configured to guide the yarn Y through a portion of the reservoir  200  and disrupt the orientation of the individual filaments F, thereby exposing previously unexposed surface areas of each individual filament F to the treatment solution S.  
      In this embodiment, the treatment solution reservoir  200  may be configured simply as a holding tank containing the treatment solution S into which the yarn Y is fed. The at least one filament orientation disruption assembly  110  may be located within the reservoir  200 , immersed in the treatment solution, or it may be external to the reservoir  200 , or a hybrid thereof, depending on the particular treatment occurring. For example, if the particular application involves an autocatalytic deposition process, also referred to as electroless plating, then placement of the at least one filament orientation disruption assembly  110  exterior to the reservoir  200  is preferred so as to avoid plating of the assembly. This is also true when the particular application involved is electroplating.  
      The apparatus  50  may alternatively be configured to minimize the physical space required, as seen in  FIG. 4 . In this particular embodiment, the at least one sidewall includes an entry sidewall  210  and an exit sidewall  230 . The entry sidewall  210  is formed with an entry weir  214  and the exit sidewall  230  is formed with an exit weir  234 , best illustrated in  FIG. 6  and  FIG. 5 . In this particular embodiment, the treatment solution S is maintained at a solution level SL above that of the entry weir  214  and the exit weir  234  such that the treatment solution S flows from the reservoir  200  through the entry weir  214  and the exit weir  234 , as indicated by the flow arrows FA. Additionally, the entry weir  214  and exit weir  234  are configured such that the yarn Y may repeatedly enter and exit the reservoir  200  through the entry weir  214  and exit weir  234 . Each weir  214 ,  234  has a weir crest  216 ,  236  and a weir head  218 ,  238 . One with skill in the art will recognize that the configuration of the weir, including the shapes of the weir crests  216 ,  236  and weir heads  218 ,  238  may be arranged to achieve certain desired characteristics of the flow from the weirs  214 ,  234 . For example, the weirs  214 ,  234  may be configured to obtain a constant coefficient of discharge, a linear relationship between head and flow, and a number of characteristics of the nappe, such as whether it is aerated or not.  
      The apparatus  50  may be similarly configured to  FIG. 4 , but incorporating vertical transfer of the yarn Y, as seen in  FIG. 10 . In this particular embodiment, the bottom  260  is formed with at least one yarn slot  262 , illustrated in  FIG. 11 . In this particular embodiment, the treatment solution S is maintained at a solution level SL and continuously flows from the reservoir  200  through the at least one yarn slot  262 . Additionally, the at least one yarn slot  262  is configured such that the yarn Y may repeatedly enter and exit the reservoir  200  through the at least one yarn slot  262 . One with skill in the art will recognize that the configuration of the at least one yarn slot  262  to achieve certain desired characteristics of the flow from the at least one yarn slot  262 . For example, the at least one yarn slot  262  may be configured to obtain a constant coefficient of discharge, a linear relationship between head and flow, and a number of characteristics of the nappe, such as whether it is aerated or not.  
      In these embodiments, the at least one filament orientation disruption assembly may include a first filament orientation disruption assembly  110  and a second filament orientation disruption assembly  130  between which the yarn Y may repeatedly traverse. While the following description is focused on the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5 , it equally applies the to embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11  incorporating the at least one yarn slot  262 . The first filament orientation disruption assembly  110  may include a first roller  112 , located external to the reservoir  200  and in close proximity to the entry weir  214 , and the second filament orientation disruption  130  assembly may include a second roller  132 , located external to the reservoir  200  and in close proximity to the exit weir  234 . The first roller  112  and the second roller  132  may be configured to rotate as the yarn Y turns about the first roller  112  and the second roller  132 , and to guide the yarn Y through the entry weir  214 , the reservoir  200 , and the exit weir  234  while disrupting the orientation of the individual filaments F, thereby exposing previously unexposed surface areas of each individual filament Y to the treatment solution S. The present invention also provides great benefits in the field of electroplating. The repeated traverses of the yarn Y between the first filament orientation disruption assembly  110  and a second filament orientation disruption assembly  130  facilitates the application of greater current density to the yarn Y. Conventional single pass electroplating systems are generally limited to the application of approximately ⅛ amp current to the entire length of yarn Y in the electroplating bath. The present invention facilitates the introduction of current at each traverse between the filament disruption orientation assemblies  110 ,  130 . Experiments have demonstrated a current of up to 20 amps between the first filament orientation disruption assembly  110  and a second filament orientation disruption assembly  130 . Additionally, locating the first filament orientation disruption assembly  110  and the second filament orientation disruption assembly  130  external to the treatment solution greatly reduces the likelihood of contamination.  
      While this particular embodiment illustrates the at least one filament orientation disruption assembly  110  as a number of rollers  112 ,  132 , one with skill in the art will appreciate that the at least one filament orientation disruption assembly  110  may incorporate any number of material handling assemblies that would disrupt the orientation of the individual filaments F. As previously disclosed, the rollers  112 ,  132  by themselves will impart disruption of the filaments F, however, a number of disruption increasing variations may be incorporated with the rollers  112 ,  132 . For example, the rollers  112 ,  132  may incorporate a number of roller surface variations  114  and roller contour variations  120  designed to increase the disruption in the orientation of the filaments F, as illustrated in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 . Such surface variations  114  and contour variations  120  may be specifically designed to introduce substantially controlled orientation disruptions or purely random orientation disruptions. One with skill in the art will appreciate that such surface variations  114  and contour variations  120  may further improve the present invention&#39;s ability to treat numerous yarns at the same time.  
      One variation of a roller surface variation is illustrated in  FIG. 8 . This variation illustrates a roller  112  having alternating non-gripping  116  and gripping  118  sections. The non-gripping sections  116  may simply be low friction areas on the roller  112  while the gripping sections  118  may incorporate virtually any surface treatment that increases the roughness of the section. Alternatively,  FIG. 9  illustrates a roller  112  having at least one roller contour variation  120 . In one embodiment the at least one roller contour variation  120  is configured as a roller glove  124  that may be applied to the roller  112 . The roller glove  124  may be made of any number of materials that can control the movement of the filaments, including, but not limited to, latex. The glove  124  may also serve to shield the roller  112  from the treatment solution S. A portion of the roller  112  incorporates a plurality of yarn fingers  122  formed to guide the yarn Y as it passes and impart unique filament orientation disruptions.  
      Referring now to  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 11 , the apparatus  50  may further include a collection and filtration system  300  having a collection basin  310 , configured to collect the treatment solution S as it exits the entry weir  214  and the exit weir  234 , or the at least one yarn slot  262 , a filtration assembly  320  to filter the treatment solution S collected in the collection basin  310 , and a pump  330  to transfer the filtered treatment solution S back into the treatment solution reservoir  200 . The filtered treatment solution S may enter the treatment solution reservoir  200  at such locations, and in such a fashion, as to impart desirable flow patterns in the treatment solution reservoir  200 . Such desirable flow patterns may reduce the likelihood of contamination in the treatment solution S. For example, the filtered treatment solution S may enter the treatment solution reservoir  200  through a centrally located feed port  270 , illustrated in  FIG. 6 , near the bottom of the reservoir  200 , so as to facilitate a bottom-to-top and center-to-sides flow pattern in the treatment solution, best illustrated in  FIG. 5  by flow arrows FA. Alternatively, the treatment solution S may enter the treatment reservoir  200  through a centrally located feed port  270  near the top of the reservoir  200 , as seen in  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , to produce top to bottom flow. Similarly, the treatment solution S may enter the treatment reservoir  200  through a variety of orifice plates, not shown, designed specifically for the desired treatment. For instance, if agitation is desired the filtered treatment solution S may enter the solution reservoir  200  through an orifice plate that will result in the desired agitation. Alternatively, the filtered treatment solution S may enter the solution reservoir  200  in a series of predetermined pulses, possibly entrained with air, or other gases.  
      An experimental version of the apparatus  50  has successfully utilized a solution reservoir  200  containing approximately 2 liters of treatment solution S. This version provides approximately 38 turnovers per minute of the solution in the reservoir  200 , with the solution S being continuously filtered. Prior art treatment tanks have generally been limited to far fewer turnovers per minute due to the high likelihood of yarn entanglement from the increased flow rates in the reservoir.  
      The apparatus  50  may further include an ultrasonic agitation system  400 , as seen in  FIG. 6 . The agitation system is in operative communication with the treatment solution reservoir  200  and agitates the yarn Y and the treatment solution S, further increasing the orientation disruption of the individual filaments F and increasing the exposure of substantially all of the surface area of each individual filament F to the treatment solution S. One will skill in the art will appreciate that the agitation may be introduced in any number of ways including, but not limited to, mechanically, chemically, electromechanically, acoustically, and electromagnetically.  
      Additional variations, not illustrated, may incorporate a tensioning system so that the tension on the yarn can be controlled.  
      Numerous alterations, modifications, and variations of the preferred embodiments disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art and they are all anticipated and contemplated to be within the spirit and scope of the instant invention. For example, although specific embodiments have been described in detail, those with skill in the art will understand that the preceding embodiments and variations can be modified to incorporate various types of substitute and or additional or alternative materials, relative arrangement of elements, and dimensional configurations. Accordingly, even though only few variations of the present invention are described herein, it is to be understood that the practice of such additional modifications and variations and the equivalents thereof, are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or acts for performing the functions in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed.