Patent Publication Number: US-2006015374-A1

Title: Risk management on the application of crop inputs

Description:
This document claims priority based on U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/588,808, filed Jul. 16, 2004, and entitled RISK MANAGEMENT ON THE APPLICATION OF CROP INPUTS, under 35 U.S.C. 119(e). 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
      This invention relates to the risk management on the application of crop inputs.  
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
      The identity, timing and amount of application of crop inputs to a field may be determined by one or more of the following factors: maximizing yield of a crop, reducing the overall cost of a crop inputs, varying the rate of application of crop inputs to reduce the cost of crop inputs or to improve yield, complying with governmental regulations, following environmental best practices or voluntary environmental stewardship practices, applying scientific or agronomic models, complying with contractual constraints imposed by purchaser or potential purchasers of a crop, and complying with crop insurance requirements or crop insurance endorsements. For example, a scientific or computer model may be applied to estimate yield performance of a particular crop based on soil test results, environmental factors, the historic application of crop inputs, and historic yield of a previous crop to determine the timing and amount of application of the crop inputs. Crop inputs may include nutrients, such as fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and trace elements and minerals. Other crop inputs include pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, chemicals, plant hormones, water, irrigation, and other treatments for vegetation or soil.  
      To minimize the risks of insufficient nutrients, excessive weeds, or insect attacks on crop yields, growers may tend to over-apply fertilizer, herbicides, insecticides, respectively, to crops in an effort to maintain consistently high yields. However, the over-application of crop inputs may raise production costs and cause pollution of surface and ground water aquifers.  
      The Risk Management Agency, which is associated with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, may approve one or more endorsements (e.g., a Nutrient Best Management Practices (BMP) Endorsement) for crop insurance products based on preferential growing practices. Regulators outside of the U.S. may offer crop insurance products that are based on preferential growing practices. Although most growers are honest and operate with integrity, such endorsements may be vulnerable to fraudulent activities or negligence of the grower&#39;s personnel. Using traditional in-person monitoring and inspection may be difficult, costly or impractical because of the geographic scope of arable land. Accordingly, there is need for improved process for risk management on the application of crop inputs to facilitate pragmatic new crop insurance products and/or to facilitate growing crops with particular traits.  
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
      A system and method for managing a crop insurance program facilitates determining an input management plan for application of a crop input to a field within a defined geographic area. A first yield per land unit is measured. The first yield per land unit pertains to a particular crop associated with the field. A second yield per land unit is estimated. The second yield per land unit relates to the particular crop associated with the defined geographic area. A difference or variation is determined between the first yield and the second yield. The determined difference or indication thereof is made available to a receiving entity (e.g., insurer that is associated with at least one of claims and insurance on the crop in the field). 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system for managing a crop insurance program or grower compliance plan.  
       FIG. 2  is a flow chart of one example of a method for managing a crop insurance program or grower compliance plan.  
       FIG. 3  shows the application of an input management plan in greater detail than  FIG. 2 .  
       FIG. 4  is a flow chart of another example of a method for managing a crop insurance program or a grower compliance plan.  
       FIG. 5  shows the application of an input management plan in greater detail than  FIG. 4 .  
       FIG. 6  is a flow chart of yet another example of a method for managing a crop insurance program or grower compliance plan.  
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram of another embodiment of a system for managing a crop insurance program or grower compliance plan.  
       FIG. 8  is a plan view of an exemplary field with different test strips associated with corresponding zones of the field.  
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram of yet another embodiment of a system for managing a crop insurance program or grower compliance plan.  
       FIG. 10  is a block diagram of still another embodiment of a system for managing a crop insurance program or grower compliance plan. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT  
      In  FIG. 1  the system for managing a crop insurance program or grower compliance plan comprises work vehicle electronics  24  that communicates field input data to a data processing system  10  via an electromagnetic signal or otherwise. As used herein, a crop input management plan comprises a plan consistent with a crop insurance program, a grower compliance plan consistent with a contractual obligation of a grower, or both. One or more data sources  34  may communicate aggregate field input data for a defined geographic area to the data processing system  10  via a communications network  32  (e.g., the Internet) or another communications link. The data sources  34  may provide one or more of the following input data: yield data for a geographic area  36 , soil characteristics for a geographic area  38 , climate data for a geographic area  40 , weather data for a geographic area  41 , or other agronomic, topographical, geological, meteorological, or agricultural data that is commercially available, publicly available, or made available by any government or agency affiliated therewith.  
      The geographic area comprises one or more of the following: a country, a state, a county, a province, a canton, a region, a weather growing zone, a rainfall zone, a climate zone, a user definable zone, and a soil parameter zone. The geographic area may include or encompass the field (e.g., the geographic boundaries of the field) or the geographic area may share a substantially similar analogous climate, weather, growing degree days, growing zone, duration of growing season, and other agronomic characteristics.  
      The data processing system  10  comprises the following modules: a planning module  12 , an estimator  14 , a data processor  16 , a communications interface  18 , and a wireless communications device  20 . In one embodiment, two or more of the foregoing modules may communicate with each other via a databus  22 . In an alternate embodiment, two or more of the modules ( 12 ,  14 ,  16 ,  18  and  20 ) may communicate with each other via a logical data path, a physical data path, or both (e.g., in a distributed architecture). The planning module  12  determines an input management plan for application of a crop input to a field within or related to a defined geographic area. The sensor  28 , associated with the work vehicle electronics  24 , measures a first yield per land unit of a particular crop associated with the field. The estimator  14  of the data processing system  10  estimates a second yield per land unit of the particular crop associated with the defined geographic area. The defined geographic area may refer to one or more of the following: a country, a state, a county, a province, a canton, a region, a weather growing zone, a rainfall zone, a climate zone and a soil parameter zone. It is possible to define the defined geographic area (a) to be representative of (e.g., or substantially similar to) the weather, climate, growing zone, rainfall zone, and/or soil parameter zone of the field and (b) to be greater in size (e.g., acreage) than the field. The particular crop may include grain, oilseed, fiber, cotton, corn, soybeans, wheat, rice, barley, oats, flax, vegetables, fruits, edible plants, inedible plants, food crops, or any other crop. The data processor  16  determines a difference or variation between the first yield and the second yield. A communications interface  18  makes available (a) the determined difference or an indicator based thereon and (b) an identifier (e.g., a field identifier or grower identifier associated with the field) to a data processing system  42  (e.g., an insurer back-office computer) of a receiving entity (e.g., of an insurer). The receiving entity may represent a regulator, a governmental entity, or another person or business that is associated with at least one of claims and insurance on the field. The indicator may indicate whether the first yield meets, falls below, or exceeds expectations with respect to the second yield or another performance metric or standard. A grower identifier may indicate the name of a grower, a name of the grower&#39;s business, the grower&#39;s street address or the field&#39;s geographic coordinates, for example. The grower may contractually consent to the use of the grower identifier and related information incidental to the purchase of a crop insurance policy.  
      In one embodiment, the communications interface  18  device comprises a transmitter, a transceiver, a network interface module, a wireline communications device, a modem, a cable modem. The communications interface  18  is configured to transmit the difference or the indicator electronically to a data processing system  42  of an insurer, or another person or entity. The communications interface  18  may include communications software such as a web browser or support software for supporting hardware associated with the communications interface  18 . Although an Internet Service Provider (ISP) is not shown, in an alternate embodiment an ISP may be interposed between the communications interface  18  and the communications network  32  (e.g., Internet).  
      The communications interface  18  may transmit the difference or the indicator to an insurer if the first yield and the second yield differs by more than a minimum threshold percentage. The minimum threshold percentage may be determined by an insurer, an insured, an insurance underwriter, risk evaluation, historic claims, a government regulator, the Risk Management Agency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or a combination of the foregoing, for example. Although other minimum thresholds fall within the scope of the invention, in one example the minimum threshold percentage is approximately five percent.  
      The work vehicle electronics  24  comprises the following elements: a controller  29 , a sensor  28 , a dispensing actuator  30 , a location-determining receiver  31 , and a wireless communications device  26 . Two or more of the foregoing elements may communicate with one another via the databus  25  or another physical or logical data path. The sensor  28  may be used to sense the yield, volume, weight, or quantity of a particular crop or a harvested agricultural product (e.g., grain, oilseed, or fiber). The sensor  28  or controller  29  may include data processing for determining a yield per unit land for a field in which the work vehicle operates. The location-determining receiver  31  may comprise a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver for determining the location of the work vehicle, estimating ground speed of the work vehicle for yield determination, and determining whether the vehicle is located within a particular field or subfield region thereof.  
      As the crop in a field is harvested, the location-determining receiver  31  provides location data to determine that the harvested crop is associated with the proper corresponding field (or subfield geographic location or region) in which it was grown. The controller may compare the location data outputted from the location-determining receiver  31  during harvesting to the reference location data associated with boundaries of the field to determine whether or not the work vehicle is harvesting in the field (or subfield geographic location or region).  
      The controller  29  may instruct the dispensing actuator  30  to meter or control the volume, rate, weight or quantity of an agricultural input dispensed or distributed within the field or subfield region. For example, a crop input may include a nutrient, fertilizer, a micronutrient, a mineral, a trace element, insecticide, pesticide, herbicide, fungicide, plant hormone, insect bacteria, insect virus, water, chemicals, manure, acid, alkaline material, a pH-balancing additive (e.g., lime stone powder), or other input that may be applied to a field.  
      The sensor  28  comprises at least one of a mass sensor, a weight sensor, flow sensor, a moisture sensor, a piezoelectric transducer, a grain flow sensor, a grain moisture sensor, a ground speed sensor, a header position switch, an impact force sensor, a plate displacement sensor, a volume measurement device, a load cell system, a radiometric system, and a capacitance sensor. In one illustrative example, the sensor  28  is mounted in the path of crop flow (e.g., grain flow) within the work vehicle (e.g., combine or harvester). The sensor  28  detects the first yield per land unit for a harvester, a combine, or another work vehicle. The wireless communications device  26  (of the work vehicle electronics  24 ) is arranged to transmit the measured data relating to the first yield per land unit to a wireless communications device  20  (of the data processing system  10 ) via an electromagnetic signal.  
      Although other configurations are possible, the sensor  28  may include a movable member (e.g., a plate) that is associated with the path of harvested agricultural product and mounted via a piezoelectric transducer or another electromechanical device for measuring force or displacement associated with the flow of the agricultural product (e.g., grain). During operation of the sensor  28 , the movable member is displaced by the flow of agricultural product (e.g., grain) associated with a harvester, combine or other agricultural equipment such that the amount of displacement or force measured by a piezoelectric transducer indicates the quantity, volume, or weight of harvested grain. Further, in one embodiment, sensor  28  may include an optional moisture detector for measuring the moisture content of the grain. The moisture detector may comprise capacitive plates or probes that are associated with the path of harvested agricultural product. Each range or level of moisture in the agricultural product is associated with a corresponding capacitance range or level between the capacitive probes. The weight, volume or quantity determined by the electrical energy produced by the electrical transducer (or other device for measuring force or displacement of the sensor  28 ) is adjusted to compensate for grain moisture to accurately determine the yield of a particular crop. The moisture compensation determined by the capacitance may vary, and may be subject to further correction, depending upon the type or variety of grain grown, the amount of rainfall during the growing season, the time of day of harvesting, ambient humidity during harvesting, weather conditions during harvesting, and other factors, for example.  
      The insurance management system of  FIG. 1  may be applied to managing an insurance policy or endorsement for yield-monitored crop insurance, Best Management Practices (BMP) crop insurance, another form of crop insurance, or risk management of growing practices.  
       FIG. 2  discloses a method for managing a crop insurance program or a grower compliance plan. A grower compliance plan may be associated with a contractual requirement between a grower and a potential purchaser of a growers output conditional upon the growers output being substantially compliant to a grower compliance plan. The grower compliance plan may require a particular crop to have a certain characteristic or trait, or a certain characteristic (e.g., protein content or oil content of the crop) and a corresponding level or range (e.g., greater than a certain percent by volume or weight of the crop) for such characteristic. The method of  FIG. 2  begins in step S 100 .  
      In step S 100 , a planning module  12 , a consultant, or a qualified person determines an input management plan for application of a crop input to a field within a defined geographic area. The qualified person may have specialized experience, skill, training, formal education, or certification, for example in providing advice or consultation on the preparation and recommendation of a crop input management plan. In general, the geographic area may comprise one or more of the following: a country, a state, a county, a province, a canton, a region, a weather growing zone, a rainfall zone, a climate zone, and a soil parameter zone. In one embodiment, the geographic area is greater in geographic scope than the field and substantially similar to one or more characteristics (e.g., weather, climate, soil, growing degree days, endemic insect populations, plant disease rates and frequencies) of the field. In one example, the input plan may comprise the following plan components: a time window, quantity, and concentration of nitrogen fertilizer to be applied to a particular field for a corresponding crop.  
      In step S 101 , the determined input management plan is applied. The input management plan may be implemented by a work vehicle equipped with work vehicle electronics  24  for the controlled distribution or dispensation of one or more crop inputs. For example, the determined input plan may apply a crop input (e.g., nitrogen) consistent with a preferential rate (e.g., concentration), temporal window (date of application), and specification (e.g., solubility in an aqueous solution within a defined tolerance) to a geographic area on a field or sub-field basis.  
      In step S 102 , a sensor  28  or work vehicle electronics  24  measures a first yield per land unit of a particular crop associated with the field. The sensor  28  may comprise one or more of the following components: a mass sensor, a weight sensor, flow sensor, a moisture sensor, a piezoelectric transducer, a grain flow sensor, a grain moisture sensor, a ground speed sensor, a header position switch, an impact force sensor, a plate displacement sensor, a volume measurement device, a load cell system, a radiometric system, and a capacitance sensor. The measuring of the first yield per land unit comprises detecting the first yield per land unit at a harvester, a combine, or a work vehicle and transmitting the first yield per land unit to a data processing system  10  via an electromagnetic signal.  
      In step S 104 , an estimator  14  estimates a second yield per land unit of the particular crop associated with the defined geographic area. The estimator  14  may estimate the second yield in accordance with various techniques that may be applied alternately or cumulatively. Under a first technique, the estimator  14  estimates the second yield excluding the yields associated with compliant fields (e.g., compliance with insurance policy requirements or contractual grower requirements or a crop management plan) within the geographic area that follow the management plan. Under a second technique, the estimator  14  estimates the second yield excluding the yields associated with noncompliant fields (e.g., noncompliant with insurance policy requirements or contractual grower requirements or a crop management plan) within the geographic area that do not follow the management plan.  
      In step S 106 , a data processor  16  determines a difference orvariation between the first yield and the second yield. For example, the difference may be expressed as a volumetric difference, a weight difference, bushels, bushels per acre, weight per acre, net weight (e.g., gross weight minus tare weight) or otherwise.  
      In step S 108 , a communications device makes available (a) the determined difference, or an indicator based thereon, and (b) a respective identifier to a receiving entity. The identifier may comprise a field identifier of a field or a grower identifier for grower associated with the crop. The receiving entity is any person, business, or governmental entity with an interest in the grower&#39;s compliance with a crop insurance policy or other contractual obligation. For example, the receiving entity may represent an insurer that is associated with at least one of claims and insurance on the field. Alternatively, the receiving entity may represent a purchaser of the grower&#39;s crop or a portion thereof.  
      In step S 108 , the making available of the determined difference information may be accomplished in accordance with various alternate procedures. Under a first procedure, the making available comprises transmitting the difference electronically to an insurer (e.g., its back office computer). Under a second procedure, the making available comprises transmitting the difference to an insurer if the first yield and the second yield differs by more than a minimum threshold percentage. Although other minimum threshold percentages that are greater or less may fall within the scope of the invention, in one embodiment, the minimum threshold percentage is approximately five percent.  
      The procedure of  FIG. 3  shows step S 101  of  FIG. 2  in greater detail.  
      In step S 120 , a sensing station  50  ( FIG. 9 ) or a sensor  28  detects an agronomic factor and associates the agronomic factor with a corresponding time stamp. An agronomic factor comprises one or more of the following: soil characteristics, soil moisture level, soil nitrogen level, and soil nutrient level.  
      In step S 122 , a sensing station  50 , controller  29 , or data processor  16  determines if an agronomic factor is compliant with a reference criteria. If the agronomic factor is not compliant, the method continues with step S 124 . However, if the agronomic factor is compliant, the method continues with step S 126 .  
      In step S 124 , the grower is notified and provided with a prescription (e.g., a warning, instructions, or other notification) for application of a crop input within an allotted time. In a first example, the user interface  48  ( FIG. 7 ) of a crop input planning system  46  displays or provides a user with a prescription for application of a crop input within an allotted time. In a second example, the work vehicle electronics  24  determines a prescription for application of the crop input within the allotted time based on agronomic data of the sensor  28  or the sensing station  50 . The work vehicle electronics  24  may display the prescription or merely provide input data to the dispensing actuator  30  to carry out the prescription. In a third example, the planning module  12  develops a prescription based on the agronomic factor from a sensing station  50  or sensor  28  and electromagnetically transmits such prescription to the work vehicle electronics  24  in electronic form (e.g., a data file of crop input identifier, and rate versus location data).  
      In step S 126 , the sensing station  50 , the data processor  16 , or the work vehicle electronics  24  determines if the grower has fulfilled the prescription within the allotted time. If the grower has fulfilled the prescription within the allotted time, the method continues with step S 102  of  FIG. 2 , for example. However, if the grower has not fulfilled the prescription within the allotted time, the method continues with step S 128 .  
      In step S 128 , the data processing system notifies an insurer or other party of noncompliance with the prescription, a crop insurance policy or an endorsement via a communications network  32  or otherwise. For example, the data processing system  10  may send a data message to the data processing system  42  (e.g., insurer back-office computer) via the communications network  32  (e.g., a data packet network or Internet) or another communications link. The data message is directed or addressed to the data processing system  42 .  
       FIG. 4  shows an alternate method of managing a insurance program or a grower compliance program. The method of  FIG. 4  begins in step S 200 .  
      In step S 200 , a planning module  12 , a consultant, or a qualified person determines a variable input management plan for variable application of a crop input to a field within a defined geographic area. The field may be subdivided into materially distinct soil zones such that each distinct soil zone can receive specialized or disparate treatment (e.g., variable application of crop inputs) to maximum crop performance or yield across an entire field. The qualified person may have specialized experience, skill, training, formal education, or certification, for example in providing advice or consultation on the preparation and recommendation of a crop input management plan. In one example, the geographic area comprises one or more of the following: a country, a state, a county, a province, a canton, a region, a weather growing zone, a rainfall zone, a climate zone, and a soil parameter zone.  
      In step S 201 , the determined variable input management plan is applied. The variable input management plan may be implemented by a work vehicle equipped with work vehicle electronics  24  for the controlled distribution or dispensation of one or more crop inputs to various soil zones within the field. For example, the determined variable input plan may apply a crop input (e.g., nitrogen) consistent with a preferential variable rate versus location within a field or subfield region, temporal window (e.g., date of application), and specification (e.g., solubility) to a geographic area on a field or sub-field basis.  
      In step S 202 , a sensor  28  or work vehicle electronics  24  measures a first yield per land unit of a particular crop associated with the field in or more distinct soil zones. For example, each distinct soil zone within the field may be associated with a corresponding yield or yield range for the particular crop. The measuring of the first yield per land unit comprises detecting the first yield per land unit at a harvester, a combine, or a work vehicle and transmitting the first yield per land unit in or more distinct soil zones to a data processing system  10  via an electromagnetic signal or otherwise.  
      In step S 204 , for each distinct soil zone, an estimator  14  estimates a second yield per land unit of the particular crop associated with the defined geographic area. The estimator  14  may estimate the second yield in accordance with various techniques that may be applied alternately or cumulatively. Under a first technique, the estimator  14  estimates the second yield excluding the yields associated with compliant fields (e.g., compliance with insurance policy requirements or contractual grower requirements or a crop management plan) within the geographic area that follows the input management plan or a substantially similar input management plan. Under a second technique, the estimator  14  estimates the second yield excluding the yields associated with noncompliant fields (e.g., noncompliant with insurance policy requirements or contractual grower requirements or a crop management plan) within the geographic area that does not follow the input management plan or a substantially similar input management plan.  
      In step S 206 , for each distinct soil zone, a data processor  16  determines a difference or variation between the first yield and the second yield. For example, the difference may be expressed as a volumetric difference, a weight difference, bushels, bushels per acre, weight per acre, a net weight, or otherwise.  
      In step S 208 , for each distinct soil zone, a communications device (e.g., communications interface  18 ) makes available the determined difference and a respective identifier to a receiving entity that is an interest in the grower&#39;s compliance with a contractual obligation associated with the crop in the field. The identifier may represent a field identifier or a grower identifier associated with the field. The receiving entity may represent an insurer that is associated with at least one of claims and insurance on the field. Alternatively, the party may represent a purchaser of the grower&#39;s crop or a portion thereof.  
      In step S 208 , the making available of the determined difference information may be accomplished in accordance with various alternate procedures. Under a first procedure, the making available comprises transmitting the difference electronically to an insurer. Under a second procedure, the making available comprises transmitting the difference to an insurer if the first yield and the second yield differs by more than a minimum threshold percentage. Although other minimum threshold percentages that are greater or less may fall within the scope of the invention, in one embodiment, the minimum threshold percentage is approximately five percent.  
      The procedure of  FIG. 5  shows step S 201  of  FIG. 4  in greater detail.  
      In step S 210 , different soil zones are identified in a field based on soil properties associated with the depletion, leaching, availability, or unavailability of one or more soil nutrients or water.  
      In step S 212 , a sensing station  50  ( FIG. 9 ) or a sensor  28  detects an agronomic factor (e.g., soil characteristics, soil moisture level, soil nitrogen level, and soil nutrient level) at a corresponding measurement time (e.g., a time stamp) within the identified different soil zones in the field. An agronomic factor comprises one or more of the following: soil characteristics, soil moisture level, soil nitrogen level, and soil nutrient level.  
      In step S 214 , a sensing station  50 , controller  29 , or data processor  16  determines if an agronomic factor is compliant with a reference criteria in one or more of the multiple soil zones. In one example, under a first reference criteria sensing stations  50  determine if an agronomic factor is compliant with a reference criteria in a majority of the multiple soil zones. In a second example, under a second reference criteria sensing stations  50  determine if an agronomic factor is compliant with a reference criteria over all soil zones. If the agronomic factor is not compliant in one or more of the multiple soil zones in accordance with the first reference criteria and the second reference criteria, the method continues with step S 216 . However, if the agronomic factor is compliant in all of the soil zones, the method continues with step S 218 .  
      In step S 216 , the grower is notified and provided with a zone-based prescription for application of a crop input within an allotted time for the noncompliant zone or zones. In one example, the user interface  48  ( FIG. 7 ) of a crop input planning system  46  displays or provides a user with a zone-based prescription for application of a crop input within an allotted time. In another example, the work vehicle electronics  24  determines a zone-based prescription for application of the crop input within the allotted time. The work vehicle electronics  24  may display the prescription or merely provide input data to the dispensing actuator  30  to carry out the zone-based prescription.  
      In step S 218 , the sensing station  50 , the data processor  16 , or the work vehicle electronics  24  determines if the grower has fulfilled the zone-based prescription within the allotted time. If the grower has fulfilled the prescription within the allotted time, the method continues with step S 202  of  FIG. 4 , for example. However, if the grower has not fulfilled the prescription within the allotted time, the method continues with step S 220 .  
      In step S 220 , the data processing system  10  notifies an insurer or other party of noncompliance with the zone-based prescription, a crop insurance policy or an endorsement via a communications network  32  or otherwise. For example, the data processing system  10  may send a data message to the data processing system  42  (e.g., insurer back-office computer) via the communications network  32  (e.g., a data packet network or Internet) or another communications link.  
       FIG. 6  shows an alternate method of managing a insurance program or a grower compliance program. The method of  FIG. 6  begins in step S 100 .  
      In step S 100 , a planning module  12 , a consultant, or a qualified person determines an input management plan for application of a crop input to a field within a defined geographic area. The qualified person may have specialized experience, skill, training, formal education, or certification, for example in providing advice or consultation on the preparation and recommendation of a crop input management plan. The geographic area comprises one or more of the following: a country, a state, a county, a province, a canton, a region, a weather growing zone, a rainfall zone, a climate zone, and a soil parameter zone.  
      In step S 110 , a sensor  28  measures or facilitates the determination of a field yield associated with a field having a field area within a geographic area.  
      In step S 112 , an estimator  14  estimates an aggregate yield of a particular crop associated with a geographic zone. The aggregate yield is associated with a land area generally equivalent to that of the field area.  
      In step S 114 , a data processor  16  determines a difference between the field yield and the aggregate yield.  
      In step S 108 , a communications interface  18  makes available the determined difference and a field identifier associated with the field to an insurer, governmental regulator, or other entity that is associated with at least one of claims and insurance on the field.  
       FIG. 7  shows an alternate embodiment of a block diagram of a system for managing an insurance program or a grower compliance program. The system of  FIG. 7  is similar to the system of  FIG. 1  except the system of  FIG. 7  has a different data processing system  44  without an integral planning module  12  resident therein. Instead, the planning module  12  is associated with a crop input planning system  46 .  
      The crop input planning system  46  may comprise a user interface  48  and a planning module  12 . The user interface  48  may support a user inputting data, outputting data, entering commands, or otherwise interacting with the crop input planning system  46 .  
      The crop input planning system  46  may be used to verify crop input recommendations from a consultant or qualified expert, to supplement such recommendations, or to deliver the crop input recommendations from the consultant or qualified expert. The crop input planning system  46  may output the crop input recommendations in a standard data format that is recognizable by the communications interface  18  of the data processing system  10 . Further, the planning module  12  may support the preparation and arrangement of control commands for controlling the dispensing actuator  30  of the work vehicle electronics  24 . The wireless communications device  20  of the data processing system  10  may communicate the control commands (or a data file representing such control commands) to the wireless communications device  20  of the work vehicle electronics  24  via an electromagnetic signal (e.g., radio frequency transmission, spread-spectrum transmission, any modulation scheme, encoding scheme, digital, or analog format licensed or unlicensed by the Federal Communications Commission or another governmental regulator).  
       FIG. 8  shows a plan view of an illustrative field  51  in accordance with one embodiment. Other plan views and arrangements may fall within the scope of the claims. The illustrative field  51  may be used to carry out monitoring of a best management practices (BPM) program or program in which growers are given recommendations or prescriptions on growing crops in accordance with certain growing practices. The growing practices may arise from the desire to conserve in the amount of fertilizer, nutrients, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other chemicals applied to crops to reduce the cost of agricultural inputs, preferably without materially reducing the yield of the crop. However, the growing practices may relate to growing specialty crops, pharmaceutical crops, genetically modified crops, organic crops, non-genetically modified crops, or crops with specific attributes to fulfill the terms of a contract for the purchase of the crops or to provide a crop that is compliant with some recognized standard.  
      In  FIG. 8 , soil survey data is used to develop two or more different zones within the field  51 . As illustrated in the example of  FIG. 8 , the field  51  contains a first zone  82  and a second zone  84 , but more zones per field are permitted, which may vary based on the size of the field, local terrain, and local soil characteristics, among other factors. In one embodiment, different zones (e.g., the first zone  82  and the second zone  84 ) are identified in the field  51  based on at least one of soil properties and previously grown crops. The zones are based on a crop history for the zone, a crop input history for the zone, a historic nutrient exposure of the zone, and a nutrient mobility rating associated with the zone, and a hydraulic mobility rating associated with the zone, and an irrigated zone versus a non-irrigated zone. In one embodiment, each zone may be selected to be generally representative of one or more respective remaining portions of the field  51  of greater land area than the corresponding zone itself.  
      In general, each zone may contain a test strip (e.g., a first test strip  86  and a second test strip  90 ) that is bounded by one or more check strips (e.g., a first check strip  88  and second check strip  92 ). The test strip is a region in which the grower can treat in accordance with the growers&#39; own preferences to produce a higher yield or to fulfill an attribute specification or contract for a particular crop. The test strip is generally linear or curved such that a planter, tractor, or another work vehicle may physically traverse the path formed by the test strip. The check strips are treated in accordance with a prescription or recommendation provided by the planning module  12  or a qualified consultant.  
      As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , the first zone  82  contains a first test strip  86  and is bounded by adjacent check strips on both sides, which are referred to as the first check strips  88 ; the second zone  84  contains a second test strip  90  and is bounded by adjacent check strips on both sides, which are referred to as second test strips  92 .  
      A consultant may supervise or administer the preferential growing practices (e.g., best management practices) for the check strips (e.g., the first check strips  88 , the second check strips  92 , or both). For example, the consultant may distribute crop inputs at particular times at particular dosages during or prior to a growing season for the crop. If the difference between the test strip and one of the check strips (e.g., at least one side of the first check strips  88  or the second check strips  92 ) varies by a material amount, the grower may be entitled to a payment of an insurance benefit, subject to the terms and conditions of any insurance policy granted on the performance of the crop.  
      In a first configuration, the difference between the test strip and the check strip must be present in majority of the zones before the grower may be entitled to a payment of an insurance benefit, among other requirements. Further, the yield associated with the test strip should be greater than the yield of the check strip by some material amount as a condition precedent to the payment of any insurance benefit to the insured.  
      In second configuration, the difference between the test strip and check strip must be present in all of the zones before the grower may be entitled to a payment of an insurance benefit, among other requirements. Further, the yield associated with the test strip should be greater than the yield of the check strip by some material amount as a condition precedent to the payment of any insurance benefit to the insured.  
      In a third configuration, the recommendation or prescription of the farmer may vary by zone, such that each zone is independent of the other zone with respect to whether or not the test strip is compliant or noncompliant, among other requirements. Further, the yield associated with the test strip should be greater than the yield of the check strip by some material amount as a condition precedent to the payment of any insurance benefit to the insured.  
      Each zone is associated with at least one sensing station  50 . For example, the sensing station  50  may be positioned to collect data associated with a test strip, a check strip, or otherwise. The sensing station  50  may include at least one of a weather monitor  54 , a soil moisture detector, and nutrient level detector.  
      The sensing station  50  may operate in accordance with several alternate or cumulative techniques. Under a first technique, the sensing station  50  may store historical sensor  28  data in the deployed remote sensors  28  and may communicate the stored sensor  28  data via an electromagnetic signal to a remote data processing system  10  upon interrogation, polling, at defined intervals, upon accumulation of a threshold amount of sensor data or otherwise. Under a second technique, the work vehicle electronics  24  may be mounted on a work vehicle (e.g., a harvester or a combine) for harvesting the particular crop. The work vehicle electronics  24  may interrogate the sensing station  50  during the harvesting process to gather from one day to an entire season of collected data. The collected data may be forwarded by the work vehicle electronics  24  to the data processing system  10  for further processing consistent therewith. The collected data may be analyzed or screened to determine if the grower may have engaged in fraud or other activities or noncompliant growing practices that materially depart from the crop input plan or qualified recommendations.  
       FIG. 9  shows a system that is similar to the system of  FIG. 1 , except the system of  FIG. 9  further comprises one or more sensing stations  50 . Like reference numbers indicate like elements in  FIG. 1 ,  FIG. 8 , and  FIG. 9 .  
      The sensing station  50  comprises a soil sensor  52 , a weather monitor  54 , and a wireless communications device  56  (e.g., a transceiver or transmitter). Further, in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 9 , the sensing station  50  may further comprise a data storage device  53  for storing sensed data, soil data, weather data, soil moisture data, temperature data, barometric pressure data, rainfall, or other data. In one embodiment, the soil sensor  52  comprises at least one of a soil moisture detector and nutrient level detector. Sensing stations  50  may be deployed in the field, in the geographic area outside of the field, or both.  
      The data storage may be used to store historical sensor  28  data in the deployed remote sensors  28  until communicated via a wireless transmission or electromagnetic signal by the wireless communications device  56  to at least one of a wireless communications device  20  (e.g., of data processing system  10 ) and the wireless communications device  26  of the work vehicle electronics  24 . The sensing station  50  may transmit the stored sensor  28  data via an electromagnetic signal to a remote data processing system  10  upon interrogation, under a polling scheme, at defined time intervals, upon accumulation of a threshold amount of data, or otherwise. For example, the wireless communications device  26  of the work vehicle electronics may interrogate the sensing station  50  via its wireless communications device  56  which passively listens or receives signals to conserve battery longevity or an electrical charge associated with another energy storage device.  
      In one configuration, the work vehicle electronics  24  comprises a remote data processing system  10  that is mounted on a work vehicle (e.g., a harvester or a combine) for harvesting the particular crop.  
      The system of  FIG. 10  is similar to the system of  FIG. 1  except the system of  FIG. 10  further includes a noncompliance/fraud detector  55  associated with the data processing system  10 .  
      The noncompliance/fraud detector  55  seeks to identify suspicious, fraudulent, or noncompliant activities of the grower, particularly with respect to the grower&#39;s treatment of the crops and the grower&#39;s nonconformance with the crop input plan (e.g., Best Management Practices compliant plan) versus the environment contributing to the nonperformance of the crop.  
      The sensing stations  50  are deployed in the field and in the geographic area outside of the field. Each remote sensing station  50  comprises a weather monitor  54  and a soil sensor (e.g., moisture detector and/or a nutrient level detector) to determine whether any fraudulent manipulation of the field or test strips is taking place. The occurrence of such fraudulent manipulation may be identified by the data processor  16 , which may include a non-compliance/fraud detector  55 . The non-compliance/fraud detector  55  may comprise a non-compliance detection module that determines whether the grower is intentionally or negligently neglecting the field or providing other crop inputs that are out of the ordinary or not recommended pursuant to the input management plan. The fraudulent incident or potentially fraudulent incident may be reported from the non-compliance/fraud detector  55  or data processor  16  to the data processing system  10  of the insurer. In one embodiment, the sensing station  50  may regularly or periodically detect the moisture level of the soil and the nitrogen level of the soil, if the nitrogen level or the moisture level falls below a minimum reference level, the grower and the insurer may be alerted. The grower may be allotted some maximum time or time window in the contract to correct the nitrogen level by the application of more nitrogen or other fertilizer, crop inputs, or additives. Similarly, the grower may be allotted some maximum time or time window in the contract to correct the moisture level by the application of more water or other additives.  
      An insurance product comprises a crop risk insurance policy and an endorsement assembly associated with the crop insurance policy. The crop risk insurance policy component may insure against risk of loss for drought or another type of loss, for example. An endorsement assembly is associated with the crop risk insurance policy component. The endorsement assembly comprises a grower compliance requirement requiring a grower to comply with a qualified crop input plan (e.g., Best Management Practices compliant plan) for a particular crop in a field. For instance, right of payment is contingent upon a first yield per unit land area of the particular crop in the field less than second yield per unit land area of a geographic area by more than a threshold amount. The geographic area covers a greater area than the field and representative of at least one of the soil characteristics and the climate associated with the field. Further, the right of payment is generally contingent upon compliance of the grower with the ancillary terms and conditions. In one embodiment, the minimum threshold percentage is approximately five percent.  
      The geographic area comprises one or more of the following: a country, a state, a county, a province, a canton, a region, a weather growing zone, a rainfall zone, a climate zone, and a soil parameter zone. To provide accurate information for risk management of the insurance policy, premium determination, or both, the first yield per land unit is measured by at least one of a mass sensor  28 , a weight sensor  28 , flow sensor  28 , a moisture sensor  28 , a piezoelectric transducer, a grain flow sensor  28 , a grain moisture sensor  28 , a ground speed sensor  28 , a header position switch, an impact force sensor  28 , a plate displacement sensor  28 , a volume measurement device, a load cell system, a radiometric system, and a capacitance sensor  28 . In one configuration, a sensor  28  detects the first yield per land unit at one of a harvester and a combine; and a transmitter associated with the sensor  28  transmits the first yield per land unit to a data processing system  10  via an electromagnetic signal. The electromagnetic signal may be encrypted or transmitted via a spread spectrum signal for security.  
      The ancillary terms and conditions of the crop insurance policy may require the grower to establish or have established a test strip and at least one check strip associated with the test strip a the field. The ancillary terms and conditions include identifying different zones in the field based on at least one of soil properties and previously grown crops and associating a test strip with each identified different zone. The zones are based on a crop history for the zone, a crop input history for the zone, a historic nutrient exposure of the zone, and a nutrient mobility rating associated with the zone, and a hydraulic mobility rating associated with the zone, and an irrigated zone versus a non-irrigated zone.  
      With respect certain configurations of BMP or other crop insurance or crop endorsements, a test strip is established in the field. At least one check strip is associated with or adjoins the test strip a the field. With respect to other configurations of BMP or crop insurance or endorsements, multiple test strips are positioned in the field based on soil zones that are most representative of the entire field. A soil survey may be used to identify different zones in the field based on at least one of soil properties and previously grown crops; a test strip being associated with each identified different zone.  
      Soil surveys may be commercially available, available through university studies, state sponsored studies, the Department of Agriculture, National Resource Conservation service, governmental studies, or studies may be commissioned by growers. Soil surveys may be expressed as maps or data on soil properties or soil types. Growers may complete soil sampling or soil testing regularly or periodically to determine or estimate soil properties or soil types. Soil properties include organic matter content, texture, structure, density, porosity, cation exchange capacity, topography, slope drainage, soil depth, compaction, and pH. A soil type may be defined by different combinations of soil properties, wherein each soil property is associated with a corresponding value range. The cation exchange capacity is a measure of nutrient availability and refers to the total quantity of negatively charged particles in the soil that are available to attract positively charged particles (e.g., cations).  
      In one embodiment, the zones are based on one or more of the following: a crop history for the zone, a crop input history for the zone, a historic nutrient exposure of the zone, and a nutrient mobility rating associated with the zone, and a hydraulic mobility rating associated with the zone, and an irrigated zone versus a non-irrigated zone. In another embodiment, the zones are based on soil types, soil properties and corresponding values or ranges of values, or all of the foregoing items.  
      Having described the preferred embodiment, it will become apparent that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the accompanying claims.