Patent Publication Number: US-2017361659-A1

Title: Pneumatic Tire

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present technology relates to a pneumatic tire and particularly relates to a pneumatic tire with improved snow performance and wear resistance performance. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     All-season pneumatic tires that are presumably used throughout the year on dry road surfaces, wet road surfaces, snow-covered road surfaces, and the like require regular dry performance and wet performance as well as snow performance (steering stability performance on snow-covered road surfaces, for example). Additionally, because such pneumatic tires can be used on various road surfaces as described above, the tires require wear resistance performance for long-term use. 
     Examples of possible methods for improving snow performance include providing a large number of lateral grooves that extend in the tire width direction to secure edge components. Nevertheless, when a large number of lateral grooves are provided, land portion rigidity decreases, making it difficult to achieve excellent wear resistance performance. In order to achieve good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a compatible manner, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-183884A, for example, proposes providing a large number of lateral grooves that extend in the tire width direction to a plurality of rows of land portions defined by a plurality of main grooves extending in a circumferential direction, thereby securing a large number of edge components and improving snow performance. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2011-183884A further proposes adjusting a shape, a groove width, a disposition, and the like of the lateral grooves to increasingly reduce the number of lateral grooves as a distance to a tire equator decreases, thereby securing land portion rigidity near the tire equator and maintaining wear resistance performance. 
     Nevertheless, simply adjusting the shape, the groove width, the disposition, and the like of the lateral grooves does not always achieve good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a highly compatible manner, and thus further improvement is required. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present technology provides a pneumatic tire with improved snow performance and wear resistance performance. 
     A pneumatic tire according to the present technology for achieving the above-described problems includes at least three main grooves that extend in a tire circumferential direction on a tread portion, and a plurality of rows of land portions that extend in the tire circumferential direction and are defined by these main grooves. In such a pneumatic tire, a plurality of compound grooves, each including a lateral groove having a first end that communicates with a main groove on one side thereof and a second end that terminates inside a land portion, and further including a sipe that extends from the second end of the lateral groove to a main groove on the other side thereof, are formed at an interval in the tire circumferential direction in at least one row of the land portions positioned inside a center region defined between the main grooves furthest on the outside. The compound grooves are disposed so that an opening direction of the lateral grooves relative to the main grooves alternatingly reverses in the tire circumferential direction, and the lateral grooves each include a broad width portion that opens to the main groove and extends at a constant groove width, and a narrow width portion that is positioned between the broad width portion and the sipe and extends at a constant groove width narrower than that of the broad width portion. A ratio Wa/Wb of a groove width Wa of the broad width portion to a groove width Wb of the narrow width portion is within a range of from 1.2 to 3.0, and a ratio Wb/Ws of the groove width Wb of the narrow width portion to a groove width Ws of the sipe is within a range of from 1.2 to 5.0. 
     According to the present technology, it is possible to achieve excellent snow performance by an edge effect of the compound grooves. At this time, the compound grooves each include a lateral groove having the first end that communicates with a main groove on one side, and the second end that terminates inside a land portion, and further includes the sipe that extends from the second end of the lateral groove to a main groove on the other side thereof. With the existence of the sipe, the land portions are substantially not divided, making it possible to maintain higher land portion rigidity compared to when conventional lateral grooves that divide the land portions are provided, and thus, making it possible to adequately maintain wear resistance performance. Further, the lateral grooves each include a broad width portion and a narrow width portion, and thus the compound grooves each have a structure in which the groove width decreases in a stepped manner from the first end toward the second end as a whole, making it possible to alleviate stress concentration and effectively increase wear resistance performance. Furthermore, the plurality of lateral grooves formed in the same land portion do not all open toward a main groove on the same side, but rather the opening direction of the plurality of lateral grooves alternatingly reverses in the tire circumferential direction, thereby distributing in the width direction of the land portion the areas within the land portion where land portion rigidity decreases due to the lateral grooves, and thus, making it possible to effectively increase wear resistance. At this time, the ratios Wa/Wb and Wb/Ws of the groove widths of each portion of the compound groove are set to the predetermined ranges as described above, making it possible to achieve good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a highly compatible manner. Moreover, the groove width of each portion is measured at a portion where groove walls on both sides form a line on the tread surface. 
     According to the present technology, preferably a ratio La/Lr of a width Lr of the land portion in which the compound grooves are formed to a tire width direction length L of the broad width portion satisfies the relationship 0.4≦La/Lr≦0.7, a ratio Lb/Lr of the width Lr to a tire width direction length Lb of the narrow width portion satisfies the relationship 0.15≦Lb/Lr≦0.3, and a ratio Ls/Lr of the width Lr to a tire width direction length Ls of the sipe satisfies the relationship 0.15≦Ls/Lr≦0.3. The broad width portion, the narrow width portion, and the tire width direction length of the sipe that constitute the compound groove are thus set, strengthening the achievement of good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a well-balanced manner. Moreover, the tire width direction length of each portion of the compound groove is the length when each portion of the compound groove is projected in the tire circumferential direction. Further, a boundary between the broad width portion and the narrow width portion is a tire width direction center of the portion where the groove width changes. 
     In the present technology, preferably, a groove wall on one side of the compound groove in the tire circumferential direction forms a straight line on the tread surface, and a groove wall on the other side of the compound groove in the tire circumferential direction forms a non-straight line that bends in a stepped manner on the tread surface. This eliminates areas of change in the groove wall on the one side of the compound groove in the tire circumferential direction, strengthening the improvement of wear resistance performance. 
     At this time, preferably, the compound grooves adjacent in the tire circumferential direction are disposed so that either the groove walls that form straight lines or the groove walls that form non-straight lines face each other. As a result, a portion defined in a parallelogram shape is formed in the land portion that extends in the circumferential direction, improving rigidity and strengthening the improvement of wear resistance performance. 
     According to the present technology, preferably, a circumferential-direction auxiliary groove having a groove width that is smaller than that of the main grooves and extending in the tire circumferential direction is provided to the land portions in which the compound grooves are formed. With the circumferential-direction auxiliary groove thus provided, edge components resulting from the circumferential-direction auxiliary groove are also obtained, making it possible to further improve snow performance. 
     Moreover, in the present technology, the sipe is a fine groove having a groove width of 1.5 mm or less, and can be regarded as substantially not dividing a land portion even when formed across the land portion. Further, the dimensions and the angles of the compound groove (the broad width portion, the narrow width portion, and the sipe) are measured on the basis of a center line of each portion. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a meridian cross-sectional view of a pneumatic tire according to an embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 2  is a front view illustrating a tread surface of the pneumatic tire according to the embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 3  is a magnified front view illustrating a compound groove of the pneumatic tire according to the present technology. 
         FIG. 4  is an explanatory diagram illustrating a structure of the compound groove of a pneumatic tire of a comparative example. 
         FIG. 5  is an explanatory diagram illustrating a structure of the compound groove according to another embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 6  is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of the compound groove of the pneumatic tire of the comparative example. 
         FIG. 7  is a front view illustrating a tread surface of the pneumatic tire according to another embodiment of the present technology. 
         FIG. 8  is an explanatory diagram illustrating an example of a groove formed in a conventional pneumatic tire. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments of the present technology are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     Reference sign CL in  FIG. 1  denotes the tire equator. A pneumatic tire of the present technology is provided with a tread portion  1  extending in a tire circumferential direction to form a ring shape, a pair of sidewall portions  2  disposed on both sides of the tread portion  1 , and a pair of bead portions  3  disposed on inner sides in a tire radial direction of the sidewall portions  2 . One carcass layer  4  extends between the left-right pair of bead portions  3 . The carcass layer  4  includes a plurality of reinforcing cords extending in the tire radial direction, and is folded back around a bead core  5  disposed in each bead portion  3  from a vehicle inner side to a vehicle outer side. Additionally, bead fillers  6  are disposed on the periphery of the bead cores  5 , and each bead filler  6  is enveloped by a main body portion and a folded back portion of the carcass layer  4 . In the tread portion  1 , a plurality of belt layers  7  (two layers in  FIG. 1 ) are embedded on the outer circumferential side of the carcass layer  4 . Each of the belt layers  7  includes a plurality of reinforcing cords inclined with respect to the tire circumferential direction, and the reinforcing cords are disposed so as to intersect each other between the layers. In the belt layers  7 , an inclination angle of the reinforcing cords with respect to the tire circumferential direction is set within a range of from, for example, 10° to 40°. A belt reinforcing layer  8  is further disposed on the outer circumferential side of the belt layers 7. The belt reinforcing layer  8  includes organic fiber cords oriented in the tire circumferential direction. In the belt reinforcing layer  8 , the angle of the organic fiber cords with respect to the tire circumferential direction is set, for example, to from 0° to 5°. 
     The present technology may be applied to such a general pneumatic tire, however, the cross-sectional structure thereof is not limited to the basic structure described above. 
     Four main grooves  10  are formed in the tread portion  1  in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 . These four main grooves  10  include a pair of inner main grooves  11  disposed on both sides in the tire width direction of the tire equator CL, and outer main grooves  12  disposed on the outer side in the tire width direction of the inner main grooves  11 . In other words, a pair of the outer main grooves  12  extending in the tire circumferential direction is formed on both sides in the tire width direction of the tire equator CL, and two of the inner main grooves  11  extending in the tire circumferential direction are formed in a region (hereinafter, referred to as the “center region Ce”) on the inner side in the tire width direction of this pair of outer main grooves  12 . 
     In the tread portion  1 , five rows of land portions  20  extending in the tire circumferential direction are defined in the tread portion  1  by the four main grooves  10  (two inner main grooves  11  and two outer main grooves  12 ). Given that, among these five rows of land portions, the land portion  20  defined between the two inner main grooves  11  serves as a central land portion  21 , the land portions  20  defined between the inner main groove  11  and the outer main groove  12  serve as intermediate land portions  22 , and the land portions  20  defined on the outer side of the outer main grooves  12  in the tire width direction serve as the outer land portions  23 , the central land portion  21  and the intermediate land portions  22  are positioned inside the center region Ce. In the present technology, a compound groove  30 , having the structure defined later, is provided to at least one of the plurality of rows of land portions (the central land portion  21  and the intermediate land portions  22 ) positioned inside this center region Ce, and the structure of the outer land portions  23  is not particularly limited. 
     A plurality of the compound grooves  30  extending in the tire width direction are formed at an interval in the tire circumferential direction in the central land portion  21  and the intermediate land portions  22 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Each of the compound grooves  30 , as magnified in  FIG. 3 , includes a lateral groove  31  having a first end that communicates with the main groove  10  on one side thereof and a second end that terminates inside the land portion  20 , and further includes a sipe  32  that extends from the second end of this lateral groove  31  to the main groove  10  on the other side thereof. Moreover, in the compound groove  30  formed in the central land portion  21 , the first end of the lateral groove  31  communicates with the inner main groove  11  on one side thereof, the second end of the lateral groove  31  terminates inside the central land portion  21 , and the sipe  32  extends from the first end of the lateral groove  31  to the inner main groove  11  on other side thereof. On the other hand, in the compound groove  30  formed in the intermediate land portions  22 , the first end of the lateral groove  31  communicates with one of the inner main groove  11  and the outer main groove  12 , the second end of the lateral groove  31  terminates inside the intermediate land portion  22 , and the sipe  32  extends from the second end of the lateral groove  31  to the other of the inner main groove  11  and the outer main groove  12 . Abroad width portion  31   a  that opens to the main groove  10  and extends at a constant groove width, and a narrow width portion  31   b  that is positioned between the broad width portion  31   a  and the sipe  32  and extends at a constant groove width narrower than that of the broad width portion  31   a  are formed in each of the lateral grooves  31 . As a result, the compound groove  30 , as a whole, has a shape having a groove width that narrows in a stepped manner from the opening portion relative to the main groove  10  on one side thereof toward the communicating portion (arrival point at the sipe  32 ) relative to the main groove  10  on the other side thereof. 
     At this time, according to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 3 , a groove wall on one side of the compound groove  30  in the tire circumferential direction forms a straight line on the tread surface, and a groove wall on the other side of the compound groove  30  in the tire circumferential direction forms a non-straight line that bends in a stepped manner on the tread surface. The non-straight line that bends in a stepped manner is formed by smoothly connecting the groove wall of the broad width portion  31   a  that forms a straight line on the tread surface, the groove wall of the narrow width portion  31   b  that forms a straight line on the tread surface, and the groove wall of the connecting portion that inclines with respect to the groove walls of the broad width portion  31   a  and the narrow width portion  31   b  of the tread surface and connects the broad width portion  31   a  and the narrow width portion  31   b , and further connecting the groove wall of the sipe  32  that forms a straight line on the tread surface to the terminating end where the groove width of the narrow width portion  31   b  gradually narrows and terminates. 
     The plurality of compound grooves  30  formed inside one row of land portions  20  are disposed so that an opening direction of the lateral grooves  31  with respect to the main grooves  10  alternatingly reverses in the tire circumferential direction. That is, the compound groove  30  adjacent in the tire circumferential direction to another compound groove  30  in which the lateral groove  31  communicates with the main groove  10  on one side thereof has a structure in which the lateral groove  31  communicates with the main groove  10  on the other side thereof. Specifically, in the plurality of compound grooves  30  formed in the central land portion  21 , the opening direction of the lateral grooves  31  with respect to one of a pair of inner main grooves  11  are disposed so as to alternatingly reverse in the tire circumferential direction, and the compound groove  30  adjacent in the tire circumferential direction to another compound groove  30  in which the lateral groove  31  communicates with the inner main groove  11  on one side thereof has a structure in which the lateral groove  31  communicates with the inner main groove  11  on the other side thereof. Further, in the plurality of compound grooves  30  formed in the central land portion  21 , the opening direction of the lateral grooves  31  with respect to one of the inner main groove  11  and the outer main groove  12  is disposed so as to alternatingly reverse in the tire circumferential direction, and the compound groove  30  adjacent in the tire circumferential direction to another compound groove  30  in which the lateral groove  31  communicates with one of the inner main groove  11  and the outer main groove  12  has a structure in which the lateral groove  31  communicates with the other of the inner main groove  11  and the outer main groove  12 . 
     The compound grooves  30  adjacent in the tire circumferential direction are disposed so that either the groove walls that form straight lines or the groove walls that form non-straight lines described above face each other. As a result, in each of the land portions  20  in which the compound grooves  30  are formed, there is defined a portion that is surrounded by each of the groove walls on the inner side in the tire width direction of the main groove  10  adjacent to the land portion  20  and the two groove walls that form straight lines of the compound groove  30 , forming a parallelogram on the tread surface. 
     While the compound groove  30  has a shape in which the groove width changes in a stepped manner as described above, given Wa as the groove width of the broad width portion  31   a , Wb as the groove width of the narrow width portion  31   b , and Ws as the groove width of the sipe  32 , each of the compound grooves has a ratio Wa/Wb of the groove width Wa to the groove width Wb set within a range of from 1.2 to 3.0, and a ratio Wb/Ws of the groove width Wb to the groove width Ws set within a range of from 1.2 to 5.0. 
     Further, while each of the compound grooves  30  includes three portions (the broad width portion  31   a , the narrow width portion  31   b , and the sipe  32 ) as described above, given Lr as the width of the land portion  20  in which the compound grooves  30  are formed, La as the tire width direction length of the broad width portion  31   a , Lb as the tire width direction length of the narrow width portion  31   b , and Ls as the tire width direction length of the sipe  32 , the ratio La/Lr satisfies the relationship 0.4≦La/Lr≦0.7, for example, the ratio Lb/Lr satisfies the relationship 0.15≦Lb/Lr≦0.3, for example, and the ratio Ls/Lr of the width Lr to the tire width direction length Ls of the sipe  32  satisfies the relationship 0.15≦Ls/Lr≦0.3, for example. 
     In the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the compound groove  30  extends on an incline in the tire width direction and, given θa as the inclination angle of the broad width portion  31   a  with respect to the tire width direction, θb as the inclination angle of the narrow width portion  31   b  with respect to the tire width direction, and θs as the inclination angle of the sipe with respect to the tire width direction, the inclination angles θa, θb, θs are preferably from 0° to 30°, and more preferably from 17° to 24°. That is, the compound groove  30 , as a whole, inclines at an angle of 30° or less. Further, the lateral groove  31  and the sipe  32  preferably extend in the same direction, and the angle difference between the inclination angle θb and the inclination angle θs (or the angle difference between the inclination angle θa and the inclination angle θs) is, for example, from 0° to 20°, and more preferably from 0° to 10°. Moreover, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in the central land portion  21  and the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in the intermediate land portions  22  are opposite. 
     In contrast to the central land portion  21  and the intermediate land portions  22  described above, a plurality of compound grooves  40  extending in the tire width direction are formed at an interval in the tire circumferential direction in the outer land portions  23 , as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . Note that, unlike the above-described compound grooves  30  formed in the central land portion  21  and the intermediate land portions  22 , each of the compound grooves  40  formed in the outer land portions  23  includes a lateral groove  41  having a first end that terminates inside the land portion  20  (outer land portion  23 ) without reaching the main groove  10  (the outer main groove  12 ), and a second end that opens to the outer side in the tire width direction, and further includes a sipe  42  that extends from the first end of this lateral groove  41  to the main groove  10  (outer main groove  12 ). In addition to this compound groove  40 , each of the outer land portions  23  is provided with a plurality (two in  FIG. 2 ) of sipes  50  that are disposed in portions defined by the compound grooves  40  and extend in the tire width direction. 
     With the compound grooves  30  having the above-described structure thus provided to the central land portion  21  and the intermediate land portions  22  positioned in the center region Ce, it is possible to achieve excellent snow performance by the edge effect on the basis of the compound grooves  30 . At this time, each of the compound grooves  30  includes the sipe  32 , making it possible to maintain high rigidity in the land portion  20  in which the compound grooves  30  are formed, without substantially dividing the land portion  20 . This makes it possible to achieve snow performance while maintaining wear resistance performance. At this time, the compound grooves  30  each have a shape in which the groove width changes in a stepped manner from the first end toward the second end as described above, making it possible to alleviate stress concentration and effectively increase wear resistance performance. Further, as described above, the lateral grooves  31  do not all open toward the main groove on the same side, but rather the opening direction of the lateral grooves  31  alternatingly reverses in the tire circumferential direction, thereby distributing in the tire width direction the areas within the land portion  20  where provision of the lateral grooves  31  causes a reduction in rigidity, and thus making it possible to effectively increase wear resistance performance. At this time, the ratios Wa/Wb and Wb/Ws of the groove widths of each portion constituting the compound groove  30  are set to the predetermined ranges as described above, making it possible to achieve good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a more well-balanced manner. 
     Each of the compound grooves  30  is required to include the lateral groove  31  and the sipe  32 , as described above. When the grooves formed in the land portion  20  and extending in the tire width direction include only the lateral groove  31  formed by the broad width portion  31   a  and the narrow width portion  31   b , and not the sipe  32  extending from the terminating portion of the lateral groove  31  to the main groove  10 , adequate snow performance cannot be achieved. 
     While, according to the embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the groove wall on one side of the compound groove  30  in the tire circumferential direction forms a straight line on the tread surface, and the groove wall on the other side of the compound groove  30  in the tire circumferential direction forms a non-straight line that bends in a stepped manner on the tread surface, it is important in the present technology that the groove width of the compound groove  30  changes in a stepped manner, and thus the groove walls on both sides of the compound groove  30  may form non-straight lines that bend in a stepped manner on the tread surface. Note that, with the groove wall on one side formed into a straight line, it is possible to eliminate areas of change in the groove wall on the one side, strengthening the improvement of wear resistance performance. In particular, with the compound grooves  30  adjacent in the tire circumferential direction disposed so that the above-described groove walls that form straight lines or groove walls that form non-straight lines face each other as described above, an area defined in a parallelogram shape inside the land portion  20  is produced, making it possible to improve rigidity as a result of this area, and thus, making it possible to strengthen the improvement of wear resistance performance. 
     According to the present technology, the areas of the land portions  20  in which rigidity decreases as a result of the lateral grooves  31  need to be distributed in the tire width direction by disposing the plurality of compound grooves  30  so that the opening direction of the lateral grooves  31  with respect to the main groove  10  alternatingly reverses in the tire circumferential direction, as described above. When all of the lateral grooves  31  formed in one row of the land portion  20  open to the main groove  10  on the same side as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , for example, the rigidity of the land portion  20  on one side in the tire width direction significantly decreases locally more than other areas, making uneven wear more likely to occur. 
     While good snow performance and wear resistance performance are achieved in a well-balanced manner by setting the ratio Wa/Wb and the ratio Wb/Ws of the groove widths of each portion to the predetermined ranges as described above, when the ratios of the groove widths Wa, Wb, Ws deviate from the ranges, the balance in groove width change of the compound groove  30  deteriorates, making it difficult to achieve good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a well-balanced manner. Specifically, when the ratio Wa/Wb of the groove width Wa to the groove width Wb is less than 1.2, the change in groove width of the lateral groove  31  decreases, causing the lateral groove  31  to have a substantially constant groove width as a whole, and thus making it no longer possible to achieve the effect of improving wear resistance performance. When the ratio Wa/Wb of the groove width Wa to the groove width Wb is greater than 3.0, the difference in the groove widths of the broad width portion  31   a  and the narrow width portion  31   b  is too large, making it difficult to achieve good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a compatible manner. When the ratio Wb/Ws of the groove width Wb to the groove width Ws is less than 1.2, the groove width of the narrow width portion  31   b  is too small, causing the narrow width portion 31 b  to have substantially the same width as that of the sipe  32 , and thus decreasing snow performance. When the ratio Wb/Ws of the groove width Wb to the groove width Ws is greater than 5.0, the groove width of the narrow width portion  31   b  is too large, decreasing land portion rigidity and deteriorating wear resistance performance. 
     Moreover, when the length in the circumferential direction (pitch length) of the portion of the land portion  20  defined by the compound grooves  30  changes, the groove width of the compound groove  30  adjacent to the portion of the land portion  20  having a large pitch length is preferably greater than the groove width of the compound groove  30  adjacent to the portion of the land portion  20  having a small pitch length in order to efficiently secure drainage performance and achieve a favorable rigidity balance. However, even when the groove width thus differs according to the compound groove  30 , the groove widths Wa, Wb, Ws of each portion satisfy the ranges of the ratio Wa/Wb and the ratio Wb/Ws described above. More preferably, the ratio Wa/Wb is set within a range of from 1.2 to 2.0, regardless of pitch length, and the ratio Wb/Ws is set to within a range of from 2.0 to 3.0 in the portion of the land portion  20  having the largest pitch length and to within a range of from 1.3 to 2.3 in the portion of the land portion  20  having the smallest pitch length. 
     While the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in the central land portion  21  and the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in the intermediate land portions  22  differ from each other in the embodiment in  FIG. 2 , at least the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in any one of the land portions  20  (the central land portion  21  and the intermediate land portions  22  positioned in the center region Ce) is opposite to the inclination direction of the compound grooves  39  formed in the other land portions  20 . With the inclination directions of the compound grooves  30  differing in this way, the direction heteroscedasticity during steering decreases, strengthening the improvement in snow performance. In particular, when the pneumatic tire has three rows of land portions (one row of the intermediate land portion on each side of one row of the central land portion  21 ) as in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in the land portions  20  adjacent in the tire width direction is alternately set by differing the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in the central land portion  21  from the inclination direction of the compound grooves  30  formed in the intermediate land portions  22  as described above, thereby making it possible to effectively exhibit the effect of improving snow performance described above. 
     The tire width direction lengths La, Lb, Ls of each portion of the compound groove  30  are set within the above-described ranges with respect to the width Lr of the land portions  20  in which the compound grooves  30  are formed, making it possible to appropriately secure the lengths of the narrow width portion  31   b  and the sipe  32  while adequately securing the broad width portion  31   a  that contributes to snow performance, thereby strengthening the achievement of good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a well-balanced manner. At this time, when the ratio La/Lr is less than 0.4, the percentage of the broad width portion  31   a  that occupies the compound groove  30  decreases, making it difficult to adequately achieve good snow performance. When the ratio La/Lr is greater than 0.7, the percentage of the broad width portion  31   a  that occupies the compound groove  30  decreases, making it difficult to adequately maintain land portion rigidity and achieve excellent wear resistance performance. When the ratio Lb/Lr is less than 0.15, the narrow width portion  31   b  becomes substantially nonexistent, making the configuration substantially the same as when the sipe  32  is directly connected to the broad width portion  31   a . As a result, the change in groove width from the lateral groove  31  to the sipe  32  becomes abrupt, making it difficult to adequately improve wear resistance performance. When the ratio Lb/Lr is greater than 0.3, the narrow width portion  31   b  is too large, making it difficult to adequately secure the length of the broad width portion  31   a , and thus, making it difficult to adequately achieve good snow performance. When the ratio Ls/Lr is less than 0.15, the length of the lateral groove  31  is too large, making it difficult to adequately maintain land portion rigidity and thus, making it difficult to achieve excellent wear resistance performance. When the ratio Ls/Lr is greater than 0.3, it is difficult to adequately secure the length of the lateral groove  31 , and thus, making it difficult to achieve excellent snow performance. 
     While the tire width direction length Lb of the narrow width portion  31   b  and the tire width direction length Ls of the sipe  32  may differ, the tire width direction lengths Lb, Ls are preferably substantially the same. For example, the ratio Lb/Ls of the length Lb to the length Ls may be within a range of from 0.8 to 1.2. 
     While the compound grooves  30  are formed in the one row of the central land portion  21  and each of the rows of the intermediate land portion  22  disposed on both sides in the tire width direction thereof (that is, all land portions  20  positioned inside the center region Ce) in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 2 , the above-described effect of achieving good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a compatible manner can be achieved as long as the compound grooves  30  are provided to at least one of these land portions  20 . The effect achieved from the compound grooves  30  increases in proportion to the number of land portions  20  among these land portions  20  (all land portions  20  positioned inside the center region Ce) in which the compound grooves  30  are formed, making it possible to more efficiently achieve good snow performance and wear resistance performance in a compatible manner. 
     The land portions in which the compound grooves  30  are formed may be further provided with a circumferential-direction auxiliary groove  60  having a smaller groove width than that of the main grooves  10  and extending in the tire circumferential direction, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . Examples of such a circumferential-direction auxiliary groove  60  include a narrow groove having a groove width of 3 mm or less, and a sipe having a groove width of 1.5 mm or less. With the circumferential-direction auxiliary groove  60  thus provided, edge components resulting from the circumferential-direction auxiliary groove  60  are also obtained, making it possible to further improve snow performance. 
     At this time, the circumferential-direction auxiliary groove  60  may be provided to all land portions  20  in which the compound grooves  30  are formed, but is preferably provided in a limited way to only the intermediate land portions  22  on both sides in the tire width direction as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , for example. With the circumferential narrow groove  60  disposed in a limited way and not included in the central land portion  21 , block rigidity is secured, strengthening the improvement of wear resistance and steering stability. 
     While the circumferential-direction auxiliary grooves  60  may be provided so as to intersect the compound grooves  30  and continue in the tire circumferential direction as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the circumferential-direction auxiliary grooves  60  that are positioned between adjacent compound grooves  30  and do not reach the compound grooves  30  may be disposed on the same line extending in the tire circumferential direction. 
     The circumferential-direction auxiliary grooves  60  are preferably provided to a central portion in the width direction of the land portions  20  in which the auxiliary grooves  30  are formed, and may be disposed, for example, in a region from one width-direction end portion of the land portion  20  in which the auxiliary grooves  30  are formed to a region of from 30% to 70% of the width Lr of this land portion  20 . More preferably, the circumferential-direction auxiliary grooves  60  are disposed in a region from one end portion in the width direction of the land portion  20  in which the auxiliary grooves  30  are formed to a region of from 40% to 60% of the width Lr of this land portion  20 . With the circumferential-direction auxiliary grooves  60  disposed in such positions, it is possible to achieve excellent uneven wear resistance performance. 
     While the above describes a case where four main grooves  10  are formed in the tread portion  1 , the number of main grooves  10  formed in the tread portion  1  may be three, for example. In this case, one inner main groove  11  is formed in the center region Ce defined by the pair of the outer main grooves  12 , and one row of the land portion  20  is defined on each side of the tire equator CL in the center region Ce. Such two rows of land portions  20 , similar to the case described above, can be provided with the compound grooves  30  and the circumferential-direction auxiliary grooves  60 . While adequate wet performance is achieved as long as at least three main grooves  10  are provided to the tread portion and at least one inner main groove  11  is provided to the center region Ce, preferably, one or two inner main grooves  11  are provided to the center region Ce, taking into consideration balance with other performances. 
     EXAMPLES 
     As Conventional Example 1, Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and Examples 1 to 11, 15 types of pneumatic tires were produced using tires having a tire size of 215/60R16, the reinforcement structure illustrated in  FIG. 1 , and the tread pattern illustrated in  FIG. 2  excluding the compound grooves (and the circumferential-direction auxiliary grooves), as bases. The structure of the compound grooves, the groove width ratios (ratio Wa/Wb and ratio Wb/Ws) of the compound grooves, the groove length ratios (ratio La/Lr, ratio Lb/Lr, and ratio Ls/Lr), the presence/absence of the circumferential narrow grooves, and the groove width of the circumferential narrow grooves were set as indicated in Table 1. 
     In these 15 types of pneumatic tires, the shape of the compound groove is common to that illustrated in  FIG. 3 , except for Conventional Example 1, Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and Example 4. That is, each of the compound grooves includes a lateral groove having a first end that communicates with a main groove on one side thereof and a second end that terminates inside a land portion, and further includes a sipe that extends from the second end of this lateral groove to a main groove on the other side thereof. The lateral groove includes a broad width portion and a narrow width portion. Further, the compound grooves are disposed so that the opening direction of the lateral grooves with respect to the main grooves alternatingly reverses in the tire circumferential direction. 
     In contrast, Conventional Example 1 is an example that includes grooves having the shape illustrated in  FIG. 8 , and serves as an example in which lateral grooves are provided that extend at a constant width from the opening portion and terminate inside the land portion, and all lateral grooves open to a main groove on the same side. While the grooves, without sipes, cannot be called compound grooves, the figure number is stated in the “Structure of compound groove” row of Table 1 for the sake of convenience. Further, the groove as a whole forms a broad width portion, and therefore only the ratio La/Lr is stated. Comparative Example 1 is an example that includes grooves having the shape illustrated in  FIG. 6 , and serves as an example in which the compound grooves, each formed by a sipe and a lateral groove that includes a broad width portion and a narrow width portion, open to a main groove on the same side. Comparative Example 2 is an example that includes grooves having the shape illustrated in  FIG. 4 , and serves as an example in which only lateral grooves including the broad width portion and the narrow width portion are formed, and sipes are not included. In this example, the opening direction of the lateral grooves with respect to the main grooves alternatingly reverses in the tire circumferential direction. While the grooves, without sipes, cannot be called compound grooves, the figure number is stated in the “Structure of compound groove” row of Table 1 for the sake of convenience. Further, because a sipe is not provided, only the ratio Wa/Wb, the ratio La/Lr, and the ratio Lb/Lr are stated. Example 4 is an example that includes grooves having the shape illustrated in  FIG. 5 , and serves as an example in which the groove walls on both sides of the compound groove in the tire circumferential direction form non-straight lines bending in a stepped manner on the tread surface. 
     Moreover, in each example, the groove width of the sipe was commonly set to 1.0 mm. Further, the width of the land portions in which the compound grooves are formed was commonly set to 24 mm. 
     These 15 types of pneumatic tires were evaluated for snow performance and wear resistance performance by the evaluation methods described below, and the results are also shown in Table 1. 
     Snow Performance 
     The test tires were assembled on wheels with a rim size of 16×6.5J, inflated to an air pressure of 240 kPa, mounted on a test vehicle having an engine displacement of 2.5 L, and subjected to a sensory evaluation for steering stability performance by the implementation of a test run by test drivers on a test course with a snowy road surface. Evaluation results were expressed as index values, with Conventional Example 1 being assigned a reference index value of 100. Larger index values indicate superior snow performance. 
     Wear Resistance Performance 
     Each type of test tire was assembled on wheels with a rim size of 16×6.5J, inflated to an air pressure of 240 kPa, and mounted on a test vehicle having an engine displacement of 2.5 L. The amount of wear was measured after driving 20000 km on a public road. The evaluation results were expressed as index values using the inverse value as the measurement value, and Conventional Example 1 being defined as 100. Larger index values indicate less amount of wear and superior wear resistance performance. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1-1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Conventional 
                 Comparative 
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
                 Example 1 
                 Example 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Structure of 
                 FIG. 8 
                 FIG. 6 
                 FIG. 4 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 3 
               
               
                 compound groove 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Groove 
                 Wa/Wb 
                 — 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 width 
                 Wb/Ws 
                 — 
                 2.0 
                 — 
                 2.0 
                 1.2 
               
               
                 ratio 
               
               
                 Groove 
                 La/Lr 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 length 
                 Lb/Lr 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 ratio 
                 Ls/Lr 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Presence/absence of 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
               
               
                 circumferential-direction 
               
               
                 auxiliary groove 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Groove width of 
                 mm 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 circumferential- 
               
               
                 direction auxiliary 
               
               
                 groove 
               
               
                 Snow 
                 Index 
                 100    
                 103    
                 95   
                 105    
                 103    
               
               
                 performance 
                 value 
               
               
                 Wear resistance 
                 Index 
                 100    
                 97   
                 103    
                 105    
                 103    
               
               
                 performance 
                 value 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1-2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Comparative 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 Example 3 
                 Example 4 
                 Example 5 
                 Example 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Structure of 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 5 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 3 
               
               
                 compound groove 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Groove 
                 Wa/Wb 
                 3.0 
                 4.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 width ratio 
                 Wb/Ws 
                 5.0 
                 7.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Groove 
                 La/Lr 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.2 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 length 
                 Lb/Lr 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.33 
               
               
                 ratio 
                 Ls/Lr 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.33 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Presence/absence of 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
               
               
                 circumferential-direction 
               
               
                 auxiliary groove 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Groove width of 
                 mm 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 circumferential- 
               
               
                 direction auxiliary 
               
               
                 groove 
               
               
                 Snow performance 
                 Index 
                 104 
                 103 
                 105 
                 101 
                 103 
               
               
                   
                 value 
               
               
                 Wear resistance 
                 Index 
                 103 
                 97 
                 103 
                 101 
                 103 
               
               
                 performance 
                 value 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1-3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Example 
                 Example 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7 
                 Example 8 
                 Example 9 
                 10 
                 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Structure of 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 3 
                 FIG. 3 
               
               
                 compound groove 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Groove 
                 Wa/Wb 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 width ratio 
                 Wb/Ws 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Groove 
                 La/Lr 
                 0.4 
                 0.7 
                 0.8 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 length ratio 
               
               
                   
                 Lb/Lr 
                 0.3 
                 0.15 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 Ls/Lr 
                 0.3 
                 0.15 
                 0.1 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Presence/absence of 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Absent 
                 Present 
                 Present 
               
               
                 circumferential-direction 
               
               
                 auxiliary groove 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Groove width of 
                 mm 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 circumferential- 
               
               
                 direction auxiliary 
               
               
                 groove 
               
               
                 Snow performance 
                 Index 
                 104    
                 103    
                 101    
                 107    
                 106    
               
               
                   
                 value 
               
               
                 Wear resistance 
                 Index 
                 104    
                 103    
                 101    
                 105    
                 105    
               
               
                 performance 
                 value 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As understood from Table 1, Examples 1 to 11 each exhibited snow performance and wear resistance performance in a well-balanced manner, showing improvements from Conventional Example 1. On the other hand, Comparative Example 1, in which all compound grooves open to a main groove on one side thereof only, deteriorated in wear resistance performance. Comparative Example 2, in which sipes are not provided, deteriorated in snow performance. Comparative Example 3, in which the groove width ratio does not satisfy the range of the present technology, deteriorated in wear resistance performance.