Patent Publication Number: US-2003235569-A1

Title: Feed additives for chickens

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] The invention relates to biological compositions comprising yeast cells that can improve the immune functions of animals. The invention also relates to methods for manufacturing the biological compositions, and methods of using the biological compositions as animal feed additives.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] Antibiotics have been added to animal feed since the 1940s. It has been reported in 2000 that more than a third of the antibiotics sold in the United States—about 18 million pounds a year—are used in animal husbandry. They are used to treat sick animals; to prevent other animals housed in confined barns or coops from infections; and to make the animals grow faster. In terms of volume, most antibiotics are used for the first two reasons. Only 6.1 percent of the drugs goes toward growth promotion. However, in terms of the number of animals exposed, the role of growth promotion is huge. That is because farmers give antibiotics, in low but daily doses, to entire herds or flocks. Regular low doses of antibiotics not only help keep livestock healthy, but also improve the absorption of nutrients, which helps the animals grow faster on less feed, and thus increase profits, particularly in intensive farming operations. It has been estimated that 75 percent of the 92 million pigs in the United States routinely intake feed laced with antibiotics. So do about 6 percent of cattle, 25 percent of chickens and half the turkeys.  
       [0003] It is known that excess antibiotics and chemicals including those that are not metabolized by the animals can either remain in the body or be excreted. In the first instance, it may accumulate in the meat (and milk in the case of cows or goats) which will be consumed by humans. Thus, there is a possibility that these antibiotics and chemicals will contaminate human food products. Secondly and more importantly, it exposes microorganisms to the antibiotics, allowing antibiotic-resistant strains of the microorganisms to develop. If excreted, these antibiotics and chemicals will be released to the environment where they can come into contact with soil microorganisms. It has been hypothesized that over a period of time, commonly-used antibiotics will be render less effective against a range of microorgansims because of the development of antibiotic resistance and the transfer of such resistance to microorganisms including those that cause infections in humans.  
       [0004] There is growing evidence to suggest that the antibiotics widely used on farm animals are diminishing the power of important antibiotics to treat human infectious diseases especially those caused by food-borne pathogens. Farm animals treated with low levels of antibiotics are developing drug-resistant forms of bacteria. In one instance, while Synercid was approved for human use only in 1990&#39;s, a closely related drug called virginiamycin has been used on livestock since 1974. In fact, since 1990 there have been dramatic increase in the occurrence of multiply drug-resistant strains of zoonotic pathogens causing infections in humans in many developed countries. Of particular note has been the epidemic spread of MR strains of  Salmonella typhimurium  DT 104, which now appear to have an almost world-wide distribution. Among the DT104 strains, the increasing spectrum of resistance is of considerable concern. In many parts of the world, there is an increased incidence of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. For Campylobacters species, the incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant organisms is also increasing, with reports of such isolates from numerous countries throughout the world. See Threllfall E.J. et al., Acta Vet Scand Suppl 2000; 93:63-8; Wegener H. C., N Engl J Med. May 20, 1999; 340(20):1525-32; Smith K. E. et al., N Engl J Med. May 20, 1999; 340(20):1581-2; Wegener H. C. et al., Acta Vet Scand Suppl. 1999; 92:51-7.  
       [0005] Because of concerns over the development of drug-resistance in microorganisms that cause human diseases, regulatory authorities in the United States and the European Union has banned or proposed banning the use of certain antibiotics in animal feed as a growth promoter. In defense, farmers and pharmaceutical makers argued that reducing the use of antibiotics would lead to increased disease and mortality rates and make meat more expensive by increasing the amount of time it takes to get animals to ideal slaughtering weight. The antibiotics help to animals get fatter quicker because they do not waste energy fighting illness. It has been argued that it is a ban on growth promoters that could pose the greatest risk to health. Without their protection, animals could face more serious disease. As a result, veterinarians would have to resort to high doses of therapeutic antibiotics. For example, the year following prohibition of antibiotics use in Sweden, an extra 50,000 pigs died of a form of diarrhoea.  
       [0006] It is clear that while the use of antibiotics as prophylactics in animal husbandry is banned or reduced, an urgent need for alternative means to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in farm animals is emerging. The present invention provides a solution that uses yeasts to improve the immune functions of animals.  
       [0007] The inclusion of fungal cells or fungal fermentation products in animal feed have been in use for some time. Certain bacteria, yeasts and mold preparations, commonly referred to as probiotics or direct fed microbials, are administered orally or added to animal feeds to provide various benefits. However, the mechanism of action of such preparations are not properly understood but it is believed that they act by altering the gut microflora/microbiota of the animals thereby improving the health of the intestinal tract lining and allowing for improved nutrient absorption. In the case of ruminants, the preparation may ameliorate fermentation in the rumen that results in the wasteful production of gases.  
       [0008] For examples of the use of fungal cells and products in animal feed, see the annual Feed Additive Compendium published by The Miller Publishing Company (Minnetonka, Minn.) or the following patent literature:  
       [0009] U.S. Pat. No. 3,903,307 discloses a process for making animal feed that is based on the fermentation of waste molasses or bagasse by yeasts, such as  Candida utilis  and  Trichoderma veride.    
       [0010] U.S. Pat. No. 4,055,667 discloses a liquid animal feed supplement that comprises a colloidal mixture of spent brewer&#39;s yeast in an aqueous alcoholic medium.  
       [0011] U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,708 discloses an animal feed supplement that comprises live yeast cells (Saccharomyces species) having fermenting activity, a texturizing component comprising ground meal, ground legumes or mixtures thereof, a mineral mixture, a liquid binder, a vitamin mixture, and ground montmorillonite.  
       [0012] U.S. Pat. No. 5,624,686 discloses an animal feed additive that is prepared by cultivating certain bacteria or yeast species (such as  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis ) and disrupting the microbial cells such that metabolites of the cells are efficiently made available to the animal.  
       [0013] U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,337 discloses an animal feed that comprises yeast glucan which is derived from the cell walls of various yeast species (such as  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis ).  
       [0014] Citation of documents herein is not intended as an admission that any of the documents cited herein is pertinent prior art, or an admission that the cited documents are considered material to the patentability of the claims of the present application. All statements as to the date or representations as to the contents of these documents are based on the information available to the applicant and does not constitute any admission as to the correctness of the dates or contents of these documents.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0015] The present invention relates to biological compositions that can be added to animal feed to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in poultry, such as chicken.  
       [0016] In one embodiment, the present invention provides biological compositions comprising a plurality of live yeast cells which are capable of improving the immune functions of ruminants, such as chicken, when ingested. The biological compositions can be used for reducing the incidence of infectious diseases in chicken or optimizing the health of the flock.  
       [0017] In another embodiment, the invention provides methods of making the biological composition. In particular, the methods of the invention comprise culturing yeast cells in the presence of a series of electromagnetic fields of defined frequencies and field strengths, such that the yeast cells becomes metabolically active and potent at stimulating an animal&#39;s immune system. Up to four different components of yeast cells can be used to form the biological compositions. The yeast cells can also be subjected to a conditioning step to improve its performance. The conditioning step comprises culturing the yeast cells in a culture medium comprising gastric juice of an animal, wild hawthorn juice, and wild jujube juice. Methods for manufacturing the biological compositions comprising culturing the yeast cells under activation conditions, mixing various yeast cell cultures of the present invention, followed by drying the yeast cells and packing the final product, are encompassed. In preferred embodiments, the starting yeast cells are commercially available and/or accessible to the public, such as but not limited to  Saccharomyces cerevisiae.    
       [0018] The biological compositions of the invention can be fed directly to animals or used as an additive to be incorporated into regular animal feed. Animal feed compositions comprising activated yeast cells of the invention and ingredients such as zeolite powder are encompassed by the invention. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES  
     [0019]FIG. 1 Activation and conditioning of yeast cells. 1 yeast cell culture; 2 container; 3 electromagnetic field source; 4 electrode.  
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0020] The present invention relates to biological compositions that can improve the immune functions of animals, and/or reduce the incidence of infectious diseases. The present invention provides methods for manufacturing the biological compositions as well as methods for using the biological compositions as animal feed additives.  
     [0021] The biological compositions of the invention comprise yeasts. Unlike the traditional use of yeasts as a component of the feed, the yeast cells of the invention are not a primary source of nutrients for the animals. The yeast cells of the invention serve as a supplement to replace or reduce the antibiotics that are now routinely added to livestock feed. The yeast cells are live when administered orally or ingested along with feed by the animals. While in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal, the yeast cells are capable of stimulating the immune system and improving the immune functions of the animal, thereby reducing the incidence of infectious diseases. The use of the biological compositions of the invention can lower the overall cost of maintaining the health of animals in commerical animal operations, and make feasible the minimal use or the elimination of antibiotics in feed.  
     [0022] While the following terms are believed to have well-defined meanings in the art, the following are set forth to define the terms as used herein, and facilitate explanation of the invention.  
     [0023] As used herein, the term “feed” broadly refers to any kind of material, liquid or solid, that is used for nourishing an animal, and for sustaining normal or accelerated growth of an animal including newborns and young developing animals. Preferably, the feed is chicken feed.  
     [0024] The term “animal” as used herein refers to livestock birds, poultry, and chickens in particular, including all breeds of chickens kept for eggs, meat, and display.  
     [0025] The term “immune functions” as used herein broadly encompasses specific and non-specific immunological reactions of the animal, and includes both humoral and cell-mediated defense mechanisms. The immune functions of the animal enable the animal to survive and/or recover from an infection by a pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and other parasites. The immune functions of the animal can also prevent infections, particularly future infections by the same pathogen after the animal had an initial exposure to the pathogen. Many types of immune cells are involved in providing the immune functions, which include various subsets of lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), different types of leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, endothelial cells) and cells that are found in specialized organs and tissues with immunological activities (bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, bursa, Peyer&#39;s patch). Details of the immune system of poultry are described in Avian Immunology by W. T. Weber, John Wiley &amp; Sons, November. 1990, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.  
     [0026] In one embodiment, the present invention provides biological compositions that comprise at least one yeast cell component. Each yeast cell component comprises a population of live yeast cells which have been cultured under a specific set of conditions such that the yeast cells are capable of improving the immune functions of an animal. In preferred embodiments, the biological compositions of the invention comprise up to four yeast cell components.  
     [0027] According to the invention, under certain specific culture conditions, yeasts can be made metabolically active such that they become effective in stimulating and enhancing the immune functions of an animal which ingested the yeasts. Without being bound by any theory or mechanism, the inventor believes that the culture conditions activate and/or amplified the expression of a gene or a set of genes in the yeast cells such that the yeast cells becomes highly potent in stimulating the animal&#39;s immune system. It is envisioned that interactions between certain yeast gene products and elements of the animal&#39;s immune system is greatly enhanced by the elevated levels of these yeast gene products after the yeast cells have been cultured under the conditions described hereinbelow. These interactions are believed to involve immune cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, as well as circulating immune cells. As a result of these interactions, the immune functions of the animals, such as responsiveness to and recovery from an infection, and resistance to diseases, are improved. The animals are protected from many types of infectious diseases, including parasitic diseases, such as but not limited to those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and the like. The benefits of using the biological compositions are demonstrated by experimental results obtained from animals which show resistance to or rapid recovery from an infectious disease.  
     [0028] In one embodiment, the biological compositions of the invention can be fed directly to an animal. In another embodiment, the biological compositions can be added to the feed. As known to those skilled in the relevant art, many methods and appliances may be used to mix the biological compositions of the invention with feed. In a particular embodiment, a mixture of culture broths of the yeasts of the present invention are added directly to the feed just prior to feeding the animal. Dried powders of the yeasts can also be added directly to the feed just prior to feeding the animal. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the yeast cells are mixed with the raw constituents of the feed with which the yeast cells become physically incorporated. The biological compositions may be applied to and/or mixed with the feed by any mechanized means which may be automated.  
     [0029] The amount of biological composition used depends in part on the feeding regimen and the type of feed, and can be determined empirically. For example, the useful ratio of biological composition to animal feed ranges from 0.1% to 1% by dry weight, preferably, 0.3 to 0.8%, and most preferebly at about 0.5%. Although not necessary, the biological compositions of the invention can also be used in conjunction or in rotation with other types of supplements, such as but not limited to vitamins, minerals, and vaccines.  
     [0030] Described below in Section 5.1 and 5.2 are four yeast cell components of the invention and methods of their preparation. Section 5.3 describes the manufacture of the biological compositions of the invention which comprises at least one of the four yeast cell components.  
     PREPARATION OF THE YEAST CELL CULTURES  
     [0031] The present invention provides yeast cells that are capable of improving the immune functions of an animal which ingested the yeast cells. Up to four different yeast cell components can be combined to make the biological compositions.  
     [0032] A yeast cell component of the biological composition is produced by culturing a plurality of yeast cells in an appropriate culture medium in the presence of an alternating electromagnetic field or multiple alternating electromagnetic fields in series over a period of time. The culturing process allows yeast spores to germinate, yeast cells to grow and divide, and can be performed as a batch process or a continuous process. As used herein, the terms “alternating electromagnetic field”, “electromagnetic field” or “EM field” are synonymous. An electromagnetic field useful in the invention can be generated by various means well known in the art. A schematic illustration of exemplary setups are depicted respectively in FIG. 1. An electromagnetic field of a desired frequency and a desired field strength is generated by an electromagnetic wave source (3) which comprises one or more signal generators that are capable of generating electromagnetic waves, preferably sinusoidal waves, and preferably in the frequency range of 1500 MHz-15000 MHz. Such signal generators are well known in the art. Signal generators capable of generating signal with a narrower frequency range can also be used. If desirable, a signal amplifier can also be used to increase the output signal, and thus the strength of the EM field.  
     [0033] The electromagnetic field can be applied to the culture by a variety of means including placing the yeast cells in close proximity to a signal emitter connected to a source of electromagnetic waves. In one embodiment, the electromagnetic field is applied by signal emitters in the form of electrodes that are submerged in a culture of yeast cells (1). In a preferred embodiment, one of the electrodes is a metal plate which is placed on the bottom of a non-conducting container (2), and the other electrode comprises a plurality of wires or tubes so configured inside the container such that the energy of the electromagnetic field can be evenly distributed in the culture. For an upright culture vessel, the tips of the wires or tubes are placed within 3 to 30 cm from the bottom of the vessel (i.e, approximately 2 to 10% of the height of the vessel from the bottom). The number of electrode wires used depends on both the volume of the culture and the diameter of the wire. For example, for a culture having a volume of 10 liter or less, two or three electrode wires having a diameter of between 0.5 to 2.0 mm can be used. For a culture volume of 10 liter to 100 liter of culture, the electrode wires or tubes can have a diameter of 3.0 to 5.0 mm. For a culture volume of 100 liter to 1000 liter, the electrode wires or tubes can have a diameter of 6.0 to 15.0 mm. For a culture having a volume greater than 1000 liter, the electrode wires or tubes can have a diameter of between 20.0 to 25.0 mm.  
     [0034] In various embodiments, yeasts of the genera of  Saccharomyces, Candida, Crebrothecium, Geotrichum, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Lipomyces, Pichia, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula Torulopsis, Trichosporon , and  Wickerhamia  can be used in the invention.  
     [0035] Non-limiting examples of yeast strains include Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen, ACCC2034, ACCC2035, ACCC2036, ACCC2037, ACCC2038, ACCC2039, ACCC2040, ACCC2041, ACCC2042, AS2.1, AS2.4, AS2.11, AS2.14, AS2.16, AS2.56, AS2.69, AS2.70, AS2.93, AS2.98, AS2.101, AS2.109, AS2.110, AS2.112, AS2.139, AS2.173, AS2.174, AS2.182, AS2.196, AS2.242, AS2.336, AS2.346, AS2.369, AS2.374, AS2.375, AS2.379, AS2.380, AS2.382, AS2.390, AS2.393, AS2.395, AS2.396, AS2.397, AS2.398, AS2.399, AS2.400, AS2.406, AS2.408, AS2.409, AS2.413, AS2.414, AS2.415, AS2.416, AS2.422, AS2.423, AS2.430, AS2.431, AS2.432, AS2.451, AS2.452, AS2.453, AS2.458, AS2.460, AS2.463, AS2.467, AS2.486, AS2.501, AS2.502, AS2.503, AS2.504, AS2.516, AS2.535, AS2.536, AS2.558, AS2.560, AS2.561, AS2.562, AS2.576, AS2.593, AS2.594, AS2.614, AS2.620, AS2.628, AS2.631, AS2.666, AS2.982, AS2.1190, AS2.1364, AS2.1396, IFFI 1001, IFFI 1002, IFFI 1005, IFFI 1006, IFFI 1008, IFFI 1009, IFFI 1010, IFFI 1012, IFFI 1021, IFFI 1027, IFFI 1037, IFFI 1042, IFFI 1043, IFFI 1045, IFFI 1048, IFFI 1049, IFFI 1050, IFFI 1052, IFFI 1059, IFFI 1060, IFFI 1063, IFFI 1202, IFFI 1203, IFFI 1206, IFFI 1209, IFFI 1210, IFFI 1211, IFFI 1212, IFFI 1213, IFFI 1215, IFFI 1220, IFFI 1221, IFFI 1224, IFFI 1247, IFFI 1248, IFFI 1251, IFFI 1270, IFFI 1277, IFFI 1287, IFFI 1289, IFFI 1290, IFFI 1291, IFFI 1292, IFFI 1293, IFFI 1297, IFFI 1300, IFFI 1301, IFFI 1302, IFFI 1307, IFFI 1308, IFFI 1309, IFFI 1310, IFFI 1311, IFFI 1331, IFFI 1335, IFFI 1336, IFFI 1337, IFFI 1338, IFFI 1339, IFFI 1340, IFFI 1345, IFFI 1348, IFFI 1396, IFFI 1397, IFFI 1399, IFFI 1411, IFFI 1413 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae  Hansen Var. ellipsoideus (Hansen) Dekker, ACCC2043, AS2.2, AS2.3, AS2.8, AS2.53, AS2.163, AS2.168, AS2.483, AS2.541, AS2.559, AS2.606, AS2.607, AS2.611, AS2.612 ; Saccharomyces chevalieri  Guillermond, AS2.131, AS2.213 ; Saccharomyces delbrueckii , AS2.285 ; Saccharomyces delbrueckii  Lindner var. mongolicus Lodder et van Rij, AS2.209, AS2.1157 ; Saccharomyces exiguous  Hansen, AS2.349, AS2.1158 ; Saccharomyces fermentati  (Saito) Lodder et van Rij, AS2.286, AS2.343 ; Saccharomyces logos  van laer et Denamur ex Jorgensen, AS2.156, AS2.327, AS2.335 ; Saccharomyces mellis  Lodder et Kreger Van Rij, AS2.195 ; Saccharomyces microellipsoides  Osterwalder, AS2.699 ; Saccharomyces oviformis  Osterwalder, AS2.100 ; Saccharomyces rosei  (Guilliermond) Lodder et kreger van Rij, AS2.287 ; Saccharomyces rouxii  Boutroux, AS2.178, AS2.180, AS2.370, AS2.371 ; Saccharomyces sake  Yabe, ACCC2045 ; Candida arborea , AS2.566 ; Candida Krusei  (Castellani) Berkhout, AS2.1045 ; Candida lambica (Lindner et Genoud) van.Uden et Buckley, AS2.1182 ; Candida lipolytica  (Harrison) Diddens et Lodder, AS2.1207, AS2.1216, AS2.1220, AS2.1379, AS2.1398, AS2.1399, AS2.1400 ; Candida parapsilosis  (Ashford) Langeron et Talice, AS2.590 ; Candida parapsilosis  (Ashford) et Talice Var. intermedia Van Rij et Verona, AS2.491 ; Candida pulcherriman  (Lindner) Windisch, AS2.492 ; Candida rugousa  (Anderson) Diddens et Loddeer, AS2.511, AS2.1367, AS2.1369, AS2.1372, AS2.1373, AS2.1377, AS2.1378, AS2.1384 ; Candida tropicalis  (Castellani) Berkout, ACCC2004, ACCC2005, ACCC2006, AS2.164, AS2.402, AS2.564, AS2.565, AS2.567, AS2.568, AS2.617, AS2.1387 ; Candida utilis  Henneberg Lodder et Kreger Van Rij, AS2.120, AS2.281, AS2.1180 ; Crebrothecium ashbyii  (Guillermond) Routein, AS2.481, AS2.482, AS2.1197 ; Geotrichum candidum  Link, ACCC2016, AS2.361, AS2.498, AS2.616, AS2.1035, AS2.1062, AS2.1080, AS2.1132, AS2.1175, AS2.1183 ; Hansenula anomala  (Hansen) H et P sydow, ACCC2018, AS2.294, AS2.295, AS2.296, AS2.297, AS2.298, AS2.299, AS2.300, AS2.302, AS2.338, AS2.339, AS2.340, AS2.341, AS2.470, AS2.592, AS2.641, AS2.642, AS2.635, AS2.782, AS2.794 ; Hansenula arabitolgens  Fang, AS2.887 ; Hansenula jadinii  Wickerham, ACCC2019 ; Hansenula saturnus  (Klocker) H et P sydow, ACCC2020 ; Hansenula schneggii  (Weber) Dekker, AS2.304 ; Hansenula subpelliculosa  Bedford, AS2.738, AS2.740, AS2.760, AS2.761, AS2.770, AS2.783, AS2.790, AS2.798, AS2.866 ; Kloeckera apiculata  (Reess emend. Klocker) Janke, ACCC2021, ACCC2022, ACCC2023, AS2.197, AS2.496, AS2.711, AS2.714 ; Lipomyces starkeyi  Lodder et van Rij, ACCC2024, AS2.1390 ; Pichia farinosa  (Lindner) Hansen, ACCC2025, ACCC2026, AS2.86, AS2.87, AS2.705, AS2.803 ; Pichia membranaefaciens  Hansen, ACCC2027, AS2.89, AS2.661, AS2.1039 ; Rhodosporidium toruloides  Banno, ACCC2028 ; Rhodotorula glutinis  (Fresenius) Harrison, ACCC2029, AS2.280, ACCC2030, AS2.102, AS2.107, AS2.278, AS2.499, AS2.694, AS2.703, AS2.704, AS2.1146 ; Rhodotorula minuta  (Saito) Harrison, AS2.277 ; Rhodotorula rubar  (Demme) Lodder, ACCC2031, AS2.21, AS2.22, AS2.103, AS2.105, AS2.108, AS2.140, AS2.166, AS2.167, AS2.272, AS2.279, AS2.282 ; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis  Hansen, AS2.113, ACCC2032, ACCC2033, AS2.312, AS2.116, AS2.118, AS2.121, AS2.132, AS2.162, AS2.189, AS2.200, AS2.216, AS2.265, AS2.377, AS2.417, AS2.420, AS2.440, AS2.441, AS2.443, AS2.444, AS2.459, AS2.595, AS2.605, AS2.638, AS2.742, AS2.745, AS2.748, AS2.1042 ; Saccharomyces uvarum Beijer , IFFI 1023, IFFI 1032, IFFI 1036, IFFI 1044, IFFI 1072, IFFI 1205, IFFI 1207 ; Saccharomyces willianus  Saccardo, AS2.5, AS2.7, AS2.119, AS2.152, AS2.293, AS2.381, AS2.392, AS2.434, AS2.614, AS2.1 189; Saccharomyces sp., AS2.31 1 ; Saccharomyces ludwigii  Hansen, ACCC2044, AS2.243, AS2.508 ; Saccharomyces sinenses  Yue, AS2.1395 ; Schizosaccharomyces octosporus  Beijerinck, ACCC 2046, AS2.1148 ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe  Linder, ACCC2047, ACCC2048, AS2.248, AS2.249, AS2.255, AS2.257, AS2.259, AS2.260, AS2.274, AS2.994, AS2.1043, AS2.1149, AS2.1178, IFFI 1056 ; Sporobolomyces roseus  Kluyver et van Niel, ACCC 2049, ACCC 2050, AS2.619, AS2.962, AS2.1036, ACCC2051, AS2.261, AS2.262 ; Torulopsis candida  (Saito) Lodder, ACCC2052, AS2.270 ; Torulopsis famta  (Harrison) Lodder et van Rij, ACCC2053, AS2.685 ; Torulopsis globosa  (Olson et Hammer) Lodder et van Rij, ACCC2054, AS2.202 ; Torulopsis inconspicua  Lodder et van Rij, AS2.75 ; Trichosporon behrendii  Lodder et Kreger van Rij, ACCC2055, AS2.1193 ; Trichosporon capitatum  Diddens et Lodder, ACCC2056, AS2.1385 ; Trichosporon cutaneum (de Beurm et al.)Ota, ACCC2057, AS2.25, AS2.570, AS2.571, AS2.1374 ; Wickerhamia fluoresens  (Soneda) Soneda, ACCC2058, AS2.1388. Yeasts of the  Saccharomyces genus  are generally preferred. Among strains of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae  Hansen is a preferred strain.  
     [0036] Generally, yeast strains useful for the invention can be obtained from private or public laboratory cultures, or publically accessible culture deposits, such as the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 and the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC), China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian, P.O. Box 2714, Beijing, 100080, China.  
     [0037] Although it is preferred, the preparation of the yeast cell components of the invention is not limited to starting with a pure strain of yeast. Each yeast cell component may be produced by culturing a mixture of yeast cells of different species or strains. The constituents of a yeast cell component can be determined by standard yeast identification techniques well known in the art.  
     [0038] In various embodiments of the invention, standard techniques for handling, transferring, and storing yeasts are used. Although it is not necessary, sterile conditions or clean environments are desirable when carrying out the manufacturing processes of the invention. Standard techniques for handling animal blood and immune cells, and for studying immune functions of an animal are also used. Details of such techniques are described in Advances in Laboratory Methods: General Haematology, 2000, Assendelft et al., (Ed.), Arnold, Edward (Publisher); Handbook of Vertebrate Immunology, 1998, Pastoret et al. (Ed.), Acadmic Press, and Current Protocols In Immunology, 1991, Coligan, et al. (Ed), John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc., which are both incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.  
     [0039] In one embodiment, the yeast cells of the first yeast cell component are cultured in the presence of at least one alternating electromagnetic (EM) field with a frequency in the range of 7750 MHz to 7780 MHz and preferably 7750 to 7770 MHz. A single EM field or a series of EM fields can be applied, each having a different frequency within the stated range, or a different field strength within the stated range, or different frequency and field strength within the stated ranges. Although any practical number of EM fields can be used within a series, it is preferred that, the yeast culture be exposed to a total of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different EM fields in a series. The EM field(s), which can be applied by any means known in the art, can each have a frequency of 7750, 7751, 7752, 7753, 7754, 7755, 7756, 7757, 7758, 7759, 7760, 7761, 7762, 7763, 7764, 7765, 7766, 7767, 7768, 7769, or 7770 MHz.  
     [0040] The field strength of the EM field(s) is in the range of 22 to 320 mV/cm. In a preferred embodiment, the EM field(s) at the beginning of a series have a lower EM field strength than later EM field(s), such that the yeast cell culture are exposed to EM fields of progressively increasing field strength. Accordingly, the yeast cells can be cultured at the lower EM field strength (e.g., 130 to 250 mV/cm) for 24 to 64 hours and then cultured at the higher EM field strength (e.g., 250-320 mV/cm) for another 10 to 40 hours. The yeast culture can remain in the same container and use the same set of electromagnetic wave generator and emitters when switching from one EM field to another EM field.  
     [0041] The culture process can be initiated by inoculating 100 ml of medium with 1 ml of an inoculum of the selected yeast strain(s) at a cell density of about 10 5  cells/ml. The starting culture is kept at 35° C. to 37° C. for 24 to 48 hours prior to exposure to the EM field(s). The culturing process may preferably be conducted under conditions in which the concentration of dissolved oxygen is between 0.025 to 0.08 mol/m 3 , preferably 0.04 mol/m 3 . The oxygen level can be controlled by any conventional means known in the art, including but not limited to stirring and/or bubbling.  
     [0042] The culture is most preferably carried out in a liquid medium which contains animal serum and sources of nutrients assimilable by the yeast cells. Table 1 provides an exemplary medium for culturing the first yeast cell component of the invention.  
                           TABLE 1                                   Medium Composition   Quantity                                                        Sucrose or glucose   20.0   g           K 2 HPO 4     0.25   g           MgSO 4 .7H 2 O   0.2   g           NaCl   0.22   g           CaSO 4 .2H 2 O   0.5   g           CaCO 3     6.0   g           Urea   0.2 to 5.0   g           Peptone   15   g           Animal serum   2-5   ml           Autoclaved water   1000   ml                      
 
     [0043] In general, carbohydrates such as sugars, for example, sucrose, glucose, fructose, dextrose, maltose, xylose, and the like and starches, can be used either alone or in combination as sources of assimilable carbon in the culture medium. The exact quantity of the carbohydrate source or sources utilized in the medium depends in part upon the other ingredients of the medium but, in general, the amount of carbohydrate usually varies between about 0.1% and 5% by weight of the medium and preferably between about 0.5% and 2%, and most preferably about 0.8%. These carbon sources can be used individually, or several such carbon sources may be combined in the medium. Among the inorganic salts which can be incorporated in the culture media are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, and like ions. Non-limiting examples of nutrient inorganic salts are (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , CaCO 3 , MgSO 4 , NaCl, and CaSO 4 .  
     [0044] The animal serum, which is a fraction of blood that comprises white blood cell, can be prepared from whole blood (10-20 ml) by standard methods known in the art, such as density gradient centrifugation. Red blood cells are separated and discarded. The serum may be diluted with 90 to 180 ml double distilled water. The serum is added to the culture medium after the medium has been autoclaved and cooled to about 45° C. Chicken serum is preferred.  
     [0045] It should be noted that the composition of the media provided in Table 1 is not intended to be limiting. The process can be scaled up or down according to needs. Various modifications of the culture medium may be made by those skilled in the art, in view of practical and economic considerations, such as the scale of culture and local supply of media components.  
     [0046] Although the yeast cells will become activated even after a few hours of culturing in the presence of the EM field(s), the yeast cells can be cultured in the presence of the EM field(s) for an extended period of time (e.g., one or more weeks). At the end of the culturing process, the yeast cells which constitute the first yeast cell component of the invention may be recovered from the culture by various methods known in the art, and stored at a temperature below about 0° C. to 4° C. The recovered yeast cells may also be dried and stored in powder form.  
     [0047] A non-limiting example of making a first yeast cell component of the invention with  Geotrichum candidum  Link strain AS2.616 is provided in Section 6 hereinbelow.  
     [0048] In another embodiment, the yeast cells of the second yeast cell component are cultured in the presence of at least one alternating electromagnetic (EM) field with a frequency in the range of 6815 MHz to 6850 MHz and preferably 6815 to 6835 MHz. A single EM field or a series of EM fields can be applied, each having a different frequency within the stated range, or a different field strength within the stated range, or different frequency and field strength within the stated ranges. Although any practical number of EM fields can be used within a series, it is preferred that, the yeast culture be exposed to a total of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different EM fields in a series. The EM field(s), which can be applied by any means known in the art, can each have a frequency of 6815, 6816, 6817, 6818, 6819, 6820, 6821, 6822, 6823, 6824, 6825, 6826, 6827, 6828, 6829, 6830, 6831, 35 6832, 6833, 6834, or 6835 MHz.  
     [0049] The field strength of the EM field(s) is in the range of 25 to 330 mV/cm. In preferred embodiment, the EM field(s) at the beginning of a series have a lower EM field strength than later EM field(s), such that the yeast cell culture are exposed to EM fields of progressively increasing field strength. Accordingly, the yeast cells can be cultured at the lower EM field strength (e.g.,170-260 mV/cm) for 24 to 68 hours and then cultured at the higher EM field strength (e.g., 260-330 mV/cm) for another 24 to 68 hours. The yeast culture can remain in the same container and use the same set of electromagnetic wave generator and emitters when switching from one EM field to another EM field.  
     [0050] The culture process can be initiated by inoculating 100 ml of medium with 1 ml of an inoculum of the selected yeast strain(s) at a cell density of about 10 5  cells/ml. The starting culture is kept at 35° C. to 37° C. for 24 to 48 hours prior to exposure to the EM field(s). The culturing process may preferably be conducted under conditions in which the concentration of dissolved oxygen is between 0.025 to 0.08 mol/m 3 , preferably 0.04 mol/m 3 . The oxygen level can be controlled by any conventional means known in the art, including but not limited to stirring and/or bubbling.  
     [0051] The culture is most preferably carried out in a liquid medium which contains animal serum and sources of nutrients assimilable by the yeast cells. Table 2 provides an exemplary medium for culturing the second yeast cell component of the invention.  
                           TABLE 2                                   Medium Composition   Quantity                                                        Sucrose or soluble starch   20.0   g           K 2 HPO 4     0.25   g           MgSO 4 .7H 2 O   0.2   g           NaCl   0.22   g           CaCO 3     0.5   g           Urea   2.0   g           Peptone   15   g           Animal serum   2-5   ml           Autoclaved water   1000   ml                      
 
     [0052] In general, carbohydrates such as sugars, for example, sucrose, glucose, fructose, dextrose, maltose, xylose, and the like and starches, can be used either alone or in combination as sources of assimilable carbon in the culture medium. The exact quantity of the carbohydrate source or sources utilized in the medium depends in part upon the other ingredients of the medium but, in general, the amount of carbohydrate usually varies between about 0.1% and 5% by weight of the medium and preferably between about 0.5% and 2%, and most preferably about 0.8%. These carbon sources can be used individually, or several such carbon sources may be combined in the medium. Among the inorganic salts which can be incorporated in the culture media are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, and like ions. Non-limiting examples of nutrient inorganic salts are (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , CaCO 3 , MgSO 4 , NaCl, and CaSO 4 .  
     [0053] The animal serum, which is a fraction of blood that comprises white blood cell, can be prepared from whole blood (10-20 ml) by standard methods known in the art, such as density gradient centrifugation. Red blood cells are separated and discarded. The serum may be diluted with 90 to 180 ml double distilled water, and preferably, contains from 10 2  to 10 3  T cells/ml. The serum is added to the culture medium after the medium has been autoclaved and cooled to about 45° C. Chicken serum is preferred.  
     [0054] It should be noted that the composition of the media provided in Table 2 is not intended to be limiting. The process can be scaled up or down according to needs. Various modifications of the culture medium may be made by those skilled in the art, in view of practical and economic considerations, such as the scale of culture and local supply of media components.  
     [0055] Although the yeast cells will become activated even after a few hours of culturing in the presence of the EM field(s), the yeast cells can be cultured in the presence of the EM field(s) for an extended period of time (e.g., one or more weeks). At the end of the culturing process, the yeast cells which constitute the first yeast cell component of the invention may be recovered from the culture by various methods known in the art, and stored at a temperature below about 0° C. to 4° C. The recovered yeast cells may also be dried and stored in powder form.  
     [0056] A non-limiting example of making a second yeast cell component of the invention with  Candida utilis  Henneberg Lodder et Kreger Van Rij strain AS2.1180 is provided in Section 6 hereinbelow.  
     [0057] In yet another embodiment, the yeast cells of the third yeast cell component are cultured in the presence of at least one alternating electromagnetic (EM) field with a frequency in the range of 8180 MHz to 8210 MHz and preferably 8190 to 8210 MHz. A single EM field or a series of EM fields can be applied, each having a different frequency within the stated range, or a different field strength within the stated range, or different frequency and field strength within the stated ranges. Although any practical number of EM fields can be used within a series, it is preferred that, the yeast culture be exposed to a total of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different EM fields in a series. The EM field(s), which can be applied by any means known in the art, can each have a frequency of 8190, 8191, 8192, 8193, 8194, 8195, 8196, 8197, 8198, 8199, 8200, 8201, 8202, 8203, 8204, 8205, 8206, 8207, 8208, 8209, or 8210 MHz.  
     [0058] The field strength of the EM field(s) is in the range of 28 to 350 mV/cm. In a preferred embodiment, the EM field(s) at the beginning of a series have a lower EM field strength than later EM field(s), such that the yeast cell culture are exposed to EM fields of progressively increasing field strength. Accordingly, the yeast cells can be cultured at the lower EM field strength (e.g., 160-260 mV/cm) for 10 to 68 hours and then cultured at the higher EM field strength (e.g., 260-350 mV/cm) for another 12 to 48 hours. The yeast culture can remain in the same container and use the same set of electromagnetic wave generator and emitters when switching from one EM field to another EM field.  
     [0059] The culture process can be initiated by inoculating 100 ml of medium with 1 ml of an inoculum of the selected yeast strain(s) at a cell density of about 10 5  cells/ml. The starting culture is kept at 35° C. to 37° C. for 24 to 48 hours prior to exposure to the EM field(s). The culturing process may preferably be conducted under conditions in which the concentration of dissolved oxygen is between 0.025 to 0.08 mol/m 3 , preferably 0.04 mol/m 3 . The oxygen level can be controlled by any conventional means known in the art, including but not limited to stirring and/or bubbling.  
     [0060] The culture is most preferably carried out in a liquid medium which contains animal serum and sources of nutrients assimilable by the yeast cells. Table 3 provides an exemplary medium for culturing the third yeast cell component of the invention.  
                           TABLE 3                                   Medium Composition   Quantity                                                        Sucrose or soluble starch   20.0   g           MgSO 4 .7H 2 O   0.25   g           NaCl   0.2   g           Ca(H 2 PO 4 )   0.22   g           CaCO 3     0.5   g           (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4     3.0   g           K 2 HPO 4     0.3   g           Peptone   15   g           Animal serum   2-5   ml           Autoclaved water   1000   ml                      
 
     [0061] In general, carbohydrates such as sugars, for example, sucrose, glucose, fructose, dextrose, maltose, xylose, and the like and starches, can be used either alone or in combination as sources of assimilable carbon in the culture medium. The exact quantity of the carbohydrate source or sources utilized in the medium depends in part upon the other ingredients of the medium but, in general, the amount of carbohydrate usually varies between about 0. 1% and 5% by weight of the medium and preferably between about 0.5% and 2%, and most preferably about 0.8%. These carbon sources can be used individually, or several such carbon sources may be combined in the medium. Among the inorganic salts which can be incorporated in the culture media are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, and like ions. Non-limiting examples of nutrient inorganic salts are (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , CaCO 3 , MgSO 4 , NaCl, and CaSO 4 .  
     [0062] The animal serum, which is a fraction of blood that comprises white blood cell, can be prepared from whole blood (10-20 ml) by standard methods known in the art, such as density gradient centrifugation. Red blood cells are separated and discarded. The serum may be diluted with 90 to 180 ml double distilled water. The serum is added to the culture medium after the medium has been autoclaved and cooled to about 45° C. The serum is added to the culture medium after the medium has been autoclaved and cooled to about 45° C. Chicken serum is preferred.  
     [0063] It should be noted that the composition of the media provided in Table 3 is not intended to be limiting. The process can be scaled up or down according to needs. Various modifications of the culture medium may be made by those skilled in the art, in view of practical and economic considerations, such as the scale of culture and local supply of media components.  
     [0064] Although the yeast cells will become activated even after a few hours of culturing in the presence of the EM field(s), the yeast cells can be cultured in the presence of the EM field(s) for an extended period of time (e.g., one or more weeks). At the end of the culturing process, the yeast cells which constitute the first yeast cell component of the invention may be recovered from the culture by various methods known in the art, and stored at a temperature below about 0° C. to 4° C. The recovered yeast cells may also be dried and stored in powder form.  
     [0065] A non-limiting example of making a third yeast cell component of the invention with  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  strain AS2.16 is provided in Section 6 hereinbelow.  
     [0066] In yet another embodiment, the yeast cells of the fourth yeast cell component are cultured in the presence of at least one alternating electromagnetic (EM) field with a frequency in the range of 8400 MHz to 8430 MHz and preferably 8400 to 8420 MHz. A single EM field or a series of EM fields can be applied, each having a different frequency within the stated range, or a different field strength within the stated range, or different frequency and field strength within the stated ranges. Although any practical number of EM fields can be used within a series, it is preferred that, the yeast culture be exposed to a total of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different EM fields in a series. The EM field(s), which can be applied by any means known in the art, can each have a frequency of 8400, 8401, 8402, 8403, 8404, 8405, 8406, 8407, 8408, 8409, 8410, 8411, 8412, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8416, 8417, 8418, 8419, or 8420 MHz.  
     [0067] The field strength of the EM field(s) is in the range of 30 to 380 mV/cm. In a preferred embodiment, the EM field(s) at the beginning of a series have a lower EM field strength than later EM field(s), such that the yeast cell culture are exposed to EM fields of progressively increasing field strength. Accordingly, the yeast cells can be cultured at the lower EM field strength (e.g., 160-300 mV/cm) for 10 to 72 hours and then cultured at the higher EM field strength (e.g., 300-380 mV/cm) for another 10 to 36 hours. The yeast culture can remain in the same container and use the same set of electromagnetic wave generator and emitters when switching from one EM field to another EM field.  
     [0068] The culture process can be initiated by inoculating 100 ml of medium with 1 ml of an inoculum of the selected yeast strain(s) at a cell density of about 10 5  cells/ml. The starting culture is kept at 35° C. to 37° C. for 24 to 48 hours prior to exposure to the EM field(s). The culturing process may preferably be conducted under conditions in which the concentration of dissolved oxygen is between 0.025 to 0.08 mol/m 3 , preferably 0.04 mol/m 3 . The oxygen level can be controlled by any conventional means known in the art, including but not limited to stirring and/or bubbling.  
     [0069] The culture is most preferably carried out in a liquid medium which contains animal serum and sources of nutrients assimilable by the yeast cells. Table 4 provides an exemplary medium for culturing the fourth yeast cell component of the invention.  
                           TABLE 4                                   Medium Composition   Quantity                                                        Starch   20.0   g           (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4     0.25   g           K 2 HPO 4     0.2   g           MgSO 4 .7H 2 O   0.22   g           NaCl   0.5   g           CaSO 4 .2H 2 O   0.3   g           CaCO 3     3.0   g           Peptone   15   g           Animal serum   2-5   ml           Autoclaved water   1000   ml                      
 
     [0070] In general, carbohydrates such as sugars, for example, sucrose, glucose, fructose, dextrose, maltose, xylose, and the like and starches, can be used either alone or in combination as sources of assimilable carbon in the culture medium. The exact quantity of the carbohydrate source or sources utilized in the medium depends in part upon the other ingredients of the medium but, in general, the amount of carbohydrate usually varies between about 0. 1% and 5% by weight of the medium and preferably between about 0.5% and 2%, and most preferably about 0.8%. These carbon sources can be used individually, or several such carbon sources may be combined in the medium. Among the inorganic salts which can be incorporated in the culture media are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, and like ions. Non-limiting examples of nutrient inorganic salts are (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , CaCO 3 , MgSO 4 , NaCl, and CaSO 4 .  
     [0071] The animal serum, which is a fraction of blood that comprises white blood cell, can be prepared from whole blood (10-20 ml) by standard methods known in the art, such as density gradient centrifugation. Red blood cells are separated and discarded. The serum may be diluted with 90 to 180 ml double distilled water. The serum is added to the culture medium after the medium has been autoclaved and cooled to about 45° C. The serum is added to the culture medium after the medium has been autoclaved and cooled to about 45° C. Chicken serum is preferred.  
     [0072] It should be noted that the composition of the media provided in Table 4 is not intended to be limiting. The process can be scaled up or down according to needs. Various modifications of the culture medium may be made by those skilled in the art, in view of practical and economic considerations, such as the scale of culture and local supply of media components.  
     [0073] Although the yeast cells will become activated even after a few hours of culturing in the presence of the EM field(s), the yeast cells can be cultured in the presence of the EM field(s) for an extended period of time (e.g., one or more weeks). At the end of the culturing process, the yeast cells which constitute the first yeast cell component of the invention may be recovered from the culture by various methods known in the art, and stored at a temperature below about 0° C. to 4° C. The recovered yeast cells may also be dried and stored in powder form.  
     [0074] A non-limiting example of making a fourth yeast cell component of the invention with  Geotrichum candidum  Link strain AS2.361 is provided in Section 6 hereinbelow.  
     CONDITIONING OF THE YEAST CELLS  
     [0075] In another aspect of the invention, performance of the activated yeast cells can be optimized by culturing the activated yeast cells in the presence of materials taken from the gastrointestinal tract of the type of animal to which the biological composition will be fed. The inclusion of this conditioning process allows the activated yeast cells to adapt to and endure the acidic environment of the animal&#39;s stomach.  
     [0076] According to the invention, activated yeast cells prepared as described in Section 5.1 can be further cultured in a medium with a composition as shown in Table 5.  
               TABLE 5                          (Per 1000 ml of culture medium)                     Medium Composition   Quantity                                 Gastric juice of chicken   300   ml; stored at 4° C.       Wild jujube juice   300   ml       Wild hawthorn juice   320   ml       (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4     0.25   g       K 2 HPO 4     0.2   g       MgSO 4 .7H 2 O   0.22   g       NaCl   0.5   g       CaSO 4 .2H 2 O   0.3   g       CaCO 3     3.0   g       Peptone   15   g       Yeast culture from first yeast cell   20   ml       component containing &gt;10 8  cells/ml; see       Table 1       Yeast culture from second yeast cell   20   ml       component containing &gt;10 8  cells/ml; see       Table 2       Yeast culture from third yeast cell   20   ml       component containing &gt;10 8  cells/ml; see       Table 3       Yeast culture from fourth yeast cell   20   ml       component containing &gt;10 8  cells/ml; see       Table 4                  
 
     [0077] The process can be scaled up or down according to needs.  
     [0078] The gastric juice of a chicken can be prepared by mixing about 500 to 1000 g of the stomach content of a freshly slaughtered animal with 1000-2000 ml of water, and filtering under sterile conditions to obtain a clear fluid which can be stored at 4° C. before use.  
     [0079] The wild jujube juice is a filtered extract of wild jujube fruits prepared by mixing 5 ml of water per gram of crushed wild jujube. The wild hawthorn juice is a filtered extract of wild hawthorn fruits prepared by mixing 5 ml of water per gram of crushed wild hawthorn.  
     [0080] The mixture of yeast cells is cultured for about 48 to 96 hours in the presence of a series of electromagnetic fields. Each electromagnetic field has a frequency that, depending on the strains of yeast included, corresponds to one of the four ranges of frequencies described in Sections 5.1. If all four yeast components are present, a combination of the following four frequency bands can be used: 7750-7780 MHz; 6815-6850 MHz; 8180-8210 MHz; 8400-8420 MHz. The EM fields can be applied sequentially or simultaneously. Generally, the yeast cells are subjected to an EM field strength in the range from 85 mV/cm to 320 mV/cm in this process.  
     [0081] While the yeast cell culture is exposed to the EM field(s), the culture is incubated at temperatures that cycle between about 5° C. to about 38° C. For example, in a typical cycle, the temperature of the culture may start at about 37° C. and be allowed to fall gradually to about 5° C., and then gradually be brought up to about 38° C. for another cycle. Each complete cycle lasts about 3 hours. At the end of the cycles, the activated and conditioned yeast cells can be recovered by centrifugation at about 3500 rpm and stored under 4° C.  
     MANUFACTURE OF THE BIOLOGICAL COMPOSITIONS  
     [0082] The present invention further provides a method for manufacturing a biological composition that comprises the yeast cells of the invention. Preferably, the biological compositions of the invention comprise yeast cells activated by the methods described in section 5.1 and which have been subject to conditioning by the method described in section 5.2. Most preferably, the biological compositions comprise all four yeast cell components.  
     [0083] To mass produce the biological compositions of the invention, the culture process is scaled up accordingly starting with activated yeast cell cultures as prepared in Section 5.1 and preferably conditioned as described in Section 5.2. To illustrate the scaled-up process, a method for producing 1000 kg of the biological composition is described as follows:  
     [0084] A stock culture of each of the four activated yeast cell components are added to a culture medium comprising 100 kg starch in 250 liters of water. The activated yeast cells are then cultured at 35° to 38° C. in the presence of an EM field(s) of the respective frequencies and a field strength within 120 to 450 mV/cm. The culture process is carried out for about 48 to 96 hours, or when the yeast cell number reaches about 2×10 10 /ml. At this point, the activated yeast cells must be stored at about 0° to 4° C., and if not used immediately, dried for storage within 24 hours. This process is repeated for each of the four yeast cell components. To make a biological composition comprising all four yeast cell components, 250 liters of culture media of each of the four activated yeast cell components (i.e, a total of 1000 liters) are mixed and combined with 600 kg of starch.  
     [0085] Since the activated yeast cells and the biological compositions are not necessarily used immediately, the prepared yeast cells and biological compositions can be dried in a two-stage drying process. During the first drying stage, the yeast cells are dried in a first dryer at a temperature not exceeding 65° C. for a period of time not exceeding 10 minutes so that yeast cells quickly become dormant. The yeast cells are then sent to a second dryer and dried at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. for a period of time not exceeding 30 minutes to further remove water. After the two stages, the water content should be lower than 5%. It is preferred that the temperatures and drying times be adhered to in both drying stages so that yeast cells do not lose their vitality and functions. The dried yeast cells are then cooled to room temperature. The dried yeast cells may also be screened in a separator so that particles of a preferred size are selected. The dried cells can then be sent to a bulk bag filler for packing.  
     EXAMPLE  
     [0086] The following example illustrates the manufacture of a biological composition that can be used as an animal feed additive.  
     [0087] The biological composition comprises the following four components of yeasts:  Geotrichum candidum  Link AS2.616 , Candida utilis  Henneberg Lodder et Kreger Van Rij AS2.1180 , Saccharomyces cerevisiae  AS2.16 and  Geotrichum candidum  Link AS2.361. Each component of yeasts is shown to be capable of inhibiting the development of infection by  Aspergillus fumigatus  and reducing the mortality of infected chicken. The four yeast cell components are prepared and tested separately as follows:  
     [0088] A starting culture containing about 10 5  cells/ml of AS2.616 is placed into the container (2) as shown in FIG. 1 containing a medium with the composition as shown in Table 1. Initially, the yeast cells are cultured for about 24 hours at 36±1° C. without an EM field. Then, in the same medium, at 36±1° C., the yeast cells are cultured in the presence of a series of eight EM fields applied in the order stated: 7752 MHz at 132 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 7758 MHz at 132 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 7763 MHz at 132 mv/cm for 22 hrs; 7766 MHz at 132 mv/cm for 22 hrs; 7752 MHz at 320 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 7758 MHz at 320 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 7763 MHz at 320 mv/cm for 10 hrs; and 7766 MHz at 320 mv/cm for 10 hrs. The yeast cells were conditioned by further culturing in chicken gastric juice and hawthorn juice as described in section 5.2, in the presence of a series of two EM fields: 7763 MHz at 320 mV/cm for 10 hours and 7766 MHz at 320 mV/cm for 10 hours. After the last culture period, the yeast cells are either used within 24 hours to make the biological compositions, or dried for storage as described in section 5.3.  
     [0089] The beneficial effect of this first component of yeast cells on birds was tested as follows: The test was conducted with 1800 chickens (a Chinese breed of chicken kept for eggs, Northern breed No. 6), all about two weeks old, with body weight within ≦11%. The birds were divided into four groups each with 450 birds, with the total weight of each group being within ≦8%. The birds in each of the four groups were further divided into three subgroups of 150 birds. The experiments in each group were triplicated. Each bird was infected by subcutaneous injection of 5 ml of a solution containing 5×10 7    Aspergillus fumigatus  which causes aspergillosus. The first group of birds (Group A) were fed a diet comprising a mixture of antibiotics as shown in Table 6.  
               TABLE 6                          composition of animal feed containing antibiotics                         Ingredients   Quantities per metric ton   Notes                                     Basic Feed (with   1000   kg   purchased from China       no antibiotics)           Jingdai Feed Factory                                 bacitracin zinc   100   g   4,000,000   units       monensin   100   g       colistin sulfate   40   g   400,000,000   units       flavomycin   40   g   40,000,000   units       chlortetracycline   30   g   30,000,000   units       oxytetracycline   40   g   40,000,000   units       hygromycin B   10   g   10,000,000   units       destomycin A   10   g   10,000,000   units       Amprolium   30   g       hydrochloride       Dinitolmidum   100       (Zoalene)                  
 
     [0090] The birds of Group B were fed a diet comprising activated AS2.616 yeast cells. The activated yeast cells were present in an additive which was prepared by mixing dried cells with zeolite powder (less than 200 mesh) at a ratio of about 10 9  yeast cells per gram of zeolite powder. For every 995 kg of basic feed, 5 kg of the feed additive was added, yielding an improved feed that comprises 0.5% additive by weight or 5×10 12  yeast cells. The third group of birds (Group C) was fed a diet which contains an additive that was prepared identically to that used in Group B except that the AS2.616 yeast cells were not activated. The birds of Group D were fed the basic diet with neither antibiotic nor yeast additives. After five weeks, the health status of the birds in various groups are shown in Table 7 below.  
               TABLE 7                          Health status of birds fed with different diets                                                 Total No. of       Dead   Recovered   Not yet       Group   Total/group   sick birds   Very sick birds   birds   birds   recovered                                                         A   450   67   (22 + 22 + 23)   56   (17 + 19 + 20)   52   0   15       B   450   21    (5 + 9 + 7)   3    (1 + 2 + 0)   0   16   5       C   450   232   (76 + 76 + 80)   223   (73 + 75 + 75)   220   0   12       D   450   236   (78 + 78 + 80)   231   (71 + 83 + 77)   229   0   2                  
 
     [0091] To prepare the second component, a starting culture containing about 10 5  cells/ml of AS2.1180 is placed into the container (2) as shown in FIG. 1 containing a medium with the composition as shown in Table 2. Initially, the yeast cells are cultured for about 22 hours at 36±1° C. without an EM field. Then, in the same medium, at 36±1° C., the yeast cells are cultured in the presence of a series of eight EM fields applied in the order stated: 6825 MHz at 180 mv/cm for 24 hrs; 6827 MHz at 180 mv/cm for 24 hrs; 6832 MHz at 108 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 6835 MHz at 180 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 6825 MHz at 330 mv/cm for 24 hrs; 6827 MHz at 330 mv/cm for 24 hrs; 6832 MHz at 330 mv/cm for 10 hrs; and 6835 MHz at 330 mv/cm for 10 hrs. The yeast cells were conditioned by further culturing in chicken gastric juice and hawthorn juice as described in section 5.2, in the presence of a series of two EM fields: 6825 MHz at 330 mV/cm for 24 hours and 6827 MHz at 330 mV/cm for 24 hours. After the last culture period, the yeast cells are either used within 24 hours to make the biological compositions, or dried for storage as described in section 5.3.  
     [0092] The beneficial effect of this second component of yeast cells on birds was tested as follows: The test was conducted with 1800 chickens (a Chinese breed of chicken kept for eggs, Northern breed No. 6), all about two weeks old, with body weight within ≦11%. The birds were divided into four groups each with 450 birds, with the total weight of each group being within ≦8%. The birds in each of the four groups were further divided into three subgroups of 150 birds. The experiments in each group were triplicated. Each bird was infected by subcutaneous injection of 5 ml of a solution containing 5×10 7  Aspergillus fumigatus which causes aspergillosus. The first group of birds (Group A) were fed a diet comprising a mixture of antibiotics as shown in Table 8.  
               TABLE 8                          composition of animal feed containing antibiotics                         Ingredients   Quantities per metric ton   Notes                                     Basic Feed (with   1000   kg   purchased from China       no antibiotics)           Jingdai Feed Factory                                 bacitracin zinc   100   g   4,000,000   units       monensin   100   g       Colistin sulfate   40   g   400,000,000   units       flavomycin   40   g   40,000,000   units       chlortetracycline   30   g   30,000,000   units       oxytetracycline   40   g   40,000,000   units       hygromycin B   10   g   10,000,000   units       destomycin A   10   g   10,000,000   units       Amprolium   30   g       hydrochloride       Dinitolmidum   100   g       (Zoalene)                  
 
     [0093] The birds of Group B were fed a diet comprising activated AS2.1180 yeast cells. The activated yeast cells were present in an additive which was prepared by mixing dried cells with zeolite powder (less than 200 mesh) at a ratio of 1×10 9  yeast cells per gram of zeolite powder. For every 995 kg of basic feed, 5 kg of the additive was added, yielding an improved feed that comprises 0.5% additive by weight. The third group of birds (Group C) was fed a diet which contains an additive that was prepared identically to that used in Group B except that the AS2.1180 yeast cells were not activated. The birds of Group D were fed the basic diet with neither antibiotic nor yeast additives. After five weeks, the health status of the birds in various groups are shown in Table 9 below.  
               TABLE 9                          Health status of birds fed with different diets                                                 Total No. of   Very       Recovered   Not yet       Group   Total/group   sick birds   sick birds   Dead birds   birds   recovered                                                         A   450   66   (21 + 22 + 23)   62   (16 + 24 + 22)   62   0   4       B   450   22    (5 + 9 + 7)   5    (2 + 2 + 1)   1   19   2       C   450   242   (77 + 82 + 83)   233   (70 + 78 + 85)   233   0   9       D   450   247   (71 + 77 + 99)   244   (70 + 76 + 98)   244   0   3                  
 
     [0094] For the third yeast cell component, a starting culture containing about 10 5  cells/ml of AS2.16 is placed into the container (2) as shown in FIG. 1 containing a medium with the composition as shown in Table 3. Initially, the yeast cells are cultured for about 33 hours at 36±1° C. without an EM field. Then, in the same medium, at 36±1° C., the yeast cells are cultured in the presence of a series of eight EM fields applied in the order stated: 8192 MHz at 169 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 8200 MHz at 169 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 8203 MHz at 169 mv/cm for 24 hrs; 8207 MHz at 169 mv/cm for 24 hrs; 8192 MHz at 289 mv/cm for 12 hrs; 8200 MHz at 289 mv/cm for 12 hrs; 8203 MHz at 289 mv/cm for 12 hrs; and 8207 MHz at 289 mv/cm for 12 hrs. The yeast cells were conditioned by further culturing in chicken gastric juice and hawthorn juice as described in section 5.2, in the presence of a series of two EM fields: 8203 MHz at 289 mV/cm for 12 hours and 8207 MHz at 289 mV/cm for 12 hours. After the last culture period, the yeast cells are either used within 24 hours to make the biological compositions, or dried for storage as described in section 5.3.  
     [0095] The beneficial effect of this third component of yeast cells on birds was tested as follows: The test was conducted with 1800 chickens (a Chinese breed of chicken kept for eggs, Northern breed No. 6), all about two weeks old, with body weight within ≦11%. The birds were divided into four groups each with 450 birds, with the total weight of each group being within ≦8%. The birds in each of the four groups were further divided into three subgroups of 150 birds. The experiments in each group were triplicated. Each bird was infected by subcutaneous injection of 5 ml of a solution containing 5×10 7  Aspergillus fumigatus which causes aspergillosus. The first group of birds (Group A) were fed a diet comprising a mixture of antibiotics as shown in Table 10.  
               TABLE 10                          composition of animal feed containing antibiotics                         Ingredients   Quantities per metric ton   Notes                                     Basic Feed (with   1000   kg   purchased from China       no antibiotics)           Jingdai Feed Factory                                 bacitracin zinc   100   g   4,000,000   units       monensin   100   g       Colistin sulfate   40   g   400,000,000   units       flavomycin   40   g   40,000,000   units       chlortetracycline   30   g   30,000,000   units       oxytetracycline   40   g   40,000,000   units       hygromycin B   10   g   10,000,000   units       destomycin A   10   g   10,000,000   units       Amprolium   30   g       hydrochloride       Dinitolmidum   100   g       (Zoalene)                  
 
     [0096] The birds of Group B were fed a diet comprising activated AS2.16 yeast cells. The activated yeast cells were present in an additive which was prepared by mixing dried cells with zeolite powder (less than 200 mesh) at a ratio of 1×10 9  yeast cells per gram of zeolite powder. For every 995 kg of basic feed, 5 kg of the additive was added, yielding an improved feed that comprises 0.5% additive by weight. The third group of birds (Group C) was fed a diet which contains an additive that was prepared identically to that used in Group B except that the AS2.16 yeast cells were not activated. The birds of Group D were fed the basic diet with neither antibiotic nor yeast additives. After five weeks, the health status of the birds in various groups are shown in Table 11 below.  
               TABLE 11                          Health status of birds fed with different diets                                                 Total No. of   Very   Dead   Recovered   Not yet       Group   Total/group   sick birds   sick birds   birds   birds   recovered                                                         A   450   77   (21 + 24 + 32)   75   (21 + 23 + 31)   75   0   2       B   450   24    (6 + 10 + 8)   7    (2 + 3 + 2)   1   17   6       C   450   255   (78 + 81 + 90)   253   (78 + 80 + 95)   253   0   2       D   450   262   (76 + 88 + 98)   259   (75 + 88 + 96)   259   0   3                  
 
     [0097] To prepare the fourth component, a starting culture containing about 10 5  cells/ml of AS2.361 is placed into the container (2) as shown in FIG. 1 containing a medium with the composition as shown in Table 4. Initially, the yeast cells are cultured for about 35 hours at 36±1° C. without an EM field. Then, in the same medium, at 36±1° C., the yeast cells are cultured in the presence of a series of eight EM fields applied in the order stated: 8402 MHz at 165 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 8408 MHz at 165 mv/cm for 10 hrs; 8411 MHz at 165 mv/cm for 26 hrs; 8420 MHz at 165 mv/cm for 26 hrs; 8402 MHz at 336 mv/cm for 9 hrs; 8408 MHz at 336 mv/cm for 9 hrs; 8411 MHz at 336 mv/cm for 9 hrs; and 8420 MHz at 336 mv/cm for 9 hrs. The yeast cells were conditioned by further culturing in chicken gastric juice and hawthorn juice as described in section 5.2, in the presence of a series of two EM fields: 8411 MHz at 336 mV/cm for 9 hours and 8420 MHz at 336 mV/cm for 9 hours. After the last culture period, the yeast cells are either used within 24 hours to make the biological compositions, or dried for storage as described in section 5.3.  
     [0098] The beneficial effect of this fourth component of yeast cells on birds was tested as follows: The test was conducted with 1800 chickens (a Chinese breed of chicken kept for eggs, Northern breed No. 6), all about two weeks old, with body weight within ≦11%. The birds were divided into four groups each with 450 birds, with the total weight of each group being within ≦8%. The birds in each of the four groups were further divided into three subgroups of 150 birds. The experiments in each group were triplicated. Each bird was infected by subcutaneous injection of 5 ml of a solution containing 5×10 7  Aspergillus fumigatus which causes aspergillosus. The first group of birds (Group A) were fed a diet comprising a mixture of antibiotics as shown in Table 12.  
               TABLE 12                          composition of animal feed containing antibiotics                         Ingredients   Quantities per metric ton   Notes                                     Basic Feed (with   1000   kg   purchased from China       no antibiotics)           Jingdai Feed Factory                                 bacitracin zinc   100   g   4,000,000   units       monensin   100   g       Colistin sulfate   40   g   400,000,000   units       flavomycin   40   g   40,000,000   units       chlortetracycline   30   g   30,000,000   units       oxytetracycline   40   g   40,000,000   units       hygromycin B   10   g   10,000,000   units       destomycin A   10   g   10,000,000   units       Amprolium   30   g       hydrochloride       Dinitolmidum   100   g       (Zoalene)                  
 
     [0099] The birds of Group B were fed a diet comprising activated AS2.361 yeast cells. The activated yeast cells were present in an additive which was prepared by mixing dried cells with zeolite powder (less than 200 mesh) at a ratio of 1×10 9  yeast cells per gram of zeolite powder. For every 995 kg of basic feed, 5 kg of the additive was added, yielding an improved feed that comprises 0.5% additive by weight. The third group of birds (Group C) was fed a diet which contains an additive that was prepared identically to that used in Group B except that the AS2.361 yeast cells were not activated. The birds of Group D were fed the basic diet with neither antibiotic nor yeast additives. After five weeks, the health status of the birds in various groups are shown in Table 13 below.  
               TABLE 13                          Health status of birds fed with different diets                                                 Total No. of       Dead   Recovered   Not yet       Group   Total/group   sick birds   Very sick birds   birds   birds   recovered                                                         A   450   69   (17 + 25 + 27)   63   (16 + 22 + 25)   63   0   6       B   450   33   (11 + 9 + 13)   31    (9 + 9 + 13)   29   3   1       C   450   227   (69 + 77 + 81)   212   (69 + 75 + 68)   212   0   15       D   450   276   (98 + 79 + 99)   271   (98 + 77 + 96)   271   0   5                  
 
     [0100] A biological feed additive comprising all four yeast cell components was prepared by mixing dried cells of each component with zeolite powder (less than 200 mesh) at a ratio of 1×10 9  yeast cells per gram of zeolite powder. For every 995 kg of basic feed, 5 kg of the yeast and zeolite powder mixture was added, yielding an additive that comprises 0.5% yeast and zeolite powder by weight. The test was conducted with 1800 chickens (a Chinese breed of chicken kept for eggs, Northern-breed No. 6), all about two weeks old, with body weight within ≦11%. The birds were divided into four groups each with 450 birds, with the total weight of each group being within ≦8%. The birds in each of the four groups were further divided into three subgroups of 150 birds. The experiments in each group were triplicated. Each bird was infected by subcutaneous injection of 5 ml of a solution containing 5×10 7  Aspergillus fumigatus which causes aspergillosus. The first group of birds (Group A) were fed a diet comprising a mixture of antibiotics as shown in Table 14.  
               TABLE 14                          composition of animal feed containing antibiotics                         Ingredients   Quantities per metric ton   Notes                                     Basic Feed (with   1000   kg   purchased from China       no antibiotics)           Jingdai Feed Factory                                 bacitracin zinc   100   g   4,000,000   units       monensin   100   g       Colistin sulfate   40   g   400,000,000   units       flavomycin   40   g   40,000,000   units       chlortetracycline   30   g   30,000,000   units       oxytetracycline   40   g   40,000,000   units       hygromycin B   10   g   10,000,000   units       destomycin A   10   g   10,000,000   units       Amprolium   30   g       hydrochloride       Dinitolmidum   100   g       (Zoalene)                  
 
     [0101] The birds of Group B were fed a diet comprising the biological feed additive prepared as described above. The third group of birds (Group C) was fed a diet which contains an additive that was prepared identically to that used in Group B except that the yeast cells were not activated. The birds of Group D were fed the basic diet with neither antibiotics nor biological feed additives. After five weeks, the health status of the birds in various groups are shown in Table 15 below.  
               TABLE 15                          Health status of birds fed with different diets                                                 Total No. of       Dead   Recovered   Not yet       Group   Total/group   sick birds   Very sick birds   birds   birds   recovered                                                         A   450   77   (23 + 27 + 27)   73   (23 + 26 + 24)   73   0   4       B   450   2    (1 + 1 + 0)   0       0   2   0       C   450   231   (71 + 79 + 81)   229   (71 + 78 + 80)   229   0   2       D   450   247   (96 + 81 + 70)   242   (96 + 79 + 67)   242   0   5                  
 
     [0102] The above results indicate that the biological composition of the invention is a valuable animal feed additive that can be used to maintain the health of the animal, and help the animal recover from an infection.  
     [0103] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the invention, and functionally equivalent methods and components are within the scope of the invention. Indeed various modifications of the invention, in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying drawings. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.