Patent Publication Number: US-2021163886-A1

Title: Reagents and methods for autism and comorbidities thereof

Description:
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/657,702 filed on Apr. 13, 2018; 62/657,701 filed on Apr. 13, 2018; 62/659,058 filed on Apr. 17, 2018; and 62/659,056 filed on Apr. 17, 2018, the disclosures of which are explicitly incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This disclosure relates to production and use of human stem cell derived neural organoids to treat autism in a human, using a patient-specific pharmacotherapy. Further disclosed are patient-specific pharmacotherapeutic methods for reducing risk for developing autism-associated co-morbidities in a human. Also disclosed are methods o predict onset risk of autism (and identified comorbidities) in an individual. In particular the inventive processes disclosed herein provide neural organoid reagents produced from an individual&#39;s induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for identifying patient-specific pharmacotherapy, predictive biomarkers, and developmental and pathogenic gene expression patterns and dysregulation thereof in disease onset and progression, and methods for diagnosing prospective and concurrent risk of development or establishment of autism (and comorbidities) in the individual. The invention also provides reagents and methods for identifying, testing, and validating therapeutic modalities, including chemical and biologic molecules for use as drugs for ameliorating or curing autism. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The human brain, and diseases associated with it have been the object of investigation and study by scientists for decades. Throughout this time, neurobiologists have attempted to increase their understanding of the brain&#39;s capabilities and functions. Neuroscience has typically relied on the experimental manipulation of living brains or tissue samples, but scientific progress has been limited by a number of factors. For ethical and practical reasons, obtaining human brain tissue is difficult while most invasive techniques are impossible to use on live humans. Experiments in animals are expensive and time-consuming and many animal experiments are conducted in rodents, which have a brain structure and development that vary greatly from humans. Results obtained in animals must be verified in long and expensive human clinical trials and much of the time the animal disease models are not fully representative of disease pathology in the human brain. 
     Improved experimental models of the human brain are urgently required to understand disease mechanisms and test potential therapeutics. The ability to detect and diagnose various neurological diseases in their early stages could prove critical in the effective management of such diseases, both at times before disease symptoms appear and thereafter. Neuropathology is a frequently used diagnostic method; however, neuropathology is usually based on autopsy results. Molecular diagnostics in theory can provide a basis for early detection and a risk of early onset of neurological disease. However, molecular diagnostic methods in neurological diseases are limited in accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need in the art for non-invasive, patient specific molecular diagnostic methods to be developed. 
     Consistent with this need, neural organoids hold significant promise for studying neurological diseases and disorders. Neural organoids are developed from cell lineages that have been first been induced to become pluripotent stem cells. Thus, the neural organoid is patient specific. Importantly, such models provide a method for studying neurological diseases and disorders that can overcome previous limitations. Thus, there is a need in the art to develop individual-specific reagents and methods based on predictive biomarkers for diagnosing current and future risk of neurological disease. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This disclosure provides neural reagents and methods for treating autism in a human, using patient-specific pharmacotherapies, the methods comprising: procuring one or a plurality of cell samples from a human, comprising one or a plurality of cell types; reprogramming the one or the plurality of cell samples to produce one or a plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples; treating the one or the plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples to obtain one or more patient specific neural organoids; collecting a biological sample from the patient specific neural organoid; detecting changes in autism biomarker expression from the patient specific neural organoid sample that are differentially expressed in humans with autism; performing assays on the patient specific neural organoid to identify therapeutic agents that after the differentially expressed autism biomarkers in the patient-specific neural organoid sample; and administering a therapeutic agent for autism to treat the human. 
     In one aspect at least one cell sample reprogrammed to the induced pluripotent stem cell is a fibroblast derived from skin or blood cells from humans. In another aspect the fibroblast derived skin or blood cells from humans is identified with the genes identified in Table 1 (Novel Autism Biomarkers), Table 2 (Biomarkers for Autism), Table 5 (Therapeutic Neural Organoid Authentication Genes), or Table 7 (Genes and Accession Numbers for Co-Morbidities Associated with Autism). In yet another aspect, the measured biomarkers comprise nucleic acids, proteins, or metabolites. In another aspect the measured biomarkers comprise one or a plurality of biomarkers identified in Table 1, Table 2, Table 5 or Table 7 or variants thereof. In yet another aspect, a combination of biomarkers is detected, the combination comprising a nucleic acid encoding human TSC1, TSC2, or a TSC2 variant; and one or a plurality of biomarkers comprising a nucleic acid encoding human genes identified in Table 1. 
     In still another aspect, the neural organoid biological sample is collected after about one hour up to about 12 weeks post inducement. In another aspect the neural organoid sample is procured from structures of the neural organoid that mimic structures developed in utero at about 5 weeks. In yet another aspect the neural organoid at about twelve weeks post-inducement comprises structures and cell types of retina, cortex, midbrain, hindbrain, brain stem, or spinal cord. In a one aspect the neural organoid contains microglia, and one or a plurality of autism biomarkers as identified in Table 1 and Table 7. 
     In a second embodiment, the disclosure provides methods for treating autism in a human using patient specific pharmacotherapies, comprising procuring one or a plurality of cell samples from a human, comprising one or a plurality of cell types; reprogramming the one or the plurality of cell samples to produce one or a plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples; treating the one or the plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples to obtain one or more patient specific neural organoids; collecting a biological sample from the patient specific neural organoid; detecting changes in autism biomarker expression from the patient specific neural organoid sample that are differentially expressed in humans with autism; performing assays on the patient specific neural organoid to identify therapeutic agents that alter the differentially expressed autism biomarkers in the patient-specific neural organoid sample; and administering a therapeutic agent to treat autism. 
     In one aspect the measured biomarkers comprise biomarkers identified in Table 1, Table 2, Table 5 or Table 7 and can be genes, proteins, or metabolites encoding the biomarkers identified in Table 1, Table 2, Table 5 or Table 7. In a further aspect the invention provides diagnostic methods for predicting risk for developing autism in a human, comprising one or a plurality subset of the biomarkers as identified in Table 1, Table 2, Table 5, or Table 7. In a third aspect, the subset of measured biomarkers comprise nucleic acids encoding genes or proteins, or metabolites as identified in Table 1, Table 2, Table 5 or Table 7. 
     In another embodiment are methods of pharmaceutical testing for drug screening, toxicity, safety, and/or pharmaceutical efficacy studies using patient-specific neural organoids. 
     In a third embodiment, methods are provided for detecting at least one biomarker of autism, the method comprising, obtaining a biological sample from a human patient; and contacting the biological sample with an array comprising specific-binding molecules for the at least one biomarker and detecting binding between the at least one biomarker and the specific binding molecules. 
     In a fourth embodiment, the biomaker detected is a gene therapy target. 
     In a fifth embodiment the disclosure provides a kit comprising an array containing sequences of biomarkers from Table 1 or Table 2 for use in a human patient. In one aspect the kit further contains reagents for RNA isolation and biomarkers for tuberous sclerosis genetic disorder. In a further aspect, the kit further advantageously comprises a container and a label or instructions for collection of a sample from a human, isolation of cells, inducement of cells to become pluripotent stem cells, growth of patient-specific neural organoids, isolation of RNA, execution of the array and calculation of gene expression change and prediction of concurrent or future disease risk. 
     In a sixth embodiment the biomarkers for autism include human nucleic acids, proteins, or metabolites as listed in Table 1. These are biomarkers that are found within small or large regions of the human chromosome that change and are associated with autism, but within which chromosomal regions specific genes with mutations have not be identified as causative for autism. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Novel Autism Biomarkers 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Unique Identifier/Chromosome Region 
               
               
                 Gene 
                 (SFARI) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A1CF 
                 10q11.23-q21.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 A2M 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ABCC2 
                 10q24.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ABHD14B 
                 3p21.31-p21.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ABI3BP 
                 3q12.2-q13.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACAD10 
                 12q24.12-q24.13 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACD 
                 16q21-q22.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACOT2 
                 14q24.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACOX1 
                 17q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACOX2 
                 3p14.3-p14.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACSL1 
                 4q34.1-q35.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACTC1 
                 15q13.3-q14 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACTL6A 
                 3q26.1-q26.33 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACTRT1 
                 Xq23-q28 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAM19 
                 5q33.2-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTS1 
                 21q11.2-q22.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTS10 
                 19p13.3-p13.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTS15 
                 11q24.2-q25 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTS5 
                 21q21.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTS6 
                 5q11.2-q13.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTSL1 
                 9p24.3-p22.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTSL3 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADAMTSL5 
                 19p13.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADCY9 
                 16p13.3-p13.12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADD3 
                 10q24.2-q26.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADM 
                 20q11.22 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADORA2B 
                 17p12-p11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AEBP1 
                 7p14.1-p13 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AFF1 
                 4q21.21-q22.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AFG3L2 
                 18p11.32-p11.21 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AGXT2 
                 5p14.1-q11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AGXT2L2 
                 5q33.3-q35.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AHCYL2 
                 7q32.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AHSG 
                 3q27.2-q29 - SFARI 
               
               
                 AIG1 
                 6q24.1-q24.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AKAP6 
                 14q13.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AKR1B10 
                 7q33 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AKR1B15 
                 7q32.1-q36.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AKR1C2 
                 10p15.3-p12.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALCAM 
                 3q13.11-q13.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALDOC 
                 17q11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALOX15 
                 17p13.3-p13.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALPK2 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALPK3 
                 15q25.2-q25.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALX4 
                 11p13-p11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALYREF 
                 17q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AMBP 
                 9q32 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AMDHD1 
                 12q22-q23.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AMMECR1 
                 Xq21.1-q25 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AMPD3 
                 11p15.4 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANGPTL2 
                 9q33.2-q34.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANGPTL3 
                 1p32.1-p31.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANKFY1 
                 17p13.3-p13.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANKRD32 
                 5q14.3-q21.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANKRD42 
                 11q14.1-q22.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANKRD44 
                 2q32.3-q37.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
               
               
                 ANKS1A 
                 6p21.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANP32A 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANPEP 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANXA2 
                 15q21.3-q22.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AP1G1 
                 16q22.1-q22.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AP1M2 
                 19p13.3-p13.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APC2 
                 19p13.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 API5 
                 11p13-p11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APOA1 
                 11q22.1-q25 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APOA2 
                 1q23.1-q25.1 SFARI 
               
               
                 APOA4 
                 11q22.1-q25 
               
               
                 APOB 
                 2p25.3-p23.1 
               
               
                 APOBEC3D 
                 22q11.2-q22.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APOBEC3F 
                 22q11.2-q22.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APOC3 
                 11q22.1-q25 
               
               
                 APOM 
                 6p21.33-p21.32 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APOO 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APPBP2 
                 17q12-q25.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AQP3 
                 9p21.1-p13.1CNV 
               
               
                 ARHGAP1 
                 11p12-p11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGAP11A 
                 15q13.3-q14 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGAP12 
                 10p15.3-p12.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGAP23 
                 17q12-q25.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGAP44 
                 17p13.3-p12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGDIB 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGEF16 
                 1p36.33-p36.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGEF40 
                 14q11.2-q21.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARHGEF7 
                 13q33.2-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARL10 
                 5q35.2-q35.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARL17A 
                 17q21.31-q21.32 - SFARI Gen 
               
               
                 ARL5A 
                 2q23.1-q23.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARL6IP1 
                 16p13.11-p11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARL6IP5 
                 3p14.1-p13 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARL8A 
                 1q31.1-q42.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARNT 
                 1q21.1-q22 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARPC1A 
                 7p22.3-q36.3CNV Type: Deletion - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
               
               
                 ARPC3 
                 12q23.3-q24.12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARSD 
                 Yp22.33-p22.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ARSI 
                 5q33.1-q35.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ART5 
                 11p15.5-p13 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATAD5 
                 17q11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATL1 
                 14q22.1-q23.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP12A 
                 13q11-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP1B2 
                 17pter-p13.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP1B3 
                 3q23-q24 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6AP1 
                 Xq27.1-q28 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6AP1L 
                 5q13.3-q22.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6AP2 
                 Xp11.4 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6V0A1 
                 17q12-q25.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6V0E2 
                 7q34-q36.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6V1F 
                 7q32.1-q33 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6V1H 
                 8p23.3-q24.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
               
               
                 ATP7A 
                 Xq13.1-q21.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP7B 
                 13q11-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATPIF1 
                 1p36.11-p35.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATXN3L 
                 Yp22.31-p22.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATXN7L3B 
                 12q15-q21.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AVPI1 
                 10q23.33-q25.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BCMO1 
                 16q23.2-q24.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BCO2 
                 11q23.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BDH1 
                 3q28-q29 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BDKRB1 
                 14q32.13-q32.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BIRC5 
                 17q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BMP2 
                 20p13-p11.23 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BNC1 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BNC2 
                 9p23-p22.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BNIP2 
                 15q21.3-q22.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BNIP3 
                 10q26.13-q26.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BNIP3L 
                 8p23.1-p12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BOLA3 
                 2p13.3-p12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BPGM 
                 Autism and Hemolytic Anemia 
               
               
                 BRD7 
                 16q11.2-q12.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BTBD9 
                 6p21.2-p12.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BTN3A2 
                 6p25.3-p21.33 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 BZW2 
                 7p21.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C10orf10 
                 10q11.21-q21.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C12orf23 
                 12q23.1-q24.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C12orf4 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 RGCC 
                 13q11-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C15orf39 
                 15q24 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C15orf59 
                 15q24 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C17orf51 
                 17p11.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CCDC178 
                 18q12.1-q12.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C18orf56 
                 18p11.32-p11.21 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C1S 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 NDUFAF5 
                 20p13-p11.23 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C2CD2 
                 21q22.13-q22.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 SBSPON 
                 8q21.11 
               
               
                 LURAP1L 
                 9p23-p22.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CALCRL 
                 2q31.3-q36.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CDC20B 
                 5q11.1-q11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CDH5 
                 16q21-q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CDH6 
                 5p13.3-p13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CDR1 
                 Xq27.1-q28 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CIDEB 
                 14q11.2-q21.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CLDN10 
                 13q14.11-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CNTNAP3B 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                 COL15A1 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                 COL21A1 
                 6p12.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 COL2A1 
                 6p12.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CRISPLD2 
                 16q23.2-q24.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CSRP2 
                 12q15-q21.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CST1 
                 20p11.21 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CXCL14 
                 5q23.3-q33.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CXorf27 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CYBRD1 
                 2q24.3-q31.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CYP51A1 
                 7q21.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DCC 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DDX3Y 
                 Yq11.21-q12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DENND3 
                 8p23.3-q24.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
               
               
                 DENND5B 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DEPTOR 
                 8p23.3-q24.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
               
               
                 DHRS3 
                 1p36.22-p36.21 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DKK2 
                 4q22.3-q28.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DLK1 
                 14q32.2-q32.33 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DNAH14 
                 1q41-q42.12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DNAJC15 
                 13q14.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DOCK5 
                 AUTISM 16pChr 
               
               
                 DPYSL5 
                 2p25.3-p23.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ECM2 
                 9q22.31-q22.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ECSCR 
                 5q23.3-q33.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 EDNRA 
                 4q22.2-q32.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 EFCAB6 
                 22q12.3-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 EGFL6 
                 Xp22.31-p22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 EGLN3 
                 14q11.2-q21.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 EPHA3 
                 3p12.2-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 FABP1 
                 2p11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 HBE1 
                 11p15.4 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 HDDC2 
                 6q22.1-q22.33 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 HDDC3 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 IL6R 
                 1q21.1-q22 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ODAM 
                 1p31.1-p13.3CNV Type: Duplication 
               
               
                 OGT 
                 Xq11.1-q28 - SFARI 
               
               
                 OLR1 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 OR1L1 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                 OVOL2 
                 20p13-p11.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 P2RX6 
                 22q11.21-q11.22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 P2RY6 
                 11q13.4-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PA2G4 
                 12q13.2-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PABPC1L2B 
                 Xq12-q21.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PACSIN2 
                 22q13.2-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PAICS 
                 4p13-q13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PAK1 
                 11q13.4-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PAK1IP1 
                 6p25.3-p23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PAPPA 
                 9q33.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PAPSS1 
                 4q22.3-q28.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PAQR3 
                 4q11-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PAQR9 
                 3q23-q24 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PCDHB15 
                 5q21.3-q33.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PCOLCE 
                 7p22.3-q36.3CNV Type - SFARI 
               
               
                 PCSK5 
                 9q21.12-q21.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PCSK6 
                 15q26.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PCYOX1L 
                 5q21.3-q33.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDCD4 
                 10q25.1-q26.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDCD5 
                 19p12-q13.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDE6B 
                 4p16.3-p16.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDGFC 
                 4q26-q35.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDGFRB 
                 5q23.3-q33.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDK3 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDLIM5 
                 4q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDPR 
                 16q22.1-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PGAM1 
                 10q24.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CPQ 
                 8q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PHAX 
                 5q23.1-q31.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PHF16 
                 Xp11.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PHLDA2 
                 11p15.5-p15.4 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PIGL 
                 17p12-p11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PIK3C2A 
                 11p15.5-p13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PIP4K2B 
                 17q12-q25.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PKIA 
                 8q21.11-q21.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PLD3 
                 19q13.12-q13.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PLP2 
                 Xp11.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PLSCR4 
                 3p24.3-p24.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PLTP 
                 20q13.12-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PLXNA2 
                 1q31.1-q42.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PLXNC1 
                 12q22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PMAIP1 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PNO1 
                 2p14 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PORCN 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 POTEE 
                 2q13-q23.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 POTEF 
                 2q13-q23.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PPAP2B 
                 1p32.3-p31.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PPP2R3B 
                 Xp22.33-p22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PPP3CB 
                 10q22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRDX4 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 HELZ2 
                 20q13.12-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRIM1 
                 12q13.2-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRIMA1 
                 14q32.12-q32.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRKCDBP 
                 11p15.4 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 PRKX 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PROSER1 
                 13q11-q34 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRPF40A 
                 2q22.2-q24.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 PRPS1 
                 Xq21.1-q25 - SFARI Deafness&gt; 
               
               
                 PRR3 
                 6p22.3-p21.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRR4 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRRC1 
                 5q23.1-q31.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRRG1 
                 Xp21.1-p11.4 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRSS35 
                 6q14.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PSIP1 
                 9p24.3-p22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PSMA4 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PSMB6 
                 17p13.3-p13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PSMD1 
                 2q32.2-q37.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PSMG1 
                 21q11.2-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PSMG2 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PSTPIP2 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PTBP3 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 PTGFRN 
                 1p13.3-p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PTMA 
                 2q32.2-q37.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PTPRH 
                 13q12.12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PTRF 
                 17q12-q21.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PUS7 
                 7q22.1-q22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PYGM 
                 11q13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 QPCT 
                 22q13.1-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 QSER1 
                 11p15.1-p13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RAB37 
                 17q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RAB3B 
                 1p33-p31.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RAB5B 
                 12q13.2-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RAC2 
                 3p26.3-p25.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 RAD17 
                 5q11.2-q13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RAD18 
                 3p26.1-p25.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RALBP1 
                 18p11.32-p11.21 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RAP2C 
                 Xq25-q26.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RAPGEFL1 
                 17q12-q21.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RASGEF1B 
                 4q11-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RASGRP1 
                 15q11.2-q14 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RASIP1 
                 19q13.32-q13.43 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RASL12 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBBP7 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBM17 
                 10p15.3-p12.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBM28 
                 7q31.33-q32.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBM47 
                 4p14 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBP4 
                 10q23.33-q24.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBP5 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBPMS 
                 8p23.1-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RBPMS2 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RCCD1 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RDH5 
                 12q13.2-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 REC8 
                 14q11.2-q21.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 REEP1 
                 2p11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 REPS2 
                 Xp22.2-p22.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RFC3 
                 13q11-q34 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RFC5 
                 12q24.21-q24.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RFWD3 
                 16q22.3-q23.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RGS1 
                 1q31.1-q42.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RHOBTB3 
                 5q13.3-q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RIOK3 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF125 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF128 
                 Xq21.1-q25 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF138 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF165 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF166 
                 16q23.1-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF175 
                 4q26-q35.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF216 
                 7p22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF24 
                 20p13-p11.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPF2 
                 6q21 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL13A 
                 19q13.32-q13.43 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL23 
                 17q12-q25.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL24 
                 3q11.2-q21.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL27 
                 17q12-q21.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL6 
                 12q24.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL7 
                 8q12.1-q21.12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL8 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPS20 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPS7 
                 2p25.3-p25.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RRBP1 
                 20p12.1-p11.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RRM1 
                 11p15.5-p13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RRM2 
                 2p25.3-p24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RSL1D1 
                 16p13.3-p13.12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RTF1 
                 15q15.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RWDD1 
                 6q22.1-q22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 S100A11 
                 1q21.1-q22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SALL4 
                 20q13.12-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SAT1 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SAT2 
                 17p13.3-p13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SCARNA5 
                 2q37.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SCD 
                 10q23.33-q24.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SCG3 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SCNN1A 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 
               
               
                 SDSL 
                 12q24.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SEC11A 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SEC23A 
                 14q11.2-q21.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SECISBP2 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 SEMA6A 
                 5q21.1-q23.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SEMA7A 
                 15q24 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SENP3 
                 17p13.3-p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SENP7 
                 3q12.3-q13.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SEPHS1 
                 10p15.3-p12.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SEPHS2 
                 16p12.1-q11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SEPP1 
                 5p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SEPW1 
                 19q13.32-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERBP1 
                 1p32.3-p31.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERPINA6 
                 14q32.11-q32.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERPINE2 
                 2q36.1-q37.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERPINE3 
                 13q11-q21.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERPINF1 
                 17p13.3-p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERPINF2 
                 17p13.3-p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERPINH1 
                 11q13.4-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SF1 
                 11q13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SFT2D2 
                 1q23.3-q25.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SGMS1 
                 10q11.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SGOL2 
                 2q32.2-q37.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SGPL1 
                 10q21.1-q22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SHB 
                 9p13.3-p13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SHISA9 
                 16p13.3-p13.12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SKA1 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SKA2 
                 17q21.33-q24.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLAIN2 
                 4p13-q13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC12A7 
                 5p15.33-p15.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC13A5 
                 17p13.3-p13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC15A4 
                 12q24.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC16A3 
                 17q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC18A3 
                 10q11.21-q21.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC22A23 
                 6p25.3-p23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC24A3 
                 20p11.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC2A1 
                 1p34.3-p34.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC2A3 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC39A7 
                 6p21.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC44A5 
                 1p32.1-p31.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC5A12 
                 11p14.3-p12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 SLC6A6 
                 3p26.3-p24.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 SLC7A11 
                 4q26-q31.22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC7A8 
                 14q11.2-q21.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLC9A3R2 
                 16p13.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLCO2B1 
                 11q13.4-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLCO4C1 
                 5q14.3-q21.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SLIT2 
                 4p16.3-p15.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SMAD3 
                 15q22.33-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SMAP2 
                 1p34.2-p33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SMARCD2 
                 17q21.33-q24.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SMC4 
                 3q24-q26.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SMC6 
                 2p25.3-p16.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SMPX 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNAI1 
                 20q13.12-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNAI2 
                 8q11.1-q11.21 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNCA 
                 4q21.21-q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNCAIP 
                 5q23.1-q31.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNRNP40 
                 1p35.2-p34.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNRPF 
                 12q22-q23.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNTB1 
                 8q24.11-q24.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SOD2 
                 6q25.3-q27 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SOX6 
                 11p15.5-p13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SP5 
                 2q14.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SPCS2 
                 11q13.4-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SPHAR 
                 1q42.11-q44 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SPON1 
                 11p15.5-p13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SPON2 
                 4p16.3-p15.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SPRY4 
                 5q23.3-q33.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SPTLC1 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 SRM 
                 1p36.22-p36.21 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SSB 
                 2q14.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 STARD5 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 STAT2 
                 12q13.2-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 STAT6 
                 12q13.3-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 STC1 
                 8p23.1-p12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 STK17B 
                 2q32.2-q37.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 STRA13 
                 17q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 STX3 
                 11q12.1-q12.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SUB1 
                 5p14.1-q11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SUPT5H 
                 19q13.12-q13.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SUV420H2 
                 19q13.42 - SFARILysine Methyltransferase 
               
               
                 SYMPK 
                 19q13.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SYT10 
                 12p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SYTL5 
                 Xp21.1-p11.4 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TAF7 
                 5q21.3-q33.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TAP1 
                 6p21.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TARSL2 
                 15q26.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TBC1D13 
                 9q34.11-q34.12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TBX20 
                 7p22.3-q36.3CNV Type - SFARI 
               
               
                 TBX3 
                 12q24.21-q24.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TBX4 
                 17q23.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TCEAL4 
                 Xq22.1-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TECRL 
                 4q11-q13.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 TFAM 
                 10q11.23-q21.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TFB1M 
                 6q24.1-q27 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TGFB2 
                 1q32.2-q44 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TGFBR3 
                 1p22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TGM2 
                 20q11.22-q12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 THBD 
                 20p13-p11.21 - SFARI 
               
               
                 THNSL1 
                 10p14-p12.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 THOC7 
                 3p14.2-p14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TIA1 
                 2p14 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TIMP1 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TIMP3 
                 22q12.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TLE3 
                 15q21.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TLL1 
                 4q31.3-q33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TLN2 
                 15q21.3-q22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TM9SF4 
                 20q11.21 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMC6 
                 17q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMCO3 
                 13q33.1-q34 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMED2 
                 12q24.21-q24.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMED9 
                 5q35.2-q35.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMEM116 
                 12q23.3-q24.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMEM14E 
                 3q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMEM154 
                 4q31.23-q34.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMEM178A 
                 2p22.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 TMEM2 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 TMEM27 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMEM54 
                 1p35.2-p34.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMEM59 
                 1p32.3-p31.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMF1 
                 3p14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TMSB4X 
                 Xp22.33-p22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TNC 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 TOM1L2 
                 17p11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TOP2A 
                 17q12-q21.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TP53BP1 
                 15q15.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TP53I11 
                 11p11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TPD52 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TPI1 
                 16q24.2-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TRAPPC2L 
                 16q24.2-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TRIM37 
                 17q21.33-q24.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TRIM71 
                 3p26.3-p22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TRIOBP 
                 22q12.3-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TTC1 
                 5q33.3-q35.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TTR 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 TTYH2 
                 17q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TUBA4A 
                 2q32.2-q37.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TUBB2A 
                 6p25.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TUBB2B 
                 6p25.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TUBB6 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TULP3 
                 12p13.33-p11.22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TUSC2 
                 3p21.31-p21.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TXN 
                 9q22.1-q32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TXNL1 
                 18p11.32-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 TYRP1 
                 9p24.3-p13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UBASH3B 
                 11q22.1-q25 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UBE2A 
                 UBE2A - ASD: Genome-wide prediction of 
               
               
                   
                 autism 
               
               
                 UBE2C 
                 20q13.12-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UBFD1 
                 16p12.2-p11.2CNV Type 
               
               
                 UBP1 
                 3p26.3-p22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UBR3 
                 2q24.3-q31.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UBXN4 
                 2q13-q23.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UCHL3 
                 13q14.11-q34 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UCHL5 
                 1q31.1-q42.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UCP2 
                 11q13.4-q14.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UGDH 
                 4p14 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UGGT1 
                 2q14.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UGT3A2 
                 5p13.2-p13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UNC5C 
                 4q22.2-q32.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UNC5D 
                 8p23.1-p12 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 UPK3B 
                 7q11.23-q21.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 USP22 
                 17p12-p11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 USP51 
                 Xp11.22-p11.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 USP7 
                 16p13.3-p13.12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 VDAC2 
                 10q22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 VDAC3 
                 8p23.1-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 VENTX 
                 10q25.2-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 VIPR2 
                 SCHIZOPHRENIA 
               
               
                 VPS13C 
                 15q21.3-q22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 VPS37A 
                 8p23.1-p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 VRK1 
                 14q32.12-q32.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 VWDE 
                 7p22.3-p15.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WASH1 
                 9p24.3-q21.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 WBP5 
                 Xq22.1-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WDR1 
                 4p16.3-p15.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WDR13 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WDR17 
                 4q34.1-q35.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WDR66 
                 12q24.23-q24.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WDR77 
                 1p21.2-p13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WDYHV1 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WEE1 
                 11p15.5-p13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WFDC2 
                 20q13.12-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WIPF1 
                 2q31.1-q31.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WNK1 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WNK4 
                 17q12-q21.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WNT2B 
                 1p13.3-p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 WNT8A 
                 5q23.3-q33.2 - SFAR 
               
               
                 WWP1 
                 8q21.2-q21.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 XAF1 
                 17p13.3-p13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 XDH 
                 2p23.1-p22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 XPNPEP2 
                 Xq25-q26.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 XPOT 
                 12q13.3-q14.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 XYLT1 
                 16p13.11-p12.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 YES1 
                 18p11.32-p11.22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZBED6 
                 1q31.1-q42.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZC3H15 
                 2q31.3-q36.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZCCHC6 
                 9p24.3-q34.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZCRB1 
                 12q12-q13.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZDHHC23 
                 3q13.2-q13.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZEB1 
                 10p11.22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZEB2 
                 2q22.2-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZFAND2A 
                 7p22.3-p22.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZFP42 
                 4q34.1-q35.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZFPM2 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZG16 
                 16p12.1-q11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZIC2 
                 13q31.1-q34 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZKSCAN1 
                 7p22.3-q36.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 ZMIZ1 
                 10q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF101 
                 19p13.12-q12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF192 
                 6p25.3-p21.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF195 
                 11p15.5-p15.4 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF208 
                 19p13.12-q12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF275 
                 Xq27.1-q28 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF280B 
                 22q11.21-q11.22 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF3 
                 7p22.3-q36.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 ZNF488 
                 10q11.21-q11.23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF491 
                 19p13.2-p13.13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF512 
                 2p25.3-p16.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF658 
                 9p13.1-p12 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF673 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF841 
                 19q13.33-q13.43 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZXDB 
                 Xp11.22-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LOC100506343 
                 1p21.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LQC100616530 
                 8q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ACAD11 
                 3q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ALOX12P2 
                 17p13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 APOBEC3G 
                 22q12.3-q13.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 APOC2 
                 19q13.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 APOPT1 
                 14q32.2-q32.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 AQP1 
                 7p22.3-p14.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP5O 
                 21q11.2-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 BTN2A3P 
                 6p25.3-p21.33 - SFARI 
               
               
                 C7orf55 
                 7q33-q35 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CCDC169 
                 13q11-q34 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CDK11A 
                 1p36.33-p36.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CDKL1 
                 14q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CFC1 
                 2q12.2-q24.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CFC1B 
                 2q13-q23.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 DDX19A 
                 16q22.1-q22.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ECH1 
                 19q13.12-q13.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 FAM95B1 
                 9p13.3-q21.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 GBAP1 
                 1q25.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 HBP1 
                 7p22.3-q36.3CNV Type 
               
               
                 HSD17B7P2 
                 10p11.21-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 KRT19 
                 17q21.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LMO3 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LOC100190986 
                 16p12.2-p12.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SH3RF3-AS1 
                 2q12.3-q13 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PTOV1-AS1 
                 19q13.32-q13.43 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LOC145474 
                 SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 LOC202181 
                 5q35.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LOC642846 
                 12p13.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 FUT8-AS1 
                 14q23.2-q23.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LOC646762 
                 7p15.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LOC647859 
                 5q13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 LY75 
                 2q22.1-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 MALAT1 
                 11q13.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 MGC57346 
                 17q12-q25.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PDXDC2P 
                 16q22.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PGM5P2 
                 9p13.3-q21.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PPFIA4 
                 1q31.1-q42.11 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PRAP1 
                 10q26.13-q26.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 PTPDC1 
                 9q22.31-q22.32 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RDH14 
                 2p25.3-p16.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RPL17 
                 18q11.1-q23 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SCAND2 
                 15q25.2-q25.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SERF1A 
                 5q13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNHG12 
                 1p35.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SNORA16A 
                 1p35.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 STON1 
                 2p25.3-p16.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 SULT1A4 
                 16p12.1-q11.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 UQCRB 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ZNF331 
                 10q11.1-q11.21 - SFARI 
               
               
                 RNF213 
                 17q25.1-q25.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                 IDO1 
                 NM_002164.5 
               
               
                 ACAA1 
                 3p25.3-p22.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ACOT7 
                 1p36.32-p36.23 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ADHFE1 
                 8p23.3-q24.3CNV Type: Duplication - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
               
               
                 ADRA2C 
                 4p16.3-p16.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AIF1L 
                 9q33.2-q34.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ALX1 
                 12q21.31-q21.33 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANKRD20A9P 
                 13q11-q12.11 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANLN 
                 7p22.3-p14.1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ANP32E 
                 1q21.1-q22 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AP1AR 
                 4q22.2-q32.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AP3S1 
                 5q21.1-q23.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 APCDD1 
                 18p11.22 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATG3 
                 3q12.3-q13.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP1B1 
                 13q11-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 ATP6V1E1 
                 22q11.1-q11.21 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 AURKAIP1 
                 1p36.33-p36.31 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 C14orf1 
                 14q24.3 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CACNG4 
                 17q12-q25.3 - SFARI 
               
               
                 CER1 
                 9p23-p22.2 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CLPTM1 
                 19q13.32 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 CXorf38 
                 Xp22.33-p11.22 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 DIS3 
                 13q12.11-q34 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                 EFR3B 
                 2p25.3-p23.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 ODF2L 
                 1p31.1-p13.3CNV Type: Duplication 
               
               
                 OIP5 
                 15q15.1 - SFARI 
               
               
                 OPA1 
                 3q26.31-qter - SFARI 
               
               
                 OR11H12 
                 14p13-q12 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In a further embodiment, the biomarkers can include biomarkers listed in Table 2. In another embodiment, biomarkers can comprise any markers or combination of markers in Tables 1 and 2 or variants thereof. 
     In another embodiment of the first aspect, the measured biomarkers include human nucleic acids, proteins, or metabolites of Table 1 or variants thereof. 
     In another embodiment the method is used to detect environmental factors that cause or exacerbate autism, or accelerators of autism. In a further aspect the method is used to identify nutritional factors or supplements for treating autism. In a further aspect the nutritional factor or supplement is zinc, manganese, or cholesterol or other nutritional factors related to pathways regulated by genes identified in Tables 1, 2, 5 or 7. 
     In yet another embodiment the methods are used to determine gene expression level changes that are used to identify clinically relevant symptoms and treatments, time of disease onset, and disease severity. In yet another aspect the neural organoids are used to identify novel biomarkers that serve as data input for development of algorithm techniques as predictive analytics. In one aspect the algorithmic techniques include artificial intelligence, machine and deep learning as predictive analytics tools for identifying biomarkers for diagnostic, therapeutic target and drug development process for disease. 
     In a seventh embodiment the invention provides methods for predicting risk of co-morbidity onset that accompanies autism. Said methods first determines gene expression changes in neural organoids from a normal human individual versus an autistic human individual. Genes that change greater than 1.4 fold are associated with co-morbidities as understood by those skilled in the art. 
     In an eighth embodiment, the invention provides kit for predicting the risk of current or future onset of autism. Said kits provide reagents and methods for identifying from a patient sample gene expression changes for one or a plurality of disease-informative genes for individuals without a neurological disease that is autism. 
     In a ninth embodiment, the invention provides methods for identifying therapeutic agents for treating autism. Such embodiments comprise using the neural organoids provided herein, particularly, but not limited to said neural organoids from iPSCs from an individual or from a plurality or population of individuals. The inventive methods include assays on said neural organoids to identify therapeutic agents that alter disease-associated changes in gene expression of genes identified as having altered expression patterns in disease, so as to express gene expression patterns more closely resembling expression patterns for disease-informative genes for individuals without a neurological disease that is autism. 
     In a tenth embodiment, the invention provides methods for predicting a risk for developing autism in a human, comprising procuring one or a plurality of cell samples from a human, comprising one or a plurality of cell types; reprogramming the one or the plurality of cell samples to produce one or a plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples; treating the one or the plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples to obtain one or more patient specific neural organoids; collecting a biological sample from the patient specific neural organoid; measuring biomarkers in the neural organoid sample; and detecting measured biomarkers from the neural organoid sample that are differentially expressed in humans with autism. In certain embodiments, the at least one cell sample reprogrammed to the induced pluripotent stem cell is a fibroblast. In certain embodiments, the measured biomarkers comprise nucleic acids, proteins, or metabolites. In certain embodiments, the measured biomarker is a nucleic acid encoding human TSC1, TSC2 or a TSC2 variant. In certain embodiments, the measured biomarkers comprise one or a plurality of genes as identified in Tables 1, 2, 5 or 6. In certain embodiments, the neural organoid sample is procured from minutes to hours up to 15 weeks post inducement. In certain embodiments, the biomarkers to be tested are one or a plurality of biomarkers in Table 6 (Diagnostic Neural Organoid Authentication Genes). 
     These and other data findings, features, and advantages of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying claims. It is noted that the scope of the claims is defined by the recitations therein and not by the specific discussion of features and advantages set forth in the present description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1A  is a micrograph showing a 4× dark field image of Brain Organoid Structures typical of approximately 5 week in utero development achieved in 12 weeks in vitro. Average size: 2-3 mm long. A brain atlas is provided for reference (left side). 
         FIG. 1B  shows immuno-fluorescence images of sections of iPSC-derived human brain organoid after approximately 12 weeks in culture. Z-stack of thirty three optical sections, 0.3 microns thick were obtained using laser confocal imaging with a 40× lens. Stained with Top panel: beta III tubulin (green: axons); MAP2 (red: dendrites); Hoechst (blue: nuclei); Bottom panel: Doublecortin (red). 
         FIG. 2  is a micrograph showing immunohistochemical staining of brain organoid section with the midbrain marker tyrosine hydroxylase. Paraformaldehyde fixed sections of a 8-week old brain organoid was stained with an antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase and detected with Alexa 488 conjugated secondary Abs (green) and counter stained with Hoechst to mark cell nuclei (blue). Spinning disc confocal image (40× lens) of section stained with an antibody that binds tyrosine hydroxylase and Hoechst (scale bar 10 μm). 
         FIG. 3 : Spinning disc confocal image (40× lens) of section. Astrocytes stained with GFAP (red) and mature neurons with NeuN (green). 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic showing in the upper panel a Developmental Expression Profile for transcripts as Heat Maps of NKCC 1 and KCC2 expression at week 1, 4 and 12 of organoid culture as compared to approximate known profiles (lower panel). NKCCI: Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(−) cotransporter isoform 1. KCC2: K(+)-Cl(−) cotransporter isoform 2. 
         FIG. 5A  is a schematic showing GABAergic chloride gradient regulation by NKCC 1 and KCC2. 
         FIG. 5B  provides a table showing a representative part of the entire transcriptomic profile of brain organoids in culture for 12 weeks measured using a transcriptome sequencing approach that is commercially available (AmpliSeq™). The table highlights the expression of neuronal markers for diverse populations of neurons and other cell types that are comparable to those expressed in an adult human brain reference (HBR; Clontech) and the publicly available embryonic human brain (BRAINSCAN) atlas of the Allen Institute database. 
         FIG. 5C  provides a table showing AmpliSeq™ gene expression data comparing gene expression in an organoid (column 2) at 12 weeks in vitro versus Human Brain Reference (HBR; column 3). A concordance of greater than 98% was observed. 
         FIG. 5D  provides a table showing AmpliSeq™ gene expression data comparing organoids generated during two independent experiments after 12 weeks in culture (column 2 and 3). Gene expression reproducibility between the two organoids was greater than 99%. Note that values are CPM (Counts Per Kilo Base per Million reads) in the tables and &lt;1 is background. 
         FIG. 6A  is a schematic showing results of developmental transcriptomics. Brain organoid development in vitro follows KNOWN Boolean logic for the expression pattern of transcription factors during initiation of developmental programs of the brain. Time Points: 1, 4 and 12 Weeks. PITX3 and NURRI (NR4A) are transcription factors that initiate midbrain development (early; at week 1), DLKI, KLHLI, PTPRU, and ADH2 respond to these two transcription factors to further promote midbrain development (mid; at week 4 &amp;12), and TH, VMAT2, DAT and D2R define dopamine neuron functions mimicking in vivo development expression patterns. The organoid expresses genes previously known to be involved in the development of dopaminergic neurons (Blaess S, Ang S L. Genetic control of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol. 2015 Jan. 6. doi: 10.1002/wdev.169). 
         FIG. 6B  is a table showing AmpliSeq™ gene expression data for genes not expressed in organoid (column 2 in  6 B 1 ,  6 B 2 , and  6 B 3 ) and Human Brain Reference (column 3 in  6 B 1 ,  6 B 2 , and  6 B 3 ). This data indicates that the organoids generated do not express genes that are characteristic of non-neural tissues. This gene expression concordance is less than 5% for approximately 800 genes that are considered highly enriched or specifically expressed in a non-neural tissue. The olfactory receptor genes expressed in the olfactory epithelium shown are a representative example. Gene expression for most genes in table is less than one or zero. 
         FIG. 7  includes schematics showing developmental heat maps of transcription factors (TF) expressed in cerebellum development and of specific Markers GRID 2. 
         FIG. 8  provides a schematic and a developmental heat map of transcription factors expressed in Hippocampus Dentate Gyms. 
         FIG. 9  provides a schematic and a developmental heat map of transcription factors expressed in GABAergic Interneuron Development. GABAergic Interneurons develop late in vitro. 
         FIG. 10  provides a schematic and a developmental heat map of transcription factors expressed in Serotonergic Raphe Nucleus Markers of the Pons. 
         FIG. 11  provides a schematic and a developmental heat map of transcription factor transcriptomics ( FIG. 11-1 ). Hox genes involved in spinal cord cervical, thoracic and lumbar region segmentation are expressed at discrete times in utero. The expression pattern of these Hox gene in organoids as a function of in vitro developmental time (1 week; 4 weeks; 12 weeks;  FIGS. 11-2 and 11-3 ) 
         FIG. 12  is a graph showing the replicability of brain organoid development from two independent experiments. Transcriptomic results were obtained by Ampliseq analysis of normal 12 week old brain organoids. The coefficient of determination was 0.6539. 
         FIG. 13  provides a schematic and gene expression quantification of markers for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and vasculature cells. 
         FIG. 14  includes scatter plots of Ampliseq whole genome transcriptomics data from technical replicates for Normal (WT), Tuberous Sclerosis (TSC2) and TSC2 versus WT at 1 week in culture. Approximately 13,000 gene transcripts are represented in each replicate. 
         FIG. 15  shows developmental heat maps of transcription factors (TF) expressed in retina development and other specific Markers. Retinal markers are described, for example, in Farkas et al. (BMC Genomics 2013, 14:486). 
         FIG. 16  shows developmental heat maps of transcription factors (TF) and Markers expressed in radial glial cells and neurons of the cortex during development 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic showing the brain organoid development in vitro. iPSC stands for induced pluripotent stem cells. NPC stands for neural progenitor cell. 
         FIG. 18  is a graph showing the replicability of brain organoid development from two independent experiments. 
         FIG. 19  ( 19 A,  19 B, and  19 C) is a table showing the change in the expression level of certain genes in TSC2 (ARGI743GLN) organoid. 
         FIG. 20  is a schematic showing the analysis of gene expression in TSC2 (ARGI 743GLN) organoid. About 13,000 genes were analyzed, among which 995 genes are autism related and 121 genes are cancer related. 
         FIGS. 21A and 21B  are tables showing the change in the expression level of certain genes in APP gene duplication organoid. 
         FIG. 22  is a schematic showing corroboration of the Neural Organoid Autism Model by a Swedish twin study for metal ions in their baby teeth in which one twin is normal and the other is autistic. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The following references provide one of skill with a general definition of many of the terms used in this disclosure: Singleton et al., Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (2nd ed. 1994); The Cambridge Dictionary of Science and Technology (Walker ed., 1988); The Glossary of Genetics, 5th Ed., R. Rieger et al. (eds.), Springer Verlag (1991); and Hale &amp; Marham, The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology (1991). These references are intended to be exemplary and illustrative and not limiting as to the source of information known to the worker of ordinary skill in this art. As used herein, the following terms have the meanings ascribed to them below, unless specified otherwise. 
     It is noted here that as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” also include plural reference, unless the context clarity dictates otherwise. 
     The term “about” or “approximately” means within 25%, such as within 20% (or 5% or less) of a given value or range. 
     As used herein, the terms “or” and “and/or” are utilized to describe multiple components in combination or exclusive of one another. For example, “x, y, and/or z” can refer to “x” alone, “y” alone, “z” alone, “x, y, and z,” “(x and y) or z,” “x or (y and z),” or “x or y or z.” 
     It is noted that terms like “preferably,” “commonly,” and “typically” are not utilized herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the claimed invention. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that can or cannot be utilized in a particular embodiment of the present invention. 
     For the purposes of describing and defining the present invention, it is noted that the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that can be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation. The term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation can vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue. 
     A“neural organoid” means a non-naturally occurring three-dimensional organized cell mass that is cultured in vitro from a human induced pluripotent stem cell and develops similarly to the human nervous system in terms of neural marker expression and structure. Further a neural organoid has two or more regions. The first region expresses cortical or retinal marker or markers. The remaining regions each express markers of the brain stem, cerebellum, and/or spinal cord. 
     Neural markers are any protein or polynucleotide expressed consistent with a cell lineage. By “neural marker” it is meant any protein or polynucleotide, the expression of which is associated with a neural cell fate. Exemplary neural markers include markers associated with the hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, or spinal cord. One skilled in the art will understand that neural markers are representative of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem regions. Exemplary brain structures that express neural markers include the cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, retina, medulla, pons, and lateral ventricles. Further, one skilled in the art will recognize that within the brain regions and structures, granular neurons, dopaminergic neurons, GABAergic neurons, cholinergic neurons, glutamatergic neurons, serotonergic neurons, dendrites, axons, neurons, neuronal, cilia, purkinje fibers, pyramidal cells, spindle cells, express neuronal markers. One skilled in the art will recognize that this list is not all encompassing and that neural markers are found throughout the central nervous system including other brain regions, structures, and cell types. 
     Exemplary cerebellar markers include but are not limited to ATOH1, PAX6, SOX2, LHX2, and GRID2. Exemplary markers of dopaminergic neurons include but are not limited to tyrosine hydroxylase, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), dopamine active transporter (DAT) and Dopamine receptor D2 (D2R). Exemplary cortical markers include, but are not limited to, doublecortin, NeuN, FOXP2, CNTN4, and TBR1. Exemplary retinal markers include but are not limited to retina specific Guanylate Cyclases (GUY2D, GUY2F), Retina and Anterior Neural Fold Homeobox (RAX), and retina specific Amine Oxidase, Copper Containing 2 (RAX). Exemplary granular neuron markers include, but are not limited to SOX2, NeuroD1, DCX, EMX2, FOXGI1, and PROX1. Exemplary brain stem markers include, but are not limited to FGF8, INSM1, GATA2, ASCL I, GATA3. Exemplary spinal cord markers include, but are not limited to homeobox genes including but not limited to HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXB4, HOXA5, HOXC5, or HOXDI3. Exemplary GABAergic markers include, but are not limited to NKCCI or KCC2. Exemplary astrocytic markers include, but are not limited to GFAP. Exemplary oliogodendrocytic markers include, but are not limited to OLIG2 or MBP. Exemplary microglia markers include, but are not limited to AIF1 or CD4. In one embodiment the measured biomarkers listed above have at least 70% homology to the sequences in the Appendix. One skilled in the art will understand that the list is exemplary and that additional biomarkers exist. 
     Diagnostic or informative alteration or change in a biomarker is meant as an increase or decrease in expression level or activity of a gene or gene product as detected by conventional methods known in the art such as those described herein. As used herein, such an alteration can include a 10% change in expression levels, a 25% change, a 40% change, or even a 50% or greater change in expression levels. 
     A mutation is meant to include a change in one or more nucleotides in a nucleotide sequence, particularly one that changes an amino acid residue in the gene product. The change may or may not have an impact (negative or positive) on activity of the gene. 
     Neural Organoids 
     Neural organoids are generated in vitro from patient tissue samples. Neural organoids were previously disclosed in WO2017123791A1 (https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017123791A1/en), incorporated herein, in its entirety. A variety of tissues can be used including skin cells, hematopoietic cells, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or in vivo stem cells directly. One of skill in the art will further recognize that other tissue samples can be used to generate neural organoids. Use of neural organoids permits study of neural development in vitro. In one embodiment skin cells are collected in a petri dish and induced to an embryonic-like pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) that have high levels of developmental plasticity. iPSCs are grown into neural organoids in said culture under appropriate conditions as set forth herein and the resulting neural organoids closely resemble developmental patterns similar to human brain. In particular, neural organoids develop anatomical features of the retina, forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord. Importantly, neural organoids express &gt;98% of the about 15,000 transcripts found in the adult human brain. iPSCs can be derived from the skin or blood cells of humans identified with the genes listed in Table 1 (Novel Markers of Autism), Table 2 (Markers of Autism), Table 5 (Neural Organoid Autism Authenticating Genes) and Table 7 (Comorbidities of Autism). 
     In one embodiment, the about 12-week old iPSC-derived human neural organoid has ventricles and other anatomical features characteristic of a 35-40 day old neonate. In an additional embodiment the about 12 week old neural organoid expresses beta 3-tubulin, a marker of axons as well as somato-dendritic Puncta staining for MAP2, consistent with dendrites. In yet another embodiment, at about 12 weeks the neural organoid displays laminar organization of cortical structures. Cells within the laminar structure stain positive for doublecortin (cortical neuron cytosol), Beta3 tubulin (axons) and nuclear staining. The neural organoid, by 12 weeks, also displays dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. 
     Accordingly as noted, neural organoids permit study of human neural development in vitro. Further, the neural organoid offers the advantages of replicability, reliability and robustness, as shown herein using replicate neural organoids from the same source of iPSCs. 
     Developmental Transcriptomics 
     A“transcriptome” is a collection of all RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNAs (IncRNA), microRNAs (miRNA) and, small nucleolar RNA snoRNA), other regulatory polynucleotides, and regulatory RNA (IncRNA, miRNA) molecules expressed from the genome of an organism through transcription therefrom. Thus, transcriptomics is the study of the mRNA transcripts produced by the genome at a given tie in any particular cell or tissue of the organism. Transcriptomics employs high-throughput techniques to analyze genome expression changes associated with development or disease. In certain embodiments, transcriptomic studies can be used to compare normal, healthy tissues and diseased tissue gene expression. In further embodiments, mutated genes or variants associated with disease or the environment can be identified. 
     Consistent with this, the aim of developmental transcriptomics is identifying genes associated with, or significant in, organismal development and disease and dysfunctions associated with development. During development, genes undergo up- and down-regulation as the organism develops. Thus, transcriptomics provides insight into cellular processes, and the biology of the organism. 
     Generally, in one embodiment RNA is sampled from the neural organoid described herein within at about one week, about four weeks, or about twelve weeks of development; most particularly RNA from all three time periods are samples. However, RNA from the neural organoid can be harvested at minutes, hours, days or weeks after reprogramming. For instance, RNA can be harvested at about 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 50 minutes and 60 minutes. In a further embodiment the RNA can be harvested 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, or 24 hours. In a further embodiment the RNA can be harvested at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days, 21 days, or 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks or more in culture. After enriching for RNA sequences, an expressed sequence tag (EST) library is generated and quantitated using the AmpliSeq™ technique from ThermoFisher. Exemplars of alternate technologies include RNASeq and chip based hybridization methods. Transcript abundance in such experiments is compared in control neural organoids from healthy individuals vs. neural organoids generated from individuals with disease and the fold change in gene expression calculated and reported. 
     Furthermore, in one embodiment RNA from neural organoids for autism, are converted to DNA libraries and then the representative DNA libraries are sequenced using exon-specific primers for 20,814 genes using the AmpliSeq™ technique available commercially from ThermoFisher. Reads in cpm &lt;1 are considered background noise. All cpm data are normalized data and the reads are a direct representation of the abundance of the RNA for each gene. 
     Briefly, in one embodiment, the array consists of one or a plurality of genes used to predict risk. In an alternative embodiment reads contain a plurality of genes, known to be associated with autism. In yet another embodiment the genes on the libraries can be comprised of disease-specific gene as provided in Tables 1 and 2 or a combination of genes in Table 1 or Table 2 with alternative disease specific genes. Exemplarily, changes in expression or mutation of disease-specific genes are detected using such sequencing, and differential gene expression detected thereby, qualitatively by detecting a pattern of gene expression or quantitatively by detecting the amount or extent of expression of one or a plurality of disease-specific genes or mutations thereof. Results of said assays using the AmpliSeq™ technique can be used to identify genes that can predict disease risk or onset and can be targets of therapeutic intervention. In further embodiments, hybridization assays can be used, including but not limited to sandwich hybridization assays, competitive hybridization assays, hybridization-ligation assays, dual ligation hybridization assays, or nuclease assays. 
     Neural Organoids and Pharmaceutical Testing 
     Neural organoids are useful for pharmaceutical testing. Currently, drug screening studies including toxicity, safety and or pharmaceutical efficacy, are performed using a combination of in vitro work, rodent/primate studies and computer modeling. Collectively, these studies seek to model human responses, in particular physiological responses of the central nervous system. 
     Human neural organoids are advantageous over current pharmaceutical testing methods for several reasons. First neural the organoids are easily derived from healthy and diseased patients, mitigating the need to conduct expensive clinical trials. Second, rodent models of human disease are unable to mimic the physiological nuances unique to human growth and development. Third, the use of primates creates ethical concerns. Finally, current methods are indirect indices of drug safety. Alternatively, neural organoids offer an inexpensive, easily accessible model of human brain development. The model permits direct, and thus more thorough, understanding of the safety, efficacy and toxicity of pharmaceutical compounds. 
     Starting material for neural organoids is easily obtained from healthy and diseased patients. Further, because human organoids are easily grown they can be produced en mass. This permits efficient screening of pharmaceutical compounds. 
     Neural organoids are advantageous for identifying biomarkers of a disease or a condition, the method comprising a) obtaining a biological sample from a human patient; and b) detecting whether at least one biomarker is present in the biological sample by contacting the biological sample with an array comprising binding molecules specific for the biomarkers and detecting binding between the at least one biomarker and the specific binding molecules. In further embodiments, the biomarker serves as a gene therapy target. 
     Developmental Transcriptomics and Predictive Medicine 
     Changes in gene expression of specific genes when compared to those from non-diseased samples by &gt;1.4 fold identify candidate genes correlating with a disease. Further searches of these genes in data base searches (e.g. Genecard, Malacard, Pubmed SFARI gene data base (https://gene.sfari.org/database/gene-scoring/); Human Protein Atlas (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000115091-ACTR3/pathology) identify known diseases correlated previously with the disease state. In one embodiment AmpliSeq™ quantification of fold expression change allows for determination of fold change from control. 
     Autism 
     Autism and autism spectrum disorder are development disorders that negatively impact social interactions and day-to-day activities. The disorder is characterized by repetitive and unusual behaviors and reduced tolerance for sensory stimulation and gastrointestinal distress. The signs of autism occur early in life, usually around age 2 or 3. Autism affects approximately 1 in 68 children in the United States and approximately one third of people with autism remain non-verbal for their entire life. Many autism-predictive genes are associated with brain development, growth, and/or organization of neurons and synapses. 
     Early detection of autism is critical to providing therapy and tailored learning to minimize the effects of autism. The current inventive process, in one particular embodiment is a method for predicting a risk for developing autism in a human, the method comprising: procuring one or a plurality of cell samples from the human, comprising one or a plurality of cell types; reprogramming the one or the plurality of cell samples to produce one or a plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples; treating the one or the plurality of induced pluripotent stem cell samples to obtain a neural organoid; collecting a biological sample from the neural organoid; measuring biomarkers in the neural organoid sample; and detecting measured biomarkers from the neural organoid sample that are differentially expressed in humans with autism. 
     In a further particular embodiment, at least one cell sample such as a fibroblast is reprogrammed to become a pluripotent stem cell. In one embodiment the fibroblast is a skin cell that is induced to become a neural organoid after being reprogrammed to become a pluripotent stem cell. In a particular embodiment the neural organoid is harvested at about 1 week. In an alternate embodiment the neural organoid is harvested at about 4 weeks, and about 12 weeks. In another aspect the neural organoid can be harvested at days or weeks after reprogramming. At each time point the RNA is isolated and the gene biomarkers measured. The measured biomarkers comprise nucleic acids, proteins, or metabolites. In a particular embodiment the measured biomarker is a nucleic acid encoding human TSC1, TSC2 or a TSC2 variant. 
     In one embodiment the measured biomarker for human TSC1, TSC2, or a TSC2 variant means any nucleic acid sequence encoding a human TSC1 or TSC2 polypeptide having at least 70% homology to the sequence for human TSC1 or TSC2. 
     In a further embodiment additional measured biomarkers are nucleic acids encoding human genes, proteins, and metabolites as provided in Tables 1 and 2. 
     Although expression of multiple genes is altered in autism, in one embodiment lead candidate genes can be used to predict risk of autism onset later in life. In a particular embodiment a combination of biomarkers is detected, the combination comprising a nucleic acid encoding human TSC1, TSC2 or a TSC2 variant; and one or a plurality of biomarkers comprising genes, proteins, or metabolites as presented in Table 2. In a further embodiment the measured biomarkers mean any nucleic acid sequence encoding the respective polypeptide having at least 70% homology to the gene accession numbers listed in Table 2. Genes in Table 1 have specific mutations identified with them for autism and constitute likely causative biomarkers for autism. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Biomarkers for Autism 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Gene Symbol 
                 Gene Name 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ABCA10 
                 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 10 
               
               
                 ABCA13 
                 ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 13 
               
               
                 ABCA7 
                 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 7 
               
               
                 ACE 
                 angiotensin I converting enzyme 
               
               
                 ACHE 
                 Acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group) 
               
               
                 ADA 
                 adenosine deaminase 
               
               
                 ADARB1 
                 Adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific, B1 
               
               
                 ADCY3 
                 adenylate cyclase 3 
               
               
                 ADCY5 
                 Adenylate cyclase 5 
               
               
                 ADK 
                 adenosine kinase 
               
               
                 ADNP 
                 Activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox 
               
               
                 ADORA3 
                 Adenosine A3 receptor 
               
               
                 ADSL 
                 adenylosuccinate lyase 
               
               
                 AFF2 
                 AF4/FMR2 family, member 2 
               
               
                 AFF4 
                 AF4/FMR2 family, member 4 
               
               
                 AGAP1 
                 ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 1 
               
               
                 AGAP2 
                 ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2 
               
               
                 AGBL4 
                 ATP/GTP binding protein-like 4 
               
               
                 AGMO 
                 alkylglycerol monooxygenase 
               
               
                 AGO1 
                 argonaute 1, RISC catalytic component 
               
               
                 AGTR2 
                 angiotensin II receptor, type 2 
               
               
                 AHDC1 
                 AT-hook DNA binding motif containing 1 
               
               
                 AHI1 
                 Abelson helper integration site 1 
               
               
                 AKAP9 
                 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 9 
               
               
                 ALDH1A3 
                 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A3 
               
               
                 ALDH5A1 
                 aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family, member A1 (succinate- 
               
               
                   
                 semialdehyde dehydrogenase) 
               
               
                 AMPD1 
                 Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 
               
               
                 AMT 
                 Aminomethyltransferase 
               
               
                 ANK2 
                 Ankyrin 2, neuronal 
               
               
                 ANK3 
                 ankyrin 3 
               
               
                 ANKRD11 
                 ankyrin repeat domain 11 
               
               
                 ANXA1 
                 Annexin A1 
               
               
                 AP1S2 
                 adaptor related protein complex 1 sigma 2 subunit 
               
               
                 APBA2 
                 amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family A, member 2 
               
               
                 APBB1 
                 amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 
               
               
                 APC 
                 adenomatosis polyposis coli 
               
               
                 APH1A 
                 APH1A gamma secretase subunit 
               
               
                 ARHGAP15 
                 Rho GTPase activating protein 15 
               
               
                 ARHGAP24 
                 Rho GTPase activating protein 24 
               
               
                 ARHGAP32 
                 Rho GTPase activating protein 32 
               
               
                 ARHGAP33 
                 Rho GTPase activating protein 33 
               
               
                 ARHGAP5 
                 Rho GTPase activating protein 5 
               
               
                 ARHGEF10 
                 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10 
               
               
                 ARHGEF9 
                 Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 9 
               
               
                 ARID1B 
                 AT-rich interaction domain 1B 
               
               
                 ARNT2 
                 aryl-hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 
               
               
                 ARX 
                 aristaless related homeobox 
               
               
                 ABAT 
                 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase 
               
               
                 ACTN4 
                 actinin alpha 4 
               
               
                 ACY1 
                 aminoacylase 1 
               
               
                 ADAMTS18 
                 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 18 
               
               
                 ADORA2A 
                 adenosine A2a receptor 
               
               
                 ADRB2 
                 adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface 
               
               
                 ALG6 
                 ALG6, alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase 
               
               
                 ALOX5AP 
                 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein 
               
               
                 ANKS1B 
                 ankyrin repeat and sterile alpha motif domain containing 1B 
               
               
                 ARHGAP11B 
                 Rho GTPase activating protein 11B 
               
               
                 ASAP2 
                 ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2 
               
               
                 ASH1L 
                 Ash1 (absent, small, or homeotic)-like ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 ASMT 
                 acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase 
               
               
                 ASPM 
                 abnormal spindle microtubule assembly 
               
               
                 ASTN2 
                 astrotactin 2 
               
               
                 AMBRA1 
                 autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 
               
               
                 APP 
                 Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein 
               
               
                 AR 
                 androgen receptor 
               
               
                 ASS1 
                 argininosuccinate synthetase 
               
               
                 ASXL3 
                 Additional sex combs like 3 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 ATG7 
                 Autophagy related 7 
               
               
                 ATP10A 
                 Probable phospholipid-transporting ATPase VA 
               
               
                 ATP1A1 
                 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1 
               
               
                 ATP1A3 
                 ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 3 
               
               
                 ATP2B2 
                 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 2 
               
               
                 ATP6V0A2 
                 ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit a2 
               
               
                 ATP8A1 
                 ATPase phospholipid transporting 8A1 
               
               
                 ATRNL1 
                 Attractin-like 1 
               
               
                 ATRX 
                 alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked 
               
               
                 ATXN7 
                 Ataxin 7 
               
               
                 AUTS2 
                 autism susceptibility candidate 2 
               
               
                 AVP 
                 Arginine vasopressin 
               
               
                 AVPR1A 
                 arginine vasopressin receptor 1A 
               
               
                 AVPR1B 
                 arginine vasopressin receptor 1B 
               
               
                 AZGP1 
                 alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, zinc-binding 
               
               
                 BAIAP2 
                 BAI1-associated protein 2 
               
               
                 BAZ2B 
                 bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B 
               
               
                 BBS4 
                 Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 
               
               
                 BCKDK 
                 Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase 
               
               
                 BCL11A 
                 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 11A (zinc finger protein) 
               
               
                 BCL2 
                 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 
               
               
                 BDNF 
                 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 
               
               
                 BIRC6 
                 Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 6 
               
               
                 BRAF 
                 v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B 
               
               
                 BRCA2 
                 breast cancer 2, early onset 
               
               
                 BRD4 
                 bromodomain containing 4 
               
               
                 BRINP1 
                 BMP/retinoic acid inducible neural specific 1 
               
               
                 BST1 
                 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 
               
               
                 BTAF1 
                 RNA polymerase II, B-TFIID transcription factor-associated, 170 kDa 
               
               
                   
                 (Mot1 homolog,  S. cerevisiae ) 
               
               
                 C12orf57 
                 Chromosome 12 open reading frame 57 
               
               
                 C15orf62 
                 chromosome 15 open reading frame 62 
               
               
                 C3orf58 
                 chromosome 3 open reading frame 58 
               
               
                 C4B 
                 complement component 4B 
               
               
                 CA6 
                 carbonic anhydrase VI 
               
               
                 CACNA1A 
                 Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, P/Q type, alpha 1A subunit 
               
               
                 CACNA1C 
                 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit 
               
               
                 BICDL1 
                 BICD family like cargo adaptor 1 
               
               
                 CACNA1D 
                 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1D 
               
               
                 CACNA1E 
                 calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 E 
               
               
                 CACNA1F 
                 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 1F 
               
               
                 CACNA1G 
                 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit 
               
               
                 CACNA1H 
                 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 1H subunit 
               
               
                 CACNA1I 
                 Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1I subunit 
               
               
                 CACNA2D3 
                 Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 2/delta subunit 3 
               
               
                 CACNB2 
                 Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 2 subunit 
               
               
                 CADM1 
                 cell adhesion molecule 1 
               
               
                 CADM2 
                 Cell adhesion molecule 2 
               
               
                 CADPS2 
                 Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 2 
               
               
                 CAMK2A 
                 calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II alpha 
               
               
                 CAMK2B 
                 calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta 
               
               
                 CAMK4 
                 Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV 
               
               
                 CAMSAP2 
                 calmodulin regulated spectrin-associated protein family, member 2 
               
               
                 CAMTA1 
                 calmodulin binding transcription activator 1 
               
               
                 CAPN12 
                 Calpain 12 
               
               
                 CAPRIN1 
                 Cell cycle associated protein 1 
               
               
                 CARD11 
                 caspase recruitment domain family member 11 
               
               
                 CASC4 
                 cancer susceptibility candidate 4 
               
               
                 CASK 
                 calcium/calmodulin dependent serine protein kinase 
               
               
                 CBLN1 
                 cerebellin 1 precursor 
               
               
                 CC2D1A 
                 Coiled-coil and C2 domain containing 1A 
               
               
                 CCDC88C 
                 Coiled-coil domain containing 88C 
               
               
                 CCDC91 
                 coiled-coil domain containing 91 
               
               
                 CCT4 
                 Chaperonin containing TCP1, subunit 4 (delta) 
               
               
                 CD276 
                 CD276molecule 
               
               
                 CD38 
                 CD38 molecule 
               
               
                 CD44 
                 CD44 molecule (Indian blood group) 
               
               
                 CD99L2 
                 CD99 molecule like 2 
               
               
                 CDC42BPB 
                 CDC42 binding protein kinase beta (DMPK-like) 
               
               
                 CDH10 
                 cadherin 10, type 2 (T2-cadherin) 
               
               
                 CDH11 
                 cadherin 11 
               
               
                 CDH22 
                 cadherin-like 22 
               
               
                 CDH8 
                 cadherin 8, type 2 
               
               
                 BCAS1 
                 breast carcinoma amplified sequence 1 
               
               
                 BIN1 
                 bridging integrator 1 
               
               
                 CACNA1B 
                 calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B 
               
               
                 CACNA2D1 
                 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1 
               
               
                 CBS 
                 cystathionine beta-synthase 
               
               
                 CCNG1 
                 cyclin G1 
               
               
                 CCNK 
                 cyclin K 
               
               
                 CDH13 
                 cadherin 13 
               
               
                 CDH9 
                 cadherin 9, type 2 (T1-cadherin) 
               
               
                 CDK13 
                 cyclin dependent kinase 13 
               
               
                 CDKL5 
                 cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 
               
               
                 CDKN1B 
                 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B 
               
               
                 CECR2 
                 CECR2, histone acetyl-lysine reader 
               
               
                 CELF4 
                 CUGBP, Elav-like family member 4 
               
               
                 CELF6 
                 CUGBP, Elav-like family member 6 
               
               
                 CEP135 
                 centrosomal protein 135 
               
               
                 CEP290 
                 Centrosomal protein 290 kDa 
               
               
                 CEP41 
                 testis specific, 14 
               
               
                 CGNL1 
                 Cingulin-like 1 
               
               
                 CHD1 
                 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1 
               
               
                 CHD2 
                 Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 2 
               
               
                 CHD5 
                 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 5 
               
               
                 CHD7 
                 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7 
               
               
                 CHD8 
                 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8 
               
               
                 CHKB 
                 Choline kinase beta 
               
               
                 CHMP1A 
                 charged multivesicular body protein 1A 
               
               
                 CHRM3 
                 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 
               
               
                 CHRNA7 
                 cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 7 
               
               
                 CHRNB3 
                 cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 3 subunit 
               
               
                 CHST5 
                 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 5 
               
               
                 CIB2 
                 Calcium and integrin binding family member 2 
               
               
                 CIC 
                 capicua transcriptional repressor 
               
               
                 CLASP1 
                 cytoplasmic linker associated protein 1 
               
               
                 CLN8 
                 Ceroid-lipofuscinosis, neuronal 8 (epilepsy, progressive with mental 
               
               
                   
                 retardation) 
               
               
                 CLSTN2 
                 calsyntenin 2 
               
               
                 CLSTN3 
                 Calsyntenin 3 
               
               
                 CLTCL1 
                 clathrin, heavy chain-like 1 
               
               
                 CMIP 
                 c-Maf inducing protein 
               
               
                 CNGB3 
                 cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3 
               
               
                 CNKSR2 
                 connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of Ras 2 
               
               
                 CNOT3 
                 CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3 
               
               
                 CNR1 
                 cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain) 
               
               
                 CNR2 
                 Cannabinoid receptor 2 (macrophage) 
               
               
                 CNTN4 
                 contactin 4 
               
               
                 CNTN5 
                 Contactin 5 
               
               
                 CNTN6 
                 Contactin 6 
               
               
                 CNTNAP2 
                 contactin associated protein-like 2 
               
               
                 CNTNAP4 
                 Contactin associated protein-like 4 
               
               
                 CNTNAP5 
                 contactin associated protein-like 5 
               
               
                 COL28A1 
                 collagen type XXVIII alpha 1 chain 
               
               
                 CPT2 
                 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 
               
               
                 CREBBP 
                 CREB binding protein 
               
               
                 CHD3 
                 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 3 
               
               
                 CNTN3 
                 contactin 3 
               
               
                 CNTNAP3 
                 contactin associated protein-like 3 
               
               
                 CRHR2 
                 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 
               
               
                 CSMD1 
                 CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 
               
               
                 CSNK1D 
                 casein kinase 1, delta 
               
               
                 CSNK1E 
                 casein kinase 1 epsilon 
               
               
                 CTCF 
                 CCCTC-binding factor 
               
               
                 CTNNA3 
                 catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 3 
               
               
                 CTNNB1 
                 catenin beta 1 
               
               
                 CTNND2 
                 Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), delta 2 
               
               
                 CTTNBP2 
                 cortactin binding protein 2 
               
               
                 CUL3 
                 Cullin 3 
               
               
                 CPEB4 
                 cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4 
               
               
                 CTNNA2 
                 catenin alpha 2 
               
               
                 CUL7 
                 Cullin 7 
               
               
                 CUX1 
                 cut like homeobox 1 
               
               
                 CUX2 
                 cut like homeobox 2 
               
               
                 CX3CR1 
                 Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 
               
               
                 CXCR3 
                 chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 
               
               
                 CYFIP1 
                 cytoplasmic FMR1 interacting protein 1 
               
               
                 CYLC2 
                 cylicin, basic protein of sperm head cytoskeleton 2 
               
               
                 CYP11B1 
                 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 
               
               
                 CYP27A1 
                 cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1 
               
               
                 DAB1 
                 disabled homolog 1 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 DAGLA 
                 diacylglycerol lipase alpha 
               
               
                 DARK1 
                 death-associated protein kinase 1 
               
               
                 DAPP1 
                 Dual adaptor of phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides 
               
               
                 DCTN5 
                 dynactin 5 
               
               
                 DDX3X 
                 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box helicase 3, X-linked 
               
               
                 DDX53 
                 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 53 
               
               
                 DEAF1 
                 DEAF1 transcription factor 
               
               
                 DENR 
                 density-regulated protein 
               
               
                 DEPDC5 
                 DEP domain containing 5 
               
               
                 DHCR7 
                 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase 
               
               
                 DHX30 
                 DExH-box helicase 30 
               
               
                 DIAPH3 
                 Diaphanous-related formin 3 
               
               
                 DIP2A 
                 DIP2 disco-interacting protein 2 homolog A ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 DIP2C 
                 disco interacting protein 2 homolog C 
               
               
                 DISC1 
                 disrupted in schizophrenia 1 
               
               
                 DIXDC1 
                 DIX domain containing 1 
               
               
                 DLG1 
                 discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 1 
               
               
                 DLG4 
                 discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 
               
               
                 DLGAP1 
                 DLG associated protein 1 
               
               
                 DLGAP2 
                 discs, large ( Drosophila ) homolog-associated protein 2 
               
               
                 DLX6 
                 distal-less homeobox 6 
               
               
                 DMD 
                 dystrophin (muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker types) 
               
               
                 DCX 
                 doublecortin 
               
               
                 DGKZ 
                 diacylglycerol kinase zeta 
               
               
                 DMPK 
                 dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase 
               
               
                 DMXL2 
                 Dmx-like 2 
               
               
                 DNAH10 
                 Dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 10 
               
               
                 DNAH17 
                 dynein axonemal heavy chain 17 
               
               
                 DNAH3 
                 dynein axonemal heavy chain 3 
               
               
                 ONER 
                 Delta/notch-like EGF repeat containing 
               
               
                 DNM1L 
                 Dynamin 1-like 
               
               
                 DNMT3A 
                 DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 alpha 
               
               
                 DOCK1 
                 Dedicator of cytokinesis 1 
               
               
                 DOCK10 
                 Dedicator of cytokinesis 10 
               
               
                 DOCK4 
                 Dedicator of cytokinesis 4 
               
               
                 DOCK8 
                 dedicator of cytokinesis 8 
               
               
                 DPP10 
                 Dipeptidyl-peptidase 10 
               
               
                 DPP4 
                 Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 
               
               
                 DPP6 
                 dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 
               
               
                 DCUN1D1 
                 DCN1, defective in cullin neddylation 1, domain containing 1 
               
               
                   
                 ( S. cerevisiae ) 
               
               
                 DDC 
                 dopa decarboxylase 
               
               
                 DDX11 
                 DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 11 
               
               
                 DGKK 
                 diacylglycerol kinase kappa 
               
               
                 DLGAP3 
                 DLG associated protein 3 
               
               
                 DLX1 
                 distal-less homeobox 1 
               
               
                 DLX2 
                 distal-less homeobox 2 
               
               
                 DNAJC19 
                 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C19 
               
               
                 DOLK 
                 dolichol kinase 
               
               
                 DPYD 
                 dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase 
               
               
                 DPYSL2 
                 dihydropyrimidinase like 2 
               
               
                 DPYSL3 
                 dihydropyrimidinase like 3 
               
               
                 DRD1 
                 Dopamine receptor D1 
               
               
                 DRD2 
                 Dopamine receptor D2 
               
               
                 DRD3 
                 dopamine receptor D3 
               
               
                 DSCAM 
                 Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 
               
               
                 DST 
                 Dystonin 
               
               
                 DUSP15 
                 dual specificity phosphatase 15 
               
               
                 DUSP22 
                 dual specificity phosphatase 22 
               
               
                 DVL1 
                 Dishevelled segment polarity protein 1 
               
               
                 DVL3 
                 Dishevelled segment polarity protein 3 
               
               
                 DYDC1 
                 DPY30 domain containing 1 
               
               
                 DYDC2 
                 DPY30 domain containing 2 
               
               
                 DYNC1H1 
                 dynein cytoplasmic 1 heavy chain 1 
               
               
                 DYRK1A 
                 Dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A 
               
               
                 EBF3 
                 early B-cell factor 3 
               
               
                 EEF1A2 
                 Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 2 
               
               
                 EFR3A 
                 EFR3 homolog A ( S. cerevisiae ) 
               
               
                 EGR2 
                 early growth response 2 (Krox-20 homolog,  Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 EHMT1 
                 Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 1 
               
               
                 EIF3G 
                 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G 
               
               
                 EIF4E 
                 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E 
               
               
                 EIF4EBP2 
                 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 2 
               
               
                 ELAVL2 
                 ELAV like neuron-specific RNA binding protein 2 
               
               
                 ELAVL3 
                 ELAV like neuron-specific RNA binding protein 3 
               
               
                 ELP4 
                 Elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 4 
               
               
                 EML1 
                 echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 1 
               
               
                 EN2 
                 engrailed homolog 2 
               
               
                 EP300 
                 E1A binding protein p300 
               
               
                 EP400 
                 E1A binding protein p400 
               
               
                 EPC2 
                 Enhancer of polycomb homolog 2 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 EPHA6 
                 EPH receptor A6 
               
               
                 EPHB2 
                 EPH receptor B2 
               
               
                 EPHB6 
                 EPH receptor B6 
               
               
                 EPPK1 
                 epipiakin 1 
               
               
                 EPS8 
                 epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 
               
               
                 ERBB4 
                 v-erb-a erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4 (avian) 
               
               
                 ERG 
                 ERG, ETS transcription factor 
               
               
                 EMSY 
                 EMSY, BRCA2 interacting transcriptional repressor 
               
               
                 ERBIN 
                 erbb2 interacting protein 
               
               
                 ERMN 
                 ermin 
               
               
                 ESR1 
                 estrogen receptor 1 
               
               
                 ESR2 
                 estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) 
               
               
                 ESRRB 
                 estrogen-related receptor beta 
               
               
                 ETFB 
                 Electron-transfer-flavoprotein, beta polypeptide 
               
               
                 EXOC6B 
                 exocyst complex component 6B 
               
               
                 EXT1 
                 Exostosin 1 
               
               
                 F13A1 
                 coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide 
               
               
                 FABP3 
                 Fatty acid binding protein 3, muscle and heart (mammary-derived 
               
               
                   
                 growth inhibitor) 
               
               
                 FABP5 
                 fatty acid binding protein 5 (psoriasis-associated) 
               
               
                 FABP7 
                 fatty acid binding protein 7, brain 
               
               
                 FAM19A2 
                 family with sequence similarity 19 member A2, C-C motif chemokine 
               
               
                   
                 like 
               
               
                 FAM19A3 
                 family with sequence similarity 19 member A3, C-C motif chemokine 
               
               
                   
                 like 
               
               
                 FAM47A 
                 family with sequence similarity 47 member A 
               
               
                 FAM92B 
                 Family with sequence similarity 92, member B 
               
               
                 FAN1 
                 FANCD2/FANCI-associated nuclease 1 
               
               
                 FAT1 
                 FAT atypical cadherin 1 
               
               
                 FBN1 
                 Fibrillin 1 
               
               
                 FBXO33 
                 F-box protein 33 
               
               
                 FBXO40 
                 F-box protein 40 
               
               
                 FCRL6 
                 Fc receptor like 6 
               
               
                 FEZF2 
                 FEZ family zinc finger 2 
               
               
                 FGA 
                 Fibrinogen alpha chain 
               
               
                 FGD1 
                 FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing 1 
               
               
                 FGFBP3 
                 fibroblast growth factor binding protein 3 
               
               
                 FHIT 
                 fragile histidine triad gene 
               
               
                 FLT1 
                 fms-related tyrosine kinase 1 (vascular endothelial growth 
               
               
                   
                 factor/vascular perme ability factor receptor) 
               
               
                 FMR1 
                 fragile X mental retardation 1 
               
               
                 FOLH1 
                 folate hydrolase 1 
               
               
                 FOXG1 
                 Forkhead box G1 
               
               
                 FOXP1 
                 forkhead box P1 
               
               
                 FOXP2 
                 forkhead box P2 
               
               
                 FRK 
                 fyn-related kinase 
               
               
                 ELOVL2 
                 ELOVL fatty acid elongase 2 
               
               
                 EXOC3 
                 exocyst complex component 3 
               
               
                 EXOC5 
                 exocyst complex component 5 
               
               
                 EXOC6 
                 exocyst complex component 6 
               
               
                 FAM135B 
                 family with sequence similarity 135 member B 
               
               
                 FRMPD4 
                 FERM and PDZ domain containing 4 
               
               
                 GABBR2 
                 gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 
               
               
                 GABRA1 
                 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 1 
               
               
                 GABRA3 
                 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 3 
               
               
                 GABRA4 
                 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 4 
               
               
                 GABRA5 
                 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alphas subunit 
               
               
                 GABRB1 
                 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 1 
               
               
                 GABRB3 
                 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, beta 3 
               
               
                 GABRQ 
                 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, theta 
               
               
                 GAD1 
                 Glutamate decarboxylase 1 (brain, 67 kDa) 
               
               
                 GADD45B 
                 Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta 
               
               
                 GALNT13 
                 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13 
               
               
                 GALNT14 
                 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 
               
               
                 GAN 
                 Gigaxonin 
               
               
                 GAP43 
                 Growth associated protein 43 
               
               
                 GAS2 
                 Growth arrest-specific 2 
               
               
                 GATM 
                 Glycine amidinotransferase (L-arginine: glycine amidinotransferase) 
               
               
                 GDA 
                 guanine deaminase 
               
               
                 GGNBP2 
                 gametogenetin binding protein 2 
               
               
                 GIGYF1 
                 GRB10 interacting GYF protein 1 
               
               
                 FBXO11 
                 F-box protein 11 
               
               
                 FBXO15 
                 F-box protein 15 
               
               
                 FER 
                 FERtyrosine kinase 
               
               
                 FGFR2 
                 fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 
               
               
                 GABRG3 
                 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor gamma3 subunit 
               
               
                 GALNT8 
                 polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 8 
               
               
                 GIGYF2 
                 GRB10 interacting GYF protein 2 
               
               
                 GLIS1 
                 GLIS family zinc finger 1 
               
               
                 GLO1 
                 glyoxalase I 
               
               
                 GLRA2 
                 glycine receptor, alpha 2 
               
               
                 GNA14 
                 Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 14 
               
               
                 GNAS 
                 GNAS complex locus 
               
               
                 GNB1L 
                 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 1-like 
               
               
                 GPC4 
                 glypican 4 
               
               
                 GPC6 
                 glypican 6 
               
               
                 GPHN 
                 Gephyrin 
               
               
                 GPR139 
                 G protein-coupled receptor 139 
               
               
                 GPR37 
                 G protein-coupled receptor 37 
               
               
                 GPR85 
                 G protein-coupled receptor 85 
               
               
                 GPX1 
                 glutathione peroxidase 1 
               
               
                 GRIA1 
                 glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 1 
               
               
                 GRID1 
                 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 1 
               
               
                 GRID2 
                 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2 
               
               
                 GRIK2 
                 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2 
               
               
                 GRIK4 
                 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 4 
               
               
                 GRIK5 
                 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 5 
               
               
                 GRIN1 
                 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 1 
               
               
                 GRIN2A 
                 glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2A 
               
               
                 GRIN2B 
                 glutamate receptor, inotropic, N-methyl D-apartate 2B 
               
               
                 GRIP1 
                 glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 
               
               
                 GRM4 
                 Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 4 
               
               
                 GRM5 
                 Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5 
               
               
                 GRM7 
                 Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 7 
               
               
                 GRM8 
                 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 8 
               
               
                 GRPR 
                 Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor 
               
               
                 GSK3B 
                 Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta 
               
               
                 GSTM1 
                 glutathione S-transferase M1 
               
               
                 GTF2I 
                 general transcription factor Ili 
               
               
                 GUCY1A2 
                 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 2 
               
               
                 H2AFZ 
                 H2A histone family member Z 
               
               
                 HCN1 
                 Hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                 HDAC3 
                 histone deacetylase 3 
               
               
                 HDAC4 
                 histone deacetylase 4 
               
               
                 HDC 
                 histidine decarboxylase 
               
               
                 HDLBP 
                 high density lipoprotein binding protein 
               
               
                 HECTD4 
                 HECT domain E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 4 
               
               
                 HECW2 
                 HECT, C2 and WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 
               
               
                 HEPACAM 
                 hepatic and glial cell adhesion molecule 
               
               
                 HERC2 
                 HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 
               
               
                 HIVEP3 
                 human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer binding protein 3 
               
               
                 HLA-A 
                 major histocompatibility complex, class I, A 
               
               
                 HLA-B 
                 Major histocompatibility complex, class I, B 
               
               
                 HLA-G 
                 major histocompatibility complex, class I, G 
               
               
                 HMGN1 
                 high mobility group nucleosome binding domain 1 
               
               
                 HNRNPH2 
                 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 
               
               
                 HNRNPU 
                 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U 
               
               
                 HOMER1 
                 Homer homolog 1 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 HOXA1 
                 homeobox A1 
               
               
                 HOXB1 
                 homeobox B1 
               
               
                 HRAS 
                 v-Ha-ras Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog 
               
               
                 HS3ST5 
                 heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 5 
               
               
                 HSD11B1 
                 hydroxysteroid (11-bete) dehydrogenase 1 
               
               
                 HTR1B 
                 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1B 
               
               
                 HTR2A 
                 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2A 
               
               
                 HTR3A 
                 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3A 
               
               
                 HTR3C 
                 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3, family member C 
               
               
                 GPD2 
                 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 
               
               
                 GRID2IP 
                 Grid2 interacting protein 
               
               
                 GRIK3 
                 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 3 
               
               
                 GRM1 
                 glutamate metabotropic receptor 1 
               
               
                 GSN 
                 gelsolin 
               
               
                 HCFC1 
                 host cell factor C1 
               
               
                 HDAC6 
                 histone deacetylase 6 
               
               
                 HDAC8 
                 histone deacetylase 8 
               
               
                 HLA-DRB1 
                 major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 
               
               
                 HTR7 
                 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 7 (adenylate cyclase-coupled) 
               
               
                 HUWE1 
                 HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 
               
               
                 HYDIN 
                 HYDIN, axonemal central pair apparatus protein 
               
               
                 ICA1 
                 islet cell autoantigen 1 
               
               
                 IFNG 
                 interferon gamma 
               
               
                 IL17RA 
                 interleukin 17 receptor A 
               
               
                 IL1R2 
                 interleukin 1 receptor, type II 
               
               
                 IL1RAPL1 
                 interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 
               
               
                 IL1RAPL2 
                 interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 2 
               
               
                 ILF2 
                 Interleukin enhancer binding factor 2 
               
               
                 IMIMP2L 
                 IMP2 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like ( S. cerevisiae ) 
               
               
                 INPP1 
                 inositol polyphosphale-1-phosphatase 
               
               
                 INTS6 
                 Integrator complex subunit 6 
               
               
                 IQGAP3 
                 IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 3 
               
               
                 IQSEC2 
                 IQ motif and Sec7 domain 2 
               
               
                 IRF2BPL 
                 Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein-like 
               
               
                 ITGB3 
                 integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61) 
               
               
                 ITGB7 
                 integrin, beta 7 
               
               
                 ITPR1 
                 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 
               
               
                 JAKMIP1 
                 Janus kinase and microtubule interacting protein 1 
               
               
                 JARID2 
                 jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain containing 2 
               
               
                 JMJD1C 
                 jumonji domain containing 1C 
               
               
                 KANK1 
                 KN motif and ankyrin repeat domains 1 
               
               
                 KAT2B 
                 K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2B 
               
               
                 KAT6A 
                 K(lysine) acetyltransferase 6A 
               
               
                 KATNAL1 
                 katanin catalytic subunit A1 like 1 
               
               
                 KATNAL2 
                 Katanin p60 subunit A-like 2 
               
               
                 KCNB1 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1 
               
               
                 KCND2 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 
               
               
                 KCND3 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 
               
               
                 KCNJ10 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 10 
               
               
                 KCNJ2 
                 Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 2 
               
               
                 KCNK7 
                 potassium two pore domain channel subfamily K member 7 
               
               
                 KCNMA1 
                 potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, 
               
               
                   
                 alpha member 1 
               
               
                 KCNQ2 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2 
               
               
                 KCNQ3 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q members 
               
               
                 KGNT1 
                 potassium sodium-activated channel subfamily T member 1 
               
               
                 KCTD13 
                 Potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 13 
               
               
                 KDM4B 
                 lysine demethylase 4B 
               
               
                 KDM5B 
                 Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5B 
               
               
                 KDM5C 
                 lysine demethylase 5C 
               
               
                 KDM6A 
                 lysine demethylase 6A 
               
               
                 KDM6B 
                 Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6B 
               
               
                 KHDRBS2 
                 KH domain containing, RNA binding, signal transduction associated 2 
               
               
                 KIAA1586 
                 KIAA1586 
               
               
                 KIF13B 
                 Kinesin family member 13B 
               
               
                 KIF5C 
                 Kinesin family member 5C 
               
               
                 KIRREL3 
                 Kin of IRRE like 3 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 IFNGR1 
                 interferon gamma receptor 1 
               
               
                 IL16 
                 interleukin 16 
               
               
                 IL17A 
                 Interleukin 17A 
               
               
                 IL6 
                 interleukin 6 
               
               
                 ITGA4 
                 integrin, alpha 4 (antigen CD49D, alpha 4 subunit of VLA-4 receptor) 
               
               
                 KCNJ12 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 12 
               
               
                 KCNJ15 
                 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 15 
               
               
                 KDM4C 
                 lysine demethylase 4C 
               
               
                 KHDRBS3 
                 KH RNA binding domain containing, signal transduction associated 3 
               
               
                 KIF14 
                 kinesin family member 14 
               
               
                 KIF21B 
                 kinesin family member 21B 
               
               
                 KIT 
                 KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase 
               
               
                 KLC2 
                 Kinesin light chain 2 
               
               
                 KLF16 
                 Kruppel like factor 16 
               
               
                 KMT2A 
                 Lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2A 
               
               
                 KMT2C 
                 Lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2C 
               
               
                 KMT2E 
                 Lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2E 
               
               
                 KPTN 
                 kaptin, actin binding protein 
               
               
                 KRR1 
                 KRR1, small subunit (SSU) processome component, homolog (yeast) 
               
               
                 KRT26 
                 keratin 26 
               
               
                 LAMA1 
                 Laminin, alpha 1 
               
               
                 LAMB1 
                 laminin, beta 1 
               
               
                 LAMC3 
                 laminin, gamma 3 
               
               
                 KMT5B 
                 lysine methyltransferase 5B 
               
               
                 KMO 
                 kynurenine 3-monooxygenase 
               
               
                 LAT 
                 linker for activation of T-cells 
               
               
                 LEO1 
                 LEO1 homolog, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component 
               
               
                 LEP 
                 Leptin 
               
               
                 LILRB2 
                 leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B2 
               
               
                 LIN7B 
                 lin-7 homolog B, crumbs cell polarity complex component 
               
               
                 LMX1B 
                 LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta 
               
               
                 LMX1B 
                 LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 beta 
               
               
                 LPL 
                 lipoprotein lipase 
               
               
                 LRBA 
                 LPS-responsive vesicle trafficking, beach and anchor containing 
               
               
                 LRFN2 
                 leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 2 
               
               
                 LRFN5 
                 leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 5 
               
               
                 LRP2 
                 LDL receptor related protein 2 
               
               
                 LRP2BP 
                 LRP2 binding protein 
               
               
                 LZTR1 
                 Leucine-zipper-like transcription regulator 1 
               
               
                 MACROD2 
                 MACRO domain containing 2 
               
               
                 MAGEL2 
                 MAGE-like 2 
               
               
                 MAOA 
                 monoamine oxidase A 
               
               
                 MAP2 
                 microtubule-associated protein 2 
               
               
                 MAPK1 
                 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 
               
               
                 MAPK3 
                 mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 
               
               
                 LNPK 
                 lunapark, ER junction formation factor 
               
               
                 MARK1 
                 microtubule affinity regulating kinase 1 
               
               
                 MBD1 
                 methyl-CpG binding domain protein 1 
               
               
                 MBD3 
                 methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3 
               
               
                 MBD4 
                 methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4 
               
               
                 MBD5 
                 Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 5 
               
               
                 MBD6 
                 Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 6 
               
               
                 MBOAT7 
                 membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 7 
               
               
                 MCM4 
                 minichromosome maintenance complex component 4 
               
               
                 MCM6 
                 minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 
               
               
                 MCPH1 
                 microcephalin 1 
               
               
                 MDGA2 
                 MAM domain containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor 2 
               
               
                 MECP2 
                 Methyl CpG binding protein 2 
               
               
                 MED12 
                 mediator complex subunit 12 
               
               
                 MED13 
                 mediator complex subunit 13 
               
               
                 MED13L 
                 Mediator complex subunit 13-like 
               
               
                 MEF2C 
                 myocyte enhancer factor 2C 
               
               
                 MEGF10 
                 multiple EGF like domains 10 
               
               
                 MEGF11 
                 multiple EGF like domains 11 
               
               
                 MET 
                 met proto-oncogene (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) 
               
               
                 MFRP 
                 Membrane frizzled-related protein 
               
               
                 MIB1 
                 Mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 
               
               
                 LRPPRC 
                 leucine rich pentatricopeptide repeat containing 
               
               
                 LRRC1 
                 leucine rich repeat containing 1 
               
               
                 LRRC4 
                 leucine rich repeat containing 4 
               
               
                 LRRC7 
                 Leucine rich repeat containing 7 
               
               
                 LZTS2 
                 leucine zipper, putative tumor suppressor 2 
               
               
                 MAOB 
                 monoamine oxidase B 
               
               
                 MAPK12 
                 mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 
               
               
                 MCC 
                 MCC, WNT signaling pathway regulator 
               
               
                 MEIS2 
                 Meis homeobox 2 
               
               
                 MKL2 
                 MKL/myocardin-like 2 
               
               
                 MOCOS 
                 Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase 
               
               
                 MPP6 
                 membrane palmitoylaled protein 6 
               
               
                 MSANTD2 
                 Myb/SANT DNA binding domain containing 2 
               
               
                 MSR1 
                 macrophage scavenger receptor 1 
               
               
                 MTF1 
                 metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 
               
               
                 MTHFR 
                 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) 
               
               
                 MTOR 
                 Mechanistic target of rapamycin (serine/threonine kinase) 
               
               
                 MTR 
                 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase 
               
               
                 MUC12 
                 mucin 12, cell surface associated 
               
               
                 MUC4 
                 mucin 4, cell surface associated 
               
               
                 MYH10 
                 myosin heavy chain 10 
               
               
                 MYH4 
                 Myosin, heavy chain 4, skeletal muscle 
               
               
                 MYO16 
                 myosin XVI 
               
               
                 MYO1A 
                 myosin IA 
               
               
                 MIR137 
                 microRNA 137 
               
               
                 MAGED1 
                 MAGE family member D1 
               
               
                 MAL 
                 mal, T-cell differentiation protein 
               
               
                 MAPK8IP2 
                 Mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 2 
               
               
                 MC4R 
                 Melanocortin 4 receptor 
               
               
                 MNT 
                 MAX network transcriptional repressor 
               
               
                 MSN 
                 Moesin 
               
               
                 MSNP1AS 
                 Moesinpseudogene 1, antisense 
               
               
                 MTX2 
                 Metaxin 2 
               
               
                 MYO1E 
                 myosin IE 
               
               
                 MYO5A 
                 myosin VA 
               
               
                 MYO5C 
                 myosin VC 
               
               
                 MYO9B 
                 Myosin IXB 
               
               
                 MYOZ1 
                 myozenin 1 
               
               
                 MYT1L 
                 Myelin transcription factor 1-like 
               
               
                 NAA15 
                 N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 15, NatA auxiliary subunit 
               
               
                 NAALADL2 
                 N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase-like 2 
               
               
                 NACC1 
                 nucleus accumbens associated 1 
               
               
                 NAV2 
                 neuron navigator 2 
               
               
                 NBEA 
                 neurobeachin 
               
               
                 NCKAP1 
                 NCK-associated protein 1 
               
               
                 NCKAP5 
                 NCK-associated protein 5 
               
               
                 NCKAP5L 
                 NCK-associated protein 5-like 
               
               
                 NCOR1 
                 nuclear receptor corepressor 1 
               
               
                 NEFL 
                 Neurofilament, light polypeptide 
               
               
                 NEO1 
                 Neogenin 1 
               
               
                 NF1 
                 neurofibromin 1 (neurofibromatosis, von Recklinghausen disease, 
               
               
                   
                 Watson disease) 
               
               
                 NFIA 
                 nuclear factor I/A 
               
               
                 NFIX 
                 nuclear factor I/X (CCAAT-binding transcription factor) 
               
               
                 NINL 
                 Ninein-like 
               
               
                 NIPA1 
                 non imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome 1 
               
               
                 NIPA2 
                 non imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome 2 
               
               
                 NIPBL 
                 Nipped-B homolog ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 NLGN1 
                 neuroligin 1 
               
               
                 NLGN2 
                 Neuroligin 2 
               
               
                 NLGN3 
                 neuroligin 3 
               
               
                 NEXMIF 
                 neurite extension and migration factor 
               
               
                 NLGN4X 
                 neuroligin 4, X-linked 
               
               
                 NOS1AP 
                 nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal) adaptor protein 
               
               
                 NOS2 
                 nitric oxide synthase 2 
               
               
                 NR1D1 
                 nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 
               
               
                 NR2F1 
                 nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 1 
               
               
                 NR3C2 
                 Nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 2 
               
               
                 NR4A2 
                 nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 
               
               
                 NRCAM 
                 neuronal cell adhesion molecule 
               
               
                 NRP2 
                 neuropilin 2 
               
               
                 NRXN1 
                 neurexin 1 
               
               
                 NRXN2 
                 neurexin 2 
               
               
                 NRXN3 
                 neurexin 3 
               
               
                 NSD1 
                 nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1 
               
               
                 NTNG1 
                 netrin G1 
               
               
                 NTRK1 
                 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1 
               
               
                 NTRK2 
                 neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 
               
               
                 NTRK3 
                 neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 3 
               
               
                 NUAK1 
                 NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase, 1 
               
               
                 NUP133 
                 nucleoporin 133 kDa 
               
               
                 NXPH1 
                 neurexophilin 1 
               
               
                 OCRL 
                 oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe 
               
               
                 ODF3L2 
                 outer dense fiber of sperm tails 3-like 2 
               
               
                 OFD1 
                 OFD1, centriole and centriolar satellite protein 
               
               
                 OPHN1 
                 oligophrenin 1 
               
               
                 OR1C1 
                 olfactory receptor, family 1, subfamily C, member 1 
               
               
                 NSMCE3 
                 NSE3 homolog, SMC5-SMC6 complex component 
               
               
                 NDUFA5 
                 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 5, 13 kDa 
               
               
                 NEGR1 
                 neuronal growth regulator 1 
               
               
                 NELL1 
                 neural EGFL like 1 
               
               
                 NFIB 
                 nuclear factor I B 
               
               
                 NLGN4Y 
                 neuroligin 4, Y-linked 
               
               
                 NOS1 
                 nitric oxide synthase 1 
               
               
                 NOTCH2NL 
                 notch 2 N-terminal like 
               
               
                 NPAS2 
                 neuronal PAS domain protein 2 
               
               
                 NR1H2 
                 nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 2 
               
               
                 NRG1 
                 Neuregulin 1 
               
               
                 NUDCD2 
                 NudC domain containing 2 
               
               
                 NXF5 
                 nuclear RNA export factor 5 
               
               
                 OGT 
                 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase 
               
               
                 OPRM1 
                 opioid receptor, mu 1 
               
               
                 OR2M4 
                 Olfactory receptor, family 2, subfamily M, member 4 
               
               
                 OR2T10 
                 olfactory receptor family 2 subfamily T member 10 
               
               
                 OR52M1 
                 Olfactory receptor, family 52, subfamily M, member 1 
               
               
                 OTUD7A 
                 OTU deubiquitinase 7A 
               
               
                 OTX1 
                 Orthodenticle homeobox 1 
               
               
                 OXT 
                 oxytocin/neurophysin I prepropeptide 
               
               
                 OXTR 
                 oxytocin receptor 
               
               
                 P2RX4 
                 Purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 4 
               
               
                 P2RX5 
                 Purinergic receptor P2X, ligand gated ion channel, 5 
               
               
                 P4HA2 
                 Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, alpha polypeptide II 
               
               
                 PACS1 
                 phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 
               
               
                 PACS2 
                 phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2 
               
               
                 PAH 
                 Phenylalanine hydroxylase 
               
               
                 PARD3B 
                 Par-3 partitioning defective 3 homolog B ( C. elegans ) 
               
               
                 PAX5 
                 Paired box 5 
               
               
                 PAX6 
                 Paired box 6 
               
               
                 PCCA 
                 propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha subunit 
               
               
                 PCCB 
                 propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta subunit 
               
               
                 PCDH10 
                 protocadherin 10 
               
               
                 PCDH11X 
                 protocadherin 11 X-linked 
               
               
                 PCDH15 
                 protocadherin related 15 
               
               
                 PCDH19 
                 protocadherin 19 
               
               
                 PCDH8 
                 protocadherin 8 
               
               
                 PCDH9 
                 protocadherin 9 
               
               
                 PCDHA1 
                 Protocadherin alpha 1 
               
               
                 PCDHA10 
                 Protocadherin alpha 10 
               
               
                 PCDHA11 
                 Protocadherin alpha 11 
               
               
                 PCDHA12 
                 Protocadherin alpha 12 
               
               
                 PCDHA13 
                 Protocadherin alpha 13 
               
               
                 PCDHA2 
                 Protocadherin alpha 2 
               
               
                 PCDHA3 
                 Protocadherin alpha 3 
               
               
                 PCDHA4 
                 Protocadherin alpha 4 
               
               
                 PCDHA5 
                 Protocadherin alpha 5 
               
               
                 PCDHA6 
                 Protocadherin alpha 6 
               
               
                 PATJ 
                 PATJ, crumbs cell polarity complex component 
               
               
                 PCDHA7 
                 Protocadherin alpha 7 
               
               
                 PCDHA8 
                 Protocadherin alpha 8 
               
               
                 PCDHA9 
                 Protocadherin alpha 9 
               
               
                 PCDHGA11 
                 protocadherin gamma subfamily A, 11 
               
               
                 PDCD1 
                 programmed cell death 1 
               
               
                 PDE4B 
                 phosphodiesterase 4B, cAMP-specific 
               
               
                 PDZD4 
                 PDZ domain containing 4 
               
               
                 PECR 
                 peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase 
               
               
                 PER1 
                 period homolog 1 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 PER2 
                 period circadian clock 2 
               
               
                 PGLYRP2 
                 peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 
               
               
                 PHF2 
                 PHD finger protein 2 
               
               
                 PHF3 
                 PHD finger protein 3 
               
               
                 PHIP 
                 pleckstrin homology domain interacting protein 
               
               
                 PHRF1 
                 PHD and ring finger domains 1 
               
               
                 PIK3R2 
                 phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 
               
               
                 PINX1 
                 PIN2/TERF1 interacting, telomerase inhibitor 1 
               
               
                 PITX1 
                 paired-like homeodomain 1 
               
               
                 PLCB1 
                 phospholipase C, beta 1 (phosphoinositide-specific) 
               
               
                 PLCD1 
                 phospholipase C, delta 1 
               
               
                 PLN 
                 phospholamban 
               
               
                 PLXNA3 
                 plexin A3 
               
               
                 PLXNA4 
                 Plexin A4 
               
               
                 PLXNB1 
                 plexin B1 
               
               
                 PNPLA7 
                 patatin like phospholipase domain containing 7 
               
               
                 POGZ 
                 Pogo transposable element with ZNF domain 
               
               
                 POLA2 
                 DNA polymerase alpha 2, accessory subunit 
               
               
                 POMT1 
                 protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 
               
               
                 POT1 
                 Protection of telomeres 1 homolog ( S. pombe ) 
               
               
                 POU3F2 
                 POU class 3 homeobox 2 
               
               
                 PPM1D 
                 protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1D 
               
               
                 PPP1R3F 
                 protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 3F 
               
               
                 PPP2R1B 
                 protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit A, beta 
               
               
                 PPP2R5D 
                 Protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B′, delta 
               
               
                 PREX1 
                 Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange 
               
               
                   
                 factor 1 
               
               
                 PRICKLE1 
                 Prickle homolog 1 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 PRICKLE2 
                 prickle planar cell polarity protein 2 
               
               
                 PRKCB 
                 protein kinase C beta 
               
               
                 PRKD1 
                 Protein kinase D1 
               
               
                 PRKDC 
                 protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide 
               
               
                 PRODH 
                 Proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1 
               
               
                 PRPF39 
                 pre-mRNA processing factor 39 
               
               
                 PRR12 
                 proline rich 12 
               
               
                 PRUNE2 
                 prune homolog 2 
               
               
                 PSD3 
                 pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing 3 
               
               
                 PSMD10 
                 proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 10 
               
               
                 PSMD12 
                 proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 12 
               
               
                 PTBP2 
                 polypyrimidine tract binding protein 2 
               
               
                 PRKN 
                 parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 
               
               
                 PAFAH1B1 
                 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b, regulatory subunit 1 
               
               
                   
                 (45 kDa) 
               
               
                 PAK2 
                 p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 2 
               
               
                 PCDHAC1 
                 Protocadherin alpha subfamily C, 1 
               
               
                 PCDHAC2 
                 Protocadherin alpha subfamily C, 2 
               
               
                 PDE1C 
                 phosphodiesterase 1C 
               
               
                 PDE4A 
                 phosphodiesterase 4A 
               
               
                 PEX7 
                 peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7 
               
               
                 PHB 
                 prohibitin 
               
               
                 PHF8 
                 PHD finger protein 8 
               
               
                 PIK3CG 
                 phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, gamma polypeptide 
               
               
                 PLAUR 
                 Plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor 
               
               
                 POMGNT1 
                 protein O-linked mannose N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (beta 1,2-) 
               
               
                 PON1 
                 paraoxonase 1 
               
               
                 PPFIA1 
                 PTPRF interacting protein alpha 1 
               
               
                 PRSS38 
                 serine protease 38 
               
               
                 PTCHD1 
                 patched domain containing 1 
               
               
                 PTEN 
                 phosphatase and tensin homolog (mutated in multiple advanced 
               
               
                   
                 cancers 1) 
               
               
                 PLPPR4 
                 phospholipid phosphatase related 4 
               
               
                 PPP1R1B 
                 Protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1B 
               
               
                 PTGER3 
                 prostaglandin E receptor 3 
               
               
                 PTK7 
                 Protein tyrosine kinase 7 (inactive) 
               
               
                 PTPN11 
                 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 
               
               
                 PTPRB 
                 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type B 
               
               
                 PYHIN1 
                 Pyrin and HIN domain family, member 1 
               
               
                 QRICH1 
                 glutamine rich 1 
               
               
                 RAB11FIP5 
                 RAB11 family interacting protein 5 
               
               
                 RAB2A 
                 RAB2A, member RAS oncogene family 
               
               
                 RAB39B 
                 RAB39B, member RAS oncogene family 
               
               
                 RAB43 
                 RAB43, member RAS oncogene family 
               
               
                 RAC1 
                 Rac family small GTPase 1 
               
               
                 RAD21L1 
                 RAD21 cohesin complex component like 1 
               
               
                 RAI1 
                 retinoic acid induced 1 
               
               
                 RANBP17 
                 RAN binding protein 17 
               
               
                 RAPGEF4 
                 Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 4 
               
               
                 RB1CC1 
                 RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1 
               
               
                 RBFOX1 
                 RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog ( C. elegans ) 1 
               
               
                 RBM27 
                 RNA binding motif protein 27 
               
               
                 RBM8A 
                 RNA binding motif protein 8A 
               
               
                 RBMS3 
                 RNA binding motif, single stranded interacting protein 3 
               
               
                 REEP3 
                 receptor accessory protein 3 
               
               
                 RELN 
                 Reelin 
               
               
                 RERE 
                 Arginine-glutamic acid dipeptide (RE) repeats 
               
               
                 RFWD2 
                 ring finger and WD repeat domain 2 
               
               
                 RFX3 
                 regulatory factor X3 
               
               
                 RGS7 
                 regulator of G-protein signaling 7 
               
               
                 RHEB 
                 Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding 
               
               
                 RIMS1 
                 Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 1 
               
               
                 RIMS3 
                 regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 3 
               
               
                 RLIM 
                 Ring finger protein, LIM domain interacting 
               
               
                 RNF135 
                 Ring finger protein 135 
               
               
                 RNF38 
                 ring finger protein 38 
               
               
                 ROBO1 
                 roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 1 ( Drosophila ) 
               
               
                 ROBO2 
                 roundabout guidance receptor 2 
               
               
                 RORA 
                 RAR-related orphan receptor A 
               
               
                 RPL10 
                 ribosomal protein L10 
               
               
                 RPS6KA2 
                 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, polypeptide 2 
               
               
                 RPS6KA3 
                 Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, polypeptide 3 
               
               
                 SAE1 
                 SUMO1 activating enzyme subunit 1 
               
               
                 SATB2 
                 SATB homeobox 2 
               
               
                 SBF1 
                 SET binding factor 1 
               
               
                 SCFD2 
                 sec1 family domain containing 2 
               
               
                 SCN1A 
                 sodium channel, voltage-gated, type I, alpha subunit 
               
               
                 SCN2A 
                 sodium channel, voltage-gated, type II, alpha subunit 
               
               
                 RP11-1407O15.2 
               
               
                 PTGS2 
                 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 
               
               
                 PTPRC 
                 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C 
               
               
                 PTPRT 
                 protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, T 
               
               
                 PVALB 
                 Parvalbumin 
               
               
                 PXDN 
                 peroxidasin 
               
               
                 RAB19 
                 RAB19, member RAS oncogene family 
               
               
                 RAD21 
                 RAD21cohesin complex component 
               
               
                 RASD1 
                 ras related dexamethasone induced 1 
               
               
                 RASSF5 
                 Ras association domain family member 5 
               
               
                 RHOXF1 
                 Rhox homeobox family, member 1 
               
               
                 RIT2 
                 Ras-like without CAAX 2 
               
               
                 RNPS1 
                 RNA binding protein with serine rich domain 1 
               
               
                 RPP25 
                 ribonuclease P and MRP subunit p25 
               
               
                 SAMD11 
                 sterile alpha motif domain containing 11 
               
               
                 SASH1 
                 SAM and SH3 domain containing 1 
               
               
                 SCN4A 
                 Sodium channel, voltage gated, type IV alpha subunit 
               
               
                 SCN5A 
                 sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5 
               
               
                 SCN7A 
                 sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 7 
               
               
                 SCN8A 
                 sodium channel, voltage gated, type VIII, alpha subunit 
               
               
                 SCN9A 
                 sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9 
               
               
                 SCP2 
                 sterol carrier protein 2 
               
               
                 SDC2 
                 syndecan 2 (heparan sulfate proteoglycan 1, cell surface-associated, 
               
               
                   
                 fibroglycan) 
               
               
                 SDK1 
                 sidekick cell adhesion molecule 1 
               
               
                 SEMA5A 
                 sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), 
               
               
                   
                 transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, 
               
               
                   
                 (semaphorin) 5A 
               
               
                 SETBP1 
                 SET binding protein 1 
               
               
                 SETD1B 
                 SET domain containing 1B 
               
               
                 SETD2 
                 SET domain containing 2 
               
               
                 SETD5 
                 SET domain containing 5 
               
               
                 SETDB1 
                 SET domain, bifurcated 1 
               
               
                 SETDB2 
                 SET domain, bifurcated 2 
               
               
                 SEZ6L2 
                 SEZ6L2 seizure related 6 homolog (mouse)-like 2 
               
               
                 SGSH 
                 N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase 
               
               
                 SGSM3 
                 Small G protein signaling modulator 3 
               
               
                 SH3KBP1 
                 SH3-domain kinase binding protein 1 
               
               
                 SHANK1 
                 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 1 
               
               
                 SHANK2 
                 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 2 
               
               
                 SHANK3 
                 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 
               
               
                 SHOX 
                 short stature homeobox 
               
               
                 SIK1 
                 Salt-inducible kinase 1 
               
               
                 SIN3A 
                 SIN3 transcription regulator family member A 
               
               
                 SLC12A5 
                 Solute carrier family 12 (potassium/chloride transporter), members 
               
               
                 SLC16A3 
                 solute carrier family 16, member 3 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 4) 
               
               
                 SLC16A7 
                 Solute carrier family 16, member 7 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 2) 
               
               
                 SLC1A1 
                 solute carrier family 1 (neuronal/epithelial high affinity glutamate 
               
               
                   
                 transporter, system Xag), member 1 
               
               
                 SLC1A2 
                 Solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 
               
               
                   
                 2 
               
               
                 SLC22A9 
                 solute carrier family 22 member 9 
               
               
                 SLC25A24 
                 Solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), 
               
               
                   
                 member 24 
               
               
                 SLC25A39 
                 solute carrier family 25 member 39 
               
               
                 SLC27A4 
                 Solute carrier family 27 (fatty acid transporter), member 4 
               
               
                 SLC29A4 
                 solute carrier family 29 member 4 
               
               
                 SLC30A5 
                 solute carrier family 30 
               
               
                 SLC38A10 
                 solute carrier family 38, member 10 
               
               
                 SLC45A1 
                 solute carrier family 45 member 1 
               
               
                 SLC4A10 
                 solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate transporter-like, member 10 
               
               
                 SLC6A1 
                 Solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter), member 1 
               
               
                 SLC6A3 
                 Solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter), member 3 
               
               
                 SLC6A4 
                 solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin), member 
               
               
                   
                 4 
               
               
                 SLC22A15 
                 Solute carrier family 22, member 15 
               
               
                 SLC24A2 
                 solute carrier family 24 member 2 
               
               
                 SLC25A12 
                 solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, Aralar), member 12 
               
               
                 SLC25A14 
                 Solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier, brain), member 14 
               
               
                 SLC25A27 
                 solute carrier family 25 member 27 
               
               
                 SLC30A3 
                 solute carrier family 30 member 3 
               
               
                 SLC33A1 
                 solute carrier family 33 member 1 
               
               
                 SLC35A3 
                 solute carrier family 35 member A3 
               
               
                 SLC35B1 
                 solute carrier family 35 member B1 
               
               
                 SLC6A8 
                 solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, creatine), member 
               
               
                   
                 8 
               
               
                 SLC7A3 
                 Solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), 
               
               
                   
                 member 3 
               
               
                 SLC7A5 
                 solute carrier family 7 member 5 
               
               
                 SLC7A7 
                 solute carrier family 7 member 7 
               
               
                 SLC9A6 
                 solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 6 
               
               
                 SLC9A9 
                 solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 9 
               
               
                 SLCO1B3 
                 Solute carrier organic anion transporter family, member 1B3 
               
               
                 SLIT3 
                 slit guidance ligand 3 
               
               
                 SLITRK5 
                 SLIT and NTRK like family member 5 
               
               
                 SMAD4 
                 SMAD family member 4 
               
               
                 SMARCA2 
                 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of 
               
               
                   
                 chromatin, subfamily a, member 2 
               
               
                 SMARCA4 
                 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of 
               
               
                   
                 chromatin, subfamily a, member 4 
               
               
                 SMARCC2 
                 SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of 
               
               
                   
                 chromatin, subfamily c, member 2 
               
               
                 SMC1A 
                 structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A 
               
               
                 SMC3 
                 structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 
               
               
                 SMG6 
                 SMG6, nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor 
               
               
                 SNAP25 
                 Synaptosomal-associated protein, 25 kDa 
               
               
                 SND1 
                 staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1 
               
               
                 SERPINE1 
                 serpin family E member 1 
               
               
                 SLC22A3 
                 solute carrier family 22 member 3 
               
               
                 SLC39A11 
                 solute carrier family 39 member 11 
               
               
                 SNRPN 
                 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N 
               
               
                 SNTG2 
                 syntrophin gamma 2 
               
               
                 SNX14 
                 Sorting nexin 14 
               
               
                 SNX19 
                 sorting nexin 19 
               
               
                 SOD1 
                 superoxide dismutase 1 
               
               
                 SOX5 
                 SRY-box 5 
               
               
                 SPARCL1 
                 SPARC like 1 
               
               
                 SPAST 
                 Spastin 
               
               
                 SPP2 
                 secreted phosphoprotein 2 
               
               
                 SRCAP 
                 Snf2 related CREBBP activator protein 
               
               
                 SRD5A2 
                 steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 
               
               
                 SRGAP3 
                 SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 3 
               
               
                 SRRM4 
                 Serine/arginine repetitive matrix 4 
               
               
                 SRSF11 
                 serine and arginine rich splicing factor 11 
               
               
                 SSPO 
                 SCO-spondin 
               
               
                 SSRP1 
                 structure specific recognition protein 1 
               
               
                 ST7 
                 suppression of tumorigenicity 7 
               
               
                 STAG1 
                 stromal antigen 1 
               
               
                 STAT1 
                 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 
               
               
                 STX1A 
                 Syntaxin 1A (brain) 
               
               
                 STXBP1 
                 Syntaxin binding protein 1 
               
               
                 STXBP5 
                 Syntaxin binding protein 5 (tomosyn) 
               
               
                 SUCLG2 
                 succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit 
               
               
                 SYAP1 
                 Synapse associated protein 1 
               
               
                 SYN1 
                 Synapsin 1 
               
               
                 SYN2 
                 Synapsin II 
               
               
                 SYN3 
                 Synapsin III 
               
               
                 SYNE1 
                 spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 1 
               
               
                 SYNGAP1 
                 synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1 
               
               
                 SYNJ1 
                 synaptojanin 1 
               
               
                 TAF1 
                 TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1 
               
               
                 TAF1C 
                 TATA-box binding protein associated factor, RNA polymerase I subunit 
               
               
                   
                 C 
               
               
                 TAF1L 
                 TAF1 RNA polymerase II 
               
               
                 TAF6 
                 TATA-boxbinding protein associated factors 
               
               
                 TANC2 
                 etratricopeptide repeat, ankyrin repeat and coiled-coil containing 2 
               
               
                 TAOK2 
                 TAO kinase 2 
               
               
                 TBC1D23 
                 TBC1 domain family member 23 
               
               
                 TBC1D31 
                 TBC1 domain family, member 31 
               
               
                 TBC1D5 
                 TBC1 domain family, member 5 
               
               
                 TBL1XR1 
                 transducin beta like 1 X-linked receptor 1 
               
               
                 TBR1 
                 T-box, brain, 1 
               
               
                 TBX1 
                 T-box 1 
               
               
                 TCF20 
                 Transcription factor 20 (AR1) 
               
               
                 TCF4 
                 Transcription factor 4 
               
               
                 TCF7L2 
                 Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box) 
               
               
                 TECTA 
                 tectorin alpha 
               
               
                 TERF2 
                 Telomeric repeat binding factor 2 
               
               
                 TERT 
                 telomerase reverse transcriptase 
               
               
                 TET2 
                 Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 
               
               
                 TGM3 
                 transglutaminase 3 
               
               
                 THBS1 
                 Thrombospondin 1 
               
               
                 TLK2 
                 tousled-like kinase 2 
               
               
                 TM4SF19 
                 transmembrane 4 L six family member 19 
               
               
                 TM4SF20 
                 Transmembrane 4 L six family member 20 
               
               
                 TMLHE 
                 trimethyllysine hydroxylase, epsilon 
               
               
                 TERB2 
                 telomere repeat binding bouquet formation protein 2 
               
               
                 TNIP2 
                 TNFAIP3 interacting protein 2 
               
               
                 TNRC6B 
                 Trinucleotide repeat containing 6B 
               
               
                 TOP1 
                 Topoisomerase (DNA) I 
               
               
                 TOP3B 
                 Topoisomerase (DNA) III beta 
               
               
                 TPH2 
                 tryptophan hydroxylase 2 
               
               
                 TRAPPC6B 
                 trafficking protein particle complex 68 
               
               
                 TRAPPC9 
                 trafficking protein particle complex 9 
               
               
                 TRIO 
                 Trio Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 
               
               
                 TRIP12 
                 Thyroid hormone receptor interactor 12 
               
               
                 ST8SIA2 
                 ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 2 
               
               
                 STK39 
                 serine threonine kinase 39 (STE20/SPS1 homolog, yeast) 
               
               
                 STYK1 
                 Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 
               
               
                 SYNCRIP 
                 synaptotagmin binding cytoplasmic RNA interacting protein 
               
               
                 SYT1 
                 synaptotagmin 1 
               
               
                 SYT17 
                 synaptotagmin XVII 
               
               
                 SYT3 
                 synaptotagmin 3 
               
               
                 TBC1D7 
                 TBC1 domain family member 7 
               
               
                 TBL1X 
                 transducin (beta)-like 1X-linked 
               
               
                 TDO2 
                 tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 
               
               
                 TH 
                 tyrosine hydroxylase 
               
               
                 THAP8 
                 THAP domain containing 8 
               
               
                 THRA 
                 thyroid hormone receptor alpha 
               
               
                 TMEM231 
                 transmembrane protein 231 
               
               
                 TNN 
                 tenascin N 
               
               
                 TOMM20 
                 Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 homolog (yeast) 
               
               
                 TPO 
                 Thyroid peroxidase 
               
               
                 TRAF7 
                 TNF receptor associated factor 7 
               
               
                 TRIM33 
                 Tripartite motif containing 33 
               
               
                 TRPC6 
                 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6 
               
               
                 TRPM1 
                 transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 
               
               
                 TSC1 
                 tuberous sclerosis 1 
               
               
                 TSC2 
                 tuberous sclerosis 2 
               
               
                 TSHZ3 
                 teashirt zinc finger homeobox 3 
               
               
                 TSN 
                 translin 
               
               
                 TSPAN17 
                 tetraspanin 17 
               
               
                 TSPAN7 
                 tetraspanin 7 
               
               
                 TTC25 
                 tetratricopeptide repeat domain 25 
               
               
                 TTI2 
                 TELO2 interacting protein 2 
               
               
                 TTN 
                 titin 
               
               
                 TUBGCP5 
                 tubulin, gamma complex associated protein 5 
               
               
                 TYR 
                 tyrosinase 
               
               
                 UBA6 
                 Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6 
               
               
                 UBE2H 
                 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2H (UBC8 homolog, yeast) 
               
               
                 UBE3A 
                 ubiquitin protein ligase ESA 
               
               
                 UBE3B 
                 ubiquitin protein ligase E3B 
               
               
                 UBE3C 
                 Ubiquitin protein ligase E3C 
               
               
                 UBL7 
                 ubiquitin-like 7 (bone marrow stromal cell-derived) 
               
               
                 UBN2 
                 ubinuclein 2 
               
               
                 UBR5 
                 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5 
               
               
                 UBR7 
                 ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 7 (putative) 
               
               
                 UCN3 
                 urocortin 3 
               
               
                 UNC13A 
                 unc-13 homolog A 
               
               
                 UNC79 
                 unc-79 homolog, NALCN channel complex subunit 
               
               
                 UNG80 
                 unc-80 homolog, NALCN activator 
               
               
                 UPB1 
                 beta-ureidopropionase 1 
               
               
                 UPF2 
                 UPF2, regulator of nonsense mediated mRNA decay 
               
               
                 UPF3B 
                 UPF3B, regulator of nonsense mediated mRNA decay 
               
               
                 TSPOAP1 
                 TSPO associated protein 1 
               
               
                 USH2A 
                 usherin 
               
               
                 USP15 
                 ubiquitin specific peptidase 15 
               
               
                 USP45 
                 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 45 
               
               
                 USP7 
                 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (herpes virus-associated) 
               
               
                 USP9Y 
                 ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, Y-linked 
               
               
                 VASH1 
                 vasohibin 1 
               
               
                 VIL1 
                 Villin 1 
               
               
                 VLDLR 
                 Very low density lipoprotein receptor 
               
               
                 VPS13B 
                 vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog B (yeast) 
               
               
                 VRK3 
                 vaccinia related kinase 3 
               
               
                 VSIG4 
                 V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 4 
               
               
                 WAC 
                 WW domain containing adaptor with coiled-coil 
               
               
                 WDFY3 
                 WD repeat and FYVE domain containing 3 
               
               
                 WDR26 
                 WD repeat domain 26 
               
               
                 WDR93 
                 WD repeat domain 93 
               
               
                 WNK3 
                 WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 3 
               
               
                 WNT1 
                 Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1 
               
               
                 WNT2 
                 wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 2 
               
               
                 WWOX 
                 WW domain containing oxidoreductase 
               
               
                 UTRN 
                 utrophin 
               
               
                 VDR 
                 vitamin D receptor 
               
               
                 VIP 
                 vasoactive intestinal peptide 
               
               
                 WASF1 
                 WAS protein family member 1 
               
               
                 XIRP1 
                 xin actin-binding repeat containing 1 
               
               
                 XPC 
                 xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C 
               
               
                 XPO1 
                 Exportin 1 (CRM1 homolog, yeast) 
               
               
                 YTHDC2 
                 YTH domain containing 2 
               
               
                 YWHAE 
                 tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation 
               
               
                   
                 protein epsilon 
               
               
                 YY1 
                 YY1transcription factor 
               
               
                 ZBTB16 
                 Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 
               
               
                 ZBTB20 
                 Zinc finger and BTB domain containing 20 
               
               
                 ZC3H4 
                 zinc finger CCCH-type containing 4 
               
               
                 ZMYND11 
                 Zinc finger, MYND-type containing 11 
               
               
                 ZNF18 
                 zinc finger protein 18 
               
               
                 ZNF292 
                 zinc finger protein 292 
               
               
                 ZNF385B 
                 Zinc finger protein 385B 
               
               
                 ZNF462 
                 Zinc finger protein 462 
               
               
                 ZNF517 
                 Zinc finger protein 517 
               
               
                 ZNF548 
                 zinc finger protein 548 
               
               
                 ZNF559 
                 Zinc finger protein 559 
               
               
                 ZNF626 
                 zinc finger protein 626 
               
               
                 ZNF713 
                 Zinc finger protein 713 
               
               
                 ZNF774 
                 Zinc finger protein 774 
               
               
                 ZNF8 
                 Zinc finger protein 8 
               
               
                 ZNF804A 
                 Zinc finger protein 804A 
               
               
                 ZNF827 
                 Zinc finger protein 827 
               
               
                 ZSWIM5 
                 zinc finger, SWIM-type containing 5 
               
               
                 ZSWIM6 
                 zinc finger SWIM-type containing 6 
               
               
                 ZWILCH 
                 zwilchkinetochore protein 
               
               
                 YEATS2 
                 YEATS domain containing 2 
               
               
                 ZNF407 
                 zinc finger protein 407 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The skilled worker will recognize these markers as set forth exemplarily herein to be-specific marker proteins as identified, inter alia, in genetic information repositories such as GenBank or the SFARI database. One skilled in the art will recognize that Accession Numbers are obtained using GeneCards, the NCBI database, or SFARI for example. One skilled in the art will recognize that alternative gene combinations can be used to predict autism. In addition autism risk can be predicted using detection of a combination of biomarkers the combination comprising a nucleic acid encoding human TSC1, TSC2, or a TSC2 variant; and one or a plurality of biomarkers comprising comprise human nucleic acids, proteins, or metabolites as listed in Tables 1 and 2. 
     In a further embodiment a combination of biomarkers is detected, the combination comprising human TSC1, TSC2, or a variant of TSC2; and one or a plurality of biomarkers comprising the biomarkers provided in Table 2 or a variant thereof. 
     In a further embodiment the combination comprises a nucleic acid encoding human TSC1, TSC2, or a TSC2 variant; and one or a plurality of biomarkers comprising a nucleic acid encoding biomarkers listed in Table 2 or variants thereof. The lead genes noted set forth herein are not exhaustive. One skilled in the art will recognize that other gene combinations can also be used to predict the risk of future autism onset. 
     One significant inventive advantage/advance in medicine demonstrated herein is the use of a neural organoid for a process to determine the risk of autism onset at birth and detection of environmental factors (e.g. heavy metals, infectious agents or biological toxins) and nutritional factors (e.g. nutritional factor, vitamin, mineral, and supplement deficiencies) that are causes or accelerators of autism. An accelerator of autism is an environmental or nutritional factor that specifically interactions with an autism specific biomarker to affect downstream process related to these biomarkers biological function such that a subclinical or milder state of autism becomes a full blown clinical state earlier or more severe in nature. These can be determined, without whole genome sequence analysis of patient genomes, solely from comparative differential gene expression analyses of in vitro neural organoids as models of brain development, only in conjunction with an inventive process that reproducibly and robustly promotes development of all the major brain regions and cell types. 
     Autism is difficult to diagnose before twenty-four months of age using currently available methods. An advantage of the current method is the identification of individuals susceptible to or having autism shortly after birth. The detection of novel biomarkers, as presented in Table 1 and/or Tables 2, 5, and 6 can be used to identify individuals who should be provided prophylactic treatment. In one aspect such treatments can include avoidance of environmental stimuli and accelerators that exacerbate autism. In a further aspect early diagnosis can be used in a personalized medicine approach to identify new patient specific pharmacotherapies for autism based on biomarker data. In a further aspect, the neural organoid model can be used to test the effectiveness of currently utilized autism therapies. For instance, the neural organoid can be used to test the effectiveness of currently utilized autism pharmacological agents such as Balovaptan (antagonist of vasopressin 1A receptor) and Aripiprazole (antagonist for 5-HT2A receptor). In one aspect the neural organoid could be used to identify the risk and/or onset of autism and additionally, provide patient-specific insights into the efficacy of using known pharmacological agents to treat autism. This allows medical professionals to identify and determine the most effective treatment for an individual autism patient, before symptoms arise. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will recognize that the effectiveness of additional FDA-approved, as well as novel drugs under development could be tested using the methods disclose herein. In a further aspect the method allows for development and testing of non-individualized, global treatment strategies for mitigating the effects and onset of autism. 
     An accelerator of autism is an environmental or nutritional factor that specifically interactions with an autism specific biomarker to affect downstream process related to this biomarker biological function such that a subclinical or milder state of autism becomes a full blown clinical state earlier or more severe in nature. In a particular embodiment, the neural organoid is about twelve weeks post-inducement and comprises the encoded structures and cell types of the retina, cortex, midbrain, hindbrain, brain stem, and spinal cord. However, because transcriptomics provides a snapshot in time, in one embodiment the neural organoid is procured after about one-week post inducement, four-week post inducement, and/or 12 weeks post inducement. However, the tissues from a neural organoid can be procured at any time after reprogramming. In a further embodiment, the neural organoid sample is procured from structures of the neural organoid that mimic structures developed in utero at about 5 weeks. 
     Gene expression measured in autism can encode a variant of a biomarker alteration encoding a nucleic acid variant associated with autism. In one embodiment the nucleic acid encoding the variant is comprised of one or more missense variants, missense changes, or enriched gene pathways with common or rare variants. 
     In an alternative embodiment the method for predicting a risk for developing autism in a human, comprising: collecting a biological sample; measuring biomarkers in the biological sample; and detecting measured biomarkers from the sample that are differentially expressed in humans with autism wherein the measured biomarkers comprise those biomarkers listed in Table 2. 
     In a further embodiment the measured biomarker is a nucleic acid encoding human biomarkers or variants listed as listed in Table 1. 
     In yet another embodiment a plurality of biomarkers comprising a diagnostic panel for predicting a risk for developing autism in a human, comprising biomarkers listed in Tables 1 and 2, or variants thereof. In one aspect of the embodiment a subset of marker can be used, wherein the subset comprises a plurality of biomarkers from 2 to 200, or 2-150, 2-100, 2-50, 2-25, 2-20, 2-15, 2-10, or 2-5 genes. 
     In yet an alternative embodiment the measured biomarker is a nucleic acid panel for predicting risk of autism in humans. The genes encoding the biomarkers listed in Table 1 or variants thereof. 
     Said panel can be provided according to the invention as an array of diagnostically relevant portions of one or a plurality of these genes, wherein the array can comprise any method for immobilizing, permanently or transiently, said diagnostically relevant portions of said one or a plurality of these genes, sufficient for the array to be interrogated and changes in gene expression detected and, if desired, quantified. In alternative embodiments the array comprises specific binding compounds for binding to the protein products of the one or a plurality of these genes. In yet further alternative embodiments, said specific binding compounds can bind to metabolic products of said protein products of the one or a plurality of these genes. In one aspect the presence of autism is detected by detection of one or a plurality of biomarkers as identified in Table 6. 
     Another embodiment of the invention disclosed herein uses the neural organoids derived from the human patient in the non-diagnostic realm. The neural organoids express markers characteristic of a large variety of neurons and also include markers for astrocytic, oligodendritic, microglial, and vascular cells. The neural organoids form all the major regions of the brain including the retina, cortex, midbrain, brain stem, and the spinal cord in a single brain structure expressing greater than 98% of the genes known to be expressed in the human brain. Such characteristics enable the neural organoid to be used as a biological platform/device for drug screening, toxicity, safety, and/or pharmaceutical efficacy studies understood by those having skill in the art. Additionally, since the neural organoid is patient specific, pharmaceutical testing using the neural organoid allows for patient specific pharmacotherapy. In one aspect measured biomarkers comprise biomarkers in Table 2, further wherein the measured biomarker is a gene, protein, or metabolite. 
     In yet another embodiment neural organoids can be used to detect environmental factors as causes or accelerators of autism. The neural organoid can also be used in predictive toxicology to identify factors as causes or accelerators of autism. Examples in Table 1, Table 5, Table 7 include, but are not limited to lead, infectious agents or biological toxins. In still another aspect the method can be used to identify treatments that are causes or accelerators of autism and nutritional factors/supplements for treating autism. Examples in Table 1, Table 5, Table 7 include, but are not limited to nutritional factors, vitamins, minerals, and supplements such as zinc, manganese, or cholesterol. One of skill in the art will recognize that this list is not exhaustive and can include other known and unknown nutritional factors, vitamins, minerals, and supplements. 
     In a further embodiment neural organoids can be used to identify novel biomarkers that serve as data input for development of algorithm techniques such artificial intelligence, machine and deep learning, including biomarkers for diagnostic, therapeutic target and drug development process for disease. The use of data analytics for relevant biomarker analysis permits detection of autism and comorbidity susceptibility, thereby obviating the need for whole genome sequence analysis of patient genomes. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The Examples that follow are illustrative of specific embodiments of the invention, and the use thereof. It is set forth for explanatory purposes only and is not taken as limiting the invention. In particular, the example demonstrates the effectiveness of neural organoids in predicting future disease risk. 
     Materials and Methods 
     The neural organoids described above were developed using the following materials and methods. 
     Summary of Methods: 
     Neural Organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from adult skin cells of patients were grown in vitro for 4 weeks as previous described in our PCT Application (PCT/US2017/013231). Transcriptomic data from these neural organoids were obtained. Differences in expression of 20,814 genes expressed in the human genome were determined between these neural organoids and those from neural organoids from a normal individual human. Detailed data analysis using Gene Card and Pubmed data bases were performed. Genes that were expressed at greater than 1.4 fold were found to be highly significant because a vast majority were correlated with genes previously associated with a multitude of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases as well as those found to be dysregulated in post mortem patient brains. These genes comprise a suite of biomarkers for autism. 
     The invention advantageously provides many uses, including but not limited to a) early diagnosis of these diseases at birth from new born skin cells b) Identification of biochemical pathways that increase environmental and nutritional deficiencies in new born infants; c) discovery of mechanisms of disease mechanisms; d) discovery of novel and early therapeutic targets for drug discovery using timed developmental profiles; e) testing of safety, efficacy and toxicity of drugs in these pre-clinical models. 
     Cells used in these methods include human iPSCs, feeder-dependent (System Bioscience. WT SC600A-W) and CF-1 mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cells, gamma-irradiated (Applied StemCell, Inc #ASF-1217) 
     Growth media, or DMEM media, used in the examples contained the supplements as provided in Table 3 (Growth Media and Supplements used in Examples). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Growth Media and Supplements used in Examples 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Media/Supplement 
                 Vendor/Catalog Number 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 DMEM non-essential amino acids 
                 MEM-NEAA, Invitrogen #11140-050 
               
               
                 Phosphate Buffered Saline, sterile 
                 Invitrogen #14040-091 
               
               
                 Phosphate Buffered Saline, Ca++ and Mg++ 
                 Invitrogen #14190-094 
               
               
                 free 
               
               
                 Gentamicin Reagent Solution 
                 Invitrogen #15750-060 
               
               
                 Antibiotic-Antimycotic 
                 Invitrogen #15240-062 
               
               
                 2-mercaptoethanol 
                 EmbryoMAX, EMBMillipore#ES-007-E 
               
               
                 Basic fibroblast growth factor 
                 FGF, PeproTech #051408-1 
               
               
                 Heparin 
                 Sigma, #H3149-25KU 
               
               
                 Insulin solution 
                 Sigma #I9278-5ml 
               
               
                 Dimethyl sulfoxide 
                 Millipore #D9170-5VL 
               
               
                 ROCK Inhibitor Y27632 
                 Millipore#SCM075 
               
               
                 Gelatin solution, Type B 
                 Sigma #GI 393-100ml 
               
               
                 Matrigel Matrix NOT Growth Factor Reduced 
                 BD Bioscience #354234 
               
               
                 Matrigel 
               
               
                 Accutase 
                 Sigma #A6964 
               
               
                 Hydrogen Peroxide 
                 Fisher #H325-500 
               
               
                 Ethanol 
               
               
                 Sterile H20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     One skilled in the art will recognize that additional formulations of media and supplements can be used to culture, induce and maintain pluripotent stem cells and neural organoids. 
     Experimental protocols required the use of multiple media compositions including MEF Media, IPSC Media, EB Media, Neural Induction Media, and Differentiation Medias 1, 2, and 3. 
     Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) was used in cell culture experiments. MEF Media comprised DMEM media supplemented with 10% Feta Bovine Serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 microgram/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 microgram/ml Fungizone. 
     Induction media for pluripotent stem cells (IPSC Media) comprised DMEM/F12 media supplemented with 20% Knockout Replacement Serum, 3% Fetal Bovine Serum with 2 mM Glutamax, IX Minimal Essential Medium Nonessential Amino Acids, and 20 nanogram/mi basic Fibroblast Growth Factor 
     Embryoid Body (EB) Media comprised Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium (DMEM) (DMEM)/Ham&#39;s F-12 media, supplemented with 20% Knockout Replacement Serum, 3% Fetal Bovine Serum containing 2 mM Glutamax, IX Minimal Essential Medium containing Nonessential Amino Acids, 55 microM beta-mercaptoethanol, and 4 ng/ml basic Fibroblast Growth Factor. 
     Neural Induction Media contained DMEM/F12 media supplemented with: a 1:50 dilution N2 Supplement, a 1:50 dilution GlutaMax, a 1:50 dilution MEM-NEAA, and 10 microgram/ml Heparin′ 
     Three differentiation medias were used to produce and grow neural organoids. Differentiation Media 1 contained DMEM/F12 media and Neurobasal media in a 1:1 dilution. Each media is commercially available from Invitrogen. The base media was supplemented with a 1:200 dilution N2 supplement, a 1:100 dilution B27-vitamin A, 2.5 microgram/ml insulin, 55 microM beta-mercaptoethanol kept under nitrogen mask and frozen at −20° C., 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 microgram/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 microgram/ml Fungizone. 
     Differentiation Media 2 contained DMEM/F12 media and Neurobasal media in a 1:1 dilution supplemented with a 1:200 dilution N2 supplement, a 1:100 dilution B27 containing vitamin A, 2.5 microgram/ml Insulin, 55 umicroMolar beta-mercaptoethanol kept under nitrogen mask and frozen at −20° C., 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 microgram/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 microgram/ml Fungizone. 
     Differentiation Media 3 consisted of DMEM/F12 media: Neurobasal media in a 1:1 dilution supplemented with 1:200 dilution N2 supplement, a 1:100 dilution B27 containing vitamin A), 2.5 microgram/mi insulin, 55 microMolar beta-mercaptoethanol kept under nitrogen mask and frozen at −20° C., 100 units/m penicillin, 100 microgram/ml streptomycin, 0.25 microgram/m Fungizone, TSH, and Melatonin. 
     The equipment used in obtaining, culturing and inducing differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is provided in Table 4 (Equipment used in Experimental Procedures). One skilled in the art would recognize that the list is not at all exhaustive but merely exemplary. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Equipment used in Experimental Procedures. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 StemPro EZPassage 
                 Invitrogen#23181-010 
               
               
                 Tissue Culture Flasks, 115 cm 2  reclosable 
                 TPP #TP90652 
               
               
                 Tissue Culture Flask, 150 cm 2  reclosable 
                 TPP#TP90552 
               
               
                 Lipidure coat plate, 96 wells, U-bottom 
                 LCU96 
               
               
                 Lipidure coat MULTI dish, 24 well 
                 510101619 
               
               
                 Parafilm 
                 Sigma #P7793 
               
               
                 Sterile Filtration Units for 150 ml/250 ml solutions 
                 Sigma #TPP99150/TPP99250 
               
               
                 Benchtop Tissue Culture Centrifuge 
                 ThermoFisher 
               
               
                 C0 2  incubator, maintained at 37° C. and 5% C0 2   
                 ThermoFisher 
               
               
                 Bench top rotary shaker 
                 ThermoFisher 
               
               
                 Light Microscope 
                 Nikon 
               
               
                 Confocal Microscope 
                 Nikon 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 1: Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Organoids 
     Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural organoids were generated according to the following protocol, as set forth in International Application No. PCT/US2017/013231 incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, irradiated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were plated on a gelatin coated substrate in MEF media (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% Feta Bovine Serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, 100 microgram/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 microgram/ml Fungizone) at a density of 2×10 5  cells per well. The seeded plate was incubated at 37° C. overnight. 
     After incubation, the MEFs were washed with pre-warmed sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The MEF media was replaced with 1 mL per well of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) media containing Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. A culture plate with iPSCs was incubated at 37° C. The iPSCs were fed every other day with fresh iPSC media containing ROCK inhibitor. The iPSC colonies were lifted, divided, and transferred to the culture wells containing the MEF cultures so that the iPSC and MEF cells were present therein at a 1:1 ratio. Embryoid bodies (EB) were then prepared. Briefly, a 100 mm culture dish was coated with 0.1% gelatin and the dish placed in a 37° C. incubator for 20 minutes, after which the gelatin-coated dish was allowed to air dry in a biological safety cabinet. The wells containing iPSCs and MEFs were washed with pre-warmed PBS lacking Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ . A pre-warmed cell detachment solution of proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymes (1 mL/well) was added to the iPSC/MEF cells. The culture dishes were incubated at 37° C. for 20 minutes until cells detached. Following detachment, pre-warmed iPSC media was added to each well and gentle agitation used to break up visible colonies. Cells and media were collected and additional pre-warmed media added, bringing the total volume to 15 mL. Cells were placed on a gelatin-coated culture plate at 37° C. and incubated for 60 minutes, thereby allowing MEFs to adhere to the coated surface. The iPSCs present in the cell suspension were then counted. 
     The suspension was then centrifuged at 300×g for 5 minutes at room temperature, the supernatant discarded, and cells re-suspended in EB media supplemented with ROCK inhibitor (50 uM final concentration) and 4 ng/ml basic Fibroblast Growth Factor to a volume of 9,000 cells/150 μL. EB media is a mixture of DMEM/Ham&#39;s F-12 media supplemented with 20% Knockout Replacement Serum, 3% Fetal Bovine Serum (2 mM Glutamax), 1× Minimal Essential Medium Nonessential Amino Acids, and 55 μM beta-mercaptoethanol. The suspended cells were plated (150 μL) in a LIPIDURE® low-attachment U-bottom 96-well plate and incubated at 37° C. 
     The plated cells were fed every other day during formation of the embryoid bodies by gently replacing three fourths of the embryoid body media without disturbing the embryoid bodies forming at the bottom of the well. Special care was taken in handling the embryoid bodies so as not to perturb the interactions among the iPSC cells within the EB through shear stress during pipetting. For the first four days of culture, the EB media was supplemented with 50 uM ROCK inhibitor and 4 ng/ml bFGF. During the remaining two to three days the embryoid bodies were cultured, no ROCK inhibitor or bFGF was added. 
     On the sixth or seventh day of culture, the embryoid bodies were removed from the LIPIDURE® 96 well plate and transferred to two 24-well plates containing 500 μL/well Neural Induction media, DMEM/F12 media supplemented with a 1:50 dilution N2 Supplement, a 1:50 dilution GlutaMax, a 1:50 dilution MEM-Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA), and 10 μg/ml Heparin. Two embryoid bodies were plated in each well and incubated at 37° C. The media was changed after two days of incubation. Embryoid bodies with a “halo” around their perimeter indicate neuroectodermal differentiation. Only embryoid bodies having a “halo” were selected for embedding in matrigel, remaining embryoid bodies were discarded. 
     Plastic paraffin film (PARAFILM) rectangles (having dimensions of 5 cm×7 cm) were sterilized with 3% hydrogen peroxide to create a series of dimples in the rectangles. This dimpling was achieved, in one method, by centering the rectangles onto an empty sterile 200 μL tip box press, and pressing the rectangles gently to dimple it with the impression of the holes in the box. The boxes were sprayed with ethanol and left to dry in the biological safety cabinet. 
     Frozen Matrigel matrix aliquots (500 μL) were thawed on ice until equilibrated at 4° C. A single embryoid body was transferred to each dimple of the film. A single 7 cm×5 cm rectangle holds approximately twenty (20) embryoid bodies. Twenty microliter (20 μL) aliquots of Matrigel were transferred onto the embryoid bodies after removing extra media from the embryoid body with a pipette. The Matrigel was incubated at 37° C. for 30 min until the Matrigel polymerized. The 20 μL droplet of viscous Matrigel was found to form an optimal three dimensional environment that supported the proper growth of the neural organoid from embryoid bodies by sequestering the gradients of morphogens and growth factors secreted by cells within the embryoid bodies during early developmental process. However, the Matrigel environment permitted exchange of essential nutrients and gases. Gentle oscillation by hand twice a day for a few minutes within a tissue culture incubator (37° C./5% C 2 ) further allowed optimal exchange of gases and nutrients to the embedded embryoid bodies. 
     Differentiation Media 1, a one-to-one mixture of DMEM/F12 and Neurobasal media supplemented with a 1:200 dilution N2 supplement, a 1:100 dilution B27-vitamin A, 2.5 μg/mL insulin, 55 microM beta-mercaptoethanol kept under nitrogen mask and frozen at −20° C., 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL Fungizone, was added to a 100 mm tissue culture dish. The film containing the embryoid bodies in Matrigel was inverted onto the 100 mm dish with differentiation media 1 and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. After incubation, the embryoid body/Matrigel droplets were transferred from the film to the culture dishes containing media. Static culture at 37° C. was continued for 4 days until stable neural organoids formed. 
     Organoids were gently transferred to culture flasks containing differentiation media 2, a one-to-one mixture of DMEM/F12 and Neurobasal media supplemented with a 1:200 dilution N2 supplement, a 1:100 dilution B27+vitamin A, 2.5 μg/mL insulin, 55 microM beta-mercaptoethanol kept under nitrogen mask and frozen at −20° C., 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL Fungizone. The flasks were placed on an orbital shaker rotating at 40 rpm within the 37° C./5% CO 2  incubator. 
     The media was changed in the flasks every 3-4 days to provide sufficient time for morphogen and growth factor gradients to act on targets within the recipient cells forming relevant structures of the brains. Great care was taken when changing media so as to avoid unnecessary perturbations to the morphogen/secreted growth factor gradients developed in the outer most periphery of the organoids as the structures grew into larger organoids. 
       FIG. 16  illustrates neural organoid development in vitro. Based on transcriptomic analysis, iPSC cells form a body of cells after 3D culture, which become neural progenitor cells (NPC) after neural differentiation media treatment. Neurons were observed in the cell culture after about one week. After about four (4) weeks or before, neurons of multiple lineage appeared. At about twelve (12) weeks or before, the organoid developed to a stage having different types of cells, including microglia, oligodendrocyte, astrocyte, neural precursor, neurons, and interneurons. 
     Example 2: Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Organoids Express Characteristics of Human Brain Development 
     After approximately 12 weeks of in vitro culture, transcriptomic and immunohistochemical analysis indicated that organoids were generated according to the methods delineated in Example 1. Specifically, the organoids contained cells expressing markers characteristic of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and vasculature ( FIGS. 1-14 ) and all major brain structures of neuroectodermal derivation. Morphologically identified by bright field imaging, the organoids included readily identifiable neural structures including cerebral cortex, cephalic flexure, and optic stalk (compare, Grey&#39;s Anatomy Textbook). The gene expression pattern in the neural organoid was &gt;98% concordant with those of the adult human brain reference (Clontech, #636530). The organoids also expressed genes in a developmentally organized manner described previously (e.g. for the midbrain mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons; Blaese et al., Genetic control of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development. Rev Dev Biol. 4(2): 113-34, 2015). The structures also stained positive for multiple neural specific markers (dendrites, axons, nuclei), cortical neurons (Doublecortin), midbrain dopamine neurons (Tyrosine Hydroxylase), and astrocytes (GFAP) as shown by immunohistology). 
     All human neural organoids were derived from iPSCs of fibroblast origin (from System Biosciences, Inc). The development of a variety of brain structures was characterized in the organoids. Retinal markers are shown in  FIG. 15 . Doublecortin (DCX), a microtubule associated protein expressed during cortical development, was observed in the human neural organoid ( FIG. 1A  and  FIG. 1B , and  FIG. 16 ). Midbrain development was characterized by the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase ( FIG. 2 ). In addition, transcriptomics revealed expression of the midbrain markers DLKI, KLHL I, and PTPRU ( FIG. 6A ). GFAP staining was used to identify the presence of astrocytes in the organoids ( FIG. 3 ). NeuN positive staining indicated the presence of mature neurons ( FIG. 3 ). In addition, the presence of NKCCI and KCC2, neuron-specific membrane proteins, was observed in the organoid ( FIG. 4 ). A schematic of the roles of NKCCI and KCC2 is provided in  FIG. 5A .  FIG. 5B  indicates that a variety of markers expressed during human brain development are also expressed in the organoids described in Example 1. 
     Markers expressed within the organoids were consistent with the presence of excitatory, inhibitory, cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, astrocytic, oligodendritic, microglial, vasculature cell types. Further, the markers were consistent with those identified by the Human Brain Reference (HBR) from Clontech ( FIG. 5C ) and were reproducible in independent experiments ( FIG. 50 ). Non-brain tissue markers were not observed in the neural organoid ( FIG. 6B ). 
     Tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme used in the synthesis of dopamine, was observed in the organoids using immunocytochemistry ( FIG. 5B ) and transcriptomics ( FIG. 6A ). The expression of other dopaminergic markers, including vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), dopamine active transporter (DAT) and dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) were observed using transcriptomic analysis.  FIG. 7  delineates the expression of markers characteristic of cerebellar development.  FIG. 8  provides a list of markers identified using transcriptomics that are characteristic of neurons present in the hippocampus dentate gyrus. Markers characteristic of the spinal cord were observed after 12 weeks of in vitro culture.  FIG. 9  provides a list of markers identified using transcriptomics that are characteristic of GABAergic interneuron development.  FIG. 10  provides a list of markers identified using transcriptomics that are characteristic of the brain stem, in particular, markers associated with the serotonergic raphe nucleus of the pons.  FIG. 11  lists the expression of various Hox genes that are expressed during the development of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. 
       FIG. 12  shows that results are reproducible between experiments. The expression of markers detected using transcriptomics is summarized in  FIG. 13 . 
     In sum, the results reported herein support the conclusion that the invention provides an in vitro cultured organoid that resembles an approximately 5 week old human fetal brain, based on size and specific morphological features with great likeness to the optical stock, the cerebral hemisphere, and cephalic flexure in a 2-3 mm organoid that can be grown in culture. High resolution morphology analysis was carried out using immunohistological methods on sections and confocal imaging of the organoid to establish the presence of neurons, axons, dendrites, laminar development of cortex, and the presence of midbrain marker. 
     This organoid includes an interactive milieu of brain circuits as represented by the laminar organization of the cortical structures in  FIG. 13  and thus supports formation of native neural niches in which exchange of miRNA and proteins by exosomes can occur among different cell types. 
     Neural organoids were evaluated at weeks 1, 4 and 12 by transcriptomics. The organoid was reproducible and replicable ( FIGS. 5C, 5D ,  FIG. 12 , and  FIG. 18 ). Brain organoids generated in two independent experiments and subjected to transcriptomic analysis showed &gt;99% replicability of the expression pattern and comparable expression levels of most genes with &lt;2-fold variance among some of the replicates. 
     Gene expression patterns were analyzed using whole genome transcriptomics as a function of time in culture. Results reported herein indicate that within the neural organoid known developmental order of gene expression in vivo occurs, but on a somewhat slower timeline. For example, the in vitro temporal expression of the transcription factors NURRI and PITX3, genes uniquely expressed during midbrain development, replicated known in vivo gene expression patterns ( FIG. 6A ). Similarly, the transition from GABA mediating excitation to inhibition, occurred following the switch of the expression of the Na( + )-K( + )-2Cl(−−)) cotransporter NKCCI (SLC12A2), which increases intracellular chloride ions, to the K( + )-Cl( − ) cotransporter KCC2 (SLC12A5) (Owens and Kriegstein, Is there more to GABA than synaptic inhibition?,  Nat Rev Neurosci.  3(9):715-27 2002), which decreases intracellular chloride ion concentrations (Blaesse et al., Cation-chloride cotransporters and neuronal function.  Neuron.  61(6) 820-838, 2009). Data on the development of the brain organoids in culture showed that expression profiles of NKCCI and KCC2 changed in a manner consistent with an embryonic brain transitioning from GABA being excitatory to inhibitory ( FIGS. 4 &amp; 5 ), a change that can be monitored by developmental transcriptomics. 
     Example 3: Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Model 
     Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that causes non-malignant tumors to form in multiple organs, including the brain. TSC negatively impacts quality of life, with patients experiencing seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, gastrointestinal distress and autism. Two genes are associated with TSC: (1) the TSC1 gene, located on chromosome 9 and also referred to as the hamartin gene and (2) the TSC2 gene located on chromosome 16 and referred to as the tuberin gene. 
     Using methods as set forth in Example 1, a human neural organoid from iPSCs was derived from a patient with a gene variant of the TSC2 gene (ARG 1743GLN) from iPSCs (Cat#GM25318 Coriell Institute Repository, NJ). This organoid served as a genetic model of a TSC2 mutant. 
     Both normal and TSC2 mutant models were subject to genome-wide transcriptomic analysis using the Ampliseq™ analysis (ThermoFisher) to assess changes in gene expression and how well changes correlated with the known TSC clinical pathology ( FIG. 14 ). 
     Whole genome transcriptomic data showed that of all the genes expressed (13,000), less than a dozen showed greater than two-fold variance in the replicates for both Normal N)) and TSC2. This data supported the robustness and replicability of the human neural organoids at week 1 in culture. 
     Clinically TSC patients present with tumors in multiple organs including the brain, lungs, heart, kidneys and skin (Harmatomas). In comparison of WT and TSC2, the genes expressed at two-fold to 300-fold differences, included those correlated with 1) tumor formation and 2) autism mapped using whole genome and exome sequencing strategies (SFARI site data base) ( FIG. 19  and  FIG. 20 ). 
       FIG. 19  shows Ampliseq™ gene expression data for genes in the Simon Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) database compared between replicates of organoids from TSC2 (Arg 1743Gln) (column 2 and 3) and WT (column 3 and 4). Highlighted are autism genes and genes associated with other clinical symptoms with fold change (column 5) and SFARI database status or known tumor forming status. 
     Thus, the transcriptomic data disclosed herein correlated well with known clinical phenotypes of tumors, autism and other clinical symptoms in TSC patients and demonstrated the usefulness of the human neural organoid model. 
     Example 4: Human Neural Organoid Model Gene Expression to Predict Autism 
     Autism and autism spectrum disorder is a development disorder that negatively impacts social interactions and day-to-day activities. In some cases the disease can include repetitive and unusual behaviors and reduced tolerance for sensory stimulation. Many of the autism-predictive genes are associated with brain development, growth, and/or organization of neurons and synapses. 
     Autism has a strong genetic link with DNA mutations comprising a common molecular characteristic of autism. Autism encompasses a wide range of genetic changes, most often genetic mutations. The genes commonly identified as playing a role in autism include novel markers provided in Table 1 and autism markers provided in Table 2. 
     Expression changes and mutations in the noted genes disclosed herein from the neural organoid at about week 1, about week 4 and about week 12 are used in one embodiment to predict future autism risk. In a further aspect mutations in the genes disclosed can be determined at hours, days or weeks after reprogramming. 
     In a second embodiment, mutations in Table 1,in the human neural organoid at about week 1, about week 4, and about week 12 are used to predict the future risk of autism using above described methods for calculating risk. One skilled in the art would recognize that additional biomarker combinations expressed in the human neural organoid can also be used to predict future autism onset. 
     The model used herein is validated and novel in that data findings reconcile that the model expresses sixty seven markers of autism that reflect the genes mutated in the genome of humans with autism (SFARI database of biomarkers, Table 2), as shown in Table 5. The model is novel in that it uses, as starting material, an individual&#39;s iPSCs originating from skin or blood cells as the starting material to develop a neural organoid that allows for identification of autism markers early in development including at birth. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Therapeutic Neural Organoid Authentication Genes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Unique Identifier/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chromosome Region 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
                 (SFARI) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AVPR1A 
                 3q26.33 
               
               
                   
                 DHCR7 
                 SEQ ID NO: 22 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3R2 
                 19p13.12-q12 
               
               
                   
                 RBM8A 
                 1q21.1-q21.2 
               
               
                   
                 XPO1 
                 2p16.1-p15 
               
               
                   
                 ADNP 
                 NM_015339 
               
               
                   
                 NRXN1 
                 NM_001330089 
               
               
                   
                 HOXA1 
                 7p15.3 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH19 
                 Xq13.3 
               
               
                   
                 ABAT 
                 SEQ ID NO: 14 
               
               
                   
                 ANXA1 
                 9q21.13 
               
               
                   
                 ARHGEF9 
                 Xq11.1-q11.2 
               
               
                   
                 ARNT2 
                 ARNT2 SFARI GENE 
               
               
                   
                 ASTN2 
                 9q33.1 
               
               
                   
                 AUTS2 
                 AUTS2 - SFARI GENE 
               
               
                   
                 BIN1 
                 2q14.3 
               
               
                   
                 C12orf57 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 CNTN4 
                 CNTN4 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 CNTN6 
                 CNTN6 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 CUX1 
                 SFAR1 new 
               
               
                   
                 DEPDC5 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 DLX6 
                 DLX6 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 DRD2 
                 DRD2 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 EBF3 
                 10q26.13-q26.3 
               
               
                   
                 TBL1XR1 
                 3q26.32 
               
               
                   
                 TSHZ3 
                 19p13.11-q13.11 
               
               
                   
                 UBR7 
                 14q24.2-q32.2 
               
               
                   
                 UNC13A 
                 19p13.12-q12 
               
               
                   
                 USP7 
                 16p13.3-p13.12 
               
               
                   
                 VLDLR 
                 9p24.3-p23 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 YWHAE 
                 17p13.3-p13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 ZMYND11 
                 10p15.3-p12.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 CNTN5 
                 11q22.1 
               
               
                   
                 FOXP1 
                 3p14.1 
               
               
                   
                 ELAVL3 
                 19p13.2-p13.12 
               
               
                   
                 EPS8 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB4 
                 2q34 
               
               
                   
                 GIGYF2 
                 New Autism 
               
               
                   
                 HDLBP 
                 Autism 
               
               
                   
                 OCRL 
                 Xq13.1-q27.1 
               
               
                   
                 OGT 
                 Xq11.1-q28 
               
               
                   
                 PAH 
                 PAH - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 PARD3B 
                 2q33.2 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH8 
                 PCDH8 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHAC2 
                 5q21.3-q33.2 
               
               
                   
                 PSMD10 
                 Xq22.1-q23 
               
               
                   
                 PSMD12 
                 17q23.3-q24.3 
               
               
                   
                 PTCHD1 
                 Xp22.11 
               
               
                   
                 RFWD2 
                 1q25.2 
               
               
                   
                 SH3KBP1 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 
               
               
                   
                 SLC16A3 
                 17q24.3 
               
               
                   
                 SLC7A3 
                 Xq12-q21.1 
               
               
                   
                 SLC7A5 
                 16p12.2-p12.1 
               
               
                   
                 SLIT3 
                 5q34-q35.1 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN 
                 15q11.2-q13.2CNV Type 
               
               
                   
                 STAG1 
                 3q22.2-q24 
               
               
                   
                 STK39 
                 STK39 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 SYAP1 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 HLA-DRB1 
                 HLA-DRB1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 PINX1 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 
               
               
                   
                 SEZ6L2 
                 SEZ6L2 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 TCF4 
                 18p11.32-q23 
               
               
                   
                 ACTN4 
                 actinin alpha 4 
               
               
                   
                 MTHFR 
                 methylenetetrahydrofolate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reductase (NAD(P)H) 
               
               
                   
                 SNAP25 
                 Synaptosomal-associated 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protein, 25 kDa 
               
               
                   
                 SOD1 
                 superoxide dismutase 1 
               
               
                   
                 C4B 
                 complement component 
               
               
                   
                   
                 4B 
               
               
                   
                 SLC11A2 
                 Solute carrier 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Diagnostic Neural Organoid Authentication Genes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Unique Identifier/ 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chromosome Region 
               
               
                   
                 Gene 
                 (SFARI) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 AVPR1A 
                 3q26.33 
               
               
                   
                 PIK3R2 
                 19p13.12-q12 
               
               
                   
                 RBM8A 
                 1q21.1-q21.2 
               
               
                   
                 XPO1 
                 2p16.1-p15 
               
               
                   
                 NRXN1 
                 NM_001330089 
               
               
                   
                 HOXA1 (Pg2) 
                 7p15.3 
               
               
                   
                 ANXA1 
                 9q21.13 
               
               
                   
                 ARHGEF9 
                 Xq11.1-q11.2 
               
               
                   
                 ARNT2 
                 ARNT2 SFARI GENE 
               
               
                   
                 ASTN2 
                 9q33.1 
               
               
                   
                 AUTS2 
                 AUTS2 - SFARI GENE 
               
               
                   
                 BIN1 
                 2q14.3 
               
               
                   
                 C12orf57 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 CNTN4 
                 CNTN4 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 CNTN6 
                 CNTN6 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 CUX1 
                 SFAR1 new 
               
               
                   
                 DEPDC5 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 DLX6 
                 DLX6 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 DRD2 
                 DRD2 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 EBF3 
                 10q26.13-q26.3 
               
               
                   
                 TBL1XR1 
                 3q26.32 
               
               
                   
                 TSHZ3 
                 19p13.11-q13.11 
               
               
                   
                 UBR7 
                 14q24.2-q32.2 
               
               
                   
                 UNC13A 
                 19p13.12-q12 
               
               
                   
                 USP7 
                 16p13.3-p13.12 
               
               
                   
                 VLDLR 
                 9p24.3-p23 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 YWHAE 
                 17p13.3-p13.2 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 ZMYND11 
                 10p15.3-p12.31 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 CNTN5 
                 11q22.1 
               
               
                   
                 FOXP1 
                 3p14.1 
               
               
                   
                 SOD1 
                 superoxide dismutase 1 
               
               
                   
                 C4B 
                 complement component 4B 
               
               
                   
                 ELAVL3 
                 19p13.2-p13.12 
               
               
                   
                 EPS8 
                 12p13.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 ERBB4 
                 2q34 
               
               
                   
                 GIGYF2 
                 New Autism 
               
               
                   
                 HDLBP 
                 Autism 
               
               
                   
                 OCRL 
                 Xq13.1-q27.1 
               
               
                   
                 OGT 
                 Xq11.1-q28 
               
               
                   
                 PAH 
                 PAH - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 PARD3B 
                 2q33.2 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH8 
                 PCDH8 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 PCDHAC2 
                 5q21.3-q33.2 
               
               
                   
                 PSMD10 
                 Xq22.1-q23 
               
               
                   
                 PSMD12 
                 17q23.3-q24.3 
               
               
                   
                 PTCHD1 
                 Xp22.11 
               
               
                   
                 RFWD2 
                 1q25.2 
               
               
                   
                 SH3KBP1 
                 Xp22.33-p21.3 
               
               
                   
                 SLC16A3 
                 17q24.3 
               
               
                   
                 SLC7A3 
                 Xq12-q21.1 
               
               
                   
                 SLC7A5 
                 16p12.2-p12.1 
               
               
                   
                 SLIT3 
                 5q34-q35.1 
               
               
                   
                 SNRPN 
                 15q11.2-q13.2CNV Type 
               
               
                   
                 STAG1 
                 3q22.2-q24 
               
               
                   
                 STK39 
                 STK39 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 SYAP1 
                 Xp22.33-p11.1 
               
               
                   
                 HLA-DRB1 
                 HLA-DRB1 - SFARI Gene 
               
               
                   
                 PINX1 
                 8p23.3-q24.3 
               
               
                   
                 SEZ6L2 
                 SEZ6L2 - SFARI 
               
               
                   
                 TCF4 
                 18p11.32-q23 
               
               
                   
                 ACTN4 (FIG. 5C) 
                 actinin alpha 4 
               
               
                   
                 MTHFR 
                 methylenetetrahydrofolate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reductase (NAD(P)H) 
               
               
                   
                 SNAP25 
                 Synaptosomal-associated 
               
               
                   
                   
                 protein, 25 kDa 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5: Predicting Risk of Disease Onset from Neural Organoid Gene Expression 
     Gene expression in the neural organoid can be used to predict disease onset. Briefly, gene expression is correlated with Gene Card and Pubmed database genes and expression compared for dysregulated expression in diseased vs non-disease neural organoid gene expression. 
     Example 6: Prediction of Co-Morbidities Associated with Autism 
     The human neural organoid model data findings can be used in the prediction of comorbiditity onset or risk associated with autism including at birth. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wikVConditions_comorbid_to_autism_spectum_disorders). In detecting comorbidities, genes associated with one or more of these diseases are detected from the patient&#39;s grown neural organoid. Such genes include, comorbidities and related accession numbers include, those listed in Table 7: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Genes and Accession Numbers for Co-Morbidities Associated with Autism 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Comorbidity 
                 Gene 
                 Accession No. 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Obsessive compulsive disorder 
                 NTF3 
                   
               
               
                   
                 HTR2A 
               
               
                 Caffey 
                 COL1A1 
               
               
                 Narcolepsy 
                 POLE 
               
               
                   
                 SMOC1 
               
               
                   
                 TPH1 
               
               
                   
                 TRIB2 
               
               
                   
                 ATF6B 
               
               
                   
                 CACNA1C 
               
               
                   
                 CHKB 
               
               
                   
                 DNMT1 
               
               
                   
                 HDAC2 
               
               
                   
                 IFITM10 
               
               
                   
                 NAA50 
               
               
                   
                 NFATC2 
               
               
                 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 
                 NPY 
               
               
                 Adjustment syndrome 
               
               
                 Cushing syndrome 
                 PDE8B 
               
               
                 Atherosclerosis 
                 DGAT2 
               
               
                 Kabuki syndrome 
                 FMO1 
               
               
                   
                 KDM6A 
               
               
                   
                 WDR5 
               
               
                   
                 ACOT9 
               
               
                 Primary Immunodeficiency 
                 STAT2 
               
               
                 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 25 
                 IL10RB 
               
               
                 Language Impairment; Apraxia 
                 FOXP1 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH19 
               
               
                   
                 ABTB2 
               
               
                   
                 FOXP2 
               
               
                   
                 PEX1 
               
               
                   
                 SRPX2 
               
               
                 Angelman Syndrome 
                 HUWE1 
               
               
                   
                 UBE3A 
               
               
                 Tay Sachs 
                 HEXA-AS1 
               
               
                   
                 HEXA 
               
               
                 Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity 
                 LPHN3 
               
               
                 Disorder 
               
               
                   
                 PPP1R1B 
               
               
                 Adnp-Related Intellectual Disability 
                 ADNP 
                 NM_015339 
               
               
                 Mental Retardation 
                 POGZ 
                 NM_015100 
               
               
                   
                 CAMTA1 
                 NM_015215 
               
               
                 Hemoglobinopathy 
                 BCL11A 
                 NM_022893 
               
               
                   
                 HBS1L 
                 GU324927 
               
               
                 Schizophrenia 
                 NRXN1 
                 NM_001330089 
               
               
                   
                 RELN 
                 U79716 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2D6 
                 JF307778 
               
               
                   
                 GRM4 
                 NM_000841 
               
               
                 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 
                 DMD 
                 M92650 
               
               
                   
                 SNTB1 
               
               
                 Chromosome 2Q37 Deletion 
                 HDAC4 
                 NM_006037 
               
               
                 Syndrome 
               
               
                 Epileptic Encephalopathy 
                 AARS 
                 NM_001605 
               
               
                 Parkinson&#39;s Disease 
                 ABCA8 
                 NM_001288985 
               
               
                   
                 C1GALT1 
                 NM_020156 
               
               
                   
                 C5orf30 
                 NM_001316968 
               
               
                   
                 CEP55 
                 NM_018131 
               
               
                   
                 COL5A2 
                 NM_000393 
               
               
                   
                 ECT2 
                 AY376439 
               
               
                   
                 LUZP2 
                 NM_001009909 
               
               
                   
                 C12orf4 
               
               
                   
                 RNF216 
               
               
                   
                 ROMO1 
               
               
                   
                 SKA1 
               
               
                   
                 SLC2A3 
               
               
                   
                 SMC4 
               
               
                   
                 SMOC2 
               
               
                   
                 SNAI1 
               
               
                   
                 STAT6 
               
               
                   
                 TGFB2 
               
               
                   
                 TOP2A 
               
               
                   
                 UCHL3 
               
               
                   
                 UCP2 
               
               
                   
                 ZIC1 
               
               
                   
                 ZIC3 
               
               
                   
                 KRT19 
               
               
                 Dravet Syndrome 
                 ABTB2 
                 NM_145804 
               
               
                   
                 NKAIN3 
                 NM_001304533 
               
               
                 Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome 
                 ACTR3 
                 NM_005721 
               
               
                 Cancer 
                 ADRM1 
                 NM_007002 
               
               
                   
                 ARMC12 
                 NM_145028 
               
               
                   
                 ARMC2 
                 NM_032131 
               
               
                   
                 BAGS 
                 NM_004282 
               
               
                   
                 BCL6B 
                 NM_181844 
               
               
                   
                 BLM 
                 U39817, AY886902 
               
               
                   
                 C10orf54 
                 BC111048, BC127257 
               
               
                   
                 C8orf4 
                 AF268037 
               
               
                   
                 CCDC18 
                 NM_001306076 
               
               
                   
                 CD34 
                 AB238231, AF523361, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 AH000040 
               
               
                   
                 CDX1 
                 AF239666, U51095 
               
               
                   
                 IFLTD1 
                 NM_001145728 
               
               
                   
                 LHFPL4 
                 NM_198560 
               
               
                   
                 LINC00617 
                 NR_132398 
               
               
                   
                 MAGEC1 
                 NM_005462 
               
               
                 Pancreatic Cancer 
                 RALA 
                 NM_005402 
               
               
                   
                 ACVR1B 
               
               
                   
                 CDKN1A 
               
               
                   
                 GDF15 
               
               
                   
                 KLF10 
               
               
                   
                 VHL 
               
               
                 Brain Germinoma 
                 ESRG 
                 NR_027122 
               
               
                 Gastric Cancer 
                 CLDN1 
                 AF115546, AF134160 
               
               
                 Breast Cancer 
                 ATM 
                 U82828 
               
               
                 Ovarian Cancer 
                 ASB8 
                 NM_001319296 
               
               
                 Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma 
                 AKR1C3 
                 NM_003739 
               
               
                 Joubert Syndrome 
                 AHI1 
                 DQ090887 
               
               
                 Osteoporosis 
                 BGLAP 
                 NM_199173 
               
               
                 Wolfram Syndrome 
                 BIK 
                 AH008250, AY245248 
               
               
                 Hyperbiliverdinemia 
                 BLVRA 
                 AY616754 
               
               
                 Cleft Lip/palate 
                 CADM3 
                 NM_021189 
               
               
                 Heart Disease 
                 CALM2 
                 AH007040 
               
               
                 Autosomal recessive primary 
                 CAPZA1 
                 NM_006135 
               
               
                 microcephaly 
               
               
                 Fragile X syndrome 
                 GRIA1 
                 NM_000827 
               
               
                 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome 
                 HLA-A 
                 Z46633 
               
               
                 Herpes Simplex Virus-1 
                 HS3ST4 
                 AF105378 
               
               
                   
                 HS3ST5 
                 NM_153612 
               
               
                 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 
                 NRG2 
                 NM_004883 
               
               
                   
                 NDRG1 
                 NM_001135242 
               
               
                 Systemic Lupus Erythrematosus 
                 SNRPB 
               
               
                 Systemic Lupus Erythrematosus 
                 SNRPD1 
               
               
                 Timothy Syndrome 
                 CACNA1C 
               
               
                   
                 MYL4 
               
               
                 Cataract 
                 ABHD12 
               
               
                   
                 ALDH18A1 
               
               
                   
                 CCNE1 
               
               
                   
                 CRYAB 
               
               
                   
                 HSF4 
               
               
                   
                 IARS2 
               
               
                   
                 LEPREL1 
               
               
                   
                 LOXL1 
               
               
                   
                 MSMO1 
               
               
                   
                 NHS 
               
               
                   
                 NUCB1 
               
               
                   
                 TMCO3 
               
               
                   
                 XRCC5 
               
               
                 Cleft Palate 
                 CAPZA1 
               
               
                 Fragile X related 
                 GRIA1 
               
               
                 Paget Disease Of Bone 3 
                 SQSTM1 
               
               
                 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Frontal 
               
               
                 Temporal Dementia 
               
               
                 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Frontal 
                 UNC13A 
               
               
                 Temporal Dementia 
               
               
                 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 
                 FUS 
               
               
                   
                 SOD1 
               
               
                   
                 SQSTM1 
               
               
                   
                 UNC13A 
               
               
                   
                 PRPH 
               
               
                 Celiac Disease 
                 MYO9B 
               
               
                   
                 TJP1 
               
               
                 Blood Brain Barrier 
                 CGN 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN1 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN10 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN11 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN15 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN7 
               
               
                   
                 TJP2 
               
               
                 Gut Permeability 
                 CLDN15 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN7 
               
               
                 Tuberculosis 
                 RAB5B 
               
               
                 Clostridium Difficile Colitis 
                 LEPR 
               
               
                   
                 PSMA6 
               
               
                 Clostridium Susceptibility 
                 SNAP23 
               
               
                   
                 SNAP25 
               
               
                   
                 STX3 
               
               
                   
                 VAMP2 
               
               
                   
                 VAMP7 
               
               
                   
                 CPE 
               
               
                 Tetanus Toxin 
                 STX3 
               
               
                   
                 VAMP2 
               
               
                   
                 VAMP7 
               
               
                   
                 MPP2 
               
               
                 Immune deficiency 
                 ACTR3 
               
               
                   
                 ARPC3 
               
               
                   
                 BTN3A2 
               
               
                   
                 BTN3A2 
               
               
                   
                 C5 
               
               
                   
                 FRRS1L 
               
               
                   
                 CGN 
               
               
                   
                 CHGA 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN1 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN10 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN11 
               
               
                   
                 CLDN7 
               
               
                   
                 COPA 
               
               
                   
                 CPNE1 
               
               
                   
                 DDX58 
               
               
                   
                 EXPH5 
               
               
                   
                 FAM19A5 
               
               
                   
                 GBP4 
               
               
                   
                 GRB14 
               
               
                   
                 HPR 
               
               
                   
                 KLHDC8B 
               
               
                   
                 LBH 
               
               
                   
                 LBH 
               
               
                   
                 MASP1 
               
               
                   
                 MYL12B 
               
               
                   
                 MYLK3 
               
               
                   
                 MYLPF 
               
               
                   
                 MYO5A 
               
               
                   
                 NRAS 
               
               
                   
                 PAG1 
               
               
                   
                 PTMA 
               
               
                   
                 RAB5B 
               
               
                   
                 RGS13 
               
               
                   
                 SIAE 
               
               
                   
                 SPON2 
               
               
                   
                 TJP1 
               
               
                   
                 TJP2 
               
               
                   
                 ZXDA 
               
               
                   
                 ATP5O 
               
               
                   
                 GNG10 
               
               
                   
                 LY75 
               
               
                 Infant Botulism 
                 GPA33 
               
               
                 Botulism 
                 GPA33 
               
               
                 Dyslipidemia 
                 LIPC 
               
               
                 Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy 
                 NR1I3 
               
               
                 Biliary Dysfunction 
                 KCNN2; GPC1 
               
               
                 Lynch Syndrome 
                 PTPRH; RINT1 
               
               
                 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome 
               
               
                 Hyperbilirubinemia 
                 ABCC2 
               
               
                   
                 ALB 
               
               
                 Listeriosis 
                 LXN 
               
               
                 Hepatitis B 
                 PTMA 
               
               
                   
                 APOBEC3G 
               
               
                 Measles 
                 RAB11A 
               
               
                 Encephalitis 
                 RNASE1 
               
               
                 HPV 
                 UGDH 
               
               
                 HIV Resistance 
                 XPO1 
               
               
                   
                 APOBEC3G 
               
               
                   
                 APOBEC3D 
               
               
                   
                 CHMP4C 
               
               
                   
                 IL4R 
               
               
                   
                 ISG15 
               
               
                 Influenza 
                 IFITM1 
               
               
                 Viral Infections 
                 C1QBP 
               
               
                 Herpes Zoster 
                 CTPS1 
               
               
                 Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosome) 
               
               
                 Social Dysfunction 
                 AVPI1 
               
               
                   
                 AVPR1A 
               
               
                   
                 FLNB 
               
               
                 Vitamin Deficiency (Malabsorption; 
                 BCMO1 
               
               
                 binding; metabolism) 
               
               
                   
                 CYP2R1 
               
               
                   
                 DGAT2 
               
               
                   
                 LRP8 
               
               
                   
                 RXRB 
               
               
                   
                 RXRG 
               
               
                   
                 TTR 
               
               
                 Hypoxia 
                 EGLN3 
               
               
                   
                 FOS 
               
               
                   
                 FUNDC1 
               
               
                   
                 HIGD1A 
               
               
                   
                 HIPK2 
               
               
                   
                 SLC16A3 
               
               
                   
                 HIF1A 
               
               
                   
                 HIF1A 
               
               
                   
                 HIF1AN 
               
               
                   
                 ARNT 
               
               
                 Osteogenesis 
                 AP5B1 
               
               
                   
                 FKBP10 
               
               
                   
                 SERPINH1 
               
               
                   
                 COL1A2 
               
               
                 Scoliosis 
                 FKBP14 
               
               
                   
                 HS3ST3A1 
               
               
                   
                 KDM6A 
               
               
                   
                 MYO5A 
               
               
                   
                 PLOD1 
               
               
                   
                 RSPO2 
               
               
                   
                 TGFBR2 
               
               
                   
                 WDR5 
               
               
                   
                 ACOT9 
               
               
                   
                 ACTA2 
               
               
                 Larsen syndrome 
                 FLNB 
               
               
                 Arthritis 
                 FRZB 
               
               
                   
                 HPRT1 
               
               
                   
                 SIAE 
               
               
                   
                 TFR2 
               
               
                   
                 ADAMTS5 
               
               
                 Retinitis Pigmentosa 
                 ABHD12 
               
               
                   
                 C8orf37 
               
               
                   
                 CHST10 
               
               
                   
                 DHDDS 
               
               
                   
                 KCTD20 
               
               
                   
                 LPCAT1 
               
               
                   
                 MPP6 
               
               
                   
                 MYO7A 
               
               
                   
                 NUTF2 
               
               
                   
                 RAC2 
               
               
                   
                 RPGR 
               
               
                   
                 RPL13A 
               
               
                 Rett Syndrome 
                 DLX6 
               
               
                   
                 GPM6B 
               
               
                   
                 PRPF40A 
               
               
                   
                 RSPO2 
               
               
                   
                 WDR45 
               
               
                   
                 NREP 
               
               
                 Ehler-Danlos Syndrome 
                 COL3A1 
               
               
                   
                 FKBP14 
               
               
                   
                 PLOD1 
               
               
                   
                 C1R 
               
               
                 Charcot-Marie-Tooth 
                 GJB1 
               
               
                   
                 LITAF 
               
               
                   
                 MORC2 
               
               
                   
                 MTMR2 
               
               
                   
                 NDRG1 
               
               
                   
                 NRG2 
               
               
                   
                 PRPS1 
               
               
                   
                 RAB11A 
               
               
                   
                 TMED2 
               
               
                   
                 ARHGEF3 
               
               
                 Miller-Dieker Lissencephaly Syndrome 
                 CSRP2 
               
               
                   
                 HAUS1 
               
               
                 Epilepsy 
                 DCLK2 
               
               
                   
                 GRM4 
               
               
                   
                 MVP 
               
               
                   
                 PCDH19 
               
               
                   
                 ABTB2 
               
               
                 Muscular Dystrophy 
                 GLG1 
               
               
                   
                 MYOF 
               
               
                   
                 SECISBP2 
               
               
                 Autoimmunity 
                 ATP5O 
               
               
                 Sensorineural Sensitivity 
                 COL4A6 
               
               
                   
                 CRYM 
               
               
                   
                 DLX5 
               
               
                   
                 EPS8 
               
               
                   
                 IARS2 
               
               
                   
                 MYO1C 
               
               
                   
                 SGOL2 
               
               
                   
                 TFB1M 
               
               
                   
                 TNC 
               
               
                   
                 ARSE 
               
               
                   
                 BIK 
               
               
                   
                 CD164 
               
               
                 Williams-Beuren Syndrome. 
                 GTF2IRD2B 
               
               
                   
                 BAZ1A 
               
               
                 Joubert Syndrome 
                 AHI1 
               
               
                   
                 CEP290 
               
               
                   
                 TCTN1 
               
               
                   
                 CDKL1 
               
               
                 Cowden Syndrome 
                 SDHAF2 
               
               
                 Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba 
                 PTEN 
               
               
                 Syndrome 
               
               
                 Hashimoto Thyroidis 
                 ATP5O 
               
               
                 Graves Disease 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The skilled worker will recognize these markers as set forth exemplarily herein to be human-specific marker proteins as identified, inter alia, in genetic information repositories such as GenBank; Accession Number for these markers are set forth in exemplary fashion in Table 7. One having skill in the art will recognize that variants derive from the full length gene sequence. Thus, the data findings and sequences in Table 7 encode the respective polypeptide having at least 70% homology to other variants, including full length sequences. 
     Example 7: Neural Organoids for Testing Drug Efficacy 
     Neural organoids can be used for pharmaceutical testing, safety, efficacy, and toxicity profiling studies. Specifically, using pharmaceuticals and human neural organoids, beneficial and detrimental genes and pathways associated with autism disease can be elucidated. For instance, Rapamycin has been shown to be beneficial in autism (Caban et al., 2017, Genetics of tuberous sclerosis complex: implications for clinical practice,  Appl Clin Genet.  10: 1-8). Consistent with this, a human neural organoid from a patient with tuberous sclerosis was used to determine changes in gene expression following rapamycin treatment. The changes in gene expression provided insights into gene expression alterations that are beneficial and those that are detrimental for autism risk and onset. Neural organoids as provided herein can be used for testing candidate pharmaceutical agents, as well as testing whether any particular pharmaceutical agent inter alia for autism should be administered to a particular individual based on responsiveness, alternation, mutation, or changes in gene expression in a neural organoid produced from cells from that individual or in response to administration of a candidate pharmaceutical to said individual&#39;s neural organoid. 
     Other Embodiments 
     From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that variations and modifications can be made to the invention described herein to adopt it to various usages and conditions. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims. 
     The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single element or combination (or sub-combination) of listed elements. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof. 
     All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each independent patent and publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SEQUENCE IDs for SEQUENCE 
               
               
                 LISTINGS RELATED TO AUTISM 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 1 
                 ADNP 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 2 
                 POGZ 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 3 
                 ANKRD11 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 4 
                 BCL11A 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 5 
                 NRXN1 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
                 RELN 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 7 
                 HDAC4 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 8 
                 DMD 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 9 
                 PCDH19 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 10 
                 ATP1B2 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 11 
                 ATP1B2 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 12 
                 ADAMTS1 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 13 
                 ADAMTS15 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 14 
                 ABAT 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 15 
                 ALCAM 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 16 
                 AMBP 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 17 
                 APLNR 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 18 
                 APOC3 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 19 
                 ARSI 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 20 
                 ATP7B 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 21 
                 CDR1 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 22 
                 DHCR7 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 47 
                 TSC1 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 48 
                 TSC2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Having described the invention in detail and by reference to specific aspects and/or embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. More specifically, although some aspects of the present invention may be identified herein as particularly advantageous, it is contemplated that the present invention is not limited to these particular aspects of the invention. Percentages disclosed herein can vary in amount by ±10, 20, or 30% from values disclosed and remain within the scope of the contemplated invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 APPENDIX 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Brain Structure Markers and Accession No. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Brain Region 
                 Gene Accession 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Cerebellar 
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATOH1, 
                 NM_005172.1 
               
               
                   
                 PAX6 
                 NM_000280.4 
               
               
                   
                 SOX2 
                 NM_003106.3 
               
               
                   
                 LHX2 
                 NM_004789.3 
               
               
                   
                 GRID2 
                 NM_001510.3 
               
               
                   
                 Dopaminergic 
               
               
                   
                 VMAT2 
                 NM_003054.4 
               
               
                   
                 DAT 
                 NM_001044.4 
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 NM_000795.3 
               
               
                   
                 Cortical 
               
               
                   
                 NeuN 
                 NM_001082575.2 
               
               
                   
                 FOXP2 
                 NM_014491.3 
               
               
                   
                 CNTN4 
                 NM_175607.2 
               
               
                   
                 TBR1 
                 NM_004612.3 
               
               
                   
                 Retinal 
               
               
                   
                 GUY2D 
                 NM_000180.3 
               
               
                   
                 GUY2F 
                 NM_001522.2 
               
               
                   
                 RAX 
                 NM_013435.2 
               
               
                   
                 Granular Neuron 
               
               
                   
                 SOX2 
                 NM_003106.3 
               
               
                   
                 NeuroD1 
                 NM_002500.4 
               
               
                   
                 DCX 
                 NM_000555.3 
               
               
                   
                 EMX2 
                 NM_000555.3 
               
               
                   
                 FOXG1 
                 NM_005249.4 
               
               
                   
                 PROX1 
                 NM_001270616.1 
               
               
                   
                 Brain Stem 
               
               
                   
                 FGF8 
                 NM_033165.3 
               
               
                   
                 INSM1 
                 NM_002196.2 
               
               
                   
                 GATA2 
                 NM_001145661.1 
               
               
                   
                 ASCL1 
                 NM_004316.3 
               
               
                   
                 GATA3 
                 NM_001002295.1 
               
               
                   
                 Spinal Cord 
               
               
                   
                 HOXA1 
                 NM_005522.4 
               
               
                   
                 HOXA2 
                 NM_006735.3 
               
               
                   
                 HOXA3 
                 NM_030661.4 
               
               
                   
                 HOXB4 
                 NM_024015.4 
               
               
                   
                 HOXAS 
                 NM_019102.3 
               
               
                   
                 HOSCS 
                 NM_018953.3 
               
               
                   
                 HOXDI3 
                 NM_000523.3 
               
               
                   
                 GABAergic 
               
               
                   
                 NKCCI 
                 NM_000338.2 
               
               
                   
                 KCC2 
                 NM_001134771.1 
               
               
                   
                 Microglia 
               
               
                   
                 AIF1 
                 NM_032955.2 
               
               
                   
                 CD4 
                 NM_000616.4