Patent Publication Number: US-2023149819-A1

Title: Dynamically selecting from multiple streams for presentation by predicting events using artificial intelligence

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     An increasing amount of content is being provided through digital streaming and other such distribution channels. For applications such as esports, this may include broadcasting a stream that includes a selection or arrangement of various player or game-related streams. Viewers of such a broadcast stream may receive media content that includes a view of any or all of the individual streams that make up the broadcast, which may be equally divided spatially in a display area or may include a customized view that may include different selections, sizes, and arrangements of the content for these individual streams. In many situations, a team of people observing the individual streams will attempt to manually select the stream(s) of interest to show or broadcast at any given time based on their impression of the interest in the individual streams. Such an approach can be cumbersome and expensive, and may result in viewers of a broadcast missing important or climactic scenes, or scenes that may otherwise be of greater interest. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Various embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will be described with reference to the drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a frame of an example output stream generated using a plurality of input streams, which can be generated in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  2    illustrates components of a stream management system, in accordance with various embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates inputs that can be provided to an example analyzer, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIGS.  4 A,  4 B,  4 C, and  4 D  illustrate aspect of gameplay, and an example system, that can be utilized to predict events in one or more streams, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  5    illustrates an example process for managing a presentation of one or more input streams in an output stream, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates components of a system for generating and/or transmitting media content, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  7 A  illustrates inference and/or training logic, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  7 B  illustrates inference and/or training logic, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  8    illustrates an example data center system, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a computer system, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a computer system, according to at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  11    illustrates at least portions of a graphics processor, according to one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  12    illustrates at least portions of a graphics processor, according to one or more embodiments; 
         FIG.  13    is an example data flow diagram for an advanced computing pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment; 
         FIG.  14    is a system diagram for an example system for training, adapting, instantiating and deploying machine learning models in an advanced computing pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment; and 
         FIGS.  15 A and  15 B  illustrate a data flow diagram for a process to train a machine learning model, as well as client-server architecture to enhance annotation tools with pre-trained annotation models, in accordance with at least one embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Approaches in accordance with various embodiments can provide for the dynamic presentation of content. In particular, various embodiments can attempt to dynamically select content to be broadcast, as well as how to arrange, size, or feature the selected content, in order to provide content that is most likely to be of interest to one or more viewers. This can be accomplished, at least in part, by predicting an occurrence of one or more events of interest in one or more sources of content, such as one or more input media streams. The occurrence can be predicted using other types or sources of content or data for the session as well, such as non-game video, player input, and game data, among other such options. In some applications, these media streams may include content relating to a common session, such as a session of online esports gameplay involving multiple players. These streams can be analyzed to predict the probability of one or more events occurring over a future period of time, and these probabilities can be used to assign priority values to the various streams. These priority values can be used to determine which streams to select for a broadcast and/or how to arrange those streams in a broadcast area, such as to adjust a size, placement, or highlighting of content from a particular stream or content source. This determination may be automatic, manual, or a combination thereof, such as may involve providing priority or recommendation information to one or more human observers who may make the final decision as to a selection and arrangement of content to be included in a broadcast stream at any point in time. The selection, arrangement, and other aspects of this content can be adjusted over time as the determined importance values change, such as when different streams have higher probabilities of the occurrence of one or more events of interest, such that the broadcast can have a higher likelihood of including views of many of the most interesting events in the session. Such an system process can remove the need for a large team of expert observers and/or production staff to observe the content streams in real time and attempt to manually determine which stream(s) to include in a broadcast over time. Such an approach can provide various other advantages as well, such as improved selection of live content presented to viewers, an ability of individual users to customize priorities assigned to different streams for different types of events or content, improved engagement of game viewers with minimal curation, and the dynamic configuration of live stream for events such as competitive sporting events, among other such options. 
     As an example,  FIG.  1    illustrates a display  100  of content that can be broadcast in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, a frame  102  of game content is provided for an online multiplayer broadcast that presents a view of a video game in which multiple players are participating. There may be multiple video feeds or streams that can be provided during such a game session, as may correspond to player-specific views, game-specific views, current map views, leaderboards, scoreboards, commentator or analyst views, and the like. A broadcaster can attempt to determine an optimal selection or arrangement of at least some of these streams at any given time, in order to provide a viewer with a best overall impression or experience as to what is occurring in the game. This may include, for example, determining one or more player-specific streams  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  to be displayed at a current time, as well as one of these player-specific streams selected as a featured stream  102  to be displayed more prominently. The broadcaster may select to display other streams as well, such as a map stream  112  that prevents a current view of the game environment including positions of at least some of these players, as may correspond to their avatars or player characters in some embodiments. The broadcaster may also select to display a stream for a leaderboard  110  or scoreboard, in order to provide a viewer with a better sense of the progress of the players in the game. There may be various other streams selected for presentation or inclusion in a broadcast as well in accordance with various embodiments. 
     In order to provide the best possible experience for a viewer, a broadcaster can attempt to select and arrange the content in a way that best conveys information about the session, such as a gameplay session. This can include, for example, attempting to include in the broadcast at many of the important events or occurrences as possible, where an “important” event may correspond to any event that may be of more interest to a user, or may provide more impact on the game or session, than another normal event or occurrence in the game. In conventional systems, this typically involves a team of human observers watching the various streams, feeds, or other sources of game- or session-related content, then determining which streams are likely to have an event of interest occur in the near future. These observers must then coordinate with each other, often in or near real time, to attempt to adjust the broadcast to include these events. This can be a complicated, expensive, and time-consuming process, which can result in at least some of the important events being missed in the broadcast. While mechanisms such as replay can allow for these events to be presented at a later time, the experience is generally not as favorable as if a viewer had been able to see that event occur in real time. 
     Accordingly, approaches in accordance with various embodiments can attempt to provide the ability for improved content selection, arrangement, highlighting, and/or featuring, where at least some of these aspects may be determined automatically, or at least may require fewer observers to generate a broadcast. In at least some embodiments, these decisions may be made based, at least in part, upon a predicted state of the content and various contextual data associated with the content. This state can include, for example, the predicted occurrence of various events of interest that may be represented in specific streams or feeds, where the broadcast can be modified to include or feature at least some of these feeds or streams, or other such sources of content or data, based at least in part upon the predicted occurrence. 
     Often in live game broadcasting, viewers are provided with a curated stream configuration of one or more of the players along with live commentary of the game, where the curation is performed by a team of observers. An observer can correspond to one of a set of people tasked to watch or “observe” one or more input streams to determine which stream, or streams, to feature or highlight in a broadcast stream at any time. Different types of actions, events, or occurrences may happen at different time instances in different player streams. An observer, or team of observers, can manually select a specific stream of interest based on these game actions, events, or occurrences, as well as other information such as emotions or interests, and configure that stream as a “main stream” for at least the current point in time for the broadcast. In some embodiments, this main stream selection may involve increasing the resolution (proportion) of the selected main stream within a given display area or presentation space, or performing another such action to feature or highlight a main stream. For broadcasts that include only a single panel or stream, this can involve not broadcasting the selected main stream. 
     As an example, a live esports event can involve streaming large amounts of live content, which can involve a significant amount of dedicated software and hardware. As mentioned, there can be multiple concurrent streams of live content such as those illustrated in display  102  of  FIG.  1   , as well as other potential streams that may relate to views of commentators or analysts, replay streams, and so on. A broadcast system needs to be able to analyze and coordinate all this information, preferably in a way that is digestible and enjoyable by viewers or consumers, all in real time, in at least some embodiments. As mentioned, a team of observers can attempt to manage and analyze all this media content, and related data, and provide a combined or selected live stream to be broadcast to one or more viewers or other recipients. Much of this analysis involves anticipating events of interest in video streams. For example, observers may be focusing on game streams for player A and player B, and have selected those for broadcast. If, however player C suddenly destroys an enemy turret, or takes out a boss character, that event might not be included in the broadcast, which can result in a less than optimal experience as those may be the types of events or occurrences that viewers generally do not want to miss during these live broadcasts. In many esports broadcasts, the spotlight continuously switches or cycles between the various action, player, and/or game streams. Switching too quickly between streams, however, can make it difficult for viewers to follow the action or understand the visual context. Certain systems instead attempt to stream broadcasts that automatically combine all input streams onto a single display in equally-sized boxes or regions, but watching such action events in a clumsy display of many different low resolution stream boxes is also not generally a good experience. 
     In the example display  102  of  FIG.  1   , there are six panels that can be used to display content. This number may be adjustable before or during a broadcast as discussed elsewhere herein. There may be a number of sources of content that could be displayed within these panels, such as content for a number of different player streams, game streams, leaderboards, and the like. It may be desirable to always display certain content in certain broadcasts, such as a leaderboard  110  and a map view  112 , or these may be selected to be displayed at relevant times. In such instances, this may leave four panels in which to display live game content. It can be desirable to select content to display that is most likely to be of interest to a viewer, such as content that includes the most “action” for certain game sessions. This can then involve selecting game streams  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108  based on current or anticipated events, occurrences, or actions. In this example, one of the streams  102  is displayed larger or more prominently than the others, and can correspond to a player or game stream that is predicted to be the most of interest over an upcoming period of time. For example, the player in that featured stream  102  may be nearing a boss at the end of a level, or may be on a hot streak and thus likely to be more of interest to a viewer than streams  104 ,  106 ,  108  for other players that are determined to potentially be of interest, but to a lesser extent. As the game progresses, the selection and featuring of streams may change, based upon factors such as anticipated actions, events, or occurrences. If there are insufficient player streams with anticipated action or events, other streams may be selected for presentation, such as commentator/analyst views, gamer camera views, and the like. As mentioned, however, in conventional systems where observers must view and make manual decisions and changes for such a broadcast, these additional streams and presentation options increase the complexity of the determinations, which can result in various events being missed. 
     Approaches in accordance with various embodiments can attempt to automatically predict events of interest in a broadcast stream, in order to cause streams to be selected, featured, or highlighted that have the highest probability of including one or more events of interest. An example system  200  for selecting or highlighting streams based, at least in part, upon predicted events is illustrated in  FIG.  2   . In this example, a number of live streams  202  can be received or generated for a game. Each stream can include audio, video, or other game- or session-related data, as discussed elsewhere herein. These live streams can be concurrently directed to at least one analyzer  204 , which in this example can include at least one deep neural network, or similar algorithm or module, for predicting an occurrence of events in the received live streams. An analyzer  204  can receive other game-related data as discussed elsewhere herein, as may include player game input or other such information. These streams may come from a single source or multiple, different sources associated with a given session. Although discussed with respect to game content for purposes of explanation, it should be understood that any system or service that takes in concurrent streams or data inputs and determines how to select, arrange, or highlight that data can benefit from aspects of the various embodiments. 
     In this example a single analyzer  204  is shown, but it should be understood that there may be multiple analyzers or analyzer blocks used, such as one per input stream, one per input stream type, or one per data type, where there may be multiple types of data in a single stream. As discussed in more detail elsewhere herein, an analyzer  204  can attempt to predict the occurrence of one or more events of interest in a given stream over a future period of time. In at least one embodiment, an event of interest can be an event of a type for which the analyzer model was trained to detect, as may have been classified in the relevant training data. In at least one embodiment, an analyzer can output a probability and/or confidence in each occurrence prediction. An analyzer may also generate information about the event or occurrence, such as a type of event or event importance. In at least one embodiment, an analyzer  204  may also output a period of time in the future over which this event is predicted to occur. This may include, for example, a point in time T of initial probability plus a length of time A over which that event is predicted to occur, at least with a minimum probability or confidence. If the event does not occur during that time period (T, T+Δ) then the event can be determined to have not occurred (such as by setting the event occurrence probability to 0), such that that event would no longer be considered for stream selection and highlighting unless that event were to be selected again as a probable event. 
     As will be discussed in more detail later herein, an analyzer can utilize approaches such as computer vision and machine learning to identify objects and occurrences in the video data that are indicative of an upcoming event, such as a player zooming in a scope of a sniper rifle to be centered on another player, which indicates a high probability of an elimination event in the near future. An analyzer might also analyze audio content to determine sounds that are predictive of an upcoming event, such as the sound of a player placing a detonator or lighting a fuse, or an audio signal (e.g., an in-game character&#39;s catchphrase) when a special ability is activated. An analyzer might also analyze player input, such as button/key presses or mouse movements, to attempt to determine an action that a player intends to take that may be related to an event of interest. Analyzers may also analyze changes in score, location, time (for time-based trigger events) or other session data or state information that may be indicative of a potential event of interest in a given stream. Different analyzers may be used for different types of analysis, such as a first analyzer trained to analyze video frames, a second analyzer trained to analyze audio data, a third analyzer trained to analyze player input, and so on. There may also be different instances of a given type of analyzer used to analyze separate streams or sources of a type of input in parallel. These analyzers can then each separately output event probability information, or may work together to produce an overall probability value for a given stream based on information related to that stream and any predicted events for that stream over an upcoming period of time. There may be various tunable parameters, as may be game- or session-specific, which can impact probability and timing, such as the amount of delay between lighting a fuse and an explosion occurring, or a probability of the explosion occurring if the fuse is lit, etc. In at least one embodiment, a given stream can continue to be analyzed for a predicted event until that event occurs or until a predicted time period for that event expires. 
     In this example, an analyzer  204 , or set of analyzers, will output data for one or more predicted events in a stream, such as the probability of one or more events and the predicted period of occurrence for any or all of those events in a stream, which can be provided as input to a stream priority decision maker  206 , or other such system, service, module, or component. Such a decision maker can analyze the various predicted event data for the given input streams to determine relative priorities for at least a current point in time, or future period time over which those events are predicted to occur. This can include, for example, setting priority scores for each stream based upon factors such as a number of events predicted over a future period of time, a type or importance of those predicted events, a probability of those events occurring, and a time at which those events are predicted to occur, among other such options. In some embodiments, the priority for a stream based on a given predicted event may go down, or have lower weighting, as time goes along, as a stream may be more likely to be featured at the beginning of a 10 second window where an event is predicted to occur than at the 9 second point of that 10 second window, where there is little time left for that event to occur. This stream priority data can be updated continually, or at least at a determined sampling or analysis rate, and the real-time priority data can be provided as input to a broadcast control module  208 , system, service, process, or component, along with the content from the live streams  202  or inputs. 
     In some embodiments, priority information for a given stream may be impacted by information determined from another stream or source as well. As illustrated in the example configuration  300  of  FIG.  3   , and as discussed elsewhere herein, an analyzer  302  may receive and analyze many different types of game-related input, as may include player video data, game video data, player input, game data, player audio data, or game audio data, among other such options. An analyzer may analyze any or all of this information to attempt to predict events and associated time periods in one or more streams. As an example, it may be determined from a player video stream that a player is about to capture a ring, which may correspond to an event of interest, such that the stream would be given a first priority value. It might be determined from another stream, however, that this would be the ring that would cause the player to win the game. The information from these two streams can then be combined to increase the importance for that stream based on the additional information for the event. There may be other information from different streams that may be helpful in determining the importance of an event, such as being able to determine from a different view the probable impact of an action, which may be difficult or impossible to determine from a player-specific view. The occurrence of an event from a first feed may also impact the probability of an event in a second stream, as the impending destruction of an object in a first stream will make it unlikely that a player in a second stream will be able to use that object to accomplish a subsequent event. 
     As mentioned, there may also be other streams for consideration that may not directly correlate to specific predictable events. These may include, for example, leaderboards, commentary streams, mini-maps, and the like. In some embodiments, such streams may have pre-defined importance values, and thus may be selected for inclusion based on those pre-defined values, or may be indicated to be included to some extent at all times. Such rules or criteria can be provided through a set of override parameters  210 , which can cause certain feeds, streams, or content to be selected or featured even though a determined importance score based on those streams might otherwise be insufficient to result in their selection. One or more override parameters, or another such rule, policy, criteria, or value, can be used for any content where a type of limit or criterion is to be put in place as to the selection, arrangement, inclusion, or featuring of that content in a resulting broadcast. These parameters can be set or modified by any authorized person or entity, such as an observer, broadcaster, content provider, or viewer, among other such options. In some embodiments, this may be a minimum importance value for specific streams or types of content, a minimum or maximum feature time or rate, a minimum or maximum feature size (e.g., so text of a leaderboard is legible when displayed on an average display), and so on. 
     In at least one embodiment, an algorithm used by the stream priority decision maker  206  can assign one or more priority parameters to each input stream based, at least in part, upon the predicted event probabilities from the analyzer  204 . In at least one embodiment, an equation used to determine stream priority values P S     n    can be given by: 
         P   S     n     =f ( G   conf ,EP S     n,OP     S     n   ) 
     where P S     n    is the priority of stream S n , G conf  is an optional game-specific configuration parameter, EP S     n    is the event probability for stream S n , OP S     n    is an override parameter for stream S n , and f( ) is a function which is directly proportional to EP S     n    for the given stream and conditionally operates with OP S     n   . In some embodiments, a priority decision maker can have at least some lookup capability, such as to know how to prioritize different types of events or numbers of events in a stream, such that a stream with multiple elimination events predicted might get a higher priority than a stream where a player is predicted to collect multiple objects, or get a smaller number of eliminations. The lookup information could also enable a decision maker to determine to assign a higher or lower importance to a stream with multiple predicted item collection events over a future period of time than a stream with a single elimination event. 
     In some embodiments, this priority information can be used to automatically determine which streams to select or highlight, as well as how to size or arrange content from those streams in an output broadcast. This information may be used as default information that can be overridden by one or more observers  212 , or may be provided as recommendations for use by one or more observers  212  in selecting or highlighting streams, among other such options. In some embodiments, this priority information can serve as an input that can be used by an observer to perform actions, such as to modify a streaming configuration or select specific streams to highlight. In one embodiment, an observer may be able to view one or more input streams through an interface, and priority information about these streams may be presented in this interface. Providing priority information may include, for example, highlighting to an observer streams that have a higher probability of event occurrence over a future period of time. This may include providing a colored or thicker boarder around higher importance streams, providing an icon or text indicating a probability or event type, or other such information. An observer can then utilize various tools, presented through the interface, to modify a presentation of video data and/or audio data in streams in the output or broadcast stream, such as to change a selection, rearrange, resize, add text, effects, or highlighting, and so on. In many cases, an observer can have an ability to move a focus in the broadcast stream to a given “higher importance” stream, or visually increase the resolution of that stream in a respective screen area. 
     An observer device  212  or interface can enable one or more observers to view streams, priority data, and related information, as well as to provide corresponding input to a broadcast control system  208 . In some embodiments, at least some of the decision making can be performed by the observer device  212  or broadcast control system  208  automatically, or another such component, as discussed herein. The broadcast control system  208  can then send the relevant information to a stream renderer  216 , which can generate one or more final broadcast streams  218 , or other such outputs, to be transmitted to one or more intended recipients. In some embodiments a single broadcast stream may be multicast to multiple different recipients, while in other embodiments there may be multiple different broadcasts streams generated, which may have different selections. For example, there may be a first broadcast stream with only a single selected player stream at any time that can be displayed on smaller devices, and a second broadcast stream with several streams included that can be presented on larger devices or displays. Similarly, there may be different versions broadcast for individual viewers and for group viewings, such as in a stadium or sports bar. In some embodiments, a broadcast control system  208  may also receive assets from one or more asset generators  214  that can be included in the broadcast. These assets can include additional streams or presentations, as may relate to leaderboards, scoreboards, or maps that may be generated separately from a rendering engine of a game system. The asset generator can also provide additional graphics, audio, or content that can be included in the broadcast stream, such as a highlight border around the content for a featured stream. 
     In some embodiments, the priority and live feed information can be passed to a common location (geographically or logically), where one or more observers can analyze this and other relevant information. In other embodiments these observers may be located in different locations, and some or all of this information may be directed to individual observers. These feeds may also be provided as input to a commentator or analyst booth or system, wherein one or more commentators can provide a live commentary of a game as it is happening. There may be multiple displays or multi-display panels, and there may be specific systems to monitor these various gaming events. An observer system can enable one or more observers to cause portions of the broadcast to switch between different streams, modify presentations of these streams, or perform other such actions. There may also be some type of panel or portion of a display which corresponds to, for example, a scoreboard, leaderboard, or map, which may be automatically included and updated in at least some settings. 
     In at least some embodiments, a broadcast control system  208  may also enforce various rules on modifications or selections for a broadcast. For example, while it may be desirable to quickly switch to other streams, or change which streams are featured, in order to not miss important events, constant and rapid modifications of the broadcast can be distracting for a viewer, and can make it difficult for a viewer to follow or contextualize what is being broadcast. It might be the case that a quick cutover may be permitted at any time for events of high importance, but for lower importance events the events may transition less quickly, or may not transition at all, in order to attempt to maintain a minimum switch time, or a minimum period of time in which a stream is displayed or featured before another stream is displayed or featured instead. In some instances, a broadcast control system  208  (or observer system  212 , etc.) may determine not to switch to a lower importance stream if a higher priority event is predicted to occur at a subsequent (imminent) point in the future, which would then involve two switches in rapid succession rather than a single switch that may miss the lower importance event, but will ensure the higher priority stream is selected or featured without a rapid series of content changes. Further, if a given stream has had a stream of important events in a session, such as for a player who is dominating the game, then the broadcast control system  208  might determine to at least display that stream even if there are other streams that, at various points in time, might have a higher importance score. In some embodiments, an observer override parameter may be set such that streams for such players, such as all-stars, celebrities, or guest stars, or otherwise streams corresponding to people or sources of emphasis or high interest are always given higher priority or always at least displayed. 
     A stream priority decision maker  206  or broadcast control system  208  can also have a mechanism for conflict resolution. For example, there may be a limit (e.g., four) as to the number of live player streams that can be concurrently displayed in a given broadcast due to factors such as content type and supported display size or resolution. It might be the case, however, that there may be more (e.g., five or six) live player streams that have similar importance values over an upcoming period of time. Similarly, there may be multiple live player views that are predicted to include views of the same predicted event, such as views of a massive explosion. A number of players may also work together to cause a specific event to occur, which would then be represented with potentially equal probability over the same time period for all those players. A conflict resolution algorithm can consider various factors to attempt which streams to select, feature, or highlight in such situations. For example, one approach would be to select the stream that has been selected less frequently, or has gone the longest period of time since last being featured. Another approach would be to assign a higher importance weighting to a player with a higher rank, or a player who is performing better in the current session. If streams include different views of the same event, then a decision may be made to attempt to select the stream that will provide the best view of the event. In some instances, a switch may not be made if one of those streams is already selected or featured, unless the current stream has been selected or featured for a long time and a rule is in place to attempt to provide a diversity of stream selections over time. If there are multiple streams shown concurrently, then a determination can be made as to which stream to replace, which may be based upon current importance values but may also be determined based upon any of these or other such factors, such as display time or time since last event of interest. Various other options can be utilized as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, streams can be selected based at least in part upon importance ranking, regardless of the actual importance score. In other embodiments, there may be a minimum importance score required in order for importance to be used for selection or arrangement. If none of the streams, or fewer streams than are able to be displayed concurrently, at least meet this minimum importance score, then other criteria can be used for selection, as discussed elsewhere herein. This might be the case, for example, at the beginning of a level where no events of interest may happen for an initial period of time. Accordingly, there may be some default rules or logic used to determine which content to present, and how to present that content. This may involve, for example, periodically rotating between the available feeds or streams. 
     In some instances, a broadcast control system  208  or observer console  212  may have the ability to modify a number of streams or feeds to be presented in a broadcast. This may be based upon any of a number of different factors, such as a number of active players, a relative importance of predicted events, locations within a game map, and so on. For example, if a player is eliminated then the number of displayed streams may be reduced by one. If, on the other hand, one player is doing substantially better in the game than two others, then the number of streams displayed for these other players may be reduced by one (or two), in order to provide a larger view for the stream of the high-performing player. In other embodiments, the number of streams presented may stay the same, but the size or resolution of certain streams may be reduced in order to increase a size or resolution of the stream for the high-performing player. A highlight, border, or other content may also be added to draw attention to the stream for the high-performing player. 
     In some embodiments, a viewer may also have an ability to specify which events, or types of events, are of most interest to them. For example, some viewers may wish to see as many player elimination events as possible, while others may be more interested in the adventure aspects and may wish to see as many level-based accomplishments as possible. In some embodiments, this information may be used by an observer  212  or broadcast control system  208  in order to determine which content to include, or how to display that content, in a given broadcast, or may be stored on a receiving client device that can determine how to display the received content based on those rules or preferences, such as where content for multiple streams are sent by the broadcast control system and the selection or arrangement of this content on a client device can be determined, or at least modified, on the client device. A viewer may also be able to provide other preference information, such as preference for specific players, types of views, switching frequency, and the like. A viewer may also be able to modify the placement and size of different stream display regions or panels in a presentation interface. In some embodiments, lower priority streams may be sent to the client device as well, such that a user of the client device can cause these streams to be displayed if interested, but those lower priority streams might be sent at a lower resolution or bandwidth in order to conserve resources (and allow for successful transmission over even poor network connections) needed for content that is less likely to be displayed, or less likely to be prominently displayed at high resolution and full view. 
     In some embodiments, an observer  212  or broadcast control system  208  can also have control over which audio stream is included in this broadcast. It may not provide a good viewer experience to switch the audio stream each time the video stream is switched, as the audio channel can help to provide context for what is being displayed. In some embodiments where there is a commentator feed, that commentator feed may always be presented, either by itself or blended with audio from one or more player or game feeds. For example, the audio for a featured stream may be blended with the commentator track in order for the viewer to get the full experience for important events in the featured stream. In some embodiments, audio for each displayed video stream may be blended, although potentially at lower volumes for less important streams, such that a viewer can be better aware of the occurrences of events in non-featured streams based, at least in part, upon being able to hear the sounds for those events. In some embodiments, a blended audio stream may be provided that can include sounds that may not correspond to events that are displayed in a selected stream, such that a viewer might hear a sound for an event that is not displayed but can gain better context for what else might be happening in that game session. 
     As mentioned, various approaches can utilize such a system to attempt to optimize broadcast streams for better visualization of events or occurrences represented in multiple input media streams. In at least one embodiment, an analyzer  204  can include a complex processing algorithm which will work on stream data, as well as supporting gamer action data. The analyzer can then output a set of stream priority parameters that can be used to define the importance of a given stream based on the various analyzer inputs. Streams with higher importance values may then be allocated a larger display area for better visibility, or may be highlighted with a bright or flashing frame, among other such options. As mentioned, observer override parameters can be used for various purposes, such as to enable a specific stream to remain unaffected, or at least minimally affected in only certain ways, by the event probability input. This may involve setting a flag or value indicating whether a stream may be modified, or may include data specifying a way or extent in which a stream can be modified. This may include, for example, one or more complex parameters, such as rendering details, for a stream to be displayed, which may then be weighed with the priority parameters. 
     In at least one embodiment, various video streams or other media representative of a game session can be analyzed. This can include, for example, one or more audio and video streams of a game session, or audio and/or video data captured and stored for a game session, among other such options. The media can be analyzed to detect, identify, or predict specific occurrences or events in the game. This can include any event or occurrence that is determinable in a game, such as may relate to the appearance or disappearance of an object or character, the death or revival of a character, a use of an item, an activation of a switch, a collection of an item, an achievement, and the like. In some embodiments, media data can be analyzed to attempt to determine or predict these occurrences by detecting related actions or occurrences in the audio, video, text, or other such game content. 
     In many instances, it might take a significant amount of training data in order to train a model, or effort to program an algorithm, to detect or predict the various events through the ways in which those events can be represented. For example, an elimination of an adversary in a shooter game can happen in many different ways, from many different angles, to many different characters, and without access to the game code it can be a significant challenge to attempt to train a model, or program an algorithm, or use computer vision, to attempt to detect or predict all these event generations. 
     For various types of events, however, there can be specific types of actions or occurrences in the game that may be detected without the need for complex model training or algorithm programming. As an example, a heads-up display (HUD) in a game feed can indicate a number of remaining targets for each player. Each time a player successfully and/or completely hits a target, the HUD is updated to reflect this event. Similarly, each time a player takes significant damage from an opponent the health meter or shield meter displayed in a status message on the screen will decrease, and obtaining a power up, shield, or armor can also cause these numbers to increase. Another status message might display an amount of ammo for a current weapon. Each time a player obtains a new weapon, the ammo (or power, paint, etc.) icon can change accordingly. For each of these status messages or displays, they can occur in approximately the same location with very similar appearances, and can change in very well defined ways. Accordingly, at least certain types of events can be determined or predicted by monitoring changes in these and other types of information, icons, or presentations of content that are related to, but distinct from, the actual gameplay involving the avatars, objects, and player characters in the game. 
     A subsequent display at a later time in that game session might indicate that, in just a matter of a few seconds, the player hit two additional targets. This might be reflected by two changes of icons in the HUD. Another status display illustrates that there was a corresponding reduction in a specific type of ammunition corresponding to the shots that hit the targets. By detecting these very specific changes, a determination can be made that an event occurred, or series of events occurred, that resulted in the player hitting two of the targets. The detection of this event can then be used for a number of different purposes, as discussed in more detail later herein. There may also have been audio sounds generated that correspond to a target being hit by a player, etc. This information can be used to determine that a player is on a hot streak, such that there is a higher likelihood of similar events in the near future such that this stream should be features. In other instances, if this indicates that most other characters in this stream have been terminated and there are few left, then it may be preferable to feature another stream that has a higher probability of character eliminations over a near time in the future. 
     Since such an approach is looking for specific types of occurrences in a game, or other media content, a set of detectors can be used to detect occurrences that may correspond to potential events of interest. In at least one embodiment, video content can be analyzed (although audio, sideband game data, and other content may be analyzed as well in at least some embodiments). The detectors used for such video can include detectors that attempt to detect or recognize specific patterns, icons, text, or images, among other such options. Further, since the icons, text, or other content will typically be in specific locations in the game display, these detectors can run on the corresponding regions or portions of the display, which can conserve significant resources versus running multiple detectors on entire images, particularly for high resolution displays. For example, sections or regions of a display that are considered for detection may include at least some amount of padding around the expected location of the content to be detected. In at least some embodiments it is desirable to not include more pixels than necessary in order to reduce resource requirements and improve speed of detection. In at least some embodiments, however, it is desirable to have a sufficient amount of padding (e.g., a “spatial buffer” in one or more directions from the expected location of the content to be detected), or consider an appropriate number of extra pixels, to allow for slight variations. Variations can occur due to factors such as rendered shaking of the screen content, changes in resolution or user settings, objects appearing or disappearing from view, and the like. In some embodiments the content may also move over time, or change in appearance. Thus, in at least some embodiments the amount of padding to use, as well as the number of regions to analyze, may be game-specific. 
       FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  illustrate example displays  400 ,  420  for different types of games that can be analyzed in accordance with various embodiments. The display  400  of  FIG.  4 A  illustrates an image rendered for a vehicle-based game, where a player may be rewarded for tasks such as performing tricks or causing damage to objects in the environment. For this example, detectors can analyze a region  402  corresponding to a HUD with different information, in this instance including information about a current speed, trick score, and damage level. Such information can be analyzed to predict specific types of events, such as crashes that result in sudden decelerations or explosions that result in rapid accelerations. Large changes in trick score, either at a point in time or over a short period of time, may also be indicative of one or more interesting tricks being probable to be performed. Similarly, large changes in the damage score at a point or short period in time can be predictive of interesting events in the game. Another area  404  for analysis may include a map region, which can include icons or graphic elements for objects or gameplay elements near the player in the game, which can change, appear, or disappear corresponding to specific types of events. A detector can be trained to detect these and other occurrences on the map, which may be indicative of certain events of interest. 
     The example display  420  of  FIG.  4 B  illustrates an image rendered for a golf-based game. In this example, a region  422  is selected for analysis that includes textual information and updates about the status of the game. The detector in this case can include a text detection algorithm, as may include an OCR engine and text analyzer, to determine when certain information is displayed or updated. This information can include, for example, a current number of swings on a certain hole, a change in current hold, a distance to a hole, and other such information. In cases such as this, it may not necessarily be the information displayed that indicates a potential event of interest, but a specific type of change in that information, such as would indicate a player getting a potential double birdie on a hole. It might be the case, however, that additional information may be displayed at certain times, such as text indicating “on the green” or an icon indicating “use a putter” that might also be indicative of a potential event of interest in the near future. 
     As mentioned, however, various embodiments can analyze or detect additional types of information as well in an attempt to more accurately predict potential events of interest. As an example, the display  440  of  FIG.  4 C  again corresponds to the golf-based game. In addition to analyzing HUD-type data  452 , detectors can also be utilized to attempt to detect other objects, features, actions, or occurrences in gameplay. This can include, for example, detecting a swinging motion  446  of the player avatar, detecting presence  442  and motion  444  of a golf ball, or detecting motion (or lack of motion) in an environment  450  such as a golf course. In some embodiments audio triggers or detectors can also be utilized. In this example, a player avatar hitting a golf ball with a golf club will cause the game to generate a specific type of sound  448  that can be identified as matching an audio pattern or clip. This audio trigger can be indicative of an event where the player has hit the ball, and an upcoming event may involve the ball landing on the green or going into the hole. Such triggers can be used to rapidly identify the points in a game session where a user hit the ball, and similar audio triggers may be used to identify when the ball hits the ground, etc. Certain motions or positions may also be indicative of a player about to hit the ball, which can also be a potential event of interest. Various motion, optical flow, audio, detectors, machine learning models, or trained neural networks can be used to analyze one or more media streams or sources of gameplay data to detect or predict such occurrences, which can be used together to determine or recognize potential events of interest, and potentially provide more accurate descriptions about those individual actions. 
       FIG.  4 D  illustrates an example system  460  that can be used to detect and predict events from gameplay data in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, an event prediction module  482 , which can also take the form of a device, system, service, or process in various embodiments, can accept one or more types of gameplay data as input, as may include live gameplay data  462 , game data  464  that may be provided in real time or offline (e.g., level maps and possible event types), and recorded prior gameplay  466 , among other such options. The input can include, for example, live gameplay received in a media stream, recorded media stored to an accessible storage medium or buffer, or media rendered in real time for presentation on a player device. In at least some embodiments additional game data may be received as well, to the extent such information is available. This may include text, metadata, player views, player input (e.g., audio, keystroke, or button press), or other such information that may be useful in recognizing or predicting events, determining detectors to use, and the like. In some embodiments, this may at least include information about the game being played and/or players whose gameplay data is being analyzed. 
     In this example, the event prediction module  482  may receive all video frames on a stream for a game session, or may receive a sampling of frames, such as one frame per 100 ms or every tenth frame. In some embodiments the module may receive all frames but only analyze such a sampling. The frames (or other content) to be analyzed can be directed to a pre-processing module  468 , which can perform or manage pre-processing of individual frames using one or more pre-processing algorithms. In this example, a repository  470  can store a set of pre-processing algorithms, and the pre-processing module  468  can select the appropriate algorithm(s) for the content. In some embodiments, the algorithms to be applied may be based at least in part upon a type of content to be analyzed, or a result of a prior pre-processing step. In this example, a game-specific configuration file  473  can be consulted that can indicate the types of pre-processing to be performed for a certain game. Various other determination approaches can be used as well within the scope of the various embodiments. 
     In at least one embodiment, dependent region processing can be performed for one or more video frames. When performing dependent region processing, detection of one object or occurrence can trigger additional processing to be performed for one or more other regions of a frame. For example, an icon may be detected to appear in a first region of a video frame. The appearance of this icon can be indicative of the presence of additional information elsewhere in the video frame, or a future video frame. One or more corresponding regions of the frame could then be analyzed using one or more detectors associated with that type of additional information. In at least one embodiment, detection of such an object or occurrence may trigger a sequence or series of detectors to attempt to obtain additional information about a state of the game, whether represented in audio, video, user input, or other such data. It might be the case that one or more of these additional detectors were not enabled when the icon was detected, but are instead activated or triggered upon such detection. In some embodiments, combinations of events, actions, inputs, or occurrences may be analyzed to attempt to determine or predict a particular outcome. For example, an icon might appear on a screen indicating a particular action occurred, but this might be accompanied by another action or display indicating information about the party or player that caused that action or was affected by that action, among other such options. 
     In this example, individual video frames can have a sequence of pre-processing algorithms applied. This can include, for example, first identifying from the configuration file which region(s) of the image frame to analyze. In this example, the regions are rectangles defined by coordinates or percentages. Percentages can be preferable in some embodiments, as the game may be run at many different possible resolutions and if using discrete coordinates then coordinates either need to be stored for each resolution or a calculation needs to be performed to convert to different coordinates at different resolutions. In one example, a region specification can indicate a region that takes up 10% of the display in width and height, and is at 5% from the top center of the display. These values are highly parameterizable and can be specified for individual games, levels, scenarios, and the like. As mentioned, a given region size can allow for sufficient padding to ensure to capture the intended information or content. 
     For each region of a frame selected for analysis, one or more pre-processing algorithms can be applied. These algorithms can include, for example, grayscaling, color isolating, converting to HSV (hue, saturation, value) color space, upscaling, downscaling, smoothing, noise removal, filtering, stretching, warping, or perspective correction, among other such options. Various other image or content manipulation techniques are used as well. As a final pre-processing step in this example, some level or type of thresholding may be applied to the pixels of the selected regions in order to provide for at least some level of background removal. As mentioned, in at least some games the content (e.g., text) of interest will be displayed against a background of the game. In order for detection algorithms, such as those that may rely on OCR, to function more accurately, thresholding can be used to remove (or apply a specific value) to background pixels, such that the region once processed appears more like black and white content, particularly for text, which can appear more like the types of content OCR engines were designed to process. Further, aspects such as anti-aliasing and blending can degrade the accuracy of an OCR engine if not sufficiently removed or accounted for in the processing. The thresholding can also help to remove transient background noise where applicable. In this example, the data for the pre-processed regions can then be temporarily stored to a cache  310  or other such location. 
     A prediction module  474  or engine, which can also take the form of a device, system, service, or process, can then access the region data from cache  472  and process the data using one or more detectors. In this example, the game-specific configuration file  473  can specify the detector(s) to be used, which can also vary by selection or type of region to be analyzed. The game-specific configuration file  473  can also indicate other types of information, such as types of events that may occur, whether those events should be considered events of interest, a relative importance of those types of events, and related information. The detectors can include any of a variety of detector types, as may relate to pattern detection, icon detection, text detection, audio detection, image detection, motion detection, and the like. The prediction module  474  can access the relevant detectors from a detector repository  476  or other such location, if not already stored in local memory. In various embodiments, a region corresponding to an HUD can have at least text and icon detection performed as discussed elsewhere herein. Where additional game data is available, detection can also include user input analysis, such as to detect inputs, or combinations of inputs, to a keyboard, joypad, controller, etc. If the additional data includes sound or webcam video, the detector can also look for patterns in the audio, such as where a user makes a particular explanation indicative of a type of event, or patterns in the video, where the user makes a particular action or motion indicative of a type of event. Other types of data can be analyzed as well, such as biometric data for a player that may indicate actions or responses indicative of certain types of events. As mentioned, the analysis can be done in near real-time using data streams or after a gameplay session using stored data, among other such options. The types of data available may then depend at least in part upon when the data is analyzed. 
     The predictor module  474 , as may include at least one neural network trained to predict events based on provided input, can process data for the selected regions of the frames (or other game content) using the specified detector(s), which can generate one or more predictions, cues, or other such outputs, which can be stored to local cache  478  in this example. The cues can be any appropriate cues indicative of, or mapped to, a type of predicted event. As an example, a game might indicate a number of skull icons that indicate a number of eliminations a player has caused during a current gameplay session. A change in the number of skulls indicates an elimination event. A change in color of a skull or related icon might indicate a character is nearby, or is injured, which may indicate a probability of an elimination event in a near future. A visual cue in that example use case would be the icon itself, such as a third skull appearing at a position it was previously absent from, or an icon changing to have an appearance of a skull. The change in appearance of a skull or icon could then be passed on as a cue that can be used to predict a corresponding event. In at least some embodiments, a cue can be independent of what the cue means, or an event that a given cue indicates. The prediction engine  474  in this example may concern itself only with detecting or determining the cue, and not attempting to predict an event, which may be performed by a subsequent network, as may be part of a cue-to-event translator  480 . 
     It can be desirable to predict one or more events, or types of events, indicated by the determined cue(s). This can be performed in at least some embodiments by a cue-to-event translation module  480 , which may include logic, provided through the game-specific script, or a trained neural network to predict, infer, or determine a type of event from at least these determined cues. Once an event type is predicted, in at least some embodiments it may be desirable to provide or communicate information for the predicted event(s), along with information such as a confidence or probability of the event, as well as a future period of time for the predicted event. In this example, a cue-to-event translation module  480  may apply game specific script  484  or logic, and use terminology from a defined dictionary  486 , to transform or translate the cues into text that conforms to the provided dictionary, which may then be provided to an observer along with importance, probability, or other such information. Various detectors may provide different types of outputs in different formats, and a cue to event translation module  480  can provide at least some level of standardization so that output can be compared across various detectors. This can be particularly important where multiple detectors may detect cues for the same events, which then need to be correlated as appropriate. These cues may include cues relating to detected text, icons, motions, features, images, sounds, gestures, biometrics, etc. The cue-to-event translation module  480  in at least some embodiments may include one or more trained neural networks, chained or otherwise, that can accept the cues for a specific time or period of gameplay and infer a type of event may occur with a corresponding confidence value. In this example the translated event data can then be written to an event data log  488  or other such location for access. As mentioned, this log can be human-readable, such that a user or developer can read and understand the log data. The log can also store the data in a format that is usable by one or more processes, algorithms, or applications to perform one or more tasks as discussed herein, as may relate to a generation of montages or highlight videos, player skill analysis, player coaching, game adjustment, player matching, and the like. In some embodiments the event data log will include data for all detected or predicted events, while in other embodiments the log might only store data for certain types or numbers of events, or events determined with at least a minimum confidence, among other such options. In at least some embodiments, parameters of the detection, such as a search area, desired cue, and mapping of the changes in state of the cue to event logs, can be configurable via human readable scripts (e.g., JSON—JavaScript Object Notation). 
     In at least one embodiment, output of a set of detectors (such as five or six detectors for a given game) will be a match or non-match for an action, event, or occurrence, with a corresponding confidence value or level of confidence. These cues or other values can then be fed to a process, such as may utilize game-specific script  484  (e.g., JavaScript) in the translation module  480 , that can perform additional heuristics per-frame. These heuristics can help to improve the event prediction. For example, an OCR detector might report a match for detecting specific textual content, but heuristics may be applied to see how and when that textual content changed, and by how much, and over what period of time, to determine whether the text actually corresponds to an event of interest for a particular application. These heuristics can also help to enable a game-agnostic event prediction module to be customized per-game using script and configuration files that descry the pre-processing and detection logic to be used for a game, along with per-game script for performing heuristic analysis on the data coming out of the core prediction module  474 , also referred to as an event detection engine in some embodiments. 
     A developer or other authorized user can provide information about events of interest to be detected. In this example, recorded gameplay data can be analyzed in an offline manner. A user can access an interface of the event manager to pull in frames of the recorded gameplay, which can be processed by a video decoder  490  in order to generate a preview of individual frames through a first user interface  492 . The user can then use one or more interactive controls of the interface  496  to specify one or more regions of frames that are indicative of events of interest. In many instances there may be nothing indicative of such an event in a frame, such that the user may advance to the next frame, or a subsequent frame in the video. If the user notices something indicative of an event of interest, the user can use the controls with the display interface to draw or indicate a region of the frame, such as to draw a bounding box around the region including the content of interest. In some embodiments the user should include an amount of padding in the region, while in other embodiments the padding can be added by tool logic  494  of the event manager, among other such options. The user can use the controls to further associate the region with a type of event, as well as a type of content to be detected, such as specific text, image, icon, pattern, etc. Information for these events, including the regions to be analyzed and related information, can then be written to a game-specific configuration file  472  for the game. When content associated with that game is then received to the event prediction module  474 , the game-specific configuration file can be accessed to determine the regions to analyze, as well as the pre-processing to be performed and detectors to be used for those regions for this particular game. 
     As mentioned, in various embodiments the prediction engine or module is game-agnostic, but allows for plug-ins and scripts to enable it to be customized for specific games. This can include, for example, the specification of various triggers and stabilization factors. A native core detection engine will not know the game for which the video corresponds, but will have information about the region to analyze and the pre-processing to be performed, as well as any model to be used for event matching. In at least one embodiment, an engine can trigger a found trigger, using a state machine, when a pattern is located in a frame that was not there in a previous frame. A changed trigger can come when the pattern was there but it has changed, such as where the text changed. There can also be a lost trigger, where the image was there previously but on this frame it is no longer there. In at least one embodiment, these triggers can be controlled by a stability threshold that is configurable and parameterizable. A user can specify that it is expected that an image be detected with at least a minimum confidence over at least a specified period of temporal samples. As an example, the specification might indicate a desire to detect an image or icon in the region with at least 80% confidence over three samples, such as where the sample rate is every 100 ms. As mentioned, specific triggers can be established for certain types of events, either up front or after the fact, when it is desired to generate or filter event data. 
     The event prediction engine  474  can be part of an overall framework or platform that enables events to be detected, communicated, and acted upon for various purposes, using various types of game data. An advantage to such a framework is that it can enable users to provide plug-ins to add different types of detectors to be used, as well as to define additional types of events to be detected. A user can also select which types of events are of interest for a particular game or application, and the form of the output to be logged, stored, or communicated. A user can also specify a type of output of the pipeline, such as whether event data should be written to a log, stored to a central repository, forwarded directly to a destination for processing, etc. 
     In some embodiments one or more detectors can correspond to trained machine learning models, such as trained neural networks. These models can be trained for specific games to detect specific actions, objects, motions, or occurrences that correspond to specific types of actions of interest. Other detectors can be used as well as discussed herein, as may relate to character recognition algorithms, optical flow mechanisms, feature recognition, and the like. 
     It can be desirable in at least some embodiments to do game-specific customization as content can change significantly between games. While an object such as a breed of dog may have a relatively consistent look in actual video, the artistic representation of that breed may vary significantly between games. Objects such as weapons may have a wide variety of appearances that vary across games, and even within games, such that at least some level of game-specific training or event definitions can be utilized for improved performance. Approaches that utilize HUDs or other types of information displays that are relatively consistent, in both appearance and position, can also help improve accuracy and decrease customization, rather than attempting to identify actions based on objects that may vary greatly in appearance throughout the course of a game session. Further, player customizations may be applied that can further change the appearance and functionality of the game, but any changes to a HUD will likely be consistent throughout a game session. 
     In at least one embodiment, computer vision and machine learning-based techniques can be used to process game content to predict events. In at least one embodiment, game content can be analyzed to recognize specific types of features in a scene, as may include scenes in which gameplay occurs, objects recognized in a game session that relate to gameplay, and actions performed by a player (or avatar or player controlled gameplay element) during one or more game sessions. In at least one embodiment, one or more gameplay segments can be analyzed for a game scene, and a trained neural network model can generate a set of keywords representative of features determined for that game scene. In at least one embodiment, these keywords can be aggregated and passed to a prediction engine. 
     In at least one embodiment, at least one neural network will be trained per game. In at least one embodiment, a set of neural networks will be trained per game, with different networks being trained to recognize different types of features, such as scenes, actions, or objects. In at least one embodiment, a network can be trained that can be used for inferencing across a variety of games, or at least across games of a specific type or category with at least somewhat similar gameplay. In at least one embodiment, a first model might be trained to recognize features of a type of game like a first person shooter, while another model might be trained to recognize features of a type of game like a platformer or third person adventure game, as there would be different types of features to detect. In at least one embodiment, types of features to detect can vary by game or type of game. In at least one embodiment, training data for these models can include video streams including annotations for features of types to be recognized for that game or type of game. In at least one embodiment, these annotations are performed manually or with modeling assistance. In at least one embodiment, a model can be configured to output one or more detected feature keywords with corresponding confidence values, and keywords with higher confidence values, or values that at least satisfy a minimum confidence criterion, can be utilized for updating a player profile or generating recommendations. 
     Such a system can be utilized to determine how to present content for a wide variety of applications. For example, as discussed herein such a system can be used advantageously for broadcasts of competitive session, such as for esports or online gaming broadcasts. Such an application may still utilize one or more observers, to keep track of these input channels, feeds, or streams, as well as to pay attention to what is occurring in the actual session. Instead of a large team of observers employing her or her logic in order to showcase one or more streams with action to the viewers, which would mostly happen after the event has already occurred, a highlighter system can be utilized as described herein that can notify one or more observers as to which streams may include action or events in the near future, whereby the observer can allow these streams to automatically be featured or presented, for example, or can use this information to make more predictive decisions about which content to feature or present in a broadcast. In at least some embodiments, these streams can be prominently highlighted in order to draw attention. An observer may start highlighting these special streams with larger resolution or with special overlays, more prominent positioning, and so on. Other streams selected for presentation may be rendered less prominently, with smaller resolutions, and/or without featuring or highlighting content. As mentioned, such a system may deploy a component or module, such as a rendering assets generator, which can modify the individual stream configuration (e.g., resolution, position, overlays, spotlight around the stream, etc.) for systems without observers, or as suggestions that can be accepted or rejected by an observer. In some embodiments, an esports broadcast may then provide multiple game stream views at the same time on a viewer screen, as well as a spotlight on a highly action-oriented stream, as well as potentially commentary, leaderboard, and mini-map information. 
     In some embodiments, if a broadcast includes multiple streams to be presented for one or more viewers, then the “important” stream(s) can be identified with, for example, a special effect around the stream display panel, such as a colored or flashing border, or a blinking stream. Such additional content can help a viewer or viewing application to focus on a specific stream. 
     If such a system is utilized for a streaming server with multiple streams, aspects such as the bitrate and resolution can be allocated based on a relative importance of those streams. In some embodiments, larger chunks of bitrate bandwidth can be allocated to spotlight streams, for example, in order to create high quality streaming for those important streams or content presentations. Other streams or content may then be encoded with lower quality, resolution, or bitrate. Using the priority for a stream can also enable a broadcast system to optimize the performance for streaming. This can involve content that may be included in a replay or highlight state or session. Content that is presented for important events on a client device, for example, can be cached locally on that client device, or an edge server, etc., such that if that content is to be presented again then the content does not need to be rebroadcast or transmitted from the broadcast system, but can be pulled from that local cache. Such an approach can reduce latency for such playback, and can reduce an overall amount of data to be transmitted. 
     Another potentially important aspect of a streaming and spotlight system can involve the audio manipulation of the broadcast streams. In at least some embodiments, there can be various approaches used to select, feature, or enhance the audio of a spotlighted stream. This can involve, for example, adjusting the other audio streams to relatively low volume levels for multiplexing. Another approach would be to mute other streams temporarily, and only add audio of the spotlighted stream along with the commentary, as discussed elsewhere herein. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates an example process  500  for generating and/or managing content that can be performed in accordance with various embodiments. It should be understood that for this and other processes discussed herein, there can be additional, fewer, or alternative steps performed in similar or alternative orders, or at least partially in parallel, within the scope of the various embodiments unless otherwise specifically stated. Further, although this process is described with respect to live stream manipulation for applications such as real-time gaming or esports, it should be understood that advantages of such content management approach can be utilized advantageously for other applications, content types, or uses as well. In this example, a plurality of streams of media content are received  502 , where those streams all correspond to the same session of a multiplayer gaming session. There may be other sources of content as well, such as various feeds, files, or individual transmissions of game-related data. At least some of these streams, or content of these streams, can be analyzed  504  to predict occurrences of events that may be represented in specific streams. These occurrences can be predicted based upon various types of information contained within, or associated with, these content streams, as may include image, video, or audio content of a stream, player input associated with a stream, or game data for a current game session of the stream, among other such options. Respective priority streams can then be determined  506  for at least some of these streams, as may be based at least in part upon these predicted occurrences of events. In some embodiments, there may be multiple events predicted for a given stream, which may increase the priority determination or ranking for that stream. The probability or type of event may also be used in this determination, as well as a relative time period in which these events are predicted to occur, among other such factors discussed and suggested herein. It can then be determined  508 , whether manually, automatically, or a combination thereof, how to present these one or more streams of content in a broadcast stream, based at least in part upon these priority values. As mentioned, this may include determining which streams to include based on priority ranking, which stream(s) to feature or highlight, or how to arrange or display those streams in a broadcast display, among other such options. As mentioned, in some embodiments the priority information may be provided to one or more human observers who can use this information to determine how to set or adjust the broadcast content, while in other embodiments this information can be used automatically by a broadcast system to determine how to present content in a broadcast stream or transmission. Such processes can also be used to determine which content to include, and how to include that content, in a file that can be viewed offline at a later time as well. 
     As discussed, various approaches presented herein are lightweight enough to execute on a client device, such as a personal computer or gaming console, in real time. Such processing can be performed on content that is generated on that client device or received from an external source, such as streaming content received over at least one network. The source can be any appropriate source, such as a game host, streaming media provider, third party content provider, or other client device, among other such options. In some instances, the processing and/or rendering of this content may be performed by one of these other devices, systems, or entities, then provided to the client device (or another such recipient) for presentation or another such use. 
     As an example,  FIG.  6    illustrates an example network configuration  600  that can be used to provide, generate, modify, encode, and/or transmit content. In at least one embodiment, a client device  602  can generate or receive content for a session using components of a content application  604  on client device  602  and data stored locally on that client device. In at least one embodiment, a content application  624  (e.g., an image generation or editing application) executing on content server  620  (e.g., a cloud server or edge server) may initiate a session associated with at least client device  602 , as may utilize a session manager and user data stored in a user database  634 , and can cause content  632  to be determined by a content manager  626 . An image content application  630  may obtain image, asset, and/or texture data for a scene or environment and work with a rendering engine  628  or other such component to generate an image-based representation of a scene or environment. At least a portion of that content may be transmitted to client device  602  using an appropriate transmission manager  622  to send by download, streaming, or another such transmission channel. An encoder may be used to encode and/or compress at least some of this data before transmitting to the client device  602 . In at least one embodiment, content  632  can include video or image data for a scene. In at least one embodiment, client device  602  receiving such content can provide this content to a corresponding content application  604 , which may also or alternatively include a graphical user interface  610 , rendering engine  612 , or image generation application  614  or process for generating, modifying, or presenting image data received to, or generated on, the client device  602 . A decoder may also be used to decode data received over the network(s)  640  for presentation via client device  602 , such as image or video content through a display  606  and audio, such as sounds and music, through at least one audio playback device  608 , such as speakers or headphones. In at least one embodiment, at least some of this content may already be stored on, rendered on, or accessible to client device  602  such that transmission over network  640  is not required for at least that portion of content, such as where that content may have been previously downloaded or stored locally on a hard drive or optical disk. In at least one embodiment, a transmission mechanism such as data streaming can be used to transfer this content from server  620 , or content database  634 , to client device  602 . In at least one embodiment, at least a portion of this content can be obtained or streamed from another source, such as a third party content service  660  that may also include a content application  662  for generating or providing content. In at least one embodiment, portions of this functionality can be performed using multiple computing devices, or multiple processors within one or more computing devices, such as may include a combination of CPUs and GPUs. 
     In this example, these client devices can include any appropriate computing devices, as may include a desktop computer, notebook computer, set-top box, streaming device, gaming console, smartphone, tablet computer, VR headset, AR goggles, wearable computer, or a smart television. Each client device can submit a request across at least one wired or wireless network, as may include the Internet, an Ethernet, a local area network (LAN), or a cellular network, among other such options. In this example, these requests can be submitted to an address associated with a cloud provider, who may operate or control one or more electronic resources in a cloud provider environment, such as may include a data center or server farm. In at least one embodiment, the request may be received or processed by at least one edge server, that sits on a network edge and is outside at least one security layer associated with the cloud provider environment. In this way, latency can be reduced by enabling the client devices to interact with servers that are in closer proximity, while also improving security of resources in the cloud provider environment. 
     In at least one embodiment, such a system can be used for performing graphical rendering operations. In other embodiments, such a system can be used for other purposes, such as for providing image or video content to test or validate autonomous machine applications, or for performing deep learning operations. In at least one embodiment, such a system can be implemented using an edge device, or may incorporate one or more Virtual Machines (VMs). In at least one embodiment, such a system can be implemented at least partially in a data center or at least partially using cloud computing resources. 
     Inference and Training Logic 
       FIG.  7 A  illustrates inference and/or training logic  715  used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIGS.  7 A and/or  7 B . 
     In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, code and/or data storage  701  to store forward and/or output weight and/or input/output data, and/or other parameters to configure neurons or layers of a neural network trained and/or used for inferencing in aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, training logic  715  may include, or be coupled to code and/or data storage  701  to store graph code or other software to control timing and/or order, in which weight and/or other parameter information is to be loaded to configure, logic, including integer and/or floating point units (collectively, arithmetic logic units (ALUs). In at least one embodiment, code, such as graph code, loads weight or other parameter information into processor ALUs based on an architecture of a neural network to which the code corresponds. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  stores weight parameters and/or input/output data of each layer of a neural network trained or used in conjunction with one or more embodiments during forward propagation of input/output data and/or weight parameters during training and/or inferencing using aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  701  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor&#39;s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. 
     In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  701  may be internal or external to one or more processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits. In at least one embodiment, code and/or code and/or data storage  701  may be cache memory, dynamic randomly addressable memory (“DRAM”), static randomly addressable memory (“SRAM”), non-volatile memory (e.g., Flash memory), or other storage. In at least one embodiment, choice of whether code and/or code and/or data storage  701  is internal or external to a processor, for example, or comprised of DRAM, SRAM, Flash or some other storage type may depend on available storage on-chip versus off-chip, latency requirements of training and/or inferencing functions being performed, batch size of data used in inferencing and/or training of a neural network, or some combination of these factors. 
     In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, a code and/or data storage  705  to store backward and/or output weight and/or input/output data corresponding to neurons or layers of a neural network trained and/or used for inferencing in aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  705  stores weight parameters and/or input/output data of each layer of a neural network trained or used in conjunction with one or more embodiments during backward propagation of input/output data and/or weight parameters during training and/or inferencing using aspects of one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, training logic  715  may include, or be coupled to code and/or data storage  705  to store graph code or other software to control timing and/or order, in which weight and/or other parameter information is to be loaded to configure, logic, including integer and/or floating point units (collectively, arithmetic logic units (ALUs). In at least one embodiment, code, such as graph code, loads weight or other parameter information into processor ALUs based on an architecture of a neural network to which the code corresponds. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  705  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor&#39;s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  705  may be internal or external to on one or more processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  705  may be cache memory, DRAM, SRAM, non-volatile memory (e.g., Flash memory), or other storage. In at least one embodiment, choice of whether code and/or data storage  705  is internal or external to a processor, for example, or comprised of DRAM, SRAM, Flash or some other storage type may depend on available storage on-chip versus off-chip, latency requirements of training and/or inferencing functions being performed, batch size of data used in inferencing and/or training of a neural network, or some combination of these factors. 
     In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  may be separate storage structures. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  may be same storage structure. In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  may be partially same storage structure and partially separate storage structures. In at least one embodiment, any portion of code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor&#39;s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. 
     In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, one or more arithmetic logic unit(s) (“ALU(s)”)  710 , including integer and/or floating point units, to perform logical and/or mathematical operations based, at least in part on, or indicated by, training and/or inference code (e.g., graph code), a result of which may produce activations (e.g., output values from layers or neurons within a neural network) stored in an activation storage  720  that are functions of input/output and/or weight parameter data stored in code and/or data storage  701  and/or code and/or data storage  705 . In at least one embodiment, activations stored in activation storage  720  are generated according to linear algebraic and or matrix-based mathematics performed by ALU(s)  710  in response to performing instructions or other code, wherein weight values stored in code and/or data storage  705  and/or code and/or data storage  701  are used as operands along with other values, such as bias values, gradient information, momentum values, or other parameters or hyperparameters, any or all of which may be stored in code and/or data storage  705  or code and/or data storage  701  or another storage on or off-chip. 
     In at least one embodiment, ALU(s)  710  are included within one or more processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits, whereas in another embodiment, ALU(s)  710  may be external to a processor or other hardware logic device or circuit that uses them (e.g., a co-processor). In at least one embodiment, ALUs  710  may be included within a processor&#39;s execution units or otherwise within a bank of ALUs accessible by a processor&#39;s execution units either within same processor or distributed between different processors of different types (e.g., central processing units, graphics processing units, fixed function units, etc.). In at least one embodiment, code and/or data storage  701 , code and/or data storage  705 , and activation storage  720  may be on same processor or other hardware logic device or circuit, whereas in another embodiment, they may be in different processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits, or some combination of same and different processors or other hardware logic devices or circuits. In at least one embodiment, any portion of activation storage  720  may be included with other on-chip or off-chip data storage, including a processor&#39;s L1, L2, or L3 cache or system memory. Furthermore, inferencing and/or training code may be stored with other code accessible to a processor or other hardware logic or circuit and fetched and/or processed using a processor&#39;s fetch, decode, scheduling, execution, retirement and/or other logical circuits. 
     In at least one embodiment, activation storage  720  may be cache memory, DRAM, SRAM, non-volatile memory (e.g., Flash memory), or other storage. In at least one embodiment, activation storage  720  may be completely or partially within or external to one or more processors or other logical circuits. In at least one embodiment, choice of whether activation storage  720  is internal or external to a processor, for example, or comprised of DRAM, SRAM, Flash or some other storage type may depend on available storage on-chip versus off-chip, latency requirements of training and/or inferencing functions being performed, batch size of data used in inferencing and/or training of a neural network, or some combination of these factors. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  illustrated in  FIG.  7   a    may be used in conjunction with an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), such as Tensorflow® Processing Unit from Google, an inference processing unit (IPU) from Graphcore™, or a Nervana® (e.g., “Lake Crest”) processor from Intel Corp. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  illustrated in  FIG.  7   a    may be used in conjunction with central processing unit (“CPU”) hardware, graphics processing unit (“GPU”) hardware or other hardware, such as field programmable gate arrays (“FPGAs”). 
       FIG.  7   b    illustrates inference and/or training logic  715 , according to at least one or more embodiments. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may include, without limitation, hardware logic in which computational resources are dedicated or otherwise exclusively used in conjunction with weight values or other information corresponding to one or more layers of neurons within a neural network. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  illustrated in  FIG.  7   b    may be used in conjunction with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), such as Tensorflow® Processing Unit from Google, an inference processing unit (IPU) from Graphcore™, or a Nervana® (e.g., “Lake Crest”) processor from Intel Corp. In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  illustrated in  FIG.  7   b    may be used in conjunction with central processing unit (CPU) hardware, graphics processing unit (GPU) hardware or other hardware, such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  includes, without limitation, code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705 , which may be used to store code (e.g., graph code), weight values and/or other information, including bias values, gradient information, momentum values, and/or other parameter or hyperparameter information. In at least one embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  7   b   , each of code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705  is associated with a dedicated computational resource, such as computational hardware  702  and computational hardware  706 , respectively. In at least one embodiment, each of computational hardware  702  and computational hardware  706  comprises one or more ALUs that perform mathematical functions, such as linear algebraic functions, only on information stored in code and/or data storage  701  and code and/or data storage  705 , respectively, result of which is stored in activation storage  720 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of code and/or data storage  701  and  705  and corresponding computational hardware  702  and  706 , respectively, correspond to different layers of a neural network, such that resulting activation from one “storage/computational pair  701 / 702 ” of code and/or data storage  701  and computational hardware  702  is provided as an input to “storage/computational pair  705 / 706 ” of code and/or data storage  705  and computational hardware  706 , in order to mirror conceptual organization of a neural network. In at least one embodiment, each of storage/computational pairs  701 / 702  and  705 / 706  may correspond to more than one neural network layer. In at least one embodiment, additional storage/computation pairs (not shown) subsequent to or in parallel with storage computation pairs  701 / 702  and  705 / 706  may be included in inference and/or training logic  715 . 
     Data Center 
       FIG.  8    illustrates an example data center  800 , in which at least one embodiment may be used. In at least one embodiment, data center  800  includes a data center infrastructure layer  810 , a framework layer  820 , a software layer  830 , and an application layer  840 . 
     In at least one embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  8   , data center infrastructure layer  810  may include a resource orchestrator  812 , grouped computing resources  814 , and node computing resources (“node C.R.s”)  816 ( 1 )- 816 (N), where “N” represents any whole, positive integer. In at least one embodiment, node C.R.s  816 ( 1 )- 816 (N) may include, but are not limited to, any number of central processing units (“CPUs”) or other processors (including accelerators, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), graphics processors, etc.), memory devices (e.g., dynamic read-only memory), storage devices (e.g., solid state or disk drives), network input/output (“NW I/O”) devices, network switches, virtual machines (“VMs”), power modules, and cooling modules, etc. In at least one embodiment, one or more node C.R.s from among node C.R.s  816 ( 1 )- 816 (N) may be a server having one or more of above-mentioned computing resources. 
     In at least one embodiment, grouped computing resources  814  may include separate groupings of node C.R.s housed within one or more racks (not shown), or many racks housed in data centers at various geographical locations (also not shown). Separate groupings of node C.R.s within grouped computing resources  814  may include grouped compute, network, memory or storage resources that may be configured or allocated to support one or more workloads. In at least one embodiment, several node C.R.s including CPUs or processors may grouped within one or more racks to provide compute resources to support one or more workloads. In at least one embodiment, one or more racks may also include any number of power modules, cooling modules, and network switches, in any combination. 
     In at least one embodiment, resource orchestrator  812  may configure or otherwise control one or more node C.R.s  816 ( 1 )- 816 (N) and/or grouped computing resources  814 . In at least one embodiment, resource orchestrator  812  may include a software design infrastructure (“SDI”) management entity for data center  800 . In at least one embodiment, resource orchestrator may include hardware, software or some combination thereof. 
     In at least one embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  8   , framework layer  820  includes a job scheduler  822 , a configuration manager  824 , a resource manager  826  and a distributed file system  828 . In at least one embodiment, framework layer  820  may include a framework to support software  832  of software layer  830  and/or one or more application(s)  842  of application layer  840 . In at least one embodiment, software  832  or application(s)  842  may respectively include web-based service software or applications, such as those provided by Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud and Microsoft Azure. In at least one embodiment, framework layer  820  may be, but is not limited to, a type of free and open-source software web application framework such as Apache Spark™ (hereinafter “Spark”) that may utilize distributed file system  828  for large-scale data processing (e.g., “big data”). In at least one embodiment, job scheduler  822  may include a Spark driver to facilitate scheduling of workloads supported by various layers of data center  800 . In at least one embodiment, configuration manager  824  may be capable of configuring different layers such as software layer  830  and framework layer  820  including Spark and distributed file system  828  for supporting large-scale data processing. In at least one embodiment, resource manager  826  may be capable of managing clustered or grouped computing resources mapped to or allocated for support of distributed file system  828  and job scheduler  822 . In at least one embodiment, clustered or grouped computing resources may include grouped computing resource  814  at data center infrastructure layer  810 . In at least one embodiment, resource manager  826  may coordinate with resource orchestrator  812  to manage these mapped or allocated computing resources. 
     In at least one embodiment, software  832  included in software layer  830  may include software used by at least portions of node C.R.s  816 ( 1 )- 816 (N), grouped computing resources  814 , and/or distributed file system  828  of framework layer  820 . The one or more types of software may include, but are not limited to, Internet web page search software, e-mail virus scan software, database software, and streaming video content software. 
     In at least one embodiment, application(s)  842  included in application layer  840  may include one or more types of applications used by at least portions of node C.R.s  816 ( 1 )- 816 (N), grouped computing resources  814 , and/or distributed file system  828  of framework layer  820 . One or more types of applications may include, but are not limited to, any number of a genomics application, a cognitive compute, and a machine learning application, including training or inferencing software, machine learning framework software (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow, Caffe, etc.) or other machine learning applications used in conjunction with one or more embodiments. 
     In at least one embodiment, any of configuration manager  824 , resource manager  826 , and resource orchestrator  812  may implement any number and type of self-modifying actions based on any amount and type of data acquired in any technically feasible fashion. In at least one embodiment, self-modifying actions may relieve a data center operator of data center  800  from making possibly bad configuration decisions and possibly avoiding underutilized and/or poor performing portions of a data center. 
     In at least one embodiment, data center  800  may include tools, services, software or other resources to train one or more machine learning models or predict or infer information using one or more machine learning models according to one or more embodiments described herein. For example, in at least one embodiment, a machine learning model may be trained by calculating weight parameters according to a neural network architecture using software and computing resources described above with respect to data center  800 . In at least one embodiment, trained machine learning models corresponding to one or more neural networks may be used to infer or predict information using resources described above with respect to data center  800  by using weight parameters calculated through one or more training techniques described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, data center may use CPUs, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), GPUs, FPGAs, or other hardware to perform training and/or inferencing using above-described resources. Moreover, one or more software and/or hardware resources described above may be configured as a service to allow users to train or performing inferencing of information, such as image recognition, speech recognition, or other artificial intelligence services. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIGS.  7 A and/or  7 B . In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  8    for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to render images using ray tracing-based importance sampling, which can be accelerated through hardware. 
     Computer Systems 
       FIG.  9    is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer system, which may be a system with interconnected devices and components, a system-on-a-chip (SOC) or some combination thereof  900  formed with a processor that may include execution units to execute an instruction, according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include, without limitation, a component, such as a processor  902  to employ execution units including logic to perform algorithms for process data, in accordance with present disclosure, such as in embodiment described herein. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include processors, such as PENTIUM® Processor family, Xeon™, Itanium®, XScale™ and/or StrongARM™, Intel® Core™, or Intel® Nervana™ microprocessors available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., although other systems (including PCs having other microprocessors, engineering workstations, set-top boxes and like) may also be used. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may execute a version of WINDOWS&#39; operating system available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., although other operating systems (UNIX and Linux for example), embedded software, and/or graphical user interfaces, may also be used. 
     Embodiments may be used in other devices such as handheld devices and embedded applications. Some examples of handheld devices include cellular phones, Internet Protocol devices, digital cameras, personal digital assistants (“PDAs”), and handheld PCs. In at least one embodiment, embedded applications may include a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (“DSP”), system on a chip, network computers (“NetPCs”), set-top boxes, network hubs, wide area network (“WAN”) switches, or any other system that may perform one or more instructions in accordance with at least one embodiment. 
     In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include, without limitation, processor  902  that may include, without limitation, one or more execution units  908  to perform machine learning model training and/or inferencing according to techniques described herein. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  is a single processor desktop or server system, but in another embodiment computer system  900  may be a multiprocessor system. In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may include, without limitation, a complex instruction set computer (“CISC”) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (“RISC”) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (“VLIW”) microprocessor, a processor implementing a combination of instruction sets, or any other processor device, such as a digital signal processor, for example. In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may be coupled to a processor bus  910  that may transmit data signals between processor  902  and other components in computer system  900 . 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may include, without limitation, a Level 1 (“L1”) internal cache memory (“cache”)  904 . In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In at least one embodiment, cache memory may reside external to processor  902 . Other embodiments may also include a combination of both internal and external caches depending on particular implementation and needs. In at least one embodiment, register file  906  may store different types of data in various registers including, without limitation, integer registers, floating point registers, status registers, and instruction pointer register. 
     In at least one embodiment, execution unit  908 , including, without limitation, logic to perform integer and floating point operations, also resides in processor  902 . In at least one embodiment, processor  902  may also include a microcode (“ucode”) read only memory (“ROM”) that stores microcode for certain macro instructions. In at least one embodiment, execution unit  908  may include logic to handle a packed instruction set  909 . In at least one embodiment, by including packed instruction set  909  in an instruction set of a general-purpose processor  902 , along with associated circuitry to execute instructions, operations used by many multimedia applications may be performed using packed data in a general-purpose processor  902 . In one or more embodiments, many multimedia applications may be accelerated and executed more efficiently by using full width of a processor&#39;s data bus for performing operations on packed data, which may eliminate need to transfer smaller units of data across processor&#39;s data bus to perform one or more operations one data element at a time. 
     In at least one embodiment, execution unit  908  may also be used in microcontrollers, embedded processors, graphics devices, DSPs, and other types of logic circuits. In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may include, without limitation, a memory  920 . In at least one embodiment, memory  920  may be implemented as a Dynamic Random Access Memory (“DRAM”) device, a Static Random Access Memory (“SRAM”) device, flash memory device, or other memory device. In at least one embodiment, memory  920  may store instruction(s)  919  and/or data  921  represented by data signals that may be executed by processor  902 . 
     In at least one embodiment, system logic chip may be coupled to processor bus  910  and memory  920 . In at least one embodiment, system logic chip may include, without limitation, a memory controller hub (“MCH”)  916 , and processor  902  may communicate with MCH  916  via processor bus  910 . In at least one embodiment, MCH  916  may provide a high bandwidth memory path  918  to memory  920  for instruction and data storage and for storage of graphics commands, data and textures. In at least one embodiment, MCH  916  may direct data signals between processor  902 , memory  920 , and other components in computer system  900  and to bridge data signals between processor bus  910 , memory  920 , and a system I/O  922 . In at least one embodiment, system logic chip may provide a graphics port for coupling to a graphics controller. In at least one embodiment, MCH  916  may be coupled to memory  920  through a high bandwidth memory path  918  and graphics/video card  912  may be coupled to MCH  916  through an Accelerated Graphics Port (“AGP”) interconnect  914 . 
     In at least one embodiment, computer system  900  may use system I/O  922  that is a proprietary hub interface bus to couple MCH  916  to I/O controller hub (“ICH”)  930 . In at least one embodiment, ICH  930  may provide direct connections to some I/O devices via a local I/O bus. In at least one embodiment, local I/O bus may include, without limitation, a high-speed I/O bus for connecting peripherals to memory  920 , chipset, and processor  902 . Examples may include, without limitation, an audio controller  929 , a firmware hub (“flash BIOS”)  928 , a wireless transceiver  926 , a data storage  924 , a legacy I/O controller  923  containing user input and keyboard interfaces  925 , a serial expansion port  927 , such as Universal Serial Bus (“USB”), and a network controller  934 . Data storage  924  may comprise a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CD-ROM device, a flash memory device, or other mass storage device. 
     In at least one embodiment,  FIG.  9    illustrates a system, which includes interconnected hardware devices or “chips”, whereas in other embodiments,  FIG.  9    may illustrate an exemplary System on a Chip (“SoC”). In at least one embodiment, devices may be interconnected with proprietary interconnects, standardized interconnects (e.g., PCIe) or some combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, one or more components of computer system  900  are interconnected using compute express link (CXL) interconnects. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIGS.  7 A and/or  7 B . In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  9    for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to render images using ray tracing-based importance sampling, which can be accelerated through hardware. 
       FIG.  10    is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device  1000  for utilizing a processor  1010 , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, electronic device  1000  may be, for example and without limitation, a notebook, a tower server, a rack server, a blade server, a laptop, a desktop, a tablet, a mobile device, a phone, an embedded computer, or any other suitable electronic device. 
     In at least one embodiment, system  1000  may include, without limitation, processor  1010  communicatively coupled to any suitable number or kind of components, peripherals, modules, or devices. In at least one embodiment, processor  1010  coupled using a bus or interface, such as a 1° C. bus, a System Management Bus (“SMBus”), a Low Pin Count (LPC) bus, a Serial Peripheral Interface (“SPI”), a High Definition Audio (“HDA”) bus, a Serial Advance Technology Attachment (“SATA”) bus, a Universal Serial Bus (“USB”) (versions 1, 2, 3), or a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (“UART”) bus. In at least one embodiment,  FIG.  10    illustrates a system, which includes interconnected hardware devices or “chips”, whereas in other embodiments,  FIG.  10    may illustrate an exemplary System on a Chip (“SoC”). In at least one embodiment, devices illustrated in  FIG.  10    may be interconnected with proprietary interconnects, standardized interconnects (e.g., PCIe) or some combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, one or more components of  FIG.  10    are interconnected using compute express link (CXL) interconnects. 
     In at least one embodiment,  FIG.  10    may include a display  1024 , a touch screen  1025 , a touch pad  1030 , a Near Field Communications unit (“NFC”)  1045 , a sensor hub  1040 , a thermal sensor  1046 , an Express Chipset (“EC”)  1035 , a Trusted Platform Module (“TPM”)  1038 , BIOS/firmware/flash memory (“BIOS, FW Flash”)  1022 , a DSP  1060 , a drive  1020  such as a Solid State Disk (“SSD”) or a Hard Disk Drive (“HDD”), a wireless local area network unit (“WLAN”)  1050 , a Bluetooth unit  1052 , a Wireless Wide Area Network unit (“WWAN”)  1056 , a Global Positioning System (GPS)  1055 , a camera (“USB 3.0 camera”)  1054  such as a USB 3.0 camera, and/or a Low Power Double Data Rate (“LPDDR”) memory unit (“LPDDR3”)  1015  implemented in, for example, LPDDR3 standard. These components may each be implemented in any suitable manner. 
     In at least one embodiment, other components may be communicatively coupled to processor  1010  through components discussed above. In at least one embodiment, an accelerometer  1041 , Ambient Light Sensor (“ALS”)  1042 , compass  1043 , and a gyroscope  1044  may be communicatively coupled to sensor hub  1040 . In at least one embodiment, thermal sensor  1039 , a fan  1037 , a keyboard  1046 , and a touch pad  1030  may be communicatively coupled to EC  1035 . In at least one embodiment, speaker  1063 , headphones  1064 , and microphone (“mic”)  1065  may be communicatively coupled to an audio unit (“audio codec and class d amp”)  1062 , which may in turn be communicatively coupled to DSP  1060 . In at least one embodiment, audio unit  1064  may include, for example and without limitation, an audio coder/decoder (“codec”) and a class D amplifier. In at least one embodiment, SIM card (“SIM”)  1057  may be communicatively coupled to WWAN unit  1056 . In at least one embodiment, components such as WLAN unit  1050  and Bluetooth unit  1052 , as well as WWAN unit  1056  may be implemented in a Next Generation Form Factor (“NGFF”). 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIGS.  7   a    and/or  7   b . In at least one embodiment, inference and/or training logic  715  may be used in system  FIG.  10    for inferencing or predicting operations based, at least in part, on weight parameters calculated using neural network training operations, neural network functions and/or architectures, or neural network use cases described herein. 
     Such components can be used to render images using ray tracing-based importance sampling, which can be accelerated through hardware. 
       FIG.  11    is a block diagram of a processing system, according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, system  1100  includes one or more processors  1102  and one or more graphics processors  1108 , and may be a single processor desktop system, a multiprocessor workstation system, or a server system having a large number of processors  1102  or processor cores  1107 . In at least one embodiment, system  1100  is a processing platform incorporated within a system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrated circuit for use in mobile, handheld, or embedded devices. 
     In at least one embodiment, system  1100  can include, or be incorporated within a server-based gaming platform, a game console, including a game and media console, a mobile gaming console, a handheld game console, or an online game console. In at least one embodiment, system  1100  is a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet computing device or mobile Internet device. In at least one embodiment, processing system  1100  can also include, couple with, or be integrated within a wearable device, such as a smart watch wearable device, smart eyewear device, augmented reality device, or virtual reality device. In at least one embodiment, processing system  1100  is a television or set top box device having one or more processors  1102  and a graphical interface generated by one or more graphics processors  1108 . 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more processors  1102  each include one or more processor cores  1107  to process instructions which, when executed, perform operations for system and user software. In at least one embodiment, each of one or more processor cores  1107  is configured to process a specific instruction set  1109 . In at least one embodiment, instruction set  1109  may facilitate Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC), Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), or computing via a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW). In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1107  may each process a different instruction set  1109 , which may include instructions to facilitate emulation of other instruction sets. In at least one embodiment, processor core  1107  may also include other processing devices, such a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  1102  includes cache memory  1104 . In at least one embodiment, processor  1102  can have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In at least one embodiment, cache memory is shared among various components of processor  1102 . In at least one embodiment, processor  1102  also uses an external cache (e.g., a Level-3 (L3) cache or Last Level Cache (LLC)) (not shown), which may be shared among processor cores  1107  using known cache coherency techniques. In at least one embodiment, register file  1106  is additionally included in processor  1102  which may include different types of registers for storing different types of data (e.g., integer registers, floating point registers, status registers, and an instruction pointer register). In at least one embodiment, register file  1106  may include general-purpose registers or other registers. 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more processor(s)  1102  are coupled with one or more interface bus(es)  1110  to transmit communication signals such as address, data, or control signals between processor  1102  and other components in system  1100 . In at least one embodiment, interface bus  1110 , in one embodiment, can be a processor bus, such as a version of a Direct Media Interface (DMI) bus. In at least one embodiment, interface  1110  is not limited to a DMI bus, and may include one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect buses (e.g., PCI, PCI Express), memory busses, or other types of interface busses. In at least one embodiment processor(s)  1102  include an integrated memory controller  1116  and a platform controller hub  1130 . In at least one embodiment, memory controller  1116  facilitates communication between a memory device and other components of system  1100 , while platform controller hub (PCH)  1130  provides connections to I/O devices via a local I/O bus. 
     In at least one embodiment, memory device  1120  can be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a static random access memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device, phase-change memory device, or some other memory device having suitable performance to serve as process memory. In at least one embodiment memory device  1120  can operate as system memory for system  1100 , to store data  1122  and instructions  1121  for use when one or more processors  1102  executes an application or process. In at least one embodiment, memory controller  1116  also couples with an optional external graphics processor  1112 , which may communicate with one or more graphics processors  1108  in processors  1102  to perform graphics and media operations. In at least one embodiment, a display device  1111  can connect to processor(s)  1102 . In at least one embodiment display device  1111  can include one or more of an internal display device, as in a mobile electronic device or a laptop device or an external display device attached via a display interface (e.g., DisplayPort, etc.). In at least one embodiment, display device  1111  can include a head mounted display (HMD) such as a stereoscopic display device for use in virtual reality (VR) applications or augmented reality (AR) applications. 
     In at least one embodiment, platform controller hub  1130  enables peripherals to connect to memory device  1120  and processor  1102  via a high-speed I/O bus. In at least one embodiment, I/O peripherals include, but are not limited to, an audio controller  1146 , a network controller  1134 , a firmware interface  1128 , a wireless transceiver  1126 , touch sensors  1125 , a data storage device  1124  (e.g., hard disk drive, flash memory, etc.). In at least one embodiment, data storage device  1124  can connect via a storage interface (e.g., SATA) or via a peripheral bus, such as a Peripheral Component Interconnect bus (e.g., PCI, PCI Express). In at least one embodiment, touch sensors  1125  can include touch screen sensors, pressure sensors, or fingerprint sensors. In at least one embodiment, wireless transceiver  1126  can be a Wi-Fi transceiver, a Bluetooth transceiver, or a mobile network transceiver such as a 3G, 4G, or Long Term Evolution (LTE) transceiver. In at least one embodiment, firmware interface  1128  enables communication with system firmware, and can be, for example, a unified extensible firmware interface (UEFI). In at least one embodiment, network controller  1134  can enable a network connection to a wired network. In at least one embodiment, a high-performance network controller (not shown) couples with interface bus  1110 . In at least one embodiment, audio controller  1146  is a multi-channel high definition audio controller. In at least one embodiment, system  1100  includes an optional legacy I/O controller  1140  for coupling legacy (e.g., Personal System 2 (PS/2)) devices to system. In at least one embodiment, platform controller hub  1130  can also connect to one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) controllers  1142  connect input devices, such as keyboard and mouse  1143  combinations, a camera  1144 , or other USB input devices. 
     In at least one embodiment, an instance of memory controller  1116  and platform controller hub  1130  may be integrated into a discreet external graphics processor, such as external graphics processor  1112 . In at least one embodiment, platform controller hub  1130  and/or memory controller  1116  may be external to one or more processor(s)  1102 . For example, in at least one embodiment, system  1100  can include an external memory controller  1116  and platform controller hub  1130 , which may be configured as a memory controller hub and peripheral controller hub within a system chipset that is in communication with processor(s)  1102 . 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIGS.  7 A and/or  7 B . In at least one embodiment portions or all of inference and/or training logic  715  may be incorporated into graphics processor  1500 . For example, in at least one embodiment, training and/or inferencing techniques described herein may use one or more of ALUs embodied in a graphics processor. Moreover, in at least one embodiment, inferencing and/or training operations described herein may be done using logic other than logic illustrated in  FIG.  7 A or  7 B . In at least one embodiment, weight parameters may be stored in on-chip or off-chip memory and/or registers (shown or not shown) that configure ALUs of a graphics processor to perform one or more machine learning algorithms, neural network architectures, use cases, or training techniques described herein. 
     Such components can be used to render images using ray tracing-based importance sampling, which can be accelerated through hardware. 
       FIG.  12    is a block diagram of a processor  1200  having one or more processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N, an integrated memory controller  1214 , and an integrated graphics processor  1208 , according to at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  can include additional cores up to and including additional core  1202 N represented by dashed lined boxes. In at least one embodiment, each of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N includes one or more internal cache units  1204 A- 1204 N. In at least one embodiment, each processor core also has access to one or more shared cached units  1206 . 
     In at least one embodiment, internal cache units  1204 A- 1204 N and shared cache units  1206  represent a cache memory hierarchy within processor  1200 . In at least one embodiment, cache memory units  1204 A- 1204 N may include at least one level of instruction and data cache within each processor core and one or more levels of shared mid-level cache, such as a Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3), Level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, where a highest level of cache before external memory is classified as an LLC. In at least one embodiment, cache coherency logic maintains coherency between various cache units  1206  and  1204 A- 1204 N. 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  may also include a set of one or more bus controller units  1216  and a system agent core  1210 . In at least one embodiment, one or more bus controller units  1216  manage a set of peripheral buses, such as one or more PCI or PCI express busses. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  provides management functionality for various processor components. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  includes one or more integrated memory controllers  1214  to manage access to various external memory devices (not shown). 
     In at least one embodiment, one or more of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N include support for simultaneous multi-threading. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  includes components for coordinating and operating cores  1202 A- 1202 N during multi-threaded processing. In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  may additionally include a power control unit (PCU), which includes logic and components to regulate one or more power states of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N and graphics processor  1208 . 
     In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  additionally includes graphics processor  1208  to execute graphics processing operations. In at least one embodiment, graphics processor  1208  couples with shared cache units  1206 , and system agent core  1210 , including one or more integrated memory controllers  1214 . In at least one embodiment, system agent core  1210  also includes a display controller  1211  to drive graphics processor output to one or more coupled displays. In at least one embodiment, display controller  1211  may also be a separate module coupled with graphics processor  1208  via at least one interconnect, or may be integrated within graphics processor  1208 . 
     In at least one embodiment, a ring based interconnect unit  1212  is used to couple internal components of processor  1200 . In at least one embodiment, an alternative interconnect unit may be used, such as a point-to-point interconnect, a switched interconnect, or other techniques. In at least one embodiment, graphics processor  1208  couples with ring interconnect  1212  via an I/O link  1213 . 
     In at least one embodiment, I/O link  1213  represents at least one of multiple varieties of I/O interconnects, including an on package I/O interconnect which facilitates communication between various processor components and a high-performance embedded memory module  1218 , such as an eDRAM module. In at least one embodiment, each of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N and graphics processor  1208  use embedded memory modules  1218  as a shared Last Level Cache. 
     In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N are homogenous cores executing a common instruction set architecture. In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N are heterogeneous in terms of instruction set architecture (ISA), where one or more of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N execute a common instruction set, while one or more other cores of processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N executes a subset of a common instruction set or a different instruction set. In at least one embodiment, processor cores  1202 A- 1202 N are heterogeneous in terms of microarchitecture, where one or more cores having a relatively higher power consumption couple with one or more power cores having a lower power consumption. In at least one embodiment, processor  1200  can be implemented on one or more chips or as an SoC integrated circuit. 
     Inference and/or training logic  715  are used to perform inferencing and/or training operations associated with one or more embodiments. Details regarding inference and/or training logic  715  are provided below in conjunction with  FIGS.  7   a    and/or  7   b . In at least one embodiment portions or all of inference and/or training logic  715  may be incorporated into processor  1200 . For example, in at least one embodiment, training and/or inferencing techniques described herein may use one or more of ALUs embodied in graphics processor  1512 , graphics core(s)  1202 A- 1202 N, or other components in  FIG.  12   . Moreover, in at least one embodiment, inferencing and/or training operations described herein may be done using logic other than logic illustrated in  FIG.  7 A or  7 B . In at least one embodiment, weight parameters may be stored in on-chip or off-chip memory and/or registers (shown or not shown) that configure ALUs of graphics processor  1200  to perform one or more machine learning algorithms, neural network architectures, use cases, or training techniques described herein. 
     Such components can be used to render images using ray tracing-based importance sampling, which can be accelerated through hardware. 
     Virtualized Computing Platform 
       FIG.  13    is an example data flow diagram for a process  1300  of generating and deploying an image processing and inferencing pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, process  1300  may be deployed for use with imaging devices, processing devices, and/or other device types at one or more facilities  1302 . Process  1300  may be executed within a training system  1304  and/or a deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  may be used to perform training, deployment, and implementation of machine learning models (e.g., neural networks, object detection algorithms, computer vision algorithms, etc.) for use in deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may be configured to offload processing and compute resources among a distributed computing environment to reduce infrastructure requirements at facility  1302 . In at least one embodiment, one or more applications in a pipeline may use or call upon services (e.g., inference, visualization, compute, AI, etc.) of deployment system  1306  during execution of applications. 
     In at least one embodiment, some of applications used in advanced processing and inferencing pipelines may use machine learning models or other AI to perform one or more processing steps. In at least one embodiment, machine learning models may be trained at facility  1302  using data  1308  (such as imaging data) generated at facility  1302  (and stored on one or more picture archiving and communication system (PACS) servers at facility  1302 ), may be trained using imaging or sequencing data  1308  from another facility(ies), or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  may be used to provide applications, services, and/or other resources for generating working, deployable machine learning models for deployment system  1306 . 
     In at least one embodiment, model registry  1324  may be backed by object storage that may support versioning and object metadata. In at least one embodiment, object storage may be accessible through, for example, a cloud storage (e.g., cloud  1426  of  FIG.  14   ) compatible application programming interface (API) from within a cloud platform. In at least one embodiment, machine learning models within model registry  1324  may uploaded, listed, modified, or deleted by developers or partners of a system interacting with an API. In at least one embodiment, an API may provide access to methods that allow users with appropriate credentials to associate models with applications, such that models may be executed as part of execution of containerized instantiations of applications. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  ( FIG.  14   ) may include a scenario where facility  1302  is training their own machine learning model, or has an existing machine learning model that needs to be optimized or updated. In at least one embodiment, imaging data  1308  generated by imaging device(s), sequencing devices, and/or other device types may be received. In at least one embodiment, once imaging data  1308  is received, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may be used to aid in generating annotations corresponding to imaging data  1308  to be used as ground truth data for a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may include one or more machine learning models (e.g., convolutional neural networks (CNNs)) that may be trained to generate annotations corresponding to certain types of imaging data  1308  (e.g., from certain devices). In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotations  1310  may then be used directly, or may be adjusted or fine-tuned using an annotation tool to generate ground truth data. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotations  1310 , labeled clinic data  1312 , or a combination thereof may be used as ground truth data for training a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, a trained machine learning model may be referred to as output model  1316 , and may be used by deployment system  1306 , as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  ( FIG.  14   ) may include a scenario where facility  1302  needs a machine learning model for use in performing one or more processing tasks for one or more applications in deployment system  1306 , but facility  1302  may not currently have such a machine learning model (or may not have a model that is optimized, efficient, or effective for such purposes). In at least one embodiment, an existing machine learning model may be selected from a model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, model registry  1324  may include machine learning models trained to perform a variety of different inference tasks on imaging data. In at least one embodiment, machine learning models in model registry  1324  may have been trained on imaging data from different facilities than facility  1302  (e.g., facilities remotely located). In at least one embodiment, machine learning models may have been trained on imaging data from one location, two locations, or any number of locations. In at least one embodiment, when being trained on imaging data from a specific location, training may take place at that location, or at least in a manner that protects confidentiality of imaging data or restricts imaging data from being transferred off-premises. In at least one embodiment, once a model is trained—or partially trained—at one location, a machine learning model may be added to model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a machine learning model may then be retrained, or updated, at any number of other facilities, and a retrained or updated model may be made available in model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a machine learning model may then be selected from model registry  1324 —and referred to as output model  1316 —and may be used in deployment system  1306  to perform one or more processing tasks for one or more applications of a deployment system. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  ( FIG.  14   ), a scenario may include facility  1302  requiring a machine learning model for use in performing one or more processing tasks for one or more applications in deployment system  1306 , but facility  1302  may not currently have such a machine learning model (or may not have a model that is optimized, efficient, or effective for such purposes). In at least one embodiment, a machine learning model selected from model registry  1324  may not be fine-tuned or optimized for imaging data  1308  generated at facility  1302  because of differences in populations, robustness of training data used to train a machine learning model, diversity in anomalies of training data, and/or other issues with training data. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may be used to aid in generating annotations corresponding to imaging data  1308  to be used as ground truth data for retraining or updating a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, labeled data  1312  may be used as ground truth data for training a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, retraining or updating a machine learning model may be referred to as model training  1314 . In at least one embodiment, model training  1314 —e.g., AI-assisted annotations  1310 , labeled clinic data  1312 , or a combination thereof—may be used as ground truth data for retraining or updating a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, a trained machine learning model may be referred to as output model  1316 , and may be used by deployment system  1306 , as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may include software  1318 , services  1320 , hardware  1322 , and/or other components, features, and functionality. In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may include a software “stack,” such that software  1318  may be built on top of services  1320  and may use services  1320  to perform some or all of processing tasks, and services  1320  and software  1318  may be built on top of hardware  1322  and use hardware  1322  to execute processing, storage, and/or other compute tasks of deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, software  1318  may include any number of different containers, where each container may execute an instantiation of an application. In at least one embodiment, each application may perform one or more processing tasks in an advanced processing and inferencing pipeline (e.g., inferencing, object detection, feature detection, segmentation, image enhancement, calibration, etc.). In at least one embodiment, an advanced processing and inferencing pipeline may be defined based on selections of different containers that are desired or required for processing imaging data  1308 , in addition to containers that receive and configure imaging data for use by each container and/or for use by facility  1302  after processing through a pipeline (e.g., to convert outputs back to a usable data type). In at least one embodiment, a combination of containers within software  1318  (e.g., that make up a pipeline) may be referred to as a virtual instrument (as described in more detail herein), and a virtual instrument may leverage services  1320  and hardware  1322  to execute some or all processing tasks of applications instantiated in containers. 
     In at least one embodiment, a data processing pipeline may receive input data (e.g., imaging data  1308 ) in a specific format in response to an inference request (e.g., a request from a user of deployment system  1306 ). In at least one embodiment, input data may be representative of one or more images, video, and/or other data representations generated by one or more imaging devices. In at least one embodiment, data may undergo pre-processing as part of data processing pipeline to prepare data for processing by one or more applications. In at least one embodiment, post-processing may be performed on an output of one or more inferencing tasks or other processing tasks of a pipeline to prepare an output data for a next application and/or to prepare output data for transmission and/or use by a user (e.g., as a response to an inference request). In at least one embodiment, inferencing tasks may be performed by one or more machine learning models, such as trained or deployed neural networks, which may include output models  1316  of training system  1304 . 
     In at least one embodiment, tasks of data processing pipeline may be encapsulated in a container(s) that each represents a discrete, fully functional instantiation of an application and virtualized computing environment that is able to reference machine learning models. In at least one embodiment, containers or applications may be published into a private (e.g., limited access) area of a container registry (described in more detail herein), and trained or deployed models may be stored in model registry  1324  and associated with one or more applications. In at least one embodiment, images of applications (e.g., container images) may be available in a container registry, and once selected by a user from a container registry for deployment in a pipeline, an image may be used to generate a container for an instantiation of an application for use by a user&#39;s system. 
     In at least one embodiment, developers (e.g., software developers, clinicians, doctors, etc.) may develop, publish, and store applications (e.g., as containers) for performing image processing and/or inferencing on supplied data. In at least one embodiment, development, publishing, and/or storing may be performed using a software development kit (SDK) associated with a system (e.g., to ensure that an application and/or container developed is compliant with or compatible with a system). In at least one embodiment, an application that is developed may be tested locally (e.g., at a first facility, on data from a first facility) with an SDK which may support at least some of services  1320  as a system (e.g., system  1400  of  FIG.  14   ). In at least one embodiment, because DICOM objects may contain anywhere from one to hundreds of images or other data types, and due to a variation in data, a developer may be responsible for managing (e.g., setting constructs for, building pre-processing into an application, etc.) extraction and preparation of incoming data. In at least one embodiment, once validated by system  1400  (e.g., for accuracy), an application may be available in a container registry for selection and/or implementation by a user to perform one or more processing tasks with respect to data at a facility (e.g., a second facility) of a user. 
     In at least one embodiment, developers may then share applications or containers through a network for access and use by users of a system (e.g., system  1400  of  FIG.  14   ). In at least one embodiment, completed and validated applications or containers may be stored in a container registry and associated machine learning models may be stored in model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a requesting entity—who provides an inference or image processing request—may browse a container registry and/or model registry  1324  for an application, container, dataset, machine learning model, etc., select a desired combination of elements for inclusion in data processing pipeline, and submit an imaging processing request. In at least one embodiment, a request may include input data (and associated patient data, in some examples) that is necessary to perform a request, and/or may include a selection of application(s) and/or machine learning models to be executed in processing a request. In at least one embodiment, a request may then be passed to one or more components of deployment system  1306  (e.g., a cloud) to perform processing of data processing pipeline. In at least one embodiment, processing by deployment system  1306  may include referencing selected elements (e.g., applications, containers, models, etc.) from a container registry and/or model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, once results are generated by a pipeline, results may be returned to a user for reference (e.g., for viewing in a viewing application suite executing on a local, on-premises workstation or terminal). 
     In at least one embodiment, to aid in processing or execution of applications or containers in pipelines, services  1320  may be leveraged. In at least one embodiment, services  1320  may include compute services, artificial intelligence (AI) services, visualization services, and/or other service types. In at least one embodiment, services  1320  may provide functionality that is common to one or more applications in software  1318 , so functionality may be abstracted to a service that may be called upon or leveraged by applications. In at least one embodiment, functionality provided by services  1320  may run dynamically and more efficiently, while also scaling well by allowing applications to process data in parallel (e.g., using a parallel computing platform  1430  ( FIG.  14   )). In at least one embodiment, rather than each application that shares a same functionality offered by a service  1320  being required to have a respective instance of service  1320 , service  1320  may be shared between and among various applications. In at least one embodiment, services may include an inference server or engine that may be used for executing detection or segmentation tasks, as non-limiting examples. In at least one embodiment, a model training service may be included that may provide machine learning model training and/or retraining capabilities. In at least one embodiment, a data augmentation service may further be included that may provide GPU accelerated data (e.g., DICOM, RIS, CIS, REST compliant, RPC, raw, etc.) extraction, resizing, scaling, and/or other augmentation. In at least one embodiment, a visualization service may be used that may add image rendering effects—such as ray-tracing, rasterization, denoising, sharpening, etc.—to add realism to two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) models. In at least one embodiment, virtual instrument services may be included that provide for beam-forming, segmentation, inferencing, imaging, and/or support for other applications within pipelines of virtual instruments. 
     In at least one embodiment, where a service  1320  includes an AI service (e.g., an inference service), one or more machine learning models may be executed by calling upon (e.g., as an API call) an inference service (e.g., an inference server) to execute machine learning model(s), or processing thereof, as part of application execution. In at least one embodiment, where another application includes one or more machine learning models for segmentation tasks, an application may call upon an inference service to execute machine learning models for performing one or more of processing operations associated with segmentation tasks. In at least one embodiment, software  1318  implementing advanced processing and inferencing pipeline that includes segmentation application and anomaly detection application may be streamlined because each application may call upon a same inference service to perform one or more inferencing tasks. 
     In at least one embodiment, hardware  1322  may include GPUs, CPUs, graphics cards, an AI/deep learning system (e.g., an AI supercomputer, such as NVIDIA&#39;s DGX), a cloud platform, or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, different types of hardware  1322  may be used to provide efficient, purpose-built support for software  1318  and services  1320  in deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, use of GPU processing may be implemented for processing locally (e.g., at facility  1302 ), within an AI/deep learning system, in a cloud system, and/or in other processing components of deployment system  1306  to improve efficiency, accuracy, and efficacy of image processing and generation. In at least one embodiment, software  1318  and/or services  1320  may be optimized for GPU processing with respect to deep learning, machine learning, and/or high-performance computing, as non-limiting examples. In at least one embodiment, at least some of computing environment of deployment system  1306  and/or training system  1304  may be executed in a datacenter one or more supercomputers or high performance computing systems, with GPU optimized software (e.g., hardware and software combination of NVIDIA&#39;s DGX System). In at least one embodiment, hardware  1322  may include any number of GPUs that may be called upon to perform processing of data in parallel, as described herein. In at least one embodiment, cloud platform may further include GPU processing for GPU-optimized execution of deep learning tasks, machine learning tasks, or other computing tasks. In at least one embodiment, cloud platform (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s NGC) may be executed using an AI/deep learning supercomputer(s) and/or GPU-optimized software (e.g., as provided on NVIDIA&#39;s DGX Systems) as a hardware abstraction and scaling platform. In at least one embodiment, cloud platform may integrate an application container clustering system or orchestration system (e.g., KUBERNETES) on multiple GPUs to enable seamless scaling and load balancing. 
       FIG.  14    is a system diagram for an example system  1400  for generating and deploying an imaging deployment pipeline, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be used to implement process  1300  of  FIG.  13    and/or other processes including advanced processing and inferencing pipelines. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may include training system  1304  and deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  and deployment system  1306  may be implemented using software  1318 , services  1320 , and/or hardware  1322 , as described herein. 
     In at least one embodiment, system  1400  (e.g., training system  1304  and/or deployment system  1306 ) may implemented in a cloud computing environment (e.g., using cloud  1426 ). In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be implemented locally with respect to a healthcare services facility, or as a combination of both cloud and local computing resources. In at least one embodiment, access to APIs in cloud  1426  may be restricted to authorized users through enacted security measures or protocols. In at least one embodiment, a security protocol may include web tokens that may be signed by an authentication (e.g., AuthN, AuthZ, Gluecon, etc.) service and may carry appropriate authorization. In at least one embodiment, APIs of virtual instruments (described herein), or other instantiations of system  1400 , may be restricted to a set of public IPs that have been vetted or authorized for interaction. 
     In at least one embodiment, various components of system  1400  may communicate between and among one another using any of a variety of different network types, including but not limited to local area networks (LANs) and/or wide area networks (WANs) via wired and/or wireless communication protocols. In at least one embodiment, communication between facilities and components of system  1400  (e.g., for transmitting inference requests, for receiving results of inference requests, etc.) may be communicated over data bus(ses), wireless data protocols (Wi-Fi), wired data protocols (e.g., Ethernet), etc. 
     In at least one embodiment, training system  1304  may execute training pipelines  1404 , similar to those described herein with respect to  FIG.  13   . In at least one embodiment, where one or more machine learning models are to be used in deployment pipelines  1410  by deployment system  1306 , training pipelines  1404  may be used to train or retrain one or more (e.g. pre-trained) models, and/or implement one or more of pre-trained models  1406  (e.g., without a need for retraining or updating). In at least one embodiment, as a result of training pipelines  1404 , output model(s)  1316  may be generated. In at least one embodiment, training pipelines  1404  may include any number of processing steps, such as but not limited to imaging data (or other input data) conversion or adaption In at least one embodiment, for different machine learning models used by deployment system  1306 , different training pipelines  1404  may be used. In at least one embodiment, training pipeline  1404  similar to a first example described with respect to  FIG.  13    may be used for a first machine learning model, training pipeline  1404  similar to a second example described with respect to  FIG.  13    may be used for a second machine learning model, and training pipeline  1404  similar to a third example described with respect to  FIG.  13    may be used for a third machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, any combination of tasks within training system  1304  may be used depending on what is required for each respective machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, one or more of machine learning models may already be trained and ready for deployment so machine learning models may not undergo any processing by training system  1304 , and may be implemented by deployment system  1306 . 
     In at least one embodiment, output model(s)  1316  and/or pre-trained model(s)  1406  may include any types of machine learning models depending on implementation or embodiment. In at least one embodiment, and without limitation, machine learning models used by system  1400  may include machine learning model(s) using linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, support vector machines (SVM), Naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbor (Knn), K means clustering, random forest, dimensionality reduction algorithms, gradient boosting algorithms, neural networks (e.g., auto-encoders, convolutional, recurrent, perceptrons, Long/Short Term Memory (LSTM), Hopfield, Boltzmann, deep belief, deconvolutional, generative adversarial, liquid state machine, etc.), and/or other types of machine learning models. 
     In at least one embodiment, training pipelines  1404  may include AI-assisted annotation, as described in more detail herein with respect to at least  FIG.  15 B . In at least one embodiment, labeled data  1312  (e.g., traditional annotation) may be generated by any number of techniques. In at least one embodiment, labels or other annotations may be generated within a drawing program (e.g., an annotation program), a computer aided design (CAD) program, a labeling program, another type of program suitable for generating annotations or labels for ground truth, and/or may be hand drawn, in some examples. In at least one embodiment, ground truth data may be synthetically produced (e.g., generated from computer models or renderings), real produced (e.g., designed and produced from real-world data), machine-automated (e.g., using feature analysis and learning to extract features from data and then generate labels), human annotated (e.g., labeler, or annotation expert, defines location of labels), and/or a combination thereof. In at least one embodiment, for each instance of imaging data  1308  (or other data type used by machine learning models), there may be corresponding ground truth data generated by training system  1304 . In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation may be performed as part of deployment pipelines  1410 ; either in addition to, or in lieu of AI-assisted annotation included in training pipelines  1404 . In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may include a multi-layer platform that may include a software layer (e.g., software  1318 ) of diagnostic applications (or other application types) that may perform one or more medical imaging and diagnostic functions. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be communicatively coupled to (e.g., via encrypted links) PACS server networks of one or more facilities. In at least one embodiment, system  1400  may be configured to access and referenced data from PACS servers to perform operations, such as training machine learning models, deploying machine learning models, image processing, inferencing, and/or other operations. 
     In at least one embodiment, a software layer may be implemented as a secure, encrypted, and/or authenticated API through which applications or containers may be invoked (e.g., called) from an external environment(s) (e.g., facility  1302 ). In at least one embodiment, applications may then call or execute one or more services  1320  for performing compute, AI, or visualization tasks associated with respective applications, and software  1318  and/or services  1320  may leverage hardware  1322  to perform processing tasks in an effective and efficient manner. 
     In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may execute deployment pipelines  1410 . In at least one embodiment, deployment pipelines  1410  may include any number of applications that may be sequentially, non-sequentially, or otherwise applied to imaging data (and/or other data types) generated by imaging devices, sequencing devices, genomics devices, etc.—including AI-assisted annotation, as described above. In at least one embodiment, as described herein, a deployment pipeline  1410  for an individual device may be referred to as a virtual instrument for a device (e.g., a virtual ultrasound instrument, a virtual CT scan instrument, a virtual sequencing instrument, etc.). In at least one embodiment, for a single device, there may be more than one deployment pipeline  1410  depending on information desired from data generated by a device. In at least one embodiment, where detections of anomalies are desired from an Mill machine, there may be a first deployment pipeline  1410 , and where image enhancement is desired from output of an Mill machine, there may be a second deployment pipeline  1410 . 
     In at least one embodiment, an image generation application may include a processing task that includes use of a machine learning model. In at least one embodiment, a user may desire to use their own machine learning model, or to select a machine learning model from model registry  1324 . In at least one embodiment, a user may implement their own machine learning model or select a machine learning model for inclusion in an application for performing a processing task. In at least one embodiment, applications may be selectable and customizable, and by defining constructs of applications, deployment and implementation of applications for a particular user are presented as a more seamless user experience. In at least one embodiment, by leveraging other features of system  1400 —such as services  1320  and hardware  1322 —deployment pipelines  1410  may be even more user friendly, provide for easier integration, and produce more accurate, efficient, and timely results. 
     In at least one embodiment, deployment system  1306  may include a user interface  1414  (e.g., a graphical user interface, a web interface, etc.) that may be used to select applications for inclusion in deployment pipeline(s)  1410 , arrange applications, modify or change applications or parameters or constructs thereof, use and interact with deployment pipeline(s)  1410  during set-up and/or deployment, and/or to otherwise interact with deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, although not illustrated with respect to training system  1304 , user interface  1414  (or a different user interface) may be used for selecting models for use in deployment system  1306 , for selecting models for training, or retraining, in training system  1304 , and/or for otherwise interacting with training system  1304 . 
     In at least one embodiment, pipeline manager  1412  may be used, in addition to an application orchestration system  1428 , to manage interaction between applications or containers of deployment pipeline(s)  1410  and services  1320  and/or hardware  1322 . In at least one embodiment, pipeline manager  1412  may be configured to facilitate interactions from application to application, from application to service  1320 , and/or from application or service to hardware  1322 . In at least one embodiment, although illustrated as included in software  1318 , this is not intended to be limiting, and in some examples (e.g., as illustrated in  FIG.  12     cc ) pipeline manager  1412  may be included in services  1320 . In at least one embodiment, application orchestration system  1428  (e.g., Kubernetes, DOCKER, etc.) may include a container orchestration system that may group applications into containers as logical units for coordination, management, scaling, and deployment. In at least one embodiment, by associating applications from deployment pipeline(s)  1410  (e.g., a reconstruction application, a segmentation application, etc.) with individual containers, each application may execute in a self-contained environment (e.g., at a kernel level) to increase speed and efficiency. 
     In at least one embodiment, each application and/or container (or image thereof) may be individually developed, modified, and deployed (e.g., a first user or developer may develop, modify, and deploy a first application and a second user or developer may develop, modify, and deploy a second application separate from a first user or developer), which may allow for focus on, and attention to, a task of a single application and/or container(s) without being hindered by tasks of another application(s) or container(s). In at least one embodiment, communication, and cooperation between different containers or applications may be aided by pipeline manager  1412  and application orchestration system  1428 . In at least one embodiment, so long as an expected input and/or output of each container or application is known by a system (e.g., based on constructs of applications or containers), application orchestration system  1428  and/or pipeline manager  1412  may facilitate communication among and between, and sharing of resources among and between, each of applications or containers. In at least one embodiment, because one or more of applications or containers in deployment pipeline(s)  1410  may share same services and resources, application orchestration system  1428  may orchestrate, load balance, and determine sharing of services or resources between and among various applications or containers. In at least one embodiment, a scheduler may be used to track resource requirements of applications or containers, current usage or planned usage of these resources, and resource availability. In at least one embodiment, a scheduler may thus allocate resources to different applications and distribute resources between and among applications in view of requirements and availability of a system. In some examples, a scheduler (and/or other component of application orchestration system  1428 ) may determine resource availability and distribution based on constraints imposed on a system (e.g., user constraints), such as quality of service (QoS), urgency of need for data outputs (e.g., to determine whether to execute real-time processing or delayed processing), etc. 
     In at least one embodiment, services  1320  leveraged by and shared by applications or containers in deployment system  1306  may include compute services  1416 , AI services  1418 , visualization services  1420 , and/or other service types. In at least one embodiment, applications may call (e.g., execute) one or more of services  1320  to perform processing operations for an application. In at least one embodiment, compute services  1416  may be leveraged by applications to perform super-computing or other high-performance computing (HPC) tasks. In at least one embodiment, compute service(s)  1416  may be leveraged to perform parallel processing (e.g., using a parallel computing platform  1430 ) for processing data through one or more of applications and/or one or more tasks of a single application, substantially simultaneously. In at least one embodiment, parallel computing platform  1430  (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s CUDA) may enable general purpose computing on GPUs (GPGPU) (e.g., GPUs  1422 ). In at least one embodiment, a software layer of parallel computing platform  1430  may provide access to virtual instruction sets and parallel computational elements of GPUs, for execution of compute kernels. In at least one embodiment, parallel computing platform  1430  may include memory and, in some embodiments, a memory may be shared between and among multiple containers, and/or between and among different processing tasks within a single container. In at least one embodiment, inter-process communication (IPC) calls may be generated for multiple containers and/or for multiple processes within a container to use same data from a shared segment of memory of parallel computing platform  1430  (e.g., where multiple different stages of an application or multiple applications are processing same information). In at least one embodiment, rather than making a copy of data and moving data to different locations in memory (e.g., a read/write operation), same data in same location of a memory may be used for any number of processing tasks (e.g., at a same time, at different times, etc.). In at least one embodiment, as data is used to generate new data as a result of processing, this information of a new location of data may be stored and shared between various applications. In at least one embodiment, location of data and a location of updated or modified data may be part of a definition of how a payload is understood within containers. 
     In at least one embodiment, AI services  1418  may be leveraged to perform inferencing services for executing machine learning model(s) associated with applications (e.g., tasked with performing one or more processing tasks of an application). In at least one embodiment, AI services  1418  may leverage AI system  1424  to execute machine learning model(s) (e.g., neural networks, such as CNNs) for segmentation, reconstruction, object detection, feature detection, classification, and/or other inferencing tasks. In at least one embodiment, applications of deployment pipeline(s)  1410  may use one or more of output models  1316  from training system  1304  and/or other models of applications to perform inference on imaging data. In at least one embodiment, two or more examples of inferencing using application orchestration system  1428  (e.g., a scheduler) may be available. In at least one embodiment, a first category may include a high priority/low latency path that may achieve higher service level agreements, such as for performing inference on urgent requests during an emergency, or for a radiologist during diagnosis. In at least one embodiment, a second category may include a standard priority path that may be used for requests that may be non-urgent or where analysis may be performed at a later time. In at least one embodiment, application orchestration system  1428  may distribute resources (e.g., services  1320  and/or hardware  1322 ) based on priority paths for different inferencing tasks of AI services  1418 . 
     In at least one embodiment, shared storage may be mounted to AI services  1418  within system  1400 . In at least one embodiment, shared storage may operate as a cache (or other storage device type) and may be used to process inference requests from applications. In at least one embodiment, when an inference request is submitted, a request may be received by a set of API instances of deployment system  1306 , and one or more instances may be selected (e.g., for best fit, for load balancing, etc.) to process a request. In at least one embodiment, to process a request, a request may be entered into a database, a machine learning model may be located from model registry  1324  if not already in a cache, a validation step may ensure appropriate machine learning model is loaded into a cache (e.g., shared storage), and/or a copy of a model may be saved to a cache. In at least one embodiment, a scheduler (e.g., of pipeline manager  1412 ) may be used to launch an application that is referenced in a request if an application is not already running or if there are not enough instances of an application. In at least one embodiment, if an inference server is not already launched to execute a model, an inference server may be launched. Any number of inference servers may be launched per model. In at least one embodiment, in a pull model, in which inference servers are clustered, models may be cached whenever load balancing is advantageous. In at least one embodiment, inference servers may be statically loaded in corresponding, distributed servers. 
     In at least one embodiment, inferencing may be performed using an inference server that runs in a container. In at least one embodiment, an instance of an inference server may be associated with a model (and optionally a plurality of versions of a model). In at least one embodiment, if an instance of an inference server does not exist when a request to perform inference on a model is received, a new instance may be loaded. In at least one embodiment, when starting an inference server, a model may be passed to an inference server such that a same container may be used to serve different models so long as inference server is running as a different instance. 
     In at least one embodiment, during application execution, an inference request for a given application may be received, and a container (e.g., hosting an instance of an inference server) may be loaded (if not already), and a start procedure may be called. In at least one embodiment, pre-processing logic in a container may load, decode, and/or perform any additional pre-processing on incoming data (e.g., using a CPU(s) and/or GPU(s)). In at least one embodiment, once data is prepared for inference, a container may perform inference as necessary on data. In at least one embodiment, this may include a single inference call on one image (e.g., a hand X-ray), or may require inference on hundreds of images (e.g., a chest CT). In at least one embodiment, an application may summarize results before completing, which may include, without limitation, a single confidence score, pixel level-segmentation, voxel-level segmentation, generating a visualization, or generating text to summarize findings. In at least one embodiment, different models or applications may be assigned different priorities. For example, some models may have a real-time (TAT&lt;1 min) priority while others may have lower priority (e.g., TAT&lt;10 min). In at least one embodiment, model execution times may be measured from requesting institution or entity and may include partner network traversal time, as well as execution on an inference service. 
     In at least one embodiment, transfer of requests between services  1320  and inference applications may be hidden behind a software development kit (SDK), and robust transport may be provide through a queue. In at least one embodiment, a request will be placed in a queue via an API for an individual application/tenant ID combination and an SDK will pull a request from a queue and give a request to an application. In at least one embodiment, a name of a queue may be provided in an environment from where an SDK will pick it up. In at least one embodiment, asynchronous communication through a queue may be useful as it may allow any instance of an application to pick up work as it becomes available. Results may be transferred back through a queue, to ensure no data is lost. In at least one embodiment, queues may also provide an ability to segment work, as highest priority work may go to a queue with most instances of an application connected to it, while lowest priority work may go to a queue with a single instance connected to it that processes tasks in an order received. In at least one embodiment, an application may run on a GPU-accelerated instance generated in cloud  1426 , and an inference service may perform inferencing on a GPU. 
     In at least one embodiment, visualization services  1420  may be leveraged to generate visualizations for viewing outputs of applications and/or deployment pipeline(s)  1410 . In at least one embodiment, GPUs  1422  may be leveraged by visualization services  1420  to generate visualizations. In at least one embodiment, rendering effects, such as ray-tracing, may be implemented by visualization services  1420  to generate higher quality visualizations. In at least one embodiment, visualizations may include, without limitation, 2D image renderings, 3D volume renderings, 3D volume reconstruction, 2D tomographic slices, virtual reality displays, augmented reality displays, etc. In at least one embodiment, virtualized environments may be used to generate a virtual interactive display or environment (e.g., a virtual environment) for interaction by users of a system (e.g., doctors, nurses, radiologists, etc.). In at least one embodiment, visualization services  1420  may include an internal visualizer, cinematics, and/or other rendering or image processing capabilities or functionality (e.g., ray tracing, rasterization, internal optics, etc.). 
     In at least one embodiment, hardware  1322  may include GPUs  1422 , AI system  1424 , cloud  1426 , and/or any other hardware used for executing training system  1304  and/or deployment system  1306 . In at least one embodiment, GPUs  1422  (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s TESLA and/or QUADRO GPUs) may include any number of GPUs that may be used for executing processing tasks of compute services  1416 , AI services  1418 , visualization services  1420 , other services, and/or any of features or functionality of software  1318 . For example, with respect to AI services  1418 , GPUs  1422  may be used to perform pre-processing on imaging data (or other data types used by machine learning models), post-processing on outputs of machine learning models, and/or to perform inferencing (e.g., to execute machine learning models). In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426 , AI system  1424 , and/or other components of system  1400  may use GPUs  1422 . In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may include a GPU-optimized platform for deep learning tasks. In at least one embodiment, AI system  1424  may use GPUs, and cloud  1426 —or at least a portion tasked with deep learning or inferencing—may be executed using one or more AI systems  1424 . As such, although hardware  1322  is illustrated as discrete components, this is not intended to be limiting, and any components of hardware  1322  may be combined with, or leveraged by, any other components of hardware  1322 . 
     In at least one embodiment, AI system  1424  may include a purpose-built computing system (e.g., a super-computer or an HPC) configured for inferencing, deep learning, machine learning, and/or other artificial intelligence tasks. In at least one embodiment, AI system  1424  (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s DGX) may include GPU-optimized software (e.g., a software stack) that may be executed using a plurality of GPUs  1422 , in addition to CPUs, RAM, storage, and/or other components, features, or functionality. In at least one embodiment, one or more AI systems  1424  may be implemented in cloud  1426  (e.g., in a data center) for performing some or all of AI-based processing tasks of system  1400 . 
     In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may include a GPU-accelerated infrastructure (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s NGC) that may provide a GPU-optimized platform for executing processing tasks of system  1400 . In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may include an AI system(s)  1424  for performing one or more of AI-based tasks of system  1400  (e.g., as a hardware abstraction and scaling platform). In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may integrate with application orchestration system  1428  leveraging multiple GPUs to enable seamless scaling and load balancing between and among applications and services  1320 . In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may tasked with executing at least some of services  1320  of system  1400 , including compute services  1416 , AI services  1418 , and/or visualization services  1420 , as described herein. In at least one embodiment, cloud  1426  may perform small and large batch inference (e.g., executing NVIDIA&#39;s TENSOR RT), provide an accelerated parallel computing API and platform  1430  (e.g., NVIDIA&#39;s CUDA), execute application orchestration system  1428  (e.g., KUBERNETES), provide a graphics rendering API and platform (e.g., for ray-tracing, 2D graphics, 3D graphics, and/or other rendering techniques to produce higher quality cinematics), and/or may provide other functionality for system  1400 . 
       FIG.  15 A  illustrates a data flow diagram for a process  1500  to train, retrain, or update a machine learning model, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, process  1500  may be executed using, as a non-limiting example, system  1400  of  FIG.  14   . In at least one embodiment, process  1500  may leverage services  1320  and/or hardware  1322  of system  1400 , as described herein. In at least one embodiment, refined models  1512  generated by process  1500  may be executed by deployment system  1306  for one or more containerized applications in deployment pipelines  1410 . 
     In at least one embodiment, model training  1314  may include retraining or updating an initial model  1504  (e.g., a pre-trained model) using new training data (e.g., new input data, such as customer dataset  1506 , and/or new ground truth data associated with input data). In at least one embodiment, to retrain, or update, initial model  1504 , output or loss layer(s) of initial model  1504  may be reset, or deleted, and/or replaced with an updated or new output or loss layer(s). In at least one embodiment, initial model  1504  may have previously fine-tuned parameters (e.g., weights and/or biases) that remain from prior training, so training or retraining  1314  may not take as long or require as much processing as training a model from scratch. In at least one embodiment, during model training  1314 , by having reset or replaced output or loss layer(s) of initial model  1504 , parameters may be updated and re-tuned for a new data set based on loss calculations associated with accuracy of output or loss layer(s) at generating predictions on new, customer dataset  1506  (e.g., image data  1308  of  FIG.  13   ). 
     In at least one embodiment, pre-trained models  1406  may be stored in a data store, or registry (e.g., model registry  1324  of  FIG.  13   ). In at least one embodiment, pre-trained models  1406  may have been trained, at least in part, at one or more facilities other than a facility executing process  1500 . In at least one embodiment, to protect privacy and rights of patients, subjects, or clients of different facilities, pre-trained models  1406  may have been trained, on-premise, using customer or patient data generated on-premise. In at least one embodiment, pre-trained models  1406  may be trained using cloud  1426  and/or other hardware  1322 , but confidential, privacy protected patient data may not be transferred to, used by, or accessible to any components of cloud  1426  (or other off premise hardware). In at least one embodiment, where a pre-trained model  1406  is trained at using patient data from more than one facility, pre-trained model  1406  may have been individually trained for each facility prior to being trained on patient or customer data from another facility. In at least one embodiment, such as where a customer or patient data has been released of privacy concerns (e.g., by waiver, for experimental use, etc.), or where a customer or patient data is included in a public data set, a customer or patient data from any number of facilities may be used to train pre-trained model  1406  on-premise and/or off premise, such as in a datacenter or other cloud computing infrastructure. 
     In at least one embodiment, when selecting applications for use in deployment pipelines  1410 , a user may also select machine learning models to be used for specific applications. In at least one embodiment, a user may not have a model for use, so a user may select a pre-trained model  1406  to use with an application. In at least one embodiment, pre-trained model  1406  may not be optimized for generating accurate results on customer dataset  1506  of a facility of a user (e.g., based on patient diversity, demographics, types of medical imaging devices used, etc.). In at least one embodiment, prior to deploying pre-trained model  1406  into deployment pipeline  1410  for use with an application(s), pre-trained model  1406  may be updated, retrained, and/or fine-tuned for use at a respective facility. 
     In at least one embodiment, a user may select pre-trained model  1406  that is to be updated, retrained, and/or fine-tuned, and pre-trained model  1406  may be referred to as initial model  1504  for training system  1304  within process  1500 . In at least one embodiment, customer dataset  1506  (e.g., imaging data, genomics data, sequencing data, or other data types generated by devices at a facility) may be used to perform model training  1314  (which may include, without limitation, transfer learning) on initial model  1504  to generate refined model  1512 . In at least one embodiment, ground truth data corresponding to customer dataset  1506  may be generated by training system  1304 . In at least one embodiment, ground truth data may be generated, at least in part, by clinicians, scientists, doctors, practitioners, at a facility (e.g., as labeled clinic data  1312  of  FIG.  13   ). 
     In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  may be used in some examples to generate ground truth data. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation  1310  (e.g., implemented using an AI-assisted annotation SDK) may leverage machine learning models (e.g., neural networks) to generate suggested or predicted ground truth data for a customer dataset. In at least one embodiment, user  1510  may use annotation tools within a user interface (a graphical user interface (GUI)) on computing device  1508 . 
     In at least one embodiment, user  1510  may interact with a GUI via computing device  1508  to edit or fine-tune (auto)annotations. In at least one embodiment, a polygon editing feature may be used to move vertices of a polygon to more accurate or fine-tuned locations. 
     In at least one embodiment, once customer dataset  1506  has associated ground truth data, ground truth data (e.g., from AI-assisted annotation, manual labeling, etc.) may be used by during model training  1314  to generate refined model  1512 . In at least one embodiment, customer dataset  1506  may be applied to initial model  1504  any number of times, and ground truth data may be used to update parameters of initial model  1504  until an acceptable level of accuracy is attained for refined model  1512 . In at least one embodiment, once refined model  1512  is generated, refined model  1512  may be deployed within one or more deployment pipelines  1410  at a facility for performing one or more processing tasks with respect to medical imaging data. 
     In at least one embodiment, refined model  1512  may be uploaded to pre-trained models  1406  in model registry  1324  to be selected by another facility. In at least one embodiment, his process may be completed at any number of facilities such that refined model  1512  may be further refined on new datasets any number of times to generate a more universal model. 
       FIG.  15 B  is an example illustration of a client-server architecture  1532  to enhance annotation tools with pre-trained annotation models, in accordance with at least one embodiment. In at least one embodiment, AI-assisted annotation tools  1536  may be instantiated based on a client-server architecture  1532 . In at least one embodiment, annotation tools  1536  in imaging applications may aid radiologists, for example, identify organs and abnormalities. In at least one embodiment, imaging applications may include software tools that help user  1510  to identify, as a non-limiting example, a few extreme points on a particular organ of interest in raw images  1534  (e.g., in a 3D MRI or CT scan) and receive auto-annotated results for all 2D slices of a particular organ. In at least one embodiment, results may be stored in a data store as training data  1538  and used as (for example and without limitation) ground truth data for training. In at least one embodiment, when computing device  1508  sends extreme points for AI-assisted annotation  1310 , a deep learning model, for example, may receive this data as input and return inference results of a segmented organ or abnormality. In at least one embodiment, pre-instantiated annotation tools, such as AI-Assisted Annotation Tool  1536 B in  FIG.  15 B , may be enhanced by making API calls (e.g., API Call  1544 ) to a server, such as an Annotation Assistant Server  1540  that may include a set of pre-trained models  1542  stored in an annotation model registry, for example. In at least one embodiment, an annotation model registry may store pre-trained models  1542  (e.g., machine learning models, such as deep learning models) that are pre-trained to perform AI-assisted annotation on a particular organ or abnormality. These models may be further updated by using training pipelines  1404 . In at least one embodiment, pre-installed annotation tools may be improved over time as new labeled clinic data  1312  is added. 
     Such components can be used to render images using ray tracing-based importance sampling, which can be accelerated through hardware. 
     Other variations are within spirit of present disclosure. Thus, while disclosed techniques are susceptible to various modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof are shown in drawings and have been described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit disclosure to specific form or forms disclosed, but on contrary, intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within spirit and scope of disclosure, as defined in appended claims. 
     Use of terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in context of describing disclosed embodiments (especially in context of following claims) are to be construed to cover both singular and plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context, and not as a definition of a term. Terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Term “connected,” when unmodified and referring to physical connections, is to be construed as partly or wholly contained within, attached to, or joined together, even if there is something intervening. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within range, unless otherwise indicated herein and each separate value is incorporated into specification as if it were individually recited herein. Use of term “set” (e.g., “a set of items”) or “subset,” unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, is to be construed as a nonempty collection comprising one or more members. Further, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, term “subset” of a corresponding set does not necessarily denote a proper subset of corresponding set, but subset and corresponding set may be equal. 
     Conjunctive language, such as phrases of form “at least one of A, B, and C,” or “at least one of A, B and C,” unless specifically stated otherwise or otherwise clearly contradicted by context, is otherwise understood with context as used in general to present that an item, term, etc., may be either A or B or C, or any nonempty subset of set of A and B and C. For instance, in illustrative example of a set having three members, conjunctive phrases “at least one of A, B, and C” and “at least one of A, B and C” refer to any of following sets: {A}, {B}, {C}, {A, B}, {A, C}, {B, C}, {A, B, C}. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require at least one of A, at least one of B, and at least one of C each to be present. In addition, unless otherwise noted or contradicted by context, term “plurality” indicates a state of being plural (e.g., “a plurality of items” indicates multiple items). A plurality is at least two items, but can be more when so indicated either explicitly or by context. Further, unless stated otherwise or otherwise clear from context, phrase “based on” means “based at least in part on” and not “based solely on.” 
     Operations of processes described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. In at least one embodiment, a process such as those processes described herein (or variations and/or combinations thereof) is performed under control of one or more computer systems configured with executable instructions and is implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or more computer programs or one or more applications) executing collectively on one or more processors, by hardware or combinations thereof. In at least one embodiment, code is stored on a computer-readable storage medium, for example, in form of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructions executable by one or more processors. In at least one embodiment, a computer-readable storage medium is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that excludes transitory signals (e.g., a propagating transient electric or electromagnetic transmission) but includes non-transitory data storage circuitry (e.g., buffers, cache, and queues) within transceivers of transitory signals. In at least one embodiment, code (e.g., executable code or source code) is stored on a set of one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media having stored thereon executable instructions (or other memory to store executable instructions) that, when executed (i.e., as a result of being executed) by one or more processors of a computer system, cause computer system to perform operations described herein. A set of non-transitory computer-readable storage media, in at least one embodiment, comprises multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media and one or more of individual non-transitory storage media of multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media lack all of code while multiple non-transitory computer-readable storage media collectively store all of code. In at least one embodiment, executable instructions are executed such that different instructions are executed by different processors—for example, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium store instructions and a main central processing unit (“CPU”) executes some of instructions while a graphics processing unit (“GPU”) executes other instructions. In at least one embodiment, different components of a computer system have separate processors and different processors execute different subsets of instructions. 
     Accordingly, in at least one embodiment, computer systems are configured to implement one or more services that singly or collectively perform operations of processes described herein and such computer systems are configured with applicable hardware and/or software that enable performance of operations. Further, a computer system that implements at least one embodiment of present disclosure is a single device and, in another embodiment, is a distributed computer system comprising multiple devices that operate differently such that distributed computer system performs operations described herein and such that a single device does not perform all operations. 
     Use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments of disclosure and does not pose a limitation on scope of disclosure unless otherwise claimed. No language in specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to practice of disclosure. 
     All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. 
     In description and claims, terms “coupled” and “connected,” along with their derivatives, may be used. It should be understood that these terms may be not intended as synonyms for each other. Rather, in particular examples, “connected” or “coupled” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct or indirect physical or electrical contact with each other. “Coupled” may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise, it may be appreciated that throughout specification terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” or like, refer to action and/or processes of a computer or computing system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform data represented as physical, such as electronic, quantities within computing system&#39;s registers and/or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within computing system&#39;s memories, registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     In a similar manner, term “processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and/or memory and transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory. As non-limiting examples, “processor” may be a CPU or a GPU. A “computing platform” may comprise one or more processors. As used herein, “software” processes may include, for example, software and/or hardware entities that perform work over time, such as tasks, threads, and intelligent agents. Also, each process may refer to multiple processes, for carrying out instructions in sequence or in parallel, continuously or intermittently. Terms “system” and “method” are used herein interchangeably insofar as system may embody one or more methods and methods may be considered a system. 
     In present document, references may be made to obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data into a subsystem, computer system, or computer-implemented machine. Obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog and digital data can be accomplished in a variety of ways such as by receiving data as a parameter of a function call or a call to an application programming interface. In some implementations, process of obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data via a serial or parallel interface. In another implementation, process of obtaining, acquiring, receiving, or inputting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data via a computer network from providing entity to acquiring entity. References may also be made to providing, outputting, transmitting, sending, or presenting analog or digital data. In various examples, process of providing, outputting, transmitting, sending, or presenting analog or digital data can be accomplished by transferring data as an input or output parameter of a function call, a parameter of an application programming interface or interprocess communication mechanism. 
     Although discussion above sets forth example implementations of described techniques, other architectures may be used to implement described functionality, and are intended to be within scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, although specific distributions of responsibilities are defined above for purposes of discussion, various functions and responsibilities might be distributed and divided in different ways, depending on circumstances. 
     Furthermore, although subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that subject matter claimed in appended claims is not necessarily limited to specific features or acts described. Rather, specific features and acts are disclosed as exemplary forms of implementing the claims.