Patent Publication Number: US-2016228448-A1

Title: Solid Forms of Ceftolozane

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/883,530, filed Sep. 27, 2013, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/289,224, filed May 28, 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/289,251, filed May 28, 2014, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to solid forms of ceftolozane. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The crystal state of a compound may be important when the compound is used for pharmaceutical purposes. Compared with an amorphous solid, the solid physical properties of a crystalline compound may change from one solid form to another, which may affect its suitability for pharmaceutical use. In addition, different solid forms of a crystalline compound can incorporate different types and/or different amounts of impurities. Different solid forms of a compound can also have different chemical stability upon exposure to heat and/or water over a period of time. 
     Ceftolozane is a cephalosporin antibacterial agent, also referred to as CXA-101, FR264205, or by chemical names such as (6R,7R)-3-[(5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl]-7-({(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate, and 7β-[(Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxyimino)acetamido]-3-{3-amino-4-[3-(2-aminoethyl)ureido]-2-methyl-1-pyrazolio}methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate. Ceftolozane sulfate is a pharmaceutically acceptable ceftolozane salt of formula (I) that can be formulated for intravenous administration or infusion. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232 discloses ceftolozane hydrogen sulfate salt among other salts “with a base or an acid addition salt such as a salt with an inorganic base, for example, an alkali metal salt [e.g., sodium salt, potassium salt, etc.], an alkaline earth metal salt [e.g., calcium salt, magnesium salt, etc.], an ammonium salt; a salt with an organic base, for example, an organic amine salt [e.g., trimethylamine salt, triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt, etc.]; an inorganic acid addition salt [e.g., hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, phosphate, etc.]; an organic carboxylic or sulfonic acid addition salt [e.g., formate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, tartrate, citrate, fumarate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, etc.]; and a salt with a basic or acidic amino acid [e.g., arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, etc.].” In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232 discloses a crystal solid form of ceftolozane sulfate obtained by dissolving ceftolozane sulfate in a solution of water and ethanol and adding seed crystals to obtain the crystal form described herein as (Comparative) Example 1. A synthesis of ceftolozane is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232. 
     As reported herein, there remains a need for solid forms of ceftolozane having improved ceftolozane stability. For example, the purity of ceftolozane in an aqueous ethanol solution during precipitation according to the methods of U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232 decreased from about 97% to about 68% during a 6-day stability test (See Example 3), as measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Accordingly, there remains a need for solid forms of ceftolozane having greater ceftolozane stability for use in drug substance and drug product development. 
     SUMMARY 
     Novel solid forms of ceftolozane (e.g., crystalline ceftolozane sulfate) disclosed herein include ceftolozane sulfate in Form 1 and Form 2, as well as compositions comprising a solid form of ceftolozane comprising at least one or more of ceftolozane sulfate Form 1 and ceftolozane sulfate Form 2. Novel compositions also include ceftolozane sulfate solid Form 1, ceftolozane sulfate solid Form 2 and/or crystalline and amorphous solid forms of ceftolozane. A novel ceftolozane solid Form 1 and a novel ceftolozane solid Form 2 of ceftolozane sulfate can both be identified by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), both having one or more characteristic diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 24.2 and 37.8. In addition, ceftolozane diffractions in both solid Form 1 and solid Form 2 can produce the Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks (+/−5 cm −1 ) at about 597 cm −1 , 716 cm −1 , and 1329 cm −1 . A preferred ceftolozane composition can include ceftolozane in one or more solid forms (e.g., solid Form 1 and/or solid Form 2) characterized by an XRPD pattern with diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 24.2 and 37.8, in addition to Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks at about 597 cm −1 , 716 cm −1 , and 1329 cm −1 . 
     A novel ceftolozane solid Form 1 of ceftolozane sulfate can be identified by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), having one or more characteristic diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 12.4, 16.4, 22.6, 25.1, and 28.0. In addition, ceftolozane in solid Form 1 can produce the Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks (+/−5 cm −1 ) at 171 cm −1 , 743 cm −1 , 819 cm −1 , 1055 cm −1 , 2894 cm −1 , and 2976 cm −1 . 
     A novel ceftolozane solid Form 2 of ceftolozane sulfate can be identified by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), having one or more characteristic diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9, and 17.7. In addition, ceftolozane in solid Form 1 can produce the Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks (±5 cm −1 ) at 151 cm −1 , 684 cm −1 , 802 cm −1 , 1174 cm −1 , and 2953 cm −1 . 
     The applicants have also discovered that novel ceftolozane salt solid forms (e.g., Form 1 and Form 2 of ceftolozane sulfate) can also be obtained by maintaining a ceftolozane salt solid form under physical conditions effective to convert a ceftolozane salt in a first solid form into a ceftolozane salt in a second solid form. For example, performing a water sorption isotherm (e.g.,  FIG. 5 ) of ceftolozane sulfate in Form 1 showed a reversible transformation between ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1 and solid Form 2 as a function of relative humidity. The solid form of ceftolozane can be changed by maintaining the ceftolozane at certain relative humidity conditions (e.g., as described in the water sorption isotherm for ceftolozane sulfate in  FIG. 5 ). Ceftolozane in solid Form 2 can be converted to ceftolozane in Form 1 by maintaining a sample at a relative humidity (RH) effective to convert ceftolozane in Form 2 to ceftolozane into Form 1 at a suitable temperature (e.g., RH of about 50% or higher at a temperature of about 20-25 degrees C., preferably at least about 70% RH at a temperature of about 25 degrees C.). Once formed in this manner, ceftolozane in solid Form 1 can be converted to ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2 by reducing the RH (e.g., RH of about 20-40%). The ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2 can be converted to a mixture of amorphous ceftolozane sulfate and Form 2 by reducing the RH to less than about 20%. 
     The ceftolozane solid forms (Form 1 and Form 2) can be obtained from a solution comprising isopropanol, or by maintaining a ceftolozane solid form under conditions effective to convert a first solid form into a second solid form (e.g., by maintaining ceftolozane sulfate in Form 1 under physical conditions effective to form ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2, or converting Form 2 under physical conditions effective to form ceftolozane sulfate of Form 1). An improved manufacturing method can include the steps of (a) combining ceftolozane sulfate with a molar excess of sulfuric acid (e.g., about 2.5 molar equivalents of sulfuric acid to ceftolozane) and isopropanol (e.g., about 20-40 volumes of isopropanol relative to the amount of ceftolozane active) under conditions effective to produce a ceftolozane solid form (e.g., ceftolozane sulfate Form 1), and (b) isolating the ceftolozane solid form (e.g., by filtering the ceftolozane solid form from a solution comprising the isopropanol). 
     The applicants have discovered novel methods of manufacturing ceftolozane sulfate solid forms that provide improved ceftolozane stability during manufacturing compared to the methods of manufacturing ceftolozane solid forms disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232 (see Comparative Example 1 herein). The improved manufacturing methods are based in part on the discovery that solid forms of ceftolozane sulfate obtained by certain processes comprising the use of isopropanol (e.g., as described in Example 2a) with ceftolozane provide improved ceftolozane stability in a liquid phase during manufacturing (compared to the manufacturing methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232), as measured by a ceftolozane purity of about 82% after a 6-day ceftolozane stability test of Example 3 (compared to about 68% from ceftolozane solid forms disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232). The novel ceftolozane solid forms, including ceftolozane sulfate solid Form 1 and ceftolozane solid Form 2, can be obtained from an aqueous solution with isopropyl alcohol, even in the absence of ethanol. In contrast, U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232 discloses a ceftolozane solid form obtained from an aqueous solution without isopropyl alcohol. 
     The manufacturing methods are useful for the manufacture of antibiotic compositions comprising ceftolozane in one or more solid forms suitable for treatment of infections. For example, a pharmaceutical composition comprising ceftolozane for parenteral administration can be obtained from ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1 and/or solid Form 2 by a process comprising the steps of: (a) forming a ceftolozane solution comprising ceftolozane sulfate in a solid Form 1 and/or solid Form 2, and (b) lyophilizing the ceftolozane solution to obtain a lyophilized ceftolozane composition. The lyophilized ceftolozane composition can be combined with tazobactam (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) to obtain a CXA-201 pharmaceutical composition suitable for intravenous administration upon reconstitution. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  depicts two X-ray powder diffraction patterns of novel solid forms ceftolozane sulfate. The upper pattern corresponds to the product of Example 2a. The lower pattern corresponds to the product of Example 2b. 
         FIG. 2  depicts two Raman spectra of novel solid forms of ceftolozane sulfate. The upper pattern corresponds to the product of Example 2a. The lower pattern corresponds to the product of Example 2b. 
         FIG. 3  is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve for ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form designated herein as Form 2. 
         FIG. 4  is a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form designated herein as Form 2. 
         FIG. 5  is a moisture sorption/desorption isotherm for ceftolozane sulfate solid forms. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Ceftolozane can be prepared as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt in one or more solid forms. Ceftolozane is also known as CXA-101; CAS registry number 689293-68-3; (6R,7R)-3-[(5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl]-7-({(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate, and 7β-[(Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxyimino)acetamido]-3-{3-amino-4-[3-(2-aminoethyl)ureido]-2-methyl-1-pyrazolio}methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate; 5-Thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-[[4-[[[(2-aminoethyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]-2,3-dihydro-3-imino-2-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl]-7-[[(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl]amino]-8-oxo-, (6R,7R)—; and (6R,7R)-3-[(5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl]-7-({(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate. Ceftolozane sulfate is an example of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of ceftolozane. The structure of ceftolozane sulfate is shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Ceftolozane sulfate is also referred to as: CAS registry number 936111-69-2; 1H-Pyrazolium, 5-amino-4-[[[(2-aminoethyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]-2-[[(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl]amino]-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl]-1-methyl-, sulfate (1:1); and 5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-2-{[(6R,7R)-7-({(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazolium monosulfate. 
     Ceftolozane sulfate can occur in an amorphous solid form or in a crystalline solid form or in mixtures of solid forms. Crystalline solid forms of ceftolozane can exist in one or more unique solid forms, which can additionally comprise one or more equivalents of water or solvent (i.e., hydrates or solvates, respectively). 
     As disclosed herein, crystalline ceftolozane sulfate precipitated or crystallized from isopropanol/water has significantly better stability in a solution comprising isopropanol compared to the stability in a solution comprising ethanol, as used to prepare crystalline ceftolozane sulfate precipitated from ethanol/water, as previously described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232 (see Example 3). Moreover, the crystalline forms precipitated or crystallized from isopropanol/water have distinct characteristic XRPD peaks (see Examples 1 and 2, and Tables 4 and 6) that are not observed in previously disclosed crystal forms of ceftolozane described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232. Accordingly, provided herein are novel crystalline ceftolozane sulfate solid forms, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of preparing those crystalline ceftolozane sulfate solid forms and methods of use thereof. 
     Novel ceftolozane solid forms can be obtained from aqueous solutions comprising ceftolozane and isopropyl alcohol (herein, also called IPA, or isopropanol). As described in Example 2a, ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1 can be obtained by forming a ceftolozane solution comprising a ceftolozane salt, a strong acid and IPA and maintaining the solution under conditions effective to form a ceftolozane wet cake containing Form 1 of the ceftolozane salt. Preferably, the ceftolozane solution is an aqueous solution comprising ceftolozane and the strong acid (e.g., sulfuric acid) in an amount providing least 1 molar equivalent of the strong acid to the molar quantity of ceftolozane in the solution. In certain examples, the Form 1 of ceftolozane is obtained from a ceftolozane solution that is polish filtered and the temperature is adjusted and maintained throughout the entire salt formation and isolation process. An aqueous sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) solution can be charged to the batch. Optionally, this can be followed by seeding with ceftolozane sulfate crystal. The batch is aged, followed by the addition of IPA over a period of time. After the IPA addition, the batch is agitated for an additional period, and then filtered. The wet cake of ceftolozane sulfate is washed with a solution of IPA and water 
     The ceftolozane solution is preferably maintained at a temperature effective to provide a desired purity and yield of the ceftolozane in solid Form 1, such as 8-12 degrees C. In addition to the temperature (e.g., 8-12 degrees C., preferably about 10 degrees C.), and amount of strong acid (e.g., sulfuric acid in an amount providing 1-3 molar equivalents, and preferably 2.45-2.55 molar equivalents, relative to the molar amount of ceftolozane), the concentration of ceftolozane before salt formation (e.g., 75-85 g/L), seed amount (e.g., 0.1-1 w/w %) and aging time after seeding (e.g., 2-4 hours) are also parameters that can be adjusted to obtain ceftolozane in Form 1 solid form. Particularly preferred processes for making Form 1 ceftolozane sulfate solid form include maintaining an aqueous solution of ceftolozane sulfate, isopropyl alcohol and sulfuric acid at a temperature of 8-12 degrees C. Table 1 provides the exemplary range of values for various process parameters for the manufacturing of solid forms of ceftolozane sulfate, along with preferred ranges and target (most preferred) values for each process parameter. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Process Parameters for the Formation and Isolation 
               
               
                 of Ceftolozane Sulfate Solid Forms 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Exemplary 
                 Preferred 
                 Target 
               
               
                 Process Parameter 
                 Range 
                 Range 
                 Value 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ceftolozane concentration after 
                  72 to 100 
                 75 to 85 
                 80 
               
               
                 final nanofiltration (g/L) 
               
               
                 Sulfuric acid (equiv) 
                 1.50 to 2.95 
                 2.45 to 2.55 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Seed amount (w/w %) 
                 0.03 to 4.0  
                 0.1 to 1.0 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 Aging time, after seeding (h) 
                 1 to 5 
                 2 to 4 
                 3 
               
               
                 IPA amount (vol) 
                 20 to 40 
                 29 to 31 
                 30 
               
               
                 IPA addition time (h) 
                 0.5 to 8   
                 6 to 7 
                 6.5 
               
               
                 Aging time, after IPA addition (h) 
                 0 to 8 
                 1 to 6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Temperature (° C.) 
                  5 to 15 
                  8 to 12 
                 10 
               
               
                 4:1 (v/v) IPA/water wash solution 
                 ≧2 
                 ≧2 
                 4 
               
               
                 (vol) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Solid forms of ceftolozane can be obtained by methods comprising the step of combining ceftolozane sulfate and a solvent, such that a solution comprising ceftolozane sulfate is formed, and such that crystalline ceftolozane sulfate precipitates from the solution. Crystalline ceftolozane sulfate solid forms can be obtained from methods that include the steps of: (1) combining ceftolozane sulfate and a solvent, such that a solution of ceftolozane sulfate is formed; and (2) combining an antisolvent with the solution, wherein the antisolvent is miscible with the solvent and wherein ceftolozane sulfate is partially or completely insoluble in the antisolvent, such that crystalline ceftolozane sulfate precipitates or crystallizes from the solution. 
     A ceftolozane sulfate composition can be obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (a) forming a solution comprising water, 72-100 g/L ceftolozane active and 1.5-2.95 molar equivalents of sulfuric acid to ceftolozane; (b) combining the solution from step (a) with 20-40 volumes of isopropyl alcohol added to the solution over 0.5-8 hours to obtain solid ceftolozane sulfate; and (c) isolating the solid ceftolozane sulfate from the solution. The temperature of the solution can be about 0-20 degrees C., preferably 8-12 degress C. (e.g. 10 degrees C.). Optionally, the process can further include adding a ceftolozane sulfate seed crystal, preferably in an amount of 0.03-4.0% w/w and allowing the seed crystal to age in the solution for about 1-5 hours. Optionally, the process can include allowing the solution to age for up to about 8 hours after adding the isopropyl alcohol. 
     In another aspect, methods of making crystalline ceftolozane sulfate can include the steps of: (1) combining ceftolozane freebase (i.e., the non-salt form of ceftolozane having a net formal charge of zero) and a solvent, such that a solution of ceftolozane freebase is formed; (2) combining an acid with the solution of ceftolozane free base (e.g., in an amount providing a molar equivalent or excess of the acid to the ceftolozane free base, and/or an amount effective to adjust the pH of the ceftolozane solution to about 1.5-2.0); and (3) allowing the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate to precipitate or crystallize from solution. In addition, the method can include adding an antisolvent (preferably isopropyl alcohol) in an amount effective to provide a desired rate or extent of precipitation and/or crystallization of the ceftolozane in the solution. Accordingly, step (3) may further comprise combining an antisolvent with the solution, wherein the antisolvent is miscible with the solvent and wherein ceftolozane sulfate is partially or completely insoluble in the antisolvent, such that crystalline ceftolozane sulfate precipitates or crystallizes from the solution. In some embodiments, the temperature of the solution is adjusted to 0-20° C. In other embodiments, step (3) comprises the step of seeding the solution with one or more crystals of ceftolozane sulfate. In some embodiments, the volume of antisolvent that is added to the solution is 20-40 volumes relative to the ceftolozane. In some embodiments, the temperature of the solution formed in step (1) is adjusted to 0-20° C. before proceeding to step (2). In one embodiment, the method of making crystalline ceftolozane sulfate can also include the step of: (4) drying the precipitated or crystallized crystalline ceftolozane sulfate. Drying may comprise techniques including, but not limited to, air-drying, exposure to vacuum, exposure to a neutral gas (e.g., nitrogen) flow and heating. 
     In an alternative embodiment, the acid (e.g., sulfuric acid) may first be combined with the solvent, and the resulting mixture then combined with ceftolozane. Alternatively, ceftolozane and the acid (e.g., sulfuric acid) may first be combined, and the resulting mixture then combined with the solvent. In one embodiment, the antisolvent is added to the solution of ceftolozane sulfate or freebase. In another embodiment, the solution of ceftolozane sulfate or freebase is added to the antisolvent. In certain embodiments, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water and sulfuric acid. In certain embodiments, the antisolvent is selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitriles, amides, nitroalkanes, nitroarenes, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic solvents, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic solvents and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the antisolvent is selected from the group consisting of acetone, acetonitrile, 1-butanol, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, diisopropyl ether, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, ethanol, ethyl acetate, heptanes, methanol, isopropyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, nitromethane, isopropanol, tert-butylmethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, toluene and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is water. In another preferred embodiment, the antisolvent is isopropanol. 
     Also provided herein is a method of making crystalline ceftolozane sulfate, comprising one or more steps selected from the group consisting of: (1) combining ceftolozane freebase, sulfuric acid and water, such that an aqueous solution of ceftolozane sulfate is formed; and (2) combining isopropanol with the aqueous solution, such that crystalline ceftolozane sulfate precipitates or crystallizes from the solution. In another aspect, provided herein is a method of making crystalline ceftolozane sulfate, comprising: (1) combining ceftolozane freebase, sulfuric acid, and a solvent/antisolvent mixture, such that a solution of ceftolozane sulfate is formed; and (2) combining an antisolvent with the solution, wherein the antisolvent is miscible with the solvent and wherein ceftolozane sulfate is partially or completely insoluble in the antisolvent, such that crystalline ceftolozane sulfate precipitates or crystallizes from the solution. In another aspect, provided herein is a method of making crystalline ceftolozane sulfate comprising the steps of: a) dissolving ceftolozane sulfate in water to obtain a first solution of ceftolozane sulfate; b) combining the first solution of ceftolozane sulfate with isopropanol to afford a second solution of ceftolozane sulfate; c) crystallizing ceftolozane sulfate from the second solution to obtain crystalline ceftolozane sulfate. In another aspect, provided herein is crystalline ceftolozane sulfate produced according to any one of the preceding methods. In another aspect, provided herein is crystalline ceftolozane sulfate obtainable by any one of the preceding methods. The processes and methods described herein may also further comprise adding one or more seed crystals of crystalline ceftolozane sulfate. 
     As used herein, the term “precipitate” refers to the formation of a solid substance from a solution containing the same substance. A substance which precipitates from solution may be amorphous or crystalline. Precipitation may occur under a variety of conditions known to those of skill in the art, including the treatment of a solution of a solute (e.g., solute A in solvent B) with an antisolvent (i.e., a solvent that is miscible with solvent B, but does not dissolve solute A). Non-limiting examples of solvent/antisolvent pairs include water/isopropanol. 
     The solid forms of ceftolozane can be identified by various analytical techniques, such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Solid forms of ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1 and a novel ceftolozane solid Form 2 of ceftolozane sulfate can both be identified by XRPD both having one or more shared characteristic diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 24.2 and 37.8. In addition, ceftolozane in both solid Form 1 and solid Form 2 can both produce the Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks (+/−5 cm −1 ) at about 597 cm −1 , 716 cm −1 , and 1329 cm −1 . A preferred ceftolozane composition can include ceftolozane in one or more solid forms (e.g., solid Form 1 and/or solid Form 2) characterized by an XRPD pattern with diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 24.2 and 37.8, in addition to Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks (+/−5 cm −1 ) at about 597 cm −1 , 716 cm −1 , and 1329 cm −1 . In addition, compositions comprising ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1 and/or solid Form 2 can be identified by XRPD patterns with diffractions at 2-theta values (2 theta±0.2) indicated in Table 4 (for Form 1) and/or Table 6 (for Form 2), respectively. 
     A novel ceftolozane solid Form 1 of ceftolozane sulfate can be identified by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), having one or more characteristic diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 12.4, 16.4, 22.6, 25.1, and 28.0. In addition, ceftolozane in solid Form 1 can produce the Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks (+/−5 cm −1 ) at 171 cm −1 , 743 cm −1 , 819 cm −1 , 1055 cm −1 , 2894 cm −1 , and 2976 cm −1 . In one embodiment, provided herein is crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 1 characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having peaks at substantially the same angles as the upper spectrum in  FIG. 1 . In another embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 1 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having one or more peaks at substantially the angles (2 theta±0.2) as Table 4. 
     A novel ceftolozane solid Form 2 of ceftolozane sulfate can be identified by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), having one or more characteristic diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9, and 17.7. In addition, ceftolozane in solid Form 1 can produce the Raman spectra comprising one or more of the following peaks (±5 cm −1 ) at 151 cm −1 , 684 cm −1 , 802 cm −1 , 1174 cm −1 , and 2953 cm −1 . In one embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having characteristic peaks at substantially the same angles as the lower spectrum in  FIG. 1 . In another embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 is characterized by an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having one or more peaks at substantially the same angles (2 theta±0.2) as Table 6. 
     Crystalline forms of ceftolozane sulfate can also be characterized by their water content. In one embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate comprises 11-27%, 12-26%, 13-25%, 14-24%, 15-23%, 16-22%, or 17-21% of water by weight. In a particular embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate comprises 18-20% of water by weight. In another embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate comprises about 26.3% by weight of water. In a particular embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate is ceftolozane sulfate decahydrate. 
     Crystalline forms of ceftolozane sulfate can also be defined by their water content. In one embodiment, crystalline ceftolozane sulfate comprises 4-10%, 5-9%, or 6-8% of water by weight. Form 1 of ceftolozane sulfate can include about 18-20% water. Form 2 of ceftolozane sulfate can include less than about 11% water, and preferably about 5-11% water, and most preferably about 7-8% water. 
     In another embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate comprises about 7% of water by weight. In a particular embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate is ceftolozane sulfate trihydrate. 
     In some embodiments, crystalline ceftolozane sulfate can be characterized by Raman spectroscopy. In a particular embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate in Form 1 has a Raman spectrum substantially in accordance with the upper spectrum shown in  FIG. 2 . In another particular embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate in Form 1 has a Raman spectrum with one or more peaks at substantially the same positions (±5 cm −1 ) as shown in Table 5. Ceftolozane solid Form 1 can produce Raman shift peaks comprising one or more of the certain peaks not observed in Form 1, at about (±5 cm −1 ) 171 cm −1 , 743 cm −1 , 819 cm −1 , 1055 cm −1 , 2894 cm −1 , and 2976 cm −1 . 
     In other embodiments, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2 has a Raman spectrum substantially in accordance with the lower spectrum shown in  FIG. 2 . In another particular embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2 has a Raman spectrum with one or more peaks at substantially the same positions (±5 cm −1 ) as shown in Table 7. Ceftolozane solid Form 2 can produce Raman shift peaks comprising one or more of the peaks at about (±5 cm −1 ) 151 cm −1 , 684 cm −1 , 802 cm −1 , 1174 cm −1 , and 2953 cm −1 . 
     Ceftolozane in solid Form 1 and solid Form 2 are both characterized by intense Raman shift peaks (+/−5 cm −1 ) at about 597 cm −1 , 716 cm −1 , and 1329 cm −1 . In addition, ceftolozane solid Form 1 and Form 2 can produce Raman shift peaks comprising one or more of the following peaks at indicated in both Table 5 and 7 (±5 cm −1 ). 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising amorphous and crystalline solid forms of ceftolozane sulfate. In one embodiment, the composition comprises crystalline ceftolozane sulfate and amorphous ceftolozane sulfate, wherein the amorphous ceftolozane sulfate is present in an amount selected from the following ranges: 90-99%, 80-89%, 70-79%, 60-69%, 50-59%, 40-49%, 30-39%, 20-29%, 10-19%, 1-9% and 0-0.99%. 
     In some embodiments, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate is a hydrate. In one embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate is ceftolozane sulfate decahydrate. In a particular embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate comprises 5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-2-{[(6R,7R)-7-({(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazolium monosulfate and water in a 1:10 molar ratio. 
     In another embodiment, the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate is ceftolozane sulfate trihydrate. In a particular embodiment, the ceftolozane sulfate comprises 5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-2-{[(6R,7R)-7-({(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-[(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxy)imino]acetyl}amino)-2-carboxy-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-en-3-yl]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazolium monosulfate and water in a 1:3 molar ratio. 
     Compared with previous crystalline forms of ceftolozane sulfate, certain novel crystalline forms of ceftolozane sulfate have advantageous properties. For example, these crystalline forms were found to be more chemically stable, which can be beneficial to the preparation of various drug formulations. 
     A pharmaceutical composition can comprise, and/or be obtained from, the solid form of ceftolozane sulfate designated as ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 that produces an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9 and 17.7. The ceftolozane sulfate can produce Raman shift peaks (+/−5 cm −1 ) at about 151 cm −1 , 684 cm −1 , 802 cm −1 , 1174 cm −1  and 2953 cm −1 . 
     A pharmaceutical composition can contain or be obtained from a solid form of ceftolozane characterized by one or more of the following: (a) the solid form of ceftolozane sulfate produces an)(RFD pattern further comprising diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2): 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9, and 17.7; (b) the solid form of ceftolozane sulfate of claim  1  that produces an)(RFD pattern further comprising one or more additional diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) listed in Table 6; (c) the solid form of ceftolozane sulfate that produces Raman shift peaks at about (±5 cm −1 ) 151 cm −1 , 684 cm −1 , 802 cm −1 , 1174 cm −1 , and 2953 cm −1 ; (d) the solid form of ceftolozane sulfate of claim  1  that produces one or more additional Raman shift peaks at values listed in Table 7; and any combination of one or more of characteristics (a)-(d). 
     A pharmaceutical composition can contain or be obtained from a lyophilized ceftolozane composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (a) combining ceftolozane sulfate in the solid form designated herein as ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 2, with water, sodium chloride and L-arginine to form an aqueous solution; and (b) lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate. The pharmaceutical composition obtained by such a method can include performing a lyophilization cycle characterized by one or more of the following characteristics: (a) not more than 150 mg ceftolozane free base/g bulk solution concentration, (b) no more than 3 cm fill depth, (c) freezing to at least −40° C. during the lyophilization cycle, (d) drying to no more than 40° C., and (e) single- or multi-step drying and setting chamber pressure during the start of primary drying at not more than 400 μbar. 
     A ceftolozane sulfate composition can be obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (a) forming a solution comprising water, 72-100 g/L ceftolozane active and 1.5-2.95 molar equivalents of sulfuric acid to ceftolozane; (b) combining the solution from step (a) with 20-40 volumes of isopropyl alcohol added to the solution over 0.5-8 hours to obtain solid ceftolozane sulfate; and (c) isolating the solid ceftolozane sulfate composition from the solution. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions comprising ceftolozane and tazobactam can be obtained by blending a first composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of ceftolozane with a second composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of tazobactam to form a blended pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition can comprise ceftolozane or a therapeutically effective salt thereof and tazobactam or a pharmaceutically effective salt thereof in an amount providing about 500 mg of tazobactam active per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active. The pharmaceutical antibiotic composition preferably includes ceftolozane and tazobactam in a 2:1 weight ratio of ceftolozane active to tazobactam active (“CXA-201”), which displays antibacterial activity, including antibiotic activity against infections caused by many Gram-negative pathogens such as  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  ( P. aeruginosa ). In particular, CXA-201 is a pharmaceutical composition useful for intravenous administration for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and/or complicated urinary tract infections, and is being evaluated for treatment of pneumonia. 
     Methods of treating an infection selected from the group consisting of: complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI), complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), or hospital acquired/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP) are also provided herein. These methods can include administering to a patient an injectable pharmaceutical composition comprising ceftolozane in an injectable preparation prepared from a lyophilized composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (a) combining the ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form that produces an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9, and 17.7 with water to form an aqueous solution; and (b) lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions can be obtained by combining tazobactam (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) in one or more solid forms with a ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane in one or more salts and/or solid forms. The ceftolozane in the pharmaceutical composition can be ceftolozane sulfate in one or more solid forms disclosed herein, including amorphous, Form 1, Form 2 and/or combinations thereof. The ceftolozane in the pharmaceutical composition can be obtained by a process comprising lyophilizing a solution of ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1, solid Form 2 and/or combinations thereof. For example, the ceftolozane in the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared in the absence of tazobactam by forming an aqueous solution comprising ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1, solid Form 2 and/or combinations thereof and other components including excipients, stabilizers, pH adjusting additives (e.g., buffers) and the like. Non-limiting examples of these additives include sodium chloride, citric acid and L-arginine. For example, the use of sodium chloride results in greater stability; L-arginine is used to adjust the aqueous solution to a pH of 5-7 (e.g., to pH 6-7) and to increase the solubility of ceftolozane; and citric acid is used to prevent discoloration of the product, due to its ability to chelate metal ions. In one embodiment, the pH of the first aqueous solution is suitable for making an injectable product (e.g., a pH range of 5-7, including 6-7). Preferably, the first aqueous solution comprises about 125 mg-500 mg of a ceftolozane stabilizing agent (such as sodium chloride) per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active. The ceftolozane can be included as an amount of ceftolozane sulfate of formula (I) containing at least about 1,000 mg ceftolozane active. The aqueous solution comprising ceftolozane (e.g., ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2, and/or other solid forms disclosed herein) is then lyophilized to form a first lyophilized ceftolozane composition, which is combined with tazobactam, e.g., the lyophilized tazobactam (e.g., lyophilized tazobactam sodium) or crystalline tazobactam 
     The pharmaceutical composition can be obtained by combining the ceftolozane composition with a (second) tazobactam composition (e.g., preferably, but not necessarily, prepared in the absence of ceftolozane) by forming a second solution comprising tazobactam. The tazobactam can be included in an amount providing about 500 mg of tazobactam active per 1,000 mg ceftolozane active (i.e., a 1:2 weight ratio of tazobactam active to ceftolozane active). Tazobactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor in its free acid form. Unless otherwise indicated, tazobactam can be a free acid, a sodium salt, an arginine salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof. In one embodiment, the tazobactam in the (second) tazobactam composition is tazobactam acid and the second composition further comprises sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide. Lyophilizing tazobactam in the presence of sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide forms a lyophilized tazobactam sodium, which can then be further blended with the (first) lyophilized ceftolozane composition. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions can be obtained by lyophilization (e.g., lyophilizing an aqueous ceftolozane solution obtained by dissolving ceftolozane in Form 2 and/or Form 1 with other components such as a stabilizing agent, a chelating agent and/or an alkalizing agent). Specific methods of lyophilization are described in Remington&#39;s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapter 84, page 1565, Eighteenth Edition, A. R. Gennaro, (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990). 
     Pharmaceutical compositions comprising ceftolozane and tazobactam can be formulated to treat infections by parenteral administration (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration. Pharmaceutical compositions may additionally comprise excipients, stabilizers, pH adjusting additives (e.g., buffers) and the like. Non-limiting examples of these additives include sodium chloride, citric acid and L-arginine. For example, the use of sodium chloride results in greater stability; L-arginine is used to adjust pH and to increase the solubility of ceftolozane; and citric acid is used to prevent discoloration of the product, due to its ability to chelate metal ions. In one particular embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are formulated for administration by intravenous injection or infusion. 
     The pharmaceutical antibiotic compositions can be provided in a unit dosage form container (e.g., in a vial or bag, or the like). The unit dosage form can be dissolved with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and then intravenously administered. The unit dosage form comprises 1000 mg of ceftolozane active and 500 mg tazobactam, typically 1000 mg ceftolozane active as ceftolozane sulfate and 500 mg of tazobactam active as tazobactam sodium, argininate or free acid. The unit dosage forms are commonly stored in vials. 
     In one aspect, provided herein is a unit dosage form container (e.g., a bag, vial or the like) containing a unit dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition formulated for parenteral administration for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of ceftolozane sulfate and tazobactam in a ratio of 1,000 mg ceftolozane active per 500 mg of tazobactam active, the pharmaceutical composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. lyophilizing a first aqueous solution in the absence of tazobactam, the first aqueous solution comprising ceftolozane sulfate, 125 mg to 500 mg of sodium chloride per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active, L-arginine and/or citric acid in an amount effective to adjust the pH of the first aqueous solution to 5-7 (e.g., 6-7) prior to lyophilization to obtain a first lyophilized ceftolozane composition, 
     b. lyophilizing a second solution in the absence of ceftolozane, the second solution comprising tazobactam being lyophilized to form a second lyophilized tazobactam composition; and 
     c. blending the first lyophilized ceftolozane composition and the second lyophilized tazobactam composition to obtain a blended pharmaceutical composition in the unit dosage form. 
     In one embodiment of the unit dosage form container, the tazobactam in the second solution is tazobactam acid, and wherein the tazobactam acid in the second solution is lyophilized in the presence of sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide, thereby forming lyophilized tazobactam sodium in the second lyophilized tazobactam composition. 
     The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprising ceftolozane sulfate and tazobactam in a ratio of 1,000 mg ceftolozane active per 500 mg of tazobactam active, can be obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. lyophilizing a first aqueous solution in the absence of tazobactam, the first aqueous solution comprising ceftolozane sulfate at a pH of 5-7 (e.g, 6-7) prior to lyophilization to obtain a first lyophilized ceftolozane composition, 
     b. blending the first lyophilized ceftolozane composition with tazobactam to obtain an antibacterial composition. 
     As provided herein, ceftolozane can be stabilized in a pharmaceutical composition comprising ceftolozane and a stabilizing effective amount of a stabilizing agent selected from the group consisting of: sodium chloride, dextran 40, lactose, maltose, trehalose and sucrose. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are based in part on the surprising discovery that ceftolozane pharmaceutical compositions comprising these stabilizing agents demonstrate improved ceftolozane residual rates (e.g., % ceftolozane remaining after 3 days at 70 degrees C. as measured by HPLC) and/or chemical stability (e.g., lower reduction in ceftolozane purity measured by HPLC after 7 days at 60 degrees C. in a stability test) compared control samples comprising ceftolozane without a stabilizing agent. 
     Accordingly, preferred pharmaceutical antibiotic compositions can include ceftolozane sulfate and a stabilizing agent (e.g., 300 to 500 mg of a stabilizing agent per 1,000 mg ceftolozane active) in a lyophilized unit dosage form (e.g., powder in a container). The unit dosage form can be dissolved with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride aqueous isotonic saline and/or water for injection), and then intravenously administered. In certain ceftolozane compositions, the stabilizing agent can be selected from the group consisting of: sodium chloride, lactose, maltose and dextran 40, and/or selected from the group consisting of: sodium chloride, trehalose and sucrose. 
     Ceftolozane pharmaceutical compositions comprising 125 to 500 mg (e.g., 480 to 500 mg) of sodium chloride per 1000 mg of ceftolozane active demonstrate improved ceftolozane purity and chemical stability compared to pharmaceutical compositions comprising ceftolozane with comparatively less sodium chloride. The disclosed ceftolozane pharmaceutical compositions comprise a stabilizing amount of sodium chloride (e.g., 125 to 500 mg of sodium chloride [more specifically, 480 to 500 mg] per 1000 mg of ceftolozane active). Certain preferred compositions demonstrate improved ceftolozane purity and chemical stability compared with pharmaceutical compositions comprising ceftolozane with comparatively less sodium chloride. For example, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions typically comprise less than about 4% total impurity after being stored for seven days at 60 degrees C., as determined by HPLC. Alternatively, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprise less than about 2% of the impurity represented by Peak 1 after being stored for seven days at 60° C., as determined by HPLC (refer to the HPLC method described in Table 10), where Peak 1 has a retention time relative to ceftolozane of approximately 0.15. 
     Another embodiment of the invention is a container containing a unit dosage form of a pharmaceutical composition formulated for parenteral administration for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections or complicated urinary tract infections. The container can be obtained by a process comprising the steps of: a) lyophilizing an aqueous solution comprising 189 mg sodium from sodium chloride per 1000 mg ceftolozane active in the form of ceftolozane sulfate and further comprising citric acid, and L-arginine to obtain a lyophilized ceftolozane composition; and b) filling a sufficient quantity of the lyophilized composition into a container to obtain a unit dosage form comprising a ceftolozane stabilizing effective amount of sodium from sodium chloride (e.g., 125-500 mg sodium chloride per 1 g ceftolozane active) and 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active in the form of ceftolozane sulfate. In one aspect, the pH of the aqueous solution is 6.0 to 7.0. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for parenteral administration by reconstituting the pharmaceutical composition in the container (e.g., with 10 mL of diluent such as water for injection or isotonic saline) followed by addition of the reconstituted pharmaceutical composition to a carrier for injection (e.g., about 100 mL of isotonic saline or other pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for intravenous administration). Optionally, the container is also filled with tazobactam (e.g., a lyophilized tazobactam such as tazobactam sodium). In yet another aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid composition comprising 487 mg sodium chloride per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active and tazobactam in an amount providing about 500 mg tazobactam acid equivalent per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active, formulated for parenteral administration and the pH of the aqueous solution is 5.0 to 7.0 and preferably about 6.0 to 7.0. 
     The pharmaceutical composition in the container can also be a Ceftolozane/Tazobactam for Injection Drug Product, 1000 mg/500 mg. It is presented as a combination of two sterile active powders in a single container intended for reconstitution and intravenous infusion. In one embodiment, the drug product is prepared by converting ceftolozane sulfate to a sterile composition as a powder with excipients citric acid, sodium chloride and L-arginine. This can be done by lyophilization, as described herein. Tazobactam sodium drug substance can be presented as a sterile powder without any excipients. The tazobactam sodium drug substance can be lyophilized, spray dried or provided as a crystalline material. The drug product is then prepared by aseptically filling the two powders (e.g., the two separately lyophilized drug powders) sequentially into a single container. 
     In an embodiment, the container of ceftolozane/tazobactam for injection contains approximately 2255 mg ceftolozane sterile composition powder that contains 1147 mg ceftolozane sulfate, which is equivalent to 1000 mg ceftolozane free base, as well as approximately 537 mg tazobactam sodium sterile drug substance, equivalent to 500 mg tazobactam free acid. At the time of administration, the container is reconstituted with 10 mL vehicle, sterile 5% Dextrose Injection USP, Water for Injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP, then the container contents further diluted in an infusion bag of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP or 5% Dextrose Injection USP, for administration. 
     Ceftolozane-containing pharmaceutical compositions can also include an amount of tazobactam in a pharmaceutically acceptable form providing 500 mg of tazobactam acid per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active as a composition formulated for injection, or for reconstitution prior to parenteral administration. In one product presentation, ceftolozane/tazobactam can be provided in a single container comprising ceftolozane sulfate and tazobactam sodium, administered by reconstituting a container-unit dosage form container of solid ceftolozane/tazobactam to form a reconstituted injectable formulation. In one presentation (e.g., for treatment of certain urinary tract infections and/or certain intra-abdominal infections), each unit dosage form container of CXA-201 can contain 1000 mg of ceftolozane active (free base equivalent weight, e.g., provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt such as ceftolozane sulfate) and sterile tazobactam sodium at a quantity equivalent of 500 mg of tazobactam free acid, in a solid form. In another presentation (e.g., for treatment of hospital acquired/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP)), a ceftolozane/tazobactam product can include a unit dosage form container providing 2,000 mg of ceftolozane active (e.g., as an equivalent amount of ceftolozane sulfate) and 1,000 mg of tazobactam acid (e.g., as an equivalent amount of tazobactam sodium). Ceftolozane/tazobactam compositions display potent antibacterial activity against various gram-negative infections such as, for example, complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI), complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), or hospital acquired/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP). 
     Ceftolozane/tazobactam can be used for treating an infection selected from the group consisting of: urinary tract infections, and intra-abdominal infections. The methods of treatment can include intravenously administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate and an amount of tazobactam providing about 500 mg of tazobactam active per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active, the ceftolozane sulfate in the pharmaceutical composition obtained from a ceftolozane sulfate solid form obtained by a process comprising the steps of: (a) combining the ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form, designated as ceftolozane sulfate Form 2, with water, sodium chloride and L-arginine to form an aqueous solution; (b) lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate; (c) combining the lyophilized ceftolozane composition with tazobactam to obtain the pharmaceutical composition; (d) reconstituting the pharmaceutical composition in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent; and (e) intravenously administering the reconstituted pharmaceutical composition to the patient. 
     In some embodiments of the ceftolozane sulfate solid forms, compositions and pharmaceutical compositions described herein, the solid form, composition or pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1a: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 X-ray powder diffraction analysis (by Rigaku 
               
               
                 X-ray Diffraction system MultiFlex) 
               
               
                 2θ 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 8.0 
               
               
                 12.7 
               
               
                 13.8 
               
               
                 16.1 
               
               
                 18.9 
               
               
                 20.4 
               
               
                 21.5 
               
               
                 22.4 
               
               
                 23.3 
               
               
                 24.0 
               
               
                 25.5 
               
               
                 26.7 
               
               
                 27.9 
               
               
                 28.5 
               
               
                 31.3 
               
               
                 X-ray: Cu/40 kV/30 mA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising a solid form of ceftolozane sulfate that produces an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 12.4, 16.4, 22.6, 25.1 and 28.0, wherein the composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising a solid form of ceftolozane sulfate that produces an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9, and 17.7, wherein the composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRFD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising a solid form of ceftolozane sulfate that produces Raman shift peaks (±5 cm −1 ) at about 171 cm −1 , 743 cm −1 , 819 cm −1 , 1055 cm −1 , 2894 cm −1  and 2976 cm −1 , wherein the composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of)(RFD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising a solid form of ceftolozane sulfate that produces Raman shift peaks (±5 cm −1 ) at about 151 cm −1 , 684 cm −1 , and 802 cm −1 , wherein the composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRFD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising a solid form of ceftolozane sulfate that produces: 
     a. an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 24.2 and 37.8 and 
     b. Raman shift peaks (±5 cm −1 ) at about 597 cm −1 , 716 cm −1  and 1329 cm −1 ; 
     wherein the composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRFD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lyophilized ceftolozane composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. combining the ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form designated herein as ceftolozane sulfate Form 1 with water to form an aqueous solution; and 
     b. lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate; 
     wherein the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1 a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lyophilized ceftolozane composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. combining ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form that produces an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 24.2 and 37.8 and Raman shift peaks (±5 cm −1 ) at about 597 cm −1 , 716 cm −1  and 1329 cm −1 , with water to form an aqueous solution; and 
     b. lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate; 
     wherein the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the solid form of ceftolozane sulfate designated as ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 that produces an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9, and 17.7, wherein the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lyophilized ceftolozane composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. combining the ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form designated as ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 with water to form an aqueous solution; and 
     b. lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lyophilized ceftolozane composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. combining the ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form designated as ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 with water to form an aqueous solution; and 
     b. lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate; 
     wherein the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a ceftolozane sulfate composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. forming a solution comprising water, 72-100 g/L ceftolozane active and 1.5-2.95 molar equivalents of sulfuric acid to ceftolozane; 
     b. combining the solution from step (a) with 20-40 volumes of isopropyl alcohol added to the solution over 0.5-8 hours to obtain solid ceftolozane sulfate; and 
     c. isolating the solid ceftolozane sulfate composition from the solution; 
     wherein the composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1a. 
     In another aspect, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a lyophilized ceftolozane composition obtained by a process comprising the steps of: 
     a. combining the ceftolozane sulfate in a solid form that produces an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern having diffractions at angles (2 theta±0.2) of 4.4, 8.8, 11.0, 14.9, and 17.7 with water to form an aqueous solution; and 
     b. lyophilizing the aqueous solution to form the lyophilized ceftolozane composition comprising ceftolozane sulfate;
         wherein the composition does not comprise a ceftolozane material having the combination of XRPD peaks described in Table 1a.       

     EXAMPLES 
     Instrumentation and Methods 
     Other than Comparative Example 1, and unless otherwise indicated, the following instrumentation and methods were used in the working Examples described herein. Comparative Example 1 is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,129. 
     X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) 
     High Resolution X-ray Powder Diffraction experiments (Bruker, AXS D8 Advance) were performed on a Bruker D8 diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (40 kV, 40 mA), θ-2θ goniometer, and primary &amp; secondary soller slits (2.5°), a Ge monochromator and Lynxeye detector (opening angle of 2.948°). Certified Corundum standard (NIST 1976) was used to check the performance of the instrument. Data collection was performed by the Diffrac.Suite Measurement Center v2.2.47.1 and the data was analyzed and presented using Diffrac.EVA v2.0 or v3.0. 
     Samples were tested under ambient conditions. Approximately 500 mg of each sample was grinded for 3 minutes in a mortar and pestle. The sample was prepared by back-loading the triturated material into the sample holder and supporting it with a zero background silicon wafer. Once tightly packed, a flat surface was formed. When the sample was carefully flipped over, the appearance of the API in the sample holder appeared very similar to the appearance of the Corundum sample for NIST used to verify the performance of the instrument. The scan type of coupled TwoTheta/Theta was used for the data collection. The angular range was 2 to 50°2θ, and the step size was 0.001°2θ. Collection Time was 1 s for the each step. The geniometer radius was set at 280 mm. Sample rotation speed was 15 rpm, and the slit size was 0.1 mm. 
     Thermal Analysis 
     Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) experiments were performed on a TA Instruments Discovery Series TGA. The calibration for temperature was carried out using certified indium. Typically, 3-15 mg of a sample was flattened into sealed aluminum pans. Data was acquired for samples with and without a pinhole. For samples with a pinhole, once crimped and sealed, the auto-sampler punched the lid of the sample with its internal puncher right before analysis of the sample. Samples were heated at 20° C./min from 30° C. to 400° C. Dry nitrogen was purged into the system during the experiment at a rate of 50 ml/min. The software used to control the instrument was TRIOS Explorer Software v5.3.0.75. TRIOS software v2.40.1838 or v2.04.04563 was used for data analysis. 
     Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed on a TA Instruments Q2000 was used for collecting DSC data. The calibration for thermal capacity was carried out using sapphire and the calibration for energy and temperature was carried out using certified indium. Typically, 3-10 mg of a sample is flattened into sealed aluminum hermetic pans and the weight accurately recorded. Data was acquired for samples with a pinhole in the lid. Samples were heated at 10° C./min from 25° C. to 350° C. Dry nitrogen was purged into the system during the experiment at a rate of 50 ml/min. The software used to control the instrument is the Advantage for Q Series v2.9.0.396 and the Thermal Advantage v5.4.0. Data was analyzed using the Universal Analysis v4.5A software. 
     Gravimetric Dynamic Vapour Sorption 
     Gravimetric dynamic vapor sorption data ( FIG. 5 ) was obtained using a SMS DVS Intrinsic moisture sorption analyser, controlled by DVS Intrinsic Control software v1.0.0.30. The sample temperature was maintained at 25° C. by the instrument controls. The humidity was controlled by mixing streams of dry and wet nitrogen. The relative humidity was measured by a calibrated Rotronic probe, located near the sample. The weight change of the sample as a function of % RH was constantly monitored by the microbalance (accuracy±0.005 mg). Approximately 40 mg of sample was placed in a tared mesh stainless basket under ambient conditions. Weight reference was established at the start of an experiment. Moisture sorption isotherm parameters were described as below: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Parameters 
                 Values 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Scan 1 Adsorption 
                 40%-90% 
               
               
                   
                 Scan 2 Desorption/Adsorption 
                 90%-0%/0%-40% 
               
               
                   
                 Interval (RH step increments) 
                 10% 
               
               
                   
                 Number of Scans 
                 4 (double cycle) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Flow rate for dry and wet N 2   
                 200 
                 ml/min 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 25° 
                 C. 
               
               
                   
                 Temperature Stability 
                 0.2° 
                 C./min 
               
               
                   
                 Time out 
                 6 
                 hrs 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Data analysis was undertaken in Microsoft Excel using DVS Analysis Suite v6.0. The sample was recovered after completion of the isotherm experiment for solid state characterization. 
     Spectroscopy Measurement 
     Raman spectra were acquired on a Fourier transform Raman 960 spectrometer (Thermo Nicolet) equipped with a germanium (Ge) detector. Wavelength verification was performed using sulfur and cyclohexane. Each sample was packed into a pellet and placed into a pellet holder accessory for analysis. Approximately 0.505 W of Nd:YVO 4  laser power (1064 nm excitation wavelength) was used to irradiate each sample. Peak lists were generated using OMNIC software v7.2a. 
     (Comparative) Example 1 
     Solid Form Disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232 
     A solution of 7β-[(Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxyimino)acetamido]-3-{3-amino-4-[3-(2-aminoethyl)ureido]-2-methyl-1-pyrazolio}methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate (36 g) in water was purified by preparative HPLC utilizing ODS column. The eluate containing a desired product was concentrated to about 1.5 L in vacuo. The concentrate was adjusted to about pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and chromatographed on Diaion® HP-20 (6 L) eluting with 20% aqueous 2-propanol. The eluate was concentrated to about 800 ml in vacuo, and 2M sulfuric acid (17 ml) was added. The resulting solution was lyophilized to give a sulfuric acid salt as an amorphous powder (23.6 g). 
     The powder was dissolved in water (71 ml) and ethanol (57 ml). After addition of seed crystals (310 mg), which resulted in the precipitation of white solid, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour. A mixture of ethanol (47 ml) and water (37 ml) was added over 30 minutes, and ethanol (33 ml) was added over 20 minutes. Then the slurry was stirred for an additional 1.5 hour. The precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with ethanol/water (60 ml/20 ml) and ethanol (60 ml) and dried to give 7β-[(Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(1-carboxy-1-methylethoxyimino)acetamido]-3-{3-amino-4-[3-(2-aminoethyl)ureido]-2-methyl-1-pyrazolio}methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid hydrogen sulfate as crystals (17.3 g). 
     IR(KBr) 3353, 3183, 1778, 1652, 1558, 1403, 1321, 1143, 1118, 997, 619 cm −1    
       1 H-NMR(D 2 O) δ 1.61 (6H, s), 3.10-3.55 (6H, m), 3.71 (3H, s), 5.02 and 5.23 (2H, ABq, J=16.7 Hz), 5.25 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 5.87 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 7.91 (1H, s) 
     ESI-MS: m/z=667 (M+H + ) 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 X-ray powder diffraction analysis (by Rigaku 
               
               
                 X-ray Diffraction system MultiFlex) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 2θ 
                 intensity 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.0 
                 1286 
               
               
                   
                 12.7 
                 586 
               
               
                   
                 13.8 
                 423 
               
               
                   
                 16.1 
                 618 
               
               
                   
                 18.9 
                 520 
               
               
                   
                 20.4 
                 748 
               
               
                   
                 21.5 
                 667 
               
               
                   
                 22.4 
                 1058 
               
               
                   
                 23.3 
                 944 
               
               
                   
                 24.0 
                 618 
               
               
                   
                 25.5 
                 813 
               
               
                   
                 26.7 
                 472 
               
               
                   
                 27.9 
                 537 
               
               
                   
                 28.5 
                 455 
               
               
                   
                 31.3 
                 390 
               
               
                   
                 X-ray: Cu/40 kV/30 mA 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2a 
     Novel Solid Form of Ceftolozane Sulfate 
     To obtain ceftolozane sulfate in Form 1: ceftolozane (1 molar equivalent) was dissolved in water to afford a solution at a concentration of 80 g/L. An aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (20-98%, 2.5 molar equivalents) was added at 0-20° C. The resulting solution was seeded with ceftolozane sulfate (0.01 to 0.05% by weight relative to active ceftolozane) and allowed to stir for 1-3 hours at 0-20° C. A precipitation was observed. Isopropanol (20-40 volumes relative to active ceftolozane) was added to result in a slurry at 0-20° C. After filtration, crystalline ceftolozane sulfate was obtained. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 1 is depicted in  FIG. 1  (upper diffraction pattern), and the corresponding data is summarized in Table 4. The Raman spectrum of the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 1 is depicted in  FIG. 2  (upper spectrum), and the corresponding data is summarized in Table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 X-ray Powder Diffraction Patterns for 
               
               
                 Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 1 (Example 2a) 
               
               
                 Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Angle [°2θ] 
                 Intensity [cts] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.061 
                 629 
               
               
                   
                 8.126 
                 3275 
               
               
                   
                 9.748 
                 511 
               
               
                   
                 10.865 
                 521 
               
               
                   
                 12.435 
                 399 
               
               
                   
                 12.954 
                 1225 
               
               
                   
                 14.016 
                 867 
               
               
                   
                 14.284 
                 613 
               
               
                   
                 16.177 
                 937 
               
               
                   
                 16.413 
                 1048 
               
               
                   
                 18.796 
                 847 
               
               
                   
                 19.094 
                 1024 
               
               
                   
                 20.200 
                 484 
               
               
                   
                 20.596 
                 1393 
               
               
                   
                 21.732 
                 1260 
               
               
                   
                 22.278 
                 1098 
               
               
                   
                 22.603 
                 1816 
               
               
                   
                 23.490 
                 1554 
               
               
                   
                 23.777 
                 720 
               
               
                   
                 24.268 
                 913 
               
               
                   
                 25.059 
                 590 
               
               
                   
                 25.678 
                 1261 
               
               
                   
                 25.929 
                 1107 
               
               
                   
                 26.746 
                 701 
               
               
                   
                 27.102 
                 619 
               
               
                   
                 28.017 
                 854 
               
               
                   
                 28.668 
                 792 
               
               
                   
                 29.265 
                 390 
               
               
                   
                 29.972 
                 428 
               
               
                   
                 31.513 
                 612 
               
               
                   
                 32.917 
                 423 
               
               
                   
                 33.526 
                 512 
               
               
                   
                 34.773 
                 431 
               
               
                   
                 35.191 
                 408 
               
               
                   
                 36.111 
                 361 
               
               
                   
                 37.504 
                 366 
               
               
                   
                 37.723 
                 373 
               
               
                   
                 38.778 
                 312 
               
               
                   
                 40.860 
                 299 
               
               
                   
                 41.631 
                 350 
               
               
                   
                 44.084 
                 281 
               
               
                   
                 45.997 
                 235 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Raman peak list for ceftolozane sulfate Form 1 (Example 2a) 
               
               
                 Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 1 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Position (cm −1 ) 
                 Intensity (Counts) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 170.5 
                 5.402 
               
               
                   
                 276.5 
                 3.852 
               
               
                   
                 336.1 
                 2.78 
               
               
                   
                 381.2 
                 3.172 
               
               
                   
                 424 
                 3.787 
               
               
                   
                 530.9 
                 2.974 
               
               
                   
                 596.7 
                 2.607 
               
               
                   
                 680.9 
                 3.385 
               
               
                   
                 716.2 
                 3.408 
               
               
                   
                 742.8 
                 2.64 
               
               
                   
                 798.8 
                 4.282 
               
               
                   
                 818.7 
                 12.666 
               
               
                   
                 951.9 
                 3.307 
               
               
                   
                 980.9 
                 5.46 
               
               
                   
                 1055.3 
                 1.794 
               
               
                   
                 1135.1 
                 3.121 
               
               
                   
                 1242 
                 2.471 
               
               
                   
                 1285 
                 2.835 
               
               
                   
                 1328.5 
                 3.402 
               
               
                   
                 1418.7 
                 7.494 
               
               
                   
                 1464.1 
                 15.996 
               
               
                   
                 1607.7 
                 10.642 
               
               
                   
                 1642.3 
                 8.252 
               
               
                   
                 1786 
                 3.322 
               
               
                   
                 2893.8 
                 5.886 
               
               
                   
                 2940.8 
                 7.789 
               
               
                   
                 2976.1 
                 8.658 
               
               
                   
                 3265.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2b 
     Novel Solid Form of Ceftolozane Sulfate 
     To obtain ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2: The ceftolozane sulfate obtained as Form 1 in Example 2a was dried under vacuum and nitrogen bleed at 20-25° C. for 24-48 hours to afford crystalline ceftolozane sulfate (vacuum-dried). The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 is depicted in  FIG. 1  (lower diffraction pattern), and the corresponding data is summarized in the Table 6. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Pattern of 
               
               
                 Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 2 (Example 2b) 
               
               
                 Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Angle [°2θ] 
                 Intensity [cts] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 4.400 
                 348 
               
               
                   
                 7.900 
                 950 
               
               
                   
                 8.827 
                 700 
               
               
                   
                 9.381 
                 466 
               
               
                   
                 11.000 
                 536 
               
               
                   
                 12.861 
                 981 
               
               
                   
                 13.980 
                 534 
               
               
                   
                 14.913 
                 479 
               
               
                   
                 15.753 
                 610 
               
               
                   
                 17.673 
                 711 
               
               
                   
                 18.749 
                 923 
               
               
                   
                 20.488 
                 858 
               
               
                   
                 21.692 
                 924 
               
               
                   
                 22.178 
                 1020 
               
               
                   
                 24.235 
                 1000 
               
               
                   
                 25.678 
                 842 
               
               
                   
                 27.180 
                 708 
               
               
                   
                 28.593 
                 587 
               
               
                   
                 31.482 
                 546 
               
               
                   
                 33.277 
                 508 
               
               
                   
                 34.397 
                 438 
               
               
                   
                 35.789 
                 428 
               
               
                   
                 37.767 
                 403 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The Raman spectrum of the crystalline ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 is depicted in  FIG. 2  (lower spectrum), and the corresponding data is summarized in Table 7. Table 7 lists the Raman shift peaks for ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Raman peak list for ceftolozane sulfate form 2 (Example 2b) 
               
               
                 Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Position (cm −1 ) 
                 Intensity (Counts) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 151 
                 11.618 
               
               
                   
                 282 
                 6.341 
               
               
                   
                 418.1 
                 6.139 
               
               
                   
                 530.2 
                 4.005 
               
               
                   
                 596.8 
                 5.656 
               
               
                   
                 683.7 
                 7.226 
               
               
                   
                 716.2 
                 6.968 
               
               
                   
                 802.3 
                 7.45 
               
               
                   
                 976.9 
                 7.505 
               
               
                   
                 1174.2 
                 3.974 
               
               
                   
                 1237 
                 4.582 
               
               
                   
                 1282.1 
                 6.944 
               
               
                   
                 1328.1 
                 6.577 
               
               
                   
                 1414.3 
                 12.424 
               
               
                   
                 1458.5 
                 25.508 
               
               
                   
                 1602.2 
                 20.204 
               
               
                   
                 1637.5 
                 15.561 
               
               
                   
                 1782 
                 5.388 
               
               
                   
                 2952.8 
                 7.588 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The moisture sorption/desorption property of crystalline cefolozane sulfate Form 2 is depicted in  FIG. 5 . A reversible hysteresis associated with around 23% w/w water between 0% and 90% relative humidity (RH) was observed. The DVS isotherm in  FIG. 5  is consistent with the presence of two crystalline forms that can be interconverted as function of relative humidity. The presence of ceftolozane sulfate solid Form 1 and ceftolozane sulfate solid Form 2 in the sample tested to obtain the DVS isotherm in  FIG. 5  was confirmed by a variable humidity XRPD (VH-XRPD) measurement, based on the XRPD diffraction angles disclosed for Form 1 and Form 2 of ceftolozane sulfate (as disclosed herein). Referring to the DVS isotherm plot in  FIG. 5 , the lower curve corresponds to ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 2, and the upper curve is corresponds to ceftolozane sulfate in solid Form 1. The Y-axis of the DVS plot is change in mass. The X-axis of DVS plot refers to the percent relative humidity (RH) of the sample. Reference point 10 in  FIG. 5  is the starting point of Form 2 in DVS experiment. The lower portion of the curve in  FIG. 5  was obtained by measuring the change in mass of a ceftolozane sulfate sample in solid Form 2 while increasing relative humidity (RH) in the sample, starting at reference point 10 of the lower curve from reference point 10 (Form 2) and moving toward reference point 20 (Form 1). Based on the data collected, the ceftolozane sulfate in the sample converted from Form 2 to Form 1 when the sample was exposed to conditions between 50% RH (reference point 12) and 70% RH (reference point 15). Referring again to the lower curve in  FIG. 5 , ceftolozane sulfate in Form 1 is present in the sample from 70% RH to reference point 20, where the sample is ceftolozane sulfate is in crystalline Form 1. Referring to the upper curve in  FIG. 5 , from reference point 20 to reference point 30, the ceftolozane sulfate in the sample material remains as solid Form 1. From reference point 30 to around 20% RH (reference point 35 on the upper curve), the crystalline form of ceftolozane sulfate in the material transforms from Form 1 to Form 2. As the relative humidity of the sample was dropped below about 20% on the upper curve between reference point 30 and reference point 40 (0% RH), the ceftolozane sulfate became more amorphous, with some residual Form 2 remaining at reference point 40. In summary, the ceftolozane sulfate in the sample was present as Form 2 at reference point 10 (40% RH), converted from Form 2 to Form 1 between reference point 12 and reference point 15 on the lower curve, remained as solid Form 1 between reference point 20 and reference point 30 on the upper curve, converted from Form 1 to Form 2 between reference point 30 and reference point 35 on the upper curve, and remained as solid Form 2 from reference point 35 to reference point 40 (with formation of amorphous solid form in the sample). From reference point 40 to reference point 10 (lower curve), increasing the relative humidity of the partially crystalline 
     Form 2 material resulted in material retaining some ceftolozane sulfate in Form 2 (partially crystalline). 
     Example 2d 
     Representative Example of Process to Manufacture Novel Solid Forms of Ceftolozane Sulfate 
     Using the process of steps 1-9 (below), active ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 was obtained as a white solid, with a weight assay of 76.2% (determined using HPLC method described with respect to parameters in Table 9 herein) and purity of 98.7% AUC using HPLC (determined using HPLC method discussed with respect to Table 10 herein). The ceftolozane sulfate solid Form 1 was produced by steps 1-8 in the procedure below, and further dried (step 9) to obtain ceftolozane sulfate Form 2. The materials used in the process below are summarized in Table 8a. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 MW 
                 Active 
                 Amount 
                 Volume 
                 Molar 
               
               
                 Step 
                 Material 
                 (g/mol) 
                 (kg) 
                 (L) 
                 (L/kg) 
                 equiv. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Ceftolozane 
                 666.7 
                 55 
                 650 
                 N/A 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 solution 
               
               
                 2 
                 50% (w/w) 
                 98.1 
                 41 
                 29 
                 N/A 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 sulfuric acid 
               
               
                 3 
                 Ceftolozane 
                 666.7 
                 0.20 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 sulfate seed 
               
               
                 5 
                 Isopropyl 
                 60.1 
                 N/A 
                 1653 
                 30 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 alcohol (IPA) 
               
               
                 8 
                 IPA/Water 
                 N/A 
                 N/A 
                 221 
                 4 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 (4:1) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         
           
             1. Polish filter (1 micrometer) the ceftolozane solution (85 g/L, 650 L) into a glass lined reactor and adjust the temperature to 8-12 degrees C., with a target temperature of about 10 degrees C. This temperature is maintained through step 6. 
             2. Charge 50% (w/w) sulfuric acid (41 kg, 29 L, 2.5 equiv) to the solution in the reactor of step 1 over 10-30 minutes. 
             3. (optional, but preferred step) Charge ceftolozane sulfate seed (200 g, 0.3% by weight) to the reactor and stir the solution. (Note: nucleation was observed upon seeding) 
             4. Age the batch in the reactor for 3 hours. 
             5. Charge isopropanol (IPA) (1650 L, 30 volumes) to the reactor at a uniform rate of 4-5 vol/hr. (6-7 hours addition time, target of 6.5 hours) (Note: if the rate of IPA addition is not uniform, the purity levels of the product may be adversely affected) 
             6. Stir the batch in the reactor for 1-6 hours, target of 2 hours. 
             7. Filter the resulting ceftolozane sulfate slurry from the reactor. 
             8. Wash the ceftolozane slurry cake from step 7 with a solution of 4:1 IPA/water. (221 L, 4 volumes) 
             9. Dry the solid from step 8 under vacuum using a dry nitrogen purge, with a nitrogen temperature of 15-35 degrees C., target temperature of about 25 degrees C. The drying process should be monitored by measuring for residual water and IPA levels in the cake. The drying process can be completed when the residual water content is less than about 8.5% and IPA levels are less than about 5000 ppm. Typically, drying is complete within 48 hours. 
           
         
       
    
     Example 3 
     Comparative Ceftolozane Solvent Stability Test 
     This stability study was to evaluate stability and purity of ceftolozane sulfate in different solvent systems. 
     Sample 1 was a solvent system used to prepare crystalline ceftolozane sulfate from a mixture of isopropanol and water, as described in Example 2b (in the absence of ethanol). 
     Sample 2 was solvent system used to obtain crystalline ceftolozane sulfate prepared according to the procedure of U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,232, wherein the crystals were precipitated from a mixture of ethanol and water. 
     Sample 1 and sample 2 were maintained for 6 days (as described in Example 2a, with continuous stirring). The purity of ceftolozane in the samples in each solvent system was measured by HPLC at day 0, day 3, and day 6. 
     Surprisingly, the purity of ceftolozane sulfate in sample 1 was significantly higher than the purity of ceftolozane sulfate in sample 2 (see Table 8b). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8b 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 The purity of ceftolozane in ceftolozane sulfate in different 
               
               
                 solvent systems used to obtain different solid forms 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sample 
                 0 
                 3 days 
                 6 days 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 96.74% 
                 87.39% 
                 81.94% 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 96.84% 
                 87.97% 
                 67.74% 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     Determination of Water Content for Crystalline Ceftolozane 
     Water content of crystalline ceftolozane sulfate (prepared according to Example 2a as Form 1) was determined using a Mettler Toledo Karl Fischer volumetric titrator V30 that was connected to a Mettler Toledo Stromboli oven sample changer. AquaStar CombiTitrant 5 (EMD; Cat. No. 1.88005.1045; Lot No. 51096) was used as the titrant and the AquaStar Combi-Methanol (EMD; Cat. No 1.88009.1045; Lot No 53046) was used as the solvent. For data processing, the LabX software version 3.1.1.0 was employed. 
     The Hydranal Water Standard for KF-Oven (Fluka; Cat. No. 34693; Lot No. SZBB010AV) that is expected to contain 5% water was weighed accurately in duplicate at or very close to 200 mg. The crystalline ceftolozane sulfate (15-18 mg) was weighed accurately in triplicate in separate 20 mL Stromboli sample vials. The vials were sealed with aluminum seals and rubber caps. A blank vial was prepared by sealing an empty 20-mL Stromboli vial with the aluminum seal and the rubber cap. The blank vial was used to determine the background moisture in air inside the vial. All the vials were loaded onto the Stromboli oven sample changer. Weights of the water standard and the ceftolozane sulfate wet cake samples were entered in grams into the titrator program sequence. The water standard and the blank vial were equilibrated at 150° C. The crystalline ceftolozane sulfate samples were equilibrated at 130° C. Nitrogen flow at 40-50 mL/min was used to transport the moisture through the transfer tube into the titator vessel. Mixing time of 180 s was used and the data acquisition was programmed with a maximum start drift of 15 μg/min. At the end of the runs, the titrator software provided the water content in percent by weight. The KF titrator passed the accuracy test as the mean of the duplicate readings for the water standard was between the acceptance range of 4.80-5.20%. Water content results for crystalline ceftolozane sulfate derived from the triplicate weighings were recorded and the mean was reported. The water content determination follows the equation as described below. The software described above provided the result directly after factoring in the background moisture content without any need for manual computation. 
     A sample of crystalline ceftolozane sulfate prepared according to Example 1 was found to contain about 26.3% by weight of water. 
     Example 5 
     Determining Concentration of Ceftolozane 
     Standards and samples are prepared in 50 mM sodium perchlorate monohydrate, pH 4.00. A quantitation standard (Standard Solution 1) and check standard (Standard Solution 2) are both prepared at the target working concentration of 0.3 mg/mL taking into consideration the potency, as-is of the standard. The samples are prepared at the target active concentration of 0.3 mg/mL by preparing a sample at 0.04% (w/v). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Conditions for Concentration Determination 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Column 
                 Develosil ODS-UG-5, 5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, or 
               
               
                 Guard columns 
                 Develosil ODS-UG-5, 5 μm, 10 mm × 4.0 mm, or 
               
               
                 Column temperature 
                 40° C. ± 2° C. 
               
               
                 Mode 
                 Gradient 
               
               
                 Mobile phase A 
                 50 mM Sodium perchlorate monohydrate, pH 2.50 
               
               
                 Mobile phase B 
                 90% Acetonitrile in water 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Pump conditions 
                 Time (min) 
                 % A 
                 % B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.0 
                 89.5 a   
                 10.5 a   
               
               
                   
                 10.0 
                 89.5 a   
                 10.5 a   
               
               
                   
                 15.0 
                 20 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 20.0 
                 20 
                 80 
               
               
                   
                 20.1 
                 89.5 a   
                 10.5 a   
               
               
                   
                 25.0 
                 89.5 a   
                 10.5 a   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Flow rate 
                 1.0 mL/minute 
               
               
                 Detection 
                 UV at 254 nm 
               
               
                 Auto-sampler 
                 4° C. ± 2° C. 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Injection volume 
                 10 μL 
               
               
                 Run time 
                 25 minutes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a The ratio of Mobile phase A to Mobile phase B may be adjusted to achieve the desired retention time, however the isocratic ratio of % A to % B must be identical for both isocratic intervals. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Standard Solution 1 is injected 6 times at the beginning of the analysis to establish system suitability and precision. 
     System suitability is determined using the first injection of Standard Solution 1. The tailing factor for the ceftolozane peak be 0.8 to 1.5 and the retention time for the ceftolozane peak should be 10.0 minutes±1.5 minutes. The binary pump setting at isocratic portions of the run (0.0 to 10.0 minutes and 20.1 to 25.0 minutes) may be adjusted to achieve the ceftolozane peak retention time. 
     Additional suitability of the run is determined by:
         % RSD of 6 Standard Solution 1 injections must be less than 1.0% The Standard Solution 2 recovery must be 100.0±1.0%.   The retention time of Standard Solution 2 must be ±5% of the RT of the first injection of Standard solution 1.   The tailing factor of ceftolozane in Standard Solution 2 must be 0.8 to 1.5.       

     Each sample is prepared in duplicate and injected in singlet. The ratio of the response factor for the two preparations must be within 100.0±1.0%. 
     The mean ceftolozane potency, as is, is reported in μg/mg and calculated using the following equations: 
     
       
         
           
             Potency 
             , 
             
               
                 
                   as 
                    
                   
                     - 
                   
                    
                   is 
                    
                   
                       
                   
                    
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       µg 
                       / 
                       mg 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                 
                 = 
                 
                   
                     Ac 
                     × 
                     Cstd 
                     × 
                     1000 
                     × 
                     Vc 
                   
                   
                     Astd 
                     × 
                     Wc 
                   
                 
               
               ; 
             
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     Ac=Ceftolozane peak area in sample chromatogram; 
     Cstd=Ceftolozane Standard 1 concentration, mg/mL; 
     Astd=Average peak area in 6 injection of standard 1; 
     Wc=Sample weight, mg; 
     Vc=Sample volume, mL; 
     1000=Conversion from mg to μg; and 
     
       
         
           
             
               Mean 
                
               
                   
               
                
               Potency 
             
             , 
             
               
                 as 
                  
                 
                   - 
                 
                  
                 is 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     µg 
                     / 
                     mg 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         Preparation 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         1 
                       
                       + 
                       
                         Preparation 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         2 
                       
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   2 
                 
                 . 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     The mean ceftolozane assay, anhydrous and sulfuric acid free, is reported in % and calculated using the following equation: 
       Mean Assay (%)=Potency×10/(100−Water Content−Sulfuric Acid);
 
     where: 
     Potency=Mean Potency, as-is, μg/mg; 
     Water Content=Mean water content, %; and 
     Sulfuric Acid=Mean sulfuric acid content, %. 
     Example 6 
     Determining Water Content of Ceftolozane 
     Testing for water content is performed using a Stromboli oven and volumetric titrator in triplicate using separate weighing of 180 mg of ceftolozane sulfate. The test sample is extracted at 130° C., moisture is transferred to the titration vessel and titrated to the potentiometric end point. The percent moisture is calculated based on the weight of the sample, and the average of the three values is reported. 
     Example 7 
     Determination of the Purity of Ceftolozane Sulfate 
     Ceftolozane sulfate samples are prepared at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in diluent (50 mM sodium perchlorate monohydrate, pH 4.00). The system suitability standard (SST) is prepared at a concentration of 1 mg/mL of ceftolozane sulfate containing specified impurities in diluent (50 mM sodium perchlorate monohydrate, pH 4.00). Ceftolozane samples and SST are stored in a refrigerated autosampler tray at 4±2° C. and the samples are only stable for 5 hours at this condition. The HPLC conditions are listed in Table 10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 HPLC Conditions for HPLC-RT, Related 
               
               
                 Substances, and Purity Method 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Column 
                 Develosil ODS-UG-5, 5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 
               
               
                   
                 or equivalent 
               
               
                 Guard column 
                 Develosil ODS-UG-5, 5 μm, 10 mm × 4.0 mm, 
               
               
                   
                 or equivalent 
               
               
                 Column 
                 45° C. ± 2° C. 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Mode 
                 Gradient 
               
               
                 Mobile phase A 
                 50 mM Sodium perchlorate monohydrate, pH 2.50 
               
               
                 Mobile phase B 
                 63 mM Sodium perchlorate monohydrate, pH 2.50: 
               
               
                   
                 ACN 80:20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Pump conditions 
                 Time (min) 
                 % A 
                 % B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 0.0 
                 97.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 3.0 
                 73.0 a   
                 27.0 a   
               
               
                   
                 33.0 
                 68.0 a   
                 32.0 a   
               
               
                   
                 63.0 
                 0.0 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 88.0 
                 0.0 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                 88.1 
                 97.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
                 105.0 
                 97.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Flow rate 
                 1.0 mL/minute 
               
               
                 Detection 
                 UV at 254 nm 
               
               
                 Auto-sampler 
                 4° C. ± 2° C. 
               
               
                 temperature 
               
               
                 Injection 
                 10 μL 
               
               
                 volume 
               
               
                 Run time 
                 105 minutes 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a The ratio of mobile phase A to mobile phase B from 3 to 33 minutes may be adjusted to achieve the desired retention times. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     At the beginning of each run, the diluent blank and SST are each injected in singlet. The system suitability is determined using the SST. The tailing factor for the ceftolozane peak should be between 0.8 and 1.5, and the retention time for the ceftolozane peak should be 24.0 minutes±1.0 minutes. The binary pump setting between 3.0 and 33.0 minutes may be adjusted to achieve the ceftolozane peak retention time. 
     Each sample is prepared in singlet and injected twice. Only impurities &gt;LOD (0.008% Area) are integrated. The peak area percentage for each impurity &gt;LOD is taken directly from the chromatogram. The mean % area of each peak is calculated and the absolute difference of any peak in the two replicates cannot be &gt;0.030%. The purity and related substances are determined based on relative area % of each peak with respect to the total peak area of the sample. The total impurities are the sum of the individual impurities &gt;LOD. The calculations are as follows: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 % 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 Impurity 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     % 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Area 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     Area 
                     Impuity 
                   
                   
                     Area 
                     Total 
                   
                 
                 × 
                 100 
                  
                 % 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     Area Impurity =Area of the Individual Impurity Peak; and 
     Area Total =Total Area of all peaks &gt;LOD including Ceftolozane. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 P 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 urity 
                  
                 
                     
                 
                  
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     % 
                      
                     
                         
                     
                      
                     Area 
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     Area 
                     Ceftolozane 
                   
                   
                     Area 
                     Total 
                   
                 
                 × 
                 100 
                  
                 % 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
     where: 
     Area Ceftolozane =Area of the Ceftolozane Peak; and 
     Area Total =Total Area of all peaks ≧LOD including Ceftolozane. 
       Total Impurities (% Area)=100−Purity (% Area).
 
     Individual specified impurities equal to or above the limit of quantitation (LOQ) (0.027% Area) are reported. Individual unspecified impurities equal to or above 0.03% are also reported. 
     Example 8 
     Lyophilization of Ceftolozane Solid Forms 
     Sterile ceftolozane compositions suitable for combination with tazobactam to form a pharmaceutical composition are prepared as a lyophilized powder from the ceftolozane sulfate comprising solid Form 2 by compounding the drug substance with excipients into an aqueous solution, aseptically filtering the solution, lyophilizing the solution, then grinding, sieving and packaging the sterile lyophilized powder. The physical stability of the bulk solution at varying concentrations was examined and concentrations up to 150 mg ceftolozane free base/g solution were found suitable. All the registration batches were prepared using 150 mg/g ceftolozane concentration in the compounding solution and this concentration is proposed for commercial manufacturing. The resulting ceftolozane composition solubility was assessed in a concentration range proposed for manufacturing, in the presence of excipients intended for use in the ceftolozane formulation for use in the pharmaceutical composition. For each sample, the ratio of active to inactive ingredients was conserved. Samples were adjusted to pH 6.9, held at 2 to 8° C., and visually assessed for any precipitation. The results are reported in Table 11. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ceftolozane Precipitation Time as Function 
               
               
                 of Solution Concentration, 2 to 8° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ceftolozane Sulfate 
                 Ceftolozane Free Base 
                 Time to 
                   
               
               
                 Concentration, mg/g 
                 Concentration, mg/g 
                 Precipitate 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 200 
                 174 
                 2 
                 hours 
               
               
                 189 
                 165 
                 &lt;18 
                 hours 
               
               
                 178 
                 156 
                 &gt;24 
                 hours i)   
               
               
                 172 
                 150 
                 &gt;48 
                 hours 
               
               
                 149 
                 130 
                 &gt;24 
                 hours a   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   i) Last observation was made at 24 hour; no sign of precipitation was noticed 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on these observations, ceftolozane bulk solution with up to 150 mg ceftolozane free base/g solution can be held at 2 to 8° C. for up to 48 hours without affecting its solubility. The suitability of compounding to 150 mg ceftolozane free base/g solution at 10±2.5° C. was confirmed during the manufacturing of batches on the laboratory, pilot and engineering scale. Refer to Table 12 for solution stability data. The purity data in Table 12 was generated using a modified version of the HPLC method that is described in Table 10. As part of the modification, the initial mobile phase composition comprised 75% mobile phase A and 25% mobile phase B. This composition was ramped to 70% mobile phase A and 30% mobile phase B in 30 minutes followed by a ramp to 100% mobile phase B over another 30 minutes. The 100% mobile phase B was then held constant for 25 minutes, after which the mobile phase composition was reverted back in 0.1 minutes to initial conditions of 75% mobile phase A and 25% mobile phase B. Column equilibration was performed at the initial mobile phase composition for up to 110 minutes, thereby giving a total HPLC run time of 110 minutes. The limit of quantification determined for the method with the conditions described above was 0.015% and therefore all individual specified impurities equal to or above 0.015% were reported. 
     A compounding temperature of 10±2.5° C. was targeted to maintain ceftolozane purity. To confirm the compounding solution stability, a study was conducted in which ceftolozane was prepared according to the proposed commercial process and held at 10±2.5° C. for up to 2 days. The solution was sampled and tested for ceftolozane potency and purity/impurities. The results are provided in Table 12. The data indicated ceftolozane impurity profile was essentially unchanged from initial and none of the individual related substances increases more than 0.10%. Therefore, a 24 hour maximum hold time is proposed for the commercial process. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Hold Time on Purity/Impurity 
               
               
                 Profile of Ceftolozane Bulk Solution 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Time from Compounding 
                 t 0   
                 4 h 
                 18 h 
                 24 h 
                 Day 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total Purity, % 
                 98.7 
                 98.8 
                 98.6 
                 98.6 
                 98.7 
               
               
                 Total Impurities, % 
                 1.3 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The ceftolozane bulk solution is rendered aseptic via sterilizing filtration. For routine commercial manufacturing, the compounded solution will be first filtered through a bioburden reduction filter, 0.45 μm, then sterile filtered through two 0.22 μm filters in sequence and the filter integrity of the 0.22 μm filters will be assessed during manufacturing. 
     Through a series of studies on both the pilot and commercial scale lyophilization equipment, the lyophilization process was developed and shown to be suitable: across a range of solution concentrations, at a variety of lyophilizer tray fill depths, following an array of lyophilization cycle parameters, in a number of lyophilizers, of both laboratory and commercial scale, and in two different commercial lyophilization suites. 
     In particular, six different lyophilizers (one pilot lyophilizer and five commercial lyophilizers from two separate commercial suites) have been used to make acceptable ceftolozane material using concentrations as high as 150 mg ceftolozane free base/g solution, fill depths from 1 to 3 cm, and different cycle parameters, including primary and/or secondary drying temperatures as high as 40° C. Based on these studies, freezing the product to at least −40 to −45° C. was considered an appropriate target. Primary drying temperatures are also typically set based on the glass transition temperature of the frozen bulk solution to minimize collapse. However, on occasion, the collapse may be prevented by using primary drying temperatures that are dictated by the full melt temperature, vs. the glass transition temperature. Therefore, studies were performed to examine these two temperatures more closely, to determine which would be controlling to prevent collapse. A variety of lyophilization conditions and instrumentation have been shown to be robust across a range of lyophilization conditions. Therefore, the preferred lyophilization cycles for producing lyophilized ceftolozane compositions from a solution comprising ceftolozane sulfate solid Form 2 have one or more of the following characteristics: (1) not more than 150 mg ceftolozane free base/g bulk solution concentration, (2) no more than 3 cm fill depth, (3) cycle parameters including: freezing to at least −40 to −45° C., (4) drying to no more than 40° C., (4) single- or multi-step drying and setting chamber pressure during the start of primary drying at not more than 400 μbar. 
     Example 9 
     Preferred Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising Ceftolozane and Tazobactam (“Representative Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Product”) 
     Pharmaceutical compositions comprising ceftolozane and tazobactam can be obtained as described herein. A Representative Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Product is described in Table 14 below (ceftolozane and tazobactam for injection) as an injectable antibacterial combination product consisting of the cephalosporin antibacterial ceftolozane sulfate and the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam sodium for intravenous administration. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Excipients Used in Ceftolozane composition 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Inactive 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Concentration 
                   
                 Ingredients 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amount, 
                 in Infusion 
                 Rationale for 
                 Database 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Function 
                 mg/Vial 
                 Solution, % 
                 Inclusion 
                 (IID) Range 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Citric acid 
                 Chelating 
                  21 
                 0.02 
                 Used to prevent 
                 0.0025 to 50% 
               
               
                   
                 agent 
                   
                   
                 discoloration 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 and degradation 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 Stabilizing 
                 487 
                 0.49 
                 Used as a 
                  0.187 to 45% 
               
               
                 Chloride 
                 agent 
                   
                   
                 stabilizing agent 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 for ceftolozane 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 sulfate 
               
               
                 L-arginine 
                 Alkalizing 
                     600 i)   
                 0.60 
                 Used to adjust 
                  0.29 to 88% 
               
               
                   
                 agent 
                 Q.S. for 
                   
                 ceftolozane 
               
               
                   
                   
                 pH 
                   
                 solution pH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 adjustment 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   i) L-arginine is added as needed to achieve pH 6.5 ± 0.5; 600 mg per vial is considered a representative total amount. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Unit Compositions of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam 
               
               
                 for Injection, 1000 mg/500 mg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Nominal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Composition 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Function 
                 mg per Vial 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Ceftolozane 
                 Ceftolozane 
                 Active 
                 1147  
               
               
                 composition 1)   
                 Sulfate (Solid 
               
               
                   
                 Form 2) 
               
               
                   
                 Citric Acid, 
                 Chelating 
                  21 
               
               
                   
                 Anhydrous 
                 Agent 
               
               
                   
                 Sodium 
                 Stabilizing 
                 487 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
                 Agent 
               
               
                   
                 L-Arginine 
                 Alkalizing 
                      600 2)   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Agent 
                 Q.S. for 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pH adjustment 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Tazobactam Sodium 3)   
                 Active 
                 537 
               
               
                 Nitrogen 
                 Processing Aid ii)   
                 Q.S. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Total Weight 
                 2792  
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   1) Actual amount of ceftolozane composition will vary based on the measured potency. Ceftolozane sulfate, 1147 mg, corresponds to 1000 mg ceftolozane free base. 
               
               
                   
                   2) L-arginine is added as needed to achieve pH 6.5 ± 0.5; 600 mg per vial is considered a representative total amount. 
               
               
                   
                   3) Actual weight of tazobactam sodium will vary based on the measured potency. Tazobactam sodium 537 mg, corresponds to 500 mg tazobactam free acid 
               
               
                   
                 4) Nitrogen blanket is applied after powders are dispensed to the vial and prior to insertion of stopper. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A first aqueous solution comprising ceftolozane sulfate Form 2 and the ingredients in the ceftolozane composition in Table 13 is lyophilized in the absence of tazobactam to provide the lyophilized ceftolozane composition. The first aqueous solution comprises ceftolozane sulfate and the specific excipients in the preferred compositions, in an amount per unit dosage form provided by the quantities and functions as provided in Table 14. All excipients are compendial and typical for sterile pharmaceutical dosage forms, requiring no additional treatment prior to use in the formulation. The excipients are used in levels within the range established in other FDA approved products as described in the Inactive Ingredients Database (IID). A second solution comprising tazobactam acid and sodium bicarbonate is lyophilized in the absence of ceftolozane to obtain the Tazobactam Sodium Composition in Table 14. Subsequently, the lyophilized Tazobactam Sodium Composition is dry blended with the lyophilized Ceftolozane composition comprising tazobactam sodium and ceftolozane sulfate in a weight ratio providing 500 mg of tazobactam acid equivalent per 1,000 mg of ceftolozane active equivalent. 
     Example 10 
     Reconstitution of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Preparation Prior to Administration to a Subject 
     The ceftolozane/tazobactam composition of Example 9 was reconstituted prior to intravenous (IV) administration. In accordance with one embodiment of the method of treatment, immediately prior to injection into a patient, a single vial, containing 1500 mg ceftolozane and tazobactam, was reconstituted with 20 mL 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) and diluted into a 80 mL bag of sterile water for injection for a total volume of 100 mL. 
     The ceftolozane and tazobactam composition was reconstituted in accordance with the procedure as follows: 
     Obtain 1 vial of ceftolozane/tazobactam unit dosage form, 1500 mg/vial. Record the site and subject number and time and date of preparation in the spaces provided on the vial label. Ceftolozane/tazobactam of Example 9 does not contain a bacteriostatic preservative. Aseptic technique must be followed in preparing the infusion solution. 
     Aseptically reconstitute a lyophilized vial of ceftolozane/tazobactam unit dosage form, 1500 mg with 10 ml water for injection or 0.9% Sodium Chloride for injection, USP (normal saline) and gently shake to dissolve. The final volume is approximately 11.4 mL. The resultant concentration is approximately 132 mg/mL. 
     Using aseptic technique, withdraw the entire contents (approximately 11.4 mL) of the reconstituted vial using a syringe and add it to an infusion bag containing 100 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection, USP (normal saline) or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP. Ensure the entire volume of the reconstituted vial is added to the infusion bag. 
     Gently swirl the contents of the IV bag to ensure complete mixing and dissolution of the drug. The final volume of diluted ceftolozane/tazobactam unit dosage form of Example 9 for infusion will be ˜111 ml. The entire contents of the infusion bag of ceftolozane/tazobactam is administered to each subject. This means that the infusion line is flushed with sterile saline to completely administer the proper dose). 
     Inspect the infusion bag for excess air, visible contamination and leaks. The diluted solution should be clear. 
     Upon constitution with sterile water for injection or 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) injection, the ceftolozane/tazobactam solution in the vial may be held for 1-hour prior to transfer and dilution in the infusion bag. 
     Following dilution of the solution with normal saline or 5% dextrose, the ceftolozane/tazobactam solution obtained from the ceftolozane/tazobactam composition of Example 9 is stable for 24 hours when stored at room temperature or 10 days when stored under refrigeration at 2 to 8° C. (36 to 46° F.). 
     Example 11 
     Melting Point of Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 2 
     Melting point experiment was performed for ceftolozane sulfate form 2 using the SRS Optimelt melting point apparatus. SRS-certified vanillin and phenacetin were used to verify the system performance. The temperature scan from 100° C. to 400° C. was performed for ceftolozane sulfate. The material decomposed prior to melting. The decomposition, as indicated by the distinct change in color, appeared to commence at about 170° C. 
     Example 12 
     TGA and DSC of Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 2 
     Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms are shown in  FIG. 3  and  FIG. 4 , respectively. An initial weight loss of 6.8% observed in the TGA thermogram from initial temperature to 181° C. is consistent with the content of water and residual isopropanol present in ceftolozane sulfate, lot 440637 0004 2. Analysis of the thermogram beyond 181° C. indicated that ceftolozane sulfate likely undergoes degradation beyond this temperature. The DSC thermogram exhibited a broad endotherm with the minima at about 105.49° C. The subsequent exotherm in the thermogram is indicative of decompostion that is consistent with the observation in the melting point experiment. 
     Example 13 
     Hygroscopicity of Ceftolozane Sulfate Form 2 
     Hygroscopicity of ceftolozane sulfate, Form 2 was assessed using the SMS DVS Intrinsic moisture sorption analyzer equipped with a calibrated Rotronic probe. The temperature was maintained at 25° C. and the material was exposed to relative humidity from 0 to 90%. Ceftolozane sulfate showed continuous adsorption of water through the cycle with total uptake of 23% at 90% relative humidity indicating that ceftolozane sulfate is hygroscopic.