Patent Publication Number: US-11660887-B2

Title: Contacting member containing a fluoresin fiber layer

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the National Stage entry under § 371 of International Application No. PCT/IB2020/054127, filed on May 1, 2020, and which claims the benefit of priority to Japanese Application No. 2019-091220, filed on May 14, 2019. The content of each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a contacting member, a drying device, and a printing apparatus. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In a printing apparatus such as an inkjet device, a conveyer for conveying a printing material (e.g., cut paper) is provided. The conveyer conveys the printing material to a liquid composition applicator that applies a liquid composition (e.g., inkjet ink) thereto, or a liquid composition heater that heats the applied liquid composition to dry. There are various types of conveyers, and a plurality of rollers arranged at intervals along the axial direction is often used. 
     However, among such conveyers, those which come into direct contact with a region to which the liquid composition has been applied may cause an undesired phenomenon in which the liquid composition is transferred to the conveyer. 
     Patent Literature 1 discloses a roller for feeding a printing material in a device having a printing function, which includes a rod-shaped core and a wire including an easily-lubricatable resin fiber that is spirally wound around an outer circumferential surface of the core. It is disclosed therein that the roller can smoothly feed the printing material and can maintain the print image quality high. 
     CITATION LIST 
     Patent Literature 
     [PTL 1] 
     
         
         Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2014-156317 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION 
     Technical Problem 
     However, under the situation in which a contacting member having a fiber layer on its surface and a contacted member (e.g., recording medium) are in pressure contact with each other, when the contacted member is conveyed, an image formed on the contacted member may be detached, causing a problem with regard to image detachability. Further, when the fiber layer is formed of a fluororesin fiber, the fiber layer may be detached from the substrate of the contacting member, causing a problem with regard to fiber layer detachability. 
     Solution to Problem 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a contacting member that contacts a region of a contacted member to which a liquid composition has been applied is provided. The contacting member comprises a substrate, a fluororesin fiber layer, an adhesive layer, and a mixed layer. The fluororesin fiber layer contains a fluororesin fiber and is configured to contact the contacted member. The adhesive layer contains an adhesive member directly or indirectly fixing the fluororesin fiber layer to the substrate. In the mixed layer, the fluororesin fiber in the fluororesin layer and the adhesive member in the adhesive layer are mixed. A thickness of the mixed layer is from 5% or more and 60% or less with respect to a thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer. 
     Advantageous Effects of Invention 
     According to some embodiments of the present invention, a contacting member having a fiber layer on its surface provides excellent effects of preventing detachment of an image formed on a contacted member conveyed by the contacting member and preventing detachment of the fiber layer from a substrate of the contacting member. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings are intended to depict example embodiments of the present invention and should not be interpreted to limit the scope thereof. The accompanying drawings are not to be considered as drawn to scale unless explicitly noted. Also, identical or similar reference numerals designate identical or similar components throughout the several views. 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram illustrating a positional relationship between layers constituting a contacting member. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram illustrating a printing apparatus that uses continuous paper. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating a situation in which a contacted member is in contact with a contacting member. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     In describing embodiments illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the disclosure of this specification is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that have a similar function, operate in a similar manner, and achieve a similar result. 
     Hereinafter, one embodiment of the present invention is described. 
     Contacting Member 
     The contacting member of the present embodiment contacts a region of a contacted member to which a liquid composition has been applied. The contacting member includes: a substrate; a fluororesin fiber layer containing a fluororesin fiber, configured to contact the contacted member; and an adhesive layer containing an adhesive member directly or indirectly fixing the fluororesin fiber layer to the substrate. Here, the case of “directly fixing the fluororesin fiber layer to the substrate” refers to, for example, a case in which the fluororesin fiber layer and the substrate are integrated by the adhesive member that has been formed by curing an adhesive. The case of “indirectly fixing the fluororesin fiber layer to the substrate” refers to, for example, a case in which one or more base layers are provided between the fluororesin fiber layer and the substrate, where an integration is achieved between the fluororesin fiber layer and the base layer, between the base layers (when two or more base layers are provided), or between the base layer and the substrate, by the adhesive member that has been formed by curing an adhesive. Further, the contacting member has a mixed layer in which the fluororesin fiber in the fluororesin fiber layer and the adhesive member in the adhesive layer are mixed. 
     Here, the positional relationship between these layers is described with reference to  FIG.  1   .  FIG.  1    is a schematic diagram illustrating a positional relationship between the layers constituting the contacting member. A contacting member illustrated in  FIG.  1    includes a substrate  10 , an adhesive layer  11 , and a fluororesin fiber layer  12 . Further, as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , there is a region where the adhesive layer  11  and the fluororesin fiber layer  12  are mixed, which is defined as a mixed layer  13 . In the present embodiment, a region consisting of the adhesive layer  11  excluding the mixed layer  13  is defined as a single-entity layer  14  of the adhesive member (hereinafter “adhesive member single-entity layer  14 ”), and a region consisting of the fluororesin fiber layer  12  excluding the mixed layer  13  is defined as a single-entity layer  15  of the fluororesin fiber (hereinafter “fluororesin fiber single-entity layer  15 ”). Hereinafter, the fluororesin fiber layer, the adhesive layer, the mixed layer, the adhesive member single-entity layer, the fluororesin fiber single-entity layer, and the substrate are described in detail. 
     Fluororesin Fiber Layer 
     The contacting member of the present embodiment has a fluororesin fiber layer on a surface which contacts the contacted member, and the fluororesin fiber layer contains a fluororesin fiber. Preferably, the fluororesin fiber layer contains the fluororesin fiber at the outermost surface of the layer. The fluororesin fiber improves lubricity and detachability with respect to the region of the contacted member to which a liquid composition has been applied, which directly contacts the fluororesin fiber. Examples of fluororesin constituting the fluororesin fiber include, but are not limited to, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA, melting point: 300 to 310 degrees C.), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, melting point: 330 degrees C.), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP, melting point: 250 to 280 degrees C.), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE, melting point: 260 to 270 degrees C.), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, melting point: 160 to 180 degrees C.), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE, melting point: 210 degrees C.), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (EPE, melting point: 290 to 300 degrees C.), and copolymers including the above-described polymers. Among these, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is preferred. 
     The fluororesin fiber may be formed by spinning the fluororesin or hardening short fibers of the fluororesin. The fluororesin fiber may be any of a resin fiber made of a single fluororesin, a resin fiber made of a plurality of fluororesins, or a resin fiber in which the fluororesin and a material other than the fluororesin are mixed. Among these, a resin fiber made of a single fluororesin and a resin fiber made of a plurality of fluororesins are preferred. In the present embodiment, the fluororesin fiber refers to a fiberized product of the fluororesin itself or that of a mixture itself of the fluororesin and a material other than the fluororesin. Therefore, for example, those obtained by coating and hardening the surface of a glass resin fiber with a fluororesin are not included in the fluororesin fiber of the present embodiment. Examples of commercially-available fluororesin fibers include, but are not limited to, TOYOFLON BF800S, 2402, and 1412 (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.), all of which are fluororesin fibers containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 
     The thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer is preferably 250 μm or more, and more preferably 500 μm or more. In addition, the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer is preferably 1,300 μm or less. When the surface of the contacting member has a fiber structure and the thickness of the layer having the fiber structure is 250 μm or more, even when the contacting member comes into contact with the contacted member with a high pressure therebetween, the pressure is dispersed in the direction vertical to the plane of contact of the contacting member with the contacted member. Thus, even when the contacting member contacts a region of the contacted member to which a liquid composition has been applied, image detachment, which may be caused when the liquid composition on the contacted member is transferred onto the contacting member, is prevented. Further, when the thickness of the layer having the fiber structure is 1,300 μm or less, detachment of the fiber layer is prevented, and the contacted member is satisfactorily conveyed even when the contacting member is used as a roller for conveying the contacted member. 
     The shape of the fluororesin fiber layer is not particularly limited, but the fluororesin fiber layer is preferably in a sheet-like shape and wound around a substrate. The term “sheet-like” refers to a state in which fibers are processed so as not to be easily separated from each other. Therefore, the fluororesin fiber layer is in a flat or curved shape and does not include those in a linear state. The process for making fibers not easily separated from each other may be a known process such as a process of mechanically weaving fibers spun by extrusion of raw materials or a process of joining fibers by heat or pressure. In particular, a process of joining fibers having a relatively short length is preferred for the advantage that the number of contact points can be increased while reducing the area of contact. As the fluororesin fiber layer is in a sheet-like shape, a portion of the contacting member which contacts the contacted member becomes the top portion of the fluororesin fiber located at the outermost part of the fluororesin fiber layer. Thus, a large number of the top portions of the fluororesin fibers is made present on the surface of the contacting member while reducing the contact area between the contacting member and the contacted member. Therefore, even when the contacting member contacts a region of the contacted member to which a liquid composition has been applied, a surface pressure from the contacted member is finely dispersed, and the liquid composition on the contacted member is prevented from being transferred onto the contacting member. Preferably, the fluororesin fiber layer in a sheet-like shape is comprised of a non-woven fabric made of a fluororesin fiber. This is because the fluororesin fiber layer comprised of a non-woven fabric is capable of more finely dispersing the surface pressure from the contacted member. In the present embodiment, the fluororesin fiber layer which is formed by winding linear fibers around a substrate is not excluded, but the fluororesin fiber layer having the above-described sheet-like shape is preferred. When the fluororesin fiber layer is in a sheet-like shape, the pressure generated between the contacting member and the contacted member is more dispersed as compared with the case in which the fluororesin fiber layer is in a linear shape. Therefore, the liquid composition on the contacted member is prevented from being transferred onto the contacting member. 
     A detachment force that is a force required to detach the fluororesin fiber layer from the substrate is preferably 6 N/cm or more. When the detachment force is 6 N/cm or more, it is possible to prevent a decrease of the adhesive strength between the fluororesin fiber layer and the substrate or base layer. In the present embodiment, the detachment force is obtained by making a cut on the fluororesin fiber layer disposed on the contacting member and measuring a 90° detachment stress at a speed of 100 mm/5 seconds at the cut portion of the fluororesin fiber layer. Specifically, first, a razor is vertically applied to the fluororesin fiber layer disposed on the contacting member to make a cut so as to surround a region (evaluation region) having a width of 30 mm and a length of 100 mm. Next, the end portion of the evaluation region on the short-width side is grasped, and the detachment force is measured using a digital force gauge (available from A&amp;D Company, Limited) under the above-described conditions. The maximum value within a measurement distance of 100 mm is employed as the measurement value. In this measurement, three evaluation regions are created at different positions, and the average of values measured in the respective regions is employed. 
     Adhesive Layer 
     The adhesive layer is a layer containing an adhesive member formed by curing an adhesive. The adhesive member directly or indirectly fixes the fluororesin fiber layer to the substrate. Examples of the adhesive member constituting the adhesive layer include, but are not limited to, adhesive members derived from organic adhesives (e.g., silicone adhesives, epoxy adhesives, acrylic adhesives) or inorganic adhesives (e.g., silicon adhesives). In particular, adhesive members derived from silicone adhesives are preferred. Silicone adhesives are preferred because the cured products thereof acquire hardly-breakable property due to their elastic force. The adhesive may be of either a thermosetting type or a room temperature curable type, but a thermosetting type is preferred. In the case of a thermosetting type, it is possible to start curing after the adhesive has been applied to the fluororesin fiber layer having been disposed, to make the thickness of the mixed layer uniform over the entire adhesive layer. Thus, the fluororesin fiber layer is prevented from being detached from the substrate. 
     The thickness of the adhesive layer is preferably 50 μm or more and 500 μm or less. When the thickness of the adhesive layer is 50 μm or more, the adhesive layer itself exerts an elastic force, which is preferable. When the thickness of the adhesive layer is 500 μm or less is, cohesive failure of the adhesive layer is prevented, which is preferable. 
     Mixed Layer 
     The mixed layer is a layer belonging to both the fluororesin fiber layer and the adhesive layer. In the mixed layer, the fluororesin fiber in the fluororesin fiber layer and the adhesive member in the adhesive layer are mixed. 
     The mixed layer is defined as follows. First, the contacting member is cut in a vertical direction with respect to the surface of the substrate to form a cross section of the contacting member. The surface of the substrate refers to either a surface on the substrate which is adjacent to the adhesive layer or a surface on the substrate which is opposed to the adhesive layer via a base layer. Next, the cross section is observed to specify elements indicating the fluororesin fiber and elements indicating the adhesive member within the same range in the cross section. After that, in the above cross section, a line (lower layer line) is drawn parallel to the surface of the substrate so as to pass through, among the elements indicating the fluororesin fiber, one located closest to the substrate. In addition, in the above cross section, a line (upper layer line) is drawn parallel to the surface of the substrate so as to pass through, among the elements indicating the adhesive member, one located farthest from the substrate. In the above cross section, a region sandwiched by the upper layer line and the lower layer line is defined as the mixed layer. 
     Next, means for specifying elements indicating the fluororesin fiber and elements indicating the adhesive member are described below. Examples of such means include means performing elemental analysis or chemical composition analysis, but are not limited thereto. Specific examples of such means include, but are not limited to, a method combining SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) observation and EDS (Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) elemental analysis (e.g., Phenom ProX available from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Specifically, when the adhesive used to form the adhesive layer is a silicone adhesive, fluorine components are mapped as elements indicating the fluororesin fiber, and silicone components are mapped as elements indicating the adhesive member. When the adhesive used to form the adhesive layer is an adhesive other than silicone adhesives, elements indicating the adhesive member are appropriately mapped depending on the type of the adhesive. 
     Other examples of such means include a method using an infrared absorption spectrum. This method is used when, for example, the adhesive is free of metal elements. Specific examples of this method include an infrared ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) method using a NICOLET AVATAR 330 FT-IR spectrophotometer, performing a measurement within a wavenumber range of from 4,000 to 700 cm −1  at a resolution of 4 cm −1  and an integration number of 64 times. The resulted infrared absorption spectrum is analyzed using a peak area tool, OMNIC E. S. P. software package, to specify elements indicating the fluororesin fiber and elements indicating the adhesive member. 
     The thickness of the mixed layer is 5% or more and 60% or less, preferably 10% or more and 25% or less, with respect to the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer. When the ratio of the thickness of the mixed layer to the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer is within this range, flexibility of the fluororesin fiber layer is maintained, image detachment is prevented, and high image quality is achieved. Further, an anchoring effect of the adhesive layer in the fluororesin fiber layer is improved, and detachment of the fluororesin fiber layer is prevented for an extended period of time. 
     A method for adjusting the thickness of the mixed layer to be 5% or more and 60% or less with respect to the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer is not particularly limited. 
     Examples thereof include a method of adjusting the thickness of application of the adhesive when producing the contacting member, a method of adjusting the pressure applied to the fluororesin fiber layer disposed on the applied adhesive, and a method of changing the type (easiness in penetration of the adhesive) of the fluororesin fiber layer. 
     The ratio of the thickness of the mixed layer to the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer may be measured at one point, but it is preferably measured at multiple points. When the ratio is 5% or more and 60% or less at each of the multiple points, an image on the contacted member is prevented from being detached over the entire region of the contacting member, and the fluororesin fiber layer is prevented from being detached from the substrate. In the contacting member having a roller shape, multiple points selected for measurement may include, for example, a position 1 cm inside from one end of the contacting member, a central position of the contacting member, and a position 1 cm inside from the other end of the contacting member. More preferably, at each of these positions, three points on the outer circumference of the contacting member are selected at an interval of 120°, selecting nine points in total. In a case in which the fluororesin fiber layer is in the form of a sheet, it is preferable not to select a position less than 1 cm from the edge of the sheet as a measurement point for the above-described ratio. 
     The thickness of the mixed layer is preferably 5 μm or more and 500 μm or less. When the thickness of the mixed layer is 5 μm or more, an anchoring effect of the adhesive layer in the fluororesin fiber layer is improved and detachment of the fluororesin fiber layer is prevented for an extended period of time, which is preferable. When the thickness is 500 μm or less is, cohesive failure is prevented, which is preferable. 
     Adhesive Member Single-Entity Layer 
     The adhesive member single-entity layer is a layer belonging to the adhesive layer, and represents a region excluding the mixed layer from the adhesive layer. The adhesive member single-entity layer may contain a material other than the adhesive member. 
     The thickness of the adhesive member single-entity layer is preferably 1% or more and 50% or less with respect to the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer. When the ratio is 1% or more, the adhesive force between the fluororesin fiber layer and the substrate is improved. When the ratio is 50% or less, cohesive failure inside the adhesive layer is prevented, and the adhesive strength of the adhesive layer is maintained. 
     The thickness of the adhesive member single-entity layer is preferably 5 μm or more and 500 μm or less. When the thickness of the adhesive member single-entity layer is 5 μm or more, the adhesion between the adhesive member and the substrate is improved even when the surface of the substrate is rough, which is preferable. When the thickness is 500 μm or less is, cohesive failure is prevented, which is preferable. 
     Fluororesin Fiber Single-Entity Layer 
     The fluororesin fiber single-entity layer is a layer belonging to the fluororesin fiber layer, and represents a region excluding the mixed layer from the fluororesin fiber layer. The fluororesin fiber single-entity layer may contain a material other than the fluororesin fiber. The thickness of the fluororesin fiber single-entity layer is preferably 100 μm or more and 1,500 μm or less. When the thickness of the fluororesin fiber single-entity layer is 100 μm or more, it becomes difficult for the fluororesin fiber single-entity layer to expand and contract even when stress is applied thereto, which is preferable. When the thickness is 1,500 μm or less, the fiber layer is prevented from collapsing, which is preferable. 
     Substrate 
     Preferably, the substrate is a long rod-shaped body made of a metal. More preferably, the substrate has a roller shape, such as a columnar or cylindrical shape having a circular or substantially circular cross section and a three-dimensional shape similar thereto. When the substrate has such a shape, the contacting member can be used as a roller for conveying the contacted member. When the contacting member is used as the roller, the diameter of the circular cross section of the substrate is preferably from 50 to 100 mm. When the diameter is within this range, even when the contacting member contacts a region of the contacted member to which a liquid composition has been applied, the liquid composition on the contacted member is prevented from being transferred onto the contacting member. When the diameter is 50 mm or more, the pressure per unit area generated between the contacting member and the contacted member is reduced, and the liquid composition is prevented from being transferred. When the diameter is 100 mm or less, the occurrence of slippage is prevented between the contacting member and the contacted member, thereby preventing the liquid composition from being transferred. Preferably, the above-described “three-dimensional shape similar thereto” is a shape in which the diameter of the cross section decreases from both ends toward the center, but is not limited thereto. This shape makes it possible to relax the adhesion between the contacting member and the contacted member and prevent detachment of an image. 
     Examples of the material of the substrate include, but are not limited to, various metals such as stainless steel and aluminum, sintered bodies of metals such as copper and stainless steel, and sintered bodies of ceramics. 
     Drying Device and Printing Apparatus 
     A drying device of the present embodiment is configured to dry a contacted member to which a liquid composition has been applied. The drying device includes the above-described contacting member, and optionally a liquid composition heater configured to heat the liquid composition applied to the contacted member, a contacting member heater configured to heat the contacting member, and the like, as necessary. 
     A printing apparatus of the present embodiment includes the above-described contacting member, and optionally a contacted member feeder configured to feed a contacted member, a conveyance path for conveying the contacted member, a liquid composition applicator configured to apply a liquid composition to the contacted member, a liquid composition heater configured to heat the liquid composition applied to the contacted member, a contacting member heater configured to heat the contacting member, a contacted member collector configured to collect the contacted member, and the like, as necessary. 
     The drying device and the printing apparatus are described in detail below with reference to  FIG.  2   .  FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram illustrating a printing apparatus that uses continuous paper. A printing apparatus  100  illustrated in  FIG.  2    includes a contacted member feeder  1 , a liquid composition applicator  2 , a liquid composition heater  3 , a contacting member  4 , a contacting member heater  5 , and a contacted member collector  6 . The printing apparatus  100  includes a drying device  50 . The drying device  50  may be an apparatus either integrated with or separated from the printing apparatus. 
     Contacted Member Feeder 
     The contacted member feeder  1  is rotationally driven to feed a contacted member  7  stored wound in a roll to a conveyance path  8  in the printing apparatus  100 . The conveyance direction of the contacted member  7  in the conveyance path  8  is indicated by arrow D in the drawings. 
     The rotary drive of the contacted member feeder  1  is adjusted such that the contacted member  7  is conveyed at a high speed of 50 m/min or higher. 
     The contacted member  7  is a sheet-like object to be conveyed that is continuous in the conveyance direction D in the printing apparatus  100 . Specific examples thereof include a recording medium such as a continuous sheet. Examples of the continuous sheet include, but are not limited to, a rolled sheet and a folded sheet folded at predetermined intervals. The contacted member  7  is conveyed along the conveyance path  8  between the contacted member feeder  1  and the contacted member collector  6 . The length of the contacted member  7  in the conveyance direction D is longer than at least the length of the conveyance path  8  provided for conveying the contacted member  7  between the contacted member feeder  1  and the contacted member collector  6 . The printing apparatus  100  of the present embodiment uses the contacted member  7  that is continuous in the conveyance direction D in the printing apparatus  100 . To convey the contacted member  7  at a high speed, a large tension is applied to the contacted member  7  between the contacted member feeder  1  and the contacted member collector  6 . 
     Liquid Composition Applicator 
     The liquid composition applicator  2  is an inkjet discharge head having a plurality of nozzle arrays in each of which a plurality of nozzles is arranged. The liquid composition applicator  2  is disposed such that the direction of discharge of ink from the nozzles is directed to the conveyance path  8  for conveying the contacted member  7 . Thus, the liquid composition applicator  2  sequentially applies to the contacted member  7  magenta (M), cyan (C), yellow (Y), and black (K) inks and an aftertreatment liquid for protecting the surface of the applied ink, each serving as a liquid composition. The colors of the discharged inks are not limited to these, and may be white, gray, silver, gold, green, blue, orange, violet, or the like. 
     In the present embodiment, the case in which the liquid composition is an ink and an aftertreatment liquid is illustrated, but the liquid composition is not limited thereto. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, an ink, a pretreatment liquid for coagulating a colorant contained in the ink, an aftertreatment liquid for protecting the surface of the applied ink, and an electric circuit forming liquid dispersing inorganic particles (e.g., metal particles). These may be appropriately mixed or applied superimposed each other. 
     In the present embodiment, the case in which the liquid composition is applied to the contacted member  7  by the inkjet discharge head is illustrated, but the liquid composition may be applied by other devices or methods. For example, various known methods such as spin coating, spray coating, gravure roll coating, reverse roll coating, and bar coating may be used. 
     Liquid Composition Heater 
     The liquid composition heater  3  heats the liquid composition applied to the contacted member  7  from the back side of the surface of the contacted member  7  having the region to which the liquid composition has been applied. The liquid composition heater  3  is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include various known devices such as a hot air blower, and a dryer that brings the back surface of the contacted member  7  into contact with a heating roller, a flat heater, or the like. 
     Contacting Member 
     The contacting member  4  changes the conveyance direction D of the contacted member  7  while conveying the contacted member  7 . The contacting member  4  is a columnar or cylindrical roller. 
     In the printing apparatus  100  of the present embodiment, as described above, the contacted member feeder  1  conveys the contacted member  7  at a speed of 50 m/min or higher. In such a high-speed conveyance, as illustrated in  FIG.  2   , when the conveyance direction of the contacted member  7  is changed by the contacting member  4 , a large pressure is applied between the contacting member  4  and the contacted member  7 . As a result, an image on the contacted member  7  get easily transferred onto the fluororesin fiber layer of the contacting member  4 , resulting in image detachment. Furthermore, the fluororesin fiber layer provided to the contacting member  4  get easily separated from the substrate. Thus, the contacting member according to the present embodiment is preferably used. 
     As described above, the printing apparatus  100  of the present embodiment uses the contacted member  7  that is continuous in the conveyance direction D in the printing apparatus  100 . To convey the contacted member  7  at a high speed, a large tension is applied to the contacted member  7  between the contacted member feeder  1  and the contacted member collector  6 . In such a case, as illustrated in  FIG.  2   , when the conveyance direction of the contacted member  7  that is applied with a large tension is changed by the contacting member  4 , a large pressure is applied between the contacting member  4  and the contacted member  7 . As a result, an image on the contacted member  7  get easily transferred onto the fluororesin fiber layer of the contacting member  4 , resulting in image detachment. Furthermore, the fluororesin fiber layer provided to the contacting member  4  get easily separated from the substrate. Thus, the contacting member according to the present embodiment is preferably used. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the contacting member  4  is disposed downstream from the liquid composition heater  3  in the conveyance direction D of the contacted member  7 . The contacting member  4  comes into contact with the region of the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied after the liquid composition on the contacted member  7  has been dried by the liquid composition heater  3 . Therefore, the liquid composition is more prevented from being transferred onto the contacting member  4 , which is preferable. Further, it is preferable that the member that first comes into contact with the region of the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied after the liquid composition on the contacted member  7  has been dried by the liquid composition heater  3  be the contacting member  4 . Because the liquid composition is likely to be transferred onto the member that first comes into contact with the region of the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied, the contacting member according to the present embodiment is preferably used as that member. 
     When the contacting member  4  is a roller, as illustrated in  FIG.  2   , as the contacted member  7  comes to wind around the roller, the roller comes into contact with the region of the contacting member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied. At this time, a winding ratio of the contacted member  7  with respect to the roller is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 15% or more, and much more preferably 20% or more. When the winding ratio is 10% or more, the pressure per unit area generated between the roller and the contacted member  7  is reduced, and the liquid composition is prevented from being transferred onto the roller. In addition, the winding ratio of the contacted member  7  with respect to the roller is preferably 90% or less, more preferably 70% or less, and much more preferably 50% or less. When the winding ratio is 50% or less, the contacted member  7  can be suitably conveyed. The “winding ratio” in the present embodiment is described in detail below with reference to  FIG.  3   .  FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating a situation in which the contacted member is in contact with the contacting member. When the contacted member  7  is in contact with the contacting member  4  in a roller shape as being wound around the contacting member  4 , as illustrated in  FIG.  3   , the “winding ratio” is defined as the ratio of a circumferential length X of the contacting member  4  between end portions  9   a  and  9   b  to the total circumferential length of the contacting member  4 . Here, the circumferential length X is defined on a side where the contacted member  7  and the contacting member  4  is contacting, and the end portions  9   a  and  9   b  are portions at each of which the contacted member  7  separates from the contacting member  4 . 
     Contacting Member Heater 
     The contacting member heater  5  heats the contacting member  4 . The heated contacting member  4  comes into contact with the region of the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied, thereby drying the region of the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied. At this time, not only when the liquid composition is insufficiently dried but also when the resin contained in the liquid composition is softened by heat, it is likely that the liquid composition is undesirably transferred onto the contacting member  4 . Thus, the contacting member according to the present embodiment is preferably used. 
     Examples of the contacting member heater  5  include various known devices such as a heater and a hot air blower. 
     The contacting member heater  5  may be disposed either inside the contacting member  4  as illustrated in  FIG.  2    or outside the contacting member  4 . Further, the contacting member heater  5  may be provided either separately from the contacting member  4  or integrated with the contacting member  4 . In a case in which the substrate of the contacting member  4  is a porous body and the contacting member heater  5  is disposed inside the contacting member  4 , heat or hot air generated from the contacting member heater  5  can be efficiently transmitted to the contacted member  7 . 
     Contacted Member Collector 
     The contacted member collector  6  rotary-drives to wind up in a roll the contacted member  7  on which an image has been formed with the liquid composition having been applied. 
     Printing Method 
     A printing method of the present embodiment includes a liquid composition applying step for applying a liquid composition to a contacted member, and a contacting step in which a contacting member comes into contact with a region of the contacted member to which the liquid composition has been applied. The printing method further includes a liquid composition heating step, if necessary. 
     Liquid Composition Applying Step 
     The liquid composition applying step is a step for applying a liquid composition (e.g., ink) to the contacted member  7  fed by the contacted member feeder  1 . As a result, a region to which the liquid composition has been applied is formed on the contacted member  7 . 
     Liquid Composition Heating Step 
     The liquid composition heating step is a step for drying the applied liquid composition by application of heat after the liquid composition applying step. Preferably, the drying is performed to such an extent that the recording medium becomes not sticky. The applied liquid composition may be either dried by the liquid composition heater  3  as illustrated in  FIG.  2    or dried naturally without using any drying device. 
     Contacting Step 
     The contacting step is a step in which the contacting member  4  comes into contact with the region of the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied. The region to which the liquid composition has been applied refers to a region on the surface of the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied, and excludes a region on the opposite surface to which the liquid composition has not been applied. Further, the region to which the liquid composition has been applied indicates a location specified by the application of the liquid composition, regardless of the state of the liquid composition. In other words, at the time when the contacting member comes into contact with the region to which the liquid composition has been applied, the liquid composition needs not be maintained in a liquid state that is the state at when the liquid composition was applied to this region. The liquid composition may be in a liquid state in which a part of the liquid components in the liquid composition has been vaporized or may be in a solid state in which all the liquid components in the liquid composition have been vaporized. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the contacted member  7  is conveyed while being in contact with the contacting member  4 . Further, the contacting member  4  changes the conveyance direction D of the contacted member  7  by conveying the contacted member  7  so as to be wound therearound. Furthermore, when the contacting member heater  5  is disposed inside or near the contacting member  4 , the contacting member  4  dries the region on the contacted member  7  to which the liquid composition has been applied while conveying the contacted member  7 . 
     Liquid Composition 
     The liquid composition of the present embodiment is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, an ink, a pretreatment liquid for coagulating a colorant contained in the ink, an aftertreatment liquid for protecting the surface of the applied ink, and an electric circuit forming liquid dispersing inorganic particles (e.g., metal particles). These can be appropriately used in a known composition. Hereinafter, a case in which an ink and an aftertreatment liquid are each used as the liquid composition is described as an example. 
     Ink 
     Compositional materials of the ink, such as organic solvents, water, colorants, resins, waxes, and additives, are described in detail below. 
     Organic Solvent 
     The organic solvent is not particularly limited and water-soluble organic solvents can be used. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, polyols, ethers such as polyol alkyl ethers and polyol aryl ethers, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, amides, amines, and sulfur-containing compounds. 
     Specific examples of the polyols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 3-methyl-1,3-butanediol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, 1,2-pentanediol, 1,3-pentanediol, 1,4-pentanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,3-hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 1,5-hexanediol, glycerin, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, ethyl-1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, and 3-methyl-1,3,5-pentanetriol. 
     Specific examples of the polyol alkyl ethers include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and propylene glycol monoethyl ether. 
     Specific examples of the polyol aryl ethers include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether and ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether. 
     Specific examples of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds include, but are not limited to, 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, ε-caprolactam, and γ-butyrolactone. 
     Specific examples of the amides include, but are not limited to, formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropionamide, and 3-butoxy-N,N-dimethylpropionamide. 
     Specific examples of the amines include, but are not limited to, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and triethylamine. 
     Specific examples of the sulfur-containing compounds include, but are not limited to, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfolane, and thiodiethanol. 
     Specific examples of other organic solvents include, but are not limited to, propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. 
     In particular, organic solvents having a boiling point of 250 degrees C. or less are preferred, since they not only function as wetting agents but also provide good drying property. 
     Preferred examples of the organic solvent further include polyol compounds having 8 or more carbon atoms and glycol ether compounds. Specific examples of the polyol compounds having 8 or more carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol. 
     Specific examples of the glycol ether compounds include, but are not limited to, polyol alkyl ethers such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and propylene glycol monoethyl ether; and polyol aryl ethers such as ethylene glycol monophenyl ether and ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether. 
     In particular, when a resin is used as an ink composition, N,N-dimethyl-β-butoxypropionamide, N,N-dimethyl-β-ethoxypropionamide, 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, and propylene glycol monomethyl ether are preferred. Each of these can be used alone or in combination with others. Among these, amide solvents such as 3-butoxy-N,N-dimethylpropionamide and 3-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpropionamide are particularly preferred. In this case, formation of the resin film is promoted and high abrasion resistance is expressed. 
     Preferably, the organic solvent has a boiling point of from 180 to 250 degrees C. When the boiling point is 180 degrees C. or higher, the evaporation rate during drying can be appropriately adjusted, leveling is sufficiently performed, surface irregularities are reduced, and glossiness can be improved. By contrast, when the boiling point is higher than 250 degrees C., drying property is low, which may require drying for a long period of time. With the recent speeding up of printing technology, the time required for drying the ink has become rate-determining and the drying time should be shortened. Drying for a long period of time is not preferred. 
     The proportion of the organic solvent in the ink is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application, but is preferably from 10% to 60% by mass, more preferably from 20% to 60% by mass, for drying property and discharge reliability of the ink. 
     The proportion of the amide solvent in the ink is preferably from 0.05% to 10% by mass, more preferably from 0.1% to 5% by mass. 
     Water 
     The proportion of water in the ink is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application, but is preferably from 10% to 90% by mass, more preferably from 20% to 60% by mass, for drying property and discharge reliability of the ink. 
     Colorant 
     The colorant is not particularly limited, and pigments and dyes can be used as the colorant. Usable pigments include both inorganic pigments and organic pigments. Each of these may be used alone or two or more of these may be used in combination. Mixed crystals can also be used as the pigments. 
     Usable pigments include black pigments, yellow pigments, magenta pigments, cyan pigments, white pigments, green pigments, orange pigments, glossy color pigments (e.g., gold pigments and silver pigments), and metallic pigments. 
     Specific examples of inorganic pigments include, but are not limited to, titanium oxide, iron oxide, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, aluminum hydroxide, Barium Yellow, Cadmium Red, Chrome Yellow, and carbon black produced by a known method such as a contact method, a furnace method, and a thermal method. 
     Specific examples of organic pigments include, but are not limited to, azo pigments, polycyclic pigments (e.g., phthalocyanine pigments, perylene pigments, perinone pigments, anthraquinone pigments, quinacridone pigments, dioxazine pigments, indigo pigments, thioindigo pigments, isoindolinone pigments, quinophthalone pigments), dye chelates (e.g., basic dye chelate, acid dye chelate), nitro pigments, nitroso pigments, and aniline black. Among these pigments, those having good affinity for solvents are preferred. In addition, hollow resin particles and hollow inorganic particles can also be used. 
     Specific examples of pigments used for black-and-white printing include, but are not limited to: carbon blacks (i.e., C.I. Pigment Black 7) such as furnace black, lamp black, acetylene black, and channel black; metals such as copper, iron (i.e., C.I. Pigment Black 11), and titanium oxide; and organic pigments such as aniline black (i.e., C.I. Pigment Black 1). Specific examples of pigments used for color printing include, but are not limited to: C.I. Pigment Yellow 1, 3, 12, 13, 14, 17, 24, 34, 35, 37, 42 (Yellow Iron Oxide), 53, 55, 74, 81, 83, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 108, 109, 110, 117, 120, 138, 150, 153, 155, 180, 185, and 213; C.I. Pigment Orange 5, 13, 16, 17, 36, 43, and 51; C.I. Pigment Red 1, 2, 3, 5, 17, 22, 23, 31, 38, 48:2, 48:2 (Permanent Red 2B(Ca)), 48:3, 48:4, 49:1, 52:2, 53:1, 57:1 (Brilliant Carmine 6B), 60:1, 63:1, 63:2, 64:1, 81, 83, 88, 101 (Red Iron Oxide), 104, 105, 106, 108 (Cadmium Red), 112, 114, 122 (Quinacridone Magenta), 123, 146, 149, 166, 168, 170, 172, 177, 178, 179, 184, 185, 190, 193, 202, 207, 208, 209, 213, 219, 224, 254, and 264; C.I. Pigment Violet 1 (Rhodamine Lake), 3, 5:1, 16, 19, 23, and 38; C.I. Pigment Blue 1, 2, 15 (Phthalocyanine Blue), 15:1, 15:2, 15:3, 15:4 (Phthalocyanine Blue), 16, 17:1, 56, 60, and 63; and C.I. Pigment Green 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, and 36. 
     The dyes are not particularly limited, and acid dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, and basic dyes can be used. Each of these can be used alone or in combination with others. 
     Specific examples of the dyes include, but are not limited to, C.I. Acid Yellow 17, 23, 42, 44, 79, and 142, C.I. Acid Red 52, 80, 82, 249, 254, and 289, C.I. Acid Blue 9, 45, and 249, C.I. Acid Black 1, 2, 24, and 94, C. I. Food Black 1 and 2, C.I. Direct Yellow 1, 12, 24, 33, 50, 55, 58, 86, 132, 142, 144, and 173, C.I. Direct Red 1, 4, 9, 80, 81, 225, and 227, C.I. Direct Blue 1, 2, 15, 71, 86, 87, 98, 165, 199, and 202, C.I. Direct Black 19, 38, 51, 71, 154, 168, 171, and 195, C.I. Reactive Red 14, 32, 55, 79, and 249, and C.I. Reactive Black 3, 4, and 35. 
     The proportion of the colorant in the ink is preferably from 0.1% to 15% by mass, more preferably from 1% to 10% by mass, for improving image density, fixability, and discharge stability. 
     The pigment can be dispersed in the ink by any of the following methods: introducing a hydrophilic functional group to the pigment to make the pigment self-dispersible; covering the surface of the pigment with a resin; and dispersing the pigment by a dispersant. 
     In the method of introducing a hydrophilic functional group to the pigment to make the pigment self-dispersible, for example, a functional group such as sulfone group and carboxyl group may be introduced to the pigment (e.g., carbon) to make the pigment dispersible in water. 
     In the method of covering the surface of the pigment with a resin, for example, the pigment may be incorporated in a microcapsule to make the pigment self-dispersible in water. This pigment may be referred to as a resin-covered pigment. In this case, not all the pigment particles included in the ink should be covered with a resin. It is possible that a part of the pigment particles is not covered with any resin or partially covered with a resin. 
     In the method of dispersing the pigment by a dispersant, low-molecular dispersants and high-molecular dispersants, represented by known surfactants, may be used. 
     More specifically, any of anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, ampholytic surfactants, and nonionic surfactants may be used as the dispersant depending on the property of the pigment. For example, a nonionic surfactant RT-100 (available from Takemoto Oil &amp; Fat Co., Ltd.) and sodium naphthalenesulfonate formalin condensate are preferably used as the dispersant. Each of the above dispersants may be used alone or in combination with others. 
     Pigment Dispersion 
     The ink can be obtained by mixing a pigment with other materials such as water and an organic solvent. The ink can also be obtained by, first, preparing a pigment dispersion by mixing a pigment with water, a dispersant, etc., and thereafter mixing the pigment dispersion with other materials such as water and an organic solvent. 
     The pigment dispersion can be obtained by mixing water, a pigment, a pigment dispersant, and other components, if any, to disperse the pigment, and adjusting the particle diameter of the pigment. Preferably, the dispersing is performed by a disperser. 
     The particle diameter of the pigment dispersed in the pigment dispersion is not particularly limited, but the number-based maximum frequency particle diameter is preferably in the range of from 20 to 500 nm, more preferably from 20 to 150 nm, for improving dispersion stability of the pigment and discharge stability and image quality (e.g., image density) of the ink. The particle diameter of the pigment can be measured with a particle size analyzer (NANOTRAC WAVE-UT151 available from MicrotracBEL Corp.). 
     The proportion of the pigment in the pigment dispersion is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application, but is preferably from 0.1% to 50% by mass, more preferably from 0.1% to 30% by mass, for improving discharge stability and enhancing image density. 
     Preferably, the pigment dispersion is subjected to filtration using a filter or a centrifugal separator to remove coarse particles, followed by degassing. 
     Resin 
     The type of the resin contained in the ink is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. Specific examples thereof include, but are not limited to, urethane resins, polyester resins, acrylic resins, vinyl acetate resins, styrene resins, butadiene resins, styrene-butadiene resins, vinyl chloride resins, acrylic styrene resins, and acrylic silicone resins. 
     Resin particles made of these resins may also be used. The resin particles may be dispersed in water serving as a dispersion medium to prepare a resin emulsion. The ink can be obtained by mixing the resin emulsion with other materials such as a colorant and an organic solvent. These resin particles are available either synthetically or commercially. The resin particles may include one type or two or more types of resin particles. 
     Among these, urethane resin particles are preferably used in combination with other resin particles because an image formed with an ink containing urethane resin particles has so large a tackiness that blocking resistance is deteriorated. On the other hand, the large tackiness of urethane resin particles makes it possible to firmly form an image with an improve fixability. In addition, an image formed with an ink containing urethane resin particles having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of from −20 to 70 degrees C. have a greater tackiness and fixability is more improved. 
     Among the above resins, acrylic resin particles containing an acrylic resin are widely used because of their excellent discharge stability and low cost. However, because of poor rub resistance, acrylic resin particles are preferably used in combination with urethane resin particles having elasticity. 
     The mass ratio (urethane resin particles/acrylic resin particles) of urethane resin particles to acrylic resin particles in the ink is preferably from 0.03 to 0.7, more preferably from 0.1 to 0.7, and most preferably from 0.23 to 0.46. 
     The volume average particle diameter of the resin particles is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application, but is preferably from 10 to 1,000 nm, more preferably from 10 to 200 nm, and particularly preferably from 10 to 100 nm, for good fixability and high image hardness. 
     The volume average particle diameter can be measured with a particle size analyzer (NANOTRAC WAVE-UT151 available from MicrotracBEL Corp.). 
     The proportion of the resin in the ink is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application, but is preferably from 1% to 30% by mass, more preferably from 5% to 20% by mass, for fixability and storage stability of the ink. 
     The particle size of solid contents in the ink is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. The number-based maximum frequency particle diameter of solid contents in the ink is preferably in the range of from 20 to 1,000 nm, more preferably from 20 to 150 nm, for improving discharge stability and image quality (e.g., image density). The solid contents include the resin particles and pigment particles. The particle diameter can be measured with a particle size analyzer (NANOTRAC WAVE-UT151 available from MicrotracBEL Corp.). 
     Wax 
     When the ink contains a wax, rub resistance is improved. When the ink contains a wax in combination with the resin, glossiness is improved. Preferred examples of the wax include a polyethylene wax. Examples of commercially-available products of the polyethylene wax include, but are not limited to, AQUACER 531 (manufactured by BYK Japan KK), POLYRON P-502 (manufactured by Chukyo Yushi Co., Ltd.), AQUAPETRO DP2502C (manufactured by TOYO ADL CORPORATION), and AQUAPETRO DP2401 (manufactured by TOYO ADL CORPORATION). Each of these can be used alone or in combination with others. 
     The proportion of the polyethylene wax the ink is preferably from 0.05% to 2% by mass, more preferably from 0.05% to 0.5% by mass, much more preferably from 0.05% to 0.45% by mass, and most preferably from 0.15% to 0.45% by mass. When the proportion is from 0.05% to 2% by mass, rub resistance and glossiness are sufficiently improved. When the proportion is 0.45% by mass or less, storage stability and discharge stability of the ink are particularly good, and the ink is more suitable for use in an inkjet system. 
     Additives 
     The ink may further contain a surfactant, a defoamer, a preservative, a fungicide, a corrosion inhibitor, and/or a pH adjuster. 
     Aftertreatment Liquid 
     The aftertreatment liquid is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of forming a transparent layer. The aftertreatment liquid may be prepared by mixing the same organic solvent used for the ink, water, a resin, a surfactant, a defoamer, a pH adjuster, a preservative, a fungicide, and/or a corrosion inhibitor, selected according to the need. The aftertreatment liquid can be applied to the entire region of the contacted member or only to the region to which an ink has been applied. 
     Contacted Member 
     The contacted member is not particularly limited. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, recording media such as plain paper, gloss paper, special paper, and cloth. In particular, low-permeability recording medium (also referred to as “low-absorptivity recording media”) are suitable. 
     The low-permeability recording media refer to recording media having a surface with a low level of moisture permeability, absorptivity, and/or adsorptivity, and include a material having a number of hollow spaces inside but not opened to the exterior. Examples of the low-permeability recording media include, but are not limited to, coated papers used in commercial printing, and recording media such as paperboard in which waste paper pulp is blended into the intermediate layer and the back layer and a coating is provided on the surface. In a case in which such a low-permeability recording medium is used, when the contacting member comes into contact with the region on the contacted member to which the liquid composition has been applied, the liquid composition is likely to be transferred onto the contacting member. Therefore, the contacting member according to the present embodiment is preferably used. 
     Low-Permeability Recording Media 
     Examples of the low-permeability recording media include, but are not limited to, a recording medium such as a coated paper having a support substrate, a surface layer provided on at least one surface of the support substrate, and optionally other layers as necessary. 
     In a recording medium having a support substrate and a surface layer, the transfer amount of pure water to the recording medium within a contact time of 100 ms, measured by a dynamic scanning absorptometer, is preferably from 2 to 35 mL/m 2 , more preferably from 2 to 10 mL/m 2 . 
     When the transfer amount of pure water within a contact time of 100 ms is too small, beading (i.e., a phenomenon in which adjacent dots attract each other to make the image surface rough) is likely to occur. When the transfer amount is too large, the ink dot diameter in the image may become too smaller than a desired diameter. 
     In addition, the transfer amount of pure water to the recording medium within a contact time of 400 ms, measured by a dynamic scanning absorptometer, is preferably from 3 to 40 mL/m 2 , more preferably from 3 to 10 mL/m 2 . 
     When the transfer amount of pure water within a contact time of 400 ms is too small, drying property is insufficient. When the transfer amount is too large, it is likely that the dried image has low glossiness. The transfer amount of pure water within a contact time of 100 ms or 400 ms is measured at the surface of the recording medium which has a surface layer thereon. 
     The dynamic scanning absorptometer (“DSA”) is an instrument capable of accurately measuring the amount of liquid absorption within an extremely short time period, as disclosed in a paper entitled “Development and application of dynamic scanning absorptometer—Automation and improvement of Bristow measurement-”, Shigenori Kuga, et al., Japan Tappi Journal, Volume 48, 1994, No. 5, pp. 88-92. The dynamic scanning absorptometer provides an automated measurement that involves directly measuring the rate of liquid absorption by tracking the motion of meniscus in a capillary, spirally scanning a liquid supply head on a disc-shaped specimen, and automatically varying the scanning speed according to the preset pattern to perform the measurement required number of times using a single specimen. 
     The liquid supply head for supplying a liquid to a paper specimen is connected to the capillary via a TEFLON (registered trademark) tube. The position of meniscus is automatically tracked by an optical sensor. In particular, the transfer amount of pure water or ink may be measured by a dynamic scanning absorptometer K350 series D type (available from Kyowa Co., Ltd.). 
     The transfer amount within a contact time period of 100 ms or 400 ms is determined by interpolating the transfer amounts measured within contact time periods near 100 ms or 400 ms. 
     Support Substrate 
     The support substrate is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, sheet-like materials such as wood-fiber-based paper and wood-fiber-and-synthetic-fiber-based non-woven fabric. The thickness of the support substrate is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application, but is preferably from 50 to 300 μm. 
     The basis weight of the support substrate is preferably from 45 to 290 g/m 2 . 
     Surface Layer 
     The surface layer contains a pigment and a binder, and optionally contains a surfactant and other components, as necessary. 
     Examples of the pigment include inorganic pigments and combinations of inorganic and organic pigments. Specific examples of the inorganic pigments include, but are not limited to, kaolin, talc, ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, calcium sulfite, amorphous silica, titanium white, magnesium carbonate, titanium dioxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, and chlorite. 
     Preferably, the amount of the inorganic pigment added to 100 parts by mass of the binder is 50 parts by mass or more. 
     Specific examples of the organic pigments include, but are not limited to, water-soluble dispersions of styrene-acrylic copolymer particles, styrene-butadiene copolymer particles, polystyrene particles, and polyethylene particles. Preferably, the amount of the organic pigment added to 100 parts by mass of all the pigments in the surface layer is from 2 to 20 parts by mass. 
     Preferably, the binder comprises a water-based resin. As the water-based resin, at least one of a water-soluble resin and a water-dispersible resin is preferably used. The water-soluble resin is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, polyvinyl alcohol, cation-modified polyvinyl alcohol, acetal-modified polyvinyl alcohol, polyester, polyurethane, and polyester-polyurethane copolymer. 
     The surfactant contained in the surface layer as needed is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. Examples thereof include anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, ampholytic surfactants, and nonionic surfactants. 
     A method for forming the surface layer is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, a method of impregnating or coating the support substrate with a surface layer constituting liquid. The adhered amount of the surface layer constituting liquid is not particularly limited and can be suitably selected to suit to a particular application, but is preferably from 0.5 to 20 g/m 2 , more preferably from 1 to 15 g/m 2 , on solid basis. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Further understanding of the present disclosure can be obtained by reference to certain specific examples provided herein below for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting. 
     Preparation Example of Black Pigment Dispersion 
     First, 20 g of a carbon black (NIPEX 160 manufactured by Degussa AG, having a BET specific surface area of 150 m 2 /g, an average primary particle diameter of 20 nm, a pH of 4.0, and a DBP oil absorption of 620 g/100 g), 20 mmol of a compound represented by the following structural formula (1), and 200 mL of ion-exchange high-purity water were mixed by a Silverson mixer at a revolution of 6,000 rpm at room temperature. 
     In a case in which the pH of the resulting slurry was higher than 4, 20 mmol of nitric acid was added thereto. Thirty minutes later, 20 mmol of sodium nitrite dissolved in a small amount of ion-exchange high-purity water was gently added to the above mixture. The mixture was further heated to 60 degrees C. while being stirred, then subjected to a reaction for 1 hour. As a result, a modified pigment in which the compound represented by the following structural formula (1) was adducted to carbon black was produced. 
     Next, the pH was adjusted to 10 by adding an NaOH aqueous solution, thus obtaining a modified pigment dispersion 30 minutes later. The modified pigment dispersion, containing the pigment bonded to at least one geminal bisphosphonic acid group or sodium geminal bisphosphonate, was subjected to ultrafiltration using ion-exchange high-purity water and a dialysis membrane and thereafter to ultrasonic dispersion. As a result, a self-dispersing black pigment dispersion having a solid pigment content concentration of 16% by mass was obtained. Here, the self-dispersing black pigment had bisphosphonate group as a hydrophilic functional group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Preparation Example of Liquid Composition 1 (Ink) 
     A liquid composition 1 (ink) was prepared by mixing 50.00% by mass of the black pigment dispersion (having a solid pigment content concentration of 16%), 2.22% by mass of a polyethylene wax AQUACER 531 (containing 45% by mass of non-volatile contents, manufactured by BYK Japan KK), 30.00% by mass of 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyloxetane, 10.0% by mass of propylene glycol monopropyl ether, 2.00% by mass of a silicone-based surfactant (TEGO Wet 270, manufactured by Tomoe Engineering Co., Ltd.), and ion-exchange water in a balanced amount, then stirring the mixture for 1 hour, and filtering the mixture with a membrane filter having an average pore diameter of 1.2 μm. 
     Preparation Example of Liquid Composition 2 (Aftertreatment Liquid) 
     A liquid composition 2 (aftertreatment liquid) was prepared by mixing 22 parts of 1,3-butanediol, 11 parts of glycerin, 15 parts of a polyurethane emulsion SUPERFLEX 210 (manufactured by DKS Co. Ltd.) having a solid content concentration of 35% by mass, 2 parts of 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol, 0.05 parts of a fluorine-based nonionic surfactant CAPSTONE (registered trademark) FS-3100 (manufactured by DuPont de Nemours, Inc.), 0.1 parts of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-4,7-decanediol, 0.2 parts of a preservative and fungicide PROXEL LV (manufactured by AVECIA GROUP), 10 parts of a polyethylene wax POLYRON P502 (manufactured by Chukyo Yushi Co., Ltd.) having a solid content concentration of 30% by mass, and 39.65 parts of water. 
     Example 1 
     Preparation of Contacting Member 
     To the surface of a straight tubular aluminum hollow roller having a diameter of 75 mm (available from MISUMI Group Inc.) as a substrate, a silicone adhesive (Shin-Etsu Silicone KE-45T manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was applied using an applicator to have a thickness of 100 μm. From above the silicone adhesive, TOMY FILEC PA5LH (non-woven fabric, manufactured by TOMOEGAWA CO., LTD., having a thickness of 500 μm before attachment) as a fluororesin fiber layer was attached thereto by winding, loaded with a linear pressure of 30 N/cm from the surface side using an elastic roller, and left to stand for 24 hours. Thus, a contacting member  1  having a fluororesin fiber layer was prepared. The thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer after standing was found to be similar to that before attachment. 
     Ratio of Mixed Layer and Ratio of Adhesive Member Single-Entity Layer 
     First, the contacting member was cut in a vertical direction with respect to a surface of the substrate which was adjacent to the adhesive layer, to form a cross section of the contacting member. Next, and an EDS elemental analysis was performed (using Phenom ProX available from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Specifically, fluorine components indicating the fluororesin fiber and silicone components indicating the adhesive member were mapped respectively. After that, in the above cross section, a line (lower layer line) was drawn parallel to the surface of the substrate so as to pass through, among the fluorine components, one located closest to the substrate. In addition, a line (upper layer line) was drawn parallel to the surface of the substrate so as to pass through, among the silicone components, one located farthest from the substrate. A region sandwiched by the upper layer and the lower layer was designated as the mixed layer. 
     Next, the ratio (%) of the thickness of the mixed layer to the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer was calculated. Further, the thickness between the lower layer line and the surface of the substrate was taken as the thickness of the adhesive member single-entity layer, and the ratio (%) of the thickness of the adhesive member single-entity layer to the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer was calculated. 
     The ratio of the mixed layer and the ratio of the adhesive member single-entity layer were measured at nine points. Specifically, at each of a position 1 cm inside from one end of the contacting member, a central position of the contacting member, and a position 1 cm inside from the other end of the contacting member, three points on the outer circumference of the contacting member were selected at an interval of 120°, selecting nine points in total. At this time, a position less than 1 cm from the edge of the sheet-like fluororesin fiber layer was not selected as a measurement point. The results are presented in Table 1. The numerical values were the same at all measurement points. 
     Examples 2 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 
     In each of Examples 2 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, the procedures in Example 1 were repeated except that the type of the fluororesin fiber, the thickness of the adhesive applied, and the diameter of the hollow roller as the substrate were changed according to Table 1. The hollow roller used in Example 5 was a roller having a shape in which the diameter of the cross section was decreased from both ends toward the center. The diameter at both ends was 75 mm and the diameter at the center was 74 mm. In each of Examples and Comparative Examples, the thickness of the fluororesin fiber layer after standing was found to be similar to that before attachment. 
     The ratio of the mixed layer and the ratio of the adhesive member single-entity layer in the manufactured rollers are also presented in Table 1. 
     The product names and manufacturers of the fibers described in Table 1 are as follows.
         TOMY FILEC PA5LH (fluororesin fiber, manufactured by TOMOEGAWA CO., LTD.)   TOMY FILEC PA10LH (fluororesin fiber, manufactured by TOMOEGAWA CO., LTD.)   TOYOFLON 406D (fluororesin fiber, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.)   TOYOFLON 2402 (fluororesin fiber, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.)   TOYOFLON BF-800S (fluororesin fiber, manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.)   CHUKOH FLO™ G-type Fabric FGF-300 (fluororesin-coated glass fiber, manufactured by Chukoh Chemical Industries, Ltd.)       

     Image Detachability 
     Solid image detachability was evaluated when using the contacting members manufactured in the above Examples and Comparative Examples. 
     First, an inkjet printing system (RICOH Pro VC60000, manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.) was modified to incorporate the above-prepared contacting member, and an image was printed on a recording medium serving as a contacted member. The contacting member was incorporated in a position downstream of the drying device, configured to dry the applied liquid composition 1 (ink) and liquid composition 2 (aftertreatment liquid), in the conveyance direction of the contacted member in the conveyance path in the printing apparatus, which first comes into direct contact with the region to which the liquid composition 1 (ink) and the liquid composition 2 (aftertreatment liquid) have been applied. As the recording medium, a rolled sheet LUMI ART GLOSS 130 gsm (manufactured by Stora Enso, having a sheet width of 520.7 mm) was used. The rolled sheet was set so as to be conveyed at a speed of 50 m/min. Printing conditions were set such that a solid image was printed with the liquid composition 1 (ink) on the rolled sheet at a resolution of 1,200 dpi, and another solid image was printed immediately thereafter with the liquid composition 2 (aftertreatment liquid) on the liquid composition 1 (ink). 
     Next, the printed solid image was visually observed from a distance of 300 mm. A 25-mm square area was arbitrarily specified, and the number of points where the solid image was detached off within the specified area was counted. Image detachability was evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria. The results are presented in Table 1. The ranks A, B, and C were evaluated as being practically usable. 
     Evaluation Criteria 
     A: The number of points where image detachment occurred is 2 or less. 
     B: The number of points where image detachment occurred is from 3 to 6. 
     C: The number of points where image detachment occurred is from 7 to 10. 
     D: The number of points where image detachment occurred is 11 or more. 
     Fiber Layer Detachability 
     Fiber layer detachability of the contacting members manufactured in the above Examples and Comparative Examples were evaluated. 
     Specifically, a razor was vertically applied to the surface layer of the contacting member to make an evaluation area having a width of 30 mm and a length of 100 mm. Next, the end portion of the evaluation area on the short-width side was grasped, and a 90° detachment stress was measured using a digital force gauge (available from A&amp;D Company, Limited) at a speed of 100 mm/5 seconds. The maximum value within a measurement distance of 100 mm was taken as a measured value. The average value of three values measured at different positions in the contacting member was employed. The results are presented in Table 1. The ranks A and B were evaluated as being practically usable. 
     Evaluation Criteria 
     A: 9 N/cm or more 
     B: less than 9 N/cm and not less than 6 N/cm 
     C: less than 6 N/cm and not less than 3 N/cm 
     D: less than 3 N/cm 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Contacting Member Manufacturing Conditions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Thickness of 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Fiber 
               
               
                   
                 Application 
                 Layer 
               
               
                   
                 Thickness of 
                 before 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Fiber Layer 
                 Roller 
                 Adhesive 
                 Attachment 
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 Shape 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 TOMY FILEC PA5LH 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 100 
                 500 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 TOMY FILEC PA5LH 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 300 
                 500 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 TOMY FILEC PA10LH 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 300 
                 900 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 TOMY FILEC PA10LH 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 500 
                 900 
               
               
                 Example 5 
                 TOMY FILEC PA10LH 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 φ75-74-75 
                 500 
                 900 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 TOYOFLON 406D 
                 Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 100 
                 410 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 TOYOFLON 406D 
                 Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 300 
                 410 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 TOYOFLON 2402 
                 Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 100 
                 230 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 TOYOFLON BF-800S 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 300 
                 1300 
               
               
                 Example 10 
                 TOYOFLON BF-800S 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 500 
                 1300 
               
               
                 Comp. Example 1 
                 TOMY FILEC PA5LH 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 100 
                 500 
               
               
                 Comp. Example 2 
                 TOMY FILEC PA10LH 
                 Non-Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 300 
                 900 
               
               
                 Comp. Example 3 
                 TOYOFLON 406D 
                 Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 300 
                 410 
               
               
                 Comp. Example 4 
                 TOYOFLON 2402 
                 Woven Fabric 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 100 
                 230 
               
               
                 Comp. Example 5 
                 FGF300 
                 — 
                 Straight Tube φ75 
                 100 
                 500 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Structure of 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Manufactured 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Contacting 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Member 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ratio of 
                 Evaluation Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Adhesive 
                 Image 
                 Fiber Layer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ratio of 
                 Member 
                 Detachability 
                 Detachability 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Mixed 
                 Single 
                 Number of 
                   
                 Measured 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Layer 
                 Layer 
                 Image 
                   
                 Value 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 Detachments 
                 Rank 
                 (N/cm) 
                 Rank 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 1 
                 6 
                 15 
                 4 
                 B 
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Example 2 
                 9 
                 52 
                 4 
                 B 
                 8 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Example 3 
                 14 
                 24 
                 4 
                 B 
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Example 4 
                 22 
                 47 
                 4 
                 B 
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Example 5 
                 21 
                 46 
                 2 
                 A 
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Example 6 
                 20 
                 6 
                 6 
                 B 
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Example 7 
                 59 
                 16 
                 6 
                 B 
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Example 8 
                 42 
                 2 
                 9 
                 C 
                 9 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 Example 9 
                 9 
                 17 
                 5 
                 B 
                 7 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Example 10 
                 24 
                 17 
                 5 
                 B 
                 7 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Example 1 
                 4 
                 18 
                 4 
                 B 
                 2 
                 D 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Example 2 
                 2 
                 34 
                 4 
                 B 
                 3 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Example 3 
                 66 
                 10 
                 17 
                 D 
                 8 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Example 4 
                 62 
                 9 
                 17 
                 D 
                 8 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 Comp. Example 5 
                 2 
                 18 
                 22 
                 D 
                 4 
                 C 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The above-described embodiments are illustrative and do not limit the present invention. Thus, numerous additional modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. For example, elements and/or features of different illustrative embodiments may be combined with each other and/or substituted for each other within the scope of the present invention. 
     This patent application is based on and claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-091220, filed on May 14, 2019, in the Japan Patent Office, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. 
     REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 
     
         
           1  Contacted member feeder 
           2  Liquid composition applicator 
           3  Liquid composition heater 
           4  Contacting member 
           5  Contacting member heater 
           6  Contacted member collector 
           7  Contacted member 
           8  Conveyance path 
           9   a ,  9   b  End portions at each of which the contacted member separates from the contacting member 
           10  Substrate 
           11  Adhesive layer 
           12  Fluororesin fiber layer 
           13  Mixed layer 
           14  Adhesive member single-entity layer 
           15  Fluororesin fiber single-entity layer