Patent Publication Number: US-2021172939-A1

Title: Manipulation of sample droplets with an electrode system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/228,890 filed on Aug. 4, 2016 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/201,001 filed 4 Aug. 2015 and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/212,998 filed on 1 Sep. 2015, which are each incorporated in their entirety herein by this reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This invention relates generally to the field of sample processing and more specifically to a new and useful digital microfluidics system and method in the field of sample processing. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Manipulation of sample fluids in a controllable manner can improve process flow and assay reliability in automated sample processing. Simultaneous manipulation of multiple samples can further be extremely useful in increasing the throughput of a process. While current systems can achieve simultaneous manipulation of multiple samples, such systems often implement complex fluid delivery systems that are prone to failure modes (e.g., clogging, sample cross contamination, etc.). Current systems and methods further typically process large sample volumes, while being incapable of processing small sample volumes (e.g., nanoliter volumes). In relation to processing of larger sample volumes, such systems and methods thus require larger spaces to accommodate equipment size, which limits the design of compact systems. Compactness is further a challenge in relation to performing a multi-step protocol for larger sample volumes in an automated manner. As such, current systems and methods for simultaneous and/or parallel processing of multiple fluid samples having small volumes can be improved in many areas. 
     There is thus a need in the field of sample processing for a new and useful digital microfluidics system and method. This invention creates such a new and useful system and method. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1A  depicts an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIG. 1B  depicts a variation of sample processing implemented by an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIGS. 2A and 2B  depict examples of a substrate in an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIGS. 2C and 2D  depict variations of a substrate and electrode array network in an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIG. 3  depicts a variation of an electrode array network in an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIGS. 4A and 4B  depict variations of pad configurations of an electrode array network in an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIG. 5  depicts variations of simultaneous processing of multiple samples, as implemented by an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIG. 6  depicts examples of additional elements associated with the digital microfluidics system; 
         FIG. 7A  depicts a variation of a wedge element for fluid splitting, in an embodiment of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIG. 7B  depicts a variation of a unit of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIG. 8  depicts a variation of an evaporation unit of a digital microfluidics system; 
         FIGS. 9A-9C  depict embodiments and variations of a method implemented by a digital microfluidics system; and 
         FIGS. 10A-10O  depict a specific application of sample processing, implemented by a variation of a digital microfluidics system. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     The following description of the embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to these embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use this invention. 
     1. System 
     As shown in  FIG. 1A , an embodiment of a system  100  for processing a set of sample droplets includes: a substrate  110 , an electrode array network  120  coupled to the substrate no and configured to provide a pattern of controlled electric fields for manipulation of the set of sample droplets; a first layer  130  in communication with the electrode array network  120 , the first layer separating the electrode array network  120  from fluid of the set of sample droplets; and a second layer  140  opposing the first layer  130  and displaced from the first layer  130  to define a region wherein droplets of the set of sample droplets can reside. In some variations, the system  100  can additionally include an electronics subsystem  150  coupled to at least one of the substrate no and the electrode array network  120 , and a control module  160  in communication with the electronics subsystem  150 , wherein the control module generates and manipulates the pattern of controlled electric fields. 
     The system  100  functions to enable manipulation of small sample volumes from multiple samples in an automated or semi-automated manner, in increasing throughput of sample processing. The system further functions to prevent cross-contamination of samples, by implementing surfaces that prevent residual portions of a fluid sample at a location in the system from mixing with other samples. While embodiments and variations of the system  100  can be described as having a two-dimensional format, wherein sample volumes are manipulated within a two-dimensional plane, alternative variations of the system  100  can have a one-dimensional or a three-dimensional format, as described in more detail below. 
     In a specific application, the system  100  can facilitate processing of nanoliter volumes of biological samples simultaneously, in sequence, and/or in parallel, in a compact format. In more detail, the system  100  of the specific application can transport individual sample volumes, without cross-contamination, between different locations in the system  100  for storage, mixing (e.g., with processing reagent), reaction, and/or analysis in a rapid and automated format. For instance, specific examples of the system can include modules or units including one or more elements configured as described above, wherein each unit is configured to perform one or more specific sample droplet processing functions (e.g., magnetic separation, evaporation for fluid reduction, thermocycling, etc.). As such, the set of units can function as sample processing stations, wherein each unit can be configured to reversibly or irreversibly couple to one or more other units, such that outlets of upstream units couple to inlets of downstream units for sample processing. 
     Preferably, the system  100  is configured to automate or semi-automate protocols for processing samples with nucleic acid components (e.g., microbiome samples, diagnostic test samples, etc.). As such, the system can facilitate at least a portion of the method(s) described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/593,424 entitled “Method and System for Microbiome Analysis” and filed on 9 Jan. 2015, which is herein incorporated in its entirety by this reference. Additionally or alternatively, variations of the system  100  can be configured to perform any other suitable method. Additionally or alternatively, variations of the system  100  can be used to support diagnostic tests for disease panels (e.g., respiratory disease panels, sexually-transmitted disease panels, etc.) and any other suitable biomarker-based test, where processing, detection, and quantification (i.e., relative quantification, absolute quantification) of a biocompound is desired. 
     In specific examples, diagnostic tests enabled using the system  100  can include tests for different identified health conditions and/or disease panels, wherein the identified health conditions and/or disease panels can be associated with at least one or more of: a neurological health condition, an autoimmune condition, an endocrine system condition, a mental health condition, a locomotor system condition, a metabolic (associated) disease condition, a cardiovascular disease condition, a cutaneous condition, a sexually transmitted disease, a dental health condition, a gastrointestinal health condition, and/or any other suitable condition, embodiments, variations, and examples of which are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/919,614 filed on 21 Oct. 2015, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/097,862 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,027 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,248 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,236 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,222 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,204 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,174 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,110 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,081 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, and U.S. application Ser. No. 15/098,153 filed on 13 Apr. 2016, which are herein incorporated in their entireties by this reference. In these specific examples, the system  100  can be used to provide qualitative information (e.g., positive test results, negative test results), quantitative information (e.g., quantitative parameter values associated with different detected or non-detected targets based on binding behavior), information associated with confidence in different sub-results of the diagnostic test (e.g., confidence ranges, indications of potential false positive results, indications of potential false negative results), information associated with non-conclusive results, and/or any suitable information related to each condition of the disease panel. 
     Additionally or alternatively, the system  100  can be used to provide information with health states not associated with diseases and/or be used for processing any other suitable sample with any other suitable process. 
     1.1 System—Substrate 
     The substrate  110  functions to provide support to other elements of the system  100 . The substrate  110  can additionally function to transmit electrical current to the electrode array network  120  for generation of the pattern of controlled electric fields, by way of an electronics subsystem  150  (described in further detail below). As such, the substrate no preferably comprises regions composed of a semiconducting material (e.g., silicon, quartz, gallium arsenide) and/or a conducting material (e.g., gold, steel, platinum, copper nickel, silver, conductive polymer, etc.) supported by a laminate, but can additionally or alternatively comprise regions of an insulating or non-conductive material (e.g., glass, ceramic, polymer, etc.) in order to isolate regions of conductivity. In some variations, the substrate no can comprise a combination of materials (e.g., as in a composite, as in an alloy). Preferably, the substrate no has a uniform composition; however, the substrate  110  can alternatively have a non-uniform composition comprising regions or layers configured to provide any other suitable function (e.g., in relation to modulation of electric fields). In an example, the laminate of the substrate  110  can be composed of one or more of an epoxy (e.g., BT epoxy, CEM-1,5, etc.), an ester (e.g., cyanate ester), a paper-resin composite (e.g., FR-2, FR-4), a polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and/or any other suitable material. Furthermore, the substrate  130  can be rigid (e.g., composed of or otherwise supported by a rigid material) and additionally or alternatively comprise flexible regions for sample manipulation. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C , in a first variation, a 2D morphology of the substrate  110  can be substantially planar and continuous and have at least one broad surface (e.g., a pair of opposing broad surfaces); however, in variations alternative to the first variation, the substrate no can be non-planar and/or non-continuous (e.g., by including a network of openings across a broad planar or non-planar surface). For instance, a network of openings in the substrate no can correspond to or otherwise complement the configuration of the electrode array network  120 . In a second variation, as shown in  FIG. 2D , a 3D form of the substrate no can form a mesh (e.g., rectangular prismatic mesh, polygonal prismatic mesh, non-polygonal prismatic mesh, etc.) to which the electrode array network  120  can be coupled in facilitating manipulation of sample volumes. In variations of the above variations, either the 2D morphology or the 3D morphology of the substrate no can have one or more protrusions (e.g., walls, columnar formations, etc.) and/or recesses (e.g., pits) to which or into which the electrode array network  120  can be coupled for sample manipulation. 
     Preferably, the substrate no has dimensions that can fit within a 100 cm×100 cm×100 cm volumetric region, for purposes of compactness; however, the substrate no can additionally or alternatively have any other suitable dimensions. 
     In any of the above variations and examples, the substrate  110  can be processed using processing methods for rigid materials that are brittle or ductile (e.g., semiconductor processing methods, machining methods, printing methods, printed circuit board fabrication methods, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, at least some regions of the substrate can be processed using processing methods for flexible or otherwise compliant materials. 
     1.2 System—Electrode Array Network 
     The electrode array network  120  is in communication with at least one surface (e.g., broad surface, etc.) of the substrate  110  and functions to provide a pattern of controlled electric fields for manipulation of the set of sample droplets. The electrode array network preferably comprises a conductive material distributed at desired portions of the substrate  110  to create the pattern of the electrode array network. The pattern of the electrode array network  120  can thus be defined in space (e.g., in 2D space, in 3D space), but manipulation of the pattern of electric fields with the electrode array network  120  can also be performed in time, such that the pattern of electric fields generated using the electrode array network  120  is variable in time. In variations, the conductive material can be a conductive metallic material (e.g., copper, gold, nickel, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the conductive material can comprise a composite material having one or more conductive components. For instance, the conductive material can include a conductive polymer and/or a conductive ink that can facilitate creation of an electric field at a desired location of the substrate  110 . However, the material(s) of the electrode array network can additionally or alternatively comprise any other suitable material. 
     In providing communication between material of the electrode array network  120  and the substrate  110 , the material of the electrode array network  120  can be coupled to the substrate no in any suitable manner. In one example, metallic pins (e.g., copper pins) can be coupled to the substrate no at one end of the pins, and metallic pads (e.g., copper pads) can be coupled to the opposite end of each pin, thereby facilitating generation of the controlled electric fields. In another example, conductive material (e.g., conductive ink, conductive polymer) can be printed onto the substrate no in a desired configuration. In other examples, patterns of conductive material can be coupled to the substrate no by one or more of: an etching process, a metal deposition process, a plating process (e.g., electroplating), a lithographic process, a transfer process, and any other suitable process that forms the electrode array network no. 
     The electrodes of the electrode array network  120  are preferably in communication with the electronics module  150  described in further detail below, such that each electrode and/or region of the electrode array network can be toggled between at least two voltage states for generation of the pattern of electric fields. As such, the substrate no can facilitate toggling of individual electrodes of the electrode array network  120 , by enabling direct coupling between the electronics module  150  and electrodes of the electrode array network, to control transitioning of electrodes between different voltage states. As shown in  FIG. 1B , the electrodes of the electrode array network  120  thus define active regions that can be toggled between different states for sample volume manipulation, such that sample volumes can be transmitted to and/or from the active regions by toggling of electrodes of the electrode array network between different voltage states. 
     The electrode array network  120  preferably comprises a set of pins  121  coupled to the substrate  110  at one end of each pin, and a set of pads  123  coupled to the opposite ends of the set of pins  121 . The pins of the set of pins  121  thus preferably have an orientation that is substantially orthogonal relative to a broad surface of the substrate  110 , and the set of pads  123  thus preferably define surfaces that are substantially parallel relative to the broad surface of the substrate  110 , as shown in  FIG. 1A . However, the set of pins  121  and the set of pads  123  can alternatively be structured in any other suitable configuration relative to a broad surface defined by the substrate no. 
     In more detail, each of the set of pads  123  can be identical in morphology to the other pads of the set of pads  123 , in order to provide uniformity in field generation and sample manipulation, as shown in  FIG. 4A . Alternatively, one or more pads of the set of pads  123  can be different in morphology than other pads in the set of pads, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 4B , thereby introducing non-uniformity in field generation across the electrode array network. Variations in morphology of the set of pads  123  can, however, be configured in any other suitable manner to affect sample manipulation, as appropriate to applications of use of the system  100 . 
     In a 2D format, the electrodes (i.e., pin-pad configurations) of the electrode array network  120  can be configured in an array, wherein each electrode or active region of the electrode array network is suitably spaced from the adjacent electrode(s) in a manner that allows sample volumes proximal to adjacent electrodes to maintain separation. In one variation of the 2D format, as shown in  FIG. 2C , the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can be arranged in a polygonal array (e.g., rectangular array, square array, etc.) with uniform spacing between electrodes/active regions. However, in alternative versions of this variation, the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can alternatively be arranged with non-uniform spacing across the arrangement of electrodes. In this variation, one or more sample volumes of the set of sample droplets can thus be transmitted to different coordinates in 2D space (i.e., within a Cartesian coordinate system). 
     In another variation of a 2D format, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can be arranged in a non-polygonal array (e.g., circular array, ellipsoidal array, etc.) with uniform spacing between electrodes/active regions. However, in alternative variations of this variation, the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can alternatively be arranged with non-uniform spacing across the arrangement of electrodes. In this variation, one or more sample volumes of the set of sample droplets can thus be transmitted to different coordinates in 2D space (e.g., within a polar coordinate system). Two-dimensional formats of the electrode array network  120  can, however, be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     In a 3D format, the electrodes of the electrode array network  120  can be configured in a 3D array, wherein each electrode or active region of the electrode array network is suitably spaced from the adjacent electrode(s) in a manner that allows sample volumes proximal to adjacent electrodes to maintain separation. In one variation of the 3D format, as shown in  FIG. 2D , the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can be arranged in a polygonal prismatic array (e.g., rectangular prismatic array, cubical array, etc.) with uniform spacing between electrodes/active regions, in cooperation with the 3D morphology of the substrate described above. However, in alternative variations of this variation, the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can alternatively be arranged with non-uniform spacing across the arrangement of electrodes. In this variation, one or more sample volumes of the set of sample droplets can thus be transmitted to different coordinates in 3D space (i.e., within a Cartesian coordinate system). 
     In another variation of a 3D format, the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can be arranged in a non-polygonal prismatic or other 3D array (e.g., spherical array, cylindrical array, etc.) with uniform spacing between electrodes/active regions. However, in alternative variations of this variation, the electrodes/active regions of the electrode array network  120  can alternatively be arranged with non-uniform spacing across the arrangement of electrodes. In this variation, one or more sample volumes of the set of sample droplets can thus be transmitted to different coordinates in 3D space (e.g., within a polar coordinate system, within a cylindrical coordinate system). Three-dimensional formats of the electrode array network  120  can, however, be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     1.3 System—Sample Volume Contacting Surfaces 
     As shown in  FIG. 1A , the electrode array network  120  is preferably in communication with a first layer  130 , thereby isolating the electrode array network  120  from direct contact with sample volumes of the set of sample droplets. The first layer  130  thus functions to separate sample volumes from directly contacting the material of the electrode array network  120 , and to prevent shorting of electrodes of the electrode array network  120 . The first layer  130  can additionally or alternatively function to provide capacitive separation between the sample volumes and the electrode array network  120 . The first layer  130  can be composed of a material that has insulating properties, such as a polymer material (e.g., polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, etc.) or any other suitable material. Furthermore, the first layer  130  is preferably composed of a dielectric material that is insulating, but can be locally polarized by an applied electric field, upon activation of one or more electrodes of the electrode array network  120 . As such, forces of electric fields generated upon activation of electrodes of the electrode array network  120  can be transmitted through the dielectric material of the first layer  130 , for manipulation of sample volumes in contact with the first layer  130 . 
     In locally polarizing the first layer  130  upon activation of electrodes of the set of electrodes  120 , the first layer can be in communication with the set of electrodes by way of a layer of fluid material or other material situated between each pad of the set of pads  123  and the first layer  130  as shown in  FIG. 1A , wherein the material facilitates field generation at the first layer  130  in a controlled manner. The material is preferably isolated to the pad region(s), such that the material does not directly couple electrode pads to each other directly. However, the material can alternatively not be isolated to the pad region(s) and couple multiple electrode pads to each other directly. The material can have any suitable fluid properties, in relation to one or more of: hydrophobicity, viscosity, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, viscoelasticity, wettability, density, electrical stimulus responsiveness, and/or any other suitable properties. For instance, in one variation, material between the electrode array network  120  and the first layer  110  can function to conduct heat from a heating element proximal a pad of the electrode array network  120  through the first layer  130  and toward a sample droplet. In another variation, material between the electrode array network  120  and the first layer  110  can function to modulate electric field characteristics between a pad of the electrode array network  120  and a sample droplet at the first layer  110 . In still another variation, the material can be configured to deform under a stimulus (e.g., an electrical current, provided heat, etc.) in order to transmit a stimulus (e.g., a force, thermal stimulus, etc.) to a sample droplet at the firsts layer  110 . However, the material between the electrode array network  120  and the first layer  110  can additionally or alternatively have any other suitable function. 
     In variations, the material between the electrode array network  120  and the first layer  130  can be one or more of: a hydrophobic fluid (e.g., an oil), a hydrophilic fluid, a polymer (e.g., a hydrogel), a metal, a semi-conducting material, a ceramic, a non-conductive material layer (e.g., an adhesive layer, a resin layer, etc.), and any other suitable material. In a specific example, as shown in  FIG. 1A , the material comprises an oil; however, variations of the specific example can alternatively comprise any other suitable material (e.g., adhesive, resin, etc.). However, the first layer  130  can additionally or alternatively be in communication with the set of electrodes  120  in any other suitable manner. As such, some variations of the system  100  can omit a material coupling the electrode array network  120  to the first layer  130 . 
     In one variation, the first layer  130  can be a flexible layer that is applied over the set of pads  123  of the set of electrodes  120  prior to each use of the system  100 , thereby avoiding sample cross-contamination or any other suitable form of contamination. 
     As such, in some variations, the system can include a first layer providing subsystem  135 , as shown in  FIG. 1A , that includes a length of first layer material, wherein the first layer providing subsystem  135  transmits a sub-length of the length of first layer material into position relative to the electrode array network in between runs of the system  100 . In one variation, the first layer providing subsystem  135  can include a spool of rolled first layer material positioned at a first side of the electrode network array  120 , wherein the first layer material can be unrolled into position between runs of the system  100 , and wherein a terminal region of the first layer material being unwound is anchored at a position opposite the first side of the electrode network array  120  (e.g., as in a scrolling mechanism with a dispensing spool and a collecting spool). In another variation, the first layer providing subsystem  135  can include a folded length (e.g., accordion folded length) of first layer material that can be unfolded into position between runs of the system  100 . In another variation, the first layer providing subsystem  135  can include layers or sheets of first layer material that are dispensed into position between runs of the system. However, variations of the first layer providing subsystem  135  can alternatively implement any other suitable configuration or dispensing mechanism. Furthermore, dispensing by the first layer providing subsystem  135  can be automatic (e.g., using a controller coupled to an actuator of the first layer providing subsystem  135  that dispenses the first layer material into position); however, dispensing by the first layer providing subsystem  135  can alternatively be manual (e.g., conducted by an operator of the system  100 ). 
     In a specific example, the first layer  130  can be unrolled from a rolled sheet of material of the first layer  130  as dispensed from a first layer providing subsystem including a spool, and directly applied over the set of electrodes  120  prior to a sample run. Then, after the sample run is complete, the used first layer  130  can be discarded (e.g., with an automatic cutter, by winding used first layer material about an opposing spool that collects used material, etc.), and a new first layer  130  can be unrolled from the rolled sheet of material of the first layer  130  and applied over the set of electrodes  120 . As such the first layer  130  can be easily replaced between runs of the system  100 , by using a disposable first layer  130  in combination with reusable components of the system  100  (e.g., of a first layer material providing subsystem). However, variations of the first layer  130  can be brought into communication with the set of electrodes in any other suitable manner, and disposable/reusable aspects of the system  100  can be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     The first layer  130  preferably has a constant thickness relative to the substrate  110 /electrode array network  120 , such that the fields generated about each electrode are uniform. However, the first layer  130  can alternatively be configured with any suitable distribution of thickness, in order to create variations in field strength across the first layer  130  (e.g., in relation to different volumes of a sample, in relation to combination of sample volumes with process reagents, etc.). In the example shown in  FIG. 1A , the first layer  130  has a constant thickness relative to the substrate  110 , and is in communication with the electrode array network  120  by way of layers of oil (or other suitable material as described) between pads of the electrode array network  120  and the first layer  130 . However, variations of the example shown in  FIG. 1A  can alternatively be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     Additionally, the first layer  130  preferably is composed of or is treated (e.g., coated) with a hydrophobic material at regions contacting sample volumes of the set of sample droplets, wherein the hydrophobic material is configured to increase the contact angle (i.e., decrease wettability) of the first layer  130 . As such, coupling of the hydrophobic material to the first layer  130  primarily prevents retention of residues from the sample volumes at the first layer  130 , in stopping sample cross-contamination or other types of contamination. Preferably, the hydrophobic material does not adversely interfere with electric fields generated by the electrode array network  120  and transmitted through the first layer  120 , and further does not contaminate samples processed by the system  100 ; however, the hydrophobic material and/or other layers coupled to the first layer  130  can alternatively have any suitable field modulating effect. In variations, the hydrophobic material can be sprayed onto or otherwise applied to surfaces of the first layer  130  intended to contact samples processed with the system  100 . In specific examples, the hydrophobic material can comprise a superhydrophobic material including one or more of: a polysiloxane-derived material (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane, Rainex™), a perfluoroalkyl-derived material, a perfluoropolyether-derived material, and any other suitable material. 
     Additionally or alternatively, modulation of the hydrophobicity of the first layer  130  can be facilitated by way of an applied electric field (e.g., with the electrode array network  120 ), wherein without an applied field, the first layer  130  is hydrophobic, but with an applied electric field, the first layer  130  transitions to a hydrophilic state (i.e., due to enhanced polarity of the first layer  130 ). In examples, the first layer  130 /hydrophobic material can be composed of glass and/or a polymer material (e.g., polytetrafluorethylene, perfluoroalkane, perfluoropolyether, etc.). However, in variations of these examples, the first layer can alternatively be composed of any other suitable material. 
     While variations of a disposable first layer  130  are described above, the first layer  130  can alternatively be directly coupled about the electrode array network  120  and directly coupled to the substrate  100 , in generating a seal about the electrode array network  120  in a variation wherein the first layer  130  is reusable. Coupling between the first layer and the electrode array network  120 /substrate  110  can be provided by way of a bonding process (e.g., thermal bonding process, in variations wherein the substrate no and the first layer  130  are compatible for thermal bonding). Additionally or alternatively, coupling between the first layer  130  and the electrode array network  120 /substrate  10  can be provided by way of one or more of: an adhesive binding process, a dipping and curing process, a deposition process, and any other suitable process. 
     In examples of a first layer  130  that is directly coupled about the electrode array network  120 , the first layer  130 /hydrophobic material can be composed of an oxide (e.g., indium tin oxide), glass, and/or a polymer material (e.g., polytetrafluorethylene, perfluoroalkane, perfluoropolyether, etc.). The first layer  130  can, however, be composed of any other suitable material. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1A , the system  100  can include a second layer  140  that opposes the first layer  130  and is displaced from the first layer  130 , in order to define a region wherein sample volumes (e.g., nanoliter droplets) of the set of sample droplets can reside. Isolating the sample volumes of the set of sample droplets between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140  further functions to prevent evaporative loss of portions of the set of sample droplets during processing, which can affect analyses (e.g., quantitative analyses) of the sample volumes. However, some variations of the system  100  (e.g., a unit of the system) can alternatively omit a second layer  140  in order to provide controlled evaporation of sample droplets, as described in further detail below. 
     In providing separation between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 , the second layer  140  can be supported by a frame or other suitable structure that allows a gap region to form between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 . In these variations, the frame is preferably coupled to and confined to peripheral regions of the substrate  110  in a manner that does not interfere with sample transmission throughout the system  100 ; however, the frame can additionally or alternatively be configured relative to the substrate  110 , the first layer  130 , and the second layer  140  in any other suitable manner. However, as described in more detail below, variations of the system  100  can alternatively omit a second layer  140 , which can allow larger sample volumes to be processed and/or enable any other suitable application. 
     Similar to the first layer  130 , the second layer  140  is preferably composed of a dielectric material that has insulating properties, but can be locally polarized by an applied electric field, upon activation of one or more electrodes of the electrode array network  120 . As such, forces of electric fields generated upon activation of electrodes of the electrode array network  120  can enable manipulation of sample volumes in contact with the second layer  140  and the first layer  130 . Alternatively, the second layer  140  can be composed of an insulating material that lacks or otherwise has weak dielectric properties. Preferably, the second layer  140  is substantially rigid; however, the second layer  140  can alternatively be flexible in order to enable manipulation of the second layer  140  relative to the first layer. 
     As such, in some variations, the system  100  can include a second layer providing subsystem  145 , as shown in  FIG. 1A , that includes a length of second layer material, wherein the first layer providing subsystem  145  transmits a sub-length of the length of second layer material into position relative to the electrode array network  120  in between runs of the system  100 . In one variation, the second layer providing subsystem  145  can include a spool of rolled second layer material positioned at a first side of the electrode network array  120 , wherein the second layer material can be unrolled into position between runs of the system  100 , and wherein a terminal region of the second layer material being unwound is anchored at a position opposite the first side of the electrode network array  120  (e.g., as in a scrolling mechanism with a dispensing spool and collecting spool). In another variation, the second layer providing subsystem  145  can include a folded length (e.g., accordion folded length) of second layer material that can be unfolded into position between runs of the system  100 . In another variation, the second layer providing subsystem  145  can include layers or sheets of second layer material that are dispensed into position between runs of the system. However, variations of the second layer providing subsystem  145  can alternatively implement any other suitable configuration or dispensing mechanism. Furthermore, dispensing by the second layer providing subsystem  145  can be automatic (e.g., using a controller coupled to an actuator of the first layer providing subsystem  145  that dispenses the second layer material into position); however, dispensing by the second layer providing subsystem  145  can alternatively be manual (e.g., conducted by an operator of the system  100 ). 
     In relation to the first layer providing subsystem  135 , the second layer providing subsystem  135  can be configured to coordinate dispensing of the second layer  140  with the first layer  130 , such that both the first layer  130  and the second layer  140  are dispensed into position in a coordinated manner in between runs of the system. For instance, both layers  130 ,  140  can be dispensed at the same rate from their respective dispensing spools and discarded first and second layer material can be collected at collecting spools in between runs of the system  100 . However, variations of coordinated dispensing can be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     In a specific example, the second layer  140  can be unrolled from a rolled sheet of material of the first layer  140  as dispensed from a first layer providing subsystem including a spool, and directly applied over the set of electrodes  120  prior to a sample run. Then, after the sample run is complete, the used second layer  140  can be discarded (e.g., with an automatic cutter, by winding used second layer material about an opposing spool that collects used material, etc.), and a new second layer  140  can be unrolled from the rolled sheet of material of the second layer  130  and applied over the first layer  130 . As such the second layer  140  can be easily replaced between runs of the system  100 , by using a disposable second layer  140  in combination with reusable components of the system  100  (e.g., of a second layer material providing subsystem). However, variations of the first layer  140  can be brought into position relative to the first layer  130  in any other suitable manner, and disposable/reusable aspects of the system  100  can be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     The second layer  140  preferably has a constant thickness, in order to provide a uniform gap between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 . However, the second layer  140  can alternatively be configured with any suitable distribution of thicknesses, in order to modulate the gap width between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 . In the example shown in  FIG. 1A , the second layer  130  has a constant thickness, and is coupled to the substrate no by way of a frame that provides constant displacement between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 . 
     Additionally, and similar to the first layer  130 , the second layer  140  is preferably coated with a hydrophobic material at regions contacting sample volumes of the set of sample droplets, wherein the hydrophobic material is configured to increase the contact angle (i.e., decrease wettability) of the second layer  140 . As such, coupling of the hydrophobic material to the second layer  140  primarily prevents retention of residues from the sample volumes at the second layer  140 , in stopping sample cross-contamination. Preferably, the hydrophobic material does not adversely interfere with electric fields generated by the electrode array network  120  for manipulation of the set of sample droplets, and further does not contaminate samples processed by the system  100 ; however, the hydrophobic material and/or other layers coupled to the second layer  140  can alternatively have any suitable field modulating effect. Additionally or alternatively, modulation of the hydrophobicity of the second layer  140  can be facilitated by way of an applied electric field (e.g., with the electrode array network  120 ), wherein without an applied field, the second layer  140  is hydrophobic, but with an applied electric field, the second layer  140  transitions to a hydrophilic state (i.e., due to enhanced polarity of the first layer  130 ). In variations, the hydrophobic material can be sprayed onto or otherwise applied to surfaces of the first layer  130  intended to contact samples processed with the system  100 . In specific examples, the hydrophobic material can comprise a superhydrophobic material including one or more of: a polysiloxane-derived material (e.g., polydimethylsiloxane, Rainex™), a perfluoroalkyl-derived material, a perfluoropolyether-derived material, and any other suitable material. 
     In examples of a rigid second layer  140 , the second layer  140 /hydrophobic material can be composed of an oxide (e.g., indium tin oxide), glass, and/or a polymer material (e.g., polytetrafluorethylene, perfluoroalkane, perfluoropolyether, etc.). In examples of a flexible second layer  140 , the second layer  140  can be composed of a flexible polymer, as described above, such as polyvinyl chloride (e.g., Saran™ wrap). The second layer  140  can, however, be composed of any other suitable material. 
     In some variations, the second layer  140  can include a port or opening into the region between the first layer  130  and the second layer  130 , wherein the port allows one or more volumes of the set of sample droplets to be distributed into the system  100  for manipulation and sample processing. The port can be peripherally located proximal an edge of the second layer  140 , or can alternatively be located at any other suitable portion of the second layer  140  for transmission of a sample into the region between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 . In other variations, the system  100  can comprise one or more ports or openings configured at one or more of the first layer  130 , the second layer  140 , and the substrate  110 , in enabling sample transmission into the region between the first layer  130  and the second layer  130 . Furthermore, either of the first layer  130  and the second layer  140  can be transparent or translucent, in enabling detection of positions of the sample volumes within the system  100 , or enabling optical-based analyses of samples within the system  100  to be performed. 
     While the above description of the first and the second layers  130 ,  140  generally applies to 2D formats of the system, variations of the elements can be adapted to a 3D format. For instance, in a variation wherein the substrate  110  defines a 3D mesh with electrodes positioned at nodes of the mesh, the substrate  110  and electrodes of the electrode array network  120  can be encapsulated in dielectric material (or other insulating material) as the first layer  130 /second layer  140  that prevents residue retention and provides an electric field for sample manipulation. Other formats of the system  100  can, however, be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     The system  100  can thus include any additional elements and/or omit any of the above described elements (e.g., the first layer  130 , the second layer  140 ) as appropriate for different sample processing applications. 
     1.4 System—Supporting Elements 
     In some variations, the system  100  can additionally include an electronics module  150  coupled to at least one of the substrate  110  and the electrode array network  120 . Additionally, the system  100  can include a control module  160  in communication with the electronics module  150 , wherein the control module generates and manipulates the pattern of controlled electric fields. The electronics module  150 , in cooperation with the control module  160  thus function to power the system  100  and modulate voltage states at each of the set of electrodes of the electrode array network  120 . The electronics module  150 , in cooperation with the control module  160 , is preferably configured to detect voltage states of each of the electrodes of the electrode array network, in order to correctly toggle the electrodes of the electrode array network between different states. Furthermore, electronics module  150  can provide power regulation functions for the system  100 . Preferably the control module  160  generates and governs the pattern of electric fields produced in the system, in transmitting the samples between different locations of the system  100 . As such, the control module  160  can receive information indicative of positions of the sample volumes within the system  100 , in ensuring that sample volumes do not collide and cross-contaminate within the system  100 . Information indicative of positions of the sample volumes can be generated by way of a detection system  170 , described in more detail below. 
     In one variation, The control module  160  can be coupled to one or more multiplexers (MUXs), an example of which is shown in  FIG. 6 , that interface with the substrate  110  by way of one or more ports, wherein the ports provide electrical coupling between the MUXs and pins of the electrode array network  120 . As such, a multiplexed configuration can be used to manipulate one or more electrode positions of the electrode array network  120 . 
     As noted above and shown in  FIG. 1A , the system  100  can further include a detection system  170 , wherein the detection system  170  functions to identify positions of sample volumes within the system  100 , in providing information to the control module  160  (or other control/processing modules associated with the system). As such, information generated by the detection system  170  prevents cross-contamination of different samples, and enables samples to be combined with process reagents according to desired protocols for sample processing. In one variation, the detection system  170  can comprise one or more optical sensors (e.g., of a camera), wherein the optical sensor(s) are configured to have all potential positions of the sample volumes within view. As such, this variation enables optical detection of positions of the sample volumes. In another variation, a set of force sensors can be in communication with at least one of the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 , in detecting forces (e.g., mass-derived forces) provided by a sample at a position within the system. In another variation, the detection system  170  can include a module configured for ultrasonic sensing of positions of the sample volumes within the system  100 . In yet another variation, the detection system  170  can include a module configured for capacitance sensing of positions of the sample volumes within the system  100 . The detection system  170  can, however, be configured in any other suitable manner and/or comprise any other suitable modules for detection of positions of the sample volumes within the system  100 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, variations of the optical detection system  170  can include one or more filters for transmitting light at an emission wavelength (or range of emission wavelengths) to one or more samples for fluorescence excitation and/or light at an excitation wavelength (or range of excitation wavelengths) from one or more excited samples to a detection sensor, in order to enable fluorescent detection assays. In relation to the filters, the optical detection system  170  can thus include any suitable configuration of optical components (e.g., beam shaping elements, mirrors, filters, lenses, etc.) for transmitting light to and/or from samples to components of the optical detection system  170 . 
     In some variations, as shown in  FIG. 7A , the system  100  can include a wedge element  180  configured to physically split fluid volumes during sample processing. In variations wherein the system  100  is closed, the wedge element  160  can be configured between the first layer  130  and the second layer  140 , such that driving a fluid volume toward a pointed region of the wedge element  180 , upon activation of one or more electrode positions of the electrode array network  120 , physically splits the fluid volume into at least two portions. In variations, the wedge element  180  can include any suitable number of pointed regions (in generating one or more split volumes), and can be configured in any suitable orientation relative to other elements of the system  100 , in splitting fluid volumes in any desired manner. 
     The system  100  can, however, include any other suitable components for manipulating sample volumes in any other suitable manner. 
     1.5 System—Modules 
     While one unit of the system  100  is described above, modules of the system  100  can be adapted for any of a set of protocol steps or applications. For instance, one module of the system  100  can include a magnet (e.g., a permanent magnet, an electromagnet) proximal one or more electrode positions of the set of electrodes of the module, wherein the magnet provides a magnetic field for manipulating sample components. In variations including an electromagnet, the electromagnet can be transitioned from activated and deactivated states, in order to control aspects of sample processing requiring a magnetic field. In specific applications, the magnetic field can be used for magnetic separation (e.g., of waste components from target components using magnetic particles with moieties configured for binding to targets of samples) or for any other suitable purpose. In a specific example, as shown in  FIG. 7B  a magnetic separation unit can include three separate magnets configured proximal three central positions of the electrode array network  120  (e.g., at the first layer  130 , at the second layer  140 ), for magnetic separation of nucleic acid material from sample components. However, variations of the specific example can be configured in any other suitable manner (e.g., in relation to number of magnets, strength of magnets, and/or position of magnets). 
     Additionally or alternatively, one module/unit of the system  100  can be an open module that has a first layer  130  but omits a second layer  140 , which can function to allow for sample evaporation (e.g., during drying) and/or for processing of larger sample volumes. In one variation of this unit of the system, the unit can comprise a second layer  140  having an opening  149 , as shown in  FIG. 8 , that spans multiple positions of the electrode array network  120 , such that one or more sample droplets can be transmitted into the opening  149  to initiate evaporation, and then transmitted away from the opening  149  to stop an evaporation process. However, variations of the unit can be configured in any other suitable manner. 
     Additionally or alternatively, one module/unit of the system  100  can be a closed system  100  that includes both a first layer  130  and a second layer  140 , in order to prevent evaporative loss of a sample volume during a stage of processing, to provide finer control of the sample environment, and/or to serve any other suitable purpose. 
     In relation to open and closed modules, the system  100  can be configured to drive fluid volumes under a second layer  140  into a closed environment, or alternatively to drive fluid volumes from under a second layer  140  into an open environment. Additionally or alternatively, apparatus associated with the system  100  can be configured to transmit a second layer  140  toward an open module, thereby transitioning the open module to a closed module and back to an open module in a reversible manner. 
     Additionally or alternatively, one module of the system  100  can include a heating element (e.g., Peltier heating element) proximal one or more electrode positions of the electrode array network  120 , as shown in  FIG. 7B , thereby forming a heating region (e.g., for inducing a pH shift during sample processing, for incubating a sample volume, for drying a sample volume, etc.) at the module. Variations of the heating module/unit can be combined with an open unit omitting a second layer  140  or otherwise having an opening in its second layer  140 , in order to enhance evaporation effectiveness. However, variations of the units of the system  100  described above can alternatively be combined in any other suitable manner. 
     Additionally or alternatively, one module of the system  100  can include a cooling element (e.g., fan, Peltier cooling element) proximal one or more electrode positions of the electrode array network  120 , as shown in  FIG. 7B , thereby forming a cooling region at the module. 
     Additionally or alternatively, modules of the system  100  can be configured to serve any other suitable purpose. Furthermore, functional aspects of one or more modules can be combined in any other suitable manner to produce modules with multiple types of functionality. 
     Furthermore, in relation to the units, as shown in  FIG. 7B , each unit can include one or more inlets  181  for transmission of sample droplets and/or process reagents into a unit (e.g., from a reservoir, from an upstream unit). Additionally or alternatively, each unit can include one or more outlets  185  for transmission of processed sample droplets and/or waste material (e.g., into a reservoir, into a downstream unit). As shown in  FIG. 7B , a unit can include a sample reservoir  182  and a sample inlet  181  coupled to an upstream portion the unit and in communication with the sample reservoir  182 , such that the reservoir  182  can transmit a sample droplet from the sample reservoir  182  into the sample inlet  181  (e.g., by way of a pumping system, by way of capillary action, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the unit can include a binding reservoir  182 ′ containing a binding fluid and a binding inlet  181 ′ coupled to an upstream portion of the unit and in communication with the binding reservoir  182 ′, such that the reservoir  182 ′ can transmit a binding droplet from the binding reservoir  182 ′ into the binding inlet  181 ′ (e.g., by way of a pumping system, by way of capillary action, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the unit can include a wash reservoir  182 ″ containing a washing fluid and a wash inlet  181 ″ coupled to an upstream portion the unit and in communication with the wash reservoir  182 ″, such that the reservoir  182 ″ can transmit a wash droplet from the wash reservoir  182 ″ into the wash inlet  181 ″ (e.g., byway of a pumping system, byway of capillary action, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the unit can include an elution reservoir  182 ′″ containing an elution fluid and an elution inlet  181 ′″ coupled to an upstream portion the unit and in communication with the elution reservoir  182 ′″, such that the reservoir  182 ′″ can transmit an elution droplet from the elution reservoir  182 ′″ into the elution inlet  181 ′″ (e.g., by way of a pumping system, by way of capillary action, etc.). 
     Additionally or alternatively, in a specific example, the unit can include a waste reservoir  186  and a waste outlet  185  coupled to a downstream portion the unit and in communication with the waste reservoir  186 , such that the reservoir  186  can receive a waste droplet from the waste inlet  185  (e.g., by way of a pumping system, by way of capillary action, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, in the specific example, the unit can include a results region  186 ′ and a results outlet  185 ′ coupled to a downstream portion the unit and in communication with the results region  186 ′, such that the reservoir  186 ′ can receive a processed droplet from the unit (e.g., after sample droplet processing) into the results inlet  185  (e.g., by way of a pumping system, by way of capillary action, etc.). In this example, the results region  186 ′ can be configure proximal the optical detection subsystem  170  in order to perform an analysis associated with optical detection. 
     In these variations, modules of the system  100  can thus be coupled together in a designed configuration, in order to transmit one or more samples from one unit that is adapted for one protocol step (e.g., magnetic separation, sample evaporation, sample thermocycling, sample cooling, washing, etc.), to another module that is adapted for another protocol step (e.g., magnetic separation, sample evaporation, sample thermocycling, sample cooling, washing, etc.), to another module that is adapted for another protocol step (e.g., magnetic separation, sample evaporation, sample thermocycling, sample cooling, washing, etc.), to another module that is adapted for another protocol step (e.g., magnetic separation, sample evaporation, sample thermocycling, sample cooling, washing, etc.), and to any other suitable module(s). As such, each module of the system can include an input region configured to receive samples from an upstream module, and/or an output region configured to transmit samples at various stages of processing to a downstream module. Furthermore, the system  100  can include a set of units, wherein the units of the set of units are reversibly coupleable to each other (or irreversibly coupleable to each other), such that inlets of downstream units are coupled to outlets of upstream units. 
     In specific examples, each unit can be reversibly coupleable to at least another of the set of units with joints that align an outlet of an upstream unit with an inlet of a downstream unit. However, the modules can be coupled together in any other suitable manner in these variations. 
     2. Method 
     As shown in  FIG. 9A , a method  200  for sample processing can include: transmitting a sample droplet of a set of sample droplets from a sample reservoir into a region between a first layer and a second layer of a magnetic separation unit S 210 , wherein the first layer is in communication with an electrode array network configured to provide a pattern of controlled electric fields for manipulation of the set of sample droplets; upon activation of a first subset of electrodes of the electrode array network, generating a first stage droplet upon combining the sample droplet with a binding droplet including a set of magnetic particles for binding with targets of the sample droplet S 220 ; upon activation of a second subset of electrodes of the electrode array network, transmitting the first stage droplet to a magnetic region between the first layer and the second layer of the magnetic separation unit S 230 ; retaining a target portion of the first stage droplet within the magnetic region while transmitting a non-target portion of the first stage droplet to an outlet of the magnetic separation unit, upon activation of a third subset of electrodes of the electrode array network S 240 ; upon activation of a fourth subset of electrodes of the electrode array network, generating a second stage droplet upon combining the target portion with an elution droplet for elution of targets from the set of magnetic particles S 250 ; and upon activation of a fifth subset of electrodes of the electrode array network, transmitting the target portion of the second stage droplet toward an outlet of the magnetic separation unit S 260 . 
     The method  200  is preferably implemented using an embodiment, variation, or example of the system  100  described in Section 1 above; however the method  200  can additionally or alternatively be implemented using any other suitable system. As such, in relation to activation or deactivation of subsets of electrodes of the electrode array network, blocks of the method  200  can be implemented by way of an electronics module  150  and a control module  160  for electrode toggling between active and inactive states. 
     Furthermore, in relation to multiple units of the system  100 , wherein units have various configurations and/or functions, the method  200  can additionally or alternatively include: transmitting at least one droplet across a joint from an outlet of an upstream unit to an inlet of a downstream unit S 270 . In variations, as shown in  FIG. 9B , Block S 270  can include one or more of: transmitting at least one droplet into an open unit including an opening in its second layer (or otherwise omitting a second layer) and evaporating a portion of the droplet within the open unit S 271 ; transmitting at least one droplet into a heating unit and heating (e.g., thermocycling) the at least one droplet within the heating unit S 272 ; transmitting at least one droplet into a cooling unit and cooling the at least one droplet within the cooling unit S 273 ; and/or transmitting at least one droplet between units in any other suitable manner. 
     Additionally or alternatively, in relation to a wedge element, as described in Section 1.4 above, the method  200  can include transmitting at least one droplet across a wedge element of a unit and splitting the at least one droplet into multiple sub-portions S 280  for further processing, as shown in  FIGS. 7A and 9C . However, variations of the method  200  can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable steps or blocks, in relation elements of the system  100  described above, and/or any other suitable system elements. 
     Furthermore, in relation to the method  200  described above, each sample volume can be transmitted along the same path over the electrodes of the electrode array network in implementation of a sample processing protocol, as described above; however, one or more sample volumes of the set of sample droplets can alternatively be transmitted along a path different from those of other sample volumes (e.g., in implementation of a different sample processing protocol), wherein transmission along different paths is still performed in a manner that avoids sample cross-contamination. As such, the electrode array network  120  and the electronics module  150  are preferably configured such that sample volumes of different samples never coexist proximal the same location of the electrode array network  120  at the same point in time. Process reagents used in sample processing can, however, be promoted to collide or integrate with sample volumes and/or other volumes of processing reagents, by way of the electrode array network  120 , as shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     In an example operation for a single sample volume, in relation to the method  200  described above, the sample volume can be configured proximal a first electrode/active region of the electrode array network  120  upon toggling of the first electrode to an active voltage state. To transmit the sample volume to an adjacent location, the first electrode can then be toggled to an inactive voltage state in coordination of toggling of a second electrode/active region to an active state, thereby creating a driving force for transmission of the sample volume from the first electrode to the second electrode. Thus, by varying voltage across the electrode array network  120 , sample volumes can be transmitted across the electrode array network  120  along controlled paths for sample processing. In expansion of the above description to a set of sample volumes intended to be processed by the system  100 , the electrode array network  120  can thus facilitate transmission of the set of sample volumes across the electrode array network  120  in defined paths, in a manner that avoids sample cross-contamination but allows for combination of sample volumes with process reagents. As indicated above, spacing between electrodes of the electrode array network  120  can be modulated based upon the volumes of the samples being processed, viscosity of the samples being processed (e.g., in terms of an emulsion), and/or any other suitable characteristics of the samples being processed. 
     In one specific operation for a sample droplet volume, as shown in  FIGS. 10A-10O , a sample droplet volume can be combined and processed with different processing reagents with sequential toggling of electrodes of the set of electrodes  120  in coordination with transmission of sample and process fluids (shown in  FIG. 10A ) across the system. In more detail, as shown in  FIG. 10B , a sample droplet volume and a binding process solution volume can be transmitted into the system and combined (i.e., to create the first stage droplet) upon driving the volumes toward a first active electrode position, as shown in  FIG. 10C . Then, as shown in  FIGS. 10C and 10D , a solution of magnetic beads can be combined with the sample droplet volume and binding process solutions upon driving the volumes toward a second active electrode position. The processes of  FIGS. 10C and 10D  can thus be used to bind targets to a set of magnetic beads of the solution of magnetic beads. 
     Then, as shown in  FIG. 10E , the magnetic bead-bound targets can be retained in position (e.g., upon activation of an electromagnet proximal the substrate, upon driving the magnetic bead-bound targets toward a magnetic region of the system  100 , etc.), and waste fluid can be driven toward a waste region of the system. As shown in  FIGS. 10E and 10F , a first wash buffer volume can then be combined with the magnetic bead-bound targets upon activation of a third active electrode position, the magnetic bead-bound targets can be retained in position (as shown in  FIG. 10G ), and waste fluid can be driven toward a waste region of the system in a first wash process. As shown in  FIGS. 10G and 10H , a second wash buffer volume can then be combined with the magnetic bead-bound targets upon activation of a fourth active electrode position, the magnetic bead-bound targets can be retained in position (as shown in  FIG. 10I ), and waste fluid can be driven toward a waste region of the system in a second wash process. A third wash process can be performed as in  FIGS. 10J and 10K , and then the magnetic bead-bound targets can be dried (e.g., at 65° C.) at an electrode position of the system, as shown in  FIG. 10L . Then, as shown in  FIGS. 10L and 10M , an elution solution volume can be combined with the dried magnetic bead-bound targets upon driving the elution solution volume toward the dried magnetic bead-bound targets, and incubated (e.g., at 65° C. for 10 minutes) to elute the targets from the set of magnetic beads, as shown in  FIG. 10N . Finally, as shown in  FIG. 10O , an eluted volume of targets can be driven toward a target output region, while the set of magnetic beads is retained in position at an active magnetic region of the system. 
     While the above protocol describes a specific application of the system  100 , variations of the protocol and/or any other suitable protocol can be implemented using one or more embodiments, variations, and examples of the system  100 . 
     The system  100  and/or method  200  of the embodiments can be embodied and/or implemented at least in part as a machine configured to receive a computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions. The instructions can be executed by computer-executable components integrated with the application, applet, host, server, network, website, communication service, communication interface, hardware/firmware/software elements of a patient computer or mobile device, or any suitable combination thereof. Other systems and methods of the embodiments can be embodied and/or implemented at least in part as a machine configured to receive a computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions. The instructions can be executed by computer-executable components integrated with apparatuses and networks of the type described above. The computer-readable medium can be stored on any suitable computer readable media such as RAMs, ROMs, flash memory, EEPROMs, optical devices (CD or DVD), hard drives, floppy drives, or any suitable device. The computer-executable component can be a processor, though any suitable dedicated hardware device can (alternatively or additionally) execute the instructions. 
     The FIGURES illustrate the architecture, functionality and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to preferred embodiments, example configurations, and variations thereof. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, step, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block can occur out of the order noted in the FIGURES. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 
     As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detailed description and from the figures and claims, modifications and changes can be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing from the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.