Patent Publication Number: US-2022226228-A1

Title: Orthodontic chew and comfort tape

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/140,247, filed Jan. 21, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The invention concerns an orthodontic chew and comfort tape for use in orthodontia care. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In orthodontic care of patients, there are at least three areas of concern that must be addressed, and which are currently under-addressed in consumer solution products. These include 1) emergency care, 2) oral hygiene, and 3) visual challenges. Emergency care is needed to address discomfort, pain, sensitivity, ulcerations, dry mouth, and the like. 
     Oral hygiene involves long term oral care and prevention. Oral hygiene includes maintenance care for preventing halitosis and preventing or treating gingivitis and the increase in gram negative bacteria on the tongue and periodontium that are associated with orthodontia care. Avoiding gingivitis and reducing gram negative bacteria in a patient&#39;s mouth can prevent and/or deter bone loss and inflammation. This can help to maintain a healthy mouth, tongue, gums, and fresh breath. 
     Visual challenges include the appearance of white decalcifications on teeth due to the start of cavities that can be attributed to an increase of gram-positive bacteria. Other visible challenges include broken brackets, tooth and elastic discoloration, food stuck between teeth, and staining of enamel. 
     Gram negative bacteria lives on the tongue and inside the gum line around the periodontium. Gram negative bacteria is a main cause of halitosis in the mouth. Gram positive bacteria is found in the plaque accumulation of the pellicle that forms on the enamel of the tooth that then starts the decalcification process that can lead to cavities, also causing halitosis. Targeting these two types of bacteria with different ingredients and tools and differentiating them can solve many issues inherent in the changes in microbiome during orthodontic treatment. 
     Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment often undergo multiple adjustments to their braces and/or aligners throughout their treatment. Patients oftentimes use homemade “fixes” when it is impossible to get to their Orthodontists Office. Some examples include eraser heads for broken wires and toenail clippers or wire clippers to cut wires. These options are often not the most hygienic choices and improvements can be made to help the orthodontic patient in dealing with these types of emergencies. Shifting teeth can also trigger increases in bacterial loads. Because of the lack of home care solutions, patients often simply live with the bad breath and plaque that builds up on their teeth. On-the-go solutions and home-care solutions are needed. 
     SUMMARY 
     An orthodontic chew is shown and described. The chew may be shaped like a straw. Comfort tape for use with braces is also shown and described. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view of a roll of comfort tape according to the invention, with the tape stored in a dispenser; 
         FIG. 2  is a plan view of an alternative dispenser for a comfort tape strip; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of an alternative dispenser for a comfort tape strip stored in a case with a cover; 
         FIG. 4  is perspective view of an alternative dispenser for a comfort tape strip stored in a case with a lid; 
         FIG. 5  is top, bottom, and side plan view of a chew according to the invention; 
         FIG. 6  is a perspective view of an alternative design for the chew where the chew is curved; 
         FIG. 7  is a side plan view of the chew of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a top plan view of the chew of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a bottom plan view of the chew of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 10  is an end plan view of the chew of  FIG. 6 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a perspective view of an alternative chew according to the invention, with the chew being straw-shaped; 
         FIG. 11  is an exploded view of the chew of  FIG. 11 ; and 
         FIG. 12  is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a chew that is straw shaped and has a compartment for dispensing a fluid; 
         FIG. 13  is a front plan view of an inventive dental floss for use in flossing teeth with braces; 
         FIG. 14  is a front plan view of an inventive dental pick; and 
         FIG. 15  is a front plan view of another inventive dental pick. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Science has shown that most of the bacteria in a patient&#39;s mouth resides on the tongue. During orthodontic treatment, patients have challenges with oral hygiene. As teeth shift, the mouth has a greater propensity to harbor bacteria in both the gums and on the tongue. In addition, teeth can be damaged due to demineralization and a patient may experience pain during the treatment process. 
     At present, there are no functional candies that are designed specifically for use with braces. Some orthodontists allow their patients to chew sugar free gum, but patients are told to avoid sticky candies and taffies of all types, for fear that use of such products may result in damage to brackets and wires. 
     Most braces wearers are children and teens, and snacks are an integral part to their lives. A functional orthodontic candy should taste great and be safe to eat during treatment. In addition, functional orthodontic candy can have added benefits, which may include: 1) numbing effects to alleviate soreness, 2) cavity prevention, and 3) cleaning features as you chew, such as removing food particles from teeth and braces. Orthodontic candies that taste great and are safe for use with braces and aligners will allow the patient to eat during treatment. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 6-10 , one type of functional candy is an “everlasting,” non-edible, and/or reusable chew  10 . Some children have an oral fixation, which causes them to chew things like pens, erasers, and like. This can cause issues with braces, such as broken wires and brackets. Some people suffer from dry mouth. Chewing stimulates the salivary glands to produce saliva. A long-lasting chew product can help stimulate saliva to resolve dry mouth issues. Everlasting chews  10  can provide children who have an oral fixation with a “chew-safe” tool that has added health benefits. 
     Everlasting chews  10  may be shaped so that they are conducive to chewing, such as tubular or eraser shaped, and can be stored in a case between chews. A chew  10  of this nature may be used multiple times, for a set period, such as, for example, up to 16 hours. The product may include a ‘time-release’ solution that is safe to chew, has flavor benefits, and/or slowly releases a solvent with added benefits. This product can take the place of gum or candy. The chew  10  must be choke proof. 
     The “everlasting” chew  10  can have additional benefits beyond being chewable, including: 
     1) A baking soda blend with hydroxyapatite and whitening for cleaning, whitening, and plaque control to keep enamel mineralized; 
     2) A combination of mint, licorice, and xylitol for improving breath and producing saliva; 
     3) A combination of eucalyptus, menthol, and lidocaine for pain or discomfort issues; or 
     4) A combination of any of the foregoing ingredients or other ingredients. 
     This flavorful, chew-safe tool has added health benefits. It may come in a small case that stores multiple chews  10  at a time. The chews  10  may be small, flavorful, chewable food-grade silicone and may include slow-release flavors and functional benefits. One type of food-grade silicone is siloxane polymer having a hardness of Shore 00-35. Other types of materials and hardness may be used, if desired. The chew  10  may have a center matrix of natural polysaccharide or pvp base, xylitol, sodium bicarbonate, menthol, or spearmint oil. 
     Functional benefits may include, but are not limited to, numbing effects, cleaning the teeth, whitening and remineralizing the teeth, relieving the desire to chew, preventing mouth dryness, helping to seat an appliance (such as an aligner), or reducing halitosis. 
     The chews  10  may have an approximate size of 8 mm×10 mm×4 mm and may be packed as 12 pieces in a package. The chew  10  may have a curved shape, as shown in  FIGS. 6-10 , or a straight shape, as shown in  FIG. 5 . The chew  10  can have a round cross-sectional shape, or other cross-sectional shapes, such as square, oval, triangular, or other shapes. The chews  10  preferably have a long shelf-life, such as 2 years at minimum. 
     An alternative embodiment of the chew  10  is shown in  FIGS. 10-12 . In this embodiment, the chew  10  is elongated and straw shaped. The chew  10  is made of silicone. The silicone may include platinum-based catalysts. The silicone may have a Shore A 10 hardness or a similar hardness. The straw may be molded or extruded. 
     The straw is an elongated, straight member  12  with a hollow interior  14 . The straw is tube-shaped along at least part of its length. The straw may come in multiple parts A, B or be a single part. When multiple parts are used, one end A of the straw may screw into or be press fit into (or otherwise attached to) the other part B. The straw is non-edible and long lasting such that a patient will find it to be fun to chew. In addition, the center of the straw may be filled with a dissolvable flavored core that has an appealing flavor to children, teens, and adults. A user chews on the straw to appease an oral fixation and desire to chew, or to help to seat an aligner or other appliance. The straw can also help to prevent mouth dryness and to reduce halitosis. In addition, the straw may be used for medicament delivery. 
     The core  14  may be filled with a dissolvable flavored core of xylitol, baking powder, an antimicrobial agent and coffee, berry, or other available flavors. Alternatively, the straw may be fillable with a liquid flavorant. 
     An example straw design is depicted in  FIGS. 10-11 , where the straw is made of two parts, with an upper part A being removable from a lower part B. The upper part A may screw into the lower part B and may include a guide arm  16  to guide the upper part into the inner open part  14  of the chew  10 . Flavor drops may be dispensed into the center of the chew  10  by removing the upper part A, or cap, from the silicone chew  10 . 
     An alternative embodiment is shown in  FIG. 12 . In this embodiment, the straw has a paper sleeve  18  at one end and a silicone chew  10  at the other end. The paper sleeve  18  is for holding the chew  10 . Other types of material could alternatively be used for the sleeve, such as a plastic or thermoplastic material or other known materials. The silicone chew  10  has a tapered down portion  20  at one end that can be used by a patient for chewing purposes. The chew  10  includes an open interior surrounded by silicone. A hole  22  is provided on the side of the chew  10  for allowing the input of liquid drops into the chew  10 . An exit hole  24  for the flavor drops is provided at the end of the silicone chew  10 , where a user would chew on the chew  10 . 
     Other shapes, designs, and sizes may be used for the straw, as will be evident from the teachings herein. Preferably, the silicone chew  10  is designed to permit a user to taste any flavorant that is applied and to receive any treatments or medicaments applied to the chew  10 , whether on the interior, exterior, or imbedded in the material. 
     The chews  10  may come in any variety of flavors. Example flavors include lime, lemon, orange, cherry, licorice, bubble gum, grape, blueberry, cinnamon, chai, mocha latte, and coffee, among other flavors. 
     Another type of functional candy that is safe to chew is licorice root (with whitening baking soda) to remove external enamel stains and hydroxyapatite to re-mineralize enamel. Another type is homeopathic candies that may include peppermint that has a natural antiseptic property to help with bad breath and menthol mixed with lidocaine to create a soothing numbing effect for sensitivity and discomfort. Another combination may include chlorhexidine, sodium chlorite, manuka oil extract, parsley, mint, and cocoa extract to create an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effect on periodontium as well as freshen breath. 
     The functional candies of the invention may also be edible, such as candy infused with functional benefits. One example is vanilla sugar cookie, which is a chocolate or bonbon infused with anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties to fight gingivitis. Another example is mint chocolate chip, which is a chocolate or bonbon that may include a mint extract and whitening agents to eliminate bad breath and remove extrinsic stains on enamel. Another example is caramel latte, which is infused with pre and probiotics, vitamins and minerals promoting a healthy environment in one&#39;s mouth. Many other flavors or ingredients may be used. 
     Functional orthodontic candy, mints, and gum can also help to stop plaque accumulation on the teeth simply by chewing. The candies and gum can include any number of ingredients, such as chlorhexidine, lidocaine (for pain), baking soda (for whitening), hydroxyapatite (remineralization and kills bacteria and stops cavities), licorice root, sodium hydroxide, and a caramel sea salt rinse that the patient can swoosh around the mouth. Functional orthodontic candy, mints, and gum can also help to stop plaque accumulation on the teeth simply by chewing. 
     In practice, first, the chewing of the candy and gum massages around teeth, wires, brackets, rubber bands and gums. The specially formulated ortho candy preferably has no abrasiveness or stickiness, or limited stickiness. Natural ingredients may preferably be used, including peppermint, vitamins (D, C), orthodontic vitamins for healthy gum and teeth care, and xylitol, among other ingredients. The functional candy may include melt-in-your-mouth-chocolates, licorice, taffy, melts, cookies, mints, and gum, among other candies. 
     According to another aspect of the invention, tapes  30  for use with orthodontic treatment are disclosed. When a patient starts orthodontic treatment with braces, they often suffer from discomfort, pain, and sores. The brackets and attachments in clear aligners are rough and create sores in the vestibule, soft tissue/lip, and other places. Current palliative rinses can be used to soothe this discomfort, and small dots/waxes can also be positioned on brackets, wires, and the like. There are other products on the market, such as Orthodots™ by Oral B, where you take off one piece at a time, hold for 30 seconds, and apply it to brackets. Often these small dots or pieces of wax fall off quickly and/or can be swallowed because they do not adhere in a lasting manner. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1-4 , a bracket tape  30  according to the invention is different and includes a tape  30  and/or a roll that is stretchy and can be cut to cover the teeth adjacent the area of the mouth that is experiencing discomfort. The bracket tape  30  can be used to cover a larger area and can be made more secure than small dots or wax. Bracket tape  30  may be designed in silicone to be attached to brackets initially in the first weeks of treatments where most uncomfortable soreness develops to avoid ulcerations in the vestibule, lip, and cheek area of the mouth. Tape  30  of this nature stays on better because it has a cantilever effect, covering a bigger surface area adding retention of the tape to the brackets. 
     The tape  30  may be a clear silicone and may be colored. The tape  30  may also be opaque and colored. The tape  30  may be a silicone-based tape or a wax tape, such as a clear, soft oral food grade silicon wax that covers a large area and attaches safely and more securely to keep the patient&#39;s cheeks safe. In addition, the tape  30  could also include whitening properties and/or additional functional benefits to breath and or pain prevention. The tape  30  can be used to lighten or whiten stains on brackets, teeth, clear aligner attachments, porcelain brackets, teeth, and discolored rubber bands. The tape  30  may also have flavors that are long lasting, such as for 12 hours, and may have patterns, designs, or other artwork to make them more interesting to the young patient. 
     The tape may be sold in rolls  32  that are positioned in dispensers  34 , as shown in  FIG. 1 , compacts, strips  36  (as shown in  FIGS. 2-4 ) and/or the like. The easy-to-use tape may be stored on a roll  32  and the patient may be permitted to cut off an amount of tape that is needed. This permits the patient to customize the tape  30  to their mouth size and to direct the tape  30  to specific areas of the mouth. The tape  30  may be stretchy so that the patient can pull it over the teeth and brackets to ensure it is secure. 
     The tape  30  can also include treatments to help the patient&#39;s mouth heal and/or feel or look better. For example, the tape  30  may include peppermint or other mint along with a whitening ingredient. Another example includes the use of licorice and lidocaine to sooth the pain from the braces. The tape  30  may include a wax-based material or may be non-wax-based. The tape  30  may be food grade silicone. Different varieties may include: 1) Breath freshener, 2) Antimicrobial ingredients, 3) Lidocaine for pain relief, 4) menthol or mint, or other combinations and ingredients. 
     In addition to the tape  30  working on its own, it can be used in conjunction with orthodontia mouth guards, as described below. The user places the tape on your teeth and braces before putting on the mouth guard to allow the mouthguard to slide on more easily. This protects the brackets from getting pulled and loosened and allows for the patient to have less pain when they put the mouthguard in and out. 
     In addition to providing pain relief, oral health care strips  30  for use with braces may also assist a patient in maintaining proper hygiene. For example, strips or tape  30  can be used to prevent bad breath and to prevent and/or treat discoloration of the teeth, among other challenges. Bracket strips  30  are typically of a pre-cut length and may be utilized to cover the teeth, brackets, and attachments during orthodontia treatment. The strips  30  are used to lighten or whiten stains on brackets, teeth, clear aligner brackets, teeth, and discolored rubber bands, especially with ceramic brackets. The strips  30  are designed to cover either only the front of the teeth or may be wide enough to cover the front and rear of the teeth by folding over the bottom edge of the teeth to cover both the front and back of the teeth. In addition, the oral health care strips  30  can include a breath freshener to both whiten and refresh at the same time. In addition, the oral health care strips  30  can include zinc, Vitamin D3, Vitamin C, a probiotic ingredient, and other ingredients, as desired. 
     The strips  30  may also include other ingredients for inhibiting activity of pathogenic bacteria with no toxicity. Some possible ingredients include  S. persica  ( Salvadora persica , which is a species of  Salvadora , used for centuries as a natural toothbrush, also known as Miswak) and  C. gileadensis  ( Commiphora gileadensis , the Arabian Balsam Tree, which is a shrub species), both of which are plant extracts. Other plant extracts and/or other ingredients may alternatively be used to reduce bacteria in the mouth. These ingredients may also be incorporated into other inventions and devices, including in gels, rinses, candy, and the like. The strips  30  may come in varied sizes depending on the number of teeth or size of mouth being treated. 
     In another embodiment of the oral health care strip, a fast-dissolving film is utilized to deliver ingredients and treatments to a patient. Fast-dissolving drug delivery systems have been developed as an alternative to conventional dosage forms as an oral means of drug delivery. Fast dissolving films are often preferred over conventional tablets and capsules because they can mask the taste of bitter drugs. This can result in an increase in patient compliance. Fast dissolving films are typically thin oral strips which dissolve in less than a minute when placed on the tongue. Currently known breath strips utilize this technology. These types of strips can also be used for delivery of vitamins, vaccines, and other drug products to the teeth, mouth, and gums. 
     In one embodiment, the comfort strip  30  may be a bio adhesive delivery system where there is a bond between a natural or synthetic polymer and the soft tissue epithelial cells in the mouth. Current oral strips dissolve on the tongue. Medicinal delivery via the oral transmucosal systems with an emphasis on the soft palate and the buccal mucosa may be used. The oral soft palate is a promising micro adhesive site for delivering active pharmaceuticals both systemically and locally. This bio adhesive delivery system will allow for immediate delivery and is a desirable mode of action for addressing orthodontic issues, including discomfort, halitosis, inflammation, demineralization, and extrinsic staining. The strips  30  may include vitamins, probiotics, and natural soothing ingredients to address the concerns of the orthodontic patient. The strips  30  may come in assorted flavors and may provide additional medicinal qualities as well as mode of transmission in the oral cavity. 
     The strips  30  may be double sided and may be made of a poly vinyl pyrrolidone matrix that contains specified ingredients, such as natural anti-irritants. These ingredients may also include sorbitol and flavors like mocha, peppermint, among other flavors and ingredients. The strips  30  are designed to help relieve gum irritation and to help prevent mouth dryness. The strips  30  may provide a wet, low friction surface to sooth the vestibule. The strips  30  may also be used to reduce halitosis and to enhance the overall experience of wearing braces. 
     The strips  30  may be packaged as 12 strips or pieces per package. One possible size of the strip  30  is 40 mm×9.5 mm×1 mm. The package holding the strips  30  may be a molded flip-top case  38  that includes 12 individually wrapped strips. Alternatively, the case may have a sliding cover and a receptacle in which the strips rest (not shown). 
     Each strip  30  may be sealed in an individual package. One type of material that may be used to seal the package is a foil wrap. In a preferred embodiment, the strips  30  may be clear and/or translucent. The strips  30  may also have a long-lasting shelf life, such as at least 2 years. 
     In another embodiment, an orthodontic chew  10  is an elongated tubular member having a hollow interior  14 . An opening  22  is provided in the elongated tubular member for admitting a liquid into the hollow interior  14 . An exit  24  from the hollow interior  14  is provided that permits the liquid to exit the elongated tubular member  12 . The hollow interior  14  may extend longitudinally. The liquid may have a thick consistency, like a gel of gelatin, so that the liquid flows through the hollow interior  14  slowly. 
     The elongated tubular member  12  may be non-edible, food grade silicone. The elongated tubular member  12  may have a hardness that permits a patient to repeatedly chew on the elongated tubular member  12  without damaging the elongated tubular member  12 . 
     The elongated tubular member  12  may be formed from two separate parts A, B that are fitted together. The liquid may include at least a flavorant. 
     All or some of the above-described items can be included as a set to be provided to patients for orthodontia care. The set may include some basics items that are needed for daily care of new braces and clear aligners, as well as a few samples of candy that has added health benefits. Starter kits may be provided that include a wire clipper, chocolates or chews  10 , a tongue sponge, antimicrobial spray, and other products. 
     In one embodiment, an orthodontic chew  10  for use with braces includes an elongated tubular member made of a chewable food grade silicone. The tubular member includes an ingredient that improves oral health during usage of braces. 
     The ingredient may be included in the tubular member by any known means, including coating, dosing, embedding, encircling, or other known means for including an ingredient in silicone. The elongated member may have a length and a width. A cross-sectional shape of the elongated member may be round. The elongated member may be shaped in a curved shape. The elongated member may be non-curved. The elongated tubular member may have rounded ends. 
     The ingredient may be one or more of a flavoring, a numbing agent, a teeth cleaning agent, a whitening agent, and a breath freshening ingredient. The silicone may be a food grade siloxane polymer. The silicone may have a hardness of Shore 00-35. The elongated tubular member may have a center matrix  14  that includes additional ingredients. The additional ingredients may include one or more of natural polysaccharide, pvp base, xylitol, sodium bicarbonate, menthol, spearmint oil, or flavoring. The elongated tubular member may be either transparent or opaque. The elongated tubular member may be either colored or uncolored. 
     In another embodiment, a comfort tape  30  for use with braces includes a strip of flexible and stretchable material that is infused with an ingredient to improve oral care during treatment with braces. The flexible and stretchable material may be a poly vinyl pyrrolidone matrix. The ingredient may be one or more of sorbitol, baking soda, an antimicrobial agent, a flavoring, a breath freshener, a whitening agent, and a pain reliever. The tape  30  may be double sided. The tape  30  may be clear and/or translucent. The tape  30  may be sealed in packaging. The tape  30  may have a shelf life of two years or more. The tape  30  may be of a continuous length that is stored on a roll  32 , or the tape  30  may be pre-cut  36  into desired lengths. The tape  30  may have adhesive properties. The tape  30  may provide a medicinal delivery system. The tape  30  may be a food grade silicone material. 
     With braces, it is hard to floss. Most people find it impossible to floss properly. When patients do not floss, gums may hurt and sometimes may itch due to swelling. Longer term, failure to floss can cause periodontal disease and cavities. 
     A floss  40  specifically designed for use with orthodontia treatment is used to help patients keep fresh breath, clean teeth, and comfort. The floss  40  is bendable and provides a soft tip  42  that enables between teeth flossing. The system uses a spongey floss that can be fed between teeth to get into hard-to-reach areas. The floss  40  is designed specifically for ortho care as is made of a soft fiber thread that feels more like a sponge. Its soft fibers are soaked in a lidocaine, baking soda blend and antibacterial spray to help ease discomfort, to act as a super cleaning agent, and to improve overall oral care. Each floss strip may be precut or can be provided on a reel  44 . The floss  40  may be formed of several materials In one embodiment, the floss  40  is made of two materials: a non-latex rubber to hold its shape, similar to known gum pick products, covered by a softer, thinner material, such as a spongey material. One type of material that may be used, for example, is a hydrophilic foam, such as that used for makeup sponges, or other types of foam. 
     Another type of floss that may be used is a pick  46 , as shown in  FIGS. 14 and 15 . The picks are curved and have a soft pointed tip tool  48  that can go through contact points between the teeth. The curved shape helps the tool to get into harder to reach areas behind braces. The picks are made of thin and soft plastic that can glide easily through the teeth. The floss picks are precut and sized to permit their entry between teeth. 
     The picks  46  include a semi-rigid material forming the lower part  50  of the pick  46  and a spongey material for the upper part  52  of the pick  46 . The upper part  52  of the pick  46  is the portion that slides between the teeth first. The spongey material may be, for example, a hydrophilic foam, among other types of foam/sponge material. 
     The term “substantially,” if used herein, is a term of estimation. 
     While various features are presented above, it should be understood that the features may be used singly or in any combination thereof. Further, it should be understood that variations and modifications may occur to those skilled in the art to which the claimed examples pertain. The examples described herein are exemplary. The disclosure may enable those skilled in the art to make and use alternative designs having alternative elements that likewise correspond to the elements recited in the claims. The intended scope may thus include other examples that do not differ or that insubstantially differ from the literal language of the claims. The scope of the disclosure is accordingly defined as set forth in the appended claims. 
     What has been described above includes examples of one or more embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable modification and alteration of the above devices or methodologies for purposes of describing the aforementioned aspects, but one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that many further modifications and permutations of various aspects are possible. Accordingly, the described aspects are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in either the details description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as “comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. The term “consisting essentially,” if used herein, means the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the material or method. All percentages and averages are by weight unless the context indicates otherwise. If not specified above, the properties mentioned herein may be determined by applicable ASTM standards, or if an ASTM standard does not exist for the property, the most commonly used standard known by those of skill in the art may be used. The articles “a,” “an,” and “the,” should be interpreted to mean “one or more” unless the context indicates the contrary.