Patent Publication Number: US-7717697-B2

Title: Methods and systems for controlling mold temperatures

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
   This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/712,352, filed Aug. 30, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONS 
   1. Field of the Inventions 
   The inventions relate to molds for producing articles. More specifically, these inventions relate to methods and systems for controlling mold temperatures. 
   2. Description of the Related Art 
   The use of plastic containers as a replacement for glass or metal containers in the packaging of beverages has become increasingly popular. The advantages of plastic packaging include lighter weight, decreased breakage as compared to glass, and potentially lower costs. The most common plastic used in making beverage containers today is PET. Virgin PET has been approved by the FDA for use in contact with foodstuffs. Containers made of PET are transparent, thin-walled, lightweight, and have the ability to maintain their shape by withstanding the force exerted on the walls of the container by pressurized contents, such as carbonated beverages. PET resins are also fairly inexpensive and easy to process. 
   Most PET bottles are made by a process that includes the blow-molding of plastic preforms, which have been made by processes including injection and compression molding. For example, in order to increase the through-put of an injection molding machine, and thereby decrease the cost of each individual preform, it is desirable to reduce the cycle time for each injection and cooling cycle. However, the injected preform must cool sufficiently to maintain its molded dimensions before it is removed from the injection mold. Therefore, it would be desirable to utilize a cooling system that can rapidly cool the injected preform. Typically, the temperature of the mold is controlled by pumping cooled water through passages which are within the mold. The temperature of the mold is thus controlled by the temperature of the water flowing through the water passages. The water typically flows continuously throughout the molding operation and may cause condensation to form on the mold. For example, when the mold is cooled by utilizing chilled water, the moisture in the air surrounding the mold can condense, thereby forming condensation on the molding surfaces. The condensation may interfere with the molding operation by reducing preform production and decreasing preform quality. As a result, the potential of mold cooling systems has not been realized. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONS 
   In some embodiments, a mold is configured to mold an article. The mold can have a mold cavity or mold space for receiving and molding moldable material. The mold can be configured to mold either a single article or a plurality of articles. The mold may comprise a neck finish mold that comprises a high heat transfer material. The neck finish mold can be a thread split, split ring, etc. 
   In some embodiments, if a high heat transfer material is used to form a thread split having a traditional configuration (e.g., thread splits with several internal cooling channels for carrying a chilled fluid), the full potential of the high heat transfer material may not be realized. That is, in comparison to the heat transferred to a chilled working fluid flowing through the traditional steel thread split, there may be a minimal increase of heat delivered through a similarly configured thread split comprised of a high heat transfer material. To increase heat transfer through a thread split, the thread split can be exposed to a chilled fluid flowing at a relatively high volumetric flow rate as compared to the volumetric flow rate of a cooling fluid used in tradition internal channel arrangements. 
   The cooling of a molding machine (e.g., an injection molding machine) can be regarded as a serial arrangement of thermal resistances. Heat given off by the cooling polymer in the mold can pass consecutively through these thermal resistances. This serial arrangement can include a large heat resistance of the polymer itself, heat transfer from the polymer to the mold wall, heat resistance of the mold material, and heat transfer from the mold material to the coolant fluid. In such a serial arrangement, the highest resistance can constitute a bottleneck (i.e., the limiting resistance) to the overall heat flow. Although substitution of a steel thread-split by, e.g., a copper alloy thread-split of the same design, which potentially increases heat transport through the mold, may result in an inadequate heat transfer rate from the mold material to the coolant. The heat transfer from the thread-split to the coolant becomes the bottleneck of the system, thus resulting in only a small improvement of overall heat transport when utilizing a high heat transfer material. 
   Heat transfer from the mold to the coolant depends on a number of variables, predominantly the temperature and flow rate of the cooling medium, the coefficient of heat transfer, and surface which is used for heat transfer. The coefficient of heat transfer is a function of the flow characteristics of the cooling medium and the surface quality of the cooling passage. A high heat transfer material can be used with a thread split having a different configuration from a traditional steel thread split to account for these variables. For example, a thread split comprised of a high heat transfer material can have a different size and position of cooling channels from a traditional steel thread split. 
   Mold parts, such as mold cores and thread splits, made of a low heat conductivity material (e.g., steel) often have reduced wall thicknesses. These components often have an internal system of one or more internal cooling channels. The internal channels may result in a more complicated geometry which in most cases is difficult to machine. Thread splits with asymmetrical geometries may be especially difficult to machine. Due to the asymmetrical geometry and the compact body shape of a thread split, the machining of such channels is complicated and expensive. Moreover, the surfaces for heat transfer of these channels result in inadequate heat transfer. 
   An aspect of at least one of the embodiments disclosed herein includes the realization that the external surfaces of mold components (e.g., cores, thread splits, etc.), which are not in contact with the polymer in the mold, are often larger than the surfaces which may be formed by channels within these components, and it is desirable to use these external surfaces for heat transfer to a cooling fluid. In some embodiments, one or more components of a mold can be in external contact with the working fluid such that the working fluid flows along the surface of the component. The working fluid can sometimes flow through mold plates, or other portions of the mold suitable for transporting fluids at high flow rates. In some embodiments, the mold plates can support the mold component being cooled. Advantageously, the configuration and design of these mold components can be greatly simplified because of the external contact between the working fluid and the part. For example, a mold component comprising a thread split can be effectively cooled by fluid flowing across at least a portion of the thread split. The threat split can have one or more heat transfer members, each adapted to be in fluidic contact with the working fluid. The heat transfer members can have a simpler design as compared to small internal cooling channels. In some embodiments, the heat transfer member is a protrusion that extends outwardly from the thread split. 
   Furthermore, the mold plates provide suitable space for having one or more relatively large cooling channels capable of delivering a sufficient amount of fluid to rapidly absorb and carry away heat. Also, the arrangement of the cooling channels in the mold plates can also be uncomplicated for convenient manufacturing. Other sufficiently large components of the mold can have relatively large channels as compared to traditional internal channels of a thread split. 
   In some embodiments, a mold comprises a mold cavity or mold space configured to receive moldable material. A mold plate has a channel configured to pass therethrough. The mold also comprises a neck finish mold comprising a molding surface, a heat transfer member, and a neck finish mold body. The molding surface defines a portion of the mold cavity. The heat transfer member is disposed within the channel of the mold plate. The neck finish mold body extends between the molding surface and the heat transfer element. At least a portion of the neck finish mold body comprises a high heat transfer material. In some arrangements, the mold further comprises high wear materials (e.g., hardened materials) configured to reduce wear when the neck finish mold is moved between a first position to mold a portion of a preform and a second position to permit removal of the preform. 
   In some embodiments, a mold is movable between an open position and closed position. The mold comprises a mold cavity or space, a mold plate, and a neck finish mold. The mold cavity is configured to receive moldable material when the mold is in a closed position. The mold plate has at least one channel configured to pass fluid therethrough. The neck finish mold comprises a neck molding surface, a heat transfer member, and a neck finish mold body. The neck molding surface defines at least a portion of the mold cavity. The heat transfer member is disposed within the channel of the mold plate. The neck finished mold body extends between the molding surface and the heat transfer member. In some embodiments, the mold comprises a plurality of channels and a plurality of heat transfer members. Each heat transfer member can be in at least one of the channels. 
   In some embodiments, a method is provided for cooling a neck finish mold. The method comprises passing working fluid through a channel and a mold plate. The working fluid flows around a portion of the neck finish mold, wherein the portion is positioned within the channel. Heat is transferred from a molding surface of the neck finish mold to the portion of the neck finish mold positioned within the channel, such that the working fluid absorbs heat from the neck finish mold. In some embodiments, the neck finish mold comprises a heat transfer member and a neck finish mold body. The neck finish mold body extends between the molding surface and the heat transfer member. In some arrangements, at least a portion of the neck finish mold body comprises a high heat transfer material. 
   In some embodiments, the heat transfer member comprises one or more heat transfer enhancers, such as for example, an elongated member. The heat transfer enhancers can comprise one or more of the following: fins, channels, bores, slots, grooves, and combinations thereof. 
   In one embodiment, an injection mold comprises a core section having a core surface and a cavity section having a cavity surface. The injection mold further comprises a plurality of fluid channels proximate to the cavity surface and a valve proximate to the cavity surface. The valve is configured to allow fluid to flow into the fluid channels while causing a pressure drop of the fluid across the valve to cool the cavity surface as the fluid passes through the fluid channels and cools the cavity surface. 
   In some embodiments, a mold comprises a cavity section and a core section. The core section is configured to mate with the cavity section to form a mold cavity and comprises a core that defines an internal surface of the mold cavity. The core is configured to receive refrigerant to control the temperature of the core. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the refrigerant is vaporized within the core. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the refrigerant is vaporized within the core by passing through one or more pressure reducing elements positioned within the core. 
   In some embodiments, a mold temperature control assembly comprises a cavity section and a core section. The core section is configured to mate with the cavity section to form a mold cavity or mold cavity and comprises a core that defines an internal surface of the mold cavity. A tube within the core extends from the proximal end of the core to an expansion valve at the distal end of the core. The expansion valve is configured to receive fluid that comprises substantially liquid from the tube and is configured to deliver fluid comprising substantially gas to a channel within the core. In some embodiments, gas is at a temperature less than temperature of the internal surface of the mold cavity. 
   In another embodiment, a mold temperature control assembly comprises a cavity section, a plurality of fluid channels, and a valve system. The cavity section defines a cavity surface. The plurality of fluid channels surrounds a portion of the cavity surface, and a portion of the fluid channels is within the cavity section. The valve system is located upstream of the fluid channels and is configured to receive fluid at a first temperature and deliver the fluid at a second temperature, which is less than the first temperature, to the fluid channels to cool the cavity surface. In some embodiments, the valve system comprises a single pressure reducing element. In some embodiments, the valve system comprises a plurality of pressure reducing elements. 
   In one embodiment, a method of controlling the temperature of a mold comprises providing a core section having a core mold surface and a cavity section having a cavity mold surface and channels. Fluid is delivered at a first temperature to a valve system within the cavity section, the valve system outputs the fluid at a second temperature, which is less than the first temperature and the temperature of the cavity mold surface, to the channels to cool the cavity mold surface. In some embodiments, the valve system comprises one or more pressure reducing elements. 
   In some embodiments, a mold is configured to mold an article. In some embodiments, the mold is configured to produce preforms, containers, trays, closures, and the like. In some embodiments, the mold comprises a temperature control element configured to affect the temperature of the mold. The temperature control element can comprise one or more of the following: fluid passageways, channels, temperature control rod (e.g., heating/cooling rods), and heater (e.g., resistance heater). The mold can be an intrusion mold, compression mold, blow mold, injection mold, or other type of molding system for forming articles. In some embodiments, the blow mold can be a stretch blow mold for stretch blow molding a preform. In some embodiments, the blow mold can be an extrusion blow mold. 
   In some embodiments, a mold comprises a core section that has a core surface. A cavity section has a cavity surface. A mold cavity or mold space is defined by the core section and the cavity section when the mold is in a closed position. In some embodiments, a temperature control element, such as a fluid channel, is disposed within one of the core section and the cavity section. A pressure reducing device is configured to receive and vaporize at least a portion of a refrigerant. In some embodiments, the pressure reducing device is in fluid communication with the fluid channel. The one of the core section and the cavity section comprises high heat transfer material. The high heat transfer material is positioned between the fluid channel and the mold cavity. In some embodiments, the mold does not comprise high heat transfer material. 
   In some embodiments, a molding system comprises a first mold section and a second mold section movable between an open position and a closed position. A mold cavity or mold space is defined between the first mold section and the second mold section when the first mold section and the second mold section occupy the closed position. At least one of the first mold section and the second mold section comprises high heat transfer material and at least one fluid channel. A fluid source is in fluid communication with the at least one fluid channel. The fluid source contains a working fluid (e.g., a refrigerant). A pressure reducing element is in fluid communication with the at least one fluid channel and the fluid source. The pressure reducing element is configured to reduce a pressure of the refrigerant from the fluid source to a second pressure equal to or less than a vaporization pressure of the refrigerant. In some embodiments, the molding system comprises a plurality of pressure reducing elements. 
   In some embodiments, one or more temperature sensors are interposed between a molding surface of a mold and at least temperature control element of the mold. In some embodiments, one or more temperature sensors are positioned somewhat proximate to the mold surface. The temperature sensors can accurately measure the temperature of the mold. In some embodiments, a controller is in communication with the temperature sensor. The controller can be configured to selectively control the operation of a valve (e.g., a pressure reducing element) in response to a signal from the temperature sensor. In some embodiments, a mold has a plurality of temperature sensors. The sensors can be positioned at various locations within the material forming the mold. 
   In some embodiments, a mold for molding an article comprises a cavity section and a core section. The core section is configured to mate with the cavity section to form a mold cavity. The core section comprises a core that defines an internal surface of the mold cavity. A tube is disposed within the core. The tube extends from a proximal end of the core to a pressure reducing valve at a distal end of the core. The pressure reducing valve is configured to receive fluid from the tube and to deliver at least partially vaporized fluid to a channel within the core. The partially vaporized fluid in the core is at a temperature less than a temperature of the internal surface of the mold cavity when melt fills the mold cavity. 
   In some embodiments, a mold assembly comprises a core section and a cavity section. The cavity section defines a cavity surface that is configured to mold at least a portion of an article. The cavity section cooperates with the core section to form a space. A plurality of fluid channels surrounds a portion of the cavity surface. The plurality of fluid channels is positioned within a portion of the cavity section and has a high thermal conductivity. A valve system is located upstream of the fluid channels. The valve system receives fluid at a first temperature and delivers the fluid at a second temperature, which is less than the first temperature, to the plurality of fluid channels. In some embodiments, the fluid is a cryogenic fluid. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a high temperature range cryogenic fluid. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a mid temperature range cryogenic. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a low temperature range cryogenic fluid. 
   In some embodiments, a mold is configured to utilize a working fluid. In some embodiments, the working fluid is a refrigerant. In some embodiments, the working fluid is a cryogenic fluid. In some embodiments, the fluid is a cryogenic fluid. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a high temperature range cryogenic fluid. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a mid temperature range cryogenic. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a low temperature range cryogenic fluid. 
   In some embodiments, a method of controlling the temperature of a mold for molding a preform comprises providing a core section having a core mold surface. A cavity section having a cavity mold surface and fluid channels is provided. A refrigerant is delivered at a first temperature to a valve system. The valve system outputs the refrigerant at a second temperature, which is less than the first temperature and a temperature of the cavity mold surface. The refrigerant is passed from the valve system through at least one of the cavity section and the core section to reduce the temperature of polymer material disposed between the core mold surface and the cavity mold surface. In some embodiments, the polymer material is in the shape of a preform or closure. 
   In some embodiments, a molding system comprises a first mold section and a second mold section movable between an open position and a closed position. A mold cavity or space is defined between the first mold section and the second mold section when the first mold section and the second mold section occupy the closed position. The mold cavity has a shape of a preform. A neck finish mold is interposed between the first mold section and the second mold section. The neck finish mold has a neck molding surface configured to mold a portion of melt disposed in the mold cavity. The neck finish mold comprises high heat transfer material and a temperature control element configured to selectively control the temperature of the neck molding surface. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer material is positioned between the neck molding surface and the temperature control element. At least a portion of the temperature control element may or may not be embedded in the high heat transfer material. 
   In some embodiments, a neck finish mold is configured to mold at least a potion of an article. In some embodiments, the neck finish mold comprises a high heat transfer material. The high heat transfer material may or may not form a molding surface that can engage melt injected into a cavity of a mold. In some embodiments, the neck finish mold is a split ring movable between two or more positions. In some embodiments, the neck finish mold comprises a temperature control element, such as one or more fluid passageways, heat/cooling rods. 
   In some embodiments, a mold temperature control system comprises a first mold section and a second mold section movable between an open position and a closed position. A mold cavity is defined between the first mold section and the second mold section when the first mold section and the second mold section occupy the closed position. A means for passing a refrigerant through at least one of the first mold section and the second mold section for controlling the temperature of moldable material is positioned within the mold cavity. A means for vaporizing at least a portion of the refrigerant that subsequently passes through the means for passing the refrigerant is provided. A means for delivering the refrigerant to the means for vaporizing at least the portion of the refrigerant is provided. 
   In some embodiments, a method for making a preform comprises providing a cavity mold half and a core mold half. The cavity mold half and the core mold half define a space in the shape of a preform. A first material is deposited into the space. A sufficient amount of refrigerant to reduce the temperature of the refrigerant is vaporized. The refrigerant is circulated within one of the cavity mold half and the core mold half to cool the first material to form a preform. In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing the preform from the cavity mold half. The preform is placed into a second cavity mold half. A second material is injected through a gate of the second cavity mold half into a second space defined by the second cavity mold half and the preform to form a multilayer preform. A second fluid is circulated through at least one of the second cavity mold half and the core mold half to cool a multilayer preform. 
   In some embodiments, a preform comprises a body comprising a wall and an end cap portion. The wall has a dimensionally stable outer layer suitable for demolding the preform and an interior portion adjacent the outer layer that comprises soft warm polymer material. A neck portion is connected to the body. In some embodiments, the interior portion is positioned between the dimensionally stable outer layer and a second dimensionally stable outer layer. The outer layers form an exterior surface and an interior surface of the preform. In some embodiments, the heat from the preform is transferred through high heat transfer material and to a refrigerant. The refrigerant can comprise cryogenic fluid. In some embodiments, the preform has an eggshell finish. 
   In some embodiments, a mold apparatus comprises high heat transfer material. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer material has a thermal conductivity greater than the thermal conductivity of iron. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer material has a thermal conductivity selected from one of a thermal conductivity greater than the thermal conductivity of iron, a thermal conductivity at least two times greater than the thermal conductivity of iron, a thermal conductivity at least three times greater than the thermal conductivity of iron, and a thermal conductivity at least four times greater than the thermal conductivity of iron. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer material has a thermal conductivity selected from one of a thermal conductivity greater than the thermal conductivity of iron and less than two times the thermal conductivity of iron, a thermal conductivity at least two times greater than the thermal conductivity of iron and less than three times the thermal conductivity of iron, a thermal conductivity at least three times greater than the thermal conductivity of iron and less than four times the thermal conductivity of iron, and a thermal conductivity at least four times greater than the thermal conductivity of iron. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer material comprises hardened copper alloy. 
   In some embodiments, molding systems can utilize highly conductive alloys and refrigerants. The combination of high heat transfer materials and refrigerants can provide efficient cooling, or heating, and can minimize cycle time. The high heat transfer materials and refrigerants can be used to cool rapidly molded articles in the mold. The combination of high heat transfer materials and refrigerants can provide efficient and rapid heating of the mold, especially when the mold surfaces are at a low temperature. For example, the mold surfaces can be at a low temperature at the end of a cooling cycle. In some embodiments, the mold surfaces can be warmed so that melt can spread easily through a mold cavity of the mold. 
   In some embodiments, a mold is configured to mold an article. At least a portion of the article can have a hardened outer surface. The outer surface can be in the form of a somewhat eggshell like layer. In some embodiments, substantially the entire exterior surface and/or interior surface of an article comprise a hardened outer surface. The interior portions of the articles can be warm and soft when the preform is demolded. 
   In some embodiments, a mold can have one or more mold cavities configured to receive moldable material. The mold can have one or more of the following: a core, a cavity section, a gate insert, and a neck finish mold. These components can be heated or cooled by employing a working fluid. The working fluid can be a refrigerant. The working fluid can be used to cool a moldable material positioned within the mold. When the molded article is removed, the working fluid can preheat the mold surfaces so that moldable material, such as a molten polymer, can spread easily through the mold cavity or space. 
   In one embodiment, a mold which defines a mold space for receiving a moldable material comprises a first mold portion having one or more channels configured to convey a fluid and a second mold portion. In some embodiments, the second mold portion comprises a molding surface that at least partially defines the mold space, a heat transfer member and a mold body extending between the molding surface and the heat transfer member. In some embodiments, the heat transfer member at least partially extends into the channel of the first portion. In yet other embodiments, the heat transfer member is configured to transfer heat between the molding surface and a fluid being conveyed within the channel. 
   In another embodiment, at least a portion of the second mold portion comprises a high heat transfer material. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the heat transfer member comprises a high heat transfer material. In other embodiments, a substantial portion of the mold body of the second mold portion and the heat transfer member comprise a high heat transfer material. In yet another embodiment, at least 50% of the mold body is a high heat transfer material. In some embodiments, the second mold portion can comprise more than about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or ranges encompassing such percentages of high heat transfer material by weight and/or volume. In other embodiments, the second mold portion may comprise less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, or ranges encompassing such percentages. In yet other arrangements, the neck finish mold 2002 may not comprise any high heat transfer materials by weight and/or volume. 
   In one embodiment, the second mold portion further comprises at least one hardened material configured to reduce wear when the second mold portion is moved relative to an adjacent surface. In still another embodiment, the second mold portion further comprises a thermal insulating material configured to form a thermal barrier. In yet other embodiments, the second mold portion is part of a mold cavity section. In one embodiment, the second mold portion is part of a neck finish mold. In another embodiment, the neck finish mold includes a thread split movable between a closed position and an open position. In other embodiments, the first mold portion forms part of a mold plate which is configured to receive a section of the neck finish mold. In one embodiment, the second mold portion forms an area of a mold core section. 
   In one embodiment, the heat transfer member comprises an elongated member that extends at least partially into the channel. In another embodiment, the heat transfer member comprises at least one heat transfer enhancer, said enhancer configured to increase the ratio of surface area to volume of the heat transfer member. In other embodiments, the heat transfer enhancer includes one or more of the following: a fin, protrusion, slit, bore, channel, groove, opening, recess, indentation, mesh structure and combinations thereof. In still another embodiment, the first mold portion and the second mold portion are part of single unitary structure. 
   In one embodiment, a mold which defines a mold space configured to receive a moldable material comprises a mold plate having a channel configured to convey a fluid and a neck finish mold. In some embodiments, the neck finish mold comprises a mold body that includes a molding surface, which at least partially defines the mold space, and a heat transfer member at least partially disposed within the channel. In other embodiments, a portion of the heat transfer member is in thermal communication with a fluid when a fluid is being conveyed within the channel. In yet other embodiments, at least a portion of the neck finish mold comprises a high heat transfer material. In still another embodiment, at least a portion of the heat transfer member comprises a high heat transfer material. In some embodiments, a substantial portion of the neck finish mold comprises a high heat transfer material. 
   In some embodiments, the neck finish mold further comprises at least one hardened material configured to reduce wear when the neck finish mold is moved relative to an adjacent surface. In other embodiments, the neck finish mold additionally comprises a thermal insulating material configured to form a thermal barrier. In one embodiment, the neck finish mold comprises a thread split movable between a closed position and an open position. In another embodiment, the heat transfer member comprises one or more heat transfer enhancers configured to increase the ratio of surface area to volume of the heat transfer member. 
   In some embodiments, a mold that is moveable between an open position and a closed position comprises a mold space configured to receive moldable material when the mold is in a closed position, a mold plate having at least one channel configured to convey a working fluid therethrough and a cavity mold section. In one embodiment, the cavity mold section includes a molding surface that defines a portion of the mold space, a heat transfer member and a body positioned, at least in part, between the molding surface and the heat transfer member. In another embodiment, the heat transfer member at least partially extends within the channel of the mold plate. In yet other embodiments, at least a portion of the cavity mold section comprises a high heat transfer material. 
   In one embodiment, the cavity mold section additionally includes a hardened material configured to reduce wear when the cavity mold section is moved between a first position and a second position. In another embodiment, the heat transfer member comprises an elongated member that extends at least partially into the channel, such that a working fluid conveyed within channel contacts a surface of the heat transfer member to transfer heat between the elongated member and a working fluid. 
   In one embodiment, the heat transfer member comprises one or more heat transfer enhancers that are configured to increase the ratio of surface area to volume of the heat transfer member. In another embodiment, the heat transfer enhancer comprises one or more of the following: a fin, protrusion, slit, bore, channel, groove, opening, recess, indentation, mesh structure and combinations thereof. 
   In some embodiments, a method of cooling a mold section includes placing a portion of the mold section in thermal communication with a channel configured to convey a fluid, delivering a fluid through the channel and transferring heat between a molding surface of the mold section and the fluid. In other embodiments, placing a portion of the mold section in thermal communication with a channel includes positioning a heat transfer member of the mold section at least partially within the channel. In yet another embodiment, transferring heat between the molding surface and the fluid comprises transferring heat through a high heat transfer material, said high heat transfer material forming at least a portion of the mold section. In other embodiments, delivering a fluid through the channel comprises the use of pulse cooling technology. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a preform as is used as a starting material for making a molded container; 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-section of the monolayer preform of  FIG. 1 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a cross-section of a multilayer preform; 
       FIG. 4  is a cross-section of another embodiment of a multilayer preform; 
       FIG. 5  is a three-layer embodiment of a preform; 
       FIG. 6  is a cross-section of a preform in the cavity of a blow-molding apparatus of a type that may be used to make a container; 
       FIG. 6A  is a cross-section of another embodiment of a blow-molding apparatus; 
       FIG. 7  is a side view of one embodiment of a container; 
       FIG. 8  is a schematic illustration of a temperature control system; 
       FIGS. 9A-9L  are schematic illustrations of temperature control systems; 
       FIG. 10  is a cross-section of an injection mold of a type that may be used to make a preferred multilayer preform; 
       FIG. 11  is a cross-section of the mold of  FIG. 10  taken along lines  11 - 11 ; 
       FIG. 12  is another embodiment of an injection mold of a type that may be used to make a multilayer preform; 
       FIG. 13  is a cross-section of an injection mold of a type that may be used to make a monolayer preform; 
       FIGS. 13A-13F  are side views of portions of neck finish molds; 
       FIG. 14  is a cross-section of the mold of  FIG. 13  taken along lines  14 - 14 ; 
       FIG. 15  is a cutaway close up view of the area of  FIG. 13  defined by line  15 ; 
       FIG. 16  is a cross-section of an injection mold core having a double wall neck finish portion; 
       FIG. 17  is a cross-section of an enhanced injection mold core having a high heat transfer base end portion; 
       FIG. 18  is a cross-section of an injection mold utilizing a combination of hardened material components and high heat transfer material components and fluid channels; 
       FIG. 18A  is a cross-section of another injection mold utilizing high heat transfer material; 
       FIGS. 19 and 20  are two halves of a molding machine to make multilayer preforms; 
       FIGS. 21 and 22  are two halves of a molding machine to make forty-eight two layer preforms; 
       FIG. 23  is a perspective view of a schematic of a mold with cores partially located within the molding cavities; 
       FIG. 24  is a perspective view of a mold with cores fully withdrawn from the molding cavities, prior to rotation; 
       FIG. 25  is a top plan view of a compression molding system for producing preforms; 
       FIG. 25A  is a top plan view of a compression molding system for producing multilayer preforms; 
       FIG. 26  is a cross-sectional view of the compression molding system takes along lines  26 - 26  of  FIG. 25 ; 
       FIG. 27  is a cross-section of a cavity section of  FIG. 26  containing a plug of material; 
       FIG. 28  is a cross-sectional view of a core section and a cavity section in an open position; 
       FIG. 29  is a cross-sectional view of the core section and the cavity section in a closed position; 
       FIG. 29A  is a cross-sectional view the core section and the cavity section of  FIG. 29  in a closed position, moldable material is disposed within a cavity defined by the core section and the cavity section; 
       FIG. 30  is a cross-sectional view of a core section and a cavity section in a partially open position in accordance with another embodiment; 
       FIG. 31  is a cross-sectional view of a core section and a cavity section in a closed position in accordance with another embodiment; 
       FIG. 32  is a top plan view of a compression molding system for producing preforms in accordance with another embodiment; 
       FIG. 33  is a cross-sectional view of a core section and a cavity section of the system of  FIG. 32  in a closed position, the core section and the cavity section define a cavity for forming an outer layer of a preform; 
       FIG. 34  is a cross-sectional view of another core section and the cavity section of the system of  FIG. 32  in a closed position, the core section and the cavity section define a space for forming an inner layer of a preform; 
       FIG. 35  is a cross-sectional view of a compression molding system configured to make a closure; 
       FIG. 36  is a sectional view of another cavity section and the core section of  FIG. 35 , the core section and the cavity section define a space for forming an outer layer of a closure; 
       FIG. 37  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a mold for molding articles; 
       FIG. 38  is a cross-sectional view of a heat transfer member of the mold of  FIG. 37  taken along a line  38 - 38 ; 
       FIG. 39  is a cross-sectional view of a heat transfer member in accordance with another embodiment; 
       FIG. 40  is a cross-sectional view of a heat transfer member in accordance with another embodiment; 
       FIG. 41  is a side view of heat transfer member of  FIG. 40 ; 
       FIG. 42  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a mold for molding articles, wherein the mold has high wear material; 
       FIG. 43  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a mold for molding articles, the mold has a heat transfer member of a multi-piece construction; 
       FIG. 44  is a cross-sectional view of the mold taken along line  44 - 44  of  FIG. 43 ; 
       FIG. 45  is a cross-sectional view of the mold taken along line  44 - 44  of  FIG. 43 ; 
       FIG. 46  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a mold for molding a preform; 
       FIG. 47  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a mold for molding a preform in accordance with another embodiment; and 
       FIG. 48  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a mold for molding a preform in accordance with another embodiment. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
   All patents and publications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. Except as further described herein, certain embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques described herein may, in some embodiments, be similar to any one or more of the embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,109,006; 6,808,820; 6,528,546; 6,312,641; 6,391,408; 6,352,426; 6,676,883; 6,939,591; U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/745,013 (Publication No. 2002-0100566); 10/168,496 (Publication No. 2003-0220036); Ser. No. 09/844,820 (2003-0031814); Ser. No. 10/395,899 (Publication No. 2004-0013833); Ser. No. 10/614,731 (Publication No. 2004-0071885), provisional application 60/563,021, filed Apr. 16, 2004, provisional application 60/575,231, filed May 28, 2004, provisional application 60/586,399, filed Jul. 7, 2004, provisional application 60/620,160, filed Oct. 18, 2004, provisional application 60/621,511, filed Oct. 22, 2004, and provisional application 60/643,008, filed Jan. 11, 2005, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,342 entitled MONO AND MULTI-LAYER ARTICLES AND COMPRESSION METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME, filed on Apr. 18, 2005 and published as Publication No. 2006-0065992, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,345 entitled MONO AND MULTI-LAYER ARTICLES AND INJECTION METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME, filed on Apr. 18, 2005 and published as Publication No. 2006-0073294, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,607 entitled MONO AND MULTI-LAYER ARTICLES AND EXTRUSION METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME, filed on Apr. 18, 2005 and published as Publication No. 2006-0073298, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In addition, the embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques described herein may, in certain embodiments, be applied to or used in connection with any one or more of the embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques disclosed in the above-mentioned patents and applications. 
   A. Detailed Description of Some Preferred Materials 
   1. General Description of Preferred Materials 
   The articles described herein may be described specifically in relation to a particular material, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polypropylene (PP), but preferred methods are applicable to many other thermoplastics, including those of the of the polyester and polyolefin types. Other suitable materials include, but are not limited to, foam materials, various polymers and thermosets, thermoplastic materials such as polyesters, polyolefins, including polypropylene and polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyamides, including nylons (e.g. Nylon 6, Nylon 66, MXD6), polystyrenes, epoxies, acrylics, copolymers, blends, grafted polymers, and/or modified polymers (monomers or portion thereof having another group as a side group, e.g. olefin-modified polyesters). These materials may be used alone or in conjunction with each other. More specific material examples include, but are not limited to, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (“EVOH”), ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”), ethylene acrylic acid (“EAA”), linear low density polyethylene (“LLDPE”), polyethylene 2,6- and 1,5-naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), poly(cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate), polystyrene, cycloolefin, copolymer, poly-4-methylpentene-1, poly(methyl methacrylate), acrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidine chloride, styrene acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polyacetal, polybutylene terephthalate, ionomer, polysulfone, polytetra-fluoroethylene, polytetramethylene 1,2-dioxybenzoate and copolymers of ethylene terephthalate and ethylene isophthalate. 
   As used herein, the term “polyethylene terephthalate glycol” (PETG) refers to a copolymer of PET wherein an additional comonomer, cyclohexane di-methanol (CHDM), is added in significant amounts (e.g. approximately 40% or more by weight) to the PET mixture. In one embodiment, preferred PETG material is essentially amorphous. Suitable PETG materials may be purchased from various sources. One suitable source is Voridian, a division of Eastman Chemical Company. Other PET copolymers include CHDM at lower levels such that the resulting material remains crystallizable or semi-crystalline. One example of PET copolymer containing low levels of CHDM is Voridian 9921 resin. 
   In some embodiments polymers that have been grafted or modified may be used. In one embodiment polypropylene or other polymers may be grafted or modified with polar groups including, but not limited to, maleic anhydride, glycidyl methacrylate, acryl methacrylate and/or similar compounds to improve adhesion. In other embodiments polypropylene also refers to clarified polypropylene. As used herein, the term “clarified polypropylene” is a broad term and is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and may include, without limitation, a polypropylene that includes nucleation inhibitors and/or clarifying additives. Clarified polypropylene is a generally transparent material as compared to the homopolymer or block copolymer of polypropylene. The inclusion of nucleation inhibitors helps prevent and/or reduce crystallinity, which contributes to the haziness of polypropylene, within the polypropylene. Clarified polypropylene may be purchased from various sources such as Dow Chemical Co. Alternatively, nucleation inhibitors may be added to polypropylene. One suitable source of nucleation inhibitor additives is Schulman. 
   Optionally, the materials may comprise microstructures such as microlayers, microspheres, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments preferred materials may be virgin, pre-consumer, post-consumer, regrind, recycled, and/or combinations thereof. 
   As used herein, “PET” includes, but is not limited to, modified PET as well as PET blended with other materials. One example of a modified PET is “high IPA PET” or IPA-modified PET, which refer to PET in which the IPA content is preferably more than about 2% by weight, including about 2-10% IPA by weight, also including about 5-10% IPA by weight. PET can be virgin, pre or post-consumer, recycled, or regrind PET, PET copolymers and combinations thereof. 
   In embodiments of preferred methods and processes one or more layers may comprise barrier layers, UV protection layers, oxygen scavenging layers, oxygen barrier layers, carbon dioxide scavenging layers, carbon dioxide barrier layers, and other layers as needed for the particular application. As used herein, the terms “barrier material,” “barrier resin,” and the like are broad terms and are used in their ordinary sense and refer, without limitation, to materials which, when used in preferred methods and processes, have a lower permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide than the one or more of the layers. As used herein, the terms “UV protection” and the like are broad terms and are used in their ordinary sense and refer, without limitation, to materials which have a higher UV absorption rate than one or more layers of the article. As used herein, the terms “oxygen scavenging” and the like are broad terms and are used in their ordinary sense and refer, without limitation, to materials which have a higher oxygen absorption rate than one or more layers of the article. As used herein, the terms “oxygen barrier” and the like are broad terms and are used in their ordinary sense and refer, without limitation, to materials which are passive or active in nature and slow the transmission of oxygen into and/or out of an article. As used herein, the terms “carbon dioxide scavenging” and the like are broad terms and are used in their ordinary sense and refer, without limitation, to materials which have a higher carbon dioxide absorption rate than one or more layers of the article. As used herein, the terms “carbon dioxide barrier” and the like are broad terms and are used in their ordinary sense and refer, without limitation, to materials which are passive or active in nature and slow the transmission of carbon dioxide into and/or out of an article. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, applicants believe that in applications wherein a carbonated product, e.g. a soft-drink beverage, contained in an article is over-carbonated, the inclusion of a carbon dioxide scavenger in one or more layers of the article allows the excess carbonation to saturate the layer which contains the carbon dioxide scavenger. Therefore, as carbon dioxide escapes to the atmosphere from the article it first leaves the article layer rather than the product contained therein. As used herein, the terms “crosslink,” “crosslinked,” and the like are broad terms and are used in their ordinary sense and refer, without limitation, to materials and coatings which vary in degree from a very small degree of crosslinking up to and including fully cross linked materials such as a thermoset epoxy. The degree of crosslinking can be adjusted to provide the appropriate degree of chemical or mechanical abuse resistance for the particular circumstances. As used herein, the term “tie material” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to a gas, liquid, or suspension comprising a material that aids in binding two materials together physically and/or chemically, including but not limited to adhesives, surface modification agents, reactive materials, and the like. 
   2. Preferred Materials 
   In a preferred embodiment, materials comprise thermoplastic materials. A further preferred embodiment includes “Phenoxy-Type Thermoplastics.” Phenoxy-Type Thermoplastics, as that term is used herein, include a wide variety of materials including those discussed in WO 99/20462. In one embodiment, materials comprise thermoplastic epoxy resins (TPEs), a subset of Phenoxy-Type Thermoplastics. A further subset of Phenoxy-Type Thermoplastics, and thermoplastic materials, are preferred hydroxy-phenoxyether polymers, of which polyhydroxyaminoether copolymers (PHAE) is a further preferred material. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,455,116; 6,180,715; 6,011,111; 5,834,078; 5,814,373; 5,464,924; and 5,275,853; see also PCT Application Nos. WO 99/48962; WO 99/12995; WO 98/29491; and WO 98/14498. In some embodiments, PHAEs are TPEs. 
   Preferably, the Phenoxy-Type Thermoplastics used in preferred embodiments comprise one of the following types: 
   (1) hydroxy-functional poly(amide ethers) having repeating units represented by any one of the Formulae Ia, Ib or Ic: 
                       
(2) poly(hydroxy amide ethers) having repeating units represented independently by any one of the Formulae IIa, IIb or IIc:
 
                       
(3) amide- and hydroxymethyl-functionalized polyethers having repeating units represented by Formula III:
 
                       
(4) hydroxy-functional polyethers having repeating units represented by Formula IV:
 
                       
(5) hydroxy-functional poly(ether sulfonamides) having repeating units represented by Formulae Va or Vb:
 
                       
(6) poly(hydroxy ester ethers) having repeating units represented by Formula VI:
 
                       
(7) hydroxy-phenoxyether polymers having repeating units represented by Formula VII:
 
                       
and
 
(8) poly(hydroxyamino ethers) having repeating units represented by Formula VIII:
 
                       
wherein each Ar individually represents a divalent aromatic moiety, substituted divalent aromatic moiety or heteroaromatic moiety, or a combination of different divalent aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties or heteroaromatic moieties; R is individually hydrogen or a monovalent hydrocarbyl moiety; each Ar 1  is a divalent aromatic moiety or combination of divalent aromatic moieties bearing amide or hydroxymethyl groups; each Ar 2  is the same or different than Ar and is individually a divalent aromatic moiety, substituted aromatic moiety or heteroaromatic moiety or a combination of different divalent aromatic moieties, substituted aromatic moieties or heteroaromatic moieties; R 1  is individually a predominantly hydrocarbylene moiety, such as a divalent aromatic moiety, substituted divalent aromatic moiety, divalent heteroaromatic moiety, divalent alkylene moiety, divalent substituted alkylene moiety or divalent heteroalkylene moiety or a combination of such moieties; R 2  is individually a monovalent hydrocarbyl moiety; A is an amine moiety or a combination of different amine moieties; X is an amine, an arylenedioxy, an arylenedisulfonamido or an arylenedicarboxy moiety or combination of such moieties; and Ar 3  is a “cardo” moiety represented by any one of the Formulae:
 
   
     
       
       
           
           
       
     
   
   wherein Y is nil, a covalent bond, or a linking group, wherein suitable linking groups include, for example, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a carbonyl atom, a sulfonyl group, or a methylene group or similar linkage; n is an integer from about 10 to about 1000; x is 0.01 to 1.0; and y is 0 to 0.5. 
   The term “predominantly hydrocarbylene” means a divalent radical that is predominantly hydrocarbon, but which optionally contains a small quantity of a heteroatomic moiety such as oxygen, sulfur, imino, sulfonyl, sulfoxyl, and the like. 
   The hydroxy-functional poly(amide ethers) represented by Formula I are preferably prepared by contacting an N,N′-bis(hydroxyphenylamido)alkane or arene with a diglycidyl ether as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,089,588 and 5,143,998. 
   The poly(hydroxy amide ethers) represented by Formula II are prepared by contacting a bis(hydroxyphenylamido)alkane or arene, or a combination of 2 or more of these compounds, such as N,N′-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl) adipamide or N,N′-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)glutaramide, with an epihalohydrin as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,218. 
   The amide- and hydroxymethyl-functionalized polyethers represented by Formula III can be prepared, for example, by reacting the diglycidyl ethers, such as the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, with a dihydric phenol having pendant amido, N-substituted amino and/or hydroxyalkyl moieties, such as 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide. These polyethers and their preparation are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,115,075 and 5,218,075. 
   The hydroxy-functional polyethers represented by Formula IV can be prepared, for example, by allowing a diglycidyl ether or combination of diglycidyl ethers to react with a dihydric phenol or a combination of dihydric phenols using the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,472. Alternatively, the hydroxy-functional polyethers are obtained by allowing a dihydric phenol or combination of dihydric phenols to react with an epihalohydrin by the process described by Reinking, Barnabeo and Hale in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 7, p. 2135 (1963). 
   The hydroxy-functional poly(ether sulfonamides) represented by Formula V are prepared, for example, by polymerizing an N,N′-dialkyl or N,N′-diaryldisulfonamide with a diglycidyl ether as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,768. 
   The poly(hydroxy ester ethers) represented by Formula VI are prepared by reacting diglycidyl ethers of aliphatic or aromatic diacids, such as diglycidyl terephthalate, or diglycidyl ethers of dihydric phenols with, aliphatic or aromatic diacids such as adipic acid or isophthalic acid. These polyesters are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,820. 
   The hydroxy-phenoxyether polymers represented by Formula VII are prepared, for example, by contacting at least one dinucleophilic monomer with at least one diglycidyl ether of a cardo bisphenol, such as 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene, phenolphthalein, or phenolphthalimidine or a substituted cardo bisphenol, such as a substituted bis(hydroxyphenyl)fluorene, a substituted phenolphthalein or a substituted phenolphthalimidine under conditions sufficient to cause the nucleophilic moieties of the dinucleophilic monomer to react with epoxy moieties to form a polymer backbone containing pendant hydroxy moieties and ether, imino, amino, sulfonamido or ester linkages. These hydroxy-phenoxyether polymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,373. 
   The poly(hydroxyamino ethers) (“PHAE” or polyetheramines) represented by Formula VIII are prepared by contacting one or more of the diglycidyl ethers of a dihydric phenol with an amine having two amine hydrogens under conditions sufficient to cause the amine moieties to react with epoxy moieties to form a polymer backbone having amine linkages, ether linkages and pendant hydroxyl moieties. These compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,853. For example, polyhydroxyaminoether copolymers can be made from resorcinol diglycidyl ether, hydroquinone diglycidyl ether, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, or mixtures thereof. 
   The hydroxy-phenoxyether polymers are the condensation reaction products of a dihydric polynuclear phenol, such as bisphenol A, and an epihalohydrin and have the repeating units represented by Formula IV wherein Ar is an isopropylidene diphenylene moiety. The process for preparing these is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,305,528, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. One preferred non-limiting hydroxy-phenoxyether polymer, PAPHEN 25068-38-6, is commercially available from Phenoxy Associates, Inc. Other preferred phenoxy resins are available from InChem® (Rock Hill, S.C.), these materials include, but are not limited to, the INCHEMREZ™ PKHH and PKHW product lines. 
   Generally, preferred phenoxy-type materials form stable aqueous based solutions or dispersions. Preferably, the properties of the solutions/dispersions are not adversely affected by contact with water. Preferred materials range from about 10% solids to about 50% solids, including about 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 45%, and ranges encompassing such percentages. Preferably, the material used dissolves or disperses in polar solvents. These polar solvents include, but are not limited to, water, alcohols, and glycol ethers. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,455,116, 6,180,715, and 5,834,078 which describe some preferred phenoxy-type solutions and/or dispersions. 
   One preferred phenoxy-type material is a polyhydroxyaminoether copolymer (PHAE), represented by Formula VIII, dispersion or solution. The dispersion or solution, when applied to a container or preform, greatly reduces the permeation rate of a variety of gases through the container walls in a predictable and well known manner. One dispersion or latex made thereof comprises 10-30 percent solids. A PHAE solution/dispersion may be prepared by stirring or otherwise agitating the PHAE in a solution of water with an organic acid, preferably acetic or phosphoric acid, but also including lactic, malic, citric, or glycolic acid and/or mixtures thereof. These PHAE solution/dispersions also include organic acid salts produced by the reaction of the polyhydroxyaminoethers with these acids. 
   In other preferred embodiments, phenoxy-type thermoplastics are mixed or blended with other materials using methods known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments a compatibilizer may be added to the blend. When compatibilizers are used, preferably one or more properties of the blends are improved, such properties including, but not limited to, color, haze, and adhesion between a layer comprising a blend and other layers. One preferred blend comprises one or more phenoxy-type thermoplastics and one or more polyolefins. A preferred polyolefin comprises polypropylene. In one embodiment polypropylene or other polyolefins may be grafted or modified with a polar molecule or monomer, including, but not limited to, maleic anhydride, glycidyl methacrylate, acryl methacrylate and/or similar compounds to increase compatibility. 
   The following PHAE solutions or dispersions are examples of suitable phenoxy-type solutions or dispersions which may be used if one or more layers of resin are applied as a liquid such as by dip, flow, or spray coating, such as described in WO 04/004929 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,676,883. One suitable material is BLOX® experimental barrier resin, for example XU-19061.00 made with phosphoric acid manufactured by Dow Chemical Corporation. This particular PHAE dispersion is said to have the following typical characteristics: 30% percent solids, a specific gravity of 1.30, a pH of 4, a viscosity of 24 centipoise (Brookfield, 60 rpm, LVI, 22° C.), and a particle size of between 1,400 and 1,800 angstroms. Other suitable materials include BLOX® 588-29 resins based on resorcinol have also provided superior results as a barrier material. This particular dispersion is said to have the following typical characteristics: 30% percent solids, a specific gravity of 1.2, a pH of 4.0, a viscosity of 20 centipoise (Brookfield, 60 rpm, LVI, 22° C.), and a particle size of between 1500 and 2000 angstroms. Other variations of the polyhydroxyaminoether chemistry may prove useful such as crystalline versions based on hydroquinone diglycidylethers. Other suitable materials include polyhydroxyaminoether solutions/dispersions by Imperial Chemical Industries (“ICI,” Ohio, USA) available under the name OXYBLOK. In one embodiment, PHAE solutions or dispersions can be crosslinked partially (semi-cross linked), fully, or to the exact desired degree as appropriate for the application by adding an appropriate cross linker material. The benefits of cross linking include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following: improved chemical resistance, improved abrasion resistance, low blushing, low surface tension. Examples of cross linker materials include, but are not limited to, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or other members of the aldehyde family of materials. Suitable cross linkers can also enable changes to the T g  of the material, which can facilitate formation of specific containers. Other suitable materials include BLOX® 5000 resin dispersion intermediate, BLOX® XUR 588-29, BLOX® 0000 and 4000 series resins. The solvents used to dissolve these materials include, but are not limited to, polar solvents such as alcohols, water, glycol ethers or blends thereof. Other suitable materials include, but are not limited to, BLOX® R1. 
   In one embodiment, preferred phenoxy-type thermoplastics are soluble in aqueous acid. A polymer solution/dispersion may be prepared by stirring or otherwise agitating the thermoplastic epoxy in a solution of water with an organic acid, preferably acetic or phosphoric acid, but also including lactic, malic, citric, or glycolic acid and/or mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the acid concentration in the polymer solution is preferably in the range of about 5%-20%, including about 5%-10% by weight based on total weight. In other preferred embodiments, the acid concentration may be below about 5% or above about 20%; and may vary depending on factors such as the type of polymer and its molecular weight. In other preferred embodiments, the acid concentration ranges from about 2.5 to about 5% by weight. The amount of dissolved polymer in a preferred embodiment ranges from about 0.1% to about 40%. A uniform and free flowing polymer solution is preferred. In one embodiment a 10% polymer solution is prepared by dissolving the polymer in a 10% acetic acid solution at 90° C. Then while still hot the solution is diluted with 20% distilled water to give an 8% polymer solution. At higher concentrations of polymer, the polymer solution tends to be more viscous. 
   Examples of preferred copolyester materials and a process for their preparation is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,578,295 to Jabarin. They are generally prepared by heating a mixture of at least one reactant selected from isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and their C 1  to C 4  alkyl esters with 1,3 bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene and ethylene glycol. Optionally, the mixture may further comprise one or more ester-forming dihydroxy hydrocarbon and/or bis(4-β-hydroxyethoxyphenyl)sulfone. Especially preferred copolyester materials are available from Mitsui Petrochemical Ind. Ltd. (Japan) as B-010, B-030 and others of this family. 
   Examples of preferred polyamide materials include MXD-6 from Mitsubishi Gas Chemical (Japan). Other preferred polyamide materials include Nylon 6, and Nylon 66. Other preferred polyamide materials are blends of polyamide and polyester, including those comprising about 1-20% polyester by weight, more preferably about 1-10% polyester by weight, where the polyester is preferably PET or a modified PET. In another embodiment, preferred polyamide materials are blends of polyamide and polyester, including those comprising about 1-20% polyamide by weight, more preferably about 1-10% polyamide by weight, where the polyester is preferably PET or a modified PET. The blends may be ordinary blends or they may be compatibilized with an antioxidant or other material. Examples of such materials include those described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0013833, filed Mar. 21, 2003, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other preferred polyesters include, but are not limited to, PEN and PET/PEN copolymers. 
   3. Preferred Foam Materials 
   As used herein, the term “foam material” is a broad term and is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and may include, without limitation, a foaming agent, a mixture of foaming agent and a binder or carrier material, an expandable cellular material, and/or a material having voids. The terms “foam material” and “expandable material” are used interchangeably herein. Preferred foam materials may exhibit one or more physical characteristics that improve the thermal and/or structural characteristics of articles (e.g., containers) and may enable the preferred embodiments to be able to withstand processing and physical stresses typically experienced by containers. In one embodiment, the foam material provides structural support to the container. In another embodiment, the foam material forms a protective layer that can reduce damage to the container during processing. For example, the foam material can provide abrasion resistance which can reduce damage to the container during transport. In one embodiment, a protective layer of foam may increase the shock or impact resistance of the container and thus prevent or reduce breakage of the container. Furthermore, in another embodiment foam can provide a comfortable gripping surface and/or enhance the aesthetics or appeal of the container. 
   In one embodiment, foam material comprises a foaming or blowing agent and a carrier material. In one preferred embodiment, the foaming agent comprises expandable structures (e.g., microspheres) that can be expanded and cooperate with the carrier material to produce foam. For example, the foaming agent can be thermoplastic microspheres, such as EXPANCEL® microspheres sold by Akzo Nobel. In one embodiment, microspheres can be thermoplastic hollow spheres comprising thermoplastic shells that encapsulate gas. Preferably, when the microspheres are heated, the thermoplastic shell softens and the gas increases its pressure causing the expansion of the microspheres from an initial position to an expanded position. The expanded microspheres and at least a portion of the carrier material can form the foam portion of the articles described herein. The foam material can form a layer that comprises a single material (e.g., a generally homogenous mixture of the foaming agent and the carrier material), a mix or blend of materials, a matrix formed of two or more materials, two or more layers, or a plurality of microlayers (lamellae) preferably including at least two different materials. Alternatively, the microspheres can be any other suitable controllably expandable material. For example, the microspheres can be structures comprising materials that can produce gas within or from the structures. In one embodiment, the microspheres are hollow structures containing chemicals which produce or contain gas wherein an increase in gas pressure causes the structures to expand and/or burst. In another embodiment, the microspheres are structures made from and/or containing one or more materials which decompose or react to produce gas thereby expanding and/or bursting the microspheres. Optionally, the microsphere may be generally solid structures. Optionally, the microspheres can be shells filled with solids, liquids, and/or gases. The microspheres can have any configuration and shape suitable for forming foam. For example, the microspheres can be generally spherical. Optionally, the microspheres can be elongated or oblique spheroids. Optionally, the microspheres can comprise any gas or blends of gases suitable for expanding the microspheres. In one embodiment, the gas can comprise an inert gas, such as nitrogen. In one embodiment, the gas is generally non-flammable. However, in certain embodiments non-inert gas and/or flammable gas can fill the shells of the microspheres. In some embodiments, the foam material may comprise foaming or blowing agents as are known in the art. Additionally, the foam material may be mostly or entirely foaming agent. 
   Although some preferred embodiments contain microspheres that generally do not break or burst, other embodiments comprise microspheres that may break, burst, fracture, and/or the like. Optionally, a portion of the microspheres may break while the remaining portion of the microspheres does not break. In some embodiments up to about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% 70%, 80%, 90% by weight of microspheres, and ranges encompassing these amounts, break. In one embodiment, for example, a substantial portion of the microspheres may burst and/or fracture when they are expanded. Additionally, various blends and mixtures of microspheres can be used to form foam material. 
   The microspheres can be formed of any material suitable for causing expansion. In one embodiment, the microspheres can have a shell comprising a polymer, resin, thermoplastic, thermoset, or the like as described herein. The microsphere shell may comprise a single material or a blend of two or more different materials. For example, the microspheres can have an outer shell comprising ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”), polyethylene terephthalate (“PET”), polyamides (e.g. Nylon 6 and Nylon 66) polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), PEN, PET copolymers, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment a PET copolymer comprises CHDM comonomer at a level between what is commonly called PETG and PET. In another embodiment, comonomers such as DEG and IPA are added to PET to form miscrosphere shells. The appropriate combination of material type, size, and inner gas can be selected to achieve the desired expansion of the microspheres. In one embodiment, the microspheres comprise shells formed of a high temperature material (e.g., PETG or similar material) that is capable of expanding when subject to high temperatures, preferably without causing the microspheres to burst. If the microspheres have a shell made of low temperature material (e.g., as EVA), the microspheres may break when subjected to high temperatures that are suitable for processing certain carrier materials (e.g., PET or polypropylene having a high melt point). In some circumstances, for example, EXPANCEL® microspheres may be break when processed at relatively high temperatures. Advantageously, mid or high temperature microspheres can be used with a carrier material having a relatively high melt point to produce controllably, expandable foam material without breaking the microspheres. For example, microspheres can comprise a mid temperature material (e.g., PETG) or a high temperature material (e.g., acrylonitrile) and may be suitable for relatively high temperature applications. Thus, a blowing agent for foaming polymers can be selected based on the processing temperatures employed. 
   The foam material can be a matrix comprising a carrier material, preferably a material that can be mixed with a blowing agent (e.g., microspheres) to form an expandable material. The carrier material can be a thermoplastic, thermoset, or polymeric material, such as ethylene acrylic acid (“EAA”), ethylene vinyl acetate (“EVA”), linear low density polyethylene (“LLDPE”), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), poly(hydroxyamino ethers) (“PHAE”), PET, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene (“PS”), pulp (e.g., wood or paper pulp of fibers, or pulp mixed with one or more polymers), mixtures thereof, and the like. However, other materials suitable for carrying the foaming agent can be used to achieve one or more of the desired thermal, structural, optical, and/or other characteristics of the foam. In some embodiments, the carrier material has properties (e.g., a high melt index) for easier and rapid expansion of the microspheres, thus reducing cycle time thereby resulting in increased production. 
   In preferred embodiments, the formable material may comprise two or more components including a plurality of components each having different processing windows and/or physical properties. The components can be combined such that the formable material has one or more desired characteristics. The proportion of components can be varied to produce a desired processing window and/or physical properties. For example, the first material may have a processing window that is similar to or different than the processing window of the second material. The processing window may be based on, for example, pressure, temperature, viscosity, or the like. Thus, components of the formable material can be mixed to achieve a desired, for example, pressure or temperature range for shaping the material. 
   In one embodiment, the combination of a first material and a second material may result in a material having a processing window that is more desirable than the processing window of the second material. For example, the first material may be suitable for processing over a wide range of temperatures, and the second material may be suitable for processing over a narrow range of temperatures. A material having a portion formed of the first material and another portion formed of the second material may be suitable for processing over a range of temperatures that is wider than the narrow range of processing temperatures of the second material. In one embodiment, the processing window of a multi-component material is similar to the processing window of the first material. In one embodiment, the formable material comprises a multilayer sheet or tube comprising a layer comprising PET and a layer comprising polypropylene. The material formed from both PET and polypropylene can be processed (e.g., extruded) within a wide temperature range similar to the processing temperature range suitable for PET. The processing window may be for one or more parameters, such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, and/or the like. 
   Optionally, the amount of each component of the material can be varied to achieve the desired processing window. Optionally, the materials can be combined to produce a formable material suitable for processing over a desired range of pressure, temperature, viscosity, and/or the like. For example, the proportion of the material having a more desirable processing window can be increased and the proportion of material having a less undesirable processing window can be decreased to result in a material having a processing window that is very similar to or is substantially the same as the processing window of the first material. Of course, if the more desired processing window is between a first processing window of a first material and the second processing window of a second material, the proportion of the first and the second material can be chosen to achieve a desired processing window of the formable material. 
   Optionally, a plurality of materials each having similar or different processing windows can be combined to obtain a desired processing window for the resultant material. 
   In one embodiment, the rheological characteristics of a formable material can be altered by varying one or more of its components having different rheological characteristics. For example, a substrate (e.g., PP) may have a high melt strength and is amenable to extrusion. PP can be combined with another material, such as PET which has a low melt strength making it difficult to extrude, to form a material suitable for extrusion processes. For example, a layer of PP or other strong material may support a layer of PET during co-extrusion (e.g., horizontal or vertical co-extrusion). Thus, formable material formed of PET and polypropylene can be processed, e.g., extruded, in a temperature range generally suitable for PP and not generally suitable for PET. 
   In some embodiments, the composition of the formable material may be selected to affect one or more properties of the articles. For example, the thermal properties, structural properties, barrier properties, optical properties, rheology properties, favorable flavor properties, and/or other properties or characteristics disclosed herein can be obtained by using formable materials described herein. 
   4. Additives to Enhance Materials 
   An advantage of preferred methods disclosed herein are their flexibility allowing for the use of multiple functional additives. Additives known by those of ordinary skill in the art for their ability to provide enhanced CO 2  barriers, O 2  barriers, UV protection, scuff resistance, blush resistance, impact resistance and/or chemical resistance may be used. 
   Preferred additives may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, the additives may be mixed directly with a particular material, they may be dissolved/dispersed separately and then added to a particular material, or they may be combined with a particular material to addition of the solvent that forms the material solution/dispersion. In addition, in some embodiments, preferred additives may be used alone as a single layer. 
   In preferred embodiments, the barrier properties of a layer may be enhanced by the addition of different additives. Additives are preferably present in an amount up to about 40% of the material, also including up to about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2% and 1% by weight of the material. In other embodiments, additives are preferably present in an amount less than or equal to 1% by weight, preferred ranges of materials include, but are not limited to, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, and about 0.1% to about 1% by weight. Further, in some embodiments additives are preferably stable in aqueous conditions. For example, derivatives of resorcinol (m-dihydroxybenzene) may be used in conjunction with various preferred materials as blends or as additives or monomers in the formation of the material. The higher the resorcinol content the greater the barrier properties of the material. For example, resorcinol diglycidyl ether can be used in PHAE and hydroxyethyl ether resorcinol can be used in PET and other polyesters and Copolyester Barrier Materials. 
   Another additive(s) that may be used are “nanoparticles” or “nanoparticulate material.” For convenience the term nanoparticles will be used herein to refer to both nanoparticles and nanoparticulate material. These nanoparticles are tiny, micron or sub-micron size (diameter), particles of materials which enhance the barrier properties of a material by creating a more tortuous path for migrating gas molecules, e.g. oxygen or carbon dioxide, to take as they permeate a material. In preferred embodiments nanoparticulate material is present in amounts ranging from 0.05 to 1% by weight, including 0.1%, 0.5% by weight and ranges encompassing these amounts. 
   One preferred type of nanoparticulate material is a microparticular clay based product available from Southern Clay Products. One preferred line of products available from Southern Clay products is Cloisite® nanoparticles. In one embodiment preferred nanoparticles comprise monmorillonite modified with a quaternary ammonium salt. In other embodiments nanoparticles comprise monmorillonite modified with a ternary ammonium salt. In other embodiments nanoparticles comprise natural monmorillonite. In further embodiments, nanoparticles comprise organoclays as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,376, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and forms part of the disclosure of this application. Other suitable organic and inorganic microparticular clay based products may also be used. Both man-made and natural products are also suitable. 
   Another type of preferred nanoparticulate material comprises a composite material of a metal. For example, one suitable composite is a water based dispersion of aluminum oxide in nanoparticulate form available from BYK Chemie (Germany). It is believed that this type of nanoparticular material may provide one or more of the following advantages: increased abrasion resistance, increased scratch resistance, increased T g , and thermal stability. 
   Another type of preferred nanoparticulate material comprises a polymer-silicate composite. In preferred embodiments the silicate comprises montmorillonite. Suitable polymer-silicate nanoparticulate material are available from Nanocor and RTP Company. 
   In preferred embodiments, the UV protection properties of the material may be enhanced by the addition of different additives. In a preferred embodiment, the UV protection material used provides UV protection up to about 350 nm or less, preferably about 370 nm or less, more preferably about 400 nm or less. The UV protection material may be used as an additive with layers providing additional functionality or applied separately as a single layer. Preferably additives providing enhanced UV protection are present in the material from about 0.05 to 20% by weight, but also including about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight, and ranges encompassing these amounts. Preferably the UV protection material is added in a form that is compatible with the other materials. For example, a preferred UV protection material is Milliken UV390A ClearShield®. UV390A is an oily liquid for which mixing is aided by first blending the liquid with water, preferably in roughly equal parts by volume. This blend is then added to the material solution, for example, BLOX® 599-29, and agitated. The resulting solution contains about 10% UV390A and provides UV protection up to 390 nm when applied to a PET preform. As previously described, in another embodiment the UV390A solution is applied as a single layer. In other embodiments, a preferred UV protection material comprises a polymer grafted or modified with a UV absorber that is added as a concentrate. Other preferred UV protection materials include, but are not limited to, benzotriazoles, phenothiazines, and azaphenothiazines. UV protection materials may be added during the melt phase process prior to use, e.g. prior to injection molding or extrusion, or added directly to a coating material that is in the form of a solution or dispersion. Suitable UV protection materials are available from Milliken, Ciba and Clariant. 
   In preferred embodiments, CO 2  scavenging properties can be added to the materials. In one preferred embodiment such properties are achieved by including an active amine which will react with CO 2  forming a high gas barrier salt. This salt will then act as a passive CO 2  barrier. The active amine may be an additive or it may be one or more moieties in the thermoplastic resin material of one or more layers. 
   In preferred embodiments, O 2  scavenging properties can be added to preferred materials by including O 2  scavengers such as anthroquinone and others known in the art. In another embodiment, one suitable O 2  scavenger is AMOSORB® O 2  scavenger available from BP Amoco Corporation and ColorMatrix Corporation which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,585 to Cahill et al., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety. In one embodiment, O 2  scavenging properties are added to preferred phenoxy-type materials, or other materials, by including O 2  scavengers in the phenoxy-type material, with different activating mechanisms. Preferred O 2  scavengers can act either spontaneously, gradually or with delayed action until initiated by a specific trigger. In some embodiments the O 2  scavengers are activated via exposure to either UV or water (e.g., present in the contents of the container), or a combination of both. The O 2  scavenger is preferably present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 20 percent by weight, more preferably in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 10 percent by weight, and, most preferably, in an amount of from about 1 to about 5 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the coating layer. 
   In another preferred embodiment, a top coat or layer is applied to provide chemical resistance to harsher chemicals than what is provided by the outer layer. In certain embodiments, preferably these top coats or layers are aqueous based or non-aqueous based polyesters or acrylics which are optionally partially or fully cross linked. A preferred aqueous based polyester is polyethylene terephthalate, however other polyesters may also be used. In certain embodiments, the process of applying the top coat or layer is that disclosed in U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2004/0071885, entitled Dip, Spray, and Flow Coating Process For Forming Coated Articles, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
   A preferred aqueous based polyester resin is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,191 (Salsman), incorporated herein by reference. More specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,191 describes an aqueous based polyester resin, comprising a reaction product of 20-50% by weight of waste terephthalate polymer, 10-40% by weight of at least one glycol and 5-25% by weight of at least one oxyalkylated polyol. 
   Another preferred aqueous based polymer is a sulfonated aqueous based polyester resin composition as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,630 (Salsman), herein incorporated by reference. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,630 describes an aqueous suspension of a sulfonated water-soluble or water dispersible polyester resin comprising a reaction product of 20-50% by weight terephthalate polymer, 10-40% by weight at least one glycol and 5-25% by weight of at least one oxyalkylated polyol to produce a prepolymer resin having hydroxyalkyl functionality where the prepolymer resin is further reacted with about 0.10 mole to about 0.50 mole of alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid per 100 g of prepolymer resin and a thus produced resin, terminated by a residue of an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, is reacted with about 0.5 mole to about 1.5 mole of a sulfite per mole of alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid residue to produce a sulfonated-terminated resin. 
   Yet another preferred aqueous based polymer is the coating described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,277 (Salsman), incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,277 describes coating compositions comprising a reaction product of at least 50% by weight of waste terephthalate polymer and a mixture of glycols including an oxyalkylated polyol in the presence of a glycolysis catalyst wherein the reaction product is further reacted with a difunctional, organic acid and wherein the weight ratio of acid to glycols in is the range of 6:1 to 1:2. 
   While the above examples are provided as preferred aqueous based polymer coating compositions, other aqueous based polymers are suitable for use in the products and methods describe herein. By way of example only, and not meant to be limiting, further suitable aqueous based compositions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,104,222 (Date, et al.), incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 4,104,222 describes a dispersion of a linear polyester resin obtained by mixing a linear polyester resin with a higher alcohol/ethylene oxide addition type surface-active agent, melting the mixture and dispersing the resulting melt by pouring it into an aqueous solution of an alkali under stirring Specifically, this dispersion is obtained by mixing a linear polyester resin with a surface-active agent of the higher alcohol/ethylene oxide addition type, melting the mixture, and dispersing the resulting melt by pouring it into an aqueous solution of an alkanolamine under stirring at a temperature of 70-95° C., said alkanolamine being selected from the group consisting of monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, monomethylethanolamine, monoethylethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, propanolamine, butanolamine, pentanolamine, N-phenylethanolamine, and an alkanolamine of glycerin, said alkanolamine being present in the aqueous solution in an amount of 0.2 to 5 weight percent, said surface-active agent of the higher alcohol/ethylene oxide addition type being an ethylene oxide addition product of a higher alcohol having an alkyl group of at least 8 carbon atoms, an alkyl-substituted phenol or a sorbitan monoacylate and wherein said surface-active agent has an HLB value of at least 12. 
   Likewise, by example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,321 (Allen) discloses a dispersion in a water immiscible liquid of water soluble or water swellable polymer particles and which has been made by reverse phase polymerization in the water immiscible liquid and which includes a non-ionic compound selected from C 4-12  alkylene glycol monoethers, their C 1-4  alkanoates, C 6-12  polyalkylene glycol monoethers and their C 1-4  alkanoates. 
   The materials of certain embodiments may be cross-linked to enhance thermal stability for various applications, for example hot fill applications. In one embodiment, inner layers may comprise low-cross linking materials while outer layers may comprise high crosslinking materials or other suitable combinations. For example, an inner coating on a PET surface may utilize non or low cross-linked material, such as the BLOX® 588-29, and the outer coat may utilize another material, such as EXP 12468-4b from ICI, capable of cross linking to ensure maximum adhesion to the PET. Suitable additives capable of cross linking may be added to one or more layers. Suitable cross linkers can be chosen depending upon the chemistry and functionality of the resin or material to which they are added. For example, amine cross linkers may be useful for crosslinking resins comprising epoxide groups. Preferably cross linking additives, if present, are present in an amount of about 1% to 10% by weight of the coating solution/dispersion, preferably about 1% to 5%, more preferably about 0.01% to 0.1% by weight, also including 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and 9% by weight. Optionally, a thermoplastic epoxy (TPE) can be used with one or more crosslinking agents. In some embodiments, agents (e.g. carbon black) may also be coated onto or incorporated into the TPE material. The TPE material can form part of the articles disclosed herein. It is contemplated that carbon black or similar additives can be employed in other polymers to enhance material properties. 
   The materials of certain embodiments may optionally comprise a curing enhancer. As used herein, the term “curing enhancer” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary meaning and includes, without limitation, chemical cross-linking catalyst, thermal enhancer, and the like. As used herein, the term “thermal enhancer” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary meaning and includes, without limitation, transition metals, transition metal compounds, radiation absorbing additives (e.g., carbon black). Suitable transition metals include, but are not limited to, cobalt, rhodium, and copper. Suitable transition metal compounds include, but are not limited to, metal carboxylates. Preferred carboxylates include, but are not limited to, neodecanoate, octoate, and acetate. Thermal enhancers may be used alone or in combination with one or more other thermal enhancers. 
   The thermal enhancer can be added to a material and may significantly increase the temperature of the material during a curing process, as compared to the material without the thermal enhancer. For example, in some embodiments, the thermal enhancer (e.g., carbon black) can be added to a polymer so that the temperature of the polymer subjected to a curing process (e.g., IR radiation) is significantly greater than the polymer without the thermal enhancer subject to the same or similar curing process. The increased temperature of the polymer caused by the thermal enhancer can increase the rate of curing and therefore increase production rates. In some embodiments, the thermal enhancer generally has a higher temperature than at least one of the layers of an article when the thermal enhancer and the article are heated with a heating device (e.g., infrared heating device). 
   In some embodiments, the thermal enhancer is present in an amount of about 5 to 800 ppm, preferably about 20 to about 150 ppm, preferably about 50 to 125 ppm, preferably about 75 to 100 ppm, also including about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm and ranges encompassing these amounts. The amount of thermal enhancer may be calculated based on the weight of layer which comprises the thermal enhancer or the total weight of all layers comprising the article. 
   In some embodiments, a preferred thermal enhancer comprises carbon black. In one embodiment, carbon black can be applied as a component of a coating material in order to enhance the curing of the coating material. When used as a component of a coating material, carbon black is added to one or more of the coating materials before, during, and/or after the coating material is applied (e.g., impregnated, coated, etc.) to the article. Preferably carbon black is added to the coating material and agitated to ensure thorough mixing. The thermal enhancer may comprise additional materials to achieve the desired material properties of the article. 
   In another embodiment wherein carbon black is used in an injection molding process, the carbon black may be added to the polymer blend in the melt phase process. 
   In some embodiments, the polymer comprises about 5 to 800 ppm, preferably about 20 to about 150 ppm, preferably about 50 to 125 ppm, preferably about 75 to 100 ppm, also including about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 ppm thermal enhancer and ranges encompassing these amounts. In a further embodiment, the coating material is cured using radiation, such as infrared (IR) heating. In preferred embodiments, the IR heating provides a more effective coating than curing using other methods. Other thermal and curing enhancers and methods of using same are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/983,150, filed Nov. 5, 2004 and published as Publication No. 2006-0099363, entitled “Catalyzed Process for Forming Coated Articles,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference it its entirety. 
   In some embodiments the addition of anti-foam/bubble agents is desirable. In some embodiments utilizing solutions or dispersion the solutions or dispersions form foam and/or bubbles which can interfere with preferred processes. One way to avoid this interference, is to add anti-foam/bubble agents to the solution/dispersion. Suitable anti-foam agents include, but are not limited to, nonionic surfactants, alkylene oxide based materials, siloxane based materials, and ionic surfactants. Preferably anti-foam agents, if present, are present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 0.3% of the solution/dispersion, preferably about 0.01 to about 0.2%, but also including about 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.25%, and ranges encompassing these amounts. 
   In another embodiment foaming agents may be added to the coating materials in order to foam the coating layer. In a further embodiment a reaction product of a foaming agent is used. Useful foaming agents include, but are not limited to azobisformamide, azobisisobutyronitrile, diazoaminobenzene, N,N-dimethyl-N,N-dinitroso terephthalamide, N,N-dinitrosopentamethylene-tetramine, benzenesulfonyl-hydrazide, benzene-1,3-disulfonyl hydrazide, diphenylsulfon-3-3, disulfonyl hydrazide, 4,4′-oxybis benzene sulfonyl hydrazide, p-toluene sulfonyl semicarbizide, barium azodicarboxylate, butylamine nitrile, nitroureas, trihydrazino triazine, phenyl-methyl-urethane, p-sulfonhydrazide, peroxides, ammonium bicarbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. As presently contemplated, commercially available foaming agents include, but are not limited to, EXPANCEL®, CELOGEN®, HYDROCEROL®, MIKROFINE®, CEL-SPAN®, and PLASTRON® FOAM. 
   The foaming agent is preferably present in the coating material in an amount from about 1 up to about 20 percent by weight, more preferably from about 1 to about 10 percent by weight, and, most preferably, from about 1 to about 5 percent by weight, based on the weight of the coating layer. Newer foaming technologies known to those of skill in the art using compressed gas could also be used as an alternate means to generate foam in place of conventional blowing agents listed above. 
   The tie-layer is preferably a polymer having functional groups, such as anhydrides and epoxies that react with the carboxyl and/or hydroxyl groups on the PET polymer chains. Useful tie-layer materials include, but are not limited to, DuPont BYNEL®, Mitsui ADMER®, Eastman&#39;s EPOLINE, Arkema&#39;s LOTADER and ExxonMobil&#39;s EVELOY®. 
   B. Detailed Description of the Drawings 
   In preferred embodiments articles may comprise one or more formable materials. Articles described herein may be mono-layer or multi-layer (i.e., two or more layers). In some embodiments, the articles can be packaging, such as drinkware (including preforms, containers, bottles, closures, etc.), boxes, cartons, tray, sheets, and the like. 
   The multi-layer articles may comprise an inner layer (e.g., the layer that is in contact with the contents of the container) of a material approved by a regulatory agency (e.g., the U.S. Food and Drug Association) or material having regulatory approval to be in contact with food (including beverages), drugs, cosmetics, etc. In other embodiments, an inner layer comprises material(s) that are not approved by a regulatory scheme to be in contact with food. A second layer may comprise a second material, which can be similar to or different than the material forming the inner layer. The articles can have as many layers as desired. It is contemplated that the articles may comprise one or more materials that form various portions that are not “layers.” 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , a preferred monolayer preform  30  is illustrated. The preform is preferably made of an FDA approved material, such as virgin PET, and can be of any of a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The preform shown in  FIG. 1  is of the type which will form a 16 oz. carbonated beverage bottle that can have an oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier, but as will be understood by those skilled in the art, other preform configurations can be used depending upon the desired configuration, characteristics and use of the final article. The monolayer preform  30  may be made by methods disclosed herein. 
   Referring to  FIG. 2 , a cross-section of the preform  30  of  FIG. 1  is illustrated. The preform  30  has a neck portion  32  and a body portion  34 , formed monolithically (i.e., as a single, or unitary, structure). Advantageously, the monolithic arrangement of the preform, when blow-molded into a bottle, provides greater dimensional stability and improved physical properties in comparison to a preform constructed of separate neck and body portions, which are bonded together. However, the preforms can comprise a neck portion and body portion that are bonded together. 
   The neck portion  32  begins at the opening  36  to the interior of the preform  30  and extends to and includes the support ring  38 . The neck portion  32  is further characterized by the presence of the threads  40 , which provide a way to fasten a cap for the bottle produced from the preform  30 . Alternatively, the neck portion  32  can be configured to engage a closure or cap (e.g., a crown closure, cork (natural or artificial), snap cap, punctured seal, and/or the like). The body portion  34  is an elongated and cylindrically shaped structure extending down from the neck portion  32  and culminating in a rounded end cap  42 . The preform thickness  44  will depend upon the overall length of the preform  30  and the wall thickness and overall size of the resulting container. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , a cross-section of one type of a multilayer preform  50  having features in accordance with a preferred embodiment is disclosed. The preform  50  has the neck portion  32  and the body portion  34  similar to the preform  30  in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The layer  52  is disposed about the entire surface of the body portion  34 , terminating at the bottom of the support ring  38 . The coating layer  52  in the embodiment shown in the figure does not extend to the neck portion  32 , nor is it present on the interior surface  54  of the preform which is preferably made of an FDA approved material, such as PET. The coating layer  52  may comprise either a single material or several microlayers of at least two materials. By way of example, the wall of the bottom portion of the preform may have a thickness of 3.2 millimeters; the wall of the neck, a cross-sectional dimension of about 3 millimeters; and the material applied to a thickness of about 0.3 millimeters. The layer  52  may comprise PET, RPET, barrier material, foam and/or other polymer materials suitable for forming an outer surface of a preform. 
   The overall thickness  56  of the preform is equal to the thickness of the initial uncoated preform  39  plus the thickness  58  of the outer layer  52 , and is dependent upon the overall size and desired coating thickness of the resulting container. However, the preform  50  may have any thickness depending on the desired thermal, or structural properties of the container formed from the preform  50 . The preforms and containers can have layers which have a wide variety of relative thicknesses. 
   Referring to  FIG. 4 , a preferred embodiment of a multilayer preform  60  is shown in cross-section. The primary difference between the coated preform  60  and the coated preform  50  in  FIG. 3  is the relative thickness of the two layers in the area of the end cap  42 . The preform  50  of  FIG. 3  has an outer layer  52  that is generally thinner than the thickness of the inner layer of the preform throughout the entire body portion of the preform. The preform  60 , however, has an outer layer  52  that is thicker at  62  near the end cap  42  than it is at  64  in the wall portion  66 , and conversely, the thickness of the inner layer is greater at  68  in the wall portion  66  than it is at  70 , in the region of the end cap  42 . This preform design is especially useful when the outer layer which is applied to the initial preform in an overmolding process to make the coated preform, as described below, where it presents certain advantages including that relating to reducing molding cycle time. These advantages will be discussed in more detail below. The layer  52  may be homogeneous or it may comprise a plurality of microlayers. 
   The multilayer preforms and containers can have layers which have a wide variety of relative thicknesses. In view of the present disclosure the thickness of a given layer and of the overall preform or container, whether at a given point or over the entire container, can be chosen to fit a coating process or a particular end use for the container. Furthermore, as discussed above in regard to the outer layer in  FIG. 3 , the outer layer in the preform and container embodiments disclosed herein may comprise a single material or several microlayers of two or more materials. 
   Referring to  FIG. 5  there is shown a preferred three-layer preform  72 . This embodiment of coated preform is preferably made by placing two coating layers  74  and  76  on a monolayer preform, such as preform  30  shown in  FIG. 1 . 
   After a preform, such as that illustrated in  FIG. 3 , is prepared by a method and apparatus such as those discussed in detail below, it is subjected to a stretch blow-molding process. Referring to  FIG. 6 , in this process a multilayer preform  50  is placed in a mold  80  having a cavity corresponding to the desired container shape. The preform is then heated and expanded by stretching and by air forced into the interior of the preform  50  to fill the cavity within the mold  80 , creating a container  82  ( FIG. 7 ). The blow molding operation normally is restricted to the body portion  34  of the preform with the neck portion  32  including the threads, pilfer ring, and support ring retaining the original configuration as in the preform. Monolayer and multilayer containers can be formed by stretch blow molding monolayer and multilayer preforms, respectively. 
     FIG. 6A  illustrates a stretch blow mold designed to improve cycle times and thermal efficiency. The temperature of the walls of the mold  80 A can be precisely controlled to achieve the desired temperature distribution through the blow molded container. 
   Referring to  FIG. 7 , there is disclosed an embodiment of container  82  in accordance with a preferred embodiment, such as that which might be made from blow molding the multilayer preform  50  of  FIG. 3 . The container  82  has a neck portion  32  and a body portion  34  corresponding to the neck and body portions of the preform  50  of  FIG. 3 . The neck portion  32  is further characterized by the presence of the threads  40  which provide a way to fasten a cap onto the container. 
   The outer layer  84  covers the exterior of the entire body portion  34  of the container  82 , stopping just below the support ring  38 . The interior surface  86  of the container, which is made of an FDA-approved material, preferably PET, remains uncoated so that only the interior surface  86  is in contact with beverages or foodstuffs. In one preferred embodiment that is used as a carbonated beverage container, the thickness  87  of the layer is preferably 0.508 mm-1.524 mm (0.020-0.060 inch), more preferably 0.762 mm-1.016 mm (0.030-0.040 inch); the thickness  88  of the PET layer is preferably 2.032 mm-4.064 mm (0.080-0.160 inch), more preferably 2.54 mm-3.556 mm (0.100-0.140 inch); and the overall wall thickness  90  of the barrier-coated container  82  is preferably 3.556 mm-4,562 mm (0.140-0.180 inch), more preferably 3.82 mm-4.318 mm (0.150-0.170 inch). Preferably, on average, the overall wall thickness  90  of the container  82  derives the majority of its thickness from the inner PET layer. Of course, the container  82  can be a monolayer container. For example, the container  82  can be made by stretch blow molding the preform  30  of  FIG. 1 . Additional articles and associated materials are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,345 entitled MONO AND MULTI-LAYER ARTICLES AND INJECTION METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME, filed on Apr. 18, 2005 that can be made by the systems disclosed herein. 
     FIG. 8  schematically illustrates a temperature control system  120  in accordance with a preferred embodiment. The illustrated temperature control system  120  is an open loop system. The temperature control system  120  can be used to control the temperature of a mold apparatus  122 . The mold apparatus  122  can be configured to mold a single article or a plurality of articles. The mold apparatus  122  can be configured to form articles of any shape and configuration. For example, the mold apparatus  122  can be designed to produce preforms, containers, and other articles that are formed by molds. In some embodiments, the mold apparatus  122  can be a stretch blow-molding apparatus, injection molding apparatus, compression molding apparatus, thermomolding or thermoforming system, vacuum forming system, and the like. The mold apparatus  122  may or may not comprise high heat transfer material. Some exemplary temperature control systems employ a working fluid or other means for controlling the temperature of the mold apparatus during the molding process. The illustrated temperature control system  120  has a working fluid passing through the mold apparatus  122  to control the temperature of the polymer in the mold apparatus  122 . The working fluid can be at a wide range of temperatures depending on the particular application. 
   The illustrated mold apparatus  122  comprises a plurality of mold sections that cooperate to define a molding cavity. In some embodiments, the mold apparatus  122  comprises a mold section  122   a  and mold section  122   b  movable between an open position and a closed position. The mold section  122   a  and the mold section  122   b  can form a mold cavity or mold space sized and configured to make preforms, such as the preform  30  as illustrated. The mold apparatus  122  can also be designed to form a layer of a multilayer preforms or other articles. The temperature control system  120  can be used selectively control the temperature of the mold apparatus  122  to reduce cycle time, produce a desired finish (e.g., an amount of crystallinity), improve mold life, improve preform quality, etc. 
   In the illustrated embodiment, the temperature control system  120  includes fluid lines  130 ,  140 . The fluid line  130  connects a fluid source  126  to the mold apparatus  122 , and the fluid line  140  connects the mold apparatus  122  to an exhaust system  148 . Fluid lines can define flow paths of the working fluid passing through the system  120 . 
   As used herein, the term “fluid source” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to a device which is suitable for providing fluid that can be used to maintain the mold apparatus  122  at a suitable temperature. In various embodiments, the fluid source may comprise a bottle, canister, compressor system, or any other suitable fluid delivery device. The fluid source  126  might contain a quantity of liquid, preferably a refrigerant. For example, the fluid source  126  can comprise one or more refrigerants, such as Freon, Refrigerant 12, Refrigerant 22, Refrigerant 134a, and the like. The fluid source  126  can also comprise cryogenic fluids, such as liquid carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or nitrogen (N 2 ). In some embodiments, the working fluid can be conveniently stored at room temperature. For example, CO 2  or nitrogen is liquid at typical room temperatures when under sufficient pressure. In some non-limiting embodiments, the pressure of the stored fluid in the fluid source  126  will often be in the range of about 40 bars to about 80 bars. In some embodiments, the fluid source  126  is a bottle and the pressure in the bottle will be reduced during the molding of preforms as fluid from the bottle is consumed. The fluid source  126  can contain a sufficient amount of fluid so that the mold apparatus  122  can be cooled for many cycles, as described below. The fluid source  126  may have a regulator to control the flow of fluid into the fluid line  130  and may comprise a compressor that can provide pressure to the fluid in the fluid line  130 . Optionally, the working fluid of the temperature control system can comprise a combination of two or more of the aforementioned fluids to achieve the desired thermal characteristics of the working fluid. In some embodiments, the percentages of the components of the working fluids can be selected based on the desired temperatures and pressures so that the components of the working fluid do not solidify, for example. Other working fluids, such as water, can also be employed to control the temperature of molding apparatus. Of course, refrigerants can be used to more rapidly heat and/or cool the mold apparatus and associated molded articles as compared to non-refrigerants, such as water. 
   As used herein, the term “refrigerant” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to non-cryogenic refrigerants (e.g., Freon) and cryogenic refrigerants. As used herein, the term “cryogenic refrigerant” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to cryogenic fluids. As used herein, the term “cryogenic fluid” means a fluid with a maximum boiling point of about −50° C. at about 5 bar pressure when the fluid is in a liquid state. In some non-limiting embodiments, cryogenic fluids can comprise CO 2 , N 2 , Helium, combinations thereof, and the like. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a high temperature range cryogenic fluid having a boiling point higher than about −100° C. at about 1.013 bars. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a mid temperature range cryogenic fluid having a boiling point between about −100° C. and −200° C. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a low temperature range cryogenic fluid having a boiling point less than about −200° C. at about 1.013 bars. 
   The heat load capabilities of a temperature control system using a non-cryogenic fluid may be much less than the heat load capabilities of a temperature control system using cryogenic fluid. Further, non-cryogenic refrigerants may lose its effective cooling ability before it reaches critical portions of the mold. For example, Freon refrigerant may be heated and completely vaporized after it passes through the expansion valve but before it reaches critical mold locations and, thus, may not effectively cool the mold surfaces. The temperature control systems using cryogenic fluid can provide rapid cooling and/or heating of the molding surface of the mold apparatus to reduce cycle times and increase mold output. 
   In one embodiment, a fluid source inlet  128  of the fluid line  130  is connected to the fluid source  126 , and the fluid line  130  has an outlet  134  leading to mold apparatus  122 . Fluid from the fluid source  126  can pass through the fluid source inlet  128  into the fluid line  130  and out of the outlet  134  to the mold apparatus  122 . The fluid line  130  is a conduit, such as a pipe or hose, in which pressurized fluid can pass. For example, in the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 8 , fluid in the fluid line  130  is a liquid refrigerant at a pressure of about 40 bars to about 80 bars. 
   Fluid from the fluid line  130  passes through the mold apparatus  122  to control the temperature of the mold apparatus  122 . In some embodiments, the fluid passes through one or more flow control devices (e.g., pressure reducing elements, valves, and the like) located upstream of or within the mold apparatus  122 . The flow control devices receive the fluid (preferably a liquid) at a high pressure and output a low pressure and temperature fluid (e.g., gas or gas/liquid mixture) to one or more flow passageways in the mold apparatus  122 . As shown in  FIG. 10 , for example, the fluid can pass through a plurality of pressure reducing elements  212  in into a plurality of fluid passageways or channels  204  to selectively control the temperature of the preform. The fluid circulating through the mold apparatus of  FIG. 10  cools the warm melt to form a multilayer preform. 
   As used herein, the term “pressure reducing element” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to a device configured to reduce the pressure of a working fluid. In some embodiments, the pressure reducing element can reduce the pressure of the working fluid to a pressure equal to or less than a vaporization pressure of the working fluid. The working fluid can comprise a refrigerant (e.g., a cryogenic refrigerant or a non-cryogenic refrigerant). In some embodiments, the pressure reducing elements are in the form of pressure reduction or expansion valves that cause vaporization at least a portion of the working fluid passing therethrough. The pressure reducing element can have a fixed orifice or variable orifice. In some embodiments, the pressure reducing element can be a nozzle valve, needle valve, Joule-Thomson expansion valve, or any other suitable valve for providing a desired pressure drop. For example, a Joule-Thomson expansion valve can recover work energy from the expansion of the fluid resulting in a lower downstream temperature. In some embodiments, the pressure reducing element vaporizes an effective amount of the working fluid (e.g., a cryogenic fluid) to reduce the temperature of the working fluid such that the working fluid can sufficiently cool an article within a mold to form a dimensionally stable outer surface of the article. In some embodiments, the pressure reducing elements can be substituted with flow regulating elements (e.g., a valve system) especially if the working fluid is a non-refrigerant, such as water. 
   With reference again to  FIG. 8 , after the working fluid passes through the mold apparatus  122 , the fluid passes through the inlet  136  and through the fluid line  140  and out of an outlet  144  to the exhaust system  148 . The fluid line  140  is a conduit, such as pipe or hose, in which pressurized fluid can pass. In some embodiments, the fluid in the fluid line  140  is at a pressure less than about 10 bars, 5 bars, 3 bars, 2 bars, and ranges encompassing such pressures. Of course, the pressure of working fluid may be different depending on the application. 
   The exhaust system  148  can receive and discharge the fluid from the fluid line  140 . The exhaust system  148  can include one or more valves that can control the pressure of the fluid in the fluid line  140  and the amount of fluid emitted from the temperature control system  120 . The exhaust system  148  can include one or more fans and/or vents to further ensure that the fluid properly passes through the temperature control system  120 . Preferably, the fluid is in the form of a gas that is discharged into the atmosphere by the exhaust system  148 . Thus, fluid from the fluid source  126  passes through the fluid line  130 , the mold apparatus  122 , the fluid line  140 , and out of the exhaust system  148  into the atmosphere. Preferably, the working fluid of the temperature control system  120  is a refrigerant, including cryogenic refrigerants like nitrogen, hydrogen, or combinations thereof. These fluids can be conveniently expelled into the atmosphere unlike some other refrigerants which may adversely affect the environment. 
     FIGS. 9A-9L  depict additional embodiments of temperature control systems for controlling the temperature of mold apparatuses. These temperature control systems may be generally similar to the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 8 , except as further detailed below. Where possible, similar or identical elements of  FIGS. 8-9L  are identified with identical reference numerals. 
     FIG. 9A  schematically illustrates a temperature control system  150 , which is a closed loop system designed to control the temperature of the mold apparatus  122  during preform manufacturing. The temperature control system  150  has a fluid source  152  in communication with the mold apparatus  122 . The mold apparatus  122  is in communication with a unit  156 , which is in communication with the fluid source  152 . To cool the mold apparatus  122 , the working fluid can flow clockwise as indicated by the arrow heads. 
   The fluid source  152  is connected to an outlet  170  of a fluid line  166  and is connected to the source inlet  128  of the fluid line  130 . The fluid source  152  receives fluid from the fluid line  166  and delivers fluid to the fluid line  130 . The fluid source  152  can store the working fluid before, during, and/or after a production cycle. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 9A , the fluid line  130  is connected to the fluid source  152  and the mold apparatus  122  in the manner described above. The fluid line  140  is in fluid communication with the mold apparatus  122  and the unit  156 . The mold inlet  136  of the line  140  is connected to the mold apparatus  122 , and the outlet  144  of the line  140  is connected to the unit  156 . Fluid passes from the mold apparatus  122  into the inlet  136  and through the fluid line  140  to the outlet  144 . The fluid then passes through the outlet  144  and into the unit  156 . 
   The unit  156  can recondition the fluid so that the fluid can be redelivered to the mold apparatus  122  for continuous flow through the temperature control system  150 . The unit  156  can include a compressor and/or heat exchanger. The fluid can flow through a compressor which pressurizes the fluid and then flows through a heat exchanger (e.g., a condenser) that reduces the temperature of the pressurized fluid. In some instances, the terms “heat exchanger” and “condenser” can be used interchangeably herein. Preferably, the unit  156  outputs a low temperature liquid to an inlet  168  of the fluid line  166 . Fluid from the unit  156  can therefore pass through the fluid line  166  into the fluid source  152  by way of the outlet  170 . 
   The unit  156  can change modes of operation to heat the mold apparatus  122 , and the molded articles disposed therein. The working fluid can flow counter-clockwise through the temperature control system  150  to heat the mold apparatus  122 . In one embodiment, the unit  156  receives cool fluid (preferably a liquid) from the fluid line  166  and delivers a high temperature gas or gas/liquid mixture, as compared to the cool liquid, to the fluid line  140 . The high temperature fluid can heat the mold apparatus  122  and article disposed therein. The unit  156  can thus include an evaporator and/or compressor for heating the working fluid. Thus, the unit  156  can be used to change the mode of operation to heat or cool the mold apparatus  122  as desired. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 9A , the temperature control system  150  can cool at least a portion of the mold apparatus  122 , which in turn cools the plastic in the mold apparatus  122 . In one embodiment, the fluid source  152  delivers refrigerant, such as cryogenic fluid (preferably liquid carbon dioxide or nitrogen), to the fluid line  130  and the mold apparatus  122 . 
   The liquid passes through a portion of the mold apparatus  122  and is delivered to one or more pressure reducing elements  212  (see  FIG. 10 ). The pressure reducing elements  212  preferably receive the liquid at a high pressure and output fluid (e.g., gas or gas/liquid mixture) at a low temperature to the channels in the mold apparatus  122 . The pressure reducing element  212  can reduce the temperature of the working fluid passing therethrough. The fluid passes through and cools portions of the mold apparatus  122 , thereby cooling the polymer in the mold apparatus. 
   As shown in  FIG. 9A , the mold apparatus  122  delivers the heated fluid to the fluid line  140 , which, in turn, delivers the fluid to the unit  156  functioning as a compressor and condenser. The unit  156  outputs fluid in the form of a low temperature liquid to the fluid line  166  and the source  152 . 
   In some embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 9A , the temperature control system  150  can have an optional a feedback system  231  for delivering heated fluid from the mold apparatus  122  back into and through the mold apparatus  122 . In operation, fluid in the fluid line  140  passes through the feedback system  231  to mold apparatus  122  via a feedback line  232 . Preferably, the temperature of the fluid in the feedback line  232  is at a temperature higher than the temperature of the fluid in the fluid line  130 . Different portions of the mold apparatus  122  can be maintained at different temperatures by utilizing both the fluid from the fluid line  130  and the feedback line  232 . The fluid in the feedback line may or may not be at a temperature of the melt deposited into the mold apparatus. One or more valve systems can be disposed along the lines  130 ,  232  to regulate the flow of fluid through the mold apparatus  122 . In some embodiments, the heating of the mold apparatus  122  by the utilizing the fluid from the feedback line  232  can be performed when the fluid flow from the source  152  to the mold apparatus  122  is reduced or stopped. In some embodiments, the heated fluid from the feedback line  232  can be used to reduce the rate of cooling of the melt in the mold apparatus  122  to, for example, produce a high degree of crystallinity in the molded article. A variety of temperature distributions can be achieved in the mold by utilizing working fluids at different temperatures. 
   As discussed above, the temperature control system  150  can also heat at least a portion of the mold apparatus  122  by circulating the working fluid in the counter-clockwise direction. In one embodiment, the fluid source  152  delivers fluid to the fluid line  166 , which delivers the fluid to the unit  156 . The unit  156  can function as a compressor and can increase the temperature of the working fluid. In some embodiments, the unit  156  can receive a fluid (e.g., a two-phase working fluid) from the line  162 . The temperature of the two-phase working fluid can be increased by the unit  156  and then delivered to the line  140 . 
   The unit  156  delivers heated fluid (e.g., a high temperature gas or gas/liquid mixture) to the fluid line  140 . The fluid is then delivered to and passes through the mold apparatus  122 . The fluid passing through the passageways in the mold apparatus  122  heats one or more portions of the mold, which in turn heats or reduces the rate of cooling of the polymer in the mold apparatus  122 . The fluid is cooled as it passes through the mold apparatus  122  and is delivered to the fluid line  130 , which delivers the cooled fluid to the fluid source  152 . The fluid source  152  then delivers the fluid to the fluid line  166  as described above. Thus, fluid flows in one direction through the temperature control system  150  to cool the mold apparatus  122  and flows in the opposite direction through the temperature control system  150  to heat the mold apparatus  122 . Further, the flow of fluid can be reversed one or more times during preform production to heat (e.g., reduce the rate of cooling of the melt) and cool the mold repeatedly as desired. 
   The temperature control system  150  can have a device (not shown) for ensuring that the pressure in the mold apparatus  122  remains at a sufficiently low pressure. For example, the device can be a safety valve, blow off valve, or rupture disk that will prevent the pressure in the mold apparatus  122  from reaching critical limits, especially as the working fluid is heated within the mold apparatus  122  and undergoes a phase change (e.g., from liquid to gas). 
   If the working fluid passing through the mold apparatus  122  is a two-phase fluid, the two-phase fluid can remain at a generally constant temperature. In some embodiments, the two-phase liquid/gas mixture can be at a generally constant pressure, while absorbing heat and remaining at a relatively low temperature so long as both liquid and gas phases of the working fluid are present. That is, the working fluid in the mold (e.g., in the fluid channels) can remain at a somewhat constant temperature as long at least some of the working fluid is in a liquid state. Additionally, the size of the channel can increase in the downstream direction to limit or prevent a temperature increase of the working fluid as the working fluid is vaporized. If liquid (e.g., chilled water) is circulated through a mold, the temperature of the liquid may increase in the downstream direction and, thus, may produce a declining cooling efficiency in the downstream direction. Advantageously, the mold apparatus  122  can be cooled by the two-phase mixture that is at a generally constant temperature throughout the mold apparatus  122  for enhanced thermal efficiency and/or more uniform cooling of the molded article. 
   In some embodiments of operation the fluid source  152  stores a refrigerant, such as cryogenic fluid in the form of carbon dioxide, at a temperature of about 20° C. and at a pressure of about 57 bar. The temperature of the fluid within the fluid source  152  can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the pressure applied to the fluid. For example, the fluid source  152  can contain carbon dioxide at a pressure of 80 bar and a temperature of about 25° C. If the pressure of the carbon dioxide is lowered to 20 bar, the liquid carbon dioxide may vaporize and lower the temperature of the liquid/gas mixture to about −20° C., so long as the cryogenic fluid comprises liquid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide two-phase fluid can be passed, preferably at a relatively high flow rate, through the mold apparatus  122 . The high flow rate enhances wall contact, and the vaporization causes a high degree of turbulence resulting in effective heat transfer between the walls of the passageway and the working fluid. Of course, other working fluids can be used to control the temperature of the mold apparatus  150  in a similar manner. 
   The proportion of liquid phase of the working fluid can be increased to increase heat transfer to the working fluid. For example, a second fluid in the liquid phase can have a freezing point so low that the second fluid will be a stable liquid at most of all of the temperatures and pressures experienced during the cooling process. The second fluid can increase the rate of cooling of the polymer in the mold apparatus  122 . The first fluid and the second fluid can be delivered together to the mold apparatus  122 . The first fluid can vaporize (at least partially) while the second fluid remains a liquid. Additional fluids with other freezing points can be used to control the temperature of the mold apparatus  122  for a desired application. In view of the present disclosure, a skilled artisan can select the number and types of working fluids to achieve the desired thermal characteristics of the working fluid. In some embodiments, a plurality of working fluids can be utilized, wherein the working fluids can be selected to enhance mixing of the fluids. In some embodiments, the densities of two or more of the working fluids can be substantially similar to each other to promote even mixing and cooling. However, in some embodiments, the densities of the working fluids can be substantially different from each other. 
   The fluid source of the temperature control systems can comprise a plurality of fluid sources. Each of the fluid sources can contain a different working fluid. For example, although not illustrated, the temperature control system  150  of  FIG. 9A  can have a second fluid source containing a second fluid. The second fluid can have a freezing point that is higher than the temperature of the vaporized fluid from the first fluid source  152 , as discussed above. It is contemplated that additional fluid sources can be added to any of the fluid systems described herein. Accordingly, any number of fluid sources and working fluids can be used to control the temperature of the mold apparatus. 
     FIG. 9B  illustrates a modified temperature control system. The temperature control system  150  of  FIG. 9B  can have a working fluid (e.g., a refrigerant, cryogenic fluid, and the like) that circulates the closed loop system. The working fluid can flow in the clockwise direction through the system  150  to provide chilled fluid to the mold apparatus  122 . The fluid can flow in the counter-clockwise direction to provide a heated fluid to the mold apparatus  122 . 
   Fluid can pass through the fluid line  130  to the pressure reducing element  212 . The pressure reducing element  212  can comprise one or more valves adapted to produce a change in temperature of the working fluid. The illustrated pressure reducing elements cause a pressure drop of the working fluid, thereby reducing the temperature of the fluid. The pressure drop across the pressure reducing element  212  can be increased to increase the temperature drop. In some embodiments, the pressure reducing element  212  is configured to reduce the pressure of the refrigerant to a pressure equal to or less than a vaporization pressure of the working fluid. When a fluid (e.g., a refrigerant) passes through a pressure reducing element  212 , at least portion of the refrigerant is vaporized. The amount of fluid that is vaporized can be selected to achieve a desired temperature change in the working fluid. The fluid in the line  176  can thus comprise a two-phase fluid (e.g., a gas/vapor mixture), although the fluid in the line  176  can comprise mostly or entirely a gas phase fluid. The fluid line  176  can be insulated to minimize temperature increases of the working fluid before the working fluid cools a material disposed in the mold apparatus  122 . 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 9B , the low pressure fluid outputted from the pressure reducing element  212  then passes through a fluid line  176  and enters the mold apparatus  122 . Preferably, the fluid enters the mold apparatus  122  as a low pressure and low temperature two-phase mixture comprising liquid and gas. In the mold apparatus  122 , heat from the mold apparatus  122  is transferred to the two-phase mixture such that some of the liquid component of the mixture is vaporized as a result of the heat transfer. The working fluid then passes through the fluid line  140  to the unit  156 , which comprises a compressor  149   a  and condenser  149   b . The compressor  149   a  compresses, preferably adiabatically, the fluid to produce a saturated vapor. The saturated vapor is then passed to the condenser  149   b . The condenser  149   b  can be a heat exchanger that condenses the fluid as heat is transferred from the working fluid to the environment. The fluid then passes through the fluid line  130  and the pressure reducing element  212  to repeat the process for continuous mold cooling. The flow of the working fluid can be continuous, intermittent, etc. 
   The temperature control system  150  can include an optional bypass system  178  that can be used to obtain the desired characteristics of the fluid delivered to the mold apparatus  122 . In the illustrated embodiment, the bypass system  178  can have a fluid line  180  that is connected to the fluid line  130  and a fluid line  182  that is connected to the fluid line  176 . The high pressure fluid in the fluid line  130  can pass through the fluid line  180  and the low pressure fluid in the fluid line  176  can pass through the fluid line  182 . A valve system  188  can independently control the flow of fluid through the lines  180 ,  182  to adjust the pressure and temperature drop across the pressure reducing element  212 . The fluid from the lines  180 ,  182  can be delivered along the line  230 , thereby bypassing the mold apparatus  122 . Alternatively, the bypass system  178  can deliver heated downstream fluid in the line  140  to the mold apparatus  122 . Heated fluid can be drawn through the line  230  to the valve system  188 . The valve system  188  can deliver the heated fluid directly to the mold or to the line  176  (as shown). In some embodiments, the valve system  188  comprises one or more flow regulating valves and one or more pumps or compressors. Thus, the bypass system  178  can be used to vary the pressure, temperature, and/or flow rate of the fluid that is delivered to the mold apparatus  122 . 
   The fluid line  182  can also deliver fluid directly to the mold apparatus  122 . Although not illustrated, the fluid line  182  can be connected to the mold apparatus  122 . Heated fluid in the line  140  can flow through lines  230 ,  182  and into fluid channels in the mold apparatus  122 . The heated fluid can be passed through the mold apparatus  122 . The heated fluid can heat the mold apparatus  122  as the cool fluid from the line  130  is passed through the mold apparatus  122 . Thus, portions of the mold apparatus  122  can be heated by a heated fluid while other portions of the mold apparatus  122  are heated with a cooled fluid. In some embodiments, the flow of cooled fluid from the line  130  is reduce or stopped as the heated fluid from the line  182  flows through the mold apparatus. In operation, the cooled fluid can flow through the mold apparatus  122  to cool melt disposed within the mold apparatus  122 . The valve system  188  can stop the flow of heated fluid through the line  182  and the mold apparatus  122 . After the molded article is removed from the mold apparatus  122 , heated fluid can be passed through the valve system  188 , the line  182 , and into mold apparatus  122 . The heated fluid can limit the formation of condensation and/or heat the temperature of the mold surfaces to facilitate the injection of melt into the mold cavity or space of the mold apparatus  122 . 
   With respect to  FIG. 9C , the temperature control system  183  has a mold section  122   b  that comprises one or more temperature control elements  181 . As used herein, the term “temperature control element” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to a passageway, channel, temperature control rod (e.g., heating/cooling rods), heaters (e.g., resistance heaters), combinations thereof, and the like. Temperature control elements can be positioned within molds (including injection molds, compression molds, stretch blow molds, and the like) to control the temperature of the mold. The temperature control elements can be strategically placed in the mold for a desired temperature distribution. For example, to increase thermally efficiency, the temperature control elements can be mold towards molding surfaces of the molding apparatus  122 . 
   The illustrated temperature control element  181  is in the form of a fluid passageway. The fluid passageway  181  can comprise a plurality of fluid channels, such as the fluid channels  204  illustrated in  FIG. 10 . The working fluid, preferably partially vaporized, in the passageway  181  absorbs heat delivered by the mold section  122   b , which is heated by the hot polymer within the mold apparatus  122 . The working fluid can flow at a constant or variable flow rate depending on the application. 
   The mold section  122   a  can likewise have one or more temperature control elements similar to or different than the temperature control element of the mold section  122   b . In some embodiments, at least a portion of the mold section  122   b  can be formed of a high heat transfer material. The high heat transfer material can be at a location along the fluid passageway  181  where rapid cooling is especially desirable. The high heat transfer material can be proximate to or near the molding surfaces of the mold apparatus  122  to maximize heat transfer. The high heat transfer material can also form the molding surfaces that contact the melt and subsequently formed article, although other configurations can be used. The high heat transfer material and the temperature control element  181  in combination can rapidly and efficiently control the temperature of the mold apparatus  122 . However, the mold can also be formed partially or entirely of low heat transfer materials. 
   The temperature control system  183  can operate as an open loop system, closed loop system, and combinations thereof. In one mode of operation, the system  183  operates as an open loop system. The working fluid can flow through the passageway  181  and into the lines  136 ,  140  and can be vented off by the exhaust system  148 . A valve system  179  can be used to selectively control the flow of fluid to the exhaust system  148 . For example, the valve system  179  can be operated to maintain a target pressure in the fluid lines and/or mold apparatus  122 . The target pressure can be equal to or above a predetermined pressure drop across the pressure reducing element  212 . For example, if the working fluid is liquid carbon dioxide, a pressure drop across the pressure reducing device  212  that less than 5 bar could lead to the formation of solid carbon dioxide. The valve system  179  can be operated to ensure that the pressure of the working fluid maintains desirable operation of the system. 
   In some modes of operation, the system  183  can be operated as a closed-loop system. The system  183  can comprise a closed-loop portion  161  that feeds the working fluid back to the fluid source  152 . The temperature control system  183  can thus be operated as a closed loop system or a closed loop system depending on whether the working fluid is suitable for venting to atmosphere. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 9C , the closed-loop portion  161  can comprise a compressor  149   a  and a condenser  149   b . The heated fluid in the line  136  can flow through the line  186  (shown in dashed line) to the compressor  149   a . The compressor  149   a  can be in series with the condenser  149   b  to reduce the temperature of the fluid delivered to the source  152 . The compressor  149   a  and the condenser  149   b  can cooperate to deliver fluid at a desired temperature and pressure to the fluid source  152  through the line  189 . Preferably, the working fluid is delivered to the source  152  at the original pressure and temperature of the fluid in the source  152 . In some embodiments, the fluid source(s) can be removed from the temperature control system and the working fluid can be stored in the fluid lines. 
   The illustrated closed-loop system  161  can have an optional bypass system  163  that delivers heated fluid to some location upstream of the mold apparatus  122 . The illustrated bypass system  163  has at least one valve system  163   a  (e.g., a flow control valve) positioned along the line  163   b . The valve system  163   a  can be operated to let warm compressed fluid flow through the line  163   b . The warm fluid from the line  163   b  is mixed with the cool fluid outputted by the pressure reducing element  212 . The ratio of the fluid from the line  163   b  and fluid from the pressure reducing element  212  can be selected to achieve a target fluid temperature of the fluid circulating through the mold apparatus  122 . Thus, the bypass system  163  can be used to selectively control the temperature of the fluid delivered to the mold apparatus  122 . 
   The pressure reducing element  212  can be disposed external to the mold apparatus  122  as shown in  FIG. 9C . However, the pressure reducing element  212  can be positioned within the mold apparatus  122 . As shown in  FIG. 9D , for example, the pressure reducing element  212  is disposed within the mold apparatus  122 . The pressure reducing element  212  can be positioned any suitable point along the passageway  181 . For example, the pressure reducing element  212  can be positioned at the entrance of the passageway  181 , inside the passageway  181 . However, the pressure reducing element  212  can be positioned inside a mold plate leading to the passageway  181 , or any other suitable location. 
     FIG. 9E  illustrates a temperature control system  183  that has at least one flow separator  131 . The line  136  delivers a fluid (e.g., a heated gas/liquid mixture) from passageway  181  to the phase separator  131  which, in turn, delivers the gas phase fluids to the line  130   a  and liquid phase fluids to the line  130   b . The flow separator  131  can be a membrane separation unit or other suitable device for separating liquid and gas flows. 
   The flow separator  131  can have a membrane that allows certain substances to pass therethrough at a first flow rate and other substances to pass therethrough at a second flow rate different than the first flow rate. For example, and more particularly, such membrane separation unit can be provided with a membrane that allows liquids and gases to pass therethrough at different rates. The effect is that the retentate liquid (e.g., liquid that do not permeate through the membrane) remains on one side of the membrane. The permeate gases pass through the membrane. In this manner, the liquid and gas component of the working fluid are separated. The gas and fluid are then delivered to the lines  130   a ,  130   b . It is contemplated that other types of flow separators can be employed. 
   A compressor  124   a  and a heat exchanger  127   a  are positioned along the line  130   a  so as to deliver fluid to the source  152   a  at substantially the same pressure and temperature as the fluid contained in the source  152   a . The flow separator  191  delivers the liquid component to the line  130   b . The liquid is delivered to a compressor  124  band a heat exchanger  127   b , and is returned to the fluid source  152   b . In some embodiments, a single heat exchanger can be used to cool both the gas phase component and liquid phase components from the flow separator  191 . 
   Fluids from the fluid sources  152   a ,  152   b  flow along the lines  130   a ,  130   b , respectively, and are preferably mixed at the junction  193 . The fluid source  152   a  comprises a first fluid. The first fluid is preferably a cryogenic fluid that will at least partially vaporize as it passes through the pressure reducing element  212 . The fluid source  152   b  preferably comprises a second fluid which remains a stable liquid as it passes through the pressure reducing element  212 . Thus, the passageway  181  can contain one or more different fluids. The first fluid can have a liquid component that vaporizes as it absorbs heat from the mold apparatus  122 . The second fluid from the source  152   b  can remain a liquid, thus maintaining high thermal loading capabilities. Alternatively, both fluids can vaporize as they circulate through the mold apparatus  122 . 
     FIG. 9F  shows the example of a temperature control system  183  that comprises a mold apparatus  122  having portions with different thermal conductivities. The illustrated mold apparatus  122  comprises a first section  199  comprising a first material and a second section  310  comprising a second material. In some embodiments, the second material preferably has a thermal conductivity greater than the first material. In some embodiments, the second section  310  comprises a high heat transfer material. The first section  199  can surround and thermally insulate the second section  310  to minimize heat losses from the mold apparatus  122 . For example, the first section  199  can be in the form of a mold plate that houses the second section  310 . The mold plate can comprise steel (e.g., stainless steel or other steel alloys) or other low thermally conductive material. 
   The passageway  181  can pass through the first section  199  and/or the second section  310 . The position of the passageway  181  in the mold apparatus  122  can be selected based on the desired cooling rates and heat distribution of the polymer in the mold apparatus  122 . Additionally, the pressure reducing device  212  can be positioned external to the mold apparatus (shown), within the first section  199 , within the second section  310 , or another suitable location for reducing the pressure of the working fluid. 
   With respect to  FIG. 9G , the temperature control system  183  comprises one or more sensors coupled to the mold apparatus  122 . In some embodiments, the sensors are configured to detect and send a signal indicative of the temperature of the mold apparatus  122 . In some embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment, a sensor  167  is positioned somewhat between the passageway  181  and the polymer in the mold apparatus  122 . In some embodiments, the sensor  167  is interposed directly between the mold cavity and the passageway  181 . In some embodiments, the sensor  167  is positioned near the molding surface of the mold apparatus  122  for accurately measuring the temperature of the molding surfaces. 
   The sensor  167  can send a signal directly or indirectly to a controller  165 . The controller  165  can have a stored control program or map and can selectively control the valve  169  based on the signal from the sensor  167 . The controller  165  can selectively control the valve  169  based on, for example, absolute mold temperatures, rate of temperature changes, and/or the like to achieve the desired cycle and preform finish. Any number of sensors  167  can be positioned in the mold apparatus  122  to measure the temperature of the mold apparatus  122 . A plurality of sensors can be positioned throughout the mold is measured the temperature of the mold apparatus  122  at various locations. 
   The valve  169  can be any suitable flow regulator or valve for controlling the flow of fluid to the fluid line  184 . The valve  169  can be a solenoid valve which inhibits flow of the fluid coming from the fluid source  152  by way of the line  130 . In other embodiments, the valve  169  comprises a needle valve (preferably an adjustable needle valve). The valve  169  can provide a pressure drop so that a gas/liquid mixture is delivered to the line  184 , which leads to the passageway  181  of the mold section  122   b.    
   In some embodiments, at least a portion of the line  184  is disposed within the first section  199  in the form of a mold plate. The line  184  can be thermally insulated to inhibit the absorption of heat to the working fluid from the mold apparatus or the surrounding environment. The line  184  can be insulated with stainless steel, phenolic, nomex, and/or other suitable low heat transfer material for enhancing thermal isolation of the fluid flowing through the line  184 . In some embodiments, the line  184  is insulted by an insulating jacket. The insulating jacket can comprise a polymer, foam, or a metal (e.g., steel and its alloys, such as stainless steel). Advantageously, an insulator can limit or prevent the deposition of moisture (e.g., condensation) on fluid lines. The insulated line  184  reduces or limits temperature changes of the working fluid passing through the line  184  for increased thermal efficiency. As the fluid passes through the passageway  181  it absorbs heat coming from the polymer, which causes additional vaporization of the fluid. As described above, the heated fluid passes through the line  136  to the unit  156 , which pressurizes the working fluid. The fluid can have a somewhat elevated temperature. The heat exchanger  197  receives and cools the fluid, which lead to final condensation. The condensed fluid is returned to the source  152 . The valve  163   a  of the bypass system  163  is preferably closed when the working fluid flows clockwise through the temperature control system  183  and cools the mold apparatus  122 . 
   The temperature of the mold apparatus  122  can be raised for at least a portion of the production cycle. For example, the temperature of the mold section  122  can be raised to prevent the formation of condensation on the mold surfaces. The temperature of the mold surfaces can be raised before injection of the polymer into the mold cavity in order to prevent formation of moisture on the mold surfaces forming the mold cavity. 
   To warm the mold apparatus  122 , the controller  165  can reduce or stop the flow of fluid through the valve  169  and can permit fluid flow through the valve  163   a  of the bypass system  163 . The warm compressed fluid in the bypass line  163   b  is fed back into the passageway  181  to heat the molding surfaces, and preferably minimizing the formation of condensation. 
   When the mold surfaces of the mold apparatus  122  are exposed to atmospheric air, the temperature of the mold surfaces can be maintained at or above a dew point temperature to limit the formation of condensation. The controller  165  can operate the valves  163   a ,  169  to maintain the temperature of the mold surfaces at a preset temperature preferably at or above the dew point. In some embodiments, the mold surfaces can be preheated to aid the spreading of melt through the mold cavity. After the melt fills the mold cavity, the mold surfaces can be cooled at various rates to form articles with a particular finish. 
   The controller  165  can close the valve  163   a  and open the valve  169  to cool the mold surfaces before, during, and/or after the polymer has been injected into the mold cavity of the mold apparatus  122 . The fluid in the line  184  can be at a relatively low pressure because the valve  163   a  is closed, thus introducing a fluid mixture with minimum temperature and maximum cooling efficiency to the channel  181 . 
   High conductivity materials can be used for rapid temperature changes of the mold apparatus  122 . During the molding process, if the mold surfaces are relatively cool, the leading portions of the melt can travel the furthest distance along the mold cavity and thus may be significantly cooler than the other portions of the melt (e.g., the polymer in the vicinity of the gate). The non-uniform cooling rates can lead to less than optimum polymer properties. Thus, during portions of the production cycle, certain sections of the mold apparatus  122  can be cool for portion(s) of the molding process and relatively warm for other portion(s) of the injection process. To reduce production cycle times, the temperature change in the mold can be relatively fast. The temperature and/or flow rate of the cooling fluid can vary considerably during the production cycle for different applications. 
   The materials forming the mold apparatus  122  can be chosen to achieve the desired amount of crystallinity in the article. For example, the polymer adjacent to the second section  310  can a can be rapidly cooled to form a polymer with a low degree of cristallinity. Thus, the polymer near or contacting the second section  310  can comprise mostly or entirely amorphous material. The first portion  199  can comprise a material with a lower thermal conductivity to reduce the rate cooling of the polymer thereby increasing the degree of crystallinity of the polymer. For example, the first portion  199  can be configured to form a crystalline neck finish of preform. 
   With reference to  FIG. 9H , a temperature control system  183  is illustrated. The illustrated passageway  181  extends through the first section  199  and the second section  310 . As discussed above, first section  199  can be formed of a material having a higher thermal conductivity than the second section  310  such that the first section  199  cools the polymer at a lower rate than the second section  310 . In alternative embodiments, the second section  310  and the first portion  199  can both be made of materials having similar conductivities. For example, the second section  310  and the first section  199  can comprise materials having a high thermal conductivity. Low conductivity materials (e.g., inserts) can be positioned between the first section  199  and the second section  310  for thermal isolation. In some embodiments, the second section  310  and the first section  199  each comprises high heat transfer materials. Each of the second section  310  and first section  199  can have one or more temperature sensors to measure the temperature of the mold apparatus  122 . 
   With respect to  FIG. 9I , the temperature control system  183  has a passageway  181  that may or may not pass through both sections  310 ,  199 . Fluid from the fluid source  152  is delivered to a flow metering system  155 . The flow metering system  155  can be a dosing system that includes a plurality of valves that cooperate to delivered doses of fluid to the mold apparatus  122 . The illustrated flow metering system  155  can be used to deliver a precise amount of fluid with desirable characteristics to the mold apparatus  122 . The flow metering system  155  can comprises a first valve  169   a  (e.g., a solenoid valve), a tank  157 , and a second valve  169   b  (e.g., a solenoid valve). The control lines  171   a ,  171   b  provide communication between the control unit  165  and the valves  169   a ,  169   b , respectively. The controller  165  can operate the first valve  169   a  and the second valve  169   b  to accurately fill the tank  157  with a certain amount of fluid. The control unit  155  can be any suitable controller for selectively operating the valves  169   a ,  169   b.    
   To cool the mold apparatus  122 , the control unit  165  opens the valve  169   a  and fluid is delivered to the dosing tank  157 . After the dosing tank  157  is filled with a desired amount of fluid, the control unit  165  opens the valve  169   b  and the fluid from the dosing tank  157  is delivered to the line  184 . The capacity of the dosing tank  157  can be selected based on the desired amount of fluid delivered to the line  184 . The tank  157  can be partially or completely filled depending on the desired amount of fluid delivered to the mold apparatus  122 . Thus, a precise amount of fluid can be delivered to the line  184  and ultimately to the mold apparatus  122 . 
   The flow metering system  155  is able to produce a rapid sequence of “micro-pulses” of fluid that expands in the line  184  and the passageway  181  to cool the mold apparatus  122 . The sensor  167  monitors the temperature of mold apparatus  122  and delivers a signal to control unit  165 . The control unit  165  determines the number and timing of doses that are delivered to the line  184 . The number of doses of fluid delivered to the mold apparatus  122  can be increased or decreased to increased or decrease rate of cooling in the mold apparatus  122 . When the molded article is demolded, the valve  169   b  can limit or prevent the circulation of working fluid through the mold apparatus  122  to minimize the formation of condensation on the mold surfaces. 
   Optionally, the mold apparatus  122  can comprise one or more temperature control elements for heating portions of the molds. The illustrated mold apparatus  122  comprises a temperature control elements in the form of a heater  173  ( FIG. 9I ). The illustrated heater  173  is a resistance heater positioned within the mold apparatus  122 . As such, the heater  173  can heat a desired portion of the polymer in the mold apparatus  122 . In some embodiments, the heater  173  can heat (including reducing the rate of cooling) a portion of mold apparatus  122  as the cooling fluid is delivered through the passageway  181 . Thus various portions of the mold apparatus  122  can be at any desired temperature. Other suitable temperature control devices can also be used to control the temperature of the mold apparatus  122 . 
   A plurality of temperature control systems can be connected together. As shown in  FIG. 9J , the temperature control system  219  comprises a plurality of independent flow circuits. The illustrated temperature control system  219  comprises a first temperature control system  150 ′ and a second temperature control system  150 ″. The unit  156  can be a heat exchanger configured to exchange heat between the working fluids of the first temperature control system  150 ′ and the second temperature control system  150 ″. In some embodiments, the first temperature control system  150 ′ can be configured to cool a first mold apparatus  122 ′. 
   A second temperature control system  150 ″ can be used to cool the second mold apparatus  122 ″ as the first temperature control system  150 ′ heats the mold apparatus  122 ′. The heated fluid delivered from the line  140  to the unit  156  can be cooled by the fluid passing through the temperature control system  150 ′. The flows in the temperature control system  150 ′,  150 ″ can be reversed to change the mode of operation of the systems  150 ′,  150 ″. 
   The temperature control systems described herein can be combined and modified to achieve the desired thermal performance. The fluid lines are schematically illustrated as a single line. However, the fluid lines can comprise a plurality of lumen and/or a plurality of houses. 
     FIGS. 9K and 9L  illustrate a plurality of mold apparatuses that are connected by a connecting line  213 . Fluid warmed in one mold apparatus can be used to heat another mold apparatus. For example, cool fluid can be used to cool a first mold apparatus. The fluid can be heated as it passes through the first mold apparatus and then can be used to heat a second mold apparatus. For example, the second mold apparatus can be heated when the article is removed from the second mold apparatus. During a second portion of the production cycle, fluid can be heated as it passes through the second mold apparatus and can then be used to heat a first mold apparatus. 
   Any number of mold apparatuses can be connected together by any number of fluid lines depending on, e.g., the production cycles. The illustrated system comprises a first mold apparatus  122 ′ and a second mold apparatus  122 ″ connected by a fluid line  213 . In some embodiments, the line  217 ′ and mold apparatus  122 ′ can be part of a temperature control system described above. Similarly, the line  217 ″ and mold apparatus  122 ″ can be a part of a temperature control system described above. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 9K , during a first period of time, a working fluid is delivered through the line  217 ′ to the mold apparatus  122 ′ to cool at least one article therein. The working fluid is heated as it passes through the mold apparatus  122 ′. The heated fluid can flow through the connecting line  213  to the mold apparatus  122 ″. The heated fluid can then heat the mold apparatus  122 ″. The mold apparatus  122 ″ can be heated to limit or prevent the formation of condensation on the mold surfaces, heat the surfaces of the mold to enchance the flow of melt through a mold cavity, produce crystalline material, and the like. 
   During a second period of time, a working fluid is delivered through the line  217 ″ the mold apparatus  122 ″ to cool at least one article therein, as shown in  FIG. 9L . The working fluid is heated as it passes through the mold apparatus  122 ″. The heated fluid can flow through the connecting line  213  to the mold apparatus  122 ′. The heated fluid can then heat the mold apparatus  122 ′. The mold apparatus  122 ′ can be heated to limit or prevent the formation of condensation on the mold surfaces, heat the surfaces of the mold to enchance the flow of melt through a mold cavity, produce crystalline material, and the like. 
   The features, components, systems, subsystems, devices, materials, and methods of the temperature control systems in  FIGS. 8-9L  can be mixed and matched by one of ordinary skill in this art in accordance with principles described herein. Additionally, one or more check valves, pressure sensors, flow regulators, fluid lines, temperature sensors, detectors, and the like can be added to the temperature control systems as desired. 
   Methods and Apparatus for Injection Molding 
   Monolayer and multilayer articles (including packaging such as closures, performs, containers, bottles) can be formed by an injection molding process. One method of producing multi-layered articles is referred to herein generally as overmolding. Multilayer performs can be formed by overmolding by, e.g., an inject-over-inject (“IOI”) process. The name refers to a procedure which uses injection molding to inject one or more layers of a material over an existing preform or substrate, which preferably was itself made by injection molding. The terms “overinjecting” and “overmolding” are used herein to describe the molding process whereby a layer of material is injected over an existing preform. In an especially preferred embodiment, the overinjecting process is performed while the underlying preform has not yet fully cooled. Overinjecting may be used to place one or more additional layers of materials, such as those comprising barrier material, recycled PET, foam material, or other materials over a monolayer or multilayer preform. 
   Molding may be used to place one or more layers of material(s) such as those comprising lamellar material, PP, foam material, PET (including recycled PET, virgin PET), barrier materials, phenoxy type thermoplastics, combinations thereof, and/or other materials described herein over a substrate (e.g., the underlying layer). In some non-limiting exemplary embodiments, the substrate is in the form of a preform, preferably having an interior surface suitable for contacting foodstuff. The temperature control systems can be utilized to control the temperature of preforms formed by these molding processes. The temperature control systems can also be used when forming a single monolayer preform, as described below in detail. 
   Articles made by a molding process may comprise one or more layers or portions having one or more of the following advantageous characteristics: an insulating layer, a barrier layer, a foodstuff contacting layer, a non-flavor scalping layer, a high strength layer, a compliant layer, a tie layer, a gas scavenging layer, a layer or portion suitable for hot fill applications, a layer having a melt strength suitable for extrusion. In one embodiment, the monolayer or multi-layer material comprises one or more of the following materials: PET (including recycled and/or virgin PET), PETG, foam, polypropylene, phenoxy type thermoplastics, polyolefins, phenoxy-polyolefin thermoplastic blends, and/or combinations thereof. For the sake of convenience, articles are described primarily with respect to preforms, containers, and closures. 
     FIG. 10  illustrates a preferred type of mold apparatus  132  for use in methods which utilize overmolding. The mold apparatus  132  can form a layer on the preform  30  to form a multilayer preform, such as the preform  50  of  FIG. 3 . The temperature control systems described herein can be used to control the temperature of the mold apparatus  132 , and the other molds described below. 
   The mold apparatus  132  comprises two halves, a cavity section  192  and a core section  194 . The cavity section  192  comprises a cavity in which the preform is placed. The core section  194  and the cavity section  192  are movable between a closed position and an open position. The preform can be a monolayer preform (illustrated) or a multilayer preform. The preform  30  is held in place between the core section  194 , which exerts pressure on the top of the preform and the ledge  196  of the cavity section  192  on which the support ring  38  rests. The neck portion  32  of the preform  30  is thus sealed off from the body portion of the preform  30 . Inside the preform  30  is the core  198 . As the preform  30  sits in the mold apparatus  132 , the body portion of the preform  30  is completely surrounded by a void space  200 . The space  200  is formed by outer surface of the preform  30  and a cavity molding surface  203  of the cavity section  192 . The preform, thus positioned, acts as an interior die core in the subsequent injection procedure, in which the melt of the overmolding material is injected through the gate  202  into the void space  200  to form an outer layer of the preform. 
   The cavity section  192  and/or the core section  194  have one or more temperature control elements  204 . The temperature control elements  204  are in the form of a plurality of passageways or channels for controlling the temperature of the melt and the preform  30 . Fluids flowing through the channels  204  can, for example, cool the mold apparatus  132 , which in turn cools the injected melt. In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 10 , the cavity section  192  has a plurality of channels  204  while the core section  194  also has a plurality of channels  206 . A plurality of pressure reducing elements  212  are positioned upstream of the channels  204 ,  206 . The pressure reducing elements  212  are positioned within the cavity section  192  and the core section  194 . However, the pressure reducing elements  212  can be positioned outside of the cavity section  192  and/or the core section  194 . In the illustrated embodiment, there is an upper outlet  134  and a lower outlet  134  that deliver fluid to the channels  206 ,  204 , respectively. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 10 , the mold outlets  134  can have a flow regulator  214  in fluid communication with the pressure reducing elements  212 . The flow regulator  214  can be a valve system that selectively controls the flow of fluid to the channels  204 . A plurality of conduits  216  can provide fluid flows between the flow regulator  214  and the pressure reducing elements  212 . Each flow regulator  214  can selectively permit or inhibit the flow of fluid from the outlet  134  into the conduits  216  and into the mold apparatus  132 . In one embodiment, the flow regulator  214  can be solenoid valve, either actuated electronically or pneumatically, to permit or inhibit the flow into the mold apparatus  132 . In various other embodiments, the flow regulator  214  can be a gate valve, globe valve, or other suitable device that can control the flow of fluid. A controller (e.g., the controller  218  of  FIG. 9A ) can command the flow regulator  214  to permit or inhibit the flow of fluid to the channels (e.g., channels  204  and/or  206 ). The flow regulator  214  can stop the flow of fluid through the mold apparatus  132  for intermittent fluid flow. Optionally, the flow regulator  214  can provide different fluid flow rates to each of the conduits  216 . 
   Fluid from the conduits  216  passes through pressure reducing elements  212  and into the channels  204  in the mold apparatus  132 . Although not shown, the outlet  134  can feed fluid directly to the pressure reducing elements  212 . As discussed above, there can be a temperature drop across the pressure reducing elements  212 . In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 10 , there is a pressure drop across the pressure reducing elements  212  so that the temperature of the fluid in channels (e.g., channels  204 ) is at or near a desired temperature. The temperature drop is preferably caused by a reduction in pressure across the pressure reducing elements  212 . 
   Advantageously, during operation of the temperature control system, the pressure of the working fluid (e.g., a cryogenic fluid such as nitrogen) can be substantially less than the pressure of non-cryogenic fluid (e.g., Freon). When the working fluid of the temperature control systems is a cryogenic fluid such as supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or nitrogen (N 2 ), the mold apparatus does not have to be able withstand the high pressures that are typical of non-cryogenic systems. Thus, the low pressure molds cooled with cryogenic fluids may be less costly to produce than the high pressure molds that are cooled with non-cryogenic fluids. Additionally, because the cryogenic fluid in the mold apparatus is at such a low pressure, there may be less leakage from the mold apparatus and/or other sections of the temperature control system. The non-cryogenic refrigerants based systems may require expensive hermetic seals to ensure that the working fluid does not escape to the environment. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 10 , the working fluid can undergo a phase change as it passes through the pressure reducing elements  212 . A portion of the fluid can change phases, i.e. vaporize to gas, as it passes through the pressure reducing elements  212  and the enthalpy of the gas can further cool the channels in the mold. In one embodiment, at least a substantial portion of the liquid from the outlet  134  changes to gas as it passes through the pressure reducing elements  212 . In one embodiment, a controller  218  ( FIG. 9A ) commands the pressure reducing elements  212  to increase or decrease the pressure change across the pressure reducing elements  212  in order to ensure the proper temperature of fluid in the channels of the mold apparatus  132 . 
   In some embodiments, for example, the fluid upstream of the pressure reducing elements  212  is liquid (e.g., liquid CO 2  or N 2 ) at about 40 bars to about 80 bars. In some embodiments, the fluid upstream of the pressure reducing elements  212  is at a pressure of about 60 bars to about 80 bars. In some embodiments, the fluid upstream of the pressure reducing elements  212  is at a pressure of 20 bars, 30 bars, 40 bars, 50 bars, 60 bars, 70 bars, 80 bars, and ranges encompassing such pressures. The pressure of the liquid is reduced across the pressure reducing element  212  such that at least a portion, preferably a substantial portion, of the liquid vaporizes resulting in fluid comprising gas downstream of the pressure reducing elements  212 . The gas in the channels is preferably at 10 bars or less and will result in a reduced downstream temperature of the fluid. In some embodiments, the pressure on the low side of the pressure reducing element is 2 bars, 4 bars, 5 bars, 7 bars, 10 bars, 15 bars, and ranges encompassing such pressures. For example, in some non-limiting embodiments, the downstream temperature of the working fluid may less than about 10° C., 0° C., −5° C., −30° C., −60° C., −100° C., −150° C., −175° C., −200° C., and ranges encompassing such temperatures. Preferably, the temperature of the fluid can be maintained at a suitable temperature by adjusting the pressure of the fluid in the channels  204 ,  206 . In the illustrated embodiment, a valve  222  is disposed along the mold inlet  136  of the fluid line  140  and can selectively permit or inhibit the flow of fluid such that the fluid in channels of the mold apparatus  132  is at the desired pressure and temperature. A controller can therefore command the pressure reducing elements  212 ,  222  so that the temperature of the fluid in the channels  204  is at the desired temperature. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 10 , the pressure reducing elements  212  can be proximate to the cavity molding surface  203  to ensure that the cavity molding surface  203  is maintained at a relatively low temperature. As such, the temperature of the fluid does not substantially change as it moves through the mold apparatus  132  between the pressure reducing elements  212  and the channels  204 . In some embodiments, the channels  204  are sized to permit expansion and further cooling of the working fluid. For example, the channels  204  can be enlarged in the downstream direction to allow expansion of the working fluid. It is contemplated that the pressure reducing elements  212  can be positioned at other suitable locations for delivering fluid to the channels within the mold apparatus  132 . For example, the pressure reducing elements  212  can be positioned outside of the mold apparatus  132  (e.g., see  FIG. 9B ). 
   The channels  204 ,  206  are located in the mold apparatus  132  such that heat is transferred to the fluid flowing through the channels  204 ,  206  to cool the mold apparatus  132 . As used herein, the term “channel” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to any structure or elongated passage that defines a fluid flow path for effectively controlling the temperature of a mold. In some instances, the terms “channels” and “passageways” are used interchangeably herein. Liquids can flow along the length of the channels for high thermal loads. In some embodiments, the channels can be a diffusion passage configured to produce a pressure drop. The diffusion channels can be positioned downstream of the pressure reducing element. The channels can have varying cross sections along their lengths. For example, the channels can have a cross sectional area that increases in one direction. In some embodiments, if a two-phase fluid flows through a channel, the cross sectional area of the channel can increase in the downstream direction to accommodate an increase in the volume of the fluid as some of the liquid component vaporizes due to the absorption of heat. Thus, the working fluid may not rise in pressure due to the absorption of heat. In some embodiments, however, the fluid channels can have a somewhat constant cross sectional area or other suitable configuration. 
   An inner portion  220  of the cavity section  192  is disposed between one or more channels  204  and the cavity molding surface  203  and is designed to permit efficient heating or cooling of the cavity molding surface  203 . The terms “cavity molding surface” and “cavity surface” may be used interchangeably herein. In some embodiments, the inner portion  220  of the mold comprises a high heat transfer material to cool rapidly the material engaging the cavity molding surface  203 . 
   As used herein, the term “high heat transfer material” is a broad term and is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and may include, without limitation, low range, mid range, and high range high heat transfer materials. Low range high heat transfer materials are materials that have a greater thermal conductivity than iron. For example, low range high heat transfer materials may have a heat conductivity superior to iron and its alloys. High range high heat transfer materials have thermal conductivity greater than the mid range materials. For example, a material that comprises mostly or entirely copper and its alloys can be a high range heat transfer material. Mid range high heat transfer materials have thermal conductivities greater than low range and less than the high range high heat transfer materials. For example, AMPCOLOY® alloys, alloys comprising copper and beryllium, and the like can be mid range high heat transfer materials. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer materials can be a pure material (e.g., pure copper) or an alloy (e.g., copper alloys). Advantageously, high heat transfer materials can result in rapid heat transfer to reduce cycle times and increase production output. For example, the high heat transfer material at room temperature can have a thermal conductivity more than about 100 W/(mK), 140 W/(mK), 160 W/(mK), 200 W/(mK), 250 W/(mK), 300 W/(mK), 350 W/(mK), and ranges encompassing such thermal conductivities. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer material has a thermal conductivity 1.5 times, 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, or 5 times greater than iron. 
   To enhance temperature control, the temperature control elements can be used in combination with high heat transfer material. For example, one or more temperature control elements can be positioned near or within the high heat transfer material to maximize heat transfer between the mold surfaces and the temperature control elements. For example, the high heat transfer can form at least a substantial portion mold material interposed between the one or more temperature control elements and the molding surfaces. 
   The high heat transfer material may or may not form the molding surface that contact the melt. For example, a layer of material can be positioned between the high heat transfer material and the molding cavity. To protect the high heat transfer material, a thin layer of material (e.g., titanium nitride, hard chrome, and other materials harder than the high heat transfer material) may be deposited on the high heat transfer material and form a hard molding surface  203 . Such a protective layer is preferably less than about 0.0254 mm (0.001 inches), 0.127 mm (0.005 inches), 0.254 mm (0.01 inches), 1.27 mm (0.05 inches), 2.54 mm (0.1 inches), and ranges encompassing such thicknesses. The protective layer can improve mold life while also providing rapid heat transfer from the melt to the high heat transfer material. 
   The high heat conductivity alloys can be used for rapid heating and cooling. The high heat conductivity alloys can achieve both high and low temperatures along the mold surfaces in contact with the polymer. Additionally, the high heat conductivity alloys can produce a generally flat temperature profile over most of the mold wall for efficient heat flow. This allows for increased flexibility of mold design. For example, the temperature control elements can be moved away from the mold surfaces without substantially effecting the cooling/heating capacity of the temperature control elements because heat can be rapidly conducted through the high heat transfer material. 
   Time from injection to demolding, which may strongly influence cycle time, can be different for mold cooling and post-cooling operations. In the absence of post-cooling, the preform has to remain in the mold until the bulk of the polymer has cooled to a temperature profile which will not cause structural instability after demolding. After demolding, the periphery of the preform is not actively cooled and is reheated by the heat coming from the warm interior of the article. Because the bulk of the polymer has to cool down and polymers can have low heat conductivity, the time to demold, and thus cycle time, can largely depend on the preform dimensions (e.g., the preform&#39;s wall thickness). Thus, time to demold and cycle time can be increased as the preform&#39;s wall thickness is increased. 
   High conductivity mold materials can be employed to reduce cycle times. For producing preforms with higher wall thicknesses, high conductivity mold materials may produce a negligible reduction of the cycle time, as heat flow is dominated by the largest heat resistor, which in this case is the bulk polymer itself. Nevertheless, molds comprising high heat conductive mold materials can be used for mold cooling processes. 
   If a post-cooling operation is utilized, demolding can be done at an earlier stage as structural stability of the molded article is primarily needed to withstand the mechanical forces during demolding. The structural stability molded article can be quickly demolded from the mold. At the moment of demolding, due to the chilling effect of the mold wall the peripheral layers of the molded article have already fallen to lower temperatures while the interior of the article is a soft liquid. For example, there can be a steep temperature rise between the periphery of the preform and the interior of the preform. The peripheral low temperature region of the polymer mechanically stabilizes the preform at demolding. The mechanical strength of the preform can therefore depend on the temperature gradient during the cooling process. For example, the cooled periphery of the preform (e.g., a cooled outer shell) depend on the peripheral temperature gradient. The peripheral temperature gradient is mainly a function of the mold surface temperature. A mold utilizing a high conductivity alloy and a cooling means, such as cold cooling fluid, can produce a low mold surface temperature, thus a steeper temperature gradient and therefore a mechanically stable “shell” faster than, e.g., a steel mold. Thus, the combination of high heat transfer material and a low temperature cooling fluid (e.g., refrigerants including cryogenic fluids) are especially useful for post-cooling processes. 
   Utilizing a low temperature cooling fluid in combination with a steel mold will only bring moderate success. The poor heat conductivity of steel produces a steep temperature gradient in the mold, thereby leading to a high surface temperature in the mold. Utilizing a high conductivity mold alloy in combination with a non-refrigerant cooling fluid, such as water, will result in a generally flat temperature gradient in the mold. Additionally, the temperature of the mold surface can be warmer than mold surfaces cooled with refrigerants. Thus, if a mold utilizes steel or non-refrigerant cooling fluids, the formation of a rigid shell, which allows early demolding, will be delayed and therefore increase cycle time. 
   The cavity section  192  comprising the high heat transfer material can provide high heat transfer rates that may not be achieved with traditional molds. Traditional molds are typically made of steel that is subjected to high thermal stresses upon rapid and large temperature changes. The thermal stresses may cause strain hardening of the steel and may dramatically reduce mold life. For example, cyclic thermal loading can cause fatigue which eventual compromises the structural integrity of the molds. Steel and some other typical mold materials may be unsuitable for the extreme temperature loads and thermal cycles. Thus, these materials may be unsuitable for use with refrigerants, such as cryogenic fluids. Copper has a high thermal conductivity and can undergo rapid temperature changes. However, copper is a relatively soft material that has a relatively low mechanical strength and hardness and, thus, may not be able to withstand high clamp forces experienced during molding processes. Also, if copper forms the molding surfaces, the copper can become worn and roughened after extended use and can result in improperly formed molded articles. However, some high heat transfer materials are much more suitable for rapid and large temperature changes while also having improved mold life. The high heat transfer materials can withstand cyclic thermal loading with limited amounts of damage due to fatigue. The high heat transfer materials can be hardened material for an improved life as compared to copper. Advantageously, the high heat transfer material can transfer heat at a higher rate than steel and other traditional mold materials. Thus, cycle times can be reduced due to the thermal properties of high heat transfer materials. 
   Additionally, because the fluid in the channels  204  is at such a low pressure, the channels can be located extremely close to the cavity molding surface  203 . For example, the distance between one or more of the channels  204  and the cavity molding surface  203  can be less then about 5 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm, 1 cm, and ranges encompassing such distances. In one embodiment, the distance between one or more of the channels  204  and the cavity molding surface  203  can be less then about 1.5 cm. In yet another embodiment, the distance between one or more of the channels  204  and the cavity molding surface  203  can be less then about 5 mm. In yet another embodiment, the distance between one or more of the channels  204  and the cavity molding surface  203  can be less then about 3 mm. The combination of the high heat transfer materials and the location of the channels  204  can provide extremely quick temperature changes of the cavity molding surface  203 . If high heat transfer material is employed in the mold apparatus  132 , the channels  204  can be moved away from the cavity molding surface  203  while still providing effective temperature control of the surface  203 . Other types of temperature control elements than channels (e.g., heaters) can be similarly positioned in the mold apparatus  132 . 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11  (an elevational partial cross-sectional view of the cavity section  192 ), the channels  204  are generally annular channels, preferably substantially concentric with the cavity molding surface  203  to ensure that the thickness of the portion  220  between the cavity molding surface  203  and the channels  204  is substantially uniform. The heat transfer between the melt and the fluid in the channels can be increased by decreasing the distance between the channels  204  and the cavity molding surface  203 . Those skilled in the art recognize that the channels  204  can have various shapes and sizes depending on desired heat distributions in the mold apparatus  132 . In the illustrated embodiment, the channels  204  have a substantially circular cross-sectional profile. In other embodiments, the channels  204  can have a cross-sectional profile that is generally elliptical, polygonal (including rounded polygonal), or the like. In one embodiment, the cavity section  192  has less than about then about ten channels  204 . In another embodiment, the cavity section  192  has less than about seven channels  204 . In another embodiment, the cavity section  192  has less than about four channels  204 . The number and placement of channels  204  can be selected for efficient cooling of the mold apparatus  132 . 
   With reference to  FIG. 11 , fluid F flows from the conduit  216  through the pressure reducing element  212  and into the channel  204 . The fluid F (preferably a two-phase flow) is split into two fluid flows and passes through the two semi-circular portions of the channel  204  towards the conduit  240 . The fluid F then passes through the conduit  240  to the mold inlet  136  and into the fluid line  140 . Heat is transferred between the fluid F in the channels  204  and the mold cavity section  192  because of the temperature difference between the fluid F and the walls of the channels  204 . If the working fluid F is a two-phase flow, the liquid component of the flow can undergo a phase change become a gas as the fluid absorbs heat. Advantageously, the temperature of the fluid F can remain generally constant along the channels  204 , so long as the fluid F comprise liquid. 
   If the temperature of the channels  204  is at a temperature higher than the temperature of the fluid in the channels  204 , there will be heat transferred to the fluid F. Thus, the mold apparatus  132  can be cooled as heat is transferred to the fluid F. If the temperature of the fluid F in the channels  204  is higher than the temperature of the channels  204 , heat will be transferred to the channels  204 . The flow rate of the fluid F can be increased to increase the heat transfer between the fluid F and the mold apparatus  132 . 
   With reference again to  FIG. 10 , the core section  194  has the core  198  that is hollow. The core  198  has a wall  244  having a generally uniform thickness proximate to the neck portion  32  of the preform  30 . The thickness of the wall  244  necks down to a distal portion having a generally uniform thickness. A temperature control arrangement  246  is disposed in the core  198  and comprises a core channel or tube  248  located centrally in the core  298  which preferably receives fluid F from the fluid line  130  and delivers fluid F directly to a base end  254  of the core  198 . The fluid F passes through a pressure reducing element  260 , preferably an expansion valve, and into a channel  208 . In the illustrated embodiment, the channel  208  is defined by the outer surface of the core channel  248  and an inner surface  210  of the wall  244  of the core. The fluid F works its way up the core  198  from the base end  254  though the channel  208  and exits through an output line  270 . In one embodiment, the fluid F in the core channel  248  is a liquid that is vaporized as it passes through the pressure reducing element  260 . At least a substantial portion of the fluid in the channel  208  can be gas, preferably at a lower temperature than the temperature of the fluid in the core channel  248 , to ensure that the core  198  is maintained at a suitable temperature. In some embodiments, the pressure reducing element is positioned outside of the core  198 . Thus, a gas or two-phase flow can be delivered to the core channel  208 . 
   Different fluids can be used to control the temperature of the cavity section  192  and the core section  194 . In one embodiment, for example, the fluid line  130  can comprise two tubes where one of the tubes delivers CO 2  to the cavity section  192  and the other tube delivers N 2  to the core section  194 . Thus, the temperature control systems can use multiple fluids to maintain desirable temperatures in the mold apparatus  132 . In other embodiments, similar fluids can be used in the cavity section  192  and the core section  194 . For example, CO 2  can be the working fluid in the cavity section  192  and the core section  194 . 
   Pulse temperature control can be utilized to periodically heat or cool the mold apparatus  132 . In some embodiments, pulse temperature control comprises pulse cooling. For pulse cooling, fluid can be pulsed through the mold apparatus  132  for periodic temperature changes. When the moldable material is disposed in the mold apparatus  132 , chilled fluid can circulate through the apparatus  132  to cool the polymer material. During the reduced flow period of pulse cooling, the flow of chilled fluid is substantially reduced or stopped. In one embodiment, the flow regulator  214  is controlled to stop the flow of fluid through the mold apparatus  132 . The flow regulator  214  can independently stop or reduce the fluid flow into each of the conduits  216 . In another embodiment, the valve  222  can be operated to stop or reduce the flow of the fluid through the mold apparatus  132 . 
   The reduced flow period preferably corresponds to when the mold apparatus  132  is empty and/or during non-use of the mold apparatus  132  (e.g., during repair periods). For example, after the preform is at a desired temperature, the core section  194  and the cavity section  192  can be separated, as shown in  FIG. 24 , and the preform can be removed from the mold apparatus  132 . While the core section  194  and cavity section  192  are separated, the flow rate of the fluid through the mold apparatus  132  is reduced to inhibit the formation of condensation on the surfaces of the mold. The flow of chilled fluid can be reduced before or after the core section  194  and the cavity section  192  are separated. 
   Advantageously, pulse cooling efficiently uses fluid from fluid source and can result in reduced cycle time and properly formed preforms. The temperature control system may be an open loop with a fluid source having a limited supply of fluid. The refrigerant is efficiently used during manufacturing periods that require heat transfer to the refrigerant, such as for cooling preforms. The frequency of replacing the fluid source is reduced because fluid is used for cooling the preform and is not used when, for example, the mold apparatus  132  is empty. 
   As mentioned above, the pulse cooling can reduce condensation that forms on the preform molds during preform production. Condensation can form on the molding surface when moisture in the air contacts the mold surfaces, which are at a low temperature (i.e., the dew point or condensation formation temperature). When the temperature of the air is lowered to its dew point, condensation can form on the mold surfaces. During the preform manufacturing process, the surfaces of the preform mold may be exposed to the air (e.g., after the preform has been removed from the mold but before the mold has been injected with melt). Conventional cooling systems may be continuously passing chilled water through the mold causing the temperature of the surfaces of the mold to reach the condensation formation temperature resulting in the formation of condensation. In other words, while the surfaces of the mold are exposed to the air, the continuous cooling of conventional systems may lower the surface temperature of the mold such that moisture from the atmosphere condenses on the surface of the mold. This can interfere with the preform manufacturing process. For example, condensation can contact the injected melt and inhibit the flow of the melt through the mold and therefore causes improperly formed preforms. 
   Advantageously, pulse cooling is used to remove heat from the melt while limiting the formation of condensation on the surfaces of the mold. The reduced flow period of the pulse cooling can correspond to when the surfaces (e.g., the core surface  201  and the cavity molding surface  203 ) of the mold apparatus  132  are exposed to the air so that the surface are not at sufficiently low temperatures to cause the formation of condensation. Thus, the preform can be rapidly cooled thereby reducing the cycle time without forming condensation on the surfaces of the mold apparatus  132 . 
   The mold apparatus  132  of  FIG. 10  can be used to produce preforms having thin walls with low residual stresses. In one embodiment, the melt can be injected into the space  200  defined by the uncoated preform and the cavity molding surface  203 , which are distanced to form preforms with thin walls. The temperatures of the surfaces  201 ,  203  are sufficiently high so that the melt injected into the space  200  remains in a liquid state as it passes along space  200 . A reduced flow of the chilled fluid can ensure that the temperature of the surfaces  201 ,  203  is sufficiently high for proper flow of the melt. In one embodiment, to ensure that the melt passes easily through the space  200 , the surfaces  201 ,  203  can be heated by a heated flow through the channels  204 . After the melt flows into the space  200 , the flow of fluid can then be reversed to cool the melt. Thus, the temperature control system can facilitate the flow of the melt into the mold and then can rapidly cool the melt resulting in reduced cycle times and preforms with low residual stresses. Additionally, the melt can be injected into the mold at a lower injection pressure because of the high temperatures of the mold&#39;s surfaces facilitating spreading of the melt. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 10 , the core  198  can be very slender while providing rapid cooling of the melt. The temperature control arrangement  246  can be utilized for substantial heat loads even though a low amount of fluid flows through the core  198 . Advantageously, the low volumetric flow rates allow an increased thickness of the wall  244  to ensure that the core  198  is properly aligned with the cavity molding surface  203  during the molding process. In some embodiments, a portion of the core  198  for molding the preform has a length equal to or greater than about 7 cm, 8 cm, 9 cm 10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm and an average outer diameter equal to or less than about 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm, 2.5 cm. The length and diameter can be selected based on the preform design. The length of the core corresponds to the portion of the core that molds the interior surface of the preform. Thus, the length of the core generally corresponds to the distance from the opening of the preform to the interior surface of the preform forming the end cap. The diameter of the core is the average outer diameter of the portion of the core that forms the preform. In some embodiments, the core  198  has a length greater than about 11 cm and an outer diameter of less than about 2 cm. Preferably, the core  198  has a length to diameter (L/D) ratio equal to or greater than about 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 5.8, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and ranges encompassing such ratios. In some embodiments, the core  198  has an L/D ratio greater than about 5. In yet another embodiment, the core  198  has an L/D ratio greater than about 7. Thus, the core  198  can have a high L/D ratio because of the temperature control arrangement  246  having high heat transfer capabilities. 
   Due to the thermal capabilities of refrigerants, the channels in the core  198  can be smaller than water passages in conventional cores further allowing higher L/D ratios. Conventional cores may not be rigid enough to form thin walled preforms because of their thin core walls. These conventional cores may move during the molding process resulting in preforms that will likely have weak spots or other defects that could affect container performance. Additionally, the pressure reducing device  260  can be smaller than many of the conventional valves used in typical cold-water bubblers. 
   The thickness of the wall  244  can be increased because of the reduced size of the channels and valve within the core  198 , thereby increasing the rigidity of the core  198 . The increased rigidity of the core  198  can ensure that the surface  201  of the core  198  is generally concentric with the surface  203  of the cavity section  192 . The concentric surfaces result in the production of preforms that have generally uniform wall thicknesses. Thus, the mold apparatus  132  can be used to produce the long, small diameter articles with thin wall sections that would not otherwise be manufactured by injection molding processes. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 10 , the core section  194  has channels  206  that are in fluid communication with the fluid lines  130 ,  140 . The core section  194  has channels and valves similar to the cavity section  192 . The temperature of the core section  194  is maintained in a similar manner as the cavity section  192  and therefore will not be discussed in further detail. 
   The melt, as well as the uncoated preform, is cooled or heated by fluid circulating in channels  204  and  206  in the two halves of the mold. Preferably the circulation in channels  204  is completely separate from the circulation of fluid in the channels  206 . Additionally, although not illustrated, cold water-bubblers can be used to cool the core  198  illustrated in  FIG. 10 . 
     FIG. 12  illustrates a modified injection mold that can be used to make a multilayer preforms. To further reduce condensation on the mold apparatus  132 , the temperature control system can have the feedback line  232  (see  FIG. 9A ), which is in fluid communication with the fluid line  140  and the mold apparatus. The temperature of the fluid in the fluid line  140  is sufficiently high such that the fluid in the fluid line  140  can be utilized to heat portions of the mold apparatus  132 . The channels  204  can be used to reduce the temperature of portions of the mold apparatus  132  at different rates by passing fluid at different temperatures through different channels  204 . One or more of the channels can contain heated fluid while one or more of the channels contain cooled fluid. Alternatively, heaters (such as resistance heaters) can be employed to heat portions of the preform to, e.g., cause crystallization. Thus, the channels and the flow fluid can be used to obtain the desired temperature distributions through the mold apparatus  132 . 
   In the illustrated embodiment, heated fluid from the fluid line  140  passes through the feedback line  232  and through the upper channel  204  while the cooling fluid from the fluid line  130  passes through the other channels  204 . The temperature of the upper portion of the preform body is higher than the temperature of the lower portion of the body portion of the preform. Similarly, although not illustrated, heated fluid from the feedback line  232  can pass through one or more of the channels  206  while the cooling fluid from the fluid line  130  can pass through the other channels  206 . 
   With reference to  FIG. 13 , a preferred embodiment of the mold apparatus  132  having a mold core  298  and associated mold cavity  300  are shown. The illustrated mold apparatus  132  is configured to produce a monolayer preform. Channels  302  are formed just below the surface  304  of the mold cavity  300 . The channels  302  can be formed in a spiral fashion or in any other configuration for permitting flow through the mold apparatus  132 . A gate area  306  of the cavity  300  is defined near a gate  308  and an insert  310  of a material with especially high heat transfer properties is disposed in the cavity at the gate area  306 . Thus, the injected preform&#39;s gate area/base end  314  is cooled especially quickly. 
   The core  298  is hollow and has a wall  320  of generally uniform thickness. The outer surface of the wall  320  can define a core molding surface. A temperature control arrangement  330  is disposed in the hollow core  298  and comprises a core channel or tube  332  located centrally in the core  298 . The pressure reducing element  212  is located at the distal end of the channel  332 . Fluid F passes through the pressure reducing element  212  and is delivered to a base end  322  of the core  298 . Preferably, the pressure reducing element  212  provides a pressure reduction such that the fluid F in the channel  332  comprises liquid and the fluid is delivered by the pressure reducing element  212  to the base end  322  preferably comprises gas, or a liquid/gas mixture. Since the base end  322  is the first point of the core  298  contacted by this fluid F, the fluid is coldest and most effective at this location. Thus, the gate area  314  of the injected preform is cooled at a faster rate than the rest of the preform. Fluid injected into the core at the base end  322  proceeds along the length of the core  298  and exits through an output line  334 . A plurality of ribs  336  are arranged in a spiral pattern around the core tube  332  to direct fluid F along the core wall. Fluid F works its way up the core from the base end  322  and exits through an output line  334 . The core channel  332  is held in place by ribs  336  extending between the tube and the core wall  320 . 
   To enhance the cooling effect of the core  298  on the inner surface of the preform and especially to enhance the cooling effect of the core  298  at the preform&#39;s gate area/base end  314 , the core  298  is preferably substantially hollow, having a relatively thin uniform wall  320 . Preferably, this uniform thickness is between 0.254 cm and 0.762 cm (0.1 inch and 0.3 inches) and is most preferably about 0.508 cm (0.2 inches). The wall  320  at the base end  322  of the core  298  may by thinner than the rest of the core wall  320  because the thin wall aids in rapidly communicating heat away from the molten gate area  314  of the injected preform. 
   In other embodiments where greater crystallinity and less crystalline gradient are desired, molds are paired with modified cores. In the modified cores, the fluid circulation in the cores is modified such that, for the portions to form the crystalline preform parts, the fluid circulation is independent and at a relatively higher temperature, or the flow of chilled fluid is restricted or altered in these regions such that the temperature of the surface of the core in the portion which forms the crystalline portion of the preform is higher than that in the body regions. Alternatively, the relevant portions of the core may be heated by other means as described above. Use of cores having these characteristics allows for a greater degree of crystallization towards and/or at the inner surface of the preform in the neck, neck finish and/or neck cylinder area and a lesser crystalline gradient between the inner surface and the outer surface in these areas. 
   The cavity section  404  has several channels  302  through which a fluid, preferably a chilled gas or liquid/gas mixture, is circulated. The cavity section  404  can comprise high heat transfer material to increase thermal communication between the melt and channels  302 . The cavity section  404  can comprise a mold plate that comprises high heat transfer material. 
   The neck finish mold  402  of  FIG. 13  is configured to form at least a portion of the preform. The neck finish mold  402  can comprise high heat transfer material. For example, the neck finish mold  402  can comprise more than about 5%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 80%, and 90% and ranges encompassing these amounts of high heat transfer material by weight. In some embodiments, the neck finish mold  402  comprises mostly or entirely high heat transfer material, such as copper and its alloys (e.g., AMPCOLOY® alloy). The neck finish mold  402  can be formed of more than one material (e.g., bimetallic) or formed of a single material. When high heat transfer material forms the neck finish mold, the melt can be rapidly cooled so that a somewhat stable outer layer is formed on the preform, so that the preform can be ejected from the mold. This outer layer eggshell-like layer and may be relatively thin and suitable for permitting demolding of the preform. Preferably, the preform can be removed from the mold without damaging the preform, even though the inner portions of the preform may be very soft. The preform can be removed from the mold when the inner and outer portions are both relatively cool. The eggshell-like layer permits design flexibility. The outer layer functions as a protective layer that allows further cooling of the interior portions of the preform subsequent to demolding. The preform can have thick and/or thin neck cylinders because of cooled outer layer and the ease of demolding. Even if the interior portion of the neck cylinder comprises a hot, soft polymer, the preform can be demolded, thereby reducing cycle time. 
   The neck finish mold  402  can have one or more temperature control elements  403  for cooling and/or heating the molded material. The illustrated neck finish mold  402  comprises a plurality of temperature control elements  403  in the form of channels in which a fluid circulates. A portion  411  the neck finish mold  402  is positioned between the channels  403 . The portion  411  preferably forms at least a substantial portion of the neck finish mold interposed between the plurality of fluid channels  403  and the mold cavity or space  300 . In some embodiments, the portion  411  preferably comprises high heat transfer material for high heat flow through the neck finish mold  402 . The terms “mold cavity” and “mold space” may be used interchangeably herein. 
   The fluid circulation in channels  403 ,  302  are preferably separate and independent. The fluid F circulating through the core section  400  is also separate from both channels  403 ,  302 . However, a fluid source or single coolant source may provide the fluid for the core section  400 , the channels  302 , and/or the channels  302 . 
   Thermal isolation of the cavity section  404 , neck finish mold  402  and core section  400  is achieved by utilizing inserts  406  having low thermal conductivity. However, materials having low thermal conductivity should not be used on the molding surfaces which contact the preform. Examples of preferred low thermal conductivity materials include heat-treated tool steel (e.g. P-20, H-13, stainless steel, etc.), polymeric inserts of filled polyamides, nomex, air gaps and minimum contact shut-off surfaces. 
   To produce preforms with a crystalline neck finish, the fluid in the channels  402  can be warmer than the fluid in the portions of the mold used to form non-crystalline portions of the preform. To produce preforms with amorphous neck finishes and body portions, all of the channels can contain relatively cool fluid. In some embodiments, the portions of the mold which form the crystalline portions of the preform, (corresponding to neck finish mold  402 ) contain a heating apparatus placed in the neck, neck finish, and/or neck cylinder portions of the mold so as to maintain the higher temperature (slower cooling) needed to promote crystallinity of the material during cooling. Such a heating apparatus includes but is not limited to heating coils, heating probes, and electric heaters. A feedback system can also deliver heated fluid used to heat portions of the mold to form crystalline material. 
     FIG. 13A  illustrates a neck finish mold  402   a  that comprises a first portion  401   a  and a second portion  419   a . The first portion  401   a  and the second portion  419   b  can have different thermal conductivities. In some embodiments, the first portion  401   a  has a thermal conductivity greater, preferably substantially greater, than the second portion  419   a . The first portion  401   a  preferably comprises a high heat transfer material (e.g., a mid or high range high heat transfer material). The second portion  419   a  can comprise a low thermally conductive material, such as tool steel. Such a neck finish mold can have one or more temperature control elements. The illustrated neck finish mold  402   a  has a plurality of temperature control elements in the form of fluid channels  405   a . Some exemplary embodiments of neck finish molds may have temperature control systems  405   a  that include one or more of the following: channels, heat/cooling rods, bubblers, heaters (e.g., electric heaters) and combinations thereof. Preferably, the high heat transfer material of the neck finish mold  402   a  is proximate to or forms the molding surface which contacts the melt that is injected into a mold cavity. The illustrated neck finish mold  402   a  is configured to mold threads of a preform, although the neck molding surface can be configured to mold other types of neck finishes. 
   Optionally, the neck finish mold  402   a  can have one or more portions  409  that can reduce heat transfer between the neck finish mold  402   a  and an adjacent cavity section and/or core section. Thus, thermal isolation of one or more portions of a preform can be achieved. During operation, the first portion  401   a  can be at a first temperature and the second portion  419   a  can be at second temperature. The neck finish mold  402   a  may thus selectively control the temperature of the neck of the preform to produce, e.g., crystalline neck finishes, neck finishes with an egg-shell finish or layer, and the like. 
   In some embodiments, a portion  399  of the neck finish mold  402   a  nearest the mold cavity has a length L and can comprise more than about 5%, 20%, 50%, 70%, 80%, and 90% of high heat transfer material by weight. That is, the portion  399  is the portion of the neck molding finish  402   a  within the distance L from the mold cavity. The length L of the portion  399  can be less than or equal to about 0.25 inch, 0.5 inch, 1 inch, 1.5 inches, and ranges encompassing such lengths. In some embodiments, the length is greater than or equal to about 1.5 inches, 2 inches, 2.5 inches, and ranges encompassing such lengths. In view of the present disclosure, a skilled artisan can select the length L suitable for forming the neck finish mold  402   a.    
   In some embodiments, the neck finish mold  402   a  comprises at least 5%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 60% 80%, 80%, 90% by weight of high heat transfer material. A substantial portion of the neck finish mold  402   a  extending between the temperature control element(s) and the neck molding surface can comprise high heat transfer material. The high heat transfer material preferably forms the neck molding surface for efficient thermal communication. The neck molding surface can be configured to form one or more threads, flanges, recesses, or other structures for engaging a closure as mentioned above. The illustrated neck finish mold  402   a  is designed to mold threads of a preform. In some embodiments the neck finish mold  402   a  is configured to mold an outer surface of a preform without any closure engaging structures. Threads or other structures can be added to the preform in a subsequent process. Of course, the neck finish mold can be a split ring that is movable between a first position for molding a portion of a preform and a second position for demolding the preform. 
     FIGS. 13B-13F  illustrate embodiments of neck finish molds that are similar to the neck mold finish  402   a , except as described below.  FIG. 13B  illustrates a neck finish mold  402   b  that has a first portion  401   b  that forms an upper surface  413  and lower surface  415  of the neck mold finish  402   b . The first portion  401   b  preferably comprises high heat transfer material. A temperature control element  405   b  in the form of a heating/cooling rod is positioned within the neck finish mold  402   b , preferably positioned within the first portion  401   b . Additional temperature control elements (e.g., channels, rods, heaters, etc.) can be positioned within the first portion  401   b.    
   With reference to  FIG. 13C , a neck finish mold  402   c  has a first portion  401   c  that extends into the second portion  419   c . A temperature control system  405   c  can be positioned within the first portion  401   c  to cool effectively the melt, even though the temperature control system  405   c  may not be proximate to the molding surface  407   c.    
   With reference to  FIG. 13D , the neck finish mold  402   d  comprises a plurality of portions  401   d ,  410   d ′ comprising high heat transfer material that have different or similar thermal conductivities. Each of the portions  401   d ,  401   d ′ can have one or more temperature control elements  405   d . A portion  409   d  is positioned between the portions  401   d ,  401   d ′ for thermal isolation of the portions  401   d ,  401   d ′. Thus, the portions  401   d ,  401   d ′ can be at the same or different temperatures to precisely control the temperature of the preform. 
     FIGS. 13E and 13F  illustrated additional embodiments of neck finish molds having a plurality of temperature control elements. The illustrated neck finish mold  402   e  has a temperature control element  405   e  in the form of a heating/cooling rod and a channel  405   e ′ positioned within the portion  401   e .  FIG. 13F  illustrates a neck finish mold  402   f  comprising a plurality of a heating/cooling rods  405   f  and a plurality of channels  405   f′ . As such, the temperature control elements may or may not be positioned within high heat transfer material. It is contemplated that the neck finish molds of  FIGS. 13A-13F  can be used with the molding systems (e.g., the injection and compression molding systems) described herein. Neck finish molds can thus be bimetallic or formed of a single material. The type and location of materials can be selected to achieve the desired heat flow through the neck finish mold. Various types of temperature control elements can be used to control the temperature of the neck finish molds. 
   Referring to  FIGS. 13 ,  14 , and  15 , an air insertion system  340  is shown formed at a joint  342  between members of the mold cavity  300 . A notch  344  is formed circumferentially around the cavity  300 . The notch  344  is sufficiently small that substantially no molten plastic will enter during melt injection. An air line  350  connects the notch  344  to a source of air pressure and a valve regulates the supply of air to the notch  344 . During melt injection, the valve is closed. When injection is complete, the valve is opened and pressurized air A is supplied to the notch  344  in order to defeat a vacuum that may form between an injected preform and the cavity wall  304 . Additionally, similar air insertion systems  340  may be utilized in other portions of the mold, such as the thread area, for example but without limitation. 
     FIG. 16  is a cross-section of an injection mold core having a double wall neck finish portion. The mold is configured to produce a monolayer preform that may or may not be overmolded. In some embodiments, the core  299  is configured to achieve greater crystallinity of the neck portion of an injected preform. The mold of  FIG. 16  is similar in construction to the mold described above with reference to  FIG. 13  and includes a core section  400 , the cavity section or body mold  404 , and the neck finish portion  402 . The channel or tubes  302 ,  403  spiral around the core  299 . The mold cooling system can be optimized for the mold cavities by arranging channels  302  in a spiral arrangement around the mold cavity  300  and just below the surface  304 . 
   The core  299  of  FIG. 16  includes a double wall portion  408  generally adjacent to the neck finish portion  402  of the mold. An inner wall  410  substantially inhibits circulating fluid F from coming into contact with the outer wall  412  of the core  299  in the region proximate to the neck finish portion  402  of the mold. In addition, an insulating space  414  is defined between the inner wall and the outer wall  412 . Accordingly, the insulating space  414  reduces the cooling effect of the circulating fluid F on the neck portion of a preform within the mold cavity  300 , thereby increasing the crystallinity of the resulting preform and reducing the crystallinity gradient between the outer surface and the inner surface of the resulting preform. 
   The inner wall  410  of the modified core  299  may optionally include one or more openings  416 . These openings  416  permit circulating fluid F to enter the insulating space  414 . Preferably, the size of the openings  416  are configured such that a limited amount of circulating fluid F enters the insulating space  414 . Such a construction provides a greater cooling effect on the neck portion of the resulting preform than when no fluid is permitted within the insulating space  414 , but less cooling than unrestricted contact of the circulating fluid F with the outer wall  412  of the core  299 . Advantageously, adjustment of the size and placement of the openings  416  allows adjustment of the cooling on the neck portion of the injected preform, thereby allowing adjustment of the crystallinity and crystallinity gradient in the neck portion. 
     FIG. 17  is a schematic representation of another embodiment of a core  301 , including a modified base end  417  or tip. The mold core  301  of  FIG. 17  is similar in construction to the mold described above with reference to  FIG. 13 . 
   As described above, the end cap portion of the injection molded preform adjacent the base end  417 , receives the last portion of the melt stream to be injected into the mold cavity  300 . Thus, this portion is the last to begin cooling. If the PET layer has not sufficiently cooled before the overmolding process takes place, the force of the barrier material melt entering the mold may wash away some of the PET near the base end  417  of the core  301 . To speed cooling in the base end  417  of the core in order to decrease cycle time, the modified core  301  includes a base end  442  portion constructed of an especially high heat transfer material, preferably a high heat transfer material, such as AMPCOLOY or other copper alloy. Advantageously, the AMPCOLOY base end  442  allows the circulating fluid F to withdraw heat from the injected preform at a higher rate than the remainder of the core  301 . Such a construction allows the end cap portion of the preform to cool quickly, in order to decrease the necessary cooling time and, thus, reduce the cycle time of the initial preform injection. 
   The modified core  301  illustrated in  FIG. 17  generally comprises an upper core portion  418 , substantially as illustrated in  FIG. 13 , and a base end portion  442  constructed of a high heat transfer material, including, but not limited to, a beryllium-free copper alloy, such as AMPCOLOY. A pressure reducing element  430  is at the distal end of the core channel  332 , as described above. That is, the pressure reducing element  430  can provide a fluid pressure drop. As in  FIG. 13 , the present core channel  332  is operable for delivering circulating cooling fluid F to the base end  442  of the core  301 . 
   The core  301  is substantially hollow and defines an inner diameter D and wall thickness T. The upper core portion  418  includes a recessed step  420  having a diameter D S  which is greater than the inner diameter D of the core  301 . The upper core portion  418  can be for molding a neck portion of a preform. The base end portion  442  includes a flange  422  having a diameter D F  which is smaller than the diameter D S  of the step  420 . The difference between the diameters D S  and D F  of the step  420  and flange  422 , respectively, is preferably between about 0.0254 mm and 0.635 mm (0.001 and 0.025 inches). More preferably, the difference is between about 0.254 mm and 0.381 mm (0.010 and 0.015 inches). When the base end portion  442  is placed concentrically within the upper core portion  418 , the difference in the diameters D S , D F  results in a gap G being formed between the base end and upper core portions  442 ,  418 . The width W of the gap G is approximately equal to one-half the difference between the diameters D S , D F . Additionally, the base end portion  442  is preferably about 1.905 cm and 3.175 cm (0.750-1.250 inches) in length. 
   Preferably, the modified core  301  is constructed by starting with an unmodified core  298  made from a single material, substantially as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . The end portion, or tip, of the unmodified core  298  is cut off approximately at the point where the high heat transfer base end  442  is desired to begin. A drilling, or boring, tool may then be inserted from the end portion of the core  301  to ensure that the inner diameter D is correctly sized and concentric with a center axis of the core  301 . This also ensures that the wall thickness T is consistent throughout the portion of the core  301  which is in contact with the injected preform, thus ensuring that the cooling of the preform is consistent as well. Such a method of construction presents a distinct advantage over conventionally formed cores. In a conventional core, because the length to diameter ratio is large, the drilling tool used to create the hollow inner portion of the core often tends to wander, that is, tends to deflect from the center axis of the core. The wandering of the drilling tool results in a core having an inconsistent wall thickness and, thus, inconsistent heat transfer properties. With the above-described method of sizing the inner diameter D from the base end of the core  301 , the problem of tool wandering is substantially reduced or eliminated. Therefore, a consistent wall thickness T and, as a result, consistent heat transfer properties are achieved. 
   The upper core portion  418  and base end portion  442  are preferably joined by a silver solder process. AMPCOLOY is a preferred material for the base end portion  442  in part because it contains some silver. This allows the silver solder process to provide a joint of sufficient strength to be useful in injection molding applications. Preferably, the soldering process results in a full contact joint. That is, solder material is disposed on all of the mating surfaces ( 424 ,  426  and gap G) between the upper core portion  418  and base end portion  442 . Advantageously, the provision of the gap G enhances the flow of solder material such that a strong joint is achieved. In addition, the full contact joint is advantageous because it provides for consistent heat transfer properties and high strength. If the soldered joint was not a full contact joint, any air present in the gap G would result in inconsistent heat transfer through the gap G portion of the core  301 . Although it is preferred to join the upper core portion  418  and base end portion  442  with a silver solder process, other suitable joining processes may also be used. 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 17 , the base end portion  442  of the modified core  301  is preferably of a larger size than the final dimension desired (illustrated by the dashed line  428 ) when it is joined to the upper core portion  418 . Advantageously, this allows for the base end portion  442  to be machined to its desired dimension after assembly to the upper core portion  418  in order to ensure a proper final diameter and a smooth surface at the transfer from the upper core portion  418  to the base end portion  442 . 
   Another way to enhance cooling of the preform&#39;s gate area was discussed above and involves forming the mold cavity so that the inner polymer layer (e.g., a PET layer) is thinner at the gate area than at the rest of the injected preform as shown in  FIG. 4 . The thin gate area thus cools quickly to a substantially solid state and can be quickly removed from the first mold cavity, inserted into the second mold cavity, and have a layer of barrier material injected thereover without causing washing of the PET. 
   In the continuing effort to reduce cycle time, injected preforms are removed from mold cavities as quickly as possible. However, it may be appreciated that the newly injected material is not necessarily fully solidified when the injected preform is removed from the mold cavity. This results in possible problems removing the preform from the cavity  300 . Friction or even a vacuum between the hot, malleable plastic and the mold cavity surface  304  can cause resistance resulting in damage to the injected preform when an attempt is made to remove it from the mold cavity  300  as shown in  FIG. 13 . 
   Typically, mold surfaces are polished and extremely smooth in order to obtain a smooth surface of the injected part. However, polished surfaces tend to create surface tension along those surfaces. This surface tension may create friction between the mold and the injected preform which may result in possible damage to the injected preform during removal from the mold. To reduce surface tension, the mold surfaces are preferably treated with a very fine sanding device to slightly roughen the surface of the mold. Preferably the sandpaper has a grit rating between about 400 and 700. More preferably a 600 grit rating sandpaper is used. Also, the mold is preferably sanded in only a longitudinal direction, further facilitating removal of the injected preform from the mold. 
   While some of the above-described improvements to mold performance are specific to the method and apparatus described herein, those of skill in the art will appreciate that these improvements may also be applied in many different types of plastic injection molding applications and associated apparatus. For instance, use of high heat transfer material in a mold may quicken heat removal and dramatically decrease cycle times for a variety of mold types and melt materials. Pulse cooling can be used to cool the cores, neck finish portion, and/or the cavity section of the mold. Also, roughening of the molding surfaces and provides air pressure supply systems may ease part removal for a variety of mold types and melt materials. 
     FIG. 18  illustrates an injection mold apparatus, similar to those described above, and referred to generally by the reference numeral  500 . The injection mold assembly  500  is configured to produce a monolayer preform. In the illustrated arrangement, the mold  500  utilizes one or more hardened materials to define contact surfaces between various components of the mold  500 . As used herein, the term “hardened material” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to any material which is suitable for preventing wear, such as, for example, tool steel. In various embodiments, the hardened or wear resistant material may comprise a heat-treated material, alloyed material, chemically treated material, or any other suitable material. The mold  500  also uses one or more materials having high heat transfer properties to define at least a portion of the mold cavity surfaces. The mold  500  may also utilizes the hardened materials (having generally slower heat transfer properties) to produce a preform having regions with varying degrees of crystallinity, similar to the injection molds described above. In some embodiments, the molds described herein can comprise a hardened high heat transfer material to reduce wear. For example, hardened copper and its alloys can have a hardness and/or strength properties (e.g., yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and the like) greater than unhardened pure copper. 
   As in the mold arrangements described above, the mold assembly  500  comprises a core section  502  and a cavity section  504 . The core section  502  and the cavity section  504  define a parting line P, indicated generally by the dashed line of  FIG. 18 , between them. The core section  502  and the cavity section  504  cooperate to form a mold cavity  506 , which is generally shaped in the desired final shape of the preform. In the illustrated embodiment, at least a portion of the mold cavity  506  is defined by a core molding surface  507  and a cavity molding surface  509 . The cavity section  504  of the mold  500  can define a passage, or gate  508 , which communicates with the cavity  506 . An injection nozzle  510  delivers a molten polymer to the cavity  506  through the gate  508 . 
   Preferably, the core section  502  of the mold  500  includes a core member  512  and a core holder  514 . The core holder  514  is sized and shaped to be concentric about, and support a proximal end of, the core member  512 . The core member  512  extends from an open end  516  of the core holder  514  and extends into the cavity section  504  of the mold to define an internal surface of the cavity  506  and thus, an internal surface of the final preform. The core member  512  and the core holder  514  include cooperating tapered portions  518 ,  520 , respectively, which locate the core member  512  relative to the core holder  514 . 
   Preferably, the core member  512  is substantially hollow, thus defining an elongated cavity  522  therein. A core channel or tube  524  extends toward a distal end of the core cavity  522  to deliver a fluid, preferably a cooling fluid, to the distal end of the cavity  522 . As in the previous arrangements, cooling fluid passes through the core  524  and through a pressure reducing element  561 , which can be similar to pressure reducing element  212 , and is delivered to the end of the core member  512 , and progresses through the cavity  522  toward the base of the core member  512 . The pressure reducing element  561  can provide a pressure drop in the working fluid similar to pressure reducing element  212  for vaporizing at least a portion of the working fluid. A plurality of tangs  526  extend radially outward from the body of the tube  524  and contact the inner surface of the cavity  522  to maintain the tube  524  in a coaxial relationship with the core member  512 . Such a construction inhibits vibration of a distal end of the tube  524 , thus improving the dimensional stability of the preforms produced by the mold  500 . 
   The cavity section  504  of the mold  500  includes a neck finish mold  528 , a main cavity section  530  and a gate portion  532 . All of these portions  528 ,  530 ,  532  cooperate to define an outer surface of the cavity  506 , and thus an outer surface of the finished preform produced by the mold  500 . The distal end of the core member  512  correlates to the distal end of the cavity  506 . The neck finish mold  528  is positioned adjacent the core section  502  of the mold  500  and cooperates with the core section  502  to define the parting line P. The neck finish mold  528  defines the threads  534  and neck ring  536  portions of the cavity  506 , and thus of the final preform. Preferably, the neck finish mold  528  comprises two semicircular portions, which cooperate to define the neck finish mold of the cavity  506  so that the neck finish mold  528  may be split apart from one another, in a plane perpendicular to the plane of separation between the core section  502  and cavity section  504 , to permit removal of the finished preform from the cavity  506 , as is known in the art. 
   The main cavity section  530  defines the main body portion of the cavity  506 . Desirably, the main cavity section  530  also defines a plurality of temperature control elements in the form of channels  538 , which direct fluid around the main body portion  530  to maintain the temperature the preform within the cavity  506 . Several conduits  554  receive fluid from the fluid line (e.g., the fluid line  130  shown in  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9A ), and deliver the fluid to the pressure reducing device  558 . 
   The pressure reducing devices are proximate to the high heat transfer material portion  530   b . The fluid passes through the pressure reducing devices  558  and is delivered to the channels  538 . As described above, there can be a pressure drop across the pressure reducing devices  558  resulting in low temperature fluid, preferably a gas or liquid/gas mixture, in the channels  538 . The fluid passes through the channels  538  and removes heat from the mold  500  and passes through the conduits  560  and into the fluid line  140 . In the illustrated embodiment, narrow passages  562  connect the channels  538 . Fluid can pass between the channels  538  by passing through the passages  562 . The channels in the mold  500  can be diffusion passages that cause a pressure drop downstream of the pressure reducing elements  558 . The diffusion passages can lower the temperature of the working fluid. Although not illustrated, the channels  538  can spiral around the cavity molding surface  509 . 
   The gate portion  532  of the mold  500  is interposed between the main cavity section  530  and the injection nozzle  510 , and defines at least a portion of the gate  508 . The gate portion  532  defines one large channel  540 , but any number of smaller channels may alternatively be provided. Fluid can flow through the channel  540  of the gate portion  532  to maintain the proper temperature of the gate portion  532 . In the illustrated embodiment, the conduit  554  delivers pressurized fluid to the pressure reducing element  558 . The temperature and pressure of the fluid is reduced as it passes through the pressure reducing element  558  and into the channel  540 . The fluid passes through the channel  540  and heat can be transferred to the fluid. The heated fluid passes out of the channel  540  and into the conduit  560 , which can be connected to the fluid line  140 . 
   A controller can be connected to the valves which feed fluid into the channels. In one embodiment, a controller  564  is connected to the pressure reducing elements  558  to command one of more of the pressure reducing elements to stop or vary the flow of fluid. The valves  558 , for example, can be controlled to produce pulse cooling for rapid cooling of the cavity  506  with minimal formation of condensation on the core surface  507  and the cavity molding surface  509 . In the illustrated embodiment, portions of surfaces  507 ,  509  formed by high heat transfer materials can be rapidly cooled, especially after the preform has been removed from the cavity  506 . 
   The mold  500  defines a number of contact surfaces defined between the various components that make up the mold  500 . For example, in the illustrated arrangement, the core section  502 , and specifically the core holder  514 , defines a contact surface  542  that cooperates with a contact surface  544  of the cavity section  504  and, more specifically, the neck finish mold  528  of the mold  500 . Similarly, the opposing side of the neck finish mold  528  defines a contact surface  546  that cooperates with a contact surface  548  of the main cavity section  530 . 
   The corresponding contact surfaces  542 ,  544  and  546 ,  548  intersect the mold cavity  506  and, therefore, it is desirable to maintain a sufficient seal between the contact surfaces  542 ,  544  and  546 ,  548  to inhibit molten polymer within the cavity  506  from entering between the respective contact surfaces. Preferably, the corresponding contact surfaces  542 ,  544  and  546 ,  548  include mating tapered surfaces, generally referred to as taper locks. Due to the high pressure at which molten polymer is introduced into the cavity  506 , a large clamp force is utilized to maintain the core section  502  and the cavity section  504  of the mold in contact with one another and maintain a good seal between the contact surfaces  542 ,  544  and  546 ,  548 . As a result of such a high clamp force, it is desirable that the components of the mold  500  defining the contact surfaces are formed from a hardened material, such as tool steel, for example, to prevent excessive wear to these areas and increase the life of the mold. 
   Furthermore, as described in detail throughout the present application, it is also desirable that at least a portion of the mold  500  that defines the cavity  506  be made of a high heat transfer material, such as AMPCOLOY. Such an arrangement permits rapid heat withdrawal from the molten polymer within the cavity  506 , which cools the preform to a solid state so that the cavity sections  502  and  504  may be separated and the preform removed from the mold  500 . As described above, the rate of cooling of the preform is related to the cycle time that may be achieved without resulting in damage to the preform once it is removed from the mold  500 . 
   A decrease in cycle time means that more parts may be produced in a given amount of time, therefore reducing the overall cost of each preform. However, high heat transfer materials that are preferred for at least portions of the molding surface of the cavity  506  are generally too soft to withstand the repeated high clamping pressures that exist at the contact surfaces  542 ,  544  and  546 ,  548 , for example. Accordingly, if an entire mold were to be formed from a high heat transfer material, the relatively short life of such a mold may not justify the decrease in cycle time that may be achieved by using such materials. The illustrated mold  500  of  FIG. 18 , however, is made up of individual components strategically positioned such that the contact surfaces  542 ,  544  and  546 ,  548  comprise a hardened material, such as tool steel, while at least a portion of the mold  500  defining the cavity  506  comprises a high heat transfer material to reduce cycle time. 
   In the illustrated embodiment, the core holder  514  is desirably constructed of a hardened material while the core member  512  is constructed from a high heat transfer material. Furthermore, the neck finish mold  528  of the mold desirably is constructed of a hardened material. The main cavity section  530  preferably includes a hardened material portion  530   a  and a high heat transfer material portion  530   b . The hardened material portion  530   a  could be made from the same material the neck finish mold  528 . The hardened material portion  530   a  could be made from a different material than the neck finish mold  528 . Preferably, the hardened material portion  530   a  defines the contact surface  548  while the high heat transfer material portion  530   b  defines a significant portion of the mold surface of the cavity  506 . The high heat transfer material portion  530   b  and the gate portion  532  may be made from the same or different material. The hardened material portion  530   a  and the high heat transfer material portion  530   b  of the main cavity section  530  may be coupled in any suitable manner, such as a silver soldering process as described above, for example. Furthermore, the gate portion  532  of the mold  500  is also desirably formed from a high heat transfer material, similar to the molds described above. 
   In some embodiments, the neck finish mold  528  may or may not comprise high heat transfer material. The illustrated neck finish mold  528  comprises a contact portion  802  coupled to an optional insert  801  (preferably a threaded insert configured to mold threads of a preform), which preferably comprises high heat transfer material. The contact portion  802  is positioned adjacent the core section  502  of the mold  500  and cooperates with the core section  502  to define the parting line P. Preferably, the contact portion  802  is made from a hardened material, such as tool steel. The threaded insert  801  can define the threads  534  and the neck ring  536  portion of the cavity  506 . The threaded inserts  801  can be coupled to the contact portion  802  and can be formed from a high heat transfer material. Of course, the threaded insert  801  and the contact portion  802  can form a portion of the threads  534  and/or neck ring  536  and the proximal end of the cavity  506 . 
   With a construction as described above, advantageously the mold  500  includes hardened materials at the contact surfaces  542 ,  544  and  546 ,  548  to provide a long life to the mold  500 . In addition, the mold  500  also includes high heat transfer materials defining at least a portion of the molding surfaces of the cavity  506  such that cycle times may be reduced and, therefore, through-put of the mold  500  is increased. Such an arrangement is especially advantageous in molds designed to form preforms, which are later blow molded into a desired final shape. 
   Another benefit of the mold  500  is that the hardened material neck finish mold  528  has a lower rate of heat transfer than the high heat transfer portions of the mold  500 . Accordingly, the neck finish of the preform may become semi-crystalline or crystalline, which allows the neck finish to retain its formed dimensions during a hot-fill process. Furthermore, the portion of the core member  512  adjacent the neck finish mold  528  is preferably high heat transfer material, which rapidly cools the inner surface of the thread finish of the preform, thereby allowing the preform to maintain its formed dimensions when removed from the mold in a less than fully cooled state. The cycle time may be reduced by 15%-30% utilizing a mold construction such as mold  500  in comparison with a mold made from conventional materials and construction techniques. In addition, certain portions of the mold  500  may be replaced, without necessitating replacement of the entire mold section. For example, the core member  512  and core holder  514  may be replaced independently of one another. In the illustrated embodiment, the valves  558  can be easily replaced by removing the portions of the mold  500 . After portions of the mold  500  are removed, the valves  558  are exposed for convenient valve replacement. For example, the portion  530   b  can be removed from the mold apparatus  132  so that the pressure reducing element  558  is exposed for rapid replacement. Preferably, the pressure reducing elements  558  are expansion valves that can be inserted into the mold  500 . Valves with different diameter orifices can be easily and rapidly replaced to produce various preforms comprising different materials. However, in other embodiments the pressure reducing elements  558  are built in the mold  500 . 
   The mold  500  can be thermally insulated to reduce heat losses. The illustrated mold  500  can include a portion  577  comprising a low thermally conductivity material (e.g., tool steel) that surrounds the channels  538 . The portion  577  can be a thermal barrier that reduces heat transfer between the mold  500  and the surrounding environment. The portion  577  can be a mold plate that holds various components of the mold. The portion  579  of the core section  502  can likewise comprise low thermally conductivity material to reduce thermal inefficiencies. 
     FIG. 18A  illustrates a modified mold similar to the mold  500  of  FIG. 18 . The neck finish mold  528   a  of  FIG. 18A  comprises one or more temperature control elements. The illustrated neck finish mold  528   a  comprises a pair of temperature control elements  578  in the form of heating/cooling rods. The temperature control elements  578  can be spaced from the molding surface  580  by a distance of about 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, and ranges encompassing such distances. The temperature control elements  578  can be in the form of channels, bubblers, and/or other devices to control the temperature of the neck finish mold  528   a . Any number of temperature control elements can be spaced about the cavity  506 . Of course, cooling channels or other temperature control elements, such as resistance heaters, can also be disposed in the neck finish mold  528   a.    
     FIGS. 19 and 20  are a schematic of a portion of the preferred type of apparatus to make coated preforms in accordance with a preferred embodiment. The apparatus is an injection molding system designed to make one or more uncoated preforms and subsequently coat the newly-made preforms by over-injection of a material.  FIGS. 19 and 20  illustrate the two halves of the mold portion of the apparatus which will be in opposition in the molding machine. The alignment pegs  610  in  FIG. 19  fit into their corresponding receptacles  612  in the other half of the mold. 
   The mold half depicted in  FIG. 20  has several pairs of mold cavities, each cavity being similar to the mold cavity depicted in  FIG. 13 . The mold cavities are of two types: first injection preform molding cavities  614  and second injection preform coating cavities  620 . The two types of cavities are equal in number and are preferably arranged so that all cavities of one type are on the same side of the injection block  624  as bisected by the line between the alignment peg receptacles  612 . This way, every preform molding cavity  614  is 180° away from a preform coating cavity  620 . 
   The mold half depicted in  FIG. 19  has several cores, such as core  198 , one for each mold cavity ( 614  and  620 ). When the two halves which are  FIGS. 19 and 20  are put together, a core  198  (which can be similar to the core  298  of  FIG. 13 ) fits inside each cavity and serves as the mold for the interior of the preform for the preform molding cavities  614  and as a centering device for the uncoated preforms in preform coating cavities  620 . The cores  198  are mounted on a turntable  630  which rotates 180° about its center so that a core  198  originally aligned with a preform molding cavity  614  will, after rotation, be aligned with a preform coating cavity  620 , and vice-versa. As described in greater detail below, this type of setup allows a preform to be molded and then coated in a two-step process using the same piece of equipment. 
   It should be noted that the drawings in  FIGS. 19 and 20  are merely illustrative. For instance, the drawings depict an apparatus having three molding cavities  614  and three coating cavities  620  (a 3/3 cavity machine). However, the machines may have any number of cavities, as long as there are equal numbers of molding and coating cavities, for example 12/12, 24/24, 48/48 and the like. The cavities may be arranged in any suitable manner. These and other minor alterations are contemplated as part of this disclosure. 
   The two mold halves depicted in  FIGS. 21 and 22  illustrate an embodiment of a mold of a 48/48 cavity machine as discussed for  FIGS. 19 and 20 . Referring to  FIG. 23  there is shown a perspective view of a mold of the type for an overmolding (inject-over-inject) process in which the cores, such as cores  198 , are partially located within the cavities  614  and  620 . The arrow shows the movement of the movable mold half  642 , on which the cores  198  lie, as the mold closes. 
     FIG. 24  shows a perspective view of a mold of the type used in an overmolding process, wherein the cores  198  are fully withdrawn from the cavities  614  and  620 . When the cores  198  are fully withdrawn from the cavities  614 ,  620 , the moisture in the air may form condensation on each cavity if the temperature of the surface of the cavity is sufficiently low. The arrow indicates that the turntable  630  rotates 180° to move the cores  198  from one cavity to the next. In the illustrated embodiment, the fluid lines  130  and  140  rotate with the turntable  630 . On the stationary half  644 , the cooling for the preform molding cavity  614  is separate from the cooling for the preform coating cavity  620 . The fluid line  130  connected to the turntable  630  and the fluid line  130  connected to the stationary half  644  can be connected to the same fluid source or different fluid sources. Thus, the stationary half  644  and the turntable  630  can have independent temperature control systems, such as the temperature control system  120 . The cooling of the cavities of the stationary half  644  is separate from the cooling for the cores  198  in the movable half. 
   The preferred method and apparatus for making multilayer preforms is discussed in more detail below. Because the methods and apparatus are especially preferred for use in forming multilayer bottles comprising certain preferred materials, the physical characteristics, identification, preparation and enhancement of the preferred materials is discussed prior to the preferred methods and apparatus for working with the materials. 
   1. Preferred Overmolding (Inject-over-Inject) Processes 
   The overmolding is preferably carried out by using an injection molding process using equipment similar to that used to form the uncoated preform itself. A preferred mold for overmolding, with an uncoated preform in place is shown in  FIG. 10 . The mold comprises two halves, a cavity section  192  and a core section  194 , and is shown in  FIG. 10  in the closed position prior to overinjecting. The cavity section  192  comprises a cavity in which the uncoated preform is placed. The support ring  38  of the preform rests on a ledge  196  and is held in place by the core section  194 , which exerts pressure on the support ring  38 , thus sealing the neck portion off from the body portion of the preform. The cavity section  192  has a plurality of tubes or channels  204  therein which carry a fluid as discussed above. Preferably the fluid in the channels circulates in a path in which the fluid passes into the cavity section  192 , through the channels  204 , and out of the cavity section  192 . In a closed loop system, the fluid is passed back into the cavity section  192  after the fluid reaches a desired temperature. The circulating fluid serves to cool the mold, which in turn cools the plastic melt which is injected into the mold to form coated or uncoated preforms. Of course, the fluid can flow through an open loop system, as described above. 
   The core section  194  of the mold comprises the core  198 . The core  198 , sometimes called a mandrel, protrudes from the core section  194  of the mold and occupies the central cavity of the preform. In addition to helping to center the preform in the mold, the core  198  cools the interior of the preform. The cooling is done by fluid circulating through channels in the core section  194  of the mold, most importantly through the length of the core  198  itself. The channels  206  of the core section  194  work in a manner similar to the channels  204  in the cavity section  192 , in that they create the portion of the path through which the cooling fluid travels which lies in the interior of the mold half. 
   As the preform sits in the mold cavity, the body portion of the preform is centered within the cavity and is completely surrounded by a void space  200 . The preform, thus positioned, acts as an interior die core in the subsequent injection procedure. The melt of the overmolding material, which in a preferred embodiment comprises a barrier material, is then introduced into the mold cavity from the injector via gate  202  and flows around the preform, preferably surrounding at least the body portion  34  of the preform. Following overinjection, the overmolded layer will take the approximate size and shape of the void space  200 . 
   To carry out the overmolding procedure, one preferably heats the initial preform which is to be coated preferably to a temperature above its Tg. In the case of PET, that temperature is preferably about 60 to 175° C., more preferably about 80-110° C. If a temperature at or above the minimum temperature of crystallization for PET is used, which is about 120° C., care should be taken when cooling the PET in the preform. The cooling should be sufficient to minimize crystallization of the PET in the preform so that the PET is in the preferred semi-crystalline state. Advantageously, the neck portion of the preform is not in contact with the melt of overriding material, and thus retains its crystalline structure. Alternatively, the initial preform used may be one which has been very recently injection molded and not fully cooled, as to be at an elevated temperature as is preferred for the overmolding process. 
   The coating material is heated to form a melt of a viscosity compatible with use in an injection molding apparatus. The temperature for this, the inject temperature, will differ among materials, as melting ranges in polymers and viscosities of melts may vary due to the history, chemical character, molecular weight, degree of branching and other characteristics of a material. For the preferred barrier materials disclosed above, the inject temperature is preferably in the range of about 160-325° C., more preferably 200 to 275° C. For example, for the Copolyester Barrier Material B-010, the preferred temperature is around 210° C., whereas for the PHAE XU-19040.00L, BLOX 0005 or BLOX 0003 the preferred temperature is in the range of 160-260° C., and is more preferably about 175-240° C. Most preferably, the PHAE inject temperature is about 175-200° C. If recycled PET is used, the inject temperature is preferably 250-320° C. The coating material is then injected into the mold in a volume sufficient to fill the void space  200 . 
   The coated preform is preferably cooled at least to the point where it can be displaced from the mold or handled without being damaged, and removed from the mold where further cooling may take place. If PET is used, and the preform has been heated to a temperature near or above the temperature of crystallization for PET, the cooling should be fairly rapid and sufficient to ensure that the PET is primarily in the semi-crystalline state when the preform is fully cooled. As a result of this process, a strong and effective bonding takes place between the initial preform and the subsequently applied coating material. 
   Overmolding can be also used to create coated preforms with three or more layers. In  FIG. 5 , there is shown a three-layer embodiment of a preform  72  in accordance with one preferred embodiment. The preform shown therein has two coating layers, a middle layer  74  and an outer layer  76 . The relative thickness of the layers shown in  FIG. 5  may be varied to suit a particular combination of layer materials or to allow for the making of different sized bottles. As will be understood by one skilled in the art, a procedure analogous to that disclosed above would be followed, except that the initial preform would be one which had already been coated, as by one of the methods for making coated preforms described herein, including overmolding. 
   a. A Preferred Method and Apparatus for Overmolding 
   A preferred apparatus for performing the overmolding process is based upon the use of a 330-330-200 machine by Engel (Austria). The preferred mold portion the machine is shown schematically in  FIGS. 19-24  and comprises a movable half  642  and a stationary half  644 . In one preferred embodiment, both halves are preferably made from hard metal. The stationary half  644  comprises at least two mold sections  146 ,  148 , wherein each mold section comprises N (N&gt;0) identical mold cavities  614 ,  620 , an input and output for cooling fluid, channels allowing for circulation of cooling fluid within the mold section, injection apparatus, and hot runners channeling the molten material from the injection apparatus to the gate of each mold cavity. Because each mold section forms a distinct preform layer, and each preform layer is preferably made of a different material, each mold section is separately controlled to accommodate the potentially different conditions required for each material and layer. The injector associated with a particular mold section injects a molten material, at a temperature suitable for that particular material, through that mold section&#39;s hot runners and gates and into the mold cavities. The mold section&#39;s own input and output for cooling fluid allow for changing the temperature of the mold section to accommodate the characteristics of the particular material injected into a mold section. Different cooling fluids can be used in different channels within the mold for proper temperature distributions. Further, although not illustrated, the distance between the cavity mold surface and the each of the channels can be different. Similarly, the distance between the cavity mold surface and the valves (e.g., pressure reducing elements) can be different. Consequently, each mold section may have a different injection temperature, mold temperature, pressure, injection volume, cooling fluid temperature, etc. to accommodate the material and operational requirements of a particular preform layer. 
   The movable half  642  of the mold comprises a turntable  630  and a plurality of cores  198 . The alignment pins guide the movable half  642  to slidably move in a preferably horizontal direction towards or away from the stationary half  644 . The turntable  630  may rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, and is mounted onto the movable half  642 . The plurality of cores  198  are affixed onto the turntable  630 . These cores  198  serve as the mold form for the interior of the preform, as well as serving as a carrier and cooling device for the preform during the molding operation. The cooling system in the cores is separate from the cooling system in the mold sections. 
   The mold temperature or cooling for the mold is controlled by circulating fluid. The flow rate of fluid can be varied depending on the stage of the preform production. There is separate cooling fluid circulation for the movable half  642  and for the overmolding section  648  of the stationary half  644 . Additionally, the initial preform mold section  646  of the stationary half  644  comprises two separate cooling fluid circulation systems; one for the non-crystalline regions and one for the crystalline regions. Each cooling fluid circulation set up works in a similar manner. The fluid enters the mold, flows through a network of channels or tubes inside as discussed above, and then exits through an output (e.g., mold inlet  136 ). From the output, the fluid travels through a temperature control system before going back into the mold. In another embodiment, the fluid exits out the temperature control system by passing out of an exhaust system. 
   In a preferred embodiment, the cores and cavities are constructed of a high heat transfer material, such a beryllium, which is coated with a hard metal, such as tin or chrome. The hard coating keeps the beryllium from direct contact with the preform, as well as acting as a release for ejection and providing a hard surface for long life. The high heat transfer material allows for more efficient cooling, and thus assists in achieving lower cycle times. The high heat transfer material may be disposed over the entire area of each core and/or cavity, or it may be only on portions thereof. Preferably, at least the tips of the cores comprise high heat transfer material. In some embodiments, the high heat transfer material is AMPCOLOY, which is commercially available from Uudenholm, Inc. The temperature control system can employ pulse cooling to cool the cavity and/or core while limiting the formation of condensation on the surfaces of the high heat transfer material. 
   The number of cores is equal to the total number of cavities, and the arrangement of the core  198  on the movable half  642  mirrors the arrangement of the cavities  614 ,  620  on the stationary half  644 . To close the mold, the movable half  642  moves towards the stationary half  644 , mating the core  198  with the cavities  614 ,  620 . To open the mold, the movable half  642  moves away from the stationary half  644  such that the cores  198  are well clear of the block on the stationary half  644 . After the cores are fully withdrawn from the mold sections  646 ,  648 , the turntable  630  of the movable half  642  rotates the cores  198  into alignment with a different mold section. Thus, the movable half rotates 360°/(number of mold sections in the stationary half) degrees after each withdrawal of the cores from the stationary half. When the machine is in operation, during the withdrawal and rotation steps, there will be preforms present on some or all of the cores. 
   The size of the cavities in a given mold section  646 ,  648  will be identical; however the size of the cavities will differ among the mold sections. The cavities in which the uncoated preforms are first molded, the preform molding cavities  614 , are smallest in size. The size of the cavities  620  in the mold section  648  in which the first coating step is performed are larger than the preform molding cavities  614 , in order to accommodate the uncoated preform and still provide space for the coating material to be injected to form the overmolded coating. The cavities in each subsequent mold section wherein additional overmolding steps are performed will be increasingly larger in size to accommodate the preform as it gets larger with each coating step. 
   After a set of preforms has been molded and overmolded to completion, a series of ejectors eject the finished preforms off of the cores  198 . The ejectors for the cores operate independently, or at least there is a single ejector for a set of cores equal in number and configuration to a single mold section, so that only the completed preforms are ejected. Uncoated or incompletely-coated preforms remain on the cores so that they may continue in the cycle to the next mold section. The ejection may cause the preforms to completely separate from the cores and fall into a bin or onto a conveyor. Alternatively, the preforms may remain on the cores after ejection, after which a robotic arm or other such apparatus grasps a preform or group of preforms for removal to a bin, conveyor, or other desired location. 
     FIGS. 19 and 20  illustrate a schematic for an embodiment of the apparatus described above.  FIG. 20  is the stationary half  644  of the mold. In this embodiment, the block  624  has two mold sections, one section  646  comprising a set of three preform molding cavities  614  and the other section  648  comprising a set of three preform coating cavities  620 . Each of the preform coating cavities  620  is preferably like that shown in  FIG. 10 , discussed above. Each of the preform molding cavities  614  is preferably similar to that shown in  FIG. 13 , in that the material is injected into a space defined by the core  198  (albeit without a preform already thereon) and the wall of the mold which is cooled by fluid circulating through channels inside the mold block. Consequently, one full production cycle of this apparatus will yield three two-layer preforms. If more than three preforms per cycle is desired, the stationary half can be reconfigured to accommodate more cavities in each of the mold sections. An example of this is seen in  FIG. 22 , wherein there is shown a stationary half of a mold comprising two mold sections, one  646  comprising forty-eight preform molding cavities  614  and the other  648  comprising forty-eight preform coating cavities  620 . If a three or more layer preform is desired, the stationary half  644  can be reconfigured to accommodate additional mold sections, one for each preform layer 
     FIG. 19  illustrates the movable half  642  of the mold. The movable half comprises six identical cores  198  mounted on the turntable  630 . Each core  198  corresponds to a cavity on the stationary half  644  of the mold. The movable half also comprises alignment pegs  610 , which correspond to the receptacles  612  on the stationary half  644 . When the movable half  642  of the mold moves to close the mold, the alignment pegs  610  are mated with their corresponding receptacles  612  such that the molding cavities  614  and the coating cavities  620  align with the cores  198 . After alignment and closure, half of the cores  198  are centered within preform molding cavities  614  and the other half of the cores  198  are centered within preform coating cavities  620 . 
   The configuration of the cavities, cores, and alignment pegs and receptacles must all have sufficient symmetry such that after the mold is separated and rotated the proper number of degrees, all of the cores line up with cavities and all alignment pegs line up with receptacles. Moreover, each core must be in a cavity in a different mold section than it was in prior to rotation in order to achieve the orderly process of molding and overmolding in an identical fashion for each preform made in the machine. 
   Two views of the two mold halves together are shown in  FIGS. 23 and 24 . In  FIG. 23 , the movable half  642  is moving towards the stationary half  644 , as indicated by the arrow. Two cores  198 , mounted on the turntable  630 , are beginning to enter cavities, one enters a molding cavity  614  and the other is entering a coating cavity  620  mounted in the block  624 . In  FIG. 24 , the cores  198  are fully withdrawn from the cavities on the stationary side. The preform molding cavity  614  has two cooling circulation systems which are separate from the cooling circulation for the preform coating cavity  620 , which comprises the other mold section  648 . The two cores  198  are cooled by a single system that links all the cores together. The arrow in  FIG. 12  shows the rotation of the turntable  630 . The turntable  630  could also rotate clockwise. Not shown are coated and uncoated preforms which would be on the cores if the machine were in operation. The alignment pegs and receptacles have also been left out for the sake of clarity. 
   The operation of the overmolding apparatus will be discussed in terms of the preferred two mold section apparatus for making a two-layer preform. The mold is closed by moving the movable half  642  towards the stationary half  644  until they are in contact. A first injection apparatus injects a melt of first material into the first mold section  146 , through the hot runners and into the preform molding cavities  614  via their respective gates to form the uncoated preforms each of which become the inner layer of a coated preform. The first material fills the void between the preform molding cavities  614  and the cores  198 . Simultaneously, a second injection apparatus injects a melt of second material into the second mold section  648  of the stationary half  644 , through the hot runners and into each preform coating cavity  620  via their respective gates, such that the second material fills the void ( 200  in  FIG. 20 ) between the wall of the coating cavity  620  and the uncoated preform mounted on the core  198  therein. 
   During this entire process, cooling fluid is circulating through the four separate areas, corresponding to the non-crystalline regions of mold section  646  of the preform molding cavities  614 , the crystalline regions of mold section  646  of the preform molding cavities  614 , mold section  648  of the preform coating cavities  620 , and the movable half  642  of the mold, respectively. Thus, the melts and preforms are being cooled in the center by the circulation in the movable half that goes through the interior of the cores, as well as on the outside by the circulation in each of the cavities. 
   The movable half  642  then slides back to separate the two mold halves and open the mold until all of the cores  198  having preforms thereon are completely withdrawn from the preform molding cavities  614  and preform coating cavities  620 . The ejectors eject the coated, finished preforms off of the cores  198  which were just removed from the preform coating cavities. As discussed above, the ejection may cause the preforms to completely separate from the cores and fall into a bin or onto a conveyor, or if the preforms remain on the cores after ejection, a robotic arm or other apparatus may grasp a preform or group of preforms for removal to a bin, conveyor, or other desired location. The turntable  630  then rotates 180° so that each core  198  having an uncoated preform thereon is positioned over a preform coating cavity  620 , and each core from which a coated preform was just ejected is positioned over a preform molding cavity  614 . Rotation of the turntable  630  may occur as quickly as 0.5-0.9 seconds. Using the alignment pegs  610 , the mold halves again align and close, and the first injector injects the first material into the preform molding cavity  614  while the second injector injects a second material into the preform coating cavity  620 . 
   A production cycle of closing the mold, injecting the melts, opening the mold, ejecting finished multilayer preforms, rotating the turntable, and closing the mold is repeated, so that preforms are continuously being molded and overmolded. 
   When the apparatus first begins running, during the initial cycle, no preforms are yet in the preform coating cavities  620 . Therefore, the operator should either prevent the second injector from injecting the second material into the second mold section during the first injection, or allow the second material to be injected and eject and then discard the resulting single layer preform comprised solely of the second material. After this start-up step, the operator may either manually control the operations or program the desired parameters such that the process is automatically controlled. 
   Two layer preforms may be made using the first preferred overmolding apparatus described above. In one preferred embodiment, the two layer preform comprises an inner layer comprising polyester and an outer layer comprising a barrier material, foam, polyester, and other materials disclosed herein. In especially preferred embodiments, the inner layer comprises virgin PET. The description hereunder is directed toward the especially preferred embodiments of two layer preforms comprising an inner layer of virgin PET, in which the neck portion is generally crystalline and the body portion is generally non-crystalline. The description is directed toward describing the formation of a single set of coated preforms  60  of the type seen in  FIG. 4 , that is, following a set of preforms through the process of molding, overmolding and ejection, rather than describing the operation of the apparatus as a whole. The process described is directed toward preforms having a total thickness in the wall portion  66  of about 3 mm, comprising about 2 mm of virgin PET and about 1 mm of barrier material. The thickness of the two layers will vary in other portions of the preform  60 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . 
   It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that some of the parameters detailed below will differ if other embodiments of preforms are used. For example, the amount of time which the mold stays closed will vary depending upon the wall thickness of the preforms. However, given the disclosure below for this preferred embodiment and the remainder of the disclosure herein, one skilled in the art would be able to determine appropriate parameters for other preform embodiments. 
   The apparatus described above is set up so that the injector supplying the mold section  646  containing the preform molding cavities  614  is fed with virgin PET and that the injector supplying the mold section  648  containing the preform coating cavities  620  is fed with a barrier material. 
   The movable half  642  of the mold is moved so that the mold is closed. A melt of virgin PET is injected through the back of the block  624  and into each preform molding cavity  614  to form an uncoated preform  30  which becomes the inner layer of the coated preform. The injection temperature of the PET melt is preferably 250 to 320° C., more preferably 255 to 280° C. The mold is kept closed for preferably 1 to 10 seconds, more preferably 2 to 6 seconds while the PET melt stream is injected and then cooled by the coolant circulating in the mold. 
   In the first step, the PET substrate is injection molded by injecting molten PET into the cavities formed by the molds and cores in the mold stack. When the cavity is filled, the resin the body portion will come into contact with cooling surfaces and the resin in the neck finish will come into contact with the heated thread mold. As the PET in the neck finish cools, it will begin to crystallize as a result of this contact with the relatively hot mold. Once in contact, the crystallization will start and continue at a rate determined by time and temperature. When the neck finish portions of the molds are kept above the minimum temperature of crystallization of the PET used, crystallization will begin on contact. Higher temperatures will increase the rate of crystallization and decrease the time required to reach the optimum level of crystallization while maintaining post mold dimensional stability of the neck finish of the preform. At the same time the resin in the neck finish portion is cooling into a crystallized state, the resin in the body portion or lower body portion of the preform will be in contact with the chilled portions of the mold and thus cooled into an amorphous or semi-crystalline state. 
   The movable half  642  of the mold is then moved so that the two halves of the mold are separated at or past the point where the newly molded preforms, which remain on the cores  198 , are clear of the stationary side  644  of the mold. When the cores  198  are clear of the stationary side  644  of the mold, the turntable  630  then rotates 180° so that each core  198  having a molded preform thereon is positioned over a preform coating cavity  620 . Thus positioned, each of the other core  198  which do not have molded preforms thereon, are each positioned over a preform molding cavity  614 . The mold is again closed. Preferably the time between removal from the preform molding cavity  614  to insertion into the preform coating cavity  620  is 1 to 10 seconds, and more preferably 1 to 3 seconds. 
   When the molded preforms are first placed into preform coating cavities  620 , the exterior surfaces of the body portions of the preforms are not in contact with a mold surface. Thus, the exterior skin of the body portion is still softened and hot as described above because the contact cooling is only from the core inside. The high temperature of the exterior surface of the uncoated preform (which forms the inner layer of the coated preform) aids in promoting adhesion between the PET and barrier layers in the finished coated preform. It is postulated that the surfaces of the materials are more reactive when hot, and thus chemical interactions between the barrier material and the virgin. PET will be enhanced by the high temperatures. Barrier material will coat and adhere to a preform with a cold surface, and thus the operation may be performed using a cold initial uncoated preform, but the adhesion is markedly better when the overmolding process is done at an elevated temperature, as occurs immediately following the molding of the uncoated preform. As discussed earlier, the neck portion of the preform has desirably crystallized from the separated, thermally isolated cooling fluid systems in the preform molding cavity. Since the coating operation does not place material on the neck portion, its crystalline structure is substantially undisturbed. However, the neck portion of the preform can also be amorphous or partially crystalline as desired. In some embodiments, the preform may have a hardened or egg-shell outer layer that surrounds a soft interior of the preform. The overmolding material can be selected to achieve the desired interaction between substrate and the overmolded layer. 
   A second injection operation then follows in which a melt of a material (e.g., a barrier melt, recycled melt, polypropylene melt, foam melt, etc.) is injected into each preform coating cavity  620  to coat the preforms. The temperature of the melt of polymer material is preferably 160 to 325° C. The exact temperature range for any individual barrier material is dependent upon the specific characteristics of that material, but it is well within the abilities of one skilled in the art to determine a suitable range by routine experimentation given the disclosure herein. For example, if BLOX 0005 or BLOX 0003 is used, the temperature of the melt (inject temperature) is preferably 160 to 260° C., more preferably 200 to 240° C., and most preferably 175 to 200° C. If the Copolyester Barrier Material B-010 is used, the injection temperature is preferably 160 to 260° C., more preferably 190 to 250° C. During the same time that this set of preforms are being overmolded with polymer material in the preform coating cavities  620 , another set of uncoated preforms is being molded in the preform molding cavities  614  as described above. 
   The two halves of the mold are again separated preferably 3 to 10 seconds, more preferably 4 to 6 seconds following the initiation of the injection step. The preforms which have just been coated in the preform coating cavities  620 , are ejected from the cores  198 . The uncoated preforms which were just molded in preform molding cavities  614  remain on their cores  198 . The turntable  630  is then rotated 180° so that each core having an uncoated preform thereon is positioned over a coating cavity  620  and each core  98  from which a coated preform was just removed is positioned over a molding cavity  614 . 
   The cycle of closing the mold, injecting the materials, opening the mold, ejecting finished preforms, rotating the turntable, and closing the mold is repeated, so that preforms are continuously being molded and overmolded. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that dry cycle time of the apparatus may increase the overall production cycle time for molding a complete preform. 
   The process using modified molds and chilled cores will produce a unique combination of amorphous/crystalline properties. As the core is chilled and the thread mold is heated, the thermal transfer properties of the PET act as a barrier to heat exchange. The heated thread molds crystallize the PET at the surface of the thread finish, and the PET material transitions into an amorphous form near the core as the temperature of the PET reduces closer to the core. This variation of the material from the inner (core) portion to the outer (thread) portion is also referred to herein as the crystallinity gradient. 
   The core temperature and the rate of crystallization of the resin play a part in determining the depth of crystallized resin. In addition, the amorphous inner surface of the neck finish stabilizes the post mold dimensions allowing closer molding tolerances than other crystallizing processes. On the other side, the crystallized outer surface supports the amorphous structure during high temperature filling of the container. Physical properties are also enhanced (e.g. brittleness, impact etc.) as a result of this unique crystalline/amorphous structure. 
   The optimum temperature for crystallization may vary depending upon factors including resin grade, resin crystallization temperature, intrinsic viscosity, wall thickness, exposure time, mold temperature. Preferred resins include PET homopolymer and copolymers (including but not limited to high-IPA PET, Copolyester Barrier Materials, and copolymers of PET and polyamides) and PEN. Such resins preferably have low intrinsic viscosities and moderate melt temperatures, preferably IVs of about 74 is 86, and melt temperatures of about 220-300° C. The preferred mold temperature range for PET is from about 240-280° C., with the maximum crystallization rate occurring at about 180° C., depending upon the above factors, the preferred exposure time range is from about 20 to 60 seconds overall, which includes both injection steps in inject-over-inject embodiments, and the preferred injection cavity pressure range is about 5000 to 22000 PSI. Thicker finish wall thickness will require more time to achieve a particular degree of crystallinity as compared to that needed for a thinner wall thickness. Increases in exposure time (time in mold) will increase the depth of crystallinity and the overall percentage of crystallinity in the area, and changes in the mold temperature in the region for which crystallinity is desired will affect the crystallinity rate and dimensional stability. 
   One of the many advantages of using the process disclosed herein is that the cycle times for the process are similar to those for the standard process to produce uncoated preforms; that is the molding and coating of preforms by this process is done in a period of time similar to that required to make uncoated PET preforms of similar size by standard methods currently used in preform production. Therefore, one can make barrier coated PET preforms instead of uncoated PET preforms without a significant change in production output and capacity. 
   If a PET melt cools slowly, the PET will take on a crystalline form. Because crystalline polymers do not blow mold as well as amorphous polymers, a preform comprised of a body portion of crystalline PET would not be expected to perform as well in forming containers as one having a body portion formed of PET having a generally non-crystalline form. If, however, the body portion is cooled at a rate faster than the crystal formation rate, as is described herein, crystallization of the PET will be minimized and the PET will take on an amorphous or semi-crystalline form. Thus, sufficient cooling of the PET in the body portion of the preform is crucial to forming preforms which will perform as needed when processed. 
   The rate at which a layer of PET cools in a mold such as described herein is proportional to the thickness of the layer of PET, as well as the temperature of the cooling surfaces with which it is in contact. If the mold temperature factor is held constant, a thick layer of PET cools more slowly than a thin layer. This is because it takes a longer period of time for heat to transfer from the inner portion of a thick PET layer to the outer surface of the PET which is in contact with the cooling surfaces of the mold than it would for a thinner layer of PET because of the greater distance the heat must travel in the thicker layer. Thus, a preform having a thicker layer of PET needs to be in contact with the cooling surfaces of the mold for a longer time than does a preform having a thinner layer of PET. In other words, with all things being equal, it takes longer to mold a preform having a thick wall of PET than it takes to mold a preform having a thin wall of PET. The temperature control system with the valves proximate to the preform can rapidly cool the preform to minimize the cooling time for thick wall or thin wall PET. 
   The uncoated preforms, including those made by the first injection in the above-described apparatus, are preferably thinner than a conventional PET preform for a given container size. This is because in making the barrier coated preforms, a quantity of the PET which would be in a conventional PET preform can be displaced by a similar quantity of one of the preferred barrier materials. This can be done because the preferred barrier materials have physical properties similar to PET, as described above. Thus, when the barrier materials displace an approximately equal quantity of PET in the walls of a preform or container, there will not be a significant difference in the physical performance of the container. Because the preferred uncoated preforms which form the inner layer of the barrier coated preforms are thin-walled, they can be removed from the mold sooner than their thicker-walled conventional counterparts. For example, the uncoated preform can be removed from the mold preferably after about 4-6 seconds without the body portion crystallizing, as compared to about 12-24 seconds for a conventional PET preform having a total wall thickness of about 3 mm. All in all, the time to make a barrier coated preform is equal to or slightly greater (up to about 30%) than the time required to make a monolayer PET preform of this same total thickness. 
   Additionally, because the preferred barrier materials are amorphous, they will not require the same type of treatment as the PET. Thus, the cycle time for a molding-overmolding process as described above is generally dictated by the cooling time required by the PET. In the above-described method, barrier coated preforms can be made in about the same time it takes to produce an uncoated conventional preform. 
   The advantage gained by a thinner preform can be taken a step farther if a preform made in the process is of the type in  FIG. 4 . In this embodiment of a coated preform, the PET wall thickness at  70  in the center of the area of the end cap  42  is reduced to preferably about ⅓ of the total wall thickness. Moving from the center of the end cap out to the end of the radius of the end cap, the thickness gradually increases to preferably about ⅔ of the total wall thickness, as at reference number  68  in the wall portion  66 . The wall thickness may remain constant or it may, as depicted in  FIG. 4 , transition to a lower thickness prior to the support ring  38 . The thickness of the various portions of the preform may be varied, but in all cases, the PET and barrier layer wall thicknesses must remain above critical melt flow thickness for any given preform design. 
   Using preforms  60  of the design in  FIG. 4  allows for even faster cycle times than that used to produce preforms  50  of the type in  FIG. 3 . As mentioned above, one of the biggest barriers to short cycle time is the length of time that the PET needs to be cooled in the mold following injection. If the body portion of a preform comprising PET has not sufficiently cooled before it is ejected from the core, it will become substantially crystalline and potentially cause difficulties during blow molding. Furthermore, if the PET layer has not cooled enough before the overmolding process takes place, the force of the barrier material entering the mold will wash away some of the PET near the gate area. The preform design in  FIG. 4  takes care of both problems by making the PET layer thinnest in the center of the end cap region  42 , which is where the gate is in the mold. The thin gate section allows the gate area to cool more rapidly, so that the uncoated PET layer may be removed from the mold in a relatively short period of time while still avoiding crystallization of the gate area and washing of the PET during the second injection or overmolding phase. 
   The physical characteristics of the preferred barrier materials help to make this type of preform design workable. Because of the similarity in physical properties, containers having wall portions which are primarily barrier material can be made without sacrificing the performance of the container. If the barrier material used were not similar to PET, a container having a variable wall composition as in  FIG. 4  would likely have weak spots or other defects that could affect container performance. 
   D. Formation of Preferred Containers by Blow Molding 
   The containers are preferably produced by blow-molding preforms, the creation of which is disclosed above. The mold  80  of  FIG. 6  can comprise one or more temperature control systems  710 . The illustrated mold  80  comprises a blow mold neck portion  706  and a blow mold body portion  708 . The temperature control system  710  can comprise a single or multi circuit system. The illustrated temperature control system  710  comprises a plurality of temperature control elements in the form of channels  712 ,  714 , although other temperature control elements can be used. The fluid circulation in the channels  712  is preferably independent from the fluid circulation in the channels  714 . The channels  712  pass through the blow mold neck portion  706 , and the channels  714  pass through the blow mold body portion  708 . However, the channels can be at any suitable location for controlling the temperature of the blow molded container. The blow mold temperature control system can also comprise heating/cooling rods, electric heaters, and the like. 
   The mold  80  can comprise high heat transfer material to cool rapidly the molded container, thus reducing the amount of chilled air (e.g., food grade air) used to reduce the temperature of the container, although chilled air can be blown into the container to further reduce the temperature of the container. For example, at least a portion of the blow molding interior surface  718  can comprise high heat transfer material. In some embodiments, high heat transfer material form at least about 10%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90% and ranges encompassing these amounts of the interior surface. In some embodiments, the entire interior surface  718  comprises high heat transfer material. The high heat transfer material can rapidly change the temperature of the blow molded container when the container contacts the interior surface  718 . 
   The blow mold  80  can be substituted with the molding apparatuses of the temperature control systems described above. As such, various configurations of fluid systems and working fluids can be employed with blow molds. Additionally, one or more pressure reducing elements can be in fluid in communication with the fluid channels  712 ,  714 . The pressure reducing elements can vaporizes an effective amount of refrigerant (e.g., cryogenic fluids) to reduce the temperature of the cryogenic fluid such that the cryogenic fluid can sufficiently cool the blow molded container within the mold cavity. Once the container contacts the interior surface  718 , the wall of the blown container can be quickly cooled to form a dimensionally stable wall of the container. 
   In other preferred embodiments in which it is desired for the entire container to be heat-set, it is preferred that the containers be blow-molded in accordance with processes generally known for heat set blow-molding, including, but not limited to, those which involve orienting and heating in the mold, and those which involve steps of blowing, relaxing and reblowing. The mold  80  can quickly cool the container during this process, especially with high heat transfer material absorbing heat from the container at a high rate. 
   In some embodiments, the mold  80  can be used to produce crystalline neck finishes. For example, the blow mold neck portion  706  and the blow mold body portion  708  can selectively control the temperature of the preform/container to achieve a desired amount of crystallization. Thus, the neck portion of the preform/container can be heated and gradually reduced in temperature to produce a desired amount of crystalline material. To enhance thermal isolation, inserts  750  may be used to reduce heat transfer between portions of the mold  80 . The illustrated inserts  750  are positioned between the blow mold neck portion  706  and the blow mold body portion  708  and can be formed of an insulator. 
   In some embodiments for preforms in which the neck finish is formed primarily of PET, the preform is heated to a temperature of preferably 80° C. to 120° C., with higher temperatures being preferred for the heat-set embodiments, and given a brief period of time to equilibrate. After equilibration, it is stretched to a length approximating the length of the final container. Following the stretching, pressurized air, such as chilled food grade air, is forced into the preform which acts to expand the walls of the preform to fit the mold in which it rests, thus creating the container. Working fluid is circulated through the channels  712 ,  714  and rapidly cools the container contacting the interior surface  718 . The temperature of the chilled air for stretching the preform and the temperature of the working fluid cooling the interior surface  718  can be selected based on the desired container finish, production time, and the like. 
     FIG. 6A  illustrates another embodiment of the mold for stretch blow molding preforms. The blow mold body portion  708   a  comprises an inner portion  740  and an outer portion  742 . The inner portion  740  and the outer portion  742  can comprise materials with different thermal conductivities. The inner portion  740  defines blow molding interior surface  718   a  and preferably comprises a high heat transfer material. A chilled fluid, such as a refrigerant, can be passed through the channels  710   a  to cool quickly the blow molded container. The outer portion  742  can form a thermal barrier to reduce heat transfer to the surrounding environment. The outer portion  742  surrounds the inner portion  740  to thermally isolate the inner portion  740 . The outer portion  742  can comprise steel or other thermally insulating material in comparison to the material forming the inner portion  740 . 
   The mold neck portion  706   a  can comprise a neck portion  746  and an upper neck portion  748 . The neck portion  746  preferably comprises high heat transfer material. The upper neck portion  748  can comprise an insulating material to thermally isolate the internal portions of the mold  80   a  similar to the body portion  708   a.    
   The temperature of the interior surfaces of the blow molds  80 ,  80   a  can be selected based on the preform design. For example, the temperatures of the interior mold surfaces can be different for blow molding preforms comprising an outer layer of foam material and for blow molding preforms comprising an outer layer of PET. Although the blow mold  80  is discussed primarily with respect to stretch blow molding a preform, the mold  80  can be an extrusion blow mold. Thus, it is contemplated that the mold  80  can be used for an extrusion blow molding process. Additionally, the embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques described herein may, in some embodiments, be similar to any one or more of the embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,607 entitled MONO AND MULTI-LAYER ARTICLES AND EXTRUSION METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME, filed on Apr. 18, 2005 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
   E. Compression Methods and Apparatuses for Making Preferred Articles 
   Monolayer and multilayer articles (including packaging such as closures, preforms, containers, bottles) can be formed by a compression molding process. As discussed above, one method of producing multi-layered articles is referred to herein generally as overmolding. The name also refers to a procedure which uses compression molding to mold one or more layers of material over an existing layer, which preferably was itself made by a molding process, such as compression molding. 
   One overmolding method for making articles involves using a melt source in conjunction with a mold comprising one or more cores (e.g., mandrels) and one or more cavity sections. The melt source delivers a first amount of moldable material (e.g., a molten polymer (i.e., polymer melt)) to the cavity section. A first portion of an article is molded between the core and the cavity section. The first portion (e.g., a substrate layer) remains in the cavity section when the core is pulled out of the cavity section. A second amount of material is then deposited onto the interior of the first portion of the article. A second core is used to mold the second amount of material into a second portion of the article, thus forming a multi-layer article. This process may be referred to as “compress-over-compress.” 
   In one embodiment of compress-over-compress a melt source deposits a first moldable material into a cavity section. A first portion (e.g., a substrate layer) of articles is molded between a core and the first cavity section. The first layer remains on the core when the core is pulled out of the first cavity section. A second moldable material is then deposited into a second cavity section in order to make an exterior portion of the article. The core and the corresponding first portion are then inserted into the second cavity section. As the core and the first layer are moved into the second cavity section, the second material is molded into a second portion of the article. The core and the accompanying article are then removed from the second cavity section and the article is removed from the core. 
   Thus, the overmolding method and apparatus can be used to mold inner layer and/or outer layers of articles as desired. The multilayer articles can be containers, preforms, closures, and the like. Additionally, one or more compression systems can be employed to form multilayer articles. Each compression system can be a compression mold having cavity sections and cores that are used to mold a portion of an article. A transport system can transport articles between each pair compression molding systems. Thus, a plurality of compression molding systems can be used for an overmolding process. 
   In an especially preferred embodiment, the compress-over-compress process is performed while the first portion, e.g. a substrate layer, has not yet fully cooled. The underlying layer may have retained inherent heat from a molding process that formed the underlying layer. In some embodiments, the underlying layer can be at room temperature or any other temperature suitable for overmolding. For example, articles at room temperature can be overmolded with one or more layers of material. These articles may have been stored for an extended period of time before being overmolded. 
   Molding may be used to place one or more layers of material(s) such as those comprising lamellar material, PP, foam material, PET (including recycled PET, virgin PET), barrier materials, phenoxy type thermoplastics, combinations thereof, and/or other materials described herein over a substrate (e.g., the underlying layer). In some non-limiting exemplary embodiments, the substrate is in the form of a preform, preferably having an interior surface for contacting foodstuff. 
   Articles made by compression molding may comprise one or more layers or portion having one or more of the following advantageous characteristics: an insulating layer, a barrier layer, a foodstuff contacting layer, a non-flavor scalping layer, a high strength layer, a compliant layer, a tie layer, a gas scavenging layer, a layer or portion suitable for hot fill applications, a layer having a melt strength suitable for extrusion. In one embodiment, the monolayer or multi-layer material comprises one or more of the following materials: PET (including recycled and/or virgin PET), PETG, foam, polypropylene, phenoxy type thermoplastics, polyolefins, phenoxy-polyolefin thermoplastic blends, and/or combinations thereof. For the sake of convenience, articles are described primarily with respect to preforms, containers, and closures. 
   The temperature control systems described above can comprise a molding apparatus configured to mold articles (e.g., monolayer and multilayer articles) by a compression molding process.  FIG. 25  illustrates a molding system  1500  designed to make preforms that comprise one or more layers. In the illustrated embodiment, the molding system  1500  is a compression molding system and comprises a melt source  1502  configured to deliver moldable material to a turntable  1504  that has cavity portions  1508  with one or more mold cavity sections  1506  ( FIG. 26 ). 
   The core section  1510  can cooperate with a corresponding cavity section  1506  to mold the moldable material. The illustrated core section  1510  ( FIG. 26 ) has a core  1512  sized and adapted to be inserted into a corresponding cavity section  1506 . The core  1512  can be moved between an open position and a closed position. The illustrated core section  1512   a  is in a closed position. 
   The source  1502  can feed melt material into the mold cavity section  1506  from above or through an injection point along the mold cavity section  1506 . The term “melt material” is a broad term and may comprise one or more of the materials disclosed herein. In some embodiments, melt material may be at a temperature (e.g., an elevated temperature) suitable for compression molding. As shown in  FIG. 27 , the source  1502  can produce and/or deliver melt material to the mold cavity sections  1506  of the turntable  1504 . The turntable  1504  can rotate about a central axis to move the mold cavity sections  1506  into position such that the source  1502  can fill a portion of a mold cavity section  1506  with melt for subsequent compression molding. The turntable  1504  and the mold core section  1510  can continuosly or incrementally rotate about the center of the turntable  1504 . Preferably, the core section  1510  and the turntable  1504  move in unison for a portion of the molding process as discussed below. 
   As shown in  FIG. 26 , the mold core  1510  has a core  1512  that is configured to cooperate with the turntable  1504  to mold the melt material. The core  1512  is configured and sized so that the core  1512  can be advanced into and out of a corresponding mold cavity section  1506 . The core  1512  is designed to form the interior of a preform. The illustrated core  1512  is an elongated body that has a base end  1548  ( FIG. 28 ). The core  1512  has a generally cylindrical body that tapers and forms the rounded based end  1548 . The core  1512  can have a core molding surface  1513  for molding melt. The core section  1510  can be connected to a turntable or other suitable structure for moving the core section  1510 . 
   The mold cavity sections  1506  can be evenly or unevenly spaced along the turntable  1504 . The illustrated cavity sections  1506  are designed to mold the exterior of a preform. The molding system  1500  can have one or more circular arrangements of mold cavity sections  1506  that are preferably disposed near the periphery of the turntable  1504 . In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 25 , the turntable  1504  has one circular arrangement of mold cavity sections  1506 . 
   The source  1502  is adapted to produce a melt stream suitable for molding. The source  1502  can output foam material, PET, lamellar material, PP, or other moldable materials. In the illustrated embodiment, the melt from the source  1502  can be deposited into one or more of the mold cavity sections  1506  and then molded by compression molding. 
   With reference to  FIG. 27 , the mold cavity section  1506  can have a movable neck finish mold for molding the neck finish of a preform. In one embodiment, the mold cavity section  1506  comprises a movable neck finish mold  1520  that has a neck molding surface  1522  configured to form the neck portion of a preform and a body molding surface  1524  configured to form the body portion of the preform. The neck finish mold  1520  comprises a plurality of temperature control elements  1521  in the form of channels. The neck finish mold  1520  can be similar or identical to the neck finish molds described above. The neck finish mold  1520  can be used to produce non-crystalline and crystalline neck finishes. In some embodiments, the neck finish mold  1520  comprises high heat transfer material to increase through-put of the molding system. Of course, a working fluid (e.g., a refrigerant) can flow through the channels  1521  of the neck finish mold  1520  for rapid temperature changes. 
   The neck finish mold  1520  is movable between one or more positions. In the illustrated embodiment, the neck finish mold  1520  is located in a molding position so that the neck molding surface  1522  cooperates with the body molding surface  1524  of the molding body  1529  to form a molding surface  1525 . The neck finish mold  1520  can be moved outward to a second position, in which the outer surface  1324  of the neck finish mold is proximate to or contacts the stop  1527 . When the neck finish mold  1520  is in the second position, a preform formed within the mold cavity section  1506  can be ejected therefrom. After the preform has been removed from the mold cavity section  1506 , the neck finish mold  1520  can then be moved back to the illustrated first position so that another preform can be formed. 
   The mold body  1529  can have one or more temperature control elements for controlling the temperature of the polymer. The illustrate mold body  1529  comprises a plurality of temperature control elements  1541  in the form of channels for circulating fluid through the mold body  1529 . A working fluid can be passed through the channels  1541  to control the temperature of the material positioned within the mold. 
     FIG. 28  illustrates the core section  1510  positioned above a corresponding cavity section  1508  defining the mold cavity section  1506 . The core section  1510  can be moved along a line of action  1532  in the direction indicated by the arrows  1534  until the core section  1510  mates with the cavity section  1508 . As shown in  FIGS. 29 and 29A , the core section  1510  and the cavity section  1508  cooperate to form a space or cavity  1536  having the desired shape of a preform. After material has been deposited into the mold cavity section  1506 , the core section  1510  can be moved from the open position of  FIG. 28  to the closed position of  FIG. 29  in order to compress the melt such that the melt substantially fills the space or cavity  1536  ( FIG. 29A ). To cool the polymer, a working fluid (e.g., a refrigerant) can be passed through pressure reducing elements  1356  and through the channels  1541  to cool the material in the mold. 
   In operation, the turntable  1504  can be positioned so that one of the mold cavity sections  1506  is located below the output  1530  of the source  1502  as shown in  FIGS. 25 and 27 . A plug or shot of melt is delivered out of the opening  1538  of the output  1530  such that the plug falls into the mold cavity section  1506 . Preferably, the plug drops to the end cap area  1539  ( FIG. 27 ) of the mold cavity section  1506 . 
   The plug  1544  may comprise a plurality of layers. The plug  1544  may comprise lamellar material in any desirable orientation for subsequent compression molding. For example, one or more of the layers of the plug  1544  can be horizontally oriented, vertically oriented, or in any other orientation such that resulting preform made from the plug  1544  has desired microstructure. In the illustrated embodiment of  FIGS. 27 and 28 , many or most of the layers of the plug  1544  are generally perpendicular to the line of action  1532 . In some embodiments, the plug  1544  comprises material without any orientation. For example, the plug  1544  may comprise a substantially isotropic material. 
   The plug  1544  can be at any suitable temperature for molding. In some embodiments, the temperature of the plug  1544  is generally above the glass transition temperature (T g ) of at least one of the materials forming the plug  1544 , especially if the plug  1544  comprises lamellar material. Preferably, a substantial portion of the material forming the plug  1544  is at a temperature that is generally above its glass transition temperature (T g ). In other embodiments, the temperature of the plug  1544  is in the range of about the T g  to the melt temperature (T m ) of a substantial portion of the material forming the plug. In other embodiments, the temperature of the plug  1544  is in the range of about T g  to about T m  of most of the material forming the plug. In some embodiments, the temperature of the plug  1544  is generally above the T m  of at least one of the materials forming the plug  1544 . Preferably, the temperature of the plug  1544  is generally above the T m  of a substantial portion of the materials forming the plug  1544 . A skilled artisan can determine the appropriate temperature of the plug  1544  delivered from the source  1502  for compression molding. 
   The turntable  1504  can be rotated about its center such that the filled mold cavity section  1506  are moved about the center of the turntable  1504  and the core section  1510  can be moved downwardly along the line of action  1532 . 
   After the core section  1510  has moved downward a certain distance, it will contact the upper surface  1546  of the plug  1544 . As the base end  1548  of the core  1512  advances into the plug  1544 , the plug  1544  spreads to generally fill the entire cavity section  1536 . The plug  1544  preferably comprises sufficient material to generally fill the entire cavity section  1536  as shown in  FIG. 29A . The mold may or may not be preheated to facilitate the flow of the polymer material between the core section  1510  and the cavity section  1536 . 
   With reference to  FIGS. 29 and 29A , the core section  1510  is in the closed position so that the lower surface  1550  of the core section  1510  engages or contacts the upper surface  1551  of the cavity section  1506 . The core section  1510  and the cavity section  1506  can have channels  1541  that can remove heat from the material forming the preform  30  disposed within the cavity section  1536 . To reduce cycle times, a refrigerant can flow through the channels  1541  to cool rapidly the melt. The refrigerant can be a two-phase mixture for increased thermal load capabilities. The core section  1510  and/or the cavity section  1506  may or may not comprise high heat transfer that may work in combination with the working fluid to achieve rapid temperature changes. 
   After the preform has been sufficiently cooled, the core section  1510  can be moved upwardly along the line of action  1532  to the open position so that the preform can be removed from the mold cavity section  1506 . Ejector pins or other suitable devices can be used to eject the preform from the mold cavity section  1506 . Preferably, before the preform is ejected from the mold cavity section  1506 , the neck finish mold  1520  is moved radially away from the preform to the second position, such that the preform can be conveniently and easily moved vertically out of the mold cavity section  1506 . In some embodiments, pulse cooling can be employed to limit the formation of condensation on the molding surfaces. 
   The preform is formed within the cavity section  1536  at some point after the source  1502  deposits material into the mold cavity section  1506  and before the mold cavity section  1506  is rotated around and located once again beneath the output  1530  of the source  1502 . Of course, the core section  1510  and turntable  1504  preferably rotate in unison about the center of the turntable  1504  during the compression molding process. The core section  1510  can be attached to a complementary turntable similar to the turntable  1504 . The two turntables can rotate together during the molding process. 
   Moldable material can also be disposed by other suitable means.  FIG. 30  illustrates a moldable material that can be delivered directly by an injection molding process into modified cavity section  1558 . The components of the illustrated embodiment are identified with the same reference numerals as those used to identify the corresponding components of the cavity section  1510  and turntable  1504  discussed above. 
   The turntable  1504  comprises a feed system  1552  configured to deliver moldable material (e.g., foam, lamellar material, PP, PET, etc.) directly into the cavity section  1558 . The feed system  1552  delivers moldable material (e.g., melt) at any point along the cavity section  1558  and preferably comprises the output  1530  of a source and a means for pushing material from the output  1530  into the cavity section  1558 . 
   In one embodiment, the feed system  1552  comprises a push assembly  1560  (e.g., a piston assembly) that is configured to push melt into the cavity section  1558 . The push assembly  1560  can reciprocate between a first position and a second position and has a plunger or piston  1562  illustrated in a first position so that the upper surface  1564  of the plunger  1562  forms a portion of the cavity section  1558 . Preferably, the upper surface  1564  forms the lower portion or end cap region of the cavity section  1558 . The plunger  1562  can be moved from the illustrated first position to a second position  1563  (shown in phantom) for receiving material from the output  1530 . When the plunger  1562  is in the second position, the output  1530  feeds melt into a cylindrical chamber defined by the tube  1566  and the upper surface  1564  of the plunger  1562 . The plunger  1562  can be moved from the second position to the first position, thereby moving the material to the illustrated position. In this manner, material can be repeatedly outputted from the output  1530  and into the chamber defined by the tube  1566  and then advanced into the cavity section  1558  for compression molding. 
   After the plug  1544  is positioned in the cavity section  1558 , the core  1512  can be advanced into the cavity section  1558  to compress and spread the material of the plug  1544  through the cavity  1536  in the manner described above. Preferably, the plug  1544  is molten plastic (e.g., lamellar, PET, PP, foam, phenoxy type thermoplastic) that can be spread easily throughout the cavity  1536 . 
   With reference to  FIG. 31 , the turntable  1604  can have a mold cavity section  1568  that is generally similar to the mold cavities section discussed above. However, in the illustrated embodiment, the turntable  1604  can have an injection system  1570  for injecting material into the cavity section  1568 . The injection system  1570  can be configured to inject material at a desired location and/or with a desired orientation. In some embodiments, the injection system  1570  can be adjusted to inject material at desired locations and/or with desired orientations. 
   In the illustrated embodiment, the turntable  1604  has an injection system  1570  that is configured to inject a lamellar melt stream into the cavity section  1568  at a suitable points along the cavity section surface. One or more injection systems  1570  can be used to inject a lamellar melt stream at one or more locations along the mold cavity section  1568 . The injection system  1570  can inject a lamellar melt stream into a lower portion or end cap region of the mold cavity section  1568 . Alternatively, the injection system  1570  can inject a lamellar melt into the upper portion of the mold cavity section  1568 . 
   The injection system  1570  can comprise a gate  1572  at the downstream end of the output of the lamellar machine. The gate  1572  may selectively control the flow of the lamellar melt stream from the output  1530  into a space or cavity section  1574  defined by the core  1580  and the cavity section surface  1578  of the cavity section. The gate  1572  may comprise a valve system  1573  that selectively inhibits or permits the melt stream into the cavity section  1568 . In one embodiment, the injection system  1570  injects material to form a plug (illustrated as a lamellar plug) at the bottom of the cavity section  1568 , similar to the plug shown in  FIG. 30 . The plug can then be compressed by the core  1580  to form a preform within the cavity  1574 . 
   One method of lamellar molding is carried out using modular systems similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,426 B1 and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/705,748 filed on Nov. 10, 2003, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties and form part of this disclosure. In view of the present disclosure, a skilled artisan can modify the methods and apparatus of the incorporated disclosures for compression molding. For example, the injection-over-injection (“IOI”) systems of the U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,426 B1 can be modified for compression molding. For example, the melt of those systems can be injected into a mold cavity section and then the core can be used to compress the melt to form a preform. Those systems can be modified into compress-over-compress systems used to make multilayer preforms formed by compression molding. Additionally, one or more components, subassemblies, or systems, of these apparatuses can be employed in the mold described herein. For example, the cavity sections and/or core sections of the molds disclosed herein may comprise high heat transfer material for enhancing thermal transfer with heating/cooling systems. 
   The compression molding system  1500  can be used to produce preforms that comprise non-lamellar materials (e.g., foam material, PET, PP, barrier material, combinations thereof, and other materials disclosed herein). Compression molding systems for making preforms comprising lamellar material, and preforms comprising foam, can be similar to each other, except as further detailed below. That is, in some embodiments a foam melt can be molded in a similar manner as the lamellar material described herein. The temperature control elements of the mold can be used to precisely control the temperature and expansion of the foam material. 
     FIG. 25A  illustrates a system  1591  comprising a plurality of subsystems and is arranged to produce multilayer articles. Each of the subsystems can have a temperature control system for controlling the temperature of molds. Generally, the system  1591  includes one or more systems (e.g., compression systems, closure lining systems, etc.) and is configured to produce multilayer articles, such as preforms, closures, trays, and other articles described herein. In some embodiments, the system  1591  comprises a first system  1500   a  connected to a second system  1500   b . The first system  1500   a  can be a compression molding system that molds a first portion of an article, and the second system  1500   b  can be configured to form a second portion of the article. The illustrated systems  1500   a ,  1500   b  have turntables that rotate in the counter-clockwise direction during a production process. A transport system  1599  can transport a substrate article from the first molding system  1500   a  to the second system  1500   b . Of course, additional subsystem(s) can be added to the system  1591 . For example, the one or more compression molding system similar to the compression molding system  1500  can be connected to the system  1591 . Thus, systems (similar to or different than the systems  1500 ,  1500   a ,  1500   b , etc.) can be added to the system  1591  to produce articles having more than two layers, to place liners in multilayer closures, and the like. 
   The illustrated system  1591  comprises a first molding system  1500   a  that can be similar to or different than the molding systems described herein, such as the molding system  1500  of  FIG. 25 . The first molding system  1500   a  can have a plurality of cavity sections  1506   a  configured to mold substrate articles. The cavity sections  1506   a ,  1506   b  are arranged in a substantially circular pattern. The first molding system  1500   a  can deliver the substrate articles to the transport system  1599 . 
   The illustrated transport system  1599  can carry substrates produced by the first compression molding system  1500   a  to the second system  1500   b . The transport system  1599  carries and delivers the substrates to the second system  1500   b , which can be a compression molding system. The transport system  1599  can comprise one or more of the following: handoff mechanisms, conveyor systems, starwheel systems, turrets, and the like. The illustrated transport system  1599  is positioned between the systems  1500   a ,  1500   b.    
   The second system  1500   b  in some embodiments can form an outer layer over the substrate delivered by the transport system  1599 . For example, the transport system  1599  can deliver substrate preforms to a core (not shown) of the molding system  1500   b . The source  1519   b  can deposit melt into the cavity section  1506   b , and the core holding the substrate can be advanced into the cavity section  1506   b  to mold the melt therein. The cores and the cavity sections  1506   b  can rotate continuously during the production process. The cavities of the cavity section  1506   b  can be larger than the cavities of the cavity sections  1506   a  in order to form an outer layer on the article. For example, the system  1591  can be configured to mold the preform  50  of  FIG. 3 . The first system  1500   a  can form the inner layer  54  of the preform  50 . The transport system  599  can remove the inner layer  14  and deliver the inner layer  54  to the second system  1500   b . The second system  1500   b  can have a holder (e.g., a core) that holds the inner layer  54 . The cavity sections  1506   b  can be rotated and moved under the source  1519   b  to receive melt. After melt has be delivered into a cavity section  1506   b , the core and the inner layer  54  can be advanced into the cavity section  1506   b , which can be similar to the cavity sections  1568  of  FIG. 33 , to form the outer layer  52  of the preform  50 . The outer surface of the layer  54  and the cavity section  1506   b  cooperate to mold the melt. Of course, the system  1591  can be modified to form the other preforms described herein. 
   In some embodiments, the transport system  1599  can place the substrate preform in the cavity section  1506   b . Melt can be deposited by the source  1519   b  into the interior of the substrate preform. A core (not shown) of the second system  1500   b  can be advanced into substrate located within the cavity section  1506   b  to mold the melt. Thus, the second system  1500   b  can mold a layer over the substrate produced by the first molding system  1500   a . The system  1591  can therefore be a compress-over-compress system for producing multilayer articles. 
   The system  1591  can be configured to produce other articles such as multilayer closures. The first system  1500   a  can mold at least a portion of a closure (e.g., a closure comprising lamellar material, foam, and/or other materials described herein). The transport system  1599  can receive the at least a portion of a closure and deliver the at least a portion of the closure to the second system  1599 . The second system  1599  can be a spraying system that sprays material onto the closure, lining system (e.g., a spray lining system, a spin lining system, insertion system, etc.), compression molding system, and the like. For example, the second molding system  1500   b  can comprise systems or employ techniques similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,259,745 to Murayama and U.S. Pat. No. 5,542,557 to Koyama et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. 
     FIG. 32  shows a compression molding system  1590  configured to mold multi-layer articles in the form of preforms. The compression molding system  1590  can be a compress-over-compress processing machine. Generally, the system  1590  can comprise one or more material sources configured to deliver material to the mold cavity sections  1508  of the turntable  1569 . In the illustrated embodiment, the molding system  1590  comprises a pair of material sources configured to output melt streams into the mold cavity sections  1506 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the system  1590  can comprise a pair of melt machines that can be similar or different from each other. The molding system  1590  can also comprise one or more ejector systems  1580  configured to remove the completely formed preforms from the turntable  1569 . 
   As shown in  FIG. 33 , the core section  1568  has a core  1582  that is configured to be disposed within a corresponding mold cavity section  1568  and can have various sizes depending on the desired article formed through the compression molding process. For example, a plurality of compression molding steps can be performed, wherein each step forms a different layer of a preform. As the turntable  1569  rotates about its center, various cores can be inserted into the turntable  1569  at different times to form various portions of the preforms as described below. 
   With reference to  FIG. 33 , the core section  1568  and the cavity section  1568  are in the closed position. The core  1582  and the mold cavity section  1568  are configured to form a portion of a preform. The core  1582  and mold cavity section  1568  cooperate to define a cavity  1585  in the shape of the outer layer  52  of the preform  50  of  FIG. 3 . Melt material can be placed in the mold cavity  1585  when the core section  1568  is in the open position. The core  1582  and mold cavity section  1568  can cooperate to compress the melt material to fill the cavity  1585  to form the outer layer  52  in the manner described above. A skilled artisan can determine the appropriate amount of material to deposit into the mold cavity section  1568  to fill the cavity  1585  defined by the core section  1568  and the mold cavity section  1568 . A temperature control system can deliver cooling fluid through the channel  1530  to cool the preform. 
   After the outer layer  52  is formed, the core  1582  can be removed from the cavity  1584  while the layer  52  is retained in the cavity  1584 . Another core can be used to mold another layer of material, which is preferably molded over the layer  52 . As shown in  FIG. 34 , another core (i.e., core  1612 ) can be used to mold melt over the layer  52 . 
   The cavity section  1602  can be formed between the outer surface  1601  of the layer  52  and the outer surface  1213  of the core  1613 . The core  1612  may have a shape that is generally similar to the shape of the core  1582 . Preferably, however, the core  1612  is smaller than the core  1582  so that the surface  1613  of the core  1612  is spaced from the layer  52  when the core section  1610  is in the illustrated closed position. The size and configuration of the core  1512  can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art to achieve the desired size and shape of the cavity  1602  which is to be filled with material to form a portion of the preform. 
   In operation, the system  1590  can have a source  1502  that outputs melt and drops it into the mold cavity section  1568  disposed beneath the output  1530 . After the mold cavity section  1506  with the plug rotates in the direction indicated by the arrow  1593 , the core  1582  can be advanced downwardly and into the mold cavity section  1568 . As the base end  1534  of the core  1512  compresses the plug, the material spreads and proceeds upwardly along the cavity  1587  until the material substantially fills the entire cavity  1587 . A cooling fluid can be run through a temperature system  1530  within the core section  1568  and the turntable  1569  to cool quickly the material forming the outer layer  52 . After the material has sufficiently cooled, the core section  1568  is moved upwardly so that the core  1582  moves out of the mold cavity section  1568 . 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 32 , after the core section  1568  has been moved to the open position, the turntable  1569  can be rotated in the direction indicated by the arrow  1593  until the mold cavity section  1506  is located under the second material source  1502   a . The source  1502   a  can output a melt stream from the output  1595  onto the interior surface  1601  ( FIG. 34 ) of the outer layer  52 . The turntable  1509  can then rotate in the direction indicated by the arrow  1597  and the core section  1610  can be inserted into the turntable  1509  to compresses and spread the melt throughout the cavity  1602 . In this manner, this second compression process can form the inner layer  53  of the preform  50 . Once again, the temperature control system  1530  can rapidly and efficiently cool the preform  50  for subsequent removal. After the core section  1610  has moved to the open position and the neck finish mold  1520  is moved apart, the preform  50  can be conveniently lifted vertically out of the turntable  1509  by the ejector system  1580 . The process can then be repeated to produce additional multilayer preforms. 
   It is contemplated that any number of core sections, cavity sections, and sources of materials can be used in various combinations to form preforms of different configurations and sizes. The preforms may have more than two layers of material. Although not illustrated, there can be additional cores that are used to form additional layers through compression molding. Additionally, the above compression process can be used to produce coatings or layers on conventional preforms. 
   Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the mold cavity sections can be located in any structure suitable for molding. For example, the mold cavity sections  1506  can be located in a stationary table. One or more extruders or melt sources and the cores can be movable with respect to the mold cavity sections. Thus, an extruder can move to each mold cavity sections and deposit melt within the cavity section. The core section can then move into the corresponding core to mold the preform. 
   The molding system  1590  can be configured to make multi-layer preforms by the compress-over-compress process. In some embodiments, the molding system  1590  can have a core  1582  that is configured to mate with the mold cavity  1568  to form an inner portion of a preform, such as the inner layer  54  of the preform  50  of  FIG. 3 . In other words, the cavity  1585  can be in the shape of the inner layer  54  of the preform  50 . Melt can be deposited into the cavity section  1568  and can then be compressed between the core  1582  and the cavity section  1568  to form the inner layer  54 . After the inner layer  54  has been formed, the core section  1568  can be moved upwardly out of the cavity section  1568 . When the cavity section  1568  is moved out of the cavity section  1568 , the outer layer  54  is preferably retained on the core  1582 . The outer layer  54  and the core  1582  can then be inserted into a second cavity, preferably configured to mate with the outer surface of the outer layer  54  to define a cavity in the shape of the outer layer  52  of the preform  50 . Melt can be deposited into the second cavity section and then compressed as the core section  1568  and layer  54  are moved into the second cavity. Thus, the second material can be compressed into the shape of the outer layer  52  of the preform  50 . After the preform  50  has been formed, the cavity section  1568  can be moved upwardly out of the second cavity so that the preform  50  can be removed. Thus, one or more layers of a preform can be positioned on a core and used to mold multiple layers of a preform in one or more cavities section. In view of the present disclosure, a skilled artisan can select and modify the molds disclosed herein to make various preforms and other articles disclosed herein. 
   It is contemplated that articles of other shapes and configurations can be molded through similar compression molding process. For example,  FIG. 35  illustrates a molding system  1630  that is configured to mold a mono or multilayer closures. The molding system  1630  is defined by a core section  1632  having a core  1634  and a mold cavity section  1636 . In one embodiment, material is passed through the line  1639  and through the gate  1640  and into the cavity  1642  defined between the core  1634  and the cavity section  1636 . The core half  1632  can be in the open position when the material is passed through the gate  1640 . The core half  1632  can then be moved to the closed position to mold the melt into the desired shape of the closure. In the illustrated embodiment, the cavity  1642  also optionally includes a portion  1644  for forming a band and connectors between the body and the band of the closure. The mold  1630  can optionally include neck finish molds  1644 ,  1646  (e.g., split rings) that can be moved apart allowing the core half  1632  to move out of the cavity section  1636 . 
   Additional layers can be added to the closure by additional compression molding processes. For example, the substrate  1650  ( FIG. 36 ) formed in the cavity  1642  can be retained on the core  1634  and inserted into a second cavity section  1652 . The delivery system of the second cavity section  1652  can deposit material out of a gate  1654  and into the cavity section  1652 , preferably when the core section  1632  and cavity section  1652  are in the open position. The core half  1632  can be moved from the open position to a closed position, while the substrate  1650  is positioned on the core  1634 , the outer surface of the substrate  1650  acts as a molding surface to compress the melt between the substrate  1650  and the surface  1655  of the cavity section  1652 . The melt can be spread throughout the space  1657  defined between the substrate  1650  and the surface  1655 . After the closure has sufficiently cooled, the core half  1632  can be removed from the cavity section  1652 . Optionally, additional layers of material can be molded onto the closure by a similar compress-over-compress process. In view of the present disclosure, a skilled artisan can design the desired shape of the systems and molds disclosed herein to make various types of articles and packaging described herein. Multiple layer closures can also be formed by the compress-over-compress processes as described above. For example, the inner layer of the closure can be molded within the outer layer. 
   The system  1591  of  FIG. 25A  can be configured to produce multilayer closures. The first system  1500 A of  FIG. 25A  of the system  1591  can mold a first layer of the closures in a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 35 . The second system  1500 B of  FIG. 25A  can mold an outer layer of the closure in a similar manner as described with respect to  FIG. 36 . 
   Other types of molding systems can be employed to form mono and multi-layer articles. As described below, there are various systems that can be employed to deliver material to a compression molding system. Although the exemplary embodiments are disclosed primarily with respect to stationary mold cavities section, these systems can be used in rotary systems, such as the turntable system described above. Additionally, described herein, certain embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques described herein may, in some embodiments, be similar to any one or more of the embodiments, features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,342 entitled MONO AND MULTI-LAYER ARTICLES AND COMPRESSION METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME, filed on Apr. 18, 2005 and published as Publication No. 2006-0065992, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The temperature control systems can be used to control the temperature of these compression molding systems. 
   1. Method and Apparatus of Making Crystalline Material 
   Molds (including compression and injection molds) can be used to produce preforms having a crystalline material. While a non-crystalline preform is preferred for blow-molding, a bottle having greater crystalline character is preferred for its dimensional stability during a hot-fill process. Accordingly, a preform constructed according to preferred embodiments has a generally non-crystalline body portion and a generally crystalline neck portion. To create generally crystalline and generally non-crystalline portions in the same preform, one needs to achieve different levels of heating and/or cooling in the mold in the regions from which crystalline portions will be formed as compared to those in which generally non-crystalline portions will be formed. The different levels of heating and/or cooling are preferably maintained by thermal isolation of the regions having different temperatures. In some embodiments, this thermal isolation between the thread split, core and/or cavity interface can be accomplished utilizing a combination of low and high thermal conduct materials as inserts or separate components at the mating surfaces of these portions. 
   The cooling of the mold in regions which form preform surfaces for which it is preferred that the material be generally amorphous or semi-crystalline, can be accomplished by chilled fluid circulating through the mold cavity and core. In preferred embodiments, a mold set-up similar to conventional injection molding applications is used, except that there is an independent fluid circuit or electric heating system for the portions of the mold from which crystalline portions of the preform will be formed. 
   The molding systems of  FIGS. 25-36  can be configured to produce preforms having crystalline material. In the illustrated the cavity section  1508  includes the body mold  1529  comprising several channels  1541  through which a fluid, preferably chilled water or a refrigerant, is circulated. The neck finish mold  1520  has one or more channels  1521  in which a fluid circulates. The fluid and circulation of channels  1541  and channels  1521  are preferably separate and independent. 
   The thermal isolation of the body mold  1529 , neck finish mold  1520  and core section is achieved by use of inserts or having low thermal conductivity. Examples of preferred low thermal conductivity materials include heat-treated tool steel (e.g. P-20, H-13, Stainless etc.), polymeric inserts of filled polyamides, nomex, air gaps and minimum contact shut-off surfaces. 
   In this independent fluid circuit through channels  1521 , the fluid preferably is warmer than that used in the portions of the mold used to form non-crystalline portions of the preform. Preferred fluids include water, silicones, and oils. In another embodiment, the portions of the mold which forms the crystalline portions of the preform, (corresponding to neck finish mold  1520 ) contain a heating apparatus placed in the neck, neck finish, and/or neck cylinder portions of the mold so as to maintain the higher temperature (slower cooling) to promote crystallinity of the material during cooling. Such a heating apparatus can include, but is not limited to, heating coils, heating probes, and electric heaters. Additional features, systems, devices, materials, methods and techniques are described in patent application Ser. No. 09/844,820 (U.S. Publication No. 2003-0031814) which is incorporated by reference in its entirety and made a part of this specification. Additionally, the channels  1521  can be used to heat the molds and cause expansion of foam material. 
   F. Improved Molding System 
     FIG. 37  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a mold configured to mold a preform  2000 . The mold  1999  comprises a neck finish mold  2002  and a component  2003  of a mold cavity section. Alternatively, the component  2003  may be intricately formed within the same structure as the neck finish mold or be part of another member. The preform  2000  has a neck finish  2005  that is molded, at least in part, by the neck finish mold  2002 . The neck finish mold  2002  and component  2003  are in thermal communication with each other. A cooling system  1191  is disposed within the component  2003 . To cool the preform  2000 , a chilled working fluid can flow through the cooling system  1191  and across at least a portion of the neck finish mold  2002 . The cooling system  1191  can have at least one channel  2004 , which is defined by an interior wall  2031 . Fluid flowing through the channel  2004  can flow around a portion of the neck finish mold  2002  positioned within the channel  2004 , and can absorb heat from the neck finish mold  2002 . As used herein, the term “chilled working fluid” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to non-cryogenic refrigerants (e.g., Freon) and cryogenic refrigerants. As used herein, the term “cryogenic refrigerant” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary sense and refers, without limitation, to cryogenic fluids. As used herein, the term “cryogenic fluid” means a fluid with a maximum boiling point of about −50° C. at about 5 bar pressure when the fluid is in a liquid state. In some non-limiting embodiments, cryogenic fluids can comprise CO 2 , N 2 , Helium, combinations thereof, and the like. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a high temperature range cryogenic fluid having a boiling point higher than about −100° C. at about 1.013 bars. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a mid temperature range cryogenic fluid having a boiling point between about −100° C. and −200° C. In some embodiments, the cryogenic refrigerant is a low temperature range cryogenic fluid having a boiling point less than about −200° C. at about 1.013 bars. The terms “chilled working fluid,” “chilled fluid,” “chilling fluid,” and “cooling fluid” may be used interchangeably herein. 
   Heat from the warm molded preform  2000  can flow through the neck finish mold  2002  to the working fluid flowing through the cooling system  1191 . As such, the neck finish mold  2002  and the component  2003  cooperate to transfer part of the heat away from the preform  2000  for a reduced cycle time. The mold  1999  can be included in a machine used for and/or in processes for injection molding, compression molding, extrusion blow molding or any other type of plastics molding. 
   In some embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 37 , the neck finish mold  2002  is in the form of a thread split that has a molding surface  2007  configured to mold threads on the neck portion  2005  of the preform  2000 . The molding surface  2007  at least partially defines a mold cavity or mold space in which a moldable material is received and molded. The terms “mold cavity” and “mold space” may be used interchangeably herein. The neck finish mold  2002  can, however, have other configurations depending on the desired article to be formed. For example, the illustrated neck finish mold  2002  also comprises a body  2009  and a heat transfer member  2023  in thermal communication with each other. Furthermore, although a screw top type finish mold is shown, other types of finishes may be molded, such as press fit, snap-on and the like. 
   At least a portion of the heat transfer member  2023  can be positioned, at least partially, within the channel  2004 . In other embodiments, an extension (not shown) of the heat transfer member in thermal communication with the heat transfer member  2023  can be positioned within the channel  2004 . Working fluid can flow through the channel  2004  and absorb heat from the heat transfer member  2023 . Alternatively, the heat transfer member  2023  can be used to provide heat to the preform  2000  or other product being molded, by absorbing heat from the channel  2004  and delivering it to the molding surface  2007 . As used herein, the term “heat transfer member” is a broad term and is used in its ordinary meaning and includes, without limitation, a protrusion, an extension, an elongated member, and/or a heat transfer element. The heat transfer member can have a hollow or solid construction. Heat can be transferred from the heat transfer member to a fluid surrounding all or part of the heat transfer member. Heat transfer members can have a one-piece or multi-piece construction. The illustrated heat transfer member  2023  of  FIG. 37  has a one-piece construction and is monolithically formed with the body  2009 . The heat transfer member  2023  protrudes from the body  2009  and extends, at least partially, through the channel  2004 . In other embodiments, the heat transfer member  2023  may extend across the entire channel  2004  or a substantial distance across the channel  2004 . 
   The body  2009  of the neck finish mold  2002  comprises a frontal portion  2021  that defines a surface  2011  configured to engage a lower component of the cavity section of the mold  1999 , and the molding surface  2007 . In the illustrated embodiment, the frontal portion  2021  includes a slight taper towards the body portion of the preform  2000 . A central section  2022  of the body  2009  is connected to the frontal portion  2021  and the heat transfer member  2023 . The frontal portion  2021 , the central section  2022 , and/or the heat transfer member  2023  may be separate items or a unitary member. Regardless, heat can be transferred along a flow path  2051  through the frontal portion  2021 , the central portion  2022 , and the heat transfer member  2023 , and then ultimately to a fluid passing through the channel  2004 . The fluid can flow adjacent to any portion of the heat transfer member  2023  and/or across any other portion of the neck finish mold  2002 . 
   The neck finish mold  2002  may comprise a high heat transfer material. In some embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 37 , the neck finish mold  2002  can comprise mostly a high heat transfer material, although other materials can be employed to reduce wear, provide thermal insulation, and the like. For example, the neck finish mold  2002  can comprise more than about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or ranges encompassing such percentages of high heat transfer material by weight and/or volume. In another embodiment, the entire neck finish mold  2002  is comprised of one or more high heat transfer materials. In yet other embodiments, the neck finish mold  2002  may comprise less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, or ranges encompassing such percentages. In yet other arrangements, the neck finish mold  2002  may not comprise any high heat transfer materials. Thus, in some embodiments, heat transfer from the molding surface to the channel  2004  may involve both the use of a high heat transfer material in the mold and the use of a cryogenic refrigerant and/or other fluid. 
   In some non-limiting embodiments the neck finish mold  2002  comprises one or more high heat transfer materials that define a heat flow path  2051 . As illustrated in  FIG. 37 , the heat flow path  2051  may be oriented along a middle portion of the mold body  2009 . However, in other embodiments, a heat flow path  2051  may be different than shown in  FIG. 37 . For example, the flow path  2051  may be oriented along one or more outer portions of the mold body  2009 . In other embodiments, a mold body  2009  may comprise two or more different heat flow paths  2051 . Further, if the heat transfer member  2023  is used to deliver heat to the molding surface  2007 , the general direction of the flow path may be opposite or substantially opposite of that depicted in  FIG. 37 . 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 37 , heat from the preform  2000  is transferred to a working fluid in the channel  2004  through the body  2009  along a flow path  2051 . The configuration of the neck finish mold  2002  can be varied to achieve the desired heat flow path(s) depending on the particular application. Arrows  2052 ,  2053 ,  2054  indicate heat flowing from the neck finish mold  2002  to the working fluid flowing through the channel  2004 . In the depicted embodiment, lateral heat flows, indicated by the arrows  2052 ,  2053 , and the axial heat flow, indicated by the arrow  2054 , illustrate the possible directions which heat can take to move towards the heat transfer element  2023 . The axial heat flow  2054  can be transferred through the face  2232  to the working fluid. Likewise, the lateral heat flows  2052 ,  2053  can flow through the surface  2231  to the working fluid. In this manner, there can be multi-dimensional heat flow from the heat transfer member  2023  to enhance the heat transfer efficiency to the working fluid passing thereby. 
   Heat from the preform  2000 , at any point during the molding cycle, can be transferred through the surface  2007  and along the path  2051  through the frontal portion  2021 . The heat can then flow along the central portion  2022  until it reaches the heat transfer member  2023 . The heat then is dissipated (such as indicated by the arrows  2052 ,  2053 ,  2054 ) and delivered to the fluid within the channel  2004 . The working fluid can flow continuously (at one or more rates) or intermittently through the channel  2004 . In some embodiments, pulse cooling can be used as described below. Further, the temperature of the fluid flowing within the channel  2004  may be varied to provide additional control of the cooling of the molded material and/or heat dissipation across the neck finish mold. For example, a fluid (e.g., CO 2 ) may be vaporized to lower the temperature of the fluid conveyed within the channel  2004 . In some embodiments, one or more temperature elements and/or regulators may be used to regulate the flow and/or temperature of the fluid conveyed thought the channel  2004  to accurately control the cooling rate of the preform or other molded material. In this manner, heat can be transferred to the working fluid at any time in the molding cycle, which can reduce cycle time and increase output of the mold  1999 . A curved outer surface (not shown) of the heat transfer member promotes high flow rates through the channel  2004 . For example, the outer surface of the heat transfer member  2023  can be configured to promote any desired flow characteristic (e.g., laminar flow, turbulent flow, etc.). However, as mentioned above, it will be appreciated that the transfer of heat across the mold body  2009  may be different than illustrated in  FIG. 37 . 
   The component  2003  can be any part of the mold  1999  suitable for containing the channel  2004 . In some embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 37 , the component  2003  is in the form of a section or portion of a mold plate that receives a portion of the neck finish mold  2002 . In some embodiments, the component and/or the channel may be disposed within the same mold section or structure as the neck finish mold. The heat transfer member  2023  extends, at least partially, into the component  2003  and preferably contacts the working fluid during operation. In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer member  2023  may be partially and/or completely immersed in the working fluid during operation to provide enhanced heat transfer from the mold to the working fluid. 
   In some embodiments, the channel  2004  is included within the mold body  2009 . For instance, a single mold structure can comprise a cooling system  1191 , including one or more channels  2031  configured to accommodate a working fluid. The channels  2031  may be formed from the mold body  2009 , or they may be separate members that are incorporated or otherwise attached to the body  2009 . In addition, two or more channels  2031  configured to carry a working fluid may be included in a single mold  1999 . In such an arrangement, the heat transfer members  2023  positioned within the channels  2031  can be in thermal communication with one another. For example, if a mold comprises two channels  2031  the heat transfer members  2023  may be oriented along the same general heat flow path  2051 . Thus, depending on the desired heat transfer from or to a molding surface  2007 , working fluid may be routed through one or both of the channels  2031 . In such embodiments that comprise two or more channels  2031 , the channels  2031  may or may not be in fluid communication with one another. 
   In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 37 , the heat transfer member  2023  extends approximately half-way across the width of the channel  2004 . It will be appreciated that the distance which the heat transfer member  2023  extends into the channel  2004  may be greater or smaller than shown. In one embodiment, the heat transfer member  2023  can extend through substantially the entire channel  2004 . In other embodiments, the heat transfer member  2023  can extend less than half-way through the channel  2023 . For example, the heat transfer member  2023  can extend about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.9%, or ranges encompassing such percentages across the width or diameter of the channel  2004 . In other embodiments, the heat transfer member  2023  may be flush with the inner wall  2031  of the channel  2004 . In yet other embodiments, the heat transfer member  2023  may be recessed with respect to the inner wall  2031  defining the channel  2004 , such that even if it does not extend into the channel  2031  it is still in thermal communication with it. 
   Advantageously, the component  2003  can have one or more channels  2031  of any size and configuration to transfer heat away from the neck finish mold  2002 . The channel  2004  can be generally larger than a traditional internal channel of a thread split. However, the channels  2031  can be the same size as or smaller than a traditional internal channel of a thread split. The cross-sectional area of the channel  2004 , as defined by its interior wall  2031 , is preferably greater than the cross-sectional area of a traditional internal channel of a thread split. The channel  2004  can provide a higher volumetric flow rate as compared to an internal channel in a thread split. Thus, the channel  2004  may provide increased thermal loading capacity. In some non-limiting embodiments, the channel  2004  can have a cross-sectional area that is at least about 0.1 cm 2 , 0.25 cm 2 , 0.5 cm 2 , 1 cm 2 , 2 cm 2 , 3 cm 2 , 4 cm 2 , 5 cm 2 , 6 cm 2 , 7 cm 2 , 8 cm 2 , 9 cm 2 , 10 cm 2 , 15 cm 2 , and ranges encompassing such cross-sectional areas. In some embodiments, the channel  2004  has a cross-sectional area that is greater than about 2 cm 2 , 4 cm 2 , 5 cm 2 , and ranges encompassing such cross-sectional areas. In other embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the channel  2004  may be smaller than 2 cm 2 . In yet other embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the channel  2004  may be larger than 5 cm 2 , 10 cm 2 , or 15 cm 2 . It will be appreciated that the cross-sectional area of the channel  2004  may be higher and/or lower than indicated herein. As such, the working fluid can flow at a high flow rate through the channel  2004  to rapidly cool the heat transfer member  2023 . 
   Although not illustrated, the neck finish mold  2002  can have temperature control elements that can be used in combination with the cooling system  2011 . Cooling channels, bubblers, heating/cooling rods and/or the like can be used to control the temperature of the neck finish mold  2002 . Thus, various structures and devices can be employed, either in addition to or in lieu of structures and devices discussed herein, to control the temperature of the neck finish mold  2002 . 
   The channel  2004  can have a generally circular cross-section, elliptical cross-section, polygonal cross-section, or any other type of cross-section capable of conveying a working fluid. In the illustrated embodiment  FIG. 37 , the channel  2004  is generally circular, and the heat transfer member  2023  extends partially therethrough. The illustrated heat transfer member  2023  extends laterally through a portion of the channel  2004 . In some embodiments, the heat transfer member  2023  extends at least halfway through the channel  2004 . As indicated above, the extent to which the heat transfer member  2023  may protrude into the channel may be greater or lesser than depicted in the  FIG. 37 . 
   A sealing system  2032  of  FIG. 37  can be used to limit or prevent fluid from escaping from the channel  2004 . The sealing system  2032  can be positioned between the neck finish mold  2002  and the component  2003  and preferably comprises one or more of the following: sealing members, gaskets, O-rings, mechanical seals, packing, and combinations thereof. The illustrated sealing system  2032  comprises an O-ring that is disposed in a recess of the component  2003  and surrounds the base of the heat transfer member  2032 . Alternatively, the O-ring and/or other member comprising the sealing system  2032  may be positioned within a recess of the body  2009 . In another embodiment, the sealing system  2032  need not be positioned within a recess of the component  2003  or body  2009 . For example, the sealing system  2032  can comprise a gasket that is positioned between adjacent surfaces of the component  2003  and the body  2009 . Any O-ring, gasket and/or other member of the sealing system  2032  may comprise rubber, silicone, neoprene, polyurethane, other elastomeric materials and/or other at least partially compliant materials adapted to form a seal. 
   In some preferred embodiments, pulse cooling or similar technology can be incorporated into one or more mold sections. If a cooling fluid is conveyed through the channel  2004  when the mold space does not include a preform or other object or when the mold space or cavity is otherwise exposed to ambient air, moisture from the surrounding air can condense on a molding surface. The condensation may interfere with the molding operation by reducing preform production, decreasing molding quality, increasing cycle times and the like. Therefore, it may be desirable in certain embodiments to eliminate cooling of one or more mold sections (e.g., core, cavity, etc.) when molding surfaces are exposed to moist air or other conditions where condensation can form on a molding surface. 
   In one embodiment, pulse cooling includes directing a cooling fluid through a mold once every molding cycle. The cooling fluid can be conveyed within a channel, such as the channels  2004  in the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 37   48 . Further, pulse cooling can include directing a cooling fluid through one or more cooling channels, such as, for example, the cooling channels in the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 6   36 , either in lieu of or in addition to channels  2004  illustrated and discussed in relation to the embodiments of  FIGS. 37   48 . The flow rate, temperature, pressure and/or other properties of the cooling fluid are preferably capable of achieving the desired heat removal from the preform (or other object being formed) and/or the mold itself. It will be appreciated that pulse cooling can comprise directing a cooling fluid once, twice or more times through a cooling channel during a single molding cycle. 
   In some embodiments, one or more of the mold sections (e.g., core, cavity) may include temperature sensors to facilitate control of the heat dissipation caused by a particular pulse of cooling fluid. As used herein, the term “pulse” is a broad term and is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and may include, without limitation, one or more surges of fluid through a channel or a system of channels. Pulse can include one of a plurality of surges occurring during a particular molding cycle. Alternatively, pulse may refer to two or more surges that together regulate the temperature of the mold and/or moldable object during a molding cycle. The temperature sensors can be included on a molding surface, within a cooling channel, within the body of a mold and/or any other suitable location. In some preferred embodiments, a molding apparatus may include multiple temperature sensors to provide more accurate control of the cooling process. 
   In addition, the molding apparatus can include one or more controllers that regulate the rate of flow and pressure of the cooling fluid through the channels of the mold. For example, in some embodiments, the controllers may comprise a valve. Further, such controllers can regulate the temperature of the cooling fluid being conveyed through a channel. In one embodiment, a valve or other controller can control the fluid temperature by regulating its discharge pressure, such as, for example, the extent to which the cooling fluid is vaporized. Thus, during pulse cooling, controllers can assist in the control of mold and/or preform temperature by regulating the temperature, pressure and/or flow rate of the cooling fluid. 
   Pulse cooling techniques may be used in a mold comprising one or more high heat transfer materials. For example, pulse control principles can be used to deliver cooling fluid through the channel  2004  illustrated in the embodiments of  FIGS. 37   48 . Thus, the cooling fluid can more efficiently remove heat from the mold and/or the preform. 
   In operation, one or more pulses of cooling fluid are delivered through a channel, such as, for example, the channel  2004  illustrated in  FIG. 37 . The pulses are preferably delivered when the mold cavity or space has been filled, either partially or fully, with a moldable material (e.g., a polymeric material for the formation of a preform). The type, temperature, flow rate, pressure and/or other characteristics of the cooling fluid are preferably selected to adequately control the temperature of the mold  1999  and/or to adequately deliver heat from the molding surface  2007  to the channel  2004  during a single molding cycle. In one embodiment, after completion of a molding cycle, the temperature of the molding surface  2007  will be sufficiently high to prevent unwanted condensation from forming thereon. The surge of cooling fluid is preferably configured to quickly reduce the temperature of the molding surface. Therefore, the use of pulse cooling can result in higher quality molding and reduction of cycle times. 
     FIG. 38  illustrates the heat transfer member  2023  and the component  2003  taken along the line  38 - 38  of  FIG. 37 . During the molding cycle, working fluid, such as, for example chilled working fluid (e.g., non-cryogenic refrigerant, cryogenic refrigerant, water, etc.) can flow through the channel  2004  and around the heat transfer member  2023 . In some non-limiting embodiments, the working fluid comprises water. The water is heated as it absorbs heat from the heat transfer member  2023 . The working fluid can be chilled, hot, or at any other temperature to heat or cool the neck finish mold  2002  as desired. 
   In one embodiment, the working fluid is preferably at a temperature less than the temperature of the surfaces of the heat transfer member  2023 , such that heat may be transferred from the heat transfer member  2023  to the working fluid. The difference in temperatures and the heat capacities of the materials are two factors in determining the cooling rate. The channel  2004  can be completely or partially filled with the working fluid. The heat transfer member  2023  can be completely immersed in the working fluid to enhance dissipation of heat to the working fluid. Alternatively, only a relatively small portion of the heat transfer member  2023  may contact the working fluid. The working fluid may be configured to flow either continuously or intermittently through the one or more channels  2031  of the cooling system  1191 . 
   The heat transfer member  2023  may have a generally circular cross-section, as shown in  FIG. 38 . However, the heat transfer member  2023  can have one or more other configurations. For example, a heat transfer member  2023   a  of  FIG. 39  has a generally ellipsoidal shape. The heat transfer member can have a generally circular profile, ellipsoidal profile, polygonal profile (including rounded polygonal), ovoid, combination of the foregoing, or any other suitable profile. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 39 , the heat transfer member  2023   a  can be at any suitable orientation. The illustrated ellipsoidal heat transfer member  2023   a  has a major axis that is generally aligned with the flow of the working fluid, as indicated by the arrow  2041 . As such, the lateral area  2231  of the heat transfer member  2023   a  may be effectively increased to maximize heat transfer to the working fluid. It is contemplated that the heat transfer member  2023   a  can also have other elongate shapes to increase the heat transfer member&#39;s surface area that contacts the working fluid. 
   In other embodiments, heat transfer enhancers can be utilized to facilitate heat dissipating from the heat transfer member to the working fluid. With respect to  FIG. 40 , the heat transfer member  2023   b  has heat transfer enhancers which increase the effective surface area for heat transfer. The heat transfer enhancers  2231   b ,  2232   b ,  2233   b  are configured to increase the ratio of surface area to volume of the heat transfer member  2023   b.    
   As shown in  FIGS. 40 and 41 , the heat transfer member  2023   b  has a plurality of heat transfer enhancers  2231   b ,  2232   b ,  2233   b  that are spaced from each other. In the illustrated embodiment, each of the heat transfer enhancers  2231   b ,  2232   b ,  2233   b  is in the form of a fin. Each of the fins has a pair of longitudinally extending lateral surfaces to improve the transfer of heat to the working fluid. It is contemplated that any number of fins can be employed. Although the illustrated heat transfer enhancers are longitudinally extending fins (e.g., fins extending generally parallel the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member), the heat transfer members and/or the fins (or other heat transfer enhancers) can be arranged in other orientations. The heat transfer member  2023   b  can have longitudinally extending fins, laterally extending fins, obliquely extending fins, combinations thereof, or any other suitably oriented fins for the desired heat transfer. The terms “heat transfer enhancer” and “fin” are used interchangeably herein. 
   Other types and combinations of heat transfer enhancers can also be utilized. Heat transfer enhancers can comprise one or more of the following: fins, protrusions, slits, bores, channels, grooves, openings, recesses, indentations, mesh structures, and combinations thereof. The heat transfer enhancers can be selected based on the properties of the working fluid, desired flow characteristics, heat transfer efficiency, and the like. In view of the present disclosure, a skilled artisan can select the type, configuration, and position of the heat transfer enhancers of the neck finish mold  2002  for a particular application. The heat transfer enhancers may or may not comprise a high heat transfer material. In some non-limiting embodiments, the heat transfer enhancers comprise a high heat transfer material, such as copper and its alloys, for efficient heat transfer. 
   It will appreciated by those of skill in the art that the heat transfer devices and methods described herein are not limited to neck finish molds. For example, cooling systems comprising one or more channels may be included in other portions of the cavity mold section, such as for example, the body of the mold cavity section that surrounds the main portion of a preform or other item being molded. In addition, as discussed in greater detail below, such cooling systems may be included in the mold core section of a molding apparatus. In some embodiments, such heat transfer devices may be included in both a mold cavity section and a mold core section of a mold apparatus. Thus, the transfer of heat to and/or from a molding surface using a heat transfer member which is, at least partially, disposed within a channel may be used in any part of a mold, mold section or molding apparatus, either in lieu of or in addition to other temperature control methods. For example, such cooling systems may be used to enhance cooling in the gate region of either or both parts of the mold (e.g., cavity, core). 
     FIGS. 42-48  depict additional embodiments of molds, which are generally similar to the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 37-41 , except as further detailed below. Where possible, similar elements are identified with identical reference numerals in the depiction of the embodiments of  FIGS. 37-48 . 
   With respect to  FIG. 42 , the mold  2081  comprises a neck finish mold  2002  that includes at least one wear resistant portion. The wear resistant portion is configured to reduce wear attributable to interaction between the neck finish mold  2002  and adjacent components of the mold  2081 . For example, when the neck finish mold  2002  moves between a first position for molding the preform  2000  and a second position for removal of the preform  2000 , the wear resistant material can reduce wear of the neck finish mold  2002  so as to extend the life of the mold. In some embodiments, the wear resistant material can be a hardened material. In a preferred embodiment, the wear resistant material is a hardened, high wear material such as steel (e.g., including tool steel, high strength steels, nitride steels, etc.). The wear resistant material can also comprise ceramics (e.g., engineering ceramics), polymers, and the like. The wear resistant material preferably forms one or more of the surfaces of the mold  2081  that bear against one or more adjacent surfaces. 
   In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 42 , high wear portions  2211   a ,  2221   a  form portions of the neck mold finish  2002 . The high wear portion  2211   a  reduces wear of the frontal portion  2021 , while the high wear portion  2221   a  reduces wear of the body  2009 . Therefore, such high wear portions can be utilized to protect one or more surfaces of the neck finish mold  2002  which are in sliding contact with other parts of the mold or other surface, or subjected to other potentially damaging contact and/or exposure to elements that may cause wear on the neck finish mold. One or more other portions of the neck finish mold  2002  can comprise high heat transfer materials. For example, in some embodiments the high wear portions  2211   a ,  2221   a  comprise steel and the body  2009  comprises one or more high heat transfer materials. In other embodiments, the entire or substantial portion of the neck finish mold  2002  may include a high heat transfer material. 
     FIG. 43  illustrates a neck finish mold  2082  that has a multi-piece construction. The illustrated neck finish mold  2082  comprises a multi-piece heat transfer member  2090  positioned within a mold component  2003 . In the depicted embodiment, the heat transfer member  2090  comprises a first portion  2060  coupled to a second portion  2024 . It will be appreciated that in other embodiments, the heat transfer member can comprise more or fewer pieces than illustrated in  FIG. 43 . 
   As illustrated in  FIG. 43 , the first portion  2060  is integrally formed with the body  2009  of the neck finish mold  2002 . However, in other embodiments, the first portion  2060  and the body  2009  can have a multi-piece construction. The first portion  2060  is an elongated protrusion that extends from the body  2009  and is received within chamber of the second portion  2024 . The chamber of the second portion  2024  and the first portion  2060  have a modified frusto-conical shape. The chamber of the second portion  2024  and the first portion  2060  can have any other shape, such as, for example, conical, frusto-spherical and the like. 
   The second portion  2024  is configured to maximize heat transfer to a working fluid within the channel  2004 . The second portion  2024  in  FIG. 43  comprises a plurality of heat transfer enhancers  2242  configured to increase the ratio of surface area to volume of the second portion  2024 . The heat transfer enhancers  2242  are illustrated as fins, although other types of heat transfer enhancers and/or different configurations of heat transfer enhancers can be utilized. As illustrated, the heat transfer enhancers  2242  are outwardly extending fins which are spaced from each other along the channel  2004 . Between adjacent heat transfer enhancers  2242  is a corresponding recess  2241  through which working fluid can flow. Although the illustrated heat transfer enhances  2242  have a generally straight shape, they may have any other configuration, such as, for example, curve, tapered, arcuate, circular, conical, helical and/or the like. 
   Any suitable coupling means can be employed to couple the second portion  2024  to the first portion  2060 . One or more fasteners  2025  (e.g., a threaded member such as a bolt, pressure or snap fit coupling system, etc.) can be used to couple the second portion  2024  to the first portion  2060 . The fastener  2025  is disposed through a throughhole in the second portion  2024  and a bore in the first portion  2060 . In one embodiment, the fastener  2025  threadably couples to the second portion  2024  and, preferably, securely holds the first portion  2060  to the second portion  2024 . In other embodiments, welding, adhesives, threads, mechanical fasteners (e.g., nut and bolt assemblies), pins, press fitting, and combinations thereof can be employed to couple the components of the heat transfer member  2090  together. Such multi-piece heat transfer members may improve heat transfer, facilitate replacement and maintenance of the heat transfer members and the like. 
   The thermal conductivities of the first portion  2060  and the second portion  2024  can be generally similar to each other. For example, both the first portion  2060  and the second portion  2024  can comprise a high heat transfer material. Heat can flow rapidly through the first portion  2060 , the second portion  2024 , and then to the fluid flowing across the heat transfer member  2090 . In alternative embodiments, the first portion  2060  and the second portion  2024  comprise materials having different or substantially different thermal conductivities. 
   The component  2003  can be configured to inhibit or prevent fluid in the channel  2004  from escaping between the component  2003  and the neck finish mold  2002 . A plate  2253  may comprise grooves  2251 ,  2252  that are interposed between the mold plate  2261  and the neck finish mold  2082 . In the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 43 , the recess  2252  is positioned between the plate  2253  and the mold plate  2261  and contains a sealing member (e.g., a rubber O-ring). The recess  2251  is positioned between the neck finish mold  2082  and the plate  2253 , and preferably holds a sealing member. The sealing members act to seal fluid within the channel  2004 . Any number of sealing members can be employed at various locations in the mold to ensure that fluid is retained in the channel  2004 . 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 43 , the heat transfer member  2090  can have an overall lateral dimension that may be greater than a size (e.g., diameter) of a throughhole  2270  of the mold component  2003 . The second portion  2024  can have various configurations depending on the application. As shown in  FIG. 44 , the second portion  2024  has a generally circular profile as viewed along the longitudinal axis of the heat transfer member  2090 . It will be appreciated, however, that the second portion  2024  can have any other configuration. For example, as shown in  FIG. 45 , the second portion  2024  has a generally polygonal profile, illustrated as a rectangle. Non-limiting embodiments of the second portions of the heat transfer member can have a shape that is generally elliptical, circular, polygonal, ovoid, or combinations thereof. The second portion  2024  of  FIG. 45  extends along the channel  2004  and can have a greater effective surface area for heat transfer than the second portion  2024  illustrated in  FIG. 44 . 
     FIG. 46  illustrates a mold  2101  that has a cooling system  2003  configured to cool the preform  2000  disposed on a core  2300  that does not have any cooling channels therein. The cooling system  2003  can have one or more channels for directly or indirectly cooling the core  2300  and the associated preform  2000 . In other embodiments, the core section may include one or more other heating or cooling members, such as, for example, other heating/cooling channels. Generally, fluid can flow through a mold plate and/or over a portion of a core  2300  to control the temperature of the core. 
   The core  2300  can extend upwardly and be held by a core holder  2007 . The core holder  2007  and the core  2300  cooperate to define the fluid channel  2004  suitable for holding a working fluid. The fluid flows around the core  2300  to absorb heat from the adjacent core  2300 . 
   In  FIG. 46 , the rear portion  2062  of the core  2300  can be positioned within a mold plate  2008 . The rear portion  2062  has one or more heat transfer enhancers for increased heat transfer. In the illustrated embodiment, the rear portion  2062  has a plurality of heat transfer enhancers  2622  (e.g., fins) that are in fluid communication with the working fluid flowing through a channel  2004 . Heat can be conducted away from the preform  2000  along the path  2051  through the core  2300  to the rear portion  2062 . In some embodiments, depending on the materials of construction, dimensions, shape, temperature gradient, and/or other characteristics of the mold and its surroundings, heat can flow somewhat laterally, as indicated by the arrows  2052 , to the thermal enhancers  2622 , and ultimately to the working fluid in the channel  2004 . In other embodiments, the core  2300  may have more or fewer heat transfer enhancers  2622  than indicated in  FIG. 46 . In yet another embodiment, the core  2300  may not have any heat transfer enhancers at all. 
   Further, the system may be configured with two or more channels  2004  that are configured to be in thermal communication with the core  2300 , either directly or through one or more heat transfer enhancers  2622 . If two or more channels  2004  are included in a single design, the channels  2004  can be configured so that they are in fluid communication with one another. In a preferred embodiment, the channels  2004  can comprise a valve or other member to optionally control whether or not the channels  2004  are in fluid communication with each other. In other embodiments, channels  2004  need not be in fluid communication with one another. The channels  2004  may be positioned anywhere along the mold plate  2008  and/or elsewhere in a mold apparatus. It will be appreciated that the shape, size, orientation, distance from the core  2300 , and other characteristics of the channels  2004  can be different than illustrated in  FIG. 46 . 
   As discussed above in relation to  FIGS. 37-45  for neck finish molds, heat transfer members and/or heat transfer enhancers may have any shape, size, dimensions, or general configuration. For example, the extent to which heat transfer members and/or heat transfer enhancers are disposed within a channel may vary. In addition, the total surface area of the heat transfer members and/or heat transfer enhancers that may contact the working fluid conveyed within a channel can also vary. 
   The core  2300  can comprise a high heat transfer material for enhanced thermal efficiency. For example, the core  2300  can comprise copper and/or its alloys. To reduce wear between the core  2300  and the core holder  2007  or other mold area, portions of the core  2300  and the core holder  2007  that engage each other can comprise a high wear material. For example, the core holder  2007  can comprise a high wear material, such as steel. To reduce wearing of the core  2300 , the core  2300  can have an externally hardened layer that engages the core holder  2007 . However, the core  2300  can comprise a low wear material that can bear against the core holder  2007 . 
   In operation, working fluid  2041  can flow through the channel  2004  and around the core  2300 , preferably absorbing heat from the core  2300 . The working fluid flows generally orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the core  2300 . Alternatively, the working fluid can flow in any other direction with respect to the core  2300 . The working fluid may be a cryogenic or a non-cryogenic fluid. For example, the working fluid may be cooling/heating water, refrigerant, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or any other liquid or gas. 
   Although not illustrated, the split ring  2002  can have a heat transfer member also in fluid communication with the working fluid  2041 . Alternatively, the split ring  2002  can be cooled by working fluid in a separate cooling system. The split ring  2002  and the core  2300  can therefore be cooled by the same system or different cooling systems. 
   In some embodiments, the mold  2101  can include a means for controlling the temperature of the core  2300 . The core  2300  can include, but is not limited to, bubblers, channels, resistors, insulating materials, heating/cooling rods, or other means for controlling the temperature of the core. In  FIG. 46 , the illustrated core  2300  is a generally solid piece of material extending from the core holder  2007  though the split ring  2002  when the mold is in the illustrated closed position. However, in other embodiments, the core  2300  may include areas having non-solid features, such as, for example, other heating/cooling channels and the like. 
   With respect to  FIG. 47 , the core  2500  can be configured for thermal isolation of one or more of its portions. Thus, a portion of the core  2500  can be thermally isolated from another portion of the core  2500  so as to cool and/or heat one or more portions of the preform  2000  at different rates. The core  2500  can be utilized to form preforms with a particular finish or structure, such as a crystalline neck finish, semi-crystalline structure, amorphous structure or the like. Alternatively, the thermally isolated portions of the core  2500  can be used to maintain a preform at a generally uniform temperature. For example, having increased cooling at thicker portions of the preform may maintain a relatively uniform overall temperature. Various sections of the core  2500  can be thermally isolated and maintained at any desired temperature, as detailed below. 
   In some embodiments, including the illustrated embodiment of  FIG. 47 , the core  2500  has a body portion  2061   b  and a neck portion  2006   b  that are generally thermally isolated from one another. For example, in such a configuration, the body portion  2061   b  can cool the body of the preform  2000  at a first rate, while the neck portion  2006   b  cools the neck of the preform  2000  at a second rate. The first rate can be the same or different from the second rate. For example, to form generally amorphous preforms, the first rate of cooling and the second rate of cooling can be relatively high. To form preforms with a crystalline neck finish, the second rate can be less than the first rate so that the polymer of the neck portion can undergo crystallization. 
   The body portion  2061   b  can be a generally cylindrical, elongated member that extends from the rear portion  2062   a  to the end cap of the preform  2000 . One or more insulators  2006   c  or thermal insulating materials can be positioned between the body portion  2061   b  and the neck portion  2006   b . The insulator  2006   c  can be a sleeve or tubular member that extends along the rearward portion of the body portion  2061   b . The illustrated insulator  2006   c  is interposed between the neck portion  2006   b  and a portion of the body portion  2061   b . However, the number, material(s) of construction, size, shape, position, orientation, and/or other characteristics of the insulators  2006   c  or thermal insulating materials may be different than illustrated in  FIG. 47 . For example, in some embodiments, the insulators  2006   c  can be manufactured from a rubber, polymer, foam, metal, carbon, ceramic and/or any other material. In other embodiments, the insulators  2006   c  can comprise an air gap or any other member or cavity that will prevent or reduce the heat transfer between adjacent surfaces. The terms “insulator” and “thermal insulating material” are used interchangeably herein. 
   With continued reference to  FIG. 47 , the neck portion  2006   b  extends from the rearward portion  2062   a  and terminates just below the neck portion of the preform  2000 . In the depicted embodiment, the neck portion  2006   b  forms the inner surface of the neck portion of the preform  2000 , while the body portion  2061   b  forms the inner surface of the body portion of the preform  2000 . Thus, the insulator  2006   c  may impair heat exchange between the neck portion  2006   b  and the body portion  2061   b . The extent to which such heat exchange impairment is accomplished generally depends on one or more variables, including the types of materials used, the operating temperature range of the molding apparatus, the size, shape, orientation, spacing and other characteristics of the various mold components (e.g., the core  2005 , insulators  2006   c , mold cavity, etc.), the characteristics of the preform  2000  and/or the like. 
   The insulator  2006   c  can comprise low heat transfer materials. As used herein, the term “low heat transfer material” is a broad term and is used in accordance with its ordinary meaning and may include, without limitation, rubbers, polymers, plastics, carbon, ceramics, air, or other suitable insulating material for limiting heat transfer between the neck portion  2006   b  and the body portion  2061   b . Low heat transfer materials have a thermal conductivity that is less than the thermal conductivity of high heat transfer materials. The thickness of the insulator  2006   c  can be increased or decreased to decrease or increase heat transfer through the insulator  2006   c.    
   If the core  2500  is a solid single piece, heat from the preform body passes through the core  2500 . This thermal energy can heat or limit cooling of the upper portion of the core  2500  adjacent to the thread or neck finish of the preform  2000 , thus reducing cooling efficiency in the upper portion of the core  2500 . That is, heat from the body portion of preform  2000  can heat or increase the temperature of the core  2500  adjacent to the neck portion of the preform. However, in the embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 47 , the core  2500  has separate regions that are not appreciably heated by the heat traveling through other portions of the core  2500 . Heat traveling up the core  2500  along the body portion  2061   b  does not substantially inhibit cooling of the neck portion  2006   b . Thus, each thermally isolated portion of the core  2500  can cool a portion of the preform at a precise rate without impairment from the heat traveling along other portions of the core  2500 . The core  2500  and/or mold cavity sections of a mold may strategically include insulators to create one or more other thermally isolated portions, either in lieu of or in addition to those illustrated in  FIG. 47 . 
     FIG. 48  illustrates a core  2600  that has a plurality of sections, each in fluid communication with a cooling system  2062 . One or more cooling systems can be used to cool the core  2600 . Insulation, such as one or more insulators or thermal insulating materials, can be positioned between each of the sections to enhance thermal isolation of these sections. 
   The core  2600  comprises a first portion  2608  configured to mold a portion of preform  2000 . An adjacent portion  2610  of the core  2600  is configured to mold another portion of the preform  2000 . Another portion  2612  of the core  2600  is configured to form a different portion of the preform  2000 . The central portion  2614  of the core  2600  is configured to form a portion of the preform  2000 . In the illustrated embodiment, the central portion  2614  is configured to mold the end cap of the preform  2000 . The central portion  2614  extends upwardly through the central portion of the core  2600  and is preferably in thermal communication with the temperature control system  2602 . One or more of the portions  2608 ,  2610 ,  2612 ,  2614  can comprise an insulating material. As such, each of the portions can define an isolated heat flow path from the preform  2000  to the cooling system  2602 . 
   Although this disclosure is in the context of certain preferred embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the inventions extend beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the inventions and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while several variations have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope hereof, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combination or sub-combinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the inventions. It should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes. For example, the channels, heat transfer members, heat transfer enhancers, insulators, high wear portions and/or other portions of molds disclosed in the embodiments illustrated in  FIGS. 37-48 , may be combined with one another in any combination to achieve a device (e.g., a mold plate, core portion, cavity section, neck finish mold and/or any other device), a system or a related method for controlling mold temperatures. Thus, it is intended that the scope should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above.