Patent Publication Number: US-8978822-B2

Title: Vertical frame of metal

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the National Stage of PCT/DE2007/001780 filed on Oct. 5, 2007, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 of German Application No. 20 2006 015 586.4 filed on Oct. 11, 2006. The international application under PCT article 21(2) was not published in English. 
     The invention relates to a vertical frame of metal, particularly a scaffolding frame, with at least one first vertical post and a rod-shaped horizontal transverse arm extending transversely, preferably perpendicularly, away therefrom, the post and arm being permanently connected together by welding to be stiff in bending and torsion. The invention also relates to a three-dimensional framework, particularly scaffolding, with one more vertical frames of that kind. 
     Numerous scaffolding systems with vertical frame elements and/or vertical frames of that kind have become known. Amongst them are so-called system scaffoldings such as, for example, the Layher ‘Blitz’ scaffolding system which has been known for many decades and proved best in practice. This comprises two vertical posts and two crossbars which are permanently fixed thereto at a spacing relative to one another corresponding with the passage height and which are each arranged perpendicularly with respect to the posts and together therewith form a rectangular, closed vertical scaffolding standing frame. The upper crossbars are formed as upwardly open U-profile members in which scaffolding floor elements can be hung by way of hook units. The lower crossbar can be constructed as a rectangular beam profile. The standing frames are designed to be able to be plugged onto one another so that several scaffolding tiers can thereby be built up. 
     System scaffoldings of that kind have become known from, for example, DE 38 07 631 A, DE 198 27 284 A1 or WO 02/066768 A1 of the applicant. Similar system scaffoldings constructed from closed rectangular frames have become known from, for example, DE 31 39 980 C2, CH-PS 439 679 or DE 87 11 664 U1. 
     Other scaffoldings able to be constructed with standing frames have U-shaped vertical frames which are designed to be downwardly open. Standing frames or scaffoldings of that kind have become known from, for example DE-PS 1 434 369, DE 1 677 836 U, DE 200 02 371 U1, DE 196 48 988 A1, CH-PS 439 679, CH-PS 457 803 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,305,563. 
     For specific cases of use the standing frame can also be designed to be H-shaped, for example with upwardly prolonged posts. Such frames are evident from, for example, DE 20 2004 007 550 U1 of the applicant. In that case, a second connecting rod for lower stiffening can be detachably connected between the lower ends of the vertical posts. 
     Other facade scaffoldings can be built up from L-shaped, T-shaped or t-shaped frame elements, such as disclosed in, for example, DE 36 11 431 C2 of the applicant, FR-PS 1 561 476 or U.S. Pat. No. 2,546,676. 
     Finally, facade scaffoldings have become known which can be built up from h-shaped frames. Thus, scaffoldings can be realised which are built up according to the principle of a ‘leading railing’. This means that during construction of a first scaffolding tier the railing element or the railing elements for the second scaffolding tier provided thereabove are already able to be mounted from the first tier, so that security against falling is already guaranteed from the first occasion of walking on the second scaffolding tier. Scaffoldings of that kind are evident from, for example, DE 196 48 988 A1 or FR-PS 25 16 141. 
     All these scaffoldings containing standing frames or facade frames are capable of varied use, are simple to handle and can be constructed comparatively simply and quickly without tools. 
     Scaffoldings able to be built up from asymmetrical part frames of T-shaped construction are evident from, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,656,580 and EP 1 672 140 A2. The part frames consist of a vertical post member or post to which is welded a horizontal cross member arranged perpendicularly thereto and extending away therefrom. At the end of the cross member extending away from the post member or from the post this has an anchoring body which is fixable by means of a wedge to a receiving pocket or to a hook plate, which is provided with passages, at this and to the post member or the post. These part frame elements, however, have the disadvantage that they cannot be combined with a further vertical post or post member to form a vertical frame, which on the side of the post member or post permanently connected with the cross member enables connection of standardised horizontal and diagonal connecting elements, which are designed to be matched to the grid dimension and the retaining devices—which are arranged at specific intervals on the posts—of a modular scaffolding system. 
     Other scaffolding systems concern so-called modular scaffoldings. These are constructed from separate individual scaffolding elements, particularly from posts as well as horizontal and/or diagonal connecting elements. The connecting elements have, at their ends, connecting heads which serve as holding devices and by means of which they can be hung in receiving elements, i.e. so-called connection nodes, and fixed thereto. These connecting nodes are mounted at regular longitudinal spacings along the posts. As horizontal and/or diagonal connecting elements use can be made of, in particular, longitudinal struts, crossbars and/or diagonal rods. Very stable scaffoldings stiff in bending and torsion can be built up in the most diverse mode and manner from these individual components. A modular scaffolding system of that kind of the applicant has as the Layher ‘Allround’ scaffolding been established for decades on the market as a synonym for modular scaffolding. The so-called ‘Allround’ nodes of the applicant has, by its unique connecting technology, replaced the conventional scaffolding construction technology. Applications in a unique multiplicity of uses can be realised by the individual ‘Allround’ scaffolding elements: at every construction site, in industry, chemical plants, power stations and shipyards, and in the events field, for example with platforms and stairways. Whether as a working, protective, facade or support scaffolding, as an internal, mobile or roof scaffolding and/or at the most difficult outlines and forms of architecture and in a case of increased safety demands, the ‘Allround’ scaffolding system of the applicant has done justice to all these tasks and requirements. 
     The vertical scaffolding posts, which are formed by round tubes, of this modular scaffolding are provided at regular length intervals with so-called apertured discs fastened to the posts by welding. These apertured discs are arranged concentrically with respect to the posts and surround the respective post at the full circumference in the manner of a flange. The apertured discs have several small and large passages arranged in alternation at the same circumferential angles relative to one another. The connecting heads of horizontal and/or diagonal connecting or scaffolding elements, particularly of longitudinal and/or horizontal struts as well as diagonal rods, can thereby be hooked in at these passages. The connecting heads have an upper and a lower head part each with a wedge opening for a wedge, which can be plugged through these wedge openings and through one of the passages of the associated apertured disc and by means of which the connecting head, which is provided with a slot arranged between the upper head part and the lower head part and which can be plugged onto the apertured disc, can be firmly wedge-connected with the post. 
     The connecting heads are usually connected as separate components, i.e. in multi-part manner, with the respective rod-shaped connecting element by welding. Connecting heads of that kind, apart from apertured discs and connecting elements, have become known from, for example, DE-PS 24 49 124, DE 37 02 057 A or the parallel EP 0 276 487 B1, DE 39 34 857 A1 or the parallel EP 0 423 516 B2, DE 198 06 094 A1 or the parallel EP 0 936 327 B1 and the parallel EP 1 452 667 B1 of the applicant. Alternative apertured disc designs are evident from, for example, DE 39 09 809 A1 and the parallel EP 0 389 933 B1 and DE 200 12 598 U1 as well as the parallel WO 02/06610 A1 and the parallel EP 1 301 673 A1 of the applicant. A scaffolding tube of a metal tubular scaffolding, in which the scaffolding tube is provided integrally, and of the same material, with a formed-on connecting head is evident from, for example, DE 34 07 425 A1 of the applicant. 
     It is possible from the afore-mentioned scaffolding elements, i.e. the posts provided with several apertured discs and the rod elements provided with slotted connecting heads, for example the crossbars, to also construct, inter alia, vertical frame elements or vertical frames which can have the designs mentioned in the introduction. Thus, for example, the L-shaped, t-shaped or T-shaped vertical frame elements can be built up from a post and at least one rod element provided with a connecting head. At least two or three individual parts are needed for that purpose. For construction of U-shaped, H-shaped and h-shaped vertical frames at least three individual parts are again needed, whilst for the construction of O-shaped or rectangular vertical frames at least four individual parts are required. 
     US 2002/0036118 A1 and EP 1 016 766 A1 disclose diverse frames and scaffoldings constructed therefrom. Each vertical frame comprises at least one vertical support rod and at least two connection/support elements fastened thereto and arranged to be offset in the longitudinal direction thereof as well as one or more railing elements fastened to the support rod and extending laterally away therefrom. Provided at the respective end of the railing elements extending away from the support rod is a connecting member which is fastened to the support rod at a vertical position or height corresponding with the associated connection/support element. The connecting member can be a separate element of metal. The vertical frames can also be constructed from two parallel support rods, between which one or more railing elements are fastened. For construction of a scaffolding, in each instance two such vertical frames are placed, with their railing elements respectively extending in longitudinal direction of the scaffolding, at a spacing from one another in transverse direction of the scaffolding. Between each two support rods, which are arranged adjacent in the transverse direction, of the vertical frame at least one horizontal transverse element is detachably fastened to the connection/support elements, which are preferably formed as flanges, of the support rods. Arranged between each two horizontal transverse elements of that kind, which are disposed at a spacing from one another in longitudinal direction of the scaffolding, are scaffolding floors provided with suspension hooks, which rest on the horizontal transverse elements. 
     It is an object of the invention to provide a vertical frame of the kind stated in the introduction which can be managed simply and easily, by which mounting and demounting of a three-dimensional framework designed as a scaffolding can be performed in simple mode and manner and economically, which is universally usable and economically producible and which can be combined with a modular scaffolding, which is constructed according to a grid dimension, with the possibility of utilisation of multiple connection possibilities, which are present in this, for horizontal and diagonal rod-shaped connecting elements. 
     This object is fulfilled particularly by the features of claim  1 . 
     Due to the fact that the permanent connection of the first post and the second post is formed by a single crossbar, handling is facilitated and in a given case a maximum passage height can be achieved with unobstructed passage. 
     In an advantageous refinement the vertical frame can be designed as a torsionally stiff U-shaped, H-shaped or h-shaped frame, particularly as a U-shaped, H-shaped or h-shaped standing frame. 
     A U-shaped, H-shaped or h-shaped frame of that kind can be constructed to be downwardly open so that a maximum passage height is available. Moreover, cladding units, particularly wooden scaffolding boards or planks, can also thereby be placed on the transverse arm. It is thus not absolutely necessary to use system cladding units having suspension aids, in particular scaffolding system claddings, since no lower crosspiece, which would determine a maximum height of the cladding units, is present. 
     A good permanent connection with respect to the post can be achieved in that the upper head part and the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head are, in the regions of the vertical outer surfaces thereof and optionally also in regions of the horizontal outer surfaces thereof, which are connected outwardly with the vertical wall parts thereof bearing against the associated post and/or disposed opposite thereto at a small spacing, welded to the associated post by way of a respective continuous weld seam, in a given case with the exception of at least one optionally provided liquid outlet opening. 
     Alternatively or additionally it can be provided that the upper head part and the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head are, in the regions of the vertical outer surfaces thereof, which are connected outwardly with the horizontal slot surfaces of the slot of the connecting head or the respective connecting head, welded to the associated apertured disc by way of a respective continuous weld seam over the entire width of the part of the associated apertured disc projecting into the slot of the connecting head or of the respective connecting head. 
     An improved permanent connection can be achieved in that the upper head part and the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head are, in regions of the vertical outer surfaces thereof, optionally also in regions of the horizontal outer surfaces thereof, which are connected towards the outside with the vertical wall parts thereof bearing against the associated post and/or disposed opposite thereto at a small spacing, welded to the associated post by way of a continuous weld seam and, also in regions of the vertical outer surfaces thereof, which are connected towards the outside with the horizontal slot surfaces of the slot of the connecting head or of the respective connecting head, welded to the associated apertured disc by way of a respective continuous weld seam in each instance over the entire width of the part of the associated apertured disc projecting into the slot of the connecting head or the respective connecting head, and also, in regions of vertical outer surfaces, which are connected towards the outside with the vertical slot surfaces of the slot, welded to the end surfaces, which are disposed in the region of the slot, of the associated apertured disc by way of a respective continuous weld seam, in a given case with the exception of at least one optionally provided liquid outlet opening. 
     An optimal permanent connection can be achieved in that the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head is or are, in the region of all its or their outer surfaces, which are connected outwardly with its or their surfaces disposed directly opposite the associated post and the associated apertured disc, welded to the associated post and to the associated apertured disc by way of a continuous weld seam, in a given case with the exception of at least of one liquid outlet opening. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head is or are permanently welded to the associated post in the manner that the horizontal plane, which intersects the slot or the respective slot at half the height of the slot width or of the respective slot width, coincides with the centre plane of the associated apertured disc. Through a centring in that manner equally favourable gap conditions between the horizontal slot surfaces of the slot and the intermediate part of the apertured disc are created, which enables simple welding with an optimum connection quality. 
     Moreover, provision can be made for the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head to be permanently connected with the associated post, without clamping, by a separate wedge. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided for the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head is or are designed in such a manner, and the associated apertured disc with the slot or the respective slot to be arranged to be engaged over at least partly in such a manner that, with the exception of a sole passage of the passages of the associated apertured disc, all other passages of the associated apertured disc are usable for a connection of holding devices, particularly for hanging in usual connecting heads of supporting and/or connecting elements, preferably of horizontally and/or diagonally extending scaffolding elements. In this manner the new vertical frame element can be combined in optimum manner with an appropriate modular scaffolding system. 
     In addition, provision can be made for the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head to be formed integrally, and of the same material, with the transverse arm. 
     A connecting head of that kind or connecting heads of that kind can be produced by deforming, particularly by pressing together or compressing, the first end and/or the second end of the transverse arm, which is preferably constructed as a hollow profile member. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the transverse arm is designed to be of multi-part construction with a rod element and with the first connecting head and/or with the second connecting head, which is or are connected with the rod element, preferably permanently, in particular by welding. This offers, for example, the possibility of use of mass-production connecting heads. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that an upper wedge opening is formed in the upper head part of the second connecting head, and a lower wedge opening is formed in the lower head part of the second connecting head, for a wedge able to be plugged through the wedge openings and serving for tightening the components to be connected. 
     In addition, provision can be made for the first connecting head and the second connecting head to be designed to be of the same construction, preferably substantially identical. 
     Alternatively, it can be provided that the first connecting head and the second connecting head are of different design. 
     In that case it can be provided that the first connecting head is formed at the transverse arm integrally and of the same material and that the second connecting head is permanently connected, preferably by welding, to a or the rod element of the transverse arm. 
     Alternatively, it can be provided that the first connecting head is permanently connected, preferably by welding, to a or the rod element of the transverse arm and that the second connecting head is formed at the transverse arm integrally and of the same material. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head is or are provided with support wall parts, which have support surfaces, for support at the associated post. In that case the or each upper head part can have an upper support surface and the or each lower head part a lower support surface. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head has or have in the region of the wall parts directly opposite the associated post, particularly in the region of the support surfaces of the support wall parts, a greater height than the height or the outer diameter of the transverse arm. This makes possible advantageous bearing and support conditions and the transmission of higher bending and torsional moments. 
     Alternatively or additionally it can be provided that not only the upper end of the upper head part, but also the lower end of the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head project, in the region of the wall parts directly opposite the associated post, particularly in the region of the support surfaces of the support wall parts, beyond the transverse arm in a direction transverse, preferably perpendicular, to the longitudinal axis thereof. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the height of the upper head part and/or the height of the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head reduces or reduce in direction towards the transverse arm, preferably gradually, to the outer diameter or the height of the transverse arm. 
     In addition, it can be provided that an upper outer surface of the upper head part and/or a lower outer surface of the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head is or are formed to be inclined relative to the transverse arm, preferably to include with a notional line extending parallel to the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm an angle which is greater than zero degrees, preferably between 10 degrees and 35 degrees, particularly approximately 25 degrees. This makes possible further improved supporting and force or moment transmission relationships. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the vertical wall parts, which are directly opposite the post or the respective post and preferably bear thereagainst, of the first connecting and/or the second connecting head have a part-cylindrical form and, considered in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the associated post, are formed with a radius corresponding with the outer radius of the post and preferably amounting to 24.15 millimeters. This makes possible a particularly stress-free transmission of force or moment. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the spacings of the upper end of the upper support surface and the lower end of the lower support surface from the horizontal plane intersecting the slot at half the height of the slot width are of the same size. In this manner it is inconsequential during assembly in which setting, differing by 180 degrees, the respective connecting head is welded to the transverse arm or the post. Overall, through these measures advantageous force and moment transmission relationships result for all connecting heads. 
     Moreover, provision can be made for the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head to be formed symmetrically with respect to a vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head is formed symmetrically with respect to a horizontal plane intersecting the slot at half the height of the slot width. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the slot of the first connecting head and the slot of the second connecting head are arranged substantially parallel to one another. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the slot of the first connecting head and/or the slot of the second connecting head is or are arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the associated post. 
     Furthermore, provision can be made for the slot of the first connecting head and/or the slot of the second connecting head to have a slot width which is between 7 millimeters to 13 millimeters, preferably between 8 millimeters and 12 millimeters, particularly approximately 10 millimeters. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the first apertured disc and/or the second apertured disc has or have an apertured disc thickness between 8 millimeters and 11 millimeters, preferably approximately 9 millimeters. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the upwardly facing horizontal and/or inclined upper wall parts of the upper head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head can be formed, with the exception of an optionally provided liquid outlet opening, to be free of openings. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the downwardly facing horizontal and/or inclined lower wall parts of the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head are formed, with the exception of an optionally provided liquid outlet opening, to be free of openings. This increases the stability and torsional stiffness of the connecting heads. 
     The stability and torsional stiffness can be further improved in that not only the upwardly facing horizontal and/or inclined upper wall parts of the upper head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head are formed to be free of openings, with the exception of an optionally provided liquid outlet opening, but also the downwardly facing horizontal and/or inclined lower wall parts of the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head are formed to be free of openings with the exception of an optionally provided liquid outlet opening. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the upper head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head and/or the lower head part of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head is or are formed to be free of wedge openings for a separate plug-through wedge. It is thereby possible to improve, in particular, the connecting heads, which are known from the state of the art and which are fixable with the help of plug-through wedges at retaining devices of posts, with respect to their stability and torsional stiffness. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the first connecting head and/or the second connecting head is formed on the or on the respective upper wall part, which is constructed between its or their vertical side wall parts, with a toeboard fastening element, which is arranged preferably perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm and extends upwardly away from the or the respective connecting head and which is constructed as, in particular, a toeboard fastening pin, for the fastening of a toeboard, which is permanently fastened there, preferably by welding. 
     In that case provision can be made for the toeboard fastening element to be arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the associated post. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the toeboard fastening element has from the associated post disposed opposite thereto a spacing of 10 millimeters to 20 millimeters, preferably approximately 15 millimeters. This makes possible a horizontal gap-free mounting of a toeboard so that the risk of accident, particularly due to objects falling down, can be minimised. 
     In addition, provision can be made for the transverse arm and/or the rod element of the transverse arm to be formed by a tube, particularly by a round tube or by an oval tube or by an upwardly open profile member, particularly by an upwardly open U-profile member. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the transverse arm and/or the rod element of the transverse arm is or are formed with a U-profiled tube which is preferably closed in cross-section and has two lateral U-limbs, which are respectively formed by double wall regions and which extend in an upward direction at least in part regions, preferably parallel to one another, going out from a hollow profile part preferably formed to be box-shaped, rectangular, C-shaped, U-shaped or V-shaped. A profile tube of that kind fulfils, in particular manner, the demands placed on a single transverse arm of a vertical frame element according to the invention. 
     A hollow profile part of that kind can be formed with an outwardly disposed lower horizontal wall part and with an inwardly disposed upper horizontal wall part which extend substantially over the entire length of the transverse arm. 
     These horizontal wall parts can advantageously have from one another a spacing which is between 15 millimeters and 25 millimeters, preferably approximately 20 millimeters. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the free ends of the two lateral U-limbs are of equal length and have, from the inwardly disposed upper horizontal wall part, a respective spacing of between 28 millimeters and 38 millimeters, preferably between 30 millimeters and 36 millimeters, particularly approximately 33 millimeters. 
     Moreover, provision can be made for the hollow profile part to have a height of between 42 millimeters and 63 millimeters, preferably between 45 millimeters and 61 millimeters, particularly approximately 53 millimeters. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the hollow profile part has a width of between 45 millimeters and 53 millimeters, preferably between 48 millimeters and 50 millimeters, particularly approximately 49 millimeters. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the U-profile tube is produced by deforming, particularly by bending over or flanging, a metal plate, particularly on rolling train. In that case it can be provided that a connection, which is free of overlap, of two plate edges of the metal plate is produced over the entire length of the U-profile or U-profile tube, particularly by means of laser welding. However, it will be obvious that the plate edges of the metal plate can also be connected by, for example, folding. 
     Alternatively, provision can be made for the U-profile tube to be produced by deforming, particularly by stretch-reduction of a cross-sectionally closed tube, particularly a round, square or rectangular tube. 
     Alternatively, it can be provided that the U-profile tube is produced by extruding. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the transverse arm formed as a crossbar has an upper longitudinal outer edge which forms a support edge for floor units, particularly scaffolding floors, able to be placed on the transverse arm and/or hung in at the transverse arm by means of suspension aids, wherein the longitudinal outer edge is arranged above the first apertured disc and/or above the second apertured disc and at a spacing above the centre plane of the apertured disc or the respective apertured disc which is smaller than the thickness or the height or the outer diameter of the transverse arm. 
     This spacing can advantageously be selected in the manner that it corresponds with approximately half the thickness or half the height or half the outer diameter of the transverse arm. 
     In a concrete development the spacing can be 18 millimeters to 30 millimeters, preferably 21 millimeters to 27 millimeters, particularly approximately 24 millimeters to 25 millimeters. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the length of the vertical outer surfaces, which run together in wedge shape, of the side wall parts of the first connecting head and/or of the second connecting head, considered in a direction of projection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm, is between 30 millimeters and 50 millimeters, preferably between 32 millimeters and 38 millimeters, particularly approximately 35 millimeters or approximately 38 millimeters. 
     Further, it can be provided that the first apertured disc and/or the second apertured disc has at least three, preferably at least seven, especially at least eight, passages for connection of holding devices, particularly for suspension of supporting and/or connecting elements, preferably of horizontally and/or diagonally extending scaffolding elements, wherein in each instance a passage is arranged with respect to an adjacent passage at the same circumferential angle, preferably of 45 degrees. 
     In addition, provision can be made for the passages at least in an apertured disc part, which is not covered by the first connecting head and/or by the second connecting head, of the associated apertured disc to be of different size, wherein at least two, preferably at least four, first passages of the passages are greater than a second passage resepectively arranged between two of the larger passages. 
     In addition, it can be provided that an apertured disc part, which has a passage of the passages, of the first apertured disc and/or the second apertured disc, preferably inclusive of the entire passage, projects into the slot of the associated connecting head. 
     Further, it can be provided that the passage is a smaller passage of the passages of different size. 
     Moreover, provision can be made for the first apertured disc to embrace the first post at the full circumference and/or for the second apertured disc to embrace the second post at the full circumference. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the first apertured disc and the transverse arm are arranged in the region of the upper end of the first post, preferably below the upper end region of the first post. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the second apertured disc and the transverse arm are arranged in the region of the upper end of the second post, preferably below the upper end region of the second post. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the first apertured disc has from the lower end of the first post, and/or the second apertured disc has from the lower end of the second post, a spacing of between 170 centimeters and 210 centimeters, preferably approximately 190 centimeters. 
     Additionally, it can preferably be alternatively provided that the first apertured disc has from the lower end of the first post, and/or the second apertured disc has from the lower end of the second post, a spacing of between 80 centimeters and 100 centimeters, preferably approximately 90 centimeters. 
     Moreover, provision can be made for the first post and the second post to be of equal length below the transverse arm and/or above the transverse arm. 
     Furthermore, provision can be made for the first post to have a greater length below the transverse arm than above the transverse arm and for the second post to have a greater length above the transverse arm than below the transverse arm. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the second post has a greater length below the transverse arm than above the transverse arm and that the first post has a greater length above the transverse arm than below the transverse arm. 
     In addition, provision can be made for the first post and/or the second post to have a greater length below the transverse arm than above the transverse arm. 
     Moreover, provision can be made for the first post and/or the second post to have greater length above the transverse arm than below the transverse arm. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the upper end region, which is formed as a tube connector, or the lower end region, which is formed as a tube connector, of the first post and/or the second post has an outer diameter which is smaller than the outer diameter of the post or the posts in the remaining regions thereof, wherein the or the respective tube connector is formed at the post or posts integrally and of the same material. 
     Furthermore, provision can be made for the first post and the second post to be arranged parallel to one another. 
     In addition, provision can be made for the transverse arm to be formed with a straight rod element. 
     Further, it can be provided that the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm is arranged in the region of the height of the slot, preferably in the region of the height between the horizontal slot surfaces of the slot, particularly at approximately the height of the horizontal plane intersecting the slot at half the height of the slot width. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the first post, the second post and the transverse arm span a common frame plane. 
     Moreover, it can be provided that the first post, which is formed as a hollow profile member, particularly as or with a round tube, and/or the second post, which is formed by hollow profile member, particularly as or with a round tube, has or have a wall thickness of 2.5 millimeters to 3.5 millimeters, particularly of approximately 2.7 millimeters. 
     Furthermore, provision can be made for the transverse arm to have a wall thickness of 2.5 millimeters to 4.0 millimeters, particularly of approximately 2.7 millimeters or approximately 3.2 millimeters. 
     Further, it can be provided that a first railing element fastening device for fastening of a railing element serving as safety means against falling, preferably also at least one second railing element fastening device of that kind spaced from the first railing element fastening device in longitudinal direction of the second post, is or are provided at the second post at a spacing from the second apertured disc. 
     Further, it can be provided that the railing element fastening device for the or each fall safety means of the second post is or are constructed differently from the first apertured disc and/or differently from the second apertured disc. 
     In addition, provision can be made for the first railing element fastening device for the fall safety means to have from the lower end of the first post and/or from the lower end of the second post a spacing amounting to between 75 centimeters and 125 centimeters, preferably approximately 95 centimeters. 
     Furthermore, it can be provided that the second railing element fastening device for the fall safety means has from the lower end of the first post and/or from the lower end of the second post a spacing amounting to between 25 centimeters and 65 centimeters, preferably approximately 45 centimeters. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the first railing element fastening device for the fall safety means has from the lower end of the first post and/or from the lower end of the second post a spacing of between 175 centimeters and 225 centimeters, preferably approximately 195 centimeters. 
     In addition, it can be provided that the second railing element fastening device for the fall safety means has from the lower end of the first post and/or from the lower end of the second post a spacing of between 125 centimeters and 165 centimeters, preferably approximately 145 centimeters. 
     The invention also relates to a three-dimensional framework, particularly a scaffolding, with one or more vertical frames according to at least one of claims  1  to  25 . 
     The three-dimensional framework can be provided with at least four posts, at least one cladding unit mounted thereon, particularly scaffolding floor, and with at least one railing element constructed as safety means against falling, particularly with at least one diagonal element, which is fastened to two posts spaced apart in longitudinal direction of the three-dimensional framework, for stiffening of the three-dimensional framework ( 20 ), preferably with at least one longitudinal rod element ( 22 ), which is fastened to two posts ( 21 ) spaced apart in longitudinal direction of the three-dimensional framework ( 20 ), for stiffening the three-dimensional framework ( 20 ). 
    
    
     
       Further features, aspects and advantages of the invention can be inferred from the dependent claims and the following description part, in which advantageous exemplifying embodiments of the invention are described by way of the figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows a three-dimensional view of a scaffolding which is set up with use of a vertical frame according to a first variant of embodiment of the invention, with construction of a facade frame with a leading railing; 
         FIG. 2  shows a three-dimensional view of a scaffolding, which is set up with use of a vertical frame according to a second variant of embodiment of the invention, with construction of a downwardly open U-standing frame; 
         FIG. 3  shows a side view of a vertical frame element with a first post and with a transverse arm, which is designed with a round tube and which is provided integrally, and of the same material, with a formed-on connecting head and which is welded at its end facing away from the first post to a separate connecting head, which is connected by way of a second post of the same length, but with an apertured disc mounted at a different height, so as to form a lateral frame stiff in bending and torsion, wherein the second post is supported on a short post with construction of a lateral vertical frame for connection of a leading railing; 
         FIG. 4  shows an enlarged side view of the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  shows an enlarged side view of the second, long post, which can be combined with the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 6  shows an enlarged side view of the short post, which can be combined with the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 3  by plugging on of the second, long post according to  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  shows a side view of a further vertical frame element, with a first post and a transverse arm, which is designed with a round tube and which is provided at both ends with a connecting head, which is formed on integrally and of the same material and which is welded to a second post of same mode of construction and length by comparison with the first post so as to form a vertical, downwardly open lateral U-frame stiff in bending and torsion; 
         FIG. 8  shows an enlarged side view of the detail ‘X’ in  FIG. 7  in the region of the connecting node; 
         FIG. 9  shows a part plan view of the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 7  in the region of the detail according to  FIG. 8 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 10  shows an illustration corresponding with  FIG. 8 , but now with weld seams emphasised in thick black lines in the node region; 
         FIG. 11  shows an illustration corresponding with  FIG. 9 , but now with weld seams emphasised in thick black lines in the node region; 
         FIG. 12  shows a front view of a connecting head, which is formed at a transverse arm designed with a round tube, in a state of not being welded to the post and the apertured disc; 
         FIG. 13  shows a side view of a further vertical frame element with a first post and a transverse arm, which is designed with a U-profile tube and which is provided at both ends with a connecting head formed on integrally and of the same material, wherein the two connecting heads are welded to posts of the same mode of construction and length so as to form a downwardly open lateral U-frame stiff in bending and torsion; 
         FIG. 14  shows an enlarged side view of the detail ‘X’ in  FIG. 13  in the region of the connecting node; 
         FIG. 15  shows a part plan view of the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 13  in the region of a detail according to  FIG. 14 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 16  shows an illustration corresponding with  FIG. 14 , but with weld seams emphasised in thick black lines in the node region; 
         FIG. 17  shows an illustration corresponding with  FIG. 11 , but with weld seams emphasised in thick black lines in the node region; 
         FIG. 18  shows a substantially enlarged cross-section of a transverse arm, which is formed as a U-profile tube, in a sectional plane formed perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 19  shows a front view of one of the connecting heads formed at the U-profile tube according to  FIG. 18 , in a state of not being welded to the post and the apertured disc; 
         FIG. 20  shows a side view of the U-profile tube in the region of a connecting head formed thereat; 
         FIG. 21  shows a plan view of the U-profile tube in the region of a connecting head formed thereat; 
         FIG. 22  shows a side view of a h-shaped vertical frame element with a first, long post and a transverse arm, which is designed with a round tube and which is provided at both ends with a connecting head formed on integrally and of the same material, wherein the second connecting head formed at the end of the transverse arm facing away from the first, long post is welded across a second, short post with formation of a lateral vertical frame stiff in bending and torsion, wherein the h-shaped vertical frame element is constructed with two short posts so as to form a lateral scaffolding frame, which corresponds with a storey height, for connection of a leading railing; 
         FIG. 23  shows an enlarged side view of the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 22 ; 
         FIG. 24  shows a side view of a further h-shaped vertical frame element with a first, long post and a transverse arm, which is designed with a U-profile tube and which is provided at both ends with a connecting head formed on integrally and of the same material, wherein the second connecting head formed at the end of the transverse arm facing away from the first, long post is welded across a second, short post with formation of a lateral h-frame stiff in bending and torsion, wherein the h-shaped vertical frame element is constructed with two short posts so as to form a lateral scaffolding frame, which corresponds with a storey height, for connection of a leading railing; 
         FIG. 25  shows an enlarged side view of the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 24 ; 
         FIG. 26  shows a side view of an H-shaped vertical frame element with a first post and a transverse arm, which is designed with a round tube and which is provided at both ends with a connecting head formed on integrally and of the same material, wherein the second connecting head formed at the end of the transverse arm facing away from the first, long post is welded across a second post of the same mode of construction and length as the first post to form a lateral H-frame stiff in bending and torsion, wherein the H-shaped vertical frame element is plugged onto two short posts and in this manner similarly constructed to form a lateral scaffolding frame, which corresponds with a storey height, for connection of a leading railing on both sides; 
         FIG. 27  shows an enlarged side view of the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 26 ; 
         FIG. 28  shows a side view of a further H-shaped vertical frame element, with a first post and a transverse arm, which is designed with a U-profile tube and which is provided at both ends with a connecting head formed on integrally and of the same material, wherein the connecting head formed at the end of the transverse arm facing away from the first, long post is attached across a second constructionally identical post of the same length as the first post to form a lateral H-frame stiff in bending and torsion, wherein the H-shaped vertical frame element is in turn plugged onto two short posts and in this manner similarly constructed to form a lateral scaffolding frame, which corresponds with a storey height, for connection of a leading railing at both sides; 
         FIG. 29  shows an enlarged side view of the vertical frame element according to  FIG. 28 ; 
         FIG. 30  shows an enlarged view of one of the two short posts, which are shown in  FIGS. 22 ,  24 ,  26  and  28  and which each have two fastening devices, which are spaced apart in longitudinal direction of the post, for safety means against falling; 
         FIG. 31  shows an enlarged cross-section of a round tube such as, in the case of the posts, can be used or formed in each of the end regions thereof; 
         FIG. 32  shows an enlarged detail side view in the region of the connecting node of a further vertical frame element in which a rod element, which is designed as a round tube, of the transverse arm is provided with a connecting head according to the invention, which is free of wedge openings and which is welded as a separate component, wherein a toeboard pin is welded to the connecting head; 
         FIG. 33  shows a longitudinal section in the node region according to  FIG. 32 , in a sectional plane containing the longitudinal axis of the post and the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 34  shows a plan view of the connecting node according to  FIG. 32 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 35  shows an underneath view of the connecting node according to  FIG. 32 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 36  shows an illustration corresponding with  FIG. 32 , but with weld seams emphasised in thick black lines in the node region and in the region between the connecting head and the rod element of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 37  shows a longitudinal section in the node region according to  FIG. 36 , in a sectional plane containing the longitudinal axis of the post and the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 38  shows a plan view of the node according to  FIG. 36 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 39  shows an underneath view of the node according to  FIG. 36 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 40  shows an enlarged detail side view in the region of the connecting node of a further vertical frame element, wherein the connecting head shown here is a mass-production connecting head of the applicant according to the state of the art, which is welded as a separate component to a rod element of a multi-part transverse arm, wherein a toeboard pin is also welded to this connecting head; 
         FIG. 41  shows a longitudinal section in the node region according to  FIG. 40 , in a sectional plane containing the longitudinal axis of the post and the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 42  shows a plan view of the node according to  FIG. 40 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 43  shows an underneath view of the node according to  FIG. 40 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 44  shows an enlarged detail side view in the region of the connecting node of a further vertical frame element, in which a connecting head, which is formed to be free of wedge openings, of the multi-part transverse arm constructed with a U-profile tube is welded to the U-profile tube, and which is shown here without a toeboard pin able to be mounted thereon; 
         FIG. 45  shows a longitudinal section in the node region according to  FIG. 44 , in a sectional plane containing the longitudinal axis of the post and the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 46  shows a plane view of the node according to  FIG. 44 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 47  shows an underneath view of the node according to  FIG. 44 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 48  shows an illustration corresponding with  FIG. 44 , but now with weld seams emphasised in thick black lines in the node region and in the region between the connecting head and the U-profile tube of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 49  shows a longitudinal section in the node region according to  FIG. 48 , in a sectional plane containing the longitudinal axis of the post and the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 50  shows a plan view of the node according to  FIG. 48 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 51  shows an underneath view of the node according to  FIG. 48 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 52  shows an enlarged detail side view in the region of the node of a further vertical frame element, in which the connecting head of the transverse arm designed with a U-profile tube is welded to the U-profile tube, wherein the connecting head is a mass-production connecting head of the applicant according to the state of the art; 
         FIG. 53  shows a longitudinal section in the node region according to  FIG. 52 , in a sectional plane containing the longitudinal axis of the post and the longitudinal axis of the transverse arm; 
         FIG. 54  shows a plan view of the node according to  FIG. 52 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 55  shows an underneath view of the node according to  FIG. 52 , with the post in sectional illustration; 
         FIG. 56   a )- g ) shows a connecting head, as a separate component, for connection with a U-profile tube of a transverse arm of a vertical frame according to the invention in:
         a) front view,   b) side view,   c) rear view,   d) longitudinal section,   e) underneath view   f) cross-section,   g) top view;       
         FIG. 57   a )- g ) shows a mass-production connecting head of the applicant according to the state of art, as a separate component, for connection with a U-profile tube of a transverse arm of a vertical frame according to the invention in:
         a) front view,   b) side view,   c) rear view,   d) longitudinal section,   e) underneath view   f) cross-section,   g) top view;       
         FIG. 58   a )- g ) shows a connecting head, as a separate component, for connection with a round tube of a transverse arm of a vertical frame according to the invention in:
         a) front view,   b) side view,   c) rear view,   d) longitudinal section,   e) underneath view   f) cross-section,   g) top view;       
         FIG. 59   a )- g ) shows a mass-production connecting head of the applicant according to the state of art, as a separate component, for connection with a transverse arm, which is designed with a round tube, of a vertical frame according to the invention in:
         a) front view,   b) side view,   c) rear view,   d) longitudinal section,   e) underneath view   f) cross-section,   g) top view.       
     
    
    
     The three-dimensional framework  20  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  is constructed as a scaffolding and comprises vertical posts  21 , cladding units  26  mounted thereat, particularly scaffolding floors or planks, as well as railing elements serving as safety means  27  against falling, particularly horizontal railing rods, and diagonal elements  24  stiffening the three-dimensional framework  20 , particularly diagonal rods, which are fastened between two spaced-apart posts  21 ,  21 . At least one diagonal element  24  is attached in each storey  127 . 1 ,  127 . 2 ,  127 . 3 . As usual with modular scaffoldings, the lowermost storey  127 . 1  can be constructed with so-called start members  128 , which preferably enable a compensation of level relative to the ground by way of a fitted spindle, wherein the upper plug-in or plug-on ends of the start members  128  can be plugged into or onto which of the posts  21  is able to brought into a common horizontal plane. 
     The longitudinal bar  22  and the crossbar  23  of the lowermost storey  127 . 1  are provided at their two respective ends with connecting heads  445  and/or  545 , which can be wedge-connected with the associated apertured disc  30  of the start member  128  by means of a wedge  74 , so that the longitudinal bar  22  and the crossbar  23  are connectible or connected with the start members  128  in a manner stiff in bending and torsion so as to form a base frame similarly stiff in bending and torsion. 
     Based thereon, the vertical posts  21  and all further connecting, rest and/or support elements can be built up to form a stable and torsionally stiff three-dimensional framework  20 . 
     The vertical frame elements  25 ;  25 . 1  to  25 . 6 ,  125 . 2  to  125 . 6  can be used for construction of the further storeys  127 . 2 ,  127 . 3 , as shown particularly in  FIGS. 3 ,  4 ,  7 ,  13 ,  22  to  29  and  32  to  52 . Each of these vertical frame elements  25 ;  25 . 1  to  25 . 6 ,  125 . 2  to  125 . 6  consists of a first vertical post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1  and a rod-shaped, horizontal transverse arm  23 ;  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523  extending transversely, preferably perpendicularly, away therefrom, wherein the first post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1  is permanently connected with the transverse arm  23 ,  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523  in a manner stiff in bending and torsion by welding. 
     A first apertured disc  30 ;  30 . 1  provided with several passages  36 ;  36 . 1 ,  36 . 2  is permanently fastened, preferably by welding, to the respective first post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1 , the disc being arranged concentrically with respect to the first post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1  and surrounding the post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1  in flange-like manner at least partly, preferably over the full circumference. A first railing element fastening device  33 ;  33 . 1  for fastening a fall safety means  27  designed as a railing element, particularly a railing rod, preferably also at least one second railing element fastening device  33 ,  33 . 2  of that kind, i.e. constructionally and functionally the same, at a spacing from the first railing element fastening device  33 ;  33 . 1  in longitudinal direction of the first post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 2 , is or are provided at the first post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1  at a spacing from the first apertured disc  30 ;  30 . 1 . 
     The post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1  has an upper end region  41 . 1 . 1  and a lower end region  41 . 1 . 2 , of which one end region  41 . 1 . 1 , particularly the upper end region  41 . 1 . 1 , is formed as a tube connector  42 ;  42 . 1  and has relative to the other end region  41 . 1 . 2  a different cross-section in the manner that a further post  21  can be plugged onto the first post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1 . 
     The transverse arm  23 ,  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523  has at a first end  43 . 1  a first connecting head  45 ;  45 . 1 ,  145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445  and at a second end  43 . 2  facing away from this end  43 . 1  a second connecting head  45 ;  45 . 2 ,  145 . 2 ,  345 ,  545 ,  445 , by means of which the transverse arm  23 ;  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523  is fixable or fixed in a manner stiff in bending and torsion to a second vertical post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 2 ,  221 . 2  by way of a second apertured disc  30 ;  30 . 2 , which is provided with several passages  36 ;  36 . 1 ,  36 . 2  and permanently connected, preferably by welding, with the second post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 2 ,  221 . 2  and which is arranged concentrically with respect thereto and surrounds this in flange-like manner at least partly, preferably around the full circumference, with formation of a vertical frame  35 ;  35 . 1 ,  35 . 2 ,  35 . 3 ,  35 . 4 ,  135 . 2 ,  135 . 3 ,  135 . 4 , according to the invention, particularly a scaffolding frame. 
     The first connecting head  45 ;  45 . 1 ,  145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445 , preferably each connecting head  45 ;  45 . 1 ,  145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445 ,  45 . 2 ,  145 . 2 ,  345 ,  545 , is bounded by side wall parts  46 . 1 ,  46 . 2 ,  47 . 1 ,  47 . 2 ;  146 . 1 ,  146 . 2 ;  147 . 1 ,  147 . 2 ;  246 . 1 ,  246 . 2 ;  247 . 1 ,  247 . 2 ;  346 . 1 ,  346 . 2 ;  347 . 1 ,  347 . 2 ;  446 . 1 ,  446 . 2 ;  447 . 1 ,  447 . 2 ;  546 . 1 ,  546 . 2 ;  547 . 1 ,  547 . 2 , which have vertical outer surfaces  48 . 1 ,  48 . 2 ,  49 . 1 ,  49 . 2 ;  148 . 1 ,  148 . 2 ,  149 . 1 ,  149 . 2 ;  248 . 1 ,  248 . 2 ,  249 . 1 ,  249 . 2 ;  348 . 1 ,  348 . 2 ,  349 . 1 ,  349 . 2 ;  448 . 1 ,  448 . 2 ,  449 . 1 ,  449 . 2 ;  548 . 1 ,  548 . 2 ,  549 . 1 ,  549 . 2 , which run together in wedge-like manner towards a centre, particularly towards the post and disc centre  50  of the associated apertured disc  30 ;  30 . 1 ,  30 . 2 , and which include a wedge angle  51 , which is preferably 40 degrees to 50 degrees, particularly approximately 45 degrees, for example 44 degrees. 
     The first connecting head  45 ;  45 . 1 ,  145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445 , preferably each connecting head  45 ;  45 . 1 ,  145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445 ,  45 . 2 ,  145 . 2 ,  345 ,  545 , has an upper head part  52 ,  152 ,  252 ,  352 ,  452 ,  552  and a lower head part  52 ,  152 ,  253 ,  353 ,  454 ,  553 , which are preferably integrally connected together and between which a slot  54 ,  154 ,  254 ,  354 ,  454 ,  554  open towards the respectively associated post  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  121 . 1 ;  21 . 2 ;  121 . 2 ;  221 . 2  and towards the vertical outer surfaces  48 . 1 ,  48 . 2 ,  49 . 1 ,  49 . 2 ;  148 . 1 ,  148 . 2 ,  149 . 2 ;  248 . 1 ,  248 . 2 ,  249 . 1 ,  249 . 2 ;  348 . 1 ,  348 . 2 ,  349 . 1 ,  349 . 2 ;  448 . 1 ,  448 . 2 ,  449 . 1 ,  449 . 2 ;  548 . 1 ,  548 . 2 ,  549 . 1 ,  549 . 2 , is provided. 
     Each connecting head  45 ;  45 . 1 ,  145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445 ;  45 . 2 ,  145 . 2 ,  345 ,  545  is plugged by its slot  54 ,  154 ,  254 ,  354 ,  454 ,  554  onto the apertured disc  30 ;  30 . 1 ;  30 . 2  projecting at least partly thereinto and is permanently connected, by welding, with the associated post  21 ;  21 . 1 ;  121 . 1 ;  21 . 2 ,  121 . 2 ,  221 . 2  and preferably also to the associated apertured disc  30 ;  30 . 2 . 
     In this manner a vertical frame element  25 ;  25 . 1 ,  25 . 2 ,  25 . 3 ,  25 . 4 ,  25 . 5 ,  25 . 6 ,  125 . 2 ,  125 . 3 ,  125 . 4 ,  125 . 5 ,  125 . 6  stiff in bending and torsion is created, which can be formed to be L-shaped, T-shaped or t-shaped and which constructs in varied and advantageous mode and manner a U-shaped, an H-shaped or an h-shaped vertical frame  35 ;  35 . 1 ,  35 . 2 ,  35 . 3 ,  35 . 4 ,  135 . 2 ,  135 . 3 ,  135 . 4  and/or is usable for construction of a three-dimensional framework  20 , particularly a scaffolding, which is compatible with a matching modular scaffolding, thus can be combined therewith, which similarly is or can be constructed with posts  21  having corresponding or matching apertured discs. In that case, combinations of that kind are possible not only within or on a common storey  127 . 1 ,  127 . 2 ,  127 . 3 , but also within a common area, thus over at least two storeys  127 . 1 ,  127 . 2 ,  127 . 3 , as are also combinations with one another of these two combination possibilities. 
     The transverse arm  23 ,  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523  of the vertical frame element  25 ;  25 . 1  to  25 . 6 ;  125 . 2  to  125 . 6  can be designed with a tube, particularly with a round tube  86  or with an oval tube, with an upwardly open profile, preferably with an upwardly U-profile, particularly with a U-profile tube  87 . 
     The connecting heads  45 ,  45 . 1   145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445 ;  45 . 2 ,  145 . 2 ,  345 ,  545  of the transverse arm  23 ,  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523  can be connected or formed therewith integrally and of the same material at its first end  43 . 1  and/or at its second end  43 . 2  and/or can be formed as a separate component which can be connected, preferably permanently, particularly by welding, with a rod element  44 ,  244 ,  444  of the transverse arm  23 ,  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523 . 
     The connecting heads  45 ,  45 . 1 ,  145 . 1 ,  245 ,  445 ;  45 . 2 ,  145 . 2 ,  345 ,  545  of the transverse arm  23 ,  123 ,  223 ,  323 ,  423 ,  523  can, in particular, be constructed as connecting heads  45 . 1 ,  45 . 2 ;  145 . 1 ,  145 . 2 ;  245 ,  345  designed to be free of wedge openings for a separate plug-through wedge, but they can also be formed as connecting heads provided with wedge openings for a separate plug-through wedge  74 , such as has become known, for example, in accordance with the state of the art, wherein connecting heads of that kind provided with wedge openings  473 . 1 ,  473 . 2 ;  573 . 1 ,  573 . 2  can also not be provided with an associated plug-through wedge, as in the case of the connecting heads  445  and  545 . 
     With respect to connecting heads of that kind which have already become known from the state of the art, such as are shown particularly in  FIGS. 57   a ) to  g ) and  59   a ) to  g ) in each instance without a plug-through wedge, reference can be made to, in particular, DE 198 06 094 A1 and the parallel EP 0 936 327 A1, which for the sake of simplicity are at this point incorporated in full content. 
     With respect to the apertured discs  30 ;  30 . 1 ,  30 . 2  provided with passages  36 ;  36 . 1 ,  36 . 2 , which similarly have become known from the state of the art, reference can similarly be made to the afore-mentioned protective rights and additionally to DE 39 09 809 A1 and the parallel EP 0 389 933 A1 as well as to DE 200 12 598 U1 and the parallel WO 02/06610 A1 as well as the parallel EP 1 301 673 A1, which for the sake of simplicity are incorporated at this point in full content. 
     The new ‘solid’ connecting heads  345  and  245  shown particularly in  FIGS. 56   a ) to  g ) and  58   a ) to  g ) differ from the mass-production connecting heads  545  and  445  shown in  FIGS. 57   a ) to  g ) and  59   a ) to  g ) in that they are designed to be free of wedge openings for a separate plug-through wedge, such as are still present in the form of the upper wedge openings  573 . 1 ,  573 . 1  and the lower wedge openings  473 . 2 ,  573 . 2  in the mass-production connecting heads  445 ,  545 . 
     Thus, in the new ‘solid’ connecting heads  245  and  345  the upwardly facing horizontal and/or inclined upper wall parts  283 . 1 ,  383 . 1  of the upper head part  252 ,  352  and the downwardly facing and/or inclined lower wall parts  283 , 2 ,  383 . 2  of the lower head part  253 ,  353  are designed to be free of openings. These measures improve the stability and torsional stiffness of these new connecting heads  245  and  345 . Moreover, the fastening, preferably the welding, of a toeboard fastening element  84 , which is to be provided in a given case and is preferably formed as a pin or rod, is thereby facilitated and in addition the stability of the connection between the toeboard fastening element  84  and the upper head part of the corresponding connecting head is improved. 
       FIGS. 3 and 4  show a vertical frame element  25 . 1  which, however, is not the subject of the invention. This consists of a vertical first post  21 . 1  and a single transverse arm  123 , which here is designed with a round tube  86  and which is arranged in the region of the upper end  100 . 1  of the first post  21 . 1 , but below the upper end region  41 . 1 . 1  formed with a tube connector  42 . 1 , perpendicularly to the post  21 . 1 . The transverse arm  123  has a first connecting head  45 . 1 , which is formed integrally and of the same material at its first end  43 . 1  associated with the post  21 . 1  and which is permanently connected with the first post  21 . 1  by way of the apertured disc  30 . 1  to be stiff in bending and torsion with formation of an L-shaped frame element  55 . 
     The first post  21 . 1  has, inclusive of its upper end region  41 . 1 . 1 , thus from its lower end  101 . 1  to its upper end  100 . 1 , a total length of 216.5 centimeters. The length  102 . 1 , which corresponds with a floor height or height of a storey  127 . 1 ,  127 . 2 ,  127 . 3 , of the post  21 . 1  from the lower end  101 . 1  thereof to the upper end region  41 . 1 . 1  thereof is 200 centimeters. The upper end region  41 . 1 . 1  of the post  21 . 1  is formed as a tube connector  42 . 1 , the outer diameter of which is less than the inner diameter of the lower end region  41 . 1 . 2  of the post  21 . 1 , so that a corresponding post  21 ;  21 . 1  can be plugged onto the tube connector  42 . 1 . The tube connector  42 . 1  is connected with the post tube of the post  21 . 1  integrally and of the same material. The lower end region  41 . 1 . 2  of the post  21 . 1  here has four impressments arranged in this region in the longitudinal direction of the post  21 . 1  and at the same circumferential angles relative to one another, as apparent particularly by way of the cross-section shown in  FIG. 31 . With respect thereto reference can be made to DE 101 12 370 A1 and the parallel WO 02/066768 A1 and the parallel EP 1 362 151 A1, which for the sake of simplicity are at this point incorporated in full content. 
     A single apertured disc  30 . 1  is welded to the first post  21 . 1 , the disc being arranged concentrically thereto and surrounding this in flange-like manner as well as over the full circumference. This apertured disc  30 . 1  is arranged at a spacing  101 . 2 , which amounts to 190 centimeters, from the lower end  101 . 1  of the post  27 . 1 . Provided at the post  21 . 1  are two railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2 , which enable the connection or fastening of fall safety means  27 , for example of scaffolding elements, particularly of scaffolding rods. The first railing element fastening device  33 . 1  has a spacing  118 , which is approximately 95 centimeters, from the lower end  101 . 1  of the first post  21 . 1  and the second railing element fastening device  33 . 2  has a spacing  119 , which is approximately 45 centimeters, from the lower end  101 . 1 . Consequently, the spacing  117  between the two railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  is approximately 50 centimeters. 
     The arrangement and design of the first connecting head  45 . 1 , which is formed integrally, and of the same material, at the transverse arm  123  here designed with a round tube  86 , is apparent particularly from  FIGS. 8 to 12 . The connecting head designated there generally by the reference numeral  45  has an upper head part  52  and a lower head part  53 , which are integrally connected together. The upper part  52  has upper side wall parts  46 . 1  and  46 . 2  and the lower head part  53  has lower side wall parts  47 . 1  and  47 . 2 . The vertical outer surfaces  48 . 1 ,  48 . 2 ,  49 . 1 ,  49 . 2  of the side wall parts  46 . 1 ,  46 . 2 ,  47 . 1 ,  47 . 2  include a wedge angle  51 , which is here approximately 44 degrees. 
     Provided between the upper head part  52  and the lower head part  53  is a horizontal slot  54  which is open towards the post  21 . 1  and towards the vertical outer surfaces  48 . 1 ,  48 . 2 ,  49 . 1 ,  49 . 2 . The slot  54  is bounded by horizontal upper and lower slot surfaces, which are arranged parallel to one another and parallel to the longitudinal axis  38  of the transverse arm  123 . The first connecting head  45 . 1  is welded to the post  21 . 1  in such a manner that the horizontal plane  71  intersecting the slot  54  at half the height of the slot width  70  lies approximately in the centre plane  72  intersecting the apertured disc  30 . 1  at the height of its centre. 
     The connecting head  45  is formed symmetrically with respect to the horizontal plane  71  and also symmetrically with respect to a vertical plane  82  arranged perpendicularly thereto and similarly containing the longitudinal axis  38  of the transverse arm  123 . 
     The upper head part  52  has upper vertical support surfaces  80 . 1 . 1 ,  80 . 1 . 2  and the lower head part  53  has lower vertical support surfaces  80 . 2 . 1 ,  80 . 2 . 2 , by which the connecting head  45 . 1  bears against the outer surface of the post  21 . 1 . The upper end  81 . 1  of the upper head part  52  and the lower end  81 . 2  of the lower head part  53  project beyond the transverse arm  123 , or the outer diameter  29  thereof, respectively in the region of the support surfaces  80 . 1 . 1 ,  80 . 1 . 1 ;  80 . 2 . 1 ,  80 . 2 . 2  considered in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  38  of the transverse arm  123 . 
     The height  76 . 1  of the upper head part  52  and the height  76 . 2  of the lower head part  53  reduce in downward direction, thus in direction towards the transverse arm  123 , here continuously and without break, to the outer diameter  29  of the transverse arm  123 . The upper outer surface  77 . 1  and the lower outer surface  77 . 2  of the connecting head  45 . 1  are thus each inclined towards the transverse arm  123  and, in particular, here at an angle  78 . 1 ,  78 . 2  with respect to a notional line extending parallel to the longitudinal axis  38  of the transverse arm  123 , which angle is approximately 45 degrees. 
     The support wall parts  80 . 1 . 1 ,  80 . 1 . 2 ;  80 . 2 . 1 ,  80 . 2 . 2  of the wedge head  45  have a part-cylindrical form and, considered in a cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  37  of the associated post  21 , are formed with a radius of preferably 24.15 millimeters corresponding with the outer radius of the post  21 . 
     The spacings  76 . 1  of the upper end  81 . 1  of the upper support surfaces  80 . 1 . 1 ,  80 . 1 . 2  and the spacings  76 . 2  of the lower end  81 . 2  of the lower support surfaces  80 . 2 . 1 ,  80 . 2 . 2  from the horizontal plane  71  intersecting the slot  54  at half the height of the slot width  70  are the same size. The slot of the connecting head  45  has a slot width  70  which is approximately 10 millimeters, wherein this slot width is only slightly greater than the apertured disc thickness of the apertured disc  30 , which is approximately 9 millimeters. 
     A toeboard fastening element  84 , which is formed as a rod or a pin, is welded onto the rearwardly inclined upper outer surface  77 . 1  of the connecting head  45  at a spacing  85  from the post, wherein the spacing is approximately 15 millimeters. This makes possible the fastening of a toeboard between the toeboard fastening element  84  and the oppositely disposed post  21  in such a manner that no horizontal gap is formed between the associated cladding unit  26  and the toeboard, whereby the risk of accident, particularly due to objects falling down, is minimised. 
     The connecting head  45  is, as shown particularly in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , welded not only to the post  21 , but also the apertured disc  30 . In that case it is provided in accordance with the invention that the connecting head  45  is welded, in the region of all its outer surfaces, which are connected towards the outside with its surfaces directly opposite the associated post  21  and the associated apertured disc  30 , to the associated post  21  and to the associated apertured disc  30 , in a given case with exception of at least one liquid outlet opening  69 . 1 , by way of a continuous weld seam  61 . 1 ,  62 . 1 ,  61 . 2 ,  62 . 2 ,  63 . 1 ,  63 . 2 ,  65 . 1 . 
     Consequently, the upper head part  52  and also the lower head part  53  of the connecting head  45  in regions of the vertical outer surfaces  48 . 1 ,  48 . 2 ;  49 . 1 ,  49 . 2  of the side wall parts  46 . 1 ,  46 . 2 ;  47 . 1 ,  47 . 2  thereof and also in the regions of the horizontal outer surfaces, which are respectively connected towards the outside with the vertical support wall parts  80 . 1 . 1 ,  80 . 1 . 2 ;  80 . 2 . 1 ,  80 . 2 . 2  upwardly and downwardly, are thus welded to the associated post  21 , in a given case with exception of an optionally provided liquid outlet opening  69 . 1 , by way of a respective continuous weld seam  61 . 1 ,  62 . 1  as well as  61 . 2 ,  62 . 2 . 
     In addition, the upper head part  52  and also the lower head part  53  of the connecting head  45  are welded, in regions of the vertical outer surfaces  48 . 1 ,  48 . 2 ;  49 . 1 ,  49 . 2  of the side wall parts  46 . 1 ,  46 . 2 ;  47 . 1 ,  47 . 2  thereof, which are connected towards the outside with the horizontal slot surfaces of the slot  54 , respectively over the entire width of the part of the associated apertured disc  30 , which projects into the slot  54  of the connecting head  45 , by way of a respective continuous weld seam  63 . 1  and  63 . 2 . 
     Moreover, the upper head part  52  and the lower head part  53  of the connecting head  45  are welded, in regions of the vertical outer surfaces  48 . 1 ,  48 . 2 ;  49 . 1 ,  49 . 2  of the side wall parts  46 . 1 ,  46 . 2 ;  47 . 1 ,  47 . 2  thereof, which are connected towards the outside with the vertical slot surfaces  67  of the slot  54 , by way of a respective continuous weld seam  65 . 1  to the outwardly facing end surfaces, which are disposed in the region of the slot  54 , of the associated apertured disc  30 , wherein at least one liquid outlet opening  69 , 1 ,  69 . 2  can be excluded from the welding (see  FIGS. 11 and 12 ). 
     As apparent from the figures, the first connecting head  45  is formed in such a manner and arranged at the associated apertured disc  30  with its slot  54  to at least partly engage over this in such a manner that with the exception of a single passage  36 . 1 , which is the smaller passage  36 . 1  of the passages  36 . 1 ,  36 . 2  of the associated apertured disc  30 , all other passages  36 . 1  and  36 . 2  of this apertured disc  30  are usable for a connection of holding devices, particularly for hanging in conventional connecting heads, particularly those of the applicant, thus particularly the connecting heads  45  which are shown in  FIGS. 59   a ) to  g ) and which are basically designed like the connecting heads  445 , but provided with a captive plug-through wedge  74 , preferably of horizontally and/or diagonally extending scaffolding elements. 
     The connecting heads  45  formed at the transverse arm  123 ,  223  integrally and of the same material can be produced by deforming, particularly by pressing together or compressing one of the ends  43 . 1 ,  43 . 2  of the transverse arm  123  here constructed with a round tube  86 . 
     The vertical frame element  25 . 1  shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4  and formed to be L-shaped is provided at the second end  43 . 2  of the transverse arm  123  facing away from the first post  21 . 1  with a second connecting head  445  which by comparison with the connecting head  45 . 1  provided at the first end  43 . 1  of the transverse arm  123  is formed to be of a different kind and as a separate component. The connecting head  445  is a mass-production connecting head of the applicant, as illustrated in  FIGS. 59   a ) to  g ) by way of the example of the connecting head  445  provided there, but without plug-through wedge  74 . This mass-production head  445  is thus provided in its upper head part  652  with a first wedge opening  673 . 1  and in its lower head part  652  with a lower wedge opening  673 . 2 , through which a plug-through wedge  74 , which is preferably captively connected with this connecting head  445 , can be plugged, by which wedge the connecting head  445  is fixable and tightenable to an apertured disc  30 , here the second apertured disc  30 . 2  of the second post  21 . 2 , thus as illustrated by way of example in  FIG. 3 . 
     This second connecting head  445  of the transverse arm  123  of the vertical frame element  25 . 1  is, as conventional with mass-production connecting heads, welded to a rod element  44 , which is formed as a round tube  86 , of the transverse arm  123 . The vertical frame element  25 . 1  shown in  FIG. 3  is thus connected with the second post  21 . 2  by way of or with the help of the second connecting head  445  to be detachable again (cf.  FIG. 4 ). 
     It will be obvious that the transverse arm of a vertical frame element of that kind of L-shaped form can also be constructed with a rod element formed as a U-profile, particularly as a U-profile tube, instead of with a rod element formed as a round tube. The cross-section of this rod element can preferably correspond with the cross-section shown in  FIG. 18 . A transverse arm of that kind can equally be formed, such as the exemplifying embodiment shown by way of example in  FIG. 13 , with a first connecting head, which is formed on integrally and of the same material and the design of which can correspond with the design of the connecting head  145 . The rod element of a transverse arm of that kind can be welded at its other end to a second connecting head, which can preferably be the mass-production U-shaped connecting head  545  shown in  FIGS. 57   a ) to  g ). 
     The second post  21 . 2  has, just like the first post  21 . 1 , only a single apertured disc  30 . 2  as well as two railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  for safety means  27  against falling, in which the railing elements can be, in particular, railing rods. However, in the case of the second post  21 . 2  the apertured disc  30 . 2  is mounted, by comparison with the first post  21 . 1 , at a significantly shorter spacing  103 . 2  from the lower end  101 . 2  of the second post  21 . 2 , which is here approximately 90 centimeters. Moreover, in the case of this second post  21 . 2  the first railing element fastening device  33 . 1  and the second railing element fastening device  33 . 2  are arranged at a significantly greater spacing from the lower end  101 . 2  of the second post  21 . 2 . Accordingly, in the case of the second post  21 . 2  the first railing element fastening device  33 . 1  is arranged at a spacing  120  from the lower end  101 . 2 , which here is approximately 190 centimeters, whilst the second railing element fastening device  33 . 2  is arranged at a space  126  from the lower end  101 . 2 , which here is approximately 140 centimeters. In the same manner as in the case of the first post  21 . 1 , the railing element fastening device  33 . 1  and the railing element fastening device  33 . 2  of the second post  21 . 2  are thus arranged at a spacing  117  from one another which is approximately 50 centimeters. The second post  21 . 2  is otherwise of the same design as the post  21 . 1 , so that for the sake of simplicity reference can be made, with respect thereto, to the foregoing explanations. 
     When the vertical frame element  25 . 1  shown in  FIG. 4  is wedge-fastened by way of its second connecting head  445  to the apertured disc  30 . 2  of the second post  21 . 2  with the help of the wedge  74 , as shown in  FIG. 3 , there is obtained an S-shaped vertical frame  35 . 1  stiff in bending and torsion. By virtue of the part of the post  21 . 2  projecting above the transverse arm  123  and the railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  provided thereat, it is possible to suggest already during construction of a storey, i.e. the lowermost storey  127 . 1  in  FIG. 3 , fall safety means  27 , which, however, are not shown in  FIG. 3 , in the second storey  127 . 2  provided thereabove. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the vertical frame  35 . 1  can be completed with the help of a short post  107  to form a standing frame. This short post, which is shown separately in  FIG. 6 , has a length  108  of 100 centimeters. 
     This short post  107  has neither an apertured disc nor fastening devices for safety means against falling. It is thus a pure extension post. However, with respect to the rest of its construction and size it is of the same design as the other posts  21 . 1  and  21 . 2 . 
     A further vertical frame element  25 . 2  is shown in the example of embodiment according to  FIG. 7 . This vertical frame element  25 . 2  differs from the vertical frame element  25 . 1  shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4  in that a second connecting head  45 . 2  is formed integrally and of the same material at the second end  43 . 2  of the transverse arm  223 , which is formed with a round tube  86 . This second connecting head  45 . 2  is designed to be constructionally the same and substantially identical to the connecting head  45 . 1 , but in the example of embodiment shown in  FIG. 7  does not have a toeboard fastening element  84 . In the same mode and manner as the connecting head  45 . 1  the second connecting head  45 . 2  is also welded to a post  21 . 2  and an apertured disc  40 . 2  welded to the post in the region of the upper end  100 . 2  thereof, thus as is shown in the example of the connecting head  45  particularly in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . The second post  21 . 2  is designed to be constructionally the same and substantially identical as the first post  21 . 1 , so that with respect to the construction and dimensions thereof reference can be made to the foregoing explanations. 
     As apparent from  FIG. 7 , the vertical frame element  25 . 2  is welded to the second post  21 . 2  to form a U-shaped vertical frame  35 . 2  which is stiff in bending and torsion and which is designed to be open downwardly, i.e. towards its lower ends  101 . 1  and  101 . 2 . In that case the second post  21 . 2  is similarly welded in the region of the one of the small passages  36 . 1  of the second apertured disc  30 . 2  to the second connecting head  45 . 2  in such a manner that the railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  of the second post are arranged on an inner side of the second post  21 . 2  disposed opposite the railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  of the first post  21 . 1 . The vertical U-frame  35 . 2  thus formed with a single transverse arm  223  and stiff in bending and torsion forms a simple and easily managed vertical frame  35 . 2  which consequently has a capability of being simply and easily mounted and demounted again. The connecting elements and/or support elements provided for a matching modular scaffolding system can be connected with the two aperture discs  30 . 1  and  30 . 2  thereof, in each instance from a single one of the smaller passages  36 . 1  to all other seven passages  36 . 2  and  36 . 1 . 
     Since in the exemplifying embodiment shown in  FIG. 7  the connecting head  45 . 2  is designed to be constructionally the same and substantially identical up to the toeboard fastening element  84  and fastened like the connecting head  45 . 1 , the respective connecting head is denoted in  FIGS. 8 to 12  by the superordinate reference numeral  45 . 
     A further example of embodiment of a vertical frame element  125 . 2  is shown in  FIG. 13 , which differs from the afore-described vertical frame element  25 . 2  shown in, in particular,  FIG. 7  merely by the construction of its transverse arm  323  and the connection or fastening thereof to the posts  21 . 1 ,  21 . 2  and the apertured discs  30 . 1 ,  30 . 1  thereof. With respect to constructional details concerning the posts  21 . 1  and  21 . 2  as well as the apertured discs  30 . 1  and  30 . 2  mounted thereon reference can thus made to the foregoing explanations. 
     The transverse arm  323  of the vertical frame element  125 . 2  is formed with a U-profile tube  87  which is closed in cross-section and the cross-section of which is illustrated in  FIG. 18 . This U-profile tube  87  has two lateral U-limbs  89 . 1 ,  89 . 2  which are each formed by double wall regions  88 . 1 ,  88 . 2  and which extend parallel to one another in an upward direction going out from a hollow profile part  90  which is here of C-shaped form. The hollow profile part  90  is formed with an outwardly disposed lower horizontal wall part  91 . 1  and an inwardly disposed upper horizontal wall part  91 . 2 , which are arranged parallel to one another and which extend substantially over the entire length of the transverse arm  323 , thus as far as the two connection heads  145 . 1  and  145 . 2  thereof. The outwardly disposed lower horizontal wall part  91 . 1  extends, with the exception of rounded transition regions in the region of the lower corners of the hollow profile part  90 , substantially over the entire width  96  of the hollow profile part  90 . By contrast thereto, the inner upper horizontal wall part  91 . 2  extends only over a certain width  100  of the hollow profile part  90 , which here is approximately a third of the total width  96  of the hollow profile part  90 . The horizontal wall part  91  extends, going out from the vertical axis of symmetry or centre vertical plane  182  with respect of which the hollow profile part  90  is symmetrically formed, on either side to approximately half the width  100  to both sides, from where a respective wall part  112 . 1 ,  112 . 2 , which adjoins obliquely upwardly at an angle of here approximately 45 degrees extends. These wall parts  112 . 1 ,  112 . 2  respectively go over at a spacing  124 . 1 ,  124 . 2  into the respective double wall region  88 . 1 ,  88 . 2 , in which these have approximately parallelly extending wall parts. This spacing is here approximately 12 millimeters, thus approximately a third of the width  96  of the hollow profile part  90 . 
     The double wall regions  88 . 1 ,  88 . 2  can be formed with wall parts  129 . 1 ,  130 . 1 ;  129 . 2 ,  130 . 2 , which can be arranged preferably parallel to one another, preferably at a small spacing  131 . 1 ,  131 . 2 , with formation of a slot  122 . 1 ,  122 . 2 . The spacing  131 . 1 ,  131 . 2  or the slot width is preferably selected to be of such a size that even in the case of the mutually opposite inner surfaces of the wall parts  130 . 1 ,  130 . 2  arranged at the inner side a sufficiently good surface protection is possible, particularly during plating in a plating bath. The spacing  132 . 1 ,  132 . 2  of the free ends  93 . 1 ,  93 . 2  of the U-limbs  89 . 1 ,  89 . 2 , which are formed with the double wall regions  88 . 1 ,  88 . 2 , up to a transition  133 . 1 ,  133 . 2 , at which the wall parts  130 . 1 ,  130 . 2  of the double wall regions  88 . 1 ,  88 . 2  arranged at the inner side go over into the obliquely inwardly extending wall parts  112 . 1 ,  112 . 2  is preferably 10 millimeters to 30 millimeters, particularly approximately 21 millimeters. Moreover, the length or height  134 . 1 ,  134 . 2  of the slot  122 . 1 ,  122 . 2  is preferably 7 millimeters to 27 millimeters, particularly approximately 18.5 millimeters. 
     The horizontal wall parts  91 . 1  and  91 . 2  have a mutual spacing  92  which is here approximately 20 millimeters. The two U-limbs  89 . 1  and  89 . 2  extend by the free ends  93 . 1 ,  93 . 2  thereof respectively at the same spacings  94 . 1 ,  94 . 2  above the inner upper horizontal wall part  91 . 2 , the spacing here being approximately 33 millimeters. The free ends  93 . 1  and  93 . 2  are formed as longitudinal edges which extend in longitudinal direction of the transverse arm  323  and which form support edges for suspension aids, which can be hung in the U-profile of the U-profile tube  87 , of cladding elements  26 , particularly of scaffolding floors provided with claws. The hollow profile part  90  in the exemplifying embodiment has a height which is approximately 53 millimeters and has a width which is approximately 49 millimeters. As apparent in  FIG. 18 , the hollow profile part  90  is designed as or with a cross-sectional closed U-profile tube  87 . The desired U-profile form of the U-profile tube  87 , with its corresponding double wall regions  88 . 1 ,  88 . 2  and its hollow profile part  90 , can be produced by, for example, deforming, particularly by bending over or flanging a metal plate, particularly on a rolling train. In that case, an overlap-free connection of the two plate edges of the metal plate can be produced over the entire length of the metal plate or the transverse arm in advantageous manner particularly by means of laser welding. Alternatively, the transverse arm  323  can be produced by deforming, particularly by stretch-reduction of a cross-sectionally closed tube, particularly a round, square or rectangular tube. 
     Not only the transverse arm  323 , but also all other transverse arms  23 ,  123 ,  223 ,  423 ,  523  disclosed in this protective right as well as posts,  21 ;  21 . 1 ,  21 . 2 ;  121 . 1 ,  121 . 2 ;  221 . 2  preferably consist, together with the apertured discs  30 ;  30 . 1 ,  30 . 2 , of steel, wherein these elements are preferably, for reasons of surface protection, plated. However, it is also possible to produce the transverse arms, particularly the transverse arm  323 , from light metal, especially from aluminium. In a case of that kind the U-profile tube  87  can, for example, be produced by extruding. 
     The connecting heads  145 . 1  and  145 . 2  which are formed to be constructionally the same and substantially identical are formed integrally and of the same material at the ends  43 . 1 ,  43 . 2  of the transverse arm  323  facing away from one another. The exact design of these connecting heads  145 . 1  and  145 . 2  is evident particularly from  FIGS. 14 and 15  as well as  19  to  21 , where for the sake of simplicity they are denoted by the superordinate reference numeral  145 . 
     Each connecting head  145  has an upper head part  152  and a lower head part  153 , which are integrally connected together. The upper head part  152  has upper side wall parts  146 . 1  and  146 . 2  and the lower head part  153  has lower side wall parts  147 . 1  and  147 . 2 . The vertical outer surfaces  148 . 1 ,  148 . 2 ,  149 . 1 ,  149 . 2  of the side wall parts  1461 .,  146 . 2 ,  147 . 1 ,  147 . 2  include a wedge angle  51  which is here approximately 44 degrees. Provided between the upper head part  152  and the lower head part  153  is a horizontal slot  154  which is open towards the associated post  21 . 1 ,  21 . 2  and towards the associated vertical outer surfaces  148 . 1 ,  148 . 2 ,  149 . 1 ,  149 . 2 . 
     The slot  154  is bounded by horizontal upper and lower slot surfaces, which are arranged parallel to one another and parallel to the longitudinal axis  38  of the transverse arm  323 . The connecting heads  145  are welded to the respective post  21 . 1 ,  21 . 2  in such a manner that the horizontal plane  171  intersecting the slot  154  at half the height of the slot width  170  lies approximately in the centre plane  72  intersecting the respective apertured disc  30 . 1 ,  30 . 2  at the level of its centre. The respective connecting heads  145 . 1  are formed symmetrically with respect to a vertical plane  182  containing the longitudinal axis  138  of the transverse arm  323  and preferably also the post axes  37 . 1  and  37 . 2  ( FIG. 19 ). 
     The upper head part  152  has upper vertical support surfaces  180 . 1 . 1 ,  180 . 1 . 2  and the lower head part  153  has lower vertical support surfaces  180 . 2 . 1 ,  180 . 2 . 2 , which bear against the outer surface of the associated post  21 . 1 ,  21 . 2 . 
     The connecting heads  145  are also welded to the associated post  21 . 1 ,  21 . 2  in such a manner that the horizontal plane  371  intersecting the slot  154  at half the height of the slot width  170  coincides with the centre plane  72  of the associated apertured disc  30 . 1 ,  30 . 2 . The connecting heads  145  are also permanently connected with the associated post  21 , without clamping means, by a separate wedge. Moreover, the two connecting heads  145  are also designed in such a manner, and the associated apertured disc arranged to at least partly engage over by its slot  154  in such a manner, that with the exception of the single passage  36 . 1  of the passages  36 ;  36 . 1 ,  36 . 2  of the associated apertured disc  30  all other passages  36 . 1 ,  36 . 2  of the associated apertured disc  30  are usable for connection of holding devices, particularly for suspension of conventional connecting heads  445 ,  545  of support and/or connecting elements, preferably of horizontally and/or diagonally extending scaffolding elements, such as are used in modular scaffoldings. 
     The connecting heads  145  are preferably also produced by deforming, particularly by pressing together or compressing the respective end  43 . 1 ,  43 . 2  of the transverse arm  323  formed with a U-profile tube. 
     As apparent from  FIG. 21 , in the case of the connecting heads  145  the wall parts directly opposite the associated post  21 , here the support surfaces  180 . 1 . 1 ,  180 . 1 . 2  as well as  180 . 2 . 1 ,  180 . 2 . 2  of the upper support wall parts  159 . 1  and the lower support wall parts  159 . 2 , have a part-cylindrical form and are formed in the cross-section shown in  FIG. 21 , considered perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis  37  of the associated post  21 , with a radius  179 . 1 . 1 ,  179 . 1 . 2  of preferably 24.15 millimeters corresponding with the outer radius of the post. 
     At this point it may be mentioned that the posts  21  preferably formed with round tubes and the transverse arms  123  and  223  preferably formed with round tubes have an outer diameter which corresponds with an outer diameter of 48.3 millimeters usual for modular scaffolding systems. The wall thickness of the posts  21  and the transverse arms  123  and  223  designed with round tubes is preferably 2.7 millimeters. By contrast thereto, the wall thickness  116  of the transverse arm  323  formed with a U-profile tube  87  is preferably 3.2 millimeters. 
     In the case of the connecting heads  145  as well, the spacings of the upper end  181 . 1  of the upper support surfaces  180 . 1 . 1 .  180 . 1 . 2  and the spacings of the lower end  181 . 2  of the lower support surfaces  180 . 2 . 1  and  180 . 2 . 2  from the horizontal plane  371  intersecting the slot  154  at half the height of the slot width  170  are of the same size. Here, too, the respective slot  154  preferably has a slot width  170  of approximately 10 millimeters, which is slightly greater than the height or the apertured disc thickness of the associated apertured discs  30 , which is approximately 9 millimeters. 
     The connecting heads  145  have at the lower head parts  153  thereof a liquid outlet opening  169 . 2  which extends up to the lower support surfaces  180 . 2 . 1  and  180 . 2 . 2 . 
     As apparent particularly from  FIG. 15  the length of the vertical outer surfaces  148 . 1 ,  148 . 2 ;  149 . 1 ,  149 . 2 , which run together in the wedge shape, of the side wall parts  146 . 1 ,  146 . 2 ;  147 . 1 ,  147 . 2  of the connecting heads  145  considered in a direction of projection perpendicular to the longitudinal axis  138  of the transverse arm  323  is approximately 38 millimeters, whereas in contrast thereto the corresponding length  98  of those similarly integral and of the same material at the transverse arms  123 ,  223  designed with a round tube  86  is only approximately 35 millimeters ( FIG. 9 ). 
     In addition, the connecting heads  145  are, as shown particularly in  FIGS. 16 and 17 , welded to the associated post  21  and to the associated apertured disc  30  in the region of all its outer surfaces, which are connected towards the outside to its surfaces disposed directly opposite the associated post  21  and the associated apertured disc  30 , by way of a continuous weld seam  162 . 1 ,  161 . 1 ,  168 . 1 ,  165 . 1 ,  168 . 2 ,  162 . 1 ,  162 . 2 , with the exception of the liquid outlet opening  169 . 2 . An optimum connection between the transverse arm  323 , or the two connecting heads  145  thereof formed integrally and of the same material, and the posts and also apertured discs  30  associated therewith is thereby made possible so that this connection is formed, in particular manner, to be stiff in bending and torsion. 
     Thus, also in the case of the connecting heads  145  in each instance the upper connecting head  152  and also the lower connecting head  153  are welded, in regions of the vertical outer surfaces thereof, here the support surfaces  180 . 1 . 1 ,  180 . 1 . 2  and  180 . 2 . 1 ,  180 . 2 . 2  thereof, and also in the region of the upper and lower horizontal outer surfaces thereof, which are connected towards the outside with the vertical wall parts thereof bearing against the associated post  21 , to the associated post  21  by way of a respective continuous weld seam  162 . 1 ,  161 . 1  as well as  162 . 2  and  161 . 1 , but preferably with the exception of the lower liquid outlet opening  169 . 2 . Moreover, in each instance the upper head part  152  and the lower head part  153  are welded, in regions of the vertical outer surfaces  148 . 1 ,  148 . 2 ;  149 . 1 ,  149 . 2  thereof, which are connected towards the outside with the horizontal support surfaces of the slot  154 , to the associated apertured disc  30  over the entire width of the part of the associated apertured disc  30  protruding into the slot  154  by way of a respective continuous weld seam  168 . 1  and or  168 . 2 . Finally, these connecting heads  145  are also welded, in regions of vertical outer surfaces  148 . 1 ,  148 . 2 ;  149 . 1 ,  149 . 2 , which are connected towards the outside with the vertical slot surfaces  167  of the slot  154 , to the end surfaces, which are disposed in the region of the slot  154 , of the associated apertured disc  30  by way of a respective continuous weld seam  165 . 1 . 
     A further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  25 . 3  is shown in  FIGS. 22 and 23 , the transverse arm  223  of which, which here is designed as or with a round tube  86 , is welded by way of a connecting head  451 , which is formed thereat integrally and of the same material, to a post  121 . 1  and the single apertured disc  30 . 1  thereof again in such a manner that the transverse arm  223  extends perpendicularly to the post  121 . 1 . This post  121 . 1  is a post of the same construction and substantially identical to the post  21 . 2  shown in  FIG. 5 , in which the apertured disc  30  is thus not arranged in the region of the upper end  101 . 1  of the post  21 , but in another region, here below the centre thereof, and in particular at a spacing  103 . 1  which is approximately 90 centimeters. Consequently, the vertical frame element  35 . 3  is formed to be h-shaped. 
     By contrast to the exemplifying embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 7  the vertical frame element  25 . 3  is welded by way of its transverse arm  223 , or the second connecting head  45 . 2  formed thereat integrally and of the same material, to a short second post  221 . 2  and the apertured disc  30 . 2 , which is welded to this in the region of the upper end  100 . 2  thereof, in such a manner that the second post  221 . 2  extends parallel to the first post  121 . 1  and the two posts  121 . 1  and  221 . 2  together with the transverse arm  223  are arranged in a common vertical plane. Consequently, a vertical frame  35 . 3  of h-shaped form is now formed by the vertical frame element  125 . The short post  221 . 2  has a total length, extending from its lower end  101 . 2  to its upper end  100 . 2 , of approximately 116.5 centimeters. With respect to its upper end region, which is formed as a tube connector  42 . 1 , this short post  221 . 2  is formed to be constructionally the same and substantially identical to the remaining posts. The same applies overall to the lower end region thereof and the tube design thereof and other dimensions. 
     By contrast to the post  21 . 2  shown in  FIG. 7  the short post  221 . 2  has a length  106 . 2 , from its lower end  101 . 2  to its upper end region  41 . 2 . 1 , of only approximately 100 centimeters. The apertured disc  30 . 2  of the short post  221 . 2  has from the lower end  101 . 2  thereof a spacing  103 . 2  which, as in the case of the first post  121 . 1  which there is denoted by the reference numeral  103 . 1 , is approximately 90 centimeters. Consequently, an h-shaped vertical standing frame  35 . 3  is formed by the vertical frame element  25 . 3 . This construction can, as an alternative to the construction shown in  FIG. 3 , similarly be used for constructing a leading railing. For this purpose the vertical frame  35 . 3  or the posts  121 . 1  and  221 . 2  thereof can be respectively plugged onto a further short post  207  as is illustrated in  FIG. 22 . This short post  207  has from its lower end to its upper end region a respective length which is approximately 100 centimeters. Two fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  are respectively provided at this short post  207  at a spacing from one another in longitudinal direction. In that case the fastening device  33 . 1  is arranged at a spacing  118 , which is here approximately 90 centimeters, from the lower end, of the post  207  ( FIG. 30 ). By contrast thereto the second fastening device  33 . 2  is arranged at a spacing  119 , which is here approximately 40 centimeters, from the lower end of the post  207 . Accordingly, the two fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  of the short post  207  again have a spacing  117  from one another which is approximately 50 centimeters. 
     As a result, a lateral scaffolding frame construction can be realised from these elements, i.e. from the h-shaped vertical frame  35 . 3  and from the two short posts  207 , just as is possible in the same manner by a combination of, for example, the elements shown in  FIG. 3 , i.e. the vertical frame element  25 . 1  with the second post  21 . 2 , which is wedge-fastened thereto to be detachable again, and the short post  107 . 
     A further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  125 . 3  as shown in  FIGS. 24 and 25 , which differs from the vertical frame element  125 . 3  shown in  FIGS. 22 and 23  only by the construction and fastening of its transverse arm  323  formed as or with the U-profile tube  87 . This transverse arm is formed to be constructionally the same and substantially identical to the transverse arm  323  evident from  FIGS. 13 to 21 , so that to this extent and also with respect to the arrangement and fastening thereof by welding to the two posts reference can be made to the foregoing explanations. 
     A further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  25 . 4 , which is welded to a second post  121 . 2  to form an H-shaped vertical frame  35 . 4 , is shown in  FIGS. 26  and  27 . This vertical frame element  25 . 4  or this vertical frame  35 . 4  comprises a transverse arm  223 , which corresponds, with same construction and substantially identically, with the transverse arm  223  shown in the exemplifying embodiment according to  FIG. 7 , so that to that extent and with respect to the fastening or welding thereof to the two posts and the apertured discs  30 . 1 ,  30 . 2  mounted thereat reference can be made to the preceding text passages. In the same manner as in the exemplifying embodiment shown in  FIGS. 22 and 23  the vertical frame element  25 . 4  is formed from a long post  121 . 1  and a transverse arm  323 . The transverse arm  323  is designed with a first connecting head which is formed thereat integrally and of the same material and which is welded to the first post  121 . 1  and the apertured disc  30 . 1  welded thereto at a height  103 . 1 . 
     The transverse arm  223  is welded by way of a second connecting head  45 . 2 , which is formed to be constructionally the same and substantially identical and which here is similarly not provided with a toeboard fastening element  84 , to a second post  121 . 2  and the apertured disc  30 . 2  thereof, which is arranged at a spacing  103 . 2  from the lower end  101 . 2  thereof, the spacing corresponding with the spacing  103 . 1  of the apertured disc  30 . 1  welded to the post  121 . 1 . 
     By contrast to the exemplifying embodiment shown in  FIGS. 22 and 23  the second post  121 . 2  now has the same length and form as the first post  121 . 1 . In this manner the vertical frame element  25 . 4  is constructed as an H-shaped vertical frame  35 . 4 , the posts  121 . 1  and  121 . 2  of which together with the transverse arm  223  are again arranged in a common frame plane. 
     In the same manner as in the exemplifying embodiment according to  FIG. 22  the vertical frame  35 . 4  or the two posts  121 . 1  and  121 . 2  thereof can advantageously be plugged onto a short post  207  so that in this manner a leading railing can also be realised. However, in the illustrated exemplifying embodiment this is then not only on one frame inner side, but also on both frame inner sides, so that fall safety means  27  designed as railing elements, particularly railing rods, for security against falling can be mounted not only on the railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  of the first post  121 . 1 , but also on the railing element fastening devices  33 . 1  and  33 . 2  of the second post  121 . 2  before walking upon the second storey. 
     A further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  125 . 4  and an H-shaped vertical frame  135 . 4  formed therefrom are shown in  FIGS. 28 and 29 . This further exemplifying embodiment differs from the exemplifying embodiment shown in  FIGS. 26 and 27  exclusively by the form and fastening of the transverse arm  323  constructed as a U-profile tube  87 . This transverse arm  323  and the fastening thereof by welding to the respective post and the respective apertured disc were already described in detail in the foregoing in conjunction with the other exemplifying embodiments, so that to that extent reference can be made thereto (cf.  FIGS. 13 to 20 ). 
     A further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  25 . 5  is illustrated in  FIGS. 32 to 39 . In this, by contrast to the afore-described exemplifying embodiments the first connecting head  245  is designed as a separate component. Consequently, the transverse arm  523  is now of multi--part construction. The connecting head  245  is welded in usual mode and manner to the rod element  244 , which is designed as a round tube, of the transverse arm  523 . This new connecting head  245  is the new connecting head which is illustrated in  FIGS. 58   a ) to  g ) and which by comparison with the mass-production connecting head, which is illustrated in  FIGS. 59   a ) to  g ), of the applicant is free of wedge openings, i.e. is constructed without one or several wedge openings for a plug-through wedge. This connecting head  245  is also welded not only to the post  21 , but also to the apertured disc mounted thereon, as apparent particularly from  FIGS. 36 to 39 , and, in particular, now with formation of a weld seam  262 . 1 ,  261 . 1 ,  263 . 1 ,  365 . 1 ,  263 . 2 ,  261 . 2 ,  262 . 2  continuous at the full circumference. With respect to further constructional details concerning this connecting head  245  and the permanent fastening thereof to the post  21  reference can be made on the one hand to the foregoing explanations and on the other hand to the explanations at the end of the description of the figures. 
     A further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  25 . 6  is shown in  FIGS. 40 to 43 . This exemplifying embodiment differs from the exemplifying embodiment shown in  FIGS. 32 to 39  exclusively by the fact that a conventional mass-production connecting head of the applicant is now used as first connecting head  445  for the vertical frame element  25 . 6 , as this is illustrated in particular in  FIGS. 59   a ) to  g ). 
     A further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  125 . 5  is shown in  FIGS. 44 to 51 . This is characterised by a transverse arm  323  designed with a U-profile tube  87  and a connecting head  345  which is connected with this in multi-part manner by welding and which is again a separate component. However, this connecting head  345  is designed in its connecting region, which is associated with the rod element  444 —designed as a U-profile tube  87 —of the transverse arm  323 , to be appropriately matched to the form of this U-profile tube  87 . By contrast to the mass-production connecting head  545 , which is shown in  FIGS. 57   a ) to  g ), of the applicant the new connecting head  345  is designed to be free of wedge openings for a separate plug-through wedge. This new connecting head  345  is illustrated particularly in  FIGS. 56   a ) to  g ). This connecting head  345  can also, as shown in  FIGS. 48 to 51 , be welded in the region of its outer surfaces to the post  21  and to the apertured disc  30 , which is mounted thereon, by way of a continuous weld seam  362 . 1 ,  361 . 1 ,  363 . 1 ,  365 . 1 ,  363 . 2 ,  361 . 2  and  362 . 2 . With respect to further details concerning this connecting head  345  reference is also made to  FIGS. 44 to 51  as well as to the introduction to the description. 
     Finally, once again a further exemplifying embodiment of a vertical frame element  125 . 6  is shown in  FIGS. 52 to 55 . This exemplifying embodiment differs from the exemplifying embodiment illustrated in  FIGS. 44 to 51  only in that the connecting head  545  is a mass-production connecting head of the applicant, which is illustrated, in particular,  FIGS. 57   a ) to  g ). 
     It will be obvious that the invention or the inventions is or are not restricted merely to the exemplifying embodiments shown in the figures. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 REFERENCE NUMERAL LIST 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 20 
                 three-dimensional framework 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (scaffolding) 
               
               
                   
                 21 
                 post 
               
               
                   
                 21.1 
                 first post (long, with apertured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disc at the top) 
               
               
                   
                 21.2 
                 second post (long, with apertured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disc at the top) 
               
               
                   
                 22 
                 longitudinal bar 
               
               
                   
                 23 
                 transverse arm (crossbar) 
               
               
                   
                 24 
                 diagonal element (diagonal rod) 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 25.1 
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 25.2 
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 25.3 
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 25.4 
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 25.5 
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 25.6 
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 26 
                 cladding unit (scaffolding floor or 
               
               
                   
                   
                 plank) 
               
               
                   
                 27 
                 safety means against falling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (railing element, railing rod) 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 connecting nodes 
               
               
                   
                 29 
                 outer diameter 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 apertured disc 
               
               
                   
                 30.1 
                 first apertured disc 
               
               
                   
                 30.2 
                 second apertured disc 
               
               
                   
                 31 
                 outer end surface of 30 
               
               
                   
                 32 
                 outer diameter 
               
               
                   
                 33 
                 railing element fastening device 
               
               
                   
                 33.1 
                 first railing element fastening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 device 
               
               
                   
                 33.2 
                 second railing element fastening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 device 
               
               
                   
                 34 
                 outer diameter of 21 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 vertical frame (scaffolding frame) 
               
               
                   
                 35.1 
                 vertical frame (scaffolding frame) 
               
               
                   
                 35.2 
                 vertical frame (scaffolding frame) 
               
               
                   
                 35.3 
                 vertical frame (scaffolding frame) 
               
               
                   
                 35.4 
                 vertical frame (scaffolding frame) 
               
               
                   
                 36 
                 passage 
               
               
                   
                 36.1 
                 small passage 
               
               
                   
                 36.2 
                 large passage 
               
               
                   
                 37 
                 longitudinal axis of 21 
               
               
                   
                 37.1 
                 longitudinal axis of 21.2 
               
               
                   
                 37.2 
                 longitudinal axis of 21.2 
               
               
                   
                 38 
                 longitudinal axis of 23 
               
               
                   
                 39 
                 apertured disc thickness 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 upper longitudinal outer edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (support edge) 
               
               
                   
                 41.1.1 
                 upper end region 
               
               
                   
                 41.1.2 
                 lower end region 
               
               
                   
                 41.2.1 
                 upper end region 
               
               
                   
                 41.2.2 
                 lower end region 
               
               
                   
                 42 
                 tube connector 
               
               
                   
                 42.1 
                 tube connector 
               
               
                   
                 42.2 
                 tube connector 
               
               
                   
                 43.1 
                 first end 
               
               
                   
                 43.2 
                 second end 
               
               
                   
                 44 
                 rod element 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 45.1 
                 first connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 45.2 
                 second connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 46.1 
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 46.2 
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 47.1 
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 47.2 
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 48.1 
                 upper vertical outer surface of 46.1 
               
               
                   
                 48.2 
                 upper vertical outer surface of 46.2 
               
               
                   
                 49.1 
                 lower vertical outer surface of 47.1 
               
               
                   
                 49.2 
                 lower vertical outer surface of 47.2 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 post and disc centre (centre) 
               
               
                   
                 51 
                 wedge angle 
               
               
                   
                 52 
                 upper head part 
               
               
                   
                 53 
                 lower head part 
               
               
                   
                 54 
                 slot 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 L-frame element 
               
               
                   
                 56 
                 U-frame 
               
               
                   
                 57 
                 H-frame 
               
               
                   
                 58 
                 h-frame 
               
               
                   
                 59.1 
                 upper support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 59.2 
                 lower support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 60.1 
                 upper horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 60.2 
                 lower horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 61.1 
                 upper vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 61.2 
                 lower vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 62.1 
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 62.2 
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 63.1 
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 63.2 
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 65.1 
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 65.2 
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 66.1 
                 upper horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 66.2 
                 lower horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 67 
                 vertical slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 68.1 
                 upper weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 68.2 
                 lower weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 69.1 
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 69.2 
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 70 
                 slot width 
               
               
                   
                 71 
                 horizontal plane 
               
               
                   
                 72 
                 centre plane of 30 
               
               
                   
                 74 
                 wedge 
               
               
                   
                 75 
                 height 
               
               
                   
                 76.1 
                 height of 52 
               
               
                   
                 76.2 
                 height of 53 
               
               
                   
                 77.1 
                 upper outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 77.2 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 77.2.1 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 77.2.2 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 78.1 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 78.2 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 78.2.1 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 78.2.2 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 79.1.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 79.1.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 79.2.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 79.2.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 80.1 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 80.1.1 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 80.1.2 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 80.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 80.2.1 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 80.2.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 81.1 
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 81.2 
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 82 
                 vertical plane 
               
               
                   
                 83.1 
                 upper wall part 
               
               
                   
                 83.2 
                 lower wall part 
               
               
                   
                 84 
                 toeboard fastening element (pin) 
               
               
                   
                 85 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 86 
                 round rube 
               
               
                   
                 87 
                 U-profile tube (U-profile) 
               
               
                   
                 88.1 
                 double wall region 
               
               
                   
                 88.2 
                 double wall region 
               
               
                   
                 89.1 
                 U-limb 
               
               
                   
                 89.2 
                 U-limb 
               
               
                   
                 90 
                 box-shaped hollow profile part  
               
               
                   
                 91.1  
                 lower horizontal wall part 
               
               
                   
                 91.2  
                 upper horizontal wall part 
               
               
                   
                 92 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 93 
                 free end 
               
               
                   
                 93.1  
                 free end 
               
               
                   
                 93.2  
                 free end 
               
               
                   
                 94.1  
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 94.2  
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 95 
                 height of 90 
               
               
                   
                 96 
                 width of 90 
               
               
                   
                 97 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 98 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 99 
                 circumferential angle 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 width of 91.2 
               
               
                   
                 100.1 
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 100.2 
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 101.1 
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 101.2 
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 102.1 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 102.2 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 103.1 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 103.2 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 104.1 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 104.2 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 105.1 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 105.2 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 106.1 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 106.2 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 107 
                 post (short, without apertured  
               
               
                   
                   
                 disc and without fastening 
               
               
                   
                   
                 devices) 
               
               
                   
                 108 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 110.1 
                 round tube 
               
               
                   
                 110.2 
                 round tube 
               
               
                   
                 111.1  
                 outer diameter 
               
               
                   
                 111.2  
                 outer diameter 
               
               
                   
                 112.1  
                 wall part 
               
               
                   
                 112.2  
                 wall part 
               
               
                   
                 113 
                 frame plane 
               
               
                   
                 114 
                 wall thickness 
               
               
                   
                 114.1  
                 wall thickness 
               
               
                   
                 114.2  
                 wall thickness 
               
               
                   
                 115 
                 wall thickness 
               
               
                   
                 116 
                 wall thickness 
               
               
                   
                 117 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 118 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 119 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 121.1  
                 first post (long, with apertured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disc below centre) 
               
               
                   
                 121.1  
                 second post (long, with apertured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disc below centre) 
               
               
                   
                 123 
                 transverse arm (crossbar) 
               
               
                   
                 124.1 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 124.2  
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 125.2  
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 125.3  
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 125.4  
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 125.5  
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 125.6  
                 vertical frame element 
               
               
                   
                 126 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 127.1  
                 first storey 
               
               
                   
                 127.2  
                 second storey 
               
               
                   
                 127.3  
                 third storey 
               
               
                   
                 128 
                 starting member 
               
               
                   
                 129.1  
                 wall part (outer) 
               
               
                   
                 129.2  
                 wall part (inner) 
               
               
                   
                 130.1  
                 wall part (outer) 
               
               
                   
                 130.2  
                 wall part (inner) 
               
               
                   
                 131.1  
                 spacing (slot width) 
               
               
                   
                 131.2  
                 spacing (slot width) 
               
               
                   
                 132.1  
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 132.2  
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 133.1  
                 transition 
               
               
                   
                 133.2  
                 transition 
               
               
                   
                 134.1  
                 height (slot length) 
               
               
                   
                 134.2  
                 height (slot length) 
               
               
                   
                 135.2  
                 vertical frame 
               
               
                   
                 135.3  
                 vertical frame 
               
               
                   
                 135.4  
                 vertical frame 
               
               
                   
                 145 
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 145.1  
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 145.2  
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 146.1  
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 146.2  
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 147.1 
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 147.2  
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 148.1  
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 146.1 
               
               
                   
                 148.2  
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 146.2 
               
               
                   
                 149.1  
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 147.1 
               
               
                   
                 149.2 
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 147.2 
               
               
                   
                 1501 
                 wedge angle 
               
               
                   
                 152 
                 upper head part 
               
               
                   
                 153 
                 lower head part 
               
               
                   
                 154 
                 slot 
               
               
                   
                 159.1 
                 upper support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 159.2 
                 lower support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 160.1 
                 upper horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 160.2  
                 lower horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 161.1 
                 upper vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 161.2  
                 lower vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 162.1  
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 162.2  
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 163.1  
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 163.2 
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 165.1  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 165.2  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 166.1  
                 upper horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 166.2  
                 lower horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 167 
                 vertical slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 169.1  
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 169.2  
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 170 
                 slot width 
               
               
                   
                 171 
                 horizontal plane 
               
               
                   
                 173.1  
                 upper wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 173.2  
                 lower wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 175 
                 height 
               
               
                   
                 176.1  
                 height of 152 
               
               
                   
                 176.2  
                 height of 153 
               
               
                   
                 177.1 
                 upper outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 177.2 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 177.2.1  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 177.2.2  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 178.1  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 178.2 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 178.2.1  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 178.2.2 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 179.1.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 179.1.2  
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 179.2.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 179.2.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 180.1  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 180.1.1 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 180.1.2  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 180.2  
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 180.2.1  
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 180.2.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 181.1  
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 181.2  
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 182 
                 vertical plane 
               
               
                   
                 183.1  
                 upper wall part 
               
               
                   
                 183.2  
                 lower wall part 
               
               
                   
                 197 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 198 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 207 
                 short post (without apertured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disc, with fastening devices) 
               
               
                   
                 209 
                 weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 221.2  
                 second post (short, apertured 
               
               
                   
                   
                 disc at top) 
               
               
                   
                 223 
                 transverse arm (crossbar) 
               
               
                   
                 244 
                 rod element 
               
               
                   
                 245 
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 246.1  
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 246.2  
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 247.1  
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 247.2  
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 248.1  
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 246.1 
               
               
                   
                 248.2  
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 246.2 
               
               
                   
                 249.1  
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 247.1 
               
               
                   
                 249.3  
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 247.2 
               
               
                   
                 251 
                 wedge angle 
               
               
                   
                 252 
                 upper head part 
               
               
                   
                 253 
                 lower head part 
               
               
                   
                 254 
                 slot 
               
               
                   
                 259.1  
                 upper support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 259.2  
                 lower support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 260.1  
                 upper horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 260.2 
                 lower horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 261.1 
                 upper vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 261.2  
                 lower vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 262.1 
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 262.2 
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 263.1  
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 263.2  
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 265.1  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 265.2  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 266.1  
                 upper horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 266.2  
                 lower horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 267 
                 vertical slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 269.1  
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 269.2  
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 270 
                 slot width 
               
               
                   
                 271 
                 horizontal plane 
               
               
                   
                 273.1 
                 upper wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 273.2  
                 lower wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 275 
                 height 
               
               
                   
                 276.1  
                 height of 252 
               
               
                   
                 276.2 
                 height of 253 
               
               
                   
                 277.1  
                 upper outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 277.2 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 277.2.1  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 277.2.2 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 278.1  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 278.2  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 278.2.1 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 278.2.2  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 279.1.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 279.1.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 279.2.1  
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 279.2.2  
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 280.1  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 280.1.1  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 280.1.2  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 280.2  
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 280.2.1  
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 280.2.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 281.1 
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 281.2 
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 282 
                 vertical plane 
               
               
                   
                 283.1 
                 upper wall part 
               
               
                   
                 283.2 
                 lower wall part 
               
               
                   
                 297 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 298 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 309 
                 weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 323 
                 transverse arm (crossbar) 
               
               
                   
                 345 
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 346.1 
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 346.2 
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 347.1 
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 347.2 
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 348.1 
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 346.1 
               
               
                   
                 348.2 
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 346.2 
               
               
                   
                 349.1 
                 lower vertical surface of 347.1 
               
               
                   
                 349.2 
                 lower vertical surface of 347.2 
               
               
                   
                 351 
                 wedge angle 
               
               
                   
                 352 
                 upper head part 
               
               
                   
                 353 
                 lower head part 
               
               
                   
                 354 
                 slot 
               
               
                   
                 359.1 
                 upper support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 359.2 
                 lower support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 360.1 
                 upper horizontal outer surface  
               
               
                   
                 360.2 
                 lower horizontal outer surface  
               
               
                   
                 361.1 
                 upper vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 361.2 
                 lower vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 362.1 
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 362.2 
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 363.1 
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 363.2 
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 365.1  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 365.2 
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 366.1  
                 upper horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 366.2 
                 lower horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 367 
                 vertical slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 369.1  
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 369.2 
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 370 
                 slot width 
               
               
                   
                 371 
                 horizontal plane 
               
               
                   
                 373.1  
                 upper wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 373.2  
                 lower edge opening 
               
               
                   
                 375 
                 height 
               
               
                   
                 376.1  
                 height of 352 
               
               
                   
                 376.2  
                 height of 353 
               
               
                   
                 377.1  
                 upper outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 377.2  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 377.2.1  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 377.2.2 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 378.1  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 378.2 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 378.2.1 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 378.2.2  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 379.1.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 379.1.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 379.2.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 379.2.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 380.1 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 380.1.1 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 380.1.2 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 380.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 380.2.1 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 380.2.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 381.1  
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 381.2 
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 382 
                 vertical plane 
               
               
                   
                 383.1 
                 upper wall part 
               
               
                   
                 383.2 
                 lower wall part 
               
               
                   
                 397 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 398 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 423 
                 transverse arm (crossbar) 
               
               
                   
                 444 
                 rod element 
               
               
                   
                 445 
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 446.1 
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 446.2  
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 447.1  
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 447.2  
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 448.1 
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 446.1 
               
               
                   
                 448.2 
                 upper vertical outer surface 
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 446.2 
               
               
                   
                 449.1 
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 447.1 
               
               
                   
                 449.2 
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 447.2 
               
               
                   
                 451 
                 wedge angle 
               
               
                   
                 452 
                 upper head part 
               
               
                   
                 453 
                 lower head part 
               
               
                   
                 454 
                 slot 
               
               
                   
                 459.1  
                 upper support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 459.2  
                 lower support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 460.1  
                 upper horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 460.2 
                 lower horizontal outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 461.1  
                 upper vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 461.2  
                 lower vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 462.1  
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 462.2  
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 463.1 
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 463.2 
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 465.1 
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 465.2  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 466.1 
                 upper horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 466.2 
                 lower horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 467 
                 vertical slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 469.1 
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 469.2 
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 470 
                 slot width 
               
               
                   
                 471 
                 horizontal plane 
               
               
                   
                 473.1  
                 upper wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 473.2  
                 lower wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 475 
                 height 
               
               
                   
                 476.1  
                 height of 452 
               
               
                   
                 476.2 
                 height of 453 
               
               
                   
                 477.1 
                 upper outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 477.2  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 477.2.1 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 477.2.2 
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 478.1  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 478.2 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 478.2.1 
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 478.2.2  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 479.1.1  
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 479.1.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 479.2.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 479.2.2  
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 480.1 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 480.1.1  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 480.1.2  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 480.2  
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 480.2.1  
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 480.2.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 481.1  
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 481.2  
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 482 
                 vertical plane 
               
               
                   
                 483.1  
                 upper wall part 
               
               
                   
                 483.2  
                 lower wall part 
               
               
                   
                 497 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 498 
                 length 
               
               
                   
                 523 
                 transverse arm (crossbar) 
               
               
                   
                 545 
                 connecting head 
               
               
                   
                 546.1  
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 546.2  
                 upper side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 547.1  
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 547.2  
                 lower side wall part 
               
               
                   
                 548.1  
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 546.1 
               
               
                   
                 548.2  
                 upper vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 546.2 
               
               
                   
                 549.1  
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 547.1 
               
               
                   
                 549.2  
                 lower vertical outer surface  
               
               
                   
                   
                 of 547.2 
               
               
                   
                 551 
                 wedge angle 
               
               
                   
                 552 
                 upper head part 
               
               
                   
                 553 
                 lower head part 
               
               
                   
                 554 
                 slot 
               
               
                   
                 559.1  
                 upper support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 559.2  
                 lower support wall part 
               
               
                   
                 560.1  
                 upper horizontal outer surface  
               
               
                   
                 560.2  
                 lower horizontal outer surface  
               
               
                   
                 561.1  
                 upper vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 561.2  
                 lower vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 562.1  
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 562.2  
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 563.1  
                 upper horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 563.2  
                 lower horizontal weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 565.1  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 565.2  
                 vertical weld seam 
               
               
                   
                 566.1  
                 upper horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 566.2 
                 lower horizontal slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 567 
                 vertical slot surface 
               
               
                   
                 569.1  
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 569.2  
                 liquid outlet opening 
               
               
                   
                 570 
                 slot width 
               
               
                   
                 571 
                 horizontal plane 
               
               
                   
                 573.1 
                 upper wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 573.2  
                 lower wedge opening 
               
               
                   
                 575 
                 height 
               
               
                   
                 576.1  
                 height of 552 
               
               
                   
                 576.2  
                 height of 553 
               
               
                   
                 577.1  
                 upper outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 577.2  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 577.2.1  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 577.2.2  
                 lower outer surface 
               
               
                   
                 578.1  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 578.2  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 578.2.1  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 578.2.2  
                 angle 
               
               
                   
                 579.1.1 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 579.1.2 
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 579.2.1  
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 579.2.2  
                 radius 
               
               
                   
                 580.1  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 580.1.1  
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 580.1.2 
                 upper support surface 
               
               
                   
                 580.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 580.2.1  
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 580.2.2 
                 lower support surface 
               
               
                   
                 581.1 
                 upper end 
               
               
                   
                 581.2  
                 lower end 
               
               
                   
                 582 
                 vertical plane 
               
               
                   
                 583.1  
                 upper wall part 
               
               
                   
                 583.2 
                 lower wall part 
               
               
                   
                 597 
                 spacing 
               
               
                   
                 598 
                 length