Patent Publication Number: US-2022216273-A1

Title: Display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0001466, filed on Jan. 6, 2021, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Aspects of one or more embodiments relate to a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Display apparatuses are configured to display data visually or graphically. Display apparatuses may be used as displays for small products such as mobile phones or large products such as televisions. 
     Display apparatuses may generally include a substrate partitioned into a display area and a non-display area, and a gate line and a data line are insulated from each other in the display area. A plurality of pixel areas are generally defined in the display area, and pixels in each of the pixel areas receive electric signals from the gate line and the data line crossing each other and emit light so as to display an image to the outside. A thin-film transistor and a pixel electrode electrically connected to the thin-film transistor are provided in each of the pixel areas, and an opposite electrode may be provided (e.g., as a common electrode) in each of the pixel areas. In a non-display area, various lines configured to transmit electrical signals to pixels in the display area, pads connectable to a gate driver, a data driver, and a controller, and the like may be provided. 
     Recently, the various uses of display apparatuses has become more diversified. Also, display apparatuses have become relatively thinner and more lightweight, and thus, the potential uses for display apparatuses has expanded. Accordingly, studies have been actively conducted into the production of display apparatuses, and various attempts have been made to reduce additional facilities and increase yield. 
     The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background and therefore the information discussed in this Background section does not necessarily constitute prior art. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more embodiments include a display apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same, in which costs and manufacturing operations may be reduced by reducing the number of deposition masks compared to alternative manufacturing methods. However, this is merely an example, and the scope of embodiments according to the present disclosure is not limited thereby. 
     Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure. 
     According to one or more embodiments, a display apparatus includes a substrate in which a plurality of first group areas apart from each other are defined, a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode in each of the plurality of first group areas, a first intermediate layer on the first pixel electrode, a second intermediate layer on the second pixel electrode, an opposite electrode on the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer, and a plurality of first capping layers on the opposite electrode and apart from each other to correspond to the plurality of first group areas. 
     According to some embodiments, the first pixel electrode may be provided with a plurality of first pixel electrodes, the second pixel electrode may be provided with a plurality of second pixel electrodes, and the plurality of first pixel electrodes and the plurality of second pixel electrodes may be alternately arranged. 
     According to some embodiments, a plurality of second group areas apart from each other may be further defined in the substrate, and the display apparatus may further include a third pixel electrode in each of the plurality of second group areas, a plurality of third intermediate layers on the third pixel electrode and apart from each other to correspond to the plurality of second group areas, and a second capping layer on the opposite electrode, which is on the plurality of third intermediate layers, and corresponding to the plurality of first group areas and the plurality of second group areas. 
     According to some embodiments, the plurality of first group areas and the plurality of second group areas may be alternately arranged in a row direction. 
     According to some embodiments, the first pixel electrode may be provided with a plurality of first pixel electrodes, the second pixel electrode may be provided with a plurality of second pixel electrodes, the third pixel electrode may be provided with a plurality of third pixel electrodes, the plurality of first pixel electrodes, the plurality of second pixel electrodes, and the plurality of third pixel electrodes may be arranged on the substrate in a matrix form, each of the plurality of first group areas may include first pixel electrodes and second pixel electrodes arranged in a corresponding column among the plurality of first pixel electrodes and the plurality of second pixel electrodes, and each of the plurality of second group areas may include third pixel electrodes arranged in a corresponding column among the plurality of third pixel electrodes. 
     According to some embodiments, the plurality of first group areas and the plurality of second group areas may be arranged in a first direction, and the plurality of first group areas and the plurality of second group areas may be alternately arranged in a second direction crossing the first direction. 
     According to some embodiments, in a plan view, a first separation area between the plurality of first group areas and a second separation area between the plurality of second group areas may be adjacent to each other in the second direction. 
     According to some embodiments, in a plan view, a virtual line connecting a first separation area between the plurality of first group areas and a second separation area between the plurality of second group areas may extend in a third direction crossing the first direction and the second direction. 
     According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include a pixel defining layer on the plurality of third pixel electrodes and having a plurality of openings exposing at least a portion of each of the plurality of third pixel electrodes, wherein a distance between a first opening and a second opening adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of openings may be less than a distance between a third opening and a fourth opening adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of openings, the first opening and the second opening may be in a same second group area, and the third opening and the fourth opening may be in second group areas adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of second group areas, respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, the first intermediate layer may be configured to emit light of a first wavelength band, the second intermediate layer may be configured to emit light of a second wavelength band, and the third intermediate layer may be configured to emit light of a third wavelength band. 
     According to some embodiments, portions of the second capping layer corresponding to the plurality of first group areas may be between the opposite electrode and the plurality of first capping layers, respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, the plurality of first group areas may be arranged in a first direction and a second direction crossing the first direction, a first separation area between a (1-1)th group area and a (1-2)th group area adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of first group areas and a second separation area between a (1-3)th group area and a (1-4)th group area adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of first group areas may be apart from each other in the second direction, the (1-1)th group area and the (1-3)th group area may be apart from each other in the second direction, and the (1-2)th group area and the (1-4)th group area may be apart from each other in the second direction. 
     According to some embodiments, the first direction may be perpendicular to the second direction. 
     According to some embodiments, the display apparatus may further include a pixel defining layer on the plurality of first pixel electrodes and the plurality of second pixel electrodes and having a plurality of openings exposing at least a portion of each of the plurality of first pixel electrodes and the plurality of second pixel electrodes, wherein the plurality of first group areas may be arranged in a first direction, a distance between a first opening and a second opening adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of openings may be less than a distance between a third opening and a fourth opening adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of openings, the first opening and the second opening may be in a same first group area, and the third opening and the fourth opening may be in first group areas adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of first group areas, respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, the plurality of first capping layers may be arranged in a first direction and a second direction crossing the first direction, a first separation area between a (1-1)th capping layer and a (1-2)th capping layer adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of first capping layers and a second separation area between a (1-3)th capping layer and a (1-4)th capping layer adjacent to each other in the first direction among the plurality of first capping layers may be apart from each other in the second direction, the (1-1)th capping layer and the (1-3)th capping layer may be apart from each other in the second direction, and the (1-2)th capping layer and the (1-4)th capping layer may be apart from each other in the second direction. 
     According to some embodiments, the first direction may be perpendicular to the second direction. 
     According to some embodiments, a method of manufacturing a display apparatus includes preparing a substrate in which a plurality of first group areas apart from each other are defined, forming a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode in each of the plurality of first group areas, forming a first intermediate layer on the first pixel electrode, forming a second intermediate layer on the second pixel electrode, forming an opposite electrode on the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer, and forming, on the opposite electrode, a plurality of first capping layers apart from each other to correspond to the plurality of first group areas. 
     According to some embodiments, the forming of the plurality of first capping layers may use a first mask having a plurality of openings, and the plurality of openings may correspond to the plurality of first group areas, respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, a plurality of second group areas apart from each other may be further defined in the substrate, and the method may further include forming a third pixel electrode in each of the plurality of second group areas, forming, on the third pixel electrode, a plurality of third intermediate layers apart from each other to correspond to the plurality of second group areas, and forming, on the opposite electrode, a second capping layer corresponding to the plurality of first group areas and the plurality of second group areas. 
     According to some embodiments, the forming of the plurality of third intermediate layers may use a second mask having a plurality of openings, and the plurality of openings may correspond to the plurality of second group areas, respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, the first intermediate layer may be configured to emit light of a first wavelength band, the second intermediate layer may be configured to emit light of a second wavelength band, and the third intermediate layer may be configured to emit light of a third wavelength band. 
     According to some embodiments, the first pixel electrode may be provided with a plurality of first pixel electrodes, the second pixel electrode may be provided with a plurality of second pixel electrodes, and the plurality of first pixel electrodes and the plurality of second pixel electrodes may be alternately arranged. 
     Other aspects, features, and characteristics of embodiments according to the present disclosure will become better understood through the accompanying drawings, the claims and the detailed description. 
     These general and specific aspects may be implemented by using a system, a method, a computer program, or any combinations thereof. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects, features, and characteristics of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a portion of  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a portion of  FIG. 3 ; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of a first group area taken along the line I-I′ of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the first group area and a first separation area taken along the line II-II′ of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of a second group area taken along the line III-III′ of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of the second group area and a second separation area taken along the line IV-IV′ of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the first group area and a portion of the second group area taken along the line V-V of  FIG. 4 ; 
         FIG. 10  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 12  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 13  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 14  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 15  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 16  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 17  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 18A  is a schematic plan view illustrating an example of a mask for forming a first capping layer; 
         FIGS. 18B to 18D  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus, according to some embodiments; 
         FIG. 19A  is a schematic plan view illustrating an example of a mask for forming a third intermediate layer; and 
         FIGS. 19B and 19C  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in more detail to aspects of some embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. 
     As the present description allows for various changes and numerous embodiments, certain embodiments will be illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in the written description. Effects and features of the disclosure, and methods of achieving them will be clarified with reference to embodiments described below in detail with reference to the drawings. However, the disclosure is not limited to the following embodiments and may be embodied in various forms. 
     The embodiments of the disclosure will be described below in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Those elements that are the same or are in correspondence with each other are rendered the same reference numeral regardless of the figure number, and redundant explanations are omitted. 
     It will be understood that although the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. 
     The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” as used herein are intended to include the plural forms as well unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” used herein specify the presence of stated features or elements, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features or elements. 
     It will be further understood that, when a layer, region, or element is referred to as being “on” another layer, region, or element, it can be directly or indirectly on the other layer, region, or element. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or elements may be present. 
     Sizes of elements in the drawings may be exaggerated or reduced for convenience of explanation. For example, because sizes and thicknesses of elements in the drawings are arbitrarily illustrated for convenience of explanation, the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     When a certain embodiment may be implemented differently, a specific process order may be performed differently from the described order. For example, two consecutively described processes may be performed substantially at the same time or performed in an order opposite to the described order. 
     In this specification, the expression “A and/or B” indicates only A, only B, or both A and B. The expression “at least one of A and B” indicates only A, only B, or both A and B. 
     It will be further understood that, when layers, regions, or components are referred to as being connected to each other, they may be directly connected to each other or indirectly connected to each other with intervening layers, regions, or components therebetween. For example, when layers, regions, or components are referred to as being electrically connected to each other, they may be directly electrically connected to each other or indirectly electrically connected to each other with intervening layers, regions, or components therebetween. 
     The x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis are not limited to three axes of the rectangular coordinate system and may be interpreted in a broader sense. For example, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis may be perpendicular to one another or may represent different directions that are not perpendicular to one another. 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic plan view of a display apparatus  1  according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , the display apparatus  1  may include a display area DA in which images are displayed and a peripheral area PA around the display area DA. The display apparatus  1  may display images to the outside by using light emitted from the first area DA. 
     A substrate  100  may include various materials such as glass, metal, or plastic. According to some embodiments, the substrate  100  may include a flexible material. The flexible material refers to a bendable, foldable, or rollable substrate. The substrate  100  including such a flexible material may include ultra-thin glass, metal, or plastic. 
     Pixels PX including various display elements such as an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) may be in the display area DA of the substrate  100 . A plurality of pixels PX may be arranged in various forms, such as a stripe arrangement, a pentile arrangement, or a mosaic arrangement, and may display images. 
     In a plan view, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the display area DA may have a rectangular shape. According to some embodiments, the display area DA may have a polygonal shape (e.g., a triangular shape, a pentagonal shape, or a hexagonal shape), a circular shape, an elliptical shape, or an irregular shape. 
     The peripheral area PA of the substrate  100  is around the display area DA (e.g., in a periphery of the display area DA, or outside a footprint of the display area DA), and may be an area in which no images are displayed. In the peripheral area PA, various lines configured to transmit electric signals to be applied to the display area DA, and pads bonded to a printed circuit board or a driver integrated circuit (IC) chip may be arranged. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic equivalent circuit diagram of a pixel PX of a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the pixel PX may include a pixel circuit PC connected to a scan line SL and a data line DL, and an organic light-emitting diode OLED connected to the pixel circuit PC. 
     The pixel circuit PC may include a driving thin-film transistor T 1 , a scan thin-film transistor T 2 , and a storage capacitor Cst. The scan thin-film transistor T 2  may be connected to the scan line SL and the data line DL and may be configured to transmit, to the driving thin-film transistor T 1 , a data signal Dm input through the data line DL in response to a scan signal Sn input through the scan line SL. 
     The storage capacitor Cst may be connected to the scan thin-film transistor T 2  and a driving voltage line PL and may be configured to store a voltage corresponding to a difference between a voltage received from the scan thin-film transistor T 2  and a driving voltage ELVDD supplied to the driving voltage line PL. 
     The driving thin-film transistor T 1  may be connected to the driving voltage line PL and the storage capacitor Cst and may be configured to control a driving current flowing from the driving voltage line PL to the organic light-emitting diode OLED in response to a voltage value stored in the storage capacitor Cst. The organic light-emitting diode OLED may emit light having a certain luminance according to the driving current. 
     Although a case in which the pixel circuit PC includes two thin-film transistors and one storage capacitor has been described with reference to  FIG. 2 , embodiments according to the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, the pixel circuit PC may include three or more thin-film transistors and/or two or more storage capacitors. According to some embodiments, the pixel circuit PC may include seven thin-film transistors and one storage capacitor. Additionally, according to some embodiments, the pixel circuit PC may include additional components or fewer components than the number and configuration of components described above without departing from the spirit and scope of embodiments according to the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 3  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a portion of  FIG. 1 , and  FIG. 4  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a portion of  FIG. 3 . For example,  FIG. 3  is an enlarged plan view of the region AR of  FIG. 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the display apparatus (see  1  in  FIG. 1 ) may include a plurality of first group areas GA 1  and a plurality of second group areas GA 2 . Because the display apparatus  1  includes a substrate  100 , it may be stated that the substrate  100  includes the first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2 . 
     The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be spaced apart from each other along a row direction. The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may extend in a first direction (e.g., ±y direction) and may be arranged relative to each other along a second direction (e.g., ±x direction) crossing the first direction. 
     The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be alternately arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the second group areas GA 2  may be between the first group areas GA 1  that are spaced apart in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). For example, the first group areas GA 1  may be arranged in each odd-numbered column and the second group areas GA 2  may be arranged in each even-numbered column, although embodiments are not limited thereto, and according to some embodiments, the first group areas GA 1  may be arranged in even-numbered columns and the second group areas GA 2  may be arranged in odd-numbered columns. 
     A plurality of first pixels PX 1  and a plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . A plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . According to some embodiments, each of the first, second, and third pixels PX 1 , PX 2 , and PX 3  may correspond to an emission area in which a display element emits light as a minimum unit for implementing images. That is, the first, second, and third pixels PX 1 , PX 2 , and PX 3  may represent sub-pixels that collectively form a pixel. When an organic light-emitting diode is employed as the display element, the emission area may be defined by an opening OP of a pixel defining layer  119 . As will be described in more detail later with reference to  FIGS. 5 to 9 , the opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119  may expose at least a portion of a first pixel electrode  210   a  constituting a first display element  200   a . In a plan view, edges of the first pixel electrode  210   a  may surround the opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119 . Therefore, it may be understood that a plurality of first pixel electrodes  210   a  are in the first group area GA 1 . Although the above description has been given focusing on the first pixels PX 1 , the same may also apply to the second pixels PX 2  and the third pixels PX 3 . 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a distance dl between a first opening OP 1  and a second opening OP 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among a plurality of openings OP may be less than a distance d 2  between the second opening OP 2  and a third opening OP 3  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the openings OP. In this case, the first opening OP 1  and the second opening OP 2  may be in the same first group area GA 1 , and the second opening OP 2  and the third opening OP 3  may be in the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , a distance d 3  between a fourth opening OP 4  and a fifth opening OP 5  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the openings OP may be less than a distance d 4  between the fifth opening OP 5  and a sixth opening OP 6  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the openings OP. In this case, the fourth opening OP 4  and the fifth opening OP 5  may be in the same second group area GA 2 , and the fifth opening OP 5  and the sixth opening OP 6  may be in the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), respectively. 
     A plurality of first pixels PX 1 , a plurality of second pixels PX 2 , and a plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be alternately arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the third pixels PX 3  may be between the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  apart from each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). The first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  may be in each odd-numbered column, and the third pixels PX 3  may be in each even-numbered column. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  may be alternately arranged in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). For example, the first pixels PX 1  may be arranged in each odd-numbered column and the second pixels PX 2  may be arranged in each even-numbered column. 
     The first pixels PX 1  may emit light of a first wavelength band, the second pixels PX 2  may emit light of a second wavelength band, and the third pixels PX 3  may emit light of a third wavelength band. 
     According to some embodiments, the first pixels PX 1  may emit red light, the second pixels PX 2  may emit green light, and the third pixels PX 3  may emit blue light. In this case, the first wavelength band may be about 630 nm to about 750 nm, the second wavelength band may be about 490 nm to about 570 nm, and the third wavelength band may be about 450 nm to about 490 nm. This is only an example, and the wavelength band of the light emitted from each of the first pixels PX 1 , the second pixels PX 2 , and the third pixels PX 3  may be changed. 
     Although  FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate that four first pixels PX 1  and four second pixels PX 2  are in each of the first group areas GA 1 , this is only an example. The number of first pixels PX 1  and the number of second pixels PX 2  in each of the first group areas GA 1  may be variously changed. For example, five or more first pixels PX 1  and five or more second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . As another example, one or two first pixels PX 1  and one or two second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . This will be described in more detail later with reference to  FIGS. 13 to 16 . 
     Also, although  FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate that four third pixels PX 3  are in each of the second group areas GA 2 , this is only an example. The number of third pixels PX 3  in each of the second group areas GA 2  may be variously changed. For example, five or more third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . As another example, one or two third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . This will be described in more detail later with reference to  FIGS. 11 and 12 . 
     The display apparatus  1  may include first separation areas SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1  and second separation areas SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2 . The first separation areas SA 1  may be between the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), and the second separation areas SA 2  may be between the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). Because the display apparatus  1  includes the substrate  100 , it may be stated that the substrate  100  includes the first separation areas SA 1  and the second separation areas SA 2 . 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  may be adjacent to each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction) in a plan view. A virtual line l connecting the first separation area SA 1  to the second separation area SA 2  may be parallel to the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     Although  FIGS. 3 and 4  illustrate the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  are adjacent to each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction), this is only an example, and the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  may be variously arranged. For example, in a plan view, the first separation area SA 1  may be shifted in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) at the second separation area SA 2 . This will be described in more detail later with reference to  FIG. 10 . 
     The display apparatus  1  may include a plurality of first capping layers  250  spaced apart from each other to correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. The first capping layers  250  will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 5 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 18A and 18C  to be described later, because the first capping layers  250  are formed using a first mask M 1  having a plurality of openings MOP 1  corresponding to a plurality of first group areas GA 1 , respectively, the first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. The planar shape of each of the first capping layers  250  may substantially correspond to the planar shape of each of the first group areas GA 1 . 
     As such, the first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first group areas GA 1  in which the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  emitting light of different wavelength bands from each other are arranged. The first capping layers  250  overlapping the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  emitting light of different wavelength bands from each other may be formed using a single mask. 
     As a comparative example, the capping layers overlapping the pixels emitting light of the same color may be formed using the same mask, and the capping layers overlapping the pixels emitting light of different colors from each other may be formed using different masks from each other. In this case, the number of masks used to form the capping layers overlapping the pixels emitting light of different colors from each other may be equal to the number of different colors from each other. For example, two masks may be used to form the capping layers overlapping the pixels emitting red light and green light. 
     However, according to some embodiments, when one mask is used to form the first capping layers  250   a  overlapping the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2 , even though the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  emit light of different wavelength bands from each other, one mask is used, and thus, the manufacturing process may be relatively simplified and the manufacturing cost may be reduced. 
     Also, the display apparatus  1  may include a plurality of third intermediate layers  220   c  apart from each other to correspond to the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. The third intermediate layers  220   c  will be described in more detail with reference to  FIG. 7 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 19A and 19B  to be described in more detail later, because the third intermediate layers  220   c  are formed using a second mask M 2  having a plurality of openings MOP 2  corresponding to a plurality of second group areas GA 2 , respectively, the third intermediate layers  220   c  may correspond to the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. The planar shape of each of the third intermediate layers  220   c  may substantially correspond to the planar shape of each of the second group areas GA 2 . 
     When the third intermediate layers  220   c  corresponding to the third pixels PX 3  are integrally formed as in the embodiment, the second separation area SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2  per unit area may be reduced. When the second separation area SA 2  per unit area is reduced, the space in which the third pixels PX 3  may be arranged is relatively wide. Therefore, the size of each of the third pixels PX 3  may increase. 
       FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the first group area GA 1  taken along line I-I′ of  FIG. 4 . For example,  FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view illustrating one of the first group areas GA 1  of  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 5 , the same reference numerals as those in  FIGS. 3 and 4  denote the same members, and redundant descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 5 , the substrate  100  may include the first group area GA 1 . A plurality of first pixels PX 1  and a plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be in the first group area GA 1 . 
     The first pixels PX 1  may correspond to a plurality of first emission areas EA 1  in which a plurality of first display elements  200   a  emit light as a minimum unit implementing an image. When an organic light-emitting diode is employed as the first display element  200   a , the first emission area EA 1  may be defined by an opening OP of a pixel defining layer  119 . 
     The opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119  may expose at least a portion of a first pixel electrode  210   a  constituting the first display element  200   a . In a plan view, edges of the first pixel electrode  210   a  may surround the opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119 . Therefore, it may be understood that a plurality of first pixel electrodes  210   a  are in the first group area GA 1 . Although the above description has been given focusing on the first pixels PX 1 , the same may also apply to a plurality of second pixels PX 2 . 
     The second pixels PX 2  may correspond to a plurality of second emission areas EA 2  in which a plurality of second display elements  200   b  emit light as a minimum unit implementing an image. When an organic light-emitting diode is employed as the second display element  200   b , the second emission area EA 2  may be defined by an opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119 . 
     The opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119  may expose at least a portion of a second pixel electrode  210   b  constituting the second display element  200   b . In a plan view, edges of the second pixel electrode  210   b  may surround the opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119 . Therefore, it may be understood that a plurality of second pixel electrodes  210   b  are in the first group area GA 1 . 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the area of the first emission area EA 1  may be less than the area of the second emission area EA 2 . 
     Although  FIG. 5  illustrates that the area of the first emission area EA 1  is less than the area of the second emission area EA 2 , the area of the first emission area EA 1  may be equal to the area of the second emission area EA 2 , or the area of the first emission area EA 1  may be greater than the area of the second emission area EA 2 . 
     Hereinafter, the display apparatus  1  according to some embodiments will be described in detail according to the stacking order illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     The substrate  100  may include glass or a polymer resin. The polymer resin may include polyethersulfone, polyacrylate, polyetherimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate, or cellulose acetate propionate. The substrate  100  including the polymer resin may be flexible, rollable, or bendable. The substrate  100  may have a multilayer structure that includes an inorganic layer and a layer including the above-described polymer resin. 
     A buffer layer  110  may reduce or prevent infiltration of foreign material, moisture, or ambient air from below the substrate  100  and may provide a flat surface on the substrate  100 . The buffer layer  110  may include an inorganic material such as an oxide or a nitride, an organic material, or an organic/inorganic composite material, and may have a single-layer or multilayer structure including an inorganic material and an organic material. 
     The display apparatus  1  may further include a barrier layer between the substrate  100  and the buffer layer  110 . The barrier layer may prevent or minimize infiltration of impurities from the substrate  100  or the like into a semiconductor layer A. The barrier layer may include an inorganic material such as an oxide or a nitride, an organic material, or an organic/inorganic composite material, and may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure including an inorganic material and an organic material. 
     The semiconductor layer A may be on the buffer layer  110 . The semiconductor layer A may include amorphous silicon or polysilicon. According to some embodiments, the semiconductor layer A may include an oxide of at least one material selected from indium (In), gallium (Ga), stannum (Sn), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), hafnium (Hf), cadmium (Cd), germanium (Ge), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), cesium (Cs), cerium (Ce), and zinc (Zn). 
     The semiconductor layer A may include a channel region, and a source region and a drain region on both sides of the channel region. The semiconductor layer A may include a single layer or multiple layers. 
     A first gate insulating layer  111  and a second gate insulating layer  113  may be stacked on the substrate  100  to cover the semiconductor layer A. The first gate insulating layer  111  and the second gate insulating layer  113  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), or zinc oxide (ZnO). 
     A gate electrode G may be on the first gate insulating layer  111  to overlap at least a portion of the semiconductor layer A.  FIG. 5  illustrates that the gate electrode G is on the first gate insulating layer  111 , but according to some embodiments, the gate electrode G may be on the second gate insulating layer  113 . 
     According to some embodiments, the storage capacitor Cst may include a lower electrode CE 1  and an upper electrode CE 2 . As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the storage capacitor Cst may overlap the thin-film transistor TFT. For example, the gate electrode G of the thin-film transistor TFT may function as the lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst. Unlike this, the storage capacitor Cst may not overlap the thin-film transistor TFT and may be separately present. 
     The upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst overlaps the lower electrode CE 1  with the second gate insulating layer  113  therebetween to form a capacitor. In this case, the second gate insulating layer  113  may function as a dielectric layer of the storage capacitor Cst. 
     An interlayer insulating layer  115  may be on the second gate insulating layer  113  to cover the upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst. The interlayer insulating layer  115  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), or zinc oxide (ZnO). 
     A source electrode S, a drain electrode D, and the like may be on the interlayer insulating layer  115 . 
     The source electrode S and the drain electrode D may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), and the like, and may include a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described material. For example, the source electrode S and the drain electrode D may have a multilayer structure of Ti/Al/Ti. The source electrode S and the drain electrode D may be connected to the source region or the drain region of the semiconductor layer A through contact holes. 
     The source electrode S and the drain electrode D may be covered with an inorganic protective layer. The inorganic protective layer may be a single layer or multiple layers including silicon nitride (SiN x ) and silicon oxide (SiO x ). The inorganic protective layer may cover and protect some lines on the interlayer insulating layer  115 . 
     A planarization layer  117  may be arranged to cover the source electrode S and the drain electrode D, and the planarization layer  117  may include contact holes for connecting the thin-film transistors TFT to the first pixel electrodes  210   a  and the second pixel electrodes  210   b.    
     The planarization layer  117  may include a single layer or multiple layers including an organic material and may provide a flat upper surface. The planarization layer  117  may include a general-purpose polymer (e.g., benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyimide, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), or polystyrene (PS)), a polymer derivative having a phenol-based group, an acrylic polymer, an imide-based polymer, an aryl ether-based polymer, an amide-based polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, or any blend thereof. 
     The first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  may be on the planarization layer  117 . The first display element  200   a  includes a first pixel electrode  210   a , a first intermediate layer  220   a  including an organic emission layer, and an opposite electrode  230 , and the second display element  200   b  includes a second pixel electrode  210   b , a second intermediate layer  220   b  including an organic emission layer, and an opposite electrode  230 . 
     The first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  may include a (semi)transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode. According to some embodiments, the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  may include a reflective layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, or a compound thereof, and a transparent or translucent electrode layer on the reflective layer. The transparent or translucent electrode layer may include at least one selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), indium gallium oxide (IGO), and aluminum zinc oxide (AZO). According to some embodiments, the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  may include ITO/Ag/ITO. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the first pixel electrodes  210   a  and the second pixel electrodes  210   b  may be alternately arranged. The first pixel electrodes  210   a  and the second pixel electrodes  210   b  may be alternately arranged in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     In the display area (see DA in  FIG. 1 ) of the substrate  100 , a pixel defining layer  119  may be on the planarization layer  117 . Also, the pixel defining layer  119  may prevent an electric arc or the like from occurring on edges of the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  by increasing distances between the edges of the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  and portions of the opposite electrode  230  on the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b . The pixel defining layer  119  may include a plurality of openings OP exposing at least a portion of each of the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b.    
     The pixel defining layer  119  may include at least one organic insulating material selected from polyimide, polyamide, acrylic resin, benzocyclobutene, and phenol resin, and may be formed by spin coating or the like. 
     The first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  may be arranged in the openings OP defined by the pixel defining layer  119 , and may include an organic emission layer. The organic emission layer may include an organic material including a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material that emits red light, green light, blue light, or white light. The organic emission layer may include a low molecular weight organic material or a high molecular weight organic material. A functional layer such as a hole transport layer (HTL), a hole injection layer (HIL), an electron transport layer (ETL), an electron injection layer (EIL), and the like may be optionally further arranged below and above the organic emission layer. 
     The first intermediate layer  220   a  may emit light of a first wavelength band and the second intermediate layer  220   b  may emit light of a second wavelength band. 
     According to some embodiments, the first intermediate layer  220   a  may emit red light and the second intermediate layer  220   b  may emit green light. In this case, the first wavelength band may be about 630 nm to about 750 nm, and the second wavelength band may be about 490 nm to about 570 nm. This is only an example, and the wavelength bands of light emitted from the first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  may be changed. 
     The opposite electrode  230  may include a transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode. According to some embodiments, the opposite electrode  230  may include a transparent or translucent electrode, and may include a metal thin-film having a low work function, including Li, Ca, LiF/Ca, LiF/Al, Al, Ag, Mg, or any compound thereof. Also, a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer such as ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In 2 O 3  may be further on the metal thin-film. The opposite electrode  230  may be over the display area DA, and may be on the first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  and the pixel defining layer  119 . The opposite electrode  230  may be formed integrally with the first and third display elements  200   a  and  200   b  to correspond to the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b.    
     A first capping layer  250  and a second capping layer  240  may be on the opposite electrode  230 . As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the second capping layer  240  may be on the opposite electrode  230 , and the first capping layer  250  may be on the second capping layer  240 . As another example, the first capping layer  250  may be on the opposite electrode  230 , and the second capping layer  240  may be on the first capping layer  250 . 
     The first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may include an organic material, an inorganic material, or any mixture thereof. Examples of the organic material may include at least one selected from tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq3), ZnSe, 2,5-bis(6′-(2′,2″-bipyridyl))-1,1-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylsilole, 4′-bis[N-(1-napthyl)-N-phenyl-amion] biphenyl (α-NPD), N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD), 1,1′-bis(di-4-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane (TAPC), triaryl amine derivative (EL301), 8-quinolinolato lithium (Liq), N(diphenyl-) 4-yl)9,9-dimethyl-N-(4(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluorene-2-amine(HT211), and 2-(4-(9,10-di(naphthalene-2-yl)anthracene-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo-[D]imidazole (LG201). Examples of the inorganic material may include at least one selected from ITO, IZO, SiO 2 , SiN x , Y 2 O 3 , WO 3 , MoO 3 , and Al 2 O 3 . 
     The first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may be formed by various methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, or a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. 
     The first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may protect the opposite electrode  230  and increase light extraction efficiency. For example, the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.2 to about 3.1. 
     The thicknesses of the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may be adjusted to cause resonance between the upper surfaces of the first capping layer  250  and the reflective layers of the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b . Optical resonance may occur between the upper surfaces of the first capping layer and the reflective layer of each of the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b . Therefore, light extraction efficiency may increase, viewing angle characteristics may improve, and external luminescence efficiency may increase. 
     The thicknesses of the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may be adjusted according to the presence or absence of the first capping layer  250 . For example, the total thickness of the capping layer when the first capping layer  250  is on the second capping layer  240  may be greater than the total thickness of the capping layer when the first capping layer  250  is not on the second capping layer  240 . 
     The thicknesses of the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may be different from each other according to the wavelength band of light emitted from the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , when the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  emit red light and green light, respectively, the total thickness of the capping layer may be increased because the first capping layer  250  is on the second capping layer  240 . As illustrated in  FIG. 7  to be described in more detail later, when the third display element  200   c  emits blue light, the first capping layer  250  may be omitted and the total thickness of the capping layer may be reduced. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the first capping layer  250  may be over the first group area GA 1  and may correspond to the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  in the first group area GA 1 . The first capping layer  250  may be over the first group area GA 1  and may correspond to the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  in the first group area GA 1 . The first capping layer  250  may be over the first group area GA 1  and may correspond to the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  in the first group area GA 1 . The first capping layer  250  may be over the first group area GA 1  and may overlap the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  in the first group area GA 1 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4  described above, the first capping layers  250  may be apart from each other to correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. The first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  in each of the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. The first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  in each of the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the second capping layer  240  may be over the display area DA like the opposite electrode  230 . The second capping layer  240  may be on the opposite electrode  230  in correspondence with the opposite electrode  230 . 
     When the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  are organic light-emitting diodes, the organic light-emitting diodes may be easily damaged by external moisture or oxygen. Therefore, an encapsulation layer may cover and protect the organic light-emitting diodes. The encapsulation layer may cover the display area DA and extend to at least a portion of the peripheral area PA. The encapsulation layer may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer, an organic encapsulation layer, and a second inorganic encapsulation layer. 
       FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the first group area GA 1  and the first separation area SA 1  taken along line II-II′ of  FIG. 4 . For example,  FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view of the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction in  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 6 , the same reference numerals as those in  FIGS. 3 to 5  denote the same members, and redundant descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , the substrate  100  may include the first group areas GA 1  and the first separation area SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1 . The first separation area SA 1  may be between the first group areas GA 1  in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, the first capping layers  250  may be apart from each other to correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. The first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  in each of the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. The first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  in each of the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, because the edges of the first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , respectively, the area between the first capping layers  250  corresponding to different first group areas GA 1  from each other may correspond to the first separation area SAl. The area may be between the first capping layers  250  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 18A and 18C  to be described in more detail later, because the first capping layers  250  are formed using a first mask M 1  having a plurality of openings MOP 1  corresponding to a plurality of first group areas GA 1 , respectively, the edges of the first capping layers  250  may correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , respectively. The planar shape of each of the first capping layers  250  may substantially correspond to the planar shape of each of the first group areas GA 1 . 
     Also, the area between the openings MOP 1  (corresponding to a first rib r 1  in  FIG. 18A ) may correspond to the first separation area SA 1 . The area may be between the openings MOP 1  in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , a distance d 1  between a first opening OP 1  and a second opening OP 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among a plurality of openings OP may be less than a distance d 2  between the second opening OP 2  and a third opening OP 3  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the openings OP. In this case, the first opening OP 1  and the second opening OP 2  may be in the same first group area GA 1 , and the second opening OP 2  and the third opening OP 3  may be in the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), respectively. 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of the second group area GA 2  taken along line III-III′ of  FIG. 4 . For example,  FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view illustrating one of the second group areas GA 2  of  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 7 , the same reference numerals as those in  FIGS. 3 to 5  denote the same members, and some redundant descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7 , the substrate  100  may include the second group area GA 2 . A plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be in the second group area GA 2 . 
     The third pixels PX 3  may correspond to a plurality of third emission areas EA 3  in which a plurality of third display elements  200   c  emit light as a minimum unit implementing an image, respectively. When an organic light-emitting diode is employed as the third display element  200   c , the third emission area EA 3  may be defined by an opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119 . 
     The opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119  may expose at least a portion of a third pixel electrode  210   c  constituting the third display element  200   c . In a plan view, edges of the third pixel electrode  210   c  may surround the opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119 . Therefore, it may be understood that a plurality of third pixel electrodes  210   c  are in the second group area GA 2 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the third display element  200   c  is on a planarization layer  117 . The third display element  200   c  includes the third pixel electrode  210   c , a third intermediate layer  220   c  including an organic emission layer, and an opposite electrode  230 . 
     The third pixel electrode  210   c  may include a (semi)transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode. According to some embodiments, the third pixel electrode  210   c  may include a reflective layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, or a compound thereof, and a transparent or translucent electrode layer on the reflective layer. The transparent or translucent electrode layer may include at least one selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), indium gallium oxide (IGO), or aluminum zinc oxide (AZO). According to some embodiments, the third pixel electrode  210   c  may include ITO/Ag/ITO. 
     In the display area (see DA in  FIG. 1 ) of the substrate  100 , a pixel defining layer  119  may be on the planarization layer  117 . Also, the pixel defining layer  119  may prevent an electric arc or the like from occurring on edges of the third pixel electrodes  210   c  by increasing distances between the edges of the third pixel electrodes  210   c  and portions of an opposite electrode  230  on the third pixel electrodes  210   c . The pixel defining layer  119  may include a plurality of openings OP exposing at least a portion of the third pixel electrode  210   c.    
     The third intermediate layer  220   c  may be arranged in the openings OP defined by the pixel defining layer  119 , and may include an organic emission layer. The organic emission layer may include an organic material including a fluorescent material or a phosphorescent material that emits red light, green light, blue light, or white light. The organic emission layer may include a low molecular weight organic material or a high molecular weight organic material. A functional layer such as a hole transport layer (HTL), a hole injection layer (HIL), an electron transport layer (ETL), an electron injection layer (EIL), and the like may be optionally further arranged below and above the organic emission layer. 
     The third intermediate layer  220   c  may emit light of a third wavelength band. According to some embodiments, the third intermediate layer  220   c  may emit blue light. In this case, the third wavelength band may be about 450 nm to about 490 nm. This is only an example, and the wavelength band of light emitted from the third intermediate layer  220   c  may be changed. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 , the third intermediate layer  220   c  may be arranged over the second group area GA 2  and may correspond to a plurality of third pixel electrodes  210   c  in the second group area GA 2 . The third intermediate layer  220   c  may be over the second group area GA 2  and may overlap the third pixel electrodes  210   c  in the second group area GA 2 . The third intermediate layers  220   c  may be over the second group area GA 2  and may be integral (e.g., integrally formed) with each other on the third pixel electrodes  210   c  in the second group area GA 2 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4  described above, the third intermediate layers  220   c  may be apart from each other to correspond to the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. The third intermediate layers  220   c  may correspond to the third pixel electrodes  210   c  in each of the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. The third intermediate layers  220   c  may be integral with each other on the third pixel electrodes  210   c  in each of the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. 
     The opposite electrode  230  may be on the second capping layer  240 . The second capping layer  240  may be formed by various methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, or an LB method. 
     The second capping layer  240  may protect the opposite electrode  230  and increase light extraction efficiency. For example, the second capping layer  240  may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.2 to about 3.1. 
     As described above with reference to  FIG. 5 , the thicknesses of the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may be adjusted according to the presence or absence of the first capping layer  250 . For example, the total thickness of the capping layer when the first capping layer  250  is on the second capping layer  240  may be greater than the total thickness of the capping layer when the first capping layer  250  is not on the second capping layer  240 . 
     The thicknesses of the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may be different from each other according to the wavelength band of light emitted from the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 5  described above, when the first and second display elements  200   a  and  200   b  emit red light and green light, respectively, the total thickness of the capping layer may be increased because the first capping layer  250  is on the second capping layer  240 . As illustrated in  FIG. 7 , when the third display element  200   c  emits blue light, the first capping layer  250  may be omitted and the total thickness of the capping layer may be reduced. That is, the first capping layer  250  may not be in the second group area GA 2 . 
       FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of the second group area GA 2  and the second separation area SA 2  taken along the line IV-IV′ of  FIG. 4 . For example,  FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction in  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 8 , the same reference numerals as those in  FIGS. 3 to 5  denote the same members, and redundant descriptions thereof are omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the substrate  100  may include the second group areas GA 2  and the second separation area SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2 . The second separation area SA 2  may be between the second group areas GA 2  in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, the third intermediate layers  220   c  may be apart from each other to correspond to the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. The third intermediate layers  220   c  may correspond to the third pixel electrodes  210   c  in each of the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. The third intermediate layers  220   c  may be integral with each other on the third pixel electrodes  210   c  in each of the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. 
     According to some embodiments, because the edges of the third intermediate layers  220   c  may correspond to the second group areas GA 2 , respectively, the area between the third intermediate layers  220   c  corresponding to different second group areas GA 2  from each other may correspond to the second separation area SA 2 . The area may be between the third intermediate layers  220   c  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     As illustrated in  FIGS. 19A and 19B  to be described in more detail later, because the third intermediate layers  220   c  are formed using a second mask M 2  having a plurality of openings MOP 2  corresponding to a plurality of second group areas GA 2 , respectively, the third intermediate layers  220   c  may correspond to the second group areas GA 2 , respectively. The planar shape of each of the third intermediate layers  220   c  may substantially correspond to the planar shape of each of the second group areas GA 2 . 
     Also, the area between the openings MOP 2  (corresponding to a second rib r 2  in  FIG. 19A ) may correspond to the second separation area SA 2 . The area may be between the openings MOP 2  in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 8 , a distance d 3  between a fourth opening OP 4  and a fifth opening OP 5  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the openings OP may be less than a distance d 4  between the fifth opening OP 5  and a sixth opening OP 6  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the openings OP. In this case, the fourth opening OP 4  and the fifth opening OP 5  may be in the same second group area GA 2 , and the fifth opening OP 5  and the sixth opening OP 6  may be in the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), respectively. 
       FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the first group area GA 1  and a portion of the second group area GA 2  taken along line V-V of  FIG. 4 . For example,  FIG. 9  is a cross-sectional view of the first to third pixels PX 1  to PX 3  of  FIG. 4 . In  FIG. 9 , the same reference numerals as those in  FIGS. 3 to 5  denote the same members, and some redundant descriptions thereof may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , the substrate may include the first group area GA 1  and the second group area GA 2 . The first pixel PX 1  and the second pixel PX 2  may be in the first group area GA 1 , and the third pixel PX 3  may be in the second group area GA 2 . 
     The first pixel PX 1  may correspond to the first emission area EA 1  in which the first display element  200   a  emits light. When the first display element  200   a  is an organic light-emitting diode, the first emission area EA 1  may be defined by an opening OP of a pixel defining layer  119  exposing at least a portion of the first pixel electrode  210   a  of the first display element  200   a.    
     The second pixel PX 2  may correspond to the second emission area EA 2  in which the second display element  200   b  emits light. When the second display element  200   b  is an organic light-emitting diode, the second emission area EA 2  may be defined by an opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119  exposing at least a portion of the second pixel electrode  210   b  of the second display element  200   b.    
     The third pixel PX 3  may correspond to the third emission area EA 3  in which the third display element  200   c  emits light. When the third display element  200   c  is an organic light-emitting diode, the third emission area EA 3  may be defined by an opening OP of the pixel defining layer  119  exposing at least a portion of the third pixel electrode  210   c  of the third display element  200   c.    
     The first pixel PX 1  may emit light of a first wavelength band, the second pixel PX 2  may emit light of a second wavelength band, and the third pixel PX 3  may emit light of a third wavelength band. 
     According to some embodiments, the first pixel PX 1  may emit red light, the second pixel PX 2  may emit green light, and the third pixel PX 3  may emit blue light. In this case, the first wavelength band may be about 630 nm to about 750 nm, the second wavelength band may be about 490 nm to about 570 nm, and the third wavelength band may be about 450 nm to about 490 nm. This is only an example, and the wavelength bands of light emitted from the first to third pixels PX 1 , PX 2 , and PX 3  may be changed. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the area of the third emission area EA 3  may be greater than the area of the first emission area EA 1  and the area of the second emission area EA 2 . Also, the area of the second emission area EA 2  may be greater than the area of the first emission area EA 1 . This is only an example, and the area of each of the first to third emission areas EA 1 , EA 2 , and EA 3  may be variously modified. For example, the area of the second emission area EA 2  among the first to third emission areas EA 1 , EA 2 , and EA 3  may be the greatest. 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the second capping layer  240  may be on the opposite electrode  230 , and the first capping layer  250  may be on the second capping layer  240  corresponding to the first group area GA 1 . That is, the first capping layer  250  may not be on the second capping layer  240  corresponding to the second group area GA 2 . The first capping layer  250  may be on the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  in the first group area GA 1 , and may overlap the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b . The first capping layer  250  may not be on the third pixel electrode  210   c  in the second group area GA 2 , and may not overlap the third pixel electrode  210   c.    
     As such, the total thickness of the capping layer may be adjusted through the presence or absence of the first capping layer  250 . The total thickness of the capping layer may be different from each other according to the wavelength band of light emitted from the first to third intermediate layers  220   a ,  220   b , and  220   c . For example, the total thickness t 1  of the capping layer may be increased by arranging the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  on the first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  emitting red light and/or green light. Alternatively, only the second capping layer  240  may be on the third intermediate layer  220   c  emitting blue light, and the first capping layer  250  may be omitted. In this case, the total thickness t 2  of the capping layer on the third intermediate layer  220   c  may be less than the total thickness t 1  of the capping layer on the first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  emitting red light and/or green light. 
     The total thickness of the capping layer may be adjusted through the presence or absence of the first capping layer  250  so that light emitted from the first to third intermediate layers  220   a ,  220   b , and  220   c  causes optical resonance. The total thickness of the capping layer may be adjusted so that the optical resonance of the light emitted from the first to third intermediate layers  220   a ,  220   b , and  220   c  is alleviated or optimized. 
       FIG. 10  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments. Because the embodiments illustrated with respect to  FIG. 10  share characteristics of the embodiments illustrated with respect to  FIG. 3 , the differences will be mainly described below, and some repetitive description of the same or similar elements may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 10 , the display apparatus (see  1  in  FIG. 1 ) may include a plurality of first group areas GA 1  and a plurality of second group areas GA 2 . 
     The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be apart from each other. The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be arranged in a first direction (e.g., ±y direction) and a second direction (e.g., ±x direction) crossing the first direction. 
     The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be alternately arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the second group areas GA 2  may be between the first group areas GA 1  arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). The first group areas GA 1  may be arranged in each odd-numbered column and the second group areas GA 2  may be arranged in each even-numbered column. 
     A plurality of first pixels PX 1  and a plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . A plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . The first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  may be alternately arranged in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     The display apparatus  1  may include first separation areas SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1  and second separation areas SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2 . The first separation areas SA 1  may be between the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), and the second separation areas SA 2  may be between the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, in a plan view, the first separation area SA 1  may be shifted in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) at the second separation area SA 2 . Virtual lines l connecting the first separation area SA 1  to the second separation area SA 2  may be parallel to a third direction crossing the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) and the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). The virtual lines l connecting the first separation area SA 1  to the second separation area SA 2  may extend in the third direction crossing the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) and the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 10 , the virtual lines l connecting the first separation area SA 1  to the second separation area SA 2  may be parallel to the diagonal direction. The virtual lines l connecting the first separation area SA 1  to the second separation area SA 2  may extend in the diagonal direction. 
       FIGS. 11 and 12  are schematic enlarged plan views of a display apparatus according to some embodiments. Because the embodiments illustrated with respect to  FIGS. 11 and 12  share characteristics of the embodiments described with respect to  FIG. 3 , the differences will be mainly described below, and some description of the same or similar elements may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the display apparatus (see  1  in  FIG. 1 ) may include a plurality of first group areas GA 1  and a plurality of second group areas GA 2 . 
     A plurality of first pixels PX 1  and a plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . A plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 11 , four first pixels PX 1  and four second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 , and two third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . In this case, the third intermediate layers  220   c  apart from each other to correspond to the second group areas GA 2  may overlap two third pixel electrodes (see  210   c  in  FIG. 7 ). 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 12 , four first pixels PX 1  and four second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 , and one third pixel PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . In this case, the third intermediate layers  220   c  apart from each other to correspond to the second group areas GA 2  may overlap one third pixel electrode (see  210   c  in  FIG. 7 ). 
     Although  FIGS. 11 and 12  illustrate that four first pixels PX 1  and four second pixels PX 2  are in each of the first group areas GA 1 , this is only an example. As illustrated in  FIGS. 13 to 16 , the number of first pixels PX 1  and the number of second pixels PX 2  in each of the first group areas GA 1  may be variously changed. 
     The display apparatus  1  may include first separation areas SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1  and second separation areas SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2 . The first separation areas SA 1  may be between the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), and the second separation areas SA 2  may be between the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIGS. 11 and 12 , the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  may be adjacent to each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction) in a plan view. 
     Although  FIGS. 11 and 12  illustrate the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  are adjacent to each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction), this is only an example, and the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  may be variously arranged. For example, in a plan view, the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  may be shifted vertically. 
       FIGS. 13 and 14  are schematic enlarged plan views of a display apparatus according to some embodiments. Because the embodiments described with respect to  FIGS. 13 and 14  share certain characteristics of the embodiments described with respect to  FIG. 3 , the differences will be mainly described below, and some description of the same or similar elements or components may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13 and 14 , the display apparatus (see  1  in  FIG. 1 ) may include a plurality of first group areas GA 1  and a plurality of second group areas GA 2 . 
     A plurality of first pixels PX 1  and a plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . A plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIGS. 13 and 14 , two first pixels PX 1  and two second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 , and four third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . In this case, a plurality of first capping layers  250  apart from each other to correspond to the first group areas GA 1  may overlap two first pixel electrodes (see  210   a  in  FIG. 5 ) and two second pixel electrodes (see  210   b  in  FIG. 5 ). 
     Although  FIGS. 13 and 14  illustrate that four third pixels PX 3  are in each of the second group areas GA 2 , one or two third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 11 and 12 . As another example, four or more third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . 
     The display apparatus  1  may include first separation areas SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1  and second separation areas SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2 . The first separation areas SA 1  may be between the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), and the second separation areas SA 2  may be between the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, in a plan view, the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  may be adjacent to each other, as illustrated in  FIG. 13 . According to some embodiments, in a plan view, the first separation area SA 1  and the second separation area SA 2  may be adjacent to each other or may be shifted vertically, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 . 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 13 , a (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  between a (1-1)th group area GA 1 - 1  and a (1-2)th group area GA 1 - 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first group areas GA 1  and a (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  between a (1-3)th group area GA 1 - 3  and a (1-4)th group area GA 1 - 4  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first group areas GA 1  may be apart from each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). A virtual line l connecting the (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  to the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  may be parallel to the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     In this case, the (1-1)th group area GA 1 - 1  and the (1-3) group area GA 1 - 3  may be parallel to each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction), and the (1-2)th group area GA 1 - 2  and the (1-4)th group area GA 1 - 4  may be parallel to each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     Because a plurality of first capping layers  250  may be arranged to correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , the same expression may be made using the first capping layers  250 . That is, a (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  between a (1-1)th capping layer  250   a  and a (1-2)th capping layer  250   b  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first capping layers  250  and a (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  between a (1-3)th capping layer  250   c  and a (1-4)th capping layer  250   d  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first capping layers  250  may be apart from each other in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). A virtual line l connecting the (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  to the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  may be parallel to the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). The virtual line l connecting the (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  to the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  may extend in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 , a (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  between a (1-1)th group area GA 1 - 1  and a (1-2)th group area GA 1 - 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first group areas GA 1  and a (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  between a (1-3)th group area GA 1 - 3  and a (1-4)th group area GA 1 - 4  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first group areas GA 1  may be apart from each other in a third direction crossing the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). A virtual line l connecting the (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  to the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  may be parallel to the third direction. The virtual line l connecting the (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  to the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  may extend in the third direction. 
     In this case, the (1-1)th group area GA 1 - 1  and the (1-3) group area GA 1 - 3  may be apart from each other or shifted vertically in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction), and the (1-2)th group area GA 1 - 2  and the (1-4)th group area GA 1 - 4  may be apart from each other or shifted vertically in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). That is, the (1-1)th group area GA 1 - 1  and the (1-3) group area GA 1 - 3  may be apart from each other in the third direction, and the (1-2)th group area GA 1 - 2  and the (1-4)th group area GA 1 - 4  may be apart from each other in the third direction. 
     Because a plurality of first capping layers  250  may be arranged to correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , the same expression may be made using the first capping layers  250 . That is, the (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  between a (1-1)th capping layer  250   a  and a (1-2)th capping layer  250   b  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first capping layers  250  and the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  between a (1-3)th capping layer  250   c  and a (1-4)th capping layer  250   d  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) among the first capping layers  250  may be apart from each other in the third direction crossing the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). A virtual line l connecting the (1-1)th separation area SA 1 - 1  to the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  may be parallel to the third direction. 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 14 , the first separation area SA 1  may be in the center of the first group area GA 1  arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). For example, the (1-2)th separation area SA 1 - 2  between the (1-3)th group area GA 1 - 3  and the (1-4)th group area GA 1 - 4  may be parallel to the center of the (1-2)th group area GA 1 - 2  in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     Although  FIG. 14  illustrates that the first separation area SA 1  is in the center of the first group area GA 1  arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction), this is only an embodiment and the first separation area SA 1  may deviate from the center of the first group area GA 1 . That is, the first separation area SA 1  illustrated in  FIG. 14  may be positioned to move in parallel in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
       FIGS. 15 and 16  are schematic enlarged plan views of a display apparatus according to some embodiments. Because the embodiments described with respect to  FIGS. 15 and 16  share characteristics of the embodiments described with respect to  FIG. 3 , the differences will be mainly described below, and some description of the same or similar elements may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 15 and 16 , the display apparatus (see  1  in  FIG. 1 ) may include a plurality of first group areas GA 1  and a plurality of second group areas GA 2 . 
     A plurality of first pixels PX 1  and a plurality of second pixels PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . A plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . 
     According to some embodiments, as illustrated in  FIGS. 15 and 16 , one first pixel PX 1  and one second pixel PX 2  may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 , and four third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . In this case, a plurality of first capping layers  250  apart from each other to correspond to the first group areas GA 1  may overlap one first pixel electrode (see  210   a  in  FIG. 5 ) and one second pixel electrode (see  210   b  in  FIG. 5 ). 
     Although  FIGS. 15 and 16  illustrate that four third pixels PX 3  are in each of the second group areas GA 2 , one or two third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 , as illustrated in  FIGS. 11 and 12 . As another example, four or more third pixels PX 3  may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . 
     The display apparatus  1  may include first separation areas SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1  and second separation areas SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2 . The first separation areas SA 1  may be between the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction), and the second separation areas SA 2  may be between the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     According to some embodiments, in a plan view, the first separation areas SA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be adjacent to each other, as illustrated in  FIG. 15 . For example, a virtual line l connecting the first separation areas SA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be parallel to the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     In this case, the first group areas GA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be parallel to the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). Although the above description has been given focusing on the first group areas GA 1 , the first capping layers  250  may be arranged to correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , and thus, the same may apply to the first capping layers  250 . 
     According to some embodiments, in a plan view, the first separation areas SA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be shifted vertically, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 . For example, a virtual line l connecting the first separation areas SA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be parallel to the third direction crossing the first direction (e.g., ±y direction) and the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). The virtual line l connecting the first separation areas SA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be parallel to the diagonal direction. 
     In this case, the first group areas GA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be apart from each other or shifted vertically in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). That is, the first group areas GA 1  arranged in different columns from each other may be apart from each other in the third direction. Although the above description has been given focusing on the first group areas GA 1 , the first capping layers  250  may be arranged to correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , and thus, the same may apply to the first capping layers  250 . 
     Also, as illustrated in  FIG. 16 , the first separation area SA 1  may be in the center of the first group area GA 1  arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     Although  FIG. 16  illustrates that the first separation area SA 1  is in the center of the first group area GA 1  arranged in the second direction (e.g., ±x direction), this is only an embodiment and the first separation area SA 1  may deviate from the center of the first group area GA 1 . That is, the first separation area SA 1  illustrated in  FIG. 16  may be positioned to move in parallel in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
       FIG. 17  is a schematic enlarged plan view of a display apparatus according to some embodiments. Because the embodiments described with respect to  FIG. 17  share characteristics of the embodiments described with respect to  FIG. 3 , the differences will be mainly described below, and the description of the same or similar components may be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG. 17 , the display apparatus (see  1  in  FIG. 1 ) may include a plurality of first group areas GA 1  and a plurality of second group areas GA 2 . 
     The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be apart from each other. The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be alternately arranged in the row direction (e.g., ±x direction). For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 17 , the second group areas GA 2  may be between the first group areas GA 1  that are apart in the row direction (e.g., ±x direction). 
     A plurality of first pixels PX 1 , a plurality of second pixels PX 2 , and a plurality of third pixels PX 3  may be on the substrate (see  100  in  FIG. 3 ) of the display apparatus (see  1  in  FIG. 3 ). The first pixels PX 1 , the second pixels PX 2 , and the third pixels PX 3  may be arranged in a matrix form. In this case, the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  arranged in the corresponding column may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . Third pixels PX 3  arranged in the corresponding column may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . In other words, each of the first group areas GA 1  may include the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  arranged in the corresponding column. Each of the second group areas GA 2  may include the third pixels PX 3  arranged in the corresponding column. 
     Each of the first pixel PX 1 , the second pixel PX 2 , and the third pixel PX 3  may include the first pixel electrode (see  210   a  in  FIG. 9 ), the second pixel electrode (see  210   b  in  FIG. 9 ), and the third pixel electrode (see  210   c  in  FIG. 9 ). The first pixel electrodes  210   a , the second pixel electrodes  210   b , and the third pixel electrodes  210   c  on the substrate  100  of the display apparatus  1  may be arranged to correspond to the first pixel PX 1 , the second pixel PX 2 , and the third pixel PX 3 , respectively. The first pixel electrodes  210   a , the second pixel electrodes  210   b , and the third pixel electrodes  210   c  may be arranged in a matrix form. In this case, the first pixel electrodes  210   a  and the second pixel electrodes  210   b  arranged in the corresponding column may be in each of the first group areas GA 1 . Third pixel electrodes  210   c  arranged in the corresponding column may be in each of the second group areas GA 2 . In other words, each of the first group areas GA 1  may include the first pixel electrodes  210   a  and the second pixel electrodes  210   b  arranged in the corresponding column. Each of the second group areas GA 2  may include the third pixel electrodes  210   c  arranged in the corresponding column. 
     The first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may extend in the column direction (e.g., ±y direction), and the first group areas GA 1  and the second group areas GA 2  may be arranged in the corresponding column. Unlike the embodiments described above with reference to  FIGS. 3 to 16 , the first group areas GA 1  apart from each other in the column direction (e.g., ±y direction) may not be present, and the separation areas between the first group areas GA 1  apart from each other in the column direction (e.g., ±y direction) may not be present. 
     On the other hand, as described above with reference to  FIG. 9 , the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240  may be in the first group area GA 1 , and the second capping layer  240  may be in the second group area GA 2 . 
     Therefore, the total thickness of the capping layer in the first group area GA 1  may be greater than the total thickness of the capping layer in the second group area GA 2 . 
     Only the display apparatus has been mainly described, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, it will be understood that a method of manufacturing the display apparatus also falls within the scope of the disclosure. 
       FIG. 18A  is a schematic plan view illustrating an example of a mask for forming a first capping layer, and  FIGS. 18B to 18D  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. For example,  FIGS. 18B to 18D  illustrate a process of forming a first capping layer in a first group area. 
     Referring to  FIG. 18A , a first mask M 1  for forming a first capping layer  250  may have a plurality of openings MOP 1 . The openings MOP 1  may correspond to the first group areas GA 1  described above with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     A first rib r 1  may be between the openings MOP 1  adjacent to each other in a first direction (e.g., ±y direction). Because the openings MOP 1  correspond to the first group areas GA 1 , the first rib r 1  may correspond to a first separation area SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     Referring to  FIG. 18B , prior to the formation of the first capping layer  250 , a thin-film transistor TFT, first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b , first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b , an opposite electrode  230 , and a second capping layer  240  may be formed. 
     First, a buffer layer  110 , a semiconductor layer A, first and second gate insulating layers  111  and  113 , a gate electrode G, a lower electrode CE 1  and an upper electrode CE 2  of a storage capacitor Cst, an interlayer insulating layer  115 , and a planarization layer  117  are sequentially formed on a substrate  100 . 
     The substrate  100  may include a glass material, a ceramic material, a metal material, or a flexible or bendable material. The substrate  100  may have a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure. When the substrate  100  has a multilayer structure, the substrate  100  may further include an inorganic layer. According to some embodiments, the substrate  100  may have an organic/inorganic/organic structure. 
     The buffer layer  110  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) or silicon nitride (SiN x ), and may be formed by vapor deposition such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or sputtering. 
     The semiconductor layer A may be on the buffer layer  110 . The semiconductor layer A may be formed by patterning a preliminary semiconductor layer. The preliminary semiconductor layer may include amorphous silicon or oxide semiconductor, and may be deposited by CVD. Also, when the preliminary semiconductor layer includes an amorphous silicon layer, the preliminary semiconductor layer may be formed and then crystallized into a polycrystalline silicon layer by various methods such as rapid thermal annealing (RTA), solid phase crystallization (SPC), excimer laser annealing (ELA), metal induced crystallization (MIC), metal induced lateral crystallization (MILC), and sequential lateral solidification (SLS). 
     According to some embodiments, the semiconductor layer A may include an oxide of at least one material selected from indium (In), gallium (Ga), stannum (Sn), zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V), hafnium (Hf), cadmium (Cd), germanium (Ge), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), cesium (Cs), cerium (Ce), and zinc (Zn). 
     The semiconductor layer A may include a channel region, and a source region and a drain region on both sides of the channel region. The semiconductor layer A may include a single layer or multiple layers. 
     The first and second gate insulating layer  111  and  113  may be stacked on the substrate  100  to cover the semiconductor layer A. The first and second gate insulating layers  111  and  113  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), and zinc oxide (ZnO), and may be formed by a deposition method such as CVD or sputtering, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     A gate electrode G may be on the first gate insulating layer  111  to overlap at least a portion of the semiconductor layer A. The gate electrode G may include molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), and the like, and may include a single layer or multiple layers. For example, the gate electrode G may include a single Mo layer. 
     The lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst may be on the first gate insulating layer  111  and may include the same material as that of the gate electrode G. The upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst overlaps the lower electrode CE 1  with the second gate insulating layer  113  therebetween to form a capacitor. In this case, the second gate insulating layer  113  may function as a dielectric layer of the storage capacitor Cst. 
     In order to form the gate electrode G and the lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst, a metal layer may be formed on the entire surface of the substrate  100  and then patterned. The metal layer may be formed by a deposition method such as CVD, plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), low pressure CVD (LPCVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), sputtering, or atomic layer deposition (ALD), but the disclosure is not limited thereto. The method of forming the upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst may be the same as the method of forming the gate electrode G and the lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst. 
     An interlayer insulating layer  115  may be formed on the entire surface of the substrate  100  to cover the upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst. The interlayer insulating layer  115  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), and zinc oxide (ZnO), and may be formed by a deposition method such as CVD or sputtering, but the disclosure is not limited thereto. 
     Contact holes are formed to pass through the first and second gate insulating layers  111  and  113  and the interlayer insulating layer  115  and expose the source region and/or the drain region of the semiconductor layer A. 
     The source electrode S and the drain electrode D may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), and the like, and may include a single layer or multiple layers including the above-described material. For example, the source electrode S and the drain electrode D may have a multilayer structure of Ti/Al/Ti. The source electrode S and the drain electrode D may be connected to the source region or the drain region of the semiconductor layer A through the contact holes. 
     A planarization layer  117  may be arranged on the interlayer insulating layer  115  to cover the source electrode S and drain electrode D. The planarization layer  117  may include a single layer or multiple layers including an organic material or an inorganic material. The planarization layer  117  may include a general-purpose polymer (e.g., benzocyclobutene (BCB), polyimide, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), or polystyrene (PS)), a polymer derivative having a phenol-based group, an acrylic polymer, an imide-based polymer, an aryl ether-based polymer, an amide-based polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, or any blend thereof. The planarization layer  118  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), or zinc oxide (ZnO). After the planarization layer  117  is formed, chemical mechanical polishing may be performed on the planarization layer  117  to provide a flat upper surface. 
     First and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  are formed on the planarization layer  117 . The first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  may be formed by depositing a conductive layer on the entire upper surface of the planarization layer  117  and performing a mask process and an etching process on the conductive layer. 
     Because the contact hole exposing the drain electrode D is formed in the planarization layer  117 , the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  may be connected to the drain electrode D through the contact hole. 
     A pixel defining layer  119  including openings OP covering edges of the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b  and exposing a central portion is formed on the entire upper surface of the planarization layer  117 . The pixel defining layer  119  may include at least one organic insulating material selected from polyimide, polyamide, acrylic resin, benzocyclobutene, and phenol resin and may be formed by spin coating or the like. 
     First and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  are formed in the openings OP of the pixel defining layer  119 , respectively. The first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  may include a low molecular weight material or a high molecular weight material. The first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b  may be formed by vacuum deposition, screen printing or inkjet printing, laser induced thermal imaging (LITI), or the like. 
     An opposite electrode  230  is formed to correspond to the first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b . The opposite electrode  230  may be formed to cover the display area (see DA in  FIG. 1 ) of the substrate  100  through an open mask. The opposite electrode  230  may be formed by a deposition method such as CVD, PECVD, LPCVD, PVD, sputtering, or ALD. 
     A second capping layer  240  is formed to correspond to the opposite electrode  230 . The second capping layer  240  may be formed to cover the display area DA of the substrate  100  through an open mask. The second capping layer  240  may be formed by various methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, or an LB method. 
     The second capping layer  240  may include an organic material, an inorganic material, or any mixture thereof. Examples of the organic material may include at least one selected from tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq3), ZnSe, 2,5-bis(6′-(2′,2″-bipyridyl))-1,1-dimethyl-3,4-diphenylsilole, 4′-bis[N-(1-napthyl)-N-phenyl-amion] biphenyl (α-NPD), N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD), 1,1′-bis(di-4-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane (TAPC), triaryl amine derivative (EL301), 8-quinolinolato lithium (Liq), N(diphenyl-) 4-yl)9,9-dimethyl-N-(4(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)phenyl)-9H-fluorene-2-amine(HT211), and 2-(4-(9,10-di(naphthalene-2-yl)anthracene-2-yl)phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzo-[D]imidazole (LG201). Examples of the inorganic material may include at least one selected from ITO, IZO, SiO 2 , SiN x , Y 2 O 3 , WO 3 , MoO 3 , and Al 2 O 3 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 18C and 18D , a first capping layer  250  is formed on the second capping layer  240  by using the first mask M 1  illustrated in  FIG. 18A . The first capping layer  250  may be formed by various methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, or an LB method. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 18C , when the first capping layer  250  is formed by using the first mask M 1  having the openings MOP 1 , a portion of the deposition material forming the first capping layer  250  may pass through the openings MOP 1  and reach the second capping layer  240 . Unlike this, because another portion of the deposition material forming the first capping layer  250  do not pass through the first rib r 1  between the openings MOP 1 , the deposition material may not reach the second capping layer  240  corresponding to the first rib r 1 . 
     As a result, as illustrated in  FIG. 18D , the first capping layer  250  may be partially formed on the second capping layer  240 . The first capping layer  250  may be formed on the first group areas GA 1  corresponding to the openings MOP 1 , and the first capping layer  250  may not be formed on the first separation area SA 1  between the first group areas GA 1  corresponding to the first rib r 1 . 
       FIGS. 18B to 18D  illustrate that the upper surface of the substrate  100  is arranged to face the +z direction, and then, the thin-film transistor TFT, the first and second pixel electrodes  210   a  and  210   b , the first and second intermediate layers  220   a  and  220   b , the opposite electrode  230 , the second capping layer  240 , and the first capping layer  250  are formed, but the upper surface of the substrate  100  may be arranged to face in the −z direction according to a process condition. For example, in forming the first capping layer  250  and the second capping layer  240 , the upper surface of the substrate  100  may be arranged to face the −z direction, and a linear motor or the like may be arranged to face the substrate  100 . The deposition material emitted from the linear motor or the like may travel in the +z direction and may be deposited on the upper surface of the opposite electrode  230 . 
       FIG. 19A  is a schematic plan view illustrating an example of a mask for forming a third intermediate layer, and  FIGS. 19B and 19C  are cross-sectional views sequentially illustrating a method of manufacturing a display apparatus, according to some embodiments. For example,  FIGS. 19B and 19C  illustrate a process of forming a third intermediate layer in a second group area. 
     Referring to  FIG. 19A , a second mask M 2  for forming a third intermediate layer  220   c  may have a plurality of openings MOP 2 . The openings MOP 2  may correspond to the second group areas GA 2  described above with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     A second rib r 2  may be between the openings MOP 2  adjacent to each other in a first direction (e.g., ±y direction). Because the openings MOP 2  correspond to the second group areas GA 2 , the second rib r 2  may correspond to a second separation area SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2  adjacent to each other in the first direction (e.g., ±y direction). 
     Referring to  FIGS. 19B and 19C , a third intermediate layer  220   c  is formed on the third pixel electrode  210   c  by using the second mask M 2  illustrated in  FIG. 19A . Prior to the formation of the third intermediate layer  220   c , a thin-film transistor TFT and a third pixel electrode  210   c  may be formed, and the thin-film transistor TFT and the third pixel electrode  210   c  may be formed by the method described above with reference to  FIG. 18B . 
     The third intermediate layer  220   c  may include a low molecular weight material or a high molecular weight material. The third intermediate layer  220   c  may be formed by vacuum deposition, screen printing or inkjet printing, LITI, or the like. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 19B , when the third intermediate layer  220   c  is formed by using the second mask M 2  having the openings MOP 2 , a portion of the deposition material forming the third intermediate layer  220   c  may pass through the openings MOP 2  and reach the third pixel electrode  210   c . Unlike this, because another portion of the deposition material forming the third intermediate layer  220   c  do not pass through the second rib r 2  between the openings MOP 2 , the deposition material may not reach the third pixel electrode  210   c  corresponding to the second rib r 2 . 
     As a result, as illustrated in  FIG. 19C , the third intermediate layer  220   c  may be partially formed on the third pixel electrode  210   c . The third intermediate layer  220   c  may be formed on the second group areas GA 2  corresponding to the openings MOP 2 , and the third intermediate layer  220   c  may not be formed on the second separation area SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2  corresponding to the second rib r 2 . 
       FIGS. 19B and 19C  illustrate that the upper surface of the substrate  100  is arranged to face the +z direction, and then, the third intermediate layer  220   c  is formed, but the upper surface of the substrate  100  may be arranged to face the −z direction according to a process condition. For example, in forming the third intermediate layer  220   c , the upper surface of the substrate  100  may be arranged to face the −z direction, and a linear motor or the like may be arranged to face the substrate  100 . The deposition material emitted from the linear motor or the like may travel in the +z direction and may be deposited on the upper surface of the third pixel electrode  210   c.    
     According to some embodiments, the first capping layers  250  overlapping the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  emitting light of different colors from each other may be formed using a single mask. In this case, because a single mask is used even when the first pixels PX 1  and the second pixels PX 2  emit light of different wavelength bands from each other, the manufacturing process may be simplified and the manufacturing cost may be reduced. 
     In addition, according to some embodiments, the third intermediate layers  220   c  corresponding to the third pixels PX 3  may be integrally formed. In this case, because the second separation area SA 2  between the second group areas GA 2  per unit area may be reduced, the space in which the third pixels PX 3  may be arranged may be relatively widened. Therefore, the size of each of the third pixels PX 3  may be increased. An aperture ratio of each of the third pixels PX 3  may be increased. 
     As described above, according to one or more embodiments, the display apparatus and the method of manufacturing the same, in which manufacturing operations and costs may be reduced by reducing the number of deposition masks, may be implemented. The scope of the disclosure is not limited by such an effect. 
     It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims, and their equivalents.