Patent Publication Number: US-8537007-B2

Title: Autoaccreting database for EAS-RF applications

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of Invention 
     This invention relates to security tags and, more particularly, to a system for entering information associated with tagged items into a database. 
     2. Description of Related Art 
     It is well known to combine a barcode reader and a tag reader in a security tag system. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,382,784, 6,371,375, 6,415,978, 7,320,432 and 7,353,997 teach such combination devices. These combination devices can be used for purposes such as identifying and separating items when items having barcodes and items having tags have been intermingled. They can also be used for triggering a tag read when a valid barcode detection indicates the presence of an attached item. 
     It is also known to use combination barcode readers and tag readers in systems including tags that are provided with memory suitable for programming. In this art, information associated with items can be read from a barcode, and programmed into the memory within the tags by the combination devices. It is also known to modify the data read from the barcode in a predetermined manner prior to programming it into the tags. Alternately, the information to be programmed into a tag, or modified and then programmed into the tag, can be obtained from a database in response to reading the identity of the item from the barcode. Examples of such combination devices for programming the memories of security tags according to information encoded in barcodes and/or databases include U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,056,199, 6,318,631, 6,830,181 and 7,066,667. 
     More specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 7,551,087 issued to McAllister, discloses an integrated hand held device that combines an optical barcode reader and an RFID transponder commissioning device. The hand held device scans the barcode and receives data from the barcode. The received data can then be correlated with previously known information stored in a database. 
     The hand held device in the McAllister system can communicate with the database wirelessly, or the database can be downloaded and stored in the hand held device. If the received data correlates with information in the database, it is validated. When the information is validated it is written into a corresponding RFID transponder, which is thereby commissioned. The commissioning of the transponder can be recorded in the database. 
     U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2004/0074964, filed by Falkenrich-Wesche on Oct. 22, 2002, discloses writing into tags as tagged items proceed through a process in order to follow the items through the process. Information regarding each operation performed on the item during the process is stored in the tag and in a database. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,948, issued to Roemerman, and having a priority date of Sep. 29, 2004, discloses an RFID system including a database having prior knowledge of tagged objects. The Roemerman system obtains additional information about the objects when the tags are read. For example, the system can obtain information regarding the location of the object, or information regarding the presence of other tagged items in the vicinity of the object. The additional information can be stored in the database. Histories of the tagged object are built based on the knowledge in the database. The histories built in the database can include histories of the locations and movements of the objects, and histories of the relationships between the objects. 
     In addition to the references disclosing the foregoing combination devices, several references disclose the use of RF signatures of objects for detecting the presence of the objects. U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,650, issued to Volpi, teaches detecting the presence of a metal object using a metal sensing subsystem to provide a signature signal representative of the object. The signature signal is filtered, processed and recognized when present. U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2009/0160605 discloses distinguishing the RFID signatures of products from the RFID signatures of unwanted items. U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2007/0159400 teaches providing credit cards with unique electromagnetic fingerprints, and authenticating the credit cards in response to detecting their fingerprints. 
     All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     A method for entering information regarding monitored items into a database in a security tag system includes reading barcode item information from a barcode associated with a monitored item, determining whether a tag is present with the monitored item to provide tag presence information, and storing the barcode item information and the tag presence information into the database. The barcode item information and the tag presence information are associated with each other in the database to provide item association information in the association database. A rule regarding whether a tag should be present when the barcode associated with the monitored item is read is determined in accordance with the item association information and the tag is deactivated in accordance with the rule. An alarm condition is raised in accordance with the rule. The alarm condition is raised if the tag is present and the rule indicates that the tag should not be present. A plurality of readings of the barcode item information of the monitored item are performed, and a plurality of determinations whether a tag is present with the monitored item to provide further item association information are performed. The rule is changed in accordance with the further item association information to provide a changed rule. The tag is deactivated in accordance with the changed rule. A determination is made whether to confirm or change the rule in accordance with a percentage of times a tag is present with the monitored item. The percentage is varied. 
     A determination is made whether to confirm or change a rule in accordance with a threshold number of times the barcode of the monitored item is read. The threshold number of times the barcode of the monitored item is read is varied. A temporary rule is made in accordance with a first reading of the barcode item information. The temporary rule can be that the tag should be present for all items. The rule can be reevaluated periodically. The rule can be reevaluated continuously. 
     New Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) information is stored in a database using deactivation events at a Point of Sale (POS) device including a barcode reader, a tag reader and a tag deactivator. The tag reader and the tag deactivator can be provided in the same physical device. The barcode reader can read a barcode attached to the item containing the SKU information of the item. The tag reader can read a tag that is also attached to the item, and turn on the deactivation pad for deactivating the tag. When the tag is read and deactivated in this manner, a deactivation event is created. In response to the deactivation event, information regarding the association between the barcode and the tag can be automatically entered by the invention into a database associated with the system of the invention. 
     In this manner, associations between the SKUs of a large number of items and their tags can be added to the association database, without the need for any separate database entry operations. The elimination of data entry time can avoid significant expenses, for example when new items are added to an inventory. This can be especially useful in cases where the system of the invention does not have access to any POS database which may contain information about such associations between SKUs and tags. The invention can be applied most advantageously in such systems where access to a POS database is not available. 
     In one embodiment of the invention a tag security system includes an association database for receiving and storing (i) barcode item information from a barcode of a monitored item and (ii) tag presence information representative of whether a tag is present with the monitored item. Item association information representative of an association between the barcode item information and the tag presence information is also stored in the association database. A rule is determined in the association database in accordance with the item association information and representative of whether a tag should be present when barcode item information is received. The tag is deactivated in accordance with the rule. An alarm condition is raised in accordance with the rule. A plurality of readings of the barcode item information of the monitored item and a plurality of determinations whether a tag is present with the monitored item provide further item association information. 
     The invention can help prevent sweethearting arrangements in which POS personnel can cooperate with customers in defrauding a retail establishment. In one type of sweethearting arrangement the POS personnel can scan the tag of a less expensive item in order to ring up a smaller purchase price, thereby turning the tag deactivator pad on. The POS personnel can then deactivate a tag attached to a more expensive item following behind the less expensive item in sequence. The deactivator can then see the second tag and refuse to deactivate it. This and other fraudulent arrangements can be detected when associations between the tags and the SKUs of the items are already stored in the database by the system and method of the invention. A warning flag can be raised if the SKU information associated with the barcode does not agree with the information associated with the tag. 
     Additionally, the tag reader of the invention can detect and record the RF signatures of the items attached to the tags and store the RF signatures into the database. The system and method of the invention can then teach the database to associate the RF signature information with the SKU and make a decision whether to deactivate or not deactivate. The signature information in the database can then be compared with future signature readings when the same SKU is detected. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will be described in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals designate like elements and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic representation of the autoaccreting database system of the present invention. 
         FIG. 2  shows a flow chart representation of an embodiment of the autoaccreting database algorithm of the present invention suitable for operation within the autoaccreting database system of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  shows a flow chart representation of an alternate embodiment of the autoaccreting database algorithm of  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 4  shows a flow chart representation of a further embodiment of the autoaccreting database algorithm of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , there is shown the autoaccreting database system  10  of the invention. The autoaccreting database system  10  includes a barcode scanner  12  for reading a barcode  22  associated with an item to be monitored. The autoaccreting database system  10  also includes a RF reader/deactivator  16  coupled to the barcode scanner  12  for reading and deactivating a tag  24 . The tag  24  can also be associated with the item to be monitored. The RF reader/deactivator  16  can be coupled to a computing device  14 . The computing device  14  can be any type of computing device, such as a personal computer or a server. The computing device  14  can be hardwired to the RF reader/deactivator  16 , or it can be coupled to the RF reader/deactivator  16  wirelessly, by way of LAN, a WAN, the internet, or in any other manner. The barcode scanner  12  and RF reader/deactivator  16  can be located at a POS of the retail establishment in order to process items to be monitored at the time of checkout. 
     Preferably, the barcode  22  and the tag  24  are individually attached to the items to be monitored within the retail establishment. In an alternate embodiment however they can be attached to a single label  20 , which can be attached to the item to be monitored. In a preferred embodiment the capability of the barcode reader  12  and the capability of the RF reader/deactivator  16  can all be provided as a single combination device. Additionally, a separate RF reader device and a separate deactivator pad can be used in the autoaccreting database system  10 , rather than a combination device such as the RF reader/deactivator  16 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 2 , there is shown a flow chart representation of the autoaccreting database algorithm  30 . The autoaccreting database algorithm  30  can operate within the autoaccreting database system  10  to help the system of the invention learn whether tags  24  are associated with the barcodes  22  attached to the items being monitored within the retail establishment. The associations learned by the autoaccreting database algorithm  30  can be stored in a tag association database  50  for later use, for example in theft detection and in inventory control. 
     Additionally, the learned associations can be used by the system of the invention to determine whether to energize a deactivator pad within the RF reader/deactivator  16  in order to deactivate a tag  24  when items identified by their barcodes  22  are processed at the POS. Thus, if a query of the tag association database  50  storing the associations determines that a barcode  22  detected at the POS checkout has a tag  24  associated with it, the deactivator pad can be energized. Additionally, querying a tag association database  50  storing these associations can be useful in deterring theft in a number of ways. For example, the associations can be useful for determining whether a tag  24  has been removed from an item, since the detection of a barcode  22  with no detection of a tag  24  when a tag  24  should be present, can trigger an alarm condition. Furthermore, these associations can be useful in determining whether tags  24  have been switched on items, since the detection of the wrong tag  24  along with a barcode  22  can also trigger an alarm condition if using tag frequency determination. 
     A tag association database  50  in the system and method of the invention can start with few or no known associations between barcodes  22  and tags  24  for the items at a retail establishment, and learn the associations by detecting and recording the results of a predetermined number of swipes of the items. Probabilistic rules are created based on the recorded results. For example, in one embodiment a rule can be based upon the first ten times the barcode  22  of an item is encountered. If a tag  24  is detected during fifty percent or more of the first ten swipes of the item, the system can establish the rule that a tag  24  should be associated with the barcode  22 . The number of swipes of an item required to create a rule, and the percentage of detects of the tag  24  required to create a rule, can be varied in any manner desired by those skilled in the art. 
     Additionally, the percentage of detects can be recalculated at any time, and the rule can be changed at any time, according to the recalculations. For example, if it is determined that a tag  24  should be present with a barcode  22 , and the percentage of tag detections for the item falls below a predetermined level after a predetermined number of additional swipes, it can then be determined that a tag  24  should not be associated with the barcode  22 . If it is determined that a tag  24  should not be present with a barcode  22 , and the percentage of tag detections for the item rises above a predetermined level, it can be determined that a tag  24  should be associated with the barcode  22 . In this manner, after a large enough number of swipes of the items to be monitored at the retail establishment, there will be an accretion of associations between the barcodes  22  and the tags  24  in the tag association database  50 . 
     Therefore, within the autoaccreting database algorithm  30  of  FIG. 2 , an item is swiped along the barcode scanner  12  and the RF reader/deactivator  16 , as shown in block  34 . The swiped item can have a barcode such as the barcode  22  and/or a tag such as the tag  24 . If the item has both a barcode  22  and a tag  24 , one of the barcode  22  or the tag  24  is detected before the other. The autoaccreting database algorithm  30  covers the case where the tag  24  is detected before the barcode  22 , as shown in block  38 . 
     When the presence of a tag  24  is detected before a barcode  22  a tag detect flag is set, a timer is started, and a determination is made whether a barcode  22  is detected before the timer expires, as shown in decision  42 . In one embodiment, if a barcode  22  is not detected before the timer expires, execution can proceed to block  46 , where an alarm condition can be logged, since the items swiped in block  34  can be expected to have barcodes  22 . If a barcode  22  is detected before the timer expires, as determined at decision  42 , the tag database  50  is accessed, as shown in access tag database block  48 . The access of the tag database  50  is discussed in more detail below. 
     In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the tag database  50  queried in block  48  can be located on the computing device  14 . However, in alternate embodiments, the tag database  50  can be located anywhere. Furthermore, the tag database  50  can be accessed by way of a hardwired connection, a wireless connection, an internet connection, or any other type of connection. Additionally, in one possible embodiment, a tag database  52  located on a POS computing device  54  can be accessed in block  48 . The POS computing device  54  can be located in the POS establishment or anywhere else, and can communicate with the autoaccreting database system  10  in any manner. The POS tag database  52  may have information regarding associations between tags  24  and barcodes  22 . Furthermore, the system and method of the invention can alternately query both tag databases  50 ,  52 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , there is shown the autoaccreting database algorithm  60 . The autoaccreting database algorithm  60  is an alternate embodiment of the autoaccreting database algorithm  30 . In the autoaccreting database algorithm  60  the item having a barcode  22  and/or a tag  24  is swiped along the barcode scanner  12  and RF reader/deactivator  16 , as shown in block  34 . When the item is swiped one of the barcode  22  or the tag  24  is detected before the other. The autoaccreting database algorithm  60  covers the case where the barcode  22  is detected first, as shown in block  62 . When the barcode  22  is detected a timer is started, and a determination is made at decision  70  whether a tag  24  is detected before the timer expires. 
     As previously described, the system and method of the invention can create a rule for an item after a predetermined number of swipes of the item. The rule can be that there should be a tag  24  associated with a detected barcode  22 , and that the pad in the deactivator  16  should be energized when the barcode  22  is detected. Alternately, the rule can be that there should not be a tag  24  associated with a barcode  22 , and that the pad in the deactivator  16  should not be energized when the barcode  22  is detected. In a one embodiment of the invention, the rule can be a temporary rule created the first time a barcode  22  is detected. The temporary rule can then be confirmed or replaced when a predetermined number of additional swipes of the item have occurred. 
     Accordingly, if a tag  24  is detected at decision  70  before the timer expires, a tag detect flag can be set and execution of the autoaccreting database algorithm  60  can proceed to decision  68 . In decision  68  a determination can be made whether the current swipe of the item is the first time the item has been swiped. If the current swipe is the first time the item has been swiped, the autoaccreting database algorithm  60  can create a temporary rule. Since a tag  24  was detected in decision  70 , the temporary rule created in block  72  is that the item is supposed to have a tag  24 . This rule can be changed at a later time if necessary, after the predetermined number of swipes of the item has occurred. 
     If a tag  24  is not detected before the timer expires, execution can proceed from decision  70  to decision  76 , where a determination can be made whether the current swipe of the item is the first time the item has been swiped. If the current swipe is the first time the item has been swiped, the autoaccreting database algorithm  60  can create a temporary rule in block  78 . Since a tag  24  was not detected in decision  70 , the temporary rule created in block  78  is that the item should not have a tag  24 . This rule can be changed if necessary, after the predetermined number of swipes of the item has occurred. 
     Regardless of which rule is created the first time an item is swiped, execution of the autoaccreting database algorithm  60  proceeds to access tag database block  48  where the rule is recorded in the tag database  50 . Additionally, after the first time the item is swiped, execution of the autoaccreting database algorithm  60  proceeds by way of decisions  68 ,  76  directly to access tag database block  48 , where the association between the barcode  22  and a tag  24  (or the lack of an association) can be recorded in the tag database  50 . 
     In an alternate embodiment, it could be decided that it is important to never fail to deactivate a tag  24 . Under these circumstances, it would be important not to make a rule that the barcode  22  of an item should not have a tag  24 , until it is clear that the rule is true. For example, the path through the decision  76  and block  78  of the autoaccreting database algorithm  60  can be eliminated, and the system would always start with the rule that a tag  24  should be associated with a barcode  22  in block  72 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 4 , there is shown the autoaccreting database algorithm  80 . Execution proceeds to the autoaccreting database algorithm  80  by way of either of the autoaccreting database algorithms  30 ,  60 , depending on whether the tag  24  or the barcode  22  is detected first when an item is swiped. In the autoaccreting database algorithm  80  the tag database  50  is accessed as shown in block  48 . A determination is made in decision  84  whether the swiped items should have a tag  24 . This determination is made according to the barcodes  22  associated with the items, and the rules stored in the tag database  50 . 
     As previously described, the rules may have been established when the items are swiped a predetermined number of times. Furthermore, the rules may be temporary rules that can be evaluated and changed if necessary. One skilled in the art may want all of the barcodes  22  to start with a rule that they are associated with a tag  24 , or all of the barcodes  22  to start with a rule that they are not associated with a tag  24 . Starting rules can be created within the autoaccreting database algorithm  60 , as previously described. In any event, the rules can be reevaluated and changed at any time if necessary. The reevaluation of the rules can be performed on an ongoing basis, or it can be performed periodically. Rules can be reversed as soon as the calculated percentages of tag detects for an item go above or below predetermined values. Additionally, the number of swipes required to evaluate whether a tag  24  is associated with a barcode  22  can be any number, and the number of swipes required can vary for different items. Furthermore, the percentage of swipes needed to make a rule or reverse a rule can vary in any manner. 
     If the item should have a tag  24 , as determined by querying the tag database  50  in decision  84 , and the tag detect flag is set, a deactivation event occurs, as shown in block  86 . When a deactivation event occurs the deactivator pad in the RF reader/deactivator  16  is energized in order deactivate the tag  24 , and the deactivation event is logged. If the item should not have a tag  24 , as determined by querying the tag database  50  in decision  84 , and the tag detect flag is set, an alarm condition can be raised and logged, as shown in block  82 . 
     It is possible that a barcode  22  read by the barcode scanner  12  may not be found in the tag database  50 . Under these circumstances, in one embodiment of the invention, the deactivator pad in the RF reader/deactivator  16  can be energized to deactivate any tag  24  that may be present, as shown in block  88 . This can avoid setting off an alarm when a customer leaves the store. The deactivation event can be logged and the swiped item can entered into the tag database  50  as shown in block  90 . 
     The circuitry for performing the operations of the invention can include conventional microprocessors and memories. It can be located within a tag reader, within a computing device such as the computing device  14 , or at any other convenient location. 
     While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific examples thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.