Patent Publication Number: US-2011076059-A1

Title: Digital manufacture of a multi-channeled specialty item

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application relates to commonly assigned, copending U.S. application Ser. No.______ (Docket No. 95912DPS), filed ______ entitled: “DIGITAL MANUFACTURE OF AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.” 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates electrographic printing and more particularly to printing a specialty item electrographically. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     One common method for printing images on a receiver member is referred to as electrography. In this method, an electrostatic image is formed on a dielectric member by uniformly charging the dielectric member and then discharging selected areas of the uniform charge to yield an image-wise electrostatic charge pattern. Such discharge is typically accomplished by exposing the uniformly charged dielectric member to actinic radiation provided by selectively activating particular light sources in an LED array or a laser device directed at the dielectric member. After the image-wise charge pattern is formed, the pigmented (or in some instances, non-pigmented) marking particles are given a charge, substantially opposite the charge pattern on the dielectric member and brought into the vicinity of the dielectric member so as to be attracted to the image-wise charge pattern to develop such pattern into a visible image. 
     Thereafter, a suitable receiver member (e.g., a cut sheet of plain bond paper) is brought into juxtaposition with the marking particle developed image-wise charge pattern on the dielectric member. A suitable electric field is applied to transfer the marking particles to the receiver member in the image-wise pattern to form the desired print image on the receiver member. The receiver member is then removed from its operative association with the dielectric member and the marking particle print image is permanently fixed to the receiver member typically using heat, and/or pressure and heat. Multiple layers or marking materials can be overlaid on one receiver, for example, layers of different color particles can be overlaid on one receiver member to form a multi-color print image on the receiver member after fixing or a variable pattern having variations due to material lay down. 
     In the earlier days of electrographic printing it was desirable to minimize channel formation during fusing. Under most circumstances, channels are considered an objectionable artifact in the print image. In order to improve image quality, and still produce channels a new method of printing has been formulated in US Publication 2009/0142100. In that invention one or more multi-channeled layers are formed using electrographic techniques. The use of layered printing, including possible raised images to create channels capable of allowing movement of a fluid, such as an ink or dielectric, to provide a printed article with, among other advantages, a variety of security features on a digitally printed document. 
     There is a need for specialty items that are digitally prepared. This invention solves this problem by creating digitally printed channels that can be used to create these specialty items as described below. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In view of the above, this invention is directed to electrographic printing wherein toner and/or laminates form one or more multi-channeled layers, with a particular pattern, which can be printed by electrographic techniques and then filled or adapted as needed. Such electrographic printing includes the steps of forming a desired image, electrographically, on a receiver member and incorporating channels that are embedded into the design. 
     The multi layered channel printing apparatus and related method and print incorporates one or more static layers, and one or more layers that allow a variety of fluids to move into and/or through the micro channels via an opening or through a direct fill. These fluids can be solidified or left as a fluid. An optional capping layer or substrate may then also be applied as well as post printing treatments. 
     The printing method for producing a digital specialty item, such as upon a receiver, includes the steps of depositing a static layer of material, such as toner, to form a predetermined base layer, depositing one or more material nodes over the static layer, the material nodes in a first state and depositing a top layer of material over the nodes, the top layer defining an expansion space between the static layer and the top layer so that during activation the one or more nodes can change in the expansion space to create a predetermined digitally prepared specialty item. 
     The invention, and its objects and advantages, will become more apparent in the detailed description presented below. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent when taken in conjunction with the following description and drawings wherein identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical features that are common to the figures. 
       In the detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention presented below, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic side elevational view, in cross section, of a typical electrographic reproduction apparatus suitable for use with this invention. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic side elevational view, in cross section, of the reprographic image-producing portion of the electrographic reproduction apparatus of  FIG. 1 , on an enlarged scale. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic side elevational view, in cross section, of one printing module of the electrographic reproduction apparatus of  FIG. 1 , on an enlarged scale. 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic side elevational view, in cross section, of a print, produced by the invention. 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic side elevational view, in cross section, of an activated print, having the predetermined multidimensional pattern formed in layers sufficient to form the final predetermined multi-channeled layers produced by the invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic of a portion of the invention of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 7  is an embodiment of a method printing suitable to manufacture digitally prepared specialty items. 
         FIG. 8  is a schematic side view of a specialty items, produced by the method of  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 9  is a schematic side view of a specialty item, produced by a modification of the method of  FIG. 7 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring now to the accompanying drawings,  FIGS. 1 and 2  are side elevational views schematically showing portions of a typical electrographic print engine or printer apparatus suitable for printing of multi-channel layered prints. One embodiment of the invention involves printing using an electrophotographic engine having five sets of single layer image producing or printing stations or modules arranged in tandem and an optional finishing assembly. The invention contemplates that more or less than five stations may be combined to deposit a material, such as toner, on a single receiver member, or may include other typical electrographic writers, printer apparatus, or other finishing devices. 
     In one embodiment, an electrographic printer apparatus  100  has a number of tandemly arranged electrostatographic image forming printing modules M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 , and M 5  and a finishing assembly  102 . Additional modules may be provided. 
     Each of the printing modules generates a single-layer toner image for transfer to a receiver member successively moved through the modules. The finishing assembly has a fuser roller  104  and an opposing pressure roller  106  that form a fusing nip  108  there between. The finishing assembly  118  can also include a laminate application device  110 . A receiver member R, during a single pass through the five modules, can have transferred, in registration, up to five single toner images to form a pentalayer image. As used herein, the term pentalayer implies that in an image formed on a receiver member combinations of subsets of the five layers are combined to form other layers on the receiver member at various locations on the receiver member, and that all five layers participate to form multiple layers in at least some of the subsets wherein each of the five layers may be combined with one or more of the other layers at a particular location on the receiver member to form a layer different than the specific layer toners combined at that location. 
     Receiver members (Rn-R(n−6), where n is the number of modules as shown in  FIG. 2 ) are delivered from a paper supply unit (not shown) and transported through the printing modules M 1 -M 5  in a direction indicated in  FIG. 2  as R. The receiver members are adhered (e.g., preferably electrostatically via coupled corona tack-down chargers  114 ,  115 ) to an endless transport web  116  entrained and driven about rollers  118 ,  120 . Each of the printing modules M 1 -M 5  similarly includes a photoconductive imaging roller, an intermediate transfer member roller, and a transfer backup roller. Thus in printing module M 1 , a toner separation image can be created on the photoconductive imaging roller PC 1  ( 122 ), transferred to intermediate transfer member roller ITM  1  ( 124 ), and transferred again to a receiver member moving through a transfer station, which includes ITM 1  forming a pressure nip with a transfer backup roller TR 1  ( 126 ). 
     Similarly, printing modules M 2 , M 3 , M 4 , and M 5  include, respectively: PC 2 , ITM 2 , TR 2 ; PC 3 , ITM 3 , TR 3 ; PC 4 , ITM 4 , TR 4 ; and PC 5 , ITM 5 , TR 5 . A receiver member, Rn, arriving from the supply, is shown passing over roller  118  for subsequent entry into the transfer station of the first printing module, M 1 , in which the preceding receiver member R(n−i) is shown. Similarly, receiver members R n−2) R(n) R(n−4), and R&lt;n−5) are shown moving respectively through the transfer stations of printing modules M 2 , M 3 , M 4 , and M 5 . An unfused image formed on receiver member R (n−i) is moving, as shown, towards one or more finishing assemblies  118  including a fuser, such as those of well known construction, and/or other finishing assemblies in parallel or in series that includes, preferably a lamination device  110  (shown in  FIG. 1 ). Alternatively the lamination device  110  can be included in conjunction to one of the print modules, Mn, which in one embodiment is the fifth module M 5 . 
     A power supply unit  128  provides individual transfer currents to the transfer backup rollers TR 1 , TR 2 , TR 3 , TR 4 , and TR 5  respectively. A logic and control unit  130  ( FIG. 1 ) in response to signals from various sensors associated with the electrophotographic printer apparatus  100  provides timing and control signals to the respective components to provide control of the various components and process control parameters of the apparatus in accordance with well understood and known employments. A cleaning station  132  for transport web  116  is also typically provided to allow continued reuse thereof. 
     The toner used to form the final multi-channeled layers can be styrenic (styrene butyl acrylate) type used in toner with a polyester toner binder. Typically the polymer used is a toner resin having a density 1.53 to almost 1.6. These are the typical measurements of the polyester toner binder, as well as styrenic (styrene butyl acrylate) toner. Typically the polyesters are around 1.54 and the styrenic resins are 1.59. The conditions under which it was measured (by methods known to those skilled in the art) are at room temperature and about 590 nm. One skilled in the art would understand that other similar materials could also be used. These could include both thermoplastics such as the polyester types and the styrene acrylate types as well as PVC and polycarbonates, especially in high temperature applications such as projection assemblies. One example is an Eastman Chemical polyester-based resin sheet, Lenstar™, specifically designed for the lenticular market. Also thermosetting plastics could be used, such as the thermosetting polyester beads prepared in a PVA1 stabilized suspension polymerization system from a commercial unsaturated polyester resin at the Israel Institute of Technology. 
     The toner used to form the final predetermined pattern is affected by the size distribution so a closely controlled size and pattern is desirable. This can be achieved through the grinding and treating of toner particles to produce various resultants sizes. This is difficult to do for the smaller particular sizes and tighter size distributions since there are a number of fines produced that must be separated out. This results in either poor distributions and/or very expensive and poorly controlled processes. An alternative is to use a limited coalescence and/or evaporative limited coalescence techniques that can control the size through stabilizing particles, such as silicon. These particles are referred to as chemically prepared dry ink (CDI) below. Some of these limited coalescence techniques are described in patents pertaining to the preparation of electrostatic toner particles because such techniques typically result in the formation of toner particles having a substantially uniform size and uniform size distribution. Representative limited coalescence processes employed in toner preparation are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,131, which is hereby incorporated by reference. In one example a pico high viscosity toner, of the type described above, could form the first and or second layers and the top layer could be a laminate or an 8 micron clear toner in the fifth station thus the highly viscous toner would not fuse at the same temperature as the other toner. 
     In the limited coalescence techniques described, the judicious selection of toner additives such as charge control agents and pigments permits control of the surface roughness of toner particles by taking advantage of the aqueous organic interphase present. It is important to take into account that any toner additive employed for this purpose that is highly surface active or hydrophilic in nature may also be present at the surface of the toner particles. 
     Particulate and environmental factors that are important to successful results include the toner particle charge/mass ratios (it should not be too low), surface roughness, poor thermal transfer, poor electrostatic transfer, reduced pigment coverage, and environmental effects such as temperature, humidity, chemicals, radiation, and the like that affects the toner or paper. Because of their effects on the size distribution they should be controlled and kept to a normal operating range to control environmental sensitivity. 
     This toner also has a tensile modulus (103 psi) of 350-1020, normally 345, a flexural modulus (103 psi) of 300-500, normally 340, a hardness of M70-M72 (Rockwell), a thermal expansion of 68-70 10 6/degree Celsius, a specific gravity of 1.2 and a slow, slight yellowing under exposure to light. 
     This toner also has a tensile modulus (103 psi) of 150-500, normally 345, a flexural modulus (103 psi) of 300-500, normally 340, a hardness of M70-M72 (Rockwell), a thermal expansion of 68-70 10 6/degree Celsius, a specific gravity of 1.2 and a slow, slight yellowing under exposure to light according to J. H. DuBois and F. W. John, eds., in Plastics, 5th edition, Van Norstrand and Reinhold, 1974 (page 522). 
     In this particular embodiment various attributes make the use of this toner a good toner to use. In any contact fusing the speed of fusing and resident times and related pressures applied are also important to achieve the particular final desired multi-channeled layers. Contact fusing may be necessary if faster turnarounds are needed. Various finishing methods would include both contact and non-contact including heat, pressure, chemical as well as IR and UV. 
     The described toner normally has a melting range can be between 50-300 degrees Celsius. Surface tension, roughness and viscosity should be such as to yield a better transfer. Surface profiles and roughness can be measured using the Federal 5000 “Surf Analyzer” and is measured in regular unites, such as microns. Toner particle size, as discussed above is also important since larger particles not only result in the desired heights and patterns but also results in a clearer multi-channeled layers since there is less air inclusions, normally, in a larger particle. Toner viscosity is measured by a Mooney viscometer, a meter that measures viscosity, and the higher viscosities will keep an multi-channeled layer&#39;s pattern better and can result in greater height. The higher viscosity toner will also result in a retained form over a longer period of time. 
     Melting point is often not as important of a measure as the glass transition temperature (Tg), discussed above. This range is around 50-100 degrees Celsius, often around 118 degrees Celsius. Clarity, or low haze, is important for multi-channeled layers that are transmissive or reflective wherein clarity is an indicator and haze is a measure of higher percent of transmitted light. 
     With reference to  FIG. 3  wherein a representative printing module (e.g., M 1  of M 1 -M 5 ) is shown, each printing module of the electrographic printer apparatus  100  includes a plurality of electrographic imaging subsystems for producing one or more multilayered image or pattern. Included in each printing module is a primary charging subsystem  134  for uniformly electrostatically charging a surface  136  of a photoconductive imaging member (shown in the form of an imaging cylinder  138 ). An exposure subsystem  140  is provided for image-wise modulating the uniform electrostatic charge by exposing the photoconductive imaging member to form a latent electrostatic multi-layer (separation) image of the respective layers. A development station subsystem  142  serves for developing the image-wise exposed photoconductive imaging member. An intermediate transfer member  144  is provided for transferring the respective layer (separation) image from the photoconductive imaging member through a transfer nip  146  to the surface  148  of the intermediate transfer member  144  and from the intermediate transfer member  144  to a receiver member (receiver member  150  shown prior to entry into the transfer nip  152  and receiver member  154  shown subsequent to transfer of the multilayer (separation) image) which receives the respective (separation) images  156  in superposition to form a composite image  158  thereon. 
     Receiver member  160  shown subsequent to the transfer of an additional layer  162  that can be, in one embodiment, a laminate L. 
     The logic and control unit (LCU)  130  shown in  FIG. 3  includes a microprocessor incorporating suitable look-up tables and control software, which is executable by the LCU  130 . The control software is preferably stored in memory associated with the LCU  130 . Sensors associated with the fusing assembly provide appropriate signals to the LCU  130 . In response to sensors S, the LCU  130  issues command and control signals that adjust the heat and/or pressure within fusing nip  108  and otherwise generally nominalizes and/or optimizes the operating parameters of finishing assembly  102  (see  FIG. 1 ) for printing multi-channeled layers in an image  158  on a substrate for as print. 
     Subsequent to transfer of the respective (separation) multilayered images, overlaid in registration, one from each of the respective printing modules M 1 -M 5 , the receiver member is advanced to a finishing assembly  102  (shown in  FIG. 1 ) including one or more fusers  170  to optionally fuse the multilayer toner image to the receiver member resulting in a receiver product, also referred to as a final multi-channeled layer print  175 . The finishing assembly  118  may include a sensor  172 , an energy source  174  and one or more laminators  110 . This can be used in conjunction to a registration reference  176  as well as other references that are used during deposition of each layer of toner, which is laid down relative to one or more registration references, such as a registration pattern. 
     The laminator  110  may be placed such that the laminate  162  is laid down prior to fusing or after the initial fusing. In one embodiment the apparatus of the invention uses a clear, without any pigment, laminate in one or more layers. The clear laminate, in one embodiment, can have a thickness that is greater then the largest material particle, such as a toner. 
     In one embodiment the material will have residual fusing oil on top, not all adhesive works well in an oiled environment. In that environment the laminate basically has oil absorption capability, so the lamination can be done uniformity on EP printed images. The idea here is 3-D channels (bottom and sides) can be created either via larger toner particle build up as a feature, or via stamping (with features) on thermal remeldable surface, such as coated surfaces. 
     Alternately, as discussed above the surface texture can be applied early in the printing process. An example is stamping which is essentially a 2-D process. In all the processes it is necessary to close off the channels. Any process that allows the top layer to follow the features below will collapse the channels created and will not work. One workable means is to apply a laminate without too much pressure/heat applied in the finishing steps to created channels in the 10 s micron range as described below. 
     The use of laminates can also improve abrasion resistance, add various types of gloss and perform other advantages besides forming the top of a channeled network or array. It is necessary for the laminate, or an adhesive film used as a laminate, to have the structural integrity and thickness, as discussed above, to go onto electro photographic created channels without filling the channel when there are finishing actions, such as fusing, which is a remelting of the toner around the channels or the use of fusing oil on top. The laminate must work well in such an environment. One such laminate film is useful for this invention in an electro photographic digital printer and the laminate also has oil absorption capability, so the lamination can be applied uniformly to electro photographic printed images. One such laminate material is A laminate, such as Laminate GBC Layflat with a thickness of 37 um (micron) is useful for this application since the thickness is on the order of magnitude of the desired channel width of 10-50 um that are large enough to allow the particle, such as toner, of less then 8 um to flow. By controlling the laminate thickness the channel is not occluded by distended laminate in that would block the channel. A multiple-channeled layer  180  includes one or more areally placed channels  182  of variable width but consistent thickness formed on the receiver  160 , as shown in  FIG. 4 . There may be layers of toner laid down between the receiver  160  and the multiple-channeled layer  180 . The multiple-channeled layers  180 , including the channels  182 , are formed prior to the application of a laminate  184 . The channel may also include a node  190  that is filled with a movable material  192 , such as a fluid or pigment, as well as a narrowed section  194  formed as part of the channel  182 . The multiple-channeled layer  180  is capped in one of a few ways including the application of the laminate  184  as described below or laid down as a top layer  196  as shown in  FIG. 5 , in one or more layers on top of the multiple-channeled layer  180 . 
     The multiple-channeled layer  180  may also be formed as an embossed or varied surface via stamping (with features) on thermal remeldable surface, such as CDI coated surfaces. Two-dimensional embossing or stamping can create the desired structures needed before the laminate  184  is applied to the multiple-channeled layer  180 . Alternatively the paper can have a surface that varies for other reasons that would contribute to the channels structure including a pretreated paper, a paper of higher clay content or having other surface additives that in certain circumstances and conditions achievable in the printing cycle would change the surface profile to form a channel or channels having a pattern, such as a variable and/or periodic pattern. 
     The printing apparatus and related method and print can incorporate one or more static layers, such as one with red blue and white and one or more other layers that allow a fluid to move through the micro channels via an opening and possibly including membranes and/or a micro pumps, such as in dielectrophoresis, to create fluid movement for small quantities of liquids that when overlapping a static layer can create a variable color or other physical characteristics such as variable materials having different viscosities. For example, this method can be used to create many specialty items, such as items for packaging, pharmaceuticals, and electronics by various types of material, the size of the voids created and the particle used, which for electrographic printing is in the range of 10-100 microns which works for the following areas of specialty items. This can be aided by the use of micro pumps and/or electrophoresis. 
     If the top layer  196  is to be laid down to close off the multiple-channeled layer  180  it involves more then just coating the channel structure with toner such as chemically prepared dry ink (CDI) or an inkjet. The use of different treatable materials must be used so that the finishing processes, including fusing, will not follow the features below and collapse the channels created. If these do not exceed the melting conditions of the top layers needed to create channels, then the multiple-channeled layer  180  will be effectively intact in the final multiple-channeled layer print  160 . 
     One embodiment of the finishing assembly  118  that would allow the top layer to be applied during the fifth module is a type of finishing device  200  shown in  FIG. 6 . The multiple-channeled layer  180 , along with one or more image layers, is transported along a path  202  to the finishing device. The finishing device includes a finishing or fusing belt  204 , an optional heated glossing roller  206 , a steering roller  208 , and a pressure roller  210 , as well as a heat shield  212 . 
     The fusing belt  204  is entrained about glossing roller  206  and steering roller  208 . 
     The fusing belt  204  includes a release surface of an organic/inorganic glass or polymer of low surface energy, which minimizes adherence of toner to the fusing belt  204 . The release surface may be formed of a silsesquioxane, through a sol-gel process, as described for the toner fusing belt disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,778,295, issued on Jul. 7, 1998, in the names of Chen et al. Alternatively, the fusing belt release layer may be a poly (dimethylsiloxane) or a PDMS polymer of low surface energy, see in this regard the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 6,567,641, issued on May 20, 2003, in the names of Aslam et al. Pressure roller  210  is opposed to, engages, and forms glossing nip  84  with heated glossing roller  206 . Fusing belt  204  and the image bearing receiving member are cooled, such as, for example, by a flow of cooling air, upon exiting the glossing nip  214  in order to reduce offset of the image to the finishing belt  204 . Alternately the finishing device could apply a laminate layer  184  and fuse that layer to the multiple-channeled layer  180 . 
     The previously disclosed LCU  130  includes a microprocessor and suitable tables and control software which is executable by the LCU  130 . The control software is preferably stored in memory associated with the LCU  130 . 
     Sensors associated with the fusing and glossing assemblies provide appropriate signals to the LCU  130  when the finishing device or laminator is integrated with the printing apparatus. In any event, the finishing device or laminator can have separate controls providing control over temperature of the glossing roller and the downstream cooling of the fusing belt and control of glossing nip pressure. In response to the sensors, the LCU  130  issues command and control signals that adjust the heat and/or pressure within fusing nip  108  so as to reduce image artifacts which are attributable to and/or are the result of release fluid disposed upon and/or impregnating a receiver member that is subsequently processed by/through finishing device or laminator  200 , and otherwise generally nominalizes and/or optimizes the operating parameters of the finishing assembly  102  for receiver members that are not subsequently processed by/through the finishing device or laminator  200 . 
     Another embodiment for creating the final multi-channeled layer  180  includes using the patterned paper (like an embossed paper with a specific pattern) and/or pretreated paper. Alternately a patterned roller could be used on the print prior to application of the top layer, along with a non-contact fusing, using a high MW polymer or high viscosity polymer that would not fuse like regular toner and probably a particle size much smaller than normal toner, also possibly metallic toner particles etc. Some papers, such as clay papers, actually will form a channel when heated at a higher temperature, such as during normal during fusing. The use of a clapper with clay content could be used along with a very smooth surface roller to create tiny blisters or micro spaces desired for this embodiment. The regulation of the heat and pressure would be used to control the size and shape of the multi-channels that would become the expansion spaces. 
     Their size would be varied by the application of different amounts of heat and for different lengths of time and in conjunction with different pressures, preferably a low pressure. 
     In all of these approaches, a toner may be applied to form the final multi-channeled layers desired. It should be kept in mind that texture information corresponding to the toner image plane need not be binary. In other words, the quantity of clear toner called for, on a pixel by pixel basis, need not only assume either 100% coverage or 0% coverage; it may call for intermediate “gray level” quantities, as well. 
     Referring to  FIG. 7  we see the flow chart of the method  700  for print methods for producing a specialty item structure. In the first step  710  a static layer of toner is deposited to form a predetermined base layer. In the second step  720 , one or more layers of material that form nodes are deposited over the static layer to form channels. Alternatively a preset pattern could be used as discussed above. In a third step  730  a laminate is applied to create channels to be filled but this could be done after the filling step or at the same time. In the fourth step  740 , the channels are filled with a material. The filling step can be done using the same printer to deposit the specialty material into the channels. Also lay the first and second layers can be simultaneously printed. The types of specialty materials include a hydroscopic material to absorb moisture can be located adjacent said specialty item, a hardenable liquid resin, non-visible trace materials and can include two or more materials that can combine. 
     In optional steps one  750  and  760  two materials are used to fill the channels and, if reactable, change when they are exposed to heat to create electrochemically deposited metals in said channels. If the one or more channels have temporary barriers one or more are able to be sacrificed during or after treatment. In another optional step  770 , a top layer of toner or laminate is applied for protection or form maintaining a uniform light retaining interface. 
     Activation can be obtained through a variety of methods and devices, any of which could move the node through one or more channels by creating a pressure differential across the node. The pressure differential can be created, in one embodiment, by a pressure or heat source so that when the source contacts the node the material in the node moves. This could be as simple as a person touching the surface of the printed receiver. Alternately a magnetic or electric energy source could be used. 
     The printed channels, that are essentially micro-voids, are filled to create these specialty items with a range of fluids. The filling can occur during printing or be an edge filling of voids adapted by leaving opening on the sides of the channels during printing if desired. In packaging some useful materials include hygroscopic materials to absorb moisture-embedded in the packaging and/or using a liquid resin that hardens to fill the channels. In packaging it is possible to create one or more large voids (e.g. pocket) by creating sacrificial nodes that are adaptable and can be destroyed at a future time by a chemical or physical post treatment change. One example is simply pushing in the item, such as a disc, into the pocket and breaking the voids through the pressure the specialty item exerts against the temporal or sacrificial barriers or nodes. This is useful in the insertion of an instruction sheet inside a printed label (like how some medicine labels are). The described printing method can print these small “sacrificial” bridges/barriers” that break and allow a bigger “gap”. This invention is also useful in packaging when a security cooler telltale is desired because the printer can use colored powdered dyes/pigments to fill the channels and thus create orientational “tell tale labels” in the printed item or packaging. Other useful materials to use in the channels are thermochromic (color changed by heat) powder and photochromic (density/color changed by light) powders that are discussed below. 
     In another embodiment the nodal bathers can be temporary to hold two materials apart until they are to be “combined” thus allowing the specialty item to produce a timely specialty item that, for example, its time sensitive. Such items include biological testing patches or arrays that could use a preamble laminate do the test subject would be in contact with the newly created combined material. 
     In all of these approaches, a clear toner may be applied on top of a receiver or a pattern, such as a color image, or a clear toner to form the final multi-channeled layers desired. It should be kept in mind that texture information corresponding to the clear toner image plane need not be binary. In other words, the quantity of clear toner called for, on a pixel by pixel basis, need not only assume either 100% coverage or 0% coverage; it may call for intermediate “gray level” quantities, as well. 
     These materials can be applied as a liquid or as a powder. If the material is applied as a powder then a post fusing will be necessary to remove scattering centers. A preferred embodiment is to apply the polymer as its monomer and polymerize in situ. The initiator for polymerization can be heat sensitive or photosensitive and it will be appreciated that the exact nature will depend on the application and polymer desired. 
     Capping of the specialty item device is desirable to avoid scratches and other damages which may degrade the usefulness of the specialty item. To accomplish this, the fluid can be capped before or after solidification. If capping is conducted before solidification, lamination is the preferred method as it is simpler to bridge the channels. In this case the lamination must be conducted carefully to prevent gas incorporation of air bubbles, which can act as scattering centers. The capping can also be conducted by depositing particles such as a toner by a process such as electrography or direct blade coating. In this case it would be desirable to have solidified the polymer in the channels such that mixing of the particles and the monomer can not occur. The particles are then fused by heat or solvent to create a uniform non-scattering layer. The capping can also be conducted by coating a liquid by methods well known in the art such as blade or hopper coating. After the coating the capping layer is solidified by drying, crosslinking, or polymerization. 
     It will be recognized that the capping layer is not necessary for specialty item function. Ai is a very low index material and will act to contain the specialty materials. There may be applications where no capping layer is necessary. 
     One specialty item is shown in  FIG. 8 .  FIG. 8  shows a side view of a final multi-channeled specialty item  800  with the pattern P of the channels shown for ease of understanding and sacrificial nodes  810 . Referring to  FIG. 8 , the first fluid  822  and the second fluid  824  are placed together in the channel  190  and can react during or after treatment to make a first circuit  810  on a first layer  820  that is separated by a laminate  184  as described above. The second and subsequent layers can be created in a similar manner or by depositing materials that do not react. Alternatively the other layers, including the first layer, could contain other indicia or materials. An optional top layer  196  can be placed on top to stabilize the item. This structure allows the first material in the first layer  820  and the second material in the first layer move together into the channel formed after the sacrificial nodes are gone so that they can react when in contact and/or after treatment. 
     This embodiment uses two or more materials that can react during or after treatment of the print during or after fusing. In one embodiment electrochemistry is used to deposit new created materials in the channels such as indicators that are produced as reactants to a test, such as a PH test, exposed to human samples. 
       FIG. 9  shows a side view of another specialty package  900  that can be flat with sacrificial nodes  910  separating a base layer  920  and a top layer  930 . When an item such as a CD, is pushed into the nodes they are broken and the disc can be inserted. Alternatively air or other fluids could break the nodes. 
     The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the electron transporting layer can be a single inorganic layer or an inorganic layer with a underlying organic layer.