Patent Publication Number: US-11399296-B2

Title: Communications devices, infrastructure equipment and methods

Description:
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/323,262 filed Feb. 5, 2019, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,848,993 which is based on PCT tiling PCT/EP2017/068401 filed Jul. 20, 2017 and claims priority to EP 16184065.7 filed Aug. 12, 2016, the entire contents of each are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of Disclosure 
     The present disclosure relates to methods of communicating in wireless telecommunications systems comprising infrastructure equipment of a first type and infrastructure equipment of a second type, and specifically to methods of recovering from radio link failure. The present disclosure also relates to communications devices and infrastructure equipment forming part of such wireless telecommunication systems. 
     Description of Related Art 
     The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description which may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. 
     Third and fourth generation mobile telecommunication systems, such as those based on the 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) defined UMTS and Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture are able to support more sophisticated services than simple voice and messaging services offered by previous generations of mobile telecommunication systems. For example, with the improved radio interface and enhanced data rates provided by LTE systems, a user is able to enjoy high data rate applications such as mobile video streaming and mobile video conferencing that would previously only have been available via a fixed line data connection. The demand to deploy third and fourth generation networks is therefore strong and the coverage area of these networks, i.e. geographic locations where access to the networks is possible, is expected to increase rapidly. 
     However, whilst fourth generation networks can support communications at high data rate and low latencies from devices such as smart phones and tablet computers, it is expected that future wireless communications networks, will be expected to efficiently support communications with a much wider range of devices associated with a wider range of data traffic profiles, for example including reduced complexity devices, machine type communication devices, high resolution video displays and virtual reality headsets. Some of these different types of devices may be deployed in very large numbers, for example low complexity devices for supporting the “The Internet of Things”, and may typically be associated with the transmissions of relatively small amounts of data with relatively high latency tolerance, whereas other types of device, for example supporting high-definition video streaming, may be associated with transmissions of relatively large amounts of data with relatively low latency tolerance. 
     There is therefore expected to be a desire for future wireless communications networks, which may be referred to as 5G or new radio (NR) system/new radio access technology (RAT), networks, to efficiently support connectivity for a wide range of devices associated with different applications with different characteristic data traffic profiles, resulting in different devices have different operating characteristics/requirements, such as:
         High latency tolerance   High data rates   Millimetre wave spectrum use   High density of network nodes (e.g. small cell and relay nodes)   Large system capacity   Large numbers of devices (e.g. MTC devices/Internet of Things devices)   High reliability (e.g. for vehicle safety applications, such as self-driving cars).   Low device cost and energy consumption   Flexible spectrum usage   Flexible mobility       

     The introduction of new radio access technology (RAT) systems/networks therefore gives rise to new challenges for providing efficient operation for devices operating in new RAT networks, including devices able to operate in both new RAT networks (e.g. a 3GPP 5G network) and currently deployed RAT networks (e.g. a 3GPP 4G or LTE network). One particular area where new approaches may be helpful is in relation to radio link failure (RLF) on a radio link between a UE and an eNodeB, where the eNodeB may be part of a 4G/LTE system or a 5G/new RAT system. 
     Indeed, in a wireless telecommunications system where a UE may have a connection to both a 4G eNodeB and a 5G eNodeB, there is a particular desire to provide ways in which a RLF of the link to one of those eNodeBs will be adequately handled. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     According to a first example embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of communicating in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a communications device, a master cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, wherein the communications device is configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to and receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol. The method comprises establishing a measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type, determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device, transmitting a failure message from the communications device to one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path, the failure message providing information regarding the determination that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device, receiving at the communications device a signal comprising a reconfiguration message from the one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path, and establishing, using the reconfiguration message, signals to be transmitted by the communications device and signals to be received by the communications device. The determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises detecting, from the measurement of radio conditions, radio link failure on the first communications path. 
     According to a second example embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of communicating in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a communications device, a master cell group comprising a plurality of infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, wherein the communications device is configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to and receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol. The method comprising establishing a first measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type, the first measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the first communications path, determining that the quality of the first communications path is below a first predetermined threshold, initiating a timer, the timer being configured to expire after a predetermined amount of time, establishing a second measurement of radio conditions associated with a second communications path between the communications device and one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the second measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the second communications path, determining that the quality of the second communications path is below a second predetermined threshold, terminating the timer before the predetermined amount of time has elapsed, receiving at the communications device a signal comprising a re-establishment command, and establishing that, using the re-establishment command, the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from a second infrastructure equipment of the first type via a third communications path. 
     The foregoing paragraphs have been provided by way of general introduction, and are not intended to limit the scope of the following claims. The described embodiments, together with further advantages, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a conventional LTE-based mobile telecommunication system; 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic block diagram illustrating an example of a New Radio (NR) based mobile telecommunication system; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example protocol architecture of 5G user and control planes; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates the difference between an exemplary single RRC architecture and an exemplary dual RRC architecture; 
         FIG. 5  provides an example of RRC diversity; 
         FIG. 6  displays four example handover cases in which RRC diversity can be used for control plane assistance; 
         FIG. 7  provides an example of a core network to RAN connection for standalone NR operation; 
         FIG. 8  provides two examples of core network to RAN connections for inter-RAT mobility between NR and LTE; 
         FIG. 9  shows an example cell layout for LTE-NR aggregation scenarios; 
         FIG. 10  provides three examples of core network to RAN connections for LTE-NR aggregation scenarios; 
         FIG. 11  provides an example of a core network to RAN connection for WLAN integration with NR; 
         FIG. 12  is a first example of a part schematic representation, part message flow diagram of communications between a UE, an LTE eNodeB and an NR Node B in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an example scenario for dual RRC basic mobility in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 14  shows an example signalling procedure for a master cell group recovery via failure reporting to a secondary cell group in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 15  illustrates the phases of radio link failure; 
         FIG. 16  demonstrates an exemplary scenario which results in the early termination of the radio link failure (RLF) timer T 310 ; 
         FIG. 17  is a second example of a part schematic representation, part message flow diagram of communications between a UE, an LTE eNodeB and an NR Node B in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 18  shows a flow diagram illustrating a first process of communications between a UE, an LTE eNodeB and an NR Node B in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 19  shows a flow diagram illustrating a second process of communications between a UE, an LTE eNodeB and an NR Node B in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     LTE Communications System 
       FIG. 1  provides a schematic diagram illustrating some basic functionality of a mobile telecommunications network/system operating in accordance with LTE principles and which may be adapted to implement embodiments of the disclosure as described further below. Various elements of  FIG. 1  and their respective modes of operation are well-known and defined in the relevant standards administered by the 3GPP® body, and also described in many books on the subject, for example, Holma H. and Toskala A [1]. It will be appreciated that operational aspects of the telecommunications network which are not specifically described below may be implemented in accordance with any known techniques, for example according to the relevant standards. 
     The network  100  includes a plurality of base stations  101  connected to a core network  102 . Each base station provides a coverage area  103  (i.e. a cell) within which data can be communicated to and from communications devices  104 . Data is transmitted from base stations  101  to communications devices  104  within their respective coverage areas  103  via a radio downlink. Data is transmitted from communications devices  104  to the base stations  101  via a radio uplink. The uplink and downlink communications are made using radio resources that are licenced for exclusive use by the operator of the network  100 . The core network  102  routes data to and from the communications devices  104  via the respective base stations  101  and provides functions such as authentication, mobility management, charging and so on. Communications devices may also be referred to as mobile stations, user equipment (UE), user device, mobile radio, and so forth. Base stations may also be referred to as transceiver stations/infrastructure equipment/NodeBs/eNodeBs (eNB for short), and so forth. 
     Wireless communications systems such as those arranged in accordance with the 3GPP defined Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture use an orthogonal frequency division modulation (OFDM) based interface for the radio downlink (so-called OFDMA) and a single carrier frequency division multiple access scheme (SC-FDMA) on the radio uplink. 
     New Radio Communications System 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary network architecture for an NR/new RAT wireless mobile telecommunications network/system  300  based on previously proposed approached and which may be adapted to provide functionality in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure describes herein. The new RAT network  300  of represented in  FIG. 2  comprises a first communication cell  301  and a second communication cell  302 . Each communication cell  301 ,  302 , comprises a controlling node (centralised unit)  321 ,  322  in communication with a core network component  450  over a respective wired or wireless link  351 ,  352 . The respective controlling nodes  321 ,  322  are also each in communication with a plurality of distributed units (radio access nodes/remote transmission and reception points)  311 ,  312  in their respective cells. Again, these communications may be over respective wired or wireless links. The distributed units  311 ,  312  are responsible for providing the radio access interface for communications devices connected to the network. Each distributed unit  311 ,  312  has a coverage area (radio access footprint)  341 ,  342  which together define the coverage of the respective communication cells  301 ,  302 . 
     In terms of broad top-level functionality, the core network component  500  of the new RAT telecommunications system represented in  FIG. 2  may be broadly considered to correspond with the core network  102  represented in  FIG. 1 , and the respective control nodes  321 ,  322  and their associated distributed units  311 ,  312  may be broadly considered to provide functionality corresponding to base stations of  FIG. 1 . 
     A communications device  400  is represented in  FIG. 2  within the coverage area of the first communication cell  301 . This communications device  400  may thus exchange signalling with the first controlling node  321  in the first communication cell via one of the distributed units  311  associated with the first communication cell  301 . For simplicity the present description assumes communications for a given communications device are routed through one of the distributed units, but it will be appreciated in some implementations communications associated with a given communications device may be routed through more than one this to be to units, for example in a soft handover scenario. That is to say, references herein to communications being routed through one of the distributed units should be interpreted references to the occasion being routed through one or more of the distributed units. The controlling node  321  is responsible for determining which of the distributed units  311  spanning the first communication cell  301  is responsible for radio communications with the communications device  400  at any given time. Typically this will be based on measurements of radio channel conditions between the communications device  400  and respective ones of the distributed units  311 . In at least some implementations the involvement of the distributed units is transparent to the communications device  400 . That is to say, the communications device is not aware of which distributed unit is responsible for routing communications between the communications device  400  and the controlling node  321  of the communication cell  301  in which the communications device is currently operating. That is to say, so far as the communications device is aware, it simply transmits uplink data to the controlling node  321  and receives downlink data from the controlling node  321  and the communications device has no awareness of the involvement of the distributed units  311 . In other example network architectures for NR wireless telecommunications systems, a communications device may be configured with one or more of the distributed nodes and be aware of which is distributed unit(s) are involved in its communications. Switching and scheduling of the one or more distributed units is done at the network controlling unit based on measurements by the distributed units of the communications device uplink signal or measurements taken by the communications device and reported to the controlling unit via one or more distributed units. 
     In the example of  FIG. 2 , two communication cells  301 ,  302  and one communications device  400  are shown for simplicity, but it will of course be appreciated that in practice the system may comprise a larger number of communication cells (each supported by a respective controlling node and plurality of distributed units) serving a larger number of communications devices. 
     It will further be appreciated  FIG. 2  represents merely one example of a proposed architecture for a new RAT telecommunications system in which approaches in accordance with the principles described herein may be adopted, and the functionality disclosed herein for handling mobility/handovers in a wireless telecommunications system may also be applied in respect of wireless telecommunications systems having different architectures. That is to say, the specific wireless telecommunications architecture for a wireless telecommunications system adapted to implement functionality in accordance with the principles described herein is not significant to the principles underlying the described approaches. 
     The communications device  400  comprises a transceiver unit  400 A for transmission and reception of wireless signals and a processor unit  400 B configured to control the communications device  400 . The processor unit  400 B may comprise various sub-units for providing functionality in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure as explained further herein. These sub-units may be implemented as discrete hardware elements or as appropriately configured functions of the processor unit. Thus the processor unit  400 B may comprise a processor unit which is suitably configured/programmed to provide the desired functionality described herein using conventional programming/configuration techniques (e.g., NFV (Network Function Virtualization)) for equipment in wireless telecommunications systems. The transceiver unit  400 A and the processor unit  400 B are schematically shown in  FIG. 2  as separate elements for ease of representation. However, it will be appreciated that the functionality of these units can be provided in various different ways, for example using a single suitably programmed general purpose computer, or suitably configured application-specific integrated circuit(s)/circuitry. It will be appreciated the communications device  400  will in general comprise various other elements associated with its operating functionality, for example a power source, user interface, and so forth, but these are not shown in  FIG. 2  in the interests of simplicity. 
     The first and second controlling nodes  321 ,  322  in this example are functionally identical but serve different geographical areas (cells  301 ,  302 ). Each controlling node  321 ,  322  comprises a transceiver unit  321 A,  322 A for transmission and reception of communications between the respective controlling nodes  321 ,  322  and distributed units  312 ,  322  within their respective communication cells  301 ,  302  (these communications may be wired or wireless). Each controlling nodes  321 ,  322  further comprises a processor unit  321 B,  322 B configured to control the controlling node  321 ,  322  to operate in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure as described herein. The respective processor units  321 B,  322 B may again comprise various sub-units for providing functionality in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure as explained herein. These sub-units may be implemented as discrete hardware elements or as appropriately configured functions of the processor unit. Thus, the respective processor units  321 B,  322 B may comprise a processor unit which is suitably configured/programmed to provide the desired functionality described herein using conventional programming/configuration techniques for equipment in wireless telecommunications systems. The respective transceiver units  321 A,  322 A and processor units  321 B,  322 B for each controlling node  321 ,  322  are schematically shown in  FIG. 2  as separate elements for ease of representation. However, it will be appreciated the functionality of these units can be provided in various different ways, for example using a single suitably programmed general purpose computer, or suitably configured application-specific integrated circuit(s)/circuitry. It will be appreciated the controlling nodes  321 ,  322  will in general comprise various other elements, for example a power supply, associated with their operating functionality. 
     The respective distributed units  311 ,  312  in this example are functionally identical but serve the different parts of the respective communications cells  301 ,  302  as schematically indicated in  FIG. 2 . Each distributed unit  311 ,  312  comprises a transceiver unit  311 A,  312 A for transmission and reception of communications between the respective distributed units  311 ,  312  and their associated controlling node  321 ,  322  and also for transmission and reception of wireless radio communications between the respective distributed units  311 ,  312  and any communications device they are currently supporting. Each distributed unit  311 ,  312  further comprises a processor unit  311 B,  312 B configured to control the operation of the distributed unit  311 ,  312  in accordance with the principles described herein. The respective processor units  311 B,  312 B of the distributed units may again comprise various sub-units. These sub-units may be implemented as discrete hardware elements or as appropriately configured functions of the processor unit. Thus, the respective processor units  311 B,  312 B may comprise a processor unit which is suitably configured/programmed to provide the desired functionality described herein using conventional programming/configuration techniques for equipment in wireless telecommunications systems. The respective transceiver units  311 A,  312 A and processor units  311 B,  312 B are schematically shown in  FIG. 2  as separate elements for ease of representation. However, it will be appreciated the functionality of these units can be provided in various different ways, for example using a single suitably programmed general purpose computer, or suitably configured application-specific integrated circuit(s)/circuitry. It will be appreciated the distributed units  311 ,  312  will in general comprise various other elements, for example a power supply, associated with their operating functionality. 
     Operational Modes for 5G Systems 
     In 5G, there are in general two operational modes. These are known as tight interworking mode and standalone mode. In tight interworking mode, a 5G NR Node B should work together with an LTE eNodeB. For example, this would be via dual connectivity or carrier aggregation. The LTE eNodeB will work as an anchor eNodeB for the 5G NR Node B. Such scenarios are still under discussion. On the other hand, in standalone mode, the 5G NR Node B could work independently without the assistance of the LTE eNodeB. Both of these operational modes were first discussed in the RAN2 #93bis meeting of 11-15 Apr. 2016. 
     In RAN2 #93bis meeting document “RAN interworking between NR and LTE” [2], a protocol architecture of 5G user and control planes is presented. In this architecture, which is shown in  FIG. 3 , control signalling of NR RAN is transferred via an LTE data bearer, which could re-use existing LTE procedures with minimised modifications. 
     In a second RAN2 #93bis meeting document, “Tight integration of the New Radio interface (NR) and LTE: Control Plane design” [3], dual RRC is proposed in which two separate RRC entities, for example an LTE eNodeB and an NR Node B as shown in  FIG. 4 b   , can generate RRC messages to the UE. Control plane diversity can be provided by means of Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) level split and combining. Local configuration of lower layers is possible. The coordination of radio resource management functions between NR and LTE RATs is required. 
     RRC diversity was proposed in Rel-12 dual connectivity. It was proposed as a potential solution for improving mobility robustness, and therefore to enhance the handover performance. In 3GPP document TR 36.842 [4], with RRC diversity, the handover related RRC signalling could additionally be transmitted from or to a potential target cell, as shown in  FIG. 5 . Radio link failure (RLF) could in this case be prevented as long as the UE  501  is able to maintain a connection to at least one of the macro  502  or pico cells  503 . A shaded RRC diversity region  504  is a region in which, should the UE  501  be located, RRC diversity can be applied. The RRC diversity has advantages such as robustness, flexibility as well as scalability, and can be used to avoid the UE RRC re-establishment procedure. 
       FIG. 6  displays four example handover cases in which RRC diversity can be used for control plane assistance, as described in RAN2 #83 meeting document “Performance of Control Plane Diversity” [5]. 
     In Case  1 , during mobility of a UE  604  between two small cells  602  and  603 , the macro cell  601 , in which both small cells  602  and  603  are located, provides additional assistance. 
     In Case  2 , during mobility of a UE  614  between a macro cell  611  and a small cell  612  (in either direction), where the small cell  612  and a second small cell  613  are located within the coverage area of the macro cell  601 , the target cell can provide signalling assistance while the UE  614  is still connected to the source cell, and vice versa. 
     Case  3  is similar to Case  1 , in that during mobility of a UE  624  between two small cells  622  and  623 , additional assistance is provided by a macro cell. In this case, there are two macro cells  621  and  625 , and it is only the best macro cell (in this instance, macro cell  621 ) which provides the additional assistance. 
     The final case, Case  4 , shows an example of mobility of a UE  634  between two macro cells  631  and  635 . At the intersection between the two macro cells  631  and  635  sits a small cell  632 , which in some scenarios (such as the one displayed by Case  4 ) can provide signalling assistance during the mobility of the UE  634  between the two macro cells  631  and  635 . 
     NR Deployment Scenarios 
     Standalone NR 
     In terms of cell layout, the following scenarios are assumed for the study of NR communications systems operating in standalone mode. These are:
         Homogeneous deployment, where all of the cells within the communications system provide similar coverage. For example, these cells might be macro cells only or small cells only;   Heterogeneous deployment, where cells of different sizes are overlapped within the communications system, which may include, for example, both macro and small cells.       

     In terms of core network to RAN connection, a scenario as illustrated in  FIG. 7  is assumed for the study of standalone NR operation. In  FIG. 7 , as can be seen, an NR Node B  701  is connected to the NextGen (5G) core network  702  for both the communication of both user plane (UP) and control plane (CP) signals. 
       FIG. 8  shows the two deployment scenarios which are assumed for inter-RAT mobility between NR and LTE. In the first of these deployment scenarios for inter-RAT mobility between NR and LTE, an LTE eNodeB  801  is connected to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC)  803 —the core network of the LTE system, and a NR Node B  802  is connected to the NextGen core network  804 . In such a deployment scenario, any connection or exchange of signals between the two core networks (EPC and NextGen) is for further study. 
     In the second of these deployment scenarios for inter-RAT mobility between NR and LTE, both an enhanced LTE (eLTE) eNodeB  811  and an NR Node B  812  are connected to the NextGen core network  814 . 
     LTE-NR Aggregation for Tight Interworking 
       FIG. 9  shows deployment scenarios in terms of cell layout and eNodeB location assumed for the study of LTE-NR aggregation. The top half of  FIG. 9  (A) shows a scenario where both LTE and NR cells are overlaid and co-located, and are providing similar or the same coverage. The LTE and NR cells are either both macro cells or both small cells. The bottom half of  FIG. 9(B)  shows another scenario where LTE and NR cells are overlaid, and either co-located or not co-located, and providing different coverage. In  FIG. 9(B) , LTE serves macro cells and NR serves small cells. The opposite scenario is also considered. A co-located cell refers to a small cell together with a macro cell for which the eNodeB of each cell is installed at the same location. A non-co-located cell refers to a small cell together with a macro cell for which the eNodeB of each cells is installed at a different location. 
       FIG. 10  shows three deployment scenarios of core network to RAN connections assumed for the study of LTE-NR aggregation. These are:
         1) NR tightly integrated in LTE via EPC;   2) LTE tightly integrated in NR via NextGen core;   3) NR tightly integrated in LTE via NextGen core.       

     In scenario 1), there is only one control plane connection to the EPC  1003 , and this is to the LTE eNodeB  1001 . User plane data is routed to the RAN (LTE eNodeB  1001  and NR Node B  1002 ) directly through the core network on a bearer basis. Alternatively, user plane data flow in the same bearer is split at the RAN. 
     In scenario 2), there is only one control plane connection to the NextGen core network  1013 , and this is to the NR Node B  1012 . User plane data is routed to the RAN (LTE eNodeB  1011  and NR Node B  1012 ) directly through the core network on a bearer basis. Alternatively, user plane data flow in the same bearer is split at the RAN. 
     In scenario 3), there is only one control plane connection to the NextGen core network  1023 , and this is to the LTE eNodeB  1021 . User plane data is routed to the RAN (LTE eNodeB  1021  and NR Node B  1022 ) directly through the core network on a bearer basis. Alternatively, user plane data flow in the same bearer is split at the RAN. 
     Interworking with WLAN 
       FIG. 11  shows a deployment scenario in terms of a core network to RAN connection assumed for wireless local area network (WLAN) integration with NR. In this scenario, WLAN (supported by access point  1101 ) is integrated in NR (supported by NR Node B  1102 ) via the NextGen core network  1103 . 
     Dual RRC-RLF Recovery 
       FIG. 12  provides a message exchange diagram according to an example embodiment of the present technique. The message exchange diagram of  FIG. 12  describes a method of communicating in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a communications device  104 , a master cell group comprising a plurality of infrastructure equipment of a first type  101  and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type  1200 , the communications device  104  being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type  101  and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type  1200 , wherein the communications device  104  is configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type  101  in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to and receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type  1200  in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol. Each of the communications device  104 , the infrastructure equipment of the first type  101  and the infrastructure equipment of the second type  1200  comprise a transmitter  1201 ,  1204 ,  1207  configure to transmit signals, a receiver  1202 ,  1205 ,  1208  configured to receive signals and a controller  1203 ,  1206 ,  1209  configured to control the transmitter  1201 ,  1204 ,  1207  and receiver  1202 ,  1205 ,  1208  to transmit and receive the signals. 
     The method comprises establishing  1210  a measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type, determining  1211  that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device, transmitting  1212  a failure message from the communications device to one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path, the failure message providing information regarding the determination that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device, receiving  1213  at the communications device a signal comprising a reconfiguration message from the one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path, and establishing  1214 , using the reconfiguration message, signals to be transmitted by the communications device and signals to be received by the communications device. 
     Although in  FIG. 12  the infrastructure equipment of the first type (forming part of the MCG) is depicted as an LTE eNodeB, and the infrastructure equipment of the second type (forming part of the SCG) is depicted as an NR eNodeB, those skilled in the art would appreciate that embodiments of the present disclosure could be equally applied if this were the other way around. 
     Of the various deployment scenarios that will require a dual connection to both LTE and NR, the scenario illustrated by  FIG. 13  is one of the most likely. 
     In this scenario, a UE  1301  is connected to an LTE macro cell  1302 , which may be providing the primary control plane functionality (e.g. similar to a primary cell (PCell)). The UE  1301  is also connected to one or more NR cells  1303 ,  1304 ,  1305 , which provide the necessary bandwidth for high user plane throughput (e.g. similar to secondary cells (SCells)). It will be appreciated that the NR cells  1303  to  1305  might consist of more than one transmission reception point/distributed unit (TRP/DU) connected to a single control unit (CU). In this simple mobility scenario, the UE  1301  remains under the coverage of the same LTE cell  1302 , while passing through the coverage of multiple NR small cells  1303  to  1305 . 
     According to the current LTE radio link failure (RLF) procedure, a UE using dual connectivity monitors for RLF on the PCell of the master cell group (MCG) and the primary secondary cell (PSCell) of the secondary cell group (SCG). The MCG consists of the PCell and one or more SCells. The SCG consists of the PSCell and one or more SCells. If RLF is detected on the MCG then the UE needs to perform RRC re-establishment procedure (signalling radio bearers (SRBs)—i.e. control plane is always on MCG). If RLF is detected on the SCG then SCG failure information is transmitted to the MCG. 
     With dual RRC, there is an opportunity to optimise the procedure, in particular when RLF is detected on the MCG. In order to avoid performing the RRC re-establishment procedure (which is costly in terms of service interruption) the UE can switch to signalling over SCG and transmit failure information to the SCG (which potentially automatically switches the SCG to be the MCG and vice versa). This then allows recovery assistance information (or Radio Bearer Reconfiguration) to be received from the SCG in order to maintain the connection without any service interruption. 
     Once the network receives the failure indication on the SCG, then a reconfiguration is transmitted to the UE which would either re-configure MCG with new radio links, e.g. if NR link quality is lower than criteria, or complete a reconfiguration of SCG to be the MCG (inter-RAT reconfiguration/recovery via target RAT), e.g. if NR link quality is higher than criteria. 
       FIG. 14  shows an example signalling procedure for MCG recovery via failure reporting to SCG, in a communications system comprising a communications device (UE  1401 ), one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type (MCG/RAT1  1402 ) and one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type (SCG/RAT2  1403 ). 
     In the first step  1411 , the UE  1401  has a dual connection to LTE and NR. The SCG  1403  could either be LTE or NR, but in this example it is assumed that the MCG  1402  consists of an LTE PCell and one or more LTE SCells, while the SCG  1403  consists of an NR PSCell and one or more NR SCells. The UE  1401  has a SRB (signalling radio bearer) mapping option for both RATs—in some examples the RRC signalling at this stage is performed exclusively via MCG  1402  (RRC messages generated in NR are transmitted via the SRBs in LTE MCG) and the mapping option for NR is for fallback only, and in other examples each RAT can sent RRC messages independently. 
     In the second step  1412 , the UE  1401  detects radio link failure on LTE (for example by detecting n consecutive out-of-sync indications on the PCell). Rather than initiating RRC re-establishment on LTE, the UE  1401  switches to signalling via NR and transmits failure information to NR, which may include measurements, failure reason and so on. As part of this, the UE  1401  may automatically switch its MCG  1402  to NR. Alternatively the UE  1402  may wait for the response. Embodiments of the present disclosure comprise the triggering of a “failure condition” other than radio link failure. Other failure conditions may include an RLC unrecoverable error (a predefined number of RLC retransmissions without an ACK), handover failure (e.g. handover command not acknowledged, timer expiry after transmitting handover or reconfiguration message), or the failure may be pre-empted—for example if the UE  1401  is at the edge of coverage, then rather than attempting handover from the source, the “error” may be reported to secondary RAT  1403 —this may still be considered an error condition, the error condition being poor link quality detected at the source RAT  1402 . 
     In the third step  1413 , a reconfiguration messages is sent via NR. This may include new configuration for LTE, it may include MCG switch from LTE to NR (could also be considered as inter-RAT/intra-RAT handover sent via the new RAT after failure of original RAT, as the original MCG may become the target SCG, and the original SCG may become the target MCG. As another example, the new configuration may include the information of the SCell in the original MCG which will become the PCell. As another example, the new configuration may include the information of the PSCell or the SCell in the original SCG which will become the PCell and the information of the PCell or the SCell in the original MCG which may become cells in the SCG). This may alternatively indicate a release of LTE radio links altogether. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, and as mentioned above, this reconfiguration may be triggered as a handover command issued by the target RAT  1403 , if radio conditions in the source RAT  1402  are poor (so instead of triggering handover from the source, the target triggers a handover). In this case, the error condition may be detected by the network rather than the UE  1401 . 
     In the fourth step  1414 , it is assumed that LTE has a new configuration and the UE  1401  continues with a dual RRC connection to both RATs, but this is dependent on the new configuration from the network. The network may alternatively release the source RAT  1402 , and switch (handover) the MCG from initial RAT  1402  to second RAT  1403 . 
     Radio Link Failure (RLF) Detection 
     In 3GPP document TS 36.300 [6], it is taught that two phases govern the behaviour associated with RLF. This is shown in  FIG. 15 , which is taken from this document. 
     The first phase  1501  is started upon radio problem detection  1512  during normal operation  1511  of a UE in the RRC_CONNECTED state  1521 , which leads to RLF detection. There is no UE-based mobility in this phase  1501 . The radio problem detection  1512  is based on the expiry of a timer of time T 1  (T 310 ), or some other criteria (for example counting), and occurs after N consecutive out-of-sync indications (N 310 )  1513 . 
     The second phase  1502  is started upon RLF detection or handover failure  1514 . This leads to the UE entering  1516  the RRC_IDLE state  1522 , where mobility is UE-based. Again the entering of this state is based on the expiry of a timer, of time T 2  (T 311 , which is started after T 310  expiry). During T 2    1515 , the UE attempts to select a new suitable cell. If a suitable cell is found, the UE sends an RRC re-establishment request and tries to recover the connection on a new cell. 
     Methods and systems according to embodiments of the present technique allow the recovery from RLF more efficiently, before these timers expire. 
     The radio problem detection phase  1512  is conventionally triggered after the detection of N consecutive out-of sync indications (N 310 ), and the timer T 310  is started  1513 . In one embodiment, a failure information report is transmitted to the second RAT at this point. If no successful reconfiguration is received (the third step  1413  of  FIG. 14 ) before expiry of T 310 , then RLF procedure continues as legacy. In one embodiment a new timer is introduced, during which the UE waits for the response from the second RAT. Upon expiry, T 310  is started. 
     In another embodiment, the failure is reported to the second RAT after T 310  expiry (T 310  allows time for the UE to attempt to re-gain synchronisation and the timer is stopped after N consecutive in-sync indications from layer 1). Again, the UE waits for a reconfiguration from the second RAT, before continuing to enter idle mode. Again, a new timer may be used for waiting for the response from the first RAT. 
     In summary, in order to reduce the time spent performing radio link failure recovery, the failure information is sent to the second RAT before the first or the second phase of the radio link failure recovery in order to speed up radio link failure recovery and provide a more robust method of recovering radio link problems. 
     Advantages of embodiments of the present technique described with regard to dual RRC RLF recovery include the provision of a fallback mechanism to reduce service interruption due to radio link failure on a primary/master cell group in the primary RAT by transmitting failure information and receiving reconfiguration via a secondary RAT. Embodiments of the present disclosure allow a handover command to be sent via the secondary (target) RAT in case of poor radio link quality in the primary (source) RAT, thus reducing handover failure probability. 
     Early Termination of RLF Timer 
     The optimisation of the RLF timer was considered in RAN2 #82 meeting document “RLF recovery enhancements” [7]. In heterogeneous scenarios (where small cells and macro cells are mixed), waiting for the recovery of link quality for a long time may result in the connection being lost. Better results appear to be achieved from switching to another cell and performing RRC re-establishment rather than waiting for the recovery of the current cell. Thus, a potential solution to this problem is the early termination of the RLF timer (T 310 ). 
     As described in [7], it is considered that the large RLF interruption time is mainly caused by the UE having to stick to the current serving cell until T 310  expiry (1 second). In the current specification, the UE is required to wait for T 310  expiry before initiating the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. Instead, the UE could initiate RRC connection re-establishment procedure before T 310  expiry if the following conditions are met: T 310  is running, and event A3 (which triggers a handover) is triggered for a neighbour cell. 
     This is also illustrated in  FIG. 16 , which is taken from [7]. At a point  1603 , a quality of received signals by a UE from a neighbouring cell  1602  becomes higher than a quality of received signals from a serving cell  1601 . At a point  1605 , when the quality of received signals from the serving cell  1601  reaches a level Qout, timer T 310  is initiated. At a point later in time, the neighboring cell&#39;s signals  1602  are determined to be a predetermined amount greater (thus triggering A3)  1604  than the serving cell&#39;s signals  1601 . After time TTT  1607 , the T 310  timer is terminated  1606 , and the UE initiates RRC connection re-establishment  1608 . 
     In embodiments of the present disclosure which relate to the early termination of the RLF timer, there are differences from the techniques of RLF recovery in dual RRC connections described with regard to  FIGS. 12 to 15  above. These include:
         In addition to the LTE cell, the NR cell is connected in dual RRC operation;   If the LTE neighbour cell link is not better than the serving cell, the RRC connection (MCG) is either switched from the LTE cell to the NR cell, or dual RRC is triggered; and   The link quality of the NR cell may be monitored at the eNodeB rather than at the UE, so as to use uplink based measurements.       

     In short, it appears preferable to wait for the recovery of the current LTE link quality rather than initiate RRC re-establishment to another cell, because the NR cell keep the connection in terms of link quality even if it is not possible to ultimately recover the LTE link. In embodiments of the present technique, it is envisioned that the LTE RLF operation is changed depending on the link quality of the NR connection. 
       FIG. 17  provides a message exchange diagram according to an example embodiment of the present technique. The message exchange diagram of  FIG. 17  describes a method of communicating in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a communications device  104 , a master cell group comprising a plurality of infrastructure equipment of a first type  101  and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type  1200 , the communications device  104  being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type  101  and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type  1200 , wherein the communications device  104  is configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type  101  in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to and receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type  1200  in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol. Each of the communications device  104 , the infrastructure equipment of the first type  101  and the infrastructure equipment of the second type  1200  comprise a transmitter  1201 ,  1204 ,  1207  configure to transmit signals, a receiver  1202 ,  1205 ,  1208  configured to receive signals and a controller  1203 ,  1206 ,  1209  configured to control the transmitter  1201 ,  1204 ,  1207  and receiver  1202 ,  1205 ,  1208  to transmit and receive the signals. 
     The method comprises establishing  1701  a first measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type, the first measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the first communications path, determining  1702  that the quality of the first communications path is below a first predetermined threshold, initiating  1703  a timer, the timer being configured to expire after a predetermined amount of time, establishing  1704  a second measurement of radio conditions associated with a second communications path between the communications device and one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the second measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the second communications path, determining  1705  that the quality of the second communications path is below a second predetermined threshold, terminating  1706  the timer before the predetermined amount of time has elapsed, receiving  1707  at the communications device a signal comprising a re-establishment command, and establishing  1708  that, using the re-establishment command, the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from a second infrastructure equipment of the first type via a third communications path. 
     Although in  FIG. 17  the infrastructure equipment of the first type (forming part of the MCG) is depicted as an LTE eNodeB, and the infrastructure equipment of the second type (forming part of the SCG) is depicted as an NR eNodeB, those skilled in the art would appreciate that embodiments of the present disclosure could be equally applied if this were the other way around. 
     The handover (MCG change) trigger optimisation may be that, when the link quality of NR is good and/or stable, the UE waits for the recovery of the existing LTE link quality longer (for example, early timer termination is not applied or the UE stops T 310 ). When the link quality of the NR link is poor and/or unstable, the UE induces early RRC re-establishment to another cell (for example, early timer termination is applied; it is assumed that UE context information is already shared between the old cell and the new cell). Alternatively, the network may initiate RRC re-configuration to instruct the UE to hand over to another cell based on, for example, uplink reference signalling in order to stop T 310  (early timer termination) 
     When the NR cell detects the consecutive out-of-sync indications (N 310 ) in the network, LTE RRC re-establishment should be encouraged, because there is an imminent risk of losing the NR connection. 
     The indication of early termination being activated/deactivated may be done by:
         Indication via NR air interface;
           NR eNodeB sends the event (e.g. for improved quality of NR) to UE via NR;   UE deactivates the early termination of LTE T 310  timer   
           Alternatively,
           UE detects the deterioration of the NR link if the downlink reference signal of NR is available.   UE voluntarily activates the early termination of the LTE T 310  timer.   
           Indication via the X2 interface (between the NR eNodeB and the LTE eNodeB interface);
           NR eNodeB indicates the NR link quality deterioration to the LTE eNodeB via the X2 interface;   LTE eNodeB indicates the activation of early termination of the LTE T 310  timer to the UE (or modifies the timer value) if the LTE link quality is still good enough; or   
           Early termination may always be activated (or deactivated) according to the RRC configuration       

     Advantages of embodiments of the present technique described with regard to early termination of the RLF timer include minimising the risk of both LTE and NR link being lost, avoiding a change in frequency of the cell/the requirement of RRC re-establishment in the LTE cell, and that there is little impact on the existing LTE procedures. 
     For each of the two aspects of the present disclosure—of Dual RRC-RLF Recovery and of Early Termination of RLF Timer—the flow diagrams displayed in  FIGS. 18 and 19  may be used in combination with the following description in order to better understand the invention. 
     Each aspect relates to a method of communicating in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a communications device, a master cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, wherein the communications device is configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to and receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol. 
       FIG. 18  shows a flow diagram illustrating a first process of communications between a UE, an LTE eNodeB and an NR Node B in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The process starts in step S 1801 . The method involves, in step S 1802 , establishing a measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type, and in step S 1803 , determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device. Following this, in step S 1804 , the process comprises transmitting a failure message from the communications device to one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path, the failure message providing information regarding the determination that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device, in step S 1805 , receiving at the communications device a signal comprising a reconfiguration message from the one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path, and step S 1806  involves establishing, using the reconfiguration message, signals to be transmitted by the communications device and signals to be received by the communications device. Finally, in step S 1807 , the process ends.  FIG. 19  shows a flow diagram illustrating a second process of communications between a UE, an LTE eNodeB and an NR Node B in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The process starts in step S 1901 . In step S 1902 , the method comprises establishing a first measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type, the first measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the first communications path, while in step S 1903 , the method involves determining that the quality of the first communications path is below a first predetermined threshold. In step S 1904 , the process comprises initiating a timer, the timer being configured to expire after a predetermined amount of time. Step S 1905  comprises establishing a second measurement of radio conditions associated with a second communications path between the communications device and one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the second measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the second communications path, while step S 1906  involves determining that the quality of the second communications path is below a second predetermined threshold. The method further comprises, in step S 1907 , terminating the timer before the predetermined amount of time has elapsed, then in step S 1908 , receiving at the communications device a signal comprising a re-establishment command, and step S 1909  comprises establishing that, using the re-establishment command, the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from a second infrastructure equipment of the first type via a third communications path. Finally, in step S 1910 , the process ends. 
     The following numbered paragraphs provide further example aspects and features of the present technique: 
     Paragraph 1. A method of communicating in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a communications device, a master cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, wherein the communications device is configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to and receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol, the method comprising
         establishing a measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type,   determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device,   transmitting a failure message from the communications device to one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path, the failure message providing information regarding the determination that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device,   receiving at the communications device a signal comprising a reconfiguration message from the one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path, and   establishing, using the reconfiguration message, signals to be transmitted by the communications device and signals to be received by the communications device.       

     Paragraph 2. The method of paragraph 1, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises detecting from the measurement of radio conditions or an RLC unrecoverable error, radio link failure on the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 3. The method of paragraph 2, wherein the detecting radio link failure on the first communications path comprises detecting at the communications device a predetermined number of out-of-sync indications, the out-of-sync indications indicating that the communications device is unable to successfully decode signals received from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 4. The method of paragraph 2 or 3, wherein the detecting radio link failure on the first communications path comprises the expiry of a timer, the timer being started upon detecting at the communications device an out-of-sync indication, the out-of-sync indication indicating that the communications device is unable to successfully decode signals received from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path, wherein the timer is stopped before expiry if the communications device is able to successfully decode signals received from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 5. The method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises determining that the communications device has not received a successful acknowledgement from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path for a predetermined number of signals transmitted from the communications device to the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 6. The method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises the expiry of a timer, the timer being started upon transmitting by the communications device a handover command, wherein the timer is stopped before expiry if the communications device receives a successful acknowledgement in response to the handover command. 
     Paragraph 7. The method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises the expiry of a timer, the timer being started upon transmitting by the communications device a reconfiguration message, wherein the timer is stopped before expiry if the communications device receives a successful acknowledgement in response to the reconfiguration message. 
     Paragraph 8. The method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises detecting that the communications device is approaching an edge of the coverage area of the infrastructure equipment of the first type. 
     Paragraph 9. The method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the reconfiguration message comprises an indication that the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type should become the master cell group and the one or more infrastructure equipment of the first type should become the secondary cell group. 
     Paragraph 10. The method of any preceding paragraph, wherein the reconfiguration message comprises an indication that the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from only the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type. 
     Paragraph 11. The method of any preceding paragraph, further comprising the infrastructure equipment of the second type obtaining information from the infrastructure equipment of the first type to use for establishing reconfiguration information for the reconfiguration message. 
     Paragraph 12. A communications device for use in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a master cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the communications device comprising
         a transmitter configured to transmit signals to the infrastructure equipment of the first type via a first communications path in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol,   a receiver configured to receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path in accordance with the first communications protocol and to receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path in accordance with the second communications protocol, and   a controller configured to control the transmitter to transmit the signals and to control the receiver to receive the signals, wherein the controller is configured in combination with the transmitter and the receiver   to establish a measurement of radio conditions associated with the first communications path,   to determine that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device,   to transmit a failure message to one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path, the failure message providing information regarding the determination that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device;   to receive a signal comprising a reconfiguration message from the one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path; and   to establish, using the reconfiguration message, signals to be transmitted by the transmitter and signals to be received by the receiver.       

     Paragraph 13. The communications device of paragraph 12, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises detecting, from the measurement of radio conditions, radio link failure on the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 14. The communications device of paragraph 13, wherein the detecting radio link failure on the first communications path comprises detecting by the communications device a predetermined number of out-of-sync indications, the out-of-sync indications indicating that the communications device is unable to successfully decode signals received from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 15. The communications device of paragraph 13 or 14, wherein the detecting radio link failure on the first communications path comprises the expiry of a timer, the timer being started upon detecting by the communications device an out-of-sync indication, the out-of-sync indication indicating that the communications device is unable to successfully decode signals received from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path, wherein the timer is stopped before expiry if the communications device is able to successfully decode signals received from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 16. The communications device of any of paragraphs 12 to 15, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises determining by the communications device that the receiver has not received a successful acknowledgement from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path for a predetermined number of signals transmitted from the transmitter to the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path. 
     Paragraph 17. The communications device of any of paragraphs 12 to 16, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises the expiry of a timer, the timer being started upon transmitting by the communications device a handover command, wherein the timer is stopped before expiry if the communications device receives a successful acknowledgement in response to the handover command. 
     Paragraph 18. The communications device of any of paragraphs 12 to 17, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises the expiry of a timer, the timer being started upon transmitting by the communications device a reconfiguration message, wherein the timer is stopped before expiry if the communications device receives a successful acknowledgement in response to the reconfiguration message. 
     Paragraph 19. The communications device of any of paragraphs 12 to 18, wherein the determining that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device comprises detecting by the communications device that the communications device is approaching an edge of the coverage area of the infrastructure equipment of the first type. 
     Paragraph 20. The communications device of any of paragraphs 12 to 19, wherein the reconfiguration message comprises an indication that the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type should become the master cell group and the one or more infrastructure equipment of the first type should become the secondary cell group. 
     Paragraph 21. The communications device of any of paragraphs 12 to 20, wherein the reconfiguration message comprises an indication that the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from only the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type. 
     Paragraph 22. Circuitry for a communications device for use in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a master cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the communications device comprising
         a transmitter configured to transmit signals to the infrastructure equipment of the first type via a first communications path in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol,   a receiver configured to receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path in accordance with the first communications protocol and to receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path in accordance with the second communications protocol, and   a controller configured to control the transmitter to transmit the signals and to control the receiver to receive the signals, wherein the controller is configured in combination with the transmitter and the receiver   to establish a measurement of radio conditions associated with the first communications path,   to determine that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device,   to transmit a failure message to one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path, the failure message providing information regarding the determination that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device;   to receive a signal comprising a reconfiguration message from the one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path; and   to establish, using the reconfiguration message, signals to be transmitted by the transmitter and signals to be received by the receiver.       

     Paragraph 23. An infrastructure equipment of a second type forming part of a wireless telecommunications system comprising one or more communications devices, a master cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type, one of the communications devices being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the infrastructure equipment of the second type comprising
         a transmitter configured to transmit signals to the communications device via a second communications path,   a receiver configured to receive signals from the communications device via the second communications path, and   a controller configured to control the transmitter to transmit the signals and to control the receiver to receive the signals, wherein the controller is configured in combination with the transmitter and the receiver   to receive a failure message from the communications device, the failure message providing information regarding a determination by the communications device using a measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device, and   to transmit a signal comprising a reconfiguration message to the communications device via the second communications path, wherein the reconfiguration message comprises at least one of   an indication that the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type should become the master cell group and the one or more infrastructure equipment of the first type should become the secondary cell group, and   an indication that the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from only the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type.       

     Paragraph 24. Circuitry for an infrastructure equipment of a second type forming part of a wireless telecommunications system comprising one or more communications devices, a master cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type, one of the communications devices being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the infrastructure equipment of the second type comprising
         a transmitter configured to transmit signals to the communications device via a second communications path,   a receiver configured to receive signals from the communications device via the second communications path, and   a controller configured to control the transmitter to transmit the signals and to control the receiver to receive the signals, wherein the controller is configured in combination with the transmitter and the receiver   to receive a failure message from the communications device, the failure message providing information regarding a determination by the communications device using a measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type that the first communications path is not appropriate for use by the communications device, and   to transmit a signal comprising a reconfiguration message to the communications device via the second communications path, wherein the reconfiguration message comprises at least one of   an indication that the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type should become the master cell group and the one or more infrastructure equipment of the first type should become the secondary cell group, and   an indication that the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from only the one or more infrastructure equipment of the second type.       

     Paragraph 25. A method of communicating in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a communications device, a master cell group comprising a plurality of infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, wherein the communications device is configured to transmit signals to and receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to and receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol, the method comprising
         establishing a first measurement of radio conditions associated with a first communications path between the communications device and the infrastructure equipment of the first type, the first measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the first communications path,   determining that the quality of the first communications path is below a first predetermined threshold,   initiating a timer, the timer being configured to expire after a predetermined amount of time,   establishing a second measurement of radio conditions associated with a second communications path between the communications device and one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the second measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the second communications path,   determining that the quality of the second communications path is below a second predetermined threshold,   terminating the timer before the predetermined amount of time has elapsed,   receiving at the communications device a signal comprising a re-establishment command, and   establishing that, using the re-establishment command, the communications device should transmit signals to and receive signals from a second infrastructure equipment of the first type via a third communications path.       

     Paragraph 26. A communications device for use in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a master cell group comprising a plurality of infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the communications device comprising
         a transmitter configured to transmit signals to the infrastructure equipment of the first type via a first communications path in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol,   a receiver configured to receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path in accordance with the first communications protocol and to receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path in accordance with the second communications protocol, and   a controller configured to control the transmitter to transmit the signals and to control the receiver to receive the signals, wherein the controller is configured in combination with the receiver   to receive from the infrastructure equipment of the first type an indication of a first measurement of radio conditions associated with the first communications path, the first measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the first communications path,   to determine that the quality of the first communications path is below a first predetermined threshold,   to initiate a timer, the timer being configured to expire after a predetermined amount of time,   to receive from the infrastructure equipment of the second type an indication of a second measurement of radio conditions associated with the second communications path, the second measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the second communications path,   to determine that the quality of the second communications path is below a second predetermined threshold,   to terminate the timer before the predetermined amount of time has elapsed,   to receive a signal comprising a re-establishment command, and   to establish that, using the re-establishment command, the transmitter should transmit signals to and the receiver should receive signals from a second infrastructure equipment of the first type via a third communications path.       

     Paragraph 27. Circuitry for a communications device for use in a wireless telecommunications system comprising a master cell group comprising a plurality of infrastructure equipment of a first type and a secondary cell group comprising one or more infrastructure equipment of a second type, the communications device being in a coverage area of one of the infrastructure equipment of the first type and a coverage area of at least one of the infrastructure equipment of the second type, the communications device comprising
         a transmitter configured to transmit signals to the infrastructure equipment of the first type via a first communications path in accordance with a first communications protocol and to transmit signals to the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via a second communications path in accordance with a second communications protocol, the second communications protocol being different to the first communications protocol,   a receiver configured to receive signals from the infrastructure equipment of the first type via the first communications path in accordance with the first communications protocol and to receive signals from the at least one infrastructure equipment of the second type via the second communications path in accordance with the second communications protocol, and   a controller configured to control the transmitter to transmit the signals and to control the receiver to receive the signals, wherein the controller is configured in combination with the receiver   to receive from the infrastructure equipment of the first type an indication of a first measurement of radio conditions associated with the first communications path, the first measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the first communications path,   to determine that the quality of the first communications path is below a first predetermined threshold,   to initiate a timer, the timer being configured to expire after a predetermined amount of time,   to receive from the infrastructure equipment of the second type an indication of a second measurement of radio conditions associated with the second communications path, the second measurement of radio conditions comprising a quality of the second communications path,   to determine that the quality of the second communications path is below a second predetermined threshold,   to terminate the timer before the predetermined amount of time has elapsed,   to receive a signal comprising a re-establishment command, and   to establish that, using the re-establishment command, the transmitter should transmit signals to and the receiver should receive signals from a second infrastructure equipment of the first type via a third communications path.       

     In so far as embodiments of the disclosure have been described as being implemented, at least in part, by software-controlled data processing apparatus, it will be appreciated that a non-transitory machine-readable medium carrying such software, such as an optical disk, a magnetic disk, semiconductor memory or the like, is also considered to represent an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     It will be appreciated that the above description for clarity has described embodiments with reference to different functional units, circuitry and/or processors. However, it will be apparent that any suitable distribution of functionality between different functional units, circuitry and/or processors may be used without detracting from the embodiments. 
     Described embodiments may be implemented in any suitable form including hardware, software, firmware or any combination of these. Described embodiments may optionally be implemented at least partly as computer software running on one or more data processors and/or digital signal processors. The elements and components of any embodiment may be physically, functionally and logically implemented in any suitable way. Indeed the functionality may be implemented in a single unit, in a plurality of units or as part of other functional units. As such, the disclosed embodiments may be implemented in a single unit or may be physically and functionally distributed between different units, circuitry and/or processors. 
     Although the present disclosure has been described in connection with some embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the specific form set forth herein. Additionally, although a feature may appear to be described in connection with particular embodiments, one skilled in the art would recognize that various features of the described embodiments may be combined in any manner suitable to implement the technique. 
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