Patent Publication Number: US-7900923-B2

Title: Apparatus and method for automatically shuffling cards

Description:
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/755,260, filed on Feb. 21, 2006, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This application relates to an apparatus and method for automatically preparing playing cards for use, and in particular for the cutting, riffling and stripping operations performed in a card game. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Various games are played using playing cards, where a typical game may use one or more decks, which may have 52 cards of various values and suits. Other card games may use different numbers of cards, and some games may be played with multiple decks of cards. Examples of such games are poker, blackjack, bridge, canasta, preference, pinochle and the like. Players of such games have an interest in ensuring that the playing cards are dispensed for the playing of a game in a random manner, giving no one player an unfair advantage. Preparing a deck of cards may be accomplished either manually or automatically. In the case of manual preparation, the cards may be cut, riffled and stripped. This process is generically termed “shuffling” the cards, and may be performed multiple times to prepare the deck. It is believed that performing a cut-riffle process approximately 7 times will result in a sufficiently random distribution of cards within a deck. However this is time consuming and, except in professional games, it is common to perform the shuffling process only 2-4 times. Various mechanical means of performing operations which may have the effect of randomizing the deck of cards are known. Such mechanical means may not replicate the actions of a dealer performing manual shuffling, or may be cumbersome to use and expensive, being typically intended for use in a casino. 
     SUMMARY 
     A device for shuffling a deck of cards is described, the device including a first compartment, a second compartment and a third compartment. Each compartment has a transport mechanism and the transport mechanism in the first compartment is operable to dispense cards from the first compartment to at least one of the second and third compartments, and the transport mechanism in at least one of the second and the third compartments is operable to dispense cards from at least one of the second and third compartments to the first compartment. 
     A method for shuffling a deck of cards is described, including the steps of providing a shuffling device and placing a deck of cards into a first compartment of the shuffling device; transferring a portion of the deck of cards from the first compartment into a second and a third compartment; and transferring the portions of the deck of cards from the second and third compartments to the first compartment, where the cards are returned to the first compartment such that, approximately, the cards are received by the first compartment alternately from the second and third compartments. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  A-C is a conceptual diagram showing a cut or split operation on a deck of cards; 
         FIG. 2  A-B is a conceptual diagram showing a riffle operation on a deck of cards; 
         FIG. 3  A-C is a conceptual diagram showing a stripping operation on a deck of cards; 
         FIG. 4  is a (A) perspective view; and, (B) an exploded perspective view of an example of a card shuffling apparatus; 
         FIG. 5  shows the orientation of card compartments when performing (A) a riffle operation; and, (B) a cut, split, or stripping operation 
         FIG. 6  is a detail view showing the central card compartment and an associated elevator mechanism in (A) a lowered position; and, (B) a raised position; 
         FIG. 7  shows a detail view of part of the drive mechanism for a cam-type elevator mechanism; 
         FIG. 8  shows a detail view of the card transport mechanisms: (A) the left-hand, right-hand and central compartments disposed for riffling, and (B) the central compartment in a perspective view; 
         FIG. 9  shows (A) a top view of  FIG. 8A ; and, (B) a side view of  FIG. 8A  including the cam-type elevator; 
         FIG. 10  shows cross sectional views of the central compartment: (A) longitudinal view; (B) a transverse view at the kicker portion of the transport mechanism; (C) a transverse view at a section without transport mechanism components; and, (D) a transverse view at a side-roller-portion of the transport mechanism; 
         FIG. 11  is (A) an end view; (B) a side elevation view; and (C) a perspective view of a belt driven elevator mechanism; 
         FIG. 12  is (A) a lowered position and (B) is a raised position of the central compartment in a perspective view of a belt driven elevator mechanism; 
         FIG. 13  is a conceptual view of another example where the compartments have a fixed physical relationship; 
         FIG. 14  is a block diagram of the first example showing control functions; and 
         FIG. 15  shows three examples of a card access mechanism: (A) manual; (B) spring actuated; and, (C) rack and pinion. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Exemplary embodiments may be better understood with reference to the drawings, but these examples are not intended to be of a limiting nature. Like numbered elements in the same or different drawings perform equivalent functions. 
     The terminology and general arrangement of the automatic card shuffling device is illustrated in  FIGS. 1 through 3  in elevation cross-sectional views. The device may be intended for, and dimensioned for use with, a single deck of cards. Alternatively, the device may be dimensioned for use with multiple decks of cards, although a device dimensioned for multiple decks of cards may also be suitable for shuffling a single deck of cards. Generally, the difference between such configurations is the height of the compartments used to hold the cards. The subsequent discussion will describe a single deck of cards, for clarity; however, unless otherwise excluded, the operations are equally possible for a stack of cards comprising more than one deck of cards. 
     The operations performed by the device include: 
     (a) cutting or splitting: an operation by which a deck of cards is divided approximately into two portions or stacks of cards; 
     (b) riffling: an operation by which the two portions or stacks obtained by cutting the deck are recombined by approximately moving a card from each of the two portions into a resultant single stack, where the cards are moved alternately from each portion to a single stack; 
     (c) stripping: an operation similar to cutting, in which an approximately predetermined number of cards is moved from the initial stack to a first stack, a similar number of cards is moved to a second stack, and the process is repeated until the initial stack of cards has been completely moved to the first and second stacks. 
     Commonly, the performance of step (a) followed by steps (b), or step (c) followed by step (b), or the like, is termed “shuffling” the cards, and may be performed multiple times. Not all of the steps need be performed however. For example, steps (a) and (b), or steps (b) and (c) may be performed, without the third step. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the automatic card shuffling device may have three card-holding compartments: a left-hand compartment  30 , a right-hand compartment  20  and a central compartment  10 . The compartments are capable of being moved vertically with respect to each other. Generally, the left-hand and right-hand compartments may be maintained so that they are at the same level with respect to a base portion of the device, and the central compartment may be movable in a vertical direction. Although the device may be constructed such that only the central compartment moves vertically, a more compact vertical arrangement may result when more than one of the compartments is capable of vertical motion. The central compartment  10  is sized and dimensioned so as to be capable of accommodating at least one deck of playing cards  90 , and the left-hand and the right-hand compartments  30  and  20  are sized and dimensioned so as to be capable of accommodating at least half of the contents of the central compartment  10 . 
     The mechanisms shown in the figures are enclosed in an outer housing or shell (not shown) as would be conventional for a device having moving parts. Apertures for receiving or dispensing cards, connection of electrical power, or the like, would be provided, as will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art. The housing may provide structural support for portions of the mechanism, and mounting provisions for electronics for controlling the operation of the card shuffling device  1 . In an aspect, at least a portion of the housing may be substantially transparent so that the operation of the mechanism may be observed, however such construction is not necessary. 
     One of the compartments, for example, the central compartment  10 , or a portion thereof, may be configured so that it is also capable of translation in a direction out of the plane of the drawing, such that it is capable of protruding from the device to accept a deck of cards inserted into the compartment by a person. The central compartment  10  may be moved to accept the deck of cards  90  either mechanically by pulling on a knob, or by an automatic mechanism (not shown) in response to pushing a button, or the like, on the device. Once a deck of cards has been placed into the compartment, the compartment may be returned to an internal configuration. In the state shown in  FIG. 1A , the deck of cards  90  is shown as having been placed in the central compartment  10 . 
     Cards are moved by one or more transport mechanisms which will be later described. The deck has N cards, where N is typically 52 as is used in the games of poker, bridge, and the like, but may be any other number such as may be used in preference, pinochle, and the like. Having been placed in the central compartment  10 , with the base  100  of the central compartment positioned above an upper lip  32  of the right-hand and left-hand compartments, respectively, cards are dispensed from the bottom of the deck by a transport mechanism (not shown) through a slot or aperture in the bottom of the right-hand-side surface  11  of the central compartment so as to be introduced into the right hand compartment  20 . The cards are individually dispensed in this manner such that, as shown in  FIG. 1B , approximately half of the cards in the deck placed in the central compartment  10  are transferred into the right-hand compartment  20 . The transport mechanism associated with the central compartment  10  now begins to dispense cards from the bottom of the deck through another slot or aperture (not shown) in the bottom of a left-hand portion of the central compartment so that the remainder of the approximately half of the cards remaining in the central compartment  10  are dispensed into the left-hand compartment  30 . After completion of this process, in the state shown in  FIG. 1C , approximately half of the cards (N/2) are disposed in the left-hand compartment  30  and approximately half of the cards are disposed in the right-hand compartment  20 , and there are no cards in the central compartment  10 . 
     The division of the cards of the deck  90  into two portions  90   b , one in each of the right-hand compartment and the left-hand compartments, need not be exact. That is, only approximately half of the deck of cards may be present in each of the compartments although the total number of cards is the same as the total number of cards N in the deck  90 . This is consistent with the human act of cutting, or splitting a deck of cards before or after another of the activities associated with preparing a deck of cards by shuffling. The step of cutting may also be performed again at the conclusion of the shuffling process, although a final cut of the deck may often done manually as a matter of ritual in card games. 
     When the cutting or splitting operation is performed manually, the number of cards in each resultant stack tends to vary about an even split of the deck. Such a situation may be simulated by programming the controller of the apparatus  1  such that a number of cards in each stack varies randomly about the value of half of the size of the deck, from cut-to-cut. 
     In another aspect, the split may be performed by dispensing approximately half of the deck  90  from the central compartment  10  into either one of the right-hand compartment  20  or the left-hand compartment  30 : a “side compartment”. The height position of the central compartment  10  is then lowered with respect to at least the side compartment containing cards. The portion of the card deck that is in the side compartment is dispensed by the side compartment transport mechanism so that the portion of the deck in the one of the side compartments is returned to the central compartment  10 . Thus the cards originally on the bottom of the deck in the central compartment have now been returned to the central compartment at the top of the deck. 
     The riffling process is that of recombining the cards of the portions  90   b  previously dispensed into the left-hand compartment  30  and the right-hand compartment  20  into a single deck of cards  90  positioned in the central compartment  10 . The central compartment  10  is positioned such that a base  200  of the right hand compartment  20  and a base  300  of the left hand compartment  30  are disposed in the vertical plane such that each of the right hand base  200  and the left hand base  300  is above an upper lip  12  of the central compartment  10 . This repositioning of the compartments may be performed by either lowering the central compartment  10  with respect to the right-hand compartment  20  and the left-hand compartment  30  or, alternatively, raising the right-hand compartment  20  and the left-hand compartment  30  with respect to the central compartment  10 . It should be noted that it is the relative position of the compartments that characterizes the process, and which of the compartments are actually moved is a design detail. 
     In the state shown in  FIG. 2A , the riffling process is begun by activating the transport mechanisms of the right-hand compartment  20  and the left hand compartment  30  such that cards are dispensed from the bottom of the partial deck  90   a  in the left-hand compartment  30  and the bottom of the partial deck  90   b  in the right-hand compartment  20  into the central compartment  10  through apertures (not shown) in the bottom of a side  33  and a side  23  of the left-hand compartment  30  and the right-hand compartment  20 , respectively. 
     The transport mechanisms are operated contemporaneously. That is, the transport mechanism of the right-hand compartment  20  and the transport of the left-hand compartment  30  are activated such that cards are being dispensed from each of the right hand compartment and the left hand compartment  30  in an individual fashion and where the dispensing of cards substantially alternates between the slot of the left-hand compartment  30  and the slot of the right-hand compartment  20 . In this manner the partial decks of cards  90   b  are recombined into a complete deck  90  disposed in the central compartment  10  as shown in  FIG. 2  B. In this state, the cards of the deck are arranged such that, approximately, a card dispensed from the right-had compartment  20  is alternated with a card dispensed from the left-hand compartment  30 . While the alternate arrangement of the dispensed cards is a generally desirable result, alternation of two cards from one of the left-hand or right hand compartment with one card from the other of the left-hand or right-hand compartment is not detrimental. Such a lack of perfect alternation may be a result obtained with manual shuffling, and so long as there is not a perceived contrived arrangement of the resultant deck of cards, the operation can be considered successful. 
     Another manipulation of the cards which may be introduced into the shuffling operation is stripping, which is a variation on cutting, and is shown in  FIG. 3 . The arrangement of the compartments is the same as for the cutting operation of  FIG. 1 , and the mechanical details of the arrangement will not therefore be further described. A deck of cards  90  is positioned in the central compartment  10 . The transport mechanism of the central compartment  10  is operated so as to dispense a quantity of cards from the central compartment  10  into the right-hand compartment  20 . Where the deck has a quantity of cards N, the number of cards dispensed is an integer number, M. After dispensing M cards into the right hand compartment  20 , the transport mechanism of the central compartment then dispenses an integer number of cards M into the left hand compartment  30 . Typically, the integer number of cards M may be between 2 and 10, but other values are possible. Exactly M cards may not be dispensed at each stage of the operation, and the value of M may change during the operation. This is comparable to the variability of performing this operation by a human. When M is N/2, the stripping operation degenerates into a cutting operation. 
     With a combination of cutting, riffling and stripping, the typical operations associated with shuffling a deck of cards for the playing of a card game may be performed by the automatic card shuffling device  1 . The number of times that each operation is performed, and the sequence of the operations, may be fixed during the design of the apparatus, or an input device may be provided on the apparatus such that a user may customize the process for a particular application, such as games having less than 52 cards in a deck, or a greater or lesser number of the component actions of the shuffling process. For example, a lesser number of operations will take a shorter period of time to perform, but may not as fully randomize the distribution of cards in the shuffled deck. 
     An example of an automatic card shuffling apparatus  1  is shown in  FIG. 4 . A perspective view of the interior mechanisms is shown in  FIG. 4  A and an exploded view is shown in  FIG. 4  B. For clarity, such components as electrical wiring, power supplies, computer boards and the like are not shown as these aspects are well known and would unduly complicate the figures. The card shuffling apparatus  1  is intended to be mounted to a support structure, which may include an exterior housing. One of the compartments, which may be the central compartment  10  is adapted to slide in a horizontal plane, in whole or in part, as later described, so as to project horizontally with respect to the state shown in  FIG. 4  A so as to facilitate the introduction or removal of the cards to be shuffled. A cam  420  and cam follower  111  act as an elevator or lifting mechanism to move the central compartment  10  up and down with respect to a right-hand compartment  20  and a left-hand compartment  30 . In this example, the central compartment  10  is guided in the vertical direction by posts  450  threaded through engaging holes  451  in the corners of the central compartment  10 . 
     Although not shown, a side of the housing of the apparatus may be made partially or wholly of substantially transparent or transparent material so that the operation of the apparatus can be observed by a player. And end surface of the compartments may also be made partially of wholly of substantially transparent or transparent material. Verification of operation of the shuffler may be considered either desirable or necessary by the persons using the device. 
     Although the description herein may explain the operation by, for example, placing the deck of cards  90  in the center compartment  10 , when the center compartment  10  is in a raised position, and removing the cards from the center compartment  10 , when the center compartment  10  is in a lowered position, this is only one example of a configuration which may be chosen for the design or operation of the card shuffler device  1 . Access to the central compartment may be possible in a particular design in one or both of the raised or lowered positions, or be restricted by the placement of other components. 
     In an aspect, access may be provided to the card shuffler device  1  by at least one of the side compartments  20 ,  30  so that the cards may be introduced or removed from the side compartments  20 ,  30 , either directly or using a sliding mechanism. The operational program of the shuffler may be designed to accommodate the specific compartment into which the cards are introduced or removed, for example, such that the cards are first moved by the transport mechanism from a side compartment  20 ,  30  to the central compartment  10  prior to the start of the shuffling process, and returned to the same or different compartment after the completion of the shuffling process. 
       FIG. 5  is an elevation cross-sectional view of the left-hand compartment  30 , the right-hand compartment  20 , and the center compartment  10 . Attached to the bottom of the compartments are the left-hand transport mechanism  35 , the right-hand transport mechanism  25  and the central transport mechanism  15 . Each of the transport mechanisms may have a motor, an assemblage of pulleys, drive belts and other components. In addition, support posts  450  may be disposed at the four corners of the center compartment  10  such that the center compartment  10  may be slideably supported for motion in the vertical direction. 
       FIG. 5  A shows a state where the positions of the center compartment  10 , the right-hand compartment  20  and the left-hand compartment  30  are arranged such that a riffle operation, as in  FIG. 2 , may be performed. Each card may be ejected or dispensed from the left-hand compartment  30  and the right-hand compartment  20  into the central compartment through a slot or aperture in a lower portion of the side wall of the left-hand and right-hand compartments. 
       FIG. 5  B shows a state where the positions of the center compartment  10 , the right-hand compartment  20  and the left-hand compartment  30  are arranged such that the cutting or splitting operation of  FIG. 1  may be performed. Cards are dispensed or ejected from the central compartment  10  into the right-hand compartment  20  through the slot in a lower end of the side wall of the central compartment. After a number of cards are dispensed from the central compartment  10  to the right-hand compartment  20 , the transport mechanism of the central compartment  10  is operated to dispense cards through a slot in a lower side wall of the central compartment  10  into the left-hand compartment  30 . 
     This state shown in  FIG. 5  B is the same as shown in  FIG. 1  B and may be associated with either a cutting operation or a stripping operation of  FIG. 3 , depending on the number of cards dispensed in sequence into one of the side compartments before cards are dispensed into the other one of the side compartments. 
     Although a sequence of actions where the right-hand compartment is mentioned before the left-hand compartment may be used to describe an portion of the process, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the terms left-hand and right-hand compartment are used for convenience in description, and the description is intended to encompass an interchange of the sequence of operations of the left-hand and the right-hand compartments, and of the order in which the central compartment dispenses cards into the side compartments. 
     The central compartment  10  may be raised or lowered with respect to the left-hand compartment  30  and the right-hand compartment  20  by an elevator mechanism, an example of which is shown in  FIG. 6 . A cam and cam follower mechanism actuated by a rotary motor is shown, however any means of raising and lowering the central compartment  10  may be used, including for example, crank mechanisms, a crank with a connecting rod, and scissors jacks, a rack and pinion or the like. The selection of elevator mechanisms may depend on the interior design of the automatic card shuffling device, the weight of the deck(s) of cards, cost, and other engineering considerations. 
     In another aspect, the vertical position of the central compartment  10  may remain fixed and one or more of the side compartments may be raised and lowered with respect thereto. 
     An example of an elevator mechanism is shown in  FIG. 6 , where a cam and cam follower are used to change the vertical position of the central compartment  10 . The central compartment  10  may be guidably restrained by vertical posts  450 , by slide grooves (not shown) in the external housing, or the like. In this example, apertures are provided in the four corners of the central compartment  10 , and sized to slidably receive the vertical posts  450 , so that the central compartment may move in a vertical direction. The central compartment has a deflector bar  110 , which may have an extension that functions as a cam follower  111 . A cam  420  is fixed to an axle rotatable by a motor  460 . The weight of the central compartment  10  may maintain the cam follower  111  in contact with a surface of the cam  420 . Maintaining this contact may be assisted by springs (not shown) placed over the vertical posts  450  and bearing on the upper supports of the vertical posts  450 , or a similar configuration, so as to exert a downward pressure on the central compartment  10  when the central compartment  10  is in a uppermost position (such as shown in  FIG. 6  B).  FIG. 6  A shows the central compartment  10  in a lowered position and the cam follower  111  is closer to the axis upon which the cam  420  rotates than the situation which obtains when the central compartment  10  is in the uppermost position (as shown in  FIG. 6  B). 
     The deflector bar  110  may be omitted or, alternatively, also provided in the side compartments. A resilient member may be projected from the deflector bar  110 , or other surface of a compartment, or a surface of the enclosure, so as to deflect or guide the cards being introduced into a compartment so that the cards are accumulated in a stack oriented substantially flat with respect to a bottom surface of the compartment. 
     A second cam  420  and cam follower  111  may be provided on an opposing side of the central compartment  10  so that the forces applied in the lifting process are symmetrically distributed. 
     As may be seen in  FIG. 6  B and in more detail in  FIG. 7 , the cam  420  is rotatably moved by a gear train  500  coupled to the motor  460 . The cam  420  is fixably attached to an end of shaft stub  510 , mounted to a bushing (not shown) in an end plate  580  of the elevator mechanism. The shaft stub  510  is rotated by the motor  460 , the motor  460  being fixably attached to the assembly body (not shown) by a mounting bracket  520 . A motor shaft is terminated by a pinion gear  530 , engaging a bull gear  550 . The bull gear  550  is fixedly attached to a shaft  540  extending between bushings on opposing end plates  580 . Also attached at either end of the shaft  540  are second pinion gears  560 , engaging second bull gears  570 . The second bull gears  570  are mounted to the end plates  580  by a shaft having a third pinion gear  590  on an opposing side of the end plate  580 , so as to rotatably captivate the second bull gear  570  to end plate  580 . The third pinion gear  590  engages a geared portion  595  of the shaft stub  510 . When the motor  460  rotates, the gear train causes the cam to rotate about the shaft stub  510  as an axis. The cam follower  111 , in contact with the cam  420 , raises or lowers the central compartment  10 , depending on the direction of rotation of the motor  460 . 
     The details of the gear train are a matter of engineering choice depending on the mechanical advantage desired, the overall layout of the assembly, and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , a left-hand compartment transport mechanism  800 , a central compartment transport mechanism  700  and a right-hand compartment transport mechanism  900  may be provided for dispensing cards from each of the compartments to another of the compartments. The central compartment transport mechanism  700  may be configured so as to be capable of dispensing cards into the left-hand compartment  30  or the right-hand compartment  20 . The left-hand compartment transport mechanism  800  is capable of dispensing cards from the left-hand compartment  30  to the central compartment  10 , and the right-hand compartment transport mechanism  900  is capable of dispensing cards from the right-hand compartment  20  to the central compartment  10 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the central compartment transport mechanism  700  is mounted beneath the lower surface  100  of the central compartment. A motor  710  is mounted to the underside of the lower surface  100  and drives a belt  720  engaging with fixed pulleys  730  and  735  disposed near opposing sides of the central compartment  10  and pulley  737  on the motor shaft. Right-hand pulley  730  is mounted at an end of shaft  740  which is supported with respect to the lower surface  100  by mountings  745 , having a bushing. Two rollers  738  are attached to the shaft  740  such that they rotate with the shaft  740 . The rollers  738  are sized such that they project through the lower surface  100 . An opening  772  is provided in the lower surface  100  so that the rollers  738  may contact the bottom card of the deck of cards, or portion thereof that may be in the central compartment  10 . Another pulley and roller  750  are disposed in an opening in the central region of the lower surface  100 . 
     When the motor  710  is actuated and rotates in a clockwise direction as viewed from the front in  FIG. 8 , pulley  730  also rotates in a clockwise direction and similarly drives the rollers  738 . The pulley driving the central roller  750  is arranged such that the central roller  750  also rotates in a clockwise direction. The lowermost card of a deck of cards, resting on the central roller  750  and the right-hand rollers  738  will be urged towards the right-hand compartment  20  through a slot  1100  in the lower right-hand side of the central compartment  10 . Rollers are also present on the left-hand side of the central compartment  10  and may rotate in the same direction as the rollers previously described. The left-hand rollers may contribute to the initial urging force for transporting the card from the central compartment  10  to the right-hand compartment  20 . 
     When the motor  710  is actuated and rotates in a counterclockwise direction, the direction of rotation of the rollers  738  and  750  is reversed, and the lowermost card of the deck of cards will be urged towards the left-hand compartment  30  through a slot in the lower left-hand side of the central compartment  10 . Thus, by controlling the direction of rotation of the motor  710 , the cards may be dispensed or ejected into one or the other of the side compartments. The number of cards dispensed may be determined by the time duration of operation of the motor, the number of revolutions of the rollers, or by a sensor determining the number of cards dispensed through a slot or received by a compartment. The exhaustion of the stack of cards in a compartment may also be used to sense completion of a portion of the process. 
     The completion of this aspect of the process may be determined by any one or more of: time duration of the dispensing operation; the number of rotations of a roller; a sensor in the compartment from which the cards are ejected; a sensor in the compartment receiving the cards, or the like. Whenever a card transfer operation is described, the means of determining completion of a step or a portion of a step being described may be determined by one or more of the sensing or timing operations. The sensing operation may be by any one of optical or mechanical means such as a photodetector, feeler gauge or the like, and the control of the device actions may be by means of a mechanical linkage, or a microprocessor having a memory and executing stored computer readable instructions. 
     The rollers  750 ,  738  may be smooth, roughened, or have sticky properties. In addition, the roller  750 , which may be termed a “kicker” may have a surface where a segment of the circumference is recessed with respect to a maximum diameter of the roller. In this aspect, the roller  750  may contact the card for only a portion of the rotation of the roller. The kicker may operate to lift the deck of cards so that a plane of the lower card is angled towards the slot or aperture. When the roller  750  is extended to approximately a maximum height above the bottom surface of the compartment, the lower card may be positioned with respect to the aperture so as facilitate the passage of the card through the aperture. This may result in approximately a maximum projection of a portion the aperture orthogonal to the plane of the card being dispensed or ejected through the aperture. When used in this manner, the roller may assist in maintaining a flow of individually dispensed cards. The aperture may be sized and dimensioned so that a card lying approximately flat with respect to the bottom of the compartment may not pass through the aperture. 
     Each of the side compartments has a similar transport mechanism to that of the central compartment  10 . The side compartment transport mechanisms  800 ,  900  may have a central roller  750  and rollers  738  disposed at the side of the compartment adjacent to the slot leading into the central compartment through the lower side wall of the side compartment. As cards in either of the side compartment are dispensed into the central compartment  10  from either the left-hand compartment  30  or the right-hand compartment  20 , the motor associated with the transport mechanism is rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise as appropriate. 
     The side compartment rollers  738  are illustrated in  FIG. 9  A, where it may be seen that adjacent rollers  738  may be provided in each side compartment, protruding through a slot  740  in the lower surfaces  101  and  102  of the side compartments. The spacing between the rollers in the side compartments is such that the rollers are disposed between the rollers  738  at either side of the central compartment  10 . This is one of many configurations of rollers which may be used. The side compartment rollers  738  may be combined into a single roller, or the arrangement of the side compartment rollers and the central compartment rollers interchanged. A slotted opening  770  may be provided in the side walls of the central compartment  10  so as to provide clearance for the rollers  738  of the side compartments when the central compartment is raised or lowered with respect to the side compartments by the elevator mechanism. 
     A continuous belt  720  has been shown, but other belt arrangements such as a toothed belt engaging with toothed pulleys or a gear train may also be used. More than one motor may be used to actuate a transport mechanism, and the various pulleys may be sized such that the rotation rate of the rollers may differ. 
     The weight of a card or cards in the compartment may be sufficient to provide a contact force between the card and the roller  738  or the kicker roller  750  so that the card may be transported in the desired direction in response to the rotation of the motor. 
     In operation, the central compartment  10  containing a deck of cards  90  and associated transport mechanism  700  may raised by the elevator mechanism so that the dispensing slots  1100  in the central compartment  10  are positioned opposing a top opening in each of the left-hand  20  and the right-hand  30  compartments. The transport mechanism  700  may be operated with the motor turning in a clockwise direction so as to eject cards through the dispensing slot  1100  towards the top opening in the right-hand compartment  20 . When a desired quantity of cards has been dispensed in this manner, the rotation sense of the motor may be changed to a counterclockwise direction so that cards may be dispensed through the dispensing slot  1100  from the central compartment  10  into the top opening of the left-hand compartment  30 . This dispensing operation is continued until a desired number of cards had been ejected. When stripping cards, these operations may be repetitively performed multiple times. When cutting or splitting a deck, approximately half of the cards are dispensed in the first step and the remainder of the cards are dispensed in the second step. The second step may be run for a time longer than the time duration of the first step, if the step is a timed step, so as to ensure the exhaustion of cards from the central compartment  10 . 
     Once the deck of cards  90  has been cut or stripped, the central compartment  10  is positioned such that the open top of the central compartment  10  permits cards ejected through the dispensing slot  1600  of the left-hand compartment  30  and the right-hand compartment  20  to be merged into a single deck of cards  90  using the riffling process previously described. 
     The riffling operation is performed by positioning the central compartment  10  so that a top open portion thereof is disposed approximately opposite a dispensing slot  1600  in each of the side compartments ( FIG. 9 ). The card transport mechanisms  800 ,  900  in the left-hand compartment  20  and the right-hand compartment  30  may be actuated such that both of the card transport mechanisms are active for a substantially simultaneous or simultaneous period of time. The card transport mechanisms eject or dispense cards through the slot  1600  of each of the left-hand compartment  30  and the right-hand compartment  20  into the open top of the central compartment  10 . The ejected cards may contact the card deflector  110  so as to be guided into the central compartment  10 , although this may not be necessary. The dispensing slot  1600  is dimensioned such that, typically, a single card is dispensed for each full rotation of the shaft to which the kicker roller  750  is attached. The result of this process is a merging of card portions  90   a  and  90   b  into a single stack of cards  90  (not shown) in the central compartment  10  by approximately interleaving individual cards from each of the card portions  90   a  and  90   b.    
     The operation of shuffling, including riffling, cutting, and perhaps stripping, may be repeated for a predetermined number of times, typically a total of 6 or 7. The total number of times that the operation is repeated is believed to have an optimum number of 7; however this may be adjusted in accordance with user preferences or requirements, and may be either more or less than 7. A counter display (not shown) may indicate the total number of times the deck of cards  90  has been shuffled. 
     When the deck of cards  90  has been shuffled for the predetermined number of times, the shuffling operation is considered to have been completed. At the conclusion of the shuffling operation, a compartment may be positioned so that the cards can be removed by a user. This may be accomplished by positioning the central compartment  10  so that an end side thereof is opposite an aperture in the side of the apparatus and a portion of the central compartment  10  may be translated so that it projects from the apparatus  1 . Alternatively, the central compartment may be further raised so that the central compartment  10  projects above a top surface of the apparatus  1 . The latter arrangement may be useful for flush mounting of the apparatus with a table top. In an aspect, a side compartment may be positioned so that it protrudes from the apparatus or the housing in a state where a deck of cards is being placed in or removed from the apparatus. 
     The device may automatically translate the central compartment  10  out from the side of the apparatus  1  so that the cards may be removed or may remain in the end of operations state until the user takes some action, such as pushing a control button, to cause the drawer to extend from the device or by mechanically pulling the drawer out. Once the deck of cards  90  has been removed from the compartment, the apparatus  1  is ready to accept another deck of cards. 
     Each of the compartments has at least one slot  1100 ,  1600 , for dispensing cards, and may have an aperture for receiving cards.  FIG. 10  is a cross sectional view showing an example where an aperture for dispensing cards  100  is provided in a side  11  of the central compartment  10 . The aperture for receiving cards is the open top of the central compartment  10 , having a deflector bar  110 . In another aspect, the top of the central compartment may be closed, and a receiving slot disposed in the upper side portion thereof, which may be disposed opposite a dispensing slot in at bottom side surface of a side compartment. 
       FIG. 10A  is an elevation view of a side of the central compartment  10  as viewed from one of the side compartments. A slot  770  is provided in the side  11  extending from the bottom surface  100  to the top of the side  11  so as to provide a clearance for the rollers  738  (not shown) on the side compartments. Rollers  738  of the central compartment are disposed so as to extend through slot  772  into the central compartment  10 . The rollers  738  are mounted on shaft  740  so as to have a common shaft with pulley  730 . Roller  750  is disposed substantially at the midpoint between opposing side walls  11  of the central compartment  10 . Holes  451  are provided in the corner portions of the central compartment  10  so as to engage with vertical supports  450  (not shown). A slot  1100  is disposed near the bottom of the side walls  11 , and extends part of the distance between the end walls of the central compartment  10 , the length of the slot  1100  being sufficient to accommodate the length of a playing card. A minimum cross section of the slot  1100  is at least greater than the thickness of a playing card, and may be shaped to facilitate the dispensing of a playing card through the slot  1100 . The slot may be angled so that the card may have to be lifted by the kicker in order to pass through the minimum cross-section region. The slot  1600  in the side compartments has similar characteristics to the slot  1100  in the central compartment  10 . 
       FIGS. 10  B-D illustrate simplified cross-sectional views of the central compartment  10 .  FIG. 10B  is a cross section view at B-B through the central kicker roller  750 . The cross-section of the kicker roller  750  is such that the diameter of a portion of the circumference thereof is less than a maximum diameter thereof. The maximum diameter thereof is sufficient to bring a circumferential surface of the kicker roller  750  in contact with a card laying on the lower surface  100 , however the smaller diameter is such that there is no contact between the kicker roller  750  and the card. Therefore, the kicker roller  750  may be in contact with the card for only part of the rotation period of the kicker roller. 
       FIG. 10  C illustrates cross-section A-A where the slot  1100  is at the base of the side wall  11  and may have an aperture formed between a upper surface  1120  associated with the side wall  11  and a lower surface  1110 , associated with the lower surface  100  of the central compartment  10 . The upper  1110  and lower surfaces  1120  of the slot  1100  may be inclined so as to guide the card in a downwards direction as the card is dispensed through the slot  1100 , and to have a dimension between the upper surface  1110  and the lower surface  1120  that is greater than a single card thickness, while having a dimension that tends to result in cards being dispensed substantially one at a time. The slot may be angled downward, and may be sized and dimensioned so that a single card passes through the aperture when the card is urged from an angled position by the kicker. Thus, only a single card may be dispensed for each revolution of the kicker. The edges of the surfaces  1110  and  1120  may be rounded at the entrance or exit of the slot  1100 . 
       FIG. 10  D illustrates cross-section C-C through one of the rollers  738  and shows the opening  772  permitting the roller  738  to project through the bottom  100  of the central compartment  10  so as to be capable of contacting a card laying on the upper surface of the bottom portion  100 . 
     The side compartments are similar in construction to that of the center compartment, however a roller may not be provided on the side of the side compartment distal from the central compartment  10 , and the equivalent of a slot  770  may be provided should a clearance aperture be needed between the rollers  738  of the side compartment and a side  11  of the central compartment  10 . The side compartments may be sized so as to receive half of the deck  90  as the cutting, splitting or stripping processes transfer only half of the cards in the deck from the central compartment to any one of the side compartments, providing that the side compartment so sized is not one through which a full deck of cards is introduced to, or removed from, the apparatus. 
     A variety of elevator mechanisms are known to those of skill in the art, and would be selected depending on the size of the overall apparatus and the placement of other components within the apparatus, the weight to be moved, or other engineering considerations. 
     In an aspect, the elevator mechanism may be as shown in  FIG. 11  A-C. Here, the sliding support posts  450  and the captivation holes  451  are not shown, for clarity. The symmetrical belt drive mechanism of this example has fewer gears and components than that shown in, for example  FIG. 4 , but serves an equivalent purpose. Only the central compartment  10  of the three card compartments is shown. A supporting structure is shown conceptually by surfaces  1350  and  1360 , which may represent the housing of the card shuffler apparatus  1 , or other fixed support so that the support posts  1230 ,  1250 ,  1260 ,  1270  are maintained in a fixed relationship to each other. 
     A motor  460  is mounted to the lower support surface  1360  by a mounting  520  and has a worm  1210  extending from one end thereof. The worm  1210  engages a worm gear  1220  that is fixedly attached to a lower axel  540   a . In this manner the rotational motion of the motor is transferred to a rotational motion of the lower axel  540 . The selection of the gearing of the worm  1210  and worm gear  1220  is selected, for example, based on torque and speed requirements. The axel  540   a  passes through bushings in lower supports  1230  and  1240  so as to permit a pulley  1310   a  to be fixedly attached thereto at one or both ends. Alternatively, the pulley may be affixed to the axel prior to the shaft engaging the bushing. 
     Where the term “fixedly” attached or joined is used, the components being thus described are attached, affixed or joined together in a temporary or permanent manner so that they maintain a fixed relationship to each other in an operational state. Any known fastening technique may be used, depending on manufacturing or servicing considerations, to include gluing, heat sealing, screwing, the use of springs or interlocking portions, riveting, swaging, and the like. Motion in one or more axes other than the axes described as fixed may be permitted during operation 
     An upper axel  540   b  is disposed so as to pass through bushings in upper supports  1250  and  1260 , the supports being fixedly attached to an upper support surface  1350 . Pulleys  1310   b  may be fixedly mounted to ends of the axel  540   b  protruding from the bushings in the upper supports  1250  and  1260 . A continuous belt  1280  is positioned so as to engage with lower pulleys  1310   a  and upper pulleys  1310   b , such that a rotation of the lower pulleys  1310   a  results in a rotation of the upper pulleys  1310   b  and the upper axle  540   b.    
     The central compartment  10  has a engaging fitting  1270 , disposed so as to fixedly engage with a belt  1280 , and as the belt  1280  moves in accordance with the rotation of the lower pulley  1310   a , the central compartment  10  is moved up or down in depending on the sense of rotation of the lower pulley  1310   a.    
     In an aspect, the belt  1280  may be a toothed belt, with the teeth engaging with corresponding gear teeth on the pulley  1310   a . Pulley  1310   b  may have teeth, or may be smooth, and the pulleys may have lips (not shown) at the periphery thereof to prevent the belt from sliding off. The pulleys may be fabricated with a sticky surface for contacting the belt in place of the teeth, or the contact between the belt and the pulleys maintained by frictional forces. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates the mechanism with the central compartment  10  in a raised position, and  FIG. 12  A-B is a perspective view showing the central compartment  10  in a lowered (A) and a raised (B) position. 
     In another example, the automatic card shuffler apparatus may be configured without an elevator mechanism.  FIG. 13  shows a schematic representation of such an apparatus. The same types of card transport mechanisms may be used as described for the first example and the transport mechanisms will not be further described. Similarly the card dispensing slots and other features may be similar, except that there is no elevator mechanism, and clearance slots such as  770  in the previous example may not be needed. 
     A plurality of center compartments  10  are arranged such that they are vertically interleaved with side compartments  20 ,  30 . Each of the center compartments  10   a - 10   d , except for the lowermost compartment  10   d  have a card transport mechanism similar to the card transport mechanism  700  of the first example. The topmost center compartment  10   a  receives a deck of cards  90  and the card transport mechanism  700  of the center compartment  10   a  is operated to dispense the cards into side compartments  20   a  and  30   a . Next, the card transport mechanisms  900  and  800  of the side compartments  20   a  and  30   a  are operated to riffle the cards into the next lower central compartment  10   b . Once this is completed, the card transport mechanism of compartment  10   b  is operated to dispense cards into side compartments  20   b  and  30   b , in either a cut or riffle operation. Subsequently, the card transport mechanisms  900  and  800  of the side compartments  20   b  and  30   b  are operated to riffle the cards into the central compartment  10   c . The cards in central compartment  10   c  are transferred to side compartments  20   c  and  30   c  and subsequently recombined into a full deck in the central compartment  10   d , which may also act to dispense the card deck  90  to the user. The device may have more or fewer compartments in the vertical stack of compartments depending on the sophistication of the shuffle desired and the manufacturing cost. 
     The arrangement of this example may result in a taller physical structure than that of the first example, but the arrangement may shuffle the cards somewhat faster than the first example, as it may not have the step of displacing the side and central compartments vertically relative to each other. Should more riffling steps be desired, the cards may be manually transferred from the bottom compartment to the top compartment and the shuffling process repeated. 
     In another aspect, the operation of the various transport mechanisms may be scheduled contemporaneously so as to further reduce the time to complete a shuffle and the height of the apparatus. For example, after the cards begin to be transferred from the first center compartment  10   a  into the first side compartments  20   a  and  30   a  by the transport mechanism  700  of the central compartment  10 , and some cards have accumulated in the first side compartments  20   a  and  30   a , the transport mechanisms  800  and  900  thereof may be actuated to begin to move the cards from the first side compartments  20   a  and  30   a  into the second central compartment  10   b . After some cards have accumulated in the second central compartment  10   b , the transport mechanism  700  associated with the second central compartment  10   b  may be actuated such that the cards begin to be transferred from the second central compartment  10   b  into the second side compartments  20   b  and  30   b . The operation of the transport mechanism  700  may be such that the motor operates in a clockwise direction for a period of time such as associated with a stripping operation and then rotates in a counterclockwise direction so that groups of cards are alternately deposited in the side compartments. This operation may be continued until the cards are finally deposited in the lowermost central compartment  10   d . This may significantly shorten the overall time to shuffle a deck of cards by subsuming some of the cutting, stripping, and riffling steps. The height of the central compartments  10   b  and  10   c , and the side compartments  20   a - 20   c  and  30   a - 30   c  may also be reduced as the compartments may not contain more than a portion of the card deck  90  at any one time. 
     This procedure may be more analogous to performing a stripping operation; however, at lest one of the operations may be configured to perform a cut or spilt. For performing a split, the side compartment is sized to hold at least half of the deck, whereas the stripping side compartments may be smaller as cards are being ejected from the side compartment to the central compartment during at least part of the filling process. 
     The operation of the transport mechanisms  800  and  900  may be such that, alternately, the left-hand compartment and the right-hand compartment is the first compartment to begin to return cards the central compartment, and the choice of the left-hand or right-hand compartment to begin this process may be such that the side compartment being filled last is the first to begin to empty the cards into the next central compartment. Other sequences of operation are also possible. 
     Motors and pulleys may be disposed to the side of the compartments or at the ends thereof in order to accommodate the smaller height of the compartments and a motor may be used to operate more than one transport mechanism. 
       FIG. 14  is a block diagram of the card shuffling apparatus  1  showing the various functions which may be controlled by a computational component such as a microprocessor executing a stored program or machine readable instructions. The instructions for implementing processes of the apparatus may be provided on computer-readable storage media or memories which may have permanent and non-permanent storage capability, such as a cache, buffer, RAM, flash, removable media, hard drive or other computer readable storage media, which now exist or may later be developed. The functions, acts or tasks illustrated in the figures or described herein may executed in response to one or more sets of instructions stored in or on computer readable storage media. The functions, acts or tasks are independent of the particular type of instruction set, storage media, processor or processing strategy and may be performed by software, hardware, integrated circuits, firmware, micro code and the like, operating alone or in combination. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates an example of a control and operation of the device  1  by use of a microprocessor  600 . A control panel  1000 , which may be a button or buttons or other input device to initiate a process and provide input to the microprocessor  600  as to the desired operations, and a display  1700  may indicate progress or status. A display may not be provided as the state of the process may be observed visually, particularly when a part of the device is made of transparent material, or by using an indicator light. The left-hand and right-hand compartments  20 ,  30  each may have a transport mechanism  900 ,  800 ; the central compartment  10  may have an elevator mechanism  400  and a transport mechanism  700 , and one or more card level or presence sensors. The elevator mechanism  400  may be a component which serves to change the vertical disposition of the central compartment with respect to the side compartments. Alternatively, the central compartment may be fixed in vertical position, and right-hand and left-hand compartments may be changed in vertical position. The central compartment  10  may also include a manual or automatic mechanism to extend the cards outwards from a side or from the top for used access. Alternatively, one of the side compartments may be adapted to dispense the cards to a user. 
       FIG. 15  illustrates a detail of a compartment, which may be the central compartment  10 , and which may provide for convenient access to the central compartment  10  for the purpose of introducing a deck of cards  90  into the automatic card shuffling apparatus  1 .  FIG. 15  A illustrates a manually operated access mechanism. One end  12  of the central compartment  10  is fabricated such that it is not joined the sides  11  of the central compartment, but is slidably secured to the bottom surface  100  of the central compartment  10 . Pulling on the end  12  causes the end to slidably move outward, guided and restrained by slides  14  engaging with the bottom  100  of the central compartment.  FIG. 15  B shows the situation where the end has been slid outward so that the deck cards may be accessed. In the arrangement of  FIG. 15  B, the slides  14  and end  12  have been urged outward by a spring  19 , which is compressed when the end  12  is in the closed position. Any of a number of known latch mechanisms may be used to restrain the end  12  in a closed position. Another example of a card accessing mechanism is shown in  FIG. 15  C, where the tray has a bottom insert  16  having a rack gear disposed on the underside thereof. The rack gear engages with a motor-driven pinion gear (not shown) and the motor may be operated to extend or retract the bottom insert  16 . 
     In a method of shuffling cards, an apparatus is provided, including a left-hand compartment, a right-hand compartment and a central compartment. The central compartment is adapted to dispense cards into at least one of the left-hand or right-hand compartments, and the left-hand and the right-hand compartments are adapted to dispense cards into the central compartment. After a deck of cards is placed in, or transferred to, the central compartment, a cutting-stripping-riffling (shuffling) operation may be initiated either by an operator pressing a button, or by the device sensing a deck of cards being placed in a compartment thereof. In a cutting-riffling method, the deck of cards is dispensed from the central compartment into the left-hand and right-hand compartments in approximately equal numbers, by dispensing a portion of the deck representing approximately half of the cards into the one side compartment and then dispensing the remainder of the cards into the other side compartment. The relative vertical position of the central compartment with respect to the side compartments may be adjusted such that cards in the side compartments may be dispensed into the central compartment. Cards are dispensed from the side compartments such that approximately one card from each of the side compartments is alternately dispensed into the central compartment until the cards in the side compartments are exhausted. 
     Alternatively, the central compartment and the side compartments may be disposed in a staggered cascaded arrangement. 
     In another method of shuffling cards, a stripping-riffling operation may be performed similarly to that of the cutting-riffling operation, where the stripping operation may be considered as a modification of the cutting operation. Rather than dispensing approximately half of the deck from the central compartment into, for example, the right-hand compartment, a number of cards, but less than half of the deck is dispensed into the right-hand compartment. Next, a number of cards, but less than half of the deck, is dispensed into the left-hand compartment. This process is continued until there are no cards remaining in the central compartment. The method continues from the state in the method previously described, where the cutting step has been performed. 
     The various steps in this method may be performed in an order other than that described above, and various combinations and repetitions of the elemental steps may be performed. 
     It will be appreciated that this recitation of elements and functionalities is intended to convey an appreciation for the types of elements and functionalities which may be present, however not all of the elements and functionalities may be found in a specific embodiment, and other elements or functionalities may be used repetitively. Ancillary equipment such as a power supply, which may be batteries, a AC-DC converter (battery eliminator), an AC power supply, or the like, are not shown as they are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art, as are the various types of motors, display and control interfaces. 
     Although the present invention has been explained by way of the examples described above, it should be understood to the ordinary skilled person in the art that the invention is not limited to the embodiments, but rather that various changes or modifications thereof are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention shall be determined only by the appended claims and their equivalents.