Patent Publication Number: US-8989026-B2

Title: User-specific search space design for multi-carrier operation

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119 
     The present application for patent claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/315,374, entitled, “UE-specific search space design for multi-carrier operation in LTE-A”, filed Mar. 18, 2010, and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communications and, more particularly, to a method for designing user-specific search space for multi-carrier operations in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) wireless systems. 
     2. Background 
     Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, 3 rd  Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) systems, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems. 
     Generally, a wireless multiple-access communication system can simultaneously support communication for multiple wireless terminals. Each terminal communicates with one or more base stations via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations. This communication link may be established via a single-input single-output, multiple-input single-output or a multiple-input multiple-output system. 
     A wireless multiple-access communication system can support a time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) systems. In a TDD system, the forward and reverse link transmissions are on the same frequency region so that the reciprocity principle allows the estimation of the forward link channel from the reverse link channel. This enables the access point to extract transmit beamforming gain on the forward link when multiple antennas are available at the access point. 
     The 3GPP LTE-A represents a major advance in cellular technology and it is a next step forward in cellular 3 rd  generation (3G) services as a natural evolution of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The LTE-A provides for an uplink speed of up to 75 megabits per second (Mbps) and a downlink speed of up to 300 Mbps, and brings many technical benefits to cellular networks. The LTE-A is designed to meet carrier needs for high-speed data and media transport as well as high-capacity voice support. The bandwidth may be scalable from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz. This suits the requirements of different network operators that have different bandwidth allocations, and also allows operators to provide different services based on spectrum. The LTE-A is also expected to improve spectral efficiency in 3G networks, allowing carriers to provide more data and voice services over a given bandwidth. 
     Physical layer (PHY) of the LTE-A standard is a highly efficient means of conveying both data and control information between an enhanced base station (eNodeB) and mobile user equipment (UE). The LTE-A PHY employs advanced technologies that are new to cellular applications. These include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) data transmission. In addition, the LTE-A PHY uses OFDMA on the downlink and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) on the uplink. OFDMA allows data to be directed to or from multiple users on a subcarrier-by-subcarrier basis for a specified number of symbol periods. 
     In the LTE-A system, a user equipment (UE) may be configured with one or more component carriers (CCs). The cross-carrier signaling may be enabled, such that the scheduling of Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmissions on one CC may come from Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) on a different CC. As a result, one CC may comprise multiple PDCCHs scheduling PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions on two or more CCs. 
     SUMMARY 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communications. The method generally includes receiving a subframe with an indication about a plurality of component carriers (CCs) configured for data communications, wherein each of the CCs is indicated in a control channel element (CCE) of a different plurality of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) candidates within the subframe, searching, within a first plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for an indication about a first CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search starts from a CCE with an index that is randomly derived, and searching, within a second plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for another indication about a second CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search for the other indication starts from another CCE with another index derived based on the index and an offset. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes a receiver configured to receive a subframe with an indication about a plurality of component carriers (CCs) configured for data communications, wherein each of the CCs is indicated in a control channel element (CCE) of a different plurality of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) candidates within the subframe, a first circuit configured to search, within a first plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for an indication about a first CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search starts from a CCE with an index that is randomly derived, and a second circuit configured to search, within a second plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for another indication about a second CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search for the other indication starts from another CCE with another index derived based on the index and an offset. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes means for receiving a subframe with an indication about a plurality of component carriers (CCs) configured for data communications, wherein each of the CCs is indicated in a control channel element (CCE) of a different plurality of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) candidates within the subframe, means for searching, within a first plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for an indication about a first CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search starts from a CCE with an index that is randomly derived, and means for searching, within a second plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for another indication about a second CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search for the other indication starts from another CCE with another index derived based on the index and an offset. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a computer-program product for wireless communications. The computer-program product includes a computer-readable medium comprising instructions executable to receive a subframe with an indication about a plurality of component carriers (CCs) configured for data communications, wherein each of the CCs is indicated in a control channel element (CCE) of a different plurality of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) candidates within the subframe, search, within a first plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for an indication about a first CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search starts from a CCE with an index that is randomly derived, and search, within a second plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for another indication about a second CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search for the other indication starts from another CCE with another index derived based on the index and an offset. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide a wireless node. The wireless node generally includes at least one antenna, a receiver configured to receive via the at least one antenna a subframe with an indication about a plurality of component carriers (CCs) configured for data communications, wherein each of the CCs is indicated in a control channel element (CCE) of a different plurality of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) candidates within the subframe, a first circuit configured to search, within a first plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for an indication about a first CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search starts from a CCE with an index that is randomly derived, and a second circuit configured to search, within a second plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for another indication about a second CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search for the other indication starts from another CCE with another index derived based on the index and an offset. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates an example multiple access wireless communication system in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an access point and a user terminal in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates various components that may be utilized in a wireless device in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an example of number of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) candidates that may be monitored by a user terminal in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an example of multiple search spaces for component carriers (CCs) with starting control channel element (CCE) indices independently derived in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example of randomly derived and expanded search space for multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates another example of randomly derived and expanded search space for multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates an example of user-specific search spaces for multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an example arrangement of user-specific search spaces for multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates another example arrangement of user-specific search spaces for multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example system that facilitates searching for multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates example operations for searching multiple CCs configured within a received subframe in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates example components capable of performing the operations illustrated in  FIG. 12 . 
         FIG. 14A  discloses a continuous carrier aggregation type. 
         FIG. 14B  discloses a non-continuous carrier aggregation type. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim. 
     The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. 
     Although particular aspects are described herein, many variations and permutations of these aspects fall within the scope of the disclosure. Although some benefits and advantages of the preferred aspects are mentioned, the scope of the disclosure is not intended to be limited to particular benefits, uses, or objectives. Rather, aspects of the disclosure are intended to be broadly applicable to different wireless technologies, system configurations, networks, and transmission protocols, some of which are illustrated by way of example in the figures and in the following description of the preferred aspects. The detailed description and drawings are merely illustrative of the disclosure rather than limiting, the scope of the disclosure being defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof. 
     An Example Wireless Communication System 
     The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication networks such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks, etc. The terms “networks” and “systems” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), CDMA2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) and Low Chip Rate (LCR). CDMA2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA, E-UTRA and GSM are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is an upcoming release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, GSM, UMTS and LTE-A are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). CDMA2000 is described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). These various radio technologies and standards are known in the art. For clarity, certain aspects of the techniques are described below for LTE-A, and LTE-A terminology is used in much of the description below. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are related to single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) transmission technique, which utilizes single carrier modulation at a transmitter and frequency domain equalization at a receiver. The SC-FDMA has similar performance and essentially the same overall complexity as the OFDMA. Main advantage of the SC-FDMA is that the SC-FDMA signal provides a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than the OFDMA signal because of its inherent single carrier structure. The SC-FDMA technique has drawn great attention, especially in the uplink communications where lower PAPR greatly benefits a mobile terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency. This technique is currently utilized as the uplink multiple access scheme in 3GPP LTE, 3GPP LTE-A, or Evolved UTRA. 
     The teachings herein may be incorporated into (e.g., implemented within or performed by) a variety of wired or wireless apparatuses (e.g., nodes). In some aspects, a wireless node implemented in accordance with the teachings herein may comprise an access point or an access terminal. 
     An access point (“AP”) may comprise, be implemented as, or known as NodeB, Radio Network Controller (“RNC”), eNodeB, Base Station Controller (“BSC”), Base Transceiver Station (“BTS”), Base Station (“BS”), Transceiver Function (“TF”), Radio Router, Radio Transceiver, Basic Service Set (“BSS”), Extended Service Set (“ESS”), Radio Base Station (“RBS”), or some other terminology. 
     An access terminal (“AT”) may comprise, be implemented as, or known as an access terminal, a subscriber station, a subscriber unit, a mobile station, a remote station, a remote terminal, a user terminal, a user agent, a user device, user equipment, a user station, or some other terminology. In some implementations an access terminal may comprise a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) phone, a wireless local loop (“WLL”) station, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, a Station (“STA”), or some other suitable processing device connected to a wireless modem. Accordingly, one or more aspects taught herein may be incorporated into a phone (e.g., a cellular phone or smart phone), a computer (e.g., a laptop), a portable communication device, a portable computing device (e.g., a personal data assistant), an entertainment device (e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio), a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium. In some aspects the node is a wireless node. Such wireless node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a multiple access wireless communication system according to one aspect is illustrated. An access point  100  (AP) may include multiple antenna groups, one group including antennas  104  and  106 , another group including antennas  108  and  110 , and an additional group including antennas  112  and  114 . In  FIG. 1 , only two antennas are shown for each antenna group, however, more or fewer antennas may be utilized for each antenna group. Access terminal  116  (AT) may be in communication with antennas  112  and  114 , where antennas  112  and  114  transmit information to access terminal  116  over forward link  120  and receive information from access terminal  116  over reverse link  118 . Access terminal  122  may be in communication with antennas  106  and  108 , where antennas  106  and  108  transmit information to access terminal  122  over forward link  126  and receive information from access terminal  122  over reverse link  124 . In a FDD system, communication links  118 ,  120 ,  124  and  126  may use different frequency for communication. For example, forward link  120  may use a different frequency then that used by reverse link  118 . 
     Each group of antennas and/or the area in which they are designed to communicate is often referred to as a sector of the access point. In one aspect of the present disclosure each antenna group may be designed to communicate to access terminals in a sector of the areas covered by access point  100 . 
     In communication over forward links  120  and  126 , the transmitting antennas of access point  100  may utilize beamforming in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of forward links for the different access terminals  116  and  124 . Also, an access point using beamforming to transmit to access terminals scattered randomly through its coverage causes less interference to access terminals in neighboring cells than an access point transmitting through a single antenna to all its access terminals. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the AP  100  may transmit multiple Physical Downlink Control Channels (PDCCHs) to at least one of the access terminals  116 ,  122  using a component carrier (CC). The PDCCHs may be utilized to schedule Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)/Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) transmissions on two or more different CCs. The access terminals  116 ,  122  may receive the PDCCHs, and may perform searching of the PDCCHs for an indication about the two or more CCs on which the PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions are scheduled. The searching may be performed in accordance with one of proposed algorithms of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an aspect of a transmitter system  210  (also known as the access point) and a receiver system  250  (also known as the access terminal) in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system  200 . At the transmitter system  210 , traffic data for a number of data streams is provided from a data source  212  to a transmit (TX) data processor  214 . 
     In one aspect of the present disclosure, each data stream may be transmitted over a respective transmit antenna. TX data processor  214  formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data. 
     The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream is then modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK, or M-QAM) selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream may be determined by instructions performed by processor  230 . 
     The modulation symbols for all data streams are then provided to a TX MIMO processor  220 , which may further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). TX MIMO processor  220  then provides N T  modulation symbol streams to N T  transmitters (TMTR)  222   a  through  222   t . In certain aspects of the present disclosure, TX MIMO processor  220  applies beamforming weights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted. 
     Each transmitter  222  receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. N T  modulated signals from transmitters  222   a  through  222   t  are then transmitted from N T  antennas  224   a  through  224   t , respectively. 
     At receiver system  250 , the transmitted modulated signals may be received by N R  antennas  252   a  through  252   r  and the received signal from each antenna  252  may be provided to a respective receiver (RCVR)  254   a  through  254   r . Each receiver  254  may condition (e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitize the conditioned signal to provide samples, and further process the samples to provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream. 
     An RX data processor  260  then receives and processes the N R  received symbol streams from N R  receivers  254  based on a particular receiver processing technique to provide N T  “detected” symbol streams. The RX data processor  260  then demodulates, deinterleaves, and decodes each detected symbol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by RX data processor  260  may be complementary to that performed by TX MIMO processor  220  and TX data processor  214  at transmitter system  210 . 
     A processor  270  periodically determines which pre-coding matrix to use. Processor  270  formulates a reverse link message comprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. The reverse link message may comprise various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The reverse link message is then processed by a TX data processor  238 , which also receives traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source  236 , modulated by a modulator  280 , conditioned by transmitters  254   a  through  254   r , and transmitted back to transmitter system  210 . 
     At transmitter system  210 , the modulated signals from receiver system  250  are received by antennas  224 , conditioned by receivers  222 , demodulated by a demodulator  240 , and processed by a RX data processor  242  to extract the reserve link message transmitted by the receiver system  250 . Processor  230  then determines which pre-coding matrix to use for determining the beamforming weights, and then processes the extracted message. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the access point  210  may transmit multiple PDCCHs to the access terminal  250  using a certain component carrier (CC). The PDCCHs may be utilized to schedule PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions on two or more different CCs. The access terminal  250  may receive the PDCCHs, and then the processor  270  may perform searching of the PDCCHs for an indication about the two or more CCs on which the PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions are scheduled. The searching may be performed in accordance with one of proposed algorithms of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates various components that may be utilized in a wireless device  302  that may be employed within the wireless communication system illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The wireless device  302  is an example of a device that may be configured to implement the various methods described herein. The wireless device  302  may be a base station  100  or any of user terminals  116  and  122 . 
     The wireless device  302  may include a processor  304  which controls operation of the wireless device  302 . The processor  304  may also be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU). Memory  306 , which may include both read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM), provides instructions and data to the processor  304 . A portion of the memory  306  may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). The processor  304  typically performs logical and arithmetic operations based on program instructions stored within the memory  306 . The instructions in the memory  306  may be executable to implement the methods described herein. 
     The wireless device  302  may also include a housing  308  that may include a transmitter  310  and a receiver  312  to allow transmission and reception of data between the wireless device  302  and a remote location. The transmitter  310  and receiver  312  may be combined into a transceiver  314 . A single or a plurality of transmit antennas  316  may be attached to the housing  308  and electrically coupled to the transceiver  314 . The wireless device  302  may also include (not shown) multiple transmitters, multiple receivers, and multiple transceivers. 
     The wireless device  302  may also include a signal detector  318  that may be used in an effort to detect and quantify the level of signals received by the transceiver  314 . The signal detector  318  may detect such signals as total energy, energy per subcarrier per symbol, power spectral density and other signals. The wireless device  302  may also include a digital signal processor (DSP)  320  for use in processing signals. 
     The various components of the wireless device  302  may be coupled together by a bus system  322 , which may include a power bus, a control signal bus, and a status signal bus in addition to a data bus. 
     In an aspect of the present disclosure, the wireless device  302  may receive multiple PDCCHs transmitted from a serving base station (not shown) using a component carrier (CC). The PDCCHs may be utilized to schedule PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions on two or more different CCs. The processor  304  of the wireless device  302  may perform searching of the received PDCCHs for an indication about the two or more CCs on which the PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions are scheduled. The searching may be performed in accordance with one of proposed methods of the present disclosure. 
     In one aspect of the present disclosure, logical wireless communication channels may be classified into control channels and traffic channels. Logical control channels may comprise a Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) which is a downlink (DL) channel for broadcasting system control information. A Paging Control Channel (PCCH) is a DL logical control channel that transfers paging information. A Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) is a point-to-multipoint DL logical control channel used for transmitting Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (MBMS) scheduling and control information for one or several Multicast Traffic Channels (MTCHs). Generally, after establishing Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection, the MCCH may be only used by user terminals that receive MBMS. A Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bi-directional logical control channel that transmits dedicated control information and it is used by user terminals having an RRC connection. Logical traffic channels may comprise a Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) which is a point-to-point bi-directional channel dedicated to one user terminal for transferring user information. Furthermore, logical traffic channels may comprise a Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH), which is a point-to-multipoint DL channel for transmitting traffic data. 
     Transport channels may be classified into DL and UL channels. DL transport channels may comprise a Broadcast Channel (BCH), a Downlink Shared Data Channel (DL-SDCH) and a Paging Channel (PCH). The PCH may be utilized for supporting power saving at the user terminal (i.e., Discontinuous Reception (DRX) cycle may be indicated to the user terminal by the network), broadcasted over an entire cell and mapped to physical layer (PHY) resources which can be used for other control/traffic channels. The UL transport channels may comprise a Random Access Channel (RACH), a Request Channel (REQCH), an Uplink Shared Data Channel (UL-SDCH) and a plurality of PHY channels. 
     The PHY channels may comprise a set of DL channels and UL channels. The DL PHY channels may comprise: Common Pilot Channel (CPICH), Synchronization Channel (SCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), Shared DL Control Channel (SDCCH), Multicast Control Channel (MCCH), Shared UL Assignment Channel (SUACH), Acknowledgement Channel (ACKCH), DL Physical Shared Data Channel (DL-PSDCH), UL Power Control Channel (UPCCH), Paging Indicator Channel (PICH), and Load Indicator Channel (LICH). The UL PHY Channels may comprise: Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), Channel Quality Indicator Channel (CQICH), Acknowledgement Channel (ACKCH), Antenna Subset Indicator Channel (ASICH), Shared Request Channel (SREQCH), UL Physical Shared Data Channel (UL-PSDCH), and Broadband Pilot Channel (BPICH). 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure support designing user-specific search space(s) for searching Physical Downlink Control Channels (PDCCHs) transmitted on one component carrier (CC) that schedules Physical Downlink Shared Channel/Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PDSCH/PUSCH) transmissions on two or more CCs. 
     Design of PDCCH Search Space for Component Carriers in Long Term Evolution Systems 
     In Long Term Evolution (LTE) Release-8, each user equipment (UE) may monitor both a common search space and a UE-specific search space in a control region. A search space may comprise a set of CCE locations where a UE may find its PDCCHs. All UEs are aware of the common search space, while the dedicated search space is configured for an individual UE. The maximum number of PDCCH candidates that an UE may attempt to decode in a subframe is listed in  FIG. 4 . It can be observed that there may be up to six PDCCH candidates in the common search space (i.e., four for control channel element (CCE) aggregation level 4, and two for aggregation level 8), and up to 16 candidates in the UE-specific search space (i.e., six for aggregation level 1, six for aggregation level 2, two for aggregation level 4, and two for aggregation level 8). The PDCCH candidates are transmitted using a number of CCEs. It can be observed from  FIG. 4  that the number of CCEs to be searched within each PDCCH candidate of a plurality of PDCCH candidates may depend on the aggregation level. For example, sixteen CCEs are transmitted for both aggregation levels 4 and 8 in the common search space. To find its PDCCH, the UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates in every subframe. Nine sets of four physical resource elements known as resource element groups (REGs) make up each CCE. Also, the aggregation level is the number of CCEs occupied by a given control message sent on the PDDCH. In one example, the aggregation level can be 1, 2, 4 or 8. The aggregation level is chosen by the eNB with taking into consideration the control message size (larger message→higher aggregation level) and the estimated quality of the DL channel between the eNB and the UE (lower channel quality→higher aggregation level). 
     Each UE may be configured via Radio Resource Control (RRC) to operate with one of several possible transmission modes. Under each transmission mode, each UE may be required to monitor up to two different PDCCH sizes. As a result, the number of hypotheses detections may be equal to (6+16)*2=44. 
     It should be noted that each UE may be assigned up to two Radio Network Temporary Identifiers (RNTIs) (e.g., the Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) and semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) (C-RNTI). Determination of UE-specific search space may be based on only one RNTI (e.g., the C-RNTI), and the search space may vary from subframe to subframe. More specifically, CCEs corresponding to PDCCH candidate m of the UE-specific search space with aggregation level L may be given by:
 
 L ·{( Y   k   +m )mod └ N   CCE,k   /L┘}+i,   (1)
 
where Y k  is defined below, i=0, . . . , L−1, and m=0, . . . , M (L) −1. The parameter M (L)  represents the number of PDCCH candidates to monitor in the given search space defined in  FIG. 4 , and the variable Y k  may be defined by:
 
 Y   k =( A·Y   k−1 )mod  D,   (2)
 
where Y −1 =n RNTI ≠0, A=39827, D=65537, k=└n S /2┘, n S  is the slot number within a radio frame taking value s from 0, 1, . . . , 19, and n RNTI  corresponds to a unique RNTI value.
 
     In accordance with certain aspects, the UE-specific search space may have the following properties. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the search spaces for different UEs may or may not overlap. In another aspect, the search space for a given UE may change over subframes, and may be repeated, for example, every 10 subframes or 10 ms. In yet another aspect, the search space for different aggregation levels may follow a tree-structure, i.e., the CCEs for aggregation level L may always start with integer multiples of L. 
     Cross-Carrier Signaling 
     In Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) systems, UE may be configured with multiple carriers (component carriers or CCs). For example, the transmission of PDSCH on one carrier may be signaled by PDCCH on a different carrier, which can be referred to as cross-carrier signaling. 
     In an aspect, the cross-carrier signaling may be realized via an explicit cross-carrier indicator field (CIF) within the PDCCH. The presence of CIF may be semi-statically enabled. Configuration for the presence of CIF may be UE-specific (i.e., not system-specific or cell-specific). The CIF (if configured) may be, for example, a fixed 3-bit field. The CIF location (if configured) may be fixed irrespective of Downlink Control Information (DCI) format size. Cross-carrier assignments may be configured both when the DCI formats have the same and different sizes. The DCI is a message carried by a PDCCH. It includes control information such as resource assignments for a UE or a group of UEs. 
     In an aspect, an upper limit may be established on a total number of blind decodes. Cross carrier scheduling for DCI format 0, 1, 1A, 1B, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B in UE-specific search space may be supported by an explicit CIF. The CIF may not be included in DCI format when cyclic redundancy check (CRC) sum is scrambled by System Information Radio Network Temporary Identifier (SI-RNTI). The CIF may not be included in DCI formats 0, 1A in a common search space when the CRC sum is scrambled by C-RNTI/SPS C-RNTI. 
     Design of PDCCH Search Spaces for Component Carriers 
     The present disclosure proposes designing the UE-specific search space(s) (UESS) for searching PDCCHs transmitted on one CC that schedules PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions on two or more CCs. In one aspect, multiple independent search spaces may be designed. In this case, the PDCCH search space for each PDSCH/PUSCH CC may be independently derived, each following the same mechanism as in the LTE Release-8, with the possible usage of CIF value. In essence, a starting CCE index for each aggregation level for each PDSCH/PUSCH CC may be derived based on equation (1) or based on a variation of it (e.g., by adding the value of CIF). 
     The aforementioned approach is illustrated in  FIG. 5 . UE-specific search spaces  502 ,  504  for two CCs may be designed, wherein starting CCE indices  506 ,  508  for both search spaces may be independently derived. In an aspect, the starting CCE indices  506 ,  508  may be derived randomly. 
     One disadvantage of the approach illustrated in  FIG. 5  can be that the starting CCE indices  506 ,  508  may be derived multiple times. Furthermore, the starting CCE indices for multiple PDSCH/PUSCH CCs may overlap, as all of them may be randomly derived. 
     In another aspect of the present disclosure, one search space may be randomly derived and then expanded to accommodate search for multiple CCs.  FIG. 6  illustrates an example of randomly derived UE-specific search space  602  for searching of one CC, and an expanded search space  604  for searching of another CC in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. A starting CCE index for each aggregation level may be (randomly) derived once, such as a starting CCE index  606  illustrated in  FIG. 6 . This index may be then utilized as the reference for deriving all PDSCH/PUSCH CCs via some fixed offset, such as an offset  608  utilized in  FIG. 6  for deriving a starting CCE index  610  for the search space  604 . The offset  608  (i.e., a difference between the starting index  610  and the starting index  606 ) may be dependent on an aggregation level, system bandwidth, etc. 
     A special case of the search space design approach illustrated in  FIG. 6  is the case when the offset is chosen such that the search spaces for multiple PDSCH/PUSCH CCs are contiguous. This exemplary case is illustrated in  FIG. 7  with contiguous UE-specific search spaces  702  and  704 . 
     One disadvantage of the approach illustrated in  FIGS. 6-7  can be the fact that starting CCE indices of multiple PDSCH/PUSCH CCs utilize one reference point, which may have certain impact on PDCCH blocking probability. Furthermore, search spaces for two or more PDSCH/PUSCH CCs may be overlapped with a higher probability for the search space design approach illustrated in  FIGS. 6-7  than for the scheme from  FIG. 5 . 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure support improved design of search spaces for multiple PDSCH/PUSCH CCs. The proposed search space design may retain some randomness in starting CCE indices of multiple PDSCH/PUSCH CCs. Furthermore, for a particular UE, the proposed design may avoid overlapping of search spaces for multiple PDSCH/PUSCH CCs. 
     It is proposed in the present disclosure to derive the starting CCE index for one PDSCH/PUSCH CC for each aggregation level as in the LTE Release-8. Relative to this CC, random offsets may be defined for each additional PDSCH/PUSCH CC. The randomness may be similarly designed as in the LTE Release 8, but as a function of user identification (ID), cell ID and/or CIF value. The offset may comprise a lower bound, an upper bound, or both bounds. The lower bound may be negative, if overlapping of search spaces is allowed. In an aspect, the upper bound may be equal to 8 CCEs. The bounds may be specified (i.e., hard-coded) in the specifications, or may be configured on a per UE basis. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates an example 800 of user-specific search spaces  802 ,  804  for searching of two different CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. A starting CCE index  806  for a first CC may be randomly derived, while a starting CCE index  808  for a second CC may be derived based on the random index  806  and a random offset  810 , as illustrated in  FIG. 8 . 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure support methods for search space generation that may be applied to a multicarrier case. In an aspect, if N CC,k  is the number of CCs configured in a subframe k, and n=0, 1, . . . , N CC,k −1 is the CC index within the configured CCs, then the PDCCH decoding candidate S k,m,n   (L)  for aggregation level Lε{1, 2, 4, 8}, subframe k, carrier index n and candidate index m may be given as: 
                           ⁢           S     k   ,   m   ,   n       (   L   )       =       L   ·     {       (       Y   k     +   m     )     ⁢   mod   ⁢     ⌊       N     CCE   ,   k       /   L     ⌋       }       +   i       ,     
     ⁢           ⁢       for   ⁢           ⁢   n     =   0       ⁢     
     ⁢         S     k   ,   m   ,   n       (   L   )       =       L   ·     {       (         S     k   ,   m   ,     n   -   1         (   L   )       /   L     +     M     n   -   1       (   L   )       +       P     k   ,   n       ⁢       mod   ⁢   Q     k     (   L   )         +   m     )     ⁢   mod   ⁢     ⌊       N     CCE   ,   k       /   L     ⌋       }       +   i       ,     
     ⁢           ⁢       for   ⁢           ⁢   n     =   1     ,   …   ⁢           ,       N     CC   ,   k       -   1     ,               (   3   )               
where N CCE,k  is the total number of CCEs in the control region of subframe k, Lε{1, 2, 4, 8} is the aggregation level, i=0, . . . , L−1 is the CCE index within a given PDCCH decoding candidate, m=0, 1, . . . , M n   (L) −1 is the PDCCH decoding candidate index, and M n   (L)  is the number of PDCCH candidates to be monitored by the UE in the n th  CC&#39;s search space.
 
     The parameter Q k   (L)  from equation (3) may be a fixed number (e.g., Q k   (L) =3), or Q k   (L)  may be derived according to a specified algorithm, such as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
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     As given by equation (4), the parameter Q k   L ) may be chosen by considering the aggregation level, the number of decoding candidates per CC, and the total number of available CCEs in the subframe, such that the entire CCE search space may be utilized by multiple CCs. In an aspect, the denominator in equation (4) may be replaced by N CC,k . 
     The parameter P k,n  from equation (3) may represent a suitable pseudorandom parameter, which may depend on the subframe index k within a radio frame, on the CC index n, and on the UE-specific identifier n RNTI . For example, the P k,n  may be defined as:
 
 P   k,n   =f ( Y   k+n ),  (5)
 
where f(.) may be any suitable function such as the identity function, and Y k  may be given in a recursive manner as:
 
 Y   k =( A·Y   k−1 )mod  D,   (6)
 
where Y −1 =n RNTI ≠0, A=39827, D=65537, k=└n S /2┘, n S  is the slot number within a radio frame, and the RNTI value n RNTI  is a UE-specific identifier.
 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an example arrangement  900  of user-specific search spaces  902 ,  904 ,  906  for searching of multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. A starting CCE index  908  for a first CC may be randomly derived. On the other hand, a starting CCE index  910  for a second CC may be derived based on the CCE index  908  and a random offset  914  obtained according to equations (4)-(6) for n=1. Furthermore, a starting CCE index  912  for a third CC may be derived based on the previously computed CCE index  910  and a random offset  916  obtained according to equations (4)-(6) for n=2. 
     According to the proposed approach illustrated in  FIG. 9 , the search space for each CC may be calculated by the UE in an iterative manner, which may not allow deriving the search space for all CCs at the same time. An alternate non-recursive search space generation method is also proposed in the present disclosure. 
     In this case, if N CC,k  represents the number of CCs configured in a subframe k, and n=0, 1, . . . , N CC,k −1 is the CC index within the configured CC, then the PDCCH decoding candidate S k,m,n   (L)  for aggregation level Lε{1, 2, 4, 8}, subframe k, carrier index n and candidate index m may be given as, for n=0, 1, . . . , N CC,k −1 
                       S     k   ,   m   ,   n       (   L   )       =       L   ·     {       (             Y   k     +       ∑     c   =   0       n   -   1       ⁢     M   c     (   L   )         +       (     n   -   1     )     ·                   Q   k     (   L   )       +       P     k   ,   n       ⁢       mod   ⁢   Q     k     (   L   )         +   m           )     ⁢   mod   ⁢     ⌊       N     CCE   ,   k       /   L     ⌋       }       +   i       ,           (   7   )               
where N CCE,k  is the total number of CCEs in the control region of the subframe k, Lε{1, 2, 4, 8} is the aggregation level, i=0, . . . , L−1 is the CCE index within a given PDCCH decoding candidate, m=0, 1, . . . , M n   (L) −1 is the PDCCH decoding candidate index, and M n   (L)  is the number of PDCCH candidates to be monitored by the UE in the n th  CC&#39;s search space.
 
     The parameter Q k   (L)  from equation (7) may be a fixed number (e.g., Q k   (L) =3), or Q k   (L)  may be derived according to a specified algorithm, such as: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
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     The parameter P k,n  from equation (7) may represent a suitable pseudorandom parameter, which may depend on the subframe index k within a radio frame, on the CC index n, and on the UE-specific identifier n RNTI . For example, the P k,n  may be defined as:
 
 P   k,n   =f ( Y   k+n ),  (9)
 
where f(.) may be any suitable function such as the identity function, and Y k  may be given in a recursive manner as:
 
 Y   k =( A·Y   k−1 )mod  D,   (10)
 
where Y −1 =n RNTI ≠0, A=39827, D=65537, k=└n S /2┘, n S  is the slot number within a radio frame, and the RNTI value n RNTI  is a UE-specific identifier. It should be noted that any other suitable formula may be also used to generate the pseudorandom values P k,n .
 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example arrangement  1000  of user-specific search spaces  1002 ,  1004 ,  1006  for searching of multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure, wherein the search spaces  1002 ,  1004 ,  1006  may be derived at the same time. A starting CCE index  1008  for a first CC may be randomly derived, while starting CCE indices  1010 ,  1012  for a second CC and a third CC may be independently derived based on the starting CCE index  1008  and random offsets  1014 ,  1016  computed according to equations (8)-(10) for n=1 and n=2, respectively. In an aspect of the present disclosure, the random offset  1016  may be always greater than the random offset  1014 , as illustrated in  FIG. 10 . 
     It should be noted that the special case of expanded search space illustrated in  FIG. 7  represents a sub-case of both the proposed search space arrangement  900  from  FIG. 9  and the search space arrangement  1000  from  FIG. 10  with the setting of Q k   (L) =1. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates an example system  1100  that facilitates searching for multiple CCs in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. The system  1100  may comprise an access point  1102  (e.g., base station, Node B, eNB, and so on) that may communicate with an access terminal  1104  (e.g., UE, mobile station, mobile device, and/or any number of disparate devices (not shown)). The base station  1102  may transmit information to the UE  1104  over a forward link channel or downlink channel; further the base station  1102  may receive information from the UE  1104  over a reverse link channel or uplink channel. Moreover, the system  1100  may be a MIMO system. Additionally, the system  1100  may operate in an OFDMA wireless network (such as 3GPP LTE, LTE-A, and so on). Also, in an aspect, the components and functionalities shown and described below in the base station  1102  may be present in the UE  1104  and vice versa. 
     The base station  1102  may comprise a transmit module  1106  that may transmit multiple PDCCHs over a wireless channel using a component carrier (CC). The PDCCHs may be utilized for scheduling PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions on two or more different CCs. The UE  1104  may comprise a transceiver module  1108  that may be configured to receive the PDCCHs transmitted from the base station  1102 . The UE  1104  may further comprise a search module  1110  that may perform searching of the PDCCHs for an indication about the two or more CCs on which the PDSCH/PUSCH transmissions are scheduled. The searching may be performed in accordance with one of the aforementioned search space arrangements of the present disclosure. The UE  1104  may further comprise a memory  1112  for storing information about the two or more CCs determined by the search module  1110 . 
       FIG. 12  illustrates example operations  1200  that may be performed at UE for searching multiple component carriers (CCs) in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. At  1202 , the UE may receive a subframe with an indication about a plurality of CCs configured for data communications, wherein each of the CCs may be indicated in a control channel element (CCE) of a different plurality of Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) candidates within the subframe. At  1204 , the UE may search, within a first plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for an indication about a first CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search may start from a CCE with an index that is randomly derived. At  1206 , the UE may search, within a second plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for another indication about a second CC from the plurality of CCs, wherein the search for the other indication may start from another CCE with another index derived based on the index and an offset. 
     In an aspect, the UE may further search, within a third plurality of PDCCH candidates of the subframe, for a third indication about a third CC from the plurality of CCs. The search for the third indication may start from a CCE with a third index derived based on the index and another offset greater than the offset. 
     In one aspect of the present disclosure, the data communications may comprise transmitting data from the UE on two or more CCs of the plurality of configured CCs (e.g., PUSCH transmissions). In another aspect, the data communications may comprise receiving data at the UE on two or more CCs of the plurality of configured CCs (e.g., PDSCH transmissions). 
     The various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and/or software component(s) and/or module(s), including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrate circuit (ASIC), or processor. Generally, where there are operations illustrated in Figures, those operations may have corresponding counterpart means-plus-function components with similar numbering. For example, operations  1200  illustrated in  FIG. 12  correspond to components  1200 A illustrated in  FIG. 13 . 
     For the LTE-Advanced mobile systems, two types of carrier aggregation (CA) methods have been proposed, continuous CA and non-continuous CA. They are illustrated in  FIGS. 14A and 14B . Non-continuous CA occurs when multiple available component carriers are separated along the frequency band ( FIG. 4B ). On the other hand, continuous CA occurs when multiple available component carriers are adjacent to each other ( FIG. 4A ). Both non-continuous and continuous CA aggregate multiple LTE/component carriers to serve a single unit of LTE Advanced UE. 
     As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like. 
     As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c. 
     The various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the operations, such as various hardware and/or software component(s), circuits, and/or module(s). Generally, any operations illustrated in the Figures may be performed by corresponding functional means capable of performing the operations. 
     For example, the means for receiving may comprise a receiver, e.g., the receiver  254  from  FIG. 2  of the access terminal  250 , the receiver  312  from  FIG. 3  of the wireless device  302 , or the transceiver module  1108  from  FIG. 11  of the user equipment  1104 . The means for transmitting may comprise a transmitter, e.g., the transmitter  254  from  FIG. 2  of the access terminal  250 , the transmitter  310  from  FIG. 3  of the wireless device  302 , or the transceiver module  1108 . The means for searching may comprise an application specific integrate circuit, e.g., the processor  270  from  FIG. 2  of the access terminal  250 , the processor  304  from  FIG. 3  of the wireless device  302 , or the search module  1110  from  FIG. 11  of the user equipment  1104 . 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array signal (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the present disclosure may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in any form of storage medium that is known in the art. Some examples of storage media that may be used include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), flash memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM and so forth. A software module may comprise a single instruction, or many instructions, and may be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across multiple storage media. A storage medium may be coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. 
     The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. 
     In one or more exemplary embodiments, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage medium may be any available medium that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared (IR), radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Thus, in some aspects computer-readable media may comprise non-transitory computer-readable media (e.g., tangible media). In addition, for other aspects computer-readable media may comprise transitory computer-readable media (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Thus, certain aspects may comprise a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein. For example, such a computer program product may comprise a computer readable medium having instructions stored (and/or encoded) thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein. For certain aspects, the computer program product may include packaging material. 
     Software or instructions may also be transmitted over a transmission medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of transmission medium. 
     Further, it should be appreciated that modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable. For example, such a device can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device. Moreover, any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized. 
     It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims. 
     While the foregoing is directed to aspects of the present disclosure, other and further aspects of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.