Patent Publication Number: US-2023155781-A1

Title: User equipment behavior and requirements for positioning measurement without gap

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/297,646, which was filed Jan. 7, 2022; the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications. For example, some embodiments may relate to user equipment (UE) behavior and requirements for positioning measurements without a gap. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A user equipment (UE) in a wireless cellular network typically receives positioning reference signals (PRSs) from one or more next generation Node Bs (gNBs). The UE performs positioning measurements on the PRSs, such as a received signal time difference (RSTD) measurement. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. To facilitate this description, like reference numerals designate like structural elements. Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG.  1    schematically illustrates a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    schematically illustrates components of a wireless network in accordance with various embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an example process for practicing the various embodiments herein. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates another example process for practicing the various embodiments herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrases “A or B” and “A/B” mean (A), (B), or (A and B). 
     Various embodiments herein provide techniques for the UE to perform positioning measurements (e.g., on a positioning reference signal (PRS)) in a wireless cellular network. For example, embodiments may relate to the UE reporting the timing error group (TEG) information for NR positioning. 
     With respect to the reporting requirements for the PRS measurement requirements in Rel16 [TS38.133] below, the delay requirement of DL PRS RSTD will depend on number of crucial factors which will be addressed below: the number of positioning occasions and the number of consecutive subframes, periodicity of positioning occasions, measurement sampling rate, measurement bandwidth, beam management, and other network assistance information, etc. 
     
       
         
           
             
               T 
               
                 RSTD 
                 , 
                    
                 Total 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 
                   ∑ 
                   
                     i 
                     = 
                     1 
                   
                   L 
                 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     RSTD 
                     , 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
               + 
               
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     L 
                     - 
                     1 
                   
                   ) 
                 
                 * 
                 max 
                 ⁢ 
                    
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     T 
                     
                       effect 
                       , 
                       i 
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where,
         i is the index of positioning frequency layer,   L is total number of positioning frequency layers, and   T effect,i  is the periodicity of the PRS RSTD measurement in positioning frequency layer i       

     T RSTD,i  is the measurement period for PRS RSTD measurement in positioning frequency layer i as specified below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                 
                   RSTD 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   
                     ( 
                     
                       
                         C 
                         ⁢ 
                         S 
                         ⁢ 
                         S 
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           F 
                           
                             PRS 
                             , 
                             i 
                           
                         
                         * 
                         
                           N 
                           
                             
                               Rx 
                               ⁢ 
                                  
                               Beam 
                             
                             , 
                             i 
                           
                         
                         * 
                         
                           ⌈ 
                           
                             
                               N 
                               
                                 PRS 
                                 , 
                                 i 
                               
                               
                                 s 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 l 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 o 
                                 ⁢ 
                                 t 
                               
                             
                             
                               N 
                               ′ 
                             
                           
                           ⌉ 
                         
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           ⌈ 
                           
                             
                               L 
                               
                                 available_PRS 
                                 , 
                                 i 
                               
                             
                             N 
                           
                           ⌉ 
                         
                         * 
                         
                           N 
                           sample 
                         
                       
                       - 
                       1 
                     
                     ) 
                   
                   * 
                   
                     T 
                     
                       effect 
                       , 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
                 + 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     l 
                     ⁢ 
                     a 
                     ⁢ 
                     s 
                     ⁢ 
                     t 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     where:
         N RxBeam,i  is the UE Rx beam sweeping factor. In FR1, N RxBeam,i =1; and in FR2, N RxBeam,i =8.   CSSF PRS,i  is the carrier-specific scaling factor for NR PRS-based positioning measurements in positioning frequency layer i as defined in clause 9.1.5.2.       

     N PRS   slot  is the maximum number of DL PRS resources in positioning frequency layer i configured in a slot.
         L available_PRS,i  is the time duration of available PRS to be measured in the positioning frequency layer i, and is calculated in the same way as PRS duration K defined in clause 5.1.6.5 of TS 38.214 [26].   N sample  is the number of PRS RSTD samples and N sample =4.   T last  is the measurement duration for the last PRS RSTD sample, including the sampling time and processing time, T last =T i +T available_PRS,i ,   T effect,i  is the periodicity of the PRS RSTD measurement in positioning frequency layer i defined as:       

     
       
         
           
             
               T 
               
                 effect 
                 , 
                 i 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ⌈ 
                 
                   
                     T 
                     i 
                   
                   
                     T 
                     
                       available_PRS 
                       , 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⌉ 
               
               * 
               
                 T 
                 
                   available_PRS 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Where,
         T i  corresponds to durationOfPRS-ProcessingSymbolsInEveryTms in TS 37.355 [34],   T available_PRS,i =LCM(T PRS ,i, MGRP i ), the least common multiple between T PRS,i  and MGRP i .   MGRP i  is the repetition periodicity of the measurement gap applicable for measurement in the PRS frequency layer i.   T PRS,i  is the periodicity of DL PRS resource with muting on positioning frequency layer i.       

     If more than one PRS periodicities are configured in positioning frequency layer i, the least common multiple of PRS periodicities T PRS with muting among all DL PRS resource sets in the positioning frequency layer is used to derive the measurement period of that positioning frequency layer i. Where, 
     T per   PRS with muting =N muting *T per   PRS  is the PRS periodicity with muting per PRS resource, 
     T per   PRS  is the periodicity of PRS resource sets given by the higher-layer parameter DL-PRS-Periodicity. 
     N muting  is the scaling factor considering PRS resource muting. If bitmap {b 1 } for higher-layer parameter DL-PRS-MutingPattern is provided, and T per   PRS *T muting   PRS ≤10240 ms, then 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 N 
                 
                   m 
                   ⁢ 
                   u 
                   ⁢ 
                   t 
                   ⁢ 
                   i 
                   ⁢ 
                   n 
                   ⁢ 
                   g 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   T 
                   
                     m 
                     ⁢ 
                     u 
                     ⁢ 
                     t 
                     ⁢ 
                     i 
                     ⁢ 
                     n 
                     ⁢ 
                     g 
                   
                   
                     P 
                     ⁢ 
                     R 
                     ⁢ 
                     S 
                   
                 
                 * 
                 min 
                 ⁢ 
                    
                 
                   ( 
                   
                     L 
                     , 
                     
                       
                         1 
                         ⁢ 
                         0 
                         ⁢ 
                         2 
                         ⁢ 
                         4 
                         ⁢ 
                         0 
                       
                       
                         
                           T 
                           
                             p 
                             ⁢ 
                             e 
                             ⁢ 
                             r 
                           
                           PRS 
                         
                         * 
                         
                           T 
                           
                             m 
                             ⁢ 
                             u 
                             ⁢ 
                             t 
                             ⁢ 
                             i 
                             ⁢ 
                             n 
                             ⁢ 
                             g 
                           
                           PRS 
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   ) 
                 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
     otherwise, if bitmap {b 1 } is not provided or T per   PRS *T muting   PRS &gt;10240 ms, then N muting =1. 
     T muting   PRS  is the muting repetition factor given by the higher-layer parameter DL-PRS-MutingBitRepetitionFactor, and L is the size of the bitmap {b 1 }. 
     Note: For the purpose of calculating TPRS,i, only the PRS resources fully or partially covered by the MG are considered. 
     {N, T} is UE capability combination per band where N is a duration of DL PRS symbols in ms corresponding to durationOfPRS-ProcessingSysmbols in TS 37.355 [34] processed every T ms corresponding to durationOfPRS-ProcessingSymbolsInEveryTms in TS 37.355 [34] for a given maximum bandwidth supported by UE corresponding to supportedBandwidthPRS in TS 37.355 [34]. 
     N′ is UE capability for number of DL PRS resources that it can process in a slot as indicated by maxNumOfDL-PRS-ResProcessedPerSlot specified in TS 37.355 [34]. 
     The time T RSTD,i  starts from the first MG instance aligned with a DL PRS resource(s) of positioning frequency layer i closest in time after both the NR-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData message and NR-TDOA-RequestLocationInformation message are delivered from LMF to the physical layer of UE via LPP [34]. 
     Periodicity of PRS Occasion 
     For the gap-less measurement, the periodicity of PRS occasion (T available_PRS,i ) can be same as the configured PRS periodicity (T PRS,i ) by LMF because no MGRP. 
     The network configured T PRS  is broadcasted to all UEs in a cell. Thus, according to RAN1 agreements on how to define UE processing capability (“T”), it is possible that there is misalignment between the network configured T PRS  and UE specific T. As a result, from RAN4 perspective, the measurement delay requirements may depend on the larger interval of available PRSs. Thus max(T, T PRS ) may be taken as the basic timing interval for PRS measurement latency requirements. 
     In some embodiments, the basic timing interval to be used to define PRS measurement period may be: 
     
       
         
           
             
               T 
               
                 effect 
                 , 
                 i 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ⌈ 
                 
                   
                     T 
                     i 
                   
                   
                     T 
                     
                       PRS 
                       , 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⌉ 
               
               * 
               
                 T 
                 
                   PRS 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Applicable Number of Positioning Frequency Layers (PFLs) 
     In some embodiments, in case of the gap-less PRS measurement, there is only single PFL to be measurement. Otherwise, the gap may be needed. But it is also feasible for the UE which can support the gap less measurement for different PFLs (e.g. the center frequency of different PFLs are same but the active BWP of them not. 
     Accordingly, in some embodiments, the PRS gap-less measurement requirements is applicable for the single PFL only. 
     In other embodiments, when the multiple PFLs configured, UE can decide perform the intra-f measurement for the PFL which can contained within UE&#39;s active bandwidth part (BWP). The UE may perform measurements on other PFLs by inter-frequency measurement. 
     PRS Processing Window 
     Ti can impact the Teffect time above. 
     Carrier Specific Scaling Factor (CSSF) 
     If the gap-less PRS measurement used, the other concurrent PRS processing and the legacy RRM measurements can be possible. The existing CSSF may be updated accordingly. 
     Measurement Gap (MG) Activation and Deactivation Mechanisms 
     In RAN1, the possible measurement gap enhancement in RAN1 were discussed. Up to now, some agreements/working assumptions in RAN1 was achieved [R1-2108639]: 
     Subject to UE capability, support PRS measurement outside the MG, within a PRS processing window, and UE. 
     As the pre-configured MG for PRS was introduced in Rel17, the corresponding requirements for this new aspect may be introduced. For example, in some embodiments, requirements may be defined for the case with MG switch, e.g. by taking into account the new MG. 
     Systems and Implementations 
       FIGS.  1 - 3    illustrate various systems, devices, and components that may implement aspects of disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates a network  100  in accordance with various embodiments. The network  100  may operate in a manner consistent with 3GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems, or the like. 
     The network  100  may include a UE  102 , which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN  104  via an over-the-air connection. The UE  102  may be communicatively coupled with the RAN  104  by a Uu interface. The UE  102  may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, IoT device, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the network  100  may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the UE  102  may additionally communicate with an AP  106  via an over-the-air connection. The AP  106  may manage a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN  104 . The connection between the UE  102  and the AP  106  may be consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP  106  could be a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In some embodiments, the UE  102 , RAN  104 , and AP  106  may utilize cellular-WLAN aggregation (for example, LWA/LWIP). Cellular-WLAN aggregation may involve the UE  102  being configured by the RAN  104  to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources. 
     The RAN  104  may include one or more access nodes, for example, AN  108 . AN  108  may terminate air-interface protocols for the UE  102  by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and L1 protocols. In this manner, the AN  108  may enable data/voice connectivity between CN  120  and the UE  102 . In some embodiments, the AN  108  may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN or virtual baseband unit pool. The AN  108  be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, TRP, etc. The AN  108  may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells. 
     In embodiments in which the RAN  104  includes a plurality of ANs, they may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN  104  is an LTE RAN) or an Xn interface (if the RAN  104  is a 5G RAN). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc. 
     The ANs of the RAN  104  may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc. to provide the UE  102  with an air interface for network access. The UE  102  may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs of the RAN  104 . For example, the UE  102  and RAN  104  may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE  102  to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc. 
     The RAN  104  may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol. 
     In V2X scenarios the UE  102  or AN  108  may be or act as a RSU, which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network. 
     In some embodiments, the RAN  104  may be an LTE RAN  110  with eNBs, for example, eNB  112 . The LTE RAN  110  may provide an LTE air interface with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSI-RS for CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands. 
     In some embodiments, the RAN  104  may be an NG-RAN  114  with gNBs, for example, gNB  116 , or ng-eNBs, for example, ng-eNB  118 . The gNB  116  may connect with 5G-enabled UEs using a 5G NR interface. The gNB  116  may connect with a 5G core through an NG interface, which may include an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB  118  may also connect with the 5G core through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE via an LTE air interface. The gNB  116  and the ng-eNB  118  may connect with each other over an Xn interface. 
     In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN  114  and a UPF  148  (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN  114  and an AMF  144  (e.g., N2 interface). 
     The NG-RAN  114  may provide a 5G-NR air interface with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSI-RS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G-NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub-6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH. 
     In some embodiments, the 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE  102  can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE  102 , the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE  102  with different amount of frequency resources (for example, PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load while allowing power saving at the UE  102  and in some cases at the gNB  116 . A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load. 
     The RAN  104  is communicatively coupled to CN  120  that includes network elements to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (for example, users of UE  102 ). The components of the CN  120  may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN  120  onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN  120  may be referred to as a network sub-slice. 
     In some embodiments, the CN  120  may be an LTE CN  122 , which may also be referred to as an EPC. The LTE CN  122  may include MME  124 , SGW  126 , SGSN  128 , HSS  130 , PGW  132 , and PCRF  134  coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the LTE CN  122  may be briefly introduced as follows. 
     The MME  124  may implement mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE  102  to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc. 
     The SGW  126  may terminate an S1 interface toward the RAN and route data packets between the RAN and the LTE CN  122 . The SGW  126  may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. 
     The SGSN  128  may track a location of the UE  102  and perform security functions and access control. In addition, the SGSN  128  may perform inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME  124 ; MME selection for handovers; etc. The S3 reference point between the MME  124  and the SGSN  128  may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle/active states. 
     The HSS  130  may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions. The HSS  130  can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS  130  and the MME  124  may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the LTE CN  120 . 
     The PGW  132  may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN)  136  that may include an application/content server  138 . The PGW  132  may route data packets between the LTE CN  122  and the data network  136 . The PGW  132  may be coupled with the SGW  126  by an S5 reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW  132  may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (for example, PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the PGW  132  and the data network  1   36  may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The PGW  132  may be coupled with a PCRF  134  via a Gx reference point. 
     The PCRF  134  is the policy and charging control element of the LTE CN  122 . The PCRF  134  may be communicatively coupled to the app/content server  138  to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF  132  may provision associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI. 
     In some embodiments, the CN  120  may be a 5GC  140 . The 5GC  140  may include an AUSF  142 , AMF  144 , SMF  146 , UPF  148 , NSSF  150 , NEF  152 , NRF  154 , PCF  156 , UDM  158 , and AF  160  coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the 5GC  140  may be briefly introduced as follows. 
     The AUSF  142  may store data for authentication of UE  102  and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF  142  may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. In addition to communicating with other elements of the 5GC  140  over reference points as shown, the AUSF  142  may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface. 
     The AMF  144  may allow other functions of the 5GC  140  to communicate with the UE  102  and the RAN  104  and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE  102 . The AMF  144  may be responsible for registration management (for example, for registering UE  102 ), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF  144  may provide transport for SM messages between the UE  102  and the SMF  146 , and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF  144  may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE  102  and an SMSF. AMF  144  may interact with the AUSF  142  and the UE  102  to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF  144  may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the RAN  104  and the AMF  144 ; and the AMF  144  may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. AMF  144  may also support NAS signaling with the UE  102  over an N3 IWF interface. 
     The SMF  146  may be responsible for SM (for example, session establishment, tunnel management between UPF  148  and AN  108 ); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF  148  to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF  144  over N2 to AN  108 ; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE  102  and the data network  136 . 
     The UPF  148  may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network  136 , and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF  148  may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF-to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF  148  may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. 
     The NSSF  150  may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE  102 . The NSSF  150  may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF  150  may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE  102 , or a list of candidate AMFs based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF  154 . The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE  102  may be triggered by the AMF  144  with which the UE  102  is registered by interacting with the NSSF  150 , which may lead to a change of AMF. The NSSF  150  may interact with the AMF  144  via an N22 reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown). Additionally, the NSSF  150  may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface. 
     The NEF  152  may securely expose services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs (e.g., AF  160 ), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF  152  may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF  152  may also translate information exchanged with the AF  160  and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF  152  may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF  152  may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF  152  as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF  152  to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF  152  may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface. 
     The NRF  154  may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF  154  also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF  154  may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface. 
     The PCF  156  may provide policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF  156  may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM  158 . In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF  156  exhibit an Npcf service-based interface. 
     The UDM  158  may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities&#39; handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE  102 . For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N8 reference point between the UDM  158  and the AMF  144 . The UDM  158  may include two parts, an application front end and a UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM  158  and the PCF  156 , and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs  102 ) for the NEF  152 . The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR  221  to allow the UDM  158 , PCF  156 , and NEF  152  to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM  158  may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface. 
     The AF  160  may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. 
     In some embodiments, the 5GC  140  may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE  102  is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. To provide edge-computing implementations, the 5GC  140  may select a UPF  148  close to the UE  102  and execute traffic steering from the UPF  148  to data network  136  via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF  160 . In this way, the AF  160  may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF  160  is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF  160  to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF  160  may exhibit an Naf service-based interface. 
     The data network  136  may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application/content server  138 . 
       FIG.  2    schematically illustrates a wireless network  200  in accordance with various embodiments. The wireless network  200  may include a UE  202  in wireless communication with an AN  204 . The UE  202  and AN  204  may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described elsewhere herein. 
     The UE  202  may be communicatively coupled with the AN  204  via connection  206 . The connection  206  is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an LTE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub-6 GHz frequencies. 
     The UE  202  may include a host platform  208  coupled with a modem platform  210 . The host platform  208  may include application processing circuitry  212 , which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry  214  of the modem platform  210 . The application processing circuitry  212  may run various applications for the UE  202  that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry  212  may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations 
     The protocol processing circuitry  214  may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection  206 . The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry  214  may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations. 
     The modem platform  210  may further include digital baseband circuitry  216  that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry  214  in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ-ACK functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions. 
     The modem platform  210  may further include transmit circuitry  218 , receive circuitry  220 , RF circuitry  222 , and RF front end (RFFE)  224 , which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels  226 . Briefly, the transmit circuitry  218  may include a digital-to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry  220  may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry  222  may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE  224  may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry  218 , receive circuitry  220 , RF circuitry  222 , RFFE  224 , and antenna panels  226  (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc. 
     In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry  214  may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components. 
     A UE reception may be established by and via the antenna panels  226 , RFFE  224 , RF circuitry  222 , receive circuitry  220 , digital baseband circuitry  216 , and protocol processing circuitry  214 . In some embodiments, the antenna panels  226  may receive a transmission from the AN  204  by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels  226 . 
     A UE transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry  214 , digital baseband circuitry  216 , transmit circuitry  218 , RF circuitry  222 , RFFE  224 , and antenna panels  226 . In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE  204  may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels  226 . 
     Similar to the UE  202 , the AN  204  may include a host platform  228  coupled with a modem platform  230 . The host platform  228  may include application processing circuitry  232  coupled with protocol processing circuitry  234  of the modem platform  230 . The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry  236 , transmit circuitry  238 , receive circuitry  240 , RF circuitry  242 , RFFE circuitry  244 , and antenna panels  246 . The components of the AN  204  may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like-named components of the UE  202 . In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN  208  may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling. 
       FIG.  3    is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  3    shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources  300  including one or more processors (or processor cores)  310 , one or more memory/storage devices  320 , and one or more communication resources  330 , each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus  340  or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor  302  may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources  300 . 
     The processors  310  may include, for example, a processor  312  and a processor  314 . The processors  310  may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof. 
     The memory/storage devices  320  may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices  320  may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc. 
     The communication resources  330  may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices  304  or one or more databases  306  or other network elements via a network  308 . For example, the communication resources  330  may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, etc.), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components. 
     Instructions  350  may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors  310  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions  350  may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors  310  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), the memory/storage devices  320 , or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions  350  may be transferred to the hardware resources  300  from any combination of the peripheral devices  304  or the databases  306 . Accordingly, the memory of processors  310 , the memory/storage devices  320 , the peripheral devices  304 , and the databases  306  are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media. 
     Example Procedures 
     In some embodiments, the electronic device(s), network(s), system(s), chip(s) or component(s), or portions or implementations thereof, of  FIGS.  1 - 3   , or some other figure herein, may be configured to perform one or more processes, techniques, or methods as described herein, or portions thereof. 
     For example,  FIG.  4    illustrates an example process  400  in accordance with various embodiments. The process  400  may be performed by a UE or a portion thereof. At  402 , the process  400  may include identifying a positioning reference signal (PRS) measurement period based on a timing interval of: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                 
                   effect 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ⌈ 
                   
                     
                       T 
                       i 
                     
                     
                       T 
                       
                         PRS 
                         , 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⌉ 
                 
                 * 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     PRS 
                     , 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     wherein i is a positioning frequency layer index, T effect,i  is a periodicity of an effective PRS measurement in a positioning frequency layer i, T i  corresponds to a duration of PRS processing symbols in every T milliseconds, and T PRS,i  is a periodicity of a downlink PRS resource with muting on positioning frequency layer i. At  404 , the process may further include performing one or more PRS measurements within the PRS measurement period. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates another example process  500  in accordance with various embodiments. The process  500  may be performed by a gNB or a portion thereof. At  502 , the process  500  may include encoding, for transmission to a user equipment (UE), an indication of a periodicity of a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS) resource on a positioning frequency layer i, wherein a PRS measurement period is based on a timing interval of: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                 
                   effect 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ⌈ 
                   
                     
                       T 
                       i 
                     
                     
                       T 
                       
                         PRS 
                         , 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⌉ 
                 
                 * 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     PRS 
                     , 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     wherein T effect,i  is a periodicity of an effective PRS measurement in a positioning frequency layer i, T i  corresponds to a duration of PRS processing symbols in every T milliseconds, and T PRS,i  is the periodicity of the downlink PRS resource on the positioning frequency layer i. At  504 , the process  500  may further include receiving, from the UE, one or more PRS measurements in accordance with the PRS measurement period. 
     For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section. 
     Examples 
     Example A1 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media (NTCRM) having instructions, stored thereon, that when executed by one or more processors of a user equipment (UE) configure the UE to: identify a positioning reference signal (PRS) measurement period based on a timing interval of: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                 
                   effect 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ⌈ 
                   
                     
                       T 
                       i 
                     
                     
                       T 
                       
                         PRS 
                         , 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⌉ 
                 
                 * 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     PRS 
                     , 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     wherein i is a positioning frequency layer index, T effect,i  is a periodicity of a PRS measurement in a positioning frequency layer i, T i  corresponds to a duration of PRS processing symbols in every T milliseconds, and T PRS,i  is a periodicity of a downlink PRS resource with muting on positioning frequency layer i; and perform one or more PRS measurements within the PRS measurement period. 
     Example A2 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A1, wherein the PRS measurement period is for a single positioning frequency layer. 
     Example A3 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A1, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to configure the UE to perform one or more intra-frequency measurements for a positioning frequency layer which is included in an active bandwidth part of the UE. 
     Example A4 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A1, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to configure the UE to perform a PRS measurement on one or more other positioning frequency layers via an inter-frequency measurement without a gap. 
     Example A5 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A1, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to configure the UE to decode a broadcast message to determine a value of T PRS,i . 
     Example A6 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A1, wherein the one or more PRS measurements are performed without a measurement gap. 
     Example A7 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A1, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to configure the UE to: decode a message that activates a measurement gap for the one or more PRS measurements; and use the measurement gap upon expiration of an activation delay time. 
     Example A8 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media (NTCRM) having instructions, stored thereon, that when executed by one or more processors of a next generation Node B (gNB) configure the gNB to: encode, for transmission to a user equipment (UE), an indication of a periodicity of a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS) resource on a positioning frequency layer i, wherein a PRS measurement period is based on a timing interval of: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                 
                   effect 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ⌈ 
                   
                     
                       T 
                       i 
                     
                     
                       T 
                       
                         PRS 
                         , 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⌉ 
                 
                 * 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     PRS 
                     , 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     wherein T effect,i  is a periodicity of a PRS measurement in a positioning frequency layer i, T i  corresponds to a duration of PRS processing symbols in every T milliseconds, and T PRS,i  is the periodicity of the downlink PRS resource on the positioning frequency layer i; and receive, from the UE, one or more PRS measurements in accordance with the PRS measurement period. 
     Example A9 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A8, wherein the PRS measurement period is for a single positioning frequency layer. 
     Example A10 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A8, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to configure the gNB to receive, from the UE, one or more intra-frequency measurements for a positioning frequency layer which is included in an active bandwidth part of the UE. 
     Example A11 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A8, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to configure the gNB to receive, from the UE, a PRS measurement on one or more other positioning frequency layers via an inter-frequency measurement. 
     Example A12 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A8, wherein the indication of the periodicity of the downlink PRS message is transmitted via broadcast message to a plurality of UEs. 
     Example A13 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A8, wherein the one or more PRS measurements are performed without a measurement gap. 
     Example A14 may include the one or more NTCRM of example A8, wherein the instructions, when executed, are further to configure the gNB to: encode, for transmission to the UE, a message that activates a measurement gap for the one or more PRS measurements, wherein the UE is to use the measurement gap upon expiration of an activation delay time. 
     Example A15 may include an apparatus to be implemented in a user equipment (UE), the apparatus comprising: a memory to store a value, T PRS,i , of a periodicity of a downlink positioning reference signal (PRS) resource on a positioning frequency layer i; and processor circuitry coupled to the memory. The processor circuitry is to: identify a positioning reference signal (PRS) measurement period based on a timing interval of: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                 
                   effect 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ⌈ 
                   
                     
                       T 
                       i 
                     
                     
                       T 
                       
                         PRS 
                         , 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⌉ 
                 
                 * 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     PRS 
                     , 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
             
             , 
           
         
       
     
     wherein i is a positioning frequency layer index, T effect,i  is an effective periodicity of a PRS measurement in a positioning frequency layer i, T i  corresponds to a duration of PRS processing symbols in every T milliseconds, and T PRS,i  is a periodicity of a downlink PRS resource with muting on positioning frequency layer i; and perform one or more PRS measurements within the PRS measurement period. 
     Example A16 may include the apparatus of example A15, wherein the PRS measurement period is for a single positioning frequency layer. 
     Example A17 may include the apparatus of example A15, wherein the processor circuitry is further to perform one or more intra-frequency measurements for a positioning frequency layer which is included in an active bandwidth part of the UE. 
     Example A18 may include the apparatus of example A15, wherein the processor circuitry is further to perform a PRS measurement on one or more other positioning frequency layers via an inter-frequency measurement without a gap. 
     Example A19 may include the apparatus of example A15, wherein the one or more PRS measurements are performed without a measurement gap. 
     Example A20 may include the apparatus of example A15, wherein the processor circuitry is further to: decode a message that activates a measurement gap for the one or more PRS measurements; and use the measurement gap upon expiration of an activation delay time. 
     Example B1 may include a method to define the requirements for UE positioning measurements without gap. 
     Example B2 may include the method of example B1 or some other example herein, wherein the basic timing interval to be used to define PRS measurement period can be: 
     
       
         
           
             
               T 
               
                 effect 
                 , 
                 i 
               
             
             = 
             
               
                 ⌈ 
                 
                   
                     T 
                     i 
                   
                   
                     T 
                     
                       PRS 
                       , 
                       i 
                     
                   
                 
                 ⌉ 
               
               * 
               
                 T 
                 
                   PRS 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Example B3 may include the method of example B1 or some other example herein, wherein the requirements are applicable for the single positioning frequency layer (PFL) measurements. 
     Example B4 may include the method of example B1 or some other example herein, where when multiple PFLs configured, UE can decide perform the intra-f measurement for the PFL which are contained within UE&#39;s active BWP. And other PFLs by inter-f measurement. 
     Example B5 may include the method to define the requirements for UE positioning measurements with pre-configured gap. 
     Example B6 may include the method of example B5 or some other example herein, wherein the requirements on pre-configured MG based measurement can include the pre-configured MG activation delay 
     Example B7 may include the method of example B5 or some other example herein, wherein the requirements on pre-configured MG based measurement can include the pre-configured MG activation/deactivation transition time. 
     Example B8 may include a method of a UE, the method comprising: 
     determining a positioning reference signal (PRS) measurement period based on a timing interval of: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 T 
                 
                   effect 
                   , 
                   i 
                 
               
               = 
               
                 
                   ⌈ 
                   
                     
                       T 
                       i 
                     
                     
                       T 
                       
                         PRS 
                         , 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                   ⌉ 
                 
                 * 
                 
                   T 
                   
                     PRS 
                     , 
                     i 
                   
                 
               
             
             ; 
           
         
       
     
     performing one or more PRS measurements in the PRS measurement period. 
     Example B9 may include the method of example B8 or some other example herein, wherein the PRS measurement period is for a single positioning frequency layer (PFL). 
     Example B10 may include the method of example B8-B9 or some other example herein, further comprising determining to perform one or more intra-frequency measurements for a PFL which included in an active BWP of the UE, and/or performing PRS measurements on one or more other. PFLs by inter-frequency measurement. 
     Example Z01 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z02 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z03 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or any other method or process described herein. 
     Example Z04 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example Z05 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z06 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions or parts thereof. 
     Example Z07 may include a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z08 may include a signal encoded with data as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z09 may include a signal encoded with a datagram, packet, frame, segment, protocol data unit (PDU), or message as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions or parts thereof, or otherwise described in the present disclosure. 
     Example Z10 may include an electromagnetic signal carrying computer-readable instructions, wherein execution of the computer-readable instructions by one or more processors is to cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z11 may include a computer program comprising instructions, wherein execution of the program by a processing element is to cause the processing element to carry out the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples A1-A20, B1-B10, or portions thereof. 
     Example Z12 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z13 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z14 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Example Z15 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein. 
     Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments. 
     ABBREVIATIONS 
     Unless used differently herein, terms, definitions, and abbreviations may be consistent with terms, definitions, and abbreviations defined in 3GPP TR 21.905 v16.0.0 (2019-06). For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 3GPP  
                 Third Generation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Partnership Project 
               
               
                   
                 4G  
                 Fourth Generation 
               
               
                   
                 5G  
                 Fifth Generation 
               
               
                   
                 5GC  
                 5G Core network 
               
               
                   
                 AC 
                 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Client 
               
               
                   
                 ACR  
                 Application Context 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Relocation 
               
               
                   
                 ACK  
                 Acknowledgement 
               
               
                   
                 ACID 
                 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Client Identification 
               
               
                   
                 AF 
                 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 AM  
                 Acknowledged 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mode 
               
               
                   
                 AMBR 
                 Aggregate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Maximum Bit Rate 
               
               
                   
                 AMF  
                 Access and Mobility 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 AN  
                 Access Network 
               
               
                   
                 ANR 
                 Automatic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Neighbour Relation 
               
               
                   
                 AOA 
                 Angle of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Arrival 
               
               
                   
                 AP 
                 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol, Antenna 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Port, Access Point 
               
               
                   
                 API 
                 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Programming Interface 
               
               
                   
                 APN 
                 Access Point Name 
               
               
                   
                 ARP 
                 Allocation and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Retention Priority 
               
               
                   
                 ARQ  
                 Automatic Repeat 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Request 
               
               
                   
                 AS 
                 Access Stratum 
               
               
                   
                 ASP 
                 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Provider 
               
               
                   
                 ASN.1  
                 Abstract Syntax 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Notation One 
               
               
                   
                 AUSF  
                 Authentication 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Server Function 
               
               
                   
                 AWGN 
                 Additive 
               
               
                   
                   
                 White Gaussian Noise 
               
               
                   
                 BAP 
                 Backhaul 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Adaptation Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 BCH  
                 Broadcast Channel 
               
               
                   
                 BER  
                 Bit Error Ratio 
               
               
                   
                 BFD 
                 Beam Failure 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Detection 
               
               
                   
                 BLER  
                 Block Error Rate 
               
               
                   
                 BPSK  
                 Binary Phase Shift 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Keying 
               
               
                   
                 BRAS  
                 Broadband Remote 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access Server 
               
               
                   
                 BSS  
                 Business Support 
               
               
                   
                   
                 System 
               
               
                   
                 BS 
                 Base Station 
               
               
                   
                 BSR 
                 Buffer Status Report 
               
               
                   
                 BW  
                 Bandwidth 
               
               
                   
                 BWP  
                 Bandwidth Part 
               
               
                   
                 C-RNTI 
                 Cell Radio 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network Temporary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identity 
               
               
                   
                 CA 
                 Carrier Aggregation, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Certification 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Authority 
               
               
                   
                 CAPEX 
                 CAPital 
               
               
                   
                   
                 EXpenditure 
               
               
                   
                 CBRA 
                 Contention Based 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Random Access 
               
               
                   
                 CC 
                 Component Carrier, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Country Code, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cryptographic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Checksum 
               
               
                   
                 CCA  
                 Clear Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Assessment 
               
               
                   
                 CCE 
                 Control Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Element 
               
               
                   
                 CCCH 
                 Common Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 CE 
                 Coverage 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enhancement 
               
               
                   
                 CDM 
                 Content Delivery 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 CDMA 
                 Code- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Division Multiple 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access 
               
               
                   
                 CDR 
                 Charging Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Request 
               
               
                   
                 CDR  
                 Charging Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Response 
               
               
                   
                 CFRA 
                 Contention Free 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Random Access 
               
               
                   
                 CG  
                 Cell Group 
               
               
                   
                 CGF 
                 Charging 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Gateway Function 
               
               
                   
                 CHF 
                 Charging 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 CI 
                 Cell Identity 
               
               
                   
                 CID 
                 Cell-ID (e.g., 
               
               
                   
                   
                 positioning method) 
               
               
                   
                 CIM  
                 Common 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information Model 
               
               
                   
                 CIR  
                 Carrier to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Interference Ratio 
               
               
                   
                 CK  
                 Cipher Key 
               
               
                   
                 CM 
                 Connection 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management, Conditional 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mandatory 
               
               
                   
                 CMAS 
                 Commercial Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Alert Service 
               
               
                   
                 CMD 
                 Command 
               
               
                   
                 CMS  
                 Cloud Management 
               
               
                   
                   
                 System 
               
               
                   
                 CO  
                 Conditional 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Optional 
               
               
                   
                 CoMP 
                 Coordinated Multi- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Point 
               
               
                   
                 CORESET  
                 Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Resource Set 
               
               
                   
                 COTS 
                 Commercial Off- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 The-Shelf 
               
               
                   
                 CP 
                 Control Plane, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Cyclic Prefix, Connection 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Point 
               
               
                   
                 CPD 
                 Connection Point 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                 CPE  
                 Customer Premise 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Equipment 
               
               
                   
                 CPICH 
                 Common Pilot 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 CQI 
                 Channel Quality 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 CPU 
                 CSI processing unit, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Central Processing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Unit 
               
               
                   
                 C/R 
                 Command/Response 
               
               
                   
                   
                 field bit 
               
               
                   
                 CRAN 
                 Cloud Radio Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network, Cloud 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RAN 
               
               
                   
                 CRB 
                 Common Resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Block 
               
               
                   
                 CRC 
                 Cyclic Redundancy 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Check 
               
               
                   
                 CRI 
                 Channel-State 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information Resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Indicator, CSI-RS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Resource Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 C-RNTI 
                 Cell RNTI 
               
               
                   
                 CS 
                 Circuit Switched 
               
               
                   
                 CSCF 
                 call session 
               
               
                   
                   
                 control function 
               
               
                   
                 CSAR 
                 Cloud Service 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Archive 
               
               
                   
                 CSI 
                 Channel-State 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 CSI-IM 
                 CSI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Interference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Measurement 
               
               
                   
                 CSI-RS 
                 CSI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 CSI-RSRP 
                 CSI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reference signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 received power 
               
               
                   
                 CSI-RSRQ  
                 CSI 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reference signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 received quality 
               
               
                   
                 CSI-SINR 
                 CSI signal- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 to-noise and interference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ratio 
               
               
                   
                 CSMA 
                 Carrier Sense 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiple Access 
               
               
                   
                 CSMA/CA 
                 CSMA with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 collision avoidance 
               
               
                   
                 CSS 
                 Common Search 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Space, Cell-specific 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Search Space 
               
               
                   
                 CTF  
                 Charging 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Trigger Function 
               
               
                   
                 CTS 
                 Clear-to-Send 
               
               
                   
                 CW  
                 Codeword 
               
               
                   
                 CWS 
                 Contention Window 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Size 
               
               
                   
                 D2D  
                 Device-to-Device 
               
               
                   
                 DC 
                 Dual Connectivity, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Direct Current 
               
               
                   
                 DCI 
                 Downlink Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 DF  
                 Deployment Flavour 
               
               
                   
                 DL  
                 Downlink 
               
               
                   
                 DMTF 
                 Distributed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management Task Force 
               
               
                   
                 DPDK 
                 Data Plane 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Development Kit 
               
               
                   
                 DM-RS, DMRS 
                 Demodulation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 DN 
                 Data network 
               
               
                   
                 DNN 
                 Data Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Name 
               
               
                   
                 DNAI 
                 Data Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 DRB 
                 Data Radio Bearer 
               
               
                   
                 DRS 
                 Discovery 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 DRX 
                 Discontinuous 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reception 
               
               
                   
                 DSL 
                 Domain Specific 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Language. Digital 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Subscriber Line 
               
               
                   
                 DSLAM 
                 DSL Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiplexer 
               
               
                   
                 DwPTS 
                 Downlink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Pilot Time Slot 
               
               
                   
                 E-LAN 
                 Ethernet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Local Area Network 
               
               
                   
                 E2E 
                 End-to-End 
               
               
                   
                 EAS 
                 Edge Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Server 
               
               
                   
                 ECCA  
                 extended clear 
               
               
                   
                   
                 channel assessment, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 extended CCA 
               
               
                   
                 ECCE  
                 Enhanced Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel Element, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enhanced CCE 
               
               
                   
                 ED 
                 Energy Detection 
               
               
                   
                 EDGE 
                 Enhanced Datarates 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for GSM Evolution 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (GSM Evolution) 
               
               
                   
                 EAS 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Application Server 
               
               
                   
                 EASID 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Application Server 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identification 
               
               
                   
                 ECS 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Configuration Server 
               
               
                   
                 ECSP 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Computing Service 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Provider 
               
               
                   
                 EDN 
                 Edge Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 EEC 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enabler Client 
               
               
                   
                 EECID 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enabler Client 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identification 
               
               
                   
                 EES 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enabler Server 
               
               
                   
                 EESID 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enabler Server 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identification 
               
               
                   
                 EHE 
                 Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hosting Environment 
               
               
                   
                 EGMF 
                 Exposure 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Governance Management 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 EGPRS 
                 Enhanced 
               
               
                   
                   
                 GPRS 
               
               
                   
                 EIR 
                 Equipment Identity 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Register 
               
               
                   
                 eLAA 
                 enhanced Licensed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Assisted Access, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 enhanced LAA 
               
               
                   
                 EM 
                 Element Manager 
               
               
                   
                 eMBB 
                 Enhanced Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Broadband 
               
               
                   
                 EMS 
                 Element 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management System 
               
               
                   
                 eNB 
                 evolved NodeB, E- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 UTRAN Node B 
               
               
                   
                 EN-DC 
                 E-UTRA-NR 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                   
                 EPC 
                 Evolved Packet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Core 
               
               
                   
                 EPDCCH 
                 enhanced 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PDCCH, enhanced 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Downlink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control Cannel 
               
               
                   
                 EPRE  
                 Energy per resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 element 
               
               
                   
                 EPS 
                 Evolved Packet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 System 
               
               
                   
                 EREG  
                 enhanced REG, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 enhanced resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 element groups 
               
               
                   
                 ETSI 
                 European 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Telecommunications 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Standards Institute 
               
               
                   
                 ETWS 
                 Earthquake and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tsunami Warning 
               
               
                   
                   
                 System 
               
               
                   
                 eUICC 
                 embedded UICC, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 embedded Universal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Integrated Circuit Card 
               
               
                   
                 E-UTRA  
                 Evolved 
               
               
                   
                   
                 UTRA 
               
               
                   
                 E-UTRAN  
                 Evolved 
               
               
                   
                   
                 UTRAN 
               
               
                   
                 EV2X 
                 Enhanced V2X 
               
               
                   
                 F1AP 
                 F1 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 F1-C 
                 F1 Control plane 
               
               
                   
                   
                 interface 
               
               
                   
                 F1-U 
                 F1 User plane 
               
               
                   
                   
                 interface 
               
               
                   
                 FACCH 
                 Fast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Associated Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 FACCH/F  
                 Fast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Associated Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel/Full rate 
               
               
                   
                 FACCH/H 
                 Fast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Associated Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel/Half rate 
               
               
                   
                 FACH 
                 Forward Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 FAUSCH 
                 Fast Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signalling Channel 
               
               
                   
                 FB 
                 Functional Block 
               
               
                   
                 FBI 
                 Feedback 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 FCC  
                 Federal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Communications 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Commission 
               
               
                   
                 FCCH 
                 Frequency 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Correction CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 FDD 
                 Frequency Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Duplex 
               
               
                   
                 FDM 
                 Frequency Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiplex 
               
               
                   
                 FDMA 
                 Frequency Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiple Access 
               
               
                   
                 FE 
                 Front End 
               
               
                   
                 FEC 
                 Forward Error 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Correction 
               
               
                   
                 FFS 
                 For Further Study 
               
               
                   
                 FFT  
                 Fast Fourier 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transformation 
               
               
                   
                 feLAA  
                 further enhanced 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Licensed Assisted 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access, further 
               
               
                   
                   
                 enhanced LAA 
               
               
                   
                 FN 
                 Frame Number 
               
               
                   
                 FPGA 
                 Field-Programmable 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Gate Array 
               
               
                   
                 FR  
                 Frequency Range 
               
               
                   
                 FQDN 
                 Fully Qualified 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Domain Name 
               
               
                   
                 G-RNTI 
                 GERAN 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Radio Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporary Identity 
               
               
                   
                 GERAN 
                 GSM EDGE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RAN, GSM EDGE Radio 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access Network 
               
               
                   
                 GGSN 
                 Gateway GPRS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Support Node 
               
               
                   
                 GLONASS 
                 GLObal&#39;naya 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NAvigatsionnaya 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sputnikovaya 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sistema (Engl.: 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Global Navigation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Satellite System) 
               
               
                   
                 gNB 
                 Next Generation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NodeB 
               
               
                   
                 gNB-CU 
                 gNB- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 centralized unit, Next 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Generation NodeB 
               
               
                   
                   
                 centralized unit 
               
               
                   
                 gNB-DU 
                 gNB- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 distributed unit, Next 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Generation NodeB 
               
               
                   
                   
                 distributed unit 
               
               
                   
                 GNSS 
                 Global Navigation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Satellite System 
               
               
                   
                 GPRS 
                 General Packet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Radio Service 
               
               
                   
                 GPSI 
                 Generic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Public Subscription 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 GSM 
                 Global System for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Communications, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Groupe Spécial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mobile 
               
               
                   
                 GTP  
                 GPRS Tunneling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 GTP-UGPRS 
                 Tunnelling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol for User 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Plane 
               
               
                   
                 GTS 
                 Go To Sleep Signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (related to WUS) 
               
               
                   
                 GUMMEI 
                 Globally 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Unique MME Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 GUTI 
                 Globally Unique 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporary UE Identity 
               
               
                   
                 HARQ 
                 Hybrid ARQ, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Hybrid Automatic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Repeat Request 
               
               
                   
                 HANDO 
                 Handover 
               
               
                   
                 HFN 
                 HyperFrame 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number 
               
               
                   
                 HHO 
                 Hard Handover 
               
               
                   
                 HLR  
                 Home Location 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Register 
               
               
                   
                 HN 
                 Home Network 
               
               
                   
                 HO 
                 Handover 
               
               
                   
                 HPLMN 
                 Home Public 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Land Mobile Network 
               
               
                   
                 HSDPA 
                 High Speed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Downlink Packet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access 
               
               
                   
                 HSN 
                 Hopping Sequence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number 
               
               
                   
                 HSPA 
                 High Speed Packet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access 
               
               
                   
                 HSS  
                 Home Subscriber 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Server 
               
               
                   
                 HSUPA 
                 High Speed 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Uplink Packet Access 
               
               
                   
                 HTTP 
                 Hyper Text Transfer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 HTTPS 
                 Hyper Text 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transfer Protocol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Secure (https is 
               
               
                   
                   
                 http/1.1 over SSL, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 i.e. port 443) 
               
               
                   
                 I-Block  
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Block 
               
               
                   
                 ICCID 
                 Integrated Circuit 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Card Identification 
               
               
                   
                 IAB 
                 Integrated Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and Backhaul 
               
               
                   
                 ICIC 
                 Inter-Cell 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Interference Coordination 
               
               
                   
                 ID 
                 Identity, identifier 
               
               
                   
                 IDFT 
                 Inverse Discrete 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Fourier Transform 
               
               
                   
                 IE 
                 Information element 
               
               
                   
                 IBE 
                 In-Band Emission 
               
               
                   
                 IEEE 
                 Institute of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Electrical and Electronics 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Engineers 
               
               
                   
                 IEI 
                 Information Element 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 IEIDL 
                 Information Element 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Length 
               
               
                   
                 IETF 
                 Internet Engineering 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Task Force 
               
               
                   
                 IF 
                 Infrastructure 
               
               
                   
                 IIOT 
                 Industrial Internet of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Things 
               
               
                   
                 IM 
                 Interference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Measurement, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Intermodulation, IP 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multimedia 
               
               
                   
                 IMC 
                 IMS Credentials 
               
               
                   
                 IMEI 
                 International Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Equipment Identity 
               
               
                   
                 IMGI  
                 International mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 group identity 
               
               
                   
                 IMPI  
                 IP Multimedia 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Private Identity 
               
               
                   
                 IMPU  
                 IP Multimedia 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PUblic identity 
               
               
                   
                 IMS 
                 IP Multimedia 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Subsystem 
               
               
                   
                 IMSI 
                 International Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Subscriber Identity 
               
               
                   
                 IoT  
                 Internet of Things 
               
               
                   
                 IP  
                 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 Ipsec 
                 IP Security, Internet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol Security 
               
               
                   
                 IP-CAN 
                 IP- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Connectivity Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 IP-M 
                 IP Multicast 
               
               
                   
                 IPv4  
                 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Version 4 
               
               
                   
                 IPv6 
                 Internet Protocol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Version 6 
               
               
                   
                 IR 
                 Infrared 
               
               
                   
                 IS 
                 In Sync 
               
               
                   
                 IRP 
                 Integration 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reference Point 
               
               
                   
                 ISDN  
                 Integrated Services 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Digital Network 
               
               
                   
                 ISIM  
                 IM Services Identity 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Module 
               
               
                   
                 ISO 
                 International 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Organisation for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Standardisation 
               
               
                   
                 ISP 
                 Internet Service 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Provider 
               
               
                   
                 IWF 
                 Interworking- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 I-WLAN 
                 Interworking 
               
               
                   
                   
                 WLAN 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Constraint length of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 the convolutional code, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 USIM Individual key 
               
               
                   
                 kB 
                 Kilobyte (1000 
               
               
                   
                   
                 bytes) 
               
               
                   
                 kbps 
                 kilo-bits per second 
               
               
                   
                 Kc  
                 Ciphering key 
               
               
                   
                 Ki  
                 Individual 
               
               
                   
                   
                 subscriber 
               
               
                   
                   
                 authentication key 
               
               
                   
                 KPI 
                 Key Performance 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 KQI  
                 Key Quality 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 KSI 
                 Key Set Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 ksps  
                 kilo-symbols per 
               
               
                   
                   
                 second 
               
               
                   
                 KVM 
                 Kernel Virtual 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Machine 
               
               
                   
                 L1 
                 Layer 1 (physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 layer) 
               
               
                   
                 L1-RSRP 
                 Layer 1 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reference signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 received power 
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 Layer 2 (data link 
               
               
                   
                   
                 layer) 
               
               
                   
                 L3 
                 Layer 3 (network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 layer) 
               
               
                   
                 LAA 
                 Licensed Assisted 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access 
               
               
                   
                 LAN  
                 Local Area Network 
               
               
                   
                 LADN 
                 Local Area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Data Network 
               
               
                   
                 LBT 
                 Listen Before Talk 
               
               
                   
                 LCM  
                 LifeCycle 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                 LCR 
                 Low Chip Rate 
               
               
                   
                 LCS 
                 Location Services 
               
               
                   
                 LCID 
                 Logical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel ID 
               
               
                   
                 LI  
                 Layer Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 LLC 
                 Logical Link 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control, Low Layer 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Compatibility 
               
               
                   
                 LMF  
                 Location 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management Function 
               
               
                   
                 LOS 
                 Line of Sight 
               
               
                   
                 LPLMN 
                 Local PLMN 
               
               
                   
                 LPP  
                 LTE Positioning 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 LSB 
                 Least Significant Bit 
               
               
                   
                 LTE  
                 Long Term 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Evolution 
               
               
                   
                 LWA 
                 LTE-WLAN 
               
               
                   
                   
                 aggregation 
               
               
                   
                 LWIP 
                 LTE/WLAN Radio 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Level Integration with 
               
               
                   
                   
                 IPsec Tunnel 
               
               
                   
                 LTE 
                 Long Term 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Evolution 
               
               
                   
                 M2M  
                 Machine-to- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Machine 
               
               
                   
                 MAC  
                 Medium Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control (protocol 
               
               
                   
                   
                 layering context) 
               
               
                   
                 MAC 
                 Message 
               
               
                   
                   
                 authentication code 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (security/encryption 
               
               
                   
                   
                 context) 
               
               
                   
                 MAC-A 
                 MAC used 
               
               
                   
                   
                 for authentication and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 key agreement (TSG T 
               
               
                   
                   
                 WG3 context) 
               
               
                   
                 MAC-IMAC 
                 used for data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 integrity of signalling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 messages (TSG T 
               
               
                   
                   
                 WG3 context) 
               
               
                   
                 MANO 
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                   
                 and Orchestration 
               
               
                   
                 MBMS 
                 Multimedia 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Broadcast and Multicast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
               
               
                   
                 MBSFN 
                 Multimedia 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Broadcast multicast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 service Single Frequency 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 MCC 
                 Mobile Country 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Code 
               
               
                   
                 MCG 
                 Master Cell Group 
               
               
                   
                 MCOT 
                 Maximum Channel 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Occupancy Time 
               
               
                   
                 MCS 
                 Modulation and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 coding scheme 
               
               
                   
                 MDAF 
                 Management Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Analytics Function 
               
               
                   
                 MDAS  
                 Management Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Analytics Service 
               
               
                   
                 MDT 
                 Minimization of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Drive Tests 
               
               
                   
                 ME 
                 Mobile Equipment 
               
               
                   
                 MeNB 
                 master eNB 
               
               
                   
                 MER 
                 Message Error Ratio 
               
               
                   
                 MGL  
                 Measurement Gap 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Length 
               
               
                   
                 MGRP 
                 Measurement Gap 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Repetition Period 
               
               
                   
                 MIB 
                 Master Information 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Block, Management 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information Base 
               
               
                   
                 MIMO 
                 Multiple Input 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiple Output 
               
               
                   
                 MLC 
                 Mobile Location 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Centre 
               
               
                   
                 MM  
                 Mobility 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                 MME 
                 Mobility 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management Entity 
               
               
                   
                 MN 
                 Master Node 
               
               
                   
                 MNO 
                 Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network Operator 
               
               
                   
                 MO 
                 Measurement 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Object, Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Originated 
               
               
                   
                 MPBCH 
                 MTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Broadcast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 MPDCCH 
                 MTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Downlink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 MPDSCH 
                 MTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Downlink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Shared CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 MPRACH 
                 MTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Random 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 MPUSCH 
                 MTC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Uplink Shared 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 MPLS 
                 MultiProtocol Label 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Switching 
               
               
                   
                 MS 
                 Mobile Station 
               
               
                   
                 MSB 
                 Most Significant Bit 
               
               
                   
                 MSC 
                 Mobile Switching 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Centre 
               
               
                   
                 MSI 
                 Minimum System 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information, MCH 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Scheduling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 MSID 
                 Mobile Station 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 MSIN  
                 Mobile Station 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identification 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number 
               
               
                   
                 MSISDN 
                 Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Subscriber ISDN 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number 
               
               
                   
                 MT  
                 Mobile Terminated, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mobile Termination 
               
               
                   
                 MTC  
                 Machine-Type 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Communications 
               
               
                   
                 mMTC 
                 massive MTC, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 massive Machine- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Type Communications 
               
               
                   
                 MU-MIMO  
                 Multi User 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MIMO 
               
               
                   
                 MWUS  
                 MTC wake- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 up signal, MTC WUS 
               
               
                   
                 NACK  
                 Negative 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acknowledgement 
               
               
                   
                 NAI  
                 Network Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 NAS  
                 Non-Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Stratum, Non-Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Stratum layer 
               
               
                   
                 NCT  
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Connectivity Topology 
               
               
                   
                 NC-JT  
                 Non- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 coherent Joint 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transmission 
               
               
                   
                 NEC  
                 Network Capability 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Exposure 
               
               
                   
                 NE-DC 
                 NR-E-UTRA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Dual Connectivity 
               
               
                   
                 NEF 
                 Network Exposure 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 NF  
                 Network Function 
               
               
                   
                 NFP  
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Forwarding Path 
               
               
                   
                 NFPD  
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Forwarding Path 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                 NFV  
                 Network Functions 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Virtualization 
               
               
                   
                 NFVI  
                 NFV Infrastructure 
               
               
                   
                 NFVO  
                 NFV Orchestrator 
               
               
                   
                 NG  
                 Next Generation, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Next Gen 
               
               
                   
                 NGEN-DC  
                 NG-RAN E- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 UTRA-NR Dual 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Connectivity 
               
               
                   
                 NM  
                 Network Manager 
               
               
                   
                 NMS  
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management System 
               
               
                   
                 N-PoP  
                 Network Point of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Presence 
               
               
                   
                 NMIB,  
                 N-MIB Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MIB 
               
               
                   
                 NPBCH 
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Broadcast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 NPDCCH  
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Downlink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 NPDSCH 
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Downlink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Shared CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 NPRACH 
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Random 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 NPUSCH 
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Uplink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Shared CHannel 
               
               
                   
                 NPSS 
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Primary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal 
               
               
                   
                 NSSS 
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Secondary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal 
               
               
                   
                 NR 
                 New Radio, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Neighbour Relation 
               
               
                   
                 NRF  
                 NF Repository 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 NRS 
                 Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 NS 
                 Network Service 
               
               
                   
                 NSA 
                 Non-Standalone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 operation mode 
               
               
                   
                 NSD 
                 Network Service 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                 NSR  
                 Network Service 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Record 
               
               
                   
                 NSSAI  
                 Network Slice 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Selection Assistance 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 S-NNSAI 
                 Single- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 NSSAI 
               
               
                   
                 NSSF 
                 Network Slice 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Selection Function 
               
               
                   
                 NW  
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 NWUS 
                 Narrowband wake- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 up signal, Narrowband 
               
               
                   
                   
                 WUS 
               
               
                   
                 NZP 
                 Non-Zero Power 
               
               
                   
                 O&amp;M 
                 Operation and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Maintenance 
               
               
                   
                 ODU2 
                 Optical channel 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Data Unit-type 2 
               
               
                   
                 OFDM 
                 Orthogonal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Frequency Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiplexing 
               
               
                   
                 OFDMA 
                 Orthogonal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Frequency Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiple Access 
               
               
                   
                 OOB 
                 Out-of-band 
               
               
                   
                 OOS  
                 Out of Sync 
               
               
                   
                 OPEX  
                 OPerating EXpense 
               
               
                   
                 OSI  
                 Other System 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 OSS  
                 Operations Support 
               
               
                   
                   
                 System 
               
               
                   
                 OTA 
                 over-the-air 
               
               
                   
                 PAPR 
                 Peak-to-Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Power Ratio 
               
               
                   
                 PAR 
                 Peak to Average 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
                 PBCH 
                 Physical Broadcast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PC 
                 Power Control, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Personal Computer 
               
               
                   
                 PCC 
                 Primary Component 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier, Primary CC 
               
               
                   
                 P-CSCF 
                 Proxy CSCF 
               
               
                   
                 PCell 
                 Primary Cell 
               
               
                   
                 PCI 
                 Physical Cell ID, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Physical Cell Identity 
               
               
                   
                 PCEF 
                 Policy and Charging 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Enforcement 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 PCF 
                 Policy Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 PCRF 
                 Policy Control and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Charging Rules 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 PDCP 
                 Packet Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Convergence Protocol, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Packet Data Convergence 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol layer 
               
               
                   
                 PDCCH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Downlink Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PDCP 
                 Packet Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Convergence Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 PDN  
                 Packet Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network, Public Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 PDSCH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Downlink Shared 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PDU  
                 Protocol Data Unit 
               
               
                   
                 PEI  
                 Permanent 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Equipment Identifiers 
               
               
                   
                 PFD 
                 Packet Flow 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Description 
               
               
                   
                 P-GW 
                 PDN Gateway 
               
               
                   
                 PHICH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 hybrid-ARQ indicator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 channel 
               
               
                   
                 PHY 
                 Physical layer 
               
               
                   
                 PLMN 
                 Public Land Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 PIN 
                 Personal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identification Number 
               
               
                   
                 PM 
                 Performance 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Measurement 
               
               
                   
                 PMI  
                 Precoding Matrix 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 PNF 
                 Physical Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 PNFD 
                 Physical Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                 PNFR 
                 Physical Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function Record 
               
               
                   
                 POC 
                 PTT over Cellular 
               
               
                   
                   
                 PP, PTP Point-to- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Point 
               
               
                   
                 PPP 
                 Point-to-Point 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 PRACH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RACH 
               
               
                   
                 PRB 
                 Physical resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 block 
               
               
                   
                 PRG  
                 Physical resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 block group 
               
               
                   
                 ProSe  
                 Proximity Services, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Proximity-Based 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
               
               
                   
                 PRS 
                 Positioning 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 PRR 
                 Packet Reception 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Radio 
               
               
                   
                 PS 
                 Packet Services 
               
               
                   
                 PSBCH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sidelink Broadcast 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PSDCH  
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sidelink Downlink 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PSCCH  
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sidelink Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PSSCH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sidelink Shared 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PSCell 
                 Primary SCell 
               
               
                   
                 PSS  
                 Primary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal 
               
               
                   
                 PSTN  
                 Public Switched 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Telephone Network 
               
               
                   
                 PT-RS 
                 Phase-tracking 
               
               
                   
                   
                 reference signal 
               
               
                   
                 PTT  
                 Push-to-Talk 
               
               
                   
                 PUCCH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Uplink Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 PUSCH 
                 Physical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Uplink Shared 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 QAM 
                 Quadrature 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Amplitude Modulation 
               
               
                   
                 QCI  
                 QoS class of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 identifier 
               
               
                   
                 QCL  
                 Quasi co-location 
               
               
                   
                 QFI  
                 QoS Flow ID, QoS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Flow Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 QoS 
                 Quality of Service 
               
               
                   
                 QPSK 
                 Quadrature 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (Quaternary) Phase Shift 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Keying 
               
               
                   
                 QZSS 
                 Quasi-Zenith 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Satellite System 
               
               
                   
                 RA-RNTI 
                 Random 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access RNTI 
               
               
                   
                 RAB 
                 Radio Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bearer, Random 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access Burst 
               
               
                   
                 RACH 
                 Random Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Channel 
               
               
                   
                 RADIUS 
                 Remote 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Authentication Dial In 
               
               
                   
                   
                 User Service 
               
               
                   
                 RAN 
                 Radio Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 RAND 
                 RANDom number 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (used for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 authentication) 
               
               
                   
                 RAR 
                 Random Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Response 
               
               
                   
                 RAT 
                 Radio Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Technology 
               
               
                   
                 RAU 
                 Routing Area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Update 
               
               
                   
                 RB 
                 Resource block, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Radio Bearer 
               
               
                   
                 RBG 
                 Resource block 
               
               
                   
                   
                 group 
               
               
                   
                 REG  
                 Resource Element 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Group 
               
               
                   
                 Rel 
                 Release 
               
               
                   
                 REQ 
                 REQuest 
               
               
                   
                 RF 
                 Radio Frequency 
               
               
                   
                 RI  
                 Rank Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 RIV 
                 Resource indicator 
               
               
                   
                   
                 value 
               
               
                   
                 RL 
                 Radio Link 
               
               
                   
                 RLC 
                 Radio Link Control, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Radio Link Control layer 
               
               
                   
                 RLC AM  
                 RLC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Acknowledged Mode 
               
               
                   
                 RLC UM 
                 RLC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Unacknowledged Mode 
               
               
                   
                 RLF 
                 Radio Link Failure 
               
               
                   
                 RLM  
                 Radio Link 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Monitoring 
               
               
                   
                 RLM-RS 
                 Reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal for RLM 
               
               
                   
                 RM 
                 Registration 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                 RMC  
                 Reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Measurement Channel 
               
               
                   
                 RMSI 
                 Remaining MSI, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Remaining Minimum 
               
               
                   
                   
                 System Information 
               
               
                   
                 RN 
                 Relay Node 
               
               
                   
                 RNC 
                 Radio Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Controller 
               
               
                   
                 RNL 
                 Radio Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Layer 
               
               
                   
                 RNTI 
                 Radio Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporary Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 ROHC  
                 RObust Header 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Compression 
               
               
                   
                 RRC 
                 Radio Resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control, Radio 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Resource Control layer 
               
               
                   
                 RRM 
                 Radio Resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                 RS 
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                 RSRP 
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Received Power 
               
               
                   
                 RSRQ  
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Received Quality 
               
               
                   
                 RSSI  
                 Received Signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Strength Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 RSU  
                 Road Side Unit 
               
               
                   
                 RSTD 
                 Reference Signal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Time difference 
               
               
                   
                 RTP  
                 Real Time Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 RTS  
                 Ready-To-Send 
               
               
                   
                 RTT  
                 Round Trip Time 
               
               
                   
                 Rx  
                 Reception, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Receiving, Receiver 
               
               
                   
                 S1AP 
                 S1 Application 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 S1-MME 
                 S1 for the 
               
               
                   
                   
                 control plane 
               
               
                   
                 S1-U 
                 S1 for the user plane 
               
               
                   
                 S-CSCF 
                 serving 
               
               
                   
                   
                 CSCF 
               
               
                   
                 S-GW 
                 Serving Gateway 
               
               
                   
                 S-RNTI 
                 SRNC Radio 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network Temporary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identity 
               
               
                   
                 S-TMSI 
                 SAE 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporary Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Station Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 SA 
                 Standalone 
               
               
                   
                   
                 operation mode 
               
               
                   
                 SAE 
                 System Architecture 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Evolution 
               
               
                   
                 SAP  
                 Service Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Point 
               
               
                   
                 SAPD 
                 Service Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Point Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                 SAPI  
                 Service Access 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Point Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 SCC  
                 Secondary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Component Carrier, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Secondary CC 
               
               
                   
                 SCell 
                 Secondary Cell 
               
               
                   
                 SCEF 
                 Service 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Capability Exposure 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 SC-FDMA  
                 Single 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Carrier Frequency 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Division Multiple 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access 
               
               
                   
                 SCG 
                 Secondary Cell 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Group 
               
               
                   
                 SCM 
                 Security Context 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                 SCS 
                 Subcarrier Spacing 
               
               
                   
                 SCTP 
                 Stream Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transmission 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 SDAP 
                 Service Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Adaptation Protocol, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service Data Adaptation 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol layer 
               
               
                   
                 SDL 
                 Supplementary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Downlink 
               
               
                   
                 SDNF 
                 Structured Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Storage Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 SDP  
                 Session Description 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 SDSF  
                 Structured Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Storage Function 
               
               
                   
                 SDT 
                 Small Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transmission 
               
               
                   
                 SDU  
                 Service Data Unit 
               
               
                   
                 SEAF 
                 Security Anchor 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 SeNB 
                 secondary eNB 
               
               
                   
                 SEPP  
                 Security Edge 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protection Proxy 
               
               
                   
                 SFI 
                 Slot format 
               
               
                   
                   
                 indication 
               
               
                   
                 SFTD 
                 Space-Frequency 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Time Diversity, SFN and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 frame timing difference 
               
               
                   
                 SFN 
                 System Frame 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Number 
               
               
                   
                 SgNB 
                 Secondary gNB 
               
               
                   
                 SGSN  
                 Serving GPRS 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Support Node 
               
               
                   
                 S-GW 
                 Serving Gateway 
               
               
                   
                 SI 
                 System Information 
               
               
                   
                 SI-RNTI 
                 System 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information RNTI 
               
               
                   
                 SIB 
                 System Information 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Block 
               
               
                   
                 SIM 
                 Subscriber Identity 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Module 
               
               
                   
                 SIP 
                 Session Initiated 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 SiP 
                 System in Package 
               
               
                   
                 SL  
                 Sidelink 
               
               
                   
                 SLA 
                 Service Level 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Agreement 
               
               
                   
                 SM 
                 Session 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                 SMF 
                 Session 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management Function 
               
               
                   
                 SMS  
                 Short Message 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Service 
               
               
                   
                 SMSF  
                 SMS Function 
               
               
                   
                 SMTC  
                 SSB-based 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Measurement Timing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Configuration 
               
               
                   
                 SN 
                 Secondary Node, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sequence Number 
               
               
                   
                 SoC 
                 System on Chip 
               
               
                   
                 SON  
                 Self-Organizing 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 SpCell 
                 Special Cell 
               
               
                   
                 SP-CSI-RNTI 
                 Semi- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Persistent CSI RNTI 
               
               
                   
                 SPS 
                 Semi-Persistent 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Scheduling 
               
               
                   
                 SQN 
                 Sequence number 
               
               
                   
                 SR 
                 Scheduling Request 
               
               
                   
                 SRB 
                 Signalling Radio 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Bearer 
               
               
                   
                 SRS 
                 Sounding Reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal 
               
               
                   
                 SS  
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal 
               
               
                   
                 SSB 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal Block 
               
               
                   
                 SSID 
                 Service Set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 SS/PBCH 
                 Block 
               
               
                   
                 SSBRI 
                 SS/PBCH Block 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Resource Indicator, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal Block 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Resource Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 SSC 
                 Session and Service 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Continuity 
               
               
                   
                 SS-RSRP 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal based Reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal Received 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Power 
               
               
                   
                 SS-RSRQ 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal based Reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal Received 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Quality 
               
               
                   
                 SS-SINR 
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal based Signal to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Noise and Interference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
                 SSS 
                 Secondary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Synchronization 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal 
               
               
                   
                 SSSG 
                 Search Space Set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Group 
               
               
                   
                 SSSIF 
                 Search Space Set 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 SST 
                 Slice/Service Types 
               
               
                   
                 SU-MIMO  
                 Single User 
               
               
                   
                   
                 MIMO 
               
               
                   
                 SUL 
                 Supplementary 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                 TA 
                 Timing Advance, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Tracking Area 
               
               
                   
                 TAC 
                 Tracking Area Code 
               
               
                   
                 TAG  
                 Timing Advance 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Group 
               
               
                   
                 TAI 
                 Tracking 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Area Identity 
               
               
                   
                 TAU 
                 Tracking Area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Update 
               
               
                   
                 TB  
                 Transport Block 
               
               
                   
                 TBS  
                 Transport Block 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Size 
               
               
                   
                 TBD 
                 To Be Defined 
               
               
                   
                 TCI  
                 Transmission 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Configuration Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 TCP  
                 Transmission 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Communication 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 TDD 
                 Time Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Duplex 
               
               
                   
                 TDM 
                 Time Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiplexing 
               
               
                   
                 TDMA 
                 Time Division 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Multiple Access 
               
               
                   
                 TE 
                 Terminal Equipment 
               
               
                   
                 TEID 
                 Tunnel End Point 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 TFT  
                 Traffic Flow 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Template 
               
               
                   
                 TMSI  
                 Temporary Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Subscriber Identity 
               
               
                   
                 TNL 
                 Transport Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Layer 
               
               
                   
                 TPC 
                 Transmit Power 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Control 
               
               
                   
                 TPMI 
                 Transmitted 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Precoding Matrix 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Indicator 
               
               
                   
                 TR 
                 Technical Report 
               
               
                   
                 TRP, TRxP 
                 Transmission 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reception Point 
               
               
                   
                 TRS 
                 Tracking Reference 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Signal 
               
               
                   
                 TRx 
                 Transceiver 
               
               
                   
                 TS  
                 Technical 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Specifications, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Technical Standard 
               
               
                   
                 TTI 
                 Transmission Time 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Interval 
               
               
                   
                 Tx 
                 Transmission, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transmitting, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transmitter 
               
               
                   
                 U-RNTI 
                 UTRAN 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Radio Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Temporary Identity 
               
               
                   
                 UART 
                 Universal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Asynchronous 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Receiver and 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Transmitter 
               
               
                   
                 UCI 
                 Uplink Control 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Information 
               
               
                   
                 UE 
                 User Equipment 
               
               
                   
                 UDM 
                 Unified Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Management 
               
               
                   
                 UDP  
                 User Datagram 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 UDSF  
                 Unstructured Data 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Storage Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 UICC 
                 Universal Integrated 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Circuit Card 
               
               
                   
                 UL 
                 Uplink 
               
               
                   
                 UM  
                 Unacknowledged 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Mode 
               
               
                   
                 UML  
                 Unified Modelling 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Language 
               
               
                   
                 UMTS 
                 Universal Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Telecommunications 
               
               
                   
                   
                 System 
               
               
                   
                 UP 
                 User Plane 
               
               
                   
                 UPF 
                 User Plane Function 
               
               
                   
                 URI 
                 Uniform Resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Identifier 
               
               
                   
                 URL 
                 Uniform Resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Locator 
               
               
                   
                 URLLC 
                 Ultra- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Reliable and Low 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Latency 
               
               
                   
                 USB 
                 Universal Serial Bus 
               
               
                   
                 USIM 
                 Universal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Subscriber Identity Module 
               
               
                   
                 USS 
                 UE-specific search 
               
               
                   
                   
                 space 
               
               
                   
                 UTRA 
                 UMTS Terrestrial 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Radio Access 
               
               
                   
                 UTRAN 
                 Universal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Terrestrial Radio 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Access Network 
               
               
                   
                 UwPTS 
                 Uplink Pilot 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Time Slot 
               
               
                   
                 V2I 
                 Vehicle-to- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Infrastruction 
               
               
                   
                 V2P 
                 Vehicle-to- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Pedestrian 
               
               
                   
                 V2V 
                 Vehicle-to-Vehicle 
               
               
                   
                 V2X  
                 Vehicle-to- 
               
               
                   
                   
                 everything 
               
               
                   
                 VIM  
                 Virtualized 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Infrastructure Manager 
               
               
                   
                 VL 
                 Virtual Link, 
               
               
                   
                 VLAN 
                 Virtual LAN, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Virtual Local Area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 VM 
                 Virtual Machine 
               
               
                   
                 VNF 
                 Virtualized Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Function 
               
               
                   
                 VNFFG 
                 VNF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Forwarding Graph 
               
               
                   
                 VNFFGD 
                 VNF 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Forwarding Graph 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Descriptor 
               
               
                   
                 VNFM 
                 VNF Manager 
               
               
                   
                 VoIP 
                 Voice-over-IP, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Voice-over-Internet 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
                 VPLMN 
                 Visited 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Public Land Mobile 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 VPN 
                 Virtual Private Network 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 VRB 
                 Virtual Resource 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Block 
               
               
                   
                 WiMAX 
                 Worldwide 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Interoperability for 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Microwave Access 
               
               
                   
                 WLAN 
                 Wireless Local Area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 WMAN 
                 Wireless 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Metropolitan Area 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Network 
               
               
                   
                 WPAN 
                 Wireless Personal 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Area Network 
               
               
                   
                 X2-C 
                 X2-Control plane 
               
               
                   
                 X2-U 
                 X2-User plane 
               
               
                   
                 XML  
                 extensible Markup 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Language 
               
               
                   
                 XRES 
                 EXpected user 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RESponse 
               
               
                   
                 XOR 
                 exclusive OR 
               
               
                   
                 ZC  
                 Zadoff-Chu 
               
               
                   
                 ZP 
                 Zero Power 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     TERMINOLOGY 
     For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein. 
     The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry. 
     The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.” 
     The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like. 
     The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface. 
     The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like. 
     The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources. 
     The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource. 
     The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable. 
     The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information. 
     The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. 
     The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or link, and/or the like. 
     The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content. 
     The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration. 
     The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block. 
     The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure. 
     The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation. 
     The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA. 
     The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC. 
     The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell. 
     The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/. 
     The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell.