Patent Publication Number: US-11665312-B1

Title: Video reformatting recommendation

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates generally to video processing systems and more particularly to video reformatting systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Consumption of content on mobile devices continues to grow. Rather than watching a movie with a horizontal layout (having a 16:9 aspect ratio) or square layout (having a 1:1 aspect ratio), users now watch content with a vertical layout (e.g., having a 9:16 aspect ratio). Converting content from horizontal (landscape orientation) or square layout to vertical layout (portrait orientation) is not trivial and requires specialized software or hardware resources. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure number in which that element is first introduced. Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing an example messaging system for exchanging data (e.g., messages and associated content) over a network, according to example embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram illustrating data that may be stored in the database of a messaging server system, according to example embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of a message generated by a messaging client application for communication, according to example embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram showing an example video editing platform, according to example embodiments. 
         FIGS.  5 - 6    are flowcharts illustrating example operations of the video editing platform, according to example embodiments. 
         FIGS.  7 - 8    are illustrative user interfaces of the video editing platform, according to example embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    is a block diagram illustrating a representative software architecture, which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described, according to example embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, according to example embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The description that follows includes systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and computing machine program products that embody illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various embodiments. It will be evident, however, to those skilled in the art, that embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, and techniques are not necessarily shown in detail. 
     One of the challenges of distributing content produced in one aspect ratio (e.g., for display on a television) for display on devices having a different aspect ratio (e.g., mobile devices) is the need to reformat or edit the content to be specifically viewed on the mobile devices. This need arises because if the content, produced for consumption on a wide screen television, is presented as is f e.g., without any editing) on a mobile device with a vertical screen, the resulting images may be blurry, hard to see, and too small to enjoy. This negatively impacts the overall user experience. 
     Although conventional systems exist for reformatting the content, performing the reformatting in these systems requires professional video editor skills and is extremely time consuming, expensive and complicated. Also, the conventional systems require specialized software tools to be installed. In addition, even with the specialized software tools, any video editing that is performed has to be done manually on a frame-by-frame basis. 
     The disclosed embodiments improve the efficiency of using the electronic device by providing a video editing platform that automatically generates a modification for the way in which content is presented in a video for a user to review, for example, to make the content more suitable for consumption on a mobile device. For example, the disclosed video editing platform enables a content provider to review and accept an automatically generated modification to content from a horizontal or square layout to a vertical layout. In addition, rather than requiring specialized tools to be installed and learned in order to edit the content, the disclosed embodiments provide a web interface that automates and simplifies the process of reformatting the content by allowing the user to accept an automatically generated video modification with the push or selection of an on-screen option. This significantly improves how content providers make content available for consumption on mobile devices and reduces the number of steps the content providers have to perform to edit content for consumption on mobile devices. This is because the content provider is provided with a platform that not only automatically and intelligently generates a modification to the visual presentation of various one or more objects in a shot in the content to present the shot in a different layout (e.g., a vertical layout), but the platform also provides a web interface that allows the content provider to review and seamlessly, and with minimal effort, accept the automatically generated modification and/or make additional changes to the content. Rather than installing specialized software and manually analyzing content frame-by-frame to reformat the content for consumption on a mobile device, as done conventionally, only a few steps may be needed by the content provider to automatically reformat the content and review the automatically edited content before publication or distribution to viewers on mobile devices. 
     As an example, a content provider uploads, via a website, a video (e.g., an episode of a show) that has a horizontal aspect ratio to the disclosed video editing platform. The video editing platform automatically analyzes the video to detect a set of shots in the video. Each shot is a contiguous sequence [GCG1]  of video frames that is free of cuts or transitions. Namely, the shot has image continuity across a sequence of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time without presenting a blank frame or other type of frame transition (e.g., a cut that combines two frames together, a fade (where a frame slowly turns black), dissolve (where a frame slowly disappears and another adjacent frame slowly appears), a wipe (where a frame slowly slides off the screen and an adjacent frame slides into the screen), and so forth) between the given sequence of frames. 
     After or during automatically detecting the shots in the video, the video editing platform identifies one or more objects (e.g., a human face and/or body) in each shot and automatically generates a modification to a visual presentation of the one or more objects in each shot (e.g., to be suitable for vertical display). For example, the video editing platform identifies two characters in the same shot and stacks the characters one on top of the other in a vertical window that has a vertical aspect ratio of the mobile device. In this way, rather than fitting the horizontal video in the vertical space of the mobile device by shrinking the horizontal video, the elements or objects in the frames of the horizontal video are automatically rearranged or repositioned to best use the available vertical screen space of the mobile device. In some implementations, in addition to or instead of generating the modification based on identified objects, the video editing platform performs automated modifications based on salient portions of the shot or portions of a shot where a user&#39;s eyes might focus or by identifying areas of sharp contrast. For example, the video editing platform identifies areas of dark/light contrast to detect which portions of the shot to keep or exclude. As another example, the video editing platform detects text in frames of the shot (e.g., a title of a movie in a set of frames) and adjusts the layout or visual presentation based on the text. Specifically, an introduction to a movie may, contain a title of the movie that spans the width of the shot. In such cases, the video editing platform performs a letterbox type of modification to the shot to keep the entire text in the shot. 
     In some implementations, to stack the characters one on top of the other, the video editing platform generates a vertical window having the vertical aspect ratio of the mobile device. The video editing platform copies the shot into upper and lower sections of the vertical window, positions a portion of the shot with the first character in the upper section and another portion of the shot with the second character in the lower section. The video editing platform then crops or removes content that is not within the upper and lower sections of the vertical window. The video editing platform then stores the modified shot and presents an indication of the modified shot to a user via the website to allow the user to accept the modification and publish or distribute the video with the modified shot to other viewers. 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing an example messaging system  100  for exchanging data (e.g., messages and associated content) over a network  106 . The messaging system  100  includes multiple client devices  102 , each of which hosts a number of applications including a messaging client application  104  and a video editing client  105 . Each messaging client application  104  is communicatively coupled to other instances of the messaging client application  104 , video editing client  105 , and a messaging server system  108  via a network  106  (e.g., the Internet). 
     Accordingly, each messaging client application  104  and video editing client  105  is able to communicate and exchange data with another messaging client application  104  and video editing client  105  and with the messaging server system  108  via the network  106 . The data exchanged between messaging client applications  104 , video editing clients  105 , and between a messaging client application  104  and the messaging server system  108  includes functions (e.g., commands to invoke functions) as well as payload data (e.g., text, audio, video, or other multimedia data). 
     Video editing client  105  is an application that includes a set of functions that allow the client device  102  to access video editing server  107  and/or video editing platform  124 . Video editing client  105  accesses the video editing platform  124  and functionality of video editing server(s)  107  through a dedicated client application or a web interface. For example, video editing client  105  implements a local client application that acts as a dumb terminal with minimal functionality used to access video editing features by communicating directly with the video editing platform  124 . As another example, video editing client  105  accesses the video editing features of the video editing platform  124  by accessing a website hosted by video editing server(s)  107 . In such cases, the video editing client  105  communicates with video editing server(s)  107  to upload a video for editing via a website and then video editing server(s)  107  sends the video received from the client to the video editing platform  124  for automated editing. In some implementations, the functions provided by video editing server(s)  107  can be implemented by and combined with the video editing platform  124 . 
     In some embodiments, the video editing client  105  is used by a content provider to reformat content that has been previously produced for consumption on a wide screen or square screen device (e.g., content produced for presentation in a landscape orientation). Namely, the content may be in a first aspect ratio (for presentation in a landscape orientation) and the video editing client  105  communicates with the video editing platform  124  to reformat the content into a second aspect ratio suitable for presentation in a portrait orientation on a screen of a mobile device, in some instances changing the orientation of the image from landscape to portrait orientation in reformatting. For example, the video editing client  105  presents a story studio interface that includes an option to create a new episode of a show. In response to receiving a user selection of a new episode option, the video editing client  105  presents a user with an upload interface. The user can select an upload option which allows the user to select one or more files that include the target video to be uploaded and reformatted. After the user selects the file that includes the target video, the video editing client  105  asynchronously uploads the file to the video editing platform  124 . Video editing platform  124  receives the file and automatically reformats the file (e.g., in the manner discussed in connection with  FIGS.  5  and  6   ). 
     After the video editing platform  124  automatically reformats the presentation of the video from the first aspect ratio to the second aspect ratio (e.g., the vertical aspect ratio), the video editing platform  124  presents an editing screen to the video editing client  105 . An illustrative editing screen is shown and described in connection with  FIG.  7    below. In some embodiments, the editing screen is presented to the user as the automated editing of each shot completes and while other shots continue to be automatically edited. A spinner may be shown to the user to indicate that other shots are still being processed in the editing screen. In some cases, the chapters represented in the editing screen correspond to 20 second media files, but any other suitable length media file can be used. In some cases, the chapters represent separate shots, a collection of shots that are thematically related, a collection of shots related to the same scene, a collection of 20 second media files that correspond to the same shot, and so forth. 
     The editing screen allows a user to see how the video was divided into shots and chapters, review the automatically generated edits, and make further changes. For example, a user can split shots, combine shots, create new chapters, assign titles to the shots and chapters, change the visual presentation of the content in the shots, and so forth. The user can also add graphics and text to the shots presented in the video editing platform  124 . After the user is satisfied with the edited content, the user can select a publish option in the video editing client  105  to instruct the video editing platform  124  to make the episode available for consumption by other users on their respective mobile devices (e.g., for selection by any user of the messaging client application  104 ). 
     In some implementations, the video editing platform  124  automatically generates a modification that reformats the presentation of the video. The generated modification is presented to the user in the form of an indication in the editing screen. The indication of the automatically generated modification for a given shot is presented to the user in the editing screen in response to receiving a user selection of a representation of the shot. The indication informs the user about how the video editing platform  124  automatically generated the modification. After the user reviews the contents of the automatically generated modification, the user can select an accept option to cause the video editing platform  124  to modify the shot according to the automatically generated modification. The modified shot can replace the unmodified shot in the storage and/or can be stored as a separate file that includes the modified shots. The modified shots can be assembled into a sequence of modified shots and distributed to a plurality of users for consumption. In an implementation, the automatically generated modification corresponds to a modification of one of several layers in the video. The user can review each layer modification and accept the automatically generated modification for each layer (e.g., a video frame layer, a text layer, an audio layer, and so forth). In some implementations, the user can select an option to accept all the modifications generated for multiple layers in a shot simultaneously. In response, the layers of the shot are combined into a single file to be played back together. 
     In some embodiments, rather than generating new video files as the modifications of the video, a textual document (e.g., an XML or JSON) can be generated to represent modifications to a video file. The textual document can identify time codes of frames and shots of the video file and can specify x,y positions of the vertical window and types of layouts for each time code. The textual document can be automatically generated and modified by a user. After the textual document is complete, a user can select an option to apply the edits described in the textual document to the corresponding video file. The video file is modified according to the layouts in the textual document and presented to a user. 
     In one example, the automatically generated modification of the video editing platform  124  includes identifying a particular object in a frame that is static throughout a predetermined number of consecutive frames in the shot and generating a modification that statically crops the object in using a vertical window. In another example, the automatically generated modification of the video editing platform  124  includes identifying text boxes that span most of the width a predetermined number of consecutive frames in a shot (e.g., a long horizontal shot (like a title screen)), and rather than performing a static crop using a vertical window, the video editing platform  124  crops the frames using a letterbox-sized window. In this case, the video editing platform  124  is configured to identify the dominant cover in the shot so as to preserve the framing colors in the letterbox window. 
     Each messaging client application  104  and video editing client  105  is also able to communicate with one or more video editing server(s)  107  and/or video editing platform  124 . Video editing platform  124  receives a video in a first aspect ratio (e.g., a horizontally elongated aspect ratio (typically 16:9) or a 1:1 square aspect ratio) and automatically alters the objects and images in the presentation of the video to create a modified video that is in a second aspect ratio that is vertically elongated (e.g., a 9:16 aspect ratio). 
     To perform this automated operation, the video editing platform  124  initially processes the received video to identify one or more shots in the video. For example, the video editing platform  124  accesses each frame in the video to determine when a transition occurs (e.g., when a blank frame is present or when a frame corresponding to a predetermined transition is detected). Once the transition is identified, the video editing platform  124  searches for when the next occurrence of a transition takes place without any other intervening transitions. The video editing platform  124  marks the set of contiguous frames between the two identified transitions as a shot in the video. The video editing platform  124  continues performing this process to identify all the contiguous frames that occur between respective transitions as corresponding to respective shots. 
     In some cases, the video editing platform  124  selects the first, middle, or last one of the frames in a given shot or an arbitrary random frame in the shot to represent the shot in an editing screen. Namely, the video editing platform  124  can present an icon or visual representation that includes a reduced horizontal version of the selected frame as a representation of the shot that includes the contiguous set of frames including the selected frame. The user can use the editing screen to select the icon or visual representation to view a preview of the shot that has been modified and to receive an indication of the automatically generated modification to the frames and/or layers in the shot. 
     The video editing platform  124  identifies one or more objects of interest (e.g., a subject such as a human face) in each of the shots that are marked. Based on the number of objects that are detected in a given shot and whether the objects are moving, the video editing platform  124  automatically generates a modification of the shot by rearranging the presentation of the objects into a vertical arrangement using a vertical window that has the vertical aspect ratio. For example, if a single non-moving object is detected, the video editing platform  124  aligns the object within the vertical window and crops content from the frames of the shot featuring the object that are outside of the vertical window to remove the content that is outside of the window. As another example, if the single object moves throughout the shot, the video editing platform  124  aligns the vertical window over the object and pans the window in the direction in which the object moves while cropping content that is outside of the window as the window pans to remove the cropped content. As another example, if two objects are detected in the shot, the video editing platform  124  stacks one of the objects on top of the other in the vertical window that has the vertical aspect ratio. 
     In some embodiments, the video editing platform  124  detects the orientation of the device being used to consume the content and performs the automatic reformatting based on the orientation. For example, if the device is oriented horizontally (e.g., where the width of the screen is longer than the height of the screen), the video editing platform  124  presents to the user the content in its original form (e.g., in the landscape orientation). In response to detecting that the device orientation has changed to a vertical orientation (e.g., to a portrait orientation where the width of the screen is shorter than the height) (which may happen while the content is being consumed), the video editing platform  124  automatically generates and/or retrieves a vertical layout or portrait orientation of the content (e.g., where one object is stacked on top of another) and presents that reformatted content on the vertically oriented screen. These processes are described in more detail below in connection with  FIG.  6    and in commonly-owned, commonly-assigned Ian Wehrman et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/234,035, filed Dec. 27, 2018, entitled “VIDEO REFORMATTING SYSTEM,” which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     After or during the generation of the modification of the video, the video editing platform  124  presents an editing screen to a user on a client device  102  to enable the user to make further adjustments and edits to the automatically edited video and for the user to receive indications of the automatically generated modifications. 
     The messaging server system  108  provides server-side functionality via the network  106  to a particular messaging client application  104 . While certain functions of the messaging system  100  are described herein as being performed by either a messaging client application  104  or by the messaging server system  108 , it will be appreciated that the location of certain functionality either within the messaging client application  104  or the messaging server system  108  is a design choice. For example, it may be technically preferable to initially deploy, certain technology and functionality within the messaging server system  108 , but to later migrate this technology and functionality to the messaging client application  104  where a client device  102  has a sufficient processing capacity. 
     The messaging server system  108  supports various services and operations that are provided to the messaging client application  104 . Such operations include transmitting data to, receiving data from, and processing data generated by the messaging client application  104 . This data may include message content, client device information, geolocation information, media annotation and overlays, virtual objects, message content persistence conditions, social network information, and live event information, as examples. Data exchanges within the messaging system  100  are invoked and controlled through functions available via user interfaces (UIs) of the messaging client application  104 . 
     Turning now specifically to the messaging server system  108 , an application program interface (API) server  110  is coupled to, and provides a programmatic interface to, an application server  112 . The application server  112  is communicatively coupled to a database server  118 , which facilitates access to a database  120  in which is stored data associated with messages processed by the application server  112 . 
     Dealing specifically with the API server  110 , this server  110  receives and transmits message data (e.g., commands and message payloads) between the client device  102  and the application server  112 . Specifically, the API server  110  provides a set of interfaces (e.g., routines and protocols) that can be called or queried by the messaging client application  104  and the video editing server  107  in order to invoke functionality of the application server  112 . The API server  110  exposes various functions supported by the application server  112 , including account registration; login functionality; the sending of messages, via the application server  112 , from a particular messaging client application  104  to another messaging client application  104 ; the sending of media files (e.g., images or video) from a messaging client application  104  to the messaging server application  114 , and for possible access by another messaging client application  104 ; the setting of a collection of media data (e.g., story); the retrieval of such collections; the retrieval of a list of friends of a user of a client device  102 ; the retrieval of messages and content; the adding and deleting of friends to a social graph; the location of friends within a social graph; access to user conversation data; access to avatar information stored on messaging server system  108 ; and opening an application event (e.g., relating to the messaging client application  104 ). 
     The application server  112  hosts a number of applications and subsystems, including a messaging server application  114 , an image processing system  116 , a social network system  122 , and video editing platform  124 . The messaging server application  114  implements a number of message processing technologies and functions, particularly related to the aggregation and other processing of content (e.g., textual and multimedia content) included in messages received from multiple instances of the messaging client application  104 . As will be described in further detail, the text and media content from multiple sources may be aggregated into collections of content (e.g., called stories or galleries). These collections are then made available, by the messaging server application  114 , to the messaging client application  104 . Other processor- and memory-intensive processing of data may also be performed server-side by the messaging server application  114 , in view of the hardware requirements for such processing. 
     The application server  112  also includes an image processing system  116  that is dedicated to performing various image processing operations, typically with respect to images or video received within the payload of a message at the messaging server application  114 . A portion of the image processing system  116  may also be implemented by video editing platform  124 . 
     The social network system  122  supports various social networking functions and services and makes these functions and services available to the messaging server application  114 . To this end, the social network system  122  maintains and accesses an entity graph  204  ( FIG.  2   ) within the database  120 . Examples of functions and services supported by the social network system  122  include the identification of other users of the messaging system  100  with which a particular user has relationships or is “following” and also the identification of other entities and interests of a particular user. Such other users may be referred to as the user&#39;s friends. 
     The application server  112  is communicatively coupled to a database server  118 , which facilitates access to a database  120  in which is stored data associated with messages processed by the messaging server application  114 . 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic diagram  200  illustrating data, which may be stored in the database  120  of the messaging server system  108 , according to certain example embodiments. While the content of the database  120  is shown to comprise a number of tables, it will be appreciated that the data could be stored in other types of data structures (e.g., as an object-oriented database). 
     The database  120  includes message data stored within a message table  214 . An entity table  202  stores entity data, including an entity graph  204 . Entities for which records are maintained within the entity table  202  may include individuals, corporate entities, organizations, objects, places, events, and so forth. Regardless of type, any entity regarding which the messaging server system  108  stores data may be a recognized entity. Each entity is provided with a unique identifier, as well as an entity type identifier (not shown). 
     The entity graph  204  furthermore stores information regarding relationships and associations between entities. Such relationships may be social, professional (e.g., work at a common corporation or organization), interest-based, or activity-based, merely for example. 
     Message table  214  may store a collection of conversations between a user and one or more friends or entities. Message table  214  may include various attributes of each conversation, such as the list of participants, the size of the conversation (e.g., number of users and/or number of messages), the chat color of the conversation, a unique identifier for the conversation, and any other conversation related feature(s). Information from message table  214  may be provided in limited form and on a limited basis to a given web-based gaming application based on functions of the messaging client application  104  invoked by the web-based gaming application. 
     The database  120  also stores annotation data, in the example form of filters, in an annotation table  217 . Database  120  also stores annotated content received in the annotation table  217 . Filters for which data is stored within the annotation table  217  are associated with and applied to videos (for which data is stored in a video table  219 ) and/or images (for which data is stored in an image table  208 ). Filters, in one example, are overlays that are displayed as overlaid on an image or video during presentation to a recipient user. Filters may be of various types, including user-selected filters from a gallery of filters presented to a sending user by the messaging client application  104  when the sending user is composing a message. Other types of filters include geolocation filters (also known as geo-filters), which may be presented to a sending user based on geographic location. For example, geolocation filters specific to a neighborhood or special location may be presented within a UI by the messaging client application  104 , based on geolocation information determined by a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit of the client device  102 . Another type of filter is a data filter, which may be selectively presented to a sending user by the messaging client application  104 , based on other inputs or information gathered by the client device  102  during the message creation process. Examples of data filters include current temperature at a specific location, a current speed at which a sending user is traveling, battery life for a client device  102 , or the current time. 
     Other annotation data that may be stored within the image table  208  is so-called “lens” data. A “lens” may be a real-time special effect and sound that may be added to an image or a video. 
     As mentioned above, the video table  219  stores video data which, in one embodiment, is associated with messages for which records are maintained within the message table  214 . Similarly, the image table  208  stores image data associated with messages for which message data is stored in the entity table  202 . The entity table  202  may associate various annotations from the annotation table  217  with various images and videos stored in the image table  208  and the video table  219 . 
     Video editing functions  207  stores video editing functions of the video editing platform  124 . Video editing functions  207  provide any one or more of the functions corresponding to the options presented to the user in the video editing screen  700  ( FIG.  7   ). Video editing functions  207  provide the algorithms and processes the video editing platform  124  uses to identify shots, identify, objects of interest, select a new arrangement or layout for the identified objects, and so forth. 
     A story table  206  stores data regarding collections of messages and associated image, video, or audio data, which are compiled into a collection (e.g., a story or a gallery). The creation of a particular collection may be initiated by a particular user e.g., each user for which a record is maintained in the entity table  202 ). A user may create a “personal story” in the form of a collection of content that has been created and sent/broadcast by that user. To this end, the UI of the messaging client application  104  may include an icon that is user-selectable to enable a sending user to add specific content to his or her personal story. 
     A collection may also constitute a “live story,” which is a collection of content from multiple users that is created manually, automatically, or using a combination of manual and automatic techniques. For example, a “live story” may constitute a curated stream of user-submitted content from various locations and events. Users whose client devices  102  have location services enabled and are at a common location event at a particular time may, for example, be presented with an option, via a UI of the messaging client application  104 , to contribute content to a particular live story. The live story may be identified to the user by the messaging client application  104 , based on his or her location. The end result is a “live story” told from a community perspective. 
     A further type of content collection is known as a “location story,” which enables a user whose client device  102  is located within a specific geographic location (e.g., on a college or university campus) to contribute to a particular collection. In some embodiments, a contribution to a location story may require a second degree of authentication to verify that the end user belongs to a specific organization or other entity (e.g., is a student on the university campus). 
     A further type of content is known as a “show.” A show includes one or more episodes that are arranged to be viewed in a particular sequence. Each episode may be 15 minutes in length but can also be shorter or longer. A user accesses a given episode from a discover screen of the messaging application on a mobile device. In the discover screen of the messaging application, various representations (icons) of different shows are provided. A user selects a given icon for a show and the system presents a list of episodes of the show that are available for the user to watch. After a user selects one of the episodes, the system retrieves the corresponding episodes and plays the episode back for the user on the mobile device. The episodes of the show, in certain embodiments, are specifically formatted for display on a vertical screen of a mobile device. According to some embodiments, a content provider supplies or uploads a given episode of a show that has a horizontal aspect ratio (e.g., is formatted for display on a horizontal screen) and the video editing platform  124  reformats the episode into a vertical aspect ratio for display on a mobile device. The reformatted episode is the one that is made available through the discover screen of the messaging application on the mobile device. 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of a message  300 , according to some embodiments, generated by a messaging client application  104  for communication to a further messaging client application  104  or the messaging server application  114 . The content of a particular message  300  is used to populate the message table  214  stored within the database  120 , accessible by the messaging server application  114 . Similarly, the content of a message  300  is stored in memory as “in-transit” or “in-flight” data of the client device  102  or the application server  112 . The message  300  is shown to include the following components:
         A message identifier  302 : a unique identifier that identifies the message  300 .   A message text payload  304 : text, to be generated by a user via a UI of the client device  102  and that is included in the message  300 .   A message image payload  306 : image data, captured by a camera component of a client device  102  or retrieved from memory of a client device  102 , and that is included in the message  300 .   A message video payload  308 : video data, captured by a camera component or retrieved from a memory component of the client device  102  and that is included in the message  300 .   A message audio payload  310 : audio data, captured by a microphone or retrieved from the memory component of the client device  102 , and that is included in the message  300 .   A message annotation  312 : annotation data (e.g., filters, stickers, or other enhancements) that represents annotations to be applied to message image payload  306 , message video payload  308 , or message audio payload  310  of the message  300 .   A message duration parameter  314 : parameter value indicating, in seconds, the amount of time for which content of the message (e.g., the message image payload  306 , message video payload  308 , message audio payload  310 ) is to be presented or made accessible to a user via the messaging client application  104 .   A message geolocation parameter  316 : geolocation data (e.g., latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates) associated with the content payload of the message  300 . Multiple message geolocation parameter  316  values may be included in the payload, with each of these parameter values being associated with respect to content items included in the content (e.g., a specific image within the message image payload  306 , or a specific video in the message video payload  308 ).   A message story identifier  318 : identifier value identifying one or more content collections (e.g., “stories”) with which a particular content item in the message image payload  306  of the message  300  is associated. For example, multiple images within the message image payload  306  may each be associated with multiple content collections using identifier values.   A message tag  320 : each message  300  may be tagged with multiple tags, each of which is indicative of the subject matter of content included in the message payload. For example, where a particular image included in the message image payload  306  depicts an animal (e.g., a lion), a tag value may be included within the message tag  320  that is indicative of the relevant animal. Tag values may be generated manually, based on user input, or may be automatically generated using, for example, image recognition.   A message sender identifier  322 : an identifier (e.g., a messaging system identifier, email address, or device identifier) indicative of a user of the client device  102  on which the message  300  was generated and from which the message  300  was sent.   A message receiver identifier  324 : an identifier (e.g., a messaging system identifier, email address, or device identifier) indicative of user(s) of the client device  102  to which the message  300  is addressed. In the case of a conversation between multiple users, the identifier may indicate each user involved in the conversation.       

     The contents (e.g., values) of the various components of message  300  may be pointers to locations in tables within which content data values are stored. For example, an image value in the message image payload  306  may be a pointer to (or address of) a location within an image table  208 . Similarly, values within the message video payload  308  may point to data stored within a video table  219 , values stored within the message annotations  312  may point to data stored in an annotation table  217 , values stored within the message story identifier  318  may point to data stored in a story table  206 , and values stored within the message sender identifier  322  and the message receiver identifier  324  may point to user records stored within an entity table  202 . 
       FIG.  4    is a block diagram showing an example video editing platform  124 , according to example embodiments. Video editing platform  124  includes a user interface module  210 , a video ingestion module  220 , a media analysis module  230 , a publishing module  240  and a content discovery module  250 . User interface module  210  may include an API content and client module  211  and a web client module  212 . User interface module  210  is configured to communicate with a client device  102  to receive a video in a first aspect ratio (e.g., a wide or square aspect ratio) for automatically generating a modification for converting the video to a second aspect ratio (e.g., a vertical aspect ratio). The user interface module  210  provides the client device  102  with the automatically generated modification of the edited video via a video editing screen  700  to allow the user to accept the modification and/or make additional manual edits to the video. The user interface module  210  receives input from the client device  102  instructing the video editing platform  124  to publish a given edited video for public distribution (e.g., via the messaging client application  104 ). 
     In some cases, the client device  102  communicates with the video editing platform  124  via a dedicated dumb terminal that has software with minimal communication and display capabilities. In such cases, the client device  102  communicates directly with the video editing platform  124  via the API content and client module  211 . In some cases, the client device  102  communicates with the video editing platform  124  via a website hosted by video editing server(s)  107 . In such cases, the client device  102  communicates with the video editing platform  124  via the web client module  212  that communicates with the video editing server(s)  107 . 
     The user interface module  210  provides a video that was received from the client device  102  to the video ingestion module  220 . The video ingestion module  220  analyzes the video from front to back (e.g., from the first frame to the last frame) to identify shot boundaries (e.g., to detect which contiguous set of frames are between respective video transitions). The video ingestion module  220  extracts and stores high and low resolution video frames for final rendering and for fast analysis and to generate chunks of transcoded video optimized for playback on a mobile device. In some cases, the video ingestion module  220  outputs shots that are no longer than 20 seconds in length or that are no longer than a specified threshold. It the video ingestion module  220  fails to detect a transition after 20 seconds or after the specified threshold, the video ingestion module  220  automatically inserts an artificial transition to generate an artificial shot. For example, the video ingestion module  220  detects a first transition at time point 1:30 (min:sec) and fails to detect a transition 20 seconds later at 1:50 (min:sec). In such cases, the video ingestion module  220  creates a shot that has the set of frames between 1:30 and 1:50 even though a transition was not detected at the 1:50 time point. 
     The video ingestion module  220  also adds chapter breaks at the shot boundaries. For example, chapter breaks are added as close as possible to 20 seconds after the previous shot boundary or after the start of the video. In some implementations, the video ingestion module  220  adds a chapter break after a specified or predetermined number of shots (e.g., after every 4 shots). 
     Once the shot boundary (e.g., the shot) is identified, the low resolution frames of the shot are provided by the video ingestion module  220  to the media analysis module  230 . Media analysis module  230  performs a variety of low-level analyses on the shot including saliency analysis, sharp contrast analysis, crop suggestion, face detection, text detection, and dominant color analysis. Media analysis module  230  performs operations discussed in connection with  FIGS.  5  and  6    to generate modifications and/or recommendations to a user to reformat the layout of the content in the frames into a different arrangement (e.g., a vertical arrangement). For example, the media analysis module  230  combines the low level analyses as they become available along with some heuristics to produce recommended layouts and formatting parameters for each shot. The available layouts (e.g., full frame, letterbox, two-way split, three-way split, and so forth) are ranked and formatting parameters appropriate to each layout are recommended. For example, the scale and position for the full-frame layout, scale and background color for letterbox, split ratio, and position for two-way or three-way split layouts are recommended. The media analysis module  230  obtains the top-ranked layout and associated formatting parameters for each shot and presents the layout as an indication to the user of the recommended automatically generated modification for the user to accept for final rendering via a publishing module  240  that presents the recommendations to a user via the user interface module  210  in a video editing screen  700  ( FIG.  7   ). 
     After the user confirms or makes additional changes to the edited shots, the user can select a publish option to instruct the publishing module  240  to make the edited video available to other users. In an example, the publishing module  240  provides the reformatted video (the video with the vertical aspect ratio) to the content discovery module  250 . The content discovery module  250  presents an option to access the video as an episode option to users of a given application (e.g., a messaging application). In response to receiving a user selection of the episode option, the reformatted video is presented to the given user in the vertical aspect ratio. 
     In some embodiments, the edited video is stored as a new video that is additional to the video that is in the horizontal or square aspect ratio. This way, if a different set of changes is desired, the horizontal or vertical video can be accessed and edited into a new video for publication to other users. In some embodiments, the edited video replaces the horizontal or square aspect ratio video that is received. 
     In some embodiments, the edited video is composed of multiple layers. One layer includes the video frames that are in the vertical aspect ratio. Another layer includes audio corresponding to the video frames. Another layer includes textual or image content that overlays frames in the video. Each layer can be edited automatically or manually by the user independently of another layer. After editing all of the layers is completed, a user can select a publish option to instruct the publishing module  240  to combine all of the layers into a single video content. In this way, the audio layer is presented together in time with the video frame layer and the textual or image content layer. The single video content is provided as a single file to a client device to present to a user. 
       FIGS.  5 - 6    are flowcharts illustrating example operations of the video editing platform  124  in performing processes  500 - 600 , according to example embodiments. The processes  500 - 600  may be embodied in computer-readable instructions for execution by one or more processors such that the operations of the processes  500 - 600  may be performed in part or in whole by the functional components of the messaging server system  108 ; accordingly, the processes  500 - 600  are described below by way of example with reference thereto. However, in other embodiments at least some of the operations of the processes  500 - 600  may be deployed on various other hardware configurations. The processes  500 - 600  are therefore not intended to be limited to the messaging server system  108  and can be implemented in whole, or in part, by any other component. 
     At operation  501 , the video editing platform  124  detects a plurality of shots in a video, each shot comprising a sequence of frames. For example, the video ingestion module  220  processes a low-resolution version of the received video to detect video transitions (e.g., a blank frame). Upon detecting a first video transition, the video ingestion module  220  searches for the immediately adjacent next video transition (e.g., the next blank frame). In some cases that next video transition is detected less than 20 seconds after the first video transition. Upon detecting the next video transition, the video ingestion module  220  identifies the set of contiguous frames that are adjacent to the two video transitions and marks the contiguous frames as a shot. After finding one shot, the video ingestion module  220  searches for the next video transition and marks the set of contiguous frames between the next set of transitions as another shot. For example, the video ingestion module  220  identifies a first video transition at timepoint 1:20 (min:sec) and a second video transition at timepoint 1:30 (min:sec). In response, the video ingestion module  220  marks a first set of contiguous frames between timepoints 1:20 and 1:30 as corresponding to a given shot. Next, the video ingestion module  220  detects another video transition at timepoint 1:45 following the video transition at timepoint 1:30. In response, the video ingestion module  220  marks a second set of contiguous frames between timepoints 1:30 and 1:45 as corresponding to another shot. In some cases, the video ingestion module  220  selects a given frame (first, middle or last) in each marked shot to represent the shot in a video editing screen  700  as an icon or visual representation. 
     At operation  502 , the video editing platform  124  automatically generates a modification to a visual presentation of one or more objects in a first shot of the plurality of shots. For example, the media analysis module  230  processes the low-resolution shots provided by the video ingestion module  220  to detect one or more objects that appear in the shot continuously or among a majority of the frames in the shot. In some cases, the video editing platform  124  performs facial recognition to detect human faces in the shot as the one or more objects. The media analysis module  230  focuses a vertical window (having a vertical aspect ratio of 9:16) around the object in the shot and crops out to remove any content in the shot that is outside of the vertical window. As another example, the media analysis module  230  places objects that appear next to each other in the received video on top of each other within the vertical window. Specifically, two humans that are facing each other in the video that is in the first aspect ratio are instead automatically placed on top of each other in the vertical window to fit within the vertical aspect ratio, and other content outside of the vertical window is removed. This automatically generated modification is stored and/or associated with the first shot. In this way, in response to receiving a user selection of the first shot, the automatically generated modification is presented to the user as an indication for the user to accept. 
       FIG.  6    provides an illustrative process  600  for automatically generating modifications to the visual presentation of one or more objects in the first shot. In an embodiment, the operations discussed in connection with  FIG.  6    are performed to determine a type of modification to perform for a given shot or set of shots. These determined modifications are stored as instructions for performing the modifications and are presented to the user as an indication of the modifications for a given shot. Upon receiving a user selection of a confirm or accept option, the modification instructions are retrieved to perform the operations of  FIG.  6    to modify the shot. At operation  601 , the video editing platform  124  determines the number of objects that are detected. In response to determining that there is a single object detected in the shot, the process  600  proceeds to operation  602 . In response to determining that two objects are in the shot, the process  600  proceeds to operation  606 . In response to determining that three or more objects are in the shot, the process  600  proceeds to operation  608 . 
     At operation  602 , the video editing platform  124  aligns the object within a vertical window corresponding to a second aspect ratio. For example, the media analysis module  230  obtains a vertical window that has a target aspect ratio (e.g., a vertical aspect ratio of 9:16). The media analysis module  230  determines the position of the detected object in the frames of the shot and places the obtained window on top of the object so that the object is centered in the window. The window may have the same height as the frames in the shot but may be smaller in width. 
     At operation  603 , the video editing platform  124  determines if the object is moving. In response to determining that the object is moving, the process  600  proceeds to operation  604 ; otherwise the process  600  proceeds to operation  605 . For example, the media analysis module  230  analyzes the position of the object in each frame in the shot to determine whether the position is substantially unchanged or if the object moves (e.g., if a person is walking across the screen, the object is moving). Namely, the media analysis module  230  determines whether the position of the object relative to other elements in the frames of the shot changes by more than a threshold amount. 
     At operation  604 , the video editing platform  124  pans the vertical window along the direction of object movement to maintain the object within view of the vertical window as the object moves. For example, the media analysis module  230  changes the position of the vertical window at each frame in the shot in accordance with the position of the object in the given frame so that the window continues to keep the object in the center of the window throughout every frame of the shot in which the object appears. 
     At operation  605 , the video editing platform  124  automatically crops a continuous portion of frames in the shot to remove content from the frames that is outside of the vertical window. For example, the media analysis module  230  removes any content in the frames of the shot that is outside of the vertical window. Specifically, any content that exceeds the width of the vertical window is removed or marked for removal from the shot. In particular, to crop a set of frames, the video editing platform  124  alters the images in the continuous portion of frames to retain the portions of the images in each frame that are within the vertical window. The altered set of images in the frames are then stored as a new or edited set of frames of the corresponding video in memory (e.g., database  120 ) using the processors of the video editing platform  124  (e.g., the processors of application server  112 ). 
     At operation  606 , the video editing platform  124  determines that the first and second objects are substantially static. For example, the media analysis module  230  detects the position of each object in the shot. Specifically, if the objects are two people, the media analysis module  230  detects the positions of the two people in the frames of the shot. The media analysis module  230  determines whether the positions of the two people do not change throughout the frames of the shot by more than a threshold amount to determine that the objects are substantially static in the frames of the shot. 
     At operation  607 , the video editing platform  124  stacks a first portion of each frame on top of a second portion of each frame. For example, the media analysis module  230  obtains a vertical window that has a vertical aspect ratio. The media analysis module  230  generates two copies of the shot, reduces the size of the two copies to fit in half or respective sections of the window (e.g., less than all of the window), and inserts each copy in a respective section (e.g., top and bottom) of the window. The media analysis module  230  slides the shot in the top section of the window to center the first object featured in the shot in the top section of the window. The media analysis module  230  slides the shot in the bottom section of the window to center the second object featured in the shot in the bottom section of the window. The media analysis module  230  crops to remove other content in the shot that is not shown in the top and bottom sections of the window. In some implementations, the media analysis module  230  stores instructions for the cropping operations that are performed to modify the frames in a shot in response to receiving a user confirmation accepting the automatically generated modification when an indication of the modification is presented to the user in an editing screen. 
     An illustrative example  800  showing the conversion of a horizontal image to a vertical image with one object stacked on top of another is shown in  FIG.  8   . The example  800  is an example of a set of stored instructions for how to modify a shot in response to a user confirming acceptance of the automatically generated modification. Once the user confirms acceptance, the shot is modified in the manner shown in example  800 . As an example, the media analysis module  230  detects two objects, a first object  810  and a second object  820  in the horizontal frame  801 . The media analysis module  230  generates a frame  802  of a vertical shot in which the media analysis module  230  positions the second object  820  on top of the first object  810 . Namely, after processing the horizontal frame  801  of a horizontal shot, the media analysis module  230  automatically generates a vertical frame  802  for the shot in which one object  820  is stacked on top of another  810 . The media analysis module  230  also removes some content  803  that is outside of the vertical window in the process of automatically stacking the objects  810 ,  820  on top of each other. 
     Returning to  FIG.  6   , at operation  608 , the video editing platform  124  determines that the three or more objects are substantially static in frames of the shot. For example, the media analysis module  230  detects the position of each object in the shot. Specifically, if the objects are three people, the media analysis module  230  detects the positions of the three people in the frames of the shot. The media analysis module  230  determines whether the positions of the three people do not change throughout the frames of the shot by more than a threshold amount to determine that the objects are substantially static in the frames of the shot. 
     At operation  609 , the video editing platform  124  generates a reduced size version of the frames that includes the three or more objects. For example, media analysis module  230  scales down the horizontal or square frames to fit within a section (less than all) of a vertical window. Namely, the vertical window may be divided into two equal sections each having a height that is half of the height of the received video in the first aspect ratio and a width that is less than the width of the received video. The media analysis module  230  shrinks each frame completely to fit within one of the sections of the vertical window. 
     At operation  610 , the video editing platform  124  stacks, within a vertical window, the reduced size version of the frames in a first section of the vertical window and a portion of each frame in a remaining section of the vertical window. For example, the media analysis module  230  positions the scaled down frames into a top section of the vertical window and positions one or more elements of the frames into a bottom section of the window. Specifically, the media analysis module  230  focuses the bottom section of the vertical window on one of the objects in the frame, crops out other content  803  that is outside of the bottom section of the window, and reduces a size of the object to fit within the bottom section of the window. 
     Referring back to  FIG.  5   , at operation  503 , the video editing platform  124  generates, for display, a plurality of representations each associated with a respective one of the plurality of shots. For example, the media analysis module  230  presents a list of shots that were detected as icons or visual representations to a user at a client device  102  in a video editing screen  700  ( FIG.  7   ). Each icon or visual representation includes a frame from the corresponding shot associated with the icon or visual representation. The icons or visual representations presented in the video editing screen  700  are interactive and selectable. 
     At operation  504 , the video editing platform  124  receives a user selection of a given representation of the plurality of representations corresponding to the first shot. For example, a user can position a cursor  712  over one of the shot representations or icons shown in video editing screen  700  ( FIG.  7   ). The cursor  712  visually distinguishes the icon or visual representation to indicate it has been selected, and in response, the information in the video editing screen  700  is updated to correspond to the shot associated with the icon or visual representation highlighted by cursor  712 . For example, the video editing platform  124  accesses a memory in which a set of consecutive frames corresponding to the selected icon or visual representation are stored. The accessed frames are presented in a third portion  730 . 
     At operation  505 , the video editing platform  124 , in response to receiving the user selection of the given representation, generates, for display, an indication of the automatically generated modification to the visual presentation of the one or more objects in the first shot. For example, the video editing platform  124  presents in the second portion  720  an indication of the automatically generated modification for the selected shot corresponding to cursor  712 . Further details of this indication are described below in connection with  FIG.  7   . In an embodiment, an “accept automatic modification” option  724  and a “manually edit shot” option  726  are presented. In response to the user selecting the “accept automatic modification” option  724 , the video editing platform  124  retrieves the modification instructions corresponding to the automatically generated modification to the shot presented by the indication. The video editing platform  124  modifies the frames of the shot in the manner indicated and according to the modification instructions. The frames can be stored as a separate file that includes modified frames corresponding to the shot and/or can replace the frames of the shot that were received. 
       FIG.  7    is illustrative user interface of a video editing screen  700  of the video editing platform  124 , according to example embodiments. Video editing screen  700  is presented to a client device  102  after at least one of the shots of the video uploaded by the client device  102  has been automatically reformatted. The video editing screen  700  includes a first portion  710  that represents shots of the video; a second portion  720  that includes one or more layout options and an indication of an automatically generated modification; a third portion  730  that includes a timeline of a selected one of the shots from the first portion  710 ; and a preview portion  740  in which a preview of the edited video is played back. In some embodiments, a layer selection option is provided, allowing the user to select a layer from a plurality of layers to edit. Video editing screen  700  includes a publish option (not shown) allowing the user to accept all the edits made in one or more layers to have the system combine the layers into a single video file. 
     For example, if the user selects a video layer, video editing screen  700  presents video frames corresponding to a selected shot in time in the preview portion  740  and presents a list of layout modification options in second portion  720 . The video editing screen  700  accesses one or more automatically generated modifications to the content in the selected video layer and presents an indication of such automatically generated modifications for the video layer in the second portion  720 . In this layer, the user can make adjustments or edits to the arrangement of objects in each frame to convert the arrangement and crop the video from a horizontal or square layout to a vertical layout by selecting options in second portion  720 . 
     As another example, if the user selects an audio or text layer, video editing screen  700  presents audio segments or text information corresponding to a selected shot in time in the preview portion  740  and presents a list of layout modification options in second portion  720 . The video editing screen  700  accesses one or more automatically generated modifications to the content in the selected audio or text layer and presents an indication of such automatically generated modifications for the audio or text layer in the second portion  720 . The user can adjust how the audio or text is presented in the video file at each time point of the shot using the layout modification options in the second portion  720 . Specifically, if the user selects a text or image layer, video editing screen  700  presents empty frames (or copies of the frames of the video from the first layer) corresponding to a selected shot in time in the preview portion  740  and presents a list of text or image options in the second portion  720 . In this layer, the user can select between the text or image options presented in the second portion  720  to add text or images at user-selected positions in a selected frame or set of frames in a selected shot. As discussed above, after all the layers are done being edited either automatically or by the user, a publish option can be selected to combine all the layers in time into a single video file for distribution to a plurality of users. 
     In the first portion  710  is a complete list of icons or visual representations of shots of the video that were generated by the media analysis module  230 . The list of icons or visual representations of the shots may be arranged in chronological order according to the timecode of the shots indicating when the shot appeared in the video. A horizontal thumbnail is shown for each shot as well as the timecode of the shot. This horizontal thumbnail is generated based on the frame selected by the media analysis module  230  to represent the shot in an icon. In some implementations, only one shot can be selected from the first portion  710  at a time to be represented by the third portion  730  and fourth portion  740 . By default, the first shot is selected to be represented by the third portion  730  and fourth portion  740  and to be edited using second portion  720 . The selected shot is visually indicated using cursor  712 . 
     Chapter breaks are visualized as list headers. In some implementations, a cursor is hovered near a boundary between two shot entries to reveal additional options. Such additional options include a “merge shot” option and an “add chapter” option. In response to hovering the cursor over the merge shot option, the video editing screen  700  highlights the shot above and the shot below the boundary over which the cursor is hovered to indicate these shots will be merged. In response to receiving a user selection of the merge shot option after the cursor is hovered over the option, the two shots are combined into a new, combined shot using the formatting parameters of the first shot (e.g., the upper shot). In some implementations, the formatting parameters of the second shot (e.g., the lower shot) are selected and used to automatically adjust and reformat the presentation of the objects in the first shot (e.g., the upper shot). A new icon is used to represent the combined shots by selecting one of the frames that is in the two shots (e.g., the first, middle, or last frame). In response to receiving a user selection of the add chapter option, the video editing screen  700  adds a new chapter break between the two shots. In response to hovering the cursor over the add chapter option, a delete option is presented that allows the user to delete the chapter break in response to selection of the delete option. 
     Third portion  730  presents a simplified timeline which shows frames from a shot currently selected from first portion  710 . Third portion  730  also presents some frames from a shot that precedes the selected shot and some frames from a shot that follows the selected shot, if they exist. In some embodiments, the center 80% of the timeline presents frames from the currently selected shot and the remaining 10% on either side of the frames from the currently selected shot present frames from the previous and next shots. In some cases, there may not be a previous or next shot and in such circumstances, 90% of the timeline presents frames from the currently selected shot and the remaining 10% presents frames from the available previous or next shot. In some implementations, the frames from the currently selected shot are visually distinguished (e.g., highlighted) from the frames of the adjacent shots. A play head (not shown) can be dragged to visualize the current time code corresponding to a frame from the shot that is presented in the fourth portion  740 . A cursor can be hovered over the play head to reveal a split shot option. In response to receiving a user selection of the split shot option, the video editing screen  700  divides the shot into two shots at the frame identified by the play head. In some embodiments, the split shot option is revealed only when the video is in a paused state and presenting a single frame in the fourth portion  740 . 
     The third portion  730  also includes options to control playback (e.g., a play and pause option and skip shot option), perform shot editing operations, and perform other management operations. For example, options are presented to control looping and playback speed. The looping controls cycles between three values, straight through playback (e.g., playback continues from one shot to the next), looping playback on the current shot only (e.g., playback starts from the first frame of the currently selected shot upon reaching the last frame of the selected shot), and looping playback on the current shot with some frames from the next/previous shots included. A playback speed control is provided to control the playback speed ranging from 50% speed, 100% speed, and 200% speed. This controls the rate at which the frames of the selected shot are transitioned for presentation in the fourth portion  740 . 
     A “left/right nudge play head” option and a “split current shot” option are also provided in the third portion  730 . The left/right nudge play head advances the play head by a single frame forward or backwards. Namely, if a particular frame in a pause state is presented in the fourth portion  740 , selection of the left nudge play head option causes an adjacent, previous frame to be selected and presented in the fourth portion  740  instead of the current frame. The next or previous frame can be selected based on the looping conditions that are selected. For example, if the last frame is currently being shown in the fourth portion  740  and the looping option is set to loop the current shot, then the next frame that is selected to be shown when the right nudge play head option is selected is the first frame of the currently selected shot rather than the first frame of the next adjacent shot. The split current shot option splits the current shot into two shots at the current play head position. Additional options that can be included in the third portion include a “done” option to commit the current formatting changes to the project or video for publishing publicly, a “re-render the video and return the user to another screen” option, a “download” option to download the formatted video to a local storage of the client device  102 , and a “discard changes” option to not commit to store any of the reformatting performed for a given shot or video. 
     The second portion  720  includes various user interface controls to adjust the formatting parameters of the currently selected shot. Four layout options can be provided, including a full frame option, a letterbox option, a two-way split option, and a three way split option. Selection of one of the options in the second portion  720  allows the user to modify the presentation of the objects shown in the fourth portion  740  by manually moving a vertical window to control what content  803  is retained and what content  803  is cropped from the frame or shot. In some embodiments, if a text or image layer is selected, the options presented in second portion  720  include text or image options allowing the user to add specific selected or typed-in text or image files or video to a specified frame or frames in a shot at a user-selected position within each frame. 
     The full frame option causes a vertical window to be positioned over a given object in the frame shown in the fourth portion  740 . Depending on whether the object is static or moving, the vertical window can pan to continue being positioned over the object. Specifically, in the static mode, dragging the vertical window anywhere on the video translates the video while maintaining the constraint that the video always fills the frame. Corner and side handles can be used to scale the video up or down using the center of the video as the origin for the operation, again maintaining the fill constraint. In the default state, the video is at 100% scale, which is the smallest scale that fills the frame. If the pan mode is enabled by selecting the pan option, additional pan options are presented. A user can position the vertical window over a portion of the frame shown in the fourth portion  740 . The user can select the transition period from a set of options and a direction to control how quickly and in which direction the vertical window slides to follow the object over which the vertical window is positioned. 
     The letterbox option enables a user to drag a letterbox layout that is smaller in height than the vertical window. Dragging the letterbox anywhere on the video translates the video, but only horizontally and not vertically. The width of the frame may always be filled, and that constraint is maintained by the drag interaction. Scaling the video is also possible with the constraint that the width of the frame is filled. Any content  803  that is outside of the letterbox is cropped and removed from the frame. 
     The two-way split option, when selected, generates two copies of the video, and one of the copies is selected at a time. The interactions for each video are identical to the full-frame interactions, and it is possible to adjust the split ration by dragging a separator vertically. Namely, a vertical window with top and bottom sections is presented over the frame shown in the fourth portion  740 . A first copy of the video is selected and the user can adjust the size of the first copy to scale down the frames to fit within the top section; similarly, the second copy can be selected and adjusted in size to fit within the bottom section of the window. The sizes of the top and bottom sections can be changed such that the top is larger or smaller than the bottom. After scaling the copies to fit in their respective sections of the vertical window, the copies can be dragged to keep an object of interest in view in the given section. For example, the copy on the top can be dragged to keep only a first person shown in the frame in the top section and the copy on the bottom can be dragged to keep only a second person shown in the frame in the bottom section. The selected format and layout is automatically applied to all the frames of the currently selected shot. The three-way split option, when selected, generates three copies of the video and presents a vertical window with three sections. Manipulations of the video frames in the three-way split are performed in a similar manner as the two-way split. 
     In some embodiments, the video editing platform  124  automatically generates a modification to an arrangement of one or more objects in shots of a given video. Such a modification is indicated to the user in the second portion  720 . Specifically, in response to receiving a user selection of a shot using cursor  712 , the video editing platform  124  retrieves any automatically generated modifications made to the selected layer of the shot. As an example, the automatically generated modification includes a statically positioned vertical window. This window is positioned over a static object in one or more frames of a shot to indicate how the shot will be cropped. In such cases, the indication includes using an indicator  722  to visually distinguish the full frame option. This indication is presented in response to the user selecting the shot using cursor  712 . In some implementations, a prompt (not shown) is presented to the user describing the automatically generated modification instead or in addition to presenting indicator  722 . 
     A preview showing to the user which portions of the frames in the shot will be cropped if the automatically generated modification is accepted is presented in the fourth portion  740 . For example, a vertical window is positioned over the frames of the shot shown in the fourth portion  740 , indicating to the user which sections of the frame will be retained in the modified shot and which sections will be cropped. Namely, sections inside of the vertical window will be retained and sections outside of the vertical window will be cropped. In response to receiving a user selection of the accept automatic modification option  724 , the video editing platform  124  modifies the frames of the shot in the manner shown in the fourth portion  740 . A user can discard, or supplement and make additional changes to, the automatically, generated modifications by selecting the manually edit shot option  726 . 
       FIG.  9    is a block diagram illustrating an example software architecture  906 , which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described.  FIG.  9    is a non-limiting example of a software architecture and it will be appreciated that many other architectures may be implemented to facilitate the functionality described herein. The software architecture  906  may execute on hardware such as machine  1000  of  FIG.  10    that includes, among other things, processors  1004 , memory  1014 , and input/output (I/O) components  1018 . A representative hardware layer  952  is illustrated and can represent, for example, the machine  1000  of  FIG.  10   . The representative hardware layer  952  includes a processing unit  954  having associated executable instructions  904 . Executable instructions  904  represent the executable instructions of the software architecture  906 , including implementation of the methods, components, and so forth described herein. The hardware layer  952  also includes memory and/or storage modules memory/storage  956 , which also have executable instructions  904 . The hardware layer  952  may also comprise other hardware  958 . 
     In the example architecture of  FIG.  9   , the software architecture  906  may be conceptualized as a stack of layers where each layer provides particular functionality. For example, the software architecture  906  may include layers such as an operating system  902 , libraries  920 , frameworks/middleware  918 , applications  916 , and a presentation layer  914 . Operationally, the applications  916  and/or other components within the layers may invoke API calls  908  through the software stack and receive messages  912  in response to the API calls  908 . The layers illustrated are representative in nature and not all software architectures have all layers. For example, some mobile or special purpose operating systems  902  may not provide a frameworks/middleware  918 , while others may provide such a layer. Other software architectures may include additional or different layers. 
     The operating system  902  may manage hardware resources and provide common services. The operating system  902  may include, for example, a kernel  922 , services  924 , and drivers  926 . The kernel  922  may act as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the other software layers. For example, the kernel  922  may be responsible for memory management, processor management (e.g., scheduling), component management, networking, security settings, and so on. The services  924  may provide other common services for the other software layers. The drivers  926  are responsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware. For instance, the drivers  926  include display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth® drivers, flash memory drivers, serial communication drivers (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) drivers), Wi-Fi® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth, depending on the hardware configuration. 
     The libraries  920  provide a common infrastructure that is used by the applications  916  and/or other components and/or layers. The libraries  920  provide functionality that allows other software components to perform tasks in an easier fashion than to interface directly with the underlying operating system  902  functionality (e.g., kernel  922 , services  924  and/or drivers  926 ). The libraries  920  may include system libraries  944  (e.g., C standard library) that may provide functions such as memory allocation functions, string manipulation functions, mathematical functions, and the like. In addition, the libraries  920  may include API libraries  946  such as media libraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation of various media format such as MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL, framework that may be used to render two-dimensional and three-dimensional media in a graphic content on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite that may provide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g., WebKit that may provide web browsing functionality), and the like. The libraries  920  may also include a wide variety of other libraries  948  to provide many other APIs to the applications  916  and other software components/modules. 
     The frameworks/middleware  918  (also sometimes referred to as middleware) provide a higher-level common infrastructure that may be used by the applications  916  and/or other software components/modules. For example, the frameworks/middleware  918  may provide various graphic UI (GUI) functions, high-level resource management, high-level location services, and so forth. The frameworks/middleware  918  may provide a broad spectrum of other APIs that may be utilized by the applications  916  and/or other software components/modules, some of which may be specific to a particular operating system  902  or platform. 
     The applications  916  include built-in applications  938  and/or third-party applications  940 . Examples of representative built-in applications  938  may include, but are not limited to, a contacts application, a browser application, a book reader application, a location application, a media application, a messaging application, and/or a game application. Third-party applications  940  may include an application developed using the ANDROID™ or IOS™ software development kit (SDK) by an entity other than the vendor of the particular platform, and may be mobile software running on a mobile operating system such as IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® Phone, or other mobile operating systems. The third-party applications  940  may invoke the API calls  908  provided by the mobile operating system (such as operating system  902 ) to facilitate functionality described herein. 
     The applications  916  may use built-in operating system functions (e.g., kernel  922 , services  924 , and/or drivers  926 ), libraries  920 , and frameworks/middleware  918  to create UIs to interact with users of the system. Alternatively, or additionally, in some systems, interactions with a user may occur through a presentation layer, such as presentation layer  914 . In these systems, the application/component “logic” can be separated from the aspects of the application/component that interact with a user. 
       FIG.  10    is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine  1000 , according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions  1010  from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  10    shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine  1000  in the example form of a computer system, within which instructions  1010  (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine  1000  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed. As such, the instructions  1010  may be used to implement modules or components described herein. The instructions  1010  transform the general, non-programmed machine  1000  into a particular machine  1000  programmed to carry out the described and illustrated functions in the manner described. In alternative embodiments, the machine  1000  operates as a standalone device or may be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine  1000  may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine  1000  may comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine  1000  capable of executing the instructions  1010 , sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by machine  1000 . Further, while only a single machine  1000  is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines that individually or jointly execute the instructions  1010  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The machine  1000  may include processors  1004 , memory/storage  1006 , and I/O components  1018 , which may be configured to communicate with each other such as via a bus  1002 . In an example embodiment, the processors  1004  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) may include, for example, a processor  1008  and a processor  1012  that may execute the instructions  1010 . The term “processor” is intended to include multi-core processors  1004  that may comprise two or more independent processors (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions  1010  contemporaneously. Although  FIG.  10    shows multiple processors  1004 , the machine  1000  may include a single processor with a single core, a single processor with multiple cores (e.g., a multi-core processor), multiple processors with a single core, multiple processors with multiple cores, or any combination thereof. 
     The memory/storage  1006  may include a memory  1014 , such as a main memory, or other memory storage, and a storage unit  1016 , both accessible to the processors  1004  such as via the bus  1002 . The storage unit  1016  and memory  1014  store the instructions  1010 , embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions  1010  may also reside, completely or partially, within the memory  1014 , within the storage unit  1016 , within at least one of the processors  1004  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine  1000 . Accordingly, the memory  1014 , the storage unit  1016 , and the memory of processors  1004  are examples of machine-readable media. 
     The I/O components  1018  may include a wide variety of components to receive input, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and so on. The specific I/O components  1018  that are included in a particular machine  1000  will depend on the type of machine. For example, portable machines such as mobile phones will likely, include a touch input device or other such input mechanisms, while a headless server machine will likely not include such a touch input device. It will be appreciated that the I/O components  1018  may include many other components that are not shown in  FIG.  10   . The I/O components  1018  are grouped according to functionality merely for simplifying the following discussion and the grouping is in no way limiting. In various example embodiments, the I/O components  1018  may include output components  1026  and input components  1028 . The output components  1026  may include visual components (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g., speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor, resistance mechanisms), other signal generators, and so forth. The input components  1028  may include alphanumeric input components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receive alphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumeric input components), point-based input components (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or other pointing instrument), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touch screen that provides location and/or force of touches or touch gestures, or other tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., a microphone), and the like. 
     In further example embodiments, the I/O components  1018  may include biometric components  1030 , motion components  1034 , environmental components  1036 , or position components  1038  among a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components  1030  may include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measure biosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram based identification), and the like. The motion components  1034  may include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope), and so forth. The environmental components  1036  may include, for example, illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometer that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensors (e.g., gas detection sensors to detection concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment. The position components  1038  may include location sensor components (e.g., a GPS receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like. 
     Communication may be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The I/O components  1018  may include communication components  1040  operable to couple the machine  1000  to a network  1032  or devices  1020  via coupling  1024  and coupling  1022 , respectively. For example, the communication components  1040  may include a network interface component or other suitable device to interface with the network  1032 . In further examples, communication components  1040  may include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, near field communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices  1020  may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a USB). 
     Moreover, the communication components  1040  may detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components  1040  may include radio frequency identification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect one-dimensional bar codes such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code, UCC RSS-2D bar code, and other optical codes), or acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals). In addition, a variety of information may be derived via the communication components  1040 , such as location via Internet Protocol (IP) geo-location, location via Wi-Fi® signal triangulation, location via detecting a NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth. 
     Glossary 
     “CARRIER SIGNAL”, in this context, refers to any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying transitory or non-transitory, instructions  1010  for execution by the machine  1000 , and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such instructions  1010 . Instructions  1010  may be transmitted or received over the network  1032  using a transitory or non-transitory, transmission medium via a network interface device and using any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols. 
     “CLIENT DEVICE”, in this context, refers to any machine  1000  that interfaces to a communications network  1032  to obtain resources from one or more server systems or other client devices  102 . A client device  102  may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, desktop computer, laptop, PDAs, smart phones, tablets, ultra books, netbooks, laptops, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, game consoles, set-top boxes, or any other communication device that a user may use to access a network  1032 . 
     “COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK”, in this context, refers to one or more portions of a network  1032  that may be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a plain old telephone service (POTS) network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a Wi-Fi® network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks. For example, a network  1032  or a portion of a network may include a wireless or cellular network and the coupling may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) connection, or other type of cellular or wireless coupling. In this example, the coupling may implement any of a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1×RTT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth generation wireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, others defined by various standard setting organizations, other long range protocols, or other data transfer technology. 
     “EPHEMERAL MESSAGE”, in this context, refers to a message  300  that is accessible for a time-limited duration. An ephemeral message may be a text, an image, a video, and the like. The access time for the ephemeral message may be set by the message sender. Alternatively, the access time may be a default setting or a setting specified by the recipient. Regardless of the setting technique, the message  300  is transitory. 
     “MACHINE-READABLE MEDIUM”, in this context, refers to a component, device, or other tangible media able to store instructions  1010  and data temporarily or permanently and may include, but is not limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, optical media, magnetic media, cache memory, other types of storage (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)) and/or any suitable combination thereof. The term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to store instructions  1010 . The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any, medium, or combination of multiple media, that is capable of storing instructions  1010  (e.g., code) for execution by a machine  1000 , such that the instructions  1010 , when executed by one or more processors  1004  of the machine  1000 , cause the machine  1000  to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium” refers to a single storage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems or storage networks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices. The term “machine-readable medium” excludes signals per se. 
     “COMPONENT”, in this context, refers to a device, physical entity, or logic having boundaries defined by function or subroutine calls, branch points, APIs, or other technologies that provide for the partitioning or modularization of particular processing or control functions. Components may be combined via their interfaces with other components to carry out a machine process. A component may be a packaged functional hardware unit designed for use with other components and a part of a program that usually performs a particular function of related functions. Components may constitute either software components (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium) or hardware components. A “hardware component” is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computer system, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one or more hardware components of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors  1004 ) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware component that operates to perform certain operations as described herein. 
     A hardware component may also be implemented mechanically, electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, a hardware component may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. A hardware component may be a special-purpose processor, such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an ASIC. A hardware component may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware component may include software executed by a general-purpose processor  1004  or other programmable processor. Once configured by such software, hardware components become specific machines  1000  (or specific components of a machine  1000 ) uniquely tailored to perform the configured functions and are no longer general-purpose processors  1004 . It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware component mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations. Accordingly, the phrase “hardware component” (or “hardware-implemented component”) should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments in which hardware components are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware components need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardware component comprises a general-purpose processor  1004  configured by software to become a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor  1004  may be configured as respectively different special-purpose processors (e.g., comprising different hardware components) at different times. Software accordingly configures a particular processor or processors  1004 , for example, to constitute a particular hardware component at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware component at a different instance of time. 
     Hardware components can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware components. Accordingly, the described hardware components may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple hardware components exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) between or among two or more of the hardware components. In embodiments in which multiple hardware components are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware components may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware components have access. For example, one hardware component may perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware component may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. 
     Hardware components may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information). The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors  1004  that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors  1004  may constitute processor-implemented components that operate to perform one or more operations or functions described herein. As used herein, “processor-implemented component” refers to a hardware component implemented using one or more processors  1004 . Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors  1004  being an example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or more processors  1004  or processor-implemented components. Moreover, the one or more processors  1004  may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines  1000  including processors  1004 ), with these operations being accessible via a network  1032  (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an API). The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the processors  1004 , not only residing within a single machine  1000 , but deployed across a number of machines  1000 . In some example embodiments, the processors  1004  or processor-implemented components may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the processors  1004  or processor-implemented components may be distributed across a number of geographic locations. 
     “PROCESSOR”, in this context, refers to any circuit or virtual circuit (a physical circuit emulated by logic executing on an actual processor  1004 ) that manipulates data values according to control signals (e.g., “commands,” “op codes,” “machine code,” etc.) and which produces corresponding output signals that are applied to operate a machine  1000 . A processor  1004  may, for example, be a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) or any combination thereof. A processor  1004  may further be a multi-core processor having two or more independent processors  1004  (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions  1010  contemporaneously. 
     “TIMESTAMP”, in this context, refers to a sequence of characters or encoded information identifying when a certain event occurred, for example giving date and time of day, sometimes accurate to a small fraction of a second. 
     Changes and modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. These and other changes or modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure, as expressed in the following claims.