Patent Publication Number: US-2023147073-A1

Title: Mineral, Anhydrous, Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Broad-spectrum, anhydrous, mineral sunscreens that provide protection of human skin across the ultraviolet radiation spectrum (from 280-400 nm). 
     STATEMENT OF FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Mineral (also known physical) sunscreen filters (most commonly Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide) do not raise health concerns of the type associated with chemical (also known as organic) sunscreen filters; but, nonetheless, pose challenges both in terms of formulation and aesthetics. Achieving high levels of UVR photoprotection (e.g., SPF of at least 30, which can be described as providing “high protection against sunburn and tanning” under current US Food and Drug Administration regulations) with inorganic sunscreen formulations requires high loadings of physical sunscreen filters. Formulations with high particle loadings can become unstable, and exhibit agglomeration and settling of particles. In addition, physical sunscreen products with high SPF (greater than 30; and, especially, greater than 50) may be difficult to apply (spread, rub-in) and/or may be perceived as lacking cosmetic elegance (in terms of feel and/or appearance). Use of Zinc Oxide, particularly, at higher concentrations, is known to leave a white, pasty residue on the skin. 
     There has been, and remains, a need for mineral sunscreen formulations that (i) do not contain organic sunscreen actives, (ii) have an SPF of at least 30, preferably of at least 50, (iii) have a critical wavelength of greater than 370 nm, preferably a critical wavelength of greater than 375, (iv) have a high level of water resistance (preferably 80 minutes in accordance with standards set out in Section 352.76 of Title 21 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations) and (v) are cosmetically elegant—not oily, not tacky, leave no visible whitening on Fitzpatrick Skin Type I-IV, and are easily applied to the skin (spread). This need is recognized by dermatologists and skin care professionals, who are seeking sunscreen formulations suitable for use on their patients/clients with sensitive skin. This need is also recognized by increasingly discerning consumers, especially parents seeking “non-chemical” formulations for use on their children. All of these needs are met by the sunscreen compositions of the present invention. 
     Surprisingly and unexpectedly, the sunscreen formulations of the present invention have a critical wavelength of greater than 377 nm. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES 
       The figure provided here and the associated following brief description of the figure are intended to exemplify certain aspects and principles of the invention without limiting its scope. 
         FIG.  1    illustrates exemplary composition ingredients, exemplary ranges of such ingredients, and exemplary ratios between them. In aspects, compositions comprise exemplified ingredients in such exemplified ratios. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Disclosed are broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions in the form of compacts and sticks that, upon application to skin classified as Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV (as described in Appendix A), leave de minimus or no visible deposition of a white “pasty” residue. Compositions of the present invention are substantially anhydrous, and are not emulsions. Mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention (a) provide “broad-spectrum protection” from ultraviolet radiation (“UVR”), both UVA and UVB—namely, a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30, preferably at least 50, and a critical wavelength of at least 370 nm, preferably at least 375 nm, even more preferably at least 377 nm (b) are water resistant, preferably for 80 minutes, (c) are not visibly non-whitening on Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV and (d) do not contain an organic sunscreen filter, and consist essentially of: (i) two types of Sunscreen-Grade Metal Oxides that block, reflect, refract or otherwise attenuate ultraviolet radiation: Zinc Oxide particles, preferably uncoated; and Titanium Dioxide particles, preferably coated; (ii) two Siliceous Compounds (a) an amorphous silica, preferably an amorphous spherical silica, and (b) a mixture of diatomaceous algae comprising at least two, preferably three, and still more preferably all four of  Fragilaria zeilleri, Gomphomena angustatum, Navicula radiosa , and  Cyclotella andancensis ; (iii) two Film-Forming Polymers, preferably copolymers of Dimethicone and (a) Bis-Vinyl Dimethicone—preferably, Dimethicone (and) Bis-Vinyl Dimethicone/Dimethicone Copolymer; or Phenyl Trimethicone (and) Bis-Vinyl Dimethicone/Dimethicone Copolymer (b) Acrylates—preferably, Dimethicone (and) Acrylates/Dimethicone Copolymer, (iv) at least two waxes. 
     Surprisingly and unexpectedly, the synergistic combination of an amorphous spherical silica and a mixture of diatomaceous algae comprising at least two, preferably three, and still more preferably all four of  F. zeilleri, G. angustatum, N. radiosa,  and  C. andancensis  in further combination with Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide provides a sun protection factor of at least 50, with a critical wavelength of greater than about 375, without visible skin whitening on Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV. 
     The compositions of the invention also provide one, preferably several, cosmetic skin benefits including (a) reducing the appearance of fine lines/wrinkles, (b) improving skin barrier function (i.e., by reducing the rate/extent of trans-epidermal water loss), (c) reducing oiliness on the skin surface, (d) making the skin feel smoother, more supple and softer, (e) creating the appearance of more even skin tone (reducing dyschromia) and/or (f) imparting “glow” (also described in the art as “radiance” or “brightness”). 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     By “emulsion” is meant a two- or three-phase system in which water (“W”) is dispersed in oil (“O”) and/or silicone (“S”); or silicone/oil is dispersed in water. Emulsions are commonly abbreviated “X”/“Y” where “X” is the internal, discontinuous phase that is dispersed in an external continuous phase “Y”. For example, emulsions are described in the art as W/O; O/W; W/Si; Si/W; and W/O/W.) 
     A basic and novel characteristic of the inventive broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention is the absence of Organic Sunscreens. Accordingly, in describing and claiming such compositions as “consisting essentially of (a) two Sunscreen-Grade Metal Oxides it is meant that: Zinc Oxide (preferably uncoated) and Titanium Dioxide (preferably coated) are both essential required component ingredients; other metal oxides that block, reflect, refract or otherwise attenuate visible, infrared or ultraviolet radiation, including Cerium Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, and Iron Oxides, may be component ingredients; but Organic Sunscreens are not component ingredients. 
     By “Organic Sunscreen” is meant an active ingredient that is generally recognized as safe and effective for over-the-counter use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”)—namely, Avobenzone; Cinoxate; Dioxybenzone; Ecamsule; Homosalate; Menthyl Anthranilate; Octocrylene; Octyl Methoxycinnamate; Octyl Salicylate; Oxybenzone; p-Aminobenzoic Acid; Padimate O; Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid; Sulisobenzone; and Trolamine Salicylate. 
     Organic Sunscreen also includes active ingredients approved by regulatory agencies outside the United States, but not currently approved by the FDA, including, 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor, Amiloxate, Benzophenone-9, Mexoryl® XL, Neo Heliopan® AP, Parsol® SLX, Tinosorb® A2B, Tinosorb® M, Tinosorb® S, Uvasorb® HEB, Uvinul® A Plus, and Uvinul® T 150. 
     “Sunscreen-Grade Metal Oxide” means a particle that physically blocks ultraviolet, visible and/or infrared light, and thereby protects the skin, and reduces environmentally-caused damage which can manifest as fine lines, wrinkles, uneven pigmentation (dyschromia), loss of elasticity or firmness, increased dryness, reduced skin moisture, and loss of softness and suppleness. 
     “Pigmentary-Grade Titanium Dioxide” means a particle of TiO 2  having an average particle size of up to about 30 microns. Particle size may be determined using techniques and equipment well-known to the personal have ordinary skill in the art, including, for example, Mastersizer® 3000 and Mastersizer® 300E particle sizing devices available from Malvern Panalytical Inc. (Westborough, Mass.) as well as using LS 13 320 MW Particle Size Analysis and Multisizer 4e Particle Size Analysis from Beckman Coulter Inc. (Allendale, N.J.). 
     “Broad-spectrum” refers to a level of protection from UVR provided by wearing a sunscreen that has a minimum critical wavelength of 370 nm and a sun protection factor (SPF) value of 15 or higher. 
     “Critical wavelength” is the wavelength for which the section under the integrated optical density curve starting at 290 nm is equal to 90 percent of the integrated section between 290 nm to 400 nm. Standards and test methods for determining “broad-spectrum” protection from UVR are set out in the final Sunscreen Monograph promulgated by the FDA on Jun. 17, 2011. See “Labeling and Effectiveness Testing; Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use” published at Volume 76 of the Federal Register starting at page 35620, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     “One or more” means at least one and thus includes individual components as well as mixtures/combinations. 
     Numbers used in describing quantities of ingredients and/or reaction conditions are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” 
     Unless otherwise indicated, percentages, parts and ratios are to be understood as based upon the total weight of the composition. 
     Numerical ranges are meant to include numbers within the recited range, and combinations of subranges between, the given ranges. For example, a range from 1-5, includes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, as well as subranges such as 2-5, 3-5, 2-3, 2-4, 1-4, etc. 
     “At least one” means one or more, and also includes individual components as well as mixtures/combinations. 
     A “cosmetic/aesthetic benefit” is an improvement in appearance, for example, a visible reduction in appearance of fine lines/wrinkles, an improvement in skin barrier function (by reducing the rate/extent of trans-epidermal water loss), skin that feels smoother/more supple/softer, skin than appears to have more even tone (reduced dyschromia) and/or skin that appears to have “glow” or “radiance” (also described in the art as “brightness”). 
     “Cosmetically acceptable” (for example, “cosmetically acceptable carrier”) means compatible with a keratinous substrate. 
     The disclosures of US granted patents and US pre-grant patent publications are incorporated, in pertinent, by reference. 
     Sunscreen-Grade Metal Oxide Particles 
     Broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention contain, as essential components, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ), both “Photoprotective Metal Oxides”. 
     TiO 2  can be amorphous or crystalline in the rutile and/or anatase form. Preferably 95% or more of the TiO 2  is in the rutile form, with less than about 5% of the TiO 2  in the anatase form. 
     ZnO and TiO 2  can be, and in certain preferred embodiments, are coated. Coating is done by methods known in the art. By way of non-limiting example, starting with an aqueous pigment particle suspension, metal salts are added in dissolved form as so-called precursor compounds. Alkaline or acid substances are then used to set the pH value of the suspension in such a way that the precursor compounds are precipitated in the form of oxides, hydroxides, etc. Methods for modifying and hydrophobizing the surface of TiO 2  and ZnO are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,591 and 5,486,631, both now expired. 
     Preferred, but non-limiting examples of materials that can be used to coat ZnO and TiO 2  are Silica [SiO 2 ], Alumina [A 12 O 3 ], Aluminum Hydroxide [A 1 (OH) 3 .xH 2 O], Aluminum Stearate [CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOA 1  (OH) 2 ], Triethoxycaprylylsilane (CH 3 CH 2 O) 3  Si(CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ], Stearic Acid, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Lecithin, and Methicone. 
     Additionally, TiO 2  may have a coating approved by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety of the European Commission in document SCCS/1580/16 accessible on the internet at https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_ 202 .pdf. 
     Photoprotective metal oxides may also be a mixture of C 12  to C 30  fatty alcohols and C 6  to C 12  aliphatic acids, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,517,190. 
     TiO 2  useful in broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention may be commercially available in a mixture that is a “binary combination”—namely, TiO 2  and a second ingredient selected from the group of: Dimethicone; Lecithin; Isopropyl Titanium Triisostearate; Methicone; Polymethyl Methacrylate; Polyphosphorylcholine Glycol Acrylate; Silica; Simethicone; Stearic Acid; and Triethoxycaprylylsilane. 
     In certain preferred embodiments, the broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen composition contains a mixture of TiO 2  and Lecithin. 
     TiO 2  useful in broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention may also be part of a tripartite combination (i.e., TiO 2  and a second ingredient, and a third ingredient). 
     In certain embodiments, TiO 2  and Alumina (as a second ingredient) are combined with a third ingredient selected from the group of: Glycerin; Jojoba Esters; Methicone; Silica; and Stearic Acid. 
     In other embodiments, TiO 2  and Aluminum Hydroxide (as a second ingredient) are combined with a third ingredient selected from the group of: Hydrogen Dimethicone; Isostearic Acid; and Stearic Acid. 
     In further embodiments, TiO 2  and Silica (as a second ingredient) are combined with a third ingredient selected from the group of: Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil; Dimethicone; Stearic Acid; Jojoba Esters; Lauroyl Lysine; Sodium Polyacrylate; and Triethoxycaprylylsilane. 
     In still further embodiments, TiO 2  and Polyhydroxystearic Acid (as a second ingredient) are combined with a third ingredient selected from the group of: Bisabolol; Squalane; and Jojoba Esters. 
     TiO 2 and Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride may be combined with Alumina, and Polyhydroxystearic Acid and one of: Aluminum Stearate; Methicone; Stearic Acid; Silica TiO 2 and Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride may be combined with Aluminum Hydroxide, Polyhydroxystearic Acid and/or Stearic Acid. 
     TiO 2  may be combined with C 12-15  Alkyl Benzoate, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, and, optionally, but preferably Alumina, in further combination with one of: Methicone; Cyclomethicone; Aluminum Stearate; Stearic Acid, and Silica. 
     TiO 2  may also be combined with C 12-15  Alkyl Benzoate in further combination with: (i) Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil (and) Alumina (and) Methicone (and) Tocopheryl Acetate; (ii) Dimethicone (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Silica; (iii) Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate (and) Silica (and) Stearic Acid (and) Aminopropyl-Triethoxysilane; (iv) Stearic Acid (and) Aluminum Hydroxide (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid. 
     TiO 2  may also be combined with Aluminum Hydroxide in further combination with: (i) Acrylates Copolymer (and) Hydrated Silica (and) Algin; (ii) Butyloctyl Salicylate (and) Isostearic Acid (and) C 12-15  Alkyl Benzoate (and) Stearic Acid; (iii) C 12-15  Alkyl Benzoate (and) Stearic Acid (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid; (iv) Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (and) Stearic Acid in further combination with (a) Sorbitan Olivate or (b) Polyhydroxystearic Acid; (v) Hydrogen Dimethicone, alone or in combination with Hydrogen Dimethicone; (vi) Hydrated Silica (and) Polyphosphorylcholine Glycol Acrylate; (vii) Stearic Acid or Isostearic Acid; (viii) Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Hexyl Dimethicone (and) PEG-9 Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Dimethicone; (ix) Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate (and) Cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 Dimethicone (and) Hexyl Laurate (and) Isostearic Acid; (x) Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil (and) Isostearic Acid (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid; (xi) Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Jojoba Esters. 
     Non-limiting examples of “coated” TiO 2  suitable for use in broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention include the following: (i) Sunsil® Tin50 from Sunjin Chemical Co. Ltd.: TiO 2  coated with Silica, with a ratio of Silica to TiO 2  of about 55:45; (ii) Titanium dioxide (at least 78%; typically about 83%) coated with Aluminum Hydroxide (about 9%) (and) Stearic Acid (about 8%), available from Tayca Corp. (Osaka, Japan) under the tradename MT-100TV; (iii) Titanium dioxide (74%) coated with silica (11%), aluminum hydroxide (9%), and alginic acid (5%), available from Tayca Corp. as MT100-AQ; (iv) Titanium dioxide (75-82%) coated with Silica (13-20%) available from Merck KgaA/EMD Chemicals (Darmstadt, Germany) under the tradename Eusolex® T-AVO; (v) SiClone® TD-150 (from Presperse Corp., Somerset, N.J.) about 40% titanium dioxide with an inner coating of aluminum hydroxide and an outer coating of isostearic acid. 
     TiO 2  may be used in broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention in one of the following combinations: (a) Boron Nitride (and) Dimethicone (and) Isododecane (and) Ethylene/VA Copolymer; (b) Butylene Glycol (and) Caprylyl Glycol (and) Oleth-10 (and) Phenoxyethanol (and) Polysorbate 60 (and) Silica; (c) Butyloctyl Salicylate (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Dimethicone (and) Hydrogen Dimethicone; (d) Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (and) Stearic Acid (and) Isostearic acid (and) Polyhydroxystearic acid (and) Polyglyceryl-3 Polyricinoleate (and) Lecithin; (e) Cyclomethicone (and) Bis-PEG/PPG-14/14 Dimethicone (and) Aluminum Stearate; (f) Cyclopentasiloxane (and) Dimethicone (and) PEG-10 Dimethicone (and) Silica; (g) Cyclopentasiloxane (and) PEG-10 Dimethicone (and) Methicone; (h) Ethylene/Acrylic Acid Copolymer (and) Aluminum Stearate; (i) Ethylhexyl Palmitate (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Silica; G) Glycerin (and) Sodium Polyacrylate (and) Tetrasodium EDTA (and) Silica (and) Sodium Polyphosphate; (k) Hydrogenated Polydecene (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) one of: (i) Dimethicone; (ii) Stearic Acid; or (iii) Triethoxycaprylylsilane; Isododecane (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Methicone; (m) Isohexadecane (and) Triethylhexanoin (and) Aluminum Stearate (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid; (n) Isononyl Isononanoate (and) Methicone (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid; (o) Isopropyl Myristate (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Silica; (p) Isopropyl Titanium Triisostearate (and) Triethoxysilylethyl Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Dimethicone; (q) Methyl Trimethicone (and) Hydrogen Dimethicone (and) Lauryl PEG-9 Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Dimethicone; (r) Methyl Trimethicone (and) PEG-10 Dimethicone (and) Methicone; (s) Mica (and) Dimethicone (and) Isododecane (and) Ethylene/VA Copolymer (and) Stearic Acid; (t) Octyldodecyl Myristate (and) Alumina (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Methicone; (u) Phenyl Trimethicone (and) Hexyl Laurate (and) Stearic Acid (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid; (v) Polyglyceryl-2 Caprate (and) Sucrose Stearate (and) Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil (and) Stearic Acid (and) Glyceryl Caprylate (and) Squalane; (w) Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil (and) Aluminum Hydroxide (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) one of Isostearic Acid or Jojoba Esters; (x) Acrylates Copolymer (and) Hydrated Silica (and) one of (i) Algin (and) Aluminum Hydroxide or (ii) Polyphosphorylcholine Glycol Acrylate; (y) Butyloctyl Salicylate (and) Aluminum Hydroxide (and) Isostearic Acid (and) C 12-15  Alkyl Benzoate (and) Stearic Acid; (z) C 12-15  Alkyl Benzoate (and) Polyglyceryl-2 Dipolyhydroxystearate (and) Silica (and) Dimethicone; (aa) Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (and) Sorbitan Olivate (and) Stearic Acid (and) Aluminum Hydroxide; (bb) Caprylyl Methicone (and) Cyclopentasiloxane (and) C 12-15  Alkyl Benzoate (and) Alumina (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Triethoxysilylethyl Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Hexyl Dimethicone (and) PEG-9 Polydimethylsiloxyethyl Dimethicone; (cc) Hydrated Silica (and) Hydrogen Dimethicone and (a) Aluminum Hydroxide (or) Hydrogen Dimethicone; (dd) Isododecane (and) Alumina (and) Methicone (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid; (ee) Isododecane (and) Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate (and) Cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 Dimethicone(and) Hexyl Laurate (and) Aluminum Hydroxide (and) Isostearic Acid; (ff) Isononyl Isononanoate (and) Polyhydroxystearic Acid (and) Hydrogen Dimethicone (and) Dimethicone. 
     One preferred form of Titanium Dioxide suitable for use in broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention is non-whitening when applied to the skin and has an average particle size greater than about 100 nm (i.e., “non-nano”). One non-limiting example of a non-nano TiO 2  is Tinoply E50C (manufactured by Chemland, Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) a mixture of Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Titanium Dioxide, Alumina, Stearic Acid, and Polyhydroxystearic Acid. More particularly, in Tinoply E50C (a) Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is present at a concentration of 47.0±2.5%, (b) Titanium Dioxide is present at a concentration of 39.0±2.5%, (c) Alumina is present at a concentration of 6.0±2.5%, (d) Stearic Acid is present at a concentration 5.0±2.5%, and (e) Polyhydroxystearic Acid is present at a concentration of 3.0±0.5%. 
     Another preferred form of Titanium Dioxide suitable for use in broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention is Tinoply E30C—a mixture of Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Titanium Dioxide, Silica, Polyhydroxystearic Acid, and Methicone (also manufactured by Chemland, Co., Ltd.) in which (a) Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride is present at a concentration of about 68.2±2.5%, (b) Titanium Dioxide is present at a concentration of at least about 24%, (c) Silica is present at a concentration of 4.5±2.5%, (d) Polyhydroxystearic Acid is present at a concentration 1.8±0.5%, and (e) Methicone at a concentration of 1.5±0.5%. 
     In certain especially preferred embodiments, the sunscreen does not include Alumina. 
     Uncoated zinc oxide particles that can be used in compositions of the present invention are commercially available from numerous suppliers, including under the tradename Z-Cote® (BASF Care Creations, Florham Park, N.J.). Examples of other suitable ZnO are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,545,891. 
     In preferred embodiments ZnO is non-whitening when applied to the skin and has an average particle size greater than about 100 nm (i.e., “non-nano”). Such materials are sometimes described in trade literature as “transparent”. Historically, non-whitening, non-nano ZnO materials were marketed under the tradename ZinClear™ formerly sold by Antaria Limited (Welshpool, Australia). See US Pre-Grant Patent Application Publications 2010/0310871 and 2010/0316582, both abandoned. 
     In one particularly preferred embodiment, compositions of the present invention contain ZnO particles having an average particle size of greater than 100 nanometers. One such ZnO is ARGA-SUN ZnO CLR-P from Argan Co. (Northridge, Calif.). According to Technical Data Sheets, ARGA-SUN ZnO CLR-P has a highly porous structure that is “infiltrated” (e.g., filled) with excipient, and an average particle size distribution of less than about 800 nanometers (measured using static laser scattering). Because the particles have a refractive index close to the excipient, a “significant increase in transparency” is achieved. 
     In preferred embodiments of the present invention, prior to mixing ZnO with TiO 2 , ZnO is dispersed in one or more of oil, ester, triglyceride, and/or silicone fluid, preferably one or more of Dimethicone, Phenyl Trimethicone, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, or an ester selected from the group of Butyl Octyl Salycilate and Octyldodecyl Neopentanoate. 
     Additionally, in even more preferred embodiments, prior to mixing ZnO with TiO 2 , ZnO is also dispersed in Polyhydroxystearic Acid (PHSA), a polymer of Hydroxystearic Acid, which is commercially available under the tradename Dispersun DSP OL 300 from Innospec Performance Chemicals (Salisbury, N.C.). According to technical literature from Innospec, Polyhydroxystearic Acid increases UV absorption of sunscreens containing pigments by allowing higher concentrations of pigment to be used. Additionally, inclusion of Polyhydroxystearic Acid is described by Innospec as improving optical transparency and reducing whitening (when a finished formulation is applied to human skin). 
     In preferred embodiments, Polyhydroxystearic Acid is present at a concentration of from about 0.25 to 1.5%, preferably at least about 0.5%. 
     Different molecular weights of Polyhydroxystearic Acid may be used in broad-spectrum compositions of the present invention. 
     Optionally, but in certain preferred embodiments, one or more additional metal oxides selected from the group of Iron Oxides, Zirconium Oxide, Bismuth Oxychloride and Cerium Oxide are incorporated in broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen compositions of the present invention. 
     In certain embodiments, CeO 2  is present in the broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention at a concentration of from 0.1 to 2.0%, preferably about 0.25%. 
     One preferred form of Cerium Oxide is ARG-SPHERE NIR-1/15BA000—a combination of Poly(methyl methacrylate), also known in the art as PMMA, Cerium Oxide (CeO22), and Aluminum Oxide from Argan Co. 
     PMMA is a spherical ultra-fine texturizing powder, available in various sizes, used in powders to increase smoothness, fluidity and lubricity. It is a polymer of methyl methacrylate, has an empirical formula C 5 H 8 O 2 )x and conforms to the following structure: 
     Iron Oxides may be present in broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention at a concentration of from about 1.0 to 7.0%, preferably from about 1.0 to 3.0%, and still more preferably from about 1.5 to 2.0%. 
     In tinted formulations (containing three or more iron oxides selected from the group of Black Iron Oxide, Red Iron Oxide, and Yellow Iron Oxide), amorphous spherical silica is preferably present at a concentration of at least 2.0%. 
     In non-tinted formulations (not containing iron oxides), amorphous spherical silica is preferably present at a concentration of at least 2.5%. 
     Siliceous Compounds 
     Broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention contain two siliceous compounds—an amorphous silica and a mixture of diatomaceous algae, each described in detail below. 
     A first siliceous compound that is an essential ingredient of the broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention is amorphous silica, also known in the art as amorphous silicon oxide hydrate. Preferably, the amorphous silica is a spherical, porous powder, still more preferably having a mean particle size ranging from about 6 microns to about 10 microns. One especially preferred amorphous spherical silica is Silisphere LS-8H available from Argan Co. 
     A second siliceous compound that is an essential ingredient of the broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention is a mixture of diatomaceous algae—unicellular, photosynthetic microorganisms having a nano-patterned cell encasement made of amorphous biosilica, also known in the art as a “frustule”, that creates a highly efficient light trapping mechanism. See J. Romann et al. “Wavelength and orientation dependent capture of light by diatom frustule nanostructures” (2015), published online at nature.com/articles/srepl7403; X. Chen et al., “Numerical and experimental investigation of light trapping effect of nanostructured diatom frustules” (2015), published online at nature.com/articles/srepl 1977. See also J. Mishler et al, “Biomimetic Photonic Crystals based on Diatom Algae Frustules” presented at the March 2015 meeting of the American Phytopathological Society, Abstract #A4.004. 
     Amorphous silica, preferably amorphous spherical silica, is present in broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention at a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 5.0%. 
     Plankton Glass Flower® (INCI Name: “Plankton Extract”), a combination of diatomaceous algal species, is commercially available from Odycea SAS (Lannion, France) and distributed in the United States by Argan Co. Technical data sheets and brochures describe Plankton Glass Flower as “algal photonic and porous silica crystals” or, alternatively, “planktonic material” sourced from the lakes in the volcanic region of Auvergne, France—namely, “siliceous fragments of freshwater algae species[,] mainly  Fragilaria zeilleri, Gomphomena angustatum, Navicula radiosa,  and  Cyclotella andancensis ”—that contains greater than about 75% silica. Plankton Glass Flower not only provides “UV-visible [light] attenuation due to both reflection and scattering” but also serves as an “oil absorber” and “pollutant scavenger which entraps . . . impurities [at the surface of the skin].” The supplier of algal photonic and porous silica crystals for use in the personal care industries create a 3-dimensional structures that entraps particulate pollutants (below 2.5 microns) and attenuates/blocks visible blue light. 
     One, or preferably a mixture of two or more, diatomaceous algal species having photonic and porous silica crystals and a silica content of at least about 75% is/are present in broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 2.0%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 1.0%. 
     Preferably the one or more diatomaceous algal species having photonic and porous silica crystals and a silica content of at least about 75% are selected from the group consisting of  Fragilaria zeilleri, Gomphomena angustatum, Navicula radiosa,  and  Cyclotella andancensis.    
     In preferred embodiments of the present invention the ratio of (i) one or more diatomaceous algal species having photonic and porous silica crystals and a silica content of at least about 75% to (ii) amorphous silica, preferably spherical, porous silica, is from about 1:9 to about 1:3. 
     Total silica content in compositions of the present invention—silica found in (i) one or more diatomaceous algal species having photonic and porous silica crystals and a silica content of at least about 75% and (ii) amorphous silica, preferably amorphous, spherical silica—is preferably from about 1.0 to about 5.0%, more preferably from about 2.0 to about 4.0%. 
     In certain preferred embodiments that contain CeO 2 , the ratio of (1) CeO 2  to (2) Plankton Glass Flower (as described above) to (3) Amorphous Silica is 1:2:8. 
     In some especially preferred embodiments of the present invention that are tinted with at least two iron oxides, the ratio of (i) one or more diatomaceous algal species having photonic and porous silica crystals and a silica content of at least about 75% to (ii) amorphous silica, preferably spherical, porous silica, is about 1:4. 
     In other especially preferred embodiments of the present invention that are not tinted (i.e., do not contain iron oxides), the ratio of (i) one or more diatomaceous algal species having photonic and porous silica crystals and a silica content of at least about 75% to (ii) amorphous silica, preferably spherical, porous silica, is about 1:5. 
     Film-Forming Polymers and Silicone Compounds 
     Siloxanes, also known in the art as organo-substituted polysiloxanes, are linear or cyclic polymers of monomeric silicon/oxygen monomers, in which a polymeric backbone is made up of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms. The silicon atoms may carry a wide variety of substituents, which can be the same or different. 
     “Film-forming” ingredients are chemicals that produce a continuous film on skin. 
     Compositions of the present invention preferably have a water resistance of 80 minutes and are comprised of at least one, preferably at least two, film-forming polysiloxane polymers. 
     In particularly preferred embodiments, the two film-forming polymers are (i) Bis-Vinyl Dimethicone/Dimethicone Copolymer, commercially available in combination with Dimethicone or Cetyl Dimethicone and (ii) Dimethicone (and) Acrylates/Dimethicone Copolymer. 
     Bis-Vinyl Dimethicone I Dimethicone Copolymer is a copolymer of Dimethicone end-blocked with Vinyl Dimethicone. 
     Dimethicone (C 2 H 6 OSi)xC 4 H 12 Si is a mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers end blocked with trimethylsiloxy units. 
     Vinyl Dimethicone is a derivative of Dimethicone in which some of the methyl groups are replaced with vinyl groups. The vinyl groups can occur at the ends of the siloxane chain may be pendant to the siloxane chain. 
     Bis-Vinyl Dimethicone is a derivative of Dimethicone in which one methyl group at each end of the siloxane chain is replaced with a vinyl group. 
     Cetyl Dimethicone is a dimethyl siloxane. 
     Acrylates/Dimethicone Copolymer is a copolymer of Dimethicone and one or more monomers of Acrylic Acid, Methacrylic Acid or one of their simple esters. 
     In addition to the two Dimethicone Copolymer film formers (discussed immediately above), the broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the invention are comprised of at least two, preferably three Silicone Compounds selected from Dimethicone, Simethicone, and Phenyl Trimethicone. 
     More preferably, a first Silicone Compound is a Silicone Elastomer (preferably Dimethicone/Vinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer), and a second Silicone Compound is a Silicone Fluid (preferably selected from the group of Dimethicone, Simethicone, and Phenyl Trimethicone). 
     Dimethicone is a mixture of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers end-blocked with trimethylsiloxy units. 
     In certain embodiments, Dimethicone may be present in combination with Trimethylsiloxysilicate/Dimethicone Crosspolymer, and in further combination with one or more esters of stearic acid (e.g., a polyethylene glycol ester of stearic acid or a monoester of glycerin and stearic acid). 
     Mixtures of Dimethicone, Trimethylsiloxysilicate/Dimethicone Crosspolymer and two esters of stearic acid are commercially-available from Dow Corning (Midland, Mich.) under the tradenames Xiameter® AFE-0020 and Xiameter® AFE-3101. 
     Simethicone is a mixture of Dimethicone with an average chain length of 200 to 350 dimethylsiloxane units and Silica. 
     Phenyl Trimethicone is a siloxane polymer. 
     Phenyl Trimethicone is preferably used in combination with Bis-Vinyl Dimethicone/Dimethicone Copolymer, and is commercially available from Jeen International (Fairfield, N.J.) under the tradename JEESILC® PTMF-405. 
     Disteardimonium Hectorite is the reaction product (a) Hectorite, one of the montmorillonite minerals that are the principal constituents of bentonite clay and (b) Distearyldimonium Chloride, a quaternary ammonium salt. Disteardimonium Hectorite is commercially available under the tradename Bentone® 38V from Elementis Specialties (East Windsor, N.J.). 
     Without wishing to be bound by a theory, Applicant believes that inclusion of the above-described Film-Forming Polymers and Silicone Compounds provide aesthetic and performance advances not achieved in the prior art—namely, ease of application (spreadability), non-tacky and non-oily after-feel, without leaving a white residue on Fitzpatrick Skin Types I-IV. 
     Waxes 
     Broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention include at least two, preferably three waxes, selected from the group of “natural,” “mineral,” “synthetic,” or “petroleum” in origin. Suitable waxes do not recrystallize or “bloom” when the sunscreen composition undergoes accelerated stability testing (e.g., at 40° C. or 50° C. over three months) and after three (3) freeze-thaw cycles. 
     Natural waxes may be botanical or animal in origin. Natural waxes that are botanical waxes include candelilla wax, castor wax, cotton wax, soy wax, jojoba wax, olive wax, carnauba wax, sugar cane wax, rice bran wax, bayberry wax, sunflower wax, rose petal wax, and Japan wax. 
     Natural waxes can be comprised of a fixed oil expressed from the kernel of a number of plant varieties and/or unsaponifiables within the kernel oil. The kernel oil, and unsaponifiables within the kernel oil, may be hydrogenated. 
     One preferred, but non-limiting, example of a natural wax is Albiwax (from Argan Co.), which is a mixture of Prunus Armeniaca (Apricot) Kernel Oil, Hydrogenated Apricot Kernel Oil, Unsaponifiables of Apricot Kernel Oil, and Hydrogenated Unsaponifiables of Apricot Kernel Oil. 
     Natural waxes of animal origin include, but are not limited to, beeswax. 
     Mineral waxes include Montan Wax, Ozokerite, and Ceresin. 
     Of the mineral waxes, Ozokerite—a hard, high melt point wax blend consisting of branched and linear hydrocarbons—is preferred. 
     It is recognized in the art of formulating personal care products that Ozokerites vary in a number of important respects which can impact aesthetics/structure and quality/duration of film deposited on the skin. These variations include melting point, congeal point, and degree of penetration. 
     Ozokerite 2095, available from Koster Keunen (Watertown, Conn.), is a particularly preferred. Ozokerite, and has a maximum degree of penetration of 5 dmm as measured by ASTM Standard D1321-16a (Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes). 
     Synthetic waxes include polyethylene waxes, silicone waxes, fluoro waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, polypropylene waxes, esters of poly(ethylene glycol), and pegylated sorbitans, alone or in combination with, for example, monoalkyl ethers of poly(ethylene glycol) (e.g. ceteareth-20). 
     Polyethylene is a polymer of ethylene monomers that conforms generally to the formula: (C 2 H 4 )x. Polyethylenes vary in melting-point and hardness, depending on hydrocarbon distribution (e.g., linear versus branched). 
     One preferred polyethylene used in broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention is a linear polyethylene with a melting point of from about 80° C. to about 90° C. A non-limiting example of an especially preferred linear polyethylene meeting this criterion is JEENATE® 5H from MEN International. 
     Synthetic waxes also include so-called “functionalized waxes, a non-limiting example of which are pegylated animal waxes (e.g., PEG-8 beeswax). 
     Petroleum-based waxes (also known in the art as mineral waxes) suitable for use in the compositions of the present invention include paraffin wax and microcrystalline wax. 
     In preferred embodiments, the compositions of the present invention include at least one natural wax, preferably of botanical origin, and at least one mineral wax. 
     Even more preferably, compositions of the present invention include at least one “soft” wax (preferably natural) and at least one “hard” wax, which can be a mineral wax or synthetic wax. 
     By “soft” is meant the wax has a melting point of from about 60° C. to about 70° C. By “hard” is meant the wax has a melting point of from about 80° C. to about 90° C. 
     Other particularly preferred waxes include Tribehenin and Polyethylene. 
     Tribehenin is the triester of glycerin and behenic acid. Commercially available under thetradename Syncrowax™ HRC from Croda Inc., Tribehenin is a non-crystalline, “soft” wax, having a melting point of from about 60° C. to about 70° C., and is used to modify crystallinity and rigidity of other waxes, and provide a “creaminess” and spreadability to the sunscreen composition. 
     Broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention are comprised of at least two waxes in a combined concentration of from about 8% to about 15%, more preferably from about 10% to about 13%. 
     SPF Boosters 
     Broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention preferably contain at least one, preferably at least two, and still more preferably three long-chain branched that may boost SPF selected from the group of Butyloctyl Salicylate (described below), Octyldodecyl Neopentanoate (described below), and Polyhydroxystearic Acid (described above). 
     Butyloctyl Salicylate (CAS No. 190085-41-7), commercially available as HallBrite® BHB from the Hallstar Company (Chicago, Ill.) and SunSolv® from Innospec Performance Chemicals (Salisbury, N.C.) is a synthetically produced ester of Salicylic Acid and a branched C 12  alcohol, 2-butyloctanol. Butyloctyl salicylate, and its uses in topical formulations, are described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 5,783,173; 5,788,954; 5,849,273; and 6,350,894. 
     Octyldodecyl Neopentanoate is the ester of octyldodecanol (q.v.) and neopentanoic acid, and conforms to the formula: It is sold under the tradename Elefac I-205 by Alzo International Inc. (Sayreville, N.J.). 
     Surprisingly and unexpectedly, broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention containing at least one, preferably at least two, and more preferably three of the above SPF Boosters provide an SPF of at least 30, and, in preferred embodiments, an SPF of at least 50, without visible whitening on Skin Types I-IV under the Fitzpatrick Skin Type system of skin classification, described in Appendix A 
     Powders and Micas 
     Broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention preferably reduce the visible signs of aging through a synergistic complex of Optical Blurring Powders comprised of: (a) two Siliceous Compounds—namely, an amorphous spherical silica and a mixture of diatomaceous algal species, each having photonic and porous silica crystals (Plankton Glass Flower®), as described above, in further combination with (b) at least one, preferably two, Vinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymers, selected from the group of Dimethicone/Vinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer and Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer. 
     Vinyl Dimethicone/Methicone Silsesquioxane Crosspolymer is commercially available under the tradename KSP-101 from Shin-Etsu Silicones of America (Akron, Ohio). 
     Dimethicone/Vinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer may be, and preferably is, combined with at least one polyethylene glycol ether of lauryl alcohol. 
     In certain preferred Dimethicone/Vinyl Dimethicone Crosspolymer is combined with Laureth 3 and Laureth 25, which is commercially available from Access Ingredients (South Pasadena, Calif.) under the tradename AccessSIL EMUL-6081. 
     In certain preferred embodiments, broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention include one or several mica(s), and/or mica-like compound(s), that impart shimmer, glow, or reduces the appearance of skin imperfections. 
     One preferred, but non-limiting example, of a mica-like compound is Synthetic Fluorphlogopite, a synthetic mineral that conforms generally to the formula: Mg 3 K[A 1 F 2 O(SiO 3 ) 3 ]. 
     In certain embodiments, mica (or a mica-like compound) is present in combination with one both of iron oxide(s) and/or titanium dioxide. 
     Cosmetic Skin Benefit Ingredients 
     Broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention preferably include one or several oil-soluble ingredients that (a) reduce visible redness (i.e., erythema) or inflammation (known in the art as anti-inflammatory) or act as an antioxidant (i.e., reduce oxidative damage; also known in the art as free radical quenchers), (b) reduce the appearance of the signs of skin aging, which can include fine lines, wrinkles, uneven pigmentation (dyschromia), loss of elasticity or firmness, increased dryness, reduced skin moisture, loss of softness/suppleness (collectively “anti-aging ingredients”), or (c) oil-absorbent powders. Non-limiting examples of antioxidants and anti-aging ingredients include: vitamins and derivatives thereof, preferably, tocopherol (vitamin E) esters; stimulate elastin gene expression and/or downregulate collagenase gene expression (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, “MMPs”); as well as ingredients known in the art as humectants, moisturizers, skin-conditioning agents, skin soothing and/or healing agents. 
     Non-limiting examples of ingredients that quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate elastin gene expression and/or downregulate collagenase (MMP) gene expression include bioflavonoids; amino acids; peptides, preferably comprised of two to ten amino acids, still more preferably lipidated peptides; stem cells, including stem cell lysates; glycyrrhizinates; and ceramides (or ceramide-like compounds). 
     Especially preferred antioxidants/radical scavengers/moisturizing agents which may be topically delivered in the broad-spectrum photoprotective compositions of the present invention include: Bisabolol; algal extracts, preferably of Himanthalia elongata (Sea Spaghetti); Zingiber Officinale Root Extract, and Cetylhydroxyproline Palmitamide. 
     Himanthalia Elongata Extract is commercially available under the tradename Marine Bamboo TG from Argan Co., at a concentration of 5-25% (on an active basis) in a carrier of Caprylic/Caprix Triglyceride. 
     Cetylhydroxyproline Palmitamide is commercially available from Symrise (Teterboro, N.J.) in mixture with other skin benefit ingredients under the tradenames SymRepair® and SymCare®. Both of these mixtures contain Bisabolol and Cetylhydroxyproline Palmitamide and Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols. 
     Non-limiting examples of oil-absorbent powders include Nylon-12 (a polyamide derived from 12-aminododecanoic acid) and Polymethylsilsesquioxane (a polymer formed by the hydrolysis and condensation of methyltrimethoxysilane). 
     In certain embodiments, Nylon-12 is combined with Polymethyl Methacrylate or Polymethylsilsesquioxane. 
     Certain embodiments of the present invention include ingredients that act as pollutant scavengers (i.e., entrap or reduce the negative effects of environmental particulate matter on skin). By “negative effects on the skin” is meant collagen degradation, overproduction of melanin, and inflammation. Non-limiting examples of preferred pollutant scavengers include Plankton Glass® and Himanthalia Elongata Extract. 
     Compositions of the present invention preferably contain one or several ingredient(s) that absorb, attenuate or reduce negative effects on the skin caused by blue light and/or infrared radiation. 
     One non-limiting, preferred example of an ingredient that scatters infrared radiation is a combination of PMMA, Cerium Oxide, Aluminum Oxide, available from Argan under the tradename ARG-NIR. 
     Compositions of the present invention preferably do not contain any of the following: Paraben, Formaldehyde, Chlorphenesin, and Phenoxyethanol. Instead, as a preferred preservative system, compositions of the present invention have a synergistic combination of: Hydroxyacetophenone (preferably at 0.5%); a mixture of 1,2 Hexanediol (and) Caprylyl Glycol (preferably at a combined concentration of 0.5%); a mixture of Bisabolol (and) Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Extract (preferably at a combined concentration of 0.1%). This synergistic combination passes the microbial enumeration test found in Chapter 61 of the US Pharmacopeia. 
     Examples 
     The invention is further defined by reference to the example in  FIG.  1   , which is prepared as follows: Combine Phase A ingredients except ZnO, mixing while heating to 65-70° C. Add ZnO; then mix and homogenize. Add Phase B ingredients; homogenize. Add TiO 2  (Phase C). Add Phase D ingredients while heating to temperature sufficient to melt and disperse waxes. Add Phase E. Sequentially, add Phase F, G, and H ingredients. 
     Example 1 can be further modified to conceal skin imperfections, including blemishes, fine lines, wrinkles, and uneven pigmentation by increasing the amount of coated Pigmentary Grade Titanium Dioxide to a level of up to about 20%. The ability of such a modified formulation is described in the art as improved skin coverage or “payoff”. As will be appreciated by the person having ordinary skill in the art, increasing the amount of titanium dioxide will increase coverage and the ability to conceal skin imperfections. Preferably, in concealer embodiments, pigmentary titanium dioxide is present from about 5% to about 20%. 
     The synergistic combination of ZnO and TiO 2  with (a) two SPF Boosters—Butyl Octyl Salycilate and Neopentyl Glycol (INCi: Octododecyl Neopentanoate; commercially available under the tradename ELEFAC® I-205, and (b) two Siliceous Compounds—an amorphous spherical silica and a mixture of diatomaceous algal species, each having photonic and porous silica crystals (Plankton Glass Flower®, “PGF”), in the ratios described above, achieve a critical wavelength (“CW”) of at least 370 nm necessary to qualify as a “broad-spectrum” (UVNUVB) sunscreen under applicable FDA regulations (as of the filing date of the present application). Combining these ingredients in ratios other than as described above do not achieve a critical wavelength of at least 370 um. 
     In the examples, the combination of mica/mica-like and iron oxides can range from 0.10-15.00. Preferably, Iron Oxides are coated. Preferred, but non-limiting, examples of coated Iron Oxides are Iron Oxide, CI 7749; Iron Oxide, CI 77499 and Iron Oxide, CI 77492, each surface treated/coated with Triethoxycaprilylsilane or Hydrogenated Lecithin. 
     The following ingredients may be added to the Example, preferably to Phase H, in the indicated concentration ranges: Bisabolol and Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Root Extract-0.1 wt ¾); Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride and Himanthalia Elongata Extract (0.10-5.00 wt ¾); Hexyldecanol, Bisabolol, Cetylhydroxyproline Palmitamide, Stearic Acid, Brassica Campestris (Rapeseed) Sterols (0.10-5.00 wt ¾); PMMA, Cerium Oxide, Aluminum Oxide (0.10-2.0 wt ¾); Tocopheryl Acetate (0.10-1.00 wt ¾); Tocopheryl Acetate (and) Ubiquinone (0.25-2.0 wt ¾); 
     These examples are representative, and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention. 
     While the illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described with particularity, it will be understood that various other modifications will be apparent to, and can be readily made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the examples and descriptions set forth hereinabove but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all the features of patentable novelty in the present invention, including all features which would be treated as equivalents by persons having ordinary skill in the art of formulating topically-applied personal care and dermatological products.