Patent Publication Number: US-2016243031-A1

Title: Pharmaceutical ophthalmic compositions and methods for fabricating thereof

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation-in-part patent application under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/057,711, filed on Mar. 1, 2016, now pending, which is a continuation-in-part patent application under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/461,242, filed on Aug. 15, 2014, now pending, which is a continuation-in-part patent application under 35 U.S.C. §120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/227,819, filed on Mar. 27, 2014, now pending, which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/958,170, filed on Jul. 22, 2013, the entire contents of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates generally to the field of ophthalmology and more specifically to injectable ophthalmological compositions having anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and to methods of preparing such compositions. 
     BACKGROUND 
     In ophthalmological treatments and procedures, e.g., cataract surgery, pre- and post-operative eye drops are frequently used by the patients to eliminate or alleviate negative post-surgery complications such as infections, inflammation, and tissue edema. It has been reported that as many as 8% of all ocular surgery patients may suffer from infections, including the potentially catastrophic endophthalmitis, and various negative sight threatening side effects after surgery, such as inflammatory uveitis, corneal edema, and cystoid macular edema. Typically, the topical postoperative medications are prescribed for at-home use starting before and then after cataract surgery, and are typically self-administered, unless requiring a caregiver or family assistance. 
     These ophthalmic medication drops include anti-inflammatory and antibiotic agents and are highly effective, but require strict adherence to the treatment regimens, which is often difficult for many patients (with physical limitations or aversions to eyelid touching and manipulation) and is frequently expensive (well over $200 per procedure), causing patients&#39; dissatisfaction. It is desirable to have an alternative procedure that would permit avoiding the necessity of the use of such post-surgery medications to save the associated post-operative trouble and expenses. 
     One such alternative procedure includes the intraoperative intravitreal injection by an atraumatic transzonular route that can achieve patient outcomes that are as good as, or better than, the current at-home eye drop regimen, removing the issues of compliance and medication administration accuracy. This patent specification discloses pharmaceutical compositions suitable for intraoperative ocular injections that can achieve such positive patient outcomes, and methods of fabricating and administering the same. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to one embodiment of the invention, an ophthalmic pharmaceutical composition is provided, the composition comprising a therapeutic component consisting essentially of a therapeutically effective quantity of an anti-bacterial agent and a therapeutically effective quantity of an anti-inflammatory agent, a combination of at least two pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the composition is suitable for delivery via intraocular injection or via eye drops. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, an anti-bacterial agent described herein can be a compound selected from the group of quinolone (including a fluorinated quinolone), e.g., moxifloxacin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates or N-oxides thereof. 
     According to yet another embodiment of the invention, an anti-inflammatory agent described herein can be a corticosteroid, e.g., triamcinolone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, ethers, esters, acetals and ketals thereof. 
     According to another embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein further include at least two solubilizing and suspending agents of which one is any of non-ionic polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, e.g., Poloxamer 407®, and the other is any of water-soluble derivatives of cellulose (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or hydroxypropyl cellulose), non-cross-linked or partially cross-linked polyacrylates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates or combinations thereof. 
     According to other embodiments of the invention, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be intravitreally transzonularly injected into a mammalian subject as a part of the process of treatment of a variety of ophthalmological diseases, conditions or pathologies associated with intraocular surgery, such as cataracts, retinal and glaucoma disease. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     A. Terms and Definitions 
     Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclatures utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of analytical chemistry, synthetic organic and inorganic chemistry described herein, are those known in the art. Standard chemical symbols are used interchangeably with the full names represented by such symbols. Thus, for example, the terms “hydrogen” and “H” are understood to have identical meaning. Standard techniques may be used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, formulating compositions and testing them. The foregoing techniques and procedures can be generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art. 
     It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention claimed. As used herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. 
     As used herein, “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “includes,” and “included,” is not limiting. 
     “About” as used herein means that a number referred to as “about” comprises the recited number plus or minus 1-10% of that recited number. For example, “about” 100 degrees can mean 95-105 degrees or as few as 99-101 degrees depending on the context. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 20” refers to each integer in the given range; i.e., meaning only 1, only 2, only 3, etc., up to and including only 20. 
     The term “pharmaceutical composition” is defined as a chemical or a biological compound or substance, or a mixture or combination of two or more such compounds or substances, intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease or pathology. 
     The term “intraocular injection” refers to an injection that is administered by entering the eyeball of the patient. The term “peri-ocular injection” refers to an injection that is administered behind the eye but outside the eye wall. The term “transzonular” refers to an injection administered through the ciliary zonule which is a series of fibers connecting the ciliary body and lens of the eye. 
     The term “intravitreal” refers to an injection administered through an eye of the patient, directly into the inner cavity of the eye. 
     The term “intraoperative” is defined as an action occurring or carried during, or in the course of, surgery. 
     The term “suspension” is defined for the purposes of the present application as a two-phase dispersion system having a first phase and a second phase. It is further specifically provided that dispersion systems having three, four or more phases are not within the meaning of “suspension” for the purposes of the instant application. 
     Furthermore, the above mentioned first phase of the suspension consists of a multitude of solid particles and is designated and defined as the “dispersed phase”, and the above mentioned second phase of the suspension is a liquid and is designated and defined as the “dispersion medium”, or, interchangeably and synonymously, the “continuous phase”. 
     Furthermore, the above mentioned dispersed phase is dispersed in the above mentioned dispersion medium, and the term “dispersed” is defined as meaning that the dispersed phase is statistically evenly distributed throughout the entire volume of the suspension, with no statistically meaningful deviations in the concentrations of the dispersed phase in different portions of the suspension. 
     The term “keratomileusis” refers to a surgical procedure whereby the refractive state of the cornea is improved. This procedure can be performed as a laser-assisted in situ surgery also known as “LASIK.” Other corneal refractive surgical procedures that are encompassed by the term “keratomileusis” include, without limitations, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy (LASEK), corneal ring segments, corneal cross linking, refractive corneal inlays (e.g., “raindrop”, “Kamra”) and corneal lenticular surgery (“SMILE”). 
     The terms “anti-bacterial” and “antibiotic” are broadly covered by the term “anti-microbial” and are used herein interchangeably, refer to substances or compounds that destroy bacteria and/or viruses and/or inhibit the growth thereof via any mechanism or route. 
     The term “anti-inflammatory” refers to substances or compounds that counteract or suppress inflammation via any mechanism or route. 
     The term “quinolone” for the purposes of this application refers to a genus of anti-bacterial compounds that are derivatives of benzopyridine and in some embodiments include fluorine atom, such as in the following structure (“fluoroquinolone”): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The terms “corticosteroid” and closely related “glucocorticoid” are defined as compounds belonging to a sub-genus of steroids that are derivatives of corticosterone, the latter having the chemical structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The term “salt” refers to an ionic compound which is a product of the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. 
     The terms “solvate” and “hydrate” are used herein to indicate that a compound or a substance is physically or chemically associated with a solvent for “solvates” such as water (for “hydrates”). 
     The term “ether” refers to a chemical compound containing the structure R—O—R 1 , where two organic fragments R and R 1  are connected via oxygen. 
     The term “ester” refers to a chemical compound containing the ester group R—O—C(O)—R 1 , connecting two organic fragments R and R 1 . 
     The terms “acetal” and “ketal” refer to a chemical compound containing the functional group R—C(R 1 )(OR 2 ) 2 , where R and R 2  are organic fragments and R 1  is hydrogen atom (for acetals), and is inclusive of “hemiacetals” where one R 2  (but not the other) is hydrogen atom; or where none of R, R 1  and R 2  is a hydrogen atom and each is an organic fragment (for ketals). 
     The terms “non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug” or “NSAID” refer to substances or compounds that are free of steroid moieties and provide analgesic, antipyretic and/or anti-inflammatory effects. 
     The term “carrier” refers to a substance that serves as a vehicle for improving the efficiency of delivery and the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical composition. 
     The term “excipient” refers to a pharmacologically inactive substance that is formulated in combination with the pharmacologically active ingredient of the pharmaceutical composition and is inclusive of bulking agents, fillers, diluents and products used for facilitating drug absorption or solubility or for other pharmacokinetic considerations. 
     The term “solubilizing agent” for the purposes of the instant application refers broadly to chemical compounds that improve the process of incorporating the solubilizate (i.e., active components described herein) into micelles; in other words, the presence of a solubilizing agent makes the process of solubilization faster, easier, and/or more complete compared with compositions without it. 
     The term “suspending agent” for the purposes of the instant application refers broadly to chemical compounds that help active pharmaceutical ingredients stay suspended in the formulation and prevents and/or reduces the phase separation of two-phase dispersion systems described herein. 
     The term “therapeutically effective amount” is defined as the amount of the compound or pharmaceutical composition that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, medical doctor or other clinician. 
     The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” is defined as a carrier, whether diluent or excipient, that is compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. 
     The terms “administration of a composition” or “administering a composition” is defined to include an act of providing a compound of the invention or pharmaceutical composition to the subject in need of treatment. 
     B. Embodiments of the Invention 
     According to embodiments of the present invention, pharmaceutical compositions intended to prevent and/or treat inflammation and/or infections are provided. The compositions include an active component comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a therapeutically effective quantity of an anti-bacterial agent (i.e., an antibiotic) and a therapeutically effective quantity of an anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., a corticosteroid). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can be used for intraocular injections. In other embodiments the pharmaceutical compositions can be used for intra-articular or intra-lesional use. In yet other embodiments the pharmaceutical compositions can be used for delivery via eye drops. The compositions further include one or several pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s) and one or several pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s). 
     The concentration of the anti-bacterial agent in the pharmaceutical composition may be between about 0.01 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, such as between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 10 mg/mL, for example, about 1.0 mg/mL. The concentration of the anti-inflammatory agent in the pharmaceutical composition may be between about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100.0 mg/mL, such as between about 5.0 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, for example, about 15.0 mg/mL. 
     According to further embodiments, the anti-bacterial agent to be employed in the active component of the composition may be selected from the group of quinolones, including fluoroquinolones, and suitable derivatives of the same, such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates or solvates thereof. In one embodiment, the fluoroquinolone that may be so employed is moxifloxacin (chemically, 1-cyclopropyl-7-[(1S,6S)-2,8-diazabicyclo-[4.3.0]non-8-yl]-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid), which is available, e.g., under trade name Avelox® from Bayer Healthcare Corp. of Wayne, N.J., and under other trade names from other suppliers such as Alcon Corp. and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., and has the following chemical structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     A non-limiting example of a possible alternative fluoroquinolone antibiotic that may be used instead of, or in combination with, moxifloxacin is gatifloxacin. 
     In some further embodiments one or several glycopeptide antibiotic(s), or a combination of some or all of them, may be optionally used as a part of the anti-bacterial agent, in combination with (i.e., in addition to) moxifloxacin. One example of such an acceptable additional glycopeptide antibiotic is vancomycin, which can be introduced into the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration between about 1.0 mg/mL and about 100.0 mg/mL, such as between about 5.0 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, for example, about 10.0 mg/mL. Vancomycin is available under the trade name Vancocin® from Eli Lilly &amp; Co. of Indianapolis, Ind. Other acceptable additional glycopeptide antibiotics that may be so optionally used include teicoplanin, telavancin, decaplanin, ramoplanin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, cefuroxime, polymyxin B sulfate, and trimethoprim. 
     According to further embodiments, the anti-inflammatory agent to be employed in the active component of the composition may be selected from the group of corticosteroids, such as derivatives of corticosterone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, ethers, esters, acetals and ketals thereof. For example, a product obtained as a result of a chemically reasonable substitution of any hydrogen and/or hydroxyl group in the molecule of corticosterone may be used. In one embodiment, a corticosteroid that can be so utilized is triamcinolone (chemically, (11β,16α)-9-fluoro-11,16,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione), having the following chemical formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In another embodiment, a corticosteroid that can be so utilized is triamcinolone acetonide (chemically, (4aS,4bR,5S,6aS,6bS,9aR,10aS,10bS)-4b-fluoro-6b-glycoloyl-5-hydroxy-4a,6a,8,8-tetramethyl-4a,4b,5,6,6a,6b,9a,10,10a,10b,11,12-dodecahydro-2H-naphtho[2′,1′:4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-2-one), which is a ketal derivative of triamcinolone available, e.g., under the trade name Kenalog® from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. of Princeton, N.J., and under other trade names from other suppliers, and having the following chemical formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Other corticosteroids, or a combination of some or all of them, may be used instead of all or a portion of triamcinolone and/or of all or a portion of triamcinolone acetonide. Some non-limiting examples of such acceptable other corticosteroids or glucocorticoids include triamcinolone diacetate, triamcinolone benetonide, triamcinolone furetonide, triamcinolone hexacetonide, betamethasone acetate, dexamethasone, fluorometholone and fluocinolone acetonide, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisone, corticol, cortisone, fluorocortisone, deoxycorticosterone acetate, aldosterone, budesonide and derivatives, analogs or combinations thereof. 
     Some of these corticosteroids, e.g., without limitation, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, or methylprednisone are considered particularly suitable in methods for performing a keratomileusis or corneal refractive surgery (e.g., LASIK surgery) described below in more detail. Those having ordinary skill in the art of ophthalmology or pharmacy will determine which corticosteroids are to be used in a specific surgical procedure to be performed. 
     According to other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions described herein may further optionally include pharmaceutically effective quantities of one or several non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug(s) or NSAID(s). The concentration of NSAID(s) in the pharmaceutical composition, if used, may be between about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100.0 mg/mL, such as between about 5.0 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, for example, about 15.0 mg/mL. 
     If the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein do include NSAID(s), it is envisioned that some compositions should be free of the specific NSAID, bromfenac. In other embodiments, however, bromfenac may be used as well as such NSAID(s) as any of ketorolac, etodolac, sulindac, diclofenac, aceclofenac, nepafenac, tolmetin, indomethacin, nabumetone, ketoprofen, dexketoprofen, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, dexibuprofen, fenoprofen, loxoprofen, oxaprozin, naproxen, aspirin, salicylic acid, diflunisal, salsalate, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, meloxicam, piroxicam, ternoxicam, droxicam, lornoxicam, isoxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, lumiracoxib, etoricoxib, firocoxib, nimesulide, clonixin, licofelone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, ethers, esters, acetals and ketals thereof. 
     As mentioned above, the pharmaceutical composition that is the subject matter of the instant application may further optionally include one or several pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s). Those having ordinary skill in the art will be able to select the suitable excipient(s). It is worth mentioning that when moxifloxacin is used in pharmaceutical formulations, it is often difficult to obtain a stable suspension of another product (e.g., a corticosteroid such as triamcinolone acetonide) that is present in the same formulation and that needs to be in a form of a stable suspension. Without being bound by any particular scientific theory, such difficulties in obtaining the stable suspension are believed to be caused by moxifloxacin&#39;s tendency to deactivate many suspending agents resulting in unacceptable coagulation, clumping and flocculation. As a result, normal delivery through a typical 27-29 gage cannula is often difficult or even impossible. 
     Therefore, it is desirable to select an excipient that is stable in the presence of moxifloxacin and can, therefore, be used as a solubilizing and suspending agent to ensure that the corticosteroid such as triamcinolone acetonide safely forms a stable suspension even when moxifloxacin is also present in the same formulation. Numerous attempts by others to produce a stable moxifloxacin/triamcinolone acetonide pharmaceutical composition suitable for intraocular injection have not been successful. 
     Presently disclosed embodiments teach that combinations of at least two solubilizing and suspending agents, i.e., a first solubilizing and suspending agent and a second solubilizing and suspending agent, can be used to formulate the excipients to be used in the compositions of the present invention. According to embodiments of the invention, at least one first solubilizing and suspending agent and at least one second solubilizing and suspending agent are present in the compositions. 
     In some embodiments, an excipient that can be used as the first solubilizing and stabilizing agent to overcome the above-described difficulties, and thus to obtain a stable suspension of the corticosteroid such as triamcinolone acetonide or prednisolone, may be a non-ionic polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer having the following general structure: 
       HO—(CH 2 —CH 2 —O) x —(C 3 H 6 —O) y —(CH 2 —CH 2 —O) x —H,
 
     wherein x is an integer having the value of at least 8 and x is an integer having the value of at least 38. 
     When a non-ionic polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer is used as the first solubilizing and stabilizing agent in the pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention, its contents in the overall composition may be between about 0.01 mass % and about 10.0 mass %, such as between about 1.0 mass % and about 8 mass %, for example, about 5.0 mass %. 
     One non-limiting example of a specific non-ionic polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer that can be used as the first solubilizing and stabilizing agent in the pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention is the product known under the trade name Poloxamer 407® (poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)) available from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. of St. Louis, Mo., with the molecular weight of the polyoxypropylene portion of about 4,000 Daltons, about a 70% polyoxyethylene content, the overall molecular weight of between about 9,840 Daltons and about 14,600 Daltons and having the following chemical structure 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     An excipient that can be used as the second solubilizing and stabilizing agent can be a water-soluble derivative of cellulose, water-soluble, optionally partially cross-linked polyacrylates, and products of Polysorbate family, or combinations thereof. 
     Suitable water-soluble derivatives of cellulose that may be used include, without limitations, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose available, among other sources, from The Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Mich. Examples of acceptable water-soluble, partially cross-linked, polyacrylates that may be used include, without limitations, such polymers of the Carbopol® family available from The Lubrizol Corporation of Wickliffe, Ohio. Typically, the cross-linking agents that may be used to cross-link such polyacrylates are allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol. 
     Suitable products of the Polysorbate family (i.e., ethoxylated sorbitan esterified with fatty acids) that may be used include, without limitations, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearates, or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates, some of which are also known as Tween® products, such as Polysorbate 80®, can be used as the second solubilizing and stabilizing agent. Such products are available from Croda Americas, L.L.C. of Wilmington, Del. or from Sigma-Aldrich Corp., among other suppliers making these products available. 
     One typical product of the latter family that can be used is Polysorbate 80 (chemically, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, also known as sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), i.e., a product of polycondensation of polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid having 20 units derived from ethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier having the structure: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Non-limiting examples of some other excipients and carriers that may be used in preparing in the pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention include edetate calcium disodium (EDTA, a chelating agent), hydrochloric acid (the pH adjuster) and sterile water. 
     According to embodiments of the present application, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are formulated as stable two-phase suspensions, as defined above. More specifically, according to these embodiments, the suspensions at issue consist of two phases, i.e., a dispersed phase that is dispersed within the dispersion medium. The dispersed phase consists of solid particles consisting of a therapeutically effective quantity of a corticosteroid. No compounds other than the corticosteroids described hereinabove are present within the solid particles that form the dispersed phase. 
     According to such embodiments, the dispersion medium is a liquid that includes all other compounds that are present in the pharmaceutical compositions described in the application. The application envisions no embodiment where a corticosteroid can be used outside the dispersed phase such as in the dispersion medium. Specifically, the dispersion medium includes the following components (a)-(e): 
     (a) at least one anti-bacterial agent of the quinolone group (i.e., quinolone, a fluorinated quinolone and derivatives as described); 
     (b) at least two solubilizing and suspending agents (i.e., a non-ionic polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer plus a polysorbate); 
     (c) at least one glycopeptide antibiotic (i.e., vancomycin, or other antibiotic(s) described hereinabove), the use of this component in the dispersion medium is optional; 
     (d) also optionally, at least one non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug such as bromfenac or other NSAIDs described hereinabove; and 
     (e) a carrier. 
     According to further embodiments, methods for fabricating the above-described pharmaceutical compositions are provided. A one-batch formulation method may be used, where the components of the pharmaceutical formulation can be combined in single container; the components may be added to the container simultaneously or consecutively. 
     In one exemplary, non-limiting procedure, the process of preparing the pharmaceutical compositions described hereinabove may commence by forming the aqueous dispersion medium. To form the aqueous dispersion medium, a quantity of an anti-bacterial agent such as moxifloxacin may be put into a mixing container followed by adding a quantity of sterile water and hydrochloric acid to obtain a slightly acidic mixture (e.g., having a pH of about 6.5), which can be stirred until a clear solution is obtained. In case of moxifloxacin/HCl system, the solution is stable, allowing the formulation to remain closed system thus preventing contamination and the loss of sterility. 
     After such clear stable solution has been formed, more components may be added to the solution that is to become the dispersion medium of the final suspension, i.e., a quantity of Poloxamer 407® and/or a quantity of polysorbate 80, a quantity of edetate calcium disodium, optionally a quantity of an antibiotic (e.g., vancomycin), and optionally a quantity of an NSAID (e.g., bromfenac) may all be added to the same container with the already prepared moxifloxacin/HCl solution. 
     At the same time, a quantity of corticosteroid such as micronized triamcinolone acetonide can be added to the above described solution, followed by stirring everything together (e.g., by spinning) for a period of time, e.g., about 6 hours, until a homogenous suspension has been obtained. In the resulting suspension two phases are therefore formed: the dispersed phase of the corticosteroid and the dispersion medium into which the aqueous solution described above has now been transformed. 
     The resulting suspension may then be transferred into single dose vials, capped, sealed, autoclaved and shaken until cool. Finally, a complete testing for sterility and the presence of endotoxin may be performed on the product according to commonly used methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions prepared as described above can be used to prevent complications that may arise after ophthalmic surgical operations and procedure. For example, the formulations can be used during any intraocular surgery, such as cataract surgery, planned vitrectomy or glaucoma procedures, to prevent or at least substantially reduce the risk of post-surgery complications, such as the development of endophthalmitis or cystoid macular edema (CME), without having the patient use pre- or post-operative topical ophthalmic drops. Individuals with evidence of endophthalmitis from prior surgical procedures or traumatic ocular penetration will benefit from concurrent injection of these formulations to sterilize infection and reduce damaging inflammation. 
     Pharmaceutical formulations described herein can be delivered via intraocular intravitreal injection which can be transzonular, or, if desired not transzonular. Intraocular intravitreal injection of this formulation, whether done via transzonular or via direct pars plana (trans-scleral) injection, delivers potent broad spectrum antibiotics directly into the suppurative tissue without requiring the urgent compounding of multiple individual medications or multiple individual injections into the eye. 
     Typically, a pharmaceutical composition described above will be intraocularly administered to a mammalian subject (e.g., humans, cats, dogs, other pets, domestic, wild or farm animals) in need of emergent, urgent or planned ophthalmic surgery treatment. The effect achieved by such use of pharmaceutical composition described above may last up to four weeks. The composition is to be injected intravitreally and trans-zonularly using methods and techniques known to those having ordinary skilled in the art of ophthalmology. In some embodiments, the injection can be intraoperative. 
     Typically, the delivery through a typical 27 gauge cannula can be employed utilizing a 1 mL TB syringe, with attention to re-suspending the formulation using momentary flicks and shake just prior to injection. The medicinal volume (i.e., dosage) required of this formulation varies based on the type of intraocular procedure, the degree of postoperative inflammation induced or anticipated, the risk assessment for postoperative infection, and anatomic considerations regarding the available volume for the injection being added to a closed intraocular space. 
     It is worth mentioning that while intracameral (that is, anterior chamber) injections are within the scope of the instant invention, such injections instead of posterior chamber (intravitreal) injection may not be satisfactory in some cases, as the suspension clogs the trabecular meshwork and aggravates intraocular drainage, resulting in a postoperative rise in intraocular pressure. This may be avoided with intravitreal injection, in addition to retaining the formulation components into the protein matrix of the vitreous of a greater duration. Anterior chamber wash out occurs over hours (antibiotic in solution) and days (steroid in suspension), while intravitreal injection is retained for weeks. 
     In alternative embodiments, if desired or necessary, the formulations may also be delivered in the form of eye drops or eye sprays, as well as via subconjunctival injection, intraocular intracameral injection, sub-tenon injection, intra-articular injection or intra-lesional injection, particularly, in, but not limited to, some cases when necessary to deliver additional medication when local ocular inflammation and extra-ocular infection need suppression. Intravitreal delivery of steroid has historically been used to treat clinically significant cystoid macular edema (CME); the application of this formulation into the vitreous during routine intraocular procedures brings more aggressive prophylaxis against CME occurrence. Additionally, the suspension of this formulation is useful for staining vitreous during planned and unplanned vitrectomies, improving visualization of this otherwise transparent intraocular tissue, improving vitrectomy outcomes and reducing complications resulting from inadequate or tractional vitreous removal. In still further embodiments, there is also envisioned intra-canalicular delivery, i.e., delivery via a lacrimal canaliculus implant. In yet other embodiments, the formulation may be also delivered via anterior chamber injection or capsular bag placement of medication. A solution could be also added to the irrigating solution that is used during cataract surgery which could allow for the bottles, tubing, etc. to become “sterilized” during surgery. Intracorneal delivery through laser created corneal channels that could hold medication can be also used, if desired. 
     In some further alternative embodiments, instead of delivering the above-described compositions comprising both anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agents, consecutive injections may be used instead, if desired. For example, triamcinolone or prednisolone may be injected first, immediately followed by the injection of moxifloxacin or vice versa. 
     In still further embodiments, the pharmaceutical applications described hereinabove may be used before or after performing conreal refractive surgery or a keratomileusis surgery such as LASIK surgery. To illustrate, a pharmaceutical composition to be used for these purposes may include any corticosteroid and any anti-bacterial agent described above, to be selected by the skilled practitioner. To further exemplify, but not to unduly limit, prednisone, prednisolone or methylprednisone may be chosen as the former and moxifloxacin as the latter. As a further non-limiting illustration, the formulations used in conjunction with a keratomileusis surgery may have the concentration of the anti-bacterial agent such as moxifloxacin between about 0.01 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, such as between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 10 mg/mL, for example, about 1.0 mg/mL; and the concentration of the corticosteroid such as prednisone between about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100.0 mg/mL, such as between about 5.0 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, for example, about 15.0 mg/mL. 
     It will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, gender, diet, and the severity of the particular ophthalmological condition being treated. 
     In additional embodiments, pharmaceutical kits are provided. The kit includes a sealed container approved for the storage of pharmaceutical compositions, the container containing one of the above-described pharmaceutical compositions. An instruction for the use of the composition and the information about the composition are to be included in the kit. 
     The following examples are provided to further elucidate the advantages and features of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The examples are for the illustrative purposes only. USP pharmaceutical grade products were used in preparing the formulations described below. 
     C. Examples 
     Example 1 
     Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition 
     A pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described below. The following components were used in the amounts and concentrations specified: 
     (a) about 1.5 g of triamcinolone acetonide, at a concentration of about 15.0 mg/mL; 
     (b) about 0.1 g of moxifloxacin hydrochloride, at a concentration of about 1.0 mg/mL; 
     (c) about 1 mL of polysorbate 80, at a concentration of about 1.0 mass %; 
     (d) about 0.2 g of edetate calcium disodium, at a concentration of about 0.2 mass %; 
     (e) about 1 g of Poloxamer 407 at a concentration of about 1.0 mass %; 
     (f) hydrochloric acid, to adjust pH to about 6.5; and 
     (g) about 100.0 mL of sterile water for injection. 
     Moxifloxacin hydrochloride was placed into a de-pyrogenated beaker with a spin bar. Sterile water for injection was added to about ⅓ of the volume of the beaker. While spinning, moxifloxacin was dissolved by adding hydrochloric acid until a clear solution having the final pH of about 6.5 was obtained. 
     The solution was combined with micronized triamcinolone acetonide, Poloxamer 407®, edetate calcium disoudium and polysorbate 80 and allowed to spin for about 6 hours until a hydrated and homogenous suspension was obtained. 
     The suspension was transferred into de-pyrogenated, single dose vials (2 mL size), capped and sealed, followed by autoclaving and shaking the vials until cool. Complete sterility and endotoxin testing was performed by an outside laboratory to ensure safety. 
     The formulation prepared as described above was tested for the particle sizes and their distribution. The results showed that very fine particles were obtained and the size distribution was quite uniform. Specifically, about 99% of all the particles had the diameter of 5 μM or less, where the sizes within the range between about 1 μM and 4 μM dominated and constituted about 82% of all particles. Just 0.1 to 0.2% of all the particles were large than about 10 μM in diameter. 
     The formulation prepared as described above was also tested for stability after 6 months of storage. After this period of storage no loss of potency was observed (as measured by HPLC); the formulation was visually stable at room temperature and readily re-suspended with gentle shaking with no increase of particle size or flocculation. 
     Example 2 
     Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition Containing Vancomycin 
     A pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described in Example 1, supra. The composition was autoclaved and sonicated for about 60 minutes and about 96 mL of the composition were combined with about 4 mL of vancomycin at a concentration of about 250 mg/mL. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to about 6.0-6.5 using hydrochloric acid. The product was then transferred into vials (at about 1 mL plus 5 drops per vial) and frozen. The product has kept its stability and potency for at least six months. 
     Example 3 
     Using a Pharmaceutical Composition 
     A pharmaceutical composition fabricated as described in Example 1, supra, was administered to about 1,600 patients. To each, it was introduced using intravitreal transzonular injection. The injection was intraoperative. Only a very few patients, at the rate of about only 1 in 4,000, have developed any infection or suffered from other side effects that required further treatment, which is a substantial improvement over a typical rate of about 8% for the patients that did not receive the injection. 
     Example 4 
     Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition Containing Prednisolone 
     A pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described below. The following components were used in the amounts specified: 
     (a) about 1.5 g of micronized prednisolone acetate; 
     (b) about 0.1 g of moxifloxacin hydrochloride; 
     (c) about 1 mL of an aqueous solution of polysorbate 80, at a concentration of about 1.0 mass %; 
     (d) about 0.2 g of edetate calcium disodium; 
     (e) about 1.2 g of Poloxamer 407®; 
     (f) hydrochloric acid, to adjust pH to about 6.5; and 
     (g) about 100.0 mL of sterile water for injection. 
     Moxifloxacin hydrochloride was placed into a de-pyrogenated beaker with a spin bar. Sterile water for injection was added to about ⅓ of the volume of the beaker. While spinning, moxifloxacin was dissolved by adding hydrochloric acid until a clear solution having the final pH of about 6.0 to 6.5 was obtained. 
     The solution was combined with micronized prednisolone acetate, Poloxamer 407®, edetate calcium disoudium and polysorbate 80 and allowed to spin until a hydrated and homogenous product was obtained. It is expected that the particle sizes and their distribution are similar to those described in Example 1, above. The product was then transferred into de-pyrogenated, single dose vials (about 1 mL of the product in 3 mL size vial), capped and sealed, followed by autoclaving, shaking and sonicating the vials for about 1 hour. 
     In a second experiment, another prednisolone-based composition was prepared in exactly the same way, except that the quantity of micronized prednisolone acetate was about 1.0 g (instead of about 1.5 g) and the quantity of moxifloxacin hydrochloride was about 0.5 g (instead of 0.1 g). 
     Prednisolone based composition obtained as described in this Example can then be administered to a patient by ordinarily skilled ophthalmologists as eye drops after performing a keratomileusis surgery such as LASIK surgery, e.g., as follow-up care. 
     Example 5 
     Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition Containing NSAID Bromfenac 
     A pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described below. The following components were used in the amounts specified: 
     (a) about 10.0 g of micronized prednisolone acetate; 
     (b) about 5.454 g of moxifloxacin hydrochloride monohydrate; 
     (c) about 1.035 g of bromfenac sodium powder; 
     (d) about 10.0 mL of an aqueous solution of polysorbate 80, at a concentration of about 1.0 mass %; 
     (e) about 4.0 g of boric acid powder; 
     (f) about 14.0 g of Poloxamer 407®; 
     (g) about 3.17 g of sodium chloride granules; 
     (h) 20% solution of sodium hydroxide, to adjust pH; and 
     (i) about 1.0 L of sterile water for injection. 
     Moxifloxacin hydrochloride was placed into a de-pyrogenated beaker with a spin bar. Sterile water for injection was added, about 60% of the total volume of water. While spinning, moxifloxacin was dissolved by adding sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH to about 7.4 to 7.8, followed by additional stirring for about 5 minutes, until a clear solution was obtained. Bromfenac was then added, with continued stirring, until completely dissolved which is indicated by the solution being visibly clear. The pH then was adjusted again to maintain it in the range of 7.4 to 7.8. 
     The solution was combined with polysorbate 80, Poloxamer 407 and boric acid, with continued stirring, followed by slowly adding micronized prednisolone acetate, the remainder of water, with continued spinning for about 20 minutes, until a hydrated and homogenous product was obtained. 
     The product was then transferred into pre-sterilized de-pyrogenated, 100 mL vials, capped and sealed, followed by autoclaving (about 121° C. and about 15.0 psi of pressure for about 30 minutes) shaking and sonicating the vials for about 30 minutes. 
     The composition obtained as described in this Example can then be administered to a patient by ordinarily skilled ophthalmologists as eye drops after performing a keratomileusis surgery such as LASIK surgery, e.g., as follow-up care. 
     Although the invention has been described with reference to the above examples, it will be understood that modifications and variations are encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims.