Patent Publication Number: US-11638526-B2

Title: Methods of diagnosing and treating viral infections

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/848,055 filed Apr. 14, 2020 titled “Methods of Treating Viral Infections” which is incorporated by reference herein as if reproduced in full below. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Viral pathogens may enter the body through a variety of pathways. For example, viral pathogens may enter the body through the respiratory tract. The body attempts to protect against entry through the respiratory tract by way of the mucous membranes and ciliated cells in the nose an upper portions of the respiratory tract. Viral pathogens trapped or captured prior to entry into the lungs are carried into the throat and then into the alimentary tract (e.g., stomach and intestines). 
     Many viral pathogens cannot survive the relatively harsh environment of the alimentary tract. That is, many viral pathogens captured in the respiratory tract and directed to the alimentary tract, and viral pathogens that enter the alimentary tract directly (e.g., through food), are neutralized in the alimentary tract. However, other viral pathogens can and do survive in the alimentary tract, and thus the alimentary tract represents another pathway through which viral pathogens enter the body. For example, some enteric coronaviruses can withstand the relatively harsh environment of the alimentary tract, and thus enter the body through the stomach and/or intestinal walls. 
     Generally, the skin is a barrier to most viral pathogens. However, some viral pathogens enter the body through the skin. For example, the dengue virus is known to enter the body directly through the skin. Specifically, the dengue virus infects skin keratinocytes, and also infects and replicates inside the Langerhans cells. Even for viral pathogens for which the skin is a barrier, apertures through the skin (e.g., cuts, sores, abrasions, and bug bites) may allow viral pathogens access to the underlying vascular and lymphatic system. 
     Regardless of the entry point into the body, viral pathogens may spread within the body through many pathways. For example, some viral pathogens spread throughout the body by way of the blood stream (e.g., hematogenous spread). Other viral pathogens may spread along neural pathways. For example, some coronavirus varieties spread along neural pathways, such as the olfactory pathways. 
     SUMMARY 
     Methods of diagnosing and treating viral infections. At least one example diagnosing method includes of a method of diagnosing a presence or absence of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the method comprising: isolating a human in a covid-free environment, the isolating for an isolation period; performing a plurality of measurements of a core temperature of the human during the isolation period; and if each of the plurality of measurements of the core temperature indicate a lack of fever, declaring and/or diagnosing the human as being free of SARS-CoV-2. 
     In the example diagnosing method, isolating the human may further comprise isolating the human for the isolation period being at least four hours. 
     In the example diagnosing method, isolating the human may further comprise isolating the human in a room subjected to viral decontamination prior to the isolating. 
     In the example diagnosing method, isolating the human may further comprise isolating the human in clothing subjected to viral decontamination since any potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2. 
     In the example diagnosing method, performing the plurality of measurements of the core temperature may further comprise performing a measurement of core temperature at least once an hour during the isolation period. 
     At least one example treatment embodiment is directed to a method of treating disease in a human, the method comprising: measuring a core temperature of the human; testing the human for the presence of a virus that causes disease; responsive to the human having both fever and presence of the virus, submerging at least a trunk and legs of the human in water comprising a surfactant, the human at least partially submerged in the water for a treatment period of at least three hours; and controlling a temperature of the water during the treatment period. 
     The example treatment method may further comprise releasing from the water an airborne substance for inhalation into the lungs. The releasing may comprise releasing at least one selected from a group comprising: nitric oxide; a surfactant suitable for cause a virucidal effect within the lung. 
     In the example treatment method, testing the human may further comprise testing for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). 
     In the example treatment method, testing the human may further comprise testing for Dengue virus. 
     In the example treatment method, controlling the temperature may further comprise maintaining the temperature above 90 degrees Fahrenheit and below 99 degrees Fahrenheit as long as the core temperature of the human indicates a fever below a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be 104 degrees Fahrenheit when the human is below an age of 10 years. The predetermined threshold may be 101 degrees Fahrenheit when the human is above an age of 10 years. Further in the example method, controlling the temperature may further comprise chilling the water if the core temperature of the human meets or exceeds the predetermined temperature. 
     In the example treatment method, submerging the human may further comprise submerging the arms, legs, and trunk of the human. Submerging the human may further comprise partially submerging the head of the human. 
     In the example treatment method, the surfactant may be at least one selected from a group comprising: soap; and detergent. 
     In the example treatment method, the surfactant may comprise a virucide. The surfactant may be present in a virucidaly effective amount. 
     The example treatment method may further comprise periodically wetting portions of the human above a water line of the water. Periodically wetting may further comprise covering portions of the human above the water line with a cloth wetted with the water and surfactant. 
     Other example embodiments are treatment methods comprising treating coronavirus disease in a human. The treating may include: receiving a core temperature measurement of the human; receiving a test result regarding the presence of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus; responsive to the human having both fever and presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, directing that at least a trunk and legs of the human be submerged in water comprising a surfactant, the surfactant having a concentration sufficient to be therapeutically effectively as a virucide, and the human at least partially submerged in the water for a treatment period of at least three hours; and controlling a temperature of the water during the treatment period. 
     DEFINITIONS 
     Various terms are used to refer to particular system components. Different companies may refer to a component by different names—this document does not intend to distinguish between components that differ in name but not function. In the following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . .” 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following discussion is directed to various embodiments of the invention. Although one or more of these embodiments may be preferred, the embodiments disclosed should not be interpreted, or otherwise used, as limiting the scope of the disclosure, including the claims. In addition, one skilled in the art will understand that the following description has broad application, and the discussion of any embodiment is meant only to be exemplary of that embodiment, and not intended to intimate that the scope of the disclosure, including the claims, is limited to that embodiment. 
     Various example embodiments are directed to a holistic approach to identifying a viral infection, and reducing or eliminating spread of the virus. More particularly, an example embodiment is directed to a holistic approach of testing for the presence of a viral infection, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), by careful observation of the patient and taking into account response time of the immune system of a human. In some example methods, a person can be declared free of SARS-CoV-2 after about four hours quarantine—a significant advantage over the 10 to 14 days of quarantine implemented by many jurisdictions. 
     Various other example embodiments are directed to treating disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. In particular, an example embodiment includes assisting the body&#39;s immune response by reducing or eliminating viral pathogens on and within the body at locations where the immune system has reduced or no effect, such as on the skin. More particularly still, in patients with active viral infections and active and ongoing immune response (e.g., fever, dry cough), example embodiments are directed to reducing or eliminating viral pathogen reentry by at least partially submerging the body of the patient in water comprising a virucidal component, the submergence for an extended treatment period. In cases where the patient&#39;s immune response has completed, the likelihood of reentry is reduced or eliminated by thorough cleaning of the skin of patient with a virucidal component. The specification first turns to a discussion of viral pathogens, including entry points into to the body and dissemination within the body, to orient the reader. 
     As discussed briefly in the Background section above, viral pathogens may enter the body through a variety of pathways. The pathways through which viral pathogens enter may include the respiratory tract, the alimentary tract, the urogenital tract, the eyes, and the skin. With respect to entry through the respiratory tract, the body attempts to reduce such entry by trapping or capturing the viral pathogens by way of the mucous membranes and ciliated cells. Viral pathogens captured are carried to the throat and swallowed. Those viral pathogens that make it past the mucous membranes and ciliated cells may thus infect the soft tissue of the lungs. The viral pathogens that are captured and swallowed enter the stomach and intestines (i.e., the alimentary tract). 
     Many viral pathogens cannot survive the relatively harsh environment of the alimentary tract. For example, the stomach is acidic and contains bile detergents to assist with digestion. The acidity and bile detergents break down many viral pathogens, leaving them as harmless proteins. However, other viral pathogens can and do survive in the alimentary tract, and thus the alimentary tract represents another pathway through which viral pathogens enter the body. In fact, some coronaviruses can withstand the relatively harsh environment of the alimentary tract, and thus may enter the body through the stomach and/or intestinal walls. 
     Another pathway through which viral pathogens enter the body is the skin. Some viral pathogens, such as dengue virus associated with Dengue fever, enter through the skin directly. Even if the skin acts as a barrier to a viral pathogen generally, apertures through the skin (e.g., cuts, sores, abrasions, punctures, and bug bites) may allow viral pathogens access to the underlying tissue and thus serve as a pathway into the body. 
     Regardless of the entry point, viral pathogens may spread within the body through many pathways. Some viral pathogens spread along neural pathways within the body. For example, some coronavirus varieties spread along neural pathways, such as the olfactory pathways. Viral pathogens may also spread by way of the lymphatic system, and from within the lymphatic system may have access to the bloodstream. It follows that viral pathogens may also spread within the body by way of the blood stream (e.g., hematogenous spread or viremia). 
     Viremia is considered to have two categories—primary viremia and secondary viremia. Primary viremia refers to replication of the viral pathogen close to or at the primary entry point into the body. The replicated viral pathogens then spreads throughout the body through the blood stream. Secondary viremia refers to replication and release of the viral pathogens from locations within the body accessed by viral pathogens from the primary viremia. Thus, once a body is infected with a viral pathogen, that viral pathogen may have physical access to the entire body through the various routes of dissemination. 
     Viral pathogens have varying ability to infect host cells. Some viral pathogens have the ability only to infect (i.e., invade and replicate within) cells within the intestinal tract. Other viral pathogens have the ability to infect only the soft tissue of lungs. Further still, some viral pathogens have the ability to infect only cells of the nervous system. However, yet still other viral pathogens may infect many different types of cells, and are referred to as pantropic. For example, some coronavirus varieties are known to be pantropic. It follows that for pantropic viruses, regardless of entry point into the body, once within the body and disseminated, replication of the viral pathogens may be found almost anywhere within the body. It further follows that an infected person can pass along the viral pathogen to others in many forms. For example, the viral pathogens may be transmitted within spittle during conversations, coughing, or even just exhalation. Viral pathogens that find their way to skin (e.g., through sweat glands, open sores, cuts, or abrasions) can be transferred by direct touching, or through intermediate surfaces such as door handles. 
     The inventor of the present specification asserts that SARS-CoV-2 primarily enters the human body through the skin, either directly much like the dengue virus, or indirectly through cuts, sores, abrasions, punctures, and bug bites, to name a few. Once inside the body (i.e., actual infection), the SARS-CoV-2 primarily settles in and replicates within the soft tissue of the lung. That is, while SARS-CoV-2 may be pantropic, the inventor of the current specification believes that SARS-CoV-2 primarily replicates in the soft tissue of the lungs, reducing lung function and thus causing oxygen saturation issues in the patient. 
     The inventor of the current specification also asserts that a time duration between actual infection, on the one hand, and onset of the first symptom of immune system response (e.g., fever), on the other hand, is about four hours for normally functioning humans. For purposes of discussion, the four hour period between actual infection and onset of the first symptom of immune system response (e.g., fever) is referred to as the “immune response period.” It is noted that the immune system may be responding in various forms prior the onset of the first symptom, but for purposes of a holistic determination of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, the operative indication is the first symptom of the immune response. 
     The four hour period between actual infection and onset of the first symptom should not be confused with “incubation period” as used in the related art. That is, related-art articles and information refer to “incubation period” and generally assert that SARS-CoV-2 has an “incubation period” of between two and ten days. However, “incubation period” as used in the related art begins at mere exposure of an individual to SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., being in close proximity or contact with another person) and ends at onset of the first symptom (usually fever). The inventor of the current specification asserts, however, that “incubation period” as used in the related art is a misnomer and actually comprises two distinct periods of time: 1) a statistical or probabilistic period between when a person initially comes into close physical proximity to the virus (e.g., enters a room in which the virus resides on various surfaces) and when the virus comes in contact with and enters the body through the person&#39;s skin; and 2) the approximately four hour period between the virus entering the body through the person&#39;s skin and the onset of the first symptom—the immune response period. That is to say, the inventor of the present specification does not question the veracity of the statistical time period of between two to ten days between mere exposure and the onset of the first symptom; rather, the inventor of the present specification asserts that the two to ten day period is in fact a combination of: the statistical period of time between coming into close physical proximity to the virus (i.e., initial exposure) and the virus entering the body through the skin (i.e., actual infection); and an approximately four hour period representing the immune response period. 
     The inventor of the current specification further asserts that the drop in infections and infection rates associated with mask use is consistent with the assertions of the immediately previous paragraph. That is, one of the viral spreading mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 appears to be the virus exiting the body during exhalation, talking, singing, and/or coughing. The use of a mask reduces the absolute numbers of the virus in the vicinity of the infected person (e.g., the virus trapped in the mask), and thus reduces absolute numbers of virus residing on surfaces within the area. The lower absolute numbers of the virus in the vicinity of the infected person increases the probabilistic and/or statistical time period for the virus to contact with the skin. For example, recent data suggests SARS-CoV-2 can survive on stainless steel surfaces for up to 72 hours. With lower absolute numbers of virus in the vicinity, the statistical likelihood of another person coming into skin contact with the virus (e.g., by touching an exposed surface, such as a door knob) is greatly reduced, and thus resulting in drop in infections and infection rates. 
     HOLISTICALLY IDENTIFYING VIRAL INFECTION 
     Based on the assertions of the previous few paragraphs, the specification turns to a holistic approach to identifying a viral infection in a person, or lack of a viral infection of the person. In particular, rather than a quarantine period lasting as long as 14 days, example embodiments may make declaration of a person being free of SARS-CoV-2 after an immune response period. Stated differently, example embodiments may make a declaration of a person being free of SARS-CoV-2 within about four hours. 
     In the example method, a person that is to be tested is isolated in a covid-free environment. In some cases, the covid-free environment is a room that has been subjected to viral decontamination in any suitable form. For example, the room may by be cleaned with a virucidal solution prior to entry of the person to be tested. In other cases, the room may be cleaned in a non-contact manner, such as by flooding the room with the ultraviolet light, flooding the room with high energy particles that disassociate the molecules of the virus, and/or flooding the room with ozone. In yet still other cases, the room may be subjected to viral decontamination by a combination of decontamination methods (e.g., virucidal solution and ultraviolet flooding). The purpose of viral decontamination is to reduce or eliminate the possibility that the SARS-CoV-2 can find its way to the skin of the person while within the isolation room. 
     Relatedly, prior to entering the room the person should shower or bath using a virucidal solution and/or surfactant to reduce or eliminate any SARS-CoV-2 that may reside on the person&#39;s skin but that has yet to penetrate the skin. Inasmuch as SARS-CoV-2 may also reside for short periods of time on clothing (e.g., buttons, metallic clasps), after the shower or bath the person should dress in clothing subjected to viral decontamination (e.g., washing and drying), again to reduce or eliminate the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 can find its way to the skin of the person while within the isolation room. 
     Once isolated in the room, the example method may further comprise performing a plurality of measurements of a core temperature of the person during the isolation period. In example cases, the isolation period is about equal to the immune response period. Stated differently, example embodiments the isolation period is between and including three hours and six hours, and in one example case about four hours. In example embodiments, measurement of core temperature occurs at least once an hour during the isolation period. In yet still further cases, the measurement of core temperature occurs at least twice an hour during the isolation period. The underlying theory of the example method to this point is that if a person is isolated in an environment that is free of SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., both the room and the clothing), if the person has been previously infected with the SARS-CoV-2, the onset of the first symptom will occur within the immune response period. Thus, if each of the plurality of measurements of core temperature indicate a lack of fever, at the end of the isolation period the person may be declared free of SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, if the person experiences a fever (e.g., 99° Fahrenheit or above) at any core temperature measurement during the isolation period, then the person cannot be declared to be free of SARS-CoV-2. 
     The specification now turns to considerations of assisting the body&#39;s immune response in the event a person fails the holistic approach to identifying the SARS-CoV-2 infection, or otherwise experiences a symptoms of an immune response to the actual infection with SARS-CoV-2, its variants, and related coronaviruses. 
     ASSISTING THE BODY&#39;S IMMUNE RESPONSE 
     Submerging During Active Immune Response 
     Further example embodiments are directed to assisting the body&#39;s immune response by reducing or eliminating viral pathogens. More particularly, in patients with active viral infections and active and ongoing immune response (e.g., fever, dry cough), example embodiments are directed to reducing or eliminating viral pathogen reentry into the body. The specification first turns to a description of the example method, and then provides a non-limiting theoretical explanation of the effect. 
     In particular, the further example embodiments are directed to treating a human patient that has an active viral pathogen infection. In one example, the patient has an active viral pathogen infection as well an active immune response, such as running a fever. Example embodiments may measure a core temperature of the patient, the measurement in any suitable form. Moreover, the patient is tested for presence of the virus that causes the disease (e.g., tested for the SARS CoV-2 that causes the disease Covid-19, or tested for the dengue virus that causes Dengue fever). Responsive to the patient having both a fever and the viral pathogen as verified by a Covid test, in these example embodiments the patient is at least partially submerged in water comprising a virucide and/or surfactant. The patient remains fully or partially submerged for an extended treatment period. In some cases, the treatment period may be between and including one hour and six hours, and in some cases between and including two hours and four hours. 
     The submerging may take many forms. In some cases, at least the trunk and legs of the patient are submerged. In other cases, the arms, legs, and trunk of the patient are submerged. With proper respiration mechanisms, the patient may be fully submerged. In example embodiments, the portions of the patient&#39;s body (e.g., the face and head) above the water line are periodically wetted. For example, the portions of the patient&#39;s body above the water line may be covered with a cloth wetted with water, the virucide, and/or the surfactant. In some cases the wetting of the cloth is by way of the water within which the patient is partially submerged, but such is not required. The wetting may take place at any suitable frequency to ensure the exposed portions are frequently wetted (e.g., every three to five minutes). 
     During the extended treatment period, the temperature of the water may be controlled or maintained for the comfort of the patient. In some cases, the temperature of the water is controlled so as not to induce hyperthermia. Likewise, so as not to suppress the patient&#39;s immune response, in some cases the temperature of the water is controlled so as not to unduly reduce the fever of the patient. In some cases, controlling the temperature may comprise maintaining the temperature above 90 degrees Fahrenheit and below 99 degrees Fahrenheit as long as the core temperature of the patient indicates a fever below a predetermined threshold. The predetermined threshold may be different for different patients. For example, if the patient is below the age of 10 years, the predetermined threshold may be a suitable temperature for children, such as 104 degrees Fahrenheit. On the other hand, adults may not tolerate well, and may have unwanted secondary effects, from high fever and thus in some cases if the patient above the age of 10 years, and more particularly above the age of 15 years, the predetermined threshold may 101 degrees Fahrenheit. 
     The controlling of the water temperature of the previous paragraph assumes that the patient&#39;s body can adequately maintain the fever as part of the immune response. However, in some patients the fever as part of the immune response may rise above a safe temperature, and thus in yet still further embodiments controlling the temperature of the water may further involve chilling the water if the core temperature of the patient meets or exceeds the predetermined threshold. For example, for children below the age of 10 years, the water may be chilled if the core temperature of the patient exceeds 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Similarly, for adults, the water may be chilled if the core temperature of the patient exceeds 101 degrees Fahrenheit. 
     As discussed above, the water may comprise a virucide and/or surfactant. Any suitable virucide and/or surfactant may be used, and in fact many surfactants in a therapeutically sufficient amount have virucidal properties. For example, when a surfactant is used, the surfactant may be soap alone, detergent alone, or a combination of soap and detergent. The virucide likewise may take any suitable form. In the context of submerging the patient in water with a virucide, the water may thus include a therapeutically sufficient amount of iodine, isopropyl alcohol, or ethanol, singly or in combination. In some cases, the water comprises both a virucide and a surfactant that alone or combination are present in a therapeutically sufficient amount. For those portions of the body above the water line, the wetting may including periodically wetting with a virucide that may differ from the virucide of the water. 
     The specification now provides an explanation for the effect associated with submerging the patient. What is provided below is a theoretical explanation for the reduction or elimination of viral pathogens within the body caused by use of the example method of assisting the body&#39;s immune response. While much is known in the field of virology regarding viral pathogen invasion of the body, cell infection, and replication, and dissemination within the body (e.g., primary and secondary viremia), there are still many unknowns. The explanation provided is thus one possible explanation for the effects, but should not be read as a limitation as to the underlying mechanism of operation. 
     Based on the current body of knowledge regarding the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the related Covid-19 disease, as well as based on the current body of knowledge regarding coronavirus in non-human mammals, during an active viral pathogen infection the patient is subjected to significant “reinfection.” Reinfection in this context does not mean a separate and distinct viral infection at a later date; rather, reinfection in this context refers to the viral pathogens re-entering the body (e.g., through the skin). In particular, the skin may represent a major reinfection factor during an active viral pathogen infection (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, and the dengue virus). The reinfection factor associated with the skin may take many forms, such as the skin as point of reentry, and/or the skin as starting point for reentry through other pathways. 
     Consider, as an example, that a pantropic virus may be replicating in many different types of cells throughout the patient&#39;s body, and that at least some of the virus finds its way to the skin. For example, during cold sweats associated with fever the virus may be secreted from sweat glands. As another example, the exocrine glands within the skin may secrete oily or waxy matter, sometimes referred to as sebum, which may also contain the virus. In addition to, or in place of, such viral pathogens emerging from the skin, viral pathogens may be deposited on the skin, such as by sneezing, coughing, talking, or poor hygiene associated with urination and bowl movements. Thus, the skin may host a significant number of viral pathogens. While on the skin, and to a lesser degree in the mouth and nasal passages, the viral pathogens are largely outside reach of the body&#39;s immune response. The skin-based viral pathogens may thus be transferred to clothes, bedsheets, door knobs, metallic work surfaces, and the like. 
     In some cases, the skin may be a reentry point (e.g., for dengue virus, or through cuts, sores, abrasions, punctures, and bug bites for other viral pathogens). In other cases, the reinfection factor may be the viral pathogens on the skin re-entering through other pathways, such as the through the lungs and/or through the alimentary tract. For example, a patient with viral pathogens on the skin may inadvertently touch the face, nose, or mouth, causing reentry. The viral pathogens deposited onto sheets and bedclothes may become airborne, as sheets are adjusted or inspiratory airflow moves through contaminated fabric. Moreover, the possible reentry points are not mutually exclusive—the viral pathogen may be reentering through some or all the reentry points. After a particular immune response ceases (e.g., fever breaks), such reentry may result in a second or subsequent wave of viral pathogen infection, in some cases three to four hours after the primary infection is addressed by the immune system. Unchecked, the cycle may continue repeatedly. 
     Thus, the example method of submerging the patient may reduce or eliminate reinfection associated with the skin, whether that reinfection mechanism is direct (e.g., direct reentry through the skin), indirect (e.g., the skin as the source of the viral pathogen reentry through other entry pathways), or both. In particular, by fully or partially submerging the patient in water with a virucide and/or surfactant, any viral pathogens that find their way to the skin (through any mechanism) are effectively eliminated before having the opportunity to reenter the patient. The viral load on the patient is thus reduced, and in fact the second peak of the viral load (e.g., secondary viremia) may be reduced or eliminated. With a lower viral load to address, the patient&#39;s immune system may thus be able to keep pace, having sufficient antibodies to tag the viral pathogens within the body and enabling the white blood cells to destroy such tagged viral pathogens. 
     In many cases a single treatment session may be sufficient to enable the patient&#39;s body to address the viral pathogen infection. However, in some cases, perhaps depending on how early the treatment was performed in relation to the infection and the onset of patient&#39;s immune response, a second or third treatment may be used. During treatment, the patient&#39;s clothing, handled with personal protective equipment, should be washed thoroughly with soap and dried prior to being used again to avoid the clothing being a reinfection modality. 
     The water in which the patient is submerged, in addition to suppressing reinfection caused by skin factors, may also contain or produce an inhalable substance (e.g., released by effervescence) to treat the lungs in some form. For example, the substance that creates effervescence may release nitric oxide and/or other surfactants that work within the mouth, nasal passages, and lungs to break down viral pathogens, such as viral pathogens found on the air-side of the areola. 
     Thorough Cleaning After the Immune Response 
     In addition to, or in place of, the submerging of the person during the active immune response, yet still further example embodiments include reducing the likelihood of reinfection by reducing or eliminating viral pathogens on the skin after the immune response has ceased (e.g., fever breaks). In particular, the further example embodiments are directed to reducing or eliminating re-infection by, just after the body&#39;s immune response has ceased (e.g., fever breaks), placing the patient in a condition and in a location that reduces or eliminates chances of reinfection, such as the through the skin. More particularly still, once the patient&#39;s immune response has ceased (e.g., fever breaks), the patient&#39;s skin and hair are thoroughly cleaned, in some cases with a virucide and/or surfactant. For example, the patient may take a shower being careful to clean all the skin surfaces. Moreover, once the shower is complete the patient may dressed in clothing subjected to viral decontamination (e.g., washing and drying), again to reduce or eliminate the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 can find its way the skin of the person. Finally, once showered and dressed, the patient should enter a covid-free environment, such as a room that has been subjected to viral decontamination in any suitable form. Thereafter, in some example cases the patient declared free of SARS-CoV-2. In yet still other cases, and out of an abundance of caution, the patient may go through, or go through again, the example holistic method above of determining viral infection with SARS-CoV-2. If the patient is free of fever for the treatment period, thereafter the patient may be declared free of SARS-CoV-2. 
     If a person has symptoms of a cough and shortness of breath, then the person should be hospitalized as soon as possible. In the hospital, most likely the measured oxygen saturation in the blood of the person (now patient) will be low, and supplemental oxygen will be given. It is noted, however, that oxygen saturation issues and the instantaneous presence or absence of the viral infection within the body of the patient are not necessarily correlated. Earlier infection and/or reinfections may have resulted in damage to the lungs and thus oxygen saturation issues even when the patient is between (re)infections. The inventor of the current specification asserts that if at any point no fever is detected, and notwithstanding the prior lung damage and supplemental oxygen, the body&#39;s immune response has ceased and that the patient should be placed a condition and in a location that reduces or eliminates chances of reinfection. More particularly still, once the patient&#39;s immune response has ceased (e.g., fever breaks) even if supplemental oxygen is still being given based on the prior lung damage, the patient&#39;s skin and hair should be thoroughly cleaned, in some cases with a virucide and/or surfactant. For example, the patient may take a shower being careful to clean all the skin surfaces. Moreover, once the shower is complete the patient may be dressed in clothing subjected to viral decontamination (e.g., washing and drying), again to reduce or eliminate the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 can find its way the skin of the person. Moreover, the various oxygen sources (e.g., bottle of oxygen) and tubing (e.g., nasal cannula) should be cleaned or replaced. Finally, once showered and dressed, the patient should enter a covid-free environment, such as a room that has been subjected to viral decontamination in any suitable form. If the patient is free of fever for the treatment period, thereafter the patient may be declared free of SARS-CoV-2, but supplemental oxygen may still be required as the patient&#39;s lungs continue to heal. 
     The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles and various embodiments of the present invention. Numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.