Patent Publication Number: US-2023156075-A1

Title: Real-time content integration based on machine learned selections

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/321,711, filed May 17, 2021, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/749,961, filed Jan. 22, 2020, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/610,301, filed May 31, 2017, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Users can execute applications on their mobile client devices to receive posts and collections of content published by other users. For example, a user may browse content within an application and select a content item (e.g., slideshow, article) for viewing. When the content is requested, the server handling the request must assemble the content, some of which may be provided by third parties, on-the-fly and send the assembled content to the user before the user notices a delay. The limited amount of time and limited network bandwidth constrain how content is selected for display. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       To easily identify the discussion of any particular element or act, the most significant digit or digits in a reference number refer to the figure (FIG.) number in which that element is first introduced. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing an example messaging system for exchanging data (e.g., messages and associated content) over a network. 
         FIG.  2    is block diagram illustrating further details regarding a messaging server system, according to example embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating data which may be stored in the database of the messaging server system, according to certain example embodiments. 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of a message, according to some embodiments, generated by a messaging client application for communication. 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic diagram illustrating an example access-limiting process, in terms of which access to content (e.g., an ephemeral message, and associated multimedia payload of data) or a content collection (e.g., an ephemeral message story) may be time-limited (e.g., made ephemeral). 
         FIG.  6    displays example architecture of a machine learning (ML) based integration engine, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIG.  7    shows a flow diagram of a method for integrating machine selected content, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIG.  8    shows a flow diagram of a method for training a machine classifier to generate offset values, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIG.  9    shows a flow diagram of a method of generating combined content, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIG.  10    shows an application for generating a request, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIGS.  11 A-C  show examples of different items in a content collection, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIG.  12    shows an example collection of content items, according to some example embodiments. 
         FIG.  13    is a block diagram illustrating a representative software architecture, which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described. 
         FIG.  14    is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The description that follows includes systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and computing machine program products that embody illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various embodiments of the inventive subject matter. It will be evident, however, to those skilled in the art, that embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, and techniques are not necessarily shown in detail. 
     Assembling relevant content (e.g., movie trailers, concert notifications, slideshows, articles) for a user to browse over a network is challenging because the content may be in a form difficult to integrate in response to on-the-fly user requests. For example, a movie studio may release a trailer to an upcoming movie and try to distribute the trailer for user viewing. One approach to distributing the movie trailer would be to select a number of websites and/or web pages, publish the trailer to those sites/pages, and hope that relevant users watch the trailer. However, such an approach may lead to poorly designed sites/pages full of content not specific to a given user. Users that become annoyed with the irrelevant content may opt to avoid the site or page altogether, thereby causing the network site or application to lose viewers, users, and/or subscribers. 
     The problem of irrelevant content is further exacerbated because often content must be selected very quickly in response to a user requesting a given page. For example, a web page may have a set-aside canvas area specially configured to display movie trailers. Modernly, the process of selecting which movie trailer to put in the canvas area is not performed until a user lands on the page. However, a given user may only stay on the page for a couple of seconds. Thus, the time to receive a request for content, select the content from available content, integrate the content into the page, and transmit the content to the user as part of the page must occur so fast so that (1) the user does not experience delay (e.g., page freeze, taking more than one second for a page to load), and/or (2) the user is still on the page when the selected content is displayed. Obviously, if a content selection process is too slow and the user navigates to another page, then the content selection process is useless. Conventionally, to handle the lack-of-time issue, content may be selected far before the user requests the content (e.g., as is the case in conventional newspapers). However, as discussed above, that approach creates the issue of irrelevant content in an online environment where users can easily navigate away from pages/applications bloated with irrelevant content. As is evident, the problem of selecting and integrating relevant content in a way that creates a good user experience is difficult. 
     A content integration system can implement a machine learning classifier trained on past historical user data to generate relevancy numbers that predict how relevant each available piece of content is to the specific user that initiated the request. That is, a given user is paired with each piece of content to generate the relevancy numbers using the machine classifier. In some example embodiments, the content item having the highest relevancy number can be used to automatically select for integration and transmission to the user in real time (e.g., within a current session, while the user is on the page, within 200 milliseconds). 
     In some example embodiments, when a user requests an aggregation of content such as an ephemeral message story, as discussed in further detail below with reference to FIG,  5 , the high-speed selection process is triggered. The selection processes uses a machine learning classifier (e.g., random forest) to generate the relevancy values for each of the available online content items. The machine learning classifier can be trained on past historical data of users. The past historical user data can include user characteristics, user browse data, subscription data, and other past user data. 
     The relevancy value can be generated from a swipe value and a bypass value, according to some example embodiments, In some example embodiments, the swipe value and the bypass value are added together to generate the relevancy value. The swipe value is the likelihood that the user that generated the request will use a swipe gesture on a piece of a given online content item, where a swipe gesture indicates that the user wants to further examine the piece of content. The bypass value is the likelihood that the user that generated the request will use a tap gesture on a piece of given content to skip the content and view other content. The machine learning classifier can take into account the characteristics of the user (e.g., preferences, likes, subscriptions to types of ephemeral stories) to generate the swipe value and the bypass value for each of the available online content items. The machine learning classifier can further take into account the user&#39;s browse path that ed him/her to the page that initiated the request. 
     In some example embodiments, once each piece of online content has received a swipe value and bypass value, the online content item having the highest combination of swipe and bypass values (e.g., the highest relevancy value) is selected for transmission to the user. In some example embodiments, the entire process of generating a swipe and bypass values and transmitting the selected online content item to the user occurs while the user is on the page that initiated the request (e.g., during the current active user session). In some example embodiments, an aggregation of content (e.g., an ephemeral message story) that includes the selected item content is generated on-the-fly in response to the user requesting the aggregated content, Because of how the content integration system is configured, the entire processes of selection and transmission of content can be performed without noticeable delay (e.g., within 200 milliseconds of the request being generated). 
       FIG.  1    is a block diagram showing an example messaging system  100  for exchanging data (e.g., messages and associated content) over a network. The messaging system  100  includes multiple client devices  102 , each of which hosts a number of applications including a messaging client application  104 , Each messaging client application  104  is communicatively coupled to other instances of the messaging client application  104  and a messaging server system  108  via a network  106  (e.g., the Internet). 
     Accordingly, each messaging client application  104  is able to communicate and exchange data with another messaging client application  104  and with the messaging server system  108  via the network  106 . The data exchanged between messaging client applications  104 , and between a messaging client application  104  and the messaging server system  108 , includes functions (e,g,, commands to invoke functions) as well as payload data (e,g., text, audio, video or other multimedia data). 
     The messaging server system  108  provides server-side functionality via the network  106  to a particular messaging client application  104 . While certain functions of the messaging system  100  are described herein as being performed by either a messaging client application  104  or by the messaging server system  108 , it will be appreciated that the location of certain functionality either within the messaging client application  104  or the messaging server system  108  is a design choice. For example, it may be technically preferable to initially deploy certain technology and functionality within the messaging server system  108 , but to later migrate this technology and functionality to the messaging client application  104  where a client device  102  has a sufficient processing capacity. 
     The messaging server system  108  supports various services and operations that are provided to the messaging client application  104 . Such operations include transmitting data to, receiving data from, and processing data generated by the messaging client application  104 . This data may include: message content, client device information, geolocation information, media annotation and overlays, message content persistence conditions, social network information, and live event information, as examples. Data exchanges within the messaging system  100  are invoked and controlled through functions available via user interfaces (UIs) of the messaging client application  104 . 
     Turning now specifically to the messaging server system  108 , an Application Program Interface (API) server  110  is coupled to, and provides a programmatic interface to, an application server  112 . The application server  112  is communicatively coupled to a database server  118 , which facilitates access to a database  120  in which is stored data associated with messages processed by the application server  112 . 
     Dealing specifically with the Application Program Interface (API) server  110 , this server receives and transmits message data (e.g., commands and message payloads) between the client device  102  and the application server  112 . Specifically, the Application Program Interface (API) server  110  provides a set of interfaces (e.g., routines and protocols) that can be called or queried by the messaging client application  104  in order to invoke functionality of the application server  112 . The Application Program Interface (API) server  110  exposes various functions supported by the application server  112 , including account registration; login functionality; the sending of messages, via the application server  112 , from a particular messaging client application  104  to another messaging client application  104 ; the sending of media files (e.g., images or video) from a messaging client application  104  to the messaging server application  114 , and for possible access by another messaging client application  104 ; the setting of a collection of media data (e.g., story); the retrieval of a list of friends of a user of a client device  102 ; the retrieval of such collections; the retrieval of messages and content; the adding and deletion of friends to a social graph; the location of friends within a social graph; opening an application event (e.g., relating to the messaging client application  104 ). 
     The application server  112  hosts a number of applications and subsystems, including a messaging server application  114 , an image processing system  116 , and a social network system  122 . The messaging server application  114  implements a number of message processing technologies and functions, particularly related to the aggregation and other processing of content (e.g., textual and multimedia content) included in messages received from multiple instances of the messaging client application  104 . As will be described in further detail, the text and media content from multiple sources may be aggregated into collections of content (e.g., called stories or galleries). These collections are then made available, by the messaging server application  114 , to the messaging client application  104 . Other processor- and memory-intensive processing of data may also be performed server-side by the messaging server application  114 , in view of the hardware requirements for such processing. 
     The application server  112  also includes an image processing system  116  that is dedicated to performing various image processing operations, typically with respect to images or video received within the payload of a message at the messaging server application  114 . 
     The social network system  122  supports various social networking network services, and makes these functions and services available to the messaging server application  114 . To this end, the social network system  122  maintains and accesses an entity graph  304  ( FIG.  3   ) within the database  120 . Examples of functions and services supported by the social network system  122  include the identification of other users of the messaging system  100  with which a particular user has relationships or is “following”, and also the identification of other entities and interests of a particular user. 
     As illustrated, the application server  112  also includes a machine-learning (ML)-based content integration system  150 , according to some example embodiments. The ML-based content integration system  150  is configured to generate relevancy scores that describe the estimated organic value (EOV) of available content items (e.g., movie trailers, concert notifications) to a given user. In some example embodiments, the relevancy scores include a select value and a bypass value that are generated by a machine learning classifier (e.g., random forest) that has been trained on historical user data and content data. Further details of the ML-based content integration system  150  are discussed below with reference to  FIGS.  6 - 12   . 
     The application server  112  is communicatively coupled to a database server  118 , which facilitates access to a database  120  in which is stored data associated with messages processed by the messaging server application  114 . 
       FIG.  2    is a block diagram illustrating further details regarding the messaging system  100 , according to example embodiments. Specifically, the messaging system  100  is shown to comprise the messaging client application  104  and the application server  112 , which in turn embody a number of some subsystems, namely an ephemeral timer system  202 , a collection management system  204 , and an annotation system  206 . 
     The ephemeral timer system  202  is responsible for enforcing the temporary access to content permitted by the messaging client application  104  and the messaging server application  114 . To this end, the ephemeral timer system  202  incorporates a number of timers that, based on duration and display parameters associated with a message or collection of messages (e.g., a SNAPCHAT Story), selectively display and enable access to messages and associated content via the messaging client application  104 . Further details regarding the operation of the ephemeral timer system  202  are provided below. 
     The collection management system  204  is responsible for managing collections of media (e.g., collections of text, image video and audio data). In some examples, a collection of content (e.g., messages, including images, video, text and audio) may be organized into an “event gallery” or an “event story.” Such a collection may be made available for a specified time period, such as the duration of an event to which the content relates. For example, content relating to a music concert may be made available as a “story” for the duration of that music concert. The collection management system  204  may also be responsible for publishing an icon that provides notification of the existence of a particular collection to the user interface of the messaging client application  104 . 
     The collection management system  204  furthermore includes a curation interface  208  that allows a collection manager to manage and curate a particular collection of content. For example, the curation interface  208  enables an event organizer to curate a collection of content relating to a specific event (e.g., delete inappropriate content or redundant messages). Additionally, the collection management system  204  employs machine vision (or image recognition technology) and content rules to automatically curate a content collection. In certain embodiments, compensation may be paid to a user for inclusion of user-generated content into a collection. In such cases, the curation interface  208  operates to automatically make payments to such users for the use of their content. 
     The annotation system  206  provides various functions that enable a user to annotate or otherwise modify or edit media content associated with a message. For example, the annotation system  206  provides functions related to the generation and publishing of media overlays for messages processed by the messaging system  100 . The annotation system  206  operatively supplies a media overlay (e.g., a SNAPCHAT Geofilter or filter) to the messaging client application  104  based on a geolocation of the client device  102 . In another example, the annotation system  206  operatively supplies a media overlay to the messaging client application  104  based on other information, such as social network information of the user of the client device  102 . A media overlay may include audio and visual content and visual effects, Examples of audio and visual content include pictures, texts, logos, animations, and sound effects. An example of a visual effect includes color overlaying. The audio and visual content or the visual effects can be applied to a media content item (e.g., a photo) at the client device  102 . For example, the media overlay can include text that can be overlaid on top of a photograph taken by the client device  102 . In another example, the media overlay includes an identification of a location overlay (e.g., Venice beach), a name of a live event, or a name of a merchant overlay (e.g., Beach Coffee House). In another example, the annotation system  206  uses the geolocation of the client device  102  to identify a media overlay that includes the name of a merchant at the geolocation of the client device  102 . The media overlay may include other indicia associated with the merchant. The media overlays may be stored in the database  120  and accessed through the database server  118 . 
     In one example embodiment, the annotation system  206  provides a user-based publication platform that enables users to select a geolocation on a map, and upload content associated with the selected geolocation. The user may also specify circumstances under which a particular media overlay should be offered to other users. The annotation system  206  generates a media overlay that includes the uploaded content and associates the uploaded content with the selected geolocation. 
     In another example embodiment, the annotation system  206  provides a merchant-based publication platform that enables merchants to select a particular media overlay associated with a geolocation via a bidding process. For example, the annotation system  206  associates the media overlay of a highest bidding merchant with a corresponding geolocation for a predefined amount of time. In some example embodiments, the machine-learning-generated relevancy values (e,g,, EOV values) are added to a merchant&#39;s bid to boost or attenuate the merchant&#39;s bid based upon whether the relevancy value is negative or positive for a given content item and user pair, where the user is the user that initiated a request for content, for example by requesting a live story. 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic diagram illustrating data  300  which may be stored in the database  120  of the messaging server system  108 , according to certain example embodiments. While the content of the database  120  is shown to comprise a number of tables, it will be appreciated that the data  300  could be stored in other types of data structures (e.g., as an object-oriented database). 
     The database  120  includes message data stored within a message table  314 . The entity table  302  stores entity data, including an entity graph  304 . Entities for which records are maintained within the entity table  302  may include individuals, corporate entities, organizations, objects, places, events, etc. Regardless of type, any entity regarding which the messaging server system  108  stores data may be a recognized entity. Each entity is provided with a unique identifier, as well as an entity type identifier (not shown). 
     The entity graph  304  furthermore stores information regarding relationships and associations between entities. Such relationships may be social, professional (e.g., work at a common corporation or organization) interested-based, or activity-based, merely for example. 
     The database  120  also stores annotation data, in the example form of filters, in an annotation table  312 . Filters for which data is stored within the annotation table  312  are associated with and applied to videos (for which data is stored in a video table  310 ) and/or images (for which data is stored in an image table  308 ). Filters, in one example, are overlays that are displayed as overlaid on an image or video during presentation to a recipient user. Filters may be of various types, including user-selected filters from a gallery of filters presented to a sending user by the messaging client application  104  when the sending user is composing a message. Other types of filers include geolocation filters (also known as geo-filters), which may be presented to a sending user based on geographic location. For example, geolocation filters specific to a neighborhood or special location may be presented within a user interface by the messaging client application  104 , based on geolocation information determined by a GPS unit of the client device  102 . Another type of filer is a data filer, which may be selectively presented to a sending user by the messaging client application  104 , based on other inputs or information gathered by the client device  102  during the message creation process. Examples of data filters include current temperature at a specific location, a current speed at which a sending user is traveling, battery life for a client device  102 , or the current time. 
     Other annotation data that may be stored within the image table  308  is so-called “lens” data. A “lens” may be a real-time special effect and sound that may be added to an image or a video. 
     As mentioned above, the video table  310  stores video data which, in one embodiment, is associated with messages for which records are maintained within the message table  314 . Similarly, the image table  308  stores image data associated with messages for which message data is stored in the entity table  302 . The entity table  302  may associate various annotations from the annotation table  312  with various images and videos stored in the image table  308  and the video table  310 . 
     A story table  306  stores data regarding collections of messages and associated image, video, or audio data, which are compiled into a collection (e.g., a SNAPCHAT Story or a gallery). The creation of a particular collection may be initiated by a particular user (e.g., each user for which a record is maintained in the entity table  302 ). A user may create a “personal story” in the form of a collection of content that has been created and sent/broadcast by that user. To this end, the user interface of the messaging client application  104  may include an icon that is user-selectable to enable a sending user to add specific content to his or her personal story. 
     A collection may also constitute a “live story,” which is a collection of content from multiple users that is created manually, automatically, or using a combination of manual and automatic techniques. For example, a “live story” may constitute a curated stream of user-submitted content from various locations and events. Users whose client devices have location services enabled and are at a common location event at a particular time may, for example, be presented with an option, via a user interface of the messaging client application  104 , to contribute content to a particular live story. The live story may be identified to the user by the messaging client application  104 , based on his or her location. The end result is a “live story” told from a community perspective. 
     A further type of content collection is known as a “location story”, which enables a user whose client device  102  is located within a specific geographic location (e.g., on a college or university campus) to contribute to a particular collection. In some embodiments, a contribution to a location story may require a second degree of authentication to verify that the end user belongs to a specific organization or other entity (e.g., is a student on the university campus). 
       FIG.  4    is a schematic diagram illustrating a structure of a message  400 , according to example embodiments, generated by a messaging client application  104  for communication to a further messaging client application  104  or the messaging server application  114 , The content of a particular message  400  is used to populate the message table  314  stored within the database  120 , accessible by the messaging server application  114 . Similarly, the content of a message  400  is stored in memory as “in-transit” or “in-flight” data of the client device  102  or the application server  112 . The message  400  is shown to include the following components:
         A message identifier  402 : a unique identifier that identifies the message  400 .   A message text payload  404 : text to be generated by a user via a user interface of the client device  102  and that is included in the message  400 .   A message image payload  406 : image data captured by a camera component of a client device  102  or retrieved from memory of a client device  102  and that is included in the message  400 .   A message video payload  408 : video data captured by a camera component or retrieved from a memory component of the client device  102  and that is included in the message  400 .   A message audio payload  410 : audio data captured by a microphone or retrieved from the memory component of the client device  102  and that is included in the message  400 .   Message annotations  412 : annotation data (e.g., filters, stickers, or other enhancements) that represents annotations to be applied to message image payload  406 , message video payload  408 , or message audio payload  410  of the message  400 .   A message duration parameter  414 : parameter value indicating, in seconds, the amount of time for which content of the message (e.g., the message image payload  406 , message video payload  408 , message audio payload  410 ) is to be presented or made accessible to a user via the messaging client application  104 .   A message geolocation parameter  416 : geolocation data (e.g., latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates) associated with the content payload of the message. Multiple message geolocation parameter  416  values may be included in the payload, each of these parameter values being associated with respect to content items included in the content (e.g., a specific image within the message image payload  406 , or a specific video in the message video payload  408 ).   A message story identifier  418 : identifier values identifying one or more content collections (e.g., “stories”) with which a particular content item in the message image payload  406  of the message  400  is associated. For example, multiple images within the message image payload  406  may each be associated with multiple content collections using identifier values.   A message tag  420 : each message  400  may be tagged with multiple tags, each of which is indicative of the subject matter of content included in the message payload. For example, where a particular image included in the message image payload  406  depicts an animal (e.g., a lion), a tag value may be included within the message tag  420  that is indicative of the relevant animal. Tag values may be generated manually, based on user input, or may be automatically generated using, for example, image recognition.   A message sender identifier  422 : an identifier (e.g., a messaging system identifier, email address, or device identifier) indicative of a user of the client device  102  on which the message  400  was generated and from which the message  400  was sent.   A message receiver identifier  424 : an identifier (e.g., a messaging system identifier, email address, or device identifier) indicative of a user of the client device  102  to which the message  400  is addressed.       

     The contents values) of the various components of message  400  may be pointers to locations in tables within which content data values are stored. For example, an image value in the message image payload  406  may be a pointer to (or address of) a location within an image table  308 . Similarly, values within the message video payload  408  may point to data stored within a video table  310 , values stored within the message annotations  412  may point to data stored in an annotation table  312 , values stored within the message story identifier  418  may point to data stored in a story table  306 , and values stored within the message sender identifier  422  and the message receiver identifier  424  may point to user records stored within an entity table  302 . 
       FIG.  5    is a schematic diagram illustrating an access-limiting process  500 , in terms of which access to content (e.g., an ephemeral message  502 , and associated multimedia payload of data) or a content collection (e.g., an ephemeral message story  504 ) may be time-limited (e.g., made ephemeral). 
     An ephemeral message  502  is shown to be associated with a message duration parameter  506 , the value of which determines an amount of time that the ephemeral message  502  will be displayed to a receiving user of the ephemeral message  502  by the messaging client application  104 . In one embodiment, where the messaging client application  104  is a SNAPCHAT application client, an ephemeral message  502  is viewable by a receiving user for up to a maximum of  10  seconds, depending on the amount of time that the sending user specifies using the message duration parameter  506 . 
     The message duration parameter  506  and the message receiver identifier  424  are shown to be inputs to a message timer  512 , which is responsible for determining the amount of time that the ephemeral message  502  is shown to a particular receiving user identified by the message receiver identifier  424 . In particular, the ephemeral message  502  will only be shown to the relevant receiving user for a time period determined by the value of the message duration parameter  506 . The message timer  512  is shown to provide output to a more generalized ephemeral timer system  202 , which is responsible for the overall timing of display of content (e.g., an ephemeral message  502 ) to a receiving user. 
     The ephemeral message  502  is shown in  FIG.  5    to be included within an ephemeral message story  504  (e.g., a personal SNAPCHAT Story, or an event story). The ephemeral message story  504  has an associated story duration parameter  508 , a value of which determines a time-duration for which the ephemeral message story  504  is presented and accessible to users of the messaging system  100 . The story duration parameter  508 , for example, may be the duration of a music concert, where the ephemeral message story  504  is a collection of content pertaining to that concert. Alternatively, a user (either the owning user or a curator user) may specify the value for the story duration parameter  508  when performing the setup and creation of the ephemeral message story  504 . 
     Additionally, each ephemeral message  502  within the ephemeral message story  504  has an associated story participation parameter  510 , a value of which determines the duration of time for which the ephemeral message  502  will be accessible within the context of the ephemeral message story  504 . Accordingly, a particular ephemeral message story  504  may “expire” and become inaccessible within the context of the ephemeral message story  504 , prior to the ephemeral message story  504  itself expiring in terms of the story duration parameter  508 . The story duration parameter  508 , story participation parameter  510 , and message receiver identifier  424  each provide input to a story timer  514 , which operationally determines, firstly, whether a particular ephemeral message  502  of the ephemeral message story  504  will be displayed to a particular receiving user and, if so, for how long. Note that the ephemeral message story  504  is also aware of the identity of the particular receiving user as a result of the message receiver identifier  424 .
         Accordingly, the story timer  514  operationally controls the overall lifespan of an associated ephemeral message story  504 , as well as an individual ephemeral message  502  included in the ephemeral message story  504 . In one embodiment, each and every ephemeral message  502  within the ephemeral message story  504  remains viewable and accessible for a time-period specified by the story duration parameter  508 . In a further embodiment, a certain ephemeral message  502  may expire, within the context of ephemeral message story  504 , based on a story participation parameter  510 . Note that a message duration parameter  506  may still determine the duration of time for which a particular ephemeral message  502  is displayed to a receiving user, even within the context of the ephemeral message story  504 . Accordingly, the message duration parameter  506  determines the duration of time that a particular ephemeral message  502  is displayed to a receiving user, regardless of whether the receiving user is viewing that ephemeral message  502  inside or outside the context of an ephemeral message story  504 .       

     The ephemeral timer system  202  may furthermore operationally remove a particular ephemeral message  502  from the ephemeral message story  504  based on a determination that it has exceeded an associated story participation parameter  510 . For example, when a sending user has established a story participation parameter  510  of  24  hours from posting, the ephemeral timer system  202  will remove the relevant ephemeral message  502  from the ephemeral message story  504  after the specified  24  hours. The ephemeral timer system  202  also operates to remove an ephemeral message story  504  either when the story participation parameter  510  for each and every ephemeral message  502  within the ephemeral message story  504  has expired, or when the ephemeral message story  504  itself has expired in terms of the story duration parameter  508 . 
     In certain use cases, a creator of a particular ephemeral message story  504  may specify an indefinite story duration parameter  508 . In this case, the expiration of the story participation parameter  510  for the last remaining ephemeral message  502  within the ephemeral message story  504  will determine when the ephemeral message story  504  itself expires. In this case, a new ephemeral message  502 , added to the ephemeral message story  504 , with a new story participation parameter  510 , effectively extends the life of an ephemeral message story  504  to equal the value of the story participation parameter  510 . 
     Responsive to the ephemeral timer system  202  determining that an ephemeral message story  504  has expired (e.g., is no longer accessible), the ephemeral timer system  202  communicates with the messaging system  100  (and, for example, specifically the messaging client application  104 ) to cause an indicium (e.g., an icon) associated with the relevant ephemeral message story  504  to no longer be displayed within a user interface of the messaging client application  104 . Similarly, when the ephemeral timer system  202  determines that the message duration parameter  506  for a particular ephemeral message  502  has expired, the ephemeral timer system  202  causes the messaging client application  104  to no longer display an indicium (e.g., an icon or textual identification) associated with the ephemeral message  502 . 
       FIG.  6    shows a functional architecture for a machine learning (ML)-based content integration system  150 , according to some example embodiments. As illustrated, the ML-based content integration system  150  comprises a request engine  610 , a machine learning engine  620 , a selection engine  630 , an integration engine  640 , and a display engine  650 . The request engine  610  is configured to receive requests for online content. For example, the request engine may receive a request for a content collection which has place holder spots in which selected content can be integrated. The machine learning engine  620  is configured to automatically generate relevancy values using a model machine learned from user data. The selection engine  630  is configured to select one or more items of content using the relevancy values. The integration engine  640  is configured to prepare selected content for transmission to the user. For example, the selection engine  630  may integrate the selected content into a requested content collection. The display engine  650  is configured to transmit a presentation (e.g., layout code) of the content collection to the user that requested the content collection in an active session without noticeable delay. 
       FIG.  7    shows a flow diagram of a method  700  for integrating machine selected content, according to some example embodiments. At operation  705 , the request engine  610  receives a request for online content. For example, the request may be initiated in response to a user requesting a content collection, such as an ephemeral message story  504 . At operation  710 , the machine learning engine  620  identifies available content items. The available content items may have been submitted by third parties (e.g., movie studios) and stored in a database for later integration into content collections. At operation  715 , the machine learning engine  620  generates relevancy values. For example, the machine learning engine  620  may apply its trained model (e,g,, trained random forest) on each item of available content to produce a swipe value and a bypass value for each item of available content. 
     At operation  720 , the selection engine  630  selects a particular online content item using the relevancy values. In some example embodiments, the selection engine  630  selects the online content item having the highest relevancy value for a given user. At operation  725 , the integration engine  640  integrates the selected content item with items that have been pre-selected for display. For example, a given content collection may be a slideshow in which each slide is an ephemeral message (e.g., ephemeral message  502 ). The ephemeral messages may be pre-selected and compiled into a content collection using the curation interface  208  as discussed above, with reference to  FIG.  2   . The content collection may have placeholder areas between two ephemeral messages that can be used to insert on-the-fly content (e.g., a movie trailer having high relevancy scores). In some example embodiments, a content collection is published with multiple pre-selected ephemeral messages and blank placeholder spots that can be filled with on-the-fly content upon the content selection being requested. At operation  730 , the display engine  650  transmits a display of the requested content collection. 
       FIG.  8    shows a flow diagram of a method  800  for training a machine classifier to generate offset values, according to some example embodiments. The operations of  FIG.  8    may be performed as a sub-routine to operation  715 , according to some example embodiments. At operation  805 , the machine learning engine  620  identifies training data that includes historical user data and historical content data. In some example embodiments, the historical user data includes subscriptions to content collections of a given publisher, categorical affinity preferences (e.g., preference for car related content, preference for cosmetics-related content, preference for American politics-related content), the period of time a given user spends viewing a content item, the user logging out after viewing a content item, the user exiting the viewing of a content collection stream (e.g., terminating an ephemeral message story to return to the home page of the app), whether or not a given user installed an app (e.g., on his/her client device  102 ) advertised by a given content item, preferences saved in user profiles (e.g., user profile of the social networking service such as ad opt-out settings), whether or not the given user shared the content item after viewing it. The historical content data in the training data includes content items that have been displayed to the past users, The content items may be described by metadata that describes what content category a given item of content belongs to (e.g., car related, cosmetics related, American politics related), the type or medium of the given content item (e.g., ephemeral message, video clip, static image), whether the given content item has links to other network pages/websites, whether the content item invokes an operating system call to another application installed on client device  102  (e.g., a content item that invokes an App Store call on iOS to show a specific app for install), whether the content is similar to the pre-selected content of a content collection. Further, the training data may include information specifying whether a given past user selected or bypassed a displayed content item. 
     At operation  810 , the machine learning engine  620  trains a machine learning classifier, such as an ensemble classifier, on the training data. For example, the machine learning engine  620  may train a random forest on the training data. The random forest is a collection of decision trees that are trained on random subsets of the training data (e.g., the historical user data and historical content data) so as to avoid over-fitting of the decision trees. The results of the decision trees can generate a probability, “p[swipe]”, of a given user selecting a given content item and a probability of a given user skipping the given content, “p[skip]”, in a voting scheme. For example, assume a given user described by the historical user data above and given a content item described by the historical content data above. If there are ten trees, seven may generate a result that the given user will select (e,g,, swipe) the content, while three may predict that the given user will bypass (e.g., tap) on the content. In that example, p[swipe]=70% (from 7/10) and p[skip]=30% (from 3/10). In some example embodiments, hundreds of trees may be used in place of ten for a more robust result. Although swipe and skipping are discussed here as an example, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that other user inputs (e.g., clicking “watch movie trailer” or “skip movie trailer”) can likewise be implemented in the machine learning approach. 
     At operation  815 , the machine learning engine  620  identifies a current user and a given online item content pair. For example, the current user may be a user that requested a content collection. Further, the given online content item pair may be one of a plurality of content items available for integration into the content collection. At operation  820 , the machine learning engine  620  implements the trained machine classifier to generate the relevancy values (e.g., the select likelihood “p[swipe]”, and the “p[skip]” bypass likelihood). 
     At operation  825 , the machine learning engine  620  weights the relevancy values against values received from the submitters of the online content items, according to some example embodiments. The values received from the respective submitters of the online content items are bids in a currency format (e.g., $0.50). For example, a first submitter may be movie studio “ACME” that submits a movie trailer with a cost-per-click bid of $0.50, whereas a second submitter may be another movie studio “XYZ” that submits another movie trailer with a cost-per-click bid of $0.75. In some example embodiments, the relevancy values are used to weight the bids (e.g., numerical values received from the online content creators) as follows: final_value=submitted_value+normalized_relevancy_value. The final_value and the submitted_value are numbers in currency format. The submitted_value is the value received from the creator of the content (e.g,, a bid in currency format), The normalized relevancy value is generated by normalizing the relevancy values to currency format as follows: normalized_relevancy_value=(w_swipe*p[swipe])+(w_skip*p[skip]), where w_swipe and w_skip are coefficients that are multiplied against the respective probabilities. One of the results of weighting the bids with the machine generated values is that content that was has a lower bid (e.g., the movie from ACME) may be boosted based on the random forest indicating that a given user may favor the content and select it, thereby ensuring a favorable user experience. 
     In some example embodiments, the machine learning engine  620  generates w_swipe and w_skip coefficients by analyzing the empirical distribution of the generated “p[swipe]” “p[skip]” likelihoods and solving the system of equations w_swipe and w_skip such that: 
       submitted_value*0.20=normalized_relevancy_value; and 
       |w_swipe|=10×|w_skip|.
 
     In this way, w_swipe and w_skip are generally set so that the normalized relevancy value is −20% of the submitted value. Generally, for most items of content, the resulting normalized relevancy value is negative due to most users historically choosing to skip content (or not select the content). However, for some items of content, the normalized relevancy value may be positive where the content has a low skip rate and high swipe rate. 
     At operation  830 , the machine learning engine  620  determines whether there are additional content items that have not received relevancy values or weighted relevancy values (e.g., boosted/attenuated bids). If there are additional items of content, the method  800  may loop back to operation  815  where the next item of content (e.g., the “given” item of content for that iteration) is identified with the current user as a pair for analysis. Likewise, operations  820  and  825  may similarly be performed for the next item of content. If there are no more additional items (e.g., if all items have received relevancy values for a current user), then at operation  830  the machine learning engine  620  terminates and returns to method  700  for further processing as discussed above. 
       FIG.  9    shows a flow diagram of a method  900  of generating a content collection, according to some example embodiments. At operation  905 , the integration engine  640  identifies a content collection including pre-selected content and one or more placeholder areas. The pre-selected content may include ephemeral messages selected using the curation interface  208 . At operation  910 , the integration engine  640  identifies a placeholder area within the content collection. As mentioned above, the placeholder areas are blank areas designated to receive on-the-fly content responsive to a request for a content collection. At operation  915 , the integration engine  640  embeds the online content selected at operation  720  into the placeholder area. At operation  920 , the integration engine  640  stores the content collection having the selected integrated content to memory. 
       FIG.  10    shows an application  1005  for generating a request, according to sonic example embodiments. As illustrated, the client device  102  has a display device  1000  that shows the executing application  1005 . The application  1005  displays posts  1030  (e.g., ephemeral message  502 ) published to the application server  112 . In a collected content area  1010 , several icons link to respective content collections, including a first content collection  1015 , a second content collection  1020 , and a third content collection  1025 . A user  1035  can interact with the application  1005  through the display device  1000  through one or more user interactions (e.g., clicks, taps, swipes, tap-and-hold). 
       FIG.  11 A  shows the result of the user  1035  tapping on the icon of content collection  1015 . Responsive to the user  1035  tapping on the icon of content collection  1015 , the request engine  610  sends a request to the application server  112  requesting the content collection  1015 . The request triggers the methods  700 ,  800 , and  900  discussed above. The resulting content collection (now having the selected content integrated into a placeholder area) returned to client device  102  and displayed on display device  1000 .  FIG.  11 A  shows an example title page  1100  of the collected content. The user may navigate to the next page by performing a tap gesture as indicted by dotted circle  1105 . 
       FIG.  11 B  shows a second page  1110  of the content collection  1015 . The user  1035  may read the second page  1110  then navigate to the next page performing another tap gesture, as indicated by dotted circle  1115 . 
       FIG.  11 C  shows a third page  1120 , which is a movie trailer that has been selected from available content using the above processes (e.g., methods  700 ,  800 , and  900 ). As illustrated, the third page  1120  may be a static image with an instruction  1125  that informs the user  1035  what gesture to perform to select the content. For example, as illustrated, instruction  1125  includes an arrow pointer that conveys to the user  1035  to swipe up to watch the trailer of the example movie “Bytes”. If the user  1035  wants to skip the trailer and view the next content item in the content collection, he/she may tap anywhere on the page  1120 . If the user wants to watch the trailer, he/she may swipe up as indicated by the dotted circle with an arrow  1130 . 
       FIG.  12    shows a content collection  1200 , according to some example embodiments, The content collection  1200  includes pre-selected content areas  1205 ,  1210 ,  1220 ,  1230 , and placeholder areas  1215  and  1225 . The pre-selected content areas  1205 ,  1210 ,  1220 ,  1230  may be selected and assembled using the curation interface  208 , and the placeholder areas  1215  and  1225  may be kept blank (unused) until a request for the content collection is initiated by a user. When the user requests the content collection  1200 , the methods  700 ,  800 , and  900  are performed to select a first item of content to integrate into placeholder area  1215 . Next, the second highest ranking content item is integrated into placeholder area  1225 . Generally, the user may navigate from one item in the content collection to the next by tapping on the content item as indicated by arrow  1235 . If the user is on the placeholder area  1215  (e.g., third page  1120  as shown in  FIG.  11 C ), the user may perform a swipe gesture to select the content (e.g., view the trailer, install an app, etc.) as indicated by arrow  1240 . 
     Software Architecture 
       FIG.  13    is a block diagram illustrating an example software architecture  1306 , which may be used in conjunction with various hardware architectures herein described.  FIG.  13    is a non-limiting example of a software architecture  1306 , and it will be appreciated that many other architectures may be implemented to facilitate the functionality described herein. The software architecture  1306  may execute on hardware such as machine  1400  of  FIG.  14    that includes, among other things, processors  1410 , memory/storage  1430 , and I/O components  1450 . A representative hardware layer  1352  is illustrated and can represent, for example, the machine  1400  of  FIG.  14   . The representative hardware layer  1352  includes a processing unit  1354  having associated executable instructions  1304 . Executable instructions  1304  represent the executable instructions of the software architecture  1306 , including implementation of the methods, components and so forth described herein. The hardware layer  1352  also includes memory and/or storage modules memoryl 356 , which also have executable instructions  1304 , The hardware layer  1352  may also comprise other hardware  1358 . 
     In the example architecture of  FIG.  13   , the software architecture  1306  may be conceptualized as a stack of layers where each layer provides particular functionality. For example, the software architecture  1306  may include layers such as an operating system  1302 , libraries  1320 , applications  1316 , and a presentation layer  1314 , Operationally, the applications  1316  and/or other components within the layers may invoke application programming interface (API) API calls  1308  through the software stack and receive a response as in messages  1312  to the API calls  1308 . The layers illustrated are representative in nature and not all software architectures have all layers. For example, some mobile or special purpose operating systems may not provide a frameworks/middleware  1318 , while others may provide such a layer. Other software architectures may include additional or different layers. 
     The operating system  1302  may manage hardware resources and provide common services. The operating system  1302  may include, for example, a kernel  1322 , services  1324  and drivers  1326 . The kernel  1322  may act as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the other software layers. For example, the kernel  1322  may be responsible for memory management, processor management (e.g., scheduling), component management, networking, security settings, and so on. The services  1324  may provide other common services for the other software layers. The drivers  1326  are responsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware. For instance, the drivers  1326  include display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth® drivers, flash memory drivers, serial communication drivers (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) drivers), Wi-Fi® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth, depending on the hardware configuration. 
     The libraries  1320  provide a common infrastructure that is used by the applications  1316  and/or other components and/or layers, The libraries  1320  provide functionality that allows other software components to perform tasks in an easier fashion than to interface directly with the underlying operating system  1302  functionality (e.g., kernel  1322 , services  1324  and/or drivers  1326 ). The libraries  1320  may include system libraries  1344  (e.g., C standard library) that may provide functions such as memory allocation functions, string manipulation functions, mathematical functions, and the like. In addition, the libraries  1320  may include API libraries  1346  such as media libraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation of various media format such as MPREG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, PNG), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL framework that may be used to render 2D and 3D in a graphic content on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite that may provide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g., WebKit that may provide web browsing functionality), and the like. The libraries  1320  may also include a wide variety of other libraries  1348  to provide many other APIs to the applications  1316  and other software components/modules. 
     The frameworks/middleware  1318  (also sometimes referred to as middleware) provide a higher-level common infrastructure that may be used by the applications  1316  and/or other software components/modules. For example, the frameworks/middleware  1318  may provide various graphic user interface (GUI) functions, high-level resource management, high-level location services, and so forth. The frameworks/middleware  1318  may provide a broad spectrum of other APIs that may be utilized by the applications  1316  and/or other software components/modules, some of which may be specific to a particular operating system  1302  or platform. 
     The applications  1316  include built-in applications  1338  and/or third-party applications  1340 , Examples of representative built-in applications  1338  may include, but are not limited to, a contacts application, a browser application, a book reader application, a location application, a media application, a messaging application, and/or a game application, Third-party applications  1340  may include an application developed using the ANDROID™ or IOS™ software development kit (SDK) by an entity other than the vendor of the particular platform, and may be mobile software running on a mobile operating system such as IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® Phone, or other mobile operating systems. The third-party applications  1340  may invoke the API calls  1308  provided by the mobile operating system (such as operating system  1302 ) to facilitate functionality described herein. 
     The applications  1316  may use built-in operating system functions (e.g., kernel  1322 , services  1324  and/or drivers  1326 ), libraries  1320 , and frameworks/middleware  1318  to create user interfaces to interact with users of the system. Alternatively, or additionally, in some systems interactions with a user may occur through a presentation layer, such as presentation layer  1314 . In these systems, the application/component “logic” can be separated from the aspects of the application/component that interact with a user. 
       FIG.  14    is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine  1400 , according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically,  FIG.  14    shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine  1400  in the example form of a computer system, within which instructions  1416  (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine  1400  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may be executed. As such, the instructions  1416  may be used to implement modules or components described herein. The instructions  1416  transform the general, non-programmed machine  1400  into a particular machine  1400  programmed to carry out the described and illustrated functions in the manner described. In alternative embodiments, the machine  1400  operates as a standalone device or may be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine  1400  may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine  1400  may comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions  1416 , sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by machine  1400 . Further, while only a single machine  1400  is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines that individually or jointly execute the instructions  1416  to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The machine  1400  may include processors  1410 , memory memory/storage  1430 , and I/O components  1450 , which may be configured to communicate with each other such as via a bus  1402 . The memory/storage  1430  may include a memory  1432 , such as a main memory, or other memory storage, and a storage unit  1436 , both accessible to the processors  1410  such as via the bus  1402 . The storage unit  1436  and memory  1432  store the instructions  1416  embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions  1416  may also reside, completely or partially, within the memory  1432 , within the storage unit  1436 , within at least one of the processors  1410  (e.g., within the processor&#39;s cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine  1400 . Accordingly, the memory  1432 , the storage unit  1436 , and the memory of processors  1410  are examples of machine-readable media. 
     The I/O components  1450  may include a wide variety of components to receive input, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and so on. The specific I/O components  1450  that are included in a particular machine  1400  will depend on the type of machine. For example, portable machines such as mobile phones will likely include a touch input device or other such input mechanisms, while a headless server machine will likely not include such a touch input device. It will be appreciated that the I/O components  1450  may include many other components that are not shown in  FIG.  14   . The I/O components  1450  are grouped according to functionality merely for simplifying the following discussion and the grouping is in no way limiting. In various example embodiments, the I/O components  1450  may include output components  1452  and input components  1454 . The output components  1452  may include visual components (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g., speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor, resistance mechanisms), other signal generators, and so forth. The input components  1454  may include alphanumeric input components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receive alphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumeric input components), point based input components (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or other pointing instrument), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touch screen that provides location and/or force of touches or touch gestures, or other tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., a microphone), and the like. 
     In further example embodiments, the I/O components  1450  may include biometric components  1456 , motion components  1458 , environmental environment components  1460 , or position components  1462  among a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components  1456  may include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measure biosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram based identification), and the like. The motion components  1458  may include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope), and so forth. The environment components  1460  may include, for example, illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometer that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensors (e.g., gas detection sensors to detection concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment. The position components  1462  may include location sensor components (e.g., a Global Position system (GPS) receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like. 
     Communication may be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The  1 / 0  components  1450  may include communication components  1464  operable to couple the machine  1400  to a network  1480  or devices  1470  via coupling  1472  and coupling  1482  respectively. For example, the communication components  1464  may include a network interface component or other suitable device to interface with the network  1480 . in further examples, communication components  1464  may include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth® components (e.g., Bluetooth® Low Energy), Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices  1470  may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a Universal Serial Bus (USB)). 
     Moreover, the communication components  1464  may detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components  1464  may include Radio Frequency Identification (REID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect one-dimensional bar codes such as Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code, UCC RSS-2D bar code, and other optical codes), or acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals). In addition, a variety of information may be derived via the communication components  1464 , such as, location via Internet Protocol (IP) geo-location, location via Wi-Fi® signal triangulation, location via detecting a NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth. 
     Glossary 
     “CARRIER SIGNAL” in this context refers to any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such instructions. Instructions may be transmitted or received over the network using a transmission medium via a network interface device and using any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols. 
     “CLIENT DEVICE” in this context refers to any machine that interfaces to a communications network to obtain resources from one or more server systems or other client devices. A client device may be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, desktop computer, laptop, portable digital assistants (PDAs), smart phones, tablets, ultra books, netbooks, laptops, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, game consoles, set-top boxes, or any other communication device that a user may use to access a network. 
     “COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK” in this context refers to one or more portions of a network that may be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a plain old telephone service (POTS) network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a Wi-Fi® network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks. For example, a network or a portion of a network may include a wireless or cellular network and the coupling may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) connection, or other type of cellular or wireless coupling. In this example, the coupling may implement any of a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (CPRS) technology, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth generation wireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UNITS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, others defined by various standard setting organizations, other long range protocols, or other data transfer technology. 
     “EMPHEMERAL MESSAGE” in this context refers to a message that is accessible for a time-limited duration. An ephemeral message may be a text, an image, a video, and the like. The access time for the ephemeral message may be set by the message sender. Alternatively, the access time may be a default setting or a setting specified by the recipient. Regardless of the setting technique, the message is transitory. 
     “MACHINE-READABLE MEDIUM” in this context refers to a component, device, or other tangible media able to store instructions and data temporarily or permanently and may include, but is not limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, optical media, magnetic media, cache memory, other types of storage (e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and/or any suitable combination thereof. The term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to store instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium, or combination of multiple media, that is capable of storing instructions (e.g., code) for execution by a machine, such that the instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the machine, cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium” refers to a single storage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems or storage networks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices. The term “machine-readable medium” excludes signals per se. 
     “COMPONENT” in this context refers to a device, physical entity, or logic having boundaries defined by function or subroutine calls, branch points, application program interfaces (APIs), or other technologies that provide for the partitioning or modularization of particular processing or control functions. Components may be combined via their interfaces with other components to carry out a machine process. A component may be a packaged functional hardware unit designed for use with other components and a part of a program that usually performs a particular function of related functions. Components may constitute either software components (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium) or hardware components. A “hardware component” is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computer system, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one or more hardware components of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware component that operates to perform certain operations as described herein. A hardware component may also be implemented mechanically, electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, a hardware component may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. A hardware component may be a special-purpose processor, such as a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). 
     A hardware component may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware component may include software executed by a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor. Once configured by such software, hardware components become specific machines (or specific components of a machine) uniquely tailored to perform the configured functions and are no longer general-purpose processors. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware component mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations. Accordingly, the phrase “hardware component”(or “hardware-implemented component”) should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. 
     Considering embodiments in which hardware components are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware components need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardware component comprises a general-purpose processor configured by software to become a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respectively different special-purpose processors (e.g., comprising different hardware components) at different times. Software accordingly configures a particular processor or processors, for example, to constitute a particular hardware component at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware component at a different instance of time. Hardware components can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware components. Accordingly, the described hardware components may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple hardware components exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) between or among two or more of the hardware components. In embodiments in which multiple hardware components are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware components may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware components have access. For example, one hardware component may perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware component may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware components may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information). The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. 
     Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented components that operate to perform one or more operations or functions described herein. As used herein, “processor-implemented component” refers to a hardware component implemented using one or more processors. Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors being an example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or more processors or processor-implemented components. Moreover, the one or more processors may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an Application Program Interface (API)). The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented components may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented components may be distributed across a number of geographic locations. 
     “PROCESSOR” in this context refers to any circuit or virtual circuit (a physical circuit emulated by logic executing on an actual processor) that manipulates data values according to control signals (e.g., “commands”, “op codes”, “machine code”, etc.) and which produces corresponding output signals that are applied to operate a machine. A processor may, for example, be a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC) or any combination thereof. A processor may further be a multi-core processor having two or more independent processors (sometimes referred to as “cores”) that may execute instructions contemporaneously. 
     “TIMESTAMP” in this context refers to a sequence of characters or encoded information identifying when a certain event occurred, for example giving date and time of day, sometimes accurate to a small fraction of a second. 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent files or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The following notice applies to the software and data as described below and in the drawings that form a part of this document: Copyright 2017, SNAP INC., All Rights Reserved,