Patent Publication Number: US-9421692-B2

Title: Methods and computer program products for processing of coverings such as leather hides and fabrics for furniture and other products

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part patent application which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/780,646, filed May 14, 2010 and this application is also a continuation-in-part patent application which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/656,875, filed Oct. 22, 2012, which is a continuation patent application of and also claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/780,646, filed May 14, 2010, the disclosures of both being incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present subject matter relates to systems and methods for the processing of coverings, such as leather hides and fabrics. In particular, the present subject matter relates to systems and methods that can be used to efficiently optimize leather and fabric yield for use in manufacturing of consumer products, such as furniture. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Both leather animal hides and fabrics are used throughout the world today in the construction of consumer products. For example, leather and fabrics are popular coverings used in furniture and other consumer products. In today&#39;s economy, for furniture manufacturing to be profitable, the yield from leather hides and decorative fabrics used to cover the furniture needs to be optimized. 
     The popularity of leather is due to its durability, look and feel. Leather hides are also an expensive alternative, usually representing 2 to 4 times the cost of woven goods. Therefore, maximum yield and utilization of the leather hide is essential in controlling the manufacturing cost of products containing leather. This is quite difficult considering the irregularities of the leather hides which vary in both size and shape. Leather is also a natural product containing imperfections that must be taken into consideration when deciding where to cut certain parts for a product. 
     Both manual and mechanical methods currently exist for the cutting of leather hides while attempting to maximize leather yield. 
     Typical manual methods include the placement of hard (plastic or cardboard) templates on the leather hide. The leather is then typically marked with chalk, grease pencil, or other writing instruments using the template as a guide. After the entire hide is marked, the leather is then cut using a variety of knives, both powered and non-powered. Alternatively, sometimes the marking of the leather is omitted and the leather is cut using a non-powered rolling knife guided by following the edge of each template. Using these manual methods does not produce optimum leather yield since the manual marker or cutter generally does not attempt to place the templates in very many positions before marking or cutting. Typically, there are millions of feasible placement options for each template on a given leather hide and it is too time consuming to attempt placement at every possible location. It is also impossible to know if the placement of the templates at any given location represents the best yield for that particular leather hide. 
     Typical mechanical methods include the placement of the leather hide on a table or conveyor belt, which is part of an automated cutting machine. A person using one of two methods then defines imperfections in the leather hide. In some cases the leather hides are marked with a colored tape, chalk or grease pencil. Each color represents a different type of imperfection. Often, markings on the leather hide are difficult or impossible to remove. The glue on pinstripe tape may leave residue on the hide and can damage the appearance of the surface. In other cases, the leather hide is marked digitally using a laser pointer, sonic digitizer or a digitizing tablet underneath the cutting surface on the machine. After defect marking, the leather hide is photographed with a camera. A computer then processes the digitized image and the boundary or perimeter of the hide is determined and represented digitally by a closed polyline. The imperfections are also processed at the same time resulting in digital map of the imperfections and their relationship to the boundary of the leather hide. A computer uses the digitally defined leather hide data to try multiple iterations of digital template placement, taking into consideration imperfection types and locations. This is generally accomplished using various available software systems designed for nesting templates on leather hides. Nesting is usually performed for a specified length of time, for a specified number of iterations, or until a yield threshold has been met or exceeded. Once the nesting is complete, the digital template definitions and locations are converted to a numeric code format that is interpreted by the master control computer on the cutting machine. The machine using this digital data then cuts the leather hide. 
     While mechanical leather cutting systems of this type represent the best available method for achieving improved leather yields, they are quite expensive and costly to maintain. In addition, leather cutting machines do not represent a significant labor savings and their cost must be justified primarily on leather yield improvements alone. 
     With regards to decorative fabrics used to cover furniture, some of the same drawbacks apply to the methods of cutting panels based on the templates. With fabrics, fully automated pattern optimization and cutting systems are currently available. However, these automated systems are expensive and costly to maintain. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present subject matter provides systems, methods and computer program for processing coverings such as leather hides and fabrics are provided. In one aspect, a method for processing coverings can comprise placing a covering on a work surface and projecting a captured image of the covering by a projector onto the covering. Virtual markings of boundary lines and imperfections on the covering on the capture image can be registered using the controller. Nesting of templates can be performed on the captured image of the covering with the virtual markings and the nested templates stored as virtual markings with the captured image of the covering. The covering can then be marked, die pressed, or cut along the virtual markings. 
     Similarly, in another aspect, a method for processing coverings comprise selecting a plurality of coverings, each of which having been processed to have a corresponding captured image of the respective covering with virtual markings, for use to form a plurality of panels for a product that requires multiple coverings. The nesting of templates for the panels of the product a plurality of times on all the selected coverings can be performed to increase the yield from the coverings. 
     The subject matter described herein may be implemented in software, in combination with hardware and/or firmware. For example, the subject matter described herein may be implemented in software executed by a hardware-enabled processor. In one exemplary implementation, the subject matter described herein creating geo-location-based visual designs and arrangements originating from video stream may be implemented using a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon executable instructions that when executed by the processor of a computer control the processor to perform steps. Exemplary non-transitory computer readable media suitable for implementing the subject matter described herein include chip memory devices or disk memory devices accessible by a processor, programmable logic devices, and application specific integrated circuits. In addition, a computer readable medium that implements the subject matter described herein may be located on a single computing platform or may be distributed across plural computing platforms. 
     It is an object of the presently disclosed subject matter to provide systems and methods for increasing yield in the processing of coverings for consumer products. An object of the presently disclosed subject matter having been stated hereinabove, and which is achieved in whole or in part by the presently disclosed subject matter, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings as best described hereinbelow. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       A full and enabling disclosure of the present subject matter including the best mode thereof to one of ordinary skill in the art is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying figures, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a system that can be used in the processing of coverings, such as leather hides and fabrics, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a perspective view of the embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 1  with a leather hide on a worktable of the system; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a schematic view of an embodiment of a system that can be used to increase yield in the processing of coverings, such as leather hides, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a schematic view of an embodiment of a system shown in  FIG. 3  with a projector of the system projecting an image; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of the embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6A  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of the embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 6B  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of the embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a coordinate calibration chart that can be used in conjunction with a system that can be used in the processing of coverings, such as leather hides and fabrics, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 1  in use according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 9A  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a leather hide with virtual markings displayed thereon in an embodiment of a system that can be used in the processing of coverings, such as leather hides and fabrics, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 9B  illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a pointing device that can be used in creating virtual markings according to the present subject matter; 
         FIGS. 9C-9F  illustrate perspective views of a leather hide with virtual markings displayed thereon in an embodiment of a system and method that can be used in nesting templates on an image of the leather hide according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 10A  illustrates a perspective view of a leather hide with virtual markings displayed thereon in an embodiment of a system that can be used in the processing of coverings, such as leather hides and fabrics, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 10B  illustrates a perspective view of a leather hide with virtual markings displayed thereon in an embodiment of a system that can be used in the processing of coverings, such as leather hides and fabrics, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 10C  illustrates a perspective view of a plurality of images of leather hides with virtual markings displayed thereon in an embodiment of a system that can be used in the processing of the leather hides according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates a perspective view of a leather hide with virtual markings displayed thereon in an embodiment of a system that can be used in the processing of coverings, such as leather hides and fabrics, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 12  illustrates a perspective view of another embodiment of a system that can be used in the processing of coverings, such as fabrics, according to the present subject matter; 
         FIG. 13  illustrates a perspective view of the embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of the a rack frame of the embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 12 ; and 
         FIG. 15  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of a worktable of the embodiment of the system shown in  FIG. 12  with a fabric thereon. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to the description of the present subject matter, one or more examples of which are shown in the figures. Each example is provided to explain the subject matter and not as a limitation. In fact, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used in another embodiment to yield still a further embodiment. It is intended that the present subject matter cover such modifications and variations. 
     “Known subject” as used herein means an object or item, including, but not limited to, maps or patterns, that have features having known dimensional shapes and sizes and known distances between such features that can be used to determine distortions and imperfections in shape, scale and locations in images taken by, for example, a camera or projected by a projector. 
     “Calibration chart” as used herein means a sheet article having a pattern thereon with the pattern having features, including, but not limited to geometric shapes, having measured and known dimensions and/or having measured and known distances between such features. A calibration chart can be used as a known subject to determine distortions and imperfections in images taken by a camera or projected by a projector. 
     “Virtual markings” as used herein means computer generated lines and figures displayable on an output of a computer, the lines and figures including but not limited to, lines drawn with a pointing device such as a mouse, templates, patterns, or the like. The virtual markings can be created and displayed in an image projected onto an object or coverings, such as a leather hide or a fabric. 
     “Coverings” as used herein means generally flat, drapable articles and/or material used to upholster furniture or cover other similar products. Coverings can include but are not limited to leather hides or sheet articles, such as woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, films or the like. 
     “Coordinate transformation table” or “coordinate transformation algorithm” as used herein means a table or set of equations used to adjust the coordinates of objects in images captured by an imaging device or coordinates of objects in images projected by a projector to obtain their true locations and dimensions on the surface of the system work table and display them without distortion on the work table surface. The coordinate transformation table or algorithm can be created by a comparison of the dimensions of the known subject to the dimensions of an image of the known subject captured by an imaging device and/or projected by a projector. 
     “Imaging device” as used herein means any device that is used to capture images. Imaging devices can include, but are not limited to image capture devices such as cameras, digital cameras, video cameras, or the like. 
     The present subject matter includes systems and methods for processing coverings used in furniture and other products. These systems and methods can use camera images and projected virtual markings to increase the yield of panels cut from coverings such as leather hides, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, and the like and can reduce labor costs associated with the processing and creation of such panels. 
     Generally, a system for processing coverings can be provided that can include a worktable having a surface on which a covering is placeable. The system can also include an imaging device positioned for capturing the image of a covering on the worktable. The imaging device can be configured to obtain an image of the covering on the surface of the worktable. The system can also include a projector for projecting images on the worktable. The projector can be configured to project an image onto the surface of the worktable and the covering on the surface of the worktable. The system can also include a pointing device such as a light pen, IR pen, or the like which can be imaged by the imaging device. The system also can include a controller in communication with the imaging device and projector. The controller can be configured to track the movements of the pointing device such as a light pen or IR pen in the images taken by the imaging device. By tracking the movement of the pointing device, the controller can register, or record, virtual markings of defects relative to an image of a covering, such as a hide, for correct placement and identification of marks identifying the defects. The controller can be configured to correct images taken by the imaging device of the light pen location, the surface of the worktable and the covering thereon. The controller can also be configured to correct the images projected onto the surface of the worktable and the covering thereon. Further, the controller can be configured to permit the showing of virtual markings on the covering placed on the surface of the worktable through an image projected thereon by the projector. 
     The controller can also be configured to utilize information provided by additional pointing devices such as a computer mouse to create the virtual markings that can be projected as an image from the projector onto a covering on the surface of the worktable. 
     The controller can be configured to correct images taken by the imaging device of the surface of the worktable and the covering and any features projected thereon so that the image taken is compensated to take into account imperfections of the image taking process to maximize the dimensional accuracy of the corrected images. Additionally, the controller can be configured to correct images projected by the projector on the surface of the worktable and the covering thereon so that the image projected is compensated to take into account imperfections of the image projecting process to maximize the dimensional accuracy of the corrected projected images. 
     More particularly, the controller can be configured to correct the images from the camera by a process that includes a process of taking an image of a known subject having known dimensional features by the camera and comparing the known dimensional features of the known subject to the dimensional features of the image to be corrected. For example, the known subject can be a calibration chart. The controller can be configured to correct the images taken by the camera through the use of a first coordinate transformation table created by the comparison of the dimensions of the known subject to the dimensions of the captured image. Further, the controller can be configured to correct the images projected from the projector by a process that includes projecting an image of a known subject having known dimensional features. An image of the projected image can be taken with the imaging device and the known dimensional features of the known subject can be compared to the dimensional features of the projected image to be corrected. The controller can also be configured to correct the images projected by the projector through the use of a second coordinate transformation table created by the comparison of the dimensions of the known subject to the dimensions of the image of the projected image. 
     The controller used in the subject matter described herein for virtually marking a covering can be implemented using a computer readable medium having stored thereon executable instructions that when executed by the processor of a computer control the processor to perform steps. Exemplary computer readable media suitable for implementing the subject matter described herein includes disk memory devices, programmable logic devices, and application specific integrated circuits. In one implementation, the computer readable medium may comprise a memory accessible by a processor. The memory may comprise instructions executable by the processor for implementing any of the methods for correcting images captured by an imaging device, correcting images projected by a projector, tracking the movements of pointing devices such as a light pen or IR pen in the images taken by an imaging device, or any of the other steps described above or hereinbelow. In addition, a computer readable medium that implements the subject matter described herein may be distributed across multiple physical devices and/or computing platforms. 
     For coverings that do not have uniformity or that have a randomness as to quality, shape, size, and/or color, such as animal hides, the coverings can be identified as it is being processed. For example, the coverings can be assigned an identification number as it is being unloaded from the delivery truck or as it is being placed on the work table. For instance, each covering can have an RFID tag or a barcode label placed somewhere on it. The covering can then be processed as described above to provide an image of the covering with the virtual markings and boundaries thereon. The covering can then be placed to the side so that the next covering can be processed. For example, the covering can be placed in a wait station or in storage. The marked image of the covering can be stored in the controller or sent to another computer, such as a server where a plethora of nestings can be run while the covering is waiting to be used to make sure the yield of the covering is optimized. 
     For example, the quality, shape, size, and/or color can be taken into consideration with other coverings that are waiting to be processed to optimize the match of the hides for color and quality. A hide that is processed in a few minutes on the work surface, such as a conveyor, worktable, or the like, can be set in storage and can have millions of nesting options run overnight when the covering processors are not working. Further, if the hides are not used for an extended period of time, for example, two weeks up to three months, then nearly an infinite number of nesting options can be run and other aspects of the hide can be taken into consideration. Such nesting options can be run when the controller or other computing device is in a resting mode or non-peak period of use so that the nesting options do not interfere with the other operations of the computing device. By using the identification tag or label, the image being processed can be tied to the labeled covering so that the optimal nesting of the patterns occurs and the patterns cut therefrom. Further the location of the covering in storage can be easily tracked so that matching coverings, such as animal hides, can be optimally matched. 
     For example, a large leather club chair may require four different hides to cover the frame and upholstery. For best results with natural colored hides, the hides are generally picked to best match or coordinate the color. In normal cutting operations, the four hides are cut into a number of specific patterns that are pieced together to form the covering of the club chair. Generally, the hides are processed sequentially in a random fashion. For example, an operator will pick a first hide of the selected hides in a random fashion with no distinct criteria, such as quality or yield specifically in mind. The first hide is placed on a cutting table and some of the templates from a total number of templates of necessary patterns for the club chair are placed onto the hide manually or through a computer nesting program. The hide is then marked and/or cut based on the placement of the chosen templates thereon. Then, a second hide is randomly chosen from the selected hides for the club chair and placed on a cutting table. Then, templates chosen from the remaining templates of necessary patterns are fitted onto the second hide by a nesting program or manually by the operator. The second hide is then marked and/or cut based on the placement of the chosen templates thereon. 
     These steps are then followed by similar steps carried out on the third and fourth hide to provide the rest of the panels for the club chair based on the templates that were not chosen for the first and second hides. The first set of templates may include the most visible portions of the chair such as the front face and top of the cushion. The fourth set of templates may be the less visible portions of the chair, such as the back. In processing the hides this way, the yield from the hides can be low. 
     Using the systems, methods and software applications described herein, the same four hides, after having been imaged as described above to identify and register the boundaries and defects of each respective hide, can have the nesting of the various templates needed for the club chair performed concurrently so that all the hides and templates are considered before cutting of any hide begin. Thereby, the nesting of the different templates can be tried in many different ways on all the selected hides in a concurrent fashion to maximum the yield for the selected hides being used for a given chair. Thus, the best placement of the templates to cut panels from the hides as well as the best order for nesting the hides can be accomplished. For example, the templates can be nested on all the hides and the hide based on layout of templates from the total number of template of panels needed for the chair with the best yield can be identified and processed. The process is then repeated for the remaining hides of the selected hides and the remaining templates of template of panels needed for the chair until the placement of all the templates is identified. 
     Once the nestings of the templates are selected for the hides, the hides can be individually identified as described above to pull up the correct image with the boundaries, defects, and nested patterns or templates and the hides placed on the work surface such as a cutting table to match the displayed image. The hide can then be cut manually as described above, die pressed if dies matching the shapes of the templates or patterns are used, or cut by an automatic cutting machine using the information of the nested templates or patterns. 
     Yield of the leather hides can be greatly increased using the above described process. For example, yield can be improved by between about 3% and about 15% or more in some instances. The hides can be processed for boundaries and defects as they are brought off the delivery truck to store the image for nesting or begin the nesting process. By conducting the boundaries and defects processing at delivery, the quality and size of each hide can be confirmed before being accepted by the purchaser or customer. Hides that do not meet the advertised or graded standards or size for the price paid can be rejected or a discounted amount for the hides paid to the seller. For example, a standard method of grading hides is to place as many grading squares on the hide with no defects or boundaries within the perimeter of the square. In many instances, a standard grading square used to measure the grade of a hide can be a 24-inch square. Using the systems, methods, and the controller and the associated software applications described herein can virtual place accurately sized grading squares on the hide to determine if the advertised grade meets the actual grade. The controller can display the grade of the hide after the boundaries and defects are obtained as described above. Thus, yield and profitability of the leather goods can be increased at delivery as well as during manufacturing of the goods. 
     Using the system and processes described herein can also have yield increased by changing the orientation of the hides on the working/cutting table. Normally in conventional operations, hides tend to be placed on a cutting table in the same orientation each time. The orientation may be randomly chosen or developed over time or may be chosen based criteria identified by the furniture manufacturer or the machine manufacturer, such as machine or equipment constraints like the size of the cutting table. For example, a conventional operation may place a head end of the hide to the left side of the table and the tail to the right side of the table. Further, nesting programs in general operate so that nesting starts in the same start point (left side, right side, top, bottom, or center) and runs in the same defined direction each time. As an example, a nesting program may be developed so that it operates/reads from left to right across the cutting table. 
     Thus, for the example placement of the hide on the cutting table given above where the head is to the left side and the tail to the right side, a nesting program operating from left to right and taking into account the boundaries and defects on the hide begins the nesting at the head end of hide and runs toward the tail end of the hide. However, it has been found that run a nesting program in the same general direction from the same starting point with the hides generally being in the same orientation may not always provide an optimum yield for a given hide. 
     After the marking of the defects and boundaries, the systems, methods and software applications described herein can take the image of the hide with the markings of the boundaries and defects and rotate the image of the marked hide to different orientations and the nesting program run on the image of the marked hide at the different orientations to determine if a higher yield can be obtained. The nestings can be performed for a specified length of time and/or for a specified number of iterations at each new orientation. For example, the image of the marked hide can be rotated by the software application in 10°, 15°, 30°, 45°, or 90° increments depending on time constraints with nesting performed at each orientation including the original orientation. The nesting of templates with the highest and best yield can be used. 
     The process of rotating the image of the marked hide to different orientations with nesting performed at each orientation can be used when nesting multiple hides for a single piece of furniture in a concurrent fashion as described above to further increase yield. If processing a single hide and depending on the number of iterations of nestings to be performed, the process of rotating the image of the marked hide to different orientations with nesting performed at each orientation can be done while the hide is on the work surface. Alternatively, the hide can be virtually marked and boundaries identified as described herein and set aside for later processing at which time the a large number of iterations can be performed at each orientation. 
     Alternatively, by using the process of identifying the hide, imaging it&#39;s boundaries and defects on the work table and then removing the hide from the table and storing it before cutting as described above, the nesting program is given more time to run so that nesting of templates can be performed more extensively at a variety of orientations. For example, in some embodiments, nesting can be performed in at least four different directions along the hide by rotating the image of the hide by a specified amount, for example, approximately 90°. The placement of the hide relative to the direction in which the nesting program runs can thereby be changed and the best positioning of the hide relative to the direction in which the nesting program runs can be determined to provide the best yield. 
     When the hide is to be cut, the hide can again be placed on a worktable (the same or a different worktable) and the image can be projected, moved, and rotated to match to the hide placed on the worktable. The identification number associated with the hide can be used to retrieve the correct image. For example, the barcode label or RFID tag associated with or on the hide can be recalled. The image can include the boundaries, the virtual markings, and the nesting option that is to be used. The hide can then be cut using the cutting device or mechanism. 
     The images of the coverings placed on the worktable can be virtually rotated to optimize the placement of coverings and to optimize the nesting of the patterns on the covering. 
     The following examples illustrate more specific embodiments of the systems and methods of processing coverings. In particular, embodiments that can be used for processing animal hides and fabric are described. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the present subject matter provides a system, generally designated  10 , that employs a method for achieving improvements in leather hide utilization and labor costs. The system  10  can be used to process leather to optimize leather yield. In particular, the system  10  can provide improved yield, time, and labor costs in the cutting of patterns from leather hides. The system  10  can include a worktable  20 , an imaging device  12 , an image projector  14  and a controller  30 . 
     The worktable  20  can include a center top on which an animal hide AH can be placed. Due to the size of some animal hides, the worktable  20  can be a drop-leaf table that has one or more leafs that are foldable to provide access to the entire animal hide AH. For example, the worktable  20  can have leafs  24  that can be folded downward as shown in  FIG. 1  to provide access to the center of a large hide (not shown in  FIG. 1 ) on the center top  22 . The leafs  24  can be extended upward to a level position with the center top  22  as shown in  FIG. 2  to provide access to the outer portions of the animal hide AH proximal to boundaries B of the animal hide AH. The table top, which comprises the center top  22  and the leafs  24  of the worktable  20 , can have a holding mat, for example, that aids in holding the animal hide AH in the same position on the worktable  20  as work is to be perform on the animal hide AH once it is placed on the worktable  20 . Further, the worktable  20  can be set at a height H that is ergonomically correct for the intended workers who inspect, mark and cut the animal hides AH. Another example of a means for holding the hide AH to the worktable includes a vacuum table. On such a vacuum table, the means for holding the hide AH can be a vacuum surface of the vacuum table. While a worktable is used as an example herein, it is noted that other work surfaces such as a cutting surface, conveyor, or the like, can be used to support the animal hide. 
     The imaging device  12  is used to capture images of objects or coverings placed on the worktable  20 , such as the animal hide AH. The imaging device  12  can be a camera. For example, the camera can be a still-photographic or video camera. The camera can provide a digital image or can provide an image that can be digitized. For example, the imaging device  12  can be a digital camera. Hereinbelow, the imaging device  12  will be referred to as camera  12 . The camera  12  can be placed at a distance D, that permits the camera  12  to obtain the image, i.e., photograph, of the entire animal hide AH during use of the system  10 . 
     Animal hide AH can be identified as it is being processed. For example, animal hide AH can be assigned an identification number as it is being unloaded from the delivery truck or as it is being placed on the work table. For instance, as shown in  FIG. 2 , an identification label  28 , such as an RFID tag or a barcode label, can be placed somewhere on it. Animal hide AH can then be processed using the image device  12  and controller  30  with one or more pointing devices  34  to provide an image of animal hide AH with the virtual markings that can be used to indicate, for example, defects and boundaries for animal hide AH as will be described in more detail below. Controller  30  can then perform or run a nesting program on the image of animal hide AH to determine how the patterns to be cut for the chair are to be placed or outlined on animal hide AH. An image of animal hide AH can be projected onto animal hide AH with the virtual markings, boundaries, and nested patterns. This image can be aligned with animal hide AH to ensure that this image matches animal hide AH. Animal hide AH can then be cut using this image containing the virtual markings, boundaries, and nested patterns. This can occur in sequence right after the imaging process occurs. 
     Alternatively, animal hide AH can then be placed to the side so that the next animal hide can be processed. For example, animal hide AH can be placed in a wait station or in storage. The marked image of animal hide AH can be stored in controller  30  or sent to another computer, such as a server where a plethora of nestings can be run using a nesting program while animal hide AH is waiting for cutting to make sure the yield of animal hide AH is optimized. 
     By being able to set aside the animal hide AH, the quality, shape, size, and/or color can be taken into consideration with other animal hides that are waiting to be processed to optimize the match of the hides for color and quality. A hide that is processed in a few minutes on the work table right after the imaging process occurs can only have a limited number of nestings run after the virtual markings are made on the each hide if the hide is to be cut after the imaging process without the hide being removed from the table. Alternatively, a hide can be set in storage and can have millions of nesting options run overnight when the covering processors are not working. Further, if the hides are not used for an extended period of time, for example, two weeks up to three months, then nearly an infinite number of nesting options can be run and other aspects of the hide can be taken into consideration. Such nesting options can be run when the controller or other computing device is in a resting mode or non-peak period of use so that the nesting options do not interfere with the other operations of the computing device. By using the identification tag or label, the image being processed can be tied to the labeled hide so that the optimal nesting of the patterns can occur and the patterns cut therefrom. Further, the location of the hide in storage can be easily tracked so that matching animal hides, can be optimally matched. While the removal of the hide after the imaging process can require more time and labor than when the hide is cut after the imaging process without removal from the work table, the costs associated with this time and labor can be minimal when compared to the savings obtained through optimal nesting. 
     Referring back to  FIGS. 1-4 , the image projector  14  is used to project an image back onto the worktable  20 . The image projector  14  can be a video projector, such as a digital video projector. The image projector  14  can be positioned at a distance D 2  from the center of the worktable  20 . The distance D 2  can be such that it permits the projector  14  to display an image of any animal hide that is dimensionally the same as that actual animal hide AH that is placed on the worktable. The distance D 2  can vary depending on the arrangement of the projector  14 . As shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , for example, the projector  14  can be positioned at an angle α as measured from a central axis A of the projector to a plane PL that is parallel to a plane CL that passes through the center of the worktable. The angle α can be chosen based on the ability of the projector  14  to project a desired image size that can be corrected as will be explained below. 
     The projector  14  can be set in other arrangements as long as the projector has the ability to display a desired image, for example, an image that corresponds dimensionally to an object, such as an animal hide resting on the worktable  20 . For example, the projector  14  can be placed at a central location above the center of the worktable  20  proximal to the camera  12  so that it projects the image downwardly about perpendicular to the center top  22  of the worktable  20 . In such embodiments, a device that both captures images and projects them can be used. In other arrangements, one or more mirrors can be used to reflect the image from the projector onto the worktable  20 . In such embodiments, the projector can be turned toward or away from the worktable  20 . The use of mirrors can allow for the placement of the projector closer to the worktable when the system  10  is used in a place that may be confined in space. In a similar manner, one or more mirrors can be used to reflect the image from the worktable  20  to the imaging device  12  when capturing an image. Thus, the imaging device  12  can be placed in a variety of positions as well. Additionally multiple projectors may be used to improve the resolution and brightness of the projected markings. Thus, one or more projectors can be used at the same or different locations. 
     Both the camera  12  and the projector  14  can be secured in their desired positions relative the worktable  20  by a frame  16  as shown in  FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 6A and 6B . The frame  16  can be of any structure that holds the camera  12  and the projector  14  in their desired positions relative the worktable  20  and do not interfere with the operation of the camera  12  and projector  14 . Ideally, the frame  16  should provide minimal obtrusiveness to the covering “marking” and cutting operations. In the embodiment shown, the frame  16  includes vertically extending beams  16 A,  168  on either side of the worktable  20 . The beams  16 A,  16 B can be at a distance from the table  20  so that the beams  16 A,  16 B do not interfere with the associated work. For example, for worktables  20  that fold on two sides, the beams can be position on the non-folding sides. The beams  16 A,  16 B can have bases  16 D that provide stability to the frame  16 . The frame  16  can have a crossbar  16 C that extends between the beams  16 A,  16 B. 
     The crossbar  16 C can have one or more instrumentation bars  18  that are secured thereto. The instrumentation bars  18  can hold the camera  12  and the projector  14  in their desired positions in the system  10 . In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , the instrumentation bar  18  can hold the camera  12  above the center of the worktable  20  and the projector  14  at the desired angle and distance from the center of the worktable  20 . In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 1, 2, 5, 6A and 6B , the camera  12  can be located on an end  18 A of the instrumentation bar  18  above the worktable  20  and the projector  14  can be located at an end  188 . The camera  12  can be held in position by a bracket  18 C and the projector held in its angled position by a casing  18 D. As noted above, other configurations of the frame and/or instrumentation bar are contemplated. 
     The camera  12  and the projector  14  can be in communication with the controller  30 . The controller  30  can include a computer device  32  such as a PLC, a microcomputer, a personal computer, or the like. Further, the controller can include one or more pointing devices  34 , such a wired or wireless mouse, light pen, or IR pen, that can be used in electronically marking the covering, such as animal hides AH on the computer device  32  as will be explained in more detail below. The controller  30  can be used to control the operation of camera  12  and projector  14 . For example, the controller  30  can be in wired or wireless communication with the camera  12  and the projector  14 . The computer  32  can include software for controlling the camera  12  and projector  14 , correcting the images taken by the camera  12  and the images projected by the projector  14 , and for electronically marking the hides and nesting the desired templates to optimize the yield of leather from the animal hide AH as will be explained in more detail below. 
     To insure the accuracy of the system  10  in marking and cutting, for example, an animal hide AH, the imaging device  12  and image projector  14  can be calibrated or corrected. To accomplish this, the digital camera  12  can capture an image of a known subject that has features thereon that have known shapes, sizes, locations, scale and/or dimensions. 
     For example, the known subject can be a calibration chart  40  as shown in  FIG. 7  that comprises a sheet article  42  that has a pattern of features  44  thereon. The sheet article  42  can comprise paper, fabric, plastic or vinyl film, metal, wood, or the like. The features  44  on the sheet articles can have measured and known dimensions. Further, the features  44  can have measured and known distances between the features  44 . The features  44  can be, for example, geometric shapes. The geometric shapes can be circles, squares, triangles, rectangles, trapezoids, nonsymmetrical shapes, or the like. As shown in  FIG. 7 , the geometric shapes can be circles  46 . The circles  46  can have a known diameter D F  with known distances D B  between the circles  46 . The calibration chart  40  can be spread across the worktable  20  of system  10  as shown in  FIG. 8 . The calibration chart  40  with its pattern of features  44  can cover the area A C  that will be imaged by the camera  12  as shown in  FIG. 3 . For example, the calibration chart  40  with its pattern of features  44  can cover the entire area that will be imaged by the camera  12 . The camera  12  can then capture the image of the work table  12 . As noted above, while the calibration chart  40  is used to described the correction process, other known subjects can be used. 
     Using the computer  32  of the controller  30 , the captured image is used to build a coordinate transformation table by comparing the dimensions of the camera image and the actual dimensions of the known subject. The camera image includes imperfections that can be caused by imperfections in the table surface, camera alignment, inherent errors in the camera  12  and the lens of the camera  12 . The coordinate transformation table is then used to correct any image taken by the camera  12  by compensating for these imperfections. The computer  32  uses a program to make adjustments to the image to bring it in dimensional alignment with features  44  of the calibration chart  40 . 
     Similarly, a projector  14  has imperfections in its alignment and inherent errors in the projector  14  and the lens of the projector  14 . To correct these imperfections, the same or another known image of a known subject, such as calibration chart  40  is projected onto the table surface TS as shown in  FIG. 4 . The digital camera  12  then captures an image of the projected image including the projector imperfections and alignment imperfections. A second coordinate transformation table is then generated to correct the image of the projector by comparing the dimensions of the projected images based on a corrected image taken by the camera and the dimensions of the known subject. The new corrected projector image is then projected onto the table. 
     These corrections insure that the images taken by the camera  12  and used by the controller  30  are accurate and provide accurate dimensional information about the actual objects in the image. These corrections also insure the image projected by the projector  14  is displayed correctly onto the table. For example, the object of the corrected image projected by the projector  14  can have the same dimensions as the actual object, such as the animal hide AH, on the worktable  20 . 
     As stated above, the system  10  can include a worktable  20 , a digital camera  12 , a digital video projector  14 , and a controller  30  that includes one or more pointing devices  34 , a computer  32 , and the necessary associated software. Typical use of the system  10  would be as follows. A leather hide AH can be placed on the worktable  20  with the digital camera  12  and video projector  14  mounted overhead. This worktable  20  may have a large single surface or may be a multiple drop-leaf table, such as a double drop-leaf table that will enable the operator or operators an opportunity to look closely at or even feel the surface of the leather hide AH. If using a double drop-leaf work surface, the operator or operators start with both drop leaf sections down. The hide AH is placed on the center section  22  of the work surface. The operator or operators will then use the pointing device  34  and a video projector  14  to define the imperfections on this section of the hide AH. 
     For example, the computer  32  can run appropriate programs that permit the pointing device  34  to act as a virtual marker. The computer projects the virtual markings drawn by the pointing device  34  through the projector taking into account the necessary corrections. Using the pointing device  34  and the projector  14 , the user draws around defects on the hide AH as if drawing lines on a computer screen. The computer  32  collects the hide imperfection definition information from the pointing device  34  and registers, or records, the virtual markings relative to the hide in the image as well as the boundary lines obtained from the image as explained below. The computer  32  displays this information by projecting an image that has been corrected using the video projector coordinate transformation table, for example, the second coordinate transformation table as referred to herein, as shown in  FIG. 9A . For the system to work properly, projected images must be corrected so hide imperfection definitions will be displayed accurately with respect to shape, scale, and location. 
     The computer display menus or other inputs may be used to select the current type of imperfection being defined. By using this video projected defect map, only virtual markings, such as drawn lines  50 ,  52 ,  54 , i.e., markings shown through the projected image, are placed on the leather hide surface and different types of defects can be represented by color, unique hatch marks, or other methods. For example, virtual markings  50  can designate one defect type in the hide AH, while the virtual markings  52  and the virtual markings  54  may represent different defect types. As shown, an identifying tag T 1  attached to the hide on the front or back side to permit the hide to be identified, logged and tracked. Tag T 1  can be, for example, a barcode sticker, an RFID tag, or the like. Using such tags T 1 , the hide can be set aside for later processing. 
       FIG. 9B  illustrates an example of an embodiment of a pointing device  34 . The pointing device  34  in  FIG. 9B  is a light pen  34 A. The light pen  34 A can comprise a light-emitting device  36 , such as a light-emitting diode, that can be located, for example at a tip. However, the light-emitting device  36  can be at other locations on the light pen  34 A. In particular, the light pen  34 A can also include a switching mechanism, such as push button  38 , that can be used to turn power on and off to the light-emitting device  36  at the tip of pen  34 A. For example, the light pen  34 A can be battery operated and the push button  38  can turn the light-emitting device  36  on and off. 
     The controller  30  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2  can be configured to track the movements of the light pen  34 A (shown in  FIG. 9B ) in the images taken by the imaging device  12 . In particular, the imaging device  12  can be, for example, a video camera that can capture multiple images as the light-emitting device  36  of the light pen  34 A is turn on and emits light that is captured in the images as the light pen  34 A and the light-emitting device  36  are moved around the covering such as hide AH. In this manner, controller  30  registers the virtual markings of the defects in the hide AH relative to the image of the hide AH. The controller  30  tracks the movement of the light pen  34 A in the images captured by the imaging device  12  to record, or register virtual markings VM. The virtual markings VM can be projected as an image by the projector onto the hide AH as shown in  FIG. 9B . The controller  30  can be configured to correct images taken by the imaging device  12  of the location of the light pen  34 A, the surface of the worktable  20  and the covering, in the form of hide AH, thereon. 
     The virtual markings projected on the hide are for user feedback to see where the operator or operators have marked or are marking the defects which the software application is storing in the computer. As the user draws virtual markings on the hide, the movement of the pointing devices when engaged is stored, or registered, in the computer. This information is corrected for projection of the visual virtual markings on the hide for user feedback. 
     Once the user has completed the definition of the portion of the hide AH on the center section  22  of the worktable  20 , the drop-leafs are raised and the remaining imperfections are defined. Once all imperfections are defined, the operator can take a digital image using the camera  12 . The image file can then be corrected using the camera coordinate transformation table, for example, the first coordinate transformation table as referred to herein. This corrected camera image can then be used by the software on computer  32  to collect and define boundary information, such as the edges of the hide AH as well as any holes in the hide AH. In this manner, controller  30  registers the virtual markings of the boundary lines of the hide AH relative to the image of the hide AH. The collected boundary information along with the marked imperfections that have been identified by the operator or operators on the hide is then projected onto the table. Before projecting, the projected image is corrected using the video projector coordinate transformation table, for example, the second coordinate transformation table as referred to herein. All of the digital data containing both the boundary B and imperfection data  50 ,  52 ,  54  can be registered, or recorded, in a digital file on the computer. The software application on computer  32  and a nesting program, or nesting algorithm, can be used to verify and register, or record, the area and the quality definition of the hide. This data can be used to compare the area and quality of the hide against the leather vendor&#39;s calculations. The boundary B and imperfection data  50 .  52 ,  54  can either be saved for later retrieval or used immediately. 
     If used immediately, the operator can request virtual markings in the form of projected template outlines  60 ,  62 ,  64  (see  FIG. 10A ) stored in the computer  32  or provided to the computer  32  of the parts to be placed on the hide AH to be displayed. The operator at their discretion may place any of these projected templates  60 ,  62 ,  64  on the hide AH through the computer  32  projecting the corrected image from the projector  14  onto the hide AH. A software-nesting program run on computer  32  can then process the registered hide boundary, imperfections, and any number of templates. Iterations of template layouts  68  can be performed by the computer  32  until a yield threshold is met or exceeded or until a predetermined time or number of iterations is reached. After successful nesting of the templates  60 ,  62 ,  64  is complete, a corrected image containing the leather hide boundary  66 , the imperfections  56 , and the template outlines  60 ,  62 ,  64  can be projected onto the hide AH as shown in  FIGS. 10A and 10B .  FIG. 10B  shows the templates  60 ,  62 , and  64  with information identifying each template  60 ,  62 ,  64 , displayed in the image to help recognize which templates  60 ,  62 ,  64  are displayed and to give the operator a chance to confirm the layout  68  of the templates with respect to the matching of the pieces of leather. Such information can be taken into account by the computer  32  and the associated software, but a user can be given the opportunity to reject the layout  68  of the templates if deemed appropriate. 
     In some embodiments, the system  10  can include the ability to manually nest at least a portion of the templates. This is especially useful on animal hides AH where a panel is used on the cushions or other front face portion of a piece of upholstered furniture. The same holds true for coverings such as fabrics were a print or woven pattern would be preferred on a cushion or other front face portion of a piece of upholstered furniture. The template to be placed manually can be selected by the operator with a mouse or other pointing device and positioned and rotated to the desired location on the covering such as a hide AH or fabric. Once all the templates to be placed manually are properly positioned, the computer  32  and a nesting algorithm can nest the rest of the templates around the manually placed templates to optimize yield. 
     Further, in some embodiments, after virtual markings of the defects and boundaries are created using the system and software application described herein, the software application can take the image of the hide with the markings of the boundaries and defects and initiate the nesting software application to perform the nesting of templates on the image of the hide to determine the optimum based on a specified length of time and/or a specified number of iterations. The software application can then rotate the image of the marked hide by a desired amount of rotation and the nesting program run on the image of the marked hide at the new orientation to determine whether if a higher yield can be obtained while the hide is on the worktable. An example of this process is shown in  FIGS. 9C-9F . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9C , an image AH I  of a hide that contains defects  56 , with virtual markings VM I  therearound and hide boundaries  66 , can be presented in the orientation of a hide AH (similar to the one shown in  FIG. 2 ) on a worktable. A generic and/or commercially available nesting program can be run to perform a set number of iterations of template nests in a direction from left to right that takes into account virtual markings VM I  around defects  56 , and hide boundaries  66   I . Since the image AH I  of the hide is oriented with the top, or head HD, of the hide upward and the leftside LS on the left, the rightside RS on the right and the bottom BM oriented downward, the nesting is performed by the nesting program across the hide from the leftside LS to the rightside RS of the hide. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9D , the software application can rotate image AH I  of a hide that contains defects  56   I  with virtual markings VM I  therearound and hide boundaries  66   I  to a different orientation. For example, as shown, the software application can rotate image AH, of a hide that contains defects  56 , with virtual markings VM I  therearound and hide boundaries  66   I  by about 90° to a second orientation. The nesting program can perform a set number of iterations of template nests in a direction from left to right that takes into account hide boundaries  66   I  and virtual markings VM I  around defects  56   I . Since the image AH I  of the hide, in this example, has been rotated counterclockwise by about 90°, the image AH I  of the hide is now oriented with the rightside RS of the hide at the top, the head HD of the hide on the left, the bottom BM of the hide on the right and leftside LS of the hide at the bottom. The nesting is, thus, performed by the nesting program across the hide from the head HD to the bottom BM of the hide. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9E , the software application can then rotate image AH I  of a hide that contains defects  56   I  with virtual markings VM I  therearound and hide boundaries  66   I  counterclockwise by about 90°, for example, to a third orientation. The nesting program can again perform a set number of iterations of template nests in a direction from left to right that takes into account hide boundaries  66   I  and virtual markings VM I  around defects  56   I . The image AH I  of the hide is now oriented with the bottom BM of the hide at the top, the rightside RS of the hide on the left, the leftside LS of the hide on the right and the head HD of the hide at the bottom. Thereby, the nesting is performed by the nesting program across the hide from the rightside RS of the hide to the leftside LS of the hide. 
     As shown in  FIG. 9F , the software application can again rotate image AH I  of a hide that contains defects  56   I  with virtual markings VM I  therearound and hide boundaries  66   I  counterclockwise by about 90°, for example, to a fourth orientation. The nesting program can then perform a set number of iterations of template nests in a direction from left to right that takes into account hide boundaries  66   I  and virtual markings VM I  around defects  56   I . In this fourth orientation, the image AH I  of the hide is now oriented with the rightside RS of the hide at the top, the head HD of the hide on the left, the bottom BM of the hide on the right, and the leftside LS of the hide at the bottom. Thereby, the nesting is performed by the nesting program across the hide from the head HD of the hide to the bottom BM of the hide. 
     The process of rotating the image of the image AH I  of the hide to different orientations with nesting performed for a specified length of time and for a specified number of iterations at each orientation while the hide is on the worktable can occur in a variety of manners. For example, instead of the orientation being rotated by 90°, the software application can rotate the image AH I  of the hide in a variety of increments, such as 1°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 30°, 45°, or 60°, for instance, depending on time constraints with nesting performed at each orientation including the original orientation. Further, the orientation of the image AH I  of the hide can be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise. Using the software application disclosed herein and commercially available nesting programs, large number of nestings at each orientation can be accomplished in a short time period even while the hide is on the worktable. The nesting of templates with the highest and best yield can be used and the hide cut as explained below. 
     Further, as explained above, a plurality of coverings, each of which having been processed to have a corresponding captured image of the respective covering with virtual markings, can be selected for use to form a plurality of panels for a product that requires multiple coverings. These coverings can then have the nesting of templates for the panels of the product performed a plurality of times on all the selected coverings to increase the yield from the coverings. For example, multiple hides can be used for covering a piece of furniture. The systems, methods, and software applications can be used to increase the optimization of the yield of the animal hides by nesting the animal hide concurrently instead of discretely. As shown in  FIG. 10C , five hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  can be selected based on color matching in addition to grade and quality of the hides. Using the systems, methods, and software applications disclosed herein, the color and quality of hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  can be taken into account and the nesting program can be run on all the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  to increase optimization of placement of the templates instead of doing nesting the templates one hide at a time. 
     For example, hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  may be tagged and processed to virtually mark the defects and boundaries on the respective image of the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  and the hides set aside for later processing. Once hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  are selected for a piece of furniture, the software application can take the images of the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  and the nesting of the different templates of panels used in the piece of furniture can be tried in many different ways to maximum the yield from the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5 . Thus, the best placement of the templates of the panels to be cut from the hides as well as the best order for processing the hides can be accomplished. Once the nestings of the templates are selected for hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5 , each hide AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  can be individually identified as described above to pull up the correct image with the boundaries, defects, and nested templates and the respective hide placed on the cutting table to match the displayed image. The hide can then be cut manually as described above, cut by placing dies that correspond to the templates and pressing the dies, or cut by an automatic cutting machine using the displayed patterns. 
     In particular, in some embodiments, the nesting of templates for the panels of the piece of furniture can be performed a plurality of times on all the selected hides to determine which combination of a hide of the selected hides and templates being nested can provide the best yield. The nesting can be repeated for the remaining hides and templates until all the templates for the piece of furniture is used. In this manner, yield from selected hides can be optimized such that large leftover pieces from any remaining hide can be used in other pieces of furniture. In some instances, an entire hide may be salvageable for later use. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG. 10C , the hides corresponding to hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  can be selected for use to form panels for a piece of furniture. The nesting of templates for the panels of the piece of furniture can be performed a plurality of times on all the selected hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  to determine which combination of a hide of the selected hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  and templates being nested can provide the best yield. Once the controller of the system which can include a computer and appropriate software of a non-transitory computer readable medium have analyze the iterations of nested templates on each of the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  for best yield, a first confirmed nested covering, or hide can be identified. For instance, of the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5 , it was determined that hide AH 3  with certain templates of the needed panels placed thereon provided the best yield. Thereby, hide AH 3  with those nested templates can be considered a first nested covering NH 1  (shown without the templates). First nested covering NH 1  will be used to cut the panels associated with the templates therein for the end product of the piece of furniture. Therefore, the hide AH 3  and the associated templates are set for first nested covering NH 1 . 
     Once first nested covering NH 1  is identified from the selected hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 3 , AH 4 , AH 5  and the templates for the needed panels, the remaining selected hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 4 , AH 5  can be nested again with the remaining templates for the needed panels. In the example shown in  FIG. 10C , for example, hide AH 3  and the associated templates from first nested covering NH 1  can be removed from consideration and the nesting of the remaining templates for the panels of the piece of furniture can be performed a plurality of times on the remaining selected hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 4 , AH 5  to determine which combination of a remaining hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 4 , AH 5  of the selected hides and remaining templates being nested can provide the best remaining yield. In the example shown in  FIG. 10C , of the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 4 , AH 5 , it was determined that hide AH 5  with certain templates of the remaining needed panels placed thereon provided the best yield. Thereby, hide AH 5  with those nested templates can be considered a second nested covering NH 2  (shown without the templates). Second nested covering NH 2  will be used to cut the panels associated with those used remaining templates therein for the piece of furniture. Therefore, the hide AH 5  and the associated remaining templates are set for second nested covering NH 2 . 
     Similarly, once first nested covering NH 1  is identified from the selected hides and the templates for the needed panels, the remaining selected hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 4 , can be nested again with the remaining templates for the needed panels. In the example shown in  FIG. 10C , of the hides AH 1 , AH 2 , AH 4  it was determined that hide AH 1  with certain templates of the remaining needed panels placed thereon provided the best yield. Thereby, hide AH 1  with those nested templates can be considered a third nested covering NH 2  (shown without the templates). Third nested covering NH 3  will be used to cut the panels associated with those used remaining templates therein for the piece of furniture. 
     Thus, the performing of the nesting of the remaining templates for the panels of the piece of furniture on the remaining selected hides AH 2 , AH 4  can be repeated until all the templates of the panels used in the piece of furniture have been used. In this manner, in the example shown in  FIG. 10C , it was determined that hide AH 4  with certain remaining nested templates should be set as the fourth nested covering NH 4 . If needed hide AH 2  can be used for any remaining templates and large enough portions of hide AH 2  can be used in other applications to increase maximization of yield. If not needed, hide AH 2  can be recycled and used for another product. 
     In this manner, the system, methods and appropriate software applications disclosed herein can provide a manufacturer the ability to increase the yield of the coverings for any type of product in which those coverings, such as animal hides, are used. 
     Once the corrected image with any projected features such as the necessary virtual markings is projected, the user can either cut the leather pieces from the hide AH with a powered or non-powered knife  70  or mark them on the hide with a pen by following the projected template outlines  60  as shown in  FIG. 11 . 
     The worktable  20  could be part of an automated cutting machine. In this case, the controller can process computerized nested image of the hide AH to drive the automated cutting machine. If the cutting machine was equipped with two worktables  20  and associated camera  12  and projector  14  for each, the operators could process a second hide while the cutting machine cuts the first hide. 
     Alternatively, the leather hide AH can be removed from the table and the digitized image of the leather hide with marked imperfections saved for later use. At a later time or at a different worktable or location, the digitized image of leather hide with marked imperfections could be retrieved, nested with the templates, and projected onto another similar cutting table or the cutting surface of an automated cutting machine. An automated cutting machine operator would place this pre-defect detected hide on the machine-cutting surface. A corrected digital camera  12  would then capture an image of the hide boundary and calculate a fit against the previous nested hide boundary of the same hide. A corrected projector  14  would display a corrected image of the original hide boundary  66 , all imperfections  50 ,  52 ,  54 , and the templates  60 ,  63 ,  64  to be cut out of the hide on the machine-cutting surface. The operator could then massage the hide boundary to the edge of the nested hide image if necessary and start the cutting machine. 
       FIGS. 12-15  illustrate an embodiment of systems and methods for processing fabrics or other sheet material that have been manufactured in roll form. Since fabrics and other materials are manufactured in roll form, the same type of system can be made on a moveable mount that can travel up and down the length of a long cutting table. The system can work in a similar manner to the leather processing system  10  with one exception. Since the nested templates for fabric are rectilinear (like the fabric itself), each time the camera is moved a different portion of the nested templates can be displayed. To accomplish this, the worktable itself can use registration marks such as binary dots so that the system can determine where the current projector position is in relation to the fabric and worktable and in turn be able to project the correct portion of the nested templates. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 12 and 13 , a system, generally designated  80 , that employs a method for achieving improvements in covering utilization and labor costs is provided. For example, the system  80  can be used to aid in the cutting of fabric. The system  80  has similar components to the system  10  described above in reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 . The system  80  can include a worktable  90 , an imaging device  82 , an image projector  84  and a controller  100  (shown schematically). 
     The work table  92  can include one or more roll mounts  92  for housing rolls R of fabrics F. The roll mounts  92  allow the fabric F to be pulled from the roll R and laid on the worktable for processing and cutting. The roll mounts  92  can be attached to the worktable  90  or can be a separate structure. The fabric f can be pulled from the roll R. Guides (not shown) can be provided under or over which the fabric F can be run to align the fabric with the top  94  of the worktable  90 . Due to the rectilinear nature of the fabric being packaged in roll form, the worktable  90  can be long. For example, the worktable  90  can be longer than the worktable  20 . By having a longer worktable  90 , more fabric can be processed along the worktable with each laying of the fabric F. 
     A rolling rack frame  86  can be provided and mounted to the worktable  90  with the imaging device  82  and a projector  84  mounted to the rack frame  86 . In this manner, both the imaging device  82  and the projector  84  can be secured in their desired height and angle positions above the worktable  90  by the rack frame  86  as shown in  FIGS. 12-14 . The rack frame  86  can include wheels, or rollers,  88  or some other movement mechanism thereon that allow the rack frame  86  to move up and down the worktable  90  in the directions FW and BW for processing the fabric F. The rollers  88  can run along a track (not shown) to keep that rollers  88  in position. The rack frame  86  can be any structure that can be moved along the worktable  90  and can hold the camera  82  and the projector  84  in their desired positions relative to the worktable  90  without interference with the operation of the camera  82  and projector  84 . Ideally, the frame  86  should provide minimal obtrusiveness to the fabric marking and cutting operations. For example, in the embodiment shown, the rack frame  86  provides easy access over the roller bars  86 A of the frame  86  to the worktable  90 . The location of the imaging device  82  and projector  84  on the frame  86  can vary. In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 12-14 , the camera  82  can be located at central portion of an end  86 B of the rack frame  86  above the worktable  90  and the projector  84  can be located on a side portion of the end  86 B. The imaging device  82  can be held in position by a bracket  86 C and the projector  84  can be held in position by a casing  86 D. As noted above, other configurations of the frame and/or positioning of the imaging device and projector are contemplated. 
     As stated above in order to move the rack frame  86  with the imaging device  82  and projector  84  thereon, registration marks  96 , such as binary dots, can be used so that the system  80  can determine where the current projector position is in relation to the fabric and worktable and in turn be able to project the correct portion of the nested templates as shown in  FIG. 15 . At various points along the length of the cutting table, registration marks, or location marks,  96  can be placed on the top surface  94  of the worktable  90  for the purpose of position location by the system  80 . For example, the registration marks  96  can be at a location on the worktable  90  that is between the track T on which the rollers  88  of the rack frame  86  run and the position on the top surface  94  of the worktable  90  where the fabric F resides. In this manner, the nested templates (not shown) can be virtually projected onto the fabric F, which can have a fabric pattern P thereon, and the movement of the rack frame  86  and the imaging device  82  and projector  84  can be taken into account. 
     When processing roll goods, such as fabrics, predetermined positions along the worktable can be used to determine where the current projector position is in relation to the fabric and worktable. For example, detents can be placed in the tracks to hold the rack frame  86  in each predetermined position. These detents can operate as registration marks. By using predetermined positions, the creation of the coordinate transformation tables for captured images and projected images for the long table can be collected in sections. For example, the camera can be moved to a predetermined position. The image taken at that position is used to create the first coordinate transformation table for that position. Additionally, the projector can be corrected at these predetermined positions by creating a second coordinate transformation table for each of these positions. 
     The imaging device  82  and projector  84  can be the same as the imaging device  12  and projector  14  that are used in the system  10  to process animal hides. Thus, the imaging device  82  and projector  84  will only be briefly described. The imaging device  82  is used to capture images of objects or coverings placed on the worktable  90 , such as the fabrics F. The imaging device  82  can be a camera. For example, the camera can be a still-photographic or video camera. The camera can provide a digital image or can provide an image that can be digitized. For example, the imaging device  82  can be a digital camera. The imaging device  82  can be placed at a distance D 3  that permits the imaging device  82  to obtain the image, i.e., photograph, of a portion of the fabric F on the worktable  90  during use of the system  80 . In particular, the image to be obtained by the imaging device  82  can extend from side  90 A to side  90 A of the worktable  90 , but not necessarily from end  90 B to end  90 B. 
     The image projector  84  is used to project an image back onto the worktable  90 . The image projector  84  can be a video projector, such as a digital video projector. The image projector  84  can be positioned at a distance D 4  from the center of the worktable  90 . The distance D 4  can be such that it permits the projector  84  to display an image of the fabric F that is dimensionally the same as that portion of the fabric F in the image that is taken by the imaging device  82 . The distance D 4  can vary depending on the arrangement of the projector  84 . As stated above, imaging device  82  and image projector  84  can be a different position on the rack frame  86 . Further, a device that both takes images and projects them can be used. 
     The camera  82  and the projector  84  can be in communication with the controller  100  (shown in schematic form in  FIGS. 12 and 13 ) in the same or similar manner as described above in reference to system  10 . The controller  100  can include a computer device such as a PLC, a microcomputer, a personal computer, or the like. Further, the controller  100  can include one or more pointing devices, as described above, such a wired or wireless mouse, that can be used in electronically marking the fabric F in a manner that is the same or similar to that explained above with reference to system  10 . The controller  100  can be used to control the operation of camera  82  and projector  84 . For example, the controller  100  can be in wired or wireless communication with the camera  82  and the projector  84 . The controller  100  can include software for controlling the camera  82  and projector  84 , correcting the images taken by the camera  82  and the images projected by the projector  84 , and for electronically marking the fabric and nesting the desired templates to optimize the yield of the fabric in a manner similar to that explained above with reference to system  10  and as will be explained in more detail below. For example, the electronic marking can occur by using a software program on the controller  100  that uses a coordinate system to mark the boundaries of the fabric F in a corrected digital image of the fabric F and the movement of the pointing device(s) relative to those boundaries and saving that information for future use. 
     To insure the accuracy of the system  80  in marking and cutting, for example, a fabric F, the imaging device  82  and image projector  84  can be calibrated or corrected in that same manner as described above with respect to system  10 . Therefore, the calibration and correction procedures will not be described again with reference to this embodiment. 
     The system  80  can be used to process fabrics F by virtually marking the fabric for cutting. The system  80  can be used as follows. After laying the fabric F out on the worktable  90 , the operator can start at one end of the worktable  90  with the rolling rack frame  86  positioned so that an end of the fabric F is positioned in the active area of the system  80 . After activating the system  80  for a new job, the system  80  can capture an image of the fabric F in the active area of the system  80 . This image can then be processed so the position of the rolling rack frame  86  in relation to the worktable  90  is known. The system can be used on expensive matched fabrics, for example. 
     More expensive furniture often uses fabric that must be matched when applied. The most complicated matching is required with floral patterns. Examples of matching are (1) a stripe that starts at the lower back of a sofa and continues up the back, over the top, down the seat back, across the seat, and down the front to the bottom; (2) each cushion has a flower centered thereon; or (3) trees or animals that are larger than a single piece of fabric in the furniture and which appear to flow across two or more pieces. 
     Matched fabric is typically manufactured by weaving, knitting, or printing. Unfortunately, as fabric is manufactured, it must pass over many rollers. As a result of the manufacturing process, fabric typically has skew (i.e., the yarn going from one edge to the other across the fabric is not perpendicular to the length of the fabric) or bow (i.e., the yarn is not straight) or both. Moreover, with printed fabric, the fabric is typically printed with a printing cylinder or by screen printing. With either method of printing, the repeat of the pattern is not consistent. Even if the repeat was originally perfect, the fabric stretches as it is processed. Accordingly, the manufactured fabric typically differs considerably from the ideal in terms of skew, bow and repeat. The fabric may also have other defects including but not limited to dropped threads, holes, and printing defects. Because of these many defects, matched fabric cannot be stacked with any reliability of pattern match and therefore must be cut one layer at time. 
     The controller  100  can store a library of template patterns, each of which comprises a number of nested templates for a particular item of furniture. The proper template pattern for the fabric to be nested can be obtained and displayed on a display screen. The image of the fabric can be superimposed on the template pattern. The operator can effect movement of the displayed nested templates relative to one another and relative to the displayed image of the fabric in order to individually align the displayed templates to the displayed image of the fabric. In performing this individual alignment, the operator can pan from one section of the fabric to another and can zoom (magnify or reduce) a section of the fabric. The image device  82  can pan or zoom so that the image of the fabric moves along with the superimposed template images. The zooming or panning of the image device  82  can take place by moving the image device  82 . If the image device  82  is a stationary camera, zooming and panning can take place by manipulating the stored digital image. 
     The system  80  provides flexible on-screen manipulation of the nested templates for the fabric on the controller  100 . In particular, an individual template can be translated relative to the remaining templates and the fabric image to provide fabric match. An individual template may also be rotated relative to the other templates and the fabric. An individual template may also be skewed or bowed to take into account nonlinear variations in the fabric. Accordingly, each template may be individually nested to provide optimal alignment with the actual fabric, notwithstanding skew, bow, repeat errors, dropped threads, holes or other imperfections and defects. 
     The operator can define the location of any defects in the active area of the system  80  using the same virtual marking technique used on the leather hides AH in the system  10 . The operator can also select with the pointing device the matchpoint of the fabric F. A fabric matchpoint is simply the exact location of the desired pattern center. This fabric matchpoint can be, for example, the center of a flower, center of a stripe, or the center of a plaid that is pnnted on or woven or knitted into the fabric F. After defect definition is complete for the first section of the fabric F, the rolling rack frame  86  can then be manually pushed to the next section of the fabric F and the process would be repeated. Alternatively, the rolling rack frame  86  can be motorized so that it can be moved automatically or through initiation by the operator. After the full length of the fabric F on the worktable  90  has been processed, the controller  100  will nest the templates for maximum fabric yield. This nesting will take into account the previously defined defects as well as the vertical and horizontal distance between the matchpoints. 
     After the nesting is complete, the templates can be projected onto the fabric F by the image projector  84  as virtual markings. The system  80  can project the portion of the nested templates necessary for any position of the rolling rack frame  86  along the length of the worktable  90 . Each time the rolling rack frame  86  is moved to a different area of the worktable  90 , an image is captured and processed to determine the current location of rack frame  86  in relation to the worktable  90  and only that portion of the nested templates is displayed. For each position along the worktable  90 , the operator will cut along the projected template lines eliminating the need to manually mark around physical templates and thereby saving labor cost. 
     Thus, according to the present subject matter, systems and methods are provided for increasing yield and decreasing labor in processing coverings for consumer products. The methods and systems can utilize a pair of coordinate transformation tables, used to correct images captured by a digital imaging device and then displayed by a video projector. The methods and systems then use virtual markings to define defects and cutting lines. For example, once the covering is placed on the table of the system, the operator or operators can then use a pointing device projected by a coordinate transformation table-corrected video projector to define any imperfections on the covering using virtual markings. Nesting of templates for cutting patterns can then be performed with the cutting lines defined by virtual markings projected on the covering. Using the corrected image, the computer can place, rotate, bow and skew each template and project the results by correcting each portion of the image with a coordinate transformation table and projecting the results. 
     For example with an animal hide, a digital camera captures an image of the hide and corrects the image through a coordinate transformation table. The corrected image is then corrected for display using a second coordinate transformation table for the video projector. The resulting image, which includes the hide boundary, is then projected onto the leather hide. The resulting digital hide boundary and imperfection data is then combined with templates and nesting software to generate an optimized nest. This optimized nest of templates is converted into an image, which is corrected through the video projector coordinate transformation table and then projected back onto the hide as virtual markings. The operator then cuts the hide using a powered or non-powered knife following the projected template outlines. An automated cutting machine equipped with a corrected camera and projector can use this data to cut. Similar methods and systems can be used for fabrics as outlined above. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure shown in the Figures and described above are exemplary of numerous embodiments that can be made within the scope of the present subject matter. It is contemplated that the configurations of the systems and methods for covering processing and cutting can comprise numerous configurations other than those specifically disclosed. The scope of the present subject matter in this disclosure should be interpreted broadly.