Patent Publication Number: US-2022236586-A1

Title: Apparatus and method for displaying a three-dimensional image

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE 
     This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCTCN2017/094217, filed Jul. 25, 2017, which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 62/367,087 filed Jul. 26, 2016 all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates to an apparatus and method for displaying a three-dimensional image. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Holographic display technologies are used to display three-dimensional images and animation and may be utilized in applications such as telepresence videoconferencing where it is desirable to provide the effect of a remotely located person being physically present. 
     Unfortunately, existing holographic display technologies tend to require relatively complex and expensive optical hardware and software processing systems as well as vast amounts of data to suitably render a single three-dimensional image. Whilst the use of existing holographic technologies is perceived to be desirable in certain applications, the relative costs and complexity of implementation has meant that it is not practical for day-to-day usage by the general public. 
     SUMMARY OF THE APPLICATION 
     The present application seeks to alleviate at least one of the above-described problems. 
     The present application may involve several aspects. Embodiments of the present application may include one or any combination of the different aspects herein described. 
     In an aspect, there is provided an apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image, including: a base; a driving mechanism disposed on the base; a support element movably mounted to the base and controllably driven by the driving mechanism; and a light source set disposed on the support element and configured to controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission; wherein the driving mechanism is configured to move the support element in a predetermined pattern of movement, a plurality of light emission patterns formed by the light source set during the movement of the support element collectively constituting a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. 
     In another aspect, there is provided an apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image, including: a microcontroller which is programmed to control an operation of the apparatus; a base; a driving mechanism disposed on the base; a support element movably mounted to the base and controllably driven by the driving mechanism; a light source set disposed on the support element and configured to controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission; wherein the microcontroller comprises a processor, a memory store and an input interface; the memory store contains programming instructions readable by the processor; the processor is configured to perform the programming instructions to cause the driving mechanism to move the support element in a predetermined pattern of movement, a plurality of light emission patterns formed by the light source set during the movement of the support element collectively constituting a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. 
     In a third aspect, there is provided a method for displaying a three-dimensional image, including: providing an apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image, the apparatus comprising: abase; a driving mechanism disposed on the base; a support element movably mounted to the base and controllably driven by the driving mechanism; a light source set disposed on the support element and configured to controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission; controlling the driving mechanism to move the support element in a predetermined pattern of movement, a plurality of light emission patterns formed by the light source set during the movement of the support element collectively constituting a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. 
     In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method for displaying a three-dimensional image, including: providing an apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image, the apparatus comprising: a flat screen video display configured to controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission; an array of fiber optic strands, one end of which forms a flat surface that is in contact with said screen video display, and the other end of said array terminates in a form of an anthropomorphic face, such that light from the pixels of the flat display is conveyed by the fiber optic strands to corresponding regions on the 3D facial form; an imaging system that control the display of video of faces on the flat display in ways that align the geometry of the video face with the 3D facial form in the array of fiber optics, for example: the eyes in a video face are displayed in the 3D form of eyes in the array of fiber optics, collectively constituting a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. 
     In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method for displaying a three-dimensional image, including: providing an apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image, the apparatus comprising: a screen display comprising an array of controllable pixels which can display video imagery, which is fabricated into a variably curved surface geometry corresponding to the form of an anthropomorphic face, and which may be configured into a controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission; an imaging system that control the display of video of faces on the flat display in ways that align the geometry of a video face with the 3D facial form in the array of pixels (for example: eyes in a video face are displayed in pixels that align with the 3D form of eyes in the array); collectively constituting a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. 
     In a sixth aspect, there is In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method for displaying a three-dimensional image, including: providing an apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image, the apparatus comprising: an at least somewhat flexible screen display comprising an array of controllable pixels which can display video imagery, fabricated into a variably curved surface form, with a geometry corresponding to the a form of an anthropomorphic face, and which may be configured into a controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission; an imaging system that control the display of video of faces on the flat display in ways that align the geometry of a video face with the 3D facial form in the array of pixels (for example: eyes in a video face are displayed in pixels that align with the 3D form of eyes in the array); and a robotically motorized actuation of the flexible display surface to enhance the 3D effect of the display; collectively constituting a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The present application will become more fully understood from the following detailed description of a preferred but non-limiting embodiments thereof, described in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a functional block diagram of a display apparatus according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application; 
         FIG. 2  depicts an exemplary support element according to an embodiment of the present application comprising a two-dimensional mesh upon which a plurality of light sources is mounted; 
         FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary thin filament support element according to an embodiment of the present application upon which a plurality of light sources is mounted; 
         FIG. 4  depicts a functional block diagram of one aspect of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3  where a microcontroller is interfaced with multiple DC motors to drive movement of the thin filament support element in multiple axes; 
         FIG. 5  depicts a topographical view of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3  illustrating that the cross−sectional planes of a three-dimensional image that are able to be rendered as the thin filament support element is rotated about in multiple axes; 
         FIG. 6  depicts a further embodiment of the present application comprising multiple thin filament support elements with light sources disposed thereon which are each rotatably movable to render a unique cross-section of a three-dimensional image, and whereby the multiple support elements are arranged malignment along a common axis of rotation; 
         FIG. 7  depicts a further embodiment of the present application comprising multiple thin filament support elements with light sources disposed thereon which are each rotatably movable to render a unique cross-section of a three-dimensional image, and whereby the multiple support elements are arranged in staggered arrangement along two parallel axes of rotation; 
         FIG. 8  depicts a further embodiment of the present application where a suitably flexible thin filament support element is shown to have standing wave induced in it to controllably hold light sources m substantially fixed positions based on the standing wave properties; and 
         FIG. 9  depicts an exemplary application of an embodiment of the present application where the embodiment is used to render a head and face of a robotics system in place of a physical robotic head and face. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to a preferred embodiment of the apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image, examples of which are also provided in the following description. Exemplary embodiments of the display apparatus are described in detail, although it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that some features that are not particularly important to an understanding of the display apparatus may not be shown for the sake of clarity. 
     Furthermore, it should be understood that the display apparatus is not limited to the precise embodiments described below and that various changes and modifications thereof may be affected by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the protection. For example, elements and/or features of different illustrative embodiments may be combined with each other and/or substituted for each other within the scope of this disclosure and appended claims. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 1 and 2 , an exemplary embodiment of the present application provides an apparatus  100  for displaying a three-dimensional image. The apparatus  100  may include a base  110 ; a support element  120  movably mounted to the base  110 ; a light source set  130  disposed on the support element  120  and configured to controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission; and a driving mechanism  140  disposed on the base  110 . The base  110  may be configured to firmly secure the apparatus  100  in a substantially stationary position in its required location of operation. The driving mechanism  140  may be configured to move the support element  120  in a predetermined pattern of movement such that a plurality of light emission patterns formed by the light source set  130  during the movement of the support element  120  collectively constitute a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. As an example, the driving mechanism  140  may include a DC motor  141 . Furthermore, as shown in  FIG. 1 , the driving mechanism  140  may also include a wave resonator  145 , as will be described below. 
     Embodiments of the present application may also include an ambient light sensor  150  calibrated to approximate sensitivity of a human eye to light emissions from under a variety of lighting conditions ranging from low-light to bright sunlight. Conveniently, the lighting characteristics of the light source set  130  may be dynamically adjusted to compensate for variation in the ambient lighting conditions sensed by the ambient light sensor  150 . Conveniently, where the ambient light levels are higher, the chromatic and luminance components may be enhanced to provide more suitable visual definition against the ambient light background, whilst in low-light conditions, the chromatic and luminance components of the light source set  130  may be lowered to conserve power. 
     Conveniently, the displayed three-dimensional volumetric image may be used to simulate the appearance of a three-dimensional holographic image, however, utilizing relatively less complex and less costly componentry to render the image than would otherwise be incurred utilizing actual holographic image reproduction technology. 
     With continued reference to  FIG. 1 , a microcontroller  160  may be provided which may be programmed to control various aspects of the operation of the display apparatus  100  including the speed of movement of the support element  120 , variations in the speed of motion and so on. The microcontroller  160  may include a processor unit  160 A, a memory store  160 B and an input interface  160 C whereby commands are entered into the input interface  160 C for the apparatus  100  to display desired images. The memory store  160 B may contain programming instructions readable by the processor  160 A to drive the driving mechanism  140  in a predetermined pattern of motion which suitably controls movement of the support element  120 . The microcontroller  160  and interfacing circuitry may be conveniently housed in a hollow compartment of the base  110  adjacent the driving mechanism  140 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the apparatus  100  may be used as a peripheral device attachable to a laptop  180  or a smartphone  170  via a wired (e.g., USB) or wireless communication protocol link such as a network  195 . The apparatus  100  may be a compact display which may be used for any number of purposes including as a learning aid for users to visualize subject matter that involve substantial three-dimensional aspects. Alternatively, the compact display may serve as a novelty item for reproducing pre-recorded birthday greetings from family members or friends or even fictional characters. Compact embodiments of this nature may be implemented using a single-filament support element rotatably movable around multiple axes from a single point of rotation on a compact base, as will be discussed in detail below. The support element may include one more spring elements. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , the light source set  130  may include a plurality of light sources  130  disposed on the support element  120  in a uniformly spaced-apart configuration. The support element  120  may include a two-dimensional mesh structure comprising first and second sets of mesh wires  120 A,  120 B arranged in a crisscross pattern. The mesh wires  120 A,  120 B are of suitable material (aluminum, carbon fiber, nylon, or spring steel, etc.), shape (rectangle, or square, etc.) and dimensions to support the weight of the plurality of light sources  130  mounted to it and are also suitably shaped and dimensioned to alleviate air resistance when the mesh of the support element  120  is moved back and forth in reciprocating motion relative to the base  110  during operation of the display apparatus  100 , as will be described in further detail below. The support element  120  may include an elongate shaft  120 C connecting with the mesh structure and having one end operably-coupled to the suitably powered DC motor  141  housed within the base  110  whereby the DC motor  141  is able to rotate the two-dimensional mesh structure of the support element  120  in reciprocating motion around an axis X of the elongate shaft  120 C in use. 
     The plurality of light sources  130  may be a plurality of RGB light emitting diodes LEDs which function as three-dimensional volumetric pixels i.e. “voxels” of the image displayed by the apparatus  100 . The number of LEDs that are utilized will depend upon the size, dimensions and suitability of the material comprising the mesh of the support element  120  that is capable of supporting the weight of the LEDs  130  without compromising operational performance. The number of LEDs  130  that are used should be such as is necessary to provide a requisite degree of image definition of the three-dimensional volumetric image compatible with the specific application. 
     The LEDs  130  are soldered to the mesh of the support element  120  at the intersections of the first and second transverse sets of wires  120 A,  120 B so that the apertures  121  are not blocked and air resistance against the mesh of the support element  120  is minimized as the mesh of the support element  120  is moved in reciprocating motion. Conveniently, the first set of wires  120 A are configured to serve as a ground terminal and the second set of wires  120 B are configured to serve as an active terminal of a power supply such that the LEDs  130  are able to be both supported by the mesh  120  and also draw power from the mesh  120  when suitably attached thereon. 
     In alternate embodiments of the present application, the plurality of light sources  130  may be integrally formed in a thin film display technology such as POLED (flexible organic light-emitting device) comprising a relatively flexible, durable and lightweight base substrate such as clear plastic film or reflective metal foil. In such embodiments, a two-dimensional POLED substrate having the plurality of light sources integrally formed therein may be attached to the two-dimensional mesh of the support element. Openings may also be punched in the POLED material to reduce air resistance when the POLED material is moved in reciprocating motion with the mesh. 
     To display a desired three-dimensional volumetric image, the two-dimensional mesh of the support element  120  is rotated around the axis of the elongate shaft  120 C in reciprocating motion. At predetermined spatial increments along the arc of rotation, the LEDs  130  disposed on the two-dimensional mesh of the support element  120  are controllably illuminated in accordance with a predetermined sequence of illumination patterns. Each of the illumination patterns along the arc of rotation, i.e., each of the plurality of light emission patterns formed by the light source set  130  during the movement of the support element  120 , are configured to render a cross-section CS 1  . . . CS 9  appearance of the overall three-dimensional volumetric image and whereby all of the rendered cross-sections CS 1  . . . CS 9  of the image as shown in  FIG. 2  are perceived by the human eye as an overall three-dimensional volumetric image based on the principle persistence of vision. As the mesh is rotated in back and forth motion, the plurality of LEDs  130  may be configured to refresh certain cross-sections CS 1  . . . CS 9  of the three-dimensional image with the same illumination characteristics on multiple passes for instance where such cross-sections of the image are intended to appear static, or, may be configured to sequentially vary the illumination characteristics of certain cross-sections for instance in order to provide the perception of movement. The degree of definition of the three-dimensional image may be controlled by a number of factors including controlling the speed of reciprocating motion of the mesh, the magnitude of spatial increments between rendered cross-sections of the three-dimensional images, the number of cross-sections of the image that are rendered, the number of LEDs disposed on the mesh, as well as the range of illumination of each LED that are able to be varied. Any of these factors may be controllably varied in the design and implementation of embodiments of the present application depending upon the specific requirements and application involved. The microcontroller  160  may be programmed to controllably vary the illumination characteristics of the light source set  130  at each of the cross-sections CSI . . . CS 9  of the image being displayed as the light source set  130  are rotated around on the mesh of the support element  120 . In addition, the predetermined pattern of light emissions may include a predetermined color and luminance characteristic of the light emissions. 
     Movement of the support element  120  need not necessarily be reciprocating motion and may involve motion in any number of predetermined patterns. It would be appreciated that in embodiments of the present application, the support element  120  may be controllably moved in any number of ways including at least one of a rotational motion, a reciprocating motion, an oscillatory motion, a wave-like motion and a sliding motion. For example, the display apparatus  100  may include one or more guide tracks/rails disposed on the base  110 , and the support element  120  may be configured to be controllably moved in the sliding motion along with the one or more guide tracks/rails. Also, in embodiments of the present application, the pattern of movement of the support element may involve variable speed and/or variable acceleration as it is progressed along the predetermined path of movement in rendering the various cross-sections of the three-dimensional. Thus, for instance, the support element  120  may be positioned for a longer duration at certain cross-sections than at others. In an embodiment, the illumination characteristics of each of the LEDs  130 , such as the chromatic and luminance components, may be controllably varied to assist in providing contrast and texturing of the image at each cross-section CS 1  . . . CS 9  rendered. 
     In other applications, it is envisaged that the three-dimensional display apparatus may be utilized as a real-time telepresence device whereby the three-dimensional spatial co-ordinates and geometry of a remote user&#39;s human face as well as the lighting and textural features of the facial features may be scanned by the camera of the smartphone  170  or laptop  180  as shown in  FIG. 1 . The scanned features are able to be processed by a software application running on the smartphone  170  to extract the requisitefacial information and converted into input control instructions to allow reproduction of these features by the three-dimensional display apparatus. These input control instructions are communicated via the communication network  195  such as the Internet to the three-dimensional display apparatus  100  and the microcontroller  160  is configured to controllably move the support element  120  and controllably illuminate the plurality of LEDs  130  disposed thereon in a manner described above so as to suitably reproduce the scanned facial image by reference to the received input control instructions. 
     In seeking to enhance the realism of the facial features rendered, the support element  120  is further configured with a three-dimensional shape contour which generally approximates the curved contours of the eye regions of a humanoid head. In such applications, a POLED or similar type thin film light emission technology may be more suitable for use in providing the plurality of light sources on the three-dimensional curved contours of the support element. 
     In alternative embodiments of the present application, the support element need not be a two-dimensional structure. For instance, as shown in  FIGS. 3 to 5 , the support element of the display apparatus  300  may include a thin elongate filament  320  or the like having light sources  330  arranged along the length of the thin filament  320 . The filament  320  could be configured for attachment to the base  310  via a rotating turret  315  whereby the filament  320  is controllably movable in multiple axes relative to the base  310  in order to render the three-dimensional volumetric image. For instance, the filament  320  may be rotated about the turret  315  in a first plane in reciprocating fashion whereby the light sources  330  disposed on the filament  320  are controllably illuminated to suitably render a two-dimensional representation of a cross-section of the three-dimensional image. As the turret  315  is rotated about the base  310 , the filament  320  is able to be rotated about the turret  315  to render different cross-sections of the three dimensional volumetric image.  FIG. 5  shows a topographical view of each of the cross-sectional planes CS of the three dimensional volumetric image that are rendered as the turret  315  rotates about the base  310 —i.e. shown as dotted lines extending radially away from the turret  315  in the top view. As shown in the functional block diagram of  FIG. 4 , the microcontroller  360  is interfaced with multiple DC motors  340 A,  340 B to controllably rotate the filament  320  relative to the turret  315 , and, to rotate the turret  315  relative to the base  310 , respectively. Advantageously, in addition to being compact in nature and more easily stowed when not in use, the use of a single filament type configuration alleviates the need for a heavier and more cumbersome two-dimensional support element and may render each two-dimensional cross-section of the three-dimensional volumetric image sequentially utilizing less hardware componentry and alleviating the associated hardware costs. 
     Yet, as shown in the topographical views of  FIGS. 6 and 7 , a plurality of filaments  420  may be employed with light sources  430  disposed along their lengths. In one exemplary configuration shown in  FIG. 6 , each of the plurality of filaments  420  are aligned along and configured to rotate in reciprocating motion around a common axis XI to render the different cross-sections of the three-dimensional volumetric image. Alternatively, as shown in  FIG. 7 , the plurality of filaments  420  may be arranged in staggered formation along two parallel axes X 2 , X 3  and configured to rotate around the two parallel axes X 2 , X 3  in interlacing fashion. In each configuration, the plurality of filaments  420  may be configured to be rotated simultaneously, or, may be rotated independently of each other. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , the support element used in certain embodiments of the present application may be formed from a suitably flexibly deformable material whereby a standing wave may be induced in the support element  520  during operation. By controlling the properties of the standing wave induced in the flexible support element  520  light sources  530  disposed on the support element  520  are able to be controllably positioned or concentrated in a desired position. Referring back to  FIG. 1 , any number of off-the-shelf type wave resonators  145  may be suitably interfaced with the flexible support element filament  520  to induce a standing wave in the flexible support element  520 . Conveniently, the relative positions, configurations and distances between the plurality of light sources disposed on the support element are able to be controllably varied in this manner, so as to allow for a greater degree of complexity and flexibility in the three-dimensional images rendered. 
     Embodiments of the present application may have a multitude of useful commercial applications including for instance interfacing with a robotic system to render the animated visual appearance of the robot&#39;s head and face as shown in  FIG. 9 . Advantageously, this may provide a more versatile and lightweight substitute for a physical head and face of a robotic system and may be particularly useful in mobile robotic systems to minimize power consumption and alleviate maintenance costs and complexities associated with conventional three-dimensional display hardware and components. 
     In yet alternate embodiments of the present application, a concave lens is positioned over the support element described above, whereby the lens is configured such that patterns of light emissions emitted from the plurality of light sources on the support element are perceptible through the lens by the human eye as a three-dimensional image or animation. 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present provides a method for displaying a three-dimensional image. The method may include providing an apparatus for displaying a three-dimensional image including: a base; a driving mechanism disposed on the base; a support element movably mounted to the base and controllably driven by the driving mechanism; and a light source set disposed on the support element and configured to controllably form a predetermined pattern of light emission. The method may further include controlling the driving mechanism to move the support element in a predetermined pattern of movement such that a plurality of light emission patterns formed by the light source set during the movement of the support element collectively constitute a three-dimensional image perceptible by a human eye. 
     The following description is intended to provide an overview of device hardware and other operating components suitable for performing the methods of the invention described herein. This description is not intended to limit the applicable environments or the scope of the invention. Similarly, the hardware and other operating components may be suitable as part of the apparatuses described above. Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations can be used by those skilled in the computer and software related fields. In one embodiment, an algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to the desired result. The operations performed as methods stops or otherwise described herein are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, transformed, compared, and otherwise manipulated. 
     The present invention, in some embodiments, also relates to the apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may include a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. 
     The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. 
     Embodiments of the invention may be implemented in many different forms, including, but in no way limited to, computer program logic for use with a processor (e.g., a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or general purpose computer), programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device, (e.g., a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other PLD), discrete components, integrated circuitry (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)), or any other means including any combination thereof. In a typical embodiment of the present invention, the processor-based system is implemented as a set of computer program instructions that is converted into a computer executable form, stored as such in a computer readable medium, and executed by a microprocessor under the control of an operating system. Thus, user interface instructions can be transformed into processor understandable instructions suitable using various and other features and embodiments described herein. 
     The computer program may be fixed in any form (e.g., source code form, computer executable form, or an intermediate form) either permanently or transitorily in a tangible storage medium, such as a semiconductor memory device (e.g., a RAM, ROM, PROM, EEPROM, or Flash-Programmable RAM), a magnetic memory device (e.g., a diskette or fixed disk), an optical memory device (e.g., a CD-ROM), a PC card (e.g., PCMCIA card), or other memory device. The computer program may be fixed in any form in a signal that is transmittable to a computer using any of various communication technologies, including, but in no way limited to, analog technologies, digital technologies, optical technologies, wireless technologies (e.g., Bluetooth), networking technologies, and internetworking technologies. The computer program may be distributed in any form as a removable storage medium with accompanying printed or electronic documentation (e.g., shrink-wrapped software), preloaded with a computer system (e.g., on system ROM or fixed disk), or distributed from a server or electronic bulletin board over the communication system (e.g., the internet or World Wide Web). 
     Hardware logic (including programmable logic for use with a programmable logic device) implementing all or part of the functionality previously described herein may be designed using traditional manual methods, or may be designed, captured, simulated, or documented electronically using various tools, such as ComputerAided Design (CAD), a hardware description language (e.g., VHDL or AHDL), or a PLD programming language (e.g., PALASM, ABEL, or CUPL). 
     Memory may also include any means for storing software or other instructions including, for example and without limitation, a hard disk, an optical disk, floppy disk, DVD (digital versatile disc), CD (compact disc), memory stick, flash memory, ROM (read only memory), RAM (random access memory), DRAM (dynamic random access memory), PROM (programmable ROM), EEPROM (extended erasable PROM), and/or other like computer-readable media or machine-readable medium. 
     The term “computer-readable media” or “machine-readable medium” includes any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by a computer or a machine and that cause the computer or machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. While the computer-readable media or machine-readable medium is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “computer-readable media” or “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a database, one or more centralized or distributed databases and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. 
     It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the disclosure have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the disclosure, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, other elements. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, however, that these and other elements may be desirable. However, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the disclosure, a discussion of such elements is not provided herein. It should be appreciated that the figures are presented for illustrative purposes and not as construction drawings. Omitted details and modifications or alternative embodiments are within the purview of persons of ordinary skill in the art. 
     The use of headings and sections in the application is not meant to limit the disclosure; each section can apply to any aspect, embodiment, or feature of the disclosure. 
     Throughout the application, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps. 
     In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components and can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should be understood that elements and/or features of a composition, an apparatus, or a method described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings, whether explicit or implicit herein. 
     The use of the terms “include,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “has,” or “having” should be generally understood as open-ended and non-limiting unless specifically stated otherwise. 
     The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. Moreover, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. 
     It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously. 
     Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the application described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described without departing from the scope of the application. All such variations and modifications which become apparent to persons skilled in the art should be considered to fall within the spirit and scope of the application as broadly hereinbefore described. It is to be understood that the application includes all such variations and modifications. The application also includes all of the steps and features, referred or indicated in the specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features. 
     The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that that prior art forms part of the common general knowledge.