Patent Publication Number: US-2023163351-A1

Title: Large-scale synthesis of powders of solid-state electrolyte material particles for solid-state batteries, systems and methods thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 63/283,214, filed on Nov. 25, 2021, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention generally relates to the preparation of materials for battery applications. More specifically, the invention relates to a composition and a process of manufacturing structured battery cathode or anode active materials or large-scale synthesis of powders of solid-state electrolyte material particles for solid-state batteries or use in secondary and rechargeable batteries. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     In clean energy industries (e.g. batteries for electric vehicles) there is contant demand for lightweight, compact, and high-energy density batteries, and dramatic improvements are required in battery&#39;s safety, energy density, cycle life, large scale production, and low cost. In general, a conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) contains a non-aqueous electrolyte which is liquid-based electrolytes having lithium salts in flammable organic solvent. However, the use of liquid-based electrolytes has its drawbacks. One of the most major drawbacks is its serious safety issues due to its flammability and the presence of the volatile organic solvents used in the electrolytes. Furthermore, the problem of growth of Li dendrites in liquid electrolytes LIBs is unavoidable and can raise the problem of short-circuiting, especially at conditions under high rates of charge/discharge. Other disadvantages for using liquid electrolytes are highly resistive solid-state electrolyte interphases (SEI) at the electrodes leading to capacity loss, leakage, leakage and/or corrosion at the electrodes electrolytic decomposition at high voltages limiting the use of high voltages cathode materials, and formation of hydrogen fluoride (HF) at thermal runaway. 
     While most liquid electrolytes are flammable, solid electrolytes are nonflammable, and are believed to have lower risk of catching fire. In addition, the development of solid-state batteries which would help in overcoming the main problems of batteries containing liquid electrolytes, e.g., leakage and/or corrosion at the electrodes, required the use of solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity; and resist lithium dendrite in a great degree and the cycle life could be extended longer than lithium batteries based on liquid-based electrolyte. Solid-state batteries are usually refer to secondary batteries that use solid-state electrolyte materials instead of liquid-based electrolyte. In solid-state batteries, conventional liquid electrolyte based on flammable carbonate components is replaced by solid electrolyte. Solid-state batteries generally have excellent safety efficiency, high energy density, high ionic conductivity, and a wide variety of operating temperatures. 
     The solid-state batteries offers opportunities for large battery cells, especially in electric vehicle applications. Since solid systems do not require any cooling system, solid-state batteries weigh less and require less space than lithium-ion batteries for powering electric vehicles. 
     In general, there are various synthesis methods for solid-state electrolyte materials, such as pulsed laser deposition, RF magnetron sputtering, solid-state pyrolysis synthesis, sol-gel method, combustion synthesis, ball milling, electrospinning, molten salt method, spark plasma sintering route, atomic layer deposition, etc. However, all these methods are very expensive and not economical for large-scale manufacturing because the methods take a long time to obtain final products (too many production steps), cannot provide products in large amount (e.g., in tons, as compared to grams or kilograms), cannot achieve and sustain intimate solid-solid contact. Therefore, developing a novel manufacturing method for large-scale synthesis and manufacturing of solid-state battery materials for solid-state secondary batteries with high energy density and superior safety performance is desired. 
     Most conventional processes for manufacturing solid-state electrolyte materials include many steps of mixing, adding excess lithium to make up loss of lithium during a high heat sintering process, and many of the steps cannot be performed in a continuous manner in a large scale production line. Also, most conventional processes are static in nature with such disadvantages in costing a large amount of sintered energy, long cycle life, short chamber lifetime, complicated operation steps, low production efficiency, uneven heating, difficulty to control cooling time such that the resulting battery materials are either over heated or not being heated enough. 
     Thus, there is a significant need for an improved method and system to large-scale manufacture solid-state battery materials, including properly crystalized solid-state electrolyte materials in order to obtain high-power battery performance, high capacity, high energy density, long cycle life, excellent thermal stability. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments of the invention generally provide solid-state battery materials, methods and systems for producing solid-state battery materials. One embodiment of the invention provides a method of producing a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) material, including flowing a first flow of a first gas to be mixed with a liquid mixture of digitally-controlled stoichiometrically amounts of a lithium-containing salt, one or more inorganic salts containing one or more metals D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N , forming a gas-liquid mixture and jetting a mist of the liquid mixture at high-powered speed into a power jetting chamber, and delivering a second gas flow of a heated gas into the power jetting chamber. Examples of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  includes of La, Zr, Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof. 
     The method also includes drying the gas-liquid mixture for a first reaction time period of less than 20 min to undergo one or more oxidation reactions in the presence of the second gas flow and form a gas-solid mixture, deliver the gas-solid mixture out of the power jetting chamber, separate the gas-solid mixture into one or more solid particles of the SSE material, and deliver the one or more solid particles into an annealing chamber. In one example, the first reaction time is less than 3 minutes. In another example, the powdered particles are annealed in the dynamic crystallization process in the presence of an oxygen gas flow. 
     Next, the method further includes annealing the one or more solid particles of the SSE material for a second reaction time period of more than 2 hours to undergo a dynamic crystallization process in the presence of a third gas flow and obtain crystalline products. The method optionally includes milling the crystalline products of the ceramic material to obtain nano-sized particles. 
     In one embodiment, the method also includes sintering the crystalline products of the ceramic material at an annealing temperature of 900° C. or higher to further process the ceramic material and measuring the ionic conductivity of the ceramic material. 
     Example of ceramic SSE material includes Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12  doped with one ore more metals, Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 . Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.24 O 12 . Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.22 O 12 , Li 6.76 La 2.87 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 12.35 , Li 6.74 La 2.96 Zr 2.0 Al 0.25 O 12.45 , Li 6.27 La 3.22 Zr 2.0 Al 0.3 O 12.39 , Li 6.4 La 2.87 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 11.98 , Li 6.43 La 2.93 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 12.08 , Li 6.32 La 3.2 Zr 2.0 Al 0.46 O 12.9 , Li 6.57 La 2.99 Zr 2.0 Al 0.22 O 12.22 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.54 La 2.82 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 12.08 , Li 6.49 La 3.28 Zr 2.0 Al 0.31 O 12.7 , Li 6.28 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.24 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3.01 Zr 2.0 Al 0.22 O 11.92 , Li 6.49 La 3.02 Zr 2.0 Al 0.23 O 12.2 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Sr 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Ba 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Ba 1 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 1.26 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.2 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , and combinations thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the crystalline products of the SSE material are in spherical clusters under scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis. In another embodiment, the tap density of the SSE material is more than 1.0 g/ml. For example, the tap density of the SSE material is more than 1.4 g/ml after annealing the SSE material at more than 900° C. for more than 8 hours. 
     In still another embodiment, the ionic conductivity (a) of the SSE material is larger than 10 −4  S per centimeter at 25° C. One example of the crystalline products is a garnet type ceramic material with a cubic structure as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In another example, the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and the crystalline products of the SSE material as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are garnet type ceramic material with a cubic structure. In still another example, the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and an aluminum-containing salt, and the crystalline products of the SSE material as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are garnet type ceramic material with a cubic structure. Another example of the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and the crystalline products of the SSE material as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are garnet type ceramic material with a tetragonal structure. 
     In still another embodiment, the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a tantalum-containing salt, and the crystalline products of the SSE material as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are garnet type ceramic material with a cubic structure. Another example of the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, an aluminum-containing salt, a phosphorus-containing salt, and the crystalline products of the SSE material as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) type ceramic material with a hexagonal structure. 
     In a further embodiment, the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a titanium-containing salt, and the crystalline products of the SSE material are perovskite type ceramic material. Still further, the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, a germanium-containing salt, and the SSE material is a ceramic material. In a further embodiment, the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt, a sulfur-containing salt, and the SSE material is a sulfide material. 
     One embodiment of the invention include a method of producing a solid-state electrolyte ceramic material having a measured ionic conductivity (a) of larger than 10 −4  S per centimeter at 25° C., and a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  D1 d  D2 e  . . . . . DN n  O v , wherein 6.25≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤n≤0.8. The method includes forming a liquid mixture of digitally-controlled stoichiometrically amounts of a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and one or more inorganic salts containing one or more metals D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  to be mixed with a first gas flow to form a gas-liquid mixture, jetting a mist of the liquid mixture into a power jetting chamber; and drying the gas-liquid mixture for a first reaction time period of less than 20 min to undergo one or more oxidation reactions in the presence of a second gas flow of a heated gas and form a gas-solid mixture. Next, the gas-solid mixture is delivered out of the power jetting chamber, and the gas-solid mixture is separated into one or more solid particles of the SSE material. Then, the one or more solid particles are delivered into an annealing chamber and the one or more solid particles of the SSE material are annealed for a second reaction time period of more than 2 hours to undergo a dynamic crystallization process in the presence of a third gas flow so as to obtain final crystalline products of the SSE materials. 
     Another embodiment of the invention provides a solid-state electrolyte material, including a ceramic material having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  D1 d  D2 e  . . . DN n  O v , wherein 6.25≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤n≤0.8. The SSE material is synthesized at large scale by a method, including forming a liquid mixture of digitally-controlled stoichiometrically amounts of a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and one or more inorganic salts containing one or more metals. The method also include mixing the liquid mixture with a first gas flow to form a gas-liquid mixture, jetting a mist of the gas-liquid mixture into a power jetting chamber at high speed, drying the gas-liquid mixture for a first reaction time period of less than 20 min to undergo one or more oxidation reactions by delivering a second gas flow of a heated gas and forming a gas-solid mixture inside the power jetting chamber, delivering the gas-solid mixture out of the power jetting chamber obtaining powdered particles of the ceramic material; and annealing the powdered particles for a second reaction time period of more than 2 hours to undergo a dynamic crystallization process in the presence of a third gas flow and form crystalline products, wherein the crystalline products of the ceramic material are in clusters under scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis, wherein D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof. 
     In one example, the method of producing the solid-state electrolyte material of further includes milling the crystalline products of the ceramic material to obtain nano-sized particles, wherein the tap density of the ceramic material is more than 1.0 g/ml. In another example, the method further includes sintering the crystalline products of the ceramic material at an annealing temperature of 900° C. or higher to further process the ceramic material; and measuring the ionic conductivity of the ceramic material. In still another example, the crystalline products of the solid-state electrolyte material obtained from the invention as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are garnet type ceramic material with a cubic structure and its measured ionic conductivity (a) is larger than 10 −4  S per centimeter at 25° C. 
     Another embodiment of the invention provides a solid-state electrolyte material, comprising, a ceramic material having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  Al d  D1 e  . . . DN n  O v , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤n≤0.8, and being synthesized by a method, which includes: forming a liquid mixture of digitally-controlled stoichiometrically amounts of a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and one or more inorganic salts containing one or more metals D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N ; jetting a mist of the liquid mixture by mixing the liquid mixture with a first gas flow into a power jetting chamber at high speed to form a gas-liquid mixture; drying the gas-liquid mixture for a first reaction time period of less than 20 min to undergo one or more oxidation reactions by delivering a second gas flow of a heated gas and forming a gas-solid mixture inside the power jetting chamber; delivering the gas-solid mixture out of the power jetting chamber obtaining powdered particles of the ceramic material; and annealing the powdered particles for a second reaction time period of more than 2 hours to undergo a dynamic crystallization process in the presence of a third gas flow and form crystalline products, wherein the crystalline products of the ceramic material are in clusters under scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis, wherein D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof. 
     In another embodiment, a solid-state electrolyte material being synthesized by a process, comprising: forming a liquid mixture of digitally-controlled stoichiometrically amounts of a lithium-containing salt, a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and one or more inorganic salts containing one or more metals D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N ; jetting a mist of the liquid mixture into a power jetting chamber to be mixed with a first gas flow to form a gas-liquid mixture; drying the lithium-containing salt, the lanthanum-containing salt, the zirconium-containing salt together for a first reaction time period of less than 20 min to undergo one or more oxidation reactions by delivering a second gas flow of a heated gas and form powdered particles of the ceramic material; and annealing the powdered particles for a second reaction time period of more than 2 hours to undergo a dynamic crystallization process in the presence of a third gas flow and form crystalline products of the ceramic material, wherein the final crystalline products of the ceramic material are in clusters under scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis, and wherein the crystalline products of as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis are garnet type ceramic material with a cubic structure and its measured ionic conductivity (a) is larger than 10 −4  S/cm at 25° C. 
     Various solid-state electrolyte materials that can be formed using method of the invention includes, but not limited to, ceramic solid-state electrolyte material, garnet-type solid-state oxide electrolyte materials, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material, Li6ALa3Ta2O12 (A=Sr, Ba), NASICON (NaM2(PO4)3 M=Ge, Ti, Zr), LLTO Perovskite-Type Structure Electrolytes synthesis and transport properties of two-dimensional LixM⅓Nb1−xTixO3 (M=La, Nd) perovskite (ABO3)-type oxides, Li superionic conductor (LISICON)-type structure oxide electrolytes, lithium phosphorous-oxynitride (LiPON)), and combinations thereof. In addition, solid-state sulfide electrolyte materials, such as Argyrodit Electrolyte, lithium phosphorus sulfide (Li 3 PS 4 , LPS) electrolyte, Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 , Li11−xM2−xP1+xS12 (M=Ge, Sn, Si) (LGPS)-Type Structures: LGPS, and combinations thereof, can be synthesized ad formed using the method of the invention. 
     The invention also provides a method of fabricating a solid-state battery by forming an anode material layer, forming a solid-state electrolyte material layer, and forming a cathode material layer, where one or more of the anode material layer, the solid-state electrolyte material layer, the cathode material layer, or a combination thereof, includes a material prepared by the method of the invention. The material formed by the method of the invention may be ceramic solid-state electrolyte material, garnet-type solid-state oxide electrolyte materials, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material, Li6ALa3Ta2O12 (A=Sr, Ba), NASICON (NaM2(PO4)3 M=Ge, Ti, Zr), LLTO Perovskite-Type Structure Electrolytes synthesis and transport properties of two-dimensional LixM⅓Nb1-xTixO3 (M=La, Nd) perovskite (ABO3)-type oxides, Li superionic conductor (LISICON)-type structure oxide electrolytes, lithium phosphorous-oxynitride (LiPON)), and combinations thereof. In addition, solid-state sulfide electrolyte materials, such as Argyrodit Electrolyte, lithium phosphorus sulfide (Li 3 PS 4 , LPS) electrolyte, Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li7P2S8, Li11−xM2−xP1+xS12 (M=Ge, Sn, Si) (LGPS)-Type Structures: LGPS, and combinations thereof. 
     As an example, a material formed by the method of the invention may be used as the material within the solid-state electrolyte material layer. As another example, the material formed by the method of the invention may be used as the material to coat (e.g., using a dry coating process and/or a wet coating process) a cathode material. The resulting solid-state electrolyte material coated cathode material can be used to form a cathode material layer. Such coated cathode materials can be used to fabricate a solid-state battery together with a convention solid-state electrolyte material or using solid-state electrolyte material formed by the method of the invention. 
     In one embodiment, a solid-state electrolyte material, which contains lithium (Li), one or more metals, is synthesized by forming a liquid mixture of stoichiometrically amounts of a lithium-containing salt and one or more metal-containing salts and jetting the liquid mixture into a power jetting reactor for the lithium-containing salts and one or more metal-containing salts to oxidize these salts together at high temperature of between 350 degree Celsius to 1200 degree Celsius for only a few minutes to undergo rapid reaction and form the reacted final product of the solid-state electrolyte materials. 
     On example of the solid-state electrolyte material is lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 ) (LLZO) material. The LLZO solid-state material is obtained by forming a liquid mixture of molar ratio amounts of a lithium-containing salt (e.g., lithium nitrate (La(NO 3 ) 3 ), a lanthanum nitrate (La(NO 3 ) 3 ), and one or more metal-containing salts and jetting the liquid mixture into a power jetting reactor for the lithium-containing salts and one or more metal-containing salts to react together in less than 30 minutes and undergo rapid reaction and form the reacted final product of the solid-state electrolyte materials. The resulting solid-state electrolyte materials exhibit crystalline structures comparable to solid-state electrolyte materials prepared by prior solid phase reactions and/or reaction-gelling processes. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING 
       So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments. 
         FIG.  1 A  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary solid-state battery according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  1 B  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary solid-state battery according to another embodiment. 
         FIG.  1 C  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary solid-state battery according to another embodiment. 
         FIG.  1 D  is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary solid-state battery according to another embodiment. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates one embodiment of a method of producing battery materials. 
         FIG.  3    is another embodiment of a method of producing battery materials. 
         FIG.  4    illustrates another embodiment of a method of wet coating a battery material with another material. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates another embodiment of a method of dry coating a battery material with another material. 
         FIG.  6    is a schematic of an exemplary processing system useful in preparing a material for a battery electrochemical cell according to one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic of another exemplary processing system according to another embodiment. 
         FIG.  8 A  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a processing system for producing a battery particulate material. 
         FIG.  8 B  is a cross-section view of another embodiment of a processing system for producing a particulate material. 
         FIG.  8 C  illustrates another embodiment of exemplary power jet modules configured in the dispersion chamber of the processing system in a perspective view. 
         FIG.  8 D  illustrates exemplary power jet modules configured in the processing system according to another embodiment. 
         FIG.  8 E  illustrates exemplary power jet modules in a perspective view according to another embodiment. 
         FIG.  8 F  illustrates exemplary power jet modules configured in the processing system in a perspective view. 
         FIG.  9    shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of examples of crystalized solid-state electrolyte materials of the invention. 
         FIG.  10    shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of examples of crystalized solid-state electrolyte materials of the invention. 
         FIG.  11    is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of one exemplary crystalized solid-state electrolyte material of the invention. 
         FIG.  12    is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of another exemplary crystalized solid-state electrolyte material of the invention. 
         FIG.  13    is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of another exemplary crystalized solid-state electrolyte material of the invention. 
         FIG.  14 A  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material after one or more annealing processes. 
         FIG.  14 B  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material. 
         FIG.  14 C  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material. 
         FIG.  15 A  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material. 
         FIG.  15 B  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the exemplary solid-state electrolyte material particles in  FIG.  15 A  in larger magnitude. 
         FIG.  16 A  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid-state electrolyte material particles. 
         FIG.  16 B  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the exemplary solid-state electrolyte material particles in  FIG.  16 A  in larger magnitude. 
         FIG.  17 A  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid-state electrolyte material particles after one or more annealing processes. 
         FIG.  17 B  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of another example of solid-state electrolyte material particles. 
         FIG.  17 C  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid-state electrolyte material particles. 
         FIG.  17 D  is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of exemplary solid-state electrolyte material particles. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This invention generally relates to compositions, battery oxide materials, battery SSE materials, apparatuses, and a dynamic crystallization process (DCP) thereof in proper molar solution ratio to precisely and digitally control stoichiometrically amounts of metal material content and obtain proper atomic-level ratios of the metal components and make-up of a battery active material to be used for a solid-state battery. The battery materials and methods and apparatus provided here results in highly pure, accurate stoichiometric phases battery cathode materials and can be used, in turn, to make lithium-ion batteries with, with characteristics associated with high battery cycling performance, including high electric capacity. 
     A solid-state battery generally includes a positive electrolyte, an negative electrolyte, and a solid-state electrolyte/separator (i.e., the solid-state electrolyte can act as a separator between the positive electrolyte (i.e. cathode) and the negative electrolyte (i.e. anode). The positive electrode generally includes positive electrode active materials (i.e., cathode materials), and the negative electrode includes negative electrode active materials (i.e., anode materials). The SSE within a solid-state battery can be a simple solid-state electrolyte material or composite of a polymer and a SSE material. The cathode material may be LiCoO2 (LCO), Li(NixMnyCoz)O2 (NMC), LiFePO4 (LFP), or LiMn2O4 (LMO), and in some cases intercalated binary oxides, whereas Li metal, Li—In alloys, graphite, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), or Si, Sn—Co—C mixed composites are used as anode materials. In addition, the electrode preparation techniques for solid-state batteries differs from those of prior lithium-ion batteries. 
       FIG.  1 A  shows an exemplary solid-state battery, showing an exemplary layer structure of a solid-state battery layer structure  10 A according to an aspect of the invention. The solid-state battery layer structure  10 A include a positive electrode layer  90 A, a negative electrode layer  30 A, and a solid-state electrolyte layer  50 A sandwiched between the positive electrode layer  90 A and the negative electrode layer  30 A. 
     In one embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte layer  50 A includes a solid-state electrolyte material  52 A therein, which is prepared using methods and systems of the invention as described below in  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 A,  8 B,  8 C,  8 D,  8 E,  8 F , or another suitable processes according to one or more embodiments. In another embodiment, the positive electrode layer  90 A includes a cathode active material  92 A therein, which can be prepared using methods and systems of the invention as described below in  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 A,  8 B,  8 C,  8 D,  8 E,  8 F , or another suitable processes according to one or more embodiments. In addition, the negative electrode layer  30 A includes an anode material  32 A therein, which can be prepared using any suitable anode material preparation processes and systems. 
       FIG.  1 B  shows another example of a solid-state battery layer structure  10 B according to an aspect of the invention. The solid-state battery layer structure  10 B include a positive electrode layer  90 B, a negative electrode layer  30 B, and a solid-state electrolyte layer  50 B sandwiched between the positive electrode layer  90 B and the negative electrode layer  30 B. In one embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte layer  50 B includes a solid-state electrolyte material  52 B therein, which is prepared using methods and systems of the invention as described below in  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 A,  8 B,  8 C,  8 D,  8 E,  8 F , or another suitable processes according to one or more embodiments. In addition, the negative electrode layer  30 B includes an anode material  32 B therein, and the solid-state electrolyte layer  50 B includes a solid-state electrolyte material  52 B therein which is prepared according to methods and systems of the invention. 
     In another embodiment, the positive electrode layer  90 B includes a mixture of a cathode active material  92 B and a solid-state electrolyte material  94 B, where they are prepared according to methods and systems of the invention. The cathode active material  92 B and the solid-state electrolyte material  94 B can be mixed together by a blending method using a blender or any other suitable apparatus. It is contemplated that the solid-state electrolyte material  94 B is included in the positive electrode layer  90 B to assist the conductivity of the cathode active material  92 B within the solid-state battery layer structure  10 B. 
       FIG.  1 C  shows an exemplary solid-state battery, a solid-state battery layer structure  10 C, according to an aspect of the invention. The solid-state battery layer structure  10 C include a positive electrode layer  90 C having a coated cathode active material  92 C therein, a negative electrode layer  30 C having an anode material  32 C therein, and a solid-state electrolyte layer  50 C sandwiched between the positive electrode layer  90 C and the negative electrode layer  30 C. In one embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte layer  50 C includes a solid-state electrolyte material  52 C therein, which is prepared using methods and systems of the invention as described below in  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 A,  8 B,  8 C,  8 D,  8 E,  8 F , or another suitable processes according to one or more embodiments. 
     In another embodiment, the coated cathode active material  92 C is prepared according to one or more embodiments of the invention and include particles of a cathode active material  96 C (e.g., a battery cathode material being prepared using methods and systems of the invention or any other suitable battery cathode materials, etc.) which is coated with an outer layer of a solid-state electrolyte material  94 C (e.g., a battery SSE material being prepared using methods and systems of the invention or any other suitable battery SSE materials, etc.). Coating of the particles of the cathode active material  96 C with the solid-state electrolyte material  94 C is performed using methods and systems as described below in  FIGS.  4  and  5   , or another suitable dry coating or wet coating processes. It is contemplated that blending of the solid-state electrolyte material  94 C with the particles of a cathode active material  96 C within the coated cathode active material  92 C helps to facilitate the conductivity within the solid-state battery layer structure  10 C. 
       FIG.  1 D  shows another example of a solid-state battery layer structure  10 D, which includes a positive electrode layer  90 D, a negative electrode layer  30 C having an anode material  32 D therein, and a solid-state electrolyte layer  50 D sandwiched between the positive electrode layer  90 D and the negative electrode layer  30 D. The solid-state electrolyte layer  50 D includes a solid-state electrolyte material  52 D prepared using methods and systems of the invention as described below in  FIGS.  2 ,  3 ,  6 ,  7 ,  8 A,  8 B,  8 C,  8 D,  8 E,  8 F , or another suitable processes, according to one or more embodiments. 
     In one embodiment, the positive electrode layer  90 D include a mixture of coated cathode active materials  92 D and a solid-state electrolyte material  98 D, where they are mixed by a blending method using a blender or any other suitable apparatus. In another embodiment, the coated cathode active material  92 D is prepared using methods and systems described as described herein according to one or more embodiments of the invention. For example, the coated cathode active material  92 D may include particles of a cathode active material  96 D coated with an outer layer of a solid-state electrolyte material  94 D (e.g., a battery SSE material being prepared using methods and systems of the invention or any other suitable battery SSE materials, etc.). Coating of the particles of the cathode active material  96 D with the solid-state electrolyte material  94 D is performed using methods and systems as described below in  FIGS.  4  and  5   , or another suitable dry coating or wet coating processes. 
     In  FIGS.  1 A- 1 D , the thickness of the positive electrode layer, the solid-state electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode layer in a solid-state battery layer structure is not particularly limited. For example, the solid-state battery layer structure  10 A,  10 B,  10 C,  10 D may include one or more layers of the solid-state electrolyte layers (e.g., 2-3 layers or 10 layers of SSE layers, etc.) sandwiched between the positive electrode layer  90 A,  90 B,  90 C,  90 D and the negative electrode layer  30 A,  30 B,  30 C,  30 D. 
     Embodiments of the invention provide that the solid-state electrolyte materials  52 A,  52 B,  52 C,  52 D,  94 B,  94 C,  94 D,  98 D, and the cathode active materials  92 A,  92 B,  96 C,  96 D, are prepared using methods and systems of the invention as described below or another suitable processes, and these materials can be used to fabricate and syntheses solid-state batteries. Additional embodiments of producing the solid-state electrolyte materials or the cathode active materials can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/900,915, 16/114,114, 16/747,450, 17/319,974, 17/319,974, 17/901,796, 13/901,035, 16/104,841, 17/133,478, 17/970,342, 13/901,121, 15/846,094, 16/679,085, 17/899,048, and the disclosure of each and every aforementioned patent application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In one embodiment, solid-state electrolyte materials in a solid-state battery according to an aspect of the invention includes the solid-state electrolyte layer  50 A,  50 B,  50 C,  50 D that contains the solid-state electrolyte material  52 A,  52 B,  52 C,  52 D. In another embodiment, the positive electrode layer within the solid-state battery may further include both the cathode active materials and the solid-state electrolyte materials that are mixed with the cathode active materials via direct blending, dry coating or wet coating processes. 
     In another embodiment, examples of solid-state electrolyte materials (e.g., solid-state electrolyte materials  52 A,  52 B,  52 C,  52 D,  94 B,  94 C,  94 D,  98 D as shown in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 D ) may include, but are not limited to, oxide-based solid-state electrolytes, garnet-type solid-state electrolytes, sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type (NaM 2 (PO 4 ) 3  M=Ge, Ti, Zr) structures (e.g., lithium aluminum titanium phosphate oxide materials, Li(Al, Ti) 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LATP, such as Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ti 1.5 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.4 Al 0.4 Ti 1.6 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.6 Al 00.6 Ti 1.4 P 3 O 12 , etc.), perovskite-type structure solid-state electrolytes (e.g., Li x La y TiO 3 , LLTO, etc.), transport properties of two-dimensional Li x M 1/3 Nb 1−x Ti x O 3  (M=La, Nd) perovskite (ABO 3 )-type oxides, Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.4 Al 0.4 Ge 1.6 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.6 Ge 0.6 Ti 1.4 P 3 O 12 , Li 12 Ge 0.5 Al 1.0 Si 0.5 P 1.0 O 12 , Li 10.59 Ge 1.58 V 0.9 P 0.53 O 12 , sulfide SSE electrolyte materials (e.g., Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3 P 1 S 4 , Li 6 P 1 S 5 Cl, Li 6 P 1 S 5 Br 1 , Li 6 PiS 5 I, Li 6 P 1 S 5 F 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 I 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 Br 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 Cl 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 F 1 , Li 15 P 4 S 16 Cl 3 , Li 14.8  Mg 0.1 P 4 S 16 Cl 3 , Li 9.54 Si 1.74 P 1.4 S 11.7 Cl 0.3 , Li 10 Ge 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Si 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Sn 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Si 0.3 Sn 0.7 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Al 0.3 Sn 0.7 P 2 S 12 , Li 11 Al 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 SiP 2 S 11.3 O 0.7 , Li 9.42 Si 1.02 P 2.1 S 9.96 O 2.04 , etc.), Li superionic conductor (LISICON)-type structure oxide electrolytes, amorphous thin film solid-state electrolytes (e.g., Lithium phosphorous-oxynitride (LiPON), Li 2.88 P 1.0 O 3.73 N 0.14 , Li 1.9 Si 0.28 P 1.0 O 1.1 N 1.0 , etc.), argyrodite-type solid-state electrolytes, lithium phosphorus sulfide (Li 3 PS 4 , LPS) solid-state electrolyte, Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 , Li 11−x M 2−x P 1+x S 12  (M=Ge, Sn, Si, etc.) (LGPS)-type structures, Li-argyrodite solid-state electrolyte (e.g., Li x PS y X (where X═Cl, Br or I), Li 6 PS 5 Cl, Li 6 PS 5 Br, Li 6 PS 5 I, etc.), and combinations thereof. 
     The SSE materials can be undoped SSE materials or SSE materials doped with one or more metals or other atoms (e.g., La, Zr, Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, P, S, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof, etc.), such as those lithium oxide-based garnet type SSE materials that are doped with Al, Ge, Ti, Ta, etc. 
     Examples of the solid-state electrolyte materials  52 A,  52 B,  52 C,  52 D,  94 B,  94 C,  94 D,  98 D as shown in  FIGS.  1 A- 1 D  may include, but are not limited to, one or more lithium-containing garnet type oxide-based solid-state electrolyte (SSE) materials with cubic or tetragonal crystal structure, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide garnets, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide garnets doped with Al, Ge, Ti, Ta, etc., such as Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12  doped with one ore more metals, Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.24 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.22 O 12 , Li 6.76 La 2.87 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 12.35 , Li 6.74 La 2.96 Zr 2.0 Al 0.25 O 12.45 , Li 6.27 La 3.22 Zr 2.0 Al 0.3 O 12.39 , Li 6.4 La 2.86 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 11.98 , Li 6.43 La 2.93 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 12.08 , Li 6.32 La 3.2 Zr 2.0 Al 0.46 O 12.9 , Li 6.57 La 2.99 Zr 2.0 Al 0.22 O 12.22 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.54 La 2.82 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 12.06 , Li 6.49 La 3.26 Zr 2.0 Al 0.31 O 12.7 , Li 6.28 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.24 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3.01 Zr 2.0 Al 0.22 O 11.92 , Li 6.49 La 3.02 Zr 2.0 Al 0.23 O 12.2 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 10.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 2 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Sr 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Ba 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Ba 1 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 1.26 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.36 La 20.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , and combinations thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the chemical composition of the solid-state electrolyte material may be Li a  La b  Zr c  D1 d  D2 e  . . . . . DN n  O v , where 6.25≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12, and at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤n≤0.8, where D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof. For example, the solid-state electrolyte material is garnet type lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material, including Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Ta 0.25  Ga 0.2 O 12 . 
     In another embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte material is Li a  La b  D1 e  D2 d  . . . DN n  O v , where 4.5≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.5≤c≤2.5, 0≤d≤1.2, 0≤n≤1.2, and 2≤v≤12, and at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, and N≥1. For example, the solid-state electrolyte material may be Li 5 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Sr 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Ba 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 8 La 3 Ba 1 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 1.281 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 . In another example, the chemical composition of the solid-state electrolyte material is Li a  Al b  P c  D1 d  . . . . DN n  O v , wherein 1≤a≤2, 0.2≤b≤1.5, 1.0≤c≤3.5, 0≤d≤2.0, 0≤n≤2.0, and 0.2≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, and N≥1; for example, and Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ti 1.5 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 P 3 O 12 . 
     In another embodiment, the chemical composition of the solid-state electrolyte material may be Li a  P b  S c  D1 d  . . . . DN n  X v , where 5≤a≤16, 0.5≤b≤4.5, 3≤c≤16, 0≤d≤1.5, 0≤n≤1.5, 0≤v≤4, and at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, and X is a halogen; for example, Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3 P 1 S 4 , Li 6 P 1 S 5 Cl, Li 6 P 1 S 5 Br 1 , Li 8 P 1 S 5 I, Li 6 P 1 S 5 F 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 I 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 Br 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 Cl 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 F 1 , Li 15 P 4 S 16 Cl 3 , Li 14.8  Mg 0.1 P 4 S 16 Cl 3 , Li 9.54 Si 1.74 P 1.44 S 11.7 Cl 0.3 , Li 10 Ge 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Si 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Sn 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Si 0.3 Sn 0.7 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Al 0.3 Sn 0.7 P 2 S 12 , Li 11 Al 1 P 2 S 12 . In another embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte material is Li a  Ge b  P c  D1 d  . . . . DN n  O v , where 10≤a≤13, 0.1≤b≤2.0, 0.1≤c≤1.5, 0.1≤d≤2.0, 0.1≤n≤2.0, 2≤v≤12, and at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, N≥0; for example, Li 12 Ge 0.5 Al 1.0 Si 0.55 P 1.0 O 12 , Li 10.59 Ge 1.58 V 0.9 P 0.53 O 12 . 
     In  FIGS.  1 A- 1 D , the cathode active materials  92 A,  92 B,  94 C,  94 D can be metal oxide materials prepared using methods and systems of the invention as described in  FIGS.  2 - 8 F  or another suitable processes and may include a lithium oxide materials with intercalated metals, preferably with three or four intercalated metals. Exemplary cathode active materials are metal oxide materials containing one or more lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), vanadium (V), cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), among others. In addition, the cathode materials can exhibit a crystal structure of metals in the shape of layered, spinel, olivine, etc. In addition, the cathode active materials  92 A,  92 B,  94 C,  94 D are generally solid powders with its particle size ranging between 10 nm and 100 um. 
     Exemplary cathode active materials include, but are not limited to, lithium transitional metal oxide (LiMeO 2 ), lithium titanium oxide (e.g., Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), lithium cobalt oxide (e.g., LiCoO 2 ), lithium manganese oxide (e.g., LiMn 2 O 4 ), lithium nickel oxide (e.g., LiNiO 2 ), olivine-type lithium metal phosphates (e.g., LiFePO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ), sodium iron oxide (e.g., NaFe 2 O 3 ), sodium iron phosphate (e.g., NaFeP 2 O 7 ), among others include, but are not limited to, lithium nickel cobalt oxide (e.g., Li x Ni y Co z O 2 ), lithium nickel manganese oxide (e.g., Li x Ni y Mn z O 2 , Li x Ni y Mn z O 4 , LiCoMnO 4 , Li 2 NiMn 3 O 8 , etc.), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (e.g., Li a Ni b Mn c Co d O e  in layered structures or layered-layered structures; and/or LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 , a NMC oxide material where x+y+z=1, such as LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 , LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.05 Co 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.4 Mn 0.4 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.7 Mn 0.15 Co 0.15 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 , etc.; and/or a mixed metal oxide with doped metal, among others. Other examples include lithium cobalt aluminum oxide (e.g., Li x Co y Al z O n ), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (e.g., Li x Ni y Co z Al a O b , such as LiNi 0.85 Co 0.1 Al 0.05 O 2 ), sodium iron manganese oxide (e.g., Na x Fe y Mn z O 2 ), among others. In another example, a mixed metal oxide with doped metal is obtained; for example. Li a (Ni x Mn y Co z )MeO b  (where Me=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), Li a (Ni x Mn y Co z )MeO b F c  (where Me=doped metal of Al, Mg, Fe, Ti, Cr, Zr, or C), among others. Other examples of cathode active materials can be found in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/900,915, 16/114,114, 16/747,450, 17/319,974, 17/319,974, 17/901,796, 13/901,035, 16/104,841, 17/133,478, 17/970,342, 13/901,121, 15/846,094, 16/679,085, 17/899,048, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     In  FIGS.  1 A- 1 D , the anode materials  32 A,  32 B,  32 C,  32 D can be alkali metals (such as lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.), other metals or transition metals (such as tantalum, titanium zinc, iron, the elements on the Group 2 of the periodic table (e.g., magnesium, calcium, etc.), the elements on Group 13 of the periodic table such as aluminum (Al), geranium (Ge), etc.), a carbonaceous material, and/or metal alloys of two or more of the aforementioned metals. Exemplary anode materials include but not limited to lithium metal, lithium alloys (e.g. lithium-aluminum alloys, lithium-tin alloys, lithium-lead alloys, and lithium-silicon alloys), lithium-containing metal oxides (e.g. lithium titanium oxide), lithium-containing metal sulfides, lithium-containing metal nitrides (e.g. lithium cobalt nitride, lithium iron nitride, lithium manganese nitride), and carbonaceous materials such as graphite, carbon-based materials such as lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 2 ), SiO-based composites, SiO—Sn—Co/graphite (G) composites, Si, Sn—Co—C mixed composites, and lithium coated with a solid electrolyte. 
       FIG.  2    is a flow chart of a digital dynamic crystallization process of a method  100  of producing a battery material for solid-state batteries. The method  100  includes a step  110  of flowing a first gas into a power jetting chamber (e.g., the system as described in  FIGS.  6 - 8 F  below) and mixing the first gas with a liquid mixture to form a gas-liquid mixture. At step  120 , the gas-liquid mixture is jetted into a mist in a power jetting chamber. The flow of the gas may be pumped through an air filter to remove any particles, droplets, or contaminants, and the flow rate of the gas can be adjusted by a valve or other means. In one embodiment, the gas is heated to a temperature to mix with the mist and remove moisture from the mist. The first gas can be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof and can be at room temperature or heated to, for example, about 40° C. or higher, such as about 80° C. or higher, e.g., between 20° C. and 200° C., or at more than 50° C. 
     In one example, the mist of the liquid mixture is mixed with a flow of a carrying gas inside the mist generator prior to delivering into the power jetting chamber. In another example, the mist of the liquid mixture is mixed with a flow of a drying gas inside the power jetting chamber and carrying through the power jetting chamber to be dried. In another example, the mist of the liquid mixture is mixed with a gas flow of a gas inside a mist generator to form the gas-liquid mixture. In addition, the liquid mixture is mixed with a gas flow of another gas inside a power jetting chamber. It is contemplated that these gas flows are provided to thoroughly mix the liquid mixture to uniformly form into a mixture and assist in carrying the gas-liquid mixture inside the power jetting chamber. 
     The liquid mixture may include digitally-controlled stoichiometrically amounts of a lithium-containing salt, one or more inorganic salts containing one or more metals D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N . in one embodiment, D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is selected from the group consisting of La, Zr, Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the molar ratio of the lithium-containing salt, and one or more salts-containing compounds M LiSalt :M Salt1 :M Salt2 :M Salt3 : . . . :M SaltN  is adjusted to be a ratio of about a:b:c: . . . :n for making the battery materials at desirable atomic ratio of LiSalt:Salt1:Salt 2:Salt 3 . . . :Salt N equaling to a:b:c: . . . :n. In one embodiment, the liquid mixture is prepared using stoichiometrically amounts of lithium-containing salt and one or more inorganic salts and then mixed with a gas. The salts are prepared in solutions and the molar ratio of the solutions of lithium-containing salt and the one or more inorganic metal salt are digitally controlled by the processing system of the invention, thereby obtaining large scale synthesis of the SSE materials. 
     The mist of the liquid mixture is mixed with the flow of the first gas to form a gas-liquid mixture prior to and/or after the liquid mixture is inside the power jetting chamber. The mist is formed from a liquid mixture dissolved and/or dispersed in a suitable liquid solvent. The flow of one or more gases and the flow of the mist are mixed together to form a gas-liquid mixture. The gases may be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, among others. The gases may be pumped through an air filter to remove any particles, droplets, or contaminants, and the flow rate of the gases can be adjusted by a valve or other means. 
     For example, a desired molar ratio of M LiSalt :M Salt1 :M Salt2 :M Salt3 : . . . :M SaltN  can be achieved by measuring and preparing appropriate amounts a lithium-containing salt (LiSalt), a first salt-containing (Salt1), a second salt containing (Salt2), a third salt containing (Salt3), . . . , and a N salt containing (SaltN) according to the final compostions of the SSE to be synthesized. For example, the molar ratio of M LiSalt :M Salt1 :M Salt2 :M Salt3 : . . . :M SaltN  of the lithium-containing salt (LiSalt), the first salt-containing (Salt1), the second salt containing (Salt2), the third salt containing (Salt3), . . . , and the N salt containing (SaltN) can be adjusted (e.g., manually or digitally using a processing system of the invention) and prepared directly into a liquid mixture in a desired stoichiometrically prior to forming the mist of the liquid mixture. As another example, the adjusting the molar ratio M Li :M Salt1 :M Salt2 :M Salt3 : . . . :M SaltN  of the lithium-containing salt (LiSalt), the first salt-containing (Salt1), the second salt containing (Salt2), the third salt containing (Salt3), . . . , and the N salt containing (SaltN) can be performed simultaneously with forming the mist of the liquid mixture. In addition, liquid forms of the one or more salts-containing compound, can be adjusted and prepared directly into a liquid mixture in a desired concentration. 
     The liquid form of the salts-containing compound can be dissolved or dispersed in a suitable solvent (e.g., water, alcohol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, organic solvents, inorganic solvents, organic acids, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), acetic acids (CH 3 COOH), butyric acid (C 4 H 8 O 2 ), lactic acid (C 3 HO 3 ), Nitric acid (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethanol, pyridine, ammonia, acetone, and their combinations) to form into a liquid mixture of an aqueous solution, slurry, gel, aerosol or any other suitable liquid forms. Also, suitable salt-containing compounds can be chosen, depending on the desired composition of final solid product particles by measuring and preparing appropriate amounts of the lithium-containing salt, and the inorganic salts compounds into a container with suitable amounts of a solvent. Depending on the solubility of the lithium-containing salt, the inorganic salts in a chosen solvent, pH, temperature, and mechanical stirring and mixing can be adjusted to obtain a liquid mixture where the lithium-containing salt, the one or more metal-containing inorganic salts at the desirable molar concentrations are fully dissolved and/or evenly dispersed. 
     Exemplary lithium-containing salts include, but not limited to, lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium acetate (LiCH 3 COO), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium formate (LiCHO 2 ), lithium chloride (LiCl), and combinations thereof. Exemplary inorganic salts include, but not limited to, lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium acetate (LiCH 3 COO), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), lithium formate (LiCHO 2 ), lithium chloride (LiCl), lanthanum trichloride (LaCl 3 ), lanthanum acetate (C 6 H 9 LaO 6 ), and lanthanum nitrate (La(NO 3 ) 3 ), lanthanum sulfate (La 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), lanthanum formate (C 3 H 3 LaO 6 ), cobalt sulfate (CoSO 4 ), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO 3 ) 2 ), cobalt acetate (Co(CH 3 COO) 2 ), cobalt formate (Co(CHO 2 ) 2 ), cobalt chloride (COCl 2 ), magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ), zirconium nitrate (Zr(NO 3 ) 4 ), zirconium acetate (C 8 H 12 O 8 Zr), zirconium chloride (ZrCl 4 ), zirconium sulfate (Zr(SO 4 ) 2 ), zirconium formate (C 4 H 4 O 8 Zr), titanium nitrate (Ti(NO 3 ) 4 ), titanium sulfate (Ti(SO 4 ) 2 ), titanium carbonate (Ti(CO 3 ) 2 ), titanium acetate (Ti(CH 3 COO) 4 ), titanium hydroxide (Ti(OH) 4 ), titanium formate (Ti(HCOO) 4 ), titanium chloride (TiCl 4 ), ammonium phosphate ((NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 ), magnesium acetate (MgAc, Mg(CH 3 COO) 2 ), magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ), magnesium formate (C 2 H 2 MgO 4 ), aluminum nitrate (Al(NO 3 ) 3 ), aluminum acetate (AlAc, C 6 H 9 AlO 6 ), aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ), aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), aluminum formate (Al(HCOO) 3 ), manganese sulfate (MnSO 4 ), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO 3 ) 2 ), manganese acetate (Mn(CH 3 COO) 2 ), manganese formate (Mn(CHO 2 ) 2 ), manganese chloride (MnCl 2 ), nickel sulfate (NiSO 4 ), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ), nickel acetate (Ni(CH 3 COO) 2 ), nickel formate (Ni(CHO 2 ) 2 ), nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ), titanyl nitrate ((TiO(NO 3 ) 2 )), (P)-phosphate containing compound, aluminum (Al)-containing compound, magnesium (Mg)-containing compound, titanium (Ti)-containing compound, tantalum (Ta)-containing compound, sodium (Na)-containing compound, zirconium (Zr)-containing compound, germanium (Ge)-containing compound, tin (Sn)-containing compound, silicon (Si)-containing compound, bromine (Br)-containing compound, iodine (I)-containing compound, potassium (K)-containing compound, scandium (Sc)-containing compound, niobium (Nb)-containing compound, neodymium (Nd)-containing compound, lanthanum (La)-containing compound, cerium (Ce)-containing compound, silicon (Si)-containing compound, rubidium (Rb)-containing compound, vanadium (V)-containing compound, cesium (Cs)-containing compound, chromium (Cr)-containing compound, copper (Cu)-containing compound, magnesium (Mg)-containing compound, manganese (Mn)-containing compound, zinc (Zn)-containing compound, gallium (Ga)-containing compound, barium (Ba)-containing compound, actinium (Ac)-containing compound, calcium (Ca)-containing compound, iron (Fe)-containing compound, boron (B)-containing compound, arsenic (As)-containing compound, hafnium (Hf)-containing compound, Molybdenum (Mo)-containing compound, tungsten (W)-containing compound, rhenium (Re)-containing compound, ruthenium (Ru)-containing compound, rhodium (Rh)-containing compound, platinum (Pt)-containing compound, silver (Ag)-containing compound, osmium (Os)-containing compound, iridium (Ir)-containing compound, gold (Au)-containing compound, and combinations thereof. 
     Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that, all of the required inorganic salt elements are first mixed in liquid phase (e.g., into a solution, slurry, or gel) using metal-containing salts as the sources of each metal element such that the different metals can be mixed uniformly at desired ratio. As an example, to prepare a liquid mixture of an aqueous solution, slurry or gel, one or more dopants with high water solubility can be used. For example, metal nitrate, metal sulfate, metal chloride, metal acetate, and metal format, etc., can be used. Organic solvents, such as alcohols, isopropanol, etc., can be used to dissolve and/or disperse metal-containing salt with low water solubility. In some cases, the pH value of the liquid mixture can be adjusted to increase the solubility of the one or more precursor compounds. Optionally, chemical additives, gelation agents, and surfactants, such as ammonia, EDTA, etc., can be added into the liquid mixture to help dissolve or disperse the compounds in a chosen solvent. 
     In one particular embodiment, the method  100  includes a series of adjusting a molar ratio M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M D1Salt :M D2Salt : . . . M DNSalt  of a lithium-containing salt (LiSalt), a lanthanum-containing salt, a zirconium-containing salt, and optionally one or more metal dopant-containing inorganic salts by preparing these salts soluble in a suitable solvent into a liquid mixture, where each of the one or more metal salts or metal dopant-containing salts are chosen according to compositin of the battery material to be made. The molar ratio M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M D1Salt :M D2Salt : . . . M DNSalt  of the lithium-containing salt (LiSalt), the lanthanum-containing salt, the zirconium-containing salt, and the one or more metal dopant-containing salts is adjusted to be a ratio of about a:b:c:d:e: . . . :n for making the lithium oxide doped with one or more dopants (LiaLabZrcD1 d  D 2  . . . . DN n Ov) at desirable atomic ratio of Li:La:Zr:D1:D2: . . . :DN equaling to a:b:c:d:e: . . . :n, where 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12, and where N≥0, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, . . . , and 0≤n≤0.8. 
     Next, a liquid mixture having the lithium-containing salt at the molarity of M LiSalt , the lanthanum-containing salt at the Molarity of M LaSalt , the zirconium-containing salt, and optionally the one or more dopant-containing salts (e.g., a First Dopant-Containing Salt at a Molarity of M D1Salt , a Second Dopant-Containing Salt at a Molarity of M D2Salt , . . . M DNSalt , etc.) for producing solid-state electrolyte materials optionally doped with one or more metal dopants with a targeting composition of LiaLabZrcD1 d  D2 e  . . . . DN n Ov, where the one or more dopant-containing salts comprising the first dopant-containing salt, the second dopant-containing salt, . . . , the N dopant-containing salt are generated, and where the liquid mixture achieves the molar ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M D1Salt :M D2Salt : . . . M DNSalt  at about of a:b:c:d:e: . . . :n. The mist of the liquid mixture may include droplets of various reactant solution, precursor solutions, etc., in homogenous forms, sizes, shape, etc. For example, the molar ratio M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M D1Salt :M D2Salt : . . . M DNSalt  of the lithium-containing salt, the lanthanum-containing salt, the zirconium-containing salt, and optionally the one or more metal dopant-containing salts can be digitally adjusted, depending on the desired composition of final solid product particles. In one embodiment, optionally, the one or more dopants (D1, D2, . . . DN) are incorporated into the solid-state electrolyte materials, wherein D1, D2, . . . DN are different dopants. 
     For example, each of the one or more dopants (i.e. D1, D2, . . . DN) can be selected from a group consisting of Al, Ti, Ta, F, Cl, I, Br, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, La, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, Ge, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, and combinations thereof. Next, solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material can be adjusted manually or digitally and prepared in desirable molar ratio and mixed into a liquid mixture, such as by adjusting, measuring and preparing appropriate amounts of the lithium-containing salt compound, the lanthanum-containing salt compound, the zirconium-containing salt compound, and optionally the one or more dopant-dopant-containing salts into one solution with suitable amounts of a solvent. 
     The mist of the liquid mixture may be generated by a mist generator, such as a nozzle, a sprayer, an atomizer, or any other mist generators. Most mist generators employ air pressure or other means to covert a liquid mixture into liquid droplets. The mist generator can be coupled to a portion of the power jetting chamber to generate a mist (e.g., a large collection of small size droplets) of the liquid mixture directly within the power jetting chamber. As an example, an atomizer can be attached to a portion of the power jetting chamber to spray or inject the liquid mixture into a mist containing small sized droplets directly inside the power jetting chamber. In general, a mist generator that generates a mist of mono-sized droplets are desirable. Alternatively, a mist can be generated outside the power jetting chamber and delivered into the power jetting chamber. 
     Desired liquid droplet sizes can be adjusted by adjusting the sizes of liquid delivery/injection channels within the mist generator. Droplet size ranging from a few nanometers to a few hundreds of micrometers can be generated. Suitable droplet sizes can be adjusted according to the choice of the mist generator used, the precursor compounds, the temperature of the power jetting chamber, the flow rate of the gas, and the residence time inside the power jetting chamber. As an example, a mist with liquid droplet sizes between one tenth of a micron and one millimeter is generated inside the power jetting chamber. 
     Not wishing to be bound by theory, in the method  100  of manufacturing a battery material using the lithium-containing salt, and the one or more dopant-containing salts, it is contemplated that the lithium-containing salt, the one or more salts and the one or more dopant-containing salts are prepared into a liquid mixture and then converted into droplets, each droplet will have the one or more liquid mixture uniformly distributed. Then, the moisture of the liquid mixture is removed by passing the droplets through the power jetting chamber and the flow of the gas is used to carry the mist within the power jetting chamber for a suitable residence time. It is further contemplated that the concentrations of the compounds in a liquid mixture and the droplet sizes of the mist of the liquid mixture can be adjusted to control the chemical composition, particle sizes, and size distribution of final solid product particles of the battery material. It is designed to obtain spherical solid particles from a thoroughly mixed liquid mixture of two or more precursors after jetting the mist of the liquid mixture into the power jetting chamber to carry out a reaction. In contrast, conventional solid-state manufacturing processes involve mixing or milling a solid mixture of precursor compounds, resulting in uneven mixing of precursors. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   , the method  100  includes a step  130  of drying the gas-liquid mixture for a first reaction time period to undergo one or more oxidation reactions by delivering a second gas flow of a heated gas, thereby forming a gas-solid mixture inside the power jetting chamber after high temperature drying and oxidation reactions. The first reaction time period can be advantageously performed in high speed, such as less than 20 min, e.g., less than 10 min, less than 5 min, or even less than 2 min. The gas can be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof and may be heated to a high temperature, for example, about 100° C. or higher, such as about 200° C. or higher, e.g., between 200° C. and 500° C., or at more than 250° C., such as 350° C. or higher. The first reaction time period can be around 1 second to 1 hour. Optionally, additional gas flow may be used to perform oxidation and/or drying reaction. The additional gas may be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, among others. The additional gas flow may be pumped through an air filter to remove any particles, droplets, or contaminants, and the flow rate of the additional gas can be adjusted by a valve or other means. The mist of the liquid mixture is dried (e.g., removing its moisture, liquid, etc.) at a temperature for a desired residence time and form into a gas-solid mixture with the flow of the gases within the power jetting chamber. As the removal of the moisture from the mist of the liquid mixture is performed within the power jetting chamber filled with the gases, a gas-solid mixture comprising of the gases and the compounds is formed. To illustrate, the liquid mixture is dried inside the power jetting chamber and the temperature inside the power jetting chamber is maintained via a heating element coupled to the power jetting chamber, where the heating element can be a suitable heating mechanism, such as wall-heated furnace, electricity powered heater, fuel-burning heater, etc. In addition, one embodiment of the invention provides that one or more gases flown within the power jetting chamber are used as the gas source for carrying out oxidation reaction, drying, evaporation, dehydration, and/or other reactions inside the power jetting chamber such that gas-liquid mixtures are dried into gas-solid mixtures. In another embodiment, the gases is heated to a temperature to mix with the mist and remove moisture from the mist. 
     In one configuration, the gas is pre-heated to a temperature of about 200° C. or higher prior to jetting into the power jetting chamber. In another configuration, drying the mist can be carried out by heating the power jetting chamber directly, such as heating the chamber body of the power jetting chamber. For example, the power jetting chamber can be a wall-heated furnace to maintain the temperature within internal plenum of the power jetting chamber. The advantages of using heated gas are fast heat transfer, high temperature uniformity, and easy to scale up, among others. The power jetting chambers may be any chambers, furnaces with enclosed chamber body, such as a dome type ceramic power jetting chamber, a quartz chamber, a tube chamber, etc. Optionally, the chamber body is made of thermal insulation materials (e.g., ceramics, etc.) to prevent heat loss during reaction. 
     In another embodiment, the gases flown within the power jetting chamber is heated and the thermal energy of the heated gas is served as the energy source for carrying out reaction, oxidation, drying, evaporation, dehydration, and/or other reactions inside the power jetting chamber. The gas can be heated to a temperature by passing through a suitable heating mechanism, such as electricity powered heater, fuel-burning heater, etc. The temperature is about 200° C. or higher, for example, from 200° C. to 300° C., such as 250° C. For instance, the liquid mixture is dried in the presence of the second gas that is heated to 200° C. or higher inside the power jetting chamber and the second gas is delivered into the power jetting chamber to maintain the temperature inside the power jetting chamber. The gases may be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, among others. For example, heated air can be used as an inexpensive gas source and energy source for drying the mist. The choice of the gases may be a gas that is heated to a high temperature so as to be mixed with the gas-liquid mixture and dry the gas-liquid mixture without reacting to the compounds. In some cases, the chemicals in the droplets/mist may react to the gases and/or to each other to certain extent during drying, depending on the temperature and the chemical composition of the compounds. In addition, the residence time of the mist of thoroughly mixed compounds within the power jetting chamber is adjustable and may be, for example, between one second and one hour, depending on the flow rate of the gases, and the length and volume of the path that the mist has to flow through within the power jetting chamber. The gas flows may be pumped through an air filter to remove any particles, droplets, or contaminants, and the flow rate of the gases can be adjusted by a valve or other means. Accordingly, one embodiment of the invention provides that the gases are used as the gas source for carrying out reaction, oxidation, drying, evaporation, dehydration, and/or other reactions. In another embodiment, the gases are heated to a temperature to mix with the mist and remove moisture from the mist. The gas-liquid mixture is being dried into the gas-solid mixture within the power jetting chamber using the heated gases flow continuously and/or at adjustable, variable flow rates. 
     At step  140 , the gas-solid mixture is delivered out of the power jetting chamber and at step  150  the dried the gas-solid mixture are separated into one or more solid particles of a battery material by a gas-solid separator. For example, the dried gas-solid mixture are carried by gases, as a thoroughly-mixed gas-solid mixture, through a path within the power jetting chamber, and as more gases is flown in, the gas-solid mixture is delivered out of the power jetting chamber and continuously delivered to a gas-solid separator connected to the power jetting chamber to separate the gas-solid mixture into waste products and one or more solid particles of a SSE-battery material. 
     Next, at step  160 , the one or more solid particles of the battery material are delivered into an annealing chamber to undergo a dynamic crystallization process, and at step  170 , the one or more solid particles of the battery material are annealed for a second reaction time period in the presence of a third gas flow to form and obtain crystalline products of the battery material to be used in solid-state battery. The second reaction time period can be more than 1 hour, more than 2 hours, more than 4 hours, more than 8 hours, or even longer. In addition, steps  150 ,  160  and  170  can be repeated in a dynamic crystallization process to obtain better crystalline structures. 
     Reactions of the one or more solid particles of the battery materials within the annealing chamber may include any of oxidation, reduction, decomposition, combination reaction, phase-transformation, re-crystallization, single displacement reaction, double displacement reaction, combustion, isomerization, and combinations thereof. For example, the one or more solid particles of the battery materials may be oxidized and properly aligned into crystalline structure. Exemplary third gases include, but not limited to air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, an oxidizing gas, nitrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, hydrogen gas, and combinations thereof. For an oxidation reaction inside the annealing chamber, an oxidizing gas can be used as the gas for annealing. If desired, the gases can be oxygen with high purity; the purity of the oxygen is more than 50%, for example more than 80%, such as 95%. Accordingly, the gas flows within the annealing chamber is served as the energy source for carrying out reaction, oxidation, and/or other reactions inside the annealing chamber. 
     The annealing temperature can be, for example, of 400° C. or higher for a residence time to obtain battery materials. For example, the annealing temperature can be more than 600° C., more than 700° C., more than 800° C., more than 900° C., such as 750° C. or higher, 850° C. or higher, 950° C. or higher, 1050° C. or higher, 1150° C. or higher. The residence time is about 1 second to 30 hours. 
     In one embodiment, the gas flown within the annealing chamber is heated and the thermal energy of the heated gas is served as the energy source for carrying out annealing reaction, and/or other reactions inside the annealing chamber. The gas can be heated to a temperature of 550° C. or higher by passing through a suitable heating mechanism, such as electricity powered heater, fuel-burning heater, etc. For instance, the one or more solid particles of the battery materials are annealed in the presence of the third gas that is heated to 550° C. or higher inside the annealing chamber and the gas is delivered into the annealing chamber to maintain the annealing temperature inside the annealing chamber. The gas may be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, among others. For example, heated air can be used as an inexpensive gas source and energy source for drying the mist. In addition, the residence time within the annealing chamber is adjustable and may be, for example, between one second and one hour, depending on the flow rate of the gas, and the length and volume of the path that the solid particles have to pass through within the annealing chamber. 
     Another embodiment of the present invention is that the one or more solid particles of the battery materials are annealed inside the annealing chamber with its temperature is maintained via a heating element coupled to the annealing chamber, where the heating element can be a suitable heating mechanism, such as wall-heated furnace, electricity powered heater, fuel-burning heater, etc. In one configuration, the third gas is pre-heated to a temperature of about 550° C. or higher prior to flowing into the annealing chamber. In another configuration, annealing the one or more solid particles of the battery materials can be carried out by heating the annealing chamber directly, such as heating the chamber body of the annealing chamber. For example, the annealing chamber can be a wall-heated furnace to maintain the annealing temperature within internal plenum of the annealing chamber. The advantages of using heated gas are fast heat transfer, high temperature uniformity, and easy to scale up, among others. The annealing chambers may be any chambers, furnaces with enclosed chamber body, such as a dome type ceramic annealing chamber, a quartz chamber, a tube chamber, etc. Optionally, the chamber body of the annealing chamber is made of thermal insulation materials (e.g., ceramics, etc.) to prevent heat loss during annealing process. 
     Optionally, at step  180 , the battery material is cooled to room temperature. In addition, the crystalline products are then milled so as to obtain nano-sized particles of the battery material, e.g., the SSE material, the cathode active material, etc., using the process described in  FIG.  3    and a milling apparatus or any other suitable process and apparatus. For example, the battery material can be milled by a jet milling apparatus into nano sizes, such as 10 nanometers or larger, e.g., between 20 nanometers and 500 microns, between 100 microns and 300 microns in sizes. 
     For example, the temperature of the final solid product particles of battery materials may be slowly cooled down to room temperature to avoid interfering or destroying a process of forming into its stable energy state with uniform morphology and desired crystal structure. In another example, the cooling stage may be performed very quickly to quench the reaction product such the crystal structure of the solid particles of the reaction product can be formed at its stable energy state. As another example, a cooling processing stage in a multi-stage continuous process may include a cooling module comprised of one or more cooling mechanisms. Exemplary cooling mechanisms may be, for example, a gas-solid separator, a heat exchanger, a gas-solid feeder, a fluidized bed cooling mechanism, and combinations thereof, among others. 
     Accordingly, properly crystalized crystalline products of a desired SSE material can be obtained in spherical clusters under scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analysis in micron sized, such as between 1 micron and 300 microns, e.g., between 10 microns and 100 microns in sizes. It is contemplated that the sizes of the battery material obtained are controlled by the droplet sizes of the mist used at step  120  using the mist generator within the power jetting chamber and desirable sizes of various battery material can be adjustably obtained. 
     In the method  100  of preparing solid particles of a battery material in multiple stages, it is contemplated to perform one or more reactions in a jetting stage, a drying stage, an oxidizing stage, two or more annealing reaction stages, one or more milling stages, one or more cooling stages, etc., in order to obtain nano-sized final solid product particles of battery materials at desired sizes, morphology and crystal structures, which are ready for further battery applications. Not wishing to be bound by theory, it is designed to perform the reaction of the compounds in two or more reaction stages to allow sufficient time and contact of the compounds to each other, encourage nucleation of proper crystal structure and proper folding of particle morphology, incur lower-thermodynamic energy partial reaction pathways, ensure thorough reactions of all compounds, and finalize complete reactions, among others. Additional reaction modules can also be used. In one embodiment, the reaction module includes one anneal reaction to react and oxidize the one or more solid particles of battery materials into a reaction product, where a portion of them are partially reacted or oxidized. Other reaction module includes annealing the reaction product one or more times into final solid battery material particles to ensure complete reactions of all the reaction products. Accordingly, the method  100  may include a processing stage of jetting a mist of a liquid mixture and obtaining one or more solid particles of an solid-state electrolyte material using a processing module comprised of a power jetting chamber and a gas-solid separator. The method  100  may further include another processing stage of reacting, oxidizing and annealing the one or more solid particles of battery materials using a reaction module comprised of an annealing chamber. 
       FIG.  3    is a flow chart showing a method  200  of producing an exemplary solid-state electrolyte materials for solid-state batteries. The method  200  includes a step  202  of milling the solid-state electrolyte materials to obtain final solid product particles of solid-state electrolyte materials at desired size, morphology and crystal structure. In one embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte materials can be milled by jet milling, mortar milling, hydraulically milling, electronically milling, mechanically milling, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte materials are polished and/or milled down to less than less than 900 nm, less than 800 nm, less than 500 nm, or less than 300 nm, preferably less than 100 nm, preferably less than 90 nm, preferably less than 80 nm, preferably less than 70 nm, preferably less than 60 nm, preferably less than 50 nm, preferably less than 40 nm, preferably less than 30 nm, preferably less than 20 nm, preferably less than 10 nm, preferably less than 5 nm. In another embodiment, the solid-state electrolyte materials are polished and/or milled down to nanoparticles having size estimated at a range from 1 nm to 100 nm; such as 10 nm to 20 nm; such as 10 nm to 90 nm; such as 10 nm to 50 nm; such as 10 nm to 40 nm; such as 10 nm to 70 nm; such as 20 nm to 80 nm; such as 20 nm to 60 nm; such as 20 nm to 50 nm; such as 30 nm to 70 um; such as 20 nm to 50 nm; such as 40 nm to 70 nm; such as 50 nm to 70 nm; such as 10 nm to 30 nm; such as 15 nm to 40 nm; such as 20 nm to 40 nm; such as 30 nm to 60 nm. 
     Secondly, the solid-state electrolyte materials can be pressed into pellets for measuring its ionic conductivity, as shown in  FIG.  3   , the method  200  includes a step  204  of pressing powders of solid-state electrolyte materials into pellet forms of the pressed solid-state electrolyte materials. In one embodiment, powder of solid-state electrolyte material is pressed, either hydraulically, electronically, or mechanically, in a range of 20 mm dies in multiple consecutive steps, for example more than two steps; for example more than three steps; for example more than four steps; for example more than five steps; for example more than six steps; for example more than seven steps; for example more than eight steps; for example more than nine steps; for example more than ten steps. For example, the solid-state electrolyte material is first pressed at 5-10 metric tons, then 10-15 metric tons and the final 12-20 metric tons to form a dense pellet. As another example, the solid-state electrolyte material is pressed first at 5-7 metric tons, then 7-10 metric tons and the final 11-14 metric tons to form a dense pellet. Yet another example, the solid-state electrolyte material is pressed first at 3-15 metric-tons, then 8-20 metric-tons and the final 20-30 metric-tons to form a dense pellet. 
     The approximate density of the pellets was more than 50%, preferably more than 60%, preferably more than 70%, preferably more than 75%, preferably more than 78%, preferably more than 80%, preferably more than 85%, preferably more than 90%, preferably more than 92%, preferably more than 95%, preferably more than 97%, preferably more than 99%. 
     In another embodiment, the pellet forms of the pressed solid-state electrolyte materials having a diameter of 5 mm or larger, such as 10 mm or larger, between 15 mm and 25 mm, preferably between 17 mm to 22 mm, or any other suitable diameter depending on the press and its mold used, e.g., a cold isostatic press (CIP) or any suitable press. In still another embodiment, the pellet forms of the pressed solid-state electrolyte materials having a thickness of less than 1.5 mm, or less than 1.0 mm, such as 400 micron or larger, or 500 micron or larger, e.g., between 550 micron and 750 micron, or any other suitable thickness depending on the press and its mold used. 
     The method  200  may optionally include a step  206  of adding the pellet forms of the pressed solid-state electrolyte (“SSE”) materials with additional solid-state electrolyte (SSE) materials. In one embodiment, the pellet forms of the pressed solid-state electrolyte (“SSE”) materials are cover with additional solid-state electrolyte (SSE) materials to make up the loss of lithium. 
     At step  208 , the pellet forms of the pressed solid-state electrolyte (SSE) materials are sintered at desired processing conditions to obtain the pellet forms of the final solid-state electrolyte materials to be used in a battery. In one embodiment, the pellet forms of the formed pellets are sintered in a temperature range of 900° C. and 1300° C., such as 1000° C. and 1300° C., such as 1100° C. and 1300° C., such as 900° C. and 1200° C., such as 900° C. and 1100° C., such as 1000° C. and 1200° C., such as 1100° C. and 1200° C., such as 1150° C. and 1200° C. inside a furnace, e.g. annealing reactor, muffle furnace, push plate furnace, or a roller furnace, etc. Optionally, at step  210 , the surface of the pellet forms of the final solid-state electrolyte materials is polished, e.g., using sandpaper or other polishing techniques, into a desired thickness and surfaces. 
       FIGS.  4 - 5    illustrate embodiments of a method  210  and a method  220  of coating a cathode active material with a solid-state electrolyte material and forming coated cathode active materials  92 C,  92 D. In  FIG.  4   , the method  210  is a wet coating process which includes a step  211  of forming a coating solution by dissolving a first amount of solid metal salts or a SSE material in solvents. At step  213 , a coating mixture is formed by mixing the coating solution with an amount of solid particles of a battery material to be coated with the solid metal or the SSE material within a first time period. 
     In general, two or more metal salts in liquid form can be prepared directly into a liquid mixture in a desired concentration. Solids of two or more metal-containing salts in solid form can be dissolved or dispersed in a suitable solvent (e.g., water, alcohol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, organic solvents, inorganic solvents, organic acids, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), acetic acids (CH 3 COOH), butyric acid (C 4 H 8 O 2 ), lactic acid (C 3 H 6 O 3 ), Nitric acid (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethanol, pyridine, ammonia, acetone, and their combinations) to form into a liquid mixture of an aqueous solution, slurry, gel, aerosol or any other suitable liquid forms. Two or more metal salts can be used, depending on the desired composition of a final reaction product. For example, two or more solid metal salts can be prepared in desirable molar ratio and mixed into a liquid mixture, such as by measuring and preparing appropriate amounts of the two or more solid metal salts into a container with suitable amounts of a solvent. Depending on the solubility of the precursors in a chosen solvent, pH, temperature, and mechanical stirring and mixing can be adjusted to obtain a liquid mixture where one or more precursor compounds at the desirable molar concentrations are fully dissolved and/or evenly dispersed. 
     Another aspect of the present invention is a liquid mixture made up of two or more different soluble solutions with a desired molar ratio to produce a solid-state electrolyte material in a solid-state battery that exhibits high capacity. This provides for the precise control of and the ability to obtain specific molar ratios at the atomic level as well as to produce the desired make-up of a solid-state electrolyte material as a coating solution used for the making of solid-state battery material. The soluble solutions of the liquid mixture include each metal-containing salt dissolved in appropriate solvents to achieve specific molarities of metal-containing salts solutions, which are mixed together to form a liquid mixture of a desired molar ratio for the making of solid-state electrolyte materials. The said process of making the liquid mixture is efficient for the making of the active material that has highly pure, accurate stoichiometric phases. This provides for a solid-state battery with desired properties such as a high Coulombic efficiency and a high nominal capacity. 
     Next, at step  215 , the coating mixture is dried inside an oven or other suitable machine, at a first temperature for a second time period, and dried solid powders of a coated battery material coated with the solid metal or the SSE material are obtained. The first temperature is about 100° C. or higher, or 150° C. or higher, for example, from 200° C. to 300° C., such as 250° C. The second time period is around ten minutes or long, for example, between ten minutes and one hours, such as thirty minutes. 
     At step  217 , the dried solid powders is annealed inside a furnace (e.g. muffle furnace, annealing chamber, etc.) at a second temperature for a third time period and in the presence of a gas, e.g., oxygen (O 2 ), to form powders of a coated battery material. For example, a flow of high purity of gas or oxygen is flown inside an anneal reactor (e.g. muffle furnace) to serve as the energy source for oxidizing and/or reacting the various types of unreacted, partially and/or completely reacted metal-containing solid particles into fifth weight amount of powders of a coated battery material. In one aspect, the purity of the oxygen is more than 50%, for example more than 80%, such as 90%, 95%, or 97%. In one embodiment, the second temperature is more than 600° C., for example, between 650° C. to 800° C., such as 750° C. The third time period is about 15 min or longer, such as one hour or longer, for example, between one hour and ten hours, such as eight hours. 
     At step  219 , the powders of a coated battery materials are grinded and sieved into obtain final coated battery materials. In one embodiment, step  219  includes milling the powders of the coated battery materials into separated material powders, and sieving the separated material powders to a desired particle size to obtain an amount of the final coated battery material. 
       FIG.  5    shows an example of a dry coating method, the method  220 , to coat solid particles of a battery material with the solid metal or the SSE material, including a step  222  of preparing particles of battery cathode materials with a pre-treatment agent to be ready for dry coating. At step  224 , powders of a solid-state electrolyte material (SSE) are blended with particles of a battery cathode materials (BCM) in a ratio of X SSE :Y BCM  into a mixture inside a mixer or blender, e.g., a high energy mixer at first for 1 min at 500 rpm, to homogeneously mix the two powders. After mixing, the powder intensity of the blender can be increased to 2000 rpm for 6 min to deagglomerate the two powders into smaller aggregates so the SSE material can adhere at the surface of BCM. 
     In one embodiment, the ratio of X SSE :Y BCM  can be range from 1-50: 50-99 wt %, such as from 1-40: 60-99 wt %; such as from 1-30: 70-99 wt %; such as from 5-40: 60-95 wt %; such as from 5-30: 70-95 wt %; such as from 5-20: 80-95 wt %; such as from 10-40: 60-90 wt %; such as from 10-30: 70-90 wt %; such as from 10-20: 80-90 wt %; such as from 15-50: 50-85 wt %; such as from 15-40: 60-85 wt %; such as 15-30: 70-85 wt %, such as from 15-35: 65-85 wt %; such as from 20-30: 70-80 wt %; such as from 20-40: 60-80 wt %; such as from 20-50: 50-80 wt %; such as from 20-50: 50-80 wt %; such as from 30-50: 50-70 wt %; such as from 30-60: 40-70 wt %; such as from 30-40: 60-70 wt %; such as from 35-50: 50-65 wt %; such as from 35-30: 70-65 wt %; such as from 35-40: 60-65 wt %; such as from 40-50: 50-60 wt %; such as from 45-50: 50-55 wt %. 
     In one embodiment, the ratio of Y BCM :X SSE  can be range from 1-50: 50-99 wt %, such as from 1-40: 60-99 wt %; such as from 1-30: 70-99 wt %; such as from 5-40: 60-95 wt %; such as from 5-30: 70-95 wt %; such as from 5-20: 80-95 wt %; such as from 10-40: 60-90 wt %; such as from 10-30: 70-90 wt %; such as from 10-20: 80-90 wt %; such as from 15-50: 50-85 wt %; such as from 15-40: 60-85 wt %; such as 15-30: 70-85 wt %, such as from 15-35: 65-85 wt %; such as from 20-30: 70-80 wt %; such as from 20-40: 60-80 wt %; such as from 20-50: 50-80 wt %; such as from 20-50: 50-80 wt %; such as from 30-50: 50-70 wt %; such as from 30-60: 40-70 wt %; such as from 30-40: 60-70 wt %; such as from 35-50: 50-65 wt %; such as from 35-30: 70-65 wt %; such as from 35-40: 60-65 wt %; such as from 40-50: 50-60 wt %; such as from 45-50: 50-55 wt %. 
     Next, at step  226 , final coated cathode materials (FCCM) having particles of battery cathode materials (BCM) coated and surrounded with solid-state electrolyte material (SSE) are obtaied. In one embodiment of the dry coating process, the larger core particles can be coated directly with the smaller fine particles by external mechanical forces without using any solvents and binders. In another embodiment, a single particle of cathode material is able to be successfully coated with the fine particles of solid-state electrolyte material. At step  228 , the final coated cathode materials (FCCM) are used as a cathode to be fabricate into a solid-state battery. 
     For obtaining the coated positive electrode active materials  92 C,  92 D, the solid-state electrolyte material  96 C,  96 D can be coated onto the cathode active material  94 C,  94 D using the wet coating process or the dry coating process, as shown  FIG.  4    and  FIG.  5   , respectively. In one embodiment of the dry coating process, the larger core particles can be coated directly with the smaller fine particles by external mechanical forces without using any solvents and binders. In another embodiment, a single particle of cathode material is able to be successfully coated with the fine particles of solid-state electrolyte material. For example, the dry coating process includes dry powder mixing, powder to film formation and film to current collector lamination; all executed in a solventless fashion. In another embodiment, the wet coating process includes mixing the active cathode battery materials, solid-state electrolyte materials, and an organic or inorganic solvents such as water, alcohol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, organic solvents, inorganic solvents, organic acids, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), acetic acids (CH 3 COOH), butyric acid (C 4 H 8 O 2 ), lactic acid (C 3 H 6 O 3 ), Nitric acid (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethanol, pyridine, ammonia, acetone, and their combinations, the mixture to obtain a coated solid-state electrolyte materials. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates a flow chart of incorporating the method  100  of preparing a material for a battery electrochemical cell using a system  300  fully equipped with all of the required manufacturing tools. The system  300  generally includes a mist generator  306 , a power jetting chamber  310 , a power jet module  314 , a gas-solid separator  320 , and a reactor  340 . First, a liquid mixture containing two or more precursors is prepared and delivered into the mist generator  306  of the system  300 . The mist generator  306  is coupled to the power jetting chamber  310  and adapted to generate a mist from the liquid mixture. A flow of heated gases can be flowed into the power jetting chamber  310  to fill and pre-heat an internal volume of the power jetting chamber  310  prior to the formation of the mist or at the same time when the mist is generated inside the power jetting chamber  310 . The mist is mixed with the heated gas and its moisture is removed such that a gas-solid mixture, which contains the heated gases, two or more precursors, and/or other gas-phase waste product or by-products, etc., is formed. 
     Next, the gas-solid mixture is continuously delivered into the gas-solid separator  320  which separates the gas-solid mixture into solid particles and waste products. The solid particles is then delivered into the reactor  340  to be mixed with a flow of heated gas and form a gas-solid mixture. The reaction inside the reactor is carried out for a reaction time until reaction products can be obtained. Optionally, the reaction product gas-solid mixture can be delivered into a gas-solid separator (e.g., a gas-solid separator  328 ) to separate and obtain final solid product particles and a gaseous side product. In addition, one or more flows of cooling fluids (e.g., gases or liquids) may be used to cool the temperature of the reaction products. The final solid product particles can be delivered out of the system  300  for further analysis on their properties (e.g., specific capacity, power performance, battery charging cycle performance, etc.), particle sizes, morphology, crystal structure, etc., to be used as a material in a battery cell. Finally, the final particles are packed into a component of a battery cell. 
       FIG.  7    is a schematic of the system  300 , which is one example of an integrated tool/apparatus that can be used to carry out a fast, simple, continuous and low cost manufacturing process for preparing a material for a battery electrochemical cell. The system  300  is connected to a liquid mixer  304 , which in turn is connected to two or more reactant sources  302 A,  302 B. The reactant sources  302 A,  302 B are provided to store various precursor compounds and liquid solvents. Desired amounts of precursor compounds (in solid or liquid form) and solvents are dosed and delivered from the reactant sources  302 A,  302 B to the liquid mixer  304  so that the precursor compounds can be dissolved and/or dispersed in the solvent and mix well into a liquid mixture. If necessary, the liquid mixer  304  is heated to a temperature, such as between 30° C. and 90° C. to help uniformly dissolve, disperse, and/or mix the precursors. The liquid mixer  304  is optionally connected to a pump  305 , which pumps the liquid mixture from the liquid mixer  304  into the mist generator  306  of the system  300  to generate a mist. 
     The mist generator  306  converts the liquid mixture into a mist with desired droplet size and size distribution. In addition, the mist generator  306  is coupled to the power jetting chamber  310  in order to dry and remove moisture from the mist and obtain thoroughly-mixed solid precursor particles. In one embodiment, the mist generator  306  is positioned near the top of the power jetting chamber  310  that is positioned vertically (e.g., a dome-type power jetting chamber, etc.) to inject the mist into the power jetting chamber  310  and pass through the power jetting chamber vertically downward. Alternatively, the mist generator can be positioned near the bottom of the power jetting chamber  310  that is vertically positioned to inject the mist upward into the power jetting chamber to increase the residence time of the mist generated therein. In another embodiment, when the power jetting chamber  310  is positioned horizontally (e.g., a tube power jetting chamber, etc.) and the mist generator  306  is positioned near one end of the power jetting chamber  310  such that a flow of the mist, being delivered from the one end through another end of the power jetting chamber  310 , can pass through a path within the power jetting chamber  310  for the length of its residence time. 
     The power jetting chamber  310  generally includes one or more power jet module  314  (e.g., power jet modules  314 A,  314 B,  314 C,  314 D, etc), a chamber inlet  315 , a chamber body  312 , and a chamber outlet  317 . In one configuration, the mist generator  306  is positioned inside the power jetting chamber  310  near the chamber inlet  315  and connected to a liquid line  303  adapted to flow the liquid mixture therein from the liquid mixer  304 . For example, the liquid mixture within the liquid mixer  304  can be pumped by the pump  305  through the liquid line  303  connected to the chamber inlet  315  into the internal volume of the power jetting chamber  310 . Pumping of the liquid mixture by the pump  305  can be configured, for example, continuously at a desired delivery rate (e.g., adjusted by a metered valve or other means) to achieve good process throughput of system  300 . In another configuration, the mist generator  306  is positioned outside the power jetting chamber  310  and the mist generated therefrom is delivered to the power jetting chamber  310  via the chamber inlet  315 . 
     One or more gas lines (e.g., gas lines  331 A,  331 B,  331 C,  331 D, etc.) can be coupled to various portions of the power jetting chamber  310  and adapted to flow a gas from a gas source  332  into the power jetting chamber  310 . A flow of the gas stored in the gas source  332  can be delivered, concurrently with the formation of the mist inside power jetting chamber  310 , into the power jetting chamber  310  to carry the mist through the power jetting chamber  310 , remove moisture from the mist, and form a gas-solid mixture containing the precursors. The flow of the gas can be delivered into the power jetting chamber  310  prior to formation the mist to fill and preheat an internal volume of the power jetting chamber  310  prior to generating the mist inside the power jetting chamber  310 . 
     In one example, the gas line  331 A is connected to the top portion of the power jetting chamber  310  to deliver the gas into the mist generator  306  positioned near the chamber inlet  315  to be mixed with the mist generated by the mist generator  306  inside the power jetting chamber  310 . In one embodiment, the gas is preheated to a temperature of between 70° C. and 600° C. to mix with and remove moisture from the mist. As another example, the gas line  331 B delivering the gas therein is connected to the chamber inlet  315  of the power jetting chamber  310 , in close proximity with the liquid line  303  having the liquid mixture therein. Accordingly, the gas can thoroughly mix with the mist of the liquid mixture inside the power jetting chamber  310 . 
     In another example, the gas line  331 C is connected to the chamber body  312  of the power jetting chamber  310  to deliver the gas therein and mix the gas with the mist generated from the mist generator  306 . In addition, the gas line  331 D connected to the power jetting chamber  310  near the chamber outlet  317  may be used to ensure the gas-solid mixture formed within the power jetting chamber  310  is uniformly mixed with the gas. 
     The flow of the gas may be pumped through an air filter to remove any particles, droplets, or contaminants, and the flow rate of the gas can be adjusted by a valve or other means. In one embodiment, the gas is heated to a temperature to mix with the mist and remove moisture from the mist. It is designed to obtain spherical solid particles from a thoroughly-mixed liquid mixture of two or more precursors after drying the mist of the liquid mixture. In contrast, conventional solid-state manufacturing processes involve mixing or milling a solid mixture of precursor compounds, resulting in uneven mixing. 
     Once the mist of the liquid mixture is dried and formed into a gas-solid mixture with the gas, the gas-solid mixture is delivered out of the power jetting chamber  310  via the chamber outlet  317 . The power jetting chamber  310  is coupled to the gas-solid separator  320  of the system  300 . The gas-solid separator  320  collects chamber products (e.g., a gas-solid mixture having the gas and the one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material mixed together) from the chamber outlet  317 . 
     The gas-solid separator  320  includes a separator inlet  321 A, two or more separator outlets  322 A,  324 A. The separator inlet  321 A is connected to the chamber outlet  317  and adapted to collect the gas-solid mixture and other chamber products from the power jetting chamber  310 . The gas-solid separator  320  separates the gas-solid mixture from the power jetting chamber  310  into one or more solid particles of solid-state electrolyte material and waste products. The separator outlet  322 A is adapted to deliver the one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material to the reactor  340  for further processing and reactions. The separator outlet  324 A is adapted to deliver waste products out of the gas-solid separator  320 . 
     The waste products may be delivered into a gas abatement device  326 A to be treated and released out of the system  300 . The waste product may include, for example, water (H 2 O) vapor, organic solvent vapor, nitrogen-containing gas, oxygen-containing gas, O 2 , O 3 , nitrogen gas (N 2 ), NO, NO 2 , NO 2 , N 2 O, N 4 O, NO 3 , N 2 O 3 , N 2 O 4 , N 2 O 5 , N(NO 2 ) 3 , carbon-containing gas, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), CO, hydrogen-containing gas, H 2 , chlorine-containing gas, Cl 2 , sulfur-containing gas, SO 2 , small particles of the one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material, and combinations thereof. 
     The one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material may include at least particles of the two or more precursors that are dried and uniformly mixed together. It is contemplated to separate the one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material away from any side products, gaseous products or waste products, prior to reacting the two or more precursors in the reactor  340 . Accordingly, the system  300  is designed to mix the two or more precursors uniformly, dry the two or more precursors, separate the dried two or more precursors, and react the two or more precursors into final solid product particles of the crystalized solid-state electrolyte materials continuously. Suitable gas-solid separators include cyclones, electrostatic separators, electrostatic precipitators, gravity separators, inertia separators, membrane separators, fluidized beds, classifiers, electric sieves, impactors, particles collectors, leaching separators, elutriators, air classifiers, leaching classifiers, and combinations thereof, among others. 
     Once the one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material are separated and obtained, it is delivered into the reactor  340  for further reaction. The reactor  340  includes a gas inlet  333 , a reactor inlet  345 , and a reactor outlet  347 . The reactor inlet  345  is connected to the separator outlet  322 A and adapted to receive the solid particles. Optionally, a vessel  325  is adapted to store the solid particles prior to adjusting the amounts of the solid particles delivered into the reactor  340 . The gas inlet  333  of the reactor  340  is coupled to a heating mechanism  380  to heat a gas from a gas source  334  to an annealing temperature of between 400° C. and 1200° C. The heating mechanism  380  can be, for example, an electric heater, a gas-fueled heater, a burner, among other heaters. Additional gas lines can be used to deliver heated air or gas into the reactor  340 , if needed. The pre-heated gas can fill the reactor  340  and maintained the internal temperature of the reactor  340 , much better and energy efficient than conventional heating of the chamber body of a reactor. 
     The gas flown inside the reactor  340  is designed to be mixed with the one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material and form an oxidized reaction product inside the reactor  340 . Thermal energy from the pre-heated gas is used as the energy source for reacting the one or more solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material within the reactor  340 . The reaction process includes, but not limited to, reduction, decomposition, combination reaction, phase-transformation, re-crystallization, single displacement reaction, double displacement reaction, combustion, isomerization, and combinations thereof. The oxidized reaction product is then going through annealing process for a residence time of between 1 second and ten hours, or longer, depending on the annealing temperature and the type of the precursors initially delivered into the system  300 . One embodiment of the invention provides the control of the temperature of the reactor  340  by the temperature of the heated gas. 
     Once the reactions inside the reactor  340  are complete, for example, upon the formation of desired crystal structure, particle morphology, and particle size, oxidized reaction products are delivered out of the reactor  340  via the reactor outlet  347  and/or a reactor outlet  348 . The cooled reaction products include final solid product particles of the crystalized solid-state electrolyte materials containing, for example, oxidized product particles of the precursor compounds which are suitable as a material of a battery cell. 
     Optionally, the system  300  includes a gas-solid separator, such as a gas-solid separator  328 , which collects the reaction products from the reactor outlet  347  of the reactor  340 . The gas-solid separator  328  may be a particle collector, such as cyclone, electrostatic separator, electrostatic precipitator, gravity separator, inertia separator, membrane separator, fluidized beds classifiers electric sieves impactor, leaching separator, elutriator, air classifier, leaching classifier, and combinations thereof. 
     The gas-solid separator  328  of the system  300  generally includes a separator inlet  321 B, a separator outlet  322 B and a separator outlet  324 B and is used to separate the reaction products into the solid particles and gaseous side products. The gaseous side products may be delivered into a gas abatement device  326 B to be treated and released out of the system  300 . The gaseous side products separated by the gas-solid separator  328  may generally contain water (H 2 O) vapor, organic solvent vapor, nitrogen-containing gas, oxygen-containing gas, O 2 , O 3 , nitrogen gas (N 2 ), NO, NO 2 , NO 2 , N 2 O, N 4 O, NO 3 , N 2 O 3 , N 2 O 4 , N 2 O 5 , N(NO 2 ) 3 , carbon-containing gas, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), CO, hydrogen-containing gas, H 2 , chlorine-containing gas, Cl 2 , sulfur-containing gas, SO 2 , small particles of the solid particles, and combinations thereof. In addition, the system  300  may further include one or more cooling fluid lines  353 ,  355  connected to the reactor outlet  347  or the separator outlet  322 A of the gas solid separator  328  and adapted to cool the reaction products and/or the solid particles. The cooling fluid line  353  is adapted to deliver a cooling fluid (e.g., a gas or liquid) from a source  352  to the separator inlet  321 B of the gas-solid separator  328 . The cooling fluid line  355  is adapted to deliver a cooling fluid, which may filtered by a filter  354  to remove particles, into a heat exchanger  350 . 
     The heat exchanger  350  is adapted to collect and cool the solid particles and/or reaction products from the gas-solid separator  328  and/or the reactor  340  by flowing a cooling fluid through them. The cooling fluid has a temperature lower than the temperature of the reaction products and the solid particles delivered from the gas-solid separator  328  and/or the reactor  340 . The cooling fluid may have a temperature of between 4° C. and 30° C. The cooling fluid may be liquid water, liquid nitrogen, an air, an inert gas or any other gas which would not react to the reaction products. 
     Final solid products particles are collected and cooled by one or more separators, cooling fluid lines, and/or heat exchangers, and once cooled, the solid particles are delivered out of the system  300  and collected in a final product collector  368 . The solid particles may include oxidized form of precursors, such as an oxide material, suitable to be packed into a battery cell  370 . Additional pumps may also be installed to achieve the desired pressure gradient. 
     A process control system  390  can be coupled to the system  300  at various locations to automatically control the manufacturing process performed by the system  300  and adjust various process parameters (e.g., flow rate, mixture ratio, temperature, residence time, etc.) within the system  300 . For example, the flow rate of the liquid mixture into the system  300  can be adjusted near the reactant sources  302 A,  302 B, the liquid mixer  304 , or the pump  305 . The droplet size and generation rate of the mist generated by the mist generator  306  can be adjusted. In addition, flow rate and temperature of various gases flown within the gas lines  331 A,  331 B,  331 C,  331 D,  333 ,  353 ,  355 ,  515 , etc., can be controlled by the process control system  390 . In addition, the process control system  390  is adapted to control the temperature and the residence time of various gas-solid mixture and solid particles at desired level at various locations. 
     Accordingly, a continuous process for producing a material of a battery cell using a system having a mist generator, a power jetting chamber, one or more gas-solid separators and a reactor is provided. A mist generated from a liquid mixture of one or more metal precursor compounds in desired ratio is mixed with air and dried inside the power jetting chamber, thereby forming gas-solid mixtures. One or more gas-solid separators are used in the system to separate the gas-solid mixtures from the power jetting chamber into solid particles packed with the one or more metal precursors and continuously deliver the solid particles into the reactor for further reaction to obtain final solid material particles with desired ratio of two or more intercalated metals. 
     The invention provides the preparation and manufacturing of a SSE material or a metal oxide material. Depending on the details and ratios of the metal precursor compounds that are delivered into the system  300 , the resulting final solid material particles obtained from the system  300  may be a metal oxide material, a doped metal oxide material, an inorganic metal salts, among others. In addition, the metal oxide materials can exhibit a crystal structure of metals in the shape of layered, spinel, olivine, etc. The morphology of the solid product particles (such as the oxidized reaction product prepared using the method  100  and the system  300  as described herein) exists as desired solid powders. The particle sizes of the solid powders range between 1 nm and 100 μm. 
     In operation, a mist is mixed with a gas flow of a gas inside a mist generator to form a gas-liquid mixture, where the liquid mixture includes a lithium-containing salt compound, and one or more salt-containing compounds. In addition, the liquid mixture is mixed with a gas flow of another gas inside a power jetting chamber. It is contemplated that these gas flows are provided to thoroughly mix the liquid mixture to uniformly form into the gas-liquid mixture and assist in carrying the gas-liquid mixture inside the power jetting chamber. The liquid mixture can be adjusted digitally or manually prepared in a desirable molar ratio of the lithium-containing salt compound, the one or more inorganic salts compounds inside reactant sources and delivered into one or more liquid mixers. 
     Adjusting the molar ratio of the lithium-containing salt compound, and the one or more salt-containing compounds is performed prior to the forming the mist of the liquid mixture inside a liquid mixer. Desired molar ratio of the lithium-containing salt, and the one or more salts are digitally or manually measured and delivered from reactant sources to the liquid mixer so that the lithium-containing salt compound, and the one or more salt-containing compounds can be dissolved and/or dispersed in the solvent and mix well into the liquid mixture inside the liquid mixer. The lithium-containing salt compound, and the one or more salt-containing compounds are all soluble in a suitable solvent within the liquid mixture. 
     Also, adjusting the molar ratio of the lithium-containing salt compound, and the one or more salt-containing compounds is performed simultaneously with the forming the mist of the liquid mixture. The desirable molar ratio of the lithium-containing salt compound, and the one or more inorganic salt compounds can be adjusted digitally or manually from each reactant source and delivered into the mist generator to generate the mist of the liquid mixture inside the mist generator. 
     The liquid mixture comprising the lithium-containing salt compound, and the one or more salt-containing compounds is mixed with a gas flow to form a gas-liquid mixture inside a power jetting chamber. Then, the gas-liquid mixture is dried at a temperature inside the power jetting chamber to form a gas-solid mixture of solid particles of a solid-state electrolyte material. The gas-solid mixture is continuously delivered into the gas-solid separator which separates the gas-solid mixture into one or more solid particles of the solid-state electrolyte material and waste products. 
     The one or more solid particles of the oxide material are then delivered into an annealing chamber to be mixed with a flow of a gas. The one or more solid particles of the solid-state electrolyte material are reacted and annealed at an annealing temperature inside the annealing chamber to obtain high quality solid-state electrolyte materials optionally doped with one or more dopants at desired size, morphology and crystal structure. 
       FIG.  8 A  is a perspective view of one embodiment of a processing system for producing a particulate material. This exemplary embodiment of the processing system  6100  includes a system inlet  6102  for delivering one or more gases through gas line  6106  and system outlet  6104  for delivering particulate material out of the processing system. The one or more gases may be selected from gas source of air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, among others. In one embodiment, such processing system further includes an array of one or more power jet modules for jetting the liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and to force the one or more streams of droplets into the processing system. The processing system further includes a reaction chamber for processing the one or more streams of droplets and the one or more gases into the particulate material. 
     The liquid mixture is prepared from two or more precursor compounds and then converted into droplets, each droplet will have the two or more precursors uniformly distributed together. Then, the moisture of the liquid mixture is removed by passing the droplets through the dispersion chamber and the flow of the gas is used to carry the mist within the dispersion chamber for a suitable residence time. It is further contemplated that the concentrations of the precursor compounds in a liquid mixture and the droplet sizes of the mist of the liquid mixture can be adjusted to control the chemical composition, particle sizes, and size distribution of final product particles of the battery material. 
     Such processing system further includes, as illustrated by  FIG.  8 A , at least one buffer chamber configured to the system inlet  6102  for delivering gas source into multiple uniform gas flows. Further in one embodiment, the processing system includes the dispersion chamber  6220 , and power jet modules  6240 A,  6240 B and  6240 C for preparing precursor liquid mixture into desirable size and delivering the desired precursor liquid mixture into the processing system. The power jet modules can be attached to a portion of the dispersion chamber to and employ air pressure to jet the liquid mixture and convert it into a mist containing small sized droplets directly inside the dispersion chamber. Alternatively, a mist can be generated outside the dispersion chamber and delivered into the dispersion chamber. Suitable droplet sizes can be adjusted according to the choice of the power jet module used, the liquid mixture compounds, the temperature of the dispersion chamber, the flow rate of the gas, and the residence time inside the dispersion chamber. As an example, a mist with liquid droplet sizes between one tenth of a micron and one millimeter is generated inside the dispersion chamber. 
     The power jet module  6240 A is coupled to a portion of the dispersion chamber  6220  to generate a mist (e.g., a large collection of small size droplets) of the liquid mixture directly within the dispersion chamber. In general, the power jet module  6240 A is able to generate a mist of mono-sized droplets. In one embodiment, the dispersion chamber  6220  is connected to the one or more power jet modules  6240 A,  6240 B and  6240 C, for receiving multiple uniform gas flows from the buffer chamber and dispersing the multiple uniform gas flows with one or more streams of droplets jetted from the array of one or more power jet modules  6240 A,  6240 B and  6240 C into each other. 
     In one embodiment, the dispersion chamber  6220  then connects to the reaction chamber  6210  for processing the one or more streams of droplets and the one or more gases into the particulate material. Further, the reaction chamber  6210  connects to the system outlet  6104  for delivering the particulate material out of the processing system. 
       FIG.  8 B  is an exemplary processing system  6100  that can be used to carry out a fast, simple, continuous and low-cost manufacturing process for producing a particulate material. The processing system  6100  includes a system inlet  6102  for delivering the one or more gases into the processing system, a buffer chamber  6230  connected to the system inlet  6102 , dispersion chamber  6220  connected to the buffer chamber  6230 , a reaction chamber  6210  connected to the dispersion chamber  6220 , and a system outlet  104  connected to the reaction chamber  6210 . 
     The processing system  6100  further includes a gas distributor  6232  attached to chamber wall  6238  of the buffer chamber  6230 , channels of the distributor  6232  for delivering the one or more gases F 1  into multiple uniform gas flows F 2  inside the processing system, dispersion chamber  6220  and one or more power jet modules  6240 A and  240 B attached to chamber wall  6228  of the dispersion chamber  6220 . 
     The one or more gases F 1  delivered into the buffer chamber  6230  is pressured downward to flow at a certain speed through channels  6234  of the gas distributor  6232  into multiple uniform gas flows F 2  out of the channels  6234  and into the dispersion chamber  6220 . In one embodiment, the one or more gases F 1  may be pumped through an air filter to remove any particles, droplets, or contaminants, and the flow rate of the gas can be adjusted by a valve or other means. In one embodiment, the flow rate of multiple uniform gas flows F 2  coming out of the channels  6234  will be higher than the flow rate of one or more gases F 1 . Additionally, the direction of multiple uniform gas flows F 2  will be gathered and unified. 
     The power jet module  6240 A include a power jet  6242 A for jetting a liquid mixture supplied to the power jet module  6240 A into one or more streams of droplets. The power jet module  6240 A further includes a support frame  6244 A for supporting the power jet module  6240 A, a module actuator  6246 A attached to the inner side of the support frame  6244 A for actuating and forcing the one or more streams of droplets FA jetted from the power jets  6242 A attached to the inner side of the support frame  6244 A into the dispersion chamber  6220 , and a connector  6245 A connecting the module actuator  6246 A and power jet  6242 A. Additionally, the power jet module  6240 B include a power jet  6242 B for jetting a liquid mixture supplied to the power jet module  6240 B into one or more streams of droplets. The power jet module  6240 B further includes a support frame  6244 B for supporting the power jet module  62406 , a module actuator  6246 B attached to the inner side of the support frame  6244 B for actuating and forcing the one or more streams of droplets FB jetted from the power jets  6242 B attached to the inner side of the support frame  6244 B into the dispersion chamber  6220 , and a connector  6245 B connecting the module actuator  6246 B and power jet  6242 B. 
     The streams of droplets F A  jetted into the dispersion chamber  6220  are dispersed with multiple uniform gas flows F 2  in a dispersion angle α A  with each other and forming a gas-liquid mixture F 3  containing the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  and the streams of droplets F A . Further, the streams of droplets FB jetted into the dispersion chamber  6220  are dispersed with multiple uniform gas flows F 2  in a dispersion angle α B  with each other and forming a gas-liquid mixture F 3  containing the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  and the streams of droplets F B . In one embodiment, the dispersion chamber maintained itself at a first temperate. 
     The one or more gases are heated to a drying temperature to mix with the streams of droplets and remove moisture from the streams of droplets. It is designed to obtain spherical solid particles from a thoroughly-mixed liquid mixture of two or more liquid mixture after drying the mist of the liquid mixture. In contrast, conventional solid-state manufacturing processes involve mixing or milling a solid mixture of liquid mixture compounds, resulting in uneven mixing of liquid mixtures. 
     The one or more gas may be, for example, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas, inert gas, noble gas, and combinations thereof, among others. For example, heated air can be used as an inexpensive gas source and energy source for drying the streams of droplets. The choice of the one or more gas may be a gas that mix well with the streams of droplets of the precursors and dry the mist without reacting to the precursors. In some cases, the chemicals in the streams of droplets may react to the one or more gases and/or to each other to certain extent during drying, depending on the drying temperature and the chemical composition of the precursors. In addition, the residence time of the streams of droplets of thoroughly mixed precursor compounds within the dispersion chamber is adjustable, depending on the flow rate of the one or more gas, and the length of the path that the streams of droplets has to flow within the dispersion chamber. 
     The processing system  6100  further includes the reaction chamber  6210  for receiving the gas-liquid mixture F 3  and performing a desired reaction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  into a final reaction product F 4  at a second temperature and for a duration of a reaction time. Lastly, the final reaction products F 4 , which can be product particles, can be delivered out of the system  6100  through system outlet  6104  for further analysis on their properties (e.g., specific capacity, power performance, particulate charging cycle performance, etc.), particle sizes, morphology, crystal structure, etc., to be used as a particulate material. 
     The processing system  6100  is connected to an electronic control unit  6300  with a CPU  6340  for automatic control of the processing system  6100 . As shown in  FIG.  14   , the control unit  6300  is coupled to the processing system  6100  at various locations to automatically control the manufacturing process performed by the processing system  6100  and adjust various process parameters (e.g., flow rate, mixture ratio, temperature, residence time, etc.) within the processing system  6100 . For example, the flow rate of the liquid mixture into the processing system  6100  can be adjusted near a liquid mixture container or a pump. As another example, the droplet size and generation rate of the mist generated by power jet modules  6240 A and  6240 B can be adjusted. In addition, flow rate and temperatures of various gases flowed within the gas lines, etc., can be controlled by the control unit  6300 . In addition, the process control unit  6300  is adapted to control the temperature, air pressure, and the residence time of various gas-solid mixture and solid particles at desired level at various locations. 
     In operation, the control unit  6300  may be used to control the parameters of a continuous multi-stage process (e.g., the method  900  as described herein) performed within the control unit  6300  to obtain high quality and consistent active battery materials with much less time, labor, and supervision than materials prepared from conventional manufacturing processes. Representative processing profile performed by the control unit  6300  of  FIG.  8 B  is shown as temperature-versus-time plots 
     Optionally, the processing system  6100  further includes a first separator connected to the dispersion chamber  6230  and adapted to collecting and separating the gas-liquid mixture F 3  from the dispersion chamber into a first type of solid particles and waste products. Optionally, the first separator is connected to a power jetting chamber which is connected to the dispersion chamber  6230  and adapted to collecting and drying the gas-liquid mixture F 3  from the dispersion chamber into a gas-solid particles to be delivered and separated into a first type of solid particles and waste products within the first separator. In one embodiment, the first separator further includes a first separator outlet connected to the reaction chamber  6210  and adapted to deliver the first type of solid particles into the reaction chamber  6210 , and a second separator outlet adapted to deliver waste products out of the first separator. 
       FIG.  8 C  shows examples of power jet modules configured in the dispersion chamber. The power jet module  1040 A for jetting the liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and forcing the one or more streams into the processing system includes a power jet  1042 A for jetting a liquid mixture supplied to the power jet module  1040 A into one or more streams of droplets. The power jet module  1040 A further includes a support frame  1044 A for supporting the movement of the power jet  1042 A, a first module actuator  1046 A for moving the power jet to be correspondingly connected to an opening on the dispersion chamber, and a connector  1045 A connecting the first module actuator  1046 A and the power jet  1042 A. 
     In  FIG.  8 C , the dispersion chamber  1020  includes one or more openings  1022 A,  1022 B,  1022 C,  1022 D,  1022 E, and  1022 F positioned on the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1020  and adapted to connecting to and fitting with the power jet of the power jet module on power jet&#39;s one face with nozzle array. In one embodiment, the shapes of one or more openings and the arrangement of one or more openings are shown in  FIG.  8 C , wherein the one or more openings are in rectangular shape with bottom width shorter than the side length, and positioned in an evenly distance adjacent to each other on a same horizontal line of the chamber wall. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8 C , the dispersion chamber  1020  is filled with multiple unified gases F 2  delivered from the buffer chamber of the processing chamber. In one embodiment, multiple unified gases F 2  can be delivered, concurrently with the formation of the streams of droplets inside dispersion chamber  1020  jetted from the power jet of the power jet module, into the dispersion chamber  1020  to carry the streams of droplets through the dispersion chamber  1020 , may or may not remove moisture from the mist, and form a gas-liquid mixture with a direction F 3  containing the liquid mixtures and multiple unified gases. Also, the flow of multiple unified gases F 2  can be delivered into the dispersion chamber  1020  prior to the formation of the streams of droplets to fill and optionally preheat to a first temperature an internal volume of the dispersion chamber  1020  prior to generating the streams of droplets inside the dispersion chamber  1020 . 
     The one or more openings  1022 A- 1022 F are positioned near the top of the dispersion chamber  1020  that is positioned vertically (e.g., a dome-type dispersion chamber, etc.) to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets into the dispersion chamber  1020  and passing through the dispersion chamber vertically downward. Alternatively, the one or more openings  1022 A- 1022 F can be positioned near the bottom of the dispersion chamber  1020  that is vertically positioned and be able to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets upward into the dispersion chamber by increasing the residence time of the streams generated therein. In another embodiment, when the dispersion chamber  1020  is positioned horizontally (e.g., a tube dispersion chamber, etc.) and the one or more openings  1022 A- 1022 F are positioned near one end of the dispersion chamber  1020  such to fit and connect to the power jet modules that injecting the streams of droplets to be delivered from the one end through another end of the dispersion chamber  1020 , can pass through a path within the dispersion chamber  1020  for the length of its residence time. 
     Additionally, the streams of droplets jetted into the dispersion chamber  1020  are dispersed with multiple uniform gas flows F 2  into a gas-liquid mixture F 3  containing the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  and the streams of droplets. The dispersion chamber maintained itself at a first temperate. Also, the direction of the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  delivered into the dispersion chamber is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1020 . And the direction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  delivered through the dispersion chamber  1020  is also parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1020 . In another embodiment of the invention, the direction of the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  delivered into the dispersion chamber  1020  and the direction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  delivered through the dispersion chamber  1020  are different. 
       FIG.  8 D  shows examples of power jet modules configured in the dispersion chamber. In one embodiment, the power jet module  1140 A for jetting the liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and forcing the one or more streams into the processing system includes a power jet  1142 A for jetting a liquid mixture supplied to the power jet module  1140 A into one or more streams of droplets. The power jet module  1140 A further includes a support frame  1144 A for supporting the movement of the power jet  1142 A, a first module actuator  1146 A for moving the power jet to be correspondingly connected to an opening on the dispersion chamber, and a connector connecting the first module actuator  1146 A and the power jet  1142 A. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8 D , the dispersion chamber  1120  includes one or more openings  1122 A,  1122 B,  1122 C positioned on the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1120  and adapted to connecting to and fitting with the power jet of the power jet module on power jet&#39;s one face with nozzle array. The shapes of one or more openings and the arrangement of one or more openings are shown in  FIG.  8 D , wherein the one or more openings are in rectangular shape with bottom width longer than the side length, and positioned in an evenly distance adjacent to each other on a same horizontal line of the chamber wall. 
     In  FIG.  8 D , the dispersion chamber  1120  is filled with multiple unified gases F 2  delivered from the buffer chamber of the processing chamber. Multiple unified gases F 2  can be delivered, concurrently with the formation of the streams of droplets inside dispersion chamber  1120  jetted from the power jet of the power jet module, into the dispersion chamber  1120  to carry the streams of droplets through the dispersion chamber  1120 , may or may not remove moisture from the mist, and form a gas-liquid mixture with a direction F 3  containing the liquid mixtures and multiple unified gases. Also, the flow of multiple unified gases F 2  can be delivered into the dispersion chamber  1120  prior to the formation of the streams of droplets to fill and optionally preheat to a first temperature an internal volume of the dispersion chamber  1120  prior to generating the streams of droplets inside the dispersion chamber  1120 . 
     The one or more openings  1122 A- 1122 C are positioned near the top of the dispersion chamber  1120  that is positioned vertically (e.g., a dome-type dispersion chamber, etc.) to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets into the dispersion chamber  1120  and passing through the dispersion chamber vertically downward. Alternatively, the one or more openings  1122 A- 1122 C can be positioned near the bottom of the dispersion chamber  1120  that is vertically positioned and be able to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets upward into the dispersion chamber by increasing the residence time of the streams generated therein. In another embodiment, when the dispersion chamber  1120  is positioned horizontally (e.g., a tube dispersion chamber, etc.) and the one or more openings  1122 A- 1122 C are positioned near one end of the dispersion chamber  1120  such to fit and connect to the power jet modules that injecting the streams of droplets to be delivered from the one end through another end of the dispersion chamber  1120 , can pass through a path within the dispersion chamber  1120  for the length of its residence time. In one embodiment, the dispersion chamber maintained itself at a first temperate. 
     The direction of the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  delivered into the dispersion chamber is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1120 . And the direction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  formed by dispersing multiple uniform gas flows F 2  into streams of droplets from the power jets delivered through the dispersion chamber  1120  is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1120 . 
       FIG.  8 E  shows examples of power jet modules configured in the dispersion chamber of the processing system in a perspective view. In one embodiment, the power jet module  1240 A for jetting the liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and forcing the one or more streams into the processing system includes a power jet  1242 A for jetting a liquid mixture supplied to the power jet module  1240 A into one or more streams of droplets. The power jet module  1240 A further includes a support frame  1244 A for supporting the movement of the power jet  1242 A, a first module actuator  1246 A for moving the power jet to be correspondingly connected to an opening on the dispersion chamber, and a connector  1245 A connecting the first module actuator  1246 A and the power jet  1242 A. 
     In  FIG.  8 E , the dispersion chamber  1220  includes one or more openings  1222 A,  12226 ,  1222 C positioned on the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1220  and adapted to connecting to and fitting with the power jet of the power jet module on power jet&#39;s one face with nozzle array. In one embodiment, the shapes of one or more openings and the arrangement of one or more openings are shown in  FIG.  8 E , wherein the one or more openings are in rectangular shape with bottom width shorter than the side length, and positioned in an evenly distance adjacent to each other on a same vertical line of the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1220 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  8 E , the dispersion chamber  1220  is filled with multiple unified gases F 2  delivered from the buffer chamber of the processing chamber. In one embodiment, multiple unified gases F 2  can be delivered, concurrently with the formation of the streams of droplets inside dispersion chamber  1220  jetted from the power jet of the power jet module, into the dispersion chamber  1220  to carry the streams of droplets through the dispersion chamber  1220 , may or may not remove moisture from the mist, and form a gas-liquid mixture F 3  containing the liquid mixtures and multiple unified gases. Also, the flow of multiple unified gases F 2  can be delivered into the dispersion chamber  1220  prior to the formation of the streams of droplets to fill and optionally preheat to a first temperature an internal volume of the dispersion chamber  1220  prior to generating the streams of droplets inside the dispersion chamber  1220 . 
     The one or more openings  1222 A- 1222 C are positioned near the left end of the dispersion chamber  1220  that is positioned horizontally (e.g., a tube dispersion chamber, etc.) to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets into the dispersion chamber  1220  and passing through the dispersion chamber from one end to the other. Alternatively, the one or more openings  1222 A- 1222 C can be positioned near the right end of the dispersion chamber  1220  that is horizontally positioned and be able to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets upward into the dispersion chamber for the length of its residence time of the streams generated therein. In one embodiment, the dispersion chamber maintained itself at a first temperate. 
     The direction of the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  delivered into the dispersion chamber is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1220 . And the direction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  formed by dispersing multiple uniform gas flows F 2  into streams of droplets from the power jets delivered through the dispersion chamber  1220  is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1220 . 
       FIG.  8 F  shows examples of power jet modules configured in the dispersion chamber of the processing system in a perspective view. In one embodiment, the power jet module  1340 A for jetting the liquid mixture into one or more streams of droplets and forcing the one or more streams into the processing system includes a power jet  1342 A for jetting a liquid mixture supplied to the power jet module  1340 A into one or more streams of droplets. The power jet module  1340 A further includes a support frame  1344 A for supporting the movement of the power jet  1342 A, a first module actuator  1346 A for moving the power jet to be correspondingly connected to an opening on the dispersion chamber, and a connector  1345 A connecting the first module actuator  1346 A and the power jet  1342 A. 
     In  FIG.  8 F , the dispersion chamber  1320  includes one or more openings  1322 A,  1322 B,  1322 C,  1322 D,  1322 E, and  1322 F positioned on the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1320  and adapted to connecting to and fitting with the power jet of the of the power jet module on power jet&#39;s one face with nozzle array and with a bottom width longer than the side length thereof. In one embodiment, the shapes of one or more openings and the arrangement of one or more openings are shown in  FIG.  8 F , wherein the one or more openings are in rectangular shape with bottom width longer than the side length, and positioned in an evenly distance adjacent to each other on a same vertical line of the chamber wall. 
     The one or more openings  1322 A- 1322 F are positioned near the left end of the dispersion chamber  1220  that is positioned horizontally (e.g., a tube dispersion chamber, etc.) to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets into the dispersion chamber  1320  and passing through the dispersion chamber from one end to the other. Alternatively, the one or more openings  1322 A- 1322 F can be positioned near the right end of the dispersion chamber  1320  that is horizontally positioned and be able to connect and fit the power jet modules for injecting the streams of droplets upward into the dispersion chamber for the length of its residence time of the streams generated therein. In one embodiment, the dispersion chamber maintained itself at a first temperate. 
     The direction of the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  delivered into the dispersion chamber is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1020 . And the direction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  delivered through the dispersion chamber  1020  is also parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1020 . In another embodiment of the invention, the direction of the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  delivered into the dispersion chamber  1020  and the direction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  delivered through the dispersion chamber  1020  are different. As another example, the direction of the multiple uniform gas flows F 2  delivered into the dispersion chamber is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1320 . And the direction of the gas-liquid mixture F 3  formed by dispersing multiple uniform gas flows F 2  into streams of droplets from the power jets delivered through the dispersion chamber  1320  is parallel to the chamber wall of the dispersion chamber  1320 . 
     Examples 
     Exemplary material compositions are shown in Table 1A, (Example #: A1-A3), and include lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide garnets having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  D1 d  D2 e  . . . . DN n  O v , is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d: . . . : n is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M D1Salt :M D2Salt : . . . :M D1Salt , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12, and at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤n≤0.8, and where D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  includes Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof. The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1000° C. for 7 to 20 hours. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material is garnet type, cubic structure, lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material, doped and undoped with Al, Ti, Ta, Ge, etc. In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material obtained are garnet type, tetragonal structure lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material, doped and undoped with Al, Ti, Ta, Ge, etc. In yet another example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material includes Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.26 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 . 
     Examples A1-A3 as shown in Table 1A were conducted to prepare solid-state electrolyte materials in the anneal temperate more than 700° C.; for example, between 700° C. to 1000° C.; such as 950° C.; such as 900° C.; such as 850° C.; such as 800° C.; such as 750° C. The examples exhibit different structures and ionic conductivities, for example, the ionic conductivity is more than 10 −4  S/cm, preferably more than 5×10 −4 , or more than 8×10 −4  S/cm, or more than 1.0×10 −3 , or more than 4×10 −3  S/cm, more than 5×10 −3  S/cm, more than 6×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 7×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 8×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 9×10 −3  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Example 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M LaSalt   
                 M ZrSalt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 (° C.) 
                 (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A1 
                 6.2-7.2 
                 2.8-3.5 
                 1.0-2.2 
                   0-0.8 
                   0-0.8 
                 700-950 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 A2 
                 6.5-7.1 
                 2.9-3.3 
                 1.2-2.0 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 700-950 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 A3 
                 6.7-7.0 
                 3.0-3.1 
                 1.5-2.0 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 700-950 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Example 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
                 (° C.) 
                 (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 A1 
                 6.2-7.2 
                 2.8-3.5 
                 1.0-2.2 
                   0-0.8 
                   0-0.8 
                 700-950 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 A2 
                 6.5-7.1 
                 2.9-3.3 
                 1.2-2.0 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 700-950 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 A3 
                 6.7-7.0 
                 3.0-3.1 
                 1.5-2.0 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 700-950 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary material compositions in Table 1B (Example #: B1-B3) include lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide garnets having a composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  D1 d  D2 e  . . . DN n  O v , is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d: . . . :n is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M D1Salt :M D2Salt : . . . :M DNSalt , etc., wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, 0≥d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤n≤0.8. The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 1000 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material is garnet type, cubic phase lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material. In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material includes Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 . In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material includes Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , Li 6.75 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Al 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.15 La 3 Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La 3 Zr 2 Ta 0.25  Ga 0.2 O 12 . Examples B1-B3 as described in Table 1B were conducted to prepare solid-state electrolyte materials in the anneal temperature more than 700° C.; for example, between 1000° C. to 1200° C.; such as 1050° C.; such as 1080° C.; such as 1100° C.; such as 1200° C.; such as 1150° C. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1B 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Example 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M LaSalt   
                 M ZrSalt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 (° C.) 
                 (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B1 
                 6.2-7.2 
                 2.8-3.5 
                 1.0-2.2 
                   0-0.8 
                   0-0.8 
                 1000-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 B2 
                 6.5-7.1 
                 2.9-3.3 
                 1.2-2.0 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 1000-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 B3 
                 6.7-7.0 
                 3.0-3.1 
                 1.5-2.0 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 1000-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Example 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
                 (° C.) 
                 (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 B1 
                 6.2-7.2 
                 2.8-3.5 
                 1.0-2.2 
                   0-0.8 
                   0-0.8 
                 1000-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 B2 
                 6.5-7.1 
                 2.9-3.3 
                 1.2-2.0 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 1000-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 B3 
                 6.7-7.0 
                 3.0-3.1 
                 1.5-2.0 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 1000-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary material in Table 1C (Example #: C1-C6) have a composition of Li a  La b  D1 c  D2 d  . . . . DN n  O v , designed and prepared such that a ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M D1Salt :M D2Salt :M DNSalt , wherein 4.5≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.5≤c≤2.5, 0≤d≤1.2, 0≤n≤1.2, and 2≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, and N≥1. The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. Examples C1-C6 in Table 1C were conducted to prepare solid-state electrolyte materials in the anneal temperate more than 700° C.; for example, between 700° C. to 1000° C.; between 900° C. to 1200° C.; such as 1050° C.; such as 1080° C.; such as 1100° C.; such as 1200° C.; such as 1150° C.; such as 950° C.; such as 900° C.; such as 850° C.; such as 800° C.; such as 750° C. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material is cubic structure. In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material includes Li 5 La 3 Nb 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 5 La 3 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Sr 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Ba 1 Ta 2 O 12 , Li 6 La 3 Ba 1 Ti 2 O 12 , Li 1.26 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 . The examples can exhibit different structures and ionic conductivities, for example, the ionic conductivity is more than 10 −3 -10 −4  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1C 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Example 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M LaSalt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D2Salt   
                 (° C.) 
                 (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C1 
                 4.5-7.2 
                 2.8-3.5 
                 1.5-2.5 
                   0-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C2 
                 4.4-7.1 
                 2.9-3.3 
                 1.5-2.2 
                   0-1.1 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C3 
                 4.3-7.0 
                 3.0-3.1 
                 1.5-2.1 
                   0-1.0 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C4 
                 4.5-7.0 
                 3.0-3.2 
                 1.6-2.1 
                 0.1-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C5 
                 4.7-6.9 
                 3.0-3.3 
                 1.8-2.1 
                 0.2-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C6 
                 4.6-7.0 
                 3.0-3.4 
                 1.9-2.1 
                 0.3-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Temp 
                 Time 
               
               
                 Example 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 (° C.) 
                 (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 C1 
                 4.5-7.2 
                 2.8-3.5 
                 1.5-2.5 
                   0-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C2 
                 4.4-7.1 
                 2.9-3.3 
                 1.5-2.2 
                   0-1.1 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C3 
                 4.3-7.0 
                 3.0-3.1 
                 1.5-2.1 
                   0-1.0 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C4 
                 4.5-7.0 
                 3.0-3.2 
                 1.6-2.1 
                 0.1-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C5 
                 4.7-6.9 
                 3.0-3.3 
                 1.8-2.1 
                 0.2-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 C6 
                 4.6-7.0 
                 3.0-3.4 
                 1.9-2.1 
                 0.3-1.2 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 1D shows Example #: D1-D6 of a ceramic material having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Ti c  D1 d  . . . . DN n  O v , wherein 0.9≤a≤2.0, 1.5≤b≤3.0, 3.0≤c≤4.5, 0≤d≤1.2, 0≤n≤1.2, and 2≤v≤12, is designed and prepared such that a ratio of a:b:c:d: . . . :n is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M TiSalt :M D1Salt : . . . :M DNSalt . The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. Examples D1-D6 as described in Table 1D were conducted to prepare solid-state electrolyte materials in the anneal temperate more than 700° C.; for example, between 700° C. to 1000° C.; between 900° C. to 1200° C.; such as 1050° C.; such as 1080° C.; such as 1100° C.; such as 1200° C.; such as 1150° C.; such as 950° C.; such as 900° C.; such as 850° C.; such as 800° C.; such as 750° C. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material is perovskite type, cubic structure. In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material includes Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 . In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material is perovskite type, tetragonal structure. In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material includes Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 . In yet another example, the solid-state electrolyte material is perovskite type, hexagonal structure. In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material includes Li 1.36 La 2.24 Ti 4 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 , Li 1.72 La 2.24 Ti 3.8 Ge 0.2 O 12 . The examples can exhibit different structures and ionic conductivities, for example, the ionic conductivity is more than 10 −3 -10 −4  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1D 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M LaSalt   
                 M TiSalt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D2Salt   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D1 
                 0.9-2.0 
                 1.5-3.0 
                 3.0-4.5 
                     0-1.2 
                     0-1.2 
               
               
                 D2 
                 1.0-1.9 
                 1.8-2.9 
                 3.2-4.2 
                     0-1.1 
                     0-1.1 
               
               
                 D3 
                 1.1-1.8 
                 1.9-2.8 
                 3.3-4.1 
                     0-1.0 
                     0-1.0 
               
               
                 D4 
                 1.2-1.7 
                 2.0-2.7 
                 3.4-4.0 
                 0.1-0.9 
                 0.1-0.9 
               
               
                 D5 
                 1.3-1.9 
                 2.1-2.7 
                 3.5-4.0 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 0.2-0.8 
               
               
                 D6 
                 1.3-1.8 
                 2.2-2.6 
                 3.6-4.0 
                 0.3-0.7 
                 0.3-0.7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example # 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 D1 
                 0.9-2.0 
                 1.5-3.0 
                 3.0-4.5 
                     0-1.2 
                     0-1.2 
               
               
                 D2 
                 1.0-1.9 
                 1.8-2.9 
                 3.2-4.2 
                     0-1.1 
                     0-1.1 
               
               
                 D3 
                 1.1-1.8 
                 1.9-2.8 
                 3.3-4.1 
                     0-1.0 
                     0-1.0 
               
               
                 D4 
                 1.2-1.7 
                 2.0-2.7 
                 3.4-4.0 
                 0.1-0.9 
                 0.1-0.9 
               
               
                 D5 
                 1.3-1.9 
                 2.1-2.7 
                 3.5-4.0 
                 0.2-0.8 
                 0.2-0.8 
               
               
                 D6 
                 1.3-1.8 
                 2.2-2.6 
                 3.6-4.0 
                 0.3-0.7 
                 0.3-0.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary material compositions are shown in Table 1E (Example #: E1-E6), having a composition of Li a  Al b  P c  D1 d  . . . . DN n  O v , wherein 1≤a≤2, 0.2≤b≤1.5, 1.0≤c≤3.5, 0≤d≤2.0, 0≤n≤2.0, and 0.2≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, and N≥1, is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d: . . . :n is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M AlSalt :M PSalt :M D1Salt : . . . :M DNSalt , and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, and N≥0. The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material (e.g. lithium aluminum titanium phosphate oxide material) is sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) type, hexagonal structure (not sure if needed). In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material includes Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ti 1.5 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.4 Al 0.4 Ti 1.6 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.6 Al 0.6 Ti 1.4 P 3 O 12 . Li 1.5 Al 0.5 Ge 1.5 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.4 Al 0.4 Ge 1.6 P 3 O 12 , Li 1.6 Ge 0.6 Ti 1.4 P 3 O 12 , and combinations thereof. The examples can exhibit different structures and ionic conductivities, for example, the ionic conductivity is more than 10 −3 -10 −4  S/cm, or more than 5×10 −4 , more than 8×10 −3  S/cm, more than 9×10 −3  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1E 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M AlSalt   
                 M PSalt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D2Salt   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E1 
                 1.0-2.0 
                 0.2-1.5 
                 1.0-3.5 
                   0-2.0 
                   0-2.0 
               
               
                 E2 
                 1.2-1.9 
                 0.3-1.3 
                 1.2-3.3 
                 1.0-1.9 
                 1.0-1.9 
               
               
                 E3 
                 1.4-1.8 
                 0.3-1.2 
                 1.4-3.2 
                 1.1-1.9 
                 1.1-1.9 
               
               
                 E4 
                 1.4-1.7 
                 0.4-1.0 
                 1.6-3.1 
                 1.1-1.8 
                 1.1-1.8 
               
               
                 E5 
                 1.4-1.8 
                 0.4-0.8 
                 2.0-3.1 
                 1.2-1.7 
                 1.2-1.7 
               
               
                 E6 
                 1.4-1.9 
                 0.4-0.7 
                 2.5-3.1 
                 1.3-1.6 
                 1.3-1.6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example # 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 E1 
                 1.0-2.0 
                 0.2-1.5 
                 1.0-3.5 
                   0-2.0 
                   0-2.0 
               
               
                 E2 
                 1.2-1.9 
                 0.3-1.3 
                 1.2-3.3 
                 1.0-1.9 
                 1.0-1.9 
               
               
                 E3 
                 1.4-1.8 
                 0.3-1.2 
                 1.4-3.2 
                 1.1-1.9 
                 1.1-1.9 
               
               
                 E4 
                 1.4-1.7 
                 0.4-1.0 
                 1.6-3.1 
                 1.1-1.8 
                 1.1-1.8 
               
               
                 E5 
                 1.4-1.8 
                 0.4-0.8 
                 2.0-3.1 
                 1.2-1.7 
                 1.2-1.7 
               
               
                 E6 
                 1.4-1.9 
                 0.4-0.7 
                 2.5-3.1 
                 1.3-1.6 
                 1.3-1.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary material compositions shown in Table 1F (Example #: F1-F6) is a ceramic material having a composition of Li a  Ge b  P c  D1 d  . . . . DN n  O v , wherein 10≤a≤13, 0.1≤b≤2.0, 0.1≤c≤1.5, 0.1≤d≤2.0, 0.1≤n≤2.0, 2≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M GeSalt :M PSalt :M D1Salt : . . . :M DNSalt . The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the ceramic material is Lithium Super Ionic CONductor (LISiCON) type structure, Li 12 Ge 0.5 Al 1.0 Si 0.5 P 1.0 O 12 , Li 10.59 Ge 1.5 V 0.9 P 0.53 O 12 , and combinations thereof. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1F 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M GeSalt   
                 M PSalt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D2Salt   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F1 
                 10-13 
                 0.1-2.0 
                 0.1-1.5 
                 0.1-2.0 
                 0-2.0 
               
               
                 F2 
                     10-12.5 
                 0.2-1.9 
                 0.2-1.4 
                 0.2-1.8 
                 0-1.8 
               
               
                 F3 
                 10-12 
                 0.3-1.8 
                 0.3-1.3 
                 0.3-1.6 
                 0-1.6 
               
               
                 F4 
                 10.5-12.5 
                 0.4-1.7 
                 0.4-1.2 
                 0.4-1.5 
                 0-1.5 
               
               
                 F5 
                 10.5-12     
                 0.4-1.6 
                 0.5-1.1 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0-1.0 
               
               
                 F6 
                 10.5-11     
                 0.5-1.6 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 0-0.8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example # 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 F1 
                 10-13 
                 0.1-2.0 
                 0.1-1.5 
                 0.1-2.0 
                 0-2.0 
               
               
                 F2 
                     10-12.5 
                 0.2-1.9 
                 0.2-1.4 
                 0.2-1.8 
                 0-1.8 
               
               
                 F3 
                 10-12 
                 0.3-1.8 
                 0.3-1.3 
                 0.3-1.6 
                 0-1.6 
               
               
                 F4 
                 10.5-12.5 
                 0.4-1.7 
                 0.4-1.2 
                 0.4-1.5 
                 0-1.5 
               
               
                 F5 
                 10.5-12     
                 0.4-1.6 
                 0.5-1.1 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0-1.0 
               
               
                 F6 
                 10.5-11     
                 0.5-1.6 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0.5-0.8 
                 0-0.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary materials shown in Table 1G (Example #: G1-G6) are a ceramic material having a chemical composition of Li a  P b  O c  N d , wherein 1.5≤a≤4.0, 0.5≤b≤2.0, 1.0≤c≤4.0, and 0.01≤d≤2.0, is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M PSalt :M NSalt . The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material is lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) type having amorphous structure, e.g., Li 2.88 P 1.0 O 3.73 N 0.14 , Li 1.9 Si 0.28 P 1.0 O 1.1 N 1.0 , with ionic conductivity of more than 10 −5 -10 −6  S/cm, or more than 6×10 −6 , or more than 6×10 −5  S/cm, or more than 9×10 −5  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1G 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M PSalt   
                 O??? 
                 M NSalt   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 G1 
                 1.5-4.0 
                 0.2-2.0 
                 1.0-4.0 
                 0.01-2.0  
               
               
                   
                 G2 
                 1.8-3.5 
                 0.3-1.8 
                 1.1-3.8 
                 0.1-1.8 
               
               
                   
                 G3 
                 1.9-3.2 
                 0.4-1.7 
                 1.3-3.8 
                 0.1-1.6 
               
               
                   
                 G4 
                 2.1-3.0 
                 0.5-1.6 
                 1.5-3.8 
                 0.1-1.5 
               
               
                   
                 G5 
                 2.3-2.9 
                 0.6-1.5 
                 1.7-3.8 
                 0.1-1.3 
               
               
                   
                 G6 
                 2.6-2.9 
                 0.7-1.4 
                 1.9-3.8 
                 0.1-1.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example # 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 G1 
                 1.5-4.0 
                 0.2-2.0 
                 1.0-4.0 
                 0.01-2.0  
               
               
                   
                 G2 
                 1.8-3.5 
                 0.3-1.8 
                 1.1-3.8 
                 0.1-1.8 
               
               
                   
                 G3 
                 1.9-3.2 
                 0.4-1.7 
                 1.3-3.8 
                 0.1-1.6 
               
               
                   
                 G4 
                 2.1-3.0 
                 0.5-1.6 
                 1.5-3.8 
                 0.1-1.5 
               
               
                   
                 G5 
                 2.3-2.9 
                 0.6-1.5 
                 1.7-3.8 
                 0.1-1.3 
               
               
                   
                 G6 
                 2.6-2.9 
                 0.7-1.4 
                 1.9-3.8 
                 0.1-1.2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary materials shown in Table 2A (Example #: H1-H6) are sulfide material with a composition of Li a  P b  S c  D1 d  . . . DN n  X v , wherein 3≤a≤16, 0.5≤b≤4.5, 3≤c≤16, 0≤d≤1.5, 0≤n≤1.5, 0≤v≤4, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, and X is a halogen, is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d: . . . :n is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M PSalt :M SSalt :M D1Salt : . . . :M DNSalt . The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the sulfide material is amorphous structure. In another example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the sulfide material is cubic structure. The solid-state electrolyte material of the sulfide material includes Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 3 P 1 S 4 , Li 6 P 1 S 5 Cl, Li 6 P 1 S 5 Br 1 , Li 6 P 1 S 5 I, Li 6 P 1 S 5 F 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 I 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 Br 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 Cl 1 , Li 7 P 2 S 8 F 1 , Li 15 P 4 S 16 Cl 3 , Li 14.8  Mg 0.1 P 4 S 16 Cl 3 , Li 9.54 Si 1.74 P 1.44 S 11.7 Cl 0.3 , Li 10 Ge 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Si 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Sn 1 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Si 0.3 Sn 0.7 P 2 S 12 , Li 10 Al 0.3 Sn 0.7 P 2 S 12 , Li 11 Al 1 P 2 S 12 , with ionic conductivities, for example, of more than 10 −3 -10 −9  S/cm, preferably more than 8×10 −5  S/cm, preferably more than 4×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 5×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 6×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 7×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 8×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 9×10 −3  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2A 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M PSalt   
                 Ms Salt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D2Salt   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 H1 
                 3.0-16.0 
                 0.5-4.5 
                 3.0-16 
                 0.0-1.5 
                 0.0-1.5 
               
               
                 H2 
                 4.0-15.0 
                 0.8-4.0 
                 3.3-16 
                 0.1-1.3 
                 0.0-1.3 
               
               
                 H3 
                 5.0-14.0 
                 0.9-3.8 
                 3.6-16 
                 0.3-1.1 
                 0.0-1.1 
               
               
                 H4 
                 6.0-13.0 
                 1.0-3.6 
                 3.8-16 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0.0-1.0 
               
               
                 H5 
                 6.0-12.0 
                 1.0-3.3 
                 3.9-16 
                 0.6-1.0 
                 0.0-0.9 
               
               
                 H6 
                 6.0-11.0 
                 1.0-3.0 
                 4.0-16 
                 0.7-1.0 
                 0.1-1.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example # 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 H1 
                 3.0-16.0 
                 0.5-4.5 
                 3.0-16 
                 0.0-1.5 
                 0.0-1.5 
               
               
                 H2 
                 4.0-15.0 
                 0.8-4.0 
                 3.3-16 
                 0.1-1.3 
                 0.0-1.3 
               
               
                 H3 
                 5.0-14.0 
                 0.9-3.8 
                 3.6-16 
                 0.3-1.1 
                 0.0-1.1 
               
               
                 H4 
                 6.0-13.0 
                 1.0-3.6 
                 3.8-16 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0.0-1.0 
               
               
                 H5 
                 6.0-12.0 
                 1.0-3.3 
                 3.9-16 
                 0.6-1.0 
                 0.0-0.9 
               
               
                 H6 
                 6.0-11.0 
                 1.0-3.0 
                 4.0-16 
                 0.7-1.0 
                 0.1-1.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary material compositions in Table 2B (Example #: I1-I6) include a sulfide material having a composition of Li a  P b  S c , where 3≤a≤16, 0.5≤b≤4.5, and 3≤c≤16, is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c: is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M PSalt :M SSalt . The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. Examples I1-I6 as described in Table 2B were conducted to prepare solid-state electrolyte materials in the anneal temperate more than 700° C.; for example, between 700° C. to 1000° C.; between 900° C. to 1200° C.; such as 1050° C.; such as 1080° C.; such as 1100° C.; such as 1200° C.; such as 1150° C.; such as 950° C.; such as 900° C.; such as 850° C.; such as 800° C.; such as 750° C. 
     In one example, the solid-state electrolyte material of the sulfide material is in orthorhombic structure or triclinic structure, and includes Li 3 PS 4 , Li 7 P 3 S 11 , with different ionic conductivities, for example, the ionic conductivity is more than 10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 8×10 −4 , preferably more than 9×10 −4  S/cm, preferably more than 2×10 −3 , preferably more than 4×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 5×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 6×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 7×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 8×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 9×10 −3  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2B 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M PSalt   
                 Ms Salt   
                 Temp (° C.) 
                 Time (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 I1 
                 3.0-16.0 
                 0.5-4.5 
                 3.0-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I2 
                 3.0-15.0 
                 0.8-4.0 
                 3.3-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I3 
                 3.0-14.0 
                 0.9-3.8 
                 3.6-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I4 
                 3.0-13.0 
                 1.0-3.6 
                 3.8-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I5 
                 3.0-12.0 
                 1.0-3.3 
                 3.9-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I6 
                 3.0-11.0 
                 1.0-3.0 
                 4.0-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Anneal 
                 Anneal 
               
               
                 Example 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 Temp (° C.) 
                 Time (hour) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 I1 
                 3.0-16.0 
                 0.5-4.5 
                 3.0-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I2 
                 3.0-15.0 
                 0.8-4.0 
                 3.3-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I3 
                 3.0-14.0 
                 0.9-3.8 
                 3.6-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I4 
                 3.0-13.0 
                 1.0-3.6 
                 3.8-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I5 
                 3.0-12.0 
                 1.0-3.3 
                 3.9-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                 I6 
                 3.0-11.0 
                 1.0-3.0 
                 4.0-16 
                 700-1200 
                 7-20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary materials shown in Table 2C (Example #: J1-J6) are sulfide material having a composition of Li a  P b  S c  D1 d  . . . . DN n  O v , wherein 5≤a≤16, 0.5≤b≤4.5, 3≤c≤16, 0≤d≤1.5, 0≤n≤1.5, 0≤v≤4, is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c: . . . :n is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M PSalt :M SSalt :M D1Salt : . . . :M DNSalt . The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to hours, and the solid-state electrolyte material includes Li 10 SiP 2 S 11.3 O 0.7 , Li 9.42 Si 1.02 P 2.1 S 9.96 O 2.04 . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2C 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M PSalt   
                 Ms Salt   
                 M D1Salt   
                 M D2Salt   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 J1 
                 5.0-16.0 
                 0.5-4.5 
                 3.0-16 
                 0.0-1.5 
                 0.0-1.5 
               
               
                 J2 
                 6.0-15.0 
                 0.8-4.0 
                 4.0-15 
                 0.1-1.3 
                 0.0-1.3 
               
               
                 J3 
                 7.0-14.0 
                 0.9-3.8 
                 5.0-14 
                 0.3-1.1 
                 0.0-1.1 
               
               
                 J4 
                 8.0-13.0 
                 1.5-3.6 
                 6.0-13 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0.0-1.0 
               
               
                 J5 
                 8.0-12.0 
                 1.8-3.3 
                 7.0-12 
                 0.6-1.0 
                 0.0-0.9 
               
               
                 J6 
                 8.0-11.0 
                 2.0-3.0 
                 8.0-12 
                 0.7-1.0 
                 0.1-1.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Example # 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
                 e 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 J1 
                 5.0-16.0 
                 0.5-4.5 
                 3.0-16 
                 0.0-1.5 
                 0.0-1.5 
               
               
                 J2 
                 6.0-15.0 
                 0.8-4.0 
                 4.0-15 
                 0.1-1.3 
                 0.0-1.3 
               
               
                 J3 
                 7.0-14.0 
                 0.9-3.8 
                 5.0-14 
                 0.3-1.1 
                 0.0-1.1 
               
               
                 J4 
                 8.0-13.0 
                 1.5-3.6 
                 6.0-13 
                 0.5-1.0 
                 0.0-1.0 
               
               
                 J5 
                 8.0-12.0 
                 1.8-3.3 
                 7.0-12 
                 0.6-1.0 
                 0.0-0.9 
               
               
                 J6 
                 8.0-11.0 
                 2.0-3.0 
                 8.0-12 
                 0.7-1.0 
                 0.1-1.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary material compositions in Table 2D (Example #: K1-K6) are sulfide material having a composition of Li a  X b  P c  S d , wherein 9≤a≤12, 0.5≤b≤1.5, 1.5≤c≤3.0, and 11≤d≤15, and wherein X is a metal, is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M XSalt :M PSalt :M SSalt . The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. The solid-state electrolyte material of the sulfide material includes Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 , Li 10 SiP 2 S 12 , exhibiting different structures and ionic conductivities, for example, the ionic conductivity is more than 10 −3 -10 −8  S/cm, preferably more than 5×10 −7  S/cm, preferably more than 8×10 −5  S/cm, preferably more than 9×10 −5  S/cm, preferably more than 5×10 −4 , preferably more than 8×10 −4  S/cm, preferably more than 2×10 −3 , preferably more than 4×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 5×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 6×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 7×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 8×10 −3  S/cm, preferably more than 9×10 −3  S/cm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2D 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Example # 
                 M LiSalt   
                 M XSalt   
                 M PSalt   
                 M SSalt   
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 K1 
                 9.0-12.0 
                 0.5-1.5 
                 1.5-16 
                 11-15 
               
               
                   
                 K2 
                 9.5-11.8 
                 0.6-1.3 
                 1.6-15 
                 11.1-14.8 
               
               
                   
                 K3 
                 9.8-11.7 
                 0.7-1.2 
                 1.7-14 
                 11.3-14.5 
               
               
                   
                 K4 
                 9.9-11.6 
                 0.8-1.1 
                 1.8-13 
                 11.5-14.0 
               
               
                   
                 K5 
                 9.9-11.7 
                 0.9-1.1 
                 1.9-12 
                 11.6-13.5 
               
               
                   
                 K6 
                 10.0-11.9  
                 0.9-1.0 
                 2.0-12 
                 11.7-13.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example # 
                 a 
                 b 
                 c 
                 d 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 K1 
                 9.0-12.0 
                 0.5-1.5 
                 1.5-16 
                 11-15 
               
               
                   
                 K2 
                 9.5-11.8 
                 0.6-1.3 
                 1.6-15 
                 11.1-14.8 
               
               
                   
                 K3 
                 9.8-11.7 
                 0.7-1.2 
                 1.7-14 
                 11.3-14.5 
               
               
                   
                 K4 
                 9.9-11.6 
                 0.8-1.1 
                 1.8-13 
                 11.5-14.0 
               
               
                   
                 K5 
                 9.9-11.7 
                 0.9-1.1 
                 1.9-12 
                 11.6-13.5 
               
               
                   
                 K6 
                 10.0-11.9  
                 0.9-1.0 
                 2.0-12 
                 11.7-13.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 3-5 are testing results of measured solid-state electrolyte materials lithium-oxide garnets (Example #1-#3) annealed at 950° C. for 8 hours having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  Al d  O v , is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12. In one example, one observation is that the testing results of the ratio of the measured Al-doped LLZO material compositions of Li:La:Zr:Al after annealing are within an expected range from the prepared molar ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt : being prepared; for example, the ratio of Al-doped LLZO being prepared is between 6.2≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤3.5: 1.0≤M ZrSalt ≤2.2: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.8; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.4≤M LaSalt ≤3.0: 1.3≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.5; such as 6.5≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.5≤M LaSalt ≤2.95: 1.5≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.1≤M AlSalt ≤0.25; such as 6.8≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤3.2: 1.7≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.3; such as 6.9≤M LiSalt ≤7.1: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤2.9: 1.8≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.28; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤2.98: 1.9≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.29. 
     The content of each metal within the obtained Al-doped LLZO materials are being analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma (“ICP”) analyzer after annealing process which is between 6.2≤a≤7.2: 2.8≤b≤3.5: 1.0≤c≤2.2: 0≤d≤0.8; such as 6.4≤a≤6.9: 2.4≤b≤3.0: 1.3≤c≤2.0: 0≤d≤0.5; such as 6.5≤a≤6.9: 2.5≤b≤2.95: 1.5≤c≤2.0: 0.1≤d≤0.25; such as 6.8≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤3.2: 1.7≤c≤2.1: 0.25≤d≤0.3; such as 6.9≤a≤7.1: 2.8≤b≤2.9: 1.8≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.28; such as 6.4≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤2.98: 1.95≤c≤2.0: 0.2≤d≤0.26. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #1 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 6.45 
                 2.95 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.91 
                 2.59 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.76 
                 2.87 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #2 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.69 
                 2.87 
                 2.0 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.54 
                 2.82 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.76  La 2.87  Zr 2.0  Al 0.24  O 12.35  as shown in Table 3; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. In another example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.54  La 2.82  Zr 2.0  Al 0.24  O 12.08  as shown in Table 4; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. In yet another example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.74  La 2.96  Zr 2.0  Al 1.25  O 12.45  as shown in Table 5; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #3 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.74 
                 2.96 
                 2.0 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 6-8 illustrates testing results of measured solid-state electrolyte materials (Example #4-#6) annealed at 1150° C. for 15 hours having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  Al d  O v , is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12. In one example, one observation is that the testing results of the ratio of the measured Al-doped LLZO material compositions of Li:La:Zr:Al after annealing are within an expected range from the prepared molar ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt  being prepared; for example, between 6.2≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤3.5: 1.0≤M ZrSalt ≤2.2: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.8; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.4≤M LaSalt ≤3.0: 1.3≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.5; such as 6.5≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.5≤M LaSalt ≤2.95: 1.5≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.1≤M AlSalt ≤0.25; such as 6.8≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤3.2: 1.7≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.3; such as 6.9≤M LiSalt ≤7.1: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤2.9: 1.8≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.28; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤2.98: 1.9≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.29. 
     The content of each metal within the obtained Al-doped LLZO materials are being analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma (“ICP”) analyzer after annealing process which is between 6.2≤a≤7.2: 2.8≤b≤3.5: 1.0≤c≤2.2: 0≤d≤0.8; such as 6.4≤a≤6.9: 2.4≤b≤3.0: 1.3≤c≤2.0: 0≤d≤0.5; such as 6.5≤a≤6.9: 2.5≤b≤2.95: 1.5≤c≤2.0: 0.1≤d≤0.25; such as 6.8≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤3.2: 1.7≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.3; such as 6.9≤a≤7.1: 2.8≤b≤2.9: 1.8≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.28; such as 6.4≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤2.98: 1.9≤c≤2.0: 0.2≤d≤0.26. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #4 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 6.45 
                 2.95 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.91 
                 2.59 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.32 
                 3.20 
                 2.0 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #5 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.69 
                 2.87 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.49 
                 3.28 
                 2.0 
                 0.31 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.32  La 3.2  Zr 2.0  Al 0.46  O 12.9  as shown in Table 6; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. In another example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.49  La 3.28  Zr 2.0  Al 0.31  O 12.7  as shown in Table 7; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. In yet another example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.27  La 3.22  Zr 2.0  Al 0.3  O 12.39  as shown in Table 8; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #6 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.27 
                 3.22 
                 2.0 
                 0.30 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 9 illustrates testing results of measured solid-state electrolyte materials (Example #7) annealed at 1050° C. for 8 hours having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  Al d  O v , is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12. 
     In one example, one observation is that the testing results of the ratio of the measured Al-doped LLZO material compositions of Li:La:Zr:Al after annealing are within an expected range from the prepared molar ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt  being prepared; for example, between 6.2≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤3.5: 1.0≤M ZrSalt ≤2.2: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.8; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.4≤M LaSalt ≤3.0: 1.3≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.5; such as 6.5≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.5≤M LaSalt ≤2.95: 1.5≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.1≤M AlSalt ≤0.25; such as 6.8≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤3.2: 1.7≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.3; such as 6.9≤M LiSalt ≤7.1: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤2.9: 1.8≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.28; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤2.98: 1.9≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.29. 
     The content of each metal within the obtained Al-doped LLZO materials are being analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma (“ICP”) analyzer after annealing process which is 6.2≤a≤7.2: 2.8≤b≤3.5: 1.0≤c≤2.2: 0≤d≤0.8; such as 6.4≤a≤6.9: 2.4≤b≤3.0: 1.3≤c≤2.0: 0≤d≤0.5; such as 6.5≤a≤6.9: 2.5≤b≤2.95: 1.5≤c≤2.0: 0.1≤d≤0.25; such as 6.8≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤3.2: 1.7≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.3; such as 6.9≤a≤7.1: 2.8≤b≤2.9: 1.8≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.28; such as 6.4≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤2.98: 1.9≤c≤2.0: 0.2≤d≤0.26. 
     In one example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.4  La 2.86  Zr 2.0  Al 0.24  O 11.98  as shown in Table 9; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #7 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.40 
                 2.86 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 10-11 illustrates testing results of measured solid-state electrolyte materials (Example #8-9) annealed at 850° C. for 8 hours having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  Al d  O v , is designed and prepared such that a ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12. 
     In one example, one observation is that the testing results of the ratio of the measured Al-doped LLZO material compositions of Li:La:Zr:Al after annealing are within an expected range from the prepared molar ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt  being prepared; for example, between 6.2≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤3.5: 1.0≤M ZrSalt ≤2.2: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.8; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.4≤M LaSalt ≤3.0: 1.3≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.5; such as 6.5≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.5≤M LaSalt ≤2.95: 1.5≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.1≤M AlSalt ≤0.25; such as 6.8≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤3.2: 1.7≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.3; such as 6.9≤M LiSalt ≤7.1: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤2.9: 1.8≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.28; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤2.98: 1.9≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.29. 
     The content of each metal within the obtained Al-doped LLZO materials are being analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma (“ICP”) analyzer after annealing process which is 6.2≤a≤7.2: 2.8≤b≤3.5: 1.0≤c≤2.2: 0≤d≤0.8; such as 6.4≤a≤6.9: 2.4≤b≤3.0: 1.3≤c≤2.0: 0≤d≤0.5; such as 6.5≤a≤6.9: 2.5≤b≤2.95: 1.5≤c≤2.0: 0.1≤d≤0.25; such as 6.8≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤3.2: 1.7≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.3; such as 6.9≤a≤7.1: 2.8≤b≤2.9: 1.8≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.28; such as 6.4≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤2.98: 1.9≤c≤2.0: 0.2≤d≤0.26. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #8 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.43 
                 2.93 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #9 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.57 
                 2.99 
                 2.0 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In one example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.43 La 2.93 Zr 2.0 Al 0.24 O 12.08  as shown in Table 10; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. In another example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.57 La 2.99 Zr 2.0 Al 0.22 O 12.22  as shown in Table 11; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. 
     Table 12-13 illustrates testing results of measured solid-state electrolyte materials (Example #10-11) annealed at 900° C. for 8 hours having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  Al d  O v , is designed and prepared such that the ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12. 
     In one example, one observation is that the testing results of the ratio of the measured Al-doped LLZO material compositions of Li:La:Zr:Al after annealing are within an expected range from the prepared molar ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M LiSalt  being prepared; for example, between 6.2≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤3.5: 1.0≤M ZrSalt ≤2.2: 0≤M LiSalt ≤0.8; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.4≤M LaSalt ≤3.0: 1.3≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.5; such as 6.5≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.5≤M LaSalt ≤2.95: 1.5≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.1≤M AlSalt ≤0.25; such as 6.8≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤3.2: 1.7≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.3; such as 6.9≤M LiSalt ≤7.1: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤2.9: 1.8≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.28; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤2.98: 1.9≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.29. 
     The content of each metal within the obtained Al-doped LLZO materials are being analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma (“ICP”) analyzer after annealing process which is 6.2≤a≤7.2: 2.8≤b≤3.5: 1.0≤c≤2.2: 0≤d≤0.8; such as 6.4≤a≤6.9: 2.4≤b≤3.0: 1.3≤c≤2.0: 0≤d≤0.5; such as 6.5≤a≤6.9: 2.5≤b≤2.95: 1.5≤c≤2.0: 0.1≤d≤0.25; such as 6.8≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤3.2: 1.7≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.3; such as 6.9≤a≤7.1: 2.8≤b≤2.9: 1.8≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.28; such as 6.4≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤2.98: 1.9≤c≤2.0: 0.2≤d≤0.26. 
     In one example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.25 La 3.01 Zr 2.0 Al 0.22 O 11.92 . as shown in Table 12; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. In another example, the compositions of the tested Al-doped LLZO materials is Li 6.49 La 3.02 Zr 2.0 Al 0.23 O 12.2  as shown in Table 13; and its X-ray Diffraction (“XRD”) result exhibits a cubic structure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #10 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.25 
                 3.01 
                 2.0 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #11 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.49 
                 3.02 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 14 illustrates testing results of measured solid-state electrolyte materials (Example #B1-B3) annealed at 1100° C. for 6 hours having a chemical composition of Li a  La b  Zr c  Al d  O v , is designed and prepared such that a ratio of a:b:c:d is about the same ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt , wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.2≤c≤2.2, 2.0≤v≤12. 
     In one example, one observation is that the testing results of the ratio of the measured Al-doped LLZO material compositions of Li:La:Zr:Al after annealing are within an expected range from the prepared molar ratio of M LiSalt :M LaSalt :M ZrSalt :M AlSalt  being prepared; for example, between 6.2≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤3.5: 1.0×M ZrSalt ×2.2: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.8; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.4≤M LaSalt ≤3.0: 1.3≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0≤M AlSalt ≤0.5; such as 6.5≤M LiSalt ≤6.9: 2.5≤M LaSalt ≤2.95: 1.5≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.1≤M AlSalt ≤0.25; such as 6.8≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤3.2: 1.7≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.3; such as 6.9≤M LiSalt ≤7.1: 2.8≤M LaSalt ≤2.9: 1.8≤M ZrSalt ≤2.1: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.28; such as 6.4≤M LiSalt ≤7.2: 2.6≤M LaSalt ≤2.98: 1.9≤M ZrSalt ≤2.0: 0.2≤M AlSalt ≤0.29. 
     The content of each metal within the obtained Al-doped LLZO materials are being analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma (“ICP”) analyzer after annealing process which is 6.2≤a≤7.2: 2.8≤b≤3.5: 1.0≤c≤2.2: 0≤d≤0.8; such as 6.4≤a≤6.9: 2.4≤b≤3.0: 1.3≤c≤2.0: 0≤d≤0.5; such as 6.5≤a≤6.9: 2.5≤b≤2.95: 1.5≤c≤2.0: 0.1≤d≤0.25; such as 6.8≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤3.2: 1.7≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.3; such as 6.9≤a≤7.1: 2.8≤b≤2.9: 1.8≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.28; such as 6.4≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤2.98: 1.9≤c≤2.0: 0.2≤d≤0.26. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Exemplary compositions of measured Al-doped LLZO materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example #10 
                 Li 
                 La 
                 Zr 
                 Al 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Content of Metal Salts Solutions 
                 7.06 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.24 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.65 
                 2.92 
                 2.0 
                 0.23 
               
               
                 Obtained Powder Material as 
               
               
                 measured by ICP 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.57 
                 2.99 
                 2.0 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after Annealing 
               
               
                 Content of Each Metal within the 
                 6.87 
                 2.98 
                 2.0 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 Obtained Material after 2 nd   
               
               
                 Annealing (e.g. Sintering) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The content of Al-doped LLZO after the second annealing process for sintering state electrolyte materials into pellets is between 6.2≤a≤7.2: 2.8≤b≤3.5: 1.0≤c≤2.2: 0≤d≤0.8; such as 6.4≤a≤6.9: 2.4≤b≤3.0: 1.3≤c≤2.0: 0≤d≤0.5; such as 6.5≤a≤6.9: 2.5≤b≤2.95: 1.5≤c≤2.0: 0.1≤d≤0.25; such as 6.8≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤3.2: 1.7≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.3; such as 6.9≤a≤7.1: 2.8≤b≤2.9: 1.8≤c≤2.1: 0.2≤d≤0.28; such as 6.4≤a≤7.2: 2.6≤b≤2.98: 1.9≤c≤2.0: 0.2≤d≤0.26. One observation can be found that there is an increase (between about 3% to 6% increase) of the lithium content after the second annealing process (e.g. sintering state electrolyte materials) as compared to the first annealing process for making the solid-state electrolyte materials. 
     Table 15 illustrates testing results of tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 90 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of solid-state electrolyte materials after annealing process of exemplary solid-state electrolyte (Example #20-25). To obtain an ideal lithium solid-state electrolyte material with high discharge capacity, excellent cycling performance and high-volume energy density, the morphology and tap density of the material have to be controlled precisely during the preparation process. In one embodiment, Li a  La b  Zr c  D1 d  D2 e  . . . DN n  O v , of the present invention is obtained, wherein 6.2≤a≤7.2, 2.8≤b≤3.5, 1.0≤c≤2.0, 2.0≤v≤12, and wherein at least one of D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is a metal, N≥0, 0≤d≤0.8, 0≤e≤0.8, and 0≤n≤0.8, and wherein D 1 , D 2 , . . . , D N  is selected from the group consisting of Al, Ta, Ti, Ge, Mg, Mn, Zr, Zn, Nb, Ce, Sn, Ga, Ba, Ac, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, B, As, Hf, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Pt, Ag, Os, Ir, Au, F, Cl, I, Br, and combinations thereof. The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. 
     It is found that the tap density (“TD”) of the obtained solid-state electrolyte is more than 0.8 g/ml, preferably more than 0.9 g/ml, preferably more than 1.0 g/ml, preferably more than 1.09 g/ml, preferably more than 1.15 g/ml, preferably more than 1.2 g/ml, preferably more than 1.3 g/ml, preferably more than 1.4 g/ml, preferably more than 1.5 g/ml, preferably more than 1.6 g/ml, preferably more than 1.7 g/ml, preferably more than 1.8 g/ml, preferably more than 1.9 g/ml, preferably more than 2.0 g/ml, which can be attributed to the homogeneous distributions of particles with good packing properties. 
     For example, the tap density (“TD”) obtained from solid-state electrolyte materials annealed at 850° C. for a period of time (e.g. between 6 to and 12 hours) demonstrates more than 1.0 g/ml, preferably more than 1.1 g/ml, preferably more than 1.15 g/ml. In another example, the tap density (“TD”) obtained from the solid-state electrolyte materials annealed at 900° C. for a period of time (e.g. between 6 to and 12 hours) demonstrates more than 1.1 g/ml, preferably more than 1.15 g/ml, preferably more than 1.18 g/ml, preferably more than 1.2 g/ml. 
     For example, the tap density (“TD”) obtained from the solid-state electrolyte materials annealed at 1050° C. for a period of time (e.g. between 6 to and 12 hours) demonstrates more than 1.2 g/ml, preferably more than 1.3 g/ml, preferably more than 1.35 g/ml, preferably more than 1.4 g/ml, and preferably more than 1.45 g/ml, preferably more than 1.5 g/ml, preferably more than 1.55 g/ml. 
     Another observation is that the SPAN value (D 90 −D 10 )/D 50  of the obtained solid-state electrolyte materials is less than 1.7, preferably less than 1.6, preferably less than 1.5, preferably less than 1.4, preferably less than 1.3, preferably less than 1.2, preferably less than 1.1, preferably less than 1.0, preferably less than 0.9, preferably less than 0.8. In one aspect, the SPAN value of the solid-state electrolyte materials is 0.8&lt;SPAN≤1.7; 0.8&lt;SPAN≤1.4; such as 0.8&lt;SPAN≤1.6; 0.8&lt;SPAN≤1.5. In another aspect, the SPAN value of the solid-state electrolyte materials is 0.9≤SPAN≤1.65. In still another aspect, the SPAN value of the solid-state electrolyte materials is 1.1≤SPAN≤1.65; such as 1.2≤SPAN≤1.65; such as 1.3≤SPAN≤1.65; such as 1.4≤SPAN≤1.65; such as 1.5≤SPAN≤1.65; such as 1.1≤SPAN≤1.3. 
     In another aspect, the SPAN value of the solid-state electrolyte materials do not dramatically vary with the process of different annealing temperatures. In addition, the D 90  of the solid-state electrolyte materials can be controlled and obtained at between 20 μm and 40 μm; such as between 25 μm and 40 μm; such as between 25 μm and 38 μm; such as between 28 μm and 38 μm; such as between 30 μm and 38 μm; such as between 31 μm and 38 μm; such as between 25 μm and 36 μm; such as between 25 μm and 33 μm; such as between 25 μm and 31 μm; such as between 26 μm and 31 μm. 
     Further, the D 50  of the solid-state electrolyte materials is controlled and obtained at between 10 μm and 18 μm at less than 18 μm, such as between 10 μm and 15 μm, such as between 10 μm and 14 μm, such as between 11 μm and 17 μm, such as between 11 μm and 16 μm; such as between 12 μm and 17 μm; such as between 12 μm and 16 μm; such as between 13 μm and 16 μm; such as between 14 μm and 16 μm; such as between 11 μm and 15 μm; such as between 10 m and 14 μm; such as between 10 μm and 13 μm. 
     Still further, the D 10  of the solid-state electrolyte materials is between 3 μm and 10 μm; such as between 3 μm and 9 μm; such as between 3 μm and 8 μm; such as between 3 μm and 7 μm; such as between 3 μm and 6 μm; such as between 4 μm and 10 μm; such as between 4 μm and 9 μm; such as between 4 μm and 8 μm; such as between 4 μm and 7 μm; such as between 4 μm and 6 μm; such as between 5 μm and 9 μm; such as between 5 μm and 8 μm. Further, the D 1  of the solid-state electrolyte materials is between 0.1 μm and 3 μm; such as between 0.1 μm and 3 μm; such as between 0.15 μm and 3 μm; such as between 0.2 μm and 3 μm; such as between 0.3 μm and 3 μm; such as between 0.4 μm and 3 μm; such as between 0.5 μm and 3 μm; such as between 0.3 μm and 2 μm; such as between 0.3 μm and 1 μm; such as between 0.2 μm and 1 μm; such as between 0.2 μm and 2 μm; such as between 0.25 μm and 1 μm. 
     Moreover, the D 99  of the solid-state electrolyte materials is between 35 μm and 60 μm; such as between 35 μm and 58 μm; such as between 35 μm and 55 μm; such as between 38 μm and 59 μm; such as between 40 μm and 56 μm; such as between 43 μm and 54 μm; such as between 40 μm and 53 μm; such as between 41 μm and 58 μm; such as between 42 μm and 59 μm; such as between 43 μm and 52 μm; such as between 45 μm and 60 μm; such as between 50 μm and 60 μm. 
     Example 20 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 90 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 1050° C. for 8 hours. The results are shown in table 15. Example 21 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 90 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 850° C. for 8 hours. The results are shown in table 15. Example 22 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 90 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 900° C. for 8 hours. The results are shown in table 15. Example 23 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 50 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 900° C. for 6 hours. The results are shown in table 15. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Measurement of tap density (TD) &amp; average particle size &amp; 
               
               
                 SPAN value of exemplary solid-state electrolyte materials 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 D1 
                 D10 
                 D50 
                 D90 
                 D99 
                   
                 TD (in 
                 Annealing 
                 Annealing 
               
               
                 Ex# 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 (μm) 
                 SPAN 
                 g/ml) 
                 Temperature 
                 Hours 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 20 
                 0.439 
                 5.99 
                 15.5 
                 31.8 
                 50.5 
                 1.667 
                 1.462 
                 1050° C.  
                 8 
               
               
                 21 
                 0.389 
                 5.44 
                 13.6 
                 26.9 
                 40 
                 1.575 
                 1.094 
                 850° C. 
                 8 
               
               
                 22 
                 0.384 
                 5.21 
                 13.5 
                 27.2 
                 41.4 
                 1.631 
                 1.208 
                 900° C. 
                 8 
               
               
                 23 
                 0.415 
                 5.95 
                 14.9 
                 29.5 
                 44.4 
                 1.579 
                 1.119 
                 900° C. 
                 6 
               
               
                 24 
                 0.429 
                 6.2 
                 15.3 
                 30.3 
                 45.6 
                 1.575 
                 1.145 
                 900° C. 
                 10 
               
               
                 25 
                 0.427 
                 6.08 
                 15.2 
                 30.6 
                 47.6 
                 1.617 
                 1.185 
                 900° C. 
                 12 
               
               
                 26 
                 0.345 
                 4.16 
                 13.5 
                 26.8 
                 39.9 
                 1.676 
                 1.452 
                 850° C. 
                 8 
               
               
                 27 
                 0.496 
                 7.53 
                 17 
                 32.5 
                 50 
                 1.471 
                 1.528 
                 900° C. 
                 8 
               
               
                 28 
                 0.58 
                 8.33 
                 20.1 
                 41.6 
                 74.5 
                 1.651 
                 1.553 
                 1050° C.  
                 8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 24 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 90 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 900° C. for 10 hours. The results are shown in table 15. Example 25 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 90 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 850° C. for 12 hours. The results are shown in table 15. Example 26 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 90 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 850° C. for 8 hours. The results are shown in table 15. Example 27 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 50 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 900° C. for 8 hours. The results are shown in table 15. Example 28 illustrates tap density (TD), average particle size D 50 , D 10 , D 50 , D 1 , D 99 , and SPAN Value of exemplary compositions of measured solid-state electrolyte materials or lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide doped with aluminum annealed at 1050° C. for 8 hours. The results are shown in table 15. 
       FIG.  9    illustrates X-ray diffraction (“XRD”) patterns of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (“LLZO”) doped with aluminum for Example #41, Example #42, Example #43, Example #44, Example #45, Example #46, and a reference showing garnet type cubic. The XRD patterns of the solid-state electrolyte materials in Example #41, Example #42, Example #43, Example #44, Example #45, and Example #46 show garnet type of cubic phase of solid-state electrolyte materials. 
     The XRD patterns of doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide fine powder synthesized at different temperatures are depicted in  FIG.  10   . Example 41 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the doped lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material powder synthesized at 850° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 41 of the synthesized lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material at 800° C. is similar to that of the commercially purchased reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic phase LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 800° C. 
     Further, the result of Example 41 indicates that cubic phase Al doped LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
     Example 42 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the doped LLZO powder synthesized at 850° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 42 of the synthesized doped LLZO at 900° C. is similar to that of the commercially purchased reference sample in cubic doped LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 900° C. In Example 42, the observance of the cubic structure from  FIG.  10    is consistent with commercially purchased reference sample. Further, the result of Example 42 indicates that cubic garnet structure of doped LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal structure has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
     Example 43 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the doped LLZO powder synthesized at 950° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 43 of the synthesized LLZO at 950° C. is similar to that of commercially purchased reference sample in cubic phase LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 950° C. Further, the result of Example 43 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
     Example 44 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the doped LLZO powder synthesized at 1000° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 44 of the synthesized doped LLZO at 1000° C. is similar to that of the commercially purchased reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic phase LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 1000° C. Further, the result of Example 44 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
     Example 45 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the doped LLZO powder synthesized at 1050° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 45 of the synthesized doped LLZO at 1050° C. is similar to that of commercially purchased reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 1050° C. Further, the result of Example 45 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
     Example 46 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the doped LLZO powder synthesized at 1100° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 46 of the synthesized doped LLZO at 1100° C. is similar to that of the commercially purchased reference sample in cubic doped LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic doped LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 1100° C. Further, the result of Example 46 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
       FIG.  10    illustrates X-ray diffraction (“XRD”) patterns of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) for Example #51, Example #52, Example #53, Example #54, and a reference showing garnet type cubic. The XRD patterns of the solid-state electrolyte materials in Example #51, Example #52, Example #53 all show garnet type of cubic solid-state electrolyte materials. 
     The XRD patterns of Al doped LLZO fine powder synthesized at the same temperature of 900° C. for different hours (6 hour to 12 hours) are depicted in  FIG.  11   . Example 51 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the LLZO powder synthesized at 900° C. for 6 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 51 of the synthesized Al doped LLZO at 900° C. is similar to that of the commercially purchased reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 900° C. for 6 hours. 
     Further, the result of Example 51 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). Example 52 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the LLZO powder synthesized at 900° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 52 of the synthesized Al doped LLZO at 900° C. for 8 hours is similar to that of commercially purchased reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 900° C. for 8 hours. 
     Further, the result of Example 52 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
     Example 53 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the LLZO powder synthesized at 900° C. for 10 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 53 of the synthesized Al doped LLZO at 900° C. for 10 hours is similar to that of the commercially purchased reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 900° C. for 10 hours. Further, the result of Example 53 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
     Example 54 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the LLZO powder synthesized at 900° C. for 12 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 54 of the synthesized Al doped LLZO at 900° C. for 12 hours is similar to that of the commercially purchased reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 900° C. for 12 hours. Further, the result of Example 54 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
       FIG.  11    illustrates X-ray diffraction (“XRD”) patterns of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) for Example #61, and an academic (or literature) reference (should I cited the article name?) which show garnet type cubic phase solid-state electrolyte materials. 
     The XRD patterns of LLZO fine powder synthesized at 850° C. for 8 hours are depicted in  FIG.  11   . Example 61 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the Al doped LLZO powder synthesized at 850° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 61 of the synthesized LLZO at 850° C. is similar to that of the academic (or literature) reference sample in cubic phase LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic phase LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 850° C. Further, the result of Example 61 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
       FIG.  12    illustrates X-ray diffraction (“XRD”) patterns of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) for Example #62, and an academic (or literature) reference (should I cited the article name?) which show garnet type cubic phase solid-state electrolyte materials. The XRD patterns of LLZO fine powder synthesized at 900° C. for 8 hours are depicted in  FIG.  12   . Example 62 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the Al doped LLZO powder synthesized at 900° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 62 of the synthesized LLZO at 900° C. is similar to that of the academic (or literature) reference sample in cubic phase LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type cubic phase LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 900° C. 
     Further, the result of Example 62 indicates that cubic phase LLZO has been formed and no diffraction peak characteristic of the tetragonal phase LLZO has been detected. It should be noted that the cubic phase LLZO shows better ionic conductivity than the tetragonal phase LLZO (delete if inappropriate). 
       FIG.  13    illustrates X-ray diffraction (“XRD”) patterns of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) for Example #71, a commercially purchased sample for reference #1, and an academic (or literature) reference (should I cited the article name?) for reference #2, which show garnet type tetragonal phase of solid-state electrolyte materials. The XRD patterns of LLZO fine powder synthesized at 900° C. for 8 hours are depicted in  FIG.  13   . Example 71 demonstrates the diffraction peaks of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material powder synthesized at 900° C. for 8 hours. The XRD pattern as shown in Example 71 of the synthesized LLZO at 900° C. is similar to that of the academic (or literature) reference sample in cubic LLZO form and demonstrate that the formation of garnet type tetragonal phase LLZO was achieved using the instant invention at the temperature 900° C. 
       FIGS.  14 A,  14 B, and  14 C  are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of examples of solid particles of solid-state electrolyte material after annealing process.  FIGS.  14 A,  14 B, and  14 C  shows that the SEM images of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) after annealing at 850° C. for 8 hours, 900° C. for 8 hours, and 1050° C. for 8 hours respectively. 
     One observation can be found that the annealing temperature does not significantly affected the morphology and crystal structure of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al). Further,  FIGS.  14 A,  14 B, and  14 C  illustrates lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) particles appear to have the size estimated at a range from 1 um to 100 um; such as 10 um to 20 um; such as 10 um to 90 um; such as 10 um to 50 um; such as 10 um to 40 um; such as 10 nm to 70 um; such as 20 nm to 80 um; such as 20 nm to 60 um; such as 20 nm to 50 um; such as 30 nm to 70 um; such as 20 nm to 50 um; such as 40 nm to 70 um; such as 50 nm to 70 um; such as 10 um to 30 um; such as 15 um to 40 um; such as 20 um to 40 um; such as 30 um to 60 um. 
     In one example as shown in  FIG.  14 A , one lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) particle  1410  has a wire-like morphology. Another example as shown in- FIG.  14 B , one lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) particle  1420  has an irregular clustered shaped morphology Another example as shown in  FIG.  14 C , one lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) particle  1430  has a spherical clusters in morphology, resulting in spherical morphology. One observation can be found that the wire-like morphology at the lower annealing temperature in  14 A is disrupted at higher annealing temperature and formed clusters of wire-like morphology as shown in  14 C, resulting in the coupling of wire-like morphology. 
       FIGS.  15 A and  15 B  are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of examples of solid particles of solid-state electrolyte material after annealing process.  FIGS.  15 A and  15 B  shows that the SEM images of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) having a chemical composition of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12  after annealing at 1050° C. for 8 hours. In addition,  FIG.  15 B  shows a closer look of  FIG.  15 A . Further,  FIG.  15 B  shows LLZO materials at high magnification, where the morphology of the LLZO materials can be seen clearly. In one example as shown in  FIG.  15 B , one lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) particle  1510  has a wire-like morphology. 
     Further,  FIGS.  15 A and  15 B  illustrate lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) particles appear to have the size estimated at a range from 1 um to 100 um; such as 10 um to 20 um; such as 10 um to 90 um; such as 10 um to 50 um; such as 10 um to 40 um; such as 10 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 80 um; such as 20 um to 60 um; such as 20 um to 50 um; such as 30 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 50 um; such as 40 um to 70 um; such as 50 um to 70 um; such as 10 um to 30 um; such as 15 um to 40 um; such as 20 um to 40 um; such as 30 um to 60 um. 
       FIGS.  16 A and  16 B  are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of examples of solid particles of solid-state electrolyte material after annealing process.  FIGS.  16 A and  16 B  shows that the SEM images of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) after annealing at 1050° C. for 8 hours. In addition,  FIG.  16 B  shows a closer look of  FIG.  16 A . Further,  FIG.  16 B  shows LLZO particles at high magnification, where the size and shape of LLZO particles can be seen clearly. As shown in the  FIGS.  16 A and  16 B , each LLZO particle consolidates to form an spherical network that can enhance the ionic conductivity of the bulk material. The LLZO particles appear to have a spherical shape with the size estimated at a range from 1 um to 100 um; such as 10 um to 20 um; such as 10 um to 90 um; such as 10 um to 50 um; such as 10 um to 40 um; such as 10 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 80 um; such as 20 um to 60 um; such as 20 um to 50 um; such as 30 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 50 um; such as 40 um to 70 um; such as 50 um to 70 um; such as 10 um to 30 um; such as 15 um to 40 um; such as 20 um to 40 um; such as 30 um to 60 um. (Note: NOT Sure if the particle size in “nm” is appropriate). 
     As shown in  FIGS.  16 A and  16 B , one observation can be found that lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) material  1610  shows spherical clusters in morphology. The example is shown in larger magnitude in  FIG.  16 B , one lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) material  1620  shows a primary wire-like morphology. In addition, the wire-like lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) materials are coupling with each other, and formed into secondary clusters. 
       FIG.  17 A- 17 D  are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of examples of solid particles of solid-state electrolyte material after annealing process.  FIG.  17 A  shows that the SEM image of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) referring back to Example #1 having a composition of Li 6.76  La 2.87  Zr 2.0  Al 0.24  O 12.36  as shown in Table 3, after annealing at 950° C. for 8 hours.  FIG.  17 B  shows that the SEM image of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) referring back to Example #3 having a composition of Li 6.74 La 2.96 Zr 2.0 Al 0.25 O 12.45  as shown in Table 5, after annealing at 950° C. for 8 hours. 
     As shown in  FIG.  17 A  and  FIG.  17 B , the Al doped LLZO particles appear to have a spherical shape with the size estimated at a range from 1 um to 100 um; such as 10 um to 20 um; such as 10 um to 90 um; such as 10 um to 50 um; such as 10 um to 40 um; such as 10 nm to 70 um; such as 20 nm to 80 um; such as 20 nm to 60 um; such as 20 nm to 50 um; such as 30 nm to 70 um; such as 20 nm to 50 um; such as 40 nm to 70 um; such as 50 nm to 70 um; such as 10 um to 30 um; such as 15 um to 40 um; such as 20 um to 40 um; such as 30 um to 60 um. (Note: NOT Sure if the particle size in “nm” is appropriate). Further, one observation can be found that lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) material  1710  shows spherical clusters in morphology as shown in  FIG.  17 A . In another example as shown in  FIG.  17 B , another observation can be found that lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) material  1720  shows spherical clusters in morphology. 
       FIG.  17 C  shows that the SEM image of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) referring back to Example #9 having a composition of Li 6.57 La 2.99 Zr 2.0 Al 0.22 O 12.22  as shown in Table 11, after annealing at 850° C. for 8 hours. Further, one observation can be found that lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) material  1730  shows spherical clusters in morphology as shown in  FIG.  17 C . 
     As shown in  FIG.  17 C , the Al doped LLZO particles appear to have a spherical shape with the size estimated at a range from 1 um to 100 um; such as 10 um to 20 um; such as 10 um to 90 um; such as 10 um to 50 um; such as 10 um to 40 um; such as 10 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 80 um; such as 20 um to 60 um; such as 20 nm to 50 um; such as 30 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 50 um; such as 40 um to 70 um; such as 50 um to 70 um; such as 10 um to 30 um; such as 15 um to 40 um; such as 20 um to 40 um; such as 30 um to 60 um. 
       FIG.  17 D  shows that the SEM image of the lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) referring back to Example #11 having a composition of Li 6.49 La 3.02 Zr 2.0 Al 0.23 O 12.2  as shown in Table 13, after annealing at 900° C. for 8 hours. As shown in  FIG.  17 D , the Al doped LLZO particles appear to have a spherical shape with the size estimated at a range from 1 um to 100 um; such as 10 um to 20 um; such as 10 um to 90 um; such as 10 um to 50 um; such as 10 um to 40 um; such as 10 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 80 um; such as 20 um to 60 um; such as 20 um to 50 um; such as 30 um to 70 um; such as 20 um to 50 um; such as 40 um to 70 um; such as 50 um to 70 um; such as 10 um to 30 um; such as 15 um to 40 um; such as 20 um to 40 um; such as 30 um to 60 um. In another example as shown in  FIG.  17 D , another observation can be found that lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) doped with aluminum (Al) material  1740  shows spherical clusters in morphology. 
     Table 16 illustrates testing results of electric capacity and coulombic efficiency (CE) of examples of battery cells made by solid-state electrolyte materials after annealing process (Example #30-35). The annealing temperature and annealing time can be controlled from 700 to 1200° C. for 7 to 20 hours. 
     As shown in Table 16, the battery made by lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide material (LLZO) particles appear to have the different charge/discharge capacity cycling performance at different current/weight (mA/g), where 1 C rate is equal to 200 mA/g. In one example, the charge capacity is at a range between 210 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 215 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 225 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 235 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 245 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g). In another example, the charge capacity is more than 205 (mAh/g), preferably more than 210 (mAh/g), preferably more than 215 (mAh/g), preferably more than 220 (mAh/g), preferably more than 225 (mAh/g), preferably more than 230 (mAh/g), preferably more than 235 (mAh/g), preferably more than 240 (mAh/g), preferably more than 245 (mAh/g), preferably more than 250 (mAh/g), preferably more than 255 (mAh/g). In another example, the discharge capacity is at a range between 210 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 215 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 225 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 235 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g); such as 245 (mAh/g) to 255 (mAh/g). In another example, the discharge capacity is more than 205 (mAh/g), preferably more than 210 (mAh/g), preferably more than 215 (mAh/g), preferably more than 220 (mAh/g), preferably more than 225 (mAh/g), preferably more than 230 (mAh/g), preferably more than 235 (mAh/g), preferably more than 240 (mAh/g), preferably more than 245 (mAh/g), preferably more than 250 (mAh/g), preferably more than 255 (mAh/g). It is found that the Coulombic Efficiency (CE, %) of the obtained solid-state electrolyte is more than 96%, preferably more than 96.5%, preferably more than 97%, preferably more than 97.5%, preferably more than 98%, preferably more than 98.5%, preferably more than 99%, preferably more than 99.5%, preferably more than 99.6%, preferably more than 99.7%, preferably more than 99.8%, preferably more than 99.9%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Measured electric performance of lithium-ion-battery cells made from 
               
               
                 exemplary solid-state electrolyte materials annealed at 850° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Current/ 
                 Charge 
                 Discharge 
                 Coulombic 
               
               
                   
                 Weight, 
                 capacity, 
                 capacity, 
                 Efficiency, 
               
               
                   
                 mA/g 
                 mAh/g 
                 mAh/g 
                 % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 25 
                 230.2972 
                 222.7164 
                 96.708 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 218.6137 
                 216.4293 
                 99.001 
               
               
                   
                 75 
                 209.7601 
                 208.8956 
                 99.588 
               
               
                   
                 100 
                 202.7414 
                 202.0882 
                 99.678 
               
               
                   
                 200 
                 169.2282 
                 168.9559 
                 99.839 
               
               
                   
                 300 
                 149.7479 
                 149.2897 
                 99.694 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 231.1816 
                 226.6669 
                 98.047 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the Claims that follow.