Patent Publication Number: US-2022221763-A1

Title: Liquid crystal display device

Description:
The present application is a continuation application of International Application No. PCT/JP2020/031988, filed on Aug. 5, 2020, which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-184213, filed on Oct. 7, 2019. The contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     (1) Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a display device and, more particularly, to a liquid crystal display device which has improved contrast of an image using a liquid crystal light valve. 
     (2) Description of the Related Art 
     In a liquid crystal display device, a TFT substrate in which a pixel electrode, a thin film transistor (TFT, Thin Film Transistor) and so forth are formed in a matrix form, a counter substrate is disposed facing the TFT substrate, and a liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between the TFT substrate and the counter substrate. Images are formed by changing a light transmittance from a back light in each of the pixels by liquid crystals. 
     In a conventional liquid crystal display device, since a backlight also irradiates a portion of black display, and a small amount of light passes through the black display portion, the contrast is lowered. In order to solve this problem, there is a technique in which a liquid crystal light valve is disposed on a back surface of a liquid crystal display panel; a backlight does not irradiate a black display portion by using a liquid crystal light valve, and light from a backlight irradiates only a portion where an image is formed. 
     The above technology is described in Patent Document 1, Patent Document 2, and Non-patent Document 1. 
     PRIOR ART REFERENCE 
     Patent Document 
     
         
         [Patent document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. JP 2017-116683 A 
         [Patent document 2] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2017/0032744 A 
       
    
     Non-Patent Document 
     
         
         [Non-patent document 1] SID 2017 DIGEST⋅1667 P108/O. Yoo et al 
       
    
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     By arranging a liquid crystal light valve between the back of the liquid crystal display panel and the back light, the contrast of the image can be improved. In other words, it is possible to realize deep black and improve contrast by irradiating only a portion where an image is formed with a backlight by a liquid crystal light valve and not irradiating a black display portion with a backlight. 
     However, in a technique using a liquid crystal light valve, light is controlled for each segment. The size of the segment is much larger than that of the pixel in the display panel, e.g., about 45×20 pixels of the pixel set in the display panel. By the way, although a red picture element, a green picture element, and a blue picture element exist in a display panel, in this specification, the combination of a red picture element, a green picture element, and a blue picture element is called a pixel set. 
     On the other hand, it is not desirable to use a light shading film as metal film, as much as possible, in order to prevent a declining of light transmittance and generation of moiré due to an interference between the display panel and the metal film. Then, control of light at the boundary between the segment and the segment becomes a problem. In other words, a region, in which light transmittance cannot be controlled, is generated at the boundary between the segment and the segment in the liquid crystal light valve. This causes uneven luminance in the liquid crystal display device. 
     It is an object of the present invention, with using a liquid crystal light valve, to provide a liquid crystal display device which is capable of producing a high contrast display by preventing light leakage between segments and segments in a liquid crystal light valve, and thus by preventing the occurrence of uneven brightness. 
     The present invention solves the above problems, and the main specific means thereof are as follows. 
     (1) A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel, a backlight, and a liquid crystal light valve disposed between the liquid crystal display panel and the backlight; in which a liquid crystal is sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate in the liquid crystal light valve; a plurality of first electrodes extending in a first direction are formed on the first substrate; 
     a first insulating film is formed on the first electrodes; a plurality of second electrodes are formed in a matrix at predetermined intervals on the first insulating film; a second insulating film is formed on the second electrodes; a plurality of third electrodes extending in a second direction are formed on the second insulating film; the liquid crystal is sandwiched between the third electrodes and the second substrate; the first electrodes, the second electrodes and the third electrodes are formed from a transparent conductive film; and the predetermined interval between the second electrodes is 2 to 10 μm. 
     (2) The liquid crystal display device according to (1); in which a black matrix is formed in the liquid crystal display panel; a width of the black matrix is larger than the predetermined interval between the second electrodes; and the predetermined interval between the second electrodes is covered by the black matrix in a plan view.
 
(3) A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel, a backlight, and a liquid crystal light valve disposed between the liquid crystal display panel and the backlight; in which a liquid crystal is sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate in the liquid crystal light valve; a plurality of first electrodes of striped shape extending in a first direction are formed on the first substrate; a first insulating film is formed on the first electrodes; a plurality of second electrodes of a plane shape are formed in a matrix at predetermined intervals on the first insulating film; a second insulating film is formed on the second electrodes; a plurality of third electrodes extending in a second direction are formed on the second insulating film; the liquid crystal is sandwiched between the third electrodes and the second substrate; the first electrodes, the second electrodes and the third electrodes are formed from a transparent conductive film; a plurality of slits are formed in the third electrode at an area overlapping with the second electrode in a plan view, and the predetermined interval between the second electrodes is covered by the third electrode.
 
(4) A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal display panel, a backlight, and a liquid crystal light valve disposed between the liquid crystal display panel and the backlight; in which a liquid crystal is sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate in the liquid crystal light valve; a plurality of first electrodes of striped shape extending in a first direction are formed on the first substrate; a first insulating film is formed on the first electrodes; a plurality of second electrodes of plane shape formed at first predetermined intervals on the first insulating film; a second insulating film is formed on the second electrodes; a plurality of third electrodes of plane shape are formed at second predetermined intervals on the second insulating film; a third insulating film is formed on the third electrodes; a plurality of fourth electrodes extending in a second direction are formed on the third insulating film; the liquid crystal is sandwiched between the fourth electrodes and the second substrate; the first electrodes, the second electrodes, the third electrodes, and the fourth electrodes are formed from a transparent conductive film; the third electrode is disposed between the second electrodes in a plan view; and the second electrode and the third electrode overlap each other at their peripheries in a plan view.
 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is an exploded perspective view of a liquid crystal display device in which the present invention is to be applied; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross sectional view of the liquid crystal display device in which the present invention is to be applied; 
         FIG. 3  is a plan view of the liquid crystal display device in which the present invention is to be applied; 
         FIG. 4  is a plan view of a pixel of the liquid crystal display panel; 
         FIG. 5  is an exploded perspective view of the liquid crystal light valve; 
         FIG. 6  is a cross sectional view along the line A-A of  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross sectional view along the line B-B of  FIG. 5 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a plan view of the first electrode and the second electrode in a liquid crystal light valve; 
         FIG. 9  is a plan view of the first electrode, the second electrode and the third electrode in a liquid crystal light valve; 
         FIG. 10  is a simplified plan view of the first electrode and the second electrode in a liquid crystal light valve; 
         FIG. 11  is a simplified plan view of the first electrode, the second electrode and the third electrode in a liquid crystal light valve; 
         FIG. 12  is a cross sectional view along the line C-C of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 13  is a cross sectional view along the line D-D of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 14  is a cross sectional view of another structure along the line C-C of  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 15  is a plan view which shows a relation between the black matrix of the liquid crystal display panel and the second electrode of the liquid crystal light valve; 
         FIG. 16  is a cross sectional view corresponding to the line E-E of  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 17  is a cross sectional view corresponding to the line F-F of  FIG. 15 ; 
         FIG. 18  is a cross sectional view of the light valve when a columnar spacer is used; 
         FIG. 19  is another cross sectional view of the light valve when a columnar spacer is used; 
         FIG. 20  is a plan view of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode of the liquid crystal light valve according to embodiment 2; 
         FIG. 21  is a cross sectional view corresponding to the line G-G of  FIG. 20 ; 
         FIG. 22  is a cross sectional view corresponding to the line H-H of  FIG. 20 ; 
         FIG. 23  is a plan view of the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode of the liquid crystal light valve according to another example of embodiment 2; 
         FIG. 24  is a cross sectional view of embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 25  is another cross sectional view of embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 26  is yet another cross sectional view of embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 27  is a plan view of the second electrode according to embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 28  is a plan view of the second electrode according to another example of embodiment 3; 
         FIG. 29  is a plan view of the second electrode according to yet another example of embodiment 3; and 
         FIG. 30  is a plan view of the second electrode according to yet another example of embodiment 3. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     The present invention is explained by the following embodiments in detail. 
     Embodiment 1 
       FIG. 1  is an exploded perspective view of a liquid crystal display device according to the present invention. In  FIG. 1 , a liquid crystal light valve  2  for improving the contrast is disposed between a liquid crystal display panel  1  and a backlight  500 . 
       FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal display device of  FIG. 1  in the assembled state. In  FIG. 2 , the liquid crystal light valve  2  is arranged on the backlight  500 , and the liquid crystal display panel  1  is adhered on the liquid crystal light valve  2  by a transparent adhesive material  130 . 
     In the liquid crystal light valve  2 , the liquid crystal is sandwiched between a lower first substrate  10  and an upper second substrate  20 ; a first polarizing plate  31  is stuck under the first substrate, and a second polarizing plate  32  is stuck on the second substrate. The liquid crystal light valve  2  employs an IPS (In Plane Switching) system. The IPS system has excellent viewing angle characteristics. 
     The liquid crystal display panel  1  is disposed on the second polarizing plate  32  of the liquid crystal light valve  2  via the transparent adhesive  130 . In the liquid crystal display panel  1 , a TFT substrate  100  and a counter substrate  200  are bonded to each other by a sealant, and a liquid crystal is sandwiched between the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 . A third polarizing plate  33  is stuck under the TFT substrate  100 , and a fourth polarizing plate  34  is stuck on the counter substrate  200 . 
     On the TFT substrate  100 , a video signal line, a scanning line, a TFT, a pixel electrode, a counter electrode, and the like are formed, and on the counter substrate  200 , a color filter, a black matrix, and the like are formed. In the present invention, the liquid crystal display panel  1  uses an IPS system having excellent viewing angle characteristics; however, other methods, such as TN (Twisted Nematic) system and VA (Vertical Alignment) system and the like, may be used. 
       FIG. 3  is a plan view of the liquid crystal display device according to the present invention. In  FIG. 3 , the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  are bonded together by a sealant  150 , and a liquid crystal is sandwiched between the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200 . A display region  110  is formed in a portion where the TFT substrate  100  and the counter substrate  200  overlap each other, and a region where the TFT substrate  100  is not overlapped with the counter substrate  200  is a terminal region  120 . A flexible wiring board  160  for supplying power and a signal to the liquid crystal display device is connected to the terminal region  120 . 
     In the display region  110  of the TFT substrate  100 , scanning lines  101  extend in the horizontal direction (x-direction) and are arranged in the vertical direction (y-direction). Further, video signal lines  102  extend in the vertical direction and are arranged in the horizontal direction. A pixel  103  is formed in an area surrounded by the scanning line  101  and the video signal line  102 . A red pixel corresponding to a red color filter, a green pixel corresponding to a green color filter, and a blue pixel corresponding to a blue color filter constitute a pixel set. 
     In  FIG. 3 , a rectangular region surrounded by a dotted line is a segment electrode  13  formed in a liquid crystal light valve, and controls an amount of light from a backlight supplied to a liquid crystal display panel for each segment electrode  13 . The segment electrode  13  has a size much larger than that of a pixel formed on a liquid crystal display panel, and has a size corresponding to, for example, 45×20 pixels of a pixel set. 
       FIG. 4  is a plan view of a pixel portion of a liquid crystal display panel. In  FIG. 4 , a scanning line  101  extends in the horizontal direction (x direction) and the video signal line  102  extends in the vertical direction (y direction) on the TFT substrate. A pixel electrode  105  is formed in an area surrounded by the scanning line  101  and the video signal line  102 . The pixel electrode  105  has a comb-like shape having slits. The pixel electrode  105  is connected to the TFT via the through hole  106 . 
     In  FIG. 4 , a portion displayed in gray is a black matrix  202  formed on a counter substrate. The black matrix  202  covers a portion corresponding to the video signal line  102  and the scanning line  101 , and a color filter is present on the counter substrate and a pixel electrode  105  is present on the TFT substrate in an area surrounded by a frame of the black matrix  202 . The width bwy of the horizontally extending black matrix  202  is larger than the width bwx of the vertically extending black matrix  202 . In the black matrix  202 , a black matrix  202  extending laterally with a width bwy covers the region where the TFT and the through-hole  106  are formed and prevents light leakage from these portions. The width bwy of the black matrix  202  extending in the lateral direction is, for example, 13 to 15 μm, and the width bwx of the black matrix  202  extending in the vertical direction is 4 to 5 μm. 
       FIG. 5  is an exploded perspective view of a liquid crystal light valve. In  FIG. 5 , a data line (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a first electrode)  11  extends in a stripe shape on a first substrate  10  which is a transparent substrate, and is arranged in a vertical direction (y direction). A rectangular segment electrode (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a second electrode)  13  is arranged in a matrix form with a first insulating film interposed therebetween. The interval between the segment electrodes  13  is dx in the x direction and dy in the y direction. On the segment electrode  13 , a common electrode (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as a third electrode)  15  extends in the y-direction and is arranged in the x-direction via the second insulating film. 
     The first electrode  11 , the second electrode  13 , and the third electrode  15  are all formed of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) which is a transparent oxide conductive film. This is for increasing the light transmittance of the liquid crystal light valve and preventing the occurrence of moiré due to interference between wirings and the like in the liquid crystal light valve and wirings and the like in the liquid crystal display panel. Examples of other transparent oxide conductive films are AZO (Antimony Zinc Oxide), IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide) and so forth. 
       FIG. 5  is a schematic view, and therefore, the actual magnitude relationship is not accurately reflected. In actual dimensions, for example, a width of the first electrode (data line)  11  is about 120 to 140 μm, a size of the second electrode (segment electrode)  13  is about 1000 μm, and a width of the third electrode (common electrode)  15  is about 10 μm or less, for example, about 4 μm. In  FIG. 5 , a second substrate  20  which is a transparent substrate is disposed so as to oppose the third electrode  15  and sandwich a liquid crystal layer. The thickness of the liquid crystal layer is, for example, 3 to 4 μm. Although not shown in  FIG. 5 , an alignment film is formed on the third electrode  15 , and an alignment film is formed on the second substrate  20 , too. 
       FIG. 6  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 5 . In  FIG. 6 , the first electrode  11  which is a data line is arranged on the first substrate  10 , a first insulating film  12  which is made of SiO or the like is formed thereon, and a second electrode  13  which is a segment electrode is formed on the first insulating film  12 . In  FIG. 6 , the first electrode  11  is connected to the leftmost second electrode  13  via a through-hole  16  formed in the first insulating film  12 . Another second electrode  13  is connected to another first electrode  11  at other locations. 
     A second insulating film  14  formed of SiN or the like is formed over the second electrode  13 , and a third electrode  15  which is a common electrode is formed on the second insulating film  14  in a stripe shape in a direction perpendicular to the first electrode  11 . The width of the third electrode  15  is, for example, about 4 μm, and the pitch in the x direction is, for example, about 7 μm, and is very fine compared with the other electrodes. A liquid crystal layer  300  is sandwiched between the third electrode  15  and the counter substrate  200 . 
     When a data voltage is applied to the second electrode  13 , which is a segment electrode, electric lines of force that pass through the liquid crystal layer  300  are generated between the second electrode  13  and the third electrode  15 , and the liquid crystal molecules  301  are rotated to control the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer  300 . In other words, the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer  300  is controlled for each of the second electrodes  13 . 
       FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 5 . In  FIG. 7 , the first electrode  11  which is a data line is formed in a stripe shape, and the first insulating film  12  is formed so as to cover the first electrode  11 . A second electrode  13  as a segment electrode is formed on the first insulating film  12 . In  FIG. 7 , each segment electrode  13  is connected to the data line  11  via a through hole  16 . In  FIG. 7 , a third electrode  15  extends in the y-direction on the second insulating film  14 . A liquid crystal layer  300  is provided between the third electrode  15  and the second substrate  20 . 
       FIG. 8  is a plan view showing a method of supplying a voltage from the first electrode  11  to the second electrode  13 . A first insulating film is formed between the first electrode  11  and the second electrode  13 .  FIG. 8  shows a case where voltages are supplied from thirteen first electrodes  11  to thirteen second electrodes  13 . In  FIG. 8 , the second electrodes  13  are arranged in a matrix with a horizontal interval dx and a vertical interval dy. The first electrode  11  and the second electrode  13  are connected via a through hole  16  formed in the first insulating film. 
       FIG. 9  is a plan view showing a state in which the third electrode  15  is formed on the second electrode  13  of  FIG. 8  via the second insulating film. In  FIG. 3 , the third electrode  15  extends in a striped shape in the y direction, which is perpendicular to the extending direction of the first electrode  11 , and is arranged in the x direction. The width of the third electrode  15  is, for example, about 4 μm, and the width of the first electrode  11  is about 130 μm, but in  FIG. 9 , for easier understanding, the width of the third electrode  15  is drawn larger than that of the actual width. 
     In  FIG. 9 , a liquid crystal layer is present on the third electrode  15 . When a voltage is supplied from the first electrode  11  to the second electrode  13  which is a segment electrode, electric lines of force through the liquid crystal layer are generated. The liquid crystal molecules are rotated to control the transmittance of the liquid crystal for each of the second electrodes  13 , thereby operating as a liquid crystal light valve. 
     The second electrodes  13  are arranged at intervals of dy in the vertical direction and dx in the horizontal direction per segment. In this gap portion of width dx or width dy, a region where the third electrode  15  and the first electrode  11  directly act is generated. This region causes light leakage because light control is not possible. It is an object of the present invention to remedy light leakage between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13 . 
       FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11  are plan views showing a case where the number of the first electrode  11  and the second electrode  13  is reduced to simplify the drawing.  FIG. 10  is a plan view showing only the first electrode  11  and the second electrode  13 .  FIG. 10  shows a case where six first electrodes  11  are connected to six second electrodes  13 . The first electrode  11  extends in the x-direction. The first electrode  11  and the second electrode  13  are connected via a through-hole  16  formed in the first insulating film. 
       FIG. 11  is a plan view showing a state in which the third electrode  15  is formed on the second electrode  13  via the second insulating film. The third electrode  15  extends in the y direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the first electrode  11 . The third electrode  15  has a width of about 4 μm, a pitch of about 7 μm; and many lines of third electrodes  15  are arranged in the horizontal direction. The second electrodes  13  are arranged in a matrix with a gap dy in the y-direction and a gap dx in the x-direction. 
     In  FIG. 11 , a portion indicated by an arrow C-C or an arrow D-D is a portion where the third electrode  15  and the first electrode  11  directly oppose each other without the second electrode  13 . A predetermined voltage is supplied to the second electrode  13  from the first electrode  11 , so that the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer is controlled by the second electrode  13 . However, at a portion where the third electrode  15  and the first electrode  11  directly oppose each other, the intended voltage is not applied, so that the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer cannot be controlled. That is, this portion causes uneven brightness such as light leakage. 
       FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view taken along line C-C of  FIG. 11 . In  FIG. 12 , a third electrode  15  is disposed between the gap dx of the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , in the gap dx and around the gap dx, electric force lines  51  are generated directly from the third electrode  15  to the first electrode  11  via the liquid crystal layer  300 . The electric line of force  50  from the third electrode  15  to the second electrode  13  is a controllable electric line of force, but since the electric line of force  51  is a line of electric force which cannot be controlled, a problem such as light leakage occurs. 
       FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view taken along line D-D of  FIG. 11 . In  FIG. 13 , since no second electrode  13  is present, all of the lines of electric force from the third electrode  15  are directed toward the first electrode  11 . As shown in  FIG. 13 , since this region is formed along the extending direction of the first electrode  13 , it has an influence over a wider range than the C-C cross section. Thus, it becomes a more serious problem. 
       FIG. 14  shows another example of the C-C section of  FIG. 11 , and shows a case where the interval dx of the second electrode  15  is made smaller than in the case of  FIG. 12 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , when the interval dx between the 2 electrodes  13  is reduced, the amount of light passing through dx decreases. Light passing between the second electrodes  13  is diffused by a polarizing plate, a liquid crystal display panel, or the like. When the amount of light becomes smaller than a certain value, the ratio of the influence of diffusion becomes remarkable, and the light leakage becomes extremely inconspicuous. This effect becomes remarkable at 10 μm or less, and the light leakage becomes almost inconspicuous at 5 μm or less. 
     In order to reduce the effect of light leakage, the smaller the gap between the second electrodes  13  is the better, however, the more difficult it is to reduce the gap to less than 2 μm from the request of the process. Accordingly, the gap between the second electrodes  13  is not less than 2 μm and not more than 10 μm, more preferably not less than 2 μm and not more than 5 μm. The structure of  FIG. 14  describes only the gap dx in the x-direction, but the principle can be applied to the gap dy in the y-direction. 
     A liquid crystal display panel is disposed on a front surface of the liquid crystal light valve. In a liquid crystal display panel, a black matrix which is a light shielding film is formed between pixels in order to enhance contrast. If this black matrix is used as a light shielding film for light passing between the second electrodes, light leakage can be efficiently prevented. The black matrix is formed on a counter substrate of the liquid crystal display panel. 
       FIG. 15  is a plan view showing a relationship between a color filter  201  and a black matrix  202  formed on a counter substrate of a liquid crystal display panel, and a segment electrode formed in a liquid crystal light valve, that is, a second electrode  13 . Referring to  FIG. 15 , a color filter  201  is formed in a matrix form on a counter substrate of a liquid crystal display panel corresponding to pixels, and all of the areas surrounding the color filters  201  are covered with a black matrix  202 . In other words, all of the counter substrates are covered with the black matrix  202  except for the window of the pixel portion where the color filter  201  is formed. Hereinafter, a window of a pixel portion is simply referred to as a color filter  201 . 
     In  FIG. 15 , an interval between the color filter  201  and the color filter  201  is bwx in the x direction and bwy in the vertical direction (y direction). In other words, a black matrix of width bwx extends longitudinally and a black matrix of width dwy extends laterally. The second electrode  13  formed on the liquid crystal light valve has a much larger area than a pixel formed on the liquid crystal display panel.  FIG. 15  is a plan view of the vicinity of the corner of the 4 second electrodes  13 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , the distance between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  may be smaller than the width of the black matrix  202 . For example, as shown in  FIG. 5 , a dx&lt;bwx, dy&lt;bwy may be used. In  FIG. 15 , bwx is, for example, 4 to 5 μm, and bwy is, for example, 13 to 14 μm. If the corresponding dx, dy are made smaller than these values, light leakage can be prevented. However, since there is an assembly error of the liquid crystal display panel and the liquid crystal light valve, it is necessary to set the values of the bwx, bwy, dx, and dy in consideration of the manufacturing error. 
     By the way, the width bwy of the y direction of a black matrix is larger than the width bwx of a x direction. On the other hand, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the light leakage between the second electrodes  13  is large in the y direction, e.g., in the portion indicated by the arrow D-D. Accordingly, in the liquid crystal light valve, light leakage due to the gap between the second electrodes  13  can be effectively prevented by the black matrix  202  of the liquid crystal display panel particularly in the y direction. 
       FIG. 16  is a cross-sectional view corresponding to the section E-E of  FIG. 15 . In  FIG. 16 , a third electrode  15  and a first electrode  11  in the liquid crystal light valve are added to  FIG. 15 . In  FIG. 16 , a liquid crystal display panel  1  is adhered on a liquid crystal light valve  2  via a transparent adhesive  130 . The layer structure of the liquid crystal light valve  2  is the same as that described in  FIG. 6 . In the liquid crystal display panel  1 , a counter substrate  200  is disposed on a TFT substrate  100  via a liquid crystal layer  400 . A black matrix  202  and a color filter  201  are formed on the counter substrate  200 . As shown in  FIG. 16 , light leakage from the gap between the second electrodes  13  is blocked by the black matrix  202  of the liquid crystal display panel  1 . 
       FIG. 17  is a cross-sectional view corresponding to the section F-F of  FIG. 15 . In  FIG. 17 , a third electrode  15  and a first electrode  11  in the liquid crystal light valve are added to  FIG. 15 . A layer structure of the liquid crystal light valve  2  and the liquid crystal display panel  1  in  FIG. 17  is the same as that described in  FIG. 16 . In the liquid crystal light valve  2 , however,  FIG. 17  shows a region where the second electrode  13  is not present. Therefore, the electric force lines  51  from the third electrode  15  are all directed toward the first electrode  11  via the liquid crystal layer  300 . In other words, in this section, since all of the light from the backlight is transmitted, the effect of light leakage is very large. 
     However, as shown in  FIG. 17 , since the black matrix  202  is present on the counter substrate  200  of the liquid crystal display panel  1 , all of the light leakage can be shielded by the black matrix  202 . Further, as described in  FIG. 15 , since the width bwy of the black matrix  202  in this portion is large, and can be made large enough to cover the gap between the second electrodes  13  with a margin, the light shielding effect can be more stably performed. 
     Incidentally, in the liquid crystal light valve  2 , similarly to the liquid crystal display panel  1 , it is necessary to keep a thickness of the liquid crystal layer  300  uniform. For this purpose, for example, a columnar spacer is used as in the case of the liquid crystal display panel  1 . Since no liquid crystal is present in the portion where the columnar spacer is formed, light leakage occurs. Therefore, by arranging the columnar spacers in the liquid crystal light valve  2  at positions corresponding to the black matrix  202  in the liquid crystal display panel  1  when viewed from a plane, it is possible to suppress an influence of the columnar spacer on light leakage. 
       FIG. 18  shows an example in which a columnar spacer  170  is arranged in the liquid crystal light valve  2  in the same cross section as in  FIG. 16 . In  FIG. 18 , the columnar spacer  170  is disposed at a portion corresponding to a gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  in the x-direction and at a portion corresponding to the black matrix  202  in the liquid crystal display panel  1 . 
       FIG. 19  shows an example in which a columnar spacer  17  is arranged in the liquid crystal light valve  2  in the same cross section as in  FIG. 17 . In  FIG. 19 , the columnar spacer  170  is disposed at a portion corresponding to a gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  in the y direction and at a portion corresponding to the black matrix  202  in the liquid crystal display panel  1 . 
     In both of  FIGS. 18 and 19 , light leakage corresponding to the columnar spacer  170  formed in the liquid crystal light valve  2  can be shielded by the black matrix  202  formed in the liquid crystal display panel  1 . 
     As described above, according to the present embodiment, it is possible to suppress light leakage from the gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  by controlling the distance between the second electrodes  13  in the liquid crystal light valve  2  or by aligning of the positions of the gap between the second electrodes  13  in the liquid crystal light valve  2  and the black matrix  202  in the liquid crystal display panel  1 ; thus, it is possible to realize a liquid crystal display device having an excellent contrast. 
     Embodiment 2 
     The liquid crystal light valve used in the present invention is a system called an “FFS (Fringe Field Switching)” mode in an IPS system, and as shown in  FIGS. 12, 13, and 14 , the liquid crystal molecules  301  are rotated by an electric force line  50  passing between the third electrode  15  and the third electrode  15  to control the transmitted light. Accordingly, the light leakage can be suppressed by covering the gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  by the third electrode  15 , in a plan view, because a line of force through the liquid crystal layer  300  is not generated. 
       FIG. 20  is a plan view showing the relationship between the first electrode  11 , the second electrode  13 , and the third electrode  15  in the liquid crystal light valve of this embodiment.  FIG. 20  differs from  FIG. 11  in Embodiment 1 in that the third electrodes  15  do not extend in the y-direction, however, slits  151  are formed in the third electrode  15  corresponding to the second electrode  13  in a plan view. Consequently, in  FIG. 20 , the gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  is covered by the third electrode  15  in a plan view. Thus, in this portion, the electric field from the first electrode  11  is shielded by the third electrode  15  and does not reach the liquid crystal layer  300 , and the influence on the light leakage can be suppressed. That is, light leakage in this portion can be prevented. 
       FIG. 21  is a cross-sectional view taken along line G-G of  FIG. 20 . As shown in  FIG. 21 , since a gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  are shielded by the third electrode  15 , the influence of the first electrode  11  does not reach the liquid crystal layer  300 . Therefore, light leakage in this portion can be prevented. 
       FIG. 22  is a cross-sectional view taken along line H-H of  FIG. 20 . This region is a region where the second electrode  13  is not present, but the electric field from the first electrode  11  is shielded by the third electrode  15 . Therefore, since the influence of the first electrode  11  does not reach the liquid crystal layer  300 , light leakage in this portion can be prevented. 
       FIG. 23  is a plan view showing another example of the present embodiment.  FIG. 23  is different from  FIG. 20  in that the shield by the third electrode  15  is formed only in the portion where the first electrode  11  is disposed in the gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  when viewed in a plan view. In other words, even if there is a gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13 , if the first electrode  11  does not exist at that portion, the influence of the first electrode  11  does not reach the liquid crystal layer  300 . 
     In the configuration of  FIG. 23 , the third electrode  15  does not exist where the first electrode  11  does not exists, even at the gap portion between the second electrodes  13 ; thus, the liquid crystal light valve as a whole can have a light transmittance enlarged than that of the structure of  FIG. 22 . On the other hand, there is a possibility that luminance unevenness may occur between the portion where the shield of the third electrode  15  is not provided and the portion where the third electrode  15  is provided, in comparison with the case in  FIG. 20 . 
     As described above, according to the present embodiment, by the configuration of the third electrode  15  in the liquid crystal light valve, light leakage between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13  can be prevented, and a liquid crystal display device having excellent contrast can be realized. 
     Embodiment 3 
     The reason for the light leakage to be dealt with in the present invention is that the influence of the first electrode  11  reaches the liquid crystal layer  300  through a gap between the second electrode  13  and the second electrode  13 . In this embodiment, the second electrode  13  has a two layer structure so that a gap is not formed between the second electrodes  13  in a plan view, thus the present embodiment can prevent the influence of the first electrode from reaching the liquid crystal layer  300 . 
       FIGS. 24 and 25  are sectional views showing this principle.  FIG. 24  shows a case where the same potential is applied to the adjacent second electrodes  13 , and  FIG. 25  shows a case where different potentials are applied to the adjacent second electrodes  13 . In  FIGS. 24 and 25 , for convenience, a voltage of 5 V is applied to the third electrode  15  and a voltage of 0 or 5 V is applied to the second electrodes  131  and  132 , but conversely, a voltage of 0 V may be applied to the third electrode  15  and 5 or 0 V may be applied to the second electrodes  131  and  132 . 
     In  FIG. 24 , the first electrode  11  is formed on the first substrate  10 , and the first insulating film  12  is formed thereon. A lower second electrode  131  is formed on the first insulating film  12 , a lower second insulating film  141  is formed thereon, and an upper second electrode  132  is formed thereon. Then, an upper second insulating film  142  is formed on the upper second electrode  132 , and a third electrode  15  is formed on the upper second insulating film  142 . 
     In  FIG. 24 , the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  have the same potential. As shown in  FIG. 24 , the influence of the first electrode  11  is shielded by the second electrodes  131  and  132  and does not reach the liquid crystal layer  300 . Thus, the liquid crystal layer  300  is totally controlled by the second electrodes  131  and  132 , and the third electrode  15 , consequently, no light leakage occurs. 
       FIG. 25  shows a case where different potentials are applied to the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132 . The layer structure of  FIG. 25  is similar to that described in  FIG. 24 .  FIG. 25  shows a case where an electric field for driving the liquid crystal layer  300  is generated on the side of the upper second electrode  132 , and an electric field for driving the liquid crystal layer  300  is not generated on the side of the lower second electrode  131 . In this case, an electric force line is generated at a portion where the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  overlap each other, however, this effect does not affect the liquid crystal layer  300 . 
     Also in  FIG. 25 , the influence of the first electrode  11  is shielded by the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  and does not affect the liquid crystal layer  300 . Therefore, light leakage due to the influence of the first electrode  11  does not occur. Thus, regardless of the voltage applied to the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132 , no influence is exerted on the liquid crystal layer  300  of the first electrode  11 , and no light leakage occurs. 
     Incidentally, as shown in  FIG. 24  and  FIG. 25 , an interval between the third electrode  15  and the upper second electrode  132  is different from an interval between the third electrode  15  and the lower second electrode  131 . That is, assuming that the thickness of the upper second insulating film  142  is t2 and the thickness of the lower second insulating film  141  is t1, the interval between the third electrode  15  and the upper second electrode  132  is t2, and the interval between the third electrode  15  and the lower second electrode  131  is t1+t2. For example, each of the thickness t2 of the upper second electrode  142  and the thickness t1 of the lower second electrode  141  is 200 nm, and each of the thickness t4 of the upper second electrode  132  and the thickness t3 of the lower second electrode  131  is 70 nm. 
     As a result, even if the same voltage is applied, the electric field intensity in the liquid crystal layer  300  differs between the region of the upper second electrode  132  and the region of the lower second electrode  131 , which affects the transmittance of the liquid crystal layer  300  and may cause uneven luminance. Therefore, by making the thickness t2 of the upper second insulating film  142  larger than the thickness of the lower second insulating film  141 , the liquid crystal transmittance in the regions of the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  can be made more uniform. 
     However, since the lower second insulating film  141  must maintain insulation between the upper second electrode  132  and the lower second electrode  131 , it cannot be made extremely thin. Therefore, as shown in  FIG. 26 , when the upper second insulating film  142  is formed only on the portion where the upper second electrode  132  is formed and is removed in the other regions, the liquid crystal transmittance can be made uniform over the entire light control region of the liquid crystal light valve  2 . In  FIG. 26 , the thickness of the lower second insulating film t1 is equal to that of the upper second insulating film t2. 
     Incidentally, since there is no particular limitation on the planar shape of the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132 , it can be determined freely, however, it is necessary to have a configuration in which the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  can be closely packed in a plan view. Further, it is necessary to arrange the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  alternately. 
       FIGS. 27 and 28  are plan views showing an arrangement example of the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  in this embodiment.  FIG. 27  shows a case in which the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  are substantially rectangular. However, a hole  135 , in which none of the lower first electrode  131  and the upper first electrode  132  exist, is generated in order to maintain insulation between the lower second electrodes  131  formed on the same layer and insulation between the upper second electrodes  132  formed on the same layer. This hole  135  is generated at a corner portion of each electrode, in other words, at a diagonal corner portion. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the first electrode  11  from being present in this portion. Alternatively, it is necessary to employ the shielding means as described in Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2 in this portion. 
       FIG. 28  shows a case where the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  have 8 corners. In this case, too, a portion  135  where neither the lower second electrode  131  nor the upper second electrode  132  is present, in other words, the hole  135  is generated. 
     In order to make the area which the third electrode  15  opposes to the lower second electrode  131  and the area which the third electrode  15  opposes to the upper second electrode  132  same when viewed from the front of the liquid crystal light valve, it is preferable that the area of the lower second electrode  131  is larger than that of the upper second electrode  132 . In other words, the above configuration is necessary because the effect of the lower second electrode  131  on the liquid crystal layer  300  is reduced by the area of the overlapping portion. 
       FIG. 29  shows this example. In  FIG. 29 , a shape of the upper second electrode  132  is rectangular, a shape of the lower second electrode  131  is 8 square, and an area of the upper second electrode  132  is smaller than that of the lower second electrode  131 . In an area facing the third electrode  15 , both the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132  have substantially rectangular shapes, and have substantially the same area. In addition, a hole  135  is formed at a corner of each electrode as in the previous examples. 
       FIG. 30  is another example, in which the lower second electrode  131  is rectangular and the upper second electrode  132  is rectangular, but the area of the lower second electrode  131  is larger than that of the upper second electrode  132 . However, the area which opposes to the third electrode  15  is the same between the lower second electrode  131  and the upper second electrode  132 . Further, it is the same as that a hole  135  is formed at a corner of each electrode as in the previous examples. 
     As described above, according to Embodiment 3, it is possible to prevent light leakage in the liquid crystal light valve and to realize a liquid crystal display device with high contrast. 
     In the above description, the extending direction of the first electrode  11  and the extending direction of the third electrode  15  are perpendicular to each other, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and an angle formed by an extending direction of the first electrode  11  and an extending direction of the third electrode  15  may be an optional angle. For example, the extending direction of the first electrode  11  and the extending direction of the third electrode  15  may be parallel. Even with such a configuration, the principles described in Embodiments 1 to 3 can be applied.