Patent Publication Number: US-11392885-B1

Title: Hierarchical aggregation system with electronic tracking labels containing sensors

Description:
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 17/362,840, filed 29 Jun. 2021, the specification of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Field of the Invention 
     One or more embodiments of the invention are related to the fields of electronic tracking devices and information systems. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, one or more embodiments of the invention enable a hierarchical aggregation system with electronic tracking labels containing sensors. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Electronic tags for identifying and tracking items are widely used for supply chain management. Examples include RFID tags, and Bluetooth-enabled tags. These devices provide limited functionality. RFID tags for example provide a small amount of memory that can be read (or written) with a compatible reader; this functionality is useful to identify an item and to retrieve simple information. Bluetooth tags with some additional features are becoming available; for example some of these tags include certain sensors. Both RFID and Bluetooth tags require that compatible readers be located very close to the tags. These tags also can only “locate” an item by alerting when a tag is within or out of range of a compatible reader. 
     There are no known tracking systems that provide electronic tracking labels with a wide range of sensors in a single label, with multiple communications interfaces including short-range options like Bluetooth and long-range options such as cellular networks, and with integrated location tracking. 
     Systems exist for tracking hierarchical aggregation relationships between packages and the items they contain, but these existing systems typically use simple tags and scanners to manually construct the containment relationships. There are no known systems that use electronic tracking labels with sensors to manage and track hierarchical aggregation. 
     For at least the limitations described above there is a need for a hierarchical aggregation system with electronic tracking labels containing sensors. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     One or more embodiments described in the specification are related to a hierarchical aggregation system with electronic tracking labels containing sensors. Embodiments of the invention may be applied for example to supply chains to track items from the factory to the consumer, and to monitor the condition of items using sensors integrated into the tracking labels. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, the item tracking system may have multiple tracking labels, each with a label that may be applied to an item, a database of tracking histories for the tracking labels, and a server coupled to the database. The server may receive tracking label update messages that each contain a unique identifier of the tracking label, a time, a location of the tracking label at that time, and one or more sensor values captured by one or more sensors in the tracking label; it may add the contents of the update message to the database. Each tracking label may contain a label (which may show for example printed text or symbols), and a flexible electronic circuit attached to or integrated into the label. The circuit may include a controller, a power source, a wireless communications interface, one or more sensors, and a unique identifier. It may also include an activation mechanism that modifies an activation input when a user or an activation device performs an activation action. The flexible electronic circuit may switch from a hibernation state to an active state when this activation mechanism modifies the activation input. 
     In one or more embodiments, each tracking label may have multiple layers, including a liner layer, an adhesive layer above the liner layer, a label bottom layer above the adhesive layer, a conductive traces layer above the label bottom layer, an electronic components layer above the conductive traces layer, and a label top layer above the electronic components layer. In one or more embodiments the maximum thickness of a tracking label may be less than or equal to 1.5 millimeters. 
     In one or more embodiments, the activation mechanism may include an electrical path coupling the power source to the activation input, and the activation action may break this electrical path, changing the activation input. For example, the tracking label may have a portion that the electrical path passes through, and removal of this portion of the tracking label may break the electrical path. This portion to be removed may be for example a tab that is torn off or cut off to activate the label, or a conductive sheet that is peeled off to activate the label. In one or more embodiments the activation mechanism may have an electrical path coupling a near-field communication receiver to the activation input, and the activation action may include transmission of electromagnetic energy to this receiver. 
     In one or more embodiments, the power source may include one or both of a battery and an energy harvesting circuit that receives power from the tracking label environment. 
     In one or more embodiments, the sensor(s) of the tracking label may include one or more of: a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a light sensor, a motion sensor; a pressure sensor, a shock sensor, a sensor that measures peeling or bending, and a sensor that detects opening of a container or breaking of a seal. 
     In one or more embodiments, the flexible electronic circuit of a tracking label may include one or more indicators. Indicators may be for example LEDs or displays. 
     In one or more embodiments, the wireless communications interface of a tracking label may include one or more of: a Bluetooth interface, a Wi-Fi interface, a cellular network interface, and a sub-Gigahertz wireless interface. 
     One or more embodiments with a cellular network interface may determine the location of the tracking label via triangulation via the cellular network. 
     In one or more embodiments, the flexible electronic circuit of a tracking label may have a GPS receiver, and the controller of the tracking label may obtain the label&#39;s location from the GPS receiver. If the tracking label also has a cellular network interface, then triangulation using the cellular network may be used to determine the location if the GPS receiver does not provide the location. 
     In one or more embodiments, the wireless communications interface of the tracking label may connect to a local device in the vicinity of the tracking label. The local device may be coupled to the server via a network connection. The local device may transmit the tracking label update message to the server. The location of the local device may be used as the location in the update message. 
     In one or more embodiments, the server may transmit a settings update message to one or more tracking labels. This message may include one or more sensor data collection rules. The rules may for example include one or more of an interval at which a sensor should collect data, and a range of sensor data values that trigger an alert. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention may enable a hierarchical aggregation system with electronic tracking labels attached to items, where some of the items are packages that contain other items. The tracking label on each package may be configured to communicate with the labels on the items contained in the package. Package labels may send update messages that are received by a server coupled to a database. The database may include tracking histories for item labels, and a containment association between package labels and the labels of items contained in a package. The update messages sent from package labels may have a time, a location of the package label at that time, the unique identifier of the package label, one or more values captured by one or more sensors of the package label, and one or more item data values associated with the contained labels in the package. The server may add contents of the update message to the tracking history associated with the package label and with one or more of the contained labels in the package. 
     In one or more embodiments, a package may contain another package, which in turn contains items. 
     In one or more embodiments, a package label may accept a package configuration message with the unique identifiers of contained tracking labels. The package label may store these unique identifiers and may communication with the contained tracking labels. 
     In one or more embodiments, a package label may have a short-range communications interface and a longer-range communications interface, and the contained tracking labels may have only a short-range interface and may not have a longer-range communications interface. The short-range communications interface may be for example a Bluetooth interface; the longer-range interface may be for example a cellular network interface. 
     In one or more embodiments, the package tracking label may obtain item data values from the contained tracking labels at times when the tracking label is not connected to the server via a communications interface. 
     In one or more embodiments, the package tracking label may attempt to establish a connection with each of the contained tracking labels, and may transmit an alert message to the server when one or more of the contained labels does not respond. 
     In one or more embodiments, the package label may determine the unique identifiers of the contained tracking labels and transmit a message to the server with the containment association between the package label identifier and the contained label identifiers. Determining the identities of contained tracking labels may for example include connecting to all tracking labels within a short range, and retrieving their unique identifiers. Identities of the contained labels may be confirmed (or determined) in one or more embodiments by applying a physical change to the items in a package, obtaining sensor data from the tracking labels within a short range, and confirming that the sensor data from each tracking label measures the physical change. The physical change may be for example a motion of the package, and the tracking labels may have motion sensor data. The physical change may be a change in the light shining on the contained items, and the tracking labels may have light sensors. 
     In one or more embodiments, the server may update the tracking history of a first contained tracking label based on a data value associated with a second tracking label. The package label may connect to a proper subset of the contained tracking labels and send data from this subset of contained label to the server; the server may then apply this data to the other contained labels. Different proper subsets may be selected at different times. Each proper subset may have a single contained label in one or more embodiments. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention may include a printer that is configured to print a barcode representing an organization-assigned identifier onto each tracking label, and a camera configured to capture an image of the tracking label after the barcode printing. The image may be analyzed by a processor to obtain the organization-assigned identifier and the unique identifier of the tracking label. A message may be sent to the server with these two identifiers, and the server may add an association between these two identifiers to the database. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the invention will be more apparent from the following more particular description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following drawings wherein: 
         FIG. 1  shows an illustrative tracking label that contains electronic components such as a microcontroller, a communication interface, and one or more sensors. 
         FIG. 2  shows a side cross-section view of the illustrative tracking label of  FIG. 1 , showing the layers that contain the readable label and the electronics. 
         FIG. 3  shows an illustrative item tracking system that uses tracking labels such as the label of  FIG. 1  and that receives updates on items&#39; locations and sensor values. 
         FIG. 4  shows illustrative data collected by the item tracking system of  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 5  shows three illustrative label activation mechanisms that may be used in one or more embodiments of the invention. 
         FIG. 6  shows a state transition diagram for testing and activation of a tracking label. 
         FIG. 7  shows illustrative communications interfaces that may be used in one or more embodiments of a tracking label, and methods for determining the location of a tracking label. 
         FIG. 8  shows an illustrative settings update message that may be sent to a tracking label. 
         FIG. 9  shows an illustrative application of an item tracking system in a pharmaceutical supply chain. 
         FIG. 10  shows an illustrative system that tracks hierarchical aggregation, with tracking labels placed on items and on packages that contain items; packages may be placed in higher-level packages or containers, and tracking may occur at each level of the hierarchy. 
         FIG. 11  shows illustrative communication between a package-level label and an item-level label; the package label collects data from the item labels for the items in the package and forwards this data to the server. 
         FIG. 12  shows an illustrative scenario of filling a package and scanning labels to determine the association between package labels and the contained item labels. 
         FIG. 13  shows an illustrative embodiment with a package label that has two communications interfaces: a short-range interface to communicate with the item labels in the package, and a long-range interface to communicate with the server. 
         FIG. 14  shows an embodiment where a package label connects to different item labels at different times, for example to conserve the battery life of the item labels. 
         FIG. 15  shows an illustrative embodiment where a package label tries to connect to each item label that is expected to be inside the package; if one or more item labels do not respond, the package label sends an alert to the server. 
         FIG. 16  shows an automated method that may be used in one or more embodiments to determine or confirm the item labels associated with each package label: the package label broadcasts a request with a short range that roughly matches the package size; items that respond to this request may be inside the package. 
         FIG. 17  shows a different automated method that may be used in one or more embodiments to determine or confirm the item labels associated with each package label: a physical change is performed on the package and its contents, and sensors in the package and item labels detect this change to confirm that the items are in the package. 
         FIG. 18  shows an embodiment of the invention with a subsystem that associates a tracking label unique identifier with an organization-assigned identifier that is printed as a barcode onto the tracking label. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     A hierarchical aggregation system with electronic tracking labels containing sensors will now be described. In the following exemplary description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to an artisan of ordinary skill that the present invention may be practiced without incorporating all aspects of the specific details described herein. In other instances, specific features, quantities, or measurements well known to those of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. Readers should note that although examples of the invention are set forth herein, the claims, and the full scope of any equivalents, are what define the metes and bounds of the invention. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention enable tracking of items by combining “smart” electronic tracking labels with a centralized system that collects and analyzes data from these smart labels.  FIG. 1  shows an illustrative embodiment of a tracking label  100 , which has a top layer  101  that resembles a typical printed layer, and one or more layers  102  below this top layer that contain flexible electronic circuits. Illustrative layers are further described below with respect to  FIG. 2 . The tracking label  100  may be of any size or shape. It may be configured to be attached to or otherwise coupled to or placed onto or into any type of item, including for example a container that contains other items. 
     The top layer  101  may have any type of human or machine readable text, images, codes, or symbols. It may serve as a shipping label, as in the example shown in  FIG. 1 , or as any other type of marking or identifier. The label may contain codes such as a QR code  111  and/or a barcode  112 . In one or more embodiments, one or more of these codes may correspond to a unique identifier of the tracking label. The label may contain any symbols that indicate the functionality of the electronic components integrated into the label, such as symbol  110  that indicates that this label provides automatic location tracking. 
     Layer (or layers)  102  may contain components that provide tracking and monitoring functionality.  FIG. 1  shows a block diagram of illustrative components; embodiments may include any or all of these components, as well as additional components not shown in  FIG. 1 . The components shown in  FIG. 1  may be implemented as discrete elements or some or all of them may be integrated into one or more integrated circuits. The tracking label may include a controller  121 , which may be any type or type of processor, including for example, without limitation, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, a CPU, a GPU, or an ASIC. It may have one or more communications interfaces  124  coupled to the controller, which may include wireless or wired interfaces. It may have a memory  122  coupled to the controller, which may include either or both of volatile and nonvolatile memory. The memory  122  may contain a stored identifier  123  of the tracking label. This identifier  123  may be unique across a set of tracking labels. In one or more embodiments the identifier may be for example a MAC address, an IP address, or a GUID. The identifier  123  may correspond to a readable code on the top layer of the label, such as QR code  111  or barcode  112 . As described below, the centralized tracking label monitoring system may use the identifier  123  (and/or codes such as code  111 ) to index data collected about the tracking label. 
     Tracking label  100  may have a power source, such as a battery  125 . One or more embodiments of the tracking label may use energy harvesting circuits  126 , which may for example obtain electromagnetic energy from a communications interface  124 , or may harvest thermal, solar, or motion energy. Energy harvesting component  126  may directly power the other components, or it may be used to charge battery  125 . 
     The tracking label may include one or more sensors  131 . Sensors may monitor any state of the label, of the item to which the label is attached, or the of environment surrounding this item. Sensors may include for example, without limitation: a location sensor  132 , such as a GPS receiver; a motion sensor such as an accelerometer or gyroscope; a temperature sensor; a light sensor; a humidity sensor; a pressure sensor; a shock sensor, which may include for example a piezoelectric element; a sensor such as printed resistive material that detects bending or peeling; and a sensor that detects when an item or container is opened or a seal is broken, such as a resistance sensor or a continuity sensor. These sensors are illustrative; one or more embodiments may contain any type or types of sensors. Sensors may collect sensor data at any interval, or when triggered by some event. Sensor data may be transferred for example to controller  121 , and this data may be stored in memory  122  or transmitted via communications interface  124 . 
     The tracking label may include one or more indicators  133 . Indicators may for example indicate whether a sensor has detected an “alert” condition (which may be configurable, as described below). For example, a tracking label with a temperature sensor may be placed on an item that should be kept within a temperature range, and a temperature alert indicator may be illuminated if the temperature sensor detects a temperature outside this range. Indicators may for example be LEDs, such as OLEDs, that are illuminated under specific conditions. In one or more embodiments the indicators  133  may include a display, and alerts or status messages or symbols may be shown on the display. 
     Illustrative tracking label  100  has a tear-off or clip-off tab  113  at the bottom of the label. A user of the label may remove this tab to activate the electronic components of the tracking label. This feature supports use cases where tracking labels are manufactured and stored in advance of their use. After manufacturing and testing, the tracking labels may be placed into a hibernation state that consumes very little power. When a label is to be used, tab  113  is removed, which switches the label into an active state. Embodiments of the invention may use various mechanisms for activation, including but not limited to a tear off tab  113 . These activation mechanisms may modify an activation input  127  into the controller when the user or an activation device performs some activation action to activate the associated tracking label. When the controller  121  receives the change in the activation input, it may switch the label&#39;s electronics from the hibernation state to the active state. Illustrative activation mechanisms are described below with respect to  FIG. 5 . 
     Label  100  may be flexible so that it can be placed onto a curved or bent surface. The electronic components in layer(s)  102  may be constructed using flexible circuit techniques, which may for example use very thin components and traces, and substrates made of flexible materials. 
       FIG. 2  shows a side cross-section view of illustrative layers in one or more embodiments of tracking label  100 . Top layer  101  may contain printed text or symbols, as shown for example in  FIG. 1 ; this layer may be a polyester film made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), for example. The bottom layers of the tracking label may include a label bottom layer  201 , which may be made also of PET for example, and an adhesive layer  202  below the layer bottom; the adhesive may be covered by a removable liner  203 . Above the label bottom may be a polyimide layer  204  covered by conductive traces  205  (made for example of copper), covered with a coverlay layer  206  with holes for soldering or otherwise connecting electronic components to the conductive traces. 
     The electronic components  102  may be above the coverlay layer  206 ; these components may be soldered to conductive traces in layer  205  for interconnections, or attached to conductive traces with a conductive adhesive or other conductive material. In an illustrative embodiment, battery  125  may be a separate component, and other elements such as the MCU, sensors, memory, etc. may be combined into an integrated circuit  211 , or into multiple integrated circuits. One or more layers of acrylic, epoxy, or similar materials may be placed around the integrated circuit(s)  211  to protect the integrated circuit(s) and the solder joints or other connections from the circuits to the conductive traces. The components may be separated by foam  212  or air gaps, for example. A foam layer  213  may cover the electronic components layer  102 . 
       FIG. 2  shows illustrative layer thicknesses  215 , in micrometers, for each of the layers  101 ,  213 ,  102 ,  206 ,  205 ,  204 ,  201 ,  202 , and  203 . The total thickness  216  of this illustrative embodiment is less than 1.5 millimeters. Because embodiments of the invention may have minimal thickness, they may be placed on very small items and on items with non-flat surfaces. They may also be placed inside containers without substantially reducing the volume of the containers. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, tracking labels such as illustrative label  100  or similar labels may be integrated into an item tracking system.  FIG. 3  shows an illustrative scenario for an item tracking system, which includes tracking labels  100   a  and  100   b , a server  331 , and a database  332  that may store data collected from the tracking labels. Only two tracking labels are shown for ease of illustration; one or more embodiments may support simultaneous tracking of thousands or millions of tracking labels. Server  331  may be any type of processor or a network of multiple processors. Similarly database  332  may be include type of storage device or devices, and any type or types of data organization and access software. Database  332  may be for example, without limitation, one or more SQL databases, non-SQL databases, files, tables, spreadsheets, associative memories, or any other data structures. Server  331  may be connected directly or indirectly to tracking labels via any types of network connections, possibly via any intermediate devices, as described below. 
     Illustrative tracking labels  100   a  and  100   b  may be configured for different applications; for example, label  100   a  may be configured to track an item that is temperature sensitive (such as a pharmaceutical), and label  100   b  may be configured to track an item that is shock sensitive (such as a fragile item). Tracking label  100   a  may therefore include a temperature sensor  301 , and tracking label  100   b  may include a shock sensor (such as an accelerometer)  302 . In the scenario shown in  FIG. 2 , label  100   a  is attached to an item  305 , which may be a container containing a temperature-sensitive product, and label  100   b  is attached to an item  306 , which may be a container containing a shock-sensitive product. The activation tabs may be removed from the labels before they are affixed, putting each label into an active tracking state. 
     Continuing with this scenario, prior to shipping items  305  and  306  with the attached and activated tracking labels  100   a  and  100   b , respectively, the shipper uses devices  307  and  308  (which may be the same device) to obtain initial information from the tracking labels. For example, these devices may connect to each tracking label using a Bluetooth interface. Devices  307  and  308  may be any types of devices, including but not limited to mobile devices such as smartphones. The state of each label may be collected by the devices and then may be transmitted to server  331 , for example over an internet connection. The label state may include the label&#39;s unique identifier, location, and sensor values of any sensors incorporated into the label. The server  331  may generate a tracking history for each label and store this history in database  332 . The tracking history for a tracking label may include the unique id of the label, and a list of state updates that may include for example a timestamp, a location where the label is located at that timestamp, and sensor readings from the label at that timestamp. 
     Item  305  is then shipped to a warehouse  311 , where another update on the state of the attached label  100   a  is obtained and transmitted to server  331 . In this case a Wi-Fi access point  312  in the warehouse connects to a Wi-Fi interface in the tracking label, and the label transmits location and sensor data via this access point  312  to the server. In this example, tracking label  100   a  includes two different communications interfaces: a Bluetooth interface and a Wi-Fi interface. In one or more embodiments, a tracking label may have any type or types of communications interfaces, as described below with respect to  FIG. 7 . Updates on the tracking label location and sensor readings may be transmitted to the server using any of these interfaces. Depending on what interfaces are available, the tracking label may out of range of compatible networks for periods of time. For example, label  100   a  may be out of range while it is being transported to warehouse  311 . In one or more embodiments, the label may be configured to collect sensor data at certain intervals, or upon certain events, and to store the collected data in the label&#39;s memory, regardless of whether a network connection is currently available. At the next connection, for example when label  100   a  is in range of access point  312 , the label may transmit updates including any stored sensor data. This allows users of the tracking system to monitor the history and trend of the tracked item&#39;s state, even when the users may not receive notifications of new data until the next network connection and state update message. 
     Continuing with the scenario shown in  FIG. 3 , item  305  is then shipped from warehouse  311  to a retail outlet  313 . A mobile device  314  in this outlet connects to the Bluetooth interface of tracking label  100   a  to obtain another update.  FIG. 3  shows contents of an illustrative tracking label update message  315  that may be sent to server  331 . This message contains the unique identifier  316  of the tracking label, the time (including date)  317  of the update, the location  318  of the tracking label, and sensor reading  319  from the tracking label (which in this case measures temperature). The server receives this data and updates the tracking history for the associated tracking label. 
     Item  306  is shipped directly to its final destination  322 . Tracking label  100   b  attached to this item has a cellular network interface, so that update messages may be transmitted from the label to the server  331  whenever there is an available cellular network. For example, when the truck carrying item  306  passes within range of a cell tower  321 , the label  100   b  may transmit an update message to the server with its current location and the recent sensor readings. Similarly when the item arrives at destination  322 , if a cell tower  323  is in range, the tracking label can send another status update to server  331 , indicating that it is at its final destination. 
       FIG. 4  shows illustrative tracking history data that may be stored in database  332  for tracking labels  100   a  and  100   b  in the scenario shown in  FIG. 3 . In this illustrative database, update information is stored in two tables  401  and  402 ; table  401  contains location information and table  402  contains sensor reading information. Table rows may be indexed by the unique identifier of the tracking label. This table organization is illustrative; one or more embodiments may organize tracking history data in any desired manner. For example, row  315   a  in table  401  and row  315   b  in table  402  are derived from tracking label update message  315  transmitted when item  305  arrives at location  313 . Location field  411  in table  401  is shown as a city; one or more embodiments may track locations with any desired granularity, including for example, without limitation, at the level of a state, county, city, zip code, or latitude/longitude. Location may be tracked with any degree of accuracy, which may depend for example on the location sensing technology used for the tracking label. 
     Sensor data table  402  includes an identifier  412  of the specific sensor(s) in each tracking label, a value  413  read from that sensor at the associated date/time, and an alert field  414 . Each tracking label may be configured with sensor data ranges or rules that indicate when alerts should be generated. (Server  331  may also analyze data in database  332  to generate other alerts or take any desired actions.) In one or more embodiments, an alert may also trigger a change in an indicator on the sensor, such as an indicator light or a display. Any device that connects to a tracking label may process any received alerts and may for example generate messages or take other actions when alerts occur. In the scenario shown in  FIGS. 3 and 4 , alert  415  occurs when the temperature of the item in warehouse  311  exceeds the desired temperature range of −30 F or below; alert  416  occurs when the package is delivered and is dropped with excessive shock to the contents. 
     Server  331  or any other systems may access database  332  and perform any analyses on the data, and may take any actions based on these analyses. In  FIG. 4 , server  331  presents a map display  420  to users that shows the routes followed by items  305  and  306 , and shows where alerts have occurred. Server  331  may for example initiate corrective actions based on the alerts, such as sending replacement items or informing the receivers of the items of potential issues. Analyses may also indicate trends or patterns, such as carriers or locations that tend to generate excessive alerts, or that result in delivery delays. Alerts may also be generated if locations  411  are unexpected, or if an item arrives at a location at a time that is not expected. 
       FIG. 5  shows three illustrative activation mechanisms  126  that may be used in one or more embodiments of the tracking labels. Each of these mechanisms may for example generate a change in an activation input  127 , which may be input for example into controller  121 . Controller  121  (or other components) may detect a change in this input and activate the label electronic components accordingly. Activation mechanism  126   a , which is also shown in  FIG. 1 , includes a tab or section  113  of the tracking label that is removed to activate the label. Circuit  501   a  contains a conductive path from the positive terminal of battery  125  to the activation input  127 , with a portion of this path passing through the tab  113 . When the tab is attached to the label, input  127  is positive (high). When the tab is removed, this path is broken and input  127  is pulled to ground through resistor  502 ; controller  121  detects this voltage change and activates the tracking label. 
     Activation mechanism  126   b  is similar to mechanism  126   a , but instead of removing a tab to activate the label, the tracking label has a sheet of conductive film  503  that is peeled off to activate the label. Circuit  501   b  has a conductive path from the battery to the activation input  127  that passes through the sheet of conductive film; this path is broken when the film is removed. 
     Activation mechanism  126   c  activates the tracking label when an external activation device  507  transmits electromagnetic energy  506  to a receiving antenna  505  in the tracking label. For example, an NFC (near-field communication) signal may be used to bootstrap the tracking label. A receiving circuit  504  may for example transform the received signals from the antenna into a voltage change on activation input  127  to activate the tracking label. 
     These activation mechanisms are illustrative; one or more embodiments may activate a tracking label based on any activation action, which may include physical modification to the label, or any manual inputs or signal inputs into the label. 
       FIG. 6  shows an illustrative state transition diagram for the activation state of a tracking label. One issue addressed by one or more embodiments of the invention is that the tracking label circuitry may need to be tested after assembly, which requires the circuits to be active. However, after testing the circuitry may need to be placed into a low power consumption hibernation state to maintain the battery life until the tracking label is used. 
     Therefore, as shown in  FIG. 6 , a newly manufactured tracking label may transition immediately from an “off” state  601  (no power) to an “active” state  602  when the battery connected event  611  occurs. After testing complete event  612  occurs, the label may transition to a “hibernation” state  603  that consumes very little power. Testing completion may occur automatically or in response to a signal from the testing environment. The tracking label circuitry may then await the activate signal  613  to transition back to the active state  602  for use. 
       FIG. 7  shows illustrative tracking label communications interfaces  124  that may be used in one or more embodiments of the invention. Some tracking labels may have multiple communications interfaces. The selection of a communications interface or interfaces may depend for example on application connectivity requirements (for example, whether frequent updates of label state are needed even when the item to which the label is attached is in transit), and on desired tradeoffs between cost, connectivity, and power consumption. The choice of communications interfaces may also be related to the methods used to determine the location of a tracking label. 
     Some communications interfaces may be limited in range to a local area, such as a building or room. Such an interface may therefore be usable only when the tracking label is in the vicinity of a device or access point that is compatible with that interface. A Bluetooth interface  701  for example may communicate with a local device  702 , such as a mobile phone. In one or more embodiments, Bluetooth interface  701  may be a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) interface. A Wi-Fi interface  709  may communicate with a local Wi-Fi access point or router  710 . The local devices, such as mobile device  702  or Wi-Fi access point  710 , may then connect to server  331  via network (or networks)  720 . Network  720  may be public (such as the Internet) or private (including VPN links through public networks). 
     Communications interfaces  124  may also include Amazon Sidewalk interfaces  706 . Amazon Sidewalk uses sub-Gigahertz frequency transmission and may connect for example to compatible devices  707 , such as Amazon Echo™ devices. These devices may be connected to server  331  via Internet connections or via other networks. 
     Communications interfaces  124  may also include longer-range network interfaces, such as cellular network interfaces  704 . Tracking labels with cellular network interfaces may be able to transmit or receive information from any cell towers or cellular antennas within range. This range may be many kilometers in some areas. The cellular network may then provide connectivity to server  331 . One or more embodiments of the invention may use any cellular network technology or technologies, such as for example, without limitation, CDMA, GSM, or LTE. 
       FIG. 7  also illustrates methods that may be used in one or more embodiments to determine the location of a tracking label. A tracking label may contain a location sensor such as a GPS receiver  132   a  or similar locating component. If such a location sensor is present, the controller may query the sensor to obtain the label&#39;s location. If there is no such sensor, or if the sensor is unavailable (for example if GPS receiver  132   a  cannot access a GPS signal), other methods may be used to determine the label&#39;s location. For example, a device in the vicinity of the tracking label, such as mobile device  702 , may have a GPS receiver  703  or other mechanism to determine the device&#39;s location. When the tracking label is connected to this local device, the local device may obtain sensor data from the tracking label, and may add its own location to this data as the location of the label for the update message that is transmitted to server  331 . Because the local device is very near the tracking label, the device&#39;s location is almost identical to that of the label. Another scenario is illustrated with local device  707 , where the device is configured with an address  708 ; this address may be used as the label&#39;s location when the label is connected via network interface  706  to this device. 
     For tracking labels with cellular network interfaces  704 , location may be determined using triangulation from different cell towers, such as towers  705   a ,  705   b , and  705   c . The signal strength from each tower and the known location of the towers may be used to determine the location. This locating method may be used as a backup if other methods are unavailable, for example if a GPS  132   a  is not responding or if no local devices such as  702  or  707  are within range. Triangulation may be used from any type of signal sources, including but not limited to cellular signals. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, tracking labels may have configurable rules that may control data collection or other parameters. For example, these rules or settings may specify how often sensor data is collected and what actions to take based on observed sensor values.  FIG. 8  shows an illustrative example of modifying data collection rules for a tracking label  100   c  with both a temperature sensor and a shock sensor. Server  331  may transmit a message  801  to the tracking label, possibly via another device such as mobile device  702 , to set or update the label&#39;s data collection rules. Message  801  may contain for example a sample interval  803  for one or more sensors  802 , which controls how frequently each sensor will be polled. (This interval may differ for different sensors.) Sensor sampling intervals need not be constant; in one or more embodiments the sensor configuration may contain complex rules that control when data is collected, which may vary over time or vary based on previous readings or other events. Message  801  may also contain ranges  804  for sensor data that trigger a corresponding alert. Message  801  may also contain actions to be performed when certain alerts occur, such as illuminating an indicator, displaying a message, transmitting a message, or modifying the tracking label behavior. 
       FIG. 9  shows an illustrative scenario for a pharmaceutical supply chain application of an embodiment of the invention. This embodiment uses tracking labels to track a bottle of pills from the supplier to the end user, including tracking of consumption and management of refills. In the first step a tracking label  100   d  is activated and placed on the bottom surface of an empty pill bottle  901 . This label  100   d  includes a weight sensor  902 . This weight sensor will monitor the number of pills in the bottle. Next another tracking label  100   e  is activated and placed on the outside of the bottle. This label  100   e  includes a temperature sensor  903  and a light sensor  904 . The temperature sensor is used because the medication that will be placed in the bottle should not be exposed to high temperatures. The bottle is then filled with pills  909  and closed, resulting in a filled and labeled bottle  910  ready to ship. This bottle  910  is placed into a container  911  with other items, and is shipped to warehouse  923 . The truck carrying the container  911  passes through a very hot area, and the temperature sensor  903  detects a temperature above the desired range. A temperature alert  922  is therefore generated, and the tracking label  100   e  connects to a cell tower  921  and transmits this alert to server  331 . The manufacturer or distributor may review this alert to determine whether the bottle should be discarded; in this scenario, the temperature alert is deemed not serious. 
     When container  911  arrives at warehouse  923 , Wi-Fi router  924  connects to tracking label  100   e . When container  911  is opened, the light sensor  904  in label  100   e  detects the opening and sends an alert  925  to server  331  via the Wi-Fi router  924 . A person or an automated process may review this alert and determine that the opening of the container is expected since the location of the tracking label is warehouse  923 ; if the location were different, it might be classified instead as tampering with or stealing the contents of the container. 
     Bottle  910  is then shipped to its final destination, house  926 . When the bottle arrives at the house (even if it is outside in a mailbox or in front of the house), tracking label  100   e  connects to an Amazon Sidewalk enabled device (such as Echo™  927 ) and transmits an update  928  to server  331  with the label&#39;s location. A manual or automated process may therefore determine that the bottle has arrived at its intended destination. (If the location is different from the intended destination, an alert may be generated that the bottle has been stolen or misdelivered.) Tracking label  100   d  at the bottom of the bottle may also connect to device  927  and report the weight of the bottle to confirm that it is still full. As the user consumes pills  909  from the bottle, the weight detected by the weight sensor in label  100   d  decreases; periodic update messages to the server may be analyzed to determine how many pills the user has consumed at any point in time. This information may be used to monitor the user&#39;s compliance with the pill dosage schedule. Reminders may be transmitted to a user device  930  if the user misses a dose, for example. When the number of pills remaining in the bottle falls below a threshold, a weight alert  929  may be sent to server  331 , and the server may send a message to the user device  930  suggesting ordering a refill, or it may automatically generate a refill order. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention may enable tracking and management of hierarchical aggregation of items and packages. Hierarchical aggregation refers to the aggregation of units into packages that contain them; this aggregation may be hierarchical because packages may be contained in or otherwise aggregated into other higher-level packages. Current systems to manage and track hierarchical aggregation in supply chains are typically manual; for example, operators may scan items individually when they are added to a package and may then scan a package label to indicate that the scanned items are in the package. Manual updates may also be required when items are removed from packages or split into different packages. The electronic tracking labels of the invention enable more automated and complete tracking of hierarchical aggregation relationships throughout the supply chain; sensors in the labels also enable tracking the environments to which items and packages are exposed as they move through the supply chain. 
       FIG. 10  shows an illustrative example of items and packages that are hierarchically aggregated and tracked using electronic tracking labels. An item  1011 , which may represent a unit of sale, for example, is placed into a package  1021 , possibly with other items. (In some cases, a package may contain only a single item.) Electronic tracking label  1012  is placed on item  1011 , and similar electronic tracking labels  1014  and  1016  are placed on other items that are packed into package  1021 . Package  1021  also has an electronic tracking label  1022 . The electronic tracking labels on the items and package may have any of the features described above, including any set of sensors and communication interfaces. Item labels for items within a package may not all have the same features; for example, a package may contain some temperature-sensitive items, equipped with labels having thermometers, and some shock-sensitive items, equipped with labels having accelerometers. The package label  1022  may also have different features compared to the item labels, such as different sensors, different communications interfaces, different memory capacities, different power supplies or battery capacities for example. 
     Associated with each electronic tracking label is a unique identifier, as described above. For example, the unique identifier of label  1012  is identifier  1013  (“0001”), and the unique identifier of label  1022  (on the package  1021 ) is identifier  1023  (“0010”). The other item labels  1014  and  1016  have unique identifiers “0002” and “0003”, respectively. In this (and subsequent) examples, label identifiers are shown as 4-digit codes for simplicity; in practice identifiers may be of any length and format. The label unique identifiers may be stored in the internal memory of the label circuitry, as described above. These identifiers may also be associated with or linked to visible, scannable icons (such as QR codes or barcodes) printed on the labels. 
     Package label  1022  may communicate with the labels  1012 ,  1014 , and  1016  of the items contained in the package. For example, the item labels may transmit their status and sensor data to the package label, as described below. The package label may also configure the item labels, for example to set their data collection methods or schedules. Package labels and contained item labels may communicate over any desired communications interfaces. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 10 , packages such as package  1021  are further aggregated into higher-level packages. Package  1021  is placed on pallet  1031 , with two other packages. The pallet serves as a higher-level package. It may also have an electronic tracking label  1032 , with unique identifier  1033 . The pallet-level tracking label may communicate with the tracking label of each of the package labels on the pallet (and these package labels may in turn communicate with the labels of their contained items). In this situation the pallet  1031  is a package that contains items that are themselves packages. A package may be any type of item that may contain one or more other items, where the contained items may also be other packages. Containment may be any type of inclusion or association; for example, the pallet  1031  “contains” package  1021  even though the package is not “inside” the pallet but is rather on the pallet (and likely secured to the pallet with wrap or straps). Containment may represent any association between an aggregating device and its aggregated unit(s). 
       FIG. 10  also shows a third level of “packaging” where pallet  1031  is placed into a cargo container  1041 , along with other items, including potentially other pallets or packages. Container  1041  has an electronic tracking label  1042 , with unique identifier  1043 ; the container label  1042  communicates with electronic tracking labels of the packages, pallets, or other items in the container. Packaging and aggregation may continue to include any number of levels; for example, container  1041  may be placed onto a ship or truck, and the vessel or vehicle may be considered as a “package”. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 10 , each package label communicates with its directly contained labels. For example, pallet electronic label  1032  communicates with package electronic label  1022 . In one or more embodiments, labels may also communicate directly with the indirect contents, rather than communicating strictly hierarchically. For example, pallet label  1032  may communicate directly with item labels  1012 ,  1014 , and  1016  in package  1021 , without necessarily passing through the package label  1022 . 
     The containment relationship between packages and their contained items (which may in turn be other packages) may be represented in the tracking database(s)  332   a  maintained by or accessible to central server(s)  331 .  FIG. 10  shows an illustrative containment table  1050  that maps item label identifiers to the identifiers of the labels of their containing package. For example, the hierarchy of packaging in  FIG. 10  is represented in table  1050  with item identifier  1013  contained in package identifier  1023 , which is contained in package (pallet) identifier  1033 , which is contained in package (container) identifier  1043 . This table schema is illustrative; one or more embodiments may represent containment relationships using any type or types of database tables or other storage structures. 
       FIG. 11  shows an illustrative data collection cycle for the items in package  1021 . In this scenario, package label  1022  connects via one of its communication interfaces to contained item labels  1012  and  1016 . Sensor data collected by the item labels may be transmitted to the package label for storage or for forwarding to the server. For example, temperature reading  1112  from label  1012  and temperature reading  1116  from label  1016  are transmitted to label  1022 . (This example assumes that the labels  1012  and  1016  include temperature sensors; in one or more embodiments any data from any sensors may be transmitted from item labels to package labels.) The package label  1022  may transmit message  1120  to server  331 , with the updated data values  1112  and  1116  for the contained items; this message may also include data from sensors on the package label itself. The server may then perform updates  1121  to update the tracking histories of the package and item labels associated with message  1120 . In some situations, the package label  1022  may store the data from the item labels and transmit message  1120  at a later time, for example when a connection to the server is available. Storing sensor data in the package label memory rather than in memory of the item labels may be more cost-effective, for example, since the item labels may be configured with less memory and may therefore be less expensive. 
     In some situations, the item labels may transmit data directly to the server, instead of via the package label. One or more embodiments may use a combination of methods, where some item labels or some types of messages are transmitted directly by the item labels, and other information is transmitted first from item labels to the package label, and then to the server. For example, alert messages may in some cases be transmitted directly from item labels to the server, instead of or in addition to being transmitted to the package label. 
     In one or more embodiments, the containment relationship table (or similar data structures)  1050  may be generated as items are placed into packages, using either manual or automated procedures (or a mix of both).  FIG. 12  shows an illustrative method that may be used in one or more embodiments. The method is illustrated only for the first level of packaging (placing items into package  1021 ), but it can be extended to any number of levels of packaging. As a first step, electronic tracking label  1022  is placed on package  1021 , and it is scanned with a scanner  1201 . The scanner may be used by an operator, or it may be part of an automated filling line. The scanner may for example read a QR code or barcode on the label; these visual codes may be associated with the unique identifier of the electronic label. For example, the visual label codes may correspond to the unique identifier, or there may be an external data structure that maps the visual codes to the electronic label unique identifiers. The scanner or another system may transmit a message  1202  to server  331  (which may be local or remote) indicating the package with the retrieved identifier will be filled with items. Scanner  1201  (or another scanner) then reads the item labels  1012 ,  1014 , and  1016  as they are placed into package  1021 , resulting in messages  1203  to server  331 . As these messages  1203  are received, server  331  constructs containment data  1050   a . Another message may indicate that the package filling is complete, so the server will not associate subsequently scanned items with this package. 
     In one or more embodiments, the containment data  1050   a  for package label  1022  may be transmitted from the server to the package label in a package configuration message  1204 . This data may be stored for example in memory  122  of the package label. Because the package label is configured with the information of the item labels the package contains, the package label may communicate with these item labels, as shown for example in  FIG. 11 . The server or package label may also transmit the package label identifier to the contained item labels, so that item labels can also initiate communication with their containing package label. 
     In one or more embodiments of the invention, a package label may have additional capabilities beyond those of the item labels contained in the package. Placing these capabilities in only the package label may allow the item labels to be less expensive or smaller. Since packages may contain many items, the overall expense of the tracking system may be reduced by combining fully featured package labels with scaled-down item labels.  FIG. 13  shows an illustrative embodiment where the ability to communicate over a long-range network with the server is placed only in the package label. In this embodiment, package label  1022  has two (or more) network interfaces: a short-range interface  701  (which may be Bluetooth, for example), and a longer-range interface  704  (which may be a cellular network interface, for example). A long-range interface may be expensive and may also consume much more power than a shorter-range interface; therefore, the expensive interface and a larger battery capacity (or power harvesting source) may be placed in the package label, which may then serve as the long-range gateway for the item labels. 
     In the embodiment of  FIG. 13 , the item labels  1012 ,  1014 , and  1016  have only a short-range interface (Bluetooth, for example). An illustrative data collection protocol may be for the package label  1022  to send polling messages  1301  to each of the item labels at some interval (such as every 4 hours); these messages may be sent over the short-range communications interface. The package label may collect and store the data received from the item labels. At a longer interval (such as daily), and when a connection is available, the package label may then transmit the collected data  1302  over the long-range interface, for example to a cell tower  705   a  in range that then forwards the data to server  331 . 
       FIG. 14  illustrates a further optimization to the data collection protocol that may be used in one or more embodiments of the invention. Instead of polling each item label at each data collection phase, the package label may communicate with a proper subset of the item labels at any given time. For example, the item labels may be partitioned into subsets that are polled in a round-robin protocol. These subsets may in some cases contain only a single item label, so that only one item label is polled at each cycle. A potential benefit of this optimization is that battery life of the item labels and of the package label may be extended since fewer network connections are made in each data collection cycle. In the example shown in  FIG. 14 , the three item labels  1012 ,  1014 , and  1016  contained in package  1021  are queried in a round-robin protocol, with each cycle querying only one of the item labels. At time  1401 , package label  1022  connects to item label  1012  and retrieves data value  1411 ; at time  1402 , package label  1022  connects to item label  1014  and retrieves data value  1412 ; and at time  1403 , package label  1022  connects to item label  1016  and retrieves data value  1413 . At time  1403 , the data collected from each of the item labels is transferred in message  1414  to server  331 . In this example, the server infers values for each item label at each time, by assuming that the environment around all item labels is similar at all times that they are all in the same package. Therefore, for example server  331  applies value  1411  to all item labels in package  1021  for the tracking data  1420  at time  1401 , resulting in three table entries  1421 ,  1422 , and  1423 . This allows for a complete record of the state of each item label. If items are later separated so that they are no longer in the same package, the tracking data record for each item will still be complete. This method of filling in data for certain item labels based on assumptions about common environments may be extended in one or more embodiments with other approaches that sample the state of selected items in a package and derive expected values for other items. In one or more embodiments the value of sensor data from the package label itself may be applied to item tracking histories. 
     In one or more embodiments, a package label may verify that the expected items are still in the package by attempting to connect to each item label. If an item label does not respond, then the item may have been removed from the package (or the item label may be defective or out of power).  FIG. 15  shows an illustrative scenario where the item with label  1016  is taken from package  1021 , possibly by a thief or because an error. Subsequently package label  1022  attempts to connect to the item labels with identifiers stored in memory  122 , which are those item labels that are expected to be contained in the package. Connections  1501  and  1502  succeed, but connection attempt  1503  fails with no response from the item label. The package label therefore sends an alert message  1504  to server  331 , which indicates that the non-responding item label may be missing or defective. If a connection to the server is not immediately available, the package label may store the information about the time that the missing item was discovered; this may help identify the source of the problem afterwards. 
     Returning now to the issue of how to construct the containment relationship information that associates item labels with their containing package labels,  FIG. 12  illustrates a method of constructing this data via scanning labels as packages are filled.  FIGS. 16 and 17  illustrate methods that may be used in one or more embodiments to automatically construct or validate this containment data using communication between the labels or analysis of label sensor data; these methods may eliminate or reduce the need for scanning, and they may increase the accuracy of the containment data.  FIG. 16  shows an illustrative method that identifies contained item labels by their proximity to the package label. Package  1021  is filled with items having labels  1012 ,  1014 , and  1016 . Other packages  1601  that may be filled with items (or may be in the process of being filled) may exist in the same facility, but they are separated from package  1021 . Unlike in  FIG. 12 , item labels are not scanned as they are placed into package  1021 . Instead, package label  1022  broadcasts a query message  1602  using a short-range communications interface (such as Bluetooth). In this example the range  1603  of this message is limited to the area approximately encompassing package  1021 ; it does not extend to the other packages  1601 . The item labels contained in the package then respond to query  1602  with messages  1604 ; the responses include the identifiers of the package labels. The package label  1022  may then store these item label identifiers and/or transmit them in a message  1605  to server  331 . 
     In one or more embodiments, the item label discovery method shown in  FIG. 16  may also be combined with the scanning or similar technique of  FIG. 12 . Scanning may be used to identify the items added to the package, and then a short-range query may be used to validate that all of those items, and only those items, are in the package. 
     In one or more embodiments, the package label may estimate the distance between the package label and the responding item label based on the received signal strength. If an item label responds to the query, but the received signal strength is so low that the item appears to be outside the package, the package label may determine that this item is not in the package, or it may flag this item for further investigation. This check on signal strength may be useful for example if another package is inadvertently positioned near the package label, so that the query  1602  may reach some items that are not in package  1021 . 
       FIG. 17  illustrates a method of discovering or confirming the item labels contained in a package that applies a physical change to the package that results in a measurable sensor data change in each item label in the package. In this example, package label  1022  is configured with the identifiers of the contained item labels, and a quality control step is used to confirm that this configuration is correct. Package  1021  is placed on a lift  1701  and the package is raised to a new height. The item labels and the package label contain accelerometers (or other motion sensors) that measure and record vertical acceleration (or other motion data) throughout the maneuver. After lifting is complete, the item labels transmit the acceleration data in messages  1703  to the package label  1022 , which forwards the data to server  331  for analysis. The server analyzes the time sequences  1704  of acceleration (calculated as the accelerometer data less gravity) for each of the item labels and the package label. This data shows distinct peaks in acceleration  1711  occurring at the same time, which correspond to the beginning of lifting, and corresponding negative peaks  1712  at another time, which correspond to the end of lifting. These correlations imply that all of the items and the package are moving together, which leads the server to conclusion  1713  that the expected items are in the package. A similar analysis may be used to discover the items in the package, instead of or in addition to confirming a containment configuration. 
     The lifting action shown in  FIG. 17  is an illustrative physical change that affects all of the items in the package approximately simultaneously. One or more embodiments may use any type of physical change for similar analyses. For example, if all item labels are equipped with light sensors, then the items in the package can be discovered or confirmed by changing the lighting conditions of the items. A specific light may be shined onto these items after filling, for example, or a lid of the package may be closed to block light from the item labels. Changes in temperature, orientation, position, or any other physical variable may be used to discover or confirm the items in a package. 
     In some situations, it may be beneficial to associate the unique identifier of a tracking label with another identifier associated with the item on which the tracking label is placed. This requirement may arise for example when an organization assigns identifiers to items from a different namespace than the unique identifier namespace of the tracking labels. By linking a tracking label identifier to an organization-assigned identifier, data from the tracking label can be attached to any other information which may be indexed by the organization-assigned identifier. Organization-assigned identifiers may include for example, without limitation, an SKU (stock-keeping unit) identifier, a GTIN (Global Trade Item Number), a GS1 code, a UPC code, an SSCC (Serial Shipping Container Code), a GIAI (Global Individual Asset Identifier), a GRAI (Global Returnable Asset Identifier), or any other code, number, string, or symbol, or combination thereof allocated or administered by any organization, including standards bodies and individual organizations. 
     Once a tracking label identifier is associated with an organization-assigned identifier, the organization (or another entity) may access any of the data associated with the tracking label (such as sensor data updates, location updates, and alerts) using the organization-assigned identifier as a lookup key. 
     One or more embodiments of the invention may therefore include an identifier association subsystem that captures an association between tracking label unique identifiers and organization-assigned identifiers. Such a subsystem may be used for example when tracking labels are stocked in advance of the assignment of organization identifiers. An organization may obtain an inventory of tracking labels that are already printed (with their embedded electronics); these tracking labels may for instance have a printed QR code that matches the unique identifier stored within the label&#39;s electronics. When an item is manufactured, received, inventoried, or prepared for shipment, it may be assigned an organization identifier, and a tracking label may be placed on the item. The identifier association subsystem may obtain the tracking label identifier and the organization-assigned identifier, and associate them in a database. 
     In one or more embodiments, the identifier association subsystem may be integrated with a printing system that prints organization-assigned identifier codes onto tracking labels.  FIG. 18  shows an illustrative embodiment of the invention with an identifier association subsystem that includes a printer  1801 , a camera or scanner  1804 , and an organization processor  1802 . In the scenario shown in  FIG. 18 , a manufacturing or distribution organization has a stock of tracking labels, including labels  100   f ,  100   g , and  100   h . Each tracking label has a QR code on the label that encodes the tracking label unique identifier; for example, QR code  1810  on tracking label  100   f  encodes tracking label identifier  1811 . This identifier  1811  matches the stored identifier in the tracking label&#39;s electronics. As part of a production process, the organization fills packages with items and places tracking labels on the packages prior to shipment.  FIG. 18  shows an illustrative scenario of preparing tracking label  100   f  for package  1820 . Processor  1802  obtains or generates an organization-assigned identifier  1807  for the package  1820 . Tracking label  100   f  is input into printer  1801  that communicates with the organization processor  1802 . The processor  1802  transmits commands to the printer  1801  to print a barcode  1806  for the organization-assigned identifier  1807  onto the tracking label  100   f . The printer  1801  may also print other information  1805  on the tracking label  100   f  as needed. After printing, camera  1804  (which may be a barcode/QR code scanner or a general-purpose camera) captures an image of the printed tracking label  100   f  and transmits this image to processor  1802  (or another processor) for analysis. The processor decodes the QR code  1810  and the barcode  1806  to obtain the tracking label identifier  1811  and the organization-assigned identifier  1807 , and it sends a message  1815  with these two identifiers over network  720  to central server  331 . Server  331  stores the association between these two identifiers in an identifier association table  1816  in database  332   a , in a new row  1817 . Lookups of this table  1816  can subsequently obtain the tracking label identifier associated with any organization-assigned identifier (or vice-versa). The association table  1816  may be joined for example with tracking label data tables such as the location data in table  401  and sensor data in table  402 , so that data on any item can be tracked by the item&#39;s organization-assigned identifier. Subsequent scans of barcode  1806  may not be needed because the tracking label identifier is transmitted automatically along with the tracking label data, and the package&#39;s organization-assigned identifier can be obtained from association table  1816 . However, because barcode  1806  is printed on tracking label  100   f , the organization-assigned identifier  1807  may be obtained directly via a barcode scan if desired or by a user who cannot access database  332   a.    
     The process shown in  FIG. 18  is illustrative; one or more embodiments of the invention may modify this process in various ways to obtain association data  1815 . For example, scanning of label  100   f  by camera  1804  may occur after the label is placed on package  1820 , rather than immediately after printing. In another embodiment, the printer itself may scan the QR code of a label as it enters the printer and transmit this data to processor  1802 , so the processor can determine the association with the organization-assigned identifier. 
     While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.