Patent Publication Number: US-2021178050-A1

Title: Medication infusion devices, systems, and methods

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/946,856, titled “Medication Infusion Devices, Systems, and Methods,” filed Dec. 11, 2019 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/946,858, titled “Medication Infusion Devices, Systems, and Methods,” filed Dec. 11, 2019, the disclosures of both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments described herein relate to devices, systems, and methods for combining medication with biological fluids of a patient ex vivo (i.e., outside of the body of the patient) and reinfusing the combination to the patient. In particular, embodiments described herein relate to medication infusion devices, systems, and methods for combining medication with blood of a patient ex vivo and reinfusing the combined medication and blood to the patient. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Some types of medication, such as some used for chemotherapy, cause pain and other side effects when delivered intravenously to a patient. For example, some medications may release nitric oxide during infusion that causes a severe burning sensation to the patient. These medications may be necessary to treat a patient suffering from various medical issues, such as cancer. Thus, the rate of infusion is often decreased to mitigate the pain associated with the infusion, which results in long infusion durations (e.g., over  8  hours). Long infusion durations, however, reduce the number of patients that are treatable in a clinical setting whether in a private practice, a group practice, or a hospital-based clinic during routine working hours. Long infusion durations are not only time-consuming and uncomfortable for individual patients but also increase the risk of infection. 
     Thus, there is a need for devices, systems, and methods that can reduce or eliminate the pain and other side effects related to the delivery of medication to the patient&#39;s vasculature while allowing for reduced administration periods. 
     SUMMARY 
     Systems, apparatus, and methods for extracorporeal medication infusion are described herein. In some embodiments, an extracorporeal blood device may include a venous or arterial blood line for removing blood from a patient, treating the blood with a medication, and returning the treated blood to the patient via a filter. For example, in some embodiments, a method includes coupling a patient access subassembly to a patient. The patient access subassembly can be fluidically coupled to a first fluid reservoir containing a first substance and a second fluid reservoir containing a second substance via an assembly. Cells can be drawn through the patient access subassembly, through the assembly, and into the first fluid reservoir such that the cells and the first substance form a third substance. The assembly can be manipulated such that the first fluid reservoir is fluidically isolated from the patient access subassembly and such that the first fluid reservoir is in fluidic communication with the second fluid reservoir. A portion of the third substance can then be transferred from the first fluid reservoir through the assembly and into the second fluid reservoir such that the portion of the third substance and the second substance form a fourth substance. The fourth substance can be transferred from the second fluid reservoir through the assembly and into the first fluid reservoir such that the remainder of the third substance and the fourth substance form a fifth substance. The assembly can be manipulated such that the first fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly. The fifth substance can be transferred from the first fluid reservoir through the assembly, through the patient access subassembly, and into the patient. A third fluid reservoir containing a saline solution can be fluidically coupled to the assembly. The assembly can be manipulated such that the third fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly via the assembly. At least a portion of the saline solution can be transferred from the assembly to the patient access subassembly. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a system, according to another embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  is a flow chart of a method, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4  is a flow chart of a method, according to another embodiment. 
         FIG. 5  is an illustration of a system, according to another embodiment. 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of a mixing assembly of an example system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7  is a top view of a filter subassembly of the system of  FIG. 6 , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8  is top view of a patient access subassembly of the system of  FIG. 6 , according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9  is a top view of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  in a partially assembled configuration, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  and a portion of the patient access subassembly of  FIG. 8  shown prior to assembly. 
         FIG. 11  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  and a portion of the patient access subassembly of  FIG. 8  shown in an assembled configuration. 
         FIG. 12  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  and a portion of the patient access subassembly of  FIG. 8  shown in a blood drawing configuration. 
         FIG. 13  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  and a portion of the patient access subassembly of  FIG. 8  shown in a decoupled configuration. 
         FIG. 14  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  shown in a first stage of a mixing procedure. 
         FIG. 15  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  shown in a second stage of a mixing procedure. 
         FIG. 16  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  with a syringe of the mixing assembly detached. 
         FIG. 17  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  with a selective fluid flow inhibitor in an open configuration. 
         FIG. 18  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 6  with a selective fluid flow inhibitor in a closed configuration. 
         FIG. 19  is a top view of the system of  FIG. 6  prior to infusion. 
         FIG. 20  is a top view of an example system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 21  is a top view of a mixing assembly of the system of  FIG. 20  in a partially assembled configuration. 
         FIG. 22  is a top view of a patient access subassembly of the system of  FIG. 20 . 
         FIG. 23  is a perspective view of an subassembly connector of the system of  FIG. 20 . 
         FIG. 24  is a top view of the patient access subassembly of the system of  FIG. 22  coupled to the subassembly connector of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 25  is a top view of the system of  FIG. 20  with the patient access subassembly coupled to the mixing assembly. 
         FIG. 26  is a top view of the system of  FIG. 20  during a blood draw stage of an administration procedure. 
         FIG. 27  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 21  in a mixing configuration. 
         FIG. 28  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 21  during a mixing stage of an administration procedure. 
         FIG. 29  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 21  in a fully mixed, pre-infusion configuration. 
         FIG. 30  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 21  in an infusion configuration. 
         FIG. 31  is a top view of the system of  FIG. 20  during an infusion stage of an administration procedure. 
         FIG. 32  is a top view of a portion of the mixing assembly of  FIG. 21  in a pre-flush configuration. 
         FIG. 33  is a top view of the system of  FIG. 20  with a syringe containing a saline solution coupled to the mixing assembly. 
         FIG. 34  is a top view of the system of  FIG. 20  after being flushed with a saline solution. 
         FIG. 35  is a top view of an example system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 36  is a top view of an example system, according to another embodiment. 
         FIG. 37  is a perspective view of a light assembly, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 38  is a top view of an example system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 39  is a top view of a patient access subassembly of the system of  FIG. 38 . 
         FIG. 40  is a flow chart of a method, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 41  is a schematic illustration of an example system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 42 and 43  are perspective views of an example system, according to an embodiment. 
         FIGS. 44-46  of schematic illustrations of the example system of  FIGS. 42 and 43  in various stages of operation, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In some embodiments, the devices, systems, and methods described herein can be used for extracorporeal blood treatment (e.g., with medication). For example, a system or device can be used to draw blood from a patient&#39;s vein or artery, combine the blood with one or more medicaments to produce treated blood, and reintroduce the treated blood via a filter (e.g., to trap microbubbles and debris) into the patient. The system or device can be closed or can include a closed circuit to prevent infection of the treated blood. In some embodiments, the system or device can include an inlet line, a stopcock, a reservoir, and an outlet line such that blood can be drawn through the inlet line, the stopcock, and into the reservoir and be returned to the patient from the reservoir, through the stopcock, and through the outlet line. The system or device can include one or more filters disposed before and/or after the stopcock in the blood circuit. Optionally, the system or device can also include one or more secondary fluid reservoirs (e.g., fluid containers and/or bags), each containing one or more of a medicament (e.g., a drug), an anticoagulant, an antioxidant, and/or a flush solution. In some embodiments, the system or device can optionally include a partial deoxygenation device for removal of gases from the treated blood and/or a pumping device for controlling the flow of blood and/or treated blood through the system or device. 
     In some embodiments, a method includes coupling a patient access subassembly to a patient. The patient access subassembly can be fluidically coupled to a first fluid reservoir containing a first substance and a second fluid reservoir containing a second substance via an assembly. Cells can be drawn through the patient access subassembly, through the assembly, and into the first fluid reservoir such that the cells and the first substance form a third substance. The assembly can be manipulated such that the first fluid reservoir is fluidically isolated from the patient access subassembly and such that the first fluid reservoir is in fluidic communication with the second fluid reservoir. A portion of the third substance can then be transferred from the first fluid reservoir through the assembly and into the second fluid reservoir such that the portion of the third substance and the second substance form a fourth substance. The fourth substance can be transferred from the second fluid reservoir through the assembly and into the first fluid reservoir such that the remainder of the third substance and the fourth substance form a fifth substance. The assembly can be manipulated such that the first fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly. The fifth substance can be transferred from the first fluid reservoir through the assembly, through the patient access subassembly, and into the patient. A third fluid reservoir containing a saline solution can be fluidically coupled to the assembly. The assembly can be manipulated such that the third fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly via the assembly. At least a portion of the saline solution can be transferred from the assembly to the patient access subassembly. In some embodiments, a kit includes a first assembly including a first fluid reservoir, a second fluid reservoir, a valve assembly, and a first tube. The first fluid reservoir, the second fluid reservoir, and the first tube can be fluidically coupled to the valve assembly. The valve assembly can be configured to selectively allow fluid communication between the first fluid reservoir and the second fluid reservoir and between the first fluid reservoir and the first tube. The kit can also include a second assembly including a patient access port fluidically coupled to a second tube. The second tube can be configured to be fluidically coupled to the valve assembly of the first assembly via a first flow path including a third tube and via a second flow path via the first tube such that the valve assembly can be in fluid communication with the patient access port via the first tube and via the second tube. The kit can further include a third fluid reservoir configured to be coupled to the valve assembly such that the valve assembly can selectively allow fluid communication between the third fluid reservoir and the first tube. 
     In some embodiments, a method includes fluidically coupling a first coupling member of a first subassembly to a valve assembly of a second subassembly. The second subassembly can include a first fluid reservoir and a second fluid reservoir fluidically coupled to the valve subassembly. The first fluid reservoir can be selectively fluidically coupled to the second fluid reservoir via the valve assembly. The first subassembly can include a patient access port, a first coupling member, and a second coupling member. The first coupling member and the second coupling member can be in fluid communication with the patient access port. The first coupling member can be coupled to the valve assembly such that the first fluid reservoir of the second subassembly is in selective fluid communication with the patient access port via a first flow path. The second coupling member of the first subassembly can be fluidically coupled to the valve assembly such that the first fluid reservoir is in selective fluid communication with the patient access port via a second flow path different from the first flow path. A third fluid reservoir can be coupled to the valve assembly such that the third fluid reservoir is in selective fluid communication with the patient access port via the second flow path. 
     In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a patient access subassembly, a first fluid reservoir, a second fluid reservoir, and an assembly. The first fluid reservoir can be configured to contain a first fluid substance. The second fluid reservoir can be configured to contain a second fluid substance. The assembly can have a first configuration in which the patient access subassembly is in fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir via a first tube, a second configuration in which the first fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the second fluid reservoir, and a third configuration in which the first fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly via a second tube. The first fluid reservoir can be fluidically isolated from the first tube in the third configuration. 
     In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a patient access subassembly, a first fluid reservoir, a second fluid reservoir, and an assembly. The patient access subassembly can be configured to provide access to a blood vessel of a patient. The first fluid reservoir can be configured to contain a first fluid substance. The second fluid reservoir can be configured to contain a second fluid substance. The assembly can include a first valve, a second valve, and a third valve. The first fluid reservoir can be in selective fluid communication with the second fluid reservoir via the first valve and the second valve. The patient access subassembly can be in selective fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir via the first valve. The third valve can be configured to be coupled to a third fluid reservoir such that the third fluid reservoir is in selective fluid communication with the patient access subassembly via the first valve and the second valve. 
     In some embodiments, the medicament described herein can include any suitable medicament or therapeutic agent, such as any of the medicaments or therapeutic agents described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,507,842; 8,299,053; and/or 8,927,527; and/or in International Publication No. WO/2017/123593A1, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference. For example, the medicament can include 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone. In another example, the medicament can include propofol (also referred to as Diprivan). In another example, the medicament can include ozone. In another example, the medicament can include nitric oxide. For example, the medicament can include nitric oxide donors such as sildenafil (also referred to as VIAGRA®), tadalafil (also referred to as CIALIS®) vardenafil (also referred to as Levitra®), and/or nitrate esters such as nitroglycerin, sodium nitrite, and/or sodium nitrate. In another example, the medicament can include electrophiles that can bind to sulhydryl groups (e.g., a sulfhydryl-reactive alkylating agent) such as maleimide, iodoacetate, iodoacetic acid, bromoacetate, bromoacetic acid, iodoacetamide, chloroacetamide, acrylate, and/or bromoacetamide. In another example, the medicament can include a chemotherapy drug (e.g., antitumor platinum coordination complexes, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, anticancer antibiotics, topoisomerase I and/or II inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, nitrogen mustard alkylating agents, nitrosourea alkylating agents, nonclassical alkylating agents, estrogen antagonists, androgen antagonists, mTOR inhibitors, and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors), 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic illustration of a system  100 . In some embodiments, the system  100  is useful for drawing cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) from a patient, combining medicament with the cells of the patient ex vivo, and infusing the combined cells and medicament into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. The system  100  includes a patient access subassembly  110 , a first fluid reservoir  120 , a second fluid reservoir  130 , a third fluid reservoir  180 , and an assembly  140 . The assembly  140  can include a first valve  150 , a second valve  160 , and a third valve  170 . The first fluid reservoir  120  can be coupled to the first valve  150  and the second fluid reservoir  130  can be coupled to the second valve  160 . In some embodiments, the third valve  170 , the first valve  150 , and the second valve  160  can be arranged in series. In some embodiments, the first valve  150  can be engaged with the third valve  170  and the second valve  160 . In some embodiments, the first valve  150  can be fluidically coupled to the third valve  170  and the second valve  160  via, for example, interconnecting tubing. The third fluid reservoir  180  can be coupled to the third valve  170 . In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  180  can be separate from the assembly  140  during a portion of the use of the system  100  (e.g., during initial blood draw through the first tube  102  and/or transfer between the first fluid reservoir  120  and the second fluid reservoir  130 ). 
     The patient access subassembly  110  can be coupled to the third valve  170  via a first tube  102 , such that the patient access subassembly  110  can be in fluid communication with the third valve  170  via a first fluid route. The patient access subassembly  110  can be coupled to the second valve  160  via a second tube  104  such that the patient access subassembly  110  can be in fluid communication with the second valve  160  via a second fluid route. Thus, in some embodiments, the system  100  can function as a closed loop system in which fluid can flow away from the patient access subassembly  110  via the first tube  102  and return to the patient access subassembly  110  via the second tube  104 . 
     In an example use scenario, the second fluid reservoir  130  can include medicament, such as 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, a dinitroazetidine, propofol, a nitric oxide donor, sulfhydryl-reactive alkylating agents, and/or ozone. The system  100  can be attached to a patient via the patient access subassembly  110 . A volume of blood of the patient can be drawn through the patient access subassembly  110 , through the first tube  102 , through the assembly  140 , and into the first fluid reservoir  120 . A portion of the volume of blood drawn can be transferred to the second fluid reservoir  130  via the assembly  140  such that the portion combines with the medicament in the second fluid reservoir  130  to form a first combined substance. The first combined substance can then be returned to the first fluid reservoir  120  via the assembly  140  to combine with the remaining blood in the first fluid reservoir  120  to form a second combined substance. The second combined substance can then be pushed through the assembly  140 , through the second tube  104 , and through the patient access subassembly  110  such that the second combined substance flows into the bloodstream of the patient. 
     Each of the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the third valve  170  can be configured to transition between two or more configurations, with each configuration corresponding to a different flow path. Each of the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the third valve  170  can include any suitable valve mechanism, such as, for example, a manual valve mechanism, a solenoid-actuated valve mechanism, a motor-operated valve mechanism, a hydraulic valve mechanism, and/or a pneumatic valve mechanism. For example, each of the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the third valve  170  can include a three-way stopcock. Each of the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the third valve  170  can define or include an interior region such that fluid can travel through the interior region. The first fluid reservoir  120  can be coupled to the first valve  150  such that the first fluid reservoir  120  can be in selective fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  110  via the third valve  170  and the first valve  150 , the second fluid reservoir  130  via the first valve  150  and the second valve  160 , or the second tube  104  via the first valve  150  and the second valve  160 . For example, the first valve  150  can have a first configuration in which the first valve  150  allows fluid communication between an interior region of the third valve  170  and the first fluid reservoir  120 , but fluidically isolates an interior region of the second valve  160  from both the first fluid reservoir  120  and the interior region of the third valve  170 . The first valve  150  can have a second configuration in which the first valve  150  allows fluid communication between the first fluid reservoir  120  and an interior region of the second valve  160 , but fluidically isolates the interior region of the third valve  170  from both the first fluid reservoir  120  and the interior region of the second valve  160 . The first valve  150  can have a third configuration in which the first valve  150  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the third valve  170  and the interior region of the second valve  160 , but fluidically isolates the first fluid reservoir  120  from both the interior region of the third valve  170  and the interior region of the second valve  160 . 
     In some embodiments, the second fluid reservoir  130  can be coupled to the second valve  160  such that the second fluid reservoir  130  can be in selective fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  120  via the second valve  160  and the first valve  150  and with the patient access subassembly  110  via the second valve  160 . For example, the second valve  160  can have a first configuration in which the second valve  160  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the first valve  150  and the second fluid reservoir  130 , but fluidically isolates the second tube  104  from both the second fluid reservoir  130  and the interior region of the first valve  150 . The second valve  160  can have a second configuration in which the second valve  160  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the first valve  150  and the second tube  104 , but fluidically isolates the second fluid reservoir  130  from both the interior region of the first valve  150  and the second tube  104 . 
     The third valve  170  can be coupled to the first valve  150  such that the patient access subassembly  110  and the third fluid reservoir  180  can each be in selective fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  120  and/or the second tube  104  via the third valve  170 . For example, the third valve  170  can have a first configuration in which the third valve  170  allows fluid communication between the first tube  102  and the interior region of the first valve  150 , but fluidically isolates the third fluid reservoir  180  (or a connector configured to be coupled to the third fluid reservoir  180 ) from both the first tube  102  and the interior region of the first valve  150 . The third valve  170  can have a second configuration in which the third valve  170  allows fluid communication between the third fluid reservoir  180  and the interior region of the first valve  150 , but fluidically isolates the first tube  102  from both the interior region of the first valve  150  and the third fluid reservoir  180 . 
     Thus, the assembly  140  can have a first assembly configuration in which the patient access subassembly  110  is in fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  120  via the first tube  102 , a second assembly configuration in which the first fluid reservoir  120  is in fluid communication with the second fluid reservoir  130 , and a third assembly configuration in which the first fluid reservoir  120  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  110  via the second tube  104 . In the first assembly configuration, the first valve  150  can be in the first configuration of the first valve  150  and the third valve  170  can be in the first configuration of the third valve  170  such that the first tube  102  and the first fluid reservoir  120  can be in fluid communication via the third valve  170  and the first valve  150 . In the first assembly configuration, the second valve  160  can be in either the first or second configuration of the second valve  160  because the second valve  160  is isolated from the flow path from the patient access subassembly  110 , through the first tube  102 , the third valve  170 , the first valve  150 , and into the first fluid reservoir  120 . 
     In the second assembly configuration, the first valve  150  can be in the second configuration of the first valve  150  and the second valve  160  can be in the first configuration of the second valve  160  such that the first fluid first reservoir  120  and the second fluid reservoir  130  are in fluid communication via the first valve  150  and the second valve  160 . The third valve  170  can be in either the first or second configuration of the third valve  170  because the third valve  170  is isolated from the flow path between the first fluid reservoir  120  and the second fluid reservoir  130  via the first valve  150  and the second valve  160 . 
     In the third assembly configuration, the first valve  150  can be in the third configuration of the first valve  150  and the second valve  160  can be in the second configuration of the second valve  160  such that the first fluid reservoir  120  can be in fluid communication with the second tube  104 . The third valve  170  can be in either the first or second configuration of the third valve  170  because the third valve  170  is isolated from the flow path between the first fluid reservoir  120  and the second tube  104  via the first valve  150  and the second valve  160 . 
     In some embodiments, the assembly  140  can have a fourth assembly configuration in which the third fluid reservoir  180  is in fluid communication with the second tube  104 . In the fourth assembly configuration, the first valve  150  can be in the third configuration of the first valve  150 , the second valve  160  can be in the second configuration of the second valve  160 , and the third valve  170  can be in the second configuration of the third valve  170 , such that the third fluid reservoir  180  is in fluid communication with the second tube  104  (and the patient access subassembly  110 ) via the third valve  170 , the first valve  150 , and the second valve  160 . In the fourth assembly configuration, the flow path from the third fluid reservoir  180  to the second tube  104  can be fluidically isolated from the first tube  102 , the first fluid reservoir  120 , and the second fluid reservoir  130 . 
     The first fluid reservoir  120 , the second fluid reservoir  130 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  180  can be defined or included in any suitable fluid containing component. For example, in some embodiments, the system  100  can include a number of syringes such that the first fluid reservoir  120 , the second fluid reservoir  130 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  180  are each defined by a syringe having a barrel and a plunger, such that fluid can be drawn into and expelled from each of the fluid reservoirs via, for example, translation of the respective plunger. In some embodiments, the system  100  can include one or more gas syringes. For example, the second fluid reservoir  130  can be a gas syringe. In some embodiments, the system  100  can include a number of fluid bags such that the first fluid reservoir  120 , the second fluid reservoir  130 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  180  can each be defined by a fluid bag such that fluid can be drawn into and/or expelled from each of the fluid reservoirs via, for example, squeezing a respective fluid bag, a pump, and/or gravitational effects on the fluid. In some embodiments, the system  100  can include a combination of one or more syringes and one or more fluid bags such that one or more of the first fluid reservoir  120 , the second fluid reservoir  130 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  180  can be defined by a syringe and one or more of the others can be defined by a fluid bag. 
     In some embodiments, the first fluid reservoir  120  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) an anti-coagulant, such as, for example, ACD-A, ACD-B, EDTA, or heparin. In some embodiments, the first fluid reservoir  120  can be prefilled with both an anti-coagulant and an antioxidant (e.g., vitamin C or N-acetylcysteine). In some embodiments, the second fluid reservoir  130  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) a medicament, such as, for example, 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol nitric oxide, and/or ozone. In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  180  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) saline. 
     The patient access subassembly  110  can include any suitable elements configured to provide access to a patient&#39;s vasculature system. For example, the patient access subassembly  110  can include a needle, such as, for example, a Huber needle. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  110  can include a connector configured to couple to a port coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature system. The patient access subassembly  110  can also include a connector such that the patient&#39;s vasculature can be in fluid communication with the first tube  102  and/or the second tube  104 . For example, the patient access subassembly  110  can include a connector configured to couple to the first tube  102 , the second tube  104 , and the patient vasculature system via, for example, a third tube coupled to a needle or port. For example, in some embodiments, the connector of the patient access subassembly  110  can be configured to be coupled to a connector disposed on an end of an intravenous tubing line. The intravenous tubing line can be fluidically coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature (e.g., prior to being coupled to the connector of the patient access subassembly  110 ) such that the patient&#39;s vasculature is in fluidic communication with the first tube  102  and the second tube  104  via the patient access subassembly  110 . 
     In use, the first fluid reservoir  120  can be prefilled with a volume of anti-coagulant. The second fluid reservoir  130  can be prefilled with a volume of medicament. The third fluid reservoir  180  can be prefilled with a volume of saline. In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  180  can be separate from the assembly  140  during the initial stages of use of the system  100 . In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  180  can be attached to the assembly  140  prior to the initial stages of use of the system  100  (e.g., prior to coupling the patient access subassembly  110  to the patient&#39;s vasculature). In some embodiments, the assembly  140 , and/or the second tube  104  can be primed (e.g., filled with saline) prior to coupling the assembly  140  and/or the second tube  104  to the patient access subassembly  110 . 
     The patient access subassembly  110  can be placed in fluid communication with a patient&#39;s vasculature (e.g., via inserting a needle of the patient access subassembly  110  through a patient&#39;s skin or via coupling the patient access subassembly  110  to an existing port through a patient&#39;s skin (e.g., a connector coupled to an intravascular tubing line)). The assembly  140  can be arranged in the first assembly configuration such that the patient access subassembly  110  is in fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  120  via the first tube  102 , the third valve  170 , and the first valve  150 . For example, the first valve  150  can be manipulated or toggled into the first configuration of the first valve  150  and the third valve  170  can be manipulated or toggled into the first configuration of the third valve  170 . Blood can then be drawn from the patient, through the patient access subassembly  110 , the first tube  102 , the third valve  170 , the first valve  150 , and into the first fluid reservoir  120  such that the blood combines with the anticoagulant within the first fluid reservoir  120  to form a first substance. For example, a plunger of a syringe defining the first fluid reservoir  120  can be translated relative to a barrel of the syringe to draw blood into the first fluid reservoir  120 . 
     The assembly  120  can then be transitioned to the second assembly configuration such that the first fluid reservoir  120  is in fluid communication with the second fluid reservoir  130 . For example, the first valve  150  and the second valve  160  can be manipulated or toggled such that the first valve  150  is in the second configuration of the first valve  150  and the second valve  160  is in the first configuration of the second valve  160 . A portion of the first substance (e.g., a volume equal to or greater than the volume of medicament in the second fluid reservoir  130 ) can then be transferred from the first fluid reservoir  120  to the second fluid reservoir  130  such that the portion of the first substance combines with the medicament within the second fluid reservoir  130  to form a second substance. For example, a plunger of a syringe defining the first fluid reservoir  120  can be translated to expel the portion of the first substance from the first fluid reservoir  120  and push the first substance into the second fluid reservoir  130 . In some embodiments, a plunger or a syringe defining the second fluid reservoir  130  can be simultaneously translated relative to a barrel of the syringe to assist in drawing the first substance into the second fluid reservoir  130 . 
     While the assembly  140  remains in the second assembly configuration, the second substance can be transferred from the second fluid reservoir  130  to the first fluid reservoir  120  such that the second substance combines with the remaining portion of the first substance in the first fluid reservoir  120  to form a third substance. For example, a plunger of a syringe defining the second fluid reservoir  130  can be translated to expel the second substance from the second fluid reservoir  130  and push the second substance into the first fluid reservoir  120 . In some embodiments, a plunger or a syringe defining the first fluid reservoir  120  can be simultaneously translated relative to a barrel of the syringe to assist in drawing the second substance into the first fluid reservoir  120 . 
     The assembly  140  can then be transitioned to the third assembly configuration such that the first fluid reservoir  120  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  110  via the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the second tube  104 . For example, the first valve  150  can remain in the second configuration of the first valve  150  and the second valve  160  can be manipulated or toggled such that the second valve  160  is in the second configuration of the second valve  160 . The third substance can then be transferred from the first fluid reservoir  120  to the patient&#39;s vasculature system via the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , the second tube  104 , and the patient access subassembly  110 . 
     After transferring the third substance to the patient&#39;s vasculature, the third fluid reservoir  180  can be coupled to the third valve  170 . The assembly  140  can then be transitioned to the fourth assembly configuration such that the third fluid reservoir  180  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  110  via the third valve  170 , the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the second tube  104 . For example, the first valve  150  can be manipulated or toggled such that the first valve  150  is in the third configuration of the first valve  150 , the second valve  160  can remain in the second configuration of the second valve  160 , and the third valve  170  can be manipulated or toggled such that the third valve  170  is in the second configuration of the third valve  170 . The contents of the third fluid reservoir  180  (i.e., saline) can then be transferred to the patient access subassembly  110  via the third valve  170 , the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the second tube  104  such that the saline flushes the fluid flow path of the third substance. The system  100  can then be detached from the patient. 
     In some embodiments, the system  100  can optionally include an actuation subsystem (not shown). The actuation subsystem can include one or more actuators configured to engage with one or more of the components of the system  100 . For example, rather than manually adjusting a configuration or orientation of a valve of the assembly  140 , an actuator can engage and adjust the configuration of orientation of the valve of the assembly  140 . In some embodiments, the actuation subsystem can include a first actuator operably coupled to the first valve  150 , a second actuator operably coupled to the second valve  160 , and a third actuator operably coupled to the third valve  170 . Each of the first actuator, the second actuator, and the third actuator can be configured to transition (e.g., manipulate or toggle) the first valve  150 , the second valve  160 , and the third valve  170 , respectively, between their respective operating configurations. The actuation subsystem can also include a first reservoir actuator configured to control the flow of fluid into and out of the first fluid reservoir, a second reservoir actuator configured to control the flow of fluid into and out of the second fluid reservoir, and a third reservoir actuator configured to control the flow of fluid into and out of the third fluid reservoir. 
     In some embodiments, rather than including an actuation subsystem, the system  100  can optionally be coupleable to a separate actuation system (not shown). For example, the actuation system can include a housing and a number of actuators, each configured to operably engage and/or control a configuration of a valve or a flow of fluid relative to a reservoir of the system  100 . The actuation system can be configured to receive the system  100  such that the actuation system can operably engage the system  100  and control operation of the system  100  to perform any of the methods steps described herein. In some embodiments, the system  100  can be disposable and the actuation system can be reusable. 
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of a system  200 . Unless explicitly noted otherwise, similarly named and referenced components can be structurally and/or functionally similar to those described above with reference to  FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, the system  200  is useful for drawing cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) from a patient, combining medicament with the cells of the patient ex vivo, and infusing the combined cells and medicament into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. The system  200  includes a patient access subassembly  210 , a first fluid reservoir  220 , a second fluid reservoir  230 , a third fluid reservoir  280 , and an assembly  240 . The assembly  240  can include a first valve  250 , a second valve  260 , and a third valve  270 . In some embodiments, the assembly  240  can be a  3 -gang valve manifold having three levers such that each lever controls the configuration of a valve of the valve manifold. The first fluid reservoir  220  can be coupled to the first valve  250  via a first connector  222  and the second fluid reservoir  230  can be coupled to the second valve  260  via a second connector  232 . In some embodiments, the first valve  250  can be engaged with the third valve  270  and the second valve  260 . In some embodiments, the first valve  250  can be fluidically coupled to the third valve  270  and the second valve  260  via, for example, interconnecting tubing. The third fluid reservoir  280  can be coupled to the third valve  270  via a third connector  282 . In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  280  can be separate from the assembly  240  during a portion of the use of the system  200 . The first connector  232 , the second connector  222 , and/or the third connector  282  can be needleless connectors (also referred to as needle free connectors). The system  200  can also include a first tube  202 , a second tube  204 A, a third tube  204 B, and a filter  290 , the second tube  204 A coupled to the second valve  260  and the filter  290 , the third tube  204 B coupled to the patient access subassembly  210  and the filter  290 . In some embodiments, the filter  290  can have, for example, a pore size of 150 microns. In some embodiments, the filter  290  can have, for example, a pore size of 170 microns to 260 microns, including all values and sub ranges in between. The filter  290  can be used to filter sediment such that the sediment is prevented from flowing into the patient via the patient access subassembly  210 . For example, in some embodiments, the filter  290  can prevent an embolism (e.g., by filtering clots and/or clumps of platelets and white blood cells, air blood bubbles, and/or hemoglobin that, for example, may have been released from lysed red cells). 
     The patient access subassembly  210  can include a patient access port  212 , access tubing  216 , and a connector  214 . The patient access port  212  can include any suitable element configured to provide access to a patient&#39;s vasculature system. For example, the patient access subassembly  210  can include a needle, such as, for example, a Huber needle. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  210  can include a connector configured to couple to a port previously coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature system. The connector  214  of the patient access subassembly  210  can be coupled to the third valve  270  via the first tube  202  such that the patient access subassembly  210  can be in fluid communication with the third valve  270  via a first fluid route. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  210  includes the first tube  202 . The connector  214  can be coupled to the second valve  260  via a second fluid route including the second tube  204 A, the third tube  204 B, and the filter  290  such that the patient access subassembly  210  can be in fluid communication with the second valve  260  via the second fluid route. In some embodiments, the connector  214  can be, for example, a Y-connector. Thus, in some embodiments, the system  200  can function as a closed loop system in which fluid can flow away from the patient access subassembly  210  via the first tube  202  and return to the patient access subassembly  210  via the second tube  204 A, the filter  290 , and the third tube  204 B. 
     In an example use scenario, the second fluid reservoir  230  can include medicament, such as 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol, a nitric oxide donor, a chemotherapy drug (e.g., antitumor platinum coordination complexes, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, anticancer antibiotics, topoisomerase I and/or II inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, nitrogen mustard alkylating agents, nitrosourea alkylating agents, nonclassical alkylating agents, estrogen antagonists, androgen antagonists, mTOR inhibitors, and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors), and/or ozone. The system  200  can be attached to a patient via the patient access subassembly  210 . A volume of blood of the patient can be drawn through the patient access subassembly  210 , through the first tube  202 , through the assembly  240 , and into the first fluid reservoir  220 . A portion of the volume of blood drawn can be transferred to the second fluid reservoir  230  via the assembly  240  such that the portion combines with the medicament in the second fluid reservoir  230  to form a first combined substance. The first combined substance can then be returned to the first fluid reservoir  220  via the assembly  240  to combine with the remaining blood in the first fluid reservoir  220  to form a second combined substance. The second combined substance can then be pushed through the assembly  240 , through the second tube  204 A, through the filter  290 , through the third tube  204 B, and through the patient access subassembly  210  such that the second combined substance flows into the bloodstream of the patient. 
     Each of the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , and the third valve  270  can be configured to transition between two or more configurations, each configuration corresponding to a different available flow path through the assembly  240 . Each of the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , and the third valve  270  can include any suitable valve mechanism, such as, for example, a manual valve mechanism, a solenoid-actuated valve mechanism, a motor-operated valve mechanism, a hydraulic valve mechanism, and/or a pneumatic valve mechanism. For example, each of the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , and the third valve  270  can include a three-way stopcock. Each of the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , and the third valve  270  can define or include an interior region such that fluid can travel through the interior region. The first fluid reservoir  220  can be coupled to the first valve  250  such that the first fluid reservoir  220  can be in selective fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  210  via the third valve  270  and the first valve  250 , the second fluid reservoir  230  via the first valve  250  and the second valve  260 , or the second tube  204  via the first valve  250  and the second valve  260 . For example, the first valve  250  can have a first configuration in which the first valve  250  allows fluid communication between an interior region of the third valve  270  and the first fluid reservoir  220 , but fluidically isolates an interior region of the second valve  260  from both the first fluid reservoir  220  and the interior region of the third valve  270 . The first valve  250  can have a second configuration in which the first valve  250  allows fluid communication between the first fluid reservoir  220  and the interior region of the second valve  260 , but fluidically isolates the interior region of the third valve  270  from both the first fluid reservoir  220  and the interior region of the second valve  260 . The first valve  250  can have a third configuration in which the first valve  250  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the third valve  270  and the interior region of the second valve  260 , but fluidically isolates the first fluid reservoir  220  from both the interior region of the third valve  270  and the interior region of the second valve  260 . 
     In some embodiments, the second fluid reservoir  230  can be coupled to the second valve  260  such that the second fluid reservoir  230  can be in selective fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  220  via the second valve  260  and the first valve  250  and with the patient access subassembly  210  via the second valve  260 . For example, the second valve  260  can have a first configuration in which the second valve  260  allows fluid communication between an interior region of the first valve  250  and the second fluid reservoir  230 , but fluidically isolates the second tube  204 A from both the second fluid reservoir  230  and the interior region of the first valve  250 . The second valve  260  can have a second configuration in which the second valve  260  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the first valve  250  and the second tube  204 A, but fluidically isolates the second fluid reservoir  230  from both the interior region of the first valve  250  and the second tube  204 A. 
     The third valve  270  can be coupled to the first valve  250  such that the patient access subassembly  210  and the third fluid reservoir  280  can each be in selective fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  220  and/or the second tube  204 A via the third valve  270 . For example, the third valve  270  can have a first configuration in which the third valve  270  allows fluid communication between the first tube  202  and the interior region of the first valve  250 , but fluidically isolates the third fluid reservoir  280  (or a connector configured to be coupled to the third fluid reservoir  280 ) from both the first tube  202  and the interior region of the first valve  250 . The third valve  270  can have a second configuration in which the third valve  270  allows fluid communication between the third fluid reservoir  280  and the interior region of the first valve  250 , but fluidically isolates the first tube  202  from both the interior region of the first valve  250  and the third fluid reservoir  280 . 
     Thus, the assembly  240  can have a first assembly configuration in which the patient access subassembly  210  is in fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  220  via the first tube  202 , a second assembly configuration in which the first fluid reservoir  220  is in fluid communication with the second fluid reservoir  230 , and a third assembly configuration in which the first fluid reservoir  220  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  210  via the second tube  204 A. In the first assembly configuration, the first valve  250  can be in the first configuration of the first valve  250  and the third valve  270  can be in the first configuration of the third valve  270  such that the first tube  202  and the first fluid reservoir  220  can be in fluid communication via the third valve  270  and the first valve  250 . In the first assembly configuration, the second valve  260  can be in either the first or second configuration of the second valve  260  because the second valve  260  is isolated from the flow path from the patient access subassembly  210 , through the first tube  202 , the third valve  270 , the first valve  250 , and into the first fluid reservoir  220 . 
     In the second assembly configuration, the first valve  250  can be in the second configuration of the first valve  250  and the second valve  260  can be in the first configuration of the second valve  260  such that the first fluid first reservoir  220  and the second fluid reservoir  230  are in fluid communication via the first valve  250  and the second valve  260 . The third valve  270  can be in either the first or second configuration of the third valve  270  because the third valve  270  is isolated from the flow path between the first fluid reservoir  220  and the second fluid reservoir  230  via the first valve  250  and the second valve  260 . 
     In the third assembly configuration, the first valve  250  can be in the third configuration of the first valve  250  and the second valve  260  can be in the second configuration of the second valve  260  such that the first fluid reservoir  220  can be in fluid communication with the second tube  204 A. The third valve  270  can be in either the first or second configuration of the third valve  270  because the third valve  270  is isolated from the flow path between the first fluid reservoir  220  and the second tube  204 A via the first valve  250  and the second valve  260 . 
     In some embodiments, the assembly  240  can have a fourth assembly configuration in which the third fluid reservoir  280  is in fluid communication with the second tube  204 A. In the fourth assembly configuration, the first valve  250  can be in the third configuration of the first valve  250 , the second valve  260  can be in the second configuration of the second valve  260 , and the third valve  270  can be in the second configuration of the third valve  270  such that the third fluid reservoir  280  is in fluid communication with the second tube  204 A (and the patient access subassembly  210 ) via the third valve  270 , the first valve  250 , and the second valve  260 . In the fourth assembly configuration, the flow path from the third fluid reservoir  280  to the second tube  204 A can be fluidically isolated from the first tube  202 , the first fluid reservoir  220 , and the second fluid reservoir  230 . 
     The first fluid reservoir  220 , the second fluid reservoir  230 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  280  can be defined or included in any suitable fluid containing component. For example, in some embodiments, the system  200  can include a number of syringes such that the first fluid reservoir  220 , the second fluid reservoir  230 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  280  are each defined by a syringe having a barrel and a plunger such that fluid can be drawn into and expelled from each of the fluid reservoirs via, for example, translation of the respective plunger. In some embodiments, the system  200  can include a number of fluid bags such that the first fluid reservoir  220 , the second fluid reservoir  230 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  280  can each be defined by a fluid bag such that fluid can be drawn into and/or expelled from each of the fluid reservoirs via, for example, squeezing a respective fluid bag, a pump, and/or gravitational effects on the fluid. In some embodiments, the system  200  can include a combination of one or more syringes and one or more fluid bags such that one or more of the first fluid reservoir  220 , the second fluid reservoir  230 , and/or the third fluid reservoir  280  can be defined by a syringe and one or more of the others can be defined by a fluid bag. 
     In some embodiments, the first fluid reservoir  220  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) an anti-coagulant, such as, for example, ACD-A, ACD-B, EDTA, or heparin. In some embodiments, the first fluid reservoir  220  can be prefilled with both an anti-coagulant and an antioxidant (e.g., vitamin C or N-acetylcysteine). In some embodiments, the second fluid reservoir  230  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) a medicament, such as, for example, 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol, a nitric oxide donor, a chemotherapy drug, and/or ozone. In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  280  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) saline. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 2 , the system  200  can include a number of selective flow inhibitors coupled to tubing of the system  200  and configured to transition between an open and a closed configuration such that the flow through the tubing can be temporarily inhibited. For example, a first selective flow inhibitor  218  can be disposed on the access tube  216 , a second selective flow inhibitor  206  can be disposed on the first tube  202 , and a third selective flow inhibitor  208  can be disposed on the third tube  204 B. Each of the first selective flow inhibitor  218 , the second selective flow inhibitor  206 , and the third selective flow inhibitor  208  can be, for example, tubing clamps or roller clamps. 
     In use, the first fluid reservoir  220  can be prefilled with a volume of anti-coagulant. The second fluid reservoir  230  can be prefilled with a volume of medicament. The third fluid reservoir  280  can be prefilled with a volume of saline. In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  280  can be separate from the assembly  240  during the initial stages of use of the system  200 . 
     With each of the first selective flow inhibitor  218 , the second selective flow inhibitor  206 , and the third selective flow inhibitor  208  in the closed configuration, the first tube  202  can be coupled to the third valve  270  and the third tube  204 B can be coupled to the connector  214 . The patient access subassembly  210  can be placed in fluid communication with a patient&#39;s vasculature via the patient access port  212  (e.g., via inserting a needle of the patient access port  212  through a patient&#39;s skin or via coupling the patient access port  212  to an existing port through a patient&#39;s skin or a connector coupled to an intravascular tubing line). The assembly  240  can be arranged in the first assembly configuration such that the patient access subassembly  210  is in fluid communication with the first fluid reservoir  220  via the first tube  202 , the third valve  270 , and the first valve  250 . For example, the first valve  250  can be manipulated or toggled into the first configuration of the first valve  250  and the third valve  270  can be manipulated or toggled into the first configuration of the third valve  270 . The first selective flow inhibitor  218  and the second selective flow inhibitor  206  can then be transitioned to the opened configuration. Blood can then be drawn from the patient, through the patient access subassembly  210 , the first tube  202 , the third valve  270 , the first valve  250 , and into the first fluid reservoir  220  such that the blood combines with the anticoagulant within the first fluid reservoir  220  to form a first substance. For example, a plunger of a syringe defining the first fluid reservoir  220  can be translated relative to a barrel of the syringe to draw blood into the first fluid reservoir  220 . 
     The first selective flow inhibitor  218  and the second selective flow inhibitor  206  can then be transitioned to the closed configuration. The assembly  220  can then be transitioned to the second assembly configuration such that the first fluid reservoir  220  is in fluid communication with the second fluid reservoir  230 . For example, the first valve  250  and the second valve  260  can be manipulated or toggled such that the first valve  250  is in the second configuration of the first valve  250  and the second valve  260  is in the first configuration of the second valve  260 . A portion of the first substance (e.g., a volume equal to or greater than twice the volume of the medicament in the second fluid reservoir  230 ) can then be transferred from the first fluid reservoir  220  to the second fluid reservoir  230  such that the portion of the first substance combines with the medicament within the second fluid reservoir  230  to form a second substance. For example, a plunger of a syringe defining the first fluid reservoir  220  can be translated to expel the portion of the first substance from the first fluid reservoir  220  and push the first substance into the second fluid reservoir  230 . In some embodiments, a plunger or a syringe defining the second fluid reservoir  230  can be simultaneously translated relative to a barrel of the syringe to assist in drawing the first substance into the second fluid reservoir  230 . 
     While the assembly  240  remains in the second assembly configuration, the second substance can be transferred from the second fluid reservoir  230  to the first fluid reservoir  220  such that the second substance combines with the remaining portion of the first substance in the first fluid reservoir  220  to form a third substance. For example, a plunger of a syringe defining the second fluid reservoir  230  can be translated to expel the second substance from the second fluid reservoir  230  and push the second substance into the first fluid reservoir  220 . In some embodiments, a plunger or a syringe defining the first fluid reservoir  220  can be simultaneously translated relative to a barrel of the syringe to assist in drawing the second substance into the first fluid reservoir  220 . 
     The assembly  240  can then be transitioned to the third assembly configuration such that the first fluid reservoir  220  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  210  via the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , the second tube  204 , the filter  290 , and the third tube  204 B. For example, the first valve  250  can remain in the second configuration of the first valve  250  and the second valve  260  can be manipulated or toggled such that the second valve  260  is in the second configuration of the second valve  260 . The third selective flow inhibitor  208  and the first selective flow inhibitor  218  can be transitioned to the open configuration. The third substance can then be transferred from the first fluid reservoir  220  to the patient&#39;s vasculature system via the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , the second tube  204 A, the filter  290 , the third tube  204 B, and the patient access subassembly  210 . 
     After transferring the third substance to the patient&#39;s vasculature, the third fluid reservoir  280  can be coupled to the third valve  270 . The assembly  240  can then be transitioned to the fourth assembly configuration such that the third fluid reservoir  280  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  210  via the third valve  270 , the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , and the second tube  204 . For example, the first valve  250  can be manipulated or toggled such that the first valve  250  is in the third configuration of the first valve  250 , the second valve  260  can remain in the second configuration of the second valve  260 , and the third valve  270  can be manipulated or toggled such that the third valve  270  is in the second configuration of the third valve  270 . The contents of the third fluid reservoir  280  (i.e., saline) can then be transferred to the patient access subassembly  210  via the third valve  270 , the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , the second tube  204 A, the filter  290 , and the third tube  204 B such that the saline flushes out the fluid flow path of the third substance. The third selective flow inhibitor  208  and the first selective flow inhibitor  218  can then be transitioned to the closed configuration, and the third tube  204 B can be detached from the connector  214 . The first tube  202  can be detached from the third valve  270 . The patient access subassembly  210  can then be detached from the patient. 
     In some embodiments, the system  200  can optionally include an actuation subsystem (not shown). The actuation subsystem can include one or more actuators configured to engage with one or more of the components of the system  200 . For example, rather than manually adjusting a configuration or orientation of a valve of the assembly  240 , an actuator can engage and adjust the configuration of orientation of the valve of the assembly  240 . In some embodiments, the actuation subsystem can include a first actuator operably coupled to the first valve  250 , a second actuator operably coupled to the second valve  260 , and a third actuator operably coupled to the third valve  270 . Each of the first actuator, the second actuator, and the third actuator can be configured to transition (e.g., manipulate or toggle) the first valve  250 , the second valve  260 , and the third valve  270 , respectively, between their respective operating configurations. The actuation subsystem can also include a first reservoir actuator configured to control the flow of fluid into and out of the first fluid reservoir  220 , a second reservoir actuator configured to control the flow of fluid into and out of the second fluid reservoir  230 , and a third reservoir actuator configured to control the flow of fluid into and out of the third fluid reservoir  280 . The first reservoir actuator can be configured to operably engage and control the position of a plunger associated with the first fluid reservoir  220  to control the flow of fluid into and out of the first fluid reservoir  220 , the second reservoir actuator can be configured to operably engage and control the position of a plunger associated with the second fluid reservoir  230  to control the flow of fluid into and out of the second fluid reservoir  230 , and the third reservoir actuator can be can be configured to operably engage and control the position of a plunger associated with the third fluid reservoir  280  to control the flow of fluid into and out of the third fluid reservoir  280 . 
     In some embodiments, rather than including an actuation subsystem, the system  200  can optionally be coupleable to a separate actuation system (not shown). For example, the actuation system can include a housing and a number of actuators, each configured to operably engage and/or control a configuration of a valve or a flow of fluid relative to a reservoir of the system  200 . The actuation system can be configured to receive the system  200  such that the actuation system can operably engage the system  200  and control operation of the system  200  to perform any of the methods steps described herein. In some embodiments, the system  200  can be disposable and the actuation system can be reusable. 
       FIG. 3  is a flow chart representing a method  300 . In some embodiments, the method  300  can be used in conjunction with any of the systems described herein for drawing cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) from a patient, combining medicament with the cells of the patient ex vivo, and infusing the combined cells and medicament into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. Unless explicitly noted otherwise, similarly named components can be structurally and/or functionally similar to those in  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 3 , the method  300  includes coupling, at step  302 , a patient access subassembly to a patient, the patient access subassembly fluidically coupled to a first fluid reservoir containing a first substance (e.g., an anticoagulant and/or an antioxidant) and a second fluid reservoir containing a second substance (e.g., a medicament such as 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol nitric oxide, and/or ozone) via an assembly. Cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) can be drawn, at step  304 , through the patient access subassembly, through the assembly, and into the first fluid reservoir such that the cells and the first substance form a third substance. The assembly can be manipulated, at step  306 , such that the first fluid reservoir is fluidically isolated from the patient access subassembly and such that the first fluid reservoir is in fluidic communication with the second fluid reservoir. A portion of the third substance can be transferred, at step  308 , from the first fluid reservoir through the assembly and into the second fluid reservoir such that the portion of the third substance and the second substance form a fourth substance. The fourth substance can be transferred, at step  310 , from the second fluid reservoir through the assembly and into the first fluid reservoir such that the remainder of the third substance and the fourth substance form a fifth substance. The assembly can be manipulated, at step  312 , such that the first fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly. The fifth substance can be transferred, at step  314 , from the first fluid reservoir through the assembly, through the patient access subassembly, and into the patient. A third fluid reservoir containing a saline solution can be fluidically coupled, at step  316 , to the assembly. The assembly can be manipulated, at step  318 , such that the third fluid reservoir is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly via the assembly. At least a portion of the saline solution can be transferred, at step  320 , from the assembly to the patient access subassembly. 
       FIG. 4  is a flow chart representing a method  400 . In some embodiments, the method  400  can be used in conjunction with any of the systems described herein for assembling a system for drawing cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) from a patient, combining medicament with the cells of the patient ex vivo, and infusing the combined cells and medicament into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. Unless explicitly noted otherwise, similarly named components can be structurally and/or functionally similar to those in  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 . As shown in  FIG. 4 , the method  400  includes fluidically coupling, at step  402 , a first coupling member of a first subassembly to a valve assembly of a second subassembly. The second subassembly can include a first fluid reservoir and a second fluid reservoir fluidically coupled to the valve subassembly. The first fluid reservoir can be selectively fluidically coupled to the second fluid reservoir via the valve assembly. The first subassembly can include a patient access port, a first coupling member, and a second coupling member. The first coupling member and the second coupling member can be in fluid communication with the patient access port. The first coupling member can be coupled to the valve assembly such that the first fluid reservoir of the second subassembly is in selective fluid communication with the patient access port via a first flow path. The second coupling member of the first subassembly can be fluidically coupled, at step  404 , to the valve assembly such that the first fluid reservoir is in selective fluid communication with the patient access port via a second flow path different from the first flow path. A third fluid reservoir can be coupled, at step  406 , to the valve assembly such that the third fluid reservoir is in selective fluid communication with the patient access port via the second flow path. 
       FIG. 5  is an illustration of a system  500  useful for drawing cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) from a patient, combining medicament with the cells of the patient ex vivo, and infusing the combined cells and medicament into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. The system  500  is a non-limiting example, and can be the same or similar in structure and/or function any of the systems described herein, such as the system  100  and/or the system  200 . Unless explicitly noted otherwise, similarly named and referenced components can be structurally and/or functionally similar to those described above, such as with reference to  FIG. 1  and/or  FIG. 2 . The system  500  includes a syringe  520 , a valve  550 , a first fluid bag  530 , a second fluid bag  542 , and a filter  590 . The syringe  520  includes a barrel  523  and a plunger  525  which collectively define a fluid reservoir. The syringe  520  can be pre-filled with an anticoagulant, such as, for example, ACD-A, ACD-B, EDTA, or heparin. The system  500  can also include a first tube  502  fluidically coupled to a blood vessel of a patient such that cells can be drawn from the patient through the first tube  502 . The first tube  502  can include a first connector  521 , which can be, for example, a needleless connector (also referred to as a needle free connector), such that the first tube  502  can be coupled to the valve  550  via the needleless connector  521 . The system  500  can also include a second connector  523 , which can be, for example, a double male luer lock, and a needle  531 . The valve  550  can be coupled to the first fluid bag  530  via the second connector  523  and the needle  531 . 
     The syringe  520  can be coupled to the valve  550  such that the valve  550  can control the flow of fluid into and out of the syringe  520 . The valve  550  can have a first configuration in which the reservoir of the syringe  520  is in fluid communication with the first tube  502  such that translation of the plunger  525  relative to the barrel  523  draws cells from the patient into the reservoir of the syringe  520 , but the reservoir of the syringe  520  is fluidically isolated from the second connector  523 . The valve  550  can have a second configuration in which the reservoir of the syringe  520  is in fluid communication with the first fluid bag  530  via the second connector  523  and the needle  531 , but the reservoir of the syringe  520  is fluidically isolated from the first tube  502 . The valve  550  can include any suitable valve mechanism, such as, for example, a manual valve mechanism, a solenoid-actuated valve mechanism, a motor-operated valve mechanism, a hydraulic valve mechanism, and/or a pneumatic valve mechanism. In some embodiments, the valve  550  can be a stopcock such that a portion of the valve  550  can be rotated between the first configuration and the second configuration. 
     The first fluid bag  530  includes a first reservoir  536 , a second reservoir  534 , and a dividing strip  538 . The second reservoir  534  can be prefilled with medicament, such as, for example, 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol, a nitric oxide donor, a chemotherapy drug, and/or ozone. The dividing strip  538  can be removable such that the medicament in the second reservoir  534  can travel into the first reservoir  536  (e.g., due to gravitational effects). 
     The second fluid bag  542  can be pre-filled with saline (e.g., 0.9% Sodium Chloride). The first fluid bag  530  can be fluidically coupled to the filter  590  via a second tube  504 A and the second fluid bag  542  can be fluidically coupled to the filter  590  via a saline tube  505 . A first selective flow inhibitor  506  can be disposed on the second tube  504 A such that the first selective flow inhibitor  506  can selectively apply pressure to the second tube  504 A to prevent fluid flow through the second tube  504 A. A second selective flow inhibitor  508  can be disposed on the saline tube  505  such that the first selective flow inhibitor  508  can selectively apply pressure to the saline tube  505  to prevent fluid flow through the saline tube  505 . 
     The filter  590  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to the filter  290  described above with respect to  FIG. 2 . For example, the filter  590  can have any suitable pore size depending on the substance intended to be filtered from fluid passing through the filter  590 . The filter  590  can be coupled to a third tube  504 B such that fluid exiting the filter  590  can be infused into the patient via the third tube  504 B. A third selective flow inhibitor  518  can be disposed on the third tube  504 B such that the first selective flow inhibitor  506  can selectively apply pressure to the third tube  504 B to prevent fluid flow through the third tube  504 B. The first selective flow inhibitor  506 , the second selective flow inhibitor  508 , and the third selective flow inhibitor  518  can each be, for example, roller clamps or any other suitable type of tubing clamp. 
     In use, the valve  550  can be arranged in the first configuration and the first selective flow inhibitor  506 , the second selective flow inhibitor  508 , and the third selective flow inhibitor  518  can each be closed such that fluid flow is obstructed through the second tube  504 A, the third tube  504 B, and the saline tube  505 . The plunger  525  can then be translated (e.g., pulled) such that cells are drawn from the patient, through the first tube  502 , and into the barrel  523  of the syringe  523 . In some embodiments, the cells can be combined with a coagulant in the syringe  523  to form a first substance. The valve  550  can then be transitioned to the second configuration. The plunger  525  can then be translated (e.g., pushed) such that the first substance is expelled from the syringe  520  and pushed through the second connector  523  and the needle  531  into the first reservoir  536  the first fluid bag  530 . The dividing strip  538  can then be removed such that the medicament in the second reservoir  534  can be released and combine with the first substance in the reservoir  536  to form a second substance. The first selective flow inhibitor  506  and the third selective flow inhibitor  518  can then be transitioned to an open position such that the second substance can flow through the second tube  504 A, the filter  590 , the third tube  504 B, and into the patient&#39;s blood vessel. Then, the second selective flow inhibitor  508  can be transitioned to an open position such that the contents of the second fluid bag  542  (e.g., saline) can flow through the saline tube  505 , the filter  590 , the third tube  504 B, and into the patient&#39;s blood vessel. 
       FIG. 6  is a top view of a mixing assembly  601  of a system  600  prior to assembly of the system  600 . The system  600  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to any of the systems described herein. Unless explicitly noted otherwise, similarly named and referenced components can be structurally and/or functionally similar to those described above with reference to, for example,  FIGS. 1, 2 , and/or  5 . In some embodiments, the system  600  is useful for drawing cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) from a patient, combining medicament with the cells of the patient ex vivo, and infusing the combined cells and medicament into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. The mixing assembly  601  includes a first syringe  620  defining a first fluid reservoir, a second syringe  630  defining a second fluid reservoir, a first fluid bag  642 , and an assembly  640 . The first syringe  620  includes a barrel  623  and a plunger  625 . The second syringe  630  includes a barrel  633  and a plunger  635 . The assembly  640  includes a first valve  650  and a second valve  660 . In some embodiments, the assembly  640  can include a 2-gang valve manifold. Each valve of the first valve  650  and the second valve  660  can include a valve lever to control the flow of fluid through the valve. The direction of extension of the valve lever can indicate the direction of the fluid line that is isolated or “off”. In some embodiments, the first valve  650  can be coupled to the second fluid valve  660  by the user (e.g., a clinician, doctor, or nurse) during assembly of the mixing assembly  601 . The first valve  650  can include a needleless connection port for connection to a needleless connector, such as the third connector  614  discussed below. The first syringe  620  can be coupled to the first valve  650  via a first connector  622  and the second syringe  630  can be coupled to the second valve  660  via a second connector  632 . The first valve  650  can be coupled to the second valve  660 . The first fluid bag  642  can be coupled to the second valve  660  via a first tube  604 . A first selective flow inhibitor  606  can be disposed on the first tube  604  such that the first selective flow inhibitor  606  can selectively prevent the flow of fluid through the first tube  604 . For example, the first selective flow inhibitor  606  can have an open configuration and a closed configuration, the first selective flow inhibitor  606  configured to squeeze the first tube  604  closed in the closed configuration. For example, the first selective flow inhibitor  606  can be a roller clamp or a tubing clamp. The first connector  632  and/or the second connector  622  can be needleless connectors (also referred to as needle free connectors). For example, the first connector  632  and/or the second connector  622  can be an ICU Medical MC100 MicroClave Neutral Connector. The first syringe  620  can be pre-filled with an anti-coagulant such as, for example, ACD-A, ACD-B, EDTA, or heparin. The second syringe  630  can be pre-filled with a medicament, such as, for example, 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol, a nitric oxide donor, a chemotherapy drug (e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and/or ozone. In some embodiments, the first syringe  620  can having a volume of 20 mL. In some embodiments, the second syringe  630  can have a volume of 10 mL. In some embodiments, the second syringe  630  can be pre-filled with between 1 mL and 5 mL of medicament. 
     In an example use scenario, the second fluid reservoir  630  can include medicament, such as 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol, a nitric oxide donor, a chemotherapy drug (e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and/or ozone. The system  600  can be attached to a patient via the patient access subassembly  610  (described below). A volume of blood of the patient can be drawn through the patient access subassembly  610 , through the assembly  640 , and into the first fluid reservoir  620 . A portion of the volume of blood drawn can be transferred to the second fluid reservoir  630  via the assembly  640  such that the portion combines with the medicament in the second fluid reservoir  630  to form a first combined substance. The first combined substance can then be returned to the first fluid reservoir  620  via the assembly  640  to combine with the remaining blood in the first fluid reservoir  620  to form a second combined substance. The second combined substance can then be pushed through the assembly  640 , through the first tube  604 , and into the first fluid bag  642 . The second combined substance can then be delivered to the patient&#39;s bloodstream from the first fluid bag  642 , via the patient access subassembly  610  as described below with reference to  FIG. 19 . 
     Each of the first valve  650  and the second valve  660  can be configured to transition between two or more configurations, each configuration corresponding to a different available flow path through the assembly  640 . Each of the first valve  650  and the second valve  660  can include any suitable valve mechanism, such as, for example, a manual valve mechanism, a solenoid-actuated valve mechanism, a motor-operated valve mechanism, a hydraulic valve mechanism, and/or a pneumatic valve mechanism. For example, each of the first valve  650  and the second valve  660  can include a three-way stopcock. Each of the first valve  650  and the second valve  660  can define or include an interior region such that fluid can travel through the interior region. The first syringe  620  can be coupled to the first valve  650  such that the first syringe  620  can be in selective fluid communication with a patient access subassembly  610  (described below) via the first valve  650 , the second syringe  630  via the first valve  650  and the second valve  660 , or the first tube  604  via the first valve  650  and the second valve  660 . For example, the first valve  650  can include a junction of three fluid lines, and can fluidically isolate one of the three fluid lines while allowing fluid flow between the other two lines. The first valve  650  can include a lever  651  that can be rotated to transition the first valve  650  between various valve configurations. The lever  651  can be configured to extend in the direction of the fluid line that is isolated. Therefore, for example, the first valve  650  can have a first configuration in which the first valve  650  allows fluid communication between the patient access subassembly  610  and the first syringe  620 , but fluidically isolates an interior region of the second valve  660  from both the first syringe  620  and the patient access subassembly  610 . The first valve  650  can have a second configuration in which the first valve  650  allows fluid communication between the first syringe  620  and an interior region of the second valve  660 , but fluidically isolates the patient access subassembly  610  from both the first syringe  620  and the interior region of the second valve  660 . The first valve  650  can have a third configuration in which the first valve  650  allows fluid communication between the patient access subassembly  610  and the interior region of the second valve  660 , but fluidically isolates the first syringe  620  from both the patient access subassembly  610  and the interior region of the second valve  660 . 
     In some embodiments, the second syringe  630  can be coupled to the second valve  660  such that the second syringe  630  can be in selective fluid communication with the first syringe  620  via the second valve  660  and the first valve  650  and with the first tubing  604  via the second valve  760 . For example, the second valve  660  can include a junction of three fluid lines, and can fluidically isolate one of the three fluid lines while allowing fluid flow between the other two lines. The second valve  660  can include a lever  661  that can be rotated to transition the second valve  660  between various valve configurations. The lever  661  can be configured to extend in the direction of the fluid line that is isolated. Therefore, for example, the second valve  660  can have a first configuration in which the second valve  660  allows fluid communication between an interior region of the first valve  650  and the second syringe  630 , but fluidically isolates the first tube  604  from both the second syringe  630  and the interior region of the first valve  650 . The second valve  660  can have a second configuration in which the second valve  660  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the first valve  650  and the first tube  604 , but fluidically isolates the second syringe  630  from both the interior region of the first valve  650  and the first tube  604 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the system  600  can also include a filter subassembly  690  including a second tube  605 A, a third tube  605 B, a fourth tube  605 C, and a filter  691 , which are shown and described in more detail with respect to  FIG. 19 . In some embodiments, filter  691  can be a drip chamber. The system  600  can also include a second fluid bag  640 . The second fluid bag  640  can include, for example, saline (e.g., 0.9% Sodium Chloride). In some embodiments, the second fluid bag  640  can be, for example, a 100 mL bag. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , the system  600  can also include a patient access subassembly  610 . The patient access subassembly  610  can include a patient access port  612 , access tubing  616 , and a third connector  614 . The patient access port  612  can include any suitable element configured to provide access to a patient&#39;s vasculature system. For example, the patient access subassembly  610  can include a needle, such as, for example, a Huber needle. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  610  can include a connector configured to couple to a port previously coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature system. The third connector  614  of the patient access subassembly  610  can be coupled to the first valve  650  (as shown in  FIG. 6 ) such that the patient access subassembly  610  can be in fluid communication with the first valve  650 . In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  610  can be 19 G×1.5″ or larger needle. 
       FIG. 9  shows a top view of the mixing assembly  601  in a partially assembled configuration prior to attachment to the patient access subassembly  610 . As shown, both the first valve  650  and the second valve  660  can be arranged such that the first connector  622  and the second connector  632  are fluidically isolated. The lever  651  of the first valve  650  and the lever  651  of the second valve  660  are both directed toward the first connector  622  and the second connector  632 , respectively, signifying that fluid flow is isolated along those flow lines. Furthermore, the first selective flow inhibitor  606  can be slid near or adjacent to the first fluid bag  642  and transitioned to the closed position such that flow is inhibited within the first tube  604  at the location of the first selective flow inhibitor  606 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 10 , with the third selective flow inhibitor  618  in the closed configuration to prevent the flow of fluid through the access tubing  616 , the needleless connection port of the first valve  650  can be coupled to the third connector  614 . In some embodiments, the third connector  614  can be swapped with alcohol prior to the coupling of the third connector  614  to the first valve  650 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 11 , the first syringe  620  can be coupled to the first connector  622  and the second syringe  630  can be coupled to the second connector  632 . In some embodiments, an isopropyl alcohol pad can be used to swab the first connector  622  and the second connector  632  prior to coupling the first connector  622  and the second connector  632  to the first syringe  620  and the second syringe  630 , respectively. The lever  651  of the first valve  650  and the lever  661  of the second valve  660  can then be rotated such that the first lever  651  is directed toward the second valve  660  and the second lever  661  is direct toward the first tube  604 . Thus, the first valve  650  can fluidically isolate the first syringe  620  and the patient access subassembly  610  from the second valve  660 , and the second valve  660  can fluidically isolate the second syringe  630  and the first valve  650  from the first tube  604 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , with the patient access port  612  coupled to a patient&#39;s blood vessel, the third selective flow inhibitor  618  can be opened to allow blood flow through the access tubing  616 . Blood can then be drawn from the patient, through the patient access subassembly  610 , through the first valve  650 , and into the syringe barrel  623 . For example, the plunger  625  can be pulled as shown in  FIG. 12  to draw the blood into the syringe barrel  623 . The blood can combine with the anticoagulant in the syringe barrel  623  to form a first substance. 
     As shown in  FIG. 13 , the patient access subassembly  610  can then be separated from the first valve  650 . First, the lever  651  of the first valve  650  can be rotated to be directed toward the third connector  614  such that the third connector  614  and the access tubing  616  are fluidically isolated from the first syringe  620  and the second valve  660 . The third selective flow inhibitor  618  can be closed to prevent fluid flow through the access tubing  616 . Then, the third connector  614  can be decoupled from the first valve  650 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 14 , the first substance in the syringe barrel  623  of the first syringe  620  can be transferred to the syringe barrel  633  of the second syringe  630  via translating (e.g., pushing) the plunger  625  relative to the syringe barrel  623  such that the first substance is transferred through the first valve  650 , through the second valve  660 , and into the second syringe  630 . In some embodiments, the plunger  635  of the second syringe  630  can be translated (e.g., pulled) simultaneously while the plunger  625  of the first syringe  620  is pushed to assist in transferring the first substance. In some embodiments, the first substance can be transferred to the second syringe  630  at a flow rate sufficiently low to avoid stress to red blood cells (e.g., shear stress and hemolysis) within the first substance (e.g., stress caused by pushing on the plunger  625  too forcefully). For example, the first substance can be transferred to the second syringe  630  at a flow rate ranging from about 0.2 mL per second to about 1 mL per second. In some embodiments, the first substance can be transferred to the second syringe  630  at a flow rate of about 0.5 mL per second. When the first substance is in the second syringe  630 , the first substance can combine with the medicament to form a second substance. 
     As shown in  FIG. 15 , the second substance in the syringe barrel  633  of the second syringe  630  can be transferred to the syringe barrel  623  of the first syringe  620  via translating (e.g., pushing) the plunger  635  relative to the syringe barrel  633  such that the second substance is transferred through the second valve  660 , through the first valve  650 , and into the first syringe  620 . In some embodiments, the plunger  625  of the first syringe  620  can be translated (e.g., pulled) simultaneously while the plunger  635  of the second syringe  630  is pushed to assist in transferring the second substance. In some embodiments, the second substance can be transferred to the first syringe  620  at a flow rate sufficiently low to avoid stress to red blood cells within the second substance (e.g., stress caused by pushing on the plunger  635  too forcefully). For example, the second substance can be transferred to the first syringe  620  at a flow rate ranging from about 0.2 mL per second to about 1 mL per second. In some embodiments, the second substance can be transferred to the first syringe  620  at a flow rate of about 0.5 mL per second. 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , the lever  661  of the second valve  660  can be rotated to extend toward the second syringe  630  such that the second syringe  630  is fluidically isolated from the second valve  660 . The second syringe  630  can then be decoupled from the second connector  632 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , the first selective flow inhibitor  606  can be transitioned to an open configuration such that fluid can flow through the first tube  604  into the first fluid bag  642 . Then, the second substance in the first syringe  620  can be transferred to the first fluid bag  642  via the first tube  604  via translating (e.g., pushing) the plunger  625  of the first syringe  620  such that the second substance is forced out of the first syringe  620 , through the first valve  650 , the second valve  660 , and the first fluid tube  604  into the first fluid bag  642 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , the first selective flow inhibitor  606  can be transitioned to the closed configuration such that the third substance in the first fluid bag  642  is prevented from flowing out of the first fluid bag  642  via the first tube  604 . 
       FIG. 19  shows a portion of the system  600  in a configuration in which the system  600  is ready for infusion. As shown, the third tube  605 B of the filter subassembly  690  can be fluidically coupled to the second fluid bag  642  via a needle on a first end of the third tube  605 B. With a second selective flow inhibitor  608 A disposed on the second tube  605 C closed to prevent fluid flow through the second tube  605 A, the filter subassembly  690  can be primed with saline from the second fluid bag  640 . A fourth selective flow inhibitor  608 B on the third tubing  605 B can then be closed. With the first selective flow inhibitor  618  in a closed configuration on the access tubing  616  and the patient access subassembly  610  still fluidically coupled to the blood vessel of the patient, the fourth tube  605 C of the filter subassembly  690  can then be coupled to the third connector  614  of the patient access subassembly  610 . The first selective flow inhibitor  618  can then be opened such that the patient access subassembly  610  can be primed. 
     The second tube  605 A of the filter subsassembly  690  can then be fluidically coupled to the first fluid bag  642  via a needle on a first end of the second tube  605 A. The third selective flow inhibitor  608 A can then be opened to allow the second substance to travel through the second tube  605 A, through the filter  691 , through the fourth tube  605 C, and through the patient access subassembly  610  into the patient. In some embodiments, a pump can be used to transfer the second substance from the first fluid bag  642  to the patient via the patient access subassembly  610 . In some embodiments, the second substance can be transferred at a rate of 3 mL/minute for the first 15 minutes of infusion and then increased by 1 mL/minute every 10 minutes for the remainder of the infusion. 
     When the first fluid bag  642  is empty (i.e., almost all or all of the second substance has been transferred through the second tube  608 A), the first fluid bag can be moved to a position lower than the filter  691 . The fourth selective flow inhibitor  618  can then be opened to allow a volume of saline (e.g., about 25 mL) to travel from the second fluid bag  640 , through the third tubing  605 B, through the second tube  605 A, and into the first fluid bag  642  to combine with any remaining second substance in the first fluid bag  642 . The fourth selective flow inhibitor  618  can then be closed on the third tubing  605 B. The first fluid bag  642  can then be raised above the filter  691  such that the second substance and saline combination in the first fluid bag  642  can be transferred to the patient (e.g., at the highest fluid rate used during the initial transfer of the second substance). Once the first fluid bag  642  is empty, the third selective flow inhibitor  608 A can be closed to clamp off the second tube  605 A and the fourth selective flow inhibitor  608 B can be opened to allow saline from the second fluid bag  640  to flush filter subassembly  690  and the patient access subassembly  610  until the tubing of the filter subassembly  690  and patient access subassembly  610  are clear (i.e., the saline has pushed the second substance and saline combination through the tubing of the filter subassembly  690  and the patient access subassembly  610 ). 
     Thus, the system  600  can function as a closed loop system in which fluid can flow away from the patient access subassembly  610  via the assembly  640  and return to the patient access subassembly  610  via the second tube  605 A, the filter  691 , and the fourth tube  605 C. 
       FIG. 20  is a top view of a system  700  in an assembled configuration. The system  700  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to any of the systems described herein, such as the system  100  or the system  200 . Unless explicitly noted otherwise, similarly named and referenced components can be structurally and/or functionally similar to those described above with reference to, for example,  FIGS. 1 and 2 . In some embodiments, the system  700  is useful for drawing cells (e.g., packed red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets) from a patient, combining medicament with the cells of the patient ex vivo, and infusing the combined cells and medicament into the patient&#39;s bloodstream. The system  700  includes a patient access subassembly  710 , a first syringe  720  defining a first fluid reservoir, a second syringe  730  defining a second fluid reservoir, a third syringe  780  defining a third fluid reservoir, and an assembly  740 . The assembly  740  includes a first valve  750 , a second valve  760 , and a third valve  770 . In some embodiments, the assembly  740  can include a  3 -gang valve manifold. Each valve of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  includes a valve lever to control the flow of fluid through the valve. The direction of extension of the valve lever can indicate the direction of the fluid line that is isolated or “off” The first syringe  720  can be coupled to the first valve  750  via a first connector  722  and the second syringe  730  can be coupled to the second valve  760  via a second connector  732 . The first valve  750  can be engaged with the third valve  770  and the second valve  760  such that the first valve  750  can be in fluidic communication with the third valve  770  and the second valve  760 . The third syringe  780  can be coupled to the third valve  770  via a third connector  782 . In some embodiments, the third syringe  780  can be separate from the assembly  740  during a portion of the use of the system  700 . The first connector  732 , the second connector  722 , and/or the third connector  782  can be needleless connectors (also referred to as needle free connectors). For example, the first connector  732 , the second connector  722 , and/or the third connector  782  can be an ICU Medical MC100 MicroClave Neutral Connector. The system  700  also includes a first tube  702 , a second tube  704 A, a third tube  704 B, and a filter  790 , the second tube  704 A coupled to the second valve  760  and the filter  790 , the third tube  704 B coupled to the patient access subassembly  710  and the filter  790 . In some embodiments, the filter  790  can be, for example, a 150 micron filter. In some embodiments, the filter  790  can be a 170 micron filter to a 260 micron filter. 
     In an example use scenario, the second fluid reservoir  730  can include medicament, such as 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol nitric oxide, and/or ozone. The system  700  can be attached to a patient via the patient access subassembly  710 . A volume of blood of the patient can be drawn through the patient access subassembly  710 , through the first tube  702 , through the assembly  740 , and into the first fluid reservoir  720 . A portion of the volume of blood drawn can be transferred to the second fluid reservoir  730  via the assembly  740  such that the portion combines with the medicament in the second fluid reservoir  730  to form a first combined substance. The first combined substance can then be returned to the first fluid reservoir  720  via the assembly  740  to combine with the remaining blood in the first fluid reservoir  720  to form a second combined substance. The second combined substance can then be pushed through the assembly  740 , through the second tube  704 A, through the filter  790 , through the third tube  704 B, and through the patient access subassembly  710  such that the second combined substance flows into the bloodstream of the patient. 
     The patient access subassembly  710  can include a patient access port  712 , access tubing  716 , and a connector  714 . The patient access port  712  can include any suitable element configured to provide access to a patient&#39;s vasculature system. For example, the patient access subassembly  710  can include a needle, such as, for example, a Huber needle. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  710  can include a connector configured to couple to a port previously coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature system. The connector  714  of the patient access subassembly  710  can be coupled to the third valve  770  via the first tube  702  such that the patient access subassembly  710  can be in fluid communication with the third valve  770  via a first fluid route. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  710  includes the first tube  702 . The connector  714  can be coupled to the second valve  760  via a second fluid route including the second tube  704 A, the third tube  704 B, and the filter  790  such that the patient access subassembly  710  can be in fluid communication with the second valve  760  via the second fluid route. Thus, the system  700  can function as a closed loop system in which fluid can flow away from the patient access subassembly  710  via the first tube  702  and return to the patient access subassembly  710  via the second tube  704 A, the filter  790 , and the third tube  704 B. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  710  can be 19 G×0.75″ or 19 G×1″. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  710  can be a BARD EZ Huber SHQ19-75YS or 100YS. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  710  can include a needle having a needle length depending on a size of a patient (e.g., a needle length of 1″, 1.25″, or 1.5″). 
     Each of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  can be configured to transition between two or more configurations, each configuration corresponding to a different available flow path through the assembly  740 . Each of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  can include any suitable valve mechanism, such as, for example, a manual valve mechanism, a solenoid-actuated valve mechanism, a motor-operated valve mechanism, a hydraulic valve mechanism, and/or a pneumatic valve mechanism. For example, each of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  can include a three-way stopcock. Each of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  can define or include an interior region such that fluid can travel through the interior region. The first syringe  720  can be coupled to the first valve  750  such that the first syringe  720  can be in selective fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  710  via the third valve  770  and the first valve  750 , the second syringe  730  via the first valve  750  and the second valve  760 , or the second tube  704  via the first valve  750  and the second valve  760 . For example, the first valve  750  can have a first configuration in which the first valve  750  allows fluid communication between an interior region of the third valve  770  and the first syringe  720 , but fluidically isolates the second valve  760  from both the first syringe  720  and the interior region of the third valve  770 . The first valve  750  can have a second configuration in which the first valve  750  allows fluid communication between the first syringe  720  and an interior region of the second valve  760 , but fluidically isolates the third valve  770  from both the first syringe  720  and the interior region of the second valve  760 . The first valve  750  can have a third configuration in which the first valve  750  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the third valve  770  and the interior region of the second valve  760 , but fluidically isolates the first syringe  720  from both the interior region of the third valve  770  and the interior region of the second valve  760 . 
     In some embodiments, the second syringe  730  can be coupled to the second valve  760  such that the second syringe  730  can be in selective fluid communication with the first syringe  720  via the second valve  760  and the first valve  750  and with the patient access subassembly  710  via the second valve  760 . For example, the second valve  760  can have a first configuration in which the second valve  760  allows fluid communication between an interior region of the first valve  750  and the second syringe  730 , but fluidically isolates the second tube  704 A from both the second syringe  730  and the interior region of the first valve  750 . The second valve  760  can have a second configuration in which the second valve  760  allows fluid communication between the interior region of the first valve  750  and the second tube  704 A, but fluidically isolates the second syringe  730  from both the interior region of the first valve  750  and the second tube  704 A. 
     The third valve  770  can be coupled to the first valve  750  such that the patient access subassembly  710  and the third syringe  780  can each be in selective fluid communication with the first syringe  720  and/or the second tube  704 A via the third valve  770 . For example, the third valve  770  can have a first configuration in which the third valve  770  allows fluid communication between the first tube  702  and the interior region of the first valve  750 , but fluidically isolates the third syringe  780  (or a connector configured to be coupled to the third syringe  780 ) from both the first tube  702  and the interior region of the first valve  750 . The third valve  770  can have a second configuration in which the third valve  770  allows fluid communication between the third syringe  780  and the interior region of the first valve  750 , but fluidically isolates the first tube  702  from both the interior region of the first valve  750  and the third syringe  780 . 
     Thus, the assembly  740  can have a first assembly configuration in which the patient access subassembly  710  is in fluid communication with the first syringe  720  via the first tube  702 , a second assembly configuration in which the first syringe  720  is in fluid communication with the second syringe  730 , and a third assembly configuration in which the first syringe  720  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  710  via the second tube  704 A. In the first assembly configuration, the first valve  750  can be in the first configuration of the first valve  750  and the third valve  770  can be in the first configuration of the third valve  770  such that the first tube  702  and the first syringe  720  can be in fluid communication between the third valve  770  and the first valve  750 . In the first assembly configuration, the second valve  760  can be in either the first or second configuration of the second valve  760  because the second valve  760  is isolated from the flow path from the patient access subassembly  710 , through the first tube  702 , the third valve  770 , the first valve  750 , and into the first syringe  720 . 
     In the second assembly configuration, the first valve  750  can be in the second configuration of the first valve  750  and the second valve  760  can be in the first configuration of the second valve  760  such that the first fluid first reservoir  720  and the second syringe  730  are in fluid communication via the first valve  750  and the second valve  760 . The third valve  770  can be in either the first or second configuration of the third valve  770  because the third valve  770  is isolated from the flow path between the first syringe  720  and the second syringe  730  via the first valve  750  and the second valve  760 . 
     In the third assembly configuration, the first valve  750  can be in the third configuration of the first valve  750  and the second valve  760  can be in the second configuration of the second valve  760  such that the first syringe  720  can be in fluid communication with the second tube  704 A. The third valve  770  can be in either the first or second configuration of the third valve  770  because the third valve  770  is isolated from the flow path between the first syringe  720  and the second tube  704 A via the first valve  750  and the second valve  760 . 
     In some embodiments, the assembly  740  can have a fourth assembly configuration in which the third syringe  780  is in fluid communication with the second tube  704 A. In the fourth assembly configuration, the first valve  750  can be in the third configuration of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760  can be in the second configuration of the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  can be in the second configuration of the third valve  770  such that the third syringe  780  is in fluid communication with the second tube  704 A (and the patient access subassembly  710 ) via the third valve  770 , the first valve  750 , and the second valve  760 . In the fourth assembly configuration, the flow path from the third syringe  780  to the second tube  704 A can be fluidically isolated from the first tube  702 , the first syringe  720 , and the second syringe  730 . 
     In some embodiments, the first syringe  720  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) an anti-coagulant, such as, for example, ACD-A, ACD-B, EDTA, or heparin. For example, the first syringe  720  can include about 1.5 mL of ACD-A anticoagulant. In some embodiments, the first syringe  720  can be prefilled with both an anti-coagulant and an antioxidant (e.g., vitamin C or N-acetylcysteine). In some embodiments, the second syringe  730  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) a medicament, such as, for example, 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol, a nitric oxide donor, a chemotherapy drug, and/or ozone. In some embodiments, the third syringe  780  can include (e.g., be prefilled with) saline or Ringer&#39;s lactate solution. In some embodiments, the first syringe  720  can have a volume of 20 mL, and the second syringe  730  can have a volume of 10 mL. In some embodiments, the second syringe  730  can have a volume of less than 10 mL, e.g., the second syringe  730  can have a volume of 3 mL when used with lower amounts of a medicament (e.g., 0.5-2 mg). In some embodiments, the second syringe  730  can be pre-filled with between 0.25 mL and 5 mL of medicament, containing between 0.5 and 4 mg of medicament, respectively. In some embodiments, the third syringe  780  can have a volume of 60 mL. 
     As shown in  FIG. 20 , the system  700  can include a number of selective flow inhibitors coupled to tubing of the system  700  such that the flow through the tubing can be temporarily inhibited. For example, a first selective flow inhibitor  718  can be disposed on the access tube  716 , a second selective flow inhibitor  706  can be disposed on the first tube  702 , and a third selective flow inhibitor  708  can be disposed on the third tube  704 B. Each of the first selective flow inhibitor  718 , the second selective flow inhibitor  706 , and the third selective flow inhibitor  708  can be, for example, tubing clamps or roller clamps. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 21-34 , the system  700  can be assembled from a kit of separate components.  FIGS. 21-23  show various views of the components of the system  700  prior to assembly. Specifically,  FIG. 21  shows a mixing assembly  707 , which is a subassembly of the system  700  including the assembly  740 , the first syringe  720 , the second syringe  730 , the second tube  704 A, the filter  790 , and the third tube  704 B. As shown, the third tube  704 B is coupled to the filter  790  at a first end and a coupler  705  at a second end. Additionally, the mixing assembly  707  includes the connector  782  coupled to the third valve  770  of the assembly  740 . As shown, in the pre-assembled configuration, each valve of the assembly  740  can be configured to isolate each valve from their respective connectors and/or syringes. Further, as described above, each valve of the assembly  770  includes a valve lever extending in the “off” direction of the respective valve, representing which flow path is closed with respect to the particular valve. Specifically, the first valve  750  is configured in the third configuration of the first valve  750  (e.g., with the lever of the first valve  750  directed toward the first connector  722 ) such that the first connector  722  and first syringe  720  are fluidically isolated from the assembly  740 . The second valve  760  is configured in the second configuration of the second valve  760  (e.g., with the lever of the second valve  760  directed toward the second connector  732 ) such that the second connector  732  and second syringe  730  are fluidically isolated from the assembly  740 . The third valve  770  is configured in the first configuration of the third valve  770  (e.g., with the lever of the third valve  770  directed toward the third connector  782 ) such that the third connector  782  is fluidically isolated from the assembly  740 . The assembly  740 , the second tube  704 A, the filter  790 , and the third tube  704 B can be primed with saline (e.g., 0.9% Sodium Chloride) prior to delivery to the user (e.g., by a pharmacy). Further, the third tube  704 B can be pinched closed by the third selective flow inhibitor  708 . In some embodiments, the mixing assembly  707  can be packaged (e.g., by a pharmacy) in a sterile pouch or container separate from other components of the system  700  prior to use. A user (e.g., a clinician, doctor, or nurse) can unpackage the mixing assembly  707  to assemble the system  700  for use. 
     Additionally, the third syringe  780  can be provided separately from the mixing assembly  707  and uncoupled from the connector  782 . Further, the first fluid reservoir  720  can be prefilled with a volume of anti-coagulant. The second fluid reservoir  730  can be prefilled with a volume of medicament. The third fluid reservoir  780  can be prefilled with a volume of saline. In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  780  can be included in the same sterile pouch or container as the other components of the mixing assembly  707 . In some embodiments, the third fluid reservoir  780  can be packaged separately (e.g., in another sterile pouch or container). 
     As shown in  FIG. 22 , the patient access subassembly  710  can also be provided independent from the mixing assembly  707 . The patient access subassembly  710  can be provided with an end cap  711  on the end of the first tube  702  opposite from the connector  714 . Furthermore,  FIG. 23  shows an access connector  771 , which can be provided with the other components of the system  700 . The access connector  771  can be a needleless connector (also referred to as a needle free connector) configured to be coupled to tubing or a fluid inlet/outlet. The access connector  771  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to the first connector  732 , the second connector  722 , and/or the third connector  782 . Additionally, the first selective flow inhibitor  718  and the second selective flow inhibitor  706  can each be in the closed position such that flow is inhibited through the access tube  716  and the first tube  702 , respectively. In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  710  can be packaged (e.g., by a pharmacy) in a sterile pouch or container separate from other components of the system  700  prior to use. A user (e.g., a clinician, doctor, or nurse) can unpackage the patient access subassembly  710  to assemble the system  700  for use. 
     As shown in  FIG. 24 , the end cap  711  of the patient access subassembly  710  can be removed and replaced with the access connector  771 . The access connector  771  can then be swabbed with an alcohol pad, which can be included in a kit with the other components of the system  700 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 25 , the access connector  771  can be coupled to the third valve  770  of the assembly  740  via, for example, removing a cap on a port of the third valve  770  and coupling the access connector  771  to the port. Additionally, the coupler  705  of the third tube  704 B can be coupled to the connector  714  via removing a cap on the coupler  705 , swabbing the coupler  705  with an alcohol pad, and coupling the coupler  705  to the connector  714 . The patient access subassembly  710  can be placed in fluid communication with a patient&#39;s vasculature via the patient access port  712  (e.g., via inserting a needle of the patient access port  712  through a patient&#39;s skin or via coupling the patient access port  712  to an existing port through a patient&#39;s skin (e.g., peripherally inserted central catheter)). In some embodiments, the patient access subassembly  710  can be placed in fluid communication with a patient&#39;s vasculature via the patient access port  712  prior to coupling the patient access subassembly  710  to the mixing assembly  707 . For example, a user (e.g., a clinician, doctor, or nurse) can couple the patient access port  712  to a patient&#39;s vasculature via, for example, a connector coupled to tubing already in place in the patient, and then verify that blood flows into the access tubing  716  and the first tube  702  prior to coupling the first tube  702  to the assembly  740  and the connector  714  to the coupler  705  on the end of the third tube  704 B. 
     As shown in  FIG. 26 , the assembly  740  can be arranged in the first assembly configuration such that the patient access subassembly  710  is in fluid communication with the first syringe  720  via the first tube  702 , the third valve  770 , and the first valve  750 . For example, the first valve  750  can be manipulated or toggled into the first configuration of the first valve  750  (e.g., the lever of the first valve  750  can be rotated such that the interior region of the first valve  750  is fluidically isolated from the interior region of the second valve  760  and such that the syringe  730  is in fluid communication with the patient access port  712 ). Next, the first selective flow inhibitor  718  and the second selective flow inhibitor  706  can each be transitioned to an open configuration such that fluid can flow through the access tube  716  and the first tube  702 , respectively. 
     Blood can then be drawn from the patient, through the patient access subassembly  710 , the first tube  702 , the third valve  770 , the first valve  750 , and into the first fluid reservoir  720  such that the blood combines with the anticoagulant within the first syringe  720  to form a first substance. For example, a plunger of the first syringe  720  can be translated relative to a barrel of the first syringe  720  to draw blood into the first syringe  720 . In some embodiments, 12 mL of blood can be drawn into the first syringe  720  to combine with the anticoagulant. For example, the 12 mL of blood can combine with 1.5 mL of anticoagulant previously drawn into the first fluid reservoir  720  such that the first fluid reservoir  720  contains 13.5 mL of the first substance. In some embodiments, between about 10 mL and about 14 mL of blood can be drawn into the first syringe  720  to combine with the anticoagulant. 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , the assembly  720  can then be transitioned to the second assembly configuration such that the first syringe  720  is in fluid communication with the second syringe  730 . For example, the first valve  750  and the second valve  760  can be manipulated or toggled such that the first valve  750  is in the second configuration of the first valve  750  and the second valve  760  is in the first configuration of the second valve  760  (e.g., the lever of the first valve  750  is directed toward the third valve  730  such that the interior region of the first valve is fluidically isolated from the interior region of the third valve  730  and the lever of the second valve  720  is directed toward the second tube  704 A such that the interior region of the second valve  720  is fluidically isolated from the second tube  704 A). Additionally, the first selective flow inhibitor  718  and the second selective flow inhibitor  706  can each be transitioned to a closed configuration such that fluid flow through the access tube  716  and the first tube  702 , respectively, is inhibited. 
     As shown in  FIG. 28 , a portion of the first substance can then be transferred from the first syringe  720  to the second syringe  730  such that the portion of the first substance combines with the medicament within the second syringe  730  to form a second substance. For example, the plunger of the first syringe  720  can be translated to expel the portion of the first substance from the first syringe  720  and push the first substance into the second syringe  730 . In some embodiments, a plunger of the second syringe  730  can be simultaneously translated relative to a barrel of the second syringe  730  to assist in drawing the first substance into the second syringe  730 . In some embodiments, the portion of the first substance transferred can be equal the volume of medicament in the second syringe  730 . For example, the second syringe  730  can contain 2 mL of medicament (e.g., a 4 mg dose of 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone, propofol nitric oxide, and/or ozone) prior to assembly of the system  700 , and 2 mL of the first substance can be transferred from the first syringe  720  to the second syringe  730  such that the second syringe  730  contains 4 mL of the second substance. Additionally, in some embodiments the first substance can be transferred from the first syringe  720  to the second syringe  730  at a flow rate sufficiently low to avoid stress to red blood cells (e.g., shear stress and hemolysis) within the first substance (e.g., stress caused by pushing on the plunger of the first syringe  720  too forcefully). For example, the first substance can be transferred to the second syringe  730  at a flow rate ranging from about 0.2 mL per second to about 1 mL per second. In some embodiments, the first substance can be transferred to the second syringe  730  at a flow rate of about 0.5 mL per second. 
     As shown in  FIG. 29 , while the assembly  740  remains in the second assembly configuration, the second substance can be transferred from the second syringe  730  to the first syringe  720  such that the second substance combines with the remaining portion of the first substance in the first syringe  720  to form a third substance. For example, the plunger of the second syringe  730  can be translated to expel the second substance from the second syringe  730  and push the second substance into the first syringe  720  via the second valve  760  and the first valve  750 . In some embodiments, the plunger of the first syringe  720  can be simultaneously translated to assist in drawing the second substance into the first syringe  720 . Additionally, in some embodiments the second substance can be transferred from the second syringe  730  to the first syringe  720  at a flow rate sufficiently low to avoid stress to red blood cells within the second substance (e.g., stress caused by pushing on the plunger of the second syringe  730  too forcefully). For example, the second substance can be transferred to the first syringe  720  at a flow rate ranging from about 0.2 mL per second to about 1 mL per second. In some embodiments, the second substance can be transferred to the first syringe  720  at a flow rate of about 0.5 mL per second. 
     In some embodiments, after the second substance is transferred from the second syringe  730  to the first syringe  720  to combine with the remaining portion of the first substance to form a third substance, the third substance can be allowed to remain in the first syringe  720  for a wait period having any suitable duration. For example, in some embodiments, the wait period may be at least about 2 minutes. In some embodiments, the wait period may be between about 2 minutes and about 4 minutes. Allowing the third substance to remain in the first syringe  720  for the wait period prior to infusing the third substance into the patient&#39;s vasculature can reduce the discomfort of the patient during infusion (e.g., due to nitric oxide in the third substance being absorbed into blood cells during the wait period). In some embodiments, during the wait period, the fluid line from the assembly  740  to the patient (e.g., the first tube  702 ) can be flushed. For example, a fourth syringe (not shown) containing saline can be fluidically coupled to the third valve  770 . The third valve  770  can be transitioned to a third configuration in which the third valve  770  allows fluid communication between the first tube  702  and the fourth syringe but fluidically isolates the fourth syringe from the interior region of the first valve  750 . The saline can then be delivered from the fourth syringe, through the first tube  702 , through the access tube  716 , through the patient access port  712 , and into the patient&#39;s vasculature such that blood can be flushed from the fluid path. The third valve  770  can then be transitioned to fluidically isolate the fourth syringe and/or the first tube  702  from the first valve  750  (e.g., to a closed position). The fourth syringe can then be detached from the third valve  770 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 30 , the assembly  740  can then be transitioned to the third assembly configuration such that the first syringe  720  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  710  via the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , the second tube  704 , the filter  790 , and the third tube  704 B. For example, the first valve  750  can remain in the second configuration of the first valve  750  and the second valve  760  can be manipulated or toggled such that the second valve  760  is in the second configuration of the second valve  760  (e.g., the lever of the second valve  760  can be rotated to point toward the second syringe  720  such that the second syringe  720  is fluidically isolated from the interior region of the second valve  760 ). Additionally, the first selective flow inhibitor  718  and the third selective flow inhibitor  708  can each be transitioned to an open configuration such that fluid can flow through the access tube  716  and the third tube  704 B, respectively. 
     As shown in  FIG. 31 , the third substance can then be transferred from the first syringe  720  to the patient&#39;s vasculature system via the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , the second tube  704 A, the filter  790 , the third tube  704 B, and the patient access subassembly  710 . In some embodiments, the third substance can be transferred from the first syringe  720  to the patient access subassembly  710  at a rate sufficiently low to avoid stress to red blood cells within the third substance. For example, the third substance can be transferred to the patient at a flow rate ranging from about 0.2 mL per second to about 1 mL per second. In some embodiments, the third substance can be transferred to the patient at a flow rate of about 0.5 mL per second. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , after transferring the third substance to the patient&#39;s vasculature, the first valve  750  can be rotated such that the lever points toward the first syringe  720  and the first syringe  720  is fluidically isolated from the interior region of the second valve  760  and the interior region of the third valve  770 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 33 , the third syringe  780  can be coupled to the third valve  770  via the third connector  782 . The assembly  740  can then be transitioned to the fourth assembly configuration such that the third syringe  780  is in fluid communication with the patient access subassembly  710  via the third valve  770 , the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the second tube  704 A. For example, with the first valve  750  in the third configuration of the first valve  750  and the second valve  760  in the second configuration of the second valve  760 , the third valve  770  can be manipulated or toggled such that the third valve  770  is in the second configuration of the third valve  770  (e.g., the lever of the third valve  770  is directed toward the first tube  702  such that the first valve  750  and the third syringe  780  are fluidically isolated from the first tube  702 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 34 , the contents of the third fluid reservoir  780  (i.e., saline) can then be transferred to the patient access subassembly  710  via the third valve  770 , the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , the second tube  704 A, the filter  790 , and the third tube  704 B such that the saline flushes out the fluid flow path of the third substance. In some embodiments, the contents of the third fluid reservoir  780  can be delivered at a rate of about 0.5 mL/s to the patient access subassembly  710  via the third valve  770 , the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , the second tube  704 A, the filter  790 , and the third tube  704 B. In some embodiments, an initial portion of the contents of the third fluid reservoir  780  can be delivered at a rate of 0.5 mL/s and the remaining portion of the contents of the third fluid reservoir  780  can be delivered at a rate higher than 0.5 mL/s. For example, the first 10-20 mL of the contents of the third fluid reservoir  780  can be delivered at a rate of 0.5 mL/s and the remaining contents of the third fluid reservoir  780  can be delivered at a rate higher than 0.5 mL/s. The system  700  can then be detached from the patient. 
     In some embodiments, rather than providing portions of the system  700  separately, the system  700  can be packaged in a sterile pouch or container in an assembled configuration. The second syringe  730  can be provided separately (e.g., also within the sterile pouch or separately from the sterile pouch). A practitioner, such as an infusion nurse, can open the sterile pouch at a patient&#39;s bedside, prime the system  700  with saline, and couple the second syringe  730  to the assembly  740  (e.g., prior to operation of the system  700 ). 
     Although not shown, the system  700  (and any of the embodiments described herein) can optionally include a partial deoxygenation device (not shown). For example, in some embodiments, the combination of blood with a medicament such as 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone or another hemoglobin-binding compound can promote an increase in autoxidation-producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are not completely neutralized by other antioxidants combined with the blood using the system  700 . Overoxidized red cells in the blood may lead to premature removal by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the body or hemolysis in the system  700 , both of which are undesirable. Thus, to avoid these undesirable outcomes, treated blood (e.g., blood mixed with 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) can be transferred through the partial deoxygenation device (e.g., in through an inlet of the partial deoxygenation device and out through an outlet of the partial deoxygenation device that can be the same or different from the inlet). The partial deoxygenation device can include a bag configured to receive treated blood. The bag can be coupled to the system  700  between, for example, the valve assembly  740  and the connector  714  of the patient access subassembly  710  such that blood that has been mixed with the contents of the second reservoir  730  can travel through the bag prior to being infused into the patient (e.g., pushed into the bag and then squeezed out of the bag to continue toward the patient). For example, the bag can be coupled between the filter  790  and the third tube  704 B or between the third tube  704 B and the patient access subassembly  710 . In some embodiments, the bag can be pre-filled with nitrogen. 
     In some embodiments, the bag can include an oxygen impermeable outer layer, an oxygen permeable inner layer, and an oxygen scrubber. The inner layer can be disposed inside the outer layer and can define a reservoir. The oxygen scrubber can be disposed between the inner layer and the outer layer and can include any suitable material capable of absorbing oxygen (e.g., oxygen sorbents such as iron powders with or without a catalyst such as palladium). In some embodiments, the bag (e.g., the reservoir defined by the inner layer) can be pre-filled with an analgesic and/or an anesthetic drug prior to use of the system  700  such that patient pain and/or discomfort associated with infusion can be attenuated. The analgesic can include, for example, morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, sufentanil, pethidine, and/or any other suitable analgesic. The anesthetic can include, for example, ropivacaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, cloroprocaine, and/or any other suitable anesthetic. In some embodiments, rather than the bag being a partial deoxygenation device, the bag can define a reservoir pre-filled with an analgesic and/or an anesthetic drug to be mixed with the treated blood prior to reinfusion. 
     In some embodiments, each of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  can include a visible indicator representing the intended order of actuation of the valves and/or an instruction associated with the intended operation of the system  700 . For example, each of the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770  can be formed by or include a different color or can be labeled with a different number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, etc.) or letter (e.g., A, B, C, etc.). 
     In some embodiments, a system can include a white blood cell filter upstream of the valve assembly. For example,  FIG. 35  is a top view of a system  800 . The system  800  can be similar in structure and/or function to any of the systems described herein, such as the system  700 . For example, each of the components of the system  800  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to corresponding components of the system  700 . 
     For example, the system  800  includes a patient access subassembly  810 , a first syringe  820 , a second syringe  830 , a third syringe  880 , and an assembly  840 . The patient access subassembly  810 , the first syringe  820 , the second syringe  830 , the third syringe  880 , and the assembly  840  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to the patient access subassembly  710 , the first syringe  720 , the second syringe  730 , the third syringe  780 , and the assembly  740 . Further, the assembly  840  can include a first valve  850 , a second valve  860 , and a third valve  870 . The first valve  850 , the second valve  860 , and the third valve  870  can be the same or similar to the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770 . The system can also include a first connector  832 , a second connector  822 , and a third connector  882  that can be the same and/or similar to the first connector  732 , the second connector  722 , and the third connector  782 . As shown in  FIG. 35 , the system  800  can also include a first tube  802  having a first tube portion  802 A and a second tube portion  802 B, a second tube  804 A, a third tube  804 B, and a filter  890 , the second tube  804 A coupled to the second valve  860  and the filter  890 , the third tube  804 B coupled to the patient access subassembly  810  and the filter  890 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 35 , a white blood cell filter  895  is disposed between the first tube portion  802 A of the first tube  802  and the second tube portion  802 B of the first tube  802 . The white blood cell filter  895  can filter white blood cells to prevent damage to red blood cells, which, in some embodiments, act as carriers for the in vivo delivery of medicament to the patient after the medicament is combined with the patient&#39;s blood ex vivo. Since white blood cells (also referred to as leukocytes) can elaborate or produce inflammatory molecules, the white blood cell filter  895  can be used to remove white blood cells from (e.g., leukoreduce) the fluid (e.g., blood) drawn from the patient via the patient access subassembly  810  by filtering out white blood cells to reduce potential oxidation and damage to the red blood cells. The white blood cell filter  895  can have any suitable pore size for filtering white blood cells from red blood cells For example, the pore size of the white blood cell filter  895  can range from 6-16 μm. Thus, white blood cells can be filtered from the flow of blood from the patient prior to being drawn into the first syringe  820  to prevent the white blood cells from oxidizing red blood cells. 
     In some embodiments, a fourth valve and a fourth syringe can be included in a mixing assembly. For example,  FIG. 36  is a top view of a system  900 . The system  900  can be similar in structure and/or function to any of the systems described herein, such as the system  700 . For example, each of the components of the system  900  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to corresponding components of the system  700 . 
     For example, the system  900  includes a patient access subassembly  910 , a first syringe  920 , a second syringe  930 , a third syringe  980 , and an assembly  940 . The patient access subassembly  910 , the first syringe  920 , the second syringe  930 , the third syringe  980 , and the assembly  940  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to the patient access subassembly  710 , the first syringe  720 , the second syringe  730 , the third syringe  780 , and the assembly  740 . Further, the assembly  940  can include a first valve  950 , a second valve  960 , and a third valve  970 . The first valve  950 , the second valve  960 , and the third valve  970  can be the same or similar to the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770 . The system can also include a first connector  932 , a second connector  922 , and a third connector  982  that can be the same and/or similar to the first connector  732 , the second connector  722 , and the third connector  782 . As shown in  FIG. 35 , the system  900  can also include a first tube  902  having a first tube portion  902 A and a second tube portion  902 B, a second tube  904 A, a third tube  904 B, and a filter  990 , the second tube  904 A coupled to the assembly  940  and the filter  990 , the third tube  904 B coupled to the patient access subassembly  910  and the filter  990 . 
     Similarly as described above with reference to  FIG. 35 , a white blood cell filter  995  can be optionally disposed between the first tube portion  902 A of the first tube  902  and the second tube portion  902 B of the first tube  902 . Thus, white blood cells can be filtered from the flow of blood from the patient prior to being drawn into the first syringe  920  to prevent the white blood cells from oxidizing red blood cells. 
     Further, the system  900  can include one or more additional sets of one or more valves, one or more connectors, and/or one or more syringes. As shown in  FIG. 36 , the assembly  940  includes a fourth valve  998  coupled to a fourth syringe  994  via a fourth connector  996 . In some embodiments, the fourth syringe  994  can be prefilled with and/or contain an antioxidant, such as, for example, vitamin C or N-acetylcysteine. Although the fourth valve  998  is shown as being coupled between the second valve  960  and the second tube  940 A, in some embodiments, the fourth valve  998  can be disposed in any suitable location relative to the other valves, such as between the first valve  950  and the second valve  960 . The fourth valve  998  and the fourth syringe  994  can be configured to draw a portion of the first substance or blood from the first syringe  920  into the fourth syringe  994  to combine with the antioxidant in the fourth syringe  994  and then to return the combination to the first syringe  920  similarly as described with respect to the second valve  760  and second syringe  730  above. 
     In some embodiments, one or more tubes used in any of the systems described herein can be tinted a color (e.g., green) such that clots can be more easily visualized by a user. Additionally, in some embodiments, a system, such as any of the systems described herein, can include a light assembly. In some embodiments multiple light sources, such as LEDs, can be placed near or adjacent the tubes of any of the systems described herein such that clots can be more easily visualized. For example, the multiple light sources can provide green light such that the clots appear as black. For example,  FIG. 37  is an illustration of a light assembly  1000 . The light assembly  1000  can be positioned near a portion of tubing of any of the systems described herein to assist in visualizing blood clots. The light assembly  1000  can project green light from a light source  1028  so that the blood clots appear to be black in color. In some embodiments, the light assembly can include a magnifying glass  1029  to assist the user in looking more closely at the contents of portions of tubing. Additionally, the light assembly  1000  can include a clip  1027  such that the light assembly  1000  can be securely attached to an object associated with an infusion system, such as, for example, a fluid bag pole. 
     In some embodiments, a kit can include a light assembly, such as the light assembly  1000  shown and described with respect to  FIG. 37 , and any of the systems disclosed herein. For example, a kit can include the light assembly  1000  and the system  700  shown and described above. 
     In some embodiments, as described above, a system can include a patient access subassembly having a connector configured to be coupled to a connector of a patient&#39;s intravascular tubing. The intravascular tubing may be fluidically coupled to a patient&#39;s vascular system prior to attachment to the system. For example, the intravascular tubing may be a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) and the connector of the intravascular tubing may be any suitable standard connector. For example,  FIG. 38  is a top view of a system  1100 . The system  1100  can be similar in structure and/or function to any of the systems described herein, such as the system  700 . For example, each of the components of the system  1100  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to corresponding components of the system  700 . 
     For example, the system  1100  includes a patient access subassembly  1110 , a first syringe  1120 , a second syringe  1130 , a third syringe (not shown), and an assembly  1140 . The patient access subassembly  1110 , the first syringe  1120 , the second syringe  1130 , the third syringe, and the assembly  1140  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to the patient access subassembly  710 , the first syringe  720 , the second syringe  730 , the third syringe  780 , and the assembly  740 . Further, the assembly  1140  can include a first valve  1150 , a second valve  1160 , and a third valve  1170 . The first valve  1150 , the second valve  1160 , and the third valve  1170  can be the same or similar to the first valve  750 , the second valve  760 , and the third valve  770 . The system can also include a first connector  1132 , a second connector  1122 , and a third connector  1182  that can be the same and/or similar to the first connector  732 , the second connector  722 , and the third connector  782 . As shown in  FIG. 35 , the system  1100  can also include a first tube  1102  included in the patient access subassembly  1110 , a second tube  1104 A, a third tube  1104 B, and a filter  1190 , the second tube  1104 A coupled to the second valve  1160  and the filter  1190 , the third tube  1104 B coupled to the patient access subassembly  1110  and the filter  1190 . 
       FIG. 38  is a top view of the patient access subassembly  1110  of the system  1100 . As shown, the patient access subassembly  1110  can be provided independent from the remainder of the system  1100 . The patient access subassembly  1110  can include a patient access port  1112 , access tubing  1116 , and a connector  1114 . The patient access port  1112  can include a connector configured to couple the access tubing  1116  to intravenous tubing previously coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature system (e.g., a PICC line). For example, as shown in  FIG. 38 , the patient access port  1112  can be coupled to a connector  1199  disposed on the end of intravenous tubing  1197  such that the system  1100  can be in fluid communication with the intravenous tubing  1197 . The connector  1114  of the patient access subassembly  1110  can be coupled to the third valve  1170  via the first tube  1102  such that the patient access subassembly  1110  can be in fluid communication with the third valve  1170  via a first fluid route. The connector  1114  can be coupled to the second valve  1160  via a second fluid route including the second tube  1104 A, the third tube  1104 B, and the filter  1190  such that the patient access subassembly  1110  can be in fluid communication with the second valve  1160  via the second fluid route. Thus, the system  1100  can function as a closed loop system in which fluid can flow away from the patient access subassembly  1110  via the first tube  1102  and return to the patient access subassembly  1110  via the second tube  1104 A, the filter  1190 , and the third tube  1104 B. The patient access subassembly  1110  can be provided with an end cap  1111  on the end of the first tube  1102  opposite from the connector  1114 . The system  1100  can include any suitable number of selective flow inhibitors coupled to tubing of the system  1100  such that the flow through the tubing can be temporarily inhibited. For example, a selective flow inhibitor  1106  can be disposed on the first tube  1102  as shown in  FIG. 39 . Each of the selective flow inhibitors (e.g., the selective flow inhibitor  706 ), can be, for example, tubing clamps or roller clamps. 
     In some embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 40 , a system, such as any of the systems described herein, can be prepared for assembly and/or partially assembled at a pharmacy prior to delivery to a user. For example, a user (e.g., a clinician or pharmacist) may open one or more pouches under a laminar flow hood or in a similar sterile environment. The components of at least a portion of a system, such as a mixing assembly, can be distributed amongst the one or more pouches. The mixing assembly can be, for example, the same or similar as the mixing assembly  707  described above with respect to  FIG. 21 . In some embodiments, a first pouch may include a first tube (e.g., second tube  704 A) coupled in series to a filter (e.g., filter  790 ) coupled in series to a second tube (e.g., third tube  704 B) and a second pouch may include syringes, a valve manifold assembly (e.g., assembly  740 ), and/or injection caps (also referred to as connectors). The components of the mixing assembly can be individually wrapped within the second pouch. For example, the second pouch can include a first syringe (e.g., first syringe  720 ), a second syringe (e.g., second syringe  730 ), and a third syringe (e.g., third syringe  780 ). For example, the first syringe can be a 20 mL syringe, the second syringe can be a 10 mL syringe, and the third syringe can be a 60 mL syringe. Each of the syringes can be empty. The connectors can include a first connector (e.g., first connector  722 ), a second connector (e.g., second connector  732 ), and a third connector (e.g., third connector  782 ). 
     As shown at  1202 , each of the syringes may be prepared by being filled with an appropriate substance. The first syringe can be filled with a volume of anticoagulant such as any of the anticoagulants described herein (e.g., 1.5 mL of ACD-A). The second syringe can be filled with a volume of medicament such as any of the medicaments described herein (e.g., 2 mL of volume for a 4 mg dose of 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone). The third syringe can be filled with saline (e.g., 60 mL of saline). Each of the first syringe, the second syringe, and third syringe can then be capped and labeled. 
     As shown at  1204 , the first tube can then be coupled to the manifold assembly. In some embodiments, one end of the manifold assembly (e.g., the end including a third valve such as third valve  770 ) can have a male connector and the opposite end of the manifold assembly (e.g., the end including the second valve such as second valve  760 ) can have a female connector. The free end of the first tube (e.g., the end opposite the end coupled to the filter) can have a male connector such that the free end of the first tube is configured to be coupled to the side of the manifold assembly having a female connector. 
     The valves of the manifold assembly can each be disposed in a configuration allowing fluid flow through the manifold assembly from the first end to the second end (e.g., toggles of each of the valves can be directed away from syringe ports of the valves). The first connector, the second connector, and the third connector can be coupled to each of the first valve, the second valve, and the third valve, respectively. 
     As shown at  1206 , the mixing assembly can then be primed by flushing the manifold assembly, first tube, filter, and second tube. For example, a saline syringe can be coupled to the available end of the manifold assembly (opposite the end of the manifold assembly coupled to the first tube). In some embodiments, the saline syringe can be a pre-filled fourth syringe. In some embodiments, rather than using a fourth syringe for priming, the first syringe can be filled with saline (e.g., 20 mL of saline) and then used to deliver saline to the mixing assembly prior to being filled with anticoagulant. In some embodiments, the syringe used to deliver the priming saline can be coupled to the manifold assembly via another suitable connector. 
     After connecting a syringe containing saline to the end of the manifold assembly, the saline can be delivered from the syringe through a fluid line including a chamber of the manifold assembly (e.g., defined in part by the interior chambers of the valves of the manifold assembly), the first tube, the filter, and the second tube such that air is pushed out of an open end of the second tube. In some embodiments, a first portion of the saline (e.g., 10 mL) may be pushed through the fluid line and then the filter may be engaged (e.g., tapped or shaken) to encourage the release of any residual air from the filter. The remainder of the saline (e.g., the remaining 10 mL) may then be delivered through the fluid line (e.g., from the same syringe as the first portion of the saline or from a second saline syringe attached in place of the initial saline syringe). Having delivered the priming saline, the saline syringe can be decoupled from the manifold assembly. As shown at  1208 , the open end of the manifold assembly and the open end of the second tube can both be sealed (e.g., capped). Additionally, a selective flow inhibitor (e.g., third selective flow inhibitor  708 ) can be coupled to the second tube and closed. 
     The valves of the manifold assembly can be transitioned such that the syringe ports of the valves are fluidically isolated from one another and the first tube (e.g., the lever of each valve can be rotated  180  degrees to be directed toward the syringe ports). As shown at  1210 , the first syringe can be coupled to the first valve and the second syringe can be coupled to the second valve. The syringes can be coupled to the first valve and the second valve such that gradations on the syringe are visible to the user during operation of the system (e.g., facing upward relative to a patient surface or a bottom of the manifold assembly (e.g., the side opposite the side including valve levers). As shown at  1212 , the mixing assembly (e.g., the first syringe, second syringe, manifold assembly, first tube, filter, and second tube) can be disposed in a sterile container (e.g., bag or pouch) in an assembled configuration. As shown at  1214 , the third syringe can be disposed in the sterile container decoupled from the manifold assembly. The mixing assembly can then be delivered as a sterile kit to another user, such as a nurse, doctor, or clinician for connection to a patient&#39;s vasculature via a patient access subassembly. 
     Although not shown, in some embodiments, rather than including a first fluid line from the patient access subassembly to the valve assembly and a separate second fluid line from the valve assembly to the patient access subassembly, a system can include a single fluid line for transfer of fluid to and from the valve assembly. In some embodiments, one or more of the syringes can include a filter between the fluid reservoir of the syringe and the single fluid line to prevent unwanted particles from the syringe from entering the patient&#39;s vasculature. In some embodiments, for example, a system similar to system  700  can be configured such that fluid flows from a patient access subassembly similar to patient access subassembly  710  via a first tube similar to the first tube  702 . The system can then be configured and used such that, after the mixing procedure is performed by a mixing assembly similar (e.g., a mixing assembly including assembly  740 , the first syringe  720  and the second syringe  730 ), the combined blood and medicament substance can be return to the patient access subassembly via the first tube. In such systems, a filter can be included at the interface of one or more of the syringes and the assembly and/or along the fluid flow path through the first tube to filter, for example, sediment from the combined blood and medicament substance as the substance is returned to the patient via the patient access subassembly. A syringe including a saline solution can then be coupled to the assembly to flush the flow path similarly as described with respect to other systems herein. 
     In some embodiments, any of the systems described herein can include a timer. For example, the time can be a standard timer including a clip that can clip onto a portion of the system (e.g., an assembly or tubing line). In some embodiments, the timer can be used to ensure that the process of using the system does not exceed a predetermined time threshold (e.g., to reduce the risk of infection). In some embodiments, the predetermined time threshold can be, for example, four hours or less. In some embodiments, the predetermined time threshold can be determined based on standards set by, for example, the American Academy of Blood Banks (AABB). In some embodiments, when blood is drawn from the patient, the timer can be started. In some embodiments, the timer can be a count-down timer such that the timer activates an alarm or other indicator at or near the predetermined time threshold. In some embodiments, the time can be a count-up timer such that a user can monitor the time that has passed since the mixing and infusion procedure has begun. In some embodiments, the timer can be integrated into any of the systems described herein such that the timer can control the initiation or cessation of the process of drawing, treating, and infusing blood. For example, in some embodiments, the timer can control the opening and/or closing of one or more valves of a system such that, after a predetermined time threshold has passed since the timer has been started (e.g., a valve has been opened or the timer was manually started prior to blood draw), the timer causes one or more valves to close and infusion to cease. 
     In some embodiments, rather than drawing blood from a patient through a patient access subassembly, and into a first reservoir (e.g., via pulling on a plunger of a syringe defining the first reservoir), the patient&#39;s blood can be drawn and processed prior to being drawn into an assembly, such as any of the assemblies described herein. For example, the patient&#39;s blood can be drawn and processed prior to being combined with an anti-coagulant and/or a medicament (e.g., prior to being drawn into the first reservoir within the first syringe). Thus, rather than whole blood being combined with the anti-coagulant and/or medicament, individual cells (e.g., platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or tumor cells) can be isolated from other components of the patient&#39;s blood and combined with the anti-coagulant and/or medicament. Further, plasmapheresis (i.e., the separation of plasma from blood cells) and/or leukapheresis (i.e., the separation of white blood cells from other components of a blood sample) can be performed on the blood drawn from the patient prior to combining the resulting plasma or white blood cells, respectively, with the anti-coagulant and/or medicament. In some embodiments, a buffy coat (e.g., a concentrated leukocyte suspension) can be separated from the drawn blood and then combined with the anti-coagulant and/or medicament. For example, the patient&#39;s blood can be separated via a centrifuge such that only a portion of the patient&#39;s blood is combined with the anti-coagulant, combined with the medicament, and then returned to the patient. 
     For example, in some embodiments, blood can be drawn from a patient (e.g., via a syringe and/or via any of the patient access subassemblies described herein). The blood can then be separated into component blood parts via any standard procedure, such as via a centrifuge. One or more components of the blood (e.g., platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and/or tumor cells) can then be drawn into a first syringe of any of the systems described herein (e.g., the system  700 ) and combined with the anti-coagulant to form a first substance. For example, the component of the blood can be transferred from the centrifuge to a fluid bag or syringe, and then transferred to the first syringe. The remainder of the mixing and infusion procedure can then be performed via any of the methods described herein and/or using any of the systems described herein. For example, a portion of the first substance can then be transferred to a second syringe and combined with a medicament in the second syringe to form a second substance. The second substance can then be transferred to the first syringe and combined with the remainder of the first substance to form a third substance. The third substance can then be delivered to the patient. A third syringe can then be used to deliver, for example, saline or Ringer&#39;s lactate solution, to the patient via the same fluid route as the third substance was delivered. 
     In some embodiments, a closed system transfer device (CSTD) can be used in place of any of the connectors described herein. For example, a CSTD can be used in place of any of the needleless connectors described herein. The CSTD can be, for example, a CSTD manufactured by Equashield®, PhaSeal®, Chemoclave®, OnGuard®, or any other suitable CSTD. 
     In some embodiments, a system can include a double needle syringe. For example,  FIG. 41  is a schematic illustration of a system  1300 . The system  1300  includes a syringe  1340  (also referred to herein as a “double needle syringe”), a valve  1350 , a patient intravenous port  1312  (also referred to herein as a “patient access port”), and a blood filter  1390 . The blood filter  1390  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to any of the blood filters described herein. 
     The syringe  1340  includes a barrel  1341  and a plunger  1343 . The barrel  1341  and the plunger  1343  define a reservoir. The barrel  1341  can be transparent and can include indicator markings such that the volume of the reservoir can be visually observed by an operator of the system  1300 . The syringe  1340  also includes a fluid inlet  1345  and a fluid outlet  1346 . The fluid inlet  1345  can be coupled to the valve  1350  via a first tube  1302 . The fluid outlet  1346  can be coupled to the valve  1350  via a second tube  1304 A, the blood filter  1390 , and a third tube  1304 B. The fluid inlet  1345  can have any suitable shape and/or include any suitable connection components such that the first tube  1302  can be coupled to the fluid inlet  1345  and be in fluidic communication with the reservoir of the syringe  1340 . The fluid outlet  1346  can have any suitable shape and/or include any suitable connection components such that the second tube  1304 A can be coupled to the fluid outlet  1346  and be in fluidic communication with the reservoir of the syringe  1340 . The valve  1350  can be coupled to the patient intravenous port  1312  via a fourth tube  1316 . The patient intravenous port  1312  can be coupled to the patient via intravenous tubing  1397 . The first tube  1302 , the second tube  1304 A, the third tube  1304 B, the fourth tube  1316 , and/or the intravenous tubing  1397  can be transparent and flexible (e.g., standard intravenous tubing). 
     The patient intravenous port  1312  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to any of the patient access ports described herein, such as, for example, the patient access port  1112 . For example, the patient intravenous port  1312  can include a connector configured to fluidically couple the fourth tube  1316  to the intravenous tubing  1397 . The intravenous tubing  1397  can be coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature system (e.g., the intravenous tubing can be a PICC line) and can be coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature system prior to being coupled to the fourth tubing  1316  via the patient intravenous port  1312 . In some embodiments, the intravenous tubing  1397  can include a connector disposed on an end of the intravenous tubing  1397  that can be same or similar in structure and/or function to any of the connectors described herein, such as, for example, the connector  1199 . The intravenous tubing  1397  can be coupled to the patient intravenous port  1312  via the connector. 
     The reservoir inside of the barrel  1341  can be prefilled (e.g., in a pharmacy under sterile conditions). The reservoir can be prefilled, for example, with a medicament and an anticoagulant. The medicament can include any of the medicaments described herein, such as, for example, 2-Bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethenone. The anticoagulant can be any of the anticoagulants described herein, such as, for example, ACD-A. The volume of the medicament disposed within the reservoir of the syringe  1340  can be any suitable volume, such as any of the volumes described herein (e.g., 2 mL). The volume of the anticoagulant disposed within the reservoir of the syringe  1340  can be any suitable volume, such as any of the volumes described herein (e.g., 1.5 mL). In some embodiments, the reservoir can be additionally or alternatively be prefilled with any suitable substance described herein. 
     The valve  1350  can be, for example, a three-way stopcock. The valve  1350  can be the same or similar in structure and/or function to any of the valves described herein. The valve  1350  can have a first configuration in which the first tube  1302  is in fluid communication with the fourth tube  1316  such that fluid can flow from the intravenous tubing  1397 , through the patient intravenous port  1312 , through the fourth tube  1316 , through the valve  1350 , through the first tube  1302 , through the fluid inlet  1345 , and into the reservoir of the syringe  1340 . In the first configuration of the valve  1350 , the third tube  1304 B can be fluidically isolated from the fourth tube  1316  such that fluid flowing from the fourth tube  1316 , through the valve  1350 , and into the first tube  1302  is not diverted into the third tube  1304 B. The valve  1350  can have a second configuration in which the third tube  1304 B is in fluid communication with the fourth tube  1316  such that fluid can flow from the reservoir of the syringe  1340 , through the second tube  1304 A, through the blood filter  1390 , through the third tube  1304 B, through the valve  1350 , through the fourth tube  1316 , through the patient intravenous port  1312 , through the intravenous tubing  1397 , and into the patient&#39;s vasculature. In the second configuration of the valve  1350 , the first tube  1302  can be fluidically isolated from the fourth tube  1316  such that fluid flowing from the third tube  1304 B, through the valve  1350 , and into the fourth tube  1316  is not diverted into the first tube  1302 . The valve  1350  can have a third configuration in which both the first tube  1302  and the third tube  1304 B are fluidically isolated from the fourth tube  1316 . The valve  1350  can be configured to be transitioned between the first configuration, the second configuration, and the third configuration via manual manipulation (e.g., via a rotation of a lever of the valve  1350 ). 
     To prepare the system  1300 , the reservoir of the syringe  1340  can be filled with medicament and anticoagulant. The valve  1350  can be arranged in the third configuration such that the medicament and anticoagulant are isolated from the fourth tube  1316 . In use, the patient intravenous tubing  1397  can be coupled to the intravenous tubing such that the fourth tube  1316  is in fluid communication with the intravenous tubing  1397 . The valve  1350  can then be transitioned from the third configuration to the first configuration such that the fourth tube  1316  is in fluid communication with the first tube  1302 . The plunger  1343  can be drawn away from the fluid inlet  1345  such that blood is drawn from the patient&#39;s vasculature, through the fourth tube  1316 , through the valve  1350 , through the first tube  1302 , through the fluid inlet  1345 , and into the reservoir of the syringe  1340 . The blood can combine with the medicament and the anticoagulant within the reservoir to form a combined substance. The valve  1350  can then be transitioned to the second configuration such that the third tube  1304 B is in fluid communication with the fourth tube  1316 . The plunger  1343  can then be pushed toward the fluid outlet  1346  such that the combined substance is expelled from the reservoir through the fluid outlet, through the second tube  1304 A, through the blood filter  1390 , through the third tube  1304 B, through the valve  1350 , through the fourth tube  1316 , through the patient intravenous port  1312 , through the intravenous tubing  1397 , and into the patient&#39;s vasculature. The fluid flow rate from the reservoir can be the same or similar to the fluid flow rate from any of the reservoirs described herein. 
     In some embodiments, rather than including a valve  1350 , the system  1300  can include Y-type tubing (e.g., tubing in the shape of a “Y”) and any suitable number of clamps. For example, the tubing can include a distal tubing portion, a first proximal tubing portion, and a second proximal tubing portion. The tubing portions can be integrally formed or connected via connectors (e.g., a Y-connector). Each of the distal tubing portion, the first proximal tubing portion, and the second proximal tubing portion can be in fluid communication with one another. The first proximal tubing portion can be coupled to the fluid inlet  1345  of the syringe  1340  and the second proximal tubing portion can be coupled to the fluid outlet  1346  of the syringe  1340 . A first clamp can be disposed on the first proximal tubing portion and a second clamp can be disposed on the second proximal tubing portion. Each of the first clamp and the second clamp can be transitioned between open and closed configurations. The first clamp can allow fluid to flow through the first proximal tubing portion in an open configuration and can prevent fluid to flow through the first proximal tubing portion in a closed configuration (e.g., by clamping the sidewalls of the first proximal tubing portion closed). The second clamp can allow fluid to flow through the second proximal tubing portion in an open configuration and can prevent fluid to flow through the second proximal tubing portion in a closed configuration (e.g., by clamping the sidewalls of the second proximal tubing portion closed). In some embodiments, the second proximal tubing portion can be coupled to the fluid outlet  1346  via a blood filter such as the blood filter  1390 . In some embodiments, the second proximal tubing portion can be coupled to a Y-connector connecting the first proximal tubing portion, the distal tubing portion, and the second proximal tubing portion via a blood filter such as the blood filter  1390 . In some embodiments, the blood filter is a 22 micron in-line filter. 
     In use, the patient intravenous tubing  1397  can be coupled to the intravenous tubing  1397  with the first clamp closed and the second clamp closed such that both the fluid inlet  1345  and the fluid outlet  1346  are fluidically isolated from the distal tubing portion and the intravenous tubing  1397 . The first clamp can then be opened such that the distal tubing portion is in fluid communication with the fluid inlet  1345  via the first proximal tubing portion. With the second clamp closed to obstruct the fluid path through the second proximal tubing portion, the plunger  1343  can be drawn away from the fluid inlet  1345  such that blood is drawn from the patient&#39;s vasculature, through the intravenous tubing  1397 , through the distal tubing portion, through the first proximal tubing portion, and into the reservoir of the syringe  1340 . The blood can combine with the medicament and the anticoagulant within the reservoir to form a combined substance. The first clamp can then be closed and the second clamp opened such that the fluid path through the first proximal tubing portion is obstructed and fluid can flow through the second proximal tubing portion. The plunger  1343  can then be pushed toward the fluid outlet  1346  such that the combined substance is expelled from the reservoir through the fluid outlet  1346 , through the second proximal tubing portion, through the optional blood filter, through the distal tubing portion, through the intravenous tubing  1397 , and into the patient&#39;s vasculature. The fluid flow rate from the reservoir can be the same or similar to the fluid flow rate from any of the reservoirs described herein. 
     In some embodiments, rather than using a syringe having an inlet and a separate outlet, a system can include a syringe having an opening that can be used as an inlet and an outlet. The syringe can be coupled to a fluid path (e.g., any suitable tubes and connectors) that is configured to be coupled to the vasculature of a patient via a fluid access port or a needle. The fluid path can include a filter device having a filter that can be transitioned (e.g., rotated, slid, shifted, or otherwise moved) in and out of the fluid path. In some embodiments, the filter can be a 22 micron in-line filter. In some embodiments, the filter can be any of the filters (e.g., blood filters) described herein. The filter device can have a first open end and a second open end. In a first configuration of the filter device, the filter can be positioned so as not to obstruct the flow of fluid from the first open end to the second open end such that fluid can flow freely through the filter device without traveling through the filter. In a second configuration of the filter device, the filter can be moved into a position in which the filter obstructs the flow from the first open end to the second open end such that fluid traveling through the filter device must pass through the filter. In some embodiments, the filter can be snapped into place in the second configuration (e.g., via applying pressure on an exterior of the filter device to move the filter). The syringe can be prefilled with anticoagulant and medicament similarly to the syringe  1340  described above. In use, with the filter device in the first configuration, a plunger of the syringe can be pulled to draw blood from a patient, through the filter device, and into a reservoir of the syringe. The fluid line from the patient to the syringe can be flushed with saline. After the blood has mixed with the anticoagulant and medicament to form a combined substance, the filter device can be transitioned to the second configuration. The plunger of the syringe can then be pressed to push the combined substance out of the reservoir, through the filter of the filter device, and back into the patient&#39;s vasculature. 
     In some embodiments, rather than being manually operated, a system can be automated or semi-automated. For example, as shown in  FIGS. 42 and 43 , which are perspective views of a system  1400 , the system  1400  includes a base  1485 , a support  1493 , and a display screen  1489 . The support  1493  extends above the base  1485 . A set of fluid bags can be hung from the support  1493 . The set of fluid bags can include a first fluid bag  1420 , a second fluid bag  1480 , and a third fluid bag  1430 . As shown in  FIG. 42 , in some embodiments, the first fluid bag  1420 , the second fluid bag  1480 , and the third fluid bag  1430  can be hung from a set of scales  1493  configured to measure the weight of each of the first fluid bag  1420 , the second fluid bag  1480 , and the third fluid bag  1430  during operation of the system  1400 . 
     The first fluid bag  1420  can include anticoagulant, the second fluid bag  1480  can include saline, and the third fluid bag  1430  can include medicament. The anticoagulant can include any suitable anticoagulant, such as any of the anticoagulants described herein (e.g., ACD-A). The medicament can include any suitable medicament, such as any of the medicaments described herein. 
     The base  1485  can include an air detector  1492 A, a clamp  1492 B, a cassette/pumping assembly  1487 , and a mixing module  1481 . Although not shown in  FIGS. 42 and 43 , the first fluid bag  1420 , the second fluid bag  1480 , and the third fluid bag  1430  can each be coupled to the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  via fluid lines (e.g., fluid tubes and connectors). Additionally, the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can be coupled to a patient&#39;s vasculature via a fluid line (e.g., fluid tubes and connectors). The air detector  1492 A can be fluidically coupled to the fluid line coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature and configured to monitor the fluid line for air during infusion through the fluid line from the cassette/pumping assembly  1487 . The clamp  1492  can be coupled to the fluid line coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature and can be configured to transition from an open configuration to a closed configuration. In the open configuration of the clamp  1492 , fluid can travel through the fluid line. In the closed configuration of the clamp  1492 , the clamp  1492  can squeeze the fluid line (e.g., sidewalls of tubing of the fluid line) to obstruct flow through the fluid line. In an emergency, for example, the clamp  1492  can be transitioned from the open configuration to the closed configuration to fluidically isolate the patient&#39;s vasculature from the system  1400 . 
       FIGS. 44-46  are various schematic illustrations of the system  1400  in various stages of operation. As shown in  FIG. 44 , the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can include a first cassette  1487 A, a second cassette  1487 B, and a third cassette  1487 C. The mixing module  1481  can include a fourth fluid bag  1481 A. Each of the first cassette  1487 A, the second cassette  1487 B, and the third cassette  1487 C can include a cover (e.g., a transparent plastic cover) and a pump tube having a first end and a second end. Each of the first cassette  1487 A, the second cassette  1487 B, and the third cassette  1487 C can be configured to be engaged with a respective a rotor assembly and motor of the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  to form a peristaltic pump such that fluid flow through the pump tubes of the first cassette  1487 A, the second cassette  1487 B, and the third cassette  1487 C can be controlled by the respective rotor assembly and motor base. The system  1400  can include a control assembly including a processor (e.g., a microprocessor) and a memory. Each of the motors of the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can be operated under the control of the processor such that the rate of fluid flow through each of the first cassette  1487 A, the second cassette  1487 B, and the third cassette  1487 C can be controlled by operating the speed of each of the respective motors. 
     The first end of the pump tube of the first cassette  1487 A can be configured to be fluidically coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature via a fluid line (e.g., including one or more tubes and connectors). For example, the fluid line can include a tube coupled to an existing intravenous port of the patient. The second end of the pump tube of the first cassette  1487 A can be configured to be fluidically coupled to the fourth fluid bag  1481 A of the mixing module  1481  via one or more tubes and connectors. 
     The first end of the pump tube of the second cassette  1487 B can be configured to be fluidically coupled to the first fluid bag  1420  via a fluid line (e.g., a tube having a spike to spike the first fluid bag  1420 ). The fluid line can include an anti-microbial filter. The second end of the pump tube of the second cassette  1487 B can be configured to be fluidically coupled to the fluid line from the patient to the first cassette  1487 A. 
     The first end of the pump tube of the third cassette  1487 C can be configured to be fluidically coupled to the third fluid bag  1430  via a fluid line (e.g., a tube having a spike to spike the third fluid bag  1430 ). The fluid line can include an anti-microbial filter. The second end of the pump tube of the third cassette  1487 C can be configured to be fluidically coupled to the fluid path from the first cassette  1487 A to the fourth fluid bag  1481 A. 
     As shown in  FIG. 44 , after the system  1400  has been coupled to a patient&#39;s vasculature (e.g., via being coupled to an existing port or via a needle coupled to the patient&#39;s vasculature), the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can operate the first cassette  1487 A to draw a predetermined volume of whole blood from the patient&#39;s vasculature and pump the whole blood into the fourth fluid bag  1481 A. The whole blood can be drawn at a predetermined rate (e.g., a rate selected by the operator). For example, the flow rate of the whole blood drawn into the system  1400  can be between about 20 mL/min and about 100 mL/min. In some embodiments, the flow rate of the whole blood during the drawing process can be adjusted by an operator of the system  1400  during the procedure. 
     The cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can operate the second cassette  1487 B to draw a predetermined volume of anticoagulant from the first fluid bag  1420  and pump the anticoagulant into the fluid line transporting the whole blood to the fourth fluid bag  1481 A by the first cassette  1481 A. The second cassette  1487 B can be operated by a rotor assembly and motor of the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  to pump anticoagulant into the fluid line coupled to the first cassette  1487 A at a first predetermined flow rate and the first cassette  1487 A can be configured to draw the mixture of whole blood and anticoagulant at a second predetermined flow rate such that the mixture of whole blood and anticoagulant in the fourth fluid bag  1481 A has a predetermined or target ratio of whole blood to anticoagulant (e.g., 10:1). The weight of the first fluid bag  1420  can be monitored via the scales of the set of scales  1493  from which the first fluid bag  1420  is suspended. 
     The cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can operate the third cassette  1487 C to draw a predetermined volume of medicament from the third fluid bag  1430  and add the medicament to the whole blood and anticoagulant transported to the fourth fluid bag  1481 A by the first cassette  1481 A. The weight of the third fluid bag  1480  can be monitored via the scales of the set of scales  1493  from which the third fluid bag  1480  is suspended. 
     The mixing module  1481  (shown in  FIGS. 42 and 43 ) can be configured to incubate and/or mix the anticoagulant, whole blood, and medicament within the fourth fluid bag  1481 A. The mixing module  1481  can be configured to operate for a predetermined amount of time. The mixing can be performed sufficiently gently to not cause hemolysis beyond a predefined threshold safety level. As shown in  FIG. 45 , while the contents of the fourth fluid bag  1481 A are being mixed, the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can provide saline from the second fluid bag  1480  to the patient&#39;s vasculature (e.g., to keep the patient&#39;s vein open). For example, a line from the second fluid bag  1480  can be unclamped such that saline can drip from the second fluid bag  1480  to the patient. The weight of the second fluid bag  1480  can be monitored via the scales of the set of scales  1493  from which the second fluid bag  1480  is suspended. 
     As shown in  FIG. 46 , after the contents of the fourth fluid bag  1481 A are sufficiently mixed, the cassette/pumping assembly  1487  can operate the first cassette  1487 A to draw the contents of the fourth fluid bag  1481 A from the fourth fluid bag  1481 A and pump the contents to the patient&#39;s vasculature at a controlled flow rate. The system  1400  can then be decoupled from the patient. 
     The first cassette  1487 A, the second cassette  1487 B, and the third cassette  1487 C can be disposable and replaceable (e.g., for each patient). Additionally, the first fluid bag  1420 , the second fluid bag  1480 , the third fluid bag  1430 , and the fourth fluid bag  1481 A can be disposable and replaceable (e.g., for each patient). 
     The system  1400  (e.g., the control assembly including the processor of the system  1400 ) can be configured to monitor a patient&#39;s draw pressure and infusion pressure (also referred to as “return pressure”) during the procedure to ensure the safety of the patient and patency of the access. If the draw pressure is below a predetermined pressure limit or outside of a predetermined pressure range, the system  1400  can alert the operator (e.g., via the display screen  1489 ). If the draw pressure is greater than a predetermined pressure limit or outside of a predetermined pressure range, the system  1400  can alert the operator (e.g., via the display screen  1489 ). During infusion, the air detector  1492 A can monitor the infusion line to prevent any air from being infused to the patient. 
     In some embodiments, the display screen  1489  can include a touch screen and/or user input buttons. The display screen  1489  can be configured to allow an operator of the system  1400  to control the operation (e.g., set or adjust flow rates through the first cassette  1487 A, the second cassette  1487 B, and/or the third cassette  1487 C), gather information on system status and operation status, and address error conditions. 
     In some embodiments, the system  1400  can be configured to draw about 125 mL of whole blood and combine the whole blood with a 50 mg dose of medicament (e.g., about 25 mL of medicament) in the fourth fluid bag  1481 A. In some embodiments, the system  1400  can be configured to draw a volume of whole blood and combine the whole blood with medicament in the fourth fluid bag  1481 A at a ratio of five to one. 
     In some embodiments, a method includes drawing fluid (e.g., containing whole blood or cells such as packed red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets) from a patient&#39;s vasculature into a first fluid reservoir. The method can be similar to any of the methods described herein and can be performed, for example, using any of the systems described herein. The fluid can combined with a first substance in the first fluid reservoir to form a second substance. The first substance can be, for example, an anticoagulant, such as any of the anticoagulants described herein. For example, in some embodiments, the first fluid reservoir can be prefilled with the first substance. In some embodiments, the first substance can be added to the first fluid reservoir after the fluid has been drawn or pumped into the first fluid reservoir. In some embodiments, the second substance can then be combined with a third substance to form a fourth substance. For example, in some embodiments, the second substance can be combined with the third substance in the first fluid reservoir by transferring the third substance to the first fluid reservoir. In some embodiments, rather than transferring the third substance to the first fluid reservoir, the second substance can be transferred to a second fluid reservoir prefilled with the third substance. The third substance can be, for example, a medicament, such as any of the medicaments described herein. The fourth substance can then be transferred to the patient&#39;s vasculature (e.g., via infusion through a patient access port). In some embodiments, prior to transferring the fourth substance to the patient&#39;s vasculature, the fourth substance can be allowed to remain in a fluid reservoir (e.g., the first fluid reservoir or the second fluid reservoir) for a duration of time (e.g., at least two minutes). 
     In some embodiments, only a portion of the second substance can be combined with the third substance to form the fourth substance (e.g., by transferring the portion of the second substance to a second fluid reservoir in which the third substance is prefilled or later introduced). The fourth substance can then be combined with the remainder of the second substance to form a fifth substance (e.g., by combining the fourth substance with the remained of the second substance in the first fluid reservoir, a second fluid reservoir, or a third fluid reservoir). The fifth substance can then be transferred to the patient&#39;s vasculature (e.g., via infusion through a patient access port). In some embodiments, the portion of the second substance has a first volume and the fifth substance has a second volume, the second volume being at least about two times the size of the first volume. In some embodiments, prior to transferring the fifth substance to the patient&#39;s vasculature, the fourth substance can be allowed to remain in a fluid reservoir for a duration of time (e.g., at least two minutes). 
     While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Where methods described above indicate certain events occurring in certain order, the ordering of certain events can be modified. Additionally, certain of the events can be performed concurrently in a parallel process when possible, as well as performed sequentially as described above. 
     Where schematics and/or embodiments described above indicate certain components arranged in certain orientations or positions, the arrangement of components can be modified. While the embodiments have been particularly shown and described, it will be understood that various changes in form and details can be made. Any portion of the apparatus and/or methods described herein can be combined in any combination, except mutually exclusive combinations. The embodiments described herein can include various combinations and/or sub-combinations of the functions, components, and/or features of the different embodiments described.