Patent Publication Number: US-2016244573-A1

Title: Blend having a styrene resin and polyphenylene ether

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to blends of polyphenylene ethers and styrene resins. More specifically, it relates to blends of polyphenylene ethers and styrene resins having improved appearance and qualities and a process and a system for preparing such blends. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Polyphenylene ether (PPE) is a high performance engineering thermoplastic material possessing relatively high melt viscosities and softening points. However, PPE has a high glass transition temperature (Tg) of about 215° C. and melting point of up to 262° C. and requires high processing temperatures (over 250° C.). At such high temperatures, the polymer is inherently unstable resulting in an increase in its melt viscosity and causing a variety of reactions. Due to this reason, PPE is usually processed by blending with other polymers, for example, various kinds of styrene resins such as polystyrene (PS). U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,435 is directed to improvement of melt processability of PPE by blending it with a styrene resin. The blends of PPE and styrene resins exhibit good high temperature performance and processability. These blends are used in various applications, for example, electrical/electronic appliances, business machines, various exterior materials, industrial articles and food packaging. 
     Conventional processes for preparing blends of PPE and styrene resin include melt blending PPE with one or more type of styrene resin in an extruder. The process involves feeding PPE, styrene resin and other additives to the extruder and melt-kneading them. A significant amount of energy is transferred into PPE to ensure that it completely melts. Medium and wide lobe kneading blocks are provided in the extruder that exposes the materials to very high shear rates. A combination of thermal convection from the heated extruder barrel along with shear, compression, and friction provided by the kneading blocks heats PPE above its melting point. As PPE is melting, its polymer chains are in close contact with each other and they begin to oxidize resulting in a decrease in the molecular weight of PPE. Continuation of the high thermal and shear stress causes the PPE to become darker in color eventually turning dark brown. It also affects the viscoelastic behavior of PPE and the quality and processability of the blend making it difficult to process in secondary operations such as injection and compression molding. Eventually, the PPE loses all viscoelastic properties and is charred. The blend obtained is dirty yellow to brown in color and the char creates a particulate contaminant suspended in the blend visible as dark spots in the product. 
     For many applications, especially in the electronics industry, it is desired that the PPE and styrene resin blend has satisfactory appearance so as to be suitable for use as large molded articles, for example, the housings of large television receivers, copiers, printers, and the like. Several solutions have been proposed to improve the appearance of PPE and styrene resin blends. 
     Usually, the blends are pigmented to hide contaminants and improve product appearance. Typical blends require up to 10 percent of titanium dioxide to mask the color of the blend that not only adds to the cost but also affects quality of the product. U.S. Pat. No. 3,639,334 is directed to improving the appearance of PPE-PS blend by adding one or more additives to the blend as stabilizers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,764 discloses addition of a diphosphite material to PPE-PS blend to reduce the initial yellowness index of the blend. U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,086 discloses a bis(aralkylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite that can be used in combination with a class of hindered phenols and UV stabilizers to maintain color and minimize melt-degradation of a polymer. However, addition of pigments and/or other additives in the blend further affects the properties of the blend and increases manufacturing cost. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,541,399 discloses a process for producing a composition comprising PPE and a styrene resin. The process comprises melt-kneading PPE and a first styrene resin to obtain a melt-kneaded product and further melt-kneading the melt-kneaded product with a second styrene resin. The composition obtained is said to be free from appearance defects such as black foreign particles, unmelted matter, and color unevenness. However, the process is a multi-step process with limitations on the types of styrene resins used. 
     There remains a need for safe, cost effective and efficient processes for making blends of PPE and styrene resin that are free from appearance defects and exhibit better processability. There is also a need for a process for making such blends that does not produce the acrid odor associated with the processing of PPE. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present disclosure relates to a co-rotating twin screw processor for preparing a blend having a styrene resin and a polyphenylene ether (PPE). The twin screw processor comprises a first processing zone comprising at least one element comprising a continuous flight helically formed thereon having a lead ‘L’, wherein either the flight transforms at least once from an integer lobe flight into a non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ or the flight transforms at least once from a non-integer lobe flight to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ {hereinafter referred to as Dynamic Stirring Element (DSE)} and at least one fractional lobe element intermediate a first integer element (n) and a second integer element (N) {hereinafter referred to as Fractional Mixing Element (FME)}; and a second processing zone comprising at least one DSE and at least one FME. The first and the second processing zone are separated by at least one conveying element or at least one mixing element or a combination of the at least one conveying element and the at least one mixing element. The first and the second processing zones are configured to collectively melt the styrene resin and solubilize the PPE in the molten styrene resin. 
     The present disclosure also relates to a process for preparing a blend having a styrene resin and a PPE in a co-rotating twin screw processor. The process comprises providing in the twin screw processor, at least one processing zone including at least one DSE and at least one FME, feeding the styrene resin and the PPE in the twin screw processor, melting the styrene resin and solubilizing the PPE in the molten styrene resin in the at least one processing zone, and receiving the blend of the styrene resin and the PPE from the twin screw processor. 
     The present disclosure further relates to a blend having a styrene resin and a PPE wherein the PPE is in the concentration range of 10 to 50 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 45. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a photograph of a blend of a PPE and a styrene resin prepared by a conventional process and a blend of a PPE and a styrene resin in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1B  is another photograph of blends of a PPE and a styrene resin prepared by conventional process and a blend of a PPE and a styrene resin in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a screw design for a co-rotating twin screw extruder used to carry out the conventional process. 
         FIG. 3  is a screw design for a co-rotating twin screw processor used to carry out the process in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure relates to a co-rotating twin screw processor for preparing a blend having a styrene resin and a polyphenylene ether (PPE). The twin screw processor comprises a first processing zone that includes at least one element having a continuous flight helically formed thereon having a lead ‘L’, wherein either the flight transforms at least once from an integer lobe flight into a non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ or the flight transforms at least once from a non-integer lobe flight to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ {hereinafter referred to as a Dynamic Stirring Element (DSE)}. The first processing zone also includes at least one fractional lobe element intermediate a first integer element (n) and a second integer element (N) {hereinafter referred to as a Fractional Mixing Element (FME)}. A fractional lobed element is an element intermediate a first integer element (n) and a second integer element (N) by a predefined fraction, such that N/n is an integer and the fraction determines the degree of transition between the first integer and the second integer. A single flight lobe and a bi-lobe can form fractional lobes such as 1.2.xx, where xx an be any number from 1 to 99. The numbers 1 to 99 define whether the fractional lobe will look more like a single flight element or a bi-lobed element. The numbers 1 and 2 in the notation 1.2.xx represent the lobe element intermediate a single flight element (1) and a bi-lobe element respectively (2). The twin screw processor further comprises a second processing zone that also includes at least one DSE and at least one FME. The first processing zone and the second processing zones are separated by at least one conveying element or at least one mixing element or a combination of the at least one conveying element and the at least one mixing element. The first processing zone and the second processing zones are configured to collectively melt the styrene resin and solubilize the PPE in the molten styrene resin. 
     In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, the twin screw processor further comprises a third processing zone comprising at least one DSE and at least one FME. The third processing zone is separated from the second processing zone by at least one conveying element or at least one mixing element or a combination of the at least one conveying element and the at least one mixing element. The third processing zone is configured to melt and solubilize the PPE in the molten styrene resin along with the first and the second processing zone. 
     In an embodiment, the first processing zone comprises two DSE elements and one FME and the first processing zone begins prior to the mid-point of the twin screw processor. In the screw configuration of  FIG. 3 , the elements mounted on the processor barrel C 4  form a part of the first processing zone. 
     The twin screw processor also comprises an input zone and an outlet zone. In an embodiment of  FIG. 3 , barrel C 0  forms the input zone whereas barrel C 12  forms an outlet. In accordance with another embodiment, the twin screw processor comprises a zone prior to the processing zone (hereinafter referred to as softening zone) to soften the styrene resin. In an embodiment, the twin screw processor further comprises one or more side feeders. The one or more side feeders can be located on the input zone, the softening zone and/or processing zone. 
     In an embodiment, the twin screw processor has a long L/D ratio for desired residence time, high free volume, low shear signature and tight tolerances. The twin screw processor can be a co-rotating twin screw extruder. In accordance with an embodiment, the extruder has an L/D ratio of 40/60. In another embodiment, the extruder has an L/D ratio of 60. In an example, the extruder is Omega Class 40 mm extruder manufactured by STEER Engineering Pvt. Ltd. 
     The input zone may have short lead kneading elements. The short lead kneading elements increase the residence time of the material in the input zone. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the softening zone is placed between the input zone and the processing zone. The softening zone comprises a heating system and may include at least one DSE and at least one FME. The styrene resin is conveyed to the softening zone from the intake zone. 
     The present disclosure also relates to a process for preparing a blend having a styrene resin and a PPE in a co-rotating twin screw processor. The process comprises providing in the twin screw processor, at least one processing zone including at least one DSE (disclosed above) and at least one FME (disclosed above), feeding the styrene resin and the PPE in the twin screw processor, melting the styrene resin and solubilizing the PPE in the molten styrene resin in the at least one processing zone; and extruding the blend of the styrene resin and the PPE from the twin screw processor. 
     The temperature of the processing zone is in the range of 160° C. to 220° C. The residence time in the processing zone is in the range of 2 to 4 seconds. The temperature and the residence time in the processing zone are not sufficient to cause significant melting of the polyphenylene ether. 
     The combination of DSE and the FME produce a disruptive splitting and recombination of mixture of the molten styrene resin and the PPE as the mixture is conveyed. They provide a combination of distributive and elongational mixing along with better melt temperature control. The distributive mixing spreads minor components throughout matrix of the styrene resin and the PPE thereby obtaining a good spatial distribution. The elongational mixing provides tensile forces. The use of tensile forces results in gently pulling away of polymeric chains of the PPE thereby solubilizing the PPE in the molten styrene resin. Further, the elongational mixing renews surface area of the mixture and therefore, enhances the solubilization of the PPE in the molten styrene resin. 
     In an embodiment, two processing zones are provided in the twin screw processor. The two processing zones are separated by at least one conveying element or at least one mixing element or a combination of the at least one conveying element and the at least one mixing element. Further, the two processing zones configured to collectively melt the styrene resin and solubilize the PPE in the molten styrene resin. 
     The styrene resin and the PPE can be fed to the intake zone of the processor through the feed throat and/or the one of more of the side feeders (disclosed above) simultaneously. The styrene resin and the PPE are fed into the twin screw processor at a feed rate of 20 to 50 kilogram per hour. In accordance with an embodiment, the styrene resin is fed into the twin screw processor in a form of pellets and the PPE is fed into the twin screw processor in a form of powder. 
     The blend comprises the PPE in the range of 1 percent to 99 percent w/w. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the blend comprises the PPE in the range of 10 percent to 50 percent w/w. 
     The styrene resin can be a homopolymer of styrene resin, a co-polymer of styrene resin or a combination thereof. Examples of styrene resin include but are not limited to polystyrene (PS), general purpose polystyrene (GPPS), High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), styrene acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin or a combination thereof. In accordance with an embodiment, the styrene resin is polystyrene (PS) or GPPS. In accordance with an embodiment, the blend comprises the polyphenylene ether, the GPPS and the HIPS. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the residence time in the input zone (disclosed above) is in the range of 1 to 2 seconds. The temperature in the input zone is in the range of 25 to 30° C. The high residence time and the temperature of the input zone result in initiation of softening or melting of the styrene resin as it is conveyed down the input zone. 
     The process is carried out at a screw speed of 60 to 200 rpm of the twin screw processor. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the blend is recovered in a form of pellets, strands or sheets. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the styrene resin is softened further in the softening zone (disclosed above) as it is conveyed from the input zone to the processing zone. The temperature in the softening zone is in the range of 120 to 300° C. The residence time in the softening zone is in the range of 1 to 2 seconds. The temperature and residence time in the softening zone are not sufficient to cause significant melting of the polyphenylene ether. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the PPE is fed into the twin screw processor after the styrene resin has been softened or melted. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the process further comprises applying vacuum before obtaining the blend to remove volatile organic compounds or fumes released during the process. 
     The disclosed process does not involve use of high shear and compressional forces to melt both the PPE and the styrene resin. Therefore, there is no or insignificant thermal oxidation of the PPE during the preparation of the blend. This significantly reduces or eliminates yellowing and/or charring of the PPE in the blend. Further, generation of excessive volatile organic compounds or fumes is also reduced. 
     The blend is free from appearance defects such as presence of dark spots formed due to charring and color unevenness. In accordance with an embodiment, the blend is white colored. In accordance with an embodiment blend is light yellow to light creamy in color. The blend is transparent or translucent. The blend exhibits improved strength and better process ability. 
     The present disclosure also relates to a blend of a styrene resin and PPE. The PPE is in the concentration range of 10 to 50 percent w/w. The blend has a whiteness index of at least 45. The whiteness index is measured by BGD 556, Precise Computer Colorimeter, manufactured by Biuged Laboratory Instruments (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the PPE is in the concentration range of 10 to 12 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 60. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the PPE is in a concentration range of 20 to 30 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 50. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the PPE is in a concentration range of 50 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 45. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, blend is in a form of pellets, strands or sheets. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, the blend has less than 10 percent dark spots visible on the surface of the pellets or strands, the dark spots formed by the polyphenylene ether and the styrene resin. 
       FIG. 1A  is a photograph of a blend  102  of a PPE and a styrene resin prepared by conventional process and the blend  104  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The conventional process involves melt blending of the PPE. As can be seen in the photograph,  104  is significantly whiter than  102 . 
       FIG. 1B  is another photograph of a PPE and a styrene resin  106  prepared by the conventional process and the blends  108  in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Preparation of PPE and Styrene Resin Blends by Conventional Process Involving Melt-Blending 
     Extruder Specification: 
     Omega-40 H, Motor Power: 160 KW, Max Screw Speed: 1200 RPM, Max Torque: 500 Nm/shaft, Specific Torque: 17.1 Nm/cm3, Barrel Diameter: 40 mm, Screw Diameter: 39.7 mm, L/D: 60, Centre distance: 32 
                     TABLE 1               Screw Elements and Configuration                                                Features   Screw type Configuration                                         Element length   2400   mm           Maximum Screw Speed   1200   rpm           Maximum motor power   160   KW           Diameter   39.7   mm                             Percentage of kneading blocks   37.68                                 Offset   0   mm                         Screw Elements                     Element Number   Screw Element type               1.   RSE 30/30-CH1S       2.   RSE 90/90       3.   RSE 90/90       4.   RSE 90/90       5.   RSE 40/20       6.   RSE 40/40       7.   RKB 45/5/60       8.   RKB 45/5/60       9.   RKB 45/5/80       10.   RKB 45/5/80       11.   LKB 45/5/15       12.   RSE 80/80       13.   RSE 80/80       14.   RSE 80/80       15.   RSE 60/60       16.   RKB 45/5/60       17.   RKB 45/5/80       18.   RKB 45/5/80       19.   RSE 90/90       20.   RSE 90/90       21.   RSE 90/90       22.   RSE 90/90       23.   RSE 40/40       24.   RKB 45/5/60       25.   RKB 45/5/60       26.   RSE 60/30       27.   RKB 45/5/60       28.   RKB 45/5/60       29.   RSE 60/30       30.   RSE 40/20       31.   RKB 45/5/20       32.   NKB 90/5/20       33.   RKB 45/5/20       34.   NKB 90/5/20       35.   RKB 45/5/15       36.   NKB 90/5/20       37.   RKB 45/5/15       38.   NKB 90/5/20       39.   LSE 40/20       40.   RFV 90/90       41.   RFN 90/45       42.   RSE 90/90       43.   RSE 60/60       44.   RSE 40/20       45.   RSE 30/30               List of Abbreviations for Elements       RSE: Right Handed Screw Element       RFV: Right Handed Shovel Element       RFN: Right Handed Transition Element       LSE: Left Handed Screw Element       DSE: Dynamic Stirring Element       RKB: 45 degree stagger angle Right Handed Kneading Block       NKB: 90 degree stagger angle (Neutral) Kneading Block            
The screw design for the co-rotating twin screw extruder is depicted in  FIG. 2 .
 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Types of Blends Prepared 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Quantity (Percentage) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Material 
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Polyphenylene ether 
                 11 
                 20 
                 30 
                 50 
               
               
                 HIPS 
                 48 
                 42 
                 38 
                 28 
               
               
                 GPPS 
                 41 
                 38 
                 32 
                 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PPE and HIPS were added through main feeder and GPPS was added through a Side Feeder 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Process Parameters 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Type of Product Obtained 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Feed rate 
                 HIPS 
                 4.8 
                 4.2 
                 3.8 
                 2.8 
               
               
                 (KG/H) 
                 PPE 
                 (GF*) 1.1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 GPPS 
                 4.1 
                 3.8 
                 3.2 
                 2.2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total Output (kg/h) 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
                 10 
               
               
                 Screw Speed (RPM) 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
                 80 
               
               
                 Torque (Percent) 
                 11 
                 13 
                 16 
                 19 
               
               
                 Power (KW) 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 Specific Mechancial 
                 0.15 
                 0.18 
                 0.17 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 Energy (KWh/Kg) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Current (Amp) 
                 78 
                 80 
                 84 
                 86 
               
               
                 Melt Pressure (Bar) 
                 26 
                 20 
                 22 
                 25 
               
               
                 Melt Temperature (° C.) 
                 353 
                 354 
                 354 
                 353 
               
               
                 Vacuum (mm/hg) 
                 400 
                 400 
                 400 
                 400 
               
               
                 Type or Product Obtained 
                 Pellets 
                 Pellets 
                 Pellets 
                 Pellets 
               
               
                 Method of Cut 
                 Strand 
                 Strand 
                 Strand 
                 Strand 
               
               
                 (Strand/Die Face) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Color of the Product/Strand 
                 Yellow 
                 Brownish - 
                 Dark 
                 Dark 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Yellow 
                 Yellow 
                 Yellow 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *GF: Gravimetric feeder 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Barrel Temperature 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temperature (° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Barrel 
                   
                 Ac- 
                   
                 Ac- 
                   
                 Ac- 
                   
                 Ac- 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Set 
                 tual 
                 Set 
                 tual 
                 Set 
                 tual 
                 Set 
                 tual 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Feed 
                 — 
                 27 
                 — 
                 34 
                 — 
                 37 
                 — 
                 44 
               
               
                 B2 
                 320 
                 248 
                 320 
                 241 
                 320 
                 252 
                 320 
                 253 
               
               
                 B3 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
               
               
                 B4 
                 320 
                 312 
                 320 
                 314 
                 320 
                 315 
                 320 
                 314 
               
               
                 B5 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
               
               
                 B6 
                 300 
                 302 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 303 
               
               
                 B7 
                 300 
                 302 
                 300 
                 302 
                 300 
                 302 
                 300 
                 302 
               
               
                 B8 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 300 
               
               
                 B9 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
               
               
                 B10 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 301 
               
               
                 B11 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 302 
               
               
                 B12 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 300 
                 302 
               
               
                 B13 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 301 
                 300 
                 301 
               
               
                 DA* 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
               
               
                 DH** 
                 320 
                 320 
                 320 
                 321 
                 320 
                 322 
                 320 
                 321 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *DA: Die-adaptor; 
               
               
                 **DH: Die-head 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 No. of Die Holes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Set 
                 Actual 
                 Set 
                 Actual 
                 Set 
                 Actual 
                 Set 
                 Actual 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. of Die 
                 — 
                 2 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
                 — 
                 1 
               
               
                 Holes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Preparation of PPE and Styrene Resin Blend in Accordance with an Embodiment of the Present Disclosure 
     Extruder Specification: 
     Omega-40 H, Motor Power: 160 KW, Max Screw Speed: 1200 RPM, Max Torque: 500 Nm/shaft, specific Torque: 17.1 Nm/cm3, Barrel Diameter: 40 mm, Screw Diameter: 39.7 mm, L/D: 60, Centre Distance: 32 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Screw Elements and Configuration 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Features 
                 Screw type Configuration 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Element length 
                 2400 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
                 Maximum Screw Speed 
                 1200 
                 rpm 
               
               
                   
                 Maximum motor power 
                 37 
                 KW 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 39.7 
                 mm 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Percentage of kneading blocks 
                 0 (No kneading blocks used) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Offset 
                 0 
                 mm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Screw Elements 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Element Number 
                 Screw Element type 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 1. 
                 RSE 30/30-CH1S 
               
               
                 2. 
                 RSE 90/90 
               
               
                 3. 
                 RSE 90/90 
               
               
                 4. 
                 RSE 90/90 
               
               
                 5. 
                 RSE 60/60 
               
               
                 6. 
                 DSE 40/80 A/2-A.B 
               
               
                 7. 
                 FME 160/160 R A.B 
               
               
                 8. 
                 LSE 40/20 
               
               
                 9. 
                 RSE 90/90 
               
               
                 10. 
                 RSE 90/90 
               
               
                 11. 
                 RSE 90/90 
               
               
                 12. 
                 RSE 30/30 
               
               
                 13. 
                 DSE 30/60 A/2-A.B 
               
               
                 14. 
                 DSE 30/60 A/2-A.B 
               
               
                 15. 
                 FME 160/160 R A.B 
               
               
                 16. 
                 LSE 40/20 
               
               
                 17. 
                 RSE 80/80 
               
               
                 18. 
                 RSE 80/80 
               
               
                 19. 
                 DSE 30/60 A/2-A.B 
               
               
                 20. 
                 EME 30/80-2S A.B 
               
               
                 21. 
                 EME 30/80-2S A.B 
               
               
                 22. 
                 FME 160/160 R A.B 
               
               
                 23. 
                 LSE 60/30 
               
               
                 24. 
                 EME 40/80-2S A.B 
               
               
                 25. 
                 FME 160/160 R A.B 
               
               
                 26. 
                 LSE 40/20 
               
               
                 27. 
                 DSE 30/60 A/2-A.B 
               
               
                 28. 
                 RSE 90/90 
               
               
                 29. 
                 RSE 60/30 
               
               
                 30. 
                 RSE 40/20 
               
               
                 31. 
                 DSE 30/60 A/2-A.B 
               
               
                 32. 
                 DSE 30/60 A/2-A.B 
               
               
                 33. 
                 RSE 30/30 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 List of Abbreviations for Elements 
               
               
                 RSE: Right Handed Screw Element 
               
               
                 LSE: Left Handed Screw Element 
               
               
                 DSE: Dynamic Stirring Element 
               
               
                 FME: Fractional Mixing Elements 
               
               
                 EME: Eccentric Mixing Elements 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The screw design for a co-rotating twin screw extruder is depicted in  FIG. 3 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Types of Blends Prepared 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Quantity (Percentage) 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Material 
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 PPE 
                 11 
                 20 
                 30 
                 50 
               
               
                   
                 HIPS 
                 48 
                 42 
                 38 
                 28 
               
               
                   
                 GPPS 
                 41 
                 38 
                 32 
                 22 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 PPE and HIPS were added through main feeder and GPPS was added through a Side Feeder. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Process Parameters 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Type of Product Obtained 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 KG/H 
                 HIPS 
                 19.2 
                 16.8 
                 15.2 
                 11.2 
               
               
                   
                 PPE 
                 4.4 
                 8.0 
                 12.0 
                 20 
               
               
                   
                 GPPS 
                 16.4 
                 15.2 
                 12.8 
                 8.8 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Total Output (kg/h) 
                 40 
                 40 
                 40 
                 40 
               
               
                 Screw Speed (RPM) 
                 80 
                 80 
                 120 
                 150 
               
               
                 Torque (Percent) 
                 63-75 
                 65-74 
                 62-73 
                 66-75 
               
               
                 Power (KW) 
                 8.1 
                 8.8 
                 11.4 
                 15.4 
               
               
                 Specific Mechanical 
                 0.20 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 Energy (KWh/Kg) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Current (Amp) 
                 143 
                 163 
                 162 
                 164 
               
               
                 Melt Pressure (Bar) 
                 26 
                 20 
                 22 
                 25 
               
               
                 Melt Temperature (° C.) 
                 200 
                 207 
                 210 
                 215 
               
               
                 Vacuum (mm/hg) 
                 400 
                 400 
                 400 
                 400 
               
               
                 Type or Product Obtained 
                 Pellets 
                 Pellets 
                 Pellets 
                 Pellets 
               
               
                 (Strands/Pellets/Sheet) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Method of Cut (Strand/Die Face) 
                 Strand 
                 Strand 
                 Strand 
                 Strand 
               
               
                 Color of Product/Strand 
                 White 
                 White 
                 Pale 
                 Yellow 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Yellow 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Barrel Temperature 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temperature (° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Barrel 
                   
                 Ac- 
                   
                 Ac- 
                   
                 Ac- 
                   
                 Ac- 
               
               
                 No. 
                 Set 
                 tual 
                 Set 
                 tual 
                 Set 
                 tual 
                 Set 
                 tual 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Intake 
                 — 
                 32 
                 — 
                 29 
                 — 
                 34 
                 — 
                 39 
               
               
                 Zone 
               
               
                 B2 
                 200 
                 190 
                 200 
                 190 
                 200 
                 190 
                 200 
                 190 
               
               
                 B3 
                 200 
                 198 
                 200 
                 198 
                 200 
                 198 
                 200 
                 198 
               
               
                 B4 
                 200 
                 198 
                 200 
                 198 
                 200 
                 198 
                 200 
                 198 
               
               
                 B5 
                 160 
                 169 
                 160 
                 169 
                 160 
                 169 
                 160 
                 169 
               
               
                 B6 
                 160 
                 166 
                 160 
                 166 
                 160 
                 166 
                 160 
                 166 
               
               
                 B7 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
               
               
                 B8 
                 160 
                 159 
                 160 
                 159 
                 160 
                 159 
                 160 
                 159 
               
               
                 B9 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
                 160 
               
               
                 B10 
                 160 
                 159 
                 160 
                 159 
                 160 
                 159 
                 160 
                 159 
               
               
                 B11 
                 160 
                 155 
                 160 
                 155 
                 160 
                 155 
                 160 
                 155 
               
               
                 B12 
                 160 
                 157 
                 160 
                 157 
                 160 
                 157 
                 160 
                 157 
               
               
                 B13 
                 160 
                 156 
                 160 
                 156 
                 160 
                 156 
                 160 
                 156 
               
               
                 DA* 
                 180 
                 186 
                 180 
                 186 
                 180 
                 186 
                 180 
                 186 
               
               
                 DH** 
                 200 
                 210 
                 200 
                 210 
                 200 
                 210 
                 200 
                 210 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *DA: Die-adaptor 
               
               
                 **DH: Die-head 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Barrels B 2  to B 4  form the softening zone. Barrels B 4  to B 13  form the processing zone. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 No. of Die Holes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Blend 1 
                 Blend 2 
                 Blend 3 
                 Blend 4 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Set 
                 ACTUAL 
                 Set 
                 Actual 
                 Set 
                 Actual 
                 Set 
                 Actual 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 No. of Die 
                 — 
                 4 
                 — 
                 4 
                 — 
                 4 
                 — 
                 4 
               
               
                 Holes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Comparison of Example 1 and 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameter 
                 Conventional Process 
                 Process Disclosed 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Power consumption 
                 0.10 kg/kWhr 
                 0.08 kg/kWhr 
               
               
                 Odor 
                 Present 
                 Largely absent 
               
               
                 Color of the blend 
                 Yellow, Brownish Yellow, 
                 White, Pale 
               
               
                   
                 Dark Yellow 
                 Yellow 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 A Comparison of the Whiteness Index 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Product 
                 Whiteness 
               
               
                 S. No. 
                 Sample ID 
                 Obtained By 
                 Index 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 RKB 11% PPE (300° C. 
                 Conventional 
                 40.43 
               
               
                   
                 80 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 FME 11% PPE (200-120° C., 
                 Disclosed 
                 60.138 
               
               
                   
                 120 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 FME 11% PPE (200-160° C., 
                 Conventional 
                 54.61 
               
               
                   
                 80 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 RKB 20% PPE (300° C. 
                 Conventional 
                 38.99 
               
               
                   
                 80 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 FME 20% PPE (200-120° C., 
                 Disclosed 
                 54.91 
               
               
                   
                 120 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 6 
                 FME 20% PPE (200-160° C., 
                 Disclosed 
                 58.37 
               
               
                   
                 80 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 7 
                 RKB 30% PPE (300° C., 
                 Conventional 
                 34.28 
               
               
                   
                 80 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 8 
                 FME 30% PPE (200-160° C., 
                 Disclosed 
                 51.22 
               
               
                   
                 80 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 9 
                 FME 30% PPE (200-120° C., 
                 Disclosed 
                 53.71 
               
               
                   
                 120 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 10 
                 RKB 50% PPE (300° C., 
                 Conventional 
                 33.28 
               
               
                   
                 80 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 11 
                 FME 50% PPE (200-160° C., 
                 Disclosed 
                 47.2 
               
               
                   
                 180 rpm) 
                 Process 
                   
               
               
                 12 
                 FME 50% PPE (200-120° C., 
                 Disclosed 
                 50.8 
               
               
                   
                 150 rpm) 
                 Process 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The whiteness index is measured by BGD 556, Precise Computer Colorimeter, manufactured by Biuged Laboratory Instruments (Guangzhou) Co. Ltd. 
     Industrial Applicability 
     The combination of the DSE and FME results in gently pulling away of polymeric chains of the PPE thereby solubilizing the PPE in the molten styrene resin. 
     The disclosed process takes place at significantly lower temperatures as compared to the conventional processes involving melt-blending. Further, the process does not subject the mixture of the PPE and the styrene resin to high shear. The polymer chains are gently pulled away from each other using tensile forces. Due to lower temperature and shear the tendency of the PPE to oxidize is reduced or eliminated. Thus, the yellowing or charring of the PPE is also significantly reduced or eliminated. The process stabilizes the molecular weight of the PPE. The melting point of the blend is consistent from batch to batch due to the stabilization of the molecular weight of the PPE. 
     The blend obtained has improved color, appearance and processability. The blend is also safe and economical. The blend is more robust for secondary operations such as injection molding. The color of the blend is stable during the injection molding operation. 
     The process does not require high mechanical energy input that is typically associated with the processing of the PPE. The energy to process products made from the blend could be reduced by 50 percent or more. 
     Since the blend obtained in accordance with the present disclosure is free from any appearance defects the amount to titanium oxide required to be added in the blend during secondary processing is also reduced to 2 percent w/w or less. Due to the reduction in the amount of titanium oxide required to be added the product produced from such blends have reduced density. The density may be reduced by 18 to 20 percent. 
     The disclosed blend can be used to manufacture products that are bright and transparent. This enables application of products which earlier could not be made from the conventionally obtained blend due the appearance defects. 
     Also, the process does not produce an acrid odor associated with the processing of PPE at high temperature. Also, no visible outgassing is observed during the operation of the product. This eliminates the requirement of expensive environmental controls for addressing odor issues. 
     Specific Embodiments are Described Below 
     A process for preparing a blend having a styrene resin and a PPE in a co-rotating twin screw processor comprising providing in the twin screw processor, at least one processing zone including at least one DSE and at least one FME, feeding the styrene resin and the PPE in the twin screw processor, melting the styrene resin and solubilizing the PPE in the molten styrene resin in the at least one processing zone, and receiving the blend of the styrene resin and the PPE from the twin screw processor. 
     Such process(es) further comprising providing in the twin screw processor two processing zones, separated by at least one conveying element or at least one mixing element or a combination of the at least one conveying element and the at least one mixing element, the two processing zones configured to collectively melt the styrene resin and solubilize the polyphenylene ether in the molten styrene resin. 
     Such process(es) wherein the solubilization is carried out at a temperature in the range of 160° C. to 220° C. 
     Such process(es) wherein the styrene resin and the polyphenylene ether are fed in the twin screw processor simultaneously. 
     Such process(es) wherein the styrene resin and the polyphenylene ether are fed into the twin screw processor at a feed rate of 20 to 50 kilogram per hour. 
     Such process(es) wherein the twin screw processor is run at a screw speed between 60 to 200 RPM. 
     Such process(es) further comprising softening the styrene resin prior to the processing zone at a temperature in the range of 120 to 300° C. 
     Such process(es) wherein the polyphenylene ether is fed into the twin screw processor after the softening or the melting of the styrene resin. 
     Such process(es) wherein the styrene resin is fed into the twin screw processor in a form of pellets and the polyphenylene ether is fed into the twin screw processor in a form of powder. 
     Such process(es) wherein the polyphenylene ether is present in the range of 10 to 50 percent w/w in the blend. 
     Such process(es) wherein the styrene resin is selected from a group consisting of a homopolymer of styrene resin, a co-polymer of styrene resin and a combination thereof. 
     Such process(es) wherein the styrene resin is selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, general purpose polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, styrene acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin or a combination thereof. 
     Such process(es) further comprising applying vacuum proximate at an end of the processing zone to remove volatile organic compounds or fumes released during the process. 
     A blend having a styrene resin and a polyphenylene ether wherein the polyphenylene ether is in the concentration range of 10 to 50 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 45 to 60. 
     Such blend(s) wherein the polyphenylene ether is in the concentration range of 10 to 12 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 60. 
     Such blend(s) wherein the polyphenylene ether is in a concentration range of 20 to 30 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 50. 
     Such blend(s) wherein the polyphenylene ether is in a concentration range of 50 percent w/w and the blend has a whiteness index of at least 45. 
     Such blend(s) wherein the blend is in a form of pellets or strands. 
     Such blend(s) having less than 10 percent dark spots formed by the polyphenylene ether and the styrene resin visible, on the surface of the pellets or strands. 
     Such blend(s) wherein the styrene resin is selected from a group consisting of a homopolymer of styrene resin, a co-polymer of styrene resin and a combination thereof. 
     Such blend(s) wherein the styrene resin is selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, general purpose polystyrene, high impact polystyrene, styrene acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin or a combination thereof. 
     A co-rotating twin screw processor for preparing a blend having a styrene resin and a polyphenylene ether (PPE) comprising a first processing zone comprising at least one DSE and at least one FME and a second processing zone comprising at least one DSE and at least one FME, the first and the second processing zone separated by at least one conveying element or at least one mixing element or a combination of the at least one conveying element and the at least one mixing element and the first processing zone and the second processing zones configured to collectively melt the styrene resin and solubilize the PPE in the molten styrene resin. 
     Such processor(s) further comprising a third processing zone including at least at least one element having a continuous flight helically formed thereon having a lead ‘L’, wherein either the flight transforms at least once from an integer lobe flight into a non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ or the flight transforms at least once from a non-integer lobe flight to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and at least one fractional lobe element intermediate a first integer element (n) and a second integer element (N), the third processing zone separated from the second processing zone by at least one conveying element or at least one mixing element or a combination of the at least one conveying element and the at least one mixing element, and configured to melt and solubilize the polyphenylene ether in the molten styrene resin along with the first and the second processing zone. 
     Such processor(s) wherein the first processing zone includes two element having a continuous flight helically formed thereon having a lead wherein either the flight transforms at least once from an integer lobe flight into a non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ or the flight transforms at least once from a non-integer lobe flight to an integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and transforms back to an non-integer lobe flight in a fraction of the lead ‘L’ and one fractional lobe element intermediate a first integer element (n) and a second integer element (N) and wherein the first processing zone begins prior to the mid-point of the twin screw processor.