Patent Publication Number: US-10764965-B2

Title: Surface heater, electric range having the same, and manufacturing method thereof

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the priority benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0021725, filed on Feb. 24, 2016 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the invention 
     The present invention relates to a surface heater using a heating element, which generates heat by electricity, an electric range having the same, and a manufacturing method thereof. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     In general, a cooktop is a cooking apparatus which heats a container mounted on the upper surface thereof to heat food contained in the container. Cooktops are divided into gas ranges which directly generate flame using gas, and electric ranges which heat a container and/or food mounted on a substrate using electricity. 
     Conventionally, a heating element is formed by applying a paste containing a metal material, such as Ag—Pd, and glass frit to the rear surface of a substrate formed of glass or stainless steel and then sintering the same. A plate-shaped heater which generates heat by supplying electricity to such a heating element has been known. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An object of the present invention is to provide a surface heater which may solve delamination of a heating element, formed of a metal as a main ingredient and having a large coefficient of expansion, from a substrate due to a difference in expansion degrees between the heating element and the substrate according to temperature change. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a surface heater which may solve restriction on the upper limit temperature, for example, the maximum temperature, of a heating element formed of Ag—Pd as a main ingredient to about 500° C. to prevent delamination of the heating element. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a surface heater which may solve high manufacturing costs of a heating element due to high price of Pd as one ingredient of the heating element. 
     Another object of the present invention is to provide a surface heater which may implement desired specific resistance of a heating element while achieving the above-described objects. 
     Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a surface heater which may lower the baking temperature of a heating element applied to a substrate on the grounds that a glass substrate may be deformed at a temperature of about 950° C. or higher and thus prevented from being heated to a temperature of about 850° C. or higher. 
     The objects of the present invention are not limited to the above-mentioned objects and other objects that have not been mentioned above will become evident to those skilled in the art from the following description. 
     To achieve the above objects, there is provided a surface heater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, including a substrate including a surface formed of an electrically insulating material, a heating element attached to the surface of the substrate, the heating element including lanthanide oxide, and a power supply unit configured to supply electricity to the heating element to generate heat. 
     The lanthanide oxide may be one selected from the group consisting of LSM, LSCF, LNF and LC. 
     The heating element may be attached to the surface of the substrate by sintering a predetermined powder including lanthanide oxide powder. 
     The heating element may further include metal. 
     The predetermined powder may further include metal powder. 
     The metal may be one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Ag—Pd and Cu. 
     The heating element may include 30 to 60% by weight of the lanthanide oxide and 40 to 70% by weight of the metal. 
     The predetermined powder may include 30 to 60% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 40 to 70% by weight of the metal powder. 
     To achieve the above objects, there is provided an electric range according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, including the surface heater. 
     The surface of the substrate may be formed of glass, and the lanthanide oxide may be LC. 
     The particle size of the lanthanide oxide powder may be 0.4 μm. 
     The metal may be Ag. 
     The heating element includes 40 to 55% by weight of the lanthanide oxide and 45 to 60% by weight of the metal. 
     The predetermined powder may include 40 to 55% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 45 to 60% by weight of the metal powder. 
     The surface of the substrate may be formed of glass and, in this case, in order to improve adhesive force between the heating element and the substrate, the predetermined powder may further include glass powder. 
     To achieve the above objects, there is provided a manufacturing method of the surface heater according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, including baking the predetermined powder at a baking temperature of 900° C. or lower. 
     The manufacturing method may further include manufacturing a paste by mixing an organic solvent and a binder with the predetermined powder, applying the paste to the surface of the substrate in a predetermined shape, and drying the applied paste at a predetermined temperature and removing the organic solvent and the binder from the paste, and baking of the predetermined powder may be carried out after drying of the applied paste. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is an elevation view of a surface heater in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, as seen from above a substrate; 
         FIG. 2  is an exemplary enlarged cross-sectional view of the surface heater of  FIG. 1 , taken along line A-A′; 
         FIG. 3  is another exemplary enlarged cross-sectional view of the surface heater of  FIG. 1 , taken along line A-A′; 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an electric range in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 5  is an enlarged elevation view illustrating a predetermined shape (pattern) of a heating element of a portion B of  FIG. 4 ; and 
         FIG. 6  is an exemplary block diagram of the inner configuration of the electric range of  FIG. 4 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     The advantages and features of the present invention, and the way of attaining the same, will become apparent with reference to embodiments described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts. 
     With reference to  FIGS. 1 to 3 , a surface heater  1  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate  10  having surfaces formed of an electrically insulating material, a heating element  30  attached to the surface of the substrate  10  by sintering a predetermined powder including lanthanide oxide powder, and a power supply unit  50  to supply electricity to the heating element  30 . 
     The substrate  10  may be a plate-shaped member. The substrate  10  may be manufactured to have various sizes and shapes according to the needs of an apparatus using the surface heater  1 . The substrate  10  may have different thicknesses as needed. The substrate  10  may be bent. 
     The heating element  30  may be attached to one of both surfaces of the substrate  10 . Heat generated by the heating element  30  is conducted to the substrate  10 . Heat generated by the heating element  30  attached to one surface of the substrate  10  is conducted to the other surface of the substrate  10 . 
     At least a portion of the surface of the substrate  10 , to which the heating element  30  is attached, is formed of an electrically insulating material. This may be implemented through various methods. For example, the substrate  10  may be an integral member formed of one electrically insulating material. The substrate  10  may be a member in which an electrically insulating material is applied to the surfaces of an inner structure formed of another material. The substrate  10  may be a member in which one electrically insulating material is applied to only one of both surfaces of a structure formed of another material. 
     The surface heater  1  may include, as exemplarily shown in  FIG. 2 , a coating layer  20  disposed to cover the heating element  30  applied to some regions of the surface of the substrate  10 . The coating layer  20  is formed of an electrically insulating material. The coating layer  20  may be formed of the same material as that of the surface of the substrate  10  or be formed of a different material from that of the surface of the substrate  10 . 
     Further, the power supply unit  50  supplies electricity to the heating element  30 . The power supply unit  50  may include a voltage source (not shown). The power supply unit  50  may include a switch (not shown) to supply or interrupt electricity. The power supply unit  50  may include a transformer (not shown) to adjust the intensity of applied voltage. 
     The heating element  30  includes a first terminal  31  located at a start part of the heating element  30  and a second terminal  32  located at an end part of the heating element  30  in the flow direction of supplied electricity. The first terminal  31  and the second terminal  32  may be connected to the power supply unit  50  by wires so as to apply current from the power supply unit  50  to the heating element  30 . 
     The heating element  30  is disposed in a designated planar shape on the substrate  10 . With reference to  FIG. 1 , for example, the heating element  30  may be extended in the leftward and rightward directions and formed in zigzag on the surface of the substrate  10 . The heating element  30  may be formed in the predetermined shape in which the first terminal  31  and the second terminal  32  are connected in series. 
     The heating element  30  is formed by sintering a predetermined powder including lanthanide oxide powder. Hereinafter, a temperature at which the predetermined powder is sintered is referred to as a “baking temperature”. Lanthanum is an element having the elementary symbol of La. A lanthanide oxide means an oxidized compound including at least lanthanum (La). The lanthanide oxide has electrical conductivity and may thus be used as a heating element using electricity. 
     The lanthanide oxide may be any one selected from the group consisting of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite (LSM), Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Nickel Ferrite (LNF) and Lanthanum Cobalt (LC) oxides. 
     The lanthanide oxide has excellent oxidation resistance and the heating element  30  may not be deformed, even if the surface of the heating element  30  is exposed to outdoor atmosphere without a coating layer  20 , as exemplarily shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Further, the lanthanide oxide has a coefficient of expansion of about 10.8*10 −6  to 12.3*10 −6 /K, which is lower than the coefficients of expansion of metals, and thus prevents delamination of the heating element  30  from the substrate  10  generated due to a difference in volume expansion degrees between the heating element  30  and the substrate  10  according to temperature change. 
     The predetermined powder may include powder of other materials in addition to powder of the lanthanide oxide. The predetermined powder may include metal powder. The predetermined powder may be a mixture of the lanthanide oxide powder and the metal powder. 
     Metals have higher electrical conductivity than lanthanide oxides. As the predetermined powder includes a large amount of the metal powder, specific resistance of the heating element  30  is lowered. 
     In one experimental example, in case of a heating element acquired by sintering a predetermined powder including lanthanide oxide powder alone, even if the lanthanide oxide powder is sintered at the same baking temperature, there is high variability in specific resistance. In this experimental example, every time a plurality of the same samples is sintered at the same baking temperature, measured specific resistance values of the heating element  30  are varied within the range of about 10 −4  to 1 Ωcm, and specific resistance values at local areas of the heating element  30  are not uniform. 
     By adding the metal powder to the predetermined powder, effects of the lanthanide oxide may be exhibited and specific resistance of the heating element  30  within a desired range may be highly repeatable, thereby allowing a designer to easily design the heating element  30  having specific resistance in a desired range. 
     The metal powder may be acquired from any known metal. The metal may be any one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Ag—Pd and Cu. 
     The baking temperature of the lanthanide oxide is similar to the baking temperatures of Ag, Ag—Pd and Cu, rather than the baking temperatures of other metals. If the metal is selected from the group consisting of Ag, Ag—Pd and Cu, all particles of the predetermined powder may be effectively sintered during a baking process to sinter the predetermined powder. 
     Further, since the baking temperatures of Ag, Ag—Pd and Cu are lower than the baking temperature of the lanthanide oxide, the baking temperature of a predetermined powder further including any one of Ag, Ag—Pd and Cu becomes lower than the baking temperature of a predetermined powder including the lanthanide oxide alone. This is very advantageous in a case that the surface of the substrate  10  is formed of glass. 
     In experimental example 1, results of specific resistances (Ωm) of heating element  30  according to kinds of lanthanide oxides of the predetermined powder are described. The independent variable of experimental example 1 is the kind of the lanthanide oxide, i.e., LC, LCM, LSCF or LNF. The dependent variable of experimental example 1 is the specific resistance of the heating element  30 . Experimental example 1 is carried out at a baking temperature of 850° C. and a baking temperature of 900° C. The results of experimental example 1 are experimental results if the predetermined powder includes lanthanide oxide powder and Ag in a weight ratio of 50:50. Table 1 below briefly states the results of experimental example 1. Hereinafter, E-x means 10 −x . 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Kind of lanthanide oxide 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Temp. (° C.) 
                 LC 
                 LSM 
                 LSCF 
                 LNF 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 850° C. 
                 2.89E−04 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 Ωm 
               
               
                 900° C. 
                 1.69E−04 
                 1.50E−03 
                 3.51E−03 
                 8.59E−04 
               
               
                   
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In experimental example 1, if the predetermined powder is heated at a baking temperature of 850° C., the measured specific resistance of the heating element  30  formed by sintering the predetermined powder including LC is 2.89E−04 Ωm, but the predetermined powder including any one of LSM, LSCF and LNF cannot be effectively sintered and thus specific resistance thereof cannot be measured. 
     In experimental example 1, if the predetermined powder is heated at a baking temperature of 900° C., the measured specific resistance of the heating element  30  formed by sintering the predetermined powder including LC is 1.69E−04 Ωm, the measured specific resistance of the heating element  30  formed by sintering the predetermined powder including LSM is 1.50E−03 Ωm, the measured specific resistance of the heating element  30  formed by sintering the predetermined powder including LSCF is 3.51E−03 Ωm, and the measured specific resistance of the heating element  30  formed by sintering the predetermined powder including LNF is 8.59E−04 Ωm. 
     Hereinafter, in experimental example 2, a more detailed experiment on LC used as a lanthanide oxide is carried out. Experimental results of experimental example 2 may be applied to other lanthanide oxides in addition to LC. 
     In experimental example 2, results of specific resistances (cm) of heating element  30  according to weight ratios of lanthanide oxide powder to metal powder of the predetermined powder are described. The independent variable of experimental example 2 is the weight ratio of the lanthanide oxide powder to the metal powder, and the dependent variable of experimental example 2 is specific resistance of the heating element  30 . Experimental example 2 is carried out at a baking temperature of 850° C. and a baking temperature of 900° C. In experimental example 2, LC powder is used as the lanthanide oxide powder and Ag powder is used as the metal powder. Table 2 below briefly states the results of experimental example 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight ratio of LC:Ag 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Temp. (° C.) 
                 90:10 
                 70:30 
                 60:40 
                 55:45 
                 50:50 
                 45:55 
                 40:60 
                 30:70 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 850° C. 
                 8.60E−01 
                 9.38E−01 
                 1.24E−01 
                 2.47E−02 
                 4.86E−04 
                 3.06E−04 
                 6.52E−05 
                 1.52E−05 
               
               
                   
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
               
               
                 900° C. 
                 3.50E−01 
                 2.70E−01 
                 4.62E−02 
                 5.62E−03 
                 1.69E−04 
                 1.57E−04 
                 5.31E−05 
                 1.41E−05 
               
               
                   
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
                 Ωm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The experimental results of Table 2 are described below. If the predetermined powder including 70% by weight of LC powder and 30% by weight of Ag powder is heated at a baking temperature of 850° C., the measured specific resistance of the heating element  30  is 9.38E−01 Ωm. If the predetermined powder including 45% by weight of LC powder and 55% by weight of Ag powder is heated at a baking temperature of 900° C., the measured specific resistance of the heating element  30  is 1.57E−04 Ωm. 
     The weight ratio of the lanthanide oxide powder to the metal powder of the predetermined powder may be variously implemented. For example, the predetermined powder may include 25% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 75% by weight of the metal powder. The predetermined powder may include 75% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 25% by weight of the metal powder. The predetermined powder may include 73% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder, 25% by weight of the metal powder, and 2% by weight of an arbitrary ingredient powder, which will be described later. That is, the predetermined powder may include 25 to 75% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 25 to 75% by weight of the metal powder. 
     Preferably, the predetermined powder includes 30 to 60% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 40 to 70% by weight of the metal powder. For example, the predetermined powder may include 35% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 65% by weight of the metal powder. The predetermined powder may include 60% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 40% by weight of the metal powder. The predetermined powder may include 58% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder, 40% by weight of the metal powder, and 2% by weight of an arbitrary ingredient powder, which will be described later. 
     Since the specific resistances of metals are excessively low, if the weight percentage of the metal powder is increased to a designated reference or more, the heating function of the heating element  30  is restricted. In the surface heater  1 , the specific resistance of the heating element  39  may be 10 −5  cm or more so as to exhibit the heating function. In order to acquire such specific resistance, the weight percentage of the metal powder may be restricted to a specific value or less and, with reference to Table 2, the weight percentage of the metal powder is preferably 70% by weight or less. 
     Further, if the weight percentage of the metal powder is increased to a designated reference or more, the specific resistance of the heating element  30  is remarkably increased as the temperature of the heating element  30  is increased. Therefore, the weight percentage of the metal powder may be properly restricted. 
     Further, if the weight percentage of the lanthanide oxide powder is increased to a designated reference or more, whenever the heating element  30  is manufactured, it is difficult to acquire uniform specific resistance of the heating element  30 . A description thereof has been given above. In experimental example 2, results, in which it is difficult to measure uniform specific resistance of the heating element  30  if the predetermined powder including 70% by weight or 90% by weight is sintered, are deduced. Therefore, the weight percentage of the lanthanide oxide powder may be 60% by weight or less. 
     Further, a heating element  30  having specific resistance of 10 −1  Ωm or less may be implemented. In order to execute surface heating of the surface heater  1 , the heating element  30  needs to have a designated length or more and, as the length of the heating element  30  increases, a resistance value increases. Therefore, by restricting the specific resistance of the heating element  30  to a proper value or less, the surface heater  1  may be effectively designed. 
     The above-described arbitrary ingredient may include the same material as the material of the surface of the substrate  10 . Thereby, adhesive force between the substrate  10  and the heating element  30  may be improved. 
     For example, if the substrate  10  is formed of glass, the arbitrary ingredient may include glass. The predetermined powder may be a mixture including the lanthanide oxide powder, the metal powder and glass powder. The weight percentage of the glass powder in the predetermined powder is 2% or less. The weight percentage of the glass powder in the predetermined powder may be about 1%. 
     The material of the glass powder may be any one selected from the group consisting of SiO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , CuO, ZnO, B 2 O 3  and Al 2 O 3 . The material of the glass powder may be a ZnO—SiO 2 -based, B 2 O 3 —ZnO-based or SiO 2 —Al 2 O 3 -based material. 
     The surface heater  1  may be used to generate hot air in a heater or an air conditioner of a vehicle. The surface heater  1  may be used to generate hot water in a laundry treating apparatus. The surface heater  1  may be used to heat paper in a printing apparatus, such as a photocopier. The surface heater  1  may be used to heat food and containers in an electric range. In addition, the surface heater  1  may be used in various technical fields. 
     Hereinafter, with reference to  FIGS. 4 and 5 , a surface heater  1  of an electric range  100  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention will be described. 
     The electric range  100  may include a cabinet  105  provided with an opened upper surface. The cabinet  105  forms the external appearance of the electric range  100 . Parts of the electric range  100  are disposed at the inside of the cabinet  105 . 
     The electric range  100  includes the surface heater  1 . A conventional heating element formed of Ag—Pd as a main ingredient is disadvantageous in that manufacturing costs are increased due to scarcity of Pd, but the heating element  130  of the surface heater  1  is formed of a lanthanide oxide as a main ingredient and thus solves such a problem. 
     The electric range  100  includes a substrate  110  having surfaces formed of an electrically insulating material. The substrate  110  may be disposed at the opened upper surface of the cabinet  105 . Here, one surface of the substrate  110  in the upward direction is defined as an upper surface and the other surface of the substrate  110  in the downward direction is defined as a rear surface. The rear surface of the substrate  110  may be formed of glass or ceramics (for example, alumina). A description of parts of the substrate  110 , which are substantially the same as those of the substrate  10 , will be omitted. 
     The electric range  100  includes heating element  130  attached to the rear surface of the substrate  110  by sintering a predetermined powder. The heating element  130  includes a first terminal  131  located at a start part of the heating element  130  and a second terminal  132  located at an end part of the heating element  130  in the flow direction of supplied electricity. A description of parts of the heating element  130 , which are substantially the same as those of the heating element  30 , will be omitted. 
     A plurality of heating elements  130  may be disposed. In this embodiment, the heating element  130  includes a first heating element  130   a , a second heating element  130   b  and a third heating element  130   c  in descending order of the areas thereof. The first heating element  130   a , the second heating element  130   b  and the third heating element  130   c  may be disposed on the substrate  110  so as to have different sizes or shapes. 
     With reference to  FIG. 5 , the heating element  130  having a predetermined shape disposed on the substrate  110  in accordance with one embodiment will be described. The heating element  130  extends from the first terminal  131  to a first point P 1  spaced apart from the first terminal  131  by a designated interval s in a circumferential shape in the counterclockwise direction. Thereafter, the heating element  130  extends from the first point P 1  to a second point P 2  spaced apart from the first point P 1  by a designated distance in the centripetal direction, and extends from the second point P 2  to a third point P 3  spaced apart from the second point P 2  by the designated interval s in the circumferential shape in the clockwise direction. Thereafter, the heating element  130  extends from the third point P 3  to a fourth point P 4  spaced apart from the third point P 3  by the designated distance, and extends from the fourth point P 4  to a fifth point P 5  spaced apart from the fourth point P 4  by the designated interval s in the circumferential shape in the counterclockwise direction. In such a manner, the heating element  130  extends from an n th  point (n being a natural number) to an n+1 th  point spaced apart from the n th  point by a designated distance in the centripetal direction and extends from the n+1 th  point to an n+2 th  point spaced apart from the n+1 th  point in the circumferential shape in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Here, n, which is a natural number, is restricted to a finite number. In this embodiment, n is restricted to 11, and thus a sixth point to a thirteenth point P 6 , P 7 , P 8 , P 9 , P 10 , P 11 , P 12  and P 13  are additionally provided. The final point P 13  is spaced apart from the twelfth point P 12  by a smaller interval than the designated interval s. The heating element  130  extends from the thirteenth point P 13  in the centrifugal direction, passes by the designated interval s, and then extends to the second terminal  132  located at a position close to the first terminal  131 . 
     The electric range  100  includes a power supply unit  150  which supplies electricity to the heating element  130 . A description of parts of the power supply unit  150 , which are substantially the same as those of the power supply unit  50 , will be omitted. 
     The electric range  100  includes a controller  160  which receives input signals from the respective parts of the electric range  100  and transmits control signals to the respective parts of the electric range  100 . The controller  160  may be a microcomputer. 
     The electric range  100  may include an input unit  170  with which a user inputs on/off signals of the respective heating elements  130   a ,  130   b  and  130   c  and heating degrees of the respective heating elements  130   a ,  130   b  and  130   c . The input unit  170  may include a plurality of buttons or rotary levers. An input signal may be transmitted to the controller  160  according to a heating degree input through the input unit  170 , and the controller  160  may control the power supply unit  150  so as to adjust voltage applied to both ends of the heating element  130  based on the transmitted input signal. Here, the voltage applied to both ends of the heating element  130  means voltage applied between the first terminal  131  and the second terminal  132 . 
     The electric range  100  may include temperature detection units  175  which detect the temperatures of the heating element  130 . The temperature detection unit  175  may include a temperature sensor which directly senses temperature. The temperature detection unit  175  may include a device which senses voltage and current applied to the heating element  130 , and such a device may sense temperature using a resistance value calculated by the sensed voltage and current. 
     The electric range  100  includes a display  180  which displays information input through the input unit  170  so as to allow a user to confirm the information. The display  180  may display the current temperatures of the heating elements  130   a ,  130   b  and  130   c  and on/off states of the heating elements  130   a ,  130   b  and  130   c.    
     In the controller  160 , a plurality of specific resistance values, which are exhibited if the heating element  130  reaches a plurality of specific heating temperatures, are predetermined and stored. The controller  160  receives information on a heating temperature input through the input unit  170  and deduces the specific resistance value of the heating element  130  which is exhibited if the heating element  130  reaches the input heating temperature. The controller  160  calculates a resistance value  52  of the heating element  130  using current I flowing in the heating element  130  and voltage V applied to the heating element  130 , sensed by the temperature detection unit  175 . If the calculated resistance value reaches the specific resistance value, the controller  160  turns off a switch of the power supply unit  150  so as to interrupt supply of electricity to the heating element  130  and, after a designated time has passed, turns on the switch of the power supply unit  150  so as to re-supply electricity to the heating element  130 . Using such an algorithm, electricity may be supplied to the heating element  130 . 
     The sintered predetermined powder forming the heating element  130  of the electric range  100  includes powder of a lanthanide oxide, as described above. The lanthanide oxide may be any one selected from the group consisting of LSM, LSCF, LNF and LC. 
     A conventional heating element formed by sintering powder including a metal (for example, Ag—Pd) as a main ingredient has a maximal heating temperature of about 500° C. without delamination. However, the heating element  130  in accordance with the present invention may be heated to a temperature exceeding 650° C. without delamination. 
     The predetermined powder may include metal powder. The metal may be any one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Ag—Pd and Cu. A detailed description thereof, which is substantially the same as the above description, will be omitted. 
     The predetermined powder may include 40 to 55% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 45 to 60% by weight of the metal powder. For example, the predetermined powder may include 45% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 55% by weight of the metal powder. The predetermined powder may include 50% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 50% by weight of the metal powder. The predetermined powder may include 54% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder, 45% by weight of the metal powder, and 1% by weight of an arbitrary ingredient powder. 
     The predetermined shape of the heating element  130  of the electric range  100  is determined by the area of the bottom of a general container  195  which corresponds to a general heating area. The predetermined shape is generally a circular shape, and the diameter d of the circular shape is about 5 to 9 inches. The thickness t of the heating element  130  of the electric range  100  is about 6 to 10 μm. On the assumption that the maximum value of voltage applied to both ends of the heating element  130  is general residential voltage (220 to 240V), when the voltage applied to both ends of the heating element  130  reaches the maximum value, if the proper maximum heating temperature of the heating element  130  is set to 650 to 750° C., a proper resistance value Ω between both ends of the heating element  130  is determined. 
     In consideration of the general length and area/cross-sectional area of the heating element  130 , i.e., a resistor, in the electric range  100 , the range of the specific resistance to design the above-described shape of the heating element  130  is preferably about 5*10 −5  to 5*10 −2  Ωm. With reference to Table 2 above, in order to acquire such specific resistance, the composition ratio of the predetermined powder (40 to 55% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 45 to 60% by weight of the metal powder) is advantageous. 
     More preferably, the predetermined powder may include 40 to 50% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 50 to 60% by weight of the metal powder. The reason for this is that, in consideration of the general length and area/cross-sectional area of the heating element  130 , i.e., a resistor, in the electric range  100 , the range of the specific resistance to design the above-described shape of the heating element  130  is more preferably about 5*10 −5  to 1*10 −3  Ωm. With reference to Table 2 above, in order to acquire such specific resistance, the composition ratio of the predetermined powder (40 to 50% by weight of the lanthanide oxide powder and 50 to 60% by weight of the metal powder) is more advantageous. 
     By reason of the luxurious design of the electric range  100 , the substrate  110  is generally formed of glass. Hereinafter, it will be assumed that the surface of the substrate  110  is formed of glass. 
     The arbitrary ingredient may include glass. That is, the predetermined powder may include glass powder. Thereby, adhesive force between the heating element  130  and the substrate  10  may be improved. 
     The lanthanide oxide may be LC. The baking temperature of LSM, LSCF or LNF powder is about 1,000 to 1,200° C., but the baking temperature of LC powder is relatively low, i.e., about 850° C. The substrate  110  formed of glass has poor temperature resistance, i.e., is weak to a high temperature which is a specific temperature or higher. For example, the commonly used substrate  110  formed of glass may be deformed at a temperature exceeding 950° C. and may thus be used at a temperature which does not exceed 850° C. Since the baking process is carried out under the condition that the predetermined powder is disposed on the surface of the substrate  110 , use of LC powder having a low baking temperature is advantageous. The fact that the baking temperature of predetermined powder including LC powder mixed with metal powder is lower than the baking temperature of predetermined powder including LSM, LSCF or LNF powder mixed with metal powder may be confirmed through experimental example 1 (with reference to Table 1). 
     The particle size of the lanthanide oxide powder may be about 0.4 μm. The particle size of the powder means mean diameter or representative diameter of each grain forming the powder. As the particle size of powder decreases, the baking temperature of the powder is lowered and thus attachment of the heating element  130  to the substrate  110  formed of glass by sintering the powder is advantageous. However, if the particle size of the powder is excessively small, it may be difficult to uniformly distribute the powder in a paste, which will be described later. 
     The metal may be Ag. The baking temperature of predetermined powder including Ag—Pd or Cu powder is about 900 to 1,000° C., but the baking temperature of predetermined powder including Ag powder is relatively low, i.e., about 850 to 920° C. In order to lower the baking temperature of the predetermined powder, it is advantageous to use the predetermined powder including Ag powder having a low baking temperature. 
     Hereinafter, a manufacturing method of a surface heater  1  in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention will be described. In the surface heater  1 , a predetermined powder will be described as including metal powder. 
     The manufacturing method includes manufacturing a paste by mixing an organic solvent and a binder with the predetermined powder. The predetermined powder, the organic solvent and the binder are mixed at a temperature of 10 to 30° C. for 2 to 6 hours using a mixer. The paste has viscosity of about 100 to 200 kcP. 
     The manufacturing method further includes applying the paste to the surface of the substrate  10  in a predetermined shape. As one example, the paste may be applied to the surface of the substrate  10  using a screen printer. As another example, the paste may be applied to the surface of the substrate  10  through a deposition method. The paste is applied to the surface of the substrate  10  to a thickness t of about 6 to 10 μm. 
     The manufacturing method further includes drying the applied paste at a predetermined temperature and removing the organic solvent and the binder from the paste, after application of the paste. In drying, the substrate  10  may be dried at a temperature of about 150° C. for about 10 minutes using an oven and, then, the organic solvent and the binder may be removed at a temperature of about 400° C. for about 30 minutes using the oven. 
     The manufacturing method further includes baking the substrate  10 , after drying. In the manufacturing method of the surface heater  1  in accordance with the present invention, the baking temperature is within a range of about 800 to 900° C. 
     In baking, an acquired predetermined powder may be sintered at a baking temperature of 900° C. or lower. If the predetermined powder is a mixture of lanthanide oxide powder and metal powder, the baking temperature may be lowered to 900° C. or lower. Thereby, even if the substrate  10  is formed of glass, baking may be effectively carried out. 
     If the lanthanide oxide of the predetermined powder is LC and the metal is Ag, the baking temperature may be further lowered. In this case, in baking, the predetermined powder may be sintered at a baking temperature of 850° C. or lower. Thereby, even if the substrate  10  is formed of glass, baking may be more effectively carried out. 
     As apparent from the above description, in a surface heater in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a heating element is formed of a mixture of a lanthanide oxide and a metal, and may thus have a smaller degree of expansion according to temperature change than that of metal and prevent delamination of the heating element from a substrate. 
     Further, the heating element has a small degree of expansion according to temperature change and, thus, the maximum temperature of the heating element may be greatly raised. For example, the temperature of the heating element may be raised to a high temperature, i.e., 650 to 750° C. 
     Further, lanthanide oxides are relatively inexpensive and, thus, manufacturing costs of the heating element may be reduced. 
     Further, the heating element may use the lanthanide oxide and have necessary specific resistance. 
     Moreover, the baking temperature of the heating element may be greatly lowered by sintering the mixture of lanthanide oxide powder and metal powder. 
     Although embodiments have been described with reference to a number of illustrative embodiments thereof, it should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art that will fall within the spirit and scope of the principles of this disclosure. More particularly, various variations and modifications are possible in the component parts and/or arrangements of the subject combination arrangement within the scope of the disclosure, the drawings and the appended claims. In addition to variations and modifications in the component parts and/or arrangements, alternative uses will also be apparent to those skilled in the art.