Patent Publication Number: US-11026144-B2

Title: Non-cellular link integration with cellular networks

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to each of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/368,783 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,334,495), filed on Dec. 5, 2016, entitled “NON-CELLULAR LINK INTEGRATION WITH CELLULAR NETWORKS”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/005,585 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,544,843), filed on Jan. 25, 2016, entitled “NON-CELLULAR LINK INTEGRATION WITH CELLULAR NETWORKS”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/042,064 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,277,580), filed on Sep. 30, 2013, entitled “NON-CELLULAR LINK INTEGRATION WITH CELLULAR NETWORKS.” The entireties of the above noted applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present application relates generally to integrating non-cellular communication with a cellular communication network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Third generation partnership project (3GPP) standards define how non-3GPP access can be integrated into the long term evolution (LTE) cellular infrastructure in specification TS 23.402 and several additional documents. A number of architectural designs are specified for different application situations such as roaming vs. non-roaming, local breakout vs. home-routed, etc. However, such documents share the same fundamental approach. In this regard, a mobile device or other user equipment (UE) attached to a non-3GPP access network forms a “tunnel” to a packet data network gateway (PGW) in the evolved packet core of the LTE cellular infrastructure over the non-3GPP link and the associated access network, and uses the tunnel at the PGW as an integration anchor point. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Numerous aspects, embodiments, objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a block diagram of an example mobile device and an example eNodeB device that can provide for non-cellular link integration with cellular networks in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of an example integrated network in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a block diagram of an example system according to an embedded co-location embodiment in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an example system according to a tunneled co-location embodiment in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 5A  illustrates an example diagram that illustrates various example LTE bearers in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 5B  illustrates an example diagram that illustrates an example set of links between the mobile device and the access point device in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 5C  illustrates an example diagram that illustrates an example set of virtual tunnels between the mobile device and the eNodeB device in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a block diagram of an example system that can provide for additional aspects, features, or detail in connection with integrating non-LTE links with an LTE network in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 7A  is an illustration of a protocol stack diagram that provides for an embedded co-location embodiment in which non-3GPP link layer frames carry data in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 7B  is an illustration of a protocol stack diagram that provides for an embedded co-location embodiment in which data is encapsulated by another layer of IP header in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 8A  is an illustration of a protocol stack diagram that provides for a tunneled co-location embodiment in which a non-3GPP bridging access point resides on a same LAN as the eNodeB device in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 8B  is an illustration of a protocol stack diagram that provides for tunneled co-location embodiment in which the non-3GPP bridging access point resides on a higher IP layer as part of a routing function in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  illustrates an example methodology that can provide for integrating non-LTE links with LTE networks in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  illustrates an example methodology that can provide for various example techniques associated with determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an example methodology that can provide for additional features or aspects in connection with integrating non-LTE links with LTE networks in accordance with certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  a first example of a wireless communications environment with associated components that can be operable to execute certain embodiments of this disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  a second example of a wireless communications environment with associated components that can be operable to execute certain embodiments of this disclosure; and 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an example block diagram of a computer operable to execute certain embodiments of this disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In response to increased demand for capacity, communication network carriers are reducing cell sizes as well as incorporating other wireless communication technologies, such as wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), into their service infrastructure. One result of reducing cell sizes and incorporating other wireless communication technologies is that the relationship between Wi-Fi (or other technologies) installations and cellular infrastructure is becoming closer than ever. 
     Historically, Wi-Fi and many other non-3GPP communication technologies had a “grassroots” upbringing where access was typically provided by individual establishments. Over time, business aggregators began to appear that offered users access to large numbers of individually owned and managed Wi-Fi hotspots using a single accounting and authentication platform. Some market actors even began systematic deployments of Wi-Fi hotspots at strategic locations such as airports, hotels, and chain restaurants. 
     Concurrently, cellular (e.g., 3GPP) providers also began to add Wi-Fi hotspot service to their access product offer list, complementary to traditional cellular services, either by owning their own Wi-Fi operations or forming a business alliance with a hotspot service provider. Accordingly, Wi-Fi and other non-3GPP access networks were historically operated as separate networks with no direct connection to 3GPP (or other) cellular networks other than the fact all might interface to the global Internet. 
     Recently, there has been a push to technologically integrate non-cellular access platforms into cellular access platforms. For example, with advances in cellular standards and technologies, cellular (e.g., LTE) providers are incorporating non-cellular (e.g., Wi-Fi) service into associated service infrastructure in a more integrated manner. For instance, different than before, cellular networks might use both LTE and Wi-Fi access links flexibly. In addition, the transition of data traffic from one access network to another, as well as splitting and merging of data traffic over these access networks links might be accomplished seamlessly. Thus, user traffic can be transparently carried by either or both LTE and Wi-Fi accesses, without affecting upper layer applications and services. 
     For example, 3GPP standards define how non-3GPP access can be integrated into LTE cellular infrastructure in specification TS 23.402, which is incorporated herein by reference. A number of architectural designs are specified for different application situations such as roaming vs. non-roaming, local breakout vs. home-routed, etc. However, all such documents share the same fundamental approach. Essentially, a mobile device or other UE attached to a non-3GPP access network is required to form a “tunnel” to a packet data network gateway (PGW) in the evolved packet core of the LTE cellular infrastructure over the non-3GPP link and the associated access network. Outgoing IP traffic from the UE is tunneled from the UE via the non-3GPP access to the PGW then forwarded to the external IP network, e.g. the Internet. Incoming IP traffic that arrives at the PGW can be forwarded to the UE via this tunnel. Accordingly, the PGW operates as the traffic anchor point for the UE both for supporting mobility and change of access technologies. 
     While the above approach maintains a unified solution for incorporating different kinds of non-3GPP access technologies, including Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and other types of wireless IP access technologies, the design of using the PGW as an anchor point also implies that to the 3GPP cellular network, these non-3GPP accesses are both external in the sense that backhauls to these accesses are not owned and controlled by the cellular operators, and remote in terms of network topology. 
     Moreover, as noted previously, there is a movement in the industry toward smaller cells as opposed to large wireless towers. For example, small cell base station hardware is often capable of also providing Wi-Fi access. Moreover, small cell base stations are often themselves becoming “external” because such cells can be deployed on external networks such as customer enterprise Ethernets, which are both not under cellular operator control and often shared with customer Wi-Fi access points covering the same physical areas. 
     Based on these observations, the solution to integrating non-cellular communication with cellular communication as proposed by TS 23.402 and other related documents can be improved. For example, the disclosed subject matter can leverage the fact that in many cases an evolved nodeB (eNodeB) of an LTE cellular network can be co-located with a non-cellular (e.g., Wi-Fi) access point device. Due to such co-location, it is no longer necessary or advantageous to use the PGW as an anchor point or forming tunnels between the UE and the PGW, as is detailed by TS 23.402. Rather, some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can establish tunnels over non-3GPP accesses between the UE and the eNodeB serving that UE. Such can allow for tightly coupled 3GPP and non-3GPP access installations. Such an approach can provide for numerous advantages such as, e.g., reduced signaling overhead, simplified quality-of-service management, and a more rapid reaction to changes of access. Such advantages can arise due to the fact that tunnels can be managed locally between the UE and the serving eNodeB, rather than being managed in the core network by a gateway such as the PGW. 
     In some embodiments, the disclosed subject matter can provide an enhancement to the current 3GPP architecture for incorporating non-3GPP accesses. The disclosed subject matter can be fully compatible and complementary to the above mentioned 3GPP designs for incorporating non-3GPP accesses. In particular, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide for seamless integration of different non-3GPP access technologies onto a 3GPP cellular platform for situations where the non-3GPP accesses are provided in a manner that are networked topologically closer to 3GPP access than what the 3GPP designs for currently. Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can take advantage of such “closeness” and can offer a more efficient way of supporting tight integration of non-3GPP accesses to 3GPP infrastructure. 
     The disclosed subject matter is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed subject matter. It may be evident, however, that the disclosed subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to facilitate describing the disclosed subject matter. 
     Long term evolution (LTE) is a standard for cellular-based wireless communication maintained by the third generation partnership project (3GPP). Although the subject matter disclosed herein relates to such standards, it is appreciated that the terms “LTE” and “3GPP,” as used herein, can relate to substantially any cellular-based wireless communication network. That is, in some embodiments, the terms “LTE,” “3GPP,” and “cellular” can be used interchangeably. The terms “non-LTE,” “non-3GPP,” and “non-cellular” can also be used interchangeably herein and are intended to denote communication standards, protocols, or technologies, typically wireless (e.g., wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), high rate packet data (HRPD), etc.), which differ from cellular-based standards, protocols, or technologies such as 3GPP or LTE. 
     Referring now to the drawing, with reference initially to  FIG. 1 , mobile device  100  is depicted. Mobile device  100  can provide for non-cellular link integration with cellular networks. Mobile device  100  can represent any suitable user equipment (UE) that can access data or services of a cellular network provider, and can include a memory to store instructions and, coupled to the memory, a processor that facilitates execution of the instructions to perform operations. Examples of the memory and processor can be found with reference to  FIG. 14 . It is to be appreciated that the computer  1402  can represent a service device of a communications network or a user equipment device and can be used in connection with implementing one or more of the systems or components shown and described in connection with  FIG. 1  and other figures disclosed herein. 
     In particular, mobile device  100  can be configured to establish first communication path  102  with access point device  104 . Access point device  104  can be a wireless-type access point device, e.g., a Wi-Fi device, a WiMax device, a HRPD-based device, or substantially any other access point device that operates according to protocol  106  that is non-cellular in nature. For example, protocol  106  can be a protocol that differs from a cellular protocol such as a 3GPP protocol or LTE protocol  112 . First communication path  102  can relate to a communications link established between mobile device  100  and access point device  104 . 
     Mobile device  100  can be configured to determine that access point device  104  is co-located with eNodeB device  108 , which can be accomplished by way of co-location determination  110 . The eNodeB device  108  can be configured to operate according to LTE protocol  112  in connection with communication with network device  114  of communication network  116 . It is understood that communication network  116  can be an LTE network and can include LTE-enabled devices or paths, such as eNodeB device  108 , mobile device  100 , and second communication path  118 . In some embodiments, network device  114  can be a gateway device (e.g., a PGW device) that resides in a core network portion of communication network  116 , which can be a cellular-based communication network, such as 3GPP or LTE. 
     Co-location determination  110  can relate to a data discovery technique or any other suitable technique by which it can be determined that access point device  104  and eNodeB device  108  are co-located. For example, co-location determination  110  can relate to determining that access point device  104  and eNodeB device  108  are physically co-located and/or comprise a common physical structure. The common physically structure will typically be a common housing, casing, or enclosure, but can also relate to a common tower or antenna array. Such embodiments are referred to herein as “embedded co-location,” and described in more detail in with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
     In some embodiments, co-location determination  110  can relate to determining that access point device  104  and eNodeB device  108  are topologically co-located with respect to a defined network topology. For example, the access point device  104  and the eNodeB device can represent topologically close nodes (or share a common node) on a shared Ethernet or other local area network (LAN). Such embodiments are referred to herein as “tunneled co-location,” and described in more detail in connection with reference to  FIG. 4 . In the case of tunneled co-location, mobile device  100  can further provide for receiving an indication (or otherwise determining) that a secure tunnel has been established between the access point device  104  and the eNodeB device  108  (that are topologically close to one another). The secure tunnel can be a secure communication path between access point device  104  and eNodeB device  108 . 
     Mobile device  100  can be further configured to establish second communication path  118  with eNodeB device  108 . Second communication path  118  can be established in connection with LTE protocol  112  (or another suitable cellular-based protocol). It is understood that the terms “first” and “second” are not intended in this case to imply a temporal order. For example, second communication path  118  can exist prior to establishing first communication path  102 . Mobile device  100  can be further configured to communicate data  120  and/or  122  between mobile device  100  and network device  114  via path  130  (e.g.,  130   a - 130   c ) that traverses first communication path  102  and eNodeB device  108 . For example, mobile device  100  can transmit outgoing data (e.g., uplink data  120 ) to network device  114  via path  130  or receive incoming data (e.g., downlink data  122 ) from network device  114  via path  130 . 
     It is appreciated that such differs from other solutions that form a tunnel between the UE and the PGW. Such tunnels made by other solutions completely by-pass the associated eNodeB and therefore do not leverage the advantages that can be obtained due to the fact that the eNodeB device and the non-cellular access point (e.g., Wi-Fi) device are physically and/or network topologically close. 
     Various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be facilitated by controller components or modules. In some embodiments, mobile device  100  can comprise the controller component (e.g., UE controller  150 ). In some embodiments, eNodeB device  108  can comprise the controller component (e.g., eNodeB controller  160 ). In some embodiments, mobile device  100  and eNodeB device  108  can each comprise a respective controller  150 ,  160 . These controller components (e.g., UE controller  150  and eNodeB controller  160 ) can manage or facilitate the operations detailed herein as well as determine how communications are to be transported in a manner that provides additional efficiencies and other advantages while still remaining compliant with other solutions, which is further detailed herein, particularly with respect to  FIGS. 6-8B . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , example integrated network  200  is provided. Integrated network  200  is intended to represent a cellular network (e.g., a long term evolution network) that facilitates integration with a non-cellular network. The various network devices associated with the LTE or cellular network are depicted at the upper portion while the various devices associated with the non-LTE network (e.g., Wi-Fi) are depicted at the lower portion. The radio access network (RAN) portion of both networks are depicted on the left portion, while the core network (CN) portions of both networks are depicted on the right portion of  FIG. 2 . The RAN portion generally provides radio wireless access for mobile units (e.g., UE) via base stations. The RAN portion generally comprises mobile units, base stations, and any additional components for coordinating radio related operations. The CN portion generally comprises various gateways for interfacing with both RAN and external networks (e.g. the Internet), and components or devices for functions such as authentication, admission control, and charging. 
     As noted previously, other solutions associated with integrating non-cellular links with cellular networks are directed to utilizing the packet data network gateway, or PGW, which exists in the core network, as the anchor point, as illustrated by reference numeral  202 . For example, other solutions for non-LTE access to the LTE communication network relies on the operation of forming a tunnel for non-LTE access to the PGW. This PGW serves both as the anchor point for supporting non-LTE access as well as user traffic mobility across LTE and non-LTE accesses. 
     In contrast to other solutions, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can provide certain advantages, particularly in connection with deployment scenarios where the non-cellular (e.g., non-LTE or non-3GPP) access (via e.g., a Wi-Fi access point) and the cellular access (via e.g., an eNodeB) are co-located. For example, co-location can occur in cases where the non-cellular access is provided by an interface that is on the platform of the eNodeB, or at a location that is topologically close to the eNodeB, e.g., on the same Ethernet that the eNodeB is connected to. Such non-cellular access can be referred to as “co-located non-cellular access.” It is to be understood that co-location is not a requirement of the disclosed subject matter, but such deployment scenarios are believed to optimize the advantages of the disclosed subject matter, while reducing security concerns. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , system  300  is depicted. System  300  relates to an embedded co-location embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. The embedded co-location embodiment can be characterized by eNodeB device  108  and access point device  104  sharing common structure or housing  302 . The UE (in this case mobile device  100 ), can establish multiple links with eNodeB device  108 . Such can include one or more LTE protocol-based paths (e.g., LTE-Uu) as well as one or more non-LTE connections with access point device  104  that can also connect to eNodeB device  108  via access point device  104  that is on the same platform. Thus, communication via access point device  104  can be integrated with the LTE platform at eNodeB device  108  (e.g., in the RAN portion of communication network  116 ) rather than at the PGW (e.g., in the core network portion of communication network  116 ). 
     With reference now to  FIG. 4 , system  400  is depicted. System  400  relates to a tunneled co-location embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. The tunneled co-location embodiment can be characterized by eNodeB device  108  and access point device  104  sharing common local area network (LAN)  402  such as an Ethernet. The UE (in this case mobile device  100 ), can again establish multiple links with eNodeB device  108 . Such can include one or more LTE protocol-based paths (e.g., LTE-Uu) as well as one or more non-LTE connections with access point device  104 . Secure tunnel(s)  404  can be established between eNodeB device  108  and access point device  104 . Secure tunnel(s)  404  can be secure communication path(s) between access point device  104  and eNodeB device  108  and can represent non-LTE access to eNodeB device  108 . Hence, in any exemplary scenario, either embedded co-location, tunneled co-location, or another suitable embodiment, communication via access point device  104  can be integrated with the LTE platform at eNodeB device  108  rather than at the packet data network gateway. 
     Turning now to  FIGS. 5A-5C , diagrams  500 ,  520 , and  530  are presented. Diagram  500  illustrates various example LTE bearers. Existing LTE standards provide for various communication paths between various devices of the LTE network, which are referred to as bearers. Generally, bearers are virtual end-to-end “pipes” that are created within the cellular network between different components. For example, radio bearer  502  can accommodate traffic between the UE and the eNodeB. S1 bearer  504  can accommodate traffic between the eNodeB and the serving gateway (SGW) of a core network portion of the LTE network. S5/S8 bearer  506  can accommodate traffic between the SGW and the PGW. Evolved radio access bearer (E-RAB)  508  can accommodate traffic between the UE and the SGW. Evolved packet system (EPS) bearer  510  can accommodate traffic between the UE and the PGW. 
     Diagram  520  illustrates an example set of links between mobile device  100  and access point device  104 . The set of links can include links  522   1 - 522   N , where N can be virtually any positive integer. Links  522   1 - 522   N  can be referred to herein, either individually or collectively as link(s)  522 . All or a portion of links  522  might pre-exist or might be established based on instructions from one or more controller  150  or  160 . It is appreciated that first communication path  102  can be a member of the set of links  522 . 
     Diagram  530  illustrates an example set of virtual tunnels between mobile device  100  and eNodeB device  108 . These virtual tunnels  532 - 540 , as well as others not shown, can relate to secure communication paths between mobile device  100  and eNodeB device  108 . In some embodiments, virtual tunnels  532 - 540  can comprise various links  522 . In other words, virtual tunnels  532 - 540  can traverse access point device  104 , although in other embodiments, such is not the case. 
     In some embodiments, virtual tunnels  532 - 540 , as well as others not shown, can correspond to respective bearers  502 - 510 , depicted in illustration  500  of  FIG. 5 , as well as others not shown. To illustrate, virtual companion tunnel  532  can correspond to radio bearer  502 . Virtual tunnel  534  can correspond to S1 bearer  504 . Likewise, tunnel  536  can correspond to S5/S8 bearer  506 ; tunnel  538  can correspond to E-RAB  508 ; and tunnel  540  can correspond to EPS bearer  510 . Additional detail in connection with bearers  502 - 510 , links  522  and virtual tunnels  532 - 540  is further detailed herein. 
     For example, while still referring to  FIGS. 5A-5C , but turning back to  FIG. 1 , it can be appreciated that the disclosed subject matter can be implemented systems that also implement other solutions such as those proposed by TS 23.402. For instance, embodiments of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented for deployment scenarios where the non-LTE access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located, with other solutions implemented for other deployment scenarios. Regardless, one of the advantages of embodiments of the disclosed subject matter is that interfaces between the eNodeB and the CN portion of the communication network can remain unaltered. Put another way, compatibility with 3GPP specifications, both in the CN and in the RAN can be maintained. Such compatibility can be accomplished by controllers  150  and/or  160 . For example, controllers  150 ,  160  can interface with the 3GPP means of transporting user plane packets in its CN, namely the bearers detailed in connection with  FIG. 5A , which illustrates the bears specified by 3GPP LTE standards. 
     In some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, the controllers  150 ,  160  can interact with the session management procedures of the 3GPP bearers (e.g., bearers  502 - 510 ). For example, because of the inclusion and exclusion of additional access links (e.g., links  522 ) from time to time, the controller  150 ,  160  can update the bearer state to reflect the use of these non-3GPP links  522  (which can include first communication path  102 ). For user plane communications between mobile device  100  and eNodeB device  108 , essentially packets of the data (e.g., uplink data  120  or downlink data  122 ) can be extracted from the 3GPP bearers (e.g., bearers  502 - 510 ) at one end (e.g., at eNodeB device  108 ), placed onto non-3GPP links  522 , then re-insert them back onto the original associated 3GPP bearers at the other end (e.g., at mobile device  100 ). Because there may exist multiples of each type of bearer  502 - 510  an associated multiple number of non-3GPP links  522  can be established and controllers  150 ,  160  can perform a mapping function for identifying which bearer to insert packets of data  120 ,  122  upon arrival from a non-3GPP link  522 , and which non-3GPP link  522  to employ to transport packets of data  120 ,  122  as such packets are extracted from a bearer  502 - 510 . 
     In some embodiments, mobile device  100  and/or eNodeB device  108  can utilize an associated controller  150 ,  160  to identify a set of bearers  502 - 510  and a set of links  522 . As described, the set of bearers  502 - 510  can relate to communication paths fashioned in accordance with LTE protocol  112  between a first device of communication network  116  and a second device of communication network  116 . The set of links  522  can relate communication paths, including first communication path  102 , fashioned in accordance with non-LTE protocol  106  that differs from LTE protocol  112  between mobile device  100  and access point device  104 , and potentially extending to eNodeB device  108  via path(s)  130   b . Additional detail can be found at  FIG. 6 , which can now be referenced. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates system  600 . System  600  can provide for additional aspects, features, or detail in connection with integrating non-LTE links with an LTE network. In some embodiments, system  600  can relate to mobile device  100  that, along with UE controller  150 , can perform operations denoted by reference numerals  602 - 614 . In some embodiments, all or a portion of operations  602 - 614  can be performed by eNodeB device  108  and associated eNodeB controller  160 . 
     For example, device  100  or device  108  (and/or controller  150 ,  160 ) can determine a bearer (e.g., EPS bearer  510 ) from a set of bearers  502 - 510  associated with data  120 ,  122 , which is detailed in connection with reference numeral  602 . Next, at reference numeral  604 , a link  522  from the set of links  522  can be selected for transporting data  120 ,  122  that other solutions expect to be transported on the EPS bearer  510 . The selected link  522  can be denoted as first communication path  102 . 
     As previously noted, controllers  150 ,  160  can process a mapping function to map bearers to links  522 . To facilitate such mapping, in one embodiment, the controller  150 ,  160  on the egress entity (e.g., device  100  or device  108  with outgoing data  120 ,  122 ) of the 3GPP bearer tags packets of outgoing data  120 ,  122  exiting the 3GPP bearer onto non-3GPP links  522  with additional information so that the controller  150 ,  160  on the ingress entity (e.g., device  100  or device  108  with incoming data  120 ,  122 ) of the 3GPP bearers is able to map the packet of data  120 ,  122  back to a particular established 3GPP bearer. Tagging data  120 ,  122  with tag information of a particular bearer is depicted at reference numeral  606 . 
     Hence, as a packet of data  120 ,  122  arrives over a 3GPP bearer, controller  150 ,  160  can identify the bearer, and then generates the extra information needed for tagging the data  120 ,  122  for the purpose of bearer identification. The controller  150 ,  160  can also identify over which non-3GPP link  522  the packet of data  120 ,  122  is to be sent based on the conditions of the link  522  at the time and an associated link selection algorithm. This link selection process may also depend on characteristics of the packets themselves, such as which application flows they belong to or what quality-of-service characteristics or security requirements are defined. Data  120 ,  122  can be sent over the selected link  522  with tagged information. In some embodiments, data  120 ,  122  with tagged information can be sent from the egress entity via multiple links  522 , which is illustrated by reference numeral  608 . 
     At the other end, that is, for the ingress entity (e.g., device  100  or device  108 ), the controller  150 ,  160  can identify the 3GPP bearer that a packet belongs to as it arrives over a non-3GPP link  522  by using the tagged information, which is detailed in connection with reference numeral  610 . In embodiments where virtual companion tunnels  532 - 540  are utilized, the 3GPP bearer can be identified based on the non-3GPP virtual tunnel  532 - 540  by which data  120 ,  122  arrives at the ingress entity. Regardless of how the bearer is identified, data  120 ,  122  can be inserted into a queue for the identified bearer by the ingress entity, described at  612 . In some embodiments, data  120 ,  122  can be reformatted according to a bearer protocol of the identified bearer prior to inserting into the identified bearer, as described at  614 . It is understood that controllers  150 ,  160  and/or devices  100 ,  108  can enforce quality-of-service settings (e.g., max/min bit rates) of the 3GPP bearers when inserting data  120 ,  122  back to these bearers. Additionally or alternatively, controllers  150 ,  160  can alter quality-of-service settings of the bearer through the 3GPP standard session management procedures. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 7A and 7B , illustrations  700  and  710  are depicted. Illustration  700  provides for an embedded co-location embodiment in which non-3GPP link layer frames carry data  120 ,  122 . Illustration  710  provides for an embedded co-location embodiment in which data  120 ,  122  is encapsulated by another layer of IP header, e.g., IP-in-IP encapsulation.  FIG. 3  provides an example of embedded co-location embodiments. 
     For example, for uplink data  120  traffic (e.g., traffic from mobile device  100  to access point device  104  and/or eNodeB  108 ), UE controller  150  can determine for any given packet of data  120  which path to take, either via the interface for existing 3GPP paths (e.g., second communication paths  118 , bearers  502 - 510 , etc.), or the non-3GPP interface for existing or newly created links  522 . It is appreciated that, in some embodiments, the former implementation described by illustration  700  can be more efficient, but might require closer interactions with the IP layer implementation of the host, if it is assumed there is no modification of existing IP layers to deal with multiple outgoing interfaces. In some embodiments, the latter implementation described by illustration  710  might incur additional overhead relative to the former implementation, such as in outer layer IP headers. However, the latter implementation can, in some embodiments, be more flexible in terms of implementation because such can depend less on accesses to the internals of the lower layers of the communication protocol stack, and can be more seamlessly integrated with no change to IP layer implementations. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 8A and 8B , illustrations  800  and  810  are depicted. Illustration  800  provides for a tunneled co-location embodiment in which a non-3GPP bridging access point resides on a same LAN as the eNodeB device  108 . Illustration  810  provides for tunneled co-location embodiment in which the non-3GPP bridging access point resides on a higher IP layer as part of a routing function.  FIG. 4  provides an example of tunneled co-location embodiments. 
     For instance, illustrations  800  and  810  depict the protocol stack for different entities for the tunneled co-location cases. In such cases, a separate entity provides the non-3GPP access services to the UE (e.g., mobile device  100 ). This entity is referred to as the non 3GPP bridging access point. As introduced above, a difference between illustration  800  and  810  relates to the function in the non-3GPP bridging access point that performs the forwarding. In the first case of illustration  800 , the non-3GPP bridging access point is on the same LAN as the eNodeB (e.g., eNodeB device  108 ) and the packet forwarding is performed at the bridging layer. In the second case of illustration  810 , such functionality is performed by devices residing above the IP layer as part of the routing function. 
       FIGS. 9-11  illustrate various methodologies in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodologies are shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the disclosed subject matter is not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with the disclosed subject matter. Additionally, it should be further appreciated that the methodologies disclosed hereinafter and throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such methodologies to computers. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 9 , exemplary method  900  is depicted. Method  900  can provide for integrating non-LTE links with LTE networks. Generally, at reference numeral  902 , a first indication can be received. The first indication can indicate that a first communication path has been established between an access point device that operates according to a protocol that differs from a long term evolution protocol and a user equipment device that supports the protocol and the long term evolution protocol. 
     At reference numeral  904 , a second indication can be received. The second indication can indicate that a second communication path has been established between the user equipment and an eNodeB device according to the long term evolution protocol. 
     At reference numeral  906 , it can be determined that the access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located and connected by a third communication path. Method  900  can proceed via insert A described in  FIG. 10 , or continue to reference numeral  908 . At reference numeral  908 , communication of data can be facilitated between the user equipment and a network device in a core network portion of a communication network via the third communication path. The communication network can operate according to the long term evolution protocol. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 10 , exemplary method  1000  is illustrated. Method  1000  can provide for various example techniques associated with determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located. For example, method  1000  can initially proceed to reference numeral  1002 . At reference numeral  1002 , the determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located as detailed in connection with reference numeral  906  of  FIG. 9  can comprise determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are physically co-located and comprise a common physical structure (e.g., in the same box or housing or the same tower). Method  1000  can thereafter end and return to reference numeral  906  of  FIG. 9 . 
     Additionally or alternatively, method  1000  can initially proceed to reference numeral  1004 . At reference numeral  1004 , the determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are co-located as detailed in connection with reference numeral  906  of  FIG. 9  can comprise determining that the access point device and the eNodeB device are topologically co-located with respect to a defined network topology (e.g., on the same node or proximal nodes of a common LAN). 
     At reference numeral  1006 , an indication can be received. The indication can indicated that a secure tunnel has been established between the access point device and the eNodeB device. The secure tunnel can be a secure communication path between the access point device and the eNodeB device. Thereafter, method  1000  can end and return to reference numeral  906  of  FIG. 9 . 
     Referring now to  FIG. 11 , exemplary method  1100  is illustrated. Method  1100  can provide for additional features or aspects in connection with integrating non-LTE links with LTE networks. Method  1100  can initially proceed to reference numeral  1102  or  1112 , e.g., depending on the communication path by which data is received and/or whether data is received by an ingress device or an egress device and/or whether the data is associated with an LTE protocol or a protocol that differs from LTE. 
     For example, at reference numeral  1102 , data can be received via a long term evolution protocol bearer. In that case, method  1100  can proceed to reference numerals  1104 - 1110  and thereafter terminate. At reference numeral  1112 , data can be received via a link that operates according to a different protocol that differs from the long term evolution protocol or, in some embodiments, via a virtual companion tunnel that operates according to the different protocol. In the second case, method  1100  can proceed to reference numeral  1114 - 1118 , and thereafter end. 
     At reference numeral  1104 , the bearer can be identified. For example, the bearer by which data was received in connection with reference numeral  1102 . At reference numeral  1106 , the data can be tagged with tag information associated with the bearer and/or an identity of the bearer identified in connection with reference numeral  1104 . At reference numeral  1108 , an appropriate non-LTE link or non-LTE virtual companion tunnel can be identified and selected for sending the data received at reference numeral  1102  and tagged at reference numeral  1106 . At reference numeral  1110 , the data can be transmitted via the selected link and/or tunnel. 
     At reference numeral  1114 , the bearer that originally carried the data received at  1102  (e.g., by an egress device), can be identified (e.g., by an ingress device that receives the tagged data transmitted at reference numeral  1110 ). In particular, the bearer can be identified based on the tag information or based on the virtual companion tunnel by which the tagged data arrives. At reference numeral  1116 , the data can be reformatted according to the bearer protocol. In some embodiments, reformatting the data might not be necessary to remain compliant with the bearer protocol. At reference numeral  1118 , the data can be inserted into a queue associated with the bearer. 
     To provide further context for various aspects of the subject specification,  FIG. 12  illustrates an example wireless communication environment  1200 , with associated components that can enable operation of a femtocell enterprise network in accordance with aspects described herein. Wireless communication environment  1200  includes two wireless network platforms: (i) A macro network platform  1210  that serves, or facilitates communication) with user equipment  1275  via a macro radio access network (RAN)  1270 . It should be appreciated that in cellular wireless technologies (e.g., 4G, 3GPP UMTS, HSPA, 3GPP LTE, 3GPP UMB), macro network platform  1210  is embodied in a Core Network. (ii) A femto network platform  1280 , which can provide communication with UE  1275  through a femto RAN  1290 , linked to the femto network platform  1280  through a routing platform  122  via backhaul pipe(s)  1285 . It should be appreciated that femto network platform  1280  typically offloads UE  1275  from macro network, once UE  1275  attaches (e.g., through macro-to-femto handover, or via a scan of channel resources in idle mode) to femto RAN. 
     It is noted that RAN includes base station(s), or access point(s), and its associated electronic circuitry and deployment site(s), in addition to a wireless radio link operated in accordance with the base station(s). Accordingly, macro RAN  1270  can comprise various coverage cells like cell  1205 , while femto RAN  1290  can comprise multiple femto access points. As mentioned above, it is to be appreciated that deployment density in femto RAN  1290  is substantially higher than in macro RAN  1270 . 
     Generally, both macro and femto network platforms  1210  and  1280  include components, e.g., nodes, gateways, interfaces, servers, or platforms, that facilitate both packet-switched (PS) (e.g., internet protocol (IP), frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)) and circuit-switched (CS) traffic (e.g., voice and data) and control generation for networked wireless communication. In an aspect of the subject innovation, macro network platform  1210  includes CS gateway node(s)  1212  which can interface CS traffic received from legacy networks like telephony network(s)  1240  (e.g., public switched telephone network (PSTN), or public land mobile network (PLMN)) or a SS7 network  1260 . Circuit switched gateway  1212  can authorize and authenticate traffic (e.g., voice) arising from such networks. Additionally, CS gateway  1212  can access mobility, or roaming, data generated through SS7 network  1260 ; for instance, mobility data stored in a VLR, which can reside in memory  1230 . Moreover, CS gateway node(s)  1212  interfaces CS-based traffic and signaling and gateway node(s)  1218 . As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, gateway node(s)  1218  can be embodied in gateway GPRS support node(s) (GGSN). 
     In addition to receiving and processing CS-switched traffic and signaling, gateway node(s)  1218  can authorize and authenticate PS-based data sessions with served (e.g., through macro RAN) wireless devices. Data sessions can include traffic exchange with networks external to the macro network platform  1210 , like wide area network(s) (WANs)  1250 ; it should be appreciated that local area network(s) (LANs) can also be interfaced with macro network platform  1210  through gateway node(s)  1218 . Gateway node(s)  1218  generates packet data contexts when a data session is established. To that end, in an aspect, gateway node(s)  1218  can include a tunnel interface (e.g., tunnel termination gateway (TTG) in 3GPP UMTS network(s); not shown) which can facilitate packetized communication with disparate wireless network(s), such as Wi-Fi networks. It should be further appreciated that the packetized communication can include multiple flows that can be generated through server(s)  1214 . It is to be noted that in 3GPP UMTS network(s), gateway node(s)  1218  (e.g., GGSN) and tunnel interface (e.g., TTG) comprise a packet data gateway (PDG). 
     Macro network platform  1210  also includes serving node(s)  1216  that convey the various packetized flows of information or data streams, received through gateway node(s)  1218 . As an example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, serving node(s) can be embodied in serving GPRS support node(s) (SGSN). 
     As indicated above, server(s)  1214  in macro network platform  1210  can execute numerous applications (e.g., location services, online gaming, wireless banking, wireless device management . . . ) that generate multiple disparate packetized data streams or flows, and manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) such flows. Such application(s), for example can include add-on features to standard services provided by macro network platform  1210 . Data streams can be conveyed to gateway node(s)  1218  for authorization/authentication and initiation of a data session, and to serving node(s)  1216  for communication thereafter. Server(s)  1214  can also effect security (e.g., implement one or more firewalls) of macro network platform  1210  to ensure network&#39;s operation and data integrity in addition to authorization and authentication procedures that CS gateway node(s)  1212  and gateway node(s)  1218  can enact. Moreover, server(s)  1214  can provision services from external network(s), e.g., WAN  1250 , or Global Positioning System (GPS) network(s) (not shown). It is to be noted that server(s)  1214  can include one or more processor configured to confer at least in part the functionality of macro network platform  1210 . To that end, the one or more processor can execute code instructions stored in memory  1230 , for example. 
     In example wireless environment  1200 , memory  1230  stores information related to operation of macro network platform  1210 . Information can include business data associated with subscribers; market plans and strategies, e.g., promotional campaigns, business partnerships; operational data for mobile devices served through macro network platform; service and privacy policies; end-user service logs for law enforcement; and so forth. Memory  1230  can also store information from at least one of telephony network(s)  1240 , WAN(s)  1250 , or SS7 network  1260 , enterprise NW(s)  1265 , or service NW(s)  1267 . 
     Femto gateway node(s)  1284  have substantially the same functionality as PS gateway node(s)  1218 . Additionally, femto gateway node(s)  1284  can also include substantially all functionality of serving node(s)  1216 . In an aspect, femto gateway node(s)  1284  facilitates handover resolution, e.g., assessment and execution. Further, control node(s)  1220  can receive handover requests and relay them to a handover component (not shown) via gateway node(s)  1284 . According to an aspect, control node(s)  1220  can support RNC capabilities. 
     Server(s)  1282  have substantially the same functionality as described in connection with server(s)  1214 . In an aspect, server(s)  1282  can execute multiple application(s) that provide service (e.g., voice and data) to wireless devices served through femto RAN  1290 . Server(s)  1282  can also provide security features to femto network platform. In addition, server(s)  1282  can manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) substantially all packetized flows (e.g., IP-based, frame relay-based, ATM-based) it generates in addition to data received from macro network platform  1210 . It is to be noted that server(s)  1282  can include one or more processor configured to confer at least in part the functionality of macro network platform  1210 . To that end, the one or more processor can execute code instructions stored in memory  1286 , for example. 
     Memory  1286  can include information relevant to operation of the various components of femto network platform  1280 . For example operational information that can be stored in memory  1286  can comprise, but is not limited to, subscriber information; contracted services; maintenance and service records; femto cell configuration (e.g., devices served through femto RAN  1290 ; access control lists, or white lists); service policies and specifications; privacy policies; add-on features; and so forth. 
     It is noted that femto network platform  1280  and macro network platform  1210  can be functionally connected through one or more reference link(s) or reference interface(s). In addition, femto network platform  1280  can be functionally coupled directly (not illustrated) to one or more of external network(s)  1240 ,  1250 ,  1260 ,  1265  or  1267 . Reference link(s) or interface(s) can functionally link at least one of gateway node(s)  1284  or server(s)  1286  to the one or more external networks  1240 ,  1250 ,  1260 ,  1265  or  1267 . 
       FIG. 13  illustrates a wireless environment that includes macro cells and femtocells for wireless coverage in accordance with aspects described herein. In wireless environment  1305 , two areas represent “macro” cell coverage; each macro cell is served by a base station  1310 . It can be appreciated that macro cell coverage area  1305  and base station  1310  can include functionality, as more fully described herein, for example, with regard to system  1300 . Macro coverage is generally intended to serve mobile wireless devices, like UE  1320   A ,  1320   B , in outdoors locations. An over-the-air (OTA) wireless link  1335  provides such coverage, the wireless link  1335  comprises a downlink (DL) and an uplink (UL), and utilizes a predetermined band, licensed or unlicensed, of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. As an example, UE  1320   A ,  1320   B  can be a 3GPP Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) mobile phone. It is noted that a set of base stations, its associated electronics, circuitry or components, base stations control component(s), and wireless links operated in accordance to respective base stations in the set of base stations form a radio access network (RAN). In addition, base station  1310  communicates via backhaul link(s)  1351  with a macro network platform  1360 , which in cellular wireless technologies (e.g., 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)) represents a core network. 
     In an aspect, macro network platform  1360  controls a set of base stations  1310  that serve either respective cells or a number of sectors within such cells. Base station  1310  comprises radio equipment  1314  for operation in one or more radio technologies, and a set of antennas  1312  (e.g., smart antennas, microwave antennas, satellite dish(es) . . . ) that can serve one or more sectors within a macro cell  1305 . It is noted that a set of radio network control node(s), which can be a part of macro network platform  1360 ; a set of base stations (e.g., Node B  1310 ) that serve a set of macro cells  1305 ; electronics, circuitry or components associated with the base stations in the set of base stations; a set of respective OTA wireless links (e.g., links  1315  or  1316 ) operated in accordance to a radio technology through the base stations; and backhaul link(s)  1355  and  1351  form a macro radio access network (RAN). Macro network platform  1360  also communicates with other base stations (not shown) that serve other cells (not shown). Backhaul link(s)  1351  or  1353  can include a wired backbone link (e.g., optical fiber backbone, twisted-pair line, T1/E1 phone line, a digital subscriber line (DSL) either synchronous or asynchronous, an asymmetric ADSL, or a coaxial cable . . . ) or a wireless (e.g., line-of-sight (LOS) or non-LOS) backbone link. Backhaul pipe(s)  1355  link disparate base stations  1310 . According to an aspect, backhaul link  1353  can connect multiple femto access points  1330  and/or controller components (CC)  1301  to the femto network platform  1302 . In one example, multiple femto APs can be connected to a routing platform (RP)  1387 , which in turn can be connect to a controller component (CC)  1301 . Typically, the information from UEs  1320   A  can be routed by the RP  1387 , for example, internally, to another UE  1320   A  connected to a disparate femto AP connected to the RP  1387 , or, externally, to the femto network platform  1302  via the CC  1301 , as discussed in detail supra. 
     In wireless environment  1305 , within one or more macro cell(s)  1305 , a set of femtocells  1345  served by respective femto access points (APs)  1330  can be deployed. It can be appreciated that, aspects of the subject innovation can be geared to femtocell deployments with substantive femto AP density, e.g., 10 4 -10 7  femto APs  1330  per base station  1310 . According to an aspect, a set of femto access points  1330   1 - 1330   N , with N a natural number, can be functionally connected to a routing platform  1387 , which can be functionally coupled to a controller component  1301 . The controller component  1301  can be operationally linked to the femto network platform  1302  by employing backhaul link(s)  1353 . Accordingly, UE  1320   A  connected to femto APs  1330   1 - 1330   N  can communicate internally within the femto enterprise via the routing platform (RP)  1387  and/or can also communicate with the femto network platform  1302  via the RP  1387 , controller component  1301  and the backhaul link(s)  1353 . It can be appreciated that although only one femto enterprise is depicted in  FIG. 13 , multiple femto enterprise networks can be deployed within a macro cell  1305 . 
     It is noted that while various aspects, features, or advantages described herein have been illustrated through femto access point(s) and associated femto coverage, such aspects and features also can be exploited for home access point(s) (HAPs) that provide wireless coverage through substantially any, or any, disparate telecommunication technologies, such as for example Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) or picocell telecommunication. Additionally, aspects, features, or advantages of the subject innovation can be exploited in substantially any wireless telecommunication, or radio, technology; for example, Wi-Fi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (Enhanced GPRS), 3GPP LTE, 3GPP2 UMB, 3GPP UMTS, HSPA, HSDPA, HSUPA, or LTE Advanced. Moreover, substantially all aspects of the subject innovation can include legacy telecommunication technologies. 
     With respect to  FIG. 13 , in example embodiment  1300 , base station AP  1310  can receive and transmit signal(s) (e.g., traffic and control signals) from and to wireless devices, access terminals, wireless ports and routers, etc., through a set of antennas  1312   1 - 1312   N . It should be appreciated that while antennas  1312   1 - 1312   N  are a part of communication platform  1325 , which comprises electronic components and associated circuitry that provides for processing and manipulating of received signal(s) (e.g., a packet flow) and signal(s) (e.g., a broadcast control channel) to be transmitted. In an aspect, communication platform  1325  includes a transmitter/receiver (e.g., a transceiver)  1366  that can convert signal(s) from analog format to digital format upon reception, and from digital format to analog format upon transmission. In addition, receiver/transmitter  1366  can divide a single data stream into multiple, parallel data streams, or perform the reciprocal operation. Coupled to transceiver  1366  is a multiplexer/demultiplexer  1367  that facilitates manipulation of signal in time and frequency space. Electronic component  1367  can multiplex information (data/traffic and control/signaling) according to various multiplexing schemes such as time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), space division multiplexing (SDM). In addition, mux/demux component  1367  can scramble and spread information (e.g., codes) according to substantially any code known in the art; e.g., Hadamard-Walsh codes, Baker codes, Kasami codes, polyphase codes, and so on. A modulator/demodulator  1368  is also a part of operational group  1325 , and can modulate information according to multiple modulation techniques, such as frequency modulation, amplitude modulation (e.g., M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), with M a positive integer), phase-shift keying (PSK), and the like. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 14 , there is illustrated a block diagram of an exemplary computer system operable to execute the disclosed architecture. In order to provide additional context for various aspects of the disclosed subject matter,  FIG. 14  and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment  1400  in which the various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented. Additionally, while the disclosed subject matter described above may be suitable for application in the general context of computer-executable instructions that may run on one or more computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and software. 
     Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices. 
     The illustrated aspects of the disclosed subject matter may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. 
     A computer typically includes a variety of computer-readable media. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable media can comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media can include either volatile or nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computer. 
     Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 14 , the exemplary environment  1400  for implementing various aspects of the disclosed subject matter includes a computer  1402 , the computer  1402  including a processing unit  1404 , a system memory  1406  and a system bus  1408 . The system bus  1408  couples to system components including, but not limited to, the system memory  1406  to the processing unit  1404 . The processing unit  1404  can be any of various commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures may also be employed as the processing unit  1404 . 
     The system bus  1408  can be any of several types of bus structure that may further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory  1406  includes read-only memory (ROM)  1410  and random access memory (RAM)  1412 . A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatile memory  1410  such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer  1402 , such as during start-up. The RAM  1412  can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data. 
     The computer  1402  further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)  1414  (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive  1414  may also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD)  1416 , (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette  1418 ) and an optical disk drive  1420 , (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk  1422  or, to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive  1414 , magnetic disk drive  1416  and optical disk drive  1420  can be connected to the system bus  1408  by a hard disk drive interface  1424 , a magnetic disk drive interface  1426  and an optical drive interface  1428 , respectively. The interface  1424  for external drive implementations includes at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE1394 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within contemplation of the subject matter disclosed herein. 
     The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer  1402 , the drives and media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a HDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of media which are readable by a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment, and further, that any such media may contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods of the disclosed subject matter. 
     A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM  1412 , including an operating system  1430 , one or more application programs  1432 , other program modules  1434  and program data  1436 . All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM  1412 . It is appreciated that the disclosed subject matter can be implemented with various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     A user can enter commands and information into the computer  1402  through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard  1438  and a pointing device, such as a mouse  1440 . Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  1404  through an input device interface  1442  that is coupled to the system bus  1408 , but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE1394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc. 
     A monitor  1444  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  1408  via an interface, such as a video adapter  1446 . In addition to the monitor  1444 , a computer typically includes other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc. 
     The computer  1402  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s)  1448 . The remote computer(s)  1448  can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, a mobile device, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment appliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer  1402 , although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device  1450  is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN)  1452  and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN)  1454 . Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which may connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  1402  is connected to the local network  1452  through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter  1456 . The adapter  1456  may facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN  1452 , which may also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless adapter  1456 . 
     When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  1402  can include a modem  1458 , or is connected to a communications server on the WAN  1454 , or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN  1454 , such as by way of the Internet. The modem  1458 , which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to the system bus  1408  via the serial port interface  1442 . In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  1402 , or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device  1450 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. 
     The computer  1402  is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This includes at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices. 
     Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE802.11 (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, at an 14 Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic “10BaseT” wired Ethernet networks used in many offices. 
     What has been described above includes examples of the various embodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the detailed description is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 
     As used in this application, the terms “system,” “component,” “interface,” and the like are generally intended to refer to a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational machine with one or more specific functionalities. The entities disclosed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. These components also can execute from various computer readable storage media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry that is operated by software or firmware application(s) executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, the electronic components can include a processor therein to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. An interface can include input/output (I/O) components as well as associated processor, application, and/or API components. 
     Furthermore, the disclosed subject matter may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from by a computing device. 
     As it employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited to comprising, single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor also can be implemented as a combination of computing processing units. 
     In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” “repository,” “queue”, and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. In addition, memory components or memory elements can be removable or stationary. Moreover, memory can be internal or external to a device or component, or removable or stationary. Memory can include various types of media that are readable by a computer, such as hard-disc drives, zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards or other types of memory cards, cartridges, or the like. 
     By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising, these and any other suitable types of memory. 
     In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by the above described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., a functional equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary aspects of the embodiments. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the embodiments includes a system as well as a computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or events of the various methods. 
     Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which can include computer-readable storage media and/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium. 
     On the other hand, communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communications media include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media 
     Further, terms like “user equipment,” “user device,” “mobile device,” “mobile,” station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” and similar terminology, generally refer to a wireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication network or service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing terms are utilized interchangeably in the subject specification and related drawings. Likewise, the terms “access point,” “node B,” “base station,” “evolved Node B,” “cell,” “cell site,” and the like, can be utilized interchangeably in the subject application, and refer to a wireless network component or appliance that serves and receives data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream from a set of subscriber stations. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. It is noted that in the subject specification and drawings, context or explicit distinction provides differentiation with respect to access points or base stations that serve and receive data from a mobile device in an outdoor environment, and access points or base stations that operate in a confined, primarily indoor environment overlaid in an outdoor coverage area. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. 
     Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer,” and the like are employed interchangeably throughout the subject specification, unless context warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms. It should be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities, associated devices, or automated components supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacity to make inference based on complex mathematical formalisms) which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth. In addition, the terms “wireless network” and “network” are used interchangeable in the subject application, when context wherein the term is utilized warrants distinction for clarity purposes such distinction is made explicit. 
     Moreover, the word “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form. 
     In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “includes” and “including” and variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”