Patent Publication Number: US-6985498-B2

Title: Beacon signaling in a wireless system

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present invention claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent No. 60/406,076 filed Aug. 26, 2002. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Spread spectrum OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) multiple access, is one example of a spectrally efficient wireless communications technology. OFDM can be used to provide wireless communication services. 
     In OFDM spread spectrum system, the total spectral bandwidth is normally divided into a number of orthogonal tones, e.g. subcarrier frequencies. In a cellular network, the same bandwidth is often reused in all the cells of the system. Those tones hop across the bandwidth for the purpose of channel (frequency) diversity and interference averaging. Tone hopping follows predefined tone hopping sequences so that the hopped tones of a given cell do not collide with each other. The tone hopping sequences used in neighboring cells could be different to average interference between cells. 
     One exemplary form of the tone hopping sequences, is 
                 F   j     ⁡     (   t   )       =       SLOPE     {         1   j     ⁢   mod   ⁢             ⁢             ⁢   N     +   t     }       ⁢           ⁢   mod   ⁢             ⁢             ⁢   N             (   1   )             
 
     In the above equation, N is the total number of the tones, t is the OFDM symbol index, j is the index of a tone hopping sequence, j=0, . . . , N−1, and F j (t) is the index of the tone occupied by the j-th tone hopping sequence at time t. SLOPE is a cell specific parameter that uniquely determines the tone hopping sequences used in a given cell. Neighboring cells could use different values of SLOPE. 
     Information (control and data) is transported via various physical channels. A physical channel corresponds to one or more tone hopping sequences defined in Equation (1). Therefore, those tone hopping sequences are sometimes referred to as data tone hopping sequences. In a physical channel, the basic transmission unit is a channel segment. A channel segment includes the tones corresponding to the data tone hopping sequence(s) of the data channel over some time interval usually corresponding to a number of OFDM symbols. 
     In addition to the data tone hopping sequences, the OFDM spread spectrum system may also use a pilot in a downlink to facilitate various operations, such operations may include synchronization and channel estimation. A pilot normally corresponds to one or more pilot tone hopping sequences. One exemplary form of a pilot tone hopping sequence, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/551,791, is
 
Pilot j ( t )=SLOPE· t+O   j  mod  N   (2)
 
     By using different values for SLOPE, different pilot sequences will occur. Different pilot sequences may be used in different cells. 
     In the above equation, N, t, and SLOPE are the same parameters as used in Equation (1), j is the index of a pilot tone hopping sequence, Pilot j (t) is the index of the tone occupied by the j-th pilot tone hopping sequence at time t, and O j  is a fixed offset number of the j-th pilot tone hopping sequence. Normally, the cells in a system use the same set of offsets {O j }. 
     In the OFDM spread spectrum system, the pilot and data tone hopping sequences are normally periodic with the same periodicity and use the same value for parameter SLOPE. The time interval of one period of a tone hopping sequence is sometimes referred to as a super slot. Thus, a super slot corresponds to a period after which a pilot sequence will repeat. The structures of the pilot, physical channels, and channel segments generally repeat from one super slot to another, and therefore can be uniquely determined once the super slot boundaries have been identified. 
       FIG. 1  shows a frequency vs time graph  100  used to illustrate general concepts of data and pilot tone hopping sequences, control and data traffic channels, channel segments, and super slots. 
       FIG. 1  includes a first row  102 , a second row  104 , a third row  106 , a fourth row  108 , and a fifth row  110 . Each row  102 ,  104 ,  106 ,  108 ,  110  corresponds to a different orthogonal frequency tone in the frequency domain. 
       FIG. 1  also includes a first column  112 , a second column  114 , a third column  116 , a fourth column  118 , a fifth column  120  a sixth column  122 , a seventh column  124 , an eighth column  126 , a ninth column  128 , and a tenth column  130 . Each column  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120 ,  122 ,  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  corresponds to an OFDM symbol time in the time domain. 
     In the  FIG. 1  example, super slots  133 ,  135  each have a period equal to the period of the tone hopping sequence. First super slot  133  has a period of five OFDM symbol times represented by first through fifth columns  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120  and defined by vertical time domain boundary lines  111  and  121 . Second super slot  135  also has a period of five OFDM symbol times. Super slot  135  corresponds to sixth through tenth columns  122 ,  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130  and is defined by vertical time domain boundary lines  121  and  131 . 
     During the first super slot (columns  112 ,  114 ,  116 ,  118 ,  120 ), data tone hopping sequences are shown for a first traffic segment. Three tones are dedicated to the first traffic segment during each symbol period. The data tone hopping sequence for the first exemplary traffic channel segment is illustrated by diagonal line shading which descends in  FIG. 1  from left to right. During the second super slot (columns  122 ,  124 ,  126 ,  128 ,  130 ), data tone hopping sequences are shown for a second traffic segment. The data tone hopping sequence repeats in each super slot  133 ,  135 . The data tone hopping sequence for the second exemplary traffic channel segment is illustrated by ascending diagonal line shading in  FIG. 1 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by first column  112  and the sixth column  122 , the traffic channel data is shown to include frequency tones represented by first row  102 , second row  104  and third row  106 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by second column  114  and the seventh column  124 , the traffic channel data is shown to include frequency tones represented by first row  102 , third row  106  and fifth row  110 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by third column  116  and the eighth column  126 , the traffic channel data is shown to include frequency tones represented by second row  104 , fourth row  108  and fifth row  110 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by fourth column  118  and the ninth column  128 , the traffic channel data is shown to include frequency tones represented by first row  102 , third row  106  and fourth row  108 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by fifth column  120  and the tenth column  130 , the traffic channel data is shown to include frequency tones represented by second row  104 , third row  106  and fourth row  108 . 
       FIG. 1  also shows a pilot tone hopping sequence. The pilot tone hopping sequence repeats in each super slot  133 ,  135 . The pilot tone hopping sequence is illustrated in  FIG. 1  by use of small horizontal line shading. During the OFDM time intervals represented by first column  112  and the sixth column  122 , the pilot tone is assigned to the frequency tone represented by fifth row  110 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by second column  114  and the seventh column  124 , the pilot tone is assigned to the frequency tone represented by fourth row  108 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by third column  116  and the eighth column  126 , the pilot tone is assigned to the frequency tone represented by third row  106 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by fourth column  118  and the ninth column  128 , the pilot tone is assigned to the frequency tone represented by the second row  104 . During the OFDM time intervals represented by fifth column  120  and the tenth column  130 , the pilot tone is assigned to the frequency tone represented by the first row  102 . 
     In some OFDM spread spectrum systems, the traffic channel is assigned in a segment-by-segment manner. Specifically, traffic channel segments can be independently assigned to different wireless terminals. A scheduler determines the amount of transmission power and the burst data rate, associated with a particular channel coding and modulation scheme, to be used in each traffic channel segment. The transmission powers and burst data rates of different traffic channel segments may be different. 
     Sectorization is a popular method to improve wireless system capacity. For example,  FIG. 2  illustrates a cell  200  including three sectors: sector  1   201 , sector  2   203 , and sector  3   205 . Cell  200  also includes a base station  207  employing a 3-sector antenna including antenna sector  1   209 , antenna sector  2   211 , and antenna sector  3   213 . The sectorized antenna provides some isolation between the sectors  201 ,  203 ,  205 . In an ideal system, the same spectrum can be reused in all the sectors  201 ,  203 ,  205  without interfering with each other, thereby tripling the system capacity (over an omni cell) in the 3-sector system shown in  FIG. 2 . Unfortunately, ideal signal separation is not possible in the real world, which generally complicates the use of sectorization in some systems. 
     In theory, integrating the sectorization into an OFDM spread spectrum system should improve the overall system performance. However interference between the sectors due to the limited antenna isolation and reflection from objects can limit the actual capacity gains over an omni cell. Accordingly, it can be appreciated that there is a need for methods and apparatus which will allow sectorization to be used in OFDM systems in a manner that will improve the capacity of such systems without many of the interference problems associated with sectorization. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with the invention, the same spectrum, e.g., frequencies, may be reused in each of a cell&#39;s sectors in a sectorized FDM system. In some embodiments of the invention, the sectors of a cell are synchronized in terms of tone frequencies, OFDM symbol timing, data tone hopping sequences, channel segments and super slot boundaries. Synchronization of fewer transmission characteristics or parameters is used in some embodiments. In fact, some features of the invention such as beacon signals discussed below may be used with minimal or no frequency synchronization between sectors of a cell. 
     In various embodiments symbol timing between sectors of a cell is substantially synchronized, e.g., the symbol transmission start times are synchronized to within the time duration of a cyclic prefix included in transmitted symbols. As is know in the art, it is common to add a cyclic prefix, e.g., a copy of a portion of the symbol so that the same data is at both ends of the transmitted symbol. Cyclic prefixes provide some protection against timing errors and can be used as a buffer in terms of amount of acceptable timing differences which may occur between sectors. 
     Different cells in the system may, but need not, be synchronized in regard to transmission characteristics such as frequency. In the synchronized sector embodiment, for any control or data traffic channel in a given sector, there is a corresponding control or data traffic channel in each of the other synchronized sectors of the same cell. The corresponding channels in the different sectors will have the same configuration of frequency tones and time intervals, e.g., transmission frequencies and symbol transmission times. Channels are divided into segments for transmission purposes. Thus, corresponding channels will have corresponding channel segments. Because of the high level of synchronization between the sectors in the fully synchronized sector embodiment, inter-sector interference is concentrated between corresponding channel segments in such an embodiment. Non-corresponding channel segments see comparatively little inter-sector interference between each other. 
     In some embodiments, the pilots used in each of the sectors of a cell have the same value of SLOPE, but different offsets. This results in the repeating sequence of pilot tones being the same in each sector, but the starting point of the sequence being different in terms of time. Thus, at any point in time, the pilots in different sectors of a cell may be different. 
     When the sectorized OFDM spread spectrum system is used in a cellular network, in accordance with the invention, neighboring cells may use different values of SLOPE to determine the pilot and channel tone hopping sequences. The slope offset sets may be the same in different cells. Different cells need not, and are not necessarily synchronized, in terms of tone frequencies, OFDM symbol timing, tone hopping sequences, channel segments or super slot boundaries. 
     In accordance with one feature of the invention, in some embodiments, the transmission power allocated to corresponding channel segments of different sectors of a cell, if active, are substantially the same in each of the sectors. In such a case, the difference between the transmission powers for the corresponding active channel segments in the sectors of a cell are no more than Delta, where Delta is a value used to control channel power differences between sectors. Different Deltas may be used for different channels. In one embodiment, for at least one channel, Delta is set to be a constant, for example, zero. In another embodiment, Delta may be different from one group of corresponding channels to another, from one group of corresponding channel segments to another, or as a function of burst data rates used in corresponding channel segments or some other criteria. A scheduler may be used to coordinate the power allocation in the various sectors of a cell in a centralized manner. In accordance with the invention, the dynamic range of the allocated power between the traffic channels in the same sector may be large, while the dynamic range of the allocated power across corresponding traffic channels in the various sectors is limited. In some embodiments, the difference between corresponding channels of different sectors is kept to under less than 3 dB relative power difference for channel segments which are actively used in each of a cells sectors. 
     In order to facilitate differentiation of the signals corresponding to channel segments of different sectors, distinct scrambling bit sequences may, and sometimes are, used in different sectors when generating transmit signals in the respective sectors. The wireless terminal receiver may use a particular scrambling bit sequence to selectively demodulate the signal from an intended sector transmission of a base station. Alternatively, the wireless terminal receiver may use multiple scrambling bit sequences to demodulate the signals from multiple sector transmissions of a base station or from multiple base stations simultaneously. 
     The channel condition of a wireless terminal may be described in terms of being in one of two characteristic regions. In the first region, the SIR is not limited by inter-sector interference. When in the first region, the base station can increase the received SIR by allocating high transmission power and thereby provide an improved SIR. In the second region, the SIR is limited by the inter-sector interference, in which case, allocating high transmission power may not remarkably increase the received SIR since inter-sector interference will increase as channel power is uniformly increased in the corresponding channel of each sector. 
     In some embodiments, the wireless terminal estimates its channel condition characteristics and notifies the base station, such that the base station can make sensible scheduling decisions in terms of power and burst data rate allocation. The channel condition information may include information distinguishing between inter-sector interference and other interference. In accordance with the invention, the base station&#39;s scheduler may use the reported channel condition characteristics of the wireless terminals including power information, signal strength, and SIR to match wireless terminals to appropriate channels in each sector. Decisions on providing additional power or allocating segments for a wireless terminal to a channel having high power can be made based on the indication of inter-sector interference relative to other interference. In this manner, wireless terminals which can benefit from higher transmission power, e.g., those subject to low inter-sector interference, can be allocated to high power channels in a preferential manner over wireless terminals subject to comparatively high inter-sector interference. Assignment of high power channel segments can be used to load balance the system, improve or optimize system performance and/or increase throughput capability by evaluating and reducing inter-sector and inter-cell interference. 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, if a wireless terminal is operating within a sector&#39;s cell boundary region and assigned a channel segment, the cell&#39;s scheduler may leave the tones corresponding to the channel segment in the sector adjacent the boundary region unassigned to reduce or eliminate the inter-sector interference. In accordance with the invention, sectorization isolation between wireless terminals in non-sector boundary areas may be managed by the scheduler&#39;s selective assignment of channel segments corresponding to channels with different power levels to different wireless terminals. Low power channels segments are normally assigned to wireless terminals near the transmitter while high power channels segments are assigned to wireless terminals far from the base station. The number of low power channels in a sector normally exceeds the number of high power channels with, in many cases, more of the sector&#39;s total transmission power being allocated to the relatively few high power channels than the large number of low power channels. 
     The base station may frequently and/or periodically transmit a beacon signal, e.g., a relatively high power signal on one or a few tones, over a period of time, e.g., one symbol period. Transmission power is concentrated on one or a small number of tones, e.g., the tones of the beacon signal, during the beacon transmission. This high concentration of power may involve allocating 80% or more of a sector&#39;s total transmission power in the beacon tones. In one embodiment, the beacon signal is transmitted at a fixed OFDM symbol duration, for example, the first or the last OFDM symbol, of a super slot and may repeat every super slot or every few super slots. In such a case, beacon signals are used to indicate superslot boundaries. Therefore, once the time position of the beacon signal has been located, the super slot boundaries can be determined. In accordance with the invention, beacon signals may be assigned to perform different tasks, e.g., convey different types of information. Beacons may be assigned to use fixed predefined frequencies, the frequency itself may convey information, such as, e.g., boundaries of a frequency band or the frequency may correspond to an index number, such as e.g., sector index number. Other beacons may be assigned multiple or varying frequencies which may be related to an index number or numbers used to convey information, such as, a slope value used to determine the hopping sequence of the cell into which the beacon is transmitted. The set of tones that carry high power in the beacon signal may be selected from a predefined group of beacon tone sets depending on the information to be conveyed. Use of different beacon tone sets in the beacon signal can indicate certain system information, such as the values of SLOPE, boundaries of the frequency band, and sector index. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the type of beacon transmitted varies as a function of transmission time, e.g., alternates in the time domain. In another embodiment of the invention, the beacon frequency tone assignments may be reconfigured if a failure or problem occurs at a specific tone frequency. By utilizing both the time and frequency domain to vary the beacon signal transmissions and the information conveyed, a large amount of information may be conveyed to the mobiles in an efficient manner. This information may be used, e.g., to determine the sector/cell location of the mobile, offload some of the functions required by the pilot such as e.g. synchronization to superslot boundaries, reduce the time required for pilot punch through, evaluate reception strength, and provide useful information to predict and improve the efficiency of hand-offs between sectors and cells. 
     In accordance with the invention, in some embodiments, the frequency, symbol timing, and super slot structures of an uplink signal are slaved to those of the downlink signal, and are synchronized in the various sectors of a cell. In one embodiment, the data tone hopping sequences and channel segments are synchronized across each of the sectors of a cell. In another embodiment, the data tone hopping sequences and channel segments are randomized across each of the sectors of a cell such that a channel segment in one sector may interfere with multiple channel segments in another sector of the same cell. 
     One embodiment of the beacon features of the invention is directed to a method of operating a base station transmitter in a frequency division multiplexed communications system. The base station transmitter uses a set of N tones to communicate information over a first period of time using first signals, said first period of time being at least two seconds long, where N is larger than 10, and where the method includes transmitting during a second period of time a second signal including a set of X tones, where X is less than 5, and where at least 80% of a maximum average total base station transmission power used by said base station transmitter during any 1 second period during said first period of time is allocated to said set of X tones. The first period of time may be a large time interval, e.g., several minutes, hours or days. In some cases the first period of time is at least 30 minutes long. In particular implementations X is equal to one or two. The second period of time may be a period of time, e.g., a symbol transmission period in which a beacon signal is transmitted. In some cases during the second period of time at least half of the N-X tones which are in said set of N tones but not in said set of X tones go unused during said second period of time. In some implementations none of the N-X tones in said set of N tones but not in said set of X tones are used during said second period of time. In other implementations multiple ones of the N-X tones in said set of N tones but not in said set of X tones are used during said second period of time. The base station may be part of a communications system which is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed system. In some OFDM implementations the second period of time is a period of time used to transmit an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed symbol. The second period of time, e.g., the beacon transmission period, may periodically repeat during said first period of time. The method in this example may also include transmitting during a third period of time a third signal including a set of Y tones, where Y&lt;N, each tone in said third set of Y tones having 20% or less of said maximum average total base station transmission power used by said base station transmitter during any 1 second period during said first period of time, said third period of time having the same duration as said second period of time. The third period of time may be, and in some embodiments is, a symbol time in which data signals, pilot signals and/or control signals are transmitted. The third period of time may be different from the second period of time or overlap the second period of time. When the third period of time overlaps or is the same as the second period of time, a small portion of the total power transmitted during the period of time is available for use by the data, pilot and/or control signals which are modulated on the Y tones, e.g., 20% or less due to the consumption of at least 80% power by the beacon signal(s), e.g., high power tone or tones. The high power tones, e.g., one or more beacon tones, may be and in various embodiments are, transmitted at a predetermined fixed frequency. The predetermined frequency may, and often does, have a fixed frequency offset&gt;0 from the lowest frequency tone in said set of N tones. This allows the beacon signal to provide an indication of the boundary of the set of N tones. 
     In various embodiments at least one of said X tones, e.g., beacon tones, is transmitted at a frequency which is determined as a function of at least one of a base station identifier and a sector identifier. In many implementations, for each repetition of said second period of time in said first period of time there are at least Z repetitions of said third period of time in said first period of time where Z is at least 10, e.g., there are many more data transmission symbol time periods than beacon signal symbol time periods. In some cases Z is at least 400, e.g., there are at least 400 data transmission symbol times for each beacon transmission signal time. In some implementations during a fourth period of time a fourth signal including G tones is transmitted, where G is less than 5, and where at least 80% of said maximum average total base station transmitter power used by said base station transmitter during any 1 second period during said first period of time is allocated to said G tones. The G tones may correspond, e.g., to a symbol transmission time in which a different beacon signal from the one transmitted in the second period of time is transmitted. In one embodiment the frequency of at least one of said G tones is a function of at least one of a base station identifier and a sector identifier, and said at least one of said G tones is not one of said set of X tones. In various implementations the second and fourth periods of time periodically repeat during said first period of time. In some embodiments, a base station includes a transmitter control routine which includes modules, e.g., software modules or blocks of code, which control the generation and transmission of the signals during each of the first, second, third and fourth transmission periods. A separate control module may not be used for the first signal period when it is fully comprised of second, third and fourth signal transmission periods with the control modules for these periods control transmission. Accordingly, transmission control means may include one or more software modules with each software module controlling a different transmission feature, e.g., a separate transmission feature of the invention recited in one of the pending claims. Thus, while a single transmitter control routine may be present in a base station, the single routine may, and often does, include multiple different control modules. 
     A communication method for use in a base station of a sectorized cell which is directed to various synchronization features of the invention will now be described. In accordance with the method the base station transmits symbols, e.g., modulated symbols, into multiple sectors of said cell using orthogonal frequency division multiplexed symbols. The frequency division multiplexed symbols are generated by modulating information on one or more symbols and, in most cases, adding a cyclic prefix to the form the modulated symbol to be transmitted. The method comprises, in one embodiment, operating each sector to use a set of tones to transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed symbols, each orthogonal frequency division multiplexed symbol. The symbols are transmitted at symbol transmission start times. Thus, each transmitted symbol has a symbol transmission start time. In accordance with the invention each sector is controlled to use the same set of tones, the same duration of each symbol transmission period, and substantially the same symbol start times. In various embodiments each of said orthogonal frequency division multiplexed symbols include a cyclic prefix having a cyclic prefix length. In some of these embodiments substantially the same symbol transmission start times are such that the difference between the symbol transmission start times of any two adjacent sectors are at most the amount of time used to transmit a cyclic prefix. A set of hopping sequences is often used to allocate tones to a first set of communication channels in a first sector of said cell. The same set of hopping sequences is used to allocate tones to a corresponding set of communication channels in each of the other sectors of the cell. Each hopping sequence has a start time. The start time of each hopping sequence in said set of hopping sequences is the same in each of said sectors in one embodiment. In order to allow devices to distinguish between signals corresponding to different sectors of a cell with different information to be transmitted, e.g., modulated symbols, may be subject to a scrambling operation prior to transmission. Different scrambling sequences are used in different sectors. Thus, the scrambling sequence provides a way of distinguishing between data corresponding to different sectors. Thus, in at least one embodiment, scrambling of modulation symbols is performed prior to transmitting said modulation symbols using said transmitted symbols with a different scrambling sequence being used in each sector of the cell. The communication channels in each of the sectors of a cell are normally partitioned into segments, segments of corresponding channels in each of the sectors of the cell have the same segment partitions and have segment start times which are substantially the same, such that for a segment of a channel in one sector there is another segment of the corresponding channel where the two segments use the same set of hopping sequences and the same segment start times. In some embodiments the segment start times for segments of the same channel in different cells differ by no more than the time used to transmit a cyclic prefix. Pilot tones are often transmitted in each sector of the cell. In various embodiments the method of the invention includes transmitting a portion of pilot tones in each sector of the cell according to a pilot tone hopping sequence, the same pilot tone hopping sequence being used in each sector but with a different fixed tone offset being used in each of the sectors of a cell. The pilot tone hopping sequence may be a slope hopping sequence. In such implementations, adjacent cells can use different slope values for determining the slope hopping sequences to be used. In some implementations, pilot tones in each sector of the cell are transmitted according to a set of pilot tone hopping sequences, the same set of pilot tone hopping sequences being used in each sector but with different fixed tone offsets being used in each of the sectors of the cell. In such a case, pilot tone hopping sequences in a set of pilot tone hopping sequences corresponding to a sector are often offset from each other by a corresponding preselected set of offsets, the corresponding preselected set of offsets being the same in each sector of the cell. Furthermore in such a case the set of pilot tone hopping sequences used in any two adjacent sectors of the cell may not be identical due to the use of different fixed tone offsets in the adjacent sectors. The set of pilot tone hopping sequences being used in any two adjacent sectors of the cell need not be, and sometimes are not identical, due to the use of different fixed tone offsets in the adjacent sectors for the pilot tone hopping sequences. 
     The power control methods of the present invention can be used alone or in combination with the other features and/or methods of the invention. In accordance with an exemplary power control method of the invention, a set of tones is used in a cell. A transmitter in the cell transmits into a first sector of said cell over a plurality of symbol times using tones from said set of tones. The cell includes a second sector adjoining said first sector. The transmitter transmits into said second sector on first and second communications channels, the first communications channel including a first subset of said set of tones during each of a first subset of said plurality of symbol times, the second communications channel including a second subset of said set of tones during each of said first subset of said plurality of times, said first subset of said set of tones and said second subset of said set of tones being different from each other during each symbol time. In one such implementation, the exemplary method includes operating the transmitter to transmit on said first and second channels into said first sector in a synchronous manner with transmissions made by said transmitter into said second sector; and controlling a total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the first sector during said first subset of said plurality of symbol times to be greater than 20% and less than 500% of a total power of the tones corresponding to the first channel transmitted into the second sector, during said first subset of said plurality of symbol times. In some implementations controlling the total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel includes limiting the total power used in said first subset of symbol times to be no more than a fixed fraction of a maximum average total transmission power used by said transmitter in the first sector during any 1 hour period, said fixed fraction also being used to limit the total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the second sector during the first subset of symbol times to be no more than said fixed fraction of a maximum average total transmission power used by said transmitter in the second sector during any 1 hour period, said fixed fraction being less than 100%. The symbol times are, in some implementations, orthogonal frequency division multiplexed symbol transmission time periods. In such cases the tones are normally orthogonal frequency division tones. The set of tones may be, and often is, different during at least two symbol times. Symbols transmitted at different times may correspond to different symbol constellations. In some implementations, said transmitter transmits into said first sector symbols corresponding to a first constellation on said first channel during said first subset of symbol times and transmits symbols corresponding to a second constellation during a second subset of said plurality of symbol times, the second constellation including more symbols than the first constellation, in such a case, the method includes controlling a total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the first sector during the second subset of said plurality of symbol times to be greater than 50% and less than 200% of a total power of the tones transmitted in the second sector corresponding to the first channel during said second subset of said plurality of symbol times. In another embodiment the transmitter transmits into the first sector symbols at a first channel coding rate on said first channel during said first subset of said plurality of symbol times and transmits symbols at a second channel coding rate during a second subset of said plurality of symbol times, said second channel coding rate being higher than said first channel coding rate. In such an implementation, the method further comprises controlling a total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the first sector during the second subset of said plurality of symbol times to be greater than 50% and less than 200% of a total power of the tones transmitted in the second sector corresponding to the first channel during said second subset of said plurality of symbol times. The total transmission power of the transmitted tones corresponding to the first channel in the first sector during the first subset of said plurality of symbol times may be, and in some implementations is, equal to the total transmission power of the transmitted tones in the first channel in the second sector during said first subset of said plurality of symbol times. In many cases, the first subset of said plurality of symbol times will include many, e.g., at least 14, consecutive symbol times. The method further comprises controlling the total power of the tones transmitted in the first sector corresponding to the first channel during a fourth subset of said plurality of symbol times to be one of greater than 200% and less than 50% of the total power of the tones transmitted in said first sector corresponding to the second channel during said fourth subset of said plurality of symbol times. In some implementations the power control method includes controlling the total power of the tones transmitted in the first sector corresponding to the first channel during a fourth subset of said plurality of symbol times to be one of greater than 200% and less than 50% of the total power of the tones transmitted in said first sector corresponding to the second channel during said fourth subset of said plurality of symbol times. The fourth subset of said plurality of symbol times sometimes includes at least 14 consecutive symbol times and in some cases more than 40. In some implementations the first and second sectors use a third communications channel during a second subset of said plurality of symbol times, the third communications channel includes a third subset of said set of tones during each of said second subset of said plurality of symbol times. In such a case the power control method often further includes the step of controlling the transmitter during said second subset of said plurality of symbol times, to limit the total transmission power on tones corresponding to said third communications channel transmitted by said transmitter to be less than 10% of the total transmission power used by said transmitter to transmit tones into said second sector corresponding to the third channel during said second subset of said plurality of symbol times. In some cases, to limit interference e.g., between sectors for segments used to transmit control signals, the method includes controlling the transmitter during said second subset of said plurality of symbol times, to limit total transmission power on tones corresponding to said third communications channel transmitted by said transmitter to be zero. In various implementations, the method of the invention is further directed to controlling the allocation of resources, e.g., segments, corresponding to the third communications channel to wireless terminals. In such an implementation the method includes operating the base station or an apparatus included therein to identify wireless terminals in a boundary area which corresponds to a boundary between said first and second sectors; and to allocate the resources, e.g., channel segments, corresponding to the said third channel to at least one of said identified wireless terminals. Identifying wireless terminals in the boundary region may include receiving from a wireless terminal first information indicating an amount of intersector interference measured by said wireless terminal and second information indicating an amount of background interference measured by said wireless terminal. Identifying wireless terminals in boundary regions may alternatively or in addition, include receiving a signal, e.g., a location signal, from a wireless terminal in said boundary area a signal indicating that said wireless terminal is in said boundary area. In some power control embodiments, the first and second sectors use said third communications channel during a third subset of said plurality of symbol times, said third subset of said plurality of symbol times being different from said second subset of said plurality of symbol times. In such a case, the method may further comprise controlling said transmitter during said third subset of said plurality of symbol times, to use a total transmission power on tones corresponding to said third communications channel transmitted by said transmitter into the first sector to be at least 1000% used by said second sector to transmit tones corresponding to the third channel into the second sector during said third subset of said plurality of symbol times. This 1000% represents power 10 times that used in the second sector. This power difference will often be sufficient to make intersector interference seen in the first sector to be a relatively small component of signal interference. In some implementations said first and second sector use said third communications channel during a third subset of said plurality of symbol times, said third subset of said plurality of symbol times being different from said second subset of said plurality of symbol times. In one such implementation the method further includes: controlling said transmitter during said third subset of said plurality of symbol times, to use a total transmission power on tones corresponding to said third communications channel transmitted by said transmitter into the first sector to be at least 1000% used by said second sector to transmit tones corresponding to the third channel into the second sector during said third subset of said plurality of symbol times. In the power control implementations just discussed, a base station control routine may include different segments of code to perform each of the recited control operations. Furthermore, while antennas or other elements of the base station transmitter may be different in each sector, in many implementations the common control logic and control functionality associated with the base station is responsible for controlling transmission in various sectors in accordance with one or more features of the invention. 
     Additional features, benefits and embodiments of the present invention are discussed in the detailed description which follows. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  illustrates the general concepts of data and pilot tone hopping sequences, control and data traffic channels, channel segments, and super slots. 
         FIG. 2  shows a three sector cell with a base station employing a 3 sector antenna. 
         FIG. 3  shows a three sector cell with a base station illustrating the concept of inter-sector boundary interference regions. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary communications system utilizing cell sectorization in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary access node that may be used in the communication system of  FIG. 4  in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary end node that may be used in the communications system of  FIG. 4  in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates frequency tone synchronization throughout the sectors of a cell in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates OFDM symbol time synchronization throughout the sectors of a cell in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates that in all the sectors of a cell, the tone frequencies occupied by the j-th tone hopping sequence at any OFDM time are identical and that the super slot boundaries are identical in accordance with the present invention.  FIG. 9  further illustrates the concept of corresponding control or data channel segments within the sectors of a cell in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  shows an exemplary case where the frequency tones are distributed amongst two traffic channels. For each control or data traffic channel, the tone hopping sequence at any OFDM time is identical across the three exemplary sectors of the cell in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates exemplary pilot tone hopping sequences with the same slope value but a different offset value in each sector of a cell in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates the concept of the pilot tone hopping sequence of  FIG. 11  puncturing the data sequence of  FIG. 10  in accordance with the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  shows a table illustrating exemplary power allocation between different traffic channel segments in the same sector of a cell and across the corresponding traffic channel segments in all the sectors of a cell in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  shows a graph of per tone power vs frequency tone for ordinary OFDM signal. 
         FIG. 15  shows a graph of per tone power vs frequency tone for the time of beacon signal transmission where the total power is concentrated on just two tones in accordance with one implementation of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  shows a graph of per tone power vs frequency tone for the time of beacon signal transmission where the total power is concentrated on just one tone in accordance with one implementation of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  shows a graph of per tone power vs frequency tone for the time of beacon signal transmission illustrating a predefined group of beacon tone sets in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  shows a graph of frequency vs OFDM symbol time illustrating the concept of  different functionality for successive beacons in the time domain in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  shows a graph of frequency vs OFDM symbol time illustrating the concept of transmitting alternating beacons types in the time domain in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     With the OFDM spread spectrum system, the tones used in a given cell are all orthogonal. Therefore, the data hopping sequences and the physical channels do not interfere with each other. Given the wireless channel propagation characteristics, depending on its location, a wireless terminal may experience a large dynamic range of channel conditions measured in terms of signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Such a property can be exploited to enhance the system capacity. For example, in accordance with the invention, a scheduler may optimally balance the power allocation in the traffic channel by serving simultaneously wireless terminals with dramatically different wireless channel conditions. In that case, a wireless terminal with a bad wireless channel condition may be allocated with a large portion of transmission power and possibly a small portion of bandwidth thereby gaining service robustness, while another wireless terminal with a good wireless channel condition may be allocated with a small portion of transmission power and possibly a large portion of bandwidth and can still achieve a high burst data rate. 
     The OFDM spread spectrum system of the invention can be combined with the sectorized antenna to improve the overall system performance. However, in reality, antenna isolation is never perfect. A signal transmitted in one sector may leak to another sector with an attenuation factor, thereby causing interference between sectors, i.e., inter-sector interference. The inter-sector interference may reduce the gains of power and burst data rate allocation. For example, in the absence of the inter-sector interference, a wireless terminal with a good wireless channel condition may be allocated with a small portion of transmission power and can still achieve high burst data rate. In the presence of the inter-sector interference, the wireless terminal may not achieve the same high burst data rate with the same amount of transmission power. The situation becomes especially severe when the inter-sector interference comes from a traffic channel that is transmitted at much higher power, for example to serve another wireless terminal with bad channel condition. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary cell  300  including 3 sectors: sector  1   301 , sector  2   303 , and sector  3   305  and a base station  307  including a 3 sector antenna. The base station  307  may communicate with end nodes, e.g. mobile nodes or mobile terminals, situated at arbitrary locations within the cell  300  via wireless links. From an interference perspective, cells may be deemed to be comprised of sector boundary areas where interference from a neighboring sector may be a severe problem and non-sector boundary areas. In the  FIG. 3  illustration of the cell  300 , the non-sector boundary areas are distinguished from the boundary areas. The cell  300  includes non-sector boundary area  1   309 , non-sector boundary area  2   311 , and non-sector boundary area  3   313 . The cell  300  also includes sector boundary areas: sector  1 - 2  boundary area  315 , sector  2 - 3  boundary area  317 , and sector  3 - 1  boundary area  319 . The level of sectorization isolation can be described in terms of the amount of leakage between the non-sector boundary areas  309 ,  311 , and  313 . For example if a mobile node is situated in non-sector boundary area  1   309  leakage may occur from signal intended for sector  2   303  and signal intended for sector  3   305 . The leakage in the non-sector boundary areas  309 ,  311 ,  313 , is typically −13 dB to −15 dB, and will depend on factors such as the base station  307  antenna type. In the sector boundary regions (sometimes referred to as 0 dB regions), areas  315 ,  317 , and  319  the signal strength at the reception point, may be almost equivalent from the two adjacent sector antennas. The present invention describes method and apparatus to improve the capacity of the system when deployed in a sectorized configuration. 
     For the purpose of illustration and description, a 3-sector cell  300  is used in  FIG. 3  and in the subsequent examples of  FIGS. 7 ,  8 ,  9 ,  10 ,  11 ,  12 , and  13 . However, it is to be understood that the present invention is applicable to other sectorization scenarios. In a sectorized cell, the sectors are indexed. For example, in the 3-sector cell  300  of  FIG. 3 , the sector indices can be  1 ,  2 , and  3 . 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary communications system  400  employing cell sectorization and wireless communication in accordance with the present invention. The communications system  400  includes a plurality of cells, cell  1   438 , cell N  440 . Cell  1   438  represents the coverage area for access node (AN)  1   402  located within cell  1   438 . The access node  1   402  may be, for example, a base station. Cell  1   438  is subdivided into a plurality of sectors, sector  1   442 , sector Y  444 . A dashed line  446  represents the boundaries between sectors  442 ,  444 . Each sector  442 ,  444  represents the intended coverage area corresponding to one sector of the sectorized antenna located at the access node  1   402 . Sector  1   442  includes a plurality of end nodes (ENs), EN( 1 )  422 , EN(X)  424  coupled to AN  1   402  via wireless links  423 ,  425 , respectivley. Similarly, sector Y  444  includes a plurality of end nodes, EN( 1 ′)  426 , EN(X′)  428  coupled to AN  1   402  via wireless links  427 ,  429 , respectively. The ENs  422 ,  424 ,  426 ,  428  may be, e.g., mobile nodes or mobile terminals and may move throughout the system  400 . 
     Cell N  440  is subdivided into a plurality of sectors, sector  1   448 , sector Y  450  with sector boundaries  446 ′. Cell N  440  is similar to cell  1   438  and includes an access node M  402 ′, and a plurality of ENs  422 ′,  424 ′,  426 ′,  428 ′ coupled to AN M  402 ′ via wireless links  423 ′,  425 ′,  427 ′,  429 ′, respectively. 
     The access nodes  402 ,  402 ′ are coupled to a network node  406  via network links  412 ,  414 , respectively. The network node  406  is coupled to other networks nodes, e.g. other access nodes, intermediate node, Home Agent Nodes or Authentication, Authorization Accounting (AAA) server nodes, via network link  420 . The network links  412 ,  414 ,  420 , may be, for example, fiber optic cables. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary access node  500  of the present invention that may be used in the communications system  400  of  FIG. 4 , e.g., AN 1   402  of  FIG. 4 . The access node  400  includes a processor  502 , e.g., CPU, a wireless communications interface  504 , a network/Internetwork interface  506 , and a memory  508 . The processor  502 , wireless communications interface  504 , network/Internetwork interface  506 , and memory  508  are coupled together by a bus  510  over which the elements  502 ,  504 ,  506 ,  508 , can exchange data and information. 
     The processor  502  controls the operation of the access node  500  by executing routines and utilizing data within the memory  528  in order to operate the interfaces  504 ,  506 , perform the necessary processing to control basic functionality of the access node  500  and to implement the features and improvements employed in the sectorized system in accordance with the present invention. 
     The wireless communications interface  504  includes a receiver circuit  512  and a transmitter circuit  514  coupled to sectorized antennas  516 ,  518 , respectively. The receiver circuit  512  includes a Descrambler circuit  520  and the transmitter circuit  514  includes a scrambler circuit  522 . The sectorized antenna  516  receives signals from one or more mobile nodes, e.g. EN 1   422  of  FIG. 4 . The receiver circuit  512  processes the received signals. The receiver circuit  512  uses its descrambler  520  to remove the scrambling sequence if scrambling was used during transmission by the mobile node. The transmitter circuitry  514  includes a scrambler  522  which may be used to randomize the transmitted signal in accordance with the present invention. The access node  500  may transmit signal to the mobile nodes, e.g. EN 1   422  of  FIG. 4 , over its sectorized antenna  518 . 
     The network/internetwork interface  506  includes a receiver circuit  524  and a transmitter circuit  526  which will allow the access node  500  to be coupled to other network nodes, e.g. other access nodes, AAA servers, Home Agent Nodes, etc. and interchange data and information with those nodes via network links. 
     The memory includes routines  528  and data/information  530 . The routines include signal generation routines  532  and a scheduler  534 . The scheduler  534  includes various routines such as an inter-sector interference routine  536 , an inter-cell interference routine  538 , a power allocation routine  540 , and a wireless terminal/traffic segment matching routine  542 . The data/information  530  includes data/control information  544 , pilot information  546 , beacon information  548 , tone frequency information  550 , OFDM signal timing information  552 , data tone hopping sequences  554 , channel segments  556 , super slot boundary information  558 , slope values  560 , pilot values  562 , delta  564 , burst data rates  566 , MN channel condition information  568 , power information  570 , and MN sector information  572 . The tone frequency information  550  includes sets of tones used for different signals: set of N tones used for OFDM signals, sets of X tones used for some beacon signals, sets of Y tones used for OFDM signals, and sets of G tones used for other beacon signals, and repetition rate information associated with the various sets of tones. Power information  570  includes wide and narrow inter-sector transmission power control range information, inter-channel transmission power allocation range information, boundary transmission power range information, and power levels allocated for the channels in each sector. 
     The signal generation routines  532  utilize the data/info  530 , e.g., super slot boundary information  558 , tone frequency information  550 , and/or OFDM symbol timing information  552 , to perform signal synchronization and generation operations. Signal generation routine  532  also utilizes the data/info, e.g., the data tone hopping sequences  554 , data/control info  544 , pilot info  546 , pilot values  562 , and/or sector information  572  to implement data/control hopping and pilot hopping sequences. In addition signal generation routine  532  may utilize data/info  530 , e.g., beacon info  530 , to generate beacon signals in accordance with the present invention. 
     The inter-sector interference routine performs operations using the methods of the present invention and the data/info  530 , such as, pilot info  546 , MN channel condition information  568 , and MN sector information  572  to evaluate and reduce inter-sector interference within a given cell. The inter-cell interference routine  536  utilizes the methods of the present invention and data/info  530 , e.g., reported MN channel condition information  568 , and slope values  560 , to evaluate and reduce the effects of inter-cell interference. The power allocation routine  540  uses the methods of the present invention and data info, e.g. power info  570  and delta  564 , to control the power allocation to the various traffic channels, e.g., to optimize performance. The wireless terminal/traffic and segment matching routine  542  uses the data/info  530 , e.g. MN channel condition information  568 , power information  570 , channel segments  556 , and burst data rates  566  to assign wireless terminals as a function of their power needs to be in an appropriate channel segment in accordance with the invention. 
     Various specific functions and operations of the access node  500  will be discussed in more detail below. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary end node (EN)  600 , e.g. a wireless terminal such as mobile node (MN), mobile, mobile terminal, mobile device, fixed wireless device, etc., that may be used in the exemplary communications system  400  of  FIG. 4  in accordance with the present invention. In this application, at various locations, references may be made to the end node using various terminology and various exemplary embodiments of the end node such as, e.g., wireless terminal, mobile node, mobile, mobile terminal, fixed wireless device, etc.; it is to be understood that the apparatus and methods of the invention are also application to the other embodiments, variations and descriptions of the end node. The end node  600  includes a processor  602 , e.g., CPU, a wireless communications interface  604 , and a memory  606 . The processor  602 , wireless communications interface  604 , and memory  606  are coupled together by a bus  608  over which the elements  602 ,  604 , and  606 , can interchange data and information. 
     The processor  602  controls the operation of the end node  600  by executing routines and utilizing data within the memory  606  in order to operate the wireless communications interface  604 , perform the necessary processing to control basic functionality of the end node  600  while implementing the features and improvements employed in the sectorized system in accordance with the present invention. 
     The wireless communications interface  604  includes a receiver circuit  610  and a transmitter circuit  612  coupled to antennas  614 ,  616 , respectively. The receiver circuit  610  includes a Descrambler circuit  618  and the transmitter circuit  612  includes a scrambler circuit  620 . The antenna  614  receives broadcast signals, e.g., from an access node, e.g. AN 1   402  of  FIG. 4 . The receiver circuit  610  processes the received signal and may use its descrambler  618 , e.g., decoder, to remove scrambling if scrambling was used during transmission by the access node. The transmitter circuitry  612  includes a scrambler  620 , e.g., encoder, which may be used to randomize the transmitted signal in accordance with the present invention. The end node  600  may transmit the encoded signal to the access node over its antenna  616 . 
     The memory  606  includes routines  622  and data/information  624 . The routines  622  include hopping sequence routines  626 , a channel condition monitoring/reporting routine  628 , and a beacon signal routine  630 . The data/information  624  includes MN channel condition information  632 , power information  634 , tone frequency information  636 , OFDM signal timing information  638 , data tone hopping sequences  640 , channel assignment information  642 , super slot boundary information  644 , slope values  646 , pilot values  648 , slope indexes  650 , beacon info  652 , sector identification  654 , and cell identification  656 . 
     The hopping routines  626  include a data/control hopping sequence routine  634  and a pilot hopping sequence routine  632  which performs operations using the methods of the present invention and the data/info  624 , such tone frequency info  636 , OFDM signal timing information  638 , data tone hopping sequences  640 , channel assignment information  642 , super slot boundary information  644 , slope values  646 , and/or pilot values  648  to process the received data, identify the cell  656  and sector  654  that the mobile  600  is operating in and the corresponding access node  500  of  FIG. 5  that is communicating with the end node  600 . The channel condition monitoring/reporting routine  628  performs operations using the methods of the present invention and data info  624 , e.g., MN channel condition info  632 , power info  634 , and channel assignment  642  to evaluate the status and quality of the wireless link to the access node  500  and subsequently report that data back to the access node  500  for use in scheduling. The beacon signal routine  630  performs operations relating to beacon signals in accordance with the methods of the present invention. Beacon signal routine  630  uses the data/info  624 , e.g. beacon info  652 , power info  634 , tone frequency info  636 , super slot boundaries  644 , and/or slope indexes  650  to perform functions such as, e.g., synchronization of super slot boundaries, determine boundaries of frequency band and sector index  654 , determine slope value  646 , determine cell location  656  and pilot values  648 . 
     Various specific functions and operations of the end node  600  will be discussed in more detail below. 
     Physical layer full synchronization across the sectors will now be described. 
     In accordance with the invention, the same spectrum is reused in each of the sectors in a cell of the sectorized OFDM spread spectrum system. Moreover, in accordance with one particular exemplary embodiment of the invention, each of the sectors of a cell are fully synchronized in terms of tone frequencies, OFDM symbol timing, data tone hopping sequences, channel segments and super slot boundaries. While such synchronization is desirable, aspects of the invention may be used in systems where synchronization between sectors in a cell is not so complete as in the case of the particular exemplary embodiment. Specifically, in each of the sectors of a cell the same set of tones is used with identical sets of tone frequencies being included in each set. The OFDM symbol timings are also identical.  FIG. 7   700  illustrates the sets of the tone frequencies used in each of 3 sectors which form a cell. The horizontal axis  707  of  FIG. 7  corresponds to frequency. Each vertical arrow represents a frequency tone. 
     Rows  701 ,  703 ,  705  each correspond to a different sector of the exemplary cell. The same set of N tones is used in each sector, with the tones used in each sector being indexed 0 through N−1. 
       FIG. 8   800  illustrates OFDM symbol timing used in the 3 sectors. The horizontal axis  807  of  FIG. 8  represents how time can be divided in each sector according to symbol times, e.g., the time used to transmit an OFDM symbol. Each division on the horizontal axis  807  marks the start of a new symbol time in each of the sectors of a cell. Row 1 ( 801 ) corresponds to symbol times in sector  1  while rows  2  and  3  ( 803 , 805 ) correspond to symbol times in sectors  2  and  3  of the same cell. Note that symbol start times are synchronized in the three sectors of the cell. Each of the sectors of the cell derive the data tone hopping sequences using the same OFDM symbol index and the same value of SLOPE in Equation (1). Therefore, in each of the sectors, the tone frequencies occupied by the j-th tone hopping sequence at any OFDM time are identical and the super slot boundaries are also identical. 
     Furthermore, the physical layer channels and channel segments are constructed in the same way in each of the sectors in the exemplary cell.  FIG. 9  shows a frequency vs time graph  900  to illustrate the control and data traffic channels and channel segments in the 3 sectors of the exemplary cell shown in  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 9  illustrates the transmission of symbols in each of the 3 sectors of the exemplary cell shown in  FIG. 3  during a single superslot. In the  FIG. 9  example, each horizontal division corresponds to a symbol transmission time where the exemplary superslot corresponds to 5 symbol times. 
     In the  FIG. 9  example, a super slot  943 , the time interval of one period of the data/control tone hopping sequence, is shown as the concatenation of five OFDM symbol times, represented by first through fifth columns  932 ,  934 ,  936 ,  938 ,  940  and defined by vertical time domain boundary lines  931  and  941 . 
       FIG. 9  includes a first group of first through fifth rows  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  908 , and  910  which correspond to a first sector of the cell. Each row  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  908 ,  910  corresponds to a different orthogonal frequency tone in the frequency domain of sector  1 . 
     A second group of first through fifth rows  912 ,  914 ,  916 ,  918 , and  920  corresponds to a second sector of the cell. Each row  912 ,  914 ,  916 ,  918 ,  920  corresponds to a different orthogonal frequency tone in the frequency domain of sector  2 . 
     A third group of first through fifth rows  922 ,  924 ,  926 ,  928 , and  930  corresponds to a third sector of the cell. Each row  922 ,  924 ,  926 ,  928 ,  930  corresponds to a different orthogonal frequency tone in the frequency domain of sector  3 . 
     The same frequency tone is represented by first row  902  for sector  1 , the first row  912  for sector  2 , and the first row  922  for sector  3 . Similarly, frequency tone equivalency exists across the three sectors for the following sets: (second row  904 , second row  914 , second row  924 ), (third row  906 , third row  916 , third row  926 ), (fourth row  908 , fourth row  918 , fourth row  928 ), (fifth row  910 , fifth row  920 , fifth row  930 ). 
       FIG. 9  also includes first through fifth columns  932 ,  934 ,  936 ,  938 , and  940 . Each column  932 ,  934 ,  936 ,  938 ,  940  corresponds to an OFDM symbol time in the time domain. 
     Shading is used in  FIG. 9  to illustrate segments corresponding to an exemplary channel within the particular sector. For example, during the OFDM time interval represented by first column  932 , a traffic channel for sector corresponds to and uses the 3 tone frequencies represented by first row  902 , second row  904 , and third row  906 . In the  FIG. 9  example, the three sectors allocate tones to channels using the same allocation scheme. Thus in sectors  2  and  3  the same tones are used for the channel as in sector  1 . 
     As the OFDM symbol time changes through the superslot  943 , data/control tone hopping occurs and the tone frequencies used by the data/control channels change. It can be seen that for the data/control traffic channel segment in a given sector, there is a corresponding data/control traffic channel segment in each of the other 2 sectors, since each sector in the exemplary embodiment has the same configuration of frequency tones and time intervals. The segments in the 3 sectors which correspond to the same channel are sometimes referred to as “corresponding channel segments.” 
       FIG. 10  shows a frequency vs time graph  1000  to illustrate multiple corresponding data/control traffic channel segments in the 3 sectors. 
     First through fifteenth rows  1002 ,  1004 ,  1006 ,  1008 ,  1010 ,  1012 ,  1014 ,  1016 ,  1018 ,  1020 ,  1022 ,  1024 ,  1026 ,  1028 ,  1030  of  FIG. 10  correspond to the same frequency tones as rows  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  908 ,  910 ,  912 ,  914 ,  916 ,  918 ,  920 ,  922 ,  924 ,  926 ,  928 ,  930  of  FIG. 9 , respectively. First though fifth columns  1032 ,  1034 ,  1036 ,  1038 ,  1040  of  FIG. 10  correspond to the same OFDM symbol times of first through fifth column  932 ,  934 ,  936 ,  938 , and  940  of  FIG. 9 , respectively. A super slot  1043  defined by boundary lines  1031  and  1041  of  FIG. 10 , corresponds to the super slot  943  of  FIG. 9 . 
     The area with line shading descending from left to right is used to indicate a first set of corresponding data/control traffic segments, e.g., segments which correspond to the same channel. The area with line shading ascending from left to right represents a second corresponding data/control traffic segment in  FIG. 10 . For example, in the OFDM time interval represented by second column  1034 , the first data/control traffic segment in sector  1  uses frequency tones represented by first row  1002 , third row  1006 , and sixth row  1010 , while the second data/control traffic segment in sector  1  uses frequency tones represented by second row  1004  and fourth row  1008 . 
     In the exemplary implementation, it can be seen that for any control or data traffic channel segment in a given sector, there is a corresponding control or data traffic channel segment in each of the other 2 sectors, which has the same configuration of frequency tones and time intervals. Those segments in the 3 sectors are referred to as “corresponding channel segments” in the following discussion. Note that because of the full synchronization between the sectors, inter-sector interference is concentrated between corresponding channel segments. Other channel segments normally see little or negligible inter-sector interference between each other. 
       FIG. 11  shows a frequency vs time graph  1100  to illustrate pilot tone hopping sequences in the 3 sectors. 
     First through fifteenth rows  1102 ,  1104 ,  1106 ,  1108 ,  1110 ,  1112 ,  1114 ,  1116 ,  1118 ,  1120 ,  1122 ,  1124 ,  1126 ,  1128 ,  1130  of  FIG. 11  correspond to the same frequency tones as rows  902 ,  904 ,  906 ,  908 ,  910 ,  912 ,  914 ,  916 ,  918 ,  920 ,  922 ,  924 ,  926 ,  928 ,  930  of  FIG. 9 , respectively. First though fifth columns  1132 ,  1134 ,  1136 ,  1138 ,  1140  of  FIG. 11  correspond to the same OFDM symbol times of first through fifth column  932 ,  934 ,  936 ,  938 , and  940  of  FIG. 9 , respectively. A super slot  1143  defined by boundary lines  1131  and  1141  of  FIG. 11 , corresponds to the super slot  943  of  FIG. 9 . 
     The pilot tone hopping sequences are indicated by horizontal line shading in  FIG. 11 . Not all the pilot tone hopping sequences used in each individual sector of a cell are the same to facilitate, among other things, sector identification of a mobile node. Thus, in  FIG. 11  the pilot tone hopping sequences are shown to be different in each sector of the three sector cell.  FIG. 11  illustrates the pilots by horizontal shading in the 3 sectors in a cell where no pilots overlap. 
     In accordance with the invention, the pilots used in each of the exemplary cell&#39;s sectors have the same value of SLOPE, but different sets of offsets {O j }. These known offsets may be included in the pilot value information  562  stored in the base station and/or the mobile node pilot value offset information  648 . In the example, in the 3-sector cell, sector  1  uses offsets {O j,1 }, sector  2  uses offsets {O j,2 }, and sector  3  uses offsets {O j,3 }. The offset sets {and {O j,3 } are not identical resulting in different frequencies being used for pilots in different sectors at the same time. In one embodiment, the offset sets are completely non-overlapping, that is, no two elements in the offset sets are identical. Hence, the pilots in different sectors do not interfere with each other. In another embodiment, {O j,2 } and {O j,3 } are derived from {O j,1 }: O j,2 =O j,1 +D 2  mod N, and O j,3 =O j,1 +D 3  mod N, for all j, where D 2  and D 3  are two non-zero constants determined by the sector indices. 
     In accordance with the invention, the pilot hopping sequences and data hopping sequences multiplex. That is, at a given OFDM symbol time, if one pilot sequence occupies the same tone as another data sequence, then the tone is used by the pilot sequence to the exclusion of the data that would have been transmitted on the tone. Effectively, the data sequence is punctured at that OFDM symbol time. The punctured, e.g., omitted, data may be recovered from the transmitted data using error correction codes and error correction techniques. 
       FIG. 12  shows a frequency vs time graph  1200 , which is a combination or overlay of  FIGS. 10 and 11  and is used to illustrate the data/control sequences of  FIG. 10  being punctured by the pilot sequence of  FIG. 11 . Each row corresponds to one frequency with each horizontal section corresponding to a different symbol transmission time. 
     First through fifteenth rows  1202 ,  1204 ,  1206 ,  1208 ,  1210 ,  1212 ,  1214 ,  1216 ,  1218 ,  1220 ,  1222 ,  1224 ,  1226 ,  1228 ,  1230  of  FIG. 12  correspond to the same frequency tones as rows  902 ,  904 ,  908 ,  910 ,  916 ,  918 ,  920 ,  922 ,  924 ,  926 ,  928 ,  930  of  FIG. 9 , respectively. First though fifth columns  1232 ,  1234 ,  1236 ,  1238 ,  1240  of  FIG. 12  correspond to the same OFDM symbol times of first through fifth column  932 ,  934 ,  936 ,  938 , and  940  of  FIG. 9 , respectively. A super slot  1243  defined by boundary lines  1231  and  1241  of  FIG. 12 , corresponds to the super slot  943  of  FIG. 9 . 
     Line shading descending from left to right is used to indicate segments corresponding to a first data or control channel. Line shading ascending from left to right indictes segments corresponding to a second data or control corresponding channel. Circles on top of the data/control channel segments represent pilot tones punching through the data/control sequences to the exclusion of the data which would have been transmitted in the segment. 
     When the sectorized OFDM spread spectrum system is used in a cellular network, in accordance with the invention, neighboring cells use different values of SLOPE to determine the pilot and data tone hopping sequences. In the exemplary system of the invention, the offset sets {O j,1 }, {O j,2 }, and {O j,3 } are the same in each of the system&#39;s numerous cells. Different cells need not, and often are not, synchronized in terms of tone frequencies, OFDM symbol timing, tone hopping sequences, channel segments or super slot boundaries even though within an individual cell sectors may have such features/characteristics in common. 
     Power allocation across sectors of a cell and within a sector in accordance with various features of the invention will now be described. 
     The fact that inter-sector interference mainly occurs between corresponding channel segments imposes a constraint on the power allocation across corresponding channel segments in the sectors of a cell. 
     For the sake of description, first suppose that corresponding channel segments are all active, i.e., being used to transmit signals. In accordance with a feature of the invention, the transmission power allocated to corresponding channel segments are substantially the same in each sector of a cell. For example, in the 3-sector system, if all 3 corresponding channel segments are active, then the difference between the transmission powers for those channel segments in the 3 sectors shall be no more than a parameter, Delta. The scheduler  534  of  FIG. 5 , in the exemplary embodiment, is responsible for coordinating the power allocation in each of the cell&#39;s sectors in a centralized manner. 
     The value of Delta, which may be stored in the base station as Delta information  564 , affects the potential impact due to the inter-sector interference. For example, for a large Delta, the transmission powers of two corresponding channel segments may be quite different. Consequently, the inter-sector interference may cause large interference on one of the two corresponding channel segments that has smaller transmission power. In one embodiment of the invention, Delta  564  is set to be a constant, for example, zero. In another embodiment of the invention, Delta  564  may vary. Indeed, in accordance with the invention, the value of Delta  564  may be different from one group of corresponding channel segments to another. For example, Delta for corresponding control channel segments may be, and sometimes is, different from that for corresponding data traffic channel segments reflecting, from a policy perspective, tolerance for different levels of interference on different channels. In one embodiment of the invention, Delta is a function of burst data rates used in corresponding channel segments. For example, consider corresponding traffic channel segments. If one of the segments uses high channel coding and modulation rate, for example to support high burst data rate, a small value of Delta is desirable and, in accordance with the invention, used. As part of its function, the scheduler  534  determines the appropriate value of Delta  564  when the scheduler  534  coordinates the power allocation and burst data rate allocation in the sectors of a cell. 
     In accordance with the invention, the scheduler  534 , including routine  542  of  FIG. 5 , can independently pick wireless terminals to be scheduled in corresponding data traffic channel segments of the cell&#39;s sectors. The achieved burst data rates depend on the power allocation determined by routine  540  of  FIG. 5  and the channel condition of the scheduled wireless terminals, e.g., as indicated by information  568 , and thus may be different in different sectors of a cell. 
     The constraint on the power allocation across corresponding channel segments in the cell&#39;s sectors does not impose a similar constraint on the power allocation across different channel segments within a sector. Indeed, in a given sector, different channel segments may be allocated quite different amount of transmission power. For example, consider corresponding traffic channel segments. Suppose there are two traffic channel segments at a given time. The scheduler  534  may assign via routine  542  of  FIG. 5  a wireless terminal of bad channel condition to the first traffic channel segment in each of the sectors, and assign a wireless terminal of good channel condition to the second traffic channel segment in each of the sectors. Then, the scheduler  534  can optimally balance the power allocation in the two traffic channel segments. For example, the scheduler  534  allocates via routine  540  a large portion, e.g., 80% or more, of transmission power to the first traffic channel segments to gain service robustness for the bad channel wireless terminals, and a small portion, e.g., 20% or less, of transmission power to the second traffic channel segments to achieve high burst data rate. In accordance with the invention, the dynamic range of the allocated power between the two traffic channel segments in the same sector may be large, e.g., greater than 3 dB relative power difference while the dynamic range of the allocated power across corresponding traffic channel segments in the cell&#39;s sectors is limited, e.g., less than 3 dB relative power difference in some embodiments. 
       FIG. 13  illustrates the power allocation between traffic channel segments in the same sector and across corresponding traffic channel segments in multiple sectors of a cell for an exemplary case with two traffic channel segments, and a value of Delta=0. In Table  1300  of  FIG. 13 , first column  1308  lists the traffic segment number, second column  1310  lists the sector  1  power allocation information, third column  1312  lists the sector  2  power allocation information, and fourth column  1314  lists the sector  3  power allocation information. First row  1302  of table  1300  lists column header information. Second row  1304  lists traffic channel  1  power allocation information across the three sectors. Third row  1306  lists traffic channel  2  power allocation information across the three sectors. In the example, Delta=0, i.e., the allocation to corresponding channels in each sector of the cell is the same while the difference in allocation of power between channels is large, e.g., a difference being a factor of 4. 
     Consider the following exemplary embodiment of the invention including 2 adjacent sectors, including 2 channels in each sector, and with base station transmit power control on each channel within each sector of the cell in accordance with the invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 CELL 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SECTOR 1 (S1) 
                 SECTOR 2 (S2) 
               
               
                   
                 CHANNEL 1 (C1) 
                 CHANNEL 1 (C1) 
               
               
                   
                 SECTOR 1 POWER 
                 SECTOR 2 POWER 
               
               
                   
                 CHANNEL 1 (S1PC1) 
                 CHANNEL 1 (S2PC1) 
               
               
                   
                 CHANNEL 2 (C2) 
                 CHANNEL 2 (C2) 
               
               
                   
                 SECTOR 1 POWER 
                 SECTOR 1 POWER 
               
               
                   
                 CHANNEL 2 (S1PC2) 
                 CHANNEL 2 (S1PC2) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The transmitter may be controlled to operate on a first and second communications channel in a synchronous manner with transmissions made into both first and second sectors. 
     In the exemplary case, the total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the first sector of the cell (S 1 PC 1 ) is controlled to be greater than 20% and less than 500% of the total power of the tones transmitted in the second sector corresponding to the first channel (S 2 PC 1 ) during a period of time, e.g., a subset of symbol times. This may be represented by a first channel wide inter-sector transmission power control range: 20%&lt;(S 1 PC 1 /S 2 PC 1 )&lt;500%. 
     In some embodiments, controlling the total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel includes limiting the total power used in the first subset of symbol times to no more than a fixed fraction of a maximum average total transmission power used by the transmitter in the first sector during any 1 hour period, the fixed fraction also being used to limit the total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the second sector during the first subset of symbol times to be no more than the fixed fraction of a maximum average total transmission power used by the transmitter in the second sector during any 1 hour period, said fixed fraction being less than 100%. 
     In some embodiments, the total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the first sector of the cell (S 1 PC 1 ) is controlled to be greater than 50% and less than 200% of the total power of the tones transmitted in the second sector corresponding to the first channel (S 2 PC 1 ) during a period of time, e.g., another subset of symbol times. This can be represented by a first channel narrow inter-sector transmission power control range: 50%&lt;(S 1 PC 1 /S 2 PC 1 )&lt;200%. The base station may monitor the number of symbols in a constellation being used for an interval of time, and use that information to decide whether to apply the wide inter-sector channel control range or the narrow inter-sector channel control range. With a larger number of symbols in a constellation, e.g., modulation with more elements per set, the channel is more susceptible to interference noise, and therefore, the narrower inter-sector power control range is selected by the base station, allowing the base station to more tightly control the levels of interference between users within sectors, and keep that interference level to an acceptably low level. The base may also make decisions as to whether to use the wide inter-sector power control range or the narrow inter-sector power control range based upon the channel coding rate, e.g., is the coding rate a slower coding rate or a faster coding rate. If a channel is using the faster coding rate for an interval of time, the base station should use the narrower inter-sector transmission power control range, since the faster range will make the user, more susceptible to interference, and interference levels between users can be more tightly controlled and managed by the base station to maintain an acceptable level if the narrower inter-sector transmission power control range is used. 
     In some embodiments, the interval or period of time, e.g., the subsets of symbol times at which the transmission power control on a particular channel concerning two adjacent sectors uses a tighter inter-sector power control range or a narrower inter-sector power control range, includes at least 14 consecutive symbol times. 
     In some embodiments, the total transmission power of the tones corresponding to the first channel in the first sector may be equal to the total power of the transmitted tones in the first channel of the second sector during a period of time, e.g. interval of symbol times. This may be described as: S 1 PC 1 =S 2 PC 1 .  FIG. 13  illustrates such a case where the power allocation to traffic segment  1 =80% for both sector  1  and sector  2  (second row  1304 , column  2   1310  and columns  3   1312 ). 
     In some embodiments, within a given sector, e.g., the first sector, the total power of the tones transmitted in the first sector for the first channel (S 1 PC 1 ) may be greater than 200% or less than 50% of the power of the tones transmitted in the first sector for a second channel (S 1 PC 2 ) for a period of time. This inter-channel transmission power control range within a sector may be represented by: ((S 1 PC 1 /S 1 PC 2 )&lt;50%) or (S 1 PC 1 /S 1 PC 2 &gt;200%). In the example of  FIG. 13  such an embodiment is shown, S 1 PC 1 =80% (second row  1304 , second column  1310 ) and S 1 PC 2 =20% (third row  1306 , second column  1310 ); S 1 PC 1 /S 1 PC 2 =400%. This allows a wide range of power selections available to the base station to match users to power levels. 
     The interval of time at which the base station controls the difference in transmission power levels between the two channels within a given sector of a cell at greater than 200% or less than 50% may be a interval of at least 14 consecutive symbol times. 
     In accordance with the invention, wireless terminals may be identified as being in boundary areas, e.g., sector boundary areas. The allocation of communication resources, e.g., channels, to wireless terminals may be controlled. In accordance with the invention, those resources may include a channel that limits the base station&#39;s total transmission power of its tones controlled to be&lt;10% total transmission power of the corresponding tones in the same channel in an adjacent sector to the boundary wireless terminal&#39;s sector. Thus, in such a case ratio of base station total transmission power on corresponding tones for the same channel between adjacent sectors would be 10% or less for one sector and 1000% or more for the adjacent sector. In other embodiments, the &lt;10% level may be 0%; effectively no power transmission on same channel in the adjacent boundary sector. These implementation with a channel in one sector allocated little or no power, in accordance with the invention, is useful for operation of wireless terminals in sector boundary regions where high levels of interference would normally be experienced, e.g. regions  315 ,  317 , and  319  of  FIG. 3 . 
     The identification and classification of wireless terminals  600  of  FIG. 6  to be in boundary areas, e.g., sector boundary regions, and the allocation or resources based upon the identification may be performed by the base station under the control routines  528  including the inter-sector interference routine  536  of  FIG. 5 , wireless terminal/traffic &amp; segment matching routine  542  of  FIG. 5  and power allocation routine  540 . The identification of a wireless terminal  600  in a boundary area may be made based upon feedback information obtained from the wireless terminal  600  that the base station  500  receives and processes; the feedback information may include experienced levels of inter-sector interference, background interference and location interference. The wireless terminal  600  may collect MN channel condition info  632  and report such information to the base station  500  under the direction of the channel condition monitoring/reporting routine  628 ; the information will be available to the base station  500  in the MN channel condition information  568 . 
     Next, consider that corresponding channel segments need not all be active. Note that an inactive segment does not cause inter-sector interference to other corresponding channel segments and is also not affected by the inter-sector interference from other corresponding channel segments. Therefore, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, when the scheduler  534  coordinates the power allocation in a cell&#39;s sectors, only the active segments are taken into account. 
     If a wireless terminal, e.g., MN  600  of  FIG. 6 , is located at a sector boundary, e.g., region  315 ,  317 , or  319  of  FIG. 3 , it may experience a significant amount of inter-sector interference. In one embodiment of the invention, the scheduler  534  uses inter-sector interference routine  536  and matching routine  542 , to assign segments of a first traffic channel to a wireless terminal in a sector boundary and the corresponding traffic channel segments to wireless terminals in non-sector boundary areas in the other sectors. In another embodiment of the invention, the scheduler  534  via routines  538  and  542  assigns one traffic channel segment to a sector boundary wireless terminal, and keeps one or more corresponding traffic channel segments inactive in the other sectors, so as to reduce the inter-sector interference. In such a case, frequencies assigned to the wireless terminal in the sector boundary area will not be subjected to interference from adjacent sectors since the tones are left unused in those sectors. In one embodiment, there is a pattern of utilizing a given traffic channel segment, in which a sector periodically keeps the segment inactive while some of the other sectors keep the segment active. The pattern can be fixed such that the sectors do not have to coordinate each other in a real time fashion. For example, one sector (sector A) keeps a traffic segment inactive (i.e., not assign it to any wireless terminal in the sector), while the other two sectors (sectors B and C) assign the segments to the wireless terminals in the sector boundaries between A and B and between A and C. In the subsequent traffic segment, sector B keeps a traffic segment inactive while the other two sectors assign the segments to the wireless terminals in the sector boundaries between B and A and between B and C. Then, in the subsequent traffic segment, sector C keeps a traffic segment inactive while the other two sectors assign the segments to the wireless terminals in the sector boundaries between C and A and between C and B. The whole pattern then repeats, without explicit and real time coordination among the three sectors. 
     One consequence of full timing and frequency synchronization across sectors of a cell is that it may be difficult for a wireless terminal, e.g. MN  600  of  FIG. 6 , especially close to the sector boundary, e.g., boundary  446  or  446 ′ of  FIG. 4 , to figure out which sector  654  of  FIG. 6 , a received channel segment has come from. In order to differentiate the channel segments across the sectors, distinct scrambling bit sequences may be used in different sectors. 
     Scrambling is a well-known method to randomize the transmitted signal. There are a number of ways to implement scrambling. Consider below a particular implementation for illustration. It is understood that the principles of the invention do not rely on the particular exemplary implementation. At the transmitter  514  of  FIG. 5 , at a given OFDM symbol transmission time, symbols from various channel segments, generated by the encoders of individual channel segments, are multiplexed to form a symbol vector, which is then used to generate the OFDM symbol signal to be transmitted. The scrambling bit sequence is a random binary sequence, known to both the transmitter  514  and the receiver  610  of  FIG. 6 . The symbol vectors are phase-rotated in the exemplary embodiment based on the scrambling bit sequence. At the receiver  610 , the same scrambling bit sequence is used to de-rotate the received symbol before decoding takes place. 
     In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, distinct scrambling bit sequences are used in different sectors and the sector/scrambling information is stored in the mobiles. The base station,  500  of  FIG. 5 , uses different scrambling bit sequences in the 3 sectors to generate their respective transmit signals. The wireless terminal receiver  610  of  FIG. 6  uses the particular scrambling bit sequence, corresponding to the sector in which it is located, to selectively demodulate the signal from an intended sector transmission of the base station  500 . Alternatively, the wireless terminal receiver  610  may use multiple scrambling bit sequences to demodulate the signals from multiple sector transmissions of a base station  500  or from multiple base stations simultaneously with the scrambling sequence used corresponding to the one used by the sector which transmitted the signal being recovered. 
     Channel condition measurement and reporting features of the invention will now be described. In order to facilitate the scheduling for downlink traffic channel segments, such as power allocation and burst data rate allocation, a wireless terminal  600  of  FIG. 6  may measure its downlink channel condition under control of routine  628  of  FIG. 6  and periodically send the channel condition report including data/info  632 / 634  of  FIG. 6  to the base station  500  of  FIG. 5 . 
     The channel condition of a wireless terminal  600  may be in two characteristic regions. For the sake of description, assume that the channel condition is measured in terms of SIR (Signal Interference Ratio). In the first region, e.g., the non-sector boundary region, the SIR is limited by the inter-cell interference or the wireless propagation loss, while the inter-sector interference is a small component. In that case, the base station  500  can increase the received SIR of a traffic channel segment to the wireless terminal  600  by allocating high transmission power under control of routines  538  and  540  of  FIG. 5 . In the second region, e.g., the inter-sector boundary region, the SIR is mainly limited by the inter-sector interference. In that case, given the constraint on power allocation, e.g., a small Delta between sectors across corresponding data traffic channel segments in the cell&#39;s sectors, allocating high transmission power does not remarkably increase the received SIR since the power of the interference increases as the power is increased. The above two regions represent the extreme channel condition characteristics. In reality, the channel condition of the wireless terminal  600  may more typically be in-between the two extreme regions which were just described. 
     In accordance with the invention, the wireless terminal  600  estimates, e.g., measures its channel condition characteristics under control of routine  628  and notifies the base station  500  of the determined channel information. This allows the base station  500  to make sensible scheduling decisions in terms of power and burst data rate allocation. In one embodiment of the invention, data  632 , 634  shown  FIG. 6  is included in a downlink channel condition report sent to the base station. In some implementations, the wireless terminal  600  differentiates the SIR due to inter-sector interference via routine  536  of  FIG. 5  and SIR due to other types of impairments such as inter-cell interference via routine  536  of  FIG. 5  and provides such information to the base station. This allows the base station to perform power allocation decisions based on inter-sector feedback information and not simply a single interference indicator which makes it difficult to determine if allocating more power will have a desired beneficial result. 
     Use of a relatively high power tone or tones, referred to here as a beacon signal, will now be described. To facilitate various downlink operations, in accordance with the invention, the base station  500  of  FIG. 5  may frequently and/or periodically transmit a beacon signal under control of signal generation routine  532  as a function of information  530  which includes beacon info  548 . Each beacon signal is an OFDM signal transmitted over, e.g., during one single symbol transmission period. When a beacon signal is transmitted, most of the transmission power is concentrated on a small number of tones, e.g., one or two tones which comprise the beacon signal. Many or most of the tones which are not used for the beacon signal may, and often are, left unused. The tones which form the beacon may include 80% or more of a maximum average total base station power used by said base station to transmit in a sector during a beacon signal transmission time, which may, e.g., in some embodiments be a symbol time. In some embodiments, some additional tones, may carry signal at the same time as the beacon transmission, and the total power level for those tones is less than or equal to 20% of the maximum average base station power used by the base station to transmit in the sector at the time of beacon transmission. 
     The graph  1400  of  FIG. 14  shows an ordinary OFDM signal. The vertical axis  1402  represents the power allocated to tones while the horizontal axis  1404  corresponds to tone frequency. Individual bars  1406 ,  1408 ,  1410 ,  1412 ,  1414 ,  1416 ,  1418 ,  1420 ,  1422 ,  1424  each correspond to the level of power for each of the distinct exemplary OFDM frequency tones at some instant of time, e.g., the symbol period. It may be seen that the total power is broken up relatively uniformly between the various frequency tones. 
     The graph  1500  of  FIG. 15  shows an exemplary beacon signal in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The beacon signal includes two tones  1506 ,  1508 . The majority of the sector transmission power is allocated between the two tones  1506 ,  1508  of the beacon each of which is allocated approximately 45–50% of the total power. The vertical axis  1502  represents per tone power while the horizontal axis  1504  corresponds to tone frequency. In the  FIG. 15  example, this results in two tones having approximately the same total power as the tones normally used to transmit data. Individual bars  1506 ,  1508  correspond to the level of power for each of two selected OFDM frequency tones at the instant of time of beacon transmission. It may be seen that the total power is concentrated on the two selected frequencies at the time of beacon transmission. The significant concentration of sector transmission power in a very limited number of tones differs significantly from conventional pilot tones where the pilots may be transmitted at power levels slightly higher than tones used to transmit data. 
     The graph  1600  of  FIG. 16  shows an exemplary beacon signal in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention where the total power is allocated primarily to only one single frequency tone which is allocated approximately 90–100% of the total sector transmission power. The vertical axis  1602  represents per tone power while the horizontal axis  1604  represents frequency tone. A single bar  1606  corresponds to the level of power for the single selected OFDM frequency tone used as the beacon signal. It may be seen that the total power is concentrated on the one single frequency tone at the time of beacon transmission resulting in a beacon tone having a power level at least 5 times that of the highest power tone used to transmit data in the sector at other times. 
     One advantage of this concentration of power in a beacon signal, is the easy and rapid identification of the beacon signal(s) by the mobile nodes, e.g. MN  600  of  FIG. 6 . This allows for the rapid and/or accurate conveyance of information to the mobiles at the point of time a beacon is transmitted, e.g., super slot boundary synchronization information, slope (cell) information, or sector information. Given the high power of the beacon tones, they are easy to detect with the probability of a data tone being misinterpreted as a beacon tone being relatively low due to the normally large power difference between the beacon tones and data tones. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the beacon signal may be transmitted at a fixed OFDM symbol duration, for example, the first or the last OFDM symbol, of a super slot. In this way, a beacon tone can be used to signal superslot boundaries. The beacon signal may repeat every super slot or every few super slots. The beacon signal is easy to detect, as it has extremely high power concentrated on just a few tones. Therefore, once the time position of the beacon signal has been located, the super slot boundaries can be promptly determined with a high degree of certainty. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the high power tone or tones used as a beacon signal is selected from a predefined group of beacon tones or tone sets. Tone sets are used where multiple high power tones form a beacon signal may vary with time. The sets of predefined beacon tones may be included as part of the stored beacon information  548  included in the base station of  FIG. 5  and the stored beacon information  652  of the wireless terminal. Using different beacon tone sets as the beacon signal can be used to indicate or convey certain system information including sector identification information. For example, the beacon signal may use 4 tones, as shown in  FIG. 17 . In the graph  1700  of  FIG. 17 , the vertical axis  1702  represents per tone power, while the horizontal axis  1704  represents frequency.  FIG. 17  shows a set of four beacon tones: B 1   1706 , A 1   1708 , A 2   1710 , and B 2   1712 . The per tone power for each of the beacons  1706 ,  1708 ,  1710 ,  1712  is approximately the same with each beacon tone being allocated approximately 25% of the sectors total transmission power. The frequency location of various beacon tones, e.g., the two inner tones A 1   1708  and A 2   1710  is used to indicate the value of SLOPE used in the cell. The frequency location of some tones, e.g., the two outer tones B 1   1706  and B 2   1712  is used to indicate the boundary of the frequency band used in the cell for transmission purposes and/or optionally the sector index. Beacon signals of neighboring cells will have different inner beacon tone frequency location A 1   1708  and A 2   1710  to indicate different slope values. Thus in a given cell, the beacon signals of different sectors may have different B 1   1706  and B 2   1712  tone locations. Assuming that the outer beacon tones B 1   1706  and B 2   1706  are used to indicate frequency boundaries, these may be the same in each sector of a cell assuming the use of the same frequency band in each sector. 
     The time at which particular beacon signals are transmitted can be used to indicate more than just slot boundaries.  FIG. 18  shows a graph  1800  of frequency vs OFDM symbol time illustrating different possible types of beacons being transmitted in the time domain in accordance with various possible embodiments of the invention. The vertical axis  1802  represents frequency and the horizontal axis  1804  corresponds to OFDM symbol time. Different beacon signals will be described as corresponding to a particular beacon type based on the information it conveys alone or in combination with other beacon signals. 
     A type  1  beacon signal  1806  is shown to be transmitted at the start of a super slot. After a time interval of k super slots  1812 , where k is an integer value, a type  2  beacon  1808  is transmitted. Then k super slots  1814  later, a type  3  beacon  1810  is transmitted. The tone frequencies and/or beacon tone power levels for each of the three beacons  1806 ,  1808 ,  1810  are different. The type  1  beacon  1802  may be used to convey frequency floor information indicating a lower frequency boundary of frequency band being used in a sector. The type  2  beacon may be used to provide an index to slope, e.g., slope indicator, from which a wireless terminal can determine the cell&#39;s slope. Using the type  2  beacon to determine slope allows a wireless terminal to determine which cell the mobile node is located in. A type  3  beacon  1810  is used to convey sector information (e.g. allow the mobile to identify the sector location  1 ,  2 ,  3 ) via e.g. an index table of sector numbers or pilot offsets corresponding to specific frequency tone values in the same manner a type  2  beacon can be used to convey cell information, e.g., slope information. As discussed above, different base stations may be pre-configured with different values of slope, and different values for pilot offsets in different sectors, which are used to control the hopping sequences within a base station&#39;s cell. 
       FIG. 19  shows a graph  1900  of frequency vs OFDM symbol time illustrating the concept of transmitting alternating beacons types in the time domain in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention to convey information. The vertical axis  1902  represents frequency while the horizontal axis  1904  represents OFDM symbol time. In the example shown in  FIG. 19 , the base station  500  of  FIG. 5  transmits alternating beacon types in the following sequence: type  1  beacon  1906 , type  2  beacon  1908 , type  1  beacon  1910 , type  2  beacon  1912 , type  1  beacon  1914 , type  2  beacon  1916 , type  1  beacon  1918 , type  2  beacon  1920 . All of the type  1  beacons  1906 ,  1910 ,  1914 ,  1918  are transmitted at the same frequency tone f 1    1922 . Type  2  beacons  1908  and  1916  are transmitted at frequency tone f 2a    1924  while type  2  beacons  1912  and  1920  are transmitted at frequency tone f 2b    1926 . In the time domain the type  2  beacons switch between the two frequency tones, f 2a    1924  and f 2b    1926 , alternately. The mobile node  600  of  FIG. 6  can identify the type one beacons based on beacon tone frequency. The mobile node  600  may be able to process the two distinct type two beacons via an index table which converts each of the tone frequencies to an index number and ultimately to one slope hopping value  646  of  FIG. 6  specific to one specific cell  656  of  FIG. 6 . The mobile node  600  will receive two index numbers, one of which will correspond to the slope index  650 . The access node  500  will operate on a fixed number of slope index values with a defined slope indicator equation. Based the mobile&#39;s knowledge of that data, the mobile  600  can determine which index  650  corresponds to the slope  646 . 
     As an example, consider that the slope index range is 0≧X S ≧79 and that the slope indicator equation is (X S +39) Mod 80. X S  represents the index to slope for the access node  500 . The access node  500  when it transmits the type  2  beacon, alternates between the tone frequencies corresponding to X S  and (X S +39) Mod 80. In an exemplary case with a value of slope index=50, the exemplary access node transmits type  2  beacons for index values: 50 and 9. The mobile node  600  may receive the index  50  beacon followed by the index  9  beacon or the index  9  beacon followed by the index  50  beacon, depending upon the time that the mobile  600  first detected the type  2  beacon signal. In order for the mobile  600  to determine which is the Xs or slope index (first beacon), the mobile  600  uses the known information that the second beacon&#39;s index will be 39 index counts from the X S . If the mobile  600  first receives 9 and then 50, the change in index counts is 41; therefore, the second received index value 50 is the real value to be used for slope index  650 . If the mobile  600  first receives 50 and then 9, the change in index counts is 39, therefore, the first received index value  50  is the real value to be used for slope index  650 . 
     By using an index to slope or slope indicator, diversity in frequency is provided allowing reconfiguration in case of failures on a specific tone frequency. 
     The beacon may also be useful in identifying the cell and sector location ( 656  and  654  of  FIG. 6 ), and potentially more precise location within the sector, of the mobile  600  receiving the beacon signal(s) and thus be useful to provide warnings of hand-offs and improve the efficiency in handoff operations. Also, by taking over some of the functions sometimes performed by the use of pilot hopping sequences and transmitted pilot signals, such as synchronization to super slot boundaries, the number of pilots and/or pilot power can be reduced. Thus the time of pilot data punch through may be reduced and there may also be a saving in power required to transmit and process pilots. 
     Various base station signaling, at different strength levels on a per tone basis and different repetition rates, of the present invention will be described and discussed, as used in an exemplary frequency division multiplexed communications system, e.g., an OFDM system. Four signals shall be described, first signals which may include ordinary OFDM signal as in  FIG. 14 , a second signal with high power levels, e.g., a beacon signal as in  FIG. 15 , a third signal which include signal having ordinary OFDM signals power levels which may include, e.g, user data, or if occurring concurrently with a beacon may have power levels using the power remaining after beacon allocation, and a fourth signal, e.g., another beacon signal as in  FIG. 16  with high power levels comparable with the second signal. The base station transmitter  514  of  FIG. 5  uses a set of N tones, e.g. included in tone info  550  of  FIG. 5 , where N is larger than 10, to communicate information using first signals over a first period of time at least two seconds long and in some embodiments the first period of time is at least 30 minutes. The first signals may include, e.g., user data on traffic channels and may be transmitted using data tone hopping sequences  554  of  FIG. 5 . A second signal, sometimes referred to as a beacon signal, may be transmitted during a second period of time, where the beacon signal includes a set of X tones, included in tone info  550  where X is less than 5, and where at least 80% of a maximum average total base station transmission power used by the base station during any 1 second time period during the first period of time, is allocated to the set of X tones forming the beacon signal. In some embodiments, the second period of time, used to transmit the second (beacon) signal, may be, e.g., the period of time used to transmit an OFDM symbol  552  of  FIG. 5 . In some embodiments, the second period, e.g., beacon time period, repeats periodically during the first period. Some of the X tones (beacon) may be at predetermined fixed frequencies; such fixed frequencies, (see  FIG. 17 ), may be used to convey information such as sector location. Some of the X tones (beacon) may have a fixed frequency offset≧0 from the lowest frequency tone in the set of tones N; in this way the second signal (beacon signal) can be used to convey frequency boundary information to the wireless terminal  600 . Some of the X tones (beacon) may be transmitted at a frequency which is determined as a function of at least one of a base station identifier and a sector identifier. This may allow a wireless terminal to rapidly identify the cell and sector that it is operating in, quickly obtain the data and pilot hopping sequences, and quickly synchronize with the base station. In some embodiments, the number of X in the second (beacon) signal is one (see  FIG. 16 ) or two (see  FIG. 16 ). Thus the base station&#39;s second (beacon) signal, transmitted with relatively high power and with energy concentrated in one or a few tones, is easily detectable by wireless terminals. In some embodiments, at least half of the N-X tones in the set of N tones but not in the set of X tones go unused during the period of the beacon transmission. In other embodiments, none of the N-X tones in the set of N tones but not in the set of X tones are used during the beacon transmission time. By restricting transmission of non-X (beacon) tones during the second signal (beacon tone interval), the level of the second (beacon) signal can be increased, and confusion with other signaling may be reduced, providing better detection and identification of the beacon signal by wireless terminals. 
     Third signal may also be transmitted over a third interval of time. The third signal may include a set of Y tones included in tone frequency info  550 , where Y≦N, with each tone in third set of Y tones having 20% or less of said maximum average base station transmission power used by base station transmitter during any 1 second period during the first period of time. The third period of time may have the same duration as the second period of time, e.g., occur concurrently with a beacon signal. In some embodiments at least two of data, control and pilot signals may be modulated on at least some of said set of Y tones. In some embodiments, the repetition rate of the set of Y (third signal) tones is at least 10 times the repetition rate of the set of X (second or beacon signal) tones, while in other embodiments, the repetition rate of the set of Y (third signal) tones is at least 400 times the repetition rate of the set of X (second or beacon signal) tones. 
     A fourth signal may also be transmitted by the base station  500  during a fourth period of time. The fourth signal includes G tones included in tone frequency info  550  of  FIG. 5 , where G is less than 5 and where at least 80% of the maximum average total base station power used by the base station during any 1 second period during the first period of time is allocated to the G tones. At least one of the G tones is not in the set of X tones (second signal tone set) and the frequency of at least one of the G tones is a function of at least one of a base station identifier and a sector identifier. The fourth signal may also repeat periodically during the first time interval. The fourth signal may be viewed as a second beacon signal being transmitted at a different time than the second signal and conveying different information. 
     Beacon signals, are structured, in accordance with the invention, to concentrate a relatively high level of power in a small number of tones. During the time of beacon transmission the non-beacon tones may carry no information or in some instances, some of the non-beacon tones may carry signal but at a level significantly below the beacon tone levels. The beacon tones by their characteristics are easy to detect and can quickly convey information, e.g., cell and/or sector information, frequency boundary information, and/or synchronization information to wireless terminals. 
     Uplink issues will now be described. In accordance with the invention, the frequency, symbol timing, and super slot structures of the uplink signal generated by a wireless terminal may be slaved to those of the downlink signal. Having full synchronization of the downlink signal in each of the sectors, tone frequencies, OFDM symbol timing, and super slot boundaries synchronized to the uplink signal in each of a cell&#39;s sectors will insure similar synchronization in the uplink where the uplink is slaved to the downlink. 
     In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the data tone hopping sequences and channel segments are synchronized across the sectors of a cell. In that case, inter-sector interference is concentrated between corresponding channel segments. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the data tone hopping sequences are determined as a function of both the SLOPE parameter and sector index. In that case, there is no notion of corresponding channel segments. A channel segment in one sector may interfere with multiple channel segments in another sector of the same cell. 
     The present invention may be implemented in hardware and/or software. For example, some aspects of the invention may be implemented as processor executed program instructions. Alternatively, or in addition, some aspects of the present invention may be implemented as integrated circuits, such as ASICs for example. Control means for controlling one or more transmitters may, and in various embodiments are implemented as software modules of a control routine. The apparatus of the present invention are directed to software, hardware and/or a combination of software and hardware. Machine readable medium including instructions used to control a machine to implement one or more method steps in accordance with the invention are contemplated and to be considered within the scope of some embodiments of the invention.