Patent Publication Number: US-8123629-B2

Title: Multi-layer golf ball

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/048,003, filed Mar. 13, 2008, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/767,070, filed Jun. 22, 2007 now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/773,906, filed Feb. 6, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,656, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/341,574, filed Jan. 13, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,044, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/002,641, filed Nov. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,677. This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/048,021, filed Mar. 13, 2008. The entire disclosure of each of these references is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention generally relates to golf balls, and more particularly to golf balls having dual cores surrounded by dual covers, wherein the Shore C hardness of the outer surface of the outer core layer is greater than the Shore C hardness of the outer surface of the inner cover layer. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Numerous golf balls having a multilayer construction wherein the core hardness and cover hardness have been variously improved are disclosed in the prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,987,159 to Iwami discloses a solid golf ball with a solid core and a polyurethane cover, wherein the difference in Shore D hardness between a center portion and a surface portion of the solid core is at least 15, the polyurethane cover has a thickness (t) of not more than 1.0 mm and is formed from a cured urethane composition having a Shore D hardness (D) of from 35 to 60, and a product of t and D ranges from 10 to 45. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 7,175,542 to Watanabe et al. discloses a multi-piece solid golf ball composed of a multilayer core having at least an inner core layer and an outer core layer, one or more cover layers which enclose the core, and numerous dimples formed on a surface of the cover layer. The golf ball is characterized in that the following hardness conditions are satisfied: (1) (JIS-C hardness of cover)−(JIS-C hardness at center of core)≧27, (2) 23≦(JIS-C hardness at surface of core)−(JIS-C hardness at center of core)≦40, and (3) 0.50≦[(deflection amount of entire core)/(deflection amount of inner core layer)]≦0.75. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 6,679,791 to Watanabe discloses a multi-piece golf ball which includes a rubbery elastic core, a cover having a plurality of dimples on the surface thereof, and at least one intermediate layer between the core and the cover. The intermediate layer is composed of a resin material which is harder than the cover. The elastic core has a hardness which gradually increases radially outward from the center to the surface thereof. The center and surface of the elastic core have a hardness difference of at least 18 JIS-C hardness units. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,707 to Yamagishi et al. discloses a three-piece solid golf ball consisting of a solid core, an intermediate layer, and a cover, wherein the hardness is measured by a JIS-C scale hardness meter, the core center hardness is up to 75 degrees, the core surface hardness is up to 85 degrees, the core surface hardness is higher than the core center hardness by 8 to 20 degrees, the intermediate layer hardness is higher than the core surface hardness by at least 5 degrees, and the cover hardness is lower than the intermediate layer hardness by at least 5 degrees. 
     Additional examples can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,436 to Iwami, U.S. Pat. No. 6,786,836 to Higuchi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,086,969 to Higuchi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,153,224 to Higuchi et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 7,226,367 to Higuchi et al. 
     The present invention provides a novel multilayer golf ball construction which provides desirable spin and distance properties. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a golf ball consisting of an inner core layer, an outer core layer, an inner cover layer, and an outer cover layer. The inner core layer is formed from a first rubber composition and has a diameter of from 0.75 inches to 1.30 inches, a center Shore C hardness (H center ) of 50 or greater, and an outer surface Shore C hardness of 65 or greater. The outer core layer is formed from a second rubber composition and has an outer surface Shore C hardness (H outer core ) of 85 or greater. The inner cover layer is formed from a thermoplastic composition and has an outer surface Shore C hardness (H inner cover ) of 95 or less. The outer cover layer is formed from a composition selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof. The Shore C hardness of the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface is greater than the Shore C hardness of the inner cover layer&#39;s outer surface, and the Shore C hardness of the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface is at least 20 Shore C units greater than the center Shore C hardness. 
     In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a golf ball comprising a core and a cover. The core has a diameter of from 1.525 inches to 1.555 inches, a compression of from 85 to 95, and consists of an inner core layer and an outer core layer. The inner core layer is formed from a first rubber composition and has a diameter of from 0.900 inches to 1.100 inches, a center Shore C hardness (H center ) of 60 or greater, and an outer surface Shore C hardness of 80 or greater. The outer core layer is formed from a second rubber composition and has an outer surface Shore C hardness (H outer core ) of from 85 to 95. The cover consists of an inner cover layer and an outer cover layer. The inner cover layer is formed from a thermoplastic composition and has an outer surface Shore C hardness (H inner cover ) of 95 or less. The outer cover layer is formed from a composition selected from the group consisting of polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof. The Shore C hardness of the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface is greater than the Shore C hardness of the inner cover layer&#39;s outer surface, and the Shore C hardness of the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface is at least 20 Shore C units greater than the center Shore C hardness. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a cross-sectional view of a golf ball according to an embodiment of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
       FIG. 1  shows a golf ball  30  according to an embodiment of the present invention, including an inner core layer  32 , an outer core layer  34 , an inner cover layer  36 , and an outer cover layer  38 . 
     A golf ball having a dual core (i.e., two-layer core) and a dual cover (i.e., two-layer cover) enclosing the core is disclosed. The dual core consists of an inner core layer and an outer core layer. The inner core layer has a diameter within a range having a lower limit of 0.500 or 0.750 or 0.850 or 0.875 or 0.900 or 0.950 or 1.000 inches and an upper limit of 1.050 or 1.100 or 1.125 or 1.150 or 1.190 or 1.200 or 1.300 inches. The outer core layer encloses the inner core layer such that the two-layer core has an overall diameter within a range having a lower limit of 1.400 or 1.500 or 1.510 or 1.520 or 1.525 inches and an upper limit of 1.540 or 1.550 or 1.555 or 1.560 or 1.590 inches. Preferably, the outer core layer has a thickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.020 or 0.025 or 0.032 inches and an upper limit of 0.310 or 0.440 or 0.560 inches. In a particular embodiment, the inner core layer has a diameter of 1.000 inches and the outer core layer encloses the inner core layer such that the two-layer core has an overall diameter of 1.550 inches. 
     The inner core layer has a center hardness (H center ) of 45 Shore C or greater, or 50 Shore C or greater, or 55 Shore C or greater, or 60 Shore C or greater, or a center hardness within a range having a lower limit of 40 or 45 or 50 or 55 or 60 Shore C and an upper limit of 65 or 70 or 75 or 80 Shore C. The inner core layer has an outer surface hardness of 65 Shore C or greater, or 70 Shore C or greater, or 75 Shore C or greater, or 80 Shore C or greater, or an outer surface hardness within a range having a lower limit of 55 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 75 or 80 Shore C and an upper limit of 85 or 90 Shore C. In a particular embodiment, the Shore C hardness of the inner core layer&#39;s outer surface is greater than or equal to the center Shore C hardness. In another particular embodiment, the inner core layer has a positive hardness gradient wherein the Shore C hardness of the inner core layer&#39;s outer surface is at least 10 Shore C units greater, or at least 15 Shore C units greater, or 19 Shore C units greater than the center Shore C hardness. 
     The outer core layer has an outer surface hardness (H outer core ) of 75 Shore C or greater, or 80 Shore C or greater, or greater than 80 Shore C, or 85 Shore C or greater, or greater than 85 Shore C, or 87 Shore C or greater, or greater than 87 Shore C, or 89 Shore C or greater, or greater than 89 Shore C, or 90 Shore C or greater, or greater than 90 Shore C, or an outer surface hardness within a range having a lower limit of 75 or 80 or 85 or 90 Shore C and an upper limit of 95 Shore C. In a particular embodiment, the overall dual core has a positive hardness gradient wherein the Shore C hardness of the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface is at least 20 Shore C units greater, or at least 25 Shore C units greater, than the center Shore C hardness. In another particular embodiment, the Shore C hardness of the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface is greater than the Shore C hardness of the inner cover layer&#39;s outer surface. 
     For purposes of the present disclosure, a hardness gradient of a golf ball layer is defined by hardness measurements made at the outer surface of the layer and the inner surface of the layer. The inner core layer&#39;s center hardness and the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface hardness are readily determined according to the procedures given herein for measuring the center hardness of a core and the outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer, respectively. The outer surface of the inner core layer is readily determined according to the procedures given herein for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer, if the measurement is made prior to surrounding the layer with the outer core layer. However, once the inner core layer is surrounded by the outer core layer, the hardness of the inner core layer&#39;s outer surface can be difficult to determine. Thus, for purposes of the present invention:
         the center hardness of the inner core layer is measured according to the procedure below for measuring the center hardness of a core;   the hardness of the outer surface of the inner core layer is measured:
           prior to surrounding the inner core layer with the outer core layer, according to the procedure below for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer;   after surrounding the inner core layer with the outer core layer, according to the procedure below for measuring a point located 1 mm from an interface;   
           the hardness of the outer surface of the outer core layer is measured according to the procedure below for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer.       

     The center hardness of a core is obtained according to the following procedure. The core is gently pressed into a hemispherical holder having an internal diameter approximately slightly smaller than the diameter of the core, such that the core is held in place in the hemispherical portion of the holder while concurrently leaving the geometric central plane of the core exposed. The core is secured in the holder by friction, such that it will not move during the cutting and grinding steps, but the friction is not so excessive that distortion of the natural shape of the core would result. The core is secured such that the parting line of the core is roughly parallel to the top of the holder. The diameter of the core is measured 90 degrees to this orientation prior to securing. A measurement is also made from the bottom of the holder to the top of the core to provide a reference point for future calculations. A rough cut is made slightly above the exposed geometric center of the core using a band saw or other appropriate cutting tool, making sure that the core does not move in the holder during this step. The remainder of the core, still in the holder, is secured to the base plate of a surface grinding machine. The exposed ‘rough’ surface is ground to a smooth, flat surface, revealing the geometric center of the core, which can be verified by measuring the height from the bottom of the holder to the exposed surface of the core, making sure that exactly half of the original height of the core, as measured above, has been removed to within ±0.004 inches. Leaving the core in the holder, the center of the core is found with a center square and carefully marked and the hardness is measured at the center mark according to ASTM D-2240. Additional hardness measurements at any distance from the center of the core can then be made by drawing a line radially outward from the center mark, and measuring the hardness at any given distance along the line, typically in 2 mm increments from the center. The hardness at a particular distance from the center should be measured along at least two, preferably four, radial arms located 180° apart, or 90° apart, respectively, and then averaged. All hardness measurements performed on a plane passing through the geometric center are performed while the core is still in the holder and without having disturbed its orientation, such that the test surface is constantly parallel to the bottom of the holder, and thus also parallel to the properly aligned foot of the durometer. 
     The outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer is measured on the actual outer surface of the layer and is obtained from the average of a number of measurements taken from opposing hemispheres, taking care to avoid making measurements on the parting line of the core or on surface defects, such as holes or protrusions. Hardness measurements are made pursuant to ASTM D-2240 “Indentation Hardness of Rubber and Plastic by Means of a Durometer.” Because of the curved surface, care must be taken to insure that the golf ball or golf ball subassembly is centered under the durometer indentor before a surface hardness reading is obtained. A calibrated, digital durometer, capable of reading to 0.1 hardness units is used for all hardness measurements and is set to take hardness readings at 1 second after the maximum reading is obtained. The digital durometer must be attached to, and its foot made parallel to, the base of an automatic stand. The weight on the durometer and attack rate conform to ASTM D-2240. 
     The hardness of a golf ball layer at a point located 1 mm from an interface is obtained according to the following procedure. First, the geometric center of the core is revealed by preparing the core according to the above procedure for measuring the center hardness of a core. Leaving the core in the holder, a point located 1 mm radially inward or outward from the interface of two layers is determined and marked, and the hardness thereof is measured according to ASTM D-2240. When measuring the outer surface of a layer, the mark is made at a point located 1 mm radially inward from the interface at the outermost part of the layer. When measuring the inner surface of a layer, the mark is made at a point located 1 mm radially outward from the interface at the innermost part of the layer. 
     Hardness points should only be measured once at any particular geometric location. 
     For purposes of the present invention, “negative” and “positive” refer to the result of subtracting the hardness value at the innermost surface of the golf ball component from the hardness value at the outermost surface of the component. For example, if the outer surface of a solid core has a lower hardness value than the center (i.e., the surface is softer than the center), the hardness gradient will be deemed a “negative” gradient. 
     Hardness gradients are disclosed more fully, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/939,632, filed Nov. 14, 2007; 11/939,634, filed Nov. 14, 2007; 11/939,635, filed Nov. 14, 2007; 11/939,637 filed Nov. 14, 2007; 12/048,665, filed Mar. 14, 2008; 11/829,461, filed Jul. 27, 2007; 11/772,903, filed Jul. 3, 2007; 11/832,163, filed Aug. 1, 2007; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,410,429. The entire disclosure of each of these references is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     The inner core layer and outer core layer are preferably formed from rubber compositions. Suitable rubber compositions include natural and synthetic rubbers including, but not limited to, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene propylene rubber (“EPR”), styrene-butadiene rubber, styrenic block copolymer rubbers (such as SI, SIS, SB, SBS, SIBS, and the like, where “S” is styrene, “I” is isobutylene, and “B” is butadiene), butyl rubber, halobutyl rubber, polystyrene elastomers, polyethylene elastomers, polyurethane elastomers, polyurea elastomers, metallocene-catalyzed elastomers and plastomers, copolymers of isobutylene and para-alkylstyrene, halogenated copolymers of isobutylene and para-alkylstyrene, copolymers of butadiene with acrylonitrile, polychloroprene, alkyl acrylate rubber, chlorinated isoprene rubber, acrylonitrile chlorinated isoprene rubber, and combinations of two or more thereof. Diene rubbers are preferred, particularly polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene, and mixtures of polybutadiene with other elastomers wherein the amount of polybutadiene present is at least 40 wt % based on the total polymeric weight of the mixture. Suitable polybutadiene-based and styrene-butadiene-based rubber core compositions preferably comprise the base rubber, an initiator agent, and a coagent. Suitable examples of commercially available polybutadienes include, but are not limited to, Buna CB neodymium catalyzed polybutadiene rubbers, such as Buna CB 23, and Taktene® cobalt catalyzed polybutadiene rubbers, such as Taktene® 220 and 221, commercially available from LANXESS® Corporation; SE BR-1220, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company; Europrene® NEOCIS® BR 40 and BR 60, commercially available from Polimeri Europa®; UBEPOL-BR® rubbers, commercially available from UBE Industries, Inc.; BR 01, commercially available from Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.; and Neodene neodymium catalyzed high cis polybutadiene rubbers, such as Neodene BR 40, commercially available from Karbochem. 
     Suitable initiator agents include organic peroxides, high energy radiation sources capable of generating free radicals, and combinations thereof. High energy radiation sources capable of generating free radicals include, but are not limited to, electron beams, ultra-violet radiation, gamma radiation, X-ray radiation, infrared radiation, heat, and combinations thereof. Suitable organic peroxides include, but are not limited to, dicumyl peroxide; n-butyl-4,4-di(t-butylperoxy) valerate; 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy) hexane; di-t-butyl peroxide; di-t-amyl peroxide; t-butyl peroxide; t-butyl cumyl peroxide; 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3; di(2-t-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene; dilauroyl peroxide; dibenzoyl peroxide; t-butyl hydroperoxide; lauryl peroxide; benzoyl peroxide; and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the initiator agent is dicumyl peroxide, including, but not limited to Perkadox® BC, commercially available from Akzo Nobel. Peroxide initiator agents are generally present in the rubber composition in an amount of at least 0.05 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, or an amount within the range having a lower limit of 0.05 parts or 0.1 parts or 1 part or 1.25 parts or 1.5 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 2.5 parts or 3 parts or 5 parts or 6 parts or 10 parts or 15 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber. 
     Coagents are commonly used with peroxides to increase the state of cure. Suitable coagents include, but are not limited to, metal salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids; unsaturated vinyl compounds and polyfunctional monomers (e.g., trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate); phenylene bismaleimide; and combinations thereof. Particular examples of suitable metal salts include, but are not limited to, one or more metal salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, and dimethacrylates, wherein the metal is selected from magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum, lithium, nickel, and sodium. In a particular embodiment, the coagent is selected from zinc salts of acrylates, diacrylates, methacrylates, dimethacrylates, and mixtures thereof. In another particular embodiment, the coagent is zinc diacrylate. When the coagent is zinc diacrylate and/or zinc dimethacrylate, the coagent is typically included in the rubber composition in an amount within the range having a lower limit of 1 or 5 or 10 or 15 or 19 or 20 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 24 or 25 or 30 or 35 or 40 or 45 or 50 or 60 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber. When one or more less active coagents are used, such as zinc monomethacrylate and various liquid acrylates and methacrylates, the amount of less active coagent used may be the same as or higher than for zinc diacrylate and zinc dimethacrylate coagents. The desired compression may be obtained by adjusting the amount of crosslinking, which can be achieved, for example, by altering the type and amount of coagent. 
     The rubber composition optionally includes a curing agent. Suitable curing agents include, but are not limited to, sulfur; N-oxydiethylene 2-benzothiazole sulfenamide; N,N-di-ortho-tolylguanidine; bismuth dimethyldithiocarbamate; N-cyclohexyl 2-benzothiazole sulfenamide; N,N-diphenylguanidine; 4-morpholinyl-2-benzothiazole disulfide; dipentamethylenethiuram hexasulfide; thiuram disulfides; mercaptobenzothiazoles; sulfenamides; dithiocarbamates; thiuram sulfides; guanidines; thioureas; xanthates; dithiophosphates; aldehyde-amines; dibenzothiazyl disulfide; tetraethylthiuram disulfide; tetrabutylthiuram disulfide; and combinations thereof. 
     The rubber composition optionally contains one or more antioxidants. Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit or prevent the oxidative degradation of the rubber. Some antioxidants also act as free radical scavengers; thus, when antioxidants are included in the rubber composition, the amount of initiator agent used may be as high or higher than the amounts disclosed herein. Suitable antioxidants include, for example, dihydroquinoline antioxidants, amine type antioxidants, and phenolic type antioxidants. 
     The rubber composition may contain one or more fillers to adjust the density and/or specific gravity of the core. Exemplary fillers include precipitated hydrated silica, clay, talc, asbestos, glass fibers, aramid fibers, mica, calcium metasilicate, zinc sulfate, barium sulfate, zinc sulfide, lithopone, silicates, silicon carbide, diatomaceous earth, polyvinyl chloride, carbonates (e.g., calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate, barium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate), metals (e.g., titanium, tungsten, aluminum, bismuth, nickel, molybdenum, iron, lead, copper, boron, cobalt, beryllium, zinc, and tin), metal alloys (e.g., steel, brass, bronze, boron carbide whiskers, and tungsten carbide whiskers), oxides (e.g., zinc oxide, tin oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, and zirconium oxide), particulate carbonaceous materials (e.g., graphite, carbon black, cotton flock, natural bitumen, cellulose flock, and leather fiber), microballoons (e.g., glass and ceramic), fly ash, regrind (i.e., core material that is ground and recycled), nanofillers and combinations thereof. The amount of particulate material(s) present in the rubber composition is typically within a range having a lower limit of 5 parts or 10 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 30 parts or 50 parts or 100 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber. Filler materials may be dual-functional fillers, such as zinc oxide (which may be used as a filler/acid scavenger) and titanium dioxide (which may be used as a filler/brightener material). 
     The rubber composition may also contain one or more additives selected from processing aids, processing oils, plasticizers, coloring agents, fluorescent agents, chemical blowing and foaming agents, defoaming agents, stabilizers, softening agents, impact modifiers, free radical scavengers, accelerators, scorch retarders, and the like. The amount of additive(s) typically present in the rubber composition is typically within a range having a lower limit of 0 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 20 parts or 50 parts or 100 parts or 150 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber. 
     The rubber composition optionally includes a soft and fast agent. As used herein, “soft and fast agent” means any compound or a blend thereof that is capable of making a core 1) softer (have a lower compression) at a constant COR and/or 2) faster (have a higher COR) at equal compression, when compared to a core equivalently prepared without a soft and fast agent. Preferably, the rubber composition contains from 0.05 phr to 10.0 phr of a soft and fast agent. In one embodiment, the soft and fast agent is present in an amount within a range having a lower limit of 0.05 or 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.5 phr and an upper limit of 1.0 or 2.0 or 3.0 or 5.0 phr. In another embodiment, the soft and fast agent is present in an amount of from 2.0 phr to 5.0 phr, or from 2.35 phr to 4.0 phr, or from 2.35 phr to 3.0 phr. In an alternative high concentration embodiment, the soft and fast agent is present in an amount of from 5.0 phr to 10.0 phr, or from 6.0 phr to 9.0 phr, or from 7.0 phr to 8.0 phr. In another embodiment, the soft and fast agent is present in an amount of 2.6 phr. 
     Suitable soft and fast agents include, but are not limited to, organosulfur and metal-containing organosulfur compounds; organic sulfur compounds, including mono, di, and polysulfides, thiol, and mercapto compounds; inorganic sulfide compounds; blends of an organosulfur compound and an inorganic sulfide compound; Group VIA compounds; substituted and unsubstituted aromatic organic compounds that do not contain sulfur or metal; aromatic organometallic compounds; hydroquinones; benzoquinones; quinhydrones; catechols; resorcinols; and combinations thereof. 
     As used herein, “organosulfur compound” refers to any compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur, where the sulfur is directly bonded to at least 1 carbon. As used herein, the term “sulfur compound” means a compound that is elemental sulfur, polymeric sulfur, or a combination thereof. It should be further understood that the term “elemental sulfur” refers to the ring structure of S 8  and that “polymeric sulfur” is a structure including at least one additional sulfur relative to elemental sulfur. 
     Particularly suitable as soft and fast agents are organosulfur compounds having the following general formula: 
                         
where R 1 -R 5  can be C 1 -C 8  alkyl groups; halogen groups; thiol groups (—SH), carboxylated groups; sulfonated groups; and hydrogen; in any order; and also pentafluorothiophenol; 2-fluorothiophenol; 3-fluorothiophenol; 4-fluorothiophenol; 2,3-fluorothiophenol; 2,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,5-fluorothiophenol 2,3,4-fluorothiophenol; 3,4,5-fluorothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrafluorothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorothiophenol; 4-chlorotetrafluorothiophenol; pentachlorothiophenol; 2-chlorothiophenol; 3-chlorothiophenol; 4-chlorothiophenol; 2,3-chlorothiophenol; 2,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,5-chlorothiophenol; 2,3,4-chlorothiophenol; 3,4,5-chlorothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorothiophenol; pentabromothiophenol; 2-bromothiophenol; 3-bromothiophenol; 4-bromothiophenol; 2,3-bromothiophenol; 2,4-bromothiophenol; 3,4-bromothiophenol; 3,5-bromothiophenol; 2,3,4-bromothiophenol; 3,4,5-bromothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetrabromothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetrabromothiophenol; pentaiodothiophenol; 2-iodothiophenol; 3-iodothiophenol; 4-iodothiophenol; 2,3-iodothiophenol; 2,4-iodothiophenol; 3,4-iodothiophenol; 3,5-iodothiophenol; 2,3,4-iodothiophenol; 3,4,5-iodothiophenol; 2,3,4,5-tetraiodothiophenol; 2,3,5,6-tetraiodothiophenol and; zinc salts thereof; non-metal salts thereof, for example, ammonium salt of pentachlorothiophenol; magnesium pentachlorothiophenol; cobalt pentachlorothiophenol; and combinations thereof. Preferably, the halogenated thiophenol compound is pentachlorothiophenol, which is commercially available in neat form or under the tradename STRUKTOL®, a clay-based carrier containing the sulfur compound pentachlorothiophenol loaded at 45 percent (correlating to 2.4 parts PCTP). STRUKTOL® is commercially available from Struktol Company of America of Stow, Ohio. PCTP is commercially available in neat form from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. and in the salt form from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. Most preferably, the halogenated thiophenol compound is the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol, which is commercially available from eChinachem of San Francisco, Calif. Suitable organosulfur compounds are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,635,716, 6,919,393, 7,005,479 and 7,148,279, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
 
     Suitable metal-containing organosulfur compounds include, but are not limited to, cadmium, copper, lead, and tellurium analogs of diethyldithiocarbamate, diamyldithiocarbamate, and dimethyldithiocarbamate, and combinations thereof. Additional examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,005,479, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Suitable disulfides include, but are not limited to, 4,4′-diphenyl disulfide; 4,4′-ditolyl disulfide; 2,2′-benzamido diphenyl disulfide; bis(2-aminophenyl) disulfide; bis(4-aminophenyl) disulfide; bis(3-aminophenyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(4-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(3-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(4-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(5-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(6-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(7-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(8-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(2-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(3-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(3-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(4-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(5-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(6-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(7-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(8-aminonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,2′-diamino-1,2′-dithiodinaphthalene; 2,3′-diamino-1,2′-dithiodinaphthalene; bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(2-chlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(3-chlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(4-bromophenyl) disulfide; bis(2-bromophenyl) disulfide; bis(3-bromophenyl) disulfide; bis(4-fluorophenyl) disulfide; bis(4-iodophenyl) disulfide; bis(2,5-dichlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(3,5-dichlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(2,4-dichlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(2,6-dichlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(2,5-dibromophenyl) disulfide; bis(3,5-dibromophenyl) disulfide; bis(2-chloro-5-bromophenyl) disulfide; bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenyl) disulfide; bis(4-cyanophenyl) disulfide; bis(2-cyanophenyl) disulfide; bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide; bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide; 2,2′-dithiobenzoic acid ethylester; 2,2′-dithiobenzoic acid methylester; 2,2′-dithiobenzoic acid; 4,4′-dithiobenzoic acid ethylester; bis(4-acetylphenyl) disulfide; bis(2-acetylphenyl) disulfide; bis(4-formylphenyl) disulfide; bis(4-carbamoylphenyl) disulfide; 1,1′-dinaphthyl disulfide; 2,2′-dinaphthyl disulfide; 1,2′-dinaphthyl disulfide; 2,2′-bis(1-chlorodinaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(1-bromonaphthyl) disulfide; 1,1′-bis(2-chloronaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(1-cyanonaphthyl) disulfide; 2,2′-bis(1-acetylnaphthyl) disulfide; and the like; and combinations thereof. 
     Suitable inorganic sulfide compounds include, but are not limited to, titanium sulfide, manganese sulfide, and sulfide analogs of iron, calcium, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, copper, selenium, yttrium, zinc, tin, and bismuth. 
     Suitable Group VIA compounds include, but are not limited to, elemental sulfur and polymeric sulfur, such as those which are commercially available from Elastochem, Inc. of Chardon, Ohio; sulfur catalyst compounds which include PB(RM-S)-80 elemental sulfur and PB(CRST)-65 polymeric sulfur, each of which is available from Elastochem, Inc; tellurium catalysts, such as TELLOY®, and selenium catalysts, such as VANDEX®, each of which is commercially available from RT Vanderbilt. 
     Suitable substituted and unsubstituted aromatic organic components that do not include sulfur or a metal include, but are not limited to, 4,4′-diphenyl acetylene, azobenzene, and combinations thereof. The aromatic organic group preferably ranges in size from C 6  to C 20 , and more preferably from C 6  to C 10 . 
     Suitable substituted and unsubstituted aromatic organometallic compounds include, but are not limited to, those having the formula (R 1 ) x —R 3 —M—R 4 —(R 2 ) y , wherein R 1  and R 2  are each hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted C 1-20  linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio group, or a single, multiple, or fused ring C 6  to C 24  aromatic group; x and y are each an integer from 0 to 5; R 3  and R 4  are each selected from a single, multiple, or fused ring C 6  to C 24  aromatic group; and M includes an azo group or a metal component. Preferably, R 3  and R 4  are each selected from a C 6  to C 10  aromatic group, more preferably selected from phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, benzamido, and benzothiazyl. Preferably R 1  and R 2  are each selected from substituted and unsubstituted C 1-10  linear, branched, and cyclic alkyl, alkoxy, and alkylthio groups, and C 6  to C 10  aromatic groups. When R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  are substituted, the substitution may include one or more of the following substituent groups: hydroxy and metal salts thereof; mercapto and metal salts thereof; halogen; amino, nitro, cyano, and amido; carboxyl including esters, acids, and metal salts thereof; silyl; acrylates and metal salts thereof; sulfonyl and sulfonamide; and phosphates and phosphites. When M is a metal component, it may be any suitable elemental metal. The metal is generally a transition metal, and is preferably tellurium or selenium. 
     Suitable hydroquinones include, but are not limited to, compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (—COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —COO − M + ) and esters thereof (—COOR), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a formyl group (—CHO), an acyl group (—COR), an acetyl group (—COCH 3 ), a halogenated carbonyl group (—COX), a sulfo group (—SO 3 H) and esters thereof (—SO 3 R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (—SO 2 X), a sulfino group (—SO 2 H), an alkylsulfinyl group (—SOR), a carbamoyl group (—CONH 2 ), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (—CN), an alkoxy group (—OR), a hydroxy group (—OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). Particularly preferred hydroquinones include compounds represented by the above formula, and hydrates thereof, wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is independently selected from the group consisting of: a metal salt of a carboxyl group (e.g., —COO − M + ), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a hydroxy group (—OH), a metal salt of a hydroxy group (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). Examples of particularly suitable hydroquinones include, but are not limited to, hydroquionone; tetrachlorohydroquinone; 2-chlorohydroquionone; 2-bromohydroquinone; 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone; 2,5-dibromohydroquinone; tetrabromohydroquinone; 2-methylhydroquinone; 2-t-butylhydroquinone; 2,5-di-t-amylhydroquinone; and 2-(2-chlorophenyl)hydroquinone hydrate. Hydroquinone and tetrachlorohydroquinone are particularly preferred, and even more particularly preferred is 2-(2-chlorophenyl)hydroquinone hydrate. Suitable hydroquinones are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0213440, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
           
         
       
    
     Suitable benzoquinones include compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (—COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —COO − M + ) and esters thereof (—COOR), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a formyl group (—CHO), an acyl group (—COR), an acetyl group (—COCH 3 ), a halogenated carbonyl group (—COX), a sulfo group (—SO 3 H) and esters thereof (—SO 3 R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (—SO 2 X), a sulfino group (—SO 2 H), an alkylsulfinyl group (—SOR), a carbamoyl group (—CONH 2 ), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (—CN), an alkoxy group (—OR), a hydroxy group (—OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). Particularly preferred benzoquinones include compounds represented by the above formula, and hydrates thereof, wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4  is independently selected from the group consisting of: a metal salt of a carboxyl group (e.g., —COO − M + ), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a hydroxy group (—OH), a metal salt of a hydroxy group (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). Methyl p-benzoquinone and tetrachloro p-benzoquinone are more particularly preferred. Suitable benzoquinones are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0213442, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
           
         
       
    
     Suitable quinhydrones include, but are not limited to, compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (—COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —COO − M + ) and esters thereof (—COOR), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a formyl group (—CHO), an acyl group (—COR), an acetyl group (—COCH 3 ), a halogenated carbonyl group (—COX), a sulfo group (—SO 3 H) and esters thereof (—SO 3 R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (—SO 2 X), a sulfino group (—SO 2 H), an alkylsulfinyl group (—SOR), a carbamoyl group (—CONH 2 ), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (—CN), an alkoxy group (—OR), a hydroxy group (—OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). Particularly preferred quinhydrones include compounds represented by the above formula, and hydrates thereof, wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  is independently selected from the group consisting of: a metal salt of a carboxyl group (e.g., —COO − M + ), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a hydroxy group (—OH), a metal salt of a hydroxy group (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). Particularly preferred quinhydrones also include compounds represented by the above formula wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8  is hydrogen. Suitable quinhydrones are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0213441, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
           
         
       
    
     Suitable catechols include compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 , is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (—COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —COO − M + ) and esters thereof (—COOR), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a formyl group (—CHO), an acyl group (—COR), an acetyl group (—COCH 3 ), a halogenated carbonyl group (—COX), a sulfo group (—SO 3 H) and esters thereof (—SO 3 R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (—SO 2 X), a sulfino group (—SO 2 H), an alkylsulfinyl group (—SOR), a carbamoyl group (—CONH 2 ), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (—CN), an alkoxy group (—OR), a hydroxy group (—OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). Suitable catechols are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0213144, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
           
         
       
    
     Suitable resorcinols include compounds represented by the following formula, and hydrates thereof: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
         
         
           
             wherein each R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 , is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a halogen group (F, Cl, Br, I), an alkyl group, a carboxyl group (—COOH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —COO − M + ) and esters thereof (—COOR), an acetate group (—CH 2 COOH) and esters thereof (—CH 2 COOR), a formyl group (—CHO), an acyl group (—COR), an acetyl group (—COCH 3 ), a halogenated carbonyl group (—COX), a sulfo group (—SO 3 H) and esters thereof (—SO 3 R), a halogenated sulfonyl group (—SO 2 X), a sulfino group (—SO 2 H), an alkylsulfinyl group (—SOR), a carbamoyl group (—CONH 2 ), a halogenated alkyl group, a cyano group (—CN), an alkoxy group (—OR), a hydroxy group (—OH) and metal salts thereof (e.g., —O − M + ), an amino group (—NH 2 ), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), an aryl group (e.g., phenyl, tolyl, etc.), an aryloxy group (e.g., phenoxy, etc.), an arylalkyl group [e.g., cumyl (—C(CH 3 ) 2 phenyl); benzyl (—CH 2  phenyl)], a nitroso group (—NO), an acetamido group (—NHCOCH 3 ), and a vinyl group (—CH═CH 2 ). 2-Nitroresorcinol is particularly preferred. Suitable resorcinols are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0213144, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
           
         
       
    
     When the rubber composition includes one or more hydroquinones, benzoquinones, quinhydrones, catechols, resorcinols, or a combination thereof, the total amount of hydroquinone(s), benzoquinone(s), quinhydrone(s), catechol(s), and/or resorcinol(s) present in the composition is typically at least 0.1 parts by weight or at least 0.15 parts by weight or at least 0.2 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, or an amount within the range having a lower limit of 0.1 parts or 0.15 parts or 0.25 parts or 0.3 parts or 0.375 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber, and an upper limit of 0.5 parts or 1 part or 1.5 parts or 2 parts or 3 parts by weight per 100 parts of the base rubber. 
     In a particular embodiment, the soft and fast agent is selected from zinc pentachlorothiophenol, pentachlorothiophenol, ditolyl disulfide, diphenyl disulfide, dixylyl disulfide, 2-nitroresorcinol, and combinations thereof. 
     Suitable types and amounts of base rubber, initiator agent, coagent, filler, and additives are more fully described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,566,483, 6,695,718, and 6,939,907, 7,041,721 and 7,138,460, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Alternatively, the inner core layer can be formed from a highly resilient thermoplastic polymer such as a highly neutralized polymer (“HNP”) composition. Particularly suitable thermoplastic polymers include Surlyn® ionomers, Hytrel® thermoplastic polyester elastomers, and ionomeric materials sold under the trade names DuPont® HPF 1000 and DuPont® HPF 2000, all of which are commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Iotek® ionomers, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; and Pebax® thermoplastic polyether block amides, commercially available from Arkema Inc. 
     Suitable HNP compositions for use in forming the inner core layer comprise an HNP and optionally additives, fillers, and/or melt flow modifiers. Suitable HNPs are salts of homopolymers and copolymers of α,β-ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acids, and combinations thereof, optionally including a softening monomer. The acid polymer is neutralized to 70% or higher, including up to 100%, with a suitable cation source. Suitable additives and fillers include, for example, blowing and foaming agents, optical brighteners, coloring agents, fluorescent agents, whitening agents, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, mica, talc, nanofillers, antioxidants, stabilizers, softening agents, fragrance components, plasticizers, impact modifiers, acid copolymer wax, surfactants; inorganic fillers, such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate, barium carbonate, mica, talc, clay, silica, lead silicate, and the like; high specific gravity metal powder fillers, such as tungsten powder, molybdenum powder, and the like; regrind, i.e., core material that is ground and recycled; and nano-fillers. Suitable melt flow modifiers include, for example, fatty acids and salts thereof, polyamides, polyesters, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, polyethers, polyureas, polyhydric alcohols, and combinations thereof. Suitable HNP compositions also include blends of HNPs with partially neutralized ionomers as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0128904, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, and blends of HNPs with additional thermoplastic and thermoset materials, including, but not limited to, ionomers, acid copolymers, engineering thermoplastics, fatty acid/salt-based highly neutralized polymers, polybutadienes, polyurethanes, polyesters, thermoplastic elastomers, and other conventional polymeric materials. Particularly suitable as a core layer material is DuPont® HPF 1000, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Suitable HNP compositions are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,382, 6,756,436, 6,777,472, 6,894,098, 6,919,393, and 6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     The inner core layer can also be formed from a low deformation material selected from metal, rigid plastics, polymers reinforced with high strength organic or inorganic fillers or fibers, and blends and composites thereof. Suitable low deformation materials also include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0250600, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Also suitable for forming the core are the compositions having high COR when formed into solid spheres disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0130434 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,382, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Additional materials suitable for forming the inner and outer core layers include the core compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,364, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. For example, suitable core materials include HNPs neutralized with organic fatty acids and salts thereof, metal cations, or a combination of both. In addition to HNPs neutralized with organic fatty acids and salts thereof, core compositions may comprise at least one rubber material having a resilience index of at least about 40. Preferably the resilience index is at least about 50. Polymers that produce resilient golf balls and, therefore, are suitable for the present invention, include but are not limited to CB23, CB22, commercially available from of Bayer Corp. of Orange, Tex., BR60, commercially available from Enichem of Italy, and 1207G, commercially available from Goodyear Corp. of Akron, Ohio. Additionally, the unvulcanized rubber, such as polybutadiene, in golf balls prepared according to the invention typically has a Mooney viscosity of between about 40 and about 80, more preferably, between about 45 and about 65, and most preferably, between about 45 and about 55. Mooney viscosity is typically measured according to ASTM-D1646. 
     The weight distribution of the cores disclosed herein can be varied to achieve certain desired parameters, such as spin rate, compression, and initial velocity. 
     The two-layer core is enclosed with a cover comprising an inner cover layer and an outer cover layer. According to the present invention, the Shore C hardness of the outer core layer&#39;s outer surface is greater than the Shore C hardness of the inner cover layer&#39;s outer surface. 
     The inner cover layer preferably has an outer surface hardness (H inner cover ) of 95 Shore C or less, or an outer surface hardness (H inner cover ) within a range having a lower limit of 80 or 85 or 87 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 91 or 95 Shore C. For purposes of the present disclosure, the outer surface hardness of the inner cover layer is measured according to the procedure given herein for measuring the outer surface hardness of a golf ball layer. 
     It should be understood that there is a fundamental difference between “material hardness” and “hardness as measured directly on a golf ball.” For purposes of the present disclosure, material hardness is measured according to ASTM D2240 and generally involves measuring the hardness of a flat “slab” or “button” formed of the material. Hardness as measured directly on a golf ball (or other spherical surface) typically results in a different hardness value. This difference in hardness values is due to several factors including, but not limited to, ball construction (i.e., core type, number of core and/or cover layers, etc.), ball (or sphere) diameter, and the material composition of adjacent layers. It should also be understood that the two measurement techniques are not linearly related and, therefore, one hardness value cannot easily be correlated to the other. The material hardness values given herein for cover materials are measured according to ASTM D2240, with all values reported following 10 days of aging at 50% relative humidity and 23° C. 
     The inner cover layer preferably has a material hardness of 95 Shore C or less, or less than 95 Shore C, or 92 Shore C or less, or 90 Shore C or less, or has a material hardness within a range having a lower limit of 70 or 75 or 80 or 84 or 85 Shore C and an upper limit of 90 or 92 or 95 Shore C. The thickness of the inner cover layer is preferably within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.025 or 0.030 inches and an upper limit of 0.035 or 0.045 or 0.050 or 0.080 or 0.120 or 0.150 or 0.200 inches. 
     The outer cover layer preferably has an outer surface hardness within a range having a lower limit of 20 or 30 or 35 or 40 Shore D and an upper limit of 52 or 58 or 60 or 65 or 70 or 72 or 75 Shore D. The outer cover layer preferably has a material hardness of 85 Shore C or less. The thickness of the outer cover layer is preferably within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.015 or 0.020 or 0.025 inches and an upper limit of 0.035 or 0.040 or 0.050 or 0.055 or 0.080 or 0.150 or 0.200 inches. 
     Optional intermediate cover layers may be included and generally have a thickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.020 or 0.025 inches and an upper limit of 0.050 or 0.150 or 0.200 inches. The cover preferably has an overall thickness within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.020 or 0.025 or 0.030 or 0.040 or 0.045 or 0.050 or 0.060 inches and an upper limit of 0.070 or 0.075 or 0.080 or 0.090 or 0.100 or 0.150 or 0.200 or 0.300 or 0.500 inches. 
     Cover materials are preferably cut-resistant materials, selected based on the desired performance characteristics. Suitable inner and outer cover layer materials for the golf balls disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, ionomer resins and blends thereof (e.g., Surlyn® ionomer resins and DuPont® HPF 1000 and HPF 2000, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; Iotek® ionomers, commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company; Amplify® IO ionomers of ethylene acrylic acid copolymers, commercially available from The Dow Chemical Company; and Clarix® ionomer resins, commercially available from A. Schulman Inc.); polyurethanes; polyureas; copolymers and hybrids of polyurethane and polyurea; polyethylene, including, for example, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, and high density polyethylene; polypropylene; rubber-toughened olefin polymers; acid copolymers, e.g., (meth)acrylic acid, which do not become part of an ionomeric copolymer; plastomers; flexomers; styrene/butadiene/styrene block copolymers; styrene/ethylene/butylene/styrene block copolymers; dynamically vulcanized elastomers; ethylene vinyl acetates; ethylene methyl acrylates; polyvinyl chloride resins; polyamides, amide-ester elastomers, and graft copolymers of ionomer and polyamide, including, for example, Pebax® thermoplastic polyether block amides, commercially available from Arkema Inc; crosslinked trans-polyisoprene and blends thereof; polyester-based thermoplastic elastomers, such as Hytrel®, commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company; polyurethane-based thermoplastic elastomers, such as Elastollan®, commercially available from BASF; synthetic or natural vulcanized rubber; and combinations thereof. Suitable cover materials and constructions also include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,117,025, 6,767,940, and 6,960,630, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Compositions comprising an ionomer or a blend of two or more ionomers are particularly suitable for forming the inner cover layer in dual-layer covers. Preferred ionomeric compositions include:
         (a) a composition comprising a “high acid ionomer” (i.e., having an acid content of greater than 16 wt %), such as Surlyn 8150®, a copolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid, having an acid content of 19 wt %, which is 45% neutralized with sodium;   (b) a composition comprising a high acid ionomer and a maleic anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer (e.g., Fusabond® maleic anhydride-grafted metallocene-catalyzed ethylene-butene copolymers). A particularly preferred blend of high acid ionomer and maleic anhydride-grafted polymer is a blend of 79-85 wt % Surlyn 8150® and 15-21 wt % Fusabond®. Blends of high acid ionomers with maleic anhydride-grafted polymers are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,992,135 and 6,677,401, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference;   (c) a composition comprising a 50/45/5 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650/Nucrel® 960, preferably having a material hardness of from 80 to 85 Shore C;   (d) a composition comprising a 50/25/25 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650/Surlyn® 9910, preferably having a material hardness of about 90 Shore C;   (e) a composition comprising a 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8940/Surlyn® 9650, preferably having a material hardness of about 86 Shore C;   (f) a composition comprising a blend of Surlyn® 7940/Surlyn® 8940, optionally including a melt flow modifier;   (g) a composition comprising a blend of a first high acid ionomer and a second high acid ionomer, wherein the first high acid ionomer is neutralized with a different cation than the second high acid ionomer (e.g., 50/50 blend of Surlyn® 8150 and Surlyn® 9150), optionally including one or more melt flow modifiers such as an ionomer, ethylene-acid copolymer or ester terpolymer; and   (h) a composition comprising a blend of a first high acid ionomer and a second high acid ionomer, wherein the first high acid ionomer is neutralized with a different cation than the second high acid ionomer, and from 0 to 10 wt % of an ethylene/acid/ester ionomer wherein the ethylene/acid/ester ionomer is neutralized with the same cation as either the first high acid ionomer or the second high acid ionomer or a different cation than the first and second high acid ionomers (e.g., a blend of 40-50 wt % Surlyn® 8140, 40-50 wt % Surlyn® 9120, and 0-10 wt % Surlyn® 6320).       

     Surlyn 8150®, Surlyn® 8940, and Surlyn® 8140 are different grades of E/MAA copolymer in which the acid groups have been partially neutralized with sodium ions. Surlyn® 9650, Surlyn® 9910, Surlyn® 9150, and Surlyn® 9120 are different grades of E/MAA copolymer in which the acid groups have been partially neutralized with zinc ions. Surlyn® 7940 is an E/MAA copolymer in which the acid groups have been partially neutralized with lithium ions. Surlyn® 6320 is a very low modulus magnesium ionomer with a medium acid content. Nucrel® 960 is an E/MAA copolymer resin nominally made with 15 wt % methacrylic acid. Surlyn® ionomers, Fusabond® copolymers, and Nucrel® copolymers are commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. 
     Non-limiting examples of particularly preferred ionomeric cover layer formulations are shown in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Shore C Hardness 
               
               
                 Cover Layer 
                 Surlyn ® 8150, 
                 Fusabond ®, 
                 at 
               
               
                 Material 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 10 Days 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 89 
                 11 
                 91.2 
               
               
                 2 
                 84 
                 16 
                 89.8 
               
               
                 3 
                 84 
                 16 
                 90.4 
               
               
                 4 
                 84 
                 16 
                 89.6 
               
               
                 5 
                 81 
                 19 
                 88.9 
               
               
                 6 
                 80 
                 20 
                 89.1 
               
               
                 7 
                 78 
                 22 
                 88.1 
               
               
                 8 
                 76 
                 24 
                 87.6 
               
               
                 9 
                 76 
                 24 
                 87.2 
               
               
                 10 
                 73 
                 27 
                 86.6 
               
               
                 11 
                 71 
                 29 
                 86.7 
               
               
                 12 
                 67 
                 33 
                 84.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Flex bars of each blend composition were formed and evaluated for hardness according to ASTM D2240 following 10 days of aging at 50% relative humidity and 23° C. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Ionomeric cover compositions can be blended with non-ionic thermoplastic resins, particularly to manipulate product properties. Examples of suitable non-ionic thermoplastic resins include, but are not limited to, polyurethane, poly-ether-ester, poly-amide-ether, polyether-urea, thermoplastic polyether block amides (e.g., Pebax® block copolymers, commercially available from Arkema Inc.), styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, styrene(ethylene-butylene)-styrene block copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyolefins (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyethylene-(meth)acrylate, polyethylene(meth)acrylic acid, functionalized polymers with maleic anhydride grafting, Fusabond® functionalized olefins commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, functionalized polymers with epoxidation, elastomers (e.g., ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber, metallocene-catalyzed polyolefin) and ground powders of thermoset elastomers. 
     Suitable ionomeric cover materials are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,653,382, 6,756,436, 6,894,098, 6,919,393, and 6,953,820, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
     Polyurethanes, polyureas, and copolymers and blends thereof are particularly suitable for forming the outer cover layer in dual-layer covers. When used as cover layer materials, polyurethanes and polyureas can be thermoset or thermoplastic. Thermoset materials can be formed into golf ball layers by conventional casting or reaction injection molding techniques. Thermoplastic materials can be formed into golf ball layers by conventional compression or injection molding techniques. 
     Suitable polyurethane cover materials are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,673, 6,506,851, 6,756,436, and 7,105,623, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Suitable polyurea cover materials are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,484,870, 6,835,794 and 7,378,483, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0064527, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Suitable polyurethane-urea cover materials include polyurethane/polyurea blends and copolymers comprising urethane and urea segments, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0117923, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Golf ball cover compositions may include a flow modifier, such as, but not limited to, Nucrel® acid copolymer resins, and particularly Nucrel® 960. Nucrel® acid copolymer resins are commercially available from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. 
     Cover compositions may also include one or more filler(s), such as the fillers given above for rubber compositions of the present invention (e.g., titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, etc.), and/or additive(s), such as coloring agents, fluorescent agents, whitening agents, antioxidants, dispersants, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, compatibility agents, foaming agents, reinforcing agents, release agents, and the like. 
     In a particular embodiment, the cover comprises an inner cover layer formed from a composition comprising a high acid ionomer and a maleic anhydride-grafted non-ionomeric polymer and an outer cover layer formed from a polyurethane, polyurea, or copolymer or hybrid of polyurethane/polyurea. The outer cover layer material may be thermoplastic or thermoset. A particularly preferred inner cover layer composition is a 84 wt %/16 wt % blend of Surlyn 8150® and Fusabond 572D®. 
     Additional suitable cover materials are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0164810, U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,100, and PCT Publications WO00/23519 and WO00/29129, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Golf balls of the present invention optionally include one or more intermediate layer(s) disposed between the core and the cover. When present, the overall thickness of the intermediate layer(s) is generally within a range having a lower limit of 0.010 or 0.050 or 0.100 inches and an upper limit of 0.300 or 0.350 or 0.400 inches. Suitable intermediate layer materials include, but are not limited to, natural rubbers, balata, gutta-percha, cis-polybutadienes, trans-polybutadienes, synthetic polyisoprene rubbers, polyoctenamers, styrene-propylene-diene rubbers, metallocene rubbers, styrene-butadiene rubbers, ethylene-propylene rubbers, chloroprene rubbers, acrylonitrile rubbers, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, styrene-ethylene block copolymers, maleic anhydride or succinate modified metallocene catalyzed ethylene copolymers, polypropylene resins, ionomer resins, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyureas, chlorinated polyethylenes, polysulfide rubbers, fluorocarbons, and combinations thereof. 
     A moisture vapor barrier layer is optionally employed between the core and the cover. Moisture vapor barrier layers are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,632,147, 6,932,720, 7,004,854, and 7,182,702, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     In addition to the material disclosed above, any of the core or cover layers may comprise one or more of the following materials: thermoplastic elastomer, thermoset elastomer, synthetic rubber, thermoplastic vulcanizate, copolymeric ionomer, terpolymeric ionomer, polycarbonate, polyolefin, polyamide, copolymeric polyamide, polyesters, polyester-amides, polyether-amides, polyvinyl alcohols, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers, polyarylate, polyacrylate, polyphenylene ether, impact-modified polyphenylene ether, high impact polystyrene, diallyl phthalate polymer, metallocene-catalyzed polymers, styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), olefin-modified SAN, acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylonitrile, styrene-maleic anhydride (S/MA) polymer, styrenic copolymer, functionalized styrenic copolymer, functionalized styrenic terpolymer, styrenic terpolymer, cellulose polymer, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), ethylene vinyl acetate, polyurea, and polysiloxane. Suitable polyamides for use as an additional material in compositions disclosed herein also include resins obtained by: (1) polycondensation of (a) a dicarboxylic acid, such as oxalic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid or 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, with (b) a diamine, such as ethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, or decamethylenediamine, 1,4-cyclohexyldiamine or m-xylylenediamine; (2) a ring-opening polymerization of cyclic lactam, such as ε-caprolactam or ω-laurolactam; (3) polycondensation of an aminocarboxylic acid, such as 6-aminocaproic acid, 9-aminononanoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid or 12-aminododecanoic acid; or (4) copolymerzation of a cyclic lactam with a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine. Specific examples of suitable polyamides include Nylon 6, Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 11, Nylon 12, copolymerized Nylon, Nylon MXD6, and Nylon 46. 
     Other preferred materials suitable for use as an additional material in golf ball compositions disclosed herein include Skypel polyester elastomers, commercially available from SK Chemicals of South Korea; Septon® diblock and triblock copolymers, commercially available from Kuraray Corporation of Kurashiki, Japan; and Kraton® diblock and triblock copolymers, commercially available from Kraton Polymers LLC of Houston, Tex. 
     Compositions disclosed herein can be either foamed or filled with density adjusting materials to provide desirable golf ball performance characteristics. 
     The present invention is not limited by any particular process for forming the golf ball layer(s). It should be understood that the layer(s) can be formed by any suitable technique, including injection molding, compression molding, casting, and reaction injection molding. 
     When injection molding is used, the composition is typically in a pelletized or granulated form that can be easily fed into the throat of an injection molding machine wherein it is melted and conveyed via a screw in a heated barrel at temperatures of from 150° F. to 600° F., preferably from 200° F. to 500° F. The molten composition is ultimately injected into a closed mold cavity, which may be cooled, at ambient or at an elevated temperature, but typically the mold is cooled to a temperature of from 50° F. to 70° F. After residing in the closed mold for a time of from 1 second to 300 seconds, preferably from 20 seconds to 120 seconds, the core and/or core plus one or more additional core or cover layers is removed from the mold and either allowed to cool at ambient or reduced temperatures or is placed in a cooling fluid such as water, ice water, dry ice in a solvent, or the like. 
     When compression molding is used to form a core, the composition is first formed into a preform or slug of material, typically in a cylindrical or roughly spherical shape at a weight slightly greater than the desired weight of the molded core. Prior to this step, the composition may be first extruded or otherwise melted and forced through a die after which it is cut into a cylindrical preform. The preform is then placed into a compression mold cavity and compressed at a mold temperature of from 150° F. to 400° F., preferably from 250° F. to 400° F., and more preferably from 300° F. to 400° F. When compression molding a cover layer, half-shells of the cover layer material are first formed via injection molding. A core is then enclosed within two half-shells, which is then placed into a compression mold cavity and compressed. 
     Reaction injection molding processes are further disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,119, 7,208,562, 7,281,997, 7,282,169, 7,338,391, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0247073, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. 
     Golf balls of the present invention typically have a coefficient of restitution (“COR”) of 0.700 or greater, preferably 0.750 or greater, more preferably 0.780 or greater, and even more preferably 0.790 or greater. 
     COR, as used herein, is determined according to a known procedure wherein a golf ball or golf ball subassembly (e.g., a golf ball core) is fired from an air cannon at two given velocities and calculated at a velocity of 125 ft/s. Ballistic light screens are located between the air cannon and the steel plate at a fixed distance to measure ball velocity. As the ball travels toward the steel plate, it activates each light screen, and the time at each light screen is measured. This provides an incoming transit time period inversely proportional to the ball&#39;s incoming velocity. The ball impacts the steel plate and rebounds though the light screens, which again measure the time period required to transit between the light screens. This provides an outgoing transit time period inversely proportional to the ball&#39;s outgoing velocity. COR is then calculated as the ratio of the outgoing transit time period to the incoming transit time period, COR=V out /V in =T in /T out . 
     Golf balls of the present invention typically have an overall compression of 40 or greater, or a compression within a range having a lower limit of 40 or 50 or 60 or 65 or 75 or 80 or 90 and an upper limit of 95 or 100 or 105 or 110 or 115 or 120. Dual cores of the present invention preferably have an overall compression of 70 or 75 or 80 or 85 and an upper limit of 90 or 95 or 100. 
     Compression is an important factor in golf ball design. For example, the compression of the core can affect the ball&#39;s spin rate off the driver and the feel. As disclosed in Jeff Dalton&#39;s  Compression by Any Other Name, Science and Golf IV, Proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf  (Eric Thain ed., Routledge, 2002) (“J. Dalton”), several different methods can be used to measure compression, including Atti compression, Riehle compression, load/deflection measurements at a variety of fixed loads and offsets, and effective modulus. For purposes of the present invention, “compression” refers to Atti compression and is measured according to a known procedure, using an Atti compression test device, wherein a piston is used to compress a ball against a spring. The travel of the piston is fixed and the deflection of the spring is measured. The measurement of the deflection of the spring does not begin with its contact with the ball; rather, there is an offset of approximately the first 1.25 mm (0.05 inches) of the spring&#39;s deflection. Very low stiffness cores will not cause the spring to deflect by more than 1.25 mm and therefore have a zero compression measurement. The Atti compression tester is designed to measure objects having a diameter of 42.7 mm (1.68 inches); thus, smaller objects, such as golf ball cores, must be shimmed to a total height of 42.7 mm to obtain an accurate reading. Conversion from Atti compression to Riehle (cores), Riehle (balls), 100 kg deflection, 130-10 kg deflection or effective modulus can be carried out according to the formulas given in J. Dalton. 
     Golf balls of the present invention will typically have dimple coverage of 60% or greater, preferably 65% or greater, and more preferably 75% or greater. 
     The United States Golf Association specifications limit the minimum size of a competition golf ball to 1.680 inches. There is no specification as to the maximum diameter, and golf balls of any size can be used for recreational play. Golf balls of the present invention can have an overall diameter of any size. The preferred diameter of the present golf balls is from 1.680 inches to 1.800 inches. More preferably, the present golf balls have an overall diameter of from 1.680 inches to 1.760 inches, and even more preferably from 1.680 inches to 1.740 inches. 
     Golf balls of the present invention preferably have a moment of inertia (“MOI”) of 70-95 g·cm 2 , preferably 75-93 g·cm 2 , and more preferably 76-90 g·cm 2 . For low MOI embodiments, the golf ball preferably has an MOI of 85 g·cm 2  or less, or 83 g·cm 2  or less. For high MOI embodiment, the golf ball preferably has an MOI of 86 g·cm 2  or greater, or 87 g·cm 2  or greater. MOI is measured on a model MOI-005-104 Moment of Inertia Instrument manufactured by Inertia Dynamics of Collinsville, Conn. The instrument is connected to a PC for communication via a COMM port and is driven by MOI Instrument Software version #1.2. 
     EXAMPLES 
     It should be understood that the examples below are for illustrative purposes only. In no manner is the present invention limited to the specific disclosures herein. 
     In the following Examples 1-6, inner core compositions were prepared by mixing the components in a Brabender mixer for 5-10 minutes. The type and relative amount of each component used is indicated in Table 2 below. The resulting composition was cured in a compression molding press at 350° F. for 11 minutes to obtain spheres, which were subsequently ground to a diameter of 1.00 inch. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CB 23 polybutadiene, phr 
                 85.00 
                 85.00 
                 85.00 
                 85.00 
                 85.00 
                 85.00 
               
               
                 Taktene ® 220 polybutadiene, phr 
                 15.00 
                 15.00 
                 15.00 
                 15.00 
                 15.00 
                 15.00 
               
               
                 regrind of Titleist ® ProV1X ® golf ball 
                 23.00 
                 23.00 
                 23.00 
                 23.00 
                 23.00 
                 23.00 
               
               
                 inner core material, phr 
               
               
                 zinc diacrylate, phr 
                 22.00 
                 22.00 
                 22.00 
                 22.00 
                 22.00 
                 22.00 
               
               
                 barium sulphate, phr 
                 16.80 
                 16.80 
                 16.80 
                 16.80 
                 16.80 
                 16.80 
               
               
                 zinc oxide, phr 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
                 5.00 
               
               
                 Perkadox ® BC, phr 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
                 1.00 
               
               
                 zinc pentachlorothiophenol pellets, phr 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 (active) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Outer core formulations were similarly prepared by mixing the components in a Brabender mixer for 5-10 minutes. The type and relative amount of each component used is indicated in Table 3 below. Each resulting composition was compression molded into half-shells in a compression molding press at 150° F. for 5 minutes. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Example 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CB 23 polybutadiene, phr 
                 88.00 
                 88.00 
                 88.00 
                 88.00 
                 88.00 
                 88.00 
               
               
                 SBR 1502 styrene-butadiene copolymer, 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
                 3.00 
               
               
                 phr 
               
               
                 regrind of Titleist ® ProV1X ® golf ball 
                 19.50 
                 19.50 
                 19.50 
                 19.50 
                 19.50 
                 19.50 
               
               
                 mantle material, phr 
               
               
                 zinc diacrylate, phr 
                 40.00 
                 40.00 
                 40.00 
                 40.00 
                 40.00 
                 40.00 
               
               
                 zinc oxide, phr 
                 14.20 
                 14.20 
                 14.20 
                 13.10 
                 13.10 
                 13.10 
               
               
                 Perkadox ® BC, phr 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 zinc pentachlorothiophenol pellets, phr 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
                 0.71 
               
               
                 (active) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
                 (0.5) 
               
               
                 balata, phr 
                 9.00 
                 9.00 
                 9.00 
                 9.00 
                 9.00 
                 9.00 
               
               
                 coloring, phr 
                 0.45 
                 0.45 
                 0.45 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
                 0.50 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Dual cores were then formed by compression molding two of the half shells around an inner core sphere in a compression molding press at an increasing temperature beginning at 200° F. and reaching 350° F. for a total time of 15 minutes. The resulting dual cores were subsequently ground to a given diameter. The outer surface hardness of each core was measured and the results are given in Table 4 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dual Core 
                 Outer Surface Hardness 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 of Outer Core Layer 
               
               
                 Example 
                 (inches) 
                 (Shore C) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 1.550 
                 93 
               
               
                 2 
                 1.550 
                 94 
               
               
                 3 
                 1.550 
                 94 
               
               
                 4 
                 1.530 
                 93 
               
               
                 5 
                 1.530 
                 93 
               
               
                 6 
                 1.530 
                 94 
               
               
                 ProV1X ® dual core 
                 1.550 
                 90 
               
               
                 (2007) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Inner cover layers were then formed by compression molding a blend (83.5 wt % Surlyn® 8150 and 16.5 wt % Fusabond® maleic anhydride-grafted metallocene-catalyzed ethylene-butene copolymers) around each dual core. The material hardness of the inner cover layer composition was measured as 89.9 Shore C, according to ASTM D2240, following 12 days of aging at 50% relative humidity and 23° C. 
     Outer cover layers were then formed by casting a polyurea composition around each inner cover layer. Each resulting golf ball was then evaluated for overall compression, weight, Shore C hardness of the outer cover layer&#39;s outer surface, and COR. The results are given in Table 5 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Overall 
                   
                 Outer Surface Hardness 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Compression 
                 Weight 
                 of Outer Cover Layer 
               
               
                 Example 
                 (Atti) 
                 (ounces) 
                 (Shore C) 
                 COR 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 108 
                 1.619 
                 80 
                 0.808 
               
               
                 2 
                 111 
                 1.618 
                 80 
                 0.808 
               
               
                 3 
                 114 
                 1.618 
                 80 
                 0.809 
               
               
                 4 
                 109 
                 1.611 
                 80 
                 0.808 
               
               
                 5 
                 112 
                 1.614 
                 80 
                 0.809 
               
               
                 6 
                 114 
                 1.616 
                 80 
                 0.808 
               
               
                 ProV1X ® 
                 101 
                 1.608 
                 82 
                 0.811 
               
               
                 golf ball 
               
               
                 (2007) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The balls of Examples 1-6 and a 2007 ProV1X® golf ball were then hit with a driver (163 mph, 11° launch angle, 2700 rpm backspin) to measure launch angle, spin, and speed of the ball. The results are given in Table 6 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Spin 
                 Speed 
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Launch Angle 
                 (rpm) 
                 (mph) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 11.0 
                 2708 
                 164.6 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 11.1 
                 2698 
                 164.7 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 11.0 
                 2761 
                 165.4 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 10.7 
                 2651 
                 164.4 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 10.7 
                 2596 
                 164.8 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 10.7 
                 2662 
                 165.3 
               
               
                   
                 ProV1X ® 
                 11.2 
                 2692 
                 164.4 
               
               
                   
                 golf ball 
               
               
                   
                 (2007) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The balls of Examples 4-6 and a 2007 ProV1X® golf ball were then hit with a driver (175 mph, 10.5° launch angle, 2750 rpm backspin) to measure launch angle, spin, and speed of the ball. The results are given in Table 7 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Spin 
                 Speed 
               
               
                   
                 Example 
                 Launch Angle 
                 (rpm) 
                 (mph) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 4 
                 10.5 
                 2647 
                 175.4 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 10.3 
                 2647 
                 176.3 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 10.2 
                 2688 
                 176.8 
               
               
                   
                 ProV1X ® 
                 10.5 
                 2676 
                 175.2 
               
               
                   
                 golf ball 
               
               
                   
                 (2007) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     When numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits are set forth herein, it is contemplated that any combination of these values may be used. 
     All patents, publications, test procedures, and other references cited herein, including priority documents, are fully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with this invention and for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is permitted. 
     While the illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described with particularity, it will be understood that various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the examples and descriptions set forth herein, but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all of the features of patentable novelty which reside in the present invention, including all features which would be treated as equivalents thereof by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains.