Patent Publication Number: US-11648159-B2

Title: Absorbent article with absorbent core

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to absorbent articles, in particular absorbent articles having absorbent cores. The articles may have improved functional and/or communicative properties. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Disposable absorbent articles for receiving and retaining bodily discharges such as urine or feces are well known in the art. Examples of these include disposable diaper(s), training pants and adult incontinence articles. Typically, disposable diapers comprise a liquid pervious topsheet that faces the wearer&#39;s body, a liquid impervious backsheet that faces the wearer&#39;s clothing and an absorbent core interposed between the liquid pervious topsheet and the backsheet. 
     An important component of disposable absorbent articles is the absorbent core. The absorbent core typically includes superabsorbent polymer material, such as hydrogel-forming polymer material, also referred to as absorbent gelling material, AGM, or superabsorbent polymer, SAP. This superabsorbent polymer material ensures that large amounts of bodily fluids, e.g. urine, can be absorbed by the absorbent article during its use and be locked away, thus providing low rewet and good skin dryness. 
     However, given manufacturing constraints, manufacturers to date have struggled with maximizing the absorbent area of disposable articles. Indeed, absorbent cores must be fashioned and placed in a way that will not slow down the production line and/or cause undesired cutting of the core and/or improper positioning, or the like. For example, after cutting the individual absorbent cores from a continuous web of absorbent cores, each individual core may have to be precisely placed in desired positions on advancing topsheet or backsheet webs. In some manufacturing configurations, the speeds of the individual absorbent cores will need to be increased or decreased before placement on the topsheet or backsheet webs. In some instances, adhesives will also need to be applied in discrete zones on the advancing webs, requiring relatively frequent on/off cycling of adhesive applicators. To help ensure quality production, the individual absorbent core placement may need to be closely monitored and controlled with relatively high speed sensor and associated controller technologies. As such, the machinery required to precisely cut, place, control, and/or bond the individual cores to advancing webs may add complexities and expense to a manufacturing line while at the same time reducing reliability. In addition, the aforementioned challenges may be exacerbated in absorbent article assembly processes operating at relatively high speed production rates and/or configured to assemble relatively small sized absorbent articles. Addressing these issues in one type of product may require different parameters and controls than when addressing the same issues in another type of product. 
     Further, one way that manufacturers balance providing quality products with maintaining lower production costs is by using the same components in different types of articles. For instance, while training pants and taped diapers are constructed differently and have certain functional differences, a manufacturer may use the same absorbent core in both types of articles rather than creating a unique absorbent core for each type of article constructed. Indeed, creation of different base components results in more production costs (e.g., additional lines, machinery, production time, etc.). As such, manufacturers may use a component (e.g., an absorbent core) in more than one type of article by resizing, repositioning or otherwise altering the components (or portions of the article) for incorporation of the component into the various articles. However, such resizing, repositioning and/or altering results in increased complexities in manufacturing, such as additional processes steps. 
     Further still, in attempting to increase the absorbent footprint of absorbent articles, manufacturers have had to compromise other features. For instance, channels which may be void of absorbent material but enhance comfort and fit may be sacrificed for greater absorbency. Likewise, waist features and belts requiring a relatively large area to ensure proper fit may be reduced in size in order to increase space for absorbent material. 
     Because of the issues faced by manufacturers, absorbent articles often have inefficient use of space and therefore less absorbency than possible. Therefore, there is a need for an article that efficiently utilizes the available space. In addition, there is a need for an article that has desirable absorbency while also providing comfort and/or fit. There is also a need for an article with desired absorbency while visually assuring the product will perform as desired and providing a garment-like and/or soft appearance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An absorbent article comprises a first waist region, a second waist region, and a crotch region disposed between the first and second waist regions; and a longitudinal centerline and a lateral centerline. The article further includes a chassis comprising a topsheet, a backsheet and an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet. The absorbent core may comprise absorbent material disposed in an absorbent material deposition area. A waist feature is joined to the chassis in the first and/or second waist region. The waist feature includes a free portion which extends longitudinally outboard of the chassis in said first and/or second region. 
     In certain embodiments, the backsheet comprises a barrier layer having a maximum length, L BS , extending between a first barrier lateral edge and a second barrier lateral edge. The absorbent core comprises a core wrap enclosing the absorbent material and having a maximum length, L CW . The absorbent material deposition area comprises a maximum length, L AB , extending between a first absorbent area lateral edge and a second absorbent area lateral edge. L CW  may be substantially the same as L BS , and L AB  may be about 90% or greater of L BS . The first absorbent area lateral edge may be disposed a longitudinal distance, D1, from the first barrier lateral edge, wherein D1 is 5% or less of L BS . 
     In further embodiments, the backsheet comprises a barrier layer having a maximum length, L BS , extending between a first barrier lateral edge and a second barrier lateral edge; and the absorbent core comprises absorbent material disposed in an absorbent material deposition area having a first absorbent area lateral edge and a second absorbent area lateral edge. The first absorbent area lateral edge may be within about 50 mm of the first waist edge, and the free portion may comprise a length, E, of at least about 10 mm. The absorbent material may comprise about 15% or less by weight of cellulosic material. 
     In some embodiments, the backsheet comprises a barrier layer having a barrier layer area and the absorbent material deposition area comprises an absorbent area. The absorbent area may be at least about 90% of the barrier layer area. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view of an exemplary absorbent pant according to one nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic plan view of an exemplary absorbent pant precursor structure according to a nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention. The structure is shown in a flat, uncontracted state. 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic plan view of the exemplary embodiment in  FIG.  2    with layers removed to illustrate interior features. 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic cross sectional view of an exemplary absorbent core in accordance with a nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIGS.  5 - 6    are schematic, partial side elevation views of exemplary embodiments of waist features. 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic plan view of an exemplary absorbent pant precursor structure according to a nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  8    is a schematic plan view of an exemplary absorbent article according a nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  9    is a schematic plan view of an exemplary absorbent pant precursor structure according to a nonlimiting embodiment of the present invention. 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic cross-sectional view of the absorbent pant of  FIG.  9    taken along line  9 A- 9 A. 
         FIG.  11    is a schematic cross-sectional view of the absorbent pant of  FIG.  9    taken along line  9 B- 9 B. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     Definitions 
     “Disposable,” in reference to absorbent articles, means that the absorbent articles are generally not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored or reused as absorbent articles (i.e., they are intended to be discarded after a single use and, preferably, to be recycled, composted or otherwise discarded in an environmentally compatible manner). 
     “Absorbent article” refers to devices which absorb and contain body exudates and, more specifically, refers to devices which are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain the various exudates discharged from the body. Exemplary absorbent articles include diapers, training pants, pull-on pant-type diapers (i.e., a diaper having a pre-formed waist opening and leg openings such as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,487), refastenable diapers or pant-type diapers, incontinence briefs and undergarments, diaper holders and liners, feminine hygiene garments such as panty liners, absorbent inserts, and the like. In embodiments, absorbent articles may be disposable. 
     “Body-facing” and “garment-facing” refer respectively to the relative location of an element or a surface of an element or group of elements. “Body-facing” implies the element or surface is nearer to the wearer during wear than some other element or surface. “Garment-facing” implies the element or surface is more remote from the wearer during wear than some other element or surface (i.e., element or surface is proximate to the wearer&#39;s garments that may be worn over the disposable absorbent article). 
     “Longitudinal” refers to a direction running substantially perpendicular from a waist edge to an opposing waist edge of the article and generally parallel to the maximum linear dimension of the article. Directions within 45 degrees of the longitudinal direction are considered to be “longitudinal.” 
     “Lateral” refers to a direction running from a longitudinal edge to an opposing longitudinal edge of the article and generally at a right angle to the longitudinal direction. Directions within 45 degrees of the lateral direction are considered to be “lateral.” 
     “Disposed” refers to an element being located in a particular place or position. 
     “Joined” refers to configurations whereby an element is directly secured to another element by affixing the element directly to the other element and to configurations whereby an element is indirectly secured to another element by affixing the element to intermediate member(s) which in turn are affixed to the other element. 
     “Film” refers to a sheet-like material wherein the length and width of the material far exceed the thickness of the material. Typically, films have a thickness of about 0.5 mm or less. 
     “Water-permeable” and “water-impermeable” refer to the penetrability of materials in the context of the intended usage of disposable absorbent articles. Specifically, the term “water-permeable” refers to a layer or a layered structure having pores, openings, and/or interconnected void spaces that permit liquid water, urine, or synthetic urine to pass through its thickness in the absence of a forcing pressure. Conversely, the term “water-impermeable” refers to a layer or a layered structure through the thickness of which liquid water, urine, or synthetic urine cannot pass in the absence of a forcing pressure (aside from natural forces such as gravity). A layer or a layered structure that is water-impermeable according to this definition may be permeable to water vapor (i.e., may be “vapor-permeable”). 
     “Elongatable,” “extensible,” or “stretchable” are used interchangeably and refer to a material that, upon application of a biasing force, can stretch to an elongated length of at least about 110% of its relaxed, original length (i.e. can stretch to 10 percent more than its original length), without rupture or breakage, and upon release of the applied force, shows little recovery, less than about 20% of its elongation without complete rupture or breakage as measured by EDANA method 20.2-89. In the event such an elongatable material recovers at least 40% of its elongation upon release of the applied force, the elongatable material will be considered to be “elastic” or “elastomeric.” For example, an elastic material that has an initial length of 100 mm can extend at least to 150 mm, and upon removal of the force retracts to a length of at least 130 mm (i.e., exhibiting a 40% recovery). In the event the material recovers less than 40% of its elongation upon release of the applied force, the elongatable material will be considered to be “substantially non-elastic” or “substantially non-elastomeric”. For example, an elongatable material that has an initial length of 100 mm can extend at least to 150 mm, and upon removal of the force retracts to a length of at least 145 mm (i.e., exhibiting a 10% recovery). Elastomeric materials may include elastomeric films (including but not limited to films derived from rubber and/or other polymeric materials), polyurethane films, elastomeric foams, scrims, elastic nonwovens, synthetic fibers such as LYCRA® and other sheet-like structures. 
     “Pant” refers to disposable absorbent articles having a pre-formed waist and leg openings. A pant may be donned by inserting a wearer&#39;s legs into the leg openings and sliding the pant into position about the wearer&#39;s lower torso. Pants are also commonly referred to as “closed diapers”, “prefastened diapers”, “pull-on diapers”, “training pants” and “diaper-pants.” 
     Absorbent Article 
     Although examples of the invention are described herein as in reference to a pant, other forms of absorbent articles (e.g., taped diapers) are within the scope of the invention as well. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an exemplary absorbent article  10  in the form of a pant  12 .  FIG.  2    illustrates a precursor structure to an absorbent pant  12 , shown in a flat uncontracted state. As is shown in  FIG.  2   , the absorbent article  10  comprises a first waist region  14 , a second waist region  18  and a crotch region  16  disposed between the first and second waist regions. The article  10  further includes first waist edge  13  and a second waist edge  19  substantially opposite the first waist edge  13 , and two longitudinal edges  17 . The waist regions  14  and  18  generally comprise those portions of the absorbent article  10  which, when worn, encircle the waist of the wearer. The waist regions  14  and  18  may include elastic members such that they gather about the waist of the wearer to provide improved fit and containment. The crotch region  16  is the portion of the absorbent article  10  which, when the absorbent article  10  is worn, is generally positioned between the legs of the wearer. 
     The article  10  further comprises a longitudinal centerline  100  and a lateral centerline  110 . In addition, the article  10  comprises a maximum length, L, extending between the first and second waist edges. In some embodiments, the maximum length is about 600 mm or less, or about 400 mm or less, or from about 200 mm to about 800 mm, reciting for said range every 10 mm increment therein. Lengths herein are measured when the article is in a flat uncontracted state. For irregular shapes, where the outermost points on opposing edges may not be aligned, a maximum length is the distance between those outermost points as measured parallel to the longitudinal centerline. In other words, the maximum length is measured as if the outermost points were aligned. 
     The article  10  also comprises a chassis  20 , which may comprise a liquid permeable topsheet  24 , a backsheet  26 , and an absorbent core  28  between the topsheet  24  and the backsheet  26 . The topsheet  24  may be joined to the core  28  and/or the backsheet  26 . The backsheet  26  may be joined to the core  28  and/or the topsheet  24 . It should be recognized that other structures, elements, or substrates may be positioned between the core  28  and the topsheet  24  and/or backsheet  26 . In some embodiments, an acquisition-distribution system  30  is disposed between the topsheet  26  and the absorbent core  28 . 
     The chassis  20  may comprise a first lateral chassis edge  21  and a second lateral chassis edge  22 . The chassis may also comprise longitudinal chassis edges  23 . For at least a portion of the article, the lateral chassis edges  21 ,  22  may be conterminous with the longitudinal edges  17  of the article. 
     In certain embodiments, the chassis  20  comprises the main structure of the absorbent article  10  with other features added to form the composite absorbent article structure. While the topsheet  24 , the backsheet  26 , and the absorbent core  28  may be assembled in a variety of well-known configurations, absorbent article configurations are described generally in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,860,003; 5,151,092; 5,221,274; 5,554,145; 5,569,234; 5,580,411; and 6,004,306. 
     The article  10  may further include a waist feature  32  may be joined to the chassis  20  in the first and/or second waist region. The waist feature  32  may extend longitudinally and/or laterally outboard of the chassis in said waist region(s). In further embodiments, the waist feature  32  comprises a belt  34 . As illustrated in  FIGS.  1  and  2   , the belt  34  may comprise a front portion  36  disposed in the first waist region, and a rear portion  38  disposed in the second waist region. In the final assembly of the pant  12 , the front belt portion  36  may be joined to the rear belt portion  38  at seams  40 , which may be permanent or refastenable. To form the pant  12 , the precursor structure may be folded at or about lateral centerline  110  with the topsheet  24  facing inward, and the longitudinal edges of the front  36  and rear  38  belt portions may be joined at seams  40 , forming a pant structure having leg openings, front waist edge  13  and rear waist edge  19 . In this way, the pant  12  may comprises a pre-formed, continuous waist opening and pre-formed, continuous leg openings for the wearer at the time of donning the pant  12 . 
     Features of the absorbent article are described in further detail below. 
     Topsheet 
     The topsheet  24  is generally a portion of the absorbent article  10  that may be positioned at least in partial contact or close proximity to a wearer. Suitable topsheets  24  may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as porous foams; reticulated foams; apertured plastic films; or woven or nonwoven webs of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers (e.g., polyester or polypropylene fibers), or a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. The topsheet  24  is generally supple, soft feeling, and non-irritating to a wearer&#39;s skin. Generally, at least a portion of the topsheet  24  is liquid pervious, permitting liquid to readily penetrate through the thickness of the topsheet  24 . One topsheet  24  useful herein is available from BBA Fiberweb, Brentwood, Tenn. as supplier code 055SLPV09U. The topsheet  24  may be apertured. 
     Any portion of the topsheet  24  may be coated with a lotion or skin care composition as is known in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable lotions include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,607,760; 5,609,587; 5,635,191; and 5,643,588. The specific examples are not limiting, as any lotion or skin care composition known in the art may be utilized. The topsheet  24  may be fully or partially elasticized or may be foreshortened so as to provide a void space between the topsheet  24  and the core  28 . Exemplary structures including elasticized or foreshortened topsheets are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,536; 4,990,147; 5,037,416; and 5,269,775. 
     Absorbent Core 
     Turning to  FIGS.  3  and  4   , the absorbent core  28  is the component of the absorbent article having the most absorbent capacity and comprising an absorbent material and a core wrap or core bag (used interchangeably herein) enclosing absorbent material  280 . The term “absorbent core” does not include the acquisition and/or distribution system  30  or any other components of the article which are not either integral part of the core wrap  282  or placed within the core wrap  282 . The absorbent core  28  may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a core wrap  282 , an absorbent material (e.g., superabsorbent polymers)  280 , and optionally one or more adhesives  281 . 
     By “absorbent material,” it is meant a material which has some absorbency property or liquid retaining properties, such as superabsorbent polymer material (“SAP”), cellulosic fibers as well as synthetic fibers. Typically, glues used in making absorbent cores have no or little absorbency properties and are not considered as absorbent material. The SAP content may be higher than 80%, for example at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, and even up to and including 100% of the weight of the absorbent material  280  contained within the core wrap  282 . This provides a relatively thin core compared to a conventional core typically comprising between 40-60% SAP and high content of cellulose fibers. However, conventional cores are also within the scope of the present disclosure. The absorbent material  280  may comprise about 15% weight percent or less, or about 10% weight percent or less, or about 5% weight percent or less, or about 3% weight percent or less, or about 2% weight percent or less, or about 1% weight percent or less of, or no more than an immaterial amount of, or no cellulosic fibers. It should be understood that an immaterial amount of cellulosic material does not materially affect at least one of the thinness, flexibility, and absorbency of the portion of the absorbent core that is substantially cellulose free. Among other benefits, it is believed that when at least a portion of the absorbent core is substantially cellulose free, this portion of the absorbent core is significantly thinner and more flexible than a similar absorbent core that includes more than 10% by weight of cellulosic fibers. 
     “Superabsorbent polymers” (“SAP”) as used herein refer to absorbent material which are cross-linked polymeric materials that can absorb at least 10 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9% saline solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) test (EDANA method WSP 241.2-05E). The SAP used may have a CRC value of more than 20 g/g, more than 24 g/g, from 20 to 50 g/g, from 20 to 40 g/g, or from 24 to 30 g/g, specifically reciting all 0.1 g/g increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges created therein or thereby. The SAP useful with the present disclosure may include a variety of water-insoluble, but water-swellable polymers capable of absorbing large quantities of fluids. The SAP may be typically in particulate forms (superabsorbent polymer particles), but it not excluded that other forms of SAP may be used such as a superabsorbent polymer foam for example. The absorbent core may thus be relatively thin, in particular thinner than conventional cores comprising cellulosic fibers. 
     The SAP useful for the present invention may be of numerous shapes, including in particles. The term “particles” refers to granules, fibers, flakes, spheres, powders, platelets and other shapes and forms known to persons skilled in the art of superabsorbent polymer particles. In some embodiments, the SAP particles can be in the shape of fibers, i.e. elongated, acicular superabsorbent polymer particles. In those embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer particles fibers have a minor dimension (i.e. diameter of the fiber) of less than about 1 mm, usually less than about 500 μm, and preferably less than 250 μm down to 50 μm. The length of the fibers is preferably about 3 mm to about 100 mm. The fibers can also be in the form of a long filament that can be woven. 
     Typically, SAP are spherical-like particles. In contrast to fibers, “spherical-like particles” have a longest and a smallest dimension with a particulate ratio of longest to smallest particle dimension in the range of 1-5, where a value of 1 would equate a perfectly spherical particle and 5 would allow for some deviation from such a spherical particle. The superabsorbent polymer particles may have a particle size of less than 850 μm, or from 50 to 850 μm, preferably from 100 to 710 μm, more preferably from 150 to 650 μm, as measured according to EDANA method WSP 220.2-05. SAP having a relatively low particle size help to increase the surface area of the absorbent material which is in contact with liquid exudates and therefore support fast absorption of liquid exudates. 
     The SAP may have a particle sizes in the range from 45 μm to 4000 μm, more specifically a particle size distribution within the range of from 45 μm to about 2000 μm, or from about 100 μm to about 1000, 850 or 600 μm. The particle size distribution of a material in particulate form can be determined as it is known in the art, for example by means of dry sieve analysis (EDANA 420.02 “Particle Size distribution). 
     In some embodiments herein, the superabsorbent material is in the form of particles with a mass medium particle size up to 2 mm, or between 50 microns and 2 mm or to 1 mm, or preferably from 100 or 200 or 300 or 400 or 500 μm, or to 1000 or to 800 or to 700 μm; as can for example be measured by the method set out in for example EP-A-0,691,133. In some embodiments of the invention, the superabsorbent polymer material is in the form of particles whereof at least 80% by weight are particles of a size between 50 μm and 1200 μm and having a mass median particle size between any of the range combinations above. In addition, or in another embodiment of the invention, said particles are essentially spherical. In yet another or additional embodiment of the invention the superabsorbent polymer material has a relatively narrow range of particle sizes, e.g. with the majority (e.g. at least 80% or preferably at least 90% or even at least 95% by weight) of particles having a particle size between 50 μm and 1000 μm, preferably between 100 μm and 800 μm, and more preferably between 200 μm and 600 μm. 
     The absorbent polymer particles can be selected among polyacrylates and polyacrylate based materials that are internally and/or surface cross-linked, such as for example partially neutralized cross-linked polyacrylates or acid polyacrylate. Examples of absorbent polymer particles suitable in the present disclosure are described for instance in the PCT Patent Application WO 07/047598, WO 07/046052, WO2009/155265 and WO2009/155264. Particulate absorbent polymer materials may be made of poly(meth)acrylic acid polymers. However, starch-based particulate absorbent polymer material may also be used, as well as polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile. 
     The absorbent core may comprise one or more types of SAP. Suitable SAP may for example be obtained from inverse phase suspension polymerizations as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,340,706 and 5,849,816 or from spray- or other gas-phase dispersion polymerizations as described in US Patent Applications No. 2009/0192035, 2009/0258994 and 2010/0068520. In some embodiments, suitable SAP may be obtained by processes described in WO 2006/083584. 
     For most absorbent articles, liquid discharges from a wearer occur predominately in the front half of the absorbent article. The front half of the article (as defined by the region between the front edge  13  and the lateral centerline  110 ) may therefore comprise most of the absorbent capacity of the core. Thus, at least 60% of the SAP, or at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85% of the SAP may be present in the front half of the absorbent article, while the remaining SAP may be disposed in the rear half of the absorbent article. Alternatively, the SAP distribution may be uniform through the core or may have other suitable distributions. 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the absorbent material  280  may be disposed on a supporting sheet  286  forming an absorbent layer  288 . In some embodiments, the core  28  further comprises a second layer  288 ′ comprising a second supporting sheet  286 ′ having absorbent material  280  deposited thereon. The second absorbent layer may be identical to the first absorbent layer or different (e.g., having different channels, different number of channels, different adhesive, different adhesive application or combinations thereof). 
     The supporting sheet  286  may surround the absorbent material to form the core wrap  282 , or two supporting sheets  286 ,  286 ′ may be joined to form the core wrap  282  as shown in  FIG.  4   . In one embodiment, the core wrap  282  may comprise a top layer generally forming the top side of the core  28  and a bottom layer generally forming the bottom side of the core  28 . The top and bottom layers may be formed by two separate substrates (e.g., the supporting sheets  286 ,  286 ′) which may be the same or different material (the top layer being for example hydrophillically treated and/or the bottom layer being for example inherently hydrophobic but air-permeable). There may be a seal along the front edge and back edge of the core wrap  282  for better containment of the absorbent material  280  but many cores do not have such transversal seals. In some embodiments, the top and bottom layer can be attached by gluing or otherwise to form at least one C-wrap seal along each of the longitudinally-extending side edges of the core. However, any other known core wrap constructions may also be used, for example wherein the core wrap is formed of a single web wrapped around the absorbent material with one single longitudinal seal. 
     The core wrap  282  may be formed by any materials suitable for receiving and containing the absorbent material. Typical substrate materials used in the production of conventional cores may be used, in particular paper, tissues, films, wovens or nonwovens, or laminate of any of these. The core wrap may in particular be formed by a nonwoven web, such as a carded nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven (“S”) or meltblown nonwoven (“M”), and laminates of any of these. For example spunmelt polypropylene nonwovens are suitable, in particular those having a laminate web SMS, or SMMS, or SSMMS, structure, and having a basis weight range of about 5 gsm to 15 gsm. Suitable materials are for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576, US2011/0268932A1, US2011/0319848A1 or US2011/0250413A1. Nonwoven materials provided from synthetic fibers may be used, such as PE, PET and in particular PP. 
     Returning to  FIG.  3   , the core wrap  282  comprises a maximum length, L CW , extending between a first core wrap lateral edge  290  and a second core wrap lateral edge  291 . The core wrap may further comprise two longitudinal edges  292 ,  293 . For the avoidance of doubt, “edge” as used herein means the most outermost portion of the component. Thus, for components such as the core wrap which may form a three-dimensional structure, the edges are those that are the outside perimeter limits of the component—not merely where the component changes surface elevations. The core wrap further comprises a core wrap area, A CW , which is the two-dimensional mathematical area within the core wrap perimeter. 
     The absorbent material  280  defines an absorbent material deposition area  284  as seen from above within the plane of the core  28  as shown on  FIG.  3   . The absorbent material deposition area  284  can be generally rectangular, for example as shown in  FIG.  3   , but other shapes can also be used such as a “T” or “Y” or “sand-hour” or “dog-bone” shape. In particular the deposition area may show a tapering along its width at the crotch region  16 . In this way, the absorbent material deposition area  284  may have a relatively narrow width in an area of the core  280  intended to be placed in the crotch region. This may provide for example better wearing comfort. 
     The absorbent material deposition area  284  may be defined by a first absorbent area lateral edge  294 , a second absorbent area lateral edge  295  that is substantially opposite the first absorbent area lateral edge, a first absorbent area longitudinal edge  296  and a second absorbent area longitudinal edge  297  that is substantially opposite the first absorbent area longitudinal edge. The absorbent material deposition area further comprises a maximum length, L AB , extending between the first and second absorbent area lateral edges. The absorbent material deposition area may further comprise an absorbent area, A AB , which is the two-dimensional mathematical area within the perimeter of the absorbent material deposition area. For the avoidance of doubt, the absorbent material deposition area may be any suitable shape, including non-rectangular shapes. As such, the absorbent area is determined according to known mathematical area calculations for determining the area of a shape. In some embodiments, the maximum length of the absorbent area, L AB , is less than or equal to the length of the core wrap, L CW . Likewise, the absorbent area, A AB , may be less than or equal to the core wrap area, A CW . 
     In some embodiments (illustrated in  FIGS.  3  and  4   ), the absorbent core  28  may comprise one or more channels  29  that are substantially free of (e.g., free of) superabsorbent polymer material in an absorbent layer  288 . It should be understood that, accidentally, a small, negligible amount of superabsorbent polymer particles may be present in the channel, which does not contribute to the overall functionality. Hereinafter, the following the plural form “channels” will be used to mean “at least one channel”. 
     The channels may be formed by zones within the absorbent material deposition area which may be substantially free of absorbent material  280 , in particular SAP. In addition or alternatively, the channel(s) may also be formed by continuously or discontinuously bonding the top side of the core wrap to the bottom side of the core wrap through the absorbent material deposition area. The channels may be continuous, but it is not excluded that the channels are intermittent. In embodiments where the absorbent layer  288  comprises cellulosic or cellulose, the channels  29  also may be free of such cellulosic/cellulose material. Further, the channels  29  may extend through the thickness (height) of the absorbent layer  288 . 
     The channels  29  may extend substantially longitudinally, which means typically that the channels  29  extend more in the longitudinal dimension than in the transverse dimension, and typically at least twice as much in the longitudinal dimension than in the transverse dimension. Thus, this includes channels  29  that are substantially parallel to the longitudinal centerline  100 ; and this includes channels  29  that may be curved, provided the radius of curvature is typically at least equal to the average transverse dimension of the absorbent layer (optionally at least 1.5 or at least 2.0 times this average transverse dimension); and this includes channels  29  that are straight but under an angle of from about 5° to about 30°, or up to about 20°, or up to about 10° with a line parallel to the longitudinal centerline  100 . This may also include channels with an angle therein, provided said angle between two parts of a channel is at least 120°, at least 150°; and in any of these cases, provided the longitudinal extension of the channel is more than the transverse extension. In some embodiments, there may be no completely or substantially transverse channels present in at least said crotch region  16 , or no such channels at all. 
     The channels  29  may be present at least in the crotch region  16 . The channels may also extend from the crotch region or be present in one or both waist regions. The core  28  may comprise two or more channels  29 . In some embodiments, the core  28  may comprise one or more pairs of channels symmetrically arranged relative to the longitudinal axis  100 . 
     In some embodiments, there is no channel that coincides with the longitudinal axis  100 . When present as symmetrical pairs relative to the longitudinal axis, the channels may be spaced apart from one another over their whole longitudinal dimension. The smallest spacing distance may be for example at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm, or at least 16 mm. Furthermore, in order to reduce the risk of fluid leakages, the channels  29  typically do not extend up to any of the edges of the absorbent material deposition area, and are therefore fully encompassed within the absorbent material deposition area  284 . Typically, the smallest distance between a channel and the closest edge of the absorbent material deposition area is at least 5 mm. 
     At least some or all the channels are advantageously permanent channels, meaning their integrity is at least partially maintained both in the dry state and in the wet state. Permanent channels may be obtained by provision of one or more adhesive materials or other bonding technique to adhere for example a supporting layer  286  within the walls of the channel. Permanent channels may be also in particular formed by bonding the top side and bottom side of the core wrap (e.g. first substrate  286  and the second substrate  286 ′) together through the channels. Typically, an adhesive can be used to bond both sides of the core wrap through the channels, but it is possible to bond via other known means, such as pressure bonding, ultrasonic bonding or heat bonding or combination thereof. The core wrap can be continuously bonded or intermittently bonded along the channels. In further embodiments, a channel may be visible through the topsheet and/or through the backsheet. In some embodiments, the channels are visible when viewing the topsheet  24  prior to use. In further embodiments, the channels are visible when viewing the backsheet and/or when viewing the topsheet after the article loaded with a fluid as disclosed in the Wet Channel Saturation Test herein. This may be obtained by making the channels substantially free of SAP, so they will not swell, and sufficiently large so that they will not close when wet. Furthermore bonding the core wrap to itself through the channels may be advantageous. By visible, it is meant that the channels are recognizable by the human eye having 20/20 vision by their shape, outline, changes in the structure of the article (e.g., indentations and/or protuberances form), or otherwise. 
     Where channels  29  are present in more than one absorbent layer, said channels may be aligned as in  FIG.  4    or may not be aligned. The acquisition-distribution system  30  or any sub-layer between topsheet  24  and absorbent core  28 , or another layer of the article, may also comprise channels, which may or not correspond to the channels of the absorbent core. 
     The total amount of SAP present in the absorbent core may also vary according to expected user. The amount of SAP in the core may be from about 5 to about 50 g, or from about 5 to 20 g, specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified ranges and any ranged formed therein or thereby. The average SAP basis weight within the (or “at least one”, if several are present) deposition area  284  of the SAP may be at least 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 g/m 2  or more. The areas of the channels  29  present in the absorbent material deposition area  284  are deducted from the absorbent material deposition area to calculate this average basis weight. 
     The basis weight (amount deposited per unit of surface) of the SAP may also be varied along the deposition area  284  to create a profiled distribution of absorbent material, in particular SAP, in the longitudinal direction, in the transversal direction, or both directions of the core. Hence along the longitudinal axis of the core, the basis weight of absorbent material may vary, as well as along the transversal axis, or any axis parallel to any of these axes. The basis weight of SAP in area of relatively high basis weight may thus be for example at least 10%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50% higher than in an area of relatively low basis weight. In particular the SAP present in the absorbent material deposition area in one or more portions of the crotch region may have more SAP per unit of surface deposited as compared to another area of the absorbent material deposition area  284 . 
     The article  10  may have a total absorbent capacity of about 150 g or greater, or about 200 g or greater, or about 250 g or greater as measured by CRC method referenced above. 
     Exemplary absorbent structures for use as the absorbent core  28  are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,610,678; 4,673,402; 4,834,735; 4,888,231; 5,137,537; 5,147,345; 5,342,338; 5,260,345; 5,387,207; 5,397,316, and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 13/491,642 and 62/210,100 
     Backsheet 
     The backsheet  26  is generally positioned such that it may be at least a portion of the garment-facing surface of the absorbent article  10 . Backsheet  26  may be designed to prevent the exudates absorbed by and contained within the absorbent article  10  from soiling articles that may contact the absorbent article  10 , such as bed sheets and undergarments. In certain embodiments, the backsheet  26  is substantially water-impermeable. Suitable backsheet  26  materials include films such as those manufactured by Tredegar Industries Inc. of Terre Haute, Ind. and sold under the trade names X15306, X10962, and X10964. Other suitable backsheet  26  materials may include breathable materials that permit vapors to escape from the absorbent article  10  while still preventing exudates from passing through the backsheet  26 . Exemplary breathable materials may include materials such as woven webs, nonwoven webs, composite materials such as film-coated nonwoven webs, and microporous films such as manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Co., of Japan under the designation ESPOIR NO and by EXXON Chemical Co., of Bay City, Tex., under the designation EXXAIRE. Suitable breathable composite materials comprising polymer blends are available from Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio under the name HYTREL blend P18-3097. Such breathable composite materials are described in greater detail in PCT Application No. WO 95/16746 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,865,823. Other breathable backsheets including nonwoven webs and apertured formed films are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,096. An exemplary, suitable backsheet is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,537. Other suitable materials and/or manufacturing techniques may be used to provide a suitable backsheet  26  including, but not limited to, surface treatments, particular film selections and processing, particular filament selections and processing, etc. 
     Backsheet  26  may also consist of more than one layer as shown for example in  FIG.  6   . The backsheet  26  may comprise an outer cover  260  and a barrier layer  262 . The outer cover  262  may be made of a soft, nonwoven material. The barrier layer  262  may be made of a substantially liquid-impermeable film, such as a polymeric film. The outer cover and a barrier layer may be joined together by one or more bonds  261 , which may be formed by adhesive or any other suitable material or method. A particularly suitable outer cover is available from Corovin GmbH, Peine, Germany as supplier code A18AH0, and a particularly suitable barrier layer is available from RKW Gronau GmbH, Gronau, Germany as supplier code PGBR4 WPR. 
     In some embodiments where the article  10  comprises a waist feature  32 , the outer cover  260  extends beyond the chassis to cover portions of the waist feature  32  or the entirety of the waist feature  32 . In further embodiments, the perimeter of the barrier layer  262  may define the perimeter of the chassis  20 . In embodiments comprising a single-layer backsheet, the perimeter of the backsheet  26  may define the perimeter of the chassis  20 . 
     Returning to  FIG.  3   , the barrier layer  262  may comprise a maximum barrier layer length, L BS , extending between the first lateral edge  263  of the barrier layer and the second lateral edge  264  of the barrier layer. The barrier layer  262  may further comprise two opposing longitudinal edges  265 ,  266 . In further embodiments, the barrier layer comprises a barrier layer area, A BS , which is the two-dimensional mathematical area within the barrier layer perimeter. In embodiments comprising a single-layer backsheet, liquid impermeable area of the backsheet is used when determining the barrier layer length, L BS , and area, A BS . In some embodiments, the maximum length of the barrier layer, L BS , is about 90% or less, or about 80% or less, or about 75% or less, or from about 50% to about 90%, or from about 60 to about 80% of the maximum length of the article, reciting for each range every 5% increment therein. 
     While a variety of backsheet configurations are contemplated herein, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 
     Waist Feature 
     As shown in various figures, the absorbent article  10  may include at least one waist feature  32  attached to the chassis  20 . The waist feature  32  may comprise breathable materials, permitting air and/or vapors to move through the waist feature and thereby increasing comfort for the wearer. In some embodiments, the waist feature is breathable and is, in some embodiments, more breathable than the backsheet. In nonlimiting examples, the waist feature is at least twice as breathable, or at least 5 times as breathable, or about 10 times as breathable, or about 100× as breathable or from about 2× to about 200×, or about 5× to about 100× as breathable as the backsheet, reciting for each range every 2 increment therein. The waist feature  32  may be water permeable. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the waist feature is apertured. Alternatively, the waist feature  32  may be water impermeable. 
     The waist feature  32  may be disposed on the body facing side of the chassis or a body facing side of a layer of the chassis  20  (see  FIG.  8   ). Alternatively, the waist feature  32  may be disposed on the garment facing side of the chassis (see  FIG.  2   ) or a garment facing side of a layer of the chassis  20 . In another embodiment, the waist feature  32  may be disposed between layers of the chassis or around layers of the chassis as shown in  FIGS.  5 - 6   . 
     Still referring to  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the waist feature  32  may comprise a nonwoven, a film, a laminate of nonwovens and/or films, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the waist feature  32  comprises a single, continuous web of material and may be formed by folding the single, continuous web. In other embodiments, the waist feature(s)  32  may be formed from more than one web of material (e.g., multiple webs of material that are joined together to become one web of material, or multiple distinct webs of material that are separate from the disposable absorbent article chassis and form part of the waist feature). In embodiments comprising a laminate, an inner layer may be a formed form a different web of material than that of the outer layer. The component materials in the distinct webs may be the same or they may be different. In some embodiments, neither the inner layer nor the outer layer is integral with the chassis (i.e., the waist feature is discrete from the chassis). 
     In some embodiments, the waist feature  32  is disposed on multiple surfaces of the chassis or layers within the chassis. For example, the waist feature may comprise a garment-facing portion  320  that overlaps a portion of the chassis and/or a body-facing portion  322  that overlaps a portion of the chassis. The waist feature may comprise two separate webs of material which sandwich the chassis, or one web of material which is folded such that it wraps around the chassis ( FIG.  5   ) or layers within the chassis ( FIG.  6   ). The waist feature may at least partially surround the core. In certain embodiments, the waist feature is folded to at least partially surround the core. 
     The waist feature  32  includes an inboard lateral edge  324 , an outboard lateral edge  326 , and two longitudinal edges  327 ,  328  as shown for example in  FIGS.  2  and  3   . In embodiments where the waist feature comprises a belt, each belt portion  36 ,  38  may comprise an inboard lateral edge  324 , an outboard lateral edge  326 , and two longitudinal edges  327 ,  328 . The belt portions may have one or more dimensions that are the same and/or one or more dimensions that differ. The waist feature, including belt portions, may comprises any suitable shape, including but not limited to rectangular, non-rectangular, and/or tapered shapes. 
     The outboard lateral edge  326  may be disposed a longitudinal distance E away from a proximate barrier lateral edge as shown in  FIG.  3   . In nonlimiting examples, E is about 10 mm or greater, or about 15 mm or greater, or about 20 mm or greater, or about 20 mm to about 100 mm, reciting for said range every 5 mm increment therein. The waist feature may comprise a length, L W , extending between its inboard lateral edge and its outboard lateral edge. In some embodiments, for example in taped diaper embodiments, the waist feature length, L W , may be about 15 mm or greater, or about 20 mm or greater, or about 25 mm or greater, or about 30 or greater, or from about 15 mm to about 150 mm, or from about 30 mm to about 100 mm, reciting for each range every 5 mm increment therein. In further embodiments, for example in absorbent pant embodiments, the waist feature length, L W , may be about 75 mm or greater, or about 100 mm or greater, or from about 50 mm to about 250 mm, or from about 75 mm to about 200 mm. The periphery of the waist feature (e.g., the lateral and longitudinal edges) defines a waist feature area, A WF  (i.e., the mathematical, two-dimensional area of the waist feature). The area of belt portions (A WF , A WF ′) may be the same or may differ. Front and rear belt portions may have the same or different L W , L W ′. In some embodiments having a belt, the rear belt portion  38  may have a greater length, L W ′, than the length of the front belt portion  36 , L W . This may help provide greater coverage of the wearer&#39;s buttocks area in the rear while providing greater comfort in front, via better conformity with wearer anatomy and natural body movement. Further, front and rear belt portions may be disposed at the same or at different distance from their respective proximate barrier lateral edges (i.e., E may equal E′ or E may be different from E′). 
     In an embodiment, the waist feature  32  comprises a waist feature pocket  33  as shown in  FIG.  5   , for example. The pocket  33  may be formed from a portion of the waist feature  32  that is unattached from the chassis  20 . 
     Turning to  FIG.  7   , the waist feature  32  may comprise a belt  34 , which may have front and rear belt portions  36 ,  38 . The front and rear belt portions  36 ,  38  may be the outermost structures forming the front and rear regions of a pant  12 . The pant may include an outer wrap  42  wrapping the entirety of the front, crotch and rear regions, and forming an outermost pant-shaped structure. In some embodiments, the outer cover  260  of the backsheet forms the outer wrap. Additional layer(s) and elastic members  43  to form front and rear belt portions  36 ,  38  may be disposed to the inside of outer wrap  42 , and be suitably affixed thereto by adhesive lamination, bonding or any other suitable mechanism. An outer wrap  42  may be formed of one or more sections of nonwoven web and may be cut to a profile providing suitably tailored leg opening edge profiles as desired. 
     The waist feature  32 , including one or both of front and rear belt portions  36 ,  38 , may be formed of layers of nonwoven web. Suitable nonwoven web materials that may be useful in the present invention also include, but are not limited to spunbond, spunlaid, meltblown, spunmelt, solvent-spun, electrospun, carded, film fibrillated, melt-film fibrillated, air-laid, dry-laid, wet-laid staple fibers, and other nonwoven web materials formed in part or in whole of polymer fibers, as known in the art. The nonwoven web may be formed predominately of polymeric fibers. In some examples, suitable nonwoven fiber materials may include, but are not limited to polymeric materials such as polyolefins, polyesters, polyamide, or specifically, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), poly-lactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and/or blends thereof. In some examples, the fibers may be formed of PP/PE blends such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,392. Nonwoven fibers may be formed of, or may include as additives or modifiers, components such as aliphatic polyesters, thermoplastic polysaccharides, or other biopolymers. Further useful nonwovens, fiber compositions, formations of fibers and nonwovens and related methods are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,645,569; 6,863,933; and 7,112,621; and in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/338,603; 10/338,610; and Ser. No. 13/005,237. The individual fibers of a nonwoven layer may be monocomponent or multicomponent (including bicomponent). The multicomponent fibers may be bicomponent, with differing polymeric components in, e.g., a core-and-sheath or side-by-side arrangement. The individual components may include polyolefins such as polypropylene or polyethylene, or their copolymers, or polyesters, thermoplastic polysaccharides or other biopolymers. 
     According to some nonlimiting examples, the nonwoven used for a belt portion may include a material that provides good recovery when external pressure is applied and removed. Further the nonwoven may include a blend of different fibers selected, for example from the types of polymeric fibers described above. In some examples, at least a portion of the fibers may exhibit a spiral curl which has a helical shape. According to one example, the fibers may include bicomponent fibers, which are individual fibers each including different materials, usually a first and a second polymeric material. It is believed that the use of side-by-side bi-component fibers is beneficial for imparting a spiral curl to the fibers. Examples of potentially suitable curled or “crimped” bicomponent fibers and nonwovens formed from them are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,382,400; 5,418,045; 5,707,468; 6,454,989; 6,632,386; 5,622,772 and 7,291,239. For purposes herein, use of a nonwoven formed of crimped bicomponent or multicomponent fibers such as, for example, described in the patents and/or patent applications cited immediately above, may be desired as one or more layers used to form the belt portions, because they can feel particularly soft to the touch (for wearer comfort on the inside and aesthetically pleasing feel on the outside) and are generally quite pliable. 
     The waist feature  32  may further comprise one or more elastic members  43 . The elastic members  43  may be elastomeric fibers, such as LYCRA® fibers available from INVISTA of Wichita, Kans., in various decitex levels. The elastic members  43  may also comprise any heat shrinkable elastic material as is well known in the art. Other suitable elastics can be made various other materials including but not limited to: rubbers, styrene ethylbutylene styrene, styrene ethylene propylene styrene, styrene ethylene ethylene propylene styrene, styrene butadiene styrene, styrene isoprene styrene, polyolefin elastomers, elastomeric polyurethanes, and other elastomeric materials known in the art, and combinations thereof. In some nonlimiting examples, the elastic members may be extruded strand elastics with any number of strands (or filaments). In some embodiments, the elastic members can have a decitex ranging from 50 to 2000, or any integer value for any decitex value in this range. However, the skilled person may select the appropriate decitex based on the desired contraction and other principles discussed herein. In further embodiments, the elastic members may be in a form of film. Examples of films have been described in prior patent applications (see, for example, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2010/0040826). The film may be created with a variety of resins combined in at least one of several sublayers, the latter providing different benefits to the film. 
     In addition, elastic members  43  may take a multitude of configurations. For example, the width may be varied; a single strand or several parallel or non-parallel strands of elastic material may be used; or a variety of shapes may be used including rectilinear and curvilinear; or a variety of cross sectional shapes can be used (circular, rectangular, square, etc.). 
     Layers of the waist feature  32  and/or chassis  20  may be joined together about elastic strands  43  by adhesive deposited between the layers, by thermal bonds, by compression bonds, or by a combination thereof. In other examples, the one or more elastic members may be strips or a section of film formed of elastomeric material. Where the elastic member is elongate, it may be desirable that the longer dimension be laterally oriented, or even substantially aligned with the lateral direction, as strands  43  are depicted in  FIG.  7    for example. 
     The waist feature  32  may comprise at least 3 waist elastic members  43 , at least 5 elastic members  43 , at least 10 waist elastic members  43 , or at least 15 waist elastic members  43 , or from about 2 to about 35 waist elastic members, or from about 5 to about 25 waist elastic members, reciting for each range every 1 increment therein. 
     In one embodiment, adjacent elastic members  43  are spaced a longitudinal distance of at least 3.5 mm apart from one edge of the member to the other edge of the member, optionally at least 4 mm apart; optionally at least 4.5 mm apart; optionally at least 5 mm apart; optionally at least 5.5 mm apart; optionally at least 6 mm apart; optionally at least 6.5 mm apart; optionally at least 7 mm apart; optionally at least 7.5 mm apart; optionally at least 8 mm apart; optionally at least 8.5 mm apart; optionally at least 9 mm apart; optionally at least 9.5 mm apart; optionally at least 10 mm apart; optionally at least 10.5 mm apart; optionally at least 11 mm apart; optionally at least 11.5 mm apart; optionally at least 12 mm apart. The spacing between elastic members may be the same or different across the longitudinal length of the waist feature. For example, the spacing between adjacent elastic members could uniformly be 7 mm or there could be variable spacing (i.e., two adjacent elastic members are separated by 3 mm, another two are separated by 6.5 mm, etc.). 
     During manufacture of the waist feature, the elastic members  43  may be pre-strained by a desired amount as they are being incorporated into the waist feature. Upon subsequent relaxation of the waist feature, the elastic members will contract laterally toward their unstrained lengths. This may cause layers of the waist feature to gather and form ruffles or rugosities having ridges and valleys generally transverse to the lengths of the elastic members  43 , and extending in the z-direction. 
     In further embodiments, to adhere the components of the waist feature laminate, the elastic members may be individually coated with adhesive (“strand coated”) prior to incorporation into the waist laminate. Various coating methods and techniques, including strand coating methods and techniques, are shown for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,340,648; 5,501,756; 5,507,909; 6,077,375; 6,200,635; 6,235,137; 6,361,634; 6,561,430; 6,520,237; 6,582,518; 6,610,161; 6,613,146, 6,652,693, 6,719,846 and 6,737,102. The adhesive used may be a hot-melt type adhesive having elasticity and flexibility making it suitable for attaching pre-strained elastic materials to substrates, such as OMNIMELT BLOCKS 22 H2401F, or ZEROCREEP brands such as AVANCE, available from Bostik, Inc., Wauwatosa, Wis. 
     In certain embodiments, corners of the front and/or rear belt portion may be trimmed off as suggested in  FIG.  7   . The corners may be trimmed off along straight lines, or may be trimmed off along trim paths that are curved and either concave or convex with respect to the remaining area of the belt portion (see  FIG.  7   ), as may be desired to impart a particular curved leg edge profile. In conjunction with such trimming and the configuration of elastic strands described above, it may be desired to impart bonding between layers along edges of the respective belt portion  36 ,  38 . Such bonding may serve to prevent any separation of the layers along edges that may contribute to creating a ragged appearance, and may also help the rear belt portion more effectively draw inward laterally toward the central chassis  20 , under the contractive force of the elastic strands below seams  40 . Bonding may be effected by mechanical/compression bonds as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,854,984 and 4,919,738, by thermal bonds or welds, or by deposits of adhesive between layers. In nonlimiting examples, such bonding may form a pattern along edges. Such bonding may be supplemental to any bonding between layers generally holding the respective belt portion  36 ,  38  together as a laminate structure. 
     Side seams  40  may be permanent or refastenable. Permanent seams may be formed between the front belt portion and the rear belt portion by any bonding mechanism wherein the front and rear belt portions may not be forcibly separated without substantial damage to one or both of the front and rear belt portions, or without any included mechanism by which substantial reattachment or refastening may be effected. Bonding forming permanent seams may include compression bonding, thermal bonding/welds, ultrasonic bonding or adhesive bonding. Refastenable seams may be formed between the front belt portion and the rear belt portion by any mechanism configured to permit substantially non-destructive forcible separation of the front and rear belt portions, and subsequent substantial reattachment or refastening at the same locations. One example of such mechanism is a hook-and-loop fastening system, for example, a VELCRO fastening system. A suitably sized and shaped hooks component may be bonded to one of the front or rear belt portions along the longitudinal edges thereof, and a suitably sized and shaped loops component may be bonded to the other of the front or rear belt portions along the longitudinal edges thereof, in positions in which they may be brought together and engaged to form seams  40 . Examples are depicted in U.S. Pat. App. Ser. Nos. 61/787,416; 61/787,332; 61/666,065. 
     As mentioned above in reference to  FIG.  3   , the outboard edge  326  of the waist feature  32  may extend beyond a barrier layer lateral edge  263 . In this regard, the waist feature may comprise a free portion  330  and an overlapping portion  332  as depicted in  FIG.  3   . The free portion  330  may comprises the length, E, which may be about 10 mm or greater, or about 15 mm or greater, or about 20 mm or greater, or about 20 mm to about 100 mm, reciting for said range every 5 mm increment therein. In some embodiments, the overlapping portion  332  may comprise a greater force than the free portion. Waist features designed according to the present teachings comprise less excess material (e.g., in the backsheet and core), which can reduce the amount of contraction force necessary when compared to known waist features. Typically, waist features provide tight elastic contact around the wearer, leading to skin irritation and discomfort. The decreased force in the free portion lessens the pressure exerted by elastics on the wearer, and thereby increases comfort and decreases the potential for skin irritation. Nonlimiting examples of ways by which the force differential is created include greater applied strain levels on the inboard elastic member(s), greater decitex of the inboard elastic member(s), greater diameter of the inboard elastic member(s), different base materials between inboard and outboard elastic members (i.e., such that an inboard elastic member has a higher Young&#39;s modulus or stiffness), more elastic members disposed inboard than outboard, and closer longitudinal spacing between adjacent elastic members that are inboard versus elastic members disposed more outboard. 
     While features may be described with respect to one waist feature or one belt portion herein, it is also contemplated that a second waist feature and/or a second belt portion may also comprise said features, including but not limited to free portions, overlapping portions, aforementioned lengths, elastic members, and differential force. Multiple waist features and/or different belt portions may comprise substantially the same features and/or differences amongst their features (e.g., a rear waist portion may comprise a free portion having a greater length than the free portion of a front waist portion). 
     Ears 
     The absorbent article  10  may include front ears and/or back ears  50 . The ears may be extensible, inextensible, elastic, or inelastic. The ears  50  may be integral with the chassis and/or waist feature. Alternatively, the ears may be discrete from the chassis and/or waist feature. The ears  50  may be formed from nonwoven webs, woven webs, knitted fabrics, polymeric and elastomeric films, apertured films, sponges, foams, scrims, and combinations and laminates thereof. In some embodiments, the ear may include elastomers (e.g., elastic strands, LYCRA® fibers), such that the ear is stretchable. In certain embodiments, the ears may be formed of a stretch laminate such as a nonwoven/elastomeric material laminate or a nonwoven/elastomeric material/nonwoven laminate, which also results in the ear being stretchable. Stretch laminates may be formed by any method known in the art. For example, the ears may be formed as a zero strain stretch laminate, which includes at least a layer of nonwoven material and an elastomeric element. The elastomeric element is attached to the layer of nonwoven material while in a relaxed or substantially relaxed state, and the resulting laminate is made stretchable (or more stretchable over a further range) by subjecting the laminate to an activation process which elongates the nonwoven layer permanently, but the elastomeric element temporarily. The nonwoven layer may be integral with at least a portion of the chassis  20 , in which case the elastomeric element may be attached to the nonwoven layer and the nonwoven/elastomeric element laminate is subsequently activated. Alternatively, the nonwoven layer may be a separate component, in which case the elastomeric element is attached to the nonwoven layer to form the laminate, which is then coupled to the main portion. If one or more layers of the ear  50  are provided separately, the laminate may be activated either before or after attachment to the main portion. The zero strain activation processes is further disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,167,897 and 5,156,793. A suitable elastic ear may be an activated laminate comprising an elastomeric film (such as is available from Tredegar Corp, Richmond, Va., as supplier code X25007) disposed between two nonwoven layers (such as is available from BBA Fiberweb, Brentwood, Tenn. as supplier code FPN332). 
     An ear  50  may be highly extensible wherein the ear  50  is capable of extending up to 150%. It is believed that highly extensible ears  50  allow an absorbent article  10  to expand to comfortably fit a range of wearers who vary in shape and/or weight. Suitable highly extensible ears are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,116,892, 4,834,741, 5,143,679; 5,156,793; 5,167,897; and 5,422,172; and 5,518,801; PCT App. No. WO 2005/110731; and U.S. App. Nos. US 2004/0181200 and US 2004/0193133. 
     Fasteners 
     The absorbent article  10  may also include a fastening system  55  as shown in  FIG.  8   . When fastened, the fastening system  55  interconnects the first waist region  16  and the rear waist region  18  resulting in a waist circumference that may encircle the wearer during wear of the absorbent article  10 . The fastening system  55  may comprise tape tabs, hook and loop fastening components, interlocking fasteners such as tabs &amp; slots, buckles, buttons, snaps, and/or hermaphroditic fastening components, although any other known fastening means are generally acceptable. Some exemplary surface fastening systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,848,594; 4,662,875; 4,846,815; 4,894,060; 4,946,527; 5,151,092; and 5,221,274. An exemplary interlocking fastening system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,098. The fastening system  55  may also provide a means for holding the article in a disposal configuration as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,140. The fastening system  36  may also include primary and secondary fastening systems, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,622. The fastening system  55  may be constructed to reduce shifting of overlapped portions or to improve fit as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,242,436; 5,499,978; 5,507,736; and 5,591,152. In some embodiments, the fastening system  36  and/or the fastener  38  is foldable. The fastening system  55  may be joined to any suitable portion of the article  10  by any suitable means. In some embodiments, the fastening system is joined to a belt  34 . In other embodiments, the fastening system is joined to an ear  50 . 
     Leg Gasketing System 
     The absorbent article  10  may comprise a leg gasketing system  70  attached to the chassis  20 , which may comprise one or more cuffs as shown in  FIG.  1    and  FIG.  8   . In the embodiment suggested by  FIG.  8   , the leg gasketing system may comprise a pair of barrier leg cuffs  72 . Each barrier leg cuff may be formed by a piece of material which is bonded to the absorbent article so it may extend upwards from a wearer-facing surface of the absorbent article and provide improved containment of fluids and other body exudates approximately at the junction of the torso and legs of the wearer. The barrier leg cuffs may be delimited by a proximal edge joined directly or indirectly to the topsheet  24  and/or the backsheet  26  and a free terminal edge, which is intended to contact and form a seal with the wearer&#39;s skin. In some embodiments, the free terminal edge comprises a folded edge. The barrier leg cuffs  72  extend at least partially between the first and second lateral chassis edges  21 ,  22  on opposite sides of the longitudinal centerline  100  and are at least present in the crotch region. The barrier leg cuffs may be joined at the proximal edge with the chassis of the article by a bond which may be made by gluing, fusion bonding, or a combination of other suitable bonding processes. The barrier leg cuffs may be integral with the topsheet  24  or the backsheet  26  or may be a separate material joined to the article&#39;s chassis. Each barrier leg cuff  72  may comprise one, two or more elastic elements  43  close to the free terminal edge to provide a better seal. 
     In addition to the barrier leg cuffs  72 , the article may comprise gasketing cuffs  76 , which are joined to the chassis of the absorbent article, in particular to the topsheet  24  and/or the backsheet  26  and are placed externally relative to the barrier leg cuffs  72 . The gasketing cuffs  76  may provide a better seal around the thighs of the wearer. A gasketing cuff may comprise a proximal edge and a free terminal edge. The free terminal edge may comprise a folded edge. Each gasketing cuff may comprise one or more elastic elements  43  in the chassis of the absorbent article between the topsheet  24  and backsheet  26  in the area of the leg openings. All, or a portion of, the barrier leg cuffs and/or gasketing cuffs may be treated with a lotion or another skin care composition. 
     In further embodiments, the leg gasketing system comprises barrier leg cuffs that are integral with gasketing cuffs. Suitable leg gasketing systems which may be part of the absorbent article are disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. No. 62/134,622, Ser. No. 14/077,708; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,939,957; 3,860,003; 7,435,243; 8,062,279. 
     Combination of Layers 
     Returning to  FIG.  3   , the layers of the article  10  may be combined to maximize the use of space. For example, the layers may be combined to maximize the amount of absorbent area and thereby the amount of absorbency for the size of the article. 
     In certain embodiments, the maximum length of the absorbent area, L AB , is about 80% or greater, or about 85% or greater, or about 90% or greater, or about 95% or greater of the maximum length of the barrier layer, L BS . In this way, the space for absorbent material is maximized across the length of the barrier layer. Additionally or alternatively, the maximum length of the core wrap, L CW , may be substantially the same as the maximum length of the barrier layer, L BS , or about 80% or greater, or about 90% or greater or about 95% or greater, or about 100% of the maximum length of the barrier layer, L BS . This also helps to ensure efficient and maximized placement of the absorbent material. In further embodiments, the absorbent area, A AB , is about 70% or greater, or about 80% or greater, or about 90% or greater, or from about 70% to about 100% of the barrier layer area, A BS , reciting for said range every 5% increment therein. Additionally, or alternatively, the area of the core wrap, A CW , is substantially the same as the barrier layer area, A BS , or about 80% or greater, or about 90% or greater or about 95% or greater, or about 100% of the barrier layer area, A BS . 
     In still further embodiments, the first absorbent area lateral edge  294  is disposed a distance, D1, from the first barrier layer lateral edge  263 . In nonlimiting examples, D1 is about 3% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 10% or less, or from about 2% to about 15% or less of the maximum barrier layer length, L BS , reciting for said range every 1% increment therein. In this way, the absorbent material is placed closer to the front of the article where greater saturation is sometimes more likely to occur. Additionally or alternatively, the second absorbent area lateral edge  295  may be disposed a distance, D2, from the second barrier layer lateral edge  264 . In nonlimiting examples, D2 is about 3% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 10% or less, or from about 2% to about 15% or less of the maximum barrier layer length, L BS , reciting for said range every 1% increment therein. In some embodiments, both D1 and D2 are about 3% or less, or about 5% or less, or about 10% or less, or from about 2% to about 15% of the maximum barrier layer length, L BS , reciting for said range every 1% increment therein. 
     The first absorbent area lateral edge  294  may be disposed a distance, X1, from the first waist edge  13 . In some nonlimiting examples, X1 is about 100 mm or less, or about 50 mm or less, or about 30 mm or less, or about 20 mm or less, or from about 20 mm to about 100 mm, reciting for said range every 10 mm increment therein. In further embodiments, the second absorbent area lateral edge  295  may be disposed a distance, X2, from the second waist edge  19 . In some nonlimiting examples, X2 is about 20 mm or less, or about 30 mm or less or about 50 mm or less, or from about 20 mm to about 100 mm. The distances X1 and X2 may be the same or may be different. In some embodiments, the waist feature outboard edge  326  comprises the first or second waist edge as shown in  FIG.  3   . 
     The first barrier layer lateral edge  263  may be disposed a distance Y1 from the first waist edge  13  and/or the second barrier layer lateral edge  264  may be disposed a distance Y2 from the second waist edge  19 . In nonlimiting examples, Y1 and/or Y2 may be about 10 mm or greater, or about 15 mm or greater or about 20 mm or greater, or from about 10 to about 100 mm, or from about 20 mm to about 50 mm, reciting for each range every 10 mm increment therein. The distances Y1 and Y2 may be the same or may be different. In some embodiments, the waist feature outboard edge  326  comprises the first or second waist edge as shown in  FIG.  3   . In such embodiments, Y1 and/or Y2 may equal E and/or E′ respectively. Additionally or alternatively, a barrier layer lateral edge  263 ,  264  may be coterminous with a chassis lateral edge  21 ,  22 . In other embodiments, a barrier layer lateral edge is not coterminous with a chassis lateral edge. 
     Each of the foregoing maximizes the absorbent area within the article. The efficient use of space within the article allows for enhanced features, such as channels which improve fit, without compromising absorbency due to the lack of absorbent material where said features exist. Further, the space permits greater amounts of absorbent material to be included without creating additional bulk or density, and greater total absorbency. Likewise, article made according to the teachings herein may have reduced excess backsheet materials, such as barrier layer material; excess materials often indicate product failure, a lack of a secure fit to consumers, and/or may cause excess noise which can be undesirable for wearers, especially wearers of adult incontinence articles. The present teachings also allow for reduction in adhesive or other bonding such as tackdown bonds used to secure leg cuffs. Typically, a leg cuff is bonded to the chassis between the core wrap lateral edge and the waist edge to prevent gaps in the cuffs during wear. Here, because the core is closer to the waist edge, a cuff tackdown bond can be shortened compared to known articles or eliminated, thereby reducing processing steps and/or bonding material costs. Further, the length of the core wrap and/or the length of the absorbent deposition area as prescribed herein may provide a visual assurance that the article will contain exudates. Further still, in embodiments comprising a waist feature pocket  33 , the waist feature  32  may stand up and redirect exudates to the core  28 . Given the close proximity of the core to the waist feature as disclosed herein, the core will be better able to absorb said exudates. 
     In further embodiments exemplified in  FIGS.  9 - 11   , the article  10  may comprise one or more sealing portions  210  configured to seal opposing end portions of the absorbent core  28 . For example, as shown in  FIG.  10   , a first sealing layer  210   a  may be configured to overlap the first lateral core wrap edge  290  and the first lateral chassis edge  21 . In some embodiments, the core wrap edge  290  may be coextensive with the first lateral chassis edge  21 . Thus, the first sealing layer  210   a  may be connected with the topsheet  24  and a portion  322  of the belt that faces the wearer such that the topsheet  24 , the backsheet  26 , and core wrap  282 , are positioned between the inner, wearer facing portion  322  and the first sealing layer  210   a . As shown in  FIG.  11   , a second sealing layer  210   b  may be configured to overlap the second core wrap lateral edge  291  and the second chassis lateral edge  22 . In some embodiments, the second core wrap lateral edge  291 , may be coextensive with the second chassis lateral edge  22 . Thus, the second sealing layer  210   b  may be connected with the topsheet  24  and the inner, wearer facing portion  322  of the elastic belt such that the topsheet  24 , the backsheet  26 , and the core wrap  282  are positioned between the inner, wearer facing portion  322  and the second sealing layer  210   b.    
     It is to be appreciated that sealing layers  210  may be formed in various ways. For example, as shown in  FIGS.  9 A and  9 B , the first sealing layer  210   a  may comprise a portion of outer, garment facing portion  320  of the first belt portion  36  that is folded onto the topsheet  24  and placed in a facing relationship with the inner, wearer facing portion  322  of the front belt portion  36 . And the second sealing layer  210   b  may comprise a portion of outer, garment facing portion  320  of the rear belt portion  38  that is folded onto the topsheet  24  and placed in a facing relationship with the inner, wearer facing portion  322  of the rear belt portion  38 . It is to be appreciated the sealing layers  210  may be bonded to the inner, wearer facing portion  322  and the topsheet  24  to help prevent absorbent material  280  from migrating or escaping longitudinally from absorbent core  28  from between the first and second supporting layers  286 ,  286 ′ (i.e., core wrap  282 ) and/or from between the backsheet  26  and the topsheet  24 . As opposed to folding a portion of the front and/or rear belt portions  36 ,  38  to form the sealing layers, in some configurations, the sealing layers  210  may be formed from a separate strip of material that is bonded to the front and/or rear belt portions. 
     Articles as disclosed herein may be manufactured in accordance with the teachings of the U.S. Pat. No. 11,096,835, which is commonly assigned to the Procter &amp; Gamble Company. 
     Combinations: 
     
         
         A. An absorbent article comprising:
       a first waist region, a second waist region, and a crotch region disposed between the first and second waist regions; a longitudinal centerline and a lateral centerline;   a chassis comprising a topsheet, a backsheet and an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet; and   a waist feature joined to the chassis in the first and/or second waist region and a portion extending longitudinally outboard of the chassis in said first and/or second waist region to form a free portion;   wherein:   the backsheet comprises a barrier layer having a maximum length, L BS , extending between a first barrier lateral edge and a second barrier lateral edge;   the absorbent core comprises absorbent material enclosed in a core wrap having a maximum length, L CW , and wherein L CW  is substantially the same as L BS ; and   the absorbent material is disposed in an absorbent material deposition area, the absorbent material deposition area having a maximum length, L AB , extending between a first absorbent area lateral edge and a second absorbent area lateral edge.   
     
         B. An absorbent article according to paragraph A wherein L AB  is about 90% or greater of L BS . 
         C. An absorbent article according to paragraphs A or B wherein the first absorbent area lateral edge is disposed a longitudinal distance, D1, from the first barrier lateral edge, wherein D1 is 5% or less of L BS . 
         D. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the second absorbent area lateral edge is disposed a longitudinal distance D2 from the second barrier lateral edge, wherein D2 is 5% or less of L BS    
         E. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the free portion comprises a length E of about 15 mm or greater, or about 20 or greater. 
         F. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the barrier layer is breathable. 
         G. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the waist feature is breathable, and optionally the waist feature is more breathable than the barrier layer. 
         H. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the absorbent material comprises a superabsorbent polymer material. 
         I. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs further comprising a total absorbent capacity of at least about 200 g according to the CRC test method. 
         J. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the waist feature comprises a pocket. 
         K. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein portions of the waist feature at least partially wrap around the absorbent core. 
         L. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the article further comprises a fastening system. 
         M. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the article comprises a pant. 
         N. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs further comprising a maximum length, L, and wherein the maximum length of the barrier layer, L BS , is less than about 75% of L and/or wherein the maximum length, L is about 600 mm or less. 
         O. An absorbent article according any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the first absorbent area lateral edge is within about 50 mm of the first waist edge. 
         P. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the absorbent material comprises about 15% or less by weight of cellulosic material. 
         Q. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the waist feature a length, L W , of at least about 25 mm. 
         R. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the waist feature comprises a side seam. 
         S. An absorbent article according to any of the preceding paragraphs wherein the absorbent material deposition area comprises an absorbent area and wherein the barrier layer comprises a barrier layer area, and wherein the absorbent area is at least about 90% of the barrier layer area.
 
Test Methods
 
Wet Channel Saturation Test
 
       
    
     This test is designed to check the visibility of a channel following wet saturation. The test can be performed directly on an absorbent article or on an absorbent core taken separately.
         1. The full length (in millimeters) of the channel is measured in the dry state (if the channel is not straight, the curvilinear length through the middle of the channel is measured).   2. The absorbent article or core is then completely immersed in a large excess (e.g. 5 liters) of synthetic urine “Saline”, with a concentration of 9.00 g NaCl per 1000 ml solution prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of sodium chloride in distilled water. The temperature of the solution must be 20+/−5° C.   3. After 1 minute in the saline, the absorbent article or core is removed and held vertically by one end for 5 seconds to drain, then extended flat on an horizontal surface with the wearer (topsheet) side intended to be facing the wearer facing up. If the absorbent article or core comprises stretch elements, it is pulled taut in both X and Y dimensions so that no contraction is observed. The front and back edges of the absorbent article or core are fixed to a horizontal surface, so that no contraction can happen.   4. A channel is viewed by a person having 20/20 vision, aided or unaided.       

     The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.” 
     Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application and any patent application or patent to which this application claims priority or benefit thereof, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any invention disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such invention. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern. 
     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.