Patent Publication Number: US-11398499-B2

Title: Semiconductor device including a gate pitch and an interconnection line pitch and a method for manufacturing the same

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/908,253, filed on Feb. 28, 2018, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2017-0027209, filed on Mar. 2, 2017, and 10-2017-0099161, filed on Aug. 4, 2017, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     Exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept relate to a semiconductor device including a gate pitch and an interconnection line pitch and a method for manufacturing the same. 
     DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART 
     Semiconductor devices are widely used in electronics industries. Semiconductor devices may have relatively small sizes, multi-functional characteristics, and/or relatively low manufacture costs. Semiconductor devices may be categorized as any one of semiconductor memory devices storing logical data, semiconductor logic devices processing logical data, and hybrid semiconductor devices having both the function of the semiconductor memory devices and the function of the semiconductor logic devices. Semiconductor devices with increased reliability and relatively low error rates have been increasingly demanded with developments in electronics industries. For example, high-reliable, high-speed, and/or multi-functional semiconductor devices have been increasingly demanded. Thus, semiconductor devices have been become increasingly integrated. 
     SUMMARY 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides a semiconductor device including a field effect transistor, which is capable of increasing an integration density of the semiconductor device. 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including a field effect transistor, which is capable of increasing an integration density of the semiconductor device. 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides, a semiconductor device including a substrate including a PMOSFET region and an NMOSFET region. First active patterns are on the PMOSFET region. Second active patterns are on the NMOSFET region. Gate electrodes intersect the first and second active patterns and extend in a first direction. First interconnection lines are disposed on the gate electrodes and extend in the first direction. The gate electrodes are arranged at a first pitch in a second direction intersecting the first direction. The first interconnection lines are arranged at a second pitch in the second direction. The second pitch is smaller than the first pitch. 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides, a semiconductor device including a first logic cell and a second logic cell on a substrate. A structure of a logic circuit of the first logic cell is the same as a structure of a logic circuit of the second logic cell. Each of the first and second logic cells include a gate electrode intersecting a PMOSFET region and an NMOSFET region of the substrate and extending in a first direction. An internal interconnection line is disposed on the gate electrode and extends in the first direction. The internal interconnection line is an interconnection line included in the logic circuit of each of the first and second logic cells. A distance by which an internal interconnection line of the first logic cell is offset from a gate electrode of the first logic cell in a plan view is different from a distance by which an internal interconnection line of the second logic cell is offset from a gate electrode of the second logic cell in a plan view. 
     An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including designing a layout of a semiconductor device, and forming patterns on a substrate by using the layout. The designing of the layout includes placing standard cells, realigning an internal interconnection line pattern in at least one of the standard cells with at least one of interconnection line pattern tracks. The designing of the layout includes routing the standard cells to place routing patterns aligned with the interconnection line pattern tracks. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other features of the inventive concept will become more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram illustrating a computer system for performing a semiconductor design process, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
         FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating a method for designing and manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
         FIG. 3  is a flowchart illustrating operations of placing and routing standard cells according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept in the operation of performing a layout design process in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIGS. 4 to 6  are each layouts according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept in the operation of placing and routing the standard cells in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIG. 7  is a layout when a realignment operation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept is omitted. 
         FIG. 8A  is a circuit diagram illustrating a standard cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
         FIG. 8B  is a layout of the standard cell corresponding to the circuit diagram of  FIG. 8A . 
         FIGS. 9 to 11  are each layouts according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept in the operation of placing and routing the standard cells in  FIG. 3 . 
         FIGS. 12 and 13  are each enlarged plan views illustrating internal interconnection line patterns and first interconnection line patterns connected thereto of  FIGS. 9 and 10 , respectively. 
         FIG. 14  is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
         FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F  are cross-sectional views taken along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′, D-D′, E-E′, and F-F′ of  FIG. 14 , respectively. 
         FIGS. 16, 18, and 20  are plan views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
         FIGS. 17A, 19A, and 21A  are cross-sectional views taken along lines A-A′ of  FIGS. 16, 18, and 20 , respectively. 
         FIGS. 17B, 19B, and 21B  are cross-sectional views taken along lines B-B′ of  FIGS. 16, 18, and 20 , respectively. 
         FIGS. 19C and 21C  are cross-sectional views taken along lines C-C′ of  FIGS. 18 and 20 , respectively. 
         FIGS. 19D and 21D  are cross-sectional views taken along lines D-D′ of  FIGS. 18 and 20 , respectively. 
         FIG. 22  is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
         FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A′ of  FIG. 22 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic block diagram illustrating a computer system for performing a semiconductor design process, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a computer system may include a central processing unit (CPU)  10 , a working memory  30 , an input/output (I/O) device  50 , and an auxiliary storage device  70 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the computer system may be a customized system for performing a layout design process according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. In addition, the computer system may include and execute various design and verification simulation programs. 
     The CPU  10  may execute a variety of software (e.g., application programs, an operating system, and device drivers) in the computer system. The CPU  10  may execute the operating system loaded in the working memory  30 . In addition, the CPU  10  may execute various application programs driven based on the operating system. For example, the CPU  10  may execute a layout design tool  32 , a placement-realignment-routing tool  34  and/or an OPC tool  36  loaded in the working memory  30 . The execution of the layout design tool  32 , the placement-realignment-routing tool  34  and/or the OPC tool  36  may increase the operating efficiency and accuracy of the CPU  10  to design and manufacture a semiconductor device with a decreased error or defect rate, thus increasing manufacturing yield and cost efficiency. 
     The operating system and/or the application programs may be loaded in the working memory  30 . For example, when the computer system starts a booting operation, an image of the operating system stored in the auxiliary storage device  70  may be loaded in the working memory  30  on the basis of a booting sequence. Overall input/output operations of the computer system may be managed by the operating system. Similarly, the application programs, which may be selected by a user or be provided for basic services, may be loaded in the working memory  30 . 
     The layout design tool  32  for the layout design process may be loaded from the auxiliary storage device  70  into the working memory  30 . The placement-realignment-routing tool  34  may be loaded from the auxiliary storage device  70  into the working memory  30 . The placement-realignment-routing tool  34  may place designed standard cells, may realign internal interconnection line patterns in the placed standard cells, and may route the placed standard cells. The OPC tool  36  of performing optical proximity correction (OPC) on designed layout data may be loaded from the auxiliary storage device  70  into the working memory  30 . 
     The layout design tool  32  may have a bias function for changing or modifying shapes and positions, defined by a resign rule, of specific layout patterns. The layout design tool  32  may perform a design rule check (DRC) under a bias data condition modified by the bias function. The working memory  30  may include at least one of a volatile memory device (e.g., a static random access memory (SRAM) device or a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device) or a non-volatile memory device (e.g., a PRAM device, a MRAM device, a ReRAM device, a FRAM device, or a NOR flash memory device). 
     The I/O device  50  may control input and output operations of a user through user interface devices. For example, the I/O device  50  may include a keyboard and/or a monitor and may receive relevant information from a designer. By using the I/O device  50 , the designer may receive information on semiconductor regions or data paths which include adjusted operating characteristics. In addition, a process and processed results of the OPC tool  36  may be displayed through the I/O device  50 . 
     The auxiliary storage device  70  may serve as a storage medium of the computer system. The auxiliary storage device  70  may store the application programs, the image of the operating system, and various data. The auxiliary storage device  70  may be provided in the form of at least one of a memory card (e.g., MMC, eMMC, SD, or Micro SD) or a hard disk drive (HDD). In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the auxiliary storage device  70  may include a NAND-type flash memory device having a large storage capacity. Alternatively, the auxiliary storage device  70  may include at least one of next-generation non-volatile memory devices (e.g., PRAM, MRAM, ReRAM, or FRAM) or NOR flash memory devices. 
     A system interconnector  90  may serve as a system bus for providing a network in the computer system. The CPU  10 , the working memory  30 , the I/O device  50 , and the auxiliary storage device  70  may be electrically connected to each other through the system interconnector  90 , and data may be exchanged therebetween through the system interconnector  90 . However, the system interconnector  90  is not particularly limited to the aforementioned configuration. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the system interconnector  90  may further include an additional element for increasing efficiency in data communication. 
       FIG. 2  is a flowchart illustrating a method for designing and manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a high-level design (S 10 ) process of a semiconductor integrated circuit may be performed using the computer system described in more detail above with reference to  FIG. 1 . The high-level design process may mean that an integrated circuit to be designed is described with a high-level computer language. For example, the high-level computer language may be a C language. Circuits designed by the high-level design process may be more specifically described by a register transfer level (RTL) coding or simulation. In addition, codes generated by the RTL coding may be converted into netlists, and the netlists may be combined with each other to design an entire semiconductor device. The combined schematic circuit may be verified by a simulation tool. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, an adjusting operation may further be performed depending on results of the verification. 
     A layout design (S 20 ) process may be performed to design a logically completed semiconductor integrated circuit on a silicon substrate. For example, the layout design process may be performed based on the schematic circuit prepared in the high-level design process or the netlist corresponding thereto. The layout design process may include operations of placing and routing (e.g., connecting) various standard cells that are provided from a cell library based on a predetermined design rule. 
     The cell library for the layout design process may also include information on operations, speeds and power consumption of the standard cells. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the cell library for representing a layout of a circuit having a specific gate level may be defined in most of layout design tools. The layout of the circuit may define or describe shapes and/or sizes of patterns of transistors and metal interconnection lines which will be actually formed on a silicon substrate. For example, layout patterns (e.g., PMOS, NMOS, N-WELL, gate electrodes, and metal interconnection lines to be disposed thereon) may be suitably placed to actually form an inverter circuit on a silicon substrate. For this, first, suitable one of inverters defined in advance in the cell library may be searched and selected. 
     The routing operation may be performed on the selected and placed standard cells. As an example, upper interconnection lines (i.e., routing patterns) may be placed on the placed standard cells. The placed standard cells may be connected to each other by the routing operation to fit the design. The placement and routing of the standard cells may be automatically performed by the placement-realignment-routing tool  34 . 
     After the routing operation, a verification operation may be performed on the layout to verify whether there is a portion violating the design rule. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the verification operation may include evaluating verification items, such as a design rule check (DRC) item, an electrical rule check (ERC) item, and a layout vs schematic (LVS) item. The DRC item may be performed to check whether the layout meets the design rule (e.g., within predetermined quality standards). The ERC item may be performed to check whether there is an issue of electrical disconnection in the layout. The LVS item may be performed to check whether the layout is prepared to coincide with the gate-level netlist. 
     An optical proximity correction (OPC) process may be performed (S 30 ). The layout patterns obtained by the layout design process may be realized on a silicon substrate by a photolithography process. The OPC process may be performed to correct an optical proximity effect which may occur in the photolithography process. The optical proximity effect may be an unintended optical effect (e.g., such as refraction or diffraction) which may occur in the photolithography process. Thus, a distortion phenomenon of layout patterns, which may be caused by the optical proximity effect, may be corrected by the OPC process. The shapes and positions of the designed layout patterns may be slightly modified or biased by the OPC process. 
     A photomask may be generated (S 40 ) based on the layout modified or biased by the OPC process. In general, the photomask may be generated by patterning a chromium layer, deposited on a glass substrate, by using the layout pattern data. 
     A semiconductor device may be manufactured (S 50 ) using the generated photomask. Various exposure and etching processes may be repeated in the manufacture of the semiconductor device using the photomasks. By these processes, shapes of patterns obtained in the layout design process may be sequentially formed on a silicon substrate. 
       FIG. 3  is a flowchart illustrating operations of placing and routing standard cells according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept in the operation of performing the layout design process in  FIG. 2 .  FIGS. 4 to 6  are each layouts according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept in the operation of placing and routing the standard cells in  FIG. 3 . The layout design (S 20 ) described above with reference to  FIG. 2  is described in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 3 , and with reference to  FIGS. 4-6 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 4 , a first standard cell STD 1  and a second standard cell STD 2  may be placed (S 110 ). The first standard cell STD 1  and the second standard cell STD 2  may be arranged in a second direction D 2 . For example, the first standard cell STD 1  and the second standard cell STD 2  may each extend in the first direction D 1  and may be spaced part from each other along the second direction D 2 . A function of the first standard cell STD 1  may be different from that of the second standard cell STD 2 . As an example, a logic circuit of the first standard cell STD 1  may be different from a logic circuit of the second standard cell STD 2 . 
     The first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  may each include gate patterns GEa, first interconnection line patterns M 1   a , internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I, and via patterns V 2   a . In addition, the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  may include other layout patterns (e.g., active patterns, active contact patterns, and/or gate contact patterns). The other layout patterns (e.g., the active patterns, the active contact patterns, and/or the gate contact patterns) may be omitted in the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  illustrated in  FIGS. 4 to 6  for clarity of description; however, the other layout patterns may be included in the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2 . 
     The gate patterns GEa may extend in a first direction D 1  and may be arranged in the second direction D 2  intersecting (e.g., being perpendicular to) the first direction D 1 . For example, each of the gate patterns GEa may extend in the first direction D 1  while being spaced apart from each other along the second direction D 2 . The gate patterns GEa may define gate electrodes. The gate patterns GEa may be aligned with gate pattern tracks GPT (e.g., along the first direction D 1 ). The gate pattern tracks GPT may be set lines that are used to place the gate patterns GEa in the standard cell. A central line of each of the gate patterns GEa may overlap with a corresponding one of the gate pattern tracks GPT (e.g., along a direction orthogonal to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2 ). The central line may be an imaginary line that passes through a center of the gate pattern GEa and extends in a longitudinal direction (e.g., the first direction D 1 ) of the gate pattern GEa. A distance between a pair of the gate pattern tracks GPT adjacent to each other may be a first distance L 1 . As an example, the minimum distance between the gate pattern tracks GPT may be the first distance L 1 . The gate pattern tracks GPT may be arranged in the second direction D 2  at equal distances L 1 . The minimum pitch between the gate patterns GEa may be a first pitch P 1 , and the first pitch P 1  may be equal to the first distance L 1 . Herein, the term(s) “pitch” and/or “minimum pitch” may refer to a sum of a distance between a pair of adjacent patterns and a width of one of the patterns. 
     The first interconnection line patterns M 1   a  may be located at a higher level than the gate patterns GEa. The first interconnection line patterns M 1   a  may define a first metal layer (e.g., first interconnection lines). The first interconnection line patterns M 1   a  may extend in the second direction D 2 . 
     The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be located at a higher level than the first interconnection line patterns M 1   a . The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may define a second metal layer (e.g., second interconnection lines). The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may extend in the first direction D 1 . The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be substantially parallel to the gate patterns GEa. 
     The via patterns V 2   a  may be placed in regions in which the first interconnection line patterns M 1   a  overlap with the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I (e.g., along a direction orthogonal to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2 ). The via patterns V 2   a  may define vias that vertically connect the first interconnection lines (e.g., the first interconnection line patterns M 1   a _I) to the second interconnection lines (e.g., the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I). For example, the via patterns V 2   a  and the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be formed into the second metal layer. 
     The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I placed in the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4 ) may define interconnection lines for forming the logic circuits of the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2 . For example, the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may define interconnection lines functioning as output nodes or input nodes of the logic circuits of the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2 . 
     The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be aligned with first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1 . For example, the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be aligned with first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  along the first direction D 1 . The first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  may be set lines that are used to place the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I in the standard cell. A central line of each of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may overlap with a corresponding one of the first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  (e.g., along the first direction D 1 ). The central line may be an imaginary line that passes through a center of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I and extends in a longitudinal direction (e.g., the first direction D 1 ) of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I. A distance between a pair of the first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  adjacent to each other may be a second distance L 2 . As an example, the minimum distance between the central lines of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be the second distance L 2 . The second distance L 2  may be substantially equal to the first distance L 1  described above. The minimum pitch between the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be equal to the minimum pitch (e.g., the first pitch P 1 ) between the gate patterns GEa. A distance between the central lines of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be n×P 1  where “n” is an integral number equal to or greater than 1. For example, a distance between the central line of a first internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I and the central line of a second internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I may be 1×P in the first standard cell STD 1 . A distance between the central line of the second internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I of the first standard cell STD 1  and the central line of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I of the second standard cell STD 2  may be 3×P 1 . 
     The first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  may be placed based on the first pitch P 1  corresponding to a gate pitch. An integration density of a semiconductor device may be increased as the first pitch P of the gate pitch decreases. As an example, the integration density of the semiconductor device may be increased without increasing (e.g., while decreasing) an occurrence of defects in the semiconductor device. The minimum value of the first pitch P 1  may be determined depending on the minimum width realized by processes for manufacturing a semiconductor device. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 5 , at least one internal wiring pattern in at least one standard cell may be realigned (S 120 ). For example, at least one internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I in at least one of the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  may be realigned. After the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  are placed, new second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  may be set instead of the first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  which are preset. The second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  may be set lines that are used to place routing patterns M 2   a _O in a subsequent routing operation (see, e.g.,  FIG. 6 ). Thus, the standard cells may be routed (S 130 ). A distance between a pair of the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  adjacent to each other may be a third distance L 3 . The third distance L 3  may be smaller than the second distance L 12  (or the first distance L 1 ). 
     The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I in the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  may be realigned with the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 . Each of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be realigned with the second interconnection line pattern track MPT 2  closest thereto. The central line of each of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may overlap with a corresponding one of the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  (e.g., along a direction orthogonal to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2 ). 
     In the realigning operation (S 120 ), the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be laterally moved in parallel to the second direction D 2 . In the realigning operation (S 120 ), movement distances and movement directions of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be the same as or different from each other. For example, the first internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I of the first standard cell STD 1  may be moved in a direction opposite to the second direction D 2  by a fourth distance L 4 , and the second internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I of the first standard cell STD 1  may be moved in the second direction D 2  by a fifth distance L 5  greater than the fourth distance L 4 . A distance between the central lines of the realigned internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be different from the distance (n×P 1 ) between the central lines of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I before the realigning operation (S 120 ). 
     The via patterns V 2   a  may also be realigned with the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 , along with the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I. As an example, the via pattern V 2   a  may be moved together with the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I corresponding thereto. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 6 , an operation of routing the standard cells may be performed (S 130 ). The operation of routing the standard cells may include placing routing patterns M 2   a _O. By the placement of the routing patterns M 2   a _O, the standard cells may be connected to each other to meet a designed circuit. 
     The routing patterns M 2   a _O may be located at the same level as the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I. The routing patterns M 2   a _O and the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be defined as second interconnection line patterns M 2   a . The second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  may define the second metal layer. The routing patterns M 2   a _O may be aligned with the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  (e.g., along the first direction D 1 ). A central line of each of the routing patterns M 2   a _O may overlap with a corresponding one of the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  (e.g., along a direction orthogonal to the first and second directions D 1  and D 2 ). Routing patterns located at a higher level than the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  may also be placed in the routing operation (S 130 ). 
     The minimum pitch between the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  may be the second pitch P 2  equal to the third distance L 3 . The second pitch P 2  may be smaller than the first pitch P 1 . A distance between the central lines of the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  may be n×P 2  where “n” is an integral number equal to or greater than 1. 
     When the placement and routing of the standard cells (see, e.g.,  FIG. 3 ) are completed, the OPC process may be performed on the designed layout, and photomasks may be generated. Semiconductor processes may be performed using the generated photomasks to manufacture a semiconductor device (see, e.g.,  FIG. 1 ). 
     The method of placing and routing the standard cells according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may include the operation of realigning the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I in such a way that the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I meet the placement distance (e.g., the second pitch P 2 ) of the routing patterns M 2   a _O. If the realigning operation is omitted, the routing patterns M 2   a _O might not be placed near the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I. 
       FIG. 7  is a layout when a realignment operation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept is omitted. Referring to  FIG. 7 , when the operation of realigning the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I described with reference to  FIG. 5  is omitted, positions of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a  of  FIG. 7  may be the same as the positions of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I of  FIG. 4 . Unlike  FIG. 6 , the routing pattern M 2   a _O might not be placed between a pair of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I in the first standard cell STD 1  of  FIG. 7 . If the routing pattern M 2   a _O is placed between the pair of internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I of  FIG. 7 , the patterns M 2   a _O and M 2   a _I may be too close to each other, and thus a process margin might not be secured. In addition, the routing pattern M 2   a _O might not be placed at one side of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _O of the second standard cell STD 2  of  FIG. 7 , unlike  FIG. 6 . If the routing pattern M 2   a _O is placed at the one side of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I, the patterns M 2   a _O and M 2   a _I may be too close to each other, and thus a process margin might not be secured. 
     The number of the routing patterns M 2   a _O placed in  FIG. 6  is greater than the number of the routing patterns M 2   a _O placed in  FIG. 7 . As a result, since the method of placing and routing the standard cells according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept includes the realigning operation, a pattern density of the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  in the standard cell may be increased. 
     One or more exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept described above may be described below in more detail and duplicative descriptions may be omitted below.  FIG. 8A  is a circuit diagram illustrating a standard cell STD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept.  FIG. 8B  is a layout of the standard cell STD corresponding to the circuit diagram of  FIG. 8A .  FIGS. 9 to 11  are each layouts according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept in the operation of placing and routing the standard cells in  FIG. 3 .  FIGS. 12 and 13  are each enlarged plan views illustrating internal interconnection line patterns and first interconnection line patterns connected thereto of  FIGS. 9 and 10 , respectively. The descriptions to the same technical features as those described above with reference to  FIGS. 3 to 6  may be omitted below or mentioned briefly. Thus, differences from the technical features described above with reference to  FIGS. 3 to 6  will be focused on below. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8A , a standard cell STD according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may be a NAND2 standard cell. The standard cell STD of an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may include first to fourth transistors TR 1 , TR 2 , TR 3  and TR 4 . The first and second transistors TR 1  and TR 2  may be PMOS transistors. The third and fourth transistors TR 3  and TR 4  may be NMOS transistors. 
     The first transistor TR 1  may be connected between a node supplied with a power voltage VDD and an output node O. A first input I 1  may be transmitted to a gate of the first transistor TR 1 . The second transistor TR 2  may be connected between the node supplied with the power voltage VDD and the output node O. A second input  12  may be transmitted to a gate of the second transistor TR 2 . The first and second transistors TR 1  and TR 2  may be connected in parallel between the node supplied with the power voltage VDD and the output node O. 
     The third transistor TR 3  may be connected between the output node O and the fourth transistor TR 4 . The second input  12  may be transmitted to a gate of the third transistor TR 3 . The fourth transistor TR 4  may be connected between a node supplied with a ground voltage VSS and the third transistor TR 3 . The first input I 1  may be transmitted to a gate of the fourth transistor TR 4 . The third and fourth transistors TR 3  and TR 4  may be connected in series between the node supplied with the ground voltage VSS and the output node O. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 8A and 8B , the standard cell STD of an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may include gate patterns GEa, first interconnection line patterns M a, the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I, and via patterns V 2   a . Other layout patterns (e.g., active patterns, active contact patterns, and/or gate contact patterns) are omitted in the standard cell STD of  FIG. 8B  for clarity of description; however, the other layout patterns may be included in the standard cell STD. The gate patterns GEa may be aligned with gate pattern tracks GPT (e.g., along the first direction D 1 ). The minimum pitch between the gate patterns GEa may be a first pitch P 1 . 
     Some of the first interconnection line patterns may define first interconnection lines for supplying the power voltage VDD and the ground voltage VSS. The internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I may define an interconnection line constituting the NAND2 circuit. As an example, the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I may correspond to the output node O of the NAND2 circuit. The via patterns V 2   a  may provide vertical connection between the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _ 1  and the first interconnection line patterns M 1   a.    
     The internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I may be aligned with a corresponding one of first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  (e.g., along the first direction D 1 ). A distance between the first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  may be the first pitch P 1  equal to the distance between the gate pattern tracks GPT. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3, 9, and 12 , the NAND2 standard cell STD described with reference to  FIGS. 8A and 8B  may be provided in plurality, and the plurality of NAND2 standard cells STD may be placed to be arranged in a second direction D 2  (e.g., in step S 110 ). For example, first to third standard cells STD 1 , STD 2  and STD 3  may be arranged in the second direction D 2 . The first to third standard cells STD 1 , STD 2  and STD 3  may be the same as each other and may be the NAND2 standard cells STD of  FIG. 8B . The third standard cell STD 3  and each of the first and second standard cells STD 1  and STD 2  may be mirror-symmetrical. The first to third standard cells STD 1 , STD 2  and STD 3  may be placed based on a gate pitch. The gate pitch may be the first pitch P 1 , as illustrated in  FIG. 8B . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 12 , each of the first interconnection line pattern M 1   a  connected to the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I may include an end EN in each of the first to third standard cells STD 1  to STD 3 . The end EN may be adjacent to one side of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I. A distance between the end EN and the one side of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I may be a sum of a first margin D and a second margin OV. The first margin D may be a half of a second pitch P 2  that is the minimum pitch between second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  to be described in more detail below (D=P 2 /2). The second margin OV may be the minimum margin that is set to prevent a process failure. The minimum margin may be a value that is capable of preventing a contact failure which may be caused by distortion of a pattern when the pattern is realized in a process. The minimum margin may be defined by a design rule. Thus, by applying the minimum margin, a defect rate in a semiconductor device may be reduced, and process margins may be increased. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3, 10, and 13 , the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I in the first to third standard cells STD 1  to STD 3  may be realigned (e.g., in step S 120 ). After the first to third standard cells STD 1  to STD 3  are placed, new second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  may be set instead of the first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  illustrated in  FIG. 8B . A third distance L 3  between a pair of the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2  adjacent to each other may be smaller than the second distance L 2  between the pair of first interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 1  adjacent to each other. The internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I in the first to third standard cells STD 1  to STD 3  may be realigned with the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 . The via patterns V 2   a  may also be realigned with the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 , along with the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I. 
     In the realigning operation (S 120 ), the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be laterally moved in parallel to the second direction D 2 . In the realigning operation (e.g., step S 120 ), movement distances and movement directions of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be the same as or different from each other. The maximum movement distance at which the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a  can be moved may be a half of the third distance L 3  (L 3 /2). As an example, the maximum movement distance of the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may be a half of the second pitch P 2  (P 2 /2). For example, the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I of the second standard cell STD 2  may be located at a center between a pair of the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 , and the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I may be moved by the maximum movement distance so as to be realigned with one of the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 13 , for example, the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I of the second standard cell STD 2  may be moved in the second direction D 2  by a sixth distance L 6 . The sixth distance L 6  may be substantially equal or similar to the maximum movement distance. The sixth distance L 6  may be about a half of the second pitch P 2 . Since the first interconnection line pattern M 1   a  of  FIG. 12  has the first margin D as well as the second margin OV, at least the second margin OV may be secured even though the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I is realigned to approach the one end EN of the first interconnection line pattern M 1   a . As a result, it is possible to prevent a process failure from occurring by the realignment of the internal interconnection line pattern M 2   a _I. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3 and 11 , the operation of routing the standard cells may be performed to place routing patterns M 2   a _O in the first to third standard cells SD 1 , SD 2  and SD 3  (e.g., in step S 130 ). The routing patterns M 2   a _O may be aligned with the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 . The placed routing patterns M 2   a _O and the internal interconnection line patterns M 2   a _I may constitute second interconnection line patterns M 2   a . The minimum pitch between the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  may be the second pitch P 2  equal to the third distance L 3 . The second pitch P 2  may be smaller than the first pitch P 1  which is the gate pitch. A distance between central lines of the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  may be n×P 2  where “n” is an integral number equal to or greater than 1. 
       FIG. 14  is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept.  FIGS. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F  are cross-sectional views taken along lines A-A′, B-B′, C-C′, D-D′, E-E′, and F-F′ of  FIG. 14 , respectively. A semiconductor device described with reference to  FIGS. 14 and 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F  is an example of a semiconductor device that is formed on a real substrate by using the designed layout described with reference to  FIG. 11 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 14 and 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F , first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may be provided. The first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may be arranged in the second direction D 2 . Each of the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may include a logic circuit. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, logic transistors included in the logic circuit may be disposed on each of the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3 . 
     In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may include the same logic circuit as each other. For example, the logic circuits of each the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may have the same structure as each other. For example, the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may be NAND2 cells that are the same as each other. The first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may have the same transistor structure and the same internal interconnection line structure. Transistor and internal interconnection line structures of the third logic cell LC 3  and the transistor and internal interconnection line structures of each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may be mirror-symmetrical. The logic transistors and interconnection lines included in the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3  will be described in more detail below. 
     A substrate  100  may be provided. For example, the substrate  100  may be a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate, or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Second device isolation layers ST 2  may be provided in the substrate  100  to define a PMOSFET region PR and an NMOSFET region NR. The second device isolation layers ST 2  may be formed in an upper portion of the substrate  100 . For example, the second device isolation layers ST 2  may be positioned at an uppermost portion of the substrate  100 . 
     The PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR may be spaced apart from each other in the first direction D 1  with the second device isolation layer ST 2  disposed therebetween. The PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR may extend in the second direction D 2  to intersect the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3 . The second device isolation layers ST 2  may further define additional PMOSFET regions and additional NMOSFET regions as well as the PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR. 
     A plurality of first active patterns FN 1  extending in the second direction D 2  may be provided on the PMOSFET region PR. A plurality of second active patterns FN 2  extending in the second direction D 2  may be provided on the NMOSFET region NR. The first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  may be portions of the substrate  100 , which protrude from a top surface of the substrate  100 . The first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  may be arranged along the first direction D 1 . 
     For example, two first active patterns FN 1  may extend in the second direction D 2  substantially in parallel to each other on the PMOSFET region PR. For example, three second active patterns FN 2  may extend in the second direction D 2  in parallel to each other on the NMOSFET region NR. However, the number and shapes of the first active patterns FN 1  on the PMOSFET region PR and the number and shapes of the second active patterns FN 2  on the NMOSFET region NR are illustrated as an example and exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept are not limited thereto. 
     First device isolation layers ST 1  extending in the second direction D 2  may be disposed at both sides of each of the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . Some of the first device isolation layers ST 1  may fill trenches between the first active patterns FN 1 . Others of the first device isolation layers ST 1  may fill trenches between the second active patterns FN 2 . 
     Upper portions of the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  may be higher than top surfaces of the first device isolation layers ST 1 . The upper portions of the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  may vertically protrude from the first device isolation layers ST 1 . The upper portion of each of the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  may have a fin-shape protruding from between a pair of the first device isolation layers ST 1 . 
     The second device isolation layers ST 2  and the first device isolation layers ST 1  may be connected to each other to form one insulating layer. Top surfaces of the second device isolation layers ST 2  may be coplanar with the top surfaces of the first device isolation layers ST 1 . Thicknesses (or depths) of the second device isolation layers ST 2  may be greater than thicknesses (or depths) of the first device isolation layers ST 1 . In this case, the first device isolation layers ST 1  may be formed by a process different from a process of forming the second device isolation layers ST 2 . For example, the first and second device isolation layers ST 1  and ST 2  may include a silicon oxide layer. 
     First channel regions CH 1  and first source/drain regions SD 1  may be provided in the upper portions of the first active patterns FN 1 . The first source/drain regions SD 1  may be P-type dopant regions. Each of the first channel regions CH 1  may be disposed between a pair of the first source/drain regions SD 1  adjacent to each other. Second channel regions CH 2  and second source/drain regions SD 2  may be provided in the upper portions of the second active patterns FN 2 . The second source/drain regions SD 2  may be N-type dopant regions. Each of the second channel regions CH 2  may be disposed between a pair of the second source/drain regions SD 2  adjacent to each other. 
     The first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2  may include epitaxial patterns formed by a selective epitaxial growth (SEG) process. Top surfaces of the first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2  may be disposed at a higher level than top surfaces of the first and second channel regions CH 1  and CH 2 . Each of the first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2  may include a semiconductor element different from that of the substrate  100 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the first source/drain regions SD 1  may include a semiconductor element of which a lattice constant is greater than that of the semiconductor element of the substrate  100 . Thus, the first source/drain regions SD 1  may provide compressive stress to the first channel regions CH 1 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the second source/drain regions SD 2  may include a semiconductor element of which a lattice constant is smaller than that of the semiconductor element of the substrate  100 . Thus, the second source/drain regions SD 2  may provide tensile stress to the second channel regions CH 2 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the second source/drain regions SD 2  may include the same semiconductor element as the substrate  100 . 
     Cross-sectional shapes of the first source/drain regions SD 1  may be different from cross-sectional shapes of the second source/drain regions SD 2  when viewed in a cross-sectional view taken along the first direction D 1  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 15C ). For example, the first source/drain regions SD 1  may include silicon-germanium (SiGe), and the second source/drain regions SD 2  may include silicon. 
     Gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  extending in the first direction D 1  may be provided to intersect the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction D 2 . The minimum pitch between the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be a first pitch P 1 . The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be arranged at equal distances in accordance with the first pitch P 1 . For example, the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be evenly spaced apart from each other along the second direction D 2 . 
     The gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4  may vertically overlap with the first and second channel regions CH 1  and CH 2  (e.g., along the third direction D 3 ). Each of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may surround a top surface and both sidewalls of each of the first and second channel regions CH 1  and CH 2  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 15D ). For example, the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may each include at least one of a conductive metal nitride (e.g., titanium nitride or tantalum nitride) or a metal material (e.g., titanium, tantalum, tungsten, copper, or aluminum). 
     A pair of gate spacers GS may be disposed on both sidewalls of each of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 , respectively. The gate spacers GS may extend along the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  in the first direction D 1 . Top surfaces of the gate spacers GS may be higher than top surfaces of the gate electrodes GE to GE 4 . The top surfaces of the gate spacers GS may be coplanar with a top surface of a gate capping layer CP to be described later. For example, the gate spacers GS may include at least one of SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, each of the gate spacers GS may have a multi-layered structure formed of at least two of SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. 
     Gate dielectric layers GI may be disposed between the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  and the active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . Each of the gate dielectric layers GI may extend along a bottom surface of each of the gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4 . Each of the gate dielectric layers GI may cover the top surface and the both sidewalls of each of the first and second channel regions CH 1  and CH 2 . The gate dielectric layers GI may include a high-k dielectric material of which a dielectric constant is higher than that of silicon oxide. For example, the high-k dielectric material may include at least one of hafnium oxide, hafnium-silicon oxide, lanthanum oxide, zirconium oxide, zirconium-silicon oxide, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, barium-strontium-titanium oxide, barium-titanium oxide, strontium-titanium oxide, lithium oxide, aluminum oxide, lead-scandium-tantalum oxide, or lead-zinc niobate. 
     A gate capping layer CP may be provided on each of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 . The gate capping layers CP may extend along the gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4  in the first direction D 1 . The gate capping layers CP may include a material having an etch selectivity with respect to a first interlayer insulating layer  110  to be described in more detail below. For example, the gate capping layers CP may include at least one of SiON, SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. 
     The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be included in each of the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3 . The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may intersect each of the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3 . The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be sequentially arranged in the second direction D 2  in each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2 . As an example, in the third logic cell LC 3 , the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be sequentially arranged in a direction opposite to the second direction D 2 . This is because the third logic cell LC 3  and each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  are mirror-symmetrical. 
     The first interlayer insulating layer  110  may be provided to cover the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 , the gate spacers GS, and the gate capping layers CP. A second interlayer insulating layer  120  and a third interlayer insulating layer  130  may be sequentially stacked on the first interlayer insulating layer  110 . Each of the first to third interlayer insulating layers  110 ,  120  and  130  may include a silicon oxide layer and/or a silicon oxynitride layer. 
     Active contacts AC may penetrate the first interlayer insulating layer  110  between the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  to be electrically connected to the first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2 . The active contacts AC may have bar shapes extending in the first direction D 1 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, one active contact AC may be connected to a plurality of the first source/drain regions SD 1 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, one active contact AC may be connected to a plurality of the second source/drain regions SD 2 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, one active contact AC may be connected to one first source/drain region SD 1  or one second source/drain region SD 2 . However, exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept are not limited thereto. 
     At least one gate contact GC (see, e.g.,  FIG. 14 ) may penetrate the first interlayer insulating layer  110  and the gate capping layer CP to be electrically connected to at least one of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 . The gate contacts GC may have bar shapes extending in the second direction D 2 . For example, the gate contacts GC may be provided on the second and third gate electrodes GE 2  and GE 3 . The gate contacts GC may be disposed between the PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR when viewed in a plan view. The gate contacts GC may vertically overlap with the second device isolation layer ST 2  between the PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR. 
     The active contacts AC and the gate contacts GC may include a same conductive material as each other. For example, the active contacts AC and the gate contacts GC may include at least one of aluminum, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, or cobalt. 
     First interconnection lines M 1  and first vias V 1  may be provided in the second interlayer insulating layer  120 . The first interconnection lines M 1  and the first vias V 1  may be included in a first metal layer. The first interconnection lines M 1  may include power and ground interconnection lines VDD and VSS that extend in the second direction D 2  to intersect the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3 . Each of the first interconnection lines M 1  may have a line or bar shape extending in the second direction D 2 . As an example, the first interconnection lines M 1  may extend in the second direction D 2  substantially in parallel to each other. 
     Some of the first vias V 1  may be disposed between the active contacts AC and corresponding ones of the first interconnection lines M 1  to electrically connect the active contacts AC to the corresponding ones of the first interconnection lines M 1 . Others of the first vias V 1  may be disposed between the gate contacts GC and corresponding ones of the first interconnection lines M 1  to electrically connect the gate contacts GC to the corresponding ones of the first interconnection lines M 1 . The first interconnection line M 1  and the first via V 1  disposed thereunder may be connected to each other to form a single unitary conductive structure. As an example, the first interconnection line M 1  and the first via V 1  may be formed together (e.g., may be formed by a single continuous process). For example, the first interconnection line M 1  and the first via V 1  may be formed as the single unitary conductive structure by using a dual damascene process. 
     The shapes and positions of the active contacts AC, the gate contacts GC, the first vias V 1  and the first interconnection lines M 1  in the first logic cell LC 1  may be substantially the same as the shapes and positions of the active contacts AC, the gate contacts GC, the first vias V 1  and the first interconnection lines M 1  in the second logic cell LC 2 . This is because the first logic cell LC 1  and the second logic cell LC 2  include the same logic circuit. The contacts AC and GC, the first vias V 1  and the first interconnection lines M 1  in the second logic cell LC 2  and the contacts AC and GC, the first vias V 1  and the first interconnection lines M 1  in the third logic cell LC 3  may be mirror-symmetrical. 
     Second interconnection lines M 2  and second vias V 2  may be provided in the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The second interconnection lines M 2  may include internal interconnection lines M 2 _I and routing interconnection lines M 2 _O. The second interconnection lines M 2  and the second vias V 2  may be included in a second metal layer. Each of the second interconnection lines M 2  may have a line or bar shape extending in the first direction D 1 . As an example, the second interconnection lines M 2  may extend in the first direction D 1  substantially in parallel to each other. The second interconnection lines M 2  may be parallel to the gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4  when viewed in a plan view. 
     The minimum pitch between the second interconnection lines M 2  may be a second pitch P 2 . A distance between central lines of the second interconnection lines M 2  adjacent to each other may be n×P 2  where “n” is an integral number equal to or greater than I. The gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4  and the second interconnection lines M 2  may be formed using the gate patterns GEa and the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  of the layout of  FIG. 1 , respectively. The gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4  may be formed using the gate patterns GEa aligned with the gate pattern tracks GPT, and the second interconnection lines M 2  may be formed using the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  aligned with the second interconnection line pattern tracks MPT 2 . Thus, the second pitch P 2  which is the minimum pitch between the second interconnection lines M 2  may be smaller than the first pitch P which is the pitch between the gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4 . 
     The second vias V 2  may be disposed between the second interconnection lines M 2  and the first interconnection lines M 1  to electrically connect the second interconnection lines M 2  to the first interconnection lines M 1 . The second interconnection line M 2  and the second via V 2  disposed thereunder may be connected to each other. As an example, the second interconnection lines M 2  and the second vias V 2  may be formed together (e.g., by a single continuous process). For example, the second interconnection lines M 2  and the second vias V 2  may be formed using a dual damascene process. 
     The internal interconnection line M 2 _I in each of the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may extend from on the PMOSFET region PR onto the NMOSFET region NR. The internal interconnection line M 2 _I on the PMOSFET region PR may be electrically connected to the first source/drain regions SD 1  through the second via V 2 , the first interconnection line M 1 , the first via V 1  and the active contact AC (see, e.g.,  FIG. 15A ). The internal interconnection line M 2 _I on the NMOSFET region NR may be electrically connected to the second source/drain regions SD 2  through the second via V 2 , the first interconnection line M 1 , the first via V 1  and the active contact AC (see, e.g.,  FIG. 15B ). As an example, the internal interconnection line M 2 _I in each of the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3  may electrically connect a PMOS transistor (PMOSFET) of the PMOSFET region PR to an NMOS transistor (NMOSFET) of the NMOSFET region NR. The internal interconnection line M 2 _I in each of the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3  may electrically connect the source/drain of the PMOSFET to the source/drain of the NMOSFET. 
     The internal interconnection line M 2 _I in each of the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3  may be an interconnection line included in the logic circuit. For example, the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may be the output node of the NAND2 cell. The internal interconnection line M 2 _I in the first logic cell LC 1  might not extend beyond a boundary of the first logic cell LC 1 . As an example, both ends of the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may be located in the first logic cell LC 1 . For example, one end of the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may be located on the PMOSFET region PR, and another end of the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may be located on the NMOSFET region NR. The internal interconnection lines M 2 _I in the second and third logic cells LC 2  and LC 3  may have substantially the same shape as the internal interconnection line M 2 _I in the first logic cell LC 1 . 
     Even though the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3  may include the same logic circuit, positions of the internal interconnection lines M 2 _I in the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3  may be different from each other. The internal interconnection line M 2 _I of the first logic cell LC 1  may be offset from the third gate electrode GE 3  adjacent thereto by a first offset distance in a plan view, and the internal interconnection line M 2 _I of the second logic cell LC 2  may be offset from the third gate electrode GE 3  adjacent thereto by a second offset distance in a plan view. The internal interconnection line M 2 _I of the third logic cell LC 3  may be offset from the third gate electrode GE 3  adjacent thereto by a third offset distance in a plan view. Thus, the first offset distance, the second offset distance and the third offset distance may be different from each other. 
     In the first logic cell LC 1 , the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may partially overlap with the third gate electrode GE 3  in a plan view. In the first logic cell LC 1 , the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may be laterally spaced apart from the fourth gate electrode GE 4  in a plan view (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 14 and 15A ). 
     In the second logic cell LC 2 , the internal interconnection line M 21  may partially overlap with the fourth gate electrode GE 4  in a plan view. In the second logic cell LC 2 , the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may be laterally spaced apart from the third gate electrode GE 3  in a plan view (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 14 and 15E ). 
     In the third logic cell LC 3 , the internal interconnection line M 2 _I may be disposed between the third gate electrode GE 3  and the fourth gate electrode GE 4  in a plan view. In the third logic cell LC 3 , the internal interconnection line M 21  may be laterally spaced apart from both the third gate electrode GE 3  and the fourth gate electrode GE 4  in a plan view (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 14 and 15F ). 
     The routing interconnection lines M 2 _O in each of the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3  may connect the logic circuit thereof to a logic circuit of another logic cell. As an example, the routing interconnection lines M 2 _O may be independent of the logic circuits (e.g., the NAND2 circuits) of the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3 . The numbers and shapes of the routing interconnection lines M 2 _O of the first to third logic cells LC 1 , LC 2  and LC 3  may be different from each other. The routing interconnection lines M 2 _O may extend beyond boundaries of the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3 . Alternatively, at least one routing interconnection line M 2 _O might not extend beyond the boundaries of the first to third logic cells LC 1  to LC 3 . Illustrated lengths and arrangement of the routing interconnection lines M 2 _O are an example. However, exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept are not limited thereto. 
     The first interconnection lines M 1 , the first vias V 1 , the second interconnection lines M 2  and the second vias V 2  may include a same conductive material as each other. For example, the first interconnection lines M 1 , the first vias V 1 , the second interconnection lines M 2  and the second vias V 2  may include at least one of aluminum, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, or cobalt. Additional metal layers may further be disposed on the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The additional metal layers may include routing interconnection lines. 
     According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the second pitch P 2  which is the minimum pitch between the second interconnection lines M 2  may be smaller than the first pitch P 1  which is the minimum pitch between the gate electrodes GE 1  to GE 4 . The internal interconnection lines M 2 _I of the second interconnection lines M 2  may be aligned based on the placement distance (i.e., the second pitch P 2 ) of the routing interconnection lines M 2 _O. Thus, a pattern density of the second interconnection lines M 2  in the logic cell may be increased. 
       FIGS. 16, 18, and 20  are plan views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept.  FIGS. 17A, 19A, and 21A  are cross-sectional views taken along lines A-A′ of  FIGS. 16, 18, and 20 , respectively, and  FIGS. 17B, 19B, and 21B  are cross-sectional views taken along lines B-B′ of  FIGS. 16, 18, and 20 , respectively.  FIGS. 19C and 21C  are cross-sectional views taken along lines C-C′ of  FIGS. 18 and 20 , respectively, and  FIGS. 19D and 21D  are cross-sectional views taken along lines D-D′ of  FIGS. 18 and 20 , respectively. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may include processes of forming patterns on a real substrate by using the designed layout of  FIG. 11 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 16, 17A and 17B , the substrate  100  may be provided. For example, the substrate  100  may be a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate, or a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. An upper portion of the substrate  100  may be patterned to form first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . First device isolation layers ST 1  may be formed in trenches between the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . Second device isolation layers ST 2  may be formed in the substrate  100  to define the PMOSFET region PR and the NMOSFET region NR. 
     The first and second device isolation layers ST 1  and ST 2  may be formed by a shallow-trench isolation (ST 1 ) process. The first and second device isolation layers ST 1  and ST 2  may be formed using, for example, silicon oxide. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 18 and 19A to 19D , gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  extending in the first direction D 1  may be formed on the substrate  100  to intersect the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 . Gate dielectric layers GI may be formed under the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 . Gate spacers GS may be formed on both sidewalls of each of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 . Gate capping layers CP may be formed on the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 . 
     As an example, the formation of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may include forming sacrificial patterns intersecting the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2 , forming the gate spacers GS on both sidewalls of each of the sacrificial patterns, and replacing the sacrificial patterns with the gate electrodes v. 
     The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may include at least one of a conductive metal nitride or a metal material. The gate dielectric layers GI may include a high-k dielectric material of which a dielectric constant is higher than that of silicon oxide. The gate spacers GS may include at least one of SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. The gate capping layers CP may include at least one of SiON, SiCN, SiCON, or SiN. 
     First source/drain regions SD 1  may be formed in upper portions of the first active patterns FN 1 . Second source/drain regions SD 2  may be formed in upper portions of the second active patterns FN 2 . The first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2  may be formed at both sides of each of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 . The first source/drain regions SD 1  may be doped with P-type dopants and the second source/drain regions SD 2  may be doped with N-type dopants. 
     As an example, the first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2  may include epitaxial patterns formed by a selective epitaxial growth (SEG) process. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, portions of the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  disposed at both sides of each of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4  may be recessed, and then, the SEG process may be performed on the recessed regions of the first and second active patterns FN 1  and FN 2  to form the epitaxial patterns. 
     The first interlayer insulating layer  110  may be formed on substantially an entire top surface of the substrate  100 . The first interlayer insulating layer  110  may include a silicon oxide layer and/or a silicon oxynitride layer. Active contacts AC and gate contacts GC may be formed in the first interlayer insulating layer  110 . The active contacts AC may be formed on the first and second source/drain regions SD 1  and SD 2 . The active contacts AC may have bar shapes extending in the first direction D 1 . The gate contacts GC may be formed on corresponding ones of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2 , GE 3  and GE 4 . The gate contacts GC may have bar shapes extending in the second direction D 2 . 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 20 and 21A to 21D , the second interlayer insulating layer  120  may be formed on the first interlayer insulating layer  110 . The second interlayer insulating layer  120  may include a silicon oxide layer and/or a silicon oxynitride layer. 
     First interconnection lines M 1  and first vias V 1  may be formed in the second interlayer insulating layer  120 . The first vias V 1  may be formed between the first interconnection lines M 1  and the active contacts AC and between the first interconnection lines M 1  and the gate contacts GC. Each of the first interconnection lines M 1  may have a line or bar shape extending in the second direction D 2 . 
     As an example, a first photomask may be generated using the first interconnection line patterns M 1   a  of the layout of  FIG. 11  (see, e.g., step S 40  of  FIG. 2 ). A photolithography process may be performed using the first photomask to form first interconnection line trenches in the second interlayer insulating layer  120 . The first interconnection lines M 1  may be formed by filling the first interconnection line trenches with a conductive material (see, e.g., step S 50  of  FIG. 2 ). 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 14 and 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F , the third interlayer insulating layer  130  may be formed on the second interlayer insulating layer  120 . The third interlayer insulating layer  130  may include a silicon oxide layer and/or a silicon oxynitride layer. 
     Second interconnection lines M 2  and second vias V 2  may be formed in the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The second vias V 2  may be formed between the second interconnection lines M 2  and the first interconnection lines M 1 . Each of the second interconnection lines M 2  may have a line or bar shape extending in the first direction D 1 . 
     As an example, a second photomask may be generated using the second interconnection line patterns M 2   a  of the layout of  FIG. 11  (see, e.g., step S 40  of  FIG. 2 ). A photolithography process may be performed using the second photomask to form second interconnection line trenches in the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . A third photomask may be generated using the via patterns V 2   a  of the layout of  FIG. 11  (see, e.g., step S 40  of  FIG. 2 ). A photolithography process may be performed using the third photomask to form vertical holes in the second interconnection line trenches in the third interlayer insulating layer  130 . The vertical holes may expose portions of the first interconnection lines M 1 . The second interconnection lines M 2  and the second vias V 2  may be formed together (e.g., by a single continuous process) by filling the second interconnection line trenches and the vertical holes with a conductive material (see, e.g., step S 50  of  FIG. 2 ). The second interconnection line M 2  and the second via V 2  connected thereto may be formed as a single unitary body. 
       FIG. 22  is a plan view illustrating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept.  FIG. 23  is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A′ of  FIG. 22 . In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the descriptions to the same technical features as described above with reference to  FIGS. 14 and 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F  may be omitted or mentioned briefly below. Thus, differences from the technical features described above with reference to  FIGS. 14 and 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F  will be focused on below. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 22 and 23 , first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may be provided. The first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may be arranged in a second direction D 2 . Each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may include a logic circuit. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may be included in the same logic circuit. As an example, the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may have the same transistor structure and the same internal interconnection line structure. 
     Gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3  may be provided to intersect a PMOSFET region PR and an NMOSFET region NR of the substrate  100 . The minimum pitch between the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3  may be a first pitch P 1 . The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3  may be arranged at substantially equal distances from each other in accordance with the first pitch P 1 . The gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3  in each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may include first, second and third gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3 . Thus, each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may respectively include first, second and third gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3 . 
     The first interlayer insulating layer  110  may cover the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3 , and second to fourth interlayer insulating layers  120 ,  130  and  140  may be sequentially stacked on the first interlayer insulating layer  110 . A first metal layer may be provided in the second interlayer insulating layer  120 , a second metal layer may be provided in the third interlayer insulating layer  130 , and a third metal layer may be provided in the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140 . The first metal layer in the second interlayer insulating layer  120  may include first interconnection lines M 1  and first vias V 1 . The second metal layer in the third interlayer insulating layer  130  may include second interconnection lines M 2  and second vias V 2 . The third metal layer in the fourth interlayer insulating layer  140  may include third interconnection lines M 3 _I and M 3 _O and third vias V 3 . 
     At least one of the first interconnection lines M 1  may include a portion extending in the first direction D 1  and a portion extending in the second direction D 2 . The first interconnection lines M 1  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may extend in the first direction D 1  and/or the second direction D 2 . However, exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept are not limited thereto. 
     The second interconnection lines M 2  may extend in the second direction D 2 . The second interconnection lines M 2  according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept may extend in the second direction D 2  intersecting an extending direction of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3 . 
     Shapes and positions of the logic transistors and the first and second metal layers in the first logic cell LC 1  may be substantially the same as shapes and positions of the logic transistors and the first and second metal layers in the second logic cell LC 2 . This is because the first logic cell LC 1  and the second logic cell LC 2  may be included in the same logic circuit. 
     The third interconnection lines M 3 _I and M 3 _O may include internal interconnection lines M 3 _I and routing interconnection lines M 3 _O. The third interconnection lines M 3 _I and M 3 _O may extend in the first direction D 1  parallel to the extending direction of the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3 . 
     The minimum pitch between the third interconnection lines M 3 _I and M 3 _O may be a second pitch P 2 . A distance between central lines of the third interconnection lines M 3 _I and M 3 _O adjacent to each other may be n×P 2  where “n” is an integral number equal to or greater than 1. The second pitch P 2  corresponding to the minimum pitch between the third interconnection lines M 3 _I and M 3 _O may be smaller than the first pitch P 1  corresponding to the minimum pitch between the gate electrodes GE 1 , GE 2  and GE 3 . 
     The internal interconnection line M 3 _I in each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may extend from on the PMOSFET region PR onto the NMOSFET region NR. The internal interconnection line M 3 _I may electrically connect a PMOSFET to an NMOSFET. As an example, the internal interconnection line M 3 _I in each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may be an interconnection line included in the logic circuit. For example, the internal interconnection line M 3 _I may be an input node or an output node of the logic circuit. 
     Even though the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  include the same logic circuit, positions of the internal interconnection lines M 3 _I in the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may be different from each other. A distance by which the internal interconnection line M 3 _I is offset from the first gate electrode GE 1  adjacent thereto in the first logic cell LC 1  may be different from a distance by which the internal interconnection line M 3 _I is offset from the first gate electrode GE 1  adjacent thereto in the second logic cell LC 2 , when viewed in a plan view. 
     The routing interconnection lines M 3 _O in each of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2  may connect the logic circuit thereof to a logic circuit of another logic cell. As an example, the routing interconnection lines M 3 _O may be independent of the logic circuits of the first and second logic cells LC 1  and LC 2 . The number and shapes of the routing interconnection lines M 3 _O of the first logic cell LC 1  may be different from the number and shapes of the routing interconnection lines M 3 _O of the second logic cell LC 2 . 
     In the semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the minimum pitch between the interconnection lines may be smaller than the minimum pitch between the gate electrodes. Thus, the pattern density of the interconnection lines in the logic cell may be increased to increase the integration density and accuracy of electrical conductivity of the semiconductor device. 
     While the inventive concept has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept.