Patent Publication Number: US-11641112-B2

Title: Systems and methods for managing electricity supply from demand

Description:
This is a continuation in part application of Ser. No. 16/576,762 filed 19 Sep. 2019, the content of which is incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present invention relates to managing electric power costs, particular those in a time of use (TOU) environment with Qualified Balance Resources (QBR). 
     Lowering utility bill and Using clean energy are two major goals for energy market. In spite of great efforts of lowering cost of energy, often referred to Levelized Cost of Energy or LCOE), for solar photovoltaic and other renewable energy resources, utility bill has kept increasing to the rate payers. One of the major causes of increasing energy rates is due to imbalance of grid in terms of Time-of Use. For example, in California Grid, prices of energy have dramatically increased during the evening hours with the high demand over past years, known as “Duck Curve.” Unfortunately, thermal generators, known as “gas peakers,” are largely used to mitigate this high demand of the evening hours due to their dispatchability. As a result, rate payers have to use unclean energy and pay higher utility rates from the grid. 
     In recent, energy policy makers have driven energy storage resources, mainly consisting of battery energy storage system, to participate in grid balancing as an alternative solution to lowering the dependency of thermal generators. FERC Order 841 and FERC Order 2222 allows energy storage resources to participate in grid wholesale&#39;s trading market including aggregation from Behind-the-Retail Meter resources. Facing high costs in new power plants, advancements in energy technologies, battery storage and consumer cost-cutting programs such as net-metering incentives, many local utilities need to adjust their business models so they continue to be profitable and relevant in the country&#39;s energy system. 
     One adaptation that utilities nationally have begun to implement is time-of-use (TOU) pricing, which includes demand charges for most business power consumers. Local utilities in California, Arizona, Massachusetts and other states have adopted TOU pricing as a means not only to combat falling revenue but also to ensure that they have the necessary finances to keep the energy grid running. 
     Time-of-use is a rate plan in which rates vary according to the time of day, season, and day type (weekday or weekend/holiday). Higher rates are charged during the peak demand hours and lower rates during off-peak (low) demand hours. Rates are also typically higher in summer months than in winter months. This rate structure provides price signals to energy users to shift energy use from peak hours to off-peak hours. Time-of-use rate plans better align the price of energy with the cost of energy at the time it is produced. Lower rates in the winter and during partial-peak and off-peak hours offer an incentive for customers to shift energy use away from more expensive summer and peak hours, which can help consumers save money and reduce strain on the electric grid. 
     Currently, all commercial, industrial and agricultural customers in California are required to be on a time-of-use plan. If customers have energy usage that can be shifted from peak hours to off-peak hours, they may be able to reduce their energy bill by switching to a time-of-use rate plan. Some time-of-use rate plans include a monthly Demand Charge. This Demand Charge is calculated by using the 15-minute interval during each billing month when a business uses its maximum amount of electricity. As a benefit to this type of rate plan, regular electricity usage charges are about 30% lower than for a comparable rate plan without a Demand Charge, and the Demand Charge depends on a customer&#39;s peak monthly demand patterns. 
     One way to lower monthly Demand Charge is to stagger the times of equipment operation, rather than using all equipment at the same time, minimizing spikes in your electricity use. spread your electricity use throughout the day to lower the Demand Charge. However, businesses frequently cannot keep constantly monitoring their equipment power usage, and as a result, many businesses face high electricity bills. 
     The grid operation and balancing of electricity pricing to keep the electric grid energized is heavily relied on the available baseload and peak power generations suppling through grid intertie locations every hour of the day to serve load. This method ensures the reliability and safety for electricity consumption; however, requires electricity demand of customer&#39;s usage behavior to be in similar patterns throughout the grid every 5 minute, 15 minute, and hourly times throughout a 24 hour period and the extra setup of supply reserves for when load demand usage patterns change. With aging grid lines and baseload generations requiring more costly supply reserves bundled with uncontrollable renewable power generation interconnecting into the grid, patterns are changing thus causing more issues triggering high cost of electricity. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect, a system to manage power consumption from a grid includes a building switchgear; an independent system operator (ISO) meter coupled to the building switchgear, the ISO meter including a telemetry unit to communicate with an ISO; and an energy storage system (ESS) coupled to the building switchgear, wherein the ESS selectively provides power in response to a customer power demand to prevent a customer grid power consumption from spiking and peaking at grid imbalance highest cost on peak times. 
     In a second aspect, a system to manage power consumption from a grid includes a utility meter coupled to the grid and site switchgear providing historical interval data; a site meter behind the utility meter (BTM) coupled to the switchgear; an independent system operator (ISO) meter coupled to the BTM switchgear; a telemetry unit to communicate with an ISO; and an energy storage system (ESS) coupled to the telemetry unit, switchgear, and ISO allowable resource performance meter, wherein the ESS selectively provides power in response to a customer power demand to prevent a customer grid power consumption to spike at the time when cost is more expensive (“congested hours”) on the main grid to provide the high usage without disruption to grid power management and customer&#39;s business operation. 
     In a third aspect, a method to manage power consumption from a grid includes profiling customer electricity usage and illustrating potential cost savings; optimizing a resource capacity of equipment based on the profile, wherein the equipment includes ESS or ESS coupled with alternative generation such as Solar, separate meters for utility, Regional ISO, resource performance, and for NOC control of equipment; and manage the equipment to minimize cost for customer. 
     In a fourth aspect, a site switchgear includes a first connection for a utility meter providing historical interval data; a second connection for a site meter behind the utility meter (BTM), a third connection for an independent system organization (ISO) meter, and a fourth connection for an energy storage system (ESS) that selectively provides power in response to a customer power demand to prevent a customer grid power consumption to spike at the time when cost is more expensive on the main grid to provide the high usage without disruption to grid power management and customer&#39;s business operation. 
     In a fifth aspect, a system to manage power consumption from a grid includes a utility meter coupled to the grid and site switchgear providing historical interval data; a site meter behind the utility meter (BTM) coupled to the grid switchgear; an independent system operator (ISO) meter coupled to the BTM grid switchgear; a telemetry unit to communicate with an ISO; and an energy storage system (ESS) coupled to the telemetry unit, switchgear, and ISO allowable resource performance meter, wherein the ESS selectively provides power in response to a customer power demand to prevent a customer grid power consumption to spike at the time when cost is more expensive on the main grid to provide the high usage without disruption to grid power management and customer&#39;s business operation. 
     In a sixth aspect, each building site that is equipped with QBR becomes a grid addition serving the balance of supply and demand from consumption usage needs that synchronizes with the grid TOU. 
     In a seventh aspect, a system to manage power consumption from a grid includes a building switchgear; an energy storage system (ESS) coupled to the building switchgear to selectively provide power in response to a customer power demand to prevent a customer grid power consumption from spiking and peaking at grid imbalance highest cost on peak times; an energy management system (EMS) to operate the ESS from behind-the-meter; and a data distribution service (DDS) coupled to the EMS forming a DDS-EMS network to provide a global data space servicing EMS edge publishers and subscribers. 
     Advantages of the above aspects may include one or more of the following. The system mitigates the cost for both grid and customers is to reverse some of the grid balancing reliance from power energy supply side to demand load side. As each commercial, industrial, and agricultural customer&#39;s demand and energy usage are being balanced and managed using the power consumption management method stated above, the meter(s), resource equipment, and load data of customer&#39;s time of use of grid power versus the time of use of the optimized and controllable resource capacity are then networked in an aggregated energy pool with location identification like a map providing utilities and grid operators real-time information of reliable and available energy at specific times. This synchronization with grid operation method reduces the need to rely on excess and expensive power supply for grid operators while reducing fuel costs for power producers with more accuracy on load capacity needs. 
     Other advantages may include one or more of the following. Buildings equipped with QBR capable systems helps to defer/reduce the upgrade cost for utilities because the QBR system better matches demand with supply and reduces the extra capacity that the grid must hold in reserve for peak power consumption. As the system incorporates a high degree of control for all parties, grid operators can decrease/defer the cost of upgrading grid capacity. An aggregation of smart switchgears in buildings turn the buildings into smart powerplant, further reducing utility upgrade costs. 
     Certain Definitions 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Any reference to “or” herein is intended to encompass “and/or” unless otherwise stated. 
     As used herein, the term “about” refers to an amount that is near the stated amount by about 10%, 5%, or 1%, including increments therein. 
     As used herein defined, the term ISO meter (such as those for CAISO) are meters that conform to the following properties: 
     ISO meter should pass the NIST Traceable Laboratory testing when generation of Settlement Quality Meter Data (SQMD) direct with ISO 
     ISO meter should have at least 2 channels, preferably 4 and is capable of measuring both load and generation when generation of SQMD is from ISO certified Scheduling Coordinator (SC) 
     Should have the minimum of the following technical specification standards: 
     ANSI C12 along with other UDC and LRA requirements at time of install 
     ANSI C12.1—American National Standard Code For Electricity Metering 
     ANSI C12.6—American National Standard For Marking And Arrangement Of Terminals For Phase-Shifting Devices Used In Metering 
     ANSI C12.7—American National Standard For Watt-hour Meter Sockets 
     ANSI C12.8—American National Standard For Test Blocks And Cabinets For installation Of Self-Contained A-Base Watt-hour Meters 
     ANSI C12.9—American National Standard For Test Switches For Transformer-Rated Meters 
     ANSI C12.10—American National Standard For Electromechanical Watt-hour Meters 
     ANSI C12.11—American National Standard For Instrument Transformers For Revenue Metering, 10 kV BIL Through 350 kV BIL 
     ANSI C12.16—American National Standard For Solid-State Electricity Meters 
     ANSI C12.18—American National Standard For Protocol Specification For ANSI Type 2 Optical Port 
     ANSI C12.20—American National Standard For Electricity Meters 0.2 and 0.5 Accuracy Class 
     ANSI C57.13—IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers 
     Revenue quality with a 0.2 Accuracy Class 
     Remotely accessibly, reliable, 60 Hz, three phase, bi-directional, programmable and multifunction, and certified for correction operation at the service voltage. If single phase connection then metering device requirements should meet utility distribution companies. 
     Capable of measuring kWh, kVARh, and providing calculated three phase values for kVAh, kVA 
     Should have demand function including cumulative, rolling, block interval demand calculation and maximum demand peaks 
     Should be battery backup for maintaining RAM and a real-time clock during outages of up to 60 days. 
     Should be capable of being powered either internally or externally from an AC source. It is recommended that all meters have an auxiliary source or emergency backup source of power to avoid loss of data. 
     Should be capable of providing data to the data collection system used by the Scheduling Coordinator. 
     Should be capable of providing interval data at granularity required based on market participation. 
     Should be capable of 60 days storage of kWh, KVARh, and/or 4 quadrant interval data 
     Should be calibrated to provide the following accuracy:
         0.2% at full load at power factor of 100%;   0.25% at full load at power factor of 50% lag;   0.25% at full load power factor at 50% lead; and   0.25% at light load at power factor of 100%.       

    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    shows an exemplary process for optimizing electricity cost for power consumers. 
         FIGS.  2 A- 2 C  illustrate an exemplary on-line user interface to illustrate electricity cost analysis and recommendations for a customer. 
         FIGS.  2 D- 2 E  illustrate an exemplary electricity costs analysis and recommendation for a customer. 
         FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  illustrate in more detail operation  2  of  FIG.  1   , while  FIG.  3 C  illustrates an exemplary cost saving projection. 
         FIG.  4    shows an exemplary hardware formed using the capacity sizing solution in the process of  FIG.  1   . 
         FIG.  5    shows in more details one implementation of  FIG.  4   . 
         FIG.  6    shows an optional PV module that is connected to the ESS of  FIG.  4   . 
         FIG.  7    shows an exemplary cloud based energy management system. 
         FIG.  8    shows an exemplary Data Distribution Service (DDS) system. 
         FIG.  9    shows an exemplary scenario with a DDS-based EMS. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
       FIG.  1    shows an exemplary process for optimizing electricity cost for power consumers. The process starts by profiling the customer Electricity Usage using historical 15 min interval data gathered from utility GB data sharing or utility interval data files, and such information is used to illustrate potential approaches for cost savings ( 2 ). The result is rendered as an online service as illustrated in the exemplary user interface of  FIGS.  2 A- 2 B , and a report can be generated as illustrated in  FIG.  2 C . Next, the process optimizes Resource Capacity of Equipment based on Profile and Design Equipment including ESS or ESS+ Alternative Generation with the Capacity ( 4 ). 
     The equipment is enhanced with separate meters, one for the load, one for the Regional ISO (such as the California Independent System Operator), and one for the network operations center (NOC) controller and for local control of equipment ( 6 ). The NOC manages the equipment to minimize cost for customer ( 8 ) and to provide on-site availability of Power to Grid on Demand ( 10 ). 
     As the NOC controls a large number of distributed equipment that can provide precise available power for the grid operation on demand, the NOC acts as virtual power plant whose power can be drawn on-demand over a selected period to avoid high costs and electricity losses of peaking plants while assisting in the relief of congestion interties of electricity transporting through the grid, for example. 
       FIGS.  2 A- 2 B  illustrates an exemplary on-line user interface to illustrate electricity cost analysis and recommendations for a customer, while  FIG.  2 C  illustrates an exemplary electricity costs analysis and what will be provided by the system for a customer site. 
     Turning now to  FIGS.  2 A- 2 C , the set of User Interfaces consists of,
         a) Logging in with user name and Id.   b) Click on ESSEmulator.   c) Select customer&#39;s profile from the list.   d) Select from ‘Validate Customers Profile (VCP)’, ARES™ (50, 75, 95), Conventional Solar.   e) Click on customer load graph to view Monthly to Daily, Daily to 15 Min interval.   f) Click ‘Back’ button to view 15 Min interval to Daily, and Daily to Monthly.   g) Click ‘Back to all’ button to view 15 Min interval or Daily to Monthly Graph.       

     Customers who are registered with the system and connected with 15 min interval data such as Green Button to the system database will be profiled in the savings simulator. Utility Tariff Rate Schedule, energy consumption pattern will be displayed. 
     The system operator can select Customer from the list, and the site load data, and tariff rate schedule will be automatically displayed. Next, QBR Analysis software will be providing optimal input capacity by looking at the highest peak and lowest peak during the peak hours. The 95 percent of lowest peak, and 50% of the highest peak. Whichever has lower value will be the optimal input capacity. The software will display demand cut (50%, 75%, 95%) on the customers load graph during highest peak hours (4 pm to 9 pm). The optimized scenario adjusts system output so that the lowest power consumption is at zero. The savings caused by Energy Storage System will be generated and displayed. The software can display the highest peak date graph with 50%, 75%, 95%, and optimized graph of highest peak during peak hours. That will be used as system input capacity and will display demand cut by the input capacity during the highest peak (4 pm to 9 pm) and savings will be generated based on the amount cut and tariff schedule. A conventional Solar Analysis can also be done to show the difference between traditional solar on demand/usage at site versus AERS™ optimum with or without solar, where the software will display solar kWh cut on the customers load graph during sun hours (11 am to 5 pm). The solar input and output data are based on NREL PVwatt calculator where QBR analysis system connects directly with through API. A visual of traditional and optimum of solar kWh cut will be displayed on the customers load graph during the sun hours and highest peak expensive hours of grid. Using customer&#39;s address information, NREL API will provided the solar input and output data to generate the enhanced QBR ESS+Solar system projection data. 
     As shown in  FIGS.  2 D- 2 E , QBR savings analysis report for ESS+Solar specializes in analyzing optimum system capacity based on load analysis of site for the purpose of reliability, congestion relief, cost reduction and deferral needs of grid operation rather than the traditional increasing of solar system capacity and alteration of utility rate tariff to accommodate grid balancing. Solar generation can then significantly be in a real-time controllable environment to be utilized at the proper times of load usage and grid needs with less costs for customers, utility and grid operators. 
       FIGS.  3 A- 3 B  shows in more details the profiling operation  2  of  FIG.  1   . Turning now to  FIG.  3 A , more details are provided for determining the client profile. First, the process obtains a Validated Customer/Clients Profile (VCP). The customer authorizes and provides 15 min interval data, and in one embodiment with PG&amp;E as the utility, this is done via a Green Button connection (“Validation Process”). The most recent one-year data of the customer&#39;s consumption behavior is digitized by yearly/monthly/daily patterns to find the Demand Peak Patterns and the Patterns during ON PEAK hours under Utility Tariffs. Typically the utility and grid operators provides 2-3 times more demand capacity than actual usage of clients. This causes significant “waste” by oversupplying energy, transmission delivery capacity (T-Demand) and distribution delivery capacity (D-Demand). The system performs synchronizing of customer&#39;s pattern into Grid operation, which is the ultimate goal of “Balancing.” 
     Turning now to  FIG.  3 B , the process of emulating and optimizing BTM Resources and Savings is detailed. An Emulator calculates and optimizes the capacity of BTM resources which can be integrated with Energy Storage System (ESS) and Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells. One implementation of the Emulator runs the following pseudocode:
         Find the highest peak (kW) during ON PEAK hours (highest electricity price by congested pricing)   Find the lowest peak (kW) during ON PEAK hours   Calculate both monthly (seasonal effects are counted) and daily   Calculate 95% of lowest peak and compensate with highest peak with compensators of 50%, 75% and 95%, and optimized (or lowest consumption at zero)       

     As an example, a Client with 1,000 kW (highest peak) and 800 kW (lowest peak during ON PEAK hours)
         Optimum ESS Capacity: 800 kW×95%=760 kW compensated with 76% of highest peak   Client&#39;s utility ON PEAK hours: 5 Hours   Total Storage Capacity=760 kW×5 hours=3,800 kWh   System Configuration of ESS: 760 kW (PCS)+3,800 kWh (Li-Battery)*—will be further adjusted by ex-factory hardware standard capacity (“name plate capacity”)   Solar PV uses ONLY TO FEED BATTERY (i.e., NO A/C connection to Grid)   Customer&#39;s site sun radiation hours: 6 hours (example)   Maximum capacity of energy production from Solar: 3,800 kWh calculated by battery capacity   3,800 kWh×365 days/year=1,387,000 kWh/year   1,387,000 kWh to reverse calculated PV panel capacity from NREL (PV watts calculator): 1,387,000/6 hours/82% (NREL)/365 days=772kWdc of Solar PV required   *760 kW PCS+3,800 kWh Li-Battery+772kWdc Solar PV are optimized to realize THE MAXIMUM VALUE OF ENERGY to balance rate and balance grid        

       FIG.  3 C  shows an exemplary cost saving projection. In one embodiment, QBR Integration CONTROLS ENERGY AND TIME. QBR delivers precise amount of energy at the best time which often occurs highest price due to congestion of demand. QBR Integration saves BOTH DEMAND CHARGE ($/kW) and ENERGY CHARGE ($/kWh). QBR can precisely reduce Demand Peak and shows approximately 3 time more savings than that of conventional solar saving projections 
     AERS™ QBR system integration designs with existing infrastructure in mind to help utilities, state, and authorized local jurisdiction (ALJ) defer and/or reduce the cost of upgrades and improvements to accommodate societal changes such as population/development growth, climate, and/or increased electrical connecting device lifestyles by balancing the electricity usage demand synchronized with grid operation balancing 24/7/365. 
     Conventional solar system and its capacity is designed based on fix time (NREL sun hours) and financial attributes for the solar system energy generation itself such as utility solar tariffs which are normally capped for retail rates (non-export connection) or using variable hourly wholesale rates (export connection). In other words, the solar system is not controllable and/or synced with grid balancing operation. Therefore, when highest cost of on-peak hours changes with utility and grid balancing operation of physical electron supply and demand the solar power generation from the conventional system becomes part of the “wasted” power supply in the energy transportation chain and requires more expansive peaking power generation needed for grid stability. By using AERS™ Optimum QBR system configuration of ESS+Solar three things occur: 1) equipment costs of system integration reduces as solar becomes a DC coupled system directly into ESS power conversion system (PCS), therefore solar invertors are eliminated; 2) since solar is designed mainly for the purpose of assisting the energizing of ESS, system capacity of solar will never be more than ESS capacity and physical electrons does not directly connect to load usage directly; 3) controlled time operation of solar electron usage, which can be mostly dispatched accordingly on the hours of most needed times for both grid and usage demand, thus no alterations of utility tariff rate schedules is necessary and the dependency of sun hours can be irrelevant for grid operation. 
       FIG.  4    shows an exemplary system designed in  FIG.  1   . In this system, power is supplied by the grid and consumed by one or more loads. Such consumption is measured by a utility meter  102  and a site meter  104 , and a performance meter  106 . Data captured by meter  106  is provided to a telemetry unit  108  that provides to an ISO/utility authorized communication protocol  110 . The output of telemetry unit  108 , along with the site meter  104 , is provided to an energy storage system (ESS) controller  116 . The controller  116  also receives line quality data as captured through protective relays  114 . The controller  116  also controls HVAC systems, fire alarms, alert signal systems, and/or suppression systems, sensors, and input/output devices  122 . The controller  116  also controls a battery system  124  with a battery management system and a plurality of battery racks. The controller  116  can control the charging of the battery system  124  using a power conversion system  126 , which has a DC disconnect  128  for safe disconnect from the battery system  124 . Similarly, an AC disconnect  130  is positioned between grid power and a second AC disconnect  132  before power goes into the PCS  126 . Additionally, other PCS systems or battery systems  140  can be connected to the output of the AC disconnect  130 . 
     The ESS  116  selectively provides power in response to a customer power demand and energy usage behavior to prevent a customer grid power consumption from high spiking peaks during the grids most unstable or imbalanced high cost times. For the majority of AERS™ QBR operation, the customer&#39;s power consumption is well within the utility and grid operations baseload supply thus keeping the electric bill at the lowest cost possible. During the off-peak hours usually the baseload&#39;s low-cost rate period, the ESS is charged or energized from the grid power some or all of energy needed depending on QBR ESS or ESS+alternative power generation system installed on site. The increase of site loads off peak cost hours are minimal if any because discharging hours of QBR ESS for high cost on peak hours are mainly 6 hours or less accumulated in a 24 hours period and the lowest cost hours for charging can be spread through efficiently through a spread of the rest of 18 hours. 
     As the ESS  116  only kicks in on a minority of the time, the ESS  116  contains power that can be tapped into to correct grid disturbances. This ability is enhanced when aggregation of ESS  116  connected at C&amp;I main electric switchgears that can be controlled by a network operations center (NOC) to collectively supply power into the grid by discharging for reduction of load from grid or by charging to increase load consumption when grid is over energized to address a power imbalance that can lead to brown-outs. When such collection of ESSes provide power to the grid, they can be compensated by the utility or ISO. The utility wins because it can avoid spending billions on a new powerplant, and the ESS/NOC wins with extra revenue from being a virtual power plant that can inject or reduce power for a selected period in response to a request from an ISO or a utility. Thus, the meters need to be ISO allowable and/or revenue grade meters. 
     In the system of  FIG.  4   , the utility meter and the ISO meter are revenue grade meters that conform to specifications by the utility and the ISO. Meter data represents the energy generated or consumed during a settlement interval. The ISO, ISO metered entities, and scheduling coordinator (SC) metered entities follow prescribed processes and procedures to ensure the data is settlement quality. The ISO meter performs accurate metering of electricity generated or consumed provides key data inputs for accurate settlement calculations. Direct measurement of a generator or load participant through telemetry allows the ISO or the utility to manage and monitor power generation in real-time. The specification of the meter is highly controlled, as the ISO and utility bill based on the meter output. 
     In one embodiment, CAISO Metered Entities ensure that the Meter Data obtained by the CAISO directly from their revenue quality meters is raw, unedited and un-aggregated Meter Data in kWh values. The CAISO or SC will be responsible for the Validation, Estimation, and Editing process of that Meter Data in order to produce Settlement Quality Meter Data. 
     The system of  FIG.  4    conforms to utility and ISO specifications, as the ISO controls the local utilities to ensure orderly operation for electricity supply in a region. For example, the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) is a non-profit Independent System Operator (ISO) serving California and oversees the operation of California&#39;s bulk electric power system, transmission lines, and electricity market generated and transmitted by its member utilities. By providing a separate compliant meter for the ISO, the system can now participate direct to the ISO to help facilitate local utility&#39;s reliability and CAISO&#39;s grid balancing of energy supply and demand. Each QBR resource are registered with CAISO SC resource ID and AERS™ Point of Control/Trade (POC/POT) ID that are synchronized with utility rate tariff, system load meter data, and CAISO Lap Points and pNodes. 
       FIG.  5    shows in more details one implementation of  FIG.  4   . In this embodiment, a meter and a NOC network controller are connected to a power management system (PMS). The PMS in turn is connected to each of the aggregated ESS management system that are connected a remote on site NOC controller. Each BMS/PCS combination is tied to manual stop button or disconnect switches and circuit breakers on site to ensure safety and security of onsite system. Also, to ensure proper metering telemetry and the safety of physical electricity connection, the QBR system it is protected using protective relays approved by utilities. In turn each of the QBR POC satisfies the minimum requirement of California Public Utilities Commission Electrical Interconnection Tariff Rule 21. 
     The charging and discharging scheduling method for ESS in  FIG.  4 - 5    under time-of-use price applied in one embodiment, accesses the ESS as part of electricity grid device to safely and efficiently deliver electricity to and from buildings, that plays a role of load shifting, improves the safety and stability of the power and energy usage operation under time-of-use price, and meanwhile increases the efficiency of energy utilization and the economy of the transmission and distribution grid and load usage operation, that can truly make building-to-grid (B2G) feasible and controllable building demand into grid assets. 
     The charging and discharging scheduling method for the system of  FIG.  4 - 5    under time-of-use price applied in one embodiment, incorporates not only the ESS, but also the photovoltaic unit, and other power sources such as gas generator, into the optimal scheduling model of B2G, which consummates the optimal scheduling model considering only the ESS. 
       FIG.  6    shows an optional PV module that is connected to the ESS of  FIG.  4   . In this embodiment, the PV module provides power to the ESS that is then smoothed and used and/or stored by. As power is needed through the balancing of the grid operation chain, building&#39;s load usage can then provide and facilitate through the control of QBR systems. In another perspective the building&#39;s switchgear is upgraded to become a smart switch by adding on QBR attributes as a behind-the-meter resource for utilities and grid operators without the actual upgrade costs and time constraints. In this embodiment, a combiner collects outputs from the PV arrays, and the collective PV outputs are provided directly to a DC to DC coupled PCS connected to storage unit. When needed, the ESS drives an inverter to generate AC outputs, thus eliminates electricity loss or waste of generation. One embodiment runs the following determinations: 
     a. winter_energy_arbitrage=winter_partpeak_energy−winter_offpeak_energy 
     b. summer_energy_arbitrage=summer_maxpeak_energy−summer_partpeak_energy 
     c. arbitrage_avg_rate=(winter_energy_arbitrage*8+summer_energy_arbitrage*4)/12 
     d. energy_avg_rate=(winter_partpeak_energy*8+summer_maxpeak_energy*4)/12 
     e. Solar_saving_DC_yr1=Summer_Maxpeak_demand*Input_capacity*4 
     f. ECM_Saving_yr(n)=energy_avg_rate*Input_capacity*5*365*(1.05)n−1 
     g. Total_saving_yr(n)=Solar_saving_DC_yr(n)+ECM_Saving_yr(n) 
     h. WO_soalr_Total_yr(n)=Solar_saving_DC_yr(n)+WO_solar_ECM_yr(n) 
     i. HoursFilterData={A⊆Data: Data is in between 4 pm to 9 pm} 
     j. AERS 
     i. AERS_power_base=min(HoursFilter(daily_max)*0.5, HoursFilter(daily_min)*0.95) 
     ii. AERS_50=AERS_power_base*0.5 
     iii. AERS_75=AERS_power_base*0.75 
     iv. AERS_90=AERS_power_base*0.95 
     v. AERS_OPTIMUM=For all energy usage between 4 pm to 9 pm, subtract daily_min 
     k. Conventional Solar 
     .PvWATT is an API call accepts parameters including input capacity, address, and so on. 
     i.sunhours=PvWATT(input, address)/input/30 
     In this embodiment, the customer&#39;s consumption history data is automatically download from Utility Servers, called “GREEN BUTTON.” An emulator calculates and computes lowest peak data during TOU-ON PEAK with highest peak one per yearly, monthly and daily out of the customer&#39;s history data. The emulator computes OPTIMUM capacity of resources, such as Energy Storage System, Solar PV and Gas Generator, in order to maximize economy value of the resources. The OPTIMUM CAPACITY value generates economy projections over 20-project years. VCP is a requirement in order to apply for California SGIP incentives program. Based on VCP, the system provides the fully TOU synchronized system design, called Qualified Balance Resources (QBR). QBR provides Definitive Capacity of Resources made by one or multiple integrations from Energy Storage System, Solar PV and Gas Generator as well as Grid power. The capacity from each resource shall be computed and synchronized by TOU patterns of the users and GRID. 
       FIG.  7    shows an exemplary web architecture for the cloud based energy management system. The system includes web/html clients that communicate over http channels to an application server with an Application Program Interface (API). The server and API handler communicates with a database server that responds with data upon request. 
     The AERS technology is applied with an energy management system (EMS) to operate energy storage resources from Behind-the-Retail Meter. The EMS system exists at each end, which plays the role of organically controlling and monitoring terminals such as relays, meters, BMS, and PCS. In the past, devices similar to EMS existed, but it was composed of a traditional server-client structure, having potential problems. The server-many client model has the following problems. First, the state of the server affects the entire system. Since the server has to handle real-time responses from multiple clients, the load is always high, and the server system down due to this high load is fatal to the system&#39;s reliability. Second, it is about the scalability of the server. The traditional server-client architecture makes it difficult to expand the server to support more clients. Third, servers are always vulnerable to hacking, such as attacks from hackers and malware attacks. Due to the above problems, it is not easy or impossible to implement a safe, reliable, and available system through traditional methods. An EMS trace subsystem with transceivers communicate with the EMS global data space to provide run-time verification. 
     To address the above issues,  FIG.  8    shows an exemplary Data Distribution Service (DDS) system. AERS embraces a distributed network&#39;s advantages, providing a global data space, quality of service (QoS), filtering, dynamic discovery, scalable architecture, and enhanced security as shown in  FIG.  8   . In this embodiment, a plurality of EMS edge publishers (or writers), each conforming to QoS requirements, communicate wirelessly over a cloud to an EMS global data space that includes BMS, Meter, PCS, and control software. A plurality of EMS edge subscriber devices (or readers) receive data from the EMS global data space. 
     The DDS is a state-of-the-art methodology/technology in which each node can exist independently and, at the same time, perform information exchanges. Also, AERS has an additional layer that guarantees traceability and a response within 1000 ms, making it possible to ensure real-time, which is significant in the energy market. Through this, EMS devices of AERS, which are distributed everywhere, search/build networks with each other, and in the event of a failure, they can perform safe data exchange without affecting other EMSs. 
     The energy market is changing from a large power plant to numerous small virtual power plants. These changes are challenging to cope with traditional system architecture/techniques, and AERS proposes a real-time, traceable system based on DDS. 
       FIG.  9    shows an exemplary scenario with a DDS-based EMS.  FIG.  9    shows a sequence diagram showing a scenario in which a DDS-based EMS works. The EMS Global Space is not a physical but logical domain in this embodiment, having a distributed network. Each EMS Edge first looks for the DDS-EMS network. Each node receives an acknowledgment (ACK) and receives a signal that it has successfully connected. EMS Trace records all actions that occur (black box), which is passed on to the Runtime Verification (RV) unit. Each edge performs read/write according to the QoS, and when it violates the 1000 ms operation time limit, which is global QoS, it also informs the trace. EMS Trace converts the recognized signal into a well-defined property and delivers it to the RV, and the RV performs runtime monitoring based on Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). This RV is an in-situ middleware that always checks/monitors the overall safety of the system. Pseudo-codes for the modules in  FIG.  9    include: 
     Writer of EMS edge Module or Node 
     01 With DDS.interface.open connector(Participant, SubParticipant) as connector 
     02 Output=connector.get_output( ) 
     03 Topic.register(“EMSData”) 
     04 Output.wait_for_subscription(Topic) 
     05 While(true) 
     06 (Meter, PCS, BMS, Relay)=getEMSEdgeData( ) 
     07 Output.setData(Meter) 
     08 Output.setData(PCS) 
     09 Output.setData(BMS) 
     10 Output.setData(Relay) 
     11 Output.write( ) 
     12 Wait(1000 ms−time taken for getEMSEdgeData( )−jitter) 
     Pseudo code: EMSTrace Module or Node 
     01 With DDS.interface.open connector(Participant, SubParticipant) as connector 
     02 Input=connector.get_input( ) 
     03 Output=connector.get_output( ) 
     04 Topic.register(“EMSData”, “Trace”) 
     05 Input.wait_for_publication(Topic[0]) 
     06 Output.wait_for_subscription(Topic[1]) 
     07 While(true) 
     08 Input.wait( ) 
     09 Input.take( ) 
     10 Array of microOperations=convertToMicroOperations(Input.instance.get( )) 
     11 Database.insert(Array of microOperations) 
     12 Output.setData(convertToProperty(Input.instance.get( )) 
     Pseudo code: Reader of EMS edge Module or Node 
     01 With DDS.interface.open_connector(Participant, SubParticipant) as connector 
     02 Input=connector.get_input( ) 
     03 Topic.register(“EMSData”) 
     04 Input.wait_for_publication(Topic) 
     05 While(true) 
     06 AERS_Algorithm( ) 
     07 Input.wait( ) 
     08 Input.take( ) 
     09 (Command, Argument0, Argument1, Argument2)=Input.instance.get( ) 
     10 EMSCommand(Command, Argument0, Argument1, Argument2) 
     In some embodiments, the above systems may be implemented as a cloud-based computing environment, such as a virtual machine operating within a computing cloud. In other embodiments, the computer system may itself include a cloud-based computing environment, where the functionalities of the computer system are executed in a distributed fashion. Thus, the computer system, when configured as a computing cloud, may include pluralities of computing devices in various forms, as will be described in greater detail below. In general, a cloud-based computing environment is a resource that typically combines the computational power of a large grouping of processors (such as within web servers) and/or that combines the storage capacity of a large grouping of computer memories or storage devices. Systems that provide cloud-based resources may be utilized exclusively by their owners or such systems may be accessible to outside users who deploy applications within the computing infrastructure to obtain the benefit of large computational or storage resources. The cloud may be formed, for example, by a network of web servers that comprise a plurality of computing devices, such as the computer system, with each server (or at least a plurality thereof) providing processor and/or storage resources. These servers may manage workloads provided by multiple users (e.g., cloud resource customers or other users). Typically, each user places workload demands upon the cloud that vary in real-time, sometimes dramatically. The nature and extent of these variations typically depends on the type of business associated with the user. 
     As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the present disclosure may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, the present disclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer-readable medium(s) having computer-readable program code embodied thereon. 
     Any combination of one or more computer-readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. A computer-readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. 
     A computer-readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer-readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer-readable signal medium may be any computer-readable medium that is not a computer-readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. Program code embodied on a computer-readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.