Patent Publication Number: US-2004055513-A1

Title: Fiber gel mixture for use in cementicious products

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
     [0001] This application is a continuation in part application of commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/252,598, entitled: FIBER GEL MIXTURE FOR USE IN CEMENTICIOUS PRODUCTS, filed, Sep. 23, 2002, this application (Ser. No. 10/252,598) incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     
       FIELD OF INVENTION  
       [0002] The present invention relates to a gel or thickened aqueous composition containing fibers, with the composition intended for use in cement and similar compositions. The gel mixture serves as a conduit for facilitating the introduction and mixing of the fibers with the cement.  
       BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
       [0003] It is known that adding fibers to cement, mortar, concrete, or similar compositions (referred to throughout as cement) will increase the flexular and tensile strength of the cured product. Additionally, the fibers prevent, minimize, or inhibit, cracking in the cured cement. Cement is defined as any mixture of fine-ground lime, alumina, and silica that will set to a hard product by admixture of water which combines chemically with other ingredients to form a hydrate. Mortar is defined as a type of adhesive or bonding agent that may be either inorganic or organic, soft and workable when fresh but sets to a hard, infusible solid on curing, either by hydraulic action or by chemical crosslinking. The chief ingredients of inorganic mortars are cement, lime, silica, sulfur, and sodium or potassium silicate. Concrete is defined as a conglomerate of gravel, pebbles, sand, broken stone, and blast-furnace slag or cinders, termed the aggregate, imbedded in a matrix of either mortar or cement, usually standard Portland cement in the United States.  
       [0004] The addition of fibers to a cement mixture, prior to pouring, will minimize or inhibit cracking in the cured cement product. Minimization and inhibition of cracks is one of the primary reasons for adding fibers to cement. As such, it is well known and desired to add various synthetic fibers or other fibrous materials to cement compositions, as the fibers result in a more desired cured cement product.  
       [0005] Fibers are typically added to cement mixers prior to pouring at a construction site. The fibers are available in bags that are added directly to the mixer, whereby the bags will dissolve in the cement mixture found in the mixer. As such, the bags are added by hand, by workers. Unfortunately, there is no verification concerning whether the proper number of bags were added to the cement mixture. For example, if a bag is dropped on the ground prior to mixing, it is likely that it or a replacement will not be added to the mix. Whether the fibers have been added in the correct amount cannot generally be verified. For this reason, it is desired to have a way to better control and monitor the addition of the fibers.  
       [0006] The method for adding the fibers is not automated, which contributes to the inaccurate addition of the fiber material to the cement material. For this reason, it is desired to have a method that allows for more accurate metering and addition of the fibers to the cement.  
       [0007] Typically, a cement truck must be directed to a staging area other than where the cement is added for the bags of fibers to be added thereto. The fibers are added at a location away from where the cement is added. As such, the cement trucks line up and have cement added thereto, with the fibers then added at a different location for safety reasons. This can be time consuming and inefficient. It is desired to have a more efficient method for adding the fibers.  
       [0008] The fibers to be added to the cement typically have a low density and, as such, they tend to float. Conversely, some fibers are of a density such that they sink. Such characteristics make it difficult to readily mix the fibers into a water-based, aqueous solution. Consequently, the fibers are not pre-mixed with water prior to the addition of the fibers to the cement. For this reason, it is desired to have a carrier for use with the fibers, which allows for the suspension of the fibers and easy mixing in the cement. The carrier form should be other than a dry mix to ensure easier addition to the cement. It is especially desired to have fibers available in an aqueous form, whereby the fibers are suspended.  
       [0009] Thus, it is desired to have a fiber composition which can be more easily added to cement. It is further desired to have a composition that can be easily metered and controlled by an automated process to ensure accurate addition. It is further desired to eliminate manual addition by workers of the fibers to the cement.  
       SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
       [0010] The present invention relates to an aqueous gel solution, which is a fiber carrier, that can be mixed with cement. In particular, the present invention relates to an aqueous solution containing fibers for use in cement. The present invention further relates to an uncured cement composition containing an amount of cement, fibers, and an aqueous gel composition. The invention further relates to a method for adding fibers to cement.  
       [0011] The aqueous gel solution is of a density and viscosity such that the fibers are suspended, whereby the fibers will not readily sink or float. Also, the gel solution has sufficient flow characteristics to be easily metered into the cement. The gel viscosity will be increased or decreased, dependent upon the density of the particular fiber selected. The aqueous gel solution is formed from water and a thickener, with the amount of thickener varied according to the desired viscosity. Also, different types of thickeners or thickening agents impart different viscosities. As such, the thickener is selected from any of a variety of constituents and mixed with water. Importantly, a gel mixture is formed that will hold fibers for a sufficient period of time in a suspended state so that the fibers won&#39;t readily sink or float.  
       [0012] The fibers are added in an amount equal to between 0.1 and 15 lbs. of dry fiber to one gallon of gel. Most synthetic fibers, such as polypropylene, will be added in an amount equal to between 0.5 to 2 lbs. of dry fiber, to one gallon of gel. Heavier fiber materials, such as steel fiber, will be added in an amount equal to between 8 and 12 lbs. of fiber per one gallon of gel. The amount of fiber added to the gel will depend on the desired finished characteristics of the cement, the type of fiber added, and the constituent used to form the gel. The fibers can be selected from any of a variety of constituents, as long as the cured concrete properties are improved. In particular, the fiber material should inhibit cracking. The fibers range in length between 0.0625 inches and 2.5 inches. It is preferred to have a length ranging between 0.25 inches and 0.75 inches. Any length can be used as long as the cement properties are improved, and the fibers are adequately mixed into the cement. The available fibers include polypropylene, polyester, nylon, steel, and combinations thereof. The gel with the fibers is added to the cement in an amount equal to between 1 quart and 20 gallons per cubic yard of cement.  
       [0013] The method includes adding fibers to cement, with the method initiated by forming a gel composition from fibers and a thickened aqueous composition. Next, the method includes adding the gel composition to cement prior to pouring. As such, a method for adding fibers to cement is provided.  
       [0014] The present invention is advantageous because a method for the controlled and monitored addition of fibers to cement is provided. Additionally, the gel composition is preferred, because it enhances dispersion and addition of the fibers in the cement. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0015] Attention is now directed to the drawing figures, where like numerals, letters and characters indicate corresponding or like components. In the drawings:  
     [0016]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and  
     [0017]FIG. 2 is a front view of the container and its attachment to the pump of the embodiment of FIG. 1. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
     [0018] The present invention relates to a gel composition, or thickened aqueous composition, containing an amount of a fiber constituent, with the aqueous gel composition for use in cement. The gel composition is a carrier for the fiber constituent. The present invention also relates to a cement composition, which includes the gel composition containing the fibers. Additionally, the present invention relates to a method for adding fibers to cement prior to the pouring and curing of the cement. Thus, the present invention relates to a gel composition containing an amount of a fiber constituent suspended within the gel composition, whereby the gel facilitates the mixing of the fibers with the cement.  
     [0019] The gel composition, also known as the thickened aqueous composition, is formed by mixing an amount of the fiber constituent with an amount of a gel constituent. Any of a variety of fibers may be used in the present invention as the fiber constituent, as long as the fibers are readily suited for use with cement, concrete, mortar, or similar compositions. The fibers are added to inhibit or prevent cracking in the cured cement products, and to preferably increase tensile and flexular strength. As such, the fibers should be of a character, whereby once added to cement, cracking is inhibited or prevented. Preferably, the fiber constituent is selected from the group, which includes polypropylene, polyester, nylon, steel, cotton, wool, iron shavings, rubber, aluminum, and combinations thereof. Any synthetic or natural fiber, which does not readily degrade in the cement and which imparts the desired improvements to the cement, can be used. The fibers will range in length between 0.0625 inches and 2.5 inches; however, other lengths can be used, as long as the fibers readily mix with the cement. More preferably, the fibers will have a length ranging between 0.25 and 0.75 inches. Additionally, the fibers will need to impart the desired characteristics. The fibers generally have a density equal to between 0.5 and 9.0. Any density may be used as long as the fiber material can be suspended. Synthetic fibers generally have a specific gravity ranging between 0.5 and 1.5. Steel fibers generally have a specific gravity ranging between 7.4 and 9.0. Ultimately, the fibers will be added to the cement in an amount equal to between 0.1 lbs. of dry fiber to 15 lbs. of dry fiber per gallon of gel. The gel is then added in an amount ranging between 1 quart and 20 gallons per cubic yard of cement.  
     [0020] The fiber constituent can be suspended in any of a variety of aqueous gel constituent compositions, or similar type aqueous carriers. The gel compositions should have a viscosity such that the selected fibers do not readily float to the top, or settle to the bottom of the solution. Water has a density of about 1 centipoise at 20° C. This is the standard from which the gel will be measured. As such, the gel should have a viscosity greater than 1.0 centipoise. The selected viscosity is dependent upon the selected fiber. The fibers should remain suspended in the solution. Typically, the aqueous solution will have a viscosity sufficient that the fibers will be suspended. Also, the solution should be of a sufficient flowability to ensure addition to cement. It is preferred for the aqueous solution to be water-based, as water mixes well with cement. Most importantly, the solution must be such that it can be readily mixed with cement without any adverse effects. Preferably, the aqueous solution is formed from water and a thickening agent to form a colloid suspension. A gel is defined as a colloid. In a colloid, the disperse phase has combined with the continuous phase to produce a viscous jelly-like product. A colloid solution is a system intermediate between a true solution and a suspension. Compositions suitable for use as thickeners for use in forming the gel include xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guarana gum, tragacahth gum, Arabic gum, cassia tora gum, sodium alginate potassium alginate, ammonium alginate, calcium alginate, alginate ester, carrageen, alpha cellulose, powdered cellulose, microcristilline cellulose, cologel, ethal cellulose, hydroxpropyl cellulose, carboxymetil cellulose, agar-agar, bentonite, cellulosit, attapulgate clay, actigel 150, bentone, gelatin, acacia, acaten, gum Arabic, cellulose dextran, furcellaran, ghatti, guar gum, karaya, konjac, locust bean, pectin, psyllium tamarine, and tragacanth. It should be noted that the aqueous solution should be one that is readily used under ambient conditions, and can be easily mixed so that heating is generally not required to blend the fibers with the gel.  
     [0021] The fiber and gel will be mixed in a ratio of 0.1 to 15 lbs. of dry fiber to about one gallon of gel. The ratio will be dependent on the density of the fiber and the viscosity of the gel. A more preferred range is as follows: 1 lb. of dry fiber to 1 gallon of gel.  
     [0022] The fiber and gel, in solution together, should be flowable such that upon delivery, fibers will not be stripped from the solution, while still remaining flowable. Fiber composition should be maximized within this limitation, in that the maximum amount of fibers will be passed in the fastest time.  
     [0023] Once the gel composition has been formed, it can be added to the cement composition. The gel composition can be added to any of a variety of compositions, including cement, concrete, mortar, and similar compositions. It is preferred to add the gel composition at the station where cement is placed into concrete trucks. Thus, the gel composition is added simultaneously with, or shortly thereafter, the addition of the cement to the cement mixer truck. Advantageously, the gel composition can be added via a metering system at the cement plant, whereby fibers are added without human input or responsibility. As such, the system for adding the fibers can be automated which will, in turn, reduce the possibility of human error.  
     [0024] The final fiber solution will be pumped, typically with a peristaltic/hose pump or a progressive cavity pump from a storage container into a weigh chamber, and then gravity fed into the ready mix truck or water scale. These hose/peristaltic pumps are preferred, as they are metering pumps, as they run at a constant speed. They are typically computer controlled metering pumps. This speed is translated into pumping at a set rate per minute, such that the desired amount of material can be pumped based on this known output per minute. Accordingly, the time in which the pump is pumping can be set by a computer controlled device, or other timing device, based on the known output rates.  
     [0025] Other pumps suitable for delivering this final fiber solution include, a single or double diaphragm pump, provided a wash cycle was introduces to the pump, progressive cavity pump, auger-style pump or lobe pump. Pumping should be at a speed that minimizes flow resistance and allows for gels with all sizes of fibers to move, and allows for batching within time restrictions. For example, typical pumping speeds can range from approximately 6 gallons per minute to approximately 12 gallons per minute, with a speed of 11.5 gallons per minute preferred.  
     [0026] The storage container is typically one with a conical bottom enabling material to move down without restriction. When bringing material into the pump from this storage container, the line in which this material is brought, should be smooth, without protrusions, burrs and the like, so as not to catch fibers and cause fiber build up to a point where clogs form. For this reason, this line typically includes bell reducers or swedges or other cone or funnel shaped reducing structures. The larger end is placed into the storage vessel while the smaller end is placed into the line for the pump.  
     [0027] The weigh chamber could be omitted, and the fiber solution could be verified with a flow meter, or other measuring device. The final fiber solution could be verified volumetrically. Any device can be used, as long as the device allows for accurate metering of the gel into the cement, for tracking the amount of gel metered, and is of a design such that the fibers do not get stuck in the device.  
     [0028] For example, FIGS. 1 and 2 show an exemplary apparatus  20  from which the fiber solution  21  is delivered to ready mix trucks or the like. The apparatus  20  includes a stand  22 , that supports a storage chamber or tote  24 , connected to a pump  26 , by a line  28  (an inflow line). The line  28  receives solution  21  from the storage chamber  24  (having an opening  29 ), through a bell reducer  30  and ball valve  32 , typically open and controlled manually.  
     [0029] The bell reducer  30  is typically necessary to provide a smooth movement of the solution between the opening  29  of the storage chamber  24 , for example, three inches in diameter, to the ball valve  32  and line  28 , for example, two inches in diameter. There may also be a bell reducer  34  between the line  28  and the pump  26 . A line  38  connects to the pump  26  and serves as an outflow line, through which solution is delivered to the trucks or the like, as noted in Examples 7-11 below. Solution flow through the apparatus in accordance with the arrows  40 .  
     EXAMPLES  
     Example 1  
     [0030] A cement mixture was prepared for use in comparing a cured cement product with a cement product having fibers added thereto.  
     [0031] The below list describes the starting materials, equipment, and characteristics:  
                               Mix ID No. 1                                                Description:   5 Sack Mix   W/C ratio:   0.64       Strength (fc):   N/A psi   Sack Content:   5.00 sk.       Slump:   4 inch   Gal/sk.:   7.20       Max. Size of Agg.:   1 inch   Un. Wt.:   146.3                  
 
     [0032] As can be seen, the process started with 5.00 sacks or 470 pounds of cementicious material mixed with 7.2 gallons of water per sack or 36 gallons of water. All procedures outlined in ASTM C31 were used to place the cement in molds. This was a standard mix, regardless of whether fibers were added.  
     [0033] A cement composition was formed. The following list describes the constituents added to the mixture used to form the cement:  
                                                       Batch   %   Sp.               Contents   Wt.   Used   Gr.       Volume                                                            Cement       400   85   3.15       2.04       Fly Ash-Class F       70   15   2.33       0.48       Sand       1581   50   2.62       9.67       1″ × #4       1247   39   2.65       7.54       ⅜″ × #8       352   11   2.65       2.13       Water   36.0 gal.   299.9               4.81       Entrapped Air   1.25%                   0.34           Wt. =   3950           Vol. =   27.00       ADMIXTURES:       None                  
 
     [0034] As can be seen, a mixture of ash, sand, and cement, without additives, was formed. The cement was cured and then tested.  
     [0035] Listed below are the results of tests conducted on the cured cement product:  
                                               Compressive       Field Test Results       Strength Results                                                        Slump:   5″   ASTM C143                   Concrete Temp:   79° F.   ASTM C231       Air Temp:   90° F.   ASTM C138   28 day   107820   3814       Time:   15:05   ASTM C1064   28 day   106740   3776       Time Set:   20:30       28 day   107280   3795                   avg.                  
 
     [0036] The results show a cement composition having characteristics similar to other known cement compositions.  
     Example 2  
     [0037] A cement mixture was prepared for use in comparing a cured cement product with a cement product having fibers added thereto.  
     [0038] The below list describes the starting materials, equipment, and characteristics:  
                               Mix I.D. No. 2                                                Description:   5 Sack Mix               Strength (fc):   N/A psi   W/C ratio:   0.64       Slump:   4 inch   Sack Content:   5.00 sk.       Max. Size of Agg.:   1 inch   Gal/sk.:   7.20               Un. Wt.:   146.3                  
 
     [0039] As can be seen, the process started with 5.00 sacks or 470 pounds of cementicious material mixed with 7.2 gallons of water per sack or 36 gallons of water. All procedures outlined in ASTM C31 were used to place the cement in molds. This was a standard mix, regardless of whether fibers were added.  
     [0040] A cement composition was formed. The following list describes the constituents added to the mixture used to form the cement:  
                                                       Batch       Sp.       Vol-       Contents   Wt.   % Used   Gr.       ume                                                            Cement       400   85   3.15       2.04       Fly Ash-Class F       70   15   2.33       0.48       Sand       1581   50   2.62       9.67       1″ × #4       1247   39   2.65       7.54       ⅜″ × #8       352   11   2.65       2.13       Water   36.0 gal.   299.9               4.81       Entrapped Air   1.25%                   0.34           Wt. =   3950           Vol. =   27.00       ADMIXTURES:       FiberFlo ™       3.0 Gal.   1.0 lb.                   Fiber                  
 
     [0041] As can be seen, a mixture of ash, sand, and cement, without additives, was formed. The cement was cured and then tested.  
     [0042] Listed below are the results of tests conducted on the cured cement product:  
                                               Compressive       Field Test Results       Strength Results                                                        Slump:   5″   ASTM C143                   Concrete Temp:   79° F.   ASTM C231       Air Temp:   90° F.   ASTM C138   28 day   120020   4245       Time:   15:05   ASTM C1064   28 day   129910   4595       Time Set:   20:50       28 day   124965   4420                   avg.                  
 
     [0043] As can be seen, when compared to the cement of Example 1, the present cement had better compressive strength. Importantly, the cement was observed not to crack.  
     Example 3  
     [0044] A cement mixture was prepared for use in comparing a cured cement product with a cement product having fibers added thereto.  
     [0045] The below list describes the starting materials, equipment, and characteristics:  
                               Mix I.D. No. 3                                                Project:                   Contractor:       Description:   2000 psi Pump Mix       Strength (fc):   2000 psi   W/C ratio:   0.68       Slump:   4 inch   Sack Content:   5.50 sk.       Max. Size of Agg.:   ⅜ inch   Gal/sk.:   7.64               Un. Wt.:   143.2                  
 
     [0046] As can be seen, the process started with 5.50 sacks or 517 pounds of cementicious material mixed with 7.64 gallons of water per sack or 42.02 gallons of water. All procedures outlined in ASTM C31 were used to place the cement in molds. This was a standard mix, regardless of whether fibers were added.  
     [0047] A cement composition was formed and poured into a mold. The following list describes the constituents added to the mixture used to form the cement:  
                                                       Batch       Sp.       Vol-       Contents   Wt.   % Used   Gr.       ume                                                            Cement       439   85   3.15       2.23       Fly Ash-Class F       78   15   2.33       0.54       Sand       2093   70   2.62       12.80       ⅜″ × #8       907   30   2.65       5.49       Water   42.0 gal.   349.9               5.61       Entrapped Air   1.25%                   0.34           Wt. =   3867           Vol. =   27.00       ADMIXTURES:       Water Reducer       3.0 cwt.   15.5 oz.                  
 
     [0048] As can be seen, a mixture of ash, sand, and cement, without additives, was formed. The cement was cured and then tested.  
     [0049] Listed below are the results of tests conducted on the cured cement product:  
                                               Compressive       Field Test Results       Strength Results                                                        Slump:   5″   ASTM C143                   Concrete Temp:   75° F.   ASTM C231       Air Temp:   84° F.   ASTM C138   28 day   95340   3372       Time:   13:40 pm   ASTM C1064   28 day   94270   3335       Time Set:   19:10 pm       28 day   94805   3354                   avg.                  
 
     [0050] As can be seen, when compared to the cement of Example 1, the present cement was similar.  
     Example 4  
     [0051] A cement mixture was prepared for use in comparing a cured cement product with a cement product having fibers added thereto.  
     [0052] The below list describes the starting materials, equipment, and characteristics:  
                               Mix I.D. No. 4                                                Description:   2000 psi Pump Mix   W/C ratio:   0.68       Strength (fc):   2000 psi   Sack Content:   5.50 sk.       Slump:   4 inch   Gal/sk.:   7.64       Max. Size of Agg.:   ⅜ inch   Un. Wt.   143.2                  
 
     [0053] As can be seen, the process started with 5.50 sacks or 517 pounds of cementicious material mixed with 7.64 gallons of water per sack or 42.02 gallons of water. All procedures outlined in ASTM C31 were used to place the cement in molds. This was a standard mix, regardless of whether fibers were added.  
     [0054] A cement composition was formed and poured into a mold. 51 pounds of mix were poured per mold. The following list describes the constituents added to the mixture used to form the cement:  
                                                       Batch       Sp.       Vol-       Contents   Wt.   % Used   Gr.       ume                                                            Cement       439   85   3.15       2.23       Fly Ash-Class F       78   15   2.33       0.54       Sand       2093   70   2.62       12.80       ⅜″ × #8       907   30   2.65       5.49       Water   42.0 gal.   349.9               5.61       Entrapped Air   1.25%                   0.34           Wt. =   3867           Vol. =   27.00       ADMIXTURES:       Water Reducer       3.0 cwt.   15.5 oz.       FiberFlo ™       0.833   1.00 lb.               gal                  
 
     [0055] As can be seen, a mixture of ash, sand, and cement, without additives, was formed. The cement was cured and then tested.  
     [0056] Listed below are the results of tests conducted on the cured cement product:  
                                               Compressive       Field Test Results       Strength Results                                                        Slump:   5″   ASTM C143                   Concrete Temp:   75° F.   ASTM C231       Air Temp:   84° F.   ASTM C138   28 day   95560   3380       Time:   13:40 pm   ASTM C1064   28 day   86360   3055       Time Set:   19:15 pm       28 day   90960   3218                   avg.                  
 
     [0057] As can be seen, when compared to the cement of Example 3, the present cement had similar compressive strength. Importantly, the cement was observed not to crack.  
     Example 5  
     [0058] To make an exemplary gel, the following was done. Xanthan gum powder and water were mixed with a hand mixer. The xanthan powder was dispersed during this process. The powder was simply added to the water. The final solution had 0.042 pounds of dry xanthan gum added to 1 gallon of water. The solution was mixed for 15-20 minutes. The fiber was added in small amounts during mixing. The process was done under ambient conditions.  
     Example 6  
     [0059] Another gel solution was prepared as follows:  
     [0060] A 2% xanthan solution was made by mixing 100 lbs. xanthan powder with 150 lbs. “surcide p” (a fungicide) and 4,750 lbs. water. The mixture was mixed at 1200 rpm with a cowles style dispersing blade for 30 minutes until fully dispersed.  
     [0061] The next series of Examples are directed to delivery of gel solutions (discussed above) by pumping to the cement mixture.  
     Example 7  
     [0062] A gel solution was prepared from 2000 pounds of water, 250 pounds of polypropylene fibers (maximum length 0.75 inch from PGI Fiber Source (Polymer Group Inc.), 701 E. Avenue A, Kingman, Kans. 67068, 20 pounds of dry Xanthan Gum Powder, commercially known as Industrial Grade Xantham from Archer Daniels Midland Corporation, and 60 pounds of liquid fungicide solution, commercially known as Surcide-P, from Surety Laboratories, Inc., 242 Old New Brunswick Rd., #100, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. This gel solution was placed into a standard Storage Vessel. A line was then placed into the storage vessel, this line attached to a peristaltic/hose pump, detailed below.  
     [0063] Delivery of this gel solution was found to be successful with four pumps, as follows.  
     [0064] An ASH/32 pump from Allweiler, AG, Radolfzell, Germany having a 32 millimeter (mm) inner hose diameter, pumped the gel solution at speeds ranging from 6 gallons per minute to 11.5 gallons per minute, with 11.5 gallons per minute being preferred.  
     [0065] An ASH/40 pump from Allweiler, AG, Radolfzell, Germany having a 40 mm inner hose diameter, pumped the gel solution at a speed of 20 gallons per minute.  
     [0066] An Bredel SP/25 high-pressure hose pump from Watson-Marlow, Inc. 37 Upton Technology Park, Wilmington, Mass. 01887-1018, having a 25 mm inner hose diameter, pumped the gel solution at speeds ranging from 3 gallons per minute to 7 gallons per minute, with 7 gallons per minute being preferred.  
     [0067] An Bredel SP/40 high-pressure hose pump from Watson-Marlow, Inc. 37 Upton Technology Park, Wilmington, Mass. 01887-1018, having a 40 mm inner hose diameter, pumped the gel solution at a speed of 20 gallons per minute.  
     Example 8  
     [0068] A gel solution was prepared from 2000 pounds of water, 250 pounds of polypropylene fibers (maximum length 0.75 inch from PGI Fiber Source (Polymer Group Inc.), 701 E. Avenue A, Kingman, Kans. 67068, 30 pounds of dry Xanthan Gum Powder, commercially known as Industrial Grade Xantham from Archer Daniels Midland Corporation, and 60 pounds of liquid fungicide solution, commercially known as Surcide-P, from Surety Laboratories, Inc., 242 Old New Brunswick Rd., #100, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. This gel solution was placed into a standard Storage Vessel. A line was then placed into the storage vessel, this line attached to a peristaltic/hose pump, as described in Example 7 above.  
     [0069] Delivery of this gel solution was found to be successful with these four pumps (of Example 7 above).  
     Example 9  
     [0070] A gel solution was prepared from 2000 pounds of water, 250 pounds of polypropylene fibers (maximum length 0.75 inch from PGI Fiber Source (Polymer Group Inc.), 701 E. Avenue A, Kingman, Kans. 67068, 40 pounds of dry Xanthan Gum Powder, commercially known as Industrial Grade Xantham from Archer Daniels Midland Corporation, and 60 pounds of liquid fungicide solution, commercially known as Surcide-P, from Surety Laboratories, Inc., 242 Old New Brunswick Rd., #100, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. This gel solution was placed into a standard Storage Vessel. A line was then placed into the storage vessel, this line attached to a peristaltic/hose pump, as described in Example 7 above.  
     [0071] Delivery of this gel solution was found to be successful with these four pumps (of Example 7 above).  
     Example 10  
     [0072] A gel solution was prepared from 2000 pounds of water, 175 pounds of polypropylene fibers (maximum length 0.75 inch from PGI Fiber Source (Polymer Group Inc.), 701 E. Avenue A, Kingman, Kans. 67068, 20 pounds of dry Xanthan Gum Powder, commercially known as Industrial Grade Xantham from Archer Daniels Midland Corporation, and 60 pounds of liquid fungicide solution, commercially known as Surcide-P, from Surety Laboratories, Inc., 242 Old New Brunswick Rd., #100, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. This gel solution was placed into a standard Storage Vessel. A line was then placed into the storage vessel, this line attached to a peristaltic/hose pump, as described in Example 7 above.  
     [0073] Delivery of this gel solution was found to be successful with these four pumps (of Example 7 above).  
     Example 11  
     [0074] A gel solution was prepared from 2000 pounds of water, 125 pounds of polypropylene fibers (maximum length 0.75 inch from PGI Fiber Source (Polymer Group Inc.), 701 E. Avenue A, Kingman, Kans. 67068, 20 pounds of dry Xanthan Gum Powder, commercially known as Industrial Grade Xantham from Archer Daniels Midland Corporation, and 60 pounds of liquid fungicide solution, commercially known as Surcide-P, from Surety Laboratories, Inc., 242 Old New Brunswick Rd., #100, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. This gel solution was placed into a standard Storage Vessel. A line was then placed into the storage vessel, this line attached to a peristaltic/hose pump, as described in Example 7 above.  
     [0075] Delivery of this gel solution was found to be successful with these four pumps (of Example 7 above).  
     Example 12  
     [0076] A gel solution was prepared from 2000 pounds of water, 70 pounds of polypropylene fibers (maximum length 0.75 inch from PGI Fiber Source (Polymer Group Inc.), 701 E. Avenue A, Kingman, Kans. 67068, 20 pounds of dry Xanthan Gum Powder, commercially known as Industrial Grade Xantham from Archer Daniels Midland Corporation, and 60 pounds of liquid fungicide solution, commercially known as Surcide-P, from Surety Laboratories, Inc., 242 Old New Brunswick Rd., #100, Piscataway, N.J. 08854. This gel solution was placed into a standard Storage Vessel. A line was then placed into the storage vessel, this line attached to a peristaltic/hose pump, as described in Example 7 above.  
     [0077] Delivery of this gel solution was found to be successful with these four pumps (of Example 7 above).  
     [0078] Thus, there has been shown and described a fiber gel mixture for use in concrete which fulfills all the objects and advantages sought therefor. It is apparent to those skilled in the art, however, that many changes, variations, modifications, and other uses and applications to the fiber gel mixture are possible, and also such changes, variations, modifications, and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention arc deemed to be covered by the invention, which is limited only by the claims which follow.