Patent Publication Number: US-2016221401-A1

Title: Laterally stable pneumatic tire

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the field of pneumatic tires. More particularly, the invention relates to a laterally stable tire, for use for example with heavy load vehicles such as a truck or van, and particularly for off-road vehicles, such as bulldozers, tractors, harvesters, forestry equipment, and military equipment, or with any other vehicle. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The design of tires for heavy load vehicles is influenced by two contradictory factors. On one hand, the tire has to withstand the relatively high load imposed by the vehicle, and is therefore designed with a relatively large tire width, as measured between the two sidewalls, and with a relatively large diameter. On the other hand, however, the increased tire dimensions results in increased heat buildup that leads to increased wear. Additionally, a prior art tire for heavy load vehicles suffers from inferior lateral stability for resisting cornering forces due to the tire geometry. 
     Another design consideration for heavy load vehicles is the ability to minimize soil compaction. 
     Soil is a complex mixture of mineral and organic particles surrounded by pore space. Pore space can make up half the volume of soil, and is filled with water and air. Maintaining aeration porosity is of much importance in order to maintain the health of the soil, particularly for water infiltration, drainage, and exchange of gases. Soil compaction occurs when the soil is compressed, for example during the passage of heavy equipment over the soil, to such a degree that its particles and aggregates are pushed together, and the large pore space is reduced. The reduced pore space causes less oxygen and fewer nutrients to be available to the tree roots. Instead of being drained, rain water stays on top of the soil or becomes surface run off, leading to soil erosion. 
     Soil compaction may be minimized by increasing the tire contact area, normally referred to as the “footprint”, in order to distribute the load over a greater area and to thereby reduce the risk of soil compaction. Prior art attempts to increase the tire footprint involved using wider tires, reducing inflation pressure, or by using larger diameter tires. However, use of a wider or larger diameter tire results in increased wear, as explained above, and use of underinflated tires reduces lateral stability, causing the load to be applied unevenly and the tire to wear unevenly. 
     The IF and VF tire technology for carrying an increased load at the same inflation pressure has been another prior art attempt to increase the tire footprint area. A dedicated carcass construction enables high deflection, i.e. the ground engaging portion becomes flattened, without excessive heating, while the bead and shoulder area are maintained in a stiffened condition. Although this tire configuration enables increased lateral stability, the relatively low tire pressure induces a wobbling sensation and in turn a varying footprint, which results in uneven wear. This uneven load distribution causes formation of ruts in the ground, further damaging its agricultural potential. 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a tire for heavy load vehicles with good lateral stability and heat dissipation characteristics. 
     It is another object of the present invention to provide a tire for heavy load vehicles that produces a relatively long and even footprint to minimize soil compaction. 
     Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention provides a high deflection and laterally stable pneumatic tire, comprising a trapezoidal structure defined in an unloaded cross section passing through an axis of the tire and delimiting a tire interior, wherein said structure is configured with a tread portion, a widest tire region at or near said tread portion, two opposed, substantially straight sidewalls extending obliquely from a corresponding lateral end of said tread portion, and a bead at a corresponding terminal end of each of said sidewalls which is engageable with a rim of the tire, wherein axial bead spacing between two of said beads and defining a width of said rim is significantly less than a width of said tread portion, so as to generate a footprint which engages an underlying ground surface by a substantially uniform pressure during high deflection conditions. 
     As referred to herein, axial bead spacing defining a rim width is “less than” a width of said tread portion when the rim width complies with data listed in any one of Tables II-VI hereinbelow, and is “significantly less than” a width of said tread portion when the rim width is less than the range of rim widths for a given tread width that is listed in any one of Tables II-VI. 
     As referred to herein, the directional terms “lateral” and “axial” may be used interchangeably. 
     Preferably, the tread portion is substantially linear and the sidewalls are angularly spaced from the tread portion by an angle of no more than 68.2 degrees. Accordingly, a lateral movement resisting force which is independent of tire pressure is transmittable along one of the sidewalls, from the tread portion to the rim, to resist relative movement between the rim and the tread portion and to provide the tire with self-centering capabilities. The lateral movement resisting force is transmittable along one of the sidewalls, from the tread portion to the rim, upon application of a cornering force onto the tire, upon application of a lateral force onto the tire during advancement along an incline, or upon application of any other force onto the tire in response to driving conditions. 
     In one aspect, the footprint is stabilized by four spaced support points produced at a ground engageable end of corresponding tensioned bands extending from the tread portion to the rim. 
     In one aspect, the tire interior has a narrowing zone adjacent to a junction of the widest tire region and the corresponding sidewall by which air compressed by a load applied to the tire is directed to a central region of the tire interior. 
     In one aspect, the trapezoidal structure dimensionally satisfies the following two relations for an unloaded tire: (1) a partial height of the tire from a periphery of the rim to the widest tire region is greater than, or equal to, 0.55 times a maximum tire height from the rim periphery to a ground engaging edge of the tread portion; and (2) a width of the tire from the rim periphery to the widest tire region is greater than, or equal to, 0.4 times said partial height. 
     In one aspect, a maximum axial dimension of the tire is increased by no more than 3% of the axial dimension of the tire when unloaded. 
     The tire is advantageously self-centering during transmission of the lateral movement resisting force when the tire is underinflated and after ceasing to be concentric with the rim. Thus the tire is configured to endure a travel distance of 200 km when inflated to a pressure of 0 bar and traveling at a speed of up to 50 kph, all of which when providing superior lateral stability. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       In the drawings: 
         FIG. 1  is a perspective view from the front of a tire in an unloaded condition, according to one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  is a perspective view from the front of the tire of  FIG. 1  in a deflected condition, schematically illustrating the formation of tensioned bands and showing its unbulging configuration when subjected to high deflection conditions; 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic top view of the tire of  FIG. 1  with the rim being represented by dashed lines, showing the stabilization of each footprint by four support points; 
         FIG. 4  is a schematic cross sectional view of the tire of  FIG. 1  which is perpendicular to a plane passing through its axis and substantially parallel to an underlying ground surface, illustrating forces applied to the tire; 
         FIG. 5  is a schematic cross sectional view of the tire of  FIG. 1  which is perpendicular to a plane passing through its axis and substantially parallel to an underlying ground surface, illustrating dimensional constraints of the tire; 
         FIG. 6  is a cross section cut perpendicularly to a plane passing through an axis of a tire of  FIG. 1  being in the form of a radial tire and substantially parallel to an underlying ground surface; 
         FIG. 7  is an image of a generated pressure profile that is indicative of the load distribution at the footprint of a prior art tire; 
         FIG. 8  is an image of a generated pressure profile that is indicative of the load distribution at the footprint of the tire of  FIG. 1 ; and 
         FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G, 9H and 9I  are images of the tire of  FIG. 1  when mounted on the rim of an off-road vehicle during an underinflated performance test, showing nine different stages, respectively, of tire separation from the rim that demonstrate the self-centering capabilities of the tire. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a high-deflection pneumatic tire with a surprisingly good lateral stability, generally designated as  10 , according to one embodiment of the present invention. Tire  10  is generally used for heavy load vehicles, although it may be used for passenger vehicles or any other vehicles as well. 
     The configuration of tire  10 , which may be a radial tire or a bias tire, is significantly different than that of prior art tires. Tire  10  has a substantially linear road engageable tread portion  2  having a width L when unloaded. Sidewall  7  extends obliquely from the shoulder at a corresponding lateral end of tread portion  2  until terminating in a bead  13  that is engageable with complementary recesses of rim  5 , such that rim  5  is significantly axially spaced from the tread portion wall, by distance X illustrated in  FIG. 5 , resulting in a significantly recessed rim. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates tire  10  when in a deflected condition, after being loaded and tread portion  2  brought in engagement with underlying ground surface G is deflected to generate footprint  9 . Tread portion  2  is shown to be compressed, and is bounded by two circumferentially spaced tensioned bands  11   a  and  11   b,  which are formed in the sidewall and extend from tread portion  2  to rim  5  as a result of the unique tire configuration. A tensioned band is formed at the interface between the flattened tread portion  2  and an uncompressed portion  12  at which the tire returns to its original round shape. The two spaced tensioned bands  11   a  and  11   b  urge tread portion  2  to assume its flattened shape. 
       FIG. 3  schematically illustrates a top view of tire  10  such that rim  5  is represented by dashed lines. Footprint  9  is schematically indicated to be bounded between lines  22 A-B, each of which extending between the two outer tire edges  21 , showing that the footprint is significantly longer than a footprint generated by a prior art tire by virtue of the tire configuration of the present invention. Rim  5  is bounded by two circumferentially spaced, obliquely extending tensioned bands, which contribute to the stability of the tire. Tensioned bands M-P are formed when tire  10  is fully loaded, and tensioned bands M′-P′ are formed when tire  10  is partially loaded. The lateral stability is also improved by the four stable support points  19 A-D or  19 A′-D′ that are formed at the ground end of each corresponding tensioned band as tire  10  rotates on top of the underlying ground surface at any given time. 
       FIG. 4  schematically illustrates a cross section of tire  10 . Trapezoidal tire interior I is bounded by tread portion  2 , the two sidewalls  7  and  8 , and rim  5  after being engaged with beads  13 , such that interior I become inflated as air is introduced therein. As opposed to prior art tires that have sidewalls that are significantly curved while attempting to increase the tire volume in order to maximize the load capacity, the sidewalls  7  and  8  of tire  10  are substantially straight as they extend obliquely from the tread portion wall to bead  13 . The width of rim  5  is consequently significantly less than the tire width. 
     The curvilinear tire interior of prior art tires is substantially rectangular such that the widest region of a tire is located at an intermediate height between the tread portion and rim. The air pressure within the tire interior counteracts forces imposed on the tire, including the weight of the vehicle and of its passengers and cornering forces. When the tire is subjected to a high load and high deflection, however, the tire pressure is insufficient to counteract the imposed load and the beads are caused to become closer to the tread portion. Due to the convex sidewalls of a prior art tire which curve outwardly from the tread portion to the widest tire region, an oblique force component acts along the sidewall in a direction towards the widest tire region, which in combination with the force component directed from the beads to the tread portion produces a load derived vector which is applied to the shoulders at a corresponding tread portion-sidewall interface in a laterally outwardly direction. The width of the prior art tire is consequently caused to increase due to the interaction of the shoulders in transmitting the load. After a while, only the shoulder portions grip the underlying ground surface, leading to uneven tire wear, formation of ruts, and reduced lateral stability. 
     When tire  10  is subjected to a high load, beads  13  are caused to move towards tread portion  2  and sidewalls  7  and  8  are angularly displaced in a direction towards tire interior I. The substantially straight and oblique sidewalls undergoing angular displacement in a rotational direction towards the tire interior resist the compressed air within tire interior I from flowing in a laterally outward direction, and additionally urge the compressed air to remain in a central zone  17  of the tire interior. Consequently the width of an unloaded tire  10  will not increase, allowing the entire length of the footprint to grip the underlying ground surface even though the tire is subjected to high load conditions. 
     The substantially even footprint provides improved ground engaging capabilities, for example of importance when traveling along agricultural fields, loose terrain such as sand, or along a road. 
       FIG. 2  illustrates tire  10  when it is subjected to high deflection conditions, when its height H′ from the periphery  6  of rim  5  to the ground engaging footprint  9  of tread portion  2 , including sidewall  8 , as indicated by bold reference lines, is significantly reduced relative to maximum tire height H ( FIG. 5 ) when the tire is unloaded. For example, when tire  10  is mounted on a tractor, height H′ is reduced more than 20% of tire height H. Despite the high deflection conditions, tread portion  2  is shown not to appreciably bulge axially from its shoulder. Many prior art tires bulge axially by at least 10% when subjected to high deflection conditions, for example to prevent soil compaction; however, a bulging tire is detrimental to carefully spaced unharvested crop rows due to the damage that is liable to be made to crops at the edge of a row by the bulging tires. In contrast, the width of tire  10  bulges axially by no more than 3% of the tire width L ( FIG. 1 ) when unloaded, to minimize damage to crops located immediately adjacently to a row or to their roots. 
     The trapezoidal structure is also instrumental in promoting good lateral stability. When a cornering force is applied by the driver of a vehicle onto a prior art tire having curvilinear sidewalls, an equal and opposite force, often referred to as a lateral force, is transmitted through the tire interior to the sidewall positioned outwardly on the curve traversed by the tire, and then to the underlying ground surface. If a prior art tire were not properly inflated, the lateral forces would not be properly absorbed by the tire interior. The prior art tire would then expand, exhibiting inferior lateral stability such as by wobbling due to the relative movement between the rim and the ground engaging tread portion. 
     With reference back to  FIG. 4 , the unique geometrical characteristics of tire  10  whereby substantially straight sidewalls  7  and  8  are angularly spaced from tread portion  2  by an angle F of no more than 68.2 degrees contribute to the transmission of a lateral movement resisting force FS which is independent of tire pressure along sidewall  8 , particularly through the interaction of the carcass fixated within the sidewall. Accordingly, when a cornering force FT is applied by the driver of the vehicle onto tire  10  as illustrated, and particularly onto tread portion  2  at sidewall  8 , resisting force FS is transmitted along sidewall  8 , in addition to the equal and opposite lateral force FR that is transmitted through the tire interior and rim to sidewall  7 . The angular disposition of force FS is sufficient to resist the force applied by the compressed air within the tire interior onto sidewall  8  that would normally cause lateral expansion of a prior art tire having a curvilinear sidewall. As sidewall  8  extends between tread portion  2  and rim  5 , resisting force FS resists or completely prevents relative movement between rim  5  and tread portion  2 , thereby considerably improving lateral stability. 
     The force applied by the compressed air within the tire interior also counteracts a downwardly directed load FL imposed on tire  10 . 
     The footprint is stabilized by four support points, as shown in  FIG. 3 , so that the tire is afforded sufficient stability prior to undergoing a cornering operation to maintain the lateral stability during performance of the cornering operation. The stability is further enhanced by the influence of the force FS, as described hereinabove. 
     With reference now to  FIG. 5 , it has now been found that while the tires of the invention provide substantial advantages as long as they are configured with: 
     a) a tread portion; 
     b) a widest tire region at or near said tread portion; 
     c) two opposed, substantially straight sidewalls extending obliquely from a corresponding lateral end of said tread portion; and 
     d) a bead at a corresponding terminal end of each of said sidewalls which is engageable with a rim of the tire, wherein axial bead spacing between two of said beads and defining a width of said rim is significantly less than a width of said tread portion, 
     so as to generate a footprint which engages an underlying ground surface by a substantially uniform pressure during high deflection conditions, 
     each tire  10  promotes superior lateral stability while producing a substantially even footprint when the following two conditions are met, for an unloaded tire: 
         J≧ 0.55* H    (1)
 
         X≧ 0.4* J,    (2)
 
     where H is the maximum height of the tire from the periphery of rim  5  to the ground engaging edge of tread portion  2 , J is the partial height of the tire from the periphery of rim  5  to widest tire region  18 , and X is the distance of the tire width from the periphery of rim  5  to widest tire region  18 . 
     These two conditions define a minimum sidewall slope α, equal to X/J, of 0.4 needed to generate a sufficiently high lateral movement resisting force while taking into account the possibility of a tire configuration having a widest tire region which does not coincide with the tread portion. It should be noted that the oblique sidewall does not necessarily have a straight configuration, and may be curved to a certain extent as long as it complies with these two conditions. 
     These geometrical features of tire  10  are able to be achieved when the rim width, as defined by the axial bead spacing, is significantly less than the required rim width needed by a prior art tire having the same maximum tire width. 
     Table I lists the maximum rim factor of the inventive tire for various values of the aspect ratio, defined as maximum tire height divided by maximum tire width. A rim factor is equal to the rim width divided by the maximum tire width. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE I 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Inventive Tire 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nominal Aspect Ratio 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (AR) 
                 Rmax 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 65 
                 0.71 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 0.74 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 0.76 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 0.78 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 0.82 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 0.87 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The value of maximum rim factor Rmax is calculated based on the following relation: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     R 
                     max 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         W 
                       
                       - 
                       
                         0.44 
                         * 
                         A 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         R 
                         * 
                         S 
                          
                         
                             
                         
                          
                         W 
                       
                     
                     
                       S 
                        
                       
                           
                       
                        
                       W 
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   3 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where Rmax is the maximum rim factor, AR is the aspect ratio, and SW is the maximum tire width. 
     Rmax is based on extreme conditions of the aforementioned conditions (1) and (2), namely when J=0.55*H and X=0.4*J. X is thus equal to (0.4)*(0.55)*H. Since H is equal to AR*SW, X is equal to 0.22*AR*SW. The rim width is accordingly equal to SW−(2*X). 
     As a comparison between the rim width for use by the inventive tire and the rim width of prior art tires having the same maximum tire width, Tables II-VI representing standardized values are set forth hereinbelow. 
     Tables II-VI list data specified by the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) in its Design Guide of 2015 for calculating the required rim width of a prior art tire. The specified data is in the form of a rim factor. The required rim width for prior art tires can therefore be obtained by multiplying a tire width by the corresponding rim factor. 
     As can be clearly seen, the maximum rim factor Rmax that complies with the geometrical constraints of the inventive tire is invariably less than the standardized maximum rim factor set forth in Tables II-VI. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE II 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ETRTO Values 
               
               
                 Passenger Car Tires 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nominal Aspect Ratio 
                 Measuring Rim 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 95 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 90 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 85 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 80 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 75 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 70 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 65 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 0.90 
               
               
                   
                 35 
                 0.90 
               
               
                   
                 30 
                 0.90 
               
               
                   
                 25 
                 0.92 
               
               
                   
                 20 
                 0.92 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE III 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ETRTO Values 
               
               
                 Commercial Vehicle Tires 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nominal Aspect Ratio and Tire Type 
                 Measuring Rim 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 ‘40’ Series Tires on 5° DC Rims 
                 0.90 
               
               
                   
                 ‘45’ Series Tires on 5° DC Rims 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
                 ‘50’ and ‘55’ Series Tires on 5° DC Rims 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 ‘60’ Series Tires on 5° DC Rims 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 ‘65’ Series Tires on 5° DC Rims 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 ‘70’ Series Tires on 5° DC Rims 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 ‘75’ Series and above on 5° Tapered 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 or Flat Base Rims 
               
               
                   
                 Ultra Light Sizes 
                 0.70 
               
               
                   
                 15° DC Rims- Code Designated Sizes 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 15° DC Rims- Metric Sizes 
               
               
                   
                 ≧70   
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 65 
                 0.75 
               
               
                   
                 60 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 55 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 50 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                 45 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
                 40 
                 0.85 
               
               
                   
                 Multipurpose Tires on 5° Rims 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE IV 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ETRTO Values 
               
               
                 Agriculture Equipment Tires 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Tire Type 
                 Theoretical Rim 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Tractor, Construction Application 
                   
               
               
                 and Forestry Tires 
               
               
                 Traction Wheel Tires (Diagonal + Radial) 
                 0.87 
               
               
                 Traction Wheel Metric Tires 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 on 15° drop center rims 
               
               
                 Implement and Garden Tractor Tires 
               
               
                 (Diagonal + Radial) 
               
               
                 Metric and Code Designated Sizes 
                 0.60 
               
               
                 (‘100’, ‘95’ and ‘90’ Series) 
               
               
                 Low Section Sizes/Code Designated Sizes 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 Metric Series Sizes (‘40’ to ‘85’ Series on 5° rim) 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 Metric Series Sizes (‘35’ Series and below on 15° rim) 
                 0.85 
               
               
                 Metric Series Sizes (‘40’ to ‘85’ Series on 15° rim) 
                 0.80 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE V 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 ETRTO Values 
               
               
                 Industrial and Lift Truck Pneumatic Tires 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Approved 
                   
               
               
                 Nominal 
                   
                 Design 
                 Rim 
               
               
                 Tire 
                 Measuring Rim 
                 Section 
                 Contours 
               
               
                 Width 
                 Width Code 
                 Width 
                 (in) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (mm) 
                 (in) 
                 (mm) 
                 Min. 
                 Max 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Rim Factor R 
                 0.75 
                 0.75 
                 0.70 
                 0.80 
               
               
                 200 
                 6.00 
                 201 
                 5.25 
                 6.00 
               
               
                 220 
                 6.75 
                 203 
                 6.00 
                 6.75 
               
               
                 240 
                 6.75 
                 237 
                 6.75 
                 7.50 
               
               
                 260 
                 7.50 
                 258 
                 7.50 
                 8.25 
               
               
                 280 
                 8.25 
                 280 
                 7.50 
                 9.00 
               
               
                 300 
                 9.00 
                 301 
                 8.25 
                 9.75 
               
               
                 320 
                 9.75 
                 323 
                 9.00 
                 9.75 
               
               
                 340 
                 9.75 
                 337 
                 9.75 
                 10.50 
               
               
                 360 
                 10.50 
                 359 
                 9.75 
                 11.75 
               
               
                 380 
                 11.75 
                 385 
                 10.50 
                 11.75 
               
               
                 400 
                 11.75 
                 399 
                 10.50 
                 12.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE VI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 ETRTO Values 
               
               
                 Earthmoving Equipment Tires 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           
                             
                               
                                 Rim 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Factor 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 R 
                               
                               = 
                                 
                                
                               
                                 0.70 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   for 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   95 
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Series 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 or 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Narrow 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Base 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Tire 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Sizes 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               = 
                                 
                                
                               
                                 0.80 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   for 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   80 
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Series 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 or 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Wide 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Base 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Tire 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Sizes 
                               
                             
                           
                         
                         
                           
                             
                               = 
                                 
                                
                               
                                 0.80 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   for 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   65 
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   and 
                                    
                                   
                                       
                                   
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                   70 
                                   &#39; 
                                 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Series 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
                                 Tire 
                                  
                                 
                                     
                                 
                                  
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     As may be appreciated from the description above, the uniquely configured tire of the present invention demonstrates good performance in terms of its ability to handle a relatively high cornering force by virtue of its superior lateral stability, and at the same time minimizes soil compaction by producing a relatively long and even footprint to engage the underlying ground surface by a substantially uniform pressure even during high deflection conditions. The tire has particular utility for heavy load vehicles, prior art tires for which being unknown to have both high lateral stability and an even footprint, although it is also suitable for passenger vehicles or any other type of vehicle as well. 
     Despite its unique geometrical characteristics, the tire of the present invention may have the same structure as a counterpart prior art tire, whether a radial tire, a bias tire or a bias belted tire. When the tire is a radial tire, for example, a tire  28  comprises, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the tread  30 , under tread  32 , belts  33 , various plies of sidewall  34  including an inner liner  36 , soft filler  38 , and portions of bead  37  including hard filler  39 , textile chafer  41 , and rubber chafer  43 . Accordingly, the tire may be economically manufactured using standardized processes and machinery and widespread materials. 
     The tire of the present invention will be specifically described hereinafter by using examples so as to confirm the effects thereof. The present invention is not limited to these examples. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Footprint Test 
     The load distribution at the footprint was tested using a loading machine that applied a vertical load onto a tire mounted on a rim under steady-state and free-rolling conditions. The tires were tested at various inflation pressures and loads. When the internal tire pressure was 2.8 bar, the vertical load was varied from 6150 kg to 9250 kg. The test was repeated at pressures of 3.2 bar, 3.6 bar and 3.8 bar with the same variation in load. 
     The pressure profile of each tire was generated by an IX500 sensor manufactured by XSENSOR Technology Corporation, Calgary, Canada. Due to the large number of sensing points, the change in contact pressure across the width of the tire with the underlying surface was able to be assessed. A dedicated software module graded and color coded each pressure reading, to provide a graphical representation of the pressure profile. The highest pressure was coded red and the lowest pressure was coded blue, with various colors such as green and yellow therebetween. 
     The color coded pressure profile was converted to a black and grey representation thereof, and the relative position of three colors that were generated on the original color coded pressure profile are indicated: red (R), yellow (Y) and blue (B). 
       FIG. 7  illustrates the load distribution of a prior art VF650/55R26.5 tire, and  FIG. 8  illustrates the load distribution of a tire configured according to the teachings of the invention, yet having the same VF650/55R26.5 dimensions. During this test, both tires were subjected to the same load of 9250 kg and inflation pressure of 2.8 bar. The inventive tire of  FIG. 8  was made from converted regular tire mold, i.e. the mold tread area was substantially uniform. 
     As can be readily seen, the prior art tire of  FIG. 7  experienced an uneven pressure distribution, such that the central tread regions were subjected to a low contact pressure associated completely entirely with a blue code, while the shoulder areas carried most of the load as evidenced by the red code. The central regions of the inventive tire of  FIG. 8 , in contrast, carried a proportionally larger portion of the load, as indicated by the yellow and red codes, contributing to a substantially uniform pressure and a reduction in soil compaction. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Underinflated Performance Test 
     The ability of the inventive tire to maintain its stability when deflated or punctured was tested. The ability of a deflated or punctured tire to maintain lateral stability is of great significance for military, commercial and off-road usage. 
     For this test, four 340/65R22.5 tires were mounted on the corresponding rims having a size of 6.00×22.5 of the Zibar MK2 4×4 off-road vehicle manufactured in Israel. The tires had a diameter of 1001 mm, a tire width of 315 mm and an Alliance 550 tread design. The construction of these tires included two plies of polyester at each sidewall, and two polyester plies and two steel plies at the tread. The tires were inflated at a pressure that varied from 1.2 to 0 bar, and the vehicle was driven along various types of terrain including a gravel road, a paved road, rocky terrain, loose gravel terrain and a soil/gravel pile. 
     Even at a low inflation pressure of 4 psi, the vehicle was able to perform all desired off-road activities, including advancing at fast speeds of over 60 kph, cornering on greatly uneven terrain, and advancing and reversing at steep inclines, e.g. 60 degrees with respect to the horizontal, such that only the sky, and not any surrounding terrain, was visible during the maneuver. 
     An airless performance test was then performed by reducing the tire inflation to 0 bar. The tires continued to support the vehicle during various off-road activities. During an extreme maneuver that was intended to deform the tire in order to observe the ability of the tire to be self-centered after ceasing to be concentric with the rim, one of the tires was caused to spin and then slip on the rim until the tread portion folded outwardly as shown in  FIG. 9A . As a result of this extreme maneuver, one of the beads of this tire became loosely, rather than securely, attached to the rim, while remaining within the confines of a corresponding rim recess. 
       FIGS. 9A-9I  illustrate nine different stages, respectively, of tire separation from rim  5  while vehicle  51  continued a climbing maneuver along a gravel pile  54 . 
     In  FIG. 9A , tire  10  is shown to be flat while a portion of the bead is loosely attached to rim  5  to form non-contact zone  56  between the bead and rim. Due to the loose attachment of the bead portion, tread portion  62  adjacent to non-contact zone  56  and in contact with the underlying ground surface G becomes misshaped to resemble the caterpillar tracks of a tank. At this starting stage, the misshaped tread portion  62  laterally extends from rim  5  by a significantly greater extent than that of upper tread portion  64 , which is diametrically spaced from tread portion  62  and whose corresponding bead portion is securely engaged with rim  5 . 
     While the rotating rim  5  is in engagement with the sidewall of the flattened tire  10  that is contacted by underlying ground surface G, the circumferential position of non-contact zone  56  relative to ground surface G changes approximately 90 degrees from  FIG. 9A  to  FIG. 9H . The circumferential length of non-contact zone  56  increased from  FIG. 9B to 9C , but gradually decreased from  FIG. 9D to 9H . At the same time, the bulging, laterally protruding dimension of ground-contacted tread portion  62  gradually decreases from  FIG. 9A  to  FIG. 9H  until it is substantially equal to that of rim  5 . 
     These effects are in contrast to the performance of any prior art, completely deflated tire whose bead is loosely attached or partially unseated and continues to rotate, whereby tire rotation will cause complete unseating of the bead and additional deformation of the tire. 
     Finally, the flattened inventive tire  10  surprisingly demonstrated self-centering capabilities, by which the non-contact zone was rendered nonexistent in  FIG. 9I  after the former loosely attached bead portion became securely attached to rim  5  and the tire regained its circular contour with the exception of course of the flattened ground-contacted tread portion  62 . This self-centering capability was made possible by virtue of the unique geometrical characteristics of tire  10  and the lateral movement resisting force that was transmitted along the sidewall. 
     EXAMPLE 3 
     Airless Endurance Test 
     An airless inventive tire was subjected to an endurance test in order to determine an expected distance that a punctured tire could safely travel. 
     During the endurance test, a hydraulic piston pressed the tire against a spinning steel wheel having a diameter of 1.7 m whose axle was parallel to the axle of the inventive tire, to simulate tire loading at road conditions. The inventive tire was deflated to a pressure of 0 bar and was loaded by the piston at a constant load of 2000 kg. At a constant tested speed of 50 kph, the inventive tire was found to remain intact and on the rim under these laboratory conditions for a number of rotations corresponding to a travel distance of 200 km. A crack developed in the sidewall of the inventive tire after a travel distance of 200 km. 
     The inventive tire providing lateral stability, when airless, is therefore expected to safely support a vehicle with superior lateral stability for a travel distance of at least 200 km and at a speed of at least 50 kph, a feature that has important safety related ramifications for military vehicles, police vehicles and ambulances. This airless performance is afforded by a tire that is mounted on a standard rim and is economically manufactured using standardized processes, as opposed to prior art run-flat tires that require the addition of specialized safety aids and/or a dedicated rim to significantly increase their cost. 
     While some embodiments of the invention have been described by way of illustration, it will be apparent that the invention can be carried out with many modifications, variations and adaptations, and with the use of numerous equivalents or alternative solutions that are within the scope of persons skilled in the art, without exceeding the scope of the claims.