Patent Publication Number: US-5627979-A

Title: System and method for providing a graphical user interface for mapping and accessing objects in data stores

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     Application Ser. No. 08/276,382, filed concurrently herewith on Jul. 18, 1994 for A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MAPPING AND ACCESSING OBJECTS IN DATA STORES (IBM Docket ST9-94-016), currently co-pending, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. 
     Appliation Ser. No. 08/276,747, filed concurrently herewith on Jul. 18, 1994 for A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING A HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE FOR MAPPING AND ACCESSING OBJECTS IN DATA STORES (IBM Docket ST9-94-018), currently co-pending, and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. 
     The foregoing copending applications are incorporated herein by reference. 
     A portion of the Disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates to object oriented systems and data store systems, and more particularly to mapping between object schema and data store schema. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     The data processing industry and its customers have made considerable investments in conventional data store technology, including relational databases, hierarchial databases, flat file databases, and network databases. Presently, the relational or entity-relationship model underlying relational databases is the predominant conventional method of storing data in databases. 
     Object oriented technology has also gained wide acceptance due to its strengths in real world modeling, modularity, reuse, distributed computing, client/server computing, and graphical user interfaces. 
     However, the object model underlying object oriented technology and the data model underlying conventional data stores are different, and a way is needed to provide the advantages of object oriented technology while preserving the substantial investment in conventional data store technology. 
     An object model captures the structure of a system by representing the objects in the system, the relationships between those objects, and the attributes and operations that characterize each class of objects. The purpose of object modeling is to describe objects, and an object is simply something that has a meaningful behavior in an application context. An object has data, the value of which represent the object&#39;s state. The behavior that an object exhibits is provided by operations on that data, and this behavior may be invoked by other objects sending messages. These operations are implemented as procedures called methods. All objects have identity and are distinguishable. The term identity means that an object is distinguishable by its inherent existence and not by descriptive properties that it may have. A unique object may be referred to as an object instance or an instance. 
     An object class describes a group of objects with similar properties (attributes), common behavior (operations), common relationships to other objects, and common semantics. Objects in a class have the same attributes and behavior patterns. The objects derive their individuality from differences in the attribute values and relationship to other objects. The class defines the object&#39;s data structure and methods to access that data structure. Methods and data structure are shared among objects of the same class. An object knows its class and the methods it possesses as a member of the class. Common definitions such as class name and attribute names are stored once per class, rather than once per object instance. Operations may be written once for a class so that all objects in the class benefit from code reuse. 
     An attribute is a data value, not an object, held by the objects in a class. Each attribute has a value for each object instance. Different object instances may have the same or different values for a given attribute. Each attribute name is unique within a class, as opposed to being unique across all classes. 
     A link is a relationship between object instances, a tuple or ordered list of object instances. A link is also an instance of an association. An association is a group of links with common structure and common semantics. All the links in an association connect objects from the same classes. An association describes a set of potential links in the same way that a class describes a set of potential objects. Associations are inherently bidirectional and can be traversed in either direction. Associations are often implemented in various object oriented programming languages as pointers from one object to another. A pointer is an attribute in one object that contains an explicit reference to another object. 
     As an attribute is a property of objects in a class, a link attribute is a property of the links in an association. Each link attribute has a value for each link. Many-to-many associations are the rationale for link attributes. 
     Generalization and inheritance are powerful abstractions for sharing similarities among classes while preserving their differences. Generalization is the relationship between a class and one or more refined versions of it. The class being refined is called the superclass, and each refined version is called a subclass. Attributes and operations common to a group of subclasses are attached to the superclass and stared by each subclass. Each subclass is said to inherit the features of its superclass. Generalization and inheritance are transitive across an arbitrary number of levels. The terms ancestor and descendent refer to generalization of classes across multiple levels. An instance of a subclass is simultaneously an instance of all of its ancestor classes. The state of an instance includes a value for every attribute of every ancestor class. Any operation on any ancestor class can be applied to an instance. 
     Generalization and inheritance are fundamental concepts in object-oriented languages, and these concepts do not exist in conventional languages and databases. During conceptual modeling, generalization enables a developer to organize classes into a hierarchial structure based on their similarities and differences. During implementation, inheritance facilitates code reuse. Generalization refers to the relationship among classes; inheritance refers to the mechanism of obtaining attributes and operations using the generalization structure. 
     The object schema may be viewed as consisting of a set of object classes, wherein each object class consists of a set of object instances, wherein each object instance contains a set of attributes, and wherein object classes and object instances may be linked in relationships. 
     Instead of the above object model, conventional data store technology uses a data model in which a data model (also known as an information model or conceptual model) is designed by modeling the world that the application is to support. Then the data model is transformed into a particular database design by applying one or more standard transforms, for example, normalization which requires that data of an entity belong to that entity only. 
     The data models offered by conventional database technology include flat files, indexed file systems, network data model, hierarchial data model, and the relational model. 
     The flat file model provides a simple means of storing data in records which may be accessed according to the data therein; however, it provides no independence between the data and applications thus requiring the applications to be modified if the flat file design is changed. A flat file data store schema consists of records composed of fields. 
     Indexed file systems provide fixed-length records composed of data fields of various types, and indexes to more quickly locate records satisfying constraints on field values. An indexed file system data store schema consists of records composed of fields wherein certain fields may be keys (indexes). 
     A network data model provides fixed-length records composed of data fields of various types and indexes similar to the indexed file systems. In addition, the network data model provides record identifiers and link fields which may be used to connect records together for fast direct access. The network data model also uses pointer structures to encode a network structure or relationship of records. A network data store schema consists a set of network structures of records, wherein each record is composed of fields, wherein certain fields may be keys (indexes) and certain fields may be links to other records (link fields). 
     The hierarchial data model, similar to the network data model, provides fixed-length records composed of data fields of various types, indexes, record identifiers and link fields, and pointer structures. However, the hierarchial data model limits the structure used to represent the relationship of records to tree structures. A hierarchial data store schema consists of a set of tree structures of segments (each tree structure defined by a pointer structure known as a Program Communication Block or PCB), wherein each segment consists of fields, and wherein certain fields may be keys (indexes), and wherein certain segments may be links or pointers to other segments (pointer segment). 
     In the relational data model, the fundamental structure is the relation, which is a two-dimensional matrix consisting of columns and rows of data elements. A table is an instance of a relation in the relational data base. Each table has a name. A table must consist only of atomic fields of data, i.e., each field is a simple, indivisible type of data. A field is the basic unit of data representing one data fact. 
     Each column has a label and contains atomic values of the same data type, wherein each atomic value is an attribute drawn from a set of possible values that is that column&#39;s domain. The order of columns is not significant and may be changed without changing the meaning of a tuple. Each column may be referred to by a unique pairing of the table name with the column label. 
     Each table consists of zero or more tuples, which are rows of attribute values. Each row represents one relationship, and a row&#39;s identity is determined by its unique content, not by its location. The order of rows is not significant. There are no duplicate rows. The domain for every attribute must consist of atomic value; there are no repeating groups. If the value for a particular field is unknown or does not apply, then the relational mod assigns a null value. 
     Tables contain information about entities or the relationship between entities. Each tuple refers to a different entity, and each attribute value in the tuple supplies information about one characteristic of that entity. Each table must have a column or group of columns that serve to uniquely identify the tuple. 
     Each set of attributes that uniquely identifies each tuple is referred to as a candidate key. There may be multiple candidate keys in a relation, but one must be designated as the primary key. Foreign keys are used to define a link to another table. A foreign key is a key taken from another table to create a linking value to serve as a means of navigation from one table to the other table. A table may contain as many foreign keys as links it requires to relate it to other tables with which it has relationships. 
     The process of determining the correct location and function for each attribute to correctly formulate the relational schema is called normalization. Normalization decomposes incorrectly constructed relations into multiple correctly normalized relations. 
     The relational model requires that all tables must be in at least first normal form. To be in first normal form, a relation must have domains consisting only of atomic values for each attribute. Repeating sets of attributes and multi-valued attributes are not allowed. Optionally, the relational model may be subject to additional higher forms of normalization based on functional dependency, i.e., the reliance of an attribute or group of attributes on another attribute or group of attributes for its value. 
     The relational schema may be viewed as consisting of a set of tables, wherein each table consists of columns and rows, and wherein relations between table are specified by primary keys and foreign keys. 
     In view of the above differences between object oriented technology and data store technology, there is a need for a method of, and apparatus for, allowing a user to access a conventional data store from an object oriented application. 
     In view of the above differences between object schema and data store schema, there is a need for a method of, and apparatus for, allowing a user to map between conventional data store schema and object schema. 
     In view of the above, there is a need for a method of, and apparatus for, allowing a user to define a mapping between conventional data store schema and object schema. 
     In view of the above, there is a need for a method of, and apparatus for, allowing a user to represent such, a definition of a mapping between conventional data store schema and object schema. 
     In view of the above differences between conventional data store schema, there is a need for a data store independent method of, and apparatus for, meeting the above needs. 
     In view of the above, there is a need for an object oriented language independent method of, and apparatus for, meeting the above needs. 
     In view of the above, there is a need for a distributed client/server method of, and apparatus for, meeting the above needs. 
     In view of the above, there is a need for a method of, and apparatus for, providing a user an improved user interface to meet the above needs. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention disclosed herein comprises a method of, and system for, mapping and accessing objects from a conventional data store. The invention disclosed herein also comprises a method of, and system for, providing a high level language for mapping and accessing objects from a conventional data store. The invention disclosed herein also comprises a method of, and system for, providing a user interface for mapping and accessing objects from a conventional data store. 
     In accordance with one aspect of this invention, an object oriented application programming interface to a data store manager provides a uniform and single interface for accessing one or more conventional data stores, regardless of the type of conventional data store. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a Smart Schema allows a user to mad between object schema and conventional data store schema, regardless of the type of conventional data store. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a user may define a mapping between object schema and data store schema by use of a high level language, Schema Mapping Definition Language. The user may either write SMDL directly or generate SMDL through the use of the Smart Schema. The Schema Mapping Definition Language is data store independent, object oriented language independent, and extensible. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a definition of a mapping between object schema and conventional data store schema is represented by a Schema Mapping Internal Representation. The Schema Mapping Internal Representation contains representations of the object schema, the data store schema, and the mapping of the object schema and the data store schema. These representations are such that the Schema Mapping Internal Representation may be accessible by both development interfaces (Smart Schema and Smart Access) and run-time environments, or it may by used to generate an object oriented programming language for providing direct access to a data store. It supports the accessing of the mapping information given either the object schema or data store schema. In other words, the data store schema may be accessed from the object schema, or the object schema may be accessed from the data store schema. The Schema Mapping Internal Representation is generated by a Schema Mapping Definition Language Parser which parses the Schema Mapping Definition Language into the Schema Mapping Internal Representation. A Schema Mapping Definition Language Generator may also be used to generate the Schema Mapping Definition Language from the Schema Mapping Internal Representation. The Schema Mapping Internal Representation, the Schema Mapping Definition Language Generator, the Schema Mapping Definition Language Parser, and the Schema Mapping Definition Language reside in a Data Store Manager after a user has registered the mapping and access methods with the Data Store Manager. The Data Store Manager may utilize the Schema Mapping Internal Representation which embodies the mapping definition in order to access objects from a data store. The Schema Mapping Internal Representation may be used by a run-time environment to provide direct access to a data store, or it may be used to generate an object oriented programming language for providing direct access to a data store. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, data store independence is provided by the use of the data store independent Schema Mapping Definition Language, the data store independent Schema Mapping Internal Representation, and the single, uniform, data store independent interface to a Data Store Manager. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, object oriented language independence is provided by the use of the object oriented language independent Schema Mapping Definition Language, the object oriented language independent Schema Mapping Internal Representation, and Code Generators which generate code in various object oriented languages from the Schema Mapping Internal Representation for accessing objects from data stores. These Code Generators may be used to generate access methods based on the Schema Mapping Internal Representation for accessing objects from a data store. To provide such access to a data store, a Code Generator may generate a combination of object oriented programming language and data store access language. The system then generates a make file describing the dependency of files, invokes the proper compilers, links the appropriate run-time libraries, and creates executable code for accessing a data store. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, distributed client/server access of objects from conventional data stores is provided by use of one or more Client Data Store Managers and one or more Server Data Store Managers. 
     In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a graphical user interface, Smart Schema, is provided for mapping object schema to data store schema wherein the graphical semantics support the Schema Mapping Definition Language semantics. Another graphical user interface, Smart Access, allows an end user to access objects in a data store without the end user having to do any write application programming. The Smart Access user interface allows the user to test mapping and access methods registered with the Data Store Manager without having to write an application to access the objects from the data store in a run-time environment. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the Detailed Description in conjunction with the attached Drawings, in which: 
     FIG. 1 shows the components of a system for mapping and accessing objects in a data store; 
     FIG. 2 shows the components of a system for mapping objects in a data store; 
     FIG. 3 shows the components of a system for accessing objects in a data store; 
     FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment of this invention in a client/server environment having various different types of data stores such as a relational database and a hierarchial database; 
     FIG. 5 shows the components for generating an object oriented programming language and a data access language for providing direct access to data stores; 
     FIG. 6 shows a system for mapping objects in a data store and generating a object oriented programming language and a data access language for providing direct access to a data store; and 
     FIG. 7 through FIG. 27 illustrate graphical user interfaces of a preferred embodiment of the Smart Schema portion of the present invention. 
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT 
     1. Overview 
     FIG. 1 shows the components of the preferred embodiment of this invention for mapping and accessing objects in a data store. The term data store is used herein to mean any persistent storage including, but not limited to, relational databases, hierarchial databases, network databases, object oriented databases, indexed file systems, or flat file systems. The preferred embodiment maps objects to a relational database or hierarchial database and then accesses those objects from the respective databases. The system herein can also be used to map objects to object oriented databases and to access those objects from the database, or to map and access object from other persistent storage such as network databases or file systems. 
     A graphical user interface, referred to as Smart Schema, 110, FIG. 1, maps object schema to data store schema. The Smart Schema has three Darts: Object Schema Generator, Relational Schema Generator, and Schema Mapper. See Section 2 (&#34;Smart Schema&#34;) below for a more detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the Smart Schema. In mapping object schema to data store schema, the schema mapper of the Smart Schema can access the object schema information from a repository 130 of object schema by the object schema access, 120. For example, the repository 130 may be the Object Management Group (OMG) Interface Repository or IBM&#39;s System Object Model (SOM) Interface 28 Repository as described in SOM Toolkit Users Guide, Version 2.0, June 1993. The smart schema can also access the data store schema from a data store schema repository 150 by the data store schema access 140. For a relational database, the data store schema repository 150 is the relational database catalog. See Section 3 (&#34;Schema Mapping Internal Representation&#34;) below for a more detailed description of and an example of an object schema and a data store schema. 
     The above user interface, including the Smart Schema 110 and the object schema access 120 and the data store schema access 140, allows a user to map object schema to a data store schema. The system of this invention then embodies, in a data structure, Schema Mapping Internal Representation, (SMIR) 210, the mapping of the object schema to a data store schema from the user interface. The internal data structure 210, contains representations of the object schema, the data store schema, and the mapping of the object schema and the data store schema. These representations are such that the SMIR may be accessible by both development interfaces (Smart Schema 110 and Smart Access 310) and run times 330 and 340. The SMIR supports run-time and facilitates the accessing of the mapping information given either the object schema or data store schema. In other words, one may readily access the data store schema from the object schema, or one may readily access the object schema from the data store schema. The SMIR 210 can be used by a run-time environment, or it can by used to generate an object oriented programming language for providing direct access to a data store, as described below. The system 100 can also automatically layout or generate the graphical user interface representation of the mapping from the internal data structure SMIR. See Section 3 (&#34;Schema Mapping Internal Representation&#34;) below for a more detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the SMIR. 
     The system 100 includes a Schema Mapping Definition Language (SMDL) generator 220 which generates, from the SMIR, a high level language (SMDL) 230 which represents the mapping. The user has a choice of either using the user interface 110 to define the mapping or use the Schema Mapping Definition Language (SMDL) high level language directly to define the mapping. As such, SMDL is created, either through a user, or it is generated by the system from the internal data structure SMIR. See Section 4 (&#34;Schema Mapping Definition Language&#34;) below for a more detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the Schema Mapping Definition Language. 
     The system 100 also includes a Schema Mapping Definition Language parser 240 which parses the SMDL high level language into the SMIR 2110. Given the definition of the SMIR in Section 3 (&#34;Schema Mapping Internal Representation&#34;) below and the definition of the SMDL in Section 4 (&#34;Schema Mapping Definition Language&#34;) below, those skilled in the art recognize that existing parsing and code generation techniques may be used to implement the Schema Mapping Definition Language (SMDL) generator 220 and the Schema Mapping Definition Language parser 240. 
     After a user has defined object schema, data store schema, and the mapping between the object schema and data store schema, and generated access methods using the Smart Schema 110, the user may register the mapping and access methods with a Data Store Manager (DSM), 340, 350, 360, 370, or 380, to provide access of objects from a data store (450, 460, 470, 480, or 490 of FIG. 4) in a run-time environment. A graphical user interface, Smart Access, 310, is provided for such registration. In addition, the Smart Access user interface 310 allows the user to test mapping and access methods registered with the Data Store Manager without having to write an application to access the objects from the data store in a run-time environment. Smart Access 310 provides the capabilities to select a class and perform object manipulation operations such as adding, retrieving, updating, deleting, and querying objects from the data store. 
     To accomplish this object manipulation through data store access, the Smart Access graphical user interface 310 calls an object-oriented application programing interface (API), Object Call Level Interface, OCLI, 320. Although a user (end user, programmer, or an application program) may access data objects through the OCLI API 320 directly, independently of the Smart Access graphical user interface 310, the Smart Access graphical user interface 310 allows an end user to access objects without the end user having to do any write application programming. 
     The OCLI API 320 is based on the Object Management Group (OMG) Persistent Object Service API as described in IBM/JOSS Object Services Persistence Service Specification, OMG TC Document 93.5.7, Nov. 15, 1993, herein incorporated by reference; or OMG Common Object services Specification (COSS) Volume 1, herein incorporated by reference. 
     A run-time component may execute the OCLI API 320 and implement the accessing of objects from a data store. Referring now to FIG. 4, the run-time component, generally referred to as 500, i.e., environment, comprises, for each client, a client data store manager 330; and one or more server data store managers (DSM) 350, 360, 370, and 380. As further shown in FIG. 4, the client data store manager 330 provides a uniform and single interface to server data store managers, regardless of the type of data store in the server, generally referred to as 550. For example, data store manager 360 for a relational database (RDB) 470 may use embedded dynamic SQL statements to access data, or a data store manager 370 for the relational database 470 may use X/Open SQL call level interface (CLI) to access data. A client/server data store manager 350 can access both a DB2 database 450 and an IMS/DB database 460, and can provide caching and staging capability. For example, data can be downloaded to a mobile computer and uploaded at a later time. A data store manager 380 can access an IMS/DB database 490. The client data store manager 330 delegates and routes a call from the OCLI API to the proper server data store manager. 
     As shown in FIG. 3, the SMIR internal data structure 210, the SMDL generator 220, the SMDL parser 240, and the SMDL high level language 230 reside in each server data store manager 340. The server data store manager 340 utilizes the SMIR data structure 210 which embodies the mapping definition in order to access objects from a data store. The EMIR data structure 210 may be used by a run-time environment 500 to provide direct access to a data store. The EMIR data structure may also be used to generate an object oriented programming language for providing direct access to a data store. 
     To provide such access to a data store, code generators may be used to generate access methods based on the EMIR data structure. Referring now to FIG. 5, a code generator, such as 410, may generate System Object Module (SOM) interface definition language (IDL), C++ programming language, and embedded SQL codes from the SMIR 210. Another code generator, such as 420, may generate C++ programming language, and embedded SQL codes from the SMIR 210. Other code generators could generate other object oriented programming languages such as SmallTalk, and other data access languages such as DL/1. Each code generator generates a combination of a object oriented programming language such as C++, and a data access language such as SQL. The system then generates a make file describing the dependency of files, invokes the proper compilers, links the appropriate run-time libraries, and creates executable code for accessing a data store. For a more detailed description of code generation, see Section 5. (&#34;Code Generation&#34;). 
     2. Smart Schema 
     A graphical user interface, referred to as smart Schema, 110, FIG. 1, maps objects schema to a data store schema. The Smart Schema has three parts: Object Schema Generator, Relational Schema Generator, and Schema Mapper. 
     The Object Schema Generator allows a user to define object classes and generate the corresponding IDL (Interface Definition Language). The Relational Schema Generator allows the user to define relational tables and generate the corresponding tables in the selected databases. The Schema Mapper allows the user to define a mapping between the relational schema and the object schema. FIG. 7 shows the main screen 700 for Smart Schema. The user may select one of the Smart Schema components by clicking on the appropriate icon, icon 710 to select the Relational Schema Generator, icon 720 to select the Object Schema Generator, or icon 730 to select the Schema Mapper. 
     2.1. Object Schema Generator 
     If the user selects the Object Schema Generator icon 720, then the Object Schema Generator Window 800 shown in FIG. 8 is displayed. The Object Schema Generator allows the user to define new classes. The user may define attributes, methods, types, and inheritance by clicking and keying in text information. When the user has completed such a definition, the user may request the Object Schema Generator to generate the IDL for the class or classes which the user has defined. 
     Within the Object Schema Generator Window 800, a menu bar 810 is displayed containing selectable menu items, File 820, Schema 830, Config. 840, and Help 850. The user may select one of the menu items to display a corresponding pulldown menu. The pulldown menus display and allow the user to select the following functions: 
     File 820 
     Close--exit Object Schema Generator and return to Smart Schema main screen 
     quit--exit Smart Schema 
     Schema 830 
     Add class--add a new class 
     Add subclass--add inheritance relationship between classes 
     Select classes--select existing IDLs and display them on the screen 
     Config 840 
     Directory--specify the directory for the generated IDL file. The default is the current directory. 
     Makefile--generate a makefile for all the classes on the diagram. 
     In addition, when the user clicks on a class, such as the class Animal 860, a popup menu appears with the following menu items: 
     Class--use this item to change the name of the class or delete the class from the screen. 
     Attributes--use this item to add or change attributes 
     Types--use this item to add or change types 
     Methods--use this item to add or change methods 
     Generate--use this item to generate IDL for the class 
     If the user desires to delete an inheritance relationship, such as the inheritance relationship 870 between class Animal 860 and its subclass Dog 880, the user may click on the relationship 870, and select a Delete menu item on a popup menu that appears. 
     Object schema defined by use of the Smart Schema Object Schema Generator are specified based on the Object Definition Language (ODL) defined in the ODMG-93 Standard (R. G. G. Cattell (Ed), The Object Database Standard: ODMG-93, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, Calif., 1994). ODL is a superset of the Interface Definition Language (IDL) defined in CORBA (The Common Object Requester Broker Architecture and Specification, OMG TC Document 91.12.1, 1991.). As such, it is also a superset of the Data Definition Language (DDL) defined in the OMG Object Persistence Service Specification (IBM/JOSS Object Services Persistence Service Specification, OMG TC Document 93.5.7, Nov. 15, 1993). 
     Table 1 lists and describes the data types defined in ODL. These are identical to the ones defined in IDL, which is a subset of ODL. 
     2.2. Relational Schema Generator 
     Referring now back to FIG. 7, if the user selects the Relational Schema Generator icon 710, then the Relational Schema Generator Window 900 shown in FIG. 9 is displayed. The Relational Schema Generator allows the user to define relational schema such as new relational tables and views. The user may define columns, keys, join conditions, and other relational items by clicking and keying in text information. When the user has completed such a relational definition, the user may create the table or view in the selected database. 
     Within the Relational Schema Generator Window 900, a menu bar 910 is displayed containing selectable menu items, File 920, Schema 930, Config 940, and Help 950. The user may select one of the menu items to display a corresponding pulldown menu. The pulldown menus display and allow the user to select the following functions: 
     File 920 
     close--exit Relational Schema Generator and return to Smart Schema main window 
     quit--exit Smart Schema 
     Schema 930 
     Add Table--add a new table 
     Select Tables--this shows a list of databases and tables on the selected system. 
     Add View--add a new view 
     Config 940 
     Displays a list of the available relational database systems accessible by the user so that the user may select a particular relational database system, i.e., IBM DB2/2 or IBM DB2/6000 for example. Depending upon the relational database system selected, or not selected, in which case a default is used, the Relational Schema Generator may display a list of databases and tables provided by the selected relational database system. 
     In addition, when the user clicks on a table or a view, such as the Employee table 960, a popup menu appears with the following menu items: 
     Table/View--use this item to change the name of the table/view or delete the table/view from the screen. 
     Create--use this item to create the table/view in the database 
     Drop--use this item to drop the table/view from the database 
     Show SQL--show the SQL statement for creating/dropping the table 
     Relational schema defined by use of the Smart Schema Relational Schema Generator are specified based on the IBM Structured Query Language (SQL) defined in the IBM SQL Reference Version 1, First Edition, August 1993. 
     Table 2 lists and describes the data types defined in SQL. 
     2.3. Schema Mariner 
     This section specifies the external design of the Schema Mapper which provides object to data store schema mapping. The design is intended to be general, particularly on the object side, such that it applies to all types of data stores. For the purposes of describing the following preferred embodiment of the Schema Mapper, mappings between relational data stores or other types of data stores which support a relational API (e.g., X/Open CLI or ODBC) and objects are presented; however, the design allows tailoring, particularly on the data store side, for each specific type of data store. 
     For a relational to object mapping, i.e., to materialize tulles into objects, the Schema Mapper must be able to represent the tuples in an object schema. In the Schema Mapper: 
     each table is represented as an interface type, 
     each column is represented as an attribute, and 
     each row is represented as an object. 
     For an object to relational mapping, i.e., to store objects in a relational data store, the Schema Mapper must be able to represent the objects in a relational schema. In the Schema Mapper: 
     each interface type is represented as a table, 
     each attribute is represented as a column, and 
     each object is represented as a row. 
     Referring now back to FIG. 7, if the user selects the Schema Mapper icon 730, then the Schema Mapper Window 1000 shown in FIG. 10 is displayed. The Schema Mapper allows the user to define a mapping between a relational schema and an object schema. The Schema Mapper supports the following mapper configurations: 
     Table to Class 
     1 table to 1 class 
     1 table to many classes 
     many tables to 1 class 
     Class to Table 
     1 class to 1 table 
     1 class to many tables 
     many classes to 1 table 
     Column to Attribute 
     1 column to 1 attribute 
     1 column to many attributes 
     many columns to 1 attribute 
     Attribute to Column 
     1 attribute to 1 column 
     1 attribute to many columns 
     many attributes to 1 column 
     In addition, Schema Mapper supports the following four scenarios depending upon if the table exists or not, and depending upon if the class exists or not: 
     1. Classes and Tables both exist; in which case, the user may define the mapping between them. 
     2. Classes exist but not Tables; in which case, the user may select the existing classes, define the mapping from the existing classes to the tables, and then create the corresponding tables. 
     3. Tables exist but not Classes-; in which case, the user may select the tables, define the mapping from the existing tables to the classes, and then generate the corresponding IDLs. 
     4. Both Classes and Tables do not exist; in which case, the user may use the Object Schema Generator or the Relational Schema Generator to define either or both schema. After that, the user may follow one of the above three steps to define mappings. 
     When the user has completed defining the mapping between tables and classes, the user may capture the mapping configuration by generating a Schema Mapping Definition Language (SMDL) description of the mapping. 
     Referring again to FIG. 10, within the Schema Mapper Window 1000, a menu bar 1010 is displayed containing selectable menu items, File 1020, Schema 1030, Map 1040, and Help 1050. The user may select one of the menu items to display a corresponding pulldown menu. The pulldown menus display and allow the user to select the following functions: 
     File 1020 
     New--clear the current screen and start over again. 
     Open--open existing SMDL files and display the mapping information on the screen. This allows the user to modify mapping information. 
     Close--exit Schema Mapper and return to Smart Schema main window. 
     Quit--exit Smart Schema 
     Schema 1030 
     Select classes--select existing classes from either the Interface Repository or to the IDL file. 
     Select tables--select existing tables from selected relational database system. 
     Map 1040 
     Link--indicates mapping relationship between schema. 
     Generate SMDL--generates SMDL corresponding to the mapping between the schema. 
     The operation of the Schema Mapper supporting the above four scenarios, depending upon if the table exists or not, and depending upon if the class exists or not, will now be discussed. 
     2.3.1. Schema Mapper Scenario 1: Classes and Tables Both Exist 
     For the scenario where the classes and tables both exist, six additional scenarios are presented: three scenarios in which existing table(s) are mapped to existing class(es), and three scenarios in which existing class(es) are mapped to existing table(s). For the mapping of existing table(s) to existing class(es), the three scenarios presented are mapping one existing table to one existing class, mapping one existing table to two existing classes, and mapping many existing tables to one existing class. For the mapping of existing class(es) to existing table(s), the three scenarios presented are mapping one existing class to one existing table, mapping one existing class to two existing tables, and mapping many existing classes to one existing table. 
     2.3.1.1 Mapping One Existing Table to One Existing Class 
     In this scenario, the user selects an existing table Employee and an existing class Person. Referring back to FIG. 10, the user selects the existing table Employee by clicking on the Schema menu item 1030 from the menu bar 1010. Referring now to FIG. 11, from a subsequently displayed Schema pulldown menu 1110, the user clicks on the Select Tables item 1120 which displays a listbox 1130 listing existing tables from which the user may select. The user may then click on Employee 1140 within the listbox to select the Employee table. This causes the Employee table icon 1060 to be displayed within the Schema Mapper Window 1000 as illustrated in FIG. 12. 
     To select the existing class Person, the user follows a similar process. Referring now to FIG. 13, the user clicks on the Schema menu item 1030 from the menu bar 1010. From a subsequently displayed Schema pulldown menu 1110, the user clicks on the Select Classes item 1310 which displays a listbox 1320 listing existing classes from which the user may select. The user may then click on Person 1330 within the listbox to select the Person class. This causes the Person class icon 1070 to be displayed within the Schema Mapper Window 1000 as illustrated in FIG. 14. 
     Referring now to FIG. 15, to define a mapping between the existing Employee table and the existing Person class, the user clicks on the Map menu item 1040 from the menu bar 1010. From a subsequently displayed Map pulldown menu 1510, the user clicks on the Link item 1520, and then the user clicks on the Employee table icon 1060 and the Person class icon 1070 to indicate that the Employee table and Person class are linked, i.e., that the Employee table schema will be mapped to the Person class schema. To indicate this link, a link arrow icon 1080 is drawn between the Employee table icon 1060 and the Person class icon 1070 as illustrated in FIG. 16. 
     The user may then click on the arrow icon 1080 to indicate that the user wishes to define the mappings between the Employee table columns and the Person class attributes. After the user clicks on the arrow icon 1080, a Define Mapping Info Window 1700 is displayed as illustrated in FIG. 17. The Employee table column names 1705, 1710, 1715, and 1720 are displayed on the left hand side of the Define Mapping Info Window 1700. A Combo box 1725 that contains all the attributes of the Person class is shown on the right hand side of Define Mapping Info Window 1700. The user may then specify which Employee table columns map to which Person class attributes. To specify a mapping, the user clicks on the Add icon 1730; clicks on the Employee table column name to be mapped, for example, empNum(k) 1705; clicks on the Combo box list button 1735 to display a listbox 1740 containing a list of the Person class attributes (serialNumber 1745, name 1750, day 1755, month 1760, and year 1765); and then clicks on the Person class attribute name to be mapped, for example, serialNumber 1745. This results in the selected Employee table column name being mapped to the selected Person class attribute, for example, empNum(k) being mapped to serialNumber. The user may repeat this process to define other column to attribute mappings. 
     For the cases where a column maps to more than one attribute or where many columns map to one attribute, a user exit function may be defined. A user exit function allows the user to specify user defined mapping functions. 
     Referring now to FIG. 18, a subsequent Define Mapping Info Window 1800 resulting from such a process of user specified mappings is shown. The Define Mapping Info Window 1800 displays the table column to class attribute mappings. The table column empNum(k) 1705 is mapped to the class attribute serialNumber 1805. The table columns firstName 1710 and LastName 1715 are mapped to the class attribute name 1810 and 1815. In this example, the user, or did not define an exit function, and the default implementation concatenates the two columns firstName 710 and LastName 1715. The table column hireDate 1720 is mapped to three class attributes: day 1820, month 1825, and year 1830, and an user exit function is provided which the user defined by selecting the userFctl button 1875. 
     To represent tuples in an object schema, each data type in the relational schema must map to an equivalent data type in the object schema. In addition to mapping table columns to class attributes, the: Schema Mapper also maps the table data types to attribute data types. By default, a default SQL data type to ODL data type mapping is provided. This default mapping is specified in Table 5. In an alternative embodiment, the user may also override the default datatype conversion for any particular table column datatype to class attribute datatype. In such an alternative embodiment, the default datatypes may be displayed in addition to the table column to class attribute mapping. The user may click on the default datatype to display a listbox of allowable datatypes from which the user may select by clicking to override the default datatype. The allowable override mappings from which the user may select are specified in Table 4. In still another alternative embodiment, the user may click on the table column or class attribute to display a details listbox containing the default datatype. The user may then click on the default datatype to display a listbox of allowable datatypes from which the user may select by clicking to override the default datatype. 
     2.3.1.2 Mapping One Existing Table to Two Existing Classes 
     Referring now to FIG. 19, in this scenario, the user wants to map one existing table Employee 1910 to two existing classes: SalaryEmp 1920 and RegularEmp 1930. Similar to the above scenario, the user selects the table and the classes, and then defines the links between them. 
     The user then clicks on the link arrow 1940 between table Employee 1910 and class SalaryEmp 1920. A screen similar to FIG. 17 is displayed for mapping the Employee table columns to the class SalaryEmp attributes. The user then defines the column to attribute mapping from the Employee table to the SalaryEmp class in the same manner as described above. 
     The user then repeats the above process for the Employee to RegularEmp link arrow 1950. 
     2.3.1.3 Mapping Many Existing Tables to One Existing Class 
     Referring now to FIG. 20, in this scenario, the user wants to map many existing tables to one existing class. For example, the user may map table Employee 2010 and table Address 2020 to the class Person 2030. The user is provided with two alternative processes for specifying such a mapping. 
     Under the first alternative, the user may define a view on the many tables. The user may then specify the join conditions between the tables and the output columns in the view. Then, the user may map the view table to the class. In effect, this is similar to the above Mapping One Existing Table to One Existing Class Scenario where one table (one view table) is mapped to one class. The user may first use the Relational Schema Generator to define the view on the many tables. The user may then follow the above Mapping One Existing Table to One Existing Class Scenario to define the mapping between the view table columns and the class attributes. 
     Under the second alternative, the user may select multiple tables, define join and conditions between the tables, and then map to a class. An advantage of this second alternative is that it does not require a view table to be defined. Referring again to FIG. 20, the user links the table Employee 2010 and the class Person 2030 yielding link arrow 2040. Next the user links the table Address 2020 and the class Person 2030 yielding link arrow 2050. In this particular case, clicking on each link arrow, 2040 or 2050, and defining the columns to attributes mapping is not sufficient because joins or conditions may need to be specified. Therefore, in this case, the user is required to first draw all the m-1 links (link arrows 2040 and 2050), then click on the target (the class Person 2030), and then specify mapping. This process allows the Schema Mapper to recognize that a join or condition clause may be necessary and to prompt the user for such join or condition clause. 
     2.3.1.4 Mapping One Existing Class to One Existing Table 
     Referring now to FIG. 21, in this scenario, the user wants to map an existing class Person 2110 to an existing table Employee 2120. When the user clicks on the link arrow 2130 between the class Person 2110 and the table Employee 2120, the Define Mapping Info Window of FIG. 22 is displayed. 
     On the left hand side of the Define Mapping Info Window 2200, the Person class attribute names (serialNumber 2205, name 2210, day 2215, month 2220, and year 2225) are displayed. A Combo box 2230 that contains all the columns of the table Emmployee is shown on the right hand side of the Define Mapping Info Window 2200. The user may click on the Combo box list button 2235 to display a listbox 2240 containing a list of the Employee table columns (empNum 2245, firstName 2250, lastName 2255, and hireDate 2260). Similar to the table to class mapping described above, the user may then select which attribute to map to which column. For the cases where an attribute maps to more than one column or where many attributes map to one column, a user exit function may be defined. 
     Referring now to FIG. 23, the results of such a class attributes to table columns mapping is illustrated. The attribute serialNumber 2305 is mapped to the columns empNum 2345. The attribute name 2310 is mapped to the columns firstName 2350 and LastName 2355. An exit function may be defined by selecting the userFctl button 2375 to specify how the attribute name 2310 is split into the two columns firstName 2350 and LastName 2355. The three attributes: day 2315, month 2320, and year 2325 are mapped to the one column hireDate 2360, 2365, and 2370. Since an exit function is not provided by the user in this case, the default implementation concatenates the three attributes values. 
     As part of representing objects in a relational schema, one must map each data type in the object schema to an equivalent data type in the relational schema. In addition to mapping class attributes to table columns, the Schema Mapper also maps the attribute data types to table column data types. By default, a default ODL data type to SQL data type mapping is provided. This default mapping is specified in Table 6. The allowable override datatype mappings from which the user may select are specified in Table 3. 
     2.3.1.5 Mapping One Existing Class to Two Existing Tables 
     Referring now to FIG. 24, in this scenario, the user wants to map one existing class Person 2410 to two existing tables: SalaryEmp 2420 and RegularEmp 2430. The user may click on the link arrow 2440 between the class Person 2410 and table RegularEmp 2420 to display a window for mapping attributes to columns similar to the Define Mapping Info Window 2200 of FIG. 22. The user may then define the attribute to column mapping from the class Person 2410 to the table RegularEmp 2420. The user may then repeat the above process for the Person to SalaryEmp link arrow 2450. 
     2.3.1.6 Mapping Many Existing Classes to One Existing Table 
     Referring now to FIG. 25, in this scenario, the user wants to map many existing classes to one existing table. This situation may arise in an inheritance hierarchy where the user wants to map all the attributes that are inherited into one table. Alternatively, the user may want to map multiple classes to one existing table even though the classes do not have any relationship to each other. The user may perform the process of the above described Mapping One Existing Class to One Existing Table on the class Person 2510 and table Employee 2520. The user may then repeat this process on the class Manager 2530 and table Employee 2520. Although this scenario also falls into the more difficult m-1 scenarios, this scenario is simpler than the many tables to one class scenario as there is no need to specify joins or conditions. 
     2.3.2 Schema Mapper Scenario 2: Classes Exist, But Not Tables 
     For the scenario where the class(es) exist, but not the table(s), three additional scenarios are presented: mapping one existing class to one new table, mapping one existing class to many new tables, and mapping many existing classes to one new table. 
     2.3.2.1 Mapping One Existing Class to One New Table 
     Referring now to FIG. 26, in this scenario, the user selects an existing class Person 2610 and defines the corresponding table for the class. The user clicks on the class Person icon 2610, and a popup menu 2620 appears where the user may click on an &#34;Add Table&#34; menu item 2630 to add a new table. As a result of clicking the &#34;Add Table&#34; menu item 2630, the user is prompted for a name for the new table via a prompt dialog. After the user enters the new table name into the prompt dialog, a table icon, the Employee table icon 2640, is added to the Schema Mapper Window 2600 with a link arrow 2650 between the class Person icon 2610 and the table Employee icon 2640. 
     The new table contains the default column mappings for the attributes in the class. If the user wishes to override the default datatype mappings, the user may override them as described above. When the user is satisfied with the mapping, the user may request that the new table be created in the specified database repository. In an alternative embodiment, when a new table for a class is created, an extra column is created in the new table to store a PID (Persistent Identifier uniquely identifying a row in the table). This extra column is of type CHAR, and is used by the run-time to handle various situations, including use as a primary key to uniquely identify an object&#39;s OID (Object Identifier) to the PID of a row in a table. 
     2.3.2.2 Mapping One Existing Class to Many New Tables 
     Referring again to FIG. 26, in this scenario, the user selects an existing class Person 2610 and defines multiple tables for the class. This is similar to the last scenario. The user clicks on the class Person icon 2610 to display the popup menu 2620 from which the user selects the &#34;Add Table&#34; menu item 2630, and then follows the last scenario as described above. The user then repeats this process as needed for each new table. The user defines the columns in each new table, and when satisfied, creates each new table in the database repository. Note that the user has to be sensitive to the order of table creation if there are dependencies between the new tables. 
     2.3.2.3 Mapping Many Existing Classes to One New Table 
     In this scenario, the user selects many existing classes and defines mappings to one new table. This is similar to the many existing classes to one existing table scenario, except that the new table needs to be created. 
     2.3.3. Schema Mapper Scenario 3: Tables Exist, But Not Classes 
     For the scenario where the table(s) exist, but not the class(es), three additional scenarios are presented: mapping one existing table to one new class, mapping one existing table to many new classes, and mapping many existing tables to one new class. 
     2.3.3.1 Mapping One Existing Table to One New Class 
     Referring now to FIG. 27, in this scenario, the user selects an existing table Employee 2710 and defines the corresponding class. The user clicks on the table Employee icon 2710, and a popup menu 2720 appears wherein the user may click on an &#34;Add Class&#34; menu item 2730 to add a new class. When the user clicks on the &#34;Add Class&#34; menu item 2730, the user is prompted to enter a name for the new class via a prompt dialog. When the user enters the new class name, a class icon, the class Person icon 2740, is added to the Schema Mapper Window 2700 with a link arrow 2750 between the table Employee icon 2710 and the new class Person icon 2740. 
     The new class Person contains the default attribute mappings for the columns in the table Employee. If the user wishes to override the default mappings, the user may do so as described above. When the user is satisfied with the mapping, the user may request that the IDL for the class be generated and stored in the selected object repository. 
     2.3.3.2. Mapping One Existing Table to Many New Classes 
     Referring again to FIG. 27, in this scenario, the user selects an existing table Employee 2710 and defines multiple new classes for the table. This is similar to the last scenario. The user clicks on the class Person icon 2710 to display the popup menu 2720 from which the user selects the &#34;Add Class&#34; menu item 2730, and then follows the last scenario as described above. The user then repeats this process as needed for each new class. The user may define the attributes in each new class, and when satisfied, generate IDL for each new class. 
     2.3.3.3 Mapping Many Existing Tables to One New Class 
     In this scenario, the user selects many existing tables and defines mappings to one new class. This is similar to the mapping many existing tables to one existing class scenario except that the new class first needs to be generated. 
     2.4 Modifying Existing Schema Mappings 
     The Schema Mapper allows a user to change existing schema mappings. The Schema Mapper displays existing SMDL files on the screen, and allows the user to modify the SMDL, and then regenerate the SMDL files. The SMIR provides APIs to retrieve the internal format. These APIs may also be used to retrieve information from existing SMDL files. 
     2.5 Schema Mapper graphical Mapping Semantics 
     In this section, the various mapping semantics supported graphically in Schema Mapper are discussed. The mapping semantics correspond to those that are supported in SMDL. In other words, any semantics that are defined by the SMDL may be specified graphically using the Schema Mapper. 
     2.5.1 Schema Icons 
     The Schema Mapper uses different icons to represent different schema. The following are the three icon categories: 
     class icon representing a class, 
     table icon representing a table, and 
     relationship table icon representing a relationship table. 
     The relationship table icon has a different appearance from that of the table icon, and is used to visually indicate that two or more tables are being related by the represented relationship table. This is indicated by displaying a visual indicator from the relationship table icon, containing the primary keys, to each of the tables containing the foreign keys to which the primary keys relate. 
     Each category is further divided into two cases: 
     schema exist, and 
     schema does not exist. 
     Different semantic information is displayed for different icons. For example, for a non-existent table icon, there will be a Create option to allow the user to create a new table. 
     2.5.2 Join 
     A &#34;Join&#34; is meaningful when: 
     multiple tables are mapped to one class, or 
     one class is mapped to multiple tables. 
     When either of these condition arise, the context menu for the class icon will show the &#34;join&#34; menu item. The user may select this item to define the joins between the tables. Then a Join Window allows the user to choose which table columns on which to join. After the join is defined, a Define Mapping Info Window similar to 2200 of FIG. 22 is displayed for mapping attributes to the columns resulting from the join. The user may then define the class attribute to join column mapping. 
     2.5.3 Union 
     A &#34;Union&#34; is meaningful when: 
     multiple tables are mapped to one class, or 
     one class is mapped to multiple tables. 
     When either of these condition arise, the context menu for the class icon will show the &#34;Union&#34; menu item. The user may Select this item to define the unions between the tables. The Union Window allows the user to choose which tables from which this class will collect data. 
     2.5.4 Condition 
     A &#34;Condition&#34; is meaningful when: 
     one class is mapped to one table, 
     one class is mapped to multiple tables, 
     many classes are mapped to one table, 
     one table is mapped to one class, 
     one table is mapped to multiple classes, or 
     multiple tables are mapped to one class. 
     When one of these conditions arise, the context menu for the class icon will show the &#34;Condition&#34; menu item. The-user may select this item to define the conditions for filtering data from the relational tables. 
     2.5.5 OrderBy 
     An &#34;OrderBy&#34; is meaningful when: 
     one class is mapped to one table, 
     one class is mapped to multiple tables, 
     many classes are mapped to one table, 
     one table is mapped to one class, 
     one table is mapped to multiple classes, or 
     multiple tables are mapped to one class. 
     When one of these conditions arise, the context menu for the class icon will show the &#34;Order By&#34; menu item. The user may select this item to define the order by clause. An Order By Window allows the user to choose which table columns to order the results by and in what order (ascending versus descending). 
     2.5.6 Super Join 
     A super join refers to the situation where a join is defined between tables mapped to the selected class and tables mapped to a parent class (superclass) of the selected class (subclass). A super join menu item appears on popup menu displayed when the user clicks on the class icon. Selecting this super join menu item displays a super join dialog allowing the user to choose which tables, of those tables mapped to a parent class of the class, on which to perform a join with tables mapped to the class. Once the user has selected the superclass tables and subclass tables upon which to perform a join, a Join Window allows the user to choose which table columns on which to join. Thereafter, the user proceeds the same as for a join. 
     2.5.7 Direct References 
     A direct reference refers to the situation wherein a class contains an attribute that references another class, and the user wishes to map this reference using a foreign key and primary key relation in the relational data store. The foreign key and primary key relation can be either direct from one table to another (Direct Reference) or indirect through a third table known as a relationship table (Indirect Reference). When an attribute is a reference, then a Reference icon is displayed to indicate to the user that the user has to map either &#34;Direct&#34; or &#34;Indirect &#34;. If the user chooses &#34;Direct&#34;, a Direct Reference dialog is displayed. The Direct Reference dialog fallows the user to verify that the mapping uses a column that is a foreign key from the From table, and that relates to a primary key in the To table. 
     2.5.8 Indirect References (via Relationship Table) 
     When the user selects &#34;Indirect&#34; from the above discussed Reference icon to map the reference attribute using an Indirect Reference, then the user is presented with a First Indirect Reference dialog allowing the user to choose which relationship table to use. After selecting the relationship table, a Second Indirect Reference dialog is displayed allowing the user to choose the To column from the relationship table. 
     3. Schema Mapping Internal Representation (SMIR) 
     The following example illustrates a sample schema mapping definition. There are two classes in the Object Store: employee and department. Corresponding to these two classes, there are three tables in the relational database repository: employee, address, and department. The schema definition of the classes, the schema definition of the tables, the schema mapping definition between the tables and classes (expressed in SMDL), and a Schema Mapping Internal Representation data structure are presented. 
     The definition of the two classes (the object schema), employee and department, are as follows: 
     
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\begin{verbatim}                                                
class rich.sub.-- employee                                                
public:                                                                   
char empno[100];                                                          
int salary;                                                               
char name[100];                                                           
char address[200];                                                        
department * dept;                                                        
}                                                                         
class department                                                          
{                                                                         
public:                                                                   
char deptno[100];                                                         
char deptname[100];                                                       
os.sub.-- Set &lt;rich.sub.-- employee *&gt; employee;                          
}                                                                         
\end{verbatim}                                                  
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     The definition of the three tables (the data store schema) in the relational database corresponding to the above two classes are as follows: 
     
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\begin{verbatim}                                                
table employee                                                            
column eno -- string                                                      
column name -- string                                                     
column salary -- real                                                     
column dependent -- integer                                               
column workdept -- sting                                                  
table address                                                             
column eno -- string                                                      
column address -- string                                                  
table department                                                          
column dno -- string                                                      
column dname -- string                                                    
column manager -- string                                                  
\end{verbatim}                                                  
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     The schema mapping between the above classes and tables expressed in SMDL is as follows: 
     
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\begin{verbatim}                                                
# This is schema mapping definition for employee-department               
# classes                                                                 
SCHEMA.sub.-- MAPPING employee-department                                 
# class                                                                   
CLASS rich.sub.-- employee                                                
JOIN &#34;employee.eno = address.eno&#34;                                         
CONDITION &#34;salary &gt; 400100 order by lastname desc&#34;                        
ATTRIBUTE empno                                                           
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE string                                              
TABLE employee                                                            
COLUMN eno                                                                
TYPE string                                                               
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
ATTRIBUTE salary                                                          
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE real                                                
TABLE employee                                                            
COLUMN salary                                                             
TYPE real                                                                 
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
ATTRIBUTE name                                                            
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE string                                              
TABLE employee                                                            
COLUMN name                                                               
TYPE string                                                               
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
ATTRIBUTE address                                                         
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE string                                              
TABLE address                                                             
COLUMN address                                                            
TYPE string                                                               
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
END.sub.-- CLASS                                                          
# class                                                                   
CLASS department                                                          
ATTRIBUTE deptno                                                          
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE string                                              
TABLE department                                                          
COLUMN deptno                                                             
TYPE string                                                               
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
ATTRIBUTE deptname                                                        
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE string                                              
TABLE department                                                          
COLUMN deptname                                                           
TYPE string                                                               
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
END.sub.-- CLASS                                                          
# relationship                                                            
RELATIONSHIP dept                                                         
FROM 1                                                                    
FROM.sub.-- CLASS rich.sub.-- employee                                    
FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE dept                                                
FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE department*                             
FROM.sub.-- TABLE employee                                                
FROM.sub.-- COLUMN workdept                                               
FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE string                                     
TO n                                                                      
TO.sub.-- CLASS department                                                
TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE employee                                              
TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE dept *                                    
TO.sub.-- TABLE department                                                
TO.sub.-- COLUMN dno                                                      
TO.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE string                                       
END.sub.-- RELATIONSHIP                                                   
END.sub.-- SCHEMA.sub.-- MAPPING                                          
\end{verbatim}                                                  
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     The following is an example of a data structure representing a Schema Mapping Internal Representation (SMIR) in which the above object schema, data store schema, and the mapping of the object schema and the data store schema may be stored: 
     Schema Mapping Internal Representation (C++ classes) 
     DbSchemaMapping 
     DbStore 
     DbTable 
     DbColumn 
     DbClass 
     DbAttr 
     DbReference 
     DbSchemaMapping class 
     char*DbSchemaMapping --  getName(); 
     DbStore*DbSchemaMapping --  getDatastore(); 
     DbStore*DbSchemaMapping --  getNextDatastore(); 
     DbClass*DbSchemaMapping --  getClass(); 
     DbClass*DbSchemaMapping --  getNextClass(); 
     DbReference*DbSchemaMapping --  getReference(); 
     DbReference*DbSchemaMapping --  getNextReference(); 
     DbTable*DbSchemaMapping --  getTable(); 
     DbTable*DbSchemaMapping --  getNextTable(); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setName(char*mappingname); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setDatastore(DbStore*store); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setNextDatastore(DbStore*store); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setClass(DbClass*newclass); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setNextClass(DbClass*newclass); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setReference(DbReference*rel); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setNextReference(DbReference*rel); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setTable(DbTable*newtable); 
     void DbSchemaMapping --  setNextTable(DbTable*newtable); 
     DbStore*DbSchemaMapping --  findDatastore (char*storename) 
     DbClass*DbSchemaMapping --  findClass (char*classname); 
     DbTable*DbSchemaMapping --  findTable (char*tablename); 
     DbReference*DbSchemaMapping --  findReference(char*refname); 
     char*DbStore --  getName(); 
     char*DbStore --  getDbmsType(); 
     char*DbStore --  getDbName(); 
     char*DbStore --  getUserId(); 
     char*DbStore --  getPassword(); 
     void DbStore --  setName(char*storename); 
     void DbStore --  setDbmsType (char*dbmsname); 
     void DbStore --  setDbName (char*dbname); 
     void DbStore --  setUserId (char*username); 
     void DbStore --  setPassword (char*passwd); 
     DbTable Class 
     char*DbTable --  getName(); 
     DbClass*DbTable --  getClass(); 
     DbClass*DbTable --  getNextClass(); 
     DbColumn*DbTable --  getColumn(); 
     DbColumn*DbTable --  getNextColumn(); 
     void DbTable --  setName(char*tabname); 
     void DbTable --  setClass(DbClass*cp); 
     void DbTable --  setNextClass(DbClass*cp); 
     void DbTable --  setColumn(DbColumn*colp); 
     void DbTable --  setNextColumn(DbColumn*colp); 
     DbColumn class 
     char*DbColumn --  getName(); 
     int DbColumn --  getType(); 
     DbTable*DbColumn --  getTable(); 
     DbAttr*DbColumn --  getAttr(); 
     DbAttr*DbColumn --  getNextAttr (); 
     void DbColumn --  setName (char*colname); 
     void DbColumn --  setType(int coltype); 
     void DbColumn --  setTable(DbTable*tp); 
     void DbColumn --  setAttr(DbAttr*ap); 
     void DbColumn --  setNextAttr(DbAttr*ap); 
     DbClass class 
     char*DbClass --  getName(); 
     DbClass*DbClass --  getSuperclass(); 
     char*DbClass --  getSuperjoin(); 
     char*DbClass --  getJoin(); 
     char*DbClass --  getCondition(); 
     char*DbClass --  getOrderBy(); 
     DbStore*DbClass --  getStore(); 
     DbTable*DbClass --  getTable(); 
     DbTable*DbClass --  getNextTable(); 
     DbAttr*DbClass --  getAttr(); 
     DbAttr*DbClass --  getNextAttr(); 
     DbAttr*DbClass --  getNextSplitAttr(); 
     DbColumn*DbClass --  getKey(); 
     DbColumn*DbClass --  getNextKey(); 
     void DbClass --  setName(char*classname); 
     void DbClass --  setSuperclass(DbClass*superclass); 
     void DbClass --  setSuperjoin(char*jointext); 
     void DbClass --  setJoin(char*jointext); 
     void DbClass --  setCondition(char*conditiontext); 
     void DbClass --  setOrderBy(char*orderbytext); 
     void DbClass --  setStore(DbStore*dbstorep); 
     void DbClass --  setTable(DbTable*tabp); 
     void DbClass --  setNextTable(DbTable*tabp); 
     void DbClass --  setAttr(DbAttr*attr); 
     void DbClass --  setNextAttr(DbAttr*attr); 
     void DbClass --  setNextSplitAttr(DbAttr*attr); 
     void DbClass --  setKey(DbColumn*keyp); 
     void DbClass --  getNextKey(DbColumn*keyp); 
     DbAttr class 
     char*DbAttr --  getName(); 
     int DbAttr --  getType(); 
     char*DbAttr --  getFunction(); 
     DbClass*DbAttr --  getClass(); 
     DbColumn*DbAttr --  getColumn(); 
     DbColumn*DbAttr --  getNextColumn(); 
     DbReference*DbAttr --  getReference(); 
     void DbAttr --  setName(char*attrname); 
     void DbAttr --  setType(int attrtype); 
     void DbAttr --  setFunction(char*func); 
     void DbAttr --  setClass(DbClass*cp); 
     void DbAttr --  setColumn(DbColumn*colp); 
     void DbAttr --  setNextColumn(DbColumn*colp); 
     void DbAttr --  setReference(DbReference*referp); 
     DbReference class 
     char*DbReference --  getName(); 
     // from class 
     DbClass*DbReference --  getFrom(); 
     DbAttr*DbReference --  getFrattr(); 
     DbTable*DbReference --  getFrtable(); 
     DbTable*DbReference --  getNextFrtable(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getFrcolumn(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getNextFrcolumn(); 
     DbTable*DbReference --  getFrreltable(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getFrrelcolumn(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getNextFrrelcolumn(); 
     // to class 
     DbClass*DbReference --  getTo(); 
     DbTable*DbReference --  getTotable(); 
     DbTable*DbReference --  getNextTotable(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getTocolumn(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getNextTocolumn(); 
     DbTable*DbReference --  getToreltable(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getTorelcolumn(); 
     DbColumn*DbReference --  getNextTorelcolumn(); 
     void DbReference --  setName (char*relname); 
     // from class 
     void DbReference --  setFrom(DbClass fromclass); 
     void DbReference --  setFrattr (DbAttr attrp); 
     void DbReference --  setFrtable(DbTable*frtabp); 
     void DbReference --  setNextFrtable(DbTable*frtabp); 
     void DbReference --  setFrcolumn(DbColumn*frcolp); 
     void DbReference --  setNextFrcolumn(DbColumn*frcolp); 
     void DbReference --  setFrreltable(DbTable*frreltabp); 
     void DbReference --  setFrrelcolumn(DbColumn*frrelcolp); 
     void DbReference --  setNextFrrelcolumn(DbColumn*frrelcolp); 
     // to class 
     void DbReference --  setTo(DbClass*toclass); 
     void DbReference --  setTotable(DbTable*totabp); 
     void DbReference --  setNextTotable(DbTable*totabp); 
     void DbReference --  setTocolumn(DbColumn*tocolp); 
     void DbReference --  setNextTocolumn(DbColumn*tocolp); 
     void DbReference --  setToreltable(DbTable*toreltabp); 
     void DbReference --  setTorelcolumn(DbColumn*torelcolp); 
     void DbReference --  setNextTorelcolumn(DbColumn*torelcolp); 
     4. Schema Mapping Definition Language (SMDL) 
     4.1. Introduction 
     The system 100 includes a schema mapping definition language (SMDL) generator 220 which generates, from the internal data structure, a high level language (SMDL) 230 which represents the mapping. 
     This section describes the functional specification and relevant information of the Schema Mapping Definition Language (SMDL). SMDL is the base for both the textual schema mapping definition and the graphical user interface (GUl) schema mapping definition. The SMDL describes how schema are mapped in a textual format. The Schema Mapper component of Smart Schema generates SMDL for the user so that the user does not have to learn a new language. Because the SMDL is in a textual format, it is completely portable. A parser is provided to translate the SMDL into SMIR (Schema Mapping Internal Representation). The SMIR is used by both the GUI schema mapping and run-time accessing the data store or object store. 
     SMDL is designed to provide a schema mapping syntax that reduces the amount of work for the user and reduces the complexity of the schema mapping definition. The syntax is also designed to be easily extensible. 
     A schema mapping definition describes how object schema and relational schema are mapped to each other. The object data model consists of interfaces, attributes, inheritance, etc.; whereas, the relational data model consists of tables, columns, joins, etc. There are similarities and differences between these two data models. In SMDL, the similarities are mapped directly, while the differences are mapped using a specially created mapping syntax. 
     4.2. SMDL Grammar 
     The Schema Mapping Definition Language style is declarative and uses direct mapping based on key words. There are no intermediate models or constructs involved. The user sees only the object data model and the relational database model, and deals only with the constructs (interfaces and tables) in question. This strategy reduces the amount of work for the user, reduces the complexity of the schema mapping definition, and increases the extensibility of the mapping syntax. 
     The following is a high level description of the SMDL text grammar for schema mapping to map between relational database schema and object-oriented database schema. 
     One SMDL file has one schema mapping definition. 
     Schema mapping definition name must be unique. 
     Only binary relationships are supported. 
     The SMDL flow begins with the schema mapping name and narrows the scope with each mapping construct. Within a schema mapping, there is connectivity information, classes and references. 
     A class keyword defines its name, join condition, and its attributes. 
     An attribute defines its type, table and column name, whether or not it is a primary key or allows nulls. 
     A reference keyword defines its name, cardinality, to and from table and column names. 
     The following is a high level description of the SMDL text semantics for schema mapping to map between relational database schema and object-oriented database schema. 
     Schema Mapping name must be specified in mapping definition. 
     Each statement starts with a keyword and has only one keyword. 
     All keywords must be upper class characters. 
     All the class definitions are followed by all the reference definitions. 
     Attribute definitions start with the keyword ATTRIBUTE and end with keyword END --  ATTRIBUTE. 
     Class definition starts with the keyword CLASS, embeds all attribute definitions, and ends with the keyword END --  CLASS. 
     Reference definitions start with the keyword REFERENCE and end with keyword END --  REFERENCE. 
     Schema mapping definition is the highest level of the mapping definition. It starts with the keyword 
     SCHEMA --  MAPPING and embeds all class and reference definitions. 
     indentation helps identify the hierarchy of the schema mapping definition, but it is now required. 
     The line starting with `#` character is handled as a comment line. 
     4.3. SMDL Constructs 
     The following sections describe the major language constructs provided in SMDL and the purpose of each construct. An example is given for each construct. 
     4.3.1. Comment 
     A comment starts with the # sign. Comments are line-based and can appear any where. A comment looks like the following: 
     # This is a comment line. 4.3.2. Blank Lines 
     Blank lines are allowed to increase the readability of the schema mapping definition. Blank lines may appear anywhere, and they are ignored by the SMDL parser. 
     4.3.3. Defining The Schema Mapping 
     A schema mapping definition starts with the keyword SCHEMA --  MAPPING followed by the schema mapping name. The schema mapping name should be unique within a DatastoreMgr. A schema mapping definition ends with the keyword END --  SCHEMA --  MAPPING. The syntax is as follows: 
     SCHEMA --  MAPPING schema --  mapping --  name 
     # Schema mapping definition 
     END --  SCHEMA --  MAPPING 
     4.3.4. Defining The Datastore Connection 
     The datastore connection specifies the connection information for connecting to the relational datastore. The datastore connection should appear before the interface mapping definitions. 
     The datastore connection starts with the keyword DATASTORE --  ID followed by the datastore identifier, or datastore id, which is used for connecting to a datastore. The datastore id should be unique within the schema mapping definition. 
     The required arguments in the datastore connection are: datastore type and datastore name. All other arguments are optional and, if present, serve as default connection parameters. These optional arguments include: user --  name and authentication. 
     Each argument starts with a keyword followed by the argument value. The syntax for the datastore connection definition is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
DATASTORE.sub.-- ID my.sub.-- ds.sub.-- id                                
DATASTORE.sub.-- TYPE db2/6000                                            
DATASTORE.sub.-- NAME my.sub.-- ds.sub.-- name                            
USER.sub.-- NAME my.sub.-- name                                           
AUTHENTICATION abcde                                                      
END.sub.-- DATASTORE.sub.-- ID                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     4.3.5. Mapping Interfaces To Tables or Views 
     In the interface mapping definition, no distinction is made between tables and views. That is, tables are used to mean both tables and views. 
     The mapping between interfaces and tables is m-n, which means one interface may map to one or more tables, and one or more interfaces may map to one table. SMDL supports three cases: 
     One interface maps to one table 
     One interface maps to multiple tables 
     Multiple interfaces map to one table 
     The first case of mapping one interface to one table is a straight forward definition. The second case of mapping one interface to multiple tables requires a join clause. Both of these cases involve a single interface mapping definition. The last case of mapping multiple interfaces to one table is accomplished through multiple interface mapping definitions and by duplicating the table information in each interface mapping definition. 
     The interface mapping definition includes the following information: 
     Scope of data manipulation and query for complex objects. A complex object is one which references other objects. The list of attribute names must be of interface type. 
     Datastore id, which represents the connection information for the datastore 
     Table name, or table names in case the interface maps to multiple tables 
     Key column names, which together uniquely identify the persistent data and which are used in the generation of the data --  id attribute for PID 
     Key column types 
     Join condition, required only if the interface maps to multiple tables 
     Selection condition to restrict the set of tuples to be considered for each table, optional 
     Order By clause to order the result set of tuples, optional 
     The syntax for the interface mapping definition is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
INTERFACE interface.sub.-- name                                           
SCOPE attribute.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, attribute.sub.-- name.sub.-- 2, . . 
.,                                                                        
attribute.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1                                            
DATASTORE.sub.-- ID my.sub.-- ds.sub.-- id                                
TABLE table.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, table.sub.-- name.sub.-- 2, . . .,      
table.sub.-- name.sub.-- m                                                
KEY column.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, column.sub.-- name.sub.-- 2, . . .,      
column.sub.-- name.sub.-- n                                               
KEY.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type.sub.-- 1, column.sub.-- type.sub.-- 2, 
. . .,                                                                    
column.sub.-- type.sub.-- n                                               
JOIN &#34;join condition&#34;                                                     
SELECTION&#34; filter condition&#34;                                              
ORDERBY &#34;order by clause&#34;                                                 
# begin attribute mapping definition                                      
# . . .                                                                   
# end attribute mapping definition                                        
#                                                                         
END.sub.-- INTERFACE                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     4.3.6. Mapping Attributes To Columns 
     In the attribute mapping definition, no distinction is made between columns and statistical columns (columns derived from other columns). That is, columns are used to mean both columns and statistical columns. 
     The mapping between attributes and columns is m-n, which means one attribute may map to one or more columns and one or more attributes may map to a column. SMDL supports three cases: 
     One attribute maps to one column 
     One attribute maps to multiple columns 
     Multiple attributes map to one column 
     The first case of mapping one attribute to one column is a straight forward definition. The second and third cases require that user defined mapping functions be specified to accomplish the appropriate mapping. These two cases as well as the user defined mapping functions are explained below in Section 4.3.10 (&#34;User Defined Mapping Functions&#34;). 
     The attribute mapping definition includes the following information: 
     Attribute type 
     Table name, required only if the interface maps to multiple tables 
     Column name 
     Column type 
     The syntax for the attribute mapping definition is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                           
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attr.sub.-- type                                    
TABLE table.sub.-- name                                                   
COLUMN column.sub.-- name                                                 
COLUMN.sub.--  TYPE col.sub.-- type                                       
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     4.3.7. Mapping References Among Interfaces 
     The mapping of references among interfaces, i.e. attributes of interface types, is defined using separate reference mapping definitions. For each reference, this involves two steps. 
     First, a user specifies the reference name in the attribute mapping definition. The syntax for doing is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                           
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE interface.sub.-- name                               
REFERENCE.sub.-- NAME ref.sub.-- name                                     
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Second, the user specifies the reference mapping definition as described in the following section 3.3.7.1 (&#34;Defining the Reference Mapping&#34;). 
     4.3.7.1. Defining The Reference Mapping 
     The information used for defining the reference mapping comes from the foreign key to primary key relationship as this relationship appears in the relational datastore. This foreign key to primary key relationship may appear directly from the source table(s) which contains the foreign key, to the target table(s) which contains the primary key. Alternatively, this relationship may appear indirectly through a relationship table. The direct foreign key to primary key relationship may represent a 1-1 relationship or 1-m relationship, but an indirect relationship table may represent an m-n relationship. 
     A major benefit of reference mapping is that, since the foreign key to primary key relationship as it appears in the relational datastore is used, referential integrity may be maintained in the relational datastore. Referential integrity means that every foreign key in a table must refer to an existing key in the related table, or it must be NULL, which means that it does not refer to any key in any table. 
     4.3.7.2. Defining The Direct Reference Mapping Without A Relationship Table 
     The direct reference mapping definition includes the following information: 
     Source interface name 
     Source attribute name 
     Source table names, which must be a subset of the table names which appear in the source interface mapping definition 
     Source column names, the number and sequence of which must match with the those of the key column names of the target interface mapping definition 
     Source column types, the number and sequence of which must match with those of the source column names 
     Target interface name 
     The syntax of the direct reference mapping is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
REFERENCE reference.sub.-- name                                           
FROM.sub.-- INTERFACE interface.sub.-- name                               
FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                               
FROM.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, table.sub.-- name.sub.-- 2, 
. . .,                                                                    
table.sub.-- name.sub.-- m                                                
FROM.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name 1, column.sub.-- name.sub.-- 2, . . 
.,                                                                        
column.sub.-- name.sub.-- n                                               
FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type.sub.-- 1, column.sub.-- 
type.sub.-- 2,                                                            
. . ., column.sub.-- type.sub.-- n                                        
TO.sub.-- INTERFACE interface.sub.-- name                                 
END.sub.-- REFERENCE                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     4.3.7.3. Defining The Indirect Reference Mapping With A Relationship Table 
     The indirect reference mapping definition in this case includes the following information: 
     Source interface name 
     Source attribute name 
     Source relationship table name 
     Source relationship column names, the number and sequence of which must match with those of the key column names of the source interface mapping definition 
     Source relationship column types, the number and sequence of which must match with those of the source relationship column names 
     Target interface name 
     Target relationship table name, which is the same as the source relationship table name 
     Target relationship column names, the number and sequence of which must match with those of the key column names of the target interface mapping definition 
     Target relationship column types, the number and sequence of which must match with those of the target relationship column names 
     The indirect reference mapping syntax is as follows: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCE reference.sub.-- name                                           
 FROM.sub.-- INTERFACE interface.sub.-- name                              
 FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                              
 REL.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                       
 REL.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, column.sub.-- name.sub.-- 
2, . . ., column.sub.-- name.sub.-- m                                     
 REL.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type.sub.-- l, column.sub.-- 
type.sub.-- 2, . . ., column.sub.-- type.sub.-- m                         
 TO.sub.-- INTERFACE interface.sub.-- name                                
 REL.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                       
 REL.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, column.sub.-- name.sub.-- 
2, . . ., column.sub.-- name.sub.-- n                                     
 REL.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type.sub.-- l, column.sub.-- 
type.sub.-- 2, . . ., column.sub.-- type.sub.-- n                         
END.sub.-- REFERENCE                                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     4.3.8. Union, Intersection, and Difference 
     Union, intersection, and difference may be used in schema mapping. If the user wants to collect data into the same collection from a set of different tables, the union function may be used. For example, the employee tables are split into several geographical areas and mapped into one class by using the union syntax below. These three operations (union, intersection, and difference) have a similar schema mapping syntax. 
     4.3.8.1. Union For Class Mapping 
     The desired keyword, either UNION, INTERSECTION, or DIFFERENCE, is substituted for &#34;UNION&#34; in the syntax as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
CLASS class.sub.-- name                                                   
 JOIN &#34;join syntax&#34;                                                       
 CONDITION &#34;condition syntax&#34;                                             
 ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                          
 ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                              
 TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                            
 COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)     
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
 TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                  
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY (yes or no)                                           
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY.sub.-- SEQ sequence.sub.-- number                     
 DEFAULT.sub.-- NULL.sub.-- VALUE default.sub.-- null.sub.-- value        
 END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                     
 ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name2                                         
 ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                              
 TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                            
 COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)     
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
 TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                  
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY (yes or no)                                           
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY.sub.-- SEQ sequence.sub.-- number                     
 DEFAULT.sub.-- NULL.sub.-- VALUE default.sub.-- null.sub.-- value        
 END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                     
 UNION                                                                    
 JOIN &#34;join syntax&#34;                                                       
 CONDITION &#34;condition syntax&#34;                                             
 ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                          
 ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                              
 TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                            
 COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)     
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
 TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                  
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY (yes or no)                                           
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY.sub.-- SEQ sequence.sub.-- number                     
 DEFAULT.sub.-- NULL.sub.-- VALUE default.sub.-- null.sub.-- value        
 END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                     
 ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name2                                         
 ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPT attribute.sub.-- type                              
 TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                            
 COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)     
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
 TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                  
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY (yes or no)                                           
 PRIMARY.sub.-- KEY.sub.-- SEQ sequence.sub.-- number                     
 DEFAULT.sub.-- NULL.sub.-- VALUE default.sub.-- null.sub.-- Value        
 END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                     
END.sub.-- CLASS                                                          
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     In the above syntax, the user must repeat information while keeping it consistent; therefore, an alternative syntax may be provided. This alternative syntax emphasizes union (or intersection or difference) in the attribute instead of in the class. Again the desired keyword (UNION, INTERSECTION, or DIFFERENCE) may be substituted for the correct function in the syntax as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
CLASS class.sub.-- name                                                   
 JOIN &#34;join syntax&#34;                                                       
 ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                          
 ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                              
 TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                            
 COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)     
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
 TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                  
 UNION                                                                    
 TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                            
 COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)     
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
 TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                  
 END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                     
END.sub.-- CLASS                                                          
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     In this alternative syntax, although the user does not have to repeat information, the user is not able to give a different join clause for each union. 
     4.3.8.2 Union For Reference Mapping 
     The syntax for union for reference mapping is as follows. Note that intersection and difference functions for reference/relationship mapping has no semantic meaning; therefore, only union is supported. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
RELATIONSHIP relationship.sub.-- name                                     
 FROM reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                  
 FROM.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                      
 FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                              
 FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                  
 FROM.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                      
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .        
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type,                       
 column.sub.-- type2, . . .                                               
TO reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                     
 TO.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                        
 TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                
 TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                    
 TO.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                        
 TO.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .          
 TO.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.-- type2, .  
. .                                                                       
UNION                                                                     
FROM reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                   
 FROM.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                      
 FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                              
 FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                  
 FROM.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                      
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .        
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type,                       
 column.sub.-- type2, . . .                                               
TO reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                     
 TO.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                        
 TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                
 TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                    
 TO.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                        
 TO.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .          
 TO.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.-- type2, .  
. .                                                                       
END.sub.-- RELATIONSHIP                                                   
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     An alternative syntax may also be provided. This alternative syntax emphasizes union in the attribute instead of in the reference/relationship. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
REFERENCE reference.sub.-- name                                           
 FROM reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                  
 FROM.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                      
 FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                              
 FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                  
 FROM.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                      
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .        
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.-- type2,  
. . .                                                                     
 UNION                                                                    
 FROM.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                      
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .        
 FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.-- type2,  
. . .                                                                     
TO reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                     
 TO.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                        
 TO.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                        
 TO.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .          
 TO.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.-- type2, .  
. .                                                                       
END.sub.-- REFERENCE                                                      
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The limitation of this alternative syntax is that it can not describe a mapping where the first part of the union uses a foreign key and primary key relation, while the second part of the union uses a relationship table. 
     4.3.9. Defining Inheritance Mapping 
     In the object-oriented model, a class inherits from its superclasses. The superclass is mapped to some tables like any other class, but the subclass needs only to map the attributes that are not part of its superclasses. Therefore, there is no need to repeat any part of the superclass mapping. 
     The keyword SUPER\ --  CLASS indicates the superclass inheritance for the subclass. If the user needs to join tables for the superclass and tables for the subclass, the keyword SUPER\ --  JOIN is used. The remaining part of the class mapping is same as a normal class. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
CLASS class.sub.-- name                                                   
 SUPER.sub.-- CLASS superclass.sub.-- name                                
 SUPER.sub.-- JOIN &#34;join syntax&#34;                                          
 JOIN &#34;join syntax&#34;                                                       
 ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                          
 ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                              
 TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                            
 COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)     
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
 TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                  
 END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                     
END.sub.-- CLASS                                                          
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     4.3.10. User Defined Mapping Functions 
     User defined mapping functions allow the user to code transformations for ENUMs and other types. They also provide a way for the user to split one column into multiple classes. SMDL supports three cases: 
     The function is applied to one attribute. 
     The function is applied to multiple attributes. 
     The function is applied to a reference/relationship. 
     4.3.10.1. An Exit Function For One Attribute 
     This exit function is applied to only one attribute; therefore, the exit function name is specified in the attribute mapping. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
CLASS class.sub.-- name                                                   
JOIN &#34;join syntax&#34;                                                        
ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                           
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                               
TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                             
COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)      
(, column.sub.-- name [for multiple columns])                             
TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                   
EXIT.sub.-- FUNCTION function.sub.-- name                                 
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
END.sub.-- CLASS                                                          
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     4.3.10.2. An Exit Function For Multiple Attributes 
     If multiple data members map to one column, these data members are listed in the attribute list. The syntax for the multiple data member mapping is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name1, attribute.sub.-- name2, . . .           
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type1, attribute.sub.-- type2, . . 
TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                             
COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)      
TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                   
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     If the exit function is applied to these multiple attributes in a class, then the exit function is specified in the class mapping as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
\begin{verbatim}                                                
CLASS class.sub.-- name                                                   
JOIN &#34;join syntax&#34;                                                        
ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name, attribute.sub.-- name2, . . .            
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type, attribute.sub.-- type2, . .  
TABLE table.sub.-- name (or view.sub.-- name)                             
COLUMN column.sub.-- name (or statistical.sub.-- column.sub.-- name)      
TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                   
EXIT.sub.-- FUNCTION function.sub.-- name                                 
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
END.sub.-- CLASS                                                          
\end{verbatim}                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Alternatively, an exit function may be specified for multiple attributes. In this case, the user may create a function for each attribute, and name the function in each attribute mapping using the syntax described for an exit function for one attribute. 
     4.3.10.3. An exit Function For A Reference 
     When the exit function is applied to a reference or a relationship, the exit function is specified in the reference or the relationship mapping as follows: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
\begin{verbatim}                                                
RELATIONSHIP relationship.sub.-- name                                     
EXIT.sub.-- REL.sub.-- FUNCTION function.sub.-- name                      
FROM reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                   
       FROM.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                
       FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                        
       FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attribute.sub.-- type            
       FROM.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                
       FROM.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .  
       FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.--   
       type2, . . .                                                       
       FROM.sub.-- RELTABLE table.sub.-- name                             
       FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . 
       .                                                                  
       FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type,              
       column.sub.-- type2, . . .                                         
TO reference.sub.-- quantity (1 or n)                                     
       TO.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name                                  
       TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                          
       TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE all.sub.-- tribute.sub.-- type     
       TO.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name                                  
       TO.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . . .    
       TO.sub.-- COLUMNTYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.-- type2, . .  
       .                                                                  
       TO.sub.-- RELTABLE table.sub.-- name                               
       TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMN column.sub.-- name, column.sub.-- name2, . .   
       .                                                                  
       TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.-- TYPE column.sub.-- type, column.sub.--  
       type2, . . .                                                       
END.sub.-- RELATIONSHIP                                                   
\end{verbatim}                                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     4.4. The BNF grammar of SMDL 
     The following is a Backus Normal Form (BNF) grammar description of the Schema Mapping Definition Language: 
     
         __________________________________________________________________________
\input{grammar}                                                 
\begin{verbatim}                                                
# schema mapping grammar                                                  
&lt;SCHEMA.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::&lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;                
SCHEMA.sub.-- MAPPING schema.sub.-- mapping.sub.-- name                   
 &lt;DATABASE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;                                       
 &lt;CLASS.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;                                          
 &lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;                                      
&lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;::&lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;      
&lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt; ]                                       
 &lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;                                                 
&lt;DATABASE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;::&lt;DATABASE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;    
&lt;DATABASE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt; ]                                      
 &lt;DATABASE.sub.-- MAPPING&gt; ] null ]                                       
 &lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;                                        
&lt;CLASS.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;::&lt;CLASS.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt; &lt;CLASS.su
b.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt; ]                                                  
 &lt;CLASS.sub.-- MAPPING&gt; ] &lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;               
&lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;::                                     
 &lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt; &lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;  
 &lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- MAPPING&gt; ] null ] &lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;    
#comment grammar                                                          
&lt;COMMENT.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::#comment.sub.-- line ] blank.sub.-- line        
# database grammar                                                        
&lt;DATABASE.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::DATASTORE database.sub.-- name                 
 (&lt;DATABASE.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;)                                            
 END.sub.-- DATASTORE                                                     
&lt;DATABASE.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;::&lt;DBMS.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                          
 &lt;DB.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                                        
 &lt;CONNECTIVITY.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                              
 &lt;ACCESSMETHOD.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                              
 &lt;USERID.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                                    
 &lt;PASSWORD.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                                  
&lt;DBMS.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::DBMS dbms.sub.-- value                               
&lt;DB.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::DB db.sub.-- value                                     
&lt;CONNECTIVITY.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::CONNECTIVITY connectivity.sub.-- value       
&lt;ACCESSMETHOD.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::ACCESS accessmethod.sub.-- value             
&lt;USERID.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::USER.sub.-- ID user.sub.-- id                      
&lt;PASSWORD.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::PASSWORD password                                
#enumerate grammar                                                        
&lt;ENUMERATE.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::ENUMERATE enumerate.sub.-- function.sub.--    
name                                                                      
 (&lt;ENUMERATE.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;)                                           
&lt;ENUMERATE ARGUMENTS&gt;::&lt;REL.sub.-- ENUM.sub.-- VALUE.sub.-- PAIR.sub.--   
S&gt;,                                                                       
 &lt;CLASS.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;,&lt;ENUM.sub.-- TYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;.              
 &lt;VALUE.sub.-- TYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                      
&lt;REL.sub.-- ENUM.sub.-- VALUE.sub.-- PAIR.sub.-- S&gt;::&lt;REL.sub.-- ENUM.sub.
-- VALUE.sub.-- PAIR.sub.-- S&gt;,&lt;REL.sub.-- ENUM                           
.sub.-- VALUE.sub.-- PAIR.sub.-- S&gt; ]                                     
 &lt;REL.sub.-- ENUW.sub.-- VALUE.sub.-- PAIR&gt;                               
&lt;REL.sub.-- ENUM.sub.-- VALUE.sub.-- PAIR&gt;::relational.sub.-- value,enuruv
alue                                                                      
&lt;CLASS.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::CLASS class.sub.-- name                          
&lt;ENUM.sub.-- TYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::ENUM.sub.-- TYPE enum.sub.-- type     
&lt;VALUE.sub.-- TYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::VALUE.sub.-- type value.sub.-- type  
# class grammar                                                           
&lt;CLASS.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::CLASS class.sub.-- name                           
{&lt;SUPERCLASS.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;}                                             
{&lt;JOIN.sub.-- VALUE&gt;}                                                     
 (&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;)                                   
 END.sub.-- CLASS                                                         
&lt;SUPERCLASS.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::&lt;SUPERCLASS.sub.-- NAMES&gt;                    
 &lt;SUPERJOIN.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                                 
&lt;SUPERCLASS.sub.-- NAMES&gt;::SUPER.sub.-- CLASS superclass.sub.-- name      
&lt;SUPERJOIN.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::SUPER.sub.-- JOIN &lt;JOIN.sub.-- SYNTAX&gt;          
&lt;JOIN.sub.-- SYNTAX&gt;::&#34;join.sub.-- syntax&#34;                                
&lt;JOIN.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::JOIN &lt;JOIN.sub.-- SYNTAX&gt;                            
# data member grammar                                                     
&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt;::&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.--   
S&gt;                                                                        
&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING.sub.-- S&gt; ]                                    
 &lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING&gt; ] &lt;S.sub.-- DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING&gt; ]     
 &lt;DUMMY.sub.-- DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;                                 
&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::ATTRIBUTE data.sub.-- member.sub.-- name     
 &lt;ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                     
 &lt;TABLE.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                                     
 &lt;COLUMN.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                                    
 &lt;COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE.sub.-- VALUE&gt;                                        
 {&lt;SEQUENCE.sub.-- VALUE&gt;}                                                
 {&lt;DEFAULT.sub.-- VALUE&gt;}                                                 
 {&lt;EXIT.sub.-- FUNCTION.sub.-- VALUE&gt;}                                    
 END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                     
&lt;TABLE.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::TABLE table.sub.-- name                           
&lt;COLUMN.sub.-- S.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::column.sub.-- name ]                    
 (&lt;COLUMN.sub.-- NAMES&gt; {, &lt;PRIMARY.sub.-- VALUE&gt;} {, &lt;SEQUENCE.sub.--    
VALUE&gt;}                                                                   
 {, &lt;DEFAULT.sub.-- VALUE&gt;} {, &lt;EXIT.sub.-- FUNCTION.sub.-- VALUE&gt;})      
&lt;COLUMN.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::COLUMN column.sub.-- name                        
&lt;COLUMN.sub.-- NAMES&gt;::&lt;COLUMN.sub.-- NAMES&gt;,&lt;COLUMN.sub.-- NAMES&gt; ]      
column.sub.-- name                                                        
&lt;PRIMARY.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::PRIMARY &lt;PRIMARY.sub.-- VALUE.sub.-- NAME&gt;        
&lt;PRIMARY.sub.-- VALUE.sub.-- NAME&gt;::yes ] no                              
&lt;SEQUENCE.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::SEQUENCE sequence.sub.-- number                  
&lt;DEFAULT.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::DEFAULT default.sub.-- value                      
&lt;DEFAULT.sub.-- FUNCTION&gt;::DEFAULT.sub.-- FUNCTION default.sub.--         
function.sub.-- name                                                      
&lt;EXIT.sub.-- FUNCTION.sub.-- VALUE&gt;::FUNCTION exit.sub.-- function.sub.-- 
name                                                                      
&lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- NAME&gt;::&lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- NAME&gt; OR &lt;REFERENCE.sub.--     
NAME&gt; ]                                                                   
reference.sub.-- name                                                     
&lt;S.sub.-- DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- NAMES&gt;=&lt;TABLE.sub
.-- MAPPING&gt;.&lt;COLUMN                                                      
N.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;                                                         
&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- NAMES&gt;::&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.-- NAMES&gt;,&lt;DATAMEMBER.sub.--   
NAMES&gt; ]                                                                  
 datamember.sub.-- name                                                   
&lt;DUMMY.sub.-- DATAMEMBER.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::$$DUMMY$$=&lt;TABLE.sub.--         
MAPPING&gt;.&lt;                                                                
COLUMN.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;                                                    
# reference grammar                                                       
&lt;REFERENCE.sub.-- MAPPING&gt;::REFERENCE relationship.sub.-- name            
 {&lt;EXIT.sub.-- FUNCTION.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;}                                 
 &lt;FROM.sub.-- REFERENCE.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;                                 
 &lt;TO.sub.-- REFERENCE.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;                                   
 END.sub.-- REFERENCE                                                     
&lt;FROM.sub.-- REFERENCE.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;::FROM reference.sub.-- quantity  
&lt;FROM.sub.-- CLASS.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                       
&lt;FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                   
&lt;FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTETYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                               
&lt;FROM.sub.-- TABLE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                       
&lt;FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                      
&lt;FROM.sub.-- COLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                  
{&lt;FROM.sub.-- OPTIONAL.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;}                                 
&lt;FROM.sub.-- OPTIONAL.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;::&lt;FROM.sub.-- RELTABLE.sub.--     
ARGUMENT&gt;                                                                 
&lt;FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                   
&lt;FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                               
&lt;TO.sub.-- REFERENCE.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;::TO reference.sub.-- quantity      
&lt;TO.sub.-- CLASS.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                         
&lt;TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                     
&lt;TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTETYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                 
&lt;TO.sub.-- TABLE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                         
&lt;TO.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                        
&lt;TO.sub.-- COLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                    
{&lt;TO.sub.-- OPTIONAL.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;}                                   
&lt;TO.sub.-- OPTIONAL.sub.-- ARGUMENTS&gt;::&lt;TO.sub.-- RELTABLE.sub.--         
ARGUMENT&gt;                                                                 
&lt;TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                     
&lt;TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;                                 
&lt;FROM.sub.-- CLASS.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name  
&lt;FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE            
attribute.sub.-- name                                                     
&lt;FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTETYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- 
TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                                                
&lt;FROM.sub.-- TABLE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name  
&lt;FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.column.sub.--    
name                                                                      
&lt;FROM.sub.-- COLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE  
column.sub.-- type                                                        
&lt;FROM.sub.-- RELTABLE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- RELTABLE table.sub.-- 
name                                                                      
&lt;FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMN            
column.sub.-- name                                                        
&lt;FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::FROM.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.-- 
TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                   
&lt;TO.sub.-- CLASS.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- CLASS class.sub.-- name      
&lt;TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                
attribute.sub.-- name                                                     
&lt;TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTETYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE.sub.--     
TYPE attribute.sub.-- type                                                
&lt;TO.sub.-- TABLE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- TABLE table.sub.-- name      
&lt;TO.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- COLUMN column.sub.-- name   
&lt;TO.sub.-- COLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- COLUMN.sub.-- TYPE      
Column.sub.-- type                                                        
&lt;TO.sub.-- RELTABLE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- RELTABLE table.sub.--     
name                                                                      
&lt;TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMN column.sub.--  
name                                                                      
&lt;TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMNTYPE.sub.-- ARGUMENT&gt;::TO.sub.-- RELCOLUMN.sub.--     
TYPE column.sub.-- type                                                   
\end{verbatim}                                                  
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     5. Code Generation 
     Once the data store schema is mapped to the object schema, the user may use code generators 410 or 420 to generate data access methods for each object interface. For example, the user may have created classes MyEmp and MyDept, created tables EMP and DEPT, and mapped MyEmp to EMP and MyDept to DEPT with the following mappings: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Attribute    Type     Column        Type                                  
______________________________________                                    
MyEmp Class to EMP Table mapping                                          
EMPNAME      string   EMPNAME       char                                  
EMPNO        long     EMPNO         integer                               
WORKDEPT     long     WORKDEPT      integer                               
MyDept Class to DEPT Table Mapping                                        
DEPTNAME     string   DEPTPNAME     char                                  
DEPTNO       long     DEPTNO        integer                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     To generate SOM IDL, for example, the user may select a MyEmp class icon in a Smart Schema window to display a popup menu containing a Generate Access Methods menu item. The user may then select the Generate Access Methods menu item to display a list of options such as SOM, C++, SmallTalk, etc. The user may then select SOM to generate all the SOM related files. The user may then repeat this process for the MyDept class. 
     The code generator generates the following files for the MyEmp class and the MyDept class when SOM is selected: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
MyEmp Files MyDept Files                                                  
                        Purpose                                           
______________________________________                                    
myemp.idl   mydept.idl  IDL file containing data                          
                        access methods for the                            
                        class                                             
myemp.cpp   mydept.cpp  SOM C++ method                                    
                        implementation                                    
myemp.sqc   mydept.sqc  SQL statement that needs                          
                        to be pre-processed                               
myemp.mak   mydept.mak  Makefile for building the                         
                        class                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The myemp.idl file is listed below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
#include &lt;somobj.idl&gt;                                                     
interface MyEmp : SOMObject                                               
attribute string&lt;20&gt; EMPNAME;                                             
attribute long EMPNO;                                                     
attribute long WORKDEPT;                                                  
void add( );                                                              
void update ( );                                                          
void del( ):                                                              
void retrieve( );                                                         
#ifdel.sub.-- SOMIDL.sub.-- implementation                                
{                                                                         
releaseorder :                                                            
          .sub.-- get.sub.-- EMPNAME, .sub.-- set.sub.-- EMPNAME,         
          .sub.-- get.sub.-- EMPNO, .sub.-- set.sub.-- EMPNO,             
          .sub.-- get.sub.-- WORKDEPT, .sub.-- set.sub.-- WORKDEPT,       
          add,                                                            
          update,                                                         
          del,                                                            
          retrieve;                                                       
};                                                                        
#endif                                                                    
};                                                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Two constructors are generated, one is a default constructor, and the other one initializes all the data members of the class. The data members correspond to the columns in the table. 
     Four data access methods are generated: 
     add() to add a new instance to the EMP table; 
     update() to update an existing instance in the EMP table; 
     del() to delete! an instance from the EMP table; and 
     retrieve() to retrieve an instance by key from the EMP table. 
     After the user has generated the SOM classes, a Data Store Manager provides the following IDL interfaces and implementations that may be used to connect to and perform transactions in the data store: 
     ClientDataStoreMgr; 
     DatastoreConnection; and 
     UserEnvironment. 
     The IDL interfaces and descriptions of ClientDataStoreMgr, DatastoreConnection, and UserEnvironment are as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
// ClientDataStoreMgr IDL Description                                     
interface ClientDatastoreMgr : SOMObject                                  
void connect(in DatastoreConnection connection,                           
         in string datastore.sub.-- id,                                   
         in string user.sub.-- name,                                      
         in string authentication);                                       
void disconnect(in DatastoreConnection connection);                       
void transact(in UserEnvironment user.sub.-- envir,                       
         in short completion.sub.-- type);                                
};                                                                        
// DatastoreConnection IDL Description                                    
interface DatastoreConnection : SOMObject                                 
{                                                                         
void set.sub.-- option(in long option, in any value);                     
void get.sub.-- option(in long option, out any value);                    
};                                                                        
// UserEnvironment IDL Description                                        
interface UserEnvironment : SOMObject                                     
{                                                                         
void set.sub.-- option(in long option, in any value);                     
void get.sub.-- option(in long option, out any value);                    
void releases( );                                                         
};                                                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     A sample SOM base client application using the above IDL interfaces to connect and perform transactions in the data store is as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
// Sample SOM Base Client Application                                     
// To connect to the data store                                           
Environment *ev;                                                          
DatastoreConnection *dsc;                                                 
ClientDatastoreMgr *dsm;                                                  
ev = someGetGlobalEnvironment( );                                         
//  Create Datastore connection object                                    
    dsc = new DatastoreConnection;                                        
//  Connect to Datastore                                                  
    dsm = new ClientDatastoreMgr;                                         
    dsm-&gt;connect(ev, dsc, &#34;datastoreid&#34;, &#34;chris&#34;, &#34;password&#34;);            
// To add a new MyEmp and MyDept object                                   
MyDept *dept;                                                             
MyEmp *emp;                                                               
dept = new MyDept;                                                        
emp = new MyEmp;                                                          
//  To add a MyDept object                                                
dept-&gt;set.sub.-- DEPTNAME(ev, &#34;ADTC&#34;) ;                                   
dept-&gt;set.sub.-- DEPTNO(ev, 846);                                         
dept-&gt;add(ev);                                                            
//  To add a MyEmp object                                                 
emp-&gt;set.sub.-- EMPNAME(ev, &#34;Dex&#34;);                                       
emp-&gt;set.sub.-- EMPNO(ev, 100);                                           
emp-&gt;set.sub.-- WORKDEPT(ev, 846);                                        
emp-&gt;add(ev);                                                             
//  To update an existing MyDept object with key value 123                
dept-set.sub.-- DEPTNO(ev, 123);                                          
dept-&gt;set.sub.-- DEPTNAME(ev, &#34;ADTI&#34;);                                    
dept-&gt;update(ev);                                                         
//  To retrieve an existing MyEmp object with key value 70                
emp-&gt;set.sub.-- EMPNO(ev, 70);                                            
emp-&gt;retrieve(ev);                                                        
//  To delete an existing MyDept object with key value 123                
dept-&gt;set.sub.-- DEPTNO(ev, 123);                                         
dept-&gt;del(ev);                                                            
//  To commit transactions and disconnect from the datastore              
dsm = transact(ev, ue, &#34;COMMIT&#34;);                                         
dsm-&gt;disconnect(ev, dsc);                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Once the user has developed a client application such as the one above, the user may compile and link the client application with the appropriate run-time (for example, a SOM run-time library, C++ run-time library, SmallTalk run-time library, etc.). 
     Although the above preferred embodiment is described primarily relative to mappings between object schema and relational data store schema, the teachings of this preferred embodiment may be extended to provide alternative embodiments which also provide mappings between object schema and other non-relational data store schema, including, but not limited to, hierarchial data store schema, flat file data store schema, network data store schema, and object data store schema. In these alternative embodiments, the teachings of the Smart Schema may be extended to support the display, selection, mapping, SMDL generation, SMIR generation, and code generation required for these other types of non-relational data store schema. Similarly, the teachings of the Smart Access, SMDL, SMIR may also be extended to support these other types of non-relational data store schema. 
     For example, in an alternative embodiment supporting hierarchial datastores, Smart Schema may be modified to display and select hierarchial data store schema. Schema Mapper may be modified to display, select, and map objects to hierarchial schema. Schema Mapper may be further modified to allow the mapping between hierarchical schema and object classes, the mapping between hierarchical schema segments and object schema interfaces, and the mapping between hierarchial schema fields and object schema attributes. 
     Such an alternative embodiment of the Schema Mapper may support the following mappings: 
     Hierarchial Data Schema (HDS) to Class 
     One HDS to one class 
     One HDS to many classes 
     Many HDS&#39;s to one class 
     Class to HDS 
     One class to one HDS 
     One class to many HDS 
     Many classes to one HDS 
     Field to Attribute 
     One field to one attribute 
     One field to many attributes 
     Many fields to one attribute 
     Attribute to Field 
     One attribute to one field 
     One attribute to many fields 
     Many attributes to one field 
     SMIR, SMDL, and their associated parser and generator may be extended to support such hierarchial mappings. In particular, the extensible nature of the Schema Mapping Definition Language is well suited to adding additional constructs or modifying existing constructs to support such hierarchial mappings. The Schema Mapping Definition Language constructs may be modified or extended as follows. 
     The DATASTORE construct requires no modification, only the specification of a hierarchial data store type, IHDS/IMS for example, instead of a relational data store type. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
DATASTORE.sub.-- ID my.sub.-- ds.sub.-- id                                
DATASTORE.sub.-- TYPE IHDS/IMS                                            
DATASTORE.sub.-- NAME my.sub.-- ds.sub.-- name (DBNAME or                 
PSBNAME)                                                                  
USER.sub.-- NAME my.sub.-- name                                           
AUTHENTICATION abcde                                                      
END.sub.-- DATASTORE.sub.-- IS                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The INTERFACE construct may be modified by adding a SEGMENT keyword and its list of segments, wherein the SEGMENT keyword is only applicable when the DATASTORE --  TYPE is a hierarchial data store type. For such a hierarchial INTERFACE construct, the KEY list is a list of hierarchial field names instead of a list of column names as in the relational case. Similarly, the KEY --  TYPE list is a list of hierarchial field types instead of a list of column types as in the relational case. These modifications yield the following hierarchial INTERFACE construct: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
INTERFACE interface.sub.-- name                                           
SCOPE attribute.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, attribute.sub.-- name.sub.-- 2, . . 
.,                                                                        
attribute.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1                                            
DATASTORE.sub.-- ID my.sub.-- ds.sub.-- id                                
SEGMENT seg.sub.-- id.sub.-- 1, seg.sub.-- id.sub.-- 2, . . ., seg.sub.-- 
id.sub.-- m                                                               
KEY field.sub.-- name.sub.-- 1, field.sub.-- name.sub.-- 2, . . .,        
field.sub.-- name.sub.-- n                                                
KEY.sub.-- TYPE field.sub.-- type.sub.-- 1, field.sub.-- type.sub.-- 2, . 
. ., field.sub.-- type.sub.-- n                                           
# begin attribute mapping definition                                      
# . . .                                                                   
# end attribute mapping definition                                        
#                                                                         
END.sub.-- INTERFACE                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The ATTRIBUTE construct may be modified by adding a FIELD keyword and it, list of arguments identifying the field, wherein the FIELD keyword is only applicable when the DATASTORE --  TYPE is a hierarchial data store type. For such a hierarchial ATTRIBUTE construct, the FIELD argument list may include sufficient hierarchial descriptors to identify the data, such as pcb --  name, seg --  name, field --  type, field --  length, and field --  offset. In addition, a CONV keyword may be added to specify the data conversion method, method --  name, to be used for converting between hierarchial data types and object data types. These modifications yield the following hierarchial ATTRIBUTE construct: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
ATTRIBUTE attribute.sub.-- name                                           
ATTRIBUTE.sub.-- TYPE attr.sub.-- type                                    
FIELD pcb.sub.-- name seg.sub.-- name field.sub.-- type field.sub.--      
length                                                                    
field.sub.-- offset                                                       
CONV method.sub.-- name                                                   
END.sub.-- ATTRIBUTE                                                      
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The Schema Mapper may also provide datatype mappings, both default and allowable, between hierarchial datatypes and object datatypes. Table 7 lists and describes the data types defined in one hierarchial data store, IBM IMS/ESA for example. By default, a default IMS hierarchial data type to ODL data type mapping is provided. This default mapping is specified in Table 8. The allowable override mappings from which the user may select are specified in Table 9. 
     Similarly, the teachings of the Smart Access, code generation, and run time support may also be extended to support these other types of non-relational data store schema. 
     Beyond the above alternative embodiment supporting hierarchial data stores, the teachings of this preferred embodiment may be extended to provide alternative embodiments which also provide mappings between object schema and flat file data store schema, mappings between object schema and indexed file systems data store schema, mappings between object schema and network data store schema, and mappings between different object data store schema. 
     Using the foregoing specifications, the invention may be implemented using standard programming techniques. The resulting programs may be stored on disk, diskettes, memory cards, ROM or any other memory device for use in a computer. For execution, the program may be copied into the RAM of the computer. One skilled in the art of computer science will easily be able to combine the software created as described with appropriate general purpose or special purpose computer hardware to create a system for executing the programs. While the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been illustrated in detail, it should be apparent that modifications and adaptations to that embodiment may occur to one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims. 
     
                       TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
ODL Data Types                                                            
ODL Type   Description                                                    
______________________________________                                    
long       range -231. . .231-1                                           
unsigned long                                                             
           range 0. . .232-1                                              
short      range -215. . .215-1                                           
unsigned short                                                            
           range 0. . .216-1                                              
float      IEEE single-precision floating point numbers                   
           double                                                         
double     IEEE double-precision floating point numbers                   
char       8-bit quantity                                                 
boolean    TRUE FALSE                                                     
octet      8-bit quantity that is guaranteed not to                       
           undergo any conversion when transmitted                        
any        any ODL type                                                   
struct     similar to C/C++ struct                                        
union      a cross between C union and switch                             
enum       similar to C/C++ enum                                          
sequence&lt;type,                                                            
           &#34;type&#34; specifies any ODL type.                                 
n&gt;         &#34;n&#34; specifies the maximum size of the                          
           sequence and is optional                                       
string&lt;n&gt;  &#34;n&#34; specifies the maximum size of the string                   
           and is optional.                                               
array      multi-dimensional, fixed-size array                            
interface  a type that is satisfied by any object that                    
           satisfies a particular interface                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
SQL Data Types                                                            
SQL Type      Description                                                 
______________________________________                                    
CHAR(n)       fixed length character string (1. . 254)                    
VARCHAR(n)    varying-length character string                             
              (1. . .4000)                                                
LONG VARCHAR  long varying-length character string                        
              (1. . .32700)                                               
GRAPHIC(n)    fixed length graphic string - DBCS                          
              (1. .127)                                                   
VARGRAPHIC(n) varying-length graphic string - DBCS                        
              (1. .2000)                                                  
LONG VARGRAPHIC                                                           
              long varying-length graphic                                 
              string - DBCS (1. .16350)                                   
BLOB                                                                      
SMALLINT      small integer (-215. . .215-1)                              
INTEGER       large integer (-231. . .231-1)                              
REAL          a 32 bit approximation of a real number                     
FLOAT         a 64 bit approximation of a real number                     
DECIMAL(p,s)  &#34;p&#34; specifies the precision which                           
              can be from 1 to 31.                                        
              &#34;s&#34; specifies the scale which can be less                   
              than or equal to &#34;p&#34;.                                       
DATE          10 byte character string designating                        
              (year, month, and day)                                      
TIME          8 byte character string designating                         
              (hour, minute, and second)                                  
TIMESTAMP     26 byte character string designating                        
              (year, month, day, hour, minute, second,                    
              and microsecond)                                            
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
ODL to SQL Data Type Mapping                                              
ODL Type   SQL Type                                                       
______________________________________                                    
long       CHAR(n), INTEGER, REAL, FLOAT,                                 
           DECIMAL(p,s)                                                   
unsigned long                                                             
           CHAR(n), INTEGER, REAL, FLOAT,                                 
           DECIMAL(p,s)                                                   
short      CHAR(n), SMALLINT, INTEGER, REAL,                              
           FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s)                                            
unsigned short                                                            
           CHAR(n), SMALLINT, INTEGER, REAL,                              
           FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s)                                            
float      CHAR(n), REAL, FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s)                             
double     CHAR(n), FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s)                                   
char       CHAR(n), SMALLINT, INTEGER                                     
boolean    CHAR(n), SMALLINT, INTEGER                                     
octet      CHAR(n), SMALLINT, INTEGER, REAL,                              
           FLOAT, DECIMAL(p,s)                                            
any        BLOB                                                           
struct     BLOB                                                           
union      BLOB                                                           
enum       CHAR(n), SMALLINT                                              
sequence&lt;type,                                                            
           BLOB                                                           
n&gt;                                                                        
string&lt;n&gt;  CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n), LONG                                      
           VARCHAR, BLOB                                                  
array      BLOB                                                           
interface  BLOB, user defined                                             
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
SQL to ODL Data Type Mapping                                              
SQL Type      ODL Type                                                    
______________________________________                                    
CHAR(n)       any, sequence&lt;char,n&gt;, string&lt;n&gt;,                           
              array                                                       
VARCHAR(n)    any, sequence&lt;char,n&gt;, string&lt;n&gt;,                           
              array                                                       
LONG VARCHAR  any, sequence&lt;char,n&gt;, string&lt;n&gt;,                           
              array                                                       
GRAPHIC(n)    any, sequence&lt;char,n&gt;, string&lt;n&gt;,                           
              array                                                       
VARGRAPHIC(n) any, sequence&lt;char,n&gt;, string&lt;n&gt;,                           
              array                                                       
LONG VARGRAPHIC                                                           
              any, sequence&lt;char,n&gt;, string&lt;n&gt;,                           
              array                                                       
BLOB          any, sequence&lt;char,n&gt;, string&lt;n&gt;,                           
              array                                                       
SMALLINT      long, unsigned long, short, unsigned                        
              short, float, double, any, string&lt;n&gt;                        
INTEGER       long, unsigned long, float, double, any,                    
              string&lt;n&gt;                                                   
REAL          float, double, any, string&lt;n&gt;                               
FLOAT         double, any, string&lt;n&gt;                                      
DECIMAL(p,s)  float, double, any, string&lt;n&gt;                               
DATE          string&lt;n&gt;                                                   
TIME          string&lt;n&gt;                                                   
TIMESTAMP     string&lt;n&gt;                                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Default SQL to ODL Data Type Mapping                                      
SQL Type              ODL Type                                            
______________________________________                                    
CHAR(n)               string&lt;n&gt;                                           
VARCHAR(n)            string&lt;n&gt;                                           
LONG VARCHAR          string&lt;n&gt;                                           
GRAPHIC(n)            string&lt;n&gt;                                           
VARGRAPHIC(n)         string&lt;n&gt;                                           
LONG VARGRAPHIC       string&lt;n&gt;                                           
BLOB                  string&lt;n&gt;                                           
SMALLINT              short                                               
INTEGER               long                                                
REAL                  float                                               
FLOAT                 double                                              
DECIMAL(p,s)          double                                              
DATE                  string&lt;10&gt;                                          
TIME                  string&lt;8&gt;                                           
TIME STAMP            string&lt;26&gt;                                          
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Default ODL to SQL Data Type Mapping                                      
ODL Type   SQL Type                                                       
______________________________________                                    
long       INTEGER                                                        
unsigned long                                                             
           INTEGER                                                        
short      SMALLINT                                                       
unsigned short                                                            
           SMALLINT                                                       
float      FLOAT                                                          
double     FLOAT                                                          
char       CHAR(1)                                                        
boolean    SMALLINT                                                       
octet      CHAR(1)                                                        
string&lt;n&gt;  CHAR(n) if n is specified and n&lt;=254.                          
           VARCHAR(n) if n is specified and n&lt;=4000.                      
           LONGVAR if n is not specified or if n&gt;4000.                    
any        BLOB                                                           
struct     BLOB                                                           
union      BLOB                                                           
enum       SMALLINT                                                       
sequence&lt;type,                                                            
           BLOB                                                           
n&gt;                                                                        
array      BLOB                                                           
interface  BLOB                                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
IMS Hierarchial Data Types                                                
IMS Hierarchial Type                                                      
             Description                                                  
______________________________________                                    
pd numeric   packed decimal                                               
zd numeric   zoned decimal                                                
is numeric   integer short, two bytes long                                
il number    integer long, four bytes long                                
id numeric   integer double, eight bytes long                             
fs numeric   internal float number, four bytes long                       
fd numeric   internal float double, eight bytes long                      
ef numeric   external float double, language                              
             dependent                                                    
ne character numeric edited, numeric (zoned decimal)                      
             with inserted character &#34;0&#34; or &#34;/&#34; or                        
             blank character                                              
aa character alphabetic, letter                                           
an character alphanumeric, letter and numeric                             
ce character alphanumeric edited, alphanumeric (zoned                     
             decimal) with inserted character &#34;0&#34; or                      
             &#34;/&#34; or blank character                                       
cc character SBCS (single byte character set)                             
             character                                                    
cb character character block data item, the first two                     
             bytes is length of block to indicate how                     
             many SBCS bytes will follow                                  
gg character DBCS (double byte character set)                             
             character                                                    
xb hexadecimal                                                            
             hexadecimal block data item, the first                       
             two bytes is length of block to indicate                     
             how many bytes follow                                        
xd hexadecimal                                                            
             eight-bit hexadecimal item                                   
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Default Mapping Between ODL and IMS Hierarchial Data Types                
______________________________________                                    
Default ODL to IMS Hierarchial Data Type Mapping                          
ODL Type     IMS Hierarchial Data Type                                    
______________________________________                                    
long         il                                                           
unsigned long                                                             
             il                                                           
short        is                                                           
unsigned short                                                            
             is                                                           
float        fs                                                           
double       fd                                                           
char         cc                                                           
boolean      is                                                           
octet        xd                                                           
string&lt;n&gt;    cb, fixed size of n SBCS characters (one                     
             segment only)                                                
string       cb, variable length of SBCS characters                       
             (one segment only)                                           
any          xb variable length                                           
struct       xb variable length                                           
union        xb variable length                                           
enum         is                                                           
sequence&lt;type, n&gt;                                                         
             xb variable length                                           
array        xb variable length (one segment only)                        
interface    xb variable length (one segment only)                        
______________________________________                                    
Default IMS Hierarchial Data Type to ODL Mapping                          
IMS Hierarchial                                                           
Data Type    ODL Type                                                     
______________________________________                                    
xd           octet                                                        
cc           char                                                         
pd           long                                                         
zd           long                                                         
is           short                                                        
il           long                                                         
id           double                                                       
fs           float                                                        
fd           double                                                       
ef           string&lt;n&gt;                                                    
gg           string&gt;n&gt;                                                    
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     
                       TABLE 9                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Allowed Mapping Between ODL and                                           
IMS Hierarchial Data Types                                                
______________________________________                                    
Allowed ODL to IMS Hierarchial Data Type Mapping                          
ODL Type     IMS Hierarchial Data Type                                    
______________________________________                                    
long         il, pd, zd                                                   
unsigned long                                                             
             il, pd, zd                                                   
short        is, pd, zd                                                   
unsigned short                                                            
             is, pd, zd                                                   
float        fs                                                           
double       fd                                                           
char         cc, is, il                                                   
boolean      is                                                           
octet        xd, is                                                       
string&lt;n&gt;    cb, fixed size of n SBCS characters (one                     
             segment only)                                                
string       cb, variable length of SBCS characters                       
             (one segment only)                                           
any          xb variable length                                           
struct       xb variable length                                           
union        xb variable length                                           
enum         is, cc(n)                                                    
sequence&lt;type, n&gt;                                                         
             xb variable length                                           
array        xb variable length (one segment only)                        
interface    xb variable length (one segment only)                        
______________________________________                                    
Allowed IMS Hierarchial Data Type to ODL Mapping                          
IMS Hierarchial                                                           
Data Type    ODL Type                                                     
______________________________________                                    
xd           octet                                                        
cc           char                                                         
pd           long, short                                                  
zd           long, short                                                  
is           short, long                                                  
il           long                                                         
id           double                                                       
fs           float                                                        
fd           double                                                       
ef           string&lt;n&gt;                                                    
gg           string&lt;n&gt;                                                    
______________________________________