Patent Publication Number: US-2023144839-A1

Title: Phase noise compensation method and device

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Field of the Disclosure 
     This disclosure relates to wireless communication. 
     Related Art 
     As more and more communication devices require more communication capacity, there is a need for improved mobile broadband communication over existing radio access technology. Also, massive machine type communications (MTC), which provides various services by connecting many devices and objects, is one of the major issues to be considered in the next generation communication. In addition, communication system design considering reliability/latency sensitive service/UE is being discussed. The introduction of next generation radio access technology considering enhanced mobile broadband communication (eMBB), massive MTC (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low latency communication (URLLC) is discussed. This new technology may be called new radio access technology (new RAT or NR) in the present disclosure for convenience. 
     On the other hand, in NR, communication in the high frequency region of mmWave or higher is considered. Furthermore, in the next-generation communication system, communication in the THz region is additionally considered. 
     In the process of implementing wireless communication in the high-frequency region of mmWave or higher, the effect of phase noise greatly affects reception performance, and countermeasures for this have been proposed. However, this method is expected to show limitations in the THz band, and a corresponding appropriate compensation method is required. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     A method for generating a signal for efficiently controlling phase noise in a transmission/reception operation of a physical layer and a method for receiving the same are proposed. Specifically, in order to effectively remove the phase noise characteristic in the THz band, a method for estimating and removing phase noise in the time domain is proposed. 
     Compared with the phase noise estimation and cancellation method based on the frequency domain phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), the phase noise estimation and cancellation method proposed in the present disclosure may reduce system overhead in the THz band and provide excellent phase noise cancellation performance. 
     Effects that can be obtained through specific examples of the present specification are not limited to the effects listed above. For example, various technical effects that a person having ordinary skill in the related art can understand or derive from this specification may exist. Accordingly, the specific effects of the present specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, and may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical characteristics of the present specification. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    shows a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure can be applied. 
         FIG.  2    is a diagram showing a wireless protocol architecture for a user plane. 
         FIG.  3    is a diagram showing a wireless protocol architecture for a control plane. 
         FIG.  4    shows another example of a wireless communication system to which the technical features of the present disclosure can be applied. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a frame structure that may be applied in NR. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a slot structure. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates CORESET. 
         FIG.  9    is a diagram illustrating a difference between a related art control region and the CORESET in NR. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates an example of a frame structure for new radio access technology. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates a structure of a self-contained slot. 
         FIG.  12    is an abstract schematic diagram of a hybrid beamforming structure in terms of a TXRU and a physical antenna. 
         FIG.  13    shows a synchronization signal and a PBCH (SS/PBCH) block. 
         FIG.  14    is for explaining a method for a UE to obtain timing information. 
         FIG.  15    shows an example of a process of acquiring system information of a UE. 
         FIG.  16    is for explaining a random access procedure. 
         FIG.  17    is a diagram for describing a power ramping counter. 
         FIG.  18    is for explaining the concept of the threshold value of the SS block for the RACH resource relationship. 
         FIG.  19    is a flowchart illustrating an example of performing an idle mode DRX operation. 
         FIG.  20    illustrates a DRX cycle. 
         FIG.  21    shows an example of a method of estimating and compensating for phase noise observed in the time domain using a CP duration within a symbol. 
         FIG.  22    illustrates an example of an OFDM symbol structure for a phase noise cancellation method according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  23    shows an example of a method of configuring a duration for estimating phase noise in a CP. 
         FIG.  24    shows an example of a structure of a receiving end in which embodiments proposed in the present disclosure can be implemented. 
         FIG.  25    is a flowchart of an example of a phase noise compensation method according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  26    schematically illustrates an example in which a phase noise compensation method according to some implementations of the present disclosure is performed. 
         FIG.  27    illustrates a communication system  1  applied to the present specification. 
         FIG.  28    illustrates a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  29    illustrates a signal processing circuit for a transmission signal. 
         FIG.  30    shows another example of a wireless device applied to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  31    illustrates a portable device applied to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  32    illustrates a vehicle or an autonomous driving vehicle applied to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  33    illustrates a vehicle applied to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  34    illustrates an XR device applied to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  35    illustrates a robot applied to the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  36    illustrates an AI device applied to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS 
     In the present specification, “A or B” may mean “only A”, “only B” or “both A and B”. In other words, in the present specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and/or B”. For example, in the present specification, “A, B, or C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, C”. 
     A slash (/) or comma used in the present specification may mean “and/or”. For example, “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”. Accordingly, “A/B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C”. 
     In the present specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A”, “only B”, or “both A and B”. In addition, in the present specification, the expression “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted as “at least one of A and B”. 
     In addition, in the present specification, “at least one of A, B, and C” may mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B, and C”. In addition, “at least one of A, B, or C” or “at least one of A, B, and/or C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”. 
     In addition, a parenthesis used in the present specification may mean “for example”. Specifically, when indicated as “control information (PDCCH)”, it may mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. In other words, the “control information” of the present specification is not limited to “PDCCH”, and “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of the “control information”. In addition, when indicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH)”, it may also mean that “PDCCH” is proposed as an example of the “control information”. 
     Technical features described individually in one figure in the present specification may be individually implemented, or may be simultaneously implemented. 
       FIG.  1    shows a wireless communication system to which the present disclosure may be applied. The wireless communication system may be referred to as an Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) or a Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-A system. 
     The E-UTRAN includes at least one base station (BS)  20  which provides a control plane and a user plane to a user equipment (UE)  10 . The UE  10  may be fixed or mobile, and may be referred to as another terminology, such as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a subscriber station (SS), a mobile terminal (MT), a wireless device, etc. The BS  20  is generally a fixed station that communicates with the UE  10  and may be referred to as another terminology, such as an evolved node-B (eNB), a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point, etc. 
     The BSs  20  are interconnected by means of an X2 interface. The BSs  20  are also connected by means of an S1 interface to an evolved packet core (EPC)  30 , more specifically, to a mobility management entity (MME) through S1-MME and to a serving gateway (S-GW) through S1-U. 
     The EPC  30  includes an MME, an S-GW, and a packet data network-gateway (P-GW). The MME has access information of the UE or capability information of the UE, and such information is generally used for mobility management of the UE. The S-GW is a gateway having an E-UTRAN as an end point. The P-GW is a gateway having a PDN as an end point. 
     Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network can be classified into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a third layer (L3) based on the lower three layers of the open system interconnection (OSI) model that is well-known in the communication system. Among them, a physical (PHY) layer belonging to the first layer provides an information transfer service by using a physical channel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the third layer serves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network. For this, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the UE and the BS. 
       FIG.  2    is a diagram showing a wireless protocol architecture for a user plane.  FIG.  3    is a diagram showing a wireless protocol architecture for a control plane. The user plane is a protocol stack for user data transmission. The control plane is a protocol stack for control signal transmission. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  2  and  3   , a PHY layer provides an upper layer(=higher layer) with an information transfer service through a physical channel. The PHY layer is connected to a medium access control (MAC) layer which is an upper layer of the PHY layer through a transport channel. Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the PHY layer through the transport channel. The transport channel is classified according to how and with what characteristics data is transferred through a radio interface. 
     Data is moved between different PHY layers, that is, the PHY layers of a transmitter and a receiver, through a physical channel. The physical channel may be modulated according to an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, and use the time and frequency as radio resources. 
     The functions of the MAC layer include mapping between a logical channel and a transport channel and multiplexing and demultiplexing to a transport block that is provided through a physical channel on the transport channel of a MAC Service Data Unit (SDU) that belongs to a logical channel. The MAC layer provides service to a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer through the logical channel. 
     The functions of the RLC layer include the concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of an RLC SDU. In order to guarantee various types of Quality of Service (QoS) required by a Radio Bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three types of operation mode: Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). AM RLC provides error correction through an Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). 
     The RRC layer is defined only on the control plane. The RRC layer is related to the configuration, reconfiguration, and release of radio bearers, and is responsible for control of logical channels, transport channels, and PHY channels. An RB means a logical route that is provided by the first layer (PHY layer) and the second layers (MAC layer, the RLC layer, and the PDCP layer) in order to transfer data between UE and a network. 
     The function of a Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer on the user plane includes the transfer of user data and header compression and ciphering. The function of the PDCP layer on the user plane further includes the transfer and encryption/integrity protection of control plane data. 
     What an RB is configured means a process of defining the characteristics of a wireless protocol layer and channels in order to provide specific service and configuring each detailed parameter and operating method. An RB can be divided into two types of a Signaling RB (SRB) and a Data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a passage through which an RRC message is transmitted on the control plane, and the DRB is used as a passage through which user data is transmitted on the user plane. 
     If RRC connection is established between the RRC layer of UE and the RRC layer of an E-UTRAN, the UE is in the RRC connected state. If not, the UE is in the RRC idle state. 
     A downlink transport channel through which data is transmitted from a network to UE includes a broadcast channel (BCH) through which system information is transmitted and a downlink shared channel (SCH) through which user traffic or control messages are transmitted. Traffic or a control message for downlink multicast or broadcast service may be transmitted through the downlink SCH, or may be transmitted through an additional downlink multicast channel (MCH). Meanwhile, an uplink transport channel through which data is transmitted from UE to a network includes a random access channel (RACH) through which an initial control message is transmitted and an uplink shared channel (SCH) through which user traffic or control messages are transmitted. 
     Logical channels that are placed over the transport channel and that are mapped to the transport channel include a broadcast control channel (BCCH), a paging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), a multicast control channel (MCCH), and a multicast traffic channel (MTCH). 
     The physical channel includes several OFDM symbols in the time domain and several subcarriers in the frequency domain. One subframe includes a plurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. An RB is a resources allocation unit, and includes a plurality of OFDM symbols and a plurality of subcarriers. Furthermore, each subframe may use specific subcarriers of specific OFDM symbols (e.g., the first OFDM symbol) of the corresponding subframe for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), that is, an L1/L2 control channel. A Transmission Time Interval (TTI) is a unit time of transmission, and may be, for example, a subframe or a slot. 
     Hereinafter, a new radio access technology (new RAT, NR) will be described. 
     As more and more communication devices require more communication capacity, there is a need for improved mobile broadband communication over existing radio access technology. Also, massive machine type communications (MTC), which provides various services by connecting many devices and objects, is one of the major issues to be considered in the next generation communication. In addition, communication system design considering reliability/latency sensitive service/UE is being discussed. The introduction of next generation radio access technology considering enhanced mobile broadband communication (eMBB), massive MTC (mMTC), ultrareliable and low latency communication (URLLC) is discussed. This new technology may be called new radio access technology (new RAT or NR) in the present disclosure for convenience. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates another example of a wireless communication system to which technical features of the present disclosure are applicable. 
     Specifically,  FIG.  4    shows system architecture based on a 5G new radio access technology (NR) system. Entities used in the 5G NR system (hereinafter, simply referred to as “NR”) may absorb some or all functions of the entities (e.g., the eNB, the MME, and the S-GW) introduced in  FIG.  1   . The entities used in the NR system may be identified by terms with “NG” to be distinguished from LTE entities. 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , the wireless communication system includes at least one UE  11 , a next-generation RAN (NG-RAN), and a 5G core network (5GC). The NG-RAN includes at least one NG-RAN node. The NG-RAN node is an entity corresponding to the BS  20  illustrated in  FIG.  5   . The NG-RAN node includes at least one gNB  21  and/or at least one ng-eNB  22 . The gNB  21  provides an end point of NR control-plane and user-plane protocols to the UE  11 . The ng-eNB  22  provides an end point of E-UTRA user-plane and control-plane protocols to the UE  11 . 
     The 5GC includes an access and mobility management function (AMF), a user plane function (UPF), and a session management function (SMF). The AMF hosts functions of NAS security and idle-state mobility processing. The AMF is an entity that includes the functions of a conventional MME. The UPF hosts functions of mobility anchoring function and protocol data unit (PDU) processing. The UPF is an entity that includes the functions of a conventional S-GW. The SMF hosts functions of UE IP address allocation and PDU session control. 
     The gNB and the ng-eNB are connected to each other via an Xn interface. The gNB and the ng-eNB are also connected to the 5GC through an NG interface. Specifically, the gNB and the ng-eNB are connected to the AMF through an NG-C interface, and to the UPF through an NG-U interface. 
       FIG.  5    illustrates a functional division between an NG-RAN and a 5GC. 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , the gNB may provide functions such as an inter-cell radio resource management (Inter Cell RRM), radio bearer management (RB control), connection mobility control, radio admission control, measurement configuration &amp; provision, dynamic resource allocation, and the like. The AMF may provide functions such as NAS security, idle state mobility handling, and so on. The UPF may provide functions such as mobility anchoring, PDU processing, and the like. The SMF may provide functions such as UE IP address assignment, PDU session control, and so on. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an example of a frame structure that may be applied in NR. 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , a frame may be configured in 10 milliseconds (ms), and may include 10 subframes configured in 1 ms. 
     In NR, uplink and downlink transmission may be composed of frames. A radio frame has a length of 10 ms and may be defined as two 5 ms half-frames (HF). The HF may be defined as five 1 ms subframes (SFs). The SF may be divided into one or more slots, and the number of slots within the SF depends on a subcarrier spacing (SCS). Each slot includes 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols according to a cyclic prefix (CP). In case of using a normal CP, each slot includes 14 symbols. In case of using an extended CP, each slot includes 12 symbols. Herein, a symbol may include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) and a Single Carrier-FDMA (SC-FDMA) symbol (or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbol). 
     One or a plurality of slots may be included in the subframe according to subcarrier spacing. 
     The following table 1 illustrates a subcarrier spacing configuration μ. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 μ 
                 Δf = 2 μ  · 15[kHz] 
                 Cyclic prefix 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 15 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 30 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 60 
                 Normal Extended 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 120 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 240 
                 Normal 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The following table 2 illustrates the number of slots in a frame (N frame,μ   slot ), the number of slots in a subframe (N subframe,μ   slot ), the number of symbols in a slot (N slot   symb ), and the like, according to subcarrier spacing configurations μ. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 μ 
                 N symb   slot   
                 N slot   frame, μ   
                 N slot   subframe, μ   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 14 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 14 
                 20 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 14 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 14 
                 80 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 14 
                 160 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 3 illustrates that the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per frame, and the number of slots per subframe vary depending on the SCS, in case of using an extended CP. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 SCS (15 · 2 μ ) 
                 N slot   symb   
                 N frame, u   slot   
                 N subframe, u   slot   
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 60 kHZ (μ = 2) 
                 12 
                 40 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In an NR system, OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on) may be differently configured between a plurality of cells integrated to one UE. Accordingly, an (absolute time) duration of a time resource (e.g., SF, slot or TTI) (for convenience, collectively referred to as a time unit (TU)) configured of the same number of symbols may be differently configured between the integrated cells. 
       FIG.  7    illustrates a slot structure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7   , a slot may include a plurality of symbols in a time domain. For example, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 14 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 12 symbols. Or, in case of a normal CP, one slot may include 7 symbols. However, in case of an extended CP, one slot may include 6 symbols. 
     A carrier may include a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain. A resource block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive subcarriers (e.g., 12 subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A bandwidth part (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (physical) resource blocks ((P)RBs) in the frequency domain, and the BWP may correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS, CP length, and so on). The carrier may include up to N (e.g., 5) BWPs. Data communication may be performed via an activated BWP. In a resource grid, each element may be referred to as a resource element (RE), and one complex symbol may be mapped thereto. 
     A physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) may include one or more control channel elements (CCEs) as illustrated in the following table 4. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Aggregation level 
                 Number of CCEs 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 4 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 8 
               
               
                   
                 16 
                 16 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     That is, the PDCCH may be transmitted through a resource including 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs. Here, the CCE includes six resource element groups (REGs), and one REG includes one resource block in a frequency domain and one orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol in a time domain. 
     Meanwhile, a new unit called a control resource set (CORESET) may be introduced in the NR. The UE may receive a PDCCH in the CORESET. 
       FIG.  8    illustrates CORESET. 
     Referring to  FIG.  8   , the CORESET includes N CORESET   RB  number of resource blocks in the frequency domain, and N CORESET   symb ∈{1, 2, 3} number of symbols in the time domain. N CORESET   RB  and N CORESET   symb  may be provided by a base station via higher layer signaling. As illustrated in  FIG.  8   , a plurality of CCEs (or REGs) may be included in the CORESET. 
     The UE may attempt to detect a PDCCH in units of 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs in the CORESET. One or a plurality of CCEs in which PDCCH detection may be attempted may be referred to as PDCCH candidates. 
     A plurality of CORESETs may be configured for the UE. 
       FIG.  9    is a diagram illustrating a difference between a related art control region and the CORESET in NR. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , a control region  300  in the related art wireless communication system (e.g., LTE/LTE-A) is configured over the entire system band used by a base station (BS). All the UEs, excluding some (e.g., eMTC/NB-IoT UE) supporting only a narrow band, shall be able to receive wireless signals of the entire system band of the BS in order to properly receive/decode control information transmitted by the BS. 
     On the other hand, in NR, CORESET described above was introduced. CORESETs  301 ,  302 , and  303  are radio resources for control information to be received by the UE and may use only a portion, rather than the entirety of the system bandwidth. The BS may allocate the CORESET to each UE and may transmit control information through the allocated CORESET. For example, in  FIG.  9   , a first CORESET  301  may be allocated to UE 1, a second CORESET  302  may be allocated to UE 2, and a third CORESET  303  may be allocated to UE 3. In the NR, the UE may receive control information from the BS, without necessarily receiving the entire system band. 
     The CORESET may include a UE-specific CORESET for transmitting UE-specific control information and a common CORESET for transmitting control information common to all UEs. 
     Meanwhile, NR may require high reliability according to applications. In such a situation, a target block error rate (BLER) for downlink control information (DCI) transmitted through a downlink control channel (e.g., physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)) may remarkably decrease compared to those of conventional technologies. As an example of a method for satisfying requirement that requires high reliability, content included in DCI can be reduced and/or the amount of resources used for DCI transmission can be increased. Here, resources can include at least one of resources in the time domain, resources in the frequency domain, resources in the code domain and resources in the spatial domain. 
     Meanwhile, in NR, the following technologies/features can be applied. 
     &lt;Self-Contained Subframe Structure&gt; 
       FIG.  10    illustrates an example of a frame structure for new radio access technology. 
     In NR, a structure in which a control channel and a data channel are time-division-multiplexed within one TTI, as shown in  FIG.  10   , can be considered as a frame structure in order to minimize latency. 
     In  FIG.  10   , a shaded region represents a downlink control region and a black region represents an uplink control region. The remaining region may be used for downlink (DL) data transmission or uplink (UL) data transmission. This structure is characterized in that DL transmission and UL transmission are sequentially performed within one subframe and thus DL data can be transmitted and UL ACK/NACK can be received within the subframe. Consequently, a time required from occurrence of a data transmission error to data retransmission is reduced, thereby minimizing latency in final data transmission. 
     In this data and control TDMed subframe structure, a time gap for a base station and a UE to switch from a transmission mode to a reception mode or from the reception mode to the transmission mode may be required. To this end, some OFDM symbols at a time when DL switches to UL may be set to a guard period (GP) in the self-contained subframe structure. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates a structure of a self-contained slot. 
     Referring to  FIG.  11   , one slot may have a self-contained structure in which all of a DL control channel, DL or UL data, and a UL control channel may be included. For example, first N symbols (hereinafter, DL control region) in the slot may be used to transmit a DL control channel, and last M symbols (hereinafter, UL control region) in the slot may be used to transmit a UL control channel. N and M are integers greater than or equal to 0. A resource region (hereinafter, a data region) which exists between the DL control region and the UL control region may be used for DL data transmission or UL data transmission. For example, the following configuration may be considered. Respective durations are listed in a temporal order. 
     1. DL only configuration 
     2. UL only configuration 
     3. Mixed UL-DL configuration
         DL region+Guard period (GP)+UL control region   DL control region+GP+UL region       

     Here, the DL region may be (i) DL data region, (ii) DL control region+DL data region. The UL region may be (i) UL data region, (ii) UL data region+UL control region 
     A PDCCH may be transmitted in the DL control region, and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) may be transmitted in the DL data region. A physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) may be transmitted in the UL control region, and a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) may be transmitted in the UL data region. Downlink control information (DCI), for example, DL data scheduling information, UL data scheduling information, and the like, may be transmitted on the PDCCH. Uplink control information (UCI), for example, ACK/NACK information about DL data, channel state information (CSI), and a scheduling request (SR), may be transmitted on the PUCCH. A GP provides a time gap in a process in which a BS and a UE switch from a TX mode to an RX mode or a process in which the BS and the UE switch from the RX mode to the TX mode. Some symbols at the time of switching from DL to UL within a subframe may be configured as the GP. 
     &lt;Analog Beamforming #1&gt; 
     Wavelengths are shortened in millimeter wave (mmW) and thus a large number of antenna elements can be installed in the same area. That is, the wavelength is 1 cm at 30 GHz and thus a total of 100 antenna elements can be installed in the form of a 2-dimensional array at an interval of 0.5 lambda (wavelength) in a panel of 5×5 cm. Accordingly, it is possible to increase a beamforming (BF) gain using a large number of antenna elements to increase coverage or improve throughput in mmW. 
     In this case, if a transceiver unit (TXRU) is provided to adjust transmission power and phase per antenna element, independent beamforming per frequency resource can be performed. However, installation of TXRUs for all of about 100 antenna elements decreases effectiveness in terms of cost. Accordingly, a method of mapping a large number of antenna elements to one TXRU and controlling a beam direction using an analog phase shifter is considered. Such analog beamforming can form only one beam direction in all bands and thus cannot provide frequency selective beamforming. 
     Hybrid beamforming (BF) having a number B of TXRUs which is smaller than Q antenna elements can be considered as an intermediate form of digital BF and analog BF. In this case, the number of directions of beams which can be simultaneously transmitted are limited to B although it depends on a method of connecting the B TXRUs and the Q antenna elements. 
     &lt;Analog Beamforming #2&gt; 
     When a plurality of antennas is used in NR, hybrid beamforming which is a combination of digital beamforming and analog beamforming is emerging. Here, in analog beamforming (or RF beamforming) an RF end performs precoding (or combining) and thus it is possible to achieve the performance similar to digital beamforming while reducing the number of RF chains and the number of D/A (or A/D) converters. For convenience, the hybrid beamforming structure may be represented by N TXRUs and M physical antennas. Then, the digital beamforming for the L data layers to be transmitted at the transmitting end may be represented by an N by L matrix, and the converted N digital signals are converted into analog signals via TXRUs, and analog beamforming represented by an M by N matrix is applied. 
       FIG.  12    is an abstract diagram of a hybrid beamforming structure from the viewpoint of the TXRU and the physical antenna. 
     In  FIG.  12   , the number of digital beams is L, and the number of analog beams is N. Furthermore, in the NR system, a direction of supporting more efficient beamforming to a UE located in a specific area is considered by designing the base station to change analog beamforming in units of symbols. Further, when defining N specific TXRUs and M RF antennas as one antenna panel in  FIG.  12   , in the NR system, a method of introducing a plurality of antenna panels to which hybrid beamforming independent of each other can be applied is being considered. 
     As described above, when the base station uses a plurality of analog beams, since analog beams advantageous for signal reception may be different for each UE, a beam sweeping operation, in which at least for a synchronization signal, system information, paging, etc., a plurality of analog beams to be applied by the base station in a specific subframe are changed for each symbol, that allows all UEs to have a reception occasion is being considered. 
       FIG.  13    shows a synchronization signal and a PBCH (SS/PBCH) block. 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , an SS/PBCH block may include a PSS and an SSS, each of which occupies one symbol and 127 subcarriers, and a PBCH, which spans three OFDM symbols and 240 subcarriers where one symbol may include an unoccupied portion in the middle reserved for the SSS. The periodicity of the SS/PBCH block may be configured by a network, and a time position for transmitting the SS/PBCH block may be determined on the basis of subcarrier spacing. 
     Polar coding may be used for the PBCH. A UE may assume band-specific subcarrier spacing for the SS/PBCH block as long as a network does not configure the UE to assume different subcarrier spacings. 
     The PBCH symbols carry frequency-multiplexed DMRS thereof. QPSK may be used for the PBCH. 1008 unique physical-layer cell IDs may be assigned. 
     For a half frame with SS/PBCH blocks, first symbol indices for candidate SS/PBCH blocks are determined according to subcarrier spacing of SS/PBCH blocks, which will be described later.
         Case A—Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz: The first symbols of the candidate SS/PBCH blocks have an index of {2, 8}+14*n. For carrier frequencies less than or equal to 3 GHz, n=0, 1. For carrier frequencies greater than 3 GHz and less than or equal to 6 GHz, n=0, 1, 2, 3.   Case B—Subcarrier spacing 30 kHz: The first symbols of the candidate SS/PBCH blocks have an index of {4, 8, 16, 20}+28*n. For carrier frequencies less than or equal to 3 GHz, n=0. For carrier frequencies greater than 3 GHz and less than or equal to 6 GHz, n=0, 1.   Case C—Subcarrier spacing 30 kHz: The first symbols of candidate SS/PBCH blocks have an index of {2, 8}+14*n. For carrier frequencies less than or equal to 3 GHz, n=0, 1. For carrier frequencies greater than 3 GHz and less than or equal to 6 GHz, n=0, 1, 2, 3.   Case D—Subcarrier spacing 120 kHz: The first symbols of the candidate SS/PBCH blocks have an index of {4, 8, 16, 20}+28*n. For carrier frequencies greater than 6 GHz, n=0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18.   Case E—Subcarrier spacing 240 kHz: The first symbols of the candidate SS/PBCH blocks have an index of {8, 12, 16, 20, 32, 36, 40, 44}+56*n. For carrier frequencies greater than 6 GHz, n=0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8.       

     Candidate SS/PBCH blocks in a half frame are indexed in ascending order from 0 to L−1 on the time axis. The UE shall determine 2 LSB bits for L=4 and 3 LSB bits for L&gt;4 of the SS/PBCH block index per half frame from one-to-one mapping with the index of the DM-RS sequence transmitted in the PBCH. For L=64, the UE shall determine 3 MSB bits of the SS/PBCH block index per half frame by the PBCH payload bits. 
     By the higher layer parameter ‘SSB-transmitted-SIB1’, the index of SS/PBCH blocks in which the UE cannot receive other signals or channels in REs overlapping with REs corresponding to SS/PBCH blocks can be set. In addition, according to the higher layer parameter ‘SSB-transmitted’, the index of SS/PBCH blocks per serving cell in which the UE cannot receive other signals or channels in REs overlapping with REs corresponding to the SS/PBCH blocks can be set. The setting by ‘SSB-transmitted’ may take precedence over the setting by ‘SSB-transmitted-SIB1’. A periodicity of a half frame for reception of SS/PBCH blocks per serving cell may be set by a higher layer parameter ‘SSB-periodicityServingCell’. If the UE does not set the periodicity of the half frame for the reception of SS/PBCH blocks, the UE shall assume the periodicity of the half frame. The UE may assume that the periodicity is the same for all SS/PBCH blocks in the serving cell. 
       FIG.  14    is for explaining a method for a UE to obtain timing information. 
     First, the UE may obtain 6-bit SFN information through the MIB (Master Information Block) received in the PBCH. In addition, SFN 4 bits can be obtained in the PBCH transport block. 
     Second, the UE may obtain a 1-bit half frame indicator as part of the PBCH payload. In less than 3 GHz, the half frame indicator may be implicitly signaled as part of the PBCH DMRS for Lmax=4. 
     Finally, the UE may obtain the SS/PBCH block index by the DMRS sequence and the PBCH payload. That is, LSB 3 bits of the SS block index can be obtained by the DMRS sequence for a period of 5 ms. Also, the MSB 3 bits of the timing information are explicitly carried within the PBCH payload (for &gt;6 GHz). 
     In initial cell selection, the UE may assume that a half frame with SS/PBCH blocks occurs with a periodicity of 2 frames. Upon detecting the SS/PBCH block, the UE determines that a control resource set for the Type0-PDCCH common search space exists if k SSB ≤23 for FR1 and k SSB ≤11 for FR2. The UE determines that there is no control resource set for the Type0-PDCCH common search space if k SSB &gt;23 for FR1 and k SSB &gt;11 for FR2. 
     For a serving cell without transmission of SS/PBCH blocks, the UE acquires time and frequency synchronization of the serving cell based on reception of the SS/PBCH blocks on the PSCell or the primary cell of the cell group for the serving cell. 
     Hereinafter, system information acquisition will be described. 
     System information (SI) is divided into a master information block (MIB) and a plurality of system information blocks (SIBs) where:
         the MIB is transmitted always on a BCH according to a period of 40 ms, is repeated within 80 ms, and includes parameters necessary to obtain system information block type1 (SIB1) from a cell;   SIB1 is periodically and repeatedly transmitted on a DL-SCH. SIB1 includes information on availability and scheduling (e.g., periodicity or SI window size) of other SIBs. Further, SIB1 indicates whether the SIBs (i.e., the other SIBs) are periodically broadcast or are provided by request. When the other SIBs are provided by request, SIB1 includes information for a UE to request SI;   SIBs other than SIB1 are carried via system information (SI) messages transmitted on the DL-SCH. Each SI message is transmitted within a time-domain window (referred to as an SI window) periodically occurring;   For a PSCell and SCells, an RAN provides required SI by dedicated signaling. Nevertheless, a UE needs to acquire an MIB of the PSCell in order to obtain the SFN timing of a SCH (which may be different from an MCG). When relevant SI for a SCell is changed, the RAN releases and adds the related SCell. For the PSCell, SI can be changed only by reconfiguration with synchronization (sync).       

       FIG.  15    shows an example of a process of acquiring system information of a UE. 
     According to  FIG.  15   , the UE may receive the MIB from the network and then receive the SIB1. Thereafter, the UE may transmit a system information request to the network, and may receive a ‘SystemInformation message’ from the network in response thereto. 
     The UE may apply a system information acquisition procedure for acquiring AS (access stratum) and NAS (non-access stratum) information. 
     UEs in RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE states shall ensure (at least) valid versions of MIB, SIB1 and SystemInformationBlockTypeX (according to the relevant RAT support for UE-controlled mobility). 
     The UE in RRC_CONNECTED state shall guarantee valid versions of MIB, SIB1, and SystemInformationBlockTypeX (according to mobility support for the related RAT). 
     The UE shall store the related SI obtained from the currently camped/serving cell. The SI version obtained and stored by the UE is valid only for a certain period of time. The UE may use this stored version of the SI after, for example, cell reselection, return from out of coverage, or system information change indication. 
     Hereinafter, random access will be described. 
     The random access procedure of the UE can be summarized as in the following table 5. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Type of signal 
                 Action/Acquired Information 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Step 1 
                 Uplink PRACH 
                 Initial beam acquisition 
               
               
                   
                 preamble 
                 Random Election of RA-Preamble ID 
               
               
                 Step 2 
                 Random access 
                 Timing arrangement information 
               
               
                   
                 response 
                 RA-preamble ID 
               
               
                   
                 on DL-SCH 
                 Initial uplink grant, temporary C-RNTI 
               
               
                 Step 3 
                 Uplink 
                 RRC connection request 
               
               
                   
                 transmission on 
                 UE identifier 
               
               
                   
                 UL-SCH 
               
               
                 Step 4 
                 Contention resolution 
                 C-RNTI on PDCCH for initial access 
               
               
                   
                 of downlink 
                 C-RNTI on PDCCH for UE in 
               
               
                   
                   
                 RRC_CONNECTED state 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG.  16    is for explaining a random access procedure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  16   , first, the UE may transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble in uplink as message (Msg) 1 of the random access procedure. 
     Random access preamble sequences having two different lengths are supported. A long sequence of length  839  applies to subcarrier spacings of 1.25 kHz and 5 kHz, and a short sequence of length  139  applies to subcarrier spacings of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz. A long sequence supports an unrestricted set and a limited set of types A and B, whereas a short sequence supports only an unrestricted set. 
     A plurality of RACH preamble formats are defined with one or more RACH OFDM symbols, a different cyclic prefix (CP), and a guard time. The PRACH preamble configuration to be used is provided to the UE as system information. 
     If there is no response to Msg1, the UE may retransmit the power-rammed PRACH preamble within a prescribed number of times. The UE calculates the PRACH transmission power for retransmission of the preamble based on the most recent estimated path loss and power ramping counter. If the UE performs beam switching, the power ramping counter does not change. 
       FIG.  17    is a diagram for describing a power ramping counter. 
     The UE may perform power ramping for retransmission of the random access preamble based on the power ramping counter. Here, as described above, the power ramping counter does not change when the UE performs beam switching during PRACH retransmission. 
     Referring to  FIG.  17   , when the UE retransmits the random access preamble for the same beam, the UE increments the power ramping counter by 1 as the power ramping counter increases from 1 to 2 and from 3 to 4. However, when the beam is changed, the power ramping counter does not change during PRACH retransmission. 
       FIG.  18    is for explaining the concept of the threshold value of the SS block for the RACH resource relationship. 
     The system information informs the UE of the relationship between SS blocks and RACH resources. The threshold of the SS block for the RACH resource relationship is based on RSRP and network configuration. Transmission or retransmission of the RACH preamble is based on an SS block that satisfies a threshold. Accordingly, in the example of  FIG.  18   , since the SS block m exceeds the threshold of the received power, the RACH preamble is transmitted or retransmitted based on the SS block m. 
     Thereafter, when the UE receives a random access response on the DL-SCH, the DL-SCH may provide timing arrangement information, an RA-preamble ID, an initial uplink grant, and a temporary C-RNTI. 
     Based on the information, the UE may perform uplink transmission on the UL-SCH as Msg3 of the random access procedure. Msg3 may include the RRC connection request and UE identifier. 
     In response, the network may transmit Msg4, which may be treated as a contention resolution message, in downlink. By receiving this, the UE can enter the RRC connected state. 
     &lt;Bandwidth Part (BWP)&gt; 
     In the NR system, a maximum of 400 MHz can be supported per component carrier (CC). If a UE operating in such a wideband CC operates with RF for all CCs turn on all the time, UE battery consumption may increase. Or, considering use cases operating in one wideband CC (e.g., eMBB, URLLC, mMTC, etc.), different numerologies (e.g., subcarrier spacings (SCSs)) can be supported for different frequency bands in the CC. Or, UEs may have different capabilities for a maximum bandwidth. In consideration of this, an eNB may instruct a UE to operate only in a part of the entire bandwidth of a wideband CC, and the part of the bandwidth is defined as a bandwidth part (BWP) for convenience. A BWP can be composed of resource blocks (RBs) consecutive on the frequency axis and can correspond to one numerology (e.g., a subcarrier spacing, a cyclic prefix (CP) length, a slot/mini-slot duration, or the like). 
     Meanwhile, the eNB can configure a plurality of BWPs for a UE even within one CC. For example, a BWP occupying a relatively small frequency region can be set in a PDCCH monitoring slot and a PDSCH indicated by a PDCCH can be scheduled on a BWP wider than the BWP. When UEs converge on a specific BWP, some UEs may be set to other BWPs for load balancing. Otherwise, BWPs on both sides of a bandwidth other than some spectra at the center of the bandwidth may be configured in the same slot in consideration of frequency domain inter-cell interference cancellation between neighbor cells. That is, the eNB can configure at least one DL/UL BWP for a UE associated with(=related with) a wideband CC and activate at least one of DL/UL BWPs configured at a specific time (through L1 signaling or MAC CE or RRC signaling), and switching to other configured DL/UL BWPs may be indicated (through L1 signaling or MAC CE or RRC signaling) or switching to a determined DL/UL BWP may occur when a timer value expires on the basis of a timer. Here, an activated DL/UL BWP is defined as an active DL/UL BWP. However, a UE may not receive a configuration for a DL/UL BWP when the UE is in an initial access procedure or RRC connection is not set up. In such a situation, a DL/UL BWP assumed by the UE is defined as an initial active DL/UL BWP. 
     &lt;DRX(Discontinuous Reception)&gt; 
     Discontinuous Reception (DRX) refers to an operation mode in which a UE (User Equipment) reduces battery consumption so that the UE can discontinuously receive a downlink channel That is, the UE configured for DRX can reduce power consumption by discontinuously receiving the DL signal. 
     The DRX operation is performed within a DRX cycle indicating a time interval in which On Duration is periodically repeated. The DRX cycle includes an on-duration and a sleep duration (or a DRX opportunity). The on-duration indicates a time interval during which the UE monitors the PDCCH to receive the PDCCH. 
     DRX may be performed in RRC (Radio Resource Control)_IDLE state (or mode), RRC_INACTIVE state (or mode), or RRC_CONNECTED state (or mode). In RRC_IDLE state and RRC_INACTIVE state, DRX may be used to receive paging signal discontinuously.
         RRC_IDLE state: a state in which a radio connection (RRC connection) is not established between the base station and the UE.   RRC_INACTIVE state: A wireless connection (RRC connection) is established between the base station and the UE, but the wireless connection is inactive.   RRC_CONNECTED state: a state in which a radio connection (RRC connection) is established between the base station and the UE.       

     DRX can be basically divided into idle mode DRX, connected DRX (C-DRX), and extended DRX. 
     DRX applied in the IDLE state may be named idle mode DRX, and DRX applied in the CONNECTED state may be named connected mode DRX (C-DRX). 
     Extended/Enhanced DRX (eDRX) is a mechanism that can extend the cycles of idle mode DRX and C-DRX, and Extended/Enhanced DRX (eDRX) can be mainly used for (massive) IoT applications. In idle mode DRX, whether to allow eDRX may be configured based on system information (e.g., SIB1). SIB1 may include an eDRX-allowed parameter. The eDRX-allowed parameter is a parameter indicating whether idle mode extended DRX is allowed. 
     &lt;Idle Mode DRX&gt; 
     In the idle mode, the UE may use DRX to reduce power consumption. One paging occasion (paging occasion; PO) is a subframe in which P-RNTI (Paging-Radio Network Temporary Identifier) can be transmitted through PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel), MPDCCH (MTC PDCCH), or NPDCCH (a narrowband PDCCH) (which addresses the paging message for NB-IoT). 
     In P-RNTI transmitted through MPDCCH, PO may indicate a start subframe of MPDCCH repetition. In the case of the P-RNTI transmitted through the NPDCCH, when the subframe determined by the PO is not a valid NB-IoT downlink subframe, the PO may indicate the start subframe of the NPDCCH repetition. Therefore, the first valid NB-IoT downlink subframe after PO is the start subframe of NPDCCH repetition. 
     One paging frame (PF) is one radio frame that may include one or a plurality of paging occasions. When DRX is used, the UE only needs to monitor one PO per DRX cycle. One paging narrow band (PNB) is one narrow band in which the UE performs paging message reception. PF, PO, and PNB may be determined based on DRX parameters provided in system information. 
       FIG.  19    is a flowchart illustrating an example of performing an idle mode DRX operation. 
     According to  FIG.  19   , the UE may receive idle mode DRX configuration information from the base station through higher layer signaling (e.g., system information) (S 21 ). 
     The UE may determine a Paging Frame (PF) and a Paging Occasion (PO) to monitor the PDCCH in the paging DRX cycle based on the idle mode DRX configuration information (S 22 ). In this case, the DRX cycle may include an on-duration and a sleep duration (or an opportunity of DRX). 
     The UE may monitor the PDCCH in the PO of the determined PF (S 23 ). Here, for example, the UE monitors only one subframe (PO) per paging DRX cycle. In addition, when the UE receives the PDCCH scrambled by the P-RNTI during the on-duration (i.e., when paging is detected), the UE may transition to the connected mode and may transmit/receive data to/from the base station. 
     &lt;Connected Mode DRX(C-DRX)&gt; 
     C-DRX means DRX applied in the RRC connection state. The DRX cycle of C-DRX may consist of a short DRX cycle and/or a long DRX cycle. Here, a short DRX cycle may correspond to an option. 
     When C-DRX is configured, the UE may perform PDCCH monitoring for the on-duration. If the PDCCH is successfully detected during PDCCH monitoring, the UE may operate (or run) an inactive timer and maintain an awake state. Conversely, if the PDCCH is not successfully detected during PDCCH monitoring, the UE may enter the sleep state after the on-duration ends. 
     When C-DRX is configured, a PDCCH reception occasion (e.g., a slot having a PDCCH search space) may be configured non-contiguously based on the C-DRX configuration. In contrast, if C-DRX is not configured, a PDCCH reception occasion (e.g., a slot having a PDCCH search space) may be continuously configured in the present disclosure. 
     On the other hand, PDCCH monitoring may be limited to a time interval set as a measurement gap (gap) regardless of the C-DRX configuration. 
       FIG.  20    illustrates a DRX cycle. 
     Referring to  FIG.  20   , a DRX cycle includes “On Duration” and “Opportunity for DRX”. The DRX cycle defines a time interval in which “On Duration” is periodically repeated. “On Duration” represents a time period that the UE monitors to receive the PDCCH. When DRX is configured, the UE performs PDCCH monitoring during “On Duration”. If there is a PDCCH successfully detected during PDCCH monitoring, the UE operates an inactivity timer and maintains an awake state. Meanwhile, if there is no PDCCH successfully detected during PDCCH monitoring, the UE enters a sleep state after the “On Duration” is over. Accordingly, when DRX is configured, PDCCH monitoring/reception may be discontinuously performed in the time domain in performing the procedures and/or methods described/suggested above. For example, when DRX is configured, in the present disclosure, a PDCCH reception occasion (e.g., a slot having a PDCCH search space) may be set discontinuously according to the DRX configuration. Meanwhile, when DRX is not configured, PDCCH monitoring/reception may be continuously performed in the time domain in performing the procedure and/or method described/proposed above. For example, when DRX is not configured, a PDCCH reception occasion (e.g., a slot having a PDCCH search space) may be continuously set in the present disclosure. Meanwhile, regardless of DRX configuration, PDCCH monitoring may be restricted in a time period set as a measurement gap. 
     Table 6 shows a UE procedure related to the DRX (RRC_CONNECTED state). Referring to Table 6, DRX configuration information is received through higher layer (e.g., RRC) signaling, and DRX ON/OFF is controlled by a DRX command of the MAC layer. When DRX is configured, the UE may discontinuously perform PDCCH monitoring in performing the procedure and/or method described/proposed in the present disclosure. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Type of signals 
                 UE procedure 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 st  step 
                 RRC signalling 
                 Reception of DRX configuration 
               
               
                   
                 (MAC-CellGroupConfig) 
                 information 
               
               
                 2 nd  Step 
                 MAC CE 
                 Reception of DRX command 
               
               
                   
                 ((Long) DRX command 
               
               
                   
                 MAC CE) 
               
               
                 3 rd  Step 
                 — 
                 Monitor a PDCCH during an 
               
               
                   
                   
                 ‘on-duration’ of a DRX cycle) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     MAC-CellGroupConfig may include configuration information required to set a medium access control (MAC) parameter for a cell group. MAC-CellGroupConfig may also include configuration information on DRX. For example, MAC-CellGroupConfig may include information as follows in defining DRX.
         Value of drx-OnDurationTimer: It defines a length of a start interval of a DRX cycle.   Value of drx-InactivityTimer: It defines a length of a time interval in which the UE is awake after a PDCCH occasion in which the PDCCH indicating initial UL or DL data is detected   Value of drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL: It defines a length of a maximum time interval until DL retransmission is received, after initial DL transmission is received.   Value of drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL: It defines a length of a maximum time interval until a grant for UL retransmission is received, after a grant for UL initial transmission is received.   drx-LongCycleStartOffset: It defines a time length and a start point of a DRX cycle   drx-ShortCycle (optional): It defines a time length of a short DRX cycle       

     Here, if any one of drx-OnDurationTimer, drx-InactivityTimer, drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL, drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL is in operation, the UE performs PDCCH monitoring at every PDCCH occasion while maintaining an awake state. 
     Hereinafter, the proposal of the present disclosure will be described in more detail. 
     The following drawings were created to explain a specific example of the present specification. Since the names of specific devices or the names of specific signals/messages/fields described in the drawings are presented by way of example, the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings. 
     First, the effect of phase noise will be described. 
     The transmitting end performs modulation using a phase locked loop (PLL) to generate a transmission signal in the corresponding band, and the receiving end also converts the transmitted signal to a baseband using the PLL. At this time, if a high frequency band such as terahertz (THz) is used, the PLL must generate an oscillation frequency suitable for the corresponding frequency. In this case, when a high frequency is generated, a lot of phase noise is generated. Here, the power spectral density (PSD) of the phase noise generated in the PLL may be expressed as follows. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     S 
                     ⁡ 
                     ( 
                     f 
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                       PSD 
                       ⁢ 
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                       ⁢ 
                       
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                             f 
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                               , 
                               base 
                             
                           
                         
                         ) 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     1 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     That is, the PSD of the phase noise at the reference frequency generated by the PLL is generated as high as 20 log(f c /f c,base ) by increasing the frequency band. Here, f z,n  denotes a zero frequency, f p,n  denotes a pole frequency, and PSD0 denotes a power spectrum density when the frequency is 0, respectively. Such phase noise affects the received signal in a form of causing performance degradation in the transmission/reception process. 
     Equation 2 represents a baseband received signal sampled in the digital domain when only the phase noise of the receiving end is considered. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     y 
                     [ 
                     n 
                     ] 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       
                         1 
                         
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                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     2 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Here, n′[n] denotes a signal including phase noise in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), and θ[n] denotes a phase noise in the n th  sample, respectively. That is, Equation 2 represents a signal in which a signal including a phase noise is added to AWGN to a signal obtained by multiplying a transmission signal by a noisy carrier exp(jθ[n]). 
     Here, when the signal on the m-th subcarrier is analyzed, Equation 3 is obtained. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       S 
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                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                         
                     3 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
       
         
           
             = 
             
               
                 
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                   m 
                 
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                 ⁢ 
                 
                   
                     
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                         = 
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                       ⁢ 
                       
                         θ 
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     In Equation 3, 
     
       
         
           
             
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     is the common phase noise, 
     
       
         
           
             
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     is cross-carrier interference (ICI) due to phase noise, respectively. 
     On the other hand, as a specific example of the conventional phase noise cancellation method, there is a method of setting a sufficient subcarrier spacing so that a major component of the generated phase noise does not affect, and a method of removing a common phase noise by providing a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS) at regular intervals in the frequency domain and estimating an average phase. For example, in the NR mmWave band (e.g., 30 GHz), the subcarrier spacing is extended from 15 kHz to 120 kHz, and PTRS of a constant interval (e.g., 1 RE per 2 RB) may be provided. 
     With respect to PTRS, as the operating frequency increases, the phase noise of the transmitting end increases. Here, PTRS plays an important role in mmWave frequency in that it can minimize the effect of oscillator phase noise on system performance. One of the main problems with which phase noise affects OFDM signals is the common phase rotation that occurs for all subcarriers, which can be called to as common phase noise (CPN) or common phase error (CPE). 
     The main function of PTRS is to track the phase of the local oscillator at the transmitter and receiver. PTRS allows suppression of common phase errors at mmWave frequencies. PTRS may exist in both uplink and downlink channels. Due to the phase noise characteristics, PTRS may have a low density in the frequency domain and high density in the time domain. 
     In an NR system, phase rotation generally affects all subcarriers in an OFDM symbol equally, but because inter-symbol correlation is low, PTRS information is mapped to some subcarriers per symbol. In the NR system, the PTRS can be configured according to the quality of the oscillator, the carrier frequency, the subcarrier spacing, and the modulation and coding scheme used in transmission. 
     However, when the communication area changes from the mmWave band to the THz band, the bandwidth used will be further expanded along with the change of the frequency band, and the sampling frequency will also increase accordingly. 
     Specifically, as the frequency of the frequency band increases, the PSD of the phase noise may increase, the degree of change of the phase noise in the time domain may increase, and the shape of the corresponding phase noise may change as the system bandwidth increases. Furthermore, in the related art, ICI of a relatively small size does not significantly affect communication efficiency. However, as a frequency band used increases and a bandwidth used increases, processing/cancellation of ICI may be required. 
     This change in the characteristics of the phase noise may also affect the actual baseband performance. The conventional compensation for common phase noise is compensated by estimating the average of phase noise that changes during the symbol period, and the degree of change (e.g., slope, variance, etc.) itself is also relatively small. On the other hand, in the THz band, since the variation within the symbol period is relatively large, it may not be sufficient to improve communication performance only by compensating for the common phase noise. In addition, even if the above-described conventional phase noise cancellation method is applied to the THz band, a loss in performance may occur, such as a larger signal to noise ratio (SNR) increase. 
     Therefore, when a frequency of a high frequency band such as THz is used in a next-generation communication system, a decrease in communication efficiency due to phase noise will be further aggravated, and phase noise compensation may be an important factor affecting communication quality in a next-generation communication system. Accordingly, the present disclosure proposes a method for estimating and compensating for phase noise using a cyclic prefix (CP) in the time domain in order to overcome such performance loss. Furthermore, the present disclosure proposes a principle of generating a value of a CP duration for this method. 
       FIG.  21    shows an example of a method of estimating and compensating for phase noise observed in the time domain using a CP duration within a symbol. 
     Specifically, as described above, the phase noise cancellation method proposed in the present disclosure does not measure and compensate for phase noise by using PTRS in the frequency domain, but measures the phase noise in the CP duration in the time domain, calculates the inter-symbol phase noise value, compensates it using an interpolation method such as linear interpolation, and then restores the signal in the frequency domain. 
     In other words, the phase noise compensation method proposed by the present disclosure calculates the phase noise for each CP included in each symbol in the time domain, calculates and estimates values between the calculated phase noise values by interpolation, and performs compensation for phase noise in the time domain. 
       FIG.  22    illustrates an example of an OFDM symbol structure for a phase noise cancellation method according to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  22   , a symbol structure in which two CPs are added based on a data area is considered. That is, the symbol structures of CP1, data, and CP2 may be considered sequentially in the time domain. Here, durations for estimating phase noise for CP1 and CP2 may be included, respectively. Also, here, CP1 may be a duration in which the end of the data area is copied in the time domain. Also, here, CP2 may be a duration in which the front part of the data area is copied in the time domain. 
     Here, the length and position of the duration for estimating the phase noise in each CP may be defined between the base station and the UE, which may be different depending on the UE or the hardware configuration of the base station. Accordingly, the length and position of a duration for estimating phase noise in each CP may be recognized through an adjustment process or a negotiation process between the base station and the UE. 
     Also, here, a method of generating a duration for estimating the phase noise in each CP should be set to minimize an adjacent channel power ratio (ACLR). And, it should be set to accurately estimate the phase noise while minimizing the implementation complexity. 
       FIG.  22   , CP1 can be divided into durations a, b, and c, and CP2 can be divided into durations e, f, and g. Here, for example, b and f may be determined as durations for estimating phase noise through coordination between the UE and the base station. That is, if the duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP is named PN_CP, b may be PN_CP1, and f may be PN_CP2. In addition, the positions and lengths of a, c and e, g may also be determined through coordination between the UE and the base station. 
     Meanwhile, although  FIG.  22    discloses a configuration in which two CPs exist in one symbol, the methods proposed in the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which one CP exists in one symbol. For example, referring to  FIG.  22   , one symbol may consist of only CP1 and a data area. 
       FIG.  23    shows an example of a method of configuring a duration for estimating phase noise in a CP. That is,  FIG.  23    shows an example of the structures of PN_CP1 and PN_CP2 of  FIG.  22   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  23   , a duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP may be composed of a body and durations d1 and d2. Here, the duration PN_CP for estimating the intra-CP phase noise may be b and f of  FIG.  22   . 
     The lengths and/or positions of the body, d1 and d2 may be expressed as parameters shared between the base station and the UE. Here, the body duration is a duration for estimating and/or calculating the phase noise actually within the duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP, d1 and d2 are durations defined in order to minimize the effect when an error occurs in the symbol boundary due to time tracking or the like. Each of d1 and d2 may have a length equal to or greater than zero. Here, each of d1 and d2 may be a duration in which only the phase of the body duration is copied. For example, d1 may be a duration in which the phase of the end of the body duration is duplicated in the time domain. For example, d2 may be a duration in which the phase of the front part of the body duration is duplicated in the time domain. 
     The duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP may be set to satisfy at least one of the following conditions. 
     (Condition 1) Set the average of the phases of the sequence constituting the body duration to a specific value. 
     For example, when the body duration is sampled with n samples, the average of the phases of each of the n samples may be zero. Alternatively, when the body duration is sampled with n samples, the sum of phases of each of the n samples may be zero. 
     (Condition 2) When the sequence constituting the body duration is sampled with n samples, the phase of the kth sample is set to be different from the phase value of the k+1th sample (Here, each of the kth sample and the k+1th sample is a sample included in the n samples). 
     (Condition 3) When the sequence constituting the duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP is sampled with n samples, the sizes of the CP samples from which the CP is sampled and the sizes of the samples are set to be the same. 
     (Condition 4) When the sequence constituting the duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP is sampled with n samples, the size of the sample is the same as multiplying a sample satisfying at least one of conditions 1 to 3 and a window function. Here, the multiplication may mean multiplication in units of elements. 
     In other words, when the sequence constituting the body duration is sampled with n samples, the phase of each sample can be expressed as θ pn [x], and the size of each sample can be expressed as |A[x]| (where x is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n). When CP is sampled with m samples, it can be expressed as CP[x]=|a[x]|∠θ cp [x] (where x is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to m). In this case, conditions 1 to 4 can be expressed as follows. 
       Σ x {θ pn [ x ]}= C   (Condition 1)
 
     (here, C is a constant, and x is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n) 
       θ pn [ x ]≠θ pn [ x +1]  (Condition 2)
 
     (where x is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n) 
       | A [ x ]|=| a [ x ]|  (Condition 3)
 
     (where x is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n) 
       | A [ x ]|={At least one of Conditions 1 to 3}* w [ n ]  (Condition 4)
 
     (where w[n] is a window function) 
     For example, if the length of d1 is set to 0 and conditions 1 and 2 are satisfied, each of the sample (S body [x]) of the body duration when the body duration is sampled with n samples and the sample S d2 [x] in the d2 duration when the d2 duration is sampled with p samples can be expressed as in Equation 4 below. 
         S   body [ x ]= K∠θ   pn [ x ] 
     (here, K is a constant, x is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n) 
         S   d2 [ y ]= K∠θ   pn [ x ]| shift    Equation 4 
 
     (here, K is a constant, y is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to p, ‘| shift ’ stands for phase copy) 
     In addition, if the length of d1 is set to 0 and conditions 1 to 3 are satisfied, each of the sample (S body [x]) of the body duration when the body duration is sampled with n samples and the sample S d2 [x] in the d2 duration when the d2 duration is sampled with p samples can be expressed as in Equation 5 below. 
         S   body [ x ]=| a [ x ]|∠θ pn [ x ]
 
     (here, K is a constant, x is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to n) 
         S   d2 [ y ]=| a [ y ]|∠θ pn [ x ]| shift    Equation 5 
 
     (here, K is a constant, y is a natural number greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to p, ‘| shift ’ stands for phase copy) 
     Meanwhile, according to (Condition 1) Σ x {θ pn [x]}=C, when estimating the phase noise at the receiving end, it will be easier to calculate the average phase noise within the duration from the received signal (y pn [x]) within the phase noise estimation duration. That is, the following Equation 6 may be satisfied. In Equation 6, n means the number regarding samples in the phase noise estimation duration. Here, the phase noise estimation duration is a time period within the CP having the length of the body period (let&#39;s call it L body ), and may be a period in which applying an offset is considered. As an example, the phase noise estimation duration may be the actual phase noise estimation duration of  FIG.  23   . 
     
       
         
           
             
                 
               
                 
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     That is, referring to Equation 6, since the average phase noise can be estimated by multiplying the sample values constituting the body, processing efficiency related to phase noise estimation can be increased. 
     As an example, the duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP to satisfy the conditions 1 and 2 may be set as follows. Specifically, when the sequence constituting the body duration is sampled with n samples, after the phase of each sample is symmetrically set within the range of −θ° or more and θ° or less, the phase of each sample may be finally determined by applying a shuffling function. Here, as an example, the shuffling function may be set by the base station to the UE. 
       FIG.  24    shows an example of a structure of a receiving end in which embodiments proposed in the present disclosure can be implemented. 
     First, the receiving end performs synchronization on an output signal converted through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Then, the phase noise is calculated for the synchronized signal. As described above, the calculation operation may be performed for each duration for estimating the phase noise in the CP. The receiving end may estimate the phase noise based on the calculation result. As described above, the estimation operation may be performed based on an interpolation method such as a linear interpolation method in the time domain. After estimating the phase noise, the receiving end performs phase noise compensation on the output signal. 
     Since the above-described processes are performed in the time domain, the signal after phase noise compensation may be converted into a frequency domain signal through FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) transformation thereafter. That is, since the FFT is performed after compensating for the phase noise in the time domain, the implementation complexity is reduced. 
       FIG.  25    is a flowchart of an example of a phase noise compensation method according to some implementations of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  25   , the UE receives a signal (S 2510 ). Here, the signal may be transmitted through a plurality of symbols. 
     Thereafter, the UE estimates phase noise for each of a plurality of phase noise estimation durations included in the plurality of symbols in the time domain (S 2520 ). Here, each of the plurality of phase noise estimation durations may be included in a cyclic prefix (CP) included in each of the plurality of symbols. 
     Thereafter, the UE performs the phase noise compensation on the plurality of symbols in the time domain based on the estimated phase noise (S 2530 ). 
     Specific embodiments of each step and related operations are the same as described above, and thus redundant descriptions are omitted. 
       FIG.  26    schematically illustrates an example in which a phase noise compensation method according to some implementations of the present disclosure is performed. Specifically, (a) of  FIG.  26    is an example in which a CP including a phase noise estimation duration is included in the front of each of the symbols, (b) of  FIG.  26    is an example in which a CP including a phase noise estimation duration is included at the rear of each of the symbols, (c) of  FIG.  26    is an example in which a CP including a phase noise estimation duration is included in the front and rear portions of each of the symbols. 
     Here, as an example, the UE may estimate the phase noise in each phase noise estimation duration and perform phase noise compensation on two consecutive symbols. That is, based on the estimated phase noise result, the UE performs phase noise compensation on symbol 1 and symbol 2, performs phase noise compensation on symbol 2 and symbol 3, and performs phase noise compensation on symbols 3 and 4. Here, a method of performing phase noise compensation on two consecutive symbols may be used in cases such as (a) and (b) of  FIG.  26   . 
     Alternatively, as an example, the UE may estimate the phase noise in each phase noise estimation duration and perform phase noise compensation on each of the symbols. This method can be used in the case of (c) of  FIG.  26   . 
     Meanwhile, although not shown in  FIG.  26   , each of the consecutive symbols may have a different symbol structure. That is, when symbols are present in order in the time domain, some symbols may include one CP, and other symbols may have two CPs. For example, referring to  FIG.  26   , in each of symbols 1 to 3, a CP is located at the beginning of the symbol as shown in (a) of  FIG.  26   , and in symbol 4, a CP may be located at each of the beginning and the end of the symbol as shown in (c) of  FIG.  26   . 
     The claims described herein may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of the present specification may be combined and implemented as an apparatus, and the technical features of the apparatus claims of the present specification may be combined and implemented as a method. In addition, the technical features of the method claim of the present specification and the technical features of the apparatus claim may be combined to be implemented as an apparatus, and the technical features of the method claim of the present specification and the technical features of the apparatus claim may be combined and implemented as a method. 
     The methods proposed in the present specification can be performed by the UE. In addition, the methods proposed in the present specification can be also performed by at least one computer-readable medium including an instruction based on being executed by at least one processor. The methods proposed in the present specification can be also performed by an apparatus configured to control the UE. The apparatus includes one or more processors and one or more memories operably coupled by the one or more processors and storing instructions, wherein the one or more processors execute the instructions to perform the methods proposed herein. Also, it is obvious that, according to the methods proposed in the present specification, an operation by the base station corresponding to an operation performed by the UE is considered. 
     Hereinafter, an example of a communication system to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
     Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operation flowcharts of the present disclosure disclosed in this document may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication/connection (e.g., 5G) between devices. 
     Hereinafter, it will be exemplified in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings/descriptions, the same reference numerals may represent the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated. 
       FIG.  27    illustrates a communication system  1  applied to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  27   , the communication system  1  applied to the present disclosure includes a wireless device, a base station, and a network. Here, the wireless device refers to a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., 5G NR (New RAT), LTE (Long Term Evolution)), and may be referred to as a communication/wireless/5G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device may include a robot  100   a , a vehicle  100   b - 1 ,  100   b - 2 , an eXtended Reality (XR) device  100   c , a hand-held device  100   d , and a home appliance  100   e .), an Internet of Things (IoT) device  100   f , and an AI device/server  400 . For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous driving vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication, and the like. Here, the vehicle may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). XR devices include AR (Augmented Reality)/VR (Virtual Reality)/MR (Mixed Reality) devices, and it may be implemented in the form of a Head-Mounted Device (HMD), a Head-Up Display (HUD) provided in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, and the like. The portable device may include a smart phone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop computer), and the like. Home appliances may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, and the like. The IoT device may include a sensor, a smart meter, and the like. For example, the base station and the network may be implemented as a wireless device, and a specific wireless device  200   a  may operate as a base station/network node to other wireless devices. 
     The wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the network  300  via the BSs  200 . An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  and the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may be connected to the AI server  400  via the network  300 . The network  300  may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g., NR) network. Although the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may communicate with each other through the BSs  200 /network  300 , the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f  may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without passing through the BSs/network. For example, the vehicles  100   b - 1  and  100   b - 2  may perform direct communication (e.g. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)/Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). In addition, the IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f.    
     Wireless communication/connections  150   a ,  150   b , or  150   c  may be established between the wireless devices  100   a  to  100   f /BS  200 , or BS  200 /BS  200 . Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication  150   a , sidelink communication  150   b  (or, D2D communication), or inter BS communication (e.g. relay, Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB)). The wireless devices and the BSs/the wireless devices may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b . For example, the wireless communication/connections  150   a  and  150   b  may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/demapping), and resource allocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may be performed based on the various proposals of the present disclosure. 
     Meanwhile, NR supports multiple numerologies (or subcarrier spacing (SCS)) for supporting diverse 5G services. For example, if the SCS is 15 kHz, a wide area of the conventional cellular bands may be supported. If the SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz, a dense-urban, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth is supported. If the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, a bandwidth greater than 24.25 GHz is used in order to overcome phase noise. 
     An NR frequency band may be defined as a frequency range of two types (FR1, FR2). Values of the frequency range may be changed. For example, the frequency range of the two types (FR1, FR2) may be as shown below in Table 7. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges that are used in an NR system, FR1 may mean a “sub 6 GHz range”, and FR2 may mean an “above 6 GHz range” and may also be referred to as a millimeter wave (mmW). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Frequency Range 
                 Corresponding 
                   
               
               
                 designation 
                 frequency range 
                 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 FR1 
                  450 MHz-6000 MHz 
                  15, 30, 60 kHz 
               
               
                 FR2 
                 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 
                 60, 120, 240 kHz 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As described above, the values of the frequency ranges in the NR system may be changed. For example, as shown in Table 8 below, FR1 may include a band in the range of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of at least 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on). For example, a frequency band of at least 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, and so on) included in FR1 may include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for diverse purposes, e.g., the unlicensed band for vehicle-specific communication (e.g., automated driving). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Frequency Range 
                 Corresponding 
                   
               
               
                 designation 
                 frequency range 
                 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 FR1 
                  410 MHz-7125 MHz 
                  15, 30, 60 kHz 
               
               
                 FR2 
                 24250 MHz-52600 MHz 
                 60, 120, 240 kHz 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Hereinafter, an example of a wireless device to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  28    illustrates a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  28   , the first wireless device  100  and the second wireless device  200  may transmit and receive wireless signals through various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, NR). Here, {first wireless device  100 , second wireless device  200 } may correspond to {wireless device  100   x , base station  200 } and/or {wireless device  100   x , wireless device  100   x } of  FIG.  27   . 
     The first wireless device  100  may include one or more processors  102  and one or more memories  104  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  106  and/or one or more antennas  108 . The processors  102  may control the memory  104  and/or the transceivers  106  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processors  102  may process information within the memory  104  to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceivers  106 . In addition, the processor  102  may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver  106  and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory  104 . The memory  104  may be connected to the processory  102  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor  102 . For example, the memory  104  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor  102  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor  102  and the memory  104  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver  106  may be connected to the processor  102  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  108 . The transceiver  106  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver  106  may be interchangeably used with a radio frequency (RF) unit. In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     The second wireless device  200  may include one or more processors  202  and one or more memories  204  and additionally further include one or more transceivers  206  and/or one or more antennas  208 . The processor  202  may control the memory  204  and/or the transceiver  206  and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor  202  may process information within the memory  204  to generate third information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the third information/signals through the transceiver  206 . In addition, the processor  202  may receive radio signals including fourth information/signals through the transceiver  106  and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signals in the memory  204 . The memory  204  may be connected to the processor  202  and may store a variety of information related to operations of the processor  202 . For example, the memory  204  may store software code including commands for performing a part or the entirety of processes controlled by the processor  202  or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. Herein, the processor  202  and the memory  204  may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver  206  may be connected to the processor  202  and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas  208 . The transceiver  206  may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver  206  may be interchangeably used with an RF unit. In the present disclosure, the wireless device may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip. 
     Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices  100  and  200  will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or more processors  102  and  202 . For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, and SDAP). The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate one or more Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Unit (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document and provide the generated signals to the one or more transceivers  106  and  206 . The one or more processors  102  and  202  may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. 
     The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or more processors  102  and  202  may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one or more Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the one or more processors  102  and  202  or stored in the one or more memories  104  and  204  so as to be driven by the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands. 
     The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be configured by Read-Only Memories (ROMs), Random Access Memories (RAMs), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories  104  and  204  may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or more processors  102  and  202 . In addition, the one or more memories  104  and  204  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection. 
     The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the methods and/or operational flowcharts of this document, to one or more other devices. The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, from one or more other devices. For example, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more processors  102  and  202  and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. In addition, the one or more processors  102  and  202  may perform control so that the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices. In addition, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be connected to the one or more antennas  108  and  208  and the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document, through the one or more antennas  108  and  208 . In this document, the one or more antennas may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert received radio signals/channels etc. from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. using the one or more processors  102  and  202 . The one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed using the one or more processors  102  and  202  from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or more transceivers  106  and  206  may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters. 
     Hereinafter, an example of a signal processing circuit to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  29    exemplifies a signal processing circuit for a transmission signal. 
     Referring to  FIG.  29   , a signal processing circuit  1000  includes a scrambler  1010 , a modulator  1020 , a layer mapper  1030 , a precoder  1040 , a resource mapper  1050 , and a signal generator  1060 . The operations/functions of  FIG.  29    may be performed in the processors  102  and  202  and/or the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  28    but are not limited thereto. The hardware elements of  FIG.  29    may be implemented in the processors  102  and  202  and/or the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  28   . For example, blocks  1010  to  1060  may be implemented in the processors  102  and  202  of  FIG.  28   . In addition, blocks  1010  to  1050  may be implemented in the processors  102  and  202  of  FIG.  28   , and block  1060  may be implemented in the transceivers  106  and  206  of  FIG.  28   . 
     A codeword may be converted into a wireless signal through the signal processing circuit  1000  of  FIG.  29   . Here, the codeword is an encoded bit sequence of an information block. The information block may include a transport block (e.g., a UL-SCH transport block or a DL-SCH transport block). The wireless signal may be transmitted through various physical channels (e.g., PUSCH or PDSCH). 
     Specifically, the codeword may be converted into a scrambled bit sequence by the scrambler  1010 . The scramble sequence used for scrambling is generated based on an initialization value, and the initialization value may include ID information of a wireless device. The scrambled bit sequence may be modulated by the modulator  1020  into a modulation symbol sequence. The modulation scheme may include pi/2-binary phase shift keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-phase shift keying (m-PSK), m-quadrature amplitude modulation (m-QAM), and the like. The complex modulation symbol sequence may be mapped to one or more transport layers by the layer mapper  1030 . The modulation symbols of each transport layer may be mapped to the corresponding antenna port(s) by the precoder  1040  (precoding). An output z of the precoder  1040  may be obtained by multiplying an output y of the layer mapper  1030  by an N*M precoding matrix W. Here, N is the number of antenna ports and M is the number of transmission layers. Here, the precoder  1040  may perform precoding after performing transform precoding (e.g., DFT transform) on complex modulation symbols. Also, the precoder  1040  may perform precoding without performing transform precoding. 
     The resource mapper  1050  may map modulation symbols of each antenna port to a time-frequency resource. The time-frequency resource may include a plurality of symbols (e.g., CP-OFDMA symbols or DFT-s-OFDMA symbols) in a time domain and may include a plurality of subcarriers in a frequency domain. The signal generator  1060  may generate a wireless signal from the mapped modulation symbols, and the generated wireless signal may be transmitted to another device through each antenna. To this end, the signal generator  1060  may include an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) module, a cyclic prefix (CP) inserter, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a frequency uplink converter, and the like. 
     A signal processing process for a received signal in the wireless device may be configured as the reverse of the signal processing process ( 1010  to  1060 ) of  FIG.  29   . For example, a wireless device (e.g.,  100  or  200  in  FIG.  28   ) may receive a wireless signal from the outside through an antenna port/transmitter. The received wireless signal may be converted into a baseband signal through a signal restorer. To this end, the signal restorer may include a frequency downlink converter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a CP canceller, and a fast Fourier transform (FFT) module. Thereafter, the baseband signal may be restored into a codeword through a resource de-mapper process, a postcoding process, a demodulation process, and a de-scramble process. The codeword may be restored to an original information block through decoding. Accordingly, a signal processing circuit (not shown) for a received signal may include a signal restorer, a resource demapper, a postcoder, a demodulator, a descrambler, and a decoder. 
     Hereinafter, an example of utilization of a wireless device to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  30    shows another example of a wireless device applied to the present disclosure. The wireless device can be implemented in various forms according to use-examples/services (Refer to  FIG.  27   ). 
     Referring to  FIG.  30   , wireless devices ( 100 ,  200 ) may correspond to the wireless devices ( 100 ,  200 ) of  FIG.  28    and may be configured by various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. For example, each of the wireless devices ( 100 ,  200 ) may include a communication unit ( 110 ), a control unit ( 120 ), a memory unit ( 130 ), and additional components ( 140 ). The communication unit may include a communication circuit ( 112 ) and transceiver(s) ( 114 ). For example, the communication circuit ( 112 ) may include the one or more processors ( 102 ,  202 ) and/or the one or more memories ( 104 ,  204 ) of  FIG.  28   . For example, the transceiver(s) ( 114 ) may include the one or more transceivers ( 106 ,  206 ) and/or the one or more antennas ( 108 ,  208 ) of  FIG.  28   . The control unit ( 120 ) is electrically connected to the communication unit ( 110 ), the memory ( 130 ), and the additional components ( 140 ) and controls overall operation of the wireless devices. For example, the control unit ( 120 ) may control an electric/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on programs/code/instructions/information stored in the memory unit ( 130 ). The control unit ( 120 ) may transmit the information stored in the memory unit ( 130 ) to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit ( 110 ) through a wireless/wired interface or store, in the memory unit ( 130 ), information received through the wireless/wired interface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit ( 110 ). 
     The additional components ( 140 ) may be variously configured according to types of wireless devices. For example, the additional components ( 140 ) may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O) unit, a driving unit, and a computing unit. The wireless device may be implemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot ( 100   a  of  FIG.  27   ), the vehicles ( 100   b - 1 ,  100   b - 2  of  FIG.  27   ), the XR device ( 100   c  of  FIG.  27   ), the hand-held device ( 100   d  of  FIG.  27   ), the home appliance ( 100   e  of  FIG.  27   ), the IoT device ( 100   f  of  FIG.  27   ), a digital broadcast UE, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medicine device, a fintech device (or a finance device), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AI server/device ( 400  of  FIG.  27   ), the BSs ( 200  of  FIG.  27   ), a network node, and so on. The wireless device may be used in a mobile or fixed place according to a usage-example/service. 
     In  FIG.  30   , the entirety of the various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules in the wireless devices ( 100 ,  200 ) may be connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a part thereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit ( 110 ). For example, in each of the wireless devices ( 100 ,  200 ), the control unit ( 120 ) and the communication unit ( 110 ) may be connected by wire and the control unit ( 120 ) and first units (e.g.,  130 ,  140 ) may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit ( 110 ). Each element, component, unit/portion, and/or module within the wireless devices ( 100 ,  200 ) may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit ( 120 ) may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit ( 120 ) may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU), a graphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory ( 130 ) may be configured by a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Read Only Memory (ROM)), a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof. 
     Hereinafter, an example of implementing  FIG.  30    will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. 
     Hereinafter, an example of a mobile device to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  31    illustrates a portable device applied to the present disclosure. The portable device may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., smart watch or smart glasses), a portable computer (e.g., a notebook), etc. The portable device may be referred to as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), a mobile subscriber station (MSS), a subscriber station (SS), an advanced mobile station (AMS), or a wireless terminal (WT). 
     Referring to  FIG.  31   , the portable device  100  may include an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a controller  120 , a memory unit  130 , a power supply unit  140   a , an interface unit  140   b , and input/output unit  140   c . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a part of the communication unit  110 . Blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   c  correspond to blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of  FIG.  30   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with other wireless devices and BSs. The controller  120  may perform various operations by controlling components of the portable device  100 . The controller  120  may include an application processor (AP). The memory unit  130  may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands required for driving the portable device  100 . Also, the memory unit  130  may store input/output data/information, and the like. The power supply unit  140   a  supplies power to the portable device  100  and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and the like. The interface unit  140   b  may support connection between the portable device  100  and other external devices. The interface unit  140   b  may include various ports (e.g., audio input/output ports or video input/output ports) for connection with external devices. The input/output unit  140   c  may receive or output image information/signal, audio information/signal, data, and/or information input from a user. The input/output unit  140   c  may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit  140   d , a speaker, and/or a haptic module. 
     For example, in the case of data communication, the input/output unit  140   c  acquires information/signals (e.g., touch, text, voice, image, or video) input from the user, and the acquired information/signals may be stored in the memory unit  130 . The communication unit  110  may convert information/signals stored in the memory into wireless signals and may directly transmit the converted wireless signals to other wireless devices or to a BS. In addition, after receiving a wireless signal from another wireless device or a BS, the communication unit  110  may restore the received wireless signal to the original information/signal. The restored information/signal may be stored in the memory unit  130  and then output in various forms (e.g., text, voice, image, video, or haptic) through the input/output unit  140   c.    
     Hereinafter, an example of a vehicle to which the present disclosure is applied or an autonomous driving vehicle will be described. 
       FIG.  32    illustrates a vehicle or an autonomous vehicle applied to the present disclosure. A vehicle or an autonomous vehicle may be implemented as a moving robot, a vehicle, a train, an aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, or the like. 
     Referring to  FIG.  32   , a vehicle or autonomous vehicle  100  includes an antenna unit  108 , a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a driving unit  140   a , a power supply unit  140   b , and a sensor unit  140   c , and an autonomous driving unit  140   d . The antenna unit  108  may be configured as a portion of the communication unit  110 . Blocks  110 / 130 / 140   a  to  140   d  correspond to blocks  110 / 130 / 140  of  FIG.  30   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other vehicles, base stations (BSs) (e.g. base station, roadside unit, etc.), and servers. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling elements of the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100 . The control unit  120  may include an electronic control unit (ECU). The driving unit  140   a  may cause the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  to travel on the ground. The driving unit  140   a  may include an engine, a motor, a power train, a wheel, a brake, a steering device, and the like. The power supply unit  140   b  supplies power to the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100 , and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and the like. The sensor unit  140   c  may obtain vehicle status, surrounding environment information, user information, and the like. The sensor unit  140   c  may include an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, an inclination sensor, a weight detection sensor, a heading sensor, a position module, a vehicle forward/reverse sensor, a battery sensor, a fuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illuminance sensor, a pedal position sensor, etc. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may implement a technology of maintaining a driving lane, a technology of automatically adjusting a speed such as adaptive cruise control, a technology of automatically traveling along a predetermined route, and a technology of automatically setting a route and traveling when a destination is set. 
     For example, the communication unit  110  may receive map data, traffic information data, and the like from an external server. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may generate an autonomous driving route and a driving plan based on the acquired data. The control unit  120  may control the driving unit  140   a  so that the vehicle or the autonomous vehicle  100  moves along the autonomous driving route according to the driving plan (e.g., speed/direction adjustment). During autonomous driving, the communication unit  110  may asynchronously/periodically acquire the latest traffic information data from an external server and may acquire surrounding traffic information data from surrounding vehicles. In addition, during autonomous driving, the sensor unit  140   c  may acquire vehicle state and surrounding environment information. The autonomous driving unit  140   d  may update the autonomous driving route and the driving plan based on newly acquired data/information. The communication unit  110  may transmit information on a vehicle location, an autonomous driving route, a driving plan, and the like to the external server. The external server may predict traffic information data in advance using AI technology or the like based on information collected from the vehicle or autonomous vehicles and may provide the predicted traffic information data to the vehicle or autonomous vehicles. 
     Hereinafter, examples of AR/VR and vehicles to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  33    illustrates a vehicle applied to the present disclosure. Vehicles may also be implemented as means of transportation, trains, aircraft, and ships. 
     Referring to  FIG.  33   , the vehicle  100  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , an input/output unit  140   a , and a position measurement unit  140   b . Here, blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   d  correspond to blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of  FIG.  30   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., data, control signals, etc.) with other vehicles or external devices such as a BS. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling components of the vehicle  100 . The memory unit  130  may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands supporting various functions of the vehicle  100 . The input/output unit  140   a  may output an AR/VR object based on information in the memory unit  130 . The input/output unit  140   a  may include a HUD. The location measurement unit  140   b  may acquire location information of the vehicle  100 . The location information may include absolute location information of the vehicle  100 , location information within a driving line, acceleration information, location information with surrounding vehicles, and the like. The location measurement unit  140   b  may include a GPS and various sensors. 
     For example, the communication unit  110  of the vehicle  100  may receive map information, traffic information, etc., from an external server and store the information in the memory unit  130 . The location measurement unit  140   b  may acquire vehicle location information through GPS and various sensors and store the vehicle location information in the memory unit  130 . The control unit  120  may generate a virtual object based the on map information, the traffic information, the vehicle location information, and the like, and the input/output unit  140   a  may display the generated virtual object on a window of the vehicle ( 1410 ,  1420 ). In addition, the control unit  120  may determine whether the vehicle  100  is operating normally within a driving line based on vehicle location information. When the vehicle  100  deviates from the driving line abnormally, the control unit  120  may display a warning on a windshield of the vehicle through the input/output unit  140   a . In addition, the control unit  120  may broadcast a warning message regarding a driving abnormality to nearby vehicles through the communication unit  110 . Depending on a situation, the control unit  120  may transmit location information of the vehicle and information on driving/vehicle abnormalities to related organizations through the communication unit  110 . 
     Hereinafter, an example of an XR device to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  34    illustrates an XR device applied to the present disclosure. The XR device may be implemented as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) provided in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, and the like. 
     Referring to  FIG.  34   , the XR device  100   a  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , an input/output unit  140   a , a sensor unit  140   b , and a power supply unit  140   c . Here, blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   c  correspond to blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of  FIG.  30   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., media data, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as other wireless devices, portable devices, media servers. Media data may include images, sounds, and the like. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling components of the XR device  100   a . For example, the control unit  120  may be configured to control and/or perform procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, and metadata generating and processing. The memory unit  130  may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands required for driving the XR device  100   a /generating an XR object. The input/output unit  140   a  may obtain control information, data, etc. from the outside and may output the generated XR object. The input/output unit  140   a  may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensor unit  140   b  may obtain XR device status, surrounding environment information, user information, and the like. The sensor unit  140   b  may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a microphone, and/or a radar. The power supply unit  140   c  may supply power to the XR device  100   a  and may include a wired/wireless charging circuit, a battery, and the like. 
     As an example, the memory unit  130  of the XR device  100   a  may include information (e.g., data, etc.) necessary for generating an XR object (e.g., AR/VR/MR object). The input/output unit  140   a  may acquire a command to manipulate the XR device  100   a  from a user, and the control unit  120  may drive the XR device  100   a  according to the user&#39;s driving command. For example, when the user tries to watch a movie, news, etc., through the XR device  100   a , the control unit  120  may transmit content request information through the communication unit  130  to another device (for example, the portable device  100   b ) or to a media server. The communication unit  130  may download/stream content such as movies and news from another device (e.g., the portable device  100   b ) or the media server to the memory unit  130 . The control unit  120  may control and/or perform procedures such as video/image acquisition, (video/image) encoding, and metadata generating/processing for the content, and generate/output an XR object based on information on a surrounding space or a real object through the input/output unit  140   a /sensor unit  140   b.    
     In addition, the XR device  100   a  may be wirelessly connected to the portable device  100   b  through the communication unit  110 , and an operation of the XR device  100   a  may be controlled by the portable device  100   b . For example, the portable device  100   b  may operate as a controller for the XR device  100   a . To this end, the XR device  100   a  may acquire 3D location information of the portable device  100   b , generate an XR entity corresponding to the portable device  100   b , and output the generated XR entity. 
     Hereinafter, an example of a robot to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  35    illustrates a robot applied to the present disclosure. Robots may be classified as industrial, medical, household, military, etc. depending on the purpose or field of use. 
     Referring to  FIG.  35   , a robot  100  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , an input/output unit  140   a , a sensor unit  140   b , and a driving unit  140   c . Here, blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   d  correspond to blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of  FIG.  30   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive signals (e.g., driving information, control signals, etc.) with other wireless devices, other robots, or external devices such as a control server. The control unit  120  may perform various operations by controlling components of the robot  100 . The memory unit  130  may store data/parameters/programs/codes/commands supporting various functions of the robot  100 . The input/output unit  140   a  may acquire information from the outside of the robot  100  and may output the information to the outside of the robot  100 . The input/output unit  140   a  may include a camera, a microphone, a user input unit, a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensor unit  140   b  may obtain internal information, surrounding environment information, user information, and the like of the robot  100 . The sensor unit  140   b  may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a microphone, a radar, and the like. The driving unit  140   c  may perform various physical operations such as moving a robot joint. In addition, the driving unit  140   c  may cause the robot  100  to travel on the ground or fly in the air. The driving unit  140   c  may include an actuator, a motor, a wheel, a brake, a propeller, and the like. Hereinafter, an example of an AI device to which the present disclosure is applied will be described. 
       FIG.  36    illustrates an AI device applied to the present disclosure. AI devices may be implemented as fixed devices or moving devices such as TVs, projectors, smartphones, PCs, notebooks, digital broadcasting UEs, tablet PCs, wearable devices, set-top boxes (STBs), radios, washing machines, refrigerators, digital signage, robots, vehicles, etc. 
     Referring to  FIG.  36   , the AI device  100  may include a communication unit  110 , a control unit  120 , a memory unit  130 , an input/output unit  140   a / 140   b , a learning processor unit  140   c , and a sensor unit. Blocks  110  to  130 / 140   a  to  140   d  correspond to blocks  110  to  130 / 140  of  FIG.  30   , respectively. 
     The communication unit  110  may transmit and receive wireless signals (e.g., sensor information, user input, learning model, control signals, etc.) with external devices such as another AI device (e.g.,  FIG.  27 ,  100     x ,  200 , or  400 ) or an AI server (e.g.,  400  in  FIG.  27   ) using wired/wireless communication technology. To this end, the communication unit  110  may transmit information in the memory unit  130  to an external device or may transfer a signal received from the external device to the memory unit  130 . 
     The control unit  120  may determine at least one executable operation of the AI device  100  based on information determined or generated using a data analysis algorithm or a machine learning algorithm. In addition, the control unit  120  may perform a determined operation by controlling the components of the AI device  100 . For example, the control unit  120  may request, search, receive, or utilize data from the learning processor unit  140   c  or the memory unit  130 , and may control components of the AI device  100  to execute a predicted operation among at least one an executable operation or an operation determined to be desirable. In addition, the control unit  120  may collect history information including operation content of the AI device  100  or the user&#39;s feedback on the operation, and store the collected information in the memory unit  130  or the learning processor unit  140   c  or transmit the information to an external device such as an AI server ( 400  of  FIG.  28   ). The collected historical information may be used to update a learning model. 
     The memory unit  130  may store data supporting various functions of the AI device  100 . For example, the memory unit  130  may store data obtained from the input unit  140   a , data obtained from the communication unit  110 , output data from the learning processor unit  140   c , and data obtained from the sensing unit  140 . In addition, the memory unit  130  may store control information and/or software codes necessary for the operation/execution of the control unit  120 . 
     The input unit  140   a  may acquire various types of data from the outside of the AI device  100 . For example, the input unit  140   a  may acquire training data for model training and input data to which the training model is applied. The input unit  140   a  may include a camera, a microphone, and/or a user input unit. The output unit  140   b  may generate output related to visual, auditory, or tactile sense. The output unit  140   b  may include a display unit, a speaker, and/or a haptic module. The sensing unit  140  may obtain at least one of internal information of the AI device  100 , surrounding environment information of the AI device  100 , and user information by using various sensors. The sensing unit  140  may include a proximity sensor, an illuminance sensor, an acceleration sensor, a magnetic sensor, a gyro sensor, an inertial sensor, an RGB sensor, an IR sensor, a fingerprint recognition sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an optical sensor, a microphone, and/or a radar. 
     The learning processor unit  140   c  may train a model configured as an artificial neural network using training data. The learning processor unit  140   c  may perform AI processing together with the learning processor unit ( 400  in  FIG.  36   ) of the AI server. The learning processor unit  140   c  may process information received from an external device through the communication unit  110  and/or information stored in the memory unit  130 . In addition, an output value of the learning processor unit  140   c  may be transmitted to an external device through the communication unit  110  and/or may be stored in the memory unit  130 .