Patent Publication Number: US-10770687-B2

Title: Light-emitting system

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a U.S. National Stage entry of PCT Application No: PCT/JP2016/070609 filed Jul. 12, 2016, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a light-emitting system. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In recent years, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) having a microcavity structure have been developed. Such OLEDs include a reflecting layer, a semi-transparent reflecting layer, and an organic layer. The organic layer is between the reflecting layer and the semi-transparent reflecting layer and emits light. The light from the organic layer is reflected between the reflecting layer and the semi-transparent reflecting layer and emitted from the semi-transparent reflecting layer side. 
     Patent Document 1 describes an example of OLEDs having a microcavity structure. The OLED described in Patent Document 1 is formed so that a distance L between the reflecting layer and the semi-transparent reflecting layer satisfies 2L/λ+φ/(2π)=m (m is an integer) (A: a wavelength of light from the organic layer, φ: a phase shift amount generated in the reflecting layer and the semi-transparent reflecting layer, m: an integer). 
     Patent Document 2 describes an example of OLEDs having a microcavity structure. The OLED described in Patent Document 2 includes a scattering member which scatters light emitted by the microcavity structure. In Patent Document 2, the light scattered by the scattering member is emitted from the OLED. 
     Patent Document 3 describes an example of OLEDs having a microcavity structure. The OLED described in Patent Document 3 includes a substrate having a concave portion. The microcavity structure is formed in the concave portion of the substrate. Patent Document 3 describes that an emitting range of light emitted from the OLED becomes wider due to the concave portion. 
     RELATED ART DOCUMENT 
     Patent Documents 
     [Patent Document 1]: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-147598 [Patent Document 2]: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application 
     Publication No. 2000-284726 [Patent Document 3]: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. H09-190883 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The OLED having a microcavity may be inclined from a specific standard direction (for example, the horizontal direction.) In such a case, a reduction may be required in a difference between chromaticity on one side of the standard direction and chromaticity in the standard direction. 
     An example of the problem to be solved by the present invention is to reduce a difference between chromaticity on one side of a standard direction and chromaticity in the standard direction even when an OLED having a microcavity is inclined from the standard direction. 
     Means for Solving the Problem 
     The invention described in claim  1  is a light-emitting system including: 
     a light-emitting unit having a resonator and an organic layer interposed in the resonator, the light-emitting unit inclined from a standard direction, 
     in which a light distribution of light from the light-emitting unit has a higher luminous intensity in the standard direction compared to that in a reference direction along a width direction of any of the light-emitting unit, the resonator, or the organic layer, 
     in which the light from the light-emitting unit comprises standard chromaticity in the standard direction, and first chromaticity and second chromaticity in a first side direction and a second side direction, respectively, the first side direction and 
     the second side direction being symmetric with respect to the standard direction, and 
     in which a difference between the first chromaticity and the reference chromaticity is smaller than a difference between the second chromaticity and the reference chromaticity. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The objects described above, and other objects, features and advantages are further made apparent by suitable embodiments that will be described below and the following accompanying diagrams. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a diagram to explain a movement of the light-emitting device illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram to explain the derivation of Formula (1). 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart to explain an example of a method of designing the light-emitting device illustrated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 5  is a table showing an example of the light-emitting device illustrated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 6  is a table showing a refractive angle in each layer of the light-emitting device illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
         FIG. 7  is a table to explain an example of a method of designing the light-emitting device shown in  FIG. 5  using the method shown in  FIG. 4 . 
         FIG. 8  is a graph showing a light distribution of the light-emitting device designed under the conditions shown in  FIG. 7  using rectangular coordinates. 
         FIG. 9( a )  is a graph showing an angular distribution of chromaticity (x) of the light-emitting device designed under the conditions shown in  FIG. 7 , and 
         FIG. 9( b )  is a graph showing an angular distribution of chromaticity (y) of the light-emitting device designed under the conditions shown in  FIG. 7 . 
         FIG. 10  is a graph showing a spectral distribution of each of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment and a light-emitting device according to a comparative example. 
         FIG. 11( a )  is a graph (a distribution curve) showing a light distribution of each of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment and a light-emitting device according to a comparative example using polar coordinates, and 
         FIG. 11( b )  is a graph showing each light distribution shown in  FIG. 11( a )  using rectangular coordinates. 
         FIG. 12( a )  is a graph showing an angular distribution of chromaticity (x) of each of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment and a light-emitting device according to a comparative example, and 
         FIG. 12( b )  is a graph of an angular distribution of chromaticity (y) of each of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment and a light-emitting device according to a comparative example. 
         FIG. 13( a )  is a graph (a distribution curve) of a light distribution of a light-emitting device according to a modification example using polar coordinates, and 
         FIG. 13( b )  is a graph showing a light distribution shown in  FIG. 13( a )  using rectangular coordinates. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram showing a first modification example of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 15  is a diagram showing a second modification example of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 16  is a diagram showing a third modification example of  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 17( a )  is a diagram to explain a first example of a reference direction shown in  FIG. 2 , 
         FIG. 17( b )  is a diagram to explain a second example of the reference direction shown in  FIG. 2 , and 
         FIG. 17( c )  is a diagram to explain a third example of the reference direction shown in  FIG. 2 . 
         FIG. 18  is a plan view of a light-emitting device according to Example 1. 
         FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 20  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 18 . 
         FIG. 21  is a diagram of a first modification example of  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 22  is a diagram of a second modification example of  FIG. 19 . 
         FIG. 23  is a diagram of a light-emitting system according to Example 2. 
         FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 23 . 
         FIG. 26  is a diagram to explain an example of a light distribution of the light-emitting system shown in  FIG. 25 . 
         FIG. 27( a )  is a diagram to explain an example of an angular distribution of chromaticity (x) of a light-emitting system shown in  FIG. 25 , and 
         FIG. 27( b )  is a diagram to explain an example of an angular distribution of chromaticity (y) of a light-emitting system shown in  FIG. 25 . 
         FIG. 28  is a diagram to explain a first example of a method of measuring a light distribution of light from a light-emitting region (a light-emitting unit). 
         FIG. 29  is a diagram to explain a second example of a method of measuring a light distribution of light from a light-emitting region (a light-emitting unit). 
         FIG. 30  is a diagram of a modification example of  FIG. 25 . 
         FIG. 31  is a diagram of a first modification example of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 32  is a diagram of a second modification example of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 33  is a diagram of a third modification example of  FIG. 24 . 
         FIG. 34  is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting system according to Example 3. 
         FIG. 35  is a diagram of a modification example of  FIG. 34 . 
         FIG. 36  is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting system according to Example 4. 
         FIG. 37  is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting system according to Example 4. 
         FIG. 38  is a diagram of a mobile object according to Example 5. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT 
     An embodiment of the present invention will be described below by referring to the drawings. Moreover, in all the drawings, the same constituent elements are given the same reference numerals, and descriptions thereof will not be repeated. Further, in a range of the present specification, drawings, and patent claims, “above”, “below”, or “between” is a description regarding a positional relationship, and whether directly being in contact or not is not limited unless otherwise indicated. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram showing a light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment.  FIG. 2  is a drawing explaining the operation of the light-emitting device  10  shown in  FIG. 1 . The light-emitting device  10  includes a reflecting layer  152 , a semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 , and an organic layer  120 . The organic layer  120  is between the reflecting layer  152  and the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . The organic layer  120  includes a light-emitting layer (EML)  126 . A light distribution of light from the light-emitting device  10  has a higher luminous intensity in a first direction D 1  that is different from a reference direction R compared to the luminous intensity in the reference direction R. The reference direction R is a central direction of the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  (or a later described light-transmitting region  242  or a light-emitting unit  172 ), and in an example shown in  FIG. 2 , for example, is a direction along the thickness direction of a substrate  100 , a direction along the thickness direction of each layer (for example, the EML  126 ) of a resonator  150 , or a normal direction of a second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . In addition, the light distribution has a higher luminous intensity also in a second direction D 2  which is on an opposite side of the first direction D 1  with respect to the reference direction R compared to the luminous intensity in the reference direction R. In the example shown in  FIG. 2 , the first direction D 1  and the second direction D 2  are symmetric with respect to the reference direction R. Particularly in the example shown in  FIG. 2 , the light distribution has a maximum value in each of the first direction D 1  and the second direction D 2 . 
     More specifically, the light-emitting device  10  includes k layers of layers  156  (k is an integer which is equal to or greater than 2) which are from a first layer  156  ( 1 ) to the k-th layer  156  ( k ). In the examples shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , k is 5. These layers  156  are between the reflecting layer  152  and the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . In the light-emitting device  10 , a value ΔM which is defined by Formula (1) below is equal to or greater than m−⅛ and equal to or less than m+⅛ (m is an integer which is equal to or greater than 1). A detailed description will be provided below. 
                     [     Formula   ⁢           ⁢   1     ]     ⁢                                     Δ   ⁢           ⁢   M     =         2   λ     ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     k     ⁢       d   i     ⁢         n   i   2     -       n   0   2     ⁢     sin   2     ⁢     θ   0                 +       1     2   ⁢   π       ⁢     (       ϕ   S     +     ϕ   R       )                 (   1   )               
λ: Peak wavelength of light from EML  126 
 
d i : Thickness of i-th layer  156  (1≤i≤k)
 
n i : Refractive index of i-th layer  156  (1≤i≤k)
 
n 0 : Refractive index of medium propagated by light from light-emitting device  10  (or second surface  102  of substrate  100 )
 
θ 0 : Angle of direction at which above-mentioned light distribution has maximum value
 
φ S : Phase shift amount of semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 
 
φ R : Phase shift amount of reflecting layer  152 .
 
     The light-emitting device  10  includes a substrate  100 , a first electrode  110 , an organic layer  120 , a second electrode  130 , and a layer  140 . The substrate  100  includes a first surface  102  and a second surface  104 . The second surface  104  is on the opposite side of the first surface  102 . The first electrode  110  is above the first surface  102  of the substrate  100 . The second electrode  130  is above the first electrode  110 . The organic layer  120  is between the first electrode  110  and the second electrode  130 . The organic layer  120  includes a hole injection layer (HIL)  122 , a hole transporting layer (HTL)  124 , a light-emitting layer (EML)  126 , and an electron transporting layer (ETL)  128 . 
     The light-emitting device  10  includes the resonator  150 . The resonator  150  includes a reflecting layer  152 , a semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 , and a first layer  156  ( 1 ) to a fifth layer  156  ( 5 ). The resonator  150  is configured of a first electrode  110 , an organic layer  120 , a second electrode  130 , and a layer  140 . Specifically, the second electrode  130  functions as the reflecting layer  152 . The layer  140  functions as the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . The first electrode  110  functions as the first layer  156  ( 1 ). The HIL  122 , the HTL  124 , the EML  126 , and the ETL  128  function as a second layer  156  ( 2 ), a third layer  156  ( 3 ), a fourth layer  156  ( 4 ), and a fifth layer  156  ( 5 ), respectively. 
     The substrate  100  has light-transmitting properties, and specifically, for example, is a glass substrate or a resin substrate. The substrate  100  may or may not have flexibility. The thickness of the substrate  100  is, for example, equal to or greater than 10 μm and equal to or less than 1 mm. 
     The first electrode  110  has light-transmitting properties, and formed of, for example, a metal oxide, more specifically, for example, an indium tin oxide (ITO), an indium zinc oxide (IZO), an indium tungsten zinc oxide (IWZO), or a zinc oxide (ZnO). 
     The organic layer  120  includes an HIL  122 , an HTL  124 , an EML  126 , and an ETL  128 . However, the layer structure of the organic layer  120  is not limited to this example. As an example, the organic layer  120  may include an electron injection layer (EIL) between the second electrode  130  and the ETL  128 . In this example, the EIL functions as a sixth layer  156  ( 6 ). As another example, the organic layer  120  need not include a HIL  122  or a HTL  124 . Further, as still another example, the organic layer  120  may include a hole blocking layer (HBL), an electron blocking layer (EBL), a buffer layer, a spacer layer, a light extraction improvement layer, an adhesive layer, or a color filter layer. In addition, the organic layer  120  may have a multi-unit structure having a plurality of light-emitting layers, and in this example, for example, two or more sets of the HIL  122 , the HTL  124 , the EML  126 , and the ETL  128  may be included. 
     The second electrode  130  functions as the reflecting layer  152 . The second electrode  130  is formed of a material that reflects light, such as a metal, for example, Al, Ag, an Al alloy, or an Ag alloy. The thickness of the second electrode  130  is thick to a certain degree, for example, equal to or greater than 70 nm and equal to or less than 200 nm. Thus, the second electrode  130  functions as the reflecting layer  152 . 
     The layer  140  functions as the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . In an example, the layer  140  is a metal thin film, and specifically, for example, an Ag thin film, an Au thin film, an Ag alloy thin film, or an Au alloy thin film. In this example, the thickness of the layer  140  is thin to a certain degree, and specifically, for example, thinner than the thickness of the second electrode  130 , and more specifically, for example, equal to or greater than 5 nm and equal to or less than 50 nm. In a case where the film thickness of the layer  140  is thin as such, a portion of light incident on the layer  140  can be transmitted through the layer  140 . Thereby, the layer  140  functions as the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . In another example, the layer  140  may be a dielectric multilayer film including a high refractive index dielectric layer and a low refractive index dielectric layer laminated alternately. In this example also, the layer  140  can function as the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . 
       FIG. 3  is a drawing to explain the derivation of Formula (1). In the drawing, k=3, and the resonator  150  includes a first layer  156  ( 1 ), a second layer  156  ( 2 ), and a third layer  156  ( 3 ). Meanwhile, in the present drawing, the reflecting layer  152  ( FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ) and the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  ( FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 ) are removed for ease of explanation. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, a mutually strengthening interference is generated by light emitted at a refractive angle θ 0  from the first layer  156  ( 1 ) to the medium having a refractive index n 0  (specifically, air). Thereby, the light distribution of light has a maximum value in the angle θ 0  direction. 
     Specifically, an optical path difference Δl 3  defined by the following Formula (2) is an integral multiple of a wavelength λ of the above-mentioned light. 
                     [     Formula   ⁢           ⁢   2     ]     ⁢                                     Δ   ⁢           ⁢     l   3       =         ∑     i   =   1     3     ⁢       2   ⁢     n   i     ⁢     d   i         cos   ⁢           ⁢     θ   i           -       n   0     ⁢   sin   ⁢           ⁢     θ   0     ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     3     ⁢     2   ⁢     d   i     ⁢   tan   ⁢           ⁢     θ   i                     (   2   )               
The first term on the right side of Formula (2) is the sum of an optical path length between A and B, an optical path length between B and C, an optical path length between C and D, an optical path length between D and E, an optical path length between E and F, and an optical path length between F and G. The second term on the right side of Formula (2) is an optical path length between A and H. The optical path length between A and H is derived using AG=2d 1  tan θ 1 +2d 2  tan θ 2 +2d 3  tan θ 3 , ∠AGH=θ 0 , and AH=AGsin θ 0 .
 
     The first term on the right side of Formula (1) is derived by generalizing the right side of Formula (2) by applying the number of layers k of the layer  156  to the right side of Formula (2) and using Snell&#39;s law n 0  sin θ 0 =n i  sin θ i . In addition, a second term on the right side of Formula (2) is derived by taking the phase shift amount of the reflecting layer  152  and the phase shift amount of the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  into consideration. 
     In a case where the value ΔM is an integer in Formula (1), the mutually strengthening interference is generated by light emitted at the refractive angle θ 0 . Thereby, the light distribution of light has a maximum value in the angle θ 0  direction. However, the value ΔM need not strictly match a specific integer. The value ΔM may be deviated from an integer m (m≥1) by, for example, ±⅛, and preferably, for example, ± 1/16. 
     Meanwhile, in an example, phase shift amounts φ S  and (PR may be determined based on tan φ S =2n 1 k S /(n 1   2 −n S   2 −k S   2 ), and tan φ R =2n k k R /(n k   2 −n R   2 −k R   2 ), respectively (n S : a refractive index of the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 , k S : an extinction coefficient of the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 , n R : a refractive index of the reflecting layer  152 , k R : an extinction coefficient of the reflecting layer  152 ). In another example, the phase shift amounts φ S  and φ R  may be determined based on a measurement result using spectral ellipsometry. 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart explaining an example of a method of designing the light-emitting device  10  shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 . First, a reference optical path length is determined so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the reference direction R (θ 0 =0) (S 10 ). The reference optical path length is an optical path length between the reflecting layer  152  and the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 , and is d′ 1 n 1 +d′ 2 n 2 + . . . +d′ k n k  (d′ i : the thickness of the i-th layer  156  ( i )). 
     Next, the thicknesses d 1 −d k  of each of layers  156  are determined based on the reference optical path length so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the angle θ 0  direction (S 20 ). Specifically, the thicknesses d 1 −d k  of each of the layers  156  are determined to satisfy Formula (3) below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     Formula (3) is derived as follows. First, the value ΔM in a case where the light distribution has a maximum value in the reference direction R (θ 0 =0) is the following Formula (4) based on Formula (1). 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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     Next, the value ΔM in a case where the light distribution in the angle θ 0  direction has a maximum value is the following Formula (5) based on Formula (1). 
                     [     Formula   ⁢           ⁢   5     ]     ⁢                                     Δ   ⁢           ⁢     M   ⁡     (     θ   0     )         =         2   λ     ⁢       ∑     i   =   1     k     ⁢       d   i     ⁢         n   i   2     -       n   0   2     ⁢     sin   2     ⁢     θ   0                 +       1     2   ⁢   π       ⁢     (       ϕ   S     +     ϕ   R       )                 (   5   )               
Formula (3) is derived by ΔM (θ 0 =0)=ΔM′(0) using Formula (4) and Formula (5).
 
     Meanwhile, when deriving Formula (3), the phase shift amounts φ S  and φ R  at ΔM (θ 0 ) are assumed to be equal to the phase shift amounts φ S  and φ R  at ΔM′(0), respectively. Thereby, when deriving Formula (3), the phase shift amounts φ S  and φ R  are dropped out. In other words, when determining the thicknesses d 1 −d k  of each of the layers  156  using Formula (3), the phase shift amounts φ S  and φ R  need not be calculated. 
     In S 20 , the thicknesses d 1 −d k  are determined by adjusting the thicknesses d′ 1 −d′ k  determined in S 10 . In an example, to satisfy Formula (3), the thickness of a layer of the organic layer  120  that is the closest to the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  (in the examples shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the second layer  156  ( 2 )), and the thickness of a layer of the organic layer  120  that is the closest to the reflecting layer  152  (in the examples shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the fifth layer  156  ( 5 )) may be adjusted. However, the thickness of a layer  156  other than the layers  156  described in this example may be adjusted. 
     Further, in S 20 , the thicknesses d 1 −d k  may be determined so that the ratio between the optical path length from the center of the EML  126  to the reflecting layer  152  and the optical path length from the center of the EML  126  to the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  is the same when the thicknesses are d′ 1 -d′ k  and when the thicknesses are d 1 −d k . By determining the thicknesses in this way, the carrier balance in the organic layer  120  may be inhibited from being changed between an element when θ 0 =0 and an element when having a peak at the angle θ 0 . Meanwhile, the number of layers adjusted in thickness may be increased in a multi-unit structure in which the organic layer  120  has a plurality of light-emitting layers EML. For example, in an example of a structure having two light-emitting layers in an organic layer  120  which is the so-called tandem unit structure, the thickness of any of the layers interposed between a first light-emitting layer and a second light-emitting layer may be adjusted in addition to the two layers explained in the above-mentioned example. In a structure having three light-emitting layers in an organic layer  120  which is the so-called tridem unit structure, the film thickness is preferably adjusted in two layers between the light-emitting layers in addition to the aforementioned two layers. Thus, in the multi-unit structure, layers in a number which is the sum of the number of the light-emitting layers plus one are preferably adjusted. 
       FIG. 5  is a table showing an example of the light-emitting device  10  illustrated in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 .  FIG. 6  is a table showing a refractive angle in each layer of the light-emitting device  10  illustrated in  FIG. 5 .  FIG. 7  is a table explaining an example of a method of designing the light-emitting device  10  shown in  FIG. 5  using a method shown in  FIG. 4 . In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , the light-emitting device  10  is designed so that the light distribution has a maximum value at a design angle of 0 degrees to 70 degrees. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 5 , the light-emitting device  10  includes a substrate  100 , a semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  (layer  140 ), a first layer  156  ( 1 ) (a first electrode  110 ), a second layer  156  ( 2 ) (HIL  122 ), a third layer  156  ( 3 ) (HTL  124 ), a fourth layer ( 4 ) (EML  126 ), a fifth layer  156  ( 5 ) (ETL  128 ), and a reflecting layer  152  (second electrode  130 ). 
       FIG. 6  shows a refractive angle θ S  at the substrate  100 , a refractive angle θ 1  at the first layer  156  ( 1 ), a refractive angle θ 2  on the second layer  156  ( 2 ), a refractive angle θ 3  on the third layer  156  ( 3 ), a refractive angle θ 4  on the fourth layer  156  ( 4 ), and a refractive angle θ 5  at the fifth layer  156  ( 5 ) in a case where light of a wavelength λ 630 nm is emitted at each refractive angle θ 0  at 0.0 to 70.0 degrees from the second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . The refractive angles θ S  and θ 1 -θ 5  may be calculated from n 0  sin θ 0 =n i  sin θ i  based on Snell&#39;s law. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the thickness d 2  of the second layer  156  ( 2 ) and the thickness d 5  of the fifth layer  156  ( 5 ) may be determined. Specifically, first, the reference optical path length is determined using an optical simulation so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the reference direction (θ 0 =0) (S 10  in  FIG. 4 ). In other words, the thicknesses d′ 1 -d′ 5  of each of layers  156  are determined so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the reference direction (θ 0 =0). In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , the reference optical path length is 530 nm. Next, the thicknesses of each of layers  156  d 1 −d 5  are determined to satisfy Formula (3) (S 20  in  FIG. 4 ). 
     In detail, after calculating the reference optical path lengths (that is, the thicknesses d′ 1 -d′ 5 ), an optical path length ΔL satisfying the following Formula (6) is calculated. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
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                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       k 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         d 
                         i 
                         ′ 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         n 
                         i 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   6 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     Formula (6) is derived by substituting d i =d′ i +Δd i  in the left side of Formula (3). Thereby, the optical path length ΔL is as per Formula (7) below. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     [ 
                     
                       Formula 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       7 
                     
                     ] 
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                     
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
                   
                     Δ 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     L 
                   
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       
                         i 
                         = 
                         1 
                       
                       k 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       Δ 
                       ⁢ 
                       
                           
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         d 
                         i 
                       
                       ⁢ 
                       
                         
                           
                             n 
                             i 
                             2 
                           
                           - 
                           
                             
                               n 
                               0 
                               2 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               sin 
                               2 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                                 
                             
                             ⁢ 
                             
                               θ 
                               0 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   ( 
                   7 
                   ) 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     By using Formula (6) and Formula (7), the thickness ΔD=Δd 1 +Δd 2 + . . . +Δd k  to be added to the thicknesses d′ 1 -d′ k  can be calculated so as to obtain the design angle of θ 0 . In the example shown in  FIG. 7 , the thickness Δd 2  alone is added to the thickness d′ 2  of the lowermost layer (the second layer  156  ( 2 )) of the organic layer  120 , the thickness Δd S  alone is added to the thickness d′ S  of the uppermost layer (the fifth layer  156  ( 5 )) of the organic layer  120 , and Δd 1 =Δd 3 =Δd 4 =0 is true regarding the other layers  156 . As such, the thicknesses d 1 −d 5  of each of the layers  156  are determined. 
     Meanwhile, in the example shown in  FIG. 7 , only the second layer  156  ( 2 ) (having a function as the HIL) and the fifth layer  156  ( 5 ) (having a function as the ETL) which are organic layers are added to ΔD as adjustment layers. This allows to facilitate adjustment of the film thickness compared to adjustment of the first layer  156  ( 1 ) (having a function as the first electrode  110 ) and to more easily prevent change in the carrier balance generated in a case where the film thickness is adjusted, compared to adjustment of the fourth layer  156  ( 4 ) (having a function as the EML). Further, here, the percentages of the film thickness ΔD added to the second layer  156  ( 2 ) and to the fifth layer  156  ( 5 ) are set as follows: for the second layer  156  ( 2 ), the percentage of thickness to be added is the percentage of the optical distance from a light-emitting position to the semi-transparent reflection film when an optical distance from a semi-transparent reflection film to a reflection electrode is set to 1; and for the fifth layer  156  ( 5 ), the percentage of thickness to be added is the percentage of the optical distance from the light-emitting position to the reflection electrode when an optical distance from a semi-transparent reflection film to a reflection electrode is set to 1. Thus, in the example shown in  FIG. 7 , the thicknesses d 1 -d 5  are determined so that the ratio between the optical path length from the center of the fourth layer  156  ( 4 ) to the reflecting layer  152  and the optical path length from the center of the EML  126  to the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  becomes 0.259:0.741. 
       FIG. 8  is a graph showing the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  designed under the conditions shown in  FIG. 7  using rectangular coordinates. In the graph, the luminous intensity of the vertical axis is standardized by the luminous intensity of the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  in the reference direction R according to a comparative example. The light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example is the same as the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment, except that the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  is not included, that is, the resonator  150  is not configured. 
     As shown in the drawing, the light distributions of the light-emitting device  10  at the design angles of 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees, 60 degrees, and 70 degrees have maximum values at 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees, 35 degrees, 45 degrees, 55 degrees, and 60 degrees, respectively. Thus, in some design angles, an angle in the direction at which the light distribution has a maximum value corresponds with a design angle, and in other design angles, the angle in the direction at which the light distribution has a maximum value substantially corresponds with a design angle. 
     It may be said that the light-emitting device  10  is preferably designed so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the direction inclined at, for example, an angle equal to or greater than 5 degrees, preferably, for example, at an angle equal to or greater than 10 degrees from the reference direction R in view of increasing the sharpness of peaks in the light distribution. According to the results shown in the drawing, it may be said a difference between the shape of the light distribution having a maximum value in the reference direction R and the shape of the light distribution having a maximum value in the direction inclined from the reference direction R becomes smaller as the angle at which the light distribution has a maximum value becomes smaller. In contrast, in a case where the light-emitting device  10  is designed so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the direction having an inclination which is, for example, equal to or greater than 5 degrees, and equal to or less than 10 degrees from the reference direction R, the sharpness of the peak of the light distribution is high. 
     From the viewpoint of positively matching the angle at which the light distribution has a maximum value with the design angle, the light-emitting device  10  is preferably designed so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the direction having an inclination which is equal to or less than 60 degrees, preferably, less than 45 degrees from the reference direction. According to the results shown by the drawing, it may be said that the angle at which the light distribution has a maximum value has a tendency to be smaller than the design angle as the design angle becomes greater. In contrast, in a case where the light-emitting device  10  is designed so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the direction having an inclination which is equal to or less than 60 degrees, preferably, less than 45 degrees from the reference direction R, an angle at which the light distribution has a maximum value positively matches the design angle. 
       FIG. 9( a )  and  FIG. 9( b )  are graphs showing angular distributions of chromaticity of the light-emitting device  10  designed under the conditions shown in  FIG. 7 . The chromaticity (x, y) of  FIG. 9( a )  and  FIG. 9( b )  is the chromaticity of the CIE 1931 color space. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the light-emitting device  10  is designed so that the chromaticity (x, y) is (0.700, 0.300) at an angle which is equal to the design angle. Specifically, first, the light-emitting device  10  is designed so that the chromaticity (x, y) thereof at the design angle of 0 degrees is (0.700, 0.300). Next, the light-emitting device  10  at the design angle of 10 degrees-70 degrees is designed using the method shown in  FIG. 4 . As shown in the drawing of  FIG. 9( a ) , angular distributions at the design angles of 10 degrees-70 degrees for a value x are similar to the angular distributions which are obtained by moving the angular distributions at the design angle of 0 degrees only by +10 degrees to +70 degrees, respectively. As shown in the drawing of  FIG. 9( b ) , the angular distributions at the design angles of 10 degrees-70 degrees regarding a value y are similar to the angular distributions which are obtained by moving the angular distribution at the design angle of 0 degrees only by +10 degrees to +70 degrees, respectively. Thereby, the chromaticity (x, y) of the light-emitting device  10  at the design angles of 0 degrees-70 degrees is approximately (0.700, 0.300), respectively, at 0 degrees-70 degrees. 
       FIG. 10  is a graph showing a spectral distribution of each of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment and the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example. In the example shown in the chart, the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment is designed so that the relationship of Formula (1) holds when θ 0 =30 degrees and λ=630 nm. In contrast, the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example is the same as the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment, except that the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  is not included, that is, the resonator  150  is not configured and the width of the organic layer  120  is different from that of the embodiment. 
     In the example shown in the diagram, each spectral distribution is a spectral distribution when observed from a direction inclined by 30 degrees (that is, an angle which is equal to the angle θ 0 ) from the reference direction. As shown in the graph, the wavelength at which the spectral distribution of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment is a maximum value is substantially the same as the wavelength at which the spectral distribution of the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example is a maximum value, and is approximately 630 nm. Further, the maximum value of the spectral distribution of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment is greater than the maximum value of the spectral distribution of the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example. As explained later, in a case where the light-emitting device  10  includes a light-transmitting unit, the area of a light-emitting region with respect to the area of the light-emitting device  10  is limited. There is a problem in achieving a light emission intensity required for the light-emitting device  10 . By adopting the configuration of the light-emitting device  10  according to the present example, the intensity of the light emission can be strengthened even within the limitation of the area of the light-emitting region. 
       FIG. 11( a )  is a graph (a distribution curve) showing a light distribution of each of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment and the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example using polar coordinates.  FIG. 11( b )  is a graph of each light distribution shown in  FIG. 11( a )  using rectangular coordinates. In the example shown in the drawing, the light-emitting device  10  which is the same as the light-emitting device  10  used in the example shown in  FIG. 10  is used. 
     As shown in  FIG. 11( a ) , all of the light distributions of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment and the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example are symmetric with respect to the reference direction R. In addition, as shown in  FIG. 11( b ) , the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment has a maximum value in the direction inclined by ±25 degrees (that is, approximately ±30 degrees) from the reference direction R. In contrast, the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example has a maximum value in the reference direction R, and the luminous intensity of the light distribution monotonically decreases as the inclination from the reference direction R becomes greater. As shown in  FIG. 11( a )  and  FIG. 11( b ) , the luminous intensity of the light distribution is asymmetric with the maximum value of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment as the center. In other words, the luminous intensity of the light distribution comparatively gradually rises up to the maximum value, and after exceeding the maximum value, rapidly falls. By adopting such a configuration, the contrast of the light-emitting device  10  can be enhanced. 
       FIG. 12( a )  and  FIG. 12( b )  are graphs of the angular distribution of chromaticity of each of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment and the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example. The chromaticity (x, y) of  FIG. 12( a )  and  FIG. 12( b )  is the chromaticity of the CIE 1931 color space. In the examples shown in the graphs, the light-emitting device  10  which is the same as the light-emitting device  10  used in the example shown in  FIG. 10  is used. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12( a )  and  FIG. 12( b ) , the chromaticity (x, y) of the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example is substantially constant regardless of the angle from the reference direction (a direction of 0 degrees in the graph). In contrast, the chromaticity (x, y) of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment depends on the angle from the reference direction (a direction of 0 degrees in the graph) and varies more greatly than the chromaticity (x, y) of the light-emitting device  10  according to the comparative example. Therefore, as explained using  FIG. 9 , in the case of the light-emitting device  10  according to the embodiment, the light-emitting device  10  needs to be designed so as to obtain a desired chromaticity. In the example shown in the graphs, the light-emitting device  10  is designed so as to obtain the chromaticity (0.700, 0.300) at the angle of 30 degrees. 
       FIG. 13( a )  is a graph (a distribution curve) showing a light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  according to a modification example using polar coordinates.  FIG. 13( b )  is a graph showing the light distribution described in  FIG. 13( a )  using rectangular coordinates. In the example shown in the graphs, designs are made for a light-emitting device  10  at a design angle of 0 degrees and a light-emitting device  10  at a design angle of 20 degrees. 
     According to the results shown by the graph, in view of increasing the range in which the light distribution has a high luminous intensity, the light-emitting device  10  is preferably designed so that the light distribution thereof has a maximum value in the direction inclined at an angle equal to or less than 20 degrees, and more preferably, equal to or less than 15 degrees from the reference direction R. As shown in the graph, the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  at the design angle of 20 degrees in a wide range, specifically, at approximately 0 degrees to 25 degrees, has substantially the same luminous intensity as the luminous intensity of the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  of the design angle of 0 degrees at 0 degrees. Thus, in a case where the design angle is small, the range is increased in which the light distribution has a high luminous intensity. 
     Meanwhile, according to the results shown in  FIG. 8 , in view of increasing the range in which the light distribution has a high luminous intensity, the light-emitting device  10  is preferably designed so that the light distribution has a maximum value in the direction inclined at an angle equal to or greater than 10 degrees from the reference direction R. From the results shown in  FIG. 8 , it may be said that the light distribution of the light-emitting device  10  at a small design angle (for example, around 5 degrees) is substantially the same as that of the light-emitting device  10  at the design angle of 0 degrees. In contrast, in a case where the light-emitting device  10  is designed so that the light distribution thereof has a maximum value in the direction inclined at an angle equal to or greater than 10 degrees from the reference direction R, the light distribution is different from that of the light-emitting device  10  at the design angle of 0 degrees. 
       FIG. 14  is a drawing showing a first modification example of  FIG. 1 . As shown in the drawing, the first electrode  110  may be located between the first surface  102  of the substrate  100  and the layer  140  (the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 ). In other words, in the example shown in the drawing, the first electrode  110  does not configure a resonator  150 . In the example shown in the drawing, only the organic layer  120  (HIL  122 , HTL  124 , EML  126 , and ETL  128 ) is between the reflecting layer  152  and the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . The HIL  122 , the HTL  124 , the EML  126 , and the ETL  128  function as a first layer  156  ( 1 ), a second layer  156  ( 2 ), a third layer  156  ( 3 ), and a fourth layer  156  ( 4 ), respectively. 
       FIG. 15  is a drawing showing a second modification example of  FIG. 1 . As shown in the drawing, the first electrode  110  ( FIG. 1 ) need not be included. In the example shown in the drawing, the layer  140  functions as an electrode. Specifically, the layer  140  is a conductive film, for example, a metal thin film. In addition, the thickness of the layer  140  is thin to a certain degree, and is, specifically, thin enough to allow a portion of light incident on the layer  140  to be transmitted therethrough. Thereby, the layer  140  functions as an electrode, and also as a semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . 
       FIG. 16  is a drawing showing a third modification example of  FIG. 1 . As shown in the drawing, the first electrode  110  may be located between two layers (a layer  142  and a layer  144 ). The layer  142  is between the first electrode  110  and the organic layer  120 . The layer  144  is between the first surface  102  of the substrate  100  and the first electrode  110 . The layer  142  functions as a semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . The layer  144  may function as an auxiliary electrode of the first electrode  110 . In such a case, the layer  144  may be formed on a portion of the first electrode  110  and the substrate  100 . Therefore, in the example shown in the drawing, the first electrode  110  does not configure a resonator  150 . 
       FIG. 17( a )  is a drawing explaining a first example of the reference direction R shown in  FIG. 2 . In the example shown in the drawing, the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  is a plane. In the example shown in the drawing, the reference direction R is a vertical direction or the normal direction of the second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . Since the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  is a plane, the reference direction R is the same in all the regions in the second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . 
       FIG. 17( b )  is a drawing explaining a second example of the reference direction R shown in  FIG. 2 . In the example shown in the drawing, the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  is a curved surface, and specifically, is projected outward. In the example shown in the drawing, the reference direction R is the vertical direction of a tangent of the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  or the normal direction of a tangent plane of the second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . Since the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  is a curved surface, the reference direction R is different depending on the region in the second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . That is, in the example shown in the drawing, the reference direction R is not limited to a certain direction. 
       FIG. 17( c )  is a drawing explaining a third example of the reference direction R shown in  FIG. 2 . In the example shown in the drawing, the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  is a curved surface, and specifically, is curved convexly outward. In the example shown in the drawing, the reference direction R is the vertical direction of the tangent of the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  or the normal direction of the tangent plane of the second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . Since the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  is a curved surface, the reference direction R is different depending on the region in the second surface  104  of the substrate  100 . That is, in the example shown in the drawing, the reference direction R is not limited to a certain direction. 
     As stated above, according to the embodiment, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting device  10  is higher in luminous intensity in a direction different from the reference direction R compared to that in the reference direction R. Thus, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting device  10  has a maximum value in the direction different from the central direction of this light distribution. 
     Example 1 
       FIG. 18  is a plan view of a light-emitting device  10  according to Example 1.  FIG. 19  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 18 .  FIG. 20  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 18 . Meanwhile,  FIG. 1  corresponds to an enlarged drawing of a portion of the light-emitting device  10  according to the present example. In the example shown in  FIG. 19 , each layer of an organic layer  120  (HIL  122 , HTL  124 , EML  126 , and ETL  128 ) is not shown in the diagram for ease of explanation. 
     The light-emitting device  10  includes a substrate  100 , a first electrode  110 , a first terminal  112 , a first wiring  114 , an organic layer  120 , a second electrode  130 , a second terminal  132 , a second wiring  134 , a layer  140 , and an insulating layer  160 . The substrate  100  has light-transmitting properties. The first electrode  110  functions as a layer  156 . The organic layer  120  functions as a layer  156 . The second electrode  130  functions as a reflecting layer  152 . The layer  140  functions as a semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 . The reflecting layer  152 , the semi-transparent reflecting layer  154 , and the layer  156  configure a resonator  150 . 
     The first electrode  110 , the organic layer  120 , the second electrode  130 , and the insulating layer  160  include a first end  110   a , a first end  120   a , a first end  130   a , and a first end  160   a , respectively, and further includes a second end  110   b , a second end  120   b , a second end  130   b , and a second end  160   b , respectively. The second end  110   b , the second end  120   b , the second end  130   b , and the second end  160   b  are located on the opposite sides of the first end  110   a , the first end  120   a , the first end  130   a , and the first end  160   a , respectively. 
     As shown in  FIG. 18 , the light-emitting device  10  includes a light-emitting element  170  on a first surface  102  of the substrate  100 . The light-emitting element  170  includes a plurality of light-emitting units  172  and a plurality of light-transmitting units  174 . The plurality of light-emitting units  172  and the plurality of light-transmitting units  174  are alternately aligned. More specifically, in light-emitting units  172  adjacent to each other, the first end  110   a , the first end  120   a , the first end  130   a , and the first end  160   a  of one light-emitting unit  172  are aligned to face the second end  110   b , the second end  120   b , the second end  130   b , and the second end  160   b  of the other light-emitting unit  172 , respectively, through the light-transmitting unit  174 . 
     The light-emitting unit  172  is configured of the first electrode  110 , the organic layer  120 , and the second electrode  130  in an opening  162  of the insulating layer  160 . In other words, in the light-emitting unit  172 , the first electrode  110 , the organic layer  120 , and the second electrode  130  overlap each other. The light-transmitting unit  174  is a region between the first end  130   a  of one second electrode  130  and the second end  130   b  of the other second electrode  130  of the light-emitting units  172  which are adjacent to each other. Meanwhile, in the example shown in  FIG. 18 , the shape of the light-emitting unit  172  (the opening  162  of the insulating layer  160 ) is rectangular. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 18 , the shape of the light-emitting element  170  is defined as a rectangle having a pair of long sides and a pair of short sides. Specifically, the pair of long sides of the light-emitting element  170  is overlapped with the pair of short sides of each of the plurality of light-emitting units  172 . One short side of the light-emitting element  170  is overlapped with a long side on the outer side of a light-emitting unit  172  at one end out of the plurality of light-emitting units  172 . The other short side of the light-emitting element  170  is overlapped with a long side on the outer side of a light-emitting unit  172  at the other end out of the plurality of light-emitting units  172 . 
     The first terminal  112  and the second terminal  132  are located on the opposite side of each other with the light-emitting unit  172  therebetween. The first terminal  112  and the second terminal  132  extend along the long side of the light-emitting element  170 . The first terminal  112  is connected to each of a plurality of first electrodes  110  through each of a plurality of first wirings  114 . The second terminal  132  is connected to each of a plurality of second electrodes  130  through each of a plurality of second wirings  134 . Thereby, it is possible to apply voltage from the outside to the first electrode  110  through the first terminal  112  and the first wiring  114 . In addition, it is possible to apply voltage from the outside to the second electrode  130  through the second terminal  132  and the second wiring  134 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 19 , the first electrode  110  is located over the first surface  102  of the substrate  100  with the layer  140  interposed therebetween. The insulating layer  160  is located over the first surface  102  of the substrate  100  so that a portion of the first electrode  110  is exposed from the opening  162  of the insulating layer  160 . The insulating layer  160  is formed using an organic insulating material, specifically, for example, a polyimide. The organic layer  120  is located over the first electrode  110  and the insulating layer  160  so that a portion thereof is embedded in the opening  162 . The second electrode  130  is located over the organic layer  120  so that a portion thereof is embedded in the opening  162 . Thus, the first electrode  110 , the organic layer  120 , and the second electrode  130  overlap each other in the opening  162  of the insulating layer  160 , and configure the light-emitting unit  172 . In other words, the insulating layer  160  defines the light-emitting unit  172 . In addition, the light-emitting element  170  may include a conductive unit which functions as an auxiliary electrode of the first electrode  110 , and in such a case, the conductive unit is preferably formed between the first electrode  110  and the insulating layer  160  and covered by the insulating layer  160 . 
     The first end  110   a  and the second end  110   b  of the first electrode  110  are located further on the inner side than the first end  160   a  and the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160 , respectively. Therefore, the first end  110   a  and the second end  110   b  of the first electrode  110  are not exposed from the insulating layer  160 . Thereby, the first electrode  110  and the second electrode  130  are inhibited from short-circuiting. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the first end  120   a  and the second end  120   b  of the organic layer  120  are located further on the inner side than the first end  160   a  and the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160 , respectively. In other words, the width of the organic layer  120  is small to a certain degree. Therefore, it is possible to make the width of a portion of the organic layer  120  which is outside of the light-emitting unit  172  narrow. That is, it is possible to make the width of a portion which does not function as a portion of the light-emitting unit  172  narrow. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the first end  130   a  and the second end  130   b  of the second electrode  130  are located further on the inner side than the first end  160   a  and the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160 , respectively, and further on the inner side than the first end  120   a  and the second end  120   b  of the organic layer  120 , respectively. Thus, in the example shown in the drawing, the width of the outer portion of the light-emitting unit  172 , that is, the light-transmitting unit  174 , is broad. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 19 , the first surface  102  of the substrate  100  includes a first region  102   a , a second region  102   b , and a third region  102   c . The first region  102   a  is a region from the first end  130   a  to the second end  130   b  of the second electrode  130 . The second region  102   b  is a region from the first end  130   a  of the second electrode  130  to the first end  160   a  of the insulating layer  160  and a region from the second end  130   b  of the second electrode  130  to the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160 . The third region  102   c  is a region from the first end  160   a  of the insulating layer  160  of one light-emitting unit  172  out of light-emitting units  172  adjacent to each other to the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160  of the other light-emitting unit  172 . 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 19 , in a direction from one light-emitting unit  172  toward the other light-emitting unit  172 , a distance between the first end  130   a  of the second electrode  130  (a first reflection electrode) and the first end  160   a  of the insulating layer  160  (that is, a width d2 of the second region  102   b ) is shorter than a distance between the first end  160   a  of the insulating layer  160  of the one light-emitting unit  172  and the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160  of the other light-emitting unit  172  (that is, a width d3 of the third region  102   c ). In addition, in a direction from the other light-emitting unit  172  toward the one light-emitting unit  172 , a distance between the second end  130   b  of the second electrode  130  (a second reflection electrode) and the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160  (that is, the width d2 of the second region  102   b ) is shorter than a distance between the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160  of the other light-emitting unit  172  and the first end  160   a  of the insulating layer  160  of the one light-emitting unit  172  (that is, the width d3 of the third region  102   c ). Thereby, the light transmittance of the light-emitting device  10  is high. 
     In detail, the light transmittance of the second region  102   b  is lower than that of the third region  102   c . This is due to the insulating layer  160  being located in the second region  102   b  while the insulating layer  160  is not located in the third region  102   c . As described above, the width d2 of the second region  102   b  is narrower than the width d3 of the third region  102   c . Therefore, the light transmittance of the light-emitting device  10  is high. 
     Further, in the example shown in  FIG. 19 , the light-emitting device  10  is inhibited from functioning as a filter to shield light of a specific wavelength. In detail, there is a case where a light transmittance of the insulating layer  160  differs depending on the wavelength. Therefore, the insulating layer  160  may function as a filter to shield light of a specific wavelength. In the example shown in the drawing, as described above, the width d2 of the second region  102   b  (a region overlapping the insulating layer  160 ) is narrow, and specifically, narrower than the width d3 of the third region  102   c . Therefore, the light-emitting device  10  is inhibited from functioning as a filter to shield light of a specific wavelength. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 19 , the width d2 of the second region  102   b  is, for example, equal to or greater than 0 times and equal to or less than 0.2 times of the width d1 of the first region  102   a  (0≤d2/d1≤0.2). The width d3 of the third region  102   c  is, for example, equal to or greater than 0.3 times and equal to or less than 2 times of the width d1 of the first region  102   a  (0.3≤d3/d1≤2). The width d1 of the first region  102   a  is, for example, equal to or greater than 50 μm and equal to or less than 500 μm. The width d2 of the second region  102   b  is, for example, equal to or greater than 0 μm and equal to or less than 100 μm. The width d3 of the third region  102   c  is equal to or greater than 15 μm and equal to or less than 1,000 μm. 
     In the present example, light from the light-emitting element  170 , more specifically, from the light-emitting unit  172  is hardly emitted to a region on the first surface  102  side of the substrate  100 , but is emitted to a region on the second surface  104  side of the substrate  100 . This is due to light from the organic layer  120 , specifically, the EML  126  shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2  being reflected by the second electrode  130  (the reflecting layer  152 ). 
     In addition, in the present example, light appears to be emitted across the whole surface of the light-emitting element  170  to the human eye. This is due to a plurality of light-emitting elements  170  being disposed at a narrow pitch. 
     In addition, in the present example, an object is viewed through the light-emitting device  10  by the human eye. In other words, the light-emitting device  10  functions as a semi-transparent OLED. This is due to the width of the second electrode  130  (the reflecting layer  152 ) being narrow to a certain degree and the light-transmitting unit  174  being located between the second electrodes  130  (the reflecting layers  152 ) adjacent to each other. Specifically, in a case where light is not emitted from the light-emitting element  170 , an object on the first surface  102  side can be viewed by the human eye from the second surface  104  side through the light-emitting device. In addition, in either of a case where light is emitted from the light-emitting element  170  and a case where light is not emitted from the light-emitting element  170 , an object on the second surface  104  side can be seen through the light-emitting device from the first surface  102  side by the human eye. 
       FIG. 21  is a drawing showing a first modification example of  FIG. 19 . In the example shown in the drawing, the first end  120   a  and the second end  120   b  of the organic layer  120  may be located further on the outer side than the first end  160   a  and the second end  160   b  of the insulating layer  160 , respectively. 
       FIG. 22  is a drawing showing a second modification example of  FIG. 19 . In the example shown in the drawing, the organic layer  120  may extend across the two light-emitting units  172  adjacent to each other. More specifically, the organic layer  120  extends across the entire surface of the light-emitting element  170 . In the example shown in the drawing, each of a plurality of organic layers  120  need not be formed on each of the plurality of first electrodes  110 . Therefore, the alignment to form the organic layer  120  is facilitated. Further, by adopting such a configuration, a mask need not be washed when forming plural layers of the organic layers  120 , thus reducing manufacturing steps. In addition, in the present invention, since the light-emitting direction of the light-emitting unit  172  changes depending on the film thickness of the organic layer  120 , it is important to prevent nonuniformity in film formation. By eliminating a mask and performing vapor deposition over the light-emitting unit  172  and the light-transmitting unit  174  of the light-emitting element  170 , nonuniform film formation of the organic layer  120  can be prevented, the nonuniform film formation caused by the mask, deviation of the mask, warping of the mask, and the like caused by the film forming environment of the organic layer  120 , and alight emission with a high light emission intensity at a desired angle may be obtained with higher accuracy. Further, also in a case where a portion or an entirety of the organic layer  120  is deposited by a coating process, the organic layer  120  may be easily formed when the organic layer  120  is shaped to extend across the entire surface of the light-emitting element  170 . 
     Example 2 
       FIG. 23  is a drawing showing a light-emitting system  20  according to Example 2.  FIG. 24  is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of  FIG. 23 .  FIG. 25  is a cross-sectional view taken along line B-B of  FIG. 23 . The light-emitting system  20  includes a light-emitting device  10 , a base material  200 , and a frame body  250 . 
     The light-emitting device  10  according to the present example is the same as the light-emitting device  10  according to Example 1. The light-emitting device  10  is mounted on the base material  200 . Specifically, the base material  200  includes a first surface  202  and a second surface  204 . The second surface  204  is on the opposite side of the first surface  202 . The light-emitting device  10  is mounted on the first surface  202  of the base material  200  so that a second surface  104  of a substrate  100  faces the first surface  202  of the base material  200 . Meanwhile, in  FIG. 23  to  FIG. 25 , the first electrode  110 , the organic layer  120 , the second electrode  130 , the layer  140 , and the insulating layer  160  are not shown for ease of explanation. 
     The base material  200  has light-transmitting properties. Therefore, light from the light-emitting unit  172  can be transmitted through the base material  200 , and specifically, the light enters the first surface  202  of the base material  200  to the base material  200  and is emitted to the outside of the base material  200  through the second surface  204  of the base material  200 . 
     The base material  200  is held by the frame body  250 . In one example, the base material  200  functions as a window or a portion thereof. More specifically, in one example, the base material  200  functions as a window of a mobile object (for example, an automobile, a train, a ship, or an airplane), more specifically, a rear window of an automobile. In another example, the base material  200  functions as a window of a case for storing an object such as a commercial product (for example, a showcase) or a window of a house or a shop or a portion of the window. In a case where the base material  200  functions as a window, the base material  200  is required to be sturdy to a certain degree. Therefore, the thickness of the base material  200  is considerably thicker than that of the substrate  100 , for example, equal to or greater than 2 mm and equal to or less than 50 mm. 
     The base material  200  includes a semi-transparent light-emitting region  240 . The semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  includes a plurality of light-emitting regions  242  and a plurality of light-transmitting regions  244 . The semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  is overlapped with a light-emitting element  170  of the light-emitting device  10 . The light-emitting region  242  is overlapped with the light-transmitting unit  174  of the light-emitting device  10 . In other words, the light-transmitting region  244  is not overlapped with the light-emitting unit  172  of the light-emitting device  10 . Thus, the plurality of light-emitting regions  242  and the plurality of light-transmitting regions  244  are alternately aligned, as is the case with the plurality of the light-emitting units  172  and the plurality of the light-transmitting units  174 . 
     As is the case with Example 1, light appears to be emitted across the whole surface of the semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  (the light-emitting element  170 ) to the human eye. In addition, an object is viewed through the semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  by the human eye. In other words, the semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  functions as a semi-transparent OLED. Specifically, in a case where light is not emitted from the semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  (the light-emitting element  170 ), an object on the first surface  202  side can be viewed through the light-emitting device by the human eye from the second surface  204  side. In addition, in either of a case where light is emitted from the semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  (the light-emitting element  170 ) and a case where light is not emitted from the semi-transparent light-emitting region  240  (the light-emitting element  170 ), an object on the second surface  204  side can be viewed from the first surface  202  side through the light-emitting device by the human eye. Further, the light-emitting system  20  may be mounted, in a case where the base material  200  is formed in the mobile object, without hindering the visibility of a passenger, particularly a driver, a steerer, and a pilot to the outside of the mobile object and the visibility of a shop clerk of a shop to the outside in a case where the base material  200  is a shop window. 
     In the example shown in  FIG. 25 , a standard direction S is a horizontal direction (a direction along X direction in the drawing). The base material  200  is supported by the frame body  250  so that the second surface  204  of the base material  200  is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S. Thereby, the reference direction R is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S. In addition, the thickness direction of the substrate  100 , the thickness direction of the light-emitting unit  172 , and the thickness direction of the base material  200  are oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S. The reference direction R is a central direction of light distribution, and in the example shown in the drawing, for example, is a direction which is along any of the thickness direction of the substrate  100 , the thickness direction of the light-emitting unit  172 , and the thickness direction of the base material  200 , or a normal direction of the second surface  204 . Ina first direction D 1 , the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a higher luminous intensity in the first direction D 1  compared to that in the reference direction R, and specifically, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  has a maximum value in the first direction D 1 . Meanwhile, the standard direction S is not limited to the horizontal direction. For example, the standard direction S may be inclined from the horizontal direction. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the first direction D 1  is different from the reference direction R. Therefore, even when the base material  200  is inclined from a specific direction (for example, the standard direction S) as shown in the drawing, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) can have a high luminous intensity (for example, a maximum value) in a desired direction. 
     Further, in the example shown in the drawing, the first direction D 1  is oriented in a direction different from the reference direction R, and is oriented in a direction which is substantially the same as the standard direction S. Specifically, an angle formed between the first direction D 1  and the standard direction S is, for example, equal to or greater than 0 degrees and equal to or less than 5 degrees. Therefore, even when the base material  200  is inclined from the specific direction (for example, the standard direction S) as shown in the drawing, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) can have a high luminous intensity (for example, a maximum value) in the standard direction S (in the example shown in the drawing, the horizontal direction) or in the vicinity thereof. Meanwhile, such a light distribution is accomplished by allowing an inclination angle of the base material  200  from, for example, the vertical direction (Y direction in the drawing) to match or correspond with a design angle at which the light distribution has a maximum value (for example, refer to  FIG. 5  to  FIG. 7 ). 
       FIG. 26  is a graph explaining an example of the light distribution of the light-emitting system  20  shown in  FIG. 25 . The light distribution in the graph is a light distribution obtained by standardizing an angular distribution of the design angle of 30 degrees in  FIG. 8 . In the example shown in the graph, the standard direction S is the horizontal direction (a direction along X direction in  FIG. 25 ). The reference direction R is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). In the present example, the first direction D 1  is oriented obliquely downward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). 
     The light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a higher luminous intensity in a direction different from the reference direction R, specifically, for example, in the standard direction S, compared to that in the reference direction R. Therefore, even when the base material  200  is inclined from the standard direction S, the light distribution in this case has a high luminous intensity in the standard direction S. 
     In addition, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a maximum value in the first direction D 1 . The first direction D 1  is different from the standard direction S. Specifically, an angle formed between the first direction D 1  and the reference direction R is greater than an angle formed between the standard direction S and the reference direction R. In other words, the first direction D 1  is located farther from the reference direction R compared to the standard direction S, and further in other words, the standard direction S is between the reference direction R and the first direction D 1 . 
     In addition, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) is asymmetric with respect to the first direction D 1 . Specifically, in the example shown in  FIG. 26 , this light distribution has a first luminous intensity (approximately 0.20) in a direction which is 20 degrees from the first direction D 1  toward the standard direction S, and has a second luminous intensity (approximately 0.85) in a direction which is 20 degrees from the first direction D 1  toward a side opposite to the standard direction S. In the example shown in  FIG. 26 , the first luminous intensity (approximately 0.20) is smaller than the second luminous intensity (approximately 0.85). 
     Further, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) is substantially constant in the standard direction S and the vicinity thereof. Specifically, in the example shown in  FIG. 26 , this light distribution has a first standard luminous intensity (approximately 1.00) in the standard direction S, a second standard luminous intensity (approximately 0.90) in a direction which is 10 degrees from the standard direction S toward a first direction S 1  side, and a third standard luminous intensity (approximately 0.90) in a direction which is 10 degrees from the standard direction S toward the reference direction R side. In the example shown in  FIG. 26 , all of the first standard luminous intensity (approximately 1.00), the second standard luminous intensity (approximately 0.90), and the third standard luminous intensity (approximately 0.90) are equal to or greater than 80% and equal to or less than 100% of the above-mentioned maximum value of the above-mentioned light distribution. 
     Meanwhile, also at a design angle other than 30 degrees, in a case where the first direction D 1  is located farther compared to the standard direction S from the reference direction R, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) is substantially constant in the standard direction S and the vicinity thereof (for example, refer to  FIG. 8 ). 
     In addition, the angle formed between the first direction D 1  and the standard direction S is not limited to the example shown in the graph. The angle formed between the first direction D 1  and the standard direction S may be set to, for example, equal to or greater than 2.5 degrees and equal to or less than 12.5 degrees, preferably, for example, equal to or greater than 5.0 degrees and equal to or less than 10 degrees. 
       FIG. 27( a )  and  FIG. 27( b )  are graphs explaining examples of the angular distribution of chromaticity of the light-emitting system  20  shown in  FIG. 25 . The angular distributions in  FIG. 27( a )  and  FIG. 27( b )  are the angular distributions of the design angle of 30 degrees in  FIG. 9( a )  and  FIG. 9( b ) . In the example shown in the graphs, the standard direction S is the horizontal direction (the direction along X direction in  FIG. 25 ). The first side direction S 1  is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). The second side direction S 2  is oriented obliquely downward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). Meanwhile, the standard direction S is not limited to the horizontal direction. For example, the standard direction S may be inclined from the horizontal direction. 
     Light from the light-emitting system  20  has standard chromaticity (x S , y S ) (approximately (0.710, 0.290)) in the standard direction S (θ S : 25 degrees). Further, light from the light-emitting system  20  has a first chromaticity (x S1 , y S1 ) (approximately (0.715, 0.285)), and a second chromaticity (x S2 , y S2 ) (approximately (0.695, 0.305)) in the first side direction S 1  (e S1 : 15 degrees) and the second side direction S 2  (e S2 : 35 degrees), respectively, the first side direction S 1  and the second side direction S 2  being symmetric with respect to the standard direction S. A difference between the first chromaticity (x S1 , y S1 ) and the standard chromaticity (x S , y S ) is smaller than a difference between the second chromaticity (x S2 , y S2 ) and the standard chromaticity (x S , y S ). In other words, in the example shown in the graphs, in exchange for an increased difference between the second chromaticity (x S2 , y S2 ) and the standard chromaticity (x S , y S ), the difference between the first chromaticity (x S1 , y S1 ) and the standard chromaticity (x S , y S ) is made small to a certain degree. 
     An angle formed between the first side direction S 1  and the reference direction R is smaller than an angle formed between the second side direction S 2  and the reference direction R. In other words, the first side direction S 1  is located closer to the reference direction R compared to the second side direction S 2 . 
     The angular distribution of a value x is concaved downward in a range of approximately ±15 degrees from the design angle (30 degrees) and decreases monotonously. Therefore, when an angle θ S  of the standard direction S, an angle θ S1  of the first side direction S 1 , and an angle θ S2  of the second side direction S 2  are located within this range, |x S1 −x S |&lt;|x S2 −x S | is established. In addition, the angular distribution of a value y is convexed upward in a range of approximately ±15 degrees from the design angle (30 degrees) and increases monotonously. Therefore, when the angle θ S  of the standard direction S, the angle θ S1  of the first side direction S 1 , and the angle θ S2  of the second side direction S 2  are located within this range, |y S1 −y S |&lt;|y S2 −y S | is established. Thereby, the difference between the first chromaticity (x S1 , y S1 ) and the standard chromaticity (x S , y S ) is smaller than that between the second chromaticity (x S2 , y S2 ) and the standard chromaticity (x S , y S ) when the angle θ S  of the standard direction S, the angle θ S1  of the first side direction S 1 , and the angle θ S2  of the second side direction S 2  are located within the range of approximately ±15 degrees from the design angle (30 degrees). 
     Meanwhile, at other design angles also, a difference between upper chromaticity (x U , y U ) and horizontal chromaticity (x H , y H ) is smaller than that of lower chromaticity (x D , y D ) and the horizontal chromaticity (x H , y H ) (for example, refer to  FIG. 9( a )  and  FIG. 9( b ) ) when the angle θ S  of the standard direction  5 , the angle θ S1  of the first side direction S 1 , and the angle θ S2  of the second side direction S 2  are located within the range of approximately ±15 degrees from the design angle. 
     In addition, the angle formed between the first side direction S 1  and the standard direction S (the angle formed between the second side direction S 2  and the standard direction S) is not limited to the example shown in the graphs. Each of the angle formed between the first side direction S 1  and the standard direction S and the angle formed between the second side direction S 2  and the standard direction S is, for example, equal to or greater than 5 degrees and equal to or less than 15 degrees. 
       FIG. 28  is a drawing explaining a first example of a method of measuring the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (the light-emitting unit  172 ). In the example shown in the drawing, the second surface  204  of the base material  200  is inclined from a standard surface SS. The standard surface SS is, for example, a horizontal surface. The light-emitting region  242  includes a lower end A, an upper end B, and a center O between the lower end A and the upper end B on the second surface  204 . The lower end A is located at a height hA from the standard surface SS. The upper end B is located at a height hB from the standard surface SS. The center O is located at a height ho from the standard surface SS. The light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a maximum value in a direction along the standard surface SS. In a case where the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a maximum value in the direction along the standard surface SS, the luminous intensity measured by a photometer M is the maximum in a case where the photometer M is located at the height ho, compared to when the photometer M is located at any of the other heights (for example, hA or hB). 
       FIG. 29  is a drawing explaining a second example of the method of measuring the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (the light-emitting unit  172 ). As shown in the drawing, the light-emitting region  242  may be covered with a mask MSK except the center O and the vicinity thereof. Thereby, the light distribution of light only from the center O and the vicinity thereof can be measured. 
       FIG. 30  is a drawing showing a modification example of  FIG. 25 . As shown in the drawing, the first direction D 1  and the standard direction S may correspond to each other. In the example shown in the drawing, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (the light-emitting unit  172 ) can have a maximum value in the standard direction S (for example, the horizontal direction). 
       FIG. 31  is a drawing showing a first modification example of  FIG. 24 . As shown in the drawing, the light-emitting device  10  may be mounted on the second surface  204  of the base material  200 . More specifically, in the example shown in the drawing, the light-emitting device  10  is mounted on the second surface  204  of the base material  200  so that the first surface  102  of the substrate  100  faces the second surface  204  of the base material  200  with the light-emitting element  170  interposed therebetween. 
       FIG. 32  is a drawing showing a second modification example of  FIG. 24 . As shown in the drawing, the light-emitting device  10  may be inside the base material  200 . Specifically, in the example shown in the drawing, the base material  200  includes a first base material  210 , a second base material  220 , and an intermediate layer  230 . The first base material  210  and the second base material  220  are, for example, glass plates. The intermediate layer  230  is, for example, a resin layer. Thereby, the base material  200  may function as laminated glass. 
     The first base material  210  includes a surface  212  and a surface  214 . The surface  212  functions as the first surface  202  of the first base material  210 . The surface  214  is on the opposite side of the surface  212 . The second base material  220  includes a surface  222  and a surface  224 . The surface  224  is on the opposite side of the surface  222  and functions as the second surface  204 . The surface  214  of the first base material  210  and the surface  222  of the second base material  220  face each other with the light-emitting device  10  and the intermediate layer  230  interposed therebetween. More specifically, the light-emitting device  10  is mounted on the surface  222  of the second base material  220  so that the first surface  102  of the substrate  100  faces the surface  222  of the second laminated film  220 . The first surface  102  of the substrate  100  and the light-emitting element  170  are covered with the intermediate layer  230 . 
       FIG. 33  is a drawing showing a third modification example of  FIG. 24 . As shown in the drawing, the light-emitting element  170  may be formed directly on the first surface  202  of the base material  200 . In other words, in the example shown in the drawing, the light-emitting device  10  does not include the substrate  100  ( FIG. 24 ). Further in other words, in the example shown in the drawing, the base material  200  functions as the substrate  100 . 
     Example 3 
       FIG. 34  is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting system  20  according to Example 3, and corresponds to  FIG. 25  of Example 2. The light-emitting system.  20  according to the present example is the same as the light-emitting system  20  according to Example 2 except the following point. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, a standard direction S is a horizontal direction (a direction along X direction in the drawing). A first direction D 1  is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). A first side direction S 1  is oriented obliquely downward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). A second side direction S 2  is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). As shown in the drawing, a base material  200  may be supported so that a second surface  204  is oriented obliquely downward from the standard direction S. Thereby, a reference direction R is oriented obliquely downward from the standard direction S. Meanwhile, the standard direction S is not limited to the horizontal direction. For example, the standard direction S may be inclined from the horizontal direction. 
     A light distribution of light from a light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, a light-emitting unit  172 ) has a maximum value in the first direction D 1 . The first direction D 1  is different from the standard direction S. Specifically, an angle formed between the first direction D 1  and the reference direction R is greater than an angle formed between the standard direction S and the reference direction R. In other words, the first direction D 1  is located farther from the reference direction R compared to the standard direction S. Thereby, due to the same reason as the reason explained using  FIG. 25  and  FIG. 26 , in a light distribution of light from the light-emitting system  20 , a luminous intensity in the standard direction S and a surrounding direction thereof is not remarkably changed. 
     Light from the light-emitting system  20  has a standard chromaticity in the standard direction S. In addition, the light from the light-emitting system  20  has a first chromaticity and a second chromaticity in the first side direction S 1  and the second side direction S 2 , respectively, the first side direction S 1  and the second side direction S 2  being symmetric with respect to the standard direction S. An angle formed between the first side direction S 1  and the reference direction R is smaller than an angle formed between the second side direction S 2  and the reference direction R. In other words, the first side direction S 1  is located closer to the reference direction R compared to the second side direction S 2 . Thereby, due to the same reason as the reason explained using  FIG. 25  and  FIG. 27 , a difference between the first chromaticity and the standard chromaticity is smaller than a difference between the second chromaticity and the standard chromaticity. 
       FIG. 35  is a drawing showing a modification example of  FIG. 34 . As shown in the drawing, the first direction D 1  and the standard direction S may correspond to each other. In the example shown in the drawing, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (the light-emitting unit  172 ) can have a maximum value in the standard direction S (for example, the horizontal direction). 
     Example 4 
     Each of  FIG. 36  and  FIG. 37  is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting system  20  according to Example 4, and corresponds to  FIG. 24  and  FIG. 25  of Example 2, respectively. The light-emitting system  20  according to the present example is the same as the light-emitting system  20  according to Example 2 except the following point. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the light-emitting system  20  includes an optical member  180 . The optical member  180  is a member to adjust a traveling direction of light, and specifically, for example, is a diffraction grating, a microprism, or a polarizing film. In the example shown in the drawings, a traveling direction of light from a light-emitting unit  172  is adjusted by the optical member  180  so that a light distribution from a second surface  204  has a higher luminous intensity in a direction different from a reference direction R, specifically, in the first direction D 1  compared to that in the reference direction R. Therefore, even when a base material  200  is inclined from a specific direction (for example, the standard direction S) as shown in the drawing, a light distribution of light from a light-emitting region  242  can have a high luminous intensity (for example, a maximum value) in a desired direction. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, a light-emitting device  10  need not be designed so that a value ΔM of the above-mentioned formula (1) satisfies equal to or greater than m−⅛ and equal to or less than m+⅛ in a case where θ≠0 degrees. In one example, the light-emitting device  10  need not include a semi-transparent reflecting layer  154  (for example,  FIG. 19 ), in other words, need not include a microcavity structure. In another example, the light-emitting device  10  may be designed so that the value ΔM satisfies equal to or greater than m−⅛ and equal to or less than m+⅛ in a case where θ=0 degrees in the above-mentioned formula (1). In any example, by using the optical member  180 , the light distribution of light from the second surface  204  has a maximum value in the direction different from the reference direction R, specifically, in the first direction D 1 . 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the optical member  180  is formed not to be overlapped with a light-transmitting unit  174  (a light-transmitting region  244 ). Thereby, a light transmittance of the light-emitting system  20  is inhibited from decreasing. Meanwhile, in the example shown in the drawing, the optical member  180  is located between the second surface  104  of the substrate  100  and the first surface  202  of the base material  200 . 
     Example 5 
       FIG. 38  is a drawing showing a mobile object  22  according to Example 5. In the example shown in the drawing, the mobile object  22  includes a body  260  and a light-emitting system  20 . The light-emitting system  20  is held by the body  260 . In the example shown in the drawing, the mobile object  22  is an automobile, and the body  260  is a vehicle body. The mobile object  22  moves on a road surface RS. Meanwhile, the mobile object  22  may be a train, a ship, or an airplane. In a case where the mobile object  22  is a train, the body  260  is a vehicle body of a train. In a case where the mobile object  22  is a ship, the body  260  is a hull. In a case where the mobile object  22  is an airplane, the body  260  is a fuselage. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the standard direction S is the horizontal direction (the direction along X direction in the drawing). In addition, the standard direction S also is a direction along the road surface RS, a traveling direction of the mobile object  22 , and a direction to the rear side of the mobile object  22 . In a first direction D 1 , a light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a higher luminous intensity in the first direction D 1  compared to that in the reference direction R, and specifically, has a maximum value in the first direction D 1 . In the example shown in the drawing, the base material  200  is supported so that the second surface  204  is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S. Thereby, the reference direction R is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S. Meanwhile, the standard direction S is not limited to the horizontal direction. For example, the standard direction S may be inclined from the horizontal direction. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the first direction D 1  is different from the reference direction R. Therefore, even when the base material  200  is inclined from a specific direction (for example, the standard direction S) as shown in the drawing, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) can have a high luminous intensity (for example, a maximum value) in a desired direction. 
     Further, in the example shown in the drawing, the first direction D 1  is oriented in a direction different from the reference direction R, and is oriented ins a direction which is substantially the same as the standard direction S. Specifically, an angle formed between the first direction D 1  and the standard direction S is, for example, equal to or greater than 0 degrees and equal to or less than 5 degrees. Therefore, even when the base material  200  is inclined from a specific direction (for example, the standard direction S) as shown in the drawing, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) can have a high luminous intensity (for example, a maximum value) in the standard direction S (in the example shown in the drawing, the horizontal direction) and in the vicinity thereof. 
     The mobile object  22  includes the body  260 . A portion of the body  260  functions as a frame body  250 . In the example shown in the drawing, the base material  200  is supported by the frame body  250 , and functions as a rear window. 
     In the example shown in the drawing, the light-emitting unit  172  (the light-emitting region  242 ) configures a portion of an “auxiliary brake lamp” (in other words, a high-mount stop-lamp (HMSL) or a break lamp) prescribed in Article  39 , Paragraph 2 of the Safety Standards of Road Transport Vehicle in Japan. The light-emitting unit  172  (specifically, the center of the light-emitting unit  172 ) is located at a height hL which is, for example, equal to or greater than 1 m and equal to or less than 1.2 m from the road surface RS on which the mobile body travels. 
     The light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a higher luminous intensity in the standard direction S compared to that in the reference direction R. Therefore, even when the base material  200  is mounted on the mobile object  22  inclined from the standard direction S, this light distribution has a high luminous intensity in the standard direction S which is a direction of traffic following the mobile object  22 . Therefore, the luminous intensity of a light emission from the light-emitting region  242  (the light-emitting unit  172 ) is increased. In addition, the light is efficiently irradiated in a direction of the traffic that follows, and information on braking of the mobile object  22  can be efficiently communicated or displayed. 
     Further, in  FIG. 38 , the first direction D 1  is oriented obliquely downward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). A first side direction S 1  is oriented obliquely upward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). A second side direction S 2  is oriented obliquely downward from the standard direction S (the horizontal direction). Here, the light distribution of light from the light-emitting region  242  (more specifically, the light-emitting unit  172 ) has a maximum value in the first direction D 1 . The first direction D 1  is different from the standard direction S. Specifically, an angle formed between the first direction D 1  and the reference direction R is greater than an angle formed between the standard direction S and the reference direction R. In other words, the first direction D 1  is located farther from the reference direction R compared to the standard direction S. Thereby, due to the same reason as the reason explained using  FIG. 25  and  FIG. 26 , in a light distribution of light from the light-emitting system  20 , a luminous intensity in the standard direction S and a surrounding direction thereof is not remarkably changed. By adopting such a configuration, the light-emitting system  20  can display information on braking of the mobile object  22  to the traffic that follows without the traffic that follows being affected by the height of the viewpoint. 
     Light from the light-emitting system  20  has standard chromaticity in the standard direction S. In addition, the light from the light-emitting system  20  has first chromaticity and second chromaticity in the first side direction S 1  and the second side direction S 2 , respectively, the first side direction S 1  and the second side direction S 2  being symmetric with respect to the standard direction S. An angle formed between the first side direction S 1  and the reference direction R is smaller than an angle formed between the second side direction S 2  and the reference direction R. In other words, the first side direction S 1  is located closer to the reference direction R compared to the second side direction S 2 . Thereby, due to the same reason as the reason explained using  FIG. 25  and  FIG. 27 , a difference between the first chromaticity and the standard chromaticity is smaller than a difference between the second chromaticity and the standard chromaticity. 
     As described above, although the embodiment and examples of the present invention have been set forth with reference to the accompanying drawings, they are merely illustrative of the present invention, and various configurations other than those stated above can be adopted.