Patent Publication Number: US-2023137695-A1

Title: Methods for reducing oxidative effects of free radicals

Description:
FIELD 
     The present application relates to dietary compositions and methods of treatment, and in particular, dietary compositions and methods for reducing the oxidative effects of free radicals in subjects. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Free radicals (reactive oxygen species) accumulate in the bodies of mammals due to normal cell metabolism (e.g., adenosine triphosphate production) as well as external causes, such as pollution or radiation. While free radicals at low levels can provide some benefits to the body, high levels of free radicals can result in oxidative stress—an imbalance balance between the production of free radicals and the body&#39;s natural antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress results in damage to the cells of the body, which can accelerate aging and increase the likelihood of developing certain chronic illnesses, such as cancers, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. 
     Antioxidants can counteract some of the negative effects caused by free radicals in the body. Some antioxidants are naturally produced by the body, but additional antioxidants can be acquired by the body through diet. For instance, exogenous or dietary antioxidants such as lycopene, beta-carotene, and vitamins C and E, are found in various fruits, vegetables, and grains. Laboratory and animal studies suggest that increased levels of exogenous antioxidants can reduce free radical damage that is associated with cancer development (1). 
     Resveratrol is an exogenous antioxidant that can be found in foods such as grapes and blueberries in varying concentrations. Resveratrol has been shown in in vitro and in vivo studies to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties (2). However, resveratrol has been shown to have poor solubility and bioavailability, and can exhibit toxicity at high doses (2, 3). As such, an effective but safe dosage of resveratrol has been difficult to determine. 
     Quercetin is a plant-based flavonol found in certain foods and vegetables and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine characteristics. However, recent studies have suggested that quercetin can also have pro-oxidant effects, including mutagenic and cytotoxic effects, depending on the administered dosage (4). 
     U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,413,524 (“the &#39;524 Patent”) (5) and 11,026,917 (“the &#39;917 Patent”) (6) to John Michael Pezzuto discloses antioxidative stress compositions, such as dog biscuits and dietary supplements. These compositions can include at least 3 of the following compounds: resveratrol, genistein, curcumin, and quercetin. In at least one embodiment, the compounds of the &#39;524 Patent and &#39;917 patent can include ellagic acid. As much as 1500 mg of resveratrol can be included in each dog biscuit of the &#39;524 Patent and &#39;917 patent and resveratrol can make up as much as 80% by weight of the composition. However, the &#39;524 and &#39;917 patents do not take into account the potential toxicity of high doses of resveratrol or its potential bioavailability and solubility deficiencies. 
     As such, there is a need for improved methods for combating oxidative stress that can avoid potential toxicity. These and other needs are addressed by the present application. 
     SUMMARY 
     In a first aspect, the present application relates to a method for reducing the oxidative effects of free radicals in an animal subject. The method comprises administering to the animal subject: (a) resveratrol in an amount of 1.25 mg-7.5 mg; (b) ellagic acid in an amount of 5 mg-30 mg; and (c) quercetin in an amount of 25 mg-150 mg. The mass ratio of resveratrol: ellagic acid: quercetin being administered to the animal subject is 1:4:20. 
     In some embodiments, the amount of resveratrol is 2.5 mg, the amount of ellagic acid is 10 mg, and the amount of quercetin is 50 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the amount of resveratrol is 5 mg, the amount of ellagic acid is 20 mg, and the amount of quercetin is 100 mg. 
     In some embodiments, the animal subject is a cat or a dog. 
     In some embodiments the resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin are administered in an ingestible, solid composition. In further embodiments, the ingestible, solid composition further comprises at least one excipient selected from the group consisting of mixed tocopherols. 
     In some embodiments, the ellagic acid is administered in the form of a pomegranate extract comprising 40% to 70% concentration of ellagic acid. 
     In a second aspect, the present application relates to a method for reducing the oxidative effects of free radicals in an animal subject where the method comprises administering to the animal subject a liquid composition. The liquid composition comprises (a) resveratrol in an amount of 2.5 mg/mL; (b) ellagic acid in an amount of 10 mg/mL; and (c) quercetin in an amount of 50 mg/mL, where the mass ratio of resveratrol: ellagic acid: quercetin in the liquid composition is 1:4:20. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid composition is administered at a dosage of 0.5 mL. In some embodiments, the liquid composition is administered at a dosage of 1.0 mL. In some embodiments, the liquid composition is administered at a dosage of 1.5 mL. In some embodiments, the liquid composition is administered at a dosage of 2.0 mL. 
     In some embodiments, the animal subject is a cat or a dog. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid composition further comprises at least one excipient selected from the group consisting of mixed tocopherols. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG.  1    displays an example calibration curve using a range of Trolox standard solutions in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG.  2    shows a bar graph displaying the average Trolox equivalent activity (TEAC) values for each antioxidant test group in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
         FIG.  3    shows a table displaying The TEAC values of each antioxidant test group for each of the three replicates for each group in accordance with one or more embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Provided herein are methods for reducing the oxidative effects of free radicals in an animal subjects. In particular, in one or more embodiments, provided herein are methods for reducing the oxidative effects of free radicals in felines and canines. In the present methods, exogenous antioxidants including resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin are administered to an animal subject, and these antioxidants act synergistically to reducing the oxidative effects of free radicals in the animal subject. In one or more embodiments, resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin are administered to the animal subject in a single composition, such as a solid or liquid composition. These and other aspects of the present methods are described in further detail below. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments, a method for reducing the oxidative effects of free radicals in an animal subject is provided in which resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin are administered to an animal subject. As mentioned previously, resveratrol is an exogenous antioxidant that can be found in various foods and has been exhibited certain antioxidative effects. Quercetin is a plant-based flavonol found in certain foods and vegetables and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine characteristics. Ellagic acid is another antioxidant found in different fruits and vegetables. In one or more embodiments of the present method, the resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin are administered in a mass ratio of 1:4:20 (resveratrol: ellagic acid: quercetin). The administration of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin in this mass ratio provides a synergistic improvement in antioxidative effects without having to increase the resveratrol dosage to levels that can result in toxic effects on animal subjects. 
     In one or more embodiments, the resveratrol is administered in a solid formulation in an amount in the range of 1.25 mg to 7.5 mg. In at least one embodiment, the resveratrol is administered in a liquid formulation in an amount in the range of 1.25 mg/mL to 7.5 mg/mL. The resveratrol can be in a concentrated form (e.g., great than 99% pure) or can be provided in a fruit extract powder. 
     In one or more embodiments, the ellagic acid is administered in a solid formulation in an amount in the range of 5 mg to 30 mg. In at least one embodiment, the ellagic acid is administered in a liquid formulation in an amount in the range of 5 mg/mL to 30 mg/mL. The ellagic acid can be in concentrated form or in the form of fruit extract powder, such as a pomegranate extract (40%-70% concentration of ellagic acid). 
     In one or more embodiments, the quercetin is administered in a solid formulation in an amount in the range of 25 mg to 150 mg. In at least one embodiment, the quercetin is administered in a liquid formulation in an amount in the range of 25 mg/mL to 150 mg/mL. The quercetin can be in concentrated form or in the form of fruit extract powder. 
     In one or more embodiments, the resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin can be administered to the animal subject as a single composition. The single composition can be an ingestible, solid composition, such as rapidly dissolving tablets and soft chews. For example, the single composition can be an ingestible, solid composition comprising 1.25 mg-7.5 mg of resveratrol, 5 mg-30 mg of ellagic acid, and 25 mg-150 mg quercetin and having a mass ratio of resveratrol: ellagic acid: quercetin of 1:4:20. 
     In one or more preferred embodiments, the animal subjects administered the composition are canines or felines (e.g., domesticated dogs and cats). In one or more embodiments, the amount of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin in the solid composition can vary depending on the size of the canine or feline. For instance, in one or more embodiments, for dogs and cats that weigh less than 25 pounds, the ingestible, solid composition can comprise 2.5 mg of resveratrol, 10 mg of ellagic acid, and 50 mg of quercetin. The amounts of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin can then be increased in larger dogs or cats. Specifically, in one or more embodiments, for dogs and cats that weigh 26-75 pounds, the ingestible, solid composition can comprise 5 mg of resveratrol, 20 mg of ellagic acid, and 100 mg of quercetin. Likewise, in one or more embodiments, for dogs and cats that weigh greater than 75 pounds, the ingestible, solid composition can comprise 7.5 mg of resveratrol, 30 mg of ellagic acid, and 150 mg of quercetin. In one or more embodiments, the solid composition can be in the form of ingestible (orally administered) dog or cat chews. 
     In certain embodiments, at least one of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin can be present in the solid composition in the form of a fruit or food extract powder, such as blueberry fruit powder, cranberry fruit powder, pomegranate extract, or peanut butter powder. 
     In some embodiments, the solid composition can comprise one or more additional ingredients, including but not limited to chamomile, thiamine mononitrate, calcium ascorbate, passion flower, ginger, L-tryptophan, glucosamine HCl, methylsulfonylmethane,  yucca  schidigera, chondroitin sulfate, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, melatonin, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, turmeric root, grape seed extract, pumpkin powder, bromelain, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). 
     The solid composition can also include one or more excipients. In one or more embodiments, the excipients in the solid composition include one or more tocopherols. The one or more tocopherols are all forms of vitamin E, and can comprise d-alpha (α), d-beta (β), d-gamma (γ), and d-delta (δ) tocopherol. The tocopherols help maintain the freshness and shelf life of the composition and can also function as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). As used herein, a combination of multiple tocopherols used in the compositions described in the present application are considered “mixed tocopherols.” 
     One or more inactive ingredients can also be included in the solid composition, including but not limited to, apple cider vinegar, peanut butter, citric acid, sorbic acid, brewers dried yeast, canola oil, dried potato product, flaxseed, glycerin, natural flavoring, rosemary extract, sunflower lecithin, sunflower oil, tapioca starch, and water. 
     In at least one embodiment, the single composition comprising resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin can be in the form of a liquid composition. In one or more embodiments, the liquid composition can comprise 2.5 mg/mL of resveratrol, 10 mg/mL of ellagic acid, and 50 mg/mL of quercetin. Similar to the solid composition, the dosage of liquid composition being administered to the canine or feline can vary depending on the size of the canine or feline. For instance, in one or more embodiments, for dogs and cats that weigh less than 10 pounds, the amount of liquid composition administered to the animal is 0.5 mL. The dosage can then be increased in larger dogs or cats. Specifically, in one or more embodiments, for dogs and cats that weigh 10-30 pounds, the amount of liquid composition administered to the animal is 1.0 mL. In one or more embodiments, for dogs and cats that weigh greater than 31-65 pounds, the amount of liquid composition administered to the animal is 1.5 mL. Likewise, in one or more embodiments, for dogs and cats that weigh greater than greater than 65 pounds, the amount of liquid composition administered to the animal is 2.0 mL. In one or more embodiments, the liquid composition can be in the form of an ingestible (orally administered) concentrated liquid for a dog or a cat. 
     In certain embodiments, at least one of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin can be present in the liquid composition in the form of a fruit or food extract powder, such as blueberry fruit powder, cranberry fruit powder, pomegranate extract, or peanut butter powder. 
     In some embodiments, the liquid composition can comprise one or more additional ingredients, including but not limited to glucosamine HCl, perna canaliculus, chondroitin sulfate, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), manganese, methylsulfonylmethane, crude fat, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, fish oil, cod oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), GHA, sunflower seed oil, hemp seed oil, salmon oil, flax seed oil,  Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium lactis , elderberry, milk thistle, pumpkin, olive leaf,  echinacea , turmeric, zinc, iron, calcium, copper, vitamin A, vitamin D3, iodine, niacin, potassium, methionine, phosphorous, magnesium, thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantothenic acid, pyridioxide (vitamin B6), folic acid, and vitamin B12. 
     One or more inactive ingredients can also be included in the liquid composition, including but not limited to purified water, glycerin, and flavoring. 
     The liquid composition can also include one or more excipients including one or more tocopherols and/or vitamin E. The one or more tocopherols can comprise d-alpha (α), d-beta (β), d-gamma (γ), and d-delta (δ) tocopherol. 
     The methods of the present application reduce the oxidative effects of free radicals in an animal subject. Moreover, the mass ratio of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin (1:4:20) provides a synergistic antioxidative effect on the animal subjects. Specifically, it was determined that the administration of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin in a mass ratio of 1:4:20 results in dramatically increased antioxidative activity as compared with administration of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin in a mass ratio of 1:1:1. Accordingly, the mass ratio of 1:4:20 for resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin enables the present method to utilize lower dosages of resveratrol to avoid the toxic effects associated with high doses of resveratrol. In other words, the present method utilizes lower dosages of resveratrol to avoid toxic effects, but can maintain the antioxidant efficacy of associated with resveratrol. Additionally, by using a combination of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin, the present methods use lower dosages of quercetin, which has also been associated with toxic effects at higher doses (4). This mass ratio also results in antioxidative effects that are greater than those provided by resveratrol or ellagic acid alone. 
     The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following non-limiting examples, which are presented in order to more fully illustrate the preferred embodiments of the present application. They should in no way be construed to limit the broad scope of the invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples evaluated the antioxidant capacity of three antioxidants samples and the combination of the three antioxidants in various mass ratios using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant assay. These examples are described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawing figures. 
     Antioxidant Capacity Assays 
     Materials and Methods 
     The following samples of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin were provided: resveratrol (&gt;99% pure), Sigma, R5010 Lot # SLCG4677; Pomegranate PE (Aunutra®, Lot # PH210702) containing 40% ellagic acid; and quercetin, Sigma, PHR1488, Source # LRA87780. 
     Sample preparation: samples were weighted and dissolved in ethanol (99.5%, Fisher Scientific AC615095000) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Pomegranate PE (40% ellagic acid) contained insoluble debris that affected assay readings. Thus, the sample was filtrated through a 0.45 μm nylon filter, and the filtrate was used for the determination of antioxidant capacity. The assay results are based on the assumption that the filtration step did remove a significant amount of ellagic acid. 
     Preliminary Experiments: dilutions were made for each test group and the inhibition ratio percentage was calculated with the DPPH Antioxidant Assay Kit (Dojindo, D678) per manufacturer&#39;s instructions. This step was required to narrow down the concentrations required to calculate IC 50 . 
     Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity: samples were run again using the concentrations determined in the preliminary experiment and the IC 50  for each sample was calculated. 3 replicates were used for this assay per test group and concentration. 
     Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) determination: comparison against IC 50  from Trolox calibration curve provided in the DPPH Antioxidant Assay Kit (Dojindo, D678) as indicated in the following equation: TEAC=IC 50  (Trolox)/IC 50  (sample). 
     Instrumentation: absorbance for each sample was measured at 560 nm (at room temperature, no shaking) with a Benchmark Scientific Accuris SmartReader MR9600. 
     Trolox equivalent activity (TEAC) values from the three antioxidants (resveratrol, pomegranate extract [40% ellagic acid], and quercetin) and two combinations with mass ratios of 1:10:20 and 1:1:1 for resveratrol, pomegranate extract and quercetin, respectively by comparison with a Trolox calibration curve. It is noted that the test group having a mass ratio of resveratrol, pomegranate extract, and quercetin of 1:10:20 is equivalent to a composition of the present application having a mass ratio of 1:4:20 for resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin (as described above) as the pomegranate extract in the present examples is 40% ellagic acid. 
     Results 
     An example calibration curve using a range of Trolox standard solutions was plotted ( FIG.  1   ), and the average TEAC values for each test group are shown in  FIG.  2   . The TEAC values for each of the 3 replicates (sample runs) for each test group is shown in the table of  FIG.  3   . As shown in  FIG.  2   , the DPPH antioxidant capacity of the test group having a 1:10:20 mass ratio for resveratrol, pomegranate extract and quercetin (1R:10P:20Q group) as measured by TEAC value was substantially higher than that of the test group having a 1:1:1 mass ratio for resveratrol, pomegranate extract and quercetin (1R:1P:1Q group). Thus, as exemplified in  FIG.  2    the administration of resveratrol, pomegranate extract and quercetin in a mass ratio of 1:10:20 (equivalent to administration of resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin in a mass ratio of 1:4:20) results in dramatically increased antioxidative activity as compared with administration of resveratrol, pomegranate extract (40% ellagic acid), and quercetin in a mass ratio of 1:1:1. Accordingly, the combination 1R:10P:20Q group (mass ratio of 1:4:20 for resveratrol, ellagic acid, and quercetin) provides a synergistic antioxidative effect. 
     Additional Exemplary Embodiments 
     Additional exemplary embodiments of the liquid and solid compositions of the present application are provided below. 
     Exemplary Liquid Composition 1 for Dogs and Cats-(Amounts Per 1 mL Dose) 
     
         
         
           
             Quercetin-50 mg 
             Ellagic Acid-10 mg 
             Resveratrol-2.5 mg 
             Zinc-1 mg 
             Iron-0.85 mg 
             Calcium-32 mg 
             Copper-0.08 mg 
             Vitamin E-15 IU 
             Vitamin A-1000 IU 
             Vitamin D3-100 IU 
             Iodine-0.014 mg 
             Niacin-1.42 mg 
             Potassium-4.2 mg 
             Manganese-0.28 mg 
             Methionine-2.85 mg 
             Phosphorous-16 mg 
             Magnesium-1.42 mg 
             Thiamine (vitamin B1)-0.05 mg 
             Riboflavin (vitamin B2)-0.28 mg 
             Pantothenic Acid-1.14 mg 
             Pyridioxide (vitamin B6)-0.11 mg 
             Folic Acid-0.022 mg 
             Vitamin B12-0.0022 mg 
             Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)-0.07 mg 
             Additional ingredients: purified water; glycerin; mixed tocopherols, flavoring.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 Daily Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Up to 10 lbs 
                 0.5 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 10-30 lbs 
                 1.0 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 31-65 lbs 
                 1.5 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Greater than 65 lbs 
                 2.0 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary Liquid Composition 2 for Dogs and Cats-(Amounts Per 1 mL Dose) 
     
         
         
           
             Quercetin-50 mg 
             Ellagic Acid-10 mg 
             Resveratrol-2.5 mg 
             Elderberry-30 mg 
             Milk Thistle-25 mg 
             Pumpkin-30 mg 
             Olive Leaf-25 mg 
               Echinacea -50 mg 
             Turmeric-5 mg 
             Additional ingredients: purified water; glycerin; mixed tocopherols, flavoring.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
 
           
         
       
    
                                             Weight   Daily Amount                                                        Up to 10 lbs   0.5   mL           10-30 lbs   1.0   mL           31-65 lbs   1.5   mL           Greater than 65 lbs   2.0   mL                        
Exemplary Liquid Composition 3 for dogs and cats-(Amounts per 1 mL dose)
         Quercetin-50 mg   Ellagic Acid-10 mg   Resveratrol-2.5 mg     Bifidobacterium Bifidum        Lactobacillus Acidophilus        Lactococcus Lactis        Bifidobacterium Lactis      Additional ingredients: purified water; glycerin; mixed tocopherols; flavoring.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
       

                                             Weight   Daily Amount                                                        Up to 10 lbs   0.5   mL           10-30 lbs   1.0   mL           31-65 lbs   1.5   mL           Greater than 65 lbs   2.0   mL                        
Exemplary Liquid Composition 4 for dogs and cats-(Amounts per 1 mL dose)
         Quercetin-50 mg   Ellagic Acid-10 mg   Resveratrol-3 mg   Glucosamine HCl-125 mg   Methylsulfonylmethane-100 mg   Perna canaliculus-37.5 mg   Chondroitin Sulfate-27.5 mg   Ascorbic Acid-5 mg   Manganese-0.625 mg   Additional ingredients: purified water; glycerin; mixed tocopherols; flavoring.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
       

                                             Weight   Daily Amount                                                        Up to 10 lbs   0.5   mL           10-30 lbs   1.0   mL           31-65 lbs   1.5   mL           Greater than 65 lbs   2.0   mL                        
Exemplary Liquid Composition 5 for dogs and cats-(Amounts per 1 mL dose)
         Quercetin-50 mg   Ellagic Acid-10 mg   Resveratrol 2.5 mg   Salmon Oil-1167 mg   Hemp Seed Oil-333 mg   Flax Seed Oil-333 mg   Fish Oil-165 mg   Additional ingredients: purified water; glycerin; mixed tocopherols; flavoring.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
       

     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 Daily Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Up to 10 lbs 
                 0.5 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 10-30 lbs 
                 1.0 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 31-65 lbs 
                 1.5 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Greater than 65 lbs 
                 2.0 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary Liquid Composition 6 for Dogs and Cats-(Amounts Per 1 mL Dose) 
     
         
         
           
             Quercetin-50 mg 
             Ellagic Acid-10 mg 
             Resveratrol-2.5 mg 
             Fish Oil-764 mg 
             Cod Oil-333 mg 
             EPA-360 mg 
             GHA-240 mg 
             Sunflower Seed Oil-233 mg 
             Hemp Seed Oil-667 mg 
             Omega 3 Fatty Acids-200 mg 
             Omega 6 Fatty Acids-450 mg 
             Additional ingredients: purified water; glycerin; mixed tocopherols; flavoring.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 Daily Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Up to 10 lbs 
                 0.5 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 10-30 lbs 
                 1.0 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 31-65 lbs 
                 1.5 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                 Greater than 65 lbs 
                 2.0 
                 mL 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary Solid Composition 1 for Dogs and Cats—Soft Chew (Amounts Per 3.5 Grams) 
     
         
         
           
             Quercetin-50 mg 
             Pomegranate extract (containing 70% ellagic acid)-14 mg 
             Resveratrol-2.5 mg 
             Chamomile-100 mg 
             Thiamine Mononitrate-50 mg 
             Passion Flower-50 mg 
             Ginger-50 mg 
             L-Tryptophan-30 mg 
             Melatonin-20 mcg
 
Inactive ingredients: apple cider vinegar, brewers dried yeast, canola oil, dried potato product, flaxseed, glycerin, natural flavoring, rosemary extract, sunflower lecithin, sunflower oil, tapioca starch, mixed tocopherols, water.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 Daily Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Up to 25 lbs 
                 1 soft chew  
               
               
                   
                 26-75 lbs 
                 2 soft chews 
               
               
                   
                 Greater than 75 lbs 
                 3 soft chews 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary Solid Composition 2 for Dogs and Cats—Soft Chew (Amounts Per 5 Grams) 
     
         
         
           
             Quercetin-50 mg 
             Pomegranate extract (containing 70% ellagic acid)-14 mg 
             Resveratrol-2.5 mg 
             Glucosamine HCl (Shellfish Source)-500 mg 
             Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)-400 mg 
               Yucca  schidigera-60 mg 
             Chondroitin Sulfate (Porcine Source)-50 mg 
             Calcium Ascorbate (Vitamin C)— 50 mg 
             Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil &amp; Flaxseed)-1,800 mcg 
             Omega-6 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil &amp; Flaxseed)-946 mcg 
             DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin E)-50 IU
 
Inactive ingredients: apple cider vinegar, brewers dried yeast, canola oil, citric acid, sorbic acid, dried potato product, glycerin, mixed tocopherols, natural flavoring, rosemary extract, sunflower lecithin, sunflower oil, tapioca starch, water.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 Daily Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Up to 25 lbs 
                 1 soft chew  
               
               
                   
                 26-75 lbs 
                 2 soft chews 
               
               
                   
                 Greater than 75 lbs 
                 3 soft chews 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exemplary Solid Composition 3 for Dogs and Cats—Soft Chew (Amounts Per 3.5 Grams) 
     
         
         
           
             Quercetin-50 mg 
             Pomegranate extract (containing 70% ellagic acid)-14 mg 
             Resveratrol-2.5 mg 
             Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Fish Oil &amp; Flaxseed)-50 mg 
             Turmeric Root-25 mg 
             Grape Seed Extract-25 mg 
             Pumpkin Powder-25 mg 
             Bromelain-25 mg 
             EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid)-21 mg 
             DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid)-14 mg
 
Inactive ingredients: apple cider vinegar, brewers dried yeast, canola oil, citric acid, dried potato product, glycerin, mixed tocopherols, natural flavoring, rosemary extract, sunflower lecithin, sunflower oil, tapioca starch, water.
 
Daily amount of composition by weight of dog or cat:
 
           
         
       
    
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Weight 
                 Daily Amount 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Up to 25 lbs 
                 1 soft chew  
               
               
                   
                 26-75 lbs 
                 2 soft chews 
               
               
                   
                 Greater than 75 lbs 
                 3 soft chews 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention is defined by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. The specific embodiments described herein, including the following examples, are offered by way of example only, and do not by their details limit the scope of the invention. 
     Citation of the references herein are not intended as an admission that the reference is pertinent prior art, nor does it constitute any admission as to the contents or date of these publications or documents. 
     The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and the accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
     The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the appended claims. 
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