Patent Publication Number: US-2021167493-A1

Title: Techniques for antenna

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation application of prior application Ser. No. 16/551,469, filed on Aug. 26, 2019, which issued as which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,854,966 on Dec. 1, 2020; and which is a continuation application of prior application Ser. No. 16/043,151, filed on Jul. 23, 2018, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,396,451 on Aug. 27, 2019. Prior application Ser. No. 16/043,151, filed on Jul. 23, 2018, which issued as which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,396,451 on Aug. 27, 2019, is a continuation application of prior application Ser. No. 14/849,570, filed on Sep. 9, 2015, which is abandoned; which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of a U.S. provisional patent application filed on Sep. 9, 2014 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No. 62/048,201. Also, prior application Ser. No. 16/043,151, filed on Jul. 23, 2018, which issued as which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,396,451 on Aug. 27, 2019, is a continuation-in-part application of prior application Ser. No. 15/960,544, filed on Apr. 23, 2018, which issued as which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,498,024 on Dec. 3, 2019; which is a continuation application of prior application Ser. No. 14/804,018, filed on Jul. 20, 2015, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,954,276 on Apr. 23, 2018; which is a continuation application of prior application Ser. No. 13/303,135, filed on Nov. 22, 2011, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,088,071 on Jul. 21, 2015; and which claimed the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of a U.S. provisional patent application filed on Nov. 22, 2010 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No. 61/416,093, a U.S. provisional patent application filed on Apr. 8, 2011 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No. 61/473,726, a U.S. provisional patent application filed on Apr. 20, 2011 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No. 61/477,587, and a U.S. provisional patent application filed on Aug. 2, 2011 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No. 61/514,435. The entire disclosure of each of the above identified applications is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to techniques for a flexible antenna. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Antennas of the related art that are indented to be worn on the body of a person suffer various shortcomings. In particular, the body-worn antennas of the related art may be cumbersome or fragile due to at least one of their size, orientation, construction, and means of attachment to the body of the person. Further, the body-worn antennas of the related art may have a size or length that makes the body-worn antennas of the related art visible, thereby preventing their use in covert operations. Still further, the body-worn antennas of the related art may exhibit mitigated performance due to tradeoffs in their size and design that enable the body-worn antenna to be worn on the body of the person. Moreover, the body-worn antennas of the related art may be limited in at least one of their operational bandwidth and power handling capabilities. Due to such limitations in in at least one of bandwidth and power handling capabilities, a person may need to use a plurality of the body-worn antennas of the related art. 
     The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure. 
     SUMMARY 
     An aspect of the present disclosure is to address at least the above-mentioned problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present disclosure is to provide techniques for a flexible antenna. 
     In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, a flexible antenna is provided. The flexible antenna includes a cable comprising at least one conductor, and an antenna body comprising a protective layer and a flexible circuit layer. The flexible circuit layer including a non-conductive sheet, at least one conductive feed pad and at least one antenna element. The at least one antenna element is formed of a conductive particle based material comprising conductive particles dispersed in a binder so that at least a majority of the conductive particles are adjacent to, but do not touch, one another. The at least one antenna element is disposed between the protective layer and the flexible circuit layer. The at least one conductor of the cable is electrically connected to the at least one feed pad. 
     Other aspects, advantages, and salient features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, discloses various embodiments of the disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of various embodiments of the present disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIGS. 1A-1D  illustrates a patch antenna according to various embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 2A-2D  illustrate the patch antenna according to various embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 3  is a captured image of a conductive particle based material according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     Throughout the drawings, like reference numerals will be understood to refer to like parts, components, and structures. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following description with reference to the accompanying drawings is provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of various embodiments of the present disclosure as defined by the claims and their equivalents. It includes various specific details to assist in that understanding but these are to be regarded as merely exemplary. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the various embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. In addition, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions may be omitted for clarity and conciseness. 
     The terms and words used in the following description and claims are not limited to the bibliographical meanings, but, are merely used by the inventor to enable a clear and consistent understanding of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the following description of various embodiments of the present disclosure is provided for illustration purpose only and not for the purpose of limiting the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. 
     It is to be understood that the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a component surface” includes reference to one or more of such surfaces. 
     As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to the complete or nearly complete extent or degree of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. For example, an object that is “substantially” enclosed would mean that the object is either completely enclosed or nearly completely enclosed. The exact allowable degree of deviation from absolute completeness may in some cases depend on the specific context. However, generally speaking the nearness of completion will be so as to have the same overall result as if absolute and total completion were obtained. The use of “substantially” is equally applicable when used in a negative connotation to refer to the complete or near complete lack of an action, characteristic, property, state, structure, item, or result. 
     As used herein, the term “about” is used to provide flexibility to a numerical range endpoint by providing that a given value may be “a little above” or “a little below” the endpoint. 
     As used herein, the term “antenna” refers to a transducer used to transmit and/or receive electromagnetic radiation. That is, an antenna converts electromagnetic radiation into electrical signals and vice versa. 
     In addition, various embodiments of the present disclosure described below relate to techniques for a patch antenna. While the techniques for the patch antenna may be described below in various specific implementations, the present disclosure is not limited to those specific implementations. 
     The patch antenna described herein operates over a wide range of frequencies from less than 1 MHz to over 10 GHz. A power level may be kept low due to the patch antenna&#39;s efficiency. Furthermore, patch antennas of various sizes allows for various power levels for transmitting and a variety of apertures (capture area) when receiving signals. 
     In certain implementations, the patch antenna described herein is sufficiently rugged and sized so as to be worn on the body of a person. For example, the patch antenna may be worn on an article of clothing at the shoulder of a person while being minimally visible. Further, due to the wide bandwidth capabilities, the patch antenna may be used in place of a plurality of bandwidth specific antennas. 
     Patch Antenna Configurations 
       FIGS. 1A-1D  illustrates a patch antenna according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1A-1D , patch antenna  10  includes antenna body  100  and cable  110 . Cable  110  may be a coaxial cable including external protective cover  114 , grounded shield  114 , insulator  115 , and conductor  116 . Connector  111  may be installed at one end of cable  110 . Heat shrink tube  112  may be applied at the junction of cable  110  and connector  111 . The other end of cable  110  is attached to antenna body  100 . The attachment of cable  110  to antenna body  100  is described in detail further below. 
     Antenna body  100  comprises a plurality of layers. For example, antenna body  100  may include three layers, namely flexible circuit layer  151 , adhesive layer  152 , and protective layer  153 . Adhesive layer  152  may be a double sided adhesive film, a layer of applied adhesive, or any other similar or suitable adhesive. Adhesive layer  152  adheres flexible circuit layer  151  and protective layer  153 . Adhesive layer  152  may be about 0.002 inches thick. Herein, while three layers are described herein, additional layers may be added that provide spacing and/or augmentation of the antenna properties. 
     Protective layer  153  may be a polycarbonate material that provides support, protection, and/or an ornamental finish to antenna body  100 . Additional protective and/or ornamental layers, coverings, or applications may be applied to one or both sides of antenna body  100 . Protective layer  153  may be about 0.017 inches thick. 
     Flexible circuit layer  151  may be constructed of a nonconductive material such as polyimide, a conductive material, a conductive particle based material, and any other similar or suitable materials. Flexible circuit layer  151  may be about 0.007 inches thick. In particular, flexible circuit layer  151  may include a non-conductive sheet, such as a sheet of polyimide, having a layer of the conductive material disposed in certain areas on both sides of the sheet of polyimide. The sheet of polyimide having the layer of the conductive material disposed in certain areas on both sides of the sheet of polyimide, may be constructed by performing an etching process, a deposition process, a think film process, or other similar or suitable processes. In one example, the conductive material is copper. In addition, after the conductive material is applied to the sheet of polyimide, through holes  103 A- 103 D may be formed and the conductive material may be plated with nickel and/or tin one or more times. Herein, while four through holes  103 A- 103 D are shown, less or more through holes may be implemented. 
     As seen in  FIG. 1D , the conductive material disposed on one side of the sheet of polyimide forms feed pads  104  and  105  used to respectively couple to antenna elements  120  and  121 . Antenna elements  120  and  121  are formed of the conductive particle based material, and are disposed over feed pads  104  and  105  and a portion of the sheet of polyimide not including feed pads  104  and  105 . Antenna elements  120  and  121  cover both feed pads  104  and  105  and portions of the sheet of polyimide not covered by feed pads  104  and  105 . Feed pads  104  and  105  may be sized about 0.750 inches by 0.750 inches. The conductive particle based material is applied to form antenna elements  120  and  121  via a painting, spray painting, silk screening, or other similar or suitable processes. The conductive particle based material is described in further detail below. In one example, the conductive particle based material is silk screened twice, allowed to cure, and then the conductive particle based material is may again be silk screened twice, and allowed to cure. As an alternative to the conductive particle based material, one or both of antenna elements  120  and  121  may be formed using a conductive material, such as copper. Antenna elements  120  and  121  may be formed to have various two dimensional shapes depending desired antenna characteristics. One example of the two dimensional shapes for antenna elements  120  and  121  is shown in the hatched area of  FIG. 1D . 
     As seen in  FIG. 1A , the conductive material disposed on the other side of the sheet of polyimide forms feed pads  101  and  102  that are used to couple to cable  110 . In addition, through though holes  103  are used to electrically connect feed pads  101  and  102  with feed pads  104  and  105 . 
     As further seen in  FIG. 1A , the end of cable  110  attached to antenna body  100  is attached to feed points  101  and  102  such that conductor  117  is electrically coupled to feed point  101  and grounded shield  114  is electrically coupled to feed point  102 . The electrical coupling between cable  110  and feed points  101  and  102  may be by a soldering process or any other similar or suitable processes. 
     When cable  110  is attached to antenna body  100 , conductor  117 , feed point  101 , and feed point  104  are electrically coupled via through holes  103 A and  103 B. Similarly, when cable  110  is attached to antenna body  100 , grounded shield  114 , feed point  102 , and feed point  105  are electrically coupled via through holes  103 C and  103 D. Here, conductor  117 , feed point  101 , and feed point  104  are electrically isolated from grounded shield  114 , feed point  102 , and feed point  105 . 
     After cable  110  is attached to antenna body  100 , an epoxy may be applied to the area where cable  110  is attached to antenna body  100  to aid in the attachment of cable  110  to antenna body  100 , and aid in weather sealing and insulating of the attachment configuration between cable  110  and antenna body  100 . In addition, after cable  110  is attached to antenna body  100 , heat shrink tube  113  may be applied to cable  110  such that cable  110  and tab  130  are retained within heat shrink tube  113 . Tab  130  may be extended from antenna body  100 , formed by two recesses in antenna body  100 , or a combination thereof. Further, a liquid plastic coating may be applied to the attachment point of cable  110  and antenna body  100 , and may cover the end of heat shrink tube  113  closest to the attachment point of cable  110  and antenna body  100 . 
     Antenna body  100  may include one or more structures for attaching antenna body  100  to another object. For example, grommet  140 , such as a nylon grommet, may be used to provide anchor hole  141  for antenna body  100 . Grommet  140  may be installed in hole  131  in antenna body  100 . The grommet  140  may be omitted. Additionally or alternatively, Velcro  154  may be used to attach antenna body  100  to the other object. Here, Velcro  154  may be adhered to protective layer  153  of antenna body  100 . 
     In certain embodiments, antenna element  121 , feed point  105 , and through holes  103 C and  103 D may be omitted. In such an embodiment, the antenna body  100  may be sized such that the edge of antenna body  100  is about 0.270 inches from feed point  102 . Further, in such an embodiment feed point  102  is acting as a mechanical anchor. 
     Antenna body  100  may have various sizes to accommodate various power, bandwidth, and installation requirements. Exemplary dimensions of two different sizes of antenna body  100  are provided below in Tables 1 and 2. These dimensions are merely exemplary and the present disclosure is not limited thereto. For example, one or more of the dimensions listed herein may vary, and such variation is within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, any of the dimensions identified herein may be increased or decreased by up to five, ten, twenty, fifty, etc. percent. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dimension 
                 Length in Inches 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 D1 
                 6.915 
               
               
                   
                 D1 (with grommet 140 omitted) 
                 6.228 
               
               
                   
                 D2 
                 3.790 
               
               
                   
                 D3 
                 1.367 
               
               
                   
                 D4 
                 0.469 
               
               
                   
                 D5 
                 0.219 
               
               
                   
                 D6 
                 0.026 
               
               
                   
                 D7 (variable based on application) 
                 36.000 
               
               
                   
                 D8 
                 1.000 
               
               
                   
                 D9 
                 1.500 
               
               
                   
                 D10 
                 4.500 
               
               
                   
                 D11 
                 3.000 
               
               
                   
                 D12 
                 3.250 
               
               
                   
                 D13 
                 3.750 
               
               
                   
                 D14 
                 0.750 
               
               
                   
                 D15 
                 1.000 
               
               
                   
                 D16 
                 0.270 
               
               
                   
                 D17 
                 0.270 
               
               
                   
                 D18 
                 0.188 
               
               
                   
                 D19 
                 1.500 
               
               
                   
                 D20 
                 0.250 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Dimension 
                 Length in Inches 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 D1 
                 4.057 
               
               
                 D1 (with grommet 140 omitted) 
                 3.370 
               
               
                 D2 
                 2.125 
               
               
                 D3 
                 1.117 
               
               
                 D4 (not applicable if grommet 140 is omitted) 
                 0.469 
               
               
                 D5 (not applicable if grommet 140 is omitted) 
                 0.219 
               
               
                 D6 
                 0.026 
               
               
                 D7 (variable based on application) 
                 36.000 
               
               
                 D8 
                 1.000 
               
               
                 D9 
                 1.500 
               
               
                 D10 
                 1.893 
               
               
                 D11 
                 1.585 
               
               
                 D12 
                 1.585 
               
               
                 D13 
                 1.475 
               
               
                 D14 
                 0.418 
               
               
                 D15 
                 0.750 
               
               
                 D16 
                 0.270 
               
               
                 D17 
                 0.270 
               
               
                 D18 
                 0.188 
               
               
                 D19 
                 0.750 
               
               
                 D20 
                 0.250 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The present disclosure is not limited to the configuration illustrated  FIGS. 1A-1D  and any other configuration employing the techniques described herein are within the scope of the present disclosure. Another configuration employing the techniques described herein is illustrated in  FIGS. 2A-2D . 
       FIGS. 2A-2D  illustrate the patch antenna according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     The features shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D  has been described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A-1D  and thus descriptions thereof are omitted for brevity. However, dimensions of the configuration shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D  differ from the dimensions of the configuration shown in  FIGS. 1A-1D , and thus the dimensions of the configuration shown in  FIGS. 2A-2D  are provided below in Table 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Dimension 
                 Length in Inches 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 L1 
                 10.166 
               
               
                   
                 L2 
                 3.540 
               
               
                   
                 L3 
                 4.376 
               
               
                   
                 L4 
                 0.479 
               
               
                   
                 L5 
                 1.552 
               
               
                   
                 L6 
                 1.989 
               
               
                   
                 L7 
                 0.188 
               
               
                   
                 L8 
                 0.831 
               
               
                   
                 L9 
                 0.250 
               
               
                   
                 L10 
                 36.000 
               
               
                   
                 L11 
                 1.000 
               
               
                   
                 L12 
                 0.026 
               
               
                   
                 L13 
                 0.219 
               
               
                   
                 L14 
                 1.500 
               
               
                   
                 L15 
                 0.188 
               
               
                   
                 L16 
                 0.188 
               
               
                   
                 L17 
                 0.626 
               
               
                   
                 L18 
                 4.500 
               
               
                   
                 L19 
                 3.750 
               
               
                   
                 L20 
                 1.500 
               
               
                   
                 L21 
                 3.00 
               
               
                   
                 L22 
                 0.270 
               
               
                   
                 L23 
                 0.270 
               
               
                   
                 L24 
                 0.250 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Conductive Particle Based Material 
     The conductive particle based material described herein may be the conductive particle based material described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,088,071, which issued on Jul. 21, 2015; the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the conductive particle based material is employed. The conductive particle based material includes at least two constituent components, namely conductive particles and a binder. However, the conductive particle based material may include additional components, such as at least one of graphite, carbon (e.g., carbon black), titanium dioxide, etc. 
     The conductive particles may be any conductive material, such as silver, copper, nickel, aluminum, steel, metal alloys, carbon nanotubes, any other conductive material, and any combination thereof. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the conductive particles are silver coated copper. Alternatively, the conductive particles may be a combination of a conductive material and a non-conductive material. For example, the conductive particles may be ceramic magnetic microspheres coated with a conductive material such as any of the conductive materials described above. Furthermore, the composition of each of the conductive particles may vary from one another. 
     The conductive particles may be any shape from a random non-uniform shape to a geometric structure. The conductive particles may all have the same shape or the conductive particles may vary in shape from one another. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, each of the conductive particles may have a random non-uniform shape that varies from conductive particle to conductive particle. 
     The conductive particles may range in size from a few nanometers up to a few thousand nanometers. Alternatively, the conductive particles may range in size from about 400 nanometers to 30 micrometers. The conductive particles may be substantially similar in size or may be of various sizes included in the above identified ranges. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the conductive particles are of various sizes in the range of about 400 nanometers to 30 micrometers. Herein, when a range of sizes of the conductive particles are employed, the distribution of the sizes may be uniform or non-uniform across the range. For example, 75% of the conductive particles may be a larger size within a given range while 25% of the conductive particles are a smaller size. 
     An effective amount of conductive particles are included relative to the binder so that the conductive particles are dispersed in the binder. The conductive particles may be randomly or orderly dispersed in the binder. The conductive particles may be dispersed at uniform or non-uniform densities. The conductive particles may be dispersed so that at least a majority of the conductive particles are closely adjacent to, but do not touch, one another. 
     The binder is used to substantially fix the conductive particles relative to each other and should be a non-conductive or semi-conductive substance. Any type of conventional or novel binder that meets these criteria may be used. The non-conductive or semi-conductive material of the binder may be chosen to function as a dielectric with a given permittivity. 
     The conductive particle based material may be formed as a rigid or semi-rigid structure. For example, the conductive particle based material may be a plastic sheet having the conductive particles dispersed therein. The conductive particle based material may be clear or opaque, and may include any shade of color. 
     In addition, the conductive particle based material may be a liquid, paint, gel, ink or paste that dries or cures. Here, the binder may include distillates, hardening agents, or solvents such as a Volatile Organic Compound (VOC). In this case, the conductive particle based material may be applied to flexible circuit layer  151 . Also, when the conductive particle based material is a liquid, paint, gel, ink or paste that dries or cures, the binder may adhere to flexible circuit layer  151 . The conductive particle based material may be sprayed on, brushed on, rolled on, ink-jet printed, silk screened, etc. onto flexible circuit layer  151 . The use of the conductive particle based material that is a liquid, paint, gel, ink or paste that dries or cures is advantageous in that the conductive particle based material may be thinly applied to flexible circuit layer  151  and conform to the surface of flexible circuit layer  151 . This allows the conductive particle based material to occupy very little space and, in effect, blend into the flexible circuit layer  151 . 
     An example of the conductive particle based material is described below with reference to  FIG. 3 . 
       FIG. 3  is a captured image of a conductive particle based material according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG. 3 , the conductive particle based material includes conductive particles and a binder. The conductive particles are randomly shaped, sized and located. However, conductive particles are dispersed so that at least a majority of the conductive particles are closely adjacent to, but do not touch, one another. 
     Herein, without intending to be limiting, for a conductive particle based material of a given density of conductive particles, the conductive particle based material may be applied at a thickness such that the conductive particles are dispersed in the binder so that at least a majority of the conductive particles are closely adjacent to, but do not touch, one another. Herein, without intending to be limiting, it has been observed that a conductive particle based material has a resistance of about 3-17 ohms across any given two points on the surface. 
     Herein, without intending to be limiting, it has been observed that when the conductive particle based material is formulated such that the conductive particles are dispersed in the binder so that at least a majority of the conductive particles are closely adjacent to, but do not touch, one another, the conductive particle based material exhibits properties that enable it to at least one of efficiently propagate electromagnetic radiation, efficiently absorb electromagnetic radiation from space, and efficiently emit electromagnetic radiation into space. Moreover, it has been observed that those properties may be either supplemented or enhanced by including an effective amount of carbon, such as carbon black, in the conductive particle based material. For example, an effective amount of carbon black may be an amount that corresponds to about 1-7% of the conductive particles included in the conductive particle based material. 
     Without intending to be limiting, it is believed that when electromagnetic radiation is introduced into the conductive particle based material, electromagnetic radiation may pass from conductive particle to conductive particle via at least one of capacitive and inductive coupling. Here, the binder may function as a dielectric. Thus, it is believed that the conductive particle based material may act as an array of capacitors, which may be at least part of the reason why the conductive particle based material at least one of efficiently propagates electromagnetic radiation, efficiently absorbs electromagnetic radiation from space, and efficiently emits electromagnetic radiation into space. 
     Alternatively or additionally, and without intending to be limiting, it is believed that the properties that enable the conductive particle based material to at least one of efficiently propagate electromagnetic radiation, efficiently absorb electromagnetic radiation from space, and efficiently emit electromagnetic radiation into space, may be explained by quantum theory at the atomic level. 
     Herein, without intending to be limiting, it has been observed that the conductive particle based material generates electrical energy when exposed to sunlight. 
     Herein, without intending to be limiting, it has been observed that the resistance of the conductive particle based material continuously changes over time. Herein, without intending to be limiting, it has been observed that, when energized with a radio signal, the conductive particle based material has infinitely low resistance to that signal. 
     Herein, while the present disclosure is described in the context of electromagnetic radiation, without intending to be limiting, it is believed that the present disclosure is equally applicable to bioelectromagnetic energy. Thus, any disclosure herein that refers to electromagnetic radiation equally applies to bioelectromagnetic energy. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the conductive particle based material is employed to implement antenna elements  102  and  121  of the antenna body  100 . Here, the conductive particle based material may be formed into a shape for the antenna elements  120  and  121  that conforms to the desired characteristics of the antenna body  100 . For example, the shape and size of the antenna elements  120  and  121  may vary depending on the frequency and/or polarization of the electromagnetic radiation to be communicated. 
     When the antenna body  100  is fabricated using the conductive particle based material, the antenna body  100  may exhibit a broad bandwidth self-tuning characteristic by using only a small section of the antenna elements  102  and  121  to emit the electromagnetic radiation into space. 
     In addition, when the antenna body  100  is fabricated using the conductive particle based material, there may be no or little I 2 R losses due the small practical size and the majority of the particles not contacting each other. In addition, there may be no or little Radio Frequency (RF) skin effect losses due to the small practical size. Once the signal is coupled to the antenna body  100  employing the conductive particle based material, the antenna body  100  provides little to no resistance to the transmission signal and it is emitted without significant loss into space. The same may happen in reverse for receiving. That is, the received signal may be absorbed and delivered with little to no loss to the coupling device and is then propagated down a feed line to a receiver. 
     While the present disclosure has been shown and described with reference to various embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.