Patent Publication Number: US-2022233689-A1

Title: Methods of treating tumors

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. U.S. 63/131,240, filed on Dec. 28, 2020; U.S. 63/150,420, filed on Feb. 17, 2021; and U.S. 63/184,082, filed on May 4, 2021; each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY VIA EFS-WEB 
     The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing (Name: 3338_2250004_Seqlisting_ST25.txt; Size: 1,011,280 bytes; and Date of Creation: Dec. 27, 2021) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure provides a method for treating a subject afflicted with a tumor using a checkpoint inhibitor, e.g., an immunotherapy. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Human cancers harbor numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, generating neoantigens potentially recognizable by the immune system (Sjoblom et al., Science (2006) 314(5797):268-274). The adaptive immune system, comprised of T and B lymphocytes, has powerful anti-cancer potential, with a broad capacity and exquisite specificity to respond to diverse tumor antigens. Further, the immune system demonstrates considerable plasticity and a memory component. The successful harnessing of all these attributes of the adaptive immune system would make immunotherapy unique among all cancer treatment modalities. 
     Until recently, cancer immunotherapy had focused substantial effort on approaches that enhance anti-tumor immune responses by adoptive-transfer of activated effector cells, immunization against relevant antigens, or providing non-specific immune-stimulatory agents such as cytokines. In the past decade, however, intensive efforts to develop specific immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors have begun to provide new immunotherapeutic approaches for treating cancer, including the development of antibodies such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab (formerly lambrolizumab; USAN Council Statement, 2013) that bind specifically to the Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) receptor and block the inhibitory PD-1/PD-1 ligand pathway (Topalian et al., 2012a, b; Topalian et al., 2014; Hamid et al., 2013; Hamid and Carvajal, 2013; McDermott and Atkins, 2013). 
     Current methods of delivering anti-PD-1 and/or anti-PD-L1 antibodies use periodic intravenous administration, administered by a clinician, often in a clinic or hospital. The inconvenience and invasiveness of the treatment can negatively impact the patient&#39;s experience. Subcutaneous delivery, such as through the use of an auto injector or a wearable pump could greatly improve patient compliance. However, there remains a need in the art for formulations comprising anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibodies that are suitable for subcutaneous delivery to patients. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of treating a subject in need thereof, comprising subcutaneously administering to the subject a dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) an antibody that specifically binds PD-1 or PD-L1 and inhibits the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 (“an anti-PD-1 antibody” or “an anti-PD-L1 antibody”, respectively) and (ii) an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme; wherein the dose comprises one or more subcutaneous unit doses; and wherein the dose comprises at least about 300 mg to at least about 2400 mg of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. 
     In some aspects, the dose comprises two or more subcutaneous unit doses, wherein the two or more subcutaneous unit doses are administered concurrently or subsequently. In some aspects, the two or more subcutaneous unit doses are administered subsequently, wherein each of the two or more subcutaneous unit doses is administered within an interval of about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about one hour, about two hours, about three hours, about four hours, about five hours, about six hours, about nine hours, about twelve hours, about eighteen hours, or about twenty-four hours between the subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose is administered about every one, two, three, four, six, eight weeks. 
     In some aspects, the antibody comprises an anti-PD-1 antibody. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 250 mg to about 600 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, or about 600 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 300 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg in a total administered volume of about 2 mL. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises (i) two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody; or (ii) three subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 100 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, (i) the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at the same bodily location or (ii) at least two of the three subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at the same bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 300 mg to about 900 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, or about 900 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 600 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two, three, or at least four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least two of the subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject the same bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 900 mg to about 1500 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 900, about 950, about 1000 mg, about 1010 mg, about 1020 mg, about 1030 mg, about 1040 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1060 mg, about 1070 mg, about 1080 mg, about 1090 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1110 mg, about 1120 mg, about 1130 mg, about 1140 mg, about 1150 mg, about 1160 mg, about 1170 mg, about 1180 mg, about 1190 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1210 mg, about 1220 mg, about 1230 mg, about 1240 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1260 mg, about 1270 mg, about 1280 mg, about 1290 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1310 mg, about 1320 mg, about 1330 mg, about 1340 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1360 mg, about 1370 mg, about 1380 mg, about 1390 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1410 mg, about 1420 mg, about 1430 mg, about 1440 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1460 mg, about 1470 mg, about 1480 mg, about 1490 mg, or about 1500 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1200 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises four subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than 2 mL. In some aspects, at least two of the subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at the same bodily location. In some aspects, the two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered on the same day. 
     In some aspects, the antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 900 mg to about 1800 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 900, about 950, about 1000, about 1010 mg, about 1020 mg, about 1030 mg, about 1040 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1060 mg, about 1070 mg, about 1080 mg, about 1090 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1110 mg, about 1120 mg, about 1130 mg, about 1140 mg, about 1150 mg, about 1160 mg, about 1170 mg, about 1180 mg, about 1190 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1210 mg, about 1220 mg, about 1230 mg, about 1240 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1260 mg, about 1270 mg, about 1280 mg, about 1290 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1310 mg, about 1320 mg, about 1330 mg, about 1340 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1360 mg, about 1370 mg, about 1380 mg, about 1390 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1410 mg, about 1420 mg, about 1430 mg, about 1440 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1460 mg, about 1470 mg, about 1480 mg, about 1490 mg, about 1500 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1200 mg about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 5 mL. 
     In some aspects, the dose comprises two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises four subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least two of the subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at the same bodily location. In some aspects, the two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered on the same day. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or anti-PD-L1 antibody and the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme are administered together. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or anti-PD-L1 antibody and the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme are administered concurrently. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or anti-PD-L1 antibody and the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme are administered sequentially. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of at least about 1,000 units to at least about 30,000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of at least about 1000 units, at least about 1500 units, at least about 2000 units, at least about 2500 units, at least about 3000 units, at least about 3500 units, at least about 4000 units, at least about 4500 units, at least about 5000 units, at least about 6000 units, at least about 7000 units, at least about 8000 units, at least about 9000 units, at least about 10,000 units, at least about 11,000 units, at least about 12,000 units, at least about 13,000 units, at least about 14,000 units, at least about 15,000 units, at least about 16,000 units, at least about 17,000 units, at least about 18,000 units, at least about 19,000 units, at least about 20,000 units, at least about 21,000 units, at least about 22,000 units, at least about 23,000 units, at least about 24,000 units, at least about 25,000 units, at least about 26,000 units, at least about 27,000 units, at least about 28,000 units, at least about 29,000 units, or at least about 30,000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of about 4000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of (i) about 300 mg of the antibody and (ii) about 4000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme, once about every week. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of (i) about 600 mg of the antibody and (ii) about 8000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme, once about every two weeks. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of (i) about 1200 mg of the antibody and (ii) about 20,000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme, once about every four weeks. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of (i) about 1200 mg of the antibody and (ii) about 8000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme, once about every two weeks. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered at a dose of (i) about 1800 mg of the antibody and (ii) about 12,000 units of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme, once about every three weeks. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme cleaves hyaluronic acid at a hexosaminidic β (1-4) or (1-3) linkage. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a catalytic domain of hyaluronidase PH-20 (HuPH20), HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, or HYALPS1. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to amino acids 36-490 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a hyaluronidase. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, any variant, and any isoform thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises rHuPH20 or a fragment thereof. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitutions relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix region relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitution in linker region relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase, wherein one or more N-terminal and/or C-terminal amino acids are deleted relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified rHuPH20, wherein the modified rHuPH20 comprises: i. one or more amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix region, a linker region, or both an alpha-helix region and a linker region relative to wild-type rHuPH20; ii.deletion of one or more N-terminal amino acid, one or more C-terminal amino acid, or one or more N-terminal amino acid and one or more C-terminal amino acid relative to wild-type rHuPH20; or iii. both (i) and (ii). 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises an antibody selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, PDR001, MEDI-0680, cemiplimab, toripalimab, tislelizumab, INCSHR1210, TSR-042, GLS-010, AM-0001, STI-1110, AGEN2034, MGA012, BCD-100, IBI308, and any combination thereof. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody cross-competes with nivolumab for binding to human PD-1. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises nivolumab. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises pembrolizumab. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody comprises an antibody selected from the group consisting of BMS-936559, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, STI-1014, CX-072, KN035, LY3300054, BGB-A333, CK-301, and any combination thereof. 
     In some aspects, the subject is afflicted with a cancer. In some aspects, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of squamous cell carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), squamous NSCLC, nonsquamous NSCLC, glioma, gastrointestinal cancer, renal cancer, clear cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), prostate cancer, hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme, cervical cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon carcinoma, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, germ cell tumor, pediatric sarcoma, sinonasal natural killer, melanoma, bone cancer, skin cancer, uterine cancer, cancer of the anal region, testicular cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, rectal cancer, solid tumors of childhood, cancer of the ureter, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain cancer, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, environmentally-induced cancers including those induced by asbestos, virus-related cancers or cancers of viral origin (e.g., human papilloma virus (HPV-related or -originating tumors)), and any combination thereof. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered using an auto-injector. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered using a wearable pump. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 10 minutes. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to the subject by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 5 minutes. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions further comprises at least two antioxidants. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants are selected from methionine, tryptophan, histidine, cysteine, ascorbic acid, glycine, DTPA, and EDTA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise (i) methionine and EDTA or (ii) methionine and DTPA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 1 to about 20 mM methionine. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 1 mM, at least about 1.5 mM, at least about 2 mM, at least about 2.5 mM, at least about 3 mM, at least about 3.5 mM, at least about 4 mM, at least about 4.5 mM, at least about 5 mM, at least about 5.5 mM, at least about 6 mM, at least about 6.5 mM, at least about 7 mM, at least about 7.5 mM, at least about 8 mM, at least about 8.5 mM, at least about 9 mM, at least about 9.5 mM, at least about 10 mM, at least about 11 mM, at least about 12 mM, at least about 13 mM, at least about 14 mM, at least about 15 mM, at least about 16 mM, at least about 17 mM, at least about 18 mM, at least about 19 mM, or at least about 20 mM methionine. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise about 5 mM methionine. 
     In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 10 μM to about 200 μM DTPA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 10 μM, at least about 15 μM, at least about 20 μM, at least about 25 μM, at least about 30 μM, at least about 35 μM, at least about 40 μM, at least about 45 μM, at least about 50 μM, at least about 55 μM, at least about 60 μM, at least about 65 μM, at least about 70 μM, at least about 75 μM, at least about 80 μM, at least about 85 μM, at least about 90 μM, at least about 95 μM, at least about 100 μM, at least about 110 μM, at least about 120 μM, at least about 130 μM, at least about 140 μM, at least about 150 μM, at least about 160 μM, at least about 170 μM, at least about 180 μM, at least about 190 μM, or at least about 200 μM DTPA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise about 50 μM DTPA. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions further comprises a tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer comprises a sugar, an amino acid, a polyol, a salt, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, sorbitol, trehalose, mannitol, glycerol, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, sodium chloride, proline, arginine, histidine, and any combination thereof. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier comprises sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mM to at least about 500 mM sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mM, at least about 20 mM, at least about 30 mM, at least about 40 mM, at least about 50 mM, at least about 60 mM, at least about 70 mM, at least about 80 mM, at least about 90 mM, at least about 100 mM, at least about 110 mM, at least about 120 mM, at least about 130 mM, at least about 140 mM, at least about 150 mM, at least about 160 mM, at least about 170 mM, at least about 180 mM, at least about 190 mM, at least about 200 mM, at least about 210 mM, at least about 220 mM, at least about 230 mM, at least about 240 mM, at least about 250 mM, at least about 260 mM, at least about 270 mM, at least about 280 mM, at least about 290 mM, at least about 300 mM, at least about 310 mM, at least about 320 mM, at least about 330 mM, at least about 340 mM, at least about 350 mM, at least about 360 mM, at least about 370 mM, at least about 380 mM, at least about 390 mM, at least about 400 mM, at least about 410 mM, at least about 420 mM, at least about 430 mM, at least about 440 mM, at least about 450 mM, at least about 460 mM, at least about 470 mM, at least about 480 mM, at least about 490 mM, or at least about 500 mM sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 250 mM sucrose. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a buffering agent. In some aspects, the buffering agent is selected from histidine, succinate, tromethamine, sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, and sodium citrate. In some aspects, the buffering agent comprises histidine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 5 mM to at least about 100 mM histidine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 5 mM, at least about 10 mM, at least about 15 mM, at least about 20 mM, at least about 25 mM, at least about 30 mM, at least about 35 mM, at least about 40 mM, at least about 45 mM, at least about 50 mM, at least about 60 mM, at least about 70 mM, at least about 80 mM, at least about 90 mM, or at least about 100 mM histidine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 20 mM histidine. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a surfactant. In some aspects, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, and poloxamer 188. In some aspects, the surfactant comprises polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.01% w/v to at least about 0.1% w/v polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.01% w/v, at least about 0.02% w/v, at least about 0.03% w/v, at least about 0.04% w/v, at least about 0.05% w/v, at least about 0.06% w/v, at least about 0.07% w/v, at least about 0.08% w/v, at least about 0.09% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pH of about 5.2 to about 6.8. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pH of about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, about 6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, or about 6.8. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pH of about 6.0. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a pharmaceutical composition for use in any method disclosed herein. Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) an antibody that specifically binds PD-1 (“anti-PD-1 antibody”), (ii) an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme, and (iii) at least two antioxidants. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 U/mL to at least about 5000 U/mL of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 U/mL, at least about 100 U/mL, at least about 150 U/mL, at least about 200 U/mL, at least about 250 U/mL, at least about 300 U/mL, at least about 350 U/mL, at least about 400 U/mL, at least about 450 U/mL, at least about 500 U/mL, at least about 750 U/mL, at least about 1000 U/mL, at least about 1500 U/mL, at least about 2000 U/mL, at least about 2500 U/mL, at least about 3000 U/mL, at least about 3500 U/mL, at least about 4000 U/mL, at least about 4500 U/mL, at least about 5000 U/mL, at least about 5500 U/mL, at least about 6000 U/mL, at least about 6500 U/mL, at least about 7000 U/mL, at least about 7500 U/mL, at least about 8000 U/mL, at least about 8500 U/mL, at least about 9000 U/mL, at least about 9500 U/mL, at least about 10,000 U/mL of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 500 U/mL of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 1000 U/mL of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 2000 U/mL of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme cleaves hyaluronic acid at a hexosaminidic β (1-4) or (1-3) linkage. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a catalytic domain of hyaluronidase PH-20 (HuPH20), HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, or HYALPS1. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to amino acids 36-490 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a hyaluronidase. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, any variant, and any isoform thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises rHuPH20 or a fragment thereof. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitutions relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix region relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitution in linker region relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase, wherein one or more N-terminal and/or C-terminal amino acids are deleted relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified rHuPH20, wherein the modified rHuPH20 comprises: (i) one or more amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix region, a linker region, or both an alpha-helix region and a linker region relative to wild-type rHuPH20; (ii) deletion of one or more N-terminal amino acid, one or more C-terminal amino acid, or one or more N-terminal amino acid and one or more C-terminal amino acid relative to wild-type rHuPH20; or (iii) both (i) and (ii). 
     In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants are selected from methionine, tryptophan, histidine, cysteine, ascorbic acid, glycine, DTPA, and EDTA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise (i) methionine and EDTA or (ii) methionine and DTPA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 1 to about 20 mM methionine. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 1 mM, at least about 1.5 mM, at least about 2 mM, at least about 2.5 mM, at least about 3 mM, at least about 3.5 mM, at least about 4 mM, at least about 4.5 mM, at least about 5 mM, at least about 5.5 mM, at least about 6 mM, at least about 6.5 mM, at least about 7 mM, at least about 7.5 mM, at least about 8 mM, at least about 8.5 mM, at least about 9 mM, at least about 9.5 mM, at least about 10 mM, at least about 11 mM, at least about 12 mM, at least about 13 mM, at least about 14 mM, at least about 15 mM, at least about 16 mM, at least about 17 mM, at least about 18 mM, at least about 19 mM, or at least about 20 mM methionine. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise about 5 mM methionine. 
     In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 10 μM to about 200 μM DTPA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise at least about 10 μM, at least about 15 μM, at least about 20 μM, at least about 25 μM, at least about 30 μM, at least about 35 μM, at least about 40 μM, at least about 45 μM, at least about 50 μM, at least about 55 μM, at least about 60 μM, at least about 65 μM, at least about 70 μM, at least about 75 μM, at least about 80 μM, at least about 85 μM, at least about 90 μM, at least about 95 μM, at least about 100 μM, at least about 110 μM, at least about 120 μM, at least about 130 μM, at least about 140 μM, at least about 150 μM, at least about 160 μM, at least about 170 μM, at least about 180 μM, at least about 190 μM, or at least about 200 μM DTPA. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise about 50 μM DTPA. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 135 mg/mL to at least about 180 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 108 mg/mL to at least about 132 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 20 mg/mL, at least about 30 mg/mL, at least about 40 mg/mL, at least about 50 mg/mL, at least about 60 mg/mL, at least about 70 mg/mL, at least about 80 mg/mL, at least about 90 mg/mL, at least about 100 mg/mL, at least about 110 mg/mL, at least about 120 mg/mL, at least about 130 mg/mL, at least about 140 mg/mL, at least about 150 mg/mL, at least about 160 mg/mL, at least about 170 mg/mL, at least about 180 mg/mL, at least about 190 mg/mL, or at least about 200 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer comprises a sugar, an amino acid, a polyol, a salt, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, sorbitol, trehalose, mannitol, glycerol, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, sodium chloride, proline, arginine, histidine, and any combination thereof. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier comprises sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mM to at least about 500 mM sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mM, at least about 20 mM, at least about 30 mM, at least about 40 mM, at least about 50 mM, at least about 60 mM, at least about 70 mM, at least about 80 mM, at least about 90 mM, at least about 100 mM, at least about 110 mM, at least about 120 mM, at least about 130 mM, at least about 140 mM, at least about 150 mM, at least about 160 mM, at least about 170 mM, at least about 180 mM, at least about 190 mM, at least about 200 mM, at least about 210 mM, at least about 220 mM, at least about 230 mM, at least about 240 mM, at least about 250 mM, at least about 260 mM, at least about 270 mM, at least about 280 mM, at least about 290 mM, at least about 300 mM, at least about 310 mM, at least about 320 mM, at least about 330 mM, at least about 340 mM, at least about 350 mM, at least about 360 mM, at least about 370 mM, at least about 380 mM, at least about 390 mM, at least about 400 mM, at least about 410 mM, at least about 420 mM, at least about 430 mM, at least about 440 mM, at least about 450 mM, at least about 460 mM, at least about 470 mM, at least about 480 mM, at least about 490 mM, or at least about 500 mM sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 250 mM sucrose. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a buffering agent. In some aspects, the buffering agent is selected from histidine, succinate, tromethamine, sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, and sodium citrate. In some aspects, the buffering agent comprises histidine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 5 mM to at least about 100 mM histidine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 5 mM, at least about 10 mM, at least about 15 mM, at least about 20 mM, at least about 25 mM, at least about 30 mM, at least about 35 mM, at least about 40 mM, at least about 45 mM, at least about 50 mM, at least about 60 mM, at least about 70 mM, at least about 80 mM, at least about 90 mM, or at least about 100 mM histidine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 20 mM histidine. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a surfactant. In some aspects, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, and poloxamer 188. In some aspects, the surfactant comprises polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.01% w/v to at least about 0.1% w/v polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.01% w/v, at least about 0.02% w/v, at least about 0.03% w/v, at least about 0.04% w/v, at least about 0.05% w/v, at least about 0.06% w/v, at least about 0.07% w/v, at least about 0.08% w/v, at least about 0.09% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pH of about 5.2 to about 6.8. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pH of about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, about 6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, or about 6.8. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pH of about 6.0. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a unit dose comprising any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a unit dose comprising: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a unit dose comprising: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a second therapeutic agent. In some aspects, the second therapeutic agent is an antibody. In some aspects, the second therapeutic agent is a checkpoint inhibitor. In some aspects, the checkpoint inhibitor is an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, an anti-TIM3 antibody, an anti-TIGIT antibody, an anti-TIM3 antibody, an anti-NKG2a antibody, an anti-OX40 antibody, an anti-ICOS antibody, an anti-MICA antibody, an anti-CD137 antibody, an anti-KIR antibody, an anti-TGFβ antibody, an anti-IL-10 antibody, an anti-IL-8 antibody, an anti-B7-H4 antibody, an anti-Fas ligand antibody, an anti-CXCR4 antibody, an anti-mesothelin antibody, an anti-CD27 antibody, an anti-GITR, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a third therapeutica agent. In some aspects, the second therapeutic agent, the third therapeutic agent, or both comprises an IL-2 (e.g., bempegaldesleukin) or an IL12-Fc (e.g., BMS-986415). 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a vial comprising any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein or any unit dose disclosed herein. 
     In some aspects, the vial is an autoinjector. Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an autoinjector comprising any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein or any unit dose disclosed herein. 
     In some aspects, the vial is a wearable pump. Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a wearable pump comprising any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein or any unit dose disclosed herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  presents a graphical representation of data related to the osmolality and viscosity of nivolumab subcutaneous (SC) injection formulations as a function of sucrose concentration in the formulation in accordance with Example 1. The X-axis represents sucrose concentration in mM, and the Y-axis represents formulation osmolality in mOsm/kg. The solid circles and solid line represent osmolality values, and the solid X and dashed line represent viscosity values. 
         FIG. 2  presents a graphical representation of data related to the effect of 75 mM added arginine on Nivolumab subcutaneous (SC) injection formulation viscosity in accordance with Example 1. The X-axis represents protein concentration in mg/mL, and the Y-axis represents viscosity in cP at 20° C. The solid boxes represent samples comprising added arginine, and the solid diamonds represent samples without added arginine. 
         FIG. 3  is a schematic of a study directed to assessing the safety and efficacy of various doses of a subcutaneously administered anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab) alone or in combination with a hyaluronidase (e.g., rHuPH20). 
         FIG. 4  is a line graph illustration of a predictive check of a combined SC/IV PPK model for administration of nivolumab. Individual dots represent observed data. The lines represent the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of observed data, respectively. Shaded areas represent the simulation-based 90% CIs for the 5 th  (lowest trend line), 50 th  (middle trend line), and 95 th  (highest trend line) percentiles of the predicted data. Conc=concentration; Nivo=nivolumab; Pred-Corr=prediction corrected. 
         FIGS. 5A-5C  are box plots illustrating the predicted geometric mean ratios (SC/IV) for Cavgd28 ( FIG. 5A ), Cmind28 ( FIG. 5B ), and Cmax1 ( FIG. 5C ) exposures, by tumor type. CRC=colorectal cancer; HCC=hepatocellular cancer; Mel=melanoma; NSCLC=non-small cell lung cancer; and RCC=renal cell carcinoma. 
         FIG. 6  is a schematic of a study directed to assessing the safety and efficacy of a 1200 mg nivolumab in combination with a hyaluronidase (e.g., rHuPH20) administered subcutaneously once every 4 weeks, as compared to 3 mg/kg nivolumab administered IV once every 2 weeks. 
         FIG. 7  is a box plot illustrating the distribution of nivolumab Cmind28 across dose and body weight at 3 mg/kg nivolumab IV once every 2 weeks, 10 mg/kg nivolumab IV once every 2 weeks, and 1200 mg nivolumab subcutaneously once every 4 weeks. 
         FIGS. 8A-8C  are box plots illustrating observed distribution of C avg  ( FIG. 8A ), C tau  ( FIG. 8B ), and C max  ( FIG. 8C ) by weight observed following subcutaneous delivery of nivolumab at 720 mg, 960 mg, or 1200 mg with rHuPH20. The dashed line shows the geometric mean C avg  ( FIG. 8A ) and C tau  ( FIG. 8B ) for nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV Q2W (historical) and the geometric mean C max  ( FIG. 8C ) for nivolumab 10 mg/kg IV Q2W (historical). 
         FIGS. 9A-9B  show tumor infiltrating lymphocyte CD8 expression ( FIG. 9A ) and PD-L1 tumor expression ( FIG. 9B ) 14 days after a first subcutaneous dose of nivolumab and rHuPH20 (Parts A, B, and D) for subjects afflicted with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), melanoma (Mel), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer (MSI-H/dMMR CRC). 
         FIG. 10  is a graphical representation of impact of headspace nitrogen and air on % HMW species for Nivo by SEC after combination of metal, peroxide and light stress with a thermal stress of 30° C., in study 1. RT/Light is continuous light stress, other light stress conditions are for a 3 day duration. Formulation 1 (Air) and 6 (Nitrogen) have: 50 μm DTPA 5 mM Met; Formulation 2 (Air) and 7 (Nitrogen) have: 0 μM DTPA, 0 mM Met. All formulations also contain 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
         FIG. 11  is a graphical representation of the impact for various stress conditions on % HMW species for Nivo by SEC after combination of metal, peroxide and light stress with a thermal stress of 30° C., in study 1. RT/Light is continuous light stress, other light stress conditions are for a 3 day duration. Formulation 1: 50 μm DTPA 5 mM Met; Formulation 2: 0 μM DTPA, 0 mM Met; Formulation 3: 0 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met; Formulation 4: 50 μM DTPA, 0 mM Met; and Formulation 5:100 μM EDTA, 5 mM Met. All formulations also contain 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
         FIG. 12  is a graphical representation of HMW formation under Metal—0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium, and copper+light (3 days at 1000 lux at room temperature+1 mM peroxide+30° C. thermal stress), in study 1. Note: Formulation 1 (air) and 6 (nitrogen) overlay on top of each other completely and has the least HMW formation with the same formulation composition. Formulation 1 (air) and 6 (nitrogen): 50 μm DTPA 5 mM Met; Formulation 2 (air) and 7 (nitrogen): 0 μM DTPA, 0 mM Met; Formulation 3: 0 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met; Formulation 4: 50 μM DTPA, 0 mM Met; and Formulation 5:100 μM EDTA, 5 mM Met. All formulations also contain 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
         FIG. 13  is a graphical representation of the % HMW in Study 1 after 3 months under various combinations of metal (0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium, and copper), light (3 days at 1000 lux at room temperature), and peroxide (1 mM peroxide) with 30° C. thermal stress by formulation composition with/without 5 mM Met and 50 μM DTPA and 100 μm EDTA. All formulations also contain 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
         FIG. 14  is a graphical representation of % HMW in Study 1 after 3 months under various combinations of metal (0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium, and copper), light (3 days at 1000 lux at room temperature), and peroxide (1 mM peroxide) with 30° C. thermal stress included in the main effects statistical model. The graph is divided by formulation composition with/without 5 mM Met and 50 μM DTPA. All formulations also contain 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
         FIG. 15  is a graphical representation of rHuPH20 enzyme activity in Study 1 upon storage at 3 days RT/Dark followed by 30° C./Dark [Control—Left], RT/RL for 3 days followed by 30° C./Dark with Metal Spike and Peroxide Spike [MPL—Middle], and Room temperature/room light [RT/Light—Right]. Formulation 1 (air) and 6 (nitrogen): 50 μm DTPA 5 mM Met; Formulation 2 (air) and 7 (nitrogen): 0 μM DTPA, 0 mM Met; Formulation 3: 0 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met; Formulation 4: 50 μM DTPA, 0 mM Met. All formulations also contain 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
         FIGS. 16A-16F  are graphical representations of the distribution of the formulations of Study 2. Formulations ranged at max and min of the excipient with all other factors at the target composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo ( FIG. 16A ), 20 mM Histidine ( FIG. 16C ), 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA ( FIG. 16D ), 5 mM Met ( FIG. 16E ), 2,000 U/mL rHPH20 ( FIG. 16F ), 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 ( FIG. 16B ). 
         FIG. 17  is a graphical representation of high molecular weight species by SEC at various time points up to 6 months for 25° C., 35° C., and MPL, and RT/RL stress conditions for 0-200 μM DTPA, for Study 2. Composition includes: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIG. 18  is a graphical representation of high molecular weight species by SEC at various time points up to 6 months for 25° C., 35° C., and MPL, and RT/RL stress conditions separated by formulation DTPA and Met concentrations, for Study 2. Composition includes: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIG. 19  is a graphical representation of high molecular weight species by SEC at various time points up to 6 months separated by formulation DTPA and Met concentrations, for Study 2. Composition includes: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIG. 20  is a graphical representation of SEC % HMW versus methionine concentration at the three last-sampled stress conditions with a smooth curve trend estimate at 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIGS. 21A-21C  are graphical representations of linear regression models for the % total HMW after 6 months at 25° C. 6 month ( FIG. 21A ), 3 months at 35° C. ( FIG. 21B ), and 3 months with MPL stress ( FIG. 21C ) as a function of Met levels with fit performance for formulations containing 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIGS. 22A-22B  are graphical representations of acidic species as a function of time under MPL condition ( FIG. 22A ) and 35° C. stress ( FIG. 22B ). Duplicate samples for formulations with DTPA and Met as well as for DTPA alone. DTPA at 50 μM and 5 mM Met concentrations. The formulation is at 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2,000 U/mLrHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIGS. 23A-23B  are graphical representations of enzyme activity as a function of time under MPL condition ( FIG. 23A ) and 35° C. stress ( FIG. 23B ). Duplicate samples for formulations with DTPA and Met as well as for DTPA alone. DTPA at 50 μM and 5 mM Met concentrations. The formulation is at 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2,000 U/mLrHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIGS. 24A-24B  are graphical representations of PS80 levels as a function of time under MPL condition ( FIG. 24A ) and 35° C. stress ( FIG. 24B ). Duplicate samples for formulations with DTPA and Met as well as for DTPA alone. DTPA at 50 μM and 5 mM Met concentrations. The formulation is at 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2,000 U/mLrHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
         FIG. 25A  is a graphical representation illustrating a comparison across study 1, study 2, and study 3 at the high molecular weight species, by SEC at the 3-month timepoint for the MPL condition, separated by with and w/out 2,000 U/mL of rHuPH20 enzyme at various Met levels.  FIG. 25B  is a regression plot with study 1, study 2, and study 3 for the high molecular weight species by SEC at the 3 month timepoint for the MPL condition as a function of Met. Composition includes 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0 ( FIGS. 25A-25B ). 
         FIG. 26  is a bar graph providing a comparison of log 10 (kd) for glycine, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, and succinate, as indicated. 
         FIG. 27  is a bar graph showing the average count of the number of excipient molecules interacting with the Nivolumab Fab group during the last 8 ns of the MD simulations for glycine, sorbitol, trehalose, mannitol, and sucrose, as indicated. 
         FIGS. 28A-28E  are illustrations of the binding poses found for each of glycine ( FIG. 28A ), sorbitol ( FIG. 28B ), mannitol ( FIG. 28C ), sucrose ( FIG. 28D ), and trehalose ( FIG. 28E ) on the Nivolumab Fab. The Fab group is displayed as a ribbon, lightly-binding poses are shown in ball and stick representation, and the tightly bound poses are shown in space filling representation. 
         FIGS. 29A-29B  are bar graphs illustrating the number of unique binding poses found for each excipient (glycine, sorbitol, trehalose, mannitol, and sucrose) in the MD simulations for medium strength interactions ( FIG. 29A ) and strongly bound interactions ( FIG. 29B ). 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     Current methods of delivering anti-PD-1 and/or anti-PD-L1 antibodies require periodic intravenous administration, administered by a clinician, often in a clinic or hospital. This regimen often creates significant inconvenience for the patient, and the nature of the treatment itself can negatively impact the patient&#39;s experience. Subcutaneous delivery, such as through the use of an auto injector or a wearable pump could greatly improve patient compliance, possibly allowing for a patient to receive this potentially life-saving therapy in the comfort of their own home. The present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject in need thereof, comprising subcutaneously administering to the subject a dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) an antibody that specifically binds PD-1 or PD-L1 and inhibits the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 (“an anti-PD-1 antibody” or “an anti-PD-L1 antibody”, respectively). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises (ii) an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the dose comprises one or more subcutaneous unit doses. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, at least one of the subcutaneous unit doses has a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 3 mL, or less than about 2.5 mL). In certain aspects, the dose comprises at least about 250 mg to at least about 2400 mg of the antibody. 
     I. Terms 
     In order that the present disclosure can be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined. As used in this application, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, each of the following terms shall have the meaning set forth below. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the application. 
     It is understood that wherever aspects are described herein with the language “comprising,” otherwise analogous aspects described in terms of “consisting of” and/or “consisting essentially of” are also provided. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure is related. For example, the Concise Dictionary of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Juo, Pei-Show, 2nd ed., 2002, CRC Press; The Dictionary of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed., 1999, Academic Press; and the Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, Revised, 2000, Oxford University Press, provide one of skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this disclosure. 
     Units, prefixes, and symbols are denoted in their Système International de Unites (SI) accepted form. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleotide sequences are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation. Amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation. The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects of the disclosure, which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification in its entirety. 
     “Administering” refers to the physical introduction of a composition comprising a therapeutic agent to a subject, using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art. Administration can refer to any form of administration for the immunotherapy, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody, include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion. The phrases “subcutaneous administration” and “subcutaneous injection” are used interchangeably and refer to modes of administration wherein a substance, e.g., a composition comprising an antibody that specifically binds PD-1 or PD-L1 and inhibits the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 is delivered to a subject under the skin, between the dermis and, e.g., the muscle. 
     Subcutaneous administration can be achieved using any methods. In some aspects, subcutaneous administration is achieved using a short needle or a plurality of short needles. In some aspects, the needle or at least one of the plurality of needles are less than about 1 inch, less than about ⅞ inches, less than about 6/8 inches, less than about ⅝ inches, are less than about ½ inches. In some aspects, the needle or at least one of the plurality of needles is about ⅝ inches in length. 
     Administering can be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods. Thus, as used herein, administering can refer to a single unit dose or more than one unit dose. 
     As used herein, the term “dose” or “dosage” is defined as an amount of a therapeutic agent that can be administered at a given point. The dose or dosage can be an amount sufficient to achieve or at least partially achieve a desired effect, but such a desired effect may not be visible or detectable. A “therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dosage” of a drug or therapeutic agent is any amount of the drug that, when used alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, promotes disease regression evidenced by a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, an increase in overall survival (the length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as cancer, that patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive), or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction. An amount or dosage of a drug includes a “prophylactically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective dosage”, which is any amount of the drug that, when administered alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent to a subject at risk of developing a disease or of suffering a recurrence of disease, inhibits the development or recurrence of the disease. The ability of a therapeutic agent to promote disease regression or inhibit the development or recurrence of the disease can be evaluated using a variety of methods available to the skilled practitioner, such as in human subjects during clinical trials, in animal model systems predictive of efficacy in humans, or by assaying the activity of the agent in in vitro assays. A “dose” can comprise a single unit dose or multiple unit doses. In some aspects, the dose comprises a single unit dose. In some aspects, the dose comprises multiple unit doses. 
     As used herein, a subcutaneous “unit dose” refers to a single amount of a substance delivered by a subcutaneous injection, e.g., from a single vial, a single auto-injector, and/or a single syringe. In some aspects, multiple subcutaneous doses are administered to achieve a therapeutically effective dose. When multiple unit doses are administered, individual unit doses can be administered at the same time or sequentially. In some aspects, each unit dose of a therapeutically effective dose is administered on the same day. Each unit dose can be administered at the same bodily location or at different bodily locations. In some aspects, a first unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, and a second unit dose is administered at a second bodily location. Any bodily locations known in the art to be suitable for subcutaneous delivery can be used in the methods disclosed herein. In some aspects, at least one subcutaneous unit dose of the dose is administered to a bodily location selected from the arm (e.g., the side or back of an upper arm), the abdomen, and the front of the thigh. 
     An “adverse event” (AE) as used herein is any unfavorable and generally unintended or undesirable sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease associated with the use of a medical treatment. For example, an adverse event can be associated with activation of the immune system or expansion of immune system cells (e.g., T cells) in response to a treatment. A medical treatment can have one or more associated AEs and each AE can have the same or different level of severity. Reference to methods capable of “altering adverse events” means a treatment regime that decreases the incidence and/or severity of one or more AEs associated with the use of a different treatment regime. 
     An “antibody” (Ab) shall include, without limitation, a glycoprotein immunoglobulin which binds specifically to an antigen and comprises at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds, or an antigen-binding portion thereof. Each H chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V H ) and a heavy chain constant region. The heavy chain constant region comprises three constant domains, C H1 , C H2  and C H3 . Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as V L ) and a light chain constant region. The light chain constant region comprises one constant domain, C L . The V H  and V L  regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs). Each V H  and V L  comprises three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies can mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system. Therefore, the term “anti-PD-1 antibody” includes a full antibody having two heavy chains and two light chains that specifically binds to PD-1 and antigen-binding portions of the full antibody. Non-limiting examples of the antigen-binding portions are shown elsewhere herein. 
     An immunoglobulin can derive from any of the commonly known isotypes, including but not limited to IgA, secretory IgA, IgG and IgM. IgG subclasses are also well known to those in the art and include but are not limited to human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. “Isotype” refers to the antibody class or subclass (e.g., IgM or IgG1) that is encoded by the heavy chain constant region genes. The term “antibody” includes, by way of example, both naturally occurring and non-naturally occurring antibodies; monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; chimeric and humanized antibodies; human or nonhuman antibodies; wholly synthetic antibodies; and single chain antibodies. A nonhuman antibody can be humanized by recombinant methods to reduce its immunogenicity in man. Where not expressly stated, and unless the context indicates otherwise, the term “antibody” also includes an antigen-binding fragment or an antigen-binding portion of any of the aforementioned immunoglobulins, and includes a monovalent and a divalent fragment or portion, and a single chain antibody. 
     In some aspects, an “antibody” of the present disclosure is capable of binding to more than one antigen, e.g., a “multispecific” antibody. As used herein, a “bispecific” antibody is an antibody that is capable of specifically binding two antigens, wherein the first and second antigen are the same or different. As used herein, a “multispecific” antibody is capable of specifically binding more than one antigen, e.g., at least two (i.e., a “bispecific” antibody), at least three (i.e., a “trispecific” antibody), at least four, at least five, or at least six antigens. Various multispecific antibodies are known and can be used in the compositions and/or methods disclosed herein, including but not limited to bispecific antibodies that bind PD-1 and a second target and bispecific antibodies that bind PD-L1 and a second target. In some aspects, the multispecific antibody is a T-cell dependent bispecific antibody. In some aspects, the multispecific antibody is an anti-FcRH5/CD3 bispecific antibody that targets the B cell lineage marker, FcRH5, and CD3, e.g., for use in the treatment of multiple myeloma. 
     In some aspects, an “antibody” of the present disclosure is engineered to be activated at a target site, e.g., a “probody.” In some aspects, the antibody, e.g., probody, is proteolytically cleaved at a target tissue (e.g., a tumor). 
     An “isolated antibody” refers to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody that binds specifically to PD-1 is substantially free of antibodies that bind specifically to antigens other than PD-1). An isolated antibody that binds specifically to PD-1 may, however, have cross-reactivity to other antigens, such as PD-1 molecules from different species. Moreover, an isolated antibody can be substantially free of other cellular material and/or chemicals. 
     The term “monoclonal antibody” (mAb) refers to a non-naturally occurring preparation of antibody molecules of single molecular composition, i.e., antibody molecules whose primary sequences are essentially identical, and which exhibits a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope. A monoclonal antibody is an example of an isolated antibody. Monoclonal antibodies can be produced by hybridoma, recombinant, transgenic or other techniques known to those skilled in the art. 
     A “human antibody” (HuMAb) refers to an antibody having variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the disclosure can include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo). However, the term “human antibody,” as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences. The terms “human antibody” and “fully human antibody” and are used synonymously. 
     A “humanized antibody” refers to an antibody in which some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDRs of a non-human antibody are replaced with corresponding amino acids derived from human immunoglobulins. In one aspect of a humanized form of an antibody, some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDRs have been replaced with amino acids from human immunoglobulins, whereas some, most or all amino acids within one or more CDRs are unchanged. Small additions, deletions, insertions, substitutions or modifications of amino acids are permissible as long as they do not abrogate the ability of the antibody to bind to a particular antigen. A “humanized antibody” retains an antigenic specificity similar to that of the original antibody. 
     A “chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from one species and the constant regions are derived from another species, such as an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from a mouse antibody and the constant regions are derived from a human antibody. 
     An “anti-antigen antibody” refers to an antibody that binds specifically to the antigen. For example, an anti-PD-1 antibody binds specifically to PD-1, and an anti-PD-L1 antibody binds specifically to PD-L1. 
     An “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody (also called an “antigen-binding fragment”) refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to bind specifically to the antigen bound by the whole antibody. It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody, e.g., an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody described herein, include (i) a Fab fragment (fragment from papain cleavage) or a similar monovalent fragment consisting of the V L , V H , LC and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab′)2 fragment (fragment from pepsin cleavage) or a similar bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the V H  and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the V L  and V H  domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989)  Nature  341:544-546), which consists of a V H  domain; (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) and (vii) a combination of two or more isolated CDRs which can optionally be joined by a synthetic linker. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, V L  and V H , are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the V L  and V H  regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see. e.g., Bird et al. (1988)  Science  242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988)  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA  85:5879-5883). Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term “antigen-binding portion” of an antibody. These antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies. Antigen-binding portions can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact immunoglobulins. 
     A “cancer” refers a broad group of various diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Unregulated cell division and growth divide and grow results in the formation of malignant tumors that invade neighboring tissues and can also metastasize to distant parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. 
     The term “immunotherapy” refers to the treatment of a subject afflicted with, or at risk of contracting or suffering a recurrence of, a disease by a method comprising inducing, enhancing, suppressing or otherwise modifying an immune response. “Treatment” or “therapy” of a subject refers to any type of intervention or process performed on, or the administration of an active agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, slowing down or preventing the onset, progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication or condition, or biochemical indicia associated with a disease. 
     “Programmed Death-1” (PD-1) refers to an immunoinhibitory receptor belonging to the CD28 family. PD-1 is expressed predominantly on previously activated T cells in vivo, and binds to two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2. The term “PD-1” as used herein includes human PD-1 (hPD-1), variants, isoforms, and species homologs of hPD-1, and analogs having at least one common epitope with hPD-1. The complete hPD-1 sequence can be found under GenBank Accession No. U64863. 
     “Programmed Death Ligand-1” (PD-L1) is one of two cell surface glycoprotein ligands for PD-1 (the other being PD-L2) that downregulate T cell activation and cytokine secretion upon binding to PD-1. The term “PD-L1” as used herein includes human PD-L1 (hPD-L1), variants, isoforms, and species homologs of hPD-L1, and analogs having at least one common epitope with hPD-L1. The complete hPD-L1 sequence can be found under GenBank Accession No. Q9NZQ7. The human PD-L1 protein is encoded by the human CD274 gene (NCBI Gene ID: 29126). 
     “Hyaluronidase,” as used herein, refers to an enzyme capable of catalyzing the cleavage of hyaluronan. Hyaluronan is a repeating polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and glucuronic acid, which is present in the subcutaneous space and contributes to the soluble gel-like component of the extracellular matrix of the skin and is restored by rapid turnover (resynthesis). In some aspects, the hyaluronidase comprises rHuPH20, which is a glycosylated 447-amino acid single chain polypeptide that depolymerizes hyaluronan in the subcutaneous space locally at the site of injection in the skin. Depolymerization of hyaluronan by hyaluronidase is accomplished by hydrolysis of the polysaccharide polymer. Depolymerization of hyaluronan results in a transient reduction in the viscosity of the gel-like phase of the extracellular matrix and increased hydraulic conductance that facilitates the dispersion and absorption of the coadministered therapeutic agent. Thus, a hyaluronidase, e.g., rHuPH20, can improve the speed and ease of subcutaneous delivery of injectable biologics and drugs by acting as a permeation enhancer. In certain aspects, the hyaluronidase comprises ENHANZE™. 
     A “subject” includes any human or nonhuman animal. The term “nonhuman animal” includes, but is not limited to, vertebrates such as nonhuman primates, sheep, dogs, and rodents such as mice, rats and guinea pigs. In preferred aspects, the subject is a human. The terms, “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein. 
     The use of the term “flat dose” with regard to the methods and dosages of the disclosure means a dose that is administered to a patient without regard for the weight or body surface area (BSA) of the patient. The flat dose is therefore not provided as a mg/kg dose, but rather as an absolute amount of the agent (e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody). For example, a 60 kg person and a 100 kg person would receive the same dose of an antibody (e.g., 240 mg of an anti-PD-1 antibody). 
     The term “weight-based dose” as referred to herein means that a dose that is administered to a patient is calculated based on the weight of the patient. For example, when a patient with 60 kg body weight requires 3 mg/kg of an anti-PD-1 antibody, one can calculate and use the appropriate amount of the anti-PD-1 antibody (i.e., 180 mg) for administration. 
     By way of example, an “anti-cancer agent” promotes cancer regression in a subject. In some aspects, a therapeutically effective amount of the drug promotes cancer regression to the point of eliminating the cancer. “Promoting cancer regression” means that administering a therapeutically effective amount of the drug, alone or in combination with an anti-neoplastic agent, results in a reduction in tumor growth or size, necrosis of the tumor, a decrease in severity of at least one disease symptom, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction. In addition, the terms “effective” and “effectiveness” with regard to a treatment includes both pharmacological effectiveness and physiological safety. Pharmacological effectiveness refers to the ability of the drug to promote cancer regression in the patient. Physiological safety refers to the level of toxicity, or other adverse physiological effects at the cellular, organ and/or organism level (adverse effects) resulting from administration of the drug. 
     By way of example for the treatment of tumors, a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-cancer agent preferably inhibits cell growth or tumor growth by at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80% relative to untreated subjects. In other preferred aspects of the disclosure, tumor regression can be observed and continue for a period of at least about 20 days, more preferably at least about 40 days, or even more preferably at least about 60 days. Notwithstanding these ultimate measurements of therapeutic effectiveness, evaluation of immunotherapeutic drugs must also make allowance for immune-related response patterns. 
     An “immune response” is as understood in the art, and generally refers to a biological response within a vertebrate against foreign agents or abnormal, e.g., cancerous cells, which response protects the organism against these agents and diseases caused by them. An immune response is mediated by the action of one or more cells of the immune system (for example, a T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, natural killer (NK) cell, macrophage, eosinophil, mast cell, dendritic cell or neutrophil) and soluble macromolecules produced by any of these cells or the liver (including antibodies, cytokines, and complement) that results in selective targeting, binding to, damage to, destruction of, and/or elimination from the vertebrate&#39;s body of invading pathogens, cells or tissues infected with pathogens, cancerous or other abnormal cells, or, in cases of autoimmunity or pathological inflammation, normal human cells or tissues. An immune reaction includes, e.g., activation or inhibition of a T cell, e.g., an effector T cell, a Th cell, a CD4 +  cell, a CD8 +  T cell, or a Treg cell, or activation or inhibition of any other cell of the immune system, e.g., NK cell. 
     An “immune-related response pattern” refers to a clinical response pattern often observed in cancer patients treated with immunotherapeutic agents that produce antitumor effects by inducing cancer-specific immune responses or by modifying native immune processes. This response pattern is characterized by a beneficial therapeutic effect that follows an initial increase in tumor burden or the appearance of new lesions, which in the evaluation of traditional chemotherapeutic agents would be classified as disease progression and would be synonymous with drug failure. Accordingly, proper evaluation of immunotherapeutic agents can require long-term monitoring of the effects of these agents on the target disease. 
     As used herein, the term “stable,” in reference to a formulation or drug product, is one in which an antibody, antibodies, or molecules therein essentially retain their physical and chemical stability and integrity upon storage. Stability of a formulation herein can be measured at selected temperatures after selected time periods. For example, an increase in aggregate formation or low molecular weight species are indicators of instability. Retention of original clarity and/or color throughout shelf-life are also indicators utilized to monitor stability. In some aspects, a “stable” drug product is one wherein an increase in aggregation, as measured by an increase in the percentage of high molecular weight species (% HMW), is less than about 5%, and preferably less than about 3%, when the formulation is stored at 2-8° C. for at least about one year. 
     The terms “treat,” “treating,” and “treatment,” as used herein, refer to any type of intervention or process performed on, or administering an active agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, or slowing down or preventing the progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication, condition or biochemical indicia associated with a disease or enhancing overall survival. Treatment can be of a subject having a disease or a subject who does not have a disease (e.g., for prophylaxis). 
     The terms “about every week,” “about every two weeks,” or any other similar dosing interval terms as used herein mean approximate numbers. “About every week” can include every seven days ± one day, i.e., every six days to every eight days. “About every two weeks” can include every fourteen days ±three days, i.e., every eleven days to every seventeen days. Similar approximations apply, for example, to about every three weeks, about every four weeks, about every five weeks, about every six weeks, and about every twelve weeks. In some aspects, a dosing interval of about every six weeks or about every twelve weeks means that the first dose can be administered any day in the first week, and then the next dose can be administered any day in the sixth or twelfth week, respectively. In other aspects, a dosing interval of about every six weeks or about every twelve weeks means that the first dose is administered on a particular day of the first week (e.g., Monday) and then the next dose is administered on the same day of the sixth or twelfth weeks (i.e., Monday), respectively. When multiple subcutaneous unit doses are administered to reach a dose, the dosing interval refers to the period of time between administration of the first subcutaneous unit dose of the first effective dose and the first subcutaneous unit dose of the second effective dose. For example, where the method comprises administering a dose of about 600 mg administered about every two weeks, wherein the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody, a first subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg of the first effective dose of the antibody is administered on day 1 and a first subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg of the second effective dose of the antibody is administered on about day 14. In this example, the second unit dose of about 300 mg of the first effective dose of the antibody can be administered on day 1 or at any other time before the administration of the first subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg of the second effective dose of the antibody. 
     The use of the alternative (e.g., “or”) should be understood to mean either one, both, or any combination thereof of the alternatives. As used herein, the indefinite articles “a” or “an” should be understood to refer to “one or more” of any recited or enumerated component. 
     The terms “about” or “comprising essentially of” refer to a value or composition that is within an acceptable error range for the particular value or composition as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value or composition is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” or “comprising essentially of” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” or “comprising essentially of” can mean a range of up to 10%. Furthermore, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the terms can mean up to an order of magnitude or up to 5-fold of a value. When particular values or compositions are provided in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the meaning of “about” or “comprising essentially of” should be assumed to be within an acceptable error range for that particular value or composition. 
     As described herein, any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range or integer range is to be understood to include the value of any integer within the recited range and, when appropriate, fractions thereof (such as one tenth and one hundredth of an integer), unless otherwise indicated. 
     Various aspects of the disclosure are described in further detail in the following subsections. 
     II. Methods of the Disclosure 
     Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods of treating a subject in need thereof, comprising subcutaneously administering to the subject a dose of a pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) an antibody that specifically binds PD-1 or PD-L1 and inhibits the interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 (“an anti-PD-1 antibody” or “an anti-PD-L1 antibody”, respectively). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises (ii) an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the dose can be a therapeutically effective dose. In some aspects, the dose comprises one or more subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 300 mg to at least about 2400 mg of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, at least one of the subcutaneous unit doses has a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 3 mL, or less than about 2.5 mL. In certain aspects, the therapeutically effective dose comprises at least about 250 mg to at least about 2400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise an enzyme that facilitates subcutaneous delivery. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a hyaluronidase. 
     II.A. Dosing 
     In some aspects, a therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose, e.g., the entire dose is administered as a single unit dose. In some aspects, a therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises two or more subcutaneous unit doses, e.g., the effective unit dose is divided into two or more subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least two subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least three subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least five subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least six subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least seven subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises at least nine subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose of the antibody comprises ten or more subcutaneous unit doses. 
     In some aspects, each subcutaneous unit dose is administered on the same day. In some aspects, one or more subcutaneous unit doses are administered on a first day, and one or more subcutaneous unit doses of the same therapeutically effective dose are administered on a second day. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose and a second subcutaneous unit dose are administered sequentially. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose and a second subcutaneous unit dose of the same effective dose are administered sequentially, wherein the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered less than about 5 minutes, less than about 10 minutes, less than about 15 minutes, less than about 20 minutes, less than about 25 minutes, less than about 30 minutes, less than about 45 minutes, less than about 60 minutes, less than about 75 minutes, less than about 90 minutes, less than about 2 hours, less than about 2.5 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 3.5 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 4.5 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 5.5 hours, less than about 6 hours, less than about 7 hours, less than about 8 hours, less than about 9 hours, less than about 12 hours, less than about 18 hours, or less than about 24 hours after the first subcutaneous unit dose. In some aspects, the two or more subcutaneous unit doses are administered subsequently, wherein each of the two or more subcutaneous unit doses is administered within an interval of less than about 10 minutes, less than about 15 minutes, less than about 20 minutes, less than about 25 minutes, less than about 30 minutes, less than about 45 minutes, less than about 1 hour, less than about 2 hours, less than about 3 hours, less than about 4 hours, less than about 5 hours, less than about 6 hours, less than about 7 hours, less than about 8 hours, less than about 9 hours, less than about 10 hours, less than about 11 hours, less than about 12 hours, less than about 15 hours, less than about 18 hours, less than about 21 hours, or less than about 24 hours between the subcutaneous unit doses. 
     In some aspects, the one or more subcutaneous unit doses are administered at one or more bodily location. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose and a second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at the same bodily location. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose and a second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location and a second bodily location, wherein the first bodily location is not the same as the second bodily location. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose and a second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and a third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, wherein the first bodily location is not the same as the second bodily location. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose and a second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and a third subcutaneous unit dose and a fourth subcutaneous dose is administered at a second bodily location, wherein the first bodily location is not the same as the second bodily location. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, a second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, and a third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, wherein the first bodily location, the second bodily location, and the third bodily location are different. In some aspects, a first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, a second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, a third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, and a fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location, wherein the first bodily location, the second bodily location, the third bodily location, and the fourth bodily location are different. 
     As used herein, where at least two subcutaneous unit doses are administered at the same bodily location, the two subcutaneous doses can be administered at the exact same injection site or at a nearby injection site within the same bodily location. For example, two subcutaneous doses administered to a singly bodily location can both be administered to the subject&#39;s right arm. In this example, so long as both subcutaneous doses are administered to, e.g., the right arm, then both subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the same “bodily location,” as used herein. 
     The therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous dose can be administered subcutaneously as disclosed herein using any methods or devices. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous dose is administered using a syringe. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous dose is administered using an autoinjector. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous dose is administered using an injector pen. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous dose is administered using a wearable pump. 
     In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous unit dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 30 minutes, less than about 25 minutes, less than about 20 minutes, less than about 15 minutes, less than about 14 minutes, less than about 13 minutes, less than about 12 minutes, less than about 11 minutes, less than about 10 minutes, less than about 9 minutes, less than about 8 minutes, less than about 7 minutes, less than about 6 minutes, less than about 5 minutes, less than about 4 minutes, less than about 3 minutes, or less than about 2 minutes. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous unit dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 90 seconds, less than about 75 seconds, less than about 60 seconds, less than about 45 seconds, less than about 30 seconds, less than about 15 seconds, or less than about 10 seconds. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous unit dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 15 minutes. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous unit dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 10 minutes. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous unit dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 5 minutes. In some aspects, the therapeutically dose and/or the subcutaneous dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 4 minutes. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 3 minutes. In some aspects, the therapeutically effective dose and/or the subcutaneous unit dose are administered by subcutaneous infusion for less than about 2 minutes. 
     II.A.1. Anti-PD-1 Antibody Dosing 
     In certain aspects of the present disclosure, the antibody comprises an anti-PD-1 antibody. Any anti-PD-1 antibody can be used in the methods disclosed herein. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises nivolumab. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises pembrolizumab. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 250 mg to about 600 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 250 mg to about 550 mg, about 250 mg to about 500 mg, about 250 mg to about 450 mg, about 250 mg to about 400 mg, about 250 mg to about 350 mg, about 250 mg to about 300 mg, about 275 mg to about 400 mg, about 275 mg to about 375 mg, about 275 mg to about 350 mg, about 275 mg to about 325 mg, about 275 mg to about 300 mg, about 300 mg to about 600 mg, about 300 mg to about 550 mg, about 300 mg to about 400 mg, about 300 mg to about 450 mg, about 300 mg to about 400 mg, about 300 mg to about 350 mg, or about 300 mg to about 325 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 250 mg to about 400 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 250 mg to about 350 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 275 mg to about 325 mg of the antibody administered about every week. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 275 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 325 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 375 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 425 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 475 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 525 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 575 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, or about 600 mg administered about every week. In certain aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 250 mg administered about every week. In certain aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 275 mg administered about every week. In certain aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 300 mg administered about every week. In certain aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 325 mg administered about every week. In certain aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 350 mg administered about every week. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg in a total administered volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 300 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at two different bodily locations. 
     In some aspects, the dose comprises three subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 100 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 100 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the three subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 300 mg to about 900 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 300 mg to about 850 mg, about 300 mg to about 800 mg, about 300 mg to about 750 mg, about 300 mg to about 700 mg, about 300 mg to about 650 mg, about 300 mg to about 600 mg, about 350 mg to about 900 mg, about 350 mg to about 850 mg, about 350 mg to about 800 mg, about 350 mg to about 750 mg, about 350 mg to about 700 mg, about 350 mg to about 650 mg, about 350 mg to about 600 mg, about 400 mg to about 900 mg, about 400 mg to about 850 mg, about 400 mg to about 800 mg, about 400 mg to about 750 mg, about 400 mg to about 700 mg, about 400 mg to about 650 mg, about 400 mg to about 600 mg, about 450 to about 900 mg, about 450 to about 850 mg, about 450 to about 800 mg, about 450 mg to about 750 mg, about 450 mg to about 700 mg, about 450 mg to about 650 mg, about 450 mg to about 600 mg, about 500 mg to about 900 mg, about 500 mg to about 850 mg, about 500 mg to about 800 mg, about 500 mg to about 700 mg, about 500 mg to about 650 mg, about 500 mg to about 600 mg, about 550 mg to about 900 mg, about 550 mg to about 850 mg, about 550 mg to about 800 mg, about 550 mg to about 750 mg, about 550 mg to about 700 mg, about 550 mg to about 650 mg, about 550 mg to about 600 mg, about 600 mg to about 900 mg, about 600 mg to about 850 mg, about 600 mg to about 800 mg, about 600 mg to about 750 mg, about 600 mg to about 700 mg, about 600 mg to about 650 mg, about 575 mg to about 625 mg, about 575 mg to about 600 mg, or about 600 mg to about 625 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 400 mg to about 800 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 500 mg to about 700 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 550 mg to about 650 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 575 mg to about 625 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, or about 900 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 500 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 550 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 575 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 600 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 625 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 650 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 700 mg administered about every two weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 5 mL. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In certain aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at a single bodily location. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at two different bodily locations. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 600 mg of the antibody comprises three subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, each of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the three subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 600 mg of the antibody comprises at least four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the four subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 900 mg to about 1500 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 900 mg to about 1450 mg, about 900 mg to about 1400 mg, about 900 mg to about 1350 mg, about 900 mg to about 1300 mg, about 900 mg to about 1250 mg, about 900 mg to about 1200 mg, about 950 mg to about 1500 mg, about 950 mg to about 1450 mg, about 950 mg to about 1400 mg, about 950 mg to about 1350 mg, about 950 mg to about 1300 mg, about 950 mg to about 1250 mg, about 950 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1050 to about 1500 mg, about 1050 to about 1450 mg, about 1050 to about 1400 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1175 mg to about 1225 mg, about 1175 mg to about 1200 mg, or about 1200 mg to about 1225 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 1000 mg to about 1400 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 1100 mg to about 1300 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody, is about 1150 mg to about 1250 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 1175 mg to about 1225 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 900 mg, about 950 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1010 mg, about 1020 mg, about 1030 mg, about 1040 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1060 mg, about 1070 mg, about 1080 mg, about 1090 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1110 mg, about 1120 mg, about 1130 mg, about 1140 mg, about 1150 mg, about 1160 mg, about 1170 mg, about 1180 mg, about 1190 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1210 mg, about 1220 mg, about 1230 mg, about 1240 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1260 mg, about 1270 mg, about 1280 mg, about 1290 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1310 mg, about 1320 mg, about 1330 mg, about 1340 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1360 mg, about 1370 mg, about 1380 mg, about 1390 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1410 mg, about 1420 mg, about 1430 mg, about 1440 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1460 mg, about 1470 mg, about 1480 mg, about 1490 mg, or about 1500 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1100 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1150 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1175 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1200 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1225 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1250 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1300 mg administered about every four weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 5 mL. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In certain aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at a single bodily location. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at two different bodily locations. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises three subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, each of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the three subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the four subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises six subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the six subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, and the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fifth bodily location, and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a sixth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location, and the seventh subcutaneous unit dose and the eighth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 1800 mg to about 3000 mg of the antibody administered about every eight weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab), is about 1800 mg to about 3000 mg of the antibody administered about every eight weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1900 mg, about 1950 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2010 mg, about 2020 mg, about 2030 mg, about 2040 mg, about 2050 mg, about 2060 mg, about 2070 mg, about 2080 mg, about 2090 mg, about 2100 mg, about 2110 mg, about 2120 mg, about 2130 mg, about 2140 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2160 mg, about 2170 mg, about 2180 mg, about 2190 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2210 mg, about 2220 mg, about 2230 mg, about 2240 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2260 mg, about 2270 mg, about 2280 mg, about 2290 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2310 mg, about 2320 mg, about 2330 mg, about 2340 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2360 mg, about 2370 mg, about 2380 mg, about 2390 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2410 mg, about 2420 mg, about 2430 mg, about 2440 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2460 mg, about 2470 mg, about 2480 mg, about 2490 mg, about 2500 mg, about 2510 mg, about 2520 mg, about 2530 mg, about 2540 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2560 mg, about 2570 mg, about 2580 mg, about 2590 mg, or about 2600 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2300 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2350 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2375 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2400 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2425 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2450 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2475 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2500 mg administered about every four weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 2400 mg. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 2400 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 2400 mg in a total administered volume of about 5 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 2400 mg in a total administered volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 2400 mg of the antibody comprises four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the four subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 2400 mg of the antibody comprises six subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the six subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, and the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fifth bodily location, and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a sixth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 2400 mg of the antibody comprises at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location, and the seventh subcutaneous unit dose and the eighth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises pembrolizumab, which is administered subcutaneously once about every week, once about every two weeks, once about every three weeks, or once about every four weeks. In some aspects, about 100 mg to about 300 mg pembrolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every two weeks. In some aspects, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, or about 300 mg pembrolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every two weeks. In some aspects, at least about 150 mg pembrolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every two weeks. In some aspects, at least about 200 mg pembrolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every two weeks. In some aspects, at least about 300 mg pembrolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, at least about 400 mg pembrolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of pembrolizumab is administered in a volume of at least about 2 mL to at least about 4 mL. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises sasanlimab, which is administered subcutaneously once about every week, once about every two weeks, once about every three weeks, or once about every four weeks. In some aspects, about 200 mg to about 400 mg sasanlimab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, or about 400 mg sasanlimab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, at least about 250 mg sasanlimab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, at least about 200 mg sasanlimab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, at least about 250 mg sasanlimab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, at least about 300 mg sasanlimab is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of sasanlimab is administered in a volume of at least about 2 mL in a single injection. In some aspects, the dose of sasanlimab is administered in a volume of at least about 6 mL in at least three injections. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises KN035, which is administered subcutaneously once about every week, once about every two weeks, once about every three weeks, or once about every four weeks. In some aspects, about 100 mg to about 200 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every week. In some aspects, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, or about 200 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every week. In some aspects, at least about 150 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every week. In some aspects, about 2.5 mg/kg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every week. In some aspects, about 200 mg to about 400 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every three weeks. In some aspects, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, or about 400 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every three weeks. In some aspects, at least about 300 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every three weeks. In some aspects, at least about 300 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, at least about 400 mg KN035 is administered subcutaneously once about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of KN035 is administered in a volume of less than about 1 mL. 
     II.A.2. Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Dosing 
     In some aspects of the present disclosure, the antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody. Any anti-PD-L1 antibody known in the art and/or disclosed herein can be used in the methods disclosed herein. In certain aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody comprises atezolizumab. In certain aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody comprises durvalumab. In certain aspects, the anti-PD-L 1 antibody comprises avelumab. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 300 mg to about 900 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 300 mg to about 850 mg, about 300 mg to about 800 mg, about 300 mg to about 750 mg, about 300 mg to about 700 mg, about 300 mg to about 650 mg, about 300 mg to about 600 mg, about 350 mg to about 900 mg, about 350 mg to about 850 mg, about 350 mg to about 800 mg, about 350 mg to about 750 mg, about 350 mg to about 700 mg, about 350 mg to about 650 mg, about 350 mg to about 600 mg, about 400 mg to about 900 mg, about 400 mg to about 850 mg, about 400 mg to about 800 mg, about 400 mg to about 750 mg, about 400 mg to about 700 mg, about 400 mg to about 650 mg, about 400 mg to about 600 mg, about 450 to about 900 mg, about 450 to about 850 mg, about 450 to about 800 mg, about 450 mg to about 750 mg, about 450 mg to about 700 mg, about 450 mg to about 650 mg, about 450 mg to about 600 mg, about 500 mg to about 900 mg, about 500 mg to about 850 mg, about 500 mg to about 800 mg, about 500 mg to about 700 mg, about 500 mg to about 650 mg, about 500 mg to about 600 mg, about 550 mg to about 900 mg, about 550 mg to about 850 mg, about 550 mg to about 800 mg, about 550 mg to about 750 mg, about 550 mg to about 700 mg, about 550 mg to about 650 mg, about 550 mg to about 600 mg, about 600 mg to about 900 mg, about 600 mg to about 850 mg, about 600 mg to about 800 mg, about 600 mg to about 750 mg, about 600 mg to about 700 mg, about 600 mg to about 650 mg, about 575 mg to about 625 mg, about 575 mg to about 600 mg, or about 600 mg to about 625 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 400 mg to about 800 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 500 mg to about 700 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 550 mg to about 650 mg of the antibody administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 575 mg to about 625 mg of the antibody administered about every week. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about 450 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, or about 900 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 500 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 550 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 575 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 600 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 625 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 650 mg administered about every week. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 700 mg administered about every week. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of about 5 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 600 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 5 mL. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In certain aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at a single bodily location. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at two different bodily locations. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 600 mg of the antibody comprises three subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, each of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the three subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 600 mg of the antibody comprises at least four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the four subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 900 mg to about 1800 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 900 mg to about 1750 mg, about 900 mg to about 1700 mg, about 900 mg to about 1650 mg, about 900 mg to about 1600 mg, about 900 mg to about 1550 mg, about 900 mg to about 1500 mg, about 900 mg to about 1450 mg, about 900 mg to about 1400 mg, about 900 mg to about 1350 mg, about 900 mg to about 1300 mg, about 900 mg to about 1250 mg, about 900 mg to about 1200 mg, about 950 mg to about 1500 mg, about 950 mg to about 1450 mg, about 950 mg to about 1400 mg, about 950 mg to about 1350 mg, about 950 mg to about 1300 mg, about 950 mg to about 1250 mg, about 950 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1000 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1050 to about 1500 mg, about 1050 to about 1450 mg, about 1050 to about 1400 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1050 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1100 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1150 mg to about 1200 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1500 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1450 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1400 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1350 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1300 mg, about 1200 mg to about 1250 mg, about 1175 mg to about 1225 mg, about 1175 mg to about 1200 mg, or about 1200 mg to about 1225 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 1000 mg to about 1400 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 1100 mg to about 1300 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 1150 mg to about 1250 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 1175 mg to about 1225 mg of the antibody administered about every two weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 900 mg, about 950 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1010 mg, about 1020 mg, about 1030 mg, about 1040 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1060 mg, about 1070 mg, about 1080 mg, about 1090 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1110 mg, about 1120 mg, about 1130 mg, about 1140 mg, about 1150 mg, about 1160 mg, about 1170 mg, about 1180 mg, about 1190 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1210 mg, about 1220 mg, about 1230 mg, about 1240 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1260 mg, about 1270 mg, about 1280 mg, about 1290 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1310 mg, about 1320 mg, about 1330 mg, about 1340 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1360 mg, about 1370 mg, about 1380 mg, about 1390 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1410 mg, about 1420 mg, about 1430 mg, about 1440 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1460 mg, about 1470 mg, about 1480 mg, about 1490 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1750 mg, or about 1800 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1100 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1150 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1175 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1200 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1225 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1250 mg administered about every two weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 1300 mg administered about every two weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of about 5 mL. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous unit dose of about 1200 mg in a total administered volume of greater than about 5 mL. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In certain aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at a single bodily location. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at two different bodily locations. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises three subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, each of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the three subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the four subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises six subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the six subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, and the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fifth bodily location, and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a sixth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 1200 mg of the antibody comprises at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 150 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location, and the seventh subcutaneous unit dose and the eighth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered on the same day. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 2100 mg to about 2700 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 2100 mg to about 2650 mg, about 2100 mg to about 2600 mg, about 2100 mg to about 2550 mg, about 2100 mg to about 2500 mg, about 2100 mg to about 2450 mg, about 2100 mg to about 2400 mg, about 2200 mg to about 2700 mg, about 2200 mg to about 2650 mg, about 2200 mg to about 2600 mg, about 2200 mg to about 2550 mg, about 2200 mg to about 2500 mg, about 2200 mg to about 2450 mg, about 2200 mg to about 2400 mg, about 2300 mg to about 2700 mg, about 2300 mg to about 2650 mg, about 2300 mg to about 2600 mg, about 2300 mg to about 2550 mg, about 2300 mg to about 2500 mg, about 2300 mg to about 2450 mg, about 2300 mg to about 2400 mg, about 2350 mg to about mg, about 2350 mg to about 2700 mg, about 2350 mg to about 2650 mg, about 2350 mg to about 2600 mg, about 2350 mg to about 2550 mg, about 2350 mg to about 2500 mg, about 2350 mg to about 2450 mg, about 2350 mg to about 2400 mg, about 2400 mg to about 2700 mg, about 2400 mg to about 2650 mg, about 2400 mg to about 2600 mg, about 2400 mg to about 2550 mg, about 2400 mg to about 2500 mg, about 2400 mg to about 2450 mg, about 2400 mg to about 2425 mg, about 2375 mg to about 2425 mg, or about 2375 mg to about 2400 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 2200 mg to about 2600 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 2300 mg to about 2500 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 2350 mg to about 2450 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody, e.g., the anti-PD-L1 antibody, is about 2375 mg to about 2425 mg of the antibody administered about every four weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2100 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2500 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2650 mg, or about 2700 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2300 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2350 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2400 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2450 mg administered about every four weeks. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody is about 2500 mg administered about every four weeks. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises a single subcutaneous dose comprising about 2400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, the single subcutaneous dose of the antibody comprises about 2400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the single subcutaneous unit dose comprises about 2400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. 
     In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, the dose of the antibody comprises two subcutaneous unit doses, wherein each of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 1200 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 1200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 1200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 1200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 1200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In certain aspects, at least one of the two subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 1200 mg of the antibody in a total volume of less than about 2 mL. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at a single bodily location. In some aspects, the two subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at two different bodily locations. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 2400 mg of the antibody comprises three subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 800 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, each of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 800 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 800 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 800 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 800 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the three subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 800 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the three subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 2400 mg of the antibody comprises four subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the four subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 600 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the four subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, and the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 2400 mg of the antibody comprises six subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the six subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 400 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the six subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, and the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a first bodily location, the second subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a second bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a third bodily location, the fourth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fourth bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a fifth bodily location, and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose is administered at a sixth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the dose of about 2400 mg of the antibody comprises at least eight subcutaneous unit doses. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 2 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of greater than about 5 mL. In some aspects, at least one of the eight subcutaneous unit doses comprises about 300 mg of the antibody in a total volume of about 5 mL (e.g., less than about 4.5 mL, less than about 4.0 mL, less than about 3.5 mL, less than about 3.0 mL, less than about 2.5 mL, or less than about 2.0 mL). In some aspects, at least two of the eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered to the subject at at least two different bodily locations. In some aspects, the first subcutaneous unit dose and the second subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a first bodily location, the third subcutaneous unit dose and the fourth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a second bodily location, the fifth subcutaneous unit dose and the sixth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a third bodily location, and the seventh subcutaneous unit dose and the eighth subcutaneous unit dose are administered at a fourth bodily location. 
     In some aspects, the two, three, four, six, or at least eight subcutaneous unit doses are administered on the same day. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody comprises atezolizumab, which is administered subcutaneously once about every week, once about every two weeks, once about every three weeks, or once about every four weeks. In some aspects, about 1000 mg to about 1400 mg atezolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every two weeks. In some aspects, about 1100 mg, about 1110 mg, about 1120 mg, about 1130 mg, about 1140 mg, about 1150 mg, about 1160 mg, about 1170 mg, about 1180 mg, about 1190 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1210 mg, about 1220 mg, about 1230 mg, about 1240 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1260 mg, about 1270 mg, about 1280 mg, about 1290 mg, or about 1300 mg atezolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every two weeks. In some aspects, at least about 1200 mg atezolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every two weeks. In some aspects, about 1700 mg to about 1900 mg atezolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every three weeks. In some aspects, about 1700 mg, about 1710 mg, about 1720 mg, about 1730 mg, about 1740 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1760 mg, about 1770 mg, about 1780 mg, about 1790 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1810 mg, about 1820 mg, about 1830 mg, about 1840 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1860 mg, about 1870 mg, about 1880 mg, about 1890 mg, or about 1900 mg atezolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every three weeks. In some aspects, at least about 1800 mg atezolizumab is administered subcutaneously once about every three weeks. In some aspects, the dose of atezolizumab is administered in a volume of at least about 2 mL to at least about 20 mL. 
     II.A.3. Endoglycosidase Hydrolase Enzyme Dosing 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. Any endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme cleaves hyaluronic acid at a hexosaminidic β (1-4) or (1-3) linkage. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a catalytic domain of hyaluronidase PH-20 (HuPH20), HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, or HYALPS1. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a hyaluronidase. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, any variant, and any isoform thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises rHuPH20 or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% sequence identity to amino acids 36-490 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises the catalytic domain of rHuPH20 (UniProt ID No. P38567-1). In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises the rHuPH20 mature peptide (amino acids 36-490 of SEQ ID NO: 1A). 
                     TABLE 1A               Amino Acid Sequence of rHuPH20                                              MGVLKFKHIFFRSFVKSSGVSQIVFTFLLIPCCLT   LN                           FRAPPVIPNVPFLWAWNAPSEFCLGKFDEPLDMSLFS                           FIGSPRINATGQGVTIFYVDRLGYYPYIDSITGVTVN                           GGIPQKISLQDHLDKAKKDITFYMPVDNLGMAVIDWE                           EWRPTWARNWKPKDVYKNRSIELVQQQNVQLSLTEAT                           EKAKQEFEKAGKDFLVETIKLGKLLRPNHLWGYYLFP                           DCYNHHYKKPGYNGSCFNVEIKRNDDLSWLWNESTAL                           YPSIYLNTQQSPVAATLYVRNRVREAIRVSKIPDAKS                           PLPVFAYTRIVFTDQVLKFLSQDELVYTFGETVALGA                           SGIVIWGTLSIMRSMKSCLLLDNYMETILNPYIINVT                           LAAKMCSQVLCQEQGVCIRKNWNSSDYLHLNPDNFAI                           QLEKGGKFTVRGKPTLEDLEQFSEKFYCSCYSTLSCK                           EKADVKDTDAVDVCIADGVCIDAFLKPPMETEEPQIF                           YNASPSTLS   ATMFIVSILFLIISSVASL             (SEQ ID NO: 1)                        
Signal peptide: underlined; mature protein: bold; propeptide: italics.
 
     In some aspects, the subcutaneous injection is based on Halozyme Therapeutics&#39; ENHANZE® drug-delivery technology (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,767,429, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). ENHANZE® uses a co-formulation of an antibody with recombinant human hyaluronidase enzyme (rHuPH20), which removes traditional limitations on the volume of biologics and drugs that can be delivered subcutaneously due to the extracellular matrix (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,767,429). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition for the present disclosure can further comprise recombinant human hyaluronidase enzyme, e.g., rHuPH20. 
     Recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 (rHuPH20, Halozyme Therapeutics Inc.) is a glycosylated 447-amino acid single-chain recombinant human polypeptide that depolymerizes hyaluronan in the subcutaneous (SC) space locally at the site of injection. Hyaluronan is a repeating polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and glucuronic acid that contributes to the soluble gel-like component of the extracellular matrix of the skin. Depolymerization of hyaluronan by rHuPH20 results in a transient reduction in the viscosity of the gel-like phase of the extracellular matrix and increased hydraulic conductance that facilitates the dispersion and absorption of injected drugs (see rHuPH20 IB). Use of rHuPH20 enables the delivery of large volumes for rapid SC injections (for example, approximately 2 mL to 20 mL), which may shorten dose administration times, reduce administration frequency, and enable potential improvements to the PK profiles of coadministered drugs, including improved absorption, increased bioavailability, accelerated time to maximum concentration (Tmax), increased maximum concentration (Cmax), and decreased PK variability. 
     The half-life of rHuPH20 in skin is &lt;30 minutes, and the local permeability barrier in these tissues is restored to pre-injection levels within 24 hours to 48 hours after injection of hyaluronidase. A study showed that rHuPH20 was not detectable systemically in healthy volunteers and patients following SC administration at doses of 10,000 U and 30,000 U. Another study of the PK of rHuPH20 (Halozyme Study HALO-104-104) demonstrated that plasma concentrations of rHuPH20 rapidly declined, with a very short t1/2 (≤10.4 min) and the plasma concentration became undetectable (&lt;0.03 ng/mL) within 1.5 hours after the end of the IV infusion at for IV doses of 10,000 or 30,000 units of rHuPH20. 
     Subcutaneous injection of rHuPH20 is generally well-tolerated in healthy participants, dehydrated pediatric participants, hospice and palliative care participants, participants with type 1 and 2 diabetes, and participants with rheumatoid arthritis. Subcutaneous injections of rHuPH20 either alone or coadministered with lactated Ringer&#39;s, normal saline, co-injected drugs (morphine, ceftriaxone, insulin and insulin analogues) or biologic products (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and adalimumab) has been well-tolerated. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitutions relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix region relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase comprising one or more amino acid substitution in linker region relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified hyaluronidase, wherein one or more N-terminal and/or C-terminal amino acids are deleted relative to a wild-type hyaluronidase selected from the group consisting of HuPH20, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYALPS1, or a fragment thereof. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified rHuPH20, wherein the modified rHuPH20 comprises one or more amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix region, a linker region, or both an alpha-helix region and a linker region relative to wild-type rHuPH20. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified rHuPH20, wherein the modified rHuPH20 comprises deletion of one or more N-terminal amino acid, one or more C-terminal amino acid, or one or more N-terminal amino acid and one or more C-terminal amino acid relative to wild-type rHuPH20. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises a modified rHuPH20, wherein the modified rHuPH20 comprises one or more amino acid substitution in an alpha-helix region, a linker region, or both an alpha-helix region and a linker region relative to wild-type rHuPH20; and wherein the modified rHuPH20 comprises deletion of one or more N-terminal amino acid, one or more C-terminal amino acid, or one or more N-terminal amino acid and one or more C-terminal amino acid relative to wild-type rHuPH20 
     Additional, non-limiting examples of endoglycosidase hydrolase enzymes are found in EP3636752, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme is any polypeptide having endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme activity disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,447,401; 10,865,400; 11,041,149; 11,066,656; 8,927,249; 9,284,543; 10,588,983; U.S. Ser. No. 10/328,130; and/or U.S. Pat. No. 9,993,529, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme is any polypeptide having endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme activity disclosed in International Publication No. WO/13/102144, WO/10/077297, WO/15/003167, WO/04/078140 WO/09/128917, WO/12/174478, and/or WO/12/174480, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5-52. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5-52. 
     In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme is any polypeptide having endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme activity disclosed in US Patent Application Publication No. US2021155913A1 and/or US2021363270A1; and/or International Publication Nos. WO/20/022791, WO/20/197230 and/or WO/21/150079; each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 53-263. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or about 100% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 53-263. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92. In some aspects, the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme is HP46 (SEQ ID NO: 44 of Int&#39;l Publication No. WO/20/197230). 
     In certain aspects, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises a hyaluronidase. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a sufficient concentration of a hyaluronidase for administration of at least about 20,000 units of the hyaluronidase. In some aspects, the hyaluronidase is rHuPH20. In other aspects, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a hyaluronidase. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) are administered together. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) are administered concurrently. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) are administered sequentially. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) are present in a single pharmaceutical composition. 
     In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 5000 units to at least about 100,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 5000 units, at least about 10,000 units, at least about 15,000 units, at least about 20,000 units, at least about 25,000 units, at least about 30,000 units, at least about 35,000 units, at least about 40,000 units, at least about 45,000 units, at least about 50,000 units, at least about 55,000 units, at least about 60,000 units, at least about 65,000 units, at least about 70,000 units, at least about 75,000 units, at least about 80,000 units, at least about 85,000 units, at least about 90,000 units, at least about 95,000 units, or at least about 100,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 20,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 30,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 40,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 50,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 60,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 70,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 80,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 90,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the dose comprises at least about 100,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). 
     It would be readily apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art that the amount of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) can be expressed in terms of units or the amount of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) can be expressed in terms mg (or in other weight-based units). For example, in some aspects, the dose comprises an amount of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) expressed as at least about 500 U or at least about 0.00455 mg. In another example, in some aspects, the dose comprises an amount of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) expressed as at least about 2000 U or at least about 0.0182 mg. 
     II.B. Anti-PD-1 Antibodies Useful for the Disclosure 
     Anti-PD-1 antibodies that are known in the art can be used in the presently described compositions and methods. Various human monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to PD-1 with high affinity have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449. Anti-PD-1 human antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449 have been demonstrated to exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: (a) bind to human PD-1 with a K D  of 1×10 −7  M or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance using a Biacore biosensor system; (b) do not substantially bind to human CD28, CTLA-4 or ICOS; (c) increase T-cell proliferation in a Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) assay; (d) increase interferon-γ production in an MLR assay; (e) increase IL-2 secretion in an MLR assay; (f) bind to human PD-1 and cynomolgus monkey PD-1; (g) inhibit the binding of PD-L1 and/or PD-L2 to PD-1; (h) stimulate antigen-specific memory responses; (i) stimulate antibody responses; and (j) inhibit tumor cell growth in vivo. Anti-PD-1 antibodies usable in the present disclosure include monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to human PD-1 and exhibit at least one, in some aspects, at least five, of the preceding characteristics. 
     Other anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,808,710, 7,488,802, 8,168,757 and 8,354,509, US Publication No. 2016/0272708, and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2012/145493, WO 2008/156712, WO 2015/112900, WO 2012/145493, WO 2015/112800, WO 2014/206107, WO 2015/35606, WO 2015/085847, WO 2014/179664, WO 2017/020291, WO 2017/020858, WO 2016/197367, WO 2017/024515, WO 2017/025051, WO 2017/123557, WO 2016/106159, WO 2014/194302, WO 2017/040790, WO 2017/133540, WO 2017/132827, WO 2017/024465, WO 2017/025016, WO 2017/106061, WO 2017/19846, WO 2017/024465, WO 2017/025016, WO 2017/132825, and WO 2017/133540 each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab (also known as OPDIVO®, 5C4, BMS-936558, MDX-1106, and ONO-4538), pembrolizumab (Merck; also known as KEYTRUDA®, lambrolizumab, and MK-3475; see WO2008/156712), PDR001 (Novartis; see WO 2015/112900), MEDI-0680 (AstraZeneca; also known as AMP-514; see WO 2012/145493), cemiplimab (Regeneron; also known as REGN-2810; see WO 2015/112800), JS001 (TAIZHOU JUNSHI PHARMA; also known as toripalimab; see Si-Yang Liu et al.,  J. Hematol. Oncol.  10:136 (2017)), BGB-A317 (Beigene; also known as Tislelizumab; see WO 2015/35606 and US 2015/0079109), INCSHR1210 (Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine; also known as SHR-1210; see WO 2015/085847; Si-Yang Liu et al.,  J. Hematol. Oncol.  10:136 (2017)), TSR-042 (Tesaro Biopharmaceutical; also known as ANB011; see WO2014/179664), GLS-010 (Wuxi/Harbin Gloria Pharmaceuticals; also known as WBP3055; see Si-Yang Liu et al.,  J. Hematol. Oncol.  10:136 (2017)), AM-0001 (Armo), STI-1110 (Sorrento Therapeutics; see WO 2014/194302), AGEN2034 (Agenus; see WO 2017/040790), MGA012 (Macrogenics, see WO 2017/19846), BCD-100 (Biocad; Kaplon et al.,  mAbs  10(2):183-203 (2018), IBI308 (Innovent; see WO 2017/024465, WO 2017/025016, WO 2017/132825, and WO 2017/133540); and sasanlimab (PF-06801591). 
     In one aspect, the anti-PD-1 antibody is nivolumab. Nivolumab is a fully human IgG4 (S228P) PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody that selectively prevents interaction with PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2), thereby blocking the down-regulation of antitumor T-cell functions (U.S. Pat. No. 8,008,449; Wang et al., 2014  Cancer Immunol Res.  2(9):846-56). The heavy chain variable and light chain variable regions for nivolumab are shown in Table 1B (SEQ ID NOs: 2 and 3). In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, and a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. In some aspects, the antibody comprises heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences comprising the amino acid sequences of the heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some aspects, the antibody comprises light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences comprising the amino acid sequences of the light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 3. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-PD-1 Antibody Sequences 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Anti-PD-1  
                 QVQLVESGGG VVQPGRSLRL DCKASGITFS  
               
               
                 Antibody 
                 NSGMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVAV 
               
               
                 Heavy Chain  
                 IWYDGSKRYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLF  
               
               
                 Variable 
                 LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCATND 
               
               
                 Region 
                 DYWGQGTLVT VSS (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Anti-PD-1  
                 EIVLTQSPAT LSLSPGERAT LSCRASQSVS  
               
               
                 Antibody  
                 SYLAWYQQKP GQAPRLLIYD 
               
               
                 Light Chain 
                 ASNRATGIPA RFSGSGSGTD FTLTISSLEP  
               
               
                 Variable 
                 EDFAVYYCQQ SSNWPRTFGQ 
               
               
                 Region 
                 GTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In another aspect, the anti-PD-1 antibody is pembrolizumab. Pembrolizumab is a humanized monoclonal IgG4 (S228P) antibody directed against human cell surface receptor PD-1 (programmed death-1 or programmed cell death-1). Pembrolizumab is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,354,509 and 8,900,587. 
     Anti-PD-1 antibodies usable in the disclosed compositions and methods also include isolated antibodies that bind specifically to human PD-1 and cross-compete for binding to human PD-1 with any anti-PD-1 antibody disclosed herein, e.g., nivolumab (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,008,449 and 8,779,105; WO 2013/173223). In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody binds the same epitope as any of the anti-PD-1 antibodies described herein, e.g., nivolumab. The ability of antibodies to cross-compete for binding to an antigen indicates that these monoclonal antibodies bind to the same epitope region of the antigen and sterically hinder the binding of other cross-competing antibodies to that particular epitope region. These cross-competing antibodies are expected to have functional properties very similar those of the reference antibody, e.g., nivolumab, by virtue of their binding to the same epitope region of PD-1. Cross-competing antibodies can be readily identified based on their ability to cross-compete with nivolumab in standard PD-1 binding assays such as Biacore analysis, ELISA assays or flow cytometry (see, e.g., WO 2013/173223). 
     In certain aspects, the antibodies that cross-compete for binding to human PD-1 with, or bind to the same epitope region of human PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, are monoclonal antibodies. For administration to human subjects, these cross-competing antibodies are chimeric antibodies, engineered antibodies, or humanized or human antibodies. Such chimeric, engineered, humanized or human monoclonal antibodies can be prepared and isolated by methods well known in the art. 
     Anti-PD-1 antibodies usable in the compositions and methods of the disclosed disclosure also include antigen-binding portions of the above antibodies. It has been amply demonstrated that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. 
     Anti-PD-1 antibodies suitable for use in the disclosed compositions and methods are antibodies that bind to PD-1 with high specificity and affinity, block the binding of PD-L1 and or PD-L2, and inhibit the immunosuppressive effect of the PD-1 signaling pathway. In any of the compositions or methods disclosed herein, an anti-PD-1 “antibody” includes an antigen-binding portion or fragment that binds to the PD-1 receptor and exhibits the functional properties similar to those of whole antibodies in inhibiting ligand binding and up-regulating the immune system. In certain aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes with nivolumab for binding to human PD-1. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered at a dose ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 20.0 mg/kg body weight once every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks, e.g., 0.1 mg/kg to 10.0 mg/kg body weight once every 2, 3, or 4 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 2 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 9 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg body weight once every 2 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 2 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 9 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg body weight once every 3 weeks. In one aspect, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 5 mg/kg body weight about once every 3 weeks. In another aspect, the anti-PD-1 antibody, e.g., nivolumab, is administered at a dose of about 3 mg/kg body weight about once every 2 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody, e.g., pembrolizumab, is administered at a dose of about 2 mg/kg body weight about once every 3 weeks. 
     The anti-PD-1 antibody useful for the present disclosure can be administered as a flat dose. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered at a flat dose of from about 100 to about 1000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 900 mg, from about 100 mg to about 800 mg, from about 100 mg to about 700 mg, from about 100 mg to about 600 mg, from about 100 mg to about 500 mg, from about 200 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 200 mg to about 900 mg, from about 200 mg to about 800 mg, from about 200 mg to about 700 mg, from about 200 mg to about 600 mg, from about 200 mg to about 500 mg, from about 200 mg to about 480 mg, or from about 240 mg to about 480 mg, In one aspect, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of at least about 200 mg, at least about 220 mg, at least about 240 mg, at least about 260 mg, at least about 280 mg, at least about 300 mg, at least about 320 mg, at least about 340 mg, at least about 360 mg, at least about 380 mg, at least about 400 mg, at least about 420 mg, at least about 440 mg, at least about 460 mg, at least about 480 mg, at least about 500 mg, at least about 520 mg, at least about 540 mg, at least about 550 mg, at least about 560 mg, at least about 580 mg, at least about 600 mg, at least about 620 mg, at least about 640 mg, at least about 660 mg, at least about 680 mg, at least about 700 mg, or at least about 720 mg at a dosing interval of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 weeks. In another aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 200 mg to about 800 mg, about 200 mg to about 700 mg, about 200 mg to about 600 mg, about 200 mg to about 500 mg, at a dosing interval of about 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 200 mg at about once every 3 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 200 mg at about once every 2 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 240 mg at about once every 2 weeks. In certain aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 480 mg at about once every 4 weeks. 
     In some aspects, nivolumab is administered at a flat dose of about 240 mg once about every 2 weeks. In some aspects, nivolumab is administered at a flat dose of about 240 mg once about every 3 weeks. In some aspects, nivolumab is administered at a flat dose of about 360 mg once about every 3 weeks. In some aspects, nivolumab is administered at a flat dose of about 480 mg once about every 4 weeks. In some aspects, nivolumab is administered at a flat dose of about 720 mg once about every 6 weeks. In some aspects, nivolumab is administered at a flat dose of about 960 mg once about every 8 weeks. 
     In some aspects, pembrolizumab is administered at a flat dose of about 200 mg once about every 2 weeks. In some aspects, pembrolizumab is administered at a flat dose of about 200 mg once about every 3 weeks. In some aspects, pembrolizumab is administered at a flat dose of about 400 mg once about every 4 weeks. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a bispecific antibody or a multispecific antibody comprising a first antigen binding moiety and a second antigen binding moiety, wherein the first antigen binding moiety comprises an anti-PD-1 antigen binding portion (e.g., scFv of nivolumab). In some aspects, the second antigen binding moiety is an antigen binding portion of any one of the antibodies disclosed herein. In some aspects, the second antigen binding moiety is an antigen binding portion of an anti-LAG-3 antibody, e.g., relatlimab. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a multispecific antibody comprising a first antigen binding moiety, a second antigen binding moiety, and at least a third antigen binding moiety, wherein the first antigen binding moiety comprises an anti-PD-1 antigen binding portion (e.g., scFv of nivolumab). 
     II.C. Anti-PD-L1 Antibodies Useful for the Disclosure 
     In certain aspects, an anti-PD-L1 antibody is substituted for the anti-PD-1 antibody in any of the methods disclosed herein. Any anti-PD-L1 antibodies can be used in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure. Examples of anti-PD-L1 antibodies useful in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure include the antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,580,507. Anti-PD-L1 human monoclonal antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,580,507 have been demonstrated to exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: (a) bind to human PD-L1 with a K D  of 1×10 −7  M or less, as determined by surface plasmon resonance using a Biacore biosensor system; (b) increase T-cell proliferation in a Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) assay; (c) increase interferon-γ production in an MLR assay; (d) increase IL-2 secretion in an MLR assay; (e) stimulate antibody responses; and (f) reverse the effect of T regulatory cells on T cell effector cells and/or dendritic cells. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies usable in the present disclosure include monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to human PD-L1 and exhibit at least one, in some aspects, at least five, of the preceding characteristics. 
     In certain aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is selected from the group consisting of BMS-936559 (also known as 12A4, MDX-1105; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,743 and WO 2013/173223), atezolizumab (Roche; also known as TECENTRIQ®; MPDL3280A, RG7446; see U.S. Pat. No. 8,217,149; see, also, Herbst et al. (2013) J Clin Oncol 31(suppl):3000), durvalumab (AstraZeneca; also known as IMFINZI™, MEDI-4736; see WO 2011/066389), avelumab (Pfizer; also known as BAVENCIO®, MSB-0010718C; see WO 2013/079174), STI-1014 (Sorrento; see WO2013/181634), CX-072 (Cytomx; see WO2016/149201), KN035 (3D Med/Alphamab; see Zhang et al.,  Cell Discov.  7:3 (March 2017), LY3300054 (Eli Lilly Co.; see, e.g., WO 2017/034916), BGB-A333 (BeiGene; see Desai et al.,  JCO  36 (15suppl):TPS3113 (2018)), and CK-301 (Checkpoint Therapeutics; see Gorelik et al., AACR:Abstract 4606 (April 2016)). 
     In certain aspects, the PD-L1 antibody is atezolizumab (TECENTRIQ®). Atezolizumab is a fully humanized IgG1 monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody. 
     In certain aspects, the PD-L1 antibody is durvalumab (IMFINZI™). Durvalumab is a human IgG1 kappa monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody. 
     In certain aspects, the PD-L1 antibody is avelumab (BAVENCIO®). Avelumab is a human IgG1 lambda monoclonal anti-PD-L1 antibody. 
     Anti-PD-L1 antibodies usable in the disclosed compositions and methods also include isolated antibodies that bind specifically to human PD-L1 and cross-compete for binding to human PD-L1 with any anti-PD-L1 antibody disclosed herein, e.g., atezolizumab, durvalumab, and/or avelumab. In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody binds the same epitope as any of the anti-PD-L1 antibodies described herein, e.g., atezolizumab, durvalumab, and/or avelumab. The ability of antibodies to cross-compete for binding to an antigen indicates that these antibodies bind to the same epitope region of the antigen and sterically hinder the binding of other cross-competing antibodies to that particular epitope region. These cross-competing antibodies are expected to have functional properties very similar those of the reference antibody, e.g., atezolizumab and/or avelumab, by virtue of their binding to the same epitope region of PD-L1. Cross-competing antibodies can be readily identified based on their ability to cross-compete with atezolizumab and/or avelumab in standard PD-L1 binding assays such as Biacore analysis, ELISA assays or flow cytometry (see, e.g., WO 2013/173223). 
     In certain aspects, the antibodies that cross-compete for binding to human PD-L1 with, or bind to the same epitope region of human PD-L1 antibody as, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and/or avelumab, are monoclonal antibodies. For administration to human subjects, these cross-competing antibodies are chimeric antibodies, engineered antibodies, or humanized or human antibodies. Such chimeric, engineered, humanized or human monoclonal antibodies can be prepared and isolated by methods well known in the art. 
     Anti-PD-L1 antibodies usable in the compositions and methods of the disclosed disclosure also include antigen-binding portions of the above antibodies. It has been amply demonstrated that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. 
     Anti-PD-L1 antibodies suitable for use in the disclosed compositions and methods are antibodies that bind to PD-L1 with high specificity and affinity, block the binding of PD-1, and inhibit the immunosuppressive effect of the PD-1 signaling pathway. In any of the compositions or methods disclosed herein, an anti-PD-L1 “antibody” includes an antigen-binding portion or fragment that binds to PD-L1 and exhibits the functional properties similar to those of whole antibodies in inhibiting receptor binding and up-regulating the immune system. In certain aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes with atezolizumab, durvalumab, and/or avelumab for binding to human PD-L1. 
     The anti-PD-L1 antibody useful for the present disclosure can be any PD-L1 antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1, e.g., antibodies that cross-compete with durvalumab, avelumab, or atezolizumab for binding to human PD-1, e.g., an antibody that binds to the same epitope as durvalumab, avelumab, or atezolizumab. In a particular aspect, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is durvalumab. In other aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is avelumab. In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is atezolizumab. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 20.0 mg/kg body weight, about 2 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about 9 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 11 mg/kg, about 12 mg/kg, about 13 mg/kg, about 14 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 16 mg/kg, about 17 mg/kg, about 18 mg/kg, about 19 mg/kg, or about 20 mg/kg, about once every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 weeks. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 15 mg/kg body weight at about once every 3 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered at a dose of about 10 mg/kg body weight at about once every 2 weeks. 
     In other aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody useful for the present disclosure is a flat dose. In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of from about 200 mg to about 1600 mg, about 200 mg to about 1500 mg, about 200 mg to about 1400 mg, about 200 mg to about 1300 mg, about 200 mg to about 1200 mg, about 200 mg to about 1100 mg, about 200 mg to about 1000 mg, about 200 mg to about 900 mg, about 200 mg to about 800 mg, about 200 mg to about 700 mg, about 200 mg to about 600 mg, about 700 mg to about 1300 mg, about 800 mg to about 1200 mg, about 700 mg to about 900 mg, or about 1100 mg to about 1300 mg. In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of at least about 240 mg, at least about 300 mg, at least about 320 mg, at least about 400 mg, at least about 480 mg, at least about 500 mg, at least about 560 mg, at least about 600 mg, at least about 640 mg, at least about 700 mg, at least 720 mg, at least about 800 mg, at least about 840 mg, at least about 880 mg, at least about 900 mg, at least 960 mg, at least about 1000 mg, at least about 1040 mg, at least about 1100 mg, at least about 1120 mg, at least about 1200 mg, at least about 1280 mg, at least about 1300 mg, at least about 1360 mg, or at least about 1400 mg, at a dosing interval of about 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks. In some aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 1200 mg at about once every 3 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 800 mg at about once every 2 weeks. In other aspects, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered as a flat dose of about 840 mg at about once every 2 weeks. 
     In some aspects, atezolizumab is administered as a flat dose of about 1200 mg once about every 3 weeks. In some aspects, atezolizumab is administered as a flat dose of about 800 mg once about every 2 weeks. In some aspects, atezolizumab is administered as a flat dose of about 840 mg once about every 2 weeks. 
     In some aspects, avelumab is administered as a flat dose of about 800 mg once about every 2 weeks. 
     In some aspects, durvalumab is administered at a dose of about 10 mg/kg once about every 2 weeks. In some aspects, durvalumab is administered as a flat dose of about 800 mg/kg once about every 2 weeks. In some aspects, durvalumab is administered as a flat dose of about 1200 mg/kg once about every 3 weeks. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) PD-L1 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) PD-L1 and (ii) CD3. 
     II.D. Combination Therapies 
     In some aspects of the present disclosure, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering an anti-PD-1 antibody (or an anti-PD-L1 antibody) in combination with an additional anticancer therapy. The additional anticancer therapy can comprise any therapy for the treatment of a tumor in a subject and/or any standard-of-care therapy, as disclosed herein. In some aspects, the additional anticancer therapy comprises a surgery, a radiation therapy, a chemotherapy, an immunotherapy, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the additional anticancer therapy comprises a chemotherapy, including any chemotherapy disclosed herein. In some aspect, the additional anticancer therapy comprises an immunotherapy. In some aspects, the additional anticancer therapy comprises administration of an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM3, NKG2a, OX40, ICOS, MICA, CD137, KIR, TGFβ, IL-10, IL-8, B7-H4, Fas ligand, CXCR4, mesothelin, CD27, GITR, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the additional anticancer therapy comprises administering an IL-2 (e.g., a modified IL-2, e.g., pegylated IL-2, e.g., bempegaldesleukin). In some aspects, the second therapeutic agent, the third therapeutic agent, or both comprises IL12-Fc (e.g., BMS-986415). 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered subcutaneously according to any method disclosed herein, and the additional anti-cancer therapy is administered by any suitable route known in the art. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered subcutaneously according to any method disclosed herein, and the additional anti-cancer therapy is administered subcutaneously. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody is administered subcutaneously according to any method disclosed herein, and the additional anti-cancer therapy is administered intravenously. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the additional anticancer therapy are administered concurrently. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the additional anticancer therapy are administered sequentially. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the additional anticancer therapy are administered on the same day. In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the additional anticancer therapy are administered on different days. 
     In some aspects, the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody and the additional anticancer therapy, e.g., a checkpoint inhibitor, are combined in a single formulation. 
     In some aspects, the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, e.g., ipilimumab. In other aspects, the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Human monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to CTLA-4 with high affinity have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,720. Other anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,977,318, 6,051,227, 6,682,736, and 7,034,121 and International Publication Nos. WO 2012/122444, WO 2007/113648, WO 2016/196237, and WO 2000/037504, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In certain aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is selected from the group consisting of ipilimumab (also known as YERVOY®, MDX-010, 10DI; see U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,720), MK-1308 (Merck), AGEN-1884 (Agenus Inc.; see WO 2016/196237), and tremelimumab (AstraZeneca; also known as ticilimumab, CP-675,206; see WO 2000/037504 and Ribas,  Update Cancer Ther.  2(3): 133-39 (2007)). In particular aspects, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab. In particular aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is tremelimumab. In particular aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is MK-1308. In particular aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is AGEN-1884. 
     In some aspects, the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-LAG-3 antibody. In other aspects, the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a single formulation comprising an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-LAG-3 antibody, e.g., relatlimab. In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is relatlimab, e.g., BMS-986016 as described in PCT/US13/48999, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody cross-competes with relatlimab for binding to human LAG-3. In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody binds to the same epitope as relatlimab. In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is a biosimilar of relatlimab. In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is LAG-525, MK-4280, REGN3767, TSR-033, TSR-075, Sym022, FS-118, or any combination thereof. 
     In some aspects, the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody according to any method disclosed herein and a chemotherapy. In some aspects, the chemotherapy comprises a platinum-based therapy. In some aspects, the platinum-based therapy comprises a platinum-based antineoplastic selected from the group consisting of cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin tetranitrate, phenanthriplatin, picoplatin, satraplatin, and any combination thereof. In certain aspects, the platinum-based therapy comprises cisplatin. In one particular aspect, the platinum-based therapy comprises carboplatin. In some aspects, the chemotherapy comprises an anticancer agent selected from the group consisting of a platinum agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin), a taxanes agent (e.g., paclitaxel, albumin-bound paclitaxel, docetaxel), vinorelbine, vinblastine, etoposide, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), erlotinib (TARCEVA®), crizotinib (XALKORI®), cetuximab (ERBITUX®), and any combination thereof. In certain aspects, the chemotherapy comprises a platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. 
     II.E. Tumors 
     Certain aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods of treating a subject in need thereof, comprising subcutaneously delivering an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the subject is afflicted with a cancer (e.g., a tumor derived from a cancer). In some aspects, the tumor is derived from a cancer selected from the group consisting of squamous cell carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), squamous NSCLC, nonsquamous NSCLC, glioma, gastrointestinal cancer, renal cancer, clear cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), prostate cancer, hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, glioblastoma multiforme, cervical cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon carcinoma, head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, germ cell tumor, pediatric sarcoma, sinonasal natural killer, melanoma, bone cancer, skin cancer, uterine cancer, cancer of the anal region, testicular cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, cancer of the penis, rectal cancer, solid tumors of childhood, cancer of the ureter, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS), primary CNS lymphoma, tumor angiogenesis, spinal axis tumor, brain cancer, brain stem glioma, pituitary adenoma, Kaposi&#39;s sarcoma, epidermoid cancer, squamous cell cancer, environmentally-induced cancers including those induced by asbestos, virus-related cancers or cancers of viral origin (e.g., human papilloma virus (HPV-related or -originating tumors)), and any combination thereof. In certain aspects, the subject has received one, two, three, four, five or more prior cancer treatments. In other aspects, the subject is treatment-naïve. In some aspects, the subject has progressed on other cancer treatments. In certain aspects, the prior cancer treatment comprised an immunotherapy. In other aspects, the prior cancer treatment comprised a chemotherapy. In some aspects, the tumor has reoccurred. In some aspects, the tumor is metastatic. In other aspects, the tumor is not metastatic. In some aspects, the tumor is locally advanced. 
     In some aspects, the subject has received a prior therapy to treat the tumor and the tumor is relapsed or refractory. In certain aspects, the at least one prior therapy comprises a standard-of-care therapy. In some aspects, the at least one prior therapy comprises a surgery, a radiation therapy, a chemotherapy, an immunotherapy, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the at least one prior therapy comprises a chemotherapy. In some aspects, the subject has received a prior immuno-oncology (I-O) therapy to treat the tumor and the tumor is relapsed or refractory. In some aspects, the subject has received more than one prior therapy to treat the tumor and the subject is relapsed or refractory. In other aspects, the subject has received either an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody therapy. 
     In some aspects, the previous line of therapy comprises a chemotherapy. In some aspects, the chemotherapy comprises a platinum-based therapy. In some aspects, the platinum-based therapy comprises a platinum-based antineoplastic selected from the group consisting of cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin tetranitrate, phenanthriplatin, picoplatin, satraplatin, and any combination thereof. In certain aspects, the platinum-based therapy comprises cisplatin. In one particular aspect, the platinum-based therapy comprises carboplatin. 
     In some aspects, the at least one prior therapy is selected from a therapy comprising administration of an anticancer agent selected from the group consisting of a platinum agent (e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin), a taxanes agent (e.g., paclitaxel, albumin-bound paclitaxel, docetaxel), vinorelbine, vinblastine, etoposide, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, bevacizumab (AVASTIN®), erlotinib (TARCEVA®), crizotinib (XALKORI®), cetuximab (ERBITUX®), and any combination thereof. In certain aspects, the at least one prior therapy comprises a platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. 
     In some aspects, the subject has experienced disease progression after the at least one prior therapy. In certain aspects, the subject has received at least two prior therapies, at least three prior therapies, at least four prior therapies, or at least five prior therapies. In certain aspects, the subject has received at least two prior therapies. In one aspect, the subject has experienced disease progression after the at least two prior therapies. In certain aspects, the at least two prior therapies comprises a first prior therapy and a second prior therapy, wherein the subject has experienced disease progression after the first prior therapy and/or the second prior therapy, and wherein the first prior therapy comprises a surgery, a radiation therapy, a chemotherapy, an immunotherapy, or any combination thereof; and wherein the second prior therapy comprises a surgery, a radiation therapy, a chemotherapy, an immunotherapy, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the first prior therapy comprises a platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, and the second prior therapy comprises a single-agent chemotherapy. In certain aspects, the single-agent chemotherapy comprises docetaxel. 
     In certain aspects, the tumor that is a PD-L1 positive tumor. “PD-L1 positive” as used herein can be interchangeably used with “PD-L1 expression of at least about 1%.” PD-L1 expression can be measured by any methods known in the art. In some aspects, PD-L1 expression is measured by an automated IHC. PD-L1 positive tumors can thus have at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100% of the tumor cells expressing PD-L1 as measured by an automated IHC. In certain aspects, “PD-L1 positive” means that there are at least 100 cells that express PD-L1 on the surface of the cells. 
     In order to assess the PD-L1 expression, in one aspect, a test tissue sample is obtained from a patient who is in need of a therapy disclosed herein. In another aspect, the assessment of PD-L1 expression is achieved without obtaining a test tissue sample. In some aspects, selecting a suitable patient includes (i) optionally providing a test tissue sample obtained from a patient with cancer of the tissue, the test tissue sample comprising tumor cells and/or tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells; and (ii) assessing the proportion of cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 on the surface of the cells based on an assessment that the proportion of cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 on the cell surface is higher than a predetermined threshold level. 
     In any of the methods comprising the measurement of PD-L1 expression in a test tissue sample, however, it should be understood that the step comprising the provision of a test tissue sample obtained from a patient is an optional step. It should also be understood that in certain aspects the “measuring” or “assessing” step to identify, or determine the number or proportion of, cells in the test tissue sample that express PD-L1 (e.g., the expression of PD-L1 on the cell surface) is performed by a transformative method of assaying for PD-L1 expression, for example by performing a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay or an IHC assay. In certain other aspects, no transformative step is involved and PD-L1 expression is assessed by, for example, reviewing a report of test results from a laboratory. In certain aspects, the steps of the methods up to, and including, assessing PD-L1 expression provides an intermediate result that may be provided to a physician or other healthcare provider for use in selecting a suitable candidate for the anti-PD-1 antibody or anti-PD-L1 antibody therapy. In certain aspects, the steps that provide the intermediate result is performed by a medical practitioner or someone acting under the direction of a medical practitioner. In other aspects, these steps are performed by an independent laboratory or by an independent person such as a laboratory technician. 
     In certain aspects of any of the present methods, the proportion of cells that express PD-L1 is assessed by performing an assay to determine the presence of PD-L1 RNA. In further aspects, the presence of PD-L1 RNA is determined by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization or RNase protection. In other aspects, the proportion of cells that express PD-L1 is assessed by performing an assay to determine the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide. In further aspects, the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide is determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in vivo imaging, or flow cytometry. In some aspects, PD-L1 expression is assayed by IHC. In other aspects of all of these methods, cell surface expression of PD-L1 is assayed using, e.g., IHC or in vivo imaging. 
     Imaging techniques have provided important tools in cancer research and treatment. Recent developments in molecular imaging systems, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI), fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), and multiphoton microscopy (MPM) will likely herald even greater use of these techniques in cancer research. Some of these molecular imaging systems allow clinicians to not only see where a tumor is located in the body, but also to visualize the expression and activity of specific molecules, cells, and biological processes that influence tumor behavior and/or responsiveness to therapeutic drugs (Condeelis and Weissleder, “In vivo imaging in cancer,”  Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol.  2(12):a003848 (2010)). Antibody specificity, coupled with the sensitivity and resolution of PET, makes immunoPET imaging particularly attractive for monitoring and assaying expression of antigens in tissue samples (McCabe and Wu, “Positive progress in immunoPET—not just a coincidence,”  Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.  25(3):253-61 (2010); Olafsen et al., “ImmunoPET imaging of B-cell lymphoma using 124I-anti-CD20 scFv dimers (diabodies),”  Protein Eng. Des. Sel.  23(4):243-9 (2010)). In certain aspects of any of the present methods, PD-L1 expression is assayed by immunoPET imaging. In certain aspects of any of the present methods, the proportion of cells in a test tissue sample that express PD-L1 is assessed by performing an assay to determine the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide on the surface of cells in the test tissue sample. In certain aspects, the test tissue sample is a FFPE tissue sample. In other aspects, the presence of PD-L1 polypeptide is determined by IHC assay. In further aspects, the IHC assay is performed using an automated process. In some aspects, the IHC assay is performed using an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody to bind to the PD-L1 polypeptide. 
     In one aspect of the present methods, an automated IHC method is used to assay the expression of PD-L1 on the surface of cells in FFPE tissue specimens. This disclosure provides methods for detecting the presence of human PD-L1 antigen in a test tissue sample, or quantifying the level of human PD-L1 antigen or the proportion of cells in the sample that express the antigen, which methods comprise contacting the test sample, and a negative control sample, with a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to human PD-L1, under conditions that allow for formation of a complex between the antibody or portion thereof and human PD-L1. In certain aspects, the test and control tissue samples are FFPE samples. The formation of a complex is then detected, wherein a difference in complex formation between the test sample and the negative control sample is indicative of the presence of human PD-L1 antigen in the sample. Various methods are used to quantify PD-L1 expression. 
     In a particular aspect, the automated IHC method comprises: (a) deparafinizing and rehydrating mounted tissue sections in an autostainer; (b) retrieving antigen using a decloaking chamber and pH 6 buffer, heated to 110° C. for 10 min; (c) setting up reagents on an autostainer; and (d) running the autostainer to include steps of neutralizing endogenous peroxidase in the tissue specimen; blocking non-specific protein-binding sites on the slides; incubating the slides with primary antibody; incubating with a postprimary blocking agent; incubating with NovoLink Polymer; adding a chromogen substrate and developing; and counterstaining with hematoxylin. 
     For assessing PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue samples, a pathologist examines the number of membrane PD-L1 ++  tumor cells in each field under a microscope and mentally estimates the percentage of cells that are positive, then averages them to come to the final percentage. The different staining intensities are defined as 0/negative, 1+/weak, 2+/moderate, and 3+/strong. Typically, percentage values are first assigned to the 0 and 3+ buckets, and then the intermediate 1+ and 2+ intensities are considered. For highly heterogeneous tissues, the specimen is divided into zones, and each zone is scored separately and then combined into a single set of percentage values. The percentages of negative and positive cells for the different staining intensities are determined from each area and a median value is given to each zone. A final percentage value is given to the tissue for each staining intensity category: negative, 1+, 2+, and 3+. The sum of all staining intensities needs to be 100%. In one aspect, the threshold number of cells that needs to be PD-L1 positive is at least about 100, at least about 125, at least about 150, at least about 175, or at least about 200 cells. In certain aspects, the threshold number of cells that need to be PD-L1 positive is at least about 100 cells. 
     Staining is also assessed in tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. In most cases macrophages serve as an internal positive control since staining is observed in a large proportion of macrophages. While not required to stain with 3+ intensity, an absence of staining of macrophages should be taken into account to rule out any technical failure. Macrophages and lymphocytes are assessed for plasma membrane staining and only recorded for all samples as being positive or negative for each cell category. Staining is also characterized according to an outside/inside tumor immune cell designation. “Inside” means the immune cell is within the tumor tissue and/or on the boundaries of the tumor region without being physically intercalated among the tumor cells. “Outside” means that there is no physical association with the tumor, the immune cells being found in the periphery associated with connective or any associated adjacent tissue. 
     In certain aspects of these scoring methods, the samples are scored by two pathologists operating independently, and the scores are subsequently consolidated. In certain other aspects, the identification of positive and negative cells is scored using appropriate software. 
     A histoscore (also described as H-score) is used as a more quantitative measure of the IHC data. The histoscore is calculated as follows: 
       Histoscore=[(% tumor×1(low intensity))+(% tumor×2(medium intensity))+(% tumor×3(high intensity)]
 
     To determine the histoscore, the pathologist estimates the percentage of stained cells in each intensity category within a specimen. Because expression of most biomarkers is heterogeneous the histoscore is a truer representation of the overall expression. The final histoscore range is 0 (no expression) to 300 (maximum expression). 
     An alternative means of quantifying PD-L1 expression in a test tissue sample IHC is to determine the adjusted inflammation score (AIS) score defined as the density of inflammation multiplied by the percent PD-L1 expression by tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells (Taube et al., “Colocalization of inflammatory response with B7-hl expression in human melanocytic lesions supports an adaptive resistance mechanism of immune escape,”  Sci. Transl. Med.  4(127):127ra37 (2012)). 
     III. Compositions of the Disclosure 
     Also within the scope of the present disclosure are pharmaceutical compositions comprising an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for subcutaneous administration according to a method disclosed herein. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated such that they exhibit improved properties compared to the compositions without two antioxidants or at least one antioxidant. Therapeutic agents of the present disclosure can be constituted in a composition, e.g., a pharmaceutical composition containing an antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Preferably, the carrier for a composition containing an antibody is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion), whereas the carrier for a composition containing an antibody and/or a cytokine is suitable for non-parenteral, e.g., oral, administration. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise a hyaluronidase. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 500 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 500 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 400 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 300 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 250 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 190 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 180 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 170 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 160 mg/mL, at least about 10 mg/mL to at least about 150 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 500 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 400 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 300 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 250 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 190 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 180 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 170 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 160 mg/mL, at least about 20 mg/mL to at least about 150 mg/mL, at least about 50 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL, at least about 100 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL, at least about 150 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL, at least about 135 mg/mL to at least about 180 mg/mL, at least about 100 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL, at least about 150 mg/mL to at least about 200 mg/mL, at least about 100 mg/mL to at least about 130 mg/mL, or at least about 108 mg/mL to at least about 132 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 60 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 70 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 75 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 80 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 90 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 100 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 108 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 110 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 130 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 132 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 135 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 140 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 160 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 170 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 175 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 180 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 190 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 200 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or the anti-PD-L1 antibody. 
     III.A. Endoglycosidase Hydrolase Enzyme 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 U/mL to at least about 48000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 U/mL to at least about 5000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 U/mL, at least about 100 U/mL, at least about 150 U/mL, at least about 200 U/mL, at least about 250 U/mL, at least about 300 U/mL, at least about 350 U/mL, at least about 400 U/mL, at least about 450 U/mL, at least about 500 U/mL, at least about 750 U/mL, at least about 1000 U/mL, at least about 1500 U/mL, at least about 2000 U/mL, at least about 2500 U/mL, at least about 3000 U/mL, at least about 3500 U/mL, at least about 4000 U/mL, at least about 4500 U/mL, at least about 5000 U/mL, at least about 5500 U/mL, at least about 6000 U/mL, at least about 6500 U/mL, at least about 7000 U/mL, at least about 7500 U/mL, at least about 8000 U/mL, at least about 8500 U/mL, at least about 9000 U/mL, at least about 9500 U/mL, at least about 10,000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 500 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 1000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 2000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 2500 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 3000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 3500 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 4000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 4500 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 5000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 6000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 7000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 8000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 9000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10,000 U/mL of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 units to at least about 100,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 units, at least about 100 units, at least about 150 units, at least about 200 units, at least about 250 units, at least about 300 units, at least about 400 units, at least about 500 units, at least about 600 units, at least about 700 units, at least about 800 units, at least about 900 units, at least about 1000 units, at least about 1500 units, at least about 2000 units, at least about 2500 units, at least about 3000 units, at least about 4000 units, at least about 5000 units, at least about 10,000 units, at least about 15,000 units, at least about 20,000 units, at least about 25,000 units, at least about 30,000 units, at least about 35,000 units, at least about 40,000 units, at least about 45,000 units, at least about 48,000 units, at least about 50,000 units, at least about 55,000 units, at least about 60,000 units, at least about 65,000 units, at least about 70,000 units, at least about 75,000 units, at least about 80,000 units, at least about 85,000 units, at least about 90,000 units, at least about 95,000 units, or at least about 100,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 20,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 30,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 40,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 60,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 70,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 80,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 90,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 100,000 units of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20). 
     It would be readily apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art that the amount of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) can be expressed in terms of units or U/mL or the amount of the endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) can be expressed in terms mg/mL (or in other weight-based units). For example, in some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) expressed as at least about 500 U/mL or at least about 0.00455 mg/mL. In another example, in some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of an endoglycosidase hydrolase enzyme (e.g., rHuPH20) expressed as at least about 2000 U/mL or at least about 0.0182 mg/mL. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine, and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises (a) about 672 mg nivolumab; (b) about 8.68 mg L-histidine; (c) about 11.8 mg histidine HCl H2O; (d) about 479 mg sucrose; (e) about 2.80 mg polysorbate 80; (f) about 0.110 mg pentetic acid; (g) about 4.18 mg methionine; (h) about 0.102 mg rHuPH20; wherein (a)-(h) are reconstituted in water to a final volume of at least about 5.6 mL. 
     III.B. Antioxidants 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises an antioxidant. Any antioxidant can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein. In some aspects, the antioxidant is selected from methionine, tryptophan, and histidine, cysteine, ascorbic acid, glycine, pentetic acid (DTPA), and EDTA. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises methionine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least two antioxidants. In some aspects, more than one antioxidants, e.g., two antioxidants, prevents oxidation of the formulation components and/or improves stability of the antibody. In some aspects, the at least two antioxidants comprise (i) methionine and EDTA or (ii) methionine and pentetic acid (DTPA). 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the anti-PD-1 antibody, methionine, and pentetic acid (DTPA). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from at least about 0.1 mM to at least about 100 mM methionine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions comprises at least about 1 mM, at least about 1.5 mM, at least about 2 mM, at least about 2.5 mM, at least about 3 mM, at least about 3.5 mM, at least about 4 mM, at least about 4.5 mM, at least about 5 mM, at least about 5.5 mM, at least about 6 mM, at least about 6.5 mM, at least about 7 mM, at least about 7.5 mM, at least about 8 mM, at least about 8.5 mM, at least about 9 mM, at least about 9.5 mM, or at least about 10 mM, at least about 11 mM, at least about 12 mM, at least about 13 mM, at least about 14 mM, at least about 15 mM, at least about 16 mM, at least about 17 mM, at least about 18 mM, at least about 19 mM, or at least about 20 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 9 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 8 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 7 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 6 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 4 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 3 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 2 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 1 mM methionine. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from at least about 1 mM to at least about 250 mM pentetic acid (DTPA). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 1 μM, at least about 5 μM, at least about 10 μM, at least about 15 μM, at least about 20 μM, at least about 25 μM, at least about 30 μM, at least about 35 μM, at least about 40 μM, at least about 45 μM, at least about 50 μM, at least about 55 μM, at least about 60 μM, at least about 65 μM, at least about 70 μM, at least about 75 μM, at least about 80 μM, at least about 85 μM, at least about 90 μM, at least about 95 μM, or at least about 100 μM, at least about 110 μM, at least about 120 μM, at least about 130 μM, at least about 140 μM, at least about 150 μM, at least about 160 μM, at least about 170 μM, at least about 180 μM, at least about 190 μM, or at least about 200 μM DTPA. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 75 μM pentetic acid (DTPA).In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 70 μM pentetic acid (DTPA).In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 65 μM pentetic acid (DTPA).In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 60 μM pentetic acid (DTPA).In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 55 μM pentetic acid (DTPA).In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 μM pentetic acid (DTPA). In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 45 μM pentetic acid (DTPA). In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 40 μM pentetic acid (DTPA). In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 35 μM pentetic acid (DTPA). In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 30 μM pentetic acid (DTPA). In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 25 μM pentetic acid (DTPA). 
     III.C. Tonicity Modifiers/Stabilizers 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer. Any tonicity modifier and/or any stabilizer can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer comprises a sugar, an amino acid, a polyol, a salt, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the tonicity modifier and/or stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of sucrose, sorbitol, trehalose, mannitol, glycerol, glycine, leucine, isoleucine, sodium chloride, proline, arginine, polyols, amino acids, and salts. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from at least about 1 mM to at least about 500 mM sucrose. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions comprises from at least about 10 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 50 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 100 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 150 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 200 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 250 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 300 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 350 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 50 mM to at least about 350 mM, at least about 100 mM to at least about 300 mM, at least about 100 mM to at least about 250 mM, at least about 100 mM to at least about 200 mM, at least about 100 mM to at least about 150 mM, at least about 200 mM to at least about 400 mM, at least about 200 mM to at least about 300 mM sucrose, or at least about 200 mM to at least about 250 mM. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions comprises at least about 10 mM, at least about 20 mM, at least about 30 mM, at least about 40 mM, at least about 50 mM, at least about 60 mM, at least about 70 mM, at least about 80 mM, at least about 90 mM, at least about 100 mM, at least about 110 mM, at least about 120 mM, at least about 130 mM, at least about 140 mM, at least about 150 mM, at least about 160 mM, at least about 170 mM, at least about 180 mM, at least about 190 mM, at least about 200 mM, at least about 210 mM, at least about 220 mM, at least about 230 mM, at least about 240 mM, at least about 250 mM, at least about 260 mM, at least about 270 mM, at least about 280 mM, at least about 290 mM, at least about 300 mM, at least about 310 mM, at least about 320 mM, at least about 330 mM, at least about 340 mM, at least about 350 mM, at least about 360 mM, at least about 370 mM, at least about 380 mM, at least about 390 mM, at least about 400 mM, at least about 410 mM, at least about 420 mM, at least about 430 mM, at least about 440 mM, at least about 450 mM, at least about 460 mM, at least about 470 mM, at least about 480 mM, at least about 490 mM, or at least about 500 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 200 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 210 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 220 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 230 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 240 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 250 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 260 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 270 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 280 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 290 mM sucrose. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 300 mM sucrose. 
     III.D. Buffering Agents 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a buffering agent. In some aspects, the buffering agent is selected from histidine, succinate, tromethamine, sodium phosphate, sodium acetate, and sodium citrate. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises citrate. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from at least about 1 mM to at least about 100 mM histidine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from at least about 5 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 10 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 15 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 20 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 25 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 30 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 35 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 40 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 45 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 50 mM to at least about 100 mM, at least about 10 mM to at least about 75 mM, at least about 10 mM to at least about 50 mM, at least about 10 mM to at least about 40 mM, at least about 10 mM to at least about 30 mM, at least about 15 mM to at least about 30 mM, at least about 10 mM to at least about 25 mM, or at least about 15 mM to at least about 25 mM, histidine. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 5 mM, at least about 10 mM, at least about 15 mM, at least about 20 mM, at least about 25 mM, at least about 30 mM, at least about 35 mM, at least about 40 mM, at least about 45 mM, at least about 50 mM, at least about 60 mM, at least about 70 mM, at least about 80 mM, at least about 90 mM, or at least about 100 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 10 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 15 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 20 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 25 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 30 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 35 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 40 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 45 mM histidine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 50 mM histidine. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pH of about 5.2 to about 6.8. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.2. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.3. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.4. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.5. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.6. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.7. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.8. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 5.9. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.0. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.1. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.2. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.3. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.4. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.5. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.6. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.7. In some aspects, the pH of the pharmaceutical composition is about 6.8. 
     III.E. Surfactants 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a surfactant. Any surfactant can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein. In some aspects, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, and poloxamer 188. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises from at least about 0.001% to at least about 1% w/v polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions comprises at least about 0.01% to at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.02% to at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.03% to at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.04% to at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.05% to at least about 0.1%, at least about 0.01% to at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.01% to at least about 0.8%, at least about 0.01% to at least about 0.7%, at least about 0.01% to at least about 0.6%, at least about 0.01% to at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.02% to at least about 0.09%, at least about 0.03% to at least about 0.08%, at least about 0.04% to at least about 0.07%, or at least about 0.04% to at least about 0.06% w/v polysorbate 80. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical compositions comprises at least about 0.01% to at least about 0.1% w/v polysorbate 80. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.01% w/v, at least about 0.02% w/v, at least about 0.03% w/v, at least about 0.04% w/v, at least about 0.05% w/v, at least about 0.06% w/v, at least about 0.07% w/v, at least about 0.08% w/v, at least about 0.09% w/v, or at least about 0.1% w/v polysorbate 80. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.03% w/v polysorbate 80. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.04% w/v polysorbate 80. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.06% w/v polysorbate 80. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least about 0.07% w/v polysorbate 80. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody, e.g., nivolumab; (b) a checkpoint inhibitor, e.g., an anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (c) about 20 mM histidine; (d) about 250 mM sucrose; (e) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (f) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (g) about 5 mM methionine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody, e.g., nivolumab; (b) a checkpoint inhibitor, e.g., an anti-CTLA-4 antibody; (c) about 20 mM histidine; (d) about 250 mM sucrose; (e) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (f) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (g) about 5 mM methionine; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody, e.g., nivolumab; (b) a checkpoint inhibitor, e.g., an anti-LAG-3 antibody; (c) about 20 mM histidine; (d) about 250 mM sucrose; (e) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (f) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (g) about 5 mM methionine. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-PD-1 antibody, e.g., nivolumab; (b) a checkpoint inhibitor, e.g., an anti-LAG-3 antibody; (c) about 20 mM histidine; (d) about 250 mM sucrose; (e) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (f) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (g) about 5 mM methionine; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 120 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, a unit dose described herein comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises (a) about 672 mg nivolumab; (b) about 8.68 mg L-histidine; (c) about 11.8 mg histidine HCl H2O; (d) about 479 mg sucrose; (e) about 2.80 mg polysorbate 80; (f) about 0.110 mg pentetic acid; (g) about 4.18 mg methionine; wherein (a)-(g) are reconstituted in water (e.g., sterile water for injection, SWFI) to a final volume of at least about 5.6 mL. 
     III.F. Containers and Delivery Devices 
     Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a vial comprising a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some aspects, the vial comprises a unit dose of the pharmaceutical composition. In some aspects, the vial comprises (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In some aspects, the vial does not comprise a hyaluronidase. 
     In some aspects, the vial is a syringe. Any syringe can be used in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. In some aspects, the syringe comprises one or more mechanical element that improves subcutaneous administration. 
     In some aspects, the vial is an autoinjector. Typically, an autoinjector works by the patient actuating the needle and subsequent flow of medication solely through the application of pressure on the injection site. The pressure causes the actuation of a needle shield, which engages the needle and causes the device to inject the drug. Accordingly, some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an autoinjector comprising (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In some aspects, the autoinjector does not comprise a hyaluronidase. 
     In some aspects, the vial is a pen injector. Standard pen injectors require the patient to activate a push-button, which actuates the needle into the targeted injection site. Accordingly, some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an injection pen comprising (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In some aspects, the injection pen does not comprise a hyaluronidase. 
     In some aspects, the vial is a wearable pump or a wearable device. In some aspects, the wearable pump is a patch pump. Accordingly, some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a wearable pump comprising (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In some aspects, the wearable pump does not comprise a hyaluronidase. 
     Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an autoinjector comprising (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the vial is a pen injector. Standard pen injectors require the patient to activate a push-button, which actuates the needle into the targeted injection site. Accordingly, some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an injection pen comprising (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the vial is a wearable pump or a wearable device. In some aspects, the wearable pump is a patch pump. Accordingly, some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a wearable pump comprising (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM L-histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 0.0182 mg/mL rHuPH20. 
     III.G. Additional Therapeutic Agents 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a second therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-PD-1 antibody and an additional therapeutic agent, or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and an additional therapeutic agent). In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a third therapeutica agent. The additional therapeutic agent can comprise any therapy for the treatment of a tumor in a subject and/or any standard-of-care therapy, as disclosed herein. In some aspects, the additional therapeutic agent comprises a second antibody. In some aspects, the additional therapeutic agent comprises an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM3, NKG2a, OX40, ICOS, MICA, CD137, KIR, TGFβ, IL-10, IL-8, B7-H4, Fas ligand, CXCR4, mesothelin, CD27, GITR, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the second therapeutic agent, the third therapeutic agent, or both comprises IL-2 (e.g., bempegaldesleukin). In some aspects, the second therapeutic agent, the third therapeutic agent, or both comprises IL 12-Fc (e.g., BMS-986415). 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody. In some aspects, the antibody is a bispecific antibody. In some aspects, the antibody is a trispecific antibody. In some aspects, the antibody specifically binds (i) PD-1 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody specifically binds (i) PD-1, (ii) a second antigen, and (iii) a third antigen. In some aspects, the antibody specifically binds (i) PD-L1 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody specifically binds (i) PD-L1 (ii) a second antigen, and (iii) a third antigen. In some aspects, the second antigen and third antigen are the same. In some aspects, the second antigen and third antigen are different. In some aspects, the second antigen is CD3. 
     In some aspects, the antibody specifically binds (i) TIGIT and (ii) an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells, NK cells, or both. In some aspects, the antibody specifically binds (i) CD40 and (ii) CD20. 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. The anti-CTLA-4 antibody can be any antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds CTLA-4 and inhibits its activity. In some aspects, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is any anti-CTLA-4 antibody disclosed herein. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises tremelimumab. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises ipilimumab. 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-LAG3 antibody. The anti-LAG3 antibody can be any antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds LAG-3 and inhibits its activity. In some aspects, the anti-LAG3 antibody comprises any anti-LAG3 antibody disclosed herein. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises 25F7. 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-CD137 antibody. The anti-CD137 antibody can be any antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds CD137 and inhibits its activity. In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody comprises any anti-CD137 antibody disclosed herein. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises urelumab. 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-KIR antibody. The anti-KIR antibody comprises any antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds KIR and inhibits its activity. In some aspects, the anti-KIR antibody comprises any anti-KIR antibody disclosed herein. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises lirilumab. 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-GITR antibody. The anti-GITR antibody can be any antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds GITR and inhibits its activity. In some aspects, the anti-GITR antibody comprises any anti-GITR antibody disclosed herein. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises MK4166. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises TRX518. 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-CD96 antibody. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-TIM3 antibody. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-VISTA antibody. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-NKG2a antibody. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-ICOS antibody. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-OX40 antibody. In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-IL8 antibody, such as HuMax®-IL8 (BMS-986253). 
     III.G.1. Anti-CTLA-4 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies that are known in the art can be used in the compositions and methods of the present disclosure. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies of the instant invention bind to human CTLA-4 so as to disrupt the interaction of CTLA-4 with a human B7 receptor. Because the interaction of CTLA-4 with B7 transduces a signal leading to inactivation of T-cells bearing the CTLA-4 receptor, disruption of the interaction effectively induces, enhances or prolongs the activation of such T cells, thereby inducing, enhancing or prolonging an immune response. 
     Human monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to CTLA-4 with high affinity have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,720. Other anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,977,318, 6,051,227, 6,682,736, and 7,034,121 and International Publication Nos. WO 2012/122444, WO 2007/113648, WO 2016/196237, and WO 2000/037504, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The anti-CTLA-4 human monoclonal antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,720 have been demonstrated to exhibit one or more of the following characteristics: (a) binds specifically to human CTLA-4 with a binding affinity reflected by an equilibrium association constant (K a ) of at least about 10 7  M −1 , or about 10 9  M −1 , or about 10 10  M −1  to 10 11  M −1  or higher, as determined by Biacore analysis; (b) a kinetic association constant (k a ) of at least about 10 3 , about 10 4 , or about 10 5  m −1  s −1 ; (c) a kinetic disassociation constant (k d ) of at least about 10 3 , about 10 4 , or about 10 5  m −1  s −1 ; and (d) inhibits the binding of CTLA-4 to B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86). Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies useful for the present invention include monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to human CTLA-4 and exhibit at least one, at least two, or at least three of the preceding characteristics. 
     In certain aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is selected from the group consisting of ipilimumab (also known as YERVOY®, MDX-010, 10D1; see U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,720), MK-1308 (Merck), AGEN-1884 (Agenus Inc.; see WO 2016/196237), and tremelimumab (AstraZeneca; also known as ticilimumab, CP-675,206; see WO 2000/037504 and Ribas,  Update Cancer Ther.  2(3): 133-39 (2007)). In particular aspects, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab. 
     In particular aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab for use in the compositions and methods disclosed herein. Ipilimumab is a fully human, IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of CTLA-4 to its B7 ligands, thereby stimulating T cell activation and improving overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced melanoma. 
     In particular aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is tremelimumab. In particular aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is MK-1308. In particular aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is AGEN-1884. 
     In some aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is nonfucosylated or hypofucosylated. In some aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody exhibits enhanced ADCC and/or ADCP activity. In some aspects, the CTLA-4 antibody is BMS-986218, as described in PCT/US18/19868. 
     Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies usable in the disclosed compositions and methods also include isolated antibodies that bind specifically to human CTLA-4 and cross-compete for binding to human CTLA-4 with any anti-CTLA-4 antibody disclosed herein, e.g., ipilimumab and/or tremelimumab. In some aspects, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody binds the same epitope as any of the anti-CTLA-4 antibodies described herein, e.g., ipilimumab and/or tremelimumab. The ability of antibodies to cross-compete for binding to an antigen indicates that these antibodies bind to the same epitope region of the antigen and sterically hinder the binding of other cross-competing antibodies to that particular epitope region. These cross-competing antibodies are expected to have functional properties very similar those of the reference antibody, e.g., ipilimumab and/or tremelimumab, by virtue of their binding to the same epitope region of CTLA-4. Cross-competing antibodies can be readily identified based on their ability to cross-compete with ipilimumab and/or tremelimumab in standard CTLA-4 binding assays such as Biacore analysis, ELISA assays or flow cytometry (see. e.g., WO 2013/173223). 
     In certain aspects, the antibodies that cross-compete for binding to human CTLA-4 with, or bind to the same epitope region of human CTLA-4 antibody as, ipilimumab and/or tremelimumab, are monoclonal antibodies. For administration to human subjects, these cross-competing antibodies are chimeric antibodies, engineered antibodies, or humanized or human antibodies. Such chimeric, engineered, humanized or human monoclonal antibodies can be prepared and isolated by methods well known in the art. 
     Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies usable in the compositions and methods of the disclosed invention also include antigen-binding portions of the above antibodies. It has been amply demonstrated that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. 
     In some aspects, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CTLA-4 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies suitable for use in the disclosed methods or compositions are antibodies that bind to CTLA-4 with high specificity and affinity, block the activity of CTLA-4, and disrupt the interaction of CTLA-4 with a human B7 receptor. In any of the compositions or methods disclosed herein, an anti-CTLA-4 “antibody” includes an antigen-binding portion or fragment that binds to CTLA-4 and exhibits the functional properties similar to those of whole antibodies in inhibiting the interaction of CTLA-4 with a human B7 receptor and up-regulating the immune system. In certain aspects, the anti-CTLA-4 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes with ipilimumab and/or tremelimumab for binding to human CTLA-4. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CTLA-4 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CTLA-4 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.2. Anti-LAG-3 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-LAG-3 antibody, e.g., relatlimab. Anti-LAG-3 antibodies of the instant disclosure bind to human LAG-3. Antibodies that bind to LAG-3 have been disclosed in Int&#39;l Publ. No. WO/2015/042246 and U.S. Publ. Nos. 2014/0093511 and 2011/0150892, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     An exemplary LAG-3 antibody useful in the present disclosure is 25F7 (described in U.S. Publ. No. 2011/0150892). An additional exemplary LAG-3 antibody useful in the present disclosure is BMS-986016 (relatlimab). In some aspects, an anti-LAG-3 antibody useful in the present disclosure cross-competes with 25F7 or BMS-986016. In some aspects, an anti-LAG-3 antibody useful in the present disclosure binds to the same epitope as 25F7 or BMS-986016. In some aspects, an anti-LAG-3 antibody comprises six CDRs of 25F7 or BMS-986016. 
     Other art-recognized anti-LAG-3 antibodies that can be used in the methods and/or compositions of the disclosure include IMP731 (H5L7BW) described in US 2011/007023, MK-4280 (28G-10, favezelimab) described in WO2016028672 and U.S. Publication No. 2020/0055938, REGN3767 (fianlimab) described in Burova E, et al., J. Immunother. Cancer (2016); 4(Supp. 1):P195 and U.S. Pat. No. 10,358,495, humanized BAP050 described in WO2017/019894, GSK2831781, IMP-701 (LAG525; ieramilimab) described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,711,060 and U.S. Publ. No. 2020/0172617, aLAG3(0414), aLAG3(0416), Sym022, TSR-033, TSR-075, XmAb841 (previously XmAb22841), MGD013 (tebotelimab), BI754111, FS118, P 13B02-30, AVA-017, AGEN1746, R07247669, INCAGN02385, IBI-110, EMB-02, IBI-323, LBL-007, and ABL501. These and other anti-LAG-3 antibodies useful in the claimed invention can be found in, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 10,188,730, WO 2016/028672, WO 2017/106129, WO2017/062888, WO2009/044273, WO2018/069500, WO2016/126858, WO2014/179664, WO2016/200782, WO2015/200119, WO2017/019846, WO2017/198741, WO2017/220555, WO2017/220569, WO2018/071500, WO2017/015560, WO2017/025498, WO2017/087589, WO2017/087901, WO2018/083087, WO2017/149143, WO2017/219995, US2017/0260271, WO2017/086367, WO2017/086419, WO2018/034227, WO2018/185046, WO2018/185043, WO2018/217940, WO19/011306, WO2018/208868, WO2014/140180, WO2018/201096, WO2018/204374, and WO2019/018730. The contents of each of these references are incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
     Anti-LAG-3 antibodies that can be used in the methods and/or compositions of the disclosure also include isolated antibodies that bind specifically to human LAG-3 and cross-compete for binding to human LAG-3 with any anti-LAG-3 antibody disclosed herein, e.g., relatlimab. In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody binds the same epitope as any of the anti-LAG-3 antibodies described herein, e.g., relatlimab. 
     In some aspects, the antibodies that cross-compete for binding to human LAG-3 with, or bind to the same epitope region as, any anti-LAG-3 antibody disclosed herein, e.g., relatlimab, are monoclonal antibodies. For administration to human subjects, these cross-competing antibodies are chimeric antibodies, engineered antibodies, or humanized or human antibodies. Such chimeric, engineered, humanized or human monoclonal antibodies can be prepared and isolated by methods well known in the art. 
     The ability of antibodies to cross-compete for binding to an antigen indicates that the antibodies bind to the same epitope region of the antigen and sterically hinder the binding of other cross-competing antibodies to that particular epitope region. These cross-competing antibodies are expected to have functional properties very similar those of the reference antibody, e.g., relatlimab, by virtue of their binding to the same epitope region. Cross-competing antibodies can be readily identified based on their ability to cross-compete in standard binding assays such as Biacore analysis, ELISA assays or flow cytometry (see, e.g., WO 2013/173223). 
     Anti-LAG-3 antibodies that can be used in the methods and/or compositions of the disclosure also include antigen-binding portions of any of the above full-length antibodies. It has been amply demonstrated that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody. 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is a full-length antibody. 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is a monoclonal, human, humanized, chimeric, or multispecific antibody. In some aspects, the multispecific antibody is a dual-affinity re-targeting antibody (DART), a DVD-Ig, or bispecific antibody. 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is a F(ab′)2 fragment, a Fab′ fragment, a Fab fragment, a Fv fragment, a scFv fragment, a dsFv fragment, a dAb fragment, or a single chain binding polypeptide. 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is BMS-986016 (relatlimab), IMP731 (H5L7BW), MK4280 (28G-10, favezelimab), REGN3767 (fianlimab), GSK2831781, humanized BAP050, IMP-701 (LAG525, ieramilimab), aLAG3(0414), aLAG3(0416), Sym022, TSR-033, TSR-075, XmAb841 (XmAb22841), MGD013 (tebotelimab), BI754111, FS 118, P 13B02-30, AVA-017, 25F7, AGEN1746, R07247669, INCAGN02385, IBI-110, EMB-02, IBI-323, LBL-007, ABL501, or comprises an antigen binding portion thereof. 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is relatlimab. 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is MGD013 (tebotelimab), which is a bispecific PD-1×LAG-3 DART. 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is REGN3767 (fianlimab). 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is LAG525 (ieramilimab). 
     In some aspects, the anti-LAG-3 antibody is MK4280 (favezelimab). 
     In some aspects, an anti-LAG-3 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-LAG-3 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) relatlimab. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-LAG-3 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) relatlimab; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-LAG-3 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) relatlimab. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-LAG-3 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) relatlimab; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     An exemplary LAG-3 antibody useful in the present disclosure is 25F7 (described in U.S. Publ. No. 2011/0150892). An additional exemplary LAG-3 antibody useful in the present disclosure is BMS-986016. In one aspect, an anti-LAG-3 antibody useful for the composition cross-competes with 25F7 or BMS-986016. In another aspect, an anti-LAG-3 antibody useful for the composition binds to the same epitope as 25F7 or BMS-986016. In other aspects, an anti-LAG-3 antibody comprises six CDRs of 25F7 or BMS-986016. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) LAG-3 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) LAG-3 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.3. Anti-CD137 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-CD137 antibody. Anti-CD137 antibodies specifically bind to and activate CD137-expressing immune cells, stimulating an immune response, in particular a cytotoxic T cell response, against tumor cells. Antibodies that bind to CD137 have been disclosed in U.S. Publ. No. 2005/0095244 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,288,638, 6,887,673, 7,214,493, 6,303,121, 6,569,997, 6,905,685, 6,355,476, 6,362,325, 6,974,863, and 6,210,669. 
     In some aspects, an anti-CD137 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CD137 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CD137 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CD137 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CD137 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody is urelumab (BMS-663513), described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,638 (20H4.9-IgG4 [10C7 or BMS-663513]). In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody is BMS-663031 (20H4.9-IgG1), described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,288,638. In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody is 4E9 or BMS-554271, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,673. In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody is an antibody disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,214,493; 6,303,121; 6,569,997; 6,905,685; or 6,355,476. In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody is 1D8 or BMS-469492; 3H3 or BMS-469497; or 3E1, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,362,325. In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody is an antibody disclosed in issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,974,863 (such as 53A2). In some aspects, the anti-CD137 antibody is an antibody disclosed in issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,669 (such as 1D8, 3B8, or 3E1). In some aspects, the antibody is Pfizer&#39;s PF-05082566 (PF-2566). In other aspects, an anti-CD137 antibody useful for the invention cross-competes with the anti-CD137 antibodies disclosed herein. In some aspects, an anti-CD137 antibody binds to the same epitope as the anti-CD137 antibody disclosed herein. In other aspects, an anti-CD137 antibody useful in the disclosure comprises six CDRs of the anti-CD137 antibodies disclosed herein. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CD137 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CD137 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.4. Anti-KIR Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-KIR3 antibody. Antibodies that bind specifically to KIR block the interaction between Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) on NK cells with their ligands. Blocking these receptors facilitates activation of NK cells and, potentially, destruction of tumor cells by the latter. Examples of anti-KIR antibodies have been disclosed in Int&#39;l Publ. Nos. WO/2014/055648, WO 2005/003168, WO 2005/009465, WO 2006/072625, WO 2006/072626, WO 2007/042573, WO 2008/084106, WO 2010/065939, WO 2012/071411 and WO/2012/160448. 
     In some aspects, an anti-KIR antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-KIR antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-KIR antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-KIR antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-KIR antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     One anti-KIR antibody useful in the present disclosure is lirilumab (also referred to as BMS-986015, IPH2102, or the S241P variant of 1-7F9), first described in Int&#39;l Publ. No. WO 2008/084106. An additional anti-KIR antibody useful in the present disclosure is 1-7F9 (also referred to as IPH2101), described in Int&#39;l Publ. No. WO 2006/003179. In one aspect, an anti-KIR antibody for the present composition cross competes for binding to KIR with lirilumab or I-7F9. In another aspect, an anti-KIR antibody binds to the same epitope as lirilumab or I-7F9. In other aspects, an anti-KIR antibody comprises six CDRs of lirilumab or I-7F9. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) KIR and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) KIR and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.5. Anti-GITR Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-GITR antibody. Anti-GITR antibodies comprises any anti-GITR antibody that binds specifically to human GITR target and activates the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR). GITR is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily that is expressed on the surface of multiple types of immune cells, including regulatory T cells, effector T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and activated dendritic cells (“anti-GITR agonist antibodies”). Specifically, GITR activation increases the proliferation and function of effector T cells, as well as abrogating the suppression induced by activated T regulatory cells. In addition, GITR stimulation promotes anti-tumor immunity by increasing the activity of other immune cells such as NK cells, antigen presenting cells, and B cells. Examples of anti-GITR antibodies have been disclosed in Int&#39;l Publ. Nos. WO/2015/031667, WO2015/184,099, WO2015/026,684, WO11/028683 and WO/2006/105021, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,812,135 and 8,388,967 and U.S. Publ. Nos. 2009/0136494, 2014/0220002, 2013/0183321 and 2014/0348841. 
     In some aspects, an anti-GITR antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-GITR antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-GITR antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-GITR antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-GITR antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In one aspect, an anti-GITR antibody useful in the present disclosure is TRX518 (described in, for example, Schaer et al.  Curr Opin Immunol . (2012) April; 24(2): 217-224, and WO/2006/105021). In another aspect, the anti-GITR antibody is selected from MK4166, MK1248, and antibodies described in WO11/028683 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,709,424, and comprising, e.g., a VH chain comprising SEQ ID NO: 104 and a VL chain comprising SEQ ID NO: 105 (wherein the SEQ ID NOs are from WO11/028683 or U.S. Pat. No. 8,709,424). In certain aspects, an anti-GITR antibody is an anti-GITR antibody that is disclosed in WO2015/031667, e.g., an antibody comprising VH CDRs 1-3 comprising SEQ ID NOs: 31, 71 and 63 of WO2015/031667, respectively, and VL CDRs 1-3 comprising SEQ ID NOs: 5, 14 and 30 of WO2015/031667. In certain aspects, an anti-GITR antibody is an anti-GITR antibody that is disclosed in WO2015/184099, e.g., antibody Hum231 #1 or Hum231 #2, or the CDRs thereof, or a derivative thereof (e.g., pab1967, pab1975 or pab1979). In certain aspects, an anti-GITR antibody is an anti-GITR antibody that is disclosed in JP2008278814, WO09/009116, WO2013/039954, US20140072566, US20140072565, US20140065152, or WO2015/026684, or is INBRX-110 (INHIBRx), LKZ-145 (Novartis), or MEDI-1873 (MedImmune). In certain aspects, an anti-GITR antibody is an anti-GITR antibody that is described in PCT/US2015/033991 (e.g., an antibody comprising the variable regions of 28F3, 18E10 or 19D3). 
     In certain aspects, the anti-GITR antibody cross-competes with an anti-GITR antibody described herein, e.g., TRX518, MK4166 or an antibody comprising a VH domain and a VL domain amino acid sequence described herein. In some aspects, the anti-GITR antibody binds the same epitope as that of an anti-GITR antibody described herein, e.g., TRX518, MK4166 or an antibody comprising a VH domain and a VL domain amino acid sequence described herein. In certain aspects, the anti-GITR antibody comprises the six CDRs of TRX518, MK4166 or those of an antibody comprising a VH domain and a VL domain amino acid sequence described herein. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) GITR and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) GITR and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.6. Anti-TIM3 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-TIM3 antibody. In some aspects, the anti-TIM3 antibody comprises selected from the anti-TIM3 antibodies disclosed in Int&#39;l Publ. Nos. WO2018013818, WO/2015/117002 (e.g., MGB453, Novartis), WO/2016/161270 (e.g., TSR-022, Tesaro/AnaptysBio), WO2011155607, WO2016/144803 (e.g., STI-600, Sorrento Therapeutics), WO2016/071448, WO17055399; WO17055404, WO17178493, WO18036561, WO18039020 (e.g., Ly-3221367, Eli Lilly), WO2017205721, WO17079112; WO17079115; WO17079116, WO11159877, WO13006490, WO2016068802, WO2016068803, WO2016/111947, WO/2017/031242. 
     In some aspects, an anti-TIM3 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-TIM3 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-TIM3 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-TIM3 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-TIM3 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) TIM-3 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) TIM-3 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.7. Anti-OX40 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-OX40 (also known as CD134, TNFRSF4, ACT35 and/or TXGP1L) antibody. In some aspects, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises BMS-986178 (Bristol-Myers Squibb Company), described in Int&#39;l Publ. No. WO20160196228. In some aspects, the anti-OX40 antibody comprises selected from the anti-OX40 antibodies described in Int&#39;l Publ. Nos. WO95012673, WO199942585, WO14148895, WO15153513, WO15153514, WO13038191, WO16057667, WO03106498, WO12027328, WO13028231, WO16200836, WO 17063162, WO17134292, WO 17096179, WO 17096281, and WO 17096182. 
     In some aspects, an anti-OX40 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-OX40 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-OX40 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-OX40 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-OX40 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) OX40 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) OX40 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.8. Anti-NKG2A Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-NKG2A antibody. NKG2A is a member of the C-type lectin receptor family that is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and a subset of T lymphocytes. Specifically, NKG2A primarily expressed on tumor infiltrating innate immune effector NK cells, as well as on some CD8+ T cells. Its natural ligand human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) is expressed on solid and hematologic tumors. NKG2A is an inhibitory receptor that blinds HLA-E. 
     In some aspects, an anti-NKG2A antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-NKG2A antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-NKG2A antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-NKG2A antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-NKG2A antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the anti-NKG2A antibody comprises BMS-986315, a human monoclonal antibody that blocks the interaction of NKG2A to its ligand HLA-E, thus allowing activation of an anti-tumor immune response. In some aspects, the anti-NKG2A antibody comprises a checkpoint inhibitor that activates T cells, NK cells, and/or tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In some aspects, the anti-NKG2A antibody comprises selected from the anti-NKG2A antibodies described in, for example, WO 2006/070286 (Innate Pharma S.A.; University of Genova); U.S. Pat. No. 8,993,319 (Innate Pharma S.A.; University of Genova); WO 2007/042573 (Innate Pharma S/A; Novo Nordisk A/S; University of Genova); U.S. Pat. No. 9,447,185 (Innate Pharma S/A; Novo Nordisk A/S; University of Genova); WO 2008/009545 (Novo Nordisk A/S); U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,206,709; 8,901,283; 9,683,041 (Novo Nordisk A/S); WO 2009/092805 (Novo Nordisk A/S); U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,796,427 and 9,422,368 (Novo Nordisk A/S); WO 2016/134371 (Ohio State Innovation Foundation); WO 2016/032334 (Janssen); WO 2016/041947 (Innate); WO 2016/041945 (Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden H.O.D.N. LUMC); WO 2016/041947 (Innate Pharma); and WO 2016/041945 (Innate Pharma). 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) NKG2A and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) NKG2A and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.9. Anti-ICOS Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-ICOS antibody. ICOS is an immune checkpoint protein that is a member of the CD28-superfamily. ICOS is a 55-60 kDa type I transmembrane protein that is expressed on T cells after T cell activation and co-stimulates T-cell activation after binding its ligand, ICOS-L (B7H2). ICOS is also known as inducible T-cell co-stimulator, CVID1, AILIM, inducible costimulator, CD278, activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule, and CD278 antigen. 
     In some aspects, an anti-ICOS antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-ICOS antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-ICOS antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-ICOS antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-ICOS antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises BMS-986226, a humanized IgG monoclonal antibody that binds to and stimulates human ICOS. In some aspects, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises selected from anti-ICOS antibodies described in, for example, WO 2016/154177 (Jounce Therapeutics, Inc.), WO 2008/137915 (MedImmune), WO 2012/131004 (INSERM, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), EP3147297 (INSERM, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), WO 2011/041613 (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center), EP 2482849 (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center), WO 1999/15553 (Robert Koch Institute), U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,259,247 and 7,722,872 (Robert Kotch Institute); WO 1998/038216 (Japan Tobacco Inc.), U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,045,615; 7,112,655, and 8,389,690 (Japan Tobacco Inc.), U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,738,718 and 9,771,424 (GlaxoSmithKline), and WO 2017/220988 (Kymab Limited). 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) ICOS and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) ICOS and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.10. Anti-TIGIT Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-TIGIT antibody. In some aspects, the anti-TIGIT antibody comprises BMS-986207. In some aspects, the anti-TIGIT antibody comprises clone 22G2, as described in WO 2016/106302. In some aspects, the anti-TIGIT antibody comprises MTIG7192A/RG6058/RO7092284, or clone 4.1D3, as described in WO 2017/053748. In some aspects, the anti-TIGIT antibody comprises selected from the anti-TIGIT antibodies described in, for example, WO 2016/106302 (Bristol-Myers Squibb Company) and WO 2017/053748 (Genentech). 
     In some aspects, an anti-TIGIT antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-TIGIT antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-TIGIT antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-TIM3 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-TIGIT antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) TIGIT and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody comprises a TIGIT bispecific antibody, which specifically binds (i) TIGIT; and (ii) an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells, NK cells, or both T cells and NK cells. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) TIGIT and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.11. Anti-IL-12 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-IL-12 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-IL-12 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-IL-12 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-IL-12 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-IL-12 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-IL-12 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-IL-12 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-IL-12 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) IL-12 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) IL-12 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.12. Anti-IL-13 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-IL-13 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-IL-13 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-IL-13 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-IL-13 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-IL-13 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-IL-13 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-IL-13 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-IL-13 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) IL-13 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) IL-13 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.13. Anti-IL-15 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-IL-15 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-IL-15 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-IL-15 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-IL-15 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-IL-15 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-IL-15 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-IL-15 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-IL-15 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) IL-15 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) IL-15 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.14. Anti-SIRPalpha Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-SIRPalpha antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-SIRPalpha antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-SIRPalpha antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-SIRPalpha antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-SIRPalpha antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-SIRPalpha antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-SIRPalpha antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-SIRPalpha antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) SIRPalpha and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) SIRPalpha and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.15. Anti-CD47 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-CD47 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-CD47 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-CD47 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-CD47 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CD47 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CD47 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CD47 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CD47 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CD47 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CD47 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.16. Anti-CCR8 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-CCR8 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-CCR8 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-CCR8 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-CCR8 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CCR8 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CCR8 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-CCR8 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-CCR8 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CCR8 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) CCR8 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.17. Anti-MICA Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-MICA antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-MICA antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-MICA antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-MICA antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-MICA antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-MICA antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-MICA antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-MICA antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) MICA and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) MICA and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.18. Anti-ILT4 Antibodies 
     In some aspects, the second antibody comprises an anti-ILT4 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-ILT4 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; and (f) about 5 mM methionine. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) an anti-ILT4 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, an anti-ILT4 antibody can be formulated together with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any one of formulations disclosed herein as a single formulation. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-ILT4 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of the anti-PD-1 antibody; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-ILT4 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; and (g) an anti-ILT4 antibody. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) about 150 mg/mL of nivolumab; (b) about 20 mM histidine; (c) about 250 mM sucrose; (d) about 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80; (e) about 50 μM pentetic acid; (f) about 5 mM methionine; (g) an anti-ILT4 antibody; and (h) about 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) ILT4 and (ii) a second antigen. In some aspects, the antibody is a multispecific antibody, e.g., a bispecific antibody, that specifically (i) ILT4 and (ii) CD3. 
     III.G.19. Additional Anti-Cancer Agents 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-IL-10 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) a long-acting IL-10 molecule. In some aspects, the long-acting IL-10 molecule comprises an IL-10-Fc fusion molecule. In some aspects, the long-acting IL-10 molecule comprises a Pegylated IL-10, such as AM0010 (ARMO BioSciences). 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-IL-2 antibody. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) a long-acting IL-2 molecule. In some aspects, the long-acting IL-2 comprises a Pegylated IL-2, such as NKTR-214 (Nektar; see U.S. Pat. No. 8,252,275, WO12/065086 and WO15/125159). 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-VISTA antibody. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-CD96 antibody. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-IL-8 antibody, e.g., with HuMax®-IL8. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-TGFβ antibody. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-B7-H4 antibody. In certain aspects, the anti-B7-H4 antibody is an anti-B7-H4 disclosed in Int&#39;l Publ. No. WO/2009/073533. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-Fas ligand antibody. In certain aspects, the anti-Fas ligand antibody is an anti-Fas ligand disclosed in Int&#39;l Publ. No. WO/2009/073533. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-CXCR4 antibody. In certain aspects, the anti-CXCR4 antibody is an anti-CXCR4 disclosed in U.S. Publ. No. 2014/0322208 (e.g., Ulocuplumab (BMS-936564)). 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-mesothelin antibody. In certain aspects, the anti-mesothelin antibody is an anti-mesothelin disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,399,623. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-HER2 antibody. In certain aspects, the anti-HER2 antibody is Herceptin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,337), trastuzumab, or ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla, e.g., WO/2001/000244). 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-CD27 antibody. In some aspects, the anti-CD-27 antibody is Varlilumab (also known as “CDX-1127” and “1F5”), which is a human IgG1 antibody that is an agonist for human CD27, as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,169,325. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-CD73 antibody. In certain aspects, the anti-CD73 antibody is CD73.4.IgG2C219S.IgG1.1f. 
     In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein comprises (i) an anti-PD-1 or an anti-PD-L1 antibody and (ii) an anti-MICA/B antibody. In certain aspects, the anti-MICA/B antibody is any antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds human MICA/B, including but not limited to, any anti-MICA/B antibody disclosed in International Publication No. WO 2019/183551, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     All of the references cited above, as well as all references cited herein, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
     The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1—Subcutaneous Injection Formulation Development 
     The present example discusses the development of a stable, robust subcutaneous (SC) formulation of nivolumab and a manufacturing process suitable for commercial scale production. As a part of the formulation studies, the effects of various different pharmaceutically acceptable excipients on the stability of nivolumab were evaluated. Studies were also undertaken to select processing and packaging components compatible with the selected formulation. In addition, use time studies were conducted to support administration of the drug product via subcutaneous injection. 
     The objectives of these studies conducted for the development of nivolumab SC injection include: 1. identification and development of a stable injectable formulation for nivolumab SC injection that would be suitable for clinical use and eventual commercialization; 2. identification of manufacturing equipment and packaging components that are compatible with nivolumab SC injection; 3. development and optimization of the process used for manufacture of the drug product; 4. manufacture of three batches of nivolumab SC injection for use in long-term stability studies and Phase 3 clinical trials; and 5. transfer of technology for product manufacture to a commercial production facility and manufacture PPQ batches. 
     Formulation Development 
     Selection of Buffer System and pH 
     Previous studies related to the development of an intravenous (IV) formulation for nivolumab evaluated protein stability as a function of solution pH using capillary differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which measures the thermodynamics of protein unfolding; and further evaluated the physical stability of nivolumab in buffers that would be appropriate for formulation at pH 6.0 and 7.0. Based on the results of the two studies, 20 mM citrate buffer at pH 6.0 was selected for the IV formulation of nivolumab. 
     Although citrate proved to be a suitable buffer for the IV nivolumab drug product, citrate would not be a preferred buffer for a subcutaneously administered product as, citrate buffer is known to cause stinging and burning upon SC administration. 
     In an effort to identify other buffers with a target pH of 6.0 suitable for use in an SC formulation, a study was conducted to examine the stability of high concentration (100 mg/mL) nivolumab in a 20 mM histidine buffered formulation at pH values ranging from 5.5 to 6.5. Stability data for samples stored at the stress condition of 40° C. are presented in Table 2. Although rate of formation of high molecular weight species was relatively consistent across the pH range, after two months of storage at 40° C., the level of HMWS was lowest in the pH 6.0 samples. It was also observed that the main peak area by iCIEF was highest for the samples at pH 6.0. Based on the results of these studies, 20 mM histidine buffer at a target pH of 6.0, was selected for the formulation of nivolumab SC injection. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Solution pH on the Stability Nivolumab SC Injection Stored for 2 Months 
               
               
                 at 40° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Subvisible Particulate 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                 Main Peak 
                 Matter (Particles per 
               
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
                 Area % by 
                 Milliliter) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 pH 
                 (Months) 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 Area % 
                 Area % 
                 iCIEF 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5.5 
                 0 
                 5.51 
                 102 
                 0.65 
                 0.00 
                 67.0 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 5.49 
                 100 
                 1.38 
                 0.08 
                 48.9 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5.51 
                 99 
                 2.49 
                 0.17 
                 27.7 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 5.7 
                 0 
                 5.72 
                 101 
                 0.68 
                 0.00 
                 66.6 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 5.71 
                 99 
                 1.32 
                 0.07 
                 50.3 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5.73 
                 97 
                 2.29 
                 0.15 
                 29.6 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 6.0 
                 0 
                 5.96 
                 101 
                 0.72 
                 0.00 
                 66.1 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 5.97 
                 102 
                 1.34 
                 0.06 
                 49.7 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5.96 
                 103 
                 2.16 
                 0.12 
                 31.8 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 6.3 
                 0 
                 6.29 
                 102 
                 0.76 
                 0.00 
                 66.6 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 6.29 
                 100 
                 1.44 
                 0.05 
                 49.0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 6.31 
                 103 
                 2.19 
                 0.10 
                 30.5 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 0 
                 6.47 
                 102 
                 0.79 
                 0.00 
                 66.2 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 6.49 
                 101 
                 1.53 
                 0.05 
                 48.4 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 6.47 
                 102 
                 2.28 
                 0.10 
                 30.4 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Selection of Formulation Buffer Concentration 
     A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of histidine buffer concentration on the solution stability of nivolumab. Solution samples were prepared with nivolumab concentrations of 100 mg/mL at pH 6.0. Histidine concentrations were adjusted to 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM. Each formulation also contained 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/w polysorbate 80 and 50 μM pentetic acid. Samples were filled into 3-cc glass vials which were stored at the accelerated storage condition of 25° C. for up to 6 months. 
     Throughout the study, the appearance of all samples was clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow. Additional stability results are presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Across the three histidine concentrations, there were no changes in solution pH or protein concentration. Levels of high and low molecular weight species increased with time at the same approximate rate during the 6 months of storage. Subvisible particulate levels were low, with no apparent trends. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Histidine Concentration on the Stability of Nivolumab Stored for 6 Months at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Histidine 
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                 Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
               
                 Concentration 
                 Time 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
                 (Particles per Milliliter) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (mM) 
                 (Months) 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 10 mM 
                 0 
                 6.14 
                 101 
                 0.98 
                 0.07 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6.16 
                 101 
                 1.38 
                 0.09 
                 12 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 6.09 
                 100 
                 1.42 
                 0.08 
                 40 
                 0 
               
               
                 20 mM 
                 0 
                 6.10 
                 102 
                 0.94 
                 0.07 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6.11 
                 101 
                 1.16 
                 0.08 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 6.13 
                 102 
                 1.31 
                 0.10 
                 25 
                 0 
               
               
                 30 mM 
                 0 
                 6.12 
                 100 
                 0.91 
                 0.07 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6.11 
                 99 
                 1.04 
                 0.09 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 6.14 
                 101 
                 1.30 
                 0.08 
                 32 
                 2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 4 presents data for size variants by CE-SDS, both reduced and non-reduced. Over the 6 months of storage at the accelerated 25° C. condition, percent purity by both reduced and non-reduced CE-SDS was unchanged. Data for charge variants by iCIEF are also presented in Table 4. The level of acidic species for all 3 formulations increased by about 8% over the 6 months of storage at 25° C. The increase in acidic species was accompanied by an approximately equal decrease in main peak area. The level of basic species was little changed over the 6 month storage period. Based on the results of this study, a histidine buffer concentration of 20 mM was selected for the formulation of nivolumab SC injection. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Histidine Concentration on the Stability of Nivolumab Stored for 6 Months at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Histidine 
                   
                 Purity by CE-SDS 
                 iCIEF Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Concentration 
                 Time 
                 Reduced 
                 Non-Reduced 
                 Acidic Group 
                 Main Peak 
                 Basic Group 
               
               
                 (mM) 
                 (Months) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 10 mM 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 99.6 
                 30.2 
                 65.1 
                 4.6 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 100.0 
                 99.8 
                 34.9 
                 60.3 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 100.0 
                 99.7 
                 38.6 
                 55.9 
                 5.6 
               
               
                 20 mM 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 99.6 
                 30.5 
                 64.8 
                 4.7 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 100.0 
                 99.6 
                 34.4 
                 60.5 
                 5.1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 100.0 
                 99.7 
                 37.9 
                 57.5 
                 4.6 
               
               
                 30 mM 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 99.6 
                 30.4 
                 64.8 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 100.0 
                 99.7 
                 35.2 
                 60.2 
                 4.6 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 100.0 
                 99.8 
                 38.1 
                 57.5 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Selection of Tonicity Adjusting Agent 
     A study was performed to evaluate the effect of sucrose on the stability of nivolumiab in a high concentration protein formulation. Solutions were prepared with nivolumab concentrations of 100 mg/mL in 20 mM histidine buffer, pH 6.0, with sucrose concentrations ranging from 200 mM to 400 mM. Samples were monitored for up to 7 months at the accelerated condition of 25° C. The appearance of all samples remained clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow. Study results, presented in Table 5, show no changes in formulation pH or nivolumab concentration. The level of subvisible particulates for all samples was low, with no apparent trends. The rate of high and low molecular weight species formation was consistent across the range of sucrose concentrations evaluated in the study. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Sucrose Concentration on the Stability Nivolumab 
               
               
                 SC Injection Stored for 7 Months at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sucrose 
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                 Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
               
                 Concentration 
                 Time 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
                 (Particles per Milliliter) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (mM) 
                 (Months) 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 Area % 
                 Area % 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 200 
                 0 
                 5.98 
                 102 
                 0.65 
                 0.00 
                 2 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6.00 
                 101 
                 0.92 
                 0.00 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 6.02 
                 101 
                 1.02 
                 0.03 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                 250 
                 0 
                 5.97 
                 101 
                 0.65 
                 0.00 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6.01 
                 99 
                 0.92 
                 0.01 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 6.02 
                 99 
                 1.03 
                 0.03 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 330 
                 0 
                 5.98 
                 100 
                 0.65 
                 0.00 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6.04 
                 101 
                 0.90 
                 0.00 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 5.98 
                 99 
                 1.02 
                 0.03 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 400 
                 0 
                 5.97 
                 102 
                 0.65 
                 0.00 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 5.99 
                 101 
                 0.90 
                 0.00 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 6.01 
                 99 
                 1.01 
                 0.01 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the results of the stability study, a sucrose concentration of 250 mM (85.6 g/L) was selected as the tonicity adjusting agent for the nivolumab SC injection formulation. As presented in  FIG. 1 , both formulation viscosity and osmolality increase with increasing sucrose concentration. But based on the results in Table 5, the increase in sucrose concentration was found to have little impact on the quality attributes of the formulation. 
     Selection of Surfactant Concentration 
     Polysorbate 80, a non-ionic surfactant, was evaluated for use in the formulation. Four different concentrations of polysorbate 80, 0.01% w/v, 0.03% w/v, 0.05% w/v and 0.07% w/v, along with a polysorbate 80-free sample, were evaluated for their effect on the stability of nivolumab SC injection. In the initial screening part of the study, formulations were prepared and then subjected to six freeze-thaw cycles (−60° C. to 25° C.). Formulations were also vigorously agitated on a wrist-action shaker for 60 minutes in room temperature/room light. Numerous visible particles were observed in the polysorbate 80-free samples when exposed to either freeze-thaw or agitation. Although reduced in number, visible particles were also observed in the 0.01% w/v/polysorbate 80 samples exposed to freeze-thaw or agitation. No visible particles were observed in the samples containing polysorbate 80 concentrations of 0.03% w/v, 0.05% w/v or 0.07% w/v. Thus, it was concluded that for nivolumab SC injection, a polysorbate 80 concentration below 0.01% w/v was insufficient to prevent the formulation of visible particles due to the stresses of freeze-thaw or vigorous agitation. 
     In the second part of this study, the effect of polysorbate 80 concentration on the stability of nivolumab SC injection was examined. Samples with polysorbate 80 concentrations of 0.03% w/v, 0.05% w/v and 0.07% w/v were stored at the stress condition of 40° C. and stability was monitored for two months. There were no changes in solution appearance throughout the study period and as presented in Table 6, there were no changes in pH or protein concentration. The rate of formation of high and low molecular weight species was relatively comparable across the three polysorbate 80 concentrations. Subvisible particulate levels for all samples were low, with no apparent trends. Based on the results of this study, a target polysorbate 80 concentration of 0.05% w/v was selected for the formulation of nivolumab SC injection. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Polysorbate 80 Concentration on the Stability 
               
               
                 Nivolumab SC Injection Stored for 2 Months at 40° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Polysorbate 80 
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                 Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
               
                 Concentration 
                 Time 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
                 (Particles per Milliliter) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 (% w/v) 
                 (Months) 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 Area % 
                 Area % 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0.03 
                 0 
                 5.97 
                 118 
                 0.61 
                 0.05 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 5.99 
                 119 
                 2.09 
                 0.12 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5.98 
                 121 
                 4.26 
                 0.22 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                 0.05 
                 0 
                 5.98 
                 119 
                 0.61 
                 0.06 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 6.01 
                 120 
                 2.14 
                 0.13 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5.99 
                 120 
                 4.41 
                 0.24 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 0.07 
                 0 
                 5.97 
                 120 
                 0.61 
                 0.05 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 5.99 
                 120 
                 2.27 
                 0.13 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 6.01 
                 119 
                 4.70 
                 0.22 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Addition of a Metal Ion Chelator 
     EDTA and DTPA (pentetic acid) were evaluated as potential metal chelators to be incorporated into the formulation for nivolumab SC injection. A preliminary screening study was performed to compare the performance of EDTA versus pentetic acid when nivolumab containing samples were spiked with metal. In this study, a solution was prepared containing nivolumab at 10 mg/mL in 20 mM histidine with 260 mM sucrose at pH 6.0. The samples were spiked with metal to a concentration of 500 ppb iron, 15 ppb chromium, 15 ppb nickel, 30 ppb copper, 10 ppb molybdenum and 10 ppb manganese. Unspiked samples were also prepared to serve as controls. The following six formulations were prepared: 1. Formulation A: no metal spike, no EDTA or pentetic acid; 2. Formulation B: no metal spike, 50 μM pentetic acid; 3. Formulation C: no metal spike, 50 μM EDTA; and 4. Formulation D: metal spike, no EDTA or pentetic acid; 5. Formulation E: metal spike, 50 μM pentetic acid; and 6. Formulation F: metal spike, 50 μM EDTA. 
     Samples were placed at the stress condition of 40° C. and levels of HMWS and LMWS were monitored for up to 4 weeks. The data presented in Table 7 show the benefit of added metal ion chelator. For formulation D, where the sample was spiked with metal, but no added chelator, the level of HMWS increased from 0.27% to 7.07% and the level of LMWS increased from 0.12% to 0.32% over the 4 weeks of storage at 40° C. EDTA, at a concentration of 50 μM (Formulation F) was able to limit the increase in levels of HMWS and LMWS to 3.75% and 0.18%, respectively, for the metal spiked samples. The best performance for metal spiked samples however was observed with the 50 μM pentetic acid where the level of HMWS increased to only 0.55% and there was no change in the level of LMWS over the 4 week study period. Even the unspiked formulations A, B and C, showed the benefit of added metal ion chelator. With no added chelator, the level of HMWS increased from 0.27% to 1.94% and the level of LMWS increased from 0.12% to 0.17% over the 4 weeks of storage at 40° C. When 50 μM pentetic acid or 50 p EDTA was included in the formulation, the increases in HMWS were reduced, from 0.26% to 0.48% for pentetic acid and from 0.26% to 0.52% for EDTA. The levels of LMWS for the samples containing metal ion chelator were unchanged over the 4 week storage period. Based on the results of this study, pentetic acid was selected as the metal ion chelator for the nivolumab SC injection formulation. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of EDTA vs Pentetic Acid on the Stability of Nivolumab 
               
               
                 Stored for 4 Weeks at 40° C. After Spiking with Metal Ions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (Weeks) 
                 Area % 
                 Area % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulation A: No metal spike, 
                 0 
                 0.27 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 no EDTA or pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 0.50 
                 0.14 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 1.94 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 Formulation B: No metal spike, 
                 0 
                 0.26 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 50 μM pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 0.32 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.48 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 Formulation C: No metal spike, 
                 0 
                 0.26 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 50 μM EDTA 
                 2 
                 0.34 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.52 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 Formulation D: Metal spike, 
                 0 
                 0.27 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 no EDTA or pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 4.66 
                 0.33 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 7.07 
                 0.32 
               
               
                 Formulation E: Metal spike, 
                 0 
                 0.26 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 50 μM pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 0.34 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.55 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 Formulation F: Metal spike, 
                 0 
                 0.26 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 50 μM EDTA 
                 2 
                 1.23 
                 0.22 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 3.75 
                 0.18 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To further investigate the benefits of a metal ion chelator in preventing degradation that could potentially occur from the presence of trace metal ions, a second, more in-depth study was performed to evaluate the effect of pentetic acid on the stability of nivolumab SC injection. The formulation tested in this study was 120 mg/mL nivolumab in 20 mM histidine buffer, pH 6.0, with 250 mM sucrose and 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80. Solutions were spiked with a concentrated metal solution so that the total metal concentration in the metal spiked samples was 1.5 ppm (0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium and copper). As in the previous study, unspiked samples were also prepared to serve as controls. The following five formulations were prepared: 1. Formulation A: no metal spike, no pentetic acid; 2. Formulation B: no metal spike, 50 μM pentetic acid; 3. Formulation C: 1.5 ppm metal spike, no pentetic acid; 4. Formulation D: 1.5 ppm metal spike, 50 μM pentetic acid; and 5. Formulation E: 1.5 ppm metal spike, 100 μM pentetic acid. 
     Samples were filled into 3-cc glass vials that were stoppered and stored at the stress condition of 40° C. and stability was monitored for two months. There were no changes in solution appearance throughout the study period and as presented in Table 8, there were no changes in pH or protein concentration. Subvisible particulate levels for all samples were low, with no apparent trends. After 2 months of storage at 40° C., the level of HMWS and LMWS was the highest in Formulation C, the metal spiked solution without added pentetic acid. Lower and equal levels of HMWS and LMWS were observed in Formulations D and E, containing 50 μM and 100 μM pentetic acid, respectively. Results from the unspiked formulations A and B also showed the benefit of added pentetic acid. With no added chelator (formulation A), the level of HMWS increased from 0.61% to 4.34% and the level of LMWS increased from 0.05% to 0.25% over the 2 months of storage at 40° C. When 50 μM pentetic acid was included in the formulation (formulation B), the level of HMWS at the 2 month timepoint was only 2.97% and the level of LMWS at the 2 month timepoint was only 0.20%. Based on the results of this study, a target pentetic acid concentration of 50 μM was selected for the formulation of nivolumab SC injection. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Trace Metal Spiking and Pentetic Acid on the Stability 
               
               
                 Nivolumab SC Injection Stored for 2 Months at 40° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                 Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
                 (Particles per Milliliter) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation 
                 (Months) 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 Area % 
                 Area % 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation A: 
                 0 
                 5.92 
                 118 
                 0.61 
                 0.05 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 No metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.92 
                 117 
                 2.11 
                 0.12 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 No pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 5.91 
                 118 
                 4.34 
                 0.25 
                 11 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation B: 
                 0 
                 5.93 
                 117 
                 0.60 
                 0.05 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 No metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.92 
                 117 
                 1.67 
                 0.10 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                 50 μM pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 5.90 
                 117 
                 2.97 
                 0.20 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation C: 
                 0 
                 5.93 
                 116 
                 0.61 
                 0.06 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                 1.5 ppm metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.91 
                 118 
                 3.13 
                 0.17 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                 No pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 5.92 
                 119 
                 5.90 
                 0.30 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation D: 
                 0 
                 5.93 
                 116 
                 0.61 
                 0.06 
                 0 
                 1 
               
               
                 1.5 ppm metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.90 
                 119 
                 1.86 
                 0.11 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                 50 μM pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 5.91 
                 118 
                 3.39 
                 0.20 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation E: 
                 0 
                 5.92 
                 118 
                 0.62 
                 0.06 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 1.5 ppm metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.91 
                 117 
                 1.85 
                 0.11 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 100 μM pentetic acid 
                 2 
                 5.90 
                 118 
                 3.39 
                 0.20 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Selection of Protein Concentration 
     A number of experiments were conducted to aid in the selection of a target protein concentration for nivolumab SC injection. The formulation was found to be stable during handling, and ultrafiltration runs allowed for nivolumab concentrations as high as 200 mg/mL to be attained. However, it was found that viscosity increases rapidly at nivolumab concentrations greater than 150 mg/mL. 
     L-arginine is an amino acid that is known to lower solution viscosity. In order to evaluate the effect of arginine on formulation viscosity, a study was conducted where 75 mM arginine was added to a 140 mg/mL nivolumab SC formulation (in 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80, 50 μM pentetic acid, pH 6.0) and then concentrated using a 10 kDa membrane and a centrifuge. The effect of added arginine on formulation viscosity is shown in  FIG. 2 . At nivolumab concentrations greater than 100 mg/mL, 75 mM arginine causes a lowering of solution viscosity. For example, the viscosity of a 140 mg/mL nivolumab formulation at 20° C. without arginine was 13.3 cP, but with 75 mM arginine it was 9.1 cP. Viscosity measurements were made at 20° C. 
     A study was then conducted to evaluate the effect of 75 mM arginine on the stability of nivolumab SC injection (ELN A0C6F-023, ELN A259D-007). Small batches of nivolumab were prepared in 20 mM histidine pH 6.0, with 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate and 50 μM pentetic acid. Nivolumab concentrations were either 100 mg/mL or 140 mg/mL and solutions were prepared both with and without, 75 mM arginine. Typical stability data were generated for monitored quality attributes except that at the 3 month 40° C. timepoint, numerous small white visible particles were observed in the arginine containing formulations. No visible particles were observed in the formulations without arginine. Based on these stability results, it was decided that arginine would not be included in the formulation for nivolumab SC injection. 
     The target nivolumab concentration selected for nivolumab SC injection was 120 mg/mL. The formulation chosen for the FIH clinical trials was 20 mM histidine buffer at pH 6.0, with 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 and 50 μM pentetic acid. Drug substance is provided in the same formulation, but at a target concentration of 150 mg/mL with storage at −60° C. 
     Stability Data for Laboratory Scale Batches of Nivolumab SC Injection 
     Two lab scale batches of nivolumab SC injection were prepared and placed on stability. Both batches used the selected FIH formulation, 20 mM histidine buffer at pH 6.0, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 and 50 μM pentetic acid. In order to bracket the 120 mg/mL protein concentration that was selected for the FIH formulation, the nivolumab concentration for one batch was 100 mg/mL and for the other batch it was 140 mg/mL. The formulations were prepared and small aliquots were aseptically filtered into 3-cc Type I glass vials. The vials were stoppered, sealed and placed on station at 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C. At specified timepoints, samples were pulled from the stability station and tested for appearance, pH, protein concentration, size homogeneity by SE-HPLC, subvisible particulate matter by HIAC, charge variants by iCIEF and molecular size variants by CE-SDS (R&amp;NR). 
     The visual appearance for all samples at all timepoints was a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution. Additional stability data are provided in Tables 9 to 11. As shown in Table 9, for both the 100 mg/mL and the 140 mg/mL samples, there were no changes observed in pH or protein concentration throughout the study. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., the level of HMWS increased by 0.56% for the 100 mg/mL samples and by 0.73% for the 140 mg/mL samples. For the accelerated 25° C. condition, after 6 months of storage the level of HMWS increased by 0.88% for the 100 mg/mL samples and by 1.15% for the 140 mg/mL samples. At the 40° C. stress condition, the level of HMWS increased over 3 months of storage by 3.17% and 3.92% for the 100 mg/mL and the 140 mg/mL samples, respectively. The level of LMWS was little changed for samples stored at 5° C. and 25° C., but increased by about 0.2% for samples stored for 3 months at 40° C. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 100 mg/mL and 140 mg/mL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                 SE-HPLC 
                 SE-HPLC 
                 SE-HPLC 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Concentration 
                 HMWS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                   
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 6.14 
                 6.20 
                 100 
                 141 
                 0.69 
                 0.75 
                 99.19 
                 99.14 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 3 
                 6.20 
                 6.21 
                 102 
                 139 
                 0.89 
                 1.04 
                 99.00 
                 98.85 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 6.17 
                 6.17 
                 99 
                 133 
                 0.97 
                 1.16 
                 98.91 
                 98.72 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 6.14 
                 6.16 
                 101 
                 137 
                 1.19 
                 1.41 
                 98.69 
                 98.47 
                 0.12 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 6.16 
                 6.18 
                 98 
                 137 
                 1.25 
                 1.48 
                 98.61 
                 98.38 
                 0.14 
                 0.14 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 3 
                 6.19 
                 6.21 
                 104 
                 142 
                 1.30 
                 1.57 
                 98.57 
                 98.31 
                 0.13 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 6.18 
                 6.19 
                 101 
                 135 
                 1.57 
                 1.90 
                 98.29 
                 97.97 
                 0.14 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 6.18 
                 6.22 
                 98 
                 141 
                 1.29 
                 1.60 
                 98.59 
                 98.29 
                 0.12 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 6.20 
                 6.21 
                 101 
                 141 
                 3.86 
                 4.67 
                 95.86 
                 95.04 
                 0.28 
                 0.29 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 10 presents results for subvisible particulates and charge variants. The level of subvisible particulates for all samples at all timepoints was low and there were no apparent trends. The level of acidic species increased with time at all storage conditions. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., acidic species increased by 6.3% for the 100 mg/mL samples and by 5.8% for the 140 mg/(L samples. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, acidic species increased by 26.0% for the 100 mg/mL samples and by 23.8% for the 140 mg/mL samples. At the 40° C. stress condition, the level of acidic species increased over 3 months of storage by 44.9% and 43.9% for the 100 mg/mL and the 140 mg/mL samples, respectively. The increase in acidic species was accompanied by an approximately equal decrease in main peak area. For all samples, the level of basic species was little changed throughout the study period. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 100 mg/mL and 140 mg/mL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Subvisible 
                 Subvisible 
                 iCIEF 
                 iCIEF 
                 iCIEF 
               
               
                   
                 Particulates ≥10-μm 
                 Particulates ≥25-μm 
                 Acidic Group 
                 Main Peak 
                 Basic Group 
               
               
                   
                 (particles/mL) 
                 (particles/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 2 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 27.7 
                 29.1 
                 67.8 
                 65.9 
                 4.4 
                 5.0 
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 3 
                 4 
                 7 
                 0 
                 3 
                 29.7 
                 31.0 
                 66.4 
                 64.7 
                 3.9 
                 4.4 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 2 
                 2 
                 1 
                 0 
                 30.3 
                 31.0 
                 64.2 
                 65.5 
                 5.6 
                 3.5 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 13 
                 5 
                 1 
                 5 
                 31.2 
                 31.3 
                 63.7 
                 63.8 
                 5.1 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 5 
                 5 
                 0 
                 2 
                 34.0 
                 34.9 
                 61.4 
                 60.4 
                 4.5 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 3 
                 7 
                 4 
                 2 
                 1 
                 41.4 
                 41.6 
                 52.9 
                 52.4 
                 5.8 
                 5.9 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 8 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 53.7 
                 52.9 
                 39.9 
                 40.6 
                 6.5 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 5 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 48.3 
                 48.1 
                 46.1 
                 45.3 
                 5.6 
                 6.6 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 15 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
                 72.6 
                 73.0 
                 22.1 
                 21.5 
                 5.3 
                 5.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 11 presents data for size variants by CE-SDS, both reduced and non-reduced. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., percent purity by both reduced and non-reduced CE-SDS was unchanged for the 100 mg/mL and the 140 mg/mL samples. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, over 6 months of storage, percent purity by reduced CE-SDS was unchanged for the 100 mg/mL samples and decreased by 0.2% for the 140 mg/mL samples. At the 40° C. stress condition, the percent purity by reduced CE-SDS decreased over 3 months of storage by 1.0% for the 100 mg/mL samples and by 1.4% for the 140 mg/mL samples. For non-reduced CE-SDS, percent purity decreased by 2.2% over 6 months of storage at 25° C. for the 100 mg/mL samples. For the 140 mg/mL samples, the decrease in percent purity was 1.8%. At the 40° C. stress condition, the decrease in percent purity by non-reduced CE-SDS over 3 months of storage was 2.6% and 3.1% for the 100 mg/mL and the 140 mg/mL samples, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 11 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 
               
               
                 100 mg/mL and 140 mg/mL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Purity by CE-SDS 
                 Purity by CE-SDS 
               
               
                   
                 (Reduced) (Area %) 
                 (Non-Reduced) (Area %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 100 
                 140 
                 100 
                 140 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
                 mg/mL 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 99.5 
                 99.8 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 3 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 99.5 
                 99.5 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 99.3 
                 98.9 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 99.3 
                 99.2 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 3 
                 99.8 
                 99.8 
                 98.8 
                 98.9 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 99.6 
                 99.6 
                 97.1 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 99.9 
                 99.9 
                 98.4 
                 98.2 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 98.5 
                 98.4 
                 96.7 
                 96.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Description and Composition of Drug Product Selected for FIH Clinical Trials 
     The drug product selected for FIH clinical trials was Nivolumab Injection, 960 mg/Vial (120 mg/mL). It is described as a sterile, non-pyrogenic, clear to very opalescent, colorless to yellow liquid. A few particulates, consistent in appearance to proteinaceous particles, may be present in some instances. The drug product is a single-use, preservative-free, isotonic aqueous solution for subcutaneous (SC) administration. Nivolumab SC injection is packaged in 10-cc Type 1 flint glass vials, stoppered with 20-mm Daikyo D21-7S Flurotec® coated butyl stoppers that are secured with 20-mm aluminum seals with flip-off caps. The composition of nivolumab SC injection, which includes the quality standard and function of each component, is presented in Table 12. An overfill of nivolumab SC injection is included in each vial to ensure that the labeled quantity of 8.0 mL can be administered to the patient. In determining the overfill for the drug product, the following were taken into account: 1. 0.5 mL for losses in the vial, needle and syringe (VNS) during use of the product (consistent with USP &lt;1151&gt; minimum recommended excess volume fill); 2. 0.2 mL for losses in a closed system transfer device (if used); 3. 0.5 mL for priming losses in winged infusion set (if used); and 4. 0.3 mL for filling machine variability. 
     Based on the amounts of nivolumab SC injection that can potentially be lost during dose preparation and administration, an overfill of 1.5 mL is included in each vial of drug product. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 12 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Nivolumab Injection, 960 mg/vial 
               
               
                 (120 mg/mL) for FIH Clinical Studies 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Amount per 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Quality Standard 
                 Function 
                 Vial (mg) a   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nivolumab 
                 BMS Specification 
                 Active ingredient 
                 1,140 
               
               
                 L-Histidine 
                 USP, Ph. Eur., JP 
                 Buffering agent 
                 14.7 
               
               
                 L-Histidine 
                 Ph. Eur., JP 
                 Buffering agent 
                 20.0 
               
               
                 HCl H 2 O 
               
               
                 Sucrose 
                 NF, Ph. Eur., JP 
                 Tonicity modifier 
                 813 
               
               
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 NF, Ph. Eur., JP 
                 Surfactant 
                 4.75 
               
               
                 Pentetic Acid 
                 USP 
                 Metal ion chelator 
                 0.187 
               
               
                 Water for 
                 USP, Ph. Eur., JP 
                 Solvent 
                 q.s. to 9.50 mL 
               
               
                 Injection 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Target fill includes a 1.5 mL overfill to account for vial, needle, and syringe (VNS) holdup, filling machine variability and administration component holdup 
               
               
                 USP = United States Pharmacopoeia, 
               
               
                 Ph. Eur. = European Pharmacopoeia, 
               
               
                 NF = National Formulary, 
               
               
                 JP = Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 
               
               
                 q.s. = quantity sufficient 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     IND Enabling Stability Batch for FIH Formulation 
     A development laboratory batch of nivolumab SC injection (FIH formulation) was manufactured and placed on stability. The batch size was 3,000 mL in size and it yielded 291 vials after inspection. The drug product was filled (target fill of 9.5 mL) into Schott 10-cc Type I flint glass vials which were closed with 20-mm Daikyo D-21-7-S Flurotec coated butyl rubber stoppers. The vials were sealed with 20-mm West aluminum seals with flip-off caps. The drug product vials were placed on station at 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C. At specified timepoints, samples were pulled from the stability station and tested. Twelve months of stability data are presented in Table 13 to Table 16. 
     The visual appearance for all samples at all timepoints was a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution. Additional stability data are provided in Tables 13 to 16. As shown in Table 13, there were no changes observed in pH or protein concentration throughout the study. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., the level of HMWS increased by 0.3%. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, after 6 months of storage the level of HMWS increased by 0.6%. At the 40° C. stress condition, the level of HMWS increased over 3 months of storage by 3.3%. The level of LMWS was little changed for samples stored at 5° C. and 25° C., but increased by 1.1% for samples stored for 3 months at 40° C. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 13 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 960 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nivolumab 
                 SE-HPLC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                   
                 Solution 
                 Concentration 
                 HMWS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 Appearance 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 Complies a   
                 5.9 
                 121.9 
                 0.7 
                 99.2 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 6.0 
                 125.6 
                 0.7 
                 99.3 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 126.5 
                 0.8 
                 99.1 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 121.8 
                 0.8 
                 99.1 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 122.6 
                 1.0 
                 98.9 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 125.6 
                 1.0 
                 99.0 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 125.6 
                 0.9 
                 99.0 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 6.0 
                 126.3 
                 1.1 
                 98.8 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 124.3 
                 1.3 
                 98.6 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 123.8 
                 1.2 
                 98.7 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 6.0 
                 126.8 
                 1.6 
                 98.3 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 125.9 
                 4.0 
                 94.8 
                 1.2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Complies = Clear to very opalescent, colorless to yellow liquid, light (few) particulates (consistent in appearance to protein particulates) may be present. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 14 presents data for size variants by CE-SDS, both reduced and non-reduced. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., percent purity by both reduced and non-reduced CE-SDS was unchanged. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, over 6 months of storage, percent purity by reduced CE-SDS decreased by 0.2%. At the 40° C. stress condition, the percent purity by reduced CE-SDS decreased over 3 months of storage by 2.9%. For non-reduced CE-SDS, percent purity decreased by 1.2% over 6 months of storage at 25° C. and by 4.4% over 3 months of storage at the 40° C. stress condition. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 
               
               
                 960 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CE-SDS (Reduced) 
                 CE-SDS (Non-Reduced) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Sum of 
                   
                 Sum of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Minor 
                   
                 Minor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Peaks ≥ 
                   
                 Peaks ≥ 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Purity 
                 LOQ 
                 Purity 
                 LOQ 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 99.6 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.4 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 99.3 
                 0.5 
                 98.3 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 99.7 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 99.3 
                 0.7 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 99.7 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.5 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 99.7 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.5 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 99.7 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.3 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 99.3 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.1 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 99.5 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.9 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 99.4 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 97.2 
                 2.3 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 99.0 
                 0.5 
                 98.2 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 98.8 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 96.8 
                 2.4 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 96.7 
                 1.9 
                 94.0 
                 4.2 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The level of acidic species increased with time at all storage conditions. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., acidic species increased by 0.8%. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, acidic species increased by 11.3% over 6 months of storage. At the 40° C. stress condition, the level of acidic species increased over 3 months of storage by 38.8%. The level of basic species was little changed throughout the 12 months of storage at 5° C. At the 25° C. condition the level of basic species increased by 1.6% over 6 months and after 3 months of storage at 40° C., the level of basic species increased by 2.6%. The increases observed in acidic and basic species were accompanied by approximately equal decreases in main peak area. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 
               
               
                 960 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 iCIEF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Acidic Group 
                 Main Peak 
                 Basic Group 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 31.4 
                 63.8 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 31.2 
                 63.8 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 32.5 
                 62.8 
                 4.8 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 33.3 
                 62.2 
                 4.5 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 32.9 
                 62.1 
                 4.9 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 32.2 
                 62.9 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 34.1 
                 60.7 
                 5.2 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 37.6 
                 56.7 
                 5.8 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 42.7 
                 50.9 
                 6.4 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 40.4 
                 52.5 
                 7.0 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 47.1 
                 45.1 
                 7.8 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 70.2 
                 22.4 
                 7.4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 16 presents results for activity binding ELISA, cell-based bioassay and subvisible particulates. Across all temperatures and timepoints, results for activity binding ELISA range from 95% to 112% and for cell-based bioassay range from 79% to 105%. The level of subvisible particulates for all samples at all timepoints was low and there were no apparent trends. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 16 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 
               
               
                 960 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Particluate Matter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Activity 
                   
                 Particles/ 
                 Particles/ 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Binding 
                 Cell-Based 
                 Vial ≥10 
                 Vial ≥25 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 ELISA % 
                 Bioassay % 
                 microns 
                 microns 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 109 
                 79 
                 43 
                 0 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 103 
                 101 
                 56 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 108 
                 95 
                 32 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 97 
                 89 
                 56 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 105 
                 78 
                 112 
                 5 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 102 
                 96 
                 40 
                 5 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 110 
                 105 
                 77 
                 3 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 100 
                 84 
                 45 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 96 
                 88 
                 45 
                 0 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 110 
                 79 
                 19 
                 0 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 112 
                 97 
                 53 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 95 
                 94 
                 27 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Clinical Batch Manufacture (FIH Formulation) 
     Two clinical batches, BATCH 1 and BATCH 2, of nivolumab SC injection using the FIH formulation were manufactured. Both batches had a final batch scale of approximately 20 liters, which was filled into about 1,800 vials. Both batches passed all final testing and were released for clinical use. Release test results for these first two clinical batches of nivolumab SC injection are presented in Table 17. 
     A brief description of the manufacturing process is provided as follows. Nivolumab drug substance, 150 mg/mL in 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% (w/v) polysorbate 80, and 50 μM pentetic acid at pH 6.0 was thawed at room temperature, protected from light, with sufficient space between the containers to ensure thawing efficiency. Once the drug substance was fully thawed, the bags were manually mixed for 2 to 3 minutes to ensure homogeneity. The formulation buffer solution (20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% (w/v) polysorbate 80, and 50 μM pentetic acid at pH 6.0) was prepared and then filtered through a 0.22-μm filter. A specific quantity of buffer solution was added to the drug substance to adjust the protein concentration to 120 mg/mL. Samples were removed for protein concentration determination, pH, and endotoxin testing. The 120 mg/mL drug product solution was filtered through a 0.45-μm pre-filter. A sample was removed for bioburden testing. The drug product solution was filtered through two 0.22-μm filters. Pre-filtration and post-filtration integrity tests were performed on the filters. The sterile filtered solution was then filled into washed, sterilized, depyrogenated vials. The vials were stoppered with sterilized stoppers and sealed with aluminum seals. During the filling process, fill weight checks were performed at regular intervals. The sealed vials were 100% visually inspected for defects. The inspected vials were labeled and packaged. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 17 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Release Test Results for the First Two Clinical 
               
               
                 Batches of Nivolumab SC Injection, 120 mg/mL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Test 
                 BATCH 1 
                 BATCH 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Appearance 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 pH 
                 5.9 
                 5.8 
               
               
                 Identity: Peptide Map and 
                 Sample identified as Nivolumab 
                 Sample identified as Nivolumab 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Concentration 
                 119.5 
                 mg/mL 
                 120.6 
                 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Protein Concentration (A 280 ) 
                 119.5 
                 mg/mL 
                 120.6 
                 mg/mL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Activity Binding ELISA 
                 105% 
                 100% 
               
               
                 Cell-Based Bioassay 
                 105% 
                  99% 
               
               
                 SE-HPLC 
                 Monomer: 99.2 Area % 
                 Monomer: 99.3 Area % 
               
               
                   
                 HMW: 0.6 Area % 
                 HMW: 0.6 Area % 
               
               
                   
                 LMW: 0.1 Area % 
                 LMW: 0.1 Area % 
               
               
                 CE-SDS (Non-Reduced) 
                 99 Area % 
                 99 Area % 
               
               
                   
                 Sum of minor peaks ≥ 
                 Sum of minor peaks ≥ 
               
               
                   
                 LOQ: 1 Area % 
                 LOQ: 1 Area % 
               
               
                 CE-SDS (Reduced) 
                 100 Area % 
                 100 Area % 
               
               
                   
                 Sum of minor peaks ≥ 
                 Sum of minor peaks ≥ 
               
               
                   
                 LOQ: &lt;0.5 Area % 
                 LOQ: &lt;1 Area % 
               
               
                 iCIEF 
                 Main Peak: 62.2 Area % 
                 Main Peak: 63.2 Area % 
               
               
                   
                 Acidic Group: 33.1 Area % 
                 Acidic Group: 32.0 Area % 
               
               
                   
                 Basic Group: 4.6 Area % 
                 Basic Group: 4.8 Area % 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Endotoxin (LAL) 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 EU/mg protein 
                 &lt;0.01 
                 EU/mg protein 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Particulate Matter 
                 ≥10 μm: 32 particles/vial 
                 ≥10 μm: 64 particles/vial 
               
               
                   
                 ≥25 μm: 0 particles/vial 
                 ≥25 μm: 5 particles/vial 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Osmolality 
                 336 
                 mOsm/kg 
                 323 
                 mOsm/kg 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sterility 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Extractable Volume in 
                 9.4 
                 mL 
                 9.3 
                 mL 
               
               
                 Container 
               
               
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 460 
                 μg/mL 
                 0.05% 
                 w/v 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formal Use-Time/Compatibility Study 
     A use-time study was performed to support the subcutaneous clinical administration of Nivolumab Injection, 960 mg/Vial (120 mg/mL). In the initial clinical studies, nivolumab was administered subcutaneously (SC) to patients using one of two methods. For Method 1, nivolumab was administered as a bolus subcutaneous injection at a rate between 2 and 4 milliliters per minute at doses of 480 mg, 720 mg and 960 mg, after addition of small aliquots of normal saline (NS) and rHuPH20 (ENHANZE Drug Product (EDP)) to adjust the nivolumab concentration in the vial to 109.1 mg/mL and the rHuPH20 concentration to 2,000 U/mL. At a concentration of 109.1 mg/mL, SC administered volumes of 4.4 mL, 6.6 mL and 8.8 mL provided nivolumab doses of 480 mg, 720 mg and 960 mg, respectively. For Method 2, the dose of 960 mg (8 mL of 120 mg/mL) was administered (without addition of NS and EDP) using a syringe pump over approximately 30 minutes (˜0.27 mL/minute). To simulate worst case conditions in this use-time study, solution flow rates of as high as 4 milliliters per minute were qualified while passing through 27G ½″ needles. Also, once the drug product was in the administration syringe, a hold period of up to 24 hours was qualified at 2°-8° C., with 4 hours of the 24 hours at room temperature/room light (RT/RL). 
     For Method 1, 0.76 mL NS and 0.19 mL EDP were added to vials of nivolumab SC injection which were then gently swirled and inverted to mix. The vial contents were pulled into separate 10-cc syringes. At the initial timepoint, the vial contents were expelled through winged infusion sets (27G ½″ needle) into sampling containers at a rate of 4 mL/minute. Tip caps were applied to the other group of filled syringes which were held at RT/RL for 4 hours, then at 2°-8° C., protected from light, for an additional 20 hours. At the 24 hour timepoint, the vial contents were again expelled through winged infusion sets into sampling containers at a rate of 4 mL/minute. For Method 2, vial contents (without added NS or EDP) were pulled into separate 10-cc syringes. Samples were collected, stored and sampled as described above for Method 1. 
     The results from the use-time study are presented in Tables 18-21. Table 18 shows results for protein concentration and size homogeneity by SE-HPLC. Throughout the study period, there were no changes in protein concentration or in the level of high or low molecular weight species. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 18 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Protein Concentration and Size Homogeneity 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Conc. 
                 Monomer 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Preparation 
                 Time 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 Area % 
                 Area % 
                 Area % 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Method 1: 0.76 mL NS and 0.19 mL EDP 
                 Initial 
                 109 
                 0.7 
                 98.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 added to vial nivolumab SC injection and 
                 24 Hours 
                 110 
                 0.7 
                 98.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 solution stored in syringe for 24 hours. 
               
               
                 Method 2: nivolumab SC injection 
                 Initial 
                 120 
                 0.7 
                 98.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                 stored in syringe for 24 hours. 
                 24 Hours 
                 119 
                 0.7 
                 98.7 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 19 presents test results for solution appearance, pH, binding activity and subvisible particulate matter. Solution pH and activity binding were both little changed throughout the study period. Subvisible particulate levels in the samples were low and there were no apparent trends. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 19 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Appearance, pH, Activity Binding ELISA and Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Activity 
                 Subvisible Particulate Matter, 
               
               
                   
                 Binding ELISA 
                 Particles per Milliliter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Preparation 
                 Time 
                 Appearance 
                 pH 
                 (%) 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Method 1: 0.76 mL NS and 
                 Initial 
                 Complies(a) 
                 5.7 
                 103 
                 63 
                 1 
               
               
                 0.19 mL EDP added to vial nivohunab 
                 24 Hours 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 110 
                 15 
                 0 
               
               
                 SC injection and solution stored in 
               
               
                 syringe for 24 hours. 
               
               
                 Method 2: nivohunab SC injection 
                 Initial 
                 Complies 
                 5.7 
                 106 
                 16 
                 0 
               
               
                 stored in syringe for 24 hours. 
                 24 Hours 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 109 
                 47 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (a)Complies indicates a slightly yellow, very opalescent solution, essentially free from visible particles. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 20 shows data for percent purity by CE-SDS and the sum of all minor peaks (≥0.3%). The results show that for all samples, the level of size variants was unchanged throughout the study period. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 20 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Size Variants 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CE-SDS-NR (%) 
                 CE-SDS-R (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Sum of All 
                   
                 Sum of All 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Minor Peaks 
                   
                 Minor Peaks 
               
               
                 Preparation 
                 Time 
                 Purity 
                 (≥0.3%) 
                 Purity 
                 (≥0.3%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Method 1: 0.76 mL NS and 0.19 mL EDP 
                 Initial 
                 98.1 
                 1.2 
                 98.9 
                 0.8 
               
               
                 added to vial nivolumab SC injection and 
                 24 Hours 
                 98.0 
                 1.5 
                 98.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 solution stored in syringe for 24 hours 
               
               
                 Method 2: nivolumab SC injection 
                 Initial 
                 98.0 
                 1.2 
                 98.8 
                 0.9 
               
               
                 stored in syringe for 24 hours. 
                 24 Hours 
                 98.1 
                 1.2 
                 98.9 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 21 presents data for enzyme activity and charge variants by iCIEF. The results show that enzyme activity was relatively unchanged throughout the study period. The level of acidic species, main peak and basic species was unchanged during the 24-hour study period. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 21 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for rHuPH20 Enzyme Activity and Charge Variants 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Charge Variants by iCIEF 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Enzyme 
                 Acidic 
                 Main 
                 Basic 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Activity 
                 Species 
                 Peak 
                 Species 
               
               
                 Preparation 
                 Time 
                 (Units/mL) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Method 1: 0.76 mL NS and 0.19 mL EDP 
                 Initial 
                 2,164 
                 35.0 
                 60.3 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 added to vial nivolumab SC injection and 
                 24 Hours 
                 2,070 
                 34.9 
                 60.3 
                 4.8 
               
               
                 solution stored in syringe for 24 hours. 
               
               
                 Method 2: nivolumab SC injection 
                 Initial 
                 Not Tested 
                 34.5 
                 60.5 
                 4.9 
               
               
                 stored in syringe for 24 hours. 
                 24 Hours 
                 Not Tested 
                 34.5 
                 60.6 
                 4.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the results of this use-time study, the following conclusions were made: 1. Nivolumab SC injection was stable when diluted with 0.76 mL 0.9% sodium chloride injection (NS) and 0.19 mL ENHANZE Drug Product (EDP) to a protein concentration of 109 mg/mL and stored in a plastic syringe for up to 24 hours at 2°-8° C., with 4 hours of the 24 hours at room temperature and room light; 2. Nivolumab SC injection, 120 mg/mL, was stable when stored in a plastic syringe for up to 24 hours at 2°-8° C., with 4 hours of the 24 hours at room temperature and room light; and 3. Nivolumab SC injection, diluted with NS and EDP to a protein concentration of 109 mg/mL and nivolumab SC injection, 120 mg/mL, was compatible with PVC administration components and was capable of being passed through syringe needles at flow rates as high as 4 milliliters per minute. 
     Commercial Formulation Development 
     In the initial clinical trials discussed supra, the rHuPH20 enzyme was added to the vial of nivolumab SC injection just prior to the subcutaneous administration of the dose to the patient. The present study evaluated addition of rHuPH20 to the formulation so that the dose could be prepared from a single vial for the commercial formulation of nivolumab SC injection. 
     In the initial clinical trials, ENHANZE® Drug Product (EDP, Halozyme Therapeutics) was added to the nivolumab and mixed, prior to being drawn up in the syringe. EDP is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, single-use, preservative-free, isotonic aqueous solution. The EDP provided 1 mg/mL rHuPH20 in a formulation containing 10 mM histidine, pH 6.5, 130 mM sodium chloride, 10 mM methionine, and 0.02% w/w polysorbate 80. EDP is packaged in 2-cc Type I flint glass vials, stoppered with chlorobutyl rubber stoppers, and sealed with aluminum seals. 
     For the co-formulated drug product, instead of EDP, rHuPH20 drug substance was be used in the formulation. This drug substance provided a higher rHuPH20 concentration of 10 mg/mL and was formulated with 10 mM histidine and 130 mM sodium chloride, pH 6.5. The rHuPH20 drug substance was supplied as a frozen solution in a bottle, that was thawed and gently mixed prior to use. As with the FIH clinical studies, the enzyme concentration in the commercial co-formulated drug product remained at 2,000 U/mL. 
     Initial Feasibility Study 
     An initial feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the stability of 100 mg/mL nivolumab in the presence of 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20 at 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C. when packaged in glass vials. Formulations were prepared with and without 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, filled into 3-cc glass vials, stoppered, sealed and placed on station. The samples were tested at the initial timepoint and again at 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks for solution appearance, pH, protein concentration, size homogeneity by SE-HPLC and subvisible particulate matter by HIAC. In addition, charge variants were determined by iCIEF, molecular weight distribution by CE-SDS (R&amp;NR) and enzyme activity using a plate based turbidimetric method. 
     The results generated in this study, presented in Table 22 to 26, showed that the presence of 2,000 U/mL of rHuPH20 in the formulation had no impact on the quality attributes of nivolumab. Through 4 weeks of storage at 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C., there were no differences in solution appearance, pH, protein concentration or subvisible particulate levels when results for the enzyme containing formulation are compared to results for the enzyme free control. There were also no differences observed in results for size homogeneity by SE-HPLC, charge variants by iCIEF or molecular weight variants by CE-SDS (R&amp;NR). Comparable results for enzyme activity were observed at 5° C. and 25° C., but due to the relatively low Tm of the enzyme, there was a rapid decrease in activity when stored at the 40° C. condition. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 22 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Solution Appearance, Protein Concentration and pH for Samples 
               
               
                 Stored at 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C. for Four Weeks 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Solution Appearance 
                 Protein Concentration (mg/mL) 
                 Solution pH 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Weeks) 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                     Complies a   
                 Complies 
                 101 
                 102 
                 6.15 
                 6.15 
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 101 
                 102 
                 6.15 
                 6.18 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 101 
                 101 
                 6.15 
                 6.16 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 101 
                 101 
                 6.17 
                 6.18 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 102 
                 101 
                 6.17 
                 6.16 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 101 
                 100 
                 6.17 
                 6.14 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 99 
                 102 
                 6.17 
                 6.17 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 101 
                 102 
                 6.16 
                 6.15 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 102 
                 102 
                 6.16 
                 6.16 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 Complies 
                 Complies 
                 101 
                 101 
                 6.18 
                 6.18 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 23 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for High Molecular Weight Species, Low Molecular Weight Species 
               
               
                 and Enzyme Activity Samples Stored at 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C. for Four Weeks 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SE-HPLC HMWS (Area %) 
                 SE-HPLC LMWS (Area %) 
                 Enzyme Activity (Units/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Weeks) 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 0.54 
                 0.56 
                 0.05 
                 0.05 
                 2,209 
                     N/A  a   
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 1 
                 0.59 
                 0.58 
                 0.06 
                 0.07 
                 2,212 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 0.61 
                 0.60 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 2,288 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.64 
                 0.63 
                 0.08 
                 0.07 
                 2,263 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 1 
                 0.70 
                 0.70 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 2,219 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 0.78 
                 0.77 
                 0.07 
                 0.07 
                 2,236 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 0.87 
                 0.86 
                 0.07 
                 0.08 
                 2,202 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 0.98 
                 0.96 
                 0.08 
                 0.07 
                 497 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 1.18 
                 1.16 
                 0.08 
                 0.09 
                     ND  b   
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 1.52 
                 1.51 
                 0.09 
                 0.09 
                 ND 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a  Not applicable, 
               
               
                   b  Not detected 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 24 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Charge Variants by iCIEF for Samples Stored at 5° 
               
               
                 C., 25° C. and 40° C. for Four Weeks 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Acidic Group (Area %) 
                 Main Peak (Area %) 
                 Basic Group (Area %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Weeks) 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 31.4 
                 31.5 
                 64.3 
                 64.8 
                 4.3 
                 3.7 
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 1 
                 31.3 
                 31.6 
                 64.8 
                 65.3 
                 3.9 
                 3.1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 32.2 
                 31.9 
                 64.0 
                 63.8 
                 3.8 
                 4.2 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 32.2 
                 32.3 
                 63.6 
                 63.6 
                 4.3 
                 4.1 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 1 
                 31.5 
                 31.1 
                 64.8 
                 65.2 
                 3.7 
                 3.7 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 33.0 
                 33.1 
                 62.6 
                 62.3 
                 4.4 
                 4.6 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 33.8 
                 33.6 
                 61.5 
                 61.8 
                 4.7 
                 4.7 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 34.7 
                 33.9 
                 60.6 
                 61.2 
                 4.7 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 39.4 
                 39.5 
                 54.4 
                 54.4 
                 6.3 
                 6.1 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 47.0 
                 47.4 
                 45.8 
                 45.7 
                 7.2 
                 6.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 25 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Size Variants by CE-SDS (Reduced 
               
               
                 and Non-Reduced) for Samples Stored at 5° 
               
               
                 C., 25° C. and 40° C. for Four Weeks 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Percent Purity, 
                 Percent Purity, 
               
               
                   
                 CE-SDS (R) (Area %) 
                 CE-SDS (NR) (Area %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Weeks) 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 98.4 
                 98.5 
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 1 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 98.4 
                 98.5 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 98.7 
                 98.7 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 99.3 
                 99.3 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 1 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 98.4 
                 98.4 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 98.8 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 99.3 
                 99.4 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 100.0 
                 100.0 
                 98.4 
                 98.4 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 99.8 
                 99.8 
                 98.3 
                 98.2 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 99.8 
                 99.8 
                 98.9 
                 98.9 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 26 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Test Results for Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
               
                 by HIAC for Samples Stored at 5° C., 
               
               
                 25° C. and 40° C. for Four Weeks 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Particles per 
                 Particles per 
               
               
                   
                 mL, ≥10-μm 
                 mL, ≥25-μm 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 With 
                 Without 
                 With 
                 Without 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Weeks) 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 3 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                  5° C. 
                 1 
                 4 
                 3 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 1 
                 4 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 1 
                 0 
                 4 
                 0 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 3 
                 1 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1 
                 6 
                 9 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 5 
                 1 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 1 
                 5 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Development of the Commercial Formulation—Addition of rHuPH20 
     The primary objective in the development of the commercial formulation for nivolumab SC injection was the addition of rHuPH20 to the FIH clinical formulation. As with FIH dosing, the target enzyme activity in the commercial drug product was 2,000 units per milliliter. The rHuPH20 drug substance has a target protein concentration of 10 mg/ml, a target enzyme activity of 110,000 units per milligram and a density of 1.010 g/mL at 20° C. Thus, for an enzyme activity of 2,000 units/mL, the theoretical amount of rHuPH20 drug substance needed per liter of finished drug product is: 2,000 kU/L of DP×1 mg rHuPH20/110 kU×1 mL/10 mg×1.010 g/mL=1.84 g/L. 
     The 1.84 g of rHuPH20 drug substance per liter of drug product results in a drug product enzyme concentration of 0.0182 mg/mL, from: 1.84 g/L×1 mL/1.010 g×10 mg/mL×1 L/1,000 mL=0.0182 mg rHuPh20/mL of drug product. 
     The actual amount of rHuPH20 drug substance added during manufacture of the drug product is determined based on the protein concentration and the enzyme activity of the rHuPH20 drug substance, which can range from 8.5 to 12.5 mg/mL and 80 to 140 kU/mg, respectively. 
     Addition of Methionine as a Sacrificial Antioxidant 
     To prevent oxidation of rHuPH20, a study was conducted where methionine was added to the formulation as a sacrificial antioxidant. To stress the formulation, peroxide was added at a concentration of 1 mM to formulations containing methionine at concentrations of 0 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM. The 1 mM level of peroxide was selected based on information in the literature stating that approximately 0.15 mM of peroxide can be formed in a solution containing 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 when stored at 40° C. for up to 5 weeks. 
     In this experiment solutions were prepared with nivolumab concentrations of 120 mg/mL in 20 mM histidine buffer, pH 6.0, with 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80, 50 μM pentetic acid and 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. Peroxide and methionine concentrations in each solution were adjusted as follows: 1. Formulation A: No peroxide, no methionine; 2. Formulation B: No peroxide, 10 mM methionine; 3. Formulation C: 1 mM peroxide, no methionine; 4. Formulation D: 1 mM peroxide, 5 mM methionine; and 5. Formulation E: 1 mM peroxide, 10 mM methionine 
     Samples were placed on station at the accelerated condition of 25° C. and monitored for up to 6 months. The appearance of all samples remained clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow. Additional stability results are presented in Table 27. The data show essentially no differences in formulation pH, nivolumab concentration or level of high molecular weight and low molecular weight species were observed. Additionally, the level of subvisible particulates for all samples was low, with no apparent trends. The one difference observed was that the enzyme activity of Formulation C, which contained peroxide but no methionine, was significantly lower than that in the other 4 formulations. Even with 1 mM peroxide in the formulation, enzyme activity was completely preserved for both Formulations D and E. Based on the results of this stability study, a methionine concentration of 5 mM was selected for the commercial drug product. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 27 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of 1 mM Peroxide on the Stability Nivolumab SC Injection Stored 
               
               
                 for 6 Months at 25° C. for Samples With and Without Added Methionine 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                 Enzyme 
                 Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
                 Activity 
                 (Particles per Milliliter) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation 
                 (Months) 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (U/mL) 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation A 
                 0 
                 5.94 
                 117 
                 0.63 
                 0.06 
                 2,266 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 (no peroxide, 
                 1 
                 5.96 
                 119 
                 0.93 
                 0.08 
                 2,130 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                 no methionine) 
                 3 
                 5.99 
                 116 
                 1.12 
                 0.08 
                 2,031 
                 11 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 5.94 
                 118 
                 1.21 
                 0.12 
                 2,015 
                 14 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation B 
                 0 
                 5.93 
                 118 
                 0.62 
                 0.06 
                 2,292 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 (no peroxide, 
                 1 
                 5.95 
                 118 
                 0.90 
                 0.07 
                 2,262 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                 10 mM methionine) 
                 3 
                 5.97 
                 119 
                 1.09 
                 0.08 
                 2,055 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 5.94 
                 119 
                 1.18 
                 0.13 
                 2,023 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation C 
                 0 
                 5.93 
                 119 
                 0.62 
                 0.07 
                 2,248 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 (1 mM peroxide, 
                 1 
                 5.94 
                 117 
                 0.89 
                 0.08 
                 2,038 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                 no methionine) 
                 3 
                 5.96 
                 118 
                 1.08 
                 0.09 
                 1,856 
                 13 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 5.92 
                 116 
                 1.19 
                 0.13 
                 1,792 
                 11 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation D 
                 0 
                 5.92 
                 117 
                 0.62 
                 0.06 
                 2,261 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 (1 mM peroxide, 
                 1 
                 5.94 
                 119 
                 0.92 
                 0.09 
                 2,239 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 5 mM methionine) 
                 3 
                 5.99 
                 120 
                 1.10 
                 0.08 
                 2,081 
                 24 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 5.91 
                 116 
                 1.18 
                 0.12 
                 2,044 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 Formulation E 
                 0 
                 5.93 
                 118 
                 0.62 
                 0.06 
                 2,285 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 (1 mM peroxide, 
                 1 
                 5.94 
                 119 
                 0.90 
                 0.08 
                 2,211 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                 10 mM methionine) 
                 3 
                 5.97 
                 117 
                 1.08 
                 0.08 
                 2,036 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 5.95 
                 121 
                 1.17 
                 0.13 
                 2,047 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Stability of Nivolumab SC Injection when Formulation is Spiked with 1.5 ppm Metal—Assessing the Protective Effect of Pentetic Acid and Methionine 
     As discussed previously, 50 μM pentetic acid was selected as a component of the formulation to prevent trace metal catalyzed degradation of nivolumab and 5 mM methionine was chosen as a sacrificial antioxidant to prevent peroxide induced oxidation of rHuPH20. A study was conducted to evaluate the impact on the stability of nivolumab SC injection when both of these excipients were included in the formulation. In this experiment, solutions were prepared with nivolumab concentrations of 120 mg/mL in 20 mM histidine buffer, pH 6.0, with 250 mM sucrose and 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80. Pentetic acid and methionine concentrations in each formulation were adjusted as follows: 1. Formulation A: No pentetic acid, no methionine; 2. Formulation B: 50 μM pentetic acid, no methionine; 3. Formulation C: No pentetic acid, 5 mM methionine; and 4. Formulation D: 50 μM pentetic acid, 5 mM methionine. 
     Each formulation was spiked with a concentrated metal solution such that the final formulation concentration of metal was 1.5 ppm (0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium and copper). Samples of each formulation were filled into vials, placed on station at the stressed condition of 40° C. and monitored for up to 2 months. The appearance of all samples remained clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow. Additional stability results presented in Table 28 show no differences in formulation pH, nivolumab concentration or level of subvisible particulates. After 2 months of storage at 40° C., the level of high molecular weight species was the greatest in Formulation A, which contained neither pentetic acid nor methionine and was lowest in Formulation D that contained both of these excipients. Comparing the level of HMWS in Formulation B vs C shows that 50 μM pentetic acid was more protective against HMWS formation than 5 mM methionine. The results of this study therefore support the inclusion of both 50 μM pentetic acid and 5 mM methionine in the commercial formulation for nivolumab SC injection. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 28 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of 1.5 ppm Metal on the Stability Nivolumab SC Injection Stored for 2 Months 
               
               
                 at 40° C. for Samples With and Without 50 μM Pentetic Acid or 5 mM Methionine 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                 Subvisible Particulate Matter 
               
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 HMWS 
                 LMWS 
                 (Particles per Milliliter) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation 
                 (Months) 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 ≥10-μm 
                 ≥25-μm 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation A 
                 0 
                 5.94 
                 117 
                 0.68 
                 0.08 
                 2 
                 1 
               
               
                 (1.5 ppm metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.97 
                 117 
                 3.55 
                 0.17 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                 no pentetic acid, 
                 2 
                 5.93 
                 118 
                 6.01 
                 0.28 
                 9 
                 2 
               
               
                 no methionine) 
               
               
                 Formulation B 
                 0 
                 5.97 
                 116 
                 0.68 
                 0.07 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 (1.5 ppm metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.93 
                 118 
                 2.03 
                 0.13 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                 50 μM pentetic acid, 
                 2 
                 5.95 
                 116 
                 3.37 
                 0.18 
                 10 
                 0 
               
               
                 no methionine) 
               
               
                 Formulation C 
                 0 
                 5.95 
                 119 
                 0.68 
                 0.08 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 (1.5 ppm metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.93 
                 119 
                 2.93 
                 0.15 
                 9 
                 0 
               
               
                 no pentetic acid, 
                 2 
                 5.96 
                 118 
                 5.18 
                 0.25 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                 5 mM methionine) 
               
               
                 Formulation D 
                 0 
                 5.95 
                 119 
                 0.68 
                 0.07 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                 (1.5 ppm metal spike, 
                 1 
                 5.95 
                 116 
                 1.83 
                 0.12 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 50 μM pentetic acid, 
                 2 
                 5.92 
                 119 
                 2.87 
                 0.18 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 5 mM methionine) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     IND Enabling Stability Batch for Commercial Formulation 
     A laboratory batch of nivolumab SC injection, 120 mg/mL (commercial formulation) was manufactured and placed on stability. The formulation was 120 mg/mL nivolumab in 20 mM histidine buffer pH 6.0, with 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80, 50 μM pentetic acid, 5 mM methionine and 2,000 Units/mL rHuPH20. The batch size was 3,000 mL in size and it yielded 368 vials after inspection (800 mL from this batch were used for other development activities). The drug product was filled (target fill of 5.67 mL, label strength of 600 mg/vial) into Schott 10R Type I flint glass vials which were closed with 20-mm Daikyo D-21-7-S Flurotec coated butyl rubber stoppers. The vials were sealed with 20-mm West aluminum seals with flip-off caps. The drug product vials were placed on station at 5° C., 25° C. and 40° C. At specified timepoints, samples were pulled from the stability station and tested. Twelve months of IND stability data are presented in Table 29 to Table 32. 
     The visual appearance for all samples at all timepoints complied with specification (clear to very opalescent, colorless to yellow liquid, light (few) particulates (consistent in appearance to protein particulates) may be present). Additional stability data are provided in Tables 29 to 32. As shown in Table 29, there were no changes observed in pH or protein concentration throughout the study. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., the level of HMWS increased by 1.X %. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, after 6 months of storage the level of HMWS increased by 0.6%. At the 40° C. stress condition, the level of HMWS increased over 3 months of storage by 3.3%. The level of LMWS was little changed for samples stored at 5° C. and 25° C., but increased by 1.1% for samples stored for 3 months at 40° C. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 29 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 600 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nivolumab 
                 SE-HPLC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                   
                 Solution 
                 Concentration 
                 HMWS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 Appearance 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 Complies a   
                 5.8 
                 123.3 
                 0.6 
                 99.3 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 124.5 
                 0.9 
                 99.0 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 128.2 
                 0.8 
                 99.1 
                 &lt;0.1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 130.9 
                 0.8 
                 99.0 
                 0.2 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 125.7 
                 0.8 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 121.6 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 127.2 
                 1.0 
                 98.9 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 127.5 
                 1.1 
                 98.7 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 129.9 
                 1.3 
                 98.5 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 123.0 
                 1.0 
                 98.9 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 Complies 
                 5.8 
                 124.7 
                 1.6 
                 98.3 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 5.9 
                 126.1 
                 3.1 
                 95.9 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Complies = Clear to very opalescent, colorless to yellow liquid, light (few) particulates (consistent in appearance to protein particulates) may be present. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 30 presents data for size variants by CE-SDS, both reduced and non-reduced. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., percent purity by both reduced and non-reduced CE-SDS was unchanged. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, over 6 months of storage, percent purity by reduced CE-SDS decreased by 0.2%. At the 40° C. stress condition, the percent purity by reduced CE-SDS decreased over 3 months of storage by 2.9%. For non-reduced CE-SDS, percent purity decreased by 1.2% over 6 months of storage at 25° C. and by 4.4% at the 40° C. stress condition. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 30 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 
               
               
                 600 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CE-SDS (Reduced) 
                 CE-SDS (Non-Reduced) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Sum of 
                   
                 Sum of 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Minor 
                   
                 Minor 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Peaks ≥ 
                   
                 Peaks ≥ 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Purity 
                 LOQ 
                 Purity 
                 LOQ 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 &lt;1 
                 99.0 
                 1.0 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 99.6 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.7 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 99.7 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.6 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 99.7 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.4 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 9 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 99.6 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 99.3 
                 0.7 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 99.4 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 97.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 99.4 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 97.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 99.2 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 98.3 
                 0.5 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 99.2 
                 &lt;0.5 
                 97.0 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 97.1 
                 2.0 
                 94.1 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The level of acidic species increased with time at all storage conditions. Over 12 months of storage at 5° C., acidic species increased by 1.5%. At the accelerated 25° C. condition, acidic species increased by 11.3% over 6 months of storage. At the 40° C. stress condition, the level of acidic species increased over 3 months of storage by 38.8%. The level of basic species was little changed throughout the 12 months of storage at 5° C. At the 25° C. condition the level of basic species increased by 1.6% over 6 months and after 3 months of storage at 40° C., the level of basic species increased by 2.6%. The increases in acidic and basic species were accompanied by an approximately equal decrease in main peak area. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 31 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 600 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 iCIEF 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Acidic 
                 Main 
                 Basic 
                 Polysorbate 
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Group 
                 Peak 
                 Group 
                 80 
                 Activity 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (% w/v) 
                 (Units/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 31.9 
                 63.5 
                 4.6 
                 0.04 
                 2,110 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 33.5 
                 61.7 
                 4.8 
                 — 
                 2129 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 33.2 
                 61.8 
                 4.9 
                 — 
                 2079 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 35.6 
                 60.0 
                 4.4 
                 — 
                 1910 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 35.2 
                 59.2 
                 5.6 
                 — 
                 2087 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 38.5 
                 55.4 
                 6.1 
                 — 
                 2105 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 47.6 
                 47.0 
                 5.5 
                 0.04 
                 1870 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 37.2 
                 55.6 
                 7.3 
                 — 
                 900 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 46.8 
                 45.4 
                 7.8 
                 — 
                 487 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 66.7 
                 25.5 
                 7.8 
                 0.04 
                 NR 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 32 presents results for activity binding ELISA, cell-based bioassay and subvisible particulates. Across all temperatures and timepoints, results for activity binding ELISA range from 95% to 112% and for cell-based bioassay range from 79% to 105%. The level of subvisible particulates for all samples at all timepoints was low and there were no apparent trends. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 32 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection, 
               
               
                 600 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Particluate Matter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Activity 
                   
                 Particles/ 
                 Particles/ 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Binding 
                 Cell-based 
                 Vial ≥10 
                 Vial ≥25 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Months) 
                 ELISA % 
                 Bioassay % 
                 microns 
                 microns 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Initial 
                 0 
                 110 
                 93 
                 53 
                 0 
               
               
                 5° C. 
                 1 
                 103 
                 94 
                 15 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 102 
                 88 
                 33 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 97 
                 87 
                 18 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 102 
                 91 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 95 
                 93 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 1 
                 95 
                 86 
                 35 
                 2 
               
               
                 60% RH 
                 3 
                 92 
                 77 
                 48 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 99 
                 77 
                 25 
                 0 
               
               
                 40° C./ 
                 0.5 
                 100 
                 82 
                 80 
                 0 
               
               
                 75% RH 
                 1 
                 100 
                 88 
                 27 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 97 
                 89 
                 32 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Formulation Robustness 
     A study was performed to examine the robustness of the formulation selected for the commercial drug product. The study design called for the preparation of 13 different formulations. Nine formulations were prepared for main effects screening, two formulations were prepared at target and two axial runs were prepared to determine the effect of protein concentration. Extra vials were prepared for one of the target formulation and stored frozen at −60° C. These frozen samples were thawed and tested at each timepoint in order to assess analytical (between timepoint) variation. Five factors were varied in the prepared formulations and included protein concentration (105 mg/mL to 135 mg/mL), pH (5.5 to 6.5), polysorbate 80 concentration (0.025% w/v to 0.075% w/v), pentetic acid concentration (25 μM to 75 μM and methionine concentration (2.5 mM to 7.5 mM). The formulations that were prepared for the robustness study are presented in Table 33. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 33 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Formulations Prepared for Robustness Study 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                 PS80 
                 Pentetic 
                 Methionine 
               
               
                 Form. 
                   
                 Conc. 
                   
                 Conc. 
                 Acid Conc. 
                 Conc. 
               
               
                 Number 
                 Formulation Description 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 pH 
                 (% w/v) 
                 (μM) 
                 (mM) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 135 
                 6.5 
                 0.075 
                 75 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 2 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 105 
                 6.5 
                 0.025 
                 25 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 3 
                 Axial for Protein Conc. 
                 105 
                 6.0 
                 0.050 
                 50 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 4 
                 Center Point 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 0.050 
                 50 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 5 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 135 
                 5.5 
                 0.025 
                 75 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 6 
                 Center Point 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 0.050 
                 50 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 7 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 135 
                 6.5 
                 0.025 
                 25 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 8 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 135 
                 5.5 
                 0.075 
                 25 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 9 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 105 
                 5.5 
                 0.075 
                 25 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 10 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 105 
                 5.5 
                 0.025 
                 25 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 11 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 105 
                 5.5 
                 0.025 
                 75 
                 7.5 
               
               
                 12 
                 Main Effects Screening 
                 105 
                 6.5 
                 0.075 
                 75 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 13 
                 Axial for Protein Conc. 
                 135 
                 6.0 
                 0.050 
                 50 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 14 
                 Center Point (Stored at −60° C.) 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 0.050 
                 50 
                 5.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The formulations were prepared by first thawing approximately one liter of purified drug substance (150 g/L nivolumab in 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, pH 6.0). Tangential flow filtration was then used to exchange buffer and adjust one-half of the bulk to pH 5.5 and the other half to pH 6.5. For the middle target of pH 6.0, purified drug substance at pH 5.5 was added to purified drug substance at pH 6.5 until the target pH of 6.0 was reached. For each of the 14 formulations, a volume of 50 mL was prepared. The concentrations of polysorbate 80, pentetic acid and methionine in each formulation were adjusted by the addition of varying amounts of concentrated spike solutions. After preparation, each formulation was passed through a 0.22-μm sterilizing filter, then filled into 3-cc glass vials which were stoppered and sealed. The filled vials were then placed on station at the recommended storage condition of 5° C. and also at the accelerated stability condition of 25° C. 
     Samples from each group were tested at the initial timepoint for solution appearance, pH, protein concentration, size homogeneity by SE-HPLC and subvisible particulate matter by HIAC. In addition, charge variants were determined by iCIEF, molecular weight distribution by CE-SDS (R&amp;NR) and enzyme activity using a plate based turbidimetric method. Samples were again tested after 1 month and 3 months of storage at the accelerated condition of 25° C. and after 6 months and 12 months of storage at 5° C. Stability results are presented in Table 34 to Table 39. 
     At the initial timepoint, across all four groups, there were no changes in solution appearance, pH or nivolumab concentration. Similar initial results were observed for size homogeneity by SE-HPLC, charge variants by iCIEF, size variants by CE-SDS (R&amp;NR) and enzyme activity for Groups 1, 3 and 4. The level of HMWS for Group 2 samples (room temperature, room light and 30° C. storage) was 0.21% higher than the control and the level of acidic species for Group 2 samples was 1.4% higher than the control. Subvisible particulate matter by HIAC was very low for all samples. Enzyme activity for the Group 2 sample was 2.5% lower than that of the control at the initial timepoint. 
     After six months of storage at the accelerated condition of 25° C., across all four groups, there were no changes in solution appearance, pH or nivolumab concentration. The level of HMWS for Groups 1, 3 and 4 was similar and the level of HWWS for Group 2 was 0.15% higher than that of the control. The level of LMWS was identical at 0.13% for all four groups. For charge variants by iCIEF, the level of acidic species for Group 2 was 2.7% higher than that of the control and was similar to the control for Groups 1 and 3. Basic species across all four groups ranged from 5.9% to 6.0% at the six month timepoint. The level of molecular size variants across all four groups was in the range of 99.7% to 99.8% for reduced CE-SDS and in the range of 96.5% to 97.2% for non-reduced CE-SDS. At the six month timepoint, subvisible particulate matter count by HIAC was very low for all samples, with no apparent trends and enzyme activity for all groups was determined to be within 99.2% and 105.6% of the control. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 34 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection - Stored at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
                 Nivolumab 
                 SE-HPLC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (Months 
                   
                 Solution 
                 Concentration 
                 HMWS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 at 25° C.) 
                 Appearance 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 Complies(a) 
                 6.46 
                 127 
                 0.72 
                 99.17 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.41 
                 102 
                 0.66 
                 99.22 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.99 
                 102 
                 0.62 
                 99.27 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.97 
                 117 
                 0.62 
                 99.28 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.49 
                 133 
                 0.59 
                 99.32 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.96 
                 118 
                 0.62 
                 99.28 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.46 
                 132 
                 0.73 
                 99.15 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.49 
                 129 
                 0.58 
                 99.32 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.57 
                 103 
                 0.57 
                 99.34 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.56 
                 103 
                 0.57 
                 99.35 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.55 
                 102 
                 0.57 
                 99.32 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.42 
                 102 
                 0.70 
                 99.20 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.00 
                 130 
                 0.66 
                 99.25 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.98 
                 116 
                 0.65 
                 99.24 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 1 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (a)Complies = Clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 35 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection - Stored at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 iCIEF 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                 Acidic 
                 Main 
                 Basic 
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 Formu- 
                 (Months 
                 Group 
                 Peak 
                 Group 
                 Activity 
               
               
                 lation 
                 at 25° C.) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Units/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 36 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection - Stored at 25° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CE-SDS 
                 CE-SDS 
                 Particluate Matter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                 (R) 
                 (NR) 
                 Particles/ 
                 Particles/ 
               
               
                 Formu- 
                 (Months 
                 Purity 
                 Purity 
                 mL ≥10 
                 mL ≥25 
               
               
                 lation 
                 at 25° C.) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 microns 
                 microns 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 5 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 6 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 7 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 5 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 8 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 37 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection - Stored at 5° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
                 Nivolumab 
                 SE-HPLC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 (Months 
                   
                 Solution 
                 Concentration 
                 HMWS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 at 5° C.) 
                 Appearance 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 Complies(a) 
                 6.46 
                 127 
                 0.72 
                 99.17 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.41 
                 102 
                 0.66 
                 99.22 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.99 
                 102 
                 0.62 
                 99.27 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.97 
                 117 
                 0.62 
                 99.28 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.49 
                 133 
                 0.59 
                 99.32 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.96 
                 118 
                 0.62 
                 99.28 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.46 
                 132 
                 0.73 
                 99.15 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.49 
                 129 
                 0.58 
                 99.32 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.57 
                 103 
                 0.57 
                 99.34 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.56 
                 103 
                 0.57 
                 99.35 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.55 
                 102 
                 0.57 
                 99.32 
                 0.11 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.42 
                 102 
                 0.70 
                 99.20 
                 0.10 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 6.00 
                 130 
                 0.66 
                 99.25 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.98 
                 116 
                 0.65 
                 99.24 
                 0.12 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 Complies 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (a)Complies = Clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 38 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection - Stored at 5° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 iCIEF 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                 Acidic 
                 Main 
                 Basic 
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 Formu- 
                 (Months 
                 Group 
                 Peak 
                 Group 
                 Activity 
               
               
                 lation 
                 at 5° C.) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Units/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 39 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection - Stored at 5° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CE-SDS 
                 CE-SDS 
                 Particluate Matter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                 (R) 
                 (NR) 
                 Particles/ 
                 Particles/ 
               
               
                 Formu- 
                 (Months 
                 Purity 
                 Purity 
                 mL ≥10 
                 mL ≥25 
               
               
                 lation 
                 at 5° C.) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 microns 
                 microns 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 5 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 4 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 6 
                 3 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 6 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 7 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 8 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 9 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 10 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 7 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 11 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 3 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 12 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 13 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 5 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                 14 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 8 
                 2 
               
               
                   
                 6 
               
               
                   
                 12 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Determination of Vial Target Fill Volume and Overfill 
     The labeled SC dose of nivolumab is 480 mg, which is a 4 mL injection of a drug product with a nivolumab concentration of 120 mg/mL. An overfill of nivolumab SC injection is included in each vial to account for losses in the vial, needle and syringe (VNS) during use of the product (consistent with USP &lt;1151&gt; minimum recommended excess volume fill) and to account for the variability in the filling machine. The overfill ensures that the label claim of nivolumab SC injection can be withdrawn from the vial. 
     A study was performed to determine the actual nivolumab SC injection holdup volume in the vial, needle and syringe. Vials were filled with exactly 4.50 mL of drug product, stoppered and sealed. Five participants used a 20G 1.5″ needle to withdraw the vial contents using a 5-cc plastic syringe. The 20G 1.5″ needle was replaced with a 25G ⅝″ needle, and the syringe contents were expelled into a small beaker. The weight of expelled drug product was converted to volume and subtracted from the vial fill volume of 4.50 mL. The holdup volume across the 5 participants ranged from 0.29 mL to 0.35 mL, with an average of 0.32 mL. It was noted that this value is similar to the USP &lt;1151&gt; recommended excess of 0.34 mL (extrapolated value) for a 6-cc vial size. 
     Closed system transfer devices (CSTDs) are used at many facilities to protect the health care providers from exposure to drugs. The CSTD for direct SC injection generally is composed of 3 parts and includes a vial adapter, syringe adapter and a needle adapter. To determine the holdup volume in the CSTD, the same 5 participants repeated the study using 6 of the most commonly available CSTDs. Once the CSTD is attached to vial, it cannot be easily removed, thus this part of the study will determine the holdup volume in the vial plus the holdup volume in the CSTD and syringe. 
     As with the previous arm of the study, 6R vials were filled with exactly 4.50 mL of nivolumab injection, then stoppered and sealed. The five participants used a CSTD vial adapter and a CSTD syringe adapter to withdraw the vial contents into a 5-cc plastic syringe. The syringe was separated from the vial, the CSTD needle adapter and 25G ⅝″ needle were added, and the syringe contents were expelled into a small beaker. The weight of expelled drug product was converted to volume and subtracted from the vial fill volume of 4.50 mL. The holdup volume across the 5 participants is presented in Table 40. Across the 30 results generated, the average vial plus CSTD holdup volume was 0.46 mL with a standard deviation of 0.06 mL. However, the highest holdup volume for each of the 6 different CSTDs ranged from 0.46 mL to 0.58 mL. The selected holdup volume is then 0.58 mL+0.06 mL=0.64 mL. With 3% filling machine variability the selected target fill is (4.00 mL+0.64 mL)/0.97=4.78 mL. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 40 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Vial Plus CSTD Holdup Volumes for Nivolumab SC Injection 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Holdup 
                 Holdup 
                 Holdup 
                 Holdup 
                 Holdup 
                 Average 
                 Highest 
               
               
                   
                 Volume 
                 Volume 
                 Volume 
                 Volume 
                 Volume 
                 Holdup 
                 Holdup 
               
               
                 CSTD 
                 1 (mL) 
                 2 (mL) 
                 3 (mL) 
                 4 (mL) 
                 5 (mL) 
                 Volume (mL) 
                 Volume (mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PhaSeal 
                 0.41 
                 0.50 
                 0.51 
                 0.51 
                 0.43 
                 0.47 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 ChemoLock 
                 0.53 
                 0.51 
                 0.58 
                 0.49 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
                 0.58 
               
               
                 ChemoClave 
                 0.44 
                 0.40 
                 0.45 
                 0.51 
                 0.41 
                 0.44 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 OnGuard 
                 0.42 
                 0.46 
                 0.34 
                 0.52 
                 0.43 
                 0.43 
                 0.52 
               
               
                 Equashield 
                 0.42 
                 0.35 
                 0.34 
                 0.46 
                 0.42 
                 0.40 
                 0.46 
               
               
                 CareFusion 
                 0.48 
                 0.41 
                 0.57 
                 0.55 
                 0.49 
                 0.50 
                 0.57 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Description and Composition of a Commercial Formulation 
     A commercial formulation for Nivolumab SC Injection, 600 mg/Vial (120 mg/mL) is sterile, non-pyrogenic, clear to very opalescent, colorless to yellow liquid. A few particulates, consistent in appearance to proteinaceous particles, may be present. The drug product is a single-use, preservative-free, isotonic aqueous solution for subcutaneous (SC) administration. Nivolumab SC injection is packaged in 6R Type 1 flint glass vials, stoppered with 20-mm Daikyo D21-7S Flurotec® coated butyl stoppers that are secured with 20-mm aluminum seals with flip-off caps. The composition of nivolumab SC injection, which includes the quality standard and function of each component, is presented in Table 41. An overfill of nivolumab SC injection is included in each vial to ensure that the labeled quantity of 5.0 mL can be administered to the patient. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 41 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition of Nivolumab SC Injection, 600 
               
               
                 mg/vial (120 mg/mL) Commercial Formulation 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Amount per 
               
               
                 Component 
                 Quality Standard 
                 Function 
                 Vial (mg) a   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nivolumab 
                 BMS Specification 
                 Active ingredient 
                 780 
               
               
                 L-Histidine  b   
                 USP, Ph. Eur. 
                 Buffering agent 
                 10.1 
               
               
                 L-Histidine 
                 Ph. Eur. 
                 Buffering agent 
                 13.7 
               
               
                 HCl H 2 O 
               
               
                 Sucrose 
                 NF, Ph. Eur. 
                 Tonicity modifier 
                 556 
               
               
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 NF, Ph. Eur. 
                 Surfactant 
                 3.25 
               
               
                 Pentetic Acid 
                 USP 
                 Metal ion chelator 
                 0.128 
               
               
                 Methionine 
                 USP, Ph. Eur. 
                 Antioxidant 
                 4.85 
               
               
                 rHuPH20 
                 BMS/Halozyme 
                 Endoglycosidase 
                 0.118 
               
               
                 Sodium 
                 NA 
                 NA 
                 NA 
               
               
                 Chloride  b   
               
               
                 Water for 
                 USP, Ph. Eur. 
                 Solvent 
                 q.s. to 6.50 mL 
               
               
                 Injection 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Target fill includes a 1.5 mL overfill to account for vial, needle, and syringe (VNS) holdup, filling machine variability and administration component holdup. 
               
               
                   b  Sodium chloride and histidine are present in the rHuPH20 drug substance, but make insignificant contributions to the final composition. 
               
               
                 USP = United States Pharmacopoeia, 
               
               
                 Ph. Eur. = European Pharmacopoeia, 
               
               
                 NF = National Formulary, 
               
               
                 q.s. = quantity sufficient 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Selected Physical and Chemical Properties 
     Selected physical and chemical properties of 150 mg/mL nivolumab drug substance, 120 mg/mL nivolumab drug product and dilution buffer are presented in Table 42. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 42 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of 150 mg/mL Nivolumab Drug 
               
               
                 Substance, 120 mg/mL Nivolumab Drug Product and Dilution Buffer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Property 
                 Drug Substance 
                 Drug Product 
                 Dilution Buffer 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nivolumab 
                 150 mg/mL 
                 120 mg/mL 
                 0 
                 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Concentration 
                 (135-180 mg/mL) 
                 (108-132 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation 
                 20 mM histidine, 250 mM 
                 20 mM histidine, 250 mM 
                 20 mM histidine, 250 mM 
               
               
                 (Target 
                 sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 
                 sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 
                 sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, 
               
               
                 Values) 
                 50 μM pentetic acid 
                 50 μM pentetic acid, 
                 50 μM pentetic acid, 
               
               
                   
                   
                 5 mM methionine, 2 kU/mL 
                 25 mM methionine, 10 kU/mL 
               
               
                   
                   
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 a   
               
               
                 Solution pH 
                 6.0 ± 0.5 
                 6.0 ± 0.5 
                 6.0 ± 0.5 
               
               
                 (at 18-22° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Density 
                 1.078 
                 g/mL 
                 1.069 
                 g/mL 
                 1.033 
                 g/mL 
               
               
                 (at 15-25° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Viscosity 
                 37 cP at 5° C. 
                 13 cP at 5° C. 
                 1.8 cP at 5° C. 
               
               
                   
                 17 cP 20° C. 
                 7 cP 20° C. 
                 1.6 cP 20° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface 
                 46 
                 mN/m 
                 45 
                 mN/m 
                 42 
                 mN/m 
               
               
                 Tension 
               
               
                 (at 22° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Osmolality 
                 TBD 
                  350 ± 20% 
                  330 ± 20% 
               
               
                 (mOsm/kg) 
               
               
                 Appearance 
                 Colorless to yellow, clear 
                 Colorless to yellow, clear to 
                 No appearance description 
               
               
                   
                 to very opalescent liquid 
                 very opal, liquid, light (few) 
                 since an in-process 
               
               
                   
                   
                 particulates (consistent in 
                 intermediate 
               
               
                   
                   
                 appear. to protein part.) may be 
               
               
                   
                   
                 present 
               
               
                 Recommended 
                 ≤−35° C., protected from 
                 2-8° C., protected from 
                 2-8° C., protected from 
               
               
                 Storage &amp; 
                 light 
                 light and freezing 
                 light and freezing 
               
               
                 Shipping 
               
               
                 Conditions 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Exact quantities of methionine and rHuPH20 in the dilution buffer will depend on the nivolumab concentration of the drug substance used to manufacture the batch. ref: ELN A0C6F-067, -079, -083, -085 -086. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Stress Studies 
     Short-Term Room Temperature and Room Light Study 
     The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of short-term room temperature/room light (RT/RL) exposure on nivolumab SC injection. The data generated in this short term study helps inform about the length of exposure to be used in longer-term stress studies. The drug product formulation used in this study was 120 mg/mL nivolumab in 20 mM histidine buffer pH 6.0, with 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80, 50 μM pentetic acid, 5 mM methionine and 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. The bulk solution (5.67 mL aliquots) was filled into 10-cc glass vials that were stoppered and sealed. The vials were then separately subjected to the following stresses. The vials were placed in the horizontal position for worst case light exposure: 25C/RL exposed—testing after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days at RT/RL; 25C/RL protected*—testing after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days at RT (*protected by wrapping vials in aluminum foil). 
     The light source was a halophosphate bulb encased in a plastic tube. The unlabeled vials were placed on white paper, in the horizontal position, on a plastic tray. UV meter readings at all four corners were 0 μW/cm 2  at every timepoint. Light meter readings at the four corners were taken at every timepoint and ranged from 933 lux to 1023 lux. After being pulled from exposure to the stress condition, the samples were stored at 5° C. All samples were tested together at the end of the study. Testing included appearance, pH, protein concentration, SE-HPLC, subvisible particulate levels by HIAC, CE-SDS (R&amp;NR), iCIEF and enzyme activity. 
     Stability data from the study are presented in Tables 43 through 45. As presented in Table 43, the visual appearance for all samples at all timepoints was a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution. There were no changes observed in pH or protein concentration for any of the samples over the 28 day study. The level of HMWS increased by 0.12% for samples stored at the accelerated 25° C. light protected condition, and by 1.00% for samples stored at 25° C. and 1,000 lux light. The level of LMWS was little changed for all samples through the 28 day timepoint. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 43 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nivolumab 
                 SE-HPLC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                   
                 Solution 
                 Concentration 
                 HMWS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Days) 
                 Appearance 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 25° C./ 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.98 
                 118 
                 0.85 
                 99.07 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 dark 
                 7 
                 Complies 
                 5.99 
                 117 
                 0.89 
                 99.03 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 Complies 
                 5.97 
                 119 
                 0.92 
                 99.00 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 Complies 
                 6.00 
                 121 
                 0.97 
                 98.94 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.98 
                 118 
                 0.85 
                 99.07 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 1,000 lux 
                 7 
                 Complies 
                 5.98 
                 119 
                 1.15 
                 98.77 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 Complies 
                 6.01 
                 118 
                 1.35 
                 98.57 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 Complies 
                 5.96 
                 118 
                 1.85 
                 98.05 
                 0.09 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a  Complies = Clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 44 presents stability data for charge variants by iCIEF and enzyme activity. Over the 28 day storage period, the level of acidic species increased by 1.0% for samples stored in the dark at 25° C. and by 5.6% for samples stored at 25° C./1,000 lux. The level of basic species was little changed for both storage conditions. The increase observed in the level acidic species was accompanied by an approximately equal decrease in the main peak area. Enzyme activity was little changed for samples stored at 25° C. in the dark, but decreased by about 2% per day for samples stored at 25° C./1,000 lux. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 44 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 iCIEF 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Acidic 
                 Main 
                 Basic 
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Group 
                 Peak 
                 Group 
                 Activity 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Days) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Units/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 25° C./ 
                 0 
                 34.6 
                 60.2 
                 5.3 
                 2,022 
               
               
                 dark 
                 7 
                 34.3 
                 60.2 
                 5.5 
                 1,996 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 34.8 
                 59.3 
                 5.9 
                 2,022 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 35.6 
                 58.5 
                 5.9 
                 2,000 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 0 
                 34.6 
                 60.2 
                 5.3 
                 2,022 
               
               
                 1,000 lux 
                 7 
                 36.5 
                 58.0 
                 5.5 
                 1,696 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 37.1 
                 57.2 
                 5.7 
                 1,362 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 40.2 
                 54.2 
                 5.6 
                 994 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 45 presents data for CE-SDS reduced, CE-SDS non-reduced and subvisible particulate matter. Whether stored in the light or in the dark, percent purity by reduced CE-SDS was unchanged over the 28 day study period. The percent purity by non-reduced CE-SDS decreased by 0.4% over the 28 day storage period, both for samples exposed and protected from the room light. Subvisible particulate levels were low with no apparent trends. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 45 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Stability Data for Nivolumab SC Injection 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CE-SDS 
                 CE-SDS 
                 Particluate Matter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 (R) 
                 (NR) 
                 Particles/ 
                 Particles/ 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Time 
                 Purity 
                 Purity 
                 mL ≥10 
                 mL ≥25 
               
               
                 Cond. 
                 (Days) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 microns 
                 microns 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 25° C./ 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 99.5 
                 5 
                 2 
               
               
                 dark 
                 7 
                 100.0 
                 99.4 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 100.0 
                 99.2 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 100.0 
                 99.1 
                 2 
                 0 
               
               
                 25° C./ 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 99.5 
                 5 
                 2 
               
               
                 1,000 lux 
                 7 
                 100.0 
                 99.3 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 100.0 
                 99.2 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 28 
                 100.0 
                 99.1 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Based on the results of this study, drug product exposure to room light is recommended to be limited. 
     Short-Term Stability of rHuPH20 in Nivolumab SC Injection Stored at 25-40° C. 
     A study was performed to evaluate the impact of storage temperature on rHuPH20 enzyme activity when nivolumab SC injection was stored for up to 24 hours at temperatures ranging from 25° C. to 40° C. Separate vials of drug product were stored at 25° C., 32° C., 36° C. and 40° C. in the dark for up to 24 hours. After the storage period the samples were tested for rHuPH20 activity. Each sample was tested in triplicate. A sample that had been stored continuously at 5° C. was also tested as a control. Results are presented in Table 46. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 46 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Effect of Storage Temperature on Enzyme Activity When Nivolumab SC Injection 
               
               
                 is Stored at Various Temperatures for 24 Hours in the Dark 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Average 
                 Enzyme Activity 
               
               
                 Storage 
                 Analysis #1 
                 Analysis #2 
                 Analysis #3 
                 Enzyme Activity 
                 as a % of 5° C. 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 (units/mL) 
                 (units/mL) 
                 (units/mL) 
                 (units/mL) 
                 Stored Control 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5° C. (Control) 
                 2039 
                 1982 
                 1826 
                 1949 
                 100.0 
               
               
                 25° C. 
                 2043 
                 1937 
                 1891 
                 1957 
                 100.4 
               
               
                 32° C. 
                 2005 
                 1797 
                 1809 
                 1870 
                 95.9 
               
               
                 36° C. 
                 2006 
                 1916 
                 1774 
                 1899 
                 97.4 
               
               
                 40° C. 
                 1337 
                 1565 
                 1546 
                 1483 
                 76.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Although the enzyme activity results show a considerable amount of variability, a trend of decreasing stability with increasing temperature is observed. Thus, drug product storage time above 25° C. must be limited. 
     Physical Stress Study 
     A study was performed to examine the impact of physical stresses on the stability of nivolumab SC injection. The physical stresses placed on the drug product were similar to those that might typically be experienced during manufacture, shipping or use. The stresses included freeze-thaw (Group 1), room temperature exposure, room light exposure, high temperature excursion (Group 2), shock and shaking (Group 3) and continuous storage at 5° C., protected from light (Group 4—control). A batch of nivolumab SC injection was prepared and 3.0 mL aliquots of the drug product were filled into 6-cc vials that were then stoppered and sealed. The filled vials were subjected to the various stresses, then placed on accelerated stability at 25° C. 
     For the freeze-thaw arm of the study (Group 1), the filled vials were cycled four times between −20° C. and 5° C., with a minimum freeze time at −20° C. of 16 hours and a minimum thaw time at 5° C. of 8 hours. It was observed that the solution in the vials completely froze after 2 to 3 hours of storage at −20° C. and completely thawed after 6 to 7 hours of storage at 5° C. For the room temperature, room light and high temperature excursion arm of the study (Group 2), the vials were stored for 22 days at 25° C., protected from light. The Group 2 vials also experienced two excursions from this 25° C./dark storage condition: 72 hours (3 days) at 25° C. in 1,000 lux light and 72 hours (3 days) at 30° C., protected from light. For the shock and shaking stress (Group 3), the vials were dropped five times from a height of 36 inches and then placed in the worst case horizontal position on an orbital shaker at 120 rpm for 24 hours. The dropping of vials and orbital shaking was performed at both 5° C. and ambient room temperature (approximately 22° C.). Samples of drug product Group 4, the control arm, remained in 5° C. storage, protected from light. 
     Samples from each group were tested at the initial timepoint for solution appearance, pH, protein concentration, size homogeneity by SE-HPLC and subvisible particulate matter by HIAC. In addition, charge variants were determined by iCIEF, molecular weight distribution by CE-SDS (R&amp;NR) and enzyme activity using a plate based turbidimetric method. Samples were again tested after 3 months and 6 months of storage at the accelerated condition of 25° C. The stability results are presented in Table 47 to Table 49. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 47 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Physical Stress Stability Study Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                   
                 Nivolumab 
                 SE-HPLC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Stress 
                 (Months 
                   
                 Solution 
                 Concentration 
                 HMWS 
                 Monomer 
                 LMWS 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 at 25° C.) 
                 Appearance 
                 pH 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1 
                 0 
                 Complies(a) 
                 5.96 
                 121 
                 0.86 
                 99.07 
                 0.07 
               
               
                 (4 X F/T, −20° C. 
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 6.01 
                 119 
                 1.00 
                 98.88 
                 0.12 
               
               
                 to +5° C.) 
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.97 
                 123 
                 1.29 
                 98.58 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Group 2 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.93 
                 119 
                 1.06 
                 98.86 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 (25° C., 30° C., 
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 5.99 
                 120 
                 1.15 
                 98.71 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 RT/RL) 
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.92 
                 121 
                 1.45 
                 98.42 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Group 3 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.94 
                 119 
                 0.87 
                 99.06 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 (Shock and 
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 5.98 
                 118 
                 1.00 
                 98.90 
                 0.10 
               
               
                 Shaking) 
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.93 
                 121 
                 1.30 
                 98.56 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 Group 4 
                 0 
                 Complies 
                 5.95 
                 121 
                 0.85 
                 99.06 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 (5° C./Dark 
                 3 
                 Complies 
                 6.02 
                 122 
                 0.97 
                 98.94 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 Stored Control) 
                 6 
                 Complies 
                 5.94 
                 120 
                 1.30 
                 98.58 
                 0.13 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (a)Complies = Clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale-yellow solution. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 48 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Physical Stress Stability Study Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 iCIEF 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                 Acidic 
                 Main 
                 Basic 
                 Enzyme 
               
               
                 Stress 
                 (Months 
                 Group 
                 Peak 
                 Group 
                 Activity 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 at 25° C.) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Units/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.7 
                 1,956 
               
               
                 4 X F/T, 
                 3 
                 40.1 
                 54.0 
                 5.9 
                 1,936 
               
               
                 (−20° C. 
                 6 
                 40.5 
                 53.6 
                 5.9 
                 2,025 
               
               
                 to +5° C.) 
               
               
                 Group 2 
                 0 
                 37.0 
                 57.8 
                 5.3 
                 1,855 
               
               
                 25° C., 
                 3 
                 40.9 
                 53.2 
                 5.9 
                 1,816 
               
               
                 30° C., 
                 6 
                 44.0 
                 49.9 
                 6.0 
                 1,901 
               
               
                 RT/RL 
               
               
                 Group 3 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.6 
                 1,940 
               
               
                 Shock and 
                 3 
                 39.4 
                 55.0 
                 5.6 
                 1,936 
               
               
                 Shaking 
                 6 
                 41.3 
                 52.8 
                 5.9 
                 1,959 
               
               
                 Group 4 
                 0 
                 35.6 
                 59.8 
                 4.6 
                 1,903 
               
               
                 5° C./dark 
                 3 
                 39.0 
                 55.1 
                 5.9 
                 1,952 
               
               
                 stored 
                 6 
                 41.3 
                 52.8 
                 6.0 
                 1,917 
               
               
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 49 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Physical Stress Stability Study Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 Subvisible 
               
               
                   
                 CE-SDS 
                 CE-SDS 
                 Particluate Matter 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Time 
                 (R) 
                 (NR) 
                 Particles/ 
                 Particles/ 
               
               
                 Stress 
                 (Months 
                 Purity 
                 Purity 
                 mL ≥10 
                 mL ≥25 
               
               
                 Condition 
                 at 25° C.) 
                 (Area %) 
                 (Area %) 
                 microns 
                 microns 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Group 1 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 4 X F/T, 
                 3 
                 99.9 
                 99.4 
                 8 
                 3 
               
               
                 (−20° C. 
                 6 
                 99.7 
                 97.2 
                 10 
                 1 
               
               
                 to +5° C.) 
               
               
                 Group 2 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.5 
                 8 
                 0 
               
               
                 25° C., 
                 3 
                 99.9 
                 99.2 
                 5 
                 1 
               
               
                 30° C., 
                 6 
                 99.7 
                 96.5 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                 RT/RL 
               
               
                 Group 3 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.8 
                 3 
                 1 
               
               
                 Shock and 
                 3 
                 99.9 
                 99.3 
                 7 
                 0 
               
               
                 Shaking 
                 6 
                 99.8 
                 96.8 
                 4 
                 0 
               
               
                 Group 4 
                 0 
                 100.0 
                 98.6 
                 17 
                 3 
               
               
                 5° C./dark 
                 3 
                 99.9 
                 99.3 
                 6 
                 0 
               
               
                 stored 
                 6 
                 99.8 
                 96.8 
                 14 
                 2 
               
               
                 control 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     At the initial timepoint, across all four groups, there were no changes observed in solution appearance, pH or nivolumab concentration. Similar initial results were observed for size homogeneity by SE-HPLC, charge variants by iCIEF, size variants by CE-SDS (R&amp;NR) and enzyme activity for Groups 1, 3 and 4. The level of HMWS for Group 2 samples (room temperature, room light and 30° C. storage) was 0.21% higher than the control and the level of acidic species for Group 2 samples was 1.4% higher than the control. Subvisible particulate matter by HIAC was very low for all samples. Enzyme activity for the Group 2 sample was 2.5% lower than that of the control at the initial timepoint. 
     After six months of storage at the accelerated condition of 25° C., across all four groups, there were no changes in solution appearance, pH or nivolumab concentration. The level of HMWS for Groups 1, 3 and 4 was similar and the level of HWWS for Group 2 was 0.15% higher than that of the control. The level of LMWS was identical at 0.13% for all four groups. For charge variants by iCIEF, the level of acidic species for Group 2 was 2.7% higher than that of the control and was similar to the control for Groups 1 and 3. Basic species across all four groups ranged from 5.9% to 6.0% at the six month timepoint. The level of molecular size variants across all four groups was in the range of 99.7% to 99.8% for reduced CE-SDS and in the range of 96.5% to 97.2% for non-reduced CE-SDS. At the six month timepoint, subvisible particulate matter count by HIAC was very low for all samples, with no apparent trends and enzyme activity for all groups was determined to be within 99.2% and 105.6% of the control. 
     Time Out Refrigeration and Time at Room Light 
     The recommended storage condition for nivolumab SC injection is 2-8° C., protected from light. Based on the data collected from the short-term room temperature/room light study, the short-term stability of rHuPH20 at 25-40° C. and the physical stress study, a time out of refrigeration and time at room light can be established for the drug product. The short-term RT/RL study showed the sensitivity to room light, the rHuPH20 study showed the sensitivity of the enzyme to higher temperatures and the physical stress study data showed minimal impact on quality attributes from stresses than might occur during drug product manufacture, shipping or use. Based on the results of these studies, a time out of refrigeration/time at room light (TOR/TARL) for the finished drug product can be recommended. This TOR/TARL covers the time period that begins with the application of the seal to the vial and ends with the start of preparation for administration to the patient and includes post-filling activities (vial handling, inspection, sampling, labeling, secondary packaging and shipping preparation) and temperature excursions during transport up to the start of preparation of the dose for patient administration. 
     The recommended storage condition for nivolumab SC injection is 2-8° C., protected from light. Excursions from the recommended storage condition for up to 28 days at up to 25° C. are permitted, including storage in room temperature and room light for up to 72 hours and storage at 30° C. for up to 72 hours. 
     Freezing Temperature for Drug Product in a Vial 
     As part of the physical stress evaluation, a study was conducted to determine the temperature at which nivolumab SC injection freezes when filled in a 6-cc glass vial and stored at sub-zero temperatures for relatively short periods of time. Six vials of nivolumab SC injection, 3 mL/vial, were placed in a temperature controlled water bath. The bath temperature was lowered to −8° C. (temperature confirmed with a calibrated thermocouple) and held for 9 hours. At the 9 hour timepoint, the vials were inspected to determine if the solution in the vials had frozen. The bath temperature was then lowered to −10° C. and held for another 15 hours. After 15 hours at −10° C., the vials were again inspected to determine if the solution in the vials had frozen. The bath temperature was then lowered to −12° C. and held for 9 hours. All 6 vials had frozen after 9 hours of storage at −12° C. 
     The results of the study are presented in the table below. After 9 hours at −8° C. followed by 15 hours at −10° C., all samples were still in the solution state. After 9 hours at −12° C., all six vials had frozen. Thus, the freezing temperature of nivolumab SC injection when filled in a glass vial is between −12° C. and −10° C. and the solution in the vials will not freeze when stored for up to 15 hours at temperatures as low as −10° C. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 50 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Freezing Temperature Study Results 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Frozen (+) or Not-Frozen 
               
               
                   
                 (−) at End of Hold Step 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Bath Temperature 
                 Vial 
                 Vial 
                 Vial 
                 Vial 
                 Vial 
                 Vial 
               
               
                 and Hold Period 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 −8.0° C. for 9 Hours 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 −10.0° C. for 15 Hours 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
                 − 
               
               
                 −12.0° C. for 9 Hours 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     General Product Information 
     Some general information about the drug substance and drug product is provided as follows. Nivolumab drug substance is stored at ≤−35° C. in 12-L FFTp bags with protection from light. The storage condition for the drug product is 2-8° C., with protection from light. The compositions of the drug substance and drug product are listed in Table 51, the selected properties of drug substance, drug product and dilution buffer are presented in Table 52. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 51 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Drug Product 
               
               
                 Description 
                 Drug Substance 
                 60 mg/vial &amp; 600 mg/vial 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nivolumab 
                 Target 150 mg/mL 
                 120 
                 mg/mL 
               
               
                 (BMS-986298) 
                 (135-180 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Histidine/Histidine 
                 20 
                 mM b   
                 20 
                 mM b   
               
               
                 HCl Monohydrate 
               
               
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 mM 
                 250 
                 mM 
               
               
                 Polysorbate 80 
                 0.05% 
                 w/v 
                 0.05% 
                 w/v 
               
               
                 Pentetic Acid 
                 50 
                 μM 
                 50 
                 μM 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Methionine 
                 N/A a   
                 5 
                 mM 
               
               
                 rHuPH20 
                 N/A a   
                 2,000 
                 U/mL 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Sodium Chloride 
                 N/A b   
                 N/A b   
               
               
                 Target pH 
                 6.0 
                 6.0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Methionine and rHuPH20 are added to the dilution buffer, which is then added to the drug substance to create the drug product. 
               
               
                   b Sodium chloride and histidine are present in the rHuPH20 drug substance, but make insignificant contributions to the final composition 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 52 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Selected Properties of Drug Substance, 
               
               
                 Drug Product and Dilution Buffer 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Property 
                 Drug Substance 
                 Drug Product 
                 Dilution Buffer 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nivolumab 
                 150 mg/mL 
                 120 mg/mL 
                 0 
                 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Concentration 
                 (135-180 mg/mL) 
                 (108-132 mg/mL) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Solution pH 
                 6.0 ± 0.5 
                 6.0 ± 0.5 
                 6.0 ± 0.5 
               
               
                 (at 18-22° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Density 
                 1.078 
                 g/mL 
                 1.069 
                 g/mL 
                 1.033 
                 g/mL 
               
               
                 (at 15-25° C.) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Viscosity 
                 37 cP at 5° C., 
                 13 cP at 5° C., 
                 1.8 cP at 5° C., 
               
               
                   
                 17 cP 20° C. 
                 7 cP 20° C. 
                 1.6 cP 20° C. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Surface 
                 46 
                 mN/m 
                 45 
                 mN/m 
                 42 
                 mN/m 
               
               
                 Tension 
               
               
                 (at 22° C.) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2—Subcutaneous Nivolumab with or without rHuPH20 
     In an ongoing Phase 1/2 study the PK, safety, efficacy, and tolerability was evaluated for nivolumab monotherapy administered subcutaneously (SC) with or without the hyaluronidase rHuPH20 in patients across solid tumors (metastatic melanoma, RCC, NSCLC, HCC, and CRC) where PK, efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of nivolumab following IV administration have been well-characterized. Other solid tumors where PK of IV nivolumab was well-characterized (gastroesophageal junction [GEJ], gastric cancer (GC), metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) and SCCHN were permitted). 
     The starting SC dose selected for Part A was 720 mg Q4W. Based on preliminary PK from Part A and subsequent modeling, this study proceeded as planned with a second dose of 960 mg Q4W for Part B. 
     For Parts A and B, PK of single dose SC nivolumab (with and without rHuPH20) was characterized, followed by IV nivolumab 480 mg Q4W at Week 4. These SC PK data were used to update existing IV PPK model. The combined SC/V PPK model was then used to select SC nivolumab dosing regimen of 1200 mg Q4W for use in subsequent studies. 
     Parts C and D will provide additional PK and safety data following SC administration of 1200 mg Q4W in Part C (approximately 45 patients) and Part D (approximately 36 patients). Part C was designed to characterize the PK and study safety of continuous dosing of SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W in the context of switching from IV (transition from Parts A and B). Part D includes PK and safety of continuous dosing of SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W from initiation of therapy. An interim analysis will be performed including evaluation of pre-dose Cycle 2 Day 1 PK and early safety in approximately 10 subjects with the 1200 mg dose. 
     The primary objective of Parts A-D is to describe the PK of SC nivolumab with or without rHuPH20 as assessed by multiple measures including Cavgd28, Cmind28, and Cmax1. 
     Parts A-D study primary objectives are to describe the pharmacokinetics of nivolumab administered subcutaneously, with or without rHuPH20, and the endpoints are Cmax, Tmax, AUC(TAU), and Ctau (Parts A, B, and D), and Ctau (Part C). Secondary objectives include (i) to assess the safety profile of SC nivolumab; (ii) to evaluate incidence of AEs in the broad standardized MedDRA query (SMQ) of Anaphylactic Reaction and the select AE hypersensitivity/infusion reaction category; and (iii) to assess the immunogenicity of nivolumab. Secondary endpoints include (i) incidences of AEs, SAEs, AEs leading to discontinuation, deaths, and laboratory abnormalities; (ii) incidence of AEs in the broad SMQ of Anaphylactic Reaction occurring within 2 days after study drug administration; (iii) incidence of events within the hypersensitivity/infusion reaction select AE category occurring within 2 days after study drug administration; and (iv) incidence of anti-nivolumab antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, if applicable. Exploratory objectives include (i) to evaluate preliminary efficacy in all participants; (ii) to characterize biomarker measures of immune function and tumor genetics and genomics; (iii) to assess the immunogenicity of rHuPH20; and (iv) to assess the preliminary participant experience and preference for SC or IV administration of nivolumab. Exploratory endpoints include (i) ORR, PFS, and OS; (ii) summary measures of change (or % change) from baseline in various biomarkers and molecular characteristics of the tumor; (iii) incidence of anti-rHuPH20 antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, if applicable; and (iv) patient experience/preference questionnaire and qualitative patient interviews. 
     Results 
     Thirty-two subjects have been treated with a single dose of nivolumab (either 720 mg or 960 mg) administered via SC injection co-administered with rHuPH20, followed by IV nivolumab. An interim analysis was conducted after all subjects in Part B (Group 3) completed 1 cycle of SC nivolumab. 22 subjects in Part A—Group 1 (720 mg+rHuPH20) and 10 subjects in Part B—Group 3 (960 mg+rHuPH20) were analyzed for PK and early safety data. No formal outputs for efficacy are available at the time of the lock due to the short follow-up. 
     As of the DBL (minimum pre-dose Cycle 2 Day 1 on all Part B Group 3), the median follow-up for Part A—Group 1 (N=22) was 4.4 months (range: 2.4-8.8 months) and in Part B—Group 3 (N=10) was 2.5 months (range: 2.1-3.5 months). 
     The baseline disease characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 53. There were 14 males and 18 females. Median (range) age of all patients was 66.5 (48-90) years. The 32 subjects represent a diverse patient population, including subjects with a range of ages, weights, and tumors (NSCLC, CRC, RCC, HCC, melanoma, and SCCHN) in the advanced/metastatic setting. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 53A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Baseline Characteristics 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Number of Subjects (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PART A - GRP 1 
                 PART B - GRP 3 
                 Total 
               
               
                   
                 N = 22 
                 N = 10 
                 N = 32 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TUMOR TYPE 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 COLORECTAL CANCER 
                 6 
                 (27.3) 
                 3 
                 (30.0) 
                 9 
                 (28.1) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA 
                 2 
                 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 2 
                 (6.3) 
               
               
                 MELANOMA 
                 2 
                 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 2 
                 (6.3) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA 
                 7 
                 (31.8) 
                 3 
                 (30.0) 
                 10 
                 (31.3) 
               
               
                 RENAL CELL CARCINOMA 
                 5 
                 (22.7) 
                 3 
                 (30.0) 
                 8 
                 (25.0) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NOT REPORTED* 
                 0 
                 1 
                 (10.0) 
                 1 
                 (3.1) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SUBJECTS WITH PD-L1 CERTIFIABLE AT BASELINE (N(%)) 
                 18 
                 (81.8) 
                 3 
                 (30.0) 
                 21 
                 (65.6) 
               
               
                 SUBJECTS WITH BASELINE PD-L1 EXPRESSION &gt;= 1% 
                 9 
                 (50.0) 
                 3 
                 (100.0) 
                 12 
                 (57.1) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SUBJECTS WITH BASELINE PD-L1 EXPRESSION &lt; 1% 
                 9 
                 (50.0) 
                 0 
                 9 
                 (42.9) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SUBJECTS WITH BASELINE PD-L1 EXPRESSION &gt;= 5% 
                 7 
                 (38.9) 
                 2 
                 (66.7) 
                 9 
                 (42.9) 
               
               
                 SUBJECTS WITH BASELINE PD-L1 EXPRESSION &lt; 5% 
                 11 
                 (61.1) 
                 1 
                 (33.3) 
                 12 
                 (57.1) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SUBJECTS WITH BASELINE PD-L1 EXPRESSION &gt;= 50% 
                 3 
                 (16.7) 
                 0 
                 3 
                 (14.3) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 SUBJECTS WITH BASELINE PD-L1 EXPRESSION &lt; 50% 
                 15 
                 (83.3) 
                 3 
                 (100.0) 
                 18 
                 (85.7) 
               
               
                 PRIOR LINES OF THERAPIES 
               
               
                  0 
                 2 
                 (9.1) 
                 2 
                 (20.0) 
                 4 
                 (12.5) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  1 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  2 
                 13 
                 (59.1) 
                 4 
                 (40.0) 
                 17 
                 (53.1) 
               
               
                 &gt;=3 
                 5 
                 (22.7) 
                 4 
                 (40.0) 
                 9 
                 (28.1) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 NOT REPORTED 
                 2 
                 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 2 
                 (6.3) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 PERFORMANCE STATUS (ECOG) [%] 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                  0 
                 9 
                 (40.9) 
                 3 
                 (30.0) 
                 12 
                 (37.5) 
               
               
                  1 
                 13 
                 (59.1) 
                 7 
                 (70.0) 
                 20 
                 (62.5) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Preliminary Safety Data 
     Group 1 (720 mg+rHuPH20 SC dose followed by IV): Any-grade treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) were reported in 10 (45.5%) subjects and were generally known AEs within nivolumab IV program (Table 54B). Low-grade erythema, irritation, and swelling at the SC injection site were reported in 3 (14%) subjects. 
     Group 3 (960 mg+rHuPH20 SC dose followed by IV): Any grade TRAEs were reported in 3 (30%) subjects, which included Grade 1-2 immune-mediated skin rash, livedo reticularis, and local site reactions. Low grade erythema, pruritis and swelling at the SC injection site were reported in 2 (20%) subjects. At time of the DBL, there were no treatment-related SAEs (TRSAE) reported in Group 3. 
     Early safety analyses of subjects receiving SC nivolumab 720 mg+rHuPH20 (Group 1) and 960 mg SC+rHuPH20 (Group 3) are descriptive (and not intended for comparison across groups). The clinical safety profile of single dose SC nivolumab followed by IV (Cycle 2+) reflect treatment-related AEs and SAEs previously reported within the nivolumab IV IB, with the exception of SC local reactions. With respect to local AEs with SC injection, there were no unexpected local site reactions and all reported events were low grade and manageable. All 32 subjects in Group 1 and 3 had Cycle 1 Day 1 SC nivolumab (720 mg or 960 mg)+rHuPH20 doses administered in a single manual injection of either 6 mL or 8 mL, respectively. 
     Two deaths occurred on study due to progressive disease (neither was attributed to study drug). 
     Summaries of AEs, TRAEs, and TRSAEs are provided in Tables 2A-2C, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 54A 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Adverse Events Summary - All Treated Subjects, 
               
               
                 Group 1 and Group 3 - Interim Analysis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PART A - GRP 1, N = 22 
                 PART B - GRP 3, N = 10 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Any Grade 
                 Grade 3-4 
                 Grade 5 
                 Any Grade 
                 Grade 3-4 
                 Grade 5 
               
               
                   
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Any AE 
                 21 (95.5) 
                  4 (18.2) 
                 2 (9.1) a   
                 10 (100) 
                 2 (20) 
                 0 
               
               
                 Drug- 
                 10 (45.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 3 (30) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Related AEs 
               
               
                 Drug- 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Related AEs 
               
               
                 leading to 
               
               
                 DC 
               
               
                 SAEs 
                  5 (22.7) 
                  5 (22.7) 
                 2 (9.1) a   
                 3 (30) 
                 3 (30) 
                 0 
               
               
                 Drug- 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Related 
               
               
                 SAEs 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Grade 5: Death due to Malignant Neoplasm Progression 50 year-old male, RCC with pulmonary metastases; and Death due to Malignant Neoplasm Progression 76 year-old male CRC 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 54B 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Drug-Related Adverse Events Summary by Worst CTC Grade - All 
               
               
                 Treated Subjects, Group 1 and Group 3 - Interim Analysis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PART A - GRP 1 
                 PART B - GRP 3 
               
               
                 System Organ Class (%) 
                 N = 22 
                 N = 10 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Preferred Term (%) 
                 Any Grade 
                 Grade 3-4 
                 Grade 5 
                 Any Grade 
                 Grade 3-4 
                 Grade 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TOTAL SUBJECTS WITH AN EVENT 
                 10 (45.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 3 (30.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 General disorders and administration site conditions 
                  4 (18.2) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2 (20.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Fatigue 
                 2 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Injection site erythema 
                 2 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (10.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Administration site erythema 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (10.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Injection site irritation 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Injection site pruritus 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (10.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Injection site swelling 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (10.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders 
                  3 (13.6) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Arthralgia 
                 2 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Arthritis 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Psoriatic arthropathy 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Endocrine disorders 
                 2 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Hyperthyroidism 
                 2 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders 
                 2 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2 (20.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Pruritus 
                 2 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Livedo reticularis 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (10.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Rash macular 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (10.0) 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Cardiac disorders 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Cardiac failure congestive 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Gastrointestinal disorders 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Diarrhoea 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Injury, poisoning and procedural complications 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Infusion related reaction 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Renal and urinary disorders 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Tubulointerstitial nephritis 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 54C 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Drug-Related Serious Adverse Events Summary - All Treated 
               
               
                 Subjects, Group 1 and Group 3 - Interim Analysis 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PART A - GRP 1 
                 PART B - GRP 3 
               
               
                 System Organ Class (%) 
                 N = 22 
                 N = 10 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Preferred Term (%) 
                 Any Grade 
                 Grade 3-4 
                 Grade 5 
                 Any Grade 
                 Grade 3-4 
                 Grade 5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 TOTAL SUBJECTS WITH AN EVENT 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Cardiac disorders 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Cardiac failure congestive 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Renal and urinary disorders 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 Tubulointerstitial nephritis 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 1 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Combined Nivolumab SC/IV Data 
     A population pharmacokinetic (PPK) modeling and simulation approach was employed to characterize SC nivolumab PK and optimize dose selection for SC nivolumab. The objective of this modeling based analysis was to build a PPK model that describes nivolumab concentration data when administered by both SC and IV routes of administration. Nivolumab concentration data following first dose SC administration from the ongoing trial Parts A and B were available from 29 subjects across 2 dose levels including 720 mg SC nivolumab+rHuPH20 (Part A—Group 1) and 960 mg SC nivolumab+rHuPH20 (Part B—Group 3). These SC data were pooled with the existing IV concentration data in order to develop a combined SC/IV PPK model for nivolumab. An extravascular absorption component was added to the existing established IV PPK model and subsequently the appropriate parameters for absorption including BA (F1) and absorption rate constant (ka) were estimated. Estimates of PK parameters from the combined SC/V model are summarized in Table 55. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 55 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Estimates of PK Parameters from the Combined SC/IV PPK Model of Nivolumab 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Parameters a,b   
                   
                 Standard Error 
                 95% Confidence 
               
               
                 [Units] 
                 Estimate c   
                 (RSE %) d   
                 Interval e,BS   
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Fixed Effects 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 CL [L/h] 
                 0.0109 
                 3.17E−04 
                 (2.90) 
                 0.0105-0.0114 
               
               
                 VC [L] 
                 4.26 
                 0.0398 
                 (0.936) 
                 4.19-4.32 
               
               
                 Q [L/h] 
                 0.0335 
                 0.00203 
                 (6.07) 
                 0.0305-0.0377 
               
               
                 VP [L] 
                 2.61 
                 0.0831 
                 (3.18) 
                 2.46-2.73 
               
               
                 CL BBWT   
                 0.588 
                 0.0315 
                 (5.36) 
                 0.532-0.639 
               
               
                 CL GFR   
                 0.147 
                 0.0230 
                 (15.6) 
                 0.111-0.184 
               
               
                 CL SEX   
                 −0.163 
                 0.0161 
                 (9.83) 
                 −0.191-−0.137 
               
               
                 CL PS   
                 0.165 
                 0.0137 
                 (8.32) 
                 0.141-0.187 
               
               
                 CL OTH   
                 0.0243 
                 0.0184 
                 (76.0) 
                 −0.005-0.0537 
               
               
                 VC BBWT   
                 0.628 
                 0.0358 
                 (5.70) 
                 0.570-0.685 
               
               
                 VC SEX   
                 −0.136 
                 0.0180 
                 (13.2) 
                 −0.167-−0.107 
               
               
                 CL GC   
                 0.185 
                 0.0489 
                 (26.5) 
                 0.101-0.267 
               
               
                 CL EMAX   
                 −0.316 
                 0.0321 
                 (10.2) 
                 −0.377-−0.275 
               
               
                 CL T50   
                 1.40E+03 
                 73.7 
                 (5.27) 
                 1.27E+03-1.52E+03 
               
               
                 CL HILL   
                 2.78 
                 0.512 
                 (18.4) 
                 2.06-3.78 
               
               
                 CL RAAA   
                 0.0573 
                 0.0396 
                 (69.1) 
                 −0.0066-0.122  
               
               
                 CL RAAS   
                 −0.0766 
                 0.0258 
                 (33.7) 
                  −0.121-−0.0356 
               
               
                 CL CHL   
                 −0.321 
                 0.0272 
                 (8.47) 
                 −0.366-−0.275 
               
               
                 KA 
                 0.0127 
                 0.00121 
                 (9.52) 
                 0.0108-0.0151 
               
               
                 F1 
                 0.676 
                 0.0430 
                 (6.36) 
                 0.60-0.75 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Random Effects 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ω2CL [—] 
                 0.112 (0.335) 
                 0.00560 
                 (5.00) 
                 0.102-0.120 
               
               
                 ω2VC [—] 
                 0.127 (0.356) 
                 0.0138 
                 (10.9) 
                 0.102-0.150 
               
               
                 ω2VP [—] 
                 0.231 (0.480) 
                 0.0245 
                 (10.6) 
                 0.194-0.282 
               
               
                 ω2EMAX [h] 
                 0.0504 (0.224)  
                 0.00893 
                 (17.7) 
                 0.0379-0.0664 
               
               
                 ω2KA 
                 0.172 (0.414) 
                 0.0634 
                 (36.9) 
                 0.070-0.262 
               
               
                 ω2F1 
                 0.625 (0.791) 
                 0.239 
                 (38.2) 
                 0.230-1.046 
               
               
                 ω2CL:ω2VC 
                 0.0354 (0.297)  
                 0.00347 
                 (9.80) 
                 0.0294-0.0419 
               
               
                 ω2KA:F1 
                 0.253 (0.773) 
                 0.0684 
                 (27.0) 
                 0.127-0.360 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Residual Error 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Proportional 
                 0.205 
                 0.00512 
                 (2.50) 
                 0.196-0.213 
               
               
                 Error f   
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a Parameters with fixed values (not estimated) are denoted with a superscript ‘f’ after the names, with the fixed value given in the Estimate column. 
               
               
                   b Random Effects and Residual Error parameter names containing a colon (:) denote correlated parameters. 
               
               
                   c Random Effects and Residual Error parameter estimates are shown as Variance (Standard Deviation) for diagonal elements (ωi, i or σi, i)) and Covariance (Correlation) for off-diagonal elements (ωi, i or σi, i). 
               
               
                   d RSE % is the relative standard error (Standard Error as a percentage of Estimate). 
               
               
                   e Confidence intervals of Random Effects and Residual Error parameters are for Variance or Covariance. 
               
               
                   BS Confidence Interval values are taken from bootstrap calculations (934 successful out of a total of 1000). 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The structural PK model consisted of 2 compartments: zero-order absorption for IV administration and first-order absorption for SC administration. The model-determined BA of nivolumab was 67% with high precision (95% CI: 60%-75%). PPK modeling and simulation approach was employed to characterize SC nivolumab PK and optimize dose selection for SC nivolumab. The objective of this modeling based analysis was to build a PPK model that describes nivolumab concentration data when administered by both SC and IV routes of administration. Nivolumab concentration data following first dose SC administration from the ongoing trial (Parts A and B) were available from 29 subjects across 2 dose levels including 720 mg SC nivolumab+rHuPH20 (Part A—Group 1) and 960 mg SC nivolumab+rHuPH20 (Part B—Group 3). These SC data were pooled with the existing IV concentration data in order to develop a combined SC/IV PPK model for nivolumab. An extravascular absorption component was added to the existing established IV PPK model and subsequently the appropriate parameters for absorption including BA (F1) and absorption rate constant (ka) were estimated. Estimates of PK parameters from the combined SC/IV model are summarized in Table 55. 
     The structural PK model consisted of 2 compartments: zero-order absorption for IV administration and first-order absorption for SC administration. The model-determined BA of nivolumab was 67% with high precision (95% CI: 60%-75%). PPK modeling and simulation approach was employed to characterize SC nivolumab PK and optimize dose selection for SC nivolumab. The objective of this modeling based analysis was to build a PPK model that describes nivolumab concentration data when administered by both SC and IV routes of administration. Nivolumab concentration data following first dose SC administration from the ongoing CA2098KX (Parts A and B) were available from 29 subjects across 2 dose levels including 720 mg SC nivolumab+rHuPH20 (Part A—Group 1) and 960 mg SC nivolumab+rHuPH20 (Part B—Group 3). These SC data were pooled with the existing IV concentration data in order to develop a combined SC/IV PPK model for nivolumab. An extravascular absorption component was added to the existing established IV PPK model and subsequently the appropriate parameters for absorption including BA (F1) and absorption rate constant (ka) were estimated. Estimates of PK parameters from the combined SC/IV model are summarized in Table 55. 
     The structural PK model consisted of 2 compartments: zero-order absorption for IV administration and first-order absorption for SC administration. The model-determined BA of nivolumab was 67% with high precision (95% CI: 60%-75%). 
     The combined SC/IV PPK model underwent an internal validation exercise to ensure that the model was able to predict the observed concentration values following SC administration. Visual predictive checks ( FIG. 4 ) suggested that the combined SC/IV model adequately captured and described the observed SC nivolumab concentration data. 
     Using the model described above, deterministic simulations were conducted to generate exposure measures for the subjects treated with available PK data in CA2098KX. Summary of the exposure measures by dose level are provided in Table 56. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 56 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of Predicted Exposures in Treated Subjects by Dose Level 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cavgd28 (ug/ml) 
                 Cmind28 (ug/ml) 
                 Cmax1 (ug/ml) 
                 Tmax1 (hours) 
               
               
                 Dose SC Q4W 
                 GeoMean(% CV) 
                 GeoMean(% CV) 
                 GeoMean(% CV) 
                 Mean (SD) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 720 mg (N = 22) 
                 36.9 (44.2) 
                 22 
                 (56.8) 
                 51.3 (24.7) 
                 141 
                 (63.8) 
               
               
                 960 mg (N = 9) 
                 61.8 (27.2) 
                 40.6 
                 (24.3) 
                 83.5 (31.3) 
                 136 
                 (48) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Abbreviations: Cavgd28 = average concentration at day 28; Cmax1 = maximum concentration after the first dose; Cmind28 = minimum concentration at day 28; CV = coefficient of variation; GeoMean = geoetric mean; Q4W = every 4 weeks; SC = subcutaneous; SD = standard deviation; Tmax1 = time to maximum plasma concentration after the first dose. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Single Arm Expansion Cohort of RCC Subjects 
     The trial will be expanded to include a single-arm, single-tumor, expansion cohort (Part E) with advanced/metastatic RCC ( FIG. 3 ). The primary objective of Part E is to demonstrate PK non-inferiority of SC nivolumab 1200 mg+rHuPH20 (co-formulation) Q4W versus IV dosing (3 mg/kg Q2W) by comparing the model-predicted SC and IV exposures. Non-inferiority is defined as the lower limit of the two-sided 90% CI of the geometric mean ratio of at least 0.8 for the measure of exposure (co-primary endpoints: Cavgd28; Cmind28). Demonstration of Cavgd28 and Cmind28 non-inferiority will ensure that efficacy of SC nivolumab Q4W will be maintained at a level comparable to IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W. 
     Secondary objections of Part E are (i) to evaluate PK of SC nivolumab co-formulated with rHuPH20; (ii) to evaluate the safety profile of SC nivolumab co-formulated with rHuPH20; (iii) to evaluate the immunogenicity of nivolumab; and (iv) to evaluate investigator-assessed response. Secondary endpoints include (i) Cmax1, AUC(TAU), Cavg(ss), and Cmin(ss); (ii) incidences of AEs, SAEs, AEs leading to discontinuation, deaths, and laboratory abnormalities; (iii) incidence of anti-nivolumab antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, if applicable; and (iv) ORR. Exploratory objectives include (i) to explore efficacy in all participants; (ii) to explore biomarker measures of immune function and tumor genetics and genomics; (iii) to explore the immunogenicity of rHuPH20; and (iv) to explore participant experience with SC nivolumab. Exploratory endpoints include (i) PFS, OS, time to response, and duration of response; (ii) change from baseline in different biomarkers and molecular characteristics of the tumor/blood; (iii) incidence of anti-rHuPH20 antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, if applicable; and (iv) patient experience/preference questionnaire and qualitative patient interviews. 
     Selection of RCC as the tumor type for Part E is supported by extensive historical PK data and well-established PPK and E-R models for IV nivolumab in tumor type. Nivolumab E-R curves for efficacy and safety in RCC were flat in the dose range of 1 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg (data not shown). Given the well-established flat E-R relationship in RCC and melanoma across a wide range of tested doses, the benefit/risk assessment of SC nivolumab in Part E can reasonably support extrapolation to all tumor types where IV nivolumab has proven to be safe and efficacious. Selection of 3 mg/kg IV Q2W as the virtual IV treatment arm is based on: robust data on exposure, efficacy, and safety for 3 mg/kg IV Q2W. Most studies, including pivotal studies for all approved indications, evaluated nivolumab at a dose of 3 mg/kg IV Q2W. Well-characterized efficacy, safety, and PK profiles are, therefore, available for this dose. Well-established E-R in RCC and melanoma that spans the 3 mg/kg IV Q2W regimen showed no significant association of exposure and safety/efficacy. Demonstration of PK non-inferiority of SC dose versus the 3 mg/kg Q2W IV dose is sufficient to conclude that the benefit-risk profile of SC nivolumab would be comparable to IV nivolumab in advanced/metastatic RCC and by extrapolation to other tumor types for the following reasons: 
     Efficacy of 3 mg/kg IV Q2W has been demonstrated in dose ranging and pivotal studies conducted across tumor types. Therefore, if similar or greater Cavgd28 and Cmind28 are achieved with the SC dosing regimen of 1200 mg Q4W, then it is expected that the safety and efficacy profile of SC nivolumab would be comparable to IV nivolumab. 
     Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria/Patient Characteristics 
     Key inclusion criteria include: (i) PD-L1 treatment naïve; (ii) histological confirmation of RCC with a clear cell component (must have received at least 1, and no more than 2, lines of prior systemic treatment regimens in the advanced or metastatic setting, and must have evidence of progression on or after the last treatment regimen received and within 6 months prior to study enrollment); (iii) a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue block or unstained slides of tumor sample (archival or recent) for biomarker evaluation is requested for subjects at study entry; (iv) male and female participants must be z 12 years old or age at the time of informed consent; (v) participants must be assessed for tumor PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC); (vi) measurable disease as per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 criteria; (vii) participants must have an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1; and (viii) all participants must have the ability to comply with treatment, patient-reported outcomes, PK, pharmacodynamic sample collection, and study follow-up requirements. 
     Key exclusion criteria include (i) treatment with botanical preparations (eg, herbal supplements or traditional Chinese medicines) to treat the disease under study within 2 weeks prior to randomization/treatment; (ii) participants with an active autoimmune disease or any other condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids within 14 days (&gt;10 mg daily prednisone equivalent) or other immunosuppressive medications within 30 days of randomization (inhaled or topical steroids, and adrenal replacement steroid doses &gt;10 mg daily prednisone equivalent, are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease); (iii) participants with type I diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism only requiring hormone replacement, skin disorders (such as vitiligo, psoriasis, or alopecia) not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger are permitted to enroll; (iv) untreated symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) metastases (patients are eligible if CNS metastases are asymptomatic and do not require immediate treatment, or have been treated and patients have neurologically returned to baseline (except for residual signs or symptoms related to the CNS treatment); in addition, patients must have been either off corticosteroids, or on a stable or decreasing dose of ≤10 mg daily prednisone (or equivalent) for at least 2 weeks prior to enrollment); (v) patients with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who have had an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining opportunistic infection within the last year, or a current cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count &lt;350 cells/uL; (vi) inadequate organ function based on baseline laboratory assessment; (vii) patients with a concurrent malignancy requiring treatment (patients with a previously treated malignancy are eligible if treatment was completed at least 2 years before registration and the patient has no evidence of disease; and patients who have a concurrent malignancy that is clinically stable and does not require tumor-directed treatment are also eligible); (viii) patients with serious or uncontrolled medical disorders; (ix) serologic evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with an HBV viral load above the limit of quantification. Participants with chronic HBV infection must be on concurrent viral suppressive therapy; (x) serologic evidence of current hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with an HCV viral load above the limit of quantification; (xi) participants who have received a live/attenuated vaccine within 30 days of first treatment; (xii) history of allergy or hypersensitivity to study drug components; and (xiii) prior treatment with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibody, or any other antibody or drug specifically targeting T-cell co-stimulation or checkpoint pathways. 
     Rationale for Selection of SC Dose 
     A PPK modeling and simulation approach was employed for dose selection for SC nivolumab. Nivolumab concentration data following first dose SC administration from Parts A and B were collected across 2 dose levels co-administered with rHuPH20 (720 mg and 960 mg). These data were pooled with the existing IV concentration data in order to develop a combined SC and IV PPK model for nivolumab. An extravascular absorption component was added to the existing established IV PPK model and subsequently the appropriate parameters for absorption including BA and ka were estimated. Simulations were performed using this combined SC/IV PPK model to predict systemic exposures following administration of a range of doses across the range of body weights. Under the various scenarios that accounted for the potential uncertainty in BA tested, it was determined that a SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W regimen would elicit a comparable benefit-risk profile to IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W. This was based on the rationale that this dosing regimen is capable of delivering Cavgd28 and Cmin28 exposures that are similar to or greater than those associated with the IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W while maintaining all measures of exposures below those associated with IV nivolumab 10 mg/kg Q2W for all body weights. Additionally, clinical trial simulations under the most conservative scenario considered (low bioavailability, in an RCC population that tends to have higher body weights) suggest that SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W has a relatively higher probability than 960 mg Q4W of achieving the non-inferiority criteria in a SC versus IV trial. 
     With regards to the anticipated safety profile with the 1200 mg SC dose, predicted exposures are not expected to exceed those produced by nivolumab 10 mg/kg Q2W IV, a dose where safety has been well-characterized and shown to be similar to 3 mg/kg Q2W IV. Given that there were no clinically meaningful differences in incidence of AEs between IV exposures of 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg Q2W IV, 1200 mg+rHuPH20 Q4W SC is an appropriate dose, which will provide exposures equal to or greater than 3 mg/kg Q2W IV and within those produced by 10 mg/kg Q2W IV. This will be assessed as part of the amendment underway to characterize actual PK of the 1200 mg SC dose (Parts C and D) and preliminary results will be reviewed prior to the initiation of Part E. 
     Further comparisons of the exposures from deterministic simulations for patients in Arms A and B were conducted to ascertain whether there were any differences in exposures of SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W relative to 3 mg/kg Q2W based on tumor type. These simulations accounted for individual parameters of absorption, bioavailability, systemic PK parameters and individual covariate information. Across the tumor types collected in this study, there were no apparent trends or differences in geometric mean ratios (GMRs) for all measures of exposures. All GMRs being equal or greater than 1, indicated that tumor type is unlikely to impact the interpretation of non-inferior exposures, and body weight would continue to remain the major contributor to any differences in exposures from SC 1200 Q4W and 3 mg/kg Q2W IV dosing ( FIGS. 5A-5C ). 
     Example 3—Subcutaneous Nivolumab with or without rHuPH20 
     In support of the clinical studies with subcutaneous (SC) nivolumab administration, nonclinical study was conducted in cynomolgus monkeys to evaluate local tolerance and systemic exposures to nivolumab when administered twice (3 weeks apart) as a SC formulation with and without rHuPH20. SC nivolumab was supplied at 154.57 mg/mL and was administered by SC injection at doses of 0 mg/kg (vehicle), 50 mg/kg (no rHuPH20), or 50 mg/kg (with rHuPH20, 2000 U/mL), twice (Days 1 and 22/20 [males/females]), to groups of 3 monkeys per sex. All doses were administered at 0.5 mL/kg in a vehicle/carrier consisting of 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% polysorbate-80, and 50 μM pentetic acid (histidine buffer). Samples for toxicokinetic analysis were collected following dosing on Day 1 and scheduled necropsies were conducted at 72 hours following dosing on Day 22/21 (males/females). 
     Mean nivolumab systemic exposures (AUC[0-T]) at 50 mg/kg with rHuPH20 were generally similar to those without rHuPH20 (Table 57). Mean time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was 32 hours or 68 hours post-dose with or without rHuPH20, respectively. These results demonstrate that, despite an earlier Tmax with rHuPH20 co-administration, rHuPH20 had no substantial impact on the overall nivolumab systemic exposure in this non-clinical study. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 57 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Toxicokinetic Summary - Mean Sex-combined Values 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 All Monkeys/Exclusion of Monkeys with Detectable 
               
               
                   
                 Treatment-emergent Anti-nivolumab Antibodies a   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Nivolumab 50 mg/kg 
                 Nivolumab 50 mg/kg 
               
               
                 Parameter 
                 (no rHuPH20) 
                 (with rHuPH20) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 AUC(0-T) 
                 187,000/166,000 
                 184,000/182,000 
               
               
                 (μg · h/mL) 
               
               
                 Cmax (μg/mL) 
                 537/454 
                 647/647 
               
               
                 Tmax (h) 
                 68/60 
                 32/24 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Abbreviations: AUC = area under the concentration-time curve; Cmax = maximum concentration; Tmax = time to maximum plasma concentration. 
               
               
                   a Values were calculated with all/exclusion of monkeys with detectable treatment-emergent anti-nivolumab antibodies. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Treatment-emergent nivolumab anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) were detected in 1 of 6 monkeys either with or without rHuPH20. However, in general, the presence of treatment-emergent ADAs had no substantial impact on nivolumab exposure. 
     Nivolumab, administered at 50 mg/kg with and without rHuPH20 (2000 U/mL), was well-tolerated with no clinical observations and no local tolerance issues at the SC injection sites and there were no meaningful differences in exposure to nivolumab in the presence or absence of rHuPH20 in this non-clinical study. 
     Example 3—Subcutaneous Nivolumab in Combination with Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase in Previously Treated Advanced, Recurrent, or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 
     A phase 3 study will be performed to evaluate the administration of subcutaneous (SC) nivolumab coformulated with recombinant human PH20 (rHuPH20) versus intravenous (IV) nivolumab in participants with previously treated advanced, recurrent, or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study seeks to establish pharmacokinetic (PK) and efficacy non-inferiority of 1200 mg of nivolumab coformulated with 20,000 Units of rHuPH20 administered SC every 4 weeks (Q4W) compared with 3 mg/kg nivolumab administered IV every 2 weeks (Q2W). Throughout the protocol, the coformulation of nivolumab and rHuPH20 will be referred to as SC nivolumab and the IV formulation of nivolumab will be referred to as IV nivolumab. 
     Males or females 18 years of age or older (or local age of majority) with histologically confirmed Stage IIIB/IIIC/IV NSCLC (squamous or non-squamous) who have experienced disease recurrence or progression during or after 1 prior systemic therapy for advanced or metastatic disease. Objectives and endpoints are presented in Table 58. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 58 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Objectives and Endpoints 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Objective 
                 Endpoint 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Co-Primary 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 To demonstrate PK non-inferiority of 
                 Cmind28 
               
               
                 SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W versus 
               
               
                 IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W. 
               
               
                 To demonstrate ORR non-inferiority 
                 ORR by BICR with a minimum of 6 months 
               
               
                 of SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W 
                 follow-up 
               
               
                 versus IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W . . . 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Secondary 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 To evaluate the PK of SC nivolumab 
                 Cavgd28, Cmax1, Tmax, Cminss, Cavgss 
               
               
                 1200 mg Q4W and IV nivolumab 3 
               
               
                 mg/kg Q2W. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 To evaluate the efficacy of SC 
                 1) 
                 ORR by BICR with a minimum of 12 of 
               
               
                 nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W and IV 
                   
                 months follow-up and at end of study 
               
               
                 nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W. 
                 2) 
                 DCR by BICR with a minimum of 6 and 12 
               
               
                   
                   
                 months of follow-up and at end of study 
               
               
                   
                 3) 
                 PFS with a minimum of 6 and 12 months of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 follow-up and at end of study 
               
               
                   
                 4) 
                 OS with a minimum of 6 and 12 months of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 follow-up and at end of study 
               
               
                   
                 5) 
                 DoR with a minimum of 6 and 12 months of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 follow-up and at end of study 
               
               
                   
                 6) 
                 TTR with a minimum of 6 and 12 months of 
               
               
                   
                   
                 follow-up and at end of study 
               
               
                 To evaluate the safety profile of SC 
                 7) 
                 Incidences of AEs, SAEs, AEs leading to 
               
               
                 nivolumab and IV nivolumab. 
                   
                 discontinuation, deaths, and laboratory 
               
               
                   
                   
                 abnormalities 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 To evaluate AEs in the broad 
                 Incidence of anaphylactic, hypersensitivity, 
               
               
                 standardized MedDRA query (SMQ) 
                 and systemic infusion reactions. 
               
               
                 of Anaphylactic Reaction, in SC 
                 Incidence of injection and local infusion site 
               
               
                 nivolumab arm and in IV nivolumab 
                 reactions occurring within 2 days of study 
               
               
                 arms 
                 drug administration 
               
               
                 To evaluate the immunogenicity of SC 
                 Percentage of participants who develop anti- 
               
               
                 nivolumab and IV nivolumab 
                 nivolumab antibodies and neutralizing 
               
               
                   
                 antibodies, if applicable 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Exploratory 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 To explore translational biomarkers 
                 Summary measures of change (or % change) 
               
               
                 for SC nivolumab and IV nivolumab 
                 from baseline in intratumoral markers of 
               
               
                 clinical activity 
                 tumor inflammation 
               
               
                   
                 Summary measures of change (or % change) 
               
               
                   
                 from baseline in peripheral markers of 
               
               
                   
                 immune activation 
               
               
                   
                 Summary measures of baseline levels of 
               
               
                   
                 intratumoral and peripheral biomarkers in 
               
               
                   
                 both treatment arms to identify potential 
               
               
                   
                 imbalances 
               
               
                 To explore the immunogenicity of 
                 Percentage of participants who develop anti- 
               
               
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 antibodies and neutralizing 
               
               
                   
                 antibodies, if applicable and the impact of 
               
               
                   
                 anti-rHuPH20 antibodies on AEs, 
               
               
                   
                 administration related reactions, and events 
               
               
                   
                 within MedDRA SMQ anaphylactic reactions 
               
               
                 To explore the impact of 
                 Percentage of participants who develop anti- 
               
               
                 immunogenicity of SC nivolumab and 
                 nivolumab antibodies and neutralizing 
               
               
                 IV nivolumab 
                 antibodies, if applicable, the impact of anti- 
               
               
                   
                 nivolumab antibodies on AEs, administration- 
               
               
                   
                 related reactions, and events within MedDRA 
               
               
                   
                 SMQ anaphylactic reactions 
               
               
                 To explore the participant experience 
                 Percentage of participants who prefer SC and 
               
               
                 and preference with SC nivolumab 
                 the percentage of participants who prefer IV 
               
               
                   
                 treatment through PEPQ (Arm A only, SC 
               
               
                   
                 nivolumab) 
               
               
                 To explore changes in disease-related 
                 Mean NSCLC-SAQ scores at baseline and 
               
               
                 symptoms and impacts on health- 
                 post-baseline score changes 
               
               
                 related quality of life in the IV and SC 
               
               
                 arms 
               
               
                 To explore changes in health status 
                 Mean EQ-5D-5L utility and visual analogue 
               
               
                 and health-related quality of life in the 
                 scale scores and post-baseline score changes 
               
               
                 IV and SC arms 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Abbreviations: AE = adverse event; BICR = blinded independent central review; CminD28 = minimum serum concentration over 28 days; Cavgd28 = average serum concentration at day 28; Cmax1 = maximum serum concentration after the first dose; Cminss = steady state trough concentration; Cavgss = steady state average serum concentration; DCR = disease control rate; DoR = duration of response; IV = intravenous; MedDRA = Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities; ORR = objective response rate; OS = overall survival; PFS = progression-free survival; PK = pharmacokinetic; Q2W = every 2 weeks; Q4W = every 4 weeks; rHuPH20 = recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20; SAE = serious adverse event; SC = subcutaneous; SMQ = standardized MedDRA queries; Tmax = time at which Cmax1 is attained; TTR = time to response. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Overall Design 
     The present study is a multicenter, randomized, open-label, Phase 3 study that will evaluate PK and efficacy non-inferiority of SC nivolumab versus IV nivolumab and safety and tolerability of SC nivolumab in participants with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic NSCLC.
         Arm A (n=257): SC nivolumiab coformulation of 1200 mg of nivolumab with 20,000 units of rHuPH20 Q4W±7 days; and   Arm B (n=257): IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W±3 days ( FIG. 6 ).       

     Approximately 514 total participants will be randomized in a 1:1 fashion into the following treatment groups: randomization into treatment groups will be stratified by histology (squamous versus nonsquamious), PD-L1 score (≥1% versus &lt;1% versus indeterminate), weight (&lt;65 kg versus 65-90 kg versus &gt;90 kg), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ECOG-PS (0 versus 1) ( FIG. 6 ). ECOG PS must be assessed within 14 days prior to randomization. Dosing in this study will continue until disease progression per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v.1.1, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of consent, completion of 104 weeks of treatment, death, or study termination by the Sponsor, whichever occurs first. 
     On study tumor assessments should consist of contrast enhanced CT of the chest, CT/MRI of the abdomen, pelvis, and all other known and/or suspected sites of disease should occur every 8 weeks (f 7 days) starting from randomization for 2 years (104 weeks), then every 12 weeks (f 7 days) until disease progression and treatment discontinuation (including treatment beyond progression), whichever occurs later. Partial response (PR) and complete response (CR) must be assessed and confirmed at least 4 weeks following initial assessment. Tumor response will be assessed using RECIST 1.1. 
     Serial blood samples will be collected during Cycle 1 in Arm A and during Cycles 1 and 2 in Arm B, followed by predose PK samples throughout the treatment period in both Arms A and B to characterize the PK and immunogenicity of nivolumab. 
     Safety monitoring will consist of physical examinations, vital sign measurements, and clinical laboratory evaluations at selected times throughout the dosing interval. Participants will be closely monitored for AEs throughout the study. Collection of AEs and severity per National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) v.5 criteria will also include local injection-site reactions after SC administration and IV infusion related reactions. 
     Justification for Dose 
     PK data from participants enrolled in the study, where nivolumab (720 mg, 960 mg, and 1200 mg) was administered SC with or without rHuPH20, and historical IV data across several tumor types (data from approximately 3000 patients) were used to characterize the absorption profile of nivolumab when given subcutaneously. Population PK (PPK) analysis estimated the mean (90% CI) bioavailability to be 70% (66-74%) and first order rate of absorption to be 0.250 (90% CI: 0.225-0.274) day −1 . All other PK parameters and effects of covariates on these parameters were consistent with those estimated previously with the IV PPK model. The model estimated exposures with SC nivolumab 1200 mg Q4W and IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W are presented in Table 59. Based on these results, the SC nivolumab dose of 1200 mg Q4W nivolumab is expected to provide similar or higher exposures across all body weight ranges as compared to IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg Q2W. Also the geometric mean exposures with nivolumab administered SC 1200 mg Q4W are lower than the exposure from the highest tolerated IV dose of 10 mg/kg Q2W and are considered safe ( FIG. 7 ). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 59 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Model Estimated Exposures for SC Nivolumab 
               
               
                 (with rHUPH20) and IV Nivolumab 
               
               
                 Geometric Mean (% CV) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Cavgd28 
                 Cmind28 
                 Cmax1 
               
               
                 Dose 
                 (μg/mL) 
                 (μg/mL) 
                 (μg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1200 mg Q4W SC 
                 65.50 
                 (35.10) 
                 40.40 (41.50%) 
                 93.00 (38.10%) 
               
               
                 3 mg/kg Q2W IV 
                 40.20 
                 (29.40%) 
                 27.40 (35.20%) 
                 57.80 (37.70%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Abbreviations: Cavgd28 = average serum concentration on Day 28; Cmax1 = maxiumum serum concentration after the first dose; Cmind28 = minimum serum concenration on Day 28; CV = coefficient of variation; IV = intravenous; Q4W = every 4 weeks; Q2W = every 2 weeks; SC = subcutaneous. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Inclusion Criteria 
     Participants must have histologically confirmed NSCLC (squamous or non-squamous) and present with Stage IIIB/IIIC/IV disease (according to version 8 of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Staging Manual in Thoracic Oncology) or with recurrent or progressive disease (according to RECIST 1.1 criteria) following multimodal therapy (radiation therapy, surgical resection, or definitive chemo radiotherapy for locally advanced disease). Participants must have measurable disease by CT or MRI per RECIST 1.1 criteria within 28 days prior to first treatment dose. Participants must have an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 assessed within 14 days of randomization. Participants must have experienced disease recurrence or progression during or after 1 prior systemic therapy for advanced or metastatic disease. 
     Maintenance therapy following platinum doublet-based chemotherapy is not considered as a separate regimen of therapy. Participants who received pemetrexed, bevacizumab, or erlotinib as maintenance therapy (non-progressors with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy) and progressed are eligible. Participants who have received adjuvant or neoadjuvant platinum-doublet chemotherapy (after surgery and/or radiation therapy) and developed recurrent or metastatic disease within 6 months of completing therapy are eligible. Participants with recurrent disease &gt;6 months after adjuvant or neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, who also subsequently progressed during or after a platinum-doublet regimen given to treat the recurrences, are eligible. 
     All participants with non-squamous histology must have been tested for EGFR mutation status (including, but not limited to, deletions in exon 19 and exon 21 [L858R] substitution); the use of regulatory-approved test is strongly encouraged. Participants who are positive on sensitizing EGFR mutations should have progressive disease after receiving one prior approved EGFR inhibitor. Participants with non-squamous histology who have a known ALK translocation should have progressive disease after receiving one prior approved ALK inhibitor. ALK mutation testing is not required for this study. 
     Participants with symptomatic tumor lesions at baseline who may require palliative radiotherapy within 4 weeks of the first dose of study treatment are strongly encouraged to receive palliative radiotherapy prior to enrollment. Palliative radiotherapy should be completed 2 weeks prior to the first dose. Target lesions may be located in a previously irradiated field if there is documented (radiographic) disease progression (following RECIST 1.1 criteria) in that site. 
     Participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) that is controlled at study entry are eligible. 
     A formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue block or a minimum of 20 unstained slides of tumor tissue obtained from core biopsy, punch biopsy, excisional biopsy, or surgical specimen prior to enrollment (within 12 weeks of enrollment) with no intervening systemic anti-cancer treatment between time of acquisition and treatment randomization in IRT. If despite efforts, a minimum of 20 slides are not obtainable, submission of fewer slides may be acceptable in some circumstances following discussion with the Medical Monitor or designee. If tumor tissue obtained within 12 weeks of enrollment is not available, an archival tissue block (within approximately 12 months of enrollment) with no intervening systemic anti-cancer treatment between time of acquisition and treatment randomization in IRT may be submitted. Fine needle aspirates and other cytology samples are not acceptable. Assessment of tumor-cell PD-L1 expression by IHC must be performed by analyzing lab using pre-treatment tissue sample. Analyzing lab must provide IRT with PD-L1 results prior to randomization. 
     Exclusion Criteria 
     Participants with an active autoimmune disease or any other condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids within 14 days (&gt;10 mg daily prednisone equivalent) or other immunosuppressive medications within 30 days of randomization. Inhaled or topical steroids, and adrenal replacement steroid doses &gt;10 mg daily prednisone equivalent, are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease. Known history of positive test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or known acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 
     Participants with type I diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism only requiring hormone replacement, skin disorders (such as vitiligo, psoriasis, or alopecia) not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger are permitted to enroll. 
     Participants with untreated symptomatic CNS metastases. Participants are eligible if CNS metastases are asymptomatic and do not require immediate treatment, or have been treated and patients have neurologically returned to baseline (except for residual signs or symptoms related to the CNS treatment). In addition, participants must have been either off corticosteroids, or on a stable or decreasing dose of ≤10 mg daily prednisone (or equivalent) for at least 2 weeks prior to enrollment. 
     Participants with a concurrent malignancy requiring treatment. Participants with a previously treated malignancy are eligible if treatment was completed at least 2 years before randomization and the patient has no evidence of disease. Patients who have a concurrent malignancy that is clinically stable and does not require tumor-directed treatment are also eligible. 
     Participants with interstitial lung disease that is symptomatic or may interfere with the detection or management of suspected drug-related pulmonary toxicity. 
     Participants who have received treatment with botanical preparations (e.g. herbal supplements or traditional Chinese medicines) to treat the disease under study within 2 weeks prior to randomization/treatment. Participants who have received a live/attenuated vaccine within 30 days of first treatment. Participants who have received prior treatment with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CTLA 4 antibody, or any other antibody or drug specifically targeting T-cell co-stimulation or checkpoint pathways. 
     Inadequate organ function based on baseline laboratory assessments include (i) white blood cell (WBC)&lt;2000/μL; (ii) neutrophils &lt;1500/μL; (iii) platelets &lt;100 x103/μL; (iv) hemoglobin &lt;9.0 g/dL; (v) serum creatinine &gt;1.5× upper limit of normal (ULN), unless creatinine clearance ≥40 mL/min (measured or calculated using the Cockroft-Gault formula); (vi) aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT): &gt;3.0×ULN; (vii) total bilirubin &gt;1.5×ULN (except participants with Gilbert Syndrome who must have a total bilirubin level of &lt;3.0×ULN); and (viii) any positive test result for HBV or HCV virus indicating presence of virus, eg, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) positive, or Hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV) positive (except if HCV-RNA negative). 
     Subcutaneous Administration of Nivolumab with rHuPH20 (Arm A) 
     SC nivolumab should be administered on Day 1 of each treatment cycle every 4 weeks±7 days, until progression, unacceptable toxicity, withdrawal of consent, completion of 104 weeks (2 years) of treatment, death, or the study ends, whichever occurs first. Participants should begin study treatment within 3 calendar days of randomization. 
     There will be no dose escalations or reductions of nivolumab allowed. Participants may be dosed no less than 25 days from the previous dose for Q4W cycles. Premedications are not recommended for the first dose of nivolumab. 
     Doses of nivolumab may be interrupted, delayed, or discontinued depending on how well the participant tolerates the treatment. Dosing visits are not skipped, only delayed 
     SC Nivolumab will be administrated via manual injection in one of the quadrants of the abdomen for the first cycle. For subsequent cycles, one of the four quadrants of the abdomen and either thigh are options, and injection sites should be alternated. SC administration should occur as steadily as possible (i.e., no start or stop, and at a steady rate) over a period of approximately 3-5 minutes. Participants will be monitored for approximately 360 minutes following the Cycle 1 Day 1 and Cycle 2 Day 1 SC manual injections of SC nivolumab. Participants receiving subsequent SC injections may be monitored for approximately 30 minutes post injection as clinically warranted and at the discretion of the investigator. In addition, all participants will be contacted approximately 24 hours after each SC injection for reporting of any injection-site reactions. The injection site will be also be evaluated at the next study visit. The site of SC injection, duration, and needle type must be recorded in the electronic case report form (eCRF). Instructions for preparation of the SC nivolumab dose are provided in the Pharmacy Manual. 
     Example 4—Subcutaneous Nivolumab with or without rHuPH20 
     In an ongoing phase 1/2 study, checkpoint inhibitor-naïve patients (pts) who were ≥18 years of age, ECOG PS 0-1, with metastatic/unresectable solid tumors and measurable disease were administered varying doses of nivolumab, with our without rHuPH20. The primary objective was to describe subcutaneous nivolumab pharmacokinetics (PK); and secondary objectives were safety and immunogenicity. Additional analyses compared exposures to historical IV nivolumab. In cycle 1, patients in Part A received subcutaneous nivolumab 720 mg+rHuPH20, and patients in Part B received subcutaneous nivolumab 720 mg, subcutaneous nivolumiab 960 mg+rHuPH20, or subcutaneous nivolumab 960 mg. For cycles 2+, patients in Parts A and B received IV nivolumiab 480 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W). Patients still on study switched to Part C, subcutaneous nivolumab 1200 mg+rHuPH20 until end of therapy. In Part D, patients received de novo subcutaneous nivolumab 1200 mg+rHuPH20 Q4W. Subcutaneous injection was a single injection into the abdomen or thigh. 
     Patient characteristics varied by age, weight, tumor type, and prior treatment. Baseline demographics and disease characteristics for Parts C and D are shown in Table 60. Tumor types in Part A included non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), melanoma (Mel), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer (MSI-H/dMMR CRC). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 60 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Baseline demographics/disease characteristics for Parts C and D 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part C patients who transitioned to SC 
                 Part D 
               
               
                   
                 (1200 mg + rHuPH20 by initial treatment assignment 
                 (1200 mg + 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group 1 
                 Group 2 
                 Group 3 
                 Group 4 
                 Total 
                 rHuPH20) 
               
               
                   
                 n = 9 
                 n = 6 
                 n = 5 
                 n = 8 
                 N = 28 
                 N = 36 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Age, years 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Mean 
                 70.7 
                  65.3 
                  65.2 
                  69.3 
                 68.1 
                 64.6 
               
               
                 Median (range) 
                 71.0 (52-90)     
                 64.0 (53-80)     
                 66.0 (60-70)     
                 69.0 (58-80)     
                 67.5 (52-90)     
                 69.0 (24-93)  
               
               
                 Age category, n (%) 
               
               
                 &lt;65 
                 2 (22.2) 
                 3 (50.0) 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 2 (25.0) 
                 9 (32.1) 
                 14 (38.9) 
               
               
                 ≥65 to &lt; 75 
                 4 (44.4) 
                 1 (16.7) 
                 3 (60.0) 
                 4 (50.0) 
                 12 (42.9)  
                 17 (47.2) 
               
               
                 ≥75 
                 3 (33.3) 
                 2 (33.3) 
                 0 
                 2 (25.0) 
                 7 (25.0) 
                  5 (13.9) 
               
               
                 Sex, n (%) 
               
               
                 Male 
                 3 (33.3) 
                 5 (83.3) 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 6 (75.0) 
                 16 (57.1)  
                 26 (72.2) 
               
               
                 Female 
                 6 (66.7) 
                 1 (16.7) 
                 3 (60.0) 
                 2 (25.0) 
                 12 (42.9)  
                 10 (27.8) 
               
               
                 ECOG PS, n (%) 
               
               
                  0 
                 6 (66.7) 
                 5 (83.3) 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 2 (25.0) 
                 15 (53.6)  
                 12 (33.3) 
               
               
                  1 
                 3 (33.3) 
                 1 (16.7) 
                 3 (60.0) 
                 6 (75.0) 
                 13 (46.4)  
                 24 (66.7) 
               
               
                 Weight, Kg a   
               
               
                 Mean 
                 77.1 
                  70.2 
                  60.6 
                  75.9 
                 72.3 
                 80.4 
               
               
                 Median (range) 
                 72.7 (66-97)     
                 69.5 (63-78)     
                 60.0 (50-71)     
                 73.3 (66-94)     
                 71.6 (50-97)     
                  80.7 (48-133) 
               
               
                 Tumor types, n (%) 
               
               
                 NSCLC 
                 3 (33.3) 
                 0 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 2 (25.0) 
                 7 (25.0) 
                 11 (30.6) 
               
               
                 RCC 
                 2 (22.2) 
                 0 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 1 (12.5) 
                 5 (17.9) 
                  9 (25.0) 
               
               
                 MSI-H/dMMR 
                 2 (22.2) 
                 3 (50.0) 
                 1 (20.0) 
                 2 (25.0) 
                 8 (28.6) 
                  7 (19.4) 
               
               
                 CRC 
               
               
                 HCC 
                 1 (11.1) 
                 3 (50.0) 
                 0 
                 3 (37.5) 
                 7 (25.0) 
                  6 (16.7) 
               
               
                 Melanoma 
                 1 (11.1) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (3.6)  
                 3 (8.3) 
               
               
                 Region, n (%) 
               
               
                 EU 
                 1 (11.1) 
                 5 (83.3) 
                 3 (60.0) 
                 6 (75.0) 
                 15 (53.6)  
                 14 (38.9) 
               
               
                 New Zealand 
                 5 (55.6) 
                 1 (16.7) 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 1 (12.5) 
                 9 (32.1) 
                 15 (41.7) 
               
               
                 South America 
                 0  
                 0 
                 0 
                 1 (12.5) 
                 1 (3.6)  
                  7 (19.4) 
               
               
                 United States 
                 3 (33.3) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 3 (10.7) 
                 0  
               
               
                 Lines of prior 
               
               
                 therapy, n (%) 
               
               
                  0 
                 2 (22.2) 
                 0 
                 1 (20.0) 
                 1 (12.5) 
                 4 (14.3) 
                  8 (22.2) 
               
               
                  1 
                 5 (55.6) 
                 3 (50.0) 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 5 (62.5) 
                 15 (53.6)  
                 26 (72.2) 
               
               
                  2 
                 2 (22.2) 
                 2 (33.3) 
                 0 
                 2 (25.0) 
                 6 (21.4) 
                 1 (2.8) 
               
               
                  ≥3 
                 0  
                 1 (16.7) 
                 2 (40.0) 
                 0 
                 3 (10.7) 
                 1 (2.8) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Nivolumab exposures increased with increasing subcutaneous dose (Table 61;  FIGS. 8A-8C ). For 960 mg and 1200 mg nivolumab+rHuPH20, C avg  and C tau  were above geometric mean exposures for IV nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Q2W), and C max  was below IV nivolumab 10 mg/kg Q2W. In Part C (n=28), 13 (46.4%) patients experienced any-grade TRAEs with no new/worsening grade 3+ TRAEs or TRAEs leading to discontinuation/death; 7 (25.0%) reported grade 1 local site reactions. In Part D (n=36), 27 (75.0%) patients experienced any-grade TRAEs, 4 (11.1%) grade ¾ TRAEs, 2 (5.6%) serious grade ¾ TRAEs with 1 leading to discontinuation, and no treatment-related deaths; 10 (27.8%) reported grade 1 local site reactions. Anti-nivolumab antibodies (Ab) were observed with subcutaneous nivolumab but not associated with altered PK/safety, or neutralizing antibodies. One (4.5%) patient from Part A was considered persistent anti-drug antibody (ADA) positive (Table 62). In Part D, only 1 (3.8%) patient had positive ADA titers of 8 titer units. No neutralizing ADAs were detected, and there was no evidence of altered PK profile with ADA development. There was also no association of anti-nivolumiab antibody development with select AEs (ie, bronchospasm, hypersensitivity, infusion-related reactions). Exploratory biomarker data found increased CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 tumor expression in post-treatment biopsies, similar to IV nivolumab. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 61 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Nivolumab exposures by dose with rHuPH20 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Geometric mean nivolumab concentration, μg/mL (range) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 C tau   
                 C avg   
                 C max   
                 T max   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nivolumab 720 mg 
                 22.2 
                 36.6 
                 54.8 
                 144 
               
               
                 subcutaneous (n = 20 a ) 
                 (4.76-59.6) 
                 (16.5-76.3) 
                 (19.9-114) 
                 (47.0-357) 
               
               
                 Nivolumab 960 mg 
                 39.5 
                 62.2 
                 84.8 
                 104 
               
               
                 subcutaneous (n = 9) 
                 (8.06-67.6) 
                 (26.8-93.3) 
                 (42.7-128) 
                 (47.2-168) 
               
               
                 Nivolumab 1200 mg 
                 51.3 
                 77.5 
                 105 
                 118 
               
               
                 subcutaneous (n = 25 b ) 
                 (18.4-96.5) 
                 (39.1-141) 
                 (40.0-245) 
                 (48.1-192) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   a n = 22 for C max ; 
               
               
                   b n = 26 for C max ; 
               
               
                 C tau  = concentration at the end of the dosing interval 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 62 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 NIVO ADA assessments: Parts A, B, and D 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part B 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Part A 
                 720 mg 
                   
                 960 mg 
                 Part D 
               
               
                   
                 720 mg + 
                 without 
                 960 mg + 
                 without 
                 1200 mg + 
               
               
                   
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
                 rHuPH20 
               
               
                 Patient ADA Status, n (%) 
                 n = 22 
                 n = 18 
                 n = 10 
                 n = 17 
                 n = 26 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Baseline ADA positive a   
                 2 
                 (9.1) 
                 0 
                 2 (20.0) 
                 0 
                 1 
                 (3.8) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ADA positive 
                 7 
                 (31.8) 
                 5 
                 (27.8) 
                 3 (30.0) 
                 0 
                 1 
                 (3.8) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Persistent positive 
                 1 
                 (4.5) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Not persistent positive - 
                 0 
                 3 
                 (16.7) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 last sample positive 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Other positive 
                 6 
                 (27.3) 
                 2 
                 (11.1) 
                 3 (30.0) 
                 0 
                 1 
                 (3.8) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Neutralizing positive 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 ADA negative 
                 15 
                 (68.2) 
                 13 
                 (72.2) 
                 7 (70.0) 
                 17 (100.0) 
                 25 
                 (96.2) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Exposures associated with subcutaneous nivolumab+rHuPH20 doses investigated in the present study were well tolerated, with a safety profile consistent with IV nivolumab. Data support evaluation of subcutaneous nivolumab+rHuPH20 in a phase 3 study. 
     Mean duration of subcutaneous nivolumab injection was less than 5 minutes across treatment groups. All patients in Parts C and D received the full subcutaneous dose of nivolumab 1200 mg+rHuPH20 (22,000 U) via single injection. 
     Pre- and on-treatment (C1D15) paired biopsies were assessed for CD8 (n=23) expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) ( FIG. 9A ) and tumor PD-L1 (n=25) ( FIG. 9B ) expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Immunohistochemistry results for subcutaneously delivered nivolumab demonstrate a mean change of 5.0% in CD8 TIL expression and 2.8% in PD-L1 tumor expression, suggesting similar pharmacodynamics effects in the tumor microenvironment compared with historical intravenously delivered nivolumab. 
     Example 5—Analysis of Oxidative Stress 
     In this report, we assess the factors that contribute to increased stability for both Nivolumab and rHuPH20-two very different proteins at very different levels in their stable and active state with one formulation. There were three studies conducted to fully understand the formulation composition impact. 
     Study 1—Investigating multiple oxidation stress conditions with regard to different combination of metal, peroxide and light in addition to accelerated stability. Study 2—Investigating the concentration ranges where formulation protection is observed. Study 3—Investigating additional primary packaging components relevant to a pre-filled syringe and wearable device. This study also carefully examined formulation impact with-out rHuPH20. 
     To assess the stability of Nivolumab size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was primarily used and to assess the stability of rHuPH20 enzyme activity was measured. PS80 levels and particulates will be measured at select time points. In this report it is shown that addition of DTPA and Met minimizes the risk of oxidation of rHuPH20 and maximizes the stability of Nivolumab. 
     Study Design 
     Study 1: Stress Conditions 
     Study 1 was set-up to determine the effect of different oxidative stresses in combination with each-other. The three oxidation stresses studied were: light [L](1000 lux at room temperature), metal stress [M] (1.5 ppm total, 0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium, and copper) and peroxide [P] (1 mM peroxide). The three stresses were assessed individually and in combination with each other. Preliminary data showed that enzyme activity decreases with RT/RL storage, so the light exposure in combination with other stresses [LP, LM, MPL] was kept to 3 days (3D) at 1000 lux at RT. Note: the light exposure arm of this study [L] is the only condition exposed to 1000 lux at RT for the full duration of the time point. Nivo shows minimal HMW increase under 25° C. exposure so the standard storage condition temperature was increased to 30° C. Due to light combination stress conditions having a 3 day exposure to light at room temperature (RT) all conditions start with either 3 days at RT/Dark or 3 days at 1000 lux at RT. The 8 stress conditions in the study are Light/RT (1000 Lux) [L]; Metal Stress (1.5 ppm iron, chromium and copper) @ RT/Dark 3D+30° C./Dark [M]; 1 mM peroxide @ RT/Dark 3D+30° C./Dark [P]; Light/RT 3D+ Peroxide+30° C./Dark [PL]; Light/RT 3D+ Metal+30° C./Dark [ML]; Peroxide+Metal @ RT/Dark 3D+30° C./Dark [MP]; Light/RT 3D+ Metal+peroxide+30° C./Dark [MPL]; RT/Dark 3D+30° C./Dark [Control]. 
     The center point formulation composition was: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine at pH 6.0, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 with 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. In this study the impact of headspace, chelating agent (DTPA/EDTA) and sacrificial oxidizing agent (Met) were studied as shown in Table 63. Table 64 shows the storage conditions and planned time points for this study. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 63 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 1- Experimental Conditions 
               
               
                 for Oxidation Study of BMS-986298 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 DTPA 
                 EDTA 
                 Met 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Headspace 
                 (μM) 
                 (μM) 
                 (mM) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Air 
                 50 
                 0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 2 
                 Air 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 3 
                 Air 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 4 
                 Air 
                 50 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 5 
                 Air 
                 0 
                 100 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 6 
                 Nitrogen 
                 50 
                 0 
                 5.0 
               
               
                 7 
                 Nitrogen 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (Present in all formulations equally are 120 mg/mL BMS-986298 in 20 mM histidine at pH 6.0, 250 mM sucrose. 0.05% (w/v) polysorbate 80, and 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 64 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 1- Oxidation Study Time Points 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 3 
                 14 
                 1 
                 3 
               
               
                 Temperature 
                 T0 
                 days 
                 days 
                 month 
                 months 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Light [L] 
                 abcd 
                 X 
                 ab 
                 ac 
                 ac 
               
               
                 (1000 Lux @ RT) 
               
               
                 Metal [M] 
                   
                 X 
                 ab 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                 (3 D RT/Dart + 30° C./Dark) 
               
               
                 Peroxide [P] 
                   
                 X 
                 ab 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                 (3 D RT/Dart + 30° C./Dark) 
               
               
                 Light + Peroxide [PL] 
                   
                 X 
                 ab 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                 (3 D RT/RL + 30° C./Dark) 
               
               
                 Light + Metal [ML] 
                   
                 X 
                 ab 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                 (3 D RT/RL + 30° C./Dark) 
               
               
                 Metal + Peroxide [MP] 
                   
                 X 
                 ab 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                 (3 D RT/Dart + 30° C./Dark) 
               
               
                 Metal + Peroxide + Light 
                   
                 X 
                 abc 
                 acd 
                 ac 
               
               
                 [MPL] 
               
               
                 (3 D RT/RL + 30° C./Dark) 
               
               
                 Control [RT30] 
                   
                 X 
                 ab 
                 ac 
                 ac 
               
               
                 (3 D RT/Dark + 30° C.) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 X pulled but not tested. Sample analysis defined in Table 65 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this report, we focused on how different parameters affect stability of Nivolumab (Nivo) by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Evaluation of the stability of rHuPH20 was conducted only at selected time points due to low throughput of the method. In addition select samples were chosen for evaluation of the stability of PS80—a key excipient added to provide stability of the drug product. These results were used to predict how the selected conditions affect both stability of Nivo and rHuPH20 under different oxidation stress conditions. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 65 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 1-Analysis Volumes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Code 
                 Measurement 
                 Volume (mL) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 a 
                 Appearance 
                 0.6 
               
               
                   
                 SEC 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 b 
                 MFI* 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 c 
                 Enzyme Activity* 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 d 
                 PS80* 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *performed for select samples 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Study 2: Formulation Composition Variation 
     Study 2 was set-up to determine the ranges where the benefits of the formulation composition are observed. Study 1 defined the condition to include from an oxidation stress perspective to be MPL and RT/RL. These two stress conditions along with a control were studied for oxidation stress. Formulation conditions expected to have oxidation benefits were studied under both oxidation and thermal stress (5, 25, and 35° C.) conditions. All formulations were studied using thermal stress conditions to assess stability. 
     Oxidation Stress Conditions:
         MPL: Combination of all three stresses: 3 days at room temperature/room light [L](1000 lux), with spiked metal [M] (1.5 ppm total, 0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium, and copper) and spiked peroxide [P] (1 mM peroxide). Metal and peroxide are spiked at TO (initial time point). After the 3 days at room temperature/room light samples are moved and stored at 30° C./protected from light for the remainder of that time point.   RT30: Control to the MPL stress condition. Room temperature/dark for 3 days followed by 30° C./protected from light for the remainder of that time point   RT/RL: Room temperature/room light (1000 lux) for the full duration of the study.       

     Thermal Stress conditions included (i) 5° C./protected from light; (ii) 25° C./protected from light (also used as a control to the RT/RL condition); and (iii) 35° C./protected from light. 
     Formulations were selected to show that the formulation is stable across the following formulation compositions: (i) pH: 5.2-6.8 His; (ii) Histidine: 10-100 mM (Alt: Succinate); (iii) DTPA 10-200 μM (Alt: 100 μM EDTA); (iv) Met: 1-20 mM (Alt: 10 mM Trp); (v) rHuPH20: 0-5,000 U/mL; (vi) PS80: 0.01-0.1% w/v (Alt: PS20 0.05% w/v and Poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL); (vii) Sugar: 10-400 mM sucrose (Alt: 10% sorbitol and trehalose); and (viii) Protein: 100-175 mg/mL. For all these conditions the center point formulation composition was: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine at pH 6.0, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% polysorbate 80 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20 and tested in a vial. 
     Conditions that were studied for both thermal and oxidation stress conditions are shown in Table 66. Note there are duplicate independent formulation preparations in the design for the center point condition and the condition with 50 μM DTPA and no Met. The screen included a small excipient characterization DOE investigating if there are any combined effects between pH, DTPA, and Met concentration. Variations in DTPA, Met, and enzyme levels, in addition to having a nitrogen head space was studied under these conditions where oxidation is more likely to be impacted by these formulation changes. Alternate excipients were added to understand how they behave relative to the proposed excipient. As an alternate to Met Trp was added and as an alternate to DTPA, EDTA was studied. Higher levels of these alternate excipients were studied to ensure there is no question about the performance of the alternate excipient relative to the proposed excipient. Independent replicates for select formulations are included in the study (formulation 21 and 29 with DTPA only and formulation 15 and 28—center point). 
     Formulation conditions that have been investigated for thermal stress alone are listed in Table 67. Factors that are less likely to impact oxidation were varied here. These factors were: protein concentration, use of an alternate buffer and buffer strength, alternate sugar and sugar concentration, and alternate surfactant and varied surfactant levels. Extremes of the buffer pH were also studied here. For all these conditions the formulation included 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     The stress and time points corresponding to the oxidation stress conditions are tabulated in Table 68. The time points corresponding to the thermal stress condition are tabulated in Table 69. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 66 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2- Experimental Conditions for Oxidation 
               
               
                 and Thermal Stress of BMS-986298 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 DTPA 
                 Met 
                 rHuPH20 
                   
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 pH 
                 (uM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (U/mL) 
                 Headspace 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  1 
                 5.5 
                 10 
                 1 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  2 
                 5.5 
                 10 
                 10 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  3 
                 5.5 
                 100 
                 1 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  4 
                 5.5 
                 100 
                 10 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  5 
                 6.5 
                 10 
                 1 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  6 
                 6.5 
                 10 
                 10 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  7 
                 6.5 
                 100 
                 1 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  8 
                 6.5 
                 100 
                 10 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  9 
                 5.5 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 10 
                 6.5 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 11 
                 6 
                 10 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 12 
                 6 
                 100 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 13 
                 6 
                 50 
                 1 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 14 
                 6 
                 50 
                 10 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  15* 
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 16 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 17 
                 6 
                 200 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 18 
                 6 
                 100 - EDTA 
                 0 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 19 
                 6 
                 100 - EDTA 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 20 
                 6 
                 0 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  21* 
                 6 
                 50 
                 0 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 22 
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Nitrogen 
               
               
                 23 
                 6 
                 0 
                 0 
                 2000 
                 Nitrogen 
               
               
                 24 
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 Air 
               
               
                 25 
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 500 
                 Air 
               
               
                 26 
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 5000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 27 
                 6 
                 50 
                 Trp 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (10 mM) 
               
               
                  28* 
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                  29* 
                 6 
                 50 
                 0 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                 30 
                 6 
                 50 
                 20 
                 2000 
                 Air 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *duplicate independent formulations preparations. 
               
               
                 (Present in all formulations equally are 120 mg/mL BMS-986298 in 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, and 0.05% (w/v) polysorbate 80) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 67 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2- Experimental Conditions for Thermal Stress only for BMS-986298 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protein Conc 
                   
                   
                 Buffer 
                   
                 Sugar 
                 PS80 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 pH 
                 Buffer 
                 (mM) 
                 Sugar 
                 (mM) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 31 
                 100 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 32 
                 175 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 33 
                 120 
                 5.2 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 34 
                 120 
                 6.8 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 35 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 10 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 36 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 50 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 37 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 100 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                  38† 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 sugar free 
                 0 
                 0.05 
               
               
                  39† 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 10 
                 0.05 
               
               
                  40† 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 400 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 41 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 - PS20 
               
               
                 42 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 Poloxamer - 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 0.2 mg/mL 
               
               
                  43†† 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sorbitol 
                 10% 
                 0.05 
               
               
                  44†† 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Trehalose 
                 10% 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 45 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 succinate 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 46 
                 120 
                 6 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0 
               
               
                 47 
                 120 
                 6 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.01 
               
               
                 48 
                 120 
                 6 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.1 
               
               
                  49†* 
                 120 
                 6 
                 his 
                 20 
                 Sucrose 
                 250 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Duplicate independent formulation preparations to formulation 15 and 28 in Table 66 above (also tested for thermal stress). This formulation also confirms comparable performance of the two DS sources. 
               
               
                 †Formulated using a different DS source without sugar. 
               
               
                 ‡ for this formulation it was later discovered that the sugars were not added. These results were omitted here but these two sugars were covered in study 3. 
               
               
                 (Present in all formulations equally are 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 68 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2-Oxidation Study Time Points 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Light (3 D) 25° C. + 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Light 25° C./ 
                 Metal + peroxide + 
                 25 C./Dark (3 D) + 
               
               
                 Temper- 
                 1000 Lux@ RT 
                 30° C./Dark 
                 30° C./Dark 
               
               
                 ature 
                 [25RT] 
                 [MPL] 
                 [RT30] 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 T0 
                 abcde 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 2 W 
                  a* 
                  a* 
                  a* 
               
               
                 1 M 
                 a 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                 3 M 
                 — 
                 acde 
                 a 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample analysis defined in Table 70. 
               
               
                 Note. 
               
               
                 1 M and 3 M samples for MFI where planned but could not be run due to staffing constraints during COVID. 
               
               
                 *Optional testing 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 69 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2-Thermal Study Time Points 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 T0 
                 abcde 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 W 
                 — 
                  a* 
                  a* 
               
               
                   
                 1 M 
                 — 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                   
                 3 M 
                 a 
                 a 
                 acde 
               
               
                   
                 6 M 
                 a 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample analysis defined in Table 70. 
               
               
                   
                 Note. 
               
               
                   
                 6 M samples for MFI where planned but could not be run due to staffing constraints during COVID. 
               
               
                   
                 *Optional testing 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this study, we focused on how different parameters affect stability of BMS-986298 or Nivolumab primarily by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Evaluation of the stability of rHuPH20 was performed only at selected time points, due to the low throughput of the enzyme activity method. In addition, select samples were chosen to evaluate the stability of PS80-a key excipient added to provide stability of the drug product. CE-SDS and iCE were tested on select samples to understand formation of low molecular weight species and charge variants. These results were used to predict how the selected conditions affect both stability of Nivo and rHuPH20 under different oxidation stress conditions. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 70 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2-Analysis Volumes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Code 
                 Measurement 
                 Volume (mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 a 
                 Appearance 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 SEC 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 b 
                 MFI* 
                 1.1 
               
               
                 c 
                 Enzyme Activity* 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 d 
                 PS80* 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 e 
                 CE-SDS* 
                 0.1* 
               
               
                   
                 iCIEF* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *run for select samples 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Study 3: Formulation Composition Variation of PFS and Wearable Devices 
     Study 3 was set-up similar to Study 2 but had conditions focused on the use of the pre-filled syringe and wearable devices. Similar to Study 2, the worst-case condition from Study 1 (MPL) was included from an oxidation stress condition. The room temperature/room light condition was taken out, since it is unlikely to be encountered in real life, and the high stress it imparts on both protein and enzyme. Similar to Study 2 the standard thermal stress conditions were studied in addition to oxidation stress. Formulation conditions likely to impact oxidation were studied for both oxidation and thermal stress conditions. All formulations were tested under standard thermal stability conditions. 
     Oxidation Stress Conditions Included:
         MPL: Combination of all three stresses: 3 days at room temperature/room light [L](1000 lux), with spiked metal [M] (1.5 ppm total, 0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium, and copper) and spiked peroxide [P] (1 mM Peroxide). Metal and peroxide are spiked at TO (initial time point). After the 3 days at room temperature/room light samples are moved and stored at 30° C./protected from light for the remainder of that time point.   RT30: Control to the MPL stress condition. Room temperature/dark for 3 days followed by 30° C./protected from light for the remainder of that time point.       

     Thermal Stress conditions included (i) 5° C./protected from light; (ii) 25° C./protected from light; and (iii) 35° C./protected from light. 
     Using the data from Study 2 the formulation concentration ranges that was desired to investigate was narrowed to try to find the optimum range for stabilization. Formulations were selected to show that the formulation is stable across these formulation compositions: (i) pH: 5.2-6.5 His; (ii) Histidine: 15-100 mM; (iii) DTPA 10-200 μM (Alt: 100 μM EDTA); (iv) Met: 1-20 mM (Alt: 10 mM Trp); (v) rHuPH20:0-10,000 U/mL; (vi) PS80: 0.01-0.1% w/v (Alt: PS20 and Poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL); (vii) Sugar: 10-400 mM sucrose (Alt: 10% sorbitol and trehalose); (viii) Protein: 100-200 mg/mL; and (ix) Vial and PFS and Patch pump. 
     For all these conditions the center point formulation composition was: 20 mM histidine at pH 6.0, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. The protein concentration for samples in the vial was at 120 mg/mL. Samples in the PFS had a nivolumab protein concentration of 150 mg/mL. This study included multiple conditions studied in study 2 but with no enzyme. Minimal impact due to enzyme is expected so a confirmatory study was done and with one-off conditions tested at the center point. 
     Conditions that were studied for both thermal and oxidation stress and oxidation stress conditions are shown in Table 71. Conditions added to cover PFS were included here as well as conditions that pertain to the use of a PFS (silicone oil and tungsten spike). DTPA, Met, and enzyme levels were also studied here where oxidation is more likely to be impacted by these formulation composition differences. 
     Formulation conditions that have been investigated for thermal stress alone are listed in Table 72. Factors that are less likely to impact oxidation were varied here. These factors were: protein concentration, buffer strength, and enzyme levels. For all these conditions the formulation included 50 μM DTPA and 5 mM Met. 
     The stress and time points corresponding to the oxidation stress conditions are tabulated in Table 73. The time points corresponding to the thermal stress condition are tabulated in Table 74. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 71 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3- Experimental Conditions for Oxidation 
               
               
                 and Thermal Stress of BMS-986298 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 BMS- 
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                 Formu- 
                 986298 
                 DTPA 
                 Met 
                 rHPH20 
               
               
                 lation 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (uM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (U/mL) 
                 Notes 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 150 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Silicone oil - 2X PFS 
               
               
                 2 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 3 
                 150 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 4 
                 165 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 5 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 center point connectivity 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 to study 2 
               
               
                 6 
                 150 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 Tungsten 1.0 ppm spike 
               
               
                 7 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 10,000 
               
               
                 10 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 N = 1 
               
               
                 11 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 N = 2 
               
               
                 12 
                 120 
                 50 
                 0 
                 0 
                 N = 1 
               
               
                 13 
                 120 
                 50 
                 0 
                 0 
                 N = 2 
               
               
                 14 
                 120 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
               
               
                 15 
                 120 
                 0 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 16 
                 120 
                 10 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 17 
                 120 
                 200 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                 18 
                 120 
                 50 
                 1 
                 0 
               
               
                 19 
                 120 
                 50 
                 20 
                 0 
               
               
                 20 
                 120 
                 EDTA 
                 5 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                 (100) 
               
               
                 21 
                 120 
                 50 
                 Trp 
                 0 
                 Trp (10) 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (10) 
               
               
                 22 
                 150 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 Tungsten 1.0 ppm spike 
               
               
                 38 
                 150 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 Silicone oil -2X 
               
               
                 39 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 40 
                 150 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 41 
                 165 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 42 
                 200 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 43 
                 200 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 PFS 
               
               
                 44 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 patch pump 
               
               
                 45 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0 
                 patch pump 
               
               
                 46 
                 120 
                 50 
                 5 
                 2000 
                 patch pump control 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Present in all formulations equally are 20 mM histidine pH 6.0, 250 mM sucrose, and 0.05% (w/v) polysorbate 80. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 72 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3- Experimental Conditions for Thermal Stress only for BMS-986298 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protein 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Conc 
                   
                   
                 Buffer 
                 Sugar 
                 PS80 
                 rHuPH20 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 pH 
                 Buffer 
                 (mM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (U/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 8 
                 200 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 2000 
               
               
                 9 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 15 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 2000 
               
               
                 23 
                 120 
                 5.2 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 24 
                 120 
                 6.5 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 25 
                 120 
                 6.0 
                 Succinate 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 26 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 Sorbitol (10%) 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 27 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                  10 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 28 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 400 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 29 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 Trehalose(10%) 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 30 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.01 
                 0 
               
               
                 31 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.1  
                 0 
               
               
                 32 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (PS-20) 
               
               
                 33 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 Poloxamer 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 (0.2 mg/mL) 
               
               
                 34 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 15 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 35 
                 120 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 100 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 36 
                 100 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                 37 
                 200 
                 6 
                 Histidine 
                 20 
                 250 
                 0.05 
                 0 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (Present in all formulations equally are 50 uM DTPA and 2 mM Met. All filled in vials) 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 73 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3-Oxidation Study Time Points 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Light (3 D) 25° C. + Metal + 
                 25 C./Dark (3 D) + 
               
               
                   
                 peroxide + 30° C./Dark 
                 30° C./Dark 
               
               
                   
                 [MPL] 
                 [RT30] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 T0 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 2 W 
                 a* 
                 a* 
               
               
                 1 M 
                 a  
                 a  
               
               
                 3 M 
                 abcde 
                 ab 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample analysis defined in Table 75. 
               
               
                 *Optional testing. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 74 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3-Thermal Study Time Points 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Temperature 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 T0 
                 ab 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
                 2 W 
                 — 
                  a* 
                  a* 
               
               
                   
                 1 M 
                 — 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                   
                 3 M 
                 a 
                 a 
                 a 
               
               
                   
                 6 M 
                 ab 
                 ab 
                 a 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Sample analysis defined in Table 75. 
               
               
                   
                 *Optional testing. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this study, we focused on how different parameters affect stability of BMS-986298 or Nivo primarily by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Confirmatory MFI samples are run only for the 5 and 25° C. 6M samples. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 75 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3-Analysis Volumes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Code 
                 Measurement 
                 Volume (mL) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 a 
                 Appearance 
                 0.5 
               
               
                   
                 SEC 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 b 
                 MFI* 
                 1.1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *run for select samples 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Materials and Methods 
     Materials 
     Details for materials used in the studies are provided in Table 76. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 76 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Material Information 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Study 1 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
               
               
                   
                 Material Number 
                 Lot Number 
                 Lot Number 
                 Lot Number 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Nivo DS (170 mg/mL) 
                 1274255 
                 A1A8A-036 
                 ABP4182-01 
               
               
                 Nivo DS -sugar free 
                 N/A 
                 VF Pool CRU 
                 VF Pool CRU 
               
               
                 (10 mg/mL) 
                   
                 20 Aug. 2018 
                 20 Aug. 2018 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 rHuPH20 (10 mg/mL) 
                 1405640 
                 104-003-16- 
                 2HUN1803CA 
                 2HUN1803CA 
               
               
                   
                   
                 290016S 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Neopack 2.25 mL 
                 RFS 27G1/25BSTW 
                 — 
                 6299337 
               
               
                 Syringes 
                 RNSBD260HS 
               
               
                 2X Si syringes 
                 Pilot 0T002 Fleming SCF 
                 — 
                 18B331YL . . . 0204 
               
               
                 Vial 
                 1325008 
                 AAK2742 
                 AAR0679 
               
               
                 Stoppers 
                 1292715 
                 AAL9676 
                 AAL9676 
               
               
                 Crimps 
                 1221911 
                 AAC2886 
                 3K78805 
               
               
                 Patch pump-Smart 
                 West: 26018026 
                 — 
                 SC00013392 
               
               
                 Dose 10 mL 
               
               
                 Patch Pump Stopper 
                 D 21-7HW SD2 10 mL 
                 — 
                 905004 
               
               
                   
                 piston FR2RUV 
               
               
                 Patch Pump West 
                 26017493 
                 — 
                 SC00004318 
               
               
                 cartridge 
               
               
                 Histidine 
                 1274255 
                 AAM9761 
                 ABJ4908 
               
               
                 His HCl H2O 
                 1275346 
                 AAM9523 
                 ABJ5012 
               
               
                 Sucrose 
                 1244359 
                 AAS9949 
                 AAX0304 
               
               
                 PS80 
                 1353220 
                 ABE4589 
                 NOF 707361Z2 
               
               
                 DTPA 
                 05GD11.HQ00003 
                 LG16.360 
                 ABT3852 
               
               
                 EDTA 
                 1372205 (Hovione) 
                 AAL6226 
                 AAN9782 
               
               
                 Methionine 
                 M9625-1KG (Sigma- 
                 SLBZ1683 
                 SLBZ1683 
               
               
                   
                 Aldrich) 
               
               
                 Peroxide 
                 BDH7690-1 (VWR) 
                 18C065005 
                 18C065005 
               
               
                 Chromium(III)Chloride 
                 27096-1000G-F 
                 BCBC0518V 
                 BCBC0518V 
               
               
                 hexahydrate 
                 (Sigma-Aldrich) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Copper (II) Nitrate 
                 61194 (Fluka) 
                 1272598 
                 42807279 
                 — 
               
               
                 trihydrate 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Copper(II) Chloride, 
                 #12457 (Alfa Aesar) 
                 — 
                 A28Q06 
               
               
                 anhydrous, 98% 
               
               
                 Ammonium Iron (II) 
                 13448 (Alfa Aesar) 
                 J23N13 
                 J23N13 
               
               
                 sulfate 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Sample Preparation 
     Thaw 
     Drug substance (DS) BMS-986298 and rHuPH20 are stored frozen. These DS bottles were thawed at room temperature protected from light. Once thawed the DS bottles were gently mixed to ensure homogeneity. The DS was stored at 5° C. until use and any remaining portion was re-frozen after the use. DS used in the formulation studies are all DTPA and PS80 free. 
     For the Study 1 formulation, the DP samples were prepared using bulk DS material BMS-986298 (at 170 mg/mL) by adding the following stock solutions: (i) 10 mg/mL rHuPH20 DS (112 kU/mg rHuPh20); (ii) 5% Polysorbate 80 (100×); (iii) 2.5 mM DTPA (50×); (iv) 5 mM EDTA (50×); (v) 250 mM Methionine (50×); (vi) 20 mM Histidine 250 mM Sucrose pH 6.0; (vii) 50 mM hydrogen peroxide (50×); (viii) 50 ppm Chromium(III)Chloride hexahydrate, 50 ppm Copper (II) Nitrate trihydrate, and 50 ppm Ammonium Iron (II) sulfate (100×). The DS starting composition comprised 20 mM Histidine, and 250 mM Sucrose, at pH 6.0. 
     For each formulation a sample was prepared with no spike, spiked with peroxide only, metal only, and metal and peroxide. Metal cocktail was prepared immediately before spiking. All formulations were filtered using an Acrodisc syringe filter with 0.2 μm Supor membrane after gentle mixing. Experiments are documented in notebook A0F7F-090. 
     For the Study 2 formulation, the DP samples were prepared by 4 methods. First, by direct addition using bulk DS material BMS-986298 (at 170 mg/mL) with no further preparation—no buffer exchange. Formulated by adding 0.2 μm filtered stock solutions to target concentration. Stock solutions included: 2 M Sucrose; 495 mM Histidine pH 6.0; 500 mM Histidine pH 5.2; 500 mM Histidine pH 5.5; 211 mM Histidine pH 6.5; 262.5 mM Histidine pH 6.8; 5% PS80; 5 mM EDTA; 2.5 mM DTPA; 250 mM Met; 5% PS80; 20 mg/mL Poloxamer; 1400 mM Succinate; 80% Sorbitol; 40% Trehalose; 54 mM Tryptophan; and Water. 
     This approach was taken for formulation compositions where the DS pH was 6.0 with sucrose at 250 mM level. DS starting composition was: 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, pH 6.0. 
     CM3: Buffer was exchanged using automation equipment where a 10 kDa filter was used with pressure to concentrate and addition of target buffer to the target buffer exchange composition. Two input DS streams were used: (i) DS at 170 mg/mL Nivo stock (this was used directly as-is; DS starting composition is: 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, pH 6.0); and (ii) DS at 10 mg/mL Nivo stock (this material is harvested during the viral filtration step prior to the addition of sugars; samples where sugar composition is varied was used this DS stock; appropriate sugars were added to the DS to the target composition then concentrated using a centricon filter; a 30 kDa filter was used for the concentration). 
     The formulations where this type of buffer exchange was needed had small sample requirement (used for only 1 formulation with a unique pH or sugar level was needed). After buffer exchange same stocks that are used to formulate as noted above. Tangential flow filtration (TFF) using a 30 kDa filter with 8 diavolumes of buffer exchange. Two TFFs were run one with pH 5.5 and one at pH 6.5. This was needed due to the number of formulations at these two pH values. After buffer exchange same stocks that are used to formulate as in step 1 above. Dialysis was used to prepare formulation 38-a sugar free formulation. The solution was a sugar free formulation initially and was then buffer exchanged to the target buffer pH/composition. The concentration was adjusted subsequently by centrifugation through a 10 kDa membrane. After buffer exchange, the same stocks were used to formulate as in step 1 above. 
     For MPL conditions metal was spiked by creating a stock solution of 50 ppm chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, 50 ppm copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, and 50 ppm ammonium iron (II) sulfate. Similarly a 50 mM hydrogen peroxide solution was made to spike in peroxide. 
     All formulations were filtered using an Acrodisc syringe filter with 0.2 μm Supor membrane after gentle mixing. 
     Excipient analysis was run on the TFF buffers to confirm excipient levels. The analysis found that the CM3 buffer exchange with sorbitol did not have sorbitol added and trehalose was also inadvertently missed. Due to this the results from these two samples (formulation 43 and 44) are omitted from the analysis. These conditions are included in Study 3 but with-out enzyme. 
     For the Study 3 formulation, the DP samples were prepared by direct addition, buffer exchange by the CM3, or buffer exchanged with TFF. The preparation methods mirror that of study 2. The main differences between study 2 and 3 was that the DS stock is a different lot of material and one of the metals used for spiking for study 3 was copper(II) chloride vs. in study 2 was copper (II) nitrate trihydrate. 
     Patch pump cartridges were filled using a needle and placed on stability along with the vials and syringes. Samples were pulled at the appropriate pull time and frozen until the Smart Dose patch pumps arrived. The patch pump was used to deliver the solution from the cartridge. The liquid was removed for the control samples using a needle. 
     Fill 
     Formulated and filtered DP was filled into depyrogenated 3-cc vials (Schott Type 1 glass) or BD Neopack 2.25 mL syringes and stoppered with autoclaved 13-mm Daikyo stoppers (D-21-7S, Fluorotec-coated serum) or BD1-3 mL plunger stoppers. Vials were crimped and placed on stability upright in a vertical position. The exception to that is when exposed to light where the vials are placed horizontally. Syringes were stored in a horizontal position. 
     Analysis 
     Samples were pulled and then immediately frozen until time of analysis with the exception of particulate analysis (MFI); which was held at 5° C. until analysis. 
     SEC 
     DP samples were analyzed by SEC-HPLC (MTD-10789) for quantitative analysis of HMW and LMW species. Samples were analyzed using a TSK gel Super SW 3000 column (TOSOH 1875) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and a run time of 35 min. Mobile phase was 100 mM phosphate and 100 mM sodium sulfate pH 6.8. A load of 50 μg of Nivo sample was injected for each run. The peaks were detected by UV-absorbance at 280 nm, and the area and retention time were measured for each peak. The area percentage for the monomer, HMW, and LMW species were calculated and reported. 
     Enzyme Activity 
     rHuPH20 activity was measured using a plate-based turbidity assay, method CTL-10028 in DCA. The hyaluronidase potency assay is based on the formation of an insoluble precipitate when hyaluronic acid (HA) binds with acidified serum. The precipitate results in a turbid solution that can be measured at 640 nm. Potency (or activity) of hyaluronidase is directly measured by incubating the enzyme with HA substrate for 30 minutes, precipitating out the undigested HA with acidified serum, and comparing the turbidity against a reference standard curve. PS80 Analysis 
     PS80 levels were measured using a Waters Oasis Max column at a flow rate of 1 mL/minute with 0.1% formic acid with 5 mM ammonium formate/0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile at 30° C. with a mass spectrometer. 
     Particulates 
     Particulate levels were tested using Micro flow imaging (MFI). 1.1 mL of each sample were filled into separate glass vials for MFI analysis. Samples were tested with a water sample run between analysis. Sample is tested with 0.15 mL purge and 0.43 mL analysis volume. 
     Charge Variants by Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (iCIEF) 
     Charge variants were analyzed by iCIEF using an imaged isoelectric focusing system, known as iCE3 (MTD-10788). Samples mixed with appropriate pI markers, ampholytes and other additives were injected by an auto-sampler into a fluorocarbon (FC) coated capillary cartridge. After high voltage of pre-focusing and focusing, sample migration was captured by a UV detector, and UV light absorption images were taken by a CCD camera. The area percentages for the main peak, acidic variants, and basic variants were calculated and reported. 
     CE-SDS 
     Relative percent purity of Nivo was determined by CE-SDS using the LabChip GX II Caliper system under non-reducing conditions. The samples were denatured and prepared in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a detergent that coats the protein providing a negative charge effectively masking its native charge. Each sample was aspirated onto the chip, mixed with a dye and electrophoretically separated. A separate de-staining step was then performed on the chip. Optics within the instrument detected the florescent signal for each sample. Protein species were separated based on size and electrophoretic mobility. Relative percent area was calculated for each peak and relative percent purity (% main peak) was reported. 
     Results—Study 1 
     Size Exclusion Chromatography 
     Size exclusion chromatography was the primary tool used to monitor the stability of Nivolumab under the various stress conditions studied. 
     To investigate the impact of nitrogen head space, two formulations with nitrogen headspace were investigated. A formulation with both 50 μm DTPA and 5 mM Met (Formulation 1-Air, Formulation 6-Nitrogen) and a formulation without DTPA nor Met (Formulation 2—Air, Formulation 7-Nitrogen). The HMW change is plotted in  FIG. 10 . For the formulation with both DTPA and Met the headspace impact is minimal for all conditions other than the RT/Light condition with continuous light exposure ( FIG. 10 ). In the formulations with no DTPA and no met there is a benefit in having a nitrogen headspace ( FIG. 10 ). With the addition of both DTPA and Met, the oxidation is well controlled and thus a nitrogen headspace is unnecessary. 
     The impact of the various formulations on HMW species formation of Nivo after exposure to various stress conditions are shown in  FIG. 11 . The stress conditions include (from left to right): 1.) a control-exposure to 3 days at room temperature/dark (control for 3 days light exposure for L conditions)+30° C. thermal stress (thermal stress for all conditions other than the RT/Light); 2.) metal—0.5 ppm each of iron, chromium, and copper (M condition)+light (3 days at 1000 lux at room temperature—L condition)+30° C. thermal stress; 3.) M+1 mM peroxide (P condition)+L+30° C. thermal stress; 4.) M+L+30° C. thermal stress; 5.) M+30° C. thermal stress; 6.) P+L+30° C. thermal stress; 7.) P+30° C. thermal stress; 8.) Room temperature/room light (no extra thermal stress). 
     Across all stress conditions formulation 2: with no DTPA and no Met had the highest rate of HMW formation, followed by formulation 3: with no DTPA and 5 mM Met. Formulation 5: with 100 mM EDTA and 5 mM Met followed by Formulation 4: 50 μM DTPA with no Met. The best formulation was Formulation 1 with both 50 μm DTPA and 5 mM Met. This behavior is observed across all stress conditions but the differences are best observed by looking at the MPL (combined stress condition with thermal stress of 30° C.). The plot of this MPL stress condition against all formulation conditions is shown in  FIG. 12 . 
     Careful examination of the MPL stress condition in  FIG. 12  shows the benefit of having both 50 μM DTPA and 5 mM Met (formulation 1-air and 6-nitrogen). Having both anti-oxidants in the formulation stabilizes Nivo such that exchanging the headspace with nitrogen does not show an improved stabilization (formulation 1 overlays completely with 6). Having DTPA alone (Formulation 4: 50 μM DTPA with 0 mM Met) outperforms higher amounts of EDTA with Met (Formulation 5: 100 μM EDTA with 5 mM Met). The highest HMW formation is observed with no DTPA and no Met under air headspace (Formulation 2: 0 μM DTPA with 0 mM Met) followed by the same formulation but under nitrogen headspace (Formulation 7) and having Met alone (Formulation 3: 0 μM DTPA with 5 mM Met). 
     Another way to examine these data is by looking at the formulation compositions and how they perform by stress condition as shown in  FIG. 13 . The benefits of having both DTPA and Met can be observed.  Ibis  way of examining the data shows that the RT/Light condition to be the worst case and from an individual stress perspective 3 days light and/or metal results in the highest % HMW formation and the effect of peroxide is muted. The benefit of a nitrogen headspace is very apparent for the RT/Light condition. For the no DTPA, no Met samples nitrogen headspace decreases % HMW by approximately 0.5% across all stress conditions. No significant improvement due to nitrogen headspace is observed for the formulations with both DTPA and Met. % HMW for 100 μM EDTA with 5 mM Met is greater than 50 μM DTPA with 5 mM Met but the size of the effect could be dependent on the precise stressor. 
     To provide a statistical assessment various linear models were explored. The absence of an estimate for pure error, design imbalance, and complicated formulation-stress dynamics obviated attempts at a single combined model incorporating all factors. The nitrogen and EDTA samples were excluded from analysis. The remaining chelator-methionine observations are shown in  FIG. 14  and provide a pictorial motivation for the analyses described below. The RT/room Light condition, while included in the statistical model, has been removed from the graph below since this extreme stress condition was less relevant to the intended usage case. 
     For this reduced dataset the potential for a chelator-stress interaction is evident. But, within the DTPA-only samples the stress effect appears additive. This suggests a main effect statistical model is estimable and could be used to compare DTPA with/without methionine. Residual variance differences are possible based on the presence or absence of DTPA. 
     Based on the analysis presented, comparison of DTPA with or without 5 mM methionine with an air headspace was carefully examined. Using DTPA-only samples under air, a main effect linear model incorporating methionine and stress estimates a marginally significant average benefit with the addition of methionine in % HMW (difference 0.0375%, p ˜0.07%) at 4 weeks and a statistically significant average improvement in % HMW (difference 0.125%, p ˜0.0016) at 12 weeks across all stress conditions (data not shown). 
     Polysorbate 80 
     A subset of samples were tested to understand the stability of polysorbate—a surfactant critical to protect Nivo from forming particulates. Levels of PS80 for samples tested are shown in Table 77. PS80 does get oxidized by metal, peroxide, and light. Degradation is mitigated by the addition of a chelating agent (DTPA or EDTA). Conditions without chelator have a significant drop in PS80 levels upon storage. This drop can be observed even at 5° C. storage after 2 months. After 1 month of storage at 30° C. with metal and peroxide stress of which 3 days where at room temperature/room light, the samples without chelator drop to less than 0.1 mg/mL (from starting 0.5 mg/mL target). Headspace of nitrogen slightly protects the PS80 (0.08 mg/mL under nitrogen vs. 0.02 mg/mL under air). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 77 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 1 - PS80 levels after 2 months at 5° C. and 
               
               
                 1 month after 3 days at Light + Metal + Peroxide + 
               
               
                 30° C./Dark [MPL] starting from 0.5 mg/mL initial PS80. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 PS80 MP 
                 PS80 MPL 
               
               
                 Formulation # 
                 DTPA 
                 EDTA 
                 Met 
                 5 C. 2 M 
                 30 C. 1 M 
               
               
                 (Headspace) 
                 (uM) 
                 (uM) 
                 (mM) 
                 (mg/mL) 
                 (mg/mL) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 50 
                 0 
                 5 
                 0.49 
                 0.49 
               
               
                 2 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.45 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 3 
                 0 
                 0 
                 5 
                 0.34 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 4 
                 50 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.49 
                 0.51 
               
               
                 5 
                 0 
                 100 
                 5 
                 0.49 
                 0.48 
               
               
                 6 (N2) 
                 50 
                 0 
                 5 
                 0.51 
                 0.49 
               
               
                 7 (N2) 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0 
                 0.46 
                 0.08 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     rHuPH20 Enzyme Activity 
     To assess the stability of rHuPH20, the enzyme activity was measured for a limited set of samples. Results from the enzyme activity assay are shown in  FIG. 15 . Enzyme levels for samples stored at 30° C./dark with MPL stress (metal and peroxide stress where the first 3 days where at room temperature/room light) are tabulated in  FIG. 15  (middle). Formulations with both DTPA and Met (Formulation 1) out performs formulations with DTPA alone which out performs formulations with Met alone. Formulations with none (neither DTPA nor Methionine) had the largest enzyme activity drop. 
     Samples exposed to 3 days RT/dark followed by 30° C./dark  FIG. 15  (left) show similar behavior where formulations with DTPA and Met and formulations with DTPA alone outperforms formulations with Met alone and formulations with neither DPTA nor Met. 
     The rHuH20 enzyme activity showed a different behavior for samples exposed to RT/RL  FIG. 15  (right). For these conditions all formulation had non-reportable (low) levels of rHuPH20 activity for all 3 M sample except for the sample that was held under nitrogen headspace with DTPA and Met. The formulation differences are not observed after continuous exposure to room light with a headspace of air. These results suggest that headspace nitrogen in combination with DTPA and Met help protect the enzyme under continuous exposure to room temperature/room light. 
     Particulate Formation 
     Particulate formation was evaluated at the two-week time point for all stress conditions and formulations. Levels of large particulates ≥25 μm particles are low (less than 32 particles/mL) for all samples. The particulates ≥10 μm particles are all below 164 particles/mL for all samples. Samples with the highest particulate counts were conditions under room temperature/room light but the number of particles are well below the USP &lt;788&gt; specifications. No particulate issues are observed during this study. 
     the stability of the formulation was monitored by three key components: stability of Nivo by SEC, stability of rHuPH20 by monitoring enzyme activity, and stability of PS80 by measuring PS80 levels. For each of these quality attributes the formulation performance and rank ordering the best formulation to the worst (top to bottom) formulation is tabulated in Table 78. 
     Nivo stability by SEC shows HMW increase in response to oxidation stresses. Across the various combination of stresses (metal, peroxide, and light) the increase of HMW is protected by the presence of antioxidants. Combination of Met and DTPA demonstrate better stability over DTPA alone, which outperformed Met, which out performed formulations with neither DTPA nor Met. 
     rHuPH20 enzyme activity decreases in response to oxidation stresses. In particular the drop is significant due to light stress. The formulation composition benefits can be observed for a combination of metal, peroxide and light stress (3 days) conditions. The enzyme activity is best preserved with the presence of both Met and DTPA. There is a measurable drop in enzyme activity relative to DTPA alone, which has a measurable drop relative to Met alone, which has a measurable drop in activity relative to having no Met nor DTPA. 
     PS80 protection was observed for conditions that had a chelating agent (DTPA). Met did not protect PS80 from degrading. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 78 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 1 - Quality attributes studied that were able to distinguish 
               
               
                 formulations and the ranking of these formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Quality 
                 Nivo 
                 rHuPH20 
                   
               
               
                 Attribute 
                 SEC- HMW 
                 Enzyme activity 
                 PS80 stability 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (best) 
                 Met + DTPA 
                 Met + DTPA 
                 Met + DTPA = DTPA 
               
               
                 Rank 
                 DTPA 
                 DTPA 
                 Met = None 
               
               
                 Ordering 
                 Met 
                 Met 
               
               
                 (worst) 
                 None 
                 None 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Key results from investigating various combinations of peroxide, metal, and light with the addition of thermal stress at 30° C. with various formulations indicate that there is a benefit in the formulation having both 50 μM DTPA and 5 mM Met. The stability with just one of these anti-oxidants is less superior to having both the chelating agent and sacrificial antioxidant. 
     Results—Study 2 
     The formulations tabulated in Tables 68 and 69 were analyzed. In this study, the aim was to understand the factors and ranges where the benefits of this formulation can be observed. Factors and ranges explored were: pH: 5.2-6.8 His; Histidine: 10-100 mM (Alt: Succinate); DTPA 10-200 μM (Alt: 100 μM EDTA); Met: 1-20 mM (Alt: 10 mM Trp); rHuPH20: 0-5,000 U/mL; PS80: 0.01-0.1% w/v (Alt: PS20 and Poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL); Sugar: 10-400 mM sucrose; and Protein: 100-175 mg/mL. This resulted in 49 different formulations to be studied here. pH, DTPA and Met levels where co-varied. Formulations at the max and min of the excipient ranges were varied one-variable at a time with all other factors at the target composition. The target composition is: 120 mg/mL Nivo in 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with air headspace. Note there were duplicate independent formulation preparations in the design for the center point condition and the condition with 50 μM DTPA and no Met. The distribution of the formulation studied is shown in  FIGS. 16A-16F . 
     Similar to the formulation ranges studied at the target composition alternate excipients: succinate, 100 μM EDTA, 10 mM Trp, 0.05% w/v PS20, poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL, 10% sorbitol and trehalose, were also studied with other excipients at the target composition. 
     Size Exclusion Chromatography 
     Size exclusion chromatography was the primary tool used to monitor the stability of Nivolumab. 
     Reproducibility 
     The duplicate and independent formulation preparations were included in the design for the center point condition and the condition with 50 μM DTPA and no Met. The final HMW by SEC by stress and time point for these formulations are tabulated in Table 79. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 79 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the last time point in each of 
               
               
                 the stress condition studied for the duplicate samples - center and 0 Met formulations. 
               
               
                 Center formulation composition: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 
               
               
                 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. 0 Met composition: 120 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 Descriptor 
                 DS Source 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 15 
                 Center 
                 Nivo DS 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 28 
                 Center 
                 Nivo DS 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 49 
                 Center 
                 Sugar-free DS 
                 0.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 21 
                 0 Met 
                 Nivo DS 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 29 
                 0 Met 
                 Nivo DS 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Enzyme Level 
     In this study a range of enzyme levels was studied between 0 to 5,000 U/mL. The final HMW by SEC for varied enzyme levels is tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Tale 80. The formulation composition had varied level of enzyme with 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. Enzyme level had no impact on the formation of HMW species across all stress conditions studied. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 80 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2- High molecular weight species by SEC for the last time 
               
               
                 point in each of the stress condition studied for varied enzyme 
               
               
                 level. Formulation composition: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 
               
               
                 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% PS80 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Enzyme 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 (U/mL) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 500 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 2000 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 2000 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 5000 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Alternate Excipients 
     In this study alternate excipients were studied with the center point composition for all other excipients. As an alternate surfactant to PS80 at 0.05% w/v, 0.05% w/v PS20 and 0.2 mg/mL poloxamer were studied. As an alternate buffer to 20 mM histidine 20 mM succinate was studied. Surfactant and buffer alternatives were unlikely to have a large impact protection against oxidation so performance for these alternatives were studied under thermal stress conditions. The final HMW by SEC using these alternate excipients is tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition next to the center point conditions (with the target formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0) in Table 81. As an alternate excipient PS80 can be replaced by PS20 or poloxamer with minimal impact to stability. The formulation with histidine as a buffering agent is critical for Nivo stability and cannot be replaced with succinate. There is a substantial increase in HMW species with succinate buffer across all thermal stress conditions studied (5° C. 25° C. and 35° C.). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 81 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the last 
               
               
                 time point in each of the stress condition studied for 
               
               
                 alternate excipients. Center point composition: 120 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 
               
               
                 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                 Alternate Excipient 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Center 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 Center 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 PS20 
                 0.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 Poloxamer 
                 0.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 Succinate 
                 1.3 
                 3.2 
                 6.8 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As an alternate chelator to 50 μM DTPA, 100 μM EDTA was studied. DTPA is a better chelating agent so a higher level of EDTA was studied here. Similarly, as an alternate sacrificial agent to 5 mM methionine, 10 mM tryptophan was studied. Since addition of chelator and sacrificial oxidizing agent can impact protection against oxidation these were studied under both thermal and oxidation stress conditions. The final HMW by SEC using these alternate excipients is tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition next to the center point condition and the corresponding controls (with the center point formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% PS80 at pH 6.0) in Table 82. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 82 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for alternate excipients to DTPA and Met. Composition 
               
               
                 includes: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 
               
               
                 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 Formulation 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5 mM Met 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 50 μm DTPA 
               
               
                 5 mM Met 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 50 μm DTPA 
               
               
                 10 mM Trp 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 2.4 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 50 μm DTPA 
               
               
                 5 mM Met 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 100 μM EDTA 
               
               
                 0 mM Met 
                 1 
                 1.7 
                 2.1 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 3.7 
               
               
                 100 μM EDTA 
               
               
                 0 mM Met 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 50 μM DTPA 
               
               
                 0 mM Met 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 50 μM DTPA 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The tabulated % HMW values after 3 months with MPL stress clearly shows the unique benefit of having DTPA, and that it is a superior chelator, compared to EDTA. The % HMW observed was 1.6% vs. 2.1% HMW after 3 months with MPL stress. Evaluation of the chelator alone (with no Met) further illustrates the benefit of DTPA over EDTA (1.8% HMW for DTPA vs. 3.7% HMW for EDTA after 3M of MPL stress). Similarly, the data shows that Met is superior to Trp. The HMW observed was 1.9% for Met vs. 2.4% for Trp after 1M at RT/RL and 1.5% for Met vs. 1.9% HMW for Trp after 3M MPL. % HMW increase is best controlled when formulated with 5 mM Met and 50 μM DTPA. These results are in agreement with Study 1. 
     Levels of DTPA 
     A range of DTPA levels were studied from 0-200 μM with the center point formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. The final HMW by SEC at various Met levels is tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Table 83. Across accelerated thermal conditions (25° C., and 35° C.) and the MPL oxidation conditions there is an impact of having 0 μM DTPA; however, between the concentrations of 10-200 μM no compelling evidence of a concentrate dependent DTPA effect is observed. This behavior is consistent across stress conditions across time as shown in  FIG. 17 . 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 83 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for various DTPA levels. Composition includes: 120 
               
               
                 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 5 mM Met, 
               
               
                 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 DTPA 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 (μM) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 1.8 
                 2.2 
                 1.4 
                 2.0 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 50 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 50 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 100 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 200 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 2.0 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Levels of Methionine 
     A range of methionine (Met) levels were studied from 0-20 mM Met with the center point formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. The final HMW by SEC at various Met levels is tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Table 84. For the thermal conditions (5° C., 25° C., 35° C., and RT/30° C. control) there is no major impact due to changes in Met levels. The benefit of higher levels of Met is observed in combination with DTPA under oxidation stress conditions of RT/RL over 1 month and MPL for 3 months. The benefits are minimal due to the larger impact adding DTPA has on HMW formation in all these formulations. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 84 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for various Met levels. Composition includes: 120 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 
               
               
                 0.05% w/v PS80, 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Met 
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Level 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 (mM) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 0 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 1 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 10 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.6 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 20 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The time course change in % HMW under each condition is shown in  FIG. 18 . Across stress conditions 0 μM DTPA with 0 mM Met has the highest HMW level. Differentiation between 0 and 5 mM methionine formulations at the 0 μM DTPA level is clear-addition of Met is beneficial to the stability of Nivo. At the target 50 μM DTPA concentration the effect of Met levels at various stresses at 2 weeks and 1 month timepoints are harder to differentiate. However, at the 3 month and 6 month timepoints careful evaluation is needed. 
     Careful evaluation of the MPL (Metal+Peroxide+3D of light followed by 30° C./Dark stress condition) is shown in  FIG. 19 . Note: for the formulation with 0 mM Met with 50 μM DTPA and the formulation with 5 mM Met with 50 μM DTPA there are duplicate independent formulations marked by two and three * marks. The 0 and 5 mM Met formulations at 0 μM DTPA differentiate at all three time points. At 50 μM DTPA concentration the % HMW formation appears to be a function of methionine concentration at both 1 and 3 month timepoints under these MPL conditions. In particular, for the MPL stress condition at the 3 month timepoint, the benefits of having higher level of Met is clearly observed. The HWM formation at the 100 and 200 μM DTPA with 5 mM Met concentration is similar to the 50 μM DTPA with 5 mM Met level. This is due to the binary effect of having DTPA but no compelling evidence of a concentration dependent DTPA effect as discussed above. 
     pH 
     A range of pH levels were studied from 5.2 to 6.8 with the center point formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80. The final HMW by SEC at various pH levels is tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Table 85. Across all thermal conditions (5° C., 25° C., and 35° C.) and the oxidation conditions (RT/RL, MPL, and RT/30° C. control), there is an impact of having higher pH. Between the pH range of 5.2 to 6.5 the formulation has good stability. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 85 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for various pH levels. Composition includes: 120 mg/mL 
               
               
                 Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 
               
               
                 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80, and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 pH 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5.2 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.9 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 5.5 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 6.0 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 6.0 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 1.1 
                 1.8 
                 2.0 
                 1.5 
                 2.7 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 6.8 
                 1.2 
                 2.6 
                 4.1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     DOE Evaluation of pH, Met, and DTPA Levels 
     There was a small excipient characterization DOE run on the combination of pH, Met, and DTPA levels. The formulations in the DOE are tabulated in Table 86 with all formulations containing 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, and 0.05% PS80. The final HMW by SEC at various Met levels is tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition. Examination of the results show the clear pH effect across all stress conditions. The results in this part of the study are consistent with the univariant study results described above. For the MPL condition the dominant effect is pH, with higher pH resulting in higher HMW values. There is a protective effect with higher levels of Met, and DTPA levels studied here (10-100 μM) do not impact the HMW. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 86 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the last 
               
               
                 time point in each of the stress condition studied for the 
               
               
                 DOE that investigated impact of pH, Met, and DTPA levels. 
               
               
                 Composition includes: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 
               
               
                 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80, and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DTPA 
                 Met 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 pH 
                 (uM) 
                 (mM) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5.2 
                 50 
                 5 
                 1 
                 1.4 
                 1.9 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 5.5 
                 10 
                 1 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.7 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 5.5 
                 10 
                 10 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 5.5 
                 100 
                 1 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 5.5 
                 100 
                 10 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 5.5 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 6 
                 10 
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 6 
                 100 
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 6 
                 50 
                 1 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 6 
                 50 
                 10 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.6 
                 1.2 
                 1.8 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 6 
                 50 
                 5 
                 0.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 10 
                 1 
                 1.1 
                 1.8 
                 2.1 
                 1.6 
                 2.8 
                 2.2 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 10 
                 10 
                 1.1 
                 1.8 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
                 2.7 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 100 
                 1 
                 1.1 
                 1.8 
                 2 
                 1.6 
                 2.8 
                 2.4 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 100 
                 10 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
                 2.6 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 6.5 
                 50 
                 5 
                 1.1 
                 1.8 
                 2 
                 1.5 
                 2.7 
                 2.1 
               
               
                 6.8 
                 50 
                 5 
                 1.2 
                 2.6 
                 4.1 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Impact of Histidine Levels 
     A range of histidine levels was studied from 10 to 100 mM with the center point formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0. The final HMW by SEC at various histidine levels are tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Table 87. The data suggest that histidine is not only the buffering agent in the formulation, but also has protective properties with higher histidine levels increasing the stability of the protein. At low histidine concentrations the protective behavior is minimized especially below 20 mM Histidine. The data here suggest a cliff below this 20 mM histidine level. The exact location of this cliff is unknown. A histidine concentration range of 15 mM-100 mM is expected to have comparable and good stability. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 87 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for various histidine levels. Composition includes: 
               
               
                 120 mg/mL Nivo, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM 
               
               
                 Met, 0.05% w/v PS80, and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at a pH of 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                 His (mM) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 10 mM 
                 1.1 
                 2.1 
                 4.1 
               
               
                   
                 20 mM 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 20 mM 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 50 mM 
                 0.9 
                 1.1 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
                 100 mM  
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Impact of Protein Concentration 
     The range of protein concentration studied was from 100 to 175 mg/mL, with the center point formulation composition of 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0. The final HMW by SEC at various protein concentrations are tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Table 88. Higher protein concentrations have shown higher HMW formation and is consistent with other studies at higher protein concentration. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 88 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the last 
               
               
                 time point in each of the stress condition studied for 
               
               
                 various protein concentrations. Composition includes: 
               
               
                 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 
               
               
                 0.05% w/v PS80, and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at a pH of 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Protein 
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Conc 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                 (mg/mL) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 100 
                 0.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 120 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 175 
                 1.2 
                 3 
                 6.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Impact of Sucrose Concentration 
     The range of sucrose concentration studied was from 0 to 400 mM with the center point formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0. The final HMW by SEC at various sucrose concentrations are tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Table 89. Low sucrose levels have lower stability. The elevated HMW values are not concerning in the range of 10-400 mM sucrose. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 89 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the last 
               
               
                 time point in each of the stress condition studied for 
               
               
                 various sucrose concentrations. Composition includes: 
               
               
                 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 
               
               
                 0.05% w/v PS80, and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at a pH of 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Sucrose 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                 (mM) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 1 
                 1.9 
                 2.3 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 1 
                 1.7 
                 2.2 
               
               
                   
                 250 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 250 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 400 
                 0.9 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Impact of PS80 Concentration 
     The range of PS80 concentration studied was from 0 to 0.10 w/v PS80 with the center point formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, at a pH of 6.0. The final HMW by SEC at various PS80 concentrations were tabulated for the final time point for that stress condition in Table 90. The HMW values observed are constant in the range of the formulation compositions studied. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 90 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the last 
               
               
                 time point in each of the stress conditions studied for 
               
               
                 various PS80 concentrations. Composition includes: 120 
               
               
                 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose 50 μM 
               
               
                 DTPA, 5 mM Met, and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at a pH of 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 PS80 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
               
               
                   
                 (%) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 0 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 0.01 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 0.05 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                 0.05 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
               
               
                   
                 0.10 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Impact of Nitrogen Headspace 
     To understand the benefits of the formulation—nitrogen headspace was used to determine its impact on HMW during oxidation stress, as well as thermal stress. The two formulations studied are the target center point formulation condition of: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0 and the condition with no DTPA nor Met: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0. The final HMW by SEC for these two formulations with nitrogen and air head space are tabulated in Table 91 for the final time point for that stress condition. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 91 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 High molecular weight species by SEC for the last time 
               
               
                 point in each of the stress condition studied for 2 formulations 
               
               
                 with and with-out nitrogen headspace. Center composition is 
               
               
                 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose 50 μM DTPA, 
               
               
                 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20 at a pH of 
               
               
                 6.0. 0 DTPA 0 Met refer to the removal of both anti-oxidants 
               
               
                 (DTPA and Met) from the center point formulation. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Formulation - 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT/30 
                 RT/RL 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 Headspace 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 1 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Center-Air 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Center - N 2   
                 1 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 0 DTPA 0 Met - Air 
                 1 
                 2.6 
                 3.3 
                 1.6 
                 2.3 
                 3.3 
               
               
                 0 DTPA 0 Met - N 2   
                 1 
                 1.7 
                 2.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The data show the clear benefit of the center point formulation with both DTPA and Met relative to the composition with no DPTA nor Met. In the cases where no anti-oxidant (sacrificial agent and chelator) are added there is a benefit of having nitrogen headspace. The interesting behavior is the slight difference in behavior of the center point formulation under RT/RL condition. Here, the nitrogen headspace helps reduce the HMW formation. However, under the MPL condition the nitrogen headspace doesn&#39;t impact the HMW formation when both chelating agent and sacrificial agent are present. The formulation containing both sacrificial agent and chelator is able to protect against HMW formation from oxidation stresses coming from minor light (3 days), peroxide and metals compared to having neither sacrificial nor chelating agents. 
     Statistical Model: Final Time Point for pH 6 50 μM DTPA Concentration Formulations 
     Statistical models were evaluated for the total % HMW. Due to small/negligible effects observed across most stress conditions statistical models were only developed for a subset of the stress conditions. Various mixed models were also explored (not shown) assuming a linear model for % HMW versus time (days). Due to design constraints, a limited number of degrees of freedom for estimating inter- and intra-formulation variability and % HMW root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of approximately 0.15 to 0.25% average confidence intervals for key comparisons substantially overlapped for the stress conditions at 12 weeks. Results from the first study estimated an average % HMW difference of 0.125% for the two key formulation comparisons (above). All analyses were performed using JMP 15.2.0. 
     Close evaluation of the 25° C., 35° C. and MPL conditions provides weak to pronounced evidence of a no-yes DTPA beneficial effect for these three stress conditions for at least the longest time point at pH 6. Moreover, a 0-5 mM no-yes methionine effect was observed for the no-DTPA pH 6 formulations. To simplify the presentation of results, statistical models were developed for each of these three stress conditions at only the last measured time point. % HMW RMSE&#39;s of approximately 0.15 to 0.25% under various statistical models were observed even when restricted to the pH 6-only formulations. To further lessen the need for potentially inadequate empirical models only statistical results at 50 μM DTPA are outlined. Model complexity and/or nonlinearity, e.g., due to the inclusion of the no-DTPA samples, may increase the residual variance for mis- or underspecified models. 
       FIG. 20  shows a graph of SEC % HMW versus methionine concentration at the three last-sampled stress conditions with a smooth curve trend estimate. 
     For the 35° C. 3 month samples the replicate variability is large relative to the remaining signal. Only three distinct values were obtained for the 25° C.-6 month measurements. Little-or-no trend is evident for these two thermal stress conditions. A near-linear trend is most evident for the combined oxidation stress—MPL condition at 3 months. 
     A simple linear regression was estimated for each condition to evaluate the strength of the observed relationship ( FIGS. 21A-21C ). 
     Only the combined oxidation stress condition (MPL) linear regression was significant (p ˜0.0088). These data suggest a clear benefit of increasing methionine concentration in the presence of 50 μM DTPA for this oxidative stress condition. Model lack of fit was not detected (a curvilinear model was also estimated with improved fit, not shown) and the average % HMW RMSE was approximately 0.06 to 0.08% across all three regressions. The predicted average % HMW at 3 months for the 50 μM DTPA-0 mM methionine formulation is 1.73% (95% confidence interval 1.62-1.83); the corresponding 50 μM DTPA-5 mM methionine estimate is 1.63% (95% confidence interval 1.55-1.71). The average difference between these estimates is approximately equal to the 0.125% average difference observed in the first study (above) between the same two formulations under the MPL oxidative stress conditions at 3 months. 
     Charge Variants 
     Charge variants were assessed using iCIEF. A sub-set of samples focused on the benefits of having two anti-oxidants was studied in detail to evaluate the impact of charge variants on Nivo. Samples tested were for the 3 M time point for the MPL oxidation stress condition and the 3 M time point for the 35° C. thermal stress. The results are graphed in  FIGS. 22A-22B . 
     The % acidic species is highest for conditions with no anti-oxidants (None). Methionine alone has less protection than having both just DTPA or having both DTPA and Methionine. There is no difference between formulations with DTPA alone vs. formulations with both DTPA and Met when stored at the 35° C. condition. A slight benefit can be observed in the 3 month timepoint under MPL stress for 3 months. 
     CE-SDS 
     CE-SDS was used to measure the clipped species of Nivo. A sub-set of samples focused on the benefits of having two antioxidants was studied in detail to evaluate the impact of the formulation on protecting Nivo from oxidation. Samples tested were for the 3 M time point for the MPL oxidation stress condition and the 35° C. 3 M time point. The results for the main peak area % are tabulated in Table 92. No major difference in main peak area is detected across the samples relative to the initial (TO) samples. No changes in LMW species formation over the study conditions studied were detected across the formulations studied. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 92 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 CE-SDS main peak area percent as a function of 
               
               
                 time under MPL condition and 35° C. stress. Duplicate 
               
               
                 samples were prepared for formulations with DTPA and Met 
               
               
                 as well as for samples with DTPA alone. Formulations had 
               
               
                 DTPA at 50 μM and Met at 5 mM concentrations. All formulations 
               
               
                 also contain 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 
               
               
                 0.05% w/v PS80, 2,000 U/mLrHuPH20 at pH 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CE-SDS Main peak (%) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                   
                 35 C. T 
                 MPL 
               
               
                   
                 Formulation 
                 T0 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 DTPA and Met 
                 97.0 
                 97.2 
                 98.5 
               
               
                   
                 DTPA and Met 
                 97.0 
                 97.6 
                 97.6 
               
               
                   
                 DTPA 
                 97.0 
                 96.7 
                 98.2 
               
               
                   
                 DTPA 
                 96.9 
                 98.2 
                 97.9 
               
               
                   
                 Met 
                 96.7 
                 96.7 
                 98.0 
               
               
                   
                 None 
                 96.3 
                 96.8 
                 98.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Enzyme Activity 
     Enzyme activity was measured to determine stability of the rHuPH20 enzyme. A sub-set of samples focused on the benefits of having two antioxidants was studied in detail to evaluate the impact of the formulation on protecting the enzyme from oxidation—the primary degradation mechanism. Samples tested were for the 3 M time point for the MPL oxidation stress condition and the 35° C. 3 M time point. The results are graphed in  FIGS. 23A-23B . 
     The enzyme degradation was highest for conditions with no anti-oxidants (None). Methionine alone has less protection than having just DTPA. Having both DTPA and Methionine offers the best protection. The benefits were more pronounced looking at the MPL stress condition but consistent trend was observed between both 35° C. and MPL conditions. These results are consistent with what was observed in Study 1, above. 
     PS80 Stability 
     PS80 stability was measured to determine stability of the key excipient, PS80. A sub-set of samples focused on the benefits of having two antioxidants was studied in detail to evaluate the impact of the formulation on protecting the PS80 from oxidation. Samples tested were for the 3 M time point for the MPL oxidation stress condition and the 35° C. 3 M time point. The results are graphed in  FIGS. 24A-24B . 
     The PS80 degradation was high and PS80 levels drop to zero for the condition without DTPA (data not shown) under the MPL stress condition. The distinction between None and Met alone can be observed for the 35° C. condition at the 3 M time point. The PS80 degradation kinetics are fastest for the conditions with no antioxidants (None) followed by the methionine alone condition. Both MPL and 35° C. stress conditions show comparable protection to PS80 between formulation having just DTPA and formulation having both DTPA and Methionine. The key feature from a PS80 stability perspective was the inclusion of DTPA. These results are consistent with what was observed in Study 1. 
     Formulation Ranges and Alternate Excipients 
     Study 2 was set-up to determine the impact and ranges where the benefits of the formulation composition is observed primarily by SEC. Formulations were stressed with thermal stress (5, 25, 35° C.) alone or with thermal and oxidation stress (MPL, RT/RL). 
     Based on this study the formulation composition ranges where stability is best maintained are as follows: pH: 5.2-6.5 His; Histidine: 15-100 mM; DTPA 10-200 μM (Alt: 100 μM EDTA); Met: 1-20 mM (Alt: 10 mM Trp); rHuPH20: 0-5,000 U/mL; PS80: 0.01-0.1% w/v (Alt: PS20 0.05% w/v and Poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL); Sugar: 10-400 mM sucrose; and Protein: 100-175 mg/mL 
     The center point formulation is: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 5 mM Met, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     The histidine buffer is critical in the formulation-formulations at the same pH using succinate as the buffer did not demonstrate sufficient stability (Table 91). Histidine has a stabilizing effect that shows increasing stability at higher concentrations. In this study up to 100 mM histidine was studied (Table 87) but higher histidine concentrations are expected to be stable as well. At low histidine concentrations the stability drops. In particular, at histidine concentrations less than 10 mM the % HMW increases. The range between 15-100 mM is critical in minimizing HMW species formation. 
     The pH range is also critical—higher pH past pH of 6.5 shows an increase in HMW on stability (Table 85). 
     Nivo in the absence of sucrose results in slightly higher levels of HMW formation (Table 89). Sucrose between 10-400 mM demonstrates good stability. 
     PS80 levels studied here between 0-0.1% protected Nivo from HMW formation (Table 90). Alternate surfactants: PS20 (0.05% w/v) and poloxamer (0.2 mg/mL) demonstrated good protection for Nivo against HMW formation (Table 81). 
     Addition of enzyme in the range between 0 to 5,000 U/mL does not impact the stability of Nivo (Table 80). 
     This report demonstrates the need for two anti-oxidants. One sacrificial agent (Met) is needed in addition to a chelating agent (DTPA). In particular these two anti-oxidants perform better than their alternative excipients (Table 82). To confirm the superiority of the chosen excipient the performance of alternative oxidation agents has been tested at higher concentrations. Replacing 5 mM Met with 10 mM Trp results in higher HMW under both RT/RL conditions as well as under the MPL stress condition. Replacement of 50 μM DTPA with 100 μM EDTA behaves comparably under RT/RL conditions but shows higher HMW species formation under accelerated thermal conditions and under MPL stress condition. The combined formulation has oxidation protection that doesn&#39;t need nitrogen headspace to protect against MPL stresses (Table 91). 
     The DTPA levels between 10-200 μM have demonstrated comparable stability (Table 83). Having DTPA at a minimum concentration of 10 μM is critical but higher levels of DTPA do not increase the stability of Nivo. 
     Increase in Met has demonstrated acceptable stability within the range of 1-20 mM levels (Table 84). For the case of Met a statistical model was built and for the MPL stress condition a linear regression was found to be significant (above). This shows that there is a clear benefit of having Met and higher concentrations of Met being favorable against the MPL stress. 
     Rank Order 
     The benefit of having both anti-oxidants was demonstrated by monitoring: stability of Nivo by SEC and iCIEF, stability of rHuPH20 by looking at enzyme activity, and stability of PS80 by looking at PS80 levels.  Ibis  part of the study focused on a sub-set of samples focused on the need for both anti-oxidants (both, vs. just one vs. none). For each of these quality attributes, the formulation performance and rank ordering the best formulation to the worst (top to bottom) formulations is tabulated in Table 93. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 93 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 - Quality attributes studied that were able to distinguish 
               
               
                 formulations and the ranking of these formulations 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Quality 
                 Nivo 
                 Nivo 
                 rHuPH20 
                   
               
               
                 Attribute 
                 SEC % HMW 
                 iCE % Acidic 
                 Enzyme activity 
                 PS80 stability 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 (best) 
                 Met + DTPA 
                 Met + DTPA 
                 Met + DTPA 
                 Met + DTPA = DTPA 
               
               
                 Rank 
                 DTPA 
                 DTPA 
                 DTPA 
                 Met 
               
               
                 Ordering 
                 Met 
                 Met 
                 Met 
                 None 
               
               
                 (worst) 
                 None 
                 None 
                 None 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Nivo stability by SEC shows HMW increase in response to oxidation stress (MPL). The increase of HMW is minimized by the presence of anti-oxidants. Combination of Met and DTPA demonstrate better stability over DTPA alone, which outperformed Met, which outperformed formulations with neither DTPA nor Met. These results are consistent with Study 1. 
     Charge variants (above) show % acidic species increase to be highest with no DTPA nor Met. Having Met alone shows a slightly slower rate of increase for both thermal (35° C.) and oxidation (MPL) stress conditions. Having DTPA alone is comparable to having both DTPA and Met under thermal stress condition; but, under MPL condition a slight benefit is observed with both vs. DTPA alone. 
     rHuPH20 enzyme activity decreases in response to both thermal and oxidation stresses. The formulation composition benefit can be best observed for the oxidation stress (MPL). The enzyme activity was best preserved with the presence of both Met and DTPA. There was a measurable drop in enzyme activity relative to DTPA alone, which had a measurable drop relative to Met alone, which had a measurable drop relative to having no Met nor DTPA. This behavior was consistent for the thermal stress (35° C.) condition but the difference between DTPA alone and both (DTPA and Met) was smaller. 
     PS80 protection was observed for conditions that had a chelating agent (DTPA). Met did not protect PS80 from degrading. 
     Key results from investigating oxidation stress (MPL—combination of metal, peroxide, and 3 days of light in addition to thermal stress at 30° C.) with various combinations of formulations indicate that there was a benefit in the formulation having both 50 μM DTPA and 5 mM Met. The stability with just one of these antioxidants was less superior to having both chelating agent and sacrificial antioxidant. These results were consistent with Study 1 results. 
     Results—Study 3 
     In this study the aim was to understand the behavior of the molecule in different packaging components (the pre-filled syringe and the patch pump). In addition, there were a few formulation composition variations to the original to determine the ranges where benefits of this formulation can be observed. These include:
         i. Histidine range of 15-100 mM. Study 2 showed increase in HMW at a low histidine concentration of 10 mM.   ii. Wider enzyme level from 0-10,000 U/mL vs. Study 2 only covered up to 5,000 U/mL.   iii. Wider protein concentration from 100-200 mg/mL. Study 2 covered up to 150 mg/mL.       

     This study also used these confirm formulation ranges in the case when enzyme is not present the formulation: pH: 5.2-6.5 His; Histidine: 15-100 mM; DTPA: 10-200 μM (Alt: 100 μM EDTA); Met: 1-20 mM (Alt: 10 mM Tryp); PS80: 0.01-0.1% w/v (Alt: PS20 and Poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL); Sugar: 10-400 mM Sucrose (Alt: 10% sorbitol and trehalose); Protein: 100-200 mg/mL; and Primary packaging: Vial, PFS and Patch pump. 
     Note that in this study the sorbitol and trehalose was correctly added in the TFF buffer which was missed in study 2. Due to the enzyme having no impact on HMW formation these results will be leveraged to understand the behavior with these alternate sugars with enzyme as well. 
     This resulted in 46 formulations where similar to study 2 formulations are studied one-variable at a time with all other factors at the target composition. In this study vials and patch pumps were studied primarily at 120 mg/mL and PFS were at 150 mg/mL Nivo target concentration. Target formulation composition was: 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 with air headspace. Note there were duplicate independent formulation preparations in the design for the center point condition and the condition with 50 μM DTPA and no Met. 
     In this study stability of Nivo was investigated using SEC and due to lack of particulate data from study 3 particulate analysis was done for select time points (MPL 3M, RT30 3M, 5C 6M and 25C 6M). 
     Size Exclusion Chromatography 
     Size exclusion chromatography was the primary tool used to monitor the stability of nivolumab. 
     Reproducibility and Enzyme Impact 
     Duplicate and independent formulation preparations were included in the design for the center point condition and 0 Met conditions as was done for study 2; but for study 3, the formulation did not include enzyme. The final HMW by SEC by stress and time point for the two formulations are tabulated for both study 2 and 3 in Table 94. This data shows the reproducibility across study 2 and 3 as well as across independent preparations with-in a study. The data are consistently within 0.1% HMW of each other. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 94 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 and 3 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied for 
               
               
                 the duplicate samples - center and 0 Met formulations. Center 
               
               
                 formulation composition: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 
               
               
                 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at 
               
               
                 pH 6.0. 0 Met composition: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 
               
               
                 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Study - 
                 De- 
                 Enzyme 
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT30 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 Form 
                 scriptor 
                 (U/mL) 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Study 3 - 12 
                 0 Met 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 Study 3 - 13 
                 0 Met 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Study 2 - 21 
                 0 Met 
                 2000 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Study 2 - 29 
                 0 Met 
                 2000 
                 0.9 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Study 3 - 10 
                 Center 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Study 3 - 11 
                 Center 
                 0 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Study 3 - 5 
                 Center 
                 2000 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Study 2 - 15 
                 Center 
                 2000 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Study 2 - 28 
                 Center 
                 2000 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.6 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     This study as well as study 2 (Table 80) shows that there is no impact to Nivo stability with or with-out enzyme (Table 95) across the full enzyme level studied (0-10,000 U/mL). Throughout study 3 there are duplicate compositions tested with and with-out enzyme. These results have been very consistent (Table 95, Table 96, Table 97, Table 98, Table 99, Table 100,  FIG. 25A , and  FIG. 25B ) and allow us to confidently translate learnings across condition with and with-out enzyme. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 95 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the last time 
               
               
                 point in each of the stress condition studied for varied enzyme 
               
               
                 level. Formulation composition: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 
               
               
                 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Enzyme 
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT30 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 (U/mL) 
                 T0 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 2000 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 10000 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 10000 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Primary Packaging 
     This study evaluated three different types of primary packaging: Vial, pre-filled syringe, and patch pump. The data for the various primary packaging is shown in Table 96 for a protein concentration of 120 mg/mL in the center point formulation composition: 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0. There was no difference in HMW formation due to primary packaging differences. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 96 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for the varied primary packaging at 120 mg/mL Nivo, 
               
               
                 Formulation composition: 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 
               
               
                 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Primary 
                 Enzyme 
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT30 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 Packaging 
                 (U/mL) 
                 T0 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Vial 
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Vial 
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Vial 
                 2000 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 0 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 2000 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Patch Pump 
                 0 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 N/A* 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
               
               
                 Patch Pump 
                 2000 
                 0.8 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 N/A* 
                 1.2 
                 1.4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *Due to limited number of patch pumps limited data is available for the patch pump. 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     To understand if there are any liabilities due to the PFS components, two extra conditions were tested: one with a 1 ppm tungsten (W) spike and fill into a BD Neopack syringe with two times the silicone oil found in standard BD Neopack syringes. The high molecular weight values at the last time point for that stress condition are tabulated in Table 97 at the 150 mg/mL concentration again with 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0. No increase in HMW was detected due to tungsten or silicone oil. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 97 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the 
               
               
                 last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for the use of PFS components at 150 mg/mL Nivo. Formulation 
               
               
                 composition: 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 
               
               
                 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Enzyme 
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT30 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 Descriptor 
                 (U/mL) 
                 T0 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 0 
                 W spike PFS 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 0 
                 2X Si Oil PFS 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 0 
                 PFS 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 2.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 2000 
                 W spike PFS 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 2000 
                 2X Si Oil PFS 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 2000 
                 PFS 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Protein Concentration 
     Primary packaging and enzyme levels do not impact HMW formation as discussed above. HMW formation across packaging and enzyme levels at the center point formulation composition at a range of protein concentrations from 100 to 200 mg/mL was tabulated together in Table 98. The center point formulation composition includes 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at a pH of 6.0. Higher protein concentrations have shown higher HMW formation, and the was consistent with other studies at higher protein concentration and data from study 2 (Table 88). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 98 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 3 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the last time 
               
               
                 point in each of the stress condition studied for various protein 
               
               
                 concentrations. Formulation composition: 20 mM Histidine, 250 
               
               
                 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Primary 
                 En- 
                 Protein 
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Pack- 
                 zyme 
                 Conc 
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 aging 
                 (U/ 
                 (mg/ 
                   
                 5° C. 
                 25° C. 
                 35° C. 
                 RT30 
                 MPL 
               
               
                 Primary 
                 mL) 
                 mL) 
                 T0 
                 6 M 
                 6 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
                 3 M 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Vial 
                 0 
                 100 
                 0.7 
                 0.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.5 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Vial 
                 0 
                 120 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Vial 
                 0 
                 120 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Vial 
                 2000 
                 120 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 0 
                 120 
                 0.7 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 2000 
                 120 
                 0.8 
                 1.0 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 0 
                 150 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 2.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 2000 
                 150 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.7 
                 1.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 0 
                 165 
                 0.8 
                 1.1 
                 1.8 
                 2.1 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 2000 
                 165 
                 0.9 
                 1.1 
                 1.8 
                 2.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 Vial 
                 0 
                 200 
                 1.0 
                 1.3 
                 2.1 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 0 
                 200 
                 1.0 
                 1.3 
                 2.2 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 PFS 
                 2000 
                 200 
                 1.0 
                 1.3 
                 2.2 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Vial 
                 2000 
                 200 
                 1.0 
                 1.3 
                 2.1 
                 2.5 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Alternate Excipients 
     In study 3 as an alternate sugar to 250 mM (8.6%) sucrose two alternate sugars: 10% sorbitol and 10% trehalose were studied. The results along with the results from use of the alternate surfactant to PS80 at 0.05% w/v, 0.05% w/v PS20 and 0.2 mg/mL poloxamer were studied and are tabulated in Table 99. These results tabulated against study 2 vs. study 3 where the difference here is study 2 had 2,000 U/mL of rHuPH20 and study 3 had no rHuPH20. The other excipients were at target composition: with the target formulation composition of 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. There was an error during the preparation of the samples in study 2 for the formulations with trehalose and sorbitol for the alternate excipient so data with enzyme is not presented. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 99 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 and 3 - High molecular weight species by SEC for 
               
               
                 the last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for alternate excipients. Study 2 conditions have 2,000 
               
               
                 U/mL of rHuPH20, study 3 have 0 U/mL of rHuPH20. Center 
               
               
                 point composition: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 
               
               
                 mM Sucrose, 50 μM DTPA, 5 mM Met, 0.05% w/v PS80, at pH 6.0. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Alternate 
                 5° C. 6 M 
                 25° C. 6 M 
                 35° C. 3 M 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Excipient 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Center 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Center 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 PS20 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.3 
                 1.4 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Poloxamer 
                 0.9 
                 1.0 
                 1.3 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
               
               
                 Sorbitol 
                   
                 1.3 
                   
                 1.9 
                   
                 2.1 
               
               
                 Trehalose 
                   
                 1.6 
                   
                 2.2 
                   
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Succinate 
                 1.3 
                 1.5 
                 3.2 
                 3.2 
                 6.8 
                 5.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As an alternate excipient, PS80 can be replaced by PS20 or poloxamer with minimal impact to stability. These results are consistent across the two studies. 
     Having histidine as the buffering agent was critical for Nivo stability and cannot be replaced with succinate. There was a substantial increase of HMW species with succinate buffer across all thermal stress conditions studied (5° C. 6M, 25° C. 6M, and 35° C. 3M), and this was again consistent across the two studies. 
     The sugar data suggest that sucrose had a superior stabilizing effect relative to sorbitol or trehalose. 
     As an alternate chelator to 50 μM DTPA, 100 μM EDTA was studied as was done in study 2. DTPA is a better chelating agent so a higher level of EDTA was studied here. Similarly, as an alternate sacrificial agent to 5 mM methionine, 10 mM tryptophan was studied. Since addition of a chelator and a sacrificial oxidizing agent can impact protection against oxidation these were studied under both thermal and oxidation stress conditions. The final HMW by SEC using these alternate excipients is tabulated in Table 100 for the final time point for that stress condition for both studies 2 and 3, where the difference here is study 2 had 2,000 U/mL of rHuPH20 and study 3 had no rHuPH20. The formulation composition included 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. 
     Results from the two studies were comparable to each other. The exception is the condition with 0 DTPA and 0 Met—where there was a higher variability in how quickly this auto-catalytic HWM increase occurs. The tabulated % HMW values after 3 months with MPL stress clearly showed the unique benefit of having DTPA across the two studies, and that it was a superior chelator, compared to EDTA. Similarly, the data showed that Met is superior to Trp. % HMW increase was best controlled when formulated with 5 mM Met and 50 μM DTPA. These results were in agreement across the three studies. 
     These studies showed the unique and beneficial effect of histidine and sucrose, in combination with both Met and DTPA to Nivo stability. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 100 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Study 2 and 3 - High molecular weight species by SEC for the last time point in each of the stress condition studied 
               
               
                 for alternate excipients to DTPA and Met. Composition includes: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 250 mM Sucrose, 
               
               
                 0.05% w/v PS80, at pH 6.0. Study 2 conditions have 2,000 U/mL of rHuPH20, study 3 have 0 U/mL of rHuPH20. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 % HMW by SEC 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Alternate 
                 5° C. 6 M 
                 25° C. 6 M 
                 35° C. 3 M 
                 RT30 3 M 
                 MPL 3 M 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Excipient 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
                 Study 2 
                 Study 3 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 5 mM Met 50 μm DTPA 
                 0.9 
                 1.0? 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.7 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 5 mM Met 50 μm DTPA 
                 0.9 
                 1.0? 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 1.5 
               
               
                 10 mM Trp 50 μm DTPA 
                 0.9 
                 0.9 
                 1.4 
                 1.4 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.2 
                 1.2 
                 1.9 
                 1.9 
               
               
                 5 mM Met 100 μM EDTA 
                 0.9 
                 1.0? 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 2.1 
                 2 
               
               
                 0 mM Met 0 μM DTPA 
                 1.0? 
                 1.0? 
                 1.7 
                 2.6 
                 2.1 
                 3.2 
                 1.3 
                 1.6 
                 3.7 
                 4 
               
               
                 0 mM Met 50 μM DTPA 
                 0.9 
                 1.0? 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.8 
               
               
                 0 mM Met 50 μM DTPA 
                 0.9 
                 1.0? 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.8 
                 1.7 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Excipient Ranges 
     Similar to study 2, various excipient ranges were studied in study 3. These results were consistent and in agreement with study 2 results, as was demonstrated by the key finding in study 2 where the impact of Met concentration had beneficial effects with increased concentration. The results across all three studies are shown in  FIG. 25 . Study 1 only evaluated 0 and 5 mM Met values, and study 2 focused on conditions with enzyme and study 3 focused on conditions with-out enzyme. Throughout this example, it has been demonstrated that the enzyme does not impact Nivo stability, and this finding was again demonstrated here. 
     A regression plot with all 3 studies is shown in  FIG. 26 . The three studies overlayed very well with each other. The linear approximation for 0 to 5 mM Methionine effect was 0.19% HMW at the center point composition: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM Histidine, 50 μM DTPA, 250 mM Sucrose, 0.05% w/v PS80 at pH 6.0. 
     In studies 2 and 3 the formulation composition ranges where stability was best maintained were as follows: pH: 5.2-6.5 His; Histidine: 15-100 mM; DTPA: 10-200 μM (Alt: 100 μM EDTA); Met: 1-20 mM (Alt: 10 mM Trp); rHuPH20: 0-5,000 U/mL; PS80: 0.01-0.1% w/v (Alt: PS20 0.05% w/v and Poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL); Sugar: 10-400 mM sucrose; Protein: 100-175 mg/mL; and Primary packaging: Vial, PFS, patch pump. 
     The center point formulation was: 120 mg/mL Nivo, 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 5 mM Met, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     The pH range for this formulation was critical. Past a pH of 6.5, an increase in HMW was observed, and this was consistent across both studies 2 and 3. Formulating closer to pH 6 was advised based on the data. 
     Histidine as a buffer was critical in the formulation and had a stabilizing effect. Data from studies 2 and 3 were consistent. Succinate as a buffer did not demonstrate sufficient stability. Lower histidine concentrations led to higher HMW formation. Close to the 15 mM histidine level there was a cliff where stability decreases. In this study, up to 100 mM Histidine was studied but higher concentrations are expected to be stable. 
     An enzyme range between 0 to 10,000 U/mL has been studied and did not impact the stability of Nivo. This was consistent across studies 2 and 3. 
     PS80 levels between 0-0.1% w/v protected Nivo from HMW formation. Alternate surfactants PS20 (0.05% w/v) and poloxamer (0.2 mg/mL) demonstrated good protection for Nivo against HMW formation. 
     Nivo with sucrose levels between 10-400 mM demonstrated good stability. As an alternate excipient, trehalose and sorbitol showed higher HMW formation as compared to sucrose upon storage. 
     No impact to stability due to primary packaging was observed across the vial, PFS and patch pumps tested. 
     DTPA at a concentration range between 10-200 μM DTPA showed the same stability. Presence even at the low 10 μM level was sufficient to protect Nivo. No concentration dependence was observed across both studies 2 and 3. 
     Increased Met levels demonstrated acceptable stability within the range of 1-20 mM Met. The results were consistent across the studies ( FIG. 26 ). For the case of Met, a statistical model was built. For the MPL stress condition, a linear regression was found to be significant for both studies 2 and 3. This showed that there was a clear benefit of having Met, and higher concentrations of Met were favorable against the MPL stress. 
     Particulates 
     Study 2 did not include particulate analysis. In study 3 particulate analysis was done for select timepoints (MPL 3M, RT30 3M, 5° C. 6M and 25° C. 6M). One sample had elevated particulate counts: a sample that had replaced histidine as a buffer with succinate-formulation 25. The HMW at 25 C for 6 months showed 6527 particles/mL ≥10 μm. The remaining samples had less than 130 particles/mL ≥10 μm, well below the USP &lt;788&gt; particle specification limits. These data showed concerns with switching to succinate as the buffering agent, even with all other formulation components are present. 
     Conclusions—Study 3 
     In study 3 different packaging components (pre-filled syringe and patch pump) were studied in addition to the vial and confirmed to perform well with the formulation. 
     The study also aimed at understanding the full range where stability was best maintained. The range found (from a combination of studies 2 and 3) are as follows: pH: 5.2-6.5 His; Histidine: 15-100 mM; DTPA: 10-200 μM (Alt: 100 μM EDTA); Met: 1-20 mM (Alt: 10 mM Trp); rHuPH20: 0-5,000 U/mL; PS80: 0.01-0.1% w/v (Alt: PS20 0.05% w/v and Poloxamer 0.2 mg/mL); Sugar: 10-400 mM sucrose; Protein: 100-175 mg/mL; and Primary packaging: Vial, PFS, patch pump. These ranges were the same for samples without enzyme. 
     The center point formulation was: 120 mg/mL Nivo for the vial and 150 mg/mL Nivo for the PFS, both contain 20 mM histidine, 250 mM sucrose, 5 mM Met, 50 μM DTPA, 0.05% w/v polysorbate 80 at pH 6.0 with 2,000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     The pH range for this formulation was critical. Past a pH of 6.5, an increase in HMW was observed. Histidine as a buffer was critical in the formulation and had a stabilizing effect. Lower histidine concentrations led to higher HMW formation. Close to the 15 mM histidine level there was a cliff where stability decreases. In this study up to 100 mM Histidine was studied but higher concentrations are expected to be stable. DTPA presence was important in maintaining Nivo stability but no concentration dependence was observed. Increase in Met demonstrated higher protection for Nivo. There was a clear benefit of having Met, and higher concentrations of Met were favorable against the MPL stress. 
     Succinate as a buffer did not demonstrate sufficient stability for Nivo, forming both soluble aggregates (increase in HMW by SEC) and insoluble aggregates (particles by MFI). As an alternate stabilizing agent to sucrose, trehalose and sorbitol showed higher HMW formation upon storage. EDTA was less superior to DTPA, and Tryp was less superior to Met, even at higher concentrations. These studies showed the unique and beneficial effect of histidine and sucrose, in combination with both Met and DTPA to improve Nivo stability. 
     Example 6—Probing Nivolumab-Excipient Interactions Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics (MD) 
     NMR experiments and computational modeling have been performed to study Nivolumab-excipient interactions. Both approaches confirm there to be preferential protein-sugar interactions and show a stronger binding behavior for sucrose over mannitol, trehalose, glycine, sorbitol or succinate. The results may indicate a key molecular mechanism for the role of sugars in protein formulation. 
     Sugars are used to stabilize protein formulations and prevent the formation of protein aggregates. The goal of this example is better understand the mechanism for stabilization, determine why some sugars work better than others, and help guide formulation selection using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular dynamic (MD) methods. STD (Saturation Transfer Difference) NMR experiments were adopted to measure protein-ligand interactions and binding (see Angulo J. et al., Chem. Eur. J., 16:7803-7812 (2010), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). 
     STD NMR experiments were performed on a NEO 700 Bruker NMR spectrometer using NMR data acquisition in ICONNMR at 283 K using the pulse sequence stddiff A recycle delay of 3-4.5 seconds was used. The NMR experiments were performed on Nivolumab samples (21.3 mg/ml concentration) with excipients glycine, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, and succinate to access binding efficiency of each sugar with Nivolumab. The experiments were done at a series of excipient concentrations and fit the intensities of integrated peaks in the difference spectra to the Michaelis-Menten equation in order to assess whether the interactions between the excipient and the protein are specific or not. A specific interaction produces a saturation effect of the signal in the difference spectra. 
     Molecular Dynamics (MD) is an in silico approach to simulate the interactions between molecules at an atomistic level. Here, simulations were setup containing one Nivolumab Fab group, histidine buffer (15 mM equivalent) and excipient molecules (approx. 190 mM equivalent). Each excipient molecule was studied in a separate simulation. The simulation cells were setup using the MOE 2019.0101 software (Molecular Operating Environment 2019.0101; Chemical Computing Group Inc., Montreal, Canada, 2017) and the simulations were run using NAMD 2.12 (Phillips, J. C. et al., J. Comp. Chem, 26:1781-1802 (2005)). 
     The MD results were analyzed by first counting how many of the excipient molecules were within hydrogen bonding distance (&lt;2A) from any atom of the Fab group. To distinguish tightly bound interaction poses of the excipients from more lightly bound ones, a clustering analysis was performed to group similar binding poses of each separate excipient and rank how frequently those poses were occupied in the simulation. 
     STD NMR results show that sucrose has the smallest Kd (dissociation constant) value, showing the strongest interaction to Nivolumab mAb with respect to trehalose, glycine and mannitol, sorbitol and succinate ( FIG. 26 ). 
       FIG. 27  shows the average number of sugar molecules within 2 Å of the Nivolumab Fab group during the final 8 ns of the MD simulations. There is a significant difference seen between the different excipients, with the sucrose molecules interacting the most, and glycine the least. The overall trend for the number of interactions is sucrose &gt;mannitol=trehalose &gt;glycine. Sucrose molecules interact more than five-times more frequently than glycine, and around 50% more than mannitol, which has the next-most number of interactions. Qualitatively these results agree with the NMR results but because the STD-NMR experiments are sensitive to the strength of binding, not just the number of interactions, we further explored the strength of the interactions in the MD using a clustering analysis. 
       FIGS. 28A-28C  show the locations of unique binding sites identified for each excipient by the clustering analysis. Visually, the difference between the excipients is clear, with far greater numbers of binding sites for mannitol ( FIG. 28C ), trehalose ( FIG. 28E ), and sucrose ( FIG. 28D ) than for sorbitol ( FIG. 28B ) and glycine ( FIG. 28A ), matching the trends in  FIG. 27 .  FIGS. 29A-29B  show the number of unique sites identified for each excipient, with  FIG. 29A  being weak-medium bound, and  FIG. 29B  strongly bound sites. Only sucrose, trehalose and sorbitol have strongly bound sites in the simulation, with trehalose and sorbitol having 1 such site, and sucrose 7. Further analysis of these sites has shown that in these strongly bound poses, there are 3-4 hydrogen bonds formed between the protein and excipient molecule, verifying that these poses are highly favorable and may be good candidates for the exchange sites identified by the STD-NMR results. It is of note that the strongly bound trehalose and sorbitol sites are in the constant domain of the Fab and close to the hinge region where there may be additional steric interactions that would prevent binding in the full mAb. 
     NMR results suggest that only sucrose strongly interacts/binds with Nivolumab in comparison to glycine, mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol and succinate. MD results suggest that all the sugars studied interact to some extent, with preference for: sucrose &gt;mannitol ≥trehalose &gt;glycine &gt;sorbitol. MD Cluster analysis shows that only sucrose and trehalose have strong binding interactions that are stabilized by non-specific and specific interactions with exposed residues on the Fab. The observation of strong binding sites only for sucrose correlates the NMR observations and MD results, and therefore the differential behavior of sucrose (Kamerzell, T. J. et al., Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 63:1118-1159 (2011)) making it a better excipient to stabilize proteins. The larger overall number of sucrose binding sites may explain why sucrose shows the best aggregation inhibition of the molecules tested. 
     Example 7—Analysis of Additional Hyaluronidase Enzymes with Nivolumab 
     Nivolumab subcutaneous formulation includes hyaluronidase enzyme (rHuPH20). In the current study, compatibility of nivolumab and an alternate analog of rHuPH20 will be evaluated. The alternate enzyme variant will be placed on stability (e.g., at 5° C., 25° C., or 35° C.) in the current formulation composition: 120 mg/mL nivolumab in 20 mM histidine (pH 6.0), 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% polysorbate 80, 5 mM methionine, 50 μM pentetic acid and 2000 U/mL rHuPH20. 
     Various alternate analogs of rHuPH20 will be evaluated for combination with nivolumab subcutaneous formulation. Example alternate analoges that will be considered include, but are not limited to, enzymes having an amino acid sequence selected from the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5-263. For example, the alternate analog of rHuPH20 having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92 will be placed on stability in the current formulation composition: 120 mg/mL nivolumab in 20 mM histidine (pH 6.0), 250 mM sucrose, 0.05% polysorbate 80, 5 mM methionine, 50 μM pentetic acid and rHuPH20 (e.g., 2000 U/mL); wherein the rHuPH20 has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92. 
     The following will be measured for each time point: pH, protein concentration, and SEC. Select samples will be tested for particulate matter (using HIAC) and enzyme activity. Sufficient sample will be kept for PS-80 analysis and analysis by CD-SDS and iCiEF, and will be tested if necessary. For each time point, 6 mL will be prepared for analysis. 
     A total of 22 vials will be filled with 3 mL per sample to cover the 11 time points. This will be done by preparing samples with 80 mL of formulation to account for losses during filtration using a 0.22 μM PES filter. The filtered drug product will be filled into depyrogenated 3-cc vials (Schott Type 1 glass) and stoppered with autoclaved 13-mm Daikyo stoppers (D-21-7S, Fluorotec-coated serum). Vials will be crimped and placed on stability in an upright position.