Patent Publication Number: US-2022234774-A1

Title: Method of sealing a compostable container by deforming a portion of the lidding material

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application claims the priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application 63/134,514 filed Jan. 6, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to a beverage cartridge such as, for example, a compostable beverage cartridge for single-serve use. The present disclosure further relates to methods of manufacture and uses thereof. The present disclosure further relates to methods of improving the seal strength of compostable lidding material to compostable packaging articles. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimed technology. 
     Single-serve beverage cartridges have become a dominant method for serving beverages, especially hot beverages, in a variety of settings such as homes, offices, waiting rooms, hotel rooms and lobbies, and other places where people consume beverages. The rapid growth of single-serve beverage cartridges is driven by consumer preference for convenient, quickly prepared beverages in single-portion quantities, in a variety of flavors, beverage types (coffee, espresso, decaffeinated coffee, tea, decaffeinated tea, cider, hot cocoa/chocolate, bone broth, and even alcoholic beverages, such as, for example, Irish Coffee, Hot Toddy, Hot Buttered Rum, etc.). Even within a beverage type, such as coffee, there may be a plurality of roasts and associated roasters, flavor profiles, flavor additives, caffeine strengths, location, or locations of origin, etc. 
     The convenience and variety of single serving beverage cartridges allows and encourages consumers to prepare and consume a plurality of beverages throughout the day. This pattern of consumption causes the rapid accumulation of used beverage cartridges wherever they are consumed. Due to the nature of single-serving beverage cartridges, a considerable amount of packaging waste is produced per beverage consumed compared to preparing beverages by traditional means, such as, for example, preparing a plurality of servings at once using bulk ingredients. Packaging waste, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), defines containers and packaging as products that are assumed to be discarded the same year the products they contain are purchased. The EPA further estimates that the majority of the solid waste are packaging products. Packaging waste contributes significantly to global pollution, the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change, which poses a health risk many forms of life, including humans, other animals, plants, fungi, etc. 
     Single-serve beverage cartridges typically comprise several components made of various materials. The typical components of a single-serve beverage cartridge include, at least, a container, typically made from plastic such as polyethylene, a filter, typically made from plant fiber such as abaca fibers or other natural and synthetic fibers, and a container lid, typically made from food-grade aluminum foil, which is also commonly printed upon to include product labeling. Some beverage cartridges do not contain a filter, typically because the beverage material is readily soluble in hot water (such as, for example, hot cocoa). The container will usually comprise an opening on the top of the container, and a hollow cavity within which and across which a filter may be disposed. The container may also comprise an opening at on the bottom container. After the filter and beverage material are inserted into the container, the lid is then typically sealed over the container opening or openings. The sealed lid typically provides an airtight seal, preventing the exchange of gases between the environment and the interior of the container, thus preventing oxidation and/or spoilage of the beverage material. In beverage cartridges that comprise a filter, the filter may separate the container into two chambers: a first chamber occupying the space within the container between the filter and the opening of the container, the first chamber for holding dry beverage ingredients such as, but not limited to, coffee, tea, or cocoa, for a single beverage serving; and (ii) a second chamber occupying the space within the container between the filter and the base of the container, the second chamber being on the opposite side of the filter to the first chamber. The purpose of the second chamber is typically to provide a space in which a fluid extractor of a beverage brewing device may be inserted into the bottom of the container, entering the second chamber and allowing the extraction of fluid from the cartridge without the fluid extractor entering the first chamber, such that fluid must flow through the beverage material and the filter before exiting the cartridge via the fluid extractor. However, the presence of the second chamber may significantly reduce the space within the container that can be occupied by beverage medium. This may be problematic as the total amount of beverage material disposed within the container may significantly contribute to the final concentration of the beverage, typically measured in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). It may be advantageous to minimize the volume of the second chamber in order to maximize the volume on the third chamber, thereby maximizing the total volume available for beverage material. However, the fluid extractor is typically comprised of a sharp, hollow needle-like piercing element designed to easily pierce through the bottom of the container, such that if the second chamber is reduced in size, the fluid extractor may penetrate or damage the filter, allowing the beverage material to exit the first chamber, and ultimately exit the cartridge via the fluid extractor. Thus, in the event the fluid extractor penetrates or damages the filter, the beverage material may be transported into the final beverage, which may be undesirable to consumers (such as, for example, the presences of coffee grounds in a prepared cup of coffee) and may potentially damage the beverage brewing machine (for example, by way of clogging the fluid extractor with beverage material). 
     The cover is disposed over the opening of the container (which may be, for example, over the top of the container, and/or bottom of the container), and keeps the dry beverage ingredients within the container, as well as providing an airtight seal to prevent the oxidation and other types of degradation of the container&#39;s contents. In practice, a single-serving beverage cartridge is placed into a compartment of a brewing machine. The machine is activated such that a fluid injector penetrates the cover of the cartridge and a fluid extractor penetrates the base of the cartridge (which may also be a cover). The fluid injector injects a brewing medium (e.g. hot water) into the first chamber for extracting beverage components from the ingredients. The brewing medium containing the extracted beverage components percolates through the filter and into the second chamber. The brewing medium containing the extracted flavours is then extracted by the fluid extractor and finally dispensed as a drinkable beverage. 
     Currently, the container of a beverage cartridge for single-serve use is typically made from petroleum-based plastic materials which are neither biodegradable nor compostable. In some cases, the container may be made of petroleum biodegradable materials, such as Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT). While these materials may eventually biodegrade, they are not desirable for use in home or industrial composting settings, as they may pollute the compost with petroleum residue, microplastics, and other chemicals that may not be desirable for compost. Composting is the mixing of various decaying organic substances, such as dead plant matter, which are allowed to decompose to the point that various waste products of the composting process provide nutrients to be used as soil conditioners/fertilizers. Composting can be aerobic, anerobic, and/or vermicomposting, depending on the environment in which the compost is prepared. Aerobic composting is the decomposition of organic matter by microbes that require oxygen to process the organic matter. The oxygen from the air diffuses into the moisture that permeates the organic matter, allowing it to be taken up by the microbes. Anerobic composting is the decomposition of organic matter by microbes that do not require oxygen to process the organic matter. To be anerobic, the system must be sealed from the air, such as with a plastic barrier. Anerobic compositing produces an acidic environment to digest the organic material. Vermicomposting is the decomposition of organic matter by worms and other animals (such as soldier flies). A portion of the organic matter is converted to vermicast, or castings from the worms or other animals. The breakdown of the organic matter into vermicast yields an effective soil conditioner and/or fertilizer. 
     The cover of a beverage pod is typically made of a metal foil (e.g., aluminum) or a metal foil laminate which is glued to the top of the container. Generally, neither the metal foil of the cover nor the glue affixing the cover over the opening of the container is biodegradable, compostable, or made from readily renewable resources. As a result, non-biodegradable and non-compostable beverage cartridges typically end up in landfills, thereby at least contributing to environmental concerns associated with disposal of trash. This may be especially problematic due to the fact that traditional means of brewing beverages, e.g., using solely beverage material and filter material, or a filtration device (such as a French press, or a wire mesh filter) may yield a completely compostable waste product (e.g., spent coffee grounds and potentially a used paper filter). 
     Attempts have been made to recycle plastic beverage pods in some cases. Recycling has many issues which effect the efficacy and practicality of these programs. The first is collection and transportation. Collection largely requires voluntary compliance by consumers. Some deposit programs encourage consumers to return recyclable materials, however this accounts for very few recyclable materials. Collection is further complicated by the need to further transport the materials to a facility which can process them. Many of these facilities are run by municipalities as recycling operations frequently lack economic viability without government subsidies. Recycling of plastics and other materials is further complicated by cross contamination and downcycling. Cross contamination is the presence of foreign materials not desired in the end product and can include materials such as other non-recyclable waste, or other recyclable wastes not compatible with the desired recycled material which can include other plastics. This requires sorting and cleaning of materials. This process can be partially automated; however, it also requires manual sorting and inspection which adds cost, reduces the amount of material that can be processed and inevitably results in a less pure product than when using virgin material. This frequently results in downcycling. 
     Downcycling is the term used to describe the reduction of quality in recycled materials compared to materials prior to being recycled. Impurities introduced during processing, from non-recyclable waste that could not be removed, or from other plastics and materials can make the resulting material unsuitable for use in their original applications. As such, the applications for recycled materials, especially plastics, are limited, as is the number of times that plastics can be recycled. 
     Beverage containers, such as instant beverage cups or pods, are particularly difficult to recycle. Not only do they have non-recyclable material contained within them that would first need to be removed, but they are also frequently comprised of at least two different materials, such as a plastic cup and an aluminum foil lid. When the lid is made of plastic, it is often a different type than the cup, and would require separation prior to processing when being recycled. This increases the complexity of the recycling operation, requiring at least three separate streams for each type of refuse, each requiring their own preparation. Furthermore, the small size of these beverage pods creates a disproportionate amount of effort required to recycle a small amount of material. The separation of materials would ideally be performed by the consumer prior to recycling; however, this inconvenience will inevitably result in consumers recycling the beverage containers without proper preparations, or failing to recycle the container at all, electing to discard the container as trash. One of the major advantages of using beverage pods is consumer convenience, such that a beverage can be prepare by simply inserting a cartridge into a machine that performs all other brewing functions. It is therefore undesirable to instruct consumers to disassemble and sort various materials from the beverage pod, and due to the diminutive size of beverage pods, this may not be physically possible for consumers without fine motor skills necessary to disassemble such an item. The result is a required step of preprocessing the containers before they can be recycled to ensure the materials are separated and the recyclable material sufficiently cleaned. 
     Plastics are traditionally sourced from petroleum. They are processed with chemicals to create polymers which can then be formed into shapes. Such polymers that are heated to be formed and then hold their shape when cooled are called thermoplastics. Many of the chemicals used to produce these polymers are inherently toxic and can leech into the contents. This is why few types of plastics are approved for use with foods. Some materials may be safe storing some types of food products, such as dry goods, however when a solvent is introduced, the chemicals in the plastic can go into solution. In the past, some plastics that were previously approved for use with foods have been found to leech chemicals, such as BPA (Bisphenol A). Other chemicals that can be found in plastics include thalates, antiminitroxide, brominated flame retardants and poly-fluorinated chemicals. Depending on the chemical and the manner in which the plastic is being used, it can cause problems including irritation in the eye, vision failure, breathing difficulties, respiratory problems, liver dysfunction, cancers, skin diseases, lung problems, headache, dizziness, birth defects, as well as reproductive, cardiovascular, genotoxic and gastrointestinal issues. 
     There has been a push from some governments to mandate composting and increase the amount of recycled material to reduce the amount of waste being incinerated or buried in landfills. Some laws such in the European Union, set specific targets, such as 65% of waste recycled by 2035. In the United States, there is no national law, but roughly half of states have some form of recycling law and municipalities may further add to these laws resulting in a varying patchwork of regulations and mandates. Some laws are very limited, requiring that some bottles and cans be recycled. Many of these states also add deposits to bottles, adding monetary value and incentive to returning them for recycling. Others require only specific recyclable materials be recycled, while others may be permitted to be discarded in the trash. Some states go further, mandating that compostable waste be disposed of properly, either in a home composter, or via an industrialized composting operation. 
     A further complication to composting plastics is that not all plastics break down the same. Some plastics, whether petroleum based or bioplastics, which originate from biomass, are biodegradable. Only a small subset of these are also compostable. The distinction lies in how quickly the plastic breaks down, and whether the process of degradation releases harmful chemicals into the environment. Compostable plastics typically degrade within 12 weeks, wherein biodegradable plastics will typically break down within 6 months. Ideally, compostable plastics would break down at the same rate as common food scraps, about 90 days. 
     Another class of plastics are OXO-degradable plastics. These are different than biodegradable plastics in that they are traditional plastics with additional chemicals which accelerate the oxidation and fragmentation of the materials under UV light and/or heat. This allows the plastics to break down more quickly, however the result is pollution from microplastics, as the plastic molecules themselves do not degrade any faster than their traditional plastic counterparts. There have been efforts in some jurisdictions to ban these plastics. 
     Capsule or pods designed for use in single-serve beverage machines (for instance, Keurig K-cups, Nespresso capsules, etc.) are generally constructed from metal foils and petroleum-based plastics and adhesives. The specific materials and the manner in which they are assembled create waste that is difficult or impossible to re-use or recycle. 
     Compostable capsules or pods could provide a more environmentally-friendly alternative to the standard design. The petroleum-based plastic of the capsule itself may be replaced with a biodegradable plastic, but the petroleum-based adhesive and foil lidding are not suitable for composting. 
     A fully compostable beverage capsule requires that both the capsule and its lid to be constructed from biodegradable materials and that they are joined without an adhesive. Current attempts to join the capsule and lid using energetic welding (i.e., ultrasonic welding) have not produced adequate seals. Specifically, when the capsule is subjected to high heat and pressure during the beverage brewing process, the lid tends to separate from the capsule. In some brewing machines, the biodegradable lid itself may delaminate in response to the stress of the puncture that occurs during the brewing process. This separation and/or delamination may create a mess for the consumer, clog elements of the brewing machine, and/or results in a poorer quality beverage. Thus, a superior method is needed to create a strong lid, seal the lidding material to the capsule, and produce a fully compostable capsule. 
     A fully-compostable beverage capsule or pod that consistently and cleanly produces high quality beverages will lessen the environmental impact of single-serve beverage brewing systems and increase their appeal to consumers. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The accompanying drawings illustrate various embodiments of systems, methods, and embodiments of various other aspects of the disclosure. Any person with ordinary skills in the art will appreciate that the illustrated element boundaries (e.g. boxes, groups of boxes, or other shapes) in the figures represent one example of the boundaries. It may be that in some examples one element may be designed as multiple elements or that multiple elements may be designed as one element. In some examples, an element shown as an internal component of one element may be implemented as an external component in another, and vice versa. Furthermore, elements may not be drawn to scale. Non-limiting and non-exhaustive descriptions are described with reference to the following drawings. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating principles. 
         FIG. 1 : Illustrates compostable beverage pod for use in a beverage machine, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2 : Illustrates a pinwheel compostable lidding, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3 : Illustrates a compostable beverage pod with pinwheel lidding, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 4A-C : Illustrates a manufacturing process for a capsule with pinwheel lidding, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 5 : Illustrates a method of manufacturing a capsule with pinwheel lidding, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 6 : Illustrates a capsule with spike protrusions, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 7 : Illustrates a cross section of a capsule with spike protrusions, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 8 : Illustrates a method of manufacturing a capsule with spike protrusions, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 9 : Illustrates a capsule with tab protrusions, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 10 : Illustrates a cross section of a capsule with tab protrusions, according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11 : Illustrates a method of manufacturing a capsule with tab protrusions, according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Some embodiments of this disclosure, illustrating all its features, will now be discussed in detail. The words “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” and “including,” and other forms thereof, are intended to be equivalent in meaning and be open ended in that an item or items following any one of these words is not meant to be an exhaustive listing of such item or items, or meant to be limited to only the listed item or items. 
     It must also be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Although any systems and methods similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the present disclosure, the preferred, systems and methods are now described. 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like elements throughout the several figures, and in which example embodiments are shown. Embodiments of the claims may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. The examples set forth herein are non-limiting examples and are merely examples among other possible examples. 
       FIG. 1  shows a compostable beverage pod for use in a beverage machine. This system comprises of Beverage pods, or beverage cartridges, are containers, pods, capsules, etc., for use in a beverage brewing machine, such as a coffee maker. They may include one or more of, a beverage medium that is either soluble or insoluble, one or more filters and a first portion in which liquid is passed into and a second portion through which liquid passes out of the cartridge. In some instances, they are portioned beverage packages often contain a water-soluble material, to make a drink such a hot chocolate, chai tea, etc. These portioned packages can be pouches as well as pods for beverage brewing machines, element  102 . Beverage cartridges can contain a number of components, including pod lid, capsule lid, or cartridge lid, is one component of a beverage pod, often made of foil, that is sealed to the pod, cartridge, capsule, etc., so as to contain the beverage medium. A compostable capsule lid may be comprised of, for example a PLA web film (which may contain a proportion of PHA, in some embodiments), a cellulose paper film, etc., element  104 . In a preferred embodiment, the lidding material is a multi-layer film comprising at least one layer of PLA film and at least a second layer of cellulose paper. Such a lidding material may have desirable properties for lidding material, such as being fully compostable, providing an air-barrier for the pod contents prior to beverage brewing, an maintain a look-and-feel of a fully compostable beverage pod. The pod bond is the connection between any two of the capsule lid, capsule outer shell, and capsule interior. This bond can be mechanical or chemical, and such as adhesives, heat sealing, ultrasonic welding, etc. The pod bond and the filter bond can be in one place or separately depending upon the use case. A filter bond is a type of capsule bond that binds the filter medium to a portion of the capsule, such as by ultrasonic welding, adhesives, thermal sealing, etc., element  106 . In a preferred embodiment, the pod bond is an thermoplastic weld using an energetic process, such as ultrasonic welding, which welds the PLA film of the lidding material to the PLA pod capsule. Such a bond is preferred since it does not require adhesives, which are not desirable in fully-compostable packaging products. A pod exterior, or capsule, or cartridge is the outer shell of the beverage cartridge. The exterior can be made of plastic (especially compostable plastic, such as PLA, PHA, or combinations thereof), cellulose, etc. It has similar properties to other thermoplastic polymers such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or polystyrene (PS). This allows it to serve as a biodegradable alternative for coffee pods. It can also be made from polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), which are a biodegradable polyester produced through bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids. They can be used as alternatives to other synthetic plastics. The mechanical properties of PHAs can be modified for a given use case by blending it with other biodegradable polymers, such as PLAs. They can also be made from poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), which is a polymer that is also biodegradable and compostable. The material may be used to form various aspects of the beverage cartridge. PLLA is also readily renewable, typically made from fermented plant starch such as from corn, cassava, sugarcane, or sugar beet pulp. Cellulose fibers are fibrous materials made from plant materials such cotton, flax, wood pulp, etc. They provide a biodegradable filter material that could be used in coffee pods. Other materials that are biodegradable plastic alternatives include petroleum based plastics such as, Polyglycolic acid (PGA), Polybutylene succinate (PBS), Polycaprolactone (PCL), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), element  108 . In a preferred embodiment, the pod exterior comprises deformable protrusions which may improve the strength of the pod bond  106 . The protrusions may be deformed in at least one stage of the pod assembly process, and may increase surface area contact between the pod lid  104  and the pod exterior  108 . Beverage cartridges can also contain a capsule interior that is separate from a filter, in beverages that have an insoluble beverage material such as coffee. The capsule interior can be used for a number of purposes, including, providing material properties such as structural integrity (e.g., provide addition strength to resist the pressure of liquid injection in the process of brewing a beverage, which may crack or otherwise compromise the beverage pod), or altering the biodegradability or rate of the beverage pod in some embodiments, element  110 . A filter guard, or faceplate, is a solid structure integrated into a beverage pod that prevents the outlet piercing element from creating a path for the insoluble beverage material from inside the filter to the outlet. In some embodiments, the capsule interior may include integrated features to act as a filter guard, removing the requirement for a discrete component, element  112 . A filter is a medium, such as spun bond PLA web, paper (cellulose), cloth or metal, that is used to prevent an insoluble beverage material from leaving the beverage pod and entering the beverage brewing machine or the beverage. Filters can be symmetrical (e.g., fluted), or asymmetrical (e.g. pleated), element  114 . Beverage material is the material used to produce a brewed beverage, such as coffee grounds, tea, or a mix beverage where the beverage material is soluble, such as hot chocolate. Beverage material may include any flavorings, nutritional content (e.g., any oils, nutritional supplements, active ingredients such as pharmaceuticals, cannabinoids, etc.), alcohol, coloring, or any other composition which has an effect on the final beverage, element  116 . Beverage brewing machines for brewing portioned beverages from pre-packed beverage pods exist for a variety of beverages made from a beverage material that is either insoluble, such as coffee, or soluble, such as hot chocolate. A beverage brewing machine will typically contain many other components, such as, for example, a heating element, a liquid reservoir or plumbing component, a liquid pump, an exterior chassis, a controller for the brewing process, a display or indicator lights and sounds, a user interface including buttons or a touchscreen, a tray to catch spillage, etc. For the purposes of description, it is assumed a beverage brewing machine contains all components necessary to accomplish the beverage brewing process, though specific reference to beverage brewing machine components may only be made to those components which come into direct contact with the beverage pod, such as the brewing chamber, a fluid injecting component, and a fluid extracting component, element  118 . A beverage brewing machine will contain the following elements: A beverage brewing machine will contain the following elements: A fluid source that supplies the liquid, usually water, to the brewing machine for producing the desired beverage, element  120 . A brewing chamber lid that opens to allow a new pod to be added to the machine, and in many of the most common embodiments of a beverage brewing machine, the chamber lid contacts the fluid source to the brewing pin, but the fluid source does not have to be in the brewing chamber lid, element  122 . A brewing pin member, or fluid injecting component, that typically has a piercing element to puncture the beverage pod lid, that provides a liquid, typically hot water, to mix with the beverage medium to create the beverage, element  124 . A brewing chamber, receptacle, or sieve holder, into which the beverage pod is placed so that a beverage can be brewed, element  126 . An outlet, or fluid extracting component, that typically has a piercing element to puncture the bottom of the beverage pod to allow the brewed beverage to leave the brewing chamber. Depending upon the embodiment, it may pierce or deform other components of the beverage pod, element  128 . The brewing chamber  126  is a common location for pod bond  106  to fail, by becoming delaminated. In such instances, the pod lid  104  may separate from the pod exterior  108 , and/or layers of pod lid  104  may separate. The failure of the pod bond may result in in beverage material escaping the pod, causing mess and lower quality beverage, may cause the beverage pod to become stuck in the brewing chamber  126 , may cause the pod lid  104  to become stuck on the brewing pin  124  and/or the outlet  128 . In a preferred embodiment, pod bond  106  has increased strength caused by deforming protrusions of the pod exterior  108 , shown in subsequent figures. 
     Functioning of a pinwheel compostable lidding will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 2 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 2  displays a pinwheel compostable lidding. The figure shows a cut into the lidding material that extends from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding material; note the cut does not reach the center of the circle of lidding; the length, relative angle, and other specifications of the cut may vary with the required seal strength and size of the capsule as element  202 . The distance between the location of the first cut on the outer edge of the lidding material and the vertically measured diameter of the lidding material; this distance may vary depending on the required seal strength and side of the capsule; in the current embodiment, a distance of 1.50 mm is shown as element  204 . A second cut into the lidding material that extends from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding material; note the cut does not reach the center of the circle of lidding; the length, relative angle, and other specifications of the cut may vary with the required seal strength and size of the capsule as element  206 . The angle between the second cut in the lidding material and the vertical diameter of the lidding material; this angle may vary depending on the required seal strength and side of the capsule; in the current embodiment, an angle of 80° is shown as element  208 . The angle between the second cut in the lidding material and the horizontal diameter of the lidding material; this angle may vary depending on the required seal strength and side of the capsule; in the current embodiment, an angle of 10° is shown as element  210 . The distance between the internal end of the second cut and the horizontal diameter of the lidding material; note that the internal end of the cut is that which is closest to the center of the circle of lidding material; this distance may vary depending on the required seal strength and side of the capsule; in the current embodiment, a distance of 9.20 mm is shown as element  212 . A third cut into the lidding material that extends from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding material; note the cut does not reach the center of the circle of lidding; the length, relative angle, and other specifications of the cut may vary with the required seal strength and size of the capsule as element  214 . The diameter of the circle of lidding material; the size of the lidding material circle is appropriate to fit against the beverage capsule; in the current embodiment a diameter of 24.50 mm is shown as element  216 . The length of the cuts made into the lidding material; note the cuts run from the outer edge of the circle of lidding material and toward the interior of the lidding material, but do not reach the middle of the lidding material; the length of the of the cut may vary with the required seal strength and size of the capsule; in the current embodiment the length of the cut is 8.07 mm as element  218 . A fourth cut into the lidding material that extends from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding material; note the cut does not reach the center of the circle of lidding; the length, relative angle, and other specifications of the cut may vary with the required seal strength and size of the capsule as element  220 . A fifth cut into the lidding material that extends from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding material; note the cut does not reach the center of the circle of lidding; the length, relative angle, and other specifications of the cut may vary with the required seal strength and size of the capsule as element  222 . The distance between the internal (closest to the center of the circle) edge of a cut to the outer edge of the next cut; for instance, the distance between the internal edge of the fifth cut to the external edge of the sixth cut; this distance may vary with the requirements for size and strength of the lidding material; in the current embodiment, a distance of 2.64 mm is shown as element  224 . A sixth cut into the lidding material that extends from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding material; note the cut does not reach the center of the circle of lidding; the length, relative angle, and other specifications of the cut may vary with the required seal strength and size of the capsule as element  226 . 
     Functioning of a manufacturing process for a capsule with pinwheel lidding will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 3 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 3  displays a manufacturing process for a capsule with pinwheel lidding. The figure shows the exterior of the capsule; in some embodiments, the capsule may comprised of both the vertical walls and the top or bottom of the capsule, while in other embodiments, the capsule includes only the vertical walls with separate lidding materials being applied later in the manufacturing process; the vertical walls may meet the top and bottom of the capsule at any angle the creates a pod or capsule of appropriate shape for the beverage machine in which it will be used; if included, the top or bottom of the capsule may be flat or domed; the exterior of the capsule may be of any appropriate thickness and/or be constructed of one or more layers of material to provide adequate strength to withstand the brewing process and contain the beverage material; the surface of the capsule exterior may be modified, for instance roughened, grooved, or imprinted for ease of handling or identification; the walls, top, and/or bottom of the capsule may be made of the same or different materials as element  302 . A thin piece of biodegradable polymer, appropriately shaped and sized to fit against the top lid sealing lip; for example, a piece of lidding made of polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials; the lidding has been sliced such that one of more cuts run from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding as element  304 . The lower outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip as element  306 . The first location at which one cut section of the bottom lidding has been overlapped with the adjacent section; at the point of overlap, the two layers are energetically welded together to create a double thickness of lidding material; note that, near the outer edge of the lidding material, the lidding is also energetically welded to the bottom lid sealing lip; the additional thickness increases the strength of the seal between the lidding material and the capsule; the net result of the welding together of the cut sections is a series of overlapping “pinwheel blades” that create a strong seal and a lid in which the spread of stress between the “blades” is limited; each “blade” has its own point of attachment to the capsule, decreasing the chance of full delamination of the lidding material as element  308 . The second location at which one cut section of the bottom lidding has been overlapped with the adjacent section; at the point of overlap, the two layers are energetically welded together to create a double thickness of lidding material; note that, near the outer edge of the lidding material, the lidding is also energetically welded to the bottom lid sealing lip; the additional thickness increases the strength of the seal between the lidding material and the capsule; the net result of the welding together of the cut sections is a series of overlapping “pinwheel blades” that create a strong seal and a lid in which the spread of stress between the “blades” is limited; each “blade” has its own point of attachment to the capsule, decreasing the chance of full delamination of the lidding material as element  310 . The third location at which one cut section of the bottom lidding has been overlapped with the adjacent section; at the point of overlap, the two layers are energetically welded together to create a double thickness of lidding material; note that, near the outer edge of the lidding material, the lidding is also energetically welded to the bottom lid sealing lip; the additional thickness increases the strength of the seal between the lidding material and the capsule; the net result of the welding together of the cut sections is a series of overlapping “pinwheel blades” that create a strong seal and a lid in which the spread of stress between the “blades” is limited; each “blade” has its own point of attachment to the capsule, decreasing the chance of full delamination of the lidding material as element  312 . 
     Functioning of a manufacturing process for a capsule with pinwheel lidding will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 4 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 4  displays a manufacturing process for a capsule with pinwheel lidding. The figure shows a fixture that utilizes heat and/or vibrations to attach the top lidding to the top lid sealing lip of the capsule; for instance, an ultrasonic welding anvil, a heat sealer, an induction sealer, a high frequency welding head, or a laser welding head; the shape of the welding head also forces the cut sections of the lidding material to overlap one another in preparation for sealing shown as element  402 . The path of the upper energetic welding head during the process by which the top lidding is secured to the top lid sealing lip of the capsule; the path of the welding head also causes the cut sections or “blades” of the lidding material to overlap and become welded to one another;  FIG. 4A  shows the position of the welding head prior to sealing;  FIG. 4B  shows the position during sealing, as the cut sections of the lidding material overlap one another and the welding head welds the overlapping sections together and welds the lidding material to the capsule; and  FIG. 4C  shows the position after sealing has been accomplished and the welding head is withdrawing, shown as element  404 . A thin piece of biodegradable polymer, appropriately shaped and sized to fit against the top lid sealing lip; for example, a piece of lidding made of polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials; the lidding has been sliced with one or more cuts running from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding to create two or more “pinwheel blades”; note that in  FIG. 4A , the lidding material is separate from the capsule; in  FIG. 4B  it is energetically welded to the capsule sealing lip; and in  FIG. 4C , a tight seal has been created between the cut sections of the lidding and between the lidding material and the capsule; in some embodiments, both a top and bottom lidding may be utilized, while other embodiments may utilize a single piece of lidding, shown as element  406 . A capsule of biodegradable material designed for use in a beverage brewing machine, such as a coffee maker; they may include one or more of, a beverage medium that is either soluble or insoluble, one or more filters and a first portion in which liquid is passed into and a second portion through which liquid passes out of the cartridge, shown as element  408 . A fixture that utilizes heat and/or vibrations to attach the bottom lidding to the bottom lid sealing lip of the capsule; for instance, an ultrasonic welding anvil, a heat sealer, an induction sealer, a high frequency welding head, or a laser welding head; the shape of the welding head also forces the cut sections of the lidding material to overlap one another in preparation for sealing as element  410 . The path of the lower energetic welding head during the process by which the top lidding is secured to the bottom lid sealing lip of the capsule; the path of the welding head also causes the cut sections or “blades” of the lidding material to overlap and become welded to one another;  FIG. 4A  shows the position of the welding head prior to sealing;  FIG. 4B  shows the position during sealing, as the cut sections of the lidding material overlap one another and the welding head welds the overlapping sections together and welds the lidding material to the capsule; and  FIG. 4C  shows the position after sealing has been accomplished and the welding head is withdrawing shown as element  412 . A thin piece of biodegradable polymer, appropriately shaped and sized to fit against the bottom lid sealing lip; for example, a piece of lidding made of polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials; the lidding has been slices with one or more cuts running from the outer edge toward the center to create two or more “pinwheel blades”; note that in  FIG. 4A , the lidding material is separate from the capsule; in  FIG. 4B  it is energetically welded to the capsule sealing lip; and in  FIG. 4C , a tight seal has been created between the cut sections of the lidding and between the lidding material and the capsule; in some embodiments, both a top and bottom lidding may be utilized, while other embodiments may utilize a single piece of lidding, shown as element  414 . 
     Functioning of a method of manufacturing a capsule with pinwheel lidding will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 5 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 5  displays a method of manufacturing a capsule with pinwheel lidding. The process begins with Obtaining a biodegradable material to form the beverage capsule; for example, polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials at step  502 . Utilizing the selected biodegradable material, forming a beverage capsule using, for instance, thermoforming or injection molding; the capsule is created with top and/or bottom lid sealing lips, appropriately sized to fit the beverage brewing machine and to create a seal with the lidding material at step  504 . Obtaining a biodegradable material to form the lidding material; for example, a film of polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials at step  506 . Utilizing the selected biodegradable material, forming at least one lidding appropriately shaped and sized to fit against the lid sealing lip; in some embodiments, lidding material may be formed using multiple layers of biodegradable material at step  508 . Slicing the lidding(s) with a series of cuts that run from the outer edge toward the interior of the circle of lidding material, forming an approximation of the blades of a pinwheel; the number of cuts and their relative angles are appropriate for the required seal strength; the cuts may be created using a variety of techniques, for instance, a steel, glass, or diamond blade or a laser cutter at step  510 . Filling the capsule with the chosen beverage substance; for example, filling the capsule with coffee grounds, sugar, cocoa, dry milk, or other beverage components; in some embodiments, other components, such as a filter layer, may also be inserted into the capsule during this step at step  512 . Aligning at least one lidding piece with the appropriate sealing lip of the capsule; for example, aligning the top lidding piece with the top lid sealing lip of the capsule and/or aligning the bottom lidding piece with the bottom lid sealing lip of the capsule at step  514 . Bringing the lidding material in contact with the sealing lip on the capsule, such that the edge of each cut portion of the lidding material overlaps the adjacent cut section; this effect would resemble the blades of a pinwheel overlapping one another; with the cut sections overlapped, the lidding material fits tightly against the lid sealing lip of the capsule at step  516 . Energetically welding the lidding material to the capsule sealing lip, such that the cut sections of the lidding material overlap one another and are welded in place, creating a tight seal between the cut sections of the lidding material and between the lidding material and the capsule sealing lip; for instance, utilizing an ultrasonic welding anvil, a heat sealer, an induction sealer, a high frequency welding head, or a laser welding head to overlap and weld together the cut portions of the lidding pieces to create a tight seal both between the cut portions of lidding and between the lidding and the capsule at step  518 . 
     Functioning of a capsule with spike protrusions will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 6 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 6  displays a capsule with spike protrusions. The process begins with the upper outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; the top sealing lip may include at least one spike or protrusion extending perpendicularly, or at some other angle, from the surface of the top lid sealing lip, shown as element  602 . The lower outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; the top sealing lip may include at least one spike or protrusion extending perpendicularly, or at some other angle, from the surface of the top lid sealing lip, shown as element  604 . Small protrusions located on the top lid sealing lip; the protrusions may be any appropriate length and may be conical, spherical, or cylindrical, and capable of increasing the surface area of contact between the lidding material and the top sealing lip or the bottom sealing lip. In a preferred embodiment, the protrusions may pierce through the lidding material in a manufacturing process, the protrusions extending through the sheet of lidding material, the protrusions may subsequently be flattened or otherwise deformed by an energetic process (e.g. ultrasonic welding) to create a seal with the lidding material resembling a metal rivet, shown as element  606 . Small protrusions located on the bottom lid sealing lip; the protrusions may be any appropriate length and may be conical, spherical, or cylindrical, and capable of increasing the surface area of contact between the lidding material and the top sealing lip or the bottom sealing lip. In a preferred embodiment, the protrusions may pierce through the lidding material in a manufacturing process, the protrusions extending through the sheet of lidding material, the protrusions may subsequently be flattened or otherwise deformed by an energetic process (e.g. ultrasonic welding) to create a seal with the lidding material resembling a metal rivet, shown as element  608 . The vertical walls of the capsule; the vertical walls may meet the top and bottom of the capsule at any angle the creates a pod or capsule of appropriate shape for the beverage machine in which it will be used; the walls may be of any appropriate thickness and/or be constructed of one or more layers of material to provide adequate strength to withstand the brewing process and contain the beverage material; the surface of the wall may be modified, for instance roughened, grooved, or imprinted for ease of handling or identification, shown as element  610 . 
     Functioning of a capsule with spike protrusions will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 7 , which shows such a capsule in cross section. One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 7  displays a cross section of a capsule with spike protrusions. The figure shows the upper outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; the top sealing lip may include at least one spike or protrusion extending perpendicularly, or at some other angle, from the surface of the top lid sealing lip, shown as element  702 . The lower outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; the top sealing lip may include at least one spike or protrusion extending perpendicularly, or at some other angle, from the surface of the top lid sealing lip, shown as element  704 . Small protrusions located on the top lid sealing lip; the protrusions may be any appropriate length and may be conical, spherical, or cylindrical, and capable of increasing the surface area of contact between the lidding material and the top sealing lip or the bottom sealing lip. In a preferred embodiment, the protrusions may pierce through the lidding material in a manufacturing process, the protrusions extending through the sheet of lidding material, the protrusions may subsequently be flattened or otherwise deformed by an energetic process (e.g. ultrasonic welding) to create a seal with the lidding material resembling a metal rivet, shown as element  706 . Small protrusions located on the bottom lid sealing lip; the protrusions may be any appropriate length and may be conical, spherical, or cylindrical, and capable of increasing the surface area of contact between the lidding material and the top sealing lip or the bottom sealing lip. In a preferred embodiment, the protrusions may pierce through the lidding material in a manufacturing process, the protrusions extending through the sheet of lidding material, the protrusions may subsequently be flattened or otherwise deformed by an energetic process (e.g. ultrasonic welding) to create a seal with the lidding material resembling a metal rivet, shown as element  708 . The vertical walls of the capsule; the vertical walls may meet the top and bottom of the capsule at any angle the creates a pod or capsule of appropriate shape for the beverage machine in which it will be used; the walls may be of any appropriate thickness and/or be constructed of one or more layers of material to provide adequate strength to withstand the brewing process and contain the beverage material; the surface of the wall may be modified, for instance roughened, grooved, or imprinted for ease of handling or identification, shown as element  710 . The open upper surface of the capsule; the opening may extend across the entire upper surface of the capsule or only a portion thereof; the opening is appropriately sized to allow the capsule to be filled with beverage material, a filter, or other needed components; in some embodiments, a top opening may not be required if filling can be achieved via the bottom opening only, shown as element  712 . The open lower surface of the capsule; the opening may extend across the entire lower surface of the capsule or only a portion thereof; the opening is appropriately sized to allow the capsule to be filled with beverage material, a filter, or other needed components; in some embodiments, a bottom opening may not be required if filling can be achieved via the top opening only, shown as element  714 . 
     Functioning of a method of manufacturing a capsule with spike protrusions will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 8 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 8  displays a method of manufacturing a capsule with spike protrusions. The process begins with Obtaining a biodegradable material to form the beverage capsule; for example, polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials at step  802 . Utilizing the selected biodegradable material, forming a beverage capsule using, for instance, thermoforming or injection molding; the capsule is created with number spikes on the top and bottom lid sealing lips, where the size and number are appropriate for the sealing method and the required seal strength at step  804 . Obtaining a biodegradable material to form the lidding material; for example, a film of polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials at step  806 . Utilizing the selected biodegradable material, forming at least one lidding appropriately shaped and sized to fit against the lid sealing lip; in some embodiments, lidding material may be formed using multiple layers of biodegradable material at step  808 . Filling the capsule with the chosen beverage substance; for example, filling the capsule with coffee grounds, sugar, cocoa, dry milk, or other beverage components; in some embodiments, other components, such as a filter layer, may also be inserted into the capsule during this step at step  810 . Aligning at least one lidding piece with the appropriate sealing lip of the capsule; for example, aligning the top lidding piece with the top lid sealing lip of the capsule and/or aligning the bottom lidding piece with the bottom lid sealing lip of the capsule at step  812 . Bringing the lidding material in contact with the spikes on the capsule, such that the spikes may pierce, partially pierce, or not pierce the lidding material, causing the lidding to conform around the spikes and increase the surface area contact at step  814 . Energetically welding the lidding material to the capsule sealing lip, such that the spikes are flattened and a tight seal is formed between the lidding material and the capsule sealing lip; for instance, utilizing an ultrasonic welding anvil, a heat sealer, an induction sealer, a high frequency welding head, or a laser welding head to deform the spikes and create a tight seal between the lidding material and the capsule at step  816 . 
     Functioning of a capsule with tab protrusions will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 9 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 9  displays a capsule with tab protrusions. The figure shows Small protrusions connected to the bottom lid sealing lip; these tabs may be any appropriate length and, in cross section, may be circular, oval, rectangular, triangular, or another shape; the ends of the tabs may be tapered or blunt; these tabs are capable of increasing the surface area of contact between the lidding material and the bottom lid sealing lip. In a preferred embodiment, the tabs may be deformed to fold over the lidding material in a manufacturing process, and the protrusions may subsequently be flattened or otherwise deformed by an energetic process (e.g. ultrasonic welding) to create a seal with the lidding material resembling a swage fitting; in the present embodiment, tabs are shown on the bottom lid sealing lip, but could also be present on the top lid sealing lip or only on the top lid sealing lip, shown as element  902 . The upper outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; in some embodiments, the top lid sealing lip may have a number of tabs protruding from its surface (as is shown on the bottom lid sealing lip in the diagram), shown as element  904 . The lower outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; in the present embodiment, a number of tabs protrude from the bottom lid sealing lip, shown as element  906 . The vertical walls of the capsule; the vertical walls may meet the top and bottom of the capsule at any angle the creates a pod or capsule of appropriate shape for the beverage machine in which it will be used; the walls may be of any appropriate thickness and/or be constructed of one or more layers of material to provide adequate strength to withstand the brewing process and contain the beverage material; the surface of the wall may be modified, for instance roughened, grooved, or imprinted for ease of handling or identification, shown as element  908 . 
     Functioning of a capsule with tab protrusions will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 10 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 10  displays a cross section of a capsule with tab protrusions. The figure shows The upper outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; in some embodiments, the top lid sealing lip may have a number of tabs protruding from its surface (as is shown on the bottom lid sealing lip in the diagram) in element  1002 . Small protrusions connected to the bottom lid sealing lip; these tabs may be any appropriate length and, in cross section, may be circular, oval, rectangular, triangular or another shape; the ends of the tabs may be tapered or blunt; these tabs are capable of increasing the surface area of contact between the lidding material and the bottom lid sealing lip. In a preferred embodiment, the tabs may be deformed to fold over the lidding material in a manufacturing process, and the protrusions may subsequently be flattened or otherwise deformed by an energetic process (e.g. ultrasonic welding) to create a seal with the lidding material resembling a swage fitting; in the present embodiment, tabs are shown on the bottom lid sealing lip, but could also be present on the top lid sealing lip or only on the top lid sealing lip in element  1004 . The lower outer edge of the capsule, which includes a flat surface onto which lidding may be attached; the surface of the lip may be flat, lightly roughened, or be enhanced with grooves, ridges, or another similar shape; the lidding may be attached to all or a portion of the surface of the top lid sealing lip; in the present embodiment, a number of tabs protrude from the bottom lid sealing lip in element  1006 . The open upper surface of the capsule; the opening may extend across the entire upper surface of the capsule or only a portion thereof; the opening is appropriately sized to allow the capsule to be filled with beverage material, a filter, or other needed components; in some embodiments, a top opening may not be required if filling can be achieved via the bottom opening only in element  1008 . The open lower surface of the capsule; the opening may extend across the entire lower surface of the capsule or only a portion thereof; the opening is appropriately sized to allow the capsule to be filled with beverage material, a filter, or other needed components; in some embodiments, a bottom opening may not be required if filling can be achieved via the top opening only in element  1010 . The vertical walls of the capsule; the vertical walls may meet the top and bottom of the capsule at any angle the creates a pod or capsule of appropriate shape for the beverage machine in which it will be used; the walls may be of any appropriate thickness and/or be constructed of one or more layers of material to provide adequate strength to withstand the brewing process and contain the beverage material; the surface of the wall may be modified, for instance roughened, grooved, or imprinted for ease of handling or identification in element  1012 . 
     Functioning of a method of manufacturing a capsule with tab protrusions will now be explained with reference to  FIG. 11 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments. 
       FIG. 11  displays a method of manufacturing a capsule with tab protrusions. The process begins with Obtaining a biodegradable material to form the beverage capsule; for example, polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials at step  1102 . Utilizing the selected biodegradable material, forming a beverage capsule using, for instance, thermoforming or injection molding; the capsule is created with number tabs on the top and/or bottom lid sealing lips, where the size and number are appropriate for the sealing method and the required seal strength at step  1104 . Obtaining a biodegradable material to form the lidding material; for example, a film of polylactic acid (PLA), polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), modified cellulose or similar starch blends, or a combination of such materials at step  1106 . Utilizing the selected biodegradable material, forming at least one lidding appropriately shaped and sized to fit against the lid sealing lip; in some embodiments, lidding material may be formed using multiple layers of biodegradable material at step  1108 . Filling the capsule with the chosen beverage substance; for example, filling the capsule with coffee grounds, sugar, cocoa, dry milk, or other beverage components; in some embodiments, other components, such as a filter layer, may also be inserted into the capsule during this step at step  1110 . Aligning at least one lidding piece with the appropriate sealing lip of the capsule; for example, aligning the top lidding piece with the top lid sealing lip of the capsule and/or aligning the bottom lidding piece with the bottom lid sealing lip of the capsule at step  1112 . Bringing the lidding material in contact with the sealing lip on the capsule, such that the lidding material is inside the tabs, allowing the tabs to be folded over the lidding material in the subsequent sealing step at step  1114 . Energetically welding the lidding material to the capsule sealing lip, such that the tabs are folded over the lidding material and deformed, increasing the surface area contact and creating a tight seal between the lidding material and the capsule sealing lip; for instance, utilizing an ultrasonic welding anvil, a heat sealer, an induction sealer, a high frequency welding head, or a laser welding head to fold and deform the tabs over the lidding material and create a tight seal; this process is similar to the use of metal swage fitting at step  1116 .