Patent Publication Number: US-11396195-B2

Title: Gravure printing unit and method for checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is the US national phase, under 35 USC § 371, of PCT/EP 2020/052581, filed Feb. 3, 2020; published as WO 2020/224815 A1 on Nov. 12, 2020, and claiming priority to DE 10 2019 111 803.4, filed May 7, 2019, DE 10 2019 111 802.06, filed May 7, 2019 and DE 10 2019 118 435.5, filed Jul. 8, 2019, the disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to a gravure printing unit by which substrate can be printed according to a gravure printing method, and to a method for checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position between the first inking unit cylinder and the forme cylinder. The gravure printing unit has a forme cylinder, which comprises, on its circumference, an image-forming pattern of recesses, and having an inking unit by which the pattern of recesses provided on the forme cylinder can be at least partially inked. The forme cylinder can be so partially inked from an inking device via a first inking unit cylinder which has, in the region of its lateral surface, recesses that correspond to recesses on the forme cylinder, and via a second inking unit cylinder, which is to be partially inked by the first inking unit cylinder. In the method for checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position between a first inking unit cylinder and a forme cylinder in a gravure printing unit by which substrate can be printed according to a gravure printing method, the printing unit has the forme cylinder which comprises the image-forming pattern of recesses on its circumference, and has the inking unit by which the pattern of recesses provided on the forme cylinder is at least partially inked. A partial inking of the forme cylinder is carried out from the inking device via the first inking unit cylinder which has the recesses in the region of its lateral surface that correspond to the recesses on the forme cylinder and via the second inking unit cylinder, which is to be partially inked by the first inking unit cylinder. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART 
     EP 2 909 033 B1 discloses an intaglio printing press having a printing unit in which a plate cylinder configured as a gravure cylinder is inked indirectly via an ink collecting cylinder. Said ink collecting cylinder receives the printing ink via multiple chablon rollers, which are in turn inked by inking devices. In one embodiment, the inking is carried out by two ink application rollers, which receive the ink via a duct roller that cooperates with an ink fountain. In another embodiment, an ink transfer roller is additionally provided between duct roller and chablon roller. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,951 A discloses an intaglio printing press comprising a plate cylinder that carries a printing plate, an application roller that is in rolling contact with the plate cylinder and has on its circumference a structure of ink-transferring raised areas, and an inking device, which comprises a duct roller and is in rolling contact with the application roller. The duct roller has essentially the same circumference as the application roller and, on its outer circumference, has recesses of different depths that correspond to the recesses on the printing plate. During printing, a distance of 0.03 to 0.05 mm is set between the duct roller and the ink blade. Further provided is an adjustment mechanism for positioning the structured duct roller in relation to the plate cylinder in the circumferential direction and in the axial direction. 
     Known from WO 2005/077656 A1 is an inking system of an intaglio printing press, in one embodiment of which the gravure printing plate is inked directly by a chablon roller, which is in turn inked by a selective inking cylinder. Printing ink is applied to the circumferential surface of the latter by a spraying device, with the excess ink being removed by means of a wiping roller prior to contact with the chablon roller. In the remaining embodiments, the gravure printing plate is inked indirectly via a transfer or collecting cylinder, which is inked via one or more chablon rollers, which is or are in turn inked by a selective inking cylinder. Printing ink is applied to the circumferential surface of the latter by a spraying device or a duct roller cooperating with an ink fountain, with the excess ink once again being removed by means of a wiping roller prior to contact with the chablon roller. 
     CN 101544098 B relates to a duct roller, an ink transfer device, and an ink transfer system of a gravure printing press. The ink is transferred from an ink reservoir via a duct roller, which has engraving on its circumference that corresponds to the engraving on the gravure cylinder, to an elastic inking roller and from there to the gravure cylinder. During application of the ink to the duct roller, the outer surface of said roller is in physical contact with a hook-shaped scraper for scraping the ink off of the non-engraved areas. In this way, rather than a uniform layer of ink, an ink pattern of varying thickness, similar to the form of a relief, that corresponds to the pattern of engravings on the gravure cylinder is applied to the elastic inking roller. The contact pressure on the outer cylindrical surface can be adjustable via an adjustment device. 
     WO 2011/077350 A1 discloses an intaglio printing press comprising a print position between the forme cylinder and impression cylinder, an ink collecting cylinder, five chablon cylinders cooperating with said ink collecting cylinder, and inking units for inking the chablon cylinders; in one variant, the forme cylinder and the impression cylinder are assigned a common rotational drive, the ink collecting cylinder is assigned its own dedicated drive, the five chablon cylinders are assigned five drives, and the inking units are assigned one or more drives. The motors of the drives that rotate these cylinders or units in this embodiment, including during operation, are preferably embodied as torque motors. This embodiment is provided with a correcting and adjusting system for controlling the rotational position of the ink collecting cylinder and of the chablon cylinders, in order to ensure the proper register with respect to the forme cylinder. 
     WO 2004/069538 A2 relates to an intaglio printing press comprising a print position formed between the forme cylinder and impression cylinder, an ink collecting cylinder, five chablon cylinders cooperating with said ink collecting cylinder, and inking units for inking the chablon cylinders, wherein each of the chablon cylinders, referred to in this case as “selector cylinders”, is driven by a drive motor independently of the ink collecting cylinder. In one embodiment, said drive motor is driven together with a duct roller of the ink fountain, and in another is driven on its own, in which case the duct roller is driven by the ink collecting cylinder via a gear train. One of the goals of this drive is to vary the relative speed between ink collecting cylinder and selector cylinder in order to compensate for any elongation of a printing plate on the forme cylinder. Elongation is detected and corrected by means of an engraving pattern on the forme cylinder based on two sets of adjacent lines, of which a middle line or a line lying further outward will be inked by the chablon cylinder and printed onto the product, depending on the presence of plate elongation. 
     EP 2 006 095 A2 relates to methods and devices for controlling printing quality in an intaglio printing press. In this case, for example, the thickness of an ink film on the printed product is measured and based on the measurement, the contact pressure between two rotational bodies is adjusted. In the case of the intaglio cylinder, an emboss depth can be measured and used to adjust the pressure in the printing nip. The emboss depth and/or ink film thickness are measured, e.g. in color patch lines of lines of a measuring field, which have been printed in the margin of the sheet of printing material and inked by the corresponding number of inking units. The distance between the ductor roller, together with the ink fountain, and the ink transfer rollers is adjustable. 
     DE 198 22 662 C2 relates to a method and a system for operating a printing press, in which basic information regarding the cooperation of operating media is obtained through test printing or during production and is stored in an expert system and used for printing operation or for producing a printing forme. Said document also relates to the maintenance of proper register, among other things. 
     In DE 10 2009 023 963 A1 a quality standard is ascertained on the basis of printed marks by means of a register measuring device, the quality standard being determined based on a color saturation. 
     DE 636 6641 C relates to a plate-based gravure printing press having an inking roller, which dips into an ink fountain and inks the etched gravures on the printing plates. To prevent a spattering of ink in the region of the joint between plates when the inking roller is lifted away, toward the end of the inking process only as much ink as will be required to complete the ink application is fed to a plate. This is accomplished by temporarily applying a wiping blade while ensuring a minimum distance between wiping blade and roller to avoid damage to the inking roller. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The object of the present invention is to create a gravure printing unit by which substrate can be printed according to a gravure printing method, a substrate section, a method for checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position between the first inking unit cylinder and the forme cylinder. 
     The object is attained according to the invention by the provision that within the printing width, the forme cylinder has at least one first recess for producing an image element that is used to check the relative position between the forme cylinder and the first inking unit cylinder, which recess overlaps on the forme cylinder only partially with a projection, which is obtained on the forme cylinder by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders that are involved in the ink transport, of a recess, which is provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder for the purpose of checking the relative position. The forme cylinder additionally has, within the printing width, at least one second recess for printing at least one second image element of the same test field (Ra( 512 ); Ra′( 512 ); Ra″( 512 ); Ra′″( 512 ); Ra*( 512 ); Ru( 512 ); Ru′( 512 ); Ru″( 512 ); Ru′″( 512 ); Ru*( 512 ); Ra( 519 ); Ra′( 519 ); Ra*( 519 ); Ru( 519 ); Ru′( 519 ); Ru*( 519 )), the second image element being associated with the first image element as a reference element. The second recess overlaps at least partially with a projection, obtained by rolling, of a second recess provided on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder. For the purpose of checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position between the first inking unit cylinder and the forme cylinder in the circumferential direction and/or in the axial direction, at least one first image element is printed onto the substrate by the printing unit, and the checking and/or adjustment and/or correction of the relative position is carried out using the result of the printing and/or the position of the at least one first image element printed onto the substrate by the printing unit. The first image element is formed and/or printed using printing ink from a first recess provided in a defined position and location on the forme cylinder for the purpose of checking the relative position, which recess overlaps only partially on the forme cylinder, in the axial or circumferential direction to be checked, with a projection, obtained by rolling, of a recess provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder for the purpose of checking the relative position, and in this way is or has been inked only partially with printing ink as viewed in the direction to be checked. A second image element is formed and/or printed with printing ink from a further, second recess provided in a defined position and location on the forme cylinder for the purpose of checking the relative position, which second recess is overlapped on the forme cylinder, at least as viewed in the direction to be checked, by a projection, obtained by rolling, of a second recess provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder for the purpose of checking the relative position, and in this way is or has been fully inked with printing ink, at least as viewed in the direction to be checked. The checking and/or adjustment and/or correction is carried out using the first image element along with the second image element, which belongs to the same test field (Ra( 512 ); Ra′( 512 ); Ra″( 512 ); Ra′″( 512 ); Ra*( 512 ); Ru( 512 ); Ru′( 512 ); Ru″( 512 ); Ru′″( 512 ); Ru*( 512 )) and serves as a reference element. 
     The advantages to be achieved with the invention consist, in particular, in that the consumption of printing ink can be reduced to a particularly low level and/or in that print images with particularly fine image structures, particularly in terms of resolution with respect to coloration and/or in terms of ink density or ink intensity, can be produced reliably and with high accuracy. 
     A gravure printing unit according to the invention by which substrate can be printed according to a gravure printing method comprises a forme cylinder which comprises on its circumference an image-forming pattern of recesses, and an inking unit by which the pattern of recesses provided on the forme cylinder can be at least partially inked, wherein the forme cylinder can be partially inked from an inking device via a first inking unit cylinder, which has recesses in the region of its lateral surface that correspond to recesses on the forme cylinder, and via a second inking unit cylinder, which is to be partially inked by the first inking unit cylinder. 
     According to a first, particularly advantageous embodiment, to produce an image element which is used for checking the relative position between the forme cylinder and the first inking unit cylinder, the forme cylinder comprises, within the printing width but outside of the image-forming pattern of recesses that supplies the print image of one or more N-up copies, and lying in a circumferential region, at least one first recess, which overlaps on the forme cylinder only partially with a projection, which is obtained on the forme cylinder by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders involved in the ink transport, of a recess which is provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder for the purpose of checking the relative position. This enables the register between the first inking unit cylinder and the forme cylinder to be checked. 
     For checking and/or correcting the register between gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder, e.g. image elements provided in an advantageous refinement enable a rapid and targeted optimization of the printed product, including, in particular, if an individual drive system is used for the gravure inking cylinder alone or for the gravure inking cylinder together with the relief inking cylinder. 
     In an advantageous refinement, to produce two image elements that are used for checking the relative position between the forme cylinder and the first inking unit cylinder, the forme cylinder can comprise, within the printing width but preferably outside of the image-forming pattern of recesses that supplies the print image of one or more N-up copies, and lying in a circumferential region, at least two recesses, each of which overlaps, one only partially and the other at least partially, with a projection of one of at least two recesses provided on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder, said projection being obtained by rolling. 
     In an advantageous refinement, a recess extending linearly on the circumference of the forme cylinder outside of the image-forming pattern and a recess extending on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder can be provided such that a projection of the recess extending on the first inking unit cylinder, which projection is obtained on the forme cylinder by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders involved in the ink transport, intersects the recess extending on the forme cylinder. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the first recess provided on the first inking unit cylinder can extend linearly and sloped with rolling, in particular extending rotated 90°, in relation to the recess on the forme cylinder, and/or the dimensions of the first recesses on the forme cylinder and on the first inking unit cylinder can be such that the region of overlap of the projection, as viewed in the direction of the linear recess on the forme cylinder, is smaller than the length of said recess on the forme cylinder. 
     In an advantageous refinement, on the forme cylinder, outside of the image-forming pattern, a group of linear recesses can be provided, side by side in the axial direction or in the circumferential direction and spaced evenly from one another by a first distance, and on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder, a group of linear recesses spaced evenly from one another by a second distance can be provided such that the orientation of the linear recesses of the group on the forme cylinder and of the group on the first inking unit cylinder is the same, wherein the second distance can deviate slightly, i.e. by less than one line width of the recesses on the forme cylinder, from the first distance, and wherein projections of the recesses extending on the first inking unit cylinder, said projections being obtained on the forme cylinder by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders involved in the ink transport, can overlap at least partially with recesses on the forme cylinder that lie outside of the image-forming pattern. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the forme cylinder can additionally comprise, within the printing width but preferably outside of an image-forming pattern of recesses that supplies the print image of one or more N-up copies, at least one second recess for printing at least one second image element of the same test field, associated with the first image element as a reference element. 
     In a refinement, a first recess on the forme cylinder, which serves to produce the first image element for checking the relative position between the forme cylinder and the first inking unit cylinder, can overlap on the forme cylinder only partially, as viewed in the axial direction or the circumferential direction, with a projection of a recess provided on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder, said projection being obtained on the forme cylinder by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders involved in the ink transport, and the second recess on the forme cylinder, which serves as the reference, can be overlapped fully, as viewed in the same direction, by a projection of a corresponding further recess provided on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder, said projection being obtained by rolling. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the gravure printing unit can comprise a plurality of inking trains, in particular at least four, each having an inking device, a first inking unit cylinder which comprises recesses, and a second inking unit cylinder, via which the forme cylinder can be directly or indirectly inked, wherein the forme cylinder can comprise a number of such first recesses, corresponding to at least the number of inking trains, which lie within the printing width but preferably outside of the image-forming pattern of recesses which supplies the print image of one or more N-up copies, and lying in a circumferential region, and spaced from one another, each first recess overlapping on the forme cylinder only partially with a projection, which is obtained on the forme cylinder by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders of the inking train in question that are involved in the ink transport, of a corresponding recess which is provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the relevant first inking unit cylinder for the purpose of checking the relative position. 
     In an advantageous refinement, a sensor system for detecting the first image element, evaluation means for evaluating the position of the first image element on the substrate and/or relative to a second image element, and/or control and drive means for correcting an incorrect position of the first or second inking unit cylinder relative to the forme cylinder in the axial direction and/or in the circumferential direction can be provided. 
     In a refinement, software implemented in the sensor system or in the control means connected thereto for signal communication can be provided such that said software can be used to output a correcting variable for the drive means affected by the correction of the position deviation, based on the result of the evaluation of the position of the at least one image element of the same test field. 
     In a refinement, control means implemented in the sensor system or in the control means connected thereto for signal communication can be functionally connected via a signal connection to a drive means, by which the inking unit cylinder in question can be varied automatically in terms of its relative axial or circumferential position in relation to the forme cylinder, in correlation with an established deviation from the target relative position. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the first inking unit cylinder can be mounted axially movably in a frame of the gravure printing unit, and can be movable axially by an axial drive which has a drive means, and/or the first inking unit cylinder comprising the recesses can be driveable and/or driven alone or together with the second inking unit cylinder during production operation by a drive which is mechanically independent of drive means that rotate the forme cylinders during production operation and which can preferably be controlled in a closed loop with respect to an angular position. 
     In an advantageous refinement, on at least the downstream side of an application point where printing ink is applied to the first inking unit cylinder, in the operating direction of rotation of the inking unit cylinder that comprises the recesses, the inking device can comprise a retaining means configured as a doctor blade which, in the operating position, is in physical contact with the lateral surface of the first inking unit cylinder, and by means of which printing ink applied previously to the lateral surface of the first inking unit cylinder can be removed downstream of the ink application point and upstream of the first nip point with the second inking unit cylinder, as viewed in the operating direction of rotation. In a refinement, at least the retaining means or an ink supply unit that supports the same and is mounted axially movably in the inking device can be movable axially in terms of its axial position relative to the inking unit cylinder that comprises the recesses and/or can be oscillatable during operation by a drive means. 
     By means of the doctor blade, corruption of the print image between two image elements, for example with different coloring, and/or a blurring of the image printed on the substrate can be prevented or at least minimized. 
     In the removal of excess printing ink, an oscillating retaining means, for example, can effect a more even wear-based removal, especially in the case of a doctor blade that is set against a cylinder during operation, and can thereby contribute to a more stable operation. 
     The advantageous use of an ink collecting cylinder, for example, allows the printing forme to be inked with multiple inks simultaneously at the same nip point. 
     A positioning drive provided in an advantageous refinement, for example, by means of which the retaining means embodied, in particular, as a doctor blade, is repositioned automatically and/or continuously, for example, during operation, contributes to constant conditions in the ink infeed region. 
     An ink distribution device, which is provided in an advantageous refinement and which distributes the printing ink within the supply chamber, contributes to stable operation, for example, in that the freshly infed printing ink, which may already be temperature controlled, is added evenly to the ink which is already in the supply chamber and which may already be mechanically stressed. 
     In the advantageous case involving a coupled radial bearing of the gravure inking cylinder and the inking device for inking the same, the thrown-on position of the gravure inking cylinder can be varied without simultaneously modifying the supply of ink to the same. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the inking unit cylinder with the recesses can be configured as temperature controllable and/or such that temperature control medium can flow through it, and/or in a line system for supplying the inking device with printing ink a temperature control device can be provided, by which the temperature of the printing ink to be supplied can be controlled. 
     By controlling the temperature of the gravure inking cylinder, for example, the transport of ink is influenced, e.g. as the excess printing ink is being removed by a doctor blade. 
     Controlling the temperature of the printing ink before it enters the ink supply chamber of the inking device, as provided for in an advantageous refinement, contributes to stable printing conditions and/or enables a short start-up time. 
     An advantageous embodiment of the ink-delivering ink transfer forme on the gravure inking cylinder, e.g. as a replaceable sheath enables, for example, a particularly economical replacement which can serve, e.g. to maintain quality and/or to simplify logistics. 
     A substrate section, in particular comprising a printed image printed according to the gravure printing method, preferably comprises an arrangement of print image elements, the relative position and/or optical effect of which can be used to draw conclusions regarding the existence during printing of the image elements of an incorrect relative position in the axial direction and/or the circumferential direction between a forme cylinder, which has recesses on its circumference, and a first inking unit cylinder of an inking unit for inking said forme cylinder, which inking unit cylinder has recesses on its circumference that correspond to the recesses on the forme cylinder. 
     In the checking and/or adjustment and/or correction of a relative position between a first inking unit cylinder and a forme cylinder in a gravure printing unit by which substrate can be printed according to a gravure printing method, said gravure printing unit having a forme cylinder which comprises an image-forming pattern of recesses on its circumference, and having an inking unit by which the pattern of recesses provided on the forme cylinder is at least partially inked, wherein a partial inking of the forme cylinder is carried out from an inking device via a first inking unit cylinder, which has recesses in the region of its lateral surface that correspond to recesses on the forme cylinder, and via a second inking unit cylinder, which is partially inked by the first inking unit cylinder, for the purpose of checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position between the first inking unit cylinder and the forme cylinder in the circumferential and/or in the axial direction, the printing unit preferably prints at least one first image element onto the substrate, and the checking and/or adjustment and/or correction is carried out using the result of said printing and/or the position of the at least one first image element printed by the printing unit onto the substrate. 
     In the operation of a gravure printing unit by which substrate can be printed according to a gravure printing method, said printing unit having a forme cylinder, which comprises an image-forming pattern of recesses on its circumference, and having an inking unit by which the pattern of recesses provided on the forme cylinder is at least partially inked, wherein a partial inking of the forme cylinder is carried out from an inking device via a first inking unit cylinder, which has recesses in the region of its lateral surface that correspond to recesses on the forme cylinder, and via a second inking unit cylinder to be partially inked by the first inking unit cylinder, a checking and automated adjustment and/or correction of a relative position in the circumferential direction and/or in the axial direction between the first inking unit cylinder, on one hand, and the forme cylinder, on the other hand, and/or a checking of and compensation for a change in a print image length, determined by the image-forming pattern on the forme cylinder—in particular compensation by varying the rotational speed of the first inking unit cylinder—is carried out using a first image element printed onto the substrate by the printing unit. 
     The solution according to the invention and the various refinements thereof are particularly advantageous in connection with a recess or intaglio printing press or a recess or intaglio printing unit or in connection with a printing method that operates based on a recess or intaglio printing method, in particular for printing securities, preferably for banknote printing. 
     The aforementioned aspects and other aspects that may arise, e.g. in the following description can contribute, individually or in groups, to realizing a selective ink infeed of sufficient quality in the printed product and/or to stable production. 
     Particular advantages of an aforementioned printing unit are realized in a printing press configured as a security printing press and/or as a printing press for processing sheet-format substrate and/or as a gravure printing press operating according to the intaglio method, which comprises a substrate infeed, by which the substrate to be printed can be fed into the printing press on the input side, a first conveyor line by which the substrate can be fed to the at least one printing unit, a second conveyor line by which the substrate can be fed directly or indirectly to a product receiving unit, by means of which the substrate, which has been printed on at least one side, can be combined into bundles. 
     The aforementioned advantageous embodiments, variants, and refinements can each be combined individually but also in multiples, provided such combination does not involve incompatible or conflicting objects. 
     Further variants, refinements, and details may be found individually or in combinations in the following description and in the dependent claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the set of drawings and will be described in greater detail below. 
       The drawings show: 
         FIG. 1 a    a side view of a printing press, in particular a gravure printing press in a first embodiment; 
         FIG. 1 b    a side view of a printing press, in particular a gravure printing press in a second embodiment; 
         FIG. 2 a    an enlarged illustration of the printing unit of  FIG. 1   a;    
         FIG. 2 b    an enlarged illustration of the printing unit of  FIG. 1   b;    
         FIG. 3 a    an enlarged detail of the printing unit of  FIG. 2   a;    
         FIG. 3 b    an enlarged detail of the printing unit of  FIG. 2   b;    
         FIG. 4 a    a schematic depiction of i) a pattern of recesses on the forme cylinder, ii) a pattern of corresponding elevations on the inking unit cylinder that has the elevations, and iii) a pattern of corresponding recesses on the inking unit cylinder that has the recesses; 
         FIG. 4 b    a schematic detail illustration of advantageous embodiments of the formation of recesses on the inking unit cylinder; 
         FIG. 5 a    a side view of a first embodiment of the inking unit cylinder comprising the recesses, with an inking device; 
         FIG. 5 b    a side view of a second embodiment of the inking unit cylinder comprising the recesses, with inking devices; 
         FIG. 6 a    an oblique view of the inking device of  FIG. 5   a;    
         FIG. 6 b    an oblique view of the inking device of  FIG. 5   b;    
         FIG. 7 a    plan view of an inking device according to  FIG. 5   a;    
         FIG. 8 a    a detail view from the inking device of  FIG. 5   a;    
         FIG. 8 b    a detail view from the inking device of  FIG. 5   b;    
         FIG. 9 a    detail view of a bearing of the cross member that supports the retaining means with an axial drive, according to the embodiment of  FIG. 6   a;    
         FIG. 10 a    a detail sectional view of the axial drive of  FIG. 9  from a different direction; 
         FIG. 10 b    a detail view of a bearing of the inking device with an axial drive, according to the embodiment of  FIG. 6   b;    
         FIG. 11  an individual view of the ink distribution device according to a first embodiment; 
         FIG. 12 a    a detail view of the ink distribution device of  FIG. 11 , obliquely from below; 
         FIG. 12 b    an individual view of the ink distribution device according to a second embodiment; 
         FIG. 13 a    detail view of the linear guidance from the inking device according to  FIG. 5   a;    
         FIG. 14  an overall view of the inking device arranged in the frame; 
         FIG. 15  an embodiment of the inking device with an alternative configuration of the ink supply chamber; 
         FIG. 16 a    side view of the inking device with a positioning drive; 
         FIG. 17 a    side view in cross-section of the inking device of  FIG. 16 ; 
         FIG. 18 a    perspective view of a gravure inking cylinder bearing the engravings directly on its lateral surface; 
         FIG. 19 a    longitudinal section through a gravure inking cylinder of  FIG. 18  in an embodiment, by way of example, that has flow channels through which temperature control fluid can flow; 
         FIG. 20 a    partial cross section of a gravure inking cylinder with a multilayered structure, configured as a solid cylinder or, as indicated by dashed lines, as a hollow cylinder; 
         FIG. 21  an ink transfer forme configured as an ink transfer forme sheath or sleeve; 
         FIG. 22 a    partial cross section of a gravure inking cylinder with sleeve, configured as a solid cylinder or, as indicated by dashed lines, as a hollow cylinder; 
         FIG. 23 a    partial cross section of a multilayered sleeve wall; 
         FIG. 24  an oblique view of an exemplary embodiment of a cylinder body to be fitted with a sleeve; 
         FIG. 25 a    longitudinal section through a cylinder body according to  FIG. 24  in a first embodiment as a hollow cylinder, by way of example in an embodiment with outlet openings that serve to assist with a sleeve change and with flow channels through which temperature control fluid can flow; 
         FIG. 26 a    longitudinal section through a cylinder body according to  FIG. 24  in a second embodiment as a solid cylinder, by way of example in an embodiment with outlet openings that serve to assist with a sleeve change; 
         FIG. 27 a    cross section of the hollow cylinder of  FIG. 26 , by way of example in an embodiment with outlet openings that serve to assist with a sleeve change and with flow channels through which temperature control fluid can flow; 
         FIG. 28 a    second embodiment of a cylinder body configured as a hollow cylinder having two component surfaces tapered in opposite directions to assist with a sleeve change; 
         FIG. 29 a    side view of an example of an inking unit with a linearly movable bearing of the gravure inking cylinder; 
         FIG. 30 a    perspective view of an inking unit of  FIG. 29  with a bearing cap pivoted away, by way of example; 
         FIG. 31 a    perspective view of the inking unit of  FIG. 30 , obliquely from behind; 
         FIG. 32 a    longitudinal section (a) and a cross-sectional view (b) of a gravure inking cylinder as is or can be used, for example, in an inking unit according to  FIGS. 30 and 31 ; 
         FIG. 33 a    side view of a further example of an inking unit with linearly movable bearing of the gravure inking cylinder; 
         FIG. 34 a    perspective view of a frame section comprising three gravure inking cylinders; 
         FIG. 35 a    sectional view of an embodiment of a radially removable gravure inking cylinder; 
         FIG. 36 a    sectional view of an embodiment of a relief inking cylinder; 
         FIG. 37 a    side view of a printing unit with schematically depicted drive means and with means for controlling and/or regulating the same; 
         FIG. 38 a    more detailed section from  FIG. 37 ; 
         FIG. 39 a    schematic illustration depicting the concept for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder; 
         FIG. 40 a    second configuration of test fields for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder, a) in the axial direction and b) in the circumferential direction; 
         FIG. 41 a    third configuration of test fields for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder, a) in the axial direction and b) in the circumferential direction; 
         FIG. 42 a    fourth configuration of test fields for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder, a) in the axial direction and b) in the circumferential direction; 
         FIG. 43 a    configuration of test fields for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder during printing via multiple inking trains a) in the axial direction and b) in the circumferential direction; 
         FIG. 44 a    positioning of the test elements of  FIG. 43  in the correct relative position, a) in the axial direction and b) in the circumferential direction; 
         FIG. 45 a    schematic representation of an intensity signal a) in the circumferential direction and b) in the axial direction; 
         FIG. 46 a    schematic illustration depicting the concept for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of relief inking cylinder and forme cylinder; 
         FIG. 47 a    second configuration of test fields for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder, a) in the axial direction and b) in the circumferential direction; 
         FIG. 48 a    configuration of test fields for checking and, if necessary, adjusting or correcting the relative position of gravure inking cylinder and forme cylinder during printing via multiple inking trains a) in the axial direction and b) in the circumferential direction; 
         FIG. 49 a    schematic representation of a section of substrate with test fields relating to the axial direction and circumferential direction of gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder; 
         FIG. 50 a    side view of a printing unit with temperature-controlled inking unit cylinders and printing unit cylinders; 
         FIG. 51  an enlarged illustration of a detail from  FIG. 50 ; 
         FIG. 52 a    graph illustrating the curve of a transfer of ink in the printing unit as a function of the temperature on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder; 
         FIG. 53 a    side view of a printing unit with radially displaceable inking unit cylinders and printing unit cylinders; 
         FIG. 54 a    schematic illustration of a cylinder train with radially displaceable inking unit cylinders and printing unit cylinders; 
         FIG. 55 a    graphic illustration of an inverse dependency of ink transfer on the degree of printing pressure at a nip point with the involvement of a hard cylinder and/or a cylinder having engravings and at a nip point without the involvement of such a cylinder; 
         FIG. 56 a    graphic illustration of a dependency of ink transfer on the operating speed without any compensation, with partially compensating superimposition of a variation in the printing pressure at a first nip point, and with superimposition of a variation in the printing pressure at two nip points; 
         FIG. 57 a    schematic representation of a process for producing the engravings for the gravure inking cylinder; 
         FIG. 58  examples of transformation rule curves. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     A printing press, in particular a security printing press, comprises at least one printing unit  500 , by means of which substrate S can be printed at least according to a gravure printing method, a substrate infeed  100 , for example, by which the substrate S to be printed can be fed to the printing press on the input side, a first conveyor line  200  by which the substrate S can be fed to the at least one printing unit  500 , a product receiving unit  400  by which the substrate S′ that has been printed on at least one side can be combined into bundles, and a second conveyor line  300  by which the substrate S′ can be fed, optionally via additional processing units, to the product receiving unit  400 . 
     The printing press is configured, e.g. as a sheet-fed printing press, in particular as a sheet-fed gravure printing press, preferably as a sheet-fed printing press that prints in an intaglio printing process. The intaglio printing process is a gravure printing process that is preferably used for the industrial production of banknotes, security documents, or security elements. 
     The printing press, which preferably prints by a gravure printing process, in particular in an intaglio printing process, in a preferred embodiment as a sheet-fed printing press comprises the at least one printing unit  500  that operates according to a gravure printing process, in particular an intaglio printing process, along with preferably at least one substrate infeed  100  embodied as a sheet feeder  100 , by means of which a substrate S to be printed, in the form particularly of stacked substrate sheets S, e.g. printing substrate sheets S, in particular security paper sheets S, is or at least can be provided on the input side of the printing press. The edges of the rectangular substrate sheets S measure, e.g., between 475×450 mm and 700×820 mm; the grammage of the substrate sheets S is, e.g., between 70 g/m 2  and 120 g/m 2 . The printing press further comprises, as part of the first conveyor line  200 , a sheet infeed  201 , by means of which substrate sheets S furnished at the sheet feeder  100  are or at least can be fed, e.g. via conveying means  202  and/or one or more transfer drums  203 , to the first printing unit or to a first printing unit  200  of the printing press in series, i.e. individually in succession. A rocking gripper system is preferably provided for transferring the substrate sheets S to the first transfer drum  203 . Downstream of the last printing unit or a last printing unit  500 , the printing press further comprises, e.g. a transport device  301  comprised by the second conveyor line  300 , configured, for example, as a revolving conveyor belt or as a revolving chain system, in particular a chain gripper system, to which the substrate sheets S′ that have been printed at least by the printing unit  500  are transferred directly or via at least one or more intermediate cylinders comprised, e.g., by the second conveyor line  300 , wherein substrate sheets S′ that have been transferred to the transport device  301  are or at least can be transported by means of said device to a processing unit downstream or to a product receiving unit  400 , configured as delivery  400 , in this case pile delivery  400 , e.g. multi-pile delivery, where they are or at least can be deposited. In the embodiment of  FIGS. 1 a  and 1 b   , the pile delivery  400  comprises, e.g., four piles or pile spaces  401  arranged one behind the other, as viewed in the direction of transport T of the substrate sheets S; S′. In the region of the transport device  301 , an e.g. optoelectronic, preferably camera-based checking system (not denoted) may be provided, by means of which the quality of the printed substrate sheets S′ is or at least can be checked. The substrate sheets S′ are checked particularly to ensure that they are free of defects as compared with a designated master. Depending on the results of this checking, the substrate sheets S′ are then deposited on a designated pile in the multi-pile delivery. In the case of a printing press configured as a web-processing press, the printed images of a certain printing length are or will be formed not as substrate sections S; S′ formed by substrate sheets S; S′ but as substrate sections S; S′ formed by repeating lengths arranged in a row, which are then or can then be wound to form a product roll or cut into substrate sheets S; S′ and stacked. 
     Generally, the at least one printing unit  500  operating according to a gravure printing method can be provided with one or more additional printing units operating by the same printing method or by different printing methods in the first and/or second conveyor line  200 ;  300 . 
     The printing unit  500  operating according to a gravure printing method, in particular an intaglio printing method, hereinafter also referred to as gravure printing unit  500 , in particular as recess printing unit  500  or intaglio printing unit  500 , comprises at least one printing unit cylinder  501  also acting and/or designated as impression cylinder  501  and a printing unit cylinder  503  that forms a printing nip  502  with the impression cylinder  501  and is embodied as a forme cylinder  503  for gravure printing, in particular intaglio printing cylinder  503 , wherein the impression cylinder  501  and the forme cylinder  503  preferably are or at least can be thrown onto one another under high pressure. In the embodiment as a printing press for processing sheet-format substrate S; S′, the impression cylinder  501  preferably comprises on its circumference one or m axially extending cylinder channels, each having a holding means, e.g. a gripper bar, by means of which the sheet-format substrate S resting on impression cylinder  501  can be conveyed through the printing nip  502 . On its circumference, the forme cylinder  503  carries one or more printing formed  504  having a pattern of recesses  514  that form the basis of the print image to be printed, e.g. motif, hereinafter also referred to synonymously, where not explicitly otherwise specified, as “engravings”  514 , regardless of their method of production. Unless explicitly distinguished, said printing forme  504 , in particular gravure printing forme  504 , is to be understood both as a lateral surface of the cylinder itself that comprises the recesses  514  or engravings  514  and in a preferred embodiment as a printing forme  504  that comprises the recesses  514  or engravings  514  and is or can be detachably arranged on the forme cylinder  503 , e.g. as a printing plate  504  or optionally as a printing forme sheath. Forme cylinder  503  is preferably configured as “multiple sized”, e.g. m-sized, (with mϵ ≤5, especially m≤3), e.g. triple-sized, and is configured to accommodate m, e.g. m=3, printing formes  504  in a row and/or for printing m, e.g. m=3, print lengths, in particular for accommodating and/or printing multiple, e.g. m=3, substrate sheets S per revolution. The engravings  514  are preferably provided in an outer metal layer of the printing forme  504 , which is or has been coated with a hard metallic material, in particular with chrome, after the engravings  514  are applied. 
     Preferably, the printing unit  500  or the printing press for printing the substrate S, in particular the substrate sheet S, is configured with multiple N-up copies. The overall image applied to a printing length or repeat length and/or assigned to a substrate sheet S; S′ or substrate section S; S′ is preferably formed by the print images of a plurality of N-up copies N i , e.g. banknotes N i , to be printed in multiple columns side by side and in multiple rows one after another onto the substrate S. The engraving pattern of a printing forme  504  assigned to the printing length is therefore formed by a corresponding plurality of patterns of recesses, e.g. motif engravings, in particular with the identical motif, arranged in matrix form in columns and rows. Generally, a number of first rows or columns containing a plurality of first patterns of recesses  514  of first N-up copies N i , e.g. banknotes of a first currency and/or a first value, and a number of second rows or columns containing a plurality of second patterns of recesses  514  of second N-up copies N i , e.g. banknotes of a second currency, can also be comprised on a printing length or printing forme  504 . 
     The print image to be printed by the printing unit  500  can generally comprise a single image motif that extends, e.g. over the entire printing width and length, i.e. over one substrate section S; S′. In the case that is preferred here, however, which involves printing a plurality of N-up copies N i  per substrate section S; S′, the same image motifs are printed onto each of at least a plurality of N-up copies N i , preferably onto all N-up copies N i . Such an image motif may be a spatially isolated print image region with complete image information, as is found in portraits, cultural sites, objects of daily use, landscape details, or the like. Alternatively, the image motif may be composed of alphanumeric information or of a regular or irregular pattern, e.g. without actual meaningful representational content. An image motif may also be a combination of the aforementioned characteristics. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the image motif to be printed in the gravure or intaglio printing method can be a security feature or a portion of such a feature, which is, for example, formed by a particularly high resolution in terms of the ink intensity and/or ink density of lines or print elements, in particular raised, that are applied in the gravure or intaglio printing process. 
     It is also possible for a plurality of such image motifs, spatially separated from one another, to be provided per copy N i . 
     To remove excess ink, a removal device  506 , e.g. a wiping device  506  with a wiping cylinder  507 , is or at least can be set against the forme cylinder  503 . The wiping cylinder  507  is coated on its lateral surface, e.g. with a plastic. 
     The forme cylinder  503  or a printing forme  504  provided thereon can be inked with one or preferably with multiple inks by an inking unit  508 . Said inking unit  508  can be mounted such that it can be moved as a whole or in sections away from the preferably stationary printing unit part  509 , which comprises the printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503  that form the printing nip  502 , and/or can even be configured as separable therefrom. 
     The inking unit  508  comprises, at its upstream end as viewed in the direction of ink transport within the inking unit  508 , an inking device  511 , which is or can be supplied with printing ink  517  by an ink feed system, for example, and by means of which an inking unit cylinder  512 , e.g. a first inking unit cylinder, can be inked. Said inking unit cylinder  512  comprises recesses  513  in the region of its lateral surface  518 , hereinafter also referred to synonymously, where not explicitly specified, as “engravings”  513 , regardless of their method of production, which correspond to the engravings  514  or to a portion of the engravings on the printing forme  504  of the forme cylinder  503 . This does not mean that they must have the same dimensions and the same depth z as the corresponding engravings  514 , but that their shape and/or depth z are in a defined relationship to one another that will be or is obtained, for example, based on regularities that are or will be established. For engravings  513  on the inking unit cylinder  512 , a greater width b 513 , e.g. than line width b 513 , and/or a greater depth z is provided than for the corresponding engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  or the printing forme  504  comprised or carried by the same. 
     For at least some of the recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , for example, corresponding recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  are larger on all sides of the recess  513  by at least 20 μm and/or at most 200 μm, advantageously by at least 50 μm and/or at most 150 μm, in particular by 80 to 120 μm, preferably by 100±5 μm than the corresponding recesses  513  on the forme cylinder  503 . Thus, for at least some of the recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , a line width b 513  or width b 513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  is larger, e.g. by at least 40 μm and/or at most 400 μm, advantageously by at least 100 μm and/or at most 300 μm, in particular by 160 to 240 μm, preferably by 200±10 μm, than that of the corresponding recess  514  on forme cylinder  503 . Narrow line structures on the printing forme  504  can in some cases merge to form larger engraved areas, for example, on the inking unit cylinder  512  comprising the engravings  513 . When there is a partial merging of engravings  513 , e.g. two or more such partially contiguous recesses  513  are contiguous due to an aforementioned larger size as compared with the recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  and e.g. only narrow spacing, and the recesses  513  are perceptible at least on a non-merged longitudinal section, for example. There may also be areas of recesses  513  that are merged in this way, so that as a result of the larger size and due to a high line density on the forme cylinder  503 , individual recesses  513 , e.g. in the interior of such an area, are no longer perceptible in isolation. Nevertheless, in the following such overlapping recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , which in this case are overlapping due to the transfer of the individual recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  in accordance with a regularity, are likewise regarded as corresponding to recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     For the sake of simplicity, the inking unit cylinder  512  that comprises the engravings  513  is also referred to synonymously, where not explicitly specified, as “gravure inking cylinder”  512 , regardless of the method by which the recesses  513  are produced. 
     The outer diameter of gravure inking cylinder  512  is preferably in a ratio of 1:n to the outer diameter of the forme cylinder  503 , with nϵ &lt;10, in particular n=1, 2 or 3. 
     By means of the inking device  511 , the first inking unit cylinder  512 , which comprises recesses  513  in the region of its lateral surface  518  that correspond to recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , can be inked at an application point lying on its circumference. In this context, the “application point” is also understood as a circumferential section, extending in the circumferential direction, in which ink is applied to the first inking unit cylinder  512  by the inking device and/or in which said cylinder comes into contact with a supply of ink  517 . Ink can generally be applied at the application point as desired. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the inking device  511  for inking the gravure inking cylinder  512  comprises an ink supply chamber  516 , which is delimited on the side facing the gravure inking cylinder  512  at least partially by the lateral surface  518  thereof (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 3 a  and 3 b   ,  FIGS. 5 a  and 5 b   , and  FIG. 15 ). Leading or protruding into the ink supply chamber  516 , for example, e.g. centered in the axial position thereof, is the opening of at least one stationary or axially moved ink feed line, via which the amount of printing ink  517  consumed is or can be replaced in the ink supply chamber  516 . The ink supply chamber  516  is understood here, e.g. generally as the space in which the printing ink  517  to be applied and which is in contact with the lateral surface  518  is located. Depending on the embodiment, this may be an ink chamber  516  that is open toward the top, open toward the bottom, or closed at the top and bottom. 
     The engravings  513  or recesses  513  of the inking unit cylinder  512  are, for example, recesses having a maximum depth z ( 513 ) of, for example, 0.3 mm, in particular a maximum of 0.2 mm, in relation to the non-engraved lateral surface region. 
     Downstream of the gravure inking cylinder  512  in the inking unit  508 , an inking unit cylinder  519 , e.g. a second inking unit cylinder, to be inked by said gravure inking cylinder is provided, which has, in the region of its preferably elastic and/or compressible lateral surface  521 , elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ separated from one another by deeper points or areas, configured to cooperate in the region of these elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ with the lateral surface of the next inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  531 ;  503  downstream. Ink is then transferred, e.g. only in the region of these elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′. The elevations provided for ink transport  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ lie with their upper surface in a lateral surface, which represents the cylinder diameter of the relief inking cylinder  519  that is used for printing. 
     In a first embodiment, the elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ can be raised areas  522 , which correspond to engraved areas  523  of the printing forme  504  to be inked. These engraved areas  523  are assigned, for example, to the individual image motifs and, in a first embodiment for monochrome image motifs, for example, cover the entire surface area of the image motif or the engravings  504  relating to said image on the forme cylinder  503 . Such elevations  522  are, for example, areas  522  having a surface area that extends over an image motif composed of a multiplicity of engravings  504 , e.g. more than 100, provided on the forme cylinder  503  and/or are elevations  522  that are spaced apart from one another and that extend over spatially separate, in particular not interwoven image motifs, as is known, for example, from the prior art. 
     In an embodiment that is generally advantageous on its own, but is particularly advantageous in conjunction with the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or a multicolor printing process, the engravings  504  on the relief inking cylinder  519  for the same image motif provided on the forme cylinder  503  are assigned a raised area  522 , provided on the relief inking cylinder  519 , the surface area of which is smaller than that of the image motif or an elevation  522  that does not extend over all engravings  504  that relate to the same image motif. An area  522  of this type extends, for example, over an uninterrupted surface area or a closed region of recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  that are to be inked via the same gravure inking cylinder  512  or that belong to a part of an image motif to be inked with the same ink, in particular irrespective of the line density present there. In such an embodiment, e.g. one or more areas  522 , each having a maximum diameter of less than 50 mm, are provided on a gravure inking cylinder  512 . 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ that relate to or cover the entirety of the engravings  504  of the same image motif are provided on multiple different relief inking cylinders  519  of the printing unit  500 , e.g. configured as a multicolor printing unit  500 , in particular such that they cover the entirety of the engravings  514  of the image motif on the forme cylinder  503 . In that case, one or a plurality of non-contiguous elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ assigned to the same image motif may be provided on the same relief inking cylinder  519  and may ink the engravings  504  of image parts of the same color. 
     The aforementioned areas of elevations  522  are, e.g. areas  522  that each extend over only a part of an image motif or over only some of the recesses  514  relating to the image motif, wherein another part of the same image motif or the recesses  514  relating to the image motif is or will be covered by one or more respective elevations  522  on another gravure inking cylinder  512  of the printing unit  500 . When rolled off onto the forme cylinder  503 , these elevations  522  of the same image motif provided on different gravure inking cylinders  519  relate to mutually adjacent, for example at least partially interwoven and/or interpenetrating parts of the same image motif or of the associated engravings  504 . Areas  522  of multiple gravure inking cylinders  519 , e.g. two, three, four or even five, may be assigned to one copy N i  or to one image motif provided on the surface of one copy N i . 
     In a particularly advantageous embodiment, however, elevations  524 ;  524  that correspond to engravings  514 , especially individual engravings (i.e., individual dot-like, area-like, or preferably line-like engravings  504 , for example) of the forme cylinder  503  or the printing forme  504  are provided on the lateral surface  521 , e.g. in the manner of a relief with point-like, area-like, or preferably line-like ridges  524 ;  524 ′, which correlate in terms of shape and surface area, e.g. as viewed in a plan view and/or when rolled out, with the shape and/or surface area of the respective recess  514 . Here again, the latter does not mean that the elevations  524 ;  524 ′ must have the same dimensions in terms of surface area as the corresponding engravings  514 , but that their shape has a defined relationship to the shape of the corresponding engraving  514  of the printing forme  504 , which will be or is also obtained here, for example, based on regularities that are or will be determined. Ridges  524 ;  524 ′ that correspond to multiple adjacent engravings  513  as set out below can then merge to form a larger structure of an elevation  524 ′; however, due to the underlying regularity, the periphery will correspond, e.g. to the underlying engravings  513 . For the sake of simplicity, the inking unit cylinder  519  comprising the raised areas  522  and/or elevations  524 ;  524 ′ is also referred to synonymously, unless explicitly otherwise specified, as “relief inking cylinder”  519 , regardless of the nature and configuration of the elevations  524 . Elevations  524  on the relief inking cylinder  519  that correspond to engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  preferably have a greater width b 524  than the width b 514  or line width b 514  of corresponding engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  or the printing forme  504 . 
     As mentioned above, for narrow line structures on the forme cylinder  503  or on the printing forme  504 , for example, individual, e.g. corresponding elevations  524  on the relief inking cylinder  519  can merge partially or completely to form larger elevations  524 ′. If elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are only partially merged, two or more partially contiguous elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are connected to one another, for example, due to an aforementioned enlargement relative to the recesses  513 ;  514  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  or on the forme cylinder  503  and only a small spacing from one another, for example, in which case the elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are still individually discernible at least on a longitudinal section that is not merged. It is also possible for entire areas of merged elevations  524 ;  524 ′ to be provided, such that, as a result of the larger size and due to a high line density on the forme cylinder  503  and/or on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , individual recesses  513 , e.g. in the interior of such an area, become merged and are no longer individually resolved and/or discernible. 
     Nevertheless, in the following such elevations  524 ;  524 ′ on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , which result from the transfer of the individual recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  to individual, in this case overlapping elevations (e.g., in contrast to the aforementioned rough areas  522 ) are likewise regarded as corresponding to recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , since they result, for example, based on a fixed rule, from the individual engravings  513  on the forme cylinder  503  and/or on the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or allow at least a partial discernment of the underlying structure at the edge of the recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 . Thus, even where merging does occur, the individual engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  form the basis for the pattern of corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′, which due to the regularities applied to individual engravings  514  are also to be understood in this sense as corresponding to individual recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 . Moreover, at least a number of actually individually resolved elevations  524 , i.e. elevations  524  that correspond precisely to an engraving  513 , are preferably also included on the lateral surface  521  of the relief inking cylinder  519 . 
     Especially in the case of the aforementioned raised areas  522 , the dimensions of which are greater than those of individual elevations  524 , this second inking unit cylinder  519  is also referred to as a chablon cylinder  519 . 
     Generally, all elevations  524 ;  524 ′ on the relief inking cylinder  519  that are assigned to recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  or to recesses  514  of the same image motif on the forme cylinder  503  can be configured as correlating, corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′, individual or merged as described above, or optionally as only some of the elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ provided on the relief inking cylinder  519 , wherein in the latter case, one or more larger raised areas  522  may also be provided. 
     The elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ are, for example, elevations  522 ;  524 ;  524 ′ having a height of between 0.03 and 2.0 mm, for example, in particular a height of between 0.5 and 1.2 mm in relation to the non-printing base. Said non-printing base is provided at the same depth, for example, so that elevations rolling in the same cylindrical shell surface produce elevations of the same height above the base. For the embodiment comprising only larger raised areas  522 , the height of said areas above the base may be greater than that of the elevations  524 ;  524 ′ correlated with individual engravings  514 . 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment, the width b 524  of elevations  524  on the relief inking cylinder  519  that correspond to engravings  514  on the printing forme  504  is greater than the width b 513  of the engravings  513  corresponding thereto on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , and the width of these engravings  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  is in turn greater than the width b 514  of the engravings  514  corresponding thereto on the forme cylinder  503  or on the printing forme  504  (see, for example,  FIG. 4 ). 
     For example, multiple individual elevations  524 ;  524 ′ on the relief inking cylinder  519  are larger on all sides of the relevant elevations  524 ;  524 ′, for example by at least 20 μm and/or by at most 200 μm, advantageously by at least 50 μm and/or by at most 150 μm, in particular 80 to 120 μm, preferably by 100±5 μm, than the respectively corresponding recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or are larger, e.g. by at least 40 μm and/or at most 400 μm, advantageously by at least 100 μm and/or at most 300 μm, in particular 160 to 240 μm, preferably by 200±10 μm, than the corresponding recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 . Thus, for example, for at least some of the recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , a line width b 524  or width b 524  of the corresponding recesses  524 ;  524 ′ on the relief inking cylinder  519  is larger, e.g. by at least 40 μm and/or at most 400 μm, advantageously by at least 100 μm and/or at most 300 μm, in particular 160 to 240 μm, preferably by 200±10 μm, than the corresponding recess  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or is larger, e.g. by at least 80 μm and/or at most 800 μm, advantageously by at least 200 μm and/or at most 600 μm, in particular 320 to 480 μm, preferably by 400±20 μm, than the corresponding recess  514  on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     In the embodiment comprising corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′, e.g. multiple elevations  524 , optionally among other things, which correspond to individual engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  and which are larger, e.g. on all sides, by at most 400 μm, in particular by at most 300 μm, preferably by at most 200 μm, than the corresponding recess  514  on the forme cylinder, and/or multiple contiguous elevations  524 ′, each resulting from the areal merging of elevations  524  that correspond to a group of recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , are provided on the lateral surface  521  of the relief inking cylinder  519 , wherein the contiguous elevations  524 ′ preferably each occupy a contiguous surface area, which results from the overlapping of the relevant corresponding recesses  514  of the forme cylinder  503  that are enlarged on all sides by at most 400 μm, in particular by at most 300 μm, preferably by at most 200 μm, and/or which protrudes on all sides by at most 400 μm, in particular by at most 300 μm, preferably at most 200 μm, beyond the surface area resulting from the shortest envelope curve around the relevant recesses  514 . On the relief inking cylinder  519 , multiple such individual or merged and contiguous elevations  524 ;  524 ′, e.g. at least five, are provided per copy N i  to be printed, for example. 
     In contrast to the aforementioned raised areas  522 , in which the raised area  522  extends over the surface area of a plurality of adjacent engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , e.g. more than fifty, for example, regardless of the density of recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , and at the edge of which area no structure of elevations  524  corresponding to individual recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  is discernible, as elevations  524  that correspond individually to engravings  514  of the printing forme  504  elevations  524  are preferably provided that have, in the region of their smallest diameter, i.e. the shortest distance between opposing margins or edges, for example a maximum width b 524  of 1 mm, in particular a maximum of 0.8 mm, and/or that have a width b 524  that is at most 0.8 mm, preferably at most 0.6 mm, greater than that of the corresponding engraving  514  on forme cylinder  503  and/or that match, e.g. individual engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  with a greater width b 524  by a maximum of a factor of ten, preferably by a maximum of a factor of three, and/or that individually match engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  that are spaced from one another, for example, by 1000 μm or less, preferably by at most 600 μm, in particular at most 500 μm, i.e. that ink or can ink elevations  524  that are spaced apart from one another. As merged elevations  524 ′ produced from individual corresponding elevations  524 , e.g. overlappings of elevations  524  obtained individually via a regular enlargement from corresponding recesses  514 , in contrast to the aforementioned raised areas  522 , and/or, e.g. elevations  524 ′ having a maximum diameter of less than 20 mm, in particular less than 10 mm are provided. At least a number, for example, in particular a plurality of such individually resolved and/or merged elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are formed or provided on the relief inking cylinder  519 , in particular over a surface area corresponding to one copy N i . 
     In the preferred embodiment having the aforementioned corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′, for example, an area of corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′ belonging to the same image motif to be printed in a first ink to be printed or on a first relief inking cylinder  519  may be surrounded on all sides by corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′ belonging to the same image motif of a second ink or of a second relief inking cylinder  524 ;  524 ′, e.g. of the same printing unit  500 , and/or areas of corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′ belonging to the same image motif to be printed in a first ink or on a first relief inking cylinder  519  and areas of corresponding elevations  524 ;  524 ′ belonging to the same image motif of a second ink to be printed or on a second relief inking cylinder  519  may be interwoven or may penetrate one another when rolled out. 
     In a preferred embodiment having the aforementioned elevations  524 ;  524 ′, e.g. more than 50, in particular more than 100, and in special configurations even more than 250 such spaced-apart, i.e. non-contiguous elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are provided on the relief inking cylinder  519  and/or, e.g. at least 5, advantageously at least 10, in particular more than 25, and in special configurations even more than 50 such spaced-apart, i.e. non-contiguous, elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are provided on a lateral surface area of the relief inking cylinder  519  that corresponds to one copy N i . 
     In an embodiment that is advantageous in the case of a particularly high resolution, the relief inking cylinder  519  comprises on its lateral surface  21 , e.g. elevations  524 ;  524 ′ that have, in the region of their smallest diameter, a maximum width b 524  of 0.6 mm and/or a width b 524  that is no more than 0.3 mm greater than the width b 514  of the corresponding engraving  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , and/or that match individual engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  504  with a width b 513  that is greater by no more than a factor of three and/or that match engravings  514  that are spaced from one another, for example, by 0.5 mm or less on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     For example, areas having more than 20 or more than 50 (individually resolved and/or merged) non-contiguous elevations  524 ;  524 ′ over a surface area of 10 cm 2 , preferably over a surface area of 1 cm 2 , and/or having two or more non-contiguous elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are provided, which are spaced by at most 1000 μm, in particular at most 500 μm, preferably at most 300 μm from an adjacent elevation  524 ;  524 ′. For example, the relief inking cylinder  519  comprises on its lateral surface  21   a  number of areas, corresponding to the number of N-up copies N i  to be printed, which have such a surface density and/or resolution of elevations  524 ;  524 ′ and which are arranged in rows and columns according to the grid of the N-up copies N i  to be printed. 
     Areas that have an aforementioned surface density and/or resolution of elevations  524 ;  524 ′ can have at least five elevations  524 ;  524 ′ and/or can extend, e.g. over at least 1 cm 2 , in particular over at least 2 cm 2 . Said elevations  524 ;  524 ′ are not required to be evenly distributed within such an area and/or may be part of a larger area that also comprises, e.g., elevations  524 ;  524 ′ in a lower surface density and/or a greater resolution. 
     Independently, in general, of the presence of an area having an aforementioned number, surface density, and/or resolution, but preferably in conjunction therewith, the relief inking cylinder  519  can have areas on its lateral surface  21 , the number of areas corresponding in particular to the number of N-up copies, and said areas comprising a total of at least five, for example, preferably at least ten non-contiguous elevations  524 ;  524 ′ over a surface area of 10 cm 2 . 
     The embodiment of the relief inking cylinder or cylinders  519  having individual and/or merged elevations  524 ;  524 ′ that correspond in the aforementioned manner, for example, enables color resolutions and/or image effects to be achieved that otherwise cannot be realized in gravure or intaglio printing. This applies not only, but especially in conjunction with an aforementioned gravure inking cylinder  512 . 
     The engravings  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  are provided directly on the lateral surface  518  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , for example, which is comprised at least by the cylinder shell on the outer circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , or are provided on the outer circumference of an ink transfer forme embodied as a printing forme, which may be in the form of a circumferentially closed ink transfer forme sheath  637 , e.g. what is known as a sleeve  637 , or in the form of a finite gravure printing forme, e.g. with leading and trailing ink transfer forme ends. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the raised areas  522  or elevations  524 ;  524 ′ of the second inking unit cylinder  512  can likewise be provided on the surface of an ink transfer forme, which is or can be detachably arranged in the form of a circumferentially closed ink transfer forme sheath, e.g. what is known as a sleeve, on a cylinder body that is or can be rotatably mounted in the inking unit  508 . 
     The inking device  511  comprises, on at least the side of the aforementioned downstream application point in the operating direction of rotation D of the inking unit cylinder  512  comprising the recesses  513 , a retaining means  526 , e.g. a doctor blade or an ink blade, by means of which, as viewed in the operating direction of rotation D, downstream of the ink application, and particularly upstream of a nip point  776  with a subsequent inking unit cylinder  519 , printing ink  517  applied previously to the lateral surface  518  can be removed. 
     In particular, the inking device  511  has such a retaining means  526  on at least the downstream side of the ink supply chamber  516  in the operating direction of rotation D of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , and by means of said retaining means, on the output side of the ink supply chamber  516  as viewed in the operating direction of rotation D, i.e. in the region of the downstream end of the ink supply chamber  516 , printing ink  517  that has been carried along previously by contact with the lateral surface  518  can be removed. In this embodiment of the ink application process, the ink supply chamber  516  is delimited on its downstream side in the circumferential direction by the retaining means  526 . 
     The inking device  511  is preferably configured without inking zones, i.e. for example without individually adjustable inking zones, and/or with a retaining means  526  that is continuous in the axial direction across the printing width and/or without individually adjustable ink blade sections. 
     The inking device  511  preferably also comprises a sensor device  594 , by means of which a measure of the volume of ink present in the ink supply chamber  516  and/or a fill level, but at least information regarding the reaching of a critical fill level, e.g. a lower and/or an upper limit value of the fill level, can be derived. 
     In a first embodiment that is advantageous, e.g. in terms of a particularly low ink infeed, the inking device  511  comprises, on at least the downstream side of the application point or of the ink supply chamber  516  in the operating direction of rotation D of the inking cylinder  512 , a retaining means  526  in the form of a wiping means, in particular a doctor blade, the contact force of which is preferably variable or adjustable and which is in physical contact with the preferably hard and unyielding lateral surface  518  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , in particular at least in the working or operating position, which retaining means can be used to remove, substantially completely, printing ink  517  that has been applied to non-engraved regions. In this way, an infeed of printing ink  517  at points where no printing ink  517  is required on the forme cylinder  503  can be reduced quite substantially from the outset. A complete removal of the printing ink  517  is also understood to mean that traces of printing ink  517  will remain on non-engraved regions of the lateral surface despite doctoring with physical contact. In contrast to ink blades, with which the ink film thickness desired for operation can be adjusted, e.g. zonally, by adjusting the size of the gap between cylinder shell and ink blade, and which can be moved up to the lateral surface, e.g. to avoid an outflow of printing ink in the idle state, the retaining means  526  that is in physical contact with the preferably hard and unyielding lateral surface  518  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  is understood as one which during operation is set against the lateral surface  518  for the purpose of doctoring the ink. A doctor blade suitable for this purpose must have greater abrasion resistance and/or hardness at the end of the doctor blade that is in physical contact in the working position than would be required for an adjustable ink blade that is spaced at a distance during operation. At the same time, it must have a certain elasticity and/or resilience so that it will rest flexibly and/or across the entire width against the lateral surface  518 . The retaining means  526  embodied as a doctor blade is configured, at least in a section adjoining the doctor blade edge  566 , with a thickness of 0.7 to 1.3 mm, for example, in particular of 0.9 to 1.1 mm. In addition to or independently of this, the embodiment that involves physical contact during operation requires, e.g., a positioning drive  551 , which moves the doctor blade not only up to the position of initial contact, but beyond that to the point of at least slight elastic deformation caused by the contact pressure against the lateral surface  518 . 
     The retaining means  526 , in particular in the form of a wiping means, e.g. a doctor blade, is advantageously configured as “positive” or is arranged correspondingly “positively” in the inking device  511 , i.e. it is or can be deployed at an inclination relative to the tangent, so that the tangent at the point of contact forms an acute angle with the retaining means  526 , e.g. wiping means, in particular the doctor blade, on the side of the ink supply chamber  516 . This angle prevails, e.g. at least in the region of the operative end, i.e. in an end section of the retaining means  526 , e.g. at least 3 mm in length, which cooperates in contact with the lateral surface  518  or without contact with the same. 
     In an embodiment of the pattern of recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  that is advantageous particularly in conjunction with the embodiment of the retaining means  526  as a doctor blade that is in physical contact during operation, recesses  513 , in particular linear recesses, on the gravure inking cylinder  512  that correspond to recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  are at least not all configured as uninterrupted; instead, particularly in the case of recesses  513  of greater length, e.g. for recesses  513  measuring at least 500 μm in length, at least some have at least one supporting point  515 , in particular one supporting ridge  515 , which interrupts the recess  513  on the second inking cylinder  512  that corresponds to the continuous recess  514  on the forme cylinder  503  and/or which lies within the encompassing ends of a recess that corresponds in shape to a continuous recess  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , and whose upper surfaces lies at the level of the uninterrupted, i.e. non-engraved, lateral surface  518  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , for the purpose of supporting the doctor blade (indicated, e.g., in  FIG. 4   a, iii , by way of example, in two engravings  513  in the lower portion of the diagram). A supporting ridge  515  of this type, the upper surface of which lies at the uninterrupted level, preferably connects two edges that lie on opposite sides of the relevant recess  513  to one another. These supporting points  515  or supporting ridges  515  prevent the doctor blade edge  566  from dipping, e.g. even very slightly, into elongated recesses  513 , which can lead to irregularities in the doctor blade edge  566  and/or to erosions at the edges of recesses  513  if such dipping is repeated a large number of times. 
     Preferably, however, such supporting points  515  or supporting ridges  515  are not placed individually in individual recesses  513 , and are instead accounted for or provided during the derivation of recesses  513  to be provided on the gravure inking cylinder  512  from image-forming recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , particularly during the transformation of image-forming recesses  514  present or to be provided on the forme cylinder  503  into specifications for corresponding recesses  513  to be provided on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , as will be described in greater detail below, for example. 
     Such supporting points  515  or supporting ridges  515  can generally be provided, by means of appropriate software, for example, “randomly”, i.e. in a random, non-regular arrangement, which involves advantages in terms of the avoidance of visible structures. In a solution that is advantageous in terms of the reliability of secure support, however, supporting points  515  or supporting ridges  515  are superimposed on the pattern of recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  in a regular structure  525  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4   ii ). Said structure is preferably superimposed over the entire area of recesses  513  of the same image motif to be inked on the forme cylinder  503 , e.g. over all lines or the lines of an ink segment of the image to be depicted, for example a portrait, a building, or an illustration of fauna or flora. As a result of said superposition, in places where the intended structure  525  and a recess  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  overlap, an elevation is or will be provided, the height of which is at the level of the uninterrupted lateral surface  518 . In other words, the structure  525  is discernible only in the area of the recesses  513 , at the supporting points  787  or supporting ridges  787  extending there according to the pattern  525 , and continues correspondingly, e.g. in adjacent recesses  513 . 
     Such a regular structure  525  of supporting ridges  787  can generally be configured in a variety of ways. For example, supporting ridges  787  can be provided along straight and parallel lines of an open line structure  525  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 4 b, i    and  ii ). Alternatively, supporting ridges  787  may be provided on walls of closed, circular or polygonal structures, such as honeycomb structures  525 , for example (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4   b, iii ), or along wave structures  525  that run in opposite directions (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4   b, iv ) or in the same direction (see, e.g.,  FIG. 4 b, v   ), or along structures  525  otherwise provided in an open or a closed form. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, said structure is superimposed, e.g. as a line structure  525  of rectilinear lines, onto the pattern of recesses  513 , in which case the lines run rectilinearly and parallel to one another and are spaced apart from one another by 300-700 μm, for example, advantageously by 400-600 μm, and/or run at an angle of 20°-30°, for example, advantageously 25°-35°, in particular 30°±2°, from a line that runs parallel to the axis of rotation of the gravure inking cylinder  512  on the lateral surface  518 , or from the doctor blade edge  566 , and/or have a ridge width at the level of their surface of 30-50 μm, for example, in particular of 35-45 μm, preferably of 40±2 μm. In  FIG. 4 b   , e.g. for each of the structural forms mentioned an example of the underlying structure  525  is provided, along with an illustration of an image section showing a corresponding structure. The reference number  515  for the ridges has been placed between parentheses because they are only indirectly visible there. 
     In a second embodiment, which is advantageous in terms of wear, for example, the inking device  511  can comprise, on at least the downstream side of the application point or the ink supply chamber  516  in the operating direction of rotation D of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , a retaining means  526  configured as an ink blade, for example, preferably an adjustable ink blade, by means of which in the working or operating position, a small, preferably adjustable distance of at least 2 μm, for example, in particular at least 5 μm, and/or of at most 100 μm, for example, advantageously at most 50 μm, in particular at most 20 μm, from the lateral surface  518  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be produced or is produced during operation. In this way, the printing ink  517  applied to non-engraved regions is or can be limited to a thin layer thickness of at least 2 μm, for example, in particular at least 5 μm, and/or at most 100 μm, advantageously at most 50 μm, in particular at most 20 μm. 
     Particularly in conjunction with at least a substantial removal of the printing ink  517 , i.e. a complete removal or a removal except for a thin layer, from the non-engraved lateral surface regions of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , a significant ink infeed is achieved selectively at desired locations; for that reason, the inking unit cylinder  512  or gravure inking cylinder  512  that is furnished with the engravings  513  or recesses  513  is also referred to as a “selective cylinder”  512 . 
     The relief inking cylinder  519  has, on its circumference, a preferably elastic and/or at least slightly compressible material layer, for example, the outer surface of which forms the lateral surface  521  and which comprises the raised areas  522  or elevations  524  and the recesses therebetween. 
     The gravure inking cylinder  512  to be inked by the inking device  511  and the relief inking cylinder  519  downstream, optionally with one or more inking unit rollers or cylinders arranged in series therebetween, make up an inking unit  529  here, hereinafter also called an inking train  529 , by means of which printing ink  517  of a certain color can be fed into the printing unit  500  and is or can be conveyed in the direction of the forme cylinder  503 . 
     Said inking train  529  can generally be arranged, in the region of its downstream end, with the lateral surface  521  of the chablon cylinder  519 , for example, cooperating directly with the forme cylinder  503  or with the printing forme  504  thereof, in the printing unit  500 . In an embodiment that is advantageous in terms of multicolor printing, multiple such inking trains  529 , e.g. at least two, can also be arranged around the forme cylinder  503 . It is also possible for the forme cylinder  503  to be assigned one or more inking trains  529  configured as having a gravure inking cylinder  512 , as described above, and one or more inking units  532 , e.g. inking trains  532 , configured differently, e.g. configured conventionally without a gravure inking cylinder, and having an ink fountain comprising an ink blade, for example, and an ink fountain roller with a smooth surface. 
     When multiple inking trains  532  are provided, each of these inks up one “color segment” of the print image, for example, i.e. one print image segment assigned to this color to be applied. The pattern of recesses  513  and/or elevations  524 ;  524 ′ or raised areas  522  on the relevant inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519  of two inking trains  529  are therefore different from one another, at least to a large extent. In particular, the relevant inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519  have different patterns of recesses in the respective region of the lateral surface  518  that corresponds to the same image motif to be printed at the printing nip  502 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, particularly with regard to multicolor printing, the inking train  529  is arranged in the region of its downstream end, e.g. in the region of the relief inking cylinder  519 , cooperating with another inking unit cylinder  531 , e.g. acting as a transfer cylinder  531 . Said cylinder is in turn arranged cooperating with the forme cylinder  503  in the printing unit  500  and preferably has an elastic and/or compressible lateral surface. 
     In a particularly preferred embodiment of the printing unit  500  as a multicolor printing unit  500 , in particular configured for simultaneous multicolor printing at the printing nip  502 , the additional inking unit cylinder  531  is embodied or acting as an ink collecting cylinder  531 . In that case multiple inking trains  529 , e.g. at least two, configured as described above as having a gravure inking cylinder  512 , or a combination of one or more inking trains  529  configured as described above as having a gravure inking cylinder  512  and one or more inking trains  532  that are configured differently, e.g. conventionally, without a gravure inking cylinder, for example with an ink fountain comprising an ink blade and an ink fountain roller with a smooth surface, can be arranged on the circumference of the ink collecting cylinder  531 . For example, a total of five inking trains  529 ;  532  may be provided, of which, for example, three, e.g. lower, inking trains  529  are configured as inking trains  529  that feed in printing ink  517  selectively (i.e., selective inking trains  529 ) while the other two, e.g. upper, inking trains  532  are conventionally configured (see, e.g.  FIG. 2 b   ). However, it is also generally possible for another heterogeneous breakdown and/or positioning of selective and conventional inking trains  529 ;  532  to be provided, e.g. one lower and one upper inking train  532  of five conventionally configured inking trains  529 ;  532  with three selective inking trains  529  therebetween, or for a homogeneous embodiment with exclusively selective inking trains  529  to be provided. 
     Generally, the inking device  511  can be arranged as desired, cooperating with the lateral surface  518  on the open circumference, i.e. on the circumference that is not covered by the nip point  776  with the relief inking cylinder  519  or by any other components. 
     In a first embodiment, however (see, inter alia,  FIGS. 1 a , 2 a  and 3 a   ), the inking device  511  can be arranged on the side of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that faces away from the relief inking cylinder  519 . In that case, the aforementioned line of contact or line of the shortest distance is on the side that faces away from the relief inking cylinder  519 , for example. 
     Thus a line of contact that, if the retaining means  526  is embodied as a wiping means, in particular a doctor blade, is formed between said means and the lateral surface  518  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , or if the retaining means  526  is embodied as an ink blade, the line of the shortest distance on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , lies in this first embodiment of the positioning of the inking device  511  on a circumferential section of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that is on the side facing the relief inking cylinder  519 , in particular upstream of the line of intersection with the aforementioned vertical plane, as viewed in the operating direction of rotation D. A line of contact is also understood, of course, as a point of physical contact that, as viewed in the circumferential direction, has an actual width not equal to zero, e.g. a width of up to 2 mm. In the case of physical contact, this may be caused by a “grinding in” of the doctor blade edge through contact with the lateral surface  518  and/or may be desirable to create a better seal. 
     In an alternative second embodiment, which is especially advantageous particularly with respect to ink supply and ink metering (see, inter alia,  FIGS. 1 b , 2 b  and 3 b   ), the inking device  511  is arranged on the side of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that faces the relief inking cylinder  519 . A side of the gravure inking cylinder  512  is understood as a hemisphere that lies on one side of a vertical plane running through the axis of rotation R 512  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 . 
     In that case, both for the first and for the alternative embodiment, an arrangement of the gravure inking cylinder(s) and associated relief inking cylinder(s)  512 ;  519  in the printing unit  500  is provided, such that, in the print-on position, the plane connecting the rotational axes R 512 ;  519  of the gravure inking cylinder and the associated relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  of all, some, or at least one gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. a third of five, comprised by the printing unit  500 , forms a maximum angle of 60°, preferably a maximum angle of 45°, with the horizontal. An arrangement of this type represents an arrangement of the main components of the inking unit aligned predominantly in the horizontal direction, namely from the infeed of ink, through the selective transfer and optionally the collection of ink, to the inking of the forme cylinder  503 . Where the two aforementioned embodiments functionally involve the same components or component groups, no differentiation is made in the reference symbols used for this purpose. 
     The inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  and the inking device  511  may be provided, together with the printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 , in a common frame, or may be arranged in a separate frame  533 ;  538 , e.g. frame section  533 ;  538 , which is different from the frame supporting the printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 , for example. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, the inking unit frame  533 ,  538  is configured as separable. Said frame comprises a frame  538 , e.g. frame section  538 , that supports, e.g. the inking device  511  and the gravure inking cylinder  512  and has frame walls provided on both sides, which can be separated from a frame part that supports the relief inking cylinder(s)  519  and optionally the transfer cylinders  531  and can be moved away or backed out radially, in particular horizontally, in order to form therebetween, for example in the open state, an operating and/or maintenance space for operating technicians. Said frame part may be a frame part that also supports the printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 , but is preferably embodied as a frame section  533  assigned solely to the inking unit  508 , which can in turn be moved away from a preferably spatially fixed frame section supporting the printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 , radially in relation to the printing unit part  509 , in particular horizontally, in order to form therebetween, for example in the open state, an operating and/or maintenance space for operating technicians. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, the inking device  511 , but at least the retaining means  526 , e.g. wiping means or doctor blade, or the ink blade, and if applicable the boundaries of the ink supply chamber  516  on the sides of the inking device  511 , is adjustable with respect to its radial position relative to the gravure inking cylinder  512 , for example it can be moved further or closer to the lateral surface  518  and less or further away from the lateral surface  518  (as indicated, e.g., schematically by double arrow  534 ). Positioning is implemented by means of a positioning drive  551 , e.g. via a transmission  527  comprised by the positioning drive  551 , and/or is preferably implemented by a remotely actuable drive means  536  comprised by the positioning drive  551 . The positioning drive  551 , in particular for the embodiment of the retaining means  526  as a doctor blade that is in contact during operation, is preferably configured such that if the doctor blade becomes shortened due to wear, the doctor blade will be repositioned toward or against the lateral surface  518 . This can generally be accomplished by means of a control loop having a sensor that registers the shortening and a drive motor  536  as the drive means, or by means of a drive motor  536  as the drive means, which is controlled with respect to the applied torque. In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the drive means  536  is configured as a force-based drive means  536 , preferably in the form of a pressurized medium-actuated actuator  536 , e.g. working cylinder  536 , in particular pneumatic cylinder  536 . Particularly if the retaining means  526  is configured as a doctor blade, this enables a level of contact force to be ensured and/or to be varied selectively by choosing the pressure level. If the retaining means  526  is configured as an ink blade, the distance of which is adjustable, for example, such a force-based drive means  536  can be positioned against a preferably adjustable stop means, for example. This positioning movement preferably takes place in a region at least close to the cylinder, i.e. in at least the last 3 mm before reaching the lateral surface  518 , for example, linearly or at least approximately linearly. The conditions at the lateral surface  518  are thus maintained, e.g. even with repositioning or with changing lengths of the retaining means, in the case of a pivoting movement about a pivot axis, preferably with a radius of curvature that corresponds to at least twice the diameter of the gravure inking cylinder. Particularly advantageous is a movement, or a guidance that forces said movement, for which the angle of inclination of the retaining means  526  or of the entire moving assembly, e.g. in relation to horizontal or to the tangent of the gravure inking cylinder  512  at the point of contact, is maintained within the positioning range in the case of repositioning induced by wear and/or with activation and deactivation of the retaining means. Said movement preferably extends linearly in the doctor blade plane, i.e. in the direction of the extension thereof running from the mount to the first physical contact with the gravure inking cylinder  512 . Said movement can be defined via a guide  576 , which defines the movement path and which is included in the drive train between drive means  536  and the component to be moved, or which, parallel to the drive train acting on the component, forces the component that is to be moved onto the movement path. The guide  576  that maintains the angle of inclination of the retaining means  526  or of the parts that delimit the ink supply chamber  516  on the sides of the inking device  511 , e.g. with respect to the horizontal, may be provided, in particular, as a straight linear guide  576 , for example, or as a parallelogram guide  576 . For this purpose, the inking device  511  or at least the retaining means  526  and the parts that form the ink supply chamber  516  on the sides of the inking device  511  are mounted, accordingly movably, for example directly or indirectly on a side part  537 , e.g. side frame part  537 , in particular side panels  537 , which side part is in turn mounted, immovably fixed, on a frame  538  of the inking unit  508  or preferably on holding means  539  that are fixed with respect to the axis of rotation R 512  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. end-face side parts  539  of a subframe that is moved along with the gravure inking cylinder  512 . For the preferred case in which the gravure inking cylinder  512  is mounted movably in the frame  538  of the inking unit  508 , e.g. for alignment purposes or for throwing-on and throwing-off in the radial direction, mounting the inking device  511  or the frame part  537  that supports the inking device  511  in a manner fixed to the cylinder, i.e. coupled to the gravure inking cylinder  512 , ensures a constant relative position of retaining means  526  and lateral surface  518 , even when the gravure inking cylinder  512  changes position. The end-face side parts  539  can be arranged fixed, for example, to an outer, non-rotating but, e.g. itself eccentrically mounted bearing ring of a radial bearing  672 ;  691 , which receives an end-face cylinder journal  559  or end-face ends  559  of a shaft supporting the inking unit cylinder  512 . In the following, where not explicitly distinguished, such a shaft end is also referred to as journal  559  or cylinder journal  559  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 . Said bearing ring, embodied as eccentric, for example, or an outer ring that accommodates said bearing ring eccentrically, is mounted, e.g. in a frame bore and is configured, for example, as an eccentric ring  733 , in particular as an eccentric bushing  733 . 
     To reinforce the subframe, the two side parts  539  can be reinforced, e.g. in an end region lying remotely from the axis of rotation R 512  (insertion of the gravure inking cylinder  512  in  FIG. 5 b   ), by a cross member  605 , in particular a crossbar  605  (see, e.g. as indicated by way of example in  FIGS. 5 b  and 10 b   ). 
     The positioning mechanism and its drive can generally be configured such that, in addition to adjusting the position and/or the contact force or the distance of the retaining means  526 , it is also possible to back the inking device  511  away over a long positioning path, e.g. at least 50 mm, in particular 100 mm, which is necessary for maintenance or make ready purposes, for example. In an advantageous embodiment, however, the inking device  511  is mounted, e.g. on frame part  537 , such that it can be moved away from the gravure inking cylinder  512 , for example such that it is pivotable about an axis  541  provided on the frame part  537 . Movement toward and away from the cylinder can be implemented manually or by a remotely actuable drive means. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, the inking device  511 , but at least the retaining means  526 , e.g. in the form of a wiping means or doctor blade or as an ink blade, and optionally the boundaries of the ink supply chamber  516  on the sides of the inking device  511 , is mounted such that it is movable, in particular can oscillate, in its axial position relative to the gravure inking cylinder  512 , for example such that it is movable back and forth between a right end position and a left end position. This movement corresponds, e.g. in  FIG. 3 a    and  FIG. 3 b   , to a movement into and out of the plane of the sheet and is therefore indicated only by a slightly inclined double arrow  542  and by the symbols representing an arrow end and an arrow tip. This oscillating movement is preferably carried out over a total traversing distance of at least 2 mm, e.g. a distance of between 3 and 8 mm, preferably between 4 and 6 mm. The mounting of the inking device  511  or at least of the retaining means  526 , e.g. in the form of a wiping means or doctor blade or an ink blade, and optionally of the boundaries of the ink supply chamber  516  on the sides of the inking device  511 , is configured to enable an axial oscillation over a traversing distance of at least 2 mm, e.g. a distance of between 3 and 8 mm, preferably between 4 and 6 mm. The axial movement is implemented via an axial drive  552 , for example oscillating drive  552 , e.g. via a transmission  528  comprised by the oscillating drive  552  and/or preferably by a remotely actuable drive means  543 , in particular an electric motor  543 , which is comprised by the oscillating drive  552 . For this purpose, the inking device  511  or at least the retaining means  526 , in particular the doctor blade, and the parts that form the ink supply chamber  516  on the sides of the inking device  511 , are mounted such that they are correspondingly axially movable on the frame part  537 , for example, or on the frame, frame part, or frame section  538  that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512 . This mounting to enable the axial relative movement may be provided, as described above, directly or indirectly on the frame  538  of the inking unit  508  or preferably on a holding means  539  that is fixed to the cylinder. The frequency for axial oscillation is between 0.05 and 1.00 Hz, for example, preferably within the range of 0.1 to 0.3 Hz. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, a device  544  for axially equalizing the ink level in the ink supply chamber  516 , e.g. an ink distribution device  544 , in particular an ink stirring device  544 , is provided. Said device comprises at least one ink distributor  546 , for example, acting as a distributor finger  546  or, in particular, an ink stirrer  546 , which protrudes with a leading end  553 , at least in the working position, into the ink supply chamber  516 , in particular far enough that one end  553  of it is or can be immersed into the fill level located operationally upstream of the retaining means  526  or the doctor blade. In place of the immersed end  553  or preferably additionally thereto, the ink distributor  546  of the ink distribution device  544  can comprise an ink outlet  619 , which is or can be moved axially back and forth on the ink distributor  546  in the ink supply chamber  516 , thereby distributing the printing ink  517  to be fed in. During operation, the printing ink  517 , in particular viscous, which is held in reserve in the ink supply chamber  516 , forms a so-called ink roll, which forms directly upstream of the retaining means  526  as a result of contact with the lateral surface  518  as it moves past. The at least one ink distributor  546  is mounted, axially movable for example, directly or indirectly on the frame  533 ;  538  that supports the inking device  511 , or preferably on a side part  537 ;  558  of the inking device  511  or directly on an optionally provided cross member  547 , e.g. crossbeam  547 . For example, it is arranged on a slide  548 , which is mounted such that it is axially movable in or on a linear guide  549  and is movable back and forth by a drive means  581 , e.g. an electric motor  581 . For instance, in an advantageous first embodiment (see, by way of example, e.g., the first embodiment of the arrangement and/or embodiment of the inking device  511  as depicted in  FIGS. 11 and 12   a ), it can be moved back and forth by a drive means  581  configured as an electric motor  581 , via a transmission that converts rotation into linear movement, for example. In a second advantageous embodiment (see, by way of example, e.g., the second embodiment of the arrangement and/or configuration of the inking device  511 , as depicted in  FIG. 12 b   ), it can be moved back and forth by a drive means  581  configured as a pressurized medium-actuated piston/cylinder system  581 . In that case, for example, a piston connected to the slide  548  carrying the ink distributor  546  is moved back and forth in an axially extending pressurized medium chamber  565 , e.g. cylinder  565 . In a preferred embodiment, the pressurized medium chamber  565  extends in a crossbar, in particular in the aforementioned crossbar  547  carrying the doctor blade mount  554  or the slide  548  with the doctor blade mount  554 . The two chambers at the two ends of the piston can be supplied with pressurized fluid, in particular pressurized compressed air, through two separate pressurized fluid lines  545 , or through such a pressurized fluid line  545  via a controlled switching valve. 
     Advantageously, the ink distributor  546  is moved back and forth at a frequency of at least 0.3 Hz, preferably at least 0.5 Hz. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, the gravure inking cylinder  512  is mounted in the inking unit  08  or in the frame  533 ;  538  thereof such that it is removable operationally, i.e. for example for replacement or for maintenance and/or make ready purposes, and/or without dismantling additional inking unit components, for example. In one embodiment, this may be a removal in the axial direction of the inking unit cylinder  512 , or in another embodiment, it may be a removal in the radial direction. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, the gravure inking cylinder  512  is configured as temperature-controllable, in particular such that temperature control fluid can flow through it. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, the temperature of the printing ink  517  to be supplied to the ink supply chamber  516  can be controlled in the line path upstream of an outlet into the ink supply chamber  516 . For this purpose, a temperature control device  604 , in particular a heating device  604 , is provided in the ink supply line path, for example. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned positions and/or embodiments, in a preferred embodiment the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be rotationally driven by its own drive means  616 , e.g. drive motor  616 , which is mechanically independent of the drive of the other inking unit cylinders  519 ;  531  and/or printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 . 
     Without restriction of the above-described embodiments and variants, in the following a first advantageous exemplary embodiment (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 5 a , 6 a   ,  7 ,  8   a ,  9 ,  10   a ,  11 ,  12   a ,  13 ,  14 ,  15 ,  16  and  17 ) and a second advantageous exemplary embodiment (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 5 b , 6 b , 8 b , 10 b  and 12 b   ) of the configuration and/or arrangement of the inking device  511  will be described in greater detail, wherein in the first exemplary embodiment, the inking device  511  is arranged on the side of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that faces away from the relief inking cylinder  519 , and in the second exemplary embodiment is provided on the side of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that faces the relief inking cylinder  519 . In the first exemplary embodiment, the retaining means  526 , e.g., for example in the form of an ink blade or in particular a doctor blade, cooperates with the gravure inking cylinder  512  on the side thereof that rotates upward during operation, and in the second exemplary embodiment said cooperation occurs on the side of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that rotates downward during operation. The latter applies in particular to the embodiment of inking unit  508  that comprises the additional transfer cylinder  531 , in particular ink collecting cylinder  531 . 
     The inking device  511  comprises, at least on the downstream side of the aforementioned application point or ink supply chamber  516  in the operating direction of rotation D of the inking unit cylinder  512  comprising the recesses  513 , the retaining means  526 , e.g. a doctor blade or an ink blade, by means of which, as viewed in the operating direction of rotation D, after the ink has been applied and especially before it passes through a nip point  776  with a subsequent inking unit cylinder  519 , printing ink  517  previously applied to the lateral surface  518  can be removed. In this embodiment, the retaining means  526  is preferably configured as a doctor blade and removes completely, as defined above, printing ink  517  applied previously to the lateral surface  518  from non-engraved regions. 
     In the first embodiment, the line of contact or, if the retaining means  526  is embodied as an ink blade, the line of the shortest distance on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512  preferably lies in the region of the upper half of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. in the range of 10° to 30° above the horizontal line running through the axis of rotation R 512  of said cylinder, and for the second embodiment, it preferably lies in the region of the lower half, e.g. in the range of 70° to 89° below the horizontal line that divides the gravure inking cylinder  512  at the center. The retaining means  526 , preferably configured here as a doctor blade, is held, in particular clamped, in a two-part retaining means mount  554 , in particular a doctor blade mount  554 , which comprises a holding bar  556  that supports the retaining means, in the first embodiment e.g. on the ink chamber side and in the second embodiment, e.g. on the outside, and on the other side comprises a clamping or cover strip  557 , which is detachably connected, e.g. screwed, to the former. The retaining means mount  554  or the holding bar  556  can be embodied as self-supporting, for example, and can be mounted immediately, e.g. directly on side parts  537 ;  558 , e.g. side frame parts  537 ;  558 , for example, side panels  537 ;  558 , but is preferably arranged at or on a cross member  547 , e.g. the crossbar  547 , which is mounted, e.g. at both ends on the end-face frame parts  537 ;  558 . In the first embodiment of the arrangement of the inking device  511 , a part of the holding bar  556  that continues downward, alone or together with the optionally provided crossbar  547  or an optionally provided additional component, forms the rear boundary of the ink supply chamber  516 , i.e. the boundary opposite the gravure inking cylinder  512 . In a first variant of this first embodiment, the ink supply chamber  516  is open toward the bottom, except for an ink distributor  546  of an optionally provided ink distribution device  544  optionally projecting into the space from below and/or an ink collecting device  561  provided therebeneath, for example, for printing ink  517  that may drip off during operation or after operation. In that case, for example, a guide device  563 , e.g. a single-part or multi-part guide plate  563  that just touches or only nearly touches the lateral surface  518  is provided, which guides the printing ink  517  up to the lateral surface  518 , to be transported along by the same in the direction of rotation back to the retaining means  526 . Below this, a collecting receptacle  562 , e.g. a collecting trough  562 , for receiving printing ink  517  that drains out of the ink supply chamber  516  in an idle mode, for example, can be provided. 
     Spaced from the active-side edge  566  of the retaining means  526 , e.g. the doctor blade edge  566 , of the holding bar  556 , on the ink supply chamber side for the first embodiment of the arrangement of the inking device  511 , a barrier  564 , e.g. a drip barrier  564  rising into the ink supply chamber  516  is provided, for example, by means of which barrier a runoff of printing ink  517  at the rearward boundary is counteracted. Said barrier  564  may be formed by the shaping of the holding bar  556  or by a separate, angled bar  564 . 
     Regardless of whether the inking device  511  is arranged in the first or the second embodiment, the retaining means mount  554 , in particular the holding bar  556 , is configured to accommodate retaining means  526  of different lengths and/or to accommodate retaining means  526  of different unobstructed lengths, i.e. the length of the part of the retaining means  526  that is not clamped in the retaining means mount  554  or supported by the holding bar  556 . The length of the retaining means  526  or of said part is understood as its extension from the front edge facing the gravure inking cylinder  512  to the rear edge remote from the cylinder or to its clamping point or point of support. The axial extension of the retaining means  526  is understood here as its width. In addition to or in place of this, the retaining means mount  554  is configured to accommodate retaining means  526  of different thicknesses and/or, in addition to a retaining means  526  that acts to remove printing ink  517 , to accommodate a support element (not shown), which compensates for a height difference in the case of thinner retaining means  526  and/or which protrudes from the retaining means mount  554  on the side close to the cylinder and supports the retaining means  526 , particularly for the embodiment of said retaining means as a doctor blade intended for physical contact, on the side that forms an obtuse angle with the cylinder tangent in the line of contact. 
     In an advantageous configuration of the inking device  511 , retaining means  526  of different thicknesses and/or rigidities may be kept on hand and/or usable in the retaining means mount  554 . 
     Regardless of whether the inking device  511  is arranged in the first or the second embodiment, the ink supply chamber  516  is delimited at its end faces by side parts  567 , e.g. side panels  567 . These side parts  567 , also called side seals, enclose the ink supply chamber  516  laterally and, on the side  568  that faces the gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. the sealing side  568 , have a profile complementary to the cooperating section of the cylinder circumference. Thus this side can be placed against the relevant section of the cylinder circumference nearly without a gap. The side parts  567  may be made of an at least slightly compressible and/or elastic material or may have a layer made of a flexible, e.g. compressible and/or elastic material on the side  568  that forms the seal. The side parts  567  are arranged, in particular detachably fastened, e.g. at the end faces of the holding bar  556  of the retaining means mount  554  and/or on the cross member  547  that supports said holding bar. Said parts can be mounted movably in the direction of the gravure inking cylinder  512  and can be preloaded, e.g. by spring means, e.g. compression springs, in the direction of the gravure inking cylinder  512 . In the activated position, the two side parts  567  cooperate directly with the lateral surface  518  having the engravings  513  or, if the gravure inking cylinder  512  carries an ink transfer forme that has the engravings, said side parts preferably cooperate with edge regions of said ink transfer forme. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, in addition to the retaining means  526  delimiting the ink supply chamber  616  downstream in the direction of rotation, in particular in addition to the retaining means  526  configured as a doctor blade, a removal device  572  can be provided behind the retaining means  526  in the direction of rotation, by means of which printing ink  517  that accumulates at the downstream edge of the retaining means  526  as viewed in the direction of rotation can be removed from the edge before it can be released and carried along on the lateral surface  518 , or in another embodiment, printing ink  517  that has accumulated and been carried along can be prevented from entering the nip point  776  with the second inking unit cylinder  519 . 
     For this purpose, a holding device  569  can be connected to the holding bar  556  of the retaining means mount  554  and/or to the cross member  547  supporting said bar and/or to the frame  538  or side parts  539  of an aforementioned subframe, and an optionally provided removal device  572 , which will be described in greater detail below, is arranged, in particular can be detachably arranged, on said holding device, preferably in conjunction with the arrangement of the inking device  511  in the first embodiment. 
     The components immediately surrounding the ink supply chamber  516  on the side of the inking device  511 , e.g. at least the retaining means mount  554  including retaining means  526 , the cross member  547  if applicable, the side parts  567  if applicable, an optionally provided removal device  572  or holding device  569  for a removal device  572 , and optionally, additional components, e.g. additional retaining means and/or optionally provided ink blade drives, arranged fixed to said former components but detachably, e.g. for maintenance or make ready purposes, will also be referred to in the following collectively as an ink supply unit  571 , and, particularly in conjunction with a retaining means  526  configured as an ink blade, as an ink fountain  571 . 
     Said ink supply unit  571  can preferably be removed in its entirety from the inking device  511  (see, e.g., as indicated by way of example in  FIG. 6 b   , based on the second embodiment of the arrangement of the inking device  511 , but shown here rotated 180° around a vertical center axis to provide a view from the other side), but advantageously can at least be moved away within the inking device  511  from a working position to a maintenance or make ready position spaced a greater distance from the gravure inking cylinder  512 . For this purpose, the ink supply unit  571 , as illustrated, e.g. in the example of the embodiment according to  FIG. 3 a    and  FIG. 5 a   , is mounted, e.g. to be movable, in particular linearly movable, directly on the frame, frame part, or subframe  538  that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512 , or preferably on a side part  537 ;  558 , e.g. frame part  537 ;  558 , in particular a side panel  537 ;  558 , which is in turn supported indirectly or directly, and movably or rigid, on the frame, frame part, or frame section  538  that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512 . The linearly movable mounting is preferably accomplished via a linear guide  573 , e.g. dovetail guide  573 . As illustrated by way of example, e.g., in  FIG. 6 b   , for the embodiment according to  FIG. 3 b    and  FIG. 5 b   , for example, the ink supply unit  571  comprising the retaining means mount  554  and the retaining means  526  can be embodied as removable in its entirety from the inking device  511 , in particular as detachable from the cross member  547  that remains in the inking device  511  and directly or indirectly supports the retaining means mount  554 . In that case, the ink supply unit  571  can be secured directly or indirectly to the cross member  547  via fastening means not specifically designated in the figures, e.g. via screws or a lock. 
     The embodiments and configurations of details presented “by way of example” above and in the following for one of the embodiments and/or arrangements of the inking device  511  can be applied logically to the general approach to the solution or alternately to the other embodiment, unless this is explicitly contradicted or is clearly not applicable. 
     In an advantageous embodiment already mentioned above, the retaining means  526 , in particular the ink supply unit  571  comprising the retaining means  526  and/or delimiting the ink supply chamber  516 , is configured as adjustable in terms of its radial position relative to the gravure inking cylinder  512 , in particular as movable up to and away from said cylinder, by means of a positioning drive  551  that has, e.g., a drive means  536  and/or a transmission  527 . Particularly if the removal means  526  is intended for physical contact, the positioning drive  551  is preferably configured to reposition the retaining means  526  if the active edge of the same should become worn resulting in a shortening of the retaining means  526 , such that the desired and/or existing contact, in particular contact force and/or contact position, of the doctor blade edge on the lateral surface  518  is maintained. For this purpose, for example, a sensor-based determination, by means of appropriate sensors, of the shortening or easing caused by wear can be provided or carried out, along with a corresponding motorized repositioning by a motorized drive means. Alternatively, however, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, the drive means  536  may be configured as a force-based drive means  536 , preferably as a pressurized medium-actuated working cylinder  536 , in particular pneumatic cylinder  536 . The force, in this case the pressure, can preferably be varied within at least a positioning range. Particularly if the retaining means  526  is configured as a doctor blade, this enables a certain contact force to be ensured and/or to be varied selectively by choosing the pressure level. If the retaining means  526  is embodied as an ink blade, the spacing of which is adjustable, for example, such a force-based drive means  536  can be used to adjust the retaining means  526  or the ink supply unit  571  or the retaining means mount  554  supporting the retaining means  526  against a preferably adjustable stop means, for example. 
     Although the adjustment can generally also be achieved by pivoting about a pivot axis, in a first embodiment, which is advantageous particularly in connection with a possible oscillating movement and/or with an inking device  511  located on the side of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that faces away from the relief inking cylinder  519 , a guide  576  configured as a parallelogram guide  576  may be provided for the radially movable mounting. In that case, the ink supply unit  571  comprising at least the retaining means  526  is mounted on both sides, or each side part  558  that supports the ink supply unit  571  or the retaining means  526  to enable relative movement as described above is mounted on two rocker arms  574 , in particular extending in the manner of two opposite sides of a parallelogram. These two rocker arms  574  act on the ink supply unit  571  carrying the retaining means  526  or on the retaining means mount  554  at two points that are spaced different distances from the gravure inking cylinder  512  and that are pivotable about correspondingly spaced pivot axes. On the frame side, they can pivot about respective pivot axes at the same distance from one another stated above, the distance between the pivot axes on a respective rocker arm  574  being the same for both rocker arms  574 . 
     Particularly if the guide is embodied as a parallelogram guide  576 , if the retaining means  526  or the ink supply unit  571  comprising it is embodied as axially movable or oscillatable, for example, the rocker arms  574  are preferably configured as elastically deformable rocker arms  574 , e.g. as sheet metal strips. 
     On the frame side, the rocker arms  574  can be mounted directly on the frame, frame part, or frame section  538  that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512 , or on a single-part or multi-part side part or frame part  537  indirectly connected to such a frame, frame part, or frame section  538 . On the frame side, the rocker arms  574  are preferably mounted on the single-part or multi-part side part or frame part  537  on which the drive means  536  that effects the positioning movement also engages on the frame side. As drive means  536 , an electric motor may be provided, however in this case a pressurized medium-actuated working cylinder  536 , in particular a pneumatic cylinder  536 , is preferably provided. If an aforementioned axial mobility or oscillation is provided, the drive-side coupling of the drive means  536  to the ink supply unit  571  or to the retaining means mount  554  is implemented via a coupling that absorbs the relative movement, for example, as illustrated by way of example for the first embodiment of the inking device  511 , via an articulated connection  577 , e.g. via a ball joint  577 , or as is provided by way of example, e.g., for the second embodiment of the inking device  511 , on a non-oscillating part of the inking device  511 , e.g. the non-oscillating cross member  547  here. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the guide  576  as a linear guide  576 , which is advantageous, e.g., in terms of rigidity, the inking device  511  is mounted, supported for radial movement, on both sides in or on pairs of guide elements  576 . 1 ;  576 . 2  that are linearly movable relative to one another (see, e.g., as illustrated by way of example in  FIG. 5 b    for the second embodiment of the arrangement and/or embodiment of the inking device  511 ), one of which is arranged fixed to the inking unit frame  533 ,  538  or to the aforementioned frame section  538 , with the guide element  576 . 2  that is movable relative thereto being connected directly or indirectly to the retaining means  526  of the inking device  511 . In that case, activation is preferably implemented via a pressurized medium-actuated actuator  536 , which preferably works against a resilient element  535 , e.g. at least one compression spring  535 . On the side of the activated position, the positioning path may be limited by an adjustable stop. 
     The guide elements  576 . 1  provided fixed to the frame are arranged, for example, together with the drive means  536  and the optionally provided resilient element  535 , in a housing  555 , e.g. bearing housing  555 , which is correspondingly arranged directly or indirectly on the inking unit frame  533 ,  538  or on the aforementioned frame section  538 . 
     Particularly if the guide  576  is embodied as a linear guide  576 , and/or for example, if the retaining means  526  or an ink supply unit  571  comprising said retaining means is embodied as axially movable or oscillatable, the guide elements  576 . 2  assigned to the inking device  511  are not connected rigidly and directly to the retaining means  526 , but rather to a component that supports the retaining means  526 , e.g. to a or to the aforementioned cross-member  547 , preferably such that the retaining means is axially movable. In that case, the retaining means  526  is arranged, for example, on a slide  575 , e.g. carriage  575 , which is mounted to be axially movable in one or more axially extending guides  585  (see, e.g., the example of the second embodiment for the arrangement of the inking device  511  in  FIG. 8 b   ). If the ink supply unit  571  is removable, it is or should be arranged detachably on the slide  575 , for example. 
     The gravure inking cylinder  512  and the inking device  511  can be arranged directly on the printing unit frame or on the relevant frame section  538  ( 533 ). In an advantageous refinement, they are mounted on side parts  578  of a subframe that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the inking device  511  and that can be moved, for example displaced, via plain bearings or particularly roller bearings, as a unit, in particular along a horizontal direction, on guides  579 , in particular such that the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be thrown onto or thrown off of the inking unit cylinder  519  that follows downstream. 
     In an advantageous embodiment that comprises an oscillatable or oscillating retaining means  526  or an oscillatable or oscillating ink supply unit  571 , an axially acting linear drive, e.g. a spindle drive rotated by an electric motor and reversible in terms of its direction of rotation, in particular a reciprocating ball spindle drive, or a linear motor that is reversible in terms of its direction of movement can be provided. In an embodiment that is preferred here, axial driving is implemented via a transmission  528  that converts the rotation of a drive means  543  embodied as an electric motor  543  into linear movement. 
     In a first embodiment (see, e.g., the example relating to the second embodiment for the configuration and/or the arrangement of the inking device  511  in  FIG. 9  and  FIG. 10 a   ), said transmission  528  comprises a drive element  583 , for example, which is rotatable eccentrically about an axis of rotation extending, e.g., perpendicular to the desired axial direction, in particular an eccentric disk  583 , the axis of rotation of which extends, e.g., perpendicular to the desired axial direction, and which engages in a recess  584  that is provided on single-part or multi-part transmitting means  586 , which are connected fixedly or at least rigidly in the transverse direction to the retaining means mount  554 . Said transmitting means may be, for example, an extension  586 , e.g. a lug  586 , which is arranged directly on the ink supply unit  571  or, in the case of an aforementioned removability, on the side part  558  that supports the ink supply unit  571  such that it is radially movable. The inside width of said recess  584 , as viewed in the axial direction, corresponds to or is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the eccentric disk  583 . Perpendicular to this, for example, a greater inside width is provided, which corresponds at least to the diameter of the eccentric disk  583  plus twice the eccentricity. The eccentric disk  583  can be driven by the electric motor  543  directly, or via a transmission  587 , e.g. here an angle gear  587 . 
     In a second embodiment (see, e.g., the example relating to the second embodiment for the configuration and/or the arrangement of the inking device  511  in  FIG. 6 b    and  FIG. 10 b   ), said transmission  528  likewise comprises a drive element  583 , for example, which is rotatable eccentrically about an axis of rotation extending, e.g., perpendicular to the desired axial direction, here in particular a coupling  583  arranged eccentrically at the end face of a shaft  595  driven by the electric motor  543 , e.g. with its axis of rotation extending perpendicular to the desired axial direction, of the transmitting means  586  configured here, e.g., as a single-element or multi-element coupling  586 , e.g. a single-part or multi-part linkage  586 . The shaft  595  may be formed, for example, by the axle  595  of the electric motor  543  itself or by a shaft  595  that is a continuation of said axle and/or is driven by the same. The single-element or multi-element coupling can act indirectly or directly on the ink supply unit  571 , which is axially displaceable in its entirety, or on an axially displaceable slide  575 . The inside width of said recess  584 , as viewed in the axial direction, corresponds to or is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the eccentric disk  583 . Perpendicular to this, for example, a greater inside width is provided, which corresponds at least to the diameter of the eccentric disk  583  plus twice the eccentricity. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the parts that determine the axial traversing distance by means of the eccentricity, e.g. the eccentric disk  583  or the shaft  595  having the eccentric coupling  583 , can be exchangeable. 
     In an advantageous embodiment having an aforementioned ink distribution device  544 , the inking device  511  comprises an aforementioned device  544  for axial ink distribution and/or equalization, with an ink distributor  546  mounted so as to be axially movable, as viewed in the axial direction of the gravure inking cylinder  512  (see, for example, double arrow  588 ). The at least one ink distributor  546 , e.g. distributor finger  546 , is mounted in this case for axial movement, for example, via a slide  548 , on a cross member  589  other than the aforementioned crossbar  547 , e.g. another crossbar  589 , which is in turn mounted directly or indirectly at each end face on the frame  533 ;  538  that supports the inking device  511 , or preferably on a side part  537 ;  558  of the inking device  511 . In place of the immersed end  553 , or preferably in addition thereto, the ink distributor  546  of the ink distribution device  544  may comprise an ink outlet  619 , which is or can be moved axially back and forth in the ink supply chamber  516  on the ink distributor  546 , thereby evenly distributing axially the printing ink  517  that is to be supplied. 
     The ink distributor  546 , in this case, e.g., the sole ink distributor, is arranged on a slide  548 , which is mounted for axial movement in or on a linear guide  549  and can be moved back and forth, for example via a transmission  582  that converts rotation into linear movement, by a drive means  581 , e.g. an electric motor  581 . The transmission  582  in this case is preferably embodied as a transmission  582  that converts rotation into linear movement, in particular a traction drive  582 . Said transmission comprises a traction means  591 , preferably revolving, e.g. a toothed belt  591 , on which the slide  548  mounted in or on the guide  549 , in particular the linear guide  549 , is fastened in such a way that said slide follows the axially moved traction means  591  or the run of a revolving traction means  591  on which it is fixed, preferably detachably fixed. The traction means  591  is clamped, for example, to a block that is fixed to the slide. On the slide  548 , rollers are provided, for example, which work together with lateral, axially extending guides. The traction means  591  is or can be driven, for example, by a drive wheel  592 , e.g. belt pulley  592 , which is partially wrapped, e.g. by the traction means  591 . Said drive wheel is or can be driven by the electric motor  581  directly or via a transmission. 
     The motion reversal can be controlled, for example, via a contactless sensor  617 , e.g. a proximity switch  617 . In addition, an emergency shut-off circuit element  618  may be provided, e.g. in the form of a mechanically actuatable emergency shut-off switch  618 , which is provided at the end face of the slide  548  or of a component that is moved along axially with said slide  548  in the movement path thereof. 
     In the region of its front end  553 , which performs the distribution, the distributor finger  546  may comprise, e.g., a stirring head  553 , multiple stirring elements  593 , which may be configured as a type of paddles, for example, or as an arrangement, e.g. multiple rows, of tines. 
     In an advantageous inking device  511  comprising an embodiment of an aforementioned ink distribution device  544 , said inking device comprises a sensor device  594 , by means of which a measure of the volume of ink present in the ink supply chamber  516  and/or the fill level can be derived, but at least information about the reaching of a critical fill level, e.g. for a lower and/or an upper limit value of the fill level. 
     In a first advantageous embodiment (see, e.g., the example shown in  FIG. 12 a    relating to the second embodiment for the configuration and/or the arrangement of the inking device  511 ), an arm lying between the slide  548  and the stirring head  553  comprises for this purpose a section  596 , which is embodied as having lower transverse rigidity in the axial direction than other arm sections. In particular, this section  596  is embodied as having reduced rigidity in the transverse direction such that in the operating position, with axial movement at operating speed and with a sufficiently filled ink supply chamber  516 , the arm undergoes significant elastic deflection in this section  596 , at least in the axially central segment of movement and/or at the maximum axial speed. In this section  596 , on at least one side that faces in the axial direction, preferably on both sides, a sensor  597  for detecting extension and/or compression, e.g. strain gauge  597 , is provided, extending in the longitudinal direction of the arm. The section  596  that supports the strain gauge(s)  597  can comprise mutually opposing arm sections connected to one another by a bridge-like tapered section  598 . The region of the tapered section  598  may be filled in with compressible and/or elastic filler pieces  599 . Generally, in a simple embodiment the arrangement of one or more such sensors  597  can also be provided on an arm that is homogeneous in cross section, potentially with losses in terms of accuracy. 
     In a second advantageous embodiment (see, e.g.,  FIG. 8 b    in the example of the second embodiment for the configuration and/or arrangement of the inking device  511 ), the sensor device  594  operates without contact and/or comprises an optical sensor  597 , which is directed toward a location in the ink supply chamber  516  and picks up radiation reflected from there. The measuring principle can be based on a reflection measurement with or without a dedicated illumination source. Alternatively, the sensor  597  may be an acoustic sensor  597  that picks up acoustic signals reflected by the printing ink  517 . 
     The sensor device  594  or the strain gauge(s)  597  or other types of sensors  597  is or are functionally connected for signal communication to evaluation and/or control means (not shown). 
     During normal operation, i.e. at a sufficient fill level, the printing ink  517  present in the ink supply chamber  516  supplies a certain resistance to the ink distributor  546 , which is in the working position and oscillating at the operating speed, resulting in a certain, operationally desirable deflection and thus a certain signal. If there is insufficient printing ink  517  in the ink supply chamber  516 , the resistance is decreased and the signal representing the extension will change accordingly. A minimum threshold can be determined empirically, for example. Although it is conceivable to evaluate the current fill level by correlating the signals with the fill level over a given range, in a simpler embodiment the reaching of a limit value is monitored, and when said limit value is reached, a warning is issued and/or preferably, the printing ink  517  is refilled to a certain volume. For that purpose, the evaluation and/or control means relating to the fill level can be functionally connected to a positioning and/or conveyor device  601 , e.g. a valve or preferably a pump  601 , by means of which printing ink  517  can be conveyed from an ink reservoir  602 , e.g. an ink tank  602 , into the ink supply chamber  516 . Said conveyance is accomplished, e.g. via a line system having at least one flexible and/or at least one rigid line section  603 . 
     The printing ink  517  can generally be fed into the ink supply chamber  516  stationarily at a central location, for example, or at multiple axially spaced locations. This is the case, for example, particularly if no aforementioned ink distribution device  544  is provided. In an advantageous embodiment, the ink is supplied by means of the line system via an ink outlet  619 , which opens into the ink supply chamber  516  and which is or can be moved back and forth axially within the ink supply chamber  516 . In the embodiment having an ink distribution device  544 , the ink outlet  619  is preferably moved along with the ink distributor  553  and in particular is arranged on the ink distributor  553 . The line section  603  leading to the ink outlet  619  or at least to a connection point on the slide  548  may be flexible or, as set out here, rigid. With the rigid embodiment of at least one oscillating part of the line system, in particular of the aforementioned line section  603 , a frame structure  621  can be provided to the side of the frame  538 , for routing of an upstream flexible line section  622  and/or to offer protection for press operators from collision. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the infeed system, particularly in the line system, comprises a temperature control device  604 , by means of which the temperature of the printing ink  517  can be controlled to a constant and/or desired operating temperature. Said temperature control device can generally be provided anywhere in the conveyor path between ink reservoir  602  and ink outlet point, e.g. ink outlet  619 , in the ink supply chamber  516  and can generally be of any desired embodiment. Preferably, however, it is configured here as a heating device  604  based on electrical resistance or a heating device  604  based on electromagnetic induction and/or is integrated into a line section  603 , preferably a rigid line section, e.g. into the cable sheathing thereof. An advantageous embodiment comprises, for example, a tubular sleeve made of ferrous material, which can be excited by a coil winding and which forms the actual line itself or encases such a line, directly or via a non-magnetic and/or thermally highly conductive coaxially arranged sleeve, e.g. a copper sleeve. The line section  603  and/or an end of the temperature control device  604  near the outlet side is preferably provided near the ink outlet in the infeed system, e.g. less than twice the length  1639  of a cylinder barrel  639  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  away. 
     In addition to or instead of providing a heating device  604  in the line section  603 , a heating device  604  may be provided in the pump  601 , e.g. within the housing thereof, in particular in the region of the transmission. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the inking device  511  comprises, particularly in the region of the ink supply unit  571  that delimits the ink supply chamber  526 , e.g. in the region of the retaining means mount  554 , means by which the temperature of the printing ink  517  located in the ink supply chamber  526  can be controlled. For this purpose, e.g. in a wall of the parts delimiting the ink supply chamber  526  or even in the ink supply chamber  526  itself, at least one fluid path, e.g. a channel or a line, is preferably provided, through which temperature control fluid can flow. For this purpose, temperature control fluid can be fed to this fluid path at an intake point  615 , e.g. a releasable coupling piece  615 , e.g. a valve coupling  615 , and, after flowing through the inking device  511 , in particular the ink supply unit  571 , e.g. the retaining means mount  554 , leaves the inking device  511  or ink supply unit  571 , e.g. the retaining means mount  554 , via an outlet. 
     Particularly advantageously for an embodiment in which the retaining means  526  cooperates with the gravure inking cylinder  512  on the upwardly rotating side thereof during operation, but not only for such an embodiment, measures are taken to prevent a volume or at least a significant volume of printing ink  517  from collecting on the downstream side of the edge  566  of the retaining means  526 , e.g. the doctor blade edge  566 . This may be a measure, for example, in which the retaining means  526  has an ink repelling, e.g. oleophobic surface layer, e.g. coating, on its downstream side, at least in a region close to the edge. 
     In place of or in addition to this, for example in a first embodiment, a removal device  572  is provided, by means of which any printing ink  517  that collects on the downstream side of the edge  566  of the retaining means  526 , e.g. the doctor blade edge  566 , can be cleared, in particular removed therefrom. Due to the highly viscous nature of the printing ink  517 , it can gradually pass through beneath the edge  566  and collect on the opposite side, e.g. even when the retaining means  526  is engaged as a doctor blade. This can also result from the conveyance in the engravings  513 . In principle, this removal from the downstream side of the edge  566  can be accomplished in a different way. For example, the removal device  572  may comprise a blower device directed toward the downstream edge region, e.g. what is known as an air blade, by means of which printing ink  517  that would otherwise accumulate is blown continuously or in cycles onto the lateral surface  518  and is thereby continually transported away in small quantities. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, e.g. depicted in  FIG. 5 a    and  FIG. 6 a   , the removal device  572  comprises as a removal means  606 ;  606 ′ a cleaning tape  606 , the width of which in the axial direction of the gravure inking cylinder  512  preferably extends over at least the entire width of the retaining means  526  and/or the entire width of the ink supply chamber  516  delimited at the end faces by the side parts  567 , and which, adjacent to the downstream edge  566  of the retaining means  526 , is or can be guided past the lateral surface  518  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  spaced at a short distance therefrom, e.g. less than 10 mm, e.g. less than 5 mm, preferably less than 3 mm. Said cleaning tape  606  is or will be guided, e.g., around a deflecting element  607  that runs in the axial direction of the gravure inking cylinder  512  and in particular extends over at least the width of the cleaning tape  606 . The distance from the edge  566 , as viewed in the direction of rotation, is e.g. likewise less than 10 mm, e.g. less than 5 mm, preferably less than 3 mm. Preferably, fresh cleaning tape  606  is drawn from a supply  608 , e.g. unwound from a roll  608 , and is routed, optionally via one or more deflection elements  611 , e.g. deflection rollers  611 , into the angle between the lateral surface  518  and the downstream side of the retaining means  526 , where it is deflected by a deflection element  607 , e.g. guide wedge  607 , which preferably dips like a wedge into the angle, and is collected, optionally via one or more deflection elements  612 , e.g. deflection rollers  612 , in a receptacle  609 , e.g. is wound onto a roll  609 . An at least slightly absorbent cleaning tape  606 , in particular a paper web  606 , is preferably provided as the cleaning tape  606 . The aforementioned elements of the removal device  572  are preferably arranged in a common frame  613  which can be removed, for example in its entirety, from the inking device  511 , e.g. from the aforementioned holding device  569 , for example it can be removed once an optionally provided securing and/or locking device  614  is opened. 
     In an alternative embodiment to the first embodiment of the removal device  572 , a doctor blade  606 ′, e.g. capturing doctor blade  606 ′, may be provided as the removal means  606 ;  606 ′ downstream between the retaining means  526  and the nip point  776 , and can be set against the lateral surface  518  in physical contact therewith or forming a preferably variable distance, e.g. of less than 0.5 mm, in particular at a distance of less than 100 μm. In an advantageous embodiment, said doctor blade can optionally be set against the lateral surface  518  in physical contact therewith or forming an aforementioned, preferably variable distance. The removal device  572  preferably comprises a positioning drive  625 , by means of which the capturing doctor blade  606 ′ can be moved into the working position and/or can be varied in its working position with respect to its distance from the lateral surface  518 . Said positioning drive  625  can generally be embodied as a manually controllable mechanism, but is preferably controllable via a remotely actuable drive means  645 , e.g. a drive motor  645 , or preferably by a drive means  645  that is adjustable with respect to the force F, e.g. a pressurized medium-actuated piston/cylinder system  645 . In an advantageous embodiment, an adjustable stop means  655  is provided, which limits the positioning path of the capturing doctor blade  606 ′ or of a mount carrying the capturing doctor blade  606 ′ for the working position thereof, and against which the positioning drive  625  places the capturing doctor blade  606 ′ or a mount carrying the capturing doctor blade  606 ′. A contact force, e.g. caused by elastic deformation, of a capturing doctor blade  606 ′ set against the lateral surface  518 , or in another variant, a distance from the lateral surface  518 , can thus be adjusted. The stop means  655  may be an eccentric, for example, and/or may be controllable manually or via an additional remotely actuable drive means. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the capturing doctor blade  606 ′ and a collecting receptacle  562  provided therebeneath, e.g. a collecting trough  562 , are arranged on the holding device  569  such that they are positionable jointly, e.g. are connected to one another and positionable, e.g. pivotable, jointly by the positioning drive  625 . In an advantageous embodiment, the collecting trough  562  together with the capturing doctor blade  606 ′ are arranged detachably on the holding device  569  so that they can be removed for cleaning or maintenance purposes without costly dismantling. 
     In one variant of the inking device  511 , shown by way of example and particularly advantageously in the first exemplary embodiment, but not only for said embodiment, during operation, i.e. when the downstream-side retaining means  526  is in the activated position, the ink supply chamber  516  is also essentially completely closed on the upstream side by at least one additional retaining means  623 , preferably configured as a doctor blade. If the additional retaining means  623  is embodied as a wiping device or doctor blade, there can preferably be physical contact, or a short distance, e.g. less than 50 μm, may be present or provided. 
     In an embodiment in which the ink supply chamber  526  is closed on both sides, it can be configured as a chamber in a chamber doctor blade  627  between the downstream retaining means  526 , e.g. as a working doctor blade, and the upstream retaining means  623 , e.g. as a final doctor blade (see, e.g.  FIG. 15 ). This chamber doctor blade  627  may be embodied as self-supporting, for example, and may be mounted immediately, e.g. directly on side parts  537 ;  558 , e.g. side frame parts  537 ;  558 , for example side panels  537 ;  558 , but is preferably arranged at or on an aforementioned cross member  547 , e.g. crossbar  547 , which is mounted, e.g. at both ends on the end-face frame parts  537 ;  558 . 
     In addition, upstream of the upstream retaining means  623 , a guide device  624 , e.g. a guide plate  624 , may be set or settable against the lateral surface  518 . Said guide plate serves, for example, to capture and divert printing ink  517  that is located in the chamber after the chamber doctor blade  627  has been moved away, and can itself be set against and moved away from the lateral surface  518 , for example via a positioning mechanism  626 . 
     Generally independently of the specific embodiment of the printing press or the printing unit  500 , the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , or the embodiments and variants thereof, but preferably in conjunction with one of the stated embodiments, configurations, and variants, as has already been mentioned, in a first embodiment that is particularly advantageous, e.g. in terms of easy handling, the engravings  513  are provided on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , for example directly on the outwardly active lateral surface  518  of the prepared gravure inking cylinder  512 , in particular are produced or engraved directly on this lateral surface  518  and/or are arranged inseparably on the same. 
     Said engravings  513  can generally be produced directly in the region of a cylinder outer surface  631 , e.g. metallic, of a cylinder body  628 , e.g. a supporting cylinder body, made of a metallic material, e.g. a steel, for example the outer cylinder surface  631  of a cylinder body  628  embodied as a solid cylinder  628 , in particular made of a metallic material, preferably of steel, or of a single or outer cylinder wall  629 , in particular made of a metallic material, preferably of steel, of a cylinder body  628  configured, e.g. as a single-part or multi-part hollow cylinder  628 . In this embodiment, the aforementioned lateral surface  518  that carries the recesses  513  or engravings  513  and/or is active for ink transfer is thus formed by the outer, e.g. metallic outer cylinder surface  631  of the cylinder body  628  itself (see, e.g.,  FIG. 18 ). Such an outer cylinder surface  631  made of metallic material can be engraved in the same way, for example, that is used to produce gravure printing formes  504  for the forme cylinder  503 , which are preferably formed with a metallic surface. 
     A metal or metallic material, unless otherwise specifically defined, is generally understood here as any metal or metal alloy, e.g. steel, in particular cast steel, structural steel, or possibly tool steel, that is suitable for producing such cylinder bodies  628 . 
     Preferably, however, rather than being provided directly on the metal outer cylinder surface  631 , for example, the engravings  513  are provided in an outwardly directed surface  632  of a layer  633 , hereinafter also referred to, e.g., as the active or cover layer  633 , which is or can be provided directly or indirectly on the cylinder body  628 , e.g. as the cylinder main body  628 . Said layer  633  is preferably arranged fixedly, i.e. not operationally detachably, e.g. via an adhesive bond, on the outer cylinder surface  631 , or simply lateral surface  631 , for example is connected to the same via firm bonding. It extends on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. axially at least over the maximum width to be printed by the printing unit  500 , i.e. the maximum printing width, and/or over the maximum width provided for inking by the gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. over a width of 750 to 1,000 mm, in particular between 800 mm and 950 mm, and in the circumferential direction over at least one printing length, preferably over the entire circumference. Thus, in this embodiment the aforementioned lateral surface  518  bearing the recesses  513  or engravings  513  and/or active for the ink transfer is or will be formed by the outwardly directed surface  632 , e.g. lateral surface  632 , of the layer  633  provided on the cylinder main body  628  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 ). 
     The layer  633  can generally be made of any material or mix of materials, provided it is sufficiently hard and/or wear resistant. These may be, e.g., layers  633  of preferably coated metal or of a ceramic material. As the metal layer  633 , e.g. a chrome-plated nickel layer or a brass layer may be provided. 
     The layer  633  preferably has a hard surface having, e.g. a Vickers hardness VH of at least 800 HV 10, advantageously more than 1000 HV 10, preferably at least 1100 HV 10, and/or a low porosity, e.g. a maximum porosity of 5%, preferably less than 3%, in particular less than 2%, and/or an elasticity according to Young of between 30 and 70 GPa, for example, preferably of 40 to 60 GPa, and/or a Poisson number of 0.20 to 0.30 Poisson, for example, and/or a fracture toughness of 4.0 to 5.0 MPa*m 1/2  and/or a tear resistance of at least 40 MPa, preferably at least 45 MPa. 
     Preferably, the layer  633  is a ceramic layer  633 , i.e. made of a ceramic material, in particular having one or more of the aforementioned properties. An embodiment of the ceramic material as technical ceramic is advantageous. Preferably, the ceramic is embodied as oxide ceramic, particularly advantageously as chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ). The ceramic layer  633  preferably is or will be applied as a coating  633  by means of a plasma spraying process or a flame spraying process to the outer cylinder surface  631  or to an intermediate layer  636  that may be provided on the same. 
     The thickness d 633 , e.g. layer thickness d 633 , of the layer  633 , in particular ceramic, that is formed amounts in non-engraved regions or regions without recesses  513  or engravings  513  to a maximum of 350 μm, for example, advantageously to a maximum of 200 μm, preferably to 160±20 μm 
     The layer  633  can be arranged directly on the outer cylinder surface  631 , in particular applied thereto, or can optionally be provided as an outer layer  633 , i.e. the active layer or cover layer  633 , which is active for the transfer of ink, of a multilayer structure  634 . 
     If advantageous, an intermediate layer  636 , e.g. a substrate  636  that serves to improve adhesion, i.e. an adhesive substrate  636  for short, may be provided between the outer cylinder surface  631  and the cover layer or active layer  633  having the recesses  513  or engravings  513 . As such an intermediate layer  636 , in particular at least if the layer  633  is formed directly on the cylinder body  628 , a CrNi or Al layer  636  for example, e.g. having a layer thickness d 636  of 0.03 to 0.08 mm, may be provided. 
     In a second embodiment, likewise already mentioned, which is especially advantageous, e.g. in terms of the use of materials and/or the costs, and independently, in principle, of the specific embodiment of the printing press or of the printing unit  500 , the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , or the embodiments and variants thereof, but preferably in conjunction with one of the stated embodiments, forms, and variants, the engravings  513  or recesses  513  are provided on the outwardly facing surface  632  of an ink transfer forme  637 , which is in the form of an ink transfer forme sheath  637  that is closed in the circumferential direction, hereinafter also referred to synonymously simply as a sleeve  637 , and which can be arranged on the outer cylinder surface  631  of the cylinder main body  628  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 21, 22, and 23 ). Such a sleeve  637  can generally be configured as comprising a single layer, in which case the cylindrical wall is formed solely by the layer  633  that includes the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on the outwardly facing surface  632 , e.g. lateral surface  632 , and/or is active for the transfer of ink. Said layer  633  can generally be made of any desired material, but is preferably made of a wear-resistant material, e.g. a metallic or preferably a ceramic material. 
     Particularly preferred, however, is a multilayer embodiment of the sleeve  637 , for example having a substrate layer  638 , which supports, directly or indirectly, on its outer circumference, in particular on its outwardly facing lateral surface  635 , the layer  633 , preferably ceramic, which includes the recesses  513  or engravings  513  and/or is active in the transfer of ink, e.g. the cover layer or active layer  633 . The substrate layer  638  can form the inner layer of the sleeve  637  or can optionally be furnished with a layer disposed further toward the inside, e.g. a protective layer or slip layer. 
     The layer  633  that has the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on its outwardly facing surface  632 , e.g. lateral surface  632 , and/or is active in the transfer of ink is preferably configured comparably to the layer  633  already specified in greater detail above. It preferably has a hard surface having, e.g. a Vickers hardness VH of at least 800 HV 10, advantageously more than 1000 HV 10, preferably at least 1100 HV 10, and/or a low porosity, e.g. a maximum porosity of 5%, preferably less than 3%, in particular less than 2%, and/or an elasticity according to Young of between 30 and 70 GPa, for example, preferably of 40 to 60 GPa, and/or a Poisson number of 0.20 to 0.30 Poisson, for example, and/or a fracture toughness of 4.0 to 5.0 MPa*m 1/2  and/or a tear resistance of at least 40 MPa, preferably at least 45 MPa. 
     In this case as well, the layer  633  is preferably configured as a ceramic layer  633 , i.e. made of a ceramic material, in particular having one or more of the aforementioned properties. An embodiment of the ceramic material as technical ceramic is advantageous. Preferably, the ceramic is embodied as oxide ceramic, particularly advantageously as chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ). The ceramic layer  633  preferably is or will be applied as a coating  633  by means of a plasma spraying process or a flame spraying process to the lateral surface  632  of the substrate layer  638  or to an intermediate layer  636  that may be provided on the same. 
     The thickness d 633 , e.g. layer thickness d 633 , of the layer  633 , which is particularly ceramic, amounts in non-engraved regions or regions without recesses  513  or engravings  513  to a maximum of 350 μm, for example, advantageously to a maximum of 200 μm, preferably to 160±20 μm. 
     The substrate layer  638  can generally be made of any material, e.g. in an embodiment that is advantageous with respect to thermal conductivity it may be made of a metallic material, but in an embodiment that is advantageous with respect to and/or handling is made of a carbon fiber material, in particular a carbon fiber composite material such as CFRP. The layer thickness d 638  in that case is advantageously less than 5 mm, in particular less than 4 mm, advantageously within a range of 2.0 mm to 3.5 mm, preferably of 2.5 mm to 3.0 mm. The substrate layer  638  preferably has a modulus of elasticity in the circumferential direction of less than 65 GPa, in particular less than 45 GPa, preferably less than 30 GPa. 
     A backing  636 , preferably metallic, e.g. which serves to improve adhesion, is preferably provided between the substrate layer  638 , which is made of a carbon fiber material, for example, and the intermediate layer  636 , preferably metallic, which has the recesses  513  or engravings  513  and/or is active in the transfer of ink. In an advantageous embodiment, said intermediate layer  636  is formed by a layer  636  of aluminum, e.g. having a layer thickness d 636  of 0.10 mm to 0.35 mm, particularly of 0.20 mm to 0.25 mm. 
     The total thickness of the sleeve  637  is preferably 3.0 to 5 mm, in particular 4.0±0.2 mm. 
     In an alternative embodiment of the sleeve  637  that is advantageous, e.g. with respect to thermal conductivity, the substrate layer  638  is made of a metallic material on which the preferably ceramic layer  633 , which has the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on its outwardly facing surface  632 , e.g. lateral surface  632 , and/or which is active in the transfer of ink, is provided directly or optionally indirectly via an intermediate layer  636 , e.g. a CrNi or Al layer. 
     To produce a cylinder body  628  that is furnished directly or indirectly in the aforementioned manner with a ceramic layer  633 , or to produce a sleeve  637  that comprises a substrate layer  638 , the cylinder body  628  or a sleeve-shaped cylindrical substrate layer  638 , e.g. in the form of a blank formed by a sleeve-shaped body, optionally after an aforementioned intermediate layer  636  has first been applied, is furnished, in particular coated, for example by means of a plasma spraying process or a flame spraying process, with a ceramic layer  633 , e.g. having a layer thickness d 633  that is greater than the aforementioned thickness d 633  to be provided for the operationally ready state. The blank that is optionally coated to oversized dimensions, e.g. the coated cylinder body  628  or sleeve blank, is then cylindrically ground to the desired outside diameter. Such an outside diameter is between 260 and 300 mm, for example, in particular from 270 to 290 mm. The coated cylinder body  628  or sleeve  637 , which has optionally been cylindrically ground to the desired diameter, is then furnished with the recesses  513  or engravings  513 . This is preferably done using a laser. This is advantageously a laser having a maximum radiation lying in the near infrared range, in particular the short-wave infrared range, e.g. between 950 and 1,200 nm, preferably at 1,064±20 nm. It is configured, for example, to produce a preferably pulsed beam having a preferably adjustable beam cross section of 10 to 15 μm in the focal range and/or a focal length of 70 to 90 μm and/or having a repetition rate of 400 to 600 kHz. 
     Once the recesses  513  or engravings  513  have been produced, the cylinder body  628  furnished with the layer  633 , e.g. together with end-face journals  559  optionally already comprised by said cylinder body or to be provided thereon, forms the ready-to-use gravure inking cylinder  512  with the recesses  513  or engravings  513  provided on its lateral surface  518 . In the embodiment already mentioned above, in which the gravure inking cylinder  512  is mounted in the inking unit  508  or the frame  533 ;  538  thereof such that it is operationally removable, the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be replaced with a new gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. an entirely new or a refurbished gravure inking cylinder, for example for a new print job or to replace a gravure inking cylinder  512  that is worn in the region of the layer  633 , or can be removed after completion of a production run. 
     In the second embodiment, according to which the layer  633  that has the recesses  513  or engravings  513  is comprised by an ink transfer forme  637  configured as an ink transfer forme sheath  637 , e.g. sleeve  637 , the cylinder body  628 , which is preferably made of steel, or the cylinder wall  629  thereof, which is preferably made of steel, is to be fitted with the sleeve  637  comprising the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on its lateral surface  518  to form a gravure inking cylinder  512  ready for use, or is to be freed of such a sleeve upon completion of the production run or for a change in production. 
     In an embodiment mentioned above, in which the gravure inking cylinder  512  is mounted in the inking unit  508  or in the frame  533 ;  538  thereof such that it is operationally removable, the gravure inking cylinder  512  or the as yet unloaded cylinder body  628  can be removed from the inking unit  508 , for example to set up a new print job or to replace a worn sleeve  637 . To fit the gravure inking cylinder  512  with a new sleeve  637  or to mount such a new sleeve, the gravure inking cylinder, e.g. on the  508  inking unit, is removed. Once a previously worn sleeve  637  has been removed from the cylinder main body  628 , the new sleeve  637  is optionally mounted on the cylinder main body  628 . For this purpose, means for assisting with mounting a sleeve  637  are preferably provided. 
     In a first embodiment, as means for assisting with mounting a sleeve  637  the cylinder body  628  comprises one or more outlet openings  641 ;  644 , e.g. blower openings  641 ;  644 , in the region of the outer cylinder surface  631 , to which a pressurized fluid, in particular pressurized air, can be applied from the inside via a line system, at least for the removal or mounting of a sleeve  637 . In that case, in at least one section of the cylinder main body  628  that is near one end face, at least one first outlet opening  641  or first group of circumferentially distributed or spaced apart outlet openings  641  preferably lying on the same circumferential line, said opening(s) particularly lying near the end face, is/are preferably provided, by means of which, e.g. for mounting a new sleeve  637 , an ink transfer forme sleeve  637 , the leading end of which has been pushed over the at least one first outlet opening  641  or first group of outlet openings  641 , is or can be acted upon by a radially outwardly directed force when pressure is applied from the inside. This first outlet opening  641  or group of openings, as viewed in the axial direction, for example, is spaced no more than ±10 mm from the lateral edge of the maximum cylinder section of a constant cylinder body diameter D 628  that can be used for inking. Said section may begin, at least on the side from which the sleeve  637  is to be mounted, directly in the region of the end-face edge of the cylinder barrel  639  or immediately next to an end cap  662 . 
     Preferably, however, the length  1639  of the cylinder barrel  639  is configured as greater than the maximum length provided for inking and/or greater than the maximum printing width and is grasped in the region of its barrel edge on the side from which sleeves  637  are to be mounted. For this purpose, on this side, in the region of the end-face end, its diameter is preferably smaller than the aforementioned nominal diameter and increases steadily to the full desired diameter over an axial section  642  extending from the end-face end to, at the longest, the beginning of a maximum width intended to be used for inking. The increase can occur linearly with increasing axial distance from the end-face edge and can be inclined, e.g. at an angle of 0.5° to 2°, from the section of constant nominal diameter. This facilitates placement of the sleeve  637  on the outer cylinder surface  631  at the end thereof. The first outlet opening  641  or group of outlet openings  641  is preferably arranged in the transition region between the axial section  642  with an increasing diameter and the constant nominal diameter. As an assistive measure, a groove  643  running in the circumferential direction may be provided, into which the first outlet opening  641  or the outlet openings  641  of the first group lead(s). This promotes a flushing from beneath of the sleeve end that is to be attached, resulting in a widening of the sleeve  637 , or at least a slight widening. 
     Spaced apart in the axial direction from the first outlet opening  641  or first group of openings, e.g. in a central region of the barrel, e.g. in the region between one-fourth and three-fourths of the barrel length, in particular between two-fifths and three-fifths of the barrel length, at least one second outlet opening  644  or preferably at least one second group of multiple circumferentially distributed or spaced apart outlet openings  644 , preferably lying on the same circumferential line, is preferably provided. 
     In an advantageous refinement, in the region of the side opposite the side from which the sleeve  637  is mounted, a stop means  649  can be provided, which protrudes radially beyond the aforementioned section of constant cylinder body diameter D 628 . Said stop means  649  is formed, for example, by a circumferential shoulder  649  that rises above the lateral surface of the constant cylinder body diameter D 628  in the region of the end face. 
     The first outlet opening  641  or group of outlet openings  641  and the advantageously provided second outlet opening  644  or group of outlet openings  644  can be supplied with pressurized fluid, in particular pressurized air, by means of at least one supply line  646 ;  647  extending in the cylinder main body  628 , e.g. axially. A single, respective, or common intake point  648  into the cylinder body  628  for supplying the outlet openings  641 ;  644  with pressurized fluid is preferably provided in the region of the end face or in the region of the one journal  559 . A coupling piece  646 , for example, for pressurized air, for example in the form of a valve coupling  648 , is provided as the intake point  648 . In the case of a first and a second outlet opening  641 ;  644  or a first and a second group of outlet openings  641 ;  644 , separate axially extending supply lines  646 ;  647  are provided for these, for example, which can be supplied via the same intake point  648  leading into the cylinder main body  628 . 
     Such outlet openings  641 ;  644  and supply lines  646 ;  647  may be provided in the outer cylinder wall  629  of a cylinder body  628  configured as a hollow cylinder  628  (see, e.g.  FIG. 25 ) or in the region near the surface, e.g. lying closer to the circumference than to the cylinder axle of a cylinder body  628  configured as a solid cylinder  628  (see, e.g.  FIG. 26 ). 
     In the embodiment comprising means for assisting with the mounting of a sleeve  637 , as a sleeve  637  is being mounted, pressurized fluid, in particular pressurized air, is supplied to the outlet opening  641  or group of outlet openings  641  near the end face, and the sleeve  637  is pushed with one end leading over the end-face end onto the cylinder body  628 , wherein the pressurized air flowing out of the outlet opening  641  or group of outlet openings  641  forms an air cushion beneath the sleeve  637  and/or expands the sleeve  637  slightly in diameter, e.g. by at least 5 μm, in particular by at least 10 μm, at least in the circumferential section lying above the outlet opening  641  or group of outlet openings  641 . If, as in an advantageous embodiment, a second, e.g. aforementioned outlet opening  644  or group of outlet openings  644  is provided, then pressurized fluid is also supplied to said opening or group of openings simultaneously or subsequently to the first, wherein the cushion of fluid beneath the sleeve  637 , which has already been pushed on axially up to said outlet opening  644  or group of outlet openings  644 , is restored and/or another slight expansion takes place. 
     Previously, the cylinder main body  628  is or has been removed from the inking unit  508 , for example, fixed at its other end-face end, e.g. at the cylinder journal  559 , on a holding device such that the sleeve  637  can be pushed unimpeded up to its end position onto the cylinder body  628 . A connection between a pressurized fluid source, e.g. pressurized air source, and the intake point  648  into the cylinder body  628  is also established. 
     If prior to loading, a sleeve  637  to be removed has already been pulled up, this sleeve  637  will be pulled off of the cylinder body  628 , which is fixed in the aforementioned holding device, for example, while pressurized fluid, preferably pressurized air, is applied to at least one outlet opening  644 ;  641 , in particular to at least the outlet opening lying in the central region, preferably to all of the outlet openings  641 ;  644 . 
     Once the cylinder body  628  is or has been loaded with a (new) sleeve  637 , the gravure inking cylinder  512  that was removed for this purpose is inserted back into the inking unit  508 . 
     In an embodiment having alternative means to the outlet openings  641 ;  644  for assisting with mounting a sleeve  637 , the cylinder body  628  embodied as a hollow cylinder  628  comprises as assisting means, in the interior of the outer cylinder wall  629 , at least one first, preferably rotationally symmetrical body  664 , for example a first sleeve  664 , e.g. first tubular sleeve  664 , the outer surface of which is supported indirectly or directly on the inner surface of the cylinder wall  629 . In a preferred embodiment, its inner surface is supported directly or indirectly inwardly on the outer surface of a second, preferably rotationally symmetrical body  666 , e.g. a second sheath  666 , for example a second tubular sheath  666 . In an advantageous embodiment, the first body  664  is arranged between the outer wall and the second body  666  such that it is movable axially relative to the outer cylinder wall  629 . In an advantageous embodiment, the first body  664 , in particular configured as a sheath  664 , is operatively connected at each of its two end faces to a chamber  667 ;  668  to which pressurized fluid can be applied, e.g. pressure chamber  667 ;  558 , by means of which an axial movement in one or the opposite direction is or can be effected by the alternating application of pressurized fluid, in the manner of a two-chamber piston system. 
     At least one side of the first, in particular rotationally symmetrical body  666  and the side of the adjacent component facing this side, specifically preferably of the cylinder wall  629  or of the optionally provided second, in particular rotationally symmetrical body  666 , are configured as conical in opposite directions on the mutually facing sides, i.e. each having a continuously varying radius in the axial direction, and, when they are moved axially toward one another, they cooperate in the manner of a wedge drive with a resulting movement component and/or application of force in the radial direction. With appropriate dimensioning of the wall thicknesses of the inner body  664  and of a relatively thinner cylinder wall  629 , the latter is elastically and radially expanded, at least slightly, when pressurized fluid is applied to the pressure chamber  668 , causing the two conical surfaces to be moved toward one another, in particular pushed into one another. Conversely, when the conical surfaces are moved apart by the pressurization of the pressure chamber  667  that effects this separating movement, the force acting radially on the cylinder wall  629  is reduced, causing the previously elastically expanded cylinder wall  629  to return to its less strained or even unstrained radius. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, the inner surface of the cylinder wall  629  and the outer surface of the first sheath  664  are configured with conical lateral surfaces running in opposite directions. With a correspondingly rigid first sheath  664 , the fixed mounting of this sheath  664  on a first end face-side end cap  662 ;  663 , the fixed mounting of the cylinder wall  629  on the other end cap  663 ;  662 , and a positioning of the pressure chamber  668  related to the first end face as cooperating with the outer cylinder wall  629  from said end face, the second sheath  666  can be omitted. 
     In a preferred embodiment, a fluid under positive pressure, in particular an oil under positive pressure, and/or a pressurized fluid source that can be connected to the cylinder body  628  via corresponding lines and a connector may be provided as the pressurized fluid. The relevant components are displaced relative to one another axially by hydraulic means. 
     A sleeve  637  is mounted, for example, in the same way as has been described in conjunction with the assisting means configured as outlet opening(s)  641 ;  644 , if applicable with the prior removal of a previously carried sleeve  637 , but with the difference that, for mounting and for removal, pressurized fluid, in particular oil under positive pressure, is applied to the pressure chamber  667  that effects a pulling apart of the bodies, and for securing the mounted sleeve  637 , said pressurized fluid is applied to the pressure chamber  668  that effects the movement of the bodies toward one another. For this purpose, the pressure chambers  667 ;  668  are connected in advance to a pressurized fluid source, in particular an oil hydraulic pump. 
     Generally independently of the specific embodiment of the printing press or the printing unit  500 , the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , the forms and variants thereof, and/or the embodiments, forms, and variants set out above for the nature of the arrangement of the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or the means for assisting with mounting a sleeve  637 , but preferably in conjunction with one of the stated embodiments, forms, and variants, the gravure inking cylinder  512 , in particular the cylinder body  628  thereof, is configured in a particularly advantageous embodiment as temperature-controllable, in particular such that temperature-control fluid can flow through it. 
     For this purpose, said cylinder has a temperature control medium inflow  651  at one of its end faces, in particular running coaxially to the axis of rotation R 512 , and a temperature control medium return flow  652  at the other or preferably at the same end face, in particular running coaxially to the axis of rotation R 512 . Inflow and return flow take place here in line sections  651 ;  652  that are coaxial with one another, for example, and/or via a rotary inlet. 
     Inside the cylinder barrel  639  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  or cylinder body  628 , the temperature control fluid can be conducted in various ways, e.g. depending on the structure of the cylinder body  628 . For example, if the cylinder body  628  is configured as a hollow cylinder  628 , temperature control fluid can flow through a wide space between a cylinder wall  629  and an optionally central line  658 , e.g. pipeline  658 . Any temperature control fluid to be supplied can be conveyed through the pipeline  658  into the opposite end-face region, from which it flows back via the cavity, or vice versa. 
     In an embodiment that is advantageous, e.g. in terms of better guidance of the temperature control fluid flow, however, for the flow preferably close to the outer cylinder surface, one or preferably multiple flow channels  653 ;  654 , e.g. each having a small flow cross-section (viewed perpendicular to the respective direction of flow) in relation to the maximum cylinder body cross-sectional area perpendicular to the cylinder axle, for example at most one-tenth, in particular at most one-twentieth of the maximum cylinder body cross-sectional area are provided. To ensure a sufficiently rapid exchange of fluid, the total flow area is less than one-fourth, for example, preferably less than one-eighth, in particular less than one-twentieth, of the maximum cylinder body cross-sectional area. 
     In the embodiment of a cylinder body  628  configured as a hollow cylinder  628 , said cylinder may have, for example concentrically to the outer cylinder wall  629 , a cylindrical wall  656 , lying further inward, of a cylindrical body  657 , e.g. known as a displacement body  657 , which is also closed at its end face, in which case, in a simple embodiment, a flow channel  653  configured as an annular gap can be provided between the outer cylinder wall  629  and the wall  656  of the displacement body  657 . In a further refinement, multiple axially extending annular gap segments can be provided as flow channel  653  in that, for example, axially extending dividing elements  669 , e.g. ridges or ribs, are provided between the inner surface of the cylinder wall  629  and the outer surface of the wall  656  lying further toward the inside. 
     In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the cylinder body  628  configured as a hollow cylinder  628 , in particular in the embodiment having a wall  656  that lies further toward the inside, one or preferably multiple flow channels  653  are provided, running helically on the inner surface of the outer cylinder wall  629 . Said flow channel(s) may be formed by channels placed on the inside. In a preferred embodiment having a wall  656  or displacement body  657  lying further toward the inside, said flow channel(s) is or are formed by one or more helically extending dividing elements  669 , e.g. ridges or ribs, which are provided between the inner surface of the cylinder wall  629  and the outer surface of the wall  656  lying further toward the inside. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature control medium guidance provided helically on the inner surface of the cylinder wall  629  is embodied as multi-threaded, i.e. as having multiple flow channels  653  running side by side helically around the cylinder axis. For a multi-threaded arrangement of helically extending flow channels  653 , said flow channels begin in an end-face distribution chamber  659  at one end of the cylinder, extending spaced apart in the circumferential direction, for example, and lead at the other end of the cylinder into a collecting chamber  661  on the return flow side, after which the collected temperature control fluid is discharged back to the outside via the temperature control medium return flow  652 . 
     In an embodiment of a cylinder body  628  configured, e.g. as a solid cylinder  628  (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 26 and 27 ), said cylinder is embodied as a single piece, at least in a region of the cylinder barrel  639  lying between end caps  662 ;  663 , for example. As flow channels  654 , it has a plurality of bores  654  spaced apart in the circumferential direction, spaced radially from the cylinder center axis, and extending in the axial direction, which are preferably spaced from the central axis in the region near the cylinder, i.e. more than one-half, in particular at least two-thirds of the radius from the same. In the embodiment in which intake and outlet are on the same side, an additional central bore  658  is provided for the fluid forward flow or return. 
     The optionally provided end caps  662 ;  663  can each be formed integrally with the relevant journal  559 . 
     If temperature control medium inflow and return flow are on the same side  651 ;  652 , the infed temperature control fluid is first conducted, for example via the distribution chamber  659 , through one or more flow channels  653 ;  654  in a region near the outer cylinder surface, into the collecting chamber  661  lying on the other side and from there via a central line  658 , for example, in particular pipeline  658 , to the temperature control medium return flow  652 , or conversely, is first conducted through the line  658  and then back via the flow channel(s)  653 ;  654  in the region near the outer cylinder surface. 
     In an advantageous embodiment of the cylinder body  628  configured, e.g. in one of the above embodiments and variants, the cylinder body  628  is configured as temperature controllable, e.g. in an aforementioned manner, and comprises, as alternative or additional means to assist with mounting or removal, one or more flow channels  653 ;  654  through which temperature control medium can flow. 
     A temperature control device that supplies the temperature control medium, e.g. a temperature control medium reservoir with integrated temperature control means, e.g. a cooling device and/or a heating device, is preferably configured to supply temperature control fluid at a fluid temperature below the ambient temperature, in particular below 20° C., preferably below 17° C. In addition, the temperature control device is preferably also configured to supply temperature control fluid at a temperature above the ambient temperature, in particular above 25° C., preferably 40° C. The temperature control device is advantageously configured to set a desired temperature for the temperature control fluid and/or to keep it constant via regulation. 
     Then to assist with mounting or removal of a sleeve  637 , the cylinder body  628  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  is first cooled to below the ambient temperature, for example to below 20° C., in particular to below 17° C., preferably to a temperature of 15±1° C. 
     At 20°, for example, the open inside diameter of the sleeve  637  is consistent with or advantageously is slightly smaller, e.g. by 10 to 70 μm, in particular by 20 to 60 μm, than the outside diameter of the cylinder body  628  in the longitudinal section thereof that accommodates the sleeve  637 . In other words, at a temperature of 20° C., in the first case the sleeve  637  would be seated without pre-tensioning, and in the second, advantageous case the sleeve would rest with pre-tensioning on the cylinder jacket surface  631  of the 20° C. cylinder body  628 . 
     After cooling to below 17° C., for example, preferably to a temperature of 15±1° C., the cooled cylinder body  628  has the same outside diameter, for example, as the open inside diameter of the, e.g., 20° C. sleeve  637 , or advantageously has a smaller size, e.g. by 1 to 40 μm, i.e. an outside diameter that is smaller, e.g. by around 1 to 40 μm, than the open inside diameter of the uncooled, e.g. 20° C. sleeve  637 . This enables the sleeve  637  to be pushed more easily onto the cylinder body  628 , particularly if the outside diameter of the cylinder body  628  is smaller in size. 
     In an advantageous refinement comprising additional assistance means, this can be accomplished by means of one or more outlet openings  641 ;  644  to which pressurized medium is or can be applied, e.g. as described above. 
     After the sleeve  637  has been pushed on, the cylinder body  628  is heated, for example, with heat that is generated during operation and/or preferably by temperature control fluid flowing through it at a temperature that is increased to above the ambient temperature, e.g., greater than 30° C., preferably to 40±3° C., whereby the heating of the cylinder body  628  increases its diameter, stretching the sleeve  637  on its lateral surface  631 . The larger size of the cylinder body  638  in relation to the sleeve  637  resting on it that results during operation at an operating temperature of 40±3° C., for example, and the associated pre-tensioning of the sleeve  637  on the outer cylinder surface  631  is between 70 and 140 μm, for example, preferably between 80 and 120 μm. This ensures a secure fit and a hindrance to twisting of the sleeve  637  on the cylinder body  628 . 
     For the cylinder body  628 , at least in the region of its outer wall, and for the sleeve  637 , it is particularly preferable to choose materials that have respective associated coefficients of expansion such that, at least within the range of heating of 20° C. to 40° C., for example, the cylinder body  628  will experience a greater change in diameter in the region of its outside diameter than the sleeve  637  experiences in its open inside diameter. 
     Mounting a sleeve  637 , optionally with the prior removal of a previously carried sleeve  637 , is performed in the same way, for example, as has been described in connection with the means of assistance, configured as outlet opening(s)  641 ;  644 , but with the difference that for mounting and for removing the sleeve  637 , the cylinder body  628  is cooled, for example, to below 20° C., in particular to below 17° C., preferably to a temperature of 15±1° C. The sleeve  637 , which is at the ambient temperature, for example, or at least 20° C., can then be pushed on, or a sleeve  637  to be removed can be pulled off. Once the sleeve has been pushed on, the cylinder body  628  is heated by the surrounding environment, by the heat generated during operation, and/or by the temperature control device via the heated temperature control fluid, thereby tensioning the sleeve  637  on the lateral surface  631 . 
     In a particularly advantageous refinement, the cylinder body  628  is configured as temperature-controllable and also comprises on its lateral surface  631  at least one outlet opening  641 ;  644  to which pressurized fluid, in particular pressurized air, can be applied. 
     Mounting a sleeve  637 , optionally with the prior removal of a previously carried sleeve  637 , is then performed in the same way, for example, as has been described above in connection with the means of assistance, configured as outlet opening(s)  641 ;  644 , but with the difference that the cylinder body  628  is or has been cooled in advance to below 20° C., for example, in particular to below 17° C., preferably to a temperature of 15±1° C. 
     Generally independently of the specific embodiment of the printing press or printing unit  500 , the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511  or the embodiments and variants thereof, and/or the configuration of the cylinder body  628 , the gravure inking cylinder  512 , or the arrangement of the engravings  513  or recesses  513 , but preferably in conjunction with one of the stated embodiments, forms, and variants, the gravure inking cylinder  512  carrying the ink transfer forme  637  either fixedly or via a detachable sleeve  637  can be removed operationally, i.e. for example for replacement or for maintenance and/or make ready purposes, in its entirety from the inking unit  508 , or preferably, only the ink transfer forme  637  configured as a sleeve  637  can be removed, without removal of the cylinder body  628 . 
     In an advantageous first embodiment, the gravure inking cylinder  512  as a whole or a sleeve  637  arranged thereon can be removed from the inking unit  508  or inserted into the same in the opposite direction toward the side, i.e. in the axial direction of the gravure inking cylinder  512  arranged in the inking unit  508 . Without restricting the embodiment to this application, this axial removal is of particular advantage in conjunction with an aforementioned arrangement of the inking device  511  on the side facing away from the relief inking cylinder  519 . 
     For this purpose, the inking unit cylinder  512  or a cylinder body  628  comprised by it, in at least one make ready position in which the entire inking unit cylinder  512 , the cylinder body  628 , or an ink transfer forme sleeve  637  carried by the cylinder body  628  is to be and/or can be axially removed, is mounted only at one of its end faces on the frame  538 ;  533 , while said inking unit cylinder  512  or the cylinder body  628  thereof is unsupported at its other end face and is freely accessible at least in the region of the axial projection of its cross-sectional area into the plane of the frame without overlap with the frame  538 ;  533 , or from outside of the frame alignment. At least in this region, for example, the inking unit frame  538 ,  533  has a recess or an opening, for example. For the preferred case of a frame  538 ,  533  that can be divided between the first and second inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 , the aforementioned uncovered region or the region of free axial accessibility exists at least when the frame  538 ;  533  is opened, for example. 
     In one variant, the first inking unit cylinder  512  can generally be mounted, i.e. including during operation, at one end, in a manner also referred to as flying or cantilevered, and can be freely accessible in the region of its other end. 
     However, in an embodiment that is advantageous in terms of stability, for example, bearing means  671  that support the gravure inking cylinder  512  at one end face, e.g. a bearing device comprising the outer ring and the inner ring of a radial bearing  672  with roller bodies  673  preferably arranged therebetween, or optionally a wall element that accommodates such a bearing means  671 , can be transferred operationally, for setting up or for changing the gravure inking cylinder  512  or in particular the sleeve  637 , from a working position, in which the gravure inking cylinder  512  is mounted by the bearing means  671  fixedly and ready for operation on the frame  533 ;  538 , to a make ready position. Said make ready position can generally involve any position of the bearing means  671  in which the axial pathway for removal of the gravure inking cylinder  512  or in particular the sleeve  637  is opened up, i.e. is no longer obstructed by the bearing means  671  or by a wall element supporting the same. 
     In a first embodiment, the bearing means  671  on one of the two frame sides, preferably on what is known as the operating side, are mounted fully releasably on the wall of the frame  533 ;  538  or on an aforementioned side part  578 , in particular slide  578 , which is mounted movably on the frame  533 ;  538  of a subframe that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512  together with the inking device  511 , such that, once corresponding holding means, e.g. screw connections and/or clamping devices, have been released from the gravure inking cylinder  512 , the journal  559  or cylinder barrel  639  thereof can be removed completely from the frame  533 ;  538  in the axial direction. 
     In a preferred embodiment, however, the bearing means  671  on one of the two frame sides, preferably on what is known as the operating side, are mounted pivotably, indirectly or directly on the wall of the frame  533 ;  538 , i.e. directly on the wall of the frame  533 ;  538  or on an aforementioned side part  578  of a subframe that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512  together with inking device  511 , which side part is in turn mounted movably on the frame  533 ;  538 , so that once corresponding holding means, e.g. screw connections and/or clamping devices, have been released from the gravure inking cylinder  512 , the journal  559  thereof, or the cylinder barrel  639  thereof, said bearing means can be moved away, in particular pivoted away, while remaining held on the frame  533 ;  538  via a connection  674 , in particular a movable connection, for example via an articulated connection  674  (e.g. shown by way of example in  FIG. 30  for the upper gravure inking cylinder  512 ). 
     Provided the radial bearing  672  has a correspondingly small outside diameter and/or provided only the sleeve  637  will be changed, for example, the removable or pivotable bearing means  671  can comprise a bearing block, e.g. bearing ring, which accommodates the outer ring, and optionally a cover for protection against soiling, in which case the radial bearing  672  remains connected to the gravure inking cylinder  512  or the cylinder barrel  639  thereof. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, however, at least the radial bearing  672 , i.e. at least the bearing means  671  thereof comprising the outer and inner bearings, can be separated in the axial direction from the cylinder journal  559  and moved away from the same, e.g. can be removed completely or preferably can be pivoted away. In the latter case, said bearing means  671  preferably remain held at least indirectly on the frame  533 ;  538 . 
     In the embodiment that is preferred here, when the gravure inking cylinder  512  is in its operationally ready, installed state, the end-face cylinder journal  559  is detachably connected to a shaft section  677  that supports the radial bearing  672 , in particular on its outer side, said connection being effected, e.g., via an axially releasable connection  678  configured as a clamping seat  678  and/or particularly as a conical seat  678 , with or without an additional, circumferentially acting positive connection, for example. This connection  678  is not required to be suitable for the transmission of higher torques but should accommodate the journal  559  without play in the radial direction in the operationally ready, installed state. The shaft section  677  is mounted via the radial bearing  672  in a bearing housing  679 , which at the same time supports, on its inner side, for example, the outer ring-side supporting surface, e.g. contact surface. Thus, in this embodiment, the radial bearing  672 , the axially detachably connected or connectable shaft section  677 , and the bearing housing  679  are encompassed by the bearing means  671  that can be moved into a make ready position, in which the axial pathway for removal of the gravure inking cylinder  512  or particularly of the sleeve  637  is opened up, i.e. will not be or is not obstructed by the bearing means  671  or by a wall element supporting the same. In the interest of brevity, the bearing means  671 , which preferably comprises the radial bearing  672 , the axially detachably connected or connectable shaft section  677 , and the bearing housing  679  and which can be moved into the make ready position, is also referred to in the following simply as the bearing cap  671 , which can especially at least be backed away. 
     The bearing cap  671  or the bearing housing  679  that can be separated and removed from the cylinder journal  559  can then generally be fastened, e.g. screwed, together with radial bearing  672  and shaft section  677 , directly to a frame  533 ;  538  or frame section  533 ;  538  of the inking unit  508  in the operationally ready installed state of the gravure inking cylinder  512 . However, in a preferred embodiment having a gravure inking cylinder  512  that is adjustable radially in the frame  533 ;  538  or frame section  533 ;  538 , in the operationally ready, installed state the bearing cap  671  or the bearing housing  679  is mounted, in particular is detachably attached via appropriate connecting elements, e.g. is screwed and/or clamped, on a side part  539 ;  578 , which, in the case of a radially movable gravure inking cylinder  512 , moves along with said cylinder, for example on a side part  539  of a subframe that moves along with the gravure inking cylinder  512 , which is mounted via an eccentric (as shown in  FIG. 3 b   , for example), or on a lever not shown here, or on a linearly movable side part  578  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 29 ) of the aforementioned subframe that supports, e.g., both the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the inking device  511 . 
     Through the proper fastening of the bearing cap  671  on the frame  533 ;  538 , together with the gravure inking cylinder  512  on an eccentrically mounted bearing ring or side part  539 , on a lever, or on the linearly movable side part  578 , via connecting elements of a preferably positive connection  681 , for example screws  682  of a screw connection  681 , the cylinder journal  559  and the radially mounted shaft section  677  are connected rigidly to one another, in particular via a conical seat  678 , to prevent radial relative movement, so that the cylinder journal  559  is mounted radially on the frame  533 ;  538 , on the eccentrically mounted bearing ring or side part  539 , on a lever, or on the preferably provided side part  578 , indirectly via the shaft section  677 . 
     As mentioned above, the bearing cap  671  may be removable in its entirety for setup once it has been released. In a preferred embodiment, however, it is mounted on the frame  533 ;  538 , the eccentrically mounted bearing ring or side part  539 , the lever, or the side part  578  such that, after the connecting elements have been released, it can be pivoted away for the axial separation of cylinder journal  559  and shaft section  677  and to open up the cylinder end face. In the latter, preferred embodiment, in the installed, operationally ready state the bearing cap  671  is attached, in particular screwed, together with the bearing housing  679 , for example, to e.g. an annular end section  676  of the side part  578 . 
     For example, the bearing cap  671  can be mounted pivotably via a side mechanism, e.g. an articulated connector  674 , on the bearing ring or side part  539 , lever, or side part  578  that is mounted movably in relation to the frame  533 ;  538  to allow the radial movement of the operationally ready gravure inking cylinder  512 , in that the mechanism penetrates the wall of the frame  533 ;  538  in a corresponding recess, for example, and is thereby moved along with the gravure inking cylinder  512 . 
     In the solution that is preferred here, however, the connector  674  is attached to the frame  533 ;  538  via a coupling that accommodates a positioning path of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , wherein the coupling accommodates the relative movement between frame  533 ;  538  and gravure inking cylinder  512  or bearing cap  671  that results from the radial positioning. 
     In the preferred embodiment having a radially positionable gravure inking cylinder  512 , the two end-face bearing means that enable the positioning movement of the gravure inking cylinder  512  together with the inking device  511 , e.g. eccentrically mounted bearing rings or side parts  539 , pivotable levers, or preferably linearly movable side parts  578 , are connected with one another by one or more cross members  684 , for example, to the subframe, in particular braced. In or on the subframe, the inking device  511  is then attached directly to the side parts  578 , for example, or to e.g. a stronger cross member that connects said side parts. 
     The aforementioned operational transfer of the bearing means  671  or the bearing cap  671  differs from a disassembly or partial disassembly of a bearing, e.g. in that with the operational transfer, no readjustment of the bearing play and/or no withdrawal of a radial bearing  672  and/or no separate removal of a bearing housing  679  and/or no withdrawal or insertion of a bearing ring from or into a frame  538 ;  533  or from or into a frame wall is required; instead, a unit forming, e.g. at least the radial bearing  672 , a shaft section  677 , and the entire radial housing  679  supporting the radial bearing  672 , as the bearing cap  671 , for example, can be transferred between the working position and the make ready position. 
     The gravure inking cylinder  512  is preferably thrown onto or off of the second or relief inking cylinder  519  in this case via a joint positioning of gravure inking cylinder  512  and inking device  511  by positioning the bearing means that enable the radial positioning movement, for example the eccentric ring that positions the gravure inking cylinder  512  together with the side part  539 , or by pivoting a lever that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the inking device  511 , or by the linear movement of the side part  578  that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the inking device  511 . The joint positioning is of very particular advantage, for example, if during production, a pressing, i.e. the contact force between the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the next inking unit cylinder  519  downstream, is to be modified, or if the gravure inking cylinder  512  is to follow movement of the next inking unit cylinder  519  downstream is to be tracked. In  FIGS. 29, 30 and 31 , the inking devices  511  embodied, for example, according to the first embodiment of the inking device  511  (see, e.g.  FIG. 1 a   ,  FIG. 2 a   ,  FIG. 3 a    or  FIG. 5 a   , inter alia) or according to the second embodiment of the inking device  511  (see, e.g.,  FIG. 1 b   ,  FIG. 2 b    and  FIG. 3 b   , inter alia) are not shown, but are preferably arranged, for example, on a respective cross member  547 ;  684  in an above embodiment, e.g. on the side facing toward or facing away from the relief inking cylinder  519 . 
     The positioning of the bearing means that enables the radial positioning movement, e.g. the positioning of the aforementioned eccentric rings or side parts  539  or the aforementioned lever or the linearly movable side parts  578 , is carried out by means of positioning drives  686 , preferably provided on both sides in each case, which comprise, for example, a drive means  687 , e.g. an electric motor  687  or preferably a pressurized medium-actuated piston/cylinder system  687 , e.g. pneumatic cylinder  687 , by means of which, via a transmission  688 , e.g. via a transmission  688  comprising a lever, the bearing means, e.g. the aforementioned eccentric rings or side parts  539  or the aforementioned lever or the linearly movable side parts  578 , can be repositioned and thus the gravure inking cylinder  512 , in particular together with the inking device  511 , can be displaced radially. 
     In the embodiment of the drive means  687  as a pressurized medium-actuated piston/cylinder system  687 , the positioning drive  686  used for activation works, e.g. against a stop means  689 , embodied here, e.g., as an eccentric or eccentrically mounted stop bolt, which is advantageously adjustable in terms of its radial distance from the second or relief inking cylinder  519  disposed in the operating position. This can preferably be accomplished by another. This may comprise, for example, a drive means embodied as an electric motor, which adjusts the stop means  689  via a transmission, for example via a spindle drive. 
     At the end face opposite the separable bearing means  671 , the gravure inking cylinder  512  in the embodiment of the cylinder body  628  that is or can be loaded with a sleeve  637  is mounted operationally fixed to the frame  533 ;  538  or to the bearing means that enable the radial positioning movement, e.g. to the aforementioned eccentric ring or side part  539  or to the aforementioned lever or to the linearly movable side part  578 . This is accomplished here via a fixedly provided radial bearing  691 . If the gravure inking cylinder  512  is configured as temperature-controllable, an interface  692 , in particular rotary feedthrough  692 , by means of which the cylinder-side temperature control medium inflow and return flow  651 ;  652  can be connected to corresponding external line sections, may be provided at the end face. 
     Spaced axially from the radial bearing  691 , another radial bearing  693 , e.g. spaced at least 50 mm from the former, may be provided, which axially has a degree of play between the stationary outer ring and the rotating inner ring when the gravure inking cylinder  512  is ready for operation, but which is capable of supporting the gravure inking cylinder  512  when the bearing cap  671  is separated, by absorbing at least part of the torque. In the flying or cantilevered bearing described above as an alternative, the additional radial bearing  693  is embodied without bearing play, for example. 
     The drive motor  616 , which in an advantageous embodiment of the gravure inking cylinder  512  is mechanically independent, may be embodied here as a torque motor and/or as a hollow shaft motor  616 , and may be configured as encompassing the end-face cylinder journal  559 . 
     In the preferred embodiment, e.g. in a form described above, the gravure inking cylinder  512  is embodied as temperature controllable. 
     Although not explicitly shown, in an advantageous embodiment aforementioned means for assisting with the mounting of a sleeve  637 , in particular one or more aforementioned outlet openings  641 ;  644  or groups of such outlet openings  641 ;  644  are provided. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the gravure inking cylinder  512  is mounted such that it is adjustable on both sides with respect to its height relative to the frame  533 ;  538 . This can be implemented, for example, in the region of the coupling, e.g. eccentrically mounted guide bolt, acting between the guides  579  that are fixed to the frame and the guided side parts  578 . 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIGS. 30, 31 and 32  having a gravure inking cylinder  512  or cylinder body  628  mounted on one side, the gravure inking cylinder  512  or the unloaded cylinder body  628  is removed axially for fitting with or for mounting a new sleeve  637  after the bearing cap  671  has previously been released and moved, in particular pivoted, into the make ready position. The new sleeve  637  is then mounted onto the cylinder main body  628 , e.g. in a manner set out above with or without the aid of means for assisting with the exchange, if applicable after a previously carried sleeve  637  has been removed from the cylinder main body  628 . Afterward, the bearing cap  671  is refastened to the frame  538 ;  533  or to the movable bearing means that enable the radial positioning movement, thereby ensuring that the journal  559  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  is or will be supported again radially on this frame side as well, via the connection to the shaft section  677 . 
     In an embodiment shown, for example, in  FIGS. 30, 31 and 32 , the bearing of the gravure inking cylinder  512  on the side of the frame opposite the bearing cap  671  is operationally fixed, i.e. the gravure inking cylinder  512  or the cylinder body  628  thereof cannot be readily removed from the frame  538 ;  533  axially, and is instead held to prevent any uncontrolled axial movement via an axial bearing  683  that engages directly or indirectly on the cylinder journal  559 , which on this side of the frame is not operationally separable axially, for example. In an advantageous embodiment, said bearing is also embodied as having the aforementioned second radial bearing  693 , which absorbs tilting moment. 
     In an alternative embodiment in which, for example, the engravings  513  are comprised, as described above, directly by the lateral surface  631  of the cylinder body  628  or by a lateral surface  632  of a layer  633  carried by said cylinder body, the bearing opposite the bearing cap  671  is also configured such that the gravure inking cylinder  512  or at least the cylinder body  628  thereof can be removed from the inking unit  508  axially toward the machine side lying on the bearing cap  671  side. This can be accomplished, for example, by means of a separable connection between cylinder journal  559  and a shaft section that remains in the frame  533 ;  538 , for example comparable to the solution on the bearing cap  671  side. If temperature control fluid is to be introduced and discharged, a sealing coupling between the subsections of the corresponding line sections  651 ;  652  must be provided, for example. 
     In this alternative embodiment having a removable gravure inking cylinder  512  or cylinder body  628 , the gravure inking cylinder  512  or the cylinder body  628  is removed axially to be loaded with a new or renewed ink transfer forme  637 , after the bearing cap  671  has previously been released and moved, in particular pivoted, into the make ready position. A cylinder body  628  carrying a new or renewed ink transfer forme  637  is then inserted with the one journal  559  on the opposite side of the frame, and the bearing flap  671  located on the removal or loading side is attached and fastened. 
     In one embodiment variant, a cylinder body  628  that can be or is to be loaded with sleeve  637  can be removed in the manner of the alternative embodiment to enable its loading with a sleeve  637  or a sleeve change, and can then be loaded, and reinserted with sleeve  637 . 
     In the embodiment of the inking unit  508  shown by way of example, e.g. in  FIG. 29 , e.g. all, e.g. five, inking trains  529  are configured as selective, i.e. with an aforementioned gravure inking cylinder  512 . Generally, however, other, e.g. combined configurations are also possible, for example three middle, for example, of five inking trains  529 ;  532  being selective and two, for example the first and the last inking train  529  being conventional (see, e.g.  FIG. 33 ). 
     At the level of the respective gravure inking cylinder  512  having an axially removable cylinder main body  628  or a sleeve  637  that can be removed or mounted axially, the inking unit frame  533 ,  538 , preferably configured as separable, between gravure inking cylinder  512  and relief inking cylinder  519 , is not closed at the height of the respective gravure inking cylinder  512 , even in the operational state, for example, and instead forms, at least at the height of the respective gravure inking cylinder  512 , a wall opening  694 , optionally extending across the height of multiple adjacent selective printing trains  629 , between the frame section  538  that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the frame section  533  that supports the relief inking cylinder  519 . 
     In an advantageous second embodiment of the gravure inking cylinder  512  that can be removed for a replacement or for maintenance and/or make ready purposes, said gravure inking cylinder can be removed in its entirety, optionally with a sleeve  637  arranged thereon, from the inking unit  508  or the frame  538 ;  533  in the radial direction of the gravure inking cylinder  512  arranged in the inking unit  508 , or can be inserted into said frame in the opposite direction. Without restricting the embodiment to this application, this radial removal is of particular advantage in conjunction with an aforementioned arrangement of the inking device  511  on the side facing the relief inking cylinder  519 . Here, a removal in the radial direction, in contrast to the removal in the axial direction, means a removal along a removal pathway that extends in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation R 512 , e.g. at least up to the exit from the frame alignment, which is bounded on both sides. Said removal pathway may extend in a straight line, a curved line, or with any change of direction in this plane, for example. 
     In that case, the length  1512  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , including the journal  559  fixed to the cylinder, is shorter than the inside width w 538  of the frame  538  or of a subframe supported by the frame  538 , at least along the removal path extending in the plane that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation R 512 , for example. This inside width w 538  is also provided in the embodiment in which, rather than being determined directly by the frame walls, the inside width w 538  is determined by the distance between the side parts  539  of an aforementioned subframe that supports the inking device  511 , for example. In that case, the inside width w 538  is formed, at least along a removal path leading from the bearing point to the frame edge, with an inside width w 538  that is greater than the journal diameter. In an advantageous embodiment of the frame  538 ;  533 , each respective frame wall is configured, e.g. cast, on its inwardly facing side as having a predominantly planar surface, except for any attachments and/or cast fittings and/or recesses and/or boreholes that may be provided, wherein for the aforementioned purpose, the distance between these planar surfaces is to be regarded as the inside width w 538 . 
     On one side, e.g. the drive side of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , on which it is rotationally driven via a gearwheel, for example, by one of the other inking unit cylinders or printing unit cylinders  519 ;  531 ;  503 ;  501  or, as is preferred, by its own drive motor  616 , the journal  559  is or can be detachably connected to a shaft  726 , e.g. drive shaft  726 , e.g. by means of a preferably unique coupling  724 , embodied as a claw coupling or star coupling, for example, and as free of play with respect to its angle of rotation (see, e.g.,  FIG. 34  and  FIG. 35 ). In one advantageous embodiment, said shaft is configured as a split shaft  726  having between the two shaft pieces a non-rotatable coupling  727 , e.g. a metal bellows coupling, which accommodates an axial angular offset. The shaft  726  is mounted, in a section or shaft piece that is closer to the cylinder, for example, directly or indirectly in a bore or recess of the frame  538 ;  533  via a radial bearing  691 . The radial bearing  691  is preferably seated in an eccentric ring  728  configured as eccentric bushing  728 , for example, for a radial positioning of the gravure inking cylinder  512 . Radial positioning is preferably carried out, for example, by a pivoting of the eccentric bushing  728  by the drive means  687 , e.g. an electric motor  687  or preferably a pressurized medium-actuated piston/cylinder system  687 , e.g. pneumatic cylinder  687 . In an advantageous embodiment, the journal  559 , which is coupled via the coupling  727 , is supported by a radial bearing  729 , in particular lying within the inside width w 538 , which is arranged on a bushing  738  seated, e.g., in the eccentric bushing  728 , and is preferably configured as separable for the removal of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , with a removable, e.g. upper bearing segment, in particular upper bearing half-shell, and a frame-mounted, e.g. lower bearing segment, in particular lower bearing half-shell. 
     Although the shaft  726  might also be driven by a drive motor  616  via gearwheels, in this case the drive motor  616  is arranged with its motor rotor coaxially with the gravure inking cylinder  512  and with its motor rotor connected, in particular detachably, directly or indirectly to the cylinder journal  559 . To this end, for example, the motor rotor, which is encompassed by the motor stator, is supported directly on the circumference of the shaft  726 , for example in a section or shaft piece further away from the cylinder. In that case, the motor stator is attached directly or indirectly fixed to the frame, e.g. to the eccentric bushing  728 . To prevent the motor stator from rotating relative to the motor rotor, arranged, e.g., on the shaft  726 , a further radial bearing  739  is provided, e.g., between a motor housing that supports the motor stator and the eccentric bushing  728 . To prevent the motor housing from rotating with the motor stator, the motor housing is coupled to what is known as a torque support  741 , which absorbs the throwing-on and throwing-off movement, thereby securing the motor housing against rotation. 
     On the opposite side of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , its journal  559  is supported in the inserted state by a radial bearing  731 , which is configured as separable, having a removable, in particular upper bearing half-shell, to allow removal of the gravure inking cylinder  512 . In an advantageous temperature controllable embodiment of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , a temperature control medium inlet and a temperature control medium outlet  651 ;  652  are provided on this side, for example. Between the parts of the temperature control medium inlet and the temperature control medium outlet  651 ;  652  that are fixed to the cylinder and those that are fixed to the frame, a self-locking valve is provided in each case, for example. The radial bearing  731  is arranged on a bushing  732 , which is mounted in the frame  538 , e.g. likewise via an eccentric ring  733  configured as an eccentric bushing  733 . The radial bearing  731  is particularly arranged within the inside width w 538 . The eccentric bushing  733  can be pivoted by its own dedicated drive means or jointly via a synchronous spindle by means of the aforementioned drive means  687 . 
     In a preferred embodiment, the bushing  732  is mounted together with the radial bearing  731  axially movably in the frame  538  and/or in the eccentric bushing  733 , and can be moved axially by an axial drive  734 , e.g. to decouple the already opened coupling  724  and/or to correct the axial position of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , i.e. the lateral register. Said axial drive  734  comprises a drive means  736 , e.g. a drive motor  736 , by means of which the bushing  732  is movable axially via a transmission, e.g. a transmission that converts rotation into linear movement. The transmission in this case comprises, e.g., a screw drive  737 . 
     The relief inking cylinder  519  is mounted in the same frame  538 ;  533  as the gravure inking cylinder  512 , or preferably in a frame section  533 , from which the frame section  538  that supports the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be moved away. In the embodiment of the relief inking cylinder  519  in which it is likewise removable in its entirety from the frame  533 ;  538 , it can be configured or mounted such that it can be removed axially in an embodiment corresponding to the manner set out above, or radially in an embodiment corresponding to the manner set out above. 
     In an embodiment of the relief inking cylinder  519  in which it can be loaded with finite relief inking formes, it does not need to be removable for make ready purposes. It that case it is mounted on both sides such that it is radially positionable, for example, via radial bearings  743 , e.g. in eccentric rings  742  preferably embodied as eccentric bushings  742  (see, e.g.  FIG. 36 ). Here again, positioning can be effected by a corresponding drive means  783 , e.g. an electric motor  783  (not shown in  FIG. 35 ), or possibly by a pressure medium-actuated piston/cylinder system, e.g. pneumatic cylinder. Rotatory driving can generally be implemented via gearwheels by a downstream inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  531 ;  503 ;  501  but is preferably provided by a dedicated drive motor  698 . Said driving may be carried out via gearwheels but is preferably carried out axially to the relief inking cylinder  519 . For this purpose, the motor rotor is arranged for conjoint rotation, for example, directly on a single-part or multi-part shaft  747  that extends the cylinder journal  746 . The motor stator may be supported by the internal motor bearing but can be braced against rotation via a torque support  744  on the frame  533 . 
     Generally independently of the embodiment specifically described here, but advantageously in conjunction with said embodiment or with one of the variants, the relief inking cylinder  519  may be embodied as temperature controllable, in particular such that temperature-control fluid can flow through it. For this purpose, it has an interface  748 , in particular rotary feedthrough  748 , on one of its end-face bearings, preferably on the side opposite the drive motor  698 , along with a corresponding line routing into the relief inking cylinder  519 , within said relief inking cylinder  519  for temperature control of the same, and out of it again. 
     The relief inking cylinder  519  is preferably movable axially via an axial drive  749 , e.g. to correct the axial position of the relief inking cylinder  519 , i.e. the lateral register. Said axial drive  734  comprises a drive means, e.g. a drive motor, by means of which a bushing connected in a tension-proof and compression-proof manner to the cylinder journal  746 , or a ring is movable axially via a transmission, e.g. a transmission that converts rotation into linear movement. The transmission in this case comprises a screw drive, for example. 
     In the embodiment described here, the drive means  616 ;  698 , e.g. drive motors  616 ;  698 , of gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  are provided on different sides of the frame. 
     As described above, in a preferred embodiment the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be rotationally driven by its own drive motor  616 , which is mechanically independent from the drive of the other inking unit cylinders  519 ;  531  and/or printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 . Said drive motor and the drive configuration described in the following is generally independent of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , the embodiments and variants thereof and/or the embodiments, forms, and variants set out above for the nature of the arrangement of recesses  513  or engravings  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or the means for assisting with the mounting of a sleeve  637 , but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned embodiments, forms, and variants of the same. 
     In a first embodiment, the respective relief inking cylinder  519  can be driven in rotation via a mechanical coupling, for example via gearwheels, by the next printing unit cylinder or inking unit cylinder  503 ;  531  downstream, for example the forme cylinder  503  or the transfer cylinder  531  optionally provided therebetween, but preferably is or can be driven by its own dedicated drive motor  698 , which is mechanically independent of the drive of the other inking unit cylinders  519 ;  531  and/or printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 . 
     In one variant, gravure inking cylinders and the associated relief inking cylinders  512 ;  519  are or can be driven jointly, coupled via gearwheels, for example, by means of a drive motor  698 , which is mechanically independent of the drive of the other inking unit cylinders  531  and/or printing unit cylinders  501 ;  503 . 
     Thus, the first inking unit cylinder  512 , which comprises the recesses  513 , is and/or can be driven during production operation preferably alone or optionally together with the second inking unit cylinder  519  by means of a drive  616 ,  711 , which is mechanically independent of drive means that rotate the third inking unit cylinder  531  and/or the forme cylinder  503  during production operation, and the angular position of which is controllable. 
     If a transfer cylinder  531 , in particular an ink collecting cylinder  531 , is provided in the printing unit  500  between relief inking cylinder  519  and forme cylinder  503 , in a first embodiment said transfer cylinder is or can be driven in rotation by the next printing unit cylinder  503  downstream, for example the forme cylinder  503 , via a mechanical coupling, for example via gearwheels  701 ;  702  that mesh with one another at least during operation. In this embodiment, however, the transfer cylinder  531  is preferably assigned a drive motor  703 , e.g. a so-called auxiliary motor or make ready motor  703 , by means of which the transfer cylinder  531 , which is separated mechanically from the drive of the forme cylinder  503 , can be rotated at least during make ready operation and/or when the inking unit  508  is moved away from the printing unit part  509 . In an alternative embodiment, on the optionally provided transfer cylinder  531 , a drive motor  699 , which may also be operated at operating speed V, is provided, which serves when the coupling is separated as a make ready drive, and which, e.g. during operation with an intact coupling, acts as an auxiliary drive to counteract a tooth flank change by applying a braking torque or drive torque to the transfer cylinder  531 . In another, e.g. mechanically less complex embodiment, the drive motor  699  completely replaces the mechanical coupling to the forme cylinder  503  and rotates the transfer cylinder  531  operationally without further drive coupling to other printing unit cylinders or inking unit cylinders  501 ;  503 ;  512 ;  519 ;  531 . 
     Although the forme cylinder  503  can also be driven separately by its own dedicated drive motor as described above, it preferably is or can be driven together with the impression cylinder  501 , mechanically coupled thereto, e.g. via gearwheels  706 ;  707  that mesh during operation, by a drive motor  704 , in particular provided axially or via a drive pinion  708  on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     The drive motors  616 ;  698 ;  699 ;  704  for operationally driving the rotation of the inking unit cylinders and printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  individually or in groups, i.e. during production operation, are preferably configured as drive motors  616 ;  698 ;  699 ;  704  that are controllable with respect to angular position, or closed-loop angular position controlled, in particular as servo motors  616 ;  698 ;  699 ;  704 , or preferably as closed-loop angular position controllable torque motors  616 ;  698 ;  699 ;  704 . The aforementioned wiping cylinder  507  may be driven by the forme cylinder  503 , or preferably is or can be driven by its own dedicated drive motor  709 , which is preferably controllable at least with respect to its rotational speed, i.e. speed-controlled, e.g. likewise a servo motor or preferably a torque motor  709 . 
     Each of the drive motors  616 ;  698 ;  699 ;  704  that is controllable with respect to angular position or at least with respect to speed is assigned a control device and/or regulating device  711 ;  712 ;  713 ;  714 , e.g. a drive controller  711 ;  712 ;  713 ;  714 , by means of which the relevant drive motor  616 ;  698 ;  699 ;  704  or the inking unit cylinder and printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  that is rotated by the same is or can be operated with closed loop angular position control. Assigned to the drive motor  709 , which is controllable at least with respect to rotational speed, is a control and/or regulating device  716 , e.g. a drive controller  716 , by means of which the relevant drive motor  709  or the wiping cylinder  507  rotated by the same is or can be operated with respect to its rotational speed. A drive motor  616 ;  698 ;  699 ;  704 ;  709  that is controllable in a closed loop with respect to its angular position or at least with respect to its rotational speed, together with its drive controller  711 ;  712 ;  713 ;  714 ;  716 , will also be referred to in the following as drive  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714  and  709 ,  716 . 
     The drives  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714  that drive the inking unit cylinders and printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503 , individually or in groups, during operation receive an angular position Φ L , advancing during operation, of what is known as an electronic master axis L, which is given by the electronically transmitted angular position of a rotary encoder output provided on another unit of the printing press, or preferably by the angular position Φ L  of a virtual master axis L. The latter angular position may be generated by one of the drives  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714  itself in the manner of a master drive or in an additional controller  717 , e.g. drive controller  717 . A target speed V target , which may be a target operating speed V for production, or production speed V P  for short, for example, and/or the signal for starting up or stopping can be specified to the master axis L, for example via a press controller  718  from a press control console  719 . 
     In a first embodiment, not shown here, the angular position Φ L  of the master axis L can be forwarded as a master signal to each of the closed-loop angular position controlled drives  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714  or  709 ,  716  involved in the drive system, in particular the drive controllers  711 ;  712 ;  713 ;  714 ;  716  thereof, on the input side via a signal connection, e.g. a network connection, which each of the closed-loop angular position controlled drives  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714  involved in the drive system, also referred to as “coupled” drives, then follow or must follow as a slave, if applicable taking into account drive-specific parameters {P} and/or rules V 1 ; V 2 . A speed-controlled drive  709 ,  716 , likewise optionally “coupled”, receives a signal specifying the speed or likewise receives the angle signal, from which it derives the speed. The rule in that case may be a correlation between the target angular position Φ S  and the angular position Φ M  supplied as the master on the input side, or the time t. 
     In a preferred embodiment, however, at least the drive  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712  that drives the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or the drive that drives the relief inking cylinder  519 , rather than receiving the angular position Φ L  of the master axis signal as a master signal on the input side, receives as a master an angular position Φ M ; Φ M  ( 512 ); Φ M  ( 519 ); Φ M  ( 531 ); Φ M  ( 503 ) that represents or correlates strongly with the actual angular position Φ i; Φ   i  ( 531 ); Φ i  ( 501 ); Φ i  ( 503 ) of a downstream inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503 , in particular of the next inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  503  downstream. Said drive  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 , acting as a slave, then follows the angular position signal determined by the angular position Φ M  of the downstream inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  in question, for example applying predefined rules. The term “downstream” refers here to the flow of ink in the printing unit or inking unit  500 ;  508 . 
     The drive  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712  operated in this manner as a slave may be an aforementioned common drive  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712  for gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519 , for example, which follows the actual angular position Φ i  ( 531 ); Φ i  ( 501 ); Φ i  ( 503 ) of a downstream inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  531 ;  501 ;  503 , preferably the next such cylinder downstream. Preferably, however, the gravure inking cylinder  512  is provided with its own dedicated drive  616 ,  711  which, as a slave, follows the actual angular position Φ i  ( 519 ); Φ i  ( 531 ); Φ i  ( 503 ) of a downstream inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503 , preferably the next such cylinder downstream, in particular that of the relief inking cylinder  519 . In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the relief inking cylinder  519  is also provided with its own dedicated drive  698 ,  712  which, as a slave, follows the actual angular position Φ i  ( 531 ); Φ i  ( 503 ) of a downstream inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  531 ;  501 ;  503 , preferably the next such cylinder downstream, in particular that of the forme cylinder  503  or that of the preferably provided transfer cylinder  531 . 
     To form the respective drive control loop and/or to furnish a master signal for an upstream inking unit cylinder  531 ;  519 ;  512 , a sensor system  721 ;  722 ;  723 , e.g. an angular position sensor  721 ;  722 ;  723 , or rotary encoder  721 ;  722 ;  723  for short, which indirectly or directly senses the actual angular position Φ i  ( 512 ); Φ i  ( 519 ); Φ i  ( 531 ); Φ i  ( 503 ) of the inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  is operatively connected to the inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  in question. This sensor system  721 ;  722 ;  723  may be formed by the rotary encoder  721 ;  722 ;  723  that is part of the drive control loop, e.g. as a rotary encoder internal to the motor, or as an encoder attachment that is connected, e.g. with its rotor for conjoint rotation to the relevant inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  or the motor shaft, or by an additional rotary encoder  721 ;  722 ;  723  that is functionally connected, e.g. with its rotor for conjoint rotation or positively co-rotating with the relevant inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  or the motor shaft. 
     An actual target angular position Φ S ; Φ S  ( 512 ); Φ S  ( 519 ); Φ S  ( 531 ); Φ S  ( 503 ) that is to be followed by the respective inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  may be determined directly by the angular position Φ M  (L); Φ M  ( 519 ); Φ M  ( 531 ); Φ M  ( 503 ) provided in each case at the input as the master, which is formed for all “coupled” drives  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714 , for example, by the angular position Φ M  (L) determined by the master axis L, or by the actual angular position Φ i  ( 519 ); Φ i  ( 531 ); Φ i  ( 503 ) that results in the manner described above from an actual angular position Φ i  ( 519 ); Φ i  ( 531 ); Φ i  ( 503 ) of a downstream inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  503 . 
     As indicated above, however, an actual target angular position Φ S  ( 512 ); Φ S  ( 519 ); is ( 503 ) can be adapted to circumstances in the press and/or varied to satisfy operating requirements by applying predetermined rules to the angular position Φ M  (L); Φ M  ( 519 ); Φ M  ( 531 ); Φ M  ( 503 ) supplied at the input as a master signal. For this purpose, corresponding parameters can be supplied, for example, which are denoted in their entirety in  FIG. 37  by the symbol {P}. 
     Thus, parameters {P} that account for external conditions and/or relate to the operation of the drive  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714  or  709 ,  716  can be forwarded to the drives  616 ,  711 ;  698 ,  712 ;  699 ,  713 ;  704 ,  714  or  709 ,  716  involved in the drive system, in particular to the drive controllers  711 ;  712 ;  713 ;  714 ;  716 , via the same first signal connection or via an additional signal connection, e.g. network connection. Such parameters {P} include, for example, information that may be required regarding a gear factor G 1 ; G 2 ; G 3 , which factors in e.g. the relative sizes of the respective inking unit cylinders or printing unit cylinders  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  and/or the ratio between the rolling length of the inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  501 ;  503  to be driven and the path length to be assumed for a full 360° rotation of the master axis L. In addition to or in place of this, a correction angle ΔΦ; ΔΦ ( 512 ); ΔΦ ( 519 ); ΔΦ ( 531 ) may be included as a parameter, which is to be factored in, for example, as a correction of the circumferential register when forming the relevant target angular position Φ S  from the angular position Φ M  (L); Φ M  ( 519 ); Φ M  ( 531 ); Φ M  ( 503 ) supplied as the master. 
     In an advantageous embodiment, at least for the drive  616 ;  711  of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , but particularly for the common or respective drive  616 ;  711 ;  698 ,  712  of the gravure inking cylinder  512  and of the relief inking cylinder  519 , said drive is configured to compensate at least partially for a change in length of the printing forme  504  arranged on the forme cylinder  503  that occurs as a result of an at least temporary variation in the circumferential speed of the relevant inking unit cylinder  512 ;  519  in relation to the circumferential speed of the forme cylinder  503 . Such elongations can typically result during a gravure printing production run, particularly in intaglio printing, due to the high contact forces acting in the printing couple. 
     For such a compensation, the drive  616 ;  711 ;  698 ,  712  is configured, for example, to drive the relevant inking unit cylinder  512 ;  519  based on a target angular position Φ S  ( 512 ); Φ S  ( 519 ) that has been cyclically modified in relation to the angular position Φ M  (L); Φ M  ( 519 ); Φ M  ( 531 ); Φ M  ( 503 ) supplied on the input side as the master. This modification is performed as described above, e.g. cyclically with the repeat length on the forme cylinder  503 , i.e. with the circumference or with an m th  part of the circumference on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     Said modification is performed, for example, based on a rule V 1 ; V 2  that is stored and/or implemented in the relevant drive  616 ;  711 ;  698 ,  712  or particularly in its drive controller  711 ;  712 , which rule can be parameterized, i.e. can in turn be varied, in terms of form and/or amplitude, for example, by using one or more variable parameters g 1 ; g 2 , g 3 , e.g. one or more parameters g 1 ; g 2 , g 3  of a non-linear gearing function. A cycle length is determined, for example, by the m th  part of a forme cylinder revolution, where m is equivalent to the number of print lengths or printing formes  504  provided one behind the other on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503 , as explained above. The repeat length is calculated here e.g. from the starting point of printing of one printing length to the subsequent printing starting point and includes any gap to the next printing length that may exist, e.g. due to channels that may be provided for the printing forme ends on the forme cylinder  503  and/or for accommodating gripper bars on the impression cylinder  501 . 
     Thus, in the drive controller  711  of the drive  711  that drives the first inking unit cylinder  512 , a rule V 1 ; V 2  is implemented, by means of which a defined deviation from the situation without application of the rule V 1 ; V 2  is established, cyclically as viewed over a rolled-out length corresponding to one printing length of the first inking unit cylinder  512 , from the target angular position Φ S  ( 512 ) resulting from the input-side master signal, and is returned to zero before the start of a new cycle. For example, through the modification as viewed over the printing length, an angle difference, e.g. a lag, in relation to the uncorrected synchronous angular position on the forme cylinder  503  is built up on the relevant inking unit cylinder  512 ;  519 , in particular beginning at the starting point of printing and increasing steadily to the end point of printing, and said angle difference is corrected back to the synchronous angular position, e.g. forward, i.e. is returned to the synchronous relative position, e.g. by applying an excessive angular speed as compared with the printing speed, when the circumferential region that correlates with the cylinder channel on the forme cylinder  503  passes through the nip with the next inking unit cylinder or printing unit cylinder  519 ;  531 ;  503  downstream. In a preferred refinement, gravure inking cylinder  512  and forme cylinder  503  are in a synchronous relative position at the start of printing, however the angular speed is already at the slightly lower value for build-up of the lag. 
     A different process can also generally be provided for the modification. As an alternative, for example, an increasing lead beginning with the start of printing can be provided, which decreases to zero by the time a middle region of the printing length is reached, finally leading to an increasing lag. This deviation is returned to zero by the next printing start. 
     In an embodiment of the relief inking cylinder  519  in which said cylinder can be loaded with a finite relief inking forme, the ends of which are held in an axially extending channel  751  (in  FIG. 37 , for example, in the middle one of the five inking trains  529 ;  532 , shown by way of example in  FIG. 37 ), the aforementioned movement into the synchronous angular position to be maintained without the correction preferably takes place during the passage of this channel  751  through the nip that is formed between the two inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519  rolling against one another. 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , the embodiments and variants thereof, and/or the embodiments, forms, and variants set out above for the nature of the arrangement of the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , the means to assist with the mounting of a sleeve  637  set out above, and/or the drive configuration set out above, but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned embodiments, forms, and variants of the same, a procedure for checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting the position, true to register with respect to the forme cylinder  503 , of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , in the following also to be used interchangeably in this context with the term the first inking unit cylinder  512 , and/or of the relief inking cylinder  519 , in the following also to be used interchangeably in this context with the term the first inking unit cylinder  512 , is provided, and preferably is embodied as follows. 
     For checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position between the first inking unit cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503  in the circumferential direction and/or in the axial direction through the printing unit  500 , at least one first image element  761 ;  762  that serves as a register mark is printed onto the substrate S. A checking and, if necessary, an adjustment and/or correction of the relative position between the first inking unit cylinder or gravure inking cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503 , e.g. in the circumferential direction, in the axial direction, or preferably in both directions, is then carried out using the print result and/or the position of at least one first image element  761 ;  762  printed by the printing unit  500  onto the substrate S; S′ and serving as a register mark. 
     Particularly preferably, the checking and automated adjustment and/or correction of a relative position in the circumferential direction and/or in the axial direction between the first and/or second inking unit cylinder  512  on the one hand and the forme cylinder  503  on the other hand and/or a checking of and compensation for a change in a print image length determined by the image-forming pattern on the forme cylinder  503 , in particular an aforementioned elongation, is carried out using a first image element  761 ;  762 ;  766 ;  767  that is printed as a register mark onto the substrate by the printing unit  500 . The drive  616 ,  711 ;  798  of the relevant inking unit cylinder  512 ;  519  is preferably configured for this purpose in accordance with an embodiment or variant set out above. 
     The first image element  761 ;  762  is or will be formed or printed, in particular with printing ink from a recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  provided on the forme cylinder  503  in a defined position and location for checking the relative position, which recess overlaps on the forme cylinder  503  only partially with a projection, obtained by rolling, of one of at least two recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4  provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512  for checking the relative position, and in this way is or has been inked only partially with printing ink. 
     The checking and/or adjustment and/or correction is preferably carried out using the aforementioned image element  761 ;  762  along with a second image element  763 ;  764  associated with the same test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″ ( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) and serving as a reference mark, which second image element is printed onto the substrate S by the printing unit  500  and is formed by printing ink from a further recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4 , which is provided on the forme cylinder  503  in a defined position and location for checking the relative position, and which overlaps on the forme cylinder  503  at least partially with a projection, obtained by rolling, of a second recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4  provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512  for checking the relative position, and in that way is or has been inked at least partially with printing ink. The checking and/or adjustment and/or correction is preferably carried out based on the at least one image element  761 ;  762  printed as test element  761 ;  762  and its position relative to the second image element  763 ;  764  associated with the same test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) and likewise printed, as reference element  763 ;  764 , onto the substrate S; S′ by the same inking unit  508  and the forme cylinder  503  via the second recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     Since they are used for checking or checking a relative position, the recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4 ;  514 . 1 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 4  provided for checking the relative position can also be referred to in this context, e.g. as checking recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4 ;  514 . 1 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 4 , to distinguish them from recesses  513 ;  514  that are involved (solely) in the print image. 
     In one embodiment, the test fields R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) can be examined and evaluated by visual checking, for example at a test console. In place of or in addition to this, the test fields can also be sensed via a sensor system  753 , e.g. a camera  753 , which is provided directly on the substrate path of the printing press for inline measurement or on the test console. An evaluation and optionally an output of a result, e.g. on a display device  754 , e.g. a display or a screen, can then be implemented, for example, by means of software integrated into the sensor system  753  or into control means  756 , e.g. a data processing device  756 . In an advantageous refinement, an automated correction of the relative position in the circumferential or the axial direction, also referred to above as a correction of the circumferential and the lateral register, can also be carried out via one or more corresponding signal connections  758  between data processing device  756  and the relevant drive means  616 ;  736 . If the results are simply displayed, or if the checking is carried out merely visually by a press operator, the press operator can perform the correction, e.g. via user interface  757  provided, e.g. at the control console, e.g. via mechanical or virtual buttons or keys. 
     The recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 4  provided on the forme cylinder  503  for checking the correct relative position may be integrated into the image-forming pattern of recesses  514  relating to the print image and defined there as such or may also be outside of said region. In an embodiment that is advantageous in terms of the additional option of testing by visual checking, said recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 4  provided on the forme cylinder  503  for checking the correct relative position lie within the printing width or substrate width, but outside of the region of those recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  that above are also combined by the image-forming pattern of recesses  514 . In that case, the aforementioned image elements  761 ;  762 ;  763 ;  764  lie outside of the print image for the N-up copy or copies N i  to be printed, e.g. in columns and rows, in an edge region  752  of the substrate S. 
     The recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 4  provided on the forme cylinder  503  for checking the relative position each overlap at least partially with an aforementioned projection, obtained by rolling, of one of the at least two recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4  provided on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512  and designated for checking. 
     The at least two recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 4  provided for checking purposes on the forme cylinder  503  cooperate with the corresponding recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4  on the first inking unit cylinder  512  to provide information as to the aforementioned relative position in the axial or the circumferential direction. 
     In the following, two particularly advantageous embodiments for this cooperation will be presented. 
     In the first embodiment, at least one linear, e.g. rectilinear when rolled out (i.e. rolled out on a plane), recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 , e.g. checking recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 , extending on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503 , e.g. outside of the image-forming pattern, and an associated linear or strip-like, e.g. rectilinear when rolled out, recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 , e.g. checking recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 , extending on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512  are provided such that a projection of the associated recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  extending on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , said projection being obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  that are involved in the ink transport, intersects with the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  extending on the forme cylinder  503  and is narrower, as viewed in the region of intersection or overlap in the direction of the linear recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 , than the length of said recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 . In a preferred, likewise linear embodiment of the recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  provided on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , the projection, obtained on the forme cylinder  503 , of the recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  extending on the gravure inking cylinder  512  extends at an angle relative to the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  extending on the forme cylinder  503  and intersects the same. The linear recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 ;  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  and projections preferably extend perpendicular to one another as viewed in the rolled out state. 
     The recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503  is significantly longer, e.g. at least twice as long as the width of the corresponding recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  or the projection of the same. 
     In that case, an image element  761 ;  762  is formed as test element  761 ;  762  on the substrate S; S′, e.g. by means of printing ink, which is picked up in the region of overlap or intersection of the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  extending linearly on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503  and the projection of a recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  extending on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512 , obtained by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, and is transferred to the substrate S; S′ during printing. The recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  on the first, i.e. the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the projection of said recess is preferably likewise linear e.g. rectilinear when rolled out and extends at an angle to the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     The printing ink for the test elements  761 ,  762  can generally be transferred from the gravure inking cylinder  512  via a planar surface of a downstream inking unit cylinder, but preferably via elevations  524 . 1 ;  524 . 2  that correspond to the recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  or via one or more corresponding raised areas  522 . 1 ;  522 . 2  of a relief inking cylinder  519 . 
     Where not explicitly otherwise specified, the term “linear” is understood to refer here to lines that have narrow line widths, but also to strip-like lines having greater line widths, with the length particularly being greater than the width in each case. Although in a preferred embodiment of the “linear” recess or elevation the thickness of the line is constant over its length, in the broadest sense this embodiment could also include wedge-like structures. 
     In that case, the checking and, if necessary, the adjustment and/or correction of the relative position between the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503  in the axial direction and/or in the circumferential direction is carried out based on at least one image element  761 ;  762  printed as test element  761 ;  762  in the aforementioned manner onto the substrate S; S′ by means of the inking unit  508  and the forme cylinder  503  via a recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503  and the position of said image element relative to an image element  763 ;  764  associated with the same test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) and likewise printed, as reference element  763 ;  764 , on the substrate S; S′ by means of the inking unit  508  and the forme cylinder  503  via another recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4 , e.g. reference recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4 , on the forme cylinder  503  (see, e.g.  FIGS. 39, 40, 41, 43, and 44 ). 
     In this first embodiment, the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503  and the projection of the corresponding recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , which are associated with the test element  761 ;  762 , thus overlap only partially, in particular at an intersection point or segment. The position of the overlap or the point of intersection supplies the information on the position of the gravure inking cylinder  512 . In  FIG. 39 , the method of operation is depicted, e.g. schematically using the example of a printing unit  500  comprising an ink collecting cylinder  531 , however this may be applied accordingly to a printing unit  500  without an ink collecting cylinder  531 . In the latter case, the recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 3 ,  514 . 4  and ink impressions on the forme cylinder  503 , indicated schematically as each rolling off in pairs, and the image elements  761 ;  762 ;  763 ;  764  on the substrate S; S′ would need to be provided mirrored horizontally to the illustration in  FIG. 39 . 
     In a variant that is advantageous in particular with respect to better measurement accuracy (see, e.g. the three-fold configuration in  FIGS. 43 and 44 ), a group of test elements  761 ;  762  spaced a defined distance from one another in the same test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) is or will be formed on the substrate S; S′ by means of printing ink, which is picked up in the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  of the forme cylinder  503 , in the area of intersection of a recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  extending linearly on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503  and the projections, extending at an angle thereto, of a group of recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  preferably extending linearly on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512 , said projections being obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  that are involved in the transport of ink, and which printing ink is transferred to the substrate S; S′ during printing. Here again, the preferably linear projection preferably extends perpendicular to the recess  514 . 1 ,  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 , as viewed in the unrolled state. 
     The at least one test element  761 ;  762  along with the reference element  763 ;  764 , which is different from said test element, in the same test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) are preferably printed during production operation, together with the image motif or print image of the N-up copy or copies N i  to be printed, via the inking unit  508  and the forme cylinder  503 , onto the substrate S; S′, preferably outside of the N-up copy or copies N i  of the substrate S; S′ to be produced, for example in a lateral edge region  752  surrounding the print image of the N-up copy or copies N i  on the leading side or the trailing side. This enables a checking to be carried out during production operation, e.g. in a simplified manner by visual checking. 
     In the particularly advantageous embodiment specifically described here (see, e.g.  FIGS. 39, 40, 41, 43 and 44 ), a test element  761  relating to the axial relative position between the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503  is or will be formed by means of printing ink, which is picked up in the recess  514 . 1  of the forme cylinder  503 , in the area of intersection of the recess  514 . 1  extending linearly in the axial direction on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503  and a projection of a recess  513 . 1  extending linearly in the circumferential direction on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512 , said projection being obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, which printing ink is then transferred during printing to the substrate S; S′. This can be applied accordingly to the embodiment having the projections of a plurality of recesses  513 . 1  extending linearly in the circumferential direction on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512  for generating a plurality of test elements  761 . 
     In the particularly advantageous embodiment specifically described here, a test element  762  relating to the relative position in the circumferential direction is or will be formed by means of printing ink, which is picked up in the recess  514 . 2  of the forme cylinder  503 , in the area of intersection of the recess  514 . 2  extending linearly in the circumferential direction on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503  and a projection of a recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  extending linearly in the axial direction on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512 , said projection being obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, which printing ink is then transferred during printing to the substrate S; S′. This can be applied accordingly to the embodiment having the projections of a plurality of recesses  513 . 2  extending linearly in the circumferential direction on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512  for generating a plurality of test elements  762 . 
     In a second embodiment, on the forme cylinder  503   a  group of linear recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 , e.g. at least 10, in particular at least 20, side by side in the axial direction or in the circumferential direction and spaced evenly from one another by a first distance, are provided on the forme cylinder  503  outside of the image-forming pattern, and on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512   a  group of linear second recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 , e.g. at least 10, in particular at least 20, spaced evenly from one another by a first distance, are provided such that the alignment of the linear recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  on the respective inking unit cylinder or forme cylinder  512 ;  503  is the same and/or such that the second distance between the adjacent recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  deviates from the first distance slightly, i.e. by less than a line width of the recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 , and/or in that projections of the recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  extending on the first inking unit cylinder  512 , said projections being obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, overlap at least partially with recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  lying outside of the image-forming pattern on the forme cylinder  503  (see e.g.  FIG. 42 ). In that case, the checking and, if necessary, the adjustment and/or correction is performed based on a print result from the first group of linear recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 , side by side in the axial direction or in the circumferential direction and spaced evenly from one another by a first distance, which overlap at least partially with the group of projections of the second group of linear recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  provided on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , which projections are obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport. 
     In this second embodiment, the information about the relative position between the first inking unit cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503  is or will be determined from a varying intensity in the coloring of the linear image elements  761  printed by the recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 , which results from the varying overlap of these recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  with the projections of the recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  on the gravure inking cylinder  512 . The correct relative position between the first inking unit cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503  is then fixed or determined at the position of a characteristic over the course of this fluctuating intensity, preferably at the position of a maximum or a minimum, relative to a reference element  763 ;  764  of the same test field R a ′″ ( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ) that is also printed. This second embodiment is based on an optical impression similar to the moiré effect, which makes moving maxima and minima of a long-period intensity modulation visible due to a changing overlap of two line rasters that have slightly different line spacing. 
     In one advantageous variant, the groups of first and second recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  are arranged relative to one another such that in the correct relative position of the forme cylinder and gravure inking cylinder  503 ;  512  in the axial or circumferential direction, a maximum overlap between the first recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503  and the projection of the second recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  lies in a middle region of the group, i.e. at least within the middle one-third of the respective group. With this variant, an assessment can be made without a reference using only the human eye and/or a defect area can be represented on both sides. 
     In the advantageous embodiment described here, the linear recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 ,  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  of the first and second groups relating to the axial relative position are each arranged side by side in the axial direction and extend with their longitudinal extension in the circumferential direction. The linear recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 ,  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  of the first and second groups relating to the relative position in the circumferential direction are each arranged side by side in the circumferential direction and extend with their longitudinal extension in the axial direction. 
     Independently of the specific arrangement of the pairs of recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 ,  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on which the test elements  761 ;  762  are based, a respective reference element  763 ;  764  is or will be formed on the substrate S; S′ by means of printing ink, which is picked up in a recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  provided at a defined location on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503  and is transferred to the substrate S; S′ during printing, wherein the gravure inking cylinder  512  comprises a recess  513 . 3 ;  513 . 4 , e.g. a reference recess  513 . 3 ;  513 . 4 , the projection of which, obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, comes to rest over the recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  that supplies the reference element  763 ;  764  on the forme cylinder  503 . A recess  513 . 3  provided on the gravure inking cylinder  512  for checking the position in the axial direction and serving as a reference has an excess size, e.g. of more than 200 μm, as compared with the corresponding recess  514 . 3  on the forme cylinder  503  in the axial direction, and a recess  513 . 4  relating to the checking of the position in the circumferential direction has an excess size, e.g. of more than 200 μm, as compared with the corresponding recess  514 . 4  on the forme cylinder  503  in the circumferential direction. The respective excess size goes beyond an excess size of up to 200 μm, for example, optionally provided within the print image for the recess  513 . 3 ;  513 . 4  on the first inking unit cylinder  512 , and is intended to ensure a reliable inking of the recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  corresponding to the respective reference element  763 ;  764  on the forme cylinder  503  in the case of a faulty relative position to be corrected. 
     The printing ink for said reference elements  763 ,  764  can generally be transferred from the gravure inking cylinder  512  via a planar surface of a subsequent inking unit cylinder but is preferably transferred via elevations  524 . 3 ;  524 . 4  corresponding to the recesses  513 . 3 ;  513 . 4  or via one or more corresponding raised areas  522 . 3 ;  522 . 4  of a relief inking cylinder  519 . 
     Only a single reference element  763 ;  764  generated via a correspondingly configured recess  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  on the forme cylinder  503  may be assigned to the respective test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 39 and 41 ). In another embodiment, which is advantageous in terms of an evaluation conducted, e.g. by visual checking, a group of reference elements  761 ;  762 , spaced a defined distance from one another and generated via corresponding, e.g. rectilinear, punctiform, or rectangular recesses  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  on the forme cylinder  503 , can be assigned as a type of scale to the test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ). 
     Preferably, both an aforementioned checking and, if necessary, adjustment and/or correction of an axial relative position via a first test field R a ( 512 ; R a ′( 512 ); R a′ ′( 512 ); R a′ ″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ) lying, in particular, in an edge region  752  outside of the N-up copy or copies N i  to be produced, and an aforementioned checking and, if necessary, adjustment and/or correction of a relative position in the circumferential direction via a second test field R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) lying, in particular, in an edge region  752  outside of the N-up copy or copies N i  to be produced. 
     In a particularly advantageous refinement, a relative position in the circumferential direction is checked via two test fields R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) spaced apart in the direction of transport within a printing length on the substrate S; S′. In this way, e.g. with different positional deviations in the two test fields R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) a periodic variation of the circumferential speed of the first inking unit cylinder  512  compared to that of the forme cylinder  503  to compensate for a change in length of a printing forme  504  provided on the forme cylinder  503 , in particular in correlation with the extent of the difference, can be made from the respective target position. With a positional deviation in the two test fields R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) from the respective target position, a change can be made in the relative angular position between the first inking unit cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503 , in particular in correlation with the dimensions of the same amount of deviation in two test fields R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ). 
     For an embodiment of the printing unit  500  set out above having multiple inking trains  529 ;  532 , in which partial print images inked simultaneously by the forme cylinder  503  via multiple gravure inking cylinders  512  are printed onto the substrate S; S′, a test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) relating to the axial or the circumferential direction preferably comprises, for each selective inking train  529 , at least one image element  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ configured as a test element  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ or a group of multiple test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ according, e.g., to the above first embodiment (see, e.g.,  FIGS. 43 and 44 , in which, by way of example, only two of the five groups of test elements shown there are denoted as  761  and  761 ′ or as  762  and  762 ′). For example, one test element  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ or a group of multiple test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ is or will be printed by each of the provided, in particular selective inking trains  529 ;  532  or gravure inking cylinders  512  of a printing unit  500  configured, e.g. as a multicolor printing unit  500 . The underlying recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 ;  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  are preferably arranged on the gravure inking cylinders  512  and on the forme cylinder  503  in such a way that the test elements  761 ;  761 ′ relating to the axial position are aligned with one another in the direction of the printing length when the gravure inking cylinders  512  are in the correct position relative to one another, and the test elements  762 ;  762 ′ relating to the position in the circumferential direction are aligned with one another on the substrate S; S′ in the direction of the printing width when the gravure inking cylinders  512  are in the correct position relative to one another. With respect to a viewing of the respective gravure inking cylinder  512  toward the forme cylinder  503 , the test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ act as a type of register mark  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′, whereas in a consideration of the position of the gravure inking cylinders  512  relative to one another said test elements act as what are known as register marks  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′, also referred to as color register marks  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′. 
     Thus, the position of the test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ or groups of test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ relative to one another in a test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ), which are inked via the various gravure inking cylinders  512 , are used to check information about the register, i.e. the position of the gravure inking cylinders  512  relative to one another, and the relative position between at least one test element  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ inked via at least one assigned gravure inking cylinder  512  and at least one reference element  763 ;  764  to be associated with the same test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) is used to check the relative position between the relevant gravure inking cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503 . 
     For a test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) that comprises the test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ of multiple gravure inking cylinders  512 , a single reference element  763 ;  764  may be provided. Preferably, however, multiple reference elements  763 ;  764  are provided, e.g. on different sides of the grouping of test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′, in particular at least one on each of the four sides of the grouping. The at least one reference element  763 ;  764  can then be applied via one of the gravure inking cylinders  512  involved. 
     Such a test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) comprising multiple gravure inking cylinders  512  and including the reference element or elements  763 ;  764  can then have external dimensions that do not exceed a field of 6 mm×6 mm. In that case, the image elements  761 ;  761 ′,  762 ,  762 ′;  763 ;  764  may be provided with line widths of 0.15 to 0.25 mm, preferably of approximately 0.20±0.01 mm, and/or distances between the test elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ of different gravure inking cylinders  512  of 0.45 to 0.55 mm, in particular of 0.5±0.01 mm. 
     By using a sensor system  753  operating inline in the press or offline at a checking table, an intensity profile I(a); I(u), illustrated schematically by way of example in  FIG. 45 , is outlined via a group of test and reference elements  761 ;  761 ′;  762 ;  762 ′ relating to the axial or the circumferential position. 
     In addition to the checking and/or adjustment and/or correction of the position of the gravure inking cylinder  512  set out above, a checking and/or adjustment and/or correction of a relative position between the second inking unit cylinder  519 , i.e. the relief inking cylinder  519 , and the forme cylinder  503  in the circumferential direction and/or in the axial direction is preferably also carried out. This is preferably conducted based on at least one image element  766 ;  767 , printed as a test element  766 ;  767  onto the substrate S; S′ via the inking unit  508  and the forme cylinder  503 , and the position thereof relative to an image element  768 ;  769  associated with the same test field R a ( 519 ); R a *( 519 ); R u ( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) and likewise printed as a reference element  768 ;  769  on the substrate S; S′ via the inking unit  508  and the forme cylinder  503  (see, e.g.  FIG. 46 ). 
     The lower representations in  FIGS. 40, 41, 42 and 43  each show a schematic depiction of the conditions before the excess ink is wiped off the non-engraved lateral surface. 
     In that case, e.g. the test element  766 ;  767  relating to the position of the second inking unit cylinder  519  is formed on the substrate S; S′ by means of printing ink, which is picked up in a recess  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  on the forme cylinder  503 , in the area of overlap of said recess  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  extending linearly on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503  with a projection of an area, inked by the gravure inking cylinders  512 , of an elevation  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7  or raised area  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7  extending on the circumference of the second inking unit cylinder  519 , which projection is shorter than said recess  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  as viewed in its longitudinal direction and is obtained on the forme cylinder  503  via the rolling in respective pairs of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, which printing ink is then transferred to the substrate S; S′ during printing, wherein the elevation  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7  or the raised area  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7  is inked via a recess  513 . 6 ;  513 . 7  that is longer than the projection of said elevation  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7  or said raised area  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7  as viewed in the direction of the recess  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  on the forme cylinder  503  (see, e.g.  FIG. 46 ). 
     Here again, the at least one test element  766 ;  767  along with the reference element  768 ;  769  that is different from it are printed via the inking unit  508  and the forme cylinder  503  during production operation onto the substrate S; S′, together with the image motif of the N-up copy or copies N i  to be printed. 
     The recess  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  on the forme cylinder  503  that is associated with the test element  766 ;  767  and the projection of the corresponding elevation  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7  or raised area  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7  on the relief inking cylinder  519  overlap only partially, with the position of the overlap supplying the information about the position of the relief inking cylinder  519 . 
     Since they are used for checking or checking a relative position, the elevations  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7 ;  524 . 8 ;  524 . 9  or raised areas  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7 ;  522 . 8 ;  522 . 9  provided for checking the relative position may also be referred to here, e.g., as test elevations  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7  or reference elevations  524 . 8 ;  524 . 9  or test areas  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7  or reference areas  522 . 8 ;  522 . 9  and also as checking area  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7 ;  524 . 8 ;  524 . 9  or raised checking areas  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7 ;  522 . 8 ;  522 . 9 . 
     As already described for the test fields R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ) relating to the gravure inking cylinder  512 , in one embodiment the test fields R a ( 519 ); R a *( 519 ); R u ( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) can also be assessed and evaluated by visual checking or detected by a sensor system  753 , in the manner set out above, and forwarded to the display device and/or a data processing device  754 , from which resulting positioning commands can be forwarded via a signal connection  759  to corresponding drive means  698 ;  749  for automated correction. 
     Here again, the elevations  524 . 6 ,  524 . 7 ,  524 . 8 ;  524 . 9  or areas  522 . 6 ,  522 . 7 ,  522 . 8 ;  522 . 9  provided for checking the correct relative position may lie within the print image width but are preferably provided in an edge area  752  of the substrate S; S′, outside of the region of the elevations  524  or areas  522  involved in the print image. 
     In the embodiment indicated schematically in  FIG. 46 , for each test field R a ( 519 ); R u ( 519 ) one test element  766 ;  767  relating to the axial direction and one test element relating to the circumferential direction are provided, along with a simple symbol assigned to each, for example in the form of a point, a line, or a rectangle, as a reference element  768 ;  769 . 
     The respective elevations  524 . 8 ;  524 . 9  or raised area  522 . 8 ;  522 . 9  that serves a reference element  768 ;  769  is inked via a corresponding, preferably oversized recess  513 . 8 ;  513 . 9  on the gravure inking cylinder  512 . The transfer to the substrate S; S′ is carried out directly or indirectly by the same via corresponding recesses  514 . 8 ;  514 . 9  on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     In a second embodiment, which is advantageous in terms of the possibility of evaluation by visual checking, a group of image elements  766 ;  767  spaced a defined distance from one another and generated via corresponding, e.g. rectilinear, punctiform, or rectangular first recesses  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  on the forme cylinder  503 , can be assigned to the test field R a ′( 519 ); R u ′( 519 ) as a type of scale (see, e.g.  FIG. 47 ). To obtain information about the relative position, the scale or the group of recesses  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  is or will be inked only in a section that is dependent on the position of the second inking unit cylinder  519 , or depicted, after wiping, as a corresponding portion of the scale by a portion of the image elements  766 ;  767 . In an embodiment that can be more readily automated, an image element  768 ;  769  that serves as a reference image element  768 ;  769  is simultaneously formed or printed via a corresponding recess  514 . 8 ;  514 . 9  on the forme cylinder  503 . Said recess can be positioned, e.g. on the forme cylinder  503 , opposite a target position lying, e.g. in the middle of the scale. 
     In an embodiment, comparable to the aforementioned configuration of the embodiment relating to the position of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , relating to the position of multiple relief inking cylinders  519 , e.g. five, as a test field R a *( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) of the printing unit  500 , said test field preferably comprises at least one image element  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ configured test element  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ according, e.g. to the above first embodiment (see, e.g.  FIG. 46 ), wherein in  FIG. 48 , by way of example, only two of the five groups of test elements depicted there are designated as  766  and  766 ′ or as  767  and  767 ′. For example, one test element  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ will be or is printed by each of the provided inking trains  529 ;  532  or via each of the relief inking cylinders  519  comprised by these. The underlying elevations  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7  on the relief inking cylinders  519  and the recesses  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  on the forme cylinder  512  are preferably arranged relative to one another such that the test elements  766 ;  766 ′ relating to the axial position are aligned with one another on the substrate S; S′ in the direction of the printing length, at least at one of their ends, when the gravure inking cylinders  512  are in the correct relative position, and the test elements  767 ;  767 ′ relating to the position in the circumferential direction are aligned with one another on the substrate S; S′ in the direction of the printing width, at least at one of their ends, when the relief inking cylinders  519  are in the correct relative position (see, e.g.,  FIG. 49 ). Here again, in terms of a viewing of the respective gravure inking cylinder  512  toward the forme cylinder  503 , the test elements  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ act as a type of register marks  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′, whereas in a consideration of the position of the gravure inking cylinders  512  relative to one another said test elements act as a type of register or color register marks  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′. 
     Thus, the position of the test elements  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ or groups of test elements  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ relative to one another in a test field R a *( 519 ); R u *( 519 ), which are inked via the various relief inking cylinders  519 , is used to check information about the register, i.e. the position of the relief inking cylinders  519  relative to one another, and the relative position between at least one test element  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ that is inked via at least one associated relief inking cylinder  519 , and at least one reference element  768 ;  769  to be associated with the same test field R a *( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) is used to check the relative position between the relevant gravure inking cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503 . 
     For a test field R a *( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) that comprises the test elements  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′ of multiple relief inking cylinders  519 , a single reference element  768 ;  769  may be provided. Preferably, however, multiple reference elements  768 ;  769  are provided, e.g. on different sides of the grouping of test elements  766 ;  766 ′;  767 ;  767 ′, in particular at least one on each of the four sides of the grouping. The at least one reference element  763 ;  764  can then be applied via one of the relief inking cylinders  512  involved. 
     A substrate section S; S′, in particular configured for an aforementioned checking, which can generally be formed, e.g. by a web section S; S′ having a repeat length that corresponds to a print length, or preferably by a printed substrate sheet S; S′, comprises, e.g. in addition to a print image printed according to the gravure printing process, an arrangement of print image elements  761 ;  762 ;  763 ;  764  of a test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ), the relative position and/or optical effect of which can be used to draw conclusions about the existence of an incorrect relative position in the axial and/or the circumferential direction during the printing of the image elements  761 ;  762 ;  763 ;  764 , between a forme cylinder  503 , which has recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  on its circumference, and a first inking unit cylinder  512  of an inking unit  508 , which inks the forme cylinder  503  and which has recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 4  corresponding to said former recesses on its circumference. 
     Said substrate section S; S′ preferably comprises at least one test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ) that characterizes the relative axial position and at least one test field R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) that characterizes the relative position in the circumferential direction. 
     In a refinement that enables a distinction between register errors and printing forme length, for example, the substrate section S; S′ comprises, over a printing length, two test fields R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) spaced apart from one another and characterizing the relative position in the circumferential direction. 
     In an embodiment of the substrate section S; S′ that corresponds to the first embodiment above, the test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) comprises an image element  763 ;  764  printed as reference element  763 ;  764  and one printed as test element  761 ;  762 , which carries in its position relative to the reference element  763 ;  764  the information regarding the relative position between the forme cylinder and the first inking unit cylinder ( 503 ;  512 ). 
     In an embodiment of the substrate section S; S′ that corresponds to the second embodiment above, the test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) comprises a group of evenly spaced linear image elements  761 ;  762  that vary in terms of the intensity of their coloring, and the intensity profile of said group of elements can be used to draw conclusions regarding the existence of a faulty relative position in the axial and/or the circumferential direction between the first inking unit cylinder  512  and the forme cylinder  503  during the printing of the image elements  761 ;  762 . 
     The substrate section S; S′ preferably comprises print image elements  766 ;  767 ;  768 ;  769 , particularly on the same side, of at least one other test field R a ( 519 ); R a ′( 519 ); R a *( 519 ); R u ( 519 ); R u ′( 519 ); R u *( 519 ), the relative position of which elements can be used to draw conclusions regarding the existence of a faulty relative position in the circumferential and/or the axial direction during the printing of the image elements  766 ;  767 ;  768 ;  769  between the forme cylinder  503 , which has the image-forming recesses  514  on its circumference, and a second inking unit cylinder  519  of the inking unit  508  that inks the forme cylinder  503 , i.e. the relief inking cylinder  519 , which has on its circumference elevations  524  or raised areas  522  that correspond to said recesses. 
     Preferably, the substrate section S; S′ comprises at least one test field R a ( 519 ); R a ′( 519 ); R a *( 519 ) that characterizes the relative axial position of the relief inking cylinder  519  and at least test field R u ( 519 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) that characterizes the relative position of said relief inking cylinder in the circumferential direction. 
     In an advantageous refinement, the substrate section S; S′ comprises over a printing length two test fields R u ( 519 ); R u ′( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) spaced apart from one another and characterizing the relative position in the circumferential direction. 
     Although they can generally also be incorporated into the region of the print image, the test fields R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R a ( 519 ); R a ′( 519 ); R a *( 519 ); R u ( 519 ); R u ′( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) provided on the substrate section S; S′ are preferably provided here in an edge region  752  of the substrate section S; S′, outside of the print image formed by one or more printed N-up copies N i . 
     In an embodiment of the substrate section S; S′ that is adapted for the particularly precise adjustment of the relative positions, said substrate section comprises, in each lateral edge region  752 , two groups of test fields R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ); R a ( 519 ); R a ′( 519 ); R a *( 519 ); R u ( 519 ); R u ′( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) spaced apart from one another in the printing length direction, each group being provided with one test field R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ) relating to the axial position of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , one test field R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ) relating to the position of the gravure inking cylinder  512  in the circumferential direction, one test field R a ( 519 ); R a ′( 519 ); R a *( 519 ) relating to the axial position of the relief inking cylinder ( 519 ), and one test field R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 519 ); R u *( 519 ) relating to the position of the relief inking cylinder  519  in the circumferential direction (see, e.g.  FIG. 49 , in which the spaced apart groups of test fields R a ( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R a ( 519 ) R u ( 519 ) are denoted by way of example in the lateral edge region  752  for one of the exemplary embodiments set out above). 
     A printing unit  500 , in particular for carrying out an aforementioned method, by means of which substrate S; S′ can be printed according to a gravure printing process, comprises a forme cylinder  503 , which has on its circumference an image-forming pattern of recesses  514 , and an inking unit  508  by means of which the pattern of recesses  514  provided on the forme cylinder  503  can be inked, wherein the forme cylinder  503  can be inked partially from an inking device  511  via a first inking unit cylinder  512 , which has recesses  513  on its lateral surface  518  that correspond to recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , and via a second inking unit cylinder  519  to be partially inked by the first inking unit cylinder  512 . For generating an image element  761 ;  762 ;  763 ;  764  to be used for checking a relative position between the forme cylinder and the first inking cylinder  503 ;  512 , however, the forme cylinder  503  has, within the printing width, but outside of the image-forming pattern of recesses  514  that supplies the print image of one or more N-up copies N i , and lying in a circumferential region, at least one recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 , which overlaps on the forme cylinder  503  only partially with a projection of a recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4 , obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, which recess is provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512  for checking the relative position. 
     A printing press that is suitable especially, e.g. for carrying out the above method and/or for producing a substrate section S; S′ of this type, having a printing unit  500  by means of which substrate S; S′ can be printed according to a gravure printing process, comprises, e.g. a forme cylinder  503 , which comprises on its circumference an image-forming pattern of recesses  514 , and an inking unit  508  by means of which the pattern of recesses  514  provided on the forme cylinder  503  can be inked, wherein the forme cylinder  503  can be inked partially from an inking device  511  via a gravure inking cylinder  512 , which has recesses  513  in the region of its lateral surface  518  that correspond to recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503 , and via a relief inking cylinder  519  to be partially inked by the gravure inking cylinder  512 . 
     For a preferably automated checking and correction, the forme cylinder  503  thus comprises, within the printing width but advantageously outside of an image-forming pattern of recesses  514  that supplies the print image of one of more N-up copies, at least one first recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4  for printing at least one first image element  761 ;  762 ;  766 ;  767  to be used for checking a relative position between the forme cylinder  503  and the first or second inking unit cylinder  512 ;  519 , wherein in the printing press, specifically in the substrate path or at the test console, a sensor system  753  is provided for detecting the first image element  761 ;  762 ;  766 ;  767 , and evaluation means for evaluating the position of the first image element  761 ;  762 ;  766 ;  767  on the substrate S; S′ and/or relative to a second image element  763 ;  764 ;  768 ;  769 , and control and drive means  756 ;  616 ;  736 ;  698 ;  749  are provided for correcting a faulty relative position of the first or second inking unit cylinder  512 ;  519 . 
     Software implemented in the sensor system  753  or in control means  756  connected thereto in terms for signal communication may be provided and/or configured in such a way that, using said software, based on the result of the evaluation of the position of the at least one image element  761 ;  762 ;  766 ;  767 ;  763 ;  764 ;  768 ;  769  of the same test field (R a ( 512 ); R a ′( 512 ); R a ″( 512 ); R a ′″( 512 ); R a *( 512 ); R u ( 512 ); R u ′( 512 ); R u ″( 512 ); R u ′″( 512 ); R u *( 512 ); (R a ( 519 ); R a *( 519 ); R u ( 519 ); R a *( 519 ), a correcting variable for the drive means ( 616 ;  736 ;  698 ;  749 ) affected by the correction of the position deviation can be output. 
     The at least one first recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4  overlaps only partially on the forme cylinder  503  with a projection, obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by rolling, by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, of one of at least two recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4  provided in a defined position and location on the circumference of the first inking unit cylinder  512  for checking the relative position. 
     The forme cylinder  503  preferably has at least two recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  514 . 3 ;  514 . 4 , one of which overlaps only partially and the other of which overlaps at least partially with a projection, obtained by rolling, of one of at least two recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 3 ;  513 . 2 ;  513 . 4  provided in a defined manner on the circumference of each gravure inking cylinder  512 . 
     In a first embodiment, a recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  extending linearly can be provided on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503  outside of the image-forming pattern, and a recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  preferably likewise extending linearly can be provided on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , such that a projection of the recess  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  that extends on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , said projection being obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, overlaps with the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 , in an advantageously linear embodiment at an angle, in particular perpendicular when rolled out, to the recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  extending on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     In a second embodiment, e.g. on the forme cylinder  503 , a first group of linear first recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 , side by side in the axial direction or in the circumferential direction and spaced evenly from one another by a first distance, are provided outside of the image-forming pattern on the forme cylinder  503 , and on the circumference of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , a second group of linear second recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2 , spaced evenly from one another by a second distance, are provided such that the alignment of the first and second linear recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 ;  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  on the forme cylinder or on the gravure inking cylinder  503 ;  512  is the same on the respective cylinder, in that the second distance deviates slightly from the first distance, i.e. by less than a line width of the first recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2 , and in that projections of the recesses  513 . 1 ;  513 . 2  extending on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , which are obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  that are involved in the transport of ink rolling off one another, in each case in pairs, overlap at least partially with recesses  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  lying outside of the image-forming pattern on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     In an advantageous embodiment, on the circumference of the forme cylinder  503   a  recess  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  extending linearly is provided on the circumference outside of the image-forming pattern, and on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , an elevation  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7 ;  524 . 8 ;  524 . 9  extending on the circumference and shorter as viewed in its longitudinal direction than the former recess  514 . 1 ;  514 . 2  on the forme cylinder  503 , or a shorter raised area  522 . 6 ;  522 . 7 ;  522 . 8 ;  522 . 9 , are provided such that a projection of the elevation  524 . 6 ;  524 . 7 ;  524 . 8 ;  524 . 9  extending on the circumference of the second inking unit cylinder  512 , which projection is obtained on the forme cylinder  503  by the rolling off, in pairs in each case, of the inking unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531  involved in the ink transport, only partially overlaps the corresponding recess  514 . 6 ;  514 . 7  on the forme cylinder  503 . 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , the embodiments and variants thereof, and/or the embodiments, forms, and variants set out above for the nature of the arrangement of the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , the means to assist with the mounting of a sleeve  637  set out above, and/or the drive concept or the drive configuration set out above and/or an aforementioned checking and/or adjustment and/or correction of the relative position, but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned embodiments, forms, and variants of the same, a procedure and means for controlling the transfer of ink in the inking unit  508  or in the respective inking train  529 ;  532  are provided and preferably are embodied as set out below. 
     The transfer of ink via the inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  to the printing nip  502  is generally predetermined, in total and also for each print image section, for a certain production run on the intake side of the inking unit  508  by the pattern of recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  and the volume thereof, with the methods described below being used to implement a variation of this essentially predefined size for the particular, print image-specific characteristics of the pattern. In the figures, which serve only to explain the principle in qualitative terms, therefore, a numerical indication of the volume of an ink transfer has been dispensed with. The axis relating to the transfer of ink has been generalized here and is referred to without a physical unit as the transfer rate TR. Such a transfer rate TR could refer, for example, to the mass transport over a multiple or a factor of a rollout length, e.g. of the gravure inking cylinder  512  and could take the entire usable lateral surface  518  or only a partial region thereof into account. The transfer of ink or the transfer rate TR on the path of the printing ink  517  from the inking device  511  to the printing nip  502  ultimately determines the coating of the substrate S; S′ with printing ink  517 , e.g. the ink density in the print image. 
     As set out above, in a preferred embodiment the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be temperature controlled, in particular it is configured such that temperature control fluid can flow through it. This takes place at the end face, for example, via a rotary feedthrough  692  (indicated only schematically in  FIGS. 50 and 51 , for example). In an advantageous refinement, the relief inking cylinder  519  can also be temperature controlled, with temperature control fluid flowing through it via the rotary feedthrough  748 , for example, and/or the ink collecting cylinder  531 , if provided, can be temperature controlled, with temperature control fluid flowing through it via an interface  771 , for example, in particular rotary feedthrough  771 , and/or the forme cylinder  503  can be temperature controlled, with temperature control fluid flowing through it via an interface  772 , for example, in particular rotary feedthrough  772 , and/or the wiping cylinder  507  can be temperature controlled, with temperature control fluid flowing through it via a rotary feedthrough  748 , for example. The temperature control of the gravure inking cylinder and/or the relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  is preferably provided for each of multiple selective inking trains  529 , e.g. four or even five, of a multicolor printing unit. 
     The means for controlling the transfer of ink in the inking unit  508  preferably comprise, in addition to the temperature-controllable inking unit cylinder  512 , control means via which the temperature on the inking unit cylinder  512  can also be varied during operation. Specifications can be provided to the control means manually, for example, via a user interface, or via a control circuit having a sensor system that evaluates the print image. 
     In an advantageous refinement of this first embodiment, the ink supply chamber  516  or the ink supply unit  571  can likewise be temperature-controlled, in particular with temperature control fluid flowing through it via a correspondingly provided interface  773 , e.g. a fluid coupling  773 . 
     In a printing unit  500  that has a mixed configuration of the inking trains  529 ;  531 , e.g. having three selective and two conventional inking trains  529 ;  531 , the duct roller and/or the ink fountain and/or the associated relief inking cylinder  519  of the conventionally configured inking train  531  can likewise be configured as temperature-controllable, in particular such that temperature control fluid can flow through it. 
     In a first application of the temperature control or temperature controllability of the inking unit cylinder(s) and/or printing unit cylinder(s)  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  and/or of the ink supply chamber  516  or the ink supply unit  571 , in particular at least of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , the temperature control is used, in particular during stationary production printing at a constant operating speed V, to keep an operating temperature on the circumference of the relevant inking unit cylinder and/or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  or in the region of the contact surface of the ink supply chamber  516  or the ink supply unit  571  substantially constant, i.e. at most ±2° C., at a certain temperature value, e.g. a target temperature value T S , thereby ensuring constant physical characteristics of the printing ink. Influences resulting, for example, from the introduction of heat from inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  rolling against one another and/or from a retaining means  526  that may be set against the gravure inking cylinder  512  are at least largely eliminated. In an advantageous embodiment, this target temperature value T S  can be adjusted, so that for different printing conditions and/or printing ink compositions, different parameters for the desired target temperature value T S  can be selected. The (respective) target temperature value T S  can be set or modified via control means, which are integrated, for example, in the machine controller  718  or are implemented there as a software program or software program part, wherein parameters can be set via the user interface, e.g. of the press control console  719 , for example. If multiple different inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  of the same inking unit  508  or inking train  529 ;  532  are temperature controlled, the same or different target temperature values T S  may be specified or specifiable. The presetting of a target temperature value T S  is understood here generally as the presetting of a target temperature value T S  that represents the desired target temperature. 
     In a second application of the temperature control or temperature controllability of the inking unit cylinder(s) and/or printing unit cylinder(s)  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  and/or of the ink supply chamber  516  or the ink supply unit  571 , in particular at least of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , which second application is advantageous in place of or preferably in addition to the first application, to control and/or regulate the transfer of ink, the temperature of the relevant inking unit cylinder and/or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  or of the ink supply chamber  516  or of the ink supply unit  571  is controlled with a targeted change in the setting of the target temperature value T S . A change in the target temperature value T S  may be necessary and/or performed or introduced, for example, on the relevant inking unit cylinder and/or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503 , in particular e.g. on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , when the relevant inking unit cylinder and/or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503 , in particular e.g. the gravure inking cylinder  512 , is conveying too little or too much printing ink  517 . The latter can be determined, for example, by the printer or by an optionally provided checking system from insufficient or excess ink in the printed image, for example based on an ink density value that is too low or too high. If, for example, an insufficient amount of printing ink  517  is detected, the target temperature value T S  for the relevant inking unit cylinder and/or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503 , in particular at least for the gravure inking cylinder  512  being used here for ink metering on the intake side, is increased. Conversely, if surplus printing ink  517  is detected, the target temperature value T S  for the relevant inking unit cylinder and/or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503 , in particular at least for the gravure inking cylinder  512  used here for ink metering on the intake side, is decreased. The temperature at the gravure inking cylinder  512  can be varied in a targeted manner, for example, at least in the range between 35° C. and 55° C., or even between 25° C. and 60° C., via a corresponding variation of the target temperature value T S . With a variation between 35° C. and 55° C. on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , for example, particularly with otherwise constant conditions, a variation in the transfer of ink, i.e. the transfer rate TR for the printing ink  517 , e.g. the transfer of ink to the printing nip  502 , of e.g. 10%, in particular of 15% or more, can be achieved. If, for example at an initially set temperature, e.g. base temperature T 0 , e.g. T 0 =45° C., an insufficient amount of ink is detected in the printed image, the temperature at the gravure inking cylinder  512  will be set to a higher working temperature T 1 , for example by changing the target temperature value T S  accordingly. Conversely, if a surplus of ink is detected, the temperature at the gravure inking cylinder  512  will be adjusted to a lower working temperature T 2 , for example by changing the target temperature value T S  accordingly (see, e.g. schematically in  FIG. 52 ). Preferably, a base temperature T 0  of, e.g. T 0 =45° C. is used as the target temperature, with a control or regulation range of at least ±5° C., in particular ±10° C. 
     In addition to eliminating a deficiency or excess of printing ink  517  in the printed image, which may be necessary during the course of production, for example, adjusting the transfer of ink through the change in temperature may also be relevant to adapting the transfer of ink to changing external conditions, e.g. to differing physical properties of different printing inks  517  or to a certain operating speed V intended for production. 
     Although controlling the temperature to different target temperature values T S  can generally be implemented in various ways, e.g. by controlling the temperature of the temperature control fluid to different temperatures, by varying the volumetric flow rate of the temperature control fluid, or by a combination of these, in this case a unit  779  that regulates the fluid temperature of at least the outgoing fluid to a setpoint value is preferably provided as the temperature control fluid source, e.g. a heating/cooling unit  779 . The unit  779  can preferably be used to supply temperature control fluid at a selectable or adjustable temperature level. 
     If multiple inking units  529  are provided, the gravure inking cylinder  512  of each inking unit  529  is or can be temperature controlled individually and independently of the others to a target temperature value T S . For this purpose, they are or will be temperature controlled independently of one another by their own dedicated temperature control means, in particular by their own dedicated temperature control fluid circuits that are adjustable with respect to the target temperature value T S . 
     The evaluation of the print image and the adjustment or modification of the target temperature value T S  can be carried out offline by the press operator, in particular by the printer. If a checking system having, e.g. a sensor system  774  for examining the print image, in particular densitometrically, e.g. a densitometer  774  or a camera  774  capable of densitometric measurement, is provided, e.g. offline at a checking table, e.g. at the press control console  719 , or even inline in the substrate path, the adjustment or modification of the target temperature value T S  based on the measurement result can be performed directly by the printer or, in place of this or alternatively, automatically in a control loop via a comparison with values from a reference image, e.g. judged as good or originating from the prepress stage. 
     Generally independently of the above adjustment, modification, or control of the transfer of ink effected by the targeted temperature control, but preferably in addition to this, the transfer of ink will be and/or is varied or controlled by varying the contact existing in the print-on position, i.e. the printing pressure δ; δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3 , in at least one nip point  776 ;  777 ;  778  between two inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  involved in the transfer of ink between inking device  511  and printing point  502 , in particular at least between gravure inking cylinder  512  and relief inking cylinder  519 . This variation occurs in the print-on setting, i.e. while contact is maintained between the inking unit cylinders or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  involved. Print-on in this context refers to an operating state that is or can be provided for operation in which inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  are set against one another. 
     While the aforementioned adjustment or modification of the ink transfer or the transfer rate TR via temperature control is generally relatively sluggish, it can occur spontaneously via the aforementioned variation of the printing pressure. 
     Thus, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, basic adjustments and longer-term adaptations to the transfer of ink are made through the aforementioned control and/or regulation of the temperature of at least one inking unit cylinder and/or printing unit cylinder  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503 , in particular at least of the gravure inking cylinder  512 , while dynamic changes in external conditions and/or short-term correction requirements are addressed by varying the contact, i.e. the printing pressure, in at least one nip point  776 ;  777 ;  778 . Such changes or requirements may, for example, be the result of an event that alters the transfer of ink. 
     Here, the printing pressure δ; δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3  of two inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  that form a nip point  776 ;  777 ;  778  is characterized by the measure δ; δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3  by which the axial distance between the two inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  is smaller than an axial distance a 1 ; a 2 ; a 3  that exists in the state of unstressed physical contact, i.e. physical contact without any contact force, thereby forming a contact strip in the region of the nip point  776 ;  777 ;  778  between the inking unit cylinders and/or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  519 ;  531 ;  503  involved at the nip point  776 ;  777 ;  778 . 
     At a nip point  776 ;  778  in the cylinder train at which one of the inking unit cylinders or printing unit cylinders  512 ;  503  involved has a hard surface and/or recesses  513 ;  514  on its circumference, a variation in the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 3  toward greater printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 3  will result in a decreasing transfer of ink, while a variation to less printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 3  will result in an increasing transfer of ink. This is true at least in a central working range of the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 3  around a central operating setting (see, e.g. as plotted graphically in  FIG. 55 ). 
     In contrast, at a nip point  777  in the cylinder train at which neither of the two inking unit cylinders or printing unit cylinders  519 ;  531  involved has a hard surface and/or recesses  513 ;  514  on its circumference, a variation in the printing pressure δ 2  toward a greater printing pressure δ 2  will result in an increasing transfer of ink, and a variation to less printing pressure δ 2  will result in a decreasing transfer of ink. 
     This is true in each case at least in a mean working range of the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 3 , in each case around a mean operating setting for the printing pressure δ 0 ( 776 ); δ 0 ( 777 ) (see, e.g., the curves plotted schematically by way of example for the nip points  776  and  777  in  FIG. 55 ). 
     Thus, the transfer of ink can be modified, in particular dynamically, by varying the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3  in at least one of the nip points  776 ;  777 ;  778 , specifically the nip pint between gravure inking cylinder  512  and relief inking cylinder  519  and/or the nip point between relief inking cylinder  19  and the preferably provided transfer cylinder  531  and/or the nip point between the preferably provided transfer cylinder  531  and the forme cylinder  503 , in each case in the appropriate direction. Advantageously, at least the printing pressure δ 1  in the nip point  776  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  is varied, but preferably both the printing pressure δ 1  in the nip point  776  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  and the printing pressure δ 2  in the nip point  777  between and relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531  are varied simultaneously. Since the latter two nip points  776 ;  777  both include the relief inking cylinder  519  and changes to the printing pressure have opposite effects, to adjust or modify the transfer of ink using the means for modifying the printing pressure δ, only the relief inking cylinder  519  is moved, preferably such that the printing pressure δ 1 ;  52  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  is increased, and at the same time such that the printing pressure between relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531  is reduced, or vice versa. 
     If a shortage of printing ink  517  is detected or anticipated, for example, the transfer of ink is increased by reducing the printing pressure δ 1  in the nip point  776  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  and/or by increasing the printing pressure δ 2  in the nip point  777  between relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531 . Conversely, in the case of an actual or anticipated surplus of printing ink  517 , the transfer of ink is reduced by increasing the printing pressure δ 1  in the nip point  776  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  and/or by reducing the printing pressure δ 2  in the nip point  777  between relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531 . 
     The adjustment or modification of the transfer of ink by varying at least one printing pressure δ; δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3  is particularly suitable for corrections or modifications of the transfer of ink that are necessitated by changes occurring in the near term or by rapidly changing profiles of changes in the existing conditions that influence the transfer of ink. If such events or changes are predictable, in an advantageous application the adjustment or modification of the transfer of ink, by varying at least one printing pressure δ; δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3 , can also be used for advance control. In that case, e.g. at least one printing pressure δ; δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3  is varied in fixed correlation with the onset and/or profile of a change in the conditions prevailing during operation and influencing the transfer of ink. 
     Experience has shown, for example, that the transfer of ink varies with the operating speed V such that the transfer of ink decreases as operating speed V increases and increases as operating speed V decreases (see, e.g., the lowermost curve plotted in  FIG. 56 ). 
     If the above dependency or dependencies are utilized and if the profile of the respective printing pressure δ; δ 1 ; δ 2 ; δ 3  correlates with the operating speed V, then when operating speed V varies, as occurs with the start-up and the shutdown of the printing press, for example, a change in the transfer of ink that would otherwise occur accordingly can be offset at least partially (see, e.g. the middle and upper curves in  FIG. 56  with the schematically plotted correction amounts, which raise the curve, from the printing pressures δ 1 ; δ 2  in nip points  776  and  777 , which are varied in correlation with the speed profile). 
     Preferably, as operating speed V increases, the printing pressure δ 1  in the nip point  776  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  is decreased and/or the printing pressure δ 2  in the nip point  777  between relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531  is increased. Conversely, as operating speed V decreases, the printing pressure δ 1  in the nip point  776  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  is increased and/or the printing pressure δ 2  in the nip point  777  between relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531  is decreased. The increase or decrease preferably relates in each case to a setpoint value for the printing pressure δ that is used as a target value once the steady production speed V P  (i.e., V=V P ) is reached. Thus, e.g. the starting value for the printing pressure δ 1  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  at low speeds lies above the desired printing pressure δ 1  for stationary production operation, while the starting value for the printing pressure δ 2  between relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531  at low speeds lies below the desired printing pressure δ 2  for stationary production operation. 
     In controller  782 , which is included in the press controller  718  or connected thereto, a corresponding functional or tabular correlation is preferably stored or implemented, which assigns a default value for a variable representing the printing pressure δ 1  between gravure inking cylinder and relief inking cylinder  512 ;  519  and/or the printing pressure δ 2  between relief inking cylinder  519  and transfer cylinder  531  to a current operating speed V. This variable representing the respective printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 2  may be a position value to be assumed by a sensor system that supplies a cylinder position, an adjustment value for a positioning drive, which can be controlled in the positioning path, for example, or any other variable that uniquely characterizes the relevant printing pressure δ 1 . For implementing the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 2  assigned, e.g. via the relevant variable, corresponding control means and positioning drives are provided. If the gravure inking cylinder  512  is to be adjusted for this purpose, said positioning drives may be the aforementioned drive means  687  that effect the throwing-on/throwing-off of the gravure inking cylinder  512  or additional drive means for performing a fine adjustment, together with control means for controlling the same. In the preferred case that the relief inking cylinder  519 , particularly only the relief inking cylinder, is to be adjusted for this purpose, said positioning drives may be drive means  783 , in particular electromotive drive means, for throwing-on/throwing-off the relief inking cylinder  519 , for example, which acts on the positioning mechanism of said cylinder, e.g. on the eccentric bushing that supports the relief inking cylinder  519 . Alternatively, said positioning drives may be drive means that act on a stop means, with the stop means defining the thrown-on position, print-on, and being adjusted by means of the drive means to vary the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 2 . 
     In an advantageous combination of the two procedures, for example, as a result of a visual checking or as a result of a discrepancy in the coloring, e.g. of a reference image, detected by a sensor system  774 , both a rapid correction can be performed via an aforementioned variation of the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 2  and the target temperature value T S  can be modified. With the changing temperature and the accompanying change in the transfer of ink, the correction can then be reversed again, e.g. gradually, by varying the printing pressure δ 1 ; δ 2 . 
     Generally independently of the specific position and/or specific configuration of the inking device  511 , the embodiments and variants thereof, and/or the embodiments, forms, and variants set out above for the nature of the arrangement of the recesses  513  or engravings  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512 , the means to assist with the mounting of a sleeve  637  set out above, and/or the drive concept or the drive configuration set out above and/or an aforementioned checking and/or adjustment and/or correction of the relative position and/or an aforementioned measure or combination of measures for controlling the transfer of ink, but advantageously in conjunction with one of the aforementioned embodiments, forms, and variants of these, a procedure and means for the computer-assisted and/or computer-based transformation of image-forming recesses  514  present or to be provided on the forme cylinder  503  into specifications for corresponding recesses  513  to be provided on the gravure inking cylinder  512  and/or a procedure and means for the computer-assisted and/or computer-based variation of the coloring by means of recesses  514  to be provided or already present on the forme cylinder  503  are provided and are preferably embodied as set out below. 
     Once an objective and/or data-based pattern of the image-forming engravings  514  on the forme cylinder  503  or on the printing forme  504  to be arranged on the same has been created, specifications for the positioning and/or shaping of the corresponding recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  are prepared based on the pattern of the image-forming recesses  514 , and in particular for multicolor image motifs, taking into account the color separations involved. For this purpose, data processing means  784  are provided, by means of which data D( 514 ), which are digitally available and/or which are or can be supplied, for describing a pattern of engravings  514  that are or will be provided on the forme cylinder  503  or on the printing forme  504  to be arranged on the same, e.g. regarding the location, shape and/or depth z ( 514 ) thereof, can be transformed into digital data D( 513 ) for describing corresponding engravings  514  to be provided on the gravure inking cylinder  512 . In producing the recesses  513  for the gravure inking cylinder  512 , e.g. fixedly on the lateral surface  631  of the cylinder body  628  or on an outermost layer  633  of a detachable ink transfer forme  637 , as set out above, these transformed data D( 513 ) serve as specifications for the shape and/or depth z ( 513 ) of said recesses. 
     The transformation is based at least on a first transformation rule M, e.g. a so-called mapping curve M; M i , which assigns a depth z ( 513 ) of an engraving  513  to be produced on the gravure inking cylinder  512  to a value for a depth z ( 514 ) of an engraving  514  on the forme cylinder  503 . Generally, such a transformation rule M; M i  may be provided in various forms, e.g. as a table or preferably as a functional correlation (see e.g.  FIG. 58 ), and may be stored or implemented in the data processing means  784 . For a range of depths z ( 514 ) of the recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  of 10 μm to 100 μm, for example, a factor for a respective scaling of the depth lies between 1.2 and 1.8, for example, preferably between 1.4 and 1.6. The same scaling factor may be present over the entire range, in which case the resulting mapping curve M=M 1  is a straight line. However, for at least one application, for example for correcting and/or influencing a color effect, a mapping curve other than a straight line M 1 ; M 2 ; M 3  having a descending slope (M 1 ), an ascending slope (M 2 ; M 13 ), or even a turning point may be provided. 
     In an advantageous refinement, multiple such mapping curves M; M i  may be provided or implemented or stored so that, after the image-forming pattern of recesses  514  on the forme cylinder  503  has been completed, for example, it is still possible to influence the coloring by selecting one of multiple different mapping curves M i  for producing the recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  513 . Alternatively, the stored or implemented mapping curves M i  may also be parameterizable, to allow an optimal curve shape, for example, to be selected or generated from the multitude of possibilities. If during the course of production or proofing, a need to change the coloring is identified, the printing outcome can optionally be influenced, e.g. improved, by replacing the pattern of recesses  513  on the gravure inking cylinder  512  with a pattern of recesses  513  produced according to a different mapping curve M i . 
     The aforementioned data processing means  684  and optionally a means for engraving  786  ink transfer formes  686 , e.g. an engraving device  786 , which implements the engraving specifications supplied by said resulting data processing means, are located, for example, in the area of forme production, which is associated spatially with the print shop or with a prepress zone of the printing press, or may also be provided elsewhere. 
     While preferred embodiments of a gravure printing unit and method for checking and/or adjusting and/or correcting a relative position, all in accordance with the present invention, have been set forth fully and completely hereinabove, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art at various changes could be made thereto, without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention, which is accordingly to be limited only by the appended claims.