Patent Publication Number: US-2015065563-A1

Title: Use of vgii3 activity modulator for the modulation of adipogenesis

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention concerns Vgll3 a new target involved in adipogenesis modulation. 
     Further, the present invention relates to methods to increase Vgll3 activity in adipocytes and preadipocytes. In addition, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a molecule for enhancing Vgll3 activity in a target tissue are also provided. These methods, compositions and molecules can be useful to modulate adipogenesis and thus treat obesity and related disorders. 
     Obesity is a major risk factor for a number of disorders including hypertension, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Because of the importance of the obesity epidemic, a great deal of investigation has centered on the biology of the adipocyte, including the developmental pathway by which new adipocytes are created. Adipogenesis is the process by which undifferentiated mesenchymal precursor cells become mature adipocytes. Throughout the last decade considerable progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of adipocyte differentiation, which involve sequential activation of transcription factors from several families such as CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPα, α, and γ) and the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (Rosen, E. D. et al., 2002). PPARγ is described as a “master regulator” of adipogenesis since it has been shown to be both sufficient and necessary for adipogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Recently, new transcription factors have been described to participate in adipogenesis such as KLF family (KLF2, 5 and KLF15) (Banerjee, S. S. et al., 2003; Gray, S. M. et al., 2002), Ebf family (Jimenez, M. A. et al., 2007) and Krox 20 (Chen, Z. et al., 2005), suggesting that the transcriptional cascade occurring during adipogenesis is much more complex than previously thought. Furthermore, signaling molecules and/or receptors such as the Wnt family of secreted proteins (Kang S. et al., 2007), sonic hedgehog protein, Notch receptor have also been described to be involved in molecular events leading to adipocyte formation. It is interesting to note that extracellular and intracellular events are somehow coupled to regulate adipogenesis. All these signaling pathways converge on a tightly regulated transcriptional cascade, which needs to be more completely understood to potentially control adipocyte development and prevent obesity. 
     Storage of fat in adipose tissue is limited and exceeding this capacity leads to accumulation of lipids in others tissues, in particular in muscle, liver, and the endocrine pancreas, and to the secretion by adipocytes of various adipokines. The adipose tissue consists of several deposits located at different anatomical sites which may originate from distinct precursors and which have different physiological functions and pathophysiological roles. The visceral, as opposed to the subcutaneous adipose depots, may contribute more to the defects associated with the metabolic syndrome. 
     Cannabinoid 1 receptors have been identified in all organs playing a key role in glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes, i.e. adipose tissue, the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, the skeletal muscle and the pancreas. Rimonabant, the first selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist in clinical use, has been shown to reduce food intake and body weight thus improving glucose metabolism regulation. 
     However, there is still a need for novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity. 
     Vestigial-like 3 factor (Vgll3) belongs to the vestigial family, which contains 3 members. It was first described in  Drosophila melanogaster  as a co-factor of transcription that might be involved in wing development (Paumard-Rigal, S. et al., 1998). Vgll3 is located inside the nucleus and might interact with the adipogenic transcriptional cascade. Recently the second member, Vgll2, has been linked to muscle development in mammals (Chen, H. H., T., et al., 2004). This family of proteins is expressed in precursor cells that presumably commit to either adipocyte or muscle cells. 
     The inventors have now found that Vgll3 plays a critical role in adipocyte differentiation. Vgll3 is therefore considered as a new relevant target for modulation of adipogenesis, and thus for the treatment of obesity and related disorders. Overexpression of Vgll3 can also be used for reduction of adipogenesis for reduction of visceral and/or subcutaneous fat accumulation. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An embodiment of the invention provides a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule for use as a medicament. 
     Another embodiment of the invention provides A Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule for reduction of adipogenesis. 
     An additional embodiment of the invention provides a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule for the treatment of obesity and related disorders. 
     A further embodiment of the invention provides a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule for the reduction of visceral and/or subcutaneous fat accumulation. 
     An embodiment of the invention provides use of a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule for the preparation of a medicament for the reduction of adipogenesis. Specific embodiments provide a use wherein the Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule is a small molecule. Other specific embodiments provide a use wherein the Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule is a vector expressing a Vgll3 recombinant protein. Further specific embodiments provide a use wherein the vector contains the SEQ ID NO.15 or derivatives thereof. Further specific embodiments provide a use wherein the Vgll3 recombinant protein sequence corresponds to SEQ ID NO.2 or SEQ IN NO.4 or derivatives, or fragments or homologs thereof. 
     Another embodiment of the invention provides a composition comprising a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In specific embodiments, the composition is for the preparation of a medicament to reduce adipogenesis. In other specific embodiments, the composition is for the preparation of a medicament to treat obesity and related diseases. In further specific embodiments, the composition is for the preparation of a medicament to reduce visceral and/or subcutaneous fat accumulation. 
     An embodiment of the invention provides a method of modulation of adipogenesis consisting in administration to a patient in need thereof of a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule to modulate adipogenesis. 
     A further embodiment of the invention provides a method of screening for enhancers of the activity of Vgll3 which comprises the steps of: a) transfecting a cell line with a reporter construction comprising a Vgll3 promoter linked to a reporter gene; b) cultivating said cell line in condition to allow expression of the reporter gene; c) adding candidate compounds into the cell culture; and d) identifying enhancer compounds as being those compounds which have the ability to increase the reporter gene expression. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A-B : Selection of critical adipose tissue regulatory genes. The Venn diagrams illustrate the selection of genes based on the following criteria. 1) Similar regulation by high fat feeding in subcutaneous (SCAT or Sq) and visceral (VAT). 151 genes were selected (48 for SCAT and 88 for VAT). 2) Among those 151 genes, selection of genes regulated by Rimonabant treatment (14 for SCAT and 54 for VAT). This led to the selection of 34 genes regulated in both tissues by high fat feeding and Rimonabant. Among those genes, 16 have expression level correlated with body weight of L, M and H groups (obesity-linked) and 18 are regulated by HFD to the same level in each subgroup (not obesity-linked). 
         FIGS. 2A-E : Vgll3 expression in various tissue and cell types. mRNA levels of Vgll3 were measured by RT-PCR:  FIG. 2A ) in spleen, muscle (gastrocnemius), heart, lung, kidney, liver, brown adipose tissue (BAT), subcutaneous (SCAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues. Results are expressed as relative levels compared to the liver expression set at 1.  FIG. 2B ) In SCAT and VAT of wild-type (white bar) and Ob/Ob mice (black bar) (n=5), p&lt;0.05 data are shown as mean±sd and expressed as fold increase relative to the control SCAT set at 1.  FIG. 2C ) In SVF (black bar) and isolated adipocytes (white bar) of mice (n=5). Data are expressed as fold increase relative to SCAT SVF expression.  FIG. 2D ) In SCAT (black bar) and VAT (white bar) from human whole tissue, isolated adipocytes, isolated preadipocytes and adipocytes differentiated in vitro. Data are expressed as levels relative to whole tissue SCAT expression set arbitrary at 1.  FIG. 2E ) in 3T3-L1 cells prior DMI treatment day-2 and after DMI treatment until day 7. N=2-3 sets of cells. Data are represented as levels relative to the expression at day 0. 
         FIGS. 3A-B : Overexpression of Vgll3 cDNA in 3T3-L1 cell line.  FIG. 3A ) 3T3-L1 cells transduced with retroviruses expressing the human cDNA of Vgll3. Oil-red-O pictures of differentiated 3T3-L1 at day 10.  FIG. 3B ) aP2 (marker of differentiation) mRNA expression measured by RT-PCR in the same cells as in  FIG. 3A  at day 10. Results are expressed as mean±sd P&lt;0.005 n=3. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention is dawn to methods for regulation of adipogenesis and metabolic function in adipocytes and preadipocytes. 
     The present invention consists in Vgll3 activity enhancing molecules able to increase Vgll3 activity in preadipocytes or adipocytes. Such molecules are useful to obtain a reduction of visceral and/or subcutaneous fat. They thus can be used for the preparation of a medicament to reduce adipogenesis, in particular for treatment of obesity and related disorders. 
     As used herein, the term “Vgll3 activity enhancing molecules” encompasses compounds able to increase Vgll3 activity and vectors expressing a Vgll3 recombinant protein. These two kinds of molecules are described in details below. 
     As used herein, the term “related disorders” in “obesity and related disorders” encompasses hypertension, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 
     Through a transcriptomic approach, the inventors identified genes whose expression was correlated with body weight gain in cohorts of C57B1/6 mice fed a high fat diet. Then, they conducted a second analysis in order to evaluate the changes in gene expression induced by Rimonabant treatment of the high fat diet fed mice. Genes which have never been described before in adipocyte biology, but which might be involved in important biological processes such as signaling, modification of extracellular matrix proteins, and gene transcription were retained. These genes could be important for adipogenesis especially since they might be involved in the mechanism by which Rimonabant reduces fat mass in mice. In this context, Vgll3 was identified as involved in adipocytes metabolism, especially in new signaling pathway. More generally, this gene appears to play a role in adipogenesis and control of adipose tissue development in obesity. 
     Enhancing Vgll3 activity in adipocytes and preadipocytes can be useful in therapeutics to modulate adipogenesis, especially to reduce adipogenesis, in particular in the treatment and prevention of obesity related disorders, which are type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disorders and more generally metabolic syndromes. 
     Enhancing Vgll3 activity in adipocytes and preadipocytes can also be useful for cosmetic applications in order to reduce disgraceful fat accumulation. 
     In one embodiment, Vgll3 activity can be increased in adipocytes and preadipocytes using small molecules that enhance the transcription of Vgll3. Such compounds able to increase Vgll3 activity can be identified using methods well known by the person skilled of the art. One method can be a reporting system consisting in the promoter of Vgll3 linked in frame to a reporter gene and expressed in a suitable cell line; the reporter gene product&#39;s activity can be quantitatively measured. Thus, a compound that enhances the expression of the reporter gene can be considered as a potential candidate. 
     The reporter genes that can be used in such reporting systems are numerous and well known in the art. For example, such reporter genes can be genes allowing expression of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), luciferase, Beta-galactosidase, 
     Therefore, on aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for screening for enhancers of the activity of Vgll3 which comprises the steps of: 
     a) transfecting a cell line with a reporter construction comprising a Vgll3 promoter linked to a reporter gene 
     b) cultivating said cell line in condition to allow expression of the reporter gene 
     c) adding candidate compounds into the cell culture 
     d) identifying enhancer compounds as being those compounds which have the ability to increase the reporter gene expression. 
     The predicted promoter of human Vgll3 which can be used in the described above screening test for modulators of Plac8 transcription corresponds to SEQ ID NO.17. 
     In another embodiment, enhancing of the Vgll3 activity in a patient in need thereof can be obtained by administration of a recombinant vector bearing a sequence for Vgll3 expression. 
     With this aim, the present invention provides vectors comprising polynucleotides for expression of a Vgll3 recombinant protein. These vectors can be naked DNA, or viral vector such as adenoviral vector, AAV vector or retroviral vector as lentiviral vector. These vectors can be administered by different suitable routes including intravenous route or local injection including intramuscular route, direct injection into subcutaneous tissue or other targeted tissue chosen according to usual practice. 
     In one embodiment, the expression vector is a plasmid. Such a plasmid may be a conditionally replicating plasmid that is incapable of replicating in the patients for safety reasons. These plasmids may be based on the plasmid pCOR as described in the patent publication WO 97/10343. The vector may comprise a promoter capable of directing expression of the Vgll3 polypeptide in the tissue to which it is administered, such as the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. The vector may further comprise a polyadenylation signal from SV40. The vector may be administered in a variety of ways, including by intramuscular injection. The vector may be administered by multiple injections directly in the ischemic muscles to be treated. 
     Thus, a Vgll3 recombinant protein may be provided by delivering such a plasmid vector to a cell in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo, and allowing transcription from the vector to occur. Preferably, a polynucleotide of the invention is operably linked to a control sequence which is capable of providing for the expression of the coding sequence by the host cell, i.e. the vector is an expression vector. 
     “Operably linked” refers to an arrangement of elements wherein the components so described are configured so as to perform their usual function. Thus, a given regulatory sequence, such as a promoter, operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence is capable of effecting the expression of that sequence when the proper enzymes are present. The promoter need not be contiguous with the sequence, so long as it functions to direct the expression thereof. Thus, for example, intervening untranslated yet transcribed sequences can be present between the promoter sequence and the nucleic acid sequence and the promoter sequence can still be considered “operably linked” to the coding sequence. 
     A “promoter” is a nucleotide sequence which initiates and regulates transcription of a polypeptide-encoding polynucleotide. Promoters can include inducible promoters (where expression of a polynucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter is induced by an analyte, cofactor, regulatory protein, etc.), repressible promoters (where expression of a polynucleotide sequence operably linked to the promoter is repressed by an analyte, cofactor, regulatory protein, etc.), and constitutive promoters. It is intended that the term “promoter” or “control element” includes full-length promoter regions and functional (e.g., controls transcription or translation) segments of these regions. 
     Promoters and other expression regulation signals may be selected to be compatible with the host cell for which expression is designed. In particular, where the method of the invention requires direct delivery into a muscle, the promoters and other expression regulatory systems should be capable of functioning in muscle tissues. For example, mammalian promoters, such as β-actin promoters, may be used. 
     Examples of promoters useful to practice the present invention include but are not limited to viral promoters such as promoters from Simian Virus 40 (SV40) (e.g. the SV40 large T antigen promoter or SV40 early promoter), Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) (e.g. MMTV LTR promoter), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (e.g. the HIV Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) promoter), Moloney virus (e.g. Moloney murine leukaemia virus LTR promoter), ALV, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) (such as the CMV immediate early promoter), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) (e.g. the RSV LTR promoter), adenovirus, (e.g. the adenovirus major late promoter Ad MLP), HSV (such as the HSV IE promoters), or HPV promoters (e.g. the HPV upstream regulatory region URR). Suitable promoters may also be derived from human genes such as human alpha or beta actin, human Myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine and human metallothionein or any suitable tissue-specific promoters. All these promoters are readily available in the art. 
     Examples of polyadenylation signals useful to practice the present invention include but are not limited to SV40 polyadenylation signals, bovine or human growth hormone polyadenylation signals, and LTR polyadenylation signals. In particular, the SV40 polyadenylation signal which is in pCEP4 plasmid (Invitrogen, San Diego Calif.), referred to as the SV40 polyadenylation signal may be used. 
     The vector may contain one or more selectable marker genes, for example an ampicillin resistance gene in the case of a bacterial plasmid or a resistance gene for a fungal vector. Vectors may be used in vitro, for example for the production of DNA or RNA or used to transfect or transform a host cell, for example, a mammalian host cell. The vectors may also be adapted to be used in vivo, for example to allow in vivo expression of the polypeptide. 
     In one embodiment the Vgll3 encoding plasmid contains a conditional origin of replication in bacteria such as the plasmid pCOR as described in the International application WO 97/10343 and Soubrier et al. ( Gene Ther.  1999; 6:1482-1488). Plasmids based on the pCOR backbone are also described in WO 2004/033664. The pCOR backbone is small (1 Kbp) as compared with conventional backbone (2 to 2.5 Kbp), thus reducing by half the amount of unwanted bacterial DNA injected into the patient. 
     In one embodiment, therefore, the pCOR plasmid may harbor an expression cassette encoding an Vgll3 recombinant protein as described above. 
     The vector may be a recombinant viral vector. Suitable recombinant viral vectors include but are not limited to adenovirus vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, herpes-virus vectors, a retroviral vector, lentiviral vectors, baculoviral vectors, pox viral vectors or parvovirus vectors. 
     The vector may be a targeted vector, that is a vector whose ability to infect or transfect or transduce a cell or to be expressed in a host and/or target cell is restricted to certain cell types within the host subject, usually cells having a common or similar phenotype. 
     The vectors and expression cassettes of the present invention may be administered directly as “a naked nucleic acid construct”. As used herein, the term “naked DNA” refers to a vector such as a plasmid comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention together with a short promoter region to control its production. It is called “naked” DNA because the vectors are not carried in any delivery vehicle, for example they are free of viral components, particularly any viral particles which may carry genetic information. They are similarly free from, or naked with respect to, any material which promotes transfection, such as liposomal formulations, charged lipids such as Lipofectin™, or precipitating agents such as CaPO 4 . When such a vector enters a host cell, such as a eukaryotic cell, the proteins it encodes are transcribed and translated within the cell. 
     A vector such as a plasmid may be delivered to the animal with a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier. In preferred applications, the liquid carrier is aqueous or partly aqueous, comprising sterile, pyrogen-free water. The pH of the preparation is suitably adjusted and buffered. Suitable compositions for administration are described further below. 
     Alternatively, liposomal preparations can be used to deliver the vectors of the invention. Useful liposomal preparations include cationic (positively charged), anionic (negatively charged) and neutral preparations, with cationic liposomes particularly preferred. Cationic liposomes may mediate intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA and mRNA. 
     In the case of viral vectors, administration of the polynucleotide is mediated by viral infection of a target cell. 
     Systemic administration of vector expressing Vgll3 allows to transduce tissues which are not accessible from outside. For systemic delivery, Vgll3 protein can be formulated with cholesterol conjugate, liposomes or polymer-based nanoparticules. Liposomes are traditionally used in order to provide increased pharmacokinetics properties and/or decreased toxicity profiles. They allow significant and repeated success in vivo delivery. 
     Methods for gene delivery are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,346, 5,580,859 and 5,589,466. The vector can be introduced directly into the recipient subject, such as by standard intramuscular or intradermal injection; transdermal particle delivery; intravenous delivery, inhalation; topically, or by oral, intranasal or mucosal modes of administration. The vector can also be introduced in vitro or ex vivo into cells which have been harvested from a subject. 
     According to the present invention, the vector expressing a Vgll3 recombinant protein can bear the sequence SEQ ID NO.15 or its derivatives due to degeneration of genetic code or any derivatives thereof having at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98 or 99% of sequence identity with this sequence. 
     In a preferred embodiment, the vector expresses a Vgll3 recombinant protein having a sequence corresponding to SEQ ID NO.2 or SEQ IN NO.4 or derivatives or fragments or homologs of these sequences presenting at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 98 or 99% of sequence identity with these sequences. 
     In another embodiment, these homologs, derivatives and fragments retain the same activity as Vgll3, or at least 50, 80 or 90% of this activity. 
     The invention also consists in a method for modulation of adipogenesis comprising the administration to a patient in need thereof of a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule to modulate adipogenesis. Such method can be used to treat obesity or related diseases. Such method can also be used in order to decrease fat accumulation in a cosmetic purpose. 
     Another object of the invention is a composition which comprises a Vgll3 activity enhancing molecule according to the present invention. These compositions comprise an effective dose of at least one such molecule according to the invention, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. This composition is useful for the preparation of a medicament to inhibit adipogenesis. In a preferred embodiment, it can be used to treat obesity and related diseases. 
     The composition can also be useful for reduction of visceral and/or subcutaneous fat accumulation. 
     Any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can be used within the context of the present invention, and such carriers are well known in the art. The choice of carrier will be determined, in part, by the particular site to which the composition is to be administered and the particular method used to administer the composition. Formulations suitable for injection include aqueous and non-aqueous solutions, isotonic sterile injection solutions, which can contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and solutes that render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions that can include suspending agents, solubilizers, thickening agents, stabilizers, and preservatives. The formulations can be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, such as ampoules and vials, and can be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets of the kind previously described. Preferably, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a buffered saline solution. Most preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is isotonic, for example comprises a solution of sodium chloride (0.9%). 
     Those skilled in the art can adjust the dosage and concentration to suit the particular route of delivery. In one embodiment, a single dose is administered on a single occasion. In an alternative embodiment, a number of doses are administered to a subject on the same occasion but, for example, at different sites. In a further embodiment, multiple doses are administered on multiple occasions. Such multiple doses may be administered in batches, i.e. with multiple administrations at different sites on the same occasion, or may be administered individually, with one administration on each of multiple occasions (optionally at multiple sites). Any combination of such administration regimes may be used. The invention is now described by reference to the following examples, which are illustrative only, and are not intended to limit the present invention. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Material and Methods 
     Animals Treatment 
     C57BL/6J mice, which are obesity-prone (Collins et al. 2004), were fed for 6 months with a high fat diet (HFD). After 6 months of HFD, mice exhibited scattered body weights with various degrees of glucose intolerance (measured by a glucose tolerance test. The HFD mice were separated into 3 groups displaying the same level of glucose intolerance but with low (L), medium (M) or high (H) body weights and treated them, as well as normal chow (NC) fed mice, for one month with vehicle or rimonabant (10 mg·kg −1 ·day −1 ), to normalize their body weight. 
     RNA preparation, labelling and hybridization on cDNA microarrays. RNA from 5 different mice per group was extracted from visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues using peqGOLD Trifast™ (peqlab) and chloroform-isoamylalcool (24:1) extraction. RNA was precipitated with isopropanol and purified by passage over RNeasy columns (Qiagen). RNA quality was checked before and after amplification with a Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent). RNA was reverse transcribed and RNA was amplified with MessageAmp™ kit (Ambion). A Mouse Universal Reference (Clontech) was similarly amplified and both adipose tissue and reference RNAs were labeled by an indirect technique with Cy5 and Cy3 according to published protocols (De Fourmestraux et al., 2004). Labeled RNAs were hybridized to microarrays containing 17664 cDNAs prepared at the DNA Array Facility of the University of Lausanne. Scanning, image, and quality control analyses were performed as previously published (de Fourmestraux et al., 2004). Data were expressed as log 2  intensity ratios (Cy5/Cy3), normalized with a print tip locally weighted linear regression (Lowess) method and filtered based on spot quality and incomplete annotation. All analysis were performed with the R software for statistical computing available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network (cran.us.r-project.org/). 
     RNA Extraction and Real-Time PCR 
     Total RNA was isolated from cultured cells using peqGOLD TriFast reagent according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions (Axonlab). First strand cDNA was synthesized from 0.5 μg of total RNA using random primers and Superscript II (Invitrogen). Real time PCR was performed using Power SYBR Green Mix (Applied Biosystem). The following primers were used for mouse genes: SEQ ID NO.5 (Vgll3-Forward), SEQ ID NO.6 (Vgll3-Reverse), SEQ ID NO.9 (cyclophilin-Forward), SEQ ID NO.10 (cyclophilin-Reverse), SEQ ID NO.13 (aP2-Foward), SEQ ID NO.14 (aP2-Reverse). The following primers were used for human genes: SEQ ID NO.7 (hVgll3-Foward), SEQ ID NO.8 (hVgll3-Reverse), SEQ ID NO.11 (cyclophilin-Forward), SEQ ID NO.12 (cyclophilin-Reverse) 
     Isolation of Adipocytes and Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) from Adipose Tissue 
     Eights week-old male C57BL/6J mice (n=6-8) were euthanized by CO 2  inhalation and epididymal (visceral) and subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected and placed in DMEM medium containing 10mg/mL fatty acid-poor BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mich.). The tissue was minced into fine pieces and then digested in 0.12 units/mL collagenase type I (Sigma) at 37° C. in a shaking water bath (80 Hz) for 1 hour. Samples were then filtered through a sterile 250 μm nylon mesh (Scrynel NY250HC, Milian) to remove undigested fragments. The resulting suspension was centrifuged at 1100 RPM for 10 min to separate SVF from adipocytes. Adipocytes were removed and washed with DMEM buffer. They were then suspended in peqGOLD TriFast reagent (Axonlab) and RNA was isolated according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions. The SVF fraction was incubated in erythrocyte lysis buffer (0.154 mM NH 4 Cl, 10mM KHCO 3 , 0.1 mM EDTA) for 2 min. Cells were then centrifuged at 1100 RPM for 10 min and re-suspended in 500 μl of peqGOLD TriFast reagent (Axonlab) for RNA isolation. 
     Cell Culture 
     3T3-L1 cells were cultured in DMEM (Gibco) with 10% FBS (Gibco) at 5% CO 2 . After retroviral infection (see below), cells were allow to grow to confluence in either 100-mm or 60-mm dishes in DMEM with 10% FBS. Once confluence was reached, cells were exposed to differentiation medium containing dexamethasone (1 μM), insulin (5 μg/ml), and isobutylmethylxanthine (0.5 μM) (DMI). After 2 days cells were maintained in medium containing insulin (5 μg/ml) until ready for harvest at 7 days. 
     Oil-Red-O Staining 
     After 7 to 10 days of differentiation, cells were washed once in PBS and fixed with formaldehyde (Formalde-fresh; Fisher) for 15 minutes. The staining solution was prepared by dissolving 0.5 g oil-red-O in 100 ml of isopropanol; 60 ml of this solution was mixed with 40 ml of distilled water. After 1 hour at room temperature the staining solution was filtered and added to dishes for 4 hours. The staining solution was then removed and cells were washed twice with distilled water. 
     Generation of Retroviral Constructs and Retroviral Infections 
     Retroviruses were constructed in the RNAi-Ready pSIREN-RetroQ ZsGreen (pSIREN Clontech) or pMSCV puromycin plasmid (pMSCV, Clontech). Viral constructs were transfected using calcium-phosphate method described in Jordan, M., et al. (2004) into 293 HEK packaging cells along with constructs encoding gag-pol and the VSV-G protein. Supernatants were harvested after 48 h in presence of 3 μm of Trichostatin A (Sigma) and either used immediately or snap frozen and stored at −80° C. for later use. Viral supernatants were added to the cells for 6 hours in the presence of polybrene (4 μg/ml) and diluted two times with fresh medium for the next 15 hours. 
     Overexpression Constructs 
     A modified pMSCV puromycin retroviral plasmid (from Clontech) expressing a GFP marker was used to over-expressed the cDNA of Vgll3 into cells. The cDNA (SEQ ID NO.15) was inserted blunted into the hpal restriction site from the multicloning site of pMSCV. The resulting colonies were tested for the right orientation and selected by enzymes digestion. The right clone was selected and amplified and used for retroviral infection of 3T3-L1 cells. 
     Results 
     Example 1 
     Microarray Results 
     Bioinformatic analysis of the microarray data was performed to identify genes that fulfilled the three following criteria: (i) regulated by high fat feeding, (ii) similar regulated expression by high fat feeding in both visceral and subcutaneous fat and (iii) similar normalization of their expression by Rimonabant treatment ( FIGS. 1A-B ). Out of the ˜17′000 gene targets present on the cDNA microarray used, 34 genes fulfilled these criteria, which are listed in Table 1. Remarkably, 10 of these genes—Cav1, Fgf1, Fndc3b, Kif5b, Mest, Npr3, Pik3ca, Sparc, Vldlr, and Wwtr1—were previously known to be important regulators of adipose tissue development and function. Some of these genes had expression levels correlated with body weight gain (shown in grey in Table 1), suggesting a potential role in hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of adipose tissues during obesity. These results validate the approach used to identify possible novel targets for therapeutic treatment of obesity. 
     Most importantly, many of the genes cited in table 1 have never been studied in the context of in adipose tissue development or biology. These genes belong to the following classes of function: extracellular matrix/cell interaction, cytoskeleton, intracellular signalling, enzymes, and transcription factors/co-factors. They are likely involved in tissue remodelling, and particularly in adipocyte development. One of these genes, Vgll3 gene and its role in adipocyte biology, is presented herein and constitutes one aspect of the present invention. 
     The mouse and human sequences of Vgll3 as used in the present invention corresponds to SEQ ID NO.1 and NO.2 and SEQ ID NO.3 and NO.4 respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 List of 34 gene candidates regulated by HFD and Rimonabant in SCAT and 
               
               
                 VAT. The full name and gene symbol are showed in the first column. The biological 
               
               
                 role for known genes and references are indicated in the second column. All these 
               
               
                 genes were up-regulated by HFD and normalized by Rimonabant treatment, excepted 
               
               
                 for Plac8 and Rp9h, which were down-regulated by HFD. The genes correlated to body 
               
               
                 weight increase are shown in italic. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Gene name 
                 Biological function and references 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 
                   Acetyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, medium 
                 
                   
               
               
                 
                   chain (Acadm) 
                 
                   
               
               
                 ARP2 actin-related protein 2 homolog (Actr2) 
                   
               
               
                 
                   Amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App) 
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Annexin A2 (Anxa2) 
                 
                 
                   Role in actin-assembly 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Calmodulin 1 (Calm1) 
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   Caveolin, caveolae protein 1 Cav1) 
                 
                 
                   Role in lipid homeostasis 
                 
               
               
                 Cyclin G1 (Ccgn1) 
                   
               
               
                 Cold shock domain containing E1 (Csde) 
                   
               
               
                 Expressed sequence AW112037 
                   
               
               
                 
                   Fibroblast growth factor 1 (Fgf1) 
                 
                 
                   Regulator of human adipogenesis 
                 
               
               
                 Fibronectin type III domain containing 3B 
                 Role in adipogenesis 
               
               
                 (Fndc3b) 
                   
               
               
                 Kinesin family member 5B (Kif5b) 
                 Role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 
               
               
                   
                 translocation to the plasma membrane 
               
               
                 
                   Mesoderm specific transcript (Mest) 
                 
                 
                   Adipocyte differentiation and 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   enlargement 
                 
               
               
                 Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 
                   
               
               
                 (Nap1L1) 
                   
               
               
                 
                   Nidogen 1 (Nid1 ) 
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   natriuretic peptide receptor 3 (Npr3) 
                 
                 
                   Possible role in sodium retention 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   characteristic of obesity associated 
                 
               
               
                   
                 
                   hypertension 
                 
               
               
                 nuclear undecaprenyl pyrophosphate 
                   
               
               
                 synthase 1 homolog (Nus1) 
                   
               
               
                 
                   Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic, alpha 
                 
                 
                   Essential for proper growth factor 
                 
               
               
                 
                   polypeptide (Pik3ca) 
                 
                 
                   signaling. Role in adipogenesis 
                 
               
               
                 Placenta-specific 8 (Plac8) 
                   
               
               
                 Pleckstrin homology domain containing, 
                   
               
               
                 family C (Plekhc1) 
                   
               
               
                 Protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a1 (Ptp4a1) 
                 Implicated in cell growth, 
               
               
                   
                 differentiation, and tumor invasion 
               
               
                 Related RAS viral (Rras2) oncogene homolog 
                   
               
               
                 2 
                   
               
               
                 Retinitis pigmentosa 9 homolog (Rp9h) 
                   
               
               
                 
                   Secreted acidic cysteine rich glycoprotein 
                 
                 
                   Mediates cell-matrix interactions and 
                 
               
               
                 
                   (Sparc) 
                 
                 
                   play a differentiation and angiogenesis 
                 
               
               
                 
                   Signal-induced proliferation-associated 1 like 
                 
                 
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   1 (Sipa1L1) 
                 
                   
               
               
                 
                   Spectrin beta 2 (Spnb2) 
                 
                   
               
               
                 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3- 
                   
               
               
                 sialyltransferase 6 (St3gal6) 
                   
               
               
                 Vestigial like 3 (VgII3) 
                   
               
               
                 Very low density lipoprotein receptor (VIdlr) 
                 Involved in lipolysis 
               
               
                 
                   Zinc finger, DHHC domain containing 2 
                 
                   
               
               
                 
                   (Zdhhc2) 
                 
                   
               
               
                 WD repeat domain 26 (Wdr26) 
                   
               
               
                 WW domain containing transcription regulator 
                 regulates mesenchymal stem cell 
               
               
                 1 (Wwtr1) 
                 differentiation 
               
               
                 
                   Expressed sequence AW112037 
                 
                   
               
               
                 
                   RIKEN cDNA B930093H17 gene (like- 
                 
                   
               
               
                 
                   glycosyltransferase) 
                 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2 
     Tissue and Cellular Expression of the Selected Genes 
     To better understand the role of Vgll3 in adipocytes development, its pattern of expression was first characterized. mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR in various mouse tissues, in isolated preadipocytes and adipocytes, in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) of mouse obesity model (Ob/Ob mice) and in human adipose tissues. 
     Vgll3 is highly expressed in kidney compared to other organs. It has a similar expression in VAT, SCAT, muscle and heart. The lowest expression is observed in liver, BAT and spleen. Vgll3 levels are normalized with cyclophilin A levels for each tissue and are expressed as relative fold increase compared to the liver level set arbitrarily at 1 ( FIG. 2A ). 
     Adipose tissue is a complex tissue that includes not only mature adipocytes, but also precursor cells such as preadipocytes as well as blood vessels, macrophages and fibroblastic cells. Based on a collagenase I digestion technique, stromal vascular fraction (SVF) (including preadipocyte, endothelial and macrophage cells) was separated from the isolated adipocyte fraction. 
     In white adipose tissues of Ob/Ob mice, Vgll3 levels are increased ( FIG. 2B ). The same expression patterns were observed in microarray studies. 
     Adipose tissue is a complex tissue that includes not only mature adipocytes, but also precursor cells such as preadipocytes as well as blood vessels, macrophages and fibroblastic cells. Based on a collagenase I digestion technique, stromal vascular fraction (SVF) (including preadipocyte, endothelial and macrophage cells) was separated from the isolated adipocyte fraction. Vgll3 is predominantly expressed in the stromal vascular fraction, containing preadipocytes ( FIG. 2C ). These results indicate that Vgll3 might be involved in differentiation or proliferation processes. 
     The next step was to determine whether Vgll3 gene is conserved among species. To address this question, a RT-PCR was performed on human adipose tissue samples. Preadipocytes and adipocytes were isolated from SCAT or VAT. Isolated preadipocytes were induced to differentiate in vitro until day 7. Results showed that Vgll3 is indeed expressed in human fat ( FIG. 2D ). 
     Altogether these results suggest that Vgll3 is a relevant candidate gene for adipocytes development, possibly required for adipogenesis or fat tissue enlargement in obesity since Vgll3 prevent these processes as it is strongly suppressed in adipose tissue of HFD and of Ob/Ob mice. 
     Example 3 
     Expression of Selected Genes During 3T3-L1 Differentiation 
     Next, the expression of Vgll3 gene was assessed during adipogenesis. For that purpose, mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR during a detailed differentiation time-course of 3T3-L1 (an adipogenic cell line) ( FIG. 2E ). Interestingly, Vgll3 expression is decreased as soon as the DMI is added to the cells, and remains at very low levels during all 7 days, further suggesting that this gene is specifically down regulated to allow adipogenesis. 
     Example 4 
     Overexpression of Vgll3 in 3T3-L1 Cell Line Decrease Adipogenesis 
     For the gain-of-function study, the cDNA of the human sequence of Vgll3 was subcloned into the pMSCV retroviral plasmid from Clontech. After infection, the 3T3-l1 cells were allowed to reach confluence and differentiated with DMI. At day 10, cells were stained for lipid content with oil-red-O ( FIG. 3A ). The overexpression of Vgll3 decreases the adipogenic potential of 3T3-L1. This result was confirmed by measuring the levels of aP2, an adipogenic marker, which is decreased by 90% in3T3-L1 cells infected with retroviruses expressing Vgll3 ( FIG. 3B ). 
     BIBLIOGRAPHY 
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