Patent Publication Number: US-10325861-B2

Title: Methods and structures for dicing integrated circuits from a wafer

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     Embodiments of the invention are related in general, to methods and structures for dicing integrated circuits (e.g., integrated circuit (IC) “chips” or “die”) from wafers (e.g., silicon semiconductor wafers). Such methods and structures may include those used for wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of a stack of metallization layer, via layer and through silicon via structures extending through a metallization layer and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate 
     Description of Related Art 
     Integrated circuit (IC) chips (e.g., “chips”, “dies”, “ICs” or “IC chips”), such as microprocessors, coprocessors, graphics processors, memories and other microelectronic devices are often formed across (on or within) the surface a large “wafer” of semiconductor material, such as a wafer of silicon, silicon germanium, germanium, or the like. After formation, the wafer is “diced” to separate or “singulate” the integrated circuit (IC) chips or “die” from each other. Once they are diced, each chip or “die” can be picked up and separately packaged, mounted or used in an electronic device 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like references indicate similar elements. It should be noted that references to “an” or “one” embodiment of the invention in this disclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and they mean at least one. 
         FIGS. 1A-1C , illustrate the principle of the stealth dicing technology for dicing integrated circuit (IC) chip “die” from a wafer. 
         FIG. 2A  shows embodiments of processes for dicing integrated circuits from wafers that includes wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of “Metal Stack Kerf” (MSK) structures disposed through metallization layers and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate. 
         FIGS. 2B-2C  display an increase in net silicon utilization by using small scribe-lines, such as those formed by a process including wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of a MSK structures extending through a metallization layer and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate. 
         FIGS. 3A-3H  show a possible process flow and structures for dicing a wafer according to the teachings disclosed herein, such as a process including wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of a MSK structure extending through a metallization layer and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate. 
         FIG. 4  shows a cross-section of a wafer to be diced and having the seal rings omitted. 
         FIG. 5  shows an example of a process control monitor (PCM) relocation strategy for relocating scribe line elements to the area of one or more chips therefore allowing drastic reduction in the width of the original scribe lines. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a computing device in accordance with one implementation. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Several embodiments of the invention with reference to the appended drawings are now explained. Whenever the shapes, relative positions and other aspects of the parts described in the embodiments are not clearly defined, the scope of embodiments of the invention is not limited only to the parts shown, which are meant merely for the purpose of illustration. Also, while numerous details are set forth, it is understood that some embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure the understanding of this description. 
     During formation or processing of a wafer, the semiconductor integrated circuits (or devices, or chips) that are manufactured on the wafer typically need to be kept apart from each other by a given distance. This distance may be a horizontal distance between vertical edges or seal rings of adjacent chips. This distance may be called a “dicing street”, “scribe-line”, “kerf” (e.g., a “kerf line region”), “dicing channel”, etc. When the wafer is diced to separate the chips, the parts of the wafer in these distances is typically destroyed, removed or otherwise not existing or included as part of the separated chips. 
     In some cases, this distance is needed so that the singulation process that can be based on a disruptive mechanical sawing or a laser process can be performed within the kerf to separate the chips, without damaging the circuits on the chips. The sawing process is normally conducted by means of a rotating diamond circular blade. In recent times, a prescribing process assisted by an ablation laser is utilized. The kerf, which surrounds each chip on its four sides, has a width which varies from technology to technology. By making use of conventional blade dicing and taking into account the stringent manufacturing quality and reliability requirements of today&#39;s mass production standards (e.g., zero defect policies), the narrowest available kerf released in production appears can be up to 120 micrometers (um) wide. 
     The area required for the kerf is typically destroyed during the dicing process, such as by being sawn or ground to dust; or being melted or evaporated. For this reason, temporary structures may often be found in the kerf area. For example, within the space of the kerf, a number of structures necessary to control the manufacturing operations may be placed. Such structures comprise the typical process control monitors (PCM) (e.g., electrical test structures to confirm processing is succeeding as expected), the photolithographic alignment structures, the wafer level reliability test circuits, the film thickness and critical dimension (CD) measurement structures, etc. When the mechanical rotating blade-assisted dicing operation is performed, the wafer state of the kerf is wasted and mentioned test structures are destroyed. The width of the kerf may be determined by the following factors: the width of the dicing blade, the width of the test and measurement structures plus margins for quality and reliability concerns. 
     When making use of mechanical rotating blade-assisted dicing, the following observations can typically be made: the smaller the area of the chip, the higher the percentage of wafer material wasted in the kerf; the edges of the singulated die are particularly rough and there is a high risk of chipping of the upper films of the chip; micro-cracks can be easily generated which propagate within the integrated circuit (which can pose reliability constraints), consequently, the integrated circuit has to be protected from crack issues by means of “crack stop” structures, which, in turn, increase the chip area; generation of wafer dust (generally silicon) that can lead to discoloration/corrosion of the input/output circuit pads (generally made of aluminum); the utilization of water, intended to cool down the blade and wash out the dirt, can lead to corrosion of the aluminum of the pad; and the dicing has to be performed along perpendicular and/or rectangular kerf lines. 
     During the last few years, a new sawing/dicing technology has emerged in the industry, known as “Stealth Dicing”, which relies on a laser beam to perform the singulation of the dies. The main characteristic of such a stealth dicing technology is that the laser beam is focused at a selectable depth within the bulk of the wafer. The energy carried by the laser beam is therefore capable of locally modifying the morphology of the crystalline wafer (e.g., silicon, GaAs, etc.) from mono-crystalline to poly-crystalline. As a result, a precisely localized line of mechanical stress is introduced within the bulk of the wafer at the selected depth. Once the wafer has been processed through the stealth dicing tool, it is still not yet singulated. In order to separate each die from its neighbor, it is necessary to apply a controlled mechanical expansion of the wafer; such an operation is performed in a separate module of the stealth dicing machine called expander. 
       FIGS. 1A-C  show an example of a stealth dicing tool and process that may be used to dice a wafer into chips.  FIG. 1A  shows how a laser beam  102  may be focused by means of a focusing lens  103  so that the focal point  104  is at a selected depth (SD)  105  within the bulk of a silicon wafer  101 . The laser beam may be moved across the silicon wafer to form an elongated modified wafer region. In  FIG. 1A  the laser is moved from the left to the right as indicated by the dotted arrow. Thus, the modified wafer region has been created to the left of the focal point of the laser beam and is about to be created to the right of the focal point of the laser beam. The laser may be operated in a continuous manner, but typically the laser is pulsed so that short laser pulses interact with the silicon of the wafer in the vicinity of the focal point. An inset to the right in  FIG. 1A  shows a laser scan surface resulting  109  from focusing the laser beam at the selectable depth within the bulk of the silicon wafer and moving the laser beam in the indicated direction (arrow labeled “LASER scan”). It can be seen that a relatively well-defined modified region can be obtained while the surrounding silicon material is substantially unaltered. 
       FIG. 1B  shows a top view of an intersection of two scribe-lines or kerfs before and after expanding the wafer.  FIG. 1B  shows more narrow scribe-lines or kerfs  106  before expanding the wafer.  FIG. 1B  shows relatively wider scribe-lines or kerfs  107  after expanding the wafer. 
       FIG. 1C  shows a schematic cross-section through a kerf region  108  after the wafer has been expanded. The saw street or scribe-line width (ww) can be empirically estimated with the formula ww=0.30×(Wafer thickness) to w=0.40×(Wafer thickness). Therefore, if a wafer, as thick as 300 micrometers (“um”), needs to be stealth diced by irradiating it from the top surface, ww has to be in the range of 90-120 um. In order to avoid undesired refraction or reflection of a laser beam, this minimum width (ww) has to be kept normally free from materials other than silicon/silicon dioxide. 
     Focusing the laser beam into the silicon wafer predetermines a breaking line. In this case, the actual singulation is then caused by subsequent tape expansion supported by a breaking tool. Multiple passes of the laser beam focused at different depths within the bulk of the wafer will induce a well-controlled and accurately positioned stack of stress-lines one on top of the other. It can be appreciated that this process can be performed on one wafer at a time and can take a great deal of laser energy and time to predetermines all of the breaking lines of all of the chips of a single wafer. 
     However, there is a need in the field for an inexpensive and high throughput process for dicing IC chips from wafers that can: dice chips of any shape, singulate every single die in a shared reticle, improve the quality of the singulated die, minimize costs to singulate the die of wafers, drastically reduce scribe-line width when dicing wafers, and increase throughput of dicing wafers. This is especially needed in modern chip production in order to maximize the silicon utilization of semiconductor wafers so that the wafer can accommodate a maximum possible number of chips. This is especially relevant for flash or smart power products, logic products, memory products, etc. Some embodiments of the invention include methods and structures for dicing integrated circuits from a wafer including by wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of metallization layer, via layer and through silicon via structures extending through a metallization layer and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate 
     Some embodiments according to the invention are related to a method of dicing a semiconductor wafer (e.g., see  FIGS. 3A-H ). Some embodiments according to the invention are related to a wafer as an intermediate product (e.g., and structures for) during the method of dicing the wafer (e.g., see  FIGS. 3A-H ). Some embodiments according to the invention are related to a semiconductor device (e.g., and structures for) obtained from the method of dicing a wafer (e.g., see  FIGS. 3A-H ). 
     According to some embodiments, a chemical wet etching process may be used to form a deep (e.g., from a few tens up to 100 um through the top and into the substrate below the devices of the wafer) and narrow (e.g., few microns) groove around the sides of the integrated circuits (dice) placed on a semiconductor wafer, by etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of metallization layer, via layer and through silicon via structures of conductor, alloy, and/or metal, such as a stack of conductive (e.g., conductor material) metal stack Kerf (MSK) structures. By having the formation of said groove followed by a standard wafer backside grinding, the dicing (or singulation) of each die can be performed. 
     In some cases, said lateral chip dicing pattern of deep and narrow groove or trench can be formed by exploiting a chemical wet etch of the physically continuous stack of metal(s) of the lateral chip dicing pattern of MSK structures including levels which are formed during the normal wafer processing processes (e.g., a wet etch of the lateral chip dicing pattern of MSKs). 
     In some cases, such a lateral chip dicing pattern of metal MSK structures surround each die on all of its sides and is built by integrating metallization layer, via layer and through silicon via technology (e.g., used here to also form the part of the metal stack in the bulk of the semiconductor wafer) to form the pattern to a thickness (e.g., height or depth) “t” below surface  212  of the wafer. In some cases this is done with a normal dual damascene process integration scheme. 
     In some cases, surrounding each die on all of its sides with the lateral chip dicing pattern (e.g., of pattern  134  MSK structures  150 ; or pattern  334  of trenches  350 ) is “completely surrounding” each die so that a beginning horizontal location of a lateral chip dicing pattern of MSK structures completely surrounding a die extends around a horizontal area of the die and physically attaches to or touches an ending horizontal location of the same MSK structures at a horizontal location of or on the die. In some cases, this metallization layer, via layer and through silicon via structure pattern technology is added to the metallization layer, via layer and through silicon via (TSV) processing already being performed on parts of the chips  120   a - b . In some cases, this metallization layer and via layer and through silicon via pattern technology for MSK structures (e.g., MSKs  154 - 176 ) is part of the processing processes (e.g., in addition to the already expected or prior metallization layer and via layer structures but formed during the same processing) so only minimal additional processing (e.g., for TSV structures  152 ) is required as the TSV processing already being performed on parts of the chips  120   a - b  to form stack  220 . 
     In some cases, such a wet etch shall be based on a properly calibrated H 2 SO 4 : H 2 O 2 : and/or H 2 O (e.g., a so-called “Piranha Etch” due to the typical “bubbling” of the hot solution used to perform the etch simulating a feeding school of Piranha fish) solution. Etch rate of metals (or alloys) (e.g., Al, Ag, Au, Ti, Cu, W, TiN, TaN, etc.) typically adopted in semiconductor technology are pretty high whereas etch rate of dielectrics are very slow; therefore, high etch selectivity of metal of the lateral chip dicing pattern of MSK structures  150  to dielectric  222  and  224  and of substrate  210  is expected. In some cases, critical factors to optimize the performance of the Piranha wet etch of metals are expected to be the etch temperature and the relative concentrations of the constituents. 
       FIG. 2A  shows embodiments of processes  250  for dicing integrated circuits from wafers that includes wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of metal layer MSK stack structures disposed through a metallization layer and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate. Some embodiments of process  250  include dicing a semiconductor wafer into chips include, as well as the structures that are used or may result from process  250 . 
     Process  250  begins with block  252  where an intended lateral chip dicing pattern of vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures (e.g., pattern  134  of conductive (e.g., conductor material) MSK structures  150 ) is formed from a depth below an upper surface of a substrate, up through metallization layers of the wafer, to protective layers on a top surface of the wafer. In some cases, block  252  may include forming vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures  150  in or along an intended lateral chip dicing pattern (e.g., pattern  134  of conductive MSK structures  150 ), where forming includes forming structures  150  from a depth below an upper surface of a substrate, up through metallization layers of the wafer, to protective layers on a top surface of the wafer. In some cases, block  252  may include descriptions below for  FIG. 3A . 
     Some embodiments herein (e.g., including embodiments of block  252  or  254 ) may make use of an additional lithography masking layer (e.g., including layer  310  of block  254 ). This additional photolithography masking layer is named KE mask (e.g., where “KE” may represent a “kerf etch”, or an etch of a MSK structure) and may have a pattern equal with a top perspective view equal to or corresponding to a lateral (e.g., horizontal) pattern (e.g., pattern  134  or  334 ) for dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of a wafer (e.g., wafer  110 ) (e.g., including opening  320  of block  254 ). In some cases, a wet etching process of metals is executed in a first part of dicing the wafer, followed by grinding a backside of the wafer or substrate (e.g., blocks  256  and  258 ). 
     In some cases (e.g., including embodiments of block  252 ), during the manufacturing process of a wafer, a stack of metal (or other conducting material) MSK structures (e.g., structures  150 ) is constructed, wherein the stack of MSK structure layers may be shaped as metallization lines around the chip edges and (vertically) that are vertically connected to each other by appropriate via-contacts (both of which are formed on top of TSV&#39;s that extend below the top surface of the substrate) such as to form lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150 . The MSK structures  150  can be shaped as slits along the pattern. As a result, a continuous metal layer stack of MSK structures  150  that is as wide (e.g., width W) as a KE mask opening (e.g., opening  320 ) or as wide as the kerf-line can be constructed with the resulting stack of metal MSK structures  150  lines (e.g., pattern  134 ) being aligned to the KE mask (e.g., opening  320 ) to dice the chips of the wafer as desired (e.g., block  254 ). In some cases, opening  320  is substantially aligned to (e.g., vertically aligned with or directly above) the lateral dicing pattern  134  along a top surface of the wafer (e.g. top surface of MSK  176  or of layer  226  prior to etching layers  225 - 226 ). 
     As a result, a continuous layer stack of MSK structure metals  150  that is as wide (e.g., width W) as a KE mask opening (e.g., opening  320 ) or as wide as the kerf-line can be constructed with the resulting stack of metal MSK structures  150  lines (e.g., pattern  134 ) being aligned to the KE mask (e.g., opening  320 ) to dice the chips of the wafer as desired (e.g., block  254 ). 
     After block  252 , process  250  continues with block  254 , where the protective layers are etched to expose the vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures along the intended lateral chip dicing pattern. In some cases, block  254  may include descriptions below for  FIGS. 3B-C . 
     In some cases, block  254  may include an oxide plasma etch to remove the last protective (e.g., oxide or nitride layer passivation layer, such as layers  225  and  226 ) and exposes the top metal layer (e.g., MSK  176 ) of the lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150 . 
     After block  254 , process  250  continues with block  256 , where the vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures are wet etched along the intended lateral chip dicing pattern to form a lateral chip dicing trench pattern (e.g., pattern  334  of trenches  350 ) to the depth below the upper surface of the substrate along the intended lateral dicing pattern. In some cases, block  256  may include descriptions below for  FIG. 3D . 
     In some cases, block  254  may include a wet etch based on, for example, hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid and water (the combination may be called “Piranha”) that can selectively etch away the photoresist  310  (comprising, e.g., an organic material) as well as the stack of lateral chip dicing pattern metal layers (e.g., MSKs  152 - 176 ) of the lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  to form a pattern  334  of trenches  350  for dicing the chips of the wafer as desired. Such metals can be aluminum, silver, gold, titanium, copper, tungsten, or alloys such as TiN, TaN and similar. Thus, a slit or trenches  350  as wide as the KE mask opening will result and the trenches separate the chips from the wafer (silicon) surface. In some cases, the lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  of metal layers and resulting trenches  350  form a lateral chip dicing pattern  134 / 334  through a metallization layer of a wafer and to a depth t below an upper surface  212  of the substrate  210  below the metallization layer (e.g.,  220 ). 
     In some cases, such a wet etch shall be based on a properly calibrated H 2 SO 4 : H 2 O 2 : and H 2 O solution (e.g., a so-called “Piranha Etch” possibly named for the typical “bubbling” of the hot solution used to perform the etch simulating a feeding school of Piranha fish). Etch rate of metals (or alloys) (e.g., Al, Ag, Au, Ti, Cu, W, TiN, TaN, etc.) typically adopted in semiconductor technology are pretty high whereas etch rate of dielectrics are very slow; therefore, high etch selectivity of metal of the lateral chip dicing pattern of MSK structures  150  to dielectric  222  and  224  and of substrate  210  is expected. In some cases, critical factors to optimize the performance of the Piranha wet etch of metals are expected to be the etch temperature and the relative concentrations of the constituents. 
     After block  256 , process  250  continues with block  258 , where a lower surface of the substrate is backside grinded to expose the depth below the upper surface of the substrate along the intended lateral dicing pattern (e.g., to expose the bottom of the trench pattern and dice the chips). In some cases, block  258  may include descriptions below for  FIG. 3H ; or optionally for  FIGS. 3E-H . 
     In some cases, block  254  may include, subsequently, grinding a lower surface  214  of the substrate  210  (or wafer  110 ) will dice the chips. 
     In some cases, process  250  (e.g., see  FIGS. 3A-H ) may dice all of the chips existing on or desired from the wafer  110 . In some cases, no further processing after process  250  (e.g., see  FIGS. 3A-H ) is required to dice the chips. In some cases, no further processing after process  250  (e.g., see  FIGS. 3A-H ) is required to dice the chips, except for removal of a foil used to hold the chips from the top for subsequent gripping and placing is required to dice the chips. 
     By employing the structures and wet etching process (e.g., process  250 ; and/or see  FIGS. 3A-H ) of a lateral chip dicing pattern of metal layer MSK stack structures to form a lateral chip dicing trench pattern through a metallization layer of a wafer to a depth below an upper surface of the substrate below the metallization layer in a first part of dicing the wafer, followed by grinding a backside surface of the substrate to dice the chips, the embodiments disclosed herein seek to solve the problem of singulating the integrated circuits manufactured on semiconductor wafers which are separated by a very small distance (e.g., 2 um). In this way, the possible number of chips-per-wafer (CPW) and the surface utilization of the semiconductor wafers are both increased (e.g., see  FIGS. 2B-C ). As a consequence, the wafer manufacturing costs of the integrated circuits (chips) are reduced. It can be appreciated that in reducing the kerf width to the 2 um, the test and monitor structures normally placed into the kerf can now be rearranged and placed, for example, into a space of one or more chips in the floor plan of the wafer, which is particularly economical for small chip sizes (e.g., see  FIG. 5 ). 
       FIGS. 2B-2C  displays an increase in net silicon utilization by using small scribe-lines, such as those formed by a process including wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of metal layer MSK stack structures disposed through a metallization layer and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate.  FIGS. 2B-C  may be an example of results from or related to (e.g., laboratory or test) experiments or simulations that show a net silicon utilization simulation for a wafer of 300 millimeters (“mm”) diameter. In some cases, a net silicon utilization simulation may be based on or include as factors: the number of chips desired to be diced per wafer, the chip area of the average (or all) chips to be diced per wafer, and the width of the scribe lines between (e.g., used to dice) the chips on the wafer. In some cases, once the number of chips and chip area are known (e.g., predetermined or previously selected based on a specific design of chips on the wafer), then net silicon usage comparisons can be made by altering the width of the scribe lines based on computer simulation, actual “beta” device testing, or other laboratory testing. 
       FIGS. 2B-C  may take into account (e.g., factor in) that when the width of the scribe line is reduced to only a few microns, it becomes necessary to properly relocate the process monitoring structures (known also as process control monitors, PCM) normally placed in the scribe line, such as by rearranging (e.g., moving) the PCM to the area of one or more dice (e.g., see  FIGS. 11A-B ). Consequently, a given numbers of dice will be lost on the wafer because they will become “PCM dice” which are not used to produce desired chips. Thus, as a function of die area, the smaller the die area, the more the dice that must be lost to accommodate for the relocation of the PCM. 
       FIG. 2B  may show an increase in “net silicon utilization” for the case of a scribe line of 160 um width reduced to 20 um width (for a Wafer Diameter: 300 mm).  FIG. 2B  shows a bar chart and graph  200  of reducing lateral pattern (e.g., horizontal) Kerf width from 160 micrometers (um) to 20 um— 201 . Graph  200  has increase in net silicon utilization bars  202 , and graph of chips per wafer (CPW)  203  plotted against vertical axes chips per wafer (CPW)  205  and increase in net silicon utilization  206  and horizontal axis chip area (mm)  204 . Vertical axis—chips per wafer (CPW)  205  increases from 1 to 1 million (1E6) chips per wafer; vertical axis—increase in net silicon utilization  206  increases from zero to 100 percent; and horizontal axis—chip area (mm)  204  increases from 0.35 mm×0.35 mm to 3 mm×3 mm. 
       FIG. 2B  may show, as a function of chip area  204  (i.e., the area of one individual chip after singulation), the increase in the number of chips per wafer  203  by reducing the lateral pattern (e.g., horizontal) distance between adjacent integrated circuits or chips from a current reference value of 160 um to a proposed width of 20 um. The lateral pattern distance is also called “kerf width”. One benefit of reducing the kerf width to 20 um is most noticeable for small chip areas, such as a chip area  204  of 0.35 mm×0.35 mm. Using a wafer of 300 mm diameter, over 420,000 chips with a chip area of 0.35 mm×0.35 mm can be obtained when a kerf width of 20 um is used. This is about 76% more than the number of chips that can be obtained from the same wafer when a kerf width of 160 um is used. Also, notable is that using a wafer of 300 mm diameter, over 220,000 chips with a chip area of 0.5 mm×0.5 mm can be obtained when a kerf width of 20 um is used. This is about 51% more than the number of chips that can be obtained from the same wafer when a kerf width of 160 um is used. 
       FIG. 2C  may show an increase in “net silicon utilization” for the case of a scribe line of 160 um width reduced to 2 um width (for a wafer diameter: 300 mm).  FIG. 2C  shows a bar chart and graph  207  of reducing lateral pattern (e.g., horizontal) Kerf width from 160 micrometers (um) to 2 um— 201 . Graph  207  has increase in net silicon utilization bars  209 , and graph of chips-per-wafer (CPW)  211  plotted against vertical axes chips per wafer (CPW)  205  and increase in net silicon utilization  206  and horizontal axis chip area (mm)  204 . 
       FIG. 2C  may show, as a function of chip area  204 , the increase in the number of chips per wafer  211  by reducing the lateral pattern (e.g., horizontal) distance between adjacent integrated circuits or chips from a current reference value of 160 um to a proposed width of 2 um. One benefit of reducing the kerf width to 2 um is most noticeable for small chip areas, such as a chip area  204  of 0.35 mm×0.35 mm. Using a wafer of 300 mm diameter, over 467,000 chips with a chip area of 0.35 m×0.35 mm can be obtained when a kerf width of 2 um is used. This is about 94% more than the number of chips that can be obtained from the same wafer when a kerf width of 160 um is used. Also, notable is that using a wafer of 300 mm diameter, over 237,000 chips with a chip area of 0.5 mm×0.5 mm can be obtained when a kerf width of 2 um is used. This is about 63 percent more than the number of chips that can be obtained from the same wafer when a kerf width of 160 um is used. 
     According to some embodiments, chips per wafer and net silicon utilization can be improved (e.g., as shown at least in  FIGS. 2B-C ) by methods and structures for dicing integrated circuits from a wafer including by wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of metal layer MSK stack structures  150  disposed through a metallization layer and into a thickness t of the substrate  210  of the wafer  110 ; and then grinding a lower surface of the substrate (e.g., as shown at least in  FIGS. 3A-H ); as compared to other methods and structures (e.g., as described above for  FIGS. 1A-C ). 
     In some cases, the methods and processes herein (e.g., as shown at least in  FIGS. 3A-H  represent embodiments where the scribe line structures (e.g., PCM in the scribe lines) have been eliminated and are assumed to be lumped in (e.g., relocated to) concentrated areas of the lithographic reticle (see  FIG. 5 ). In this case, the chips are separated only by the width (W) of the Metal Stack structures  150 . 
     According to some embodiments, for those chips for which a remarkable Net Silicon Utilization improvement can not be achieved (e.g., chip area greater that 3×3 mm 2 ; see  FIGS. 2B-C ), the Scribe lines and their structures can be maintained and the dicing pattern  134  of MSK/metal-stack pillar structures  150  on both sides of the scribe channel itself (not shown). 
     In some cases, as shown in  FIGS. 2B-C , a break even point for balancing having the PCMs structures occupying the location where a chip otherwise would be desired, and increasing the chips per wafer, is for chips of 3×3 millimeter squared or 4×4 millimeters squared or smaller. This is because there are more kerf lines when there are more chips. On the other hand, for chips having a 4×4 millimeter squared through 10×10 millimeter squared, using a wet etch followed by a backside grind does not provide as much of the benefit of increased chips per wafer. 
     According to some embodiments, dicing a semiconductor wafer into chips includes (e.g., methods and structures that may result from the methods) wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of metal stack kerf structures to form a lateral chip dicing trench pattern through a metallization layer of a wafer to a depth below an upper surface of the substrate below the metallization layer; and grinding a lower surface of the substrate to dice the chips. 
     Some embodiments of dicing a semiconductor wafer into chips include (and structures may result from) forming an intended lateral chip dicing pattern of vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures (e.g., pattern  134  of MSK structures  150 ) from a depth below an upper surface of a substrate, up through metallization layers of the wafer, to protective layers on a top surface of the wafer; wet etching the MSK structures along the intended lateral chip dicing pattern to form a lateral chip dicing trench pattern (e.g., pattern  334  of trenches  350 ) to the depth below the upper surface of the substrate along the intended lateral dicing pattern; and backside grinding a lower surface of the substrate to expose the depth below the upper surface of the substrate along the intended lateral dicing pattern (e.g., to expose the bottom of the trench pattern and dice the chips). In some cases, prior to wet etching, the protective layers are etched to expose the vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures along the intended lateral chip dicing pattern. 
       FIGS. 3A-3H  may show structures and processes of a process flow of dicing a wafer  110  in accordance with embodiments disclosed in this document that include wet etching a lateral chip dicing pattern of conductive (e.g., conductor material) MSK structures extending through a metallization layer and into a thickness of the substrate of the wafer; then grinding a lower surface of the substrate. The relatively low costs of these processes may allow the economical implementation of a narrow scribe-line or kerf width which leads to lower chip manufacturing costs. Before embodiments of process processes are outlined, embodiments of wafer  110  is described in more detail with respect to  FIG. 3A . In some cases, any or all of the features in  FIGS. 3A-H  are not drawn to scale, such as not to scale with respect to each other. 
       FIGS. 3A-3H  show wafer  110  having a first metallization level LV 1  above top surface  212  of substrate  210 . Metallization level LV 2  is formed on or above level LV 1  in a direction up from surface  212 . Metallization level LV 3  is formed on or above level LV 2 . Metallization level LV 4  is formed on or above level LV 3 . Metallization level LV 5  is formed on or above level LV 4 . Metallization level LV 6  is formed on or above level LV 5 . Although 4 metallization levels are shown between levels LV 1  and LV 6 , it can be appreciated that there may be more metallization levels between levels LV 1  and LV 6 , such as between 5 and 15. Similarly there may be fewer, such as between 0 and 3. 
     Level LV 6  may be considered a “top” layer such as an upper or topmost or exposed layer (e.g., a final build-up (BU) layer, BGA, LGA, or die-backend-like layer) of an IC chip (e.g., such as microprocessor, coprocessor, graphics processor, memory chip, modem chip, or other microelectronic chip devices) which may be mounted onto (or have mounted onto it) a package device (e.g., a socket, an interposer, a motherboard, or another next-level component). 
       FIG. 3A  shows a cross-section diagram through the wafer  110 .  FIG. 3A  shows wafer  110  after completion of back-end of line (BEOL) processing to form stack  220  (and stack  150 ).  FIG. 3A  shows wafer  110  having substrate  210  with height H 1  which includes thickness t plus height H 11 , and having metallization stack  220  having vertical height H 2  which includes height H 3  of lowest metallization layer M 1  and contact plug (CP) layer. 
       FIG. 3A  shows a cross-section diagram through the wafer  110 . The cross-section goes through a first chip  120   a  and an immediately adjacent second chip  120   b ; seal ring  160   a  for sealing (e.g., against moisture, particles, and physical separation of layers) the perimeter chip  120   a  (once diced); seal ring  160   b  for sealing the perimeter chip  120   b  (once diced); and dicing or vertical kerf line region  132   a  disposed between (and optionally immediately adjacent to) seal rings  160   a  and  160   b . In some cases, in  FIG. 3A  the first chip  120   a  is shown on the left-hand side and the second chip  120   b  is shown on the right hand side of region  132   a , and both chips (and seal rings  160   a  and  160   b ) are separated by a vertical kerf line region  132   a , which may represent a lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150 . The wafer  110  comprises a substrate  210  with a first surface  212  and a second surface  214 , wherein a layer stack  220  is formed on the first surface  212 . The layer stack  220  has an assembly of layers of alternating first material  222  and a second material  224 . 
     The layer stack may include levels LV 1 -LV 6 , each having a metal or upper contact layer; and a lower or via contact layer. Each level may also include (e.g., in the layers and horizontally adjacent to the metallization or vias) first dielectric material  222  that includes, for example, silicon oxide, and second dielectric material  224  that includes, for example, a nitride. In some cases, layer  224  is a thin layer of tantalum nitride or aluminum nitride, or another metal plus nitride. In some cases this layer has a high electrical resistance and it may be described as a dielectric. Under and along the layers of the second material  224  levels for metallizations are shown as metal layers M 1 , . . . , M 6 , which are separated by the first material  222 . Each of the metal layers M 1 , . . . , M 6  comprise different parts (a plurality of components) formed at laterally different places along the layer stack  220 . For example, a first part of the first metal layer M 1   a  is formed at the first chip  120   a  and a second part of the first metal layer M 1   b  is formed at the second chip  120   b , etc. The metal layers M 1 , M 2 , . . . , M 6  can moreover be connected by via-contacts V 1 , V 2 , . . . , V 5 . For example, the via-contact V 2   a  connects the metal layers M 1   a  with M 2   a  (in the first chip  120   a ). The first metal layer M 1  can be connected to the substrate  210  by contact plugs CP. In the layer stack, the number of metallizations may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more. The number of via layers is typically one less the number of metallizations. 
     In some cases, during the so-called “back-end of the line” (BEOL) processing processes, intended to build the metallization structures which connect the electrical nodes of the integrated circuit (e.g., metal layers M 1 -M 6 , and via layers V 1 -V 5 ), a suitable stack of metal structures  150  may be constructed. In some cases, each layer of metal structures  150  is made of the same conductor material metals as each layer of the build the metallization structures which connect the electrical nodes of the integrated circuit (e.g., metal layers M 1 -M 6 , and via layers V 1 -V 5 ). In some cases, this includes layer  154  being the same material as CP or first contact plug  232   a . In some cases, this includes layer  152  being the same material as CP or first contact plug  232   a . In some cases, each layer of metal structures  150  is made of the same metals, such as a metal of any one of the build the metallization structures which connect the electrical nodes of the integrated circuit (e.g., metal layers M 1 -M 6 , and via layers V 1 -V 5 ). 
     This stack of metal structures may also be called metal stack kerf (MSK) structures  150 . The MSK structures  150 , may extend thickness t below top surface  212  of the substrate; and may be located just around all the sides of the chips and in the region (e.g., region  132   a ) where the separation of the chips has to be performed. MSK structures  150  may be a solid horizontal pattern  134  of a solid vertical stack of conductor material such as one or more metal layers formed upon and physically touching each other. In some cases, BEOL processing of wafer  110  may include forming the metallization layers (e.g., metal layer M 1 -M 6 ) of chips  120   a  and  120   b  above devices  230   a  and  230   b  as well as forming MSK structures  150 , including parts or MSKs  152 - 176 . In some cases, structures  150  is or includes MSK  176  formed onto MSK  174  (e.g., a bottom surface of MSK  176  grown from or touching a top surface of MSK  174 ), MSK  174  formed onto MSK  172 , MSK  172  formed onto MSK  170 , MSK  170  formed onto MSK  168 , MSK  168  formed onto MSK  166 , MSK  166  formed onto MSK  164 , MSK  164  formed onto MSK  162 , MSK  162  formed onto MSK  160 , MSK  160  formed onto MSK  158 , MSK  158  formed onto MSK  156 , MSK  156  formed onto MSK  154 , and MSK  154  formed onto MSK  152  along pattern  134 . It is worth noticing that MSK  176  through  156  may be formed during the same wafer processing processes utilized to form the M 1 -M 6  and V 1 -V 5  layers and structures; and that MSK  154  and  152  may, in some cases, be constructed as part of suitable through silicon via (TSV) formation processes. 
     According to some embodiments, MSK structures  150  include TSV layers  152  and  154 ; metallization layers  168 ,  160 ,  164 ,  168 ,  172  and  176 ; and metal via layers  158 ,  162 ,  166 ,  170  and  174 . According to some embodiments, MSK structures  150  include TSV layers  152  and  154  formed by a TSV layer forming process and of the same material as CP or first contact plug  232   a . According to some embodiments, MSK structures  150  include metallization layers  168 ,  160 ,  164 ,  168 ,  172  and  176  formed by a metallization layer forming process and of the same material as metal layers M 1 -M 6 . According to some embodiments, MSK structures  150  include metal via layers  158 ,  162 ,  166 ,  170  and  174  formed by a metal via layers forming process and of the same material as metal via layers V 1 -V 5 . 
     It can be appreciated that additional (or fewer) metallization (as compared to metallization layers M 1 -M 6 ) and via layers (as compared to metal via layers V 1 -V 5 ) might exist depending on the desired structure of chips  120   a - b . If there are additional (or fewer) metallization and/or via layers, structures  150  may include an equal number of additional (and/or fewer) metallization (as compared to metallization layers  168 ,  160 ,  164 ,  168 ,  172  and  176 ) and via layers (as compared to metal via layers  158 ,  162 ,  166 ,  170  and  174 ). These additional (or fewer) metallization and/or via layers of structures  150  may be formed by the same process and of the same material as the additional (or fewer) metallization (as compared to metallization layers M 1 -M 6 ) and via layers (as compared to metal via layers V 1 -V 5 ). 
     In some cases, lateral dicing pattern  134  of the MSK structures  150  is laterally disposed between seal rings of all surrounding perimeters (e.g., edges) of all adjacent chips of the semiconductor wafer that are desired to be diced. This dicing pattern (and/or the trench  150  resulting from etching structures  150  in this pattern) may separate or define the perimeters (or edges) of the chips to be diced. In some cases, lateral dicing pattern  134  of the MSK structures  150  form a plurality of loops that laterally enclose the plurality of transistor chips of the wafer; and the lateral dicing pattern  134  of the MSK structures  150  is laterally disposed between seal rings of adjacent chips of the semiconductor wafer. In some cases, pattern  134  is a slit, path or loop of structures  150  that laterally enclose the plurality of chips of the wafer. In this case, the chips including transistors, diodes, electronic devices and/or electromechanical devices formed on a substrate main surface. In this case, structures  150  may be a solid vertical stack of conductor material such as MSK layers  150 - 176  formed upon and physically touching each other. 
     The layers of MSK structures  150  (e.g., MSK  152 - 176 ) may each be a layer of a conductive material or metal. Such material may be or include copper, aluminum, tungsten, gold, silver, titanium, tantalum, and the like. Such material may be a metal or an alloy including the materials just listed. Such material may be Al, Ag, Au, Ti, Cu, W, TiN, TaN, or an alloy thereof. 
     Such a MSK stack structures  150  of metals can be formed by making use of typical TSVs in substrate  210  to thickness t; and use metallization and via layers of layers LV 1 -LV 6 , to form a stack of metals at region  132   a  (e.g., to form lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of or for structures  150 ). In some cases, structures  150  includes a stack of MSKs including TSV portion  154  vertically connecting lower TSV portion  152  (extending down thickness tin substrate  210 ) to upper MSK portion  156  of the first metal layer M 1 . In some other cases, a version of structures  150  may be an intermediary structure that only includes TSV portion  154  vertically connecting lower TSV portion  152  (extending down thickness tin substrate  210 ) to upper MSK portion  156  of the first metal layer M 1 . 
     In some cases, after TSV portions  152  and  154  are formed, the rest of structures  150  may be formed, exactly as (e.g., during the same processing or with) the rest of the metallization and interconnect lines that are built within the chip  120   a ,  120   b  in metal layers M 1 -M 6  to form stack  220 . In some cases, after TSV portions  152  and  154  are formed, the rest of structures  150  may be formed, exactly as (e.g., during the same processing or with) the rest of the metallization and interconnect lines that are built within the chip  120   a ,  120   b  in layers L 1 -L 6  (or layers V 1  to L 6 ) to form stack  220 . 
     In some cases, MSK structures  150  forms pattern  134  opening having a minimum cross-sectional width W with respect to a length direction (e.g., into the page of  FIG. 3A ) that forms a pattern equal from a top perspective (e.g., looking down on wafer  110  from above, such as onto layer  226 ) that is lateral pattern  134  for dicing the chips. In some cases, MSK structures  150  extends vertical thickness t below surface  212 , where t may be a thickness of between 10 and 100 micrometers (um) as shown by thickness small t which may be described as a depth or a distance into substrate  210  below surface  212 . In some cases, thickness t will set or be the maximum final die or chip thickness for chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) that are diced from wafer  110  as described herein (e.g., as described for  FIGS. 3A-H ). 
     Structure  150  has an outer sidewalls  150   a  forming one wall of metal of structures  150  along pattern  134 . Structure  150  also has a widthwise or laterally opposing outer sidewalls  150   b  forming a second wall of metal of structures  150  along pattern  134 . Sidewalls  150   a  and  150   b  may extend vertically straight above and extend along pattern  134  (including in region  132   a ) from thickness t below surface  212  to the top of stack  220 , top MSK  176 , level LV 6  or layer M 6 . 
     In some cases, lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  includes levels which are formed during the normal wafer processing processes used to form devices  230   a - b  and levels LV 1 -LV 6  (e.g., including processes for forming layers CP, layers M 1 -M 6  and layers V 1 -V 5 ). 
     In some cases, such a lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  surround each die (e.g., including chips  120   a - b ) on all of its sides and is built by integrating metallization layer and vial layer technology (e.g., used here to also form the part of the metal stack  220  in the bulk of the semiconductor wafer) to form the pattern  134  to a thickness (e.g., height or depth) “t” below surface  212  of the wafer. In some cases this is done with a normal dual damascene process integration scheme. 
     Thickness t may also represent a distance below surface  212  along a trench such as defined along region  132   a  or pattern  134 . In some cases, once structure  150  is removed, thickness t represents a thickness or depth below surface  212  and into substrate  110  of a bottom of lateral chip dicing trench pattern  334  (e.g., where pattern  334  has a top perspective view equal to or corresponding to pattern  134  or region  132   a ). 
     It can be appreciated that metallization layers and via layers are typically formed (e.g., see metal layers M 1 -M 6 , and via layers V 1 -V 5 ) in the chip regions  120   a  and  120   b  such as to electrically connect devices  230   a  and  230   b  through metallization and via contacts to each other or surface contacts of each chip. Therefore, it is counter intuitive for a metallization layer and via layer structure, such as MSK structures  150  to be formed between seal rings  160   a  and  160   b , for at least the reason that these MSK structure are now formed outside the actual area of the chip (e.g., MSK structures  150  is between the chip seal rings). As noted herein, typically the area between the sealed rings includes a wide curve line street or area that does not include metallization layer and via layer structures (e.g., such as MSK structures  150 ), but may include processing control monitor (PCM) structures. Moreover, metallization layer and via layer structures (e.g., such as MSK structures  150 ) are typically not formed below surface  212 , since they are typically used to electronically connect electronic devices  230   a  and  b  to structures above those devices. Consequently, it is also counter intuitive for MSK structures  150  to be formed (e.g., to a thickness t) below surface  212  into substrate  210 , such as is shown for MSK structures  150 , having dicing pattern  134 . 
     In the embodiment as shown in  FIG. 3A , there are six layers with the first material  222  separated by five layers with the second material  224  (e.g., to form levels LV 1 -LV 6 ). When viewed from the first surface  212  of the substrate  210 , the last layer in the layer assembly  220  comprises a dielectric isolation layer  226  and a further dielectric isolation layer  225  which comprise, for example, an oxide and a nitride, respectively. The combination of the isolation layer  226  and the further isolation layer  225  may serve as a final passivation of the wafer  210  and the layer stack  220 . Of course, other numbers of layers  222 ,  224  may be used as well, and the sequence of the layers may be varied to the extent that more than two types of materials are arranged one upon the other. Accordingly, although in the following the number N of layers Mi where 0&lt;i&lt;N is assumed to be 6, other numbers may be used as well. In some cases, i may be between 2 and 6. In some cases it may be between 6 and 12. In some cases it may be between 4 and 10. 
     The substrate  210  comprises a first device  230   a  arranged in the first chip  120   a  and a second device  230   b  arranged in the second chip  120   b . The first and the second device  230   a  and  230   b  can, for example, include an electronic device such as a transistor with doped regions in the substrate  210  (comprising, for example, silicon). In some cases they may represent an electronic device such as a capacitor, diode, PN junction, resistor or inductor. In some cases they may represent a number of these electronic devices. The first device  230   a  can be connected to the metal layer M 1   a  by a first contact plug  232   a  and the second device  230   b  can be connected to the metal layer M 1   b  by a second contact plug  232   b . The metal layers M 1   a  and M 1   b  are in turn connected to the metal layers M 2   a , M 3   a , . . . , M 6   a  and M 1   b , M 2   b , . . . , M 6   b  by the via-contacts V 1   a , . . . , V 5   a  and by V 1   b , . . . , V 5   b . The first chip  120   a  is sealed by a first seal ring  160   a  and the second chip  120   b  is sealed by a second seal ring  160   b , wherein the first and second seal rings  160   a  and  160   b  each comprises two components of the metal layers M 1 , M 2 , . . . , M 6 , which are connected by two components of the via-contacts V 1 , V 2 , . . . , V 5 . 
     The seal rings  160   a ,  160   b  may be between 2 and 8 um wide. In some cases they are as wide as a few tens of micrometers. 
     In more detail, the metal layers Mi=(M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , . . . , M 6 ) may comprise a plurality of components Mia, Mib, Mic, Mid, Mie and Mif (the index i=1, 2, . . . , 6 counts the different levels). The metal layers Mia are arranged at the first chip  120   a , the metal layer Mib are arranged at the second chip  120   b , the third and fourth metal layers Mic and Mid are arranged at the first seal ring  160   a  and the metal layer Mie and Mif are arranged at the second seal ring  160   b . The metal layers Mi are connected by the via-contacts Vi, wherein the component Via of the via-contacts Vi contact the metal layers Mia at the first chip  120   a , the via-contacts Vib connect the metal layers Mib at the second chip  120   b , the via-contacts Vic and Vid connect the metal layers Mic and Mid at the first seal ring  160   a . The via-contacts Vie and Vif connect the metal layer Mie and Mif at the second seal ring  160   b . In this way, the first surface  212  is connected with the last metal layer M 6 , which in turn is separated from the isolation layer  226  by a last part of the first material  222  (i.e., the further isolation layer  225 ). 
     Possible materials for structures  150 , the metal layers and the via-contacts may be or include conductor materials such as metals and alloys. They may include aluminum, silver, gold, titanium, copper, tungsten, or alloys such as TiN, TaN and similar. In some cases, possible materials for the metal layers M 1 , M 2 , . . . , M 5  may include aluminum or copper, the metal layer M 6  can include aluminum, the via-contacts V 1 , V 2 , . . . , V 6  can include aluminum or copper. The via-contact V 5  and the contact plugs CP can include tungsten. These are exemplary materials and other embodiments may comprise different materials. In addition, the numbers of layers as well as the number of metallizations differ in other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments depicted in  FIG. 3A , the chips formed within the substrate  210 , the stack  220  and isolation or passivation layer  226 ,  225  may be completely processed in that these chips merely need to be diced and no further processing regarding the schematics of a circuitry of the chips is necessary. Some portions of the upper metal layer M 6  may form or may be contacted with contact pads  240  for chip  120   a  and  242  for chip  120   b  as shown in  FIG. 3A  and the subsequent figures. The contact pads allow for an external contact of the circuitry of the chips and will be uncovered by the isolation layer  226  which otherwise overlays all chip areas, as shown in subsequent figures. 
     According to embodiments, kerf-line region  132   a  may represent a cross section of one part or lateral (e.g., horizontal) path of lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of metal layer MSK stack structures  150 , such as a pattern for dicing each chip to be diced or desired to be diced from wafer  110 . Also, in some cases, kerf-line region  132   a  may represent a cross section of one part or lateral (e.g., horizontal) path of lateral (e.g., horizontal) path of lateral chip trench pattern  334  of trenches  350  (e.g., where pattern  334  has a top perspective view equal to or corresponding to pattern  134  or region  132   a ), such as a pattern for dicing each chip to be diced or desired to be diced from wafer  110 . 
     Along the vertical kerf-line region  132   a , pattern  134  and pattern  334 , the stack  150  comprises conducting materials from the bottom of thickness t below first surface  212  to the last metal layer level M 6 . Hence, the kerf-line region  132   a , pattern  134  and pattern  334  include a layer stack structures  150  being formed, e.g., by a plurality of metal layers vertically connected to each other through thickness t and levels LV 1 -LV 6  (e.g., including the metal layers M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , . . . , M 6 , which in turn can be connected by via-contacts V 1 , V 2 , . . . , V 5 ). On the last metal level M 6 , there are two isolation layers  225  and  226 , which again protect the top surface of wafer  110 . On the other side of layer M 1 , contact plugs CP connects the first metal level M 1  with the substrate  210  for chips  120   a - b ; and rings  160   a - b . Also, on the other side of layer M 1 , MSK  154  (e.g., which may also be called a “contact plugs CP”) connects the first metal level M 1  of structures  150  with MSK  152  of structures  150  (which extends down thickness t into the substrate  210 ). 
     A possible material of the six level M 6  of metal layers is aluminum, the via-contacts V 5  and the contact plug CP between the first metallic layer M 1  and the substrate  210  can, for example, comprise tungsten and the material of the metal levels M 1  to M 5  as well as the via-contacts V 1 -V 4  can, for example, comprise aluminum or copper. In some cases, MSKs  152 - 154  are TSVs formed of copper. 
     In some cases, pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  (and pattern  334  of trenches  350 ) surrounding each chips (e.g., die) of wafer  110  on all of its sides such as by “completely surrounding” each chip so that a beginning horizontal location of a lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  completely surrounding each of the chips extends around a horizontal area of each chip and physically attaches to or touches an ending horizontal location of the same MSK structures  150  at a horizontal location of or on the chip. In some cases, metallization layer and via layer structure structure pattern technology for forming structures  150  is added to the metallization layer and via layer structure processing already being performed on parts of the chips  120   a - b  to form metallization levels LV 1 -LV 6 . In some cases, this metallization layer and via layer structure pattern technology for forming MSKs  154 - 176  of structures  150  is part of the processing processes (e.g., in addition to the already expected or prior MSK structures to form metallization levels LV 1 -LV 6 , but formed during the same processing) so only minimal additional processing (e.g., for TSV  152 ) is required as the TSV processing already being performed on parts of the chips  120   a - b  to form stack  220 . 
     In some embodiments,  FIG. 3A  includes forming a lateral dicing pattern  134  of a MSK structures  150  to a depth t below a first main surface  212  of a wafer substrate  210  of the wafer, the lateral dicing pattern laterally between and separating each of a plurality of transistor chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) formed on the main surface; and forming a final passivation layer (e.g., layer  225  and/or  226 ) over the MSK structures and a top surface of the wafer. 
     In some cases thickness t is between 10 and 100 micrometers (um). It may be a thickness of between 10 and 50 um. In some cases thickness t is between 40 and 50 um. In some cases this depth may be 15 to 40 um. It may be 20 to 30 um. It may have a minimum depth of 10 um. It may have a minimum depth of 1 um. In some cases thickness t is between 40-80 micrometers. In some cases it is between 40 and 100 micrometers, and width W is between 1 and 10 um. 
     In some cases, width W is between 1 and 10 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 10 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 7 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 5 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 3 um. In some cases it is 2 um. 
     In some cases height H 1  between 600 and 1,000 micrometers. In some cases it is between 600 and 800 micrometers. 
     In some cases height H 11  is equal to height H 1  minus thickness t (e.g., H 11 =H 1 −t). 
     In some cases height H 2  is between 3 and 4 micrometers. In some cases it is between 1 and 7 um. In some cases, it can range from a few micrometers up to a few tens of micrometers 
     In some cases height H 3  may be between 0.5 and 2 micrometers. In some cases thickness H 3  is between 0.6 and 1 um. In some cases it is 0.6 and 0.7 micrometers. In some cases the height of the contact plug CP layer is between 0.8 and 1 micrometer. 
     In some cases the width of metallization such as M 1   a  is between 50 and 80 nanometers. In some cases the height of metallization M 1  is between 0.2 and 0.7 micrometers and sometimes it is 0.5 micrometers. In some cases, it may range from a few tens of nanometers up to a few hundreds of nanometers. 
       FIG. 3A  also shows shallow trench isolation (STI)  121   a  between device  230   a  and seal ring  160   a  of chip  120   a . It also shows STI  121 B between device  230   b  and seal ring  160   b  of chip  120   b . The lateral distance or width between STI  121   a  and sidewall  150   a  may be between 20 and 30 micrometers. It may be the same between STI  121   b  and sidewall  150   b.    
     In some cases, VIA contacts (such as V 1 , V 1   a , . . . ) formed as part of chip  120   a  or  120   b  which connect metal layers (such as M 1  to M 2 ) may have a circular shape when seen from above with a width or diameter that highly depends on how advanced the technology is. In some cases, they can range from a few tens of nanometers up to a few micrometers; and MSKs  152  through  176  have a rectangular or line shape when seen from above along the closed-loop length of pattern  134  with a width of 2-5 micrometers. 
     According to some embodiments of the invention, only substrate  210  and level LV 1 , or layers CP+M 1  having VIAs  152  and  154  (e.g. forming an intermediary “MSK” stack  150 ′) are necessary. In these embodiments, levels LV 2 -LV 6  are not needed and do not exist. It can be appreciated that this intermediary structure can then have further metallization layers formed on it, such as levels LV 2 -LV 6 , as described for  FIG. 3A . 
       FIG. 3B  may show an after lithographic process described as “singulation” which is used as part of dicing of the chips of wafer  110 .  FIG. 3B  shows resist layer  310  (e.g., a photoresist or mask) formed on or over a top surface (e.g., top of layer  226 ) of wafer  110 ; and having opening  320  separating parts  310   a  and  310   b  along lateral (e.g., horizontal) pattern (e.g., pattern  134  or  334 ) for dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of wafer  110 . In some cases, forming resist layer  310  is an additional lithographic process (e.g., processing “process”) that increases by 1 the number of lithographic processes necessary to complete wafer processing in the “Frontend Fabrication” of the wafer. However, in many cases, due to the relaxed critical dimensions of width W (e.g., wideness of W), it is a low cost-adder processing process. In most cases, any available depreciated lithographic processing tool available shall have the process capability to perform such a process. The material of resist  310  may be a photo resist or mask having a thickness of between 2-4 micrometers. In some cases, resist  310  is an organic material. 
     After explaining the structure of the wafer (see  FIG. 3A ), some embodiments of the actions of dicing are described next. In an embodiment of a first action of dicing the wafer  110 , a KE (e.g., a “kerf etch”) resist layer  310  (see  FIG. 3B ) may be deposited on the isolation layer  226 . The KE resist layer  310  can, for example, comprise an organic material and is patterned by using a KE photolithographic mask. In particular, in some embodiments, the following actions may be performed. Forming a photoresist layer (KE) and performing a photolithographic process to selectively remove a photoresist KE above the metal stack kerf region  132   a , or pattern  134 . This may include removal over a cross-sectional width W with respect to a length direction (e.g., into the page of  FIG. 3A ) of the lateral pattern  134  for dicing the chips. 
     In some cases,  FIG. 3B  shows a result of patterning of the KE resist layer  310  with first part  310   a  having an inner sidewalls  320   a  forming one wall of opening  320 . Layer  310  also has second part  310   b  having an inner sidewalls  320   b  forming an opposite wall of opening  320 . Sidewalls  320   a  may extend vertically straight above and extend along pattern  134  (including in region  132   a ) with the corresponding sidewalls  150   a  of stack  150 . Sidewalls  320   b  may extend vertically straight above and extend along pattern  134  (including in region  132   a ) with the corresponding sidewalls  150   b  of stack  150 . 
     In some cases, resist  310  is an organic material that is “spun on” to the surface (e.g. top surface of layer  226 ) of wafer  110  as a dense liquid. Thus, resist  310  may blanket that surface (1) covering over the different shapes of the topmost MSK  176  of structures  150 ; (2) filling in between MSK  176  and any adjacent contact pads; and (3) covering and filling in between the contact pads. The covering and filling may be assisted or caused by resist  310  being pulled downward by gravity when it is spun on or given time to settle. 
     Part  310   a  and  310   b  may be described as separated by an opening  320  due to the patterning, such as due to the removal of layer  310  where opening  320  now exists. The opening  320  is positioned along the vertical kerf-line  132   a , or pattern  134  (which continues in the direction perpendicular to the drawing plane). Opening  320  may be an opening having a cross-sectional width W with respect to a length direction (e.g., into the page of  FIG. 3A ) that forms a pattern equal from a top perspective of lateral pattern  134  for dicing the chips. 
     Once the KE photoresist layer has been coated onto the wafer  110  and adheres onto layer  226 , the photolithographic process KE pattern is executed. The patter from the KE photolithographic mask is transferred into the KE resist layer (latent image); once the KE resist development is performed, the opening  320  will be formed. KE resist  310   a  remains on top of chip  120   a  and seal ring  160   a ; KE resist  310   b  remains on top of chip  120   b  and seal ring  160   b . Layer  226  is not covered by KE resist. 
     In some cases, layer  310  (and parts  310   a - b ) is an additional lithography masking layer that is added to processing of wafer  110  in order to dice the chips of the wafer. This additional photolithography masking layer may be named a KE mask (KE=kerf etch) and may have a pattern equal with a top perspective view to or corresponding to a lateral (e.g., horizontal) pattern (e.g., pattern  134  or  334 ) for dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of wafer  110 . In some cases, assuming that the protective layers  226  and  225  have been removed, a subsequent wet etching process of metals of structures  150  executed in a first part of dicing the wafer, followed by grinding a backside of the wafer or substrate are also added to processing of wafer  110  in order to dice the chips of the wafer. 
       FIG. 3C  may show the result of a dry etch and resist ash process performed after the KE (e.g., kerf etch) lithographic process described as “singulation” (e.g., after  FIG. 3B ) which is used as part of dicing of the chips of wafer  110 .  FIG. 3C  shows layers  226  and  225  formed on or over a top surface (e.g., top of metallization level LV 6  or layer M 6 ) of wafer  110 ; and having opening  330  exposing topmost MSK  176  of structures  150  along (e.g., over from above, along laterally, and having a same width W as the entire pattern  134 ) lateral (e.g., horizontal) pattern (e.g., pattern  134  or  334 ) for dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of wafer  110 . In some cases, the dry etch and resist ash process to form opening  330  is an additional dry etch and resist ash process (e.g., processing “process”) to remove passivation layers  226  and  225 , that increases by 1 the number of dry etch and resist ash processes or processing necessary to complete wafer processing in the “frontend fabrication” of the wafer. However, in many cases, due to the relaxed critical dimensions of width W (e.g., wideness of W), it is a low cost-adder processing process. In most cases, any available depreciated dry etch and resist ash processing tool available shall have the process capability to perform such a process. 
     In some cases, in  FIG. 3C  an action of selective etching is (or has been) performed in order to remove the dielectric isolation layer  226  and the further dielectric isolation layer  225  which comprise, for example, a silicon oxide and a nitride. As a consequence, the sixth level of metal layers M 6  (e.g., MSK  176 ) of stack  150  is exposed along the opening  330 , along pattern  134 . This may expose, from a top perspective view, top surface of MSK  176  of stack  150  along or of pattern  134 . In some cases, a dry plasma etch (or, alternatively a wet chemical etch) may be described as a KE etch, performed to remove the final passivation dielectric layer(s) above the metal stack kerf region  132   a  or pattern  134 . In some cases the removal or etching of opening  320 , openings  362  and  363 ; and/or all of remaining resist  310  (e.g. portions  310   a - b ) is performed by an ash etch, such as using an ionized oxygen gas at a sufficient temperature in a sealed chamber to burn the carbon in the resist  310  sufficiently to remove any remaining resist from the surfaces of the wafer. 
     In some embodiments, after the KE etch of the dielectric isolation layer  226  and the further dielectric isolation layer  225  to expose top surface of MSK  176  of stack  150  above the metal stack kerf region  132   a  or pattern  134 ,  FIG. 3C  may also include an action to remove KE resist layers  310   a ,  310   b  (or any other remaining resist  310 ) from above layer  226  on wafer  110 . In other embodiments,  FIG. 3C  does not also include an action to remove KE resist layers  310   a ,  310   b  (or any other remaining resist  310 ) from above layer  226  on wafer  110 . This removal may be done during a subsequent process, such as during or after wet etch removal of stack  150  (e.g., see  FIG. 3D ). 
     In some cases,  FIG. 3B-C  shows forming a first photoresist layer  310  on the final passivation layers  226  and  225 ; then performing a photolithographic process to selectively remove the first photoresist layer at locations  320  that are substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern  134  of the MSK structure  150 ; then etching (e.g., using a dry plasma etch) the final passivation layers  226  and  225  at the locations  320  that are substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern of the MSK structures due to the photolithographic process; and then removing any remaining locations of the first photoresist layer  310  to expose the un-etched final passivation layer  226 . 
       FIG. 3D  may show a chemical wet etch of the dicing patter  134  of metal stack MSK structures  150  process performed after a dry etch and resist ash process (e.g., after  FIG. 3C ) which is used as part of dicing of the chips of wafer  110 .  FIG. 3D  shows MSKs  152 - 176  of pattern  134  of structures  150  removed or etched away from (e.g., and forming trench pattern  334  of trenches  350 ) between sidewalls  350   a - b  and bottom  350   c  under a top surface (e.g., top of metallization level LV 6  or layer M 6 ) of wafer  110 . This etch may remove MSKs of structures  150  by etching down through MSK  176 , then  174 , then  172 , then  170 , then  168 , then  166 , then  164 , then  162 , then  160 , then  158 , then  156 , then  154 , then  152  to form a lateral (e.g., horizontal) pattern (e.g., pattern  134  or  334 ) for dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of wafer  110 . Trenches  350  or pattern  334  structure may have a depth equal to thickness t. In some cases, the wet etch to form pattern  334  of trenches  350  is an additional wet etch process (e.g., processing “process” or “event”) to remove pattern  134  of structures  150 , that increases by 1 the number of wet etch processes necessary to complete wafer processing in the “frontend fabrication” of the wafer. However, in many cases, due to the use of wet etching technology, it is a low cost-adder processing process. In most cases, any available depreciated wet etch processing tool available shall have the process capability to perform such a process. 
     Protective layers  226  may be formed of silicon oxide or glass while  225  may be silicon nitride. In some cases  226  and  225  may be in a suitable dielectric for a protective layer. In some cases they may act as an etch stop, such as to stop the wet etch of  FIG. 3D . In some cases they may be blanketed over wafer  310  at all locations where protection is desired, except where electrical contact, such as two pads  240  and  242 , is desired, and except where wet etching is desired to etch pattern  134  of structures  150 . In some cases, they protect the top surface of the wafer, except at those locations, versus scratching, ionic containment, moisture, and optionally the wet etch of  FIG. 3D . 
     In some cases, an optimized Piranha wet etch process is used to etch away the dicing patter  134  of metal stack MSK structures  150  (e.g., the stack of metals under the opening slit “W” formed during the MSK and the BEOL Processing). In some cases, due to the selectivity of the Piranha etch versus the dielectric layers which encapsulate the metal layers, a well-defined and vertical trenches  350  will be formed (e.g., left-over) surrounding each die or chips of wafer  110  on all of each of their sides. In some cases, (1) the dilution of the Piranha chemistry (H 2 SO 4 :H 2 O 2 :H 2 O) will be calibrated and (2) the temperature of the dilution will be calibrated in order to achieve the most reliable results for etching away all of structures  150  without etching a minimal amount of dielectric (e.g., of layers  226 ,  225 ,  222  (and optionally  224 )). In some cases, to prevent undesired underetching of the barrier/stop layers  224 , it might also be necessary to modify the chemical formulation of the Piranha bath. 
     In some cases, experiments can be performed to determine the dilutions factors, the temperature and the buffering of the Piranha solution in order to fine tune the wet etch process to achieve etching away all (or at least 95 percent) of structures  150  to the bottom of thickness t for all (or at least 95 percent) of pattern  134  without etching any (or less than 5 percent) of a thickness of dielectric layers  226 ,  225 ,  222  (and optionally  224 ). In some cases, such calibration or experimentation will depend on the type(s) and thickness of dielectric materials, liners, air gaps, etc. which are specific of the BEOL integration scheme of each wafer technology. In some cases, this will depend on the type(s) and thickness of dielectric materials of layers  226 ,  225 ,  222  (and optionally  224 ), liners (e.g., layer  224  or other liner layers between dielectric layers  226 ,  225 , and/or  222 ), air gaps (e.g., between or within layers  226 ,  225 ,  222  and/or  224 ), etc. 
     In some cases, after the optimized Piranha wet etch process the chips or dice are not yet separated from each other because bulk of the wafer (e.g., height H 11  of substrate  210 ) keeps them all together. In some cases, after the optimized Piranha wet etch process the mechanical strength of the wafer (e.g., height H 11  of substrate  210 ) shall allow the physical transportation from frontend wafer processing site to a die-prep assembly processing site. 
     After the KE etch of the top oxide nitride layer(s)  226 / 225 ,  FIG. 3D  shows an etch action in which the conducting material along pattern  134  of stack  150  is removed from the opening  330  to the bottom of thickness t below first surface  212  of the substrate  210 , such as to form trenches  350  having trench pattern  334 . This includes removing all of MSKs  152 - 176  between and including sidewalls  150   a  and sidewalls  150   b  from the bottom of thickness t to the top of layer M 6 , level LV 6  or MSK  176 . 
     Therefore, along the vertical kerf-line region  132   a  or pattern  134  all of structures  150  along pattern  134  can be etched to form trenches  350  having (1) sidewalls  350   a  facing towards first chip  120   a  and seal ring  160   a  and (2) second widthwise or laterally opposing (e.g., along width W) sidewalls  350   b  facing towards second chip  120   b  and seal ring  160   b . Trenches  350  form trench pattern  334  separating first chip  120   a  and seal ring  160   a  from second chip  120   b  and second seal ring  160   b . Trenches may have width W from below thickness t to the top surface of layer  226  along pattern  334 . 
     In some cases, trench sidewalls  350   a  of pattern  334  will form the edges of (and seal rings  120   a  will seal the edge of) chip  120   a , such as to be and seal the edges of the chip  120   a  diced from wafer  110  after backside grinding (e.g., see  FIG. 3H ). In some cases, trench sidewalls  350   b  of pattern  334  will form the edges of (and seal rings  120   b  will seal the edge of) chip  120   b , such as to be and seal the edges of the chip  120   b  diced from wafer  110  after backside grinding (e.g., see  FIG. 3H ). 
     In some cases, thickness t is a distance below surface  212  along trenches  350  forming pattern  334  defined along region  132   a  or pattern  134 . In some cases, once structures  150  is removed, thickness t is a thickness or depth below surface  212  and into substrate  110  of a bottom of lateral chip dicing trench pattern  334  (e.g., where pattern  334  has a top perspective view equal to or corresponding to pattern  134  or region  132   a ). In some cases, trench structures  350  include a curved trench section; an intersection between two or more trench sections wherein at least one of the trench sections ends at the intersection; or an intersection between two or more trench sections wherein at least one of the trench sections extends in a different direction on the two sides of the intersection. 
     The process of removing the conducting materials of structures  150  along the vertical kerf-line region  132   a  and pattern  134  can, for example, comprise a wet etching process. This wet etching process can selectively etch (with respect to not etching dielectric layers  226 ,  225 ,  222  and possibly  224 ) the metallic layers of stack  150  (including M 6 -M 1 , the via-contact V 1 -V 5  the contact plug MSK  154  and thickness t of TSV  152 ), e.g., to depth t below surface  212  of the substrate  210  to remove layers  152 - 176  of stack  150  to form trenches  350  along pattern  334 . 
     The action of removing the conducting or metal materials of stack  150  can, for example, be or include a wet etch, which is based, for example, on a chemical solution called Piranha, which selectively removes metal and alloys, including those of stack  150 . In some embodiments, this Piranha wet etch may remove all of stack  150  along pattern  134  to form trenches  350  along pattern  334 . 
     In some embodiments, this Piranha wet etch may be based on hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid and water (e.g., de-ionized water) to selectively etch away the photoresist (comprising, e.g., an organic material) as well as the metal layers of the lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  to form a pattern  334  of trenches  350  for dicing the chips of the wafer as desired. In some cases, such a wet etch shall be based on a properly calibrated H 2 SO 4 :H 2 O 2 :H 2 O solution. Etch rate of metals (or alloys) (e.g., Al, Ag, Au, Ti, Cu, W, TiN, TaN, etc.) typically adopted in semiconductor technology are at least 10 times to 100 times greater than the etch rate of dielectrics of layers  226 ,  225 ,  222  (and optionally  224 ). In some cases this etch has a high etch selectivity of metal of the lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of MSK structures  150  as compared to etch of dielectric  226 ,  225 ,  222  and  224  and of substrate  210 . In some cases, critical factors to optimize the performance of the Piranha wet etch of metals are expected to be the etch temperature and the relative concentrations of the constituents. 
     In some cases the calibration of the dilution of the wet etch includes selecting a number of parts of each of water, hydrogen peroxide, and sulfuric acid. This may be considered a rinsing process after the wet etch. In some embodiments a rinsing process is performed after the wet etch to remove any metal or resist residue on the surfaces of the wafer, and in pattern  334  of trenches  350 . 
     In some embodiments, the wet etch is a calibrated mixture of parts of hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid, and water at a selected temperature. In some embodiments, the wet etch is a calibrated mixture of parts of another suitable chemical solution capable of selectively etching the adopted materials which make up the metal stack kerf structures  150  as described herein (e.g., at a selected temperature). 
     This Piranha wet etch may in some cases remove organic photoresists as well as metals. Naturally, other chemical solutions may be applicable as well. In some cases, at the time when etching to remove conducting material of stack  150  inside the opening  330  along the vertical kerf-line region  132   a  or pattern  134 ; the KE resist layer  310  (or their parts  310   a ,  310   b , etc.) can also be removed. This Piranha wet etch is possible by appropriately choosing the chemical solution. In some embodiments, this Piranha wet etch may remove all of stack  150  along pattern  134  to form trenches  350  along pattern  334 , as well as remove KE resist layers  310   a ,  310   b  (or any other remaining resist  310 ) from above layer  226  on wafer  110 . 
     In some embodiments, this Piranha wet etch may be a wet chemical etch (based on a suitable solution of water-sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide, generally denoted as Piranha) to remove the photoresist (e.g.,  310   a - b ) and a full metal stack kerf region  132   a  or pattern  134  of stack  150 . In some embodiments, this Piranha wet etch may be selective to (e.g., not etch or remove) silicon oxide and silicon nitride. As a result, the wafer substrate from the top of layer  226  to the bottom of thickness t along pattern  134  or  334  will be exposed. In other words, while the entire metal stack or pillar structures  150  of pattern  134  is removed, the surrounding oxide (e.g., at the top surface of layer  226 ; sidewalls  350   a - b  and bottom surface  350   c  of trenches  350 ) is not or only negligible affected (e.g., removed) by the wet etching process. 
     According to some embodiments, a chemical wet etching process may be used to remove a thickness of structures  150  and form trenches  350  having a depth of H 2  plus t of between 0.2 um and 100 um through the top and into the substrate below the devices of the wafer and narrow width w of between 1 and 3 um around the sides of the integrated circuits (e.g., including chips  120   a - b ) placed on wafer  110 , by etching lateral chip dicing pattern  134  of metal through stack of metal stack kerf (MSK) structures  150  of conductor, alloy, and/or metal. By forming trenches  350  followed by a standard wafer backside grinding (e.g., see  FIG. 3H ), the dicing (or singulation) of each die (e.g., including chips  120   a - b ) can be performed. 
     In some embodiments,  FIG. 3D  shows wet etching the MSK structures  150  by chemically wet etching the through the opening  330  in the final passivation layer  226  obtained, to now expose the depth t below the first main surface  212  of the substrate at the lateral dicing pattern  134  to obtain the trench pattern  334 . 
     In some embodiments, in  FIG. 3D , the wet etch may remove resist  310   a - b . Consequently, it may be necessary to etch contact openings  364 C and  366 C (e.g., see  FIG. 3F ) after the wet etch. In some embodiments of  FIG. 3D , an etch residue cleaning path is performed after the wet etch to clean the remaining resist or residue behind or remaining from the wet etch, such as in pattern  334  of trenches  350 . 
     In some cases, the wet etch can be performed on batch of wafers similar to wafer  310  at the same time (e.g. 10, 25, or 50 wafers) under a wet “hood”, such as in a tube tank of solution at approximately 120° C. In some cases each such wafer  110  may include between 300-1500 chips per wafer. In some cases, for very small chips, there may be up to 10,000 chips per wafer, and even more. Thus, it can be seen that the wet etch and backside grinding process can singulate between 3,000 and 300,000 chips in one wet etch process (e.g., followed by backside grinding). 
     In some embodiments, it is counter intuitive to perform the wet etch of  FIG. 3D  after forming protective layers  226  and  225  (and especially after forming contact openings to contacts  240  and  242 ) because this etch would contaminate the wafer metal residue and ions when in the path. Thus, the rinsing process may be formed after the wet etch. 
     With a depth oft of the trench structure  334  of at least 10 um, the backside grinding of surface  214  of substrate  210  is vertically sufficiently far away from electronic structures  230   a ,  230   b , such as transistors, diodes, etc. that are typically found in the chips  120   a ,  120   b  to avoid damage of those structures during the grinding. In this manner, virtually no modification of the electrical properties of the semiconductor devices  230   a ,  230   b  will occur during the action of grinding the substrate to dice the chips along pattern  134  or  334 . 
     In some cases, due to forming MSK structures  150  along pattern  134  and then wet etching structures  150 , the stack of metals  150  that is etched away to create trenches  350  along pattern  334  can be positioned with the same precision as the semiconductor structures created in the chips  120   a ,  120   b . During the action of grinding the substrate, as will be explained below with respect to  FIG. 3H , all of the desired chips can be diced from wafer  110  with the benefits of this process described herein. 
     In some cases, pattern  134  and  334  are connected and continuous patterns that have each of region  132   a  separating one chip from another. In some cases they may be disconnected such that each of region  132   a  separates a chip from a non-chip or sacrificial zone. In some cases they can be the combination of both. 
       FIG. 3E  may show a contact pad opening lithography process performed after the wet etch forms pattern  334  of trenches  350  (e.g., after  FIG. 3D ) which is used as part of dicing of the chips of wafer  110 .  FIG. 3E  shows resist layer  360  (e.g., a photoresist or mask) formed on or over a top surface (e.g., top of layer  226  and into height H 21  of trenches  350 ) of wafer  110 ; having opening  362  separating parts  360   a  and  360   b ; and having opening  363  separating parts  360   b  and  360   c .  FIG. 3E  shows plug or pattern  364  (e.g., pattern  134  or  334 ) of resist layer  360  formed on or into depth or height H 21  of trenches  350  along pattern  334 . The material of resist  360  may be a photo resist or mask having a thickness of between 2-4 micrometers. In some cases, resist  360  is an organic material. 
     Opening  362  has sidewalls  362   a  and  362   b  exposing top surface  362   c  of layer  226  above contact pad  240 . Pad  240  may be a contact pad upon which a physical and electronic connection can be made such as using a solder bump, to stacks  220  or device  230   a  of chip  120   a . Opening  363  has sidewalls  363   a  and  363   b  exposing top surface  363   c  of layer  226  above contact pad  242 . Pad  242  may be a contact pad upon which a physical and electronic connection can be made such as using a solder bump, to stacks  220  or device  230   b  of chip  120   b.    
     In some cases resist  360  is an organic material that is “spun on” to the surface (e.g. top surface of layer  226 ) of wafer  110  as a dense liquid. Thus, resist  360  may blanket that surface (1) partially filling into the shapes of the removed topmost MSKs (e.g., between 1 and 4 of the topmost MSKs) of structures  150 ; (2) filling in between the removed topmost MSKs and any adjacent contact pads; and (3) covering and filling in between the contact pads. The covering and filling may be assisted or caused by resist  360  being pulled downward by gravity when it is spun on or given time to settle. In some cases, some of resist  360  may be pulled by gravity down H 21  into pattern  334  of trenches  350  to form plug  364  having pattern  334 . Height H 21  may be a height of between 2 and 4 micrometers. In some cases, height H 21  is between 1 and 10 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 10 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 7 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 5 um. In some cases it is between 2 and 3 um. 
     In some cases,  FIG. 3E  is not part of dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of wafer  110 , but is a process performed between wet etching to form trenches  350  and backside grinding to singulate the chips. In some cases, forming resist layer  360  is standard processing (e.g., processing “process”) that does not increase the number of processes necessary to complete wafer processing in the “frontend fabrication” of the wafer. 
       FIG. 3F  may show a contact pad opening dry etch (e.g., dry plasma etch) process performed after the pad opening lithography process (e.g., after  FIG. 3E ).  FIG. 3F  shows resist layer  360  (e.g., having parts  360   a, b  and  c )) formed on or over a top surface of wafer  110 ; and opening  364  separating parts  360   a  and  360   b ; and opening  366  separating parts  360   b  and  360   c.    
     Opening  364  has sidewalls  362   a  and  362   b  exposes top surface  364   c  of contact pad  240 . Opening  366  has sidewalls  363   a  and  363   b  exposes top surface  366   c  of contact pad  242 . Surfaces  364   c  and  366   c  may be surface contacts upon which a physical and electronic connection can be made such as using a solder bump, a wire bonding, etc . . . to stacks  220  or devices  230   a - b  of chips  120   a - b.    
     In some cases,  FIG. 3F  is not part of dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of wafer  110 , but is a process performed between wet etching to form trenches  350  and backside grinding to singulate the chips. In some cases, forming contact pad openings  364  and  366  is standard processing (e.g., processing “process”) that does not increases the number of processes necessary to complete wafer processing in the “frontend fabrication” of the wafer. 
       FIG. 3G  may show a contact pad opening resist removal process performed after the contact pad opening, dry etch to expose pads  240  and  242  (e.g., after  FIG. 3F ).  FIG. 3G  shows resist layer  360  (e.g., a photoresist or mask) removed from on or over a top surface (e.g., top of layer  226 ) and height H 21  of trenches  350  of wafer  110 . Here, parts  360   a, b  and  c ; and plug or pattern  364  (e.g., pattern  134  or  334 ) of resist layer  360  have been etched or removed from depth or height H 21  of trenches  350  along pattern  334 . In some cases the removal or etching of openings  364  and  366 ; and/or all of remaining resist  360  (e.g. portions  360   a, b  and  c ) is performed by an ash etch, such as using an ionized oxygen gas at a sufficient temperature in a sealed chamber to burn the carbon in the resist  360  sufficiently to remove any remaining resist from the surfaces of the wafer. 
       FIG. 3G  shows trenches  350  along pattern  334  exposed; as well as top surface  364   c  of contact pad  240  and top surface  366   c  of contact pad  242 . 
     In some cases,  FIG. 3G  is not part of dicing the chips (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) of wafer  110 , but is a process performed between wet etching to form trenches  350  and backside grinding to singulate the chips. In some cases, contact pad opening resist removal process is standard processing (e.g., processing “process”) that does not increase the number of processes necessary to complete wafer processing in the “frontend fabrication” of the wafer. 
     According to some embodiments,  FIG. 3H  may show a wafer “backside” grinding process performed after the contact pad opening resist removal process to remove any remaining resist layer  360  (e.g., after  FIG. 3G ) which is used as part of dicing of the chips of wafer  110  (e.g., of all the chips that can be or are desired to be diced from wafer  110 ). In some other embodiments,  FIG. 3H  may show a wafer backside grinding process performed after the wet etch of structures  150  to form pattern  334  of trenches  350  (e.g., after  FIG. 3D ), such as where  FIGS. 3E-G  are not performed, or are performed prior to  FIG. 3A  and openings  364   d  and  366   c  are masked during the wet etch of  FIG. 3D . 
       FIG. 3H  shows at least or equal to (e.g., thickness) height H 11  ground off of bottom surface  214  of wafer  110 , to create substrate  370  from (e.g., as diced sections of) substrate  210  having remaining thickness L′. Substrate  210  is shown with dashed bottom surface  214  where grinding was initiated and continued to grind upwards through at least, or to height H 11 ; grinding through a portion of or to thickness t, which may complete singulation (e.g., separation from each other or all other) of chips or die of wafer  110  (e.g., of all the chips that can be or are desired to be diced from wafer  110 ). 
     In some cases,  FIG. 3H  shows at least thickness or height H 11  ground off or away from bottom or “back” surface  214  of wafer  110 , to expose pattern  334  of trenches  350 , to singulate all of the chips desired to be produced or singulated from wafer  110 . In some cases,  FIG. 3H  shows backside grinding that dices semiconductor wafer into a plurality of adjacent chips, such as by physically grinding away material of the substrate from the bottom main surface to the first surface to expose a bottom of the trench structure, and to singulate the plurality of transistor chips of the wafer. In some cases,  FIG. 3H  shows grinding a bottom main surface of the substrate opposite to the first main surface with a grinder to remove a thickness of the wafer below and expose the depth below the first main surface of the substrate. 
     In some cases,  FIG. 3H  shows at least thickness or height H 11  ground off or away from bottom or “back” surface  214  of wafer  110 ; and through or to bottom surface  350   c  of pattern  334  of trenches  350 , to expose sidewalls  350   a  as a die edges or sidewalls for chip  372  (e.g., chip  120   a  now singulated from wafer  110 ), and to expose sidewalls  350   b  as a die edges or sidewalls for chip  374  (e.g., chip  120   b  simultaneously (e.g., with chip  120   a ) also singulated from wafer  110 ). In some cases, grinding at least thickness or height H 11  includes forming chip  372  having one polygon shape and chip  374  having a different polygon shape (e.g., from a top perspective view of the area of chips  372  and  374  after dicing). In some cases, these two polygon shapes are both non rectangular and non-square. 
     In some cases, the backside grinding (e.g.,  FIG. 3H ) includes layering or gluing (e.g., typically using an ultraviolet (UV) activated adhesive) a plastic foil across the top of wafer  110  (the foil touching contacts  240  and  242  through openings  364 C and  366 C and covering pattern  334  of trenches  350 ), such as using an ultraviolet-UV activated adhesive. This foil will hold the chips during and after grinding, until the adhesive is UV-exposed to allow the diced chips to be removed from the foil. 
     In some cases, the grinding is performed by forming this plastic foil on a top surface of the wafer, inverting the wafer, and rotating the wafer or an abrasive pad over and contacting surface  214  to “sand away” height H 11 . In some cases this grinding does not include chemicals, but only includes an abrasive surface contacting surface  214 . In some cases, after grinding, the backside of the wafer and exposed trenches  350 , along with the plastic foil, are cleaned, such as using water, or a water bath. In some cases, once the grinding and cleaning is complete, the chips are held by the foil, so the wafer can be turned back upright and a machine can be used to soften the glue, and a pickup tool can be used to pick up of each of the chips from the wafer, such as to place them in a package, or as otherwise desired. 
     After grinding, wafer  110  is now shown as wafer  376 , having substrate  370  of thickness L′ which is less than or equal to thickness t. In some cases, thickness t sets the height of substrate  370  (or approximately of chips  372  and  374 ). In some cases it sets the maximum height of substrate  370 . In some cases, a predetermined value selected for thickness t (e.g., prior to grinding) sets or determines the height of substrate  370  or maximum height of substrate  370 . In some cases, a predetermined value selected for thickness L′ (e.g., after grinding) sets or determines the height of substrate  370  or maximum height of substrate  370 . 
     In some cases, after the grinding is performed, it creates (e.g., what remains is) a wafer that has substrate  370 ; layer stack  220  arranged on a first surface  212  of the substrate, the layer stack comprising at least one conductive interconnection layer LV 1 ; lateral dicing pattern  334  of trench structures  350  extending from depth L′ below the first main surface, through a final passivation layer  226  over the layer stack, and to a top surface of the wafer, the lateral dicing pattern  334  laterally between and separating each of a plurality of transistor chips (e.g., chips  372  and  374 ) formed on the main surface  212 ; and a backside ground substrate region (e.g., height H 11 ) located between the depth below the first main surface L′ and a second surface  214  of the substrate opposite to the first surface. In some cases, after the grinding is performed, what remains includes a foil (not shown) glued to the top surface of the wafer (e.g., at layer  226 ) that holds the chips (e.g., chips  372  and  374 ) in place around the trench structures  350  and above the backside ground substrate region. 
     In some cases,  FIG. 3H  shows the result of an ensuing thinning process of the wafer  210  from the second surface  214 , so that the substrate comprises a thickness L′ which is, in general, less than thickness t of the substrate  210  (e.g., of pattern  334  of trenches  350  resulting from wet etch removal of pattern  134  of structures  150  in the previous process). This thinning process to reduce the thickness of the substrate  210  from an initial value H 1  to a smaller value L′. Hence, a wafer backside grinding is performed to reduce the wafer substrate thickness to the needed value thickness L′. 
       FIG. 4  shows a cross-section of a wafer  110  to be diced and having the seal rings omitted.  FIG. 4  shows a cross-section of a wafer  110 ′ similar to the cross-section of the wafer  110  shown in  FIG. 3A . However, in comparison to the structure shown in  FIG. 3A , the total distance between adjacent chips  120   a  and  120   b  is further reduced by omitting the seal rings  160   a ,  160   b . As mentioned above, it is possible to obtain very sharp chip sidewalls and the risk of cracking, chipping, pad corrosion or de-lamination of the top layers of the chip is substantially reduced. In some cases, instead of omitting the seal rings  160   a ,  160   b  completely, it may also be possible to reduce the lateral dimension of the seal rings, for example, to half of the size of the seal rings  160   a ,  160   b , shown in  FIG. 3A . 
     Some die singulation technologies are based on wafer dicing processes performed by a rotating blade, by laser-assisted scribing or by suitable combinations of the two. Several quality and reliability problems can affect the rotating blade processes: die chipping, die cracks/micro-cracks, discoloration of the die pads, reduced die breaking strengths, etc. Dicing can also be performed by dry plasma etch processes followed by backside grinding. These dicing techniques are essentially single-wafer processes which are affected by low throughput, essentially due to the long etch time required to form deep continuous trenches around the sides of the chips extending through the BEOL oxide stacks and within the bulk of the silicon. 
     In some cases, the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein (e.g., including wet etching of structures  150  and backside grinding of surface  214 ) are based on a wet etch (e.g.,  FIG. 3D ) of a physically continuous stack of metal(s) (e.g., structures  150 ) which surrounds all of the sides of each die and penetrates in the bulk of the wafer for a given depth (“t”). Once the removal of the metal stack  150  by means of the wet etch is completed, a physically continuous grove/trench (e.g., trenches  350 ) results that surrounds the sides of each die. The subsequent application of a backside grinding process (e.g.,  FIG. 3H ) will result in the singulation of the dice. The original depth t of the grove/trench in the bulk of the silicon wafer can determine the maximum thickness of the singulated die. 
     It can be appreciated that the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein do not require ultraviolet radiation, cracking, or breaking of the chips from each other, from the substrate, or from the wafer. It can be appreciated that the processes above do not require a high power ablation laser which is expensive and has a slow throughput. It can be appreciated that the processes described provide dicing without thermal expansion issues encountered when using a laser or ultra violet light during a dicing process. 
     In some cases, the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein (e.g., including wet etching of structures  150  and backside grinding of surface  214 ) are not limited to square or rectangular chip shapes or to rectangular singulation lines extending across the entire wafer (e.g., in contrast to mechanical blade dicing). Instead, chips of all shapes (e.g., from a top perspective view of the area of chips  372  and  374  after dicing) can be singulated, especially if the wafer dicing processes described herein are modified to support arbitrary shapes of the singulation lines. In some cases, the new wafer dicing processes described herein provide dicing of chips of any shape (e.g., hexagonal, star-like, U-shaped, triangle-shaped, half-moon shaped, etc.), other than the rectangular/squared classical die shapes. In some cases, wafer dicing processes described herein provide dicing of chips of various shapes such as those that form a polygon perimeter (e.g., the perimeter defined by the edges of the polygon shaped chip) or polygon curve line region around a chip, or a polygon shaped chip. This ability to dice various shapes is capable of accommodating specific die form factors of future products (e.g., internet of things—IOT chips) or enabling optimized signal integrity when connecting two (or more) dice. 
     Also, the new wafer dicing processes described herein can provide singulation of every single die (e.g., all the chips that can be or are desired to be diced from wafer  110 ) in a shared reticle (e.g., multi product shuttles) even if, due to different (x, y) dimensions of the dice and different dimensions of kerfs, the dice are not aligned to each other. Exploiting the wafer dicing processes described herein, it is possible for no dice on the wafer to be destroyed (e.g., as it would happen when a rotating blade dicing approach would be utilized). Therefore, the logistic of the chip sampling process during wafer fabrication and dicing can be optimized (less wafers to sample the same number of chips). In some cases, wafer dicing processes described herein can use a “shared reticle” by using the same mask or reticle for dicing of different sized and shaped chips from a single wafer. 
     The new wafer dicing processes described herein can result in a high dicing quality (e.g., of all the chips that can be or are desired to be diced from wafer  110 ) in a shared reticle (e.g., multi product shuttles). To mention some important figures of merit: very sharp chip sidewalls (e.g., sidewalls  350   a  of diced chip  372  and  350   b  of chip  374  after dicing which were formed in pattern  334  of trenches  350 ), virtually no cracks, virtually no chipping, virtually no pad corrosion, no wafer dust on chip surface, virtually no delamination of the top layers of the chip. The wafer dicing processes described herein can result in an improvement of the wafer dicing quality and of the key die prep quality characteristics such as: die breaking strengths; die chippings; ultrathin die; crack-free process; and/or ultrathin metallization layer and via layer structure process. These improvements in dicing quality can result from dicing by wet etching and backside grinding as opposed to requiring a physical breaking of die from the wafer, such as required for prior laser dicing. 
     The new wafer dicing process described herein can result in minimization of the cost per chip by maximizing the silicon utilization of the semiconductor wafers through a drastic reduction of the width of the scribe-line (kerf line) (e.g., width W of pattern  134  or  334 ) which separates adjacent integrated circuits (chips) (e.g., see  FIGS. 2B-C ). In some cases, the smaller the die size (e.g., in the range of 1×1 mm 2 , 2×2 mm 2 ), the higher the cost saving will be. In some cases, a high utilization percentage of wafer area is achieved, especially when the kerf width W is reduced to less than or equal to 2 um. The new wafer dicing processes described herein can result in the increase of the “Net Silicon Utilization” (e.g., more “Dice-Per-Wafer”). 
     The new wafer dicing processes described herein can result in cost reduction of the overall die prep flow (e.g., of all the chips that can be or are desired to be diced from one or more of wafers  110 ), especially for those classes of products (e.g., chips  120   a - b ) that by default make use of metallization layer, via layer structure and through silicon via technology. In some cases, since no critical dimensional control is required to perform the needed wafer dicing operations, one benefit of the teachings disclosed herein consists in the fact that the necessary tools (e.g., see  FIGS. 3B-D  and  3 H) do not need to be particularly advanced (at least, with respect to the current technological status). In some cases, the tools could be fully depreciated, therefore minimizing the manufacturing costs of the operations. 
     In some cases, wafers that require (e.g., per default) the use of metallization layer and via layer structure technology or processing to form the chip device or metallization levels of the wafers will benefit from a reduced increment in wafer processing costs due being able to dice the chips from the wafer with only the additional, relatively low cost of adding costs for processing such as shown for  FIGS. 3A-D . In some cases, wafers which do not requires metallization layer and via layer structure technology or processing to form the chip device or metallization levels of the wafers as a standard process loop, the additional costs of the metallization layer and via layer structure processing to form pattern  134  of structures  150  can be added to the added costs for processing such as shown for  FIGS. 3A-D . In either case, the utilization of forming pattern  134  of structures  150 , and processing such as shown for  FIGS. 3A-D  will highly increase the throughput of die processing when it comes to dicing (die prep); therefore, reducing the overall costs. 
     The new wafer dicing processes described herein can result in higher throughput (e.g., of all the chips that can be or are desired to be diced from one or more of wafers  110 ) in comparison to the classical rotating blade dicing or laser scribing or arrangements for dicing. In some cases, the new wafer dicing processes described herein are much faster at dicing wafers as compared to using a laser which is significantly slower than the processing herein since a laser typically is only able to “saw” along one line or form one trench at a time. Similarly, dicing using a blade is only capable of dicing along a straight line and typically along straight lines that are perpendicular to each other, one at a time. On the other hand, the new wafer dicing processes described herein can be used to die up to 25 or 50 wafers in one batch (e.g. by performing the process for  FIGS. 3A-3H ) due to one or more wafers being capable of having pattern  334  formed for the entire wafer(s), at the same time, in a single wet etch bath, and then each wafer being backside grinded to dice the wafer(s) (e.g., to dice all the chips that can be or are desired to be diced from one or more of wafers  110 ). 
     In some cases, the new wafer dicing processes described herein result in short etch times to remove the metal stack structures  150  as a consequence of the intrinsic properties of the Piranha wet etch of metals of that stack. In some cases, the new wafer dicing processes described herein result in high wafer throughput, as a consequence of the batch-based wet etch process. Typical batch size can be as large as 50 wafers, leading to an enormous improvement with respect to typical rotating blades or laser assisted dicing throughput figures (essentially, single-wafer tools). Furthermore, the relative relaxed requirements on the necessary wet etch technology can lead to reduced cost of ownership figures of the wet etch tools. 
     In some cases, for a wafer diced using the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein, when the width W of the scribe line is reduced to only a few microns, it may become desired (or even necessary) to properly relocate the process monitoring structures (known also as process control monitors, PCM) normally placed in the scribe lines. In some cases, the PCMs may include hundreds of physical and electronic structures to monitor or test the chips or wafer during fabrication. Some embodiments of the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein include rearranging (e.g., moving) the PCM in the area of one or more chips; consequently, a given numbers of dice will be lost. In some cases, this is an unexpected and undesirable rearrangement. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example of a process control monitor (PCM) relocation strategy for relocating scribe lines of one wafer to be diced to the area of one or more chips of a different wafer to be diced.  FIG. 5  shows an example of PCM relocation  500  from scribe lines of wafer  510  to the area of one or more chips of wafer  530 .  FIG. 5  shows an example PCM kerf structures located in horizontal scribe lines  502  and PCM kerf structures located in horizontal scribe lines  504  being relocated from wafer  510  which is to be diced using a classical technology (e.g., blade and/or laser) to wafer  530  which is diced using the “new” wafer dicing process described herein. Here, they are shown relocated to the top perspective view area of two chips of a wafer. Depending on several factors (e.g., die size, PCM dimensions, number of PCM absolutely required to properly monitor the manufacturing/test process, etc.), the number of lost dice might be greater than only two (as only for illustration purposes is depicted in  FIG. 5 ). 
     In some cases, in  FIG. 5 , chips  520   a, b  and  c  of wafer  510  are shown in the grid “X” locations, separated by the wider scribe lines  512  and  514  of the array area that is part of the wafer; and chips  530   b  of wafer  530  are shown in the grid “X” locations, separated by the more narrow scribe lines  532  and  534  of the array area that is part of the wafer. The PCMs are used during chip fabrication to monitor the success or failure of the processing processes. In some cases of wafer  510 , the PCMs are 30 to 40 um wide which can also be the width of the dicing blades or lasers, which destroy the PCMs during dicing. In some cases of wafer  510 , the PCM width is between 30 and 60 mm wide, and dicing destroys the silicon area of all of the PCM and kerf lines on the wafer. In some embodiments of wafer  530 , that use a wet etch with a backside grind as described herein, the PCMs are moved as shown in wafer  530 , so that the horizontal and vertical kerf structures are lumped together in the space of one or more die locations on the wafer. 
       FIG. 5  shows an example PCM kerf structures located in horizontal scribe lines  502  and PCM kerf structures located in horizontal scribe lines  504  being relocated from wafer  510  which is to be diced using a classical technology (e.g., blade and/or laser) to wafer  530  which is diced using the “new” wafer dicing process described herein. 
       FIG. 5  shows wafer  510  having PCM kerf structures located in horizontal scribe lines  502  located in horizontal scribe lines  512  between chips  520   a, b  and  c ; and PCM kerf structures located in vertical scribe lines  504  located in vertical scribe lines  514  between chips  520   a, b  and  c .  FIG. 5  shows wafer  530  having PCM kerf structures located in horizontal scribe lines  502  relocated in chip  530   a  (e.g., not located or fitting in horizontal scribe lines  532  between chips  530   b ); and PCM kerf structures located in vertical scribe lines  504  relocated in chip  530   c  (e.g., and not located or fitting in horizontal scribe lines  534  between chips  530   b ). 
     In some cases, for wafer  510 , due to the spatial resolution of the classical rotating blade dicing technology (assisted or not by laser scribing), dice  520   a - c  must be separated by each other by a dicing streets  512  and  514  (known also as scribe line, dicing channel, etc.), whose width can be as wide as 160 um. 
     In some cases, for wafer  530 , for the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein, the separation width W of dicing streets  532  and  534  between dice can be reduced to a few microns only, e.g. 2-10 um. Consequently, the smaller the area of the die, the higher the number of dice that can be placed on a wafer. This leads to an increased “net silicon utilization” or, conversely, to a lower die cost. Based on one example simulation model (e.g., see  FIGS. 2B-C ), one possible best increase in “net silicon utilization” is achieved for dice whose area is below 2×2 mm 2 . 
     In some cases, each of chips  530   b  represent an example of one of chips  120   a  or  120   b ; scribe lines  532  and  534  represent an example of pattern  134  of structures  150  or pattern  334  or trenches  350 ; and wafer  530  represents an example of wafer  110 . 
     In some cases, all of chips  530   a, b  and  c  will be diced from wafer  530 . In some cases, only chips  530   b  will be diced from wafer  530  (e.g., chips  530   a  and  530   c  are not desired chips for production or sale). It can be appreciated that although wafers  510  and  530  are only shown with a 4×4 array of chips, such a wafer can contain hundreds or several hundred such chips. 
     In some cases, the “new” wafer dicing process described herein (e.g., including wet etching of structures  150  and backside grinding of surface  214 ) provide the benefits embodied in computer system architecture features and interfaces made in high volumes. In some cases, the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein may be used by semiconductor manufacturing companies, such as foundries and integrated device manufacturers (IDM). In some cases they may be used by high volume architecture manufacturers; or may be embodied in computer system architecture features and interfaces made in high volumes. 
     In some cases they may be used to satisfy the continuous demand for dicing/diced chips requiring higher speed input/outputs (IOs), more sophisticated and complex system-on-a-chips (SoCs), more advanced multi-chip packaging, stringent requirements on the signal and power integrity (SPI) figures. For instance, when connecting one or more memory chip(s) to a communication processor/application processor SoC chip (CP/AP) in a multichip packaging, the signal and power integrity (SPI) figures could be more easily optimized if, for instance, one would have the CP/AP shaped as a “U” shape; and the memory chip(s) mounted in the center of the U and wire bonded to the surrounding U shaped CP/AP. This would allow for high speed and shorter signal routing (such as through wire bonding) between the memory chip(s) and the U shaped CP/AP. 
     In some cases, the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein (e.g., including wet etching of structures  150  and backside grinding of surface  214 ) can be evidenced or detected (e.g., including whether the process or resulting chips were successfully diced) using: (1) a proper inspection of the edges of the chips (e.g., using an electron microscope); (2) if the shape of the chips were not be square or rectangular (e.g. were another shape of polygon). Such as proper inspection may detect that (1) the upper region of the sidewall (e.g., sidewall  350   a  or  b ) of the substrate  370  corresponding to the former trench structure  350  is substantially flush with a sidewall of the layer stack  220 ; (2) the sharpness of the vertical edges (e.g., sidewall  350   a  orb) of the chips is a sign that no classical mechanical sawing (blade dicing) has been utilized; (3) that the back-end-of-line stack  220  reveals a kind of zigzag profile, sign of the original presence of the wet etch of structures  150  (see, for example,  FIG. 3D ). In some cases, they can be evidenced or detected by a proper inspection (e.g., scanning electron microscope—SEM) of the vertical edges  350   a - b  in trench  350  of structure  372  and/or  374 , which after backside grinding and chip singulation may be high as t. This inspection may detect the typical “scalloped” edge profiles of the silicon or other material of substrate  370  showing an indication that a TSV etch process (possibly based on a so-called Bosch Etch process) previously occurred in trench  350  of structure  372  and/or  374  (e.g., to form the scalloped edge profiles of edges  350   a - b  in trench  350 ). For instance, prior to forming TSVs  152 - 154 , an etch through thickness t of substrate  210  may have been performed to form a trench into which TSVs  152 - 154  would be formed (e.g., deposited or grown, having edges  150   a - b ) of structure  150 . After the processes of  FIGS. 3A-H  (e.g., singulation of chips  372  and  374 ), a proper inspection (e.g., scanning electron microscope—SEM) of the vertical edges  350   a - b  (previously edges  150   a - b ) in trench  350  of structure  372  and/or  374 , may detect the typical “scalloped” edge profiles of the silicon or other material of substrate  370  (previously  270 ) showing an indication that a TSV etch process (possibly based on a so-called Bosch Etch process) occurred to from the trench into which TSVs  152 - 154  were formed (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 3A ). 
     In some cases, the use of “approximately” describes exactly that number. In some cases, the use of “approximately” describes within 10 percent above and below that number. In some cases, the use of “approximately” describes within 5 percent above and below that number. In some cases, the use of “approximately” describes within 2 percent above and below that number. 
     According to embodiments chips  120   a - b  may each be an IC chip such as microprocessor, coprocessor, graphics processor, memory chip, modem chip, or other microelectronic or electromechanical (MEMs) chip devices. According to embodiments, chips  120   a - b  may each be an IC chip capable of being mounted or directly attached onto a socket, an interposer, a motherboard, or another next-level component. 
     In some embodiments, MSK layers  152 - 176  (e.g., of pattern  134  of structures  150 ) are formed of a solid conductive (e.g., pure conductor) material. In some cases, they may each be a height (e.g., a thickness), width and length (such as shown and described herein) of solid conductor material. In some cases, the conductive (e.g., conductor) material may be a pure conductor (e.g., a metal or pure conductive material). Such material may be or include copper (Cu), gold, silver, bronze, nickel, silver, aluminum, molybdenum, an alloy, or the like as known for such a contact. In some cases, they are all copper. In some cases, they all include copper and may include one or more other metals. 
     In some cases, MSK layers  152 - 176  (e.g., of pattern  134  of structures  150 ) are formed using processes or processing as known in the industry for forming traces, interconnects, metallization layers, via layers, via contacts and/or TSVs of an IC chip or die. In some cases, forming them includes using masking and etching of a silicon wafer. In some cases, the masking includes masking with a solder resist and etching dielectric and/or conductor material. In some cases, forming them includes using chemical vapor deposition (CVD); atomic layer deposition (ALD); growing dielectric material such as from or on a surface having a pattern of dielectric material and conductor material. In some cases, forming them includes patterning a mask using photolithography to form layers of metallization layer and via layer structure (e.g., such as MSK structures  150 ) upon one another. In some cases, the mask may be liquid photoimageable “wet” mask or a dry film photoimageable “dry” mask blanket layer sprayed onto the surface; and then masked and exposed to a pattern of light (e.g., the mask is exposed to light where a template of the pattern placed over the mask does not block the light) and developed to form openings where the features will exists. Depending on the mask type, the exposed or unexposed areas are removed. In some cases, the mask goes through a thermal cure of some type after the openings (e.g., pattern) are defined. In some cases, the mask may be formed by a process known to form such a mask of a chip, or device formed using IC chip processing. 
     In some cases, layers of dielectric material  226 ,  225 ,  222  (and optionally  224 ) may each be a height (e.g., a thickness), width and length of solid non-conductive material. In some cases, the dielectric material may be a pure non-conductor (e.g., an oxide or pure non-conductive material). Such material may be or include silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, porcelain, glass, plastic, or the like as known for such a dielectric. In some cases it is silicon nitride. In some cases, it is a pure oxide, non-conductive material. 
     In some cases, layers of dielectric material  226 ,  225 ,  222  (and optionally  224 ) fill in any space between (e.g., above, below, and beside such as in the length, width and height directions) the other wafer metal, metallization layer, via layer, TSV, device and STI structures or features. In some cases, filling in the space between the interconnect features includes these dielectric materials existing in any space where those or other features of chips  120   a - b  do not exist, and are not physically attached to (e.g., are not touching) each other, such as shown in the Figures. In some cases, filling in the space between the interconnect features includes these dielectric separating each and all of those features except where they are coupled or physically attached to each other. In some cases, filling in the space between the interconnect features includes these dielectric materials existing in any space where those features do not exist, are not coupled to each other, and are not physically attached to each other, except where other circuitry, traces, contacts exist, such as is known. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a computing device in accordance with one implementation.  FIG. 6  illustrates computing device  600  in accordance with one implementation. Computing device  600  houses board  602 . Board  602  may include a number of components, including but not limited to processor  604  and at least one communication chip  606 . Processor  604  is physically and electrically coupled to board  602 . In some implementations at least one communication chip  606  is also physically and electrically coupled to board  602 . In further implementations, communication chip  606  is part of processor  604 . 
     Depending on its applications, computing device  600  may include other components that may or may not be physically and electrically coupled to board  602 . These other components include, but are not limited to, volatile memory (e.g., DRAM), non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM), flash memory, a graphics processor, a digital signal processor, a crypto processor, a chipset, an antenna, a display, a touchscreen display, a touchscreen controller, a battery, an audio codec, a video codec, a power amplifier, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a compass, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a speaker, a camera, and a mass storage device (such as hard disk drive, compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD), and so forth). 
     Communication chip  606  enables wireless communications for the transfer of data to and from computing device  600 . The term “wireless” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some embodiments they might not. Communication chip  606  may implement any of a number of wireless standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long term evolution (LTE), Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, Bluetooth, derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. Computing device  600  may include a plurality of communication chips  606 . For instance, first communication chip  606  may be dedicated to shorter range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and second communication chip  606  may be dedicated to longer range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others. 
     Processor  604  of computing device  600  includes an integrated circuit die packaged within processor  604 . In some implementations, the integrated circuit die of the processor includes one or more devices, such as transistors or metal interconnects. In some embodiments, integrated circuit die or processor  604  includes embodiments of one or more chips diced using the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein (e.g., including wet etching of structures  150  and backside grinding of surface  214 ). The term “processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and/or memory to transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and/or memory. 
     Communication chip  606  also includes an integrated circuit die packaged within communication chip  606 . In accordance with another implementation, the integrated circuit die of the communication chip includes one or more devices, such as transistors or metal interconnects. In some embodiments, the integrated circuit die or chip  606  includes embodiments of one or more chips diced using the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein (e.g., including wet etching of structures  150  and backside grinding of surface  214 ). 
     In further implementations, another component housed within computing device  600  may contain an integrated circuit die that includes one or more devices, such as transistors or metal interconnects. In some embodiments, the other integrated circuit die or chip includes embodiments of one or more chips diced using the “new” wafer dicing processes described herein (e.g., including wet etching of structures  150  and backside grinding of surface  214 ). 
     In various implementations, computing device  600  may be a laptop, a netbook, a notebook, an ultrabook, a smartphone, a tablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an ultra mobile PC, a mobile phone, a desktop computer, a server, a printer, a scanner, a monitor, a set-top box, an entertainment control unit, a digital camera, a portable music player, or a digital video recorder. In further implementations, computing device  600  may be any other electronic device that processes data. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The following examples pertain to embodiments. 
     Example 1 is a method of dicing a semiconductor wafer, the method comprising: forming vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures in an intended lateral chip dicing pattern; wherein forming includes forming from a depth below an upper surface of a substrate of the wafer, up through metallization layers of the wafer, to protective layers on a top surface of the wafer; etching the protective layers to expose the vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures along the intended lateral chip dicing pattern; wet etching the vertically stacked metal stack kerf (MSK) structures along the intended lateral chip dicing pattern to form a lateral chip dicing trench pattern to the depth below the upper surface of the substrate along the intended lateral dicing pattern; and backside grinding a lower surface of the substrate to expose the depth below the upper surface of the substrate along the intended lateral dicing pattern. 
     In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include wherein backside grinding dices the semiconductor wafer into a plurality of adjacent chips. 
     In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include wherein grinding includes physically grinding away material of the substrate from the bottom main surface to the first surface to expose a bottom of the trench structure, and to singulate the plurality of transistor chips of the wafer. 
     In Example 4, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include wherein the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structure is laterally disposed between seal rings of adjacent chips of the semiconductor wafer. 
     In Example 5, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include wherein etching the final passivation layer comprises: forming a first photoresist layer on the final passivation layer; performing a photolithographic process to selectively remove the first photoresist layer at locations that are substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structure; etching the final passivation layer at the locations that are substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures due to the photolithographic process; and removing any remaining locations of the first photoresist layer to expose the un-etched final passivation layer. 
     In Example 6, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include wherein etching the final passivation layer comprises a dry plasma etching of the final passivation layer through the location that is substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures. 
     In Example 7, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include wherein wet etching the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures comprises chemically wet etching through the opening in the final passivation layer obtained to expose the depth below the first main surface of the substrate at the lateral dicing pattern to obtain the trench pattern. 
     In Example 8, the subject matter of Example 7 can optionally include wherein the wet etch is a calibrated mixture of parts of hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid, and water at a selected temperature. 
     In Example 9, the subject matter of Example 1 can optionally include wherein the depth below the first main surface is between a-few tens of micrometers up to a few hundreds of micrometers (“um”) and wherein etching the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures produces the trench structures having a width of between 1 um and 10 um. 
     Example 10 is a method of dicing a semiconductor wafer, the method comprising: forming a lateral dicing pattern of metal stack kerf (MSK) structures to a depth below a first main surface of a wafer substrate of the wafer, the lateral dicing pattern laterally between and separating each of a plurality of transistor chips formed on the main surface; forming a final passivation layer over the MSK structures and a top surface of the wafer; etching the final passivation layer to expose the lateral dicing pattern of the MSK structure; wet etching the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures through the etched final passivation layer to form a trench structure in the substrate that extends to the depth below the first main surface of a substrate; and grinding a bottom main surface of the substrate opposite to the first main surface with a grinder to remove a thickness of the wafer below and expose the depth below the first main surface of the substrate. 
     In Example 11, the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally include wherein grinding includes physically grinding away material of the substrate from the bottom main surface to the first surface to expose a bottom of the trench structure, and to singulate the plurality of transistor chips of the wafer. 
     In Example 12, the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally include wherein etching the final passivation layer comprises a dry plasma etching of the final passivation layer through the location that is substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structure. 
     In Example 13, the subject matter of Example 12 can optionally include wherein etching the final passivation layer comprises: forming a first photoresist layer on the final passivation layer; performing a photolithographic process to selectively remove the first photoresist layer at locations that are substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structure; etching the final passivation layer at the locations that are substantially aligned to the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures due to the photolithographic process; and removing any remaining locations of the first photoresist layer to expose the un-etched final passivation layer. 
     In example 14, the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally include, further comprising: prior to grinding, forming a second photoresist layer on the final passivation layer and a top thickness of the trench structure; performing a photolithographic process to selectively remove the second photoresist layer at contact locations that are substantially aligned to contact pads disposed under the final passivation layer; etching the final passivation layer at the contact locations due to the photolithographic process; and removing any remaining locations of the second photoresist layer to expose the un-etched and the trench structure. 
     In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally include wherein wet etching the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures comprises chemically wet etching the through the opening in the final passivation layer obtained to expose the depth below the first main surface of the substrate at the lateral dicing pattern to obtain the trench structure. 
     In Example 16, the subject matter of Example 15 can optionally include wherein the wet etch is based on at least one of hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid, and/or de-ionized water. 
     In Example 17, the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally include wherein forming the lateral dicing pattern of metal stack kerf (MSK) structures comprises forming a plurality of loops that laterally enclose the plurality of transistor chips of the wafer; and wherein the lateral dicing pattern of the metal stack kerf (MSK) structure is laterally disposed between seal rings of adjacent chips of the semiconductor wafer. 
     In Example 18, the subject matter of Example 10 can optionally include wherein the depth below the first main surface is between a few tens of micrometers up to a few hundreds of micrometers (“um”); and etching the metal stack kerf (MSK) structures produces the trench structures having a width of between 1 um and 10 um. 
     Example 19 is a wafer comprising: a substrate; a layer stack arranged on a first surface of the substrate, the layer stack comprising at least one conductive interconnection layer; a lateral dicing pattern of trench structures extending from a depth below the first main surface, through a final passivation layer over the layer stack, and to a top surface of the wafer, the lateral dicing pattern laterally between and separating each of a plurality of chips including one of transistors, diodes, electronic devices or electromechanical devices formed on the main surface; and a backside ground substrate region located between the depth below the first main surface and a second surface of the substrate opposite to the first surface. 
     In Example 20, the subject matter of Example 19 can optionally include wherein further comprising a foil glued to the top surface of the wafer that holds the chips in place around the trench structures and above the backside ground substrate region. 
     In Example 21, the subject matter of Example 19 can optionally include wherein the lateral dicing pattern of trench structures comprises a plurality of closed continuous loops that laterally enclose the plurality of chips of the wafer; and wherein the lateral dicing pattern of trench structure is laterally disposed between seal rings of adjacent chips of the semiconductor wafer. 
     In Example 22, the subject matter of Example 19 can optionally include wherein the trench structures comprise at least one of: a curved trench section; an intersection between two or more trench sections wherein at least one of the trench sections ends at the intersection; and an intersection between two or more trench sections wherein at least one of the trench sections extends in a different direction on the two sides of the intersection. 
     In Example 23, the subject matter of Example 19 can optionally include wherein the depth below the first main surface is between a few tens of micrometers up to a few hundreds of micrometers (“um”); and etching the MSK structures produces the trench structures having a width of between 1 um and 10 um. 
     Consequently, the descriptions herein include embodiments for dicing a semiconductor wafer into chips by (and structures that may result from) forming a lateral chip dicing pattern of vertical metallization layer, via layer, and TSV structures (e.g., MSK structures  150 ) from a depth below an upper surface of a substrate of a wafer, up through metallization layers of the wafer, to a top surface of the wafer. This dicing pattern may define the perimeters/edges of the chips to be diced from the wafer. A protective layer can be etched away to form a pattern of openings over and to the pattern of MSK structures. Then, a wet etch through the etched protective layer removes the vertical height of the MSK along the chip dicing pattern, and forms lateral chip dicing trench pattern to the depth below the upper surface of the substrate along the intended lateral dicing pattern. Additional etching of the protective layer can form openings to contact pads. Then, a lower surface of the substrate of the wafer can be ground to expose the bottom of the trench pattern and dice the chips. 
     The above description of illustrated implementations, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit embodiments of the invention to the precise forms disclosed. While specific implementations of, and examples for, the embodiments of the invention are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. These modifications may be made to embodiments of the invention in light of the above detailed description. For example, although some embodiments described above show wet etching of structures  150  between two chips  120   a - b ; and backside grinding of surface  214  to separate those chips, those descriptions can apply to wet etching of structures  150  between one chip  120   a  and a horizontal area (e.g., from a top perspective) on the other side of pattern  134  that is not a chip or that is a non-chip structure (e.g., such as an area with no electrical devices, or with non-chip devices, or with optical devices, or that has chip package features). The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific implementations disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope is to be determined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation.