Patent Publication Number: US-11659144-B1

Title: Security video data processing systems and methods

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/140,506, filed Sep. 24, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present embodiments relate to security systems that include sensors, automation devices, and/or audio/video (A/V) recording and communication devices. In particular, the present embodiments relate to improvements in the functionality of security systems that strengthen the ability of such systems to reduce crime and enhance public safety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Home safety is a concern for many homeowners and renters. Those seeking to protect or monitor their homes often wish to be informed of breaches to the security of their homes and also have video and audio communications with visitors/trespassers, for example those persons visiting/trespassing near an external door or entryway. Security systems that include sensors, automation devices, and/or A/V recording and communication devices, such as doorbells, provide this functionality and can also aid in crime detection and prevention. For example, sensor information, audio, and/or video captured by a security system, such as by an A/V recording and communication doorbell of a security system, can be uploaded to the cloud and recorded on a remote server. Subsequent review of the sensor information and/or the A/V footage can aid law enforcement in capturing perpetrators of home burglaries and other crimes. Further, the presence of a security system including at least one A/V recording and communication device on the exterior of a home, such as a doorbell unit at the entrance of a home, acts as a powerful deterrent against would-be burglars. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The various embodiments of the present security video data processing systems and methods now will be discussed in detail with an emphasis on highlighting the advantageous features. These embodiments depict the novel and non-obvious security video data processing systems and methods shown in the accompanying drawings, which are for illustrative purposes only. These drawings include the following figures, in which like numerals indicate like parts: 
         FIG.  1 A  is a schematic diagram of an example of a security video data processing system, according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 B  is a schematic diagram of an example screen shot of the display of the second client device of  FIG.  1 A , showing the video data and the label of the user interface element, according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 C  is a schematic diagram of an example screen shot of the display of the second client device of  FIG.  1 A , and further showing the dialog box of the user interface element, according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 D  is a block diagram illustrating the network-connected device of  FIG.  1 A  in further example detail, according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 E  is a schematic diagram of an example screen shot of the display of the enforcement portal of  FIG.  1 A  showing example grouping of related video data, according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  1 F  is a flowchart illustrating an example process for security video data processing, according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  2    is a functional block diagram illustrating a system for security video data processing and communicating in a network according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  3    is a functional block diagram of an A/V recording and communication device according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    is a functional block diagram illustrating one example embodiment of an A/V recording and communication device according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    is a functional block diagram illustrating one example embodiment of a backend device for security video data processing according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    is a functional block diagram illustrating one example embodiment of a client device for security video data processing according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    illustrates an example of a geographic network, according to various aspects of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  8    is a functional block diagram of a client device on which the present embodiments may be implemented according to various aspects of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  9    is a functional block diagram of a general-purpose computing system on which the present embodiments may be implemented according to various aspects of present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The various embodiments of the present security video data processing systems and methods have several features, no single one of which is solely responsible for their desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of the present embodiments as expressed by the claims that follow, their more prominent features now will be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description,” one will understand how the features of the present embodiments provide the advantages described herein. 
     One aspect of the present embodiments includes the realization that a user (e.g., an owner) of a security device may wish to learn more as to content of certain video and/or audio captured by the security device. For example, where the security device captures video and/or audio of a person taking a package from a front porch of a residence, unless the person is known to the user, or to law enforcement when involved, the package is unlikely to be traced and/or recovered. In another example, where a mischievous youth rings the doorbell late at night and runs away before the door is opened, the security device may capture video and/or audio of the event, but unless the user recognizes the youth in the captured video and/or audio, the youth cannot be held accountable. The present embodiments solve this problem by allowing the user to publish the captured video and/or audio to a media site accessible by neighbors of the user (e.g., people within a geographic area surrounding a location of the security device), notifying the neighbors of the published video and/or audio, and indicating that the user wishes to learn additional information (e.g., a name of the person, a place that person was previously or last seen, and so on) on content of the video and/or audio. Advantageously, this process of publishing the captured video and/or audio and notifying the neighbors of the request for additional information likely leads to the user receiving the additional information, since the neighbors are incentivized to view the video and/or audio to help the user, and thereby further enables the user to identify the perpetrator (e.g., the person and/or the mischievous youth). 
     Another aspect of the present embodiments includes the realization that neighbors (people) in a neighborhood may often publish video and/or audio captured by security devices located in that neighborhood, and the neighbors often do not have the time to view every published video and/or listen to published audio. Thus, even when one neighbor could have recognized someone in the video and/or audio, the neighbor may not have watched the video or listened to the audio and therefore does not contribute additional information to the user. The present embodiments solve this problem by including a label with the notification and with the video and/or audio in a media list of the media site such that neighbors are aware of the interest of the owner to learn additional information on content of the video and/or audio. Advantageously, this process of including a label with the published video and/or audio and notification incentivizes the neighbors to view the video and/or listen to the audio to see whether they can provide the additional information to the user. 
     A security video data processing system may include a network-connected device (e.g., a server, backend server, cloud based server, etc.) that receives video data from security devices (e.g., a video doorbell, a floodlight camera, and so on) configured to protect one or more sites (e.g., a home, a residence, an office, a store, and so on). For example, a user may have one or more security devices positioned to monitor a home. A client device (e.g., a mobile device, a smartphone, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, and so on) of the user may run an application associated with the security video data processing system that may receive notifications from the security video data processing system to indicate an event detected at the site by the security device. For example, the security device may be configured to detect motion of the event at the site. In response to the detected motion, the security device may capture video data (e.g., video and audio) of the event and send the video data to the network-connected device where it may be stored, at least temporarily, within a database. The user may use the client device to view the video and/or listen to the audio as it streams (e.g., live) from the security device, or may later replay the video data from the database of the network-connected device on the client device. 
     Where the event is a crime (e.g., a person breaking into a residence, stealing a parcel from a front porch, damaging property, and so on), the video data may include evidence of the crime. The user may be unable to recognize a person in the video data, and therefore may be unable to take further action on the event and/or crime. For example, when the video shows a mischievous person approaching a front door of the user&#39;s home late at night, pressing the doorbell button, and then running away, unless the user recognizes the person, the person may remain unknown for this type of activity. Often, however, perpetrators of neighborhood events are local and/or known to people of the neighborhood where the event occurs. In the above example, it may be a wayward person of a nearby neighborhood that presses the doorbell button at 11:00 PM and runs away before the door can be answered. In another example, the video may show a person peering into windows of a structure at the site. In each of these examples, the user may wish to learn information about the video data, such as an identity (e.g., name) of the perpetrator and/or where that person has been seen before. Upon learning such information, the user may be able to take further action against the perpetrator, when desired. In the above examples, the user may speak to the parents of and/or confront the perpetrator about pressing the doorbell and running away, and/or the user may provide the information about the person peering into windows to an enforcement agency (e.g., local police). 
     Although the user may share the video data, when approved for sharing, with neighbors (e.g., other users belonging to a geographic network that may be a neighborhood network to which the user and the neighbors are registered based upon their geographic location, as described with reference to  FIG.  7   ), unless motivated, the neighbors may not play the video data since they are unaware that information about the video is needed. 
     The security video data processing system disclosed herein allows the user to indicate, through the application running on a mobile device and/or via a web site associated with the security video data processing system, that information about the video data is needed. Accordingly, the security video data processing system may share, when approved for sharing, the video data with neighbors (e.g., other members of the geographic network) and include a label to indicate the need for information about the video data. The label distinguishes this video data from other “information only” video data that does not include the label but is available to the neighbors. Accordingly, when seeing the video data with the label, the neighbors are more likely to play the video data to see whether they can provide information. The more people that play the video data, the more likely that at least one person will recognize the person in the video data and be able to provide an identity of the person. 
     The label may be part of an interactive interface element that accepts the information from the person playing the video data. In certain embodiments, when the information is provided to the user interface element, the information may be forwarded to an enforcement agency. For example, where the event is a crime and the user has notified the police of an attempted break-in, the label may indicate that the information, when provided, may be forwarded to an enforcement portal used by a police officer. 
     The enforcement portal may be used by the police officer to define a rating for the information based at least in part upon usefulness of the information in solving a crime. For example, where the information includes a name that leads to the identification and apprehension of the perpetrator, the enforcement portal may return the rating with a high value. Where the information was less helpful, the enforcement portal may return the rating with a low value. The rating may be used to determine a value that is accumulated within an account of the neighbor that provided the information. This account may then accumulate value based at least in part upon usefulness of the information provided by the neighbor. In certain embodiments, the value of the account may be used to characterize the neighbor. For example, where the neighbor frequently provides information that has a high rating, the neighbor may be characterized highly within the neighborhood, and thereby deemed more reliable at providing information. 
     The label displayed in association with the video data may indicate urgency of receiving the information by the user. The urgency may be based, at least in part, upon an importance and/or severity of the event captured in the video data, and/or a value of the information needed. For example, where the video data includes a person breaking into a residence, the urgency indicated by the label may be high, providing more incentive for another user to play the video data in hope of being able to provide the information. In another example, where the user has not received the information after one week of posting the video data, the label may indicate increased urgency for the information, and thereby provide additional incentive for neighbors to play the video data. In certain embodiments, the urgency may increase (or in some cases decrease) with time. For example, where the user has not received the information within a couple of weeks, the event may be too stale such that the urgency decreases and focus is directed toward more recent events. In another example, where the event is part of a serious crime that earns the attention of the press, the urgency may increase with time as interest in the event and associated crime increases. 
     The remaining detailed description describes the present embodiments with reference to the drawings. In the drawings, reference numbers label elements of the present embodiments. These reference numbers are reproduced below in connection with the discussion of the corresponding drawing features. 
       FIG.  1 A  is a schematic diagram showing an example security video data processing system  100 , according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The security video data processing system  100  includes a network-connected device  102  communicatively coupled with at least one security device  104  via a network  106 . The security device  104  may represent one or more of an audio/video communication device, a video doorbell, a floodlight camera, and so on. The network-connected device  102  may be a computer with at least one processor and memory storing a server application  109  and a database  108 . The server application  109  may include machine readable instructions stored in the memory that when executed by the at least one processor implement the functionality of the network-connected device  102  described herein. The network-connected device  102  may perform as a backend server or device such as described in connection with  FIG.  2   . The network  106  may represent one or more of a local area network, Wi-Fi, the Internet, a wide area network, and so on, and may include wired and/or wireless connectivity. 
     The security device  104  may include one or more sensors (e.g., a camera, a passive infrared sensor(s), a temperature sensor, a microphone, and so on) and/or one or more actuators (a speaker, a light, and so on). For example, the security device  104  may take the form of the AN recording and communication device  210  of  FIGS.  2  and  3   . The security device  104  may be configured to detect an event  110  at a site  112 , and may capture video data  105  of the event. The event  110  is for example motion of a person  111  detected by a motion sensor of the security device  104 . The video data  105  may include an image stream and audio data that may be captured simultaneously. Accordingly, the video data  105  may include images and/or audio of the event  110  at the site  112 . The event  110  may be a crime (e.g., a person breaking into a structure at the site  112 , a person causing damage at the site  112 , a person stealing a package from an entrance of the site  112 , and so on), and/or the event  110  may be a person behaving suspiciously (e.g., a person peering into windows of a structure at the site  112 , trying to open doors of the structure, running through a back yard at the site  112 , and so on), and/or the event  110  may be of a person behaving normally (e.g., approaching a door, pressing a doorbell button, and leaving quickly before the door can be opened). In  FIG.  1 A , the person detected in the event  110  in each of these situations is illustrated by the person  111 . 
     A user  114  (e.g., the owner of the security device  104  and/or a person authorized to use the security device  104 ) may use a client device  116  to play the video data  105  on a display  118  and/or speaker of the client device  116 . The client device  116  may be a smartphone, a tablet computer, a notebook computer, or another device, such as any of those described below with reference to the client device  214  of  FIGS.  2  and  6   . The security device  104 , the user  114 , and/or the client device  116  may be registered with a geographic network  163  of the network-connected device  102 . The geographic network  163  may represent a neighborhood (e.g., a neighborhood network of registered computing devices based upon related geographic location of registered devices) of the site  112  and thereby include neighbors of the site  112  and the user  114 . For example, owners of security devices (similar to the security device  104 ) and other residents that are located within the neighborhood of the site  112  may elect to be members of the geographic network  163 . In another example, each of these owners of security devices may elect to join the geographic network  163  when registering their security device with the network-connected device  102 . 
     The user  114  (may also be referred to herein as “first user  114 ”) may operate the client device  116  to view and interact with the video data  105 , and thereby view and/or interact with a monitored environment at the site  112 . In the example of  FIG.  1 A , the security device  104  may detect the event  110  where the person  111  is present at the site  112 , capture and send the video data  105  of the event  110  to the network-connected device  102  and/or to the client device  116 , and may allow the user  114  of the client device  116  to interact with (e.g., communicate with) the person  111 . The user  114  may also retrieve and play the video data  105  from the network-connected device  102  at a later time. 
     The client device  116 , running an application  129  (see also device application  614  of  FIG.  6   ), may display an information request element  120  (e.g., a selectable button) in association with the video data  105  on the display  118  such that the user  114  may activate (e.g., select, click on) the information request element  120  when information on the video data  105  is desired by the user  114 . For example, when the user  114  is unable to identify the person  111  in the video data  105 , the user  114  may activate the information request element  120 , for example while viewing the video data  105 . In certain embodiments, once the information request element  120  has been selected, the user  114  may enter details about the information needed. For example, the user  114  may type the details into a dialog box (not shown) on the display  118 , although other input methods (e.g., voice recognition) may be used. The client device  116  may then send an information request message  121  to the network-connected device  102 , identifying the video data  105  and including questions and/or a description of the information needed about the video data  105  when entered by the user  114 , to indicate that information about the video data  105  is needed. By selecting the information request element  120 , the user  114  may further authorize sharing of the video data  105  with other members of the geographic network  163 , and/or with an enforcement portal  136 . In some embodiments, the video data  105  is not shared with other members of the geographic network  163 , or made publicly available, without this explicit authorization by the user  114 . 
     The user  114  may share the video data  105  with the geographic network  163  without requesting information (e.g., without activating the information request element  120 ). For example, where the video data  105  shows the person  111  passing through the site  112 , the user  114  may share the video data  105  with neighbors via the geographic network  163 , but does not need information about the video data  105 . 
     Publication 
     In response to receiving the information request message  121  (or a request to share the video data  105  within the geographic network  163 ), the network-connected device  102  (e.g., the server application  109 ) may first send the information request message  121  and/or the video data  105  to a security monitoring service  101  to determine whether the information request message  121  and/or the video data  105  are appropriate for sharing (e.g., publication). See, for example, the security monitoring server  228  of  FIG.  2   . In certain embodiments, the security monitoring service  101  uses one or more artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms  122  to process the video data  105  and/or the information request message  121  to determine whether content of the video data  105  and the information request message  121  is suitable for sharing. In certain embodiments, the security monitoring service  101  includes an interface device (e.g., a portal) that allows a person to evaluate whether content of the video data  105  and the information request message  121  is suitable (e.g., appropriate) for sharing. Content that is not appropriate (e.g., unsuitable) for sharing may include poor quality (e.g., blurred and/or dark video), inappropriate content (nudity, advertising, defamatory information, etc.), and so on. Accordingly, the information requested in the information request message  121  may be rejected; in this case the video data  105  is not shared (e.g., not published) and the user  114  may be advised of the rejection (e.g., via the client device  116 ). When the security monitoring service  101  determines that the content of the video data  105  is suitable for sharing, the security monitoring service  101  may send a message  113  to the network-connected device  102 , and the server application  109  may thereafter configure an access control  124  of the video data  105 , to make the video data  105  accessible to a second client device  128  registered with the geographic network  163 . The enforcement portal  136  may also belong to and/or be configured to monitor the geographic network  163  (e.g., to monitor video data  105  shared over the geographic network  163 ) and may therefore also access the video data  105 . 
     In one example, where the user  114  shares the video data  105  with other members of the geographic network  163  (e.g., a neighborhood), but does not request information, another party (e.g., another member of the geographic network  163 —a neighbor—or an enforcement officer using the enforcement portal  136 , or the security monitoring service  101 ) may send the information request message  121  to the network-connected device  102  identifying the video data  105 . In one example, after reviewing the video data  105 , a police officer may use the enforcement portal  136  (which may sometimes be referred to as a police portal) to send the information request message  121  to the network-connected device  102  identifying the video data  105 . That is, in certain embodiments, the request for information about the video data  105  need not originate from the owner (e.g., user  114 ) of the security device  104 . 
     In embodiments, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic network  163  by defining a geographic area (e.g., the geographic area  704  of  FIG.  7   ) of the neighborhood linking the first client device  116  and the second client device  128 . For example, the first client device  116  may have a registered geographic location of the security device  104  (at the site  112 ), and the second client device  128  may have a registered geographic location of another security device, and these two geographic locations may therefore be used to define this geographic area. Alternatively, the second client device  128  need not be associated with a security device, but may have a registered geographic location of a residence in the neighborhood of the site  112 . In one example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon the geographic location of the site  112  and a radius (e.g., one mile, two miles, five miles, etc.) around the site  112 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon the geographic location of the security device  104  and/or a geographic location of a security device linked with the second client device  128 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon a zip code stored in an account linked with the security device  104 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon input from the client device  116 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon input from one or more sensors of the client device  116 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon an IP address used by the client device  116  and/or the second client device  128 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon input via the enforcement portal  136 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon input via the security monitoring service  101 . In another example, the network-connected device  102  generates the geographic area of the geographic network  163  based at least in part upon a municipal boundary associated with a geographic location of the security device  104  (e.g., of the site  112 ). Advantageously, the network-connected device  102  may automatically define the geographic area of the geographic network  163  such that the appropriate neighbors are made aware of the request for information about the video data  105 . 
     Continuing with  FIG.  1 A , a second user  134  (e.g., a neighbor) may have a second security device (not shown) at a home, which is within the neighborhood (e.g., geographic area) of the site  112 , and thus the second user  134  is also part of the geographic network  163  and uses the second client device  128  to access the database  108  of the network-connected device  102  via the network  106 .  FIG.  7    and the associated description provides further examples of neighborhoods. In certain embodiments, access to the database  108 , and the video data  105 , may appear similar to a media site, wherein access may be made using a browser, and may be accessible from the client devices  116 ,  128  via the network  106 . Alternatively, each of the client devices  116 ,  128  may run the application  129  to communicate with the network-connected device  102  via the network  106 . 
     In an embodiment, the network-connected device  102  configures the access control  124  associated with the video data  105  to allow members of the geographic network  163  access to the video data  105 . Further, when the information request message  121  is received, the network-connected device  102  may set a display control value  135  of the video data  105  to indicate that the video data  105  should be displayed with a label  126  (e.g., an icon) that indicates a need for information about the video data  105 . This information, when provided, may be associated or stored in connection with the video data  105  in the network-connected device  102 , such as shown in  FIG.  1 A  as information  127 . The display control value  135  (also referred to sometimes as “display control”) may be a data field that is stored with, or in association with, the video data  105 . The label  126  may be displayed on a display  130  of the client device  128 , for example. 
     In embodiments, when the display control value  135  is zero, no information  127  about the video data  105  is needed; and when the display control value  135  is greater than zero, its value may represent urgency for, and/or importance of, the needed information  127 . The display control value  135  may thus represent an actual value associated with providing the information  127 . The value of the display control value  135  may be determined by at least one of the user  114 , the security monitoring service  101 , and the enforcement portal  136 . 
     Accordingly, the label  126  may incentivize viewing of the video data  105  by the second user  134 . For example, the label  126  may indicate an urgency for, and/or importance of, the information on the video data  105 . Neighbors often wish to help their neighbors, and the label  126  advantageously provides a way to do so. In certain embodiments, the label  126  may be based upon the display control value  135 . For example, where the display control value  135  has a value of ten, the label  126  may also have a value of ten. 
     Notification of Needed Information 
     Once the video data  105  and the information request message  121  is determined suitable for sharing, the network-connected device  102  may send a notification  125  to other members (e.g., to the client device  128  of the second user  134 ) of the geographic network  163  to indicate that the video data  105  is shared (e.g., is newly accessible). The notification  125  may also indicate (e.g., by including the label  126  or by directing that the label  126  be displayed on the display  130 ) that information about the video data  105  is desired, and may further indicate the urgency and/or importance of that information within the label  126 . In certain embodiments, where urgency of the information about the video data  105  is high (e.g., where the display control value  135  has a high value), a banner  137  may be shown on the display  130  indicating the urgency for the information about the video data  105 . For example, in response to the display control value  135  received from the network-connected device  102  with the video data  105 , the application  129  may be directed to display the banner  137 . In certain embodiments, where the network-connected device  102  includes a web portal accessed by a browser application running on the client device  128 , the network-connected device  102  may directly control display of the banner  137  in a web page being displayed on the client device  128 . Advantageously, the banner  137  attracts attention of the second user  134  and indicates the urgency for information about the video data  105 . For example, the network-connected device  102  and/or the application  129  may show the banner  137  irrespective of other information being shown on the display  130 , thereby allowing the second user  134  to select the banner  137  to display the video data  105 . 
     In certain embodiments, when the second user  134  interacts with (e.g., taps or clicks on) the notification  125  and/or the banner  137 , the application  129  running on the second client device  128  may download and play the video data  105  on the display  130  of the second client device  128 . In another example, in response to the second user  134  selecting the banner  137  or the label  126  on a web page displayed on the display  130  of the client device  128 , the network-connected device  102  may play the video data  105  on the display  130 . 
     In another example, the application  129  may retrieve, based at least in part on the geographic network  163 , a list of video data  105  and associated display control values  135  from the network-connected device  102 , when the second user  134  opens the application  129  on the second client device  128 , for example, and may display the retrieved list as a media list  132  on the display  130  of the second client device  128 . Where the display control value  135  indicates that information on the video data  105  is desired, the label  126  may be positioned near the video data  105  within the media list  132  as shown in  FIG.  1 A . 
     The application  129  may be configured to receive the information  127  that is input to the client device  128  by the second user  134 . The application  129  may then communicate the information  127  to the network-connected device  102  via an internal messaging path such that any sensitive content (e.g., identity information of the person  111  and/or details of the event  110 ) of the information  127  is not publicly accessible. Particularly, where the geographic network  163  includes a message board interface  173  ( FIG.  1 D ) that allows members of the geographic network  163  to share comments on the video data  105 , the information  127  may be conveyed to the network-connected device  102  independent of the message board interface  173  such that the information  127  is not viewable by other members of the geographic network  163 . This aspect advantageously allows the information  127  to be conveyed privately and may encourage the second user  134  to provide the information  127 . In other embodiments, the message board interface  173  implemented for the geographic network  163  may be configured to allow secure and private transfer of the information  127  and thereby the geographic network  163  may be used to convey the information  127  to the network-connected device  102 . 
     As shown in  FIG.  1 A , the media list  132  may show at least part (e.g., a frame) of the video data  105  and, where directed by the display control value  135 , the label  126  may indicate a desire for information about the video data  105 . Advantageously, the label  126  makes the second user  134  immediately aware that the video data  105  should be watched to determine whether the information  127  can be provided. When the second user  134  plays the video data  105  (e.g., by selecting the video data  105  within the media list  132 ), the application  129  may download the video data  105  from the network-connected device  102  and play the video data  105  on the display  130 , as shown in  FIG.  1 B . The application  129  may also make the label  126  interactive within the media list  132  such that the second user  134  may provide the information  127  by tapping or selecting the label  126 . 
       FIG.  1 B  is a schematic diagram of an example screen shot  139  of the second client device  128  of  FIG.  1 A , showing the video data  105  being played on the display  130  with the label  126 . When the second user  134  is able to provide the information  127 , based at least in part upon viewing and/or listening to the video data  105 , the second user  134  may activate (e.g., select, click on) the label  126  to initiate input of the information  127 . In response to the activation of the label  126 , the application  129  may show a dialog box  150  on the display  130  to receive the information  127 , as shown in  FIG.  1 C .  FIG.  1 C  is a schematic diagram of an example screen shot  149  of the display  130  of the second client device  128  of  FIG.  1 A  showing the dialog box  150 . The dialog box  150  may allow the second user  134  to type the information  127  into the second client device  128 . In certain embodiments, dialog box  150  may be configured to receive verbal (e.g., voice) input using a microphone  143  of the second client device  128 , allowing the second user  134  to speak the information  127  to the second client device  128 . For example, the server application  109  of the network-connected device  102 , and/or the application  129  of the client device  128 , may implement or use a transcription service (e.g., transcription service  160  of  FIG.  1 D ) that transcribes the verbal input into text for inclusion in the information  127 . In another embodiment, the information  127  may include digitized audio data of the verbal input. Once the information  127  is input to the dialog box  150 , the application  129  sends the information  127  to the network-connected device  102 . 
     The Enforcement Portal 
     Referring again to  FIG.  1 A , the enforcement portal  136  may be a user interface device (e.g., a terminal, a browser, a smartphone running an application, a desktop computer running an application, and so on). The enforcement portal  136  may be used by one or both of a law enforcement agency (e.g., a police department) and a security firm or agency to access information shared within the geographic network  163  and/or forwarded from the network-connected device  102 . The enforcement portal  136  may implement a secure login process using one or more of a password, biometric identification (e.g., fingerprint, retinal scan, facial recognition, and so on), and similar techniques for securely identifying the person using the enforcement portal  136 . Accordingly, captured and received information (e.g., the video data  105 , the information  127 , etc.) remains secure within the security video data processing system  100 . 
     The enforcement portal  136  may be a member of the geographic network  163 , such that the enforcement portal  136  may access the video data  105  and/or the information  127 . For example, when the user  114  shares the video data  105  within the geographic network  163 , the video data  105  may also be accessible to the enforcement portal  136 . 
     In certain embodiments, the network-connected device  102  sends the information  127  to the client device  116  of the user  114 , wherein the user  114  may determine, based at least in part upon usefulness of the information  127 , and send a rating  138  to the network-connected device  102 . The rating  138  is a value that indicates usefulness of the information  127  and/or how well the information  127  answers the information request message  121 . For example, a police officer using the enforcement portal  136  may determine the rating  138  based upon usefulness of the information  127  for solving a crime associated with the event  110  indicated by the information request message  121 . In one embodiment, the rating  138  is a Boolean value, being one of true or false. In another embodiment, the rating  138  may have a value range, such as, for example, between one and five. For example, the enforcement portal  136  may be used to assign a value of five to the rating  138  when the information  127  led to a perpetrator being apprehended for a crime. In another example, the user  114  may assign a value of three to the rating  138  when the information  127  includes a name of a place where the perpetrator had been seen, which in turn allows the user  114  (or the police) to identify and confront the perpetrator. In another embodiment, the rating  138  may be a text string containing between one and five (or any other quantity) stars to indicate usefulness of the information  127 . The rating  138  may be of other types and ranges of values without departing from the scope of the embodiments described herein. Advantageously, the rating thus provides feedback indicative of usefulness of the information  127  to the user  114  and/or other parties (e.g., law enforcement). 
     In certain embodiments, the network-connected device  102  may receive multiple ratings  138 , such as from both the enforcement portal  136  and the client device  116  of the user  114 . When receiving multiple ratings  138 , the network-connected device  102  may combine the ratings  138 . In certain embodiments, where multiple ratings  138  are received, the multiple ratings are averaged. In other embodiments, where multiple ratings  138  are received, a maximum value of the multiple ratings  138  is used. In yet other embodiments, where multiple ratings  138  are received, a most recent of the multiple ratings is used. In other embodiments, the security monitoring service  101  determines the rating  138  based upon usefulness of the information  127  and sends the rating  138  to the network-connected device  102 . In one example, a person at the security monitoring service  101  evaluates the information  127  and the video data  105  to determine the rating  138 . In another example, the person at the security monitoring service  101  interacts with one or more of the user  114  and a person using the enforcement portal  136  to determine the usefulness of the information  127  and thereby determine the rating  138 . 
       FIG.  1 D  is a block diagram illustrating the network-connected device  102  of  FIG.  1 A  in further example detail. The network-connected device  102  includes at least one processor  162  communicatively coupled with memory  164  that may store the server application  109 , the database  108 , and the rating  138 . The database  108  may also include a first account  140  and a second account  144  for the first user  114  and the second user  134 , respectively. The accounts  140  and  144  may be part of the registration for the geographic network  163 , for example. 
     The at least one processor  162  may include any processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an ARM processor (a processor based on the RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture developed by Advanced RISC Machines (ARM)), a controller, a microcontroller, etc. In certain embodiments, the at least one processor  162  may comprise multiple processors, and may include one or more other processors, such as one or more microprocessors, and/or one or more supplementary co-processors, such as math co-processors. Although shown within the memory  164 , the database  108  may be stored external to the network-connected device  102  without departing from the embodiments described herein. For example, the database  108  may be stored within a remote storage device similar to the remote storage devices  222  of  FIG.  2   . 
     The network-connected device  102  may also include a security device interface  165 , implemented as machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor  162 , control the at least one processor  162  to receive the video data  105  from the security device  104  and store the video data  105  within the database  108 . The network-connected device  102  may also include a client device interface  166 , implemented as machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor  162 , control the at least one processor  162  to send the video data  105 , and/or a reference to the video data  105 , to one or both of the client devices  116  and  128  for display to the users  114  and  134 , respectively, to receive the information request message  121  from the client device  116 , and to receive the information  127  from the second client device  128 . The network-connected device  102  may also include a portal interface  167 , implemented as machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor  162 , control the at least one processor  162  to send the information  127 , and/or a reference to the information  127 , to the enforcement portal  136 . The network-connected device  102  may also include a moderator interface  171 , implemented as machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor  162 , control the at least one processor  162  to send the information request message  121  and/or the video data  105  to the security monitoring service  101  and to receive whether the information request message  121  and/or the video data  105  are appropriate for sharing. 
     The network-connected device  102  may also include a tracker  168 , implemented as machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor  162 , control the at least one processor  162  to track the information request message  121 , the information  127 , and corresponding rating  138  of that information so that appropriate attribution may be applied, for example, to the first account  140  and/or the second account  144 . The tracking and correct application of attribution may advantageously incentivize users (e.g., the user  134 ) to view the video data  105  and to provide the information  127 . The security device interface  165 , the client device interface  166 , the moderator interface  171 , and the tracker  168  may collectively form the server application  109 , as shown. 
     The network-connected device  102  may store a sender ID  169 , in the database  108 , that uniquely identifies the sender (e.g., the client device  128  and/or the second user  134 ) of the information  127 . In certain embodiments, the application  129  running on the client device  128  may include the sender ID  169  with the information  127  when sent to the network-connected device  102 . In certain other embodiments, the client device interface  166  may determine the sender ID  169  based upon the communication protocol and/or other information of the information request message  121 . The sender ID  169  may advantageously allow the tracker  168  to track the provider of the information  127  so that appropriate attribution is applied, for example, to the second account  144  corresponding to the provider of the information  127 . 
     When the information  127  has been used, and/or after a certain delay (e.g., one week, two weeks, one month, etc.), the tracker  168  may generate (e.g., calculate and/or lookup) a first value  142  using one or both of the display control value  135  and the rating  138 . The first value  142  may accumulate in the first account  140  corresponding to the provider (e.g., the second user  134 ) of the information  127 . In certain embodiments, the tracker  168  may also generate (e.g., calculate and/or lookup) a second value  146  using one or both of the display control value  135  and the rating  138 . The second value  146  may also accumulate in the second account  144  corresponding to the requester of the information (e.g., the user  114 ). Advantageously, the user  114  may thus be incentivized to share the video data  105  and send the information request message  121 , and the second user  134  may be incentivized to view the video data  105  and provide the information  127  when able. As shown in  FIG.  1 D , the first account  140  and the second account  144  may be stored within the database  108 , and/or may be stored elsewhere without departing from the scope of the embodiments described herein. 
     The tracker  168  may include an attribution algorithm  161  that determines the first value  142  and/or the second value  146  based, at least in part, upon one or more of the display control value  135 , the rating  138 , a time of receiving the information request message  121 , and a time of receiving the information  127 . For example, the tracker  168  may determine the first value  142 , and a number of users providing the information  127 . In one example, the portal interface  167  may invoke the tracker  168  when the rating  138  is received from the enforcement portal  136 , wherein the tracker  168  determines the first value  142  and/or the second value  146  by multiplying the display control value  135  by the rating  138  divided by five (where the rating  138  is a value between one and five). Advantageously therefore, the first value  142  may reflect a value of the information  127  for the video data  105  as perceived by a user (e.g., a user of the enforcement portal  136  and/or the user  114 ) of the information  127  so that the tracker  168  calculates, or otherwise determines, an appropriate attribution (e.g., the second value  146 ) for the provider of the information  127 . 
     In certain embodiments, the tracker  168  may also adjust the display control value  135  based, at least in part, upon a time of receiving the information request message  121 , a time of receiving the information  127 , and a number of users providing information (e.g., the information  127 ). For example, the tracker  168  may set the display control value  135  to an initial value when the information request message  121  is received. After a certain period (e.g., one week, two weeks, etc.) from when the information request message  121  was received, the tracker  168  may reduce the display control value  135 , for example where usefulness of the information  127  may decrease over time. The tracker  168  may also increase the display control value  135  when the need for the information increases and/or when the interest in the information and/or the video data  105  increases. For example, the tracker  168  may determine the interest in the video data  105  based upon an amount of the information  127  received in response to the video data  105 : the greater the amount of information  127  received from different client devices, the greater the indicated interest in the video data  105 . Accordingly, one or both of the first value  142  and the second value  146  may be calculated by the tracker  168  using the attribution algorithm  161  according to projected usefulness of the information  127 . In certain embodiments, the urgency of the information  127  may be indicated via the enforcement portal  136  when the severity of the crime captured in the video data  105  is evaluated by a police officer and entered into the enforcement portal  136 , and the tracker  168  determines the display control value  135  based, at least in part, upon the indicated urgency. The tracker  168  may invoke the attribution algorithm  161  to set the first and second values  142 ,  146 , such as described above. 
     In certain embodiments, based upon the rating  138 , the tracker  168  sends a notification  131  to the client device  128  (e.g., the second user  134 ) to indicate the usefulness (or not) of the information  127 . In other embodiments, the notification  131  may indicate the first value  142  and/or the accumulated value of the first account  140 . For example, the first value  142  may indicate attribution assigned to the second user  134  for usefulness of the information  127  and the accumulated value of the first account  140  may indicate attribution accumulated by the second user  134 . Similarly, the tracker  168  may send a notification  133  to the client device  116  (e.g., to the user  114 ) to indicate the second value  146  and/or the accumulated value of the second account  144 , when determined for the rating  138 . For example, the second value  146  may indicate attribution assigned to the first user  114  for providing the video data  105  and/or for requesting the information  127 , and the accumulated value of the second account  144  may indicate attribution accumulated by the first user  114 . 
     In certain embodiments, the urgency indicated by the label  126  (e.g., based upon the display control value  135 ) may represent a monetary and/or credit value (e.g., on-line tokens redeemable for new security equipment, such as the security device  104 ). Similarly, the first value  142  and the second value  146  may have a monetary and/or credit value. When the label  126  indicates a credit value, any accumulated credit within the first account  140  and/or the second account  144  may be used, by the corresponding user  114 ,  134 , respectively, to purchase additional features and/or equipment for use with the security video data processing system  100 . For example, the label  126  may indicate a credit value of ten dollars for received information corresponding to the video data  105 . In these embodiments, the rating  138  may be a scaling factor for incentive indicated by the label  126 . Using the above example where the rating  138  has a value of four out of a range of one to five and the display control value  135  (and the label  126 ) indicates a value of ten dollars, the first value  142  and the second value  146  each may be calculated as a credit of eight dollars. Accumulated credit within the first account  140  and/or the second account  144  may then be used to purchase an additional security device  104  for the respective user  134 ,  114 , for example. 
     In another example, upon receiving the information  127  about the video data  105 , the enforcement portal  136  may send the rating  138  with an assigned value of three to the network-connected device  102 , such as where the information  127  helped further an investigation. The enforcement portal  136  may send a subsequent rating  141  with an assigned value of five in association with the video data  105  when the information  127  later led to a conviction of a person being investigated and/or led to the investigation being closed. Accordingly, the first account  140  and/or the second account  144  may further accumulate a corresponding first value  142  and/or a second value  146 , respectively, based at least in part upon the subsequent rating  141 . In certain embodiments, the subsequent rating  141  may override the rating  138 , wherein one or both of the first value  142  and the second value  146  are adjusted accordingly. 
     In certain embodiments, the security monitoring service  101  may interact with one or more of the user  114 , the network-connected device  102 , and the enforcement portal  136  to determine interest in, and/or response to, the information request message  121  and/or the video data  105 . For example, the security monitoring service  101  may evaluate one or more of the information  127 , the rating  138 , interest of other users (or third parties such as local, state, or federal law enforcement) in the video data  105 , the importance of the video data  105 , an elapsed time since the information request message  121  was received, and so on. Based upon this interest, the security monitoring service  101  may adjust (e.g., increase and or decrease) the urgency indicated by the label  126 . 
       FIG.  1 E  is a schematic diagram of an example screenshot  190  of the enforcement portal  136  of  FIG.  1 A , showing grouping of related video data  105 . The screenshot  190  shows a map  191  of a neighborhood being monitored by the enforcement portal  136 , with location markers  192 ( 1 )- 192 ( 4 ) indicating where the corresponding video data  105  was captured. The screenshot  190  also shows a case list  193  corresponding to the neighborhood, with three example cases  194 ( 1 )- 194 ( 3 ). In this example, the case  194 ( 1 ) corresponds to the location marker  192 ( 1 ), the case  194 ( 2 ) corresponds to the location marker  192 ( 2 ), and the case  194 ( 3 ) corresponds to the location markers  192 ( 3 ) and  192 ( 4 ) (since the case  194 ( 3 ) contains two video data  105 ( 3 ) and  105 ( 4 )). When an authorized operator of the enforcement portal  136  reviews the video data  105  corresponding to each information request message  121 , the operator may determine that both of the video data  105 ( 3 ) and  105 ( 4 ) are related because they appear to have content showing the same person, wherein the operator may afterwards group both of the video data  105 ( 3 ) and  105 ( 4 ) together within the case  194 ( 3 ). In certain embodiments, the enforcement portal  136  may use one or more of image analysis and facial matching AI algorithms  123  to process the video data  105 , the information request message  121  received from the network-connected device  102 , and the video data  105 . As shown in  FIG.  1 E , the enforcement portal screenshot  190  may also allow entry (by an operator) of search criteria  195  that facilitates searching for specific video data  105 . For example, the search criteria  195  may allow the operator to specify a search period using a start date and time and an end date and time, wherein the case list  193  may populate with video data  105  that has a capture time within that search period and that was captured by security devices having a geographic location displayed on the map  191 . In embodiments, the enforcement portal screenshot  190  also includes a video display area  196  that displays the video data  105  when selected from the case list  193 , for example. 
     Grouping of Video Data Example 
     Where the facial matching AI algorithms  123  match at least one detected face between the video data  105  and a detected face of an existing case  194 , the enforcement portal  136  may add the received video data  105  to that case. In the example of  FIG.  1 E , the video data  105 ( 3 ) and  105 ( 4 ) contain detected facial images that match. By grouping the video data  105 ( 3 ) and  105 ( 4 ) within the case  194 ( 3 ), the operator of the enforcement portal  136  may easily find and review the video data  105 . In certain embodiments, the enforcement portal  136  may allow an operator of the enforcement portal  136  to group related video data (e.g., video data  105 ( 3 ) and  105 ( 4 )). In certain embodiments, the security monitoring service  101  may be similarly configured to group the video data  105  based upon matching faces identified within the video data  105 . 
       FIG.  1 F  is a flowchart illustrating an example process  170  for security video data processing, according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The process  170  may be implemented in the network-connected device  102 , such as by one or more of the security device interface  165 , the client device interface  166 , the portal interface  167 , and the tracker  168 . In block B 172 , video data is received from a security device. In one example of block B 172 , the security device interface  165  receives the video data  105  from the security device  104 . In block B 174 , an information request message is received from a first client device indicating that information about the video data is needed. In one example of block B 174 , the client device interface  166  receives the information request message  121  from the client device  116  when the user  114  activates the information request element  120 . Block B 176  is a decision. If, in block B 176 , the process  170  determines that the video data is suitable for sharing, the process continues with block B 180 ; otherwise, the process  170  continues with block B 178 . In one example of block B 176 , the video data  105  (or at least a link identifying the video data  105 ) and the information request message  121  are sent to the security monitoring service  101 , and a response indicating suitability of sharing is received. When the response indicates that sharing is acceptable, the process  170  continues with block B 180 ; otherwise the process  170  continues with block  178 . In block B 178 , an indication of unsuitability for sharing is sent. In an example of block B 178 , the server application  109  sends a message to the client device  116  indicating that the video data  105  and/or the information request message  121  are unsuitable for sharing. The process  170  then terminates without sharing the video data  105  or the information request message  121 . 
     In block B 180 , access control of the video data is set to allow access by a second client device registered with a geographic network with which the security device is registered. In one example of block B 180 , the server application  109  configures the access control  124  of the video data  105  to make the video data  105  accessible to the second client device  128  registered with the geographic network  163 . In block B 182 , a display control value of the video data is set to indicate that the video data should be displayed with a label that indicates that information of the video data is needed. In one example of block B 182 , the network-connected device  102  sets the display control value  135  of the video data  105  to indicate that the video data  105  should be displayed with the label  126  to indicate that information of the video data  105  is needed. 
     In block B 184 , information is received from the second client device and sent to a network-connected party. In one example of block B 184 , the client device interface  166  receives the information  127  from the second client device  128  when the second user  134  enters the information  127  into the dialog box  150 , and the client device interface  166  sends the information  127 , via the portal interface  167 , to the enforcement portal  136 . In another example of block B 184 , the client device interface  166  receives the information  127  from the second client device  128  when the second user  134  enters the information  127  into the dialog box  150 , and the client device interface  166  sends the information  127  to the first client device  116 . 
     In block B 186 , a rating is received from the network-connected party in response to the information. In one example of block B 186 , the portal interface  167  receives the rating  138  from the enforcement portal  136 , in response to the enforcement portal  136  receiving the information  127 . In another example of block B 186 , the client device interface  166  receives the rating  138  from the first client device  116 , in response to the first client device  116  receiving the information  127 . 
     In block B 188 , a first value, generated based, at least in part, upon the rating, is added to a user account associated with the second client device. In one example of block B 188 , the tracker  168  generates the first value  142 , based, at least in part, upon the rating  138 , and adds the first value  142  to the first account  140  corresponding to the second user  134 . In block B 189 , a second value, generated based, at least in part, upon the rating, is added to a second user account associated with the first client device. In one example of block B 189 , the tracker  168  generates the second value  146  based, at least in part, upon the rating  138 , and adds the second value  146  to the second account  144  corresponding to the user  114 . 
     Advantageously, the process  170  coordinates attribution of users  114 ,  134  of the security video data processing system  100  to encourage viewing of published video data  105  and then providing information  127  about the video data  105  when requested. Such coordination and encouragement enhances participation in the geographic network  163  to reduce crime in the neighborhood communities. 
       FIG.  2    is a functional block diagram illustrating a system  200  for communicating in a network according to various aspects of the present disclosure. Home automation, or smart home, is building automation for the home. Home automation enable users (e.g., home owners and authorized individuals) to control and/or automate various devices and/or systems, such as lighting, heating (e.g., smart thermostats), ventilation, home entertainment, air conditioning (HVAC), blinds/shades, security devices (e.g., contact sensors, smoke/CO detectors, motion sensors, etc.), washers/dryers, ovens, refrigerators/freezers, and/or other network-connected devices suitable for use in the home. In various embodiments, Wi-Fi is used for remote monitoring and control of such devices and/or systems. Smart home devices (e.g., hub devices  202 , sensors  204 , automation devices  206 , a virtual assistant (VA) device  208 , Audio/Video (A/V) recording and communication devices  210 , etc.), when remotely monitored and controlled via a network (Internet/a public switched telephone network (PSTN))  212 , may be considered to be components of the “Internet of Things.” Smart home systems may include switches and/or sensors (e.g., the sensors  204 ) connected to a central hub such as the smart-home hub device  202  and/or the VA device  208  (the hub device  202  and/or the VA device  208  may alternatively be referred to as a gateway, a controller, a home-automation hub, or an intelligent personal assistance device) from which the system may be controlled through various user interfaces, such as voice commands and/or a touchscreen. Various examples, of user interfaces may include any or all of a wall-mounted terminal (e.g., a keypad, a touchscreen, etc.), software installed on the client devices  214 ,  216  (e.g., a mobile application), a tablet computer, or a web interface. Furthermore, these user interfaces are often but not always supported by Internet cloud services. In one example, the Internet cloud services are responsible for obtaining user input via the user interfaces (e.g., a user interface of the hub device  202  and/or the VA device  208 ) and causing the smart home devices (e.g., the sensors  204 , the automation devices  206 , etc.) to perform an operation in response to the user input. 
     The hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , the sensors  204 , the automation devices  206 , the A/V recording and communication devices  210 , and/or client devices  214 ,  216  may use one or more wired and/or wireless communication protocols to communicate, including, for example and without limitation, Wi-Fi (e.g., the user&#39;s network  218 ), X10, Ethernet, RS-485, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth LE (BLE), ZigBee, Z-Wave, and/or a low power wide-area networks (LPWAN), such as a chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation technology network (e.g., LoRaWAN), an Ultra Narrow Band modulation technology network (e.g., Sigfox, Telensa, NB-IoT, etc.), RingNet, and/or the like. 
     The user&#39;s network  218  may be, for example, a wired and/or wireless network. If the user&#39;s network  218  is wireless, or includes a wireless component, the user&#39;s network  218  may be a Wi-Fi network compatible with the IEEE 802.11 standard and/or other wireless communication standard(s). Furthermore, the user&#39;s network  218  may be connected to other networks such as the network  212 , which may comprise, for example, the Internet and/or PSTN. 
     The system  200  may include one or more A/V recording and communication devices  210  (alternatively be referred to herein as “A/V devices  210 ” or “A/V device  210 ”). The A/V devices  210  may include security cameras  210 ( a ), light cameras  210 ( b ) (e.g., floodlight cameras, spotlight cameras, etc.), video doorbells  210 ( c ) (e.g., wall powered and/or battery powered video doorbells), and/or other devices capable of recording audio data and/or image data. The A/V devices  210  may be configured to access a user&#39;s network  218  to connect to a network (Internet/PSTN)  212  and/or may be configured to access a cellular network to connect to the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 . The components and functionality of the A/V devices  210  are described in more detail below with respect to  FIG.  3   . 
     The system  200  may further include a smart-home hub device  202  (which may alternatively be referred to herein as the “hub device  202 ”) connected to the user&#39;s network  218  and/or the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 . The smart-home hub device  202  (also known as a home automation hub, gateway device, or network device), may comprise any device that facilitates communication with and control of the sensors  204 , automation devices  206 , the VA device  208 , and/or the one or more A/V devices  210 . For example, the smart-home hub device  202  may be a component of a security system and/or a home automation system installed at a location (e.g., a property, a premise, a home, a business, etc.). In some embodiments, the A/V devices  210 , the VA device  208 , the sensors  204 , and/or the automation devices  206  communicate with the smart-home hub device  202  directly and/or indirectly using one or more wireless and/or wired communication protocols (e.g., BLE, Zigbee, Z-Wave, etc.), the user&#39;s network  218  (e.g., Wi-Fi, Ethernet, etc.), and/or the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 . In some of the present embodiments, the A/V devices  210 , the VA device  208 , the sensors  204 , and/or the automation devices  206  may, in addition to or in lieu of communicating with the smart-home hub device  202 , communicate with the client devices  214 ,  216 , the VA device  208 , and/or one or more of components of the network of servers/backend devices  220  directly and/or indirectly via the user&#39;s network  218  and/or the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the system  200  includes the VA device  208 . The VA device  208  may be connected to the user&#39;s network  218  and/or the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 . The VA device  208  may include an intelligent personal assistant, such as, without limitation, Amazon Alexa® and/or Apple Siri®. For example, the VA device  208  may be configured to receive voice commands, process the voice commands to determine one or more actions and/or responses (e.g., transmit the voice commands to the one or more components of the network of servers/backend devices  220  for processing), and perform the one or more actions and/or responses, such as to activate and/or change the status of one or more of the sensors  204 , automation devices  206 , or A/V devices  210 . In some embodiments, the VA device  208  is configured to process user inputs (e.g., voice commands) without transmitting information to the network of servers/backend devices  220  for processing. The VA device  208  may include at least one speaker (e.g., for playing music, for outputting the audio data generated by the A/V devices  210 , for outputting the voice of a digital assistant, etc.), at least one a microphone (e.g., for receiving commands, for recording audio data, etc.), and a display (e.g., for displaying a user interface, for displaying the image data generated by the A/V devices  210 , etc.). In various embodiments, the VA device  208  may include an array of speakers that are able to produce beams of sound. Although illustrated as a separate component in  FIG.  2   , in some embodiments the VA device  208  may not be a separate component from the hub device  202 . In such embodiments, the hub device  202  may include the functionality of the VA device  208  or the VA device  208  may include the functionality of the hub device  202 . 
     The one or more sensors  204  may include, for example, at least one of a door sensor, a window sensor, a contact sensor, a tilt sensor, a temperature sensor, a carbon monoxide sensor, a smoke detector, a light sensor, a glass break sensor, a freeze sensor, a flood sensor, a moisture sensor, a motion sensor, and/or other sensors that may provide the user/owner of the security system a notification of a security event at his or her property. 
     In various embodiments, a contact sensor may include any component configured to inform (e.g., via a signal) the security system whether an object (e.g., a door or a window) is open or closed. A contact sensor may include first and second components: a first component installed on the object itself (e.g., the door or the window); the second component installed next to the object (e.g., on the door jamb). The first and second components of the contact sensor, however, need not actually be in physical contact with one another in order to be in the closed (not faulted) state. For example, at least one of the first and second components may include a magnet, and the contact sensor may rely on the Hall effect for determining a proximity of the first and second pieces to one another. When the door, window, or other object, is opened, and the first and second components move apart from one another, the contact sensor may transmit an open signal to the security system (e.g., to the hub device  202 ). A similar process may be performed when the object is closed. In some examples, a signal transmitted by the security system by the contact sensor during opening and/or closing may be the same signal, and the hub device  202  may interpret the signal based on the known state of the object (e.g., when a door is closed, and the signal is received, the hub device  202  may update the status of the door to open). 
     The one or more automation devices  206  may include, for example, at least one of an outdoor lighting system, an indoor lighting system, and indoor/outdoor lighting system, a temperature control system (e.g., a thermostat), a shade/blind control system, a locking control system (e.g., door lock, window lock, etc.), a home entertainment automation system (e.g., TV control, sound system control, etc.), an irrigation control system, a wireless signal range extender (e.g., a Wi-Fi range extender, a Z-Wave range extender, etc.) a doorbell chime, a barrier control device (e.g., an automated door hinge), a smart doormat, and/or other automation devices. 
     As described herein, in some of the present embodiments, some or all of the client devices  214 ,  216 , the A/V device(s)  210 , the smart-home hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , the sensors  204 , and the automation devices  206  may be referred to as a security system and/or a home-automation system. The security system and/or home-automation system may be installed at location, such as a property, home, business, or premises for the purpose of securing and/or automating all or a portion of the location. 
     The system  200  may further include one or more client devices  214 ,  216 . The client devices  214 ,  216  may communicate with and/or be associated with (e.g., capable of access to and control of) the A/V devices  210 , a smart-home hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , sensors  204 , and/or automation devices  206 . In various embodiments, the client devices  214 ,  216  communicate with other devices using one or more wireless and/or wired communication protocols, the user&#39;s network, and/or the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 , as described herein. The client devices  214 ,  216  may comprise, for example, a mobile device such as a smartphone or a personal digital assistant (PDA), or a computing device such as a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, etc. In some embodiments, the client devices  214 ,  216  includes a connected device, such as a smart watch, Bluetooth headphones, another wearable device, or the like. In such embodiments, the client devices  214 ,  216  may include a combination of the smartphone or other device and a connected device (e.g., a wearable device), such that alerts, data, and/or information received by the smartphone or other device are provided to the connected device, and one or more controls of the smartphone or other device may be input using the connected device (e.g., by touch, voice, etc.). 
     The A/V devices  210 , the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , the automation devices  206 , the sensors  204 , and/or the client devices  214 ,  216  may also communicate, via the user&#39;s network  218  and/or the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 , with network(s) of servers and/or backend devices  220 , such as (but not limited to) one or more remote storage devices  222  (may be referred to interchangeably as “cloud storage device(s)”), one or more backend servers  224 , and one or more backend application programming interfaces (APIs)  226 . While  FIG.  2    illustrates the storage device  222 , the backend server  224 , and the backend API  226  as components separate from the network  220 , it is to be understood that the storage device  222 , the backend server  224 , and/or the backend API  226  may be considered to be components of the network  220 . For example, the network  220  may include a data center with a plurality of computing resources used to implement the storage device  222 , the backend server  224 , and the backend API  226 . 
     The backend server  224  may comprise a computer program or other computer executable code that, when executed by processor(s) of the backend server  224 , causes the backend server  224  to wait for requests from other computer systems or software (clients) and provide responses. In an embodiment, the backend server  224  shares data and/or hardware and/or software resources among the client devices  214 ,  216 . This architecture is called the client-server model. The client devices  214 ,  216  may run on the same computer or may connect to the backend server  224  over the network (Internet/PSTN)  212  and/or the network  220 . Examples of computing servers include database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers. The term server may be construed broadly to include any computerized process that shares a resource to one or more client processes. 
     The backend API  226  may comprise, for example, a server (e.g., a real server, or a virtual machine, or a machine running in a cloud infrastructure as a service), or multiple servers networked together, exposing at least one API to clients. In various embodiments, the backend API  226  is provided by servers including various components such as an application server (e.g., software servers), a caching layer, a database layer, or other components suitable for implementing one or more APIs. The backend API  226  may, for example, comprise a plurality of applications, each of which communicate with one another using one or more public APIs. In some embodiments, the backend API  226  maintains user data and provides user management capabilities, thereby reducing the load (e.g., memory and processor consumption) of the client devices  214 ,  216 . 
     In various embodiments, an API is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software and applications. Furthermore, the API may describe a software component in terms of its operations, inputs, outputs, and underlying types, defining functionalities that are independent of their respective implementations, which allows definitions and implementations to vary without compromising the interface. As such, the API may provide a programmer with access to a particular application&#39;s functionality without the need to modify the particular application. 
     The backend API  226  illustrated in  FIG.  2    may further include one or more services (also referred to as network services). A network service is an application that provides data storage, manipulation, presentation, communication, and/or other capability. Network services are often implemented using a client-server architecture based on application-layer network protocols. Each service may be provided by a server component (e.g., the backend server  224 ) running on one or more computers (such as a dedicated server computer offering multiple services) and accessed via a network by client components running on other devices (e.g., client devices  214 ,  216 ). However, the client and server components can both be run on the same machine. Clients and servers may have a user interface, and sometimes other hardware associated with them. 
     The network  220  may be any wireless network, any wired network, or a combination thereof, configured to operatively couple the above-mentioned modules, devices, components, and/or systems as illustrated in  FIG.  2   . For example, the network  220 , the user&#39;s network  218 , and/or the network (Internet PSTN)  212  may include one or more of the following: a PSTN (public switched telephone network), the Internet, a local intranet, a PAN (Personal Area Network), a LAN (Local Area Network), a WAN (Wide Area Network), a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), a virtual private network (VPN), a storage area network (SAN), a frame relay connection, an Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) connection, a synchronous optical network (SONET) connection, a digital T1, T3, E1 or E3 line, a Digital Data Service (DDS) connection, a DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) connection, an Ethernet connection, an ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) line, a dial-up port such as a V.90, V.34, or V.34b is analog modem connection, a cable modem, an ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) connection, or an FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) or CDDI (Copper Distributed Data Interface) connection. Furthermore, communications may also include links to any of a variety of wireless networks, including WAP (Wireless Application Protocol), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), LTE, VoLTE, LoRaWAN, LPWAN, RPMA, LTE Cat-“X” (e.g. LTE Cat 1, LTE Cat 0, LTE CatM1, LTE Cat NB1), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), and/or OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) cellular phone networks, global navigation satellite system (GNSS), such as global positioning systems (GPS), CDPD (cellular digital packet data), RIM (Research in Motion, Limited) duplex paging network, Bluetooth radio, or an IEEE 802.11-based radio frequency network. The network can further include or interface with any one or more of the following: RS-232 serial connection, IEEE-4024 (Firewire) connection, Fibre Channel connection, IrDA (infrared) port, SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) connection, USB (Universal Serial Bus) connection, or other wired or wireless, digital or analog, interface or connection, mesh or Digi® networking. 
     The hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , and/or any of the components of the network(s) of servers/backend devices  220  (e.g., the backend server  224 , the backend API  226 , the storage devices  222 , etc.) may be referred to herein as a “network device” or “network devices.” The network-connected device  102  of  FIGS.  1 A and  1 D  may include one or more of the network or backend devices described herein. 
     With further reference to  FIG.  2   , the system  200  may also include a security monitoring service  228 . The security monitoring service  228  may be operated by the same company that manufactures, sells, and/or distributes the A/V devices  210 , the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , the sensors  204 , and/or the automation devices  206 . In other embodiments, the security monitoring service  228  may be operated by a third-party company (e.g., a different company than the one that manufactured, sold, and/or distributed the A/V devices  210 , the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , the sensors  204 , and/or the automation devices  206 ). In any of the present embodiments, the security monitoring service  228  may have control of at least some of the features and components of the security system and/or the home-automation system (e.g., the security monitoring service  228  may be able to arm and/or disarm the security system, lock and/or unlock doors, activate and/or deactivate one or more of the sensors  204  and/or the automation devices  206 , etc.). For example, the security monitoring service  228  may operate and control their own client devices and/or network of servers/backend devices for monitoring and/or controlling security systems. In such an example, the A/V devices  210 , the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , the sensors  204 , and/or the automation devices  206  may communicate with the client devices and/or one or more components of the network of servers/backend devices of the security monitoring service  228  over the network (Internet/PSTN)  212  (in some embodiments, via one or more of the components of the network of backend servers/backend devices  220 ). 
     The network-connected device  102  of  FIGS.  1 A and  1 D  may have similar components and/or similar functionality to the backend server(s)  224 . The security device  104  of  FIG.  1 A  may have similar components and/or similar functionality to the A/V recording and communication devices  210 . The network  106  may have similar components and/or similar functionality to one or more of the networks  218 ,  212 , and  220 . The client devices  116  and  128  may have similar components and/or similar functionality to any one or more of the client devices  214 / 218 . 
       FIG.  3    is a functional block diagram for an audio/video (A/V) device according to various aspects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the one or more A/V devices  210  may include the security camera  210 ( a ). In other embodiments, the one or more A/V devices  210  may include the light camera  210 ( b ), which may include some or all of the components of the security camera  210 ( a ) in addition to a light controller  302  and one or more lights  304 ( a ),  304 ( b ). In some embodiments, the one or more A/V devices  210  may include the video doorbell  210 ( c ), which may include some or all of the components of the security camera  210 ( a ) in addition to a button  306 , and in some embodiments, a connection to a signaling device  308  (e.g., a pre-installed signaling device, such as a wired signaling device, and/or a wireless signaling device, connected over Wi-Fi, BLE, or the another wireless communication protocol). 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , the A/V device  210  may include a processor(s)  310 , a communication module  312 , a camera  314 , a computer vision module  316 , a light sensor  318 , an audio CODEC (coder-decoder)  320 , volatile memory  322 , and non-volatile memory  324 . The processor(s)  310  (alternatively referred to herein as a “CPU,” a “controller,” and/or a “microcontroller) may comprise an integrated circuit including a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. The processor(s)  310  may receive input signals, such as data and/or power, from the camera  314 , motion sensor(s)  326 , light sensor  318 , microphone(s)  328 , speaker(s)  330 , and/or the communication module  312 , and may perform various functions as described in the present disclosure. In various embodiments, when the processor(s)  310  is triggered by the motion sensor(s)  326 , the camera  314 , the speaker(s)  330 , the microphone(s)  328 , the communication module  312 , and/or another component, the processor(s)  310  performs one or more processes and/or functions. For example, when the light sensor  318  detects a low level of ambient light, the light sensor  318  may trigger the processor(s)  310  to enable a night vision camera mode. The processor(s)  310  may also provide data communication between various components such as between the communication module  312  and the camera  314 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , the communication module  312  may comprise an integrated circuit including a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. The communication module  312  may be operatively connected to the processor(s)  310 . In some embodiments, the communication module  312  is configured to handle communication links between the A/V device  210  and other, external devices, external receivers, external transmitters, and/or external transceivers, and to route incoming/outgoing data appropriately. For example, inbound data from an antenna  332  of the communication module  312  may be routed through the communication module  312  before being directed to the processor(s)  310 , and outbound data from the processor(s)  310  may be routed through the communication module  312  before being directed to the antenna  332  of the communication module  312 . As another example, the communication module  312  may be configured to transmit data to and/or receive data from a remote network device (e.g., one or more components of the network(s) of servers/backend devices  220  described in  FIG.  2   ). The communication module  312  may include wireless  334 ( a ) and wired  334 ( b ) adapters. For example, the communication module  312  may include one or more wireless antennas, radios, receivers, transmitters, and/or transceivers (not shown in  FIG.  3    for simplicity) configured to enable communication across one or more wireless networks, such as, without limitation, Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Zigbee, LPWAN(s), and/or satellite networks. The communication module  312  may receive inputs, such as power and/or data, from the camera  314 , the processor(s)  310 , the button  306  (in embodiments where the A/V device  210  is the video doorbell  210 ( c )), the motion sensors  326 , a reset button (not shown in  FIG.  3    for simplicity), and/or the non-volatile memory  324 . The communication module  312  may also include the capability of communicating over wired connections, such as with a signaling device  308 . For example, when the button  306  of the video doorbell  210 ( c ) is pressed, the communication module  312  may be triggered to perform one or more functions, such as to transmit a signal over the wired  334 ( b ) connection to the signaling device  308  (although, in some embodiments, the signal be transmitted over a wireless  334 ( a ) connection to the signaling device) to cause the signaling device  308  to emit a sound (e.g., a doorbell tone, a user customized sound, a ringtone, a seasonal ringtone, etc.). The communication module  312  may also act as a conduit for data communicated between various components and the processor(s)  310 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , the A/V device  210  may include the non-volatile memory  324  and the volatile memory  322 . The non-volatile memory  324  may comprise flash memory configured to store and/or transmit data. For example, in certain embodiments the non-volatile memory  324  may comprise serial peripheral interface (SPI) flash memory. In some embodiments, the non-volatile memory  324  may comprise, for example, NAND or NOR flash memory. The volatile memory  322  may comprise, for example, DDR3 SDRAM (double data rate type three synchronous dynamic random-access memory). In the embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  3   , the volatile memory  322  and the non-volatile memory  324  are illustrated as being separate from the processor(s)  310 . However, the illustration of  FIG.  3    is not intended to be limiting, and in some embodiments the volatile memory  322  and/or the non-volatile memory  324  may be physically incorporated with the processor(s)  310 , such as on the same chip. The volatile memory  322  and/or the non-volatile memory  324 , regardless of their physical location, may be shared by one or more other components (in addition to the processor(s)  310 ) of the present A/V device  210 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , the A/V device  210  may include the camera  314 . The camera  314  may include an image sensor  336 . The image sensor  336  may include a video recording sensor and/or a camera chip. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the imager sensor  336  may comprise a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) array and may be capable of recording high definition (e.g., 722p, 1800p, 4K, etc.) video files. The camera  314  may include a separate camera processor (not shown in  FIG.  3    for simplicity), or the processor(s)  310  may perform the camera processing functionality. The processor(s)  310  (and/or camera processor) may include an encoding and compression chip. In some embodiments, the processor(s)  310  (and/or the camera processor) may comprise a bridge processor. The processor(s)  310  (and/or the camera processor) may process video recorded by the image sensor  336  and/or audio recorded by the microphone(s)  328 , and may transform this data into a form suitable for transfer by the communication module  312  to the network (Internet/PSTN)  212 . In various embodiments, the camera  314  also includes memory, such as volatile memory that may be used when data is being buffered or encoded by the processor(s)  310  (and/or the camera processor). For example, in certain embodiments the camera memory may comprise synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SD RAM). 
     The camera  314  may further include an IR cut filter  338  that may comprise a system that, when triggered, configures the image sensor  336  to see primarily infrared light as opposed to visible light. For example, when the light sensor  318  detects a low level of ambient light (which may comprise a level that impedes the performance of the image sensor  336  in the visible spectrum), the light emitting components  340  may shine infrared light through an enclosure of the A/V device  210  out to the environment, and the IR cut filter  338  may enable the image sensor  336  to see this infrared light as it is reflected or refracted off of objects within the field of view of the doorbell. This process may provide the A/V device with the “night vision” function mentioned above. 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , the recording and communication A/V device  210  may comprise the light sensor  318  and the one or more light-emitting components  340 , such as LED&#39;s. The light sensor  318  may be one or more sensors capable of detecting the level of ambient light of the surrounding environment in which the A/V device  210  may be located. The light-emitting components  340  may be one or more light-emitting diodes capable of producing visible light when supplied with power (e.g., to enable night vision). In some embodiments, when activated, the light-emitting components  340  illuminates a light pipe. 
     The A/V device  210  may further include one or more speaker(s)  330  and/or one or more microphone(s)  328 . The speaker(s)  330  may be any electromechanical device capable of producing sound in response to an electrical signal input. The microphone(s)  328  may be an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor capable of converting sound waves into an electrical signal. In some embodiments, the A/V device  210  may include two or more microphone(s)  328  that are spaced from one another (e.g., located on different sides of the A/V device  210 ) to provide noise cancelling and/or echo cancelling for clearer audio. The speaker(s)  330  and/or microphone(s)  328  may be coupled to an audio CODEC  320  to enable digital audio received by client devices to be decompressed and output by the speaker(s)  330  and/or to enable audio data captured by the microphone(s)  328  to be compressed into digital audio data. The digital audio data may be received from and transmitted to client devices using the communication module  312  (in some embodiments, through one or more intermediary devices such as the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , and/or one or more components of the network of servers/backend devices  220  as described in  FIG.  2   ). For example, when a visitor (or intruder) who is present in the area about the A/V device  210  speaks, sound from the visitor (or intruder) is received by the microphone(s)  328  and compressed by the audio CODEC  320 . Digital audio data is then sent through the communication module  312  to the network  212  via the user&#39;s network  218 , routed by the backend server  224  and/or the backend API  226  and delivered to the client device(s)  214 ,  216  as described above in connection with  FIG.  2   . When the user speaks, after being transferred through the network  212 , the user&#39;s network  218 , and the communication module  312 , the digital audio data from the user is decompressed by the audio CODEC  320  and emitted to the visitor through the speaker(s)  330 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , the A/V device  210  may be battery powered using a battery  342  and/or may be powered using a source of external AC (alternating-current) power, such as a household AC power supply (alternatively referred to herein as “AC mains” or “wall power”). The AC power may have a voltage in the range of 110-220 VAC, for example. The incoming AC power may be received by an AC/DC adapter (not shown), which may convert the incoming AC power to DC (direct-current) and may step down the voltage from 110-220 VAC to a lower output voltage of about 12 VDC and an output current of about 2 A, for example. In various embodiments, the output of the AC/DC adapter is in a range from about 9 V to about 15 V and in a range from about 0.5 A to about 5 A. These voltages and currents are examples provided for illustration and are not intended to be limiting. 
     However, in other embodiments, a battery  342  may not be included. In embodiments that include the battery  342 , the A/V device  210  may include an integrated circuit (not shown) capable of arbitrating between multiple voltage rails, thereby selecting the source of power for the A/V device  210 . The A/V device  210  may have separate power rails dedicated to the battery  342  and the AC power source. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the A/V device  210  may continuously draw power from the battery  342  to power the A/V device  210 , while at the same time routing the AC power to the battery, thereby allowing the battery  342  to maintain a substantially constant level of charge. Alternatively, the A/V device  210  may continuously draw power from the AC power to power the doorbell, while only drawing from the battery  342  when the AC power is low or insufficient. Still, in some embodiments, the battery  342  comprises the sole source of power for the A/V device  210 . In such embodiments, the components of the A/V device  210  (e.g., spring contacts, connectors, etc.) are not be connected to a source of AC power. When the battery  342  is depleted of its charge, it may be recharged, such as by connecting a power source to the battery  342  (e.g., using a USB connector). 
     Although not illustrated in  FIG.  3   , in some embodiments, the A/V device  210  may include one or more of an accelerometer, a barometer, a humidity sensor, and a temperature sensor. The accelerometer may be one or more sensors capable of sensing motion and/or acceleration. The one or more of the accelerometer, the barometer, the humidity sensor, and the temperature sensor may be located outside of a housing of the A/V device  210  so as to reduce interference from heat, pressure, moisture, and/or other stimuli generated by the internal components of the A/V device  210 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , the A/V device  210  may include one or more motion sensor(s)  326 . However, in some embodiments, the motion sensor(s)  326  may not be included, such as where motion detection is performed by the camera  314  or another device. The motion sensor(s)  326  may be any type of sensor capable of detecting and communicating the presence of an entity within their field of view. As such, the motion sensor(s)  326  may include one or more (alone or in combination) different types of motion sensors. For example, in some embodiments, the motion sensor(s)  326  may comprise passive infrared (PIR) sensors, which may be secured on or within a PIR sensor holder that may reside behind a lens (e.g., a Fresnel lens). In such an example, the PIR sensors may detect IR radiation in a field of view, and produce an output signal (typically a voltage) that changes as the amount of IR radiation in the field of view changes. The amount of voltage in the output signal may be compared, by the processor(s)  310 , for example, to one or more threshold voltage values to determine if the amount of voltage in the output signal is indicative of motion, and/or if the amount of voltage in the output signal is indicative of motion of an entity that is to be captured by the camera  314  (e.g., motion of a person and/or animal may prompt activation of the camera  314 , while motion of a vehicle may not). Although the above discussion of the motion sensor(s)  326  primarily relates to PIR sensors, depending on the embodiment, the motion sensor(s)  326  may include additional and/or alternate sensor types that produce output signals including alternative data types. For example, and without limitation, the output signal may include an amount of voltage change based on the presence of infrared radiation in a field of view of an active infrared (AIR) sensor, the output signal may include phase shift data from a microwave-type motion sensor, the output signal may include Doppler shift data from an ultrasonic-type motion sensor, the output signal may include radio wave disturbance from a tomographic-type motion sensor, and/or the output signal may include other data types for other sensor types that may be used as the motion sensor(s)  326  of the A/V device  210 . 
     In some embodiments, computer vision module(s) (CVM)  316  may be included in the A/V device  210  as the motion sensor(s)  326 , in addition to, or alternatively from, other motion sensor(s)  326 . For example, the CVM  316  may be a low-power CVM (e.g., Qualcomm Glance) that, by operating at low power (e.g., less than 2 mW of end-to-end power), is capable of providing computer vision capabilities and functionality for battery powered devices (e.g., the A/V device  210  when powered by the battery  342 ). The low-power CVM may include a lens, a CMOS image sensor, and a digital processor that may perform embedded processing within the low-power CVM itself, such that the low-power CVM may output post-processed computer vision metadata to the processor(s)  310  (e.g., via a serial peripheral bus interface (SPI)). As such, the low-power CVM may be considered to be one or more of the motion sensor(s)  326 , and the data type output in the output signal may be the post-processed computer vision metadata. The metadata may include information such as the presence of a particular type of entity (e.g., person, animal, vehicle, parcel, etc.), a direction of movement of the entity, a distance of the entity from the A/V device  210 , etc. In various embodiments, the motion sensor(s)  326  include a plurality of different sensor types capable of detecting motion such as PIR, AIR, low-power CVM, and/or cameras. 
     As indicated above, the A/V device  210  may include the CVM  316  (which may be the same as the above described low-power CVM  316  implemented as one or more motion sensor(s)  326 , or may be additional to, or alternative from, the above described low-power CVM  316 ). For example, the A/V device  210 , the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , and/or one or more component of the network(s) of servers/backend devices  220  may perform any or all of the computer vision processes and functionalities described herein. In addition, although the CVM  316  is only illustrated as a component of the A/V device  210 , the computer vision module  316  may additionally, or alternatively, be included as a component of the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , and/or one or more components of the network of servers/backend devices  220 . With respect to the A/V device  210 , the CVM  316  may include any of the components (e.g., hardware) and/or functionality described herein with respect to computer vision, including, without limitation, one or more cameras, sensors, and/or processors. In some of the present embodiments, with reference to  FIG.  3   , the microphone(s)  328 , the camera  314 , the processor(s)  310 , and/or the image sensor  336  may be components of the CVM  316 . In some embodiments, the CVM  316  may include an internal camera, image sensor, and/or processor, and the CVM  316  may output data to the processor(s)  310  in an output signal, for example. 
     As a result of including the CVM  316 , some of the present embodiments may leverage the CVM  316  to implement computer vision for one or more aspects, such as motion detection, object recognition, and/or facial recognition. Computer vision includes methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing, and understanding images and, in general, high-dimensional data from the real world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information, e.g., in the form of decisions. Computer vision seeks to duplicate the abilities of human vision by electronically perceiving and understanding an image. Understanding in this context means the transformation of visual images (the input of the retina) into descriptions of the world that can interface with other thought processes and elicit appropriate action. This image understanding can be seen as the disentangling of symbolic information from image data using models constructed with the aid of geometry, physics, statistics, and learning theory. Computer vision has also been described as the enterprise of automating and integrating a wide range of processes and representations for vision perception. As a scientific discipline, computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms, such as video sequences, views from multiple cameras, or multi-dimensional data from a scanner. 
     One aspect of computer vision comprises determining whether or not the image data contains some specific object, feature, or activity. Different varieties of computer vision recognition include: Object Recognition (also called object classification)—One or several pre-specified or learned objects or object classes can be recognized, usually together with their 2D positions in the image or 3D poses in the scene. Identification—An individual instance of an object is recognized. Examples include identification of a specific person&#39;s face or fingerprint, identification of handwritten digits, or identification of a specific vehicle. Detection—The image data are scanned for a specific condition. Examples include detection of possible abnormal cells or tissues in medical images or detection of a vehicle in an automatic road toll system. Detection based on relatively simple and fast computations is sometimes used for finding smaller regions of interesting image data that can be further analyzed by more computationally demanding techniques to produce a correct interpretation. 
     Several specialized tasks based on computer vision recognition exist, such as: Optical Character Recognition (OCR)—Identifying characters in images of printed or handwritten text, usually with a view to encoding the text in a format more amenable to editing or indexing (e.g., ASCII). 2D Code Reading—Reading of 2D codes such as data matrix and QR codes. Facial Recognition. Shape Recognition Technology (SRT)— Differentiating human beings (e.g., head and shoulder patterns) from objects. 
     Image acquisition—A digital image is produced by one or several image sensors, which, besides various types of light-sensitive cameras, may include range sensors, tomography devices, radar, ultra-sonic cameras, etc. Depending on the type of sensor, the resulting image data may be a 2D image, a 3D volume, or an image sequence. The pixel values may correspond to light intensity in one or several spectral bands (gray images or color images), but can also be related to various physical measures, such as depth, absorption or reflectance of sonic or electromagnetic waves, or nuclear magnetic resonance. 
     Pre-processing—Before a computer vision method can be applied to image data in order to extract some specific piece of information, it is usually beneficial to process the data in order to assure that it satisfies certain assumptions implied by the method. Examples of pre-processing include, but are not limited to re-sampling in order to assure that the image coordinate system is correct, noise reduction in order to assure that sensor noise does not introduce false information, contrast enhancement to assure that relevant information can be detected, and scale space representation to enhance image structures at locally appropriate scales. 
     Feature extraction—Image features at various levels of complexity are extracted from the image data. Typical examples of such features are: Lines, edges, and ridges; Localized interest points such as corners, blobs, or points; More complex features may be related to texture, shape, or motion. 
     Detection/segmentation—At some point in the processing a decision may be made about which image points or regions of the image are relevant for further processing. Examples are: Selection of a specific set of interest points; Segmentation of one or multiple image regions that contain a specific object of interest; Segmentation of the image into nested scene architecture comprising foreground, object groups, single objects, or salient object parts (also referred to as spatial-taxon scene hierarchy). 
     High-level processing—At this step, the input may be a small set of data, for example a set of points or an image region that is assumed to contain a specific object. The remaining processing may comprise, for example: Verification that the data satisfy model-based and application-specific assumptions; Estimation of application-specific parameters, such as object pose or object size; Image recognition—classifying a detected object into different categories; Image registration—comparing and combining two different views of the same object. 
     Decision making—Making the final decision required for the application, for example match/no-match in recognition applications. 
     One or more of the present embodiments may include a vision processing unit (not shown separately, but may be a component of the CVM  316 ). A vision processing unit is an emerging class of microprocessor; it is a specific type of AI (artificial intelligence) accelerator designed to accelerate machine vision tasks. Vision processing units are distinct from video processing units (which are specialized for video encoding and decoding) in their suitability for running machine vision algorithms such as convolutional neural networks, SIFT, etc. Vision processing units may include direct interfaces to take data from cameras (bypassing any off-chip buffers), and may have a greater emphasis on on-chip dataflow between many parallel execution units with scratchpad memory, like a manycore DSP (digital signal processor). But, like video processing units, vision processing units may have a focus on low precision fixed-point arithmetic for image processing. 
     Some of the present embodiments may use facial recognition hardware and/or software, as a part of the computer vision system. Various types of facial recognition exist, some or all of which may be used in the present embodiments. 
     Some face recognition algorithms identify facial features by extracting landmarks, or features, from an image of the subject&#39;s face. For example, an algorithm may analyze the relative position, size, and/or shape of the eyes, nose, cheekbones, and jaw. These features are then used to search for other images with matching features. Other algorithms normalize a gallery of face images and then compress the face data, only saving the data in the image that is useful for face recognition. A probe image is then compared with the face data. One of the earliest successful systems is based on template matching techniques applied to a set of salient facial features, providing a sort of compressed face representation. 
     Recognition algorithms can be divided into two main approaches, geometric, which looks at distinguishing features, or photometric, which is a statistical approach that distills an image into values and compares the values with templates to eliminate variances. 
     Popular recognition algorithms include principal component analysis using eigenfaces, linear discriminant analysis, elastic bunch graph matching using the Fisherface algorithm, the hidden Markov model, the multilinear subspace learning using tensor representation, and the neuronal motivated dynamic link matching. 
     Further, a newly emerging trend, claimed to achieve improved accuracy, is three-dimensional face recognition. This technique uses 3D sensors to capture information about the shape of a face. This information is then used to identify distinctive features on the surface of a face, such as the contour of the eye sockets, nose, and chin. 
     One advantage of 3D face recognition is that it is not affected by changes in lighting like other techniques. It can also identify a face from a range of viewing angles, including a profile view. Three-dimensional data points from a face vastly improve the precision of face recognition. 3D research is enhanced by the development of sophisticated sensors that do a better job of capturing 3D face imagery. The sensors work by projecting structured light onto the face. Up to a dozen or more of these image sensors can be placed on the same CMOS chip—each sensor captures a different part of the spectrum. 
     Another variation is to capture a 3D picture by using three tracking cameras that point at different angles; one camera pointing at the front of the subject, a second one to the side, and a third one at an angle. All these cameras work together to track a subject&#39;s face in real time and be able to face detect and recognize. 
     Another emerging trend uses the visual details of the skin, as captured in standard digital or scanned images. This technique, called skin texture analysis, turns the unique lines, patterns, and spots apparent in a person&#39;s skin into a mathematical space. 
     Another form of taking input data for face recognition is by using thermal cameras, which may only detect the shape of the head and ignore the subject accessories such as glasses, hats, or make up. 
     Further examples of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) and/or computer vision that can be used in the present embodiments to verify the identity and/or authorization of a person include, without limitation, biometrics. Biometrics refers to metrics related to human characteristics. Biometrics authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in various forms of identification and access control. Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers can be physiological characteristics and/or behavioral characteristics. Physiological characteristics may be related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to, fingerprints, palm veins, facial recognition, three-dimensional facial recognition, skin texture analysis, DNA, palm prints, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina recognition, and odor/scent recognition. Behavioral characteristics may be related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including, but not limited to, typing rhythm, gait, and voice recognition. 
     The present embodiments may use any one, or any combination of more than one, of the foregoing biometrics to identify and/or authenticate a person who is either suspicious or who is authorized to take certain actions with respect to a property or expensive item of collateral. For example, with reference to  FIG.  3   , the CVM  316 , and/or the camera  314  and/or the processor(s)  310  may receive information about the person using any one, or any combination of more than one, of the foregoing biometrics. 
     Again, with reference to  FIG.  3   , in embodiments where the A/V device  210  includes a light camera, the A/V device  210  may include the light controller  302  and one or more lights  304 ( a ),  304 ( b ) (collectively referred to herein as “lights  304 ”). The light controller  302  may include a switch for controlling the lights  304 . For example, in response to the motions sensor(s)  326  and/or the camera  314  detecting motion, the light controller  302  may receive an output signal from the processor(s)  310  that causes the light controller  302  to activate the one or more lights  304 ( a ),  304 ( b ). In some embodiments, the light camera may include motion sensor(s)  326  detecting motion for controlling activation of the lights  304 , and may further include the camera  314  for detecting motion for activating the recording of the image data using the camera  314  and/or the recording of the audio data using the microphone(s)  328 . In other embodiments, the motion sensor(s)  326  may detect the motion for activating the light emitting components  340 , the camera  314 , and the microphone(s)  328 , or the camera  314  may detect the motion for activating the lights  304 , the camera  314  to being recording the image data, and the microphone(s)  328  to being recording the audio data. The lights  304  may include floodlights, spotlights, porch lights, or another type of illumination device. The lights  304  may provide for better image data quality when ambient light levels are low (e.g., at dusk, dawn, or night), while also providing a deterrent effect by being illuminated when motion is detected. 
     With further reference to  FIG.  3   , in embodiments where the A/V device  210  includes a doorbell, such as the video doorbell  210 ( c ), the A/V device  210  may include the button  306 . In embodiments where the button  306  is a mechanical button (e.g., has a range of movement), the button  306  may make contact with a button actuator located within the video doorbell  210 ( c ) when the button  306  is pressed. In embodiments where the button  306  is not mechanical (e.g., has no range of motion), the button  306  may include a capacitive touch button, a resistive touch button, a surface acoustic wave (SAW) button, an infrared (IR) button, an optical imaging button, an acoustic pulse recognition button, and/or a button that implements a low-power CVM for the detection of a person (e.g., a finger, hand, etc., of a person). When the button  306  is pressed, touched, and/or otherwise triggered, the processor(s)  310  may receive an output signal from the button  306  that may activate one or more functions of the video doorbell  210 ( c ), such as transmitting an output signal, using the communication module  312 , to the signaling device  308  to cause the signaling device  308  to output a sound (e.g., via the wired  334 ( b ) connection to the signaling device  308  and/or a wireless  334 ( a ) connection to the signaling device  308 ). In addition, the processor(s)  310  may transmit an output signal (e.g., a message), using the communication module  312 , to the client device(s)  214 ,  216  to indicate to the user(s) of the client device(s)  214 ,  216  that a person is present at the A/V device  210  (in some embodiments, via at least one of the hub device  202 , the VA device  208 , and/or one or more component of the network of servers/backend devices  220 ). 
     Although the A/V recording and communication device  210  (or A/V device  210 ) is referred to herein as an “audio/video” device, the A/V device  210  need not have both audio and video functionality. For example, in some embodiments, the A/V device  210  may not include the speakers  330 , microphones  328 , and/or audio CODEC. In such examples, the A/V device  210  may only have video recording and communication functionalities. In other examples, the A/V device  210  may only have the speaker(s)  330  and not the microphone(s)  328 , or may only have the microphone(s)  328  and not the speaker(s)  330 . 
       FIG.  4    is another functional block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the A/V device  210  according to various aspects of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the A/V device  210  may represent, and further include one or more of the components from, the A/V recording and communication doorbell  210 ( c ), the A/V recording and communication security camera  210 ( a ), and/or the floodlight controller  210 ( b ). Additionally, in some embodiments, the A/V device  210  may omit one or more of the components shown in  FIG.  4    and/or may include one or more additional components not shown in  FIG.  4   . 
     As shown in  FIG.  4   , the A/V device  210  includes memory  402 , which may represent the volatile memory  322  and/or the non-volatile memory  324 . The memory  402  stores a device application  404 . In various embodiments, the device application  404  may configure the processor(s)  310  to capture image data  406  using the camera  314 , audio data  408  using the microphone(s)  328 , input data  410  using the button  306  (and/or the camera  314  and/or the motion sensor(s)  326 , depending on the embodiment), and/or motion data  412  using the camera  314  and/or the motion sensor(s)  326 . In some embodiments, the device application  404  may also configure the processor(s)  310  to generate text data  414  describing the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , and/or the input data  410 , such as in the form of metadata, for example. 
     In addition, the device application  404  may configure the processor(s)  310  to transmit the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the motion data  412 , the input data  410 , the text data  414 , and/or message(s)  416  to the client devices  214 ,  216 , the hub device  202 , and/or the backend server  224  using the communication module  312 . In various embodiments, the device application  404  may also configure the processor(s)  310  to generate and transmit an output signal  418  that may include the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , the input data  410 , and/or the motion data  412 . In some of the present embodiments, the output signal  418  may be transmitted to the backend server  224  and/or the hub device  202  using the communication module  312 . The backend server  224  may then transmit (or forward) the output signal  418  to the client device(s)  214 ,  216 , and/or the hub device  202  may then transmit (or forward) the output signal  418  to the client device(s)  214 ,  216 , and/or the hub device  202  may then transmit (or forward) the output signal  418  to the backend server  224 , and the backend server  224  may then transmit (or forward) the output signal  418  to the client device(s)  214 ,  216 . In other embodiments, the output signal  418  may be transmitted directly to the client device(s)  214 ,  216  by the A/V device  210 . 
     In further reference to  FIG.  4   , the image data  406  may comprise image sensor data such as (but not limited to) exposure values and data regarding pixel values for a particular sized grid. The image data  406  may include still images, live video, and/or pre-recorded images and/or video. The image data  406  may be recorded by the camera  314  in a field of view of the camera  314 . 
     In further reference to  FIG.  4   , the motion data  412  may comprise motion sensor data generated in response to motion events. For example, the motion data  412  may include an amount or level of a data type generated by the motion sensor(s)  326  (e.g., the voltage level output by the motion sensor(s)  326  when the motion sensor(s)  326  are PIR type motion sensor(s)). In some of the present embodiments, such as those where the A/V device  210  does not include the motion sensor(s)  326 , the motion data  412  may be generated by the camera  314 . In such embodiments, based on a frame by frame comparison of changes in the pixels from the image data  406 , it may be determined that motion is present. 
     The input data  410  may include data generated in response to an input to the button  306 . The button  306  may receive an input (e.g., a press, a touch, a series of touches and/or presses, etc.) and may generate the input data  410  in response that is indicative of the type of input. In embodiments where the A/V device  210  is not a doorbell (e.g., the video doorbell  210 ( c )), the A/V device  210  may not include the button  306 , and the A/V device  210  may not generate the input data  410 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  4   , a message  416  may be generated by the processor(s)  310  and transmitted, using the communication module  312 , to the client device  214 ,  216 , the backend server  224 , and/or the hub device  202 . For example, in response to detecting motion using the camera  314  and/or the motion sensor(s)  326 , the A/V device  210  may generate and transmit the message  416 . In some of the present embodiments, the message  416  may include at least the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412 . 
     As described herein, the message(s)  416  may include messages, signals, data, notifications, and/or any type of electronic communication that electronic devices (e.g., the A/V device  210 , the client device  214 ,  216 , the hub device  202 , and/or one or more components of the network(s) of servers/backend devices  220 ) may transmit and receive with other electronic devices (e.g., the A/V device  210 , the client device  214 ,  216 , the hub device  202 , and/or one or more components of the network(s) of servers/backend devices  220 ). For instance, message(s)  416  may include push notifications, email messages, short message service (SMS) messages, multimedia messages (MMS), voicemail messages, video signals, audio signals, data transmissions, and/or any other type of electronic communication that an electronic device can send to another electronic device. 
     The image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  may be tagged with (e.g., a time stamp, based on clock data) and/or stored separately (e.g., on the backend server  224 , the hub device  202 , and/or the A/V device  210 ) based on when the motion was detected, how long the motion was detected for, and/or a duration of time associated with the detected motion, or motion event (e.g., the duration of time may include the time the motion was detected plus an additional time, such as, without limitation, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, or 30 seconds). For example, each separate detection of motion, or motion event, may be associated with image data  406 , audio data  408 , text data  414 , and/or motion data  412  representative of the detection of motion, or motion event. As a result, when a request for data pertaining to particular motion event, or a particular time period, is received (e.g., by the client device  214 ,  216 , the backend server  224 , and/or the hub device  202 ), the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  associated with a particular motion event, and/or associated with motion event(s) within the particular time period, may be transmitted, retrieved, and/or received. 
     Although examples discuss the A/V device  210  generating and transmitting the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  when motion is detected (e.g., in the message  416 ), in other examples the data may be generated and/or transmitted at other times. For example, the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  may be generated and transmitted continuously (e.g., in a streaming manner), periodically, upon request, etc. In examples where the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  may be generated and transmitted continuously, the detection of motion (e.g., a motion event) may cause an indication of when the motion was detected (e.g., a time stamp) and/or how long the motion was detected for (e.g., a duration) to be associated with the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412 . As a result, even though the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  may be continuously generated by the A/V device  210 , the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  associated with motion events may be tagged and/or stored separately (e.g., similar to that of the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  generated in response to the detection of motion), from the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the motion data  412  that is not associated with motion events. 
     As described herein, at least some of the processes of the backend server  224 , the hub device  202 , and/or the client device  214 ,  216  may be executed by the A/V device  210 . 
       FIG.  5    is a functional block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the backend server  224  according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The backend server  224  may comprise processor(s)  502  (which may be similar to, and/or include similar functionality as, the processor(s)  310 ), a communication module  504  (which may be similar to, and/or include similar functionality as, the communication module  312 ), and a memory  506  (which may be similar to, and/or include similar functionality as, the memory  402 ). The communication module  504  may allow the backend server  224  to access and communicate with devices connected to the network (Internet/PSTN)  212  (e.g., the A/V device  210 , the hub device  202 , the client devices  214 ,  216 , and/or a device controlled by the security monitoring service  228 ). 
     The memory  402  may include a server application  508  that configures the processor(s)  502  to receive and/or retrieve the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , the input data  410 , the messages  416 , the image data  406 , and/or the motion data  412  from the A/V device  210  (e.g., in the output signal  418 ) and/or the hub device  202 . The server application  508  may also configure the processor(s)  502  to transmit (and/or forward) the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , the input data  410 , the messages  416 , the image data  406 , and/or the motion data  412  to the client devices  214 ,  216  using the communication module  504 . Furthermore, the server application  508  may configure the processor(s)  502  to receive, using the communication module  504 , image data  512  (also referred to as “second image data  512 ”) generated by the A/V devices  210 . 
     Although referred to as the backend server  224  with reference to the processes described herein, the backend server  224  may additionally, or alternatively, include one or more of the devices from the network(s) of servers/backend devices  220 . For example, the processes described herein with respect to the backend server  224  may additionally, or alternatively, at least in part, be performed by one or more backend APIs  226 . 
     In further reference to  FIG.  5   , the memory  506  may also include source identifying data  510  that may be used to identify the A/V device  210 , the hub device  202 , and/or the client devices  214 ,  216 . In addition, the source identifying data  510  may be used by the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  to determine the client devices  214 ,  216  are associated with the A/V device  210  and/or the hub device  202 . 
     In some embodiments, the server application  508  may further configure the processor(s)  502  to generate and transmit a report signal (not shown) to a third-party client device (e.g., electronic device(s)  234 ), which may be associated with an enforcement agency or the security monitoring service  228 , for example. The report signal, which may be the message  416 , in some examples, may include the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the text data  414 , and/or the second image data  512 . 
     As described herein, at least some of the processes of the A/V device  210 , the hub device  202 , and/or the client device  214 ,  216  may be executed by the backend server  224 . 
     The server application  508  may also include a security interface  520 , a client interface  522 , a portal interface  524 , a moderator interface  525 , and a tracker  526 , each implemented as machine readable instructions executable by the processor  502 . The security interface  520 , the client interface  522 , the portal interface  524 , the moderator interface  525 , and the tracker  526  may include the functionality of the security device interface  165 , the client device interface  166 , the portal interface  167 , the moderator interface  171 , and the tracker  168 , respectively, of  FIGS.  1 A and  1 D . 
     The memory  506  is also shown storing a database  528  that is similar to the database  108  of  FIGS.  1 A and  1 D . The database  528  may store the image data  406  and the audio data  408  as video data  530  that has an access control  532  and a display control value  534 , which may represent the video data  105 , the access control  124 , and the display control value  135 , respectively. The database  528  may also include a geographic network  536  that is similar to the geographic network  163 , information  538  with a sender ID  540  that are similar to the information  127  and the sender ID  169 , respectively, a rating  542  that is similar to the rating  138 , a first account  544  with a first value  546 , and a second account  548  with a second value  550  that are similar to the first account  140 , the first value  142 , the second account  144 , and the second value  146 , respectively. Accordingly, the tracker  526  may determine the first value  546 , based at least in part upon the rating  542 , and may accumulate the first value  546  in the first account  544 . Similarly, the tracker  526  may determine the second value  550 , based at least in part upon the rating  542 , and may accumulate the second value  550  in the second account  548 . Accordingly, the backend server  224  may include the functionality of the network-connected device  102  of  FIGS.  1 A and  1 D . 
     The server application  508  may configure the processor(s)  502  to analyze the image data  406  in order to determine if the image data  406  depicts an object. Objects may include, but are not limited to, people, animals, vehicles, parcels (e.g., packages), electronic devices (e.g., remote control vehicles, drones, etc.), and/or any other type of object that can be depicted by the image data  406  and/or cause motion that can be detected by the A/V device  210 . In some examples, the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  may analyze the image data  406  whenever the backend server  224  receives the image data  406  from the A/V device  210 . 
     In some examples, to analyze the image data  406 , computer vision processing and/or image processing, as described herein, for example, may be performed by the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  to determine that the image data  406  depicts one or more objects. For example, in any of the present embodiments, the image data  406  generated by the A/V device  210  may be analyzed to determine object data  512 . In some of the present embodiments, one or more of the image data  406 , the motion data  412 , and the audio data  408  may be used to determine the object data  512 . The computer vision and/or image processing may be executed using computer vision and/or image processing algorithms. Examples of computer vision and/or image processing algorithms may include, without limitation, spatial gesture models that are 3D model-based and/or appearance based. 3D model-based algorithms may include skeletal and volumetric, where volumetric may include NURBS, primitives, and/or super-quadrics, for example. 
     In some embodiments, the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  may compare the object data  512  to an object database  514  to determine what, if any, object(s) the image data  406  depicts in the field of view of the A/V device  210 . For example, the object database  514  may store image data corresponding to images and/or video footage that depict various objects, where the image data may be labeled (e.g., tagged, such as in the form of metadata) to indicate an object type  516  (alternatively referred to herein as the “type of object  516 ”) depicted by each image and/or video footage. For a first example, the object database  514  may store image data depicting a person, where the image data is labeled to indicate that the type of object  516  includes a person. For a second example, the object database  514  may store image data depicting an animal (e.g., a dog, a cat, a coyote, etc.), where the image data is labeled to indicate that the type of object  516  includes the animal (e.g., the dog, the cat, the coyote, etc.). For a third example, the object database  514  may store image data depicting a vehicle, where the image data is labeled to indicate the type of object  516  includes the vehicle. 
     Based on the comparing, the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  may match the object data  512  from the image data  406  to the image data stored in the object database  514 . The processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  may then use the match to determine that the object data  512  represents an object and/or to determine the type of object  516  that the object data  512  represents. For example, if the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  matches the object data  512  from the image data  406  to image data stored in the object database  514  that represents a person, then the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  may determine that the image data  406  depicts an object and/or that the image data  406  depicts a person. In some examples, when the object data  512  represents multiple objects, the processor(s)  502  of the backend server  224  may perform a similar analysis to identify each object represented by the object data  512  and/or the respective type of object  516  associated with each of the objects represented by the object data  512 . 
     In some examples, in addition to, or alternatively from, comparing the image data  406  to the image data stored in the object database  514 , features and/or characteristics of various objects may be stored in the object database  514 , and the features and/or characteristics of the objects in the image data  406  may be determined (e.g., using computer vision processing, image processing, or the like) and compared against the features and/or characteristics from the object database  514 . For example, sizes, volumes, weights, colors, movement types, and/or other features and/or characteristics of various objects may be stored in the object database  514 . The size, volume, weight, color, movement type, and/or other features and/or characteristics of an object depicted by the image data  406  may then be compared to the sizes, volumes, weights, colors, movement types, and/or other features and/or characteristics stored in the object database  514  to identify the type of object  516  depicted by the image data  406 . 
     Although described as being performed in the backend server  224 , in some embodiments, the image data  406  may be analyzed by any of the A/V recording and communication device  210 , the hub device  202 , and/or the client device  214 / 216 , in order to determine if the image data  406  depicts an object, therein. Thus, any or all of the operations described herein to analyze the image data  406  may be performed by any of these devices. To perform these operations, any or all of these devices may also include the object database  514 , including the object type  516 , and/or the object data  514 , as described with reference to  FIG.  5   . 
     The hub device  202  and/or the backend server  224  (and/or one or more additional or alternative components of the network(s) of servers/backend devices  220 ) may alternatively be referred to herein as “network devices.” 
     Now referring to  FIG.  6   ,  FIG.  6    is a functional block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the client device  214 ,  216 , according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The client device  214 ,  216  may comprise processor(s)  602  (which may be similar to, and/or include similar functionality as, the processor(s)  310 ) that are operatively connected to an input interface  604 , microphone(s)  606 , speaker(s)  608 , a communication module  610  (which may be similar to, and/or include similar functionality as, the communication module  312 ), and memory  612  (which may be similar to, and/or include similar functionality as, the memory  402 ). The client device  214 ,  216  may further comprise a camera (not shown) operatively connected to the processor(s)  602 . 
     The memory  612  may store a device application  614 . In various embodiments, the device application  614  may configure the processor(s)  602  to receive input(s) to the input interface  604  (e.g., the device application  614  may receive a request from the user  114  for information  127  on the video data  105 ). In addition, the device application  614  may configure the processor(s)  602  to receive, using the communication module  610 , the input data  410 , the image data  406 , the audio data  408 , the output signal  418 , and/or messages  416  from one or more of the A/V device  210 , the hub device  202 , or the backend server  224 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  6   , the input interface  604  may include a display  618 . The display  618  may include a touchscreen, such that the user of the client device  214 ,  216  may provide inputs directly to the display  618  (e.g., the display  618  may display an information request element to allow a user to request information on the video data displayed on the display). In some embodiments, the client device  214 ,  216  may not include a touchscreen. In such embodiments, and in embodiments where the client device  214 ,  216  includes the touchscreen, the user may provide an input using any input device, such as, without limitation, a mouse, a trackball, a touchpad, a joystick, a pointing stick, a stylus, etc. 
     In some of the present embodiments, in response to receiving a message  416 , the device application  614  may configure the processor(s)  602  to cause the display  618  to display the message  416 . The message  416  may indicate that the A/V device  210  detected motion, detected the presence of an object, received an input (e.g., to the button  306 ), etc. While displaying the message  416 , the input interface  604  may receive input from the user to answer the message  416 . In response, the device application  614  may configure the processor(s)  602  to display the received image data  406  on the display  618  (e.g., display image(s) and/or video footage represented by the image data  406 ). 
     As described herein, at least some of the processes of the A/V device  210 , the hub device  202 , and/or the backend server  224  may be executed by the client device  214 ,  216 . 
     The client device  214 ,  216  may be similar to the client devices  116  and  128  of  FIG.  1 A  and include similar functionality. For example, the device application  614  may be similar to the application  129  and the memory  612  may store the image data  406  and the audio data  408  as video data  616  that may be similar to the video data  105 . The memory  612  may also store an information request element  620  that may be shown on the display  618  to allow the user  114  to request information about the video data  616 . The memory  612  may also store an information request message  622 , that may be generated, when the information request element  620  is selected via the input interface  604 , and then sent to the backend server  224  via the communication module  610 . The memory  612  may also store a banner  624 , information  626 , and/or a label  628 . The banner  624  may be similar to the banner  137  of  FIG.  1 A  and may be displayed on the display  618  to indicate that information is needed for the video data  616 . The label  628  may be similar to the label  126  of  FIGS.  1 A,  1 B, and  1 C , and may be displayed on the display  618  with the video data  616  to indicate that information is needed for the displayed video data  616 . The information  622  may be similar to the information  127  of  FIGS.  1 A, and  1 D , and may be input to the client device  214 / 216  via the input interface  604  and sent to the backend server  224 . 
       FIG.  7    illustrates an example of a geographic network of users, according to various aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, a geographic network may be executed by a geographic network platform, such as a geographic network platform operating on the backend server  224  and/or one or more other or additional components of the network of servers/backend devices  220 . As such, the backend server  224  and/or one or more other or additional components of the network of servers/backend devices  220  may store and/or maintain the components, features, and/or functionality of the geographic network platform. In some examples, and without limitation, the geographic network may be a neighborhood-oriented or local-oriented network, such as Neighborhoods® or Nextdoor®. In other examples, and without limitation, the geographic network may be a social media network (or a feature within a social media network), such as Facebook®, Twitter®, or Instagram®. 
     The geographic network platform may enable users of the geographic network to share content (e.g., image data (e.g., image data  406 ), audio data (e.g., audio data  408 ), text data (e.g., text data  414 ), input data (e.g., input data  410 ), motion data (e.g., motion data  412 ), and/or other data from the user&#39;s A/V device (e.g., the A/V device  210 ) and/or the user&#39;s client device (e.g., the client device(s)  214 ,  216 )) with other users of the geographic network. The geographic network platform may allow users that are located within geographic area(s) to register with the geographic network to access content shared by other users within the geographic area(s). As such, the content that a particular user may have access to may be based on the user&#39;s location (e.g., the location of the user&#39;s residence, the location of one or more A/V devices associated with the user, the current location of the user (e.g., based on a location of the user&#39;s client device), etc.) and/or the location of the electronic device(s) (e.g., the A/V device  210 , the client device(s)  214 ,  216 , etc.) that generated the content. For example, users that are located in a geographic area may share content with other users in the geographic area and/or in a similar geographic area, and/or users may view content shared by other users that are located within his or her geographic area (e.g., a neighborhood, a town, a city, a state, a user-defined area, etc.) and/or in a similar geographic area. 
     In some examples, a user may register with the geographic network platform if the user has an A/V device and/or has an application (e.g., a mobile application, a web application, etc.) associated with the geographic network installed on and/or running on his or her client device. When registering for the geographic network, the user may register, or be required to register, with respect to a geographic area. In some examples, a user may register with the geographic area of the geographic network if the user&#39;s residence is located within the geographic area and/or the user has A/V device(s) located (e.g., installed) within the geographic area. In some examples, a user may be a member to one or more geographic areas of the geographic network. 
     In some examples, a user may be verified to a geographic area of the geographic network that the user is asking to join. For example, to determine if the user is actually located within a geographic area, GNSS data of the user&#39;s A/V device may be used (e.g., during and/or after installation, provisioning, and/or setup of the A/V device). As another example, to determine if the user is actually located within a geographic area, GNSS data of the user&#39;s client device may be compared (e.g., over a period time) to an address input by the user. For example, if the user inputs an address, and the location of the user&#39;s client device is within a threshold proximity to the address (e.g., over the period of time, which may be, for example and without limitation, four hours, six hours, twenty-four hours, two days, etc.), the user may be verified to the address, and thus verified to the geographic area of the geographic network. A verified user may have full access to features of the geographic network, and/or full access to content shared by other users of the geographic network in the geographic area that the user is verified for. Non-verified users may have limited access to features and/or content of the geographic network. For example, non-verified users may only be able to view content, but not interact with (e.g., comment on, like, share, etc.) the content, and/or may not be able to share his or her own content. A single user may be a verified user of one geographic area of the geographic network and may be a non-verified user of a second geographic area of the geographic network. 
     In some examples, a provider of the geographic network platform (e.g., hosted on the backend server  224 ) may receive shared content from any user that is associated with the provider and/or the geographic network, but each individual user may only share content with and/or view content shared from other users within a geographic area of the user. As a result, content provided to and/or made available to each user by the geographic network platform may be unique to each user (e.g., based on the unique location of the user&#39;s residence and/or the user&#39;s A/V devices, etc.), and/or unique to a geographic area (e.g., all users associated with a geographic area of the geographic network). 
     In one illustration of a geographic network, the geographic network platform may facilitate a content feed to allow a user of the geographic network to post videos, photos, text, and/or other data to alert other members of possible suspicious activity in a geographic area. Additionally, or alternatively, news items, police sourced information, and/or other third-party data may be posted to the content feed of the geographic network (e.g., by the users and/or by the provider of the geographic network (e.g., the host of the geographic network platform)), that are related to crime and/or safety of the geographic area (e.g., restricting news items to those related to the geographic area). Members of the geographic network may rate, like, dislike, comment, download, share an existing post/alert with others, and/or upload a new post/alert to the content feed to provide information for other users. 
     A geographic area of a geographic network may be defined using various methods. For example, a geographic area may be associated with one or more neighborhoods, towns, zip codes, cities, states, or countries. In another example, a geographic area may be determined by the backend server  224  based on grouping a particular number of A/V devices or client devices about a particular vicinity. In a further example, a user may customize a geographic area (e.g., by drawing the geographic area on a map, by providing a radius from the user&#39;s property for which the user would like to view shared content, by positioning a boundary (e.g., using markers to define a polygon) of the geographic area over a map, etc.). In such an example, the user&#39;s geographic area may be unique to the user. 
     For example, and as illustrated in  FIG.  7   , a portion of the geographic network is shown. With reference to  FIG.  7   , and during a setup or registration process with the geographic network, the location  708  to be associated with the user of the client device  214  may be determined (e.g., based on an address being input by the user, based on a determination of the location of the client device  214 , based on the location of the A/V device(s)  210  associated with the user (in examples where the user  214  has one or more A/V devices  210 ), etc.). In some examples, the user may then be associated with the geographic area  704  of the geographic network, such as based on the neighborhood, town, city, zip code, state, country, or other area that the user is located. In one example, the geographic area  704  may be the town that the location  708  associated with the user is located. In other examples, the user may define, on the map  706 , the geographic area  704  of the geographic network that the user wishes to have access to content, which may include the location  708  associated with the user. To define the geographic area  704 , the user may overlay a predefined shape on the map  706  (e.g., a rectangle, as shown, a circle, a triangle, a square, a polygon, etc.), may position any number of vertices to define a polygon on the map  706 , may define a radius about the location  708  associated with the user, may draw the geographic area  704  on the map, etc. The geographic network may limit the size of the geographic area  704  for the user. The size may be limited to a maximum distance in any direction from the location  708  (e.g., a radius) associated with the user of less than, for example and without limitation, two miles, five miles, ten miles, fifteen miles, fifty miles, or the like. 
     Although the geographic area  704  includes the geographic area  704  of the geographic network that the user may desire to view content from, the content shared by the user may be shared with a larger, smaller, and/or different geographic area of the geographic network than the geographic area  704 . For example, the geographic area  704  may include the geographic area that the user can view content in, but any users located within the entire portion of the map  706  displayed on the client device  214  may be able to view content shared by the user of the client device  214  (e.g., depending on the geographic areas defined by and/or associated with the other users located within the portion of the map  706 ). For example, users of the geographic network having associated location(s)  710  outside of the geographic area  704  may be able to view the content shared by the user of the client device  214 , but the user of the client device  214  may not be able to view, or may choose not to view (e.g., by defining the geographic area  704  that does not include the locations  710 ), the content shared by the user(s) associated with the location(s)  710 . In other examples, the geographic area  704  that the user of the client device  214  desires to view content from may also be the same geographic area  704  that users can view content shared by the user of the client device  214 . For example, where the geographic area  704  is a town, each of the users located within the town may only be able to view and share content with each other user located in the town. As another example, where the geographic area  704  is defined by the user of the client device  214 , the user of the client device  214  may only be able to view content by the users who are located within the geographic area  704  and the users within the geographic area  704  may be the only users that can view content shared by the user of the client device  214 . 
     With further reference to  FIG.  7   , and during use of the geographic network platform by the user of the client device  214 , the user may access a graphical user interface (GUI) on the client device  214  (e.g., within a mobile or web application). The user may desire to view shared content from users of the geographic area  704  of the geographic network. As such, the icons illustrating the locations  702  may be included within the geographic area  702  because data generated by client devices and/or A/V devices of users associated with the locations  702  may be available for viewing. In some examples, the icons may be included because the content has not yet been viewed by the user, because the content was shared within a time period (e.g., within the last day, within the last two days, within the last week, etc.), and/or based on other criteria. The user may select the icons, and in response, the user may receive the content (e.g., the image data, audio data, the text data, etc.) associated with the icons (e.g., from the backend server  224 ). Although illustrated as icons on a map, in some examples, the content may additionally, or alternatively, be provided as a list. For example, the list may include text describing the content (e.g., date, time, description, location (e.g., as a selectable icon, that when selected may allow the user to view the location on a map), etc.), and individual listings may be selectable, similar to the icons on the map  706 . 
     The process  170  of  FIG.  1 F  described herein is illustrated as a collection of blocks in a logical flow graph, which represent a sequence of operations that may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In the context of software, the blocks represent computer-executable instructions stored on one or more computer-readable storage media that, when executed by one or more processors, perform the recited operations. Generally, computer-executable instructions include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, and the like that perform particular functions or implement particular abstract data types. The order in which the operations are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number of the described blocks may be combined in any order and/or in parallel to implement the processes. Additionally, any number of the described blocks may be optional and eliminated to implement the processes. 
     One aspect of the present embodiments includes the realization that the user  114  of the security device  104  may wish to learn more as to content of certain video data  105  captured by the security device  104 . For example, where the security device  104  captures video data  105  of a person taking a package from a front porch of a residence, unless the person is known to the user, or to law enforcement when involved, the package is unlikely to be recovered. In another example, where a mischievous person presses the doorbell button late at night and runs away before the door is opened, the security device  104  may capture video data  105  of the incident, but unless the user  114  recognizes the person in the captured video data, the person cannot be held accountable for the incident. The present embodiments solve this problem by allowing the user  114  to share the captured video data  105 , when determined suitable for sharing, with neighbors (e.g., people within a geographic area  704  surrounding the geographic location  708  of the security device  104 ) with the label  126  indicating that the user  114  wishes to learn information  127  (e.g., a name of the person, a place that person was previously or last seen, and so on) about the video data  105 . Advantageously, this process of sharing the captured video data  105  with the label  126  indicating the need for information  127  with neighbors likely leads to the user  114  receiving the information  127 , since the indication of needed information incentivizes neighbors to view the video data  105  to help the user  114 , and thereby enables the user  114  to identify the perpetrator. 
     Another aspect of the present embodiments includes the realization that many neighbors (people) in a neighborhood (e.g., the area  704 ) may share video data  105 , when determined suitable for sharing, captured by security devices  104  located in that neighborhood, and that the neighbors often do not have the time to frequently check for, and play, every shared video data  105 . Thus, even when a neighbor (e.g., the second user  134 ) could have recognized someone in the video data  105 , they may not search for and play the video data  105  and therefore cannot contribute information  127  to the user  114 . The present embodiments solve this problem by including the label  126  with the notification  125  of the shared video data  105  and with the video data  105  in the media list  132  such that neighbors (e.g., second user  134 ) are aware of the interest of the user  114  (e.g., the owner of the security device  104 ) to learn information  127  about the video data  105 . Advantageously, this process of including the label  126  with the shared video data  105  and with the notification  125  both makes the neighbors aware of the shared video data  105  and the need for information  127  about the video data  105  and thereby incentivizes the neighbors (e.g., the second users  134 ) to play the video data  105  to see if they can provide the information  127  to the user  114 . 
     In a first aspect, a method for identifying a person committing a crime includes installing a video doorbell to view and capture video of an entrance to a home, connecting the video doorbell to Wi-Fi to network the video doorbell with a backend server, associating, within the backend server, the video doorbell with a neighborhood network, capturing video data of a person stealing a package from the entrance to the home using the video doorbell, receiving an information request message from a smartphone linked to the video doorbell to request identity of the person, and assessing whether the video data is suitable for sharing with the neighborhood network. When the video data is suitable for sharing, the method includes setting access control of the video data to allow the video data to be displayed by computers registered with the neighborhood network, setting a display control of the video data to direct that an icon be displayed with the video data to indicate that the identity of the person is desired, receiving identity information about the person in the video data from one of the computers, sending the identity information to a police portal, receiving, from the police portal, a rating indicating usefulness of the identity information in solving the crime of stealing the package, determining a value based upon the rating, and adding the value to an account associated with the one computer, where the account accumulates value based upon usefulness of the identity information for identifying the person. 
     In certain embodiments of the first aspect, the video data is captured by the video doorbell in response to detected motion of the person near the entrance to the home. 
     In certain embodiments of the first aspect, a user of the one computer inputs the identity information by selecting the icon displayed with the video data. 
     In a second aspect, a security video data processing system includes at least one processor and memory storing machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, control the at least one processor to: receive an information request message identifying video data captured by a security device of an event at a site and a need for information about the video data; determine that the video data is suitable for sharing within a geographic network including the security device; set an access control of the video data to allow a client device registered with the geographic network to display the video data; set a display control value of the video data to display a label with the video data to indicate the need for the information; receive the information from the client device; determine a rating of usefulness of the information; and add a first value based at least in part upon the rating to an account associated with the client device. 
     In certain embodiments of the second aspect, the geographic network corresponds to a geographic area containing the site and a registered geographic location of the client device. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to define the geographic area based at least in part upon input from an enforcement portal and a location of the security device. 
     In certain embodiments of the second aspect, the display control value controls an application running on the client device to display the label with the video data to indicate the need for the information. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to determine the display control value based upon an urgency of the information. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to determine the first value based at least in part upon the display control value. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to add a second value based at least in part upon the rating to a second account associated with a second client device from which the information request message was received. 
     In certain embodiments of the second aspect, the information request message is received from an enforcement portal. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: send the information to an enforcement portal; and receive the rating from the enforcement portal. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to adjust the display control value based, at least in part, upon one or more of a date/time of receiving the information request message, a level of interest in the information, and an amount of information received. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to increase the display control value when one or both of the level of interest in the information increases and the amount of information received increases. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to decrease the display control value when a period from the date/time of receiving the information request message to a current date/time is greater than a threshold value. 
     Certain embodiments of the second aspect further comprise machine readable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to: send the information to an enforcement agency; and receive the rating from the enforcement agency. 
     In a third aspect, a security video data processing method includes receiving an information request message identifying video data captured by a security device at a first location, storing the video data in a database, determining that the video data is suitable for sharing, setting access controls of the video data to make the video data accessible by a client device linked by geographic network with the security device, setting a display control value of the video data to a non-zero value to indicate that information about the video data is needed, receiving the information from the client device, determining a rating based, at least in part, upon usefulness of the information, determining a first value, based, at least in part, upon the rating, and adding the first value to a first user account associated with the client device. 
     Certain embodiments of the third aspect further comprise adding a second value based, at least in part, upon the rating to a second user account associated with a sender of the information request message. 
     Certain embodiments of the third aspect further comprise: sending the information to an enforcement portal, and receiving the rating from the enforcement portal. 
     Certain embodiments of the third aspect further comprise: receiving a subsequent rating from the enforcement portal when the usefulness of the information changes, and adjusting the first value, based at least in part upon the subsequent rating. 
       FIG.  8    is a functional block diagram of a client device  802  on which the present embodiments may be implemented according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The client device(s)  214 ,  216  described with reference to  FIG.  2    may include some or all of the components and/or functionality of the client device  802 . The client device  802  may comprise, for example, a smartphone. 
     With reference to  FIG.  8   , the client device  802  includes a processor  804 , a memory  806 , a user interface  808 , a communication module  810 , and a dataport  812 . These components are communicatively coupled together by an interconnect bus  814 . The processor  804  may include any processor used in smartphones and/or portable computing devices, such as an ARM processor (a processor based on the RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture developed by Advanced RISC Machines (ARM)). In some embodiments, the processor  2004  may include one or more other processors, such as one or more conventional microprocessors, and/or one or more supplementary co-processors, such as math co-processors. 
     The memory  806  may include both operating memory, such as random-access memory (RAM), as well as data storage, such as read-only memory (ROM), hard drives, flash memory, or any other suitable memory/storage element. The memory  806  may include removable memory elements, such as a CompactFlash card, a MultiMediaCard (MMC), and/or a Secure Digital (SD) card. In some embodiments, the memory  2006  may comprise a combination of magnetic, optical, and/or semiconductor memory, and may include, for example, RAM, ROM, flash drive, and/or a hard disk or drive. The processor  804  and the memory  806  each may be, for example, located entirely within a single device, or may be connected to each other by a communication medium, such as a USB port, a serial port cable, a coaxial cable, an Ethernet-type cable, a telephone line, a radio frequency transceiver, or other similar wireless or wired medium or combination of the foregoing. For example, the processor  804  may be connected to the memory  806  via the dataport  812 . 
     The user interface  808  may include any user interface or presentation elements suitable for a smartphone and/or a portable computing device, such as a keypad, a display screen, a touchscreen, a microphone, and a speaker. The communication module  810  is configured to handle communication links between the client device  802  and other, external devices or receivers, and to route incoming/outgoing data appropriately. For example, inbound data from the dataport  812  may be routed through the communication module  810  before being directed to the processor  804 , and outbound data from the processor  804  may be routed through the communication module  810  before being directed to the dataport  812 . The communication module  810  may include one or more transceiver modules capable of transmitting and receiving data, and using, for example, one or more protocols and/or technologies, such as GSM, UMTS (3GSM), IS-95 (CDMA one), IS-2000 (CDMA 2000), LTE, FDMA, TDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, or any other protocol and/or technology. 
     The dataport  812  may be any type of connector used for physically interfacing with a smartphone and/or a portable computing device, such as a mini-USB port or an IPHONE®/IPOD® 30-pin connector or LIGHTNING® connector. In other embodiments, the dataport  812  may include multiple communication channels for simultaneous communication with, for example, other processors, servers, and/or client terminals. 
     The memory  806  may store instructions for communicating with other systems, such as a computer. The memory  806  may store, for example, a program (e.g., computer program code) adapted to direct the processor  804  in accordance with the present embodiments. The instructions also may include program elements, such as an operating system. While execution of sequences of instructions in the program causes the processor  804  to perform the process steps described herein, hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of, or in combination with, software/firmware instructions for implementation of the processes of the present embodiments. Thus, the present embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software. 
       FIG.  9    is a functional block diagram of a general-purpose computing system on which the present embodiments may be implemented according to various aspects of the present disclosure. The computer system  902  may be embodied in at least one of a personal computer (also referred to as a desktop computer)  904 , a portable computer (also referred to as a laptop or notebook computer)  906 , and/or a server  908  is a computer program and/or a machine that waits for requests from other machines or software (clients) and responds to them. A server typically processes data. The purpose of a server is to share data and/or hardware and/or software resources among clients. This architecture is called the client—server model. The clients may run on the same computer or may connect to the server over a network. Examples of computing servers include database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers. The term server may be construed broadly to include any computerized process that shares a resource to one or more client processes. 
     The computer system  902  may execute at least some of the operations described above. The computer system  2102  may include at least one processor  910 , memory  912 , at least one storage device  914 , and input/output (I/O) devices  916 . Some or all of the components  910 ,  912 ,  914 ,  916  may be interconnected via a system bus  918 . The processor  910  may be single- or multi-threaded and may have one or more cores. The processor  910  execute instructions, such as those stored in the memory  912  and/or in the storage device  914 . Information may be received and output using one or more I/O devices  916 . 
     The memory  912  may store information, and may be a computer-readable medium, such as volatile or non-volatile memory. The storage device(s)  914  may provide storage for the system  902  and, in some embodiments, may be a computer-readable medium. In various aspects, the storage device(s)  914  may be a flash memory device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, a tape device, or any other type of storage device. 
     The I/O devices  916  may provide input/output operations for the system  902 . The I/O devices  916  may include a keyboard, a pointing device, and/or a microphone. The I/O devices  916  may further include a display unit for displaying graphical user interfaces, a speaker, and/or a printer. External data may be stored in one or more accessible external databases  920 . 
     The features of the present embodiments described herein may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, and/or in computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or in combinations thereof. Features of the present embodiments may be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in an information carrier, such as a machine-readable storage device, and/or in a propagated signal, for execution by a programmable processor. Embodiments of the present method steps may be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the described implementations by operating on input data and generating output. 
     The features of the present embodiments described herein may be implemented in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and/or instructions from, and to transmit data and/or instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. A computer program may include a set of instructions that may be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity or bring about a certain result. A computer program may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it may be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. 
     Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructions may include, for example, both general and special purpose processors, and/or the sole processor or one of multiple processors of any kind of computer. Generally, a processor may receive instructions and/or data from a read only memory (ROM), or a random-access memory (RAM), or both. Such a computer may include a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and/or data. 
     Generally, a computer may also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files. Such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and/or removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and/or optical disks. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and/or data may include all forms of non-volatile memory, including for example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices, magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, one or more ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits). 
     To provide for interaction with a user, the features of the present embodiments may be implemented on a computer having a display device, such as an LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user. The computer may further include a keyboard, a pointing device, such as a mouse or a trackball, and/or a touchscreen by which the user may provide input to the computer. 
     The features of the present embodiments may be implemented in a computer system that includes a back-end component, such as a data server, and/or that includes a middleware component, such as an application server or an Internet server, and/or that includes a front-end component, such as a client computer having a graphical user interface (GUI) and/or an Internet browser, or any combination of these. The components of the system may be connected by any form or medium of digital data communication, such as a communication network. Examples of communication networks may include, for example, a LAN (local area network), a WAN (wide area network), and/or the computers and networks forming the Internet. 
     The computer system may include clients and servers. A client and server may be remote from each other and interact through a network, such as those described herein. The relationship of client and server may arise by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. 
     As used herein, the phrases “at least one of A, B and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” and “A, B, and/or C” are synonymous and mean logical “OR” in the computer science sense. Thus, each of the foregoing phrases should be understood to read on (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and C), (B and C), and (A and B and C), where A, B, and C are variables representing elements or features of the claim. Also, while these examples are described with three variables (A, B, C) for ease of understanding, the same interpretation applies to similar phrases in these formats with any number of two or more variables. 
     The above description presents the best mode contemplated for carrying out the present embodiments, and of the manner and process of practicing them, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which they pertain to practice these embodiments. The present embodiments are, however, susceptible to modifications and alternate constructions from those discussed above that are fully equivalent. Consequently, the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed. On the contrary, the present invention covers all modifications and alternate constructions coming within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. For example, the steps in the processes described herein need not be performed in the same order as they have been presented, and may be performed in any order(s). Further, steps that have been presented as being performed separately may in alternative embodiments be performed concurrently. Likewise, steps that have been presented as being performed concurrently may in alternative embodiments be performed separately.