Patent Publication Number: US-11646964-B2

Title: System, apparatus and method for providing a virtual network edge and overlay with virtual control plane

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/777,516, filed May 18, 2018, now allowed, which is a U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/CA2016/051343, filed Nov. 17, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/945,862 filed Nov. 19, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,929,964, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Embodiments described herein relate generally to network communications and, in particular, to aggregating or bonding communications links for a variety of different networks including wired and wireless networks, and including Wide Area Networks (“WAN”). 
     INTRODUCTION 
     While the capacity of network connections has increased since the introduction of dial up, high speed connectivity is not ubiquitous in all regions. Also, bandwidth is not an unlimited resource. 
     Various solutions exist for improving network performance such as load balancing, bonding of links to increase throughput, as well as aggregation of links. In regards to bonding/aggregation various different technologies exist that associated two or more diverse links (which in this disclosure refers to links associated with different types of networks and/or different network carriers) with one another for carrying network traffic (such as a set of packets) across such associated links to improve network performance in relation for such packets. 
     Many of such technologies for improving network performance are used to increase network performance between two or more locations (for example Location A, Location B, Location N; hereinafter referred to collectively as “Locations”), where bonding/aggregation of links is provided at one or more of such locations. While the bonded/aggregated links provide significant network performance improvement over the connections available to carry network traffic for example from Location A to an access point to the backbone of a network (whether an Internet access point, or access point to another data network such as a private data network, an MPLS network, or high performance wireless network) (“network backbone”), the bonded/aggregated links are generally slower than the network backbone. 
     Prior art technologies including bonding/aggregation generally result in what is often referred to as “long haul” bonding/aggregation, which means that the bonded/aggregated links are maintained for example from Location A and Location B, including across the network backbone, which in many cases results in network impedance. As a result, while bonding/aggregation provides improved network performance for example from Location A to the network backbone, network performance across the entire network path for example from Location A to Location B, may be less than optimal because the technology in this case does not take full advantage of the network performance of the network backbone. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an aspect, embodiments described herein may provide a network system for improving network communication performance between at least a first client site and a second client site, wherein the first client site and the second client site are at a distance from one another that is such that would usually require long haul network communication. The system may include at least one client site network component implemented at least at the first client site, the client site network component bonding or aggregating one or more diverse network connections so as to configure a bonded/aggregated connection that has increased throughput. The system may include at least one network server component configured to connect to the client site network component using the bonded/aggregated connection, the network server component including at least one concentrator element implemented at a network access point to at least one network, the network server component automatically terminating the bonded/aggregated connection and passing data traffic to the network access point to the at least one network. The system may include a virtual control plane interface at the at least one network server component, the virtual control plane interface configured to establish a unicast path between the at least one network server component and each of a plurality of remote network server components connected to or within the at least one network, wherein a virtual network overlay is established between the at least one network server component and each of the plurality of remote network server components and each unicast path is used for data transmission over the corresponding virtual network overlay. The system may include a cloud network controller configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide a managed network overlay that incorporates at least one long haul network path carried over the at least one network, the at least one long haul network path including the virtual network overlay. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the system may include a virtual edge connection providing at least one of transparent lower-link encryption and lower-link encapsulation using a common access protocol for the bonded/aggregated connection between the client site network component and the network server component, the virtual edge connection being part of the virtual network overlay. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component may include a first concentrator element implemented at the network access point to the at least one network and a second concentrator element implemented at another network access point to at least one other network. The first concentrator element and the second concentrator element may be configured to interoperate to provide a virtual core connection between the network access point and the other network access point, the virtual core connection providing another bonded/aggregated connection as part of the virtual network overlay. The cloud network controller may be configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide the managed network overlay that incorporates the virtual core connection and the at least one long haul network path carried over the at least one network and the at least one other network. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the virtual core connection may provide at least one of the transparent lower-link encryption and the lower-link encapsulation using the common access protocol for the other bonded/aggregated connection. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component may have at least one other concentrator element, the at least one other concentrator element bonding or aggregating one or more other diverse network connections so as to configure another bonded/aggregated connection that has increased throughput, the other bonded/aggregated connection connecting the at least one concentrator element and the at least one other concentrator element. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the cloud network controller may be configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide the managed network overlay that incorporates the bonded/aggregated connection and the other bonded/aggregated connection. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the client site network component may be configured to separate lower-link data traffic and encapsulate data packets of the lower-link data traffic using the common access protocol for the bonded/aggregated connection. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the client site network component may be configured with a route to the at least one network server component to separate the lower-link traffic to prepare the data traffic for the bonded/aggregated connection or the managed network overlay. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the route is a static route, a dynamic route or a route from a separate or independent virtual routing forwarding table. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component is configured to connect with an intelligent packet distribution engine that manages data packets transmission over the at least one long haul network path by obtaining data traffic parameters and, based on the data traffic parameters and performance criteria, selectively applies one or more techniques to alter the traffic over the at least one long haul network path to conform to the data traffic parameters. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component is configured to provide Multi-Directional Pathway Selection (MDPS) for pre-emptive failover using echo packets received from the client site network component. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component is configured to provide an intelligent packet distribution engine (IPDE) for packet distribution with differing speed links using weighted packet distribution and for bi-directional (inbound and outbound) Quality of Service. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the first client site and the second client site are at a distance from one another such that data traffic transmission between the first client site and the second client site is subject to long haul effects. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, each of the least one network server components is accessible to a plurality of client site network components, each client site network component being associated with a client site location. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the system may have a network aggregation device that: (A) configures a plurality of dissimilar network connections or network connections provided by a plurality of diverse network carriers (“diverse network connections”) as one or more aggregated groups, at least one aggregated group creating the bonded/aggregated connection that is a logical connection of the plurality of diverse connections; and (B) routes and handles bi-directional transmissions over the aggregated network connection; wherein two or more of the diverse network connections have dissimilar network characteristics including variable path bidirectional transfer rates and latencies; wherein the logical connection is utilizable for a transfer of communication traffic bidirectionally on any of the diverse network connections without any configuration for the dissimilar network connections or by the diverse network carriers; and wherein the network aggregation engine includes or is linked to a network aggregation policy database that includes one or more network aggregation policies for configuring the aggregated groups within accepted tolerances so as to configure and maintain the aggregated network connection so that the logical connection has a total communication traffic throughput that is a sum of available communication traffic throughputs of the aggregated group of diverse network connections. 
     In another aspect, embodiments described herein may provide a client site network component implemented at least at least a first client site in network communication with a second client site, wherein the first client site and the second client site are at a distance from one another that is such that would usually require long haul network communication, the client site network component bonding or aggregating one or more diverse network connections so as to configure a bonded/aggregated connection that has increased throughput, the client site network component configured to connect to at least one network server component implemented at an access point to at least one wide area network, the network server component automatically terminating the bonded/aggregated connection and passing the data traffic to an access point to at least one wide area network, the client site network component configuring a virtual edge providing at least one of transparent lower-link encryption and lower-link encapsulation using a common access protocol for the bonded/aggregated connection, wherein the at least one network server component includes a virtual control plane interface, the virtual control plane interface configured to establish a unicast path between the at least one network server component and each of a plurality of remote network server components connected to or within the at least one wide area network, wherein a virtual network overlay is established between the at least one network server component and each of the plurality of remote network server components and each unicast path is used for data transmission over the corresponding virtual network overlay, the virtual network overlay including the virtual edge. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the client site network component may be configured to separate lower-link data traffic and use the common access lower-link protocol for encapsulation of data packets of the lower-link data traffic for the bonded/aggregated connection. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the client site network component may configure a route to the at least one network server component to separate the lower-link traffic to prepare the data traffic for the bonded/aggregated connection or the managed network overlay. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the route may be a static route, a dynamic route or a route from a separate or independent virtual routing forwarding table. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the client site network component may be configured to transmit echo packets to the network server component to provide Multi-Directional Pathway Selection for pre-emptive failover using the echo packets. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the client site network component may be further configured to provide IPDE for packet distribution with differing speed links using weighted packet distribution and for bi-directional (inbound and outbound) QoS. 
     In another aspect, there is provided a network server component configured to interoperate with a client site network component at a first client site to bond or aggregate one or more diverse network connections so as to configure a bonded/aggregated connection that has increased throughput, the network server component including at least one concentrator element implemented at a network access point to at least one network, the network server component automatically terminating the bonded/aggregated connection and passing data traffic to the network access point to the at least one network for data transmission to a second client site, the first client site and the second client site at a distance from one another that is such that would usually require long haul network communication, the network server component in communication with a cloud network controller configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide a managed network overlay that incorporates at least one long haul network path carried over the at least one network, wherein the network server component includes a virtual control plane interface, the virtual control plane interface configured to establish a unicast path between the network server component and each of a plurality of remote network server components connected to or within the at least one network, wherein a virtual network overlay is established between the network server component and each of the plurality of remote network server components and each unicast path is used for data transmission over the corresponding virtual network overlay, and wherein the at least one long haul network path including the virtual network overlay. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component may include a virtual edge connection providing at least one of transparent lower-link encryption and lower-link encapsulation using a common access protocol for the bonded/aggregated connection, the virtual network overlay including the virtual edge connection. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component may have a first concentrator element implemented at the network access point to the at least one network and a second concentrator element implemented at another network access point to at least one other network. The first concentrator element and the second concentrator element are configured to interoperate to provide a virtual core connection between the network access point and the other network access point, the virtual core connection providing another bonded/aggregated connection. The cloud network controller is configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide the managed network overlay that incorporates the virtual edge connection, the virtual core connection and the at least one long haul network path carried over the at least one network and the at least one other network. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component may be configured to use the common access lower-link protocol for encapsulation of data packets of the lower-link data traffic for the bonded/aggregated connection. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component may be configured to receive echo packets from the client site network component to provide Multi-Directional Pathway Selection (MDPS) for pre-emptive failover using the echo packets. 
     In accordance with some embodiments, the network server component may be configured to provide IPDE for packet distribution with differing speed links using weighted packet distribution and for bi-directional (inbound and outbound) QoS. 
     In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Examples of embodiments of the invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1   a    illustrates a prior art network configuration that includes a bonded/aggregated network connection.  FIG.  1   a    illustrates an example problem of long haul aggregation/bonding. 
         FIG.  1   b    also illustrates a prior art network configuration that includes central management of bonded/aggregated network connections, which also shows the problem of long-haul aggregation/bonding with multiple customer sites. 
         FIG.  1   c    illustrates a prior art MPLS network configuration with IPSEC embedded. 
         FIG.  2   a    shows a network solution in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, with bonding/aggregation implemented at both Site A and Site B, while minimizing long haul effects based on the technology of the present invention. 
         FIG.  2   b    shows another network solution in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, in which bonded/aggregated network service exists at Site A but not at Site B. 
         FIG.  2   c    shows a still other network solution in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, in which bonding/aggregation is implemented as between Site A, Site B, and Site C. 
         FIG.  2   d    shows a further implementation of the network architecture of an embodiment of the present invention, in which a plurality of servers/concentrators are implemented as part of a Point-of-Presence. 
         FIG.  2   e    shows a network solution with bonding/aggregation implemented at both Site A, Headquarter (HQ) A and Site C to connect to a network connecting to Headquarter (HQ) B, Headquarter (HQ) C, and Site B. 
         FIG.  2   f    shows a network solution with bonding/aggregation implemented at Site A, Site B, Site C, Site D, HQ A, HQ C and Site E to connect to a first MPLS network from a first provider connecting and a second MPLS network from a second provider. 
         FIG.  3    is a block diagram of a communication device incorporating a particular embodiment of the invention, demonstrating the device as an aggregation means on the client/CPE-CE side of a network connection. 
         FIG.  4    is a block diagram of a communication device incorporating a particular embodiment of the invention, demonstrating the device as an aggregation means on the server/concentrator side of a network connection and an MPLS data store. 
         FIG.  5    is a block diagram of a communication network incorporating a particular embodiment of the invention, demonstrating the device as an aggregation means on both the client/CPE-CE side and server/concentrator or CCPE side of a network connection. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow diagram of a method of providing redundancy and increased throughput through a plurality of network connections in an aggregated network connection. 
         FIG.  7   a    illustrates a prior art network architecture where long haul effects apply, and presents network performance based on download speed. 
         FIG.  7   b    illustrates, in similar network conditions as in  FIG.  7   a    but implementing the present invention in order to reduce long haul bonding/aggregation, improved network performance based on faster download speed. 
         FIG.  8   a    illustrates a network solution with aggregated/bonded connections with a virtual edge in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  8   b    illustrates another network solution with aggregated/bonded connections with a virtual edge in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG.  9   a    illustrates a network solution with aggregated/bonded connections with a virtual edge and two virtual core connections in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  9   b    illustrates a network solution with aggregated/bonded connections with a virtual edge and one virtual core connection in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  9   c    illustrates another network solution with aggregated/bonded connections with a virtual edge and a virtual core connection in accordance with another embodiment. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a Virtual Network with aggregated/bonded connections with Virtual Network Overlay and private backhaul options in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates an example of the Virtual Network Overlay framework is illustrated in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates another Virtual Network Overlay with aggregated/bonded connections and private backhaul options in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  13   a    illustrates a network solution where IPSEC encryption is used for Lower-Link transport, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  13   b    illustrates another network solution where IPSEC encryption is used for Lower-Link transport, in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  14    illustrates a network solution in a star topology in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  15    illustrates a network solution in a full mesh topology in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  16    illustrates a network solution with third party routers in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  17    illustrates a transparent encrypted transport of virtual core connections between PoPs for each customer and multiple CPE devices connecting on either side of the virtual core connections in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  18    illustrates BIRD and OSPF (or RIP) with multi-Fib support and filters for each FIB in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  19   a    illustrates exemplary relationship diagrams for cloud manager  140  and SCN Database and tables. 
         FIG.  19   b    illustrates additional relationship diagrams for cloud manager  140  and SCN Database and tables. 
         FIG.  20    illustrates a CPE node using a corporate Active Directory security, or Customer RADIUS database for assigning users in accordance with one embodiment. 
         FIG.  21   a    illustrates an exemplary block diagram for implementation of VLAN as GE interfaces. 
         FIG.  21   b    illustrates an exemplary block diagram for driver customization. 
         FIG.  22   a    illustrates an example point-to-point tunnel communication over unicast. 
         FIG.  22   b    illustrates an example point-to-multipoint tunnel communication over multicast. 
         FIG.  23    illustrates an example point-to-multipoint tunnel communication over unicast. 
         FIG.  24    illustrates an example software controlled networking including a SDN Controller and a Customer Premise Equipment. 
         FIG.  25    illustrates an example block diagram of Virtual Network Overlay with data plane and control plane. 
         FIGS.  26   a ,  26   b ,  26   c    illustrate example block diagrams of network topologies. 
         FIGS.  27   a ,  27   b ,  27   c    illustrate example block diagrams of components for a Virtual Network Overlay. 
         FIG.  28    illustrates an example point-to-multipoint tunnel communication over unicast. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments may provide network infrastructure with utilization of diverse carriers and diverse connections via high-quality link aggregation in combination with a secured and trusted virtual network overlay. The virtual network overlay may provide a managed and encrypted connection of virtual links to provide a virtual WAN, for example. 
     Wide Area Networks (“WAN”) 
     A Wide Area Network (“WAN”) is a network that covers a wide or broad geographic area that may span cities, regions, countries, or the world. The Internet may be viewed as a WAN, for example. A WAN may be used to transmit data over long distances and connect different networks, including Personal Area Networks (“PAN”), Local Area Networks (“LAN”), or other local or regional network. A WAN may connect physically disparate networks and different types of networks that may be local or remote. An Enterprise WAN may refer to a private WAN built for a specific enterprise often using leased or private lines or circuit-switching or packet-switching methods. 
     Multi-Protocol Label Switch (MPLS) 
     Multi-Protocol Label Switch (MPLS) is a technology framework developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force. MPLS can be a WAN virtualization using virtual routing and forwarding. The technology may be used to build carrier and enterprise networks, implemented with routers and switches. Notably, MPLS is protocol independent and can map IP addresses to MPLS labels. MPLS improves network performance by forwarding packets (e.g. IP packets) from one network node to the next based on short path labels, avoiding complex lookups in a routing table. MPLS utilizes the concept of labels to direct data traffic, as a label associated with a packet generally contains the information required to direct the packet within an MPLS network. Generally speaking, a packet can enter an MPLS network through an MPLS ingress router or a provider edge/point-of-entry (PE) router, which encapsulates the packet with the appropriate labels. As the packet is transmitted along the MPLS network paths, various nodes in the network forward the packet based on the content of the labels. Sometimes a label switch router (LSR) switches or swaps the label(s) on a packet as it forwards the packet to the next node. When the packet leaves the MPLS network, an MPLS egress router or a provider edge (PE) router removes the label(s) from the packet and sends it on its way to the final destination. Typically, provider edge (PE) routers or their equivalent network elements sit on the edge of an MPLS network and act as an interface between the customer-side network and the MPLS core network. PE routers, as described above, can add or remove label(s) to incoming and exiting packets or data traffic. A single PE router may be connected to one or more customer networks. Within the MPLS core network, label switch routers (LSRs) receive incoming packets and route or forward the packets in accordance with their respective label information. LSRs can also swap or add label(s) to each packet. 
     A customer who wishes to connect to an MPLS network may employ the use of customer edge (CE) routers or their equivalent network elements, which can be located on the customer premises. The CE routers can connect to one or more PE routers, which in turn connects to the MPLS core network. 
     MPLS can deliver a range of benefits to customers, including: convergence of voice and data networking, high performance for mission-critical and cloud applications, easy-to-manage or fully managed environments reducing operating cost, SLA based assurances, and so on. MPLS can be delivered with a variety of access technologies such as layer2, layer3, on the edge over the internet via IPSEC, and so on. In addition, MPLS itself is trending as a core networking technology with options to establish access edge points. 
     Routers may be any device including, without limitation, a router, switch, server, computer or any network equipment that provides routing or package forwarding capacity. Routers may or may not have routing tables. Routers may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both. Routers may also be implemented as a cloud service and remotely configurable. 
     IPVPN/IPSEC 
     To improve security and confidentiality of data communicated over an MPLS network, Internet Protocol Security (IPSEC), a protocol suite for securing IP communication, may be adapted in addition to an MPLS network. With IPSEC VPN, the MPLS network is considered secured and trusted. IPSEC gateways can be any network equipment such as computers, servers, routers, or special IPSEC devices. IPSEC VPN is typically provisioned using a CE router connected to a broadband internet circuit. Alternatively, IPSEC may be implemented at the PE routers or device. AN MPLS network with IPSEC features is also sometimes also referred to as an IPSEC VPN or IPVPN network. 
     For example, IPSEC VPN can access MPLS networks on the edge, which may be a low cost approach for branch connectivity. However, while typical IPSEC VPN can offer low price tag and reach, it lacks traffic prioritization/CoS capabilities and may be hindered by poor provider Service Level Agreement (SLA) and/or Mean Time to Repair (MTTR). IPSEC VPN for MPLS Edge has not been innovated. 
     Generally speaking, the MPLS market in North America is growing quickly, however, price of MPLS is suffering from commoditization of private networks and from customer demand for lower prices. Despite such constraints, purchasing MPLS network can be as much as 30% more expensive compared to getting typical broadband network. Many customers are seeking an IPVPN solution with a lower price tag and increased bandwidth. For example, many MPLS customers seek an IPVPN backup solution on top of their primary network. These customers may also desire alternative network providers, technologies and implementations (e.g. 4G, other broadband solutions). Today IPVPN is typically purchased for cost and reach. However, IPVPN has numerous drawbacks such as the lack of traffic prioritization and CoS capabilities. IPVPN can also be hindered by poor provider service-level agreement (SLA) and mean time to repair (MTTR) on a given service or provider. There is thus a need for an innovative network solution that provides better network performance and quality of service. 
     Link Aggregation with MPLS 
     For customers who want to have an end-to-end VPN or MPLS network, at least one issue with MPLS networks is that they do not typically extend to the actual customer or client sites as the PE or ingress routers defining the “edge” of the MPLS network core are typically situated at network providers&#39; premises. In order to maintain the high level of performance provided by an MPLS (with or without IPSEC) network, a solution is required to connect the client site to the MPLS network at the PE routers. To date, some form of link aggregation technology has been occasionally adapted to fill the gap between the MPLS PE routers and the actual client site(s). However, in the current state of the art, most link aggregation technologies cannot connect to dissimilar or diverse carriers or connections. 
     An MPLS network or Enterprise WAN is typically sold as a private product or service and thus cannot offer diverse carriers or network providers, but rather require physical local loop to the end customer using the same carrier or network provider. 
     In a market research, drivers for corporations to choose a network architecture solution may include:
         Demand for low-cost IP network services to converge business applications   Support for multiple access technologies   Cost competitiveness against MPLS and IPVPN   Support for traffic prioritization       

     Reasons for deploying a network architecture solution may include:
         Improved operational efficiency/lower OPEX   Improved service scalability (quick &amp; simplified service deployment)   Link major company sites/facilities   Consolidate converged applications (voice, data, Internet, video)   Focus on core business while provider manages the routing   Reduce IT/Telecom staff       

     Criteria for selecting WAN network architecture solution and services may include:
         Security   Price and pricing structure complexity   Service reliability/QoS   Adequate guaranteed bandwidth   Service availability at key sites (geographic reach)   Performance/SLA guarantees   Operation/OPEX costs   Interoperability with existing network and access services   Self-service portals and customer support/customer care   Flexibility/scalability (quick service provisioning/bandwidth changes)   CAPEX/equipment costs (including ability to leverage existing CPE)       

     Examples are described herein in relation to MPLS as an illustrative example transport mechanism where data packets are assigned labels. This is an example only and other transport mechanisms may be used with different labeling or encapsulation techniques. 
     The embodiments of the systems and methods described herein may be implemented in hardware or software, or a combination of both. These embodiments may be implemented in computer programs executing on programmable computers, each computer including at least one processor, a data storage system (including volatile memory or non-volatile memory or other data storage elements or a combination thereof), and at least one communication interface. For example, and without limitation, the various programmable computers may be a server, network appliance, set-top box, embedded device, computer expansion module, personal computer, laptop, personal data assistant, cellular telephone, smartphone device, UMPC tablets and wireless hypermedia device or any other computing device capable of being configured to carry out the methods described herein. 
     Program code is applied to input data to perform the functions described herein and to generate output information. The output information is applied to one or more output devices, in known fashion. In some embodiments, the communication interface may be a network communication interface. In embodiments in which elements of the invention are combined, the communication interface may be a software communication interface, such as those for inter-process communication (IPC). In still other embodiments, there may be a combination of communication interfaces implemented as hardware, software, and combination thereof. 
     Each program may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming or scripting language, or both, to communicate with a computer system. However, alternatively the programs may be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. The language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Each such computer program may be stored on a storage media or a device (e.g., ROM, magnetic disk, optical disc), readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer, for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein. Embodiments of the system may also be considered to be implemented as a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program, where the storage medium so configured causes a computer to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform the functions described herein. 
     Furthermore, the systems and methods of the described embodiments are capable of being distributed in a computer program product including a physical, non-transitory computer readable medium that bears computer usable instructions for one or more processors. The medium may be provided in various forms, including one or more diskettes, compact disks, tapes, chips, magnetic and electronic storage media, volatile memory, non-volatile memory and the like. Non-transitory computer-readable media may include all computer-readable media, with the exception being a transitory, propagating signal. The term non-transitory is not intended to exclude computer readable media such as primary memory, volatile memory, RAM and so on, where the data stored thereon may only be temporarily stored. The computer useable instructions may also be in various forms, including compiled and non-compiled code. 
     As used herein, and unless the context dictates otherwise, the term “coupled to” is intended to include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements). Therefore, the terms “coupled to” and “coupled with” are used synonymously. 
     MPLS Edge 
     Some embodiments may involve an MPLS network as an example network. MPLS Edge is an improved alternative to IPSEC VPN on the MPLS network. In one aspect, Autonomous Network Aggregation (ANA) or a network bonding/aggregation technology can be used as part of a hybrid solution to extend an MPLS network, allowing partners to use lower-cost broadband connectivity while maintaining the quality and reliability of an MPLS service. In another aspect, MPLS Edge virtualizes MPLS over network bonding/aggregation on the edge of carrier infrastructures, delivering MPLS labels to the customer premises equipment or device coupled with network bonding/aggregation. For example, cloud concentrators in ANA or a link aggregation system may act as an MPLS PE (Provider Edge) router on the edge of the network. 
     Most existing prior art link aggregation technologies cannot connect to dissimilar or diverse network carriers or connections. In addition, MPLS network is typically sold as a private product or service and thus cannot offer diverse carriers or network providers, but rather require physical local loop to the end customer using the same carrier or network provider. Using the network bonding/aggregation technology with MPLS network as described herein allows for the utilization of diverse carriers and diverse connections via high-quality link aggregation in combination with a secured and trusted MPLS network. 
     MPLS Edge technology can extend an MPLS network to the customer&#39;s LAN as a private service offering that can deliver consolidated WAN, Vol P, and Internet access. 
     In one aspect of embodiments described herein, a system and network architecture is provided for aggregating multiple network access connections from similar or diverse carriers to create a new aggregated connection that accommodates greater speed and high availability characteristics, and that connects to an MPLS network via customer premises equipment (CPE-CE) or cloud concentrator/provider equipment (COPE). 
     In another aspect of embodiments described herein, a network solution is provided for improving network communication performance between at least two sites, where the two sites are at a distance from one another that is such that would usually require long haul network communication. The network solutions includes at least one network bonding/aggregation system that includes (A) at least one first network component that is implemented at a first service site, the first network component being configured to bond or aggregate one or more diverse network connections so as to configure a bonded/aggregated connection that has increased throughput; and (B) a second network component, configured to interoperate with the first network component, the second network component including a server/concentrator (also referred to as network server component) that is implemented at an access or point-of-entry point to a multiple protocol label switching network. Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is a network mechanism that directs data between network using path labels rather than network addresses, avoiding complex routing table lookups. The labels identify virtual links or paths between nodes rather than endpoints. MPLS can encapsulate packets of various network protocols and supports a range of access technologies. As will be described herein, embodiments described herein may provide a virtual edge provide encryption over the bonded/aggregated network connection. 
     In one aspect, the first network component may be implemented using what is called in this disclosure a “CPE-CE” or customer premises equipment (also referred to as customer edge (CE) router or client site network component). The CPE-CE and a server/concentrator (also known as a Cloud Concentrator Provider Equipment CCPE) component (more fully described below) interoperate to configure the bonded/aggregated connections in order to provide improved network connections at a site associated with the CPE-CE. The CPE-CE may involve a third party router that may be particularly configured in accordance with embodiments to provide the bonded/aggregated network connection. This configuration may involve separating lower-link data traffic on third party routers by removing default routing information and adding routes on each respective lower-link for the corresponding concentrator lower-link IP address. This configuration may further involve using a common access protocol for encapsulation of lower-link data packets. Further configuration details are described herein. The CPE-CE may be implemented using a virtual edge, as will be described herein. 
     In one aspect of the embodiments described herein, the server/concentrator is implemented at an access or point-of-entry point to an MPLS network or other network, with access to the network backbone provided by an MPLS networking solution so as to provide a high-quality, end-to-end, secured network connection. The server/concentrator may provide a bridge between the bonded/aggregated network and the broadband network portion to deliver MPLS to the CPE. The server/concentrator may be configured to operate as a provider edge or point-of-entry (PE) router on the MPLS network. As will be described below, MPLS is protocol independent and supports a bonded/aggregated network supported protocol. This is an example protocol described for illustrative purpose. 
     The server/concentrator may also support lower-link encapsulation to be compatible with CPE-CE routers that are configured to provide separation and encapsulation of lower-link data traffic. 
     In addition, the server/concentrator may be implemented as a cloud service, a cluster service or simply a cluster hosted in cloud, or a router server configured based on certain configurations. It may also be referred to as a cluster or a cloud concentrator throughout this application. The clusters or cloud concentrators may serve multiple CPE-CEs. A client site may have multiple CPE-CEs and a cluster can serve multiple client sites. The clusters or cloud concentrators may also communicate with one another on a basis of multiple points-of-presence (“Multi-POP”), as will be described below. 
     In another embodiment, the server/concentrator (or network server component) may be remotely or closely coupled with one or more CPE-CEs, and comprise of software, or entirely of hardware, or include both software and hardware components. The server/concentrator may be implemented to one or more server computers, or may be implemented as an interconnected network of computer residing at the same or different physical locations, and connected to one or more CPE-CEs and the core network (e.g. MPLS or other protocol) through one or more trusted network connections. The server/concentrator can interoperate with CPE-CEs and/or the other components in the network architecture in order to deliver the functionalities described herein. 
     Network architectures that involve long-haul bonded/aggregated network communication result in less than optimal performance, thereby minimizing the advantages of the bonding/aggregation technology. In other words, while the bonding/aggregation technology may improve service to Site A associated with for example a CPE (or equivalent to customer premises equipment), based on bonding/aggregation between the CPE and an associated server/concentrator (or equivalent such as a cloud concentrator), overall performance may be less than desired and in fact may be less than what would be available without bonding/aggregation because of the long haul effects of carrying the bonded/aggregated from Site A, to at least Site B. These long haul effects will present wherever Site A and at least Site B are at a substantial distance from one another. The Example in Operation described below illustrates the decrease in performance that results from the long haul effects. In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, the CCPE may be implemented with virtualization software such as vmWare, vSphere5, Citrix Xen, and so on. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  1   a   , which illustrates the problem of long haul aggregation/bonding generally. In a bonded/aggregated network communication shown in  FIG.  1   a   , packets are carried over the Internet through an extension of the bonded/aggregated connection across the Internet ( 102 ), rather than a high performing Internet core network such as an MPLS core network. The bonded/aggregated connection, across a distance that is subject to long haul effects, will not perform as well as the Internet, thereby providing less than ideal performance. 
     Another problem with some bonding/aggregation solutions is that they generally require control or management by a central server. Depending on the location of the central server, this can result in multiplying the long haul effects because traffic between Site A and Site B may need to also be transferred to a Site C that is associated with the central server. This aspect of the prior art technology is illustrated for example in  FIG.  1   b   . Central server ( 104 ) manages network communications, and routes network communications between Site A and Site C. To the extent that the distance between central servers ( 104 ) is substantial from either of Site A or Site C, long haul effects will present. If central server ( 104 ) is at a substantial distance from each of Site A and Site C, then there will be a multiplying of the long haul effects, as network traffic will pass from Site A to the central server ( 104 ) to Site C, and from Site C to the central server ( 104 ) to Site A. 
     As illustrated in the Example in Operation described below, long haul effects have a negative impact on speed (slowing traffic) and also on latency. Conversely, embodiments of the present invention may provide significant improvements in regards to both speed and latency. 
     Embodiments of the present invention provide a network solution, including a network system and architecture and associated networking method that addresses the aforesaid long haul effects that have a negative effect on performance. 
       FIG.  1   c    illustrates a prior art MPLS network configuration with IPSEC embedded therein. In the prior art MPLS network shown in  FIG.  1   c   , packets are carried over the Internet through a single connection such as DSL or cable, from Branch Customers A or B (e.g. Sites A or B) to one PE router of MPLS. An IPSEC tunnel may be implemented between the Branch Customers A or B to the MPLS PE router, and terminated immediately before or at the PE router. The PE router therefore fulfills two tasks: IPSEC remote access termination and providing an MPLS PE router. IPSEC in this prior art configuration serves mainly as a secure access method into the MPLS network. The protection of IPSEC secures the data on transport over any untrusted infrastructure, such as public WIFI hot spots or DSL Internet. 
     As can be seen from  FIG.  1   c   , the network path from Branch Customer A or B to IPSEC Termination may be over a sole connection that can be, for example, a cable or a DSL connection. If the cable connection from Branch Customer A fails for any reason, then that customer would not be able to connect to the MPLS network as there is no alternative Internet connection available. In contrast, embodiments of the present invention provide significant improvements in regards to a number of additional features such as bi-directional communication, failover protection and diversity of carriers. 
     Though not illustrated here, it is understood that IPSEC tunnel may also be implemented from one PE router to another PE router over the MPLS network core or from Branch Customer A to HQ Customer B (CPE-CE to CPE-CE). Regardless of the particular configuration of IPSEC over MPLS, MPLS networks with embedded IPSEC are very costly to set up, difficult to maintain and reconfigure, and generally leave much to be desired in terms of carrier diversity, failover protection, aggregated bandwidth, bi-directional communication, quality of service (QoS), prevention of dropped calls, application acceleration, and scoring of quality of experience (QoE), to name a few. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   a   , in one aspect of embodiments described herein, the server/concentrator (or otherwise known as cloud concentrator) side of a bonding/aggregation network solution for Site A ( 120   a ) is implemented such that (A) the location of the cloud concentrator ( 110   a ) is implemented with access to the network core of MPLS ( 112 ), and (B) the cloud concentrator ( 110   a ) includes functionality for (i) receiving packets by means of the bonded/aggregated connection ( 116   a ), (ii) interrupting the bonded/aggregated connection ( 116   a ) using an interrupter ( 118 ), and (iii) directing the packets ( 114 ) to the MPLS ( 112 ) for delivery to a Site B ( 120   b ). In the case of (iii) directing the packets ( 114 ) to the MPLS ( 112 ), the cloud concentrator ( 110   a ) is also acting as the PE router of MPLS ( 112 ). The cloud concentrator (or the server/concentrator) ( 110   a ) thus is also known as the cloud concentrator provider edge or the cloud concentrator point-of-entry (CCPE) of the MPLS. If Site B also has bonded/aggregated network service, then the packets are delivered to a Site B side cloud concentrator or CCPE ( 110   b ). The CCPE ( 110   b ) can then establish a further bonded/aggregated connection ( 116   b ) and directs the packets ( 114 ) via the bonded/aggregated connection ( 116   b ) to a CPE-CE (B) ( 124   b ) at Site B. 
     In some embodiment, the MPLS network  112  may also be Wide Area Network WAN  112 . 
       FIG.  2   b    illustrates a configuration where bonded/aggregated network service exists at Site A but not at Site B. 
     More than two sites are possible, where the network system of an embodiment improves network performance for network communications between for example Site A, Site B, and Site C where one or more sites will include bonded/aggregated service. In one implementation, as shown in  FIG.  2   c   , bonded/aggregated service is present for each of Site A, Site B and Site C.  FIG.  2   c    illustrates one possible implementation, where the network system is based on a distributed network architecture where CCPEs ( 110   a ) ( 110   b ) ( 110   c ) and corresponding CPE-CEs ( 124   a ) ( 124   b ) ( 124   c ) are configured to provide improved network communications, including interruption of network communications at the network backbone so as to reduce long haul effects, dynamically and on a peer to peer basis without the need for a persistent central manager. In one implementation, each of the network components of the network system included functionality to operate on a peer-to-peer basis. 
     A CPE-CE ( 124 ) initiates network communications on a bonded/aggregated basis, cooperating with a CCPE ( 110 ), with packets destined for a remote location. Each CCPE ( 110 ) receives dynamic updates including a location and identifier associated with other CCPE ( 110 ). Packets are dynamically sent to a CCPE ( 110 ) at the remote location, if available, and from the CCPE ( 110 ) at the remote location to its CPE-CE ( 124 ). The CPE-CEs ( 124 ) and their CCPEs ( 110 ) use bi-directional control of network communications to establish a network overlay to provide improved network performance. The network overlay for example provides desirable quality of service despite underlying network conditions that may otherwise result in a decrease in network performance. 
     In accordance with embodiments described herein, the network system establishes and manages two or more network overlays. Referring for example to  FIG.  2   a    a first network overlay ( 126 ) is established between the CPE-CE(A) ( 124   a ) and CCPE ( 110   a ); then, communications are transferred over the MPLS ( 112 ) without a network overlay; then, a second network overlay ( 129 ) is established between CCPE ( 110   b ) and CPE-CE(B) ( 124   b ). As a result, IP transport is provided between Site A and Site B where this will provide better performance than the aggregated/bonded network connections. Bonding/aggregation in effect is distributed across the locations, rather than attempting to span the distance between the locations with end to end bonding/aggregation. 
     Embodiments therefore provide distributed bonding/aggregation. Embodiments also provide a network system that automatically provides distributed bonding/aggregation in a way that bonding/aggregation is proximal, and beyond proximal connections IP transport is used, with proximal bonded/aggregated connections and fast Internet being used as part of end-to-end improved service. 
     In addition, system elements enabling the monitoring and maintenance of Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Services (QoS) may be optionally included in the CCPE and/or CPE-CE configuration. As will described herein, an intelligent packet distribution engine may be supported to implement QoE and QoS functionality. In another example, the QoE and QoS elements may be implemented as part of the underlying link aggregation technology. 
     Embodiments may offer advantages over the prior art technologies, including, for example: 
     1. Suited for voice and data transmission:
         SLA Supported with Quality of Experience (QoE)   Bi-Directional QoS   OTT QoS Maintains CoS   No Dropped Calls on Link Failover       

     2. Carrier diversity, including network aggregation and failover protection 
     3. Failover: no disconnections on failover scenarios 
     4. Aggregated bandwidth: more reach options and scale 
     5. Bi-directional communication 
     6. Network quality of service (QoS) 
     7. Application acceleration 
     8. Quality of Experience 
     These are illustrative non-limiting examples. Combining diverse networks (MPLS, WAN) with the link aggregation/bonding technology in accordance with exemplary embodiments may satisfy end customer needs on the network, including, for example:
         Use of multiple low cost broadband circuits (for greater uptime and resiliency).   Support of prioritization and CoS for priority traffic.   Hybrid MPLS or backup network strategy without having to abandon MPLS features.   The cloud concentrator would bridge the MPLS portion of a customer&#39;s network to the broadband portion using network aggregation delivering MPLS to the CPE device (MPLS added to link aggregation technology as a supported Protocol).       

     In another aspect of embodiments, and as shown in  FIG.  2   d   , one or more CCPEs can be implemented at a given physical location, as part of a Point-of Presence (PoP) ( 130 ). In one aspect, a PoP ( 130 ) can define a relatively high concentration of servers, concentrators, and/or CCPEs within an area. In another aspect, a plurality of PoPs ( 130 ) may be available in a given geographic location. A plurality of PoPs ( 130 ) may be established based on network topology or service requirements in a given area. 
     In one aspect, each PoP ( 130 ) may have one or more network backbone connections ( 132 ), because in some locations different network backbones, such as a wireless Internet, a private data network, or the MPLS network, may be available. The PoP ( 130 ) may be implemented so that it dynamically interoperates with surrounding networks. The PoP ( 130 ) is a collection of network components, established at the periphery of the network backbone ( 112 ), associated with a plurality of networks, and cumulatively providing network communication service to one or more clients in a defined geographic area. In one possible implementation, the server/concentrators or CCPEs ( 110 ) located within the PoP ( 130 ) functions as a network access server for connecting to the Internet or the MPLS ( 112 ). The network access server ( 110 ) acts as the access point to the Internet ( 112 ) for a plurality of CPE devices ( 124 ) that are connected to the PoP ( 130 ). The servers/concentrators or CCPEs ( 110 ) may be configured to communicate with one another to share information regarding network conditions. Servers/concentrators and CCPEs ( 110 ) provide connectivity to CPEs and CPE-CEs ( 124 ) and may also run a networking protocol such as BGP to route servers and other network backbone connections ( 112 ). 
     In one aspect, servers/concentrators and CCPEs ( 110 ) are configured to detect changes in their network environment. 
     The CPE-CE ( 124 ) may be configured to collect information from network components in its vicinity including from one or more available PoPs ( 130 ) and their CCPEs ( 110 ). The CPE-CE ( 124 ) for example connects to a closest available CCPE ( 124 ), implemented as part of a PoP ( 130 ), and thereby having access to a connection to the MPLS network core ( 112 ). Whether the connection to the network core ( 112 ) is direct or indirect, the network connections are established so as to minimize long haul effects. 
     In one implementation, each CPE-CE ( 124 ) establishes a connection by dynamically advertising its IP address, and receiving replies from associated COPE ( 110 ) along with their current network performance information. The CPE-CE ( 124 ) initiates a bonded/aggregated connection with a COPE ( 110 ) that is proximal (to minimize long haul effects between the CPE-CE ( 124 ) to the MPLS network core ( 112 )), and also performing well based on network conditions relevant to the particular COPE. 
     In one implementation, a network device is deployed that bonds or aggregates multiple, diverse links. The network device may be WAN aggregator or a link aggregator. 
     Once the network overlay is established, various other network optimization and quality of services (“QoS”) techniques may be applied. 
     One or more CPE-CEs and one or more CCPEs can create various different network configurations that may improve network performance in relation to network communications there between. In one embodiment of the invention, the CPE-CEs and CCPEs are designed to be self-configuring and self-healing, and to interoperate with one another to manage traffic in a more effective way. 
     “Proximal” means a distance such that based on relevant network conditions; long haul network communication and associated effects are avoided. The distance between the CPE-CE and the COPE may be proximal. 
     In order to take advantage of the network architecture of embodiments described, the COPE ( 110 ) can be located at an access point to the MPLS network core ( 112 ) or in some other way to minimize the long haul effect, for example, by the COPE being located proximal to an access point so as to further avoid long haul network communication. 
     In another aspect of embodiments described herein, the bonded/aggregated connection at Site A and the bonded/aggregated connection at Site B may be different. In particular, each may include different types of network connections and that may be associated with different carriers. In one aspect of embodiments described herein, the network overlay provided operates notwithstanding such diversity. 
     Typically, the more sites that have the CPE-CEs/CCPEs associated with them the better network performance between them. Representative performance details are included herein. 
     The network backbone ( 112 ) could be any high performance network including for example a private WAN, the Internet, or an MPLS network. 
     Network Overlay 
     In one aspect of the embodiments described herein, one or more network overlays are established, thereby in one aspect providing a multi-POP network that exploits multiple points of presence so as to provide a persistent, configurable/reconfigurable network configuration that provides substantial network performance improvements over prior art methods. In one aspect of embodiments described herein, the CPE-CEs/CCPEs may monitor network performance, including in the areas proximate to their position, and may reconfigure the network overlay dynamically, across multiple locations (including multiple PoPs) based on changes in MPLS network performance while providing continuity of service. The network overlay may be made up of multiple virtual connections, such as virtual edge and virtual core connections, as described herein. 
     In one aspect, the network components of embodiments described herein are intelligent, and iteratively collect network performance information. Significantly, in one aspect each CPE-CE is able to direct associated concentrator(s)/CCPE and any CPE-CE to in aggregate re-configure the network overlay. 
     Significantly, in the network overlay created by the embodiments described herein management of the network may be centralized or decentralized, depending on the configuration that provides the best overall performance. This is in contrast to prior art solutions that generally require central management for example of termination of connection which results in traffic being carrier over bonded/aggregated connection that involve long haul transmission that fail to take advantage of network paths that may provide inherently better performance than the bonded/aggregated connection paths. 
     In one aspect, decentralized managed is made possible by peer-to-peer functionality implemented to the network components of the embodiments described herein. 
     In another aspect, a plurality of CCPEs may be established in multiple locations covering a plurality of different access points. Each CCPE may be used for multiple clients associated with different CPE-CEs to improve network performance for such multiple clients by providing termination of their bonded/aggregated connection, routing of communications, and encapsulation of packets to the MPLS network core. The network solution therefore may include multiple Points-of-Presence, distributed geographically including for example in areas requiring network service, and through the network architecture bridging geographically disparate areas with improved network communication. 
     Additional Implementation Detail 
     As previously stated, the present invention may be implemented in connection with any technology for bonding or aggregating links, and thereby reduce long haul effects. The present invention may also be implemented with any kind of MPLS network, thereby providing a high-performance, secure, end-to-end network connection between various client or customer sites. 
     In one aspect of embodiments described herein, the system, method and network architecture may be implemented such that the aggregated/bonded network connections described are implemented using the link aggregation technology described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,155,158. In another aspect of embodiments described herein, the system, method and network architecture may be implemented using one or more Points-of-Presences as described in patent application Ser. No. 13/958,009. What follows is additional detail regarding link aggregation/bonding in combination with an MPLS network, emphasizing the creation and management of the bonded/aggregated connections between them, and the encapsulation at CCPEs, which in the network configuration of the present invention may form a part of the overall network overlay that incorporates the one or more portions that are carried over the network backbone. 
     Diverse network connections may be aggregated into virtual (logical) connections that provide higher throughput as well as independence of the network characteristics of the constituent (physical) network. Aggregation may be performed at a given CPE-CE. 
     For instance, in one example implementation, a Metro Ethernet 10 Mbps (E10) link and a T1 (DS1) link are aggregated in accordance with embodiments described herein, in order to provide higher fault tolerance and improved access speeds. The aggregation of diverse carriers may extend to any broadband network connection including Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) communications links, Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), Integrated Services Digital Network, Multi-protocol Label Switching, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Ethernet, etc. The network connections may also include a WAN. 
     According to one aspect of embodiments described herein, an apparatus is provided for managing transfer of communication traffic over diverse network connections aggregated into a single autonomous connection, independent of the various underlying network connections. The apparatus may include a network aggregation device and an aggregation engine. The network aggregation device may be adapted to configure a plurality of network connections, and transfer communication traffic between a further network connection and the plurality of network connections, as an aggregated group for providing a transfer rate on the further communication link, and to allocate to the aggregate group a rate of transfer equal to the total available transfer rate of the underlying networks. The aggregation engine may be adapted to manage the distribution of communication traffic received both to and from a plurality of network connections, establishing newly formed aggregated network connections. The aggregation engine may be implemented in software for execution by a processor, or in hardware. 
     In accordance with this aspect of embodiments described herein, a plurality of diverse network connections may be aggregated to create an aggregated network connection. The diversity of the network connections may be a result of diversity in provider networks due to the usage of different equipment vendors, network architectures/topologies, internal routing protocols, transmission media and even routing policies. These diversities may lead to different network connections with different latencies and/or jitter on the network connection. Also, variation within transmission paths in a single provider network may lead to latency and/or jitter variations within a network connection. 
     Latency and jitter typically affect all data communication across the network connection. Latency is the round-trip time for a transmission occurring end-to-end on a network connection. Jitter is the variance in latency on a network connection for the same data flow. High latency and jitter typically have a direct and significant impact on application performance and bandwidth. Applications such as VOIP, and video delivery are typically highly sensitive to jitter and latency increases and can degrade as they increase. 
     Transparent aggregation of a plurality of network connections in an aggregated network connection requires the management of data transmitted over the aggregated connection by the aggregation engine and received from the aggregation traffic termination engine. In one aspect, transparent aggregation does not require any configuration by a network provider. The aggregation engine and the aggregation traffic termination engine may manage data transmission such that the variable path speeds and latencies on the plurality of network connections do not affect the application data transmitted over the aggregated network connection. The network aggregation engine and the aggregation traffic termination engine may handle sequencing and segmentation of the data transmitted through the aggregated connection to transparently deliver application data through the aggregated connection with minimal possible delay while ensuring the ordered delivery of application data. 
     In one aspect of embodiments described herein, the network aggregation engine provides a newly aggregated network connection with a capacity equal to the sum of the configured maximum throughput of the network connections. 
     The aggregation engine and an aggregation traffic termination engine (further explained below) handle the segmentation of packets as required in confirmation with architectural specifications such as Maximum Segment Size (MSS) and Maximum Transmission Unit of the underlying network connections. The network aggregation device is operable to handle assignment of sequence identifiers to packets transmitted through the aggregated network connection for the purpose of maintaining the ordering of transmitted data units over the aggregated network connection. 
     In a further aspect of embodiments described herein, the network connection device includes or is linked to a connection termination device, and a plurality of fixed or hot swappable transceivers for transmitting communication traffic on respective sets of network connections, for the purpose of configuring a plurality of network connections as an aggregated connection or the management of multiple aggregated network connections and providing access to the aggregated network connection for any network communications traversing the device. 
     In the present disclosure, routing protocols or route selection mechanisms described are intended only to provide an example but not to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. 
       FIG.  2   e    shows an exemplary embodiment of a network solution with bonding/aggregation implemented at both Site A, Headquarter (HQ) A and Site C to connect to an MPLS network connecting to Headquarter (HQ) B, Headquarter (HQ) C, and Site B. 
     As shown in  FIG.  2   e   , a number of customer sites ( 120   a ,  120   b ,  120   c ,  120   d ,  120   e , and  120   f ) are connected to each other via a core network  112 , which may provide a secured VPN network solution to multiple users. As an illustrative example, the core network  112  may be an MPLS network. The network backbone is typically provided by one carrier but multiple networks provided by multiple carriers may also be connected via multiple Points-of-Presence (POPs) to form a super network. As can be seen from the exemplary embodiment, each of Site A  120   a  and Site C  120   c  has a CPE-CE ( 124   a  and  124   c , respectively), which is then connected to a CCPE  110   a  with some form of link aggregation/bonding technology as described elsewhere in this disclosure. The CCPE  110   a  can be also connected to other CCPEs (not shown) within a Point-of-Presence  130   a  located closest to Site A  120   a  and Site C  120   c . As mentioned earlier in this disclosure, CCPE  110  also acts as a PE router to a core network  112  in that it takes incoming or inbound traffic or packets, examines each packet and then encapsulates the packet with an appropriate label (e.g. MPLS label) based on a variety of factors. As MPLS can be layer 2 independent, it can work with any layer 2 protocol including but not limited to ATM, frame relay, Ethernet MAC layer, or PPP. Depending on the content of the incoming (un-labeled) packet, CCPE is operable to inspect/examine the destination IP address and other information in the packet header, insert a label into the packet and forward the labeled packet to the output port. Once the labeled packet exits CCPE  110  and enters the MPLS network core  112 , another router commonly known as a Label Switch Router (LSR), receives the labeled packet. It examines the label and performs a table loop-up at the forwarding table to find the new label and the output port. The LSR then swaps the old label with the new label and routes the newly labeled packet to the next output port. Other LSRs within the MPLS network will perform the same tasks. Eventually the labeled packet will reach another provider edge router. The provider edge router can then examine the label and perform a table look-up at the forwarding table to find that the packet is to be sent to, for example, CCPE  110   c  connected to HQ C  120   e  and Site B  120   f . It then removes the label and sends an unlabeled packet to CCPE  110   c . CCPE  110   c  will receive the unlabeled packet and examine the IP header information to determine the final destination e.g. HQ C  120   e , Site B  120   f , or another destination, such as, e.g., HQ A  120   b.    
     In another exemplary embodiment, COPE can also act as the provider edge router for data packets exiting (e.g. “outbound data packets”) the MPLS network core  112 . For example, labeled packets traveling through the MPLS network core  112  can be routed to and reach a CCPE on the edge of the MPLS network. The COPE can then examine the label of the outbound data packet and perform a table look-up at the forwarding table to determine that the packet is to be sent to a CPE-CE (“destination CPE-CE”) connected to the CCPE. The CCPE can further remove the label from the outbound data packet and send it to the destination CPE-CE over ANA link aggregation connections. In some instances the CCPE may determine that the destination CPE-CE may be associated or connected with another COPE over a POP  130  or the MPLS network core  112 , in which case the CCPE may re-encapsulate the data packet if necessary and send it back to the POP and/or MPLS network for further transmission to its final destination. As will be described below, each COPE may comprise a Network Aggregation Device  23  including a Network Aggregation Engine  11  and an MPLS Data Store  40 . 
     In one aspect of embodiments described herein, encapsulation of data packets by a CCPE  110  can be done as an on-stack protocol implementation by a network aggregation engine  11  (further described below) based on information supplied by an MPLS data store  40  within or connected to the COPE  110 . This way, network data can be transparently sent and received over link aggregation/bonding network  116  by CCPE and CPE-CE. Optionally, the CPE-CE can also implement full MPLS network data encapsulation capabilities. 
     It is shown that some CCPEs may not be associated with a POP, such as COPE  110   c  or  110   b . Whether a CCPE is part of a POP may change over time, as CCPE dynamically receives and analyzes real-time data regarding various network characteristics. For example, CCPE  110   b  may receive information indicating that a commonly used network path has failed due to power outage, it then may decide to seek alternative connection to the MPLS core via the closest POP  130   d . Cloud provisioning services  140  may also configure/reconfigure the CCPEs in real time based on a plurality of network characteristics. 
     It is further shown that some sites such as HQ B  120   d , HQ C  120   e , and Site B  120   f  do not have link aggregation/bonding technologies. That is, an MPLS network as described herein and its associated CCPEs may take both link aggregation/bonding connections or typical broadband connections without said link aggregation technology. Depending on what connection it is, a CCPE may adjust accordingly and encapsulates the incoming packets with appropriate labels before forwarding the packets to the MPLS network core  112 . A CCPE may also de-label data packets before forwarding the packets to the final destination CPE-CEs for outbound data packets exiting the MPLS network core  112 . For greater clarity, a CCPE may act as a provider edge router and provide, in a simultaneous manner, encapsulation and de-labeling functionalities for inbound and outbound data packets respectively. 
     As an overarching cloud service, some form of cloud provisioning (or zero touch provisioning ZTP)  140  may also be provided to dynamically configure and reconfigure some or all of the CCPEs and all the CPE-CEs. 
     Benefits of the exemplary embodiments described in this disclosure include: i) the proprietary link aggregation/bonding technology described herein can utilize any kind of network connection, private or public, layer 2 or layer 3; and ii) the CPE-CEs and CCPEs can encapsulate the data packets for transparent interconnectivity across diverse carriers, with the lower-links aggregated. In other words, even though an MPLS network is typically sold as a private offering utilizing diverse physical local loops to the end customer using the same carrier, embodiments described herein can encapsulate over any carrier using any local physical loop, some times without the need to participate at layer 1 network. 
     The architecture of embodiments can be understood as a centralized architecture for aggregating network connections, broadband or otherwise. Diverse network connections are aggregated into a virtual (logical) connection that provides higher throughput as well as independence of the network characteristics of the constituent (physical) network. The virtual connection can then be connected to an MPLS network in manners as described herein. 
     Aggregation may be performed to a given CPE-CE terminal. 
     For instance, in one example of the implementation of the present invention a Metro Ethernet 10 Mbps (E10) link and a T1 (DS1) link can be aggregated in accordance with the invention as described below, in order to provide higher fault tolerance and improved access speeds. The aggregation of diverse carriers in accordance with the present invention extends to any broadband network connection including Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) communications links, Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), Integrated Services Digital Network, Multi-protocol Label Switching, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Ethernet, etc. 
     The links to be aggregated can be any private or public Internet services such as cable, ADSL, T1, Fibre, xOE (over Ethernet types), wireless, as well as other MPLS connections so long as the network path reaches a CCPE for lower-link processing from a CPE-CE terminal. 
     Furthermore, the various network configurations shown in  FIGS.  2   a  to  2   f    allow the use of low cost Internet links on the client side and where appropriate, between a first MPLS network and a second MPLS network, in order to provide connectivity on the client side and manage connectivity to the one or more MPLS network(s). In effect, this network architecture allows one or more MPLS networks to be brought to normal broadband users. Security is provided through the link aggregation/bonding technologies described elsewhere in this disclosure. The various network configurations can further allow various intelligent network performance features to be deployed. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  2   f   , which shows a network solution with bonding/aggregation implemented at Site A, Site B, Site C, Site D, HQ A, HQ C and Site E to connect to a first MPLS network from a first provider connecting and a second MPLS network from a second provider. 
     As can be seen from  FIG.  2   f   , with the unique advantages of multiple POPs, a plurality of MPLS networks from different MPLS providers can be connected to provide a secure, fast network between different end users. A first MPLS network  152   a  provided by a first MPLS provider is connected to HQ A  120   f , HQ D  120   g , and Site E  120   e . HQ A  120   f  and Site E  120   e  each has link aggregation ( 116   f  and  116   e ) facilitated by CCPEs  124   f  and  124   e , respectively. Similarly, a second MPLS network  152   b  provided by a second MPLS provider is connected to Site D, HQ B and HQ C. Each of the MPLS networks  152   a  and  160   b  can act as part of a POP in the overall network architecture  300 . Even though only two MPLS networks are illustrated here, there can be a plurality of MPLS networks not limited to two or any particular total of networks. This way, one can extend an MPLS network to use other MPLS or non-MPLS connections to reach the end customer, whether using static or dynamic IP addressing, and without the participation of carriers. 
     Specifically, a CCPE  110   a  can be connected to more than one CPE-CE devices  124   a ,  124   b  and  124   c , supporting a multi-tenant service for multiple customers. That is, a CCPE  110   a  can treat each CPE-CE  124   a ,  124   b  or  124   c  connected to the CCPE independently, with link aggregation  116   a ,  116   b  and  116   c  between each CPE-CE and CCPE. 
     In another example (not explicitly illustrated), a CCPE can facilitate many CPE-CE&#39;s to one CCPE implementation, supporting a multi-tenant service for multiple customers on their own MPLS network. This can be serviced by a single CCPE treating each CPE-CE independently on a tenant instance or MPLS network. 
       FIG.  3    is a block diagram of a communication device incorporating a particular embodiment of the invention, demonstrating the device acting as a client or CPE-CE. 
     As shown in  FIG.  3   , the network element/network aggregation device (also referred to in this disclosure simply as the “device” or the “network aggregation device”)  23  includes (in this particular embodiment shown for illustration) a network connection termination module  25  that includes representative transceiver interfaces  14 ,  15  and  16 . Each transceiver interface  14 ,  15  and  16  represents an interface to a physical communication medium through which communications may be established to network connections. 
     A possible implementation of the network aggregation device may use a single or multiple chassis with slots for multiple network connection termination modules and multiple network aggregation engine modules. The multiple network connection termination modules may be grouped by protocol specific or medium specific transceiver/interfaces. 
     The network aggregation engine  11  may handle the configuration of the network aggregation device and all related interactions with external inputs. An extended device configuration store with MPLS capacity  24  may provide persistent data storage for device configuration information such as a network aggregation policy and MPLS related configuration information and policies. MPLS related configuration information may include label lookup table, forwarding table, routing table, labeling and mapping policies, and/or MPLS provider information. 
     The network aggregation engine  11  may handle queries from external sources, such as configuration parameters a network management protocol such as Simple Network Management Protocol, for example. The interface  10  may be a protocol agent and may provide for communication with a Network Management System (NMS) or operator system for configuration of the aggregation engine by the definition of an aggregation policy. Control and management information may be transferred between the network aggregation device  23  and the NMS or operator system through the interface  10  via any available or specifically designated network connection  19 ,  20 ,  21  and  17  through any transceiver interface  14 ,  15  and  16 . 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the described system can transport MPLS packets back and forth between MPLS core network and ANA link aggregation connection(s) so as to enable extending communication of MPLS packets beyond the edge of the MPLS core network, using ANA link aggregation technology. The system can include specific mechanisms for enabling the transport of the MPLS packets (e.g., data packets leaving MPLS core network and entering ANA) using transcoding/translating and then encapsulation for ANA link aggregation connection(s), in a way that maintains the integrity of the MPLS packet, including processing instructions such as those related to QoS. In the reverse transport flow, MPLS packets (e.g. data packets leaving ANA and entering MPLS core network) can be de-encapsulated to remove ANA protocol and where appropriate, transcoding/translation in order to obtain the original data packet without affecting integrity, and in such a way that can enable further, if any, MPLS processing to happen automatically. 
     For example, encapsulation, as will be described further herein, can be handled either by MPLS-to-ANA Handler  55 . The MPLS-to-ANA Handler  55  can be implemented either as the ANA client, the ANA server and/or the ANA protocol itself. 
     In accordance with an aspect, multiple network connections may be combined to form an aggregated network connection  22 , as disclosed in further detail herein. Each individual network connection may be configured with a maximum communication traffic rate, which could be expressed as a bit rate in bits per second. 
     The network aggregation engine  11  may be implemented in software for execution by a processor in the network aggregation device  23 , or in hardware such as by means of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other integrated circuit, or some combination thereof. The network aggregation engine  11  may be implemented in a distributed manner by distributing aggregation engine intelligence to the network connection termination module  25 , in a manner that is known. 
     The network aggregation engine  11  may receive traffic from client network connection device  18  through a network connection  17  provided through a transceiver interface  16 . The client network connection device  18  may be any device including, without limitation, a router, switch, or media converter that is capable of providing termination for a single or multiple client nodes, where nodes are any devices capable of connecting to a network irrespective of protocol or interface specificity. In various embodiments, traffic may be received over multiple network connections through a single or multiple transceiver interfaces. The network aggregation engine  11  may accept all traffic from the client network connection, may provide encapsulation and segmentation services for the traffic for transmission through the aggregated network connection  22 , and may transmit it over any of the network connections  19 ,  20  and  21  through any of the transceiver interfaces  14 ,  15  and  16 . The network aggregation engine  11  may handle segmentation in a manner that avoids the fragmentation of aggregated communication traffic received through the client network connection device  18 , when transmission occurs over the aggregated network connection  22  through any of the network connections  19 ,  20  and  21 , by ensuring that the length of a packet/frame transmitted over any of the network connections  19 ,  20  and  21  is less than or equal to the configured or detected frame length for the respective connections in the aggregated network connection  22 . 
     In the embodiment as shown in  FIG.  3   , the network aggregation engine  11  may be connected to an MPLS to ANA Handler  55 . The engine  55  may comprise an MPLS PE/CE implementation module  50 , an MPLS/ANA encapsulation module  52  and an MPLS to IPDE QoS Translation module  53 . During operation of transmitting data packets from client site CPE-CE to MPLS core, network aggregation engine  11  may send the packet to the MPLS to ANA Handler  55 . The data packet may be encapsulated via MPLS/ANA Encapsulation  52  based on specific MPLS configuration data in the extended device configuration store  24 . The encapsulated data packet can then be sent to MPLS PE/CE implementation module  50 , which may further provide segmentation in a manner that avoids the fragmentation of aggregated communication traffic received through the client network connection device  18 , when transmission occurs over the aggregated network connection  22  through any of the network connections  19 ,  20  and  21 , by ensuring that the length of a packet/frame transmitted over any of the network connections  19 ,  20  and  21  is less than or equal to the configured or detected frame length for the respective connections in the aggregated network connection  22 . 
     In addition, MPLS to link aggregation (or ANA) transcoding can be performed between the MPLS core and the Customer LAN via the MPLS to ANA Handler  55 . In a direction from MPLS core to the edge, as an example, the CCPE MPLS protocol implementation can communicate with the MPLS core recognizing packets that are destined for the customer LAN located over the link aggregation session serviced by the a CCPE implementation. At this point, the data packets with MPLS protocol can be transcoded and transmitted over the link aggregation session to the customer&#39;s CPE-CE device with labels intact. When the packets reach the ANA CPE-CE device, the CPE-CE device can transcode from link aggregation ANA to MPLS again and deliver the packets on to the customer LAN. 
     In one embodiment, the virtual (logical) link aggregated from a variety of diverse or dissimilar network connections through a single or multiple transceiver interfaces may be implemented over one physical link to encompass a single link aggregation for MPLS Edge with a bi-directional IP Quality of Service (QoS) achieved. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, data packets with MPLS protocol may be transmitted across the MPLS core and arrive at the CPE-CE side of a network connection with MPLS label(s). The MPLS labels can be retrieved and/or parsed by the CPE-CE device  124  (e.g. by an MPLS to ANA Handler  55 ) in order to determine further processing of the packet. In the system described herein, (1) the MPLS labels can be acquired from the data packet with MPLS protocol (or also known as “MPLS packet”); (2) a table (such as a distribution table) maintained within or connected to the CPE-CE device  124  can cause the destination associated with the data packet and/or the MPLS label to be determined and accessed, and to retrieve corresponding rules (from e.g. Extended Device Configuration Store  24 ) to determine how to distribute the data packet over aggregated network connections; (3) if corresponding MPLS processing rules are found these may be used for distribution of the data packet over aggregated network connection(s); and if (4) no corresponding MPLS processing rules are found the data packet is not handled. In the case of (4) the system may default to IP processing rules. 
     The MPLS packet can include a header that can be used for sub-processing. The sub-processing can include IPDE to QoS transcoding or translation by MPLS/IPDE QoS Translation module  53 . This involves transcoding or translating the QoS request associated with a packet, as opposed to the packet itself. This now enables the link aggregation ANA system to handle the MPLS packet based on the associated QoS requests, and also ensure that those QoS requests remain intact for handling by MPLS PE/CE at the destination. The packet&#39;s integrity is maintained, including its MPLS label. 
     Once transcoding/translation is done, ANA encapsulation may occur. An encapsulation technique used can be MPLS network compatible or MPLS aware. This can be accomplished by using MPLS protocol as part of ANA encapsulation by MPLS/ANA Encapsulation module  52 . 
     Extended Device Configuration Store  24  can allow ANA system to process MPLS packets. It may contain some of the same information that is used to perform the MPLS to IPDE QoS translation. 
     The system can continue to apply the QoS requests and therefore handling of MPLS packets continues to happen within ANA in a way that is consistent with transport of MPLS packets on an MPLS network. The packets are not necessarily modified, rather, handling of the MPLS packet can occur based in part on ANA rules that are made to adhere dynamically to MPLS handling rules. 
     In another embodiment, a similar process may operate in a reverse direction: MPLS packets may come out of ANA link aggregation connection first by de-encapsulating, and then translating/transcoding so as to provide the MPLS data packets. 
     In one embodiment, the network aggregation engine  11  may poll the state of network connections  19 ,  20  and  21 , for example, as per configured intervals stored in the device configuration store  24 , to ensure that all network connections configured in an aggregated group are within configured acceptable tolerances. If a network connection  19 ,  20 , and  21  exceeds acceptable tolerance values for any of the polled parameters, the network aggregation engine  11  may remove the network connection  19 ,  20 , and  21  from within the aggregated network connection  22  without removing it from the polled network connections list. By leaving the removed network connection  19 ,  20 , and  21  in the polled network connection list, the network aggregation engine  11  may aggregate the network connection into the aggregated network connection  22  once it has come back within acceptable tolerance values. This may ensure that a network connection may change states between residing in an aggregated network connection  22  or not, without the intervention of an external system or input. The network aggregation engine  11  may handle notifications to all end points configured within the device configuration store  24  with internal events such as changes in network connection state, threshold violations on configured thresholds for any number of configurable variables for any object within or connected to the network aggregation device  23 . The network aggregation engine  12  may also handle events such as changes in the state of a network connection  19 ,  20 , and  21  included in the aggregated connection, changes in latency of a network connection included in the aggregated network connection  22 , scheduling changes, event logging, and other events. 
       FIG.  4    is a block diagram of a communication device incorporating a particular embodiment, demonstrating the device acting as a server/concentrator or CCPE. 
     The network aggregation engine  11  may provide access to a network aggregation policy database  36  which stores configuration information related to the various aggregated network connections that terminate on the aggregated network connection device  28 . The network aggregation termination device  28  may be implemented in such a manner that each aggregated network connection defined in the network aggregation policy database  36  is handled by its own virtual instance, the use of which enables termination of each aggregated network connection from multiple customer premises equipment (CPE-CE). In addition, an MPLS data store  40  may provide persistent data storage for MPLS related configuration information such as label lookup table, forwarding table, routing table, labeling and mapping policies, and/or MPLS provider information. As described above, based on the information in MPLS data store  40 , Network Aggregation Engine  11  may be operable to encapsulate incoming or inbound data from CPE-CE for transmission into core MPLS network. In a similar fashion, Network Aggregation Engine  11  may remove MPLS label from outbound data packets exiting an MPLS network and forward the data packets to the appropriate CPE-CE based on a label look-up table or a forwarding table. In cases where multiple CPE-CE devices are handled by one COPE, Network Aggregation Engine  11  is further operable to determine, based on the MPLS data store  40  and/or the MPLS label information on the outbound data packets, the final destination CPE-CE(s) to which each outbound data packet should be delivered. 
       FIG.  5    is a block diagram of a communication network incorporating a particular embodiment, demonstrating the function of the device acting as a client/CPE-CE and server/concentrator or COPE. 
     In accordance with a particular embodiment, aggregated network connections  70 ,  71  and  72  may be built by network aggregation devices  63 ,  64  and  65 , which terminate to a single aggregated network connection termination device  61  through network connections  66  and  68  as their endpoint. The aggregated network connection termination device  61  may access external communications networks through network connections  66  and  68  to access external/remote network resource  69 . Access to external communications networks, such as an MPLS network or the Internet, may be provided by the aggregated network connection termination device  61  by using either network connection  66  or  68  through the use of a routing protocol, such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Open Shortest Path (OSPF), or through the use of simpler mechanisms such as load sharing over multiple static routes within the communication network  74  that acts as the valid next-hop for the aggregated network connection termination device  61 . 
     Aggregated network connections  70 ,  71  and  72  may provide access to client network nodes  67  connected to the network aggregation devices  63 ,  64  and  65  through the aggregated network connections  70 ,  71  and  72  to communications networks  74  accessible by the aggregated network connection termination device  61 . 
     A client network node  67  may request data provided by an external/remote network resource  69  accessible through a communication network  74 . This request for the external/remote network resource may be routed over the network connection  73  providing access from the client network node  67  over the aggregated network connection  70  to its endpoint which is the aggregated network connection termination device  61 . This may be done through the communication network  74  through the network connection  66  into the aggregated network connection termination device  61 . Any data sent by the external/remote network resource  69  may be routed back through the aggregated network connection termination device. 
     A particular embodiment may use the Internet as the communication network  74  referenced in  FIG.  5   , or another WAN network for example. The communication network  74  may alternatively be built by multiple sub-networks created through the use of multiple network aggregation devices  63 ,  64  and  65  with aggregated network connection termination device  61  end points through multiple network connections  66  and  68 . Furthermore, the communication network  74  may also be an MPLS network provided by an MPLS provider or carrier. 
     A further aspect relates to the provisioning of high availability over the aggregated network connection by the network aggregation engine  11 .  FIG.  6    illustrates a method of providing redundancy and increased throughput through a plurality of network connections in an aggregated network connection. The method  90  may begin with a step of configuring a plurality of network connections  91  through the creation of a network aggregation policy to form  92  the aggregated network connection. The aggregated network connection may be initialized as per the network aggregation policy. Control connections may be created  93  for the plurality of network connections configured as part of the aggregated connection to allow the aggregation engine  11  to manage the membership of a network connection within the aggregated connection. The network aggregation engine  11  may accept packets for transmission  94  over the aggregated network connection  22 . The network aggregation engine  11  may choose a network connection  95  among the group of network connections configured  91  in the aggregate in the stored aggregation policy for transmission of the current packet being transmitted. The choice of network connection for transmission of the current packet may be specified within the aggregation policy and may take into account data provided by the control connection built at  94 . 
     According to one embodiment, a non-responsive network connection may be easily detected when using latency and packet loss as a measure. The mechanism for detecting  96  and adapting to  97  the network connection change within an aggregated network connection may be implemented within the data transmission routine in the aggregation engine  11  or as a separate process in parallel to the transmission routine in the aggregation engine  11  to allow for further flexibility in provisioning redundancy within the aggregated network connection. 
     Since this may occur on a per packet basis as opposed to on a per stream basis, a single non-responsive network connection may not affect the aggregated network connection and may allow data transmission to continue regardless of the individual states of network connections so long as a single network connection within the aggregated network connection is available for data transmission. 
     Encryption 
     Encryption may be provided for the link aggregation connections between a CPE-CE and a CCPE. In one exemplary embodiment, each lower-link connection handled and aggregated by a COPE or CPE-CE may be encrypted by the Network Aggregation Engine  11  using transparent encryption. 
     In an embodiment, an overlay of IPSEC may be implemented over the link aggregated connections, sometimes in conjunction with existing IPSEC Edge implementations. For example, IPSEC gateways or clients can be installed on the CPE-CE&#39;s connected to the various CCPEs. In turn, the CPE-CEs with the IPSEC clients can terminate the IPSEC sessions on the COPE or an existing carrier&#39;s IPSEC gateway on the MPLS network. Alternatively, IPSEC may be implemented at the PE routers or device such as a CCPE. 
     In an embodiment, a virtual edge overlay may provide transparent encryption for the aggregated connection between the CPE-CE and the COPE. An example is IPSEC. The virtual edge may provide lower link transparent encryption as described herein. 
     Example In Operation 
     In one possible implementation, 3 locations are provided namely Site A, Site B, and Site C, and Site D.  FIGS.  7   a  and  7   b    illustrate network performance as discussed herein.  FIG.  7   a    illustrates performance with long haul effects.  FIG.  7   b    illustrates performance with reduction of long haul effects, based on embodiments in network conditions otherwise similar to those on which  FIG.  7   a    is based. 
       FIG.  7   b    shows an improvement in performance over  FIG.  7   a   , based on reduction of long haul effects in relatively long distance network communications are implemented using the network architecture. 
     Embodiments may provide improved network performance relative to speed. A skilled reader will appreciate that the improvement in performance shown for the above example is significant. Other aspects of network performance, e.g., latency may also be improved. 
     Virtual Network Overlay and Tunnels 
     Embodiments may provide a network system for improving network communication performance between client sites at a distance from one another that is such that would usually require long haul network communication. 
     In some embodiments disclosed herein, there is provided a Virtual Network Overlay for multiple networks, such as for example one or more WAN. The Virtual Network Overly may allow multiple CPE devices to connect with CC devices and create an Over-The-Top Secure Network across Multiple Points-of-Presence between disparate sites. The Virtual Network Overlay service can provide features such as optimized Internet access, secure WAN (or other secure networks), and diverse carrier failover, for example. The Virtual Network Overly may support and integrate SCN, MDPS, and IPDE as described herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   a   , there may be at least one client site network component  124   a  implemented at a client site A  120   a  for bonding or aggregating one or more diverse network connections so as to configure a bonded/aggregated connection  116   a  that has increased throughput. 
     There may be at least one network server component  115   a  that is configured to connect to the client site network component  124   a  using the bonded/aggregated connection  116   a . The network server component  115   a  includes at least one concentrator element  110   a  implemented at a network access point to at least one network  112 . As described, the network server component  115   a  automatically terminates the bonded/aggregated connection and passes the data traffic to an access point to at least one network  112 . 
     A virtual edge  128  connects the network server component  115   a  and the client site network component  124   a . The virtual edge  128  may provide transparent lower-link encryption for the connection between the client site network component  124   a  and the network server component  115   a . The virtual edge  128  may implement a common access protocol for encapsulation of data packets for the data traffic carried over the bonded/aggregated connection  116   a . This provides lower-link encapsulation support for protocols such as for example L2TP, PPPoE, PPTP, DHCP, UDP, and so on. By way of example, L2TP is a link-layer tunneling protocol to support VPNs. The virtual edge  128  may provide transparent encryption of the tunneling protocol to provide security and confidentiality. The virtual edge  128  component addresses the Transparent Encryption Layer aspect of the SDN to SCN Mapping architecture as per the tables of system and network components herein. The tunneling protocol allows for provision of network services that the underlying network does not provide directly. A tunneling protocol may use a data portion of a data packet (e.g. payload) to carry the packets that provide the desired service. For example, L2TP may use L2TP packets to provide different network services. In computer networking, the link layer is the lowest layer in the IP suite which may be referred to as TCP/IP which it the networking architecture of the Internet. A link may be the physical and logical network component used to interconnect hosts or nodes in the network. Accordingly, the link layer relates to the links the physically connect the nodes of the network including the devices of the client site network component  124   a  and the network server component  115   a . The link layer may be described as a combination of the data link layer and the physical layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model. As another example, Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol for frame encapsulation inside Ethernet frames. As a further example, Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) may implement VPNs and may use a control channel over TCP and a GRE tunnel operating to encapsulate PPP packets. These are illustrative example protocols that may be used to support encapsulation of data packets using a common access protocol. The virtual edge  128  lower-link tunneling protocol connections address the Site/Branch Infrastructure component of the SDN to SCN mapping for the Lower Plane infrastructure architecture as per the tables of system and network components herein. 
     A cloud network controller  140  is configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide a managed network overlay  126  that incorporates the at least the bonded/aggregated connection  116   a  and at least one long haul network path carried over the at least one wide area network  112 . The network overlay  126  may include one or more virtual edges  128 . The Network Overlay  126  addresses the Virtual Data Plane aspect of the SDN to SCN Mapping as per the tables of system and network components herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   b   , there may be at least one other client site network component  124   b  implemented at a client site B  120   b  for bonding or aggregating one or more diverse network connections so as to configure a bonded/aggregated connection  116   b  that has increased throughput. Network server components  115   a ,  115   b  connect through a WAN network  112 . There may also be a virtual edge  128  with transparent encryption and a managed network overlay  126  between the client site network component  124   a ,  124   b  and the corresponding network server component  115   a ,  115   b . The client site A  120   a  and client site B  120   b  may be at a distance from each other such that at least one long haul network path is required to transmit data there between. The managed network overlays  126  may integrate to provide a single managed network overlay between disparate client sites and may include both virtual edges  128 . 
     In some examples, as shown in  FIGS.  9   a  and  9   b    there may be multiple networks  112  connected by concentrator elements  110   a ,  110   b ,  110   c . For example, there may be a first concentrator element  110   a  implemented at the access point to the at least one WAN  112 . There may be a second concentrator element  110   c  implemented at another access point to at least one other WAN  112 . There may be a third concentrator element  110   b  connected to an access point to a WAN  112 . The first concentrator element  110   a  and the second concentrator element  110   c  are configured to interoperate to provide a virtual core (VC) connection  135   a  between the access points. The VC connection  135  may be a virtual Ethernet tunnel in some example embodiments. The third concentrator element  110   b  and the second concentrator element  110   c  are configured to interoperate to provide another VC connection  135   b  between the access points. The VC connection  135   a ,  135   b  provides transparent encryption. The VC connection  135   a ,  135   b  may also support a common access protocol for encapsulation of data packets. The VC connection  135   a ,  135   b  may provide both transparent encryption and support of the common access protocol in some embodiments. The Virtual Core connection  135  may address the Virtual Control Plane aspect of the SDN to SCN Mapping as per the tables of system and network components herein. 
     The cloud network controller  140  may be configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide a managed network overlay  150  that incorporates at least one long haul network path carried over the WANs  112 . The managed network overlay  150  may be referred to herein as the Virtual Network Overlay  150 . As shown in  FIG.  9   a   , the Virtual Network Overlay  150  may involve the VC connections  135   a ,  135   b  to provide a virtual connection between the concentrator elements  110   a ,  110   b . The VC connection  135   a ,  135   b  may provide a bonded/aggregated connection. As shown in  FIG.  9   b   , the Virtual Network Overlay  150  may involve a VC connection  135   a  to provide a virtual connection between the concentrator elements  110   a ,  110   c . A single managed virtual network overlay may integrate multiple Network Overlays  126 ,  150 , multiple virtual edge connections  128 , and multiple VC connections  135   a ,  135   b . The singled managed virtual network overlay may provide an end-to-end overlay connecting disparate client sites (e.g. site A  120   a , site B  120   b ). The Cloud Network Controller  140  addresses the Orchestration aspect of the SDN to SCN Mapping as per the tables of system and network components herein. 
     As shown in  FIG.  9   c   , there may be an bonded/aggregated connection  116   c  between a concentrator element  110   c  in a network server component  115   c  and at least one other concentrator element  110   b  in another network server component  115   b  connecting to the other client site network component  124   b  implemented at the client site B  120   b . There may be a virtual edge  128  with transparent encryption. A cloud network controller  140  may be configured to manage the data traffic so as to provide the managed network overlay  150  that incorporates the other bonded/aggregated connection  116   c.    
     Embodiments described herein may implement a cloud network controller  140  to implement Software Controlled Networking (SCN) to deliver bonded/aggregated connection and WAN virtualization between existing PoPs with concentrator elements. The solution may provide the ability to offer WAN-as-a-Service (WaaS) through a distributed PoP network. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  24   , which illustrates an example software controlled networking including a Cloud Manager or SDN (Software Defined Networking) Controller  140  and a Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)  124 . As can be seen, Controller  140  may include a Virtual Core which may be configured to address the Virtual Control Plane. Controller  140  may further include Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) such as aggregation, acceleration, failover, firewall, security and encryption, and IP Quality of Service (Qos). 
     Referring now to  FIG.  25   , which illustrates an example block diagram of vWAN (SD WAN) with data plane and control plane. The vWAN or SD WAN may include over-the-top bi-directional IPQoS across the network. CPE device  124   a ,  124   b  may be controlled by Controllers  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  through a virtual control plane. 
     In one embodiment, each of the Controllers  140   a ,  140   b ,  140   c  may be a Concentrator in the network. For example, a Concentrator may include a Virtual Core which may be configured to address the Virtual Control Plane. Concentrator may further include Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) such as aggregation, acceleration, failover, firewall, security and encryption, and IP Quality of Service (Qos). 
     In another embodiment, one or more Concentrators may interoperate to perform the functionalities of a Controller  140 . 
     PoP-to-PoP Unicast Tunnel Communication 
     Embodiments described herein may implement a point-to-point, e.g. POP-to-POP or Concentrator-to-Concentrator, tunnel (also referred to as “path”) communication using unicast transmission, which may require a new unicast path and associated Virtual Control Plane interface on a host Concentrator  110   a  for each remote Concentrator  110   b ,  110   c  connected thereto. 
     In one embodiment, a unicast path may represent a relationship from a local address to remote underlay endpoint addresses that the tunnel is built upon. In the Point-to-Multipoint over Unicast examples, there may be several underlay paths that each form an Overlay Tunnel to that unique destination or PoP between VCP Controllers. 
     Turning now to  FIG.  22   a   , there is shown an example point-to-point unicast tunnel. As can be seen, a Concentrator  110  may function as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint gateway for a PoP-to-PoP data transmission, such as for a Virtual Core  135  or Virtual Network Overlay  150  (not shown). Virtual Control Plane transport between each PoP may be encrypted to secure the data transmission for each customer. The Concentrator  110   a  may include at least one Virtual Control Plane (VCP) interface  157   a ,  157   b  for data traffic control and management. 
     In one embodiment, each VCP interface  157   a ,  157   b  may be configured to transmit to a single remote PoP or Concentrator “Peer  2 ”  110   b  or “Peer  3 ”  110   c  through a unicast tunnel built over a core network (e.g. Internet or MPLS), as shown. A Layer 2 (data link) data trunk may then be transmitted over the unicast tunnel. 
     In some embodiments, the point-to-point unicast communication may not be scalable in a multi-POP scenario. For example, there may be a large amount of connections for the host Concentrator, for example, where there may be over a thousand of multi-tenant connections. 
     For example, if there is a particular Concentrator with 1000 vWAN (SD-WAN) customers, and there are 100 PoPs that each has a CPE that belongs to each of these vWANs (SD-WANs), there may be as many as 100,000 unicast paths and 100,000 VCP interfaces on each Concentrator. This may not be the most efficient use of resources. 
     Point-to-Multipoint Tunnels Over Multicast Communication 
     Embodiments described herein may implement a Point-to-Multipoint implementation that uses multicast to identify members in a multicast group (e.g. MCAST NET). In some embodiments, multicast group members may include Concentrators  110   a ,  110   b ,  110   c , where one or more Concentrators may each act as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint. Once a Concentrator member has joined the multicast group, the Concentrators in the group may establish dynamic unicast tunnels to one another over the same VCP interface. 
     This method may be scalable for local data center implementations and for Concentrators configured to act as Virtual Overlay Endpoints that are on the same subnet or have multicast routing enabled between them. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  22   b   , there is shown an example point-to-multipoint communication tunnel over multicast. As can be seen, a Concentrator  110   a  may function as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint gateway for a PoP-to-PoP data transmission, such as for a Virtual Core  135  or Virtual Network Overlay  150  (not shown). Virtual Control Plane transport between each PoP may be encrypted to secure the data transmission for each customer. The Concentrator  110   a  may include at least one Virtual Control Plane (VCP) interface  157  for data traffic control and management between Concentrator  110   a  and each of peer Concentrators  110   b ,  110   c.    
     In some embodiments, VCP interface  157  of Concentrator  110   a  may receive or otherwise determine members or peers of a multicast group MCAST NET. For each multicast group member  110   b ,  110   c , VCP interface  157  may be configured to implement a unilateral tunnel or path over MCAST NET for transmission of data trunk or packets over layer 2 network protocol to each remote PoP/Concentrator  110   b ,  110   c . Each of the remote Concentrator  110   b ,  110   c  may in turn has its own VCP interfaces (not shown) for data transmission to peer Concentrators a multicast group. 
     In one embodiment, a fully meshed underlay between PoPs may be implemented to provide multicast between Concentrators at a distance over Internet. 
     In another embodiment, a further overlay between Concentrators configured to act as Virtual Overlay Endpoints may be implemented for a multicast group that supports a Virtual Network Overlay thorough a multicast overlay. In one aspect, Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size may be reduced. This multicast support network between PoPs may generate additional management overhead for operations. 
     This particular configuration with multicast tunnels may be an improvement over the point-to-point communication over unicast. For example, a Concentrator, which may be configured to function as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint, may have 1000 vWAN (SD-WAN) customers. There may be 100 PoPs that each has a CPE that belongs to each of these vWAN (SD-WAN) customers. This way, there may be as many as 1000 unicast paths and 1000 Virtual Control Plane interfaces on each Concentrator, which may be more resource-efficient than the 100,000 unicast paths and interfaces using the point-to-point communication over unicast path technology, as elaborated in section above. 
     In some embodiments, the infrastructure requirements for multicast between remote Virtue Overlay Endpoints at a distance is not trivial and may complicate the transparent flexibility of the virtual WAN with per customer PoP-to-PoP Network Overlays that can function over any network. 
     Unicast Path for Point-to-Multipoint Communication 
     In accordance to some embodiments, for a given network, Virtual Core  135   a ,  135   b  or Virtual Network Overlay  150  between a Concentrator  110   a  at a PoP and one or more Concentrators  110   b ,  110   c  at remote PoP(s) may include point-to-multipoint communication based on a unicast path, which may be managed by Virtual Control Plane. The Cloud Network Controller  140  may be configured to address the need for overlay networks within virtualized data centers accommodating multiple tenants, such as multiple concentrators  110   a ,  110   b  at one or more PoPs. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  23   , for example, each Concentrator  110   a ,  110   b  may be configured to act as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint (VOE) and include a Virtual Control Plane (VCP) interface  157  for data traffic control and management over unicast path  159 , which may be managed by Cloud Network Controller  140 . For example, Cloud Network Controller  140  may be configured to manage, through VCP interface  157 , unicast tunnel or path  159  for a given Virtual Network Overlay  150 . Frame encapsulation may be conducted by each Concentrator in its capacity of a Virtual Overlay Endpoint. Each Concentrator as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint may have a logical interfaces such as a VCP interface  157 . The VCP interface  157  may be responsible for sending or receiving frames with an IP address (e.g.  10 . 10 . 100 . 1 / 24 ). The IP address may be used for receiving or routing encapsulated frames. For example, packets received on the VCP interface  157  may be mapped based on a lookup operation from a local table. The lookup operation may provide the appropriate IP address of the destination Concentrator. Frame may be then encapsulated and transmitted accordingly. 
     In some embodiments, a CPE VIF and the VCP Interface  157  may be joined within a FIB in Concentrator  110   a.    
     In some embodiments, the unicast path configuration described herein does not require a further underlay network in order to support a multicast group or an existing multi-tenant group implementation. 
     As an illustrative embodiment a WAN employing Virtual Network Overlay may be referred to herein as vWAN. 
     In one example embodiment, VCP interface  157  functionalities may be implemented in software, hardware, or a combination of both. For example, VCP interface  157  may be implemented as a virtual switch or within a physical switch or router. For example, source code within a Concentrator may be modified to support a unicast based point-to-multipoint implementation that can use a single VCP interface  157  on the Concentrator/VOE to connect with multiple remote Concentrators or VOEs belonging to a vWAN. Each VCP interface  157  on a VOE can be configured to support multiplex socket connections to other VOEs. 
     The array of unlimited list may include the broadcast domain and VCP peer lookup capacity. In some embodiments, a broadcast may be conducted to each VCP peer for communications, which may be susceptible to unnecessary overheads. In other embodiments, the list may be confined to the size of the subnet applied to the VCP Interface (e.g. 10.10.100.1/24=list of 254 max peers), which may be dynamically adjusted based on the specified subnet mask and provides a faster lookup. 
     Extending Bonded/Aggregated Connections from Edge to Core 
     Embodiments described herein may implement SCN-edge into a core network to provide end-to-end Virtualized Networking and deliver next generation WAN solutions using a Virtual Network Overlay  150 . Examples are shown in  FIGS.  8   a ,  8   b ,  9   a ,  9   b ,  9   c   . For example, the VC connections may extend a bonded/aggregated connection to a core network  112 . 
     Two additional illustrative examples are shown in  FIGS.  10  and  12   . As shown in  FIG.  10   , the extension of a bonded/aggregated connection from the edge to core may be provided using the following illustrative example options: 1) deploying a virtual network overlay strategy between PoP&#39;s with encryption (A); and 2) interconnecting PoP&#39;s with private lines (B). These are illustrative examples only. 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the Virtual Network Overlay  145  may provide autonomy from any Carrier or Network in the core network  112 . The core network  112  may be a central component or part of a communications network and may be implemented using different networking technologies and protocols. The Virtual Network Overlay  145  may be implemented as a virtual WAN backhaul between POPs  130  or concentrator elements  110 . The Virtual Network Overlay  145  may be meshed Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) or virtual Ethernet tunnel network (e.g. using VC connections  135   a ,  135   b ) connecting multiple cloud concentrator elements (e.g. from cloud concentrator  110   a  to cloud concentrator  110   b ). The GRE protocol may belong to a specific VLAN by IP or Bridged. 
     Each concentrator element  110   a ,  110   b  may be part of a POP  130  or may be connected to a nearby POP  130 . The concentrator element  110  may be referred to as a virtual WAN cloud concentrator instance generated by network controller  140  accessible by way of an SCN portal. Each concentrator element  110   a ,  110   b  may handle multiple bonded/aggregated connections and may handle one process per network or customer. 
     The network controller  140  may be accessed using an SCN portal as an illustrative embodiment. The SCN portal may be an interface to display real-time data about the network infrastructure and may be used to configure various components of the network infrastructure. 
     A CPE  124   a ,  124   b  may be a virtual access CPE providing WAN or Internet access. It may have diverse carrier support with bandwidth aggregation. Additional optional features may include pre-emptive failover, lossless/same IP and bi-directional IPQoS capabilities. 
     A private backhaul or backbone option  155  may also be deployed to provide WAN solution. The private backhaul may include private MPLS or P2P links between POPs  130 . 
     As an illustrative embodiment a WAN employing Virtual Network Overlay may be referred to herein as VWAN. 
     In some instances, a VWAN can be a VLAN associated per network or customer. 
     Furthermore, virtual edge architecture may allow for the Layering of MPLS or other network protocol over the top of this implementation. 
     PoP-to-CPE Transparent Lower-Link Encryption for Aggregated/Bonded Connection 
     Embodiments described herein may provide a virtual edge for aggregated/bonded connections with transparent lower-link encryption.  FIG.  8   a    shows an example virtual edge  128 . 
     Proximal Aggregation &amp; Distributed CPE Encryption 
     In one embodiment, implementation of proximal aggregation connects multi-site customer CPE  124  devices to the nearest point-of-presence (POP)  130 , thereby establishing an overlay network session with aggregated connections using the aggregated/bonded connection technology described herein. CPE  124  devices belonging to multi-site customers may use the larger non-aggregated Internet or backbone upstream connections to establish Internet access and build IPVPN connections for inter-office communications. This may eliminate the need to perform long-haul aggregation between sites which may degrade and/or negate the aggregated network performance when communicating at a distance. 
     Complexity of CPE Encryption for Multiple Tenants 
     CPE encryption for multi-tenant implementations add complexity to the practice of encrypted VPN when observed on a per customer basis and having to manage overlapping CPE LAN IP Subnets from various customers. Furthermore, this multi-tenant management of per customer IPVPN connections carries additional complexity when considering the distributed nature of these diverse VPN implementations and overlapping CPE LAN subnets. 
     Simplifying PoP-to-CPE Encryption 
     To help ease the complexity and limitations of standard encrypted IPVPN implementations while addressing the nuances of overlapping CPE LAN IP Subnets; a transparent Lower-Link protocol encryption technology or process may be deployed for the virtual edge that does not concern itself with the CPE LAN IP Subnet. This technology or process can encrypt the Lower-Link encapsulated traffic and moves the responsibility of the CPE LAN IP Subnet management up into the ANA and IP transport layers, where it can be addressed adequately without the complications of encryption management and complex encryption policy definitions in a multi-tenant deployment. 
     PoP-to-CPE Transparent Lower-Link Encryption for Aggregated/Bonded Network 
     In one exemplary embodiment, the Virtual Network Overlay may provide PoP-to-CPE Transparent Lower-Link Encryption for each aggregated/bonded connection  116  using virtual edge connections and virtual core (VC) connections. In an example embodiment, the VC connection may be implemented as a virtual Ethernet tunnel. This may eliminate the need for Customer IP intelligence in the encryption layer for Lower-Links. The transparent lower-link encryption at concentrator elements  110  can encrypt all aggregated/bonded encapsulation of Lower-Link connections transparently. In one embodiment, the Virtual Network Overlayis designed such that concentrator element  110  if and when CPE  124  is configured to enable lower-link encryption. This allows for both the Virtual Network Overlayand non-Virtual Network OverlayCPE implementations. Therefore, the Virtual Network Overlay can reach customers with a secure connection that may go faster and may cost less than traditional M PLS. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  13   a  and  13   b   , IPSEC encryption may be used for Lower-Link transport. This allows for multiple CPE customers with overlapping IP subnets by not triggering the policy based on customer LAN subnet. 
     In one embodiment, lower-link encapsulation may have a 32 Byte overhead per packet implemented on the LMTU and LMRU settings. Furthermore, the Vif0 or ‘ana session’, may also have an overhead of 8 bytes implemented on the LMRRU setting of  1508 . IPSec encryption for Lower-Links may require an additional 72 Bytes for ESP Tunnel Mode and may be accommodated in configuration in the LMTU and LMRU settings, which may require changes to the calibration and also template configuration in cloud network controller  140  for service type of the Virtual Network Overlay. 
     Referring now to  FIG.  11   , an example of the Virtual Network Overlay framework is illustrated in accordance with one embodiment. At customer premises, a CPE  124  or a third party device may be used to connect to concentrator element  110   a  through aggregated/bonded connection  116 . 
     The CPE  124  or a third party device may be situated at overlapping IP subnets and possibly dealing with cpelan conflicts. The concentrator elements  110   a  may map Virtual Edge to CPE Vif and update routing accordingly, via for example RADIUS protocol, which provides overlay identifier (e.g. vwanid) and other attributes (e.g. cpelan attributes). Concentrator elements  110   a  may also inject route to OSPF. Concentrator elements  110   a  may also inject the route(s) into the Virtual Core&#39;s dynamic routing mechanism such as OSPF, RIP, or BGP. 
     In some embodiments, as shown, various VC connections  135   a ,  135   b  can be established between various concentrator elements  110   a ,  110   b ,  110   c . These VC connections form a POP-to-POP Network Overlay, where each POP may include one or more concentrator elements  110 . Transparent Encryption may be provided for the Virtual Network Overlay core transport. The Virtual Core connection  135  addresses the Virtual Control Plane aspect of the SDN to SCN Mapping as per the tables of system and network components herein. The transparent encryption of the virtual core tunneling protocol connections address the Core/Branch Infrastructure component of the SDN to SCN mapping for the Lower Plane infrastructure architecture as per the tables of system and network components herein. 
     The below tables demonstrate example functions and descriptions for selected components of the Virtual Network Overlay in accordance with one embodiment. The Virtual Network Overlay may be referred to herein as VWAN or virtual WAN as an illustrative example. 
     System Components 
                                     Item   Function   Description                  5   Monitoring &amp;   The SCN Portal application may be extended to support the new VWAN           Management   monitoring and management requirements and provide a single sign-on               unified Portal for VWAN customers.       4   Cloud Orchestration/   The SCN Portal application may be modified to support the new VWAN           Provisioning   requirements as an extension to the aggregated connection CPE device               provisioning.       3   Virtual Control   Concentrators may join VWAN CPE sessions with VWAN Core Routing           Plane VRF w/OSPF   to create secluded customer Route Domains managed dynamically               using OSPF, a dynamic routing protocol. This may avoid a network               trombone impact and may to support a split Internet &amp; WAN access               from the PoP for the Virtual Data Plane.       2   Virtual Data Plane    Concentrators perform Network Access Server (NAS) type functions           Network Access &amp;   that connect and aggregate CPE devices on the edge of the Core           CPE Authentication   Network. New RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service)               attribute capability may be added to support VWAN.       1   Security with IPSec   Concentrators and CPE devices may handle both Edge and Core           &amp; Firewall   encryption and Firewall to secure the network end-to-end.                    
Network Overlay Core Layers
 
                                     Layer   Function   Description                  5   Virtual Control   FIB for VRF Backbone Mapping Customer VWAN Trunk to aggregated           Plane VRF w/OSPF   connection Sessions (Core to Edge)       4   Star or Mesh   VWAN Core Tunnels between PoPs/CCs in a Star or Mesh Topology           Topology           3   Virtual Data Plane   OSPF for Dynamic VWAN Routing Between PoPs/CCs           w/Dynamic Routing           2   Encryption for   Encryption for VWAN Trunks w/IPSec for lower            VWAN Core:   layer traffic fully meshed between all CC&#39;s at all PoPs.       1   Firewall   Allowing VWAN Trunk encryption while protecting foreign encryption               attempts.                    
Network Overlay Edge Layers
 
                                     Layer   Function   Description                  4   Virtual Control   FIB for VRF Edge Mapping Customer ANA Sessions to VWAN           Plane VRF   Trunks (Edge to Core)           w/OSPF               Virtual Data   Plane OSPF for Dynamic VWAN Routing Between PoPs/CCs           w/Dynamic               Routing           3   Virtual Data Plane   Uses Proximal Aggregation connecting multi-site customer CPE           for ANA   devices to the nearest PoP establishing an overlay network           w/Proximal   between sites. The CPE devices establish ANA Sessions with           Aggregation using   Lower-Links Aggregation, Pre-emptive Lossless Failover, and Bi-           Distributed PoPs   Directional IPQoS. Split Internet &amp; WAN access from the PoP.       2   Encryption for   Encryption for Lower-Links w/IPSec of aggregated connection           ANA Lower-Links   encapsulated transport. Supports both VWAN and non VWAN               CPE implementations.       1   Firewall   Allowing CPE Lower-Link encryption while protecting foreign               encryption attempts.                    
SDN TO SCN Mapping
 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                 SD  
                   
                   
                 SCN and VWAN (Virtual 
               
               
                 WAN (SDN) 
                 IP Networking 
                 SCN 
                 Network Overlay) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Orchestration 
                 Management  
                 SCN Portal 
                 Multi-System Integration 
               
               
                   
                 Plane 
                   
                 (OE, Tickets, NMS, CPE 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 API) 
               
               
                 Control  
                 Forwarding  
                 CC Multi- 
                 Virtual Control Plane 
               
               
                 Plane 
                 Plane 
                 PoP 
                 (FIB, VE to ViF, OSPF ) 
               
               
                 Data Plane 
                 Route Table 
                 CPE 
                 Virtual Data Plane 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (Routes, ANA Vif, DG or 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 OSPF) 
               
               
                 Encryption 
                 IPSec 
                 Security 
                 Transparent Encryption 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (LL &amp; Core Transport) 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 OTT-Lower Plane Infrastructure (IP Underlayer) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Core/Cloud 
                 Internet 
                 Multi-PoP 
                 iBGP 
               
               
                 Infrastructure 
                   
                 (Multi-Peer,  
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 NNI, CNI) 
                   
               
               
                 Site/Branch 
                 Internet 
                 Cable,  
                 IP, MPLS, Ethernet 
               
               
                 Infrastructure 
                 or Private Line 
                 ADSL, etc. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The SDN to SCN table provides an illustrative example mapping between IP networking, SDN, SCN and Virtual Network Overlay to highlight example features. The terminology is used as an example illustration and other terminology may be used to reference various functionality. The table summarizes example features to provide an illustrative mapping. The table also lists example features for Over-The-Top (OTT) lower plane infrastructure as further illustrative mappings. 
     Virtual Network Overlay with SCN 
     In one embodiment, Virtual WAN or Network Overlay may use cloud network controller  140  with SCN Cloud management and automation to create an Over-The-Top Secure High Performance Network that connects multiple WAN sites across Multiple Points-of-Presence between CPE devices. 
     The Network Overlay may provide Optimized Internet Access, Secure WAN, Diverse Carrier Failover, and Bi-Directional IPQoS. 
     Carrier/Partner Features 
     In another embodiment, the VWAN configuration can support multi-tenant implementations by providing features such as route domain separation for overlapping customer IP Subnets, star and/or mesh WAN topology options with multipath WAN trunking, and dynamic per-VWAN routing updates with OSPF. 
     In one example, the Virtual Network Overlay (which may be referred to as VWAN) may provide PoP-to-PoP transparent VWAN trunk encryption, which has features such as:
         Reduction of complexity by eliminating the need for Customer LAN intelligence in the encryption layer between PoPs;   Transparent customer WAN Core/Trunk encryption between PoPs. VWAN core trunks can be established for each multi-tenant customer as transparent Ethernet over IP tunnels that run on top of a single encryption session between CC&#39;s/PoPs;   Distributed PoPs provide a Virtual Point-of-Presence Network, enabling VWAN solutions to reach multi-site customers across North America.       

     The SCN Portal can be provided for accessing and configuring a cloud network controller  140  for ease of deployment and management of the VWAN. The SCN Portal can provide the following exemplary features:
         OE, Install and Configuration, Monitoring &amp; Management   Plugs Into Existing Monitoring System   Centralized Firewall, WiFi, &amp; VWAN Control   Consistent Monitoring, Reporting &amp; Management for all sites regardless of local carrier or connection type
 
PoP-to-PoP Transparent Trunk Encryption
       

     VWAN may have a distributed PoP network covering North America for aggregation/bonded network services delivering speed, network efficiency, and reach for multi-site businesses. 
     A Virtual Point-of-Presence Carrier for the aggregated network system as described herein may provide customers with hot failover providing redundant and fault tolerant communications, supporting distributed points of presence for proximal aggregation throughout North America. 
     Distributed Proximal Aggregation with ANA &amp; Multi-PoP 
     In another embodiment, Distributed Proximal Aggregation (DPA) may be implemented. DPA uses redundant Concentrators  110  established in multiple locations covering a multitude of Proximal Aggregation points known as Home-PoPs  130 . Each Concentrator  110  supports multi-tenant configurations used for multiple clients associated with different CPEs  124  to improve network performance for such multiple clients by providing termination of their aggregation service and transfer of communications to the network backbone/Internet  112 . This network solution may include multiple Points-of-Presence  130 , distributed geographically bridging disparate areas with improved network communication with proximal aggregation to each customer CPE device  124 . 
     Complexity of PoP-to-PoP Encryption for Multiple Tenants 
     PoP-to-PoP encryption for multi-tenant implementations adds complexity and may have limitations for the practice of Encrypted VPN between PoPs when observed on a per customer basis and having to deal with overlapping CPE LAN IP Subnets from various customers. Furthermore, the multi-tenant management of per customer IPVPN connections carries additional complexity when considering the distributed nature of these many diverse VPN implementations and overlapping CPE LAN subnets. 
     Simplifying PoP-to-PoP Encryption 
     In one embodiment, to overcome complexity and limitations of standard encrypted IPVPN implementations while addressing challenges of overlapping CPE LAN IP Subnets, extrapolation of the CPE LAN transport over the VWAN core from the encryption layer may be implemented to simplify the PoP-to-PoP encryption management. 
     In one example, Ethernet over IP tunnel (VE/gif) implementations on a per customer VWAN basis provides transparent encryption of these combined tunnels to simplify customer VWAN encryption requirements between PoPs  130 . 
     This method moves the management of CPE LAN IP Subnets away from the VWAN Trunk encryption layer and up into the IP transport and IP routing layers. 
     In another embodiment, PoP-to-PoP Transparent VWAN Trunk Encryption may be implemented to eliminate the need for customer LAN intelligence in the encryption layer between PoPs, provide transparent customer WAN Core/trunk encryption between PoPs, and provide single encryption session between CC&#39;s/PoP&#39;s on top of which transparently create per customer multi-tenant Ethernet over IP tunnels (VE/gif) to facilitate VWAN Core Trunks. 
     The transparent encryption of the virtual core tunneling protocol connections address the Core/Branch Infrastructure component of the SDN to SCN mapping for the Lower Plane infrastructure architecture as per the tables of system and network components herein. 
     Virtual Backhaul—Multi-Tenant Support 
     In another embodiment, an over-the-top or Virtual Network Overlay solution can be implemented for the PoP-to-PoP interconnection of the core network. This solution can support multi-tenant implementations by providing route domain separation for overlapping customer IP Subnets, star and/or mesh WAN topology options with multipath WAN trunking, and dynamic per-VWAN routing updates with OSPF. This addresses the Virtual Control Plane component of the SDN to SCN mapping as per the tables of system and network components herein. 
     Per Customer Trunking 
     In order to address the potential overlapping of CPE LAN IP Subnets, the design associates VE PoP-to-PoP tunnels per customer VWAN with a distinct route domain by mapping VE trunks and ANA Vif sessions to unique FIBs/Route tables creating a per customer VWAN Route domain from one CPE to another CPE over the VWAN core. 
     Ethernet over IP tunnels (VE/gif) for Trunkinq 
     The VE/gif interface can be a generic tunneling device for IPv4 and IPv6. It can tunnel IPv[46] traffic over IPv[46], thereby supporting four possible configurations. The behavior of gif is mainly based on RFC2893 IPv6-over-IPv4 configured tunnel. 
     Star &amp; Mesh for Backhaul Network 
     Aggregation sessions are generally established between PoP&#39;s on a per customer basis. As seen below, a Star or a full Mesh implementation may be provided to address the varying needs of the customer. 
     Star Topology 
     Referring now to  FIG.  14   , aggregation sessions established from all CPE side PoP&#39;s to Head Quarter&#39;s PoP  110   a  from the customer VWAN CC&#39;s and using the dedicated Multi-ANA instance which is associated to the dedicated customer FIB. CPE LAN traffic destined for the Head Quarter&#39;s LAN can traverse the ANA PoP-to-PoP session with full IPSec encryption. 
     Full Mesh Topology 
     Referring now to  FIG.  15   , aggregation sessions established from CPE side PoP&#39;s to Head Quarter&#39;s PoP  110   a  &amp; also to every PoP containing this particular customer&#39;s CPE connections. The PoP-to-PoP ANA sessions originate and terminate on the customer VWAN CC&#39;s and use the dedicated Multi-ANA instance which is associated to the dedicated customer FIB. CPE LAN traffic destined for any other customer LAN can traverse the ANA PoP-to-PoP sessions with full IPSec encryption. 
     Rate-Limit &amp; QoS 
     In another embodiment, The Virtual Network Overlay may provide the ability to subscribe to specific PoP-to-PoP bandwidth controlled by ANA RLA. Virtual Network Overlay may have the ability to use the IPDE RLA on lower-links for the Virtual Data Path (e.g. may be an aggregated product) and also between PoPs in the Virtual Control Plane (VC). The Virtual Network Overlay may provide VC connections, for example. 
     SCN Lite—RAS &amp; Open Architecture 
     As shown in  FIG.  16   , routers with static ANA IP assignments can be implemented to connect as SCN-Lite for fixed sites. This embodiment opens up access to non-aggregated/bonded connection third party devices and software clients. In some embodiments, this may involve configuration of third party devices including both CPE and CCs. For example, a third party device may be a router. In some embodiments, third party devices, the CPE may be configured to support both non Aggregated and Aggregated implementations. 
     Embodiments described herein may involve particular configuration of third party network infrastructure for the Virtual Network Overlay, SCN, MDPS and IDPE functionality. The network infrastructure may be configured to support bonded/aggregated connections with multi-POP to provide improved virtual networking functionality. The Virtual Network Overlay may be implemented with carrier autonomy and independent CPE components supplied by third parties, for example. This may enable a user to avoid vendor lock as they update their CPE with particular configurations to support the Virtual Network Overlay. For example, third party routers may be upgraded with particular configurations described herein without requiring replacement of all hardware for the CPE. 
     In one embodiment, both ANA2 and L2TP link types may be supported simultaneously. There may also be a need to support multiple ANA2 ports such as x.x.x.x:6666, 7777, and 8888. 
     In another embodiment, ANA2-Server may support L2TP clients by configuring wildcard and NAT for Lower-Links security tasks on IPSec. Therefore, one solution may be implemented via mostly CLI and scripts. In one example, new RADIUS attributes may be added for third party device identification. For instance, new attribute may be set to SCNLITE, with value set to 1 or 0, and default value set to 0. 
     In yet another embodiment, CLI values may be changed to support both ANA2 and L2TP simultaneously. 
     A third party device may be configured to connect to an aggregate of multiple connections between concentrator elements using L2TP as the Lower-Links transport. This illustrative example uses L2TP which supports multilink and is used for connecting to ISP&#39;s and for remote access. 
     The particular configurations may enable integration of third party devices into the Virtual Network Overlay infrastructure to turn the third party devices into concentrator elements or CPE devices. 
     For third party CPE device support, an example illustrative embodiment may use MLPPP RFC 1990 with an aggregated/bonded connection as an overlay on top of common access protocols such as L2TP, PPPoE, or PPTP with multiple route tables and or static routes to manage and separate the Lower-Link traffic for aggregation. Once the traffic is separated we use MLPPP on the CPE to connect with CC elements. 
     The following process for configuration operations may be used. 
     First, the process may involve separating CPE traffic on the Lower-Links connecting the network infrastructure components. This may operation may involve configuration of a third party router (as part of the CPE) to update Lower-Links and multiple network connections. This may involve using a static IP route on each of the multiple interfaces or a dynamically assigned IP via DHCP or PPPoE or other protocol. This may further involve removing the default route on these interfaces or use of a separate routing table for each, such as a virtual routing and forwarding (VRF), for example. Static routes or multiple route tables may be added on each respective Lower-Link for the corresponding the CC Lower-Link IP. This effectively separates the Lower-Links data traffic. 
     Next, the process may involve CPE Links configuration for a Common Access Protocol. The Common Access Protocol may be for encapsulation and aggregation of data packets. This supports third party router equipment configuration for aggregated/bonded connection access using L2TP, PPPoE, PPTP, or other protocol. This may involve setup of virtual dialer templates for the lower-link transport using L2TP, PPPoE, or PPTP, for example. The virtual dialer templates allow for traditional MLPPP RFC 1990 to function over IP versus lower level serial type connections to T1 circuits. This may also involve setup of a multilink bundle with PPP multilink over the lower-link transport infrastructure. The aggregated/bonded connection may be compatible for MLPPP once the lower-link transport is compliant with a supported protocol such as L2TP, PPPoE, or PPTP, for example. This may also involve configuration of the third party router/CPE to use the multilink virtual interface as the default gateway. 
     These process operations may be used for CPE based on a third party device such as a third party router. From a Lower-Links perspective before aggregation these operations may ensure each lower-link has a separate path, and adds a static route for lower level IP address link. This may provide support for aggregated/bonded connections with a common transport protocol (L2TP). This may configure routers with multi-link over IP and provide lower-link encapsulation of data packets. For example, this may provide lower link encapsulation support for L2TP and PPPoE and PPTP and other protocols such as DHCP, UDP. 
     Further configurations may involve operations for CC to be compatible with lower links of configured third party device. 
     An operation may involve CC element configuration with MLPPP for Common Access Lower-Link Protocols. A CC for aggregated/bonded connections may be configured with MLPPP support over common Lower-Link transport protocols such as L2TP, PPPoE, or PPTP. This adds transport compatibility on the encapsulation side. 
     In an aspect, embodiments described herein may provide a Virtual Network Overlay for intelligent packet distribution over a plurality of potentially diverse links. The system may include an intelligent packet distribution engine (“IPDE”) that incorporates or is linked to means for executing a decision tree. The IPDE, in real time, obtains data traffic parameters and, based on the data traffic parameters and performance criteria, selectively applies one or more techniques to alter the traffic over selected communication links to conform to the data traffic parameters. Further details are described in Applicant&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 8,737,214, which is incorporated by reference. 
     Another operation may involve CC element configuration for the IPDE which can manage outbound packets to the CPE for differing speed links and RLA QoS. The CC element may use echo packets received from the CPE to implement aspects of the IPDE. A third party router may not be configured to support the IPDE and may not support differing speeds upload to the CC. For embodiments described herein, the CC may be updated to provide this IPDE implementation. Some example embodiments may be limited to Nx (Least Common Speed link) for aggregation. The configured CC element provides the aggregated/bonded connections. 
     A further operation may involve CC element configuration with MDPS support for fast failover and can use the third party Router configuration of Lower-Link transport LCP echo packets as control packets. The CC makes its own calculations based on the LCP echo packets for QoE scores and fast advanced failover. The third party router does not have MDPS and does not pre-emptively inform the CC over the other good links of a potential problem. The third party router may not have MDPS and may not calculate QoE scores from the LCP echo packets in some embodiments. The third party router may not have IPDE and pre-emptive failover. In an example, the CC takes echo packets or requests from the router (an example CPE) and generates QoE scores. The cloud controller may pull data from CC elements and augment data from router QoE to support IPDE, for example. Further details are described in Applicant&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 8,737,214, which is incorporated by reference. 
     The same may be said in the reverse where some embodiments may involve setup of an ISP access core router to participate as a CC and connect to it with ANA CPE devices. 
     These operations may configure CC elements for separated lower-link traffic. 
     L2TP &amp; IPSec on CC for Third Party Clients 
     An example embodiment, may involve IPSec Transport Mode Required with NAT Traversal Support. Example configuration details for third party devices are described herein and may be used for L2TP and IPSec implementations. 
     New Dynamic IP Address Pool for RAS 
     For remote access, and portability between PoPs on all CC&#39;s, in some embodiment, each CC  110  will be assigned a dynamic IP address Pool configured to support dynamic clients. IPSec may be used to provide the transparent lower-link encryption for CPE devices to address the encryption layer of the lower-link access in the tables of system and network components herein. 
     Dynamic Client RADIUS Account 
     In some embodiment, the Virtual Network Overlay may implement a dynamic IP address strategy for RAS accounts and type. 
     OSPF—BIRD—Route Domains 
     In another embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  17   , once transparent encrypted transport of VC connections between PoPs for each customer and multiple CPE devices connecting on either side of the VC connections are established, individual Routing Domains may be designated in operating systems to map VE to Vif, creating a per customer Forwarding Information Base (FIB) to address the overlapping CPE LAN IP Subnets problem by implementing per VWAN Customer Routing Domains. For example, individual Routing Domains may be designated for an example operating system using FIBs in AgniOS/FreeBSD to map VE to Vif. BIRD can support for multiple instances per VWAN and iBGP filters out VWANs. 
     In one embodiment, concentrator element  110  may advertise and receive routes from different FIBs over OSPF. A new CLI node router-ospf may be added to configure, show, enable and disable OSPF routes. In another embodiment, a new configure editor may be needed for OSPF configurations. 
     In some embodiment, two options exist for ensuring compatibility for BGP &amp; OSPF on concentrator element  110 . First option may be to use two different applications, BIRD for eBGP and iBGP, and BIRD-FIB for OSPF. The second option may be use one application for both BGP and OSPF. 
     In both cases, the routes from the default FIB or all FIBs can be advertised to BGP upstream neighbours. Concentrator element  110  may need to add some filters to prevent unnecessary BGP routes from being advertised. If both BGP and OSPF use the same configuration file for common sections such as kernel, static, direct, parts may need to be compatible for both protocols. 
     In some embodiment, BIRD may be used with iBGP for propagating connected CPE devices on the concentrator element  110 . BIRD may have support for multiple instances of OSPF that can be used for managing virtual network overlay route domains. 
     OSPF—Managing Per Customer Routing Domains 
     In one embodiment, using the Open Shortest Path (OSPF) routing protocol for VWAN Route Domains provides an easy to manage dynamic IP Routing Core in a Multi-Tenant environment. 
     Dynamic Routing For VWAN Mesh Configuration 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  18   , in one embodiment, BIRD and OSPF (or RIP) with multi-Fib support and filters for each FIB can be implemented to achieve dynamic routing for VWAN Mesh configuration. 
     In one embodiment, only the remote LAN may be advertised. In another embodiment, IP addresses for CPE bonded connections may not be advertised, as instead they may be handled by the Internet. 
     RADIUS for Centralized VWAN Access Control 
     In one embodiment, concentrator element  110  can utilize RADIUS protocol, which provides an overlay identifier (e.g. vwanid) and other attributes (e.g. cpelan attributes). Concentrator elements  110  may also inject route to OSPF for centralized management of new vwanid &amp; cpelan attributes 
     In another embodiment, new concentrator element  110  RADIUS processing of new attributes can dynamically manage customer virtual network overlay mapping for ANA interface to virtual network overlay route domains. 
     In addition, attributes may be used by concentrator element  110  to inject LAN routes into a dynamic routing protocol such as RIP, OSPF, and iBGP. 
     For security and to protect against a first Customer connecting to a second Customer ANA2 instance by changing ports on lower-links, an additional RADIUS attribute to identify the unique customer (e.g. “VWANGROUP”) may be needed. 
     An additional level of security on the ANA2 instance may be needed to inform RADIUS the “VWANGROUP” and therefore RADIUS allows this CC/ANA2 instance to authenticate CPE users that belong to the group identified by ID “VWANGROUP”. 
     Furthermore, it may be advantageous to allow multiple customers in the case of a trading partner or trusted partner. 
     An example configuration on concentrator element  110  may be to set the unique customer ID (“vwangroup”) to a first customer ID customer1 and a second customer ID customer2. 
     In another embodiment, the variable $fib may be used to set values for the unique customer ID (“vwangroup”). 
     Authentication System Modification 
     Embodiments described herein may implement an Identity, Policy and Audit (IPA) suite or other type of authentication system. An example, is Free IPA. An Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network. LDAP may also be part of an authentication system. Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) management for users who connect and use a network service. RADIUS may also be part of an authentication system. In one embodiment, a custom attribute may be created in LDAP and enabled to be visible to concentrator element  110 . Since everything in LDAP is hierarchical, including object-classes and attributes, to create a custom attribute, the appropriate scheme file needs to be edited. This is an example implement. Embodiments described herein may provide an authentication backend for the Virtual Network Overlay which may include LDAP or RADIUS, or both. 
     If the custom attribute requires a new Idif file, a new file may need to be created and stored in the appropriate scheme file. 
     An attribute may be created by matching objectClasses and attributeTypes exactly. 
     To make a new attribute visible to concentrator element  110 , the attribute may be added into two files: attribute map and FreeRadius. These are illustrative example files. 
     If the attribute needs a custom dictionary, a file can be created. For example, the file may be created as “/usr/share/freeradius” dictionary.yourName. 
     Define the Attribute in Idap.Attrmap 
     In one embodiment, the Idap.attrmap can map dictionary attributes to LDAP directory to be used by LDAP authentication. For example, the attribute may be added in “/etc/raddb”. When all changes are done, RADIUS or other authentication system may be restarted. 
     IPDE-RLA Dynamic 
     In another embodiment, dynamic IPDE-RLA implemented on VWAN can bring dynamic bandwidth reservation for RLA allowing IPDE-RLA-bypass rules for traffic for which the reserve bandwidth can be specified and dynamically applied, if the traffic exists. When the traffic is no longer present, the bandwidth can be released for use by other applications. 
     One illustrative example is Voice and Video with Data. For instance, voice tends to be much easier to deal with in a static configuration. It requires relatively low bandwidth and the reservation of this bandwidth can be an acceptable sacrifice for the other applications. Video conferencing, on the other hand, tends to require large amounts of bandwidth (from upload perspective) and is not always on. The problem is that in order for a static system to support video, it needs to reserve the bandwidth all the time and this is not an acceptable sacrifice for other applications. 
     In another embodiment, “dynamic, bandwidth, timeout” parameters can be added to support the new feature. 
     In some embodiment, means to control certificates may be required within cloud manager  140 . 
     There may be many dependencies associated with ANA connections. Some of which govern the Lower-Link activities such as obtaining DHCP address for the links. 
     Virtual WAN Backhaul—Multi-Tenant Support 
     In one embodiment, the Virtual Network Overlay may provide a virtual WAN backhaul with multi-tenant support. 
     VC Connection Management (CLI &amp; SCN) 
     In one embodiment, the Virtual Network Overlay may provide VC connection management. Example configurations for VC connection management may include:
         delete ve VE   set ve VE ip-address Ip Netmask   set ve VC connection IP       

     In one embodiment, the Virtual Network Overlay may provide VC connection management. Example configurations for fibs support may include:
         delete ve VC [fib]   set ve VC ip-address Ip Netmask [fib]   set ve VC connection IP [fib]       

     An automated means may map the various VC interfaces with customer Route tables/VRF in the cloud that uses an API connection to the VC devices (Concentrators) and performs the otherwise manual task 
     Map VC &amp; Vif to FIB (RADIUS on CC) 
     An automated means may map the various VC interfaces with customer Route tables/VRF and also with customer ANA sessions in the cloud that uses an API connection to the VC devices (Concentrators) and performs the otherwise manual task. 
     Map Vif to FIB (RADIUS on CC) 
     In example embodiments, once CPE connects to CC, CC can read the CPEVWANID from CPE radius configuration and then can run commands such as: 
     ifconfig $interface fib $CPEVWANID 
     This may use the $CPEVWANID as the FIB number for this CPE&#39;s Vif interface, and thus map this CPE Vif interface to the specific FIB. The use of a centralized store which in this example scenario is RADIUS to maintain VWAN specific details which in turn are used by the Concentrators/VC to automate the interconnectivity of the VWAN control Plan and Data plane. 
     Map VC to FIB (RADIUS on CC) 
     In example embodiments, VC interfaces can be created only in the default FIB (FIB  0 ) and will manage traffic between this CC and other CCs. Firewall rules and routes will be added to distribute CPE VWAN traffic from/to each FIB. 
     In example embodiments, VC interfaces can also be created in different FIB&#39;s, same as the CPE Vif interface. RADIUS is an illustrative example authentication component. 
     IP Node, System Node, CLI &amp; Scripts, SCN 
     In example embodiments, IP nodes may provide FIB support for VE interface management. In some example embodiments, system node may provide FIB support which may be required for any command with an interface specified 
     Operating System Support for 4096 or Greater FIB&#39;s 
     In example embodiments, different operating systems may be support multiple FIBs. For example, AgniOS v4.1.2+ may support multiple FIBs (e.g. up to 16 in some examples). For each WAN to have a unique FIB, we will need to add many more FIB&#39;s. 
     net.fibs 
     In example embodiments, there may be support for 4096 individual VWANs. Each VWAN will not need multiple FIB&#39;s for each CPE as the CC brings them in on setfib $FIB ana2-server. 
     net.add addr allfibs=0 (ANA only affect $FIBCUST for ANA2-$CUST) 
     In example embodiments, implementations may enable addition of routes on all FIBs for new interfaces by default. When this is set to 0, it will only allocate routes on interface changes for the FIB of the caller when adding a new set of addresses to an interface. Note that this tunable 
     and is set to 1 by default. 
     Portal Management for the Virtual Network Overlay 
     Cloud manager  140  can provide for Ease of Deployment and Management via implementation of following functions and features:
         OE, Install &amp; Config, Monitoring &amp; Management   Plugs Into Existing Monitoring System   Centralized Firewall, WiFi, &amp; the Virtual Network Overlay Control   Consistent Monitoring, Reporting &amp; Mgmt. for all sites regardless of local carrier or connection type       

     Items for management can include:
         CPE ANA Lower-Link Encryption/IPSec   CC PoP-to-PoP ANA Lower-Link Encryption/IPSec for the V2L   Spawning dedicated Multi-ANA CC instance per Customer FIB on Virtual Network Overlay CC Virtual Machines/vm9000   BIRD OSPF for Dynamic Routing of Virtual Network Overlay aggregated/bonded connection sessions   CC VWAN Firewall profile per Customer/FIB   CPE Firewall   Management &amp; Monitoring for Virtual Network Overlay CPE &amp; CC   QoE rules on CPE for Enterprise Virtual Network Overlay &amp; APPS   QoE rules on CC VWAN for WAN &amp; APPS   Advanced Traffic Analytics for Virtual Network Overlay &amp; Internet   Bandwidth usage reporting for Virtual Network Overlay, CPE, Internet       

     Categories for management can include:
         Order Entry   Install and configuration   Quality-of-Experience   Monitoring &amp; Management w/Advanced Traffic Analytics   New: VWAN Calibrate (CPELAN to HQLAN)   SCN PostgreSQL Database (ZTP2, Nagios RRD, Netflow)   Nagios Monitoring System (Config, RRD, MYSQL)   Netflow Collector System   Identity, Policy and Audit (IPA) suite software (e.g. FreelPA with AAA, LDAP)   RT Tickets System   AgniOS or other operating system API
 
Design New DB Tables &amp; Structure
       

     A new ID Table may be created for the Virtual Network Overlay by specifying variables such as vwanid, vwansubnet (RFC1918/24), partnerid, custid. 
     VWANID variable may be set by specifying or searching for cloud concentrator pairs and selecting a topology (e.g. star or mesh). 
     The Core Virtual Network Overlay (e.g. VC connections) between PoPs/Concentrator elements may be set up. Concentrator elements can be configured for VC connections.sending via AGNIAPID VC connections require private IP assigned from $vwansubnet where each concentrator elements shares same src (x.x.x.1/24) MAP VE interfaces in TABLE for each VWAN and concentrator element Pairs. 
     Unique identifier for the Virtual Network Overlay may be selected, CPELAN attributes may be set. The attributes may be added to LDAP/RADIUS for CPE profile. QoE parameters may be set for HQ/CC VE. 
     ZTP Database Design &amp; Structure 
       FIGS.  19   a  and  19   b    illustrate exemplary relationship diagrams for cloud manager  140  and SCN Database and tables. 
     Portal Access Control List (ACL) 
     Portal Access Control List for managing portal resources is also illustrated in  FIGS.  19   a    and  19   b.    
     New Dynamic IP Address Pool for RAS 
     For remote access, and portability between PoPs on all concentrator elements  110 , each concentrator element may need a dynamic IP address Pool configured to support dynamic clients. For example, dynamic IP pool may be assigned to each concentrator element, and/or each concentrator element may be further configured for a dynamic pool. 
     This method can allow traveling users to connect with proximal remote access termination for optimal service. 
     Exemplary components of cloud manager  140 : 
                                    1.   ACL       2.   DB/Schema       3.   ORM       4.   Mail Service       5.   RT API/Email Interfacing       6.    Workflow/Navigation       7.    User-interface/Forms       8.   MAC/Serial Lookup       9.   Testing       10.   IP Plan Integration       11.   Netflow/Nagios       12.   Agniapid       13.    Multi-tier segregation       14.    Virtual Network Overlay       15.   Managed FW &amp; VPN . . .                    
Distributed Cloud Firewall/Intrusion Prevention
 
     ANA GRID Routing and Firewall can be controlled from the cloud and achieve software defined networking and global denial of service with intrusion detection protection. 
     Centralized Control for all BGP and Firewall Devices. 
     In one embodiment, centralized control of all BGP devices (e.g. from VIPS implementation) may be required. 
     In another embodiment, Dissemination of Flow Specification Rules may be achieved by using RFC 5575. 
     Global Denial of Service Detection 
     In one embodiment, a Denial of Service Attack can be detected at any device and a global defence may be triggered according. This attack can be filtered to prevent entry to any ANA Grid controlled Network. 
     Global Intrusion Detection 
     A simplified Intrusion detection software instance running on all BGP devices controlled by cloud manager  140  can inform the cloud manager  140 , which can make a centralized intrusion detection decision with threat level analysis. 
     Upon intrusion decision, the system can propagate a deny rule for said traffic to all devices and the culprit traffic will be filtered out from all PoPs. This technology can also extend to the CPE devices. 
     Wi-Fi Enterprise Access Security for Operating System 
     Software Controlled Networking solutions can provide the most efficient means of combining multiple connections for WAN, Internet, &amp; Voice convergence for the enterprise. The WiFi access security may be implemented for various operating systems, such as, for example, AgniOS. 
     In addition, CPE devices can provide WiFi for the Enterprise using Virtual Access Point technology with centralized authentication and security, managed central portal of cloud manager  140  in the cloud. 
     Virtual Access Point 
     A Virtual Access Point (VAP) is the implementation of a secondary Wi-Fi AP or Hotspot using multiple SSID&#39;s (Service Set Identification) and or WLAN interfaces over a common physical Wi-Fi radio. VAP&#39;s can be used to separate groups of users such as guests and employees for security and privacy purposes. 
     VAP w/WEP+VPN 
     When used as an access point for Wi-Fi devices, VWAN can support Enterprise grade Wi-Fi services using a combination of cloud management features, CPE firewall, and CPE VPN remote access VPN capabilities that work with the customer&#39;s corporate authentication mechanisms such as Active Directory or RADIUS. 
     CPE PPTP-Server &amp; Active Directory/RADIUS 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  20   , in one exemplary embodiment, the CPE &lt;pptp-server&gt; node can use the corporate Active Directory security, or Customer RADIUS database for assigning users to special remote access groups which in turn assigns users to VLANs on the CPE device. 
     In another embodiment, creation of new dedicated concentrator elements (CC&#39;s)  110  for Large Enterprise customers may be used to provide private meshes between PoPs for transport of WAN traffic with Over-The-Top control from both Edge (CPE to Home-PoP) and Core (PoP-to-PoP between CC&#39;s). 
     Multiple Aggregated/Bonded Connection implementations 
     Multiple aggregated/bonded connections (which may be referred to as ANA™ ANA2™) implementations may be run in one embodiment, assigning one aggregated/bonded process for each Large Enterprise customer and associating this aggregated/bonded instance to a particular FIB. 
     Advantages and Use Case 
     The embodiments described herein may improve network performance between disparate locations by leveraging network bonding/aggregation technology, but by implementing a system, method and network configuration that provides intervening network components disposed adjacent to access points so as to manage traffic between two or more sites such that bonded/aggregated connections are terminated and traffic is directed to a network backbone, and optionally passed to one or more further bonded/aggregated connections associated with a remote additional site. 
     The network solutions of the present invention are flexible, responsive, scalable and easy to implement. New sites, optionally having their own CPE-CE and/or CCPE can be easily added, and the network solution supports various types of multi-point network communications, and various network performance improvement strategies including various QoS techniques. 
     The network solution is easily updated with new programming or logic that is automatically distributed on a peer to peer basis based on the interoperation of network components that is inherent to their design, as previously described. 
     As explained earlier, embodiments of the present invention may offer advantages over the prior art technologies, including, for example: 
     1. Carrier diversity 
     2. Failover protection 
     3. Aggregated bandwidth 
     4. Bi-directional communication 
     5. Network quality of service (QoS) 
     6. No dropped calls 
     7. Application acceleration 
     8. Quality of Experience scoring 
     In addition, combining MPLS network with the link aggregation/bonding technology described in the exemplary embodiments is an approach to satisfying end customer needs on an MPLS network, namely:
         Use of multiple low cost broadband circuits (for greater uptime and resiliency)   Support of prioritization and CoS for priority traffic   Hybrid MPLS or backup network strategy without having to abandon MPLS features       

     Furthermore, additional advantages provided by embodiments of the present invention may include:
         It paves a way for each carrier or network provider to offer an innovative MPLS network over broadband solution that is differentiated from their competitor&#39;s offering.   Customers would be able to select the given carrier or provider for Hybrid and/or Backup MPLS solutions via a customized network configuration.   Cloud provisioning, or “Zero Touch Provisioning” can configure/reconfigure all the network elements dynamically.   An ability to aggregate/terminate multiple MPLS providers in a single location.   Interoperability between networks can be handled by the cloud provisioning element.   Network providers or partners can deliver an “any/any/any” experience to their customers—BYOMPLS (Bring Your Own MPLS) ability to the network providers or partners.   Customers would be able to select carriers offering MPLS with link aggregation/bonding over broadband to obtain QoS, Resiliency, and application acceleration not achievable with current offerings on the market.   And many others.       

     Embodiments described herein can improve network performance as illustrated in the Example In Operation provided above. 
       FIGS.  26   a ,  26   b ,  26   c    illustrate example block diagrams of network topologies. 
       FIG.  26   a    illustrates an example block diagrams of a legacy WAN using MPLS. This network implementation may be specific to one carrier and may not have aggregated connections that in turn provide aggregated network speeds. The legacy WAN topology may have complex legacy WAN management. 
       FIG.  26   b    illustrates an example block diagrams of a software defined WAN using dynamic multipoint virtual private network. This network implementation may require a complex infrastructure and may not have aggregated connections. 
       FIG.  26   c    illustrates an example block diagram of a network topology with a virtual control plane interface according to embodiments described herein. The virtual control plane interface establishes paths between a network server component and remote network server components connected to or within the network. A virtual network overlay is established between the network server component and each of the plurality of remote network server components. The paths are used for data transmission over the corresponding virtual network overlay 
     The virtual network overlay includes VOEs and a Virtual Control Plane (VCP) interface for data traffic control and management over paths, which may be managed by Cloud Network Controller. For example, Cloud Network Controller may be configured to manage, through VCP interface, paths for a given Virtual Network Overlay. Frame encapsulation may be conducted by each VOE. Each VOE may have a logical interface such as a VCP interface. The VCP interface may be responsible for sending or receiving frames with an IP address. The IP address may be used for receiving or routing encapsulated frames. For example, packets received on the VCP interface may be mapped based on a lookup operation from a local table. The lookup operation may provide the appropriate IP address of the destination Concentrator. Frame may be then encapsulated and transmitted accordingly. 
     The network implementation may provide a simplified infrastructure and network management. The network implementation may provide improved Quality of Service and Class of Service prioritization with Quality of Experience. The network implementation may support diverse carriers. The network implementation may provide aggregated connections and aggregated network speeds. The network implementation may provide is cloud management and orchestrated. The network implementation may provide multi-tenant support for overlapping subnets on the same controller. The network implementation may provide VCP interface with multi-point encapsulation tunnels or paths. The network implementation may provide aggregated connections with a Virtual Network Overlay data plane. The network implementation may provide a fully meshed network configuration. The Virtual Control Plane bridges branch data planes. 
     As shown in  FIG.  27 A , aspects of the Virtual Control Plane can be implemented using full mesh hub configuration. The Virtual Control Plane provides multi-tenant controllers at the PoPs. The Virtual Control Plane provides customer protected route domain and supports overlapping subnets. As shown in  FIG.  27 B , the data plane can be implemented using hub and spoke configuration. The data plane may include CPE to controller connections at home POPs with proximal aggregation. The data plane may provide a bridge to the virtual control plane at POPs. As shown in  FIG.  27 C , LAN to LAN connections can be implemented using full mesh configuration between headquarters, data centres and branches. LAN to LAN connections can provide site to site communications. The network implementation has distributed POPs with VCP, 
     Referring now to  FIG.  28   , for example, a virtual network overlay hub or Cloud Network Controller  280  is configured to act as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint (VOE) and include a VCP interface  282  for data traffic control and management over unicast paths  284 ,  286 . For example, Cloud Network Controller  280  may be configured to manage, through VCP interface  282 , unicast tunnel or path  284 ,  286  for a given Virtual Network Overlay. Each Cloud Network Controller  280  as a Virtual Overlay Endpoint may have a logical interfaces such as a VCP interface  282 . The VCP interface  282  may be responsible for sending or receiving frames with an IP address. The IP address may be used for receiving or routing encapsulated frames. For example, packets received on the VCP interface  282  may be mapped based on a lookup operation from a local table. The lookup operation may provide the appropriate IP address of the destination Concentrator. Frame may be then encapsulated and transmitted accordingly. The Cloud Network Controller  280  may connect to other Cloud Network Controllers  288 ,  290  using paths  284 ,  286 . As shown, the network may provide a full mesh implementation between each Cloud Network Controller  280 ,  288 ,  290  belonging to the Virtual Network Overlay. The implementation can provide a Layer2 over Layer 3 Control Plane Overlay. The implementation may not require Multicast Core Underlay (MCAST BB/Mbps). For Non-broadcast multiple-access network, the implementation may provide aspects for Core or Internet. The implementation may not require Next Hop Resolution Protocol. The implementation can provide VxLAN Source Code modification inside AgniOS. The implementation may be backwards compatible with different VTEP Gateways. The implementation may have self-contained forwarding table maps (e.g. MAC, IP of Peer VTEP Gateways/Controllers.