Patent Publication Number: US-2020282863-A1

Title: Internal heating of a battery

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION DATA 
     This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/CN2018/109905, filed Oct. 11, 2018, which claims the benefit of 17204064.4, filed Nov. 28, 2017, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The disclosure pertains to the field of batteries and heating of cold batteries. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Today it is very popular to use batteries for powering all kinds of electrical devices. Not only smaller home electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets and portable computers but also electrical devices such as electrical drilling machines, electrical lawn mowers, electrical bikes and electrical vehicles make use of batteries. There are different types of batteries, and in particular batteries that are rechargeable are commonly used. 
     The performance of a battery is affected by the temperature. Most batteries have an optimum operation temperature. A common optimum operation temperature is around 20 degrees Celsius, or 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Batteries that are used indoor does usually not suffer from different surrounding temperatures. Indoor temperature is usually around the optimum operation temperature. Batteries that are used in devices that are outdoors are however heated up or cooled down due to the weather that affects the surrounding temperature. 
     The performance of a battery drops at low temperatures. This means that batteries used in cold environments such as in a vehicle when the weather is cold gets affected by the lower temperature. Vehicles that are pure electric or semi electric, such as hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles, are dependent on the performance of the vehicle battery. With a cold vehicle battery it can be impossible to obtain nominal power from the vehicle battery that is impacting the driving experience and the driving performance. 
     SUMMARY 
     Today one way to avoid a drop in battery performance, during low temperatures in the battery, is to heat up the battery. Heating up the battery will increase the performance of the battery and in particular it will increase the power that the battery can provide. Vehicles that are pure electric or semi electric, such as hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles, and that are dependent on the performance of the vehicle battery, the heating up of a cold battery is of particular importance. The performance of a vehicle battery, that is often a high voltage battery, has a major impact on the driving experience and driving performance. 
     An object of the present disclosure is to provide a system and method which seek to mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate one or more of the above-identified deficiencies in the art and disadvantages singly or in any combination. 
     The disclosure proposes battery heating system for a vehicle battery. The battery heating system comprise a vehicle battery, an auxiliary energy storage device, a direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter and a processing circuitry. The auxiliary energy storage device is connected to the vehicle battery via the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter and the processing circuitry is connected to the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter. The processing circuitry is configured to cause the battery heating system to operate in a first mode wherein the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is configured to control a current to flow through the vehicle battery in a first direction and operate in a second mode wherein the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is configured to control a current to flow through the vehicle battery in a second direction. According to an aspect the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter controls the direction of the current by changing the output voltage magnitude. An advantage with the system is that no extra component for heating the vehicle battery is needed and since the current is flowing in and out of the vehicle battery, the State of Charge, SoC, level is maintained at a fairly constant value and thereby having a lower impact on the drivable electric range, the driving experience and the driving performance. 
     According to an aspect the processing circuitry is further configured to cause the battery heating system to change operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode at a certain frequency. In this way the frequency can be optimized in order to get optimized heating of the battery and at the same time maintain the State of Charge, SoC, level at a fairly constant value. 
     According to an aspect the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is configured to control the current by setting an output voltage of the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter that is higher or lower compared to the vehicle battery output voltage. In other words the direction of the current is controlled by the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter and dependent on the vehicle battery output voltage. According to an aspect the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter controls the direction of the current by changing the output voltage magnitude. 
     According to an aspect the vehicle battery has an internal resistance and the vehicle battery is heated up due to losses in the internal resistance when the current flows through the vehicle battery. This means that the internal resistance cause the heating of the vehicle battery and no additional components are needed for the heating of the vehicle battery. 
     According to an aspect the vehicle battery has an internal resistance that is dependent on the frequency at which operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode is changed. An advantage with this that the frequency can be chosen to obtain an optimal internal resistance for heating the battery. 
     According to an aspect the frequency is adjustable to obtain the highest possible internal resistance in a shortest possible time for better heating performance of the battery heating system. In other words the frequency can be chosen to obtain a maximum resistance as fast as possible and thereby obtaining maximum power losses that are generated when the internal resistance is as high as possible. The power losses generates heat that heats up the vehicle battery. 
     According to an aspect the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is a bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter. According to an aspect the first mode is a boost mode wherein the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is configured to control a current to flow through the vehicle battery in a first direction and the second mode is a buck mode, wherein the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is configured to control a current to flow through the vehicle battery in a second direction. In other words this means that in the boost mode the output voltage of the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is greater than the output voltage of the vehicle battery and in the buck mode the output voltage of the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is lower than the output voltage of the vehicle battery. 
     According to an aspect the battery heating system further comprise a temperature measuring device connected to the vehicle battery for determining an internal temperature of the vehicle battery. According to an aspect the temperature measuring device is a temperature sensor located in the proximity or onto a battery cell. An advantage with a temperature measuring device the battery heating system can measure temperature changes in the vehicle battery. 
     According to an aspect the processing circuitry is configured to cause the battery heating system to change operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode at a frequency dependent on the internal temperature of the vehicle battery. According to an aspect the frequency is further dependent on the age of the battery and/or the State of Charge, SoC, of the battery. This means that the heating of the battery can be controlled for optimized heating and performance of the battery. 
     The disclosure further proposes a battery heating method in a battery heating system for heating a vehicle battery. The battery heating method comprise the steps of operating the battery heating system in a first mode in which a direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter controls a current to flow through the vehicle battery in a first direction and operating the battery heating system in a second mode in which the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter controls a current to flow through the vehicle battery in a second direction. An advantage with the system is that no extra component for heating the battery is needed and since the current is flowing in and out of the vehicle, the State of Charge, SoC, level is maintained at a fairly constant value and thereby having a lower impact on the drivable electric range, the driving experience and the driving performance. 
     According to an aspect the method further comprising changing operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode at a frequency. An advantage with this is that the frequency can be chosen to obtain an optimal internal resistance for heating the battery. 
     According to an aspect the vehicle battery has an internal resistance and the vehicle battery is heated up due to losses in the internal resistance when the current flows through the vehicle battery. This means that the internal resistance cause the heating of the vehicle battery and no additional components are needed for the heating of the vehicle battery. 
     According to an aspect the vehicle battery has an internal resistance that is dependent on the frequency. An advantage with this that the frequency can be chosen to obtain an optimal internal resistance for heating the vehicle battery. 
     According to an aspect the frequency is adjustable to obtain the highest possible internal resistance in a shortest possible time for better heating performance of the battery heating system. In other words the frequency can be chosen to obtain a maximum internal resistance as fast as possible and thereby obtaining maximum power losses that are generated when the internal resistance is as high as possible. The power losses generates heat that heats up the vehicle battery. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particular description of the example aspects, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the example embodiments. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a battery heating system for implementing the proposed method according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  illustrates exemplary graphs when the battery heating system is changing operation between first and second mode. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary graph how the internal resistance increases as time increases. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a flow chart of the method steps according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The method and device disclosed herein can, however, be realized in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the aspects set forth herein. Like numbers in the drawings refer to like elements throughout. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects of the disclosure only, and is not intended to limit the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. 
     In some implementations and according to some aspects of the disclosure, the functions or steps noted in the blocks can occur out of the order noted in the operational illustrations. For example, two blocks shown in succession can in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks can sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. 
     In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed exemplary aspects of the disclosure. However, many variations and modifications can be made to these aspects without substantially departing from the principles of the present disclosure. Thus, the disclosure should be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and not as being limited to the particular aspects discussed above. Accordingly, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. 
     It should be noted that the word “comprising” does not necessarily exclude the presence of other elements or steps than those listed. It should further be noted that any reference signs do not limit the scope of the claims, that the example embodiments may be implemented at least in part by means of both hardware and software, and that several “means”, “units” or “devices” may be represented by the same item of hardware. 
     The performance of a battery is affected by the temperature. Most batteries have an optimum operation temperature that are around the normal indoor room temperature, 20 degrees Celsius, or 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Vehicles that are pure electric or semi electric, such as hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles, are dependent on the performance of the vehicle battery. Since vehicles are operated outdoors the operation temperature will dependent with the weather. With a cold vehicle battery it can be impossible to obtain nominal power from the vehicle battery that is impacting the driving experience and the driving performance. 
     Today one way to avoid a drop in battery performance during low temperature in the battery is to heat up the battery. Heating up the battery will increase the performance of the battery and in particular it will increase the power that the battery can provide. Vehicles that are pure electric or semi electric, such as hybrid or plug-in hybrid vehicles, and that are dependent on the performance of the vehicle battery, the heating up of a cold battery is of particular importance. The performance of the vehicle battery, that is often a high voltage battery, has a major impact on the driving experience and the driving performance. 
     The inventors have identified that there is a need for a solution where a vehicle battery is heated up when exposed to low temperatures without affecting the State of Charge, SoC, of the vehicle battery, in an efficient way to enable great driving experience and driving performance even in lower temperatures. 
     The disclosure proposes a battery heating system  100  for a vehicle battery as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The battery heating system comprise a vehicle battery  110 , an auxiliary energy storage device  130 , a direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  and a processing circuitry  102 . A vehicle battery  110  used in pure electric or semi electric vehicle, such as a hybrid or a plug-in hybrid vehicle, is often a high voltage battery, also known as a “high voltage battery pack” or “HV battery pack”. Such vehicle battery  110  usually have an output voltage around 300-400 volts and is used for propulsion and operation of the pure electric or semi electric vehicle. The vehicle battery  110  may however be any kind of battery. 
     The auxiliary energy storage device  130  can for example be a normal 12 or 24 Volt vehicle battery. The auxiliary energy storage device  130  can also be a capacitor in the inverter or a so called super capacitor that can store energy. In one example the auxiliary energy storage device  130  is an additional vehicle battery  110 , meaning that the battery heating system  100  then comprise two vehicle batteries  110 . The auxiliary energy storage device  130  can be used for other purposes and not only for the battery heating system  100 . 
     The direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120 , also known as a “DC-DC converter” is an electronic circuit that converts a source of direct current, DC, from one voltage level, an input voltage level, and outputs a direct current, DC, at another voltage level, an output voltage level. In one example the input voltage level can be higher or lower than the output level. Direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converters are typically used for charging different types of batteries using different output voltage levels. The output voltage can be preset by the manufacturer of the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter or be set by a user of the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter. There are also direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converters that are fully programmable that can change the output voltage according to instructions from e.g. a software program carried out by a processing circuitry. 
     The processing circuitry  102  can be a Central Processing Unit, CPU, or any processing unit carrying out instructions of a software program or operating system. 
     The auxiliary energy storage device  130  is connected to the vehicle battery  110  via the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  and the processing circuitry  102  is connected to the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The auxiliary energy storage device  130  has an output voltage level V 1  as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . The direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  has an output voltage level V 2  as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . 
     The processing circuitry  102  is configured to cause the battery heating system  100  to operate in a first mode wherein the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  is configured to control a current i to flow through the vehicle battery  110  in a first direction and operate in a second mode wherein the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  is configured to control a current i to flow through the vehicle battery  110  in a second direction. 
     A battery that is rechargeable, such as a vehicle battery  110 , has a certain so called State of Charge, SoC. The units of State of Charge, SoC, are percentage points where 100% means fully charged battery and 0% means a fully discharged battery, i.e. a battery that is “empty”. A battery is traditionally charged to a certain State of Charge, SoC. Then, when the battery is connected to an electronic device that consumes power form the battery, current i is flowing in one direction and the battery is being discharged. After a certain time of usage, the battery is discharged to a lower State of Charge, SoC, and needs to be charged to a higher State of Charge, SoC, again. When the battery is charged the current i is flowing in the opposite direction compare to when the battery is discharged. 
     An advantage with the battery heating system  100  is not only that no extra component for heating the vehicle battery  110  is needed. Another advantage is also that since the current i is flowing in and out of the vehicle battery  110 , i.e. in both directions, the State of Charge, SoC, level is maintained at a fairly constant value and thereby having a lower impact on the drivable electric range, the driving experience and the driving performance. 
     A further advantage with that no external component for heating up the vehicle battery  110  is used is that the external heat transfer losses are minimal as the cells in the vehicle battery  110  heats up due to its own internal resistance, Rint. In other words there is no need for transfer of heat to the vehicle battery  110  from a battery heater that is in the vicinity of the vehicle battery  110 . 
     According to an aspect the processing circuitry  102  is further configured to cause the battery heating system  100  to change operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode at a frequency, f. In this way the frequency f can be optimized in order to get optimized heating of the battery and at the same time maintain the State of Charge, SoC, level at a fairly constant value. 
     According to an aspect the operation of the battery heating system  100  by the processing circuitry  102  is automatic. The operation of the battery heating system  100  can be carried out by instructions of a software program or an application. According to an aspect the battery heating system  100  is controlled via a user interface  400 . According to an aspect the user interface  400  is e.g. a touch sensitive display installed in the vehicle and connected to processing circuitry  102 . According to an aspect the user interface  400  is on a remote device such as a smartphone or tablet that is running a software that controls the battery heating system  100 . According to an aspect the remote device is connected to the processing circuitry  102  via a communication network  50 . In one example the communication network  50  is a standardized wireless local area network such as a Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN, Bluetooth™, ZigBee, Ultra-Wideband, Near Field Communication, NFC, Radio Frequency Identification, RFID, or similar network. In one example the communication network  50  is a standardized wireless wide area network such as a Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM, Extended GSM, General Packet Radio Service, GPRS, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM 
     Evolution, EDGE, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, WCDMA, Long Term Evolution, LTE, Narrowband-IoT, 5G, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, WiMAX or Ultra Mobile Broadband, UMB or similar network. The communication network  50  can also be a combination of both a local area network and a wide area network. The communication network  50  can also be a wired network. According to some aspects of the disclosure the communication network  50  is defined by common Internet Protocols. 
     According to an aspect the battery heating system  100  is controlled by predetermined information indicating usage of the vehicle. In this way the battery heating system  100  can heat up the vehicle battery  110  in advance before the vehicle is intended to be used e.g. by setting a departure time. In one example a user can set a departure time via the user interface  400  of e.g. a smartphone that is remotely connected to the battery heating system  100  of the vehicle. 
     According to an aspect the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  controls the current i by setting an output voltage, V 2 , of the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  that is higher or lower compared to the vehicle battery  110  output voltage, Vbatt. In other words the direction of the current i is controlled by the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  and dependent on the vehicle battery output voltage Vbatt. 
     According to an aspect the vehicle battery  110  has an internal resistance Rint and the vehicle battery  110  is heated up due to losses in the internal resistance Rint when the current i flows through the vehicle battery  110 . This means that the internal resistance Rint cause the heating of the vehicle battery  110  and no additional components are needed for the heating of the vehicle battery  110 . According to an aspect the vehicle battery has an internal resistance Rint that is dependent on the frequency, f, at which operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode is changed. An advantage with this that the frequency f can be chosen to obtain an optimal internal resistance Rint for heating the vehicle battery  110 . According to an aspect the frequency f is adjustable to obtain the highest possible internal resistance Rint in a shortest possible time for better heating performance of the battery heating system  100 . In other words the frequency f can be chosen to obtain a maximum internal resistance Rint as fast as possible and thereby obtaining maximum power losses that are generated when the internal resistance Rint is as high as possible. The power losses generates heat that heats up the vehicle battery  110 . 
     According to an aspect the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  is a bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter. According to an aspect the first mode is a boost mode wherein the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  is configured to control a current i to flow through the vehicle battery  110  in a first direction and the second mode is a buck mode, wherein the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  is configured to control a current i to flow through the vehicle battery  110  in a second direction. In other words this means that in the boost mode the output voltage V 2  of the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter is greater than the output voltage of the vehicle battery, Vbatt, and in the buck mode the output voltage V 2  of the bi-directional buck-boost direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  is lower than the output voltage of the vehicle battery, Vbatt. 
       FIG. 2  and  FIG. 3  illustrates exemplary graphs when the battery heating system  100  is changing operation between first and second mode. 
     In particular the frequency f at which the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  is changing operation mode between from boost mode to buck mode in a cyclic manner is illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     The difference, ΔV, in the voltage levels between the boost mode, V 2 &gt;Vbatt, and the buck mode, V 2 &lt;Vbatt, leads to a cyclic current i flowing in and out of the vehicle battery  110  as shown in  FIG. 3 . The current i flowing in and out of the vehicle battery  110  makes that the State of Charge, SoC, level of the vehicle battery  110  maintains at a fairly constant value. The voltage difference ΔV dictates the magnitude of the current i flowing in and out of the vehicle battery  110 . 
     In one example the vehicle battery  110 , such as a high voltage vehicle battery, has an output voltage, Vbatt, of 350 volts. In the boost mode V 2  can be chosen to be e.g. 365 volts. In the buck mode V 2  can be chosen to be e.g. 335 volts. This means that in the example the changing operation mode from boost mode to buck mode in a cyclic manner implies +/−15 volts, and hence with a difference, ΔV, that is 30 volts. The magnitude of the current i flowing in and out of the vehicle battery  110  should be chosen not to hurt the State of Health, SoH of the battery. The operation values of a battery is normally set by the manufacturer of the battery and can serve as input parameters for operation of the battery heating system  100 . 
     In boost mode, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , when the duty cycle D is such that V 2 &gt;VBatt, the heating current i flows into the vehicle battery  110 , illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     In buck mode, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 , when the duty cycle D is such that V 2 &lt;VBatt, the heating current i flows out of the vehicle battery  110 , illustrated in  FIG. 3 . 
     The square wave pattern of the current i, illustrated in  FIG. 3 , has a fundamental sinusoidal component whose frequency is same as the frequency f. The internal resistance Rint of the vehicle battery  110  depends on the frequency f of the current i flowing through it. 
     Thus, the frequency f of changing operation between first and second mode of the battery heating system  100  is chosen such that the internal resistance Rint of the vehicle battery  110  is optimal and this frequency f is usually in the order of few hertz, Hz. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates an exemplary graph how the internal resistance Rint, measured in mΩ, increases as time, measured in seconds, increases. Or put in other words, how the internal resistance Rint increases as frequency f decreases, since time=1/frequency. From the graph in  FIG. 4  it becomes clear that after a certain time, the rate at which the internal resistance Rint increases reduces drastically because it saturates. Therefore the frequency f of changing operation between the first and the second mode of the battery heating system  100  can be chosen to obtain an optimized internal resistance Rint in order to obtain a greater heating effect in a shorter time span. In the example as illustrated in  FIG. 4  after 200 ms the internal resistance is already close to 3 mΩ and will not increase much more. In the example the frequency f of changing operation between the first and the second mode of the battery heating system  100  can therefore be chosen to be, calculated as frequency=1/time, 1/200 ms=1/0.2=5 i.e. a frequency at 5 Hz can be chosen. 
     According to an aspect the battery heating system  100  further comprise a temperature measuring device  140  connected to the vehicle battery  110  for determining an internal temperature of the vehicle battery  110 . According to an aspect the temperature measuring device is a temperature sensor located in the proximity or onto a battery cell. An advantage with a temperature measuring device the battery heating system can measure temperature changes in the vehicle battery  110 . In one example the temperature is used as an input for controlling the operation of the battery heating system  100 . According to an aspect a user is notified via a user interface  400  is on a remote device, such as a smartphone, that the temperature of the vehicle battery  110  is below a certain level and that pre-heating before departure is recommended. 
     According to an aspect the processing circuitry  102  is configured to cause the battery heating system  100  to change operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode at a frequency f dependent on the internal temperature of the vehicle battery  110 . According to an aspect the frequency is further dependent on the age of the battery and/or the State of Charge, SoC, of the battery. This means that the heating of the battery can be controlled for optimized heating and performance of the battery. The knowledge of the temperature is also useful for turning the battery heating system  100  on or off. 
     The disclosure further proposes a battery heating method in a battery heating system  100  for heating a vehicle battery. According to an aspect the battery heating system  100  is configured to perform any of the aspects of the method.  FIG. 5  illustrates a flow chart of the method steps according to some aspects of the disclosure. 
     The battery heating method comprise the steps of  51  operating the battery heating system  100  in a first mode in which a direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  controls a current i to flow through the vehicle battery  110  in a first direction and S 2  operating the battery heating system  100  in a second mode in which the direct current to direct current, DC-DC, converter  120  controls a current i to flow through the vehicle battery  110  in a second direction. An advantage with the system is that no extra component for heating the battery is needed and since the current is flowing in and out of the vehicle, the State of Charge, SoC, level is maintained at a fairly constant value and thereby having a lower impact on the drivable electric range, driving experience and driving performance. 
     According to an aspect the method further comprising the step S 3  changing operation between the first operation mode and the second operation mode at a frequency f. An advantage with this is that the frequency can be chosen to obtain an optimal internal resistance for heating the battery. 
     According to an aspect the vehicle battery  110  has an internal resistance Rint and the vehicle battery  110  is heated up due to losses in the internal resistance Rint when the current i flows through the vehicle battery  110 . This means that the internal resistance cause the heating of the vehicle battery and no additional components are needed for the heating of the vehicle battery. 
     According to an aspect the vehicle battery  110  has an internal resistance Rint that is dependent on the frequency f. An advantage with this that the frequency can be chosen to obtain an optimal internal resistance for heating the battery. 
     According to an aspect the frequency f is adjustable to obtain the highest possible internal resistance Rint in a shortest possible time for better heating performance of the battery heating system  100 . In other words the frequency can be chosen to obtain a maximum resistance as fast as possible and thereby obtaining maximum power losses that are generated when the internal resistance is as high as possible. The power losses generates heat that heats up the vehicle battery. 
     The disclosure further proposes a computer program comprising computer-readable code which, when executed by the processing circuitry  102  of the battery heating system  100 , causes the battery heating system  100  to perform the method. Hence the code can be reproduced and run on plural different battery heating systems  100  to perform the method. According to an aspect, the method is carried out by instructions in a computer program that is downloaded and run by the processing circuitry  102  of the battery heating system  100 . In one example the computer program is a so called app. The app is either free or can be bought by the user of the battery heating system  100 . The same app can generate a user interface for user interaction via a user interface  400  of the battery heating system  100 . The invention further proposes a computer program product comprising a non-transitory memory storing a computer program. Hence, the memory can maintain the code so that the method can be executed at any time. 
     In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed exemplary aspects of the invention. However, many variations and modifications can be made to these aspects. All the different aspects of the invention can be used in any combination. Accordingly, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being defined by the following claims.