Patent Publication Number: US-2023134150-A1

Title: Touch screen controller with drive sense circuits

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS 
     The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 120 as a continuation of co-pending U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 17/446,148, entitled “TOUCH SCREEN SENSOR CONTROLLER WITH DRIVE SENSE CIRCUIT”, filed Aug. 26, 2021, which is a continuation of co-pending U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 17/248,473, entitled “LARGE TOUCH SCREEN DISPLAY WITH INTEGRATED ELECTRODES,” filed Jan. 26, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 16/132,131, entitled “LARGE TOUCH SCREEN DISPLAY WITH INTEGRATED ELECTRODES,” filed Sep. 14, 2018, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,908,718 on Feb. 2, 2021, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Technical Field of the Invention 
     This invention relates generally to data communication systems and more particularly to sensed data collection and/or communication. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Sensors are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from in-home automation, to industrial systems, to health care, to transportation, and so on. For example, sensors are placed in bodies, automobiles, airplanes, boats, ships, trucks, motorcycles, cell phones, televisions, touch-screens, industrial plants, appliances, motors, checkout counters, etc. for the variety of applications. 
     In general, a sensor converts a physical quantity into an electrical or optical signal. For example, a sensor converts a physical phenomenon, such as a biological condition, a chemical condition, an electric condition, an electromagnetic condition, a temperature, a magnetic condition, mechanical motion (position, velocity, acceleration, force, pressure), an optical condition, and/or a radioactivity condition, into an electrical signal. 
     A sensor includes a transducer, which functions to convert one form of energy (e.g., force) into another form of energy (e.g., electrical signal). There are a variety of transducers to support the various applications of sensors. For example, a transducer is capacitor, a piezoelectric transducer, a piezoresistive transducer, a thermal transducer, a thermal-couple, a photoconductive transducer such as a photoresistor, a photodiode, and/or phototransistor. 
     A sensor circuit is coupled to a sensor to provide the sensor with power and to receive the signal representing the physical phenomenon from the sensor. The sensor circuit includes at least three electrical connections to the sensor: one for a power supply; another for a common voltage reference (e.g., ground); and a third for receiving the signal representing the physical phenomenon. The signal representing the physical phenomenon will vary from the power supply voltage to ground as the physical phenomenon changes from one extreme to another (for the range of sensing the physical phenomenon). 
     The sensor circuits provide the received sensor signals to one or more computing devices for processing. A computing device is known to communicate data, process data, and/or store data. The computing device may be a cellular phone, a laptop, a tablet, a personal computer (PC), a work station, a video game device, a server, and/or a data center that support millions of web searches, stock trades, or on-line purchases every hour. 
     The computing device processes the sensor signals for a variety of applications. For example, the computing device processes sensor signals to determine temperatures of a variety of items in a refrigerated truck during transit. As another example, the computing device processes the sensor signals to determine a touch on a touch screen. As yet another example, the computing device processes the sensor signals to determine various data points in a production line of a product. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) 
         FIG.  1    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a communication system in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  2    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing device in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  3    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  4    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  5    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  6    is a logic diagram of an embodiment of a method for sensing a touch on a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  7    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a drive sense circuit in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  8    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a drive sense circuit in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 A  is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of a touch screen display with in-cell touch sensors in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 B  is a schematic block diagram of an example of a transparent electrode layer with thin film transistors in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 C  is a schematic block diagram of an example of a pixel with three sub-pixels in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 D  is a schematic block diagram of another example of a pixel with three sub-pixels in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 E  is a schematic block diagram of an example of sub-pixel electrodes coupled together to form row electrodes of a touch screen sensor in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 F  is a schematic block diagram of an example of sub-pixel electrodes coupled together to form column electrodes of a touch screen sensor in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 G  is a schematic block diagram of an example of sub-pixel electrodes coupled together to form row electrodes and column electrodes of a touch screen sensor in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 H  is a schematic block diagram of an example of a segmented common ground plane forming row electrodes and column electrodes of a touch screen sensor in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 I  is a schematic block diagram of another example of sub-pixel electrodes coupled together to form row and column electrodes of a touch screen sensor in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  9 J  is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of a touch screen display with on-cell touch sensors in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  10 A  is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of self-capacitance with no-touch on a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  10 B  is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of self-capacitance with a touch on a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  11    is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of self-capacitance and mutual capacitance with no-touch on a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  12    is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of self-capacitance and mutual capacitance with a touch on a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  13    is an example graph that plots condition verses capacitance for an electrode of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  14    is an example graph that plots impedance verses frequency for an electrode of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  15    is a time domain example graph that plots magnitude verses time for an analog reference signal in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  16    is a frequency domain example graph that plots magnitude verses frequency for an analog reference signal in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  17    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a first drive sense circuit coupled to a first electrode and a second drive sense circuit coupled to a second electrode without a touch proximal to the electrodes in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  18    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a first drive sense circuit coupled to a first electrode and a second drive sense circuit coupled to a second electrode with a finger touch proximal to the electrodes in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  19    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a first drive sense circuit coupled to a first electrode and a second drive sense circuit coupled to a second electrode with a pen touch proximal to the electrodes in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  20    is a schematic block diagram of another example of a first drive sense circuit coupled to a first electrode and a second drive sense circuit coupled to a second electrode with a pen touch proximal to the electrodes in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  21    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  22    is a schematic block diagram of a touchless example of a few drive sense circuits and a portion of the touch screen processing module of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  23    is a schematic block diagram of a finger touch example of a few drive sense circuits and a portion of the touch screen processing module of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  24    is a schematic block diagram of a pen touch example of a few drive sense circuits and a portion of the touch screen processing module of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  25    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing device having touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  26    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device having touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  27    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device having touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  28    is a schematic block diagram of another example of a first drive sense circuit coupled to a first electrode and a second drive sense circuit coupled to a second electrode without a touch proximal to the electrodes in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  29    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a computing device generating a capacitive image of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  30    is a schematic block diagram of another example of a computing device generating a capacitive image of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  31    is a logic diagram of an embodiment of a method for generating a capacitive image of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  32    is a schematic block diagram of an example of generating capacitive images over a time period in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  33    is a logic diagram of an embodiment of a method for identifying desired and undesired touches using a capacitive image in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  34    is a schematic block diagram of an example of using capacitive images to identify desired and undesired touches in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  35    is a schematic block diagram of another example of using capacitive images to identify desired and undesired touches in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  36    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a near bezel-less touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  37    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a near bezel-less touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  38    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of touch screen circuitry of a near bezel-less touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  39    is a schematic block diagram of an example of frequencies for the various analog reference signals for the drive-sense circuits in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  40    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a near bezel-less touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  41    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of multiple near bezel-less touch screen displays in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  42    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of processing modules for the multiple near bezel-less touch screen displays of  FIG.  41    in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  43    is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of a touch screen display having a thick protective transparent layer in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  44    is a cross section schematic block diagram of another example of a touch screen display having a thick protective transparent layer in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  45    is a schematic block diagram of an electrical equivalent circuit of two drive sense circuits coupled to two electrodes without a finger touch in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  46    is a schematic block diagram of an electrical equivalent circuit of two drive sense circuits coupled to two electrodes with a finger touch in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  47    is a schematic block diagram of an electrical equivalent circuit of a drive sense circuit coupled to an electrode without a finger touch in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  48    is an example graph that plots finger capacitance verses protective layer thickness of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  49    is an example graph that plots mutual capacitance verses protective layer thickness and drive voltage verses protective layer thickness of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  50    is an example graph that plots self-capacitance verses protective layer thickness and drive voltage verses protective layer thickness of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  51    is a cross section schematic block diagram of another example of a touch screen display having a thick protective transparent layer in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  52    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a large touch screen display with an on-screen control panel in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  53    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a large touch screen display with an on-screen control panel in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  54    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a plurality of electrodes creating a plurality of touch sense cells in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  55    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a plurality of electrodes creating a display area and a control panel area in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  56    is a schematic block diagram of an example of activating or deactivating an on-screen control panel on a large touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  57    is a logic diagram of an example of utilizing an on-screen control panel of a large touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  58    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a scalable touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  59    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a sense-processing circuit of a scalable touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  60    is a schematic block diagram of an example of frequency dividing for reference signals for drive-sense circuits of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  61    is a schematic block diagram of an example of bandpass filtering for the frequency dividing of the reference signals for drive-sense circuits of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  62    is a schematic block diagram of another example of bandpass filtering for the frequency dividing of the reference signals for drive-sense circuits of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; 
         FIG.  63    is a schematic block diagram of an example of frequency and time dividing for reference signals for drive-sense circuits of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention; and 
         FIGS.  64 A and  64 B  are a schematic block diagram of another example of frequency and time dividing for reference signals for drive-sense circuits of a touch screen display in accordance with the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
       FIG.  1    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a communication system  10  that includes a plurality of computing. devices  12 - 10 , one or more servers  22 , one or more databases  24 , one or more networks  26 , a plurality of drive-sense circuits  28 , a plurality of sensors  30 , and a plurality of actuators  32 . Computing devices  14  include a touch screen  16  with sensors and drive-sensor circuits and computing devices  18  include a touch &amp; tactic screen  20  that includes sensors, actuators, and drive-sense circuits. 
     A sensor  30  functions to convert a physical input into an electrical output and/or an optical output. The physical input of a sensor may be one of a variety of physical input conditions. For example, the physical condition includes one or more of, but is not limited to, acoustic waves (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and/or wave velocity); a biological and/or chemical condition (e.g., fluid concentration, level, composition, etc.); an electric condition (e.g., charge, voltage, current, conductivity, permittivity, eclectic field, which includes amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); a magnetic condition (e.g., flux, permeability, magnetic field, which amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); an optical condition (e.g., refractive index, reflectivity, absorption, etc.); a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, flux, specific heat, thermal conductivity, etc.); and a mechanical condition (e.g., position, velocity, acceleration, force, strain, stress, pressure, torque, etc.). For example, piezoelectric sensor converts force or pressure into an eclectic signal. As another example, a microphone converts audible acoustic waves into electrical signals. 
     There are a variety of types of sensors to sense the various types of physical conditions. Sensor types include, but are not limited to, capacitor sensors, inductive sensors, accelerometers, piezoelectric sensors, light sensors, magnetic field sensors, ultrasonic sensors, temperature sensors, infrared (IR) sensors, touch sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, level sensors, smoke sensors, and gas sensors. In many ways, sensors function as the interface between the physical world and the digital world by converting real world conditions into digital signals that are then processed by computing devices for a vast number of applications including, but not limited to, medical applications, production automation applications, home environment control, public safety, and so on. 
     The various types of sensors have a variety of sensor characteristics that are factors in providing power to the sensors, receiving signals from the sensors, and/or interpreting the signals from the sensors. The sensor characteristics include resistance, reactance, power requirements, sensitivity, range, stability, repeatability, linearity, error, response time, and/or frequency response. For example, the resistance, reactance, and/or power requirements are factors in determining drive circuit requirements. As another example, sensitivity, stability, and/or linear are factors for interpreting the measure of the physical condition based on the received electrical and/or optical signal (e.g., measure of temperature, pressure, etc.). 
     An actuator  32  converts an electrical input into a physical output. The physical output of an actuator may be one of a variety of physical output conditions. For example, the physical output condition includes one or more of, but is not limited to, acoustic waves (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and/or wave velocity); a magnetic condition (e.g., flux, permeability, magnetic field, which amplitude, phase, and/or polarization); a thermal condition (e.g., temperature, flux, specific heat, thermal conductivity, etc.); and a mechanical condition (e.g., position, velocity, acceleration, force, strain, stress, pressure, torque, etc.). As an example, a piezoelectric actuator converts voltage into force or pressure. As another example, a speaker converts electrical signals into audible acoustic waves. 
     An actuator  32  may be one of a variety of actuators. For example, an actuator  32  is one of a comb drive, a digital micro-mirror device, an electric motor, an electroactive polymer, a hydraulic cylinder, a piezoelectric actuator, a pneumatic actuator, a screw jack, a servomechanism, a solenoid, a stepper motor, a shape-memory allow, a thermal bimorph, and a hydraulic actuator. 
     The various types of actuators have a variety of actuators characteristics that are factors in providing power to the actuator and sending signals to the actuators for desired performance. The actuator characteristics include resistance, reactance, power requirements, sensitivity, range, stability, repeatability, linearity, error, response time, and/or frequency response. For example, the resistance, reactance, and power requirements are factors in determining drive circuit requirements. As another example, sensitivity, stability, and/or linear are factors for generating the signaling to send to the actuator to obtain the desired physical output condition. 
     The computing devices  12 ,  14 , and  18  may each be a portable computing device and/or a fixed computing device. A portable computing device may be a social networking device, a gaming device, a cell phone, a smart phone, a digital assistant, a digital music player, a digital video player, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet, a video game controller, and/or any other portable device that includes a computing core. A fixed computing device may be a computer (PC), a computer server, a cable set-top box, a satellite receiver, a television set, a printer, a fax machine, home entertainment equipment, a video game console, and/or any type of home or office computing equipment. The computing devices  12 ,  14 , and  18  will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more of  FIGS.  2 - 4   . 
     A server  22  is a special type of computing device that is optimized for processing large amounts of data requests in parallel. A server  22  includes similar components to that of the computing devices  12 ,  14 , and/or  18  with more robust processing modules, more main memory, and/or more hard drive memory (e.g., solid state, hard drives, etc.). Further, a server  22  is typically accessed remotely; as such it does not generally include user input devices and/or user output devices. In addition, a server may be a standalone separate computing device and/or may be a cloud computing device. 
     A database  24  is a special type of computing device that is optimized for large scale data storage and retrieval. A database  24  includes similar components to that of the computing devices  12 ,  14 , and/or  18  with more hard drive memory (e.g., solid state, hard drives, etc.) and potentially with more processing modules and/or main memory. Further, a database  24  is typically accessed remotely; as such it does not generally include user input devices and/or user output devices. In addition, a database  24  may be a standalone separate computing device and/or may be a cloud computing device. 
     The network  26  includes one more local area networks (LAN) and/or one or more wide area networks WAN), which may be a public network and/or a private network. A LAN may be a wireless-LAN (e.g., Wi-Fi access point, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.) and/or a wired network (e.g., Firewire, Ethernet, etc.). A WAN may be a wired and/or wireless WAN. For example, a LAN may be a personal home or business&#39;s wireless network and a WAN is the Internet, cellular telephone infrastructure, and/or satellite communication infrastructure. 
     In an example of operation, computing device  12 - 1  communicates with a plurality of drive-sense circuits  28 , which, in turn, communicate with a plurality of sensors  30 . The sensors  30  and/or the drive-sense circuits  28  are within the computing device  12 - 1  and/or external to it. For example, the sensors  30  may be external to the computing device  12 - 1  and the drive-sense circuits are within the computing device  12 - 1 . As another example, both the sensors  30  and the drive-sense circuits  28  are external to the computing device  12 - 1 . When the drive-sense circuits  28  are external to the computing device, they are coupled to the computing device  12 - 1  via wired and/or wireless communication links as will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more of  FIGS.  5 A- 5 C . 
     The computing device  12 - 1  communicates with the drive-sense circuits  28  to; (a) turn them on, (b) obtain data from the sensors (individually and/or collectively), (c) instruct the drive sense circuit on how to communicate the sensed data to the computing device  12 - 1 , (d) provide signaling attributes (e.g., DC level, AC level, frequency, power level, regulated current signal, regulated voltage signal, regulation of an impedance, frequency patterns for various sensors, different frequencies for different sensing applications, etc.) to use with the sensors, and/or (e) provide other commands and/or instructions. 
     As a specific example, the sensors  30  are distributed along a pipeline to measure flow rate and/or pressure within a section of the pipeline. The drive-sense circuits  28  have their own power source (e.g., battery, power supply, etc.) and are proximally located to their respective sensors  30 . At desired time intervals (milliseconds, seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), the drive-sense circuits  28  provide a regulated source signal or a power signal to the sensors  30 . An electrical characteristic of the sensor  30  affects the regulated source signal or power signal, which is reflective of the condition (e.g., the flow rate and/or the pressure) that sensor is sensing. 
     The drive-sense circuits  28  detect the effects on the regulated source signal or power signals as a result of the electrical characteristics of the sensors. The drive-sense circuits  28  then generate signals representative of change to the regulated source signal or power signal based on the detected effects on the power signals. The changes to the regulated source signals or power signals are representative of the conditions being sensed by the sensors  30 . 
     The drive-sense circuits  28  provide the representative signals of the conditions to the computing device  12 - 1 . A representative signal may be an analog signal or a digital signal. In either case, the computing device  12 - 1  interprets the representative signals to determine the pressure and/or flow rate at each sensor location along the pipeline. The computing device may then provide this information to the server  22 , the database  24 , and/or to another computing device for storing and/or further processing. 
     As another example of operation, computing device  12 - 2  is coupled to a drive-sense circuit  28 , which is, in turn, coupled to a senor  30 . The sensor  30  and/or the drive-sense circuit  28  may be internal and/or external to the computing device  12 - 2 . In this example, the sensor  30  is sensing a condition that is particular to the computing device  12 - 2 . For example, the sensor  30  may be a temperature sensor, an ambient light sensor, an ambient noise sensor, etc. As described above, when instructed by the computing device  12 - 2  (which may be a default setting for continuous sensing or at regular intervals), the drive-sense circuit  28  provides the regulated source signal or power signal to the sensor  30  and detects an effect to the regulated source signal or power signal based on an electrical characteristic of the sensor. The drive-sense circuit generates a representative signal of the affect and sends it to the computing device  12 - 2 . 
     In another example of operation, computing device  12 - 3  is coupled to a plurality of drive-sense circuits  28  that are coupled to a plurality of sensors  30  and is coupled to a plurality of drive-sense circuits  28  that are coupled to a plurality of actuators  32 . The generally functionality of the drive-sense circuits  28  coupled to the sensors  30  in accordance with the above description. 
     Since an actuator  32  is essentially an inverse of a sensor in that an actuator converts an electrical signal into a physical condition, while a sensor converts a physical condition into an electrical signal, the drive-sense circuits  28  can be used to power actuators  32 . Thus, in this example, the computing device  12 - 3  provides actuation signals to the drive-sense circuits  28  for the actuators  32 . The drive-sense circuits modulate the actuation signals on to power signals or regulated control signals, which are provided to the actuators  32 . The actuators  32  are powered from the power signals or regulated control signals and produce the desired physical condition from the modulated actuation signals. 
     As another example of operation, computing device  12 - x  is coupled to a drive-sense circuit  28  that is coupled to a sensor  30  and is coupled to a drive-sense circuit  28  that is coupled to an actuator  32 . In this example, the sensor  30  and the actuator  32  are for use by the computing device  12 - x . For example, the sensor  30  may be a piezoelectric microphone and the actuator  32  may be a piezoelectric speaker. 
       FIG.  2    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing device  12  (e.g., any one of  12 - 1  through  12 - x ). The computing device  12  includes a touch screen  16 , a core control module  40 , one or more processing modules  42 , one or more main memories  44 , cache memory  46 , a video graphics processing module  48 , a display  50 , an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module  52 , one or more input interface modules  56 , one or more output interface modules  58 , one or more network interface modules  60 , and one or more memory interface modules  62 . A processing module  42  is described in greater detail at the end of the detailed description of the invention section and, in an alternative embodiment, has a direction connection to the main memory  44 . In an alternate embodiment, the core control module  40  and the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52  are one module, such as a chipset, a quick path interconnect (QPI), and/or an ultra-path interconnect (UPI). 
     The touch screen  16  includes a touch screen display  80 , a plurality of sensors  30 , a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), and a touch screen processing module  82 . In general, the sensors (e.g., electrodes, capacitor sensing cells, capacitor sensors, inductive sensor, etc.) detect a proximal touch of the screen. For example, when one or more fingers touches the screen, capacitance of sensors proximal to the touch(es) are affected (e.g., impedance changes). The drive-sense circuits (DSC) coupled to the affected sensors detect the change and provide a representation of the change to the touch screen processing module  82 , which may be a separate processing module or integrated into the processing module  42 . 
     The touch screen processing module  82  processes the representative signals from the drive-sense circuits (DSC) to determine the location of the touch(es). This information is inputted to the processing module  42  for processing as an input. For example, a touch represents a selection of a button on screen, a scroll function, a zoom in-out function, etc. 
     Each of the main memories  44  includes one or more Random Access Memory (RAM) integrated circuits, or chips. For example, a main memory  44  includes four DDR4 (4 th  generation of double data rate) RAM chips, each running at a rate of 2,400 MHz. In general, the main memory  44  stores data and operational instructions most relevant for the processing module  42 . For example, the core control module  40  coordinates the transfer of data and/or operational instructions from the main memory  44  and the memory  64 - 66 . The data and/or operational instructions retrieve from memory  64 - 66  are the data and/or operational instructions requested by the processing module or will most likely be needed by the processing module. When the processing module is done with the data and/or operational instructions in main memory, the core control module  40  coordinates sending updated data to the memory  64 - 66  for storage. 
     The memory  64 - 66  includes one or more hard drives, one or more solid state memory chips, and/or one or more other large capacity storage devices that, in comparison to cache memory and main memory devices, is/are relatively inexpensive with respect to cost per amount of data stored. The memory  64 - 66  is coupled to the core control module  40  via the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52  and via one or more memory interface modules  62 . In an embodiment, the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52  includes one or more Peripheral Component Interface (PCI) buses to which peripheral components connect to the core control module  40 . A memory interface module  62  includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling a memory device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52 . For example, a memory interface  62  is in accordance with a Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) port. 
     The core control module  40  coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)  42  and the network(s)  26  via the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52 , the network interface module(s)  60 , and a network card  68  or  70 . A network card  68  or  70  includes a wireless communication unit or a wired communication unit. A wireless communication unit includes a wireless local area network (WLAN) communication device, a cellular communication device, a Bluetooth device, and/or a ZigBee communication device. A wired communication unit includes a Gigabit LAN connection, a Firewire connection, and/or a proprietary computer wired connection. A network interface module  60  includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling the network card to the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52 . For example, the network interface module  60  is in accordance with one or more versions of IEEE 802.11, cellular telephone protocols, 10/100/1000 Gigabit LAN protocols, etc. 
     The core control module  40  coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)  42  and input device(s)  72  via the input interface module(s)  56  and the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52 . An input device  72  includes a keypad, a keyboard, control switches, a touchpad, a microphone, a camera, etc. An input interface module  56  includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling an input device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52 . In an embodiment, an input interface module  56  is in accordance with one or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocols. 
     The core control module  40  coordinates data communications between the processing module(s)  42  and output device(s)  74  via the output interface module(s)  58  and the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52 . An output device  74  includes a speaker, etc. An output interface module  58  includes a software driver and a hardware connector for coupling an output device to the I/O and/or peripheral control module  52 . In an embodiment, an output interface module  56  is in accordance with one or more audio codec protocols. 
     The processing module  42  communicates directly with a video graphics processing module  48  to display data on the display  50 . The display  50  includes an LED (light emitting diode) display, an LCD (liquid crystal display), and/or other type of display technology. The display has a resolution, an aspect ratio, and other features that affect the quality of the display. The video graphics processing module  48  receives data from the processing module  42 , processes the data to produce rendered data in accordance with the characteristics of the display, and provides the rendered data to the display  50 . 
       FIG.  3    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device  18  that includes a core control module  40 , one or more processing modules  42 , one or more main memories  44 , cache memory  46 , a video graphics processing module  48 , a touch and tactile screen  20 , an Input-Output (I/O) peripheral control module  52 , one or more input interface modules  56 , one or more output interface modules  58 , one or more network interface modules  60 , and one or more memory interface modules  62 . The touch and tactile screen  20  includes a touch and tactile screen display  90 , a plurality of sensors  30 , a plurality of actuators  32 , a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), a touch screen processing module  82 , and a tactile screen processing module  92 . 
     Computing device  18  operates similarly to computing device  14  of  FIG.  2    with the addition of a tactile aspect to the screen  20  as an output device. The tactile portion of the screen  20  includes the plurality of actuators (e.g., piezoelectric transducers to create vibrations, solenoids to create movement, etc.) to provide a tactile feel to the screen  20 . To do so, the processing module creates tactile data, which is provided to the appropriate drive-sense circuits (DSC) via the tactile screen processing module  92 , which may be a stand-alone processing module or integrated into processing module  42 . The drive-sense circuits (DSC) convert the tactile data into drive-actuate signals and provide them to the appropriate actuators to create the desired tactile feel on the screen  20 . 
       FIG.  4    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a touch screen display  80  that includes a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), a touch screen processing module  82 , a display  83 , and a plurality of electrodes  85 . The touch screen display  80  is coupled to a processing module  42 , a video graphics processing module  48 , and a display interface  93 , which are components of a computing device (e.g.,  14 - 18 ), an interactive display, or other device that includes a touch screen display. An interactive display functions to provide users with an interactive experience (e.g., touch the screen to obtain information, be entertained, etc.). For example, a store provides interactive displays for customers to find certain products, to obtain coupons, to enter contests, etc. 
     There are a variety of other devices that include a touch screen display. For example, a vending machine includes a touch screen display to select and/or pay for an item. As another example of a device having a touch screen display is an Automated Teller Machine (ATM). As yet another example, an automobile includes a touch screen display for entertainment media control, navigation, climate control, etc. 
     The touch screen display  80  includes a large display  83  that has a resolution equal to or greater than full high-definition (HD), an aspect ratio of a set of aspect ratios, and a screen size equal to or greater than thirty-two inches. The following table lists various combinations of resolution, aspect ratio, and screen size for the display  83 , but it&#39;s not an exhaustive list. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 pixel 
                 screen 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Width 
                 Height 
                 aspect 
                 aspect 
               
               
                 Resolution 
                 (lines) 
                 (lines) 
                 ratio 
                 ratio 
                 screen size (inches) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 HD (high 
                 1280 
                 720 
                 1:1 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                 definition) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 Full HD 
                 1920 
                 1080 
                 1:1 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 HD 
                 960 
                 720 
                 4:3 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 HD 
                 1440 
                 1080 
                 4:3 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 HD 
                 1280 
                 1080 
                 3:2 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 QHD (quad 
                 2560 
                 1440 
                 1:1 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                 HD) 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 UHD (Ultra 
                 3840 
                 2160 
                 1:1 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                 HD) or 4K 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 8K 
                 7680 
                 4320 
                 1:1 
                 16:9 
                 32, 40, 43, 50, 55, 60, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 65, 70, 75, &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                 HD and 
                 1280−&gt;=7680 
                 720−&gt;=4320 
                 1:1, 2:3, 
                  2:3 
                 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 
               
               
                 above 
                   
                   
                 etc. 
                   
                 &amp;/or &gt;80 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The display  83  is one of a variety of types of displays that is operable to render frames of data into visible images. For example, the display is one or more of: a light emitting diode (LED) display, an electroluminescent display (ELD), a plasma display panel (PDP), a liquid crystal display (LCD), an LCD high performance addressing (HPA) display, an LCD thin film transistor (TFT) display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a digital light processing (DLP) display, a surface conductive electron emitter (SED) display, a field emission display (FED), a laser TV display, a carbon nanotubes display, a quantum dot display, an interferometric modulator display (IMOD), and a digital microshutter display (DMS). The display is active in a full display mode or a multiplexed display mode (i.e., only part of the display is active at a time). 
     The display  83  further includes integrated electrodes  85  that provide the sensors for the touch sense part of the touch screen display. The electrodes  85  are distributed throughout the display area or where touch screen functionality is desired. For example, a first group of the electrodes are arranged in rows and a second group of electrodes are arranged in columns. As will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more of  FIGS.  9 - 12   , the row electrodes are separated from the column electrodes by a dielectric material. 
     The electrodes  85  are comprised of a transparent conductive material and are in-cell or on-cell with respect to layers of the display. For example, a conductive trace is placed in-cell or on-cell of a layer of the touch screen display. The transparent conductive material, which is substantially transparent and has negligible effect on video quality of the display with respect to the human eye. For instance, an electrode is constructed from one or more of: Indium Tin Oxide, Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes, Thin Metal Films, Silver Nanowires Hybrid Materials, Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO), Amorphous Indium-Zinc Oxide, Gallium-doped Zinc Oxide (GZO), and poly polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT). 
     In an example of operation, the processing module  42  is executing an operating system application  89  and one or more user applications  91 . The user applications  91  includes, but is not limited to, a video playback application, a spreadsheet application, a word processing application, a computer aided drawing application, a photo display application, an image processing application, a database application, etc. While executing an application  91 , the processing module generates data for display (e.g., video data, image data, text data, etc.). The processing module  42  sends the data to the video graphics processing module  48 , which converts the data into frames of video  87 . 
     The video graphics processing module  48  sends the frames of video  87  (e.g., frames of a video file, refresh rate for a word processing document, a series of images, etc.) to the display interface  93 . The display interface  93  provides the frames of video to the display  83 , which renders the frames of video into visible images. 
     While the display  83  is rendering the frames of video into visible images, the drive-sense circuits (DSC) provide sensor signals to the electrodes  85 . When the screen is touched, capacitance of the electrodes  85  proximal to the touch (i.e., directly or close by) is changed. The DSCs detect the capacitance change for effected electrodes and provide the detected change to the touch screen processing module  82 . 
     The touch screen processing module  82  processes the capacitance change of the effected electrodes to determine one or more specific locations of touch and provides this information to the processing module  42 . Processing module  42  processes the one or more specific locations of touch to determine if an operation of the application is to be altered. For example, the touch is indicative of a pause command, a fast forward command, a reverse command, an increase volume command, a decrease volume command, a stop command, a select command, a delete command, etc. 
       FIG.  5    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a touch screen display  80  that includes a plurality of drive-sense circuits (DSC), the processing module  42 , a display  83 , and a plurality of electrodes  85 . The processing module  42  is executing an operating system  89  and one or more user applications  91  to produce frames of data  87 . The processing module  42  provides the frames of data  87  to the display interface  93 . The touch screen display  80  operates similarly to the touch screen display  80  of  FIG.  4    with the above noted differences. 
       FIG.  6    is a logic diagram of an embodiment of a method for sensing a touch on a touch screen display that is executed by one or more processing modules (e.g.,  42 ,  82 , and/or  48  of the previous figures). The method begins at step  100  where the processing module generate a control signal (e.g., power enable, operation enable, etc.) to enable a drive-sense circuit to monitor the sensor signal on the electrode. The processing module generates additional control signals to enable other drive-sense circuits to monitor their respective sensor signals. In an example, the processing module enables all of the drive-sense circuits for continuous sensing for touches of the screen. In another example, the processing module enables a first group of drive-sense circuits coupled to a first group of row electrodes and enables a second group of drive-sense circuits coupled to a second group of column electrodes. 
     The method continues at step  102  where the processing module receives a representation of the impedance on the electrode from a drive-sense circuit. In general, the drive-sense circuit provides a drive signal to the electrode. The impedance of the electrode affects the drive signal. The effect on the drive signal is interpreted by the drive-sense circuit to produce the representation of the impedance of the electrode. The processing module does this with each activated drive-sense circuit in serial, in parallel, or in a serial-parallel manner. 
     The method continues at step  104  where the processing module interprets the representation of the impedance on the electrode to detect a change in the impedance of the electrode. A change in the impedance is indicative of a touch. For example, an increase in self-capacitance (e.g., the capacitance of the electrode with respect to a reference (e.g., ground, etc.)) is indicative of a touch on the electrode. As another example, a decrease in mutual capacitance (e.g., the capacitance between a row electrode and a column electrode) is also indicative of a touch near the electrodes. The processing module does this for each representation of the impedance of the electrode it receives. Note that the representation of the impedance is a digital value, an analog signal, an impedance value, and/or any other analog or digital way of representing a sensor&#39;s impedance. 
     The method continues at step  106  where the processing module interprets the change in the impedance to indicate a touch of the touch screen display in an area corresponding to the electrode. For each change in impedance detected, the processing module indicates a touch. Further processing may be done to determine if the touch is a desired touch or an undesired touch. Such further processing will be discussed in greater detail with reference to one or more of  FIGS.  33 - 35   . 
       FIG.  7    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a drive sense circuit  28  that includes a first conversion circuit  110  and a second conversion circuit  112 . The first conversion circuit  110  converts a sensor signal  116  into a sensed signal  120 . The second conversion circuit  112  generates the drive signal component  114  from the sensed signal  112 . As an example, the first conversion circuit  110  functions to keep the sensor signal  116  substantially constant (e.g., substantially matching a reference signal) by creating the sensed signal  120  to correspond to changes in a receive signal component  118  of the sensor signal. The second conversion circuit  112  functions to generate a drive signal component  114  of the sensor signal based on the sensed signal  120  to substantially compensate for changes in the receive signal component  118  such that the sensor signal  116  remains substantially constant. 
     In an example, the drive signal  116  is provided to the electrode  85  as a regulated current signal. The regulated current (I) signal in combination with the impedance (Z) of the electrode creates an electrode voltage (V), where V=I*Z. As the impedance (Z) of electrode changes, the regulated current (I) signal is adjusted to keep the electrode voltage (V) substantially unchanged. To regulate the current signal, the first conversion circuit  110  adjusts the sensed signal  120  based on the receive signal component  118 , which is indicative of the impedance of the electrode and change thereof. The second conversion circuit  112  adjusts the regulated current based on the changes to the sensed signal  120 . 
     As another example, the drive signal  116  is provided to the electrode  85  as a regulated voltage signal. The regulated voltage (V) signal in combination with the impedance (Z) of the electrode creates an electrode current (I), where I=V/Z. As the impedance (Z) of electrode changes, the regulated voltage (V) signal is adjusted to keep the electrode current (I) substantially unchanged. To regulate the voltage signal, the first conversion circuit  110  adjusts the sensed signal  120  based on the receive signal component  118 , which is indicative of the impedance of the electrode and change thereof. The second conversion circuit  112  adjusts the regulated voltage based on the changes to the sensed signal  120 . 
       FIG.  8    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a drive sense circuit  28  that includes a first conversion circuit  110  and a second conversion circuit  112 . The first conversion circuit  110  includes a comparator (comp) and an analog to digital converter  130 . The second conversion circuit  112  includes a digital to analog converter  132 , a signal source circuit  133 , and a driver. 
     In an example of operation, the comparator compares the sensor signal  116  to an analog reference signal  122  to produce an analog comparison signal  124 . The analog reference signal  124  includes a DC component and an oscillating component. As such, the sensor signal  116  will have a substantially matching DC component and oscillating component. An example of an analog reference signal  122  will be described in greater detail with reference to  FIG.  15   . 
     The analog to digital converter  130  converts the analog comparison signal  124  into the sensed signal  120 . The analog to digital converter (ADC)  130  may be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, the (ADC)  130  is one of: a flash ADC, a successive approximation ADC, a ramp-compare ADC, a Wilkinson ADC, an integrating ADC, a delta encoded ADC, and/or a sigma-delta ADC. The digital to analog converter (DAC)  214  may be a sigma-delta DAC, a pulse width modulator DAC, a binary weighted DAC, a successive approximation DAC, and/or a thermometer-coded DAC. 
     The digital to analog converter (DAC)  132  converts the sensed signal  120  into an analog feedback signal  126 . The signal source circuit  133  (e.g., a dependent current source, a linear regulator, a DC-DC power supply, etc.) generates a regulated source signal  135  (e.g., a regulated current signal or a regulated voltage signal) based on the analog feedback signal  126 . The driver increases power of the regulated source signal  135  to produce the drive signal component  114 . 
       FIG.  9 A  is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of a touch screen display  83  with in-cell touch sensors, which includes lighting layers  77  and display with integrated touch sensing layers  79 . The lighting layers  77  include a light distributing layer  87 , a light guide layer  85 , a prism film layer  83 , and a defusing film layer  81 . The display with integrated touch sensing layers  79  include a rear polarizing film layer  105 , a glass layer  103 , a rear transparent electrode layer with thin film transistors  101  (which may be two or more separate layers), a liquid crystal layer (e.g., a rubber polymer layer with spacers)  99 , a front electrode layer with thin film transistors  97 , a color mask layer  95 , a glass layer  93 , and a front polarizing film layer  91 . Note that one or more protective layers may be applied over the polarizing film layer  91 . 
     In an example of operation, a row of LEDs (light emitted diodes) projects light into the light distributing player  87 , which projects the light towards the light guide  85 . The light guide includes a plurality of holes that lets some light components pass at differing angles. The prism film layer  83  increases perpendicularity of the light components, which are then defused by the defusing film layer  81  to provide a substantially even back lighting for the display with integrated touch sense layers  79 . 
     The two polarizing film layers  105  and  91  are orientated to block the light (i.e., provide black light). The front and rear electrode layers  97  and  101  provide an electric field at a sub-pixel level to orientate liquid crystals in the liquid crystal layer  99  to twist the light. When the electric field is off, or is very low, the liquid crystals are orientated in a first manner (e.g., end-to-end) that does not twist the light, thus, for the sub-pixel, the two polarizing film layers  105  and  91  are blocking the light. As the electric field is increased, the orientation of the liquid crystals change such that the two polarizing film layers  105  and  91  pass the light (e.g., white light). When the liquid crystals are in a second orientation (e.g., side by side), intensity of the light is at its highest point. 
     The color mask layer  95  includes three sub-pixel color masks (red, green, and blue) for each pixel of the display, which includes a plurality of pixels (e.g., 1440×1080). As the electric field produced by electrodes change the orientations of the liquid crystals at the sub-pixel level, the light is twisted to produce varying sub-pixel brightness. The sub-pixel light passes through its corresponding sub-pixel color mask to produce a color component for the pixel. The varying brightness of the three sub-pixel colors (red, green, and blue), collectively produce a single color to the human eye. For example, a blue shirt has a 12% red component, a 20% green component, and 55% blue component. 
     The in-cell touch sense functionality uses the existing layers of the display layers  79  to provide capacitance-based sensors. For instance, one or more of the transparent front and rear electrode layers  97  and  101  are used to provide row electrodes and column electrodes. Various examples of creating row and column electrodes from one or more of the transparent front and rear electrode layers  97  and  101  is discussed in some of the subsequent figures. 
       FIG.  9 B  is a schematic block diagram of an example of a transparent electrode layer  97  and/or  101  with thin film transistors (TFT). Sub-pixel electrodes are formed on the transparent electrode layer and each sub-pixel electrode is coupled to a thin film transistor (TFT). Three sub-pixels (R-red, G-green, and B-blue) form a pixel. The gates of the TFTs associated with a row of sub-electrodes are coupled to a common gate line. In this example, each of the four rows has its own gate line. The drains (or sources) of the TFTs associated with a column of sub-electrodes are coupled to a common R, B, or G data line. The sources (or drains) of the TFTs are coupled to its corresponding sub-electrode. 
     In an example of operation, one gate line is activated at a time and RGB data for each pixel of the corresponding row is placed on the RGB data lines. At the next time interval, another gate line is activated and the RGB data for the pixels of that row is placed on the RGB data lines. For 1080 rows and a refresh rate of 60 Hz, each row is activated for about 15 microseconds each time it is activated, which is 60 times per second. When the sub-pixels of a row are not activated, the liquid crystal layer holds at least some of the charge to keep an orientation of the liquid crystals. 
       FIG.  9 C  is a schematic block diagram of an example of a pixel with three sub-pixels (R-red, G-green, and B-blue). In this example, the front sub-pixel electrodes are formed in the front transparent conductor layer  97  and the rear sub-pixel electrodes are formed in the rear transparent conductor layer  101 . Each front and rear sub-pixel electrode is coupled to a corresponding thin film transistor. The thin film transistors coupled to the top sub-pixel electrodes are coupled to a front (f) gate line and to front R, G, and B data lines. The thin film transistors coupled to the bottom sub-pixel electrodes are coupled to a rear (f) gate line and to rear R, G, and B data lines. 
     To create an electric field between related sub-pixel electrodes, a differential gate signal is applied to the front and rear gate lines and differential R, G, and B data signals are applied to the front and rear R, G, and B data lines. For example, for the red (R) sub-pixel, the thin film transistors are activated by the signal on the gate lines. The electric field created by the red sub-pixel electrodes is depending on the front and rear Red data signals. As a specific example, a large differential voltage creates a large electric field, which twists the light towards maximum light passing and increases the red component of the pixel. 
     The gate lines and data lines are non-transparent wires (e.g., copper) that are positioned between the sub-pixel electrodes such that they are hidden from human sight. The non-transparent wires may be on the same layer as the sub-pixel electrodes or on different layers and coupled using vias. 
       FIG.  9 D  is a schematic block diagram of another example of a pixel with three sub-pixels (R-red, G-green, and B-blue). In this example, the front sub-pixel electrodes are formed in the front transparent conductor layer  97  and the rear sub-pixel electrodes are formed in the rear transparent conductor layer  101 . Each front sub-pixel electrode is coupled to a corresponding thin film transistor. The thin film transistors coupled to the top sub-pixel electrodes are coupled to a front (f) gate line and to front R, G, and B data lines. Each rear sub-pixel electrode is coupled to a common voltage reference (e.g., ground, which may be a common ground plane or a segmented common ground plane (e.g., separate ground planes coupled together to form a common ground plane)). 
     To create an electric field between related sub-pixel electrodes, a single-ended gate signal is applied to the front gate lines and a single-ended R, G, and B data signals are applied to the front R, G, and B data lines. For example, for the red (R) sub-pixel, the thin film transistors are activated by the signal on the gate lines. The electric field created by the red sub-pixel electrodes is depending on the front Red data signals. 
       FIG.  9 E  is a schematic block diagram of an example of sub-pixel electrodes of the front or back electrode layer  97  or  101  coupled together to form row electrodes of a touch screen sensor. In this example, 3 rows of sub-pixel electrodes are coupled together by conductors (e.g., wires, metal traces, vias, etc.) to form one row electrode, which is coupled to a drive sense circuit (DSC)  28 . More or less rows of sub-pixel electrodes may be coupled together to form a row electrode. 
       FIG.  9 F  is a schematic block diagram of an example of sub-pixel electrodes front or back electrode layer  97  or  101  coupled together to form column electrodes of a touch screen sensor. In this example, 9 columns of sub-pixel electrodes are coupled together by conductors (e.g., wires, metal traces, vias, etc.) to form one column electrode, which is coupled to a drive sense circuit (DSC)  28 . More or less columns of sub-pixel electrodes may be coupled together to form a column electrode. 
     With respect to  FIGS.  9 E and  9 F , the row electrodes may be formed on one of the transparent conductor layers  97  or  101  and the column electrodes are formed on the other. In this instance, differential signaling is used for display functionality of sub-pixel electrodes and a common mode voltage is used for touch sensing on the row and column electrodes. This allows for concurrent display and touch sensing operations with negligible adverse effect on display operation. 
       FIG.  9 G  is a schematic block diagram of an example of sub-pixel electrodes coupled together to form row electrodes and column electrodes of a touch screen sensor on one of the transparent conductive layers  97  or  101 . In this example, 5×5 sub-pixel electrodes are coupled together to form a square (or diamond, depending on orientation), or other geometric shape. The 5 by 5 squares are then cross coupled together to form a row electrode or a column electrode. 
     In this example, white sub-pixel sub-electrodes with a grey background are grouped to form a row electrode for touch sensing and the grey sub-pixels with the white background are grouped to form a column electrode. Each row electrode and column electrode is coupled to a drive sense circuit (DSC)  28 . As shown, the row and column electrodes for touch sensing are diagonal. Note that the geometric shape of the row and column electrodes may be of a different configuration (e.g., zig-zag pattern, lines, etc.) and that the number of sub-pixel electrodes per square (or other shape) may include more or less than 25. 
       FIG.  9 H  is a schematic block diagram of an example of a segmented common ground plane forming row electrodes and column electrodes of a touch screen sensor on the rear transparent conductive layer  101 . In this instance, each square (or other shape) corresponds to a segment of a common ground plane that services a group of sub-pixel electrodes on the front transparent layer  97 . The squares (or other shape) are coupled together to form row electrodes and column electrodes. The white segmented common ground planes are coupled together to form column electrodes and the grey segmented common ground planes are coupled together to form row electrodes. By implementing the on-cell touch screen row and column electrodes in the common ground plane, display and touch sense functionalities may be concurrently executed with negligible adverse effects on the display functionality. 
       FIG.  9 I  is a schematic block diagram of another example of sub-pixel electrodes coupled together to form row and column electrodes of a touch screen sensor. In this example, a sub-pixel is represented as a capacitor, with the top plate being implemented in the front ITO layer  97  and the bottom plate being implemented in the back ITO layer  101 , which is implemented as a common ground plan. The thin film transistors are represented as switches. In this example, 3×3 sub-pixel electrodes on the rear ITO layer are coupled together to form a portion of a row electrode for touch sensing or a column electrode for touch sensing. With each of the drive sense circuits  28  injecting a common signal for self-capacitance sensing, the common signal has negligible adverse effects on the display operation of the sub-pixels. 
       FIG.  9 J  is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of a touch screen display  83 - 1  with on-cell touch sensors, which includes lighting layers  77  and display with integrated touch sensing layers  79 . The lighting layers  77  include a light distributing layer  87 , a light guide layer  85 , a prism film layer  83 , and a defusing film layer  81 . The display with integrated touch sensing layers  79  include a rear polarizing film layer  105 , a glass layer  103 , a rear transparent electrode layer with thin film transistors  101  (which may be two or more separate layers), a liquid crystal layer (e.g., a rubber polymer layer with spacers)  99 , a front electrode layer with thin film transistors  97 , a color mask layer  95 , a glass layer  93 , a transparent touch layer  107 , and a front polarizing film layer  91 . Note that one or more protective layers may be applied over the polarizing film layer  91 . 
     The lighting layer  77  and the display with integrated touch sensing layer  79 - 1  function as described with reference to  FIG.  9 A  for generating a display. A difference lies in how on-cell touch sensing of this embodiment in comparison to the in-cell touch sensing of  FIG.  9 A . In particular, this embodiment includes an extra transparent conductive layer  107  to provide, or assist, with capacitive-based touch sensing. For example, the extra transparent conductive layer  107  includes row and column electrodes as shown in  FIG.  9 H . As another example, the extra transparent conductive layer  107  includes row electrodes or column electrodes and another one of the conductive layers  97  or  101  includes the other electrodes (e.g., column electrodes if the extra transparent layer includes row electrodes). 
       FIG.  10 A  is a cross section schematic block diagram of a touch screen display  80  without a touch of a finger or a pen. The cross section is taken parallel to a column electrode  85 - c  and a perpendicular to a row electrode  85 - r . The column electrode  85 - c  is positioned between two dielectric layers  140  and  142 . Alternatively, the column electrode  85 - c  is in the second dielectric layer  142 . The row electrode  85 - r  is positioned in the second dielectric layer  142 . Alternatively, the row electrode  85 - r  is positioned between the dielectric layer  142  and the display substrate  144 . As another alternative, the row and column electrodes are in the same layer. In one or more embodiments, the row and column electrodes are formed as discussed in one or more of  FIGS.  9 A- 9 J . 
     Each electrode  85  has a self-capacitance, which corresponds to a parasitic capacitance created by the electrode with respect to other conductors in the display (e.g., ground, conductive layer(s), and/or one or more other electrodes). For example, row electrode  85 - r  has a parasitic capacitance C p1  and column electrode  85 - c  has a parasitic capacitance Co. Note that each electrode includes a resistance component and, as such, produces a distributed R-C circuit. The longer the electrode, the greater the impedance of the distributed R-C circuit. For simplicity of illustration the distributed R-C circuit of an electrode will be represented as a single parasitic capacitance. 
     As shown, the touch screen display  80  includes a plurality of layers  140 - 144 . Each illustrated layer may itself include one or more layers. For example, dielectric layer  140  includes a surface protective film, a glass protective film, and/or one or more pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) layers. As another example, the second dielectric layer  142  includes a glass cover, a polyester (PET) film, a support plate (glass or plastic) to support, or embed, one or more of the electrodes  85 - c  and  85 - r , a base plate (glass, plastic, or PET), and one or more PSA layers. As yet another example, the display substrate  144  includes one or more LCD layers, a back-light layer, one or more reflector layers, one or more polarizing layers, and/or one or more PSA layers. 
       FIG.  10 B  is a cross section schematic block diagram of a touch screen display  80 , which is the same as in  FIG.  9   . This figure further includes a finger touch, which changes the self-capacitance of the electrodes. In essence, a finger touch creates a parallel capacitance with the parasitic self-capacitances. For example, the self-capacitance of the column electrode  85 - c  is C p1  (parasitic capacitance)+C f1  (finger capacitance) and the self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r  is C p2 +C f2 . As such, the finger capacitance increases the self-capacitance of the electrodes, which decreases the impedance for a given frequency. The change in impedance of the self-capacitance is detectable by a corresponding drive sense circuit and is subsequently processed to indicate a screen touch. 
       FIG.  11    is a cross section schematic block diagram of a touch screen display  80 , which is the same as in  FIG.  9   . This figure further includes a mutual capacitance (Cm_ 0 ) between the electrodes when a touch is not present. 
       FIG.  12    is a cross section schematic block diagram of a touch screen display  80 , which is the same as in  FIG.  9   . This figure further includes a mutual capacitance (Cm_ 1 ) between the electrodes when a touch is present. In this example, the finger capacitance is effectively in series with the mutual capacitance, which decreasing capacitance of the mutual capacitance. As the capacitance decreases for a given frequency, the impedance increases. The change in impedance of the mutual-capacitance is detectable by a corresponding drive sense circuit and is subsequently processed to indicate a screen touch. Note that, depending on the various properties (e.g., thicknesses, dielectric constants, electrode sizes, electrode spacing, etc.) of the touch screen display, the parasitic capacitances, the mutual capacitances, and/or the finger capacitance are in the range of a few pico-Farads to tens of nano-Farads. In equation form, the capacitance (C) equals: 
     
       
         
           
             C 
             = 
             
               ϵ 
               ⁢ 
               
                 A 
                 d 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where A is plate area, E is the dielectric constant(s),
         and d is the distance between the plates.       

       FIG.  13    is an example graph that plots condition verses capacitance for an electrode of a touch screen display. As shown, the mutual capacitance decreases with a touch and the self-capacitance increases with a touch. Note that the mutual capacitance and self-capacitance for a no-touch condition are shown to be about the same. This is done merely for ease of illustration. In practice, the mutual capacitance and self-capacitance may or may not be about the same capacitance based on the various properties of the touch screen display discussed above. 
       FIG.  14    is an example graph that plots impedance verses frequency for an electrode of a touch screen display. Since the impedance of an electrode is primarily based on its capacitance (self and/or mutual), as the frequency increases for a fixed capacitance, the impedance decreases based on ½πfC, where f is the frequency and C is the capacitance. 
       FIG.  15    is a time domain example graph that plots magnitude verses time for an analog reference signal  122 . As discussed with reference to  FIG.  8   , the analog reference signal  122  (e.g., a current signal or a voltage signal) is inputted to a comparator and is compared to the sensor signal  116 . The feedback loop of the drive sense circuit  28  functions to keep the senor signal  116  substantially matching the analog reference signal  122 . As such, the sensor signal  116  will have a similar waveform to that of the analog reference signal  122 . 
     In an example, the analog reference signal  122  includes a DC component  121  and/or one or more oscillating components  123 . The DC component  121  is a DC voltage in the range of a few hundred milli-volts to tens of volts or more. The oscillating component  123  includes a sinusoidal signal, a square wave signal, a triangular wave signal, a multiple level signal (e.g., has varying magnitude over time with respect to the DC component), and/or a polygonal signal (e.g., has a symmetrical or asymmetrical polygonal shape with respect to the DC component). 
     In another example, the frequency of the oscillating component  123  may vary so that it can be tuned to the impedance of the sensor and/or to be off-set in frequency from other sensor signals in a system. For example, a capacitance sensor&#39;s impedance decreases with frequency. As such, if the frequency of the oscillating component is too high with respect to the capacitance, the capacitor looks like a short and variances in capacitances will be missed. Similarly, if the frequency of the oscillating component is too low with respect to the capacitance, the capacitor looks like an open and variances in capacitances will be missed. 
       FIG.  16    is a frequency domain example graph that plots magnitude verses frequency for an analog reference signal  122 . As shown, the analog reference signal  122  includes the DC component  121  at DC (e.g., 0 Hz or near 0 Hz), a first oscillating component  123 - 1  at a first frequency (f 1 ), and a second oscillating component  123 - 2  at a second frequency (f 2 ). In an example, the DC component is used to measure resistance of an electrode (if desired), the first oscillating component  123 - 1  is used to measure the impedance of self-capacitance, and the second oscillating component  123 - 2  is used to measure the impedance of mutual-capacitance. Note that the second frequency may be greater than the first frequency. 
       FIG.  17    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  coupled to a first electrode  85 - c  and a second drive sense circuit  28 - 2  coupled to a second electrode  85 - r  without a touch proximal to the electrodes. Each of the drive sense circuits include a comparator, an analog to digital converter (ADC)  130 , a digital to analog converter (DAC)  132 , a signal source circuit  133 , and a driver. The functionality of this embodiment of a drive sense circuit was described with reference to  FIG.  8   . For additional embodiments of a drive sense circuit see pending patent application entitled, “Drive Sense Circuit with Drive-Sense Line” having a filing date of Aug. 26, 2019, and an application number of Ser. No. 16/113,379. 
     As an example, a first reference signal  122 - 1  (e.g., analog or digital) is provided to the first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  and a second reference signal  122 - 2  (e.g., analog or digital) is provided to the second drive sense circuit  28 - 2 . The first reference signal includes a DC component and/or an oscillating at frequency f 1 . The second reference signal includes a DC component and/or two oscillating components: the first at frequency f 1  and the second at frequency f 2 . 
     The first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  generates a sensor signal  116  based on the reference signal  122 - 1  and provides the sensor signal to the column electrode  85 - c . The second drive sense circuit generates another sensor signal  116  based on the reference signal  122 - 2  and provides the sensor signal to the column electrode. 
     In response to the sensor signals being applied to the electrodes, the first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  generates a first sensed signal  120 - 1 , which includes a component at frequency f 1  and a component a frequency f 2 . The component at frequency f 1  corresponds to the self-capacitance of the column electrode  85 - c  and the component a frequency f 2  corresponds to the mutual capacitance between the row and column electrodes  85 - c  and  85 - r . The self-capacitance is expressed as 1/(2πf 1 Cp 1 ) and the mutual capacitance is expressed as 1/(2πf 2 Cm_ 0 ). 
     Also, in response to the sensor signals being applied to the electrodes, the second drive sense circuit  28 - 1  generates a second sensed signal  120 - 2 , which includes a component at frequency f 1  and a component a frequency f 2 . The component at frequency f 1  corresponds to a shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r  and the component a frequency f 2  corresponds to an unshielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r . The shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode is expressed as 1/(2πf 1 Cp 2 ) and the unshielded self-capacitance of the row electrode is expressed as 1/(2πf 2 Cp 2 ). 
     With each active drive sense circuit using the same frequency for self-capacitance (e.g., f 1 ), the row and column electrodes are at the same potential, which substantially eliminates cross-coupling between the electrodes. This provides a shielded (i.e., low noise) self-capacitance measurement for the active drive sense circuits. In this example, with the second drive sense circuit transmitting the second frequency component, it has a second frequency component in its sensed signal, but is primarily based on the row electrode&#39;s self-capacitance with some cross coupling from other electrodes carrying signals at different frequencies. The cross coupling of signals at other frequencies injects unwanted noise into this self-capacitance measurement and hence it is referred to as unshielded. 
       FIG.  18    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  coupled to a first electrode  85 - c  and a second drive sense circuit  28 - 2  coupled to a second electrode  85 - r  with a finger touch proximal to the electrodes. This example is similar to the one of  FIG.  17    with the difference being a finger touch proximal to the electrodes (e.g., a touch that shadows the intersection of the electrodes or is physically close to the intersection of the electrodes). With the finger touch, the self-capacitance and the mutual capacitance of the electrodes are changed. 
     In this example, the impedance of the self-capacitance at f 1  of the column electrode  85 - c  now includes the effect of the finger capacitance. As such, the impedance of the self-capacitance of the column electrode equals 1/(2πf 1 *(Cp 1 +Cf 1 )), which is included the sensed signal  120 - 1 . The second frequency component at f 2  corresponds to the impedance of the mutual-capacitance at f 2 , which includes the effect of the finger capacitance. As such, the impedance of the mutual capacitance equals 1/(2πf 2 Cm_ 1 ), where C m_1 =(C m_0 *C f1 )/(C m_0 +C f1 ). 
     Continuing with this example, the first frequency component at f 1  of the second sensed signal  120 - 2  corresponds to the impedance of the shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r  at f 1 , which is effected by the finger capacitance. As such, the impedance of the capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r  equals 1/(2πf 1 *(Cp 2 +Cf 2 )). The second frequency component at f 2  of the second sensed signal  120 - 2  corresponds to the impedance of the unshielded self-capacitance at f 2 , which includes the effect of the finger capacitance and is equal to 1/(2πf 2 *(Cp 2 +Cf 2 )). 
       FIG.  19    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  coupled to a first electrode  85 - c  and a second drive sense circuit  28 - 2  coupled to a second electrode  85 - r  with a pen touch proximal to the electrodes. This example is similar to the one of  FIG.  17    with the difference being a pen touch proximal to the electrodes (e.g., a touch that shadows the intersection of the electrodes or is physically close to the intersection of the electrodes). With the pen touch, the self-capacitance and the mutual capacitance of the electrodes are changed based on the capacitance of the pen Cpen 1  and Cpen 2 . 
     In this example, the impedance of the self-capacitance at f 1  of the column electrode  85 - c  now includes the effect of the pen&#39;s capacitance. As such, the impedance of the self-capacitance of the column electrode equals 1/(2πf 1 *(Cp 1 +Cpen 1 )), which is included the sensed signal  120 - 1 . The second frequency component at f 2  corresponds to the impedance of the mutual-capacitance at f 2 , which includes the effect of the pen capacitance. As such, the impedance of the mutual capacitance equals 1/(2πf 2 Cm_ 2 ), where C m_2 =(C m_0 *C pen2 )/(C m_0 +C pen1 ). 
     Continuing with this example, the first frequency component at f 1  of the second sensed signal  120 - 2  corresponds to the impedance of the shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r  at f 3 , which is effected by the pen capacitance. As such, the impedance of the shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r  equals 1/(2πf 1 *(Cp 2 +Cpen 2 )). The second frequency component at f 2  of the second sensed signal  120 - 2  corresponds to the impedance of the unshielded self-capacitance at f 2 , which includes the effect of the pen capacitance and is equal to 1/(2πf 2 *(Cp 2 +Cpen 2 )). Note that the pen capacitance is represented as two capacitances, but may be one capacitance value or a plurality of distributed capacitance values. 
       FIG.  20    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  coupled to a first electrode  85 - c  and a second drive sense circuit  28 - 2  coupled to a second electrode  85 - r  with a pen proximal to the electrodes. Each of the drive sense circuits include a comparator, an analog to digital converter (ADC)  130 , a digital to analog converter (DAC)  132 , a signal source circuit  133 , and a driver. The functionality of this embodiment of a drive sense circuit was described with reference to  FIG.  8   . The pen is operable to transmit a signal at a frequency of f 4 , which affects the self and mutual capacitances of the electrodes  85 . 
     In this example, a first reference signal  122 - 1  is provided to the first drive sense circuit  28 - 1 . The first reference signal includes a DC component and/or an oscillating component at frequency f 1 . The first oscillating component at f 1  is used to sense impedance of the self-capacitance of the column electrode  85 - c . The first drive sense circuit  28 - 1  generates a first sensed signal  120 - 1  that includes three frequency dependent components. The first frequency component at f 1  corresponds to the impedance of the self-capacitance at f 1 , which equals 1/(2f 1 Cp 1 ). The second frequency component at f 2  corresponds to the impedance of the mutual-capacitance at f 2 , which equals 1/(2πf 2 Cm_ 0 ). The third frequency component at f 4  corresponds to the signal transmitted by the pen. 
     Continuing with this example, a second reference signal  122 - 2  is provided to the second drive sense circuit  28 - 2 . The second analog reference signal includes a DC component and/or two oscillating components: the first at frequency f 1  and the second at frequency f 2 . The first oscillating component at f 1  is used to sense impedance of the shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r  and the second oscillating component at f 2  is used to sense the unshielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85 - r . The second drive sense circuit  28 - 2  generates a second sensed signal  120 - 2  that includes three frequency dependent components. The first frequency component at f 1  corresponds to the impedance of the shielded self-capacitance at f 3 , which equals 1/(2πf 1 Cp 2 ). The second frequency component at f 2  corresponds to the impedance of the unshielded self-capacitance at f 2 , which equals 1/(2πf 2 Cp 2 ). The third frequency component at f 4  corresponds to signal transmitted by the pen. 
     As a further example, the pen transmits a sinusoidal signal having a frequency of f 4 . When the pen is near the surface of the touch screen, electromagnetic properties of the signal increase the voltage on (or current in) the electrodes proximal to the touch of the pen. Since impedance is equal to voltage/current and as a specific example, when the voltage increases for a constant current, the impedance increases. As another specific example, when the current increases for a constant voltage, the impedance increases. The increase in impedance is detectable and is used as an indication of a touch. 
       FIG.  21    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a touch screen display  80  that includes the display  83 , the electrodes  85 , a plurality of drive sense circuits (DSC), and the touch screen processing module  82 , which function as previously discussed. In addition, the touch screen processing module  82  generates a plurality of control signals  150  to enable the drive-sense circuits (DSC) to monitor the sensor signals  120  on the electrodes  85 . For example, the processing module  82  provides an individual control signal  150  to each of the drive sense circuits to individually enable or disable the drive sense circuits. In an embodiment, the control signal  150  closes a switch to provide power to the drive sense circuit. In another embodiment, the control signal  150  enables one or more components of the drive sense circuit. 
     The processing module  82  further provides analog reference signals  122  to the drive sense circuits. In an embodiment, each drive sense circuit receives a unique analog reference signal. In another embodiment, a first group of drive sense circuits receive a first analog reference signal and a second group of drive sense circuits receive a second analog reference signal. In yet another embodiment, the drive sense circuits receive the same analog reference signal. Note that the processing module  82  uses a combination of analog reference signals with control signals to ensure that different frequencies are used for oscillating components of the analog reference signal. 
     The drive sense circuits provide sensed signals  116  to the electrodes. The impedances of the electrodes affect the sensed signal, which the drive sense circuits sense via the received signal component and generate the sensed signal  120  therefrom. The sensed signals  120  are essentially representations of the impedances of the electrodes, which are provided to the touch screen processing module  82 . 
     The processing module  82  interprets the sensed signals  122  (e.g., the representations of impedances of the electrodes) to detect a change in the impedance of one or more electrodes. For example, a finger touch increases the self-capacitance of an electrode, thereby decreasing its impedance at a given frequency. As another example, a finger touch decreases the mutual capacitance of an electrode, thereby increasing its impedance at a given frequency. The processing module  82  then interprets the change in the impedance of one or more electrodes to indicate one or more touches of the touch screen display  80 . 
       FIG.  22    is a schematic block diagram of a touchless example of a few drive sense circuits  28  and a portion of the touch screen processing module  82  of a touch screen display  80 . The portion of the processing module  82  includes band pass filters  160 ,  162 ,  160 - 1 , &amp;  160 - 2 , self-frequency interpreters  164  &amp;  164 - 1 , and  166  &amp;  166 - 1 . As previously discussed, a first drive sense circuit is coupled to column electrode  85   c  and a second drive sense circuit is coupled to a row electrode  85   r.    
     The drive sense circuits provide sensor signals  116  to their respective electrodes  85  and produce therefrom respective sensed signals  120 . The first sensed signal  120 - 1  includes a first frequency component at f 1  that corresponds to the self-capacitance of the column electrode  85   c  and a second frequency component at f 2  that corresponds to the mutual capacitance of the column electrode  85   c . The second sensed signal  120 - 2  includes a first frequency component at f 1  that corresponds to the shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r  and/or a second frequency component at f 2  that corresponds to the unshielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r . In an embodiment, the sensed signals  120  are frequency domain digital signals. 
     The first bandpass filter  160  passes (i.e., substantially unattenuated) signals in a bandpass region (e.g., tens of Hertz to hundreds of thousands of Hertz, or more) centered about frequency f 1  and attenuates signals outside of the bandpass region. As such, the first bandpass filter  160  passes the portion of the sensed signal  120 - 1  that corresponds to the self-capacitance of the column electrode  85   c . In an embodiment, the sensed signal  116  is a digital signal, thus, the first bandpass filter  160  is a digital filter such as a cascaded integrated comb (CIC) filter, a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, a Butterworth filter, a Chebyshev filter, an elliptic filter, etc. 
     The frequency interpreter  164  receives the first bandpass filter sensed signal and interprets it to render a self-capacitance value  168 - 1  for the column electrode. As an example, the frequency interpreter  164  is a processing module, or portion thereof, that executes a function to convert the first bandpass filter sensed signal into the self-capacitance value  168 - 1 , which is an actual capacitance value, a relative capacitance value (e.g., in a range of 0-100), or a difference capacitance value (e.g., is the difference between a default capacitance value and a sensed capacitance value). As another example, the frequency interpreter  164  is a look up table where the first bandpass filter sensed signal is an index for the table. 
     The second bandpass filter  162  passes, substantially unattenuated, signals in a second bandpass region (e.g., tens of Hertz to hundreds of thousands of Hertz, or more) centered about frequency f 2  and attenuates signals outside of the bandpass region. As such, the second bandpass filter  160  passes the portion of the sensed signal  120 - 1  that corresponds to the mutual-capacitance of the column electrode  85   c  and the row electrode  85   r . In an embodiment, the sensed signal  116  is a digital signal, thus, the second bandpass filter  162  is a digital filter such as a cascaded integrated comb (CIC) filter, a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, a Butterworth filter, a Chebyshev filter, an elliptic filter, etc. 
     The frequency interpreter  166  receives the second bandpass filter sensed signal and interprets it to render a mutual-capacitance value  170 - 1 . As an example, the frequency interpreter  166  is a processing module, or portion thereof, that executes a function to convert the second bandpass filter sensed signal into the mutual-capacitance value  170 - 1 , which is an actual capacitance value, a relative capacitance value (e.g., in a range of 0-100), and/or a difference capacitance value (e.g., is the difference between a default capacitance value and a sensed capacitance value). As another example, the frequency interpreter  166  is a look up table where the first bandpass filter sensed signal is an index for the table. 
     For the row electrode  85   r , the drive-sense circuit  28  produces a second sensed signal  120 - 2 , which includes a shielded self-capacitance component and/or an unshielded self-capacitance component. The third bandpass filter  160 - 1  is similar to the first bandpass filter  160  and, as such passes signals in a bandpass region centered about frequency f 1  and attenuates signals outside of the bandpass region. In this example, the third bandpass filter  160 - 1  passes the portion of the second sensed signal  120 - 2  that corresponds to the shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r.    
     The frequency interpreter  164 - 1  receives the second bandpass filter sensed signal and interprets it to render a second and shielded self-capacitance value  168 - 2  for the row electrode. The frequency interpreter  164 - 1  may be implemented similarly to the first frequency interpreter  164  or an integrated portion thereof. In an embodiment, the second self-capacitance value  168 - 2  is an actual capacitance value, a relative capacitance value (e.g., in a range of 0-100), or a difference capacitance value (e.g., is the difference between a default capacitance value and a sensed capacitance value). 
     The fourth bandpass filter  162 - 2 , if included, is similar to the second bandpass filter  162 . As such, it passes, substantially unattenuated, signals in a bandpass region centered about frequency f 2  and attenuates signals outside of the bandpass region. In this example, the fourth bandpass filter  162 - 2  passes the portion of the second sensed signal  120 - 2  that corresponds to the unshielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r.    
     The frequency interpreter  166 - 1 , if included, receives the fourth bandpass filter sensed signal and interprets it to render an unshielded self-capacitance value  168 - 2 . The frequency interpreter  166 - 1  may be implemented similarly to the first frequency interpreter  166  or an integrated portion thereof. In an embodiment, the unshielded self-capacitance value  170 - 2  is an actual capacitance value, a relative capacitance value (e.g., in a range of 0-100), or a difference capacitance value (e.g., is the difference between a default capacitance value and a sensed capacitance value). Note that the unshielded self-capacitance may be ignored, thus band pass filter  162 - 1  and frequency interpreter  166 - 1  may be omitted. 
       FIG.  23    is a schematic block diagram of a finger touch example of a few drive sense circuits and a portion of the touch screen processing module of a touch screen display that is similar to  FIG.  22   , with the difference being a finger touch as represented by the finger capacitance Cf. In this example, the self-capacitance and mutual capacitance of each electrode is effected by the finger capacitance. 
     The effected self-capacitance of the column electrode  85   c  is processed by the first bandpass filter  160  and the frequency interpreter  164  to produce a self-capacitance value  168 - 1   a . The mutual capacitance of the column electrode  85   c  and row electrode is processed by the second bandpass filter  162  and the frequency interpreter  166  to produce a mutual-capacitance value  170 - 1   a.    
     The effected shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r  is processed by the third bandpass filter  160 - 1  and the frequency interpreter  164 - 1  to produce a self-capacitance value  168 - 2   a . The effected unshielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r  is processed by the fourth bandpass filter  162 - 1  and the frequency interpreter  166 - 1  to produce an unshielded self-capacitance value  170 - 2   a.    
       FIG.  24    is a schematic block diagram of a pen touch example of a few drive sense circuits and a portion of the touch screen processing module of a touch screen display that is similar to  FIG.  22   , with the difference being a pen touch as represented by the pen capacitance C pen . In this example, the self-capacitance and mutual capacitance of each electrode is effected by the pen capacitance. 
     The effected self-capacitance of the column electrode  85   c  is processed by the first bandpass filter  160  and the frequency interpreter  164  to produce a self-capacitance value  168 - 1   a . The effected mutual capacitance of the column electrode  85   c  and row electrode  85   r  is processed by the second bandpass filter  162  and the frequency interpreter  166  to produce a mutual-capacitance value  170 - 1   a.    
     The effected shielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r  is processed by the third bandpass filter  160 - 1  and the frequency interpreter  164 - 1  to produce a shielded self-capacitance value  168 - 2   a . The effected unshielded self-capacitance of the row electrode  85   r  is processed by the fourth bandpass filter  162 - 1  and the frequency interpreter  166 - 1  to produce an unshielded self-capacitance value  170 - 2   a.    
       FIG.  25    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing device  14 - a  having touch screen display  80 - a . The computing device  14 - a  is a cell phone, a personal video device, a tablet, or the like and the touch screen display has a screen size that is equal to or less than 15 inches. The computing device  14 - a  includes a processing module  42 - a , main memory  44 - a , and a transceiver  200 . An embodiment of the transceiver  200  will be discussed with reference to  FIG.  27   . The processing module  42 - a  and the main memory  44 - a  are similar to the processing module  42  and the main memory  44  of the computing device  14  of  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  26    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device  14 - b  having touch screen display  80 - b . The computing device  14 - b  is a computer, an interactive display, a large tablet, or the like and the touch screen display  80 - b  has a screen size that is greater than 15 inches. The computing device  14 - b  includes a processing module  42 - b , main memory  44 - b , and a transceiver  200 . An embodiment of the transceiver  200  will be discussed with reference to  FIG.  27   . The processing module  42 - b  and the main memory  44 - b  are similar to the processing module  42  and the main memory  44  of the computing device  14  of  FIG.  2   . 
       FIG.  27    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a computing device  14 - a  and/or  14 - b  that includes the processing module  42  (e.g., a and/or b), the main memory  44  (e.g., a and/or b), the touch screen display  80  (e.g., a and/or b), and the transceiver  200 . The transceiver  200  includes a transmit/receive switch module  173 , a receive filter module  171 , a low noise amplifier (LNA)  172 , a down conversion module  170 , a filter/gain module  168 , an analog to digital converter (ADC)  166 , a digital to analog converter (DAC)  178 , a filter/gain module  170 , an up-conversion module  182 , a power amplifier (PA)  184 , a transmit filter module  185 , one or more antennas  186 , and a local oscillation module  174 . In an alternate embodiment, the transceiver  200  includes a transmit antenna and a receiver antenna (as shown using dashed lines) and omit the common antenna  186  and the transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) switch module  173 . 
     In an example of operation using the common antenna  186 , the antenna receives an inbound radio frequency (RF) signal, which is routed to the receive filter module  171  via the Tx/Rx switch module  173  (e.g., a balun, a cross-coupling circuit, etc.). The receive filter module  171  is a bandpass or low pass filter that passes the inbound RF signal to the LNA  172 , which amplifies it. 
     The down conversion module  170  converts the amplified inbound RF signal into a first inbound symbol stream corresponding to a first signal component (e.g., RX  1   adj ) and into a second inbound symbol stream corresponding to the second signal component (e.g., RX  2   adj ). In an embodiment, the down conversion module  170  mixes in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the amplified inbound RF signal (e.g., amplified RX  1   adj  and RX  2   adj ) with in-phase and quadrature components of receiver local oscillation  181  to produce a mixed I signal and a mixed Q signal for each component of the amplified inbound RF signal. Each pair of the mixed I and Q signals are combined to produce the first and second inbound symbol streams. In this embodiment, each of the first and second inbound symbol streams includes phase information (e.g., +/−Δθ [phase shift] and/or θ(t) [phase modulation]) and/or frequency information (e.g., +/−Δf [frequency shift] and/or f(t) [frequency modulation]). In another embodiment and/or in furtherance of the preceding embodiment, the inbound RF signal includes amplitude information (e.g., +/−ΔA [amplitude shift] and/or A(t) [amplitude modulation]). 
     The filter/gain module  168  filters the down-converted inbound signal, which is then converted into a digital inbound baseband signal  190  by the ADC  166 . The processing module  42  converts the inbound symbol stream(s) into inbound data  192  (e.g., voice, text, audio, video, graphics, etc.) in accordance with one or more wireless communication standards (e.g., GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSDPA, WiMAX, EDGE, GPRS, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, ZigBee, universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), long term evolution (LTE), IEEE 802.16, evolution data optimized (EV-DO), etc.). Such a conversion may include one or more of: digital intermediate frequency to baseband conversion, time to frequency domain conversion, space-time-block decoding, space-frequency-block decoding, demodulation, frequency spread decoding, frequency hopping decoding, beamforming decoding, constellation demapping, deinterleaving, decoding, depuncturing, and/or descrambling. Note that the processing module converts a single inbound symbol stream into the inbound data for Single Input Single Output (SISO) communications and/or for Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) communications and converts the multiple inbound symbol streams into the inbound data for Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communications. 
     In an example, the inbound data  192  includes display data  202 . For example, the inbound RF signal  188  includes streaming video over a wireless link. As such, the inbound data  192  includes the frames of data  87  of the video file, which the processing module  42  provides to the touch screen display  80  for display. The processing module  42  further processes proximal touch data  204  (e.g., finger or pen touches) of the touch screen display  80 . For example, a touch corresponds to a command that is to be wirelessly sent to the content provider of the streaming wireless video. 
     In this example, the processing module interprets the proximal touch data  204  to generate a command (e.g., pause, stop, etc.) regarding the streaming video. The processing module processes the command as outbound data  194  e.g., voice, text, audio, video, graphics, etc.) by converting it into one or more outbound symbol streams (e.g., outbound baseband signal  196 ) in accordance with one or more wireless communication standards (e.g., GSM, CDMA, WCDMA, HSDPA, HSDPA, WiMAX, EDGE, GPRS, IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, ZigBee, universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), long term evolution (LTE), IEEE 802.16, evolution data optimized (EV-DO), etc.). Such a conversion includes one or more of: scrambling, puncturing, encoding, interleaving, constellation mapping, modulation, frequency spreading, frequency hopping, beamforming, space-time-block encoding, space-frequency-block encoding, frequency to time domain conversion, and/or digital baseband to intermediate frequency conversion. Note that the processing module converts the outbound data into a single outbound symbol stream for Single Input Single Output (SISO) communications and/or for Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) communications and converts the outbound data into multiple outbound symbol streams for Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communications. 
     The DAC  178  converts the outbound baseband signal  196  into an analog signal, which is filtered by the filter/gain module  180 . The up-conversion module  182  mixes the filtered analog outbound baseband signal with a transmit local oscillation  183  to produce an up-converted signal. This may be done in a variety of ways. In an embodiment, in-phase and quadrature components of the outbound baseband signal are mixed with in-phase and quadrature components of the transmit local oscillation to produce the up-converted signal. In another embodiment, the outbound baseband signal provides phase information (e.g., +/−Δθ [phase shift] and/or θ(t) [phase modulation]) that adjusts the phase of the transmit local oscillation to produce a phase adjusted up-converted signal. In this embodiment, the phase adjusted up-converted signal provides the up-converted signal. In another embodiment, the outbound baseband signal further includes amplitude information (e.g., A(t) [amplitude modulation]), which is used to adjust the amplitude of the phase adjusted up converted signal to produce the up-converted signal. In yet another embodiment, the outbound baseband signal provides frequency information (e.g., +/−Δf [frequency shift] and/or f(t) [frequency modulation]) that adjusts the frequency of the transmit local oscillation to produce a frequency adjusted up-converted signal. In this embodiment, the frequency adjusted up-converted signal provides the up-converted signal. In another embodiment, the outbound baseband signal further includes amplitude information, which is used to adjust the amplitude of the frequency adjusted up-converted signal to produce the up-converted signal. In a further embodiment, the outbound baseband signal provides amplitude information (e.g., +/−ΔA [amplitude shift] and/or A(t) [amplitude modulation) that adjusts the amplitude of the transmit local oscillation to produce the up-converted signal. 
     The power amplifier  184  amplifies the up-converted signal to produce an outbound RF signal  198 . The transmit filter module  185  filters the outbound RF signal  198  and provides the filtered outbound RF signal to the antenna  186  for transmission, via the transmit/receive switch module  173 . Note that processing module may produce the display data from the inbound data, the outbound data, application data, and/or system data. 
       FIG.  28    is a schematic block diagram of another example of a first drive sense circuit  28 - a  coupled to a column electrode  85   c  and a second drive sense circuit  28 - b  coupled to a row electrode  85   r  without a touch proximal to the electrodes. The first drive sense circuit  28 - a  includes a power source circuit  210  and a power signal change detection circuit  212 . The second drive sense circuit  28 - b  includes a power source circuit  210 - 1 , a power signal change detection circuit  212 - 1 , and a regulation circuit  220 . 
     The power source circuit  210  of the first drive sense circuit  28 - a  is operably coupled to the column electrode  85   c  and, when enabled (e.g., from a control signal from the processing module  42 , power is applied, a switch is closed, a reference signal is received, etc.) provides a power signal  216  to the column electrode  85   c . The power source circuit  210  may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based power signal, a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based power signal, or a circuit that provides a desired power level to the sensor and substantially matches impedance of the sensor. The power source circuit  110  generates the power signal  116  to include a DC (direct current) component and/or an oscillating component. 
     When receiving the power signal  216 , the impedance of the electrode affects  218  the power signal. When the power signal change detection circuit  212  is enabled, it detects the affect  218  on the power signal as a result of the impedance of the electrode. For example, the power signal is a 1.5 voltage signal and, under a first condition, the sensor draws 1 milliamp of current, which corresponds to an impedance of 1.5 K Ohms. Under a second conditions, the power signal remains at 1.5 volts and the current increases to 1.5 milliamps. As such, from condition 1 to condition 2, the impedance of the electrode changed from 1.5 K Ohms to 1 K Ohms. The power signal change detection circuit  212  determines the change and generates a sensed signal, or proximal touch data  220  therefrom. 
     The power source circuit  210 - 1  of the second drive sense circuit  28 - b  is operably coupled to the row electrode  85   r  and, when enabled (e.g., from a control signal from the processing module  42 , power is applied, a switch is closed, a reference signal is received, etc.) provides a power signal  216  to the electrode  85   r . The power source circuit  210 - 1  may be implemented similarly to power source circuit  210  and generates the power signal  216  to include a DC (direct current) component and/or an oscillating component. 
     When receiving the power signal  216 , the impedance of the row electrode  85   r  affects the power signal. When the change detection circuit  212 - 1  is enabled, it detects the affect on the power signal as a result of the impedance of the electrode  85   r . The change detection circuit  210 - 1  is further operable to generate a sensed signal  120 , or proximal touch data  220 , that is representative of change to the power signal based on the detected effect on the power signal. 
     The regulation circuit  152 , when its enabled, generates regulation signal  22  to regulate the DC component to a desired DC level and/or regulate the oscillating component to a desired oscillating level (e.g., magnitude, phase, and/or frequency) based on the sensed signal  120 . The power source circuit  210 - 1  utilizes the regulation signal  222  to keep the power signal  216  at a desired setting regardless of the impedance changes of the electrode  85   r . In this manner, the amount of regulation is indicative of the affect the impedance of the electrode has on the power signal. 
     In an example, the power source circuit  210 - 1  is a DC-DC converter operable to provide a regulated power signal  216  having DC and AC components. The change detection circuit  212 - 1  is a comparator and the regulation circuit  220  is a pulse width modulator to produce the regulation signal  222 . The comparator compares the power signal  216 , which is affected by the electrode, with a reference signal that includes DC and AC components. When the impedance is at a first level, the power signal is regulated to provide a voltage and current such that the power signal substantially resembles the reference signal. 
     When the impedance changes to a second level, the change detection circuit  212 - 1  detects a change in the DC and/or AC component of the power signal  216  and generates the sensed signal  120 , which indicates the changes. The regulation circuit  220  detects the change in the sensed signal  120  and creates the regulation signal  222  to substantially remove the impedance change effect on the power signal  216 . The regulation of the power signal  216  may be done by regulating the magnitude of the DC and/or AC components, by adjusting the frequency of AC component, and/or by adjusting the phase of the AC component. 
       FIG.  29    is a schematic block diagram of an example of a computing device  14  or  18  that includes the components of  FIG.  2    and/or  FIG.  3   . Only the processing module  42 , the touch screen processing module  82 , the display  80  or  90 , the electrodes  85 , and the drive sense circuits (DSC) are shown. 
     In an example of operation, the touch screen processing module  82  receives sensed signals from the drive sense circuits and interprets them to identify a finger or pen touch. In this example, there are no touches. The touch screen processing module  82  provides touch data (which includes location of touches, if any, based on the row and column electrodes having an impedance change due to the touch(es)) to the processing module  42 . 
     The processing module  42  processes the touch data to produce a capacitive image  232  of the display  80  or  90 . In this example, there are no touches, so the capacitive image  232  is substantially uniform across the display. The refresh rate of the capacitive image ranges from a few frames of capacitive images per second to a hundred or more frames of capacitive images per second. Note that the capacitive image may be generated in a variety of ways. For example, the self-capacitance and/or mutual capacitance of each touch cell (e.g., intersection of a row electrode with a column electrode) is represented by a color. When the touch cells have substantially the same capacitance, their representative color will be substantially the same. As another example, the capacitance image is topological mapping of differences between the capacitances of the touch cells. 
       FIG.  30    is a schematic block diagram of another example of a computing device that is substantially similar to the example of  FIG.  29    with the exception that the touch data includes two touches. As such, the touch data generated by the touch screen processing module  82  includes the location of two touches based on effected rows and columns. The processing module  42  processes the touch data to determine the x-y coordinates of the touches on the display  80  or  90  and generates the capacitive image, which includes the touches. 
       FIG.  31    is a logic diagram of an embodiment of a method for generating a capacitive image of a touch screen display that is executed by the processing module  42  and/or  82 . The method begins at step  240  where the processing module enables (for continuous or periodic operation) the drive-sense circuits to provide a sensor signals to the electrodes. For example, the processing module  42  and/or  82  provides a control signal to the drive sense circuits to enable them. The control signal allows power to be supplied to the drive sense circuits, to turn-on one or more of the components of the drive sense circuits, and/or close a switch coupling the drive sense circuits to their respective electrodes. 
     The method continues at step  242  where the processing module receives, from the drive-sense circuits, sensed indications regarding (self and/or mutual) capacitance of the electrodes. The method continues at step  244  where the processing module generates a capacitive image of the display based on the sensed indications. As part of step  244 , the processing module stores the capacitive image in memory. The method continues at step  246  where the processing module interprets the capacitive image to identify one or more proximal touches (e.g., actual physical contact or near physical contact) of the touch screen display. 
     The method continues at step  248  where the processing module processes the interpreted capacitance image to determine an appropriate action. For example, if the touch(es) corresponds to a particular part of the screen, the appropriate action is a select operation. As another example, of the touches are in a sequence, then the appropriate action is to interpret the gesture and then determine the particular action. 
     The method continues at step  250  where the processing module determines whether to end the capacitance image generation and interpretation. If so, the method continues to steps  252  where the processing module disables the drive sense circuits. If the capacitance image generation and interpretation is to continue, the method reverts to step  240 . 
       FIG.  32    is a schematic block diagram of an example of generating capacitive images over a time period. In this example, two touches are detected at time t 0  and move across and upwards through the display over times t 1  through t 5 . The movement corresponds to a gesture or action. For instance, the action is dragging a window across and upwards through the display. 
       FIG.  33    is a logic diagram of an embodiment of a method for identifying desired and undesired touches using a capacitive image that is executed by processing module  42  and/or  82 . The method starts are step  260  where the processing module detects one or more touches. The method continues at step  262  where the processing module determines the type of touch for each detected touch. For example, a desired touch is a finger touch or a pen touch. As a further example, an undesired touch is a water droplet, a side of a hand, and/or an object. 
     The method continues at step  264  where the processing module determines, for each touch, whether it is a desired or undesired touch. For example, a desired touch of a pen and/or a finger will have a known effect on the self-capacitance and mutual-capacitance of the effected electrodes. As another example, an undesired touch will have an effect on the self-capacitance and/or mutual-capacitance outside of the know effect of a finger and/or a pen. As another example, a finger touch will have a known and predictable shape, as will a pen touch. An undesired touch will have a shape that is different from the known and desired touches. 
     If the touch is desired, the method continues at step  266  where the processing module continues to monitor the desired touch. If the touch is undesired, the method continues at step  268  where the processing module ignores the undesired touch. 
       FIG.  34    is a schematic block diagram of an example of using capacitive images to identify desired and undesired touches. In this example, the desired pen touch  270  will be processed and the undesired hand touch  272  will be ignored. 
       FIG.  35    is a schematic block diagram of another example of using capacitive images to identify desired and undesired touches. In this example, the desired finger touch  276  will be processed and the undesired water touch  274  will be ignored. The undesired water touch  274  would not produce a change to the self-capacitance of the effected electrodes since the water does not have a path to ground and the same frequency component is used for self-capacitance for activated electrodes. 
       FIG.  36    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a near bezel-less touch screen display  240  that includes a display  242 , a near bezel-less frame  244 , touch screen circuit  246 , and a plurality of electrodes  85 . The touch screen display  240  is a large screen with a diagonal dimension of 32 inches or more. The near bezel-less frame  244  has a visible width with respect to the display of one inch or less. In an embodiment, the width of the near bezel-less frame  244  is ½ inch or less on two or more sides. The display  242  has properties in accordance with the table of paragraph  107 . 
     An issue with a large display and very small bezel of the frame  244  is running leads to the electrodes  85  from the touch screen circuitry  246 . The connecting leads, which are typically conventional wires, need to be located with the frame  244  or they will adversely effect the display. The larger the display, the more electrodes and the more leads that connect to them. To get the connecting leads to fit within the frame, they need to be tightly packed together (i.e., very little space between them). This creates two problems for conventional touch screen circuitry: (1) with conventional low voltage signaling to the electrodes (e.g., signals swinging from rail to rail of the power supply voltage, which is at least 1 volt and typically greater than 1.5), electromagnetic cross-coupling between the leads causing interference between the signal; and (2) the tight coupling of the leads increases the parasitic capacitance of each lead, which increases the power requirements. With conventional touch screen circuitry, the larger the screen, the more cross-coupling interference and more power is required. Because of these issues, display sizes for touch screen displays have been effectively limited to smaller display sizes (e.g., less than 32 inches). 
     With the touch screen circuitry  246  disclosed herein, effective and efficient large touch screen displays can be practically realized. For instance, the touch screen circuitry  246  uses very low voltage signaling (e.g., 25-250 milli-volt RMS of the oscillating component of the sensor signal or power signal), which reduces power requirements and substantially reduces adverse effects of cross-coupling between the leads. For example, when the oscillating component is a sinusoidal signal at 25 milli-volt RMS and each electrode (or at least some of them) are driven by oscillating components of different frequencies, the cross-coupling is reduced and, what cross-coupled does exist, is easily filtered out. Continuing with the example, with a 25 milli-voltage signal and increased impedance of longer electrodes and tightly packed leads, the power requirement is dramatically reduced. As a specific example, for conventional touch screen circuitry operating with a power supply of 1.5 volts and the touch screen circuitry  246  operating with 25 milli-volt signaling, the power requirements are reduced by as much as 60 times. 
     In an embodiment, the near bezel-less touch screen display  240  includes the display  242 , the near bezel-less frame  244 , electrodes  85 , and the touch screen circuitry  246 , which includes drive sense circuits (DSC) and a processing module. The display  242  is operable to render frames of data into visible images. The near bezel-less frame  244  at least partially encircles the display  242 . In this example, the frame  244  fully encircles the frame and the touch screen circuitry  246  is positioned in the bezel area to have about the same number of electrode connections on each side of it. In  FIG.  40   , as will be subsequently discussed, the frame  244  partially encircles the display  242 . 
     The drive-sense circuits are coupled to the electrodes via connections, which are substantially within the near bezel-less frame. The connections include wires and connectors, which are achieved by welds, crimping, soldering, male-female connectors, etc. The drive-sense circuits are operable to provide and monitor sensor signals of the electrodes  85  to detect impedance and impedance changes of the electrodes. The processing module processes the impedances of the electrodes to determine one or more touches on the touch screen display  240 . 
     In the present  FIG.  36   , the electrodes  85  are shown in a first arrangement (e.g., as rows) and a second arrangement (e.g., as columns). Other patterns for the electrodes may be used to detect touches to the screen. For example, the electrodes span only part of the way across the display and other electrodes span the remaining part of the display. As another example, the electrodes are patterned at an angle different than 90 degrees with respect to each other. 
       FIG.  37    is a schematic block diagram that further illustrates an embodiment of a near bezel-less touch screen display  242 . As shown, the touch screen circuit  246  is coupled to the electrodes  85  via a plurality of connectors  248 . The electrodes are arranged in rows and columns, are constructive of a transparent conductive material (e.g., ITO) and distributed throughout the display  242 . The larger the touch screen display, the more electrodes are needed. For example, a touch screen display includes hundreds to hundreds of thousands, or more, of electrodes. 
     The connections  248  and the touch screen circuitry  246  are physically located with the near bezel-less frame  244 . The more tightly packed the connectors, the thinner the bezel can be. A drive sense circuit of the touch screen circuitry  246  is coupled to an individual electrode  85 . Thus, if there are 10,000 electrodes, there are 10,000 drive sense circuits and 10,000 connections. In an embodiment, the connections  248  include traces on a multi-layer printed circuit board, where the traces are spaced at a few microns or less. As another example, the spacing between the connections is a minimum spacing needed to ensure that the insulation between the connections does not break down. Note that the touch screen circuitry  246  may be implemented in multiple integrated circuits that are distributed about the frame  244 . 
       FIG.  38    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of touch screen circuitry  246  that includes a touch screen processing module  82  and a plurality of drive sense circuits (DSC). Some of the drive sense circuits are coupled to row electrodes and other drive sense circuits are coupled to column electrodes. The touch screen circuitry  246  may be implemented in one or more integrated circuits. For example, the touch screen processing module  82  and a certain number (e.g., a hundred to thousands) of drive sense circuits are implemented one a single die. An integrated circuit may include one or more of the dies. Thus, depending on the number of electrodes in the touch screen display, one or more dies in one or more integrated circuits is needed. 
     When more than a single die is used, the touch screen circuitry  246  includes more than one processing module  82 . In this instance, the processing modules  82  on different dies function as peer processing modules, in that, they communicate with their own drive sense circuits and process the data from the drive sense circuits and then coordinate to provide the process data upstream for further processing (e.g., determining whether touches have occurred, where on the screen, is the touch a desired touch, and what does the touch mean). The upstream processing may be done by another processing module (e.g., processing module  42 ), as a distributed function among the processing modules  82 , and/or by a designed processing module of the processing modules  82 . 
       FIG.  39    is a schematic block diagram of an example of frequencies for the various analog reference signals for the drive-sense circuits. As mentioned above, to reduce the adverse effects of cross-coupling, the drive sense circuits use a common frequency component for self-capacitance measurements and uses different frequencies components for mutual capacitance measurements. In this example, there are x number of equally-spaced different frequencies. The frequency spacing is dependent on the filtering of the sensed signals. For example, the frequency spacing is in the range of 10 Hz to 10&#39;s of thousands of Hz. Note that the spacing between the frequencies does not need to be equal or that every frequency needs to be used. Further note that, for very large touch screen displays having tens to hundreds of thousands of electrodes, a frequency reuse pattern may be used. 
       FIG.  40    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a near bezel-less touch screen display  240 - 1  that includes the display  242 , the electrodes  85 , the touch screen display circuitry  246 , and a near bezel-less frame  244 - 1 . In this embodiment, the frame  244 - 1  is on two sides of the display  242 ; the other two sides are bezel-less. The functionality of the display  242 , the electrodes  85 , the touch screen display circuitry  246  are as previously discussed. 
       FIG.  41    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of multiple near bezel-less touch screen displays  250  that includes a plurality of near bezel-less touch screen displays  240 - 1 . Each of the near bezel-less touch screen displays  240 - 1  have two sides that are bezel-less and two sides that include a near bezel-less frame. The location of the two bezel-less sides can vary such that the displays  240 - 1  can be positioned to create one large multiple touch screen display  250 . 
     In an alternate embodiment, a near bezel-less touch screen display includes three sides that are bezel-less and one side that includes a near bezel-less frame. The side having the near bezel-less frame is variable to allow different combinations of the near bezel-less touch screen displays to create a large multiple touch screen display. 
       FIG.  42    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the touch screen circuitry  246  and one or more processing modules for the multiple near bezel-less touch screen displays of  FIG.  41   . Each of the displays  240 - 1  includes touch screen circuitry  246 - 1  through  246 - 4 , which are coupled together and to a centralized processing module  245 . Each of the touch screen circuitry  246 - 1  through  246 - 4  interacts with the electrodes of its touch screen display  240 - 1  to produce capacitance information (e.g., self-capacitance, mutual capacitance, change in capacitance, location of the cells having a capacitance change, etc.). 
     The centralized processing module  245  processes the capacitance information form the touch screen circuitry  246 - 1  through  246 - 4  to determine location of a touch, or touches, meaning of the touch(es), etc. In an embodiment, the centralized processing module  245  is processing module  42 . In another embodiment, the centralized processing module  245  is one of the processing modules of the touch screen circuitry  246 - 1  through  246 - 4 . In yet another embodiment, the centralized processing module  245  includes two or more of the processing modules of the touch screen circuitry  246 - 1  through  246 - 4  functioning as a distributed processing module. 
       FIG.  43    is a cross section schematic block diagram of an example of a touch screen display  80  having a thick protective transparent layer  252 . The display  80  further includes a first sensor layer  254 , one or more pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) layers  256 , a glass/film layer  258 , a second sensor layer  260 , an LCD layer  262 , and a back-light layer  264 . A first group of drive sense circuits  28  is coupled to the first sensor layer  254  and a second group of drive sense circuits  28  is coupled to the second sensor layer  260 . 
     The thick protective transparent layer  252  includes one or more layers of glass, film, etc. to protect the display  250  from damaging impacts (e.g., impact force, impact pressure, etc.). In many instances, the thicker the protective transparent layer  252  is, the more protection it provides. For example, the protective transparent layer  252  is at least a ¼ inch thick and, in some applications, is thicker than 1 inch or more. 
     The protective transparent layer  252  acts as a dielectric for finger capacitance and/or for pen capacitance. The material, or materials, comprising the protective transparent layer  252  will have a dielectric constant (e.g.,  5 - 10  for glass). The capacitance (finger or pen) is then at least partially based on the dielectric constant and thickness of the protective transparent layer  252 . In particular, the capacitance (C) equals: 
     
       
         
           
             C 
             = 
             
               ϵ 
               ⁢ 
               
                 A 
                 d 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     where A is plate area, E is the dielectric constant(s),
         and d is the distance between the plates, which includes the thickness of the protective layer  252 .       

     As such, the thicker the protective transparent layer, the smaller the capacitance (finger and/or pen). As the capacitance decreases, its effect on the self-capacitance of the sensor layers and the effect on the mutual capacitance between the sensor layer is reduced. Accordingly, the drive sense circuits  28  provide the sensor signals  266  at a desired voltage level, which increases as the finger and/or pen capacitance decreases due to the thickness of the protective transparent layer  252 . In an embodiment, the first sensor layer includes a plurality of column electrodes and the second sensor layer includes a plurality of row electrodes. 
     There are a variety of ways to implement a touch sensor electrode. For example, the sensor electrode is implemented using a glass-glass configuration. As another example, the sensor electrode is implemented using a glass-film configuration. Other examples include a film-film configuration, a 2-sided film configuration, a glass and 2-sided film configuration, or a 2-sided glass configuration. 
       FIG.  44    is a cross section schematic block diagram that is similar to  FIG.  43   , with the exception that this figure includes a finger touch. The finger touch provides a finger capacitance with respect the sensor layers  254  and  260 . As is shown, the finger capacitance includes a first capacitance component from the finger to the first sensor layer (C f1 ) and a second capacitance component from the finger to the second sensor layer (C f2 ). As previously discussed, the finger capacitance is effectively in parallel with the self-capacitances (C p0  and C p1 ) of the sensor layers, which increases the effective self-capacitance and decreases impedance at a given frequency. As also previously discussed, the finger capacitance is effectively in series with the mutual-capacitance (C m_0 ) of the sensor layers, which decreases the effective mutual-capacitance (C m_1 ) and increases impedance at a given frequency. 
     Thus, the smaller the finger capacitance due to a thicker protective layer  252 , the less effect it has on the self-capacitance and mutual-capacitance. This can be better illustrated with reference to  FIGS.  45 - 50   . 
       FIG.  45    is a schematic block diagram of an electrical equivalent circuit of two drive sense circuits coupled to two electrodes without a finger touch. The drive sense circuits are represented as dependent current sources, the self-capacitance of a first electrode is referenced as C p1 , the self-capacitance of the second electrode is referenced as C p1 , and the mutual capacitance between the electrodes is referenced as C m_0 . In this example, the current source of the first drive sense circuit is providing a controlled current (I at f 1 ) that includes a DC component and an oscillating component, which oscillates at frequency f 1 . The current source of the second drive sense circuit is providing a controlled current (I at f 1  and at f 2 ) that includes a DC component and two oscillating components at frequency f 1  and frequency f 2 . 
     The first controlled current (I at f 1 ) has one components: i 1   Cp1  and the second controlled current (I at f 1  and f 2 ) has two components: i 1 +2 Cp2  and i 2   Cm_0 . The current ratio between the two components for a controlled current is based on the respective impedances of the two paths. 
       FIG.  46    is a schematic block diagram of an electrical equivalent circuit of two drive sense circuits coupled to two electrodes as shown in  FIG.  45   , but this figure includes a finger touch. The finger touch is represented by the finger capacitances (C f1  and C f2 ), which are in parallel with the self-capacitance (C p1  and C p2 ). The dependent current sources are providing the same levels of current as in  FIG.  45    (I at f 1  and I at f 1  and f 2 ). 
     In this example, however, more current is being directed towards the self-capacitance in parallel with the finger capacitance than in  FIG.  45   . Further, less current is being directed towards the mutual capacitance (C m_1 ) (i.e., taking charge away from the mutual capacitance, where C=Q/V). With the self-capacitance effectively having an increase in capacitance due to the finger capacitance, its impedance decreases and, with the mutual-capacitance effectively having a decrease in capacitance, its impedance increases. 
     The drive sense circuits can detect the change in the impedance of the self-capacitance and of the mutual capacitance when the change is within the sensitivity of the drive sense circuits. For example, V=I*Z, I*t=C*V, and Z=½πfC (where V is voltage, I is current, Z is impedance, t is time, C is capacitance, and f is the frequency), thus V=I*½πfC. If the change between C is small, then the change in V will be small. If the change in V is too small to be detected by the drive sense circuit, then a finger touch will go undetected. To reduce the chance of missing a touch due to a thick protective layer, the voltage (V) and/or the current (I) can be increased. As such, for small capacitance changes, the increased voltage and/or current allows the drive sense circuit to detect a change in impedance. As an example, as the thickness of the protective layer increases, the voltage and/or current is increased by 2 to more than 100 times. 
       FIG.  47    is a schematic block diagram of an electrical equivalent circuit of a drive sense circuit coupled to an electrode without a finger touch. This similar to  FIG.  45   , but for just one drive sense circuit and one electrode. Thus, the current source of the first drive sense circuit is providing a controlled current (I at f 1 ) that includes a DC component and an oscillating component, which oscillates at frequency f 1  and the first controlled current (I at f 1 ) has two components: i 1   Cp1  and i 1   Cf1 . 
       FIG.  48    is an example graph that plots finger capacitance verses protective layer thickness of a touch screen display  250 . As shown, as the thickness increases, the finger capacitance decreases. This effects changes in the mutual-capacitance as shown in  FIG.  49    and in self-capacitance as shown in  FIG.  50   . 
       FIG.  49    is an example graph that plots mutual capacitance verses protective layer thickness and drive voltage verses protective layer thickness of a touch screen display  150 . As shown, as the thickness increases, the difference between the mutual capacitance without a touch and mutual capacitance with a touch decreases. In order for the decreasing difference to be detected, the voltage (or current) sourced to the electrode increases substantially inversely proportion to the decrease in finger capacitance. 
       FIG.  50    is an example graph that plots self-capacitance verses protective layer thickness and drive voltage verses protective layer thickness of a touch screen display  150 . As shown, as the thickness increases, the difference between the self-capacitance without a touch and self-capacitance with a touch decreases. In order for the decreasing difference to be detected, the voltage (or current) sourced to the electrode increases substantially inversely proportion to the decrease in finger capacitance. 
       FIG.  51    is a cross section schematic block diagram of another example of a touch screen display  250  having a thick protective transparent layer  252 . This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of  FIG.  43    with the exception that this embodiment includes a single sensor layer  255 . The sensor layer  255  may be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, the sensor layer  255  includes a plurality of capacitor sensors. As another example, the sensor layer includes a voltage applied to the corners of the layer to detect touches (i.e., surface capacitance touch sensor). 
       FIG.  52    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a large touch screen display  270  with an on-screen control panel area  274 , a display data area  272 , and touch sense circuitry  276 . The display  270  has properties in accordance with the table of paragraph  107  and has a variety of applications. For example, the large touch screen display  270  is utilized as a touch screen white board. As another example, the large touch screen display is used as a menu for selecting a variety of service options and/or shopping options at a service center (e.g., a store, a mall, etc.). 
     The control panel area  274  is a virtual control panel and may be located anywhere on the display  270 . When the control panel is active, it appears in the control panel area  274  and provides for a variety of control functions, which include, but are not limited to, store, change colors, change an application, start, stop, pause, fast-forward, highlight, etc. When the control panel is not active, the control panel area  274  becomes part of the display area. 
     The display data area  272  displays frames of data. The frames of data include frames of a video, independent frames of images, jump from one image to another, white board drawings, each edit creates a new frame, time interval of data capture on white board for a frame of data, have a background for white board, etc. 
     The touch screen circuitry  276  is physically positioned in the bezel area of the display  270  (i.e., in the frame). The touch screen circuitry  276 , it&#39;s physically positioned in the bezel area of the display, are as previously discussed with reference to one or more of  FIGS.  36 - 42   . 
       FIG.  53    is a schematic block diagram of another embodiment of a large touch screen display  270  with an on-screen control panel area  274 , the display data area  272 , the touch screen circuitry  276 , a first plurality of electrodes  277 , and a second plurality of electrodes  278 . The electrodes  277  are arranged in a first orientation (e.g., as columns) throughout the display  270  and electrodes  278  are arranged in a second orientation (e.g., as rows) throughout the display  270 . 
     The touch sense circuitry  276  includes first drive sense circuits, second drive sense circuits, and a processing module. The first drive-sense circuits provide a first sensor signals to the first electrodes  277  and generate therefrom first sensed signals. The second drive-sense circuits provide second sensor signals to the second electrodes  278  and generate therefrom second sensed signals. The processing module receives the first and second sensed signals to determine one or more touches of the display  270 . 
     In a control mode (e.g., the control panel area is activated), the processing module creates display data and control panel data and produce, therefrom, a frame of data. The display data is created to be displayed in the display data area  272  and the control panel data is to be simultaneously displayed in the control panel area  274 . The processing module associates a first group of row and column electrodes with the control panel data area. The processing module interprets receive signals components of the sensors signals of the control panel electrodes to identify a proximal touch of the control panel data area and executed a corresponding function and/or command. 
     The processing module associates a second group of column and row electrodes with the display data area. The processing module interprets receive signals components of the sensors signals of the second group of electrodes to identify a proximal touch within the display data area. Note that the rendering of data in the display data area, rendering of data in the control panel area, sensing a touch in the display data area, sensing a touch in the control panel area, executing a command and/or function associated with a touch in the display data area, and/or executing a control function associated with a touch in the control panel area are done currently. As such, there is not alternating operation between sensing a touch and displaying data. 
       FIG.  54    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a plurality of electrodes creating a plurality of touch sense cells  280  within a display. In this embodiment, a few second electrodes  278  are perpendicular and on a different layer of the display than a few of the first electrodes  277 . For each crossing of a first electrode and a second electrode, a touch sense cell  280  is created. At each touch sense cell  280 , a mutual capacitance (C m_0 ) is created between the crossing electrodes. Each electrode also includes a self-capacitance (C p ), which is shown as a single parasitic capacitance, but, in some instances, is a distributed R-C circuit. 
     A drive sense circuit (DSC) is coupled to a corresponding one of the electrodes. The drive sense circuits (DSC) provides sensor signals to the electrodes and determines the loading on the sensors signals of the electrodes. When no touch is present, each touch cell  280  will have a similar mutual capacitance and each electrode of a similar length will have a similar self-capacitance. When a touch is applied on or near a touch sense cell  280 , the mutual capacitance of the cell will decrease (creating an increased impedance) and the self-capacitances of the electrodes creating the touch sense cell will increase (creating a decreased impedance). Between these impedance changes, the processing module can detect the location of a touch, or touches. 
       FIG.  55    is a similar diagram to  FIG.  54    with the exceptions that some of the first and second electrodes are within the control panel area  274 , others electrodes are in the display data area  272 , there is a touch  282  in the display data area, and there is a touch  283  in the control panel area. In this example, the touches are determined by the decreased mutual capacitance of the nearby touch sense cells and by the increased self-capacitance of the effect electrodes. The processing module, knowing which electrodes and hence which touch sense cells are part of the control panel area  274 , can readily determine that touch  283  is in the control panel area and that touch  282  is in the display data area  272 . 
       FIG.  56    is a schematic block diagram of an example of activating or deactivating an on-screen control panel on a large touch screen display  270 . As in  FIG.  52   , the display  270  includes the display data area  272 , the control panel area  274 , and the touch sense circuitry  276 . In this example, a touch sequence and/or a touch pattern  286  within the control panel area  274  is used to activate and/or deactivate the control panel. As a specific example, a three-finger touch making an X or a plus sign is the pattern to activate and/or deactivate the control panel. As another specific example, four consecutive touches in the same position on the display is a sequence to activate and/or deactivate the control panel. In an alternate embodiment, any area of the display is useable to activate and/or deactivate the control panel. 
       FIG.  57    is a logic diagram of an example of utilizing an on-screen control panel of a large touch screen display that is executable by a processing module (e.g.,  42  and/or  82 ). The method begins at step  190  where the processing module determines whether the display  270  is in a control mode (e.g., the control panel is enabled and is visible within the control panel area). If not, the method continues at step  304  where the processing module determines whether a unique touch pattern and/or sequence is detected on the display. If not, the method repeats at step  290 . 
     If the unique touch pattern and/or sequence is detected, the method continues at step  306  where the processing module enters the control mode. In the control mode, the method continues at step  292  where the processing module generates display data and control data. The method continues at step  294  where the processing module generates one or more frames of data from the display data and the control data. 
     The method continues at step  296  where the processing module associates electrodes with the display data area and the control panel area. The method continues at step  298  where the processing module interprets signals form drive sense circuits coupled to the electrodes that are associated with the control panel area. When a touch is detected in the control panel area, the processing module processes it as a control function or command. When a touch is detected in the display data area, the processing module processes it as a data function or command. For example, the control panel area functions like a mouse or touch pad. 
     The method continues at step  300  where the processing module determines whether a touch pattern and/or sequence is detected to exit the control mode. If not, the method repeats at step  292 . If an exit pattern and/or sequence is detected, the method continues at step  302  where the processing module exits the control mode. When not in the control mode, the entire display is treated as part of the display data area. 
       FIG.  58    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a scalable touch screen display that includes a touch screen  316  and a plurality of sense-processing circuits  310 . A sense-processing circuit  310  includes a plurality of sensing modules  312  and a processing core  314 . The touch screen  316  includes a plurality of electrodes (e.g., rows and columns) that are in-cell and/or on-cell with a display. 
     The sensing modules  312  of each of the sense-processing circuits  310  is coupled to an electrode, or sensor, of the touch screen  316 . The processing cores  314  are coupled together via a wired and/or wireless communication bus. Specific embodiments of the sensing modules and the processing cores will be described in greater detail with reference to  FIG.  59   . 
     A sense-processing circuit  310  includes a number of sensing modules  312  (e.g., from less than 100 to more than 1,000). Each sense-processing circuit  310  is identical, thus making scaling for large scale touch screen displays commercially viable. For instance, a sense-processing circuit  310  is implemented on a die. An integrated circuit (IC) includes one or more of the sense-processing circuit dies. As such, one or more ICs with one or more dies can be used to provide the touch sense circuitry of a display. 
       FIG.  59    is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a sense-processing circuit  310  that includes a drive sense circuit  28  as a sensing module  312  and a sense process unit  314  implemented within the processing core  314 . The processing core  314  includes a processing module, memory, and a communication interface. The communication interface allows the processing core to communicate with other processing cores and/or with processing modules (e.g.,  42 ) of the display and/or of a computing device. For example, the communication interface is one of a PCI connection, a USB connection, a Bluetooth connection, etc. 
     The drive sense circuit  28  includes a power source circuit  340  and a power signal change detection circuit  342 . The power source circuit  340  is operably coupled to the electrode  350  and, when enabled (e.g., from a control signal from the processing core, power is applied, a switch is closed, a reference signal is received, etc.) provides a signal  344  to the electrode  350 . The power source circuit  340  may be a voltage supply circuit (e.g., a battery, a linear regulator, an unregulated DC-to-DC converter, etc.) to produce a voltage-based power signal, a current supply circuit (e.g., a current source circuit, a current mirror circuit, etc.) to produce a current-based power signal, or a circuit that provide a desired power level to the sensor and substantially matches impedance of the sensor. The power source circuit  340  generates the signal  344  to include a DC (direct current) component and/or an oscillating component. 
     When receiving the signal  344 , the impedance of the electrode affects  346  the signal. When the power signal change detection circuit  342  is enabled, it detects the impedance effect  346  on the signal. For example, the signal is a 1.5 voltage signal and, when there is no touch, the electrode draws 1 micro-amp of current, which corresponds to an impedance of 1.5 M Ohms. When a touch is present, the signal remains at 1.5 volts and the current increases to 1.5 micro-amps. As such, the impedance of the electrode changed from 1.5 M Ohms to 1 M Ohms. The power signal change detection circuit  112  determines this change and generates a representative signal  348  of the change to the power signal. 
     The processing core  314  is configured to include, for each sense process unit  374 , a first filter  352 , a second filter  354 , a third filter  356 , a first change detector  358 , a second change detector  360 , a third change detector  362 , and a touch interpreter  370 . The first filter  352  is operable to produce a first filtered signal of the signal  348  representation corresponding to self-capacitance of the sensed electrode. The second filter  354  produces a second filtered signal of the signal  348  representation corresponding to mutual capacitance of the sensed electrode. The third filter produces a third filtered signal of the signal  348  representation corresponding to a pen touch of the sensed electrode. 
     The first change detector  358  determines whether the self-capacitance of the sensed electrode has changed to produce a first change  364 . The second change detector  360  determines whether the mutual-capacitance of the sensed electrode has changed to produce a second change  366 . The third change detector  362  determines whether the pen-capacitance of the sensed electrode has changed to produce a third change  368 . 
     The touch interpreter  372  determines whether the sensed electrode is experiences a touch based on the first, second, and or third changes. For example, if the touch interpreter  372  determines that the self-capacitance of the sensed electrode has increased, the touch interpreter  372  indicates that the sensed electrode is effected by a touch (e.g., a finger touch). As another example, if the touch interpreter  372  determines that the mutual-capacitance of the sensed electrode has decreased, the touch interpreter  372  indicates that the sensed electrode is effected by a touch (e.g., a finger touch). As yet another example, if the touch interpreter  372  determines that the pen-capacitance of the sensed electrode has increased, the touch interpreter  372  indicates that the sensed electrode is effected by a pen touch. 
     The other drive-sense circuits  28  in combination with the other sense processing units  374  function as described above for their respective electrodes. The processing core  314  provides the touch information  372  to a processing module, to another sense-processing circuit  310 , and/or to itself for further processing to equate the touch information to a particular location on the display and meaning of the touch. 
       FIG.  60    is a schematic block diagram of an example of frequency dividing for reference signals for drive-sense circuits  28  of a touch screen display. In this example, a few row electrodes and a few column electrodes are shown. Each electrode is coupled to a drive sense circuit (DSC)  28 . The crossover of a row electrode with a column electrode creates a sense cell. In this example, there are nine row electrodes and nine column electrodes, creating 81 sense cells. To allow for simultaneous self-capacitance sensing and mutual sensing of the electrodes, the drive sense circuits use different frequencies to simulate the electrodes. 
     For self-capacitance, all of the drive sense circuits use the f 1  frequency component. This creates near zero potential difference between the electrodes, thereby eliminating cross coupling between the electrodes. In this manner, the self-capacitance measurements made by the drive sense circuits are effectively shielded (i.e., low noise, yielding a high signal to noise ratio). 
     For mutual capacitance, the column electrodes also transmit a frequency component at another frequency. For example, the first column DSC  28  transmits it signal with frequency components at f 1  and at f 10 ; the second column DSC  28  transmits it signal with frequency components at f 1  and at f 11 ; the third column DSC  28  transmits it signal with frequency components at f 1  and at f 12 ; and so on. The additional frequency components (f 10 -f 18 ) allow the row DSCs  28  to determine mutual capacitance at the sense cells. 
     For example, the first row DSC  28  senses its self-capacitance via its transmitted signal with the f 1  frequency component and determines the mutual capacitance of the sense cells  1 - 10 ,  1 - 11 ,  1 - 12 ,  1 - 13 ,  1 - 14 ,  1 - 15 ,  1 - 16 ,  1 - 17 , and  1 - 18 . As a specific example, for sense cell  1 - 10 , the first row DSC  28  determines the mutual capacitance between the first row electrode and the first column electrode based on the frequency f 10 ; determines the mutual capacitance between the first row electrode and the second column electrode based on the frequency f 11 ; determines the mutual capacitance between the first row electrode and the third column electrode based on the frequency f 12 ; and so on. 
       FIG.  61    is a schematic block diagram of an example of bandpass filtering for the frequency dividing of the reference signals for drive-sense circuits affiliated with the row electrodes of  FIG.  60   . In this example, the filtering in the sense process unit  374  of the processing core  314  affiliated with the row drive sense circuits has bandpass filters to detect signals at f 1 , f 10 -f 18 , and f 20   384  (f 1  for self-capacitance, f 10 -f 18  for mutual capacitance, and f 20  for a pen transmit signal). 
     As shown, frequency f 1  corresponds to the self-capacitance  380  of the row electrodes and frequencies f 10 -f 18  correspond to mutual capacitance  382  of the row electrodes and their corresponding intersecting column electrodes. With concurrent sensing of self-capacitance and mutual capacitance, multiple touches are detectable with a high degree of accuracy. 
       FIG.  62    is a schematic block diagram of another example of bandpass filtering for the frequency dividing of the reference signals for drive-sense circuits affiliated with the column electrodes of  FIG.  60   . In this example, the filtering in the sense process unit  374  of the processing core  314  affiliated with the drive sense circuits has bandpass filters to detect signals at f 1 -f 9 , f 10 , and f 20   384  (for a pen transmit signal). 
     As shown, frequency f 1  corresponds to the shielded self-capacitance  380  of the column electrodes and frequencies f 10 -f 18  correspond to unshielded self-capacitance  381  of the column electrodes. With concurrent sensing of self-capacitance and mutual capacitance, multiple touches are detectable with a high degree of accuracy. Note that there are a variety of combinations for sensing and filtering based on  FIGS.  60 - 62   . For example, only self-capacitance of the electrodes could be used to detect location of touches. As another example, the column DCSs could sense and processing the mutual capacitance. As another example, the unshielded self-capacitance is processed to determine levels of interference between the electrodes. 
       FIG.  63    is a schematic block diagram of an example of frequency and time dividing for reference signals for drive-sense circuits  28  of a touch screen display. In this example, a few row electrodes and a few column electrodes are shown. Each electrode is coupled to a drive sense circuit (DSC)  28 . The crossover of a row electrode with a column electrode creates a sense cell. In this example, there are nine row electrodes and nine column electrodes, creating 81 sense cells. To allow for time-frequency division self-capacitance sensing and mutual sensing of the electrodes, the drive sense circuits affiliated with column electrodes use the same frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and use a set of different frequencies (f 10 -f 13 ) at different times (time  1 , time  2 ) for mutual capacitance. The drive sense circuits affiliated with row electrodes use the same frequency (f 1 ) for each of the different times. 
       FIGS.  64 A and  64 B  are a schematic block diagram of an example of frequency and time dividing for reference signals for drive-sense circuits (DSCs)  28  of a touch screen display. In this example, a few row electrodes and a few column electrodes are shown. Each electrode is coupled to a drive sense circuit (DSC)  28 . The crossover of a row electrode with a column electrode creates a sense cell. In this example, there are nine row electrodes and nine column electrodes, creating 81 sense cells. To allow for time-frequency division self-capacitance sensing and mutual sensing of the electrodes, the drive sense circuits are grouped. Each group uses the same frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and uses a set of frequencies f 10 -f 13  for mutual capacitance but at different times. 
     For example, during time  1 - 1 , the drive sense circuits affiliated with the first four row electrodes  1 - 4  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and drive sense circuits affiliated with the first four column electrodes  1 - 4  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and frequencies f 10 -f 13  for mutual capacitance. As another example, during time  1 - 2 , the drive sense circuits affiliated with the first four row electrodes  1 - 4  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and the drive sense circuits affiliated with the second four column electrodes  5 - 8  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and frequencies f 5 -f 8  mutual capacitance. 
     Continuing with the example in  FIG.  64 B , during time  2 - 1 , the drive sense circuits affiliated with the second four row electrodes  1 - 4  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and drive sense circuits affiliated with the second four column electrodes  5 - 8  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and frequencies f 10 -f 13  for mutual capacitance. As another example, during time  2 - 2 , the drive sense circuits affiliated with the second four row electrodes  5 - 8  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and the drive sense circuits affiliated with the second four column electrodes  5 - 8  use frequency f 1  for self-capacitance and frequencies f 5 -f 8  mutual capacitance. 
     It is noted that terminologies as may be used herein such as bit stream, stream, signal sequence, etc. (or their equivalents) have been used interchangeably to describe digital information whose content corresponds to any of a number of desired types (e.g., data, video, speech, text, graphics, audio, etc. any of which may generally be referred to as ‘data’). 
     As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provide an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. For some industries, an industry-accepted tolerance is less than one percent and, for other industries, the industry-accepted tolerance is 10 percent or more. Other examples of industry-accepted tolerance range from less than one percent to fifty percent. Industry-accepted tolerances correspond to, but are not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, thermal noise, dimensions, signaling errors, dropped packets, temperatures, pressures, material compositions, and/or performance metrics. Within an industry, tolerance variances of accepted tolerances may be more or less than a percentage level (e.g., dimension tolerance of less than +/−1%). Some relativity between items may range from a difference of less than a percentage level to a few percent. Other relativity between items may range from a difference of a few percent to magnitude of differences. 
     As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”. 
     As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item. 
     As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal  1  has a greater magnitude than signal  2 , a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal  1  is greater than that of signal  2  or when the magnitude of signal  2  is less than that of signal  1 . As may be used herein, the term “compares unfavorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., fails to provide the desired relationship. 
     As may be used herein, one or more claims may include, in a specific form of this generic form, the phrase “at least one of a, b, and c” or of this generic form “at least one of a, b, or c”, with more or less elements than “a”, “b”, and “c”. In either phrasing, the phrases are to be interpreted identically. In particular, “at least one of a, b, and c” is equivalent to “at least one of a, b, or c” and shall mean a, b, and/or c. As an example, it means: “a” only, “b” only, “c” only, “a” and “b”, “a” and “c”, “b” and “c”, and/or “a”, “b”, and “c”. 
     As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, “processor”, “processing circuitry”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture. 
     One or more embodiments have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality. 
     To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof. 
     In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue” indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In addition, a flow diagram may include an “end” and/or “continue” indication. The “end” and/or “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can end as described and shown or optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In this context, “start” indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that the principles of causality are maintained. 
     The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones. 
     While the transistors in the above described figure(s) is/are shown as field effect transistors (FETs), as one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, the transistors may be implemented using any type of transistor structure including, but not limited to, bipolar, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), N-well transistors, P-well transistors, enhancement mode, depletion mode, and zero voltage threshold (VT) transistors. 
     Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art. 
     The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments. A module implements one or more functions via a device such as a processor or other processing device or other hardware that may include or operate in association with a memory that stores operational instructions. A module may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules. 
     As may further be used herein, a computer readable memory includes one or more memory elements. A memory element may be a separate memory device, multiple memory devices, or a set of memory locations within a memory device. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. The memory device may be in a form a solid-state memory, a hard drive memory, cloud memory, thumb drive, server memory, computing device memory, and/or other physical medium for storing digital information. 
     While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present disclosure is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations.