Patent Publication Number: US-2021177017-A1

Title: Using bran for softness in rye bread

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a composition containing a cereal bran. It also relates to methods of producing the composition and its use in a number of applications, in particular in food products and particularly although not exclusively in baked products such as bread. 
     BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION 
     Bran is the hard outer layers of cereal grain. It consists of the combined aleurone and pericarp. Along with germ, it is an integral part of whole grains, and is often produced as a by-product of milling in the production of refined grains. Bran is particularly rich in dietary fibre and essential fatty acids and contains significant quantities of starch, protein, vitamins and dietary minerals. Bran is therefore often used to enrich food products, especially breads and other baked products, for those aiming to increase their intake of dietary fibre. 
     Bran is largely insoluble in water. It is therefore desirable to at least partially solubilise bran to make it easier to incorporate into food compositions. 
     WO 2010/081869 and WO 2010/081870 both describe methods of solubilisation of cereal bran to produce a composition comprising at least one part of the cereal bran that is solubilised. WO 2010/081870 describes that this process is carried out by treating cereal bran with one or more cell-wall modifying enzyme; one or more starch modifying enzyme; and optionally one or more further enzymes. WO 2010/081869 describes that this process is carried out by treating cereal bran with one or more lipid modifying enzymes; and optionally one or more further enzymes such as xylanases and cellulases. 
     Both WO 2010/081869 and WO 2010/081870 describe that the solubilised cereal bran may be incorporated into a flour composition which is then used to form dough for baking. However, all of the examples of WO 2010/081869 and WO 2010/081870 describe compositions and methods where the cereal bran is wheat bran. Neither WO 2010/081869 nor WO 2010/081870 specifically disclose a composition including a cereal bran and an enzyme wherein the cereal bran is oat bran and/or rye bran and the enzyme is a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme and/or a xylanase enzyme. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     In one aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising: 
     (a) a cereal bran comprising oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) an enzyme composition comprising a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme, a xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     Typically, the composition is a liquid suspension (preferably an aqueous suspension) containing the cereal bran and the enzyme composition. Typically, the enzyme composition causes the cereal bran to be at least partially modified and/or solubilised. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing the above composition, comprising contacting the cereal bran with the enzyme and, optionally, other components of the composition. The method may further comprise the addition of a liquid, typically water, to form an aqueous suspension of the cereal bran and the enzyme composition. 
     In a further aspect, the invention provides a flour composition comprising: (a) a flour; and (b) a composition as defined above. 
     In a yet further aspect, the invention provides a food product containing a composition as defined above or a flour composition as defined above. 
     In a still further aspect, the invention provides a dough composition comprising: (a) the flour composition as defined above; and (b) water. 
     In a yet further aspect, the invention provides a baked product obtainable by baking the dough composition as defined above. 
     In a still further aspect, the invention provides a method of solubilising a cereal bran, said method comprising treating a liquid suspension of said cereal bran with an enzyme; wherein: 
     (a) said cereal bran comprises oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) said enzyme comprises a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     In a yet further aspect, the invention provides solubilised cereal bran obtained or obtainable according to the above method. 
     In a still further aspect, the invention provides a food ingredient obtained or obtainable by drying the above solubilised cereal bran. 
     In a yet further aspect, the invention provides use of a solubilised cereal bran as defined above in the preparation of a food product. Typically, the food product is a dough or a baked product prepared from dough. 
     In a still further aspect, the invention provides a kit of parts comprising: (a) a cereal bran comprising oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; 
     (b) an enzyme comprising a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof; 
     (c) instructions for use in a method as defined above; and 
     (d) optionally other ingredients for a food product. 
     In a yet further aspect, the invention provides use of an enzyme to improve the volume of bread containing a cereal bran, wherein: 
     (a) said cereal bran comprises oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) said enzyme comprises a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     In a still further aspect, the invention provides use of an enzyme to improve the softness of bread containing a cereal bran, wherein: 
     (a) said cereal bran comprises oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) said enzyme comprises a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     Advantages and Surprising Findings 
     It has been surprisingly found by the present inventors that, when a cereal bran comprising oat bran and/or rye bran is treated with an enzyme composition as defined herein, and the resulting composition incorporated into a dough composition which is then baked to form bread, the resulting bread exhibits improved volume and improved softness. This is contrary to what would have been expected, as the prior art only specifically discloses enzyme treated wheat bran compositions and nowhere discloses or suggests that a bread having sufficient softness and volume could be produced using a flour to which oat bran or rye bran has been added. 
     In particular, it has been surprisingly found by the present inventors that, when a cereal bran comprising oat bran and/or rye bran is treated with an enzyme composition as defined herein, and the resulting composition incorporated into a dough composition including rye flour which is then baked to form bread, the resulting bread exhibits improved volume and softness. This is contrary to what would have been expected, as producing a bread of acceptable volume and softness using rye flour has proved particularly difficult in the prior art. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG. 1  is a picture showing the crumb of breads produced in the baking trial of Example 2; and 
         FIG. 2  is a picture showing the crumb of the breads produced in the baking trial of Example 3. 
     
    
    
     GENERAL DEFINITIONS 
     Amino acids are referred to herein using the name of the amino acid, the three letter abbreviation or the single letter abbreviation. 
     The term “protein”, as used herein, includes proteins, polypeptides, and peptides. As used herein, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “polypeptide” and/or the term “protein”. In some instances, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “peptide”. In some instances, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “enzyme”. 
     The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein. In the present disclosure and claims, the conventional one-letter and three-letter codes for amino acid residues may be used. The 3-letter code for amino acids as defined in conformity with the IUPAC IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). It is also understood that a polypeptide may be coded for by more than one nucleotide sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. 
     Other definitions of terms may appear throughout the specification. Before the exemplary embodiments are described in more detail, it is to understand that this disclosure is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims. 
     Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within this disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within this disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in this disclosure. 
     It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an enzyme” includes a plurality of such candidate agents and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. 
     The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that such publications constitute prior art to the claims appended hereto. 
     The term “cereal” as used herein refers to the fruits from a plant of the family Poaceae, such seed containing at least the bran comprising the aleurone, and the starchy endosperm, with or without the additional presence of pericarp, seed coat (alternatively called testa) and/or germ. The term includes, but is not limited to species such as wheat, barley, oat, spelt, rye, sorghum, maize, and rice. 
     The term “solubilisation” as used herein refers to the solubilisation of cereal bran in the methods according to the invention and is intended to include any degree of solubilisation. Accordingly the “solubilisation” may be to obtain 100% soluble material or it may be to obtain a solubilisation degree less than 100%, such as less than 70%, such as in the range of 40%-60% or such as in the range of 20%-40%. In some embodiments the solubilisation degree is determined on dry matter versus dry matter bran. 
     Composition 
     In a first aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising: 
     (a) a cereal bran comprising oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) an enzyme composition comprising a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme, a xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     This composition is also referred to herein as “the bran composition of the invention”. 
     Typically, the composition is a liquid suspension (preferably an aqueous suspension) containing the cereal bran and the enzyme composition. 
     Bran 
     The composition of the invention comprises a cereal bran. The term “bran” as used herein refers to a cereal-derived milling fraction enriched in any or all of the tissues to be selected from aleurone, pericarp and seed coat, as compared to the corresponding intact seed. 
     The term “milling fraction”, as used herein, refers to all or part of the fractions resulting from mechanical reduction of the size of grains, through, as examples but not limited to, cutting, rolling, crushing, breakage or milling, with or without fractionation, through, as examples but not limited to, sieving, screening, sifting, blowing, aspirating, centrifugal sifting, windsifting, electrostatic separation, or electric field separation. 
     In one embodiment, the cereal bran comprises, consists essentially of or consists of oat bran. In one embodiment, the cereal bran comprises, consists essentially of or consists of rye bran. 
     The composition of the invention may additionally contain bran from other grains in addition to the oat bran and/or rye bran. Examples of other grains which may be acceptable include bran from wheat, barley, triticale, rice, and corn (maize). 
     In one embodiment the oat bran comprises at least 50%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as at least 99.5%, by weight of the total weight of the bran in the composition. 
     In one embodiment the rye bran comprises at least 50%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as at least 99.5%, by weight of the total weight of the bran in the composition. 
     When the cereal bran is contacted with the enzyme composition (particularly although not exclusively in an aqueous suspension), the activity of the enzyme composition typically causes the cereal bran to be at least partially modified. The activity of the enzyme composition also, or in the alternative, typically causes the cereal bran to be at least partially solubilised. Without wishing to be bound by theory, these modifications are thought to assist in obtaining a bread product containing cereal bran (in particular, in which oat and/or rye bran has been added to the flour used to form the dough) having acceptable and improved volume and softness. 
     Following treatment with the enzyme composition, the suspension of cereal bran may be dried to form a dried composition. Dried compositions are typically more suitable for incorporating into flour compositions to be made into dough to form baked products such as bread. 
     Enzyme Composition 
     The enzyme composition used in the present invention comprises a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme, a xylanase enzyme or a mixture of any thereof. 
     In one embodiment the enzyme composition used in the composition of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a cellulase enzyme. In one embodiment the enzyme composition used in the composition of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a glucanase enzyme. In one embodiment the enzyme composition used in the composition of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a xylanase enzyme. In one embodiment the enzyme composition used in the composition of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a mixture of a cellulase enzyme and a glucanase enzyme. In one embodiment the enzyme composition used in the composition of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a mixture of a cellulase enzyme and a xylanase enzyme. In one embodiment the enzyme composition used in the composition of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a mixture of a glucanase enzyme and a xylanase enzyme. In one embodiment the enzyme composition used in the composition of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a mixture of a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme and a xylanase enzyme. 
     In one embodiment, the enzyme used in the present invention is a glucanase. Glucanases are enzymes that break down a glucan, which is a polysaccharide comprising (or consisting of) glucose sub-units. As they perform hydrolysis of the glucosidic bond, they are hydrolases. 
     In one embodiment, the enzyme is an α-glucanase. The α-glucanase may be an α-1,4-glucanase (i.e. an enzyme that breaks down α-1,4-glucans), an α-1,6-glucanase, (i.e. an enzyme that breaks down α-1,6-glucan) or a mixture thereof. 
     In one embodiment, the enzyme is a β-glucanase. The β-glucanase may be a β-1,3-glucanase (i.e. an enzyme that breaks down β-1,3-glucans), a β-1,4-glucanase (i.e. an enzyme that breaks down β-1,4-glucans), a β-1,6 glucanase (i.e. an enzyme that breaks down β-1,6-glucans) or a mixture of any thereof. Cellulase is a specific form of β-glucanase, which perform the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal β-D-glucans. 
     In one embodiment, the enzyme is a mixture of α-glucanase and a β-glucanase. In one embodiment, the enzyme is a glucanase other than a cellulase. In one embodiment, the enzyme is a β-glucanase other than a cellulase. In one embodiment, the enzyme is a β-1,4-glucanase other than a cellulase. 
     In some embodiments the enzyme composition may in addition to having a glucanase activity further comprise one or more of the activities selected from the group consisting of: a mannanase, a pectinase, a xylanase, a glucuronidase, a galactanase. In one embodiment the enzyme composition comprises glucanase (e.g. a β-glucanase) activity and mannanase activity. In one embodiment the enzyme composition comprises endoglucanase (e.g. a β-glucanase) activity and pectinase activity. 
     In some embodiments the glucanase activity comprises at least 50%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100% of the total activity of the enzyme. 
     In some embodiments the glucanase enzyme is of plant origin. In some embodiments the glucanase enzyme is of bacterial origin. In some embodiments the glucanase enzyme is of fungal origin. 
     In one embodiment, the enzyme used in the present invention is a cellulase. In this specification the term “cellulase” is understood as meaning an enzyme that catalyzes cellulolysis (i.e. the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides); specifically, a β-1,4-glucanase enzyme that performs the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal β-D-glucans. Cellulases break down the cellulose molecule into monosaccharides such as beta-glucose, or shorter polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. 
     The terms “cellulases” or “cellulolytic enzymes” as used herein are understood as comprising the cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91), e.g., cellobiohydrolase I and cellobiohydrolase II, as well as the endo-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) and beta-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21). 
     Included within the definition of cellulases are: endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) that cut the cellulose chains at random; cellobiohydrolases (EC 3.2.1.91) which cleave cellobiosyl units from the cellulose chain ends and beta-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) that convert cellobiose and soluble cellodextrins into glucose. Among these three categories of enzymes involved in the biodegradation of cellulose, cellobiohydrolases are the key enzymes for the degradation of native crystalline cellulose. The term “cellobiohydrolase I” is defined herein as a cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (also referred to as exo-glucanase, exo-cellobiohydrolase or 1,4-beta-cellobiohydrolase) activity, as defined in the enzyme class EC 3.2.1.91, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and cellotetraose, by the release of cellobiose from the non-reducing ends of the chains. The definition of the term “cellobiohydrolase II activity” is identical, except that cellobiohydrolase II attacks from the reducing ends of the chains. 
     In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is of plant origin. In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is of bacterial origin. In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is of fungal origin. In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is derived from the fungus of the genus  Aspergillus . In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is derived from the fungus of the genus  Aspergillus niger . In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is derived from the fungus of the species  Trichoderma reesei . In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is derived from the fungus of the species  Trichoderma reesei . In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is derived from the fungus of the genus  Humicola . In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is derived from the fungus of the species  Humicola insolens.    
     In a preferred embodiment the cellulase enzyme used in the present invention is derived from the fungus of the species  Trichoderma reesei . For example, the cellulase enzyme for use in the present invention may be a crude or purified extract of a  Trichoderma reesei  fermentate. A particular example of such a composition is that described in PCT/EP2015/080439, unpublished at the filing date of the present application. Such a composition is sold by DuPont under the name Laminex BG2. 
     In some embodiments the enzyme composition may in addition to having a cellulase activity further comprise one or more of the activities selected from the group consisting of: a mannanase, a pectinase, a xylanase, a glucuronidase, a galactanase. In some embodiments the cellulase activity comprises at least 50%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100% of the total activity of the enzyme. 
     In one embodiment the cellulase is an endo-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4). In one embodiment the cellulase is a cellobiohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.91). In one embodiment the cellulase is a beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21). 
     The cellulases may comprise a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) which enhances the binding of the enzyme to a cellulose-containing fiber and increases the efficacy of the catalytic active part of the enzyme. A CBM is defined as contiguous amino acid sequence within a carbohydrate-active enzyme with a discreet fold having carbohydrate-binding activity. For further information of CBMs see the CAZy internet server or Tomme et al. (1995) in Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Polysaccharides (Saddler and Penner, eds.), Cellulose-binding domains: classification and properties, pp. 142-163, American Chemical Society, Washington. In a preferred embodiment the cellulolytic preparation comprising a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (GH61A), preferably the one disclosed in WO 2005/074656. 
     In some embodiments the cellulase enzyme is a commercially available product, such as GC220 available from Genencor, A Danisco Division, US or CELLUCLAST® 1.5 L or CELLUZYME™ available from Novozymes A/S, Denmark. 
     Endoglucanases (EC No. 3.2.1.4) catalyses endo hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (such as carboxy methyl cellulose and hydroxy ethyl cellulose), lichenin, beta-1,4 bonds in mixed beta-1,3 glucans such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans and other plant material containing cellulosic parts. The authorized name is endo-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucano hydrolase, but the abbreviated term endoglucanase is used in the present specification. Endoglucanase activity may be determined using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrolysis according to the procedure of Ghose,  Pure and Appl. Chem.  1987, 59, 257-268. 
     In some embodiments the endoglucanase is of plant origin. In some embodiments the endoglucanase is of fungal origin. In some embodiments the endoglucanase is of bacterial origin. In some embodiments endoglucanases may be derived from a fungus of the genus  Trichoderma , such as a fungus of the species  Trichoderma reesei . In some embodiments endoglucanases may be derived from a fungus of a strain of the genus  Humicola , such as a fungus of the species  Humicola insolens . In some embodiments endoglucanases may be derived from a fungus of the genus  Chrysosporium , such as a fungus of the species  Chrysosporium lucknowense.    
     The term “cellobiohydrolase” means a 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.91), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, cellooligosaccharides, or any beta-1,4-linked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the reducing or non-reducing ends of the chain. Examples of cellobiohydroloses are mentioned above including CBH I and CBH II from  Trichoderma reesei; Humicola insolens  and CBH II from  Thielavia terrestris  cellobiohydrolase (CELL6A). Cellobiohydrolase activity may be determined according to the procedures described by Lever et al., 1972,  Anal. Biochem.  47 273-279 and by van Tilbeurgh et al., 1982 , FEBS Letters  149: 152-156; van Tilbeurgh and Claeyssens, 1985 , FEBS Letters  187: 283-288. The Lever et al. method is suitable for assessing hydrolysis of cellulose in corn stover and the method of van Tilbeurgh et al., is suitable for determining the cellobiohydrolase activity on a fluorescent disaccharide derivative. 
     The term “beta-glucosidase” means a beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.21), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with the release of beta-D-glucose. For purposes of the present invention, beta-glucosidase activity is determined according to the basic procedure described by Venturi et al., 2002 , J. Basic Microbiol.  42: 55-66, except different conditions were employed as described herein. One unit of beta-glucosidase activity is defined as 1.0 μmol of p-nitrophenol produced per minute at 50° C., pH 5 from 4 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in 100 mM sodium citrate, 0.01% TWEEN® 20. 
     In some embodiments the beta-glucosidase is of plant origin. In some embodiments the beta-glucosidase is of fungal origin. In some embodiments the beta-glucosidase is of bacterial origin. In one embodiment the beta-glucosidase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Trichoderma . In some embodiments the beta-glucosidase is a derived from a fungus of the species  Trichoderma reesei , such as the beta-glucosidase encoded by the bgl1 gene (see EP 562003). In one embodiment the beta-glucosidase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Aspergillus . In some embodiments the beta-glucosidase is derived from  Aspergillus oryzae  (recombinantly produced in  Aspergillus oryzae  according to WO 02/095014),  Aspergillus fumigatus  (recombinantly produced in  Aspergillus oryzae  according to Example 22 of WO 02/095014) or  Aspergillus niger  (1981 , J. Appl.  3: 157-163). In one embodiment the beta-glucosidase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Penicillium.    
     In one embodiment, the enzyme used in the present invention is a xylanase. The term “xylanase” as used herein refers to an enzyme that is able to hydrolyze the beta-1,4 glycosyl bond in non-terminal beta-D-xylopyranosyl-1,4-beta-D-xylopyranosyl units of xylan or arabinoxylan. Such enzymes may also be known as include 1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, 1,4-beta-xylan xylanohydrolase, beta-1,4-xylan xylanohydrolase, (1-4)-beta-xylan 4-xylanohydrolase, endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, endo-(1-4)-beta-xylanase, endo-beta-1,4-xylanase, endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanase, endo-1,4-xylanase, beta-1,4-xylanase, beta-xylanase, and beta-D-xylanase. 
     In some embodiments the enzyme composition may in addition to having a xylanase activity further comprise one or more of the activities selected from the group consisting of: a mannanase, a pectinase, a cellulase a glucuronidase, a galactanase. In some embodiments the xylanase activity comprises at least 50%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 70%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as at least 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99%, such as 100% of the total activity of the enzyme. 
     The xylanases can be derived from a variety of organisms. In one embodiment the xylanase is of plant origin. In one embodiment the xylanase is of fungal origin. In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Aspergillus . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Penicillium . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Disporotrichum . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Neurospora. In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a fungus of the genus Fusarium . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Humicola . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Trichoderma.    
     In one embodiment the xylanase is of bacterial origin. In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a bacterium of the genus  Bacillus . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a bacterium of the genus  Aeromonas . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a bacterium of the genus  Streptomyces . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a bacterium of the genus  Nocardiopsis . In one embodiment the xylanase is derived from a bacterium of the genus  Thermomyces . Examples of suitable xylanases are described in WO92/17573, WO92/01793, WO91/19782 and WO94/21785. 
     In one aspect of the invention, the xylanase used in the present invention is an enzyme classified as EC 3.2.1.8. The official name is endo-1,4-beta-xylanase. The systematic name is 1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase. Other names may be used, such as endo-(1-4)-beta-xylanase; (1-4)-beta-xylan 4-xylanohydrolase; endo-1,4-xylanase; xylanase; beta-1,4-xylanase; endo-1,4-xylanase; endo-beta-1,4-xylanase; endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanase; 1,4-beta-xylan xylanohydrolase; beta-xylanase; beta-1,4-xylan xylanohydrolase; endo-1,4-beta-xylanase; beta-D-xylanase. The reaction catalyzed is the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans. 
     In one aspect of the invention, the xylanase of the invention is a xylanase of Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) Family 11. The term “of Glycoside Hydrolase (GH) Family 11” means that the xylanase in question is or can be classified in the GH family 11. In one aspect of the invention, the xylanase used according to the invention, is a xylanase having xylanase activity as measured in the “Xylanase assay” as described herein. 
     According to the Cazy(ModO) site, Family 11 glycoside hydrolases can be characterised as follows: 
     Known Activities: xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) 
     Mechanism: Retaining 
     Catalytic Nucleophile/Base: Glu (experimental) 
     Catalytic Proton Donor: Glu (experimental) 
     3D Structure Status: Fold: β-jelly roll 
     Clan: GH-C 
     As used herein, “Clan C” refers to groupings of families which share a common three-dimensional fold and identical catalytic machinery (see, for example, Henrissat, B. and Bairoch, A., (1996)  Biochem. J.,  316, 695-696). 
     As used herein, “Family 11” refers to a family of enzymes as established by Henrissat and Bairoch (1993)  Biochem J.,  293, 781-788 (see also, Henrissat and Davies (1997)  Current Opinion in Structural Biol.  1997, 7, 637-644). Common features for family 11 members include high genetic homology, a size of about 20 kDa and a double displacement catalytic mechanism (see Tenkanen et al., 1992; Wakarchuk et al., 1994). The structure of the family 11 xylanases includes two large β-sheets made of β-strands and α-helices. 
     Family 11 xylanases include the following:  Aspergillus niger  XynA,  Aspergillus kawachii  XynC,  Aspergillus tubigensis  XynA,  Bacillus circulans  XynA,  Bacillus punzilus  XynA,  Bacillus subtilis  XynA,  Neocalliniastix patriciarum  XynA,  Streptomyces lividans  XynB,  Streptomyces lividans  XynC,  Streptomyces thermoviolaceus  XynII,  Thermomonospora fusca  XynA,  Trichoderma harzianum  Xyn,  Trichoderma reesei  XynI,  Trichoderma reesei  XynII,  Trichoderma viride  Xyn. 
     In some embodiments the xylanase is derived from a filamentous fungus, preferably derived from a strain of  Aspergillus , such as  Aspergillus aculeatus ; or a strain of  Humicola , preferably  Humicola lanuginosa . The xylanase may preferably be an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, more preferably an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase of GH 10 or GH11. Examples of commercial xylanases include Grindamyl H121 or Grindamyl Powerbake 930 from DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Denmark or SHEARZYME™ and BIOFEED WHEAT™ from Novozymes A/S, Denmark. 
     In some embodiments the enzyme composition also contains further enzymes in addition to the glucanase, cellulase and/or xylanase. Examples of additional enzymes which may be present include hydrolases (including amylases), proteases lipases, phospholipases (e.g. a phospholipase A1 a phospholipase A2 a phospholipase B, a phospholipase C or a phospholipase D) and glycolipases. 
     In one embodiment the enzyme composition contains a lipase. In one embodiment the lipase is a triglyceridase. In one embodiment the lipase is a glycolipases. 
     The lipase (e.g. a glycolipase) can be derived from a variety of organisms. In one embodiment the lipase is of plant origin. In one embodiment the lipase is of fungal origin. In one embodiment the lipase is of bacterial origin. 
     In one embodiment the lipase is derived from a fungus of the genus  Fusarium . In one embodiment the lipase is derived from a fungus of the species  Fusarium heterosporum.    
     In a particularly preferred embodiment, the lipase is the specific lipase derived from a fungus of the species  Fusarium heterosporum , described generally and specifically in WO2005/087918. 
     Dosage 
     The one or more enzyme(s) for use in the present invention may be dosed as follows. 
     Typically, the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.1 mg to 100 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.2 mg to 50 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.5 mg to 20 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 1 mg to 10 mg per 100 g bran. These amounts are expressed as by weight of pure enzyme protein. 
     Typically, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.006 mg to 0.6 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.012 mg to 0.3 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.03 mg to 0.12 mg per 100 g bran. These amounts are expressed as by weight of pure enzyme protein. 
     Typically, the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 30 to 3000 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 60 to 1500 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 150 to 600 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. The Units of cellulase activity are measured in accordance with the CMC-DNS activity assay described below. 
     Typically, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 50 to 5000 units of xylanase activity (XU) per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 100 to 2500 units of xylanase activity (XU) per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 250 to 1000 units of xylanase activity (XU) per 100 g bran. The Units of xylanase activity are measured in accordance with the activity assays described below. 
     Typically, the glucanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.1 mg to 100 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the glucanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.2 mg to 50 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the glucanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.5 mg to 20 mg per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the glucanase enzyme is present in an amount of 1 mg to 10 mg per 100 g bran. These amounts are expressed as by weight of pure enzyme protein. 
     Typically, the glucanase enzyme is present in an amount of 30 to 3000 units of glucanase activity per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the glucanase enzyme is present in an amount of 60 to 1500 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. In one embodiment, the glucanase enzyme is present in an amount of 150 to 600 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. The Units of cellulase activity are measured in accordance with the CMC-DNS activity assay described below. 
     In a preferred embodiment the enzyme composition is a mixture of a xylanase and a cellulase, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.006 mg to 0.6 mg per 100 g bran and the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.1 mg to 100 mg per 100 g bran. In a more preferred embodiment the enzyme composition is a mixture of a xylanase and a cellulase, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.03 mg to 0.12 mg per 100 g bran and the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 1 mg to 10 mg per 100 g bran. These amounts are expressed as by weight of pure enzyme protein. 
     In a preferred embodiment the enzyme composition is a mixture of a xylanase and a cellulase, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 50 to 5000 units of xylanase activity (XU) per 100 g bran and the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 30 to 3000 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. In a more preferred embodiment the enzyme composition is a mixture of a xylanase and a cellulase, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 250 to 1000 units of xylanase activity (XU) per 100 g bran and the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 150 to 600 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. 
     In an especially preferred embodiment, the enzyme composition is a mixture of a bacterial xylanase (Grindamyl Powerbake 930 from DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS) and a cellulase and/or glucanase enzyme which is derived from a crude or purified extract of a  Trichoderma reesei  fermentate (as described in PCT/EP2015/080439, unpublished at the filing date of the present application, and sold by DuPont under the name Laminex BG2). Such an enzyme composition is also referred to in this specification as “TS-E 1732”. Preferably, in this mixture, the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.006 mg to 0.6 mg per 100 g bran and this cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.1 mg to 100 mg per 100 g bran. In a more preferred embodiment the enzyme composition is a mixture of the specified xylanase and the specified cellulase, the specified xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 0.03 mg to 0.12 mg per 100 g bran and the specified cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 1 mg to 10 mg per 100 g bran. These amounts are expressed as by weight of pure enzyme protein. 
     In an especially preferred embodiment, the enzyme composition is a mixture of a bacterial xylanase (Grindamyl Powerbake 930 from DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS) and a cellulase and/or glucanase enzyme which is derived from a crude or purified extract of a  Trichoderma reesei  fermentate (as described in PCT/EP2015/080439, unpublished at the filing date of the present application, and sold by DuPont under the name Laminex BG2), the xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 50 to 5000 units of xylanase activity (XU) per 100 g bran and the cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 30 to 3000 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. In a more preferred embodiment the enzyme composition is a mixture of the specified xylanase and the specified cellulase, the specified xylanase enzyme is present in an amount of 250 to 1000 units of xylanase activity (XU) per 100 g bran and the specified cellulase enzyme is present in an amount of 150 to 600 units of cellulase activity per 100 g bran. 
     Enzyme Activity Assays 
     The degree of solubilisation of the bran in the bran composition of the present invention may be measured according to the following method: 
     The degree of solubilisation of a plant material, e.g. cereal bran, can be determined by suspending the insoluble plant material (typically 25% bran) in water with and without enzymes, incubate the suspension under stirring and 50° C. for a controlled time (e.g. 30 to 1440 minutes). After solubilisation, the solubilised material is separated from the insoluble material by centrifugation (20 min, 25000×g, room temp). The dry matter content in the supernatant is determined either by lyophilizing part of the sample, or by a moisture analysis (Moisture analyser, AND ML-50, Buch &amp; Holm, Denmark). All the extraction buffer can not be recovered using this protocol, however, it is assumed that the concentration of soluble material is the same in the recovered extraction buffer as in the not recovered extraction buffer, why a correction is made for the extraction buffer used in total. 
     Having determined the dry matter content in the soluble fraction, knowing the amount of plant material taking into work and the amount of extraction buffer, the solubilisation degree can be determined using the following equation. 
       Solubilisation degree=(((gram dry matter/ml supernatant recovered)×(ml extraction buffer used))×100%)/gram plant material taken into work
 
     Cellulase Activity Assay: By the CMC-DNS Procedure: 
     The assay of cellulase activity (e.g. endo-1,4β-glucanase activity) is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of the 1,4-β-D-glucosidic bonds in carboxymethylcellulose (CM-Cellulose 4M, Megazyme Ltd) a β-1,4-glucan. The enzyme is diluted in double distilled water (ddH 2 O) and 0.25 ml enzyme solution added to 1.75 ml substrate (1.5% CMC in 0.2M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0) at 50° C. After 10 min of incubation a 2 ml 1% 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) solution is added and the sample is placed in boiling water bath for 5 min. The products of the reaction (β-1,4 glucan oligosaccharides) are determined colorimetrically at 540 nm by measuring the resulting increase in reducing groups reacting with the DNS. Enzyme activity is calculated from the relationship between the concentration of reducing groups, as glucose equivalents, and absorbance using a glucose standard in the range 0.125-0.5 mg/ml. One unit of cellulase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme which produces 1 μmole glucose equivalents per minute under assay conditions. 
     Xylanase Assay (Endo-β-1,4-Xylanase Activity) 
     Samples were diluted in citric acid (0.1 M) -di-sodium-hydrogen phosphate (0.2 M) buffer, pH 5.0, to obtain approx. OD 590 =0.7 in this assay. Three different dilutions of the sample were pre-incubated for 5 minutes at 40° C. At time=5 minutes, 1 Xylazyme tablet (crosslinked, dyed xylan substrate, Megazyme, Bray, Ireland) was added to the enzyme solution in a reaction volume of 1 ml. At time=15 minutes the reaction was terminated by adding 10 ml of 2% TRIS/NaOH, pH 12. Blanks were prepared using 1000 μl buffer instead of enzyme solution. The reaction mixture was centrifuged (1500×g, 10 minutes, 20° C.) and the OD of the supernatant was measured at 590 nm. One xylanase unit (XU) is defined as the xylanase activity increasing OD 590  with 0.025 per minute. 
     Host Cell 
     The host organism can be a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic organism. The at least one enzyme may be obtainable (e.g. obtained) from any source. The at least one enzyme may be a recombinant enzyme, for example an enzyme that is heterologous to the cell in which it is expressed. In other embodiments the enzyme may be native to the cell in which it is expressed. In one embodiment the one or more enzyme(s) is not obtainable (e.g. obtained) from a  Trichoderma  (e.g.  Trichoderma reesei ) host cell. Alternative host cells may be fungi, yeasts or plants for example. The host cell may be any  Bacillus  cell other than  B. subtilis . Preferably, said  Bacillus  host cell being from one of the following species:  Bacillus licheniformis; B. alkalophilus; B. amyloliquefaciens; B. circulans; B. clausii; B. coagulans; B. firmus; B. lautus; B. lentus; B. megaterium; B. pumilus  or  B. stearothermophilus . Suitably the host cell may a fungal host cell. Suitably the host cell may be any a  Trichoderma, Meripilus, Humicola, Aspergillus, Fusarium  or  Chrysosporium  host cell. Suitably, the host cell may be a protease deficient or protease minus strain and/or an α-amylase deficient or α-amylase minus strain. 
     The term “heterologous”, as used herein, means a sequence derived from a separate genetic source or species. A heterologous sequence is a non-host sequence, a modified sequence, a sequence from a different host cell strain, or a homologous sequence from a different chromosomal location of the host cell. As used herein, a “homologous” sequence is a sequence that is found in the same genetic source or species i.e. it is naturally occurring in the relevant species of host cell. 
     Regulatory Sequences 
     In some applications, an enzyme for use in the methods and/or uses described herein may be obtained by operably linking a nucleotide sequence encoding same to a regulatory sequence which is capable of providing for the expression of the nucleotide sequence, such as by the chosen host cell (such as a  B. licheniformis  cell). 
     As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A regulatory sequence “operably linked” to a coding sequence is ligated in such a way that expression of the coding sequence is achieved under conditions compatible with the control sequences. 
     As used herein, the term “regulatory sequences” includes promoters and enhancers and other expression regulation signals. 
     As used herein, the term “promoter” is used in the normal sense of the art, e.g. an RNA polymerase binding site. 
     Enhanced expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme having the specific properties as defined herein may also be achieved by the selection of regulatory regions, e.g. promoter, secretion leader and terminator regions that are not regulatory regions for the nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme in nature. Suitably, the nucleotide sequence may be operably linked to at least a promoter. 
     Promoter 
     The promoter sequence to be used in accordance with the present methods may be heterologous or homologous to the sequence encoding any one of the enzymes for use in the present methods or uses described herein. The promoter sequence may be any promoter sequence capable of directing expression of an enzyme in the host cell of choice. 
     Suitably, the promoter sequence may be homologous to a  Bacillus  species, for example  B. licheniformis . Preferably, the promoter sequence is homologous to the host cell of choice. 
     In another embodiment, the promoter may be homologous to a  Geosmithia  species, for example  Geosmithia emersonii.    
     Suitably, the promoter sequence may be homologous to the host cell. “Homologous to the host cell” means originating within the host organism; i.e. a promoter sequence which is found naturally in the host organism. 
     Suitably, the promoter sequence may be selected from the group consisting of a nucleotide sequence encoding: an α-amylase promoter, a protease promoter, a subtilisin promoter, a glutamic acid-specific protease promoter and a levansucrase promoter. 
     Suitably the promoter sequence may be a nucleotide sequence encoding: the LAT (e.g. the alpha-amylase promoter from  B. licheniformis , also known as AmyL), AprL (e.g. subtilisin Carlsberg promoter), EndoGluC (e.g. the glutamic-acid specific promoter from  B. licheniformis ), AmyQ (e.g. the alpha amylase promoter from  B. amyloliquefaciens  alpha-amylase promoter) and SacB (e.g. the  B. subtilis  levansucrase promoter). 
     Other examples of promoters suitable for directing the transcription of a nucleic acid sequence may include: the promoter of the  Bacillus lentus  alkaline protease gene (aprH); the promoter of the  Bacillus subtilis  alpha-amylase gene (amyE); the promoter of the  Bacillus stearothermophilus  maltogenic amylase gene (amyM); the promoter of the  Bacillus licheniformis  penicillinase gene (penP); the promoters of the  Bacillus subtilis  xylA and xylB genes; and/or the promoter of the  Bacillus thuringiensis  subsp.  tenebrionis  CryIIIA gene. 
     Signal Peptide 
     The enzyme produced by a host cell by expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme may be secreted or may be contained intracellularly depending on the sequence and/or the vector used. A signal sequence may be used to direct secretion of the coding sequences through a particular cell membrane. The signal sequences may be natural or foreign to the coding sequence of the enzymes. For instance, the signal peptide coding sequence may be obtained from an amylase or protease gene from a  Bacillus  species, preferably from  Bacillus licheniformis.    
     Suitable signal peptide coding sequences may be obtained from one or more of the following genes: maltogenic α-amylase gene, subtilisin gene, beta-lactamase gene, neutral protease gene, and/or prsA gene. In some embodiments, a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide may be operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding any one of the enzymes disclosed herein. The enzyme for use in accordance with the present methods may be expressed in a host cell as defined herein as a fusion protein. 
     Expression Vector 
     The term “expression vector” means a construct capable of in vivo or in vitro expression. Preferably, the expression vector is incorporated in the genome of the organism, such as a  B. licheniformis  host. The term “incorporated” preferably covers stable incorporation into the genome. 
     The nucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme as defined herein may be present in a vector, in which the nucleotide sequence is operably linked to regulatory sequences such that the regulatory sequences are capable of providing the expression of the nucleotide sequence by a suitable host organism (such as  B. licheniformis ), i.e. the vector is an expression vector. The vectors may be transformed into a suitable host cell as described above to provide for expression of a polypeptide having cellulase activity as defined herein. The choice of vector, e.g. plasmid, cosmid, virus or phage vector, genomic insert, will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. The present methods may cover other forms of expression vectors which serve equivalent functions and which are, or become, known in the art. 
     Once transformed into the host cell of choice, the vector may replicate and function independently of the host cell&#39;s genome, or may integrate into the genome itself. The vectors may contain one or more selectable marker genes—such as a gene which confers antibiotic resistance e.g. ampicillin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol or tetracycline resistance. Alternatively, the selection may be accomplished by co-transformation (as described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO91/17243). Vectors may be used in vitro, for example for the production of RNA or used to transfect or transform a host cell. The vector may further comprise a nucleotide sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. Examples of such sequences are the origins of replication of plasmids pUC19, pACYC177, pUB110, pE194, pAMB1 and pIJ702. 
     Isolated 
     In one aspect, the enzyme is a recovered/isolated enzyme. Thus, one or more of the enzyme(s) produced may be in an isolated form. 
     Purified 
     In one aspect, the enzyme(s) may be in a purified form. As used herein, the term “purified” means that the sequence is in a relatively pure state—e.g. at least about 51% pure, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% pure, or at least about 95% pure or at least about 98% pure. 
     Methods 
     The invention also provides a method for forming the composition of the invention. The method comprises contacting the cereal bran with the enzyme composition and, optionally, other components of the composition. 
     The method is typically carried out by forming a liquid suspension containing the cereal bran, the enzyme composition and a suspending liquid, typically water. 
     Therefore, it is preferred that the method further comprises the addition of water to form an aqueous suspension of the cereal bran and the enzyme composition. 
     It has been found that the method of the invention works particularly well when the liquid (preferably aqueous) suspension containing the cereal bran and the enzyme composition is heated to a temperature above room temperature. 
     Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention further comprises heating the aqueous suspension. 
     Preferably the aqueous suspension is heated to a temperature of 30° C. to 100° C., such as 35° C. to 80° C., such as 40° C. to 60° C., such as 45 to 55° C. 
     Preferably the aqueous suspension is heated for a time of 10 minutes to 48 hours, such as 30 minutes to 24 hours, such as 1 to 12 hours, such as 2 to 6 hours, such as 3 to 5 hours. 
     Prior to mixing the bran with the enzyme, in some embodiments of the present invention, the method may further comprising a step of i) fractionating the cereal grain to obtain endosperm, bran, and germ; ii) separating and distributing the endosperm, bran, and germ to allow them to be treated; and iii) milling the bran. 
     Typically, the method of the present invention causes the cereal bran to be at least partially solubilised. Accordingly, in a further aspect, the invention provides a method of solubilising a cereal bran, said method comprising treating a liquid suspension of said cereal bran with an enzyme; wherein: 
     (a) said cereal bran comprises oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) said enzyme comprises a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     In some embodiments, the degree of bran solubilisation is higher than 20%, such as higher than 25%, such as higher than 30%, such as higher than 35%, such as higher than 35%, such as higher than 40%, such as higher than 50%, such as in the range of 40%-60%, such as in the range of 50%-60%. The degree of bran solubilisation is expressed as measured in a “Dry matter content (%) in soluble fraction assay” and can be measured according to the procedure of Example 1 of WO2010/081870. 
     The method can be carried out on a liquid suspension with a low starch content. In some embodiments, less than 50%, such as less than 40%, such as less than 30%, such as less than 20%, such as less than 10% by weight of the liquid suspension may be starch or components containing starch. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the method further comprises a step of drying the solubilised cereal bran obtained. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the method further comprises a step of spray drying the solubilised cereal bran obtained. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the method further comprises a step of lyophilisation of the solubilised cereal bran obtained. 
     Applications and Food Compositions 
     The present invention further relates to the use of the bran composition obtained according to the present invention. The bran composition is useful as a food ingredient, particularly though not exclusively for incorporation into flour compositions for preparing dough and baked products, such as bread, prepared from dough. 
     The composition of the present invention may be used as—or in the preparation of—a food product. Here, the term “food product” is used in a broad sense—and covers food for humans as well as food for animals (i.e. a feed). In some aspects, the food is for human consumption. The food may be in the form of a solution or as a solid—depending on the use and/or the mode of application and/or the mode of administration. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the composition according to the invention is added directly in the production of the food product. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the solubilised cereal bran obtained in the method according to the invention is added directly as a mixture of soluble and insoluble cereal bran material in the production of the food product. 
     It is to be understood that the methods according to the present invention may produce an isolated solubilised fraction with only soluble cereal bran material, such as when the soluble fraction is harvested from a mixture of soluble and insoluble cereal bran material. In some embodiments such harvested soluble cereal bran material is used in the production of food products. 
     In other alternative embodiments, the solubilised cereal bran containing both soluble and insoluble material may be used without further separation or harvesting directly in production of food products. 
     In some embodiments of the present invention, the food product is selected from the group consisting of bread, a breakfast cereal, a pasta, biscuits, cookies, snacks, and beer. 
     The composition of the present invention may also be used as a food ingredient. As used herein the term “food ingredient” includes a formulation which is or can be added to functional foods or foodstuffs, for example, as a nutritional supplement and/or fibre supplement. The term food ingredient as used here also refers to formulations which can be used at low levels in a wide variety of products that require gelling, texturising, stabilising, suspending, film-forming and structuring, retention of juiciness and improved mouthfeel, without adding viscosity. The food ingredient may be in the form of a solution or as a solid—depending on the use and/or the mode of application and/or the mode of administration. 
     In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention may be—or may be added to—food supplements. In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention may be—or may be added to—functional foods. As used herein, the term “functional food” means food which is capable of providing not only a nutritional effect and/or a taste satisfaction, but is also capable of delivering a further beneficial effect to consumer. Accordingly, functional foods are ordinary foods that have components or ingredients (such as those described herein) incorporated into them that impart to the food a specific functional—e.g. medical or physiological benefit—other than a purely nutritional effect. Although there is no legal definition of a functional food, most of the parties with an interest in this area agree that they are foods marketed as having specific health effects. 
     Some functional foods are nutraceuticals. Here, the term “nutraceutical” means a food which is capable of providing not only a nutritional effect and/or a taste satisfaction, but is also capable of delivering a therapeutic (or other beneficial) effect to the consumer. Nutraceuticals cross the traditional dividing lines between foods and medicine. 
     Therefore, the invention further provides a food product containing a composition according to the invention. 
     For certain aspects, the foodstuff is a bakery product—such as bread, Danish pastry, biscuits or cookies. 
     The bran composition of the invention may be incorporated into a flour. Therefore, in a further aspect, the invention provides a flour composition comprising: 
     (a) a flour; and 
     (b) a composition according to the invention or a composition obtainable by a method according to the invention. 
     The flour may be made from any grain suitable for being milled to form a flour. Typical grains include wheat, barley, oat, rye and triticale, rice, and corn (maize). The flour may be made from the grain of one species or a mixture of species. In one embodiment, the flour comprises, consists essentially of or consists of wheat flour. In one embodiment, the flour comprises, consists essentially of or consists of rye flour. 
     In one aspect, the flour in the flour composition of the invention is a wholegrain flour. In this aspect, the flour composition contains bran and germ endogenous to the flour in addition to the bran from the bran composition of the invention. 
     In one aspect, the flour in the flour composition of the invention is a white flour (i.e. a flour from which the bran has been removed). In this aspect, the bran present in the flour composition is solely from the bran composition of the invention. 
     In one embodiment, the flour comprises, consists essentially of or consists of a mixture of wheat flour and rye flour. Typically, the flour comprises, consists essentially of or consists of 20% to 40% by weight, such as 25 to 35%, by weight wheat flour and 60 to 80% by weight, such as 65 to 75% by weight rye flour. Typically, the flour comprises, consists essentially of or consists of 30% by weight wheat flour and 70% by weight rye flour. Such a mixture is known to the person skilled in the art as the flour composition for preparing “Mischbrot”. 
     In one embodiment, the bran composition according to the invention is added to the flour. The composition can be mixed with the flour by methods well known to those skilled in the art. 
     In one embodiment, the bran composition of the invention is present in the flour composition of the invention in an amount of 0.1% to 20% by weight of the total weight of the flour composition. In one embodiment, the bran composition of the invention is present in the flour composition of the invention in an amount of 1% to 15% by weight of the total weight of the flour composition. In one embodiment, the bran composition of the invention is present in the flour composition of the invention in an amount of 2% to 10% by weight of the total weight of the flour composition. In one embodiment, the bran composition of the invention is present in the flour composition of the invention in an amount of 5% to 7% by weight of the total weight of the flour composition. The amount by weight of the bran composition is expressed as bran dry solids, meaning that the stated amount of bran dry solids forms the specified percentage of the total weight of the flour composition. 
     The flour composition of the invention can be used to form a dough composition by mixing with water. Accordingly, the invention also provides a dough composition comprising: (a) the flour composition according to the invention; and (b) water. In one embodiment the dough composition of the invention further comprises yeast. 
     The dough composition of the invention can be baked in order to prepare baked products, such as bread. Baking conditions are well known to the person skilled in the art. 
     Accordingly, the invention also provides a baked product obtainable by baking the dough composition of the invention. In one embodiment, said baked product comprises bread. 
     It has been surprisingly found according to the present invention that when the bran composition of the invention is added to/incorporated into a flour composition (particularly where the flour is wheat flour and/or rye flour), bread produced from the flour has a greater volume than would have been expected. 
     Accordingly, the invention further provides use of an enzyme to improve the volume of bread containing a cereal bran, wherein: 
     (a) said cereal bran comprises oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) said enzyme comprises a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     It has been surprisingly found according to the present invention that when the bran composition of the invention is added to/incorporated into a flour composition (particularly where the flour is wheat flour and/or rye flour), bread produced from the flour is softer than would have been expected. 
     Accordingly, the invention further provides use of an enzyme to improve the softness of bread containing a cereal bran, wherein: 
     (a) said cereal bran comprises oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; and 
     (b) said enzyme comprises a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase enzyme and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof. 
     In addition to bread and other baked products prepared from dough, the bran composition of the present invention can be used in the preparation of food products such as one or more of: jams, marmalades, jellies, dairy products (such as milk or cheese), meat products, poultry products, fish products and bakery products. 
     By way of example, the bran composition of the present invention can be used as ingredients to soft drinks, a fruit juice or a beverage comprising whey protein, health teas, cocoa drinks, milk drinks and lactic acid bacteria drinks, yoghurt and drinking yoghurt, cheese, ice cream, water ices and desserts, confectionery, biscuits cakes and cake mixes, snack foods, breakfast cereals, instant noodles and cup noodles, instant soups and cup soups, balanced foods and drinks, sweeteners, texture improved snack bars, fibre bars, bake stable fruit fillings, care glaze, chocolate bakery filling, cheese cake flavoured filling, fruit flavoured cake filling, cake and doughnut icing, heat stable bakery filling, instant bakery filling creams, filing for cookies, ready-to-use bakery filling, reduced calorie filling, adult nutritional beverage, acidified soy/juice beverage, aseptic/retorted chocolate drink, bar mixes, beverage powders, calcium fortified soy/plain and chocolate milk, calcium fortified coffee beverage. 
     The bran composition of the present invention can further be used as an ingredient in food products such as American cheese sauce, anti-caking agent for grated &amp; shredded cheese, chip dip, cream cheese, dry blended whip topping fat free sour cream, freeze/thaw dairy whipping cream, freeze/thaw stable whipped tipping, low fat &amp; lite natural cheddar cheese, low fat Swiss style yoghurt, aerated frozen desserts, and novelty bars, hard pack ice cream, label friendly, improved economics &amp; indulgence of hard pack ice cream, low fat ice cream: soft serve, barbecue sauce, cheese dip sauce, cottage cheese dressing, dry mix Alfredo sauce, mix cheese sauce, dry mix tomato sauce and others. 
     The bran composition of the present invention can also be used in beverages, in particular alcoholic beverages such as beer. 
     The invention therefore also provides a kit of parts comprising: 
     (a) a cereal bran comprising oat bran, rye bran or a mixture thereof; 
     (b) an enzyme comprising a cellulase enzyme, a glucanase and/or xylanase enzyme or a mixture thereof; 
     (c) instructions for use in a method according to the invention; and 
     (d) optionally other ingredients for a food product. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Materials and methods 
     Enzymes 
     The enzyme composition used in these Examples is a mixture of enzymes, comprising: 
     (a) a bacterial xylanase component which is found in the commercial product available from DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS under the trade name Powerbake 930 (referred to in WO 2010/081869); and 
     (b) a glucanase and cellulase components derived from a fermentation of  Trichoderma reesei  as referred to in PCT/EP2015/080439, unpublished at the filing date of the present application and available from DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS under the trade name Laminex BG2. 
     This specific composition is referred to in these Examples as “TSE 1732”. 
     The xylanase component (a) was present in an amount of 5400 units of xylanase activity (XU) per g enzyme composition, the units being measured in accordance with the xylanase activity assay referred to above. 
     The glucanase/cellulase component (b) was present in an amount of 2900 units of cellulase activity per g enzyme composition, the units being measured in accordance with the CMC-DNS activity assay referred to above. 
     Some of the Examples also use a lipase referred to therein as “PB4070”, which is a glycolipase available from DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS. This is an enzyme from  Fusarium heterosporum  and is disclosed in WO2005/087918. 
     Bran 
     Rye bran, batch 5011582, from Lantmännen Sweden 
     Oat bran, batch 2014-00075, from Lantmännen Sweden 
     Volume Measurements 
     Volume measurements of the final bread were carried out using a calibrated rapeseed displacement volume meter from National MFG, USA. Volume determination is based on AACC International Method 10-05.01. After weighing of the bread the specific volume of the bread is reported as volume in cubic centimetres (cm 3 ) per g of bread. 
     Hardness Measurements 
     Hardness of bread slices was determined from a texture profile analysis (TPA) using a Texture analyser TAXTplus from Stable Microsystems. 
     Example 1—Enzyme Treatment of Bran Samples 
     The experimental setup and results of the enzyme treatment of bran is shown in Table 1. A slurry of bran, water and the enzyme composition TSE 1732 was heated in a heating vessel to 50° C. and kept at this temperature for 4 hours. Then the temperature was brought to 95° C. for 15 minutes to inactivate the enzymes and then cooled to room temperature. The treated bran composition of the invention was stored at −20° C. Solubilisation was determined according to the bran solubilisation method described previously. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 TSE 
                 TSE 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bran 
                 Water, 
                 1732, 
                 1732, 
                 bran, 
                 Solubilisation, 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Type 
                 g 
                 ppm 
                 g 
                 g 
                 % 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 1 
                 Oat bran 
                 14400 
                 2000 
                 9.6 
                 4800 
                 54 
               
               
                 2 
                 Oat bran 
                 2400 
                 0 
                 0 
                 800 
                 — 
               
               
                 3 
                 Rye bran 
                 22500 
                 3125 
                 23.4 
                 7500 
                 51 
               
               
                 4 
                 Rye bran 
                 2400 
                 0 
                 0 
                 800 
                 39 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 2—Baking Trials in 100% Wheat Flour 
     The samples generated in Table 1 were tested in standard toast bread using 100% wheat flour. Water addition was adjusted to obtain the same dough viscosity in each trial. All the bran samples were dosed in at 6% (bran dry solids) meaning that dry solids bran will constitute 6% of the total flour composition. 
     The setup and results are shown in Table 2, wherein: 
     “Heated oat bran” means Sample 2 from Table 1; 
     “Enzyme treated oat bran” means Sample 1 from Table 1; 
     “Heated rye bran” means Sample 4 from Table 1; and 
     “Enzyme treated rye bran” means Sample 3 from Table 1. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Trial 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Heated oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 bran, % 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6   
                   
                   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 bran, % + 40 ppm 
               
               
                 PB4070 
               
               
                 Rye bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Heated rye bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6   
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated rye 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6   
                 — 
               
               
                 bran, % 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated rye 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
               
               
                 bran, % + 40 ppm 
               
               
                 PB4070 
               
               
                 Specific volume, 
                 4.86 
                 4.59 
                 4.82 
                 5.01 
                 5.12 
                 4.57 
                 4.76 
                 4.59 
                 4.83 
               
               
                 cm 3 /g 
               
               
                 Hardness (day 1), N 
                 4.67 
                 4.62 
                 3.76 
                 3.80 
                 3.49 
                 4.48 
                 4.15 
                 4.38 
                 3.98 
               
               
                 Hardness (day 7), N 
                 10.94 
                 9.38 
                 8.56 
                 8.50 
                 8.33 
                 10.26 
                 8.46 
                 7.80 
                 7.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     A picture showing the crumb of the final breads is shown in  FIG. 1 . 
     From these experiments it can be concluded as follows: 
     Oat Bran: 
     Enzyme treatment of the oat bran according to the invention had a positive effect on the specific volume of bread incorporating the oat bran, compared with bread containing untreated oat bran. Bread incorporating the enzyme-treated bran had almost the same volume as that produced from 100% wheat flour. In addition, bread formed from bran treated with the enzyme composition and lipase had higher specific volume. 
     Furthermore, it can be seen that bread containing the treated oat bran according to the invention is softer on day 1 and day 7, compared with bread containing untreated oat bran. 
     Rye Bran: 
     It can be seen that bread containing the treated rye bran according to the invention is softer on day 1 and day 7, compared with bread containing untreated rye bran. 
     Example 3—Baking Trials in 70% Rye Flour and 30% Wheat Flour, Open Breads 
     The samples generated in Table 1 were tested in open Mischbrot baking trials using 70% rye flour and 30% wheat flour. Water addition was adjusted to obtain the same dough viscosity in each trial. All the bran samples were dosed in at 6% (bran dry solids) meaning that dry solids bran will constitute 6% of the total flour. 
     The setup and results are shown in Table 3, wherein the terms mean the same as in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Trial 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
                 8 
                 9 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Heated oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 bran, % 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6   
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 bran, % + 40 ppm 
               
               
                 PB4070 
               
               
                 Rye bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Heated rye bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated rye 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
               
               
                 bran, % 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated rye 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
               
               
                 bran, % + 40 ppm 
               
               
                 PB4070 
               
               
                 Specific volume, 
                 2.06 
                 2.12 
                 2.14 
                 2.25 
                 2.71 
                 2.03 
                 2.01 
                 2.12 
                 1.87 
               
               
                 cm 3 /g 
               
               
                 Hardness (day 7), N 
                 24.63 
                 18.26 
                 15.59 
                 13.07 
                 6.44 
                 18.62 
                 18.52 
                 12.76 
                 15.32 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 2  shows the crumbs of the final breads. 
     From these experiments it can be concluded as follows: 
     Oat Bran: 
     Enzyme treatment of the oat bran according to the invention had a positive effect on the specific volume of bread incorporating the oat bran, both compared with bread containing untreated oat bran and compared with bread produced from flour to which oat bran had not been added. In addition, bread formed from bran treated with the enzyme composition and lipase had higher specific volume. 
     Furthermore, it can be seen that bread containing the treated oat bran according to the invention is softer on day 7, compared with bread containing untreated oat bran and compared with bread produced from flour to which oat bran had not been added. 
     Rye Bran: 
     Enzyme treatment of the rye bran according to the invention had a positive effect on the specific volume of bread incorporating the rye bran, both compared with bread containing untreated rye bran and compared with bread produced from flour to which rye bran had not been added. It can also be seen that bread containing the treated rye bran according to the invention is softer on and day 7, compared with bread containing untreated rye bran. 
     Example 4—Baking Trial in 70% Rye Flour and 30% Wheat Flour, Baked in Tins 
     The samples generated in Table 1 were tested in tin baked Mischbrot baking trials using 70% rye flour and 30% wheat flour. Water addition was adjusted to obtain the same dough viscosity in each trial. All the bran samples were dosed in at 6% (bran dry solids) meaning that dry solids bran will constitute 6% of the total flour. 
     The setup and results are shown in Table 4, the terms having the same meaning as in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Trial 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat bran, % + 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
               
               
                 40 ppm PB4070 
               
               
                 Specific volume, cm 3 /g 
                 1.9 
                 1.96 
                 1.98 
                 1.99 
               
               
                 Hardness (day 1), N 
                 11.28 
                 6.59 
                 9.90 
                 7.94 
               
               
                 Hardness (day 7), N 
                 23.14 
                 15.75 
                 14.50 
                 15.77 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From these experiments it can be concluded that enzyme treatment of the oat bran according to the invention had a positive effect on the specific volume of bread incorporating the oat bran, both compared with bread containing untreated oat bran and compared with bread produced from flour not containing oat bran. Furthermore, it can be seen that bread containing the treated oat bran according to the invention is softer compared with bread produced from not containing oat bran. 
     Example 5—Baking Trial in 100% Rye Flour 
     The samples generated in Table 1 were tested in baking trials using 100% rye flour. Water addition was adjusted to obtain the same dough viscosity in each trial. All the bran samples were dosed in at 6% (bran dry solids) meaning that dry solids bran will constitute 6% of the total flour. 
     The setup and results are shown in Table 5, the terms having the same meaning as in Table 2. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Trial 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat bran, % 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
                 — 
               
               
                 Enzyme treated oat bran, % + 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 6 
               
               
                 40 ppm PB4070 
               
               
                 Specific volume, cm 3 /g 
                 1.5 
                 1.49 
                 1.54 
                 1.55 
               
               
                 Hardness (day 3), N 
                 25.37 
                 21.70 
                 16.14 
                 14.42 
               
               
                 Hardness (day 7), N 
                 28.78 
                 27.03 
                 18.04 
                 17.84 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     From these experiments it can be concluded that enzyme treatment of the oat bran according to the invention had a positive effect on the specific volume of bread from 100% rye flour incorporating the oat bran, both compared with bread containing untreated oat bran and compared with bread produced from 100% rye flour. Furthermore, it can be seen that bread containing the treated oat bran according to the invention is softer, both compared with bread containing untreated oat bran and compared with bread produced from 100% rye flour. 
     Various modifications and variations of the described methods and system of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in food science, biochemistry and biotechnology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.