Patent Publication Number: US-11390567-B2

Title: Tailoring for temperature sensitivity of thickening time of cement slurry

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     In well cementing, such as well construction and remedial cementing, cement compositions are commonly utilized. Cement slurries may be used in a variety of subterranean applications. For example, in subterranean well construction, a pipe string (e.g., casing, liners, expandable tubulars, etc.) may be run into a well bore and cemented in place. The process of cementing the pipe string in place is commonly referred to as “primary cementing.” In a typical primary cementing method, a cement slurry may be pumped into an annulus between the walls of the well bore and the exterior surface of the pipe string disposed therein. The cement slurry may set in the annular space, thereby forming an annular sheath of hardened, substantially impermeable cement (i.e., a cement sheath) that may support and position the pipe string in the well bore and may bond the exterior surface of the pipe string to the subterranean formation. Among other things, the cement sheath surrounding the pipe string functions to prevent the migration of fluids in the annulus, as well as protecting the pipe string from corrosion. Cement slurries also may be used in remedial cementing methods, for example, to seal cracks or holes in pipe strings or cement sheaths, to seal highly permeable formation zones or fractures, to place a cement plug, and the like. 
     A particular challenge in well cementing is the development of satisfactory thickening time in a cement slurry within a reasonable time period after placement in the subterranean formation. Oftentimes several cement slurries with varying additives are tested to see if they meet the material engineering requirements for a particular well. The process of selecting the components of the cement slurry are usually done by a best guess approach by utilizing previous slurries and modifying them until a satisfactory solution is reached. The process may be time consuming and the resulting slurry may be complex. Furthermore, the cement components available in any one particular region may vary in slurry from those of another region thereby further complicating the process of selecting a correct slurry. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These drawings illustrate certain aspects of some of the embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be used to limit or define the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a method to design for thickening time. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates introduction of a cement slurry into a wellbore. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure may generally relate to cementing methods and systems. More particularly, embodiments may be directed to designing cement slurries based at least partially on a thickening time model. 
     Cement slurries may contain cement, supplementary cementitious additives, inert materials, and chemical additives. A cement slurry for use in cementing wellbores is typically mixed at a wellbore pad site using cement mixing equipment and pumped into the wellbore using cement pumps. After the cement slurry is mixed, there is a time lag between when the cement is in a liquid state and when the cement begins to set. As the cement slurry begins to set, the slurry gradually becomes more viscous until fully set. There may be an upper limit of viscosity beyond which the cement slurry becomes too viscous to pump. In general, the upper limit of viscosity is typically defined to be when the fluid has a consistency of greater than 70 Bearden units of consistency (“Bc”). However, there may be other considerations where the cement slurry would be considered unpumpable and thus a Bc value of 30, 50, 70, 100, or any other value may be selected as being “unpumpable.” To determine the consistency or Bc value of a cement slurry, a pressurized consistometer may be used in accordance with the procedure for determining cement thickening times set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, First Edition, July 2005. The time to reach the selected Bearden units of consistency is reported as thickening time. It is often a design criteria for a cement slurry to have a long enough thickening time such that there is enough time to pump the required volume of cement into the wellbore while also not having too long of a thickening time where there is excessive downtime from waiting on the cement to set. The thickening time for a cement slurry may be a function of pressure, temperature, density of the cement slurry, and composition of the cement slurry. 
     Thickening time is an important characteristic of wellbore cement designs and may influence whether the cementing job is successful or if remedial cementing operations may be required. One factor which influences the thickening time is temperature which is typically not a constant value when cementing in wellbores. Oftentimes the temperature profile of a wellbore is variant with downhole position, yet the current practice of determining thickening times is to use a high pressure high temperature (HPHT) consistometer and apply a linearly ramped temperature profile which begins at room temperature up to the bottom hole circulating temperature (BHCT). Using the consistometer method for thickening time gives one value of thickening time. However, in reality the cement slurry will exhibit a range of thickening times. For example, the first barrel of cement pumped into the wellbore may have a different thickening time compared to the last barrel pumped into the wellbore depending on the temperature profile experienced by each barrel. The result of this uncertainty in thickening time leads to cement slurries with relatively large safety margins and the thickening time may exceed the expected placement time. 
     A second aspect of designing for thickening time is that the downhole temperature may vary. This variation can be due to downhole measurement limitations, mud circulation before cement job, losses or the absence of a measurement altogether. In such situations, it is safe to select a cement composition that is less sensitive to downhole temperature changes. A thermally robust composition is even more critical in high temperature wells. Such a robust composition will minimize the need for last minute tweaking of additives or risk of large thickening time variations due to measurement perturbations in quantities. 
     Designing a cement slurry to have a desired thickening time is an inefficient trial and error process often requiring multiple iterations of selecting slurry components and mass fractions thereof and testing a thickening time for a slurry formed form the slurry components. Small changes in composition may result in widely varying thickening times which is further compounded by cementitious materials varying across different geographical areas. As such, a cement recipe that is prepared in one region may have a different thickening time than the same recipe prepared in a different region due to the differences in minerology and manufacturing processes of the cement components. The differences in thickening times may be difficult to predict as the thickening time of a cement slurry is a complex function of various interacting factors. 
     Cements are typically blended at bulk plants where cement and supplementary cementitious materials and/or inert materials are mixed in pre-determined proportions to form a cement blend. The cement blend may be transported to a well site and mixed with water to form the cement slurry which may then be placed in a desired location to set to form a hardened mass. Chemical additives may also be included in the bulk blend to form the cement blend. Chemical may include accelerators, retarders, fluid loss control additives, lost circulation control additives, rheological modifiers, and other chemical additives to impart desirable properties on the cement slurry such as fluid loss control, rheology, stability, and thickening time. The additive package that can satisfy all of these properties is typically determined through an iterative process. This is because one additive used to satisfy one property may affect another property. For example, a fluid loss control additive may retard the cement slurry. Thus, when designing for thickening time, the effects of each additive on thickening time must be accounted for. 
     A thickening time of a cement slurry may be written as a mathematical function of various factors as shown in equation 1.
 
 TT=f ( T   dh   ,P   dh ,ρ s   ,C   bl ,[ A ])  Equation 1
 
Where TT is the thickening time, T dh  is a downhole temperature profile of the wellbore, P dh  is a pressure in the wellbore, ρ s  is density of the cement slurry, C bl  is the composition of the cement slurry, and [A] is a concentration of the additive such as retarder/accelerator required.
 
     The model of equation 1 may be generalized to account for different temperature-time behaviors as shown in equation 2. 
                   1   =       ∫   0   t     ⁢       d   ⁢   t       T   ⁢     T   (         T   dh     ⁡     (   t   )       ,       P   dh     ⁡     (   t   )       ,       ρ   s     ⁡     (   t   )       ,       C   bl     ⁡     (   t   )       ,       [   A   ]     ⁢     (   t   )                         Equation   ⁢           ⁢   2               
Where thickening time is a function of time (t), T dh (t) is a temperature downhole as a function of time, P dh  (t) is a pressure in the wellbore as a function of time, ρ s  (t) is density of the cement slurry as a function of time, C bl (t) is the composition of the cement slurry as a function of time, and [A](t) is a concentration of the retarder/accelerator required as a function of time. The thickening time of the cement slurry may be found as a solution to the integral equation. Equation 2 allows evaluation of effect of time-dependent temperature on thickening time.
 
     Equation 2 may be further generalized by assuming that density and composition, including additives, of the cement slurry remains constant over time which produces equation 3. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   1 
                   = 
                   
                     
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                       t 
                     
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                         d 
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                         T 
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                   Equation 
                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
                   ⁢ 
                   3 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     As mentioned above, thickening time may be dependent upon temperature. A relationship between temperature and thickening time may be described by the activation energy of the materials included in the cement slurry. This relationship may be generalized as shown in equation 4. 
                     T   ⁢   T     =     T   ⁢     T   0     ⁢     exp   ⁡     (         -   E     R     ⁢     (       1     T     r   ⁢   e   ⁢   f         -     1   T       )       )                 Equation   ⁢           ⁢   4               
Where TT 0  is the characteristic thickening time of the cement blend at a reference temperature T ref , E is the effective activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the downhole temperature. In some example, T may be a function of time as T(t). TT 0  of the cement blend is the thickening time of a cement blend which includes cement, supplementary cementitious materials, if present, and additives, mixed with water to form a cement slurry at a reference density, and measured at a reference temperature.
 
     The effective activation energy in Equation 4 may determine the sensitivity of the cement design to changes in temperature. For cements, E is a positive number indicating an increase in reaction rate as temperature is increased. A relatively larger value of E indicates a relatively higher sensitivity to changes in temperature. E is a material property which depends on the components of the cement slurry. A model of E is shown in equation 5, where E i (T) is the activation energy of the i th  individual component of the dry blend as a function of temperature, mi is the mass, volume, or molar fraction of the i th  individual component of the dry blend, w is the water content of the cement slurry on a per mass of dry blend basis, and E w  is activation energy associated with the amount of water in the slurry. In some cement slurries the activation energy associated with a cement slurry may depend on the amount of water in the slurry. For example, the activation energy of a 14 ppg (pounds per gallon) (1677 kg/m 3 ) slurry may be different from a 12 ppg (1438 kg/m 3 ) slurry. One way to determine E w  may be to determine activation energy of a 14 ppg (1677 kg/m 3 ) slurry and 12 ppg (1438 kg/m 3 ) slurry by measuring the thickening time of the two slurries at different temperatures. Thereafter, E w  may be determined using Equation 6, if E i (T) are known for blend materials. In equation 6, the dry blend referenced includes all components of a cement slurry other than water, such as cement, supplementary cementitious additives, inert materials, and chemical additives. In some examples, the effective activation energy may have the form of Equation 6. In Equation 6, E i (T) is the activation energy of the i th  individual component of the dry blend as a function of temperature, m i  is the mass, volume, or molar fraction of the i th  individual component of the dry blend, w is the water content of the cement slurry on a per mass of dry blend basis, and E w  is a activation energy associated with water. 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   E 
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
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                   5 
                 
               
             
             
               
                 
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                   ⁢ 
                   
                       
                   
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                   6 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In general, the activation energy of component i may be a function of temperature as shown in Equation 7. In equation 7, f may be any polynomial or transcendental function such as a power law, an exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric or any combination thereof. Equation 8 is one form of equation 7 with a polynomial function where E 0 , E 1 , E 2 , etc are constants and T is temperature.
 
 E   i   =f ( T )  Equation 7
 
 E   i   =E   0   +E   1   T+E   2   T   2 +  Equation 8
 
     Some cement components may be relatively more sensitive to changes in temperature. Table 1 illustrates E/R values for selected cement components. Table 2 illustrates two cement compositions and table 3 illustrates thickening times of the cement compositions of table 2 as measured in a consistometer. It can be observed that the inclusion of CKD makes the cement composition more sensitive to changes in temperature. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Blend Material 
                 Class/Category 
                 E/R (J/Mol-K) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Portland Cement 
                 Class H 
                 795 
               
               
                   
                 Portland Cement 
                 Class G 
                 1359 
               
               
                   
                 Fly Ash 
                 Class F 
                 1378 
               
               
                   
                 Fly Ash 
                 Class C 
                 1837 
               
               
                   
                 Volcanic Ash 
                 N/A 
                 2316 
               
               
                   
                 CKD 
                 N/A 
                 5706 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Material 
                 Design 1 
                 Design 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Class H 
                 0.333 
                 0.333 
               
               
                   
                 Class C Fly Ash 
                 0.333 
                 0.333 
               
               
                   
                 Volcanic Ash 
                 0.334 
                 0 
               
               
                   
                 CKD 
                 0 
                 0.334 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Thickening Time 
                 Thickening Time 
               
               
                 Design # 
                 @ 210° F. 
                 @ 120° F. 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 1 
                 146 
                 290 
               
               
                 2 
                 126 
                 402 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In this example, designs with CKD can be used across wells that vary in temperature, without the need for significantly changing additives. Alternately, designs with CKD can cause risk of excessive wait on cement or premature setting due to uncertainty in downhole temperatures. Knowledge of temperature sensitivity of materials can thus be used to efficiently design for any temperature. 
       FIG. 1  illustrates a method  100  of using the models of thickening time discussed above. Method  100  may begin at step  102  where bulk material availability such as cement, supplementary cementitious materials, and cement additives available may be defined. Bulk material availability is typically location dependent whereby some geographic locations may have access to bulk materials that other geographic locations do not. Further, bulk materials such as mined materials and cements may vary across geographic locations due to differences in raw materials for manufacturing and manufacturing methods, as well as natural variations among deposits of mineable minerals across geographic locations. In step  102 , engineering parameters such as fluid loss control requirements, rheology requirements, stability requirements, and thickening time requirement, as well as density and temperature. After defining materials available and engineering parameters, method  100  may proceed to step  104 . In step  104 , a proposed cement composition may be selected which may include cement components and mass fractions thereof, water and mass fraction thereof, and chemical additives and mass fractions thereof. The selecting of chemical additives and mass fractions thereof may be at least partially based on the fluid loss control, rheology, and stability. The cement components may include any one of a cement, a supplementary cementitious additive, an inert material, and/or a chemical additive that is available as defined in step  102 . In step  106  the thickening time of the proposed cement composition may be calculated using any of the above thickening time models. For example, equations 22-24 may be used or any other models derived from the equations disclosed herein. In examples where cement components are selected in step  104  for which a potency or other model variable is not known, the unknown value may be calculated in step  108  using any of the above mentioned methods. From step  106 , method  100  may proceed to step  10  where the calculated thickening time from step  106  may be compared to the required thickening time defined in step  102 . If the calculated thickening time is not within tolerance of the required thickening time, method  100  may proceed back to step  104  where a second proposed cement composition may be selected which may include disparate cement components and/or disparate mass fractions thereof and or chemical additives and components thereof. If the calculated thickening time is within tolerance of the required thickening time, method  100  may proceed to step  112 . In step  112 , the proposed cement composition may be prepared, and the thickening time measured to verify that the cement composition has the required thickening time. 
     Cement compositions described herein may generally include a hydraulic cement and water. A variety of hydraulic cements may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure, including, but not limited to, those comprising calcium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen, iron, and/or sulfur, which set and harden by reaction with water. Suitable hydraulic cements may include, but are not limited to, Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and any combination thereof. In certain examples, the hydraulic cement may include a Portland cement. In some examples, the Portland cements may include Portland cements that are classified as Classes A, C, H, and G cements according to American Petroleum Institute,  API Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements , API Specification 10, Fifth Ed., Jul. 1, 1990. In addition, hydraulic cements may include cements classified by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in C150 (Standard Specification for Portland Cement), C595 (Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement) or C1157 (Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cements) such as those cements classified as ASTM Type I, II, or III. The hydraulic cement may be included in the cement composition in any amount suitable for a particular composition. Without limitation, the hydraulic cement may be included in the cement compositions in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 80% by weight of dry blend in the cement composition. For example, the hydraulic cement may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, or about 80% by weight of the cement compositions. 
     The water may be from any source provided that it does not contain an excess of compounds that may undesirably affect other components in the cement compositions. For example, a cement composition may include fresh water or saltwater. Saltwater generally may include one or more dissolved salts therein and may be saturated or unsaturated as desired for a particular application. Seawater or brines may be suitable for use in some examples. Further, the water may be present in an amount sufficient to form a pumpable slurry. In certain examples, the water may be present in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 33% to about 200% by weight of the cementitious materials. For example, the water cement may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 33%, about 50%, about 75%, about 100%, about 125%, about 150%, about 175%, or about 200% by weight of the cementitious materials. The cementitious materials referenced may include all components which contribute to the compressive strength of the cement composition such as the hydraulic cement and supplementary cementitious materials, for example. 
     As mentioned above, the cement composition may include supplementary cementitious materials. The supplementary cementitious material may be any material that contributes to the compressive strength of the cement composition. Some supplementary cementitious materials may include, without limitation, fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, pozzolans, kiln dust, and clays, for example. Although only some supplementary cementitious materials are disclosed herein, one of ordinary skill in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure, should be able to readily recognize if a material may be suitable to include in a cement composition as a supplementary cementitious material. 
     The cement composition may include kiln dust as a supplementary cementitious material. “Kiln dust,” as that term is used herein, refers to a solid material generated as a by-product of the heating of certain materials in kilns. The term “kiln dust” as used herein is intended to include kiln dust made as described herein and equivalent forms of kiln dust. Depending on its source, kiln dust may exhibit cementitious properties in that it can set and harden in the presence of water. Examples of suitable kiln dusts include cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, and combinations thereof. Cement kiln dust may be generated as a by-product of cement production that is removed from the gas stream and collected, for example, in a dust collector. Usually, large quantities of cement kiln dust are collected in the production of cement that are commonly disposed of as waste. The chemical analysis of the cement kiln dust from various cement manufactures varies depending on a number of factors, including the particular kiln feed, the efficiencies of the cement production operation, and the associated dust collection systems. Cement kiln dust generally may include a variety of oxides, such as SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, SO 3 , Na 2 O, and K 2 O. The chemical analysis of lime kiln dust from various lime manufacturers varies depending on several factors, including the particular limestone or dolomitic limestone feed, the type of kiln, the mode of operation of the kiln, the efficiencies of the lime production operation, and the associated dust collection systems. Lime kiln dust generally may include varying amounts of free lime and free magnesium, lime stone, and/or dolomitic limestone and a variety of oxides, such as SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, SO 3 , Na 2 O, and K 2 O, and other components, such as chlorides. A cement kiln dust may be added to the cement composition prior to, concurrently with, or after activation. Cement kiln dust may include a partially calcined kiln feed which is removed from the gas stream and collected in a dust collector during the manufacture of cement. The chemical analysis of CKD from various cement manufactures varies depending on a number of factors, including the particular kiln feed, the efficiencies of the cement production operation, and the associated dust collection systems. CKD generally may comprise a variety of oxides, such as SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, SO 3 , Na 2 O, and K 2 O. The CKD and/or lime kiln dust may be included in examples of the cement composition in an amount suitable for a particular application. 
     In some examples, the cement composition may further include one or more of slag, natural glass, shale, amorphous silica, or metakaolin as a supplementary cementitious material. Slag is generally a granulated, blast furnace by-product from the production of cast iron including the oxidized impurities found in iron ore. The cement may further include shale. A variety of shales may be suitable, including those including silicon, aluminum, calcium, and/or magnesium. Examples of suitable shales include vitrified shale and/or calcined shale. In some examples, the cement composition may further include amorphous silica as a supplementary cementitious material. Amorphous silica is a powder that may be included in embodiments to increase cement compressive strength. Amorphous silica is generally a byproduct of a ferrosilicon production process, wherein the amorphous silica may be formed by oxidation and condensation of gaseous silicon suboxide, SiO, which is formed as an intermediate during the process 
     In some examples, the cement composition may further include a variety of fly ashes as a supplementary cementitious material which may include fly ash classified as Class C, Class F, or Class N fly ash according to American Petroleum Institute, API Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements, API Specification 10, Fifth Ed., Jul. 1, 1990. In some examples, the cement composition may further include zeolites as supplementary cementitious materials. Zeolites are generally porous alumino-silicate minerals that may be either natural or synthetic. Synthetic zeolites are based on the same type of structural cell as natural zeolites and may comprise aluminosilicate hydrates. As used herein, the term “zeolite” refers to all natural and synthetic forms of zeolite. 
     Where used, one or more of the aforementioned supplementary cementitious materials may be present in the cement composition. For example, without limitation, one or more supplementary cementitious materials may be present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 80% by weight of the cement composition. For example, the supplementary cementitious materials may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.1%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, or about 80% by weight of the cement. 
     In some examples, the cement composition may further include hydrated lime. As used herein, the term “hydrated lime” will be understood to mean calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the hydrated lime may be provided as quicklime (calcium oxide) which hydrates when mixed with water to form the hydrated lime. The hydrated lime may be included in examples of the cement composition, for example, to form a hydraulic composition with the supplementary cementitious components. For example, the hydrated lime may be included in a supplementary cementitious material-to-hydrated-lime weight ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1 or 3:1 to about 5:1. Where present, the hydrated lime may be included in the set cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 100% by weight of the cement composition, for example. In some examples, the hydrated lime may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, about 60%, about 80%, or about 100% by weight of the cement composition. In some examples, the cementitious components present in the cement composition may consist essentially of one or more supplementary cementitious materials and the hydrated lime. For example, the cementitious components may primarily comprise the supplementary cementitious materials and the hydrated lime without any additional components (e.g., Portland cement, fly ash, slag cement) that hydraulically set in the presence of water. 
     Lime may be present in the cement composition in several; forms, including as calcium oxide and or calcium hydroxide or as a reaction product such as when Portland cement reacts with water. Alternatively, lime may be included in the cement composition by amount of silica in the cement composition. A cement composition may be designed to have a target lime to silica weight ratio. The target lime to silica ratio may be a molar ratio, molal ratio, or any other equivalent way of expressing a relative amount of silica to lime. Any suitable target time to silica weight ratio may be selected including from about 10/90 lime to silica by weight to about 40/60 lime to silica by weight. Alternatively, about 10/90 lime to silica by weight to about 20/80 lime to silica by weight, about 20/80 lime to silica by weight to about 30/70 lime to silica by weight, or about 30/70 lime to silica by weight to about 40/63 lime to silica by weight. 
     Other additives suitable for use in subterranean cementing operations also may be included in embodiments of the cement composition. Examples of such additives include, but are not limited to: weighting agents, lightweight additives, gas-generating additives, mechanical-property-enhancing additives, lost-circulation materials, filtration-control additives, fluid-loss-control additives, defoaming agents, foaming agents, thixotropic additives, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, one or more of these additives may be added to the cement composition after storing but prior to the placement of a cement composition into a subterranean formation. In some examples, the cement composition may further include a dispersant. Examples of suitable dispersants include, without limitation, sulfonated-formaldehyde-based dispersants (e.g., sulfonated acetone formaldehyde condensate) or polycarboxylated ether dispersants. In some examples, the dispersant may be included in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the cementitious materials. In specific examples, the dispersant may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of the cementitious materials. 
     In some examples, the cement composition may further include a set retarder. A broad variety of set retarders may be suitable for use in the cement compositions. For example, the set retarder may comprise phosphonic acids, such as ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid), diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), etc.; lignosulfonates, such as sodium lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, etc.; salts such as stannous sulfate, lead acetate, monobasic calcium phosphate, organic acids, such as citric acid, tartaric acid, etc.; cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC) and carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC); synthetic co- or ter-polymers comprising sulfonate and carboxylic acid groups such as sulfonate-functionalized acrylamide-acrylic acid co-polymers; borate compounds such as alkali borates, sodium metaborate, sodium tetraborate, potassium pentaborate; derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable set retarders include, among others, phosphonic acid derivatives. Generally, the set retarder may be present in the cement composition in an amount sufficient to delay the setting for a desired time. In some examples, the set retarder may be present in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials. In specific examples, the set retarder may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, or about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials. 
     In some examples, the cement composition may further include an accelerator. A broad variety of accelerators may be suitable for use in the cement compositions. For example, the accelerator may include, but are not limited to, aluminum sulfate, alums, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium nitrite, calcium formate, calcium sulphoaluminate, calcium sulfate, gypsum-hemihydrate, sodium aluminate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, ferric chloride, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the accelerators may be present in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials. In specific examples, the accelerators may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, or about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials. 
     Cement compositions generally should have a density suitable for a particular application. By way of example, the cement composition may have a density in the range of from about 8 pounds per gallon (“ppg”) (959 kg/m 3 ) to about 20 ppg (2397 kg/m 3 ), or about 8 ppg to about 12 ppg (1437. kg/m 3 ), or about 12 ppg to about 16 ppg (1917.22 kg/m 3 ), or about 16 ppg to about 20 ppg, or any ranges therebetween. Examples of the cement compositions may be foamed or unfoamed or may comprise other means to reduce their densities, such as hollow microspheres, low-density elastic beads, or other density-reducing additives known in the art. 
     The cement slurries disclosed herein may be used in a variety of subterranean applications, including primary and remedial cementing. The cement slurries may be introduced into a subterranean formation and allowed to set. In primary cementing applications, for example, the cement slurries may be introduced into the annular space between a conduit located in a wellbore and the walls of the wellbore (and/or a larger conduit in the wellbore), wherein the wellbore penetrates the subterranean formation. The cement slurry may be allowed to set in the annular space to form an annular sheath of hardened cement. The cement slurry may form a barrier that prevents the migration of fluids in the wellbore. The cement composition may also, for example, support the conduit in the wellbore. In remedial cementing applications, the cement compositions may be used, for example, in squeeze cementing operations or in the placement of cement plugs. By way of example, the cement compositions may be placed in a wellbore to plug an opening (e.g., a void or crack) in the formation, in a gravel pack, in the conduit, in the cement sheath, and/or between the cement sheath and the conduit (e.g., a micro annulus). 
     Reference is now made to  FIG. 2 , illustrating use of a cement slurry  200 . Cement slurry  200  may comprise any of the components described herein. Cement slurry  200  may be designed, for example, using the thickening time models describe herein. Cement slurry  200  may be placed into a subterranean formation  205  in accordance with example systems, methods and cement slurries. As illustrated, a wellbore  210  may be drilled into the subterranean formation  205 . While wellbore  210  is shown extending generally vertically into the subterranean formation  205 , the principles described herein are also applicable to wellbores that extend at an angle through the subterranean formation  205 , such as horizontal and slanted wellbores. As illustrated, the wellbore  210  comprises walls  215 . In the illustration, casing  230  may be cemented to the walls  215  of the wellbore  210  by cement sheath  220 . In the illustration, one or more additional conduits (e.g., intermediate casing, production casing, liners, etc.), shown here as casing  230  may also be disposed in the wellbore  210 . As illustrated, there is a wellbore annulus  235  formed between the casing  230  and the walls  215  of the wellbore  210 . One or more centralizers  240  may be attached to the casing  230 , for example, to centralize the casing  230  in the wellbore  210  prior to and during the cementing operation. The cement slurry  200  may be pumped down the interior of the casing  230 . The cement slurry  200  may be allowed to flow down the interior of the casing  230  through the casing shoe  245  at the bottom of the casing  230  and up around the casing  230  into the wellbore annulus  235 . The cement slurry  200  may be allowed to set in the wellbore annulus  235 , for example, to form a cement sheath that supports and positions the casing  230  in the wellbore  210 . While not illustrated, other techniques may also be utilized for introduction of the cement slurry  200 . By way of example, reverse circulation techniques may be used that include introducing the cement slurry  200  into the subterranean formation  205  by way of the wellbore annulus  235  instead of through the casing  230 . As it is introduced, the cement slurry  200  may displace other fluids  250 , such as drilling fluids and/or spacer fluids that may be present in the interior of the casing  230  and/or the wellbore annulus  235 . While not illustrated, at least a portion of the displaced fluids  250  may exit the wellbore annulus  235  via a flow line and be deposited, for example, in one or more retention pits. A bottom plug  255  may be introduced into the wellbore  210  ahead of the cement slurry  200 , for example, to separate the cement slurry  200  from the fluids  250  that may be inside the casing  230  prior to cementing. After the bottom plug  255  reaches the landing collar  280 , a diaphragm or other suitable device should rupture to allow the cement slurry  200  through the bottom plug  255 . The bottom plug  255  is shown on the landing collar  280 . In the illustration, a top plug  285  may be introduced into the wellbore  210  behind the cement slurry  200 . The top plug  260  may separate the cement slurry  200  from a displacement fluid  265  and also push the cement slurry  200  through the bottom plug  255 . 
     The following statements may describe certain embodiments of the disclosure but should be read to be limiting to any particular embodiment. 
     Statement 1. A method of designing a cement slurry comprising: (a) selecting at least a cement and concentration thereof, a water and concentration thereof, and one or more chemical additives concentration thereof such that a cement slurry formed from the cement, one or more chemical additives, and the water meet a density requirement; (b) calculating a thickening time of the cement slurry at the wellbore temperature using a thickening time model; (c) comparing the thickening time of the cement slurry to a thickening time requirement and performing steps (a)-(c) if the thickening time of the cement slurry does not meet or exceed the thickening time requirement, wherein the step of selecting comprises selecting different concentrations and/or different chemical identities for the cement and/or one or the more chemical additives than previously selected, or performing step (d) if the thickening time of the cement slurry meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and (d) preparing the cement slurry. 
     Statement 2. The method of claim  1  wherein the cement is selected from the group consisting of Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and combinations thereof. 
     Statement 3. The method of claim  1  wherein the one or more chemical additives is selected from the group consisting of cement set retarders, cement accelerators, and combinations thereof. 
     Statement 4. The method of claim  1  wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: 
               T   ⁢   T     =     T   ⁢     T   0     ⁢     exp   ⁡     (         -   E     R     ⁢     (       1     T   ref       -     1   T       )       )               
where TT is the thickening time, TT 0  is characteristic thickening time, T ref  is a reference temperature, E is effective activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is temperature.
 
     Statement 5. The method of claim  4  wherein T is a wellbore temperature profile. 
     Statement 6. The method of claim  4  wherein the activation energy comprises the following equation: 
             E   =           ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢       E   i     ⁢     m   i         +       E   w     ⁢   W             ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢     m   i       +   w             
where E i  is the activation energy of the i th  component of the cement slurry with concentration m i , w is the water content, and E w  is activation energy associated with respect to water.
 
     Statement 7. A method comprising: preparing a slurry comprising a cement, a supplementary cementitious material, water, and a chemical additive; measuring a thickening time of the slurry; and calculating an activation energy of the chemical additive or the supplementary cementitious material using a thickening time model and the thickening time of the slurry. 
     Statement 8. The method of claim  7  wherein the cement is selected from the group consisting of Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and combinations thereof. 
     Statement 9. The method of claim  7  wherein the supplementary cementitious material is selected from the group consisting of fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, pozzolans, kiln dust, clays, and combinations thereof and the chemical additive is selected from the group consisting cement set retarders, cement accelerators, and combinations thereof. 
     Statement 10. The method of claim  7  wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: 
             TT   =       TT   0     ⁢           ⁢     exp   ⁡     (         -   E     R     ⁢     (       1     T   Ref       -     1   T       )       )               
where TT is the thickening time, TT 0  is characteristic thickening time, T ref  is a reference temperature, E is effective activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is temperature.
 
     Statement 11. The method of claim  7  wherein T is a wellbore temperature profile. 
     Statement 12. The method of claim  7  wherein the effective activation energy comprises the following equation: 
             E   =           ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢       E   i     ⁢     m   i         +       E   w     ⁢   W             ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢     m   i       +   w             
where E i  is the activation energy of the i th  component of the cement slurry with concentration m i , w is the water content, and E w  is activation energy associated with respect to water.
 
     Statement 13. The method of claim  7  further comprising: (a) selecting at least a cement and concentration thereof, a water and concentration thereof, and one or more chemical additives concentration thereof such that a second cement slurry formed from the cement, one or more chemical additives, and the water meet a density requirement; (b) calculating a thickening time of the second cement slurry at the wellbore temperature using a thickening time model; (c) comparing the thickening time of the second cement slurry to a thickening time requirement and performing steps (a)-(c) if the thickening time of the cement slurry does not meet or exceed the thickening time requirement, wherein the step of selecting comprises selecting different concentrations and/or different chemical identities for the cement and/or one or the more chemical additives than previously selected, or performing step (d) if the thickening time of the cement slurry meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and (d) preparing the second cement slurry. 
     Statement 14. The method of claim  13  wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: 
             TT   =       TT   0     ⁢           ⁢     exp   ⁡     (         -   E     R     ⁢     (       1     T   Ref       -     1   T       )       )               
where TT is the thickening time, TT 0  is characteristic thickening time, T ref  is a reference temperature, E is effective activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is temperature.
 
     Statement 15. The method of claim  13  wherein T is a wellbore temperature profile. 
     Statement 16. The method of claim  13  wherein the activation energy comprises the following equation: 
             E   =           ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢       E   i     ⁢     m   i         +       E   w     ⁢   W             ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢     m   i       +   w             
where E i  is the activation energy of the i th  component of the cement slurry with concentration m i , w is the water content, and E w  is activation energy associated with respect to water.
 
     Statement 17. A method comprising: selecting, using a thickening time model, at least a cement and concentration thereof, at least one supplementary cementitious material and concentration thereof, a water and concentration thereof, and a chemical additive and concentration thereof such that a slurry formed from the cement and concentration thereof, the at least one supplementary cementitious material and concentration thereof, the water and concentration thereof, and the chemical additive and concentration thereof meets or exceeds a thickening time requirement; and preparing the cement slurry. 
     Statement 18. The method of claim  17  wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: 
             TT   =       TT   0     ⁢           ⁢     exp   ⁡     (         -   E     R     ⁢     (       1     T   Ref       -     1   T       )       )               
where TT is the thickening time, TT 0  is characteristic thickening time, T ref  is a reference temperature, E is effective activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is temperature.
 
     Statement 19. The method of claim  17  wherein T is a wellbore temperature profile. 
     Statement 20. The method of claim  17  wherein the activation energy comprises the following equation: 
             E   =           ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢       E   i     ⁢     m   i         +       E   w     ⁢   W             ∑   i     ⁢           ⁢     m   i       +   w             
where E is the activation energy of the i th  component of the cement slurry with concentration m i , w is the water content, and E w  is activation energy associated with respect to water.
 
     The disclosed cement compositions and associated methods may directly or indirectly affect any pumping systems, which representatively includes any conduits, pipelines, trucks, tubulars, and/or pipes which may be coupled to the pump and/or any pumping systems and may be used to fluidically convey the cement compositions downhole, any pumps, compressors, or motors (e.g., topside or downhole) used to drive the cement compositions into motion, any valves or related joints used to regulate the pressure or flow rate of the cement compositions, and any sensors (i.e., pressure, temperature, flow rate, etc.), gauges, and/or combinations thereof, and the like. The cement compositions may also directly or indirectly affect any mixing hoppers and retention pits and their assorted variations. 
     It should be understood that the compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the elements that it introduces. 
     For the sake of brevity, only certain ranges are explicitly disclosed herein. However, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, as well as, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, in the same way, ranges from any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited. Additionally, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range are specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values even if not explicitly recited. Thus, every point or individual value may serve as its own lower or upper limit combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper limit, to recite a range not explicitly recited. 
     Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular examples disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Although individual examples are discussed, the disclosure covers all combinations of all those examples. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative examples disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent(s) or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted.