Patent Publication Number: US-2021192914-A1

Title: Surgical hub and modular device response adjustment based on situational awareness

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,243, titled SURGICAL HUB AND MODULAR DEVICE RESPONSE ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed on Nov. 6, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206542, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,177, titled AUTOMATED DATA SCALING, ALIGNMENT, AND ORGANIZING BASED ON PREDEFINED PARAMETERS WITHIN A SURGICAL NETWORK BEFORE TRANSMISSION, filed on Sep. 10, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,243, titled SURGICAL HUB AND MODULAR DEVICE RESPONSE ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed on Nov. 6, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206542, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,747, titled SMART ACTIVATION OF AN ENERGY DEVICE BY ANOTHER DEVICE, filed on Jun. 30, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,748, titled SMART ENERGY ARCHITECTURE, filed on Jun. 30, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,768, titled SMART ENERGY DEVICES, filed on Jun. 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,243, titled SURGICAL HUB AND MODULAR DEVICE RESPONSE ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed on Nov. 6, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206542, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/659,900, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed on Apr. 19, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,243, titled SURGICAL HUB AND MODULAR DEVICE RESPONSE ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed on Nov. 6, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206542, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/650,898 filed on Mar. 30, 2018, titled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,887, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES, filed Mar. 30, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,882, titled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Mar. 30, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,877, titled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS, filed Mar. 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,243, titled SURGICAL HUB AND MODULAR DEVICE RESPONSE ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed on Nov. 6, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206542, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/640,417, titled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, filed Mar. 8, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/640,415, titled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, filed Mar. 8, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,243, titled SURGICAL HUB AND MODULAR DEVICE RESPONSE ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed on Nov. 6, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206542, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,340, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 28, 2017, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,339, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     The present disclosure relates to various surgical systems. Surgical procedures are typically performed in surgical operating theaters or rooms in a healthcare facility such as, for example, a hospital. A sterile field is typically created around the patient. The sterile field may include the scrubbed team members, who are properly attired, and all furniture and fixtures in the area. Various surgical devices and systems are utilized in performance of a surgical procedure. 
     Furthermore, in the Digital and Information Age, medical systems and facilities are often slower to implement systems or procedures utilizing newer and improved technologies due to patient safety and a general desire for maintaining traditional practices. However, often times medical systems and facilities may lack communication and shared knowledge with other neighboring or similarly situated facilities as a result. To improve patient practices, it would be desirable to find ways to help interconnect medical systems and facilities better. 
     SUMMARY 
     In various embodiments, a surgical system for use in a surgical procedure is disclosed that includes a modular device, at least one data source, and a surgical hub configured to communicably couple to the at least one data source and the modular device. The surgical hub includes a control circuit configured to receive data from the at least one data source. The data is determinative of a progress status the surgical procedure. The control circuit is further configured to adjust a response to a sensed parameter based on the progress status. 
     In various embodiments, a surgical hub for use in a surgical procedure is disclosed, wherein the surgical hub is configured to communicably couple to at least one data source. The surgical hub includes a control circuit configured to receive data from the at least one data source. The data is determinative of a progress status the surgical procedure. The control circuit is further configured to adjust a response to a sensed parameter based on the progress status. 
     In various embodiments, a surgical hub for use in a surgical procedure is disclosed, wherein the surgical hub is configured to communicably couple to at least one data source. The surgical hub includes a control circuit configured to receive data from the at least one data source. The data is determinative of a situational parameter of the surgical procedure. The control circuit is further configured to adjust a response to a sensed parameter based on the determined situational parameter. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       The various aspects described herein, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows. 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram of a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  is a surgical system being used to perform a surgical procedure in an operating room, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  is a surgical hub paired with a visualization system, a robotic system, and an intelligent instrument, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  is a partial perspective view of a surgical hub enclosure, and of a combo generator module slidably receivable in a drawer of the surgical hub enclosure, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  is a perspective view of a combo generator module with bipolar, ultrasonic, and monopolar contacts and a smoke evacuation component, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates individual power bus attachments for a plurality of lateral docking ports of a lateral modular housing configured to receive a plurality of modules, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a vertical modular housing configured to receive a plurality of modules, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a surgical data network comprising a modular communication hub configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating theaters of a healthcare facility, or any room in a healthcare facility specially equipped for surgical operations, to the cloud, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates a surgical hub comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates one aspect of a Universal Serial Bus (USB) network hub device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  is a block diagram of a cloud computing system comprising a plurality of smart surgical instruments coupled to surgical hubs that may connect to the cloud component of the cloud computing system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13  is a functional module architecture of a cloud computing system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates a diagram of a situationally aware surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 15  is a timeline depicting situational awareness of a surgical hub, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 16  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for adjusting surgical hub responses, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 17  is a timeline of an illustrative surgical procedure and the corresponding information inferred by a surgical hub during the procedure, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 18  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for selecting operational modes of a surgical hub, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 19  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for determining whether a surgical procedure is underway, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 20  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for determining whether surgery is in progress, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 21  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for responding to sensed parameters, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for adjusting operational parameters of a surgical stapler in the event of a detected security fault, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 23  also depicts various examples of responding to sensed parameters based on a determined situational parameter, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 24  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for assessing operational fitness of a modular device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 25  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for generating suitable responses to unauthorized interactions with a modular device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 26  is schematic diagram illustrating multiple components of a modular device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 27  is a logic flow diagram of a process depicting a control program or a logic configuration for generating suitable responses to unauthorized interactions with a modular device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DESCRIPTION 
     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Nov. 6, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,224, titled SURGICAL NETWORK, INSTRUMENT, AND CLOUD RESPONSES BASED ON VALIDATION OF RECEIVED DATASET AND AUTHENTICATION OF ITS SOURCE AND INTEGRITY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0205441;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,230, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM FOR PRESENTING INFORMATION INTERPRETED FROM EXTERNAL DATA, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200980;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,233, titled MODIFICATION OF SURGICAL SYSTEMS CONTROL PROGRAMS BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201123;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,239, titled ADJUSTMENT OF DEVICE CONTROL PROGRAMS BASED ON STRATIFIED CONTEXTUAL DATA IN ADDITION TO THE DATA, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201124;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,248, titled DETECTION AND ESCALATION OF SECURITY RESPONSES OF SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS TO INCREASING SEVERITY THREATS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206216;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,251, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEM, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201125;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,260, titled AUTOMATED DATA SCALING, ALIGNMENT, AND ORGANIZING BASED ON PREDEFINED PARAMETERS WITHIN SURGICAL NETWORKS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206576;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,267, titled SENSING THE PATIENT POSITION AND CONTACT UTILIZING THE MONO-POLAR RETURN PAD ELECTRODE TO PROVIDE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS TO A SURGICAL NETWORK, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201128;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,249, titled POWERED SURGICAL TOOL WITH PREDEFINED ADJUSTABLE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR CONTROLLING END EFFECTOR PARAMETER, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201081;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,246, titled ADJUSTMENTS BASED ON AIRBORNE PARTICLE PROPERTIES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0204201;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,256, titled ADJUSTMENT OF A SURGICAL DEVICE FUNCTION BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201127;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,242, titled REAL-TIME ANALYSIS OF COMPREHENSIVE COST OF ALL INSTRUMENTATION USED IN SURGERY UTILIZING DATA FLUIDITY TO TRACK INSTRUMENTS THROUGH STOCKING AND IN-HOUSE PROCESSES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206556;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,255, titled USAGE AND TECHNIQUE ANALYSIS OF SURGEON/STAFF PERFORMANCE AGAINST A BASELINE TO OPTIMIZE DEVICE UTILIZATION AND PERFORMANCE FOR BOTH CURRENT AND FUTURE PROCEDURES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201126;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,269, titled IMAGE CAPTURING OF THE AREAS OUTSIDE THE ABDOMEN TO IMPROVE PLACEMENT AND CONTROL OF A SURGICAL DEVICE IN USE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201129;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,278, titled COMMUNICATION OF DATA WHERE A SURGICAL NETWORK IS USING CONTEXT OF THE DATA AND REQUIREMENTS OF A RECEIVING SYSTEM/USER TO INFLUENCE INCLUSION OR LINKAGE OF DATA AND METADATA TO ESTABLISH CONTINUITY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201130;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,290, titled SURGICAL NETWORK RECOMMENDATIONS FROM REAL TIME ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURE VARIABLES AGAINST A BASELINE HIGHLIGHTING DIFFERENCES FROM THE OPTIMAL SOLUTION, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201102;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,232, titled CONTROL OF A SURGICAL SYSTEM THROUGH A SURGICAL BARRIER, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201158;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,227, titled SURGICAL NETWORK DETERMINATION OF PRIORITIZATION OF COMMUNICATION, INTERACTION, OR PROCESSING BASED ON SYSTEM OR DEVICE NEEDS, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,892,995;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,231, titled WIRELESS PAIRING OF A SURGICAL DEVICE WITH ANOTHER DEVICE WITHIN A STERILE SURGICAL FIELD BASED ON THE USAGE AND SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF DEVICES, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,758,310;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,229, titled ADJUSTMENT OF STAPLE HEIGHT OF AT LEAST ONE ROW OF STAPLES BASED ON THE SENSED TISSUE THICKNESS OR FORCE IN CLOSING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200996;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,234, titled STAPLING DEVICE WITH BOTH COMPULSORY AND DISCRETIONARY LOCKOUTS BASED ON SENSED PARAMETERS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200997;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,240, titled POWERED STAPLING DEVICE CONFIGURED TO ADJUST FORCE, ADVANCEMENT SPEED, AND OVERALL STROKE OF CUTTING MEMBER BASED ON SENSED PARAMETER OF FIRING OR CLAMPING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201034;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,235, titled VARIATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY AND ULTRASONIC POWER LEVEL IN COOPERATION WITH VARYING CLAMP ARM PRESSURE TO ACHIEVE PREDEFINED HEAT FLUX OR POWER APPLIED TO TISSUE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201044; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/182,238, titled ULTRASONIC ENERGY DEVICE WHICH VARIES PRESSURE APPLIED BY CLAMP ARM TO PROVIDE THRESHOLD CONTROL PRESSURE AT A CUT PROGRESSION LOCATION, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201080.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Sep. 10, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,183, titled A CONTROL FOR A SURGICAL NETWORK OR SURGICAL NETWORK CONNECTED DEVICE THAT ADJUSTS ITS FUNCTION BASED ON A SENSED SITUATION OR USAGE;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,177, titled AUTOMATED DATA SCALING, ALIGNMENT, AND ORGANIZING BASED ON PREDEFINED PARAMETERS WITHIN A SURGICAL NETWORK BEFORE TRANSMISSION;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,176, titled INDIRECT COMMAND AND CONTROL OF A FIRST OPERATING ROOM SYSTEM THROUGH THE USE OF A SECOND OPERATING ROOM SYSTEM WITHIN A STERILE FIELD WHERE THE SECOND OPERATING ROOM SYSTEM HAS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OPERATING MODES;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,185, titled POWERED STAPLING DEVICE THAT IS CAPABLE OF ADJUSTING FORCE, ADVANCEMENT SPEED, AND OVERALL STROKE OF CUTTING MEMBER OF THE DEVICE BASED ON SENSED PARAMETER OF FIRING OR CLAMPING;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,184, titled POWERED SURGICAL TOOL WITH A PREDEFINED ADJUSTABLE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR CONTROLLING AT LEAST ONE END EFFECTOR PARAMETER AND A MEANS FOR LIMITING THE ADJUSTMENT;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,182, titled SENSING THE PATIENT POSITION AND CONTACT UTILIZING THE MONO POLAR RETURN PAD ELECTRODE TO PROVIDE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS TO THE HUB;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,191, titled SURGICAL NETWORK RECOMMENDATIONS FROM REAL TIME ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURE VARIABLES AGAINST A BASELINE HIGHLIGHTING DIFFERENCES FROM THE OPTIMAL SOLUTION;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,195, titled ULTRASONIC ENERGY DEVICE WHICH VARIES PRESSURE APPLIED BY CLAMP ARM TO PROVIDE THRESHOLD CONTROL PRESSURE AT A CUT PROGRESSION LOCATION; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,186, titled WIRELESS PAIRING OF A SURGICAL DEVICE WITH ANOTHER DEVICE WITHIN A STERILE SURGICAL FIELD BASED ON THE USAGE AND SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF DEVICES.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Aug. 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,214, titled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201073;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,205, titled TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201036;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,233, titled RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY DEVICE FOR DELIVERING COMBINED ELECTRICAL SIGNALS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201091;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,208, titled CONTROLLING AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO TISSUE LOCATION, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201037;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,220, titled CONTROLLING ACTIVATION OF AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO THE PRESENCE OF TISSUE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201040;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,232, titled DETERMINING TISSUE COMPOSITION VIA AN ULTRASONIC SYSTEM, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201038;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,239, titled DETERMINING THE STATE OF AN ULTRASONIC ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY SHIFT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201042;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,247, titled DETERMINING THE STATE OF AN ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0274716;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,211, titled SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201039;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,226, titled MECHANISMS FOR CONTROLLING DIFFERENT ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS OF AN ELECTROSURGICAL INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201075;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,240, titled DETECTION OF END EFFECTOR IMMERSION IN LIQUID, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201043;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,249, titled INTERRUPTION OF ENERGY DUE TO INADVERTENT CAPACITIVE COUPLING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201077;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,256, titled INCREASING RADIO FREQUENCY TO CREATE PAD-LESS MONOPOLAR LOOP, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201092;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,223, titled BIPOLAR COMBINATION DEVICE THAT AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS PRESSURE BASED ON ENERGY MODALITY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201074; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/115,238, titled ACTIVATION OF ENERGY DEVICES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201041.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Aug. 23, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,995, titled CONTROLLING AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO TISSUE LOCATION;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,998, titled SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEMS;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,999, titled INTERRUPTION OF ENERGY DUE TO INADVERTENT CAPACITIVE COUPLING;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,994, titled BIPOLAR COMBINATION DEVICE THAT AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS PRESSURE BASED ON ENERGY MODALITY; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,996, titled RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY DEVICE FOR DELIVERING COMBINED ELECTRICAL SIGNALS.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Jun. 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,747, titled SMART ACTIVATION OF AN ENERGY DEVICE BY ANOTHER DEVICE;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,748, titled SMART ENERGY ARCHITECTURE; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,768, titled SMART ENERGY DEVICES.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Jun. 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,090, titled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201090;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,057, titled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,695,081;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,067, titled SYSTEMS FOR ADJUSTING END EFFECTOR PARAMETERS BASED ON PERIOPERATIVE INFORMATION, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,595,887;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,075, titled SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR SMART POWERED SURGICAL STAPLING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201146;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,083, titled SAFETY SYSTEMS FOR SMART POWERED SURGICAL STAPLING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200984;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,094, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING END EFFECTOR TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IRREGULARITIES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201020;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,138, titled SYSTEMS FOR DETECTING PROXIMITY OF SURGICAL END EFFECTOR TO CANCEROUS TISSUE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200985;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,150, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT CARTRIDGE SENSOR ASSEMBLIES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200986;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,160, titled VARIABLE OUTPUT CARTRIDGE SENSOR ASSEMBLY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200987;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,124, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201079;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,132, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE CIRCUIT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201021;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,141, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT WITH A TISSUE MARKING ASSEMBLY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201159;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,162, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH PRIORITIZED DATA TRANSMISSION CAPABILITIES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200988;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,066, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND MOTOR CONTROL, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201082;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,096, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSOR ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201083;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,116, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION FLOW PATHS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201084;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,149, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND GENERATOR CONTROL, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201085;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,180, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND DISPLAY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201086;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,245, titled COMMUNICATION OF SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS TO HUB OR CLOUD IN SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,755,813;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,258, titled SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM INCLUDING A SEGMENTED CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201087;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,265, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SYSTEM WITH A COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A FILTER AND A SMOKE EVACUATION DEVICE, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,898,622; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/024,273, titled DUAL IN-SERIES LARGE AND SMALL DROPLET FILTERS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201597.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Jun. 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/691,228, titled A METHOD OF USING REINFORCED FLEX CIRCUITS WITH MULTIPLE SENSORS WITH ELECTROSURGICAL DEVICES;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/691,227, titled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/691,230, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/691,219, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND MOTOR CONTROL;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/691,257, titled COMMUNICATION OF SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS TO HUB OR CLOUD IN SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/691,262, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SYSTEM WITH A COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A FILTER AND A SMOKE EVACUATION DEVICE; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/691,251, titled DUAL IN-SERIES LARGE AND SMALL DROPLET FILTERS.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Application, filed on Apr. 19, 2018, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/659,900, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/650,898 filed on Mar. 30, 2018, titled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,887, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,882, titled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/650,877, titled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. patent applications, filed on Mar. 29, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,641, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,944,728;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,648, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH CONDITION HANDLING OF DEVICES AND DATA CAPABILITIES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206004;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,656, titled SURGICAL HUB COORDINATION OF CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION OF OPERATING ROOM DEVICES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201141;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,666, titled SPATIAL AWARENESS OF SURGICAL HUBS IN OPERATING ROOMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206551;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,670, titled COOPERATIVE UTILIZATION OF DATA DERIVED FROM SECONDARY SOURCES BY INTELLIGENT SURGICAL HUBS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201116;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,677, titled SURGICAL HUB CONTROL ARRANGEMENTS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201143;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,632, titled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0205566;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,640, titled COMMUNICATION HUB AND STORAGE DEVICE FOR STORING PARAMETERS AND STATUS OF A SURGICAL DEVICE TO BE SHARED WITH CLOUD BASED ANALYTICS SYSTEMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200863;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,645, titled SELF DESCRIBING DATA PACKETS GENERATED AT AN ISSUING INSTRUMENT, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,892,899;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,649, titled DATA PAIRING TO INTERCONNECT A DEVICE MEASURED PARAMETER WITH AN OUTCOME, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0205567;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,654, titled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201140;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,663, titled SURGICAL SYSTEM DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201033;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,668, titled AGGREGATION AND REPORTING OF SURGICAL HUB DATA, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201115;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,671, titled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201104;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,686, titled DISPLAY OF ALIGNMENT OF STAPLE CARTRIDGE TO PRIOR LINEAR STAPLE LINE, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201105;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,700, titled STERILE FIELD INTERACTIVE CONTROL DISPLAYS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0205001;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,629, titled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201112;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,704, titled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206050;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,722, titled CHARACTERIZATION OF TISSUE IRREGULARITIES THROUGH THE USE OF MONO-CHROMATIC LIGHT REFRACTIVITY, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200905;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,742, titled DUAL CMOS ARRAY IMAGING, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0200906;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,636, titled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206003;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,653, titled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL HUBS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201114;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,660, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206555;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,679, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR LINKING OF LOCAL USAGE TRENDS WITH THE RESOURCE ACQUISITION BEHAVIORS OF LARGER DATA SET, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,932,872;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,694, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR MEDICAL FACILITY SEGMENTED INDIVIDUALIZATION OF INSTRUMENT FUNCTION, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201119;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,634, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201138;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,706, titled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206561;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,675, titled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,849,697;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,627, titled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201111;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,637, titled COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201139;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,642, titled CONTROLS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201113;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,676, titled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201142;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,680, titled CONTROLLERS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201135;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,683, titled COOPERATIVE SURGICAL ACTIONS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019-0201145;   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,690, titled DISPLAY ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019-0201118; and   U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/940,711, titled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0201120.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,302, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,294, titled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO INTERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,300, titled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,309, titled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,310, titled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,291, titled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,296, titled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,333, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,327, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,315, titled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,313, titled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,320, titled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,307, titled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/649,323, titled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Mar. 8, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/640,417, titled TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ULTRASONIC DEVICE AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/640,415, titled ESTIMATING STATE OF ULTRASONIC END EFFECTOR AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR.       

     Applicant of the present application owns the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications, filed on Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety:
         U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM;   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,340, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS; and   U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,339, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM.       

     Before explaining various aspects of surgical devices and generators in detail, it should be noted that the illustrative examples are not limited in application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. The illustrative examples may be implemented or incorporated in other aspects, variations and modifications, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Further, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the illustrative examples for the convenience of the reader and are not for the purpose of limitation thereof. Also, it will be appreciated that one or more of the following-described aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples, can be combined with any one or more of the other following-described aspects, expressions of aspects and/or examples. 
     Surgical Hubs 
     Referring to  FIG. 1 , a computer-implemented interactive surgical system  100  includes one or more surgical systems  102  and a cloud-based system (e.g., the cloud  104  that may include a remote server  113  coupled to a storage device  105 ). Each surgical system  102  includes at least one surgical hub  106  in communication with the cloud  104  that may include a remote server  113 . In one example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , the surgical system  102  includes a visualization system  108 , a robotic system  110 , and a handheld intelligent surgical instrument  112 , which are configured to communicate with one another and/or the hub  106 . In some aspects, a surgical system  102  may include an M number of hubs  106 , an N number of visualization systems  108 , an O number of robotic systems  110 , and a P number of handheld intelligent surgical instruments  112 , where M, N, O, and P are integers greater than or equal to one. 
       FIG. 2  depicts an example of a surgical system  102  being used to perform a surgical procedure on a patient who is lying down on an operating table  114  in a surgical operating room  116 . A robotic system  110  is used in the surgical procedure as a part of the surgical system  102 . The robotic system  110  includes a surgeon&#39;s console  118 , a patient side cart  120  (surgical robot), and a surgical robotic hub  122 . The patient side cart  120  can manipulate at least one removably coupled surgical tool  117  through a minimally invasive incision in the body of the patient while the surgeon views the surgical site through the surgeon&#39;s console  118 . An image of the surgical site can be obtained by a medical imaging device  124 , which can be manipulated by the patient side cart  120  to orient the imaging device  124 . The robotic hub  122  can be used to process the images of the surgical site for subsequent display to the surgeon through the surgeon&#39;s console  118 . 
     Other types of robotic systems can be readily adapted for use with the surgical system  102 . Various examples of robotic systems and surgical tools that are suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,339, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     Various examples of cloud-based analytics that are performed by the cloud  104 , and are suitable for use with the present disclosure, are described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,340, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     In various aspects, the imaging device  124  includes at least one image sensor and one or more optical components. Suitable image sensors include, but are not limited to, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) sensors and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors. 
     The optical components of the imaging device  124  may include one or more illumination sources and/or one or more lenses. The one or more illumination sources may be directed to illuminate portions of the surgical field. The one or more image sensors may receive light reflected or refracted from the surgical field, including light reflected or refracted from tissue and/or surgical instruments. 
     The one or more illumination sources may be configured to radiate electromagnetic energy in the visible spectrum as well as the invisible spectrum. The visible spectrum, sometimes referred to as the optical spectrum or luminous spectrum, is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to (i.e., can be detected by) the human eye and may be referred to as visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths in air that are from about 380 nm to about 750 nm. 
     The invisible spectrum (i.e., the non-luminous spectrum) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies below and above the visible spectrum (i.e., wavelengths below about 380 nm and above about 750 nm). The invisible spectrum is not detectable by the human eye. Wavelengths greater than about 750 nm are longer than the red visible spectrum, and they become invisible infrared (IR), microwave, and radio electromagnetic radiation. Wavelengths less than about 380 nm are shorter than the violet spectrum, and they become invisible ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma ray electromagnetic radiation. 
     In various aspects, the imaging device  124  is configured for use in a minimally invasive procedure. Examples of imaging devices suitable for use with the present disclosure include, but not limited to, an arthroscope, angioscope, bronchoscope, choledochoscope, colonoscope, cytoscope, duodenoscope, enteroscope, esophagogastro-duodenoscope (gastroscope), endoscope, laryngoscope, nasopharyngo-neproscope, sigmoidoscope, thoracoscope, and ureteroscope. 
     In one aspect, the imaging device employs multi-spectrum monitoring to discriminate topography and underlying structures. A multi-spectral image is one that captures image data within specific wavelength ranges across the electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths may be separated by filters or by the use of instruments that are sensitive to particular wavelengths, including light from frequencies beyond the visible light range, e.g., IR and ultraviolet. Spectral imaging can allow extraction of additional information the human eye fails to capture with its receptors for red, green, and blue. The use of multi-spectral imaging is described in greater detail under the heading “Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module” in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Multi-spectrum monitoring can be a useful tool in relocating a surgical field after a surgical task is completed to perform one or more of the previously described tests on the treated tissue. 
     It is axiomatic that strict sterilization of the operating room and surgical equipment is required during any surgery. The strict hygiene and sterilization conditions required in a “surgical theater,” i.e., an operating or treatment room, necessitate the highest possible sterility of all medical devices and equipment. Part of that sterilization process is the need to sterilize anything that comes in contact with the patient or penetrates the sterile field, including the imaging device  124  and its attachments and components. It will be appreciated that the sterile field may be considered a specified area, such as within a tray or on a sterile towel, that is considered free of microorganisms, or the sterile field may be considered an area, immediately around a patient, who has been prepared for a surgical procedure. The sterile field may include the scrubbed team members, who are properly attired, and all furniture and fixtures in the area. 
     In various aspects, the visualization system  108  includes one or more imaging sensors, one or more image-processing units, one or more storage arrays, and one or more displays that are strategically arranged with respect to the sterile field, as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In one aspect, the visualization system  108  includes an interface for HL7, PACS, and EMR. Various components of the visualization system  108  are described under the heading “Advanced Imaging Acquisition Module” in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 2 , a primary display  119  is positioned in the sterile field to be visible to an operator at the operating table  114 . In addition, a visualization tower  111  is positioned outside the sterile field. The visualization tower  111  includes a first non-sterile display  107  and a second non-sterile display  109 , which face away from each other. The visualization system  108 , guided by the hub  106 , is configured to utilize the displays  107 ,  109 , and  119  to coordinate information flow to operators inside and outside the sterile field. For example, the hub  106  may cause the visualization system  108  to display a snapshot of a surgical site, as recorded by an imaging device  124 , on a non-sterile display  107  or  109 , while maintaining a live feed of the surgical site on the primary display  119 . The snapshot on the non-sterile display  107  or  109  can permit a non-sterile operator to perform a diagnostic step relevant to the surgical procedure, for example. 
     In one aspect, the hub  106  is also configured to route a diagnostic input or feedback entered by a non-sterile operator at the visualization tower  111  to the primary display  119  within the sterile field, where it can be viewed by a sterile operator at the operating table. In one example, the input can be in the form of a modification to the snapshot displayed on the non-sterile display  107  or  109 , which can be routed to the primary display  119  by the hub  106 . 
     Referring to  FIG. 2 , a surgical instrument  112  is being used in the surgical procedure as part of the surgical system  102 . The hub  106  is also configured to coordinate information flow to a display of the surgical instrument  112 . For example, coordinate information flow is further described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A diagnostic input or feedback entered by a non-sterile operator at the visualization tower  111  can be routed by the hub  106  to the surgical instrument display  115  within the sterile field, where it can be viewed by the operator of the surgical instrument  112 . Example surgical instruments that are suitable for use with the surgical system  102  are described under the heading “Surgical Instrument Hardware” in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, for example. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 3 , a hub  106  is depicted in communication with a visualization system  108 , a robotic system  110 , and a handheld intelligent surgical instrument  112 . The hub  106  includes a hub display  135 , an imaging module  138 , a generator module  140  (which can include a monopolar generator  142 , a bipolar generator  144 , and/or an ultrasonic generator  143 ), a communication module  130 , a processor module  132 , and a storage array  134 . In certain aspects, as illustrated in  FIG. 3 , the hub  106  further includes a smoke evacuation module  126 , a suction/irrigation module  128 , and/or an OR mapping module  133 . 
     During a surgical procedure, energy application to tissue, for sealing and/or cutting, is generally associated with smoke evacuation, suction of excess fluid, and/or irrigation of the tissue. Fluid, power, and/or data lines from different sources are often entangled during the surgical procedure. Valuable time can be lost addressing this issue during a surgical procedure. Detangling the lines may necessitate disconnecting the lines from their respective modules, which may require resetting the modules. The hub modular enclosure  136  offers a unified environment for managing the power, data, and fluid lines, which reduces the frequency of entanglement between such lines. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure present a surgical hub for use in a surgical procedure that involves energy application to tissue at a surgical site. The surgical hub includes a hub enclosure and a combo generator module slidably receivable in a docking station of the hub enclosure. The docking station includes data and power contacts. The combo generator module includes two or more of an ultrasonic energy generator component, a bipolar RF energy generator component, and a monopolar RF energy generator component that are housed in a single unit. In one aspect, the combo generator module also includes a smoke evacuation component, at least one energy delivery cable for connecting the combo generator module to a surgical instrument, at least one smoke evacuation component configured to evacuate smoke, fluid, and/or particulates generated by the application of therapeutic energy to the tissue, and a fluid line extending from the remote surgical site to the smoke evacuation component. 
     In one aspect, the fluid line is a first fluid line and a second fluid line extends from the remote surgical site to a suction and irrigation module slidably received in the hub enclosure. In one aspect, the hub enclosure comprises a fluid interface. 
     Certain surgical procedures may require the application of more than one energy type to the tissue. One energy type may be more beneficial for cutting the tissue, while another different energy type may be more beneficial for sealing the tissue. For example, a bipolar generator can be used to seal the tissue while an ultrasonic generator can be used to cut the sealed tissue. Aspects of the present disclosure present a solution where a hub modular enclosure  136  is configured to accommodate different generators, and facilitate an interactive communication therebetween. One of the advantages of the hub modular enclosure  136  is enabling the quick removal and/or replacement of various modules. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure present a modular surgical enclosure for use in a surgical procedure that involves energy application to tissue. The modular surgical enclosure includes a first energy-generator module, configured to generate a first energy for application to the tissue, and a first docking station comprising a first docking port that includes first data and power contacts, wherein the first energy-generator module is slidably movable into an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts and wherein the first energy-generator module is slidably movable out of the electrical engagement with the first power and data contacts, 
     Further to the above, the modular surgical enclosure also includes a second energy-generator module configured to generate a second energy, different than the first energy, for application to the tissue, and a second docking station comprising a second docking port that includes second data and power contacts, wherein the second energy-generator module is slidably movable into an electrical engagement with the power and data contacts, and wherein the second energy-generator module is slidably movable out of the electrical engagement with the second power and data contacts. 
     In addition, the modular surgical enclosure also includes a communication bus between the first docking port and the second docking port, configured to facilitate communication between the first energy-generator module and the second energy-generator module. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 3-7 , aspects of the present disclosure are presented for a hub modular enclosure  136  that allows the modular integration of a generator module  140 , a smoke evacuation module  126 , and a suction/irrigation module  128 . The hub modular enclosure  136  further facilitates interactive communication between the modules  140 ,  126 ,  128 . As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the generator module  140  can be a generator module with integrated monopolar, bipolar, and ultrasonic components supported in a single housing unit  139  slidably insertable into the hub modular enclosure  136 . As illustrated in  FIG. 5 , the generator module  140  can be configured to connect to a monopolar device  146 , a bipolar device  147 , and an ultrasonic device  148 . Alternatively, the generator module  140  may comprise a series of monopolar, bipolar, and/or ultrasonic generator modules that interact through the hub modular enclosure  136 . The hub modular enclosure  136  can be configured to facilitate the insertion of multiple generators and interactive communication between the generators docked into the hub modular enclosure  136  so that the generators would act as a single generator. 
     In one aspect, the hub modular enclosure  136  comprises a modular power and communication backplane  149  with external and wireless communication headers to enable the removable attachment of the modules  140 ,  126 ,  128  and interactive communication therebetween. 
     In one aspect, the hub modular enclosure  136  includes docking stations, or drawers,  151 , herein also referred to as drawers, which are configured to slidably receive the modules  140 ,  126 ,  128 .  FIG. 4  illustrates a partial perspective view of a surgical hub enclosure  136 , and a combo generator module  145  slidably receivable in a docking station  151  of the surgical hub enclosure  136 . A docking port  152  with power and data contacts on a rear side of the combo generator module  145  is configured to engage a corresponding docking port  150  with power and data contacts of a corresponding docking station  151  of the hub modular enclosure  136  as the combo generator module  145  is slid into position within the corresponding docking station  151  of the hub module enclosure  136 . In one aspect, the combo generator module  145  includes a bipolar, ultrasonic, and monopolar module and a smoke evacuation module integrated together into a single housing unit  139 , as illustrated in  FIG. 5 . 
     In various aspects, the smoke evacuation module  126  includes a fluid line  154  that conveys captured/collected smoke and/or fluid away from a surgical site and to, for example, the smoke evacuation module  126 . Vacuum suction originating from the smoke evacuation module  126  can draw the smoke into an opening of a utility conduit at the surgical site. The utility conduit, coupled to the fluid line, can be in the form of a flexible tube terminating at the smoke evacuation module  126 . The utility conduit and the fluid line define a fluid path extending toward the smoke evacuation module  126  that is received in the hub enclosure  136 . 
     In various aspects, the suction/irrigation module  128  is coupled to a surgical tool comprising an aspiration fluid line and a suction fluid line. In one example, the aspiration and suction fluid lines are in the form of flexible tubes extending from the surgical site toward the suction/irrigation module  128 . One or more drive systems can be configured to cause irrigation and aspiration of fluids to and from the surgical site. 
     In one aspect, the surgical tool includes a shaft having an end effector at a distal end thereof and at least one energy treatment associated with the end effector, an aspiration tube, and an irrigation tube. The aspiration tube can have an inlet port at a distal end thereof and the aspiration tube extends through the shaft. Similarly, an irrigation tube can extend through the shaft and can have an inlet port in proximity to the energy deliver implement. The energy deliver implement is configured to deliver ultrasonic and/or RF energy to the surgical site and is coupled to the generator module  140  by a cable extending initially through the shaft. 
     The irrigation tube can be in fluid communication with a fluid source, and the aspiration tube can be in fluid communication with a vacuum source. The fluid source and/or the vacuum source can be housed in the suction/irrigation module  128 . In one example, the fluid source and/or the vacuum source can be housed in the hub enclosure  136  separately from the suction/irrigation module  128 . In such example, a fluid interface can be configured to connect the suction/irrigation module  128  to the fluid source and/or the vacuum source. 
     In one aspect, the modules  140 ,  126 ,  128  and/or their corresponding docking stations on the hub modular enclosure  136  may include alignment features that are configured to align the docking ports of the modules into engagement with their counterparts in the docking stations of the hub modular enclosure  136 . For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the combo generator module  145  includes side brackets  155  that are configured to slidably engage with corresponding brackets  156  of the corresponding docking station  151  of the hub modular enclosure  136 . The brackets cooperate to guide the docking port contacts of the combo generator module  145  into an electrical engagement with the docking port contacts of the hub modular enclosure  136 . 
     In some aspects, the drawers  151  of the hub modular enclosure  136  are the same, or substantially the same size, and the modules are adjusted in size to be received in the drawers  151 . For example, the side brackets  155  and/or  156  can be larger or smaller depending on the size of the module. In other aspects, the drawers  151  are different in size and are each designed to accommodate a particular module. 
     Furthermore, the contacts of a particular module can be keyed for engagement with the contacts of a particular drawer to avoid inserting a module into a drawer with mismatching contacts. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 4 , the docking port  150  of one drawer  151  can be coupled to the docking port  150  of another drawer  151  through a communications link  157  to facilitate an interactive communication between the modules housed in the hub modular enclosure  136 . The docking ports  150  of the hub modular enclosure  136  may alternatively, or additionally, facilitate a wireless interactive communication between the modules housed in the hub modular enclosure  136 . Any suitable wireless communication can be employed, such as for example Air Titan-Bluetooth. 
       FIG. 6  illustrates individual power bus attachments for a plurality of lateral docking ports of a lateral modular housing  160  configured to receive a plurality of modules of a surgical hub  206 . The lateral modular housing  160  is configured to laterally receive and interconnect the modules  161 . The modules  161  are slidably inserted into docking stations  162  of lateral modular housing  160 , which includes a backplane for interconnecting the modules  161 . As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the modules  161  are arranged laterally in the lateral modular housing  160 . Alternatively, the modules  161  may be arranged vertically in a lateral modular housing. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates a vertical modular housing  164  configured to receive a plurality of modules  165  of the surgical hub  106 . The modules  165  are slidably inserted into docking stations, or drawers,  167  of vertical modular housing  164 , which includes a backplane for interconnecting the modules  165 . Although the drawers  167  of the vertical modular housing  164  are arranged vertically, in certain instances, a vertical modular housing  164  may include drawers that are arranged laterally. Furthermore, the modules  165  may interact with one another through the docking ports of the vertical modular housing  164 . In the example of  FIG. 7 , a display  177  is provided for displaying data relevant to the operation of the modules  165 . In addition, the vertical modular housing  164  includes a master module  178  housing a plurality of sub-modules that are slidably received in the master module  178 . 
     In various aspects, the imaging module  138  comprises an integrated video processor and a modular light source and is adapted for use with various imaging devices. In one aspect, the imaging device is comprised of a modular housing that can be assembled with a light source module and a camera module. The housing can be a disposable housing. In at least one example, the disposable housing is removably coupled to a reusable controller, a light source module, and a camera module. The light source module and/or the camera module can be selectively chosen depending on the type of surgical procedure. In one aspect, the camera module comprises a CCD sensor. In another aspect, the camera module comprises a CMOS sensor. In another aspect, the camera module is configured for scanned beam imaging. Likewise, the light source module can be configured to deliver a white light or a different light, depending on the surgical procedure. 
     During a surgical procedure, removing a surgical device from the surgical field and replacing it with another surgical device that includes a different camera or a different light source can be inefficient. Temporarily losing sight of the surgical field may lead to undesirable consequences. The module imaging device of the present disclosure is configured to permit the replacement of a light source module or a camera module midstream during a surgical procedure, without having to remove the imaging device from the surgical field. 
     In one aspect, the imaging device comprises a tubular housing that includes a plurality of channels. A first channel is configured to slidably receive the camera module, which can be configured for a snap-fit engagement with the first channel. A second channel is configured to slidably receive the light source module, which can be configured for a snap-fit engagement with the second channel. In another example, the camera module and/or the light source module can be rotated into a final position within their respective channels. A threaded engagement can be employed in lieu of the snap-fit engagement. 
     In various examples, multiple imaging devices are placed at different positions in the surgical field to provide multiple views. The imaging module  138  can be configured to switch between the imaging devices to provide an optimal view. In various aspects, the imaging module  138  can be configured to integrate the images from the different imaging device. 
     Various image processors and imaging devices suitable for use with the present disclosure are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,995,045, titled COMBINED SBI AND CONVENTIONAL IMAGE PROCESSOR, which issued on Aug. 9, 2011, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 7,982,776, titled SBI MOTION ARTIFACT REMOVAL APPARATUS AND METHOD, which issued on Jul. 19, 2011, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes various systems for removing motion artifacts from image data. Such systems can be integrated with the imaging module  138 . Furthermore, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0306840, titled CONTROLLABLE MAGNETIC SOURCE TO FIXTURE INTRACORPOREAL APPARATUS, which published on Dec. 15, 2011, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0243597, titled SYSTEM FOR PERFORMING A MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURE, which published on Aug. 28, 2014, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
       FIG. 8  illustrates a surgical data network  201  comprising a modular communication hub  203  configured to connect modular devices located in one or more operating theaters of a healthcare facility, or any room in a healthcare facility specially equipped for surgical operations, to a cloud-based system (e.g., the cloud  204  that may include a remote server  213  coupled to a storage device  205 ). In one aspect, the modular communication hub  203  comprises a network hub  207  and/or a network switch  209  in communication with a network router. The modular communication hub  203  also can be coupled to a local computer system  210  to provide local computer processing and data manipulation. The surgical data network  201  may be configured as passive, intelligent, or switching. A passive surgical data network serves as a conduit for the data, enabling it to go from one device (or segment) to another and to the cloud computing resources. An intelligent surgical data network includes additional features to enable the traffic passing through the surgical data network to be monitored and to configure each port in the network hub  207  or network switch  209 . An intelligent surgical data network may be referred to as a manageable hub or switch. A switching hub reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the correct port. 
     Modular devices  1   a - 1   n  located in the operating theater may be coupled to the modular communication hub  203 . The network hub  207  and/or the network switch  209  may be coupled to a network router  211  to connect the devices  1   a - 1   n  to the cloud  204  or the local computer system  210 . Data associated with the devices  1   a - 1   n  may be transferred to cloud-based computers via the router for remote data processing and manipulation. Data associated with the devices  1   a - 1   n  may also be transferred to the local computer system  210  for local data processing and manipulation. Modular devices  2   a - 2   m  located in the same operating theater also may be coupled to a network switch  209 . The network switch  209  may be coupled to the network hub  207  and/or the network router  211  to connect to the devices  2   a - 2   m  to the cloud  204 . Data associated with the devices  2   a - 2   n  may be transferred to the cloud  204  via the network router  211  for data processing and manipulation. Data associated with the devices  2   a - 2   m  may also be transferred to the local computer system  210  for local data processing and manipulation. 
     It will be appreciated that the surgical data network  201  may be expanded by interconnecting multiple network hubs  207  and/or multiple network switches  209  with multiple network routers  211 . The modular communication hub  203  may be contained in a modular control tower configured to receive multiple devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m . The local computer system  210  also may be contained in a modular control tower. The modular communication hub  203  is connected to a display  212  to display images obtained by some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m , for example during surgical procedures. In various aspects, the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may include, for example, various modules such as an imaging module  138  coupled to an endoscope, a generator module  140  coupled to an energy-based surgical device, a smoke evacuation module  126 , a suction/irrigation module  128 , a communication module  130 , a processor module  132 , a storage array  134 , a surgical device coupled to a display, and/or a non-contact sensor module, among other modular devices that may be connected to the modular communication hub  203  of the surgical data network  201 . 
     In one aspect, the surgical data network  201  may comprise a combination of network hub(s), network switch(es), and network router(s) connecting the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  to the cloud. Any one of or all of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  coupled to the network hub or network switch may collect data in real time and transfer the data to cloud computers for data processing and manipulation. It will be appreciated that cloud computing relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle software applications. The word “cloud” may be used as a metaphor for “the Internet,” although the term is not limited as such. Accordingly, the term “cloud computing” may be used herein to refer to “a type of Internet-based computing,” where different services—such as servers, storage, and applications—are delivered to the modular communication hub  203  and/or computer system  210  located in the surgical theater (e.g., a fixed, mobile, temporary, or field operating room or space) and to devices connected to the modular communication hub  203  and/or computer system  210  through the Internet. The cloud infrastructure may be maintained by a cloud service provider. In this context, the cloud service provider may be the entity that coordinates the usage and control of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  located in one or more operating theaters. The cloud computing services can perform a large number of calculations based on the data gathered by smart surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating theater. The hub hardware enables multiple devices or connections to be connected to a computer that communicates with the cloud computing resources and storage. 
     Applying cloud computer data processing techniques on the data collected by the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m , the surgical data network provides improved surgical outcomes, reduced costs, and improved patient satisfaction. At least some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may be employed to view tissue states to assess leaks or perfusion of sealed tissue after a tissue sealing and cutting procedure. At least some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may be employed to identify pathology, such as the effects of diseases, using the cloud-based computing to examine data including images of samples of body tissue for diagnostic purposes. This includes localization and margin confirmation of tissue and phenotypes. At least some of the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may be employed to identify anatomical structures of the body using a variety of sensors integrated with imaging devices and techniques such as overlaying images captured by multiple imaging devices. The data gathered by the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m , including image data, may be transferred to the cloud  204  or the local computer system  210  or both for data processing and manipulation including image processing and manipulation. The data may be analyzed to improve surgical procedure outcomes by determining if further treatment, such as the application of endoscopic intervention, emerging technologies, a targeted radiation, targeted intervention, and precise robotics to tissue-specific sites and conditions, may be pursued. Such data analysis may further employ outcome analytics processing, and using standardized approaches may provide beneficial feedback to either confirm surgical treatments and the behavior of the surgeon or suggest modifications to surgical treatments and the behavior of the surgeon. 
     In one implementation, the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n  may be connected to the modular communication hub  203  over a wired channel or a wireless channel depending on the configuration of the devices  1   a - 1   n  to a network hub. The network hub  207  may be implemented, in one aspect, as a local network broadcast device that works on the physical layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model. The network hub provides connectivity to the devices  1   a - 1   n  located in the same operating theater network. The network hub  207  collects data in the form of packets and sends them to the router in half duplex mode. The network hub  207  does not store any media access control/Internet Protocol (MAC/IP) to transfer the device data. Only one of the devices  1   a - 1   n  can send data at a time through the network hub  207 . The network hub  207  has no routing tables or intelligence regarding where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection and to a remote server  213  ( FIG. 9 ) over the cloud  204 . The network hub  207  can detect basic network errors such as collisions, but having all information broadcast to multiple ports can be a security risk and cause bottlenecks. 
     In another implementation, the operating theater devices  2   a - 2   m  may be connected to a network switch  209  over a wired channel or a wireless channel. The network switch  209  works in the data link layer of the OSI model. The network switch  209  is a multicast device for connecting the devices  2   a - 2   m  located in the same operating theater to the network. The network switch  209  sends data in the form of frames to the network router  211  and works in full duplex mode. Multiple devices  2   a - 2   m  can send data at the same time through the network switch  209 . The network switch  209  stores and uses MAC addresses of the devices  2   a - 2   m  to transfer data. 
     The network hub  207  and/or the network switch  209  are coupled to the network router  211  for connection to the cloud  204 . The network router  211  works in the network layer of the OSI model. The network router  211  creates a route for transmitting data packets received from the network hub  207  and/or network switch  211  to cloud-based computer resources for further processing and manipulation of the data collected by any one of or all the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m . The network router  211  may be employed to connect two or more different networks located in different locations, such as, for example, different operating theaters of the same healthcare facility or different networks located in different operating theaters of different healthcare facilities. The network router  211  sends data in the form of packets to the cloud  204  and works in full duplex mode. Multiple devices can send data at the same time. The network router  211  uses IP addresses to transfer data. 
     In one example, the network hub  207  may be implemented as a USB hub, which allows multiple USB devices to be connected to a host computer. The USB hub may expand a single USB port into several tiers so that there are more ports available to connect devices to the host system computer. The network hub  207  may include wired or wireless capabilities to receive information over a wired channel or a wireless channel. In one aspect, a wireless USB short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio communication protocol may be employed for communication between the devices  1   a - 1   n  and devices  2   a - 2   m  located in the operating theater. 
     In other examples, the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may communicate to the modular communication hub  203  via Bluetooth wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks (PANs). In other aspects, the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  may communicate to the modular communication hub  203  via a number of wireless or wired communication standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long-term evolution (LTE), and Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, and Ethernet derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless and wired protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing module may include a plurality of communication modules. For instance, a first communication module may be dedicated to shorter-range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and a second communication module may be dedicated to longer-range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others. 
     The modular communication hub  203  may serve as a central connection for one or all of the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m  and handles a data type known as frames. Frames carry the data generated by the devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m . When a frame is received by the modular communication hub  203 , it is amplified and transmitted to the network router  211 , which transfers the data to the cloud computing resources by using a number of wireless or wired communication standards or protocols, as described herein. 
     The modular communication hub  203  can be used as a standalone device or be connected to compatible network hubs and network switches to form a larger network. The modular communication hub  203  is generally easy to install, configure, and maintain, making it a good option for networking the operating theater devices  1   a - 1   n / 2   a - 2   m.    
       FIG. 9  illustrates a computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200 . The computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  is similar in many respects to the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  100 . For example, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  includes one or more surgical systems  202 , which are similar in many respects to the surgical systems  102 . Each surgical system  202  includes at least one surgical hub  206  in communication with a cloud  204  that may include a remote server  213 . In one aspect, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system  200  comprises a modular control tower  236  connected to multiple operating theater devices such as, for example, intelligent surgical instruments, robots, and other computerized devices located in the operating theater. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the modular control tower  236  comprises a modular communication hub  203  coupled to a computer system  210 . As illustrated in the example of  FIG. 9 , the modular control tower  236  is coupled to an imaging module  238  that is coupled to an endoscope  239 , a generator module  240  that is coupled to an energy device  241 , a smoke evacuator module  226 , a suction/irrigation module  228 , a communication module  230 , a processor module  232 , a storage array  234 , a smart device/instrument  235  optionally coupled to a display  237 , and a non-contact sensor module  242 . The operating theater devices are coupled to cloud computing resources and data storage via the modular control tower  236 . A robot hub  222  also may be connected to the modular control tower  236  and to the cloud computing resources. The devices/instruments  235 , visualization systems  208 , among others, may be coupled to the modular control tower  236  via wired or wireless communication standards or protocols, as described herein. The modular control tower  236  may be coupled to a hub display  215  (e.g., monitor, screen) to display and overlay images received from the imaging module, device/instrument display, and/or other visualization systems  208 . The hub display also may display data received from devices connected to the modular control tower in conjunction with images and overlaid images. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates a surgical hub  206  comprising a plurality of modules coupled to the modular control tower  236 . The modular control tower  236  comprises a modular communication hub  203 , e.g., a network connectivity device, and a computer system  210  to provide local processing, visualization, and imaging, for example. As shown in  FIG. 10 , the modular communication hub  203  may be connected in a tiered configuration to expand the number of modules (e.g., devices) that may be connected to the modular communication hub  203  and transfer data associated with the modules to the computer system  210 , cloud computing resources, or both. As shown in  FIG. 10 , each of the network hubs/switches in the modular communication hub  203  includes three downstream ports and one upstream port. The upstream network hub/switch is connected to a processor to provide a communication connection to the cloud computing resources and a local display  217 . Communication to the cloud  204  may be made either through a wired or a wireless communication channel. 
     The surgical hub  206  employs a non-contact sensor module  242  to measure the dimensions of the operating theater and generate a map of the surgical theater using either ultrasonic or laser-type non-contact measurement devices. An ultrasound-based non-contact sensor module scans the operating theater by transmitting a burst of ultrasound and receiving the echo when it bounces off the perimeter walls of an operating theater as described under the heading “Surgical Hub Spatial Awareness Within an Operating Room” in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, in which the sensor module is configured to determine the size of the operating theater and to adjust Bluetooth-pairing distance limits. A laser-based non-contact sensor module scans the operating theater by transmitting laser light pulses, receiving laser light pulses that bounce off the perimeter walls of the operating theater, and comparing the phase of the transmitted pulse to the received pulse to determine the size of the operating theater and to adjust Bluetooth pairing distance limits, for example. 
     The computer system  210  comprises a processor  244  and a network interface  245 . The processor  244  is coupled to a communication module  247 , storage  248 , memory  249 , non-volatile memory  250 , and input/output interface  251  via a system bus. The system bus can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, 9-bit bus, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Charmel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), USB, Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI), or any other proprietary bus. 
     The processor  244  may be any single-core or multicore processor such as those known under the trade name ARM Cortex by Texas Instruments. In one aspect, the processor may be an LM4F230H5QR ARM Cortex-M4F Processor Core, available from Texas Instruments, for example, comprising an on-chip memory of 256 KB single-cycle flash memory, or other non-volatile memory, up to 40 MHz, a prefetch buffer to improve performance above 40 MHz, a 32 KB single-cycle serial random access memory (SRAM), an internal read-only memory (ROM) loaded with StellarisWare® software, a 2 KB electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and/or one or more pulse width modulation (PWM) modules, one or more quadrature encoder inputs (QEI) analogs, one or more 12-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with 12 analog input channels, details of which are available for the product datasheet. 
     In one aspect, the processor  244  may comprise a safety controller comprising two controller-based families such as TMS570 and RM4x, known under the trade name Hercules ARM Cortex R4, also by Texas Instruments. The safety controller may be configured specifically for IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 safety critical applications, among others, to provide advanced integrated safety features while delivering scalable performance, connectivity, and memory options. 
     The system memory includes volatile memory and non-volatile memory. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer system, such as during start-up, is stored in non-volatile memory. For example, the non-volatile memory can include ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), EEPROM, or flash memory. Volatile memory includes random-access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. Moreover, RAM is available in many forms such as SRAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). 
     The computer system  210  also includes removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media, such as for example disk storage. The disk storage includes, but is not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-60 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. In addition, the disk storage can include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical disc drive such as a compact disc ROM device (CD-ROM), compact disc recordable drive (CD-R Drive), compact disc rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive), or a digital versatile disc ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate the connection of the disk storage devices to the system bus, a removable or non-removable interface may be employed. 
     It is to be appreciated that the computer system  210  includes software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in a suitable operating environment. Such software includes an operating system. The operating system, which can be stored on the disk storage, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer system. System applications take advantage of the management of resources by the operating system through program modules and program data stored either in the system memory or on the disk storage. It is to be appreciated that various components described herein can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems. 
     A user enters commands or information into the computer system  210  through input device(s) coupled to the I/O interface  251 . The input devices include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processor through the system bus via interface port(s). The interface port(s) include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a USB. The output device(s) use some of the same types of ports as input device(s). Thus, for example, a USB port may be used to provide input to the computer system and to output information from the computer system to an output device. An output adapter is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices like monitors, displays, speakers, and printers, among other output devices that require special adapters. The output adapters include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device and the system bus. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices, such as remote computer(s), provide both input and output capabilities. 
     The computer system  210  can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as cloud computer(s), or local computers. The remote cloud computer(s) can be a personal computer, server, router, network PC, workstation, microprocessor-based appliance, peer device, or other common network node, and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer system. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device is illustrated with the remote computer(s). The remote computer(s) is logically connected to the computer system through a network interface and then physically connected via a communication connection. The network interface encompasses communication networks such as local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 802.3, Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit-switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet-switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). 
     In various aspects, the computer system  210  of  FIG. 10 , the imaging module  238  and/or visualization system  208 , and/or the processor module  232  of  FIGS. 9-10 , may comprise an image processor, image-processing engine, media processor, or any specialized digital signal processor (DSP) used for the processing of digital images. The image processor may employ parallel computing with single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) or multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) technologies to increase speed and efficiency. The digital image-processing engine can perform a range of tasks. The image processor may be a system on a chip with multicore processor architecture. 
     The communication connection(s) refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface to the bus. While the communication connection is shown for illustrative clarity inside the computer system, it can also be external to the computer system  210 . The hardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface includes, for illustrative purposes only, internal and external technologies such as modems, including regular telephone-grade modems, cable modems, and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates a functional block diagram of one aspect of a USB network hub  300  device, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In the illustrated aspect, the USB network hub device  300  employs a TUSB2036 integrated circuit hub by Texas Instruments. The USB network hub  300  is a CMOS device that provides an upstream USB transceiver port  302  and up to three downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  in compliance with the USB 2.0 specification. The upstream USB transceiver port  302  is a differential root data port comprising a differential data minus (DM0) input paired with a differential data plus (DP0) input. The three downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  are differential data ports where each port includes differential data plus (DP1-DP3) outputs paired with differential data minus (DM1-DM3) outputs. 
     The USB network hub  300  device is implemented with a digital state machine instead of a microcontroller, and no firmware programming is required. Fully compliant USB transceivers are integrated into the circuit for the upstream USB transceiver port  302  and all downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308 . The downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  support both full-speed and low-speed devices by automatically setting the slew rate according to the speed of the device attached to the ports. The USB network hub  300  device may be configured either in bus-powered or self-powered mode and includes a hub power logic  312  to manage power. 
     The USB network hub  300  device includes a serial interface engine  310  (SIE). The SIE  310  is the front end of the USB network hub  300  hardware and handles most of the protocol described in chapter 8 of the USB specification. The SIE  310  typically comprehends signaling up to the transaction level. The functions that it handles could include: packet recognition, transaction sequencing, SOP, EOP, RESET, and RESUME signal detection/generation, clock/data separation, non-return-to-zero invert (NRZI) data encoding/decoding and bit-stuffing, CRC generation and checking (token and data), packet ID (PID) generation and checking/decoding, and/or serial-parallel/parallel-serial conversion. The  310  receives a clock input  314  and is coupled to a suspend/resume logic and frame timer  316  circuit and a hub repeater circuit  318  to control communication between the upstream USB transceiver port  302  and the downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  through port logic circuits  320 ,  322 ,  324 . The SIE  310  is coupled to a command decoder  326  via interface logic  328  to control commands from a serial EEPROM via a serial EEPROM interface  330 . 
     In various aspects, the USB network hub  300  can connect  127  functions configured in up to six logical layers (tiers) to a single computer. Further, the USB network hub  300  can connect to all peripherals using a standardized four-wire cable that provides both communication and power distribution. The power configurations are bus-powered and self-powered modes. The USB network hub  300  may be configured to support four modes of power management: a bus-powered hub, with either individual-port power management or ganged-port power management, and the self-powered hub, with either individual-port power management or ganged-port power management. In one aspect, using a USB cable, the USB network hub  300 , the upstream USB transceiver port  302  is plugged into a USB host controller, and the downstream USB transceiver ports  304 ,  306 ,  308  are exposed for connecting USB compatible devices, and so forth. 
     Additional details regarding the structure and function of the surgical hub and/or surgical hub networks can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/659,900, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed Apr. 19, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Cloud System Hardware and Functional Modules 
       FIG. 12  is a block diagram of the computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In one aspect, the computer-implemented interactive surgical system is configured to monitor and analyze data related to the operation of various surgical systems that include surgical hubs, surgical instruments, robotic devices and operating theaters or healthcare facilities. The computer-implemented interactive surgical system comprises a cloud-based analytics system. Although the cloud-based analytics system is described as a surgical system, it is not necessarily limited as such and could be a cloud-based medical system generally. As illustrated in  FIG. 12 , the cloud-based analytics system comprises a plurality of surgical instruments  7012  (may be the same or similar to instruments  112 ), a plurality of surgical hubs  7006  (may be the same or similar to hubs  106 ), and a surgical data network  7001  (may be the same or similar to network  201 ) to couple the surgical hubs  7006  to the cloud  7004  (may be the same or similar to cloud  204 ). Each of the plurality of surgical hubs  7006  is communicatively coupled to one or more surgical instruments  7012 . The hubs  7006  are also communicatively coupled to the cloud  7004  of the computer-implemented interactive surgical system via the network  7001 . The cloud  7004  is a remote centralized source of hardware and software for storing, manipulating, and communicating data generated based on the operation of various surgical systems. As shown in  FIG. 12 , access to the cloud  7004  is achieved via the network  7001 , which may be the Internet or some other suitable computer network. Surgical hubs  7006  that are coupled to the cloud  7004  can be considered the client side of the cloud computing system (i.e., cloud-based analytics system). Surgical instruments  7012  are paired with the surgical hubs  7006  for control and implementation of various surgical procedures or operations as described herein. 
     In addition, surgical instruments  7012  may comprise transceivers for data transmission to and from their corresponding surgical hubs  7006  (which may also comprise transceivers). Combinations of surgical instruments  7012  and corresponding hubs  7006  may indicate particular locations, such as operating theaters in healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals), for providing medical operations. For example, the memory of a surgical hub  7006  may store location data. As shown in  FIG. 12 , the cloud  7004  comprises central servers  7013  (which may be same or similar to remote server  113  in  FIG. 1  and/or remote server  213  in  FIG. 9 ), hub application servers  7002 , data analytics modules  7034 , and an input/output (“I/O”) interface  7007 . The central servers  7013  of the cloud  7004  collectively administer the cloud computing system, which includes monitoring requests by client surgical hubs  7006  and managing the processing capacity of the cloud  7004  for executing the requests. Each of the central servers  7013  comprises one or more processors  7008  coupled to suitable memory devices  7010  which can include volatile memory such as random-access memory (RAM) and non-volatile memory such as magnetic storage devices. The memory devices  7010  may comprise machine executable instructions that when executed cause the processors  7008  to execute the data analytics modules  7034  for the cloud-based data analysis, operations, recommendations and other operations described below. Moreover, the processors  7008  can execute the data analytics modules  7034  independently or in conjunction with hub applications independently executed by the hubs  7006 . The central servers  7013  also comprise aggregated medical data databases  2212 , which can reside in the memory  2210 . 
     Based on connections to various surgical hubs  7006  via the network  7001 , the cloud  7004  can aggregate data from specific data generated by various surgical instruments  7012  and their corresponding hubs  7006 . Such aggregated data may be stored within the aggregated medical databases  7011  of the cloud  7004 . In particular, the cloud  7004  may advantageously perform data analysis and operations on the aggregated data to yield insights and/or perform functions that individual hubs  7006  could not achieve on their own. To this end, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the cloud  7004  and the surgical hubs  7006  are communicatively coupled to transmit and receive information. The I/O interface  7007  is connected to the plurality of surgical hubs  7006  via the network  7001 . In this way, the I/O interface  7007  can be configured to transfer information between the surgical hubs  7006  and the aggregated medical data databases  7011 . Accordingly, the I/O interface  7007  may facilitate read/write operations of the cloud-based analytics system. Such read/write operations may be executed in response to requests from hubs  7006 . These requests could be transmitted to the hubs  7006  through the hub applications. The I/O interface  7007  may include one or more high speed data ports, which may include universal serial bus (USB) ports, IEEE 1394 ports, as well as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth I/O interfaces for connecting the cloud  7004  to hubs  7006 . The hub application servers  7002  of the cloud  7004  are configured to host and supply shared capabilities to software applications (e.g. hub applications) executed by surgical hubs  7006 . For example, the hub application servers  7002  may manage requests made by the hub applications through the hubs  7006 , control access to the aggregated medical data databases  7011 , and perform load balancing. The data analytics modules  7034  are described in further detail with reference to  FIG. 13 . 
     The particular cloud computing system configuration described in the present disclosure is specifically designed to address various issues arising in the context of medical operations and procedures performed using medical devices, such as the surgical instruments  7012 ,  112 . In particular, the surgical instruments  7012  may be digital surgical devices configured to interact with the cloud  7004  for implementing techniques to improve the performance of surgical operations. Various surgical instruments  7012  and/or surgical hubs  7006  may comprise touch controlled user interfaces such that clinicians may control aspects of interaction between the surgical instruments  7012  and the cloud  7004 . Other suitable user interfaces for control such as auditory controlled user interfaces can also be used. 
       FIG. 13  is a block diagram which illustrates the functional architecture of the computer-implemented interactive surgical system, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The cloud-based analytics system includes a plurality of data analytics modules  7034  that may be executed by the processors  7008  of the cloud  7004  for providing data analytic solutions to problems specifically arising in the medical field. As shown in  FIG. 13 , the functions of the cloud-based data analytics modules  7034  may be assisted via hub applications  7014  hosted by the hub application servers  7002  that may be accessed on surgical hubs  7006 . The cloud processors  7008  and hub applications  7014  may operate in conjunction to execute the data analytics modules  7034 . Application program interfaces (APIs)  7016  define the set of protocols and routines corresponding to the hub applications  7014 . Additionally, the APIs  7016  manage the storing and retrieval of data into and from the aggregated medical data databases  7011  for the operations of the applications  7014 . The caches  7018  also store data (e.g., temporarily) and are coupled to the APIs  7016  for more efficient retrieval of data used by the applications  7014 . The data analytics modules  7034  in  FIG. 13  include modules for resource optimization  7020 , data collection and aggregation  7022 , authorization and security  7024 , control program updating  7026 , patient outcome analysis  7028 , recommendations  7030 , and data sorting and prioritization  7032 . Other suitable data analytics modules could also be implemented by the cloud  7004 , according to some aspects. In one aspect, the data analytics modules are used for specific recommendations based on analyzing trends, outcomes, and other data. 
     For example, the data collection and aggregation module  7022  could be used to generate self-describing data (e.g., metadata) including identification of notable features or configuration (e.g., trends), management of redundant data sets, and storage of the data in paired data sets which can be grouped by surgery but not necessarily keyed to actual surgical dates and surgeons. In particular, pair data sets generated from operations of surgical instruments  7012  can comprise applying a binary classification, e.g., a bleeding or a non-bleeding event. More generally, the binary classification may be characterized as either a desirable event (e.g., a successful surgical procedure) or an undesirable event (e.g., a misfired or misused surgical instrument  7012 ). The aggregated self-describing data may correspond to individual data received from various groups or subgroups of surgical hubs  7006 . Accordingly, the data collection and aggregation module  7022  can generate aggregated metadata or other organized data based on raw data received from the surgical hubs  7006 . To this end, the processors  7008  can be operationally coupled to the hub applications  7014  and aggregated medical data databases  7011  for executing the data analytics modules  7034 . The data collection and aggregation module  7022  may store the aggregated organized data into the aggregated medical data databases  2212 . 
     The resource optimization module  7020  can be configured to analyze this aggregated data to determine an optimal usage of resources for a particular or group of healthcare facilities. For example, the resource optimization module  7020  may determine an optimal order point of surgical stapling instruments  7012  for a group of healthcare facilities based on corresponding predicted demand of such instruments  7012 . The resource optimization module  7020  might also assess the resource usage or other operational configurations of various healthcare facilities to determine whether resource usage could be improved. Similarly, the recommendations module  7030  can be configured to analyze aggregated organized data from the data collection and aggregation module  7022  to provide recommendations. For example, the recommendations module  7030  could recommend to healthcare facilities (e.g., medical service providers such as hospitals) that a particular surgical instrument  7012  should be upgraded to an improved version based on a higher than expected error rate, for example. Additionally, the recommendations module  7030  and/or resource optimization module  7020  could recommend better supply chain parameters such as product reorder points and provide suggestions of different surgical instrument  7012 , uses thereof, or procedure steps to improve surgical outcomes. The healthcare facilities can receive such recommendations via corresponding surgical hubs  7006 . More specific recommendations regarding parameters or configurations of various surgical instruments  7012  can also be provided. Hubs  7006  and/or surgical instruments  7012  each could also have display screens that display data or recommendations provided by the cloud  7004 . 
     The patient outcome analysis module  7028  can analyze surgical outcomes associated with currently used operational parameters of surgical instruments  7012 . The patient outcome analysis module  7028  may also analyze and assess other potential operational parameters. In this connection, the recommendations module  7030  could recommend using these other potential operational parameters based on yielding better surgical outcomes, such as better sealing or less bleeding. For example, the recommendations module  7030  could transmit recommendations to a surgical hub  7006  regarding when to use a particular cartridge for a corresponding stapling surgical instrument  7012 . Thus, the cloud-based analytics system, while controlling for common variables, may be configured to analyze the large collection of raw data and to provide centralized recommendations over multiple healthcare facilities (advantageously determined based on aggregated data). For example, the cloud-based analytics system could analyze, evaluate, and/or aggregate data based on type of medical practice, type of patient, number of patients, geographic similarity between medical providers, which medical providers/facilities use similar types of instruments, etc., in a way that no single healthcare facility alone would be able to analyze independently. 
     The control program updating module  7026  could be configured to implement various surgical instrument  7012  recommendations when corresponding control programs are updated. For example, the patient outcome analysis module  7028  could identify correlations linking specific control parameters with successful (or unsuccessful) results. Such correlations may be addressed when updated control programs are transmitted to surgical instruments  7012  via the control program updating module  7026 . Updates to instruments  7012  that are transmitted via a corresponding hub  7006  may incorporate aggregated performance data that was gathered and analyzed by the data collection and aggregation module  7022  of the cloud  7004 . Additionally, the patient outcome analysis module  7028  and recommendations module  7030  could identify improved methods of using instruments  7012  based on aggregated performance data. 
     The cloud-based analytics system may include security features implemented by the cloud  7004 . These security features may be managed by the authorization and security module  7024 . Each surgical hub  7006  can have associated unique credentials such as username, password, and other suitable security credentials. These credentials could be stored in the memory  7010  and be associated with a permitted cloud access level. For example, based on providing accurate credentials, a surgical hub  7006  may be granted access to communicate with the cloud to a predetermined extent (e.g., may only engage in transmitting or receiving certain defined types of information). To this end, the aggregated medical data databases  7011  of the cloud  7004  may comprise a database of authorized credentials for verifying the accuracy of provided credentials. Different credentials may be associated with varying levels of permission for interaction with the cloud  7004 , such as a predetermined access level for receiving the data analytics generated by the cloud  7004 . 
     Furthermore, for security purposes, the cloud could maintain a database of hubs  7006 , instruments  7012 , and other devices that may comprise a “black list” of prohibited devices. In particular, a surgical hub  7006  listed on the black list may not be permitted to interact with the cloud, while surgical instruments  7012  listed on the black list may not have functional access to a corresponding hub  7006  and/or may be prevented from fully functioning when paired to its corresponding hub  7006 . Additionally or alternatively, the cloud  7004  may flag instruments  7012  based on incompatibility or other specified criteria. In this manner, counterfeit medical devices and improper reuse of such devices throughout the cloud-based analytics system can be identified and addressed. 
     The surgical instruments  7012  may use wireless transceivers to transmit wireless signals that may represent, for example, authorization credentials for access to corresponding hubs  7006  and the cloud  7004 . Wired transceivers may also be used to transmit signals. Such authorization credentials can be stored in the respective memory devices of the surgical instruments  7012 . The authorization and security module  7024  can determine whether the authorization credentials are accurate or counterfeit. The authorization and security module  7024  may also dynamically generate authorization credentials for enhanced security. The credentials could also be encrypted, such as by using hash based encryption. Upon transmitting proper authorization, the surgical instruments  7012  may transmit a signal to the corresponding hubs  7006  and ultimately the cloud  7004  to indicate that the instruments  7012  are ready to obtain and transmit medical data. In response, the cloud  7004  may transition into a state enabled for receiving medical data for storage into the aggregated medical data databases  7011 . This data transmission readiness could be indicated by a light indicator on the instruments  7012 , for example. The cloud  7004  can also transmit signals to surgical instruments  7012  for updating their associated control programs. The cloud  7004  can transmit signals that are directed to a particular class of surgical instruments  7012  (e.g., electrosurgical instruments) so that software updates to control programs are only transmitted to the appropriate surgical instruments  7012 . Moreover, the cloud  7004  could be used to implement system wide solutions to address local or global problems based on selective data transmission and authorization credentials. For example, if a group of surgical instruments  7012  are identified as having a common manufacturing defect, the cloud  7004  may change the authorization credentials corresponding to this group to implement an operational lockout of the group. 
     The cloud-based analytics system may allow for monitoring multiple healthcare facilities (e.g., medical facilities like hospitals) to determine improved practices and recommend changes (via the recommendations module  2030 , for example) accordingly. Thus, the processors  7008  of the cloud  7004  can analyze data associated with an individual healthcare facility to identify the facility and aggregate the data with other data associated with other healthcare facilities in a group. Groups could be defined based on similar operating practices or geographical location, for example. In this way, the cloud  7004  may provide healthcare facility group wide analysis and recommendations. The cloud-based analytics system could also be used for enhanced situational awareness. For example, the processors  7008  may predictively model the effects of recommendations on the cost and effectiveness for a particular facility (relative to overall operations and/or various medical procedures). The cost and effectiveness associated with that particular facility can also be compared to a corresponding local region of other facilities or any other comparable facilities. 
     The data sorting and prioritization module  7032  may prioritize and sort data based on criticality (e.g., the severity of a medical event associated with the data, unexpectedness, suspiciousness). This sorting and prioritization may be used in conjunction with the functions of the other data analytics modules  7034  described above to improve the cloud-based analytics and operations described herein. For example, the data sorting and prioritization module  7032  can assign a priority to the data analysis performed by the data collection and aggregation module  7022  and patient outcome analysis modules  7028 . Different prioritization levels can result in particular responses from the cloud  7004  (corresponding to a level of urgency) such as escalation for an expedited response, special processing, exclusion from the aggregated medical data databases  7011 , or other suitable responses. Moreover, if necessary, the cloud  7004  can transmit a request (e.g. a push message) through the hub application servers for additional data from corresponding surgical instruments  7012 . The push message can result in a notification displayed on the corresponding hubs  7006  for requesting supporting or additional data. This push message may be required in situations in which the cloud detects a significant irregularity or outlier and the cloud cannot determine the cause of the irregularity. The central servers  7013  may be programmed to trigger this push message in certain significant circumstances, such as when data is determined to be different from an expected value beyond a predetermined threshold or when it appears security has been comprised, for example. 
     Additional details regarding the cloud analysis system can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/659,900, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed Apr. 19, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Situational Awareness 
     Although an “intelligent” device including control algorithms that respond to sensed data can be an improvement over a “dumb” device that operates without accounting for sensed data, some sensed data can be incomplete or inconclusive when considered in isolation, i.e., without the context of the type of surgical procedure being performed or the type of tissue that is being operated on. Without knowing the procedural context (e.g., knowing the type of tissue being operated on or the type of procedure being performed), the control algorithm may control the modular device incorrectly or suboptimally given the particular context-free sensed data. For example, the optimal manner for a control algorithm to control a surgical instrument in response to a particular sensed parameter can vary according to the particular tissue type being operated on. This is due to the fact that different tissue types have different properties (e.g., resistance to tearing) and thus respond differently to actions taken by surgical instruments. Therefore, it may be desirable for a surgical instrument to take different actions even when the same measurement for a particular parameter is sensed. As one specific example, the optimal manner in which to control a surgical stapling and cutting instrument in response to the instrument sensing an unexpectedly high force to close its end effector will vary depending upon whether the tissue type is susceptible or resistant to tearing. For tissues that are susceptible to tearing, such as lung tissue, the instrument&#39;s control algorithm would optimally ramp down the motor in response to an unexpectedly high force to close to avoid tearing the tissue. For tissues that are resistant to tearing, such as stomach tissue, the instrument&#39;s control algorithm would optimally ramp up the motor in response to an unexpectedly high force to close to ensure that the end effector is clamped properly on the tissue. Without knowing whether lung or stomach tissue has been clamped, the control algorithm may make a suboptimal decision. 
     One solution utilizes a surgical hub including a system that is configured to derive information about the surgical procedure being performed based on data received from various data sources and then control the paired modular devices accordingly. In other words, the surgical hub is configured to infer information about the surgical procedure from received data and then control the modular devices paired to the surgical hub based upon the inferred context of the surgical procedure.  FIG. 14  illustrates a diagram of a situationally aware surgical system  5100 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. In some exemplifications, the data sources  5126  include, for example, the modular devices  5102  (which can include sensors configured to detect parameters associated with the patient and/or the modular device itself), databases  5122  (e.g., an EMR database containing patient records), and patient monitoring devices  5124  (e.g., a blood pressure (BP) monitor and an electrocardiography (EKG) monitor). 
     A surgical hub  5104 , which may be similar to the hub  106  in many respects, can be configured to derive the contextual information pertaining to the surgical procedure from the data based upon, for example, the particular combination(s) of received data or the particular order in which the data is received from the data sources  5126 . The contextual information inferred from the received data can include, for example, the type of surgical procedure being performed, the particular step of the surgical procedure that the surgeon is performing, the type of tissue being operated on, or the body cavity that is the subject of the procedure. This ability by some aspects of the surgical hub  5104  to derive or infer information related to the surgical procedure from received data can be referred to as “situational awareness.” In one exemplification, the surgical hub  5104  can incorporate a situational awareness system, which is the hardware and/or programming associated with the surgical hub  5104  that derives contextual information pertaining to the surgical procedure from the received data. 
     The situational awareness system of the surgical hub  5104  can be configured to derive the contextual information from the data received from the data sources  5126  in a variety of different ways. In one exemplification, the situational awareness system includes a pattern recognition system, or machine learning system (e.g., an artificial neural network), that has been trained on training data to correlate various inputs (e.g., data from databases  5122 , patient monitoring devices  5124 , and/or modular devices  5102 ) to corresponding contextual information regarding a surgical procedure. In other words, a machine learning system can be trained to accurately derive contextual information regarding a surgical procedure from the provided inputs. In another exemplification, the situational awareness system can include a lookup table storing pre-characterized contextual information regarding a surgical procedure in association with one or more inputs (or ranges of inputs) corresponding to the contextual information. In response to a query with one or more inputs, the lookup table can return the corresponding contextual information for the situational awareness system for controlling the modular devices  5102 . In one exemplification, the contextual information received by the situational awareness system of the surgical hub  5104  is associated with a particular control adjustment or set of control adjustments for one or more modular devices  5102 . In another exemplification, the situational awareness system includes a further machine learning system, lookup table, or other such system, which generates or retrieves one or more control adjustments for one or more modular devices  5102  when provided the contextual information as input. 
     A surgical hub  5104  incorporating a situational awareness system provides a number of benefits for the surgical system  5100 . One benefit includes improving the interpretation of sensed and collected data, which would in turn improve the processing accuracy and/or the usage of the data during the course of a surgical procedure. To return to a previous example, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine what type of tissue was being operated on; therefore, when an unexpectedly high force to close the surgical instrument&#39;s end effector is detected, the situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could correctly ramp up or ramp down the motor of the surgical instrument for the type of tissue. 
     As another example, the type of tissue being operated can affect the adjustments that are made to the compression rate and load thresholds of a surgical stapling and cutting instrument for a particular tissue gap measurement. A situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could infer whether a surgical procedure being performed is a thoracic or an abdominal procedure, allowing the surgical hub  5104  to determine whether the tissue clamped by an end effector of the surgical stapling and cutting instrument is lung (for a thoracic procedure) or stomach (for an abdominal procedure) tissue. The surgical hub  5104  could then adjust the compression rate and load thresholds of the surgical stapling and cutting instrument appropriately for the type of tissue. 
     As yet another example, the type of body cavity being operated in during an insufflation procedure can affect the function of a smoke evacuator. A situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine whether the surgical site is under pressure (by determining that the surgical procedure is utilizing insufflation) and determine the procedure type. As a procedure type is generally performed in a specific body cavity, the surgical hub  5104  could then control the motor rate of the smoke evacuator appropriately for the body cavity being operated in. Thus, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could provide a consistent amount of smoke evacuation for both thoracic and abdominal procedures. 
     As yet another example, the type of procedure being performed can affect the optimal energy level for an ultrasonic surgical instrument or radio frequency (RF) electrosurgical instrument to operate at. Arthroscopic procedures, for example, require higher energy levels because the end effector of the ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument is immersed in fluid. A situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine whether the surgical procedure is an arthroscopic procedure. The surgical hub  5104  could then adjust the RF power level or the ultrasonic amplitude of the generator (i.e., “energy level”) to compensate for the fluid filled environment. Relatedly, the type of tissue being operated on can affect the optimal energy level for an ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument to operate at. A situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine what type of surgical procedure is being performed and then customize the energy level for the ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument, respectively, according to the expected tissue profile for the surgical procedure. Furthermore, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  can be configured to adjust the energy level for the ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument throughout the course of a surgical procedure, rather than just on a procedure-by-procedure basis. A situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine what step of the surgical procedure is being performed or will subsequently be performed and then update the control algorithms for the generator and/or ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument to set the energy level at a value appropriate for the expected tissue type according to the surgical procedure step. 
     As yet another example, data can be drawn from additional data sources  5126  to improve the conclusions that the surgical hub  5104  draws from one data source  5126 . A situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could augment data that it receives from the modular devices  5102  with contextual information that it has built up regarding the surgical procedure from other data sources  5126 . For example, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  can be configured to determine whether hemostasis has occurred (i.e., whether bleeding at a surgical site has stopped) according to video or image data received from a medical imaging device. However, in some cases the video or image data can be inconclusive. Therefore, in one exemplification, the surgical hub  5104  can be further configured to compare a physiologic measurement (e.g., blood pressure sensed by a BP monitor communicably connected to the surgical hub  5104 ) with the visual or image data of hemostasis (e.g., from a medical imaging device  124  ( FIG. 2 ) communicably coupled to the surgical hub  5104 ) to make a determination on the integrity of the staple line or tissue weld. In other words, the situational awareness system of the surgical hub  5104  can consider the physiological measurement data to provide additional context in analyzing the visualization data. The additional context can be useful when the visualization data may be inconclusive or incomplete on its own. 
     Another benefit includes proactively and automatically controlling the paired modular devices  5102  according to the particular step of the surgical procedure that is being performed to reduce the number of times that medical personnel are required to interact with or control the surgical system  5100  during the course of a surgical procedure. For example, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could proactively activate the generator to which an RF electrosurgical instrument is connected if it determines that a subsequent step of the procedure requires the use of the instrument. Proactively activating the energy source allows the instrument to be ready for use a soon as the preceding step of the procedure is completed. 
     As another example, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine whether the current or subsequent step of the surgical procedure requires a different view or degree of magnification on the display according to the feature(s) at the surgical site that the surgeon is expected to need to view. The surgical hub  5104  could then proactively change the displayed view (supplied by, e.g., a medical imaging device for the visualization system  108 ) accordingly so that the display automatically adjusts throughout the surgical procedure. 
     As yet another example, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine which step of the surgical procedure is being performed or will subsequently be performed and whether particular data or comparisons between data will be required for that step of the surgical procedure. The surgical hub  5104  can be configured to automatically call up data screens based upon the step of the surgical procedure being performed, without waiting for the surgeon to ask for the particular information. 
     Another benefit includes checking for errors during the setup of the surgical procedure or during the course of the surgical procedure. For example, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine whether the operating theater is setup properly or optimally for the surgical procedure to be performed. The surgical hub  5104  can be configured to determine the type of surgical procedure being performed, retrieve the corresponding checklists, product location, or setup needs (e.g., from a memory), and then compare the current operating theater layout to the standard layout for the type of surgical procedure that the surgical hub  5104  determines is being performed. In one exemplification, the surgical hub  5104  can be configured to compare the list of items for the procedure scanned by a suitable scanner for example, and/or a list of devices paired with the surgical hub  5104  to a recommended or anticipated manifest of items and/or devices for the given surgical procedure. If there are any discontinuities between the lists, the surgical hub  5104  can be configured to provide an alert indicating that a particular modular device  5102 , patient monitoring device  5124 , and/or other surgical item is missing. In one exemplification, the surgical hub  5104  can be configured to determine the relative distance or position of the modular devices  5102  and patient monitoring devices  5124  via proximity sensors, for example. The surgical hub  5104  can compare the relative positions of the devices to a recommended or anticipated layout for the particular surgical procedure. If there are any discontinuities between the layouts, the surgical hub  5104  can be configured to provide an alert indicating that the current layout for the surgical procedure deviates from the recommended layout. 
     As another example, a situationally aware surgical hub  5104  could determine whether the surgeon (or other medical personnel) was making an error or otherwise deviating from the expected course of action during the course of a surgical procedure. For example, the surgical hub  5104  can be configured to determine the type of surgical procedure being performed, retrieve the corresponding list of steps or order of equipment usage (e.g., from a memory), and then compare the steps being performed or the equipment being used during the course of the surgical procedure to the expected steps or equipment for the type of surgical procedure that the surgical hub  5104  determined is being performed. In one exemplification, the surgical hub  5104  can be configured to provide an alert indicating that an unexpected action is being performed or an unexpected device is being utilized at the particular step in the surgical procedure. 
     Overall, the situational awareness system for the surgical hub  5104  improves surgical procedure outcomes by adjusting the surgical instruments (and other modular devices  5102 ) for the particular context of each surgical procedure (such as adjusting to different tissue types) and validating actions during a surgical procedure. The situational awareness system also improves surgeons&#39; efficiency in performing surgical procedures by automatically suggesting next steps, providing data, and adjusting displays and other modular devices  5102  in the surgical theater according to the specific context of the procedure. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 15 , a timeline  5200  depicting situational awareness of a hub, such as the surgical hub  106  or  206  ( FIGS. 1-11 ), for example, is depicted. The timeline  5200  is an illustrative surgical procedure and the contextual information that the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can derive from the data received from the data sources at each step in the surgical procedure. The timeline  5200  depicts the typical steps that would be taken by the nurses, surgeons, and other medical personnel during the course of a lung segmentectomy procedure, beginning with setting up the operating theater and ending with transferring the patient to a post-operative recovery room. 
     The situationally aware surgical hub  106 ,  206  receives data from the data sources throughout the course of the surgical procedure, including data generated each time medical personnel utilize a modular device that is paired with the surgical hub  106 ,  206 . The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can receive this data from the paired modular devices and other data sources and continually derive inferences (i.e., contextual information) about the ongoing procedure as new data is received, such as which step of the procedure is being performed at any given time. The situational awareness system of the surgical hub  106 ,  206  is able to, for example, record data pertaining to the procedure for generating reports, verify the steps being taken by the medical personnel, provide data or prompts (e.g., via a display screen) that may be pertinent for the particular procedural step, adjust modular devices based on the context (e.g., activate monitors, adjust the field of view (FOV) of the medical imaging device, or change the energy level of an ultrasonic surgical instrument or RF electrosurgical instrument), and take any other such action described above. 
     As the first step  5202  in this illustrative procedure, the hospital staff members retrieve the patient&#39;s EMR from the hospital&#39;s EMR database. Based on select patient data in the EMR, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  determines that the procedure to be performed is a thoracic procedure. 
     Second step  5204 , the staff members scan the incoming medical supplies for the procedure. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  cross-references the scanned supplies with a list of supplies that are utilized in various types of procedures and confirms that the mix of supplies corresponds to a thoracic procedure. Further, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  is also able to determine that the procedure is not a wedge procedure (because the incoming supplies either lack certain supplies that are necessary for a thoracic wedge procedure or do not otherwise correspond to a thoracic wedge procedure). 
     Third step  5206 , the medical personnel scan the patient band via a scanner that is communicably connected to the surgical hub  106 ,  206 . The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can then confirm the patient&#39;s identity based on the scanned data. 
     Fourth step  5208 , the medical staff turns on the auxiliary equipment. The auxiliary equipment being utilized can vary according to the type of surgical procedure and the techniques to be used by the surgeon, but in this illustrative case they include a smoke evacuator, insufflator, and medical imaging device. When activated, the auxiliary equipment that are modular devices can automatically pair with the surgical hub  106 ,  206  that is located within a particular vicinity of the modular devices as part of their initialization process. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can then derive contextual information about the surgical procedure by detecting the types of modular devices that pair with it during this pre-operative or initialization phase. In this particular example, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  determines that the surgical procedure is a VATS procedure based on this particular combination of paired modular devices. Based on the combination of the data from the patient&#39;s EMR, the list of medical supplies to be used in the procedure, and the type of modular devices that connect to the hub, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can generally infer the specific procedure that the surgical team will be performing. Once the surgical hub  106 ,  206  knows what specific procedure is being performed, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can then retrieve the steps of that procedure from a memory or from the cloud and then cross-reference the data it subsequently receives from the connected data sources (e.g., modular devices and patient monitoring devices) to infer what step of the surgical procedure the surgical team is performing. 
     Fifth step  5210 , the staff members attach the EKG electrodes and other patient monitoring devices to the patient. The EKG electrodes and other patient monitoring devices are able to pair with the surgical hub  106 ,  206 . As the surgical hub  106 ,  206  begins receiving data from the patient monitoring devices, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  thus confirms that the patient is in the operating theater. 
     Sixth step  5212 , the medical personnel induce anesthesia in the patient. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer that the patient is under anesthesia based on data from the modular devices and/or patient monitoring devices, including EKG data, blood pressure data, ventilator data, or combinations thereof, for example. Upon completion of the sixth step  5212 , the pre-operative portion of the lung segmentectomy procedure is completed and the operative portion begins. 
     Seventh step  5214 , the patient&#39;s lung that is being operated on is collapsed (while ventilation is switched to the contralateral lung). The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer from the ventilator data that the patient&#39;s lung has been collapsed, for example. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer that the operative portion of the procedure has commenced as it can compare the detection of the patient&#39;s lung collapsing to the expected steps of the procedure (which can be accessed or retrieved previously) and thereby determine that collapsing the lung is the first operative step in this particular procedure. 
     Eighth step  5216 , the medical imaging device (e.g., a scope) is inserted and video from the medical imaging device is initiated. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  receives the medical imaging device data (i.e., video or image data) through its connection to the medical imaging device. Upon receipt of the medical imaging device data, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can determine that the laparoscopic portion of the surgical procedure has commenced. Further, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can determine that the particular procedure being performed is a segmentectomy, as opposed to a lobectomy (note that a wedge procedure has already been discounted by the surgical hub  106 ,  206  based on data received at the second step  5204  of the procedure). The data from the medical imaging device  124  ( FIG. 2 ) can be utilized to determine contextual information regarding the type of procedure being performed in a number of different ways, including by determining the angle at which the medical imaging device is oriented with respect to the visualization of the patient&#39;s anatomy, monitoring the number or medical imaging devices being utilized (i.e., that are activated and paired with the surgical hub  106 ,  206 ), and monitoring the types of visualization devices utilized. For example, one technique for performing a VATS lobectomy places the camera in the lower anterior corner of the patient&#39;s chest cavity above the diaphragm, whereas one technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy places the camera in an anterior intercostal position relative to the segmental fissure. Using pattern recognition or machine learning techniques, for example, the situational awareness system can be trained to recognize the positioning of the medical imaging device according to the visualization of the patient&#39;s anatomy. As another example, one technique for performing a VATS lobectomy utilizes a single medical imaging device, whereas another technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy utilizes multiple cameras. As yet another example, one technique for performing a VATS segmentectomy utilizes an infrared light source (which can be communicably coupled to the surgical hub as part of the visualization system) to visualize the segmental fissure, which is not utilized in a VATS lobectomy. By tracking any or all of this data from the medical imaging device, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can thereby determine the specific type of surgical procedure being performed and/or the technique being used for a particular type of surgical procedure. 
     Ninth step  5218 , the surgical team begins the dissection step of the procedure. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer that the surgeon is in the process of dissecting to mobilize the patient&#39;s lung because it receives data from the RF or ultrasonic generator indicating that an energy instrument is being fired. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can cross-reference the received data with the retrieved steps of the surgical procedure to determine that an energy instrument being fired at this point in the process (i.e., after the completion of the previously discussed steps of the procedure) corresponds to the dissection step. In certain instances, the energy instrument can be an energy tool mounted to a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system. 
     Tenth step  5220 , the surgical team proceeds to the ligation step of the procedure. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer that the surgeon is ligating arteries and veins because it receives data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument indicating that the instrument is being fired. Similarly to the prior step, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can derive this inference by cross-referencing the receipt of data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument with the retrieved steps in the process. In certain instances, the surgical instrument can be a surgical tool mounted to a robotic arm of a robotic surgical system. 
     Eleventh step  5222 , the segmentectomy portion of the procedure is performed. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer that the surgeon is transecting the parenchyma based on data from the surgical stapling and cutting instrument, including data from its cartridge. The cartridge data can correspond to the size or type of staple being fired by the instrument, for example. As different types of staples are utilized for different types of tissues, the cartridge data can thus indicate the type of tissue being stapled and/or transected. In this case, the type of staple being fired is utilized for parenchyma (or other similar tissue types), which allows the surgical hub  106 ,  206  to infer that the segmentectomy portion of the procedure is being performed. 
     Twelfth step  5224 , the node dissection step is then performed. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer that the surgical team is dissecting the node and performing a leak test based on data received from the generator indicating that an RF or ultrasonic instrument is being fired. For this particular procedure, an RF or ultrasonic instrument being utilized after parenchyma was transected corresponds to the node dissection step, which allows the surgical hub  106 ,  206  to make this inference. It should be noted that surgeons regularly switch back and forth between surgical stapling/cutting instruments and surgical energy (i.e., RF or ultrasonic) instruments depending upon the particular step in the procedure because different instruments are better adapted for particular tasks. Therefore, the particular sequence in which the stapling/cutting instruments and surgical energy instruments are used can indicate what step of the procedure the surgeon is performing. Moreover, in certain instances, robotic tools can be utilized for one or more steps in a surgical procedure and/or handheld surgical instruments can be utilized for one or more steps in the surgical procedure. The surgeon(s) can alternate between robotic tools and handheld surgical instruments and/or can use the devices concurrently, for example. Upon completion of the twelfth step  5224 , the incisions are closed up and the post-operative portion of the procedure begins. 
     Thirteenth step  5226 , the patient&#39;s anesthesia is reversed. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can infer that the patient is emerging from the anesthesia based on the ventilator data (i.e., the patient&#39;s breathing rate begins increasing), for example. 
     Lastly, the fourteenth step  5228  is that the medical personnel remove the various patient monitoring devices from the patient. The surgical hub  106 ,  206  can thus infer that the patient is being transferred to a recovery room when the hub loses EKG, BP, and other data from the patient monitoring devices. As can be seen from the description of this illustrative procedure, the surgical hub  106 ,  206  can determine or infer when each step of a given surgical procedure is taking place according to data received from the various data sources that are communicably coupled to the surgical hub  106 ,  206 . 
     Situational awareness is further described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/659,900, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed Apr. 19, 2018, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. In certain instances, operation of a robotic surgical system, including the various robotic surgical systems disclosed herein, for example, can be controlled by the hub  106 ,  206  based on its situational awareness and/or feedback from the components thereof and/or based on information from the cloud  104 . 
     Situational awareness can play an important role in how a surgical hub (e.g.  106 ,  206 ,  5104 ) responds or reacts to various sensed parameters. For brevity, the following discussion is focused on the surgical hub  5104 . It is, however, understood, that the following discussion is also applicable to other surgical hubs described herein such as, for example, the surgical hubs  106 ,  206 . 
     In one aspect, the adjustment of a surgical hub  5104  response to a sensed parameter or event can be based on a second pre-existing sensed step, situation, or parameter. In one aspect, the surgical hub  5104  can have a first response to a trigger in a first situation and a second response to the same trigger under a second situation. 
       FIG. 16  is a logic flow diagram of a process  206500  depicting a control program or a logic configuration for adjusting surgical hub responses. The process  206500  can be performed by any suitable control circuit such as, for example, a control circuit of a surgical hub (e.g. surgical hub  106 ,  206 ). The process  206500  includes receiving  206502  data from at least one data source communicably coupled to the surgical hub  5104 . The at least one data source can be, for example, a patient monitoring device, a surgical staff detection device, a module device detection device and/or hospital database is processed by the surgical hub  106 ,  206  to determine a progress status of a surgical procedure. The received data can be determinative of a situational parameter of a surgical procedure that is being performed by the surgical hub. In various examples, the situational parameter represents a progress status of the surgical procedure, as illustrated in  FIG. 17 . 
       FIG. 17  is a timeline  206501  of an illustrative surgical procedure and the corresponding information inferred by a surgical hub  5104  during the procedure, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The timeline  206501  is similar in many respects to the timeline  5200  of  FIG. 15 . In addition, the timeline  206500  further depicts a progress status of the surgical procedure. The progress status may comprise a preoperative status  206503  that reflects that the surgical procedure is underway. In the preoperative status, various preoperative steps are performed to prepare the operating room for surgery. The progress status may also comprise an intraoperative status  206505  that reflects that the surgery has begun. 
     In various examples, activation of a surgical hub in an operating room signifies that a surgical procedure has started and, is underway, which causes the surgical hub to detect a preoperative status  206503 . Additional data sources could also be relied upon, alone or in combination, in detecting the preoperative status  206503 . For example, receiving  5206  a scan of a patient band via a scanner that is communicably connected to the surgical hub  5104  can indicate a preoperative status  206503 . Additionally, or alternatively, receiving  5210  data from a patient monitoring device such as, for example, an EKG can indicate a preoperative status  206503 . 
     As described above, the surgical hub  5104  can infer that the patient is under anesthesia based on data from the modular devices and/or patient monitoring devices, including EKG data, blood pressure data, ventilator data, or combinations thereof, for example. Upon completion of the sixth step  5212 , the pre-operative portion of the lung segmentectomy procedure is completed. Accordingly, receiving such data can indicate a transition from the preoperative status  206503  to the intraoperative status  206505 . 
     In one aspect, the surgical hub controls can be based on the awareness of whether or not a procedure is in process (i.e., whether a surgical procedure is currently being performed in connection with the particular surgical hub). Accordingly, the surgical hub controls can be based on the situation in which it senses itself. 
     The process  206500  further includes adjusting  206504  a response to a sensed parameter based on the determined situational parameter or progress status of the surgical procedure. In at least one example, as illustrated in  FIG. 21 , the sensed parameter can be detecting security threat. In other examples, the sensed parameter can be detecting a surgeon. In other examples, the sensed parameter can be detecting an instrument fault such as, for example, a modular device. 
       FIG. 18  illustrates is a logic flow diagram of a process  206520  depicting a control program or a logic configuration for selecting operational modes of a surgical hub  5104 , in a surgical procedure, depending on a determined progress status of the surgical procedure. The process  2065520  can be performed by any suitable control circuit such as, for example, a control circuit of a surgical hub  5104 . Data can be received  206522  from at least one data source, and may include patient data  206532  from a patient monitoring device, surgical staff data  206534  from a surgical staff detection device, modular device data  206536  from one or more modular devices and/or hospital data  206538  from a hospital database, as illustrated in  FIG. 19 . The received  206522  data is processed by the surgical hub  5104  to determine a progress status of the surgical procedure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 18 , the received  206522  data can be utilized by the surgical hub  5104  to determine  206523  whether the surgical procedure is underway. If not, the surgical hub  5104  activates or selects a previous procedure/network interaction mode  206524 . If, however, the surgical hub  5104  determines  206523  that the surgical procedure is underway, it further determines  206525  whether surgery is in progress. If not, the surgical hub  5104  activates or selects an interactive/configurable control mode  206526 . If, however, the surgical hub  5104  determines  206525  that the surgery is in progress, the surgical hub  5104  activates or selects an instrument display control &amp; procedural display mode  206528   
     The mode  206524  is more restrictive than the mode  206526 , and the mode  206526  is more restrictive than the mode  206528 . This arrangement is designed to take into consideration a user error in the form of inadvertent commands, for example. Before the surgical procedure starts, the mode  206524  only permits access to previous procedure data, and a limited interaction with a cloud-based system  104 ,  204 , for example. During the preoperative steps, but before surgery is begun, the mode  206526  provides a less restrictive interface that permits a user to access and/or configure various parameters and/or controls without being able to use or activate such controls. In the least restrictive mode  206528 , which is only available during surgery, the user is allowed to use or activate controls of certain modular devices depending on the surgical step being performed, as illustrated in  FIG. 23 . 
     A surgical hub can make inferences about events that are occurring during the course of a surgical procedure and then respond accordingly.  FIG. 19  addresses determining  206523  whether a surgical procedure is underway, in accordance with the process  206520 , for example. A surgical hub can sense (or determine or infer) whether or not it is in a procedure based on attached devices and data feeds to, e.g., selectively show real-time data or the previous surgery&#39;s data. 
     As described above, data from various data sources can be analyzed, for example by a surgical hub  5104 , to determine  206523  whether a surgical procedure is underway. Patient data  206532  from one or more patient monitoring devices can be used to determine  206531  whether a patient is present in the operating room. Additionally, or alternatively, surgical staff data  206534  from a surgical staff detection device can be used to determine  206533  whether the necessary supporting staff for the surgical procedure is present in the operating room. Additionally, or alternatively, modular device data  206536  from one or more modular devices can be used to determine  206535  whether the equipment necessary for performing the surgical procedure is present in the operating room. Additionally, or alternatively, hospital data  206538  from one or more hospital databases can be used to determine  206537  the type of procedure being performed, for example. 
     The determinations at  206531 ,  206533 ,  206535 ,  206537  can be used separately, or in any suitable combination, to determine  206523  whether a surgical procedure is underway. In various examples, each of the determinations at  206531 ,  206533 ,  206535 ,  206537  can be assigned a predetermined value when achieved. The summation of all the values can then be compared to a predetermined threshold to determine  206523  whether the surgical procedure is underway. In certain examples, a surgical hub  5104  must achieve each of the determinations at  206531 ,  206533 ,  206535 ,  206537  before determining  206523  that a surgical procedure is underway. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 19 , the patient data  206532  may include patient blood pressure data from a blood pressure monitoring device, heart rate data from a heart rate monitoring device, anesthesia data, and/or ventilator data from a ventilator and/or data from a patient identification tag. Other data sources from other devices that interact with the patient within the operating room are also contemplated by the present disclosure. For example, as described above in greater detail, a surgical hub  5104  can receive a unique identifier from, for example, a scanner for scanning the patient&#39;s wristband encoding the unique identifier associated with the patient when the patient enters the operating theater. 
     Furthermore, surgical staff data  206534  from a surgical staff detection device can be analyzed to determine the identity of the individuals in the operating room and/or where they are located with respect to the patient. For example, surgical staff data  206534  can be analyzed to assess whether a surgeon is standing in close proximity to the patient. For example, a surgical hub can receive a unique identifier from, for example, a scanner for scanning surgical staff wristbands encoding the unique identifier associated with each member of the surgical staff patient when they enters the operating theater. Other techniques for identifying a patient and/or a surgical staff are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/659,900, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed on Apr. 19, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Further to the above, the modular device data  206536  may include identification data for determining what devices are present in the operating room and/or what devices are active and/or paired with a surgical hub, for example. In one exemplification, a surgical hub can be configured to compare the list of items for a procedure (scanned by the scanner, for example) and/or a list of devices paired with the surgical hub to a recommended or anticipated manifest of items and/or devices for the given surgical procedure to determine  206535  whether the necessary equipment for the surgical are present in the operating room. 
     Further to the above, the hospital data  206538  may include EMR data that can be pulled from an EMR database containing patient records. Based on select patient data in the EMR, a surgical hub can determine the type of procedure to be performed, for example, which is helpful in assessing whether the surgical procedure is underway. In various examples, it is contemplated that other  206539  data can be received and analyzed by a surgical hub to determine  206523  whether a surgical procedure is underway, in accordance with the process  206520 , for example. 
       FIG. 20  addresses determining  206525  whether surgery is in progress, in accordance with the process  206520 , for example. Additional patient data  206542  such as, for example, active blood pressure data and/or sedation data can be analyzed by a surgical hub  5104  to determine  206525  whether surgery is in progress and/or assess the current surgical step being performed, as discussed below in connection with  FIG. 23  Additionally, or alternatively, various device data  206544  such as, for example, generator data, device activation data, and/or live imaging data (with instrument identification and/or active moving images) can be analyzed by a surgical hub  5104  to determine  206525  whether surgery is in progress. In various examples, it is contemplated that other  206546  data can be received and analyzed by a surgical hub to determine  206525  whether surgery is in progress, in accordance with the process  206520 , for example. 
     As described above, the process  206500  includes adjusting  206504  a response to a sensed parameter based on a determined situational parameter or progress status of a surgical procedure. In at least one example, as illustrated in  FIG. 21 , the sensed parameter can be detecting  206552  a security threat. In other examples, the sensed parameter can be detecting  206554  a surgeon. In other examples, the sensed parameter can be detecting  20559  an instrument fault such as, for example, a modular device. 
     Further to the above, responding to a detected  206552  security threat depends on whether surgery is progress, which can be determined  206525 , as described above in connection with  FIG. 20 . If it is determined  206525  that surgery is in progress, an isolated operation mode  206553  can be activated. If surgery is not in progress, the current security level can escalated  206551  to a higher security level, and an appropriate reaction or response can be taken to address the detected  206552  security threat. 
     In various examples, the isolated operation mode  206553  comprises interrupting communications with external systems such as, for example, the cloud-based system  104 ,  204 . In certain examples, the communications interruption excludes local communications within an operating room such as, for example, instrument-to-instrument communications, instrument-to-surgical hub  106 ,  206  communications, and/or remote controller-to-instrument communications. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 21 , responding to a detected  206554  surgeon depends on whether the surgical procedure is underway, which can be determined  206523 , as described above in connection with  FIG. 20 . If it is determined  206523  that a surgical procedure is underway, linked instruments can be set  206557  to pre-defined parameters based on previous use configurations for the detected  206554  surgeon, for example. If, however, a surgical procedure is not underway, previous captured data and/or previous surgeries data can be called up  206555 , for example. 
     Referring still to  FIG. 21 , responding to a detected  206556  instrument fault depends on whether the surgical procedure is underway, and further depends on whether surgery is in progress which can be determined  206523 ,  206525 , as described above in connection with  FIG. 20 . An instrument can be, for example, a modular device. If it is determined  206523  that a surgical procedure is underway, and it is further determined  206525  that surgery is in progress, a limp mode can be activated  206565  for the instrument. If, however, a surgical procedure is not underway, a lockout of the surgical instrument can be engaged  206561  to prevent the surgical instrument from being used. Furthermore, if it is determined  206523  that a surgical procedure is underway, but surgery is not in progress, an alert or warning can be issued  206563  by the surgical hub  5104  to the surgical staff, for example, advising options. 
     Referring to  FIG. 22 , an example is provided for adjusting operational parameters of a surgical stapler  206570  in the event of a detected  206572  security fault in accordance with one or more of the above-described processes. In the example of  FIG. 22 , the stapler  206570  detected  206572  the security fault during communication with a surgical hub  5104  and/or with a cloud-based system  104 ,  204 , for example. In response, the stapler  206570  severs  206573  communications with the surgical hub  5104  and/or with the cloud-based system  104 ,  204 , and continues to allow autonomous operation unless a hack is detected. 
       FIG. 23  is a diagram depicting how a surgical hub  5104  can determine which step of a surgery is being performed according to various data feeds, in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure.  FIG. 23  also depicts various examples of responding to sensed parameters based on a determined situational parameter, in accordance with the process  206500  ( FIG. 16 ). In the examples of  FIG. 23 , the determined situational parameter is the present step of an ongoing surgery. 
     In various instances, a surgical hub  5104  determines the present step of an ongoing surgery based on data received  206502  ( FIG. 16 ) from various data sources described in connection with  FIG. 16 . In the example of  FIG. 23 , the surgical hub  5104  identifies the surgical steps of the surgery as Access  206580 , Dissection  206582 , Transection  206584 , Anastomosis  206586 , and Closing  206588 , which is based on the received  206502  data. Furthermore, the surgical hub  5104  identifies the modular devices to be used in the surgery as a Trocar  206581 , a modular energy device  206583 , a linear surgical stapler  206585 , and a circular surgical stapler  206585 , also based on the received  206502  data. 
     In various examples, the surgical hub  5104  may store a database of various surgeries, the identity and order of the surgical steps pertaining to each of the surgeries, and/or the identity and/or usage or activation frequency of the modular surgical devices to be used in each of the surgical steps. In such examples, a user input selecting or identifying the surgery to be performed may be all that is needed for the surgical hub  5104  to identify the surgical steps and modular surgical devices associated with the surgery to be performed. 
     In other examples, the surgical hub  5104  deduces the type of surgery to be performed, and/or its corresponding surgical steps, by detecting modular surgical devices that are in close proximity to the patient and/or are within the operating room. Additionally, or alternatively, the surgical hub  5104  may determine the type of surgery to be performed, and/or its corresponding surgical steps, from a received  206502  patient EMR, for example. 
       FIG. 23  depicts example information that is made available to and/or is deduced by the surgical hub  5104  in connection with an example surgery  206591  that is being coordinated by the surgical hub  5104 , which is based on the received  206502  data. In access  206580 , the trocar  206581  and the modular energy device  206583  are used. Usage of the modular energy device  206583  is depicted in activation instances  206590 , which can be repeated with or without interruptions, as depicted in  FIG. 23 . Each activation instance  206590  may comprise a predefined time period of energy application by the modular energy device  206583 , for example. Similar activation instances  206592 ,  206594 ,  206596  are depicted for the trocar  206581 , the linear surgical stapler  206585 , and the circular surgical stapler  206585 , respectively. 
       FIG. 23  also depicts erroneous, inadvertent, or unexpected activation instances  206590 ′,  206596 ′, which constitute examples of sensed parameters, in accordance with the process  206500  ( FIG. 16 ). The example activation instances  206590 ′,  206596 ′ are activation instances of the modular energy device  206583  and the circular surgical stapler  206585 , respectively, which are outside the expected, or normal, sequence of the surgery  206591  and, as such, are ignored. Alternatively, or additionally, an activation instance can be ignored if it is determined that the activated modular device is too far away from the surgical site. For example, an activation instance can be ignored if it is determined that the activated modular device is located on a sterile table, for example. Any suitable proximity sensors can be employed to determine the position of the activated modular device. Alternatively, or additionally, an activation instance can be ignored if it is determined that the activated modular device is not in contact with tissue. Any suitable continuity sensors can be employed to determine whether the activated modular device is in contact with tissue. 
     In various examples, the surgical hub  5104  could ignore hand piece activation based on depression of the buttons on the handle of a modular energy device if the surgical hub  5104  is aware the generator, surgical hub  5104 , and/or the modular energy device are not in an active surgery. This can reduce inadvertent activation of devices. Furthermore, this could operate on a finer control level as well: If the surgical hub  5104  determines that the modular energy device is not inside the patient or in contact with a patient&#39;s tissue by sensing continuity or the linking of the return path of the return pad, the activation of the modular energy device could be ignored. This could even be used relative to patient proximity in aspects where the system is capable of instrument tracking. 
     In one aspect, the surgical hub controls can be programmed such that fault detection during a surgery triggers a different response than fault detection does before or after a surgery. Accordingly, the severity of the surgical hub&#39;s response to faults can be based on its awareness of its use status. 
       FIG. 24  is a logic flow diagram of a process  206600  depicting a control program or a logic configuration for determining  206602  whether a modular device is in optimal condition and/or performing  206604  a severity assessment in the event it is determined that the modular device is in a suboptimal condition or is not functioning properly. A surgical hub  5104  may receive  206601  data from various sources indicative of device usage history, device status, recent performance, device authentication/identification data, device compatibility, and/or other data. The surgical hub  5104  may analyze such data to determine  206602  whether a modular device is in optimal condition. If so, the surgical hub  5104  permits the modular device to operate in a fully enabled device mode  206603 . If not, the surgical hub  5104  performs  206604  a severity assessment. Based on the severity assessment, the surgical hub  5104  may take steps to provide a warning  206605 , cause a reduction in available device functionality  206606 , force a device change  206607 , and/or take any other suitable action  206608 . 
     In one aspect, a detected fault severity response can be based on whether the surgical hub  5104  believes the device is unsafe or could be put into a limp mode because it is currently in-use. For example, if a counterfeit cartridge reload is used in a procedure, the user is warned  206605 , but the product is allowed to be used with surgeon override if the modular device is already in-use. As opposed to a reload being installed at the beginning of a procedure, for example in the pre-operative stage, at which point the severity it senses might be a higher level and it may lock-out the use of that combination of products. As another example, the number of uses flag can be treated in one manner before and after the procedure, as opposed to it being triggered during a procedure. The surgical hub&#39;s inclination to lockout a device that has been reused too many times before a procedure can be overridden to allow the device to continue if the trigger is activated while in a procedure. The inclination to lockout the device can then be restored once the procedure is complete. 
     In one aspect, security responses in certain situations could be substantially more restrictive based on the situational awareness of the surgical hub  5104 . Accordingly, surgical hub&#39;s security response can be based on its perceived need for secure use. For example, the protective reaction to a system attack might be elevated if the system is aware that it is in-use. As another example, the protective response to an attack might be escalated if surgical hubs are already aware they are under attack in other locations. As yet another example, remote access for controlling aspects of the modules within the surgical hub  5104  could be limited when the surgical hub is in use in a procedure. In one implementation, the external control aspects of the modular devices could be disabled when local control is established. In another implementation, when remote access is requested and a procedure is in process or there is a sensed use by a local user, the surgical hub might request confirmation locally for permission before granting permission for remote control of the system or function. 
     In one aspect, the configuration and responses of the surgical hub  5104  could be altered based on the user the surgical hub senses is in-use. Accordingly, the surgical hubs can be programmed to automatically re-configure based on sensed users. For example, the default configuration of an attached device and the controls of the device could be adjusted based on the user the surgical hub senses is using the device. If a specific surgeon doing a specific procedure always tends to use a device or its control in a repeatable manner, the surgical hub could automatically configure the device for the user as its learns his or her behavior. As another example, the surgical hub  5104  can learn the behaviors of the users it works with. This could even be with a network of hubs, which could each communicate preferences, setups, and alterations in device setup for specific users. Accordingly, when a specific user is sensed, either by login or another technique, the surgical hub  5104  could then start configuring the systems based on previous uses by the user in question. 
     In various aspects, a modular device  5102  such as, for example, a surgical instrument may interact with other modular devices  5102  and/or surgical hubs  5104 . The interaction may occur before, during, and/or after a surgical procedure commences. For example, the modular device  5102  may receive a firmware update from a surgical hub  5104  before the surgical procedure. In another example, the modular device  5102  may receive commands from a remote controller during a surgical procedure. In yet another example, the modular device  5102  may transmit usage data to a surgical hub  5104  regarding a surgical procedure after completion of the surgical procedure. Unauthorized interactions between a modular device  5102  and other modular devices  5102  and/or surgical hubs  5104  can interfere with the proper operation of such devices and systems. 
     Ensuring a secure interaction between a modular device  5102  and other modular devices  5102  and/or surgical hubs  5104  can be achieved by generating an appropriate response to an unauthorized interaction. In various aspects, the response of a modular device  5102  to a potential security violation or unauthorized interaction can be adjusted based on situational awareness. In some situations, the response of a modular device  5102  to a potential security violation or unauthorized interaction can be based on situational awareness that the modular device  5102  itself is attacked, instead of a surgical hub  5104 , for example. 
     In one aspect, a wirelessly pairable modular device  5102  can be programmed for detection and escalation of security responses in response to numerous or increasing severity threats. For example, the first response to a first violation results in a minor reaction and a second response to a second serial violation results in an escalated response. In another aspect, the escalated response could be termination of communication and/or autonomous usage only of the instrument. 
     In one aspect, a surgical instrument can be programmed to implement an escalation protocol to react according to the number or invasiveness of a security violation. Accordingly, a surgical instrument can be programmed to escalate security response in response to increasing threats. For example, a wireless device which pairs to another device or surgical hub and senses a first unauthorized or unauthentic interaction causes the device to execute a minor response (e.g., warn the user or raise the threat warning). When the device senses multiple additional issues or the severity of the additional issue is higher, the device&#39;s second response can be escalated much greater than the first response (e.g., end communication and only operate autonomously or only accept fully authenticated and encrypted requests). As another example, a device can execute a security response when communication interaction appears probing after already flagging an unauthentic handshake. 
       FIG. 25  is a logic flow diagram of a process  206610  depicting a control program or a logic configuration for generating suitable responses to unauthorized interactions with a modular device  5102 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The process  206610  includes detecting  206612  a first security violation or unauthorized interaction, causing  206614  the modular device  5102  to generate a first response to the first security violation or unauthorized interaction, storing  206616  a record of the first security violation or unauthorized interaction; detecting  206618  a second security violation or unauthorized interaction, and causing  206620  the modular device  5102  to generate a second response to the second security violation or unauthorized interaction, wherein the second response is escalated from the first response. 
     Referring to  FIG. 26 , in various examples, a modular device  5102  comprises a communication module  206622 , a control circuit  206624 , and a user interface  206626 . The control circuit  206624  is coupled to the communication module  206622  and the user interface  206626 , and is configured to execute the process of  206610 . 
     In various examples, any suitable wireless communication can be employed by the communication module  206622  including, for example, Bluetooth wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks (PANs). The communication module  206622  may employ anyone of a number of wireless or wired communication standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family), WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family), IEEE 802.20, long-term evolution (LTE), and Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, and Ethernet derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless and wired protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. In at least one example, the communication module  206622  may employ an Air Titan-Bluetooth. 
     In at least one example, a pairing attempt with the communication module  205522  by an unauthorized modular device or surgical hub is detected  206612 . In response, the control circuit  206624  may cause  206614  the user interface  206624  to issue a warning or an alert, which can a visual and/or an audible alert. Furthermore, the modular device  5102  may store  206616  a record of the first pairing attempt in a memory unit of the control circuit  206624 , for example. 
     If, however, a second pairing attempt by an unauthorized modular device or surgical hub is detected  206618 , the control circuit  206624  may cause  206620  a second response, escalated from the first response, to be generated. For example, the control circuit  206624  may cause the communication module  206622  to terminate all external communications and/or may cause an autonomous operation mode to be activated. 
     In at least one example, the modular device  5102  is a surgical stapler, and the first security violation or unauthorized interaction involves loading a spent, or previously used, staple cartridge onto the surgical stapler. Detecting  206612  the spent staple cartridge can be achieved by one or more sensors and/or by interrogating a chip of the staple cartridge to assess whether its identification number is associated with a new or unspent staple cartridge. Once a first spent staple cartridge is detected  206612 , the control circuit  206624  causes  206614  the user interface  206626  to issue to issue a warning or an alert, which can a visual and/or an audible alert. The alert may include instructions to remove the spent staple cartridge. 
     Further to the above, the modular device  5102  may store  206616  a record of the spent staple cartridge in a memory unit of the control circuit  206624 , for example. If, however, the control circuit  206624  detects  206618  that the same spent staple cartridge, or another spent staple cartridge, has been loaded onto the surgical stapler, a more escalated response can be generated by the control circuit  206624 . For example, the control circuit  206624  may cause the surgical stapler to enter a permanent lockout, preventing the surgical stapler from further usage. The control circuit  206624  may also report the incident to a surgical hub, for example. Other suitable escalated responses are contemplated by the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 27  is a logic flow diagram of a process  206630  depicting a control program or a logic configuration for generating suitable responses to unauthorized interactions with a modular device  5102 , in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. A first unauthorized activation of the modular device  5102  is detected  206632  by the control circuit  206624 , for example. In at least one example, an activation of the modular device  5102  while the device is on a surgical tray, or while the device is separated from the patient beyond a predetermined distance, is considered an unauthorized activation. The control circuit  206624  causes the modular device  5102  to generate  206634  a first response to a first unauthorized activation, which can be a minor response (e.g., warn the user or raise the threat warning). In one example, the control circuit  206624  may cause the user interface  206626  to issue a warning or an alert, which can a visual and/or an audible alert. Furthermore, the modular device  5102  may store  206636  a record of the first unauthorized activation in a memory unit of the control circuit  206624 , for example. Furthermore, a second unauthorized activation of the modular device  5102  is detected  206638 , the control circuit  206624  cause the modular device  5102  to generate a second response to the second unauthorized activation of the modular device  5102 , wherein the second response is escalated from the first response. 
     In various aspects, a surgical hub can be configured to provide surgical hub  5104  feedback to a user. The feedback could be adjusted based on a connotation resulting from a different connotation. In one aspect, a surgical hub  5104  can be programmed to provide interactive feedback to the user that enables adjustment of a device or display based on presence of an actionable aspect of the task at hand for the user. In one aspect, the interactive feedback could include visualization improvements identified by the surgical hub/visualization module that could provide better or more complete imaging of the surgical site. In one aspect, the interactive feedback could include an alternate imaging overlay demonstrating how a device could be better articulated when a device is placed in an inopportune location. 
     In one aspect, the surgical hub or displays could be affected based on the sensing of an action context for the user. Accordingly, display adjustments could be based on the surgical hub&#39;s awareness of actionable context. 
     Various aspects of the subject matter described herein are set out in the following numbered examples: 
     Example 1—A surgical system for use in a surgical procedure, wherein the surgical system comprises a modular device, at least one data source, and a surgical hub configured to communicably couple to the at least one data source and the modular device. The surgical hub comprises a control circuit configured to receive data from the at least one data source, wherein the data is determinative of a progress status the surgical procedure. The control circuit is further configured to adjust a response to a sensed parameter based on the progress status.
 
Example 2—The surgical system of Example 1, wherein the at least one data source comprises a patient monitoring device.
 
Example 3—The surgical system of Example 1 or 2, wherein the at least one data source comprises a surgical staff detection device.
 
Example 4—The surgical system of any one of Examples 1-3, wherein the progress status comprises a preoperative status while the surgical procedure is in preoperative steps.
 
Example 5—The surgical system of any one of Examples 1-4, wherein the progress status comprises an intraoperative status while the surgical procedure is in intraoperative steps.
 
Example 6—The surgical system of any one of Examples 1-5, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a fault detection parameter.
 
Example 7—The surgical system of any one of Examples 1-6, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a surgeon detection parameter of the modular device.
 
Example 8—The surgical system of any one of Examples 1-7, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a security-threat detection parameter.
 
Example 9—A surgical hub for use in a surgical procedure, wherein the surgical hub is configured to communicably couple to at least one data source. The surgical hub comprises a control circuit configured to receive data from the at least one data source, wherein the data is determinative of a progress status the surgical procedure. The control circuit is further configured to adjust a response to a sensed parameter based on the progress status.
 
Example 10—The surgical hub of Example 9, wherein the at least one data source comprises a patient monitoring device.
 
Example 11—The surgical hub of Example 9 or 10, wherein the at least one data source comprises a surgical staff detection device.
 
Example 12—The surgical hub of any one of Examples 9-11, wherein the progress status comprises a preoperative status while the surgical procedure is in preoperative steps.
 
Example 13—The surgical hub of any one of Examples 9-12, wherein the progress status comprises an intraoperative status while the surgical procedure is in intraoperative steps.
 
Example 14—The surgical hub of any one of Examples 9-13, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a modular device fault-detection parameter.
 
Example 15—The surgical hub of any one of Examples 9-14, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a surgeon detection parameter.
 
Example 16—The surgical hub of any one of Examples 9-15, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a security-threat detection parameter.
 
Example 17—A surgical hub for use in a surgical procedure, wherein the surgical hub is configured to communicably couple to at least one data source. The surgical hub comprises a control circuit configured to receive data from the at least one data source, wherein the data is determinative of a situational parameter of the surgical procedure. The control circuit is further configured to adjust a response to a sensed parameter based on the situational parameter.
 
Example 18—The surgical hub of Example 17, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a modular device fault-detection parameter.
 
Example 19—The surgical hub of Examples 17 or 18, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a surgeon detection parameter.
 
Example 20—The surgical hub of any one of Examples 17-19, wherein the sensed parameter comprises a security-threat detection parameter.
 
     While several forms have been illustrated and described, it is not the intention of Applicant to restrict or limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Numerous modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, combinations, and equivalents to those forms may be implemented and will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the structure of each element associated with the described forms can be alternatively described as a means for providing the function performed by the element. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. It is therefore to be understood that the foregoing description and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, combinations, and variations as falling within the scope of the disclosed forms. The appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications, variations, changes, substitutions, modifications, and equivalents. 
     The foregoing detailed description has set forth various forms of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. Those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the forms disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as one or more program products in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative form of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. 
     Instructions used to program logic to perform various disclosed aspects can be stored within a memory in the system, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), cache, flash memory, or other storage. Furthermore, the instructions can be distributed via a network or by way of other computer readable media. Thus a machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer), but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, compact disc, read-only memory (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, read-only memory (ROMs), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or a tangible, machine-readable storage used in the transmission of information over the Internet via electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). Accordingly, the non-transitory computer-readable medium includes any type of tangible machine-readable medium suitable for storing or transmitting electronic instructions or information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). 
     As used in any aspect herein, the term “control circuit” may refer to, for example, hardwired circuitry, programmable circuitry (e.g., a computer processor including one or more individual instruction processing cores, processing unit, processor, microcontroller, microcontroller unit, controller, digital signal processor (DSP), programmable logic device (PLD), programmable logic array (PLA), or field programmable gate array (FPGA)), state machine circuitry, firmware that stores instructions executed by programmable circuitry, and any combination thereof. The control circuit may, collectively or individually, be embodied as circuitry that forms part of a larger system, for example, an integrated circuit (IC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a system on-chip (SoC), desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, servers, smart phones, etc. Accordingly, as used herein “control circuit” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof. 
     As used in any aspect herein, the term “logic” may refer to an app, software, firmware and/or circuitry configured to perform any of the aforementioned operations. Software may be embodied as a software package, code, instructions, instruction sets and/or data recorded on non-transitory computer readable storage medium. Firmware may be embodied as code, instructions or instruction sets and/or data that are hard-coded (e.g., nonvolatile) in memory devices. 
     As used in any aspect herein, the terms “component,” “system,” “module” and the like can refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. 
     As used in any aspect herein, an “algorithm” refers to a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result, where a “step” refers to a manipulation of physical quantities and/or logic states which may, though need not necessarily, take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It is common usage to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. These and similar terms may be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities and/or states. 
     A network may include a packet switched network. The communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a selected packet switched network communications protocol. One example communications protocol may include an Ethernet communications protocol which may be capable permitting communication using a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The Ethernet protocol may comply or be compatible with the Ethernet standard published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) titled “IEEE 802.3 Standard”, published in December, 2008 and/or later versions of this standard. Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using an X.25 communications protocol. The X.25 communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by the International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). Alternatively or additionally, the communication devices may be capable of communicating with each other using a frame relay communications protocol. The frame relay communications protocol may comply or be compatible with a standard promulgated by Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT) and/or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Alternatively or additionally, the transceivers may be capable of communicating with each other using an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) communications protocol. The ATM communications protocol may comply or be compatible with an ATM standard published by the ATM Forum titled “ATM-MPLS Network Interworking 2.0” published August 2001, and/or later versions of this standard. Of course, different and/or after-developed connection-oriented network communication protocols are equally contemplated herein. 
     Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the foregoing disclosure, it is appreciated that, throughout the foregoing disclosure, discussions using terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “displaying,” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system&#39;s registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. 
     One or more components may be referred to herein as “configured to,” “configurable to,” “operable/operative to,” “adapted/adaptable,” “able to,” “conformable/conformed to,” etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that “configured to” can generally encompass active-state components and/or inactive-state components and/or standby-state components, unless context requires otherwise. 
     The terms “proximal” and “distal” are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating the handle portion of the surgical instrument. The term “proximal” refers to the portion closest to the clinician and the term “distal” refers to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that, for convenience and clarity, spatial terms such as “vertical”, “horizontal”, “up”, and “down” may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and/or absolute. 
     Those skilled in the art will recognize that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. 
     In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” 
     With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flow diagrams are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise. 
     It is worthy to note that any reference to “one aspect,” “an aspect,” “an exemplification,” “one exemplification,” and the like means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the aspect is included in at least one aspect. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one aspect,” “in an aspect,” “in an exemplification,” and “in one exemplification” in various places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same aspect. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more aspects. 
     Any patent application, patent, non-patent publication, or other disclosure material referred to in this specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet is incorporated by reference herein, to the extent that the incorporated materials is not inconsistent herewith. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material. 
     In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the concepts described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more forms has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more forms were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various forms and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.