Patent Publication Number: US-2006004648-A1

Title: Method and system for using templates for enhanced network-based auctions

Description:
COPYRIGHT NOTICE  
      A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or patent disclosure as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office, patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.  
     BACKGROUND  
      The present invention relates to a method and system for implementing enhanced network-based auctions and postings-for-sale. In one embodiment of the present invention, the enhanced auctions and postings-for-sale are implemented over the Internet.  
      Businesses have traditionally been limited in their opportunity to dispose of their old inventory and used assets. Oftentimes, businesses have scrapped these items, generating no revenue return, or have relied on brokers to dispose of them in a manner generating revenue for the business. In turn, these brokers often use auctions as one means of disposing these assets or inventory while attempting to maximize the revenues that can be generated. These broker auctions may be limited to specific customers for particular types of items or the auctions may be open to all potential bidders. In the first case, a broker may want to limit the auction where the potential pool of actual customers is limited or where allowing an open auction may, in some manner, hinder the auction process. In the latter case, where the auction is open to all potential bidders, it is often beneficial to maximize the number of people participating in the auction in order to extract the greatest price for the asset being auctioned. The problem in this latter case has been in attracting a large enough auction audience to facilitate a maximization of the return on the disposing of the asset.  
      The advent of the Internet along with the accompanying revolution in computer and network technology has created new auction paradigms, including several forms of network-based auctions. The Internet provides the ability to aggregate large numbers of bidders in all types of auctions, such as, for example, ascending bid auctions, reverse auctions, and Dutch auctions. Priceline.com® is an example of a traditional reverse auction process made available over the Internet. In another example, eBay® provides a traditional ascending bid auction service over the Internet. An eBay® type ascending bid auction is ideally suited for the broker auction process discussed above. Since its founding in 1995, eBay® has become the world&#39;s largest online marketplace providing a powerful platform for the sale of goods and services among a passionate community of individuals and businesses. Everyday, millions of items across thousands of categories are available on eBay®, for sale by auction and for a fixed price, enabling trade on a local, national, and international basis with customized Internet Web sites in markets around the world.  
      Businesses have typically kept their information, including information regarding the assets and inventory they wish to sell or auction off, in database systems that are part of their corporate information systems. For example, SAP® A.G. of Germany provides data management tools such as their SAP® R/3® and mySAP™ Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system that can manage this type of information. Conventional systems do not provide the automatic linking between these business information management systems and online Web auction services, such as eBay®, and, therefore, manual involvement with the Web auction service is required for each auction or sales posting conducted. Providing a system linking business information management systems with a Web auction service and automating the auction submission, tracking, and post-auction processing will considerably improve the ability of businesses to sell or auction off assets, such as current or old inventory, in a manner allowing greater price maximization, and thereby increasing business revenue.  
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1   a  is a diagram illustrating the high level architecture of the enhanced network-based auction service according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 1   b  is a diagram further illustrating the architecture of the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 1   c  is a diagram further illustrating the architecture of the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a top-level abstraction of the enhanced network-based auction process according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 3   a  is a diagram illustrating the product identification process according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 3   b  is a diagram illustrating a computer graphical user interface (GUI) for creating a listing according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 3   c  is a diagram illustrating the specification of listing information in the seller interface of the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 3   d  is a diagram illustrating a listing published on a Web auction service according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 3   e  is a diagram further illustrating a listing published on a Web auction service using seller provided information from the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 3   f  is a diagram illustrating the incorporation of shipping and payment information in a listing from a seller-defined shipping profile according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 4   a  is a diagram illustrating how forms of payment may be specified in a listing and how selection of one form of payment links a winning bidder/buyer to an appropriate payment site according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 4   b  is a diagram illustrating a sample checkout Web page for a seller site (auction application) run checkout process according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 4   c  is a diagram illustrating a listing in the process of checkout in a sample listing management screen as part of the seller interface according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 5   a  is a diagram illustrating a seller interface display allowing a seller to monitor his/her listings according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 5   b  is a diagram illustrating a seller interface display allowing a seller to search his/her listings as part of the monitoring process according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 5   c  is a diagram illustrating the advanced search designation screen of the seller interface according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 5   d  is a diagram illustrating the viewing of bidding information for an auction listing according to one embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating a method for generating a listing on a network-based auction service using a listing template according to one embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
      According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method and system for integrating a business information management system with a Web auction service is provided through an auction application. The auction application allows a seller to generate listings (e.g., auctions and postings-for-sale), allows for the execution of listings on a Web auction service, processes winning bidder/buyers, and monitors existing listings leveraging the power of a seller&#39;s business information management system. The auction application serves as the bridge between on the one-hand the seller and the seller&#39;s business information management system and on the other hand the Web auction service and the winning bidders/buyers.  
      A system and method are provided for generating a listing on a network-based auction service using a listing template according to one embodiment of the present invention. A listing template is generated using an auction application and a previously created listing and/or a set of user-provided listing information. The listing template is used to create a listing that a seller may tailor or use unmodified. The listing is then communicated to the network-based auction service. A system and method are also provided for generating a plurality of listings on a network-based auction service using a listing template. The listing template may be used to schedule a listing or a plurality of listings with the listing created by the auction application using the listing template and communicated to the network-based auction service as function of the scheduling information. The scheduling of a listing or a plurality of listings may be made using scheduling information such as a publishing date, a publishing frequency (for a plurality of listings), a user-specified interval of time (for a plurality of listings), and a duration period.  
      Architecture:  
      According to an embodiment of the present invention, an application for the enhanced network-based auction services (“auction application”) links an existing business information management system with a network-based auction service (hereinafter also referred to as a Web auction service). In this embodiment, the auction application is a component-based multi-tier application developed according to the Java™ 2 platform, enterprise edition standard (J2EE™) and running on top of the SAP® Web Application Server (SAP® Web AS). The auction application is linked to a business information management system, such as, for example, SAP® R/3®, using business information management system plug-ins to tie the auction application to the business information management system backend functions. The auction application is also linked to a Web auction service using communication protocols such as, for example, HTTP, secure HTTP, and SOAP protocols.  
       FIG. 1   a  is a diagram illustrating the high level architecture of the enhanced network-based auction service according to one embodiment of the present invention. The auction application  100  in this embodiment is deployed as a J2EE™ web application running on top of the SAP® Web AS. The auction application  100  allows users (e.g., sellers, bidders/buyers, and administrators) to communicate with it through a user interface layer  101 . In  FIG. 1   a , three user interfaces are shown: an administrator user interface  102 ; a seller user interface  103 ; and a bidder/buyer user interface  104 . The administrator user interface  102  allows administrator level—not seller specific—functionality for the auction application  100  primarily relating to auction application configuration and user authorizations. The seller interface  103  provides functionality to a seller  106  for managing its network-based auctions and postings-for-sale (i.e., listings). For example, a seller  106  may generate and manage listings through the seller interface  103 . A seller  106  may also monitor listings through the seller interface  103 . Other functions that may be available through the seller interface  103  may include, for example, the generation and maintenance of a product catalog, scheduling and tracking the publishing of listings on the Web auction service  108 , the generation of feedback relating to the listings, and setting seller preferences. The bidder/buyer user interface  104  provides functionality to allow a winning bidder/buyer  105  to interact with the seller  106  and auction application  100  to make necessary arrangements for finalizing the execution of the winning bid or purchase made on the Web auction service  108 .  
      In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1   a , the user interface layer  101  uses HTML to implement the user interfaces  102 - 104 . In particular for the seller user interface  103  and administrator user interface  102 , a protocol such as the SAP® secure HTML for Java™ may be used to implement HTML with Web controls using comprehensive tags. In addition Struts, an open-source tool, may be used to segregate the business data and logic from the user interfaces while implementing complex user interfaces using, for example, Java™ servlets, JavaBeans™, and Enterprise JavaBeans™.  
      The backend layer (BLS)  110  is the part of the auction application  100  that handles the communication with the business information management system  120 . In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1   a , the business information management system  120  is an SAP® R/3® application release 4.0 or higher. The backend layer  110  uses the SAP® Java™ Connector (JCo) component  111  in this embodiment to provide the communication between the J2EE™ auction application environment and the business information management system  120 .  
      The services layer  112  includes functional components for process management of the enhanced network-based auction process as depicted in  FIG. 1   a . In particular, the services layer  112  handles the interface with a database  117  used by the auction application  100  to store, for example, product and listing information. The services layer  112  may use Java™ Data Objects (JDO)  115  for information sent to or retrieved from the database  117 , in this example an SAP® DB database. In this embodiment, OpenSQL  116  is used as the query language for interaction with the database  117 . In addition, the services layer  112  may provide specialized functional service components such as the Web auction service communicator  113  (referred to in  FIG. 1   a  as the Communicator) discussed later. Web auction service communicator  113  may be a communicator adapted to be used with one or more network-based auction services, and/or may include different pluggable components for different network-based auction services.  
      Other functional service components may include a scheduler for the scheduling of tasks by the auction application  100 . For example, a task may be an object with an executable block of program code enclosed with timing information inside a job. The scheduler may run as a service in J2EE™ handling the execution and management of jobs and task by the auction application  100 . Some scheduled tasks may involve interfacing with the Web auction service  108 . For example, a listing creation task may be used to create a listing in the Web auction service  108  at a scheduled time. In another example, a winner poll task may be used to synchronize information about listings that have been won or postings-for-sale that have successfully been responded to. A bid synchronization task may synchronize information about bids for a listing maintained by the auction application  100  with the bid information maintained by the Web auction service  108 . A category synchronization task may be used to synchronize the descriptive and search categories used by the Web auction service  108  with categories used by the auction application  100 . A feedback task may synchronize feedback information for a listing or seller  106  provided by Web auction service bidders  105  with the auction application  100 . The above example tasks specifically refer to the transfer and synchronization of information between the Web auction service  108  and the auction application  100 .  
      Other tasks may be internal to the auction application  100  or may involve synchronization with the business information management system  120 . For example, a product catalog synchronization task may update product details for a listing in the auction application  100  (and eventually the Web auction service  108 ) with the product details in the business information management system  120 .  
      Another functional service component may include an internal recovery manager to manage failures in network-based communications and transactions between the auction application  100  and the Web auction service  108 . A persistence manager is another example of a functional service component that can be used to ensure data persistence between the data used in the auction application  100  and data in the database  117 . Specifically in  FIG. 1   a , the persistence manager may handle data persistence between the business objects used by the auction application  100  and the Java™ data objects  115 . The Java™ data objects  115  map to the database  117  through OpenSQL  116  as provided for in the SAP® Web AS.  
      An embodiment of auction application  100  provides a method and system to recover information and/or recover from a system failure. For example, the auction application  100  may enable a user (e.g., seller  106  and/or administrator  107 ) to recall steps in a listing initiation process. Conventionally, when a user attempts to publish a listing in Web auction service  108 , various steps may be performed, sometimes in multiple systems. These steps may validate the listing with the Web auction service  108  and the Web auction service  108  may send information to a backend system such as the business information management system  120 . Conventionally, a Web auction service  108  may prevent a user from going back a step, perhaps allowing only forward movement through screen prompts. Limiting the direction of the progress through screen prompts may be due to the involvement of multiple systems in the process.  
      Therefore, in case of a failure of some sort, for example a screen freeze, a keyboard lockup, system crash, network communication error, network or power outage, etc., it may be useful to provide a system that returns a user to the most recent step on which the user was working. One embodiment of the present invention may record steps in the auction listing process and thereby provide a method for returning to the previous screen or prompt, or to any previous screen or prompt.  
      This embodiment of the present invention may be useful in any multi-phase application that provides a series of screens or prompts to a user in which the system limits the ability of the user to return to a previous screen and/or prompt. In this embodiment, a process may return to an initial screen/prompt and then functionally input a recording of entries and/or responses until the previous screen/prompt before the lockup, system failure, etc. or to a previous point determined by a user.  
      Conventional systems may not allow the release of a reservation of a quantity of a product in a listing after a predetermined period of time passes (the entry may have a certain life span). Therefore, it may be useful to recover a transaction to prevent the system from duplicating reservations for product quantities.  
      For example, a user may create a listing and begin to publish the listing before an electricity failure. The auction application  100  may have reserved the quantity of the product in the listing in the business information management system  120  but not published the listing to the Web auction service  108 . In this situation, a user may re-attempt publishing the listing and thereby avoid creating a new reservation for the quantity of the product in the listing. In an embodiment of the present invention may enable a user to resume the listing publishing process at a step saved in the database.  
      In a system that operates in conjunction with two or more non-compatible systems, a user may be prevented from returning to an initial prompt or screen. In this situation, an alternative embodiment of the present invention may enable the user to return to an intermediate state and/or a beginning of a last-good state. The intermediate state or last-good state may represent, for example, a beginning or end of any of the following functions: creation, reservation, publication, create customer, create order, check payment, release delivery block, and/or deliver product.  
      According to one embodiment of the present invention, the auction application  100  may incorporate milestones in particular transactions/processes at which point the transaction state information is saved and at which point a transaction can be recovered. Alternatively, the user may define milestones in the system to facilitate the return to an intermediate step. For example, the user may configure transaction milestones relating to the creation of a customer, publication, or any other appropriate milestone. If the auction application  100  or another system utilizing this exemplary method fails to respond and/or locks-up at the same point in the process, the user may know that the error is caused by the screen and/or the system accessed by the screen when the lock-up reoccurred.  
      According to one embodiment of the present invention, a failure recovery manager models each of the processes as a series of steps with each execution of a process treated as a process instance. For example, a process to publish a listing may include four steps: 1) save listing; 2) create quotation/reservation; 3) publish to Web auction service; and 4) save listing again. Each time a publish listing process is executed according to this embodiment, it is assigned a unique identifier (e.g., listing identifier) and treated as a single instance of the process having a state holder used by the failure recovery manager to track the execution of the process. The failure recover manager tracks how far a process instance has successfully executed and maintains and updates state information before and after the execution of each step in the process. If the execution of a process instance fails at any intermediate step, the execution of the process instance terminates but the failure recovery manager may use the state holder information to resume the process instance from the last successfully completed step.  
      The Web auction service communicator  113  provides the interface between the Web auction service  108  and the auction application  100 . The Web auction service communicator  113  translates auction application  100  actions to Web auction service  108  API calls. For example, an auction application  100  action to create or publish a listing may be translated into a Web auction service  108  API call such as “AddItem.” Using eBay® as an example, the AddItem call sends a request to the eBay® platform to post a listing and includes arguments such as, for example, a definition of the item being sold, payment methods the seller is willing to accept, and global regions the seller will and will not ship the item to. The Web auction service communicator  113  translates the “create listing” auction application activity into the “AddItem” Web auction service  108  API call. The API call may be placed in an XML packet using the SAP® Java™ XML binding toolkit  114 , which allows the mapping of Java™ objects to XML documents. The XML packet may include specific information including packet header data. For example, the XML packet may include an Identifier including the seller  106  user ID and password for the Web auction service  108 , an API call identifier for the Web auction service  108  API call, and call parameters such as the API call arguments. The XML packet may be transmitted between the auction application  100  and the Web auction service  108  by means of an HTTP request. Information received from the Web auction service  108  may be received as an HTTP request and its content may be mapped to Java™ objects also by using the SAP® Java™ XML binding toolkit  114 .  
      One aspect of the auction application  100  is the business object layer  118  (also referred to as the business logic layer  118  in  FIG. 1   a ). The business object layer  118  may communicate with the user interface layer  101  using JavaBeans™ to transfer data. Data is transferred in either direction by generating and transferring the appropriate JavaBeans™. At the business object layer  118 , processing and interaction of data between the users and user interface layer  101 , the business information management system  120 , the Web auction service  108 , and the service layer  112  with its component services (including data from the database  117 ) occurs. The business object layer  118  may be implemented using a commercial architecture such as, for example, the SAP® Internet Sales Architecture (ISA) framework as part of the SAP® Web Application Server. In one embodiment of the present invention, the ISA framework is used throughout the auction application  100  including in the communication between the winning bidders/buyers  105  and the business information management system  120  through the use of plug-ins to allow the ISA framework to link to, for example, the SAP® R/3® backend  120 .  
       FIG. 1   b  is a diagram further illustrating the architecture of the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1   b , the business object layer  118  (also referred to as the business logic layer) includes the backend layer (BLS)  110  and services layer  112  (also referred to as the service provider layer) that were shown separately in the embodiment in  FIG. 1   a . Business objects  135 - 137  include, for example, an auction manager  135 , bid manager  136 , and winner manager  137  which communicate with the user interface layer  101  by means of JavaBeans™  139 . The backend layer  110  may include objects that communicate with the user interface layer  101 . For example, an order manager  140  may allow a buyer  105  to communicate with the business information management system  120  backend through communication between user interface layer  101  objects and backend layer system  110  objects using JavaBeans™  139 . The backend layer system  110  may also communicate with business object layer  118  business objects  135 - 137 . For example, a backend user-mapping object  142  in the BLS  110  may allow business objects in the BOL  118  to access data in the business information management system  120 . As previously discussed, the service layer  112  may include a number of functional service components including a persistence manager  131 , a scheduler  132 , a Web auction service communicator  134 , and a Java™ object-to-XML data binding service  133 .  
      The SAP® Internet Sales Application (ISA) framework for the SAP® R/3® system is used according to one embodiment of the present invention. In an alternative embodiment other frameworks may be used, for example, to integrate an SAP® CRM backend with the auction application instead of an SAP® R/3® backend.  
      The business objects in the business object layer  118  are functional components providing a number of services according to the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1   b . For example, the listing manager  135  may include codes for a number of functions such as: create listing, create listing template, copy listing, modify listing, view listing details, publish listing, publish listing by schedule, activate listing, cancel listing, close listing, and search listings. The “create listing” function allows a seller  106  to create a new listing for an auction or a posting-for-sale. A listing may be created in a number a ways including by selection from a product catalog, database query, database report, manual entry, using a listing template, and in loading an external file. The listing manager  135  allows the seller  106  to provide listing specific information and may validate that the requirements of the Web auction service  108  for the listing are met. For example, a Web auction service  108  may require that particular information is included when a listing is created. The “create listing” function may then validate that the seller  106  included the information and otherwise prompts the seller  106  for this information. The “create listing template” function allows a seller  106  to create a template for use with future listings. The information provided by the seller  106  for the template is automatically used when the seller  106  selects the template during the “create listing” function discussed above. The seller  106  may then modify template information or add information omitted from the template to complete the new listing. A listing template facilitates the generation of multiple listings particularly when similar listings are going to be scheduled at multiple times. The “copy listing” function allows a seller  106  to copy the information from an existing or stored prior listing into a new listing-the seller  106  creates a new listing from an existing or old listing. The seller  106  finds the existing or old listing to be copied, selects the “copy listing” function and then edits the listing information to generate a new listing. The “modify listing” function allows a seller  106  to modify the attributes of an existing listing to the extent allowed by the Web auction service  108 . For example, a Web auction service  108  may allow a listing to be modified until it becomes active at which time the listing is locked and no further changes to its attributes can be made during the execution of the listing. A Web auction service  108  may also allow changes to particular listing attributes during the execution of the listing. For example, a seller  106  may be allowed to change the reserve price during the execution of an auction. The Web auction service  108  requirements need to be accounted for by the “modify listing” function to avoid conflicts between the auction application  100  and the Web auction service  108 . The “view listing details” function allows a seller  106  to view the details of a listing and may include information about an active listing that is being executed. For example, the “view listing details” function may retrieve bidding information for an active auction listing that is being executed (i.e., the auction is in progress). The “view listing details” function may be divided into two functions: one for viewing the listing details and a second for viewing details regarding the execution of the listing on the Web auction service  108 . For example, the “view listing details” function may provide information regarding the listing itself while a “view bid history” function may provide listing execution information from the Web auction service  108 . The “publish listing” function allows a seller  106  to submit a created listing for publication by a Web auction service  108 . The “publish listing by schedule” function allows a seller  106  to schedule the publication of a listing already created or based on a listing template. For example, a listing template may be used to schedule a similar listing to be published every week, day, month, etc. The “activate listing” function allows a seller  106  to activate a listing before the submitted start time of the listing provided that the Web auction service  108  allows the manual activation of a listing. Under some circumstances, the manual activation of a listing may be necessary if a Web auction service  108  does not require a start date for a listing and one is not provided. The “close listing” function allows a seller  106  to close a listing before the submitted end date and time of the listing provided that the Web auction service  108  allows changing the conclusion date of the listing. The “cancel listing” function allows a seller  106  to cancel a listing before it becomes active with a Web auction service  108 . It is unlikely that a Web auction service  108  will allow the canceling of an active listing but if this is allowed, the “cancel listing” function may allow the canceling of an active listing as well. The “search listings” function may allow a seller  106  different ways to search through listings. For example, the searching may occur only for seller  106  created listings stored by the auction application  100  in its own database  117  or in the business management information system  120 . The “search listings” function may also allow a seller  106  to search through listing on the Web auction service  108 . The “search listings” function may also incorporate different ways to conduct the search to include, for example, searching by product, start date, end date, listing status, description, category, etc. Other examples of listing manager  135  component functions may include a “bidder/buyer feedback” function to display to the seller  106  bidder/buyer feedback provided to Web auction service  108  regarding the listing and seller and a “listing finalization” function to trigger post-auction/sale processing including the retrieval of winning bidder/buyer information and creating an order in the business information management system  120 .  
      In another example of a business object layer  118  object, the bid manager  136  may include code for viewing the bid history or sale history of a listing. Though previously described as part of the “view listing details” function of the listing manager  135 , this function may additionally or alternatively be included in the bid manager  136 . As previously stated, the “view bid history” function may allow a seller  106  to view all the bids with associated information (e.g., date and time) for a listing and may allow the viewing of a bid history for listings that are active or closed. The winner manager  137  may include code to allow a winning bidder/buyer  105  to communicate with a seller  106  in order to handle and process payments and to direct shipping of the listing product(s). The winner manager  137  may include functions used to trigger post-auction/sale processing including the retrieval of winning bidder/buyer information and creating an order in the business information management system  120  in the same manner as the potential “list finalization” function discussed within the listing manager  135 .  
      The backend layer (BLS)  110  objects are also functional components providing additional services for the auction application  100  according to one embodiment of the present invention. The BLS layer  110  handles communications with the backend system, the business information management system  120 , with which the auction application  100  integrates. In the diagrams depicted in  FIGS. 1   a  and  1   b , the backend system  120  is the SAP® R/3® system. In other embodiments, other business information management systems can be used as the backend to the auction application  100 . For example, SAP® CRM may serve as an alternative backend. One example of a BLS  110  object is the order manager  140 , which may include code for a number of functions such as: creating an order in the backend system  120 , viewing the order in the backend system  120 , and searching the backend system orders. The winner manager  137  as discussed above may trigger the execution of the order manager  140 . The “create order” function allows the auction application  100  to create an order in the backend system  120  for a winning bidder/buyer  105  of a listing as part of the checkout process. The order is created using listing execution information (e.g., winning bidder/buyer and associated information, price, quantity, etc.) obtained from the Web auction service  108 . The order in the backend  120  may be associated with the listing through adding (at least one) order identifier to the listing information in the auction application  100  and by adding a listing identifier to the order in the backend  120 . The order may include shipping details and payment information for the winning bidder/buyer  105 . The “view order” function allows a seller  106  to retrieve information through the user interface layer  101  about the order and its status from the backend system  120 . The “search orders” function allows a seller  106 , through the user interface layer  101 , to search for information about multiple orders in the backend system  120 . The “search orders” function may allow a seller  106  to use different parameters to conduct the search in order to sort, aggregate, and/or limit orders in the results.  
      The product catalog API object  141  is another backend layer (BLS)  110  functional component allowing retrieval and searching of data in the product catalog of the business information management system  120  as well as quantity reservation of products included in a listing. A “view product catalog” function allows a seller  106  to view products available in a product catalog maintained by the backend, business information management system  120 . As previously discussed, a seller  106  can use this product catalog to select products for inclusion in a listing. The “view product catalog” function may incorporate filtering to filter out products based on particular attributes. This filtering may be performed by the backend system  120  or by the “view product catalog” function in the Java™ runtime environment in order to display only listing-actionable products to a seller  106 . The auction application  100 , in this embodiment, operates in a J2EE™ runtime environment and interacts with the product catalog of the backend system  120  through a Java™-based API called PCATAPI which is the means of interaction between the product catalog API object  141  and the product catalog according to this embodiment. The “search product catalog” function also uses PCATAPI which allows SAP® TREX-based searching of the product catalog. The “search product catalog” function may allow a seller  106  a variety of possible search parameters for finding a desired product. The “quantity reservation” function may be triggered during the listing creation process or at a later time in order to prevent the quantity of the product included in the listing from being otherwise disposed. For example, when a listing is first generated and a quantity “x” of a product is included in the listing, the “quantity reservation” function may be executed to reserve “x” quantity in the product catalog so that it remains available for the winning bidder/buyer  105 . Alternatively, the “quantity reservation” function may be executed after the listing is created such as, for example, when a listing is published or activated on a Web auction service  108  or when a winning bidder/buyer  105  is determined.  
      The service layer  112  objects are also functional components providing services for the auction application  100  according to one embodiment of the present invention. The service layer  112  objects are system level components that do not directly communicate with the user interface layer  101  and the backend system  120 . The persistence manager  131  is a service layer  112  object that ensures data persistency and object relational persistency for the auction application  100 . The persistence manager  131  also handles any data redundancy requirements during database  117  changes or queries to ensure the integrity of the data. The scheduler  132  is another example of a service layer  112  object that handles the scheduling of background jobs and tasks as previously discussed. The scheduler  132  primarily handles the scheduling of jobs (i.e., communicating tasks) with the Web auction service  108 . The XML data binder  133  is a service layer  112  object responsible for the mapping in both directions of Java™ objects and XML documents necessary for the communication between the auction application  100  and the Web auction service  108  according to this embodiment of the present invention. The Web auction service communicator  134  is an example of a service layer  112  object that handles the communication between the auction application  100  and the Web auction service  108 .  
      The Web auction service communicator  134  may communicate with the Web auction service  108  by using HTTP and secure HTTP communication by means of post and get requests. Communication with the Web auction service  108  needs to conform to the Web auction service  108  API and the Web auction service communicator  134  is designed to generate requests using the Web auction service  108  API calls. The Web auction service communicator  134  may place the Web auction service  108  API calls inside an XML packet (i.e., an XML document) which is sent in the HTTP request. According to one embodiment, the XML packet includes: user attributes such as a seller ID and a seller password to authenticate the seller  106  to the Web auction service  108 ; license attributes providing a developer license key where necessary; call identifier for the Web auction service  108  API call (i.e., the API function call name); call parameters corresponding to the API call parameters; and error attributes for returning errors from the Web auction service  108  to the auction application  100 . Using eBay® as an example, the following table includes samples of Web auction service  108  API function calls, a brief description of their purpose, and an auction application  100  component that may initiate the API call:  
                                               Corresponding Auction Application       ebay ® API   Description   Object                  GetAPIVersion   Returns the API version called   Internal API           on ebay server       AddItem   Publishes an Auction to ebay   AuctionManager.createAuction       ReviseItem   Modifies an existing Auction on   AuctionManager.modifyAuction           ebay       RelistItem   Relists an earlier listed Auction   AuctionManager.modifyStatus           which closed without winners       VerifyAddItem   Verifies the Listing and return   AuctionManager.verifyAuction           the Auction Fee but does not           publish the Auction on ebay       EndItem   Prematurely close an Auction on   AuctionManager.closeAuction           ebay       GetItem   Retrieves the Auction data from   AuctionManager.getAuction           ebay       GetCategories   Retrieves the huge Category   CategoryManager.getCategories           Tree on ebay       GetCategory2CS   Retrieves the Category Sets   CategoryManager.getCategorySets       GetAttributesCS   Retrieves the attributes of a   CategoryManager.getAttributes( )           category set       GetSellerTransactions   Retrieves the Transactions done   CategoryManager.getTransactions           on ebay for a Seller between a           certain time window       GetItemTransactions   Retrieves the Transactions on   TransactionManager.getTransactions           ebay for an Auction between a           certain time window       GetSellerEvents   Retrieves the ebay Events for a   Internal API           Seller between a certain time           window       GetAPIAccessRules   Retrieves the API Access Rules   Internal API           on ebay Server       GetHighBidders   Retrieves the list of highest   BidManager.getHighBidders           bidders for an Auction       LeaveFeedback   Leaves feedback for a buyer by   FeedbackManager.provideFeedback           Seller on ebay       RetrieveFeedback   Retrieves the feedback for a   FeedbackManager.retrieveFeedback           Seller between a certain time           window       GetEBayUser   Retrieves the data for a Buyer   UserMapper.getUser           from ebay                  
 
      The Web auction service communicator  134  is specific or unique to a particular Web auction service  108  allowing the remainder of the auction application  100  to be general and relate to any Web auction service  108  according to one embodiment of the present invention. According to this embodiment, the communicator  134  code is modular and can be replaced and or augmented allowing the auction application  100  to work with a plurality of Web auction services  108  as long as the appropriate communicator  134  is present. For example, the Web auction service communicator  134  may be stored in a plug-in or servlet used by the auction application  100  that can easily substituted with the appropriate plug-in or servlet for another Web auction service  100  if and when needed.  
       FIG. 1   c  is a diagram further illustrating the architecture of the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention. According to this embodiment, the auction application  100  includes a J2EE™ application environment container  155  containing the user interface layer  101  and business object layer  118  communicating using JavaBeans™  139  as already discussed. The business object layer  118  in this embodiment includes the backend layer  110  but the services layer  112  is separate. A Java™ connector is still used by the backend layer  110  in communicating with the business information management system  120 . The auction application  100  additionally includes further services  150  that fall outside the J2EE™ container  155 . This embodiment is only one further example of the many possible architectures for the auction application that may be employed in various embodiments of the present invention.  
      Different embodiments of the present invention can be implemented using different architectures, products, and services other than in the example embodiments described herein. The present invention is not intended to be limited to the products, environments and standards described herein and may be implemented in different ways in other embodiments of the present invention.  
      Deploying the Auction Application:  
      According to the example embodiment of the present invention, the auction application  100  is developed using the J2EE®-based SAP® Web application server. The current release of SAP® Web AS only includes by default functionality for digital signatures and not the encryption necessary to implement Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol. For example, by default SAP® Web AS may allow the auction application  100  to, as part of securing communication, use public key technology to send and receive encrypted message digests in order to validate the other party to the communication—what is commonly known as using digital signatures. However, the complete version of the SAP® Java™ Cryptographic Toolkit may have to be loaded when deploying the auction application  100  in some circumstances according to this embodiment. The SAP® Java™ cryptographic toolkit provides support for certificates, symmetric cryptographic algorithms, and message authentication code (MAC) values (e.g., using MD5) necessary for Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol-based secure communication over the Internet-in particular the HTTP request-based communication between the auction application  100  and the Web auction service  108 . If necessary, loading the complete cryptographic toolkit may be described in the technical documentation provided by SAP® and may in addition be available from SAP® technical support personnel. This additional step may only be relevant regarding the example embodiment discussed above which is based on an early version of SAP® Web AS. In other embodiments of the present invention, this issue may be irrelevant.  
      In the example embodiment of the present invention, the auction application  100  is not specific to any one Web auction service  108 . Instead, the auction application  100  may be used with many possible Web auction services  108 . Using the auction application  100  with a specific Web auction service  108  may entail the use of an appropriate Web auction service communicator  113 ,  134  specific to the Web auction application  108 . The specific details of the communication and interaction between the auction application  100  components (objects) and the Web auction service  108  may be hard-coded into this specific Web auction service communicator  113 ,  134 . According to this embodiment, the Web auction service-specific interfacing is done through the Web auction service communicator  113 ,  134 .  
      Enhanced Network-Based Auction Process:  
       FIG. 2  is a diagram illustrating a top-level abstraction of the enhanced network-based auction process according to one embodiment of the present invention. The enhanced network-based auction process  200  is divided into four process steps: product identification &amp; preparation  201 , the listing process  202 , post-listing processing  203 , and monitoring and analyzing listings  204 . The product identification &amp; preparation step  201 , the listing process step  202 , and the post-listing processing step  203  are performed sequentially for each listing (i.e., auction or posting-for-sale) conducted by a seller (e.g., a business entity). The monitoring and analyzing listings step  204  may be performed continually throughout the entire process and does not need to be performed in a sequence relative to the other process steps.  
      The first step in the enhanced network-based auction process is the product identification &amp; preparation step  201  according to this embodiment of the present invention. During this step, two actions in particular may occur: 1) identifying the product(s) to be auctioned or posted-for-sale; and 2) gathering information about the product(s). The identification of products by a seller (e.g., a business)  106  can occur in a number a ways using a business information management system  120  according to one embodiment of the present invention. For example, a seller  106  may manually compile a list by directly entering the information into the auction application. In another example, a seller  106  may manually retrieve data from a database or legacy software application, such as, for example, a Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet. According to this example, the product information is extracted from the legacy software (e.g., Microsoft® Excel) by exporting the selected data into a file and loading the file into the auction application  100 . In another example, a seller  106  may execute a report or query on the backend business information management system  120  returning a listing of products from which the seller  106  may make a selection. The report or query may be generated using whatever selection parameters are available to limit the results and assist the seller  106  in identifying the desired product(s) in an expeditious manner. The fields or columns available in the business information management system  120  database tables may determine these selection parameters. For example, if a field or table allows storing information on inventory location, then inventory location is a potential parameter that may be used in generating the report or in forming the query from which an identification of the product(s) to be auctioned or posted-for-sale can be made. The selection parameters may also be determined using calculated values derived from stored information in the tables of a business information management system  120 . For example, if a field or table stores information regarding when a product was received or otherwise became part of the inventory, a calculation using the current information can be made to determine the number of days the product has been carried as inventory. Therefore, for example, the number of days a product has been a part of the inventory may be a selection parameter used in generating the report or in forming the query from which an identification of the product(s) to be auctioned or posted-for-sale can be made.  
      In the example embodiment shown in  FIG. 1   a , the SAP® R/3® system is the business information management system  120  from whose databases a report or query can be executed and used in the product identification process. Another example of a business information management system  120  including a database system from which a report or query can be executed is the SAP® CRM system. For example, the product may exist in the mySAP™ Customer Relation Management (mySAP™ CRM) system as a product master or may exist in the SAP® R/3® system in the Material Management (MM) module. In other embodiments of the present invention, idle assets may exist in the Asset Management (AM) module of the SAP® R/3® system and equipment may exist in the Plant Maintenance (PM) module of the SAP® R/3® system. In conjunction with SAP® R/3®, other tools can be used in generating the reports and queries from which product identification can be made, including: SAP® Business Information Warehouse (BW) (reports), SAP® ABAP™ (reports and queries); SAP® R/3® modules such as the Sales Information System (SIS); and third party reporting and query systems. Regardless of the tools used, the product identification and preparation process  201  can take advantage of product information already maintained by the seller&#39;s business information management system  120 .  
       FIG. 3   a  is a diagram illustrating the product identification process according to one embodiment of the present invention. A report, query, or legacy software application  300  can be used as the source of the product information. The information from the source is extracted  301  into a file  302  such as, for example, a file in CSV (comma-separated value) format (i.e., a Microsoft® Excel recognizable format). The file  302  is loaded into the auction application  304  using an auction application configuration management (XCM)  303  setting that specifies the location of the file  302 . As an alternative to this embodiment, product information may also be entered manually through the seller interface  103 . In another embodiment, a product catalog may be used in the product identification process  201 . For example, a product catalog maintained by the business information management system  120  and available through the ISA framework may also be used to identify the product(s) for a listing.  
      In addition to identifying the product(s) to be auctioned or posted-for-sale, the first step  201  in the enhanced network-based auction process may further involve the gathering of information about the product(s)—the staging of the product(s). According to one embodiment of the present invention, information regarding the product(s) is gathered in a staging area, which serves as the virtual repository of the product information. The staging area may be a memory-based area from which a seller  106  may organize listings or it may be part of a database  117  in the auction application  100  where additional product information may be stored. The additional product information may also be provided as either part of the product identification process discussed above or separately using the same means: 1) manual entry, 2) loading from an external file, and/or 3) from information available in the business information management system  120  such as, for example, from a product catalog. The product information may, in one example, include a product ID, quantity, description, plant, storage location, and shipping point in order to fully identify the specific product so that it can be reserved (discussed later). Less information may be used where only a quantity of a product at a location needs to be reserved but not the specific product or where a product location is not used.  
      Listing Processing:  
      The listing processing itself is the second step  202  in the enhanced network-based auction process according to one embodiment of the present invention. From a sales perspective, all the products and materials (“products”) identified for auctioning or posting-for-sale are conceptually or electronically gathered in the staging area as previously discussed (e.g., in an auction application  100  database  117 ). These products can now be grouped into listings that will be published on and executed by the Web auction service  108 . Each grouping may be termed a “listing” and each listing may be for an auction or a direct offer for sale (a posting-for-sale).  
      The listing information is taken from the product information gathered in the staging area as previously discussed and may be augmented with additional listing-specific information provided by the seller  106 . For example, a quantity of the product to the offered, an auction start price, an auction reserve price, and a sale price for a posting-for-sale are all examples of listing-specific information that may be provided by the seller  106 . Alternatively, this information may be generated or automatically determined based on prior sales history and other information available in/to the business information management system  120 . The seller  106  may create one or more listings and he/she determines which products are included in each listing. Products may be listed individually or as a group and, therefore, multiple different products may be included in a single listing if the seller  106  chooses. In addition to the product information, the seller  106  may need to provide information required by the Web auction service  108  in order to place (i.e., publish) the listing. The Web auction service  108  may require or allow the specification of additional information that may not be necessary but may facilitate finding bidders/buyers  105  for the listing and the seller  106  may also include this information. For example, category information for the listing may not be necessary but may help a bidder/buyer  105  find the listing on the Web auction service  108  and therefore would be advantageous for the seller  106  to include in the listing.  
       FIG. 3   b  is a diagram illustrating a computer graphical user interface (GUI) for creating a listing in a Web auction service according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 3   b , the auction application  100  seller interface  103  includes a “create listing” screen  310  allowing a seller  106  to create a listing. This screen may be provided as part of the create listing function of the listing manager  135  in the business object layer  118 . This screen shows multiple potential listings  311  that can each be identified by the listing type  312 . For example, an auction listing may be of the default type “listing”  313  as shown in  FIG. 3   b . In addition, a listing name  314  may be provided along with a listing description  315  that may be used by the seller  106  and the Web auction service  108  to help identify and categorize the listing. Additional examples of listing information include a start price  316 , a reserve price  317 , sale or “Buy It Now” price (for an offer directly for sale)  318 , quantity  319 , and closing date or listing duration  320 . In addition to the general listing details, additional listing information may be provided.  FIG. 3   c  is a diagram illustrating the specification of listing information in the seller interface of the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention. An image of the product(s) may also be included in the listing according to this embodiment and is specified by the full path and file name of the image  330  in the seller interface  103 . A Web auction service  108  may also use categories to help bidder/buyers find listings. In the embodiment depicted in  FIG. 3   c , the seller interface  103  allows the seller  106  to specify a primary category  331  and a secondary category  332  for the listing. A description template  334  allows the seller  106  to include a description template  335  for the product which can be included in the listing on the Web auction service  108 . A marketing profile  337  is used by a seller  106  to improve the visibility of the listing. A shipping profile  336  may provide shipping details (e.g., shipping instructions and/or cost of shipping) for the listing. Several of the fields in the create listing form lend themselves to the use of templates (either for the field itself or for the listing as a whole) which can be stored and reused in future listings. This facilitates the listing process for the seller  106 . Information specific to the product, such as its location, may also be provided to facilitate the reservation of the product quantity and to assist in order generation. The quotation/reservation specific information does not need to be sent to the Web auction service  108  though it may be stored by the auction application  100  in a database  117  and used to generate the order in the business information management system  120 .  
      The created listings may be stored in a database  117  in or linked to the auction application  100 . The products in the listing may also be linked to a product catalog or other descriptive information in one or more databases of the business information management system  120 . The seller  106  may then transfer the listings, once created, to the Web auction service  108 . The auction application  100  communicates with the Web auction service  108  (e.g., transferring listings) by sending Web auction service  108  API calls through the Web auction service communicator  113 ,  134  as previously described. The publication of a listing may occur immediately or may be scheduled for a particular time by the seller  106 . For example, a seller  106  may specify as a default that all listings are immediately published to the Web auction service  108  upon successfully creating the listing. The seller  106  may rely on this default or may by exception schedule a listing for a future publication date on the Web auction service  108 . Additionally, a seller may specify parameters regarding the re-posting of a listing should the listing unsuccessfully conclude.  
       FIG. 3   d  is a diagram illustrating a listing published on a Web auction service according to one embodiment of the present invention. The information provided by the seller  106  is used to generate the published listing as it appears on the Web auction service  108  by sending the Web auction service  108  API calls through the Web auction service communicator  113 ,  134 . For example, the title of the listing  315 , category for the listing  331 , starting bid  316 , duration of the listing  320 , “Buy It Now” sale price  318 , and location of the product may all be included in the published listing from information provided by the seller  106  and shown in  FIGS. 3   b  and  3   c .  FIG. 3   e  is a diagram further illustrating a listing published on a Web auction service using seller provided information from the auction application according to one embodiment of the present invention. The product image  330  specified by the seller  106  and the description from the description template  335  provide potential bidders/buyers  105  with detailed product information. Using this information as a template allows a seller  106  to rapidly generate further listings for similar products.  FIG. 3   f  is a diagram illustrating the incorporation of shipping and payment information in a listing from a seller-defined shipping profile according to one embodiment of the present invention. A shipping profile  336  is like a template in generating default shipping and payment details. The auction application  100  may allow a seller  106  to generate several different profiles from which a seller may select one or the seller rely upon a default profile when generating listings.  
      In addition to creating a listing as discussed above, a seller  106  may also save the listing, in its entirety or partially, as a listing template which can be used in the future to create new listings. A seller  106  can then decide whether to create a new listing from scratch, use a current or prior listing, or use an existing listing template. If the seller  106  uses a listing template, all the information in the listing template is used to populate the listing fields with the seller  106  still capable of editing the information therein before publishing the listing. A listing may also be created by copying an existing or old listing. For example, a seller  106  may search through existing (i.e., currently in progress or waiting to be scheduled) listings and/or old listings (i.e., listings that have already closed) and select a listing to copy. The information from the copied listing is then used to populate the listing fields for the new listing with the seller  106  still capable of editing the information therein before publishing the new listing. Copying a listing is similar to creating a listing from a template except that an already specified listing rather than a template is used.  
      Once a listing is created, it can be scheduled for publication or sent to the Web auction service  108  for immediate publication. Before this occurs, the business information management system  120  is queried to validate if the product(s) are available. If the products are not available, the seller  106  is presented with an error message in the seller interface  103 . Otherwise, the product(s) are reserved by, for example, generating a reservation for the product(s) in the business information management system  120 —also referred to as generating a quotation for the product(s). The reservation is not complete but is used as a placeholder along with the listing information in order to prevent the product(s) from being otherwise disposed. The plant and location information for the product(s) gathered in the staging area may be used to implement the reservation or quotation for the product(s) where the product location matters. The product(s) may be reserved at any time during the listing process but most likely will be reserved when the listing is first created or when the listing is published to the Web auction service. Alternatively, product(s) may be reserved when a listing is activated on the Web auction service  108  (provided the Web auction service allows inactive listings) or when the information for the product(s) is first brought into the staging area. Alternatively, products may never be reserved. The Web auction service  108  handles the execution of the listing and the taking and validating of bids and offers according to the example embodiment though, alternatively, a portion of this process may be handled by the auction application  100 .  
      Post-Listing Processing:  
      Post-listing processing  203  is the third step in the enhanced network-based auction process and occurs after the listing processing  202  as a result of the conclusion of an auction or posting-for-sale (i.e., a listing). Information may be pulled (i.e., retrieved) from the Web auction service  108  by the auction application  100  as one method of retrieving winner or other listing information. A Web auction service  108  may also push (i.e., send on its own accord) listing information to the auction application  100 . A listing may be concluded automatically through the completion of the listing processing or manually through the early termination of the listing by the seller  106 . A seller  106  may manually terminate an auction, for example, when he/she determines there is insufficient interest for the product(s) or when he/she receives a desirable offer and no longer wants to wait for a later planned conclusion to the auction or posting-for-sale. A seller  106  may manually terminate a listing for a number of reasons with the manual termination generally representing a departure from the planned closing conditions.  
      The automatic conclusion for a posting-for-sale may occur by a particular date and time (i.e., an offer end date) or when the product(s) are purchased. On the other hand, the automatic conclusion of an auction generally occurs at particular date and time advertised by the Web auction service  108  for the auction. However, an auction may be closed under other circumstances. For example, an auction may conclude when a particular price target is met. A posting-for-sale generally concludes when an order is placed for the specified price or when a conclusion date is reached. In one, embodiment of the present invention, the conclusion of the auction or posting-for-sale is only successful if a target price (i.e., reserve price) is met, where specified. For example, if product A is being auctioned with a reserve price of $10.00, a successful closing to the auction only occurs if a valid bid of $10.00 or more is made on the Web auction service  108  by the closing date. As previously discussed, an auction or posting-for-sale may include multiple quantities of a product or set of products. Under these circumstances, the auction or posting-for-sale may be only partially successful when it closes if only a portion of the offered quantity is sold. The Web auction service  108  generally receives and validates the bids and offers and determines successful auction winners or buyers of a posting-for-sale. In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the seller  106  may determine successful auction winners or successful purchases using information provided by the Web auction service  108 . The closing of a listing whether manually terminated or closed or automatically closed may also need to conform to the requirements of the Web auction service  108  and may limit the closing options available to the seller  106 .  
      According to the example embodiment of the present invention, a successful conclusion of a listing (e.g., an auction or posting-for-sale) results in the initiation of the checkout process (the winning bidder/buyer finalization process)  203 —the post listing processing  203 . The checkout process is used to verify the winning bidder/buyer information and to generate the necessary order(s) in the business information management system  120  serving as the backend to the auction application  100 . During the checkout process, the winning bidder/buyer  105  (i.e., the customer) verifies the purchase of the item on the Web auction service  108  and the customer  105  may also verify and update delivery and payment information.  
      The checkout process may be conducted through the Web auction service  108  or directly between the winning bidder/buyer  105  and the auction application  100  (the seller  106 ). In one embodiment of the present invention, the checkout process is conducted through the Web auction service  108 . This embodiment may be used when, for example, the seller  106  wants to leverage the Web auction service  108  infrastructure or when the seller  106  wants to remain anonymous. For example, if a seller  106  has limited network-based (e.g., Internet-based) presence and capability to handle the transaction, the seller  106  may want to leverage the infrastructure provided by the Web auction service  108 . In another example, if the seller  106  is a brand-name manufacturer disposing of excess inventory, the seller  106  may not want bidders/buyers  105  to know that its name-brand products can be purchased on the Web auction service  108  at a potentially discounted price. Notification is the first step in the Web auction service-based checkout process. A winning bidder  105  may receive an email notification from the Web auction service  108  informing him/her that he/she has won the auction listing. For a posting-for-sale, the buyer  105  may be immediately informed that he/she has successfully executed a purchase when the buyer  105  is online. In either case, the Web auction service  108  may calculate the total checkout amount for the winning bidder/buyer  105  based on the information provided by the seller  106  (e.g., shipping costs) and using the winning bid/purchase price provided by the winning bidder/buyer  105 . The seller  106  may also be notified of the winning bidder/buyer  105  by the Web auction service  108 .  
      The payment method selected by the winning bidder/buyer  105  must conform to acceptable forms of payment  336  identified by the seller  105  and this form of payment dictates the following steps in the checkout process  203 .  FIG. 4   a  is a diagram illustrating how forms of payment may be specified in a listing and how selection of one form of payment links a winning bidder/buyer  105  to an appropriate payment site according to one embodiment of the present invention. The payment details  401  may be included in the listing  400  on the Web auction service  108 . The form of payment may be linked to an appropriate payment page for the Web auction service  108  or other third party payment provider. For example, selecting PayPal®  402  as the third party payment provider brings the winning bidder/buyer  105  to the PayPal® Web site  405  from which a payment can be made and the checkout process  203  continued. Once the winning bidder/buyer  105  makes the appropriate payment on the PayPal® Web site  405 , PayPal® sends an Instant Payment Notification (IPN) message to the seller  106  (to the auction application  100 ) in the form of an HTTP post message confirming that the winning bidder/buyer  105  has made a payment as part of the checkout process  203 . PayPal® is only one example of a third party payment provider and may itself be limited to offering services in only a few countries. Other third party payment providers may also be used. For example, in Germany (where PayPal® is not available), an Iloxx powered Treuhandservice may be used for payment transfers. The winning bidder/buyer  105  makes the necessary payment to Iloxx, which confirms the payment and notifies the seller  106 . The Web auction service  108  may also provide its own payment system that may be used by the winning bidder/buyer  105  to make payment as part of the checkout process  203 . Under these circumstances, the Web auction service  108  on receipt of payment from the winning bidder/buyer  105  may confirm the payment and send an appropriate notification to the seller  106 . The winning bidder/buyer  105  may also make payment arrangements directly with the seller  106  when the seller  106  offers this option. In this scenario, the winning bidder/buyer  105  makes arrangements for the payment and the seller  106  processes the payment on receipt from the winning bidder/buyer  105 . In all the cases discussed above, the payment step is generally the second step following notification in the checkout process  203 .  
      Regardless of the form of financial service provider handling the payment for the winner (e.g., a third party payment provider or the Web auction service itself), the payment confirmation may be retrieved (i.e., pulled) by the auction application  100  from the financial service provider through a communication API with the financial service provider and/or the confirmation may be sent (i.e., pushed) from the financial service provider to the auction application  100 . Once the confirmation is received, the auction application  100  may make a calculation to determine that the payment made (the actual payment) equals the expected payment from the listing. If there is a mismatch because of either an underpayment or an overpayment, the checkout process is incomplete and a resolution procedure may need to be executed. This resolution procedure may involve a manual resolution to the overpayment/underpayment.  
      In another embodiment of the present invention, the checkout process  203  is conducted between the winning bidder/buyer  105  and the seller  106  through the auction application  100 . This embodiment may be used when a seller  106  wants to leverage its own network-based (e.g., Internet-based) sales architecture and/or when the seller  106  wants to drive traffic to his/her own network-based (e.g., Web) site to potentially generate additional sales. The notification step differs slightly in that in addition to the notification by the Web auction service  108 , the seller  106  may send a notification message (e.g., an email) to the winning bidder/buyer  105  referencing the checkout process for the listing. The seller  106  provided notification may expedite the checkout process  203  by including a URL with a secure ID for a checkout Web page (or other network-based site) that is particular to the listing and the winning bidder/buyer  105 . For example, if the winning bidder/buyer  105  is not already a customer of the seller  106  and is not registered with the seller  106 , a random secure ID may be used as part of the URL linking the winning bidder/buyer  105  with either a registration Web page (if the winning bidder/buyer  105  information is to be stored for future use) or to a checkout Web page (where the winning bidder/buyer  105  information will be used for a one-time transaction). The fields of the checkout Web page may be pre-populated with information from the listing and the Web auction service  108 . If the winning bidder/buyer  105  is already a registered customer of the seller  106 , a login page may be presented separately or a login required as part of a checkout Web page where fields are pre-populated as discussed above.  
       FIG. 4   b  is a diagram illustrating a sample checkout Web page for a seller site (auction application) run checkout process according to one embodiment of the present invention. The checkout Web page  410  shown already assumes a winning bidder/buyer  105  has already logged in and can log off  411  at any time. A description of the listing  412  and details of the products in the listing  413  are shown along with a total cost  414  computed for the winning bidder/buyer  105  by the auction application  100  (i.e., the seller site). In addition, the winning bidder/buyer-specified billing information  416  and shipping information (not shown) along with payment information  415  is presented allowing the winning bidder/buyer  105  to review this information before providing it to the seller  106 .  FIG. 4   c  is a diagram illustrating a listing in the process of checkout in a sample listing management screen as part of the seller interface  103  according to one embodiment of the present invention. The listing management screen  420  may allow a seller  106  the ability to track information regarding all his/her finalized listings  421 . Finalized listings  421  are shown in the listing management screen  420  with order information  423  specific to a selected listing shown in a tab  422  of the bottom pane of the screen  420 . The payment information for the order  424  indicates that a payment by credit card  425  has been made and that it is still being processed  426 .  
      The payment step is handled by the auction application  100  (i.e., the seller site) according to this embodiment of the present invention. The auction application  100  may allow for direct payments or may use third party payment providers such as PayPal® and the Treuhandservice by Iloxx as discussed above. The auction application  100  may be configured to directly accept credit card payments requiring credit card processing to be provided in the auction application  100  or through the backend business information management system  120  either of which may need to communicate with an external clearinghouse to process the transactions. The auction application  100  may also allow cash or cash equivalent payments to be made in any technically feasible form. For example, the winning bidder/buyer  105  may authorize a wire or electronic cash transaction by providing his/her bank account and bank routing information to the seller  106  along with any necessary transaction authorization allowing the auction application  100  to generate an electronic transfer for the winning bidder&#39;s/buyer&#39;s credit. In another example, the auction application  100  may prompt (e.g., online or by sending a bill or invoice either electronically and/or by hardcopy) the winning bidder/buyer  105  to submit a check or money order in response to a winning bidder&#39;s/buyer&#39;s  105  request to make a cash payment.  
      In one embodiment of the present invention, the auction application  100  may be configured to add the winning bidder/buyer  105  as a new customer (i.e., business partner) in the business information management system  120 . For example, the winning bidder/buyer  105  and his/her associated information are added to the appropriate customer and other associated tables of the backend business information management system  120  creating a new customer master record. In particular, a unique customer (business partner) identifier is assigned to the new customer and it is linked (i.e., mapped) to a Web auction service identifier for the customer (e.g., in a lookup table or using associated key fields in a table) in the business information management system  120 . According to this embodiment, the auction application  100  compares the winning bidder/buyer information with existing customer information in the business information management system  120 . For example, the business information management system  120  is searched using the Web auction service identifier for the winning bidder/buyer  105 . If the customer entry already exists, customer specific information may be retrieved and presented during the checkout process  203 . For example, a winning bidder/buyer  105  may be presented with shipping address, payment information, etc. based on the information stored in the business information management system  120 . The winning bidder/buyer  105  may then continue with this default information or may edit the appropriate entries and submit the necessary information. If the customer entry does not already exist, customer information may be added to the business information management system  120  as part of the checkout process  203 . The mapping of a customer identifier to the Web auction service customer identifier in the business information management system  120  allows rapid searching for existing customers and prevents duplicating entries for the same customer.  
      In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the checkout process  203  is executed without saving the customer information in the business information management system  203 —without creating a new customer entry or new customer master record. The customer information is still necessary as part of the checkout process  203 , however, the customer information is not stored in a manner allowing it to be reused in further checkout processes. In this situation, one-time customer data may be stored in the information for the order but is not used to generate specific customer information separate from the order.  
      Regardless of whether a new customer entry is created in the business information management system  120  (i.e., a new customer master record is created), an order needs to be created for each winning bidder/buyer  105  of a listing. The order is created primarily using the original listing information with additional information provide by the Web auction service  108  (e.g., winning bid or purchase price). A reservation may already have been created when the listing was first generated or published as part of a quotation of the quantity in the listing and, in this case, additional details may need to be added for the reservation. The pricing information for the order may include an overall price or may be broken down by product in multi-product listings. In addition, tax and shipping fees along with other fees may also need to be calculated and included in the order. This additional information may be provided by the Web auction service  108 , calculated by the auction application  100 , or may need to be generated or manually entered for the order. Shipping costs are normally included in the listing by: including a flat fee for shipping regardless of shipping destination within the region the seller  106  will ship to; the use of a Web auction service  108  shipping calculator to estimate shipping costs; or by not specifying the cost in the listing but specifying the shipping cost based on a selected delivery method during the checkout process (i.e., allowing the winning bidder/buyer  105  to select one of several shipping options during the checkout process.  203 ). In any case, the order may need to allow for automatic and/or manual determination of shipping costs to handle the various possibilities. Tax costs may need to allow for the inclusion of U.S. sales taxes along with foreign value added taxes (VAT) such as the German Mehrwertsteuer (VAT). The auction application  100  and/or the business information management system  120  may include the integration of external tax packages such as those of Vertex, Inc. and Taxware to support these tax calculations. The total costs of the order are presented to the winning bidder/buyer  105  as previously discussed prior to the payment step in the checkout process  203 . A delivery block (i.e., blocking the delivery of the product(s)) may be placed on the order until proper payment is received.  
      The delivery step generally occurs after payment is made (the payment step) regardless of whether checkout occurs on the Web auction service  108  or through the auction application  100  (i.e., the seller site) according to the example embodiment. The product(s) are generally reserved when the listing is either first created, published, or activated on the Web auction service  108 . The reservation of the product(s) may include the specification of the product(s) by location through the use of location specific fields such as plant, storage location, and/or shipping point in a warehousing or plant specific module of the business information management system  120 . For example, the Warehouse Management (WM) module of the SAP® R/3® system may be used. After any delivery blocks are removed when payments are received, the product(s) are shipped according to the shipping method and to the shipping address as verified during the checkout process  203 . A winning bidder/buyer  105  may be able, through the winning bidder/buyer interface  104 , to check on the status of the order to include the shipping status if carrier tracking is provided by the business information management system  120 . For example, SAP® Express Carrier configuration in the SAP® Internet Sales Architecture running on R/3® can provide detailed tracking of an order by handling units. In an alternative embodiment, delivery may be made before payment is received such as during payment processing or when selling on credit (i.e., an internal seller credit) to a winning bidder/buyer.  
      Other steps in the checkout process  203  may include updating general accounting and financial information for the seller  106  based on a delivered and paid order. Additionally, the payment of fees to other external service providers may be necessary and may also need to be calculated and paid. For example, the Web auction service  108  will typically charge a fee for the listing which the seller  106  will need to pay if not already paid in advance. Additionally, the use of an external clearing house for a credit card order, PayPal®, and the Iloxx run Treuhandservice may also need to be paid for by the seller  106  as appropriate. The billing of these fees may or may not be automated and may occur outside the immediate checkout process between the winning bidder/buyer  105  and the seller  106 . Alternatively, the payment of these fees may be required in conjunction with the checkout process  203 . For example, the Web auction service  108  fee may need to be paid as part of the checkout process  203 .  
      Feedback:  
      A Web auction service  108  may allow a winning bidder/buyer  105  to leave feedback regarding a seller  106  and for a seller  106  to leave feedback regarding the winning bidder/buyer  105  on the Web auction service  108 . The auction application  100  as part of its scheduled processes may retrieve feedback left by winning bidders/buyers  105  regarding the seller  106 . This information may then become available to the seller as part of the monitoring and analyzing process  204  discussed below. In addition, the seller  106  may generate and leave feedback with the Web auction service  108  regarding the winning bidder/buyer  105 . This feedback may also be stored by the auction application  100  either in a database  117  or in the business information management system  120  along with the customer information so that it is available for future use. The seller feedback available on the Web auction service  108  may be used by other bidders/buyers  105  when deciding whether to bid on or to make a purchase from a seller&#39;s listings. In a similar manner, bidder/buyer feedback available on the Web auction service  108  may be used by other sellers in determining what forms of payment to accept and whether to accept the bids/offers of a bidder/buyer  105 .  
      Monitoring and Analyzing Listings:  
      The fourth step in the enhanced network-based auction process is the monitoring and analyzing of listings  204  according to one embodiment of the present invention. The monitoring and analyzing of listings  204  may occur in parallel throughout the entire process and is not sequentially dependent on any of the other steps in the process as outlined. As the name implies, the monitoring and analyzing step  204  allows a seller to both monitor listings and perform analysis on the listings through the seller interface  103  of the auction application  100 . The seller interface  103  may allow the seller  106  the ability to monitor listings according to a number of parameters. For example, the seller  106  may view all his/her listings, only published listings, closed listings, etc.  FIG. 5   a  is a diagram illustrating a seller interface display allowing a seller to monitor his/her listings according to one embodiment of the present invention. The monitoring screen  500  allows the seller  106  to view particular types of listings  501 , in this case “failed to publish” listings. The seller  106  may also conduct a search  502  and may specify the field  503  by which the listings are sorted or displayed. In this case, the listings are those that have “failed to publish”  501  and are organized by listing name  504 . A listing title  505  and scheduled publication date  506  are also included along with the listing status  507 —in this case “Errors” for the listings that have failed to publish. Clicking on the error field  507  (i.e., the status field) allows the seller  106  to display details  508  about the listing that have caused the particular status. Regarding the selected listing shown, the error causing the failure to publish the listing is the inability to reserve the product selected for the listing. As previously stated, reserving the product or creating a quotation may occur to ensure that the product isn&#39;t otherwise disposed of, as this case shown in  FIG. 5   a  indicates. Additional listing information may also be available through the monitoring display. For example, other listing details, highest bidder information, and bidder information may also be available from information in the auction application  100 , database  117 , or downloaded (retrieved) from the Web auction service  108  through a scheduled process as previously discussed.  
      As shown in  FIG. 5   a , a seller  106  may be able to conduct a search of his/her listings limiting the information displayed and facilitating the monitoring process.  FIG. 5   b  is a diagram illustrating a seller interface display allowing a seller to search his/her listings as part of the monitoring process according to one embodiment of the present invention. The display screen  510  shows a basic search returning a group of listings organized and sorted by listing name  504 . The basic search field  511  allows a seller  106  to view open listings, active listings, finalized listings, and closed listings according the example depicted in  FIG. 5   b  but does not have to be limited in this manner. The listings are also sorted by name  512  as they were in  FIG. 5   a . In addition, a search term “Laptop 1 ”  513  is used to limit the returned listings to those containing a “Laptop 1 ” product. In addition to the listing description  505  and status  507 , the start date  515  and end date  517  for the listings are also displayed. Selecting a listing by clicking on the name  504  may result in the display of the product details  517  for the listing according the example depicted in  FIG. 5   b . A seller  106  may also be provided the option to conduct an advanced search  514  if the basic search is not sufficient.  FIG. 5   c  is a diagram illustrating the advanced search designation screen of the seller interface according to one embodiment of the present invention. The advanced search screen  520  allows the seller  106  to specify more detailed search parameters including a listing name  521  and a product name  524  for which wild cards may be used in the name specification. A start date range  522  and an end date range  523  for the listing search may also be specified as well as selecting listings by those for which a reserve price  525  and those with an automatic bid increment  526  are included.  FIG. 5   c  is only one example and different and/or more detailed advanced searching options may be presented to the seller  106 .  
      In addition to searching listings and viewing their status, current listing information may also be viewed by the seller  106  as part of the monitoring process  204 .  FIG. 5   d  is a diagram illustrating the viewing of bidding information for an auction listing according to one embodiment of the present invention. For a selected listing in the search screen, bidding information  531  can be viewed by selecting a “Bids Placed” tab  532  according to example depicted in  FIG. 5   d . The bids specify the bidder  533  but are organized by the latest bid placed according to the time of the bid  534  and include the bid amount  535 . Other listing information may also be displayed including, for example, a start price  537 , a specified reserve price  536 , and a bid increment  538  if one is specified.  FIG. 5   d  is an example of the Web auction service  108  data that can be periodically retrieved by scheduled process, copied to the auction application  100 , and made available to the seller  106  as part of the monitoring and analyzing process  204 .  
      In addition to the monitoring functions described above, the seller interface  103  may also provide analysis such as tracking statistics based on a listing history of the seller. A seller may be provided an interface to generate reports based on seller specified listing parameters with the reports generated using data from the seller&#39;s listing history. These reports can determine, for example, overall profitability of listings, listing success rates, product demand, demand-to-price analyses, and location based demand analyses. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the analytical reporting available through the seller interface  103  of the auction application  100  may be provided using the SAP® BW reporting tool. Examples of analytical statistics that may be collected/tracked and made available to a seller may include the top n successfully/unsuccessfully closed listings based on either revenue generated and/or time period. According to this example, analytical information regarding the amount of revenue generated or revenue that could have been earned (but failed to earn due to unsuccessful listings) over a certain period of time may be provided. The presentation or selection of this information may be further refined according to a seller&#39;s business unit/department/division or other such grouping categories. In addition to listing revenues and listings over time, other examples of analytical information may include information for relistings (reposted listings), the most listed categories and/or products, the most failed listings by category and/or product, the number of relistings by category and/or product, the return on investment per listing, etc. The above examples make apparent that a wide variety of analytical information and statistics may be tracked and made available to a seller according to this embodiment of the present invention.  
      Alternative embodiments of the present invention may provide additional or alternative features to those described above. In an alternative embodiment, the seller interface  103  may include a personalized homepage that may have a different login for each user and/or role. When a user (for instance seller  106 ) logs in, information may be provided showing tasks and listing status for the seller. The personalized homepage may be viewed and/or accessed from the SAP® R/3® or CRM seller side or elsewhere, and may provide information by default such as, for example, current listings, listings scheduled to be published, and recently closed listings. Prior listings may also be republished using the personalized homepage.  
      The personalized homepage may allow for customized name searches, and may be used with a system such as an SAP® ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) system or SAP® R/3®. The personalized homepage may provide the user with highlights of the listing information and may grab information (in particular, user-requested information) from a backend system such as the business information management system  120 .  
      For example, if a holiday is approaching, a seller may schedule now (in advance) to publish to the Web auction service  108  on the holiday. When the seller logs in, a list of what will be published and what has been published may be displayed, as well as any problems with either of the published listings or the yet-to-be published listings. This information may be displayed in a predefined field or, alternatively, may be time-dependent information. For time-dependent information, specific criteria may be defined and set-up. A user may create a login script or scenario including as many fields as may be included in a query, which may run each time the user logs in. The user may also name particular searches and save a set of searches accessible from the personalized homepage. A user may edit the personalized homepage to show only what they wish to view, for example, a list of auction items sold.  
      One example method for performing the personalization process may include making an advanced query with different fields. The different fields may include product name, status of listing, publication status (including closed and checked out), and published in a certain date range. The backend system (e.g., SAP® R/3® or other ERP system) may receive the queries though hyperlinks which a seller may click on in the personalized homepage causing a query to execute on the backend system with the query results being displayed to the user. These queries may be saved to the system (as part of the hyperlink or otherwise) and may be executed when the user logs in. Clicking a hyperlink may result in the display of specific information relating to the listings satisfying the query. Queries may be named to allow the user to execute any number of queries. The queries results may include more detailed information on the products in the listing as well.  
      The personalized homepage may be set up using the business information management system  120 , for instance an SAP® R/3® system or SAP® ERP system, or other backed system. The quantity of a product and the number of products that the seller wants to place in the listing may identified in the business information management system  120  (e.g., marking a field) which may then be used in a query in the personalized homepage of the auction application  100 . For example, a business warehouse system (for instance, the BW system from SAP®) search may provide such saved information in response to a personalized homepage query. According to this embodiment queries may be predefined or customized by the seller or user in the personalized homepage.  
      An alert system may also be included using the queries in order to alert the seller as to which products are ready for listing. The resulting query may display the product and other selected listings on a screen before a new listing is generated. The information may be stored in the backend system (e.g., an ERP system, SAP® R/3®, or SAP® BW).  
      When a user logs into a system, a query may be executed based on a predefined query (which may have been created by the user) with respect to an application status. For example, the query may communicate with a database in the backend of an ERP system.  
      The query may use links or hyperlinks to communicate with a database for information. This query system may provide a flexible system for a user setting-up a homepage.  
      Listing Themes:  
      A seller  106  may also define a listing theme providing a distinct look and feel to the listing of a seller  106  during the listing creation and publishing in the listing processing  202  step in the enhanced network-based auction model. This may help promote brand identity or seller identity by ensuring a consistent look and feel for seller listings on the Web auction service  108 . Listing themes may consist of standard HTML with links to images and embedded styles included for the customization in the presentation of a seller&#39;s listings. Using embedded links in the HTML requires that the linked images and styles also be available to the Web auction service  108  so that the listing theme can be displayed properly with all its components available. Listing themes may only be implemented where a Web auction service  108  allows seller specified theme information to be displayed.  
      A listing theme is generally first created in a display language such as HTML using a specific editor (e.g., an HTML editor) or a text editor. This function may be available through the seller interface  103  or the seller may import a document (e.g., an HTML document) created outside the auction application  100 . A listing theme may be created in the auction application  100  according to one embodiment of the present invention or, alternatively, may be directly sent to the Web auction service  108 , where the Web auction service  108  provides support for such themes. Placeholder sections inside the HTML document indicate areas where substitute text for the listing will be included-listing information will be copied into the placeholder area. Listing themes are composed conceptually as an entire body of HTML, within which various sections of relevant listing information, such as listing description, shipping information, or payment details, reside. Certain sections of the listing information, such as listing description, may vary constantly depending on the product, while others such as shipping information, return policies, and payment information may be relatively static. Conceptually, themes can consist of various static and dynamic page sections that in aggregate compose the actual listing theme. Currently these sections may include the header, sales policy, shipping policy additional information as shown below.  
                               THEME                  HEADER       PRODUCT DESCRIPTION       SALES POLICY       SHIPPING POLICY       ADDITIONAL INFORMATION                  
 
      A listing theme layout generally conforms to the following visual representation according to this embodiment. Listing themes may be stored either as a full HTML document or as an HTML document fragment. A full HTML document would be demarcated with the requisite HTML start and end tags as well as the attending head and body tags. An HTML document fragment would need only the start and end tags of the whole of the fragment to match. The document fragment start and end tags should preferably also be designated block level tags such as table, div or p. An optional embedded style section can also be inserted to the beginning of the document fragment if the seller  106  intends to employ styles for customizing the display. The examples below display both an HTML document and document fragment:  
                                                  &lt;!-- BEGIN HTML DOCUMENT --&gt;           &lt;html&gt;           &lt;head&gt;           &lt;style type=”text/css”&gt;           a.link   { text-decoration: none !important}             a.hover  { text-decoration: underline !important}           &lt;/style&gt;           &lt;/head&gt;           &lt;body&gt;           &lt;table&gt;             &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href”...”&gt;...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;/table&gt;           &lt;/body&gt;           &lt;/html&gt;           &lt;!-- END HTML DOCUMENT --&gt;           &lt;!-- BEGIN DOCUMENT FRAGMENT --&gt;           &lt;style type=”text/css”&gt;             a.link    { text-decoration: none !important}             a.hover   { text-decoration: underline !important}           &lt;/style&gt;           &lt;table&gt;             &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td&gt;&lt;a href”...”&gt;...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;/table&gt;           &lt;!-- END DOCUMENT FRAGMENT --&gt;                      
 
      Although the Web auction service  108  may accept both full HTML documents and document fragments, the preferred method is to use document fragments according to this embodiment. Inserting themes as document fragments into a Web auction service  108  listing page normally results in valid HTML. When entire HTML documents are inserted, the result may be a non-valid HTML page because there would be more than one start and end html tags. Depending on how sensitive the bidder/buyer  105  browser is to HTML errors, the effect may lead to an unintentional or undesirable display.  
      Special tags may be used within listing themes to demarcate placeholders within the HTML, which the auction application  100  or Web auction service  108  will substitute with corresponding field values pertinent to the listing. The format of the placeholder will standardize on syntax derived from the current JSP specification and/or the HTMLb tag service. The placeholder uses a general XML namespace:tag name format. For example, the placeholder for the listing product title may be written as follows:  
      &lt;h1&gt;&lt;sap:product_title/&gt;&lt;/h1&gt; 
      In this example, SAP® is the XML namespace and product_title denotes the tagname. Both monikers taken together as the tag represent a placeholder that the auction application  100  or Web auction service  108  will remove and replace with the stored value corresponding to the product title. Other placeholders for the remaining fields will work in a similar manner. The actual listing theme may be composed using a document fragment consisting of an HTML table, the contents of which constitute the theme that will be displayed as part of the listing on the Web auction service  108 . Providing a further example, valid HTML code for a listing theme can appear as the following:  
                                                  &lt;!-- START LIST THEME --&gt;           &lt;table cellpadding=”0” cellspacing=”0”&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;           &lt;td&gt;           &lt;h1&gt;&lt;sap:product_title/&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;           &lt;/td&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;tr&gt;           &lt;td&gt;           &lt;h1&gt;&lt;sap:product_description/&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;           &lt;/td&gt;           &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;/table&gt;           &lt;!-- END LIST THEME --&gt;                      
 
      This fragment can be inserted into the Web auction service  108  listing page when the listing is published. The fragment may contain links to images and other resources outside of the Web auction service  108 . If this is the case, these linked images and other resources must be made externally available to the Web auction service  108  in order for the listing theme to display correctly. It may be the responsibility of the seller  106  to ensure this occurs as the auction application  100  may not be able to determine these components if the listing themes are not generated in the auction application  100 . Note that the starting and ending HTML comments are optional, but desirable for formatting and development purposes. The following is an example of a user-defined tag and template implementation of a listing theme:  
                                                  &lt;!-- BEGIN USER-DEFINED TAG --&gt;           &lt;style type=”text/css”&gt;             a.link { text-decoration: none !important}             a.hover   { text-decoration: underline !important}           &lt;/style&gt;           &lt;table&gt;             &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td&gt;&lt;sap:include value=”productImage2” /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;/table&gt;           &lt;!-- END USER-DEFINED TAG --&gt;           &lt;!-- BEGIN EXAMPLE OF USER-DEFINED TEMPLATE --&gt;           &lt;sap:include value=”defaultStyleFragment”/&gt;           &lt;table&gt;             &lt;tr&gt;             &lt;td&gt;&lt;sap:include value=”productImage2” /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;             &lt;/tr&gt;           &lt;/table&gt;           &lt;!-- END EXAMPLE OF USER-DEFINED TEMPLATE --&gt;                      
 
 Persistence: 
 
      In one example, the SAP® database (DB)  117  is a software application that works with the J2EE™-based SAP® Web application server used in the example embodiment depicted if  FIGS. 1   a ,  1   b , and  1   c . SAP® DB may serve as the persistence database for the auction application  100  according to one embodiment of the present invention. In other words, data entries are made to the SAP® DB database  117  in order to ensure the persistence of the data received from and transferred to either the Web auction service  108  or the backend business information management system  120 .  
      Method Flowchart:  
       FIG. 6  is a flowchart illustrating a method for generating a listing on a network-based auction service using a listing template according to one embodiment of the present invention. The method begins  600  with a first step  601  in which a seller (i.e., a user) generates a listing template using at least one of a previously created listing and a set of user-provided listing information. The seller may use a previously created listing unmodified or may modify a previously created listing to generate the listing template. A seller may also generate a listing template without relying on a previously created listing by providing appropriate values for the template. The listing template is generated in the auction application  100  and may be stored for future use. The listing template may then be used by auction application  100  to create a listing in a second step  602 . The listing template may be used during the create listing process when a seller selects the template. The seller may also schedule the listing template to be used for future listings  603 . The scheduling of a listing may be made by publishing date (i.e., the date and/or time the listing is to be published to the network-based auction service  108 ) and/or a duration period (e.g., publish after 5 days or publish immediately for 2 weeks only). The created listing can then be communicated by the auction application  100  to the network-based auction service  108  in the next step  604 . This method may also be used to generate a plurality of listings using the listing template in a similar manner to that described above. With a plurality of listings, additional scheduling options may be available such as scheduling using a publishing frequency (e.g., once a week for 3 months) or scheduling over an interval of time (e.g., 10 listings based on the auction template over a 1 month period). After the listing or plurality of listings have been communicated to the network-based auction service  108  by the auction application  100 , this method is finished  605  according to this embodiment.