Patent Publication Number: US-9841629-B2

Title: Display panel and display device

Description:
This is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 14/315,374, filed Jun. 26, 2014, and a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 14/592,926, filed Jan. 9, 2015. The disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Applicant Ser. No. 14/315,374 claims the benefit of Taiwan application Serial No. 102130893, filed Aug. 28, 2013, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. Applicant Ser. No. 14/592,926 application claims the benefits of Taiwan application Serial No. 103101396, filed Jan. 15, 2014, and Taiwan application Serial No. 103119348, filed Jun. 4, 2014. The subject matter of all priority documents is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Invention 
     The disclosure is related in general to a display panel and a display device, and particularly to a display panel and a display device having better display qualities. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Liquid crystal displays have been widely applied in a variety of electronic products, such as laptops, tablet PCs, and etc. Moreover, along with the rapid advance of large-sized flat panel displays in the market, liquid crystal displays with light weight and miniaturized sizes have played very important roles and gradually replaced CRT displays to become the main stream in the market. 
     Currently, vertical alignment liquid crystal display panels are one of the main stream products. However, vertical alignment liquid crystal display panels have issues of light leakage, which affect the display quality thereof. Therefore, researchers have been working on providing vertical alignment liquid crystal display panels having superior display quality. 
     SUMMARY 
     The disclosure is directed to a display panel and a display device. In the embodiments, the particles located corresponding to the non-display region of the display panel do not have any specific alignment direction, such that the liquid crystals in the region do not tilt toward any specific direction, and the light transmittance of the non-display region is lowered; accordingly, the light leakage of the display panel is reduced, and the qualities of the display images are improved. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a display panel is provided. The display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, at least a data line, at least a scan line, a liquid crystal layer, a plurality of spacers, a seal, a light shielding layer, an alignment layer, and a plurality of particles. The second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate, and the first substrate has a display region and a non-display region located outside the display region. The data line and the scan line are disposed in the display region. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The spacers are disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The seal is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The light shielding layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and includes a light transmitting portion and a light shielding portion. The alignment layer and the particles are disposed on the light transmitting portion and the light shielding portion. A first surface roughness corresponding to the light transmitting portion is greater than a second surface roughness corresponding to the light shielding portion. 
     According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a display device is provided. The display device includes a display panel. The display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, at least a data line, at least a scan line, a liquid crystal layer, a plurality of spacers, a seal, a light shielding layer, an alignment layer, and a plurality of particles. The second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate, and the first substrate has a display region and a non-display region located outside the display region. The data line and the scan line are disposed in the display region. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The spacers are disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The seal is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The light shielding layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and includes a light transmitting portion and a light shielding portion. The alignment layer and the particles are disposed on the light transmitting portion and the light shielding portion. A first surface roughness corresponding to the light transmitting portion is greater than a second surface roughness corresponding to the light shielding portion. 
     The above and other aspects of the disclosure will become better understood with regard to the following detailed description of the preferred but non-limiting embodiment(s). The following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  shows a top view of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 1B  shows a cross-sectional view along the cross-sectional line  1 B- 1 B′ of  FIG. 1A ; 
         FIG. 2  shows a simplified explosion diagram of a display panel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  shows a partial stereoscopic diagram of metal wires located in the non-display region as shown in  FIG. 2 ; 
         FIG. 4-1  shows a cross-sectional view of a display panel along the cross-sectional line  4 - 4 ′ of  FIG. 1A  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4-2  shows a cross-sectional view of a display panel according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  shows a top view of a display panel according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  shows relationships between aperture ratios of shielding patterns vs. concentrations of reactive monomers according to the embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  shows a schematic diagram of aperture ratios of shielding patterns vs. image sticking phenomenon; 
         FIG. 8A  shows a schematic diagram of a shielding pattern according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8B  shows a schematic diagram of a shielding pattern according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9A  shows a top view of a display panel according to an additional embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9B  shows a cross-sectional view along the cross-sectional line  9 B- 9 B′ of  FIG. 9A ; 
         FIG. 10  shows a cross-sectional view of a display panel according to another additional embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  shows a top view of a display panel according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  shows a top view of a display panel according to a still further embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  shows a simplified explosion diagram of a display device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 14  shows a cross-sectional view of a display device according to a still another embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, the particles located corresponding to the non-display region provide a better alignment function (ex. vertical alignment) for the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer, such that recovery of the liquid crystal molecules is faster when the liquid crystal molecules are under external force operations, the light leakage is reduced, and hence the qualities of the display images are improved. The embodiments are described in details with reference to the accompanying drawings. The identical elements of the embodiments are designated with the same or similar reference numerals. Also, it is to be noted that the drawings may be simplified for illustrating the embodiments. Thus, the specification and the drawings are to be regard as an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense. The details of the structures of the embodiments are for exemplification only, not for limiting the scope of protection of the disclosure. Detailed structures may be modified or changed by one skilled in the art after having the benefit of this description of the disclosure. 
       FIG. 1A  shows a top view of a display panel  100  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and  FIG. 1B  shows a cross-sectional view along the cross-sectional line  1 B- 1 B′ of  FIG. 1A . Referring to  FIGS. 1A-1B , the display panel  100  includes a first substrate  110 , a second substrate  120 , a liquid crystal layer  130 , a plurality of thin film transistors  140 , a plurality of metal wires  150 , at least a protection layer (e.g. a first protection layer  160  and a second protection layer  161 ), a first alignment layer  170 , and a plurality of particles  180 . In the embodiments, the particles  180  may be agglomerates, polymer particles or agglomerate polymer particles. The first substrate  110  has at least a display region A and a non-display region B located outside the display region A. The second substrate  120  is disposed opposite to the first substrate  110 . The liquid crystal layer  130  is disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 . The thin film transistors  140  and the metal wires  150  are disposed on the first substrate  110 . The first protection layer  160  and the second protection layer  161  overlay at least a portion of the metal wires  150 . The first protection layer  160  is disposed on the second protection layer  161 , and the first protection layer  160  covers the thin film transistors  140  and the metal wires  150 . The first alignment layer  170  is disposed on the first protection layer  160 , and the first alignment layer  170  partially covers the first protection layer  160  for exposing a first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160 . The particles  180  are disposed on at least a portion of the first surface  160   s . In another embodiment, the first protection layer  160  partially covers the second protection layer  161  for exposing a partial surface of the second protection layer  161 , and the particles  180  are disposed on at least the exposed partial surface (not shown) of the second protection layer  161 . In a further embodiment, the first protection layer  160  partially covers the second protection layer  161  for exposing a partial surface (not shown) of the second protection layer  161 , and the particles  180  are disposed on the first protection layer  160  and on the exposed partial surface of the second protection layer  161 . 
     The display region A represents the area of the display panel  100  for displaying images, and the non-display region B represents the area not for displaying images. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 1A , the non-display region B surrounds the display region A. In the embodiment, the display region A includes at least one pixel area, and is used for displaying images, and the non-display region B is such as a fan out area or wiring area, but not limited thereto. The non-display region B may include any area not for displaying images. 
     In the embodiment, the first protection layer  160  is in direct contact with at least one of the thin film transistors  140  or the metal wires  150 . As shown in  FIG. 1B , in the present embodiment, the first protection layer  160  is in direct contact with the thin film transistors  140  and the metal wires  150 . 
     In the embodiment, the first protection layer  160  and the second protection layer  161  may independently include an inorganic dielectric material, such as SiN x , SiO x , and/or SiO x N y . As shown in  FIG. 1B , the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160 , which is exposed from the first alignment layer  170 , is corresponding to the non-display region B. 
     In the embodiment, the particles  180  in the non-display region B do not have any specific arrangement or alignment direction. In other words, the particles  180  are arranged irregularly above the first substrate  110 . The particles  180  in the display region A have functions of specific alignment direction(s) for directing the liquid crystals to tilt toward specific direction(s). In the manufacturing process, the irradiation solidification processes may vary and an electrical field may be applied or not depending on the regions where the particles  180  are located; accordingly, the particles  180  with different functions may be formed in different regions. Therefore, the particles  180  located in the non-display region B provide a better vertical alignment for the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  130 , such that recovery is faster when the liquid crystal molecules are under external force operations, the light leakage of the display panel  100  is reduced, and hence the qualities of the display images are improved. 
     In the embodiment, the particles  180  are in direct contact with the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  130 . It is to be noted that the sizes and ratios of the particles  180  in the drawings may not be necessarily drawn to scale, that is, the drawings are to be regard as an illustrative sense for illustrating the embodiments rather than a restrictive sense. 
     In the embodiment, there may be a variety of ways to form the particles  180 . For example, in an embodiment, UV curable monomers may be added in the process of forming the liquid crystal layer  130  or in the process of forming the first alignment layer  170 , and then UV irradiation is performed from the first substrate  110  side or the from the second substrate  120  side, for forming the particles  180  on the first substrate  110  (that is, the at least a portion of the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160  exposed form the first alignment layer  170 ) or on the first alignment layer  170 . The material of the particles  180  formed from irradiation polymerization of UV curable monomers is polymer, and the reaction conditions may differ in different regions. In the embodiments, the sizes, the numbers, the roughness or the topography of the particles  180  in different regions may be controlled respectively by using a gray tone mask, which may be performed by changing the irradiation level, the time duration, the applied voltage level, or the combinations thereof. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel  100  is such as a nano-protrusion vertical aligned liquid crystal display panel, and the particles  180  and the nano-protrusion structures on the surface of the first alignment layer  170  may be formed from the same monomer raw materials. For example, the monomers in the display region A are polymerized with a continuously applied external electrical field to form alignment nano-protrusion structures; while monomers in the non-display region B are polymerized without applying any external electrical field to form the particles  180 , which have no alignment function for directing specific tilt directions and are arranged irregularly. As such, the alignment nano-protrusion structures in the display region A may help the liquid crystal molecules to have specific alignment direction(s), and the particles  180  located in the non-display region B provide a better vertical alignment for the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  130 , such that recovery of the liquid crystal molecules is faster when the liquid crystal molecules are under external force operations, the light leakage of the display panel  100  is reduced, and hence the qualities of the display images are improved. 
     The above-mentioned alignment nano-protrusion structures and the particles  180  may be formed by a variety of manufacturing methods. For example, the electrode may be patterned, such that the patterned electrode is not located on the area of the substrate corresponding to the non-display region B, and thus the monomers in the non-display region B are not influenced by the electrical field. Alternatively, a patterned mask may be used to cover the non-display region B while UV irradiation is performed with a continuously applied electrical field, and polymerization of the monomers in the non-display region B by UV irradiation is performed after the electrical field is removed. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1B , in the embodiment, the display panel  100  may further include a plurality of photo spacers  291 . The photo spacers  291  are disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120  for providing a gap for disposing the liquid crystal layer  130 . Different photo spacers  291  may have different heights for providing buffer when the panel is compressed. 
     In the embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the display panel  100  may include an electrode layer  190  formed on at least a portion of the first substrate  110 . The electrode layer  190  is such as a patterned electrode layer. As shown in  FIG. 1B , the display panel  100  may further include another electrode layer  290  disposed on the second substrate  120 . Moreover, the display panel  100  may further include a second alignment layer  270  disposed on the electrode layer  290 , and a second surface  290   s  of the electrode layer  290  is exposed from the second alignment layer  270 . The particles  180  may be further disposed on at least a portion of the second surface  290   s , that is, the exposed second surface  290   s  of the electrode layer  290 . In the embodiment, the electrode layer  290  on the second substrate  120  may be a patterned light-transmitting electrode layer or a full flat light-transmitting electrode layer, and the material of the electrode layer may be ITO or IZO. 
     In the embodiment, the first alignment layer  170  and the second alignment layer  270  may be, for example, polyimide (PI) films. 
     In the embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the display panel  100  may further include a seal  295 . The seal  295  is disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120  and located in a periphery area of the non-display region B. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1A-1B , in the embodiment, the first alignment layer  170  does not fully cover the region within the seal  295 . Compare to the case where the first alignment layer  170  fully covers the first substrate  110 , and the whole seal  295  is adhered to the first alignment layer  170 , due to the poor adhesion between the seal  295  and the first alignment layer  170 , peelings of layers may easily occur. Accordingly to the embodiments of the present disclosure, since the first alignment layer  170  partially overlies above the first substrate  110 , such that at least a portion of the seal  295  can be adhered to the material with a higher adhesion on the first substrate  110 , as such, the peelings of layers of the display panel  110  can be reduced. 
     Under such circumstance, the particles  180  are also located on the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160  exposed from the first alignment layer  170 . The particles  180  located in the non-display region B provide a better vertical alignment for the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  130 , such that recovery is faster when the liquid crystal molecules are under external force operations, the light leakage of the display panel  100  is reduced, and hence the qualities of the display images are improved. 
     In the embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the display panel  100  may further includes a color filter layer  297  disposed on the first substrate  110 . In an alternative embodiment, the color filter layer may also be disposed on the second substrate  120  (not shown). 
       FIG. 2  shows a simplified explosion diagram of the display panel  100  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. It is to be noted that some elements in  FIG. 2  may be omitted or simplified for illustrating the embodiments, and the sizes and ratios of the elements in the drawings may not be necessarily drawn to scale, that is, the drawings are to be regard as an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense. In the present embodiment, the seal  295  is adjacent to (or aligned with) the sides of the substrates  110 / 120 . In another embodiment, the seal  295  may not be necessarily adjacent to the sides of the substrates  110 / 120 . Alternatively, the seal  295  may be only adjacent to three sides of the substrate  110  and not be adjacent to the last one side of the substrate  110 . 
     In the embodiment, the display panel  100  may further include at least a data line DL and at least a scan line SL. The display region A has a plurality of pixels P. The data lines DL and the scan line SL intersect to define the pixel areas. A plurality of metal wires ML are further disposed in the non-display region B, wherein some of the metal wires ML and the scan lines SL belong to the same layer of metal or are formed in the same manufacturing process, and some of the metal wires ML and the data lines DL belong to the same layer of metal or are formed in the same manufacturing process. Referring to  FIGS. 1B and 2 , some of the metal wires ML may be disposed below the second protection layer  161 , and some of the metal wires ML may be disposed below the first protection layer  160 . However, the arrangement of the metal wires ML may be different from the arrangements as shown in  FIGS. 1B-2 , depending on the design needs. 
     Referring to  FIGS. 1B and 2 , the display panel  100  may further include a light shielding layer  293 . In the embodiment, the light shielding layer  293  is such as a black matrix (BM), which is disposed on the second substrate  120 . In the embodiment, a driver on panel  299  may be further disposed in the non-display region B, and the driver on panel  299  may be a gate on panel (GOP) or a data driver circuit. The GOP or the data driver circuit may be disposed simultaneously or separately on the panel. In the drawing, only one set of GOP is shown. However, more than one GOP or date driver may be disposed as well, depending on the design needs. 
       FIG. 3  shows a partial stereoscopic diagram of metal wires ML located in the non-display region B as shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the display panel  100  may further have a plurality of nanogrooves  310 . The nanogrooves  310  are disposed on a side of at least one of the metal wires ML in the non-display region B. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the nanogrooves  310  are disposed on at least an inclined surface of the metal wires ML. In the embodiment, the nanogrooves  310  may also be formed on the inclined surfaces of two sides of one metal wire ML in the non-display region B. In the embodiment, the nanogrooves  310  may be further formed in the region with an alignment layer and the region without an alignment layer in the non-display region B. In the embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the extending direction D 1  of the nanogrooves  310  intersects with the extending direction D 2  of the metal wires ML, forming an angle. In an embodiment, the angle is, for example, about 90°. 
     In general, the metal wires ML in the non-display region B may easily reflect lights. According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, the nanogrooves  310  located on a side of the metal wires ML, particularly on an inclined surface of the metal wires ML, can reduce the reflection of lights by the metal wires ML, and the brightness of the region can be further reduced, forming an excellent dark region (disclination region). Moreover, the reduction of light leakage can be improved. In other embodiments, the metal wires ML may be provided with different types of arrangements and are not limited to the metal wires with line shapes. The nanogrooves  310  may be formed along with the formation of the first protection layer  160  on the metal wires ML by using a gray tone mask, or the nanogrooves  310  may be formed by adding a patterned insulation layer by applying different manufacturing processes or masks on the metal wires ML. 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 3 , the display panel  100  may further include a plurality of submicron protrusions  320 . The submicron protrusions  320  are disposed in the non-display region B. The submicron protrusions  320  are arranged along the extending direction D 2  of at least one of the metal wires ML. In other words, the submicron protrusions  320  grow along the extending direction D 2  of the metal wires ML. In an embodiment, the submicron protrusions  320  may be arranged parallel to the edge of the metal wires ML. In another embodiment, the submicron protrusions  320  may be formed on an inclined surface of the metal wires ML as well. The submicron protrusions  320  have a size of about less than 1 μm. In the embodiment, the submicron protrusions  320  are located in the area without an alignment layer in the non-display region B, and the submicron protrusions  320  may be located in an exposed area on the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160 . The submicron protrusions  320  may be formed along with the formation of the first protection layer  160  on the metal wires ML by using a gray tone mask, or the submicron protrusions  320  may be formed by adding a patterned insulation layer by applying different manufacturing processes or masks on the metal wires ML. 
     In the non-display region B, especially in the area without any alignment layer, the submicron protrusions  320  are arranged along the extending direction D 2  of the metal wires ML, such that the edge of the metal wires ML is less smooth and straight, which lowers the reflection of lights by the metal wires ML. Accordingly, the brightness of the region can be reduced, forming an excellent dark region (disclination region), and the reduction of light leakage can be improved. 
       FIG. 4-1  shows a cross-sectional view of a display panel along the cross-sectional line  4 - 4 ′ of  FIG. 1A  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 4-1 , the light shielding layer  293  is disposed on the second substrate  120 , and at least a portion of the light shielding layer  293  is corresponding to the non-display region B. The light shielding layer  293  has a light transmitting portion  293   a  and a light shielding portion  293   b , and particles are formed where corresponding to the light transmitting portion  293   a  and where corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b . The light transmitting portion  293   a  of the light shielding layer  293  is used for making the UV irradiation solidification reaction of the particles  180  more complete. In the embodiment, the particles are formed above the first substrate  110 , and the particles may be further formed above the second substrate  120 ; accordingly, the surface roughness on the first substrate  110  and the surface roughness on the second substrate  120  are generated from the particles. The morphologies corresponding to different roughnesses have different influences on the tilt of liquid crystals, and the morphology with a larger roughness has a greater influence on the liquid crystals. As to in which way the roughness influences the tilt of liquid crystals and how it works, it depends on the different characteristics of particles in different regions as well as the range of the regions influenced by the operating voltage. The roughness being high or low may be controlled by a gray tone mask or by adjusting the irradiation level and time duration of the display region A and the non-display region B, respectively, with a mask. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4-1 , in the embodiment, a first surface roughness is generated from the particles  180   a  corresponding to the light transmitting portion  293   a , and a second surface roughness is generated from the particles  180   c  corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b . The first surface roughness is greater than the second surface roughness. In an embodiment, the first surface roughness and the second surface roughness may represent a surface roughness on the first substrate  110  and a surface roughness on the second substrate  120 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4-1 , a third surface roughness is generated from the particles  180   b  corresponding to the display region A. In the embodiment, the first surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness, and the third surface toughness is greater than the second surface roughness. In an embodiment, the first surface roughness, the second surface roughness, and the third surface roughness may represent a surface roughness on the second substrate  120 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4-1 , a fourth surface roughness is generated from the particles  180   d  correspondingly adjacent to the seal  295 . The fourth surface roughness is greater than the third surface roughness. In an embodiment, the third surface roughness and the fourth surface roughness may represent a surface roughness on the first substrate  110 . 
       FIG. 4-2  shows a cross-sectional view of a display panel according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. The elements in the present embodiment sharing the same or similar labels with those in the previous embodiments are the same or similar elements, and the description of which is omitted. 
     In the present embodiment, the display panel as shown in  FIG. 4-2  may further include a planarization layer PLN covering the color filter layer  297 . The electrode layer  190  may be patterned and formed on the planarization layer PLN. The electrode layer  190  is such as a pixel electrode. In the present embodiment, the light shielding layer  293  may be formed on the first substrate  110 . As shown in  FIG. 4-2 , a portion of the light shielding layer  293  above the thin film transistor  140  is protruded and can be used as a photo spacer, and the photo spacer may touch the second substrate  120  (the two alignment layers on the two substrates touch each other), or the photo spacer may be separated from the second substrate  120  by a distance (the two alignment layers on the two substrates do not touch each other). 
     In the above-mentioned embodiments, the first surface roughness, the second surface roughness, the third surface roughness, and the fourth surface roughness may be at least one of rough-mean-square roughness, average roughness, or maximum roughness. In an embodiment, the first surface roughness, the second surface roughness, the third surface roughness, and the fourth surface roughness may be represented as average roughness. 
     Further illustration is provided with the following embodiments. Below are the results of roughness measured from several different regions of the display panel  100  for illustrating the properties of the display panel  100  according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. However, the following embodiments are for the purpose of elaboration only, not for limiting the scope of protection of the disclosure. The measured results of roughness of the regions are shown in Table 1, wherein the measured roughnesses include root-mean-square roughness (Rq), average roughness (Ra), and maximum roughness (Rmax). The values as shown in Table 1 are measured by AFM (VEECO Dimension-icon) within a selected area of 5*5 square microns (μm 2 ) of each of the samples. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Light 
                 Light 
                 Light 
                 Light 
                   
               
               
                   
                 transmitting 
                 shielding 
                 transmitting 
                 shielding 
                 Light 
               
               
                   
                 portion 293a 
                 portion 293b 
                 portion 293a 
                 portion 293b 
                 transmitting 
               
               
                   
                 corresponding 
                 corresponding 
                 corresponding 
                 corresponding to 
                 portion 293a 
               
               
                   
                 to the non- 
                 to the non- 
                 to Display 
                 the first surface 
                 corresponding to 
               
               
                   
                 display region 
                 display region 
                 region A with 
                 160s of the 
                 the first surface 
               
               
                   
                 B with align- 
                 B with align- 
                 alignment 
                 first protection 
                 160s of the 
               
               
                   
                 ment layer (the 
                 ment layer (the 
                 layer (the 
                 layer 160 
                 first protection 
               
               
                   
                 first surface 
                 second surface 
                 third surface 
                 (without the 
                 (without the 
               
               
                   
                 roughness) 
                 roughness) 
                 roughness) 
                 alignment layer) 
                 alignment layer) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Root-mean- 
                 27.3 
                 18.7 
                 20.6 
                 16.4 
                 22.4 
               
               
                 square 
               
               
                 roughness 
               
               
                 Rq (nm) 
               
               
                 Average 
                 20.7 
                 14.1 
                 15.8 
                 12.2 
                 17.3 
               
               
                 roughness 
               
               
                 Ra (nm) 
               
               
                 Maximum 
                 270 
                 168 
                 172 
                 200 
                 218 
               
               
                 roughness 
               
               
                 Rmax (nm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 1, the average roughness (Ra=20.7 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light transmitting portion  293   a  corresponding to the non-display region B with the alignment layer is greater than the average roughness (Ra=14.1 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b  corresponding to the non-display region B with the alignment layer. Moreover, the average roughness (Ra=15.8 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the display region A is greater than the average roughness (Ra=14.1 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b . In other words, the average roughness (the first average roughness) of the light transmitting portion  293   a  is the highest, followed by the average roughness the third average roughness) of the display region A, and the average roughness (the second average roughness) of the light shielding portion  293   b  is lower than that of the above-mentioned two regions. In an embodiment, as shown in Table 1, the first surface roughness is greater than a third surface roughness generated from the particles  180  on the light transmitting portion  293   a  corresponding to the display region A with the alignment layer, e.g. a pixel area, of the first substrate  110 . 
     Referring to the  FIG. 1B  and Table 1, the average roughness (Ra=20.7 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light transmitting portion  293   a  of the non-display region B with the alignment layer is greater than the average roughness (Ra=12.2 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b  of the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160 . Moreover, the average roughness (Ra=15.8 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the display region A with alignment layer is greater than the average roughness (Ra=12.2 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b  of the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160 . In other words, the average roughness (the first average roughness) of the light transmitting portion  293   a  of the non-display region B with alignment layer is the highest, and the average roughness (Ra=12.2 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b  of the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160  is the lowest. Likewise, the root-mean-square roughness (Rq=27.3 nm) of the light transmitting portion  293   a  of the non-display region B with alignment layer is the highest, and the root-mean-square roughness (Rq=16.4 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b  of the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160  is the lowest. Likewise, the maximum roughness (Rmax=270 nm) of the light transmitting portion  293   a  of the non-display region B with alignment layer is greater than the maximum roughness (Rmax=200 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b  of the first surface  160   s  of the first protection layer  160 . 
     In addition, the root-mean-square roughness (Rq=27.3 nm) and the maximum roughness (Rmax=270 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light transmitting portion  293   a  of the non-display region B are greater than the root-mean-square roughness (Rq=18.7 nm) and the maximum roughness (Rmax=168 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b  of the non-display region B, respectively. Moreover, the root-mean-square roughness (Rq=20.6 nm) and the maximum roughness (Rmax=172 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the display region A are greater than the root-mean-square roughness (Rq=18.7 nm) and the maximum roughness (Rmax=168 nm) generated from the particles corresponding to the light shielding portion  293   b , respectively. Therefore, different from the display region A which is applied by a pixel operation voltage, in the non-display region B, the roughness of the morphology formed from the particles of the light transmitting portion  293   a  can increase the influence on liquid crystals, such that the particles  180  located in the non-display region B provide a better vertical alignment function for the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  130 , thereby recovery is faster when the liquid crystal molecules are under external force operations, the light leakage of the display panel  100  is reduced, and hence the qualities of the display images are improved. On the other hand, since lights are shielded in the light shielding portion  293   b , the roughness of the morphology formed from the particles of the light shielding portion  293   b  is lower than that of the light transmitting portion  293   a . In addition, since the pixel operation voltage is applied to the display region A in a display mode, the roughness of the display region A is lower than that of the light transmitting portion  293   a  of the non-display region B. Accordingly, the roughness (the first root-mean-square roughness, the first maximum roughness) is the highest, the roughness of the display region A (the third root-mean-square roughness, the third maximum roughness) is the second highest, and the roughness of the light shielding portion  293   b  is lower than those of the above-mentioned two regions. Regarding the fourth surface roughness adjacent to the seal  295 , since the angle of light irradiation when the seal  295  is solidified can be adjusted, the surface referring to the fourth surface roughness can be influenced by more light irradiation, and the time duration of the light irradiation of the surface referring to the fourth surface roughness is longer than that of other regions; as a result, the fourth surface roughness is greater than that of other surfaces. 
       FIG. 5  shows a top view of a display panel  200  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the display panel  200  includes the first substrate  110 , the second substrate  120 , the liquid crystal layer (not shown), a shielding pattern C, and at least a reactive monomer. The reactive monomer refers to a material added into the liquid crystal layer, having specific functional group(s), i.e. acrylate group, and undergoing a polymerization reaction under irradiation with a light of specific wavelength ranges for forming a polymer structure. The first substrate  110  has at least one display region A and one non-display region B located outside the display region A. The second substrate  120  is disposed opposite to the first substrate  110 . The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 , and the reactive monomer is mixed in at least the liquid crystal layer. The shielding pattern C may be disposed on the first substrate  110  or the second substrate  120  and corresponding to the non-display region B and a margin portion A 1  of the display region A adjacent to the non-display region B. That is, the shielding pattern C is located at the non-display region B and the display region A and extends from the inner edge of the seal  295  to the non-display region B and the display region A, while a shielding pattern located on or overlap the seal  295  or located outside the outer edge of the seal  295  (not shown) is not regarded as the shielding pattern C described in the present disclosure. Within a first region corresponding to the shielding pattern C, an aperture ratio of the first region is X, the reactive monomer has a concentration of Y ppm, and X and Y satisfy the following formula: 2847.7e −3.6375X &gt;Y&gt;1774.1e −8.9014X . In an embodiment, a first region is covered by the shielding pattern C. In an embodiment, an aperture ratio of the first region is X, which is 0-1, the reactive monomer corresponding to the first region has a concentration of Y ppm, and X and Y satisfy the following formula: 2847.7e −3.6375X &gt;Y&gt;1774.1e −8.9014X . The aperture ratio refers to the ratio of the area of the effective region where a light can pass through to the area of the total region. 
       FIG. 6  shows relationships between aperture ratios (X) of shielding patterns vs. concentrations (Y) of reactive monomers corresponding to the shielding pattern C according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. In the embodiments, the concentrations of the reactive monomers refer to the amounts of residual reactive monomers, and the aperture ratios represent the light transmission. In  FIG. 6 , curves I, II, III, IV, V, and VI represent the relationships between aperture ratios (X) of shielding patterns and concentrations (Y) of reactive monomers with irradiation time durations of 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, 150 minutes, and 180 minutes, respectively. As shown in  FIG. 6 , different aperture ratios may cause different amounts of residual reactive monomers. The longer the reaction time is, the less the amount of residual reactive monomers is. While the amount of residual reactive monomers is high, the image sticking phenomenon of display panels would be serious, and the qualities of the display images would be terrible. 
       FIG. 7  shows a schematic diagram of aperture ratios of shielding patterns vs. image sticking phenomenon of a display panel. In  FIG. 7 , check patterns are used as the test image, wherein the check patterns are continuously shown for a period of time, the images of the checks are then set at the same gray level for comparing the image sticking phenomenon thereof. First, regions  701  of  FIG. 7  are adhered with shielding films  900 , and check patterns are displayed, wherein the shielding films  900  can be used to shield the irradiation by a light with a wavelength range (200-400 nm) for polymerization of reactive monomers. After a period of testing time, the images are set at the same gray level, and the shielding films  900  are removed from some of the regions, resulting in the pattern as shown by regions  701   a . Since the aperture ratio of the region  701  is 0, the reactive monomers in the region  701  cannot absorb any light with a wavelength range capable of reacting the monomers for forming a polymer structure, such that a large amount of residual reactive monomers could cause very serious image sticking phenomenon in that region. While the aperture ratio of the region  701  is 0, and the aperture ratio of the region  703  is greater than that of the region  701 , the region  702  located at the boundary between the regions  701  and  703  has an aperture ratio equal to that of the region  703 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , it is apparent that the image sticking of the region  701  with an aperture ratio of 0 is very serious, in contrast, the image sticking of the region  703  having a higher aperture ratio is less serious. In addition, despite that the region  702  has an aperture ratio equal to that of the region  703 , the image sticking of the region  702  is more serious than that of the region  703  due to the un-reacted reactive monomers diffusing from the region  701  to the region  702 . 
     In an embodiment, while the un-reacted reactive monomers have a concentration of less than 400 ppm and larger than 0 ppm (0&lt;Y&lt;400), and the aperture ratio of the shielding pattern is larger than 10% and smaller than 100% (0.1≦X&lt;1), the display panel  200  is provided with less image sticking, and hence has better qualities of display images. 
     In an embodiment, while the display panel  200  is a large-sized display panel, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the region covered by the shielding pattern C extends from a margin portion B 1  of the non-display region B to at least part of the display region A. The margin portion B 1  is adjacent to the seal  295 . The shielding pattern C extends by a distance W 2  of 10-15 time of a width W 1  of the non-display region B. 
     In an embodiment, while the display panel  200  is a small-sized display panel, the region covered by the shielding pattern C extends from the margin portion B 1  (that is, from the inner edge of the seal  295 ) of the non-display region B to at least part of the display region A, and the shielding pattern C extends by the distance W 2  of about 3 cm. Alternatively, the region covered by the shielding pattern C extends from the two peripheries B 1  of two opposites sides of the non-display region B to the display region A, and the shielding pattern C extends by a total distance of about 6 cm which is the sum of the two distances W 2 . In the embodiment, while the display panel  200  is a small-sized display panel, such as a cell phone display panel, the shielding pattern C may fully cover the non-display region B and the display region A. 
       FIG. 8A  shows a schematic diagram of a shielding pattern  801  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and  FIG. 8B  shows a schematic diagram of a shielding pattern  803  according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment, the shielding pattern may include a plurality of metal wires, a light shielding layer, of the combination thereof. As shown in  FIG. 8A , the shielding pattern  801  includes such as a plurality of metal wires, and as shown in  FIG. 8B , the shielding pattern  803  includes such as a shielding layer. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8A , the metal wires M of the shielding pattern  801  located in a margin portion of the display region A have a line width W 3  of such as smaller than 50 μm. The margin portion of the display region A is adjacent to the non-display region B. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8B , the shielding pattern  803  is such as a shielding layer having a plurality of openings  803   a  of a size D 3  of such as about 100 μm. 
       FIG. 9A  shows a top view of a display panel  1100  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and  FIG. 9B  shows a cross-sectional view along the cross-sectional line  9 B- 9 B′ of  FIG. 9A . Referring to  FIGS. 9A-9B , the display panel  1100  includes a first substrate  110  and a plurality of particles  180 . In the embodiments, the particles  180  may be agglomerate polymer particles. The first substrate  110  has a display region A and a non-display region B adjacent to the display region A. The display region A represents the region of the display panel  1100  for displaying images, and the non-display region B represents the region not for displaying images. The particles  180  are disposed on the first substrate  110 . In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 9A , the non-display region B surrounds the display region A. 
     In the embodiment, the distribution density of the particles  180  located in at least a portion of the non-display region B is different from the distribution density of the particles  180  located in the display region A. In other words, the particles  180  located in different portions of the non-display region B may have different distribution densities; that is, the particles  180  located in at least some portions of the non-display region B have distribution densities different from the distribution density of the particles  180  located in the display region A. Moreover, the particles  180  have irregular shapes and sizes. In the embodiment, the display region A includes at least one pixel area, and is used for displaying images, and the non-display region B is such as a fan-out area or a wiring area. However, the non-display region B may include any area which is not for displaying images and is not limited to the above-mentioned example. 
     In an embodiment, the distribution density of the particles  180  located in the non-display region B having a size of 10-50 nm is different from the distribution density of the particles  180  located in the non-display region B having a size of 50-100 nm. Moreover, among the particles  180  located in the non-display region B, those with a size of 10-50 nm have a higher distribution density than those with a size of 50-100 nm. The distribution density is calculated within a unit area of 5 μm*5 μm. The distribution densities of the particles  180  in different regions may be compared by calculating the average values of the numbers of the particles  180  in a selected unit area of 5 μm*5 μm in each of the regions for comparison, and the selected unit area may be different from 5 μm*5 μm, as long as the selected unit areas in each of the regions are the same. 
     In another embodiment, among the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm, those located in at least a portion (e.g. some local regions) of the non-display region B have a different distance between the particles  180  from the distance between those located in the display region A. For example, among the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm, the distance between any two of the adjacent particles  180  located in the non-display region B is different from the distance between any two of the adjacent particles  180  located in the display region A. In an embodiment, among the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm, the distance between any two of the adjacent particles  180  located in the non-display region B is smaller than the distance between any two of the adjacent particles  180  located in the display region A. It is to be noted that the distance described herein indicates at least one of a minimum distance or an average distance. 
     In the embodiment, the particles  180  located in the non-display region B do not have any particular arrangement(s) and orientation(s). In other words, the particles  180  are arranged irregularly on the first substrate  110 . The particles  180  located in the display region A have particular arrangement(s) for aligning the liquid crystals to tilt toward particular direction(s). The particles  180  located in different region may be provided with different functions according to the irradiation curing process applied thereon and whether an electric field is applied thereon, or the irradiation amount adjusted by using a gray tone mask. The distribution density of the particles  180  located in at least a portion of the non-display region B is greater than the distribution density of the irregularly arranged particles  180  located in the display region A. Since the particles  180  located in the non-display region B do not have any particular orientation(s), the liquid crystals in the region do not tilt toward particular direction(s), thereby the region turns into a dark region, which lowers the light transmittance, and hence the light leakage issue of the display panel  1100  can be improved. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 9A-9B , the display panel  1100  may further include a second substrate  120 , a seal  295 , a liquid crystal layer  130 , and a plurality of spacers  291 . The second substrate  120  and the first substrate  110  are disposed opposite to each other. The liquid crystal layer  130  and the seal  295  are disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 . The seal  295  is located outside the non-display region B. The spacers  291  are disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120  for providing a gap for disposing the liquid crystal layer  130 . The spacers  291  may have different heights for proving buffering when the panel is pressed. In another embodiment, the spacers  291  may be disposed on the first substrate  110 . The particles  180  are in direct contact with the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  130 . It is also important to point out that the particles  180  are not necessarily drawn to scale according to the actual products, and the drawings are for illustrating the embodiments only and not for limiting the scope of protection of the disclosure. 
     In the embodiment, since the particles  180  located in the non-display region B are not provided with any unifying alignment functions for guiding particular directions, and accordingly are not provided with any unifying alignment functions for the liquid crystal molecules. Therefore, in the non-display region B, the liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal layer  130  may tilt toward any possible directions, thereby the liquid crystal molecules may tilt isotropically and form a relative dark area compared to the region where the liquid crystal molecules tilt to a predetermined direction regularly, the light transmittance of the non-display region is lowered, and the light leakage issue of the display panel  1100  is improved, which further increases the contrast and quality of the images displayed in the display region. 
     According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, the particles  180  are not limited to have particular sizes or shapes, and the sizes can be adjusted according to application needs. In an embodiment, the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 10-100 nm located in the non-display region B is greater than the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 10-100 nm located in the display region A. In another embodiment, in the non-display region B, the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 10-50 nm is greater than the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm. In a further embodiment, in the non-display region B, the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm located on the first substrate  110  is lower than the distribution density of those located on the second substrate  120 . It is important to point out that since the particles  180  do not have particular shapes, the term of “size” refers to the dimension(s) of the particles  180 , which may be diameter, height, width, or any expression suitable for representing the size of one particle  180 . 
     In the embodiment, the display panel  1100  may further include a thin film transistor array and a color filter layer on the first substrate  110 . In an alternative embodiment, the color filter layer may be disposed on the second substrate  120 . 
     In the embodiment, the display panel  1100  may further include a first alignment layer  170  disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 . For example, the first alignment layer  170  is disposed on the first substrate  110  or on the second substrate  120 , and the particles  180  are formed on the first alignment layer  170 . In an embodiment, as shown in  FIGS. 9A-9B , the display panel  1100  may include two alignment layers  170  and  270  formed on the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 , respectively, and the particles  180  are formed on the first alignment layer  170  located close to the first substrate  110 . In the embodiment, the first alignment layer  170  may be a polyimide (PI) film. 
     In the embodiment, the particles  180  may be formed by a variety of processes. In an embodiment, UV curable monomers are added while forming the liquid crystal layer  130 , or the first alignment layer  170 , and then a UV irradiation process is performed from the first substrate  110  side or the second substrate  120  side for forming the particles  180  on the first substrate  110  or on the first alignment layer  170 . The material of the particles  180  formed by irradiating UV curable monomers is polymer. Polymerization degrees of the polymer in different regions are different from one another; thereby the distribution densities of the particles  180  in different regions are different. 
     In an embodiment, the display panel  1100  is such as a nano-protrusion vertical aligned liquid crystal display panel, and the particles  180  and the nano-protrusion alignment structure on the surface of the first alignment layer  170  can be formed from the same monomers. For example, the nano-protrusion alignment structure can be formed in the display region A by polymerizing the monomers in the display region Awhile an external electric field is continuously applied thereon, and the particles  180  can be formed by polymerizing the monomers in the non-display region B without applying any external electric field, the particles  180  being irregularly arranged and lacking particular alignment directions. As such, the nano-protrusion alignment structure located in the display region A can help the liquid crystal molecules to align with predetermined direction(s), and the particles  180 , lacking particular alignment directions, located in the non-display region B can cause the liquid crystal molecules in the non-display region B to tilt toward various directions for forming an excellent dark area. As such, the possibility of the light leakage of the display panel  1100  is decreased, and the contrast and the displaying quality of the display panel  1100  are improved. 
     The aforementioned nano-protrusion alignment structure and the particles  180  located in different designated region may be manufactured by various processes. For example, via the design of a patterned electrode, wherein the patterned electrode is not formed on the region of the substrate corresponding to the non-display region B, the monomers located corresponding to the non-display region B are therefore not influenced by the electric field while being cured by UV irradiation. Alternatively, a patterned mask is applied to shield the non-display region B while the monomers are irradiated with UV light and applied with a continuously electric field, such that the monomers in the non-display region B do not undergo polymerization reaction, and the monomers in the non-display region B undergo polymerization under UV irradiation after the electric field is removed. 
     Furthermore, the above-mentioned shielding design from the UV irradiation for the non-display region B can utilize additional patterned masks or structural arrangements of originally existing elements in the display panel. For example, a metal wiring or a black matrix located in the non-display region B can be used for shielding the non-display region B from UV irradiation. The black matrix can be designed as a patterned black matrix with through holes for UV light to pass through, such that the monomers in the non-display region B may undergo polymerization reaction to form the particles  180 . In the embodiment, the UV irradiation is preferably performed from the substrate side without the color filter layer disposed thereon. 
     In other words, the formation of a number of the particles  180 , which are irregularly arranged and lack unifying alignment functions, in the non-display region B can further consume the residual monomers in the liquid crystal layer  130 . As such, the polar impurities absorbed by the un-reacted monomers in the liquid crystal layer  130  or that the residual monomers polymerize and form protrusion structures with alignment functions in the non-display region B can be reduced. Accordingly, deterioration of materials is reduced, light leakage of the display panel is decreased, and the contrast and displaying quality of the display panel can be further improved. 
       FIG. 10  shows a cross-sectional view of a display panel  1200  according to another additional embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 10 , a plurality of the particles  180  may be further disposed on the second substrate  120 . In the embodiment, in the non-display region B, the distribution density of the particles  180  located on the first substrate  110  is different from the distribution density of the particles  180  located on the second substrate  120 . In an embodiment, UV curable monomers are added while forming the liquid crystal layer  130 , the first alignment layer  170  or the second alignment layer  270 , and then a UV irradiation process is performed from the first substrate  110  side or the second substrate  120  side for forming the particles  180  on the first substrate  110  the first alignment layer  170  or the second alignment layer  270 . For example, while the particles  180  are formed by a UV curing process performed on UV curable monomers, the particles  180  formed on the UV irradiation side of the substrate, which side is closer to the UV light, have a relatively high distribution density and a relatively large size. Alternatively, the sizes and the locations of the particles  180  can be controlled by adjusting the focus or the wavelength range of the UV irradiation. 
     In an embodiment, in the non-display region B, the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm located on the first substrate  110  is lower than the distribution density of the particles  180  located on the second substrate  120 . In the present embodiment, the particles  180  are formed by a UV irradiation process performed on UV curable monomers, and the UV irradiation process is performed from the second substrate  120  side. 
       FIG. 11  shows a top view of a display panel  300  according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG. 11 , the seal  295  has a first width W 4  and a first sidewall  295   s , and the first sidewall  295   s  is adjacent to the non-display region B. The non-display region B can be divided into two regions B 3  and B 4 . The region B 3  includes the range starting from the first sidewall  295   s  and extending a second width W 5  away from the first sidewall  295   s , the second width W 5  is the distance between the first sidewall  295   s  and the second sidewall B 3   s , and the second width W 5  is less than the first width W 4 . The region B 4  includes a range starting from the second sidewall B 3   s  and extending a third width W 6  away from the second sidewall B 3   s , the third width W 6  is the distance between the second sidewall B 3   s  and the third sidewall B 4   s , and the third width W 6  is larger than one time the first width W 4  to less than two times the first width W 4 . In the embodiment, the distribution density of the particles  180  on the second substrate  120  and located in the region B 3  is different from the distribution density of the particles  180  located in the region B 4 . The amount of the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm located in the region B 3  is more than the amount of the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm located in the region B 4 . In the embodiment, by controlling the range the UV irradiation covers and the wavelength of the UV irradiation, the particles  180  can be formed together with the curing of the seal  295  by the UV irradiation process. Accordingly, the seal  295  and the particles  180  can be formed in single UV irradiation step. As such, the irradiation energy is reduced, the monomers neighboring the seal  295  can react together and form the particles  180  having relatively large sizes, and the light leakage of the display panel can be further reduced. 
       FIG. 12  shows a top view of a display panel  400  according to a still further embodiment of the present disclosure. In the embodiment, as shown in  FIG. 12 , the non-display region B′ is disposed adjacent to the display region A′ but not surrounding the display region A. The distribution density of the particles  180  located in at least a portion of the non-display region B′ is different from the distribution density of the particles  180  located in the display region A′. In an embodiment, the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 10-100 nm located in the non-display region B′ is greater than the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 10-100 nm located in the display region A. In another embodiment, the distribution density of the particles  180  (with no size limitation) located in at least a portion of the non-display region B′ is greater than the distribution density of the particles  180  (with no size limitation) located in the display region A′. 
       FIG. 13  shows a simplified explosion diagram of a display device  500  according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and  FIG. 14  shows a cross-sectional view of a display device  600  according to a still another embodiment of the present disclosure. It is to be noted that some of the elements in  FIGS. 13-14  are omitted or simplified for illustrating the embodiments. The details of the structures of the embodiments are not drawn to scale and for exemplification only, thus not for limiting the scope of protection of the disclosure. In the present embodiment, the seal  540  is adjacent to and aligned with the sidewalls of the substrates  110 / 120 . In an alternative embodiment, the seal is not necessarily adjacent to the sidewalls of the substrate  110 / 120 . 
     Referring to  FIGS. 13-14 , the display device  500  includes a display panel  500 A. The display panel  500 A includes the first substrate  110 , the second substrate  120 , at least a data line DL, at least a scan line SL, a wiring area D, the liquid crystal layer  550 , the alignment layer  570 , the spacers  560 , the seal  540 , and the particles  180 . The first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120  are disposed opposite to each other. The first substrate  110  has at least a display region PA having at least a pixel P. The data line DL and the scan line SL are intersected for defining a plurality of pixels. The wiring area D is located in the non-display region outside the display region PA. The data line DL disposed in the display region PA, the scan line SL disposed in the display region PA, and the wiring line disposed in the wiring area D may be non-linear. The liquid crystal layer  550  and the alignment layer  570  are disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 . The spacers  560  are disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120  for providing a gap for disposing the liquid crystal layer  550 . The seal  540  is disposed between the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120  and located outside the wiring area D. The particles  180  are formed on the alignment layer  570 . The distribution density of the particles  180  located corresponding to at least a portion of the wiring area D is greater than the distribution density of the particles  180  located corresponding to the display region PA. 
     In the embodiment, the display panel  500 A includes, for example, two alignment layers  570  formed on the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 , respectively. The particles  180  are formed on at least one of the alignment layers  570  on at least one of the first substrate  110  or the second substrate  120 . The above-mentioned particles  180  located corresponding to the wiring area D or corresponding to the display region PA may be formed on both of the alignment layer  570  on the first substrate  110  and the second substrate  120 . In fact, the above-mentioned particles  180  located corresponding to the wiring area D or corresponding to the display region PA simply refers to the range which the particles  180  are located corresponding to. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 13-14 , the display device  500  may further include a black matrix (BM)  580 , a thin film transistor array  590 , and a color filter layer  591 . The thin film transistor array  590  and the color filter layer  591  are disposed on the first substrate  110 , and the black matrix  580  is disposed on the second substrate  120 . In the embodiment, the wiring area D may include one or more than one driver on panel  585 , such as a gate driver on panel (GOP) or a data driver on panel or both of the above. One set of GOP is illustrated in  FIG. 13 ; however, a plurality sets of the gate driver and/or the data driver on panel may be arranged as well depending on the design requirements. 
     In an embodiment, in the wiring area D, the distribution density of the particles  180  on the first substrate  110  is different from the distribution density of the particles  180  on the second substrate  120 . 
     In an embodiment, in the wiring area D, the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 10-50 nm is greater than the distribution density of the particles  180  having a size of 50-100 nm. The distribution density is calculated within a unit area of 5 μm*5 μm. The distribution densities of the particles  180  in different regions may be compared by calculating the average values of the numbers of the particles  180  in a selected unit area of 5 μm*5 μm in each of the regions for comparison, and the selected unit area may be different from 5 μm*5 μm, as long as the selected unit areas in each of the regions are the same. 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIGS. 11 and 13-14 , the seal  540  has the first width W 4  and the first sidewall  540   s  adjacent to the wiring area D. The wiring area D can be divided into two regions. The first region includes the range starting from the first sidewall  540   s  and extending the second width W 5  away from the first sidewall  540   s , and the second width W 5  is less than the first width W 4 . The second region includes a range starting from the first region and extending the third width W 6  away from the sidewall adjacent to the first region, and the third width W 6  is greater than one time the first width W 4  to less than two times the first width W 4 . In the embodiment, the distribution density of the particles  180  on the second substrate  120  and located in the first region is different from the distribution density of the particles  180  located in the second region. 
     While the disclosure has been described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiment(s), it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited thereto. On the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements and procedures, and the scope of the appended claims therefore should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements and procedures.