Patent Publication Number: US-4369273-A

Title: Liquid stabilizing composition and chlorine containing thermoplastics stabilized therewith

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     It is known that chlorine containing thermoplastics, such as e.g. polyvinyl chloride, split off HCl under thermal load, accompanied by discoloration and degradation. 
     In order to prevent this so-called thermostabilizers are added, the little poisonous and most effective of which are the organotin mercaptides and the dialkyltin carboxylates. 
     Those detrimental to health comprise the organometallic compounds of strontium, cadmium and lead. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,644,246 discloses a mixture of dialkyltin carboxylates and sodium, magnesium, calcium or aluminum salts of halfesters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g. maleic acid. Beside the formation of anhydride at elevated temperatures there is the disadvantage that stabilizers on this base if combined with phosphites cannot be kept. 
     According to British Pat. Nos. 1,229,521 and 1,229,522 and Japanese Pat. specification No. 4723442 organotin mercaptides containing calcium, magnesium and barium compounds are proposed. However, it is known that such combinations develop a strong odour during processing. 
     The present invention is characterized in that the stabilizer compositions contain no tin, lead, cadmium or strontium, whereas also unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, such as maleic acid, are completely absent. 
     During processing at elevated temperatures no volatile, prickling or strongly smelling substances are developed, and yet the chlorine containing thermoplastics have an effective protection against degradation at elevated temperatures. 
     Furthermore no &#34;plate out&#34; occurs during processing on calanders. 
     The combination with liquid organic phosphites is readily possible; they can serve as light stabilizer and solvent. 
     Addition of solvents such as glycols, glycol ethers and aromatic solvents is not advisable as at elevated processing temperatures odour, volatile vapours and gases develop. 
     Moreover the stabilizing composition of the present invention may contain anti-oxidants, such as sterically hindered alkyl phenols, such as 2,6-di-tert. butyl-4-methylphenol and 4-hydroxymethyl-2,6-di-tert. butylphenol. 
     Addition of (2,4-di-tert.butylphenyl)-3,5-di-tert.butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate provides in combination with organic phosphites a substantially increased light resistance. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     According to the present invention it has been found that a stabilizing composition consisting of substituted alpha- or beta-naphthindoles, benzoylated or not benzoylated, and combined with organic polyimines such as those of formula 1 of the formulae sheet, in which R is alkyl or dialkyl, ethoxylated alkylmercaptans with 2-8 ethoxy groups and (metal) halides of barium, calcium, lithium, zinc or aluminum, have a strong thermostabilizing effect on chlorine containing thermoplastics, especially on polyvinyl chloride, both homo-M and S polymers thereof, and on polyvinylidene chloride. 
     Also copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, copolymers of ethylene, vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate and copolymers of vinylidene chloride are strongly thermally stabilized by the said stabilizing composition. 
     It is not necessary that the chlorine containing thermoplastic contains a plasticizer. 
     Both initial and final stability are excellent, also on long-term keeping. 
     The substitution of the naphthindoles can be alkyl or aryl or combinations of both, whereas also hydroxy, methoxy and ethoxy groups may be present. 
     Isostearic acid and isostearic acid esters or mixtures thereof may serve as solvent, possibly combined with organic phosphites. If used they also serve as lubricant (vide Belgian Pat. specification No. 872,794) and give the end-product (film or bottle) a strong anti-blocking and anti-sticking effect, whereas to products containing a plasticizer they provide the effect of improved hand and drape. 
     Metal salts of isostearic acid act strongly as internal and external lubricant. Especially the lithium salt of isostearic acid gives particularly glass-clear film and bottles in combination with benzoylated substituted naphthindoles, polybutyl imine, zinc chloride and an ethoxylated tert.dodecylmercaptan with 4,5 ethoxy groups. Thermal stability is excellent herewith. 
    
    
     Example of a synthesis for some substituted naphthindoles: 
     METHYL ALPHA-BROMO-ETHYL KETONE 
     A mixture of 468 g (6,5 moles) methyl ethyl ketone and 1500 cc water was heated at 60° C. with nitrogen being passed through, after which 960 g (6.0 moles) bromine was added thereto by dripping. After the end of the reaction the separated oil was washed subsequently with water, sodium bicarbonate solution and water, and finally dried over calcium chloride. After fractional distillation with the aid of a long Vigreux column or Widmer spiral 350 g of a colourless oil, boiling at 45°-47° C./19 mm Hg, was obtained. 
     2,3-DIMETHYL-ALPHA-NAPHTHINDOLE 
     (Formula 2 of the formulae sheet) 
     138 g of methyl alpha-bromoethyl ketone and 275 g of alpha-naphthylamine (molar ratio 1:2.05) were solved together in 500 ml of 96% ethyl alcohol and boiled for 8 hours. Then, while boiling, water was added to the mixture, until it just started to become turbid. Upon cooling down the naphthindole crystallized. It was filtrated by suction and for purification it was once boiled up with diluted HCl. After filtration by suction and drying 169 g of substantially pure naphthindole (yield 94%) resulted. For obtaining a 100% pure product one may recrystallize from a mixture of benzene and petroleum ether. In that case white silver-glossy leaflets are formed, melting at 150-151° C. 
     2,3-DIMETHYL-BETA-NAPHTHINDOLE 
     (Formula 3 of the formulae sheet) 
     In an analogous way, starting from beta-naphthylamine, 2,3-dimethyl-beta-naphthindole, melting at 131°-132° C., can be obtained in a yield of 72%. During the reaction a slight resinification occurs. Therefore, after the reaction only a small amount of water should be added, whereupon an amount of resin separates, which should be filtrated by suction first, before more water is added to the alcoholic solution until turbidity occurs, after which, upon cooling, the beta-naphthindole separates in the form of colorless hard crystals. 
     BENZOYL-2,3-DIMETHYL-ALPHA-NAPHTHINDOLE 
     (Formula 4 of the formulae sheet) 
     Benzoyl chloride was dripped slowly into a solution of 2,3-dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole. After completion of the addition nitrogen is passed through and the temperature is raised slowly until boiling, whereby the remaining HCl is driven off. The toluene is distilled off under vacuum and ethyl alcohol is added, in which the mass dissolves readily, after which water is added until turbidity occurs. After cooling down the product crystallizes. 
     BENZOYL-2,3-DIMETHYL-BETA-NAPHTHINDOLE 
     (Formula 5 of the formulae sheet) 
     In this case in an analogous manner 2,3-di-methyl-beta-naphthindole is benzoylated in solution. Also in this case the solvent is toluene and the recrystallization is carried out in a mixture of ethyl alcohol and water. 
     POLYBUTYL IMINE 
     (Formula 6 of the formulae sheet, in which R is CH 3  --CH 2  --CH 2  --) 
     Commercial butyraldehyde (a by-product of the production of synthetic rubber) having a density of 0,82  g/cm 3 , containing 6-7% of acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde and for 75-80% consisting of a mixture of butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde, the remainder consisting of water, butanol and minor quantities of higher alcohols and aldehydes, is saturated with NH 3  gas. The reaction product separates into two layers. The upper layer consists of the aldehyde/ammonia, which has a typical odour and is viscous. The lower layer consists of water, containing butyl and other alcohols. The separated butyraldehyde/ammonia is heated at 110° C. for 2-3 hours, during which the viscosity increases by polymerisation of the butyrimine formed. 
     Example of a synthesis of ethoxylated tert. dodecyl mercaptan, C 12  H 25  S(CH 2 .CH 2 .O) n  H, in which n=2-8. 
     202 kg of dry tert.dodecyl mercaptan and 1 kg of solid KOH, ground to powder, are put into a stainless steel pressure kettle (6 atm), provided with a blade agitator revolving at 500 r.p.m. and a heating jacket up to 8 atm. for steam heating and water cooling, respectively. The exthylene oxyde is introduced from below into the bottom of the kettle by means of a stainless steel pipe. The introduction can be monitored by means of a looking glass. The tert.dodecyl mercaptan is heated at 130° C. under introduction of nitrogen in order to expel the air. Hereafter the kettle is closed, and addition takes place of: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
(a) for 2 ethoxy groups                                                   
                 88 kg of ethylene oxide                                  
(b) for 4 ethoxy groups                                                   
                176 kg of ethylene oxide                                  
(c) for 7 ethoxy groups                                                   
                308 kg of ethylene oxide                                  
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     The pressure as maintained at 0.8-1.2, atm., optionally the temperature is allowed to rise to 150° C. After the reaction neutralisation is carried out with propionic acid. Duration of the reaction is about 3-4 hours, depending on the amount of ethylene oxide added. Practically quantitative yield. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Stabilizer M1                                                             
______________________________________                                    
Zinc chloride, anhydrous                                                  
                      105 g                                               
Water                  35 g                                               
2-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      200 g                                               
7-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      230 g                                               
Isostearic acid       430 g                                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The zinc chloride is solved in the amount of water and mixed under agitation with the 7-ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan, after which the 2-ethoxy-tert. dodecyl mercaptan and the isostearic acid are added successively under agitation. A clear light yellow liquid is obtained. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Stabilizer M2                                                             
______________________________________                                    
Zinc chloride, anhydrous                                                  
                       80 g                                               
Lithium chloride, anhydrous                                               
                       35 g                                               
Water                  60 g                                               
2-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      200 g                                               
7-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      230 g                                               
Isostearic acid       430 g                                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The zinc chloride and the lithium chloride are solved in the amount of water and mixed with the 7-ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan under agitation, after which subsequently the 2-ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan and the isostearic acid are added under agitation. A clear light yellow liquid is obtained. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Stabilizer M3                                                             
______________________________________                                    
Zinc chloride, anhydrous                                                  
                       80 g                                               
Barium chloride, anhydrous                                                
                       35 g                                               
Water                  62 g                                               
2-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      200 g                                               
7-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      230 g                                               
Isostearic acid       430 g                                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Same procedure as M2. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Stabilizer M4                                                             
______________________________________                                    
Aluminum chloride, anhydrous                                              
                       80 g                                               
Calcium chloride, anhydrous                                               
                       35 g                                               
Water                  60 g                                               
2-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      200 g                                               
7-Ethoxy-tert.dodecyl mercaptan                                           
                      230 g                                               
Isostearic acid       430 g                                               
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE I 
     Liquid stabilizing composition for rigid P.V.C., e.g. bottles. Addition: 6.7-7 kg per 100 kg of P.V.C., k-value 55/60. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Epoxy soy bean oil         3400   g                                       
Trinonyl-phenyl phosphite  600    g                                       
Calcium isostearate        300    g                                       
Glycerol monoisostearate   250    g                                       
Pentaerithritol mono-p-tert.butyl benzoate                                
triisostearate             1200   g                                       
Pentaerithritol trimontanate monoisostearate                              
                           300    g                                       
Wax AC 316, Allied Chemicals (polyethylene                                
wax)                       50     g                                       
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole                                   
                           50     g                                       
Polybutyl imine            150    g                                       
Stabilizer M1              300    g                                       
Isostearic acid            100    g                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Heat at 90° under agitation and passing through of nitrogen, until everything has been solved, then cool again to 40° C., after which it is ready for use. 
     EXAMPLE II 
     Liquid stabilizing composition for rigid P.V.C., e.g. film and bottles. Per 100 kg of PVC also 8 kg of modified Kane Ace B 28 (MBS) is added, as an impact resistance component. Addition: as in Example I. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Epoxy soy bean oil         3400   g                                       
Trinonyl-phenyl phosphite  600    g                                       
Calcium isostearate        300    g                                       
Pentaerythritol monoisostearate                                           
                           600    g                                       
Pentaaerythritol di-p-tert.butyl benzoate                                 
diisostearate              600    g                                       
Butane-1,4-diol monomontanate monoisistearate                             
                           300    g                                       
Wax AC 316                 50     g                                       
2,3-Dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole                                           
                           100    g                                       
Polybutyl imine            100    g                                       
Stabilizer M2              300    g                                       
Isostearic acid            80     g                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Procedure as described in Example I. 
     EXAMPLE III 
     Liquid stabilizing composition for rigid P.V.C., especially for injection molding purposes. Per 100 kg of P.V.C., k-value 55/60, 6.7-7 kg of stabilizing composition and 8 kg of Kane Ace B 28 impact resistance component are used. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Epoxy soy bean oil        3400   g                                        
Trinonyl-phenyl phosphite 600    g                                        
Calcium isostearate       300    g                                        
Trimethylolpropane monoisostearate                                        
                          250    g                                        
Pentaerythritol tri-p-tert.butylbenzoate                                  
monoisostearate           1200   g                                        
Pentaerythritol dimontanate diisostearate                                 
                          300    g                                        
Wax AC 316                50     g                                        
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole                                   
                          50     g                                        
Dimethyl-beta-naphthindole                                                
                          25     g                                        
Polybutyl imine           275    g                                        
Stabilizer M3             300    g                                        
Isostearic acid           100    g                                        
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Procedure as described in Example I. 
     EXAMPLE IV 
     Liquid stabilizing composition for soft P.V.C., suitable for film and injection molding articles. Per 100 kg of P.V.C., k-value 68/72, 4.2-5 kg of the present stabilizing compositions and 50 kg of dioctyl adipate are added. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Epoxy soy bean oil         1000   g                                       
Diphenyl-myristyl phosphite                                               
                           400    g                                       
Calcium isostearate        300    g                                       
Glycerol monostearate      250    g                                       
Pentaerythritol tetraisostearate                                          
                           1200   g                                       
Pentaerythritol trimontanate monoisostearate                              
                           300    g                                       
Isostearic acid            250    g                                       
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole                                   
                           100    g                                       
Stabilizer M4              300    g                                       
Polybutyl imine            150    g                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Procedure as described in Example I. 
     EXAMPLE V 
     Liquid stabilizing composition for soft P.V.C., suitable for film, injection molding and plastisols. Per 100 kg of P.V.C., k-value 70/72, 4.4-5 kg of the present stabilizing composition is added. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Epoxy soy bean oil         1000   g                                       
Diphenyl-myristyl phosphite                                               
                           600    g                                       
Lithium isostearate        300    g                                       
Glycerol monostearate      250    g                                       
Pentaerythritol tetraisostearate                                          
                           1200   g                                       
Pentaerythritol trimontanate monoisostearate                              
                           300    g                                       
Isostearic acid            250    g                                       
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-beta-naphthindole                                    
                           50     g                                       
2,3-Dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole                                           
                           25     g                                       
Polybutyl imine            150    g                                       
Stabilizer M2              300    g                                       
Stabilizer M2                                                             
(2,4-di-tert.butylphenyl)-3,5-di-tert.butyl-4-                            
hydroxybenzoate            50     g                                       
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Procedure as describes in Example I. 
     EXAMPLE VI 
     Plastisol from S P.V.C., k-value 70/72, plasticizer content 50%. Per 100 kg of P.V.C. 2.7-3 kg of the stabilizing composition of the present Example is used corresponding with 200 kg of plastisol (P.V.C.: plasticizer=1:1). 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Lithium isostearate       300 g                                           
Stabilizer M2             300 g                                           
Polybutyl imine           300 g                                           
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole                                   
                          100 g                                           
Pentaerythritol monomontanate triisostearate                              
                          300 g                                           
Pentaerythritol monoisostearate monoadipate                               
                          800 g                                           
Isostearic acid           150 g                                           
Triphenyl phosphite       300 g                                           
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Procedure as described in Example I. 
     EXAMPLE VII 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
P.V.C. resin, k-value 67/68                                               
                  100        parts by weight                              
Omya BSH (calcium carbonate)                                              
                  8          &#34;                                            
Carbon black      0.6        &#34;                                            
Calcium dialkyl-phenolate                                                 
                  2.76       &#34;                                            
Stabilizer M1     0.30       &#34;                                            
Polybutyl imine   0.10-0.40  &#34;                                            
Trimethylol diisostearate                                                 
                  0.60       &#34;                                            
Diphenyl isooctyl phosphite                                               
                  0.30       &#34;                                            
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-                                               
naphthindole      0.05       &#34;                                            
Epoxy soya bean oil                                                       
                  2.00       &#34;                                            
Isostearic acid   0.50       &#34;                                            
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     The above components are mixed at ambient temperature until a dry powder is obtained. This powder is suitable for the extrusion of tubes. As mixing apparatus the Nautamixer with Rotor-Dispenser can be used. 
     EXAMPLE VIII 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
P.V.C. resin, k-value 67/71                                               
                   100     parts by weight                                
Omya BSH (chalk)   10      &#34;                                              
Barium dialkyl-phenolate                                                  
                   2.75    &#34;                                              
Titanium dioxyde   0.50    &#34;                                              
Stabilizer M1      0.30    &#34;                                              
Polybutyl imine    0.10    &#34;                                              
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-                                               
naphthindole       0.005   &#34;                                              
Diphenyl isooctyl phosphite                                               
                   0.60    &#34;                                              
Epoxy soya bean oil                                                       
                   2.00    &#34;                                              
Dibutyl phthalate  15.00   &#34;                                              
Dioctyl phthalate  35.00   &#34;                                              
Pentaerythritol tetraisostearate                                          
                   0.40    &#34;                                              
(Dipropylene glycol) adipate                                              
(polymer)          10.00   &#34;                                              
Isostearic acid    0.30    &#34;                                              
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     The above components are heated at 100° C., until a dry powdery agglomerate is obtained. This powdery agglomerate is suitable for injection molding of e.g. shoe soles and other flex. P.V.C. injection molding products as well as for the extrusion of garden-hose and flexible profiles. 
     EXAMPLE IX 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Emulsion-type P.V.C. resin, k-value                                       
70/72                100     parts by weight                              
Barium dialkyl-phenolate                                                  
                     2.75    &#34;                                            
Stabilizer M1        0.30    &#34;                                            
Diphenyl isooctyl phosphite                                               
                     1.00    &#34;                                            
Polybutyl imine      0.10    &#34;                                            
2,3-Dimethyl-alpha-naphthindole                                           
                     0.005   &#34;                                            
Epoxy soy bean oil   3.00    &#34;                                            
Dibutyl phthalate    20.00   &#34;                                            
Dioctyl adipatae     30.00   &#34;                                            
Dioctyl phthalate    30.00   &#34;                                            
(Dipropylene glycol) adipate                                              
(polymer)            20.00   &#34;                                            
Pentaerythritol tetraisostearate                                          
                     0.40    &#34;                                            
Isostearic acid      0.08    &#34;                                            
Silicone oil         0.02    &#34;                                            
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     The above components are mixed at ambient temperature in a Nautamixer, provided with a Rotor-Dispenser to obtain a homogeneous well flowing thick liquid, which, after standing for a few hours, becomes totally free of air. This liquid can be processed, amongst others, to obtain PVC-dips and PVC-pastes. After gelation the material is perfectly transparent and light resistant. By the addition of pigments every desired colour can be obtained, both transparent and non-transparent. 
     EXAMPLE X 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
P.V.C. resin, k-value 67/71                                               
                   100     parts by weight                                
Stabilizer M2      0.3     &#34;                                              
Trinonyl phenyl phosphite                                                 
                   0.4     &#34;                                              
Polybutyl imine    0.1     &#34;                                              
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-                                               
naphthindole       0.05    &#34;                                              
Epoxy soy bean oil 3.0     &#34;                                              
Glycerol monoleate 0.2     &#34;                                              
Glycerol dioleate  0.2     &#34;                                              
Diisobutyl adipate 10.0    &#34;                                              
Dioctyl adipate    10.0    &#34;                                              
Aceto-tri-n-butylcitrate                                                  
                   40.0    &#34;                                              
Pentaerythritol tetraisostearate                                          
                   1.0     &#34;                                              
Oleic acid         0.3     &#34;                                              
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     The above components are heated at 100°/110° C. until a dry agglomerate is obtained, which is suitable for calandering of flex. P.V.C. film for packaging of i.a. meat-products. 
     EXAMPLE XI 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
P.V.C. resin, k-value 67/71                                               
                   100     parts by weight                                
Stabilizer M2      0.3     &#34;                                              
Trinonyl phenyl phosphite                                                 
                   0.4     &#34;                                              
Poly-2-methylbutyl imine                                                  
                   0.1     &#34;                                              
Benzoyl-2,3-dimethyl-alpha-                                               
naphthindole       0.05    &#34;                                              
Epoxy soy bean oil 3.0     &#34;                                              
Lithium isostearate                                                       
                   1.2     &#34;                                              
Glycerol monoisostearate                                                  
                   0.2     &#34;                                              
Glycerol disostearate                                                     
                   0.2     &#34;                                              
Isostearic acid    0.5     &#34;                                              
Diisobutyl adipate 10.0    &#34;                                              
Dioctyl adipate    10.0    &#34;                                              
Aceto-tri-n-butylcitrate                                                  
                   40.0    &#34;                                              
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     The above components are heated at 100°/110° C. until a dry agglomerate is obtained, which is suitable for calandering flex. P.V.C. glass-clear film. This film can be used for packaging foods. 
     EXAMPLE XII 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
P.V.C. resin, k-value 67/71                                               
                   100     parts by weight                                
Lithium isostearate                                                       
                   1.2     &#34;                                              
Stabilizer M3      0.3     &#34;                                              
Diphenyl isooctyl phosphite                                               
                   0.4     &#34;                                              
Poly-2-methylbutyl imine                                                  
                   0.1     &#34;                                              
Benzoyl-2-phenyl-3-methyl                                                 
naphthindole       0.03    &#34;                                              
Epoxy soy bean oil 3.0     &#34;                                              
Pentaerythritol monoisostearate                                           
                   0.2     &#34;                                              
Diisooctyl adipate 20.0    &#34;                                              
Dioctyl phthalate  30.0    &#34;                                              
Poly-(dipropylene)-glycol adipate                                         
                   10.0    &#34;                                              
Isostearic acid    0.5     &#34;                                              
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     The above components are heated at 100°/110° C. until a dry agglomerate is obtained. This agglomerate is suitable for calandering flex. P.V.C., glass-clear and light resistant film and can also be processed on injection molding apparatus to obtain highly transparent and light resistant products. 
     The stabilizing effect of the stabilizers prepared according to the Examples I-XII and the formulations according to the invention is compared with a Ba/Cd/Zn-stabilizer having metal contents of about 5.3% barium, 3.2% cadmium and 0.5% zinc, which has shown to be suitable for calander processing. To this end 100 g of S. P.V.C. (k-value 70), 50 g of dioctyl phthalate, 0.5 g of paraffin wax and 2.0 g of stabilizer is mixed in a high velocity mixing apparatus and the heat stability is tested by a milling test at 190° C. Samples were taken at 5 minute intervals and the results are shown in the following table. 
     
                                           TABLE                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
Stabilizer                                                                
        Rolled                                                            
            5&#39; 10&#39;                                                        
                  15&#39;                                                     
                     20&#39;                                                  
                        25&#39;                                               
                           30&#39;                                            
                              35&#39;                                         
                                 40&#39; 45&#39;                                  
                                        50&#39;                               
        film                                                              
Ba/Cd/Zn                                                                  
        5,6 9,6                                                           
               11,7                                                       
                  14 15,9                                                 
                        15,2  31,1                                        
                                 Brown                                    
stabilizer                                                                
According to                                                              
        2,0 2,1                                                           
               3,2                                                        
                  4,8                                                     
                     5,2                                                  
                        5,8                                               
                           6,3                                            
                              7,8                                         
                                 8,5 9,1                                  
                                        9,8                               
Example I,                                                                
Rigid P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,0 2,0                                                           
               2,8                                                        
                  3,2                                                     
                     4,0                                                  
                        4,2                                               
                           4,8                                            
                              5,3                                         
                                 6,2 7,8                                  
                                        8,4                               
Example II,                                                               
Rigid P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,0 2,0                                                           
               2,1                                                        
                  2,6                                                     
                     3,3                                                  
                        3,8                                               
                           4,0                                            
                              4,6                                         
                                 5,1 5,8                                  
                                        6,2                               
Example III,                                                              
Rigid P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,2 2,2                                                           
               2,4                                                        
                  2,6                                                     
                     3,1                                                  
                        3,5                                               
                           3,8                                            
                              4,1                                         
                                 4,8 5,2                                  
                                        5,8                               
Example IV,                                                               
Flex. P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,2 2,2                                                           
               2,3                                                        
                  2,3                                                     
                     2,6                                                  
                        3,0                                               
                           3,2                                            
                              3,8                                         
                                 4,0 4,9                                  
                                        5,8                               
Example V,                                                                
Flex. P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,0 2,0                                                           
               2,2                                                        
                  2,8                                                     
                     3,2                                                  
                        3,8                                               
                           4,6                                            
                              5,3                                         
                                 6,8 7,4                                  
                                        8,9                               
Example VI,                                                               
Rigid P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        Black                                                             
            Bl.                                                           
               Bl.                                                        
                  Bl.                                                     
                     Bl.                                                  
                        Bl.                                               
                           Bl.                                            
                              Bl.                                         
                                 Bl. Bl.                                  
                                        Bl.                               
Example VII,                                                              
Rigid P.V.C.                                                              
black                                                                     
According to                                                              
        White                                                             
            Wh.                                                           
               Wh.                                                        
                  Wh.                                                     
                     Wh.                                                  
                        Wh.                                               
                           Wh.                                            
                              Wh.                                         
                                 Wh. Wh.                                  
                                        Yellow                            
Example VIII,                                                             
Flex. P.V.C.                                                              
white                                                                     
According to                                                              
        2,2 2,2                                                           
               2,2                                                        
                  2,2                                                     
                     2,3                                                  
                        2,6                                               
                           3,0                                            
                              3,8                                         
                                 4,6 5,8                                  
                                        7,2                               
Example IX,                                                               
Flex. P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,2 2,3                                                           
               2,6                                                        
                  3,0                                                     
                     3,6                                                  
                        4,2                                               
                           5,8                                            
                              6,3                                         
                                 6,8 7,6                                  
                                        8,2                               
Example X,                                                                
Flex. P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,2 2,2                                                           
               2,4                                                        
                  2,6                                                     
                     2,8                                                  
                        3,2                                               
                           3,8                                            
                              4,6                                         
                                 5,3 6,1                                  
                                        6,9                               
Example XI,                                                               
Flex. P.V.C.                                                              
According to                                                              
        2,2 2,2                                                           
               2,2                                                        
                  2,3                                                     
                     2,6                                                  
                        2,8                                               
                           3,2                                            
                              3,8                                         
                                 4,6 5,2                                  
                                        5,8                               
Example XII,                                                              
Flex. P.V.C.                                                              
__________________________________________________________________________
 
    
     The table shows the superiority of the stabilizer and the formulation of the present invention, which is still emphasized by the remarkable stabilizing effect with respect to rigid and flexible P.V.C. 
     Various modes of carrying out the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention.