Patent Publication Number: US-2011057205-A1

Title: Led with phosphor tile and overmolded phosphor in lens

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/093,961, filed Mar. 29, 2005, entitled “Wide Emitting Lens for LED Useful for Backlighting,” by Willem Smits, Grigorily Basin, et al., which is a CIP of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/069,418, filed Feb. 28, 2005, by Grigoriy Basin et al., entitled “Overmolded Lens Over LED Die,” which is a CIP of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/990,208, filed Nov. 15, 2004, by Grigoriy Basin et al., entitled “Molded Lens Over LED Die,” all incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to light emitting diodes (LEDs) and, in particular, to certain lens designs and a technique for forming a lens over an LED die. 
     BACKGROUND 
     LED dies typically emit light in a lambertian pattern. It is common to use a lens over the LED die to narrow the beam or to make a side-emission pattern. A common type of lens for a surface mounted LED is preformed molded plastic, which is bonded to a package in which the LED die is mounted. One such lens is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,924, assigned to Philips Lumileds Lighting Company and incorporated herein by reference. 
     SUMMARY 
     A technique for forming a molded lens for surface mounted LEDs is described herein along with various designs of lenses. Also described are various techniques for providing color converting phosphors within the lens. 
     In one method for forming lenses, one LED die or multiple LED dice are mounted on a support structure. The support structure may be a ceramic substrate, a silicon substrate, or other type of support structure with the LED dice electrically connected to metal pads on the support structure. The support structure may be a submount, which is mounted on a circuit board or a heat sink in a package. 
     A mold has indentations in it corresponding to the positions of the LED dice on the support structure. The indentations are filled with a liquid, optically transparent material, such as silicone, which when cured forms a hardened lens material. The shape of the indentations will be the shape of the lens. The mold and the LED dice/support structure are brought together so that each LED die resides within the liquid lens material in an associated indentation. 
     The mold is then heated to cure (harden) the lens material. The mold and the support structure are then separated, leaving a complete lens over each LED die. This general process will be referred to as overmolding. In contrast to injection molding techniques where the liquid material is injected at high pressure after the empty mold is encased around the object to be encapsulated, the present invention uses no such injection and the LED and any wire bonds are not stressed by the molding process. Also, there is very little waste of the lens material. Further, there are no conduits between mold indentions, as would be required for injection molding. 
     The overmolding process may be repeated with different molds to create overlapping shells of lenses. The lenses may contain any combinations of phosphors to convert the LED light to any color, including white. 
     In one embodiment, thin ceramic phosphor plates are formed by sintering phosphor grains under heat and pressure or by drying a slurry of phosphor grains. Each plate has a surface approximately the size of the top surface of the energizing LED, such as a blue LED. The phosphor may be YAG phosphor, where the combination of the blue light from the LED and the green-yellow light from the YAG phosphor produces white light. The plates may be affixed over LEDs mounted on a submount wafer, and a clear lens is then molded over each LED structure. The submount is then singulated to separate the LED structures. 
     In another embodiment, the molded lens over the LED and YAG phosphor plate includes red phosphor to generate a warmer white light. 
     In another embodiment, the phosphor plates are first temporarily mounted on a backplate, and a lens containing a red phosphor is molded over the phosphor plates. The plates with overmolded lenses are removed from the backplate and affixed to the top of an energizing LED. A clear lens is then molded over each LED structure. 
     Since the phosphor plate is flat, the color temperature becomes hotter (more blue) as the viewing angle approaches an angle normal to the surface of the LED/phosphor. To compensate for this color vs. angle non-uniformity, the shape of the mold containing the red phosphor is defined so that the color temperature is more uniform as the viewing angle changes. The shape of the mold is therefore dependent on the particular LED and phosphor plate used. 
     In one embodiment, the cured silicone used to form the outer lens by overmolding is much harder than any inner lens formed by overmolding. The softer inner lens does not put stress on the delicate LED when the lens is being formed or when the LED generates heat, while the hard outer lens protects against the outside elements and remains clean. 
     In another embodiment, multiple LEDs or an LED and another chip, such as for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection, are encapsulated by a single overmolded lens, where the shape of the lens is based on the particular chips being encapsulated. 
     In another embodiment, an molded lens is formed over an LED, where the lens may be clear or phosphor loaded. The top of the lens has a flat portion. A prefabricated collimating lens, such as a Fresnel lens, approximately the same size as the LED, is then affixed to the flat portion of the overmolded lens. Such a small collimated light source is particularly useful as a cell phone camera flash. 
     In another embodiment, a soft silicone gel is used as an underfill between the LED and the submount to fill in any voids. The underfill may optionally coat the sides of the LED. The resulting structure is then overmolded with a hard lens. The underfill helps support the LED die during processing and operation, couples heat to the submount, and reduces stress between the LED die and the hard outer lens. 
     Many other embodiments of lenses and applications are described. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a side view of four LED dice mounted on a support structure, such as a submount, and a mold for forming a lens around each LED die. 
         FIG. 2  is a side view of the LED dice being inserted into indentations in the mold filled with a liquid lens material. 
         FIG. 3  is a side view of the LED dice removed from the mold after the liquid has been cured, resulting in a lens encapsulating each LED die. 
         FIG. 4  is a perspective view of an array of LED dice on a submount or circuit board with a molded lens formed over each LED die. 
         FIG. 5  is a close-up side view of a flip-chip LED die mounted on a submount, which is, in turn, mounted on a circuit board, and where a molded lens is formed over the LED die. 
         FIG. 6  is a close-up side view of a non-flip-chip LED die mounted on a submount, which is, in turn, mounted on a circuit board, where wires electrically connect n and p metal on the LED die to leads on the circuit board, and where a molded lens is formed over the LED die. 
         FIGS. 7 ,  8 ,  9 ,  10 , and  11  are cross-sectional views of an LED die with different lenses formed over it. 
         FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of a side-emitting lens molded onto the LED die using the inventive techniques. 
         FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of a collimating lens molded onto the LED die using the inventive techniques. 
         FIG. 14  is a cross-sectional view of a preformed side-emitting lens affixed over a lambertian lens that has been molded onto the LED die using the inventive techniques. 
         FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of a backlight for a liquid crystal display or other type of display using the LED and side-emitting lens of  FIG. 14 . 
         FIG. 16  is a perspective view of a cell phone with a camera that uses as a flash an LED with a molded lens. 
         FIGS. 17 and 18  are cross-sectional views of two types of molded lenses. All lenses shown are symmetrical about the center axis, although the invention may apply to non-symmetrical lenses as well. 
         FIGS. 19-22  illustrate surface features on an inner lens or an outer shell lens for obtaining a desired emission pattern. 
         FIG. 23  illustrates the use of a high domed lens for a collimated emission pattern. 
         FIGS. 24 and 25  illustrate the use of a hard outer lens and a soft inner lens to limit the stress on a wire bond. 
         FIGS. 26-28  illustrate the use of an outer lens formed on various types of inner or intermediate lenses for a side-emitting pattern. 
         FIG. 29  illustrates another side-emitting molded lens. 
         FIG. 30  illustrates the use of molded shells, each containing a different phosphor. 
         FIG. 31  illustrates forming a mold portion on the support substrate for forming a molded lens. 
         FIG. 32  illustrates depositing a metal reflector over a portion of the lens for achieving a desired emission pattern. 
         FIG. 33  is a side view of a liquid crystal display using LEDs with side-emitting lenses in a backlight. 
         FIG. 34  is a side view of a rear projection TV using LEDs with collimating lenses as a RGB light source. 
         FIG. 35  illustrates prior art LED emission patterns (Lambertian) and their overlapping brightness profiles on a screen. 
         FIG. 36  illustrates the wide angle emission patterns of LEDs using the inventive lens and their overlapping brightness profiles on a screen. 
         FIG. 37  shows more detail of the emission pattern of the LEDs in  FIG. 36 . 
         FIG. 38  is a cross-sectional view of an LED and a wide emitting lens in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. 
         FIG. 39  is a graph of light intensity vs. angle for the lens of  FIG. 38 . 
         FIG. 40  is a cross-sectional view of an LED and a wide emitting lens in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. 
         FIGS. 41A through 41E  illustrate steps for overmolding a phosphor wafer, then dicing the molded phosphor wafer and attaching the individual overmolded plates to LED dies. 
         FIGS. 42A through 42E  illustrate steps for overmolding phosphor plates and attaching the overmolded plates to LED dies. 
         FIGS. 43A through 43D  illustrate steps for overmolding an LED with a phosphor plate, where the lens material contains red phosphor to create warm white light. 
         FIGS. 44A through 44C  illustrate an LED with a flat phosphor layer, where a mold is custom-shaped to form a phosphor-loaded lens that compensates for non-uniformity in color vs. angle. 
         FIGS. 45A and 45B  illustrate an LED without a flat phosphor layer, where a mold is custom-shaped to form a phosphor-loaded lens that improves the uniformity of color vs. angle. 
         FIGS. 46A through 46D  illustrate molding a lens over an LED die and another type of semiconductor chip, such as a transient voltage suppressor. 
         FIGS. 47A through 47C  illustrate molding a single lens over multiple LEDs of different colors. 
         FIGS. 48A through 48C  illustrate molding a lens over an LED and then affixing a collimating lens on a flat portion of the overmolded lens. 
         FIGS. 49A and 49B  illustrate the use of a silicone gel underfill to fill voids under an LED die, where the LED is then encapsulated by a hard outer lens. 
     
    
    
     Elements labeled with the same numeral in the various figures may be the same or equivalent. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     As a preliminary matter, a conventional LED is formed on a growth substrate. In the example used, the LED is a GaN-based LED, such as an AlInGaN LED, for producing blue or UV light. Typically, a relatively thick n-type GaN layer is grown on a sapphire growth substrate using conventional techniques. The relatively thick GaN layer typically includes a low temperature nucleation layer and one or more additional layers so as to provide a low-defect lattice structure for the n-type cladding layer and active layer. One or more n-type cladding layers are then formed over the thick n-type layer, followed by an active layer, one or more p-type cladding layers, and a p-type contact layer (for metallization). 
     Various techniques are used to gain electrical access to the n-layers. In a flip-chip example, portions of the p-layers and active layer are etched away to expose an n-layer for metallization. In this way the p contact and n contact are on the same side of the chip and can be directly electrically attached to the package (or submount) contact pads. Current from the n-metal contact initially spreads laterally through the n-layer. In contrast, in a vertical injection (non-flip-chip) LED, an n-contact is formed on one side of the chip, and a p-contact is formed on the other side of the chip. Electrical contact to one of the p or n-contacts is typically made with a wire or a metal bridge, and the other contact is directly bonded to a package (or submount) contact pad. A flip-chip LED is used in the examples of  FIGS. 1-3  for simplicity. 
     Examples of forming LEDs are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,649,440 and 6,274,399, both assigned to Philips Lumileds Lighting Company and incorporated by reference. 
     Optionally, a conductive substrate is bonded to the LED layers (typically to the p-layers) and the sapphire substrate is removed. One or more LED dice may be bonded to metal pads on a submount, with the conductive substrate directly bonded to the metal pads, to be described in greater detail with respect to  FIGS. 5 and 6 . Electrodes of one or more submounts may be bonded to a printed circuit board, which contains metal leads for connection to other LEDs or to a power supply. The circuit board may interconnect various LEDs in series and/or parallel. 
     The particular LEDs formed and whether or not they are mounted on a submount is not important for purposes of understanding the invention. 
       FIG. 1  is a side view of four LED dice  10  mounted on a support structure  12 . The support structure may be a submount (e.g., ceramic or silicon with metal leads), a metal heat sink, a printed circuit board, or any other structure. In the present example, the support structure  12  is a ceramic submount with metal pads/leads. 
     A mold  14  has indentations  16  corresponding to the desired shape of a lens over each LED die  10 . Mold  14  is preferably formed of a metal. A very thin non-stick film  18 , having the general shape of mold  14 , is placed or formed over mold  14 . Film  18  is of a well known conventional material that prevents the sticking of silicone to metal. 
     Film  18  is not needed if the lens material does not stick to the mold. This may be accomplished by using a non-stick mold coating, using a non-stick mold material, or using a mold process that results in a non-stick interface. Such processes may involve selecting certain process temperatures to obtain the minimum stick. By not using film  18 , more complex lenses can be formed. 
     In  FIG. 2 , the mold indentions  16  have been filled with a heat-curable liquid lens material  20 . The lens material  20  may be any suitable optically transparent material such as silicone, an epoxy, or a hybrid silicone/epoxy. A hybrid may be used to achieve a matching coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Silicone and epoxy have a sufficiently high index of refraction (greater than 1.4) to greatly improve the light extraction from an AlInGaN or AlInGaP LED as well as act as a lens. One type of silicone has an index of refraction of 1.76. 
     A vacuum seal is created between the periphery of the support structure  12  and mold  14 , and the two pieces are pressed against each other so that each LED die  10  is inserted into the liquid lens material  20  and the lens material  20  is under compression. 
     The mold is then heated to about 150 degrees centigrade (or other suitable temperature) for a time to harden the lens material  20 . 
     The support structure  12  is then separated from mold  14 . Film  18  causes the resulting hardened lens to be easily released from mold  14 . Film  18  is then removed. 
     In another embodiment, the LED dice  10  in  FIG. 1  may be first covered with a material, such as silicone or phosphor particles in a binder. The mold indentations  16  are filled with another material. When the dice are then placed in the mold, the mold material is shaped over the covering material. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates the resulting structure with a molded lens  22  over each LED die  10 . In one embodiment, the molded lens is between 1 mm and 5 mm in diameter. The lens  22  may be any size or shape. 
       FIG. 4  is a perspective view of a resulting structure where the support structure  12  supports an array of LED dice, each having a molded lens  22 . The mold used would have a corresponding array of indentations. If the support structure  12  were a ceramic or silicon submount, each LED (with its underlying submount portion) can be separated by sawing or breaking the submount  12  to form individual LED dice. Alternatively, the support structure  12  may be separated/diced to support subgroups of LEDs or may be used without being separated/diced. 
     The lens  22  not only improves the light extraction from the LED die and refracts the light to create a desired emission pattern, but the lens also encapsulates the LED die to protect the die from contaminants, add mechanical strength, and protect any wire bonds. 
       FIG. 5  is a simplified close-up view of one embodiment of a single flip-chip LED die  10  on a submount  24  formed of any suitable material, such as a ceramic or silicon. In one embodiment, submount  24  acted as the support structure  12  in  FIGS. 1-4 , and the die/submount of  FIG. 5  was separated from the structure of  FIG. 4  by sawing. The LED die  10  of  FIG. 5  has a bottom p-contact layer  26 , a p-metal contact  27 , p-type layers  28 , a light emitting active layer  30 , n-type layers  32 , and an n-metal contact  31  contacting the n-type layers  32 . Metal pads on submount  24  are directly metal-bonded to contacts  27  and  31 . Vias through submount  24  terminate in metal pads on the bottom surface of submount  24 , which are bonded to the metal leads  40  and  44  on a circuit board  45 . The metal leads  40  and  44  are connected to other LEDs or to a power supply. Circuit board  45  may be a metal plate (e.g., aluminum) with the metal leads  40  and  44  overlying an insulating layer. The molded lens  22 , formed using the technique of  FIGS. 1-3 , encapsulates the LED die  10 . 
     The LED die  10  in  FIG. 5  may also be a non-flip-chip die, with a wire connecting the top n-layers  32  to a metal pad on the submount  24 . The lens  22  may encapsulate the wire. 
     In one embodiment, the circuit board  45  itself may be the support structure  12  of  FIGS. 1-3 . Such an embodiment is shown in  FIG. 6 .  FIG. 6  is a simplified close-up view of a non-flip-chip LED die  10  having a top n-metal contact  34  connected to a metal lead  40  on circuit board  45  by a wire  38 . The LED die  10  is mounted on a submount  36 , which in the example of  FIG. 6  is a metal slab. A wire  42  electrically connects the p-layers  26 / 28  to a metal lead  44  on circuit board  45 . The lens  22  is shown completely encapsulating the wires and submount  36 ; however, in other embodiments the entire submount or the entire wire need not be encapsulated. 
     A common prior art encapsulation method is to spin on a protective coating. However, that encapsulation process is inappropriate for adding a phosphor coating to the LED die since the thickness of the encapsulant over the LED die is uneven. Also, such encapsulation methods do not form a lens. A common technique for providing a phosphor over the LED die is to fill a reflective cup surrounding the LED die with a silicone/phosphor composition. However, that technique forms a phosphor layer with varying thicknesses and does not form a suitable lens. If a lens is desired, additional processes still have to create a plastic molded lens and affix it over the LED die. 
       FIGS. 7-11  illustrate various lenses that may be formed using the above-described techniques. 
       FIG. 7  illustrates an LED die  10  that has been coated with a phosphor  60  using any suitable method. One such method is by electrophoresis, described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,488, assigned to Philips Lumileds Lighting Company and incorporated herein by reference. Suitable phosphors are well known. A lens  22  is formed using the techniques described above. The phosphor  60  is energized by the LED emission (e.g., blue or UV light) and emits light of a different wavelength, such as green, yellow, or red. The phosphor emission alone or in conjunction with the LED emission may produce white light. 
     Processes for coating an LED with a phosphor are time-consuming. To eliminate the process for coating the LED die with a phosphor, the phosphor powder may be mixed with the liquid silicone so as to become embedded in the lens  62 , shown in  FIG. 8 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 9 , to provide a carefully controlled thickness of phosphor material over the LED die, an inner lens  64  is formed using the above-described techniques, and a separate molding step (using a mold with deeper and wider indentations) is used to form an outer phosphor/silicone shell  66  of any thickness directly over the inner lens  64 . 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an outer lens  68  that may be formed over the phosphor/silicone shell  66  using another mold to further shape the beam. 
       FIG. 11  illustrates shells  70 ,  72 , and  74  of red, green, and blue-emission phosphors, respectively, overlying clear silicone shells  76 ,  78 , and  80 . In this case, LED die  10  emits UV light, and the combination of the red, green, and blue emissions produces a white light. All shells are produced with the above-described methods. 
     Many other shapes of lenses can be formed using the molding technique described above.  FIG. 12  is a cross-sectional view of LED  10 , submount  24 , and a molded side-emitting lens  84 . In one embodiment, lens  84  is formed of a very flexible material, such as silicone, which flexes as it is removed from the mold. When the lens is not a simple shape, the release film  18  ( FIG. 1 ) will typically not be used. 
       FIG. 13  is a cross-sectional view of LED  10 , submount  24 , and a molded collimating lens  86 . The lens  86  can be produced using a deformable mold or by using a soft lens material that compresses when being pulled from the mold and expands to its molded shape after being released from the mold. 
       FIG. 14  illustrates how a preformed lens  88  can be affixed over a molded lambertian lens  22 . In the example of  FIG. 14 , lens  22  is formed in the previously described manner. Lens  22  serves to encapsulate and protect LED  10  from contaminants. A preformed side-emitting lens  88  is then affixed over lens  22  using a UV curable adhesive or a mechanical clamp. This lens-forming technique has advantages over conventional techniques. In a conventional technique, a preformed lens (e.g., a side emitting lens) is adhesively affixed over the LED die, and any gaps are filled in by injecting silicone. The conventional process is difficult to perform due to, among other reasons, carefully positioning the separated die/submount for the lens placement and gap-filling steps. Using the inventive technique of  FIG. 14 , a large array of LEDs ( FIG. 4 ) can be encapsulated simultaneously by forming a molded lens over each. Then, a preformed lens  88  can be affixed over each molded lens  22  while the LEDs are still in the array ( FIG. 4 ) or after being separated. 
     Additionally, the molded lens can be made very small (e.g., 1-2 mm diameter), unlike a conventional lens. Thus, a very small, fully encapsulated LED can be formed. Such LEDs can be made to have a very low profile, which is beneficial for certain applications. 
       FIG. 14  also shows a circuit board  45  on which submount  24  is mounted. This circuit board  45  may have mounted on it an array of LEDs/submounts  24 . 
       FIG. 15  is a cross-sectional view of a backlight for a liquid crystal display (LCD) or other display that uses a backlight. Common uses are for televisions, monitors, cellular phones, etc. The LEDs may be red, green, and blue to create white light. The LEDs form a two-dimensional array. In the example shown, each LED structure is that shown in  FIG. 14 , but any suitable lens may be used. The bottom and sidewalls  90  of the backlight box are preferably coated with a white reflectively-diffusing material. Directly above each LED is a white diffuser dot  92  to prevent spots of light from being emitted by the backlight directly above each LED. The dots  92  are supported by a transparent or diffusing PMMA sheet  94 . The light emitted by the side-emitting lenses  88  is mixed in the lower portion of the backlight, then further mixed in the upper portion of the backlight before exiting the upper diffuser  96 . Linear arrays of LEDs may be mounted on narrow circuit boards  45 . 
       FIG. 16  illustrates an LED  10  with a molded lens  22  being used as a flash in a camera. The camera in  FIG. 16  is part of a cellular telephone  98 . The cellular telephone  98  includes a color screen  100  (which may have a backlight using the LEDs described herein) and a keypad  102 . 
     As discussed with respect to  FIG. 10 , an outer lens may be formed over the inner shell to further shape the beam. Different shell materials may be used, depending on the requirements of the various shells.  FIGS. 17-30  illustrate examples of various lenses and materials that may be used in conjunction with the overmolding process. 
       FIGS. 17 and 18  illustrate two shapes of molded lenses for an inner shell formed using the molding techniques described above. Many LEDs  10  may be mounted on the same support structure  12 . The support structure  12  may be a ceramic or silicon submount with metal traces and contact pads, as previously described. Any number of LEDs may be mounted on the same support structure  12 , and all LEDs on the same support structure  12  would typically be processed in an identical manner, although not necessarily. For example, if the support structure were large and the light pattern for the entire LED array were specified, each LED lens may differ to provide the specified overall light pattern. 
     An underfill material may be injected to fill any gap between the bottom of the LED die  10  and the support substrate  12  to prevent any air gaps under the LED and to improve heat conduction, among other things. 
       FIG. 17  has been described above with respect to  FIGS. 3-6 , where the inner molded lens  22  is generally hemispherical for a lambertian radiation pattern. The inner molded lens  106  in  FIG. 18  is generally rectangular with rounded edges. Depending on the radiation pattern to be provided by an outer lens, one of the inner molded lenses  22  or  106  may be more suitable. Other shapes of inner molded lenses may also be suitable. The top down view of each lens will generally be circular. 
       FIG. 19  illustrates the structure of  FIG. 18  with the lens outer surface having a pattern that refracts light to achieve a desired radiation pattern. The outer surface pattern may be directly formed in the inner molded lens (by the mold itself), or the outer surface pattern may be formed in an outer lens that is overmolded onto the inner molded lens or is affixed to it by an adhesive (e.g., silicone, epoxy, etc.). Pattern  108  is a diffraction grating, while pattern  110  uses binary steps to refract the light. In the examples, the pattern forms a generally side-emitting lens with the radiation pattern shown in  FIG. 20 . In  FIG. 20 , the peak intensity occurs within 50-80 degrees and is significantly greater than the intensity at 0 degrees. 
     The requirements for the inner lens are generally different from the requirements for the outer lens. For example, the inner lens should have good adhesion to the support structure, not yellow or become more opaque over time, have a high index of refraction (greater than 1.4), not break or stress any wires to the LED, withstand the high LED temperatures, and have a compatible thermal coefficient. The inner lens should be non-rigid (e.g., silicone) to not provide stress on the LED or any wires. In contrast, the outer lens material generally only needs to be able to be patterned with the desired pattern and adhere to the inner lens. The outer lens may overmolded or may be preformed and adhesively affixed to the inner lens. The material for the outer lens may be UV curable, while the material for the inner lens may be thermally cured. Thermal curing takes longer than UV curing. 
     Generally, the range of hardness for the inner lens material is Shore 00 5-90, while the range of hardness for the outer shell(s) is Shore A 30 or more. 
       FIG. 21  illustrates a Fresnel lens pattern  112  formed on the outer surface of the lens for creating a generally side-emitting light pattern similar to that of  FIG. 20 . The outer surface may be the outer surface of the inner molded lens or the outer surface of an outer shell, as described with respect to  FIG. 19 . This applies to all patterns described herein. 
       FIG. 22  illustrates pyramid  114  or cone shaped  116  patterns on the outer lens surface to create a collimating light pattern or another light pattern. 
       FIG. 23  illustrates a high dome outer lens  118  for creating a collimating pattern. 
     The surface patterns of FIGS.  19  and  21 - 23  may be configured (e.g., by changing the surface angles) to create any light pattern. Holographic structures, TIR, and other patterns may be formed. Collimating light patterns are typically used for rear projection TVs, while side-emitting light patterns are typically used for backlighting LCD screens. 
       FIG. 24  illustrates the use of a soft material, such as a silicone gel, as the inner molded lens  124  so as to not stress the wire  126  bonded to the LED  10 . The gel is typically UV cured. The outer lens  128  may be molded or preformed and affixed with an adhesive. The outer lens  128  will typically be much harder for durability, resistance to particles, etc. The outer lens  128  may be silicone, epoxy-silicone, epoxy, silicone elastomers, hard rubber, other polymers, or other material. The outer lens may be UV or thermally cured. 
       FIG. 25  is similar to  FIG. 24  but with a different shaped inner molded lens  129  (like  FIG. 18 ) for a different emission pattern or a lower profile. Lens  129  may be a soft silicone gel. The outer lens  130  will further shape the emission pattern and protect the soft inner lens  129 . 
     The LEDs in all figures may be flip-chips or wire bonded types. 
       FIG. 26  illustrates an LED structure with a soft inner molded lens  132 , having the properties needed for the inner lens, a hard intermediate shell  134  to act as an interface layer and for structural stability, and an outer lens  136  for creating a side-emitting light pattern. The outer lens  136  may be soft to facilitate the molding process. Alternatively, the outer lens  136  may be preformed and adhesively affixed to the intermediate shell  134 . The use of the intermediate shell  134  makes the choice of the outer lens material essentially independent of the inner lens material. 
       FIG. 27  illustrates how the outer lens  138  may be formed on any portion of the intermediate shell  134  or inner lens  132 . 
       FIG. 28  illustrates the formation of the outer lens  142  directly on the inner lens  144  material. 
       FIG. 29  illustrates another shape of side-emitting lens  145  molded over an inner lens  132 . Lens  145  may be directly molded over LED die  10  without any inner lens. 
       FIG. 30  illustrates an LED where each shell  146 ,  147 , and  148  contains a different phosphor material, such as a red-emitting phosphor, a green-emitting phosphor, and a blue-emitting phosphor. The LED die  10  may emit UV. The gaps between phosphor particles allow the UV to pass through an inner shell to energize the phosphor in an outer shell. Alternatively, only red and green phosphor shells are used, and the LED die  10  emits blue light. The combination of red, green, and blue light create white light. The thickness of the shells, the density of the phosphor particles, and the order of the phosphor colors, among other things, can be adjusted to obtain the desired light. Any shape of lenses may be used. 
       FIG. 31  illustrates the use of a mold pattern  149  on the support structure  12  itself. A high index material (e.g., a polymer) or a reflective material (e.g., aluminum or silver) is formed by either molding the pattern on the support structure  12 , using a method similar to the method shown in  FIG. 1 , or using a metallization process, or using another suitable process. The mold pattern  149  is then used as a mold for another material forming a lens  150 . In one embodiment, the lens  150  material is a liquid (e.g., silicone) that is deposited in the mold formed on the support structure  12 , then cured. The surface may then be planarized. The resulting lens collimates the light by reflecting/refracting the light impinging on the walls like a reflector cup. 
       FIG. 32  illustrates a molded lens  22  with metal  151  sputtered around its side to reflect light emitted by the LED  10 . The reflected light will be scattered by the LED  10  and be eventually emitted through the top opening. The metal  151  may be any reflective material such as aluminum or silver. The metal may instead be sputtered on the top of the lens  22  to create a side-emission pattern. The lens  22  may be made any shape to create the desired light emission pattern. 
       FIG. 33  is a side view of a liquid crystal display (LCD)  152  with an LCD screen  154 , having controllable RGB pixels, a diffuser  156 , and a backlight  158  for mixing light from red, green, and blue LEDs  160  to create white light. The backlight  158  is a diffusively reflective box. The LEDs  160  have side-emitting lenses made using any of the above-described techniques. 
       FIG. 34  is a side view of a rear projection television  162  with a front lens  164  for brightening the image within a specified viewing angle, a set of red, green, and blue LEDs  166 , modulator/optics  170  for modulating and focusing the RGB light to produce a color TV image, and a reflector  172 . The modulator may be an array of controllable mirrors, an LCD panel, or any other suitable device. The LEDs  166  have collimating lenses made using any of the above-described techniques. 
     As described above, the primary lens or secondary lens can be designed to create a side-emitting pattern. Such a side emitting pattern is particularly useful when light from multiple LEDs is intended to be mixed, such as when light from multiple LEDs is for creating a uniform backlight for an LCD panel, or for decorative lighting, or for another use. 
     As shown in  FIG. 35 , LEDs  180 , without lenses or with only hemispherical lenses, mounted on a backplane  182  will typically emit light in a Lambertian pattern  183 . The array of LEDs  180  illuminates the back of a diffusive screen  184 . The screen  184  may be the diffuser  156  in the LCD backlight of  FIG. 33 . The diffused brightness profile  185  of each LED and its Full Width At Half Maximum (FWHM) are also shown. The overall light output at the front of the screen  184  will have noticeable bright spots unless the LEDs are placed close enough together. Therefore, such a backlight requires a relatively high density of LEDs, resulting in an expensive backlight. 
     Applicants have invented a wide-emitting lens, shown in  FIGS. 36-38 , that is particularly useful in a backlight. In  FIG. 36 , LEDs  188  with the wide-emitting lenses are shown mounted to a backplane  190 . The peak light emission (Ipeak) for each LED die occurs within 50-80 degrees off the center axis (normal), as shown in  FIG. 37 . A range between 70-80 degrees is preferred. The lens is designed so that the light emission (I 0 ) along the center axis is 5%-33% of the peak emission. Accordingly, the brightness profile  192  for each LED is more spread out as compared to the brightness profile  185  in  FIG. 35 . Therefore, the LED  188  pitch in the backlight of  FIG. 36  can be larger than the LED  180  pitch in  FIG. 35  while achieving the same light output uniformity from the diffusive screen  184 . This results in a less expensive backlight. 
     The brightness profile should have no sharp transitions like those that typically appear with funnel shaped lenses at the center cusp. 
     The optimum ratio of the center axis intensity to the 50-80 degree peak intensity will depend on the application, such as the pitch of the LEDs needed to achieve the specified brightness of the backlight. The peak intensity is at least three times the intensity along the center axis and, in the embodiment of  FIG. 37 , the ratio is between 4-8. 
       FIG. 38  is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a wide-emitting lens with the characteristics described above. An LED die  194  is mounted on a substrate or submount  196  made of ceramic, silicon, or other material, as described with respect to  FIGS. 1-6 , and a first lens  198  is molded over the LED die  194  as described with respect to  FIGS. 1-6 . Multiple dies may be mounted on a single large submount. Lens  198  may be formed of any suitable material such as silicone. 
     The submount  196  is then separated out and then mounted on a backplane  190  (a PCB) by a solder reflow technique or other suitable technique. 
     A secondary lens  202  is preformed to have the desired wide-emitting characteristics. The secondary lens may be injection-molded or machined plastic or other material. Such materials include COC, COP, PMMA, epoxy, silicone, glass, or any other suitable material. The secondary lens  202  is then mounted to overlie the first lens  198  and contact the backplane  190  for support. An air gap  204  (or other low index of refraction material gap) creates an internal refractive interface that bends light towards the sides. The interface of the outer surface of the secondary lens  202  with air further bends the light to achieve the peak intensity within 50-80 degrees. The secondary lens  202  may directly contact the first lens  198 ; however, the shape of the secondary lens  202  would have to be changed to achieve the same wide-emitting pattern. 
     In another embodiment, the secondary lens  202  contacts and is supported by the submount  196  rather than the backplane  190 . 
     The secondary lens  202  may be fixed to the backplane or the submount with an adhesive such as epoxy or may be affixed with a snap-tab connection. 
     By fixing the secondary lens  202  referenced to the submount, slightly better control over the light emission is achieved as compared to fixing the secondary lens  202  referenced to the backplane because the height of the LED and first lens  198  above the backplane may vary slightly with the mounting parameters. 
     The aspherical secondary lens  202  with the aspherical dome internal air gap is a simple design that is easily molded. The lens  202  is undercut near the backplane  190  to reflect light upward at the undercut surface so that light is not emitted downward toward the backplane  190 . This avoids light rings and increases the backlight&#39;s light output. 
       FIG. 39  shows the light intensity vs. angle for the LED of  FIG. 38 . The peak intensity is approximately 72 degrees, and the intensity along the center axis is approximately 10% of the peak intensity. 
     In another embodiment, the surface of the secondary lens  202  contains microstructures, as described with respect to  FIGS. 19 ,  21 , and  22 , that further refract the light to achieve the desired emission pattern. 
       FIG. 40  is a cross-sectional view of an LED  194  with a lens  206  that has a total internal reflection (TIR) portion  208 . The TIR portion  208  is funnel-shaped. The TIR portion  208  causes most light emitted upward to be internally reflected and emitted through the side portions  210 . Such a design is useful to reduce the intensity along the central axis while still providing a peak intensity within 50-80 degrees and an intensity along the central axis between 5-33% of the peak intensity. Any of the lens embodiments may be employed in the backlight of  FIG. 33 . 
     The secondary lenses in  FIGS. 38 and 40  and in other figures may also be used over an LED die without a molded first lens. However, use with the molded first lens is preferable to protect the LED. The diameter of the secondary lens will typically range between 4-10 mm. 
       FIGS. 41A through 41E  illustrate steps for overmolding a ceramic phosphor plate and attaching the overmolded plate to an LED die. A phosphor plate can be made to have precise characteristics since its thickness (e.g., 50-300 microns) and phosphor density can be carefully controlled. When the phosphor is energized by blue light (e.g., 440 nm-460 nm), the phosphor emits a longer wavelength light. When the phosphor plate is affixed over a blue LED, a percentage of the blue light passes through the plate, and the blue light is mixed with the light generated by the phosphor. 
     One way to form a sheet of ceramic phosphor is to sinter grains of the phosphor powder using heat and pressure. The percentage of the blue LED light passing through the plate is dependent on the density of the phosphor and the thickness of the plate, which can be precisely controlled. Another way to form a thin sheet of phosphor is to form a slurry of phosphor in a thin sheet and then dry the slurry. Forming such ceramic phosphor plates is described in U.S. patent publication 20050269582, entitled Luminescent Ceramic for a Light Emitting Diode, by Gerd Mueller et al., incorporated herein by reference. 
     A popular phosphor to use with a blue LED is a YAG:Ce phosphor (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet doped with about 2% Cerium), which is commercially available. 
       FIG. 41A  illustrates a ceramic phosphor plate wafer  211  temporarily mounted on a backplate  212  using any suitable adhesive that can be easily released with force or with a solvent. The backplate  212  may have a Teflon coating that prevents sticking of cured silicone in a later step. The wafer is typically rectangular but can be any shape. The wafer will later be sawed to form phosphor plates for hundreds of LEDs. In this example, the wafer  211  is a YAG phosphor 50-300 microns thick, which emits a green-yellow light when energized with blue light from a blue LED. The resulting white light is generally considered harsh since it has a high color temperature (e.g., 4000-6000K). As described below, red phosphor will be used to lower the color temperature, which is conventionally referred to as creating a warmer white light. 
     In  FIG. 41B , an indention  213  in a mold  214  is filled with liquid silicone  215  containing red phosphor particles  216 . A conventional non-stick release film (not shown) conformally coats the mold and later enables the molded silicone to be removed without significant pull. Any type of automated liquid dispenser can be used to dispense the silicone/phosphor mixture. Examples of red phosphor include BaSSN, CaS, and e-CaS, which are well known. The optimal density of the red phosphor particles and shape of the indentation  213  are determined by the desired lowering of the color temperature provided by the red phosphor. Other phosphor particles, such as YAG, green, orange, blue, etc., may also be in the silicone  215  if desired to achieve a certain color temperature. In one embodiment, the silicone  215  used is such that it is relatively soft after curing so that there is little stress on the LED and resulting phosphor plate during operation of the LED structure. In another embodiment, the silicone  215  is the same or equivalent to the silicone later used to form the outer lens. 
     The backplate  212  and the mold  214  are then brought together so as to immerse the phosphor wafer  211  into the silicone  215 . The backplate  212  and mold  214  are clamped together, a vacuum is created around the structure, and the silicone  215  is under compression. Any air bubbles in the liquid silicone are evacuated during this overmolding step. The silicone  215  is then cured by heat or UV. The backplate  212  and mold  214  are then separated, aided by the release film. 
     The resulting molded phosphor wafer is then sawed to form individual molded phosphor plates, where each plate is approximately the size of an LED. The phosphor-loaded silicone forms a lens over the phosphor plate. In one embodiment, the molded phosphor wafer is retained on the backplate  212  during the sawing process, and the saw blade only cuts through the wafer. This makes the plates easier to pick and place by an automated pick and place machine. In another embodiment, the molded wafer is removed from the backplate  212 , then sawed. 
     In  FIG. 41C , an automatic pick and place arm removes each molded phosphor plate  218  (YAG plate  220  with phosphor-loaded silicone  221 ) from the backplate  212  and adheres the molded phosphor plate  218  to the top surface of a blue LED  224  mounted on a submount  226  (a wafer at this stage). The submount  226  may contain hundreds of blue LEDs  224  in a two-dimensional array similar to the array shown in  FIG. 4 . The submount  226  is typically ceramic and contains metal traces and electrodes for each LED for attachment to a power supply. The adhesion of the phosphor plate  218  to the LED  224  may be by low-melting-temperature glass, silicone, epoxy, other transparent adhesive, or heat and pressure. 
     In one embodiment, to be elaborated on later, the shape of the mold indention  213  is determined by computer modeling to compensate for the non-uniformity of the color temperature vs. angle of the light emitted by the LED/plate combination. 
     In  FIG. 41D , a clear silicone lens  234  is molded over the LED  224  and molded phosphor plate  218  to encapsulate the entire structure. The process described with respect to  FIGS. 1-4  and other figures may be used to form the outer lens  234 . The molded outer lens  234  improves the light extraction of the LED, achieves a desired light emission pattern, and prevents the phosphor plate  218  from delaminating. 
     In another embodiment, the outer lens  234  is harder than the phosphor-loaded silicone  221 . This results in a mechanically strong outer lens for protection as well as a smooth outer surface that is resistant to dust particles while reducing stress on the LED and interconnections. 
     The submount  226  is then diced to singulate the LED structures. The LEDs in the above example emit a warm white light, such as within 3000-4000K. Any other phosphors can be used for the phosphor plate and the phosphor in the silicone. 
     The color temperatures can be further controlled by binning the molded phosphor plates  218  in accordance with their color characteristics after a test. The LEDs  224  on the submount  226  are then tested and categorized in accordance to their color characteristics. The binned molded phosphor plates  218  are then selected for a particular LED to achieve a target color temperature. 
       FIG. 41E  illustrates another embodiment of the overmolded phosphor plate  218  affixed to an LED  224 . In  FIG. 41E , the molded phosphor plates  218  are affixed to the LEDs  224  silicone-side down using silicone or heat. 
       FIGS. 42A through 42E  are similar to  FIGS. 41A through 41E  except that the phosphor plates are diced before being molded. The phosphor sheet is first sawed or broken to create phosphor plates approximately the same size as the energizing LED. 
       FIG. 42A  illustrates a two-dimensional array of ceramic phosphor plates  228  being temporarily mounted on a backplate  222  using any suitable adhesive that can be easily released with force or with a solvent. The backplate  222  and phosphor plate characteristics may be the same as in  FIGS. 41A-41E . 
     In  FIG. 42B , indentions  229  in a mold  230  are filled with liquid silicone  231  containing red phosphor particles  232 . A conventional non-stick release film (not shown) conformally coats the mold and later enables the molded silicone to be removed without significant pull. The characteristics of the phosphors, silicone, and mold are similar to those described above. 
     The backplate  222  and the mold  230  are then brought together so as to immerse the plates  228  into the silicone  231 . The backplate  222  and mold  230  are clamped together, a vacuum is created around the structure, and the silicone  231  is under compression. The silicone  231  is then cured by heat or UV. The backplate  222  and mold  230  are then separated, aided by the release film. 
     In  FIG. 42C , an automatic pick and place arm removes each molded plate  234  from the backplate  222  and adheres the molded plate  234  to the top surface of a blue LED  236  mounted on a submount wafer  238 . The submount  238  may contain hundreds of blue LEDs  236  in a two-dimensional array similar to the array shown in  FIG. 4 . The submount  238  is typically ceramic and contains metal traces and electrodes for each LED for attachment to a power supply. The adhesion of the phosphor plate  228  to the LED  236  may be by low-melting-temperature glass, silicone, epoxy, other transparent adhesive, or heat and pressure. 
     In one embodiment, to be elaborated on later, the shape of the mold indentions  229  is determined by computer modeling to compensate for the non-uniformity of the color temperature vs. angle of the light emitted by the LED/plate combination. 
     In  FIG. 42D , a clear silicone lens  244  is molded over the LED  236  and molded plate  234  to encapsulate the entire structure. The process described with respect to  FIGS. 1-4  and other figures may be used to form the outer lens  244 . 
     The submount  238  is then diced to singulate the LED structures. The LEDs in the above example emit a warm white light, such as within 3000-4000K. Any other phosphors can be used for the phosphor plate and the phosphor in the silicone. The advantages of binning and matching were described with respect to  FIGS. 41A-41E . 
       FIG. 42E  illustrates another embodiment of the overmolded phosphor plate  234  affixed to an LED die. In  FIG. 42E , the molded plates  234  are affixed to the LEDs  236  lens-side down using silicone or heat. To simplify the pick-and-place process, the backplate  222  ( FIG. 42B ) may be released from the molded plates while the molded plates are still in the mold  230 . The pick-and place arm then attaches to the exposed plate, removes the molded plate from the mold  230 , and places it on the LED  236 . 
     In  FIGS. 41A-E  and  42 A-E, the first molding step only covers the phosphor plates.  FIGS. 43A through 43D  show a process where the first molding step also encapsulates the LED. 
     In  FIG. 43A , the phosphor plates  228  (e.g., YAG) are affixed to the LED dies  236  on the submount  238 . 
     In  FIG. 43B , indentions  248  in a mold  250  are filled with liquid silicone  252  containing red phosphor particles  254 . As mentioned above, other phosphors may also be used. The submount  238  and mold  250  are brought together, and the silicone  252  is heated to cure it. The resulting silicone may be relatively soft for reasons stated above or may be the same or similar to the silicone used to form the outer lens. 
     In  FIG. 43C , the submount  238  and mold  250  are separated so that a red phosphor lens  258  encapsulates each LED and phosphor plate, creating a warm white light. 
     In  FIG. 43D , a hard silicone lens  260  is molded over the each LED, using the molding processes described herein, to encapsulate and protect the entire LED structure. As in all embodiments, the outer lens  260  may be shaped by the mold to create virtually any light emission pattern, such as lambertian, side-emitting, collimated, etc. 
       FIGS. 44A through 44C  illustrate the use of the molding process to create a more uniform color temperature vs. viewing angle. 
     In  FIG. 44A , a YAG phosphor  262  powder conformally coats the LED  236 , resulting in a flat phosphor surface. One way to conformally coat an LED with phosphor is by electrophoretic deposition. Electrophoretic deposition is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,488, entitled “Using Electrophoresis to Produce a Conformally Coated Phosphor-Converted Light Emitting Semiconductor,” by Dave Collins et al., incorporated herein by reference. The process of  FIGS. 44B and 44C  also applies when the phosphor is a plate, such as shown in  FIG. 43A . The process of  FIGS. 44B and 44C  also applies to any LED structure where the color temperature vs. angle is desired to be more uniform. 
     The color temperature graph shown in  FIG. 44A  indicates that the color temperature of the phosphor-coated LED at a 0% viewing angle is cooler (higher CCT or bluer) than at other viewing angles. This is because the blue light travels the least distance through the phosphor when traveling normal to the surface. As a result, the white light changes color as the LED is viewed from different angles. Although the range of color temperatures shown is from 3000K to 3500K, the temperatures may be higher (e.g., up to 6000K) or lower depending on the particular phosphor and thickness of the coating. 
     It would be very difficult to precisely form a phosphor coating that varies in thickness so that the blue light travels the same distance through the phosphor at all angles. 
     To compensate for this color vs. angle non-uniformity, a molded lens containing a substantially homogenous distribution of a compensating phosphor is used. In one example, a red phosphor is dispersed in liquid silicone in a mold, similar to mold  250  in  FIG. 43B . The dimensions of the mold are determined by computer modeling based on the actual color temperature vs. angle characteristics of the LED to be corrected. Generally, the mold will be convex, where the precise width, depth, curvature, and phosphor density are determined by the computer modeling. The LED with the phosphor coating is placed into the liquid silicone, and the silicone is cured. The LED with the molded lens is then removed from the mold. 
       FIG. 44B  illustrates one example of the compensating molded lenses  264  containing the red phosphor. Other compensating phosphors may be used, depending on the desired color temperature. As seen by the graph of color temperature vs. angle, the average temperature is lowered by the added red component from the red phosphor, and the temperature delta is lowered from 500K (from  FIG. 44A ) to 250K, creating a more uniform color temperature vs. angle. Lens  264  is preferable relatively soft to reduce stress on the LED. 
     In  FIG. 44C , a hard silicone lens  268  is molded over the color compensating lens  264  using previously-described techniques. 
       FIG. 45A  illustrates an LED  236  without a flat phosphor layer, where a mold is custom-shaped to form a phosphor-loaded lens  272  that improves the uniformity of color temperature vs. angle. Computer modeling is used to determine the optimum shape of the mold and the phosphor density based on the color vs. angle of the LED. Generally, the shape of the lens  272  causes the blue light to travel through approximately the same thickness of the lens over a wide range of angles. The relative size of the lens would be much larger than shown in  FIG. 45A . The phosphor in the lens  272  may be a combination of YAG and red or any other phosphor. The phosphor distribution in the lens is substantially homogenous. Multiple overlapping molded lenses may also be used to achieve the desired color characteristics. 
     A hard outer lens  276  is then molded over the softer compensating lens  272 . The lens  276  may be clear or contain a phosphor. 
     In  FIG. 45B , the inner molded lens  272  contains YAG phosphor, an intermediate molded lens  277  contains red phosphor, and a hard outer lens  276  contains no phosphor. Both of lenses  272  and  277  can be shaped to provide a substantially uniform color temperature vs. angle. Other types of phosphors and additional phosphor-loaded lenses may also be used. In some cases, better control over the color and color temperature vs. angle is provided by not mixing all the phosphors into a single lens. A clear outer lens generally increases the light extraction. 
       FIGS. 46A through 46D  illustrate molding lenses over an LED die and another type of semiconductor chip, such as a transient voltage suppressor (TVS) or a photodetector. 
       FIG. 46A  is a top down view of a portion of a submount  280  showing an LED  282  and a TVS chip  284  connected between the power leads of the LED  282 . The metal traces on the submount  280  are not shown. Upon a voltage surge, such as due to an electrostatic discharge (ESD), the circuit in the TVS chip  284  shorts the transient voltage to ground to bypass the LED  282 . Otherwise, the LED  282  may be damaged. TVS circuits are well known. To Applicants&#39; knowledge, prior art TVS circuits are not encapsulated with a portion of the lens used for the LED. The submount  280  shown in  FIG. 46A  is part of a wafer on which is mounted many pairings of LEDs and TVS dies. The submount wafer will be later sawed to singulate the LED/TVS pairs. 
       FIG. 46B  is a side view of the submount  280 . A mold, similar to that shown in  FIG. 43B  and other figures, has indentations that are filled with liquid silicone containing phosphor grains. The submount wafer and mold are brought together so that each LED/TVS pair is within the silicone in a single indentation, and the silicone is then cured. The submount wafer is then separated from the mold, and the structure of  FIG. 46C  results. The molded phosphor lens  286  encapsulates both chips. The type(s) of phosphor used, the density of the phosphor(s), and the shape of the lens  286  are determined by the desired color temperature characteristics. In one embodiment, the phosphor in the lens  286  is a mixture of YAG and red phosphor to create a warm white light when energized by the blue LED  282 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 46D , a second overmolding process is performed, similar to the processes previously shown, to form a clear silicone lens  288  over the molded phosphor lens  286 . As with the other embodiment, the inner lens  286  is preferably softer than the outer lens  288 . The outer lens  288  is shaped to provide the desired refraction of the light to achieve virtually any emission pattern and also completely encapsulates the chips. The portion of the outer lens  288  over the TVS chip  284  has little effect on the light emission pattern of the LED. In an actual embodiment, the thickness of the two chips is typically much smaller relative to the height of the outer lens than shown in  FIG. 46D . For example, the thickness of the LED  282  may be 120 microns (with its growth substrate removed), the molded phosphor lens  286  may have a thickness of 100 microns over the LED, and the outer lens  288  may have a thickness of 1000 microns over the molded phosphor lens  286 . 
     The footprint of the molded phosphor lens  286  need not be rounded like the footprint of a hemispherical outer lens. The footprint of the phosphor lens  286  may be rectilinear to just cover the LED and TVS pair. 
     As in all embodiments, the outer lens may contain one or more phosphor types to achieve any color temperature, such as warm white. 
     Although an outer silicone lens may be simply molded over an inner silicone lens, it has been discovered that an intermediate plasma treatment of the inner lens increases the adhesion between the two lenses. The plasma treatment slightly etches and roughens the lens. Subjecting the inner lens to a plasma power of 200 Watts for a few minutes (e.g., 2-15 minutes) is sufficient to ensure the adhesion between the two silicone lenses is greater than the adhesion of the outer lens to the mold release film. The plasma power may be approximately 200-600 Watts. The plasma gas may be any suitable inert gas, such as argon, and the process may be performed in any suitable chamber that can create a plasma.  FIG. 43C  illustrates the optional plasma  289  step. The plasma step may be performed in any embodiment where two or more overmolded lenses are formed. Providing a clear silicone lens as an outer lens has been shown to increase the light output power by 24% due to its index of refraction being lower than the index of refraction of phosphor-loaded silicone. 
     In  FIGS. 46A-46D , the LED may be any color such as blue, cyan, green, etc., and multiple LEDs may be overmolded with a non-LED chip. 
       FIGS. 47A through 47C  illustrate molding a single lens over multiple LEDs of different colors.  FIG. 47A  is a top down view of a portion of a submount  290  containing a red LED  292 , a green LED  293 , and a blue LED  294 . The metal traces are not shown. The submount wafer contains many such groups, each group creating white light having any desired color temperature depending on the relative brightness levels of the RGB LEDs. 
     The arrangement, colors, and ratio of each color are not limited. For example, the group of LEDs could also include a white LED, or the group could include 2-3 red LEDs by themselves or along with one or more green and blue LEDS, or the group may be 2 white LEDs plus an amber LED. 
     In  FIG. 47B , a mold  296  has indentations  297  filled with liquid silicone  298  for forming a single lens over each group of RGB LEDs on the submount wafer. The submount  290  is clamped against the mold  296 , and the silicone is cured. 
     In  FIG. 47C , the submount wafer and mold  296  are then separated to form a molded lens  300  over the group of LEDs. In one embodiment, the lens  300  contains one or more phosphors. The submount wafer is then singulated or the entire submount wafer may form an LED display unit. Any number and colors of the LEDs may be encapsulated by a single overmolded lens. 
       FIGS. 48A through 48C  illustrate overmolding a lens on an LED and then affixing a collimating lens on a flat portion of the overmolded lens. 
     In  FIG. 48A , a submount wafer  310  has mounted on it an array of LEDs  312 . Bottom electrodes of each LED die are ultrasonically bonded to metal contact pads on the submount using gold balls  314 . Other bonding techniques can also be used. The submount wafer  310  is then clamped to a mold with each LED being within a mold indentation previously filled with liquid silicone. The indentations are in the shape of the molded silicone lenses  316  shown in  FIG. 48A . The silicone is then cured. The submount wafer  310  is then separated from the mold. Each molded lens  316  encapsulates an LED and has a flat top portion. 
     A preformed Fresnel lens  318  is then affixed to the flat portion of the molded lens  316  by silicone glue  319 , epoxy, or by other means. The Fresnel lens  318  has very fine features that collimate the light. The reason why the Fresnel lens cannot be directly formed in the molded lens  316  by a pattern in the mold is that the release film (which forms a 50 micron layer over the mold) cannot contour to such fine patterns in the mold. If the mold is formed of a non-stick substance and the release layer is not needed, then a Fresnel lens may be directly molded into the lens. The separate Fresnel lens  318  may be formed by stamping a softened plastic material or using other means. In one embodiment, the Fresnel lens  318  has a circular footprint. 
     A wall portion  320  of the molded lens  316  surrounds each Fresnel lens  318  and is approximately the same height as the Fresnel lens  318 . This wall portion  320  has angled sides that reflect upward any light emitted from the sides of the Fresnel lens  318 . Additionally, the wall portion  320  protects the Fresnel lens  318  from being bumped. Providing the molded lens with wall portions is optional, and the molded lens can be any shape that supports another lens on top. 
     The submount wafer  310  is then sawed along the saw lines  322  to singulated the collimated light sources. In one embodiment, the light sources of  FIGS. 48A-C  are used as a miniature flash for the cell phone camera of  FIG. 16 . Other types of collimating lenses may be used. 
     The molded lens may also contain phosphor, as shown in  FIG. 48B . In  FIG. 48B , the LED emits blue light and different types of phosphors  326 ,  328  are dispersed in the liquid silicone when molding the lens  330 . In one embodiment, the phosphors provide at least red and green components to the blue light to create white light. In one embodiment, the phosphors include a YAG phosphor and a red phosphor for warm white light. 
       FIG. 48C  illustrates an embodiment where the blue LED  312  is conformally coated with a phosphor  334 , such as YAG. The coating may be done using electrophoresis. The molded silicone lens  336  contains a red phosphor  338  to produce a warm white light. 
       FIGS. 49A and 49B  illustrate the use of a silicone gel underfill to fill voids under an AlInGaN LED die, where the LED is then encapsulated by a hard outer lens. In  FIG. 49A , an LED  340 , with its growth substrate (e.g., sapphire) facing upward, is mounted on a submount  342  so that metal contacts  344  on the LED  340  are bonded to metal traces  346  on the submount  342 . The metal traces terminate in wire bond pads or surface mount pads on the bottom of the submount  342 . An underfill material  348 , such as a silicone gel, is then injected under the LED  340  to fill the voids created between the LED  340  and the submount  342 . The gel is then cured. The cured gel remains relatively soft. 
     An excimer laser beam is then applied to the transparent growth substrate, which heats the GaN LED surface and disassociates the GaN at the surface to create gallium and nitrogen gas. The nitrogen expands to lift the sapphire substrate off the GaN LED, and the sapphire substrate is removed. Tremendous downward pressure is created during this process, and the underfill  348  mechanically supports the thin LED layers to prevent breakage of the LED. The underfill  348  also helps to conduct heat from the LED to the submount during operation of the LED. 
     A hard silicone lens  350 , either clear or phosphor-loaded, is then molded over the LED using the techniques described herein. The underfill  348  prevents the liquid outer lens material in the mold from entering the voids. This reduces the thermal stress on the LED during operation, which otherwise may result in the LED lifting off from the submount. The underfill can be optimized to perform its function without concern over its optical properties. 
       FIG. 49B  illustrates an embodiment where the sapphire growth substrate  354  is left on the LED layers. The underfill  356  may be deposited along the sides of the LED  340  and substrate  354  to ensure all voids are filled and to reduce pressure between the LED/substrate and the hard outer molded lens  358  when the LED is heated and cooled during operation. Further, if the underfill is not transparent, the underfill along the sides blocks the side emission, which is advantageous if a phosphor layer is over the top of the substrate. As in all embodiments, the outer lens may be phosphor-loaded. 
     In all embodiments described herein, an underfill silicone gel may be employed. Further, an LED emitting UV light may be used in place of the blue LEDs described herein, and a blue phosphor may be dispersed in a molded lens. 
     While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.