Patent Publication Number: US-9840808-B2

Title: Multiple layer wire strand

Description:
This invention relates to wire strands. 
     Known wire strands comprising 1×7, 1×19 or 1×37 wires are too stiff to be secured around an anchor point. Other types of wire strand can provide the necessary flexibility but lack the required strength. 
     According to one aspect of this invention, there is provided a wire strand comprising a plurality of wires, the wires comprising a central king wire and at least one layer of wires arranged around the king wire, wherein the composition of at least one of the wires differs from the composition of the other wires. 
     According to another aspect of this invention, there is provided a wire strand comprising a plurality of wires, the wires comprising: a central king wire formed of steel having a carbon content of at least 0.3 wt %; a first layer of wires arranged around the king wire, each wire of the first layer being formed of steel having a carbon content which is less than the carbon content of the king wire; and a second layer of wires arranged around the first layer, each wire of the second layer being formed of steel having a carbon content which is substantially the same as, or greater than, the carbon content of the wires of the first layer. 
     In the embodiments described herein, the wires are formed of steel containing carbon, and the carbon content of the steel forming at least one of the wires is different from the carbon content of the steel forming the other wires. In the embodiments described herein, the wires formed of steel having different carbon content is advantageous, because it allows the wire strands so formed to have desired properties. 
     The wires in each layer may be formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.8 wt %, desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.6 wt %. 
     At least one of the wires may be formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.3 wt % to substantially 0.8 wt %, desirably in the range of 0.35 wt % to 0.6 wt %, more desirably in the range of 0.4 wt % to 0.6 wt %. At least one of the wires may be formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt. 
     At least one of the wires may be formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. At least one of the wires may be formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. 
     The wires may be formed of steel. In one embodiment, at least, some of the wires in the, or each, layer may be formed of steel having a carbon content that is different from the carbon content of the steel forming at least one wire of the same layer. In another embodiment, the wires in the, or each, layer may be formed of steel having substantially the same carbon content as the carbon content of the steel forming the wires in the same layer. 
     The wires in the, or each, layer may be formed of steel having different carbon content to the steel from which the wires in the, or each, other layer are formed, or from which the king wire is formed. In the preferred embodiment described herein, there is provided a wire strand formed of multi-carbon steel. 
     At least one of the wires may comprise a stiffener wire, which is stiffer than at least some, and preferably all, of the other wires in the wire strand. The, or each, other layer may provide support and/or flexibility to the wire strand. 
     At least one of the wires, for example the king wire, may be formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.3 wt % to substantially 0.6 wt %, desirably in the range of substantially 0.35 wt % to substantially 0.6 wt %, more desirably in the range of substantially 0.4 wt % to substantially 0.6 wt %. In some embodiments, at least one of the wires, for example, the king wire, may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.45 wt % to substantially 0.55 wt %. In other embodiments, at least one of the wires, for example, the king wire, may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.35 wt % to substantially 0.4 wt %. 
     The king wire may be formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.4 wt %. The king wire may be formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.43 wt %. The king wire may be formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.38 wt %. 
     The wire strand may include a first layer, which may comprise a plurality of wires arranged around the king wire. The first layer may comprise six wires. 
     The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, suitably, substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.2 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.18 wt %. 
     The wire strand may include a second layer, which may comprise a plurality of wires arranged around the first layer. The second layer may comprise 12 wires. 
     The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. 
     Suitably, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %. The second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. Alternatively, the second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     The second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %, The second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content of substantially 0.06 wt %. 
     The king wire may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.35 wt % to substantially 0.4 wt %. 
     Alternatively, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably, substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, more desirably, substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. 
     The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %. The first layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. 
     The first layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %, The first layer may comprise wires having a carbon content of substantially 0.06 wt %. 
     The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, suitably, substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.2 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.18 wt %. 
     If desired, some of the wires forming the first and/or second layers may be formed of steel having a relatively high carbon and the other wires may be formed of steel having a relatively low carbon content. The wires having the relatively high carbon content may contain carbon in the range in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.18 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The wires having the relatively low carbon content may contain carbon in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %, desirably substantially 0.06 wt % to 0.08 wt %. 
     The wires formed of steel having the relatively high carbon content may be arranged in the relevant layer in an alternating relationship with the wires formed of steel having the relatively low carbon content. 
     Alternatively, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.4 wt % to substantially 0.8 wt %, desirably substantially 0.45 wt % to substantially 0.75 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.5 wt % to substantially 0.7 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.55 wt % to substantially 0.65 wt %. 
     Alternatively, the king wire may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.45 wt % to substantially 0.55 wt %. 
     In a first embodiment, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In the first embodiment, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.18 wt %. 
     In the first embodiment, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %. The second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. Alternatively, the second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In the first embodiment, the second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %. The second layer may comprise wires having a carbon content of substantially 0.06 wt %. 
     In the first embodiment, the king wire may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.35 wt % to substantially 0.4 wt %. 
     In a second embodiment, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %. The first layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. 
     In the second embodiment, the first layer may comprise wires having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %. The first layer may comprise wires having a carbon content of substantially 0.06 wt %. 
     In the second embodiment, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In the second embodiment, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.18 wt %. 
     In the second embodiment, the king wire may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.35 wt % to substantially 0.4 wt %. 
     In a third embodiment, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In the third embodiment, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.18 wt %. 
     In the third embodiment, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In the third embodiment, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.18 wt %. 
     In the third embodiment, the king wire may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.35 wt % to substantially 0.4 wt %. 
     In a fourth embodiment, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In the fourth embodiment, the first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %. The first layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content of substantially 0.18 wt %. 
     In the fourth embodiment, the second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.4 wt % to substantially 0.8 wt %, desirably substantially 0.45 wt % to substantially 0.75 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.5 wt % to substantially 0.7 wt %. The second layer may comprise a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.55 wt % to substantially 0.65 wt %. 
     In the fourth embodiment, the king wire may have a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.45 wt % to substantially 0.55 wt %. 
     The wire strand may be a 1×7 wire strand, a 1×19 wire strand or a 1×37 wire strand. 
     According to another aspect of this invention, there is provided a wire strand comprising a central king wire and plurality of wires arranged in a plurality of layers around the king wire, the central king wire being formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.3 wt % to substantially 0.6 wt %, a first layer around the king wire, and a second layer around the first layer, the first layer comprising a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %, and the second layer comprising a plurality of wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In the first and second embodiments, the carbon content of the steel forming the wires in the first layer may be the same for all the wires in the first layer. 
     Alternatively, the carbon content of the steel forming at least one of the wires in the first layer may be different from the carbon content of the steel forming the other wires in the first layer. If desired, in the first and second embodiments, the carbon content of the steel forming some of the wires in the first layer may be different from the carbon content of the steel forming the other wires in the first layer. The wires in the first layer may be arranged such that the wires having the different carbon contents alternate relative to each other. 
     The carbon content of the steel forming the wires in the second layer may be the same for all the wires in the second layer. 
     Alternatively, the carbon content of the steel forming at least one of the wires in the second layer may be different from the carbon content of the steel forming the other wires in the second layer. 
     If desired, the carbon content of the steel forming some of the wires in the second layer may be different from the carbon content of the steel forming the other wires in the second layer. The wires in the second layer may be arranged such that the wires having the different carbon contents alternate relative to each other. 
     In one embodiment, the first and second layers may comprise wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.05 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     In another embodiment, the first layer may comprise wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to 0.3 wt %, desirably substantially 0.16 wt % to substantially 0.2 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.18 wt %, and the second layer may comprise wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to 0.15 wt %, desirably substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.08 wt %, more desirably substantially 0.06 wt %. 
     The first layer may be substantially concentric relative to the king wire. The first layer may constitute an intermediate layer. The wires in the first layer may be formed of a material to provide support and/or flexibility to the wire strand. 
     The second layer may be substantially concentric relative to the first layer. The second layer may constitute an outer layer. The wires in the second layer may be formed of a material to provide support and/or flexibility to the wire strand. 
     If desired, in third and fourth embodiments, the wire strand may comprise a third layer, which may comprise third wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. The third layer may comprise eighteen third wires. 
     The third layer may comprise wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.03 wt % to substantially 0.15 wt %. Alternatively, the third layer may comprise third wires formed of steel having a carbon content in the range of substantially 0.15 wt % to substantially 0.3 wt %. 
     The carbon content of the steel forming the wires in the third layer may be the same for all the wires in the third layer. Alternatively, the carbon content of the steel forming at least one of the wires in the third layer may be different from the carbon content of the steel forming the other wires in the third layer. 
     In one embodiment, all the wires may be formed of carbon steel. In this embodiment, the king wire may be formed of high carbon steel, the wires in the first layer may be formed of medium carbon steel or low carbon steel, and the wires in the second layer may be formed of medium carbon steel or low carbon steel. 
     The steel from which each wire is formed may contain other elements, such as one or more of manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, copper. The amounts of each of the aforesaid other elements may be selected as appropriate by the skilled person. 
     The king wire may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2.03 mm, desirably in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to 2 mm. The tensile strength of the king wire may be between substantially 1,650 N/mm 2  and substantially 1,950 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of the wires in the first layer may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of each of the wires in the first layer may be between substantially 1300 N/mm 2  and substantially 1600 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of the wires in the second layer may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of the steel from which the each of the wires in the second layer is formed may be between substantially 950 N/mm 2  and substantially 1,250 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of the wires in the first layer may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of the steel from which the each of the wires in the first layer is formed may be between substantially 950 N/mm 2  and substantially 1,250 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of the wires in the second layer may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of each of the wires in the second layer may be between substantially 1300 N/mm 2  and substantially 1600 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of the wires in the first and second layers may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of each of the wires in the first and second layers may be between substantially 1300 N/mm 2  and substantially 1600 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of the wires in the third layer may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of the steel from which the each of the wires in the third layer is formed may be between substantially 950 N/mm 2  and substantially 1,250 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, where the wire strand comprises a third layer, each of the wires in the first and second layers may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of the steel from which the each of the wires in the first and second layers are formed may be between substantially 950 N/mm 2  and substantially 1,250 N/mm 2 . 
     In at least one embodiment, each of the wires in the third layer may have a diameter in the range of substantially 0.2 mm to substantially 2 mm. The tensile strength of each of the wires in the third layer may be between substantially 1,300 N/mm 2  and substantially 1,600 N/mm 2 . 
     One, some, or each of the wires in the wire strand may be coated, for example by galvanising with zinc, which may be in an amount of substantially 15 g/m 2 . In at least one embodiment, one, some or each of the wires may be coated, for example by galvanising, with a zinc aluminium coating. 
     One, some, or each of the wires may be coated with a plastics material. In one embodiment, one of the wires of the second layer may be coated with the plastics material. This provides an advantage in one of the embodiments described herein of providing an indicator to allow users to identify the origin of the wire strand. 
     In another embodiment, each of the wire strands in the second layer may be coated with a plastics material. This provides an advantage in the embodiment described herein of protecting the wire strand from corrosion. 
     In a further embodiment, each of the wires in the wire strand may be coated with a plastics material. This provides the advantage in the embodiment described herein of protecting all of the wires individually from corrosion. 
     The plastics material may comprise polyvinylchloride (PVC), polypropylene or nylon. 
    
    
     
       Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows an end view of a 1×19 wire strand; 
         FIG. 2  shows an end view of a further embodiment of a 1×19 wire strand; 
         FIG. 3  shows an end view of another embodiment of a 1×19 wire strand; and 
         FIG. 4  shows an end view of yet another embodiment of a 1×19 wire strand. 
     
    
    
       FIG. 1  shows an end view of a 1×19 wire strand  10 , which comprises a central core wire in the form of a king wire  12 , a first, or intermediate, layer  14  comprising a plurality of wires  16 , and a second, or outer, layer  18  comprising a plurality of wires  20 . 
     The first layer  14  is arranged concentrically around the king wire  12 , and comprises six wires  16 . The second layer  18  is arranged concentrically around the first layer  14 , and comprises twelve wires  20 . 
     A wire strand shown in the drawing can be made by known techniques, to wrap the wires  16  around the king wire  12  to form the first layer  14 , and thereafter to wrap the wires  20  around the first layer  14  to form the second layer  18 . 
     In a first embodiment, the king wire  12  constitutes a stiffener wire for stiffening the wire strand  10 . In a first embodiment, the king wire  12  is formed of high carbon steel, having a carbon content in the range of 0.3 wt % to 0.6 wt %. 
     The provision of the king wire  12  being formed of a high carbon steel provides an advantage in the first embodiment, that it enables the wire strand  10  to lie in a position that is substantially straight when not under tension. The wires  16  of the first layer  14  provide support and flexibility to the wire strand  10 , and can be formed of medium carbon steel, having a carbon content in the range of 0.15 wt % to 0.3 wt or low carbon steel, having a carbon content in the range of 0.03 wt % to 0.15 wt %. 
     The wires  20  of the second layer  18  also provide support and flexibility to the wire strand  10 . The wires  20  can be formed of medium carbon steel having a carbon content in the range of 0.15 wt % to 0.3 wt %, or low carbon steel, having a carbon content in the range of 0.03 wt % to 0.15 wt %. 
     In at least one embodiment, the wires  16 ,  20  of the first and second layers  14 ,  18  provide the advantage that they impart sufficient flexibility to the wire strand  10  that allows the wire strand  10  to be deformed into a loop around an anchor point to allow an end region of the wire strand  10  to be secured to the anchor point. 
     Tables 1A and 1B set out a range of diameters, compositions and properties of the king wire  12  and the wires  16 ,  20  of the first and second layers  14 ,  18  for some examples of wire strands manufactured according to embodiments of the present invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.4 to 0.43 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                     0.03 to 0.08. 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.6 to 0.64 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                     0.03 to 0.08. 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tables 2A, 2B. 2.1A and 2.1B set out a range of diameters, compositions and properties of the king wire  12  and the wires  16 ,  20  of the first and second layers  14 ,  18  for some examples of wire strands manufactured according to further embodiments of the present invention. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.4 to 0.43 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                  0.03 to 0.08 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.6 to 0.64 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                  0.03 to 0.08 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2.1A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.4 to 0.43 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2.1B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.6 to 0.64 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2.2A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.4 to 0.43 
                 0.45 to 0.55 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.16 to 0.2  
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.55 to 0.65 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2.2B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.6 to 0.64 
                 0.45 to 0.55 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.16 to 0.2  
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.55 to 0.65 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Each wire described in Tables 1A, 1B 2A, 2B, 2.1A, 2.1B, 2.2A and 2.2B can be galvanised with a zinc coating. Alternatively, each wire described in Tables 1A, 1B 2A, 2B, 2.1A, 2.1B, 2.2A and 2.2B can be galvanised with a zinc aluminium coating. The zinc coating and the zinc aluminium coating is provided in an amount of substantially 15 g/m 2 . 
     Tables 3A and 3B show specific examples of a wire strand made according to a first embodiment of the invention, for example as shown in Tables 1A and 1B. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.42 
                 0.38 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.64 
                 0.38 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tables 4A and 4B show specific examples of wire strands made according to a second embodiment of the invention, for example as shown in Tables 2A and 2B. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.42 
                 0.38 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.64 
                 0.38 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tables 4.1A and 4.1B show specific examples of wire strands made according to a third embodiment of the invention, for example as shown in Tables 2.1A and 2.1B. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.1A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.42 
                 0.38 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.1B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.64 
                 0.38 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tables 4.2A and 4.2B show specific examples of wire strands made according to a third embodiment of the invention, for example as shown in Tables 2.2A and 2.2B. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.2A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.42 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4.2B 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.64 
                 0.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.6 
                 0.6 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The embodiments of the wire strand  10  described herein are particularly suitable for use in suspending articles from overhead supports, for example as described in GB2322435A. 
     Tables 5 and 6 show the use of wires of different diameters in the formation of wire strands  10  having diameters in the range of substantially 1 mm to substantially 10.03 mm. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wire diameter (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 King wire 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Total Diameter of 
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 4.75 
                 5 
                 6 
                 8 
                 10 
               
               
                 wire strand (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wire diameter (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 King wire 
                 0.23 
                 0.42 
                 0.64 
                 0.83 
                 0.98 
                 1.03 
                 1.23 
                 1.63 
                 2.03 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Total Diameter of 
                 1.03 
                 2.02 
                 3.04 
                 4.03 
                 4.78 
                 5.03 
                 6.03 
                 8.03 
                 10.03 
               
               
                 wire strand (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 2  shows a further embodiment of the wire strand, generally designated  110 , which comprises some of the features of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , and these features have been labelled with the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 1 . The compositions and diameters of the wires shown in  FIG. 2  can be the same as described above in Tables 3 or 4. 
     The wire strand  110  shown in  FIG. 2  differs from the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  in that the outer layer  18  comprises twelve wires  20 , one of which (designated  20 A) is provided with a coating  22  of a plastics material, such as PVC, polypropylene or nylon. The coating  22  can be of any suitable colour, such as red. 
     The provision of the coating  22  on the wire  20 A in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 2  provides the advantage that the origin of the wire strand  110  can be easily identified. 
       FIG. 3  shows another embodiment of the wire strand, generally designated  210 , which has some of the features of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , and, again, these have been designated, with the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 1 . The compositions and diameters of the wires shown in  FIG. 3  are the same as described above in Table 3. 
     The wire strand  210  differs from the wire strand  10  shown in  FIG. 1  in that the outer layer  18  comprises a plurality of wire strands  20 A, each of which is coated with a coating  22  of a plastics material, such as PVC, polypropylene or nylon. 
     The provision of the coating  22  on the wires  20 A forming the second layer  18  of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3  provides the advantage that all of the wires  12 ,  16  and  20 A are protected from corrosion. The wires  20 A of the outer layer  18  provide a water resistant seal to prevent water reaching the first layer  14  and the king wire  12 . 
     A still further embodiment of the wire strand, generally designated  310 , is shown in  FIG. 4 , which has some of the features of the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1 , and these have been designated with the same reference numerals as in  FIG. 1 . The compositions and diameters of the wires shown in  FIG. 4  are the same as described above in Table 3 
     In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4 , the inner layer comprises a king wire  12 A which is coated with a coating  22  of a plastics material, such as PVC, polypropylene or nylon. The first layer  14  comprises six wires  16 A, each of which is coated with a coating  22  of a plastics material, such as PVC, polypropylene or nylon. 
     The second layer  18  comprises twelve wires  20 A, each of which is coated with a coating  22  of a plastics material, such as PVC, polypropylene or nylon. 
     The coating  22  on all of the wires  12 A,  16 A,  20 A provide the advantage in the embodiment shown in  FIG. 4  that each of the wires  12 A,  16 A,  20 A is protected individually from corrosion. 
     There are thus described wire strands  10 ,  110 ,  210  and  310  which are made from a plurality of carbon steel wires arranged in three concentric layers. The wires in each individual layer are formed from the same grade of carbon steel as each other, and wires in different layers are formed from different grades of carbon steel. 
     At least one of the embodiments described above has the advantage that the different carbon content of the wires provides different stiffness, i.e. the king wire  12  being formed of high carbon steel has a greater stiffness than the wires  16 ,  20 , which are formed of medium carbon steel or low carbon steel. 
     The greater stiffness of the king wire  12  has the effect that the wire has a tendency to lie straight, and the more flexible wires  16 ,  20  allow the wire strand to be looped around an anchor point to allow it to be secured to the anchor point. 
     Various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, in third and fourth embodiments, the wire strand  10  may comprise a 1×37 wire strand, i.e. the king wire  12 , a first layer  14  comprising six wires  16  arranged around the king wire  12 , a second layer  18  comprising twelve wires  20  arranged around the first layer  14 , and a third layer comprising eighteen wires arrange around the second layer  18 . 
     Table 7A below corresponds to Table 1A above but modified to incorporate a third layer. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.4 to 0.43 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                     0.03 to 0.08. 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Third layer 
                 0.4 
                  0.03 to 0.08 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                 if present 
                 (+/−0.01 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 7A describes a range of 1×37 wire strands, in which all the wires, namely the king wire, and the wires of the first, second and third layers have a diameter of 0.4 mm. 
     Table 8A below corresponds to Table 2.1A above, but modified to incorporate a third layer. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 Tensile 
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
                 strength 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (N/mm 2 ) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                 0.4 to 0.43 
                 0.35 to 0.4 
                 0.5 to 0.8 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1650 to 1950 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                  0.03 to 0.08 
                 0.6 to 0.9 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                     0.03 to 0.08. 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                  950 to 1250 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 Third layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.16 to 0.2 
                 0.2 to 0.5 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 up to 
                 1300 to 1600 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01 
                   
                   
                 0.03 
                 0.03 
                 0.25 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 8A describes a range of 1×37 wire strands, in which the king wire has a diameter of 0.43 mm, and each of the wires of the first, second and third layers have a diameter of 0.4 mm. 
     Table 9A corresponds to Table 3.1A, but modified to incorporate the third layer. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.42 
                 0.37 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Third layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Table 9A describes a specific 1×37 wire strand, in which the king wire has a diameter of 0.43 mm, and each of the wires of the first, second and third layers have a diameter of 0.4 mm. 
     Table 10A corresponds to Table 4.1A, but modified to incorporate the third layer. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Diameter 
                 Carbon 
                 Manganese 
                 Phosphorus 
                 Sulphur 
                 Silicon 
               
               
                 Wires 
                 (mm) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 King Wire 
                  0.42 
                 0.37 
                 0.7 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.06 
                 0.4 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                 Third layer 
                 0.4 
                 0.18 
                 0.8 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
                 0.15 
               
               
                   
                 (+/−0.01) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tables 11 and 12 below correspond to Tables 5 and 6 above, but modified to incorporate a third layer. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wire diameter (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 King wire 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Third layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Total Diameter of 
                 1.4 
                 2.8 
                 4.2 
                 5.6 
                 6.65 
                 7 
                 8.4 
                 11.2 
                 14 
               
               
                 wire strand (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Wire diameter (mm) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 King wire 
                 0.23 
                 0.42 
                 0.64 
                 0.83 
                 0.98 
                 1.03 
                 1.23 
                 1.63 
                 2.03 
               
               
                 First layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Second layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Third layer 
                 0.2 
                 0.4 
                 0.6 
                 0.8 
                 0.95 
                 1 
                 1.2 
                 1.6 
                 2 
               
               
                 Total Diameter of 
                 1.43 
                 2.82 
                 4.24 
                 5.63 
                 6.68 
                 7.03 
                 8.43 
                 11.23 
                 14.03 
               
               
                 wire strand (mm) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Tables 11 and 12 show the diameters of 1×37 wire strands using wires of different diameters. 
     In a further modification, an alternative to the wire strand described in Tables 1 and 3 can be formed. In this modification, the second layer  18  may comprise six of the wires  20 , having a relatively high carbon content in the range of 0.16 wt % to 0.2 wt %, for example 0.18 wt %. The second layer  18  may also include six of the wires  20  having a relatively low carbon content in the range of 0.03 wt % to 0.08 wt %, for example 0.06 wt %. The wires  20  having the relatively high carbon content are arranged around the first layer  14  alternately with respect to the wires  20  having the relatively low carbon content.