Patent Publication Number: US-4096174-A

Title: Anionic naphthalene thioureido-diphenyloxides

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The term &#34;complement&#34; refers to a complex group of proteins in body fluids that, working together with antibodies or other factors, play an important role as mediators of immune, allergic, immunochemical and/or immunopathological reactions. The reactions in which complement participates take place in blood serum or in other body fluids, and hence are considered to be humoral reactions. 
     With regard to human blood, there are at present more than 11 proteins in the complement system. These complement proteins are designated by the letter C and by number: C1, C2, C3 and so on up to C9. The complement protein C1 is actually an assembly of subunits designated C1q, C1r and C1s. The numbers assigned to the complement proteins reflect the sequence in which they become active, with the exception of complement protein C4, which reacts after C1 and before C2. The numerical assignments for the proteins in the complement system were made before the reaction sequence was fully understood. A more detailed discussion of the complement system and its role in body processes can be found in, for example, Bull. World Health Org., 39, 935-938 (1968); Ann. Rev. Medicine, 19, 1-24 (1968); The John Hopkins Med. J., 128, 57-74 (1971); Harvey Lectures, 66, 75-104 (1972); The New England Journal of Medicine, 287, 452-454; 489-495; 545-549; 592-596; 642-646 (1972); Scientific American, 229, (No. 5), 54-66 (1973); Federation Proceedings, 32, 134-137 (1973); Medical World News, October 11, 1974, pp. 53-58; 64-66; J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 53, 298-302 (1974); Cold Spring Harbor Conf. Cell Proliferation 2/Proteases Biol. Control/229-241 (1975); Annals of Internal Medicine, 84, 580-593 (1976); &#34;Complement: Mechanisms and Functions&#34;, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1976); Pathologie Biologie, 25(1), January 1977, pp. 33-36. 
     The complement system can be considered to consist of three sub-systems: (1) a recognition unit (C1q) which enables it to combine with antibody molecules that have detected a foreign invader; (2) an activation unit (C1r, C1s, C2, C4, C3) which prepares a site on the neighboring membrane; and (3) and attack unit (C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9) which creates a &#34;hole&#34; in the membrane. The membrane attach unit is non-specific; it destroys invaders only because it is generated in their neighborhood. In order to minimize damage to the host&#39;s own cells, its activity must be limited in time. This limitation is accomplished partly by the spontaneous decay of activated complement and partly by interference by inhibitors and destructive enzymes. The control of complement, however, is not perfect, and there are times when damage is done to the host&#39;s cells. Immunity is therefore a double-edged sword. 
     Activation of the complement system also accelerates blood clotting. This action comes about by way of the complement-mediated release of a clotting factor from platelets. The biologically active complement fragments and complexes can become involved in reactions that damage the host&#39;s cells, and these pathogenic reactions can result in the development of immune-complex diseases. For example, in some forms of nephritis, complement damages the basal membrane of the kidney, resulting in the escape of protein from the blood into the urine. The disease disseminated lupus erythematosus belongs in this category; its symptoms include nephritis, visceral lesions and skin eruptions. The treatment of diphtheria or tetanus with the injection of large amounts of antitoxin sometimes results in serum sickness, an immune-complex disease. Rheumatoid arthritis also involves immune complexes. Like disseminated lupus erythematosus, it is an autoimmune disease in which the disease symtoms are caused by pathological effects of the immune system in the host&#39;s tissues. In summary, the complement system has been shown to be involved with inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, antibody-antigen reactions and other metabolic processes. 
     In the presence of antibody-antigen complexes the complement proteins are involved in a series of reactions which may lead to irreversible membrane damage if they occur in the vicinity of biological membranes. Thus, while complement constitutes a part of the body&#39;s defense mechanism against infection it also results in inflammation and tissue damage in the immunopathological process. The nature of certain of the complement proteins, suggestions regarding the mode of complement binding to biological membranes and the manner in which complement effects membrane damage are discussed in Annual Review in Biochemistry, 38, 389 (1969). 
     A variety of substances have been disclosed as inhibiting the complement system, i.e., as complement inhibitors. For example, the compounds 3,3&#39;-ureylenebis-[6-(2-amino-8-hydroxy-6-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)]benzenesulfonic acid, tetrasodium salt (chlorazol fast pink), heparin and a sulphated dextran have been reported to have an anticomplementary effect, British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 33, 327-339 (1952). The compound 8-(3-benzamido-4-methylbenzamido)naphthalene-1,-3,5-trisulfonic acid (Suramin) is described as a competitive inhibitor of the complement system, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 10, 127-138 (1972). German Patent No. 2,254,893 or South African Pat. No. 727,923 discloses certain 1-(diphenylmethyl)-4-(3-phenylallyl)piperazines useful as complement inhibitors. Other chemical compounds having complement inhibiting activity are disclosed in, for example, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 12, 415-419; 902-905; 1049-1052; 1053-1056 (1969); Canadian Journal of Biochemistry, 47, 547-552 (1969); The Journal of Immunology, 93, 629-640 (1964); The Journal of Immunology, 104, 279-288 (1970); The Journal of Immunology, 106, 241-245 (1971); and The Journal of Immunology, 111, 1061-1066 (1973). 
     It has been reported that the known complement inhibitors epsilon-aminocaproic acid, Suramin and tranexamic acid all have been used with success in the treatment of hereditary angioneurotic edema, a disease state resulting from an inherited deficiency or lack of function of the serum inhibitor of the activated first component of complement (C1 inhibitor), The New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 808-812 (1972). 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention is concerned with oxybis-phenylbis-thioureylene tetranaphthalenepoly-sulfonic acid salts, having complement inhibiting activity, which are compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal; or another pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The compounds of the present invention may be prepared by treating an 8-isothiocyanato-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid trialkali metal salt with 4,4&#39;-oxydi-o-phenylenediamine in water for 52 hours. The product is isolated as the dodecaalkali metal salt from 85% aqueous ethanol. 
     The compounds of the present invention may be administered internally, e.g., orally, intra-articularly or parenterally, e.g., intra-articular, to a warm-blooded animal to inhibit complement in the body fluid of the animal, such inhibition being useful in the amelioration or prevention of those reactions dependent upon the function of complement, such as inflammatory process and cell membrane damage induced by antigen-antibody complexes. A range of doses may be employed depending on the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the particular compound being used. For example, for intravenous or subcutaneous use from about 5 to about 50 mg/kg/day, or every six hours for more rapidly excreted salts, may be used. For intra-articular use for large joints such as the knee, from about 2 to about 20 mg/joint per week may be used, with proportionally smaller doses for smaller joints. The dosage range is to be adjusted to provide optimum therapeutic response in the warm-blooded animal being treated. In general, the amount of compound administered can vary over a wide range to provide from about 5 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight of animal per day. The usual daily dosage for a 70 kg subject may vary from about 350 mg to about 3.5 g. Unit doses of the acid or salt can contain from about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg. 
     While in general the sodium salts of the acids of the invention are suitable for parenteral use, other salts may also be prepared, such as those of primary amines, e.g., ethylamine; secondary amines, e.g., diethylamine or diethanol amine; tertiary amines, e.g., pyridine or triethylamine or 2-dimethylaminomethyl-dibenzofuran; aliphatic diamines, e.g., decamethylenediamine; and aromatic diamines, can be prepared. Some of these are soluble in water, others are soluble in saline solution, and still others are insoluble and can be used for purposes of preparing suspensions for injection. Furthermore as well as the sodium salt, those of the alkali metals, such as potassium and lithium; of ammonia; and of the alkaline earth metals, such as calcium or magnesium, may be employed. It will be apparent, therefore, that these salts embrace, in general derivatives of salt-forming cations. 
     In therapeutic use, the compounds of this invention may be administered in the form of conventional pharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions may be formulated so as to be suitable for oral or parenteral administration. The active ingredient may be combined in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, i.e., oral or parenteral. The compounds can be used in compositions such as tablets. Here, the principal active ingredient is mixed with conventional tabletting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, gums, or similar materials as non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers. The tablets or pills of the novel compositions can be laminated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged or delayed action or predetermined successive action of the enclosed medication. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids or mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, shellac and cetyl alcohol, cellulose acetate and the like. A particularly advantageous enteric coating comprises a styrene maleic acid copolymer together with known materials contributing to the enteric properties of the coating. The tablet or pill may be colored through the use of an appropriate non-toxic dye, so as to provide a pleasing appearance. 
     The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration include suitable flavored emulsions with edible oils, such as, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and the like, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Sterile suspensions or solutions can be prepared for parenteral use. Isotonic preparations containing suitable preservatives are also desirable for injection use. 
     The term dosage form, as described herein, refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for warm-blooded animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active component calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical diluent, carrier or vehicle. The specification for the novel dosage forms of this invention are indicated by characteristics of the active component and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved or the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active component for therapeutic use in warm-blooded animals as disclosed in this specification. Examples of suitable oral dosage forms in accord with this invention are tablets, capsules, pills, powder packets, granules, wafers, cachets, teaspoonfuls, dropperfuls, ampules, vials, segregated multiples of any of the foregoing and other forms as herein described. 
     The complement inhibiting activity of the compounds of this invention has been demonstrated by one or more of the following identified tests: (i) Test, Code 026 (C1 inhibitor) - This test measures the ability of activated human C1 to destroy fluid phase human C2 in the presence of C4 and appropriate dilutions of the test compound. An active inhibitor protects C2 from C1 and C4; (ii) Test, Code 035 (C3-C9 inhibitor) - This test determines the ability of the late components of human complement (C3-C9) to lyse EAC 142 in the presence of appropriate dilutions of the test compound. An active inhibitor protects EAC 142 from lysis by human C3-C9; (iii) Test, Code 036 (C-Shunt inhibitor) - In this test human erythrocytes rendered fragile are lysed in autologous serum via the shunt pathway activated by cobra venom factor in the presence of appropriate dilutions of the test compound. Inhibition of the shunt pathway results in failure of lysis; (iv) Forssman Vasculitis Test - Here, the well known complement dependent lesion, Forssman Vasculitis, is produced in guinea pigs by intradermal injection of rabbit anti-Forssman antiserum. The lesion is measured in terms of diameter, edema and hemorrhage and the extent to which a combined index of these is inhibited by prior intraperitoneal injection of the test compound at 200 mg/kg is then reported, unless otherwise stated; (v) Forssman Shock Test - Lethal shock is produced in guinea pigs by an i.v. injection of anti-Forssman antiserum and the harmonic mean death time of treated guinea pigs is compared with that of simultaneous controls; (vi) Complement Level Reduction Test - In this test, the above dosed guinea pigs, or others, are bled for serum and the complement level is determined in undiluted serum by the capillary tube method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,376 and compared to undosed control guinea pigs; and (vii) Cap 50 Test - Here, appropriate amounts of the test compound are added to a pool of guinea pig serum in vitro, after which the undiluted serum capillary tube assay referred to above is run. The concentration of compound inhibiting 50% is reported. 
     With reference to Table I, guinea pigs weighing about 300 g were dosed intravenously (i.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 200 mg/kg of the test compound dissolved in saline and adjusted to pH 7-8. One hour after dosing, the guinea pigs were decapitated, blood was collected and the serum separated. The serum was tested for whole complement using the capillary tube assay. Percent inhibition was calculated by comparison wth simultaneous controls. The results appear in Table I together with results of tests, code 026, 035, 036, Cap 50, % inhibition and Forssman shock. Table I shows that the compounds of the invention possess highly significant in vitro and in vivo, complement inhibiting activity in warm-blooded animals. 
     
                                           TABLE I                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Biological Activities                                                     
                                        In Vivo Activity (Guinea Pig)     
                                       % Inhibiton                        
                    Cl  C-Late                                            
                            Shunt Inhi-                                   
                                       Intraperitoneal                    
                                                Intravenous               
                    026*                                                  
                        035*                                              
                            bition 036*                                   
                                       Time(minutes)                      
                                                Time(minutes)             
Compound            Wells                                                 
                        Wells                                             
                            Wells Cap 50*                                 
                                       30 60  120                         
                                                2  30 120                 
__________________________________________________________________________
8,8&#39;,8&#34;,8&#39;&#34;-{Oxybis[4,1,2-phenylbis-                                      
                    +8**                                                  
                        +2**                                              
                            +4**  97   -82                                
                                          -88                             
                                             -94                          
                                                -98                       
                                                   -95                    
                                                      -91                 
(2-thioureylene)]}tetra-1,3,6-naph-                                       
                    +8  +2  +5                                            
thalenetrisulfonic acid dodeca sodi-                                      
                    +9  +2  +5                                            
um salt                                                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
 *Code designation for test employed as referred herein.                  
 **Activity in wells a serial dilution assay. Higher well number indicates
 higher activity. The serial dilutions are two-fold.                      
 
    
    
    
     EXAMPLE 1 
     8,8&#39;,8&#34;,8&#39;&#34;-{Oxybis[4,1,2-phenylbis(2-thioureylene)]}-tetra-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid dodecasodium salt 
     To a stirred solution of 32.0 g of 8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt in 350 ml of water, plus 7.0 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, at room temperature, is added 10 g of thiophosgene. The mixture is stirred for 21/2 hours, treated with activated charcoal, and filtered through diatomaceous earth. The filtrate is neutralized with 46 ml of 5N sodium hydroxide, concentrated, cooled to room temperature and filtered. The product is washed with a small amount of ice-water, then acetone and ether to give 13.7 g of material. Further concentration of the filtrate yields another 13.8 g of product. The product fractions (27.5 g) are combined and recrystallized from 40 ml of water. The product is collected, washed with ice-water, acetone and ether and dried by conventional means to give 11.2 g of 8-isothiocyanato-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt. 
     A mixture of 5.8 g of 4,4&#39;-oxybis[2-nitroaniline], 150 ml of ethyl acetate and 1.0 g of 10% palladium-on-carbon catalyst is hydrogenated on a Parr shaker at room temperature for 1.5 hours. The mixture is filtered and the filtrate evaporated to a dark oil. The oil is triturated with diethyl ether to provide a solid. The solid is collected and dried to give 4.36 g of 4,4&#39;-oxydi-o-phenylenediamine. 
     A solution of 5.09 g of 8-isothiocyanato-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid trisodium salt and 575 mg of the product above, in 20.0 ml of water, is allowed to stand at room temperature for 52 hours. The solution is diluted with 120 ml of absolute ethanol to give a brown gum, which solidifies on standing. The solid is pulverized, filtered, washed with 85% aqueous ethanol, ethanol and ether and dried to yield 5.35 g of the product of the Example as a tan powder. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Compressed Tablet                                          
Ingredient           mg/Tablet                                            
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.5-500                                              
Dibasic Calcium Phosphate N.F.                                            
                     qs                                                   
Starch USP           40                                                   
Modified Starch      10                                                   
Magnesium Stearate USP                                                    
                     1-5                                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 3 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Compressed Tablet - Sustained Action                       
Ingredient           mg/Tablet                                            
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.5-500                                              
as Aluminum Lake*,   (as acid                                             
Micronized           equivalent)                                          
Dibasic Calcium Phosphate N.F.                                            
                     qs                                                   
Alginic Acid         20                                                   
Starch USP           35                                                   
Magnesium Stearate USP                                                    
                     1-10                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 *Complement inhibitor plus aluminum sulfate yields aluminum complement   
 inhibitor. Complement inhibitor content in aluminum lake ranges from     
 5-30%. ?                                                                 
 
    
     EXAMPLE 4 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Hard Shell Capsule                                         
Ingredient           mg/Capsule                                           
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.5-500                                              
Lactose, Spray Dried qs                                                   
Magnesium Stearate   1-10                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 5 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Oral Liquid (Syrup)                                        
Ingredient           % W/V                                                
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound       0.05-5                                              
Liquid Sugar         75.0                                                 
Methyl Paraben USP   0.18                                                 
Propyl Paraben USP   0.02                                                 
Flavoring Agent      qs                                                   
Purified Water qs ad 100.0                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 6 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Oral Liquid (Elixir)                                       
Ingredient           % W/V                                                
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.05-5                                               
Alcohol USP          12.5                                                 
Glycerin USP         45.0                                                 
Syrup USP            20.0                                                 
Flavoring Agent      qs                                                   
Purified Water qs ad 100.0                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 7 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Oral Suspension (Syrup)                                    
Ingredient           % W/V                                                
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.05-5                                               
as Aluminum Lake,    (acid                                                
Micronized           equivalent)                                          
Polysorbate 80 USP   0.1                                                  
Magnesium Aluminum Silicate,                                              
Colloidal            0.3                                                  
Flavoring Agent      qs                                                   
Methyl Paraben USP   0.18                                                 
Propyl Paraben USP   0.02                                                 
Liquid Sugar         75.0                                                 
Purified Water qs ad 100.0                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 8 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
 Preparation of Injectable Solution                                       
Ingredient           % W/V                                                
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.05-5                                               
Benzyl Alcohol N.F.  0.9                                                  
Water for Injection  100.0                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 9 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Injectable Oil                                             
Ingredient of Injectable Oil                                              
Ingredient           % W/V                                                
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.05-5                                               
Benzyl Alcohol       1.5                                                  
Sesame Oil qs ad     100.0                                                
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 10 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Intra-Articular Product                                    
Ingredient           Amount                                               
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      2-20 mg                                              
NaCl (physiological saline)                                               
                     0.9%                                                 
Benzyl Alcohol       0.9%                                                 
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose                                             
                     1-5%                                                 
pH adjusted to 5.0-7.5                                                    
Water for Injection qs ad                                                 
                     100%                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     EXAMPLE 11 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Preparation of Injectable Depo Suspension                                 
Ingredient           % W/V                                                
______________________________________                                    
Active Compound      0.05-5                                               
                     (acid                                                
                     equivalent)                                          
Polysorbate 80 USP   0.2                                                  
Polyethylene Glycol 4000 USP                                              
                     3.0                                                  
Sodium Chloride USP  0.8                                                  
Benzyl Alcohol N.F.  0.9                                                  
HCl to pH 6-8        qs                                                   
Water for Injection qs ad                                                 
                     100.0                                                
______________________________________