Patent Publication Number: US-2021181204-A1

Title: Non-antibody ligands for detecting target proteins

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The invention relates to synthetic non-antibody protein scaffolds that specifically bind to insecticidal proteins and are useful in differential detection or quantitation of target proteins of interest in complex mixtures. The invention further relates generally to diagnostic methods for reliably determining the presence and amount of certain target proteins of interest in a biological sample such as a transgenic plant sample containing a complex mixture of the target and non-target proteins, and to test kits providing the essential reagents for the diagnostic methods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Transgenic crops consist of increasingly complex genetic modifications including multiple transgenes that confer different traits, also called “gene stacks” or “trait stacks.” For example, many transgenic corn products currently on the market contain within the same plant multiple insecticidal proteins for controlling a broad spectrum of insect pests and multiple proteins that confer on the plant tolerance to a wide spectrum of chemical herbicides. Many of the transgenic proteins used to control insect pests, for example the crystal endotoxins from  Bacillus thuringiensis  (called Cry proteins) may be structurally closely related and have similar overall amino acid sequence identity or contain motifs or domains with significant identity to each other. In general, Cry proteins, for example, have three structural domains: the N-terminal domain I, from residues 1 to about 290, consists of 7 alpha helices, domain II, from about residues 291-500, contains three beta-sheets and the C-terminal domain III, from about residues 501-644, is a beta-sandwich. Most Cry proteins active against lepidopteran or coleopteran insects are formed in a crystalline matrix as 130-140 kDa or 60-70 kDa protoxins, respectively. In lepidopteran insects, the alkaline pH of the gut solubilizes the crystal and then gut proteases process the 130-140 kDa protoxin to toxic proteins of approximately 60-70 kDa. In coleopteran insects, the 60-70 kDa protoxins are processed to 55-67 kDa toxins. Examples of lepidopteran-active Cry proteins include Cry1A, Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D, Cry1E, Cry1F and Cry9. Examples of coleopteran-active Cry proteins include, Cry3A, Cry3B, Cry3C, Cry8, the binary Cry23-Cry37 and the binary Cry34-Cry35. Proteolytic processing of the Cry protein protoxin to an insecticidal toxin has been reported to proceed by removal of both N- and C-terminal amino acids with the exact location of processing being dependent on the specific Cry protein and the specific insect gut fluids involved (Ogiwara et al., 1992. J. Invert. Pathol. 60:121-126). This proteolytic activation of a Cry protoxin can play a significant role in determining its specificity 
     Many successful attempts to create hybrid Cry proteins have been disclosed in the literature. For example, the silk moth ( Bombyx mori ) specificity domain from a Cry1Aa protein was moved to a Cry1Ac protein, thus imparting a new insecticidal activity to the resulting Cry1Aa-Cry1Ac chimeric protein (Ge et al. 1989, PNAS 86: 4037 4041). Thompson et al. 1996 and 1997 (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,527,883 and 5,593,881) replaced the protoxin tail region of a wild-type Cry1F protein and Cry1C protein with the protoxin tail region of a Cry1Ab protein to make a Cry1F-Cry1Ab hybrid Cry protein and a Cry1C-Cry1Ab hybrid Cry protein, both having improved expression in certain expression host cells. Bosch et al. 1998 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,131), created new lepidopteran-active proteins by substituting domain III of a Cry1Ea protein and a Cry1Ab protein with domain III of Cry1Ca protein thus producing a Cry1E-Cry1C hybrid Cry protein called G27 and a Cry1Ab-Cry1C hybrid Cry protein called H04, both of which have a broader spectrum of lepidopteran activity than the wild-type Cry protein parent molecules. Malvar et al. 2001 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,241) combined domain I of a Cry1Ac protein with domains II and III and the protoxin tail of a Cry1F protein to create a Cry1Ac-Cry1F hybrid Cry protein with broader insecticidal activity than the parental wild-type Cry proteins. Bogdanova et al. 2011 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,034,997) combined domains I and II of a Cry1Ab protein with domain III of a Cry1Fa protein and added a Cry1Ac protein protoxin tail to create a new lepidopteran-active hybrid Cry protein called Cry1A.105. And, Hart et al. 2012 (U.S. Pat. No. 8,309,516) combined domains I and II of a modified Cry3A protein with domain III of a Cry1Ab protein and added a portion of a Cry1Ab protein protoxin tail to create a coleopteran-active hybrid Cry protein called FR8a (also called eCry3.1Ab). Most of the reported hybrid Cry proteins to date have used all or parts of the same classes of wild-type Cry proteins, such as Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1C, Cry1F and Cry3A. 
     Several wild-type Cry proteins, for example Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1C, Cry1F, Cry2A, Cry2Ba, Cry3A, Cry3B, Cry9C and Cry34-Cry35, as well as vegetative insecticidal proteins, such as Vip3A (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,012), have been expressed in transgenic crop plants, including corn, cotton, rice and soybean, some of which have been exploited commercially to control certain lepidopteran and coleopteran insect pests since as early as 1996. More recently, transgenic crop products, e.g. corn, containing engineered Cry proteins having one or more amino acids substituted, deleted or inserted, for example modified Cry3A (mCry3A; U.S. Pat. No. 7,230,167), and hybrid Cry proteins, for example, eCry3.1Ab and Cry1A.105 described above, have been introduced commercially. 
     The increasing use of recombinant DNA technology to produce transgenic plants for commercial and industrial use requires the development of diagnostic methods of analyzing transgenic plant lines. Such methods are needed to maintain transgenic plant varieties through successive generations of breeding, to monitor the presence of transgenic plants or plant parts in the environment or in biological samples derived from the transgenic plants, and to assist in the rapid creation and development of new transgenic plants with desirable or optimal phenotypes. Moreover, current guidelines for the safety assessment of transgenic plants from many countries&#39; regulatory agencies requires characterization at the DNA and protein level to obtain and maintain regulatory approval. The increasing complexity of the genes and proteins stacked into a transgenic plant as described above make specific detection and quantitation of any one target protein within the complex mixture difficult, particularly when the stacked transgenic proteins are similar to each other, or similar to wild-type non-transgenic proteins in the environment, or similar to non-transgenic proteins endogenous to the transgenic plant. 
     Immunoassay is the current preferred method in the agricultural industry for detection and quantification of proteins introduced through genetic modification of plants. The crucial component of an immunoassay is an antibody with specificity for the target protein (antigen). Immunoassays can be highly specific and samples often need only a simple preparation before being analyzed. Moreover, immunoassays can be used qualitatively or quantitatively over a wide range of concentrations. Typically, immunoassays require separate tests for each protein of interest. The antibodies can be polyclonal, raised in animals, or monoclonal, produced by cell cultures. By their nature, a mixture of polyclonal antibodies will have multiple recognition epitopes, which can increase sensitivity, but it is also likely to reduce specificity, as the chances of sequence and structural homology with other proteins increases with the number of different antibody paratopes present. Monoclonal antibodies offer some advantages over polyclonal antibodies because they express uniform affinity and specificity against a single epitope or antigenic determinant and can be produced in vast quantities. However, there are intrinsic properties of all antibodies that limit their use for more demanding applications, such as differential detection and quantitation of single transgenic proteins in complex mixtures or similar transgenic or endogenous proteins. In addition, both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies may require further purification steps to enhance the sensitivity and reduce backgrounds in assays. 
     Due to their limitations for use under certain conditions, an alternative to antibodies was developed using an evolved OB-fold protein (Pecorari and Alzari, 2016. U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,548). OB-fold proteins are any protein with an OB-fold topology as described by Murzin (1993, EMBO J. 12:861-867) and Arcus (2002, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 12:794-801). For example, the OB-fold protein Sac7d, which is known to bind to DNA molecules in its native form, was evolved in vitro and shown by Pecorari and Alzari supra., to bind to proteins with high specificity and affinity Reengineering the natural binding site of Sac7d by randomization of the residues exposed to the solvent allows for the creation of libraries of so called Nanofitin® variants (Affilogic, Nantes, France) from the wild-type Sac7d proteins. These Nanofitin® variants have been shown to be useful as therapeutics. 
     Currently, making a valid identification of a transgenic plant product containing a transgenic protein or quantitating a transgenic protein in a commercial crop product depends on the accuracy of the immunoassay. Development of a successful immunoassay depends on certain characteristics of the antigen used for development of the antibody, i.e. size, hydrophobicity and the tertiary structure of the antigen and the quality and accuracy of the antibody. The specificity of antibodies must be checked carefully to elucidate any cross-reactivity with similar substances, which might cause false positive results. A current problem in the industry is that many of the antibodies in commercially available tests kits do not differentiate between similar transgenic proteins in various products or transgenic proteins from wild-type proteins, making differential product identification and quantitation difficult or impossible. For example, with many current commercial transgenic crop products using one or more of the same wild-type Cry proteins, for example Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1F and Cry3, and with the introduction of crops expressing hybrid Cry proteins made of whole or parts of the same wild-type Cry proteins that are already in transgenic crop products, there is a continuing need to develop new and improved diagnostic methods to be able to distinguish wild-type Cry proteins from each other and from a hybrid Cry protein containing all or portions of that same wild-type Cry protein when they are together in complex biological samples, such as samples from transgenic plants, transgenic plant parts or transgenic microorganisms. Although non-antibody protein scaffolds show promise as ligands for use in biomedical therapeutics, it is not clear whether they can have functional utility in aiding to differentially detect highly similar transgenic insecticidal proteins in such a complex biological matrix as a transgenic plant or a sample from a transgenic plant. 
     SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present invention addresses the need for new and improved diagnostic methods by providing compositions useful in specific detection and differentiation of transgenic proteins. More particularly, the invention provides compositions, methods, assays and kits to specifically detect and differentiate transgenic wild-type insecticidal proteins from each other and from engineered hybrid proteins comprising all or part of a wild-type protein amino acid sequence in complex biological samples comprising both the wild-type protein and the hybrid protein, such as in transgenic plants, transgenic plant parts, or transgenic bacteria. 
     According to some aspects, the invention provides a synthetic non-antibody protein scaffold (synNAPS), or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to an insecticidal protein. Such synNAPS are useful for differential and specific detection or quantitation of a target transgenic insecticidal protein when the target protein is in the presence of one or more non-target transgenic insecticidal proteins. 
     In other aspects, the invention provides a synthetic non-antibody protein scaffold (synNAPS), or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, having a differential binding affinity to a target transgenic insecticidal protein when said target protein is in the presence of one or more non-target transgenic insecticidal proteins, wherein the target protein a) has at least 70% to at least 95% sequence identity across its entire length to one or more of the non-target proteins; or b) comprises a region that has at least 25% to at least 95% sequence identity to a region of one or more of the non-target proteins. 
     In other aspects, a synNAPS of the invention binds to or differentially detects or quantitates an insecticidal protein having an amino acid sequence that comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:1-7. In other aspects, the synNAPS has an amino acid sequence that comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:10-17, 19, 21, 24-31, 33 or 35. 
     In still other aspects of the invention, an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS of the invention has from at least 80% to at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:21 and wherein the amino acid sequence that has from at least 80% to at least 99% sequence identity to (a) SEQ ID NO:10 has a Tro (W) at a position corresponding to or at position 22 of SEQ ID NO:10, a Ser (S) at a position corresponding to or at position 29 of SEQ ID NO:10, a Tyr (Y) at a position corresponding to or at position 31 of SEQ ID NO:10 and a Arg (R) at a position corresponding to or at position 44 of SEQ ID NO:10; or (b) SEQ ID NO:17 has an Ile (I) at a position corresponding to or at position 29 of SEQ ID NO:17 and a Phe (F) at a position corresponding to or at position 42 of SEQ ID NO:17; or (c) SEQ ID NO:21 has a His (H) at a position corresponding to or at position 22 of SEQ ID NO:21, a Arg (R) at a position corresponding to or at position 31 of SEQ ID NO:21, a Leu (L) at a position corresponding to or at a position corresponding to or at position 40 of SEQ ID NO:21 and a Tyr (Y) at a position corresponding to or at position 44 of SEQ ID NO:21. In further aspects, the synNAPS has an amino acid sequence that comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:56-59, 61-63, 66, 67, 69-75, 77-79, 81-86, 88-90, 92 or 95. 
     In some aspects, the invention provides an antigen-binding fragment of a synNAPS of the invention. In other aspects, the antigen-binding fragment comprises at least about 14 to at least about 65 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs: 9-36. In other aspects, the antigen-binding fragment comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:96-98. In still other aspects, an antigen-binding fragment of a synNAPS of the invention comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:42-55. 
     In certain embodiments of the above described aspects of the invention, the target protein is a Cry1A protein, a mCry3A protein, an eCry3.1Ab protein or a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein. 
     In other embodiments of the above described aspects, the one or more non-target proteins are selected from the group consisting of a Cry1A protein, a Cry1B protein, a Cry1F protein Cry1I protein, a Cry1J protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain III of a Cry1F protein, a modified Cry3A protein, a hybrid Cry3 protein comprising domain III of a Cry1Ab protein, and a Vip3 protein. 
     In other embodiments of the above described aspects of the invention, the target protein is a Cry1A protein, a mCry3A protein, an eCry3.1Ab protein or a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein and the one or more non-target proteins are selected from the group consisting of a Cry1A protein, a Cry1B protein, a Cry1F protein Cry1I protein, a Cry1J protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain III of a Cry1F protein, a modified Cry3A protein, a hybrid Cry3 protein comprising domain III of a Cry1Ab protein, and a Vip3 protein. In some embodiments, the Cry1A protein is a Cry1Aa, a Cry1Ab or a Cry1Ai. In other embodiments the hybrid Cry protein is a Cry1Ab.1Ca protein or a Cry1A.105 protein. 
     In still other embodiments of the above described aspects, the target protein is a) a Cry1Ab and the non-target proteins include a mCry3A or an eCry3.1Ab; orb) is an mCry3A and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Ab or an eCry3.1Ab; or c) is an eCry3.1Ab and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Ab or an mCry3A; or d) is a Cry1Ab or a Cry1Ab.1Ca and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ai; or e) is a Cry1Ab or a Cry1Ai protein and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ab.1C; or f) is a Cry1Ab, a Cry1Ai or a Cry1Ab.Cry1C protein and the non-target protein is a Cry1Aa; or g) is a Cry1Ab protein or a Cry1Ab.Cry1C protein and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ai protein; or h) is a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ai protein and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Ab protein or a Cry1Ab.1Ca protein. 
     In still other embodiments of the above described aspects of the invention, wherein the Cry1Ab protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1, the mCry3A protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, the eCry3.1Ab protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:3, the Cry1Aa protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:4, the Cry1Ai protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:5, the Cry1Ab.1Ca protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:6 or the Cry1A.105 protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:7. 
     In another embodiment of the above described aspects, the synNAPS that binds specifically to Cry1Ab in the presence of mCry3A or eCry3.1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:10 SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:13. In another embodiment, the synNAPS that binds specifically to the mCry3A protein in the presence of Cry1Ab and eCry3.1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16 or SEQ ID NO:17. In another embodiment, the synNAPS that binds specifically to eCry3.1Ab in the presence of Cry1Ab and mCry3A comprises SEQ ID NO:21. In another embodiment, the synNAPS that binds to Cry1Ab or Cry1Ab.1Ca in the presence of Cry1Aa or Cry1Ai comprises SEQ ID NO:13. In another embodiment, the synNAPS that binds to eCry3.1Ab or mCry3A or Cry1Ai or Cry1Aa in the presence of Cry1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:19. 
     In other embodiments of the above described aspects, the target protein and the non-target protein are in a biological sample from a transgenic plant or a transgenic microorganism. In one aspect of this embodiment, the transgenic plant is a corn plant, a soybean plant, a cotton plant, a canola plant, a wheat plant or a rice plant. In another aspect, the transgenic microorganism is a bacteria, yeast or virus. In still another aspect, the transgenic bacteria is  E. coli, Psuedomonas  sp. or  Bacillus  sp. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding a synNAPS of the invention. In some embodiments of this aspect, the invention further provides a transgenic organism comprising the nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the transgenic organism is a transgenic plant or a transgenic microorganism. In other embodiments, the transgenic plant is a corn plant, a soybean plant, a cotton plant, a canola plant, a wheat plant or a rice plant. In still other embodiments of this aspect, the microorganism is a bacteria, yeast or virus. In other embodiments, the bacteria is  E. coli, Pseudomonas  sp. or  Bacillus  sp. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising a first synNAPS of the invention and a second ligand, wherein the synNAPS and the second ligand function together in an immunoassay of a biological sample comprising a target protein and a non-target protein differentially detect or quantitate the target protein. In other aspects, the non-target protein comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. 
     In another aspect, the invention provides a diagnostic kit for differentially detecting a target insecticidal protein in a complex biological matrix which comprises the target insecticidal protein and a non-target insecticidal protein, wherein the kit comprises a first synNAPS of the invention and a second ligand different from the first synNAPS that function together in an immunoassay to differentially detect or quantitate the target insecticidal protein. In other aspects, the non-target protein comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. 
     According to other aspects of the invention there is provided methods for differentially detecting or quantitating a target insecticidal protein in a biological sample comprising the target protein and a non-target insecticidal protein, the method comprising (a) obtaining a biological sample comprising the target insecticidal protein and the non-target insecticidal protein; (b) performing an immunoassay on the biological sample, wherein the immunoassay comprises use of a first synNAPS of the invention and a second ligand different from the first synNAPS that function together in the immunoassay to differentially detect or quantitate the target insecticidal protein and not the non-target insecticidal protein, resulting in the differential detection or quantitation of the target insecticidal protein. In other aspects, the non-target protein comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. In other aspects, the second ligand is an antibody or a synNAPS of the invention. 
     According to another aspect, the invention provides an immunoassay method to differentially detect or quantitate a target insecticidal protein in a biological sample comprising the target protein and a non-target insecticidal protein, the method comprising: (a) coating a first solid surface with a first synNAPS of the invention that binds the target protein but does not bind the non-target protein and coating a second solid surface with a second binding protein that binds the non-target protein; (b) contacting the biological sample with the synNAPS under conditions effective to allow the formation of a target protein-synNAPS complex but does not allow the formation of a non-target protein-synNAPS complex, resulting in a target protein-depleted biological sample; (c) removing the target protein-depleted biological sample and contacting the target protein-depleted biological sample with the second binding protein under conditions effective to allow the formation of a non-target protein-second binding protein complex; (d) detecting or quantitating the target protein complex on the first solid surface; and (e) detecting or quantitating the non-target protein on the second solid surface. In other aspects, the non-target protein comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence 
     In some embodiments of the above described aspects, the immunoassay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a Western blot, immunochromatography or immunolocaliztion. In one aspect of this embodiment, the immunoassay is carried out on a solid surface. In another aspect, the solid surface is a mictrotiter dish. In another aspect of this embodiment, the second ligand is an antibody or a second synNAPS different from the first synNAPS. In another aspect of this embodiment, the first synNAPS is used as a coating ligand and the second ligand is used as a detecting ligand. In another aspect of this embodiment, the first synNAPS is used as a detecting ligand and the second ligand is used as a coating ligand. 
     In some embodiments of the above described aspects of the invention, the biological sample is a transgenic plant sample. In some aspects of this embodiment, the transgenic plant is a transgenic corn plant. In other aspects, the transgenic corn plant comprises a transgenic corn event selected from the group consisting of event Bt11, event MIR604, event 5307, event MON89034 and event MON810. In other aspects, the transgenic corn plant comprises event Bt11, MIR604, event 5307 and optionally event MON89034. In other aspects, biological sample comprises a Cry1Ab protein from event Bt11, a mCry3A from MIR604, and an eCry3.1Ab hybrid Cry protein from event 5307. In still other aspects, the Cry1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:1, the eCry3.1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:2, and the mCry3A comprises SEQ ID NO:3. In other aspects, the biological sample further comprises a Cry1A.105 hybrid Cry protein from event MON89034. In still other aspects, the Cry1A.105 comprises SEQ ID NO:7. 
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES IN THE SEQUENCE LISTING 
     SEQ ID NO:1 is an amino acid sequence of a Cry1Ab insecticidal protein.
 
SEQ ID NO:2 is an amino acid sequence of an eCry3.1Ab hybrid insecticidal protein.
 
SEQ ID NO:3 is an amino acid sequence of a mCry3A insecticidal protein.
 
SEQ ID NO:4 is an amino acid sequence of a Cry1Aa insecticidal protein.
 
SEQ ID NO:5 is an amino acid sequence of an Cry1Ai insecticidal protein.
 
SEQ ID NO:6 is an amino acid sequence of a Cry1Ab.1Ca insecticidal protein.
 
SEQ ID NO:7 is an amino acid sequence of an Cry1A.105 insecticidal protein.
 
SEQ ID NO:8 is an amino acid sequence of a Sac7d wild type ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:9 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-1 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:10 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-2 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:11 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-3 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:12 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-4 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:13 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-5 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:14 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-6 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:15 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-7 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:16 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-8 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:17 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-9 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:18 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-10 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:19 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-11 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:20 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-12 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:21 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-13 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:22 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-14 ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:23 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-1tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:24 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-2tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:25 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-3tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:26 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-4tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:27 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-5tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:28 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-6tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:29 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-7tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:30 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-8tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:31 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-9tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:32 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-10tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:33 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-11tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:34 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-12tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:35 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-13tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO:36 is an amino acid sequence of a synNAPS-14tag ligand.
 
SEQ ID NO;37 is an amino acid sequence of a His-tag of the invention.
 
SEQ ID NO:38 is an amino acid sequence of an avidin-tag of the invention.
 
SEQ ID NO:39 is a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:24.
 
SEQ ID NO:40 is a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:31.
 
SEQ ID NO:41 is a nucleotide sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:35.
 
SEQ ID NO:42 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS1.
 
SEQ ID NO:43 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS2.
 
SEQ ID NO:44 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS3.
 
SEQ ID NO:45 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS4.
 
SEQ ID NO:46 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS5.
 
SEQ ID NO:47 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS6.
 
SEQ ID NO:48 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS7.
 
SEQ ID NO:49 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS8.
 
SEQ ID NO:50 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS9.
 
SEQ ID NO:51 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS10.
 
SEQ ID NO:52 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS11.
 
SEQ ID NO:53 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS12.
 
SEQ ID NO:54 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS13.
 
SEQ ID NO:55 is an amino acid sequence of an antigen-binding fragment of synNAPS14.
 
SEQ ID NOs:56-69 are amino acid sequences of synNAPS2 variants.
 
SEQ ID NOs:70-82 are amino acid sequences of synNAPS9 variants.
 
SEQ ID NOs:83-95 are amino acid sequences of synNAPS13 variants.
 
SEQ ID NO:96 is a consensus sequence of a synNAPS2 antigen-binding fragment.
 
SEQ ID NO:97 is a consensus sequence of a synNAPS9 antigen-binding fragment.
 
SEQ ID NO:98 is a consensus sequence of a synNAPS13 antigen-binding fragment.
 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     This description is not intended to be a detailed catalog of all the different ways in which the invention may be implemented, or all the features that may be added to the instant invention. For example, features illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be incorporated into other embodiments, and features illustrated with respect to a particular embodiment may be deleted from that embodiment. Thus, the invention contemplates that in some embodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted. In addition, numerous variations and additions to the various embodiments suggested herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the instant disclosure, which do not depart from the instant invention. Hence, the following descriptions are intended to illustrate some particular embodiments of the invention, and not to exhaustively specify all permutations, combinations and variations thereof. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used in the description of the invention and in the appended claims have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. 
     Nucleotide sequences provided herein are presented in the 5′ to 3′ direction, from left to right and are presented using the standard code for representing nucleotide bases as set forth in 37 CFR §§ 1.821-1.825 and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Standard ST.25, for example: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and guanine (G). 
     Amino acids are likewise indicated using the WIPO Standard ST.25, for example: alanine (Ala; A), arginine (Arg; R), asparagine (Asn; N), aspartic acid (Asp; D), cysteine (Cys; C), glutamine (Gln; Q), glutamic acid (Glu; E), glycine (Gly; G), histidine (His; H), isoleucine (Ile; 1), leucine (Leu; L), lysine (Lys; K), methionine (Met; M), phenylalanine (Phe; F), proline (Pro; P), serine (Ser; S), threonine (Thr; T), tryptophan (Trp; W), tyrosine (Tyr; Y), and valine (Val; V). 
     Definitions 
     As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “and,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a plant” is a reference to one or more plants and includes equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. As used herein, the word “or” means any one member of a particular list and also includes any combination of members of that list (i.e., includes also “and”). 
     The term “about” is used herein to mean approximately, roughly, around, or in the region of. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of 20 percent, preferably 10 percent up or down (higher or lower). With regard to a temperature the term “about” means±1° C., preferably ±0.5° C. Where the term “about” is used in the context of this invention (e.g., in combinations with temperature or molecular weight values) the exact value (i.e., without “about”) is preferred. 
     The term “antibody”, as used herein, broadly refers to any immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule comprised of four polypeptide chains, two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains, or any functional fragment, mutant, variant, or derivation thereof, which retains the essential epitope binding features of an Ig molecule. Such mutant, variant, or derivative antibody formats are known in the art. 
     The term “antigen” as used herein means a protein that comprises an epitope that can be recognized and bound by a ligand, such as a synNAPS of the present invention or an antibody. 
     As used herein, the term “antigen-binding site” or “paratope” refers to the part(s) of a ligand of the invention that binds to and is complementary to all or part of a target protein antigen. In a synNAPS peptide it is referred to as the synNAPS antigen-binding site, and comprises the part of the synNAPS that binds to and is complementary to all or part of the target protein antigen. Where a target protein is large, a synNAPS of the invention may only bind to a particular part of the target protein, which part is termed an epitope. 
     The terms “comprises” or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components or groups thereof. 
     As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of (and grammatical variants) means that the scope of a claim is to be interpreted to encompass the specified materials or steps recited in the claim” and those that do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristic(s)” of the claimed invention. Thus, the term “consisting essentially of” when used in a claim of this invention is not intended to be interpreted to be equivalent to “comprising.” 
     The term “contacting” refers to a combining action that brings a ligand of the invention into contact with the biological sample and more particularly to a combining action which brings the ligand into contact with a transgenic protein of the invention in a manner that a binding interaction will occur between the ligand and the transgenic protein present in the biological sample. 
     The term “cross-reactivity” refers to the ability of a ligand to bind to multiple proteins. Such proteins may be target and non-target proteins. 
     The term “Cry protein” as used herein refers to an insecticidal protein that is a globular protein molecule which under native conditions accumulates as a protoxin in crystalline form during sporulation phase of a  Bacillus  sp., for example  Bacillus thuringiensis , growth cycle. The terms “Cry toxin” and “delta-endotoxin” can be used interchangeably with the term “Cry protein.” Current nomenclature for Cry proteins and gene that encode the Cry proteins is based upon amino acid sequence homology (Crickmore et al. (1998) Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:807-813). In this art-recognized classification, each Cry protein is assigned a unique name incorporating a primary rank (an Arabic number), a secondary rank (an uppercase letter), a tertiary rank (a lowercase letter), and a quaternary rank (another Arabic number). For example, according to Crickmoe et al., two Cry proteins with &lt;45% homology would be assigned a unique primary rank, e.g. Cry1 and Cry2. Two Cry proteins with &gt;45% but &lt;70% homology would receive the same primary rank but would be assigned a different secondary rank, e.g. Cry1A and Cry1B. Two Cry proteins with 70% to 95% homology would be assigned the same primary and secondary rank but would be assigned a different tertiary rank, e.g. Cry1Aa and Cry1Ab. And two Cry proteins with &gt;95% but &lt;100% homology would be assigned the same primary, secondary and tertiary rank, but would be assigned a different quaternary rank, e.g. Cry1Ab1 and Cry1Ab2. 
     A “Cry1Ab protein” as used herein means an insecticidal crystal protein derived from  Bacillus thuringiensis , whether naturally occurring or synthetic, comprising an amino acid sequence that has at least 96% identity to the holotype Cry1Ab amino acid sequence according to Crickmore et al. (supra), and disclosed at the internet website “lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/” as Accession No. AAA22330. Examples of Cry1Ab proteins (with accession numbers) include without limitation, Cry1Ab1 (AAA22330), Cry1Ab2 (AAA22613), Cry1Ab3 (AAA22561), Cry1Ab4 (BAA00071), Cry1Ab5 (CAA28405), Cry1Ab6 (AAA22420), Cry1Ab7 (CAA31620), Cry1Ab8 (AAA22551), Cry1Ab9 (CAA38701), Cry1Ab10 (A29125), Cry1Ab11 (112419), Cry1Ab12 (AAC64003), Cry1Ab13 (AAN76494), Cry1Ab14 (AAG16877), Cry1Ab15 (AA013302), Cry1Ab16 (AAK55546), Cry1Ab17 (AAT46415), Cry1Ab18 (AAQ88259), Cry1Ab19 (AAW31761), Cry1Ab20 (ABB72460), Cry1Ab21 (ABS18384), Cry1Ab22 (ABW87320), Cry1Ab23 (HQ439777), Cry1Ab24 (HQ439778), Cry1Ab25 (HQ685122), Cry1Ab26 (HQ847729), Cry1Ab27 (JN135249), Cry1Ab28 (JN135250), Cry1Ab29 (JN135251), Cry1Ab30 (JN135252), Cry1Ab31 (JN135253), Cry1Ab32 (JN135254), Cry1Ab33 (AAS93798), Cry1Ab34 (KC156668), Cry1Ab35 (KT692985), and Cry1Ab36 (KY440260). 
     The term “Cry3” as used herein refers to insecticidal proteins that share a high degree of sequence identity or similarity to previously described sequences categorized as Cry3 according to Crickmore et al. (supra), examples of which are disclosed at the internet website “lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/” and include (with accession numbers), Cry3Aa1 (AAA22336), Cry3Aa2 (AAA22541), Cry3Aa3 (Caa68482), Cry3Aa4 (AAA22542), Cry3Aa5 (AAA50255), Cry3Aa6 (AAC43266), Cry3Aa7 (CAB41411), Cry3Aa8 (AAS79487), Cry3Aa9 (AAW05659), Cry3Aa10 (AAU29411), Cry3Aa11 (AAW82872), Cry3Aa12 (ABY49136), Cry3Ba1 (CAA34983), Cry3Ba2 (CAA00645), Cry3Ba3 (JQ397327), Cry3Bb1 (AAA22334), Cry3Bb2 (AAA74198), Cry3Bb3 (115475), and Cry3Ca1 (CAA42469). A Cry3 protein that has been engineered by inserting, substituting or deleting amino acids is referred to herein as a “modified Cry3 protein” or “mCry3 protein.” Such “modified Cry3 proteins” typically have enhanced activity against certain insect pests, e.g. corn rootworm ( Diabrotica  sp.), compared to a wild-type Cry3 protein from which the “modified Cry3 protein” is derived. An example of a “modified Cry3 protein” is the “mCry3A” represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3. Other examples of “modified Cry3” proteins include without limitation the “mCry3A proteins” disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,247,369, the “mCry3A proteins” disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,109,231, and the “mCry3B proteins” disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,594. 
     The term “eCry3.1Ab” refers to an engineered hybrid insecticidal protein comprising in an N-terminus to C-terminus direction an N-terminal region of a Cry3A protein fused to a C-terminal region of a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ab protein as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,309,516. An example of an “eCry3.1Ab protein” is represented by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. 
     As used herein, the term “differential binding affinity” refers to the binding properties of a ligand, for example a synNAPS of the invention, in which the ligand binds to a target transgenic protein when the target transgenic protein is in the presence of one or more non-target transgenic proteins, and does not bind to the one or more non-target transgenic proteins. For example, a synNAPS ligand of the invention may differentially bind to a target Cry1Ab transgenic insecticidal protein when the Cry1Ab transgenic protein is in the presence of one or more non-target transgenic proteins, including an eCry3.1Ab insecticidal protein or a mCry3A insecticidal protein. Or, for another example, a different synNAPS ligand of the invention may differentially bind to a target eCry3.1Ab transgenic protein when the eCry3.1Ab transgenic protein is in the presence of one or more non-target transgenic proteins including Cry1Ab or mCry3A. 
     As used herein the term transgenic “event” refers to a recombinant plant produced by transformation and regeneration of a single plant cell with heterologous DNA, for example, an expression cassette that includes a gene of interest. The term “event” refers to the original transformant and/or progeny of the transformant that include the heterologous DNA. The term “event” also refers to progeny produced by a sexual outcross between the transformant and another plant line, whether transgenic or non-transgenic. Even after repeated backcrossing to a recurrent parent, the inserted DNA and the flanking DNA from the transformed parent is present in the progeny of the cross at the same chromosomal location. Normally, transformation of plant tissue produces multiple events, each of which represent insertion of a DNA construct into a different location in the genome of a plant cell. Based on the expression of the transgene or other desirable characteristics, a particular event is selected. Non-limiting examples of such transgenic events include “event Bt11” (also Bt11 event or just Bt11), “event 5307” (also 5307 event or just 5307), “event MIR162 (also MIR162 event or just MIR162), “event MIR604” (also MIR604 event or just MIR604), “event MON810” (also MON810 event or just MON810) and “event MON89034” (also MON89034 event or just MON89034. Thus for example, the term “event Bt11”, “Bt11 event” or “Bt11” as used herein means the original Bt11 transformant and/or progeny of the Bt11 transformant, including any plant derived therefrom. 
     As used herein the term “hybrid Cry protein” is an engineered insecticidal protein that does not exist in nature and that comprises a portion of a first Cry protein and another portion of a second Cry portion different from the first Cry protein. Typically, a “hybrid Cry protein” will comprise at least a contiguous 27% of a parent Cry protein&#39;s amino acid sequence (either the first Cry protein or the second Cry protein). The 27% number is calculated by dividing the number of contiguous parent Cry protein amino acids in the hybrid Cry protein divided by the total number of amino acids in the hybrid Cry protein. For example, the hybrid Cry protein, eCry3.1Ab (SEQ ID NO:2) has 174 Cry1Ab amino acids (positions 480-653) and a total of 653 amino acids. Therefore, eCry3A.1Ab has at least a contiguous 27% of a Cry1Ab protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. Other examples of a hybrid Cry protein according to the present invention is represented by SEQ ID NO:6 and SEQ ID NO:7. 
     The term “isolated” nucleic acid molecule, polynucleotide or polypeptide is a nucleic acid molecule, polynucleotide or polypeptide that no longer exists in its natural environment. An isolated nucleic acid molecule, polynucleotide or polypeptide of the invention may exist in a purified form or may exist in a recombinant host such as in a transgenic bacterial cell or a transgenic plant. Thus, an “isolated polypeptide” encompasses a polypeptide that is expressed within a transgenic plant. 
     A “plant” is any plant at any stage of development, particularly a seed plant. 
     A “plant cell” is a structural and physiological unit of a plant, comprising a protoplast and a cell wall. The plant cell may be in the form of an isolated single cell or a cultured cell, or as a part of a higher organized unit such as, for example, plant tissue, a plant organ, or a whole plant. 
     “Plant cell culture” means cultures of plant units such as, for example, protoplasts, cell culture cells, cells in plant tissues, pollen, pollen tubes, ovules, embryo sacs, zygotes and embryos at various stages of development. 
     “Plant material” refers to leaves, stems, roots, flowers or flower parts, fruits, pollen, egg cells, zygotes, seeds, cuttings, cell or tissue cultures, or any other part or product of a plant. 
     A “plant organ” is a distinct and visibly structured and differentiated part of a plant such as a root, stem, leaf, flower bud, or embryo. 
     “Plant tissue” as used herein means a group of plant cells organized into a structural and functional unit. Any tissue of a plant in planta or in culture is included. This term includes, but is not limited to, whole plants, plant organs, plant seeds, tissue culture and any groups of plant cells organized into structural and/or functional units. The use of this term in conjunction with, or in the absence of, any specific type of plant tissue as listed above or otherwise embraced by this definition is not intended to be exclusive of any other type of plant tissue 
     “Highly related insecticidal proteins” as used herein refers to proteins that have at least 95% overall sequence identity or that have motifs in common that have at least 80% sequence identity. Examples of insecticidal proteins that are “highly related” include Cry1Ab (SEQ ID NO:1) and eCry3.1Ab (SEQ ID NO:3), that have a motif in common that has at least 80% sequence identity, and eCry3.1Ab (SEQ ID NO:3) and mCry3A (SEQ ID NO:2) that have a motif that has at least 80% sequence identity. 
     The term “gene stack” or “protein stack” refers to the introduction of two or more genes into the genome of an organism or the presence of two or more transgenic proteins in a transgenic organism. For example, it may be desirable to stack several genes, such as Cry1Ab, Vip3, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab, in a corn plant so that the transgenic corn plant is protected from a broad spectrum of insect pests due to the production of the stacked proteins. 
     The term “identical” or “substantially identical,” in the context of two nucleic acid or protein sequences, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that have at least 60%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90, even more preferably 95%, and most preferably at least 99% nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. Preferably, the substantial identity exists over a region of the sequences that is at least about 50 residues in length, more preferably over a region of at least about 100 residues, and most preferably the sequences are substantially identical over at least about 150 residues. In an especially preferred embodiment, the sequences are substantially identical over the entire length of the coding regions. Furthermore, substantially identical nucleic acid or protein sequences perform substantially the same function. 
     For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. 
     Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith &amp; Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman &amp; Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson &amp; Lipman, Proc. Nat&#39;l. Acad Sci. USA 85: 2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by visual inspection (see generally, Ausubel et al., infra). 
     One example of an algorithm that is suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity is the BLAST algorithm, which is described in Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990). Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Md. 20894 USA). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., 1990). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always&gt;0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always&lt;0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value, the cumulative score goes to zero or below due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments, or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff &amp; Henikoff, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89: 10915 (1989)). 
     In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin &amp; Altschul, Proc. Nat&#39;l. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5787 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a test nucleic acid sequence is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid sequence to the reference nucleic acid sequence is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001. 
     Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. The phrase “hybridizing specifically to” refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a molecule only to a particular nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions when that sequence is present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular) DNA or RNA. “Bind(s) substantially” refers to complementary hybridization between a probe nucleic acid and a target nucleic acid and embraces minor mismatches that can be accommodated by reducing the stringency of the hybridization media to achieve the desired detection of the target nucleic acid sequence. 
     “Stringent hybridization conditions” and “stringent hybridization wash conditions” in the context of nucleic acid hybridization experiments such as Southern and Northern hybridizations are sequence dependent, and are different under different environmental parameters. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen (1993) Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes part I chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays” Elsevier, New York. Generally, highly stringent hybridization and wash conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. Typically, under “stringent conditions” a probe will hybridize to its target subsequence, but not to other sequences. 
     The T m  is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Very stringent conditions are selected to be equal to the T m  for a particular probe. An example of stringent hybridization conditions for hybridization of complementary nucleic acids which have more than 100 complementary residues on a filter in a Southern or northern blot is 50% formamide with 1 mg of heparin at 42° C., with the hybridization being carried out overnight. An example of highly stringent wash conditions is 0.15M NaCl at 72° C. for about 15 minutes. An example of stringent wash conditions is a 0.2×SSC wash at 65° C. for 15 minutes (see, Sambrook, infra, for a description of SSC buffer). Often, a high stringency wash is preceded by a low stringency wash to remove background probe signal. An example medium stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is 1×SSC at 45° C. for 15 minutes. An example low stringency wash for a duplex of, e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, is 4-6×SSC at 40° C. for 15 minutes. For short probes (e.g., about 10 to 50 nucleotides), stringent conditions typically involve salt concentrations of less than about 1.0 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3, and the temperature is typically at least about 30° C. Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. In general, a signal to noise ratio of 2× (or higher) than that observed for an unrelated probe in the particular hybridization assay indicates detection of a specific hybridization. Nucleic acids that do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the proteins that they encode are substantially identical. This occurs, e.g., when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code. 
     The following are examples of sets of hybridization/wash conditions that may be used to clone homologous nucleotide sequences that are substantially identical to reference nucleotide sequences of the present invention: a reference nucleotide sequence preferably hybridizes to the reference nucleotide sequence in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., more desirably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., more desirably still in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.5×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., preferably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50° C., more preferably in 7% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.5 M NaPO 4 , 1 mM EDTA at 50° C. with washing in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. 
     A “synthetic non-antibody protein scaffold” or “synNAPS,” is a Nanofitin® (Affilogic, Nantes, France) that binds to an insecticidal protein and can differentially detect and/or quantitate certain target transgenic insecticidal proteins comprised in a complex biological matrix, such as a transgenic plant or part thereof, when the target protein is in the presence of other non-target transgenic proteins, including non-target proteins that are closely related to the target protein. 
     As used herein “variant synNAPS” or “mutant synNAPS” include, but are not limited to, synNAPS containing deletions, additions and/or substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the synNAPS. One class of substitutions is conserved amino acid substitutions in which a given amino acid in a synNAPS polypeptide is substituted for another amino acid of like characteristics. Typical conservative substitutions are replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr; exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu; substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gln; exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg; and replacements among the aromatic residues Phe and Tyr. Guidance concerning which amino acid changes are likely to be phenotypically silent are found in, for example, Bowie et al., Science 247:1306-1310 (1990). A “variant synNAPS” of the invention can be fully functional or can lack function in one or more activities, e.g. ability to bind another molecule. Fully functional variants typically contain only conservative variations or variations in non-critical residues or in non-critical regions. Functional variants can also contain substitution of similar amino acids that result in no change or an insignificant change in function. Alternatively, such substitutions may positively or negatively affect function to some degree. Non-functional variants typically contain one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions, inversions, truncations or extensions, or a substitution, insertion, inversion, or deletion of a critical residue or in a critical region. Methods useful for the identification of residues or regions of a synNAPS of the invention that may be required for binding to an insecticidal protein antigen are known in the art, for example site-directed mutagenesis or single sequential amino acid substitution mutagenesis. 
     Further substitutions may be introduced at the amino acid locations demonstrating functional sensitivity to the initial substitutions. Alternatively, or additionally, a crystal structure of an antigen-synNAPS complex to identify contact points between the synNAPS and antigen. Such contact residues and neighboring residues may be targeted or eliminated as candidates for substitution. Variants may be screened to determine whether they contain the desired properties. 
     In certain embodiments, a synNAPS provided herein is altered to increase or decrease the extent to which the synNAPS binds to the target insecticidal protein or to extend the synNAPS&#39; spectrum of binding. Such modulation of binding may be accomplished by adding, deleting and/or substituting amino acids in the synNAPS peptide, particularly in the binding region of the synNAPS peptide. 
     A “target protein” as used herein means a protein, typically a transgenic protein, which is intended to be selectively detected and bound by a particular ligand, such as by a synNAPS of the present invention, when the target protein is in a complex biological matrix. 
     As used herein, the term “transgenic protein” means a protein or peptide produced in a non-natural form, location, organism, and the like. Therefore, a “transgenic protein” may be a protein with an amino acid sequence identical to a naturally-occurring protein or it may be a protein having a non-naturally occurring amino acid sequence. For example, a Cry1Ab protein having an amino acid sequence that is identical to a wild-type Cry1Ab protein from  Bacillus thuringiensis , the naturally occurring Cry1Ab-producing organism, is a “transgenic protein” when produced within a transgenic plant or bacteria. 
     A “wild-type Cry1Ab protein” means a naturally occurring Cry1Ab protein or a Cry1Ab protein with minimal amino acid additions or substitutions to a naturally occurring Cry1Ab amino acid sequence and having the same or similar insecticidal activity or spectrum as the naturally occurring Cry1Ab protein. A “wild-type Cry1Ab protein” can be either a full-length protein or the truncated toxin portion thereof. For example, without limitation, wild-type Cry1Ab proteins according to the present invention include the Cry1Ab protein of SEQ ID NO:1. 
     The invention encompasses compositions, methods, assays and kits useful in the specific differential detection of transgenic target proteins, e.g. transgenic insecticidal proteins, which may be wild-type proteins, e.g. insecticidal Cry proteins, or transgenic engineered hybrid proteins, e.g. hybrid insecticidal Cry proteins, which may comprise all or part of a wild-type protein amino acid sequence, in complex biological samples comprising both the target protein and one or more non-target proteins, such as in transgenic plants or transgenic bacteria. Any protein introduced into a plant via transgenic expression technology may be analyzed using compositions and methods of the invention. Proteins suitable for multiplex analysis according to the invention may confer an output trait that renders the transgenic plant superior to its non-transgenic counterpart. Non-limiting examples of desirable traits that may be conferred include herbicide tolerance, tolerance or resistance to insect pests, resistance to environmental stress, enhanced yield, improved nutritional value, improved shelf life, altered oil content, altered oil composition, altered sugar content, altered starch content, production of plant-based pharmaceuticals, production of industrial products (e.g. polyhydroxyalkanoates: macromolecule polyesters considered ideal for replacing petroleum-derived plastics) and potential for bioremediation. Moreover, the expression of one or more transgenic proteins within a single plant species may be analyzed using compositions and methods of the present disclosure. The addition or modulation of two or more genes or desired traits into a single species of interest is known as gene stacking. Furthermore, the expression of one or more transgenic proteins may be analyzed concurrently in the presently disclosed multiplex analyses. 
     Preference for the particular target proteins to be analyzed is at the discretion of the artisan. Such proteins may be, but are not limited to, those from plants, animals, bacteria, yeast, and the like and may be proteins either not found in a non-transformed cell or found in a transformed cell. Particularly suitable proteins that are expressed in transgenic plants are those that confer tolerance to herbicides, insects, or viruses, and genes that provide improved nutritional value, increased yields, drought tolerance, nitrogen utilization, production of useful industrial compounds, processing characteristics of the plant, or potential for bioremediation. Examples of useful proteins include the insecticidal Cry proteins and Vip proteins from  Bacillus thuringiensis , or engineered proteins derived therefrom, for conferring insect resistance, and the 5′-enolpyruvyl-3′-phosphoshikimate synthase (EPSPS) gene and any variant thereof for conferring tolerance to glyphosate herbicides. As is readily understood by those skilled in the art, any protein conferring a desired trait may be expressed in a plant cell using recombinant DNA technology and therefore may be a target protein according to the invention. 
     More particularly, the invention is related to small peptide affinity ligands called synNAPS (synthetic non-antibody protein scaffold) useful for detection, capture, identification or quantification of transgenic insecticidal proteins in complex biological matrices, such as samples from transgenic plants or transgenic microorganisms. The synNAPS of the invention have a variable binding region that have a unique propensity to bind specifically to targeted proteins. synNAPS have similar properties to antibodies in their ability to recognize and bind to specific epitopes of a target protein, however, they are about 20 times smaller than antibodies which provides substantial advantages when used in specific applications. For example, they have greater flexibility to bind to the target protein because their size causes less steric hindrance, they have higher tolerance to changes in temperature and pH conditions and they can contain multi-specificity tags for chemical modification. In addition, synNAPS have been identified that can differentially bind to highly related target insecticidal proteins when the target proteins are in a complex biological matrix comprising both the target protein and non-target proteins. Antibodies were not able to be generated with this differential specificity. The synNAPS ligands were successfully used in immunodetection systems, such as ELISA and Western blot, and in downstream processing systems, such as affinity columns, to detect and quantitate target insecticidal proteins. 
     The invention provides synNAPS, compositions, diagnostic methods and kits useful in carrying out the diagnostic methods that allow for the specific differential detection of highly similar transgenic insecticidal proteins, for example Cry1Ab, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab, in complex biological samples comprising the transgenic insecticidal protein. The current state of the art is such that commercially available immunoassays based on antibodies are not useful in differentially detecting a Cry1Ab protein from a hybrid Cry protein engineered using a significant amount of the Cry1Ab protein&#39;s amino acid sequence when the two proteins are in the same biological sample because there is high cross-reactivity of the antibodies between the two types of proteins. For example, an antibody raised against a wild-type Cry1Ab for use in a Cry1Ab-detecting immunoassay cross reacts with a hybrid Cry protein having as little as 27% of its amino acids derived from the wild-type Cry1Ab protein when the two proteins are in the same biological sample. Therefore, for example, the quantitation of the wild-type Cry1Ab in such a complex biological sample may be confounded by the presence of one or more non-target wild-type Cry proteins or non-target hybrid Cry proteins. Furthermore, using detection of expressed proteins for identity preservation of commercial transgenic plant products comprising a wild-type Cry1Ab and one or more hybrid Cry proteins of the present invention is difficult because of cross-reactivity of antibodies to both the Cry1Ab proteins and the hybrid Cry proteins in the transgenic plant products. The methods and compositions disclosed herein provide a solution to these problems and rely on the differential binding of synNAPS ligands alone or in combination with other synNAPS or with antibodies. For example, a first synNAPS ligand of the invention may be used as the capture ligand to bind and isolate a target insecticidal protein. The bound synNAPS-target protein complex is then detected with a second ligand, which can be a second synNAPS or an antibody, fused to a detectable label. 
     Diagnostic assays of the invention can be carried out in many different formats, examples of which include an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a dipstick format, which is also called a lateral flow stick. In ELISA, the protein antigen-ligand reaction takes place on a solid phase, typically in wells on microtiter plates. Antigen and this first ligand, also called the coating ligand, react and produce a stable complex, which can be visualized by addition of a second ligand, also called the detecting ligand, linked to an enzyme. The first and second ligands may be synNAPS or a combination of synNAPS and antibodies. Addition of a substrate for that enzyme results in a color formation, which can be measured photometrically or recognized by eye. 
     Dipstick formats (lateral flow sticks) typically use paper strips or plastic paddles as support for the capture ligand and this is then the reaction site. The strip/paddle is dipped in vials containing the different biological samples. Each dip is followed by a rinsing step. The final reaction includes a color change in the vial, where the strip/paddle is placed. Recent development of dipstick format has led to lateral flow techniques where reactants are transported through the channels of a membrane by capillary forces. One single step is enough for performing the assay, and controls for reagent performance are included. Ligands specific to the foreign protein are coupled to a color reagent and incorporated into the lateral flow strip. When the lateral flow strip is placed in a small amount of a biological sample, for example an extract from plant tissue, that contains a transgenic protein, binding occurs between the coupled ligand and the transgenic protein. A sandwich is formed with some, but not all the ligand that is coupled to the color reagent. The membrane contains two capture zones, one captures the bound transgenic protein and the other captures color reagent. These capture zones display a reddish color when the sandwich and/or non-reacted colored reagents are captured in the specific zones on the membrane. The presence of a single line (control line) on the membrane indicates a negative sample and the presence of two lines indicates a positive sample. 
     A synNAPS ligand of the invention or an antibody ligand may have a detectable label or tag. Detectable labels suitable for use in the detection ligands of the present invention include any compound or composition having a moiety that is detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical, or chemical means. Such labels include, for example, an enzyme, oligonucleotide, nanoparticle chemiluminophore, fluorophore, fluorescence quencher, chemiluminescence quencher, or biotin. Thus for example, in an immunoassay employing an optical signal, the optical signal is measured as an analyte concentration dependent change in chemiluminescence, fluorescence, phosphorescence, electrochemiluminescence, ultraviolet absorption, visible absorption, infrared absorption, refraction, surface plasmon resonance. In an immunoassay employing an electrical signal, the electrical signal is measured as an analyte concentration dependent change in current, resistance, potential, mass to charge ratio, or ion count. In an immunoassay employing a change-of-state signal, the change of state signal is measured as an analyte concentration dependent change in size, solubility, mass, or resonance. 
     Useful labels according to the present disclosure include magnetic beads (e.g., DYNABEADS), fluorescent dyes (e.g., fluorescein, Texas Red, rhodamine, green fluorescent protein) and the like (see, e.g., Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg., USA), chemiluminescent compounds such as acridinium (e.g., acridinium-9-carboxamide), phenanthridinium, dioxetanes, luminol and the like, radiolabels (e.g., 3H, 1251, 35S, 14C, or 32P), catalysts such as enzymes (e.g., horse radish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase and others commonly used in an ELISA), and colorimetric labels such as colloidal gold (e.g., gold particles in the 40-80 nm diameter size range scatter green light with high efficiency) or colored glass or plastic (e.g., polystyrene, polypropylene, latex, etc.) beads. Patents teaching the use of such labels include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996,345; 4,277,437; 4,275,149; and 4,366,241. 
     The label can be attached to each ligand prior to, or during, or after contact with the biological sample. So-called “direct labels” are detectable labels that are directly attached to or incorporated into the detection ligand prior to use in the assay. Direct labels can be attached to or incorporated into the ligand by any of a number of means well known to those of skill in the art. In contrast, so-called “indirect labels” typically bind to each ligand at some point during the assay. Often, the indirect label binds to a moiety that is attached to or incorporated into the detection agent prior to use. Thus, for example, each ligand can be biotinylated before use in an assay. During the assay, an avidin-conjugated fluorophore can bind the biotin-bearing detection agent, to provide a label that is easily detected. One of the ligands can be labelled or “tagged” with an avidin-tag which then interacts with a second ligand labelled with biotin. 
     In another example of indirect labeling, polypeptides capable of specifically binding immunoglobulin constant regions, such as polypeptide A or polypeptide G, can also be used as labels for detection ligands. These polypeptides are normal constituents of the cell walls of streptococcal bacteria. They exhibit a strong non-immunogenic reactivity with immunoglobulin constant regions from a variety of species (see, generally Kronval, et al. (1973) J. Immunol., 111: 1401-1406, and Akerstrom (1985) J. Immunol., 135: 2589-2542). Such polypeptides can thus be labeled and added to the assay mixture, where they will bind to each ligand, as well as to the autoantibodies, labeling all and providing a composite signal attributable to analyte and autoantibody present in the sample. 
     Some labels useful in the present disclosure may require the use of an additional reagent(s) to produce a detectable signal. In an ELISA, for example, an enzyme label (e.g., beta-galactosidase) will require the addition of a substrate (e.g., X-gal) to produce a detectable signal. In immunoassays using an acridinium compound as the direct label, a basic solution and a source of hydrogen peroxide are added. 
     According to some embodiments, the invention encompasses a synthetic non-antibody protein scaffold (synNAPS), or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, that binds to an insecticidal protein and optionally comprises an amino acid tag. In other embodiments, the insecticidal protein comprises an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-7 or a ligand-binding fragment of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-7. In other embodiments, the synNAPS comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:9-36. In still other embodiments, the synNAPS comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:10-17, 19, 21, 24-31, 33 or 35. 
     In other embodiments, the invention encompasses a synNAPS that comprises an amino acid sequence that has from at least 80% to at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:21 and wherein the amino acid sequence that has from at least 80% to at least 99% sequence identity to (a) SEQ ID NO:10 has a Tro (W) at a position corresponding to or at position 22 of SEQ ID NO:10, a Ser (S) at a position corresponding to or at position 29 of SEQ ID NO:10, a Tyr (Y) at a position corresponding to or at position 31 of SEQ ID NO:10 and a Arg (R) at a position corresponding to or at position 44 of SEQ ID NO:10; or (b) SEQ ID NO:17 has an Ile (I) at a position corresponding to or at position 29 of SEQ ID NO:17 and a Phe (F) at a position corresponding to or at position 42 of SEQ ID NO:17; or (c) SEQ ID NO:21 has a His (H) at a position corresponding to or at position 22 of SEQ ID NO:21, a Arg (R) at a position corresponding to or at position 31 of SEQ ID NO:21, a Leu (L) at a position corresponding to or at a position corresponding to or at position 40 of SEQ ID NO:21 and a Tyr (Y) at a position corresponding to or at position 44 of SEQ ID NO:21. In further aspects, the synNAPS has an amino acid sequence that comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:56-59, 61-63, 66, 67, 69-75, 77-79, 81-86, 88-90, 92 or 95. 
     In some embodiments, the invention encompasses an antigen-binding fragment of a synNAPS of the invention. In still other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises at least about 14 to at least about 65 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs: 9-36. In other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises any SEQ ID NOs:42-55. In still other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:96-98. 
     In some embodiments, the invention encompasses a synNAPS that comprises an antigen-binding fragment of the invention. In other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises any SEQ ID NOs:42-55. In still other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:96-98 
     In some embodiments, a synNAPS of the invention, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, has a differential binding affinity to a target transgenic insecticidal protein when the target protein is in the presence of one or more non-target transgenic insecticidal proteins. In other embodiments, the target protein a) has at least 70% to at least 95% sequence identity across its entire length to one or more of the non-target proteins; or b) comprises a region that has at least 25% to at least 95% sequence identity to a region of one or more of the non-target proteins. In other embodiments, the target protein comprises a region that has at least 27% sequence identity to a region of one or more of the non-target proteins. In other embodiments, the target protein comprises a region that has at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to a region of one or more of the non-target proteins. 
     In certain aspects of the above described embodiments of the invention, the target protein is a Cry1A protein, a mCry3A protein, an eCry3.1Ab protein or a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein. 
     In other aspects of the above described embodiments, the one or more non-target proteins are selected from the group consisting of a Cry1A protein, a Cry1B protein, a Cry1F protein Cry1I protein, a Cry1J protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain III of a Cry1F protein, a modified Cry3A protein, a hybrid Cry3 protein comprising domain III of a Cry1Ab protein, and a Vip3 protein. 
     In other aspects of the above described embodiments of the invention, the target protein is a Cry1A protein, a mCry3A protein, an eCry3.1Ab protein or a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein and the one or more non-target proteins are selected from the group consisting of a Cry1A protein, a Cry1B protein, a Cry1F protein Cry1I protein, a Cry1J protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain I and domain II of a Cry1Ab protein, a hybrid Cry protein comprising domain III of a Cry1F protein, a modified Cry3A protein, a hybrid Cry3 protein comprising domain III of a Cry1Ab protein, and a Vip3 protein. In some embodiments, the Cry1A protein is a Cry1Aa, a Cry1Ab or a Cry1Ai. In other embodiments the hybrid Cry protein is a Cry1Ab.1Ca protein or a Cry1A.105 protein. 
     In still other aspects of the above described embodiments, the target protein is a) a Cry1Ab and the non-target proteins include a mCry3A or an eCry3.1Ab; or b) is an mCry3A and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Ab or an eCry3.1Ab; or c) is an eCry3.1Ab and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Ab or an mCry3A; or d) is a Cry1Ab or a Cry1Ab.1Ca and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ai; or e) is a Cry1Ab or a Cry1Ai protein and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ab.1C; or f) is a Cry1Ab, a Cry1Ai or a Cry1Ab.Cry1C protein and the non-target protein is a Cry1Aa; or g) is a Cry1Ab protein or a Cry1Ab.Cry1C protein and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ai protein; or h) is a Cry1Aa or a Cry1Ai protein and the non-target proteins include a Cry1Ab protein or a Cry1Ab.1Ca protein. 
     In still other aspects of the above described embodiments of the invention, wherein the Cry1Ab protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:1, the mCry3A protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:2, the eCry3.1Ab protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:3, the Cry1Aa protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:4, the Cry1Ai protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:5, the Cry1Ab.1Ca protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:6 or the Cry1A.105 protein comprises an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:7. 
     In other embodiments, the synNAPS that binds specifically to Cry1Ab in the presence of mCry3A or eCry3.1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:10 SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:13. In other embodiments, the synNAPS that binds specifically to the mCry3A protein in the presence of Cry1Ab and eCry3.1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16 or SEQ ID NO:17. In still other embodiments, the synNAPS that binds specifically to eCry3.1Ab in the presence of Cry1Ab and mCry3A comprises SEQ ID NO:21. In other embodiments, the synNAPS that binds to Cry1Ab or Cry1Ab.1Ca in the presence of Cry1Aa or Cry1Ai comprises SEQ ID NO:13. In further embodiments, the synNAPS that binds to eCry3.1Ab or mCry3A or Cry1Ai or Cry1Aa in the presence of Cry1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:19. 
     In other embodiments, the target protein and the non-target protein are comprised in a biological sample from a transgenic plant or a transgenic microorganism. In other embodiments, the transgenic plant is a corn plant, a soybean plant, a cotton plant, a canola plant, a wheat plant or a rice plant. In other embodiments, the transgenic microorganism is a bacteria, yeast or virus. In still other embodiments, the transgenic bacteria is  E. coli, Psuedomonas  sp. or  Bacillus  sp. 
     In some embodiments, the invention encompasses a nucleic acid molecule encoding a synNAPS of the invention. In other embodiments, the synNAPS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, and SEQ ID NO:36. In still other embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule of the invention encodes a synNAPS comprising an amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:56-69, or SEQ ID NOs:70-82 or SEQ ID NOs:83-95. 
     In still other embodiments, the invention encompasses a nucleic acid molecule that encodes an antigen-binding fragment of a synNAPS of the invention. In other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises at least about 14 to at least about 65 amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs:9-36, or SEQ ID NOs:56-69, or SEQ ID NOs:70-82 or SEQ ID NOs:83-95. In other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises any SEQ ID NOs:40-53. In still other embodiments, the antigen-binding fragment comprises any of SEQ ID NOs:96-98. 
     In some embodiments, the invention further encompasses a transgenic organism comprising a nucleic acid molecule of the invention. In other embodiments, the transgenic organism is a transgenic plant or a transgenic microorganism. In other embodiments, the transgenic plant is a corn plant, a soybean plant, a cotton plant, a canola plant, a wheat plant or a rice plant. In still other embodiments, the microorganism is a bacteria, yeast or virus. In other embodiments, the bacteria is  E. coli, Pseudomonas  sp. or  Bacillus  sp. 
     In another embodiment, the invention encompasses a composition comprising a first synNAPS of the invention and a second ligand, wherein the synNAPS and the second ligand function together in an immunoassay of a biological sample comprising a target protein and a non-target protein to differentially detect or quantitate the target protein. In other embodiments, the non-target protein comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. 
     In some embodiments, the invention encompasses a diagnostic kit for differentially detecting a target insecticidal protein in a complex biological matrix which comprises the target insecticidal protein and a non-target insecticidal protein, wherein the kit comprises a first synNAPS of the invention and a second ligand that function together in an immunoassay to differentially detect or quantitate the target insecticidal protein. In other embodiments, the non-target protein comprises an amino acid sequence that has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. 
     In some aspects of the above described embodiments, the immunoassay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a Western blot, immunochromatography or immunolocaliztion. In one aspect of this embodiment, the immunoassay is carried out on a solid surface. In another aspect, the solid surface is a mictrotiter dish. In another aspect of this embodiment, the second ligand is an antibody or a second synNAPS different from the first synNAPS. In another aspect of this embodiment, the first synNAPS is used as a coating ligand and the second ligand is used as a detecting ligand. In another aspect of this embodiment, the first synNAPS is used as a detecting ligand and the second ligand is used as a coating ligand. 
     In some aspects of the above described embodiments, the biological sample is a transgenic plant sample. In other aspects of this embodiment, the transgenic plant is a transgenic corn plant. In other aspects, the transgenic corn plant comprises a transgenic corn event selected from the group consisting of event Bt11, event MIR604, event 5307, event MON89034 and event MON810. In other aspects, the transgenic corn plant comprises event Bt11, MIR604, event 5307 and optionally event MON89034. In other aspects, biological sample comprises a Cry1Ab protein from event Bt11, a mCry3A from MIR604, and an eCry3.1Ab hybrid Cry protein from event 5307. In still other aspects, the Cry1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:1, the eCry3.1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:2, and the mCry3A comprises SEQ ID NO:3. In other aspects, the biological sample further comprises a Cry1A.105 hybrid Cry protein from event MON89034. In still other aspects, the Cry1A.105 comprises SEQ ID NO:7. 
     In other embodiments, the synNAPS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, and SEQ ID NO:22. 
     In still other embodiments, the synNAPS is tagged in such a way so as to be detectable by an enzyme reaction. In one embodiment, the synNAPS is tagged with a His-tag or an avidin-tag. In another embodiment the synNAPS is labelled with both a His-tag and an avidin-tag. In another embodiment, the His-tag comprises SEQ ID NO:40. In other embodiments, the avidin-tag comprises SEQ ID NO:41. In another embodiment, the tagged synNAPS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, and SEQ ID NO:36. 
     In some embodiments, the invention encompasses a method for differentially detecting or quantitating a target insecticidal protein in a biological sample comprising the target protein and a non-target insecticidal protein, the method comprising (a) obtaining a biological sample comprising the target insecticidal protein and the non-target insecticidal protein; (b) performing an immunoassay on the biological sample, wherein the immunoassay comprises use of a first synNAPS of the invention and a second ligand that function together in the immunoassay to differentially detect or quantitate the target insecticidal protein and not the non-target insecticidal protein, resulting in the differential detection or quantitation of the target insecticidal protein. In other embodiments, the non-target protein has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. 
     In other embodiments, the invention encompasses an immunoassay method to differentially detect or quantitate a target insecticidal protein in a biological sample comprising the target protein and a non-target insecticidal protein, the method comprising: (a) coating a first solid surface with a synNAPS of the invention that binds to the target protein but does not bind to the non-target protein and coating a second solid surface with a second binding protein that binds to the non-target protein; (b) contacting the biological sample with the synNAPS under conditions effective to allow the formation of a target protein-synNAPS complex but does not allow the formation of a non-target protein-synNAPS complex, resulting in a target protein-depleted biological sample; (c) removing the target protein-depleted biological sample and contacting the target protein-depleted biological sample with the second binding protein under conditions effective to allow the formation of a non-target protein-second binding protein complex; (d) detecting or quantitating the target protein complex on the first solid surface; and (e) detecting or quantitating the non-target protein on the second solid surface. In other embodiments, the non-target protein has at least a contiguous 27% of the target protein&#39;s amino acid sequence. 
     In other embodiments, the immunoassay is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a Western blot, immunochromatography or immunolocaliztion. In embodiments of this aspect, the immunoassay is carried out on a solid surface. In other embodiments, the solid surface is a mictrotiter dish. In other embodiments, the second ligand is an antibody or a second synNAPS different from the first synNAPS. In other embodiments, the first synNAPS is used as a coating ligand and the second ligand is used as a detecting ligand. In still other embodiments, the first synNAPS is used as a detecting ligand and the second ligand is used as a coating ligand. In other embodiments, the synNAPS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:21, and SEQ ID NO:22. In other embodiments, the synNAPS is tagged in such a way so as to be detectable by an enzyme reaction. In another embodiment, the synNAPS is tagged with a His-tag or an avidin-tag. In another embodiment the synNAPS is labelled with both a His-tag and an avidin-tag. In another embodiment, the His-tag comprises SEQ ID NO:40. In another embodiment, the avidin-tag comprises SEQ ID NO:41. In other embodiments, the tagged synNAPS is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:23, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:27, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, and SEQ ID NO:36. 
     In further embodiment, the biological sample in which a target insecticidal protein is differentially detected or quantitated is a transgenic plant sample. In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is a transgenic corn plant. In other embodiments, the transgenic corn plant comprises a transgenic corn event selected from the group consisting of event Bt11, event MIR604, event 5307, event MON89034 and event MON810. In other embodiments, the transgenic corn plant comprises event Bt11, MIR604, event 5307 and optionally event MON89034. In other embodiments, biological sample comprises a Cry1Ab protein from event Bt11, a mCry3A from MIR604, and an eCry3.1Ab hybrid Cry protein from event 5307. In still other embodiments, the Cry1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:1, the eCry3.1Ab comprises SEQ ID NO:2, and the mCry3A comprises SEQ ID NO:3. In other embodiments, the biological sample further comprises a Cry1A.105 hybrid Cry protein from event MON89034. In still other embodiment, the Cry1A.105 comprises SEQ ID NO:7. 
     Embodiments of this invention can be better understood by reference to the following examples. The foregoing and following description of embodiments of the invention and the various embodiments are not intended to limit the claims, but are rather illustrative thereof. Therefore, it will be understood that the claims are not limited to the specific details of these examples. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other embodiments of the invention may be practiced without departing from the spirit and the scope of the disclosure, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1: Identification of Non-Antibody Ligand Candidates 
     This example describes the screening of ligand clone libraries to identify non-antibody polypeptide ligands that recognize and bind to insecticidal proteins. The insecticidal proteins Cry1Ab (SEQ ID NO:1), eCry3.1Ab (SEQ ID NO:2) and mCry3A (SEQ ID NO:3) are native and engineered proteins, respectively, which are composed of three domains typical of Bt Cry proteins. The three proteins have certain portions of their amino acid sequences in common. Particularly, eCry3.1Ab (SEQ ID NO:2) comprises domains I and II of mCry3A (SEQ ID NO:3) and domain III of Cry1Ab (SEQ ID NO:1). Therefore, Cry1Ab, amino acids 475-615 of SEQ ID NO:1, and eCry3.1Ab, amino acids 480-620 of SEQ ID NO:2, have regions with 100% identity. mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab also share a region with 100% identity, that being amino acids 10-468 of mCry3A (SEQ ID NO:3) and amino acids 23-481 of eCry3.1Ab (SEQ ID NO:2). Because of these regions of high identity, attempts to generate individual antibodies that would differentially bind to the each of the three target insecticidal proteins was not successful. 
     Combinatorial libraries of evolved polypeptides derived from a wild-type Sac7d OB-fold protein (SEQ ID NO:8), as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,422,548, were screened to identify ligand candidates for the Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A proteins. Briefly, the process was divided into three steps, step 1—discovery, step 2—identification and step 3—verification. This differential screening method identifies potential ligand candidates that bind to amino acid sequences unique to each target protein or recognize target proteins due to unique conformational changes in regions the proteins have in common. 
     In step 1, several rounds of screening and enrichment of ligands present in libraries were carried out to identify ligand candidates that bind to the target proteins independently, i.e. not in presence of non-target proteins. Three selections, one for each target protein, were carried out in parallel with four rounds of selection via Ribosome Display with  E. coli  ligand clone libraries (See, for example, Mouratou et al. 2011. In Ribosome Display and Related Technologies, pp. 315-331, SpringerLink). ELISA was used to screen bacterial extracts of clones using standard procedures. In round 1 the ligand libraries were panned using a target protein. In subsequent rounds 2 to 4, the library resulting from round 1 was pre-panned with a non-target protein and then panned with a target protein. For example, to select anti-Cry1Ab ligands, round 1 panned with a Cry1Ab target protein and rounds 2 to 4 pre-panned with eCry3.1Ab, a non-target protein in this Cry1Ab selection and panned with the Cry1Ab target protein. After all rounds of each selection were completed, ligand clones with the required binding profiles were sequenced. This discovery step resulted in 37 unique ligand sequences in 7 distinct sequence families that bound Cry1Ab and not eCry3.1Ab, 22 unique ligand sequences in 10 sequence families that bound eCry3.1Ab and not Cry1Ab with but with no clear binding result on mCry3A. For mCry3A, there was a very low ELISA signal due to target integrity so 4 unique sequences from 4 different sequence families that bound mCry3A were identified. 
     For step 2, 12 anti-Cry1Ab clones, 14 anti-eCry3.1Ab clones, and 4 anti-mCry3A clones were selected from step 1. In this step, purified ligands were assessed for their binding affinity to individual targets and for absence of cross-reactivity between targets using art recognized Bio-Layer Interfermetry (ForteBio, Menlo Park, Calif.) (See also Shah and Duncan, 2014. J. Vis. Exp. 84:51383), which measures biomolecular interactions. The ligand-target association was measured on a range of target concentrations from about 15.6 nM to about 1 μM. The specific objective was to identify one or more ligands that recognized Cry1Ab but not eCry3.1Ab, one or more ligands that recognized mCry3A but not eCry3.1Ab and one or ligands that recognized mCry3A but not Cry1Ab or eCry3.1Ab. Results of this step identified 14 ligand candidates (defined herein as synthetic non-antibody protein scaffolds or “synNAPS”) that had adequate affinity and specificity to the target insecticidal proteins; synNAPS-1 (SEQ ID NO:9), -2 (SEQ ID NO:10), -3 (SEQ ID NO:11), -4 (SEQ ID NO:12) and -5 (SEQ ID NO:13) selected with Cry1Ab, synNAPS-6 (SEQ ID NO:14), -7 (SEQ ID NO:15), -8 (SEQ ID NO:16), -9 (SEQ ID NO:17) selected with mCry3A, and synNAPS-10 (SEQ ID NO:18), -11 (SEQ ID NO:19), -12 (SEQ ID NO:20), -13 (SEQ ID NO:21) and -14 (SEQ ID NO:22) selected with eCry3.1Ab. An alignment of the synNAPS that bind to Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A is shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence alignment of Cry1Ab-selected synNAPS. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Pos 
                 Sequence 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 Start 
                 End 
                 Length 
                 Matches 
                 %Matches 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ref 1 
                 synNAPS2 
                 10 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 synNAPS1 
                  9 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 52 
                 78 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 synNAPS3 
                 11 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 53 
                 80 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 synNAPS4 
                 12 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 58 
                 87 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 synNAPS5 
                 13 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 53 
                 80 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 synNAPS2 
                  1 
                 MVKVKFKYKGEEKEVDTSKIVWIGRFGKSVYFRYDDNGKTGAGRVYEKDA 
               
               
                 synNAPS1 
                  1 
                 ......GPW............DVW.W..Y.D.F......V.I.S.T.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS3 
                  1 
                 ......RWG...........WYVA.V..W.L.G......R.....R.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS4 
                  1 
                 ....................SYVQ.A......N........G...F.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS5 
                  1 
                 ......VL............TYVA.Y..F.Q.D......F...V.L.... 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 synNAPS2 
                 51 
                 PKELLDMLARAEREKK 
               
               
                 synNAPS1 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS3 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS4 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS5 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence alignment of eCry3.1Ab-selected synNAPS. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Pos 
                 Sequence 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 Start 
                 End 
                 Length 
                 Matches 
                 %Matches 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ref 1 
                 synNAPS13 
                 21 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 synNAPS10 
                 18 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 53 
                 80 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 synNAPS11 
                 19 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 53 
                 80 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 synNAPS12 
                 20 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 53 
                 80 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 5 
                 synNAPS14 
                 22 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 53 
                 80 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 synNAPS13 
                  1 
                 MVKVKFKRWGEEKEVDTSKILHVLRVGKYVRFSYDDNGKLGAGYVTEKDA 
               
               
                 synNAPS10 
                  1 
                 ......LMK...........KW.N.H....A.Y......T.G.E.R.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS11 
                  1 
                 ......GLG...........RR...L..L.S.T......I.L.D.H.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS12 
                  1 
                 .......LT...........QW.A.F..F.D.L......T.W.W.Y.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS14 
                  1 
                 .......YK...........IF.Y.F..F.M.I......T.H.D.R.... 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 synNAPS13 
                 51 
                 PKELLDMLARAEREKK 
               
               
                 synNAPS10 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS11 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS12 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS14 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Sequence alignment pf mCry3A-selected synNAPS. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Pos 
                 Sequence 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 Start 
                 End 
                 Length 
                 Matches 
                 %Matches 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Ref 1 
                 synNAPS9 
                 17 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
               
               
                 2 
                 synNAPS6 
                 14 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 52 
                 78 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 3 
                 synNAPS7 
                 15 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 51 
                 77 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 4 
                 synNAPS8 
                 16 
                 1 
                 66 
                 66 aa 
                 53 
                 80 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 synNAPS9 
                  1 
                 MVKVKFAQGGEEKEVDTSKIYRVPRHGKIVFFMYDDNGKGGFGHVTEKDA 
               
               
                 synNAPS6 
                  1 
                 ......MRW...........TY.T.W..T.I.Y......K.H.S.L.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS7 
                  1 
                 ......KVH.K.........LA.A.W..A.I.A......H.R.Q.S.... 
               
               
                 synNAPS8 
                  1 
                 ......HGR...........FW.Y.D..R.L.R......R...S.P.... 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 synNAPS9 
                 51 
                 PKELLDMLARAEREKK 
               
               
                 synNAPS6 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS7 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                 synNAPS8 
                 51 
                 ................ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In step 3, the 14 synNAPS identified in step 2 were tested in verification experiments. Accordingly, each synNAPS clone was constructed with an N-terminal His-tag (SEQ ID NO:37) and a C-terminal avidin-tag (SEQ ID NO:38). The 14 tagged synNAPS are disclosed as SEQ ID NOs:23-36. Each tagged synNAP was produced in an  E. coli  BirA strain (See, for example, Chapman-Smith and Cronan, 1999. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24:359-363) for in vivo biotinylation. High-binding 96-well plates (Nunc Maxisorp) were coated at 4° C. overnight with 1 μg/ml of Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab or mCry3A in 25 mM borate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.5 (100 μl/well). Plates were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline pH 7.3 (PBS) containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST). Each ligand in ELISA diluent (PBST containing 1% bovine serum albumin) was added to the plate (100 μl/well), incubated for 1 hr at room temperature (RT) with shaking, and washed five times. For detection through the biotin end of the synNAPS ligand, 1 μg/ml Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, West Grove, Pa.) in ELISA diluent was added to the plate, incubated for 1 hr at RT/shaking, and washed as before. Substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (SurModics, Eden Prairie, Minn.) was added (100 μl/well) and allowed to develop for 30 min at room temperature. The absorbance was measured at 405 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Powerwave XS2, Winooski, Vt.). For detection using the HIS-tag end of the synNAPS ligand, 1/4000 dilution of RGS-His HRP conjugate (Qiagen) in ELISA diluent was added to the plate, incubated for 1 hr at RT/shaking, and washed as before. Substrate Tetramethylbenzidine (SurModics, Eden Prairie, Minn.) was added (100 μl/well) and allowed to develop for 15-30 min at room temperature with shaking. The reaction was stopped using 1 N HCl (100 μl/well) and absorbance was measured at 450 nm. 
     Based on the results of the step 3 verification experiments, synNAPS-2 (SEQ ID NO:10), which differentially binds to Cry1Ab, synNAPS-9 (SEQ ID NO:17), which differentially binds to mCry3A, and synNAPS-13 (SEQ ID NO:21), which differentially binds to eCry3.1Ab, were chosen for further experiments with transgenic plants. 
     Example 2. Screening Spectrum of Insecticidal Proteins 
     This example describes experiments to assess the binding properties of synNAPS against a wide spectrum of insecticidal proteins. The synNAPS were assessed for binding to wild-type and engineered hybrid insecticidal proteins, including a Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ai, Cry1Ba, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1Jc, hybrid Cry1Ab.1Ca, hybrid eCry3.1Ab, hybrid Cry1Gb.Cry1Ig, hybrid Cry1Gb.1Fa, mCry3A and Vip3Aa protein, using the ELISA immunoassay described above. The proteins BSA and streptavidin-AP were used as negative controls. Briefly, the insecticidal proteins listed above were coated on 96-well plates overnight at a concentration of 500 ng/ml. 10 nM of each tagged synNAPS was mixed with 0.1 μg/ml streptavidin-alkaline phosphtase (SA-AP) was added to each well and incubated 1 hr at room temperature with shaking. The synNAPS-protein complexes were detected with pNPP and read at 405 nm after 15 min. Results are shown in Table 4, which indicate that synNAPS having at least 80% identity to synNAPS-2 (SEQ ID NO:10) bind to the target protein Cry1Ab but do not bind to the non-target proteins eCry3.1Ab or mCry3A, and that synNAPS having at least 77% identity to synNAPS-9 (SEQ ID NO:17) bind to the target protein mCry3A but do not bind to the non-target proteins Cry1Ab or eCry3.1Ab. The results further indicate that a) the target proteins for synNAPS-2 are Cry1Ab, Cry1Ai or a hybrid with domains I and II of Cry1Ab, e.g. Cry1Ab.1Ca and the non-target proteins include eCry3.1Ab, mCry3A, Cry1Aa, Cry1B, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1J, Cry1Gb.1Fa, Cry1Gb.1Ig, and Vip3; and b) the target proteins for synNAPS-3 are Cry1Ab or Cry1Ai and the non-target proteins include eCry3.1Ab, mCry3A, Cry1Aa, Cry1B, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1J, a hybrid Cry protein with domains I and II of Cry1Ab, e.g. Cry1Ab.1Ca, Cry1Gb.1Fa, Cry1Gb.1Ig, and Vip3; and c) the target proteins for synNAPS-4 are Cry1Ab, Cry1Ai and Cry1Ab.1Ca and the non-target proteins include eCry3.1Ab, mCry3A, Cry1Aa, Cry1B, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1J, Cry1Gb.1Fa, Cry1Gb.1Ig, and Vip3; and d) the target proteins for synNAPS-5 are Cry1Ab and Cry1Ab.1Ca and the non-target proteins include eCry3.1Ab, mCry3A, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ai, Cry1B, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1J, Cry1Gb.1Fa, Cry1Gb.1Ig, and Vip3; and e) the target protein for synNAPS-6, -7, 8, and -9 is mCry3A and the non-target proteins include eCry3.1Ab, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ai, Cry1B, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1J, Cry1Gb.1Fa, Cry1Gb.1Ig, and Vip3; and f) the target proteins for synNAPS-11 are mCry3A, eCry3.1Ab, Cry1Aa and Cry1Ai and the non-target proteins include Cry1Ab, Cry1B, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1J, Cry1Ab.1Ca, Cry1Gb.1Fa, Cry1Gb.1Ig, and Vip3; and g) the target protein for synNAPS-13 is eCry3.1Ab and the non-target proteins include mCry3A, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ai, Cry1B, Cry1F, Cry1l, Cry1J, Cry1Ab.1Ca, Cry1Gb.1Fa, Cry1Gb.1Ig, and Vip3. Results further demonstrate that none of the synNAPS bound to the wild-type Cry proteins Cry1l, Cry1F and Cry1Ba, the hybrid Cry protein Cry1Gb.1F, or the vegetative insecticidal protein, Vip3Aa (not shown in table). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Results of synNAPS binding experiment with insecticidal proteins. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ligand 
                   
               
               
                 Selection 
                 (synNAPS 
                 Binding to Insecticidal Protein (NB = No binding) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Protein 
                 No.) 
                 Cry1Ab 
                 mCry3A 
                 eCry3.1Ab 
                 Cry1Ai 
                 Cry1Aa 
                 Cry1Ab.1Ca 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Cry1Ab 
                  1 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                  2 
                 1.8 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 2.5 
                 NB 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                  3 
                  0.75 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 1.5 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                  4 
                  1.75 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 2.6 
                 NB 
                  0.75 
               
               
                   
                  5 
                 1.1 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 1.6 
               
               
                 mCry3A 
                  6 
                 NB 
                 1.1 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                  7 
                 NB 
                 0.7 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                  8 
                 NB 
                 1.6 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                  9 
                 NB 
                 0.7 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                 eCry3.1Ab 
                 10 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 NB 
                 2.9 
                 1.5 
                 0.7 
                 0.6 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                 12 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                 13 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 0.8 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
                 14 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
                 NB 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3. ELISA Development Using synNAPS 
     This example describes the development of ELISA methods to detect or quantitate target insecticidal proteins in a composition comprising the target protein and one or more non-target insecticidal proteins using synNAPS and antibody combinations. For this example, immunoassays in which a synNAPS of the invention was used as the coating ligand and an antibody used as the detecting ligand as well as immunoassays in which an antibody was used as a coating ligand and a synNAPS was used as the detecting ligand were evaluated for specificity and sensitivity compared to an ELISA method in which an antibody was used as the coating and detecting ligand. 
     svnNAPS-Antibody Assays 
     Pierce streptavidin high binding 96-well plates (ThermoFisher Scientific, Rockford, Ill.) were coated at 4° C. overnight with 100 μl/well 100 nM synNAPS-2, synNAPS-9 or synNAPS-13 in phosphate buffered saline pH 7.3 (PBS) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (ELISA diluent). Plates were washed three times with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST). Samples containing Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A or standards in ELISA diluent were added to the plate (100 μl/well), incubated for 1 hr at room temperature (RT) with shaking, and washed five times. 100 μl/well of HRP-MAb170 anti-mCry3A antibody or HRP-Mab70 anti-Cry1Ab antibody in ELISA diluent (1/10,000 dilution) was added to the plate, incubated for 1 hr at RT/shaking, and washed as before. Substrate Tetramethylbenzidine (SurModics, Eden Prairie, Minn.) was added (100 μl/well) and allowed to develop for 15-30 min at room temperature with shaking. The reaction was stopped using 1 N HCl (100 μl/well). The absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Powerwave XS2, Winooski, Vt.). The standard curve used a four-parameter curve fit to plot the concentrations versus the absorbance. Results in Table 5 indicated synNAPS of the invention can act as the coating or capture ligand in concert with an antibody acting as the detection ligand. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Differential detection of target proteins with synNAPS. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Absorbance at protein concentration (ng/ml) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Ligand 
                 Cry1Ab (10) 
                 mCry3A (60) 
                 eCry3.1Ab (40) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 synNAPS-2 
                 4.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 synNAP S-9 
                 0.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
                 synNAPS-13 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Antibody-synNAPS Assays 
     High-binding 96-well plates (Nunc Maxisorp) were coated at 4° C. overnight with 2 μg/ml MAb170 anti-mCry3A in 25 mM borate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.5 (100 μl/well). Plates were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline pH 7.3 (PBS) containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST). Samples containing Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A or standards in ELISA diluent (PBST containing 1% bovine serum albumin) were added to the plate (100 μl/well), incubated for 1 hr at room temperature (RT) with shaking, and washed five times. 100 μl/well of 10 nM synNAPS-13 plus 0.1 μg/ml Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, West Grove, Pa.) in ELISA diluent was added to the plate, incubated for 1 hr at RT/shaking, and washed as before. Substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (SurModics, Eden Prairie, Minn.) was added (100 μl/well) and allowed to develop for 30 min at room temperature. The absorbance was measured at 405 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek Powerwave XS2, Winooski, Vt.). The standard curve used a four-parameter curve fit to plot the concentrations versus the absorbance. Results indicated that eCry3.1Ab was differentially detected with an absorbance of 2.4 at protein concentration of 40 ng/ml demonstrating that there was no interference from the non-target proteins. 
     The results disclosed in this example demonstrate that synNAPS of the invention can be used as the capture ligand or the detecting ligand in immunoassays of complex biological samples. Quantitation of targets proteins using an ELISA method in which an antibody acts as the coating ligand and a synNAPS acts as the detecting ligand was comparable to an ELISA using antibodies as both the coting and detecting ligands. Quantitation of targets proteins using an ELISA method in which a synNAPS acts as the coating ligand and an antibody acts as the detecting ligand was results in good coorelation with an ELISA using antibodies as both the coting and detecting ligands, but had about a 5-fold lower sensitivity. 
     Example 4. Affinity Purification Using synNAPS 
     This example describes the use of synNAPS of the invention in an affinity purification method. Experiments were designed to test whether synNAPS-13, which was shown to bind differentially to eCry3.1Ab as described above, could be used to selectively purify a target protein, eCry3.1Ab, from a complex plant matrix containing the target protein and the non-target proteins Cry1Ab and mCry3A, which have regions of substantial identity to the target protein. Streptavidin T1 beads (Invitrogen Dynabeads MyOne), 0.1 ml, were washed 3× with PBS following manufacturer&#39;s procedure and resuspended in 0.5 ml 0.1% BSA in PBST. 20 ug synNAPS-13 was added and the mixture incubated about 1 hr at 4° C. with rotation. The beads were washed 3× with 0.1% BSA in PBST before adding 0.5 ml of leaf extract from transgenic corn expressing Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A and incubated for 30 m at RT with rotation. The supernatant was removed and saved for testing. The beads were washed as before and then eluted with 0.2 ml 0.1M Glycine pH 2.0. Eluate was added to a tube containing 20 μl 0.5M Tris pH 8.5 and volume brought up to 0.5 ml with PBS. Samples were taken from the original leaf extract (comprises all three proteins), the depleted supernatant (should comprise only Cry1Ab and mCry3A) and the eluate (should comprise only eCry3.1Ab) and tested in a Cry1Ab, an eCry3.1Ab and a mCry3A ELISA. Results, shown in Table 6, indicate that the synNAPS-13 ligand specifically detected and captured eCry3.1Ab from the transgenic corn leaf extract even when the target protein was in the presence of non-target proteins having regions of substantial identity in common with the target protein. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Affinity purification of a target protein from a complex plant matrix. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Quantity of Protein (ng/ml) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 eCry3.1Ab 
                 Cry1Ab 
                 mCry3A 
               
               
                 Sample 
                 (target) 
                 (non-target) 
                 (non-target) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Extract 
                 174.6 
                 112.8 
                 153.5 
               
               
                 Supernatant 1 
                 38.6 
                 118.2 
                 145.3 
               
               
                 Elution 1 
                 75.7 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Elution 2 
                 12.0 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Supernatant 2 
                 12.9 
                 113.4 
                 130.6 
               
               
                 Elution 3 
                 2.8 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Supernatant 3 
                 4.7 
                 88.3 
                 124.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5. Dot Blot Assays Using synNAPS of the Invention 
     This example describes the use of synNAPS of the invention in dot blots to differentially detect target transgenic proteins. Previously it was demonstrated that synNAPS2, NsynNAPS9, and synNAPS13 could specifically bind native Cry1Ab, mCry3A, and eCry3.1Ab proteins, respectively. To investigate potential applications of synNAPS in Dot Blots, native Cry1Ab, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab proteins were individually spotted onto nitrocellulose membrane strips at amounts of 9, 19, 38, 75, and 150 ng. After air drying for about 2 hours, the protein-spotted strips were blocked with blocking buffer of TBS, pH8.0 containing 3% non-fat milk for 30 minutes, and then incubated with respective synNAPS at a concentraton of 10 nM in the same blocking buffer overnight in a coldroom. After washing 3×10 min with TBST at room temperature, the strips were incubated with AP-streptavidin conjugate for 1 hour at room temperature. Detection was visualized by incubating strips in the BCIP/NBT liquid substrate for 1 min. 
     The results showed that the lowest level of detection of synNAPS2 was 75 ng of Cry1Ab and the lowest level of detection of synNAPS9 was 150 ng of mCry3A. Under these experimental conditions, no detection of eCry3.1Ab was observed at the different levels from 38 ng to 150 ng by using synNAPS13 suggesting that it has lower sensitivity than synNAPS2 and synNAPS in these types of dot blots. 
     Example 6. Identification of Key Functional Amino Acid Positions in synNAPS 
     This example describes the characterization of antigen binding sites of synNAPS ligands, synNAPS2, synNAPS9 and synNAPS13, with antigens Cry1Ab, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab. Amino acid positions critical to functional binding for synNAPS2, synNAPS9 and synNAPS13 binding regions were identified by amino acid substitution mutagenesis at amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 7, 8, 9, 21, 22, 23 or 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 40, 42, 44 and 46 of SEQ ID NO:8. Binding affinity was determined for each variant synNAPS in ELISA. A substitution at a position that resulted in the abolishment of binding efficiency indicated that the position was critical for functional binding. A parental clone for each synNAPS, i.e. synNAPS2 (SEQ ID NO:10), synNAPS9 (SEQ ID NO:17) or synNAPS13 (SEQ ID NO:21), was used as a positive control. 
     Each synNAPS variant was constructed with an N-terminal His-tag (SEQ ID NO:37). Each tagged synNAPS variant was produced in  E. coli . High-binding 96-well plates (Nunc Maxisorp) were coated at 4° C. overnight with 1 μg/ml of Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab or mCry3A in 25 mM borate, 75 mM NaCl, pH 8.5 (100 μl/well). Plates were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline pH 7.3 (PBS) containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST). Each ligand in ELISA diluent (PBST containing 1% bovine serum albumin) was added to the plate (100 μl/well), incubated for about 1 hr at room temperature (RT) with shaking, and washed five times. For detection, 1/4000 dilution of RGS-His HRP conjugate (Qiagen) in ELISA diluent was added to the plate, incubated for 1 hr at RT/shaking, and washed. Substrate Tetramethylbenzidine (SurModics, Eden Prairie, Minn.) was added (100 μl/well) and allowed to develop for 15-30 min at room temperature with shaking. The reaction was stopped using 1 N HCl (100 μl/well) and absorbance was measured at 450 nm. 
     Results of the ELISA for Cry1Ab binding, mCry3A binding and eCry3.1Ab binding are shown in Table 7, 8 and 9, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding affinity of synNAPS2 variants to a Cry1Ab antigen. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Binding (OD 450 nm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 synNAPS 
                 synNAPS 
                 Cry1Ab 
                 No 
               
               
                 Variant 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 
                 Target 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 synNAPS2 
                 10 
                 4.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 K7A 
                 56 
                 4.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Y8A 
                 57 
                 2.4 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 K9A 
                 58 
                 4.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 V21A 
                 59 
                 3.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 W22A 
                 60 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 I23A 
                 61 
                 3.2 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 G24A 
                 62 
                 4.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 F26A 
                 63 
                 3.7 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 529A 
                 64 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Y31A 
                 65 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 R33A 
                 66 
                 2.2 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 T40A 
                 67 
                 4.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 R44A 
                 68 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Y46A 
                 69 
                 3.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results of the synNAPS2 mutations demonstrate that mutating an amino acid position of a synNAPS ligand that binds to a Cry1Ab antigen that corresponds to amino acid positions 22, 29, 31 and 44 of SEQ ID NO:10 completely knocks out Cry1Ab binding. Specifically, mutating W22A, 529A, Y31A and R44A of SEQ ID NO:10 knocks out Cry1Ab binding of synNAPS2 (SEQ ID NO:10). Mutations at an amino acid position corresponding to amino acid positions 8, 21, 23, 26, 33 and 46 reduce binding affinity to Cry1Ab from about 5% to about 50%. Specifically, the mutations Y8A, V21A, I23A, F26A, R33A and Y46A of SEQ ID NO:10 reduced a synNAPS2 ligand binding affinity to Cry1Ab from about 5% to about 50% of the binding affinity of SEQ ID NO:10. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding affinity of synNAPS9 variants to a mCry3A antigen. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Binding (OD 450 nm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 synNAPS 
                 synNAPS 
                 mCry3A 
                   
               
               
                 Mutant 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 
                 No Target 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 synNAPS9 
                 17 
                 2.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Q8A 
                 70 
                 2.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 G9A 
                 71 
                 1.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Y21A 
                 72 
                 1.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 R22A 
                 73 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 P24A 
                 74 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 H26A 
                 75 
                 1.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 I29A 
                 76 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 F31A 
                 77 
                 1.4 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 M33A 
                 78 
                 2.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 G40A 
                 79 
                 1.7 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 F42A 
                 80 
                 0.2 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 H44A 
                 81 
                 2.1 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 T46A 
                 82 
                 2.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results of the synNAPS9 mutations demonstrate that mutating an amino acid position of a synNAPS ligand that binds to a mCry3A antigen that corresponds to amino acid positions 24, 29 and 42 of SEQ ID NO:17 completely or nearly completely knocks out mCry3A binding. Specifically, mutating P24A, I29A and F42A of SEQ ID NO:17 knocks out or nearly knocks out mCry3A binding of synNAPS9 (SEQ ID NO:17). Mutations at an amino acid position corresponding to amino acid positions 9, 21, 22 26, 31, 40 and 44 reduce binding affinity to mCry3A from about 16% to about 60%. Specifically, the mutations G9A, Y21A, H26A, F31A, G40A and H44A of SEQ ID NO:17 reduced a synNAPS9 ligand binding affinity to mCry3A from about 16% to about 60% of the binding affinity of SEQ ID NO:17. In addition, Mutations at amino acid positions corresponding to amino acid positions 8, 33 and 46 of SEQ ID NO:17 increased binding affinity of a synNAPS13 ligand. Specifically, the mutations Q8A, M33A and T46A of SEQ ID NO:17 increased the binding affinity to mCry3A to about 112% of that of SEQ ID NO:17. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Binding affinity of synNAPS13 variants to an eCry3.1Ab antigen. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Binding (OD 450 nm) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 synNAPS 
                 synNAPS 
                 eCry3.1Ab 
                   
               
               
                 Variant 
                 SEQ ID NO: 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 3) 
                 No Target 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 synNAPS13 
                 21 
                 4.1 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 K7A 
                 83 
                 3.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 R8A 
                 84 
                 2.4 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 W9A 
                 85 
                 1.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 L21A 
                 86 
                 1.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 H22A 
                 87 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 L24A 
                 88 
                 1.1 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 V26A 
                 89 
                 1.8 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Y29A 
                 90 
                 2.6 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 R31A 
                 91 
                 0.0 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 S33A 
                 92 
                 4.1 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 L40A 
                 93 
                 0.5 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 Y44A 
                 94 
                 0.4 
                 0.0 
               
               
                 T46A 
                 95 
                 4.1 
                 0.0 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results of the synNAPS13 mutations demonstrate that mutating an amino acid position of a synNAPS ligand that binds to an eCry3.1Ab antigen that corresponds to amino acid positions 22, 31, 40 and 44 of SEQ ID NO:21 completely or nearly completely knocks out eCry3.1Ab binding. Specifically, mutating H22A, R31A, L40A and Y44A of SEQ ID NO:21 knocks out or nearly knocks out eCry3.1Ab binding of synNAPS13 (SEQ ID NO:21). Mutations at an amino acid position corresponding to amino acid positions, 7, 8, 9, 21, 24 26 and 29 reduce binding affinity to eCry3.1Ab from about 27% to about 76%. Specifically, the mutations K7A, R8A, W9A, L21A, L24A, V26A and Y29A of SEQ ID NO:21 reduced a synNAPS13 ligand binding affinity to eCry3.1Ab from about 27% to about 76% of the binding affinity of SEQ ID NO:21. 
     The results also demonstrate that certain amino acid positions in the binding domain are critical to full functionality of multiple synNAPS ligands. A summary of the data across synNAPS is shown in Table 10, where “++” means equal binding to non-mutated synNAPS, “+” means reduced binding compared to non-mutated synNAPS, and “−” means no binding compared to non-mutated synNAPS. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 10 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Summary of binding affinity of different synNAPS. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Mutated 
                 Binding Affinity Compared to Non-mutated synNAPS 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Amino 
                 synNAPS2- 
                 synNAPS9- 
                 synNAPS13- 
               
               
                 Acid 
                 CrylAb 
                 mCry3A 
                 eCry3.1Ab 
               
               
                 Position 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 17) 
                 (SEQ ID NO: 21) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 X9A 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 X21A 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 + 
               
               
                 X22A 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 X24A 
                 ++ 
                 + 
                 − 
               
               
                 X29A 
                 − 
                 ++ 
                 − 
               
               
                 X31A 
                 − 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 X40A 
                 ++ 
                 − 
                 + 
               
               
                 X44A 
                 − 
                 − 
                 ++ 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Results indicate that (a) an amino acid position corresponding to amino acid position 22 and 31 of SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:17 and SEQ ID NO:21 moderates antigen binding (i.e. positions 22 and 31 moderate binding of a synNAPS ligand to Cry1Ab, mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab); (b) an amino acid position corresponding to amino acid position 44 of SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:17 moderates antigen binding (i.e. position 44 moderates binding of a synNAPS to Cry1Ab and mCry3A); (c) an amino acid position corresponding to amino acid position 29 of SEQ ID NO:10 and SEQ ID NO:21 moderates antigen binding (i.e. position 29 moderates binding of a synNAPS to Cry1Ab and eCry3.1Ab); (d) an amino acid position corresponding to amino acid position 9, 21, 24 or 40 of SEQ ID NO:17 or SEQ ID NO:21 moderates antigen binding (i.e. positions 9, 21, 24 and 40 moderate binding of a synNAPS to mCry3A and eCry3.1Ab). 
     Example 7. Expression of synNAPS in Plant Cells 
     This example describes the expression of a synNAPS ligand in plant cells. For this example, an expression cassette was made comprising a cestrum (CMP) promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 7,166,770) operably linked to a synNAPS-13 coding sequence which was operably linked to a NOS terminator. The resulting expression cassette was cloned into a binary vector and transformed into  Agrobacterium  strain EHA101 for delivery to plant cells. Leaves from three plants each of corn, soybean and tobacco were infiltrated with the  Agrobacterium  containing the expression vector). The infiltrated plants were placed in a tray and maintained in the growth chamber at 25° C. with a photoperiod of 16 hours light and 8 hours dark. After 4 days, the tissue was sampled, extracted in PBST and tested in a direct binding assay against Cry1Ab, eCry3.1Ab and mCry3A using an ELISA described above. Extract with synNAPS-13 added at 1 nM was used as a positive control. Absorbance was read at A405. Results indicated that no extract from corn, soybean or tobacco detected Cry1Ab or mCry3A. However, extracts from all three plant species detected eCry3.1Ab, indicating that functional synNAPS-13 can be produced in corn, soybean or tobacco plants.