Patent Publication Number: US-11396636-B2

Title: Mineral base oil having improved low temperature property, method for manufacturing same, and lubrication oil product comprising same

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to and the benefit of PCT/KR2019/012372, filed on Sep. 24, 2019, which claims benefit to Korean Patent Application Serial No. 10-2018-0115158, filed Sep. 27, 2018, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein for all purposes by this reference. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Field 
     The present disclosure relates to a mineral lubricating base oil having improved low-temperature performance, a method of manufacturing the same, and a lubricant product including the same, and more particularly to a mineral lubricating base oil having improved low-temperature performance and very low viscosity manufactured from treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) resulting from hydrocracking, a method of manufacturing the same, and a lubricant product including the same. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Lubricating base oil is a material for lubricant products. Generally, excellent lubricating base oil has a high viscosity index, superior stability (to oxidation, heat, UV, etc.) and low volatility. The American Petroleum Institute (API) classifies lubricating base oils depending on the quality thereof as shown in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Sulfur 
                 Saturate 
                 VI 
               
               
                   
                 Classification 
                 (%) 
                 (%) 
                 (Viscosity Index) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group I 
                 &gt;0.03 
                 &lt;90 
                 80 to 120 
               
               
                   
                 Group II 
                 ≤0.03 
                 ≥90 
                 80 to 120 
               
               
                   
                 Group III 
                 ≤0.03 
                 ≥90 
                 120 or more 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Group IV 
                 All polyalphaolefins (PAOs) 
               
               
                   
                 Group V 
                 All other lubricating base oils not 
               
               
                   
                   
                 included in Group I, II, III, or IV 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In general, among mineral lubricating base oils, lubricating base oils manufactured through a solvent extraction process mainly correspond to Group I, lubricating base oils manufactured through a hydroreforming process mostly correspond to Group II, and lubricating base oils having a high viscosity index manufactured through an advanced hydrocracking process mainly correspond to Group III. 
     Meanwhile, there is a need for lubricant products that are useful in harsh temperatures, such as during cold weather or in polar regions. Accordingly, many attempts have been made to improve the low-temperature performance of lubricant products by introducing additives such as a pour point depressant, a viscosity modifier and the like to conventional lubricating base oil. However, excess additive content may impair the performance of the lubricant product itself, and thus, the addition thereof faces limitations. Hence, a lubricating base oil, the intrinsic low-temperature performance of which is improved, is required. 
     This lubricating base oil is required to have a low viscosity and a low pour point. Suitable lubricating base oils include polyalphaolefins (PAOs) and ester base oils, among synthetic base oils. PAOs have superior viscosity stability and low-temperature fluidity, and ester base oils also have superior viscosity stability. However, PAOs and ester base oils have the disadvantage of being expensive in terms of cost. 
     Therefore, efforts to produce a mineral lubricating base oil that has low-temperature performance equivalent or superior to those of synthetic base oils and is competitive in price with synthetic base oils have continued. Among these, the process of producing a lubricating base oil feedstock in connection with conventional fuel-oil hydrocracking (HC) uses unconverted oil (UCO), generated by hydrocracking vacuum gas oil produced in a vacuum distillation unit. Here, the oil fraction is subjected to a hydrotreating process that removes impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and metal components therefrom and then to a hydrocracking process, which is the main reaction process, whereby a considerable amount thereof is converted into light hydrocarbons, which are then subjected to a series of fractional distillation processes to separate a variety of decomposed oils and gases, thereby obtaining light oil products. The above reaction is designed such that the reaction conversion rate per pass is typically about 40%, and it is impossible in practice to realize 100% conversion per pass. In the last fractional distillation process, unconverted oil (UCO) is always generated, and a portion thereof is used as a material for a lubricating base oil, and the remainder thereof is recycled to the hydrocracking process. 
     In regard thereto, KR 10-1399207 pertains to a method of manufacturing a high-quality lubricating base oil feedstock using unconverted oil, but the above patent merely discloses a method of producing a high-quality lubricating base oil from unconverted oil by feeding a portion of the unconverted oil to the second hydrocracking unit and recycling the same, but does not disclose the use of treated liquid gas oil resulting from hydrocracking as a feedstock for producing a lubricating base oil. 
     In addition, KR 10-1679426 pertains to a method of manufacturing a high-quality lubricating base oil using unconverted oil, and the above patent merely discloses the production of a lubricating base oil using two or more types of unconverted oil but does not disclose the production of a lubricating base oil using, as a feedstock, material other than unconverted oil. 
     As described above, there remains a need for a novel mineral lubricating base oil having price competitiveness with synthetic base oils and low-temperature performance equivalent or superior thereto. 
     SUMMARY 
     Therefore, a first embodiment of the present disclosure provides a mineral lubricating base oil having improved low-temperature performance capable of replacing the expensive synthetic base oil as described above. 
     A second embodiment of the present disclosure provides a lubricant product including the lubricating base oil according to the first aspect. 
     According to a first embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a mineral lubricating base oil having improved low-temperature performance has kinematic viscosity of 9.0 cSt or less (at 40° C.), kinematic viscosity of 2.5 cSt or less (at 100° C.), and a pour point of −50° C. or less. 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricating base oil may be derived from a feedstock including treated liquid gas oil resulting from hydrocracking, and the treated liquid gas oil may have a 10% outflow temperature of 250° C. or less and a 50% outflow temperature of 350° C. or less in a simulated distillation test according to ASTM D2887. 
     According to an embodiment, the treated liquid gas oil may have a specific gravity of 0.81 to 0.87, kinematic viscosity of 5.0 cSt or less (at 40° C.), kinematic viscosity of 2.0 cSt or less (at 100° C.), and a pour point of 5° C. or less, and may contain 2.0 wt % or less of each of sulfur and nitrogen. 
     According to an embodiment, the feedstock may include 90 wt % or more of the treated liquid gas oil. 
     According to an embodiment, the average carbon number of the hydrocarbon molecule in the lubricating base oil may be 14 to 25. 
     According to an embodiment, the amount of the hydrocarbon having 13 or fewer carbon atoms in the lubricating base oil may be 25 wt % or less based on the total weight of the lubricating base oil. 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricating base oil may include 10 to 50 wt % of a naphthenic hydrocarbon. 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricating base oil may satisfy 0.3≤(C N +C A )/C P ≤0.7, in which C N  is the wt % of the naphthenic hydrocarbon, C A  is the wt % of the aromatic hydrocarbon, and C P  is the wt % of the paraffinic hydrocarbon. 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricating base oil satisfies 25%≤C N +C A ≤45%, in which C N  is the wt % of the naphthenic hydrocarbon and C A  is the wt % of the aromatic hydrocarbon. 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricating base oil may have kinematic viscosity of 500 cSt or less (at −40° C.). 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricating base oil may have a flash point of 110° C. or more, evaporation loss at 150° C. of 20 wt % or less, and a 5% outflow temperature of 200° C. or more in a simulated distillation test according to ASTM D2887. 
     According to a second embodiment, there is provided a lubricant product, which includes 20 to 99 wt % of the lubricating base oil according to the first embodiment and has a pour point of −40° C. or less. 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricant product may not include synthetic base oil. 
     According to an embodiment, the lubricant product may not include polyalphaolefin (PAO) or ester base oil. 
     According to an embodiment, there is provided a lubricating base oil has a low viscosity and pour point compared to conventional low-viscosity lubricating base oil, and thus exhibits improved low-temperature performance. The lubricating base oil can be applied to lubricant products having high performance at ultra-low viscosity or to lubricant products used in extremely cold regions, in which low-temperature performance is considered important. Moreover, it is possible to manufacture a lubricant product that satisfies the required performance through appropriate mixing with typical mineral lubricating base oil. 
     Conventional methods of manufacturing the lubricant products are capable of satisfying the required performance using expensive synthetic base oil such as PAO or ester base oil, but it is possible to replace the synthetic base oil with the lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure, thus generating economic benefits. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  schematically shows a process of manufacturing a lubricating base oil using treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) resulting from hydrocracking according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  is a plot of the results of measurement of UV absorbance of the lubricating base oil according to an embodiment. 
         FIG. 3  shows the results of a sulfuric acid coloration test of the lubricating base oil according to an embodiment. 
     
    
    
     The objectives, specific advantages and novel features of the present disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description and preferred embodiments associated with the accompanying drawings, but the present disclosure is not necessarily limited thereto. Furthermore, in the description of the present disclosure, it is to be noted that, when known techniques related to the present disclosure may make the gist of the present disclosure unclear, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     As used herein, the term “unconverted oil (UCO)” means unreacted oil that has been fed to a hydrocracking unit for manufacturing fuel oil but has not undergone a hydrocracking reaction. 
     As also used herein, the term “treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO)” means a liquid gas oil separated through fractional distillation after a hydrocracking process. 
     Lubricating Base Oil 
     An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a mineral lubricating base oil having low kinematic viscosity, a low pour point, and improved low-temperature performance, derived from a feedstock including treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO). 
     The treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) according to an embodiment is derived from a product of a hydrocracking process for manufacturing fuel oil, and the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may be introduced to a catalytic dewaxing (CDW) unit before or after obtaining the same. Specifically, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the fractionally distilled treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO), among the products of the hydrocracking process, may be subjected to a catalytic dewaxing process, and a lubricating base oil having desired properties may be separated and recovered from the product of the catalytic dewaxing process. According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, some of the products of the hydrocracking process may be fed to a catalytic dewaxing unit, and among the products of the catalytic dewaxing process, oil having the properties of the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may be separated and recovered, and may be applied as a lubricating base oil. 
     For better understanding,  FIG. 1  schematically shows the process of manufacturing a lubricating base oil using treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) resulting from hydrocracking according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 1  schematically shows the process of manufacturing a mineral lubricating base oil using treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) in a fuel-oil hydrogenation process using vacuum gas oil (VGO) as a feed, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. With reference to  FIG. 1 , in an embodiment of the present disclosure, atmospheric residue (AR), separated from a crude distillation unit (CDU), is distilled in a vacuum distillation (V) unit and separated into vacuum gas oil (VGO) and vacuum residue (VR), and the vacuum gas oil (VGO) is sequentially fed to a hydrotreating (HDT) unit and a hydrocracking (HDC) unit. The vacuum gas oil (VGO) passed through the hydrocracking (HDC) unit is then fed to fractionators (Fs), and the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) is separated through the fractionators (Fs). The treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) is fed to a catalytic dewaxing (CDW) unit, and the lubricating base oil of the present disclosure is recovered from the product of the catalytic dewaxing. 
     Hydrotreating (HDT) is a process for removing impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metal components contained in petroleum fractions such as vacuum gas oil (VGO). After the hydrotreating (HDT) process, the petroleum fractions are converted into light hydrocarbons through hydrocracking in a hydrocracking (HDC) unit. The hydrotreating (HDT) and hydrocracking (HDC) processes may be performed under any typical processing conditions, so long as they do not interfere with acquisition of the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) used in the present disclosure. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may have a 10% outflow temperature of 250° C. or less and a 50% outflow temperature of 350° C. or less in a simulated distillation test according to ASTM D2887, preferably a 10% outflow temperature of 240° C. or less and a 50% outflow temperature of 340° C. or less, and more preferably a 10% outflow temperature of 230° C. or less and a 50% outflow temperature of 330° C. or less. ASTM D2887 is a method of analyzing the boiling point of a sample through a simulated gas chromatography distillation test, in which, when the temperature of the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) is gradually increased, the hydrocarbon components in t-LGO are eluted through a capillary column, and the boiling point distribution may be determined through comparison with a reference material measured under the same conditions. When the outflow temperature falls out of the corresponding range, the kinematic viscosity and low-temperature viscosity of the resulting base oil product may increase, which may adversely affect lubricant performance. 
     Also, the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may have a specific gravity of 0.81 to 0.87, and preferably 0.82 to 0.86. Although the specific gravity does not directly affect the performance of the lubricating base oil, it is helpful for determining whether foreign matter is mixed in the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO). 
     Also, the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may have kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 5.0 cSt or less, preferably 4.7 cSt or less, and more preferably 4.5 cSt or less, and kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 2.0 cSt or less, preferably 1.8 cSt or less, and more preferably 1.6 cSt or less. The kinematic viscosity is a value obtained by dividing the viscosity of a fluid by the density of the fluid. In general, the “viscosity” of the lubricating base oil refers to kinematic viscosity, and the measurement temperatures thereof are set to 40° C. and 100° C. according to the viscosity classification based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 
     Also, the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may have a pour point of 5° C. or less, preferably −5° C. or less, more preferably −10° C. or less, and most preferably −15° C. or less. When the oil is cooled, the viscosity gradually increases, losing fluidity and starting to harden. The temperature at this time is called the solidification point, and the pour point is the lowest temperature at which fluidity is observed before reaching the solidification point. “Pour point” usually refers to a temperature 2.5° C. higher than the solidification point. 
     Also, the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may contain 2.0 wt % or less of each of sulfur and nitrogen, and preferably, the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) contains 1.0 wt % or less of each of sulfur and nitrogen. Sulfur and nitrogen, even when present in trace amounts, may adversely affect the catalyst in subsequent processes and the stability of the final product, and are typically removed through the hydrotreating (HDT) process as described above. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the feedstock may include treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) in an amount of 90% or more, and preferably 95% or more. Most preferably, the feedstock may be composed of 100% of the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO). If the amount of the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) in the feedstock is less than 90%, it is difficult to obtain a lubricating base oil imparted with improved low-temperature performance according to the present disclosure. 
     As described above, the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) in the present disclosure is fed to a catalytic dewaxing (CDW) unit before or after obtaining the same. Here, catalytic dewaxing (CDW) is a process of reducing or removing N-paraffin, which deteriorates low-temperature properties, through isomerization or cracking reactions. Therefore, catalytic dewaxing makes it possible to realize superior low-temperature properties, thus desirably satisfying the pour point requirement of the lubricating base oil. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the catalytic dewaxing (CDW) process may be performed under conditions of a reaction temperature of 250 to 410° C., a reaction pressure of 30 to 200 kg/cm 2 , a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 0.1 to 3.0 hr −1 , and a hydrogen-to-feedstock volume ratio of 150 to 1000 Nm 3 /m 3 . 
     The catalyst usable in the catalytic dewaxing process may include a carrier having an acid site selected from among a molecular sieve, alumina, and silica-alumina, and at least one metal having a hydrogenation function selected from among elements of Groups 2, 6, 9 and 10 on the periodic table. In particular, among Group 9 and 10 (i.e. Group VIII) metals, Co, Ni, Pt and Pd are preferably used, and among Group 6 (i.e. Group VIB) metals, Mo and W are preferably used. Examples of the carrier having an acid site may include a molecular sieve, alumina, silica-alumina, and the like. Here, the molecular sieve may be crystalline aluminosilicate (zeolite), SAPO, or ALPO, and examples of a medium-pore molecular sieve having a 10-membered oxygen ring may include SAPO-11, SAPO-41, ZSM-11, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-48, etc., and a large-pore molecular sieve having a 12-membered oxygen ring may be used. 
     In the present disclosure, the dewaxed oil fraction is further introduced to a hydrofinishing (HDF) unit in the presence of a hydrofinishing catalyst. Hydrofinishing (HDF) is a process of removing olefins and polycyclic aromatics from the dewaxed oil fraction in accordance with product-specific requirements in the presence of a hydrofinishing catalyst to thereby attain stability. In particular, from the viewpoint of production of naphthenic lubricating base oil, it is a process for final control of aromatic content and gas hygroscopicity. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the hydrofinishing (HDF) process may be performed under conditions of a temperature of 150 to 300° C., a pressure of 30 to 200 kg/cm 2 , an LHSV of 0.1 to 3 hr −1 , and a hydrogen-to-oil volume ratio of 300 to 1500 Nm 3 /m 3 . 
     Also, the catalyst for the hydrofinishing process is used in a form in which a metal is supported on a carrier, and the metal includes at least one metal selected from among Group 6, 8, 9, 10, and 11 elements having a hydrogenation function. It is preferred that a metal sulfide series of Ni—Mo, Co—Mo or Ni—W or a noble metal such as Pt or Pd be used. Moreover, as the carrier of the catalyst for the hydrofinishing process, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, titania, zirconia, or zeolite, having a large surface area, may be used, and preferably, alumina or silica-alumina is used. 
     Meanwhile, the lubricating base oil of the present disclosure manufactured from the feedstock including the treated liquid gas oil (t-LGO) may have kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of 9.0 cSt or less, preferably 8.0 cSt or less, and more preferably 7.0 cSt or less. The lubricating base oil may have kinematic viscosity at 100° C. of 2.5 cSt or less, preferably 2.3 cSt or less, and more preferably 2.0 cSt or less. Also, the lubricating base oil may have a pour point of −50° C. or less, and preferably −60° C. or less. Regarding the low-temperature performance of the lubricating base oil, the kinematic viscosity and pour point are properties that are typically used to judge low-temperature performance. The viscosity required of the lubricating base oil may differ depending on the purpose of the lubricating base oil, but the kinematic viscosity of the fluid increases with a decrease in temperature, and thus, in the present disclosure, for the purpose of improving low-temperature performance, the lower the kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil, the better the low-temperature performance. Moreover, the lower the pour point of the lubricating base oil, the more applicable it is to low-temperature environments. The lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure has the advantage of being applicable to lubricant products that require superior low-temperature performance or are to be used in polar regions. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricating base oil may have an average carbon number of 14 to 25, preferably 14 to 22, and more preferably 14 to 20 per hydrocarbon molecule in the lubricating base oil. If the average number of carbon atoms is less than 14, a problem may occur in which the flash point and evaporation loss are too low. On the other hand, if the average number of carbon atoms exceeds 25, low-temperature performance deteriorates (low-temperature viscosity and pour point become too high), which may cause a problem in which it is difficult to meet the performance requirements of the lubricant itself. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the amount of a hydrocarbon molecule having 13 or fewer carbon atoms in the lubricating base oil may be 25 wt % or less, preferably 22 wt % or less, and more preferably 20 wt % or less, based on the total weight of the lubricating base oil. If the amount of the hydrocarbon molecule having 13 or fewer carbon atoms in the lubricating base oil is greater than 25 wt % based on the total weight of the lubricating base oil, the flash point may decrease, and thus high-temperature stability may be deteriorated, and moreover, evaporation loss may increase, which may shorten the lubricant replacement cycle. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricating base oil may include a naphthenic hydrocarbon in an amount of 10 to 50 wt %, preferably 15 to 50 wt %, and more preferably 20 to 50 wt %. If the amount of the naphthenic hydrocarbon is less than 10 wt %, the aniline point may increase, so compatibility with additives may decrease when manufacturing lubricant products, and the flash point may decrease. On the other hand, if the amount of the naphthenic hydrocarbon exceeds 50 wt %, oxidation stability and thermal stability may decrease. 
     As for the lubricating base oil of the present disclosure, the amount of each type of hydrocarbon in the lubricating base oil has a major effect on the properties of the lubricating base oil. More specifically, when the amount of the paraffinic hydrocarbon in the lubricating base oil increases, lubrication performance may increase, oxidation stability and thermal stability may be improved, and the ability to maintain viscosity despite changes in temperature is improved, but flowability at low temperatures is decreased. Also, when the amount of the aromatic hydrocarbon in the lubricating base oil increases, compatibility with additives may be improved, but oxidation stability and thermal stability may be deteriorated and hazardousness may increase. Also, when the amount of the naphthenic hydrocarbon in the lubricating base oil increases, compatibility with additives and flowability at low temperatures may be improved, but oxidation stability and thermal stability may be deteriorated. Meanwhile, in the present disclosure, the amount of each type of hydrocarbon in the lubricating base oil is measured through the composition analysis method specified in ASTM D2140 or ASTM 3238. 
     The inventors of the present disclosure have found that the properties of the lubricating base oil of the present disclosure are affected by the following relationships. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricating base oil may satisfy 0.3≤(C N +C A )/C P ≤0.7. Here, C N  is the wt % of the naphthenic hydrocarbon, C A  is the wt % of the aromatic hydrocarbon, and C P  is the wt % of the paraffinic hydrocarbon. If the value of (C N +C A )/C P  is less than 0.3, it is difficult to achieve the desired low pour point of the lubricating base oil. On the other hand, if the value of (C N +C A )/C P  exceeds 0.7, it is difficult to achieve the desired low-temperature viscosity of the lubricating base oil. 
     According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricating base oil may satisfy 25 wt %≤C N +C A ≤45 wt %. Likewise, if the value of (C N +C A ) is less than 25 wt %, it is difficult to achieve the desired low pour point of the lubricating base oil. On the other hand, if the value of (C N +C A ) exceeds 45 wt %, it is difficult to achieve the desired low-temperature viscosity of the lubricating base oil. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricating base oil may have low-temperature viscosity of 550 cSt or less, preferably 520 cSt or less, and more preferably 500 cSt or less when measured at −40° C. If the kinematic viscosity of the lubricating base oil exceeds 550 cSt at −40° C., the kinematic viscosity is so high that it is difficult to function as a lubricating base oil in very cold environments. 
     According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricating base oil may have a flash point of 110° C. or more, evaporation loss at 150° C. of 20 wt % or less, and a 5% outflow temperature of 200° C. or more in a simulated distillation test according to ASTM D2887. Preferably, the lubricating base oil has a flash point of 120° C. or more, evaporation loss at 150° C. of 18 wt % or less, and a 5% outflow temperature of 220° C. or more in a simulated distillation test according to ASTM D2887. In order to serve in various fields, lubricants must have resistance to heat that may occur in various fields. For example, a lubricant having a specific flash point may ignite at a temperature higher than the flash point, and therefore cannot be applied as a lubricant in an environment in which temperatures higher than the flash point are required. Moreover, low evaporation of the lubricating base oil reduces the consumption of oil and increases the durability of oil, and is thus regarded as important in the production of a low-viscosity lubricant. If the 5% outflow temperature in a simulated distillation test is lower than 200° C., a problem in which the flash point and evaporation loss of the lubricating base oil are not satisfied may occur. In the present disclosure, the flash point of the lubricating base oil is measured through the ASTM D92-COC method. Also, evaporation loss is measured at a temperature of 150° C., rather than 250° C., in the ASTM D5800 test. 
     Lubricant Product 
     An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a lubricant product including a mineral lubricating base oil having improved low-temperature performance. As the lubricating base oil having improved low-temperature performance, the aforementioned lubricating base oil is used. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricant product may include 20 to 99 wt % of the lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure. The amount of the lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure may be variously adjusted depending on the end use and purpose of the lubricant product, and the lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure may be used in appropriate combinations with other mineral lubricating base oil products so as to be adapted for desired product specifications. 
     The lubricant product may have a pour point of −40° C. or less, preferably −45° C. or less, and more preferably −50° C. or less. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricant product does not contain synthetic base oil. For example, the lubricant product does not contain PAO or ester base oil. The use of the lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure, rather than expensive PAO or ester base oil, makes it possible to manufacture lubricant products having superior low-temperature performance. 
     In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the lubricant product may further include an additive. The additive may be, for example, an antioxidant, a rust inhibitor, a clean dispersant, an antifoaming agent, a viscosity improver, a viscosity index improver, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a corrosion inhibitor, or an emulsifier. However, the additive is not limited thereto, so long as it is one that is generally added to lubricant products. 
     The lubricant product may be used in fields or environments in which low-temperature performance is required, and it is possible to replace conventional lubricant products manufactured from PAOs or ester base oils. The lubricant product may be, for example, shock absorber oil for automobiles, hydraulic oil for use in polar regions, electrical insulating oil, etc., but is not limited thereto. 
     In addition, in an embodiment according to the present disclosure, the lubricant product is applicable as white oil for use in the lubrication of plastics, polishes, the paper industry, textile lubricants, pesticide base oils, pharmaceutical compositions, cosmetics, food and food-processing machinery, etc. 
     A better understanding of the present disclosure may be obtained through the following examples, which are merely set forth to illustrate the present disclosure and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present disclosure. 
     EXAMPLES 
     1. Production of Lubricating Base Oil (YUBASE 1) 
     t-LGO was obtained by subjecting the product of a fuel-oil hydrogenation process using vacuum gas oil (VGO) to fractional distillation. The properties of the t-LGO thus obtained are shown in Table 2 below, and the numerical values of the properties were measured according to ASTM methods. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Items 
                 Method 
                 Data 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 API Gravity 
                 D1298 
                 36.5 
               
               
                   
                 Specific grayity (60/60° F.) 
                 D1298 
                 0.8423 
               
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity @40° C., cSt 
                 D445 
                 4.494 
               
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity @100° C., cSt 
                 D445 
                 1.58 
               
               
                   
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 D97 
                 −15 
               
               
                   
                 Sulfur content, ppm 
                 D5453 
                 1.3 
               
               
                   
                 Nitrogen content, ppm 
                 D4629 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The t-LGO obtained above was fed to a catalytic dewaxing (CDW) unit, and the product of the catalytic dewaxing was fed to a hydrofinishing (HDF) unit. The processing conditions of the catalytic dewaxing unit and the processing conditions of the hydrofinishing unit are shown in Table 3 below. Thereafter, the product of the hydrofinishing unit was recovered as lubricating base oil. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Catalyst 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 CDW 
                 Pt-based catalyst 
               
               
                   
                 HDF 
                 Pt-based catalyst 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 LHSV 
                 hr −1   
                 1.4 
               
               
                 H 2 /Oil ratio 
                 Nm 3 /Sm 3   
                 500 
               
               
                 H 2  flow rate 
                 NL/hr 
                 280 
               
               
                 Feed speed 
                 cc/hr 
                 560 
               
               
                 Pressure 
                 Kg/cm 2 g 
                 150 
               
               
                 Reaction temperature (CDW/HDF) 
                 ° C. 
                 330/230 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     2. Analysis of Properties and Composition of Produced Lubricating Base Oil 
     The composition and properties of the lubricating base oil produced as described above were analyzed. The composition and properties thereof are shown in the following Tables 4 and 5, respectively. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 Paraffinic hydrocarbon content (C P ), wt % 
                 61.6 
               
               
                   
                 Naphthenic hydrocarbon content (C N ), wt % 
                 37.5 
               
               
                   
                 Aromatic hydrocarbon content (C A ), wt % 
                 0.9 
               
               
                   
                 (C N  + C A )/C P   
                 0.59 
               
               
                   
                 C N  + C A   
                 38.4 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The amount of each type of hydrocarbon in the lubricating base oil was measured according to the ASTM D2140 test method. As shown in Table 4, YUBASE 1 satisfied (C N +C A )/C P  in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 and C N +C A  in the range of 25 wt % to 45 wt %. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 5 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Items 
                 YUBASE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity @40° C., cSt 
                 4.934 
               
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity&#39; @100° C., cSt 
                 1.662 
               
               
                   
                 D5%, D2887, ° C. 
                 222 
               
               
                   
                 Flash point, ° C. 
                 130 
               
               
                   
                 Evaporation loss (@150° C., wt %) 
                 17.4 
               
               
                   
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 −69 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 5, the lubricating base oil of the present disclosure was mineral lubricating base oil, rather than synthetic base oil, but exhibited low kinematic viscosity and superior low-temperature performance even without the use of an additional additive. 
     Conventionally, as described above, PAO is mainly used as a lubricating base oil in fields requiring low-temperature performance. Accordingly, making it possible to use the lubricating base oil of the present disclosure in lieu of PAO is an important purpose of the present disclosure. The properties of the lubricating base oil (YUBASE 1, hereinafter referred to as “YU-1”) according to the present disclosure and the properties of PAO are compared in Table 6 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Items 
                 PAO 
                 YU-1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Specific gravity (15/4° C.) 
                 0.7982 
                 0.8383 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity @40° C., cSt 
                 5.111 
                 4.934 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity @100° C., cSt 
                 1.709 
                 1.662 
               
               
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 Less than −50 
                 Less than −50 
               
               
                 Aniline point, ° C. 
                 102.3 
                 88.4 
               
               
                 Naphthenic hydrocarbon, wt % 
                 &lt;1 
                 38 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 6, the lubricating base oil (YU-1) of the present disclosure exhibited kinematic viscosity and a pour point superior or similar to those of PAO. 
     3. Confirmation of Performance of Lubricant Product 
     In order to confirm the low-temperature performance of the lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure when used in the manufacture of a lubricant product, a lubricant product including the lubricating base oil (YU-1) having the composition of Table 4 and the properties of Table 5 was manufactured, and the performance thereof was confirmed. 
     (1) Shock Absorber Oil for Automobiles 
     A lubricant product for use in shock absorbers for automobiles was manufactured using YU-1. The composition of the product is shown in Table 7 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 Amount (wt %) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 YU-1 (Base oil) 
                 90.0 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity index improver (VII) 
                 8.7 
               
               
                   
                 Friction modifier (FM) 
                 1.0 
               
               
                   
                 Antioxidant (AO) 
                 0.3 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Also, the properties of the shock absorber oil are shown in Table 8 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 8 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Test items 
                 YU-1-based shock absorber oil 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@40° C.) 
                 11.75 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@100° C.) 
                 4.451 
               
               
                 Viscosity index 
                 364 
               
               
                 Brookfield viscosity, cP (@−40° C.) 
                 498 
               
               
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 Less than −50 
               
               
                 Evaporation loss, wt % (ASTM D5800 
                 15.2 
               
               
                 @150° C.) 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 8, it can be confirmed that the use of the YU-1 lubricating base oil according to the present disclosure makes it possible to manufacture a shock absorber oil having superior performance without using PAO. 
     (2) Hydraulic Oil ISO VG 32 for Use in Polar Regions 
     Hydraulic oil for use in polar regions, corresponding to ISO VG 32, was manufactured by mixing YU-1 and Group III base oil, that is, YU-L3, available from SK Lubricants. The properties of YU-L3 are shown in Table 9 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 9 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Items 
                 ASTM Method 
                 Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Specific gravity (@15/4° C.) 
                 D1298 
                 0.8324 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@40° C.) 
                 D445 
                 12.73 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@100° C.) 
                 D445 
                 3.12 
               
               
                 Viscosity index 
                 D2270 
                 105 
               
               
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 D97 
                 −45 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Also, the composition of the hydraulic oil for use in polar regions is shown in Table 10 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 10 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 Amount (wt %) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 YU-L3 (Base oil 1) 
                 37.78 
               
               
                   
                 YU-1 (Base oil 2) 
                 43.00 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity index improver (VII) 
                 18.00 
               
               
                   
                 Pour point depressant (PPD) 
                 0.30 
               
               
                   
                 Antifoaming agent (AF) 
                 0.05 
               
               
                   
                 Ashless antiwear agent(AW) 
                 0.87 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Also, the properties of the hydraulic oil for use in polar regions are shown in Table 11 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 11 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Test items 
                 YU-1-based hydraulic oil 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@40° C.) 
                 30.24 
               
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@100° C.) 
                 9.825 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity index 
                 337 
               
               
                   
                 Brookfield viscosity, cP (@−40° C.) 
                 2130 
               
               
                   
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 −63 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 11, the hydraulic oil composed of YU-1 and YU-L3 had low Brookfield viscosity at −40° C. and also a low pour point, and is thus regarded as a product having superior low-temperature performance. Thereby, it can be found that it is possible to design a mineral lubricant product having superior low-temperature performance without using PAO. 
     (3) Hydraulic Oil ISO VG 15 for Use in Polar Regions 
     Hydraulic oil for use in polar regions, corresponding to ISO VG 15, was manufactured using YU-1. The composition of the hydraulic oil for use in polar regions is shown in Table 12 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 12 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 Amount (wt %) 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 YU-1 (Base oil) 
                 86 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity index improver 
                 13 
               
               
                   
                 Other additives 
                 1 
               
               
                   
                 Total 
                 100 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Also, the properties of the hydraulic oil for use in polar regions are shown in Table 13 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 13 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Test items 
                 YU-1-based hydraulic oil 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@40° C.) 
                 14.21 
               
               
                   
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@100° C.) 
                 5.321 
               
               
                   
                 Viscosity index 
                 381 
               
               
                   
                 Brookfield viscosity, cP (@−40° C.) 
                 &lt;500 
               
               
                   
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 −72 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 13, the hydraulic oil manufactured using YU-1 had low Brookfield viscosity at −40° C. and also a low pour point, and is thus regarded as a product having superior low-temperature performance. 
     (4) Electrical Insulating Oil 
     Electrical insulating oil was manufactured by mixing YU-1 and Group III base oil, that is, YU-3, available from SK Lubricants. The properties of YU-3 are shown in Table 14 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 14 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Items 
                 ASTM Method 
                 Data 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Specific gravity (@15/4° C.) 
                 D1298 
                 0.8299 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@40° C.) 
                 D445 
                 12.43 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity, cSt (@100° C.) 
                 D445 
                 3.12 
               
               
                 Viscosity index 
                 D2270 
                 112 
               
               
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 D97 
                 −24 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The properties of the electrical insulating oil were tested by varying the amounts of the above two types of base oil. The test results are summarized in Table 15 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 15 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition 
                 Specification 
                 Test results 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 YU-1 (Base oil 1) 
                 ASTM 
                 IEC 
                 20 
                 25 
                 30 
               
               
                 YU-3 (Base oil 2) 
                 D3487 
                 60296 
                 80 
                 75 
                 70 
               
               
                 Kinematic viscosity, 
                 ≤12.0 
                 ≤12.0 
                 9.89 
                 9.45 
                 9.034 
               
               
                 cSt (@40° C.) 
               
               
                 Pour point, ° C. 
                 ≤−40 
                 ≤−40 
                 −42 
                 −42 
                 −45 
               
               
                 Flash point (COC), 
                 ≥145 
                   
                 170 
                 158 
                 152 
               
               
                 ° C. 
               
               
                 Flash point (PMCC), 
                   
                 ≥135 
                 150 
                 142 
                 138 
               
               
                 ° C. 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     As shown in Table 15, as the amount of YU-1 increased, the flash point decreased, but the viscosity and the pour point further improved. Based on the above results, it can be found that it is possible to design electrical insulating oil that satisfies international standard requirements by appropriately mixing YU-1 with another mineral lubricating base oil. 
     (5) Applicability to White Oil 
     Whether YU-1 is usable as food-grade white oil was confirmed through experiments. 
     1) Measurement of UV Absorbance 
     In order to confirm that YU-1 satisfies the criteria for food-grade white oil prescribed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), UV absorbance was measured in a wavelength range of 260-350 nm by directly radiating light onto YU-1. The results of measurement thereof are shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Based on the experimental results, the UV absorbance of YU-1 in the above wavelength range was determined to be less than 0.1. The maximum UV absorbance of food-grade white oil prescribed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is 0.1, which indicates the value of UV absorbance determined through the DMSO extraction method according to the IP 346 method. The UV absorbance value determined through DMSO extraction is generally known to be lower than the absorbance value measured by directly radiating light onto a sample. Thus, with regard to YU-1 of the present disclosure, since the absorbance value measured by directly radiating light thereon is 0.1 or less, it is obvious that a lower absorbance value will be observed when measuring UV absorbance through the DMSO extraction method. Therefore, it can be found that YU-1 of the present disclosure satisfies food-grade requirements. 
     2) Sulfuric Acid Coloration Test 
     In order to confirm whether the amount of impurities contained in YU-1 falls within a range permitting use as white oil, a qualitative experiment was conducted using sulfuric acid. A sulfuric acid coloration test was performed according to the test method specified in ASTM D565. The results of the sulfuric acid coloration test are shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the extent of discoloration of YU-1 was confirmed to be less than that of the reference. Therefore, it can be found that the amount of impurities in YU-1 falls within a range within which the use thereof as white oil is permitted. 
     Through the measurement of UV absorbance and the sulfuric acid coloration test, it can be concluded that YU-1 can be used as food-grade white oil. 
     Simple modifications or variations of the present disclosure fall within the scope of the present disclosure as defined in the accompanying claims.