Patent Publication Number: US-8979815-B2

Title: Absorbent articles with channels

Description:
FIELD 
     The present disclosure is generally directed to absorbent articles for personal hygiene such as baby diapers, training pants, adult incontinence products, and/or sanitary napkins. The absorbent articles may each comprise channels and/or pockets. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Absorbent articles for personal hygiene, such as disposable diapers for infants, training pants for toddlers, adult incontinence undergarments, and/or sanitary napkins are designed to absorb and contain body exudates, in particular large quantities of urine or menses. These absorbent articles comprise several layers providing different functions, for example, a topsheet, a backsheet, and an absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet, among other layers. 
     The function of the absorbent core is to absorb and retain the exudates for a prolonged amount of time, for example, overnight for a diaper, minimize re-wet to keep the wearer dry, and avoid soiling of clothes or bed sheets. The majority of currently marketed absorbent articles comprise as absorbent material which is a blend of comminuted wood pulp with superabsorbent polymers (SAP) in particulate form, also called absorbent gelling materials (AGM). Absorbent articles having a core consisting essentially of SAP as absorbent material (so called “airfelt-free” cores) have also been proposed but are less common than traditional mixed cores. 
     Some absorbent articles may typically comprise leg cuffs which provide improved containment of liquids and other body exudates. Leg cuffs may also be referred to as leg bands, side flaps, barrier cuffs, or elastic cuffs. Usually, each leg cuff comprises one or more elastic strings or elements comprised in the chassis of the diaper, for example, between the topsheet and backsheet in the area of the leg openings to provide an effective seal while the absorbent article is in use. These elasticized elements which are substantially planar with the chassis of the absorbent article will be referred to herein as gasketing cuffs. It is also usual for the leg cuffs to comprise raised elasticized flaps, herein referred to as barrier leg cuffs, which improve the containment of fluid in the leg-torso joint regions. 
     Absorbent articles generally have a high absorbent capacity and the absorbent core may expand several times its weight and volume. These increases may cause the absorbent articles to sag in the crotch region as they become saturated with liquid, which may cause the barrier leg cuffs to partially lose contact with the wearer&#39;s skin. This may lead to a loss of functionality of the barrier leg cuffs, with the increased possibly of leakage. 
     Although various solutions to this problem have been proposed, the field can benefit from additional channel and/or pocket configurations that improved leakage prevention in absorbent articles. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an embodiment, the present disclosure is directed, in part, to an absorbent article that may comprise a front waist edge or front edge, a rear waist edge or rear edge longitudinally opposing the front waist edge, a first side edge, a second side edge laterally opposing the first side edge, a longitudinal axis extending from a midpoint of the front waist edge to a midpoint of the rear waist edge, and a lateral axis extending from a midpoint of the first side edge to a midpoint of the second side edge. The absorbent article may also comprise a liquid permeable topsheet, a liquid impermeable backsheet, and a pair of barrier leg cuffs extending at least partially between the front waist edge and the rear waist edge on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis. Each barrier leg cuff may comprise a proximal edge joined to the topsheet or the backsheet and a free terminal edge. The absorbent article may also comprise an absorbent core disposed at least partially intermediate the topsheet and the backsheet and may comprise a core wrap enclosing an absorbent material. The core wrap may comprise a first material and a second material. The first material may form a C-wrap at least partially around the second material. The absorbent material may comprise at least 80% of superabsorbent polymers by weight of the absorbent material. The absorbent core may comprise a channel substantially free of the superabsorbent polymers, at least partially oriented in the longitudinal direction of the article, and comprising an arcuate portion. The channel has lateral widths taken parallel to the lateral axis. The profile of the lateral widths of the channel over a longitudinal length of at least 50 mm of the channel taken along the longitudinal axis may be substantially constant. Other embodiments are also within the scope of the present disclosure, including embodiments for sanitary napkins. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the present disclosure, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the disclosure itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of non-limiting embodiments of the disclosure taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  is a top view of an absorbent article with some layers partially removed in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent article taken about line  2 - 2  of  FIG. 1  in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a view of the absorbent article of  FIG. 2  where the absorbent article has been loaded with fluid in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is a top view of another absorbent article with some layers partially removed in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent article taken about line  5 - 5  of  FIG. 4  in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  is a top view of an absorbent core of the absorbent article of  FIG. 4  with some layers partially removed in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent core taken about line  7 - 7  of  FIG. 6  in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  is a cross-sectional view of the absorbent core taken about line  8 - 8  of  FIG. 6  in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 9  is a top view of an absorbent core for an absorbent article in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 10  is a profile of the sum of the lateral widths of two channels of  FIG. 9  graphed against the longitudinal length of the channels within the enclosed area “EA” in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 11  is a profile of the sum of the lateral widths of portions of the channels of  FIG. 1  graphed against the longitudinal length of the channels between lines A and B of  FIG. 1  in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 12  is a top view of an absorbent core for an absorbent article in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIG. 13  is a profile of the sum of the lateral widths of portions of the channels and the pocket of  FIG. 12  graphed against the longitudinal length of the channels between lines C and D of  FIG. 12  in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure; 
         FIGS. 14-21  are top views of absorbent cores for absorbent articles in accordance with various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG. 22  is a top view of an absorbent article that is a sanitary napkin with some of the layers cut away in accordance with a non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the structure, function, manufacture, and use of the absorbent articles with channel configurations and methods for making the same disclosed herein. One or more examples of these non-limiting embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the absorbent articles with channel configurations and methods for making the same described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting example embodiments and that the scope of the various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are defined solely by the claims. The features illustrated or described in connection with one non-limiting embodiment may be combined with the features of other non-limiting embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Introduction 
     As used herein, the term “absorbent article” refers to disposable devices such as infant, child, or adult diapers, training pants, sanitary napkins, and the like which are placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer to absorb and contain the various exudates discharged from the body. Typically, these articles comprise a topsheet, backsheet, an absorbent core, optionally an acquisition system (which may be comprised of one or several layers), and typically other components, with the absorbent core normally placed at least partially between the backsheet and the acquisition system or between the topsheet and the backsheet. The absorbent articles of the present disclosure will be further illustrated in the below description and in the Figures in the form of a taped diaper. Nothing in this description should be, however, considered limiting the scope of the claims. As such the present disclosure applies to any suitable form of absorbent articles (e.g., training pants, adult incontinence products, sanitary napkins). 
     A “nonwoven web” as used herein means a manufactured sheet, web, or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibers, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion, and/or adhesion, excluding paper and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibers may be of natural or man-made origin and may be staple or continuous filaments or be formed in situ. Commercially available fibers may have diameters ranging from less than about 0.001 mm to more than about 0.2 mm and may come in several different forms such as short fibers (known as staple, or chopped), continuous single fibers (filaments or monofilaments), untwisted bundles of continuous filaments (tow), and twisted bundles of continuous filaments (yam). Nonwoven webs can be formed by many processes such as meltblowing, spunbonding, solvent spinning, electrospinning, carding, and airlaying. The basis weight of nonwoven webs is usually expressed in grams per square meter (g/m 2  or gsm). 
     The term “joined” or “bonded” or “attached”, as used herein, encompasses configurations whereby an element is directly secured to another element by affixing the element directly to the other element, and configurations whereby an element is indirectly secured to another element by affixing the element to intermediate member(s) which in turn are affixed to the other element. 
     General Description of the Absorbent Article 
     An example absorbent article according to the present disclosure in the form of an infant diaper  20  is represented in  FIGS. 1-3 .  FIG. 1  is a plan view of the example diaper  20 , in a flat-out state, with portions of the structure being cut-away to more clearly show the construction of the diaper  20 . This diaper  20  is shown for illustration purpose only as the present disclosure may be used for making a wide variety of diapers or other absorbent articles. 
     The absorbent article may comprise a liquid permeable topsheet  24 , a liquid impermeable backsheet  25 , an absorbent core  28  positioned at least partially intermediate the topsheet  24  and the backsheet  25 , and barrier leg cuffs  34 . The absorbent article may also comprise an acquisition-distribution system (“ADS”)  50 , which in the example represented comprises a distribution layer  54  and an acquisition layer  52 , which will be further detailed below. The absorbent article may also comprise elasticized gasketing cuffs  32  joined to the chassis of the absorbent article, typically via the topsheet and/or backsheet, and substantially planar with the chassis of the diaper. 
     The Figures also show typical taped diaper components such as a fastening system comprising adhesive tabs  42  attached towards the rear edge of the article and cooperating with a landing zone  44  on the front of the article. The absorbent article may also comprise other typical elements, which are not represented, such as a rear elastic waist feature, a front elastic waist feature, transverse barrier cuff(s), and/or a lotion application, for example. 
     The absorbent article  20  comprises a front waist edge  10 , a rear waist edge  12  longitudinally opposing the front waist edge  10 , a first side edge  3 , and a second side edge  4  laterally opposing the first side edge  3 . The front waist edge  10  is the edge of the article which is intended to be placed towards the front of the user when worn, and the rear waist edge  12  is the opposite edge. The absorbent article may have a longitudinal axis  80  extending from the lateral midpoint of the front waist edge  10  to a lateral midpoint of the rear waist edge  12  of the article and dividing the article in two substantially symmetrical halves relative to the longitudinal axis  80 , with article placed flat and viewed from above as in  FIG. 1 . The absorbent article may also have a lateral axis  90  extending from the longitudinal midpoint of the first side edge  3  to the longitudinal midpoint of the second side edge  4 . The length L of the article may be measured along the longitudinal axis  80  from the front waist edge  10  to the rear waist edge  12 . The width of the article may be measured along the lateral axis  90  from the first side edge  3  to the second side edge  4 . The article may comprise a crotch point C defined herein as the point placed on the longitudinal axis at a distance of two fifth (⅖) of L starting from the front edge  10  of the article  20 . The article may comprise a front waist region  5 , a rear waist region  6 , and a crotch region  7 . The front waist region, the rear waist region, and the crotch region each define ⅓ of the longitudinal length of the absorbent article. 
     The topsheet  24 , the backsheet  25 , the absorbent core  28 , and the other article components may be assembled in a variety of configurations, in particular by gluing or heat embossing, for example. Example diaper configurations are described generally in U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,003, U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,274, U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,145, U.S. Pat. No. 5,569,234, U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,411, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,306. The absorbent article may be thin. The caliper at the crotch point C or in the crotch region  7  of the article may be, for example, from 4.0 mm to 12.0 mm or alternatively from 6.0 mm to 10.0 mm. 
     The absorbent core  28  may comprise an absorbent material comprising at least 80% by weight, at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, or at least 99% by weight of superabsorbent polymers and a core wrap enclosing the superabsorbent polymers. The core wrap may typically comprise two materials, substrates, or nonwoven materials  16  and  16 ′ for the top side and bottom side of the core. The core may comprises one or more channels, represented in  FIG. 1  as the four channels  26 ,  26 ′ and  27 ,  27 ′. 
     These and other components of the articles will now be discussed in more details. 
     Topsheet 
     The topsheet  24  is the part of the absorbent article that is directly in contact with the wearer&#39;s skin. The topsheet  24  can be joined to the backsheet  25 , the core  28  and/or any other layers as is known to those of skill in the art. Usually, the topsheet  24  and the backsheet  25  are joined directly to each other in some locations (e.g., on or close to the periphery of the article) and are indirectly joined together in other locations by directly joining them to one or more other elements of the article  20 . 
     The topsheet  24  may be compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer&#39;s skin. Further, at least a portion of the topsheet  24  may be liquid permeable, permitting liquids to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable topsheet may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as porous foams, reticulated foams, apertured plastic films, or woven or nonwoven materials of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers or filaments (e.g., polyester or polypropylene or bicomponent PE/PP fibers or mixtures thereof), or a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. If the topsheet  24  includes fibers, the fibers may be spunbond, carded, wet-laid, meltblown, hydroentangled, or otherwise processed as is known in the art, in particular spunbond PP nonwoven. A suitable topsheet comprising a web of staple-length polypropylene fibers is manufactured by Veratec, Inc., a Division of International Paper Company, of Walpole, Mass. under the designation P-8. 
     Suitable formed film topsheets are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,135, U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,246, U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,314, U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,045, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,394. Other suitable topsheets  30  may be made in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,609,518 and 4,629,643 issued to Curro et al. Such formed films are available from The Procter &amp; Gamble Company of Cincinnati, Ohio as “DRI-WEAVE” and from Tredegar Corporation, based in Richmond, Va., as “CLIFF-T”. 
     Any portion of the topsheet  24  may be coated with a lotion as is known in the art. Examples of suitable lotions include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,760, U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,587, U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,588, U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,025, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,441. The topsheet  24  may also include or be treated with antibacterial agents, some examples of which are disclosed in PCT Publication WO95/24173. Further, the topsheet  24 , the backsheet  25  or any portion of the topsheet or backsheet may be embossed and/or matte finished to provide a more cloth like appearance. 
     The topsheet  24  may comprise one or more apertures to ease penetration of exudates therethrough, such as urine and/or feces (solid, semi-solid, or liquid). The size of at least the primary aperture is important in achieving the desired waste encapsulation performance. If the primary aperture is too small, the waste may not pass through the aperture, either due to poor alignment of the waste source and the aperture location or due to fecal masses having a diameter greater than the aperture. If the aperture is too large, the area of skin that may be contaminated by “rewet” from the article is increased. Typically, the total area of the apertures at the surface of a diaper may have an area of between about 10 cm 2  and about 50 cm 2  or between about 15 cm 2  and 35 cm 2 . Examples of apertured topsheets are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,504, assigned to BBA NONWOVENS SIMPSONVILLE. WO2011/163582 also discloses suitable colored topsheet having a basis weight of from 12 to 18 gsm and comprising a plurality of bonded points. Each of the bonded points has a surface area of from 2 mm 2  to 5 mm 2  and the cumulated surface area of the plurality of bonded points is from 10 to 25% of the total surface area of the topsheet. 
     Typical diaper topsheets have a basis weight of from about 10 to about 21 gsm or from about 12 to about 18 gsm, but other basis weights are within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     Backsheet 
     The backsheet  25  is generally that portion of the article  20  positioned adjacent the garment-facing surface of the absorbent core  28  and which prevents, or at least inhibits, the exudates absorbed and contained therein from soiling articles such as bedsheets and undergarments. The backsheet  25  is typically impermeable, or at least substantially impermeable, to liquids (e.g., urine). The backsheet may, for example, be or comprise a thin plastic film such as a thermoplastic film having a thickness of about 0.012 mm to about 0.051 mm. Example backsheet films include those manufactured by Tredegar Corporation, based in Richmond, Va., and sold under the trade name CPC2 film. Other suitable backsheet materials may include breathable materials which permit vapors to escape from the diaper  20  while still preventing, or at least inhibiting, exudates from passing through the backsheet  25 . Example breathable materials may include materials such as woven webs, nonwoven webs, composite materials such as film-coated nonwoven webs, microporous films such as manufactured by Mitsui Toatsu Co., of Japan under the designation ESPOIR NO and by Tredegar Corporation of Richmond, Va., and sold under the designation EXAIRE, and monolithic films such as manufactured by Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio under the name HYTREL blend P18-3097. 
     The backsheet  25  may be joined to the topsheet  24 , the absorbent core  28 , and/or any other element of the diaper  20  by any attachment methods known to those of skill in the art. Suitable attachment methods are described above with respect to methods for joining the topsheet  24  to other elements of the article  20 . For example, the attachment methods may include using a uniform continuous layer of adhesive, a patterned layer of adhesive, or an array of separate lines, spirals, or spots of adhesive. Suitable attachment methods comprising an open pattern network of filaments of adhesive as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,986. Other suitable attachment methods include using several lines of adhesive filaments which are swirled into a spiral pattern, as is illustrated by the apparatus and methods shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,173, U.S. Pat. No. 4,785,996, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,842,666. Adhesives which have been found to be satisfactory are manufactured by H. B. Fuller Company of St. Paul, Minn. and marketed as HL-1620 and HL 1358-XZP. Alternatively, the attachment methods may comprise using heat bonds, pressure bonds, ultrasonic bonds, dynamic mechanical bonds, or any other suitable attachment methods or combinations of these attachment methods as are known to those of skill in the art. 
     Absorbent Core 
     As used herein, the term “absorbent core” refers to the individual component of the article having the most absorbent capacity and comprising an absorbent material and a core wrap enclosing the absorbent material. The term “absorbent core” does not include the acquisition-distribution system or layer or any other component of the article which is not either integral part of the core wrap or placed within the core wrap. The core may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, a core wrap, absorbent material as defined below, and glue enclosed within the core wrap. 
     The absorbent core  28  of the present disclosure may comprise an absorbent material with a high amount of superabsorbent polymers (herein abbreviated as “SAP”) enclosed within a core wrap. The SAP content may represent 70%-100% or at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100% by weight of the absorbent material contained in the core wrap. The core wrap is not considered as absorbent material for the purpose of assessing the percentage of SAP in the absorbent core. 
     By “absorbent material” it is meant a material which has some absorbency property or liquid retaining properties, such as SAP, cellulosic fibers as well as synthetic fibers. Typically, glues used in making absorbent cores have no absorbency properties and are not considered as absorbent material. The SAP content may be higher than 80%, for example at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, and even up to and including 100% of the weight of the absorbent material contained within the core wrap. This provides a relatively thin core compared to conventional core typically comprising between 40-60% SAP and high content of cellulose fibers. The absorbent material may in particular comprises less than 15% or less than 10% weight percent of natural or synthetic fibers, less than 5% weight percent, less than 3% weight percent, less than 2% weight percent, less than 1% weight percent, or may even be substantially free of natural and/or synthetic fibers. The absorbent material may advantageously comprise little or no airfelt (cellulose) fibers, in particular the absorbent core may comprise less than 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% airfelt (cellulose) fibers by weight of the absorbent core, or may even be substantially free of cellulose fibers. 
     The example absorbent core  28  of the absorbent article of  FIGS. 4-5  is shown in isolation in  FIGS. 6-8 . The absorbent core may comprises a front side  280 , a rear side  282 , and two longitudinal sides  284 ,  286  joining the front side  280  and the rear side  282 . The absorbent core may also comprise a generally planar top side and a generally planar bottom side. The front side  280  of the core is the side of the core intended to be placed towards the front waist edge  10  of the absorbent article. The core  28  may have a longitudinal axis  80 ′ corresponding substantially to the longitudinal axis  80  of the article, as seen from the top in a planar view as in  FIG. 1 . In an embodiment, the absorbent material may be distributed in higher amount towards the front side than towards the rear side as more absorbency may be required at the front in particular articles. In an embodiment, the front and rear sides of the core may be shorter than the longitudinal sides of the core. The core wrap may be formed by two nonwoven materials, substrates, laminates, or other materials,  16 ,  16 ′ which may be at least partially sealed along the sides of the absorbent core. The core wrap may be at least partially sealed along its front side  280 , rear side  282 , and two longitudinal sides  284 ,  286  so that substantially no absorbent material leaks out of the absorbent core wrap. The first material, substrate, or nonwoven  16  may at least partially surround the second material, substrate, or nonwoven  16 ′ to form the core wrap, as illustrated in  FIG. 7 . The first material  16  may surround a portion of the second material  16 ′ proximate to the first and second side edges  284  and  286 . 
     The absorbent core of the present disclosure may comprise adhesive, for example, to help immobilizing the SAP within the core wrap and/or to ensure integrity of the core wrap, in particular when the core wrap is made of two or more substrates. The core wrap may extend to a larger area than strictly needed for containing the absorbent material within. 
     Cores comprising relatively high amount of SAP with various core designs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,335 (Goldman), EP 1,447,066 (Busam), WO 95/11652 (Tanzer), U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2008/0312622A1 (Hundorf), and WO 2012/052172 (Van Malderen). 
     The absorbent material may be a continuous layer present within the core wrap. In other embodiments, the absorbent material may be comprised of individual pockets or stripes of absorbent material enclosed within the core wrap. In the first case, the absorbent material may be, for example, obtained by the application of a single continuous layer of absorbent material. The continuous layer of absorbent material, in particular of SAP, may also be obtained by combining two absorbent layers having discontinuous absorbent material application pattern, wherein the resulting layer is substantially continuously distributed across the absorbent particulate polymer material area, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2008/0312622A1 (Hundorf), for example. The absorbent core  28  may comprise a first absorbent layer and a second absorbent layer. The first absorbent layer may comprise the first material  16  and a first layer  61  of absorbent material, which may be 100% or less of SAP. The second absorbent layer may comprise the second material  16 ′ and a second layer  62  of absorbent material, which may also be 100% or less of SAP. The absorbent core  28  may also comprise a fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material  51  at least partially bonding each layer of absorbent material  61 ,  62  to its respective material  16  or  16 ′. This is illustrated in  FIGS. 7-8 , as an example, where the first and second SAP layers have been applied as transversal stripes or “land areas” having the same width as the desired absorbent material deposition area on their respective substrate before being combined. The stripes may comprise different amount of absorbent material (SAP) to provide a profiled basis weight along the longitudinal axis of the core  80 . The first material  16  and the second material  16 ′ may form the core wrap. 
     The fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material  51  may be at least partially in contact with the absorbent material  61 ,  62  in the land areas and at least partially in contact with the materials  16  and  16 ′ in the junction areas. This imparts an essentially three-dimensional structure to the fibrous layer of thermoplastic adhesive material  51 , which in itself is essentially a two-dimensional structure of relatively small thickness, as compared to the dimension in length and width directions. Thereby, the fibrous thermoplastic adhesive material may provide cavities to cover the absorbent material in the land area, and thereby immobilizes this absorbent material, which may be 100% or less of SAP. 
     The thermoplastic adhesive material  51  may comprise, in its entirety, a single thermoplastic polymer or a blend of thermoplastic polymers, having a softening point, as determined by the ASTM Method D-36-95 “Ring and Ball”, in the range between 50° C. and 300° C., and/or the thermoplastic adhesive material may be a hotmelt adhesive comprising at least one thermoplastic polymer in combination with other thermoplastic diluents such as tackifying resins, plasticizers and additives such as antioxidants. 
     The thermoplastic adhesive used for the fibrous layer may have elastomeric properties, such that the web formed by the fibers on the SAP layer is able to be stretched as the SAP swell. Example elastomeric, hotmelt adhesives include thermoplastic elastomers such as ethylene vinyl acetates, polyurethanes, polyolefin blends of a hard component (generally a crystalline polyolefin such as polypropylene or polyethylene) and a Soft component (such as ethylene-propylene rubber); copolyesters such as poly (ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene azelate); and thermoplastic elastomeric block copolymers having thermoplastic end blocks and rubbery mid blocks designated as A-B-A block copolymers: mixtures of structurally different homopolymers or copolymers, e.g., a mixture of polyethylene or polystyrene with an A-B-A block copolymer; mixtures of a thermoplastic elastomer and a low molecular weight resin modifier, e.g., a mixture of a styrene-isoprenestyrene block copolymer with polystyrene; and the elastomeric, hot-melt, pressure-sensitive adhesives described herein. Elastomeric, hot-melt adhesives of these types are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,066 issued to Korpman on Mar. 15, 1988. 
     The thermoplastic adhesive material may be applied as fibers. The fibers may have an average thickness of about 1 to about 50 micrometers or about 1 to about 35 micrometers and an average length of about 5 mm to about 50 mm or about 5 mm to about 30 mm, specifically reciting all 0.1 micrometer increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. To improve the adhesion of the thermoplastic adhesive material to the materials  16  or  16 ′ or to any other layer, in particular any other nonwoven layers, such layers may be pre-treated with an auxiliary adhesive. The fibers adhere to each other to form a fibrous layer, which can also be described as a mesh. 
     Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) 
     “Superabsorbent polymers” (“SAP”), as used herein, refer to absorbent materials which are cross-linked polymeric materials that can absorb at least 10 times their weight of an aqueous 0.9% saline solution as measured using the Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC) test (EDANA method WSP 241.2-05E). The SAP used may have a CRC value of more than 20 g/g, more than 24 g/g, from 20 to 50 g/g, from 20 to 40 g/g, or from 24 to 30 g/g, specifically reciting all 0.1 g/g increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges created therein or thereby. The SAP useful with the present disclosure may include a variety of water-insoluble, but water-swellable polymers capable of absorbing large quantities of fluids. 
     The superabsorbent polymer may be in particulate form so as to be flowable in the dry state. Particulate absorbent polymer materials may be made of poly(meth)acrylic acid polymers. However, starch-based particulate absorbent polymer material may also be used, as well polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, and starch grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile. The superabsorbent polymer may be polyacrylates and polyacrylic acid polymers that are internally and/or surface cross-linked. Suitable materials are described in the PCT Patent Application Nos. WO 07/047,598, WO 07/046,052, WO2009/155265, and WO2009/155264, for example. In some embodiments, suitable superabsorbent polymer particles may be obtained by generally known production processes as described in WO 2006/083584, for example. The superabsorbent polymers may be internally cross-linked, i.e., the polymerization is carried out in the presence of compounds having two or more polymerizable groups which can be free-radically copolymerized into the polymer network. Useful crosslinkers include, for example, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, allyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, triallylamine, tetraallyloxyethane as described in EP-A 530 438, di- and triacrylates as described in EP-A 547 847, EP-A 559 476, EP-A 632 068, WO 93/21237, WO 03/104299, WO 03/104300, WO 03/104301, and in DE-A 103 31 450, mixed acrylates which, as well as acrylate groups, include further ethylenically unsaturated groups, as described in DE-A 103 31 456 and DE-A 103 55 401, or crosslinker mixtures as described, for example, in DE-A 195 43 368, DE-A 196 46 484, WO 90/15830, and WO 02/32962 as well as cross-linkers described in WO2009/155265. The superabsorbent polymer particles may be external surface cross-linked, or post cross-linked. Useful post-crosslinkers include compounds including two or more groups capable of forming covalent bonds with the carboxylate groups of the polymers. Useful compounds include for example alkoxysilyl compounds, polyaziridines, polyamines, polyamidoamines, di- or polyglycidyl compounds as described in EP-A 083 022, EP-A 543 303 and EP-A 937 736, polyhydric alcohols as described in DE-C 33 14 019, cyclic carbonates as described in DE-A 40 20 780, 2-oxazolidone and its derivatives, such as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-oxazolidone as described in DE-A 198 07 502, bis- and poly-2-oxazolidones as described in DE-A 198 07 992, 2-oxotetrahydro-1,3-oxazine and its derivatives as described in DE-A 198 54 573, N-acyl-2-oxazolidones as described in DE-A 198 54 574, cyclic ureas as described in DE-A 102 04 937, bicyclic amide acetals as described in DE-A 103 34 584, oxetane and cyclic ureas as described in EP1,199,327 and morpholine-2,3-dione and its derivatives as described in WO03/031482. 
     In some embodiments, the SAP may be formed from polyacrylic acid polymers or polyacrylate polymers, for example, having a neutralization degree of from 60% to 90%, or of about 75%, having, for example, sodium counter ions. 
     The SAP useful for the present disclosure may be of numerous shapes. The term “particles” refers to granules, fibers, flakes, spheres, powders, platelets and other shapes and forms known to persons skilled in the art of superabsorbent polymer particles. In some embodiments, the SAP particles can be in the shape of fibers, i.e., elongated, acicular superabsorbent polymer particles. In those embodiments, the superabsorbent polymer particles fibers may have a minor dimension (i.e., diameter of the fiber) of less than about 1 mm, usually less than about 500 μm, or less than 250 μm down to 50 μm, specifically reciting all 1 μm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The length of the fibers may be about 3 mm to about 100 mm, specifically reciting all 1 mm increments within the above-specified range and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The fibers may also be in the form of a long filament that may be woven. 
     SAP may be spherical-like particles. In contrast to fibers, “spherical-like particles” have a longest and a smallest dimension with a particulate ratio of longest to smallest particle dimension in the range of 1-5, where a value of 1 would equate a perfectly spherical particle and 5 would allow for some deviation from such a spherical particle. The superabsorbent polymer particles may have a particle size of less than 850 μm, from 50 to 850 μm, from 100 to 710 μm, or from 150 to 650 μm, specifically reciting all 1 μm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby, as measured according to EDANA method WSP 220.2-05. SAP having a relatively low particle size may help to increase the surface area of the absorbent material which is in contact with liquid exudates and therefore supports fast absorption of liquid exudates. 
     The SAP may have a particle sizes in the range from 45 μm to 4000 μm, more specifically a particle size distribution within the range of from 45 μm to about 2000 μm, or from about 100 μm to about 1000, 850 or 600 μm, specifically reciting all 1 μm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The particle size distribution of a material in particulate form can be determined, for example, by means of dry sieve analysis (EDANA 420.02 “Particle Size distribution). 
     In some embodiments herein, the superabsorbent material may be in the form of particles with a mass medium particle size up to 2 mm, between 50 microns and 2 mm or to 1 mm, or from 100 μm, 200 μm, 300 μm, 400 μm, 500 μm, 1000 μm, 800 μm, or 700 μm; as can, for example, be measured by the method set out in for example EP-A-0,691,133. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the superabsorbent polymer material is in the form of particles whereby at least 80% by weight are particles of a size between 50 μm and 1200 μm and having a mass median particle size between any of the range combinations above. In addition, or in another embodiment of the present disclosure, the particles may be essentially spherical. In yet another or additional embodiment of the present disclosure, the superabsorbent polymer material may have a relatively narrow range of particle sizes, e.g., with the majority (e.g., at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or even at least 99% by weight) of particles having a particle size between 50 μm and 1000 μm, between 100 μm and 800 μm, or between 200 μm and 600 μm, specifically reciting all 1 μm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. 
     The surface of the SAP may be coated, for example, with a cationic polymer. Certain cationic polymers may include polyamine or polyimine materials. In some embodiments, the SAP may be coated with chitosan materials such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,832 B2. In some other embodiments, the SAP may comprise mixed-bed Ion-Exchange absorbent polymers such as those disclosed in WO 99/34841 and WO 99/34842. 
     The absorbent core may comprise one or more types of SAP. 
     For most absorbent articles, liquid discharges from a wearer occur predominately in the front half of the article, in particular for a diaper. The front half of the article (as defined by the region between the front edge and a transversal line placed at a distance of half L from the front waist edge  10  or rear waist edge  12  may therefore comprise most of the absorbent capacity of the core. Thus, at least 60% of the SAP, or at least 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85% of the SAP may be present in the front half of the absorbent article, the remaining SAP being disposed in the rear half of the absorbent article. In other embodiments, the SAP distribution may be uniform through the core or may have other suitable distributions. 
     The total amount of SAP present in the absorbent core may also vary according to expected user. Diapers for newborns may require less SAP than infant, child, or adult incontinence diapers. The amount of SAP in the core may be about 5 to 60 g or from 5 to 50 g, specifically reciting all 0.1 increments within the specified ranges and any ranged formed therein or thereby. The average SAP basis weight within the (or “at least one”, if several are present) deposition area  8  of the SAP may be at least 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 or more g/m 2 . The areas of the channels (e.g.,  27 ,  27 ′) present in the absorbent material deposition area  8  are deduced from the absorbent material deposition area to calculate this average basis weight. 
     Core Wrap 
     The core wrap may be made of a single substrate, material, or nonwoven folded around the absorbent material, or may comprise two (or more) substrates, materials, or nonwovens which are attached to another. Typical attachments are the so-called C-wrap and/or sandwich wrap. In a C-wrap, as illustrated, for example, in  FIGS. 2 and 7 , the longitudinal and/or transversal edges of one of the substrates are folded over the other substrate to form flaps. These flaps are then bonded to the external surface of the other substrate, typically by gluing. 
     The core wrap may be formed by any materials suitable for receiving and containing the absorbent material. Typical substrate materials used in the production of conventional cores may be used, in particular paper, tissues, films, wovens or nonwovens, or laminates or composites of any of these. The core wrap may be formed by a nonwoven web, such as a carded nonwoven, spunbond nonwoven (“S”) or meltblown nonwoven (“M”), and laminates of any of these. For example, spunmelt polypropylene nonwovens may be suitable, in particular those having a laminate web SMS, or SMMS, or SSMMS, structure, and having a basis weight range of about 5 gsm to about 15 gsm. Suitable materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576, U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2011/0268932A1, U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2011/0319848A1, and U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2011/0250413A1. Nonwoven materials provided from synthetic fibers may also be used, such as PE, PET, and/or PP, for example. 
     If the core wrap comprises a first substrate, nonwoven or material  16  and a second substrate, nonwoven, or materials  16 ′ these may be made of the same type of material, may be made of different materials, or one of the substrates may be treated differently than the other to provide it with different properties. As the polymers used for nonwoven production are inherently hydrophobic, they may be coated with hydrophilic coatings if placed on the fluid receiving side of the absorbent core. It may be advantageous that the top side of the core wrap, i.e., the side placed closer to the wearer in the absorbent article, be more hydrophilic than the bottom side of the core wrap. A possible way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings is via applying a hydrophilic monomer and a radical polymerization initiator onto the nonwoven, and conducting a polymerization activated via UV light resulting in monomer chemically bound to the surface of the nonwoven. An alternative possible way to produce nonwovens with durably hydrophilic coatings is to coat the nonwoven with hydrophilic nanoparticles, e.g., as described in WO 02/064877. 
     Permanently hydrophilic nonwovens are also useful in some embodiments. Surface tension, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576 (Busam et al.), can be used to measure how permanently a certain hydrophilicity level is achieved. Liquid strike through, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576, may be used to measure the hydrophilicity level. The first and/or second substrate may have a surface tension of at least 55, at least 60, or at least 65 mN/m or higher when wetted with saline solution. The substrate may also have a liquid strike through time of less than 5 seconds for a fifth gush of liquid. These values can be measured using the test methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,576B2: “Determination Of Surface Tension” and “Determination of Strike Through” respectively. 
     Hydrophilicity and wettability are typically defined in terms of contact angle and the strike through time of the fluids, for example, through a nonwoven fabric. This is discussed in detail in the American Chemical Society publication entitled “Contact angle, wettability and adhesion”, edited by Robert F. Gould (Copyright 1964). A substrate having a lower contact angle between the water and the surface of substrate may be said to be more hydrophilic than another. 
     The substrates may also be air-permeable. Films useful herein may therefore comprise micro-pores. The substrate may have an air-permeability of from 40 or from 50, to 300 or to 200 m 3 /(m 2 ×min), as determined by EDANA method 140-1-99 (125 Pa, 38.3 cm 2 ). The material of the core wrap may alternatively have a lower air-permeability, e.g., being non-air-permeable, for example, to facilitate handling on a moving surface comprising vacuum. 
     The core wrap may be at least partially sealed along all the sides of the absorbent core so that substantially no absorbent material leaks out of the core. By “substantially no absorbent material” it is meant that less than 5%, less than 2%, less than 1%, or about 0% by weight of absorbent material escape the core wrap. The term “seal” is to be understood in a broad sense. The seal does not need to be continuous along the whole periphery of the core wrap but may be discontinuous along part or the whole of it, such as formed by a series of seal points spaced on a line. A seal may be formed by gluing and/or thermal bonding. 
     If the core wrap is formed by two substrates  16 ,  16 ′, four seals may be used to enclose the absorbent material  60  within the core wrap. For example, a first substrate  16  may be placed on one side of the core (the top side as represented in the Figures) and extend around the core&#39;s longitudinal edges to at least partially wrap the opposed bottom side of the core. The second substrate  16 ′ may be present between the wrapped flaps of the first substrate  16  and the absorbent material  60 . The flaps of the first substrate  16  may be glued to the second substrate  16 ′ to provide a strong seal. This so called C-wrap construction may provide benefits such as improved resistance to bursting in a wet loaded state compared to a sandwich seal. The front side and rear side of the core wrap may then also be sealed by gluing the first substrate and second substrate to another to provide complete encapsulation of the absorbent material across the whole of the periphery of the core. For the front side and rear side of the core, the first and second substrates may extend and may be joined together in a substantially planar direction, forming for these edges a so-called sandwich construction. In the so-called sandwich construction, the first and second substrates may also extend outwardly on all sides of the core and be sealed flat, or substantially flat, along the whole or parts of the periphery of the core typically by gluing and/or heat/pressure bonding. In an embodiment, neither the first nor the second substrates need to be shaped, so that they can be rectangularly cut for ease of production but other shapes are within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The core wrap may also be formed by a single substrate which may enclose as in a parcel wrap the absorbent material and be sealed along the front side and rear side of the core and one longitudinal seal. 
     SAP Deposition Area 
     The absorbent material deposition area  8  may be defined by the periphery of the layer formed by the absorbent material  60  within the core wrap, as seen from the top side of the absorbent core. The absorbent material deposition area  8  may have various shapes, in particular, a so-called “dog bone” or “hour-glass” shape, which shows a tapering along its width towards the middle or “crotch” region of the core. In this way, the absorbent material deposition area  8  may have a relatively narrow width in an area of the core intended to be placed in the crotch region of the absorbent article, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . This may provide better wearing comfort. The absorbent material deposition area  8  may thus have a width (as measured in the transversal direction) at its narrowest point which is less than about 100 mm, 90 mm, 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm, or even less than about 50 mm. This narrowest width may further be at least 5 mm, or at least 10 mm, smaller than the width of the deposition area  8  at its largest point in the front and/or rear regions deposition area  8 . The absorbent material deposition area  8  may also be generally rectangular, for example as shown in  FIGS. 4-6 , but other deposition areas, such as a “T,” “Y,” “sand-hour,” or “dog-bone” shapes are also within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     The basis weight (amount deposited per unit of surface) of the SAP may also be varied along the deposition area  8  to create a profiled distribution of absorbent material, in particular SAP, in the longitudinal direction, in the transversal direction, or both directions of the core. Hence, along the longitudinal axis of the core, the basis weight of absorbent material may vary, as well as along the transversal axis, or any axis parallel to any of these axes. The basis weight of SAP in areas of relatively high basis weight may thus be at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% higher than in an area of relatively low basis weight. In one embodiment, the SAP present in the absorbent material deposition area  8  at the level of the crotch point C may have more SAP per unit of surface deposited as compared to another area of the absorbent material deposition area  8 . 
     The absorbent material may be deposited using known techniques, which may allow relatively precise deposition of SAP at relatively high speed. In particular, the SAP printing technology as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2008/0312617 and U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2010/0051166A1 (both to Hundorf et al.) may be used. This technique uses a printing roll to deposit SAP onto a substrate disposed on a grid of a support which may include a plurality of cross bars extending substantially parallel to and spaced from one another so as to form channels extending between the plurality of cross-bars. This technology allows high-speed and precise deposition of SAP on a substrate. The channels of the absorbent core may be formed for example by modifying the pattern of the grid and receiving drums so that no SAP is applied in areas corresponding to the channels. EP application number 11169396.6 discloses this modification in more details. 
     Channels 
     The absorbent material deposition area  8  may comprise at least one channel  26 , which is at least partially oriented in the longitudinal direction of the article  80  (i.e., has a longitudinal vector component). Other channels may be at least partially oriented in the lateral direction (i.e., has a lateral vector component) or in any other direction. If the following, the plural form “channels” will be used to mean “at least one channel”. The channels may have a length L′ projected on the longitudinal axis  80  of the article that is at least 10% of the length L of the article. The channels may be formed in various ways. For example, the channels may be formed by zones within the absorbent material deposition area  8  which may be substantially free of, or free of, absorbent material, in particular SAP. In addition or alternatively, the channel(s) may also be formed by continuously or discontinuously bonding the top side of the core wrap to the bottom side of the core wrap through the absorbent material deposition area  8 . The channels may be continuous but it is also envisioned that the channels may be intermittent. The acquisition-distribution system or layer  50 , or another layer of the article, may also comprise channels, which may or not correspond to the channels of the absorbent core. 
     In some embodiments, the channels may be present at least at the same longitudinal level as the crotch point C or the lateral axis  60  in the absorbent article, as represented in  FIG. 1  with the two longitudinally extending channels  26 ,  26 ′. The channels may also extend from the crotch region  7  or may be present in the front waist region  5  and/or in the rear waist region  6  of the article. 
     The absorbent core  28  may also comprise more than two channels, for example, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, or at least 6 or more. Shorter channels may also be present, for example in the rear waist region  6  or the front waist region  5  of the core as represented by the pair of channels  27 ,  27 ′ in  FIG. 1  towards the front of the article. The channels may comprise one or more pairs of channels symmetrically arranged, or otherwise arranged relative to the longitudinal axis  80 . 
     The channels may be particularly useful in the absorbent core when the absorbent material deposition area is rectangular, as the channels may improve the flexibility of the core to an extent that there is less advantage in using a non-rectangular (shaped) core. Of course channels may also be present in a layer of SAP having a shaped deposition area. 
     The channels may extend substantially longitudinally, which means that each channel extends more in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction, or at least twice as much in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction (as measured after projection on the respective axis). In other embodiments, the channels may extend substantially laterally, which means that each channel extends more in the lateral direction than in the transverse direction, or at least twice as much in the longitudinal direction than in the transverse direction (as measured after projection on the respective axis). 
     The channels may be completely oriented longitudinally and parallel to the longitudinal axis or completely oriented transversely and parallel to the lateral axis, but also may be curved. In various embodiments, some or all the channels, in particular the channels present in the crotch region  7 , may be concave towards the longitudinal axis  80 , as, for example, represented in  FIG. 1  for the pair of channels  26 ,  26 ′. The radius of curvature may typically be at least equal (and may be at least 1.5 or at least 2.0 times this average transverse dimension) to the average transverse dimension of the absorbent layer; and also straight but under an angle of (e.g., from 5°) up to 30°, up to 20°, up to 10° with a line parallel to the longitudinal axis. The radius of curvature may be constant for a channel, or may vary along its length. This may also include channels with an angle therein, provided the angle between two parts of a channel is at least 120°, at least 150°; and in any of these cases, provided the longitudinal extension of the channel is more than the transverse extension. The channels may also be branched. For example, a central channel superposed with the longitudinal axis in the crotch region  7  which branches towards the rear waist edge  12  and/or towards the front waist edge  10  of the article. 
     In some embodiments, there is no channel that coincides with the longitudinal axis  80  of the article or the core. When present as symmetrical pairs relative to the longitudinal axis  80 , the channels may be spaced apart from one another over their whole longitudinal dimension. The smallest spacing distance may be at least 5 mm, at least 10 mm, or at least 16 mm, for example. 
     Furthermore, in order to reduce the risk of fluid leakages, the longitudinal main channels may not extend up to any of the edges of the absorbent material deposition area  8 , and may therefore be fully encompassed within the absorbent material deposition area  8  of the core. The smallest distance between a channel and the closest edge of the absorbent material deposition area  8  may be at least 5 mm. 
     The channels may have a width Wc along at least part of its length which is at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, at least 4 mm, up to for example 20 mm, 16 mm, or 12 mm, for example. The width of the channel may be constant through substantially the whole length of the channel or may vary along its length. When the channels are formed by absorbent material-free zone within the absorbent material deposition area  8 , the width of the channels is considered to be the width of the material free zone, disregarding the possible presence of the core wrap within the channels. If the channels are not formed by absorbent material free zones, for example mainly though bonding of the core wrap through the absorbent material zone, the width of the channels if the width of this bonding. 
     At least some or all of the channels may be permanent channels, meaning their integrity is at least partially maintained both in the dry state and in the wet state. Permanent channels may be obtained by provision of one or more adhesive materials, for example, the fibrous layer of adhesive material or construction glue that helps adhere a substrate with an absorbent material within the walls of the channel. Permanent channels may also be formed by bonding the upper side and lower side of the core wrap (e.g., the first substrate  16  and the second substrate  16 ′) and/or the topsheet  24  to the backsheet  25  together through the channels. Typically, an adhesive may be used to bond both sides of the core wrap or the topsheet and the a backsheet through the channels, but it is possible to bond via other known processes, such as pressure bonding, ultrasonic bonding, heat bonding, or combination thereof. The core wrap or the topsheet  24  and the backsheet  25  may be continuously bonded or intermittently bonded along the channels. The channels may advantageously remain or become visible at least through the topsheet and/or backsheet when the absorbent article is fully loaded with a fluid. This may be obtained by making the channels substantially free of SAP, so they will not swell, and sufficiently large so that they will not close when wet. Furthermore, bonding the core wrap to itself or the topsheet to the backsheet through the channels may be advantageous. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an example absorbent core  28  of the present disclosure. This core  28 , and the cores illustrated in FIGS.  12  and  14 - 20 , may be used in the absorbent articles of the present disclosure and may have many or all of the features discussed herein. In various embodiments, profiles of the sum of the lateral widths of one or more channels (plotted on the Y-axis) may be plotted relative to the longitudinal length about the longitudinal axis  80 ′ (plotted on the X-axis) of portions of the one or more channels. Stated another way, the sum of the lateral widths of the one or more channels over a particular a longitudinal length about the longitudinal axis  80 ′ of the one or more channels may be plotted to create a profile. 
     To obtain data for such profiles, first, the absorbent article or the absorbent core should be placed on a light table or a light source suitable for viewing the channels within the absorbent core. If the absorbent core is being used, it should first be removed from the absorbent article using any suitable techniques. The wearer-facing surface of the absorbent article or the absorbent core should face away from the surface of the light table. The absorbent article or the absorbent core should be attached to the light illuminating surface of the light table or light source using tape or other attachment members. Second, a longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′ (e.g., 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 50 mm, 100 mm) should be selected for measurement. A rigid or flexible tape measure, graduated in mm, should be used to measure the longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′. A dot should be placed on the absorbent article or the absorbent core at either end of the longitudinal length on the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′. Next, a line that is parallel to the lateral axis  90 ′ should be drawn through each dot. This enclosed area “EA” between the lines is the area to be measured. The enclosed area “EA” can be a portion of the absorbent article&#39;s or absorbent core&#39;s longitudinal length or the entire length of the absorbent article or absorbent core from the front waist edge  10  or front side  280  to the rear waist edge  12  or rear side  282 , respectively. In some instances, it may be desirable to profile a large longitudinal length of the absorbent article or absorbent core, while, in other instances, it may be desirable to profile a small longitudinal length. Once the longitudinal length to be used is indicated on the absorbent article or the absorbent core, the sum of the lateral widths of the channels within the enclosed area should be measured parallel to the lateral axis every 5 mm along the longitudinal length using the tape measure. If only one channel is present at a particular 5 mm increment within the enclosed area “EA” only one width will be the sum of the lateral widths of the channel at that particular increment, while if more than one channel is present at a particular 5 mm increment within the enclosed area “EA”, the sum of the lateral widths at that increment will be the sum of those two or more lateral widths of the channels. Those results should then be plotted to create a profile or graph with the sum of the lateral widths of the one or more channels being plotted on the Y-axis and the longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′ at which they were taken on the X-axis. The X-axis should be graduated in 5 mm increments to correspond with lateral width measurements being taken every 5 mm along the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′. The Y-axis may be graduated in 1 mm increments, 2 mm increments, or greater than 2 mm increments depending on the values of the sum of the lateral widths of the one or more channels. 
     Referring to  FIG. 9 , as an example, the enclosed area “EA” is between the two dashed lines at the end of the longitudinal length L′ of the one or more channels along the longitudinal axis  80 ′. For all absorbent core  28  embodiments, the longitudinal axis  80 ′ corresponds with the longitudinal axis  80  of the absorbent article and the lateral axis  90 ′ corresponds with the lateral axis  90  of the absorbent article. Lateral width measurements of the channels  26  and  26 ′ are taken parallel to the lateral axis  90 ′ every 5 mm. Each 5 mm increment is indicated as a line “L” in  FIG. 9 . The first measurement is taken 5 mm into the enclosed area “EA” from the top dashed line “TL”. While  FIG. 9  is not to scale, a profile of the sum of the lateral widths taken in a direction parallel to the lateral axis  90 ′ every 5 mm along the longitudinal axis  80 ′ would look generally like the example profile of  FIG. 10 . The longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80  is plotted on the X-axis and the sum of the lateral widths is plotted on the Y-axis. In this example, the sums of the laterals widths of the channels within the enclosed area (every 5 mm) are all 10 mm (5 mm per channel). Other sums of the lateral widths of the channels are within the scope of the present disclosure. Example sums of the lateral widths may be in the range of 5 mm to 120 mm, specifically reciting all 1 mm increments within the specified range and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The enclosed area may extend at least 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 15 mm, at least 20 mm, at least 30 mm, at least 40 mm, at least 50 mm, at least 60 mm, or at least 70 mm, for example, along the longitudinal axis  90 ′. The enclosed area may be smaller for sanitary napkins since their absorbent cores are typically smaller than diapers. Thus, the profile from  FIG. 9  is constant, or substantially constant, since the sum of the lateral widths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ taken every 5 mm along the longitudinal axis  80 ′ should have the same value. If only channel  26  were present in the enclosed area of  FIG. 9 , the profile would also be constant, or substantially constant, since the lateral width of the channel  26  measured parallel to the lateral axis  90 ′ is constant, or substantially constant, in this embodiment along the longitudinal length L′. The second channel  26 ′ may be positioned on the opposite side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′ as the first channel  26 . The profile of the second channel  26 ′ may also be constant, or substantially constant, about a longitudinal length, such as L′ of  FIG. 9 , since the lateral width of the second channel  26 ′ is constant, or substantially constant, about the channel&#39;s longitudinal length L′. In other embodiments, the lateral widths of each channel  26  and  26 ′ may be constant, substantially constant, or variable along a longitudinal length or a portion thereof. In other embodiments, one channel (e.g., channel  26 ) may have a constant, or substantially constant, lateral width about its longitudinal length, while the other channel (e.g., channel  26 ′) may have a varying lateral width about its longitudinal length. In the embodiment of  FIG. 9 , the channel  26  and the channel  26 ′ may have the same longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80 ′. In other embodiments, the first and second or more channels may each have a different longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80 ′. 
     The above is merely an example non-limiting configuration of how to measure the sum of the lateral widths over a particular longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80 ′. As discussed below, other profiles are also within the scope of the present disclosure based on the configurations and/or orientations of the channels within the measured longitudinal length and/or enclosed area. 
     Again referring to  FIG. 9 , a profile of the sum of the lateral widths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ over a portion of the longitudinal length on a first side of the lateral axis  90 ′ may be different than a profile of the sum of the lateral widths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ over another portion of the longitudinal length on a second side of the lateral axis  90 ′. In other embodiments, the profile of the sum of the lateral widths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ over a portion of the longitudinal length on the first side of the lateral axis  90 ′ may be the same, or substantially the same, as the profile of the sum of the lateral widths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ over a portion of the longitudinal length on the second side of the lateral axis  90 ′ 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIG. 1 , the absorbent core  28  may comprise at least three channels or four channels (e.g.,  26 ,  26 ′,  27 ,  27 ′). These channels may be free of, or substantially free of (e.g., less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 3%, less than 2%, or less than 1%), superabsorbent polymers and may be at least partially oriented in the longitudinal direction and/or may be at least partially oriented in the lateral direction. In various embodiments, the longitudinal lengths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ about the longitudinal axis  80  may be the same, substantially the same (e.g., within 2 mm or less of each other), or different and the longitudinal lengths of the channels  27  and  27 ′ about the longitudinal axis  80  may be the same, substantially the same, or different. The longitudinal length of the channels  26  and  26 ′ may be larger than the longitudinal length of the channels  27  and  27 ′. The average lateral width over the longitudinal lengths of the channels  27  and  27 ′ may be the same, substantially the same, or may be different. Likewise, the average lateral width over the longitudinal lengths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ may be the same, substantially the same, or may be different. The average lateral width of any of the channels  26 ,  26 ′,  27 , and  27 ′ may be the same, substantially the same, or different. This rationale may apply to any channel configurations disclosed herein. 
     In an embodiment, referring again to  FIG. 1 , at least two of the three channels  26 ,  26 ′,  27 , and  27 ′ may be at least partially oriented in the longitudinal direction along of the longitudinal axis  80  of the article. Each of the channels  26 ,  26 ′,  27 , and  27 ′ may have lateral widths taken parallel to the lateral axis  90 . Referring to  FIG. 11 , a profile of the sum of the lateral widths of the channels over a longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80  of at least 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 15 mm, at least 20 mm, at least 25 mm, at least 30 mm, at least 35 mm, at least 40 mm, at least 45 mm, at least 50 mm or greater taken along the longitudinal axis  80  may have two maximum peaks “MP.” The maximum peaks may be separated from each other by a gap “G” extending at least 1 mm, at least 3 mm, at least 5 mm, at least 10 mm, at least 15 mm, at least 20 mm or greater of the longitudinal length about the longitudinal axis  80 . An example of such a profile is illustrated in  FIG. 11 . The profile of  FIG. 11  was taken between the longitudinal length represented by lines A and B every 5 mm in longitudinal length (represented by dots along the first side edge  3 ). Lines parallel to the lateral axis  90  and intersecting each dot should be drawn on the absorbent article. The sum of the lateral width of the channels taken parallel to the lateral axis  90  should be measured on each line using the tape measure. Although the maximum peaks “MP” of  FIG. 11  are illustrated separated by a 5 mm gap “G”, this gap could be less than 1 mm or greater than 1 mm, for example, 1-15 mm or 1-9 mm. 
     Again referring to  FIG. 11 , the profile of the sum of the lateral widths of the channels  26 ,  26 ′,  27 , and/or  27 ′ over a longitudinal length of at least 20 mm taken along the longitudinal axis  80  may be bimodal and may have a portion between the two modes where the sum of the lateral widths of at least three of the channels  26 ,  26 ′,  27 , and  27 ′ or all of the channels is zero. This portion where the sum of the lateral widths of at least three of the channels  26 ,  26 ′,  27 , and  27 ′ or all of the channels is zero is indicated by the gap G in  FIG. 11 . 
     In another embodiment, referring to  FIG. 12 , the absorbent core  28  may comprise the first channel  26  and the second channel  26 ′ as described above and one or more pockets  29  that are free of, or substantially free of, the superabsorbent polymers. As an example, the pocket  29  may have a width dimension of 20 mm to 110 mm or less or greater, such as 90 mm (about the lateral axis  90 ′) and a length dimension of 30 mm to 00 mm or less or greater, such as 50 mm (about the longitudinal axis  80 ′). The one or more pockets  29  may have a portion positioned on the longitudinal axis  80 ′ and may be positioned in the front waist region  5 , the rear waist region  6 , and/or the crotch region  7 . In another embodiment, a pocket may extend into two or more regions. Although  FIGS. 9 ,  12  and  14 - 20  only show an absorbent core  28 , it will be understood that the front waist region  5 , the rear waist region  6 , and the crotch region  7  will generally correspond with such regions on the absorbent article as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . A portion of the one or more pockets  29  may not be positioned on the longitudinal axis  80 ′. In an embodiment, the one or more pockets  29  may have a portion positioned on the lateral axis  90 ′. The pocket  29  has lateral widths measured parallel to the lateral axis  90 ′ and longitudinal lengths measured parallel to the longitudinal axis  80 ′. A profile of the sum of the lateral widths of the first and second channels  26  and  26 ′ and the lateral widths of the pocket  29  over a longitudinal length of 50 mm taken along the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may have two separate, constant, or substantially constant portions, as illustrated in representative form in  FIG. 13 .  FIG. 13  is the sum of the lateral widths of the superabsorbent polymer free, or substantially superabsorbent polymer free, areas of the channels  26  and  26 ′ and the pocket  29  taken from line C to line D in  FIG. 12 . The longitudinal length along the longitudinal axis  80 ′ between lines C and D may be at least 50 mm or less or more. As can be seen from  FIG. 13 , the profile has two constant, or substantially constant portions, representing the sum of the lateral widths of the channels alone, and one portion larger than the constant, or substantially constant portions, representing the sum of the lateral widths of the channels  26  and  26 ′ and the lateral widths of the pocket  29 . The sum of the lateral widths of the first channel  26 , the second channel  26 ′, and the pocket  29  at a point intermediate lines C and D may be in the range of about 20 mm to about 100 mm, for example. The lateral widths should be measured every 5 mm along the longitudinal axis  80 ′ as discussed above and between lines C and D. The pocket  29  may be a bowel movement “BM” pocket configured to retain BM. In another embodiment, referring to  FIG. 14 , the pocket  29 ′ may be positioned at least partially in the front waist region  5  and may be a urine management or retention pocket. In still another embodiment, referring to  FIG. 15 , the pocket  29 ″ may be positioned at least partially in the crotch region  7  and may be a urine management or retention pocket and/or a BM pocket. The pocket  29 ″ may have longitudinal side edges formed by the laterally inboard sides of the channels  26  and  26 ′ or may have longitudinal side edges formed independently of the laterally inboard side edges of the channels  26  and  26 ′. The pockets  29 ,  29 ′, or  29 ″ may have lateral widths measured parallel to the lateral axis  90 ′ every 5 mm along the longitudinal axis  80 ′ in the range of 10 mm to 110 mm, 20 mm to 100 mm, or 30 mm to 95 mm, specifically reciting all 1 mm increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. 
     In yet another embodiment, referring to  FIG. 16 , the absorbent core  28  may comprise the first channel  26  and/or the second channel  26 ′ and a third channel  26 ″ (sometimes referred to in the claims as a second channel if one of the first and second channels  26  and  26 ′ are not recited). The third channel  26 ″ may be free of, or substantially free of, superabsorbent polymers and may be positioned in the rear waist region  6 , the crotch region  7 , and/or the front waist region  5 . The third channel  26 ″ may be positioned within 0-50 mm from the rear waist edge  12  or the rear side  282  or within 0-50 mm from the front waist edge  10  or the front side  280 . All 1 mm increments within the above-specified ranges are specifically recited herein including any ranges formed therein or thereby. A sum of the lateral widths of the first channel  26  and the third channel  26 ″ or the first channel  26 , the second channel  26 ′, and the third channel  26 ″ at a point along the longitudinal axis (for example, point E of  FIG. 16 ) that is 50 mm, or 30 mm, or 20 mm, or 15 mm, or 10 mm, or 5 mm, or 1 mm, or less from the rear side  282  or the rear waist edge  12  or the front side  280  or front waist edge  10  may be greater than zero.  FIG. 17  illustrates an absorbent core  28  comprising a first channel  26 , a second channel  26 ′, a third channel  31 , and a fourth channel  31 ′. Any of these channels may be optional. The sum of the lateral widths of the third channel  31  and the fourth channel  31 ′ at a point along the longitudinal axis  80 ′ (for example, point F of  FIG. 17 ) that is 50 mm, or 30 mm, or 20 mm, or 15 mm, or 10 mm, or 5 mm, or 3 mm, or 1 mm, or less from the rear waist edge  12 , the rear side  282 , the front waist edge  10 , or the front side  280  may be greater than zero. 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIG. 18 , the first channel  26  and the second channel  26 ′ may each have a first arcuate portion  33  in the front waist region  5  and a second arcuate portion  33 ′ in the rear waist region  6 . The arcuate portions  33  and  33 ′ may face the longitudinal axis  80 ′. The first channel  26  and the second channel  26 ′ may also have a third arcuate portion  33 ″ in the crotch region  7  or a non-arcuate portion in  33 ″ the crotch region  7 . The arcuate portions  33 ″ or the portions  33 ″ may also face the longitudinal axis  80 ′. Tangent lines  35  of the arcuate portions  33  may intersect the longitudinal axis  80 ′ to create angle A1. The angle of intersection A1 between the tangent lines  35  and the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may be in the range of 10 degrees to 80 degrees, 20 degrees to 75 degrees, 30 degrees to 60 degrees, or 45 degrees. Tangent lines  35 ′ of the arcuate portions  33 ′ may intersect the longitudinal axis  80 ′ to create angle A2. The angle of intersection A2 between the tangent lines  35 ′ and the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may be in the range of 10 degrees to 80 degrees, 20 degrees to 75 degrees, 30 degrees to 60 degrees, or 45 degrees. Tangent lines  35 ″ of the arcuate portions  33 ″ may intersect the longitudinal axis  80 ′ to create angle A3. The angle of intersection A3 between the tangent lines  35 ″ and the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may be in the range of 0.1 degrees to 35 degrees or 1 degree to 20 degrees. In an embodiment, tangent lines may extend from the non-arcuate portions  33 ″ in the crotch region  7 . The tangent lines may not intersect the longitudinal axis  80 ′ and may instead extend in directions parallel to the longitudinal axis  80 ′. All 0.5 degree increments within the ranges specified in this paragraph are recited herein including any ranges formed therein or thereby. 
     As can be seen in  FIG. 18 , the first tangent line  35  taken from the first arcuate portion  33  on a first side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may have a positive slope (rise/run) and the first tangent line  35  taken from the first arcuate portion  33  on the second side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may have a negative slope. The second tangent line  35 ′ taken from the second arcuate portion  33 ′ on a first side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may have a negative slope and the second tangent line  35 ′ taken from the second arcuate portion  33 ′ on the second side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may have a positive slope. The tangent lines  35 ″ may also have a positive or a negative slope. The slopes of the various tangent lines may be different if the configuration of the channels is different. 
     Again referring to  FIG. 18 , angles A1, A2, and A3 on a first side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may be different than, the same as, or substantially the same as angles A1, A2, and A3, respectively, on a second side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′. In an embodiment, with respect to angles on one side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′, angle A1 may be greater than angles A2 and A3 and angle A2 may be greater than angle A3. In other embodiments, with respect to angles on one side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′, angle A1 and angle A2 may be the same or substantially the same, while angle A3 may be less than angles A1 and A2. In still other embodiments, any of the angles on one side of the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may be the same or different. 
     The tangent lines  35  are taken from portions of the arcuate portions  33  in the front waist region  5 . The tangent lines  35 ′ are taken from portions of the arcuate portions  33 ′ in the rear waist region  6 . The tangent lines  35 ″ are taken from portions of the arcuate portions  33 ″ in the crotch region  7 . 
     The longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′ can be drawn on an absorbent article or the absorbent core, respectively, by connecting the midpoints of the first waist edge  10  or first side  280  and the second waist edge  12  or second side  282 , respectively. The tangent lines can be drawn on the absorbent article or the absorbent core using a straight edge. Multiple tangent lines may be drawn on an arcuate portion in the front waist region  5 , the rear waist region  6 , and/or the crotch region  7 . The tangent lines should be drawn long enough to intersect the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′ unless they are positioned parallel to the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′. A protractor, graduated in 1 degree increments, may then be used to measure the angles (A1, A2, and A3) between the tangent lines and the longitudinal axis  80  or  80 ′. If additional channels are present in the absorbent core  28 , additional tangent lines may be drawn on those channels in the same or a similar fashion. 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIG. 19 , in additional to the first and second channels  26  and  26 ′ discussed above, an absorbent core may comprise a channel or pocket  37  that is free of, or substantially free of, superabsorbent polymers. A portion of the channel or pocket  37  may be located on the longitudinal axis  80 ′. The channel or pocket  37  may comprise an arcuate portion  39  facing the side  284  or the second side edge  4  and another arcuate portion  39 ′ facing the side  282  or the first side edge  3 . An angle, A4, between a tangent line  41 ′ (or  41 ) of the arcuate portion  39 ′ (or  39 ) and the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may be in the range of about 0.1 degrees to 40 degrees, 0.1 degrees to 20 degrees, 0.1 degrees to 15 degrees, 0.1 degrees to 10 degrees, or 0.1 degrees to five degrees, specifically reciting all 0.1 degree increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. In an embodiment, the tangent line  41  (or  41 ′) may extend parallel to the longitudinal axis  80 ′ and never intersect the longitudinal axis  80 ′. The channel or pocket  37  may be positioned at least partially within the front waist region  5 , the rear waist region  6 , and/or the crotch region  7 . 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIG. 20 , in addition to the first and second channels  26  and  26 ′, an absorbent core  28  may comprise a channel or a pocket  43  having a portion positioned on the longitudinal axis  80 ′. The channel or pocket  43  may have a longitudinal length in the range of 10 mm to 150 mm and a lateral width of 10 mm to about 150 mm, specifically reciting all 1 mm increments within the specified ranges and all ranges formed therein or thereby. Other dimensions are also within the scope of the present disclosure. The channel or the pocket  43  may be located in the front waist region  5  or the rear waist region  6 , or both. The channel or pocket  43  may have an arcuate portion  45  facing the front side  280  or the front waist edge  10  if the channel or pocket  43  is located in the front waist region  5  and an arcuate portion  45  facing the rear side  282  or the rear waist region  12  if the channel or pocket  43  is located in the rear waist region  6 . The channel or pocket  43  may extend into the crotch region  7  in some instances. A tangent line  47  of the arcuate portion  45  may create an angle with the longitudinal axis  80 ′ in the range of 70 degrees to 110 degrees, 80 degrees to 100 degrees, 85 degrees to 85 degrees, about 90 degrees, or 90 degrees, specifically reciting all 0.5 degree increments within the specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIG. 21 , in addition to the first and second channels  26  and  26 ′, an absorbent core  28  may comprise a pocket  53  in the crotch region  7  and/or the rear waist region  6  and one or more channels  55  in the rear waist region  6  and/or the crotch region  7 . In another embodiment, the pocket  53  may be in the crotch region  7  and/or the front waist region  5  and the one or more channels  55  may be in the crotch region  7  and/or the front waist region  5 . The pocket  53  and the one or more channels  55  may be BM pockets or channels and/or urine management pockets and/or channels. The channels  55  may extend generally in the lateral direction about the lateral axis  90 ′. The various parameters discussed herein may apply to  FIG. 21 , if suitable. For instance, at least one, or all of, the channels  55  may have a tangent line  59  extending from an arcuate portion  57  thereof. The angle formed between the tangent line  59  and the longitudinal axis  80 ′ may be 80 degrees to 100 degrees, about 90 degrees, or 90 degrees, for example. 
     Barrier Leg Cuffs 
     The absorbent article may comprise a pair of barrier leg cuffs  34 . Each barrier leg cuff may be formed by a piece of material which is bonded to the article so it can extend upwards from the inner surface of the article and provide improved containment of liquids and other body exudates approximately at the junction of the torso and legs of the wearer. The barrier leg cuffs are delimited by a proximal edge  64  joined directly or indirectly to the topsheet  24  and/or the backsheet  25  and a free terminal edge  66 , which is intended to contact and form a seal with the wearer&#39;s skin. The barrier leg cuffs extend at least partially between the front waist edge  10  and the rear waist edge  12  of the absorbent article on opposite sides of the longitudinal axis  80  and are at least present at the level of the crotch point (C) or crotch region. The barrier leg cuffs may be joined at the proximal edge  64  with the chassis of the article by a bond  65  which may be made by gluing, fusion bonding, or combination of other suitable bonding processes. The bond  65  at the proximal edge  64  may be continuous or intermittent. The bond  65  closest to the raised section of the leg cuffs delimits the proximal edge  64  of the standing up section of the leg cuffs. 
     The barrier leg cuffs may be integral with the topsheet  24  or the backsheet  25  or may be a separate material joined to the article&#39;s chassis. The material of the barrier leg cuffs may extend through the whole length of the diapers but may be “tack bonded” to the topsheet  24  towards the front waist edge  10  and rear waist edge  12  of the article so that in these sections the barrier leg cuff material remains flush with the topsheet  24 . 
     Each barrier leg cuff  34  may comprise one, two or more elastic strings  35  close to this free terminal edge  66  to provide a better seal. 
     In addition to the barrier leg cuffs  34 , the article may comprise gasketing cuffs  32 , which are joined to the chassis of the absorbent article, in particular to the topsheet  24  and/or the backsheet  25  and are placed externally relative to the barrier leg cuffs. The gasketing cuffs  32  may provide a better seal around the thighs of the wearer. Each gasketing leg cuff may comprise one or more elastic strings or elastic elements in the chassis of the absorbent article between the topsheet  24  and backsheet  25  in the area of the leg openings. 
     U.S. Pat. No. 3,860,003 describes a disposable diaper which provides a contractible leg opening having a side flap and one or more elastic members to provide an elasticized leg cuff (a gasketing cuff). U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,178 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,803 issued to Aziz et al. describes disposable diapers having “stand-up” elasticized flaps (barrier leg cuffs) which improve the containment of the leg regions. U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,278 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,454 issued to Lawson and to Dragoo respectively, describe disposable diapers having dual cuffs, including gasketing cuffs and barrier leg cuffs. All or a portion of the barrier leg and/or gasketing cuffs may be treated with a lotion. 
     Acquisition-Distribution System 
     The absorbent articles of the present disclosure may comprise an acquisition-distribution layer or system  50  (herein “ADS”). One function of the ADS is to quickly acquire the fluid and distribute it to the absorbent core in an efficient manner. The ADS may comprise one, two or more layers, which may form a unitary layer or may remain as discrete layers which may be attached to each other. In an embodiment, the ADS may comprise two layers: a distribution layer  54  and an acquisition layer  52  disposed between the absorbent core and the topsheet, but the present disclosure is not limited to this embodiment. 
     The ADS may comprise SAP as this may slow the acquisition and distribution of the fluid. Suitable ADS are described in WO 2000/59430 (Daley), WO 95/10996 (Richards), U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,254 (McDowall), and WO 02/067809 (Graef), for example. 
     Distribution Layer 
     The distribution layer of the ADS may comprise at least 50% by weight of cross-linked cellulose fibers. The cross-linked cellulosic fibers may be crimped, twisted, or curled, or a combination thereof including crimped, twisted, and curled. This type of material is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2008/0312622 A1 (Hundorf). The cross-linked cellulosic fibers provide higher resilience and therefore higher resistance to the first absorbent layer against the compression in the product packaging or in use conditions, e.g., under baby weight. This provides the core with a higher void volume, permeability, and liquid absorption, and hence reduced leakage and improved dryness. 
     Example chemically cross-linked cellulosic fibers suitable for a distribution layer are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,791, U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,537, WO 9534329, or U.S. Pat. Publ. No. 2007/118087. Example cross-linking agents include polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid and/or polyacrylic acids such as acrylic acid and maleic acid copolymers. 
     The distribution layer comprising cross-linked cellulose fibers of the present disclosure may comprise other fibers, but this layer may advantageously comprise at least 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or even up to 100%, by weight of the layer, of cross-linked cellulose fibers (including the cross-linking agents). Examples of such mixed layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weight of chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 10% by weight polyester (PET) fibers, and about 20% by weight untreated pulp fibers. In another example, the layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise about 70% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 20% by weight lyocell fibers, and about 10% by weight PET fibers. In another example, the layer may comprise about 68% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers, about 16% by weight untreated pulp fibers, and about 16% by weight PET fibers. In another example, the layer of cross-linked cellulose fibers may comprise from about 90-100% by weight chemically cross-linked cellulose fibers. 
     The distribution layer  54  may be a material having a water retention value of from 25 to 60 or from 30 to 45, measured as indicated in the procedure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,537. 
     The distribution layer may typically have an average basis weight of from 30 to 400 g/m 2  or from 100 to 300 g/m 2 , specifically reciting all 1.0 g/m 2  increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby. The density of the distribution layer may vary depending on the compression of the article, but may be between 0.03 to 0.15 g/cm 3  or 0.08 to 0.10 g/cm 3 , specifically reciting all 1.0 g/cm 3  increments within the above-specified ranges and any ranges formed therein or thereby, measured at 0.30 psi (2.07 kPa). 
     Acquisition Layer 
     The ADS may comprise an acquisition layer  52 . The acquisition layer may be disposed between the distribution layer  54  and the topsheet  24 . The acquisition layer  52  may be or may comprise a non-woven material, such as an SMS or SMMS material, comprising a spunbonded, a melt-blown and a further spunbonded layer or alternatively a carded chemical-bonded nonwoven. The nonwoven material may be latex bonded. Example upper acquisition layers  52  are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,341. Carded, resin-bonded nonwovens may be used, in particular where the fibers used are solid round or round hollow PET staple fibers (50/50 or 40/60 mix of 6 denier and 9 denier fibers). An example binder is a butadiene/styrene latex. Nonwovens have the advantage that they can be manufactured outside the converting line and stored and used as a roll of material. 
     The acquisition layer  52  may be stabilized by a latex binder, for example a styrene-butadiene latex binder (SB latex). 
     A further acquisition layer may be used in addition to a first acquisition layer described above. For example, a tissue layer may be placed between the first acquisition layer and the distribution layer. The tissue may have enhanced capillarity distribution properties compared to the acquisition layer described above. The tissue and the first acquisition layer may be of the same size or may be of a different size. For example, the tissue layer may extend further in the rear of the absorbent article than the first acquisition layer. An example of hydrophilic tissue is a 13-15 gsm high wet strength made of cellulose fibers from supplier Havix. 
     Fastening System 
     The absorbent article may include a fastening system. The fastening system may be used to provide lateral tensions about the circumference of the absorbent article to hold the absorbent article on the wearer as is typical for taped diapers. This fastening system may not be necessary for training pant articles since the waist region of these articles is already bonded. The fastening system may comprise a fastener such as tape tabs, hook and loop fastening components, interlocking fasteners such as tabs &amp; slots, buckles, buttons, snaps, and/or hermaphroditic fastening components, although any other suitable fastening mechanisms are also within the scope of the present disclosure. A landing zone  44  is normally provided on the garment-facing surface of the front waist region  5  for the fastener to be releasably attached thereto. Some example surface fastening systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,848,594, U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,875, U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,815, U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,060, U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,527, U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,092, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,274. An example interlocking fastening system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,432,098. The fastening system may also provide a mechanism for holding the article in a disposal configuration as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,140 issued to Robertson et al. 
     The fastening system may also include primary and secondary fastening systems, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,622 to reduce shifting of overlapped portions or to improve fit as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,436, U.S. Pat. No. 5,499,978, U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,736, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,152. 
     Front and Rear Ears 
     In an embodiment, the absorbent article may comprise front ears  46  and rear ears  40 . The ears may be an integral part of the chassis, such as formed from the topsheet  24  and/or backsheet  26  as side panel. Alternatively, as represented on  FIG. 1 , the ears may be separate elements attached by gluing, heat embossing, and/or pressure bonding. The rear ears  40  may be stretchable to facilitate the attachment of the tabs  42  to the landing zone  44  and maintain the taped diapers in place around the wearer&#39;s waist. The rear ears  40  may also be elastic or extensible to provide a more comfortable and contouring fit by initially conformably fitting the absorbent article to the wearer and sustaining this fit throughout the time of wear well past when absorbent article has been loaded with exudates since the elasticized ears allow the sides of the absorbent article to expand and contract. 
     Elastic Waist Feature 
     The absorbent article may also comprise at least one elastic waist feature (not represented) that helps to provide improved fit and containment. The elastic waist feature is generally intended to elastically expand and contract to dynamically fit the wearer&#39;s waist. The elastic waist feature may extend at least longitudinally outwardly from at least one waist edge of the absorbent core  28  and generally forms at least a portion of the end edge of the absorbent article. Disposable diapers may be constructed so as to have two elastic waist features, one positioned in the front waist region and one positioned in the rear waist region. The elastic waist feature may be constructed in a number of different configurations including those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,515,595, U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,189, U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,092, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,274. 
     Relations Between the Layers 
     Typically, adjacent layers and components may be joined together using conventional bonding methods, such as adhesive coating via slot coating or spraying on the whole or part of the surface of the layer, thermo-bonding, pressure bonding, or combinations thereof. This bonding is not represented in the Figures (except for the bonding between the raised element of the leg cuffs  65  with the topsheet  24 ) for clarity and readability, but bonding between the layers of the article should be considered to be present unless specifically excluded. Adhesives may be used to improve the adhesion of the different layers between the backsheet  25  and the core wrap. The glue may be any suitable hotmelt glue known in the art. 
     If an acquisition layer  52  is present, it may be desired that this acquisition layer is larger than or least as large as the distribution layer  54  in the longitudinal and/or transversal dimension. Thus, the distribution layer  52  may be deposited on the acquisition layer. This simplifies handling, in particular if the acquisition layer is a nonwoven which may be unrolled from a roll of stock material. The distribution layer may also be deposited directly on the absorbent core&#39;s upper side of the core wrap or another layer of the article. Also, having an acquisition layer  52  that is larger than the distribution layer allows for direct gluing of the acquisition layer to the storage core (at the larger areas). This may provide increased patch integrity and better liquid communication. 
     The absorbent core and in particular its absorbent material deposition area  8  may be at least as large and long and at least partially larger and/or longer than the acquisition-distribution system (ADS). This is because the absorbent material in the core may more effectively retain fluid and provide dryness benefits across a larger area than the ADS. The absorbent article may have a rectangular SAP layer and a non-rectangular (shaped) ADS. The absorbent article may also have a rectangular (non-shaped) ADS and a rectangular layer of SAP. 
     Sanitary Napkin Features 
     In an embodiment, referring to  FIG. 22 , the absorbent article may be a sanitary napkin  3010 . The sanitary napkin  3010  may comprise a liquid permeable topsheet  3014 , a liquid impermeable, or substantially liquid impermeable, backsheet  3016 , and an absorbent core  3018 . The absorbent core  3018  may have any or all of the features described herein with respect to the absorbent cores  28  and, in some embodiments, may have a secondary topsheet instead of the acquisition-distribution system disclosed above. The sanitary napkin  3010  may also comprise wings  3020  extending outwardly with respect to a longitudinal axis  3080  of the sanitary napkin  3010 . The sanitary napkin  3010  may also comprise a lateral axis  3090 . The wings  3020  may be joined to the topsheet  3014 , the backsheet  3016 , and/or the absorbent core  3018 . The sanitary napkin  3010  may also comprise a front edge  3022 , a rear edge  3024  longitudinally opposing the front edge  3022 , a first side edge  3026 , and a second side edge  3028  longitudinally opposing the first side edge  3026 . The longitudinal axis  3080  may extend from a midpoint of the front edge  3022  to a midpoint of the rear edge  3024 . The lateral axis  3090  may extend from a midpoint of the first side edge  3028  to a midpoint of the second side edge  3028 . The sanitary napkin  3010  may also be provided with additional features commonly found in sanitary napkins as is known in the art. 
     Method of Making the Article 
     The absorbent articles and sanitary napkins of the present disclosure may be made by any suitable methods known in the art. In particular, the articles may be hand-made or industrially produced at high speed. 
     The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm.” 
     Every document cited herein, including any cross referenced or related patent or application, is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety unless expressly excluded or otherwise limited. The citation of any document is not an admission that it is prior art with respect to any embodiment disclosed or claimed herein or that it alone, or in any combination with any other reference or references, teaches, suggests or discloses any such embodiment. Further, to the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern. 
     While particular embodiments of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this disclosure.