Patent Publication Number: US-5837277-A

Title: Palatable pharmaceutical compositions

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation in part application of Ser. No. 08/347,325 filed 15 Feb. 1995, now allowed, U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,316 which is the §371 national stage entry of PCT/US93/05423, Jun. 4, 1992, published as WO93/24109 Dec. 9, 1993, which is a continuation in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 07/893,288, filed Jun. 4, 1992, now abandoned. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     This invention relates to a composition and method for taste masking bitter, unpleasant tasting medicaments and provides for an immediate release of the medicament after ingestion. More specifically, the invention relates to medicament cores coated with methacrylate ester copolymers which masks the bitter and unpleasant taste of the medicament. A method of preparing dosage units such as chewable tablets, employing the coated medicament is also described. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     A conventional approach to administering relatively large amounts of an active ingredient in a solid dosage form is by means of a chewable tablet, i.e., a tablet which disintegrates in the mouth upon being chewed. Such a tablet also circumvents the problem of a solid dosage being difficult to swallow. 
     It will be appreciated that a major requirement of such a dosage form is that it must be palatable, since an unpalatable formulation increases the risk of a patient neglecting to take the tablet. Such non-compliance with the dosing regimen will in turn delay or prevent the patient&#39;s recovery from the condition under treatment. 
     A further requirement of such a composition is that once the disintegrated tablet reaches the stomach, the individual particles should release the active ingredient rapidly and completely in order to ensure that substantially all of the active ingredient is absorbed; that is to say the formulation should be readily bioavailable. 
     In the case of certain compounds which have bitterness problems and solubility characteristics, the provision of such a dosage form represents a considerable problem. 
     Several solutions to the problem of taste masking pharmaceutical compositions have been attempted. For example, cimetidine granules have been coated with various compositions such as ethylcellulose and polyvinyl and acrylic polymers. One such proposal is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,800,087 wherein a polymer mixture coating is employed. The mixture comprises a high temperature film forming copolymer of polymethyacrylic acid ester and acrylic acid ester and a low temperature film forming copolymers consisting of methacrylic acid ester and styrene acrylate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,740 discloses pharmaceutical preparations having improved flavouring characteristics obtained by the drug being coated by a polymeric substance which is soluble in gastic juice. 
     DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In accordance with this invention it has been unexpectedly discovered that when bitter, unpleasant tasting medicaments are coated with separate layers of specific methacrylate ester copolymers a core results which is palatable and has good dissolution characteristics in the stomach. The coated core results in a taste masked medicament without reducing its bioavailability. 
     The core particles which are to be coated can be composed of pure granular drug material or drug granules prepared in the conventional manner employing appropriate binding agents. The particle size of the core material is from about 180 to 420 microns. This range is preferable because larger particles tend to be ruptured during chewing and smaller particles present problems in the coating process. The particles should possess adequate hardness and friability characteristics to withstand attritive forces during the coating operation. 
     Exemplary of bitter, unpleasant tasting, or numbing effects of drugs applicable to the taste-masking compositive of this invention are histamine H 2  -antagonists, such as, for example, cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine, etinidine, lupitidine, nifentidine, niperotidine, roxatidine, sulfotidine, tuvatidine and zaltidine; antibiotics, such as penicillin, ampicillin and erythromycin, acetaminophen; caffeine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, theophylline, spironolactone, chloropheniramine, and nabumetone. The above drugs are not limiting but merely exemplary of unpleasant tasting drugs that may be employed in this invention. Additionally, other compounds which are nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofene, or naprosyn may also be used in this formulation. 
     In a preferred embodiment the taste masking compositions of this invention will contain an NSAID, more preferably nabumatone. The method of making and using nabumetone is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,420,639, issued Dec. 12, 1983 whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
     When, nabumatone is employed the composition will contain from about 200 mg to about 2000 mg. Preferably it will containing from about 500 to 1000 mg of nabumatone. 
     Suitably, the anti-inflammatory agent may also be combined with other active therapeutic agents, such as various steriods, decongenstants, antihistamines, etc. as may be appropriate. 
     The coating material is selected from the wide range of copolymers available under the tradename of Eudragits. These copolymers are manufactured and marketed by Rohm Pharma of Darmstadt, Germany. Preferably, the coating composition is comprised of aqueous dispersions of ethyl acrylate (EA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). A particularly preferred coating composition of this invention is an aqueous dispersion of poly(EA-MMA) to which hydrophilic quaternary ammonium groups have been introduced to modify the permeability of the ester. Copolymerization of the above poly(EA-MMA)ester with different ratios of trimethylammonioethyl methacrylate chloride (TAMCl) results in methacrylic ester copolymers of either high or low permeability. For example, a coating film of high permeability results when poly (EA-MMA-TAMCl) are present in a 1:2:0.2 ratio. This copolymer is available under the tradename of Eudragit RL30D. A coating film of low permeability results when poly (EA-MMA-TAMCl) are present in a ratio of 1:2:0.1. This product is available under the tradename of Eudragit RS30D. Both Eudragit RL30D and RS30D are sold as 30% aqueous dispersions. 
     The polymeric aqueous dispersions may also contain additives such as, plasticizers, pigments, talc and the like. Plasticizers are employed to assist in the film forming characteristics of the polymeric coating and also to provide greater integrity and elasticity to the films coat. Exemplary of plasticizers that may be employed in the coatings of this invention are triethyl citrate, triacetin, tributyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, vinyl pyrrolidone and propylene glycol. The amount of plasticizer present in the aqueous dispersion may be from 5% to about 30%. Preferably, the plasticizer will be present in an amount of from about 15% to about 25% by weight of the dry polymers. 
     Exemplary of pigments employed in the polymeric coating solutions of the invention may be color pigments such as FD&amp;C or D&amp;C approved lakes and dyes, iron oxide and titanium dioxide. The amount of pigment present in the coating solution may be from about 1% to about 20% by weight of the dry polymer. 
     The method of coating the granular core particles comprises applying aqueous dispersions of Eudragit RL30D and RS30D to the core as distinct layers in subsequent coating steps. The polymers will be present in the dispersions in an amount of from about 10% to about 30% as the dry polymer. Advantageously, the core material is coated by subjecting them to air suspension coating technique. Preferably a Glatt Fluid Bed Wurster Coater is employed. An inner coating is applied by spraying (bottom spray) onto the fluidizing drug cores an aqueous dispersion of RL30D. The spraying is continued until a theoretical weight gain of from about 25% to about 50% of the batch is obtained. The coated material is retrieved and dedusted on a #60-80 U.S. mesh screen, equivalent to approximately 180-250 microns. 
     A second coating layer comprising an aqueous dispersion of RS30D is applied to the above coated, dedusted particles to a theoretical weight gain of from about 5% to about 15% of the original batch. When the coating run is completed the particles are again dedusted using a #80 mesh screen resulting in a final product having a particle size of from about 200 to about 400 microns. 
     The dedusting between coating steps is preferable particularly when friable drug particles are employed. More important, the dedusting steps result in a drug particle size which contributes to the immediate release and bioavailability characteristics of the coated drug granules. 
     One of the advantages of the coated drug particles of this invention is that they provide a method for formulating extremely palatable solid dosage units which contain unpleasant tasting drugs. For example, orally administrable dosage units such as chewable tablets, troches, lozenges or sprinkle formulations may be prepared from the coated granules of this invention. The granules of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in preparing chewable tablets. 
     Where the dosage unit is a chewable tablet, conventional pharmaceutical excipients in addition to the coated core may be included. For example, fillers, lubricants, binders, compression aids, and wetting agents may be employed. The fillers may be water soluble or insoluble such as lactose, sucrose or terra alba. Typical lubricants are stearic acid and its pharmaceutically acceptable alkali metal salts. Examples of binders are polyvinylpyrrolidones, polyethylene glycol, natural gums including veegum, tragacanth, acacia and gelatin. Exemplary of wetting agents include sodium lauryl sulfate, polysolbates and polyoxyethylene surfactants. Starch, alginates and their salts and maize would be representative of disintegrants. Typical compression aids would be microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate and compressible sugar. To further assist patient compliance, the tablet can also contain sweeteners such as aspartame, sodium cyclamate and sodium saccharinate and flavorants such as orange, mint, cola, strawberry and the like. 
    
    
     The invention is illustrated but in no way limited by the following examples. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RL30D - Inner Coating Solution                                   
Ingredients        Amount/Gms                                             
______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RL30D (dry polymer)                                              
                   160.00                                                 
Triethyl Citrate   32.00                                                  
Talc               1.60                                                   
Yellow #6 Lake     1.60                                                   
Distilled Water    768.00                                                 
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     To 533.33 gms of a 30% aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RL30D (equivalent to 160.00 gms of dry polymer) was added the triethyl citrate with gentle mixing. The talc and lake were then added with low shear mixing. The distilled water was added and slowly mixed with the suspension. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RS30D Outer Coating Solution                                     
Ingredients        Amount/Gms.                                            
______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RS30D (dry polymer)                                              
                   40.00                                                  
Triethyl citrate   8.00                                                   
Yellow #6 Lake     0.40                                                   
Talc               0.40                                                   
Distilled Water    192.00                                                 
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     To 133.33 gms of a 30% aqueous dispersion of RS30D (equivalent to 40.00 gms of dry polymer) the ingredients were added and mixed following the above procedure. 
     Preparation of Coated Granules 
     Employing a Glatt Fluid Bed Wurster Coater, 400 mg of caffeine having a size of from about 180 to 420 microns were fluidized. Onto the fluidizing caffeine a first coating of the above Eudragit RL30D aqueous dispersion was applied by the bottom spray until a 40% weight gain of the batch was obtained. The batch was retrieved and dedusted on a #60 mesh screen to remove the fines. The sifted coated particles were then returned to the Wurster chamber and a second coating of the above RS30D aqueous dispersion was applied by the bottom spray until a 10% weight gain of the original batch was achieved. The coated particles were then removed, dedusted on a #60 mesh screen resulting in a final particle size of 200 to 400 microns. 
     
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Preparation of Chewable Tablet                                            
Ingredients       Amount/mg                                               
______________________________________                                    
Caffeine coated beads*                                                    
                  400.00                                                  
Compressible Sugar N.F.                                                   
                  1595.00                                                 
Magnesium Stearate                                                        
                  500.00                                                  
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 *Equivalent to 200 mg. of Caffeine                                       
 
    
     The ingredients were thoroughly mixed and directly compressed employing the appropriate punches and dies. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RL30D - Inner Coating Solution                                   
Ingredients         Amount/Gms.                                           
______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RL30D (dry polymer)                                              
                    248.00                                                
Triethyl citrate    49.60                                                 
Talc                2.48                                                  
Distilled Water     1121.78                                               
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     To 826.67 g of a 30% aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RL 30D (equivalent to 248.00 g of dry polymer) was added the triethyl citrate with gentle mixing. The talc was then added with low shear mixing. The distilled water was added and slowly mixed with the suspension. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RS30D - Outer Coating Solution                                   
Ingredients         Amount/Gms.                                           
______________________________________                                    
Eudragit RS30D (dry polymer)                                              
                    62.00                                                 
Triethyl citrate    12.40                                                 
Yellow #6 Lake      0.62                                                  
Talc                0.62                                                  
Distilled Water     283.96                                                
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     To 206.67 g of a 30% aqueous dispersion of RS 30D (equivalent to 62.00 g of dry polymer) was added the triethyl citrate with gentle mixing. The talc and lake were then added with low shear mixing. The distilled water was added and slowly mixed with the suspension. 
     Preparation of Coated Granules 
     Employing a Glatt Fluid Bed Wurster Coater, 600.0 gms of cimetidine having a size of from about 250 to 177 microns were fluidized. Onto the fluidized cimetidine a first coating of the above Eudragit RL 30D aqueous dispersion was applied by the bottom spray to obtain a target weight gain of 40%. The batch was retrieved and sieved on a #60 mesh screen to remove the fines. The sifted coated particles were then returned to the Wurster chamber and a second coating of the above RS 30D aqueous dispersion was applied by the bottom spray to obtain a target weight gain of 10% of the original batch. The coating particles were then removed, dedusted on a #60 mesh screen resulting in a final particle size of about 200 to 400 microns. 
     
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Preparation of Chewable Tablet                                            
Ingredients       Amount in Milligrams                                    
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Cimetidine coated granules*                                               
                  161.0                                                   
Compressible Sugar N.F.                                                   
                  1829.0                                                  
Magnesium Stearate                                                        
                  10.0                                                    
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 *Equivalent to 100.0 mg of Cimetidine                                    
 
    
     The ingredients were thoroughly mixed and directly compressed employing the appropriate punches and dies. 
     Unexpectedly, it has been discovered that when the polymers RL30D and RS30D are applied as distinct coating layers as described hereinabove they not only produce extremely palatable granules which significantly minimizes the unpleasant taste associated with bitter drugs but also result in an immediate release of the drug in the stomach. This is surprising because both polymers are employed to produce either a sustained release or an enteric coated effect of the drug. 
     A further advantage of this invention is that by employing an aqueous based coating medium the dangers associated with organic solvents, such as, for example, flammability, toxicity and pollution of the environment are eliminated. 
     The coating system of this invention releases the drug by diffusion and not explosion. The release is influenced by drug solubility and media pH.