Patent Publication Number: US-2019185704-A1

Title: Aqueous Coating Composition

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to an aqueous coating composition comprising a dispersed acrylate binder polymer, an alkali-soluble acrylic polymer, and optionally a dispersed oxidatively drying resin. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Aqueous coating compositions comprising dispersed resins, such as dispersed acrylate binder polymers, dispersed oxidatively drying resins such as for example alkyds, or combinations thereof, are well-known in the art. Such aqueous compositions with dispersed resins avoid the high volatile organic compounds (VOC) contents of traditional solvent-borne alkyd paints and therewith bring health and sustainability benefits. 
     In WO00/24837 is for example disclosed an aqueous coating composition comprising as binder a dispersed polyurethane resin with oxidatively drying groups and a dispersed polyurethane-acrylate hybrid. 
     In WO2006/128875 is disclosed an aqueous composition comprising an emulsified alkyd, an emulsified acrylate and a non-crosslinking alkali-soluble acrylic polymer for the formulation of aqueous paints with solid contents above 60 wt % that show improved application characteristics such as open time, flow at brush or roller application, and substrate wetting, compared to acrylate or alkyd/acrylate based aqueous paints without alkali-soluble acrylic polymer. 
     There is a need in the art for aqueous coating compositions, in particular aqueous coating compositions comprising a substantial amount of inorganic solid particles—i.e. inorganic color or white pigments and/or inorganic non-opacifying extenders—such as opacifying paints, that have improved brush or roller application properties, in particular open time and leveling, not only at high solid contents, but also at moderate solid contents, whilst resulting in a dried coating of sufficient hardness. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It has now been found that the use of a dispersed acrylate binder polymer in combination with an alkali-soluble acrylic polymer and optionally a dispersed oxidatively drying resin, in an aqueous coating composition with a content of inorganic solid particles of at least 8 wt %, such as an opacifying paint, results in further improved brush and roller application properties of the coating composition at a solid content of the coating composition in the range of from 28 to 55 wt %, if the content of any oxidatively drying resin is lower than the content of the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer and the content of the acrylate binder polymer is higher than the content of the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer. It has, moreover, been found that such coating compositions yield dried coatings with acceptable hardness properties and acceptable water-resistance. 
     Accordingly, the present invention provides an aqueous coating composition comprising a dispersed acrylate binder polymer, an alkali-soluble acrylic polymer with a weight averaged molecular weight of at most 200,000 g/mole and an acid value in the range of from 20 to 150 mg KOH/g polymer, and optionally a dispersed oxidatively drying resin, wherein the weight content of the oxidatively drying resin, if present, is lower than the weight content of the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer and wherein the weight content of the acrylate binder polymer is higher than the weight content of the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer, wherein the solid content of the coating composition is in the range of from 28 to 55 wt %, and the content of inorganic solid particles is in the range of from 8 to 40 wt %, based on the total weight of the coating composition. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The aqueous coating composition according to the invention comprises a dispersed acrylate binder polymer, i.e. a film-forming acrylate polymer that typically has a weight-averaged molecular weight of at least 300,000 g/mole, usually at least 500,000 g/mole or even at least 1,000,000 g/mole, and an alkali-soluble acrylic polymer with a weight-averaged molecular weight of at most 200,000 g/mole. Reference herein to weight-averaged molecular weight of a polymer is to the weight-averaged molecular weight as determined according to ISO 16014. 
     Optionally, the composition further comprises a dispersed oxidatively drying resin. The coating composition may comprise further binder polymers. Preferably, the coating composition is free of binder polymers other than the acrylate binder polymer, the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer, and the oxidatively drying resin. 
     The dispersed acrylate binder polymer may be any acrylate binder polymer suitable to be used as film-forming polymer in aqueous coating compositions such as paints. Such acrylate binder polymers are well-known in the art and are often referred to as emulsified latex binders. The acrylate binder polymer may be a purely acrylic polymer, i.e. only comprising acrylic monomers such as (meth)acrylic acid or esters of (meth)acrylic acid, or a copolymer of vinylic and acrylic monomers or a copolymer of styrenic and acrylic monomers. Suitable commercially available examples of dispersed purely acrylic or styrene/acrylic acrylate binder polymers include Primal AC-2508 ex. Dow Chemical, NeoCryl XK-98 ex. DSM Coating Resins, Alberdingk® AC 3600 ex. Alberdingk Boley. 
     The acrylate binder polymer preferably is a urethane-acrylate hybrid binder polymer. Such polymer is a hybrid of a polyacrylate and a polyurethane. Such hybrids may for example be formed by subjecting one or more acrylic monomers to free radical polymerisation conditions in the presence of a dispersion of an already chain-extended polyurethane resin using conventional techniques. This may for example be done by adding free radical initiators to a mixture of polyurethane dispersion and acrylic monomer or, alternatively, by gradually adding acrylic monomer to a polyurethane dispersion containing initiator. In another variant of the preparation of such urethane-acrylate hybrid binder polymer a solution of isocyanate-terminated urethane-prepolymer in acrylic monomer is formed. The solution is then emulsified in an aqueous medium and the isocyanate-terminated prepolymer is chain extended. Subsequently, either acrylic monomer can be added and the polymerisation thereof initiated or the polymerisation of the acrylic monomer can be initiated and further acrylic monomer can be added during polymerisation. Suitable examples of commercially available dispersions of urethane-acrylate hybrid binder polymer include NeoPac E-125 ex. DSM, Hybridur® 570 Dispersion ex. Air Products, and Hybridur® 540 Dispersion ex. Air Products. 
     The acrylate binder polymer may be provided with cross-linkable functionality, such as for example carbonyl functionality which is cross-linkable by hydrazines or carbonyl reactive polyamines. Such cross-linkable acrylate binder polymers with carbonyl functionality are for example described in WO00/56827 and in WO2006/128875. The carbonyl functional acrylate polymer may bear amine and hydrazine functional groups in additional to the carbonyl groups such that the acrylate polymers are self-crosslinkable. Alternatively, separate polyamines or hydrazines are present in the coating composition to cross-link the carbonyl functional acrylate polymer, typically in a concentration in the range of from 0.02 to 1.6 moles, preferably 0.05 to 0.9 moles of amine or hydrazine groups per mole of carbonyl functional group. Suitable polyamines and hydrazines are known in the art and for example described in WO2006/128875. 
     The acrylate binder polymer typically has a weight average molecular weight of at least 300,000 g/mole, preferably of at least 350,000 g/mole, more preferably at least 500,000 g/mole, even more preferably at least 1,000,000 g/mole. The weight average molecular weight is preferably at most 10,000,000 g/mole. 
     The coating composition further comprises an alkali-soluble acrylic polymer. Reference herein to alkali-soluble acrylic polymers is to acrylic polymers of which at least 50%, preferably at least 75% is dissolved in an alkaline aqueous composition having a pH in the range of from 7.5 to 9.0. Such polymers are known in the art and are typically used in inks or as grinding aid in pigment grinding. Suitable examples of commercially available alkali-soluble acrylic polymers are NeoCryl® BT-24, NeoCryl® BT-20, NeoCryl® BT-100 ex. DSM, and Rhoplex™ I-1955 ex. The Dow Chemical Company. 
     Alkali-soluble acrylic polymers typically have a weight averaged molecular weight below 200,000 g/mole. Preferably, the non-crosslinking alkali-soluble acrylic polymer has a weight averaged molecular weight in the range of from 8,000 to 100,000 g/mole, more preferably of from 10,000 to 60,000 g/mole, even more preferably of from 15,000 to 50,000 g/mole. 
     The alkali-soluble acrylic polymer preferably has a relatively high acid value to provide for carboxylic groups that form anionic groups in an alkaline environment. Therefore, the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer has an acid value of at least 20 mg KOH/g polymer. The acid value may be as high as 150 mg KOH/g polymer. To avoid low water resistance of the dried coating, the acid value is preferably at most 100 mg KOH/g polymer, more preferably at most 80 mg KOH/g polymer. The acid value is preferably in the range of from 30 to 100 mg KOH/g polymer, more preferably in the range of from 40 to 80 mg KOH/g polymer, even more preferably in the range of from 55 to 75 mg KOH/g polymer. Acid value can be determined by titration methods well known in the art. A suitable method for determining acid value of polymers is IS02114. 
     The alkali-soluble acrylic polymer preferably is non-crosslinking, meaning that they do not form covalent links with the oxidatively drying resin, the acrylate binder polymer and any other binder polymer in the coating composition, if any. 
     The alkali-soluble acrylic polymer preferably has a glass transition temperature in the range of from 15° C. to 65° C., more preferably of from 18° C. to 60° C., even more preferably of from 20° C. to 55° C. Reference herein to the glass transition temperature is to theoretical glass transition temperature as calculated with the well-known Fox equation (calculated Fox Tg) from the weight fractions of the co-monomers used and Tg values of the homopolymers prepared from the co-monomer. Higher glass transition temperatures will negatively affect the film forming properties at room temperature and therewith brush or roller application properties. 
     Preferably, the coating composition comprises in the range of from 1 to 10 wt % of the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer, more preferably of from 2 to 8 wt %, even more preferably of from 3 to 7 wt % based on the total weight of the coating composition. 
     Preferably, the coating composition further comprises a dispersed oxidatively drying resin. The oxidatively drying resin may for example be an alkyd, a fatty acid modified acrylate or a polyurethane resin with oxidatively drying groups. Such oxidatively drying groups are derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids, preferably polyunsaturated fatty acids, preferably those containing 12 to 26 carbon atoms. Preferably, the oxidatively drying resin comprises or is an alkyd or a polyurethane resin with oxidatively drying groups. More preferably the oxidatively drying resin comprises an alkyd or is an alkyd. The alkyd preferably is a urethane modified alkyd, also referred to as PU-modified alkyds. 
     Dispersed oxidatively drying resins are well-known in the art. Such resins are for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,535, WO00/24837 and WO2006/128875. Suitable examples of commercially available alkyd dispersions include Uradil AZ554 ex. DSM, and Synaqua 4804 ex. Arkema. A suitable example of a commercially available polyurethane resin with oxidatively drying groups is Urotuf F97 ex. Reichold. Valires HA 040.01 ex. Umicore and Worlee® E150W ex. Worlée are examples of suitable commercially available urethane modified alkyds. 
     The oxidatively drying resin preferably comprises self-emulsifying groups, such as a carboxyl group or other group capable of anion formation. Such resins are known and are for example disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,535. 
     The weight content of oxidatively drying resin, if present, can be as low as 0.1 wt %. In order to improve water resistance of the dried coating and to improve adhesion of the coating to the substrate, the composition preferably comprises at least 1.0 wt %, more preferably at least 1.5 wt % oxidatively drying resin, based on the total weight of the coating composition. Preferably, the composition comprises at most 6 wt %, more preferably at most 5 wt % oxidatively drying resin, based on the total weight of the coating composition. The amount of oxidatively drying resin based on the total amount of binder polymers in the composition—i.e. the combined content of acrylate binder polymer, alkali-soluble acrylic polymer, oxidatively drying resin and any further binder polymer—is preferably at most 4 wt %. 
     In the coating composition according to the invention, the weight content of the oxidatively drying resin, if present, is lower than the weight content of alkali-soluble acrylic polymer. The weight content of the acrylate binder polymer is higher than the weight content of the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer. Reference herein to the weight of a polymer is to the dry or solid weight of such polymer. 
     In the aqueous coating composition the weight content of the acrylate binder polymer is preferably higher than the combined weight contents of the oxidatively drying resin and the alkali-soluble acrylic polymer. The weight ratio of acrylate binder polymer to oxidatively drying resin is preferably at most 10:1, more preferably in the range of from 1.5:1 to 7:1. 
     The combined contents of acrylate binder polymer, alkali-soluble acrylic polymer, oxidatively drying resin and any further binder polymer in the coating composition is preferably is in the range of from 12 to 30 wt %, more preferably of from 15 to 25 wt %, even more preferably of from 16 to 20 wt %. 
     The terms resin and binder polymer are used herein interchangeably. 
     The solid content of the coating composition is in the range of from 28 to 55 wt % based on the total weight of the coating composition, preferably of from 35 to 50 wt %, more preferably of from 40 to 50 wt % based on the total weight of the coating composition. Reference herein to solid content is to total solid content, i.e. the sum of the dry contents of polymers and of other solid ingredients such as color and white pigments, extenders and additives. It has been found that at these moderate solid contents, the coating composition according to the invention, i.e. with contents and ratio for acrylate binder polymer, alkali-soluble acrylic polymer, and oxidatively drying resin as specified hereinabove, has very good application properties, in particular open time. Reference herein to open time is to the time a paint remains “wet” or “open” enough to allow for brush-in and repair. 
     The aqueous coating composition according to the invention has a content of inorganic solid particles in the range of from 8 to 40 wt %, preferably in the range of from 10 to 35 wt %, more preferably of from 12 to 32 wt %. It is in aqueous coating compositions with a significant amount of inorganic solid particles, such as inorganic color or white pigments, inorganic non-opacifying extender particles or inorganic particulate additives such as matting agents or rheology modifying clays, that brush or roller application properties become critical. Especially in such coating compositions, a combination of dispersed acrylate binder polymer and an alkali-soluble acrylic polymer as specified hereinbefore is favorable. 
     Inorganic color and white pigments and inorganic non-opacifying extender particles are commonly used in coating compositions and are well-known in the art. Suitable inorganic non-opacifying extender particles include but are not limited to calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, barium sulphate, silicates, kaolin and other clays and hydrous aluminosilicates, talc and mica, calcium magnesium carbonate, aluminium oxide and aluminium hydroxide. 
     The coating composition is an aqueous coating composition, meaning that the polymer binders and other ingredients are dispersed or dissolved in a liquid phase having water as the main component. Minor amounts of organic liquids may be present as co-solvents. 
     If the coating composition comprises an oxidatively drying resin, the coating composition may comprise siccatives or driers to promote curing of the oxidatively drying resin. Such siccatives are well-known in the art and include metal salts of carboxylic acids and metal-ligand complexes. Siccatives are typically used in an amount ranging from 0.001 to 5 wt % of metal based on the weight of the oxidatively drying resin. 
     The coating composition may further comprise color pigments, inorganic extenders, and additives typically applied in paints, including but not limited to biocides, leveling agents, matting agents, UV stabilizers, dispersants, surfactants, anti-foaming agents, wetting agents, anti-skinning agents, and waxes. 
     The coating composition preferably comprises a thickening agent. The thickening agent or thickener preferably is an associative organic thickener, more preferably a HEUR-type associative organic thickener (hydrophobically modified ethoxylate urethane thickeners). The thickener is preferably used in an amount of from 1 to 10 wt. %, more preferably of from 2 to 5 wt. % (solid weight of thickener based on the total weight of the coating composition). 
     The coating composition preferably is a paint composition. The paint composition may be a colored paint composition, i.e. including color pigments, a white paint composition, i.e. including a white pigment such a for example titanium dioxide, or a clear paint composition, i.e. without or with very limited amount of color or white opacifying pigments. Preferably, the paint composition is a colored or white paint composition. 
     EXAMPLES 
     The invention is illustrated by means of the following non-limiting examples. 
     Test Methods 
     Open time 
     The open time of the white paints was determined by applying onto a black Byk-chart a wet paint layer of 100 μm thickness with a bar applicator at climatized conditions of 23° C. and 50-55% relative humidity. Immediately after application, nine X-shaped crosses were applied into the paint layer with the wooden end of a disposable brush. After 5.0 minutes, a brush with fresh white paint (from which excess paint had been removed by scraping alongside the edge of a paint can) was moved 10 times up and down in perpendicular direction to the initial drawdown at the location of the first X-shaped cross. 
     This procedure was repeated for the other X-shaped crosses at one minute intervals (procedure at t=6.0 minutes for second cross; at t=7.0 minutes for third cross; etc.). After the last procedure, the chart was placed in a drying cabinet for 24 hours at 23° C. and 50-55% relative humidity. 
     The dried chart was visually inspected. The open time is reported as the last time at which the cross had become invisible after the ‘10 brush movement procedure’ (this means that if for instance at t=11.0 minutes the cross remained visible after the ‘10 brush movement procedure’, the open time is 10.0 minutes). The reported open time was the average of the visual assessment by four people. Tests were performed in duplicate. 
     Leveling 
     Leveling is the ability of adjacent paint stripes or brush marks to flow out to a level paint layer. Leveling of the white paints was determined as follows. 
     A wet paint layer with a thickness of 90 μm was evenly applied on a vertically extended panel of coated tin with a brush at 23° C. and 50-55% relative humidity. The panels were dried at 23° C. and 50-55% relative humidity until there was no further weight loss (usually after 24 hours) and then visually assessed for leveling on a scale from 1 (very poor levelling: deep brush marks visible; less than 25% of the surface area is smooth) to 10 (excellent levelling: no brush marks and 100% smooth surface). 
     Film Hardness 
     The König hardness of films prepared from the white paints was assessed using the pendulum damping test according to DIN53157. A glass panel was coated with a 90 μm wet film of the white paint and held at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity for 7 days. After these 7 days, the hardness was measured at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity with a König pendulum. The number of oscillations needed to reduce from an initial deflection of 6° to a deflection of 3° was measured. 
     Water Resistance 
     A glass panel was coated with a 150 μm wet film of the white paint using a bar applicator and held at 23° C. and 50-55% relative humidity for 7 days. Then water droplets were applied with a pipette on the horizontal dried paint film at four different test spots (four droplets from a pipette at each test spot). Each droplet was covered with a transparent cup to avoid water evaporation. At different time intervals (15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 24 hours after application of the water droplet) the water droplet was removed and the paint film at the test spots was visually inspected. After an assessment a water droplet was re-applied at the same spot and removed at the next time interval for the next visual inspection. After the last assessment at 24 hours, the panel was dried for 24 hours and film integrity recovery was assessed. The water-resistance was classed as follows:
     1—bad: macroblisters within 4 hours   2—poor: macroblisters within 24 hours   3—reasonable: microblisters within 24 hours; no macroblister after 24 hours   4—good: no microblisters within 4 hours and no macroblisters after 24 hours   5—very good: no microblisters and no macroblisters after 24 hours   

     Ingredients 
     Acrylate Binder Polymers 
     The following dispersions of acrylate binder polymers were used:
     Acrylate 1: An aqueous dispersion (38 wt % solids) of a non-crosslinking urethane-acrylate hybrid polymer binder in water.   Acrylate 2: An aqueous dispersion (43 wt % solids) of a crosslinking styrene/acrylic binder polymer in water.   Acrylate 3: An aqueous dispersion (50 wt % solids) of a non-crosslinking styrene/acrylic binder polymer in water.   Acrylate 4: NeoPac® E-125 (ex. DSM Coating Resins). An aqueous dispersion (34.5-36.5 wt % solids) of an aliphatic, self-crosslinking urethane-acrylate hybrid polymer binder.   Acrylate 5: NeoCryl® XK-98 (ex. DSM Coating Resins): An aqueous dispersion (43-45 wt % solids) of an anionic pure acrylic copolymer.   Acrylate 6: Alberdingk© AC 3600 (ex. Alberdingk Boley): An aqueous dispersion (40-42 wt % solids) of a multi-phase, self-crosslinking, pure acrylic polymer.   

     Alkali Soluble Acrylic Polymers 
     The following commercially available alkali soluble acrylic polymers were used:
     Alkali-soluble acrylic copolymer 1 (ASA 1): Neocryl® BT-24 (ex. DSM Coating Resins): A commercially available alkali-soluble acrylic copolymer emulsion (44-46 wt % solids). Acid value: 73 mg KOH/g polymer.   Alkali-soluble acrylic copolymer 2 (ASA 2):Neocryl® BT-20 (ex. DSM Coating Resins): A commercially available alkali-soluble acrylic copolymer emulsion (39-41 wt % solids). Acid value: 57 mg KOH/g polymer.   

     Oxidatively Drying Resins 
     The following dispersions of oxidatively drying resins were used:
     Alkyd 1: An aqueous dispersion (40 wt % solids) of a PU-modified alkyd with self-stabilizing carboxylic groups. The dispersion is prepared by reacting an isocyanate-functional urethane oligomer with carboxylic groups (prepared by reacting dimethylol propionic acid with diisocyanate) with an alkyd with residual OH-groups.   Alkyd 2: An aqueous dispersion (50 wt % solids) of an alkyd with an oil length of 35% and an acid value of 10 mg KOH/g polymer.   Alkyd 3: Synaqua® 4804 (ex. Arkema): An aqueous dispersion of short oil alkyd; solid content 49-51 wt %.   Alkyd 4: Worleesol® E 150W (ex. Worlée): An aqueous dispersion (38-42 wt % solids) of PU-modified medium oil alkyd.   

     Preparation of Mill Bases 
     Three different mill bases were prepared by co-milling the following ingredients (all amounts in weight percentages): 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Mill bases 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Mill base 1 
                 Mill base 2 
                 Mill base 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Water 
                 11.2 
                 8.1 
                 11.2 
               
               
                 Co-solvent (propylene glycol) 
                 11.0 
                 12.3 
                 11.0 
               
               
                 Dispersant (Orotan 731) 
                 2.6 
                 3.7 
                 2.6 
               
               
                 Wetting agent 
                 4.0 
                   
                 4.0 
               
               
                 Defoaming agent 
                 1.3 
                 0.7 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Neutralizing agent (20.5 wt % 
                 0.3 
                 1.5 
                 0.3 
               
               
                 ammonium hydroxide 
               
               
                 solution) 
               
               
                 TiO 2   
                 68.2 
                 56.4 
                 68.2 
               
               
                 Matting agent 
                 1.5 
                   
                 1.5 
               
               
                 Filler (Ca 2 CO 3 ) 
                   
                 17.2 
               
               
                 Drier (Borchi ® Oxy-Coat) 
                   
                 0.2 
                   
               
               
                 Total 
                 100 
                 100 
                 100 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
         
         Mill base 3 was made with the same ingredients in the same amounts as mill base 1. 
       
    
     Preparation of White Paints 
     White paints were prepared by mixing mill base with dispersions of polymer (acrylate binder polymer with alkali-soluble acrylic polymer and/or oxidatively drying resin) and adding co-solvent, surfactant, wax, water and HEUR thickener (Acrysol RM2020). Tables 2 and 3 show the ingredients used, the final solid concentration of the polymers, and the total solid content in the different paints based on the total weight of the composition. Paints no. 1-3 and 6-7 were prepared with mill base 1; paints no 4 and 5 with mill base 2; and paints 8 to 22 with mill base 3. 
     Testing of White Paints 
     Open time and film hardness were determined for all paints. Leveling and water resistance were measured for paints 8 to 22. In Tables 2 and 4, the test results are shown. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Composition/properties of paints 1-7 prepared with mill bases 1 and 2 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Paint no. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 2 
                 3 
                 4 
                 5 
                 6 
                 7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Ingredients (all in wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Mill base 1 
                 37.8 
                 37.8 
                 37.8 
                   
                   
                 37.8 
                 37.8 
               
               
                 Mill base 2 
                   
                   
                   
                 41.3 
                 41.3 
               
               
                 Acrylate 1 
                 31.2 
                 25.0 
                 17.5 
                 30.1 
                 18.4 
                 19.4 
                 11.8 
               
               
                 ASA 1 
                 9.0 
                 10.4 
                 7.1 
                 12.5 
                 7.9 
                 3.5 
                 7.1 
               
               
                 Alkyd 1 
                 5.7 
                 10.1 
                 20.9 
                 12.1 
                 28.0 
                 21.1 
                 26.3 
               
               
                 Co-solvent 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
                   
                   
                 1.3 
                 1.3 
               
               
                 Surfactant 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.5 
                 0.5 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Wax 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 0.1 
                 0.1 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Water 
                 8.8 
                 8.8 
                 8.8 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 8.8 
                 8.8 
               
               
                 Thickener 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
                 3.7 
                 3.7 
                 4.0 
                 4.0 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Solid polymer content and total solid content (all in wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Solid acrylate 
                 11.9 
                 9.5 
                 6.7 
                 11.4 
                 7.0 
                 7.4 
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Solid alkyd 
                 2.3 
                 4.0 
                 8.3 
                 4.8 
                 11.2 
                 9.2 
                 10.5 
               
               
                 Solid ASA 
                 4.0 
                 4.7 
                 3.2 
                 5.6 
                 3.5 
                 1.6 
                 3.2 
               
               
                 ratio aerylate/alkyd/ASA 
                 2.9/0.6/1 
                 2.0/0.9/1 
                 2.1/2.6/1 
                 2.0/0.9/1 
                 2.0/3.2/1 
                 4.7/5.9/1 
                 1.4/3.3/1 
               
               
                 Binder solids 
                 18.2 
                 18.2 
                 18.2 
                 21.8 
                 21.7 
                 18.2 
                 18.2 
               
               
                 Total solids 
                 47 
                 47 
                 47 
                 52 
                 52 
                 47 
                 47 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Application and coating properties 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Open time (min.) 
                 9.5 
                 9.5 
                 7.5 
                 6.8 
                 5.8 
                 7.0 
                 7.3 
               
               
                 Film hardness 
                 22 
                 18 
                 15 
                 20 
                 15 
                 15 
                 13 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Ingredients used, weight % of (dry) binder polymers and solids in in paints 8-22 
               
            
           
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Paint no. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8 
                 9 
                 10 
                 11 
                 12 
                 13 
                 14 
                 15 
                 16 
                 17 
                 18 
                 19 
                 20 
                 21 
                 22 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Ingredients (all in wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Millbase 3 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 36.7 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
                 37.6 
               
               
                 Acrylate 1 
                 25.6 
                 25.6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 24.9 
                 25.6 
                 25.6 
                 48.4 
                 33.9 
                 36.6 
               
               
                 Acrylate 2 
                   
                   
                   
                 22.7 
               
               
                 Acrylate 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 19.5 
               
               
                 Acrylate 4 
                   
                   
                 27.0 
               
               
                 Acrylate 5 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 22.1 
               
               
                 Acrylate 6 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 23.7 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 31.4 
                 33.9 
               
               
                 ASA 1 
                 10.0 
                   
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                 9.7 
                 10.0 
                 10.0 
                   
                   
                 10.0 
                   
                 10.0 
               
               
                 ASA 2 
                   
                 11.3 
               
               
                 Alkyd 1 
                 10.4 
                 10.4 
                 10.4 
                 10.4 
                 10.4 
                 10.4 
                 10.4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 13.8 
                   
                 13.8 
               
               
                 Alkyd 2 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8.1 
               
               
                 Alkyd 3 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 8.3 
               
               
                 Alkyd 4 
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                 10.4 
               
               
                 Cosolvent 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
                 1.4 
                 1.5 
                 1.5 
                 0.6 
                 1.1 
                 1.0 
                 2.5 
                 2.5 
               
               
                 Surfactant 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
                 0.2 
               
               
                 Wax 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
                 2.0 
               
               
                 Water 
                 7.7 
                 6.4 
                 5.3 
                 9.6 
                 12.8 
                 10.2 
                 8.6 
                 12.1 
                 9.8 
                 7.7 
                 6.2 
                 6.4 
                 7.6 
                 7.5 
                 8.8 
               
               
                 Thickener 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 4.9 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
                 5.0 
               
            
           
           
               
            
               
                 Solid polymer content and total solid content (all in wt %) 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Acrylate 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 9.7 
                 18.4 
                 12.9 
                 13.9 
                 12.9 
                 13.9 
               
               
                 Alkyd 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                 4.2 
                   
                 5.5 
                   
                 5.5 
               
               
                 AS acrylic 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                 4.5 
                   
                   
                 4.5 
                   
                 4.5 
               
               
                 Total binder 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
                 18.4 
               
               
                 Total solids 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
                 49 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Polymer ratio, total binder polymer and solids contents and properties of paints 8-22 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 polymer ratio 
                 Total solids 
                 Polymer solids 
                 Open time 
                   
                 Film hardness 
                 Water 
               
               
                 Paint 
                 (aerylate/alkyd/ASA) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (wt %) 
                 (min) 
                 leveling 
                 (1 week) 
                 resistance 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  8 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 8.5 
                 8.5 
                 23 
                 3 
               
               
                  9 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 8.8 
                 7.0 
                 20 
                 3 
               
               
                 10 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 8.0 
                 7.0 
                 18 
                 3 
               
               
                 11 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 9.5 
                 9.0 
                 13 
                 5 
               
               
                 12 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 9.0 
                 7.5 
                 10 
                 3 
               
               
                 13 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 9.0 
                 7.5 
                 11 
                 3 
               
               
                 14 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 6.8 
                 8.0 
                 16 
                 4 
               
               
                 15 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 9.8 
                 7.5 
                 21 
                 3 
               
               
                 16 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 8.3 
                 7.5 
                 18 
                 3 
               
               
                 17 (inv.) 
                 2.2:0.9:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 7.0 
                 8.0 
                 19 
                 3 
               
               
                 18 (comp.) 
                 Acrylate only 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 5.0 
                 6.5 
                 46 
                 1 
               
               
                 19 (comp.) 
                 2.9:1.2:0.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 5.8 
                 8.0 
                 24 
                 1 
               
               
                 20 (inv.) 
                 3.1:0.0:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 7.0 
                 7.0 
                 33 
                 2 
               
               
                 21 (comp.) 
                 2.9:1.2:0.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 5.8 
                 8.0 
                 16 
                 3 
               
               
                 22 (inv.) 
                 3.1:0.0:1.0 
                 49 
                 18.4 
                 8.0 
                 7.5 
                 23 
                 2