Patent Publication Number: US-2019174811-A1

Title: Hydration control for choline salts

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/171,816, filed Jun. 2, 2016 which claims priority benefit to a provisional patent application entitled “Hydration Control for Choline Salts,” which was filed on Jun. 4, 2015, and assigned Ser. No. 62/170,945. The entire content of each of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to choline salt compositions, and methods of preparing the same, containing choline salt(s), sugar alcohol(s), alginate(s), phosphate salt(s), or derivatives and combinations thereof. The compositions are free flowing and compatible with various manufacturing processes. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It is grouped within the B-complex vitamins. Choline generally refers to the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation, below, wherein the X denotes a counteranion. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Choline is also a precursor molecule for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is involved in many functions including memory and muscle control. It must be consumed through the diet for the body to remain healthy. It is also used in the synthesis of the constructional components in the body&#39;s cell membranes and exhibits unique flavor characteristics which avow it to be used as a partial replacement for other salts. It is expected that choline will be placed in the USRDI as an essential and claimable nutrient with a recommended daily intake, e.g., 550 mg. 
     It is known that choline salts are inherently hydroscopic. They absorb water from the air and within a short time, e.g., a few hours, can form agglomerates or hard blocks which are difficult to process using manufacturing equipment. The uptake of water by choline salts can produce an opal like crystal which is difficult to breakup and, when in its complete form, is also difficult to hydrate. As choline sail absorbs water, the flowability of the choline salt is negatively impacted and presents significant processing issues. 
     A variety of different techniques and additives have been combined with nascent, unconditioned choline in an attempt to address these issues. For example, choline has been microencapsulated or blended with silica, vegetable oils, various salts, etc. These techniques or blends either significantly dilutes the choline, adds ingredients which conflict with further processing, use and/or packaging systems, or fails to maintain good flowability of the choline over time. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to choline salt compositions, and methods of preparing the same, containing choline salts, sugar alcohols, alginates, phosphate salts, or combinations thereof. The compositions are free flowing and compatible in various manufacturing processes. 
     In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a choline salt, a sugar alcohol or derivatives thereof and less than about 1 wt % of water, wherein the composition is free flowing. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a choline salt, an alginate or derivative thereof, and less than about 1 wt % of water, wherein the composition is free flowing. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method comprising providing a choline salt, combining the choline salt with a sugar alcohol, an alginate or derivatives thereof to form a composition, wherein the composition contains loss than about 1 wt % of water and is free flowing. 
     The various embodiments of the present disclosure can produce choline compositions that do not significantly dilute the choline within the composition nor introduce undesirable components to the choline compositions. The compositions of the present disclosure have or maintain the flowability of the dried choline salt(s). By maintaining good flowability of the choline salt(s), the risks to employees is reduced and the compositions are readily usable in subsequent downstream blends and processes. Also, the components of the composition of the present disclosure generally regarded as safe (GRAS). 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates to choline salt compositions, and methods of preparing the same, containing choline salts, sugar alcohols, alginates, phosphate salts, or combinations thereof. The compositions are free flowing and compatible in various manufacturing processes. 
     In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a choline salt, a sugar alcohol or derivatives thereof, and less than about 1 wt % of water, wherein the composition is free flowing. 
     The choline salt, also referred to herein as choline, can be any suitable choline salt useful in a dried or dry form. In particular, the choline salt can be selected from the group consisting of choline chloride, choline bitartrate, choline hydroxide, choline citrate and choline carbonate. In particular, the choline salt can be choline chloride or choline bitartrate. The choline compositions can also contain a blend of one or more choline salts, such as a mixture of choline chloride and choline bitartrate. 
     The compositions of the present disclosure can contain a relatively high amount of choline such that the choline content is not significantly diluted by the other components. For example, the amount of choline salt or salts in the composition can be greater than about 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.1, 97.2, 97.25, 97.3, 97.4, 97.5, 97.6, 97.7, 97.75, 97.8, 97.9, 98, 98.1, 98.2, 98.25, 98.3, 98.4, 98.5, 98.6, 98.7, 98.75, 98.8, 98.9, 99, 99.1, 99.2, 99.25, 99.3, 99.4 or 99.5 wt %. These values can also be used to define a range, such as from about 98.75 to about 99.75 wt %, or 97.5 to about 99.5 wt %. The other components can be selected from those that do not negatively impact manufacturing or processing of the composition, that are generally regarded as safe, or both. 
     In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure can be formulated without silicon oxides, e.g., SiO 2 , which can be ineffective to improve flowability and can have regulatory issues. The compositions can also be formulated without vegetable oils, which can also be ineffective, can contain hydrogenated lipids and can also have regulatory issues. Finally, in some embodiments, the compositions can be formulated without phosphates. Ingestion of large amounts of phosphates can cause kidney damage and may adversely affect the absorption of other minerals. 
     The sugar alcohol, or derivatives thereof, can be any polyol, such as a hexitol, a tetritol and a pentitol sugar or derivative thereof, that can be combined with a choline salt in a composition that is free flowing and compatible with manufacturing processes. 
     The hexitol sugars can be any of the hexahydroxy alcohols, e.g., HOCH 2 (CHOH) 4 CH 2 OH, or derivatives thereof that can be obtainable by reduction of the corresponding hexoses. The hexitol sugar, or derivative thereof, can be selected from the group consisting of mannitol, sorbitol, inositol and combinations thereof. In particular, the hexitol sugar or derivative thereof can be mannitol. 
     Derivatives of hexitol sugars include mono and di-anhydro sugars. These derivatives can be produced via the elimination of one or two molecules of water from hexitols, e.g. mannitol, sorbitol, and iditol. For example, the hexitol sugar derivative may be selected from the group consisting of 1,4-anhydrosorbitol, 1,5-anhydrosorbitol, 3,6-anhydrosorbitol, 2,5-anhydromannitol, isosorbide (1,4:3,6-dianhydrosorbitol), isomannide (1,4:3,6-dianhydromannitol), isoidide (1,4:3,6-dianhydroiditol) and combinations thereof. The choline compositions can also contain a blend of one or more sugar alcohols, or derivatives thereof, such as a mixture of mannitol and sorbitol. 
     The tetritol sugars can be any of the tetrahydroxy alcohols, e.g., HOCH 2 (CHOH) 2 CH 2 OH, or derivatives thereof that can be obtainable by reduction of the corresponding tetroses. The tetritol sugar, or derivative thereof, can be threitol or erythritol. 
     The pentitol sugars can be any of the pentahydroxy alcohols, e.g., HOCH(CHOH) 3 CH 2 OH, or derivatives thereof that can be obtainable by reduction of the corresponding pentoses. The pentitol sugar, or derivative thereof, can be xylitol. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol or derivatives thereof can also by selected from the following carbohydrates, in particular, monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and oligosaccharides. These polyols can also be present in the form of aldoses, ketoses, and/or lactoses, amino deoxy sugars, deoxy sugars, thio sugars, which can also be present in the form of aldoses, ketoses, and/or lactoses. 
     In particular, the polyol can be a monosaccharide having 3 to 8 carbon atoms, such as e.g. trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, and octoses. Additional examples of the polyols according to the present disclosure can include adonitol, arabitol, dulcitol, erythrose, threose, arabinose, ribose, xylose, lyxose, glucose, galactose, mannose, allose, altrose, gulose, idose, talose, fructose, sorbose, psicose, tegatose, deoxyribose, glucosamine, galactosamine, rhamnose, digitoxose, thioglucose, sucrose, lactose, trehalose, maltose, cellobiose, melibiose, gestiobiose, rutinose, raffinose and cellotriose. 
     In some embodiments, the sugar alcohol, e.g., mannitol, do not induce gastric distress or exhibit hydroscopic tendencies. The sugar alcohol, e.g., mannitol, can act as a nucleation site for fine particle choline salts, such as choline chloride, to transition into larger, more stable particles which can be one of the reasons it can generate compositions having increased stability, flowability, and shelf-life enhancement. The average particle size of the fine particle choline salt used in the composition can be less than about 1,000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200 or 100 microns. These values can also be used to define a range, such as from about 900 to about 700 microns. 
     The amount of sugar alcohol, or derivative thereof, in the composition can vary based on the desired use and characteristics of the choline composition. The amount of sugar alcohol(s), or derivative(s), thereof in the composition can be less than about 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.75, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2 or 0.1 wt %. These values can also be used to define a range, such as from about 0.25 to about 0.75 wt %, or about 0.5 to about 1.0 wt %. 
     To achieve or maintain good flowability, the composition can contain little to substantially no water. The amount of water in the composition can be less than about 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 or 0.1 wt %. These values can also be used to define a range, such as from about 0.2 to about 0.5 wt %. The composition can maintain good flowability for a relatively long time upon storage and during manufacturing. The length of time the composition maintains good flowability can be up to about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18, 24, or 36 months during storage. These values can be used to define a range, such as from about 1 to about 12 months. The storage conditions can be typical warehouse conditions, low humidity storage conditions, or standard stability conditions, e.g., 40° C./75% RH. The length of time the composition maintains good flowability can be up to about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 hours during manufacturing. These values can be used to define a range, such as from about 0.5 and 6 hours. 
     The composition of the present disclosure can have sufficient flowability to be used in manufacturing process without exhibiting significant agglomeration or sticking to the equipment. The composition can freely flow or spill out of the container or funnel flow under gravity, whereas a composition having poor flowability can adhere to walls and equipment surfaces. 
     The flowability of the composition can be measured using various techniques, including the Jenike shear index, the Hausner Ratio, the Carr Index, and the static and dynamic angles of repose. Flowability can also be measured by the energy consumption for powder movement of the powder product. The flowability can be measured with a Powder Rheometer System FT4 (Freeman Technology Ltd., UK) and is specified in kJ/t. 
     The flow of the composition can also be characterized using a FLODEX™ Powder Flowability Index Test Instrument (Hanson Research Corporation, Chatsworth, Calif.). The instrument measures the amount of material that passes through an orifice while free flowing under the force of gravity. Prior to flow testing, the orifice is blocked. Material is then placed over the blocked orifice. When the orifice is unblocked, the material can flow through the orifice under the force of gravity if the orifice diameter is sufficiently large. Material that flows through small orifices is considered to have flow properties useful for pharmaceutical manufacturing, such as tableting. For example, the compositions of the present disclosure can have a Flodex measurement (Flodex) of less than about 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11 or 10 mm. These values can be used to define a range, such as from about 20 to about 30 mm. Compositions having such values can be used in high-speed tableting operations at commercial scale. 
     The compositions of the present disclosure can maintain the flowability of the nascent, unconditioned, raw, or otherwise free flowing choline salt used to prepare the compositions. The compositions can maintain at least about 99% of the flowability of the choline salt used to make the composition. In other embodiments, the compositions can maintain at least about 98%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 60% or 50% of the flowability of the choline salt used to make the composition. These values can also be used to define a range, such as about 90% to about 75%. The flowability can be maintained at least about 24 hours, 2 days, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14 or 21 days. These values can also be used to define a range. 
     In particular, one embodiment of the present disclosure is a composition having about 98.75 to about 99.75 wt % choline chloride, about 0.25 to about 1.25 wt % mannitol, less than about 1% of water, and wherein the composition is free flowing. 
     The compositions of the present disclosure can also contain a phosphate salt. Without wishing to be bound, it is believed that the inclusion of one or more phosphate salts can control water migration within choline compositions. The phosphate salt can be selected from the group consisting of monobasic calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, tribasic calcium phosphate, and combinations thereof. In particular, the phosphate salt can be dibasic calcium phosphate. The compositions can also contain a blend of one or more phosphate salts. In some embodiments, the phosphate salt is not a sodium based phosphate salt. Some sodium based phosphate salts can be ineffective as flow/stability agents. 
     The amount of phosphate salt(s) in the composition can vary based on the desired use and characteristics of the choline composition. The amount of phosphate salt(s) in the composition can be less than about 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.75, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2 or 0.1 wt %. These values can also be used to define a range, such as from about 0.25 to about 0.75 wt %, or about 0.5 to about 1.0 wt %. 
     In particular, one embodiment of the present disclosure is a composition having about 97.5 to about 99.5 wt % choline chloride, about 0.25 to about 1.25 wt % mannitol, about 0.25 to about 1.25 wt % dibasic calcium phosphate, and less than about 1% of water, wherein the composition is free flowing. 
     In another embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a composition comprising a choline salt, an alginate or derivative thereof, and less than about 1 wt % of water, wherein the composition is free flowing. 
     The alginate can be any salts of alginic acid and modified alginates, or derivatives thereof. Alginic acid, which is isolated from seaweed, is a polyuronic acid made up of two uronic acids: D-mannuronic acid and L-guluronic acid. The ratio of mannuronic acid and guluronic acid varies with factors such as seaweed species, plant age and part of the seaweed (e.g., stem, leaf). Alginic acid is substantially insoluble in water. A thereto-irreversible water-insoluble alginate gel can be formed in the presence of a gel-forming ion, such as polyvalent cations (e.g., calcium, magnesium, chromium, barium, strontium, zinc, copper ( +2 ), aluminum, and mixtures thereof) at appropriate concentrations. In the presence of calcium, a calcium alginate gel can be formed when the calcium ions, in the calcium chloride, react with the alginate as the calcium ion diffuse into the mix containing alginate. 
     Without wishing to be bound, it is believed that alginates build strong, hydrated structures of films or gels around choline and establish an equilibrium between the outside environment and the microenvironment within the film or gel that provides stability to the choline entrained within. The use of alginates help the choline maintain good flowability by, for example, preventing or reducing clumping, settling, hardening or combinations thereof. It is also believed that the addition of a phosphate, such as calcium phosphate, can strengthen the alginate film or gel. Upon exposure to excess moisture, however, the equilibrium can be overcome, the micro film or gel can rupture and the choline can become fully hydrated and aggregate or liquefied. 
     In particular, the alginate can be a metal alginate, e.g., sodium alginate, or alginic acid. 
     The amount of alginate, or salt or derivative thereof, in the composition can vary based on the desired use and characteristics of the choline composition. The amount of alginate, or salt or derivative thereof, in the composition can be less than about 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.75, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2 or 0.1 wt %. These values can also be used to define a range, such as from about 0.25 to about 0.75 wt %, or about 0.5 to about 1.0 wt %. 
     In particular, a composition having a choline salt, an alginate or derivative thereof, and less than about 1 wt % of water, wherein the composition is free flowing can also contain a phosphate salt. In another embodiment, the present disclosure can be a composition having about 97.5 to about 99.5 wt % choline chloride, about 0.25 to about 1.25 wt % sodium alginate, about 0.25 to about 1.25 wt % dibasic calcium phosphate, and less than about 1% of water, wherein the composition is free flowing. 
     The present disclosure relates to methods of preparing choline salt compositions containing choline salts, sugar alcohols, alginates, phosphate salts, or combinations thereof to reduce water uptake, to maintain flowability and good processing of the choline composition, or combinations thereof. The compositions are free flowing and compatible in manufacturing processes. The methods can address or control the hydroscopicity of the choline salts. In one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method of providing a choline salt, as described above, combining the choline sat with a sugar alcohol, an alginate or derivatives thereof, to form a composition, wherein the composition contains less than about 1 wt % of water and is free flowing. 
     The choline salt can be combined with the other materials in any known way of combining components to form a flowable material. The choline salt and the other materials can be dry mixed, blended, rotary vacuum, or spray-dried together. The composition can be prepared using any combination of dry blending, slurry formation, and liquid based drying. For example, the precipitated choline salt compositions can also be centrifuged and microwaved dry. In particular, the choline salt and the other material, such as the hexitol sugar or the alginate, can be spray-dried to form a spray-dried combination of, for example, choline and hexitol sugar or choline and alginate. 
     Differences between spray-dry materials and dry blended materials of the present disclosure can include the following. Spray-dried materials can have a very fine particle size, e.g., less than about 600 microns, with extremely low moisture content, e.g., less than about 0.1%, and excellent flowability. Dry blended materials can have a higher moisture content, e.g., 1.0-2.0%, and can have a larger particle size, e.g., greater than about 1200 microns. 
     In some embodiments, the spray-dried compositions can be formed using temperatures greater than about 180 degrees Celsius. Due to the corrosive nature of choline, the metal components within the spray-dry system can be protected by barriers, regular cleaning, etc. to limited the effects of the choline on the metal equipment, such as on the spray heads and needles. 
     The method can further include combining a phosphate salt to the composition. The choline salt or the choline salt mixture with other materials, e.g., hexitol sugar, can be dry mixed, blended, rotary vacuum, or spray-dried together with the phosphate salt. In particular, the phosphate salt is dry blended with the choline salt or choline salt combination with other materials. In one embodiment, the choline salt and the hexitol sugar are first combined by spray-drying and the phosphate salt is thereafter combined to the mixture by dry blending. 
     The disclosures of all cited references including ASTM methods, publications, patents, and patent applications are expressly incorporated herein by reference in theft entirety. 
     When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is giver as either a range, preferred range, or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range. 
     The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     General Procedure 
     Unconditioned-crystal choline chloride (50 g) was obtained from BalchemCorpVerona, and either mixed with additives (dry blends) in the range of 0.5% to 1.0% (0.25-0.50 g), co-dried, or spray-dried. The dry blends were placed in polycarbonate bottles (high permeability to oxygen and water) and observed daily for flow characteristics, agglomeration, and water uptake at ambient temperature and humidity. The co-dried mixtures prepared using a Rotovap (Buchi) were first dissolved in water was vacuum-dried gently for several hours, recovered and placed in the polycarbonate bottles. Spray-dried samples prepared using a Mini-Spray Dryer (Buchi) were dissolved in water at 50% total dissolved solids (TOS), spray-dried and placed in the polycarbonate bottles. 
     Samples were evaluated for flowability, level of agglomeration, and water uptake relative to choline chloride (no additive). 
     Long-term flowability and scoop-ability are based up a container/closure system which limits water vapor transmission. Flowability and scoop-ability were measured in reference to choline chloride without an additive. The raw material before exposure to moisture and/or used to prepare composition is free flowing. This material can become agglomerated and hardens significantly within 24 hours. Any prevention of this hardened/agglomerate state past 24 hours is an improvement. Scoop-ability is the ability to scoop/pour the product from a drum/bag. 
     As part of the evaluation of flowability, the compression/robustness of the composition was also tested. One of the issues with current choline chloride products is the poor long-term shelf life, specifically the product&#39;s irreversible transition to large, brick-like agglomerates within its packaging. To evaluate the usefulness of the compositions of the present disclosure a compression/robustness test was performed. The test involves placing the compositions in a vacuum bag and heat sealing it, followed by sustained application of 50 lbs of compressive force to simulate the typical forces a drum of product would experience. Each composition was then evaluated on how much time was required for conversion to firm, irreversible aggregates, recovery of flowability (i.e., can flowability be recovered with minimal applied force). In one aspect, the compositions of the present disclosure encourage the formation of uniform, micro-particles which can be conductive in generating a high flowability solid. 
     A texture analyzer, e.g., a Penetrometer, was used to evaluate the hardness of the additive blends. The hardness of the compositions correlated with the decreased flowability. An increased hardness is consistent with decrease flowability and increase agglomeration. Agglomeration was tested by visual inspection. 
     Water uptake was evaluated via mass of accumulated water (in grams) over time within a polycarbonate bottle with a non-lined closure lid. 
     Example 2 
     Choline Chloride, Mannitol and/or and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Compositions 
     Compositions having choline chloride and mannitol were prepared. Compositions containing 0.5-1.0 wt % mannitol were prepared by spraying drying and by heated rotary-vacuum drying (or Freeze Dry). Compositions containing more than 1.0-2.0 wt % were prepared by dry blending. All blending/drying techniques exhibited good flowability, minimal aggregation, and low water uptake compared to compositions comprising choline chloride alone. See Table 1. Compositions having choline chloride and mannitol performed best when the dried choline chloride contained the least amount of water. The compositions can be mixed with other components and retains its flowability and processability. When Vitamin B12 was added (at 100% ROI relative to 100% ROI of choline) to the pre-dried/blended choline chloride/mannitol and the mixtures dried, no negative effects were observed to flowability, agglomeration, or water-uptake. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Choline and Mannitol compositions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Choline 
                   
                 Time to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chloride 
                 Mannitol 
                 Reduced 
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 Flowability 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dry Blend 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 24 
                 hours 
               
               
                   
                 Dry Blend 
                 98% 
                 2% 
                 150 
                 days 
               
               
                   
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 150 
                 days 
               
               
                   
                 Freeze Dry 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 210 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
                 Freeze Dry 
                 99.5%     
                 0.5%     
                 180 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
                 Spray-Dry 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 &lt;5 
                 minutes 
               
               
                   
                 Spray-Dry 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 145 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 +indicates blend remained stable with excellent flowability, testing remains in progress 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Compositions having choline chloride, mannitol and dibasic calcium phosphate were also prepared. Compositions containing 0.5-1.0 wt % mannitol and 0.5-1.0 wt % dibasic calcium phosphate were prepared by spraying drying, heated rotary-vacuum drying (or Freeze Dry) and dry blending. All blending/drying techniques containing mannitol exhibited good flowability, minimal aggregation, and low water uptake compared to compositions comprising choline chloride alone. See Table 2. The time to reduced flowability measure the time it takes for the composition to stop being free flowing. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Choline, Mannitol and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate compositions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Choline 
                   
                 Calcium 
                 Time to 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
                 Mannitol 
                 Phosphate 
                 Reduced 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 Flowability 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 — 
                 24 
                 hours 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 1% 
                 190 
                 days 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 0.5%     
                 0.5%     
                 176 
                 days 
               
               
                 Freeze Dry 
                 98% 
                 1% 
                 1% 
                 210 
                 days+ 
               
               
                 Freeze Dry 
                 99% 
                 0.5%     
                 0.5%     
                 210 
                 days+ 
               
               
                 Spray-Dry 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 — 
                 &lt;5 
                 minutes 
               
               
                 Spray-Dry 
                 99% 
                 0.5%     
                 0.5%*  
                 170 
                 days 
               
               
                 Spray-Dry 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 — 
                 180 
                 days 
               
               
                 Spray-Dry** 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 — 
                 210 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 +indicates blend remained stable with excellent flowability, testing remains in progress 
               
               
                 *indicates additional post spray-drying 
               
               
                 **indicates composition was further blended with B-Vitamin 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Spray-drying was performed using a two-step process due to the low solubility of dibasic calcium phosphate in water. Mannitol and choline chloride are spray-dried together and calcium phosphate was blended into the mix post-drying. Of the spray-dried samples, this blend composition demonstrated good characteristics both in flowability and minimal aggregation. It is believed a synergist relationship exists between mannitol and dibasic calcium phosphate when combined by first spray drying the choline salt with the mannitol and then blending with the dibasic calcium phosphate. For example, a 0.5 wt % mannitol (spray-dried) and 0.5 wt % dibasic calcium phosphate (blended) can produce optimal results for some compositions. After 145 days the samples exhibited no observable difference from theft immediate post-dried state 
     Spray-drying of choline chloride when present in high weight percentage is difficult because of the chemical properties associated with choline-salts. Choline chloride is deliquescent, having a high affinity for moisture absorption, which can trigger a transition into an agglomerate solid and inevitably a liquid state. Previous attempts have been made to reduce or minimize moisture uptake by microencapsulation, treatment with silica, or long-chain fatty acids such as magnesium stearate. These additives showed some success in non-spray-dried applications exhibit no benefit and even some negative effects when used in a spray-dried formulation of choline chloride when present in high weight percentage. Typical spray-drying issues involve semi-solid agglomeration on dryer walls, nozzle clogging, low yields (due to poor drying, and reliquidification), and difficult clean-up. Choline chloride blends consisting of mannitol blends less than 10%, in particular less than 2%, more particular less than 1.0%, have been shown to suppress and/or silence many of these poor characteristics. The enhancement observed from a physical and chemical standpoint is believed to correlated to a better performing spray-dried formulation. With the addition of mannitol, choline chloride has displayed the ability to be spray-dried directly without the need for dilution within a sub-blend. 
     Two choline products were successfully spray-dried in a pilot plant. The first test variable was with 10% mannitol and 90% choline chloride at 50% TS (total solids). There were no issues with mixing and the mix was sent to the dryer at 160° F. Within the first 5 min of drying the manometer read past 10 indicating no air flow and the run was stopped. It was suspected that free mannitol plugged up the bags. Before the next run the bags were washed and dried. The second test variable was with 1% mannitol and 99% choline chloride at 50% TS. Again, there were no issues with mixing so the mix was sent to the dryer at 160° F. This product dried much better than the previous test. After drying the chamber was observed to have a thin coating of material but no significant build up. Dryer settings and moisture results are shown in Table 3 for the second run. Testing were performed on spray-dried material which was consistent with industrial standards, which include moisture, water activity, loose and true density, and Porosity. This formulation exhibited low dryer-wall adhesion, decreased water activity and % moisture (versus choline chloride alone; 0.10% vs 0.16%, and 0.2059 vs 0.2074, respectively), and increased final yield. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Spray-Dried Conditions and Associated Data 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                 Component 
                 Spray-Dried 
                 Comments 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Spray-Dried 
                   
                   
               
               
                 Conditions 
               
               
                 Fan 
                 85% 
               
               
                 Inlet 
                 368° F. 
               
               
                 Outlet 
                 ~250° F. 
               
               
                 HPP 
                 13% 
               
               
                 HPP psi 
                 1100 
               
               
                 Baghouse DP 
                 0.4-2.4 
                 Low DP from loose bag 
               
               
                 Run Time 
                 1.5 hours 
               
               
                 TS 
                 50% 
                 Theoretical Value 
               
               
                 Spray-Dried 
               
               
                 Production 
               
               
                 Testing 
               
               
                 Moisture 
                 0.16, 0.10% 
                 Computrac MAX 4000 Moisture 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Analyzer (Arizona Inst. LLC) 
               
               
                 Aw 
                 0.2059, 
                 Aqua Lab 4TE (Decagon Devices) 
               
               
                   
                 0.2074 (24.9° C.) 
               
               
                 Loose Density 
                 0.35 g/cc 
                 Loose Density of CCL: 0.40 g/cc 
               
               
                 True Density 
                 1.266 g/cc 
                 True Density of CCL: 1.249 g/cc 
               
               
                 Porosity 
                 0.724 
                 Porosity of CCL: 0.68 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 3 
     Choline Bitartrate, Mannitol and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate compositions 
     Compositions having choline bitartrate, mannitol and dibasic calcium phosphate were also prepared. Compositions containing 0.5-1.0 wt % mannitol and 0.5-1.0 wt % dibasic calcium phosphate were prepared by dry blending. All blended compositions exhibited better flowability, minimal aggregation, and low water uptake compared to compositions comprising choline bitartrate alone. See Table 4. While the choline bitartrate control showed good results initially, the long term flowability and other properties were enhanced by the compositions of the present disclosure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 4 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Choline, Mannitol and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate compositions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Choline 
                   
                 Calcium 
                 Time to 
               
               
                   
                 Bitartrate 
                 Mannitol 
                 Phosphate 
                 Reduced 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 Flowability 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 — 
                 100 
                 days 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                     1% 
                 — 
                 160 
                 days+ 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 — 
                     1% 
                 160 
                 days+ 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 0.5% 
                 0.5% 
                 160 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 +indicates blend remain stable with excellent flowability, testing remains in progress 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 4 
     Choline Chloride, Alginate and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Compositions 
     Compositions having choline chloride, the hydrocolloid alginate (e.g., sodium alginate) and dibasic calcium phosphate were prepared. Compositions containing 0.5-1.0 wt % alginate and 0.25-1.0 wt % dibasic calcium phosphate were prepared by dry blending. Without wising to be bound, it is believed that alginate interacts with choline, absorbing its hydration to form an in situ gel-encapsulate. Alginate itself performs best at levels greater than about 0.5%, 1.0%, or about 2%. When combined with calcium phosphate, the gel-encapsulate can be fortified and alginate at levels less than 1% can be used. The choline chloride was first dry blended with 0.5-1.0% sodium alginate until a uniform distribution was achieved followed by subsequent dry blending with 0.25-1.0% calcium phosphate. All blending/drying techniques having both alginate and calcium phosphate exhibited good flowability, minimal aggregation, and low water uptake for a short time ( ˜ 30 days) compared to the control. See Table 5. Higher levels of both alginate and calcium phosphate yielded better initial stability. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 5 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Choline, Alginate and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate compositions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Choline 
                   
                 Calcium 
                 Time to 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
                 Alginate 
                 Phosphate 
                 Reduced 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 Flowability 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 — 
                 24 
                 hours 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 — 
                 24 
                 hours 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 98% 
                 1% 
                     1% 
                 32 
                 days 
               
               
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 0.5%     
                 0.5% 
                 30 
                 days 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 5 
     Choline Chloride and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate Compositions 
     Compositions having choline chloride and dibasic calcium phosphate were prepared. Compositions containing 0.5-1.0 wt % dibasic calcium phosphate were prepared by both dry blending and rotary-vacuum. Both blending/vacuum techniques containing calcium phosphate exhibited good flowability, minimal aggregation, and low water uptake compared compositions comprising choline chloride alone. See Table 6. Preparation by spray-drying is limited to post spray-dried addition because dibasic calcium phosphate has limited solubility in water. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 6 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Choline and Dibasic Calcium Phosphate compositions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                   
                 Choline 
                 Calcium 
                 Time to 
               
               
                   
                   
                 Chloride 
                 Phosphate 
                 Reduced 
               
               
                   
                 Composition 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 Flowability 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Dry Blend 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 24 
                 hours 
               
               
                   
                 Dry Blend 
                 98% 
                 2% 
                 210 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
                 Dry Blend 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 180 
                 days 
               
               
                   
                 Dry Blend 
                 99.5%     
                 0.5%     
                 165 
                 days 
               
               
                   
                 Freeze Dry 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 210 
                 days 
               
               
                   
                 Freeze Dry 
                 99.5%     
                 0.5%     
                 160 
                 days 
               
               
                   
                 Spray-Dry 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 &lt;5 
                 minutes?? 
               
               
                   
                 Spray-Dry 
                 99% 
                  1%* 
                 100 
                 days 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 +indicates blend remain stable with excellent flowability, testing remains in progress 
               
               
                   
                 *indicates additional post spray-drying 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Example 6 
     Baby Formula Composition with Choline Chloride 
     Spray-dried blends of choline chloride and mannitol were prepared with and without Vitamin B12/Vitamin B and tested for robustness and compression stability when blended into a powdered infant formula. The level of choline added to the infant formula exceeded 200% of the recommended RDI. Choline chloride with no additive was used as the experimental control. Testing involved generating blends of choline chloride with mannitol, heat sealing them within vacuum-bags, followed by sustained application of 50 lbs of compressive force. All three compositions with mannitol showed negligible effects from the compressive force and with minimal applied effect able to return to a free-flowing powder. Choline chloride (no additive/control), however, had a much different result and the powder became hardened, with considerable aggregation after a few days of compression. The addition of RDI amounts of Vitamin B12 or Vitamin B has shown to not compromise the effectiveness of the compositions of the present disclosure. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 7 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Baby Formula compositions. 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 Choline 
                   
                   
                 Time to 
               
               
                   
                 Chloride 
                 Mannitol 
                 Vit B12/Vit B- 
                 Reduced 
               
               
                 Composition 
                 wt % 
                 wt % 
                 Complex wt % 
                 Flowability 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Spray-Dry 
                 100%  
                 — 
                 no 
                 10 
                 days 
               
               
                 Spray-Dry 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 yes (Vitamin B12) 
                 160 
                 days+ 
               
               
                 Spray-Dry 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 yes 
                 160 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 (Vit B-Complex) 
               
               
                 Spray-Dry 
                 99% 
                 1% 
                 no 
                 160 
                 days+ 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 +indicates blend remain stable with excellent flowability, testing remains in progress 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     While this disclosure has been particularly shown and described with reference to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.