Patent Publication Number: US-2006005118-A1

Title: Systems, methods, and graphical tools for representing fundamental connectedness of individuals

Description:
RELATED APPLICATION  
      The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/575,781, by John Golze et al., filed on May 28, 2004, and entitled “A Method and System for Linking Genealogical and Genetic Relationships,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.  
      The present application is related to a utility patent application entitled “Systems, Methods, and Graphical Tools for Representing Connectedness of Individuals,” by John Golze, filed concurrently herewith, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND  
      Individuals, or other entities, can be connected to each other in many different ways. For example, individuals may be genealogically connected to each other, such as by parent-child, sibling, or other types of relationships. The gathering of information regarding individuals and the relationships between individuals is generally referred to as genealogy. Typical gathered information might include dates and places of events such as birth, marriage, death, and other events that occur in the lives of individuals. Other types of information (e.g., medical, DNA, and disease tracking information) may also be gathered depending on the particular application of the data or the interests of the researcher.  
      Many tools exist for storing genealogical data and for representing the genealogical relationships between individuals. In particular, many genealogical tools exist that are able to represent relationships between families, ancestors, and descendants. One common genealogical tool is a pedigree chart, which visually represents relationships in the form of a tree. Another common genealogical tool is a group record (e.g., a family group record), which organizes individuals into a group.  
      These and other conventional genealogy tools have been implemented in software applications capable of operating on computing devices. The software applications typically have access to databases capable of storing vast amounts of genealogical information. The information contained in the databases, which is often organized by group records and/or event information, can be accessed and displayed in the form of pedigree charts or other similar tree-like representations of relationships. Such software applications leverage the significant computing power of modem computing devices to enhance the capabilities of traditional genealogical tools. In addition, conventional software applications provide for the sharing of genealogical data between different computing devices. For example, genealogical data communication (“GEDCOM”) format is a well-known data format used by many genealogical software programs for importing and exporting genealogical data.  
      While conventional genealogical tools have provided many benefits associated with representing relationships between individuals, several shortcomings are inherent in the conventional tools. These shortcomings are largely a result of reliance upon traditional theories underlying the use of pedigree charts (which are based on a family-tree paradigm), event information, and/or group records for organizing and representing genealogical data.  
      Pedigree and other tree-like charts tend to represent genealogical data in a cumbersome manner. This is largely due to the significant size of pedigree charts required to represent multiple generations. Due to the size of multi-generational pedigree charts, paper-based pedigree charts are generally fragmented onto different pieces of paper. The same fragmentation is also inherent in software applications, in which separate pedigree chart views are typically required to legibly depict the relationships between individuals of multiple generations. Such fragmented representations are less than intuitive and are often difficult to manipulate, piece together, and understand.  
      Genealogical tools using tree-like charts exhibit additional limitations. For example, conventional pedigree charts are not capable of intuitively differentiating the numerous possible types of relationships that may exist between individuals. A traditional pedigree chart typically includes nodes representative of individuals. The nodes are connected together by lines or other similar representations. Unfortunately, multiple connected nodes often share a common connection line having multiple branches. The common connection line is not useful for depicting different types of connections between the individuals. To further illustrate this limitation of conventional genealogical tools,  FIG. 1  illustrates a tree-like representation of relationships between nodes, using a notation commonly used in anthropology. As shown in  FIG. 1 , a common line  10  branches to connect multiple nodes  12 ,  14 ,  16 ,  18 , and  20  together. Such an arrangement is often used to depict the parent-child relationships between a parent and his or her children. Unfortunately, the use of a common line to connect multiple individuals is not useful for depicting any differences that may exist in each distinct parent-child relationship. For example, the tree-like chart of  FIG. 1  is not useful for distinguishing an adoption relationship versus a natural-child relationship.  
      Pedigree charts are also limited in that they are able to represent only limited types of relationships. For example, a pedigree chart typically allows representation of only one spouse, one child, and one set of parents. This means that a pedigree chart cannot be used to represent a former spouse, multiple children, siblings, or both adoptive and biological parents. In other words, a single pedigree chart is not useful for representing many complex relationships that are common to society.  
      The rigid limitations of pedigree charts often require researchers to supplement pedigree charts with additional tools, such as group records or additional pedigree charts. Many conventional genealogical tools actually require that data be grouped into predefined group records. Unfortunately, the use of group records comes with limitations, including the fragmentation and duplication of data between various group records. For example, when an individual is connected to two separate group records, each of the group records typically contains duplicate information about the individual. For instance, a particular individual may be a child in a first family group record and a spouse in another family group record. Consequently, the information associated with the particular individual will either be fragmented or duplicated for each of the group records. Both options are undesirable for several reasons. The duplication of data wastes memory space and may lead to inconsistencies between data. Meanwhile, fragmented data may introduce complexity and costs to many typical genealogical application operations, such as searching for information. These problems are magnified by a lack of uniformity between different genealogical tools because one definition of a group record does not necessarily accommodate different definitions of group records.  
      Conventional genealogical database structures typically mirror pedigree-chart and/or group record representations of relationships. Accordingly, the conventional database structures tend to include the same inherent limitations discussed above. For example, conventional databases typically include records for individuals and/or groups. The records may include information associated with the individuals or with the relationships between the individuals. In particular, the records usually include information identifying other records to which there is a connection. For example, a group record is typically required and includes information identifying the individual records of an individual, the spouse, and the children. This type of database structure produces several undesirable limitations, including a lack of capability for associating information (e.g., link events) with a connection between individuals directly, since linkage is only implied by virtue of the method of grouping individual records into the same group record. Alternatively, conventional genealogical tools may associate such information with records of individuals. This often leads to the storing of duplicate information in more than one group or individual record, which is inefficient and wastes valuable memory space as discussed above. As an alternative to the duplication of data, genealogical information is often fragmented across multiple individual records, thereby introducing operational complexity into the database, which complexity undesirably limits search functionality by making it difficult for search operations to maneuver between records of individuals and groups.  
      Moreover, many conventional genealogical databases include event-based organizational structures, which further fragment genealogical data according to event-based information. For example, some large genealogical databases are fragmented by location information, such as a country of origin. This type of structuring introduces disconnectedness between individuals who might be otherwise connected to each other across geographic or national boundaries.  
      The fragmentation of genealogical information across conventional database boundaries (e.g., geographic boundaries) traditionally tended to introduce inconsistencies into the genealogical data. For example, personal names are invariably spelled in many different ways, requiring a variation-neutralizing algorithm and lookup table of names. In the past, databases contained many separate tables, each trained on a geographical area (e.g. countries), without cross-country correlation. A particular name variation would be handled differently in different tables. The lack of cross-correlation led to duplication of records, because name-variations were not neutralized identically for different countries, and records were not recognized as being duplications.  
      By relying solely, primarily, or heavily upon records of individuals and of groups of individuals for storing connection-based or other types of genealogical information, conventional database structures are not useful for robustly and flexibly representing and identifying myriad different types of relationships that may exist between individuals. Thus, conventional genealogical tools rely upon cumbersome, inefficient, unintuitive, and inflexible data organizational schema and visual representations. This is especially limiting for conventional genealogical tools that require group records for expressing relationships between individuals. Consequently, conventional genealogical tools are limited with respect to representing a wide variety of different types and characteristics of connectedness between individuals.  
     SUMMARY  
      An embodiment of a system for visually representing connectedness of individuals includes nodes representative of individuals and links connecting the nodes to form at least one link triangle. The nodes of each link triangle include a first node representative of a first individual, a second node representative of a second individual, and a third node representative of a third individual. In some embodiments, each of the links connects exactly two of the nodes. In some embodiments, the links include strands representative of different types of relationships between the individuals represented by the nodes.  
      An embodiment of a computer-implemented user interface for visually representing connectedness of individuals, the user interface includes a display of nodes representative of individuals and a display of links connecting the nodes to form at least one link triangle. The nodes include a first node representative of a first individual, a second node representative of a second individual, and a third node representative of a third individual. In some embodiments, links and nodes forming link triangles are combined to form a network of link triangles. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
      The accompanying drawings illustrate various embodiments of the present methods, systems, and graphical tools and are a part of the specification. Together with the following description, the drawings demonstrate and explain the principles of the present methods, systems, and graphical tools. The illustrated embodiments are examples of the present methods, systems, and graphical tools and do not limit the scope thereof.  
       FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating a conventional anthropological notation for representing relationships between a parent and his or her children.  
       FIG. 2  is an environmental view of a particular implementation of a system for representing connectedness of individuals, according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a link map presented in the user interface of  FIG. 2 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 4  is a block diagram illustrating another form of the link map of  FIG. 3 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a link triangle used in the link map of  FIG. 3 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating a strand-level view of the link triangle of  FIG. 5 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram illustrating another strand-level view in which geometric symbols identify the link strands of the link triangle of  FIG. 5 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 8  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a node table implemented in the data store of  FIG. 2 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 9  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a strand table implemented in the data store of  FIG. 2 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 10  is a flowchart illustrating an example of a method for using the system of  FIG. 2  to create a link map, according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 11A  is a view of an example of an initial link map template as presented in the user interface of  FIG. 2 , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 11B  is a view of a node representative of a focus individual as presented in the link map template of  FIG. 11A , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 11C  is a view of nodes representative of parents of the focus individual of  FIG. 11B  being added to the link map template of  FIG. 11A , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 11D  is a view of a node representative of a spouse of the focus individual of  FIG. 11B  being added to the link map template of  FIG. 11A , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 11E  is a view of nodes representative of children of the focus individual and spouse of  FIG. 11D  being added to the link map template of  FIG. 11A , according to an exemplary embodiment.  
       FIG. 11F  is a view of another node being selected as a focus individual, as well as nodes representative of the selected focus individual being added to the link map template of  FIG. 11A , according to an exemplary embodiment. 
    
    
      Throughout the drawings, identical reference numbers designate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements.  
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
      The present specification describes systems, methods, and graphical tools (collectively the “system”) for representing connectedness of individuals. The system provides functionality for robustly and flexibly representing and depicting myriad different types and combinations of connections that might exist between individuals. In the system, links connect nodes representative of individuals. The links typically have a fine-structure referred to as strands. In particular, each link includes one or more strands, which are representative of particular types of connections between individuals. Thus, multiple strands may connect two nodes to describe multiple types of connections between the individuals associated with the nodes. Generally, this allows the system to flexibly and robustly represent and visually distinguish many different types of connections that might exist between individuals. The system can be easily adapted to accurately represent connections in accordance with different cultures and customs, or for a wide variety of different applications. In some embodiments, each link connects exactly two nodes, which configuration generally enables the visual depiction of different types of connections between individuals.  
      Each strand of a link is typically represented as a distinct data object. Accordingly, the system is flexible because the modularity of the strands allows them to be easily added, deleted, or modified, without affecting other strands. A link may include multiple strands to represent numerous different types of connections between individuals. Moreover, information (e.g., primarily link-based information) can be stored in or directly associated with the strands of links. This capability generally saves valuable memory space and reduces occurrences of duplication and fragmentation of data across different nodes. Consequently, system operations can be performed efficiently.  
      The system is configured to generate graphical link maps including nodes and links to illustrate connectedness of individuals. In many embodiments of the link maps, link triangles are used as elemental building blocks for the link maps. Link triangles include three nodes connected by three links to form a triangle shape. The link triangles are based on immediate, i.e. fundamental, connections between individuals, where the individuals connected are associated with one or more of the three fundamental roles of child, spouse, and parent. For example, an exemplary link triangle includes nodes representative of a father, a mother, and a child. The father and the mother are connected to each other by a link, and the child is linked to the father and to the mother by separate links. Accordingly, the link triangle can be used to atomically represent a biologically fundamental unit that is common across all cultures, customs, and times. Because the link triangle is fundamental, it helps to reduce data fragmentation and duplication that resulted from the centering of data structuring on groups (e.g., immediate family groups) in conventional genealogical tools. Not being required to define a group at all also provides the flexibility to define groups in any way one chooses, if desired.  
      Moreover, the present systems, methods, and graphical tools provide for removing geographical/historical (i.e. space-time) boundaries from conventional geographic database organization. The removal of boundaries overcomes the problem of fragmentation because links are not broken at geo-political boundaries (or other types of boundaries). In addition, the removal of boundaries creates preconditions helpful for overcoming a particular type of data duplication. The removal of boundaries further means that a global algorithm and lookup table can be applied to neutralize personal name variations. The global uniformity thus achieved eliminates systemic sources of duplication. Those skilled in the art understand and can provide a suitable algorithm and lookup table. These and other benefits provided by the system will be described further below.  
      In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present methods, systems, and graphical tools for representing connectedness between individuals. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present methods, systems, and graphical tools may be practiced without these specific details. Reference in the specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification do not all necessarily refer to the same embodiment.  
      I. Exemplary System Elements  
       FIG. 2  is an environmental view of a particular implementation of a system  100  for representing connectedness of individuals, according to an exemplary embodiment. The system  100  may be implemented as instructions on a computer-readable medium. The instructions may be configured to instruct a computer  110 , or one or more processors (not shown) of the computer  110 , to perform predefined processes, including any of the processes described herein. The instructions may be in the form of one or more software applications configured to run on the computer  110 . The computer-readable medium may comprise any medium or media capable of storing instructions that may be read by the computer  110 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 2 , the computer  110  may communicate with a data store  120  and an access device  130 . The communications can be made using any known type of communication media and protocols, including the Internet and protocols associated therewith. The computer  110  may provide the access device  130  with information useful for presenting a user interface  140  for consideration by a user  150 . The user  150  may use the access device  130  and the interface  140  to interact with the computer  110 . Each of the elements shown in  FIG. 2  will now be described in greater detail.  
      A. User  
      The user  150  is typically a human being that can utilize the access device  130  to input information to and/or consider output from the computer  110 , either through manual data-entry or through importing/exporting existing data sets (such as Gedcom-files). However, the user  150  may be another living organism, an automated agent, or some form of intelligence technology that is configured to provide input to the computer  110 . Typically, the user  150  is in physical proximity to the access device  130 .  
      B. Access Device  
      The access device  130  can include any device or devices physically accessible to the user  150  or that otherwise allow the user  150  to provide input to, receive information from, or access the computer  110 . The access device  130  may include but is not limited to one or more desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal data assistants, cellular telephones, satellite pagers, wireless internet devices, embedded computers, video phones, mainframe computers, mini-computers, workstations, network interface cards, programmable logic devices, entertainment devices, gaming devices, client devices, and other future devices that may not yet currently exist. The access device  130  may include various peripherals such as a terminal, keyboard, mouse, screen, printer, stylus, input device, output device, or any other apparatus that can help relay information between the user  150  and the computer  110 . The access device  130  may be configured to present the user interface  140  for consideration and/or use by the user  150 .  
      The access device  130  may be located proximate or remote to the computer  110 . The access device  130  and the computer  110  may communicate using any known media and protocols. In some embodiments, the access device  130  comprises a client device configured to communicate with the computer  110  over a network (e.g., the Internet). In other embodiments, the access device  130  comprises peripheral devices connected to the computer  110 .  
      While  FIG. 2  shows only one access device  130 , this is for purposes of illustration and not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments may include multiple access devices  130  in communication with the computer  110 .  
      C. User Interface  
      The user interface  140  may be used by the user  150  to access the computer  110  via the access device  130 . For example, the user interface  140  may be used to initiate and/or interpret communications with the computer  110 . Accordingly, the user interface  140  may include mechanisms for prompting for and receiving input from the user  150 . In an exemplary embodiment, the user interface  140  comprises a graphical user interface (“GUI”) capable of displaying data representative of individuals and connections between the individuals. The GUI may be associated with a software program operating on the computer  110 . In some embodiments, the user interface  140  comprises a web form. However, the user interface  140  is not limited to a web form embodiment and can include many different types of user interfaces  140  capable of presenting data to and/or receiving input from the user  150 . Several exemplary views of the user interface  140 , and data presented therein, will be discussed further below.  
      While  FIG. 2  shows only one user interface  140 , this is for purposes of illustration and not intended to be limiting. Other embodiments may include multiple user interfaces  140  being provided by the access device  130 .  
      D. Data Store  
      The data store  120  may comprise one or more storage mediums, devices, or configurations, including databases. The data store  120  may employ any type, form, and combination of storage media known to those skilled in the art. The data store  120  may include any known technologies useful for storing and accessing information. For example, the data store  120  may include structured query language (“SQL”) technologies, including one or more SQL servers. The data store  120  may include one or more databases, which may be in the form of hierarchical, relational, or other types of databases. The databases may be created and maintained using any known database technologies.  
      The data store  120  may be integrated with or external of the computer  110 . The computer  110  and the data store  120  may communicate using any known media and protocols. In some embodiments, the data store  120  comprises one or more central databases.  
      The data store  120  may be configured to store predefined data, as well as information received from the access device  130 . In particular, the data store  120  may store information associated with individuals and connections between individuals. The information may be stored in the form of data objects representative of individuals and connections between the individuals. The data objects may be stored in one or more tables. Several exemplary embodiments of data store  120  tables and data objects, and information stored therein, will be discussed further below.  
      E. Computer  
      The computer  110  can include any device or combination of devices that allows the processing of the system  100  to be performed. The computer  110  may be a general purpose computer capable of running a wide variety of different software applications or a specialized device limited to particular functions. In some embodiments, the computer  110  is the same device as the access device  130 . In other embodiments, the computer  110  is a network of computing devices accessed by the access device  130 . The computer  110  may include any type, number, form, or configuration of processors, system memory, computer-readable mediums, peripheral devices, computing devices, and operating systems. The computer may also include bio-computers or other intelligent device (e.g., artificially intelligent device). In many embodiments, the computer  110  is in the form of one or more servers (e.g., web servers), and the access device  130  is a client device accessing the servers.  
      The computer  110  is capable of executing steps for performing the functionality of the system  100 , including generating and controlling the user interface  140  and interactions of the user interface  140  with the user  150 . In particular, the computer  110  can generate and present data representative of individuals and the connectedness of the individuals to the user  150  by way of the user interface  140 . Further, the computer  110  is able to process input received from the user  150  by way of the user interface  140 .  
      As mentioned above, the functionality of the system  100  can be embodied or otherwise carried on a medium that can be read by the computer  110 . The medium carrying the instructions (e.g., software processes) of the system  100  can be part of or otherwise communicatively coupled to the computer  110 . In preferred embodiments, the instructions are configured to cause the computer  110  to perform the steps of exemplary methods disclosed herein.  
      While an exemplary implementation of the system  100  is shown in  FIG. 2 , those skilled in the art will recognize that the exemplary environment components illustrated in the Figure are not intended to be limiting. Indeed, those skilled in the art will recognize that other alternative hardware environments may be used.  
      II. Exemplary User Interface Views  
      The computer  110  may be configured to output data representative of various forms of user interface views, which may be sent to the access device  130  for presentation in the user interface  140 . The data may be transmitted to the access device  130  in any suitable format, including HTML pages. The computer  110  may include various predefined page templates for use in forming a variety of user interface views.  
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating an example of a link map  200  that may be presented in the user interface  140 , according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 3 , nodes  210 - 1  through  210 - 7  (collectively the “nodes 210”) are connected by links  220 - 1  through  220 - 10  (collectively the “links 220”). The nodes  210  may represent individuals. Throughout the description and the appended claims, the term “individual”typically refers to a human being, living or deceased. However, the term “individual” may also refer herein to any living or deceased organism (e.g., an animal), or to a non-living entity (e.g., a business or other organization).  
      The nodes  210  may be presented in the user interface  140  using any suitable form of visual representation. In  FIG. 3 , for example, the nodes  210  are in the form of circles. In other embodiments, other geometric shapes or combinations of geometric shapes may be used. The geometric shapes may identify particular characteristics and/or roles of individuals. For example, squares may represent male individuals, and triangles may represent female individuals, as shown in  FIG. 4 , which illustrates another example of a link map, according to an exemplary embodiment. As one of many possible alternatives to geometric shapes, different colors, patterns, or shading may be used to differentiate between male and female individuals, or to identify any characteristic associated with individuals. In  FIG. 3 , the node  210 - 1  is shaded to identify a focus individual, while the other nodes  210 - 2  through  210 - 7  are empty to indicate non-focus individuals.  
      Numbers, names, or other textual identifiers may be used to visually identify the nodes  210 . Roles such as child, spouse, and parent, for example, may also be visually identified in the link map  200 . As will be discussed in detail below, each of the nodes  210  may be represented in the data store  120  as a distinct data object, which may include or be associated with information related to individual events, characteristics, roles, names, places, dates, identifiers, addresses, personal statistics, medical histories, and any other potentially useful information.  
      As shown in  FIG. 3 , the nodes  210  are connected to one another by the links  220 . The links  220  may be configured to identify any suitable types, natures, and/or characteristics of connectedness between individuals. In particular, each of the links  220  may comprise a bundle of one or more strands. Each of the strands may be dedicated to representing a particular type of connectedness. As discussed in greater detail below, the strands may be represented as distinct data objects in the data store  120 . This provides significant flexibility and robustness for representing a wide range of different types of connections between individuals. For -example, any particular link  220  may comprise a natural strand, a societal strand, and a religious strand. As discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , the natural strand may identify natural kin (i.e., bloodline) connectedness, the societal strand may identify legal connectedness (including common-law, customs-based, and traditions-based connectedness), and the religious strand may identify connectedness by way of religious rites.  
      In the link map  200  shown in  FIG. 3 , each of the links  220  connects exactly two nodes  210 . Because the links  220  do not connect more than two nodes  210 , connection information that is specific to two individuals can be directly associated with the link  220  connecting the two individuals. This structure provides significant flexibility in representing and depicting different types, events, and characteristics of connections between individuals. In particular, the system  100  is able to depict a wide variety of many different types of connections between any two individuals. Accordingly, the system  100  is able to visually distinguish different combinations of connectedness between different individuals. For example, the link map  200  may represent connections to an adopted child (societal strand) and to a natural child (natural strand) in a visually distinguishable manner.  
      Any potentially useful information related to connections between individuals may be directly associated with the links  220 . For example, information about an adoption event, such as the date of the adoption, may be tied directly to a particular link  220  connecting a parent with an adopted child. Accordingly, link events and other connection information can be stored in or be otherwise directly associated with the links  220 , without having to be stored as part of data records of individuals or as part of a group record. By associating information directly with the links  220 , data is consolidated, and instances of duplicate data are reduced. Data conventionally stored in different individual and group records can be stored in association with the links  220 , without having to be fragmented across multiple group or individual records. This configuration allows information related directly to individuals to be tied directly to the nodes  210 , while information related directly to connections between individuals to be tied directly to the links  220 .  
      Links  220  may include data representative of certainty scores for the links. The certainty score or marker may be displayed on or proximate to the links  220  in the link map  200 . In one embodiment, for example, a certainty marker (e.g., a question mark) is configured to be displayed when the certainty score for any particular link  220  is below a predetermined confidence threshold.  
      The orientation of the links  220  may identify various types and natures of connectedness of individuals. For example, links  220  that are generally vertically oriented may represent connectedness between nodes  210  in different generations. In particular, generally vertical links  220  may identify parent-child relationships between individuals. Links  220  that are generally horizontal may represent connectedness between nodes  210  within a common generation. For example, generally horizontal links  220  may identify a couple relationship (e.g., a spousal and/or procreative connection) between individuals.  
      In the system  100 , the nodes  210  and links  220  are fundamental elements for representing the connectedness between individuals. Thus, the primary schema of connectedness is based on the nodes  210  and links  220 . The system  100  does not rely primarily upon events and groupings for representing connectedness. However, the system  100  may provide capability for producing secondary information, such as events and groupings, based on the fundamental elements. For example, the link map  200  may include groupings of individuals and/or events associated with either individuals or connectedness between the individuals.  FIG. 3  illustrates examples of secondary groups of nodes  210 , which groups may be in any suitable form and may be predefined or derived according to the intent of a researcher or of an operator of the system  100 . The link map  200  of  FIG. 3  includes, for example, groupings of nodes  210  in the form of generational planes  224 - 1  through  224 - 3  (collectively “generational planes 224”) and a family plane  228 , each of which will now be described in detail.  
      As shown in  FIG. 3 , nodes  210  may be organized into the generational planes  224  in a manner that illustrates generational boundaries. In  FIG. 3 , for example, the generational plane  224 - 1  includes the focus node  210 - 1  and the node  210 - 4 , which grouping includes contemporary individuals represented by nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4 . For instance, node  210 - 1  may represent a focus individual, and node  210 - 4  may represent a spouse or procreative partner of the focus individual. The generational plane  224 - 2 , positioned below the generational plane  224 - 1  in  FIG. 3 , includes the nodes  210 - 2  and  210 - 3 , which may represent parents of the focus individual. The generational plane  224 - 3 , positioned above the generational plane  224 - 1  in  FIG. 3 , includes the nodes  210 - 5  through  210 - 7 , which may represent children of the individuals represented by nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4 . The generational planes  224  provide an intuitive visual representation of generational associations between the nodes  210 .  
      The link map  200  may be configured with directionality representative of the measurement of time. In  FIG. 3 , for example, time is measured in a preferred mode upwards by positioning child nodes  220  above their parent nodes  220 . However, while less preferred, the generational planes  224  may be positioned according to any predefined directionality of the link map  200 . Furthermore, vertical links  220  generally may include directionality data identifying whether one traverses the links  220  in forward or backward direction of time.  
      The family plane  228  may be used to visually depict a familial group of individuals. In  FIG. 3 , the family plane  228  represents a group of individuals that make up an immediate family. In particular, nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4  may represent the parents of the individuals represented by nodes  210 - 5  to  210 - 7 . Because of this connectedness to one another, the nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4  through  210 - 7  may be arranged on a common family plane  228  in the user interface  140 . Alternatively, other spatial organizations may be used.  
      Other secondary groupings of individuals may be identified by the system  100 . For example, household groups may be formed to identify subsets of living individuals residing at a common address. Secondary groups may be explicit or implicit. Implicit groups are algorithmically derivable from the nodes  210  and the links  220 , while explicit groups are not derivable. The nodes  210  on the family plane  228  are an example of an implicit group. Members of a tribe may be an example of an explicit group.  
      In many embodiments, triplets of nodes  210  are organized into link triangles. In  FIG. 3 , nodes  210 - 1  through  210 - 3  form link triangle  230 - 1 , nodes  210 - 1 ,  210 - 4 , and  210 - 5  form link triangle  230 - 2 , nodes  210 - 1 ,  210 - 4 , and  210 - 6  form link triangle  230 - 3 , and nodes  210 - 1 ,  210 - 4 , and  210 - 7  form link triangle  230 - 4 . The link triangles  230 - 1  through  230 - 4  are collectively referred to herein as the “link triangles 230.” 
       FIG. 5  is a block diagram illustrating an enlarged view of the link triangle  230 - 1  of  FIG. 3 , according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 5 , node  210 - 1  may be connected to node  210 - 2  by link  220 - 1  and to node  210 - 3  by link  220 - 2 . Node  210 - 1  may represent a focus individual, while nodes  210 - 2  and  210 - 3  may respectively represent a mother and father of the focus individual. Accordingly, link  220 - 1  identifies a maternal inter-generational connectedness (i.e., mother-child) between nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 2 , and link  220 - 2  identifies a paternal inter-generational connectedness (i.e., father-child) between nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 3 . Node  210 - 2  may be connected to node  210 - 3  by link  220 - 3 , which may identify a wife-husband connectedness (e.g., a procreative relationship and/or marriage) between nodes  210 - 2  and  210 - 3 .  
      The link triangle  230 - 1 , as well of other link triangles  230 , may represent fundamental natural-born connectedness between parents and a child. The link triangles  230  may be defined and used as elemental building blocks of the link map  200 . Each of the link triangles  230  includes three nodes representative of a father, a mother, and an offspring. In many embodiments, each of the nodes  210  is a member of at least one link triangle  230 .  
      The connectedness illustrated in the link map  200  may be fundamentally based on link triangles  230 . In particular, the natural kinship connectedness of individuals is particularly well-suited for representation using the link triangles  230  because procreation is based on fundamental connections between two parents and an offspring. Thus, the individuals represented by the nodes  210  of a link triangle  230  will typically have roles of spouse (or similar role), child, and parent. In some embodiments, each link  220  exists only between individuals having the roles of spouse, child, or parent. Secondary groupings of individuals, such as family grouping, may include one or more link triangles  230 . For example, a nuclear family including two parents and three children will include three link triangles  230 , such as the link triangles  230 - 2 ,  230 - 3 , and  230 - 4  shown in  FIG. 3 .  
      The link triangle  230  is also well-suited for representing “sealing” relationships in accordance with tenets of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. According to these tenets, certain individuals may be “sealed” together for eternity. For, example, a couple may be “sealed” together so that their marriage may continue beyond death. Similarly, a child may be “sealed” to his or her parents for eternity. The link triangle  230  represents both types of “sealings”—the first being between the members of a couple and the second being between a child and each of his or her parents. In some embodiments, each link  220  exists only between individuals having “sealable” roles of parent, child, and spouse. In such embodiments, siblings are not directly connected by links  220 .  
      Because information about all individuals and connections represented in link triangles  230  may not be known, the system  100  may provide placeholder nodes and links. For example, when no information is available for the father individual represented by node  210 - 3  in  FIG. 5 , node  210 - 3  may be in the form of a placeholder node containing limited information concerning its association with links  220 - 2  and  220 - 3 . Similarly, the links  220 - 2  and  220 - 3  may be in the form of placeholder links, containing limited information concerning the connectedness of the links  220 - 2  and  220 - 3  to the nodes  210 - 1 ,  210 - 2 , and  210 - 3 .  
      When information about a group, or number, of individuals and/or links is unknown, the system  100  may provide pseudo-nodes and/or pseudo-links to represent such unknown information. In particular, when the number of links through which two individuals are connected is unknown, a pseudo-link may be placed between the nodes representative of the individuals in a link map. Similarly, when the number of individuals that are identically connected to other individuals is unknown, a pseudo-node may be placed at the end of the common links. A pseudo-node represents a group of intra-generational individuals who share the same links. The individuals may be grouped because their number is unknown, or for convenience in visually representing the common connectedness of these individuals. Similarly, a pseudo-link represents a group of serially arranged inter-generational links (i.e., an inter-generational chain) and may be used when the number of links connecting two individuals is unknown, or for convenience in visually representing the connectedness of the individuals.  
      The system  100  may also provide image nodes, image links, and transition links for representing multiple positions of nodes  210  and links  220  in the link map  200 . For example, a particular individual, by marriage, may have a place in two different generational planes  224  in the link map  200 . In one of the positions, an image node may stand in place of the actual node  210 . The image node functions as a placeholder but does not duplicate information about the individual represented by the actual node  210 . This allows for accurate representations of complicated connectedness without resorting to the duplication of information. Similarly, image links may be used in place of actual links without duplicating the information associated with the actual links. Image links typically connect image nodes. Transitional links may be used to connect an actual node  210  with an image node.  
      Each of the links  220  may have a fine structure including one or more strands.  FIG. 6  is a block diagram illustrating a strand-level view of the link triangle  230 - 1  of  FIG. 5 , according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in  FIG. 6 , each of the links  220  may include multiple strands. In particular, link  220 - 1  may include strands  610 - 1 ,  620 - 1 , and  630 - 1 , link  220 - 2  may include strands  610 - 2 ,  620 - 2 , and  630 - 2 , and link  220 - 3  may include strands  610 - 3 ,  620 - 3 , and  630 - 3 . The strands  610 - 1 ,  610 - 2 , and  610 - 3  are collectively referred to herein as the “strands 610,” the strands  620 - 1 ,  620 - 2 , and  620 - 3  are collectively referred to herein as the “strands 620,” and the strands  630 - 1 ,  630 - 2 , and  630 - 3  are collectively referred to herein as the “strands 630.” 
      The strands  610 ,  620 , and  630  may represent different types of connections between the nodes  210 . In one embodiment, for example, the strands  610  represent natural connections between individuals, the strands  620  represent societal (e.g., legal) connections between individuals, and the strands  630  represent religious connections between individuals. Examples of natural connections include, but are not limited to, procreative relationships between couples and natural parent-child relationships. Examples of societal connections include, but are not limited to, civil marriage, spousal partner relationship, common-law marriage, divorce, separation, adoption, legal guardianship, power of attorney, and any other societal relationship recognized by laws, customs, traditions, or cultures. Examples of religious connections include, but are not limited to, marriage and any other connection formed by religious rite or principle. For example, religious strands  630  may indicate that individuals have been “sealed” together in accordance with tenets of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.  
      The three types of strands  610 ,  620 , and  630  may be used in combination to visually indicate combinations of connections between individuals. In the case of a child being born, for example, the strands  610 ,  620 , and  630  can indicate any natural, societal, and/or religious types of connections between the child and his or her parents. In particular, the natural strands  610  may indicate whether the child is the natural offspring of the parents. The societal strands  620  may indicate whether the parents are the legally recognized parents of the child. The religious strands  630  may indicate whether the child is “sealed” to the parents in accordance with religious tenets.  
      While  FIG. 6  illustrates three types of strands connecting any two nodes  210 , the links  220  may comprise one or more strands representing any type of connection. Accordingly, the system  100  provides capability for expansively representing many different types of connections between individuals. Strands may be created to represent a wide variety of different types of connections, including but not limited to genetic, hereditary, authority, priesthood, conspiracy, terrorist, organizational, and any other type of connection between individuals. This allows wide application of the system  100  for representing virtually any type of connection between individuals. Moreover, the system  100  is comprehensive because the number of strands between nodes  210  can be easily expanded to represent myriad different types of connections. Accordingly, the system  100  supports a vast collection of connection data that is not limited to just one or two types of connections between individuals. The user  140  may select from the vast amounts of data to view information of interest. For example, the user  140  is able to select and view link maps that illustrate particular types of one or more strands. To illustrate, the user  140  may use the system  100  to request and view a link map showing only societal strand connections between the nodes  210 .  
      The user interface  140  is able to display many versions of the link map  200  of  FIG. 3 , including link maps showing different numbers and combinations of strands between nodes  210 .  FIG. 6  shows a braid notation in which the strands between nodes  210  are braided together. Each strand may be distinguished by a different color, pattern, or shade. (For example, in a preferred color scheme, red may be used for natural, black for societal, and gold for religious strands.) However, any suitable visual representation of strand detail may be used, including color markers (such as bands) placed on or proximate to the strands.  
      In some embodiments, geometric symbols are used to identify strand detail. In  FIG. 7 , for example, the strands  610 ,  620 , and  630  of the links  220  between the nodes  210  of the link triangle  230 - 1  are identified using geometric symbols in the form of triangles  710 , rectangles  720 , and circles  730 . Strands  610  (i.e., natural strands) may be represented by the triangles  710 , strands  620  (i.e., societal strands) may be represented by the rectangles  720 , and strands  630  (i.e., religious strands) may be represented by the circles. In other embodiments, alternative symbols may be used to identify the strands.  
      The fine structure of strands provides significant expansiveness and flexibility, which allows data in the data store  120  to represent numerous different types of connections between individuals. Each strand is typically represented in the data store  120  as a distinct data object. Thus, data objects can easily be added to the system  100  to represent new or different types of connections. Accordingly, the data store  120  is capable of supporting and storing vast collections of data representative of myriad connections and types of connections between individuals.  
      III. Exemplary Data Structure  
      As mentioned above, the data store  120  may include node data objects representative of the nodes  210  and strand data objects representative of the strands of the links  220  between the nodes  210 . Accordingly, the data store  120  may be organized in an object-oriented fashion. Information that is primarily related to individuals may be stored in or otherwise associated with the node data objects, while information that is primarily related to links between individuals may be stored in or otherwise associated with the strand data objects. Examples of primarily individual-based information include but are not limited to personal names, gender, and events such as birth, death, health and medical history, religious rites (e.g., receiving of ordinances such as baptism), etc. Individual-based event information may be referred to as individual events. Examples of primarily link-based information include but are not limited to events such as marriage, divorce, separation, adoption, initiation or termination of legal relationship, etc. Link-based event information is associated with link strands and may be referred to as link events or as strand events.  
      Several events display a certain duality and may be classified as both link events and individual events. For example, birth is an individual event for the individual who is born, but birth can also be seen as a link event because it establishes a generational link between two nodes  210 . Such types of information may be selectively stored in node data objects, strand data objects, or both, depending on the desired configuration of the data store  120 .  
      By storing link-based information in strand data objects, the system  100  optimizes valuable memory resources because link events may be directly stored in strand data objects, without being duplicated or fragmented across different node data objects. In turn, the reduction of data duplication and fragmentation helps minimize inaccuracies in the data stored in the data store  120 . Operational complexity is also minimized. In addition to minimizing duplicate and fragmented data in the data store  120 , strand data objects also provide significant flexibility for representing connections between individuals. The modularity of the strand data objects allows different strands to be easily added, removed, or modified, without modifying individual data stored in node data objects.  
      Node data objects and strand data objects may be organized in distinct database tables.  FIGS. 8 and 9  are block diagrams illustrating examples of tables that include node or strand data objects. In particular,  FIG. 8  illustrates a node table  800  of node data objects, according to an exemplary embodiment, and  FIG. 9  illustrates a strand table  900  of strand data objects, according to an exemplary embodiment.  
      As shown in  FIG. 8 , the node table  800  may include one or more node data objects  810 - 1  through  810 - n  (collectively the “node data objects 810”). Each of the node data objects  810  may include individual-based information, as well as cross-references (e.g., pointers) to strand data objects that are connected to the node data objects  810 . For example, the node data objects  810  may include information related to individual roles  830 , individual events  840 , and any other individual-based data  850 , including the name and gender of an individual. Individual roles  830  may include one or more roles associated with the individual represented by the node data object  810 , including but not limited to parent, spouse, and child. The individual roles  830  typically identify a functional relationship of the individual toward another individual. Individual events  840  may include any primarily individual events associated with the individual, including but not limited to birth, death, religious rites (e.g., baptism, confirmation, and reception of other ordinances), medical history, biological data, etc. Individual data  850  may include any other information concerning the individual.  
      Each of the node data objects  810  also includes one or more strand identifiers  820 - 1  through  820 - n  (collectively the “strand identifiers 820”). The strand identifiers  820  provide cross-references to strands connected to the node  210  represented by a particular node data object  810 . The strand identifiers  820  may include pointers or any other suitable mechanisms for referencing connected strands.  
      As shown in  FIG. 9 , the strands may be represented as distinct strand data objects  910 - 1  through  910 - n  (collectively the “strand data objects 910”) stored in the strand table  900 . Each of the strand data objects  910  may include link-based information, as well as cross-references (e.g., pointers) to node data objects  810  that are connected by the strand data objects  910 . For example, the strand data objects  910  may include information related to strand type  930 , link events  940 , and any other link or strand-based data  950 . A strand type  930  may indicate whether a particular strand  910  is a natural, societal, religious, or other predefined type of strand  910 . Link events  940  may include any primarily link-based events, including but not limited to event types such as marriages, religious rites (e.g., “sealing” ordinances), place, and/or date of formation or termination (e.g. annulment, cancellation, suspension) of the link, etc. Strand data  950  may include any other link-based or strand-based information, including but not limited to directionality on a strand (e.g. forward or backward in time), a certainty score related to a confidence level of a strand being accurate, roles of the nodes  210  connected by a strand, and the orientation of a strand (e.g., inter-generational [vertical] strand or intra-generational [horizontal] strand).  
      Each of the strand data objects  910  also includes a source node identifier  960 - 1  and a destination node identifier  960 - 2  (collectively the “node identifiers 960”). The node identifiers  960  provide cross-references to nodes  210  that are connected by a particular strand  910 . The node identifiers  960  may include pointers or any other suitable mechanisms for referencing connected nodes  210 .  
      The table  900  of  FIG. 9  may include strand data objects  910  of different strand types  930  or of a common strand type  930 . For example, the table  900  may include only strand data objects  910  of the natural type, which represent bloodline connectedness between individuals. Additional strand tables  900  may be provided for storing strand data objects  910  of other strand types  930 , such as societal, religious, and other types of strands.  
      The data contained in the node data objects  810  and strand data objects  910  may be stored in separate tables in the data store  120 . For example, individual events  840  and link events  940  may be stored in one or more event tables. Elements  840  and  940  may then include cross-references to data in the event table(s). The individual events  840  and link events  940  are typically secondary information that does not dictate the organization of the data in the data store  120 .  
      The data store  120  may include one or more distinct tables for storing source information, which identifies the sources of the information contained in the data store  120 . When a particular user  150  enters information (e.g., link or individual event information) into the system  100 , the system  100  may record data identifying the user  150  as the source of the information. The data may be stored in one or more tables in the data store  120 . Certainty scores may be assigned to the entered information based on the source of the information.  
      As mentioned above, the use of distinct data objects to represent strands provides a robust and flexible data structure capable of intuitively representing complex connections between individuals. A strand data object  910  of a particular type may be added, deleted, or modified without affecting strand data objects  910  of other types. For example, when a religious rite is performed to “seal” two individuals together, a religious strand data object  910  may be created or modified to reflect the corresponding connectedness between the individuals, without having to update any other types of strands (e.g., natural or societal) existing between the individuals. In this manner, the system  100  allows for robust representation of many different types and combinations of connections between individuals. Moreover, the use of strand data objects  910  to store link-based information generally reduces data fragmentation and duplication between the node data objects  810 . Thus, the use of strand data objects  910  to represent strands of the links  220  supports a flexible and intuitive system  100  for representing connectedness between individuals.  
      IV. Exemplary Method of using the System of  FIG. 2   
       FIG. 10  is a flowchart illustrating a method of creating a link map using the system  100  of  FIG. 2 , according-to an exemplary embodiment. The method of  FIG. 10  begins by accessing a link map via the user interface  140  at step  1010 . Any particular user  150  may use the access device  130  to access the user interface  140  as discussed above. The user interface  140  may include a link map such as the link map  200  of  FIG. 3 . The link map may be presented in two-dimensional or three-dimensional form. The user interface  140  may present a link map template to the user  150  as a starting point for creating a link map. An example of a user interface  140  including a link map template  1105  is shown in  FIG. 11A .  
      At step  1020  of  FIG. 10 , the user  150  adds or selects a node  210  representative of a focus individual. The user interface  140  may prompt the user  150  to perform step  1020 . The user interface  140  may provide any helpful tools for performing step  1020 .  FIG. 11B  illustrates a node  210 - 1  representative of a focus individual being added to the link map template contained in the user interface  140 . The node  210 - 1  may be in the form of an empty square, triangle, or circle. The emptiness of the shape may indicate that the node  210 - 1  is representative of the current focus individual, and the square, triangle, or circle shape of the node  210 - 1  may be representative of the male, female, or unspecified gender respectively of the focus individual.  
      At step  1030  of  FIG. 10 , the user  150  adds nodes  210  representative of parents of the focus individual. The user interface  140  may prompt the user  150  to perform step  1030  and may provide any helpful tools for performing this step.  FIG. 11C  illustrates the user interface  140  showing nodes  210 - 2  and  210 - 3  being linked to the node  210 - 1 . The nodes  210 - 1  through  210 - 3  and the links  220 - 1  through  220 - 3  form a link triangle  230 , as discussed above. The nodes  210 - 2  and  210 - 3  are representative of the parents of the focus individual represented by node  210 - 1 .  
      At step  1040  of  FIG. 10 , the user  150  adds node  210 - 4 , which is representative of a spouse (or other spouse-type role) of the focus individual. The user interface  140  may prompt the user  150  to perform step  1040  and may provide any helpful tools for performing this step.  FIG. 11D  illustrates the user interface  140  showing node  210 - 4  linked to node  210 - 1  by link  220 - 4 . The nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4  are positioned on a common generational line  1110 , which is similar to the generational planes  224  of  FIG. 3 .  
      At step  1050  of  FIG. 10 , the user  150  adds nodes  210  representative of children of the focus individual. The user interface  140  may prompt the user  150  to perform step  1050  and may provide any helpful tools for performing this step.  FIG. 11E  illustrates the user interface  140  showing nodes  210 - 5  through  210 - 7  being linked to the nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4 . For purposes of clarity, link reference numbers have been omitted from  FIG. 11E . A link triangle  230  is formed between the parent nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4  and each of the children nodes  210 - 5  through  210 - 7 , as discussed above. The nodes  210 - 5  through  210 - 7  are representative of the children of the individuals represented by nodes  210 - 1  and  210 - 4 . Accordingly, the nodes  210 - 5  through  210 - 7  are located on a common generational line  1120 .  
      At step  1060 , the system  100  prompts the user  150  to select whether to continue or stop. If the user  150  elects not to continue, the process of  FIG. 10  ends. On the other hand, if the user  150  elects to continue, processing moves to step  1070 , at which step the user  150  may add or select a node  210  representative of another focus individual. For example, the user  150  may select node  210 - 3  to be the new focus individual. The process then returns to step  1030 . At step  1030  of  FIG. 10 , the user  150  adds nodes  210  representative of parents of the focus individual, as discussed above.  FIG. 11F  illustrates the user interface  140  showing nodes  210 - 8  and  210 - 9  being linked to the node  210 - 3 . The nodes  210 - 8  and  210 - 9  are representative of the parents of the focus individual represented by node  210 - 3 . Steps  1030  through  1070  may be repeated for each selected focus individual.  
      The steps of adding nodes  210  to a link map may include providing or modifying any data associated with the individuals represented by the nodes  210 . Similarly, data associated with the links  220  between the nodes  210  may be provided or modified.  
      While the steps of  FIG. 10  are directed to an example of creating a link map, similar steps may be performed to modify existing link maps provided by the system  100 . The system  100  may provide instructions and tools useful for entering, modifying, searching, and deleting data related to the connectedness of individuals. The user interface  140  provides a visual display which may be used to perform such functions.  
      According to one exemplary embodiment, the present systems, methods, and graphical tools described herein may be implemented as instructions on a computer-readable carrier. Program(s) of the computer-readable carrier define functions of embodiments and can be contained on a variety of signal-bearing media, which include, but are in no way limited to, information permanently stored on non-writable storage media (e.g., read-only memory devices within a computer such as CD-ROM or DVD-ROM disks readable by a CD-ROM drive or a DVD drive); alterable information stored on writable storage media (e.g., floppy disks within a diskette drive or hard-disk drive or read/writable CD or read/writable DVD); or information conveyed to a computer by a communications medium, such as through a computer or network, including wireless communications. The latter embodiment specifically includes information downloaded over the Internet and other networks. Such signal-bearing media or computer readable carriers, when carrying computer-readable instructions that direct functions of the present systems, methods, and graphical tools, represent embodiments of the present systems, methods, and graphical tools. In many embodiments, the systems, methods, and graphical tools are implemented as software programs configured to instruct operations on one or more server devices.  
      The preceding description has been presented only to illustrate and describe the present methods, systems, and graphical tools. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present methods, systems, and graphical tools to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. For example, while exemplary systems, methods, and graphical tools have been described with reference to genealogical applications, the present systems, methods, and graphical tools may be implemented in many other applications to describe different types of connectedness between individuals. For example, the present systems, methods, and graphical tools may be used to represent connectedness in medical, genetic, inheritable disease tracing, legal, security, law enforcement, and military intelligence applications.  
      The foregoing embodiments were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles of the methods, systems, and graphical tools, as well as some practical applications. The preceding description enables others skilled in the art to utilize the methods, systems, and graphical tools in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the methods, systems, and graphical tools be defined by the following claims.