Patent Publication Number: US-5025058-A

Title: Flame-resistant non-drying putty composition

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The present invention relates to a flame-resistant non-drying putty composition. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     As a flame-resistant non-drying putty composition for shielding smoke or flame generated when a fire occurs in cable penetrating parts formed at the wall and the like, a composition obtained by adding an inflammable powder such as a metal hydrate and antimony trioxide to a liquid resin as a binder and mixing an inorganic fiber such as asbestos or a glass fiber as a reinforcing fiber in the resultant material was conventionally used. The use of asbestos, however, poses a problem since asbestos is a carcinogenic substance. In addition, since a glass fiber is a skin irritant substance, the use of a glass fiber is also problematic. Currently, therefore, an inflammable organic fiber such as a phenolic fiber is used in place of these inorganic fibers. Such an organic fiber, however, has high rigidity and high strength. If a large amount of such an organic fiber is added, therefore, kneading of a flame-resistant non-drying putty composition is hindered. If, however, an addition amount of the organic fiber is too small, a flame-resistant non-drying putty composition cannot be satisfactorily reinforced to result in poor stability in shape. 
     Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Application No. 57-131262 discloses a flame-resistant non-drying putty composition using an asbestos fiber and phenol. Since, however, this flame-resistant non-drying putty composition uses comparatively large amounts of asbestos and phenolic fibers, its processing operability is poor. In this case, even if an asbestos fiber as an injurious substance is omitted and only a phenolic fiber is added, the processing operability is still unsatisfactory. If, however, an addition amount of the phenolic fiber is reduced, stability in shape of the flame-resistant non-drying putty composition is degraded. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     It is an object of the present invention to provide a flame-resistant non-drying putty composition having excellent kneading processability and site operability. 
     The present invention is a flame-resistant nondrying putty composition prepared by adding 2 to 20 parts by weight of an unvulcanized solid rubber, 10 to 50 parts by weight of a plasticizer, 300 to 800 parts by weight of a metal hydrate, 20 to 200 parts by weight of a foliated talc, and 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of an organic fiber to 100 parts by weight of one type of liquid resin having a viscosity of 5,000 to 200,000 centipoise at room temperature or a mixture of two or more types thereof and kneading the resultant mixture. 
     Examples of the liquid resin are one type or a mixture of two or more types selected from the group consisting of liquid chloroprene, ethylenepropylene rubber (EPR), polybutadiene, polybutene, and polyisoprene. In this case, the liquid resin need not be one type but, for example, a small amount of a high-viscosity liquid polybutene may be mixed with a liquid polybutadiene having a comparatively low viscosity. The viscosity of the liquid resin is limited to 5,000 to 200,000 centipoise for the following reason. That is, if the viscosity is less than 5,000, the obtained putty composition is unstable as a binder for a putty to cause blooming, deformation, or removal. If the viscosity exceeds 200,000, not only kneading of a putty composition is made difficult, but also a mixing amount of a filler is limited, resulting in a putty composition not having high inflammability. 
     As the unvulcanized solid rubber, one or more types of rubber selected from the group consisting of chloroprene, acrylonitrie-butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylenepropylene rubber (EPR), ethylene-propylene rubber terpolymer (EPDM), butyl rubber, and silicone rubber are preferably used. The unvulcanized solid rubber is used in order to prevent a natural flow of the liquid resin, thereby imparting shape stability to the putty composition. For this purpose, in order to improve kneading operability and dispersibility, a rubber having a low Mooney viscosity is preferably used. An addition amount of the unvulcanized solid rubber is limited to 2 to 20 parts by weight for the following reason. That is, if the addition amount is less than 2 parts by weight, no satisfactory addition effect can be obtained. If the addition amount exceeds 20 parts by weight, extension of the putty composition is increased to degrade operability. 
     As the plasticizer, either a phthalic acid-based plasticizer or a phosphoric acid-based plasticizer is used. The plasticizer is used in order to adjust the viscosity of the liquid resin. In addition, when a putty composition containing a plasticizer is used for a cable, it prevents a plasticizer in a cable sheath from being transferred into the putty composition to avoid degradation in the cable sheath. A mixing amount of the plasticizer is limited to 10 to 50 parts by weight for the following reason. That is, if the mixing amount is less than 10 parts by weight, no satisfactory mixing effect can be obtained. If the mixing amount exceeds 50 parts by weight, the putty composition easily causes blooming. 
     As the metal hydrate, either aluminum hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide is used. The use of the metal hydrate allows the putty composition to release water of crystallization to absorb heat when it is exposed to a flame in case of a fire or the like, thereby allowing it to exhibit a flame resistance. A mixing amount of the metal hydrate is limited to 300 to 800 parts by weight for the following reason. That is, if the mixing amount is less than 300 parts by weight, no satisfactory mixing effect can be obtained. If the mixing amount exceeds 800 parts by weight, the putty composition becomes harder to degrade its operability. 
     The foliated talc has a reinforcing effect similar to that of asbestos and improves stability in shape. An example of the foliated talc is mistron vapor talc. A mixing amount of the foliated talc is limited to 20 to 200 parts by weight for the following reason. That is, if the mixing amount is less than 20 parts by weight, no satisfactory mixing effect can be obtained. If the mixing amount exceeds 200 parts by weight, kneading processability is degraded. 
     The organic fiber is added as a reinforcing agent of the putty composition. Preferable examples of the organic fiber are inflammable fibers such as a phenolic fiber, an aramid fiber, and a carbon fiber, and polynosics subjected to an inflammability treatment. In addition to these fibers, however, flammable fibers such as rayon, nylon, and Tetron can be used as the organic fiber. A mixing amount of the organic fiber is limited to 0.5 to 5 parts by weight for the following reason. That is, if the mixing amount is less than 0.5 parts by weight, no satisfactory reinforcing effect can be obtained. If the mixing amount exceeds 5 parts by weight, processability and operability of the putty composition are degraded. 
     The flame-resistant non-drying putty composition of the present invention may contain, in addition to the above additives, an aging inhibitor, a stabilizer such as an ultraviolet absorbent, and a coloring agent. The flame-resistant non-drying putty composition of the present invention as described above contains a liquid resin as a main constituent. When the putty composition is filled as a sealing agent for cable penetrating parts formed at the wall or the like, therefore, it is not dried but can maintain a non-drying property even after being left to stand for a long time period. For this reason, the putty composition can achieve a high flame resistance without producing cracks. 
     Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     Flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 1 to 8 having compositions shown in Table 1 to be presented later were prepared. Putty compositions of comparative examples having compositions also shown in Table 1 were prepared to be compared with the putty compositions of the present invention. 
     Inflammability, stability in shape, processing operability, and filling operability of each putty composition were checked. These check results are summarized in Table 1. 
     As is apparent from Table 1, each of the flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 1 to 8 is excellent in inflammability, stability in shape, processing operability, and filling operability. The putty composition of the present invention, therefore, is suitable as a sealing material to be used between a cable and a wall of a cable penetrating part formed at the wall since it can easily prevent spread of a fire or the like. This putty composition is thus industrially very advantageous. 
     Note that numerals (1) to (8) in Table 1 represent the following materials. 
     (1) DENKA LCR X-050 (DENKI KAGAKU KOGYO K.K.) 
     (2) polybd R-45 HT (IDEMITSU SEKIYU KAGAKU K.K.) 
     (3) POLYBUTENE HV-300 (NIHON SEKIYU KAGAKU K.K.) 
     (4) DENKA CR S-40V (DENKI KAGAKU KOGYO K.K.) 
     (5) BUTYL 065 (NIHON BUTYL K.K.) 
     (6) HYDILIGHT H-32 (Showa Denko K.K.) 
     (7) MISTRON VAPOR TALC (NIHON NISTRON K.K.) 
     (8) Inflammable Polynosics Tafusel (TOYOBO CO., LTD.) 
     (9) Tetron Fiber (1 denier 1 mm length) (TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.) 
     ⊚ :Excellent 
     O:Good 
     Δ:Fair 
     ×:Unsatisfactory 
     Inflammability 
     Inflammability was determined on the basis of an oxygen index in a JISK7201 test, and values have the following meanings. 
     More than 70:⊚ 
     5 to 70:O 
     40 to 55:Δ 
     Less than 40:× 
     Stability in Shape 
     The flame-resistant non-drying putty composition was coated to have a thickness of 30 mm on a 30 cm long circumferential surface region of a cable having an outer diameter of 10 mm and a length of 50 cm so that two 10 cm long end portions of the cable remained uncovered. The resultant cable was vertically placed in a constant temperature bath at 40° C., and its deformation was checked in this state. Symbols have the following meanings. 
     The composition was not deformed but maintained its shape more than one month:⊚ 
     The composition was slightly deformed to sag within ten days to one month but was not deformed any further:O 
     The composition started its deformation within one day to ten days and was gradually largely deformed to be finally removed:Δ 
     The composition was deformed and removed within one day after the test was started:× 
     Processing Operability 
     The flame-resistant non-drying putty composition was formed into a sheet having a thickness of about 10 mm and cut into a product having a predetermined shape to check its processing operability. Symbols have the following meanings. 
     The composition was easily cut by a stainless steel blade:⊚ 
     The composition could be cut by the stainless steel blade although cutting was rather difficult:O 
     The composition was too rigid to be cut by the stainless steel blade and required repetitive cutting:Δ 
     It was difficult to cut the composition by the stainless steel blade, and a cut surface became nappy:× 
     Filling Operability 
     The composition was filled as a sealing material in a cable penetrating part, and ease of filling was checked by penetration of a needle as defined by JISK 2335. The penetration is represented with no units. 
     40 to 120:⊚ 
     30 to 40:O 
     20 to 30:Δ 
     Less than 20:× 
     In order to confirm that an effective range of the viscosity of the liquid resin is 5,000 to 200,000 centipoise, flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 9 to 11 and Comparative Examples 7 and 8 were prepared by using the mixing ratio of Example 5 and changing the viscosity of the liquid resin as shown in Table 2. Inflammability, stability shape, processing operability, and filling operability of each putty composition were checked. The check results are summarized in Table 2. 
     As is apparent from Table 2, a liquid resin having a viscosity of 5,000 to 200,000 centipoise is very effective. 
     Note that numerals (1) to (5) in Table 2 represent the following materials. 
     (1) POLYBUDADIENE R-15 HT (IDEMITSU SEKIYU KAGAKU K.K.) 
     (2) POLYBUTADIENE R-45 HT (IDEMITSU SEKIYU KAGAKU K.K.) 
     (3) POLYBUTADIENE R-45 MA (IDEMITSU SEKIYU KAGAKU K.K.) 
     (4) KURAPRENE LIR403 (KURARAY ISOPRENE CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) 
     (5) KURAPRENE LIR410 (KURARAY ISOPRENE CHEMICAL CO., LTD.) 
     In order to confirm that an effective mixing amount of the solid rubber is 2 to 20 parts by weight, flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 12 to 14 and Comparative Examples 9 to 11 were prepared by using the mixing ratio of Example 2 shown in Table 1 and changing the mixing amount of the solid rubber as shown in Table 3 to be presented later. Inflammability, stability in shape, processing operability, and filling operability of each putty composition were checked. The check results are summarized in Table 3. 
     As is apparent from Table 3, 2 to 20 parts by weight is found to be very effective as a mixing amount of a solid rubber. 
     Note that numerals (1) and (2) in Table 3 represent the following materials. 
     (1) JSR NBR N220S (Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.) 
     (2) JSR SBR 1502 (Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.) 
     In order to determine the effect of the plasticizer, flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Example 15 and Comparative Example 12 containing plasticizers in mixing amounts shown in Table 4 were prepared by using the mixing ratio of Example 6 shown in Table 1. Inflammability, stability in shape, processing operability, filling operability, and a blooming property of each putty composition were checked. The check results are summarized in Table 4. 
     As is apparent from Table 4, a phthalic acid-based plasticizer is very effective. 
     Note that (1) SAMPER 2280 in Table 4 is available from NIHON SUNOIL K.K. 
     A flame-resistant non-drying putty composition on the surface of which the plasticizer was conspicuously bloomed after kneading is represented by symbol ×, and a composition on the surface of which the plasticizer was not bloomed is represented by symbol O. 
     In order to confirm the talc addition effect, flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Example 16 and Comparative Example 13 containing talcs in mixing amounts as shown in Table 5 were prepared by using the mixing ratio of Example 3 shown in Table 1. Inflammability, stability in shape, processing operability, and filling operability of each composition were checked. The check results are summarized in Table 5. 
     As is apparent from Table 5, the flame-resistant non-drying putty composition of Example 16 containing foliated talc had excellent stability in shape. 
     Note that (1) TALC SS in Table 5 is available from NIHON TALC K.K. 
     In order to confirm the organic fiber addition effect, flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 17 to 19 containing organic fibers in mixing amounts as shown in Table 6 were prepared by using the mixing ratio of Example 2 shown in Table 1. Inflammability, stability in shape, processing operability, and filling operability of each putty composition were checked. The check results are summarized in Table 6 to be presented later. 
     As is apparent from Table 6, each of the flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 17 to 19 containing the organic fibers had excellent stability in shape. That is, a reinforcing effect of the organic fiber was satisfactorily exhibited. 
     Note that in Table 6, (1) KAINOL is available from NIHON KAINOL K.K., and (2) KEVLAR 29 is available from Du Pont K.K. 
     In order to confirm the addition effect of asbestos and organic fibers, flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 20 and 21 and Comparative Examples 14 to 18 containing organic fibers or asbestos in mixing amounts a shown in Table 7 to be presented later were prepared. Inflammability, stability in shape, processing operability, and filling operability of each putty composition were checked. The check results are summarized in Table 7. 
     As is apparent from Table 7, each of the flame-resistant non-drying putty compositions of Examples 20 and 21 containing a predetermined amount of an organic fiber was excellent in all the properties including the stability in shape. Each of the putty compositions of Comparative Examples 14 to 18, however, were poor in processing operability or stability in shape except for the composition containing asbestos. 
     Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details, representative composition, shown and described herein. Accordingly, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
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          Example                 Comparative Example                     
          (1)                                                             
             (2)                                                          
                (3)                                                       
                   (4)                                                    
                      (5)                                                 
                         (6)                                              
                            (7)                                           
                               (8)                                        
                                  (1)                                     
                                     (2)                                  
                                        (3)                               
                                           (4)                            
                                              (5)                         
                                                 (6)                      
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Liquid    100                                                             
             100                                                          
                100                                                       
                   100                                                    
                      -- -- -- -- 100                                     
                                     100                                  
                                        100                               
                                           -- -- --                       
Chloroprene (1)                                                           
Polybutadiene (2)                                                         
          -- -- -- -- 100                                                 
                         90 80 70 -- -- -- 100                            
                                              100                         
                                                 100                      
Polybutene (3)                                                            
          -- -- -- -- -- 10 20 30 -- -- -- -- --                          
Solid     10 15 20 15 -- -- -- -- 10 10 10 -- -- --                       
Chloroprene (4)                                                           
Butyl Rubber (5)                                                          
          -- -- -- -- 10 10 10 10 -- -- -- 10 10 10                       
Dioctylphthalate                                                          
          30 -- -- 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30                       
Tricresyl-                                                                
          -- 10 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --                       
phosphate                                                                 
Aluminum  400                                                             
             400                                                          
                500                                                       
                   300                                                    
                      800                                                 
                         650                                              
                            600                                           
                               550                                        
                                  350                                     
                                     480                                  
                                        400                               
                                           900                            
                                              250                         
                                                 200                      
Hydroxide (6)                                                             
Foliated Talc (7)                                                         
          100                                                             
             80 100                                                       
                   150                                                    
                      20 100                                              
                            100                                           
                               100                                        
                                  100                                     
                                     10 100                               
                                           40 200                         
                                                 250                      
Inflammable                                                               
          2  -- 1  0.5                                                    
                      3  2  2  2  -- 2  0.2                               
                                           2  2  2                        
Polynosics (8)                                                            
Tetron Fiber (9)                                                          
          -- 5  -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 -- -- -- -- --                       
Inflammability                                                            
          ⊚                                                
             ⊚                                             
                ⊚                                          
                   ○                                               
                      ⊚                                    
                         ⊚                                 
                            ○                                      
                               Δ                                    
                                  ○                                
                                     ⊚                     
                                        ⊚                  
                                           ⊚               
                                              x  x                        
Stability in                                                              
          ⊚                                                
             ⊚                                             
                ○                                                  
                   ○                                               
                      ○                                            
                         ⊚                                 
                            ⊚                              
                               ⊚                           
                                  ⊚                        
                                     x  x  ⊚               
                                              ⊚            
                                                 ⊚         
Shape                                                                     
Processing                                                                
          ○                                                        
             ○                                                     
                ⊚                                          
                   ⊚                                       
                      ○                                            
                         ⊚                                 
                            ⊚                              
                               ⊚                           
                                  x  Δ                              
                                        ⊚                  
                                           ⊚               
                                              ⊚            
                                                 ⊚         
Operability                                                               
Filling   ⊚                                                
             ○                                                     
                ⊚                                          
                   ⊚                                       
                      ○                                            
                         ⊚                                 
                            ⊚                              
                               ⊚                           
                                  x  ○                             
                                        ⊚                  
                                           x  ⊚            
                                                 x                        
Operability                                                               
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                       TABLE 2                                                     
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                          Compara-                                        
                          tive                                            
             Example      Example                                         
             9    10      11      7    8                                  
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Polybutadiene (1)                                                         
               --     --      --    100  --                               
viscosity = 1,300 cps                                                     
Polybutadiene (2)                                                         
               --     100     --    --   --                               
viscosity = 5,000 cps                                                     
Polybutadiene (3)                                                         
               --     --      100   --   --                               
viscosity = 15,000 cps                                                    
Polyisoprene (4)                                                          
               100    --      --    --   --                               
viscosity = 160,000 cps                                                   
Polyisoprene (5)                                                          
               --     --      --    --   100                              
viscosity = 320,000 cps                                                   
Butyl Rubber   10     10      10    10   10                               
Dioctylphthalate                                                          
               30     30      30    30   30                               
Aluminum Hydroxide                                                        
               800    800     800   800  800                              
Foliated Talc  100    100     100   100  100                              
Inflammable    3      3       3     3    3                                
Polynosics                                                                
Inflammibility ⊚                                           
                      ⊚                                    
                              ⊚                            
                                    ⊚                      
                                         Δ                          
Stability      ○                                                   
                      ○                                            
                              ○                                    
                                    Δ                               
                                         ○                         
in Shape                                                                  
Processing     ○                                                   
                      ○                                            
                              ○                                    
                                    ○                              
                                         Δ                          
Operability                                                               
Filling        ○                                                   
                      ○                                            
                              ○                                    
                                    ○                              
                                         ○                         
Operability                                                               
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                       TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                      Comparative                                         
         Example      Example                                             
         12   13      14      9    10    11                               
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Liquid     100    100     100   100  100   100                            
Chloroprene                                                               
Solid      15     --      --    --   30    --                             
Chloroprene                                                               
NBR (1)    --     15      --    --   --    35                             
SBR (2)    --     --      15    --   --    --                             
Tricresyl- 10     10      10    10   10    10                             
phosphate                                                                 
Aluminum   400    400     400   400  400   400                            
Hydroxide                                                                 
Foliated Talc                                                             
           80     80      80    80   80    80                             
Tetron Fiber                                                              
           5      5       5     5    5     5                              
Inflammability                                                            
           ⊚                                               
                  ⊚                                        
                          ⊚                                
                                ⊚                          
                                     ⊚                     
                                           ⊚               
Stability  ⊚                                               
                  ⊚                                        
                          ⊚                                
                                Δ                                   
                                     ⊚                     
                                           ⊚               
in Shape                                                                  
Processing ○                                                       
                  ○                                                
                          ○                                        
                                ○                                  
                                     x     x                              
Operability                                                               
Filling    ○                                                       
                  ○                                                
                          ○                                        
                                ○                                  
                                     Δ                              
                                           Δ                        
Operability                                                               
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                       TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                      Compara-                                            
                      tive                                                
               Example                                                    
                      Example                                             
               15     12                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Polybutadiene    90       90                                              
Polybutene       10       10                                              
Butyl Rubber     10       10                                              
Paraffin-Based   --       30                                              
Process Oil (1)                                                           
Dioctylphthalate 30       --                                              
Aluminum         650      650                                             
Hydroxide                                                                 
Foliated Talc    100      100                                             
Inflammable      2        2                                               
Polynosics                                                                
Inflammability   ⊚                                         
                          ⊚                                
Stability        ⊚                                         
in Shape                                                                  
Processing       ⊚                                         
Operability                                                               
Filling          ⊚                                         
Operability                                                               
Blooming Property                                                         
                 ⊚                                         
                          x                                               
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                       TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                      Compara-                                            
                      tive                                                
               Example                                                    
                      Example                                             
               16     13                                                  
______________________________________                                    
Liquid           100      100                                             
Chloroprene                                                               
Solid            20       20                                              
Chloroprene                                                               
Tricresylphosphate                                                        
                 50       50                                              
Aluminum         500      500                                             
Hydroxide                                                                 
Foliated Talc    100      --                                              
Needle-like      --       100                                             
Talc (1)                                                                  
Inflammability   ⊚                                         
                          ⊚                                
Stability        ○ Δ                                         
in Shape                                                                  
Processing       ⊚                                         
                          ⊚                                
Operability                                                               
Filling          ⊚                                         
                          ⊚                                
Operability                                                               
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                       TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
               Example                                                    
               17   18       19                                           
______________________________________                                    
Liquid           100    100      100                                      
Chloroprene                                                               
Solid            15     15       15                                       
Chloroprene                                                               
Tricresylphosphate                                                        
                 10     10       10                                       
Aluminum         400    400      400                                      
Hydroxide                                                                 
Foliated Talc    80     80       80                                       
Tetron Fiber     5      --       --                                       
Phenolic Fiber (1)                                                        
                 --     5        --                                       
Aramid Fiber (2) --     --       5                                        
Inflammability   ⊚                                         
                        ⊚                                  
                                 ⊚                         
Stability        ⊚                                         
                        ⊚                                  
                                 ⊚                         
in Shape                                                                  
Processing       ○                                                 
                        ○ ○                                 
Operability                                                               
Filling          ○                                                 
                        ○ ○                                 
Operability                                                               
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                       TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
          Example Comparative Example                                     
          20   21     14     15   16   17   18                            
______________________________________                                    
Liquid      100    100    100  100  100  100  100                         
Chloroprene                                                               
Solid       15     15     15   15   15   15   15                          
Chloroprene                                                               
Dioctylphthalate                                                          
            20     20     20   20   20   20   20                          
Aluminum    300    300    300  300  300  300  300                         
Hydroxide                                                                 
Magnesium   --     300    --   --   --   --   --                          
Hydroxide                                                                 
Foliated Talc                                                             
            80     80     --   --   --   --   --                          
Asbestos    --     --     50   --   --   --   --                          
Inflammable 5      5      --   50   --   20   5                           
Polynosics                                                                
Tetron Fiber                                                              
            --     --     --   --   50   --   --                          
Inflammability                                                            
            ⊚                                              
                   ⊚                                       
                          ⊚                                
                               ⊚                           
                                    ⊚                      
                                         ⊚                 
                                              ⊚            
Stability   ⊚                                              
                   ⊚                                       
                          ○                                        
                               ○                                   
                                    ○                              
                                         ○                         
                                              Δ                     
in Shape                                                                  
Processing  ○                                                      
                   ○                                               
                          ○                                        
                               x    x    x    ○                    
Operability                                                               
Filling     ○                                                      
                   ○                                               
                          ○                                        
                               ○                                   
                                    ○                              
                                         ○                         
                                              ○                    
Operability                                                               
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