Patent Publication Number: US-2022220459-A1

Title: Synthesis of transcripts using vsw-3 rna polymerase

Description:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure generally relates to an RNA polymerase from VSW-3 phage. The present disclosure also relates to the uses of the RNA polymerase for in vitro transcription (IVT). 
     BACKGROUND 
     Bacteriophages are the most abundant and diverse organisms on earth, and can survive in various extreme environments. Biotechnology requires diverse and efficient molecular tools for nucleic acid manipulation and phage proteins are always good candidates due to their simplicity and high efficiency. Recently, genome sequencing and bioinformatics studies have revealed some psychrophilic phages from polar regions, deep seas, glaciers and plateau wetlands on earth. VSW-3 phage is one of the lytic cold-active phages that infect  Pseudomonas fluorescens  SW-3 cells from the Napahai wetland in China, and some of its proteins were predicted to have cold-activities in nucleic acids metabolism including transcription, DNA replication, and recombination. 
     For decades, there are only several types of RNA polymerase (RNAP) available (T7, SP6 and the newly discovered Syn5 RNAP) for in vitro enzymatic transcription, and there are some difficult problems that need to be overcome. The first is about abolished transcripts. When there are Class I or Class II terminators in the DNA template, T7 RNAP will partially stop at both Class I and Class II terminators. Syn5 RNAP is the first RNAP that won&#39;t stop at Class I terminator but the interruption will be more severe when encountering class II terminator. The second is that transcripts of T7 RNAP contain double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that will induce severe nucleic-acid immune response in vivo, so people have tried various ways to reduce the immunogenicity of these RNAs including HPLC purification and modifications (5mC, 5moU and PseudoU, et al.). In the end, since there are nonspecific self-primed elongations at RNA&#39;s 3′-terminal, making T7 RNAP and Syn5 RNAP not suitable for the synthesis of short RNAs like siRNA or sgRNA. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect, the present disclosure provides an RNA polymerase comprising a polypeptide which comprises 
     1) an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, or 
     2) an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 and possessing a RNA polymerase activity. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase is isolated from a psychrophilic bacteriophage, or is encoded by a gene of a psychrophilic bacteriophage. 
     In some embodiments, the psychrophilic bacteriophage is bacteriophage VSW-3. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase possesses a RNA polymerase activity under 4-37° C. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase comprises a protein tag having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. 
     In some embodiments, the promoter sequence for the RNA polymerase has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing the RNA polymerase, which comprises expressing the RNA polymerase in a host cell at 10-15° C. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for performing a transcription reaction, which comprises incubating an RNA polymerase with a DNA molecule and nucleotides for a sufficient time to produce transcripts, wherein the RNA polymerase comprises a polypeptide comprising 
     1) an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, or 
     2) an amino acid sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:5 and possessing an RNA polymerase activity, 
     and wherein the DNA molecule comprises a promoter sequence for the RNA polymerase and a DNA sequence to be transcribed. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase is isolated from a psychrophilic bacteriophage, or is encoded by a gene of a psychrophilic bacteriophage. 
     In some embodiments, the psychrophilic bacteriophage is bacteriophage VSW-3. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. 
     In some embodiments, the incubating is performed at 4-37° C. 
     In some embodiments, the incubating is performed at 25° C. 
     In some embodiments, the incubating is performed at 25° C. for 12 h. 
     In some embodiments, the promoter sequence for the RNA polymerase has a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3 or 4. 
     In some embodiments, the incubating is performed in a buffer containing 5 mM DTT. 
     In some embodiments, the incubating is performed in a buffer containing: 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 16 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM spermidine, 5 mM DTT, and 4 mM NTPs. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase in the buffer is 0.15 μM. 
     In some embodiments, a class II transcription terminator sequence ATCTGTT does not mediate a transcriptional termination of the transcription reaction. 
     In some embodiments, the DNA sequence to be transcribed comprises a coding sequence for Cas9. 
     In some embodiments, the coding sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleotides comprise pseudoUTP, 5mCTP and/or 5moUTP. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleotides comprise mSCTP, m6ATP, 2′-F-dATP and/or 2′-F-dUTP. 
     In some embodiments, the RNA polymerase comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6, and the nucleotides comprises 2′-F-dATP and/or 2′-F-dUTP. 
     In some embodiments, the transcript is mRNA. 
     In some embodiments, the transcript is sgRNA. 
     In some embodiments, the transcript has no 3′ cis extension. 
     In some embodiments, the transcript has no detectable dsRNA contamination. 
     In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit for transcription comprising the RNA polymerase. 
     The RNA polymerase retains its RNA polymerase activity at low temperature (e.g., as low as 4 ° C.)., is not sensitive to Class II transcription terminator, does not produce 3′ cis extension in the transcripts, and generates transcripts without detectable dsRNA contamination. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1 . Protein expression and purification of VSW-3 RNAP. The concentration of VSW-3 RNAP has been measured with Bradford method. In SDS-PAGE gel, proteins were stained with Coomassie Blue. According to grayscale value, the final working concentration of T7 RNAP (New England Biolabs, #M02515) is about 0.15 μM. 
         FIG. 2 . The promoter predicted for VSW-3 RNAP and the positions in the VSW-3 genome. 
         FIG. 3 . Insert the predicted promoter sequence (5′-TTAATTGGGCCACCTATAGTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38)) into pUC19 plasmid between BamH I and XbaI, the constructed plasmid pUC19-VSW3p was linearized by NdeI and transcribed with 10× transcription buffer from T7 RNAP&#39;s (New England Biolabs), the transcription reaction was carried out at 20° C. over night. The electrophoresis results of the transcripts were showed in this figure. 
         FIG. 4 .  5 ′-RACE to confirm the accurate nucleotides on the 3′-end of VSW-3 RNAP promoter. 
         FIG. 5 . For confirmation of the accurate nucleotides on the 5′-end of VSW-3 RNAP promoter. Synthesis of a short DNA transcription template as truncated promoter on the 5′-end. Transcription reaction results show that 15 nt is the shortest and necessary length of promoter (5′-ATTGGGCCACCTATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4)) for VSW-3 RNAP, but the 18 nt long promoter (5′-TTAATTGGGCCACCTATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1)) will be needed to synthesize much more products. 
         FIG. 6 . Screening for suitable transcriptional conditions for VSW-3 RNAP. (A) Screening for the best concentration of Mg 2+  (0 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM,10 mM, 12 mM, 14 mM, 16 mM, 18 mM, 20 mM) with 1 mM DTT in the transcription buffer by adding different concentrations of NTP (0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2.5 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM). At last, we found that the buffer formula of 9 mM Mg 2+ , 1 mM DTT and 4 mM NTP facilitates the synthesis of considerable amounts of RNA, but it is not a stable transcriptional buffer for VSW-3 RNAP. 
         FIG. 7 . Screen for a stable and high-yield transcription buffer contains 5 mM and 20 mM of DTT (final concentration) while the final concentration of Mg 2+  increasing from 4 mM to 20 mM while the NTP is 4 mM. A stable and high-yield buffer of 16 mM Mg 2+ , 5 mM DTT with 4 mM NTP was found for VSW-3 RNAP. 
         FIG. 8 . Different from the 10× transcription buffer as introduced in the T7 RNAP instruction (New England Biolabs), the stable and high-yield transcription buffer of VSW-3 RNAP is also efficient for T7 RNAP to obtain the high yield of RNA products in 1 hour. 
         FIG. 9 . The final enzyme concentration of VSW-3 RNAP reached to 0.15 μM, the yield of RNA reach its peak. 
         FIG. 10 . The optimum reaction temperature for VSW-3 RNAP is 25° C. 
         FIG. 11 . (A) Collected the reaction mixture every two hours at temperatures (4° C., 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 37° C.) to find out the time needed at different temperatures for VSW-3 RNAP. (B) The maximal yield of RNA products obtained at 25° C., required for 12 hours. 
         FIG. 12 . The cas9-RNA was transcribed by T7, VSW-3 and SynS RNAP while the transcription templates were prepared by PCR. Both T7 RNAP and SynS RNAP got a break-off RNA products, but VSW-3 RNAP won&#39;t. 
         FIG. 13 . 3′-RACE was carried out to verify the break-off site that T7 and Syn5 RNAP encountered while the transcription templates were prepared by PCR, found that there was a class II terminator “ATCTGTT” located just 9 nucleobases upstream from the break-off site. 
         FIG. 14 . The insertion of the class II terminator “ATCTGTT” into the copGFP gene verified that the VSW-3 RNAP is insensitive to the class II terminator and transcription will not be interrupted. 
         FIG. 15 . The secondary structure of sgRNA targeted eGFP (GenBank: MT277585.1) was predicted with RNAfold software. 
         FIG. 16 . According to the 12% TBE native PAGE gel of synthesized sgRNA (targeting at eGFP) with T7, VSW-3 and Syn5 RNAP, for unknown reasons, like T7 and Syn5 RNAP, some break-off sgRNA products are synthesized by VSW-3 RNAP, but only the VSW-3 RNAP do not present the non-specifically extended RNA products from the gel. 
         FIG. 17 . 3′-RACE test for sgRNAs transcribed by T7 and VSW-3 RNAP reflected that T7 RNAP readily synthesizes a lot of extended RNA products, VSW-3 RNAP was prone to synthesize precise full-length sgRNA and some truncated sgRNA products. According to the sequencing results of 3-RACE for sgRNA synthesized by T7 RNAP, up to 16 nt were cis-extended at the 3′-end of sgRNA by T7 RNAP. 
         FIG. 18 . The modified bases of 5mCTP, 5moUTP and pseudoUTP can be synthesized into mRNA by VSW-3 RNAP. 
         FIG. 19 . With sgRNA as template, mutant VSW-3 RNAP (Y578F) had a strong ability to insert modified base 2′-F-deoxyribonucleotide when transcriptional RNA synthesis was performed. In particular, the efficiency of 2′ -F-dATP and 2′ -F-dUTP are significantly higher than that of wild-type VSW-3 RNAP, while the ability to insert m5CTP and m6ATP had no obvious difference. 
         FIG. 20 . Low temperature transcription synthesis RNA can significantly reduce the risk of degradation during RNA synthesis in vitro. Compared with T7 RNAP, the transcription of VSW-3 RNAP at its optimal transcription temperature (25) can resist more RNase A pollution. Even if the transcription time is longer, it will not cause more degradation. 
         FIG. 21 . Dot-blot test with the J2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for dsRNA in the IVT products of T7 RNAP and VSW-3 RNAP. All T7 products (Sox7, tdTomato, copGFP, and cas9 RNA) contain dsRNA contamination, while dsRNA in the RNA products synthesized by VSW-3 RNAP is not detectable. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Any methods, devices and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of this invention. The following definitions are provided to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
     As used herein, “a promoter sequence for the RNA polymerase” refers to a DNA sequence which define where transcription of a gene or a coding sequence by the RNA polymerase begins. Promoter sequences are typically located directly upstream or at the 5′ end of the transcription initiation site. 
     As used herein, “3′ cis extension” refers to a 3′ non-templated addition when performing an in vitro transcription reaction with an RNA polymerase, especially, T7 RNAP. T7 RNAP possesses an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity that can result in non-templated hairpin RNAs as byproducts of the transcription reaction, often necessitating purification by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to isolate the intended RNA products. 
     As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid molecule” and “nucleic acid sequence” are used interchangeably and are intended to include, but are not limited to, a polymeric form of nucleotides that may have various lengths, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof. Nucleic acid molecules include single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Different nucleic acid molecules may have different three-dimensional structures, and may perform various functions, known or unknown. Non-limiting examples of nucleic acid molecules include a gene, a gene fragment, a genomic gap, an exon, an intron, intergenic DNA (including, without limitation, heterochromatic DNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), ribozymes, small interfering RNA (siRNA), miRNA, small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of a sequence, isolated RNA of a sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers. Nucleic acid molecules useful in the methods described herein may comprise natural nucleic acid sequences and variants thereof, artificial nucleic acid sequences, or a combination of such sequences. 
     An oligonucleotide sequence refers to a linear polymer of natural or modified nucleosidic monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds or analogs thereof. The term “oligonucleotide” usually refers to a shorter polymer, e.g., comprising from about 3 to about 100 monomers, and the term “polynucleotide” usually refers to longer polymers, e.g., comprising from about 100 monomers to many thousands of monomers. An “oligonucleotide fragment” refers to an oligonucleotide sequence that has been cleaved into two or more smaller oligonucleotide sequences. Oligonucleotides comprising probes or primers usually have lengths in the range of from 12 to 60 nucleotides, and more usually, from 18 to 40 nucleotides. Oligonucleotides and polynucleotides may be natural or synthetic. Oligonucleotides and polynucleotides include deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, and non-natural analogs thereof. Such as anomeric forms thereof, peptide nucleic acids (PNAS), and the like, provided that they are capable of specifically binding to a target genome by way of a regular pattern of monomer-to-monomer interactions, such as Watson-Crick type of base pairing, base stacking, Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen types of base pairing, or the like. 
     Usually nucleosidic monomers are linked by phosphodiester bonds. Whenever an oligonucleotide is represented by a sequence of letters, such as “ATGAGTCATGCG, it will be understood that the nucleotides are in 5′ to 3′ order from left to right and that “A” denotes deoxyadenosine, “C” denotes deoxycytidine, “G” denotes deoxyguanosine, “T” denotes deoxythymidine, and “U” denotes the ribonucleotide, uridine, unless otherwise noted. Usually oligonucleotides comprise the four natural deoxynucleotides; however, they may also comprise ribonucleotides or non-natural nucleotide analogs. It is clear to those skilled in the art when oligonucleotides having natural or non-natural nucleotides may be employed in methods and processes described herein. For example, where processing by an enzyme is called for, usually oligonucleotides consisting solely of natural nucleotides are required. Likewise, where an enzyme has specific oligonucleotide or polynucleotide substrate requirements for activity, e.g., single stranded DNA, RNA/DNA duplex, or the like, then selection of appropriate composition for the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide substrates is well within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill, especially with guidance from treatises, such as Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, Second Edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1989), and like references. Oligo nucleotides and polynucleotides may be single stranded or double stranded. 
     Nucleic acid molecules may optionally include one or more non-standard nucleotide(s), nucleotide analog(s) and/or modified nucleotides. Examples of modified nucleotides include, but are not limited to diaminopurine, ST, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, Xantine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil, 2-methylthio-D46-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), Wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine, 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil, uracil-5-oxyacetic acidmethylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v), 5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w, 2.6-diaminopurine and the like. Nucleic acid molecules may also be modified at the base moiety (e.g., at one or more atoms that typically are available to form a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide and/or at one or more atoms that are not typically capable of forming a hydrogen bond with a complementary nucleotide), sugar moiety or phosphate backbone. 
     The terms “nucleotide analog,” “altered nucleotide” and “modified nucleotide” refer to a non-standard nucleotide, including non-naturally occurring ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. In certain exemplary embodiments, nucleotide analogs are modified at any position so as to alter certain chemical properties of the nucleotide yet retain the ability of the nucleotide analog to perform its intended function. Examples of positions of the nucleotide which may be derivitized include the 5 position, e.g.,5-(2-amino) propyluridine, 5-bromo uridine, 5-propyne uridine, 5-propenyl uridine, etc.; the 6 position, e.g., 6-(2-amino) propyl uridine; the 8-position for adenosine and/or guanosines, e.g., 8-bromo guanosine, 8-chloro guanosine,8-fluoroguanosine, etc. Nucleotide analogs also include deaza nucleotides, e.g., 7-deaza-adenosine; O- and N-modified (e.g., alkylated, e.g., N6-methyl adenosine, or as otherwise known in the art) nucleotides; and other heterocyclically modified nucleotide analogs such as those described in Herdewijn, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 2000 Aug. 10(4):297-310. 
     Nucleotide analogs may also comprise modifications to the Sugar portion of the nucleotides. For example the 2 OH-group may be replaced by a group selected from H, OR, R, F, Cl, Br, I, SH, SR, NH, NHR, NR, COOR, or OR, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted C—C alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, etc. Other possible modifications include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,988, and 6,291,438. 
     The phosphate group of the nucleotide may also be modified, e.g., by substituting one or more of the oxygens of the phosphate group with sulfur (e.g., phosphorothioates), or by making other substitutions which allow the nucleotide to perform its intended function such as described in, for example, Eckstein, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2000 Apr. 10(2): 117-21, Rusckowski et al. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2000 Oct. 10(5):333-45, Stein, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2001 Oct. 11(5):317-25, Vorobjevet al. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 2001 Apr. 11(2): 77-85, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,684,143. Certain of the above referenced modifications (e.g., phosphate group modifications) decrease the rate of hydrolysis of for example, polynucleotides comprising said analogs in vivo or in vitro. 
     Nucleic acid molecules may be isolated from natural sources or purchased from commercial Sources. Oligonucleotide sequences may also be prepared by any suitable method, e.g., standard phosphoramidite methods such as those described by Beaucage and Carruthers (1981) Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859) or the triester method according to Matteucci et al. (1981). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:3185), or by other chemical methods using either a commercial automated oligonucleotide synthesizer or high-throughput, high density array methods known in the art (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,602,244, 5,574,146, 5,554,744, 5,428,148, 5,264,566, 5,141,813, 5,959,463, 4,861,571 and 4,659,774, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Pre-synthesized oligonucleotides may also be obtained commercially from a variety of vendors. 
     In certain embodiments, nucleic acid sequences expressed in, derived from or obtained from one or more organisms or host cells are provided. As used herein, the term “organism” includes, but is not limited to, a human, a non-human primate, a cow, a horse, a sheep, a goat, a pig, a dog, a cat, a rabbit, a mouse, a rat, a gerbil, a frog, a toad, a fish (e.g.,  Danio rerio ) a roundworm (e.g.,  C. elegans ) and any transgenic species thereof. As used herein, a “host cell” can be any cell derived or obtained from an organism. The terms “organism” and “host cell” further include, but are not limited to, a yeast (e.g.,  S. cerevisiae ) cell, a yeast tetrad, a yeast colony, a bacterium, a bacterial colony, a virion, Virosome, virus-like particle and/or cultures thereof, and the like. 
     In certain aspects of the invention, vectors and plasmids useful for transformation of a variety of host cells are provided. Vectors and plasmids are common and commercially available from companies such as Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, Calif.), Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.), New England Biolabs, Inc. (Beverly, Mass.) and Addgene (Cambridge, Mass.). 
     Certain aspects of the invention pertain to vectors, Such as, for example, expression vectors. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid sequence capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid,” which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. By way of example, but not of limitation, a vector of the invention can be a single-copy or multi-copy vector, including, but not limited to, a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome), a fosmid, a cosmid, a plasmid, a Suicide plasmid, a shuttle vector, a P1 vector, an episome, YAC (yeast artificial chromosome), a bacteriophage or viral genome, or any other suitable vector. The host cells can be any cells, including prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, in which the vector is able to replicate. 
     Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors.” 
     In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector can be used interchangeably. However, the invention is intended to include Such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, an exogenous nucleic acid described herein is expressed in bacterial cells using a bacterial expression vector Such as, e.g., a fosmid. A fosmid is a cloning vector that is based on the bacterial F-plasmid. The host bacteria will typically only contain one fosmid molecule, although an inducible high-copy on can be included such that a higher copy number can be obtained (e.g., pCC1FOSTM, pCC2FOSTM). Fosmid libraries are particularly useful for constructing stable libraries from complex genomes. Fosmids and fosmid library production kits are commercially available (EPICENTRER Biotechnologies, Madison, Wis.). For other suitable expression systems US 2016/0369248 A1 for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells see chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, J., Fritsh, E. F., and Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, the recombinant expression vectors comprise a nucleic acid sequence in a form Suitable for expression of the nucleic acid sequence in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, which is operatively linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably linked” is intended to mean that the foreign nucleic acid sequence encoding a plurality of ribonucleic acid sequences described herein is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner which allows for expression of the nucleic acid sequence. The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel; Gene Expression Technology. Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on Such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, and the like. 
     Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into which a recombinant expression vector of the invention has been introduced. The terms “host cell” and “recombinant host cell are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular Subject cell but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in Succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein. 
     Cells according to the present disclosure include any cell into which foreign nucleic acids can be introduced and expressed as described herein. It is to be understood that the basic concepts of the present disclosure described herein are not limited by cell type. Cells according to the present disclosure include eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, animal cells, plant cells, insect cells, fungal cells, archaeal cells, eubacterial cells, a virion, a viroSome, a virus-like particle, a parasitic microbe, an infectious protein and the like. Cells include eukaryotic cells such as yeast cells, plant cells, and animal cells. Particular cells include bacterial cells. Other suitable cells are known to those skilled in the art. 
     Foreign nucleic acids (i.e., those which are not part of a cell&#39;s natural nucleic acid composition) may be introduced into a cell using any method known to those skilled in the art for such introduction. Such methods include transfection, transduction, infection (e.g., viral transduction), injection, microinjection, gene gun, nucleofection, nanoparticle bombardment, transformation, conjugation, by application of the nucleic acid in a gel, oil, or cream, by electroporation, using lipid-based transfection reagents, or by any other suitable transfection method. One of skill in the art will readily understand and adapt Such methods using readily identifiable literature sources. 
     As used herein, the terms “transformation&#39; and ” transfection&#39; are intended to refer to a variety of art recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection (e.g., using commercially available reagents such as, for example, LIPOFECTIN® (Invitrogen Corp., San Diego, Calif.), LIPOFECTAMINE® (Invitrogen), FUGENER) (Roche Applied Science, Basel, Switzerland), JETPEI™ (Polyplus-transfection Inc., New York, N.Y.), EFFECTENE®) (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif.), DREAM FECT™ (OZ Biosciences, France) and the like), or electroporation (e.g., in vivo electroporation). Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd, ed., Cold Spring harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), and other laboratory manuals. 
     Initiation control regions or promoters, which are useful to drive expression of the relevant pathway coding regions in the desired host cell are numerous and familiar to those skilled in the art. Virtually any promoter capable of driving these genetic elements is suitable for the present invention including, but not limited to, lac, ara, tet, trp, IP, IP, T7, tac, and trc (useful for expression in  Escherichia coli  and  Pseudomonas ); the amy, apr, npr promoters and various phage promoters useful for expression in  Bacillus subtilis , and  Bacillus licheniformis ; nis A (useful for expression in gram positive bacteria, Eichenbaum et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(8):2763-2769 (1998)); and the synthetic P11 promoter (useful for expression in  Lactobacillus plantarum , Rud et al., Microbiology 152: 1011-1019 (2006)). Termination control regions may also be derived from various genes native to the preferred hosts. 
     Vectors useful for the transformation of  E. coli  are common and commercially available. For example, the desired genes may be isolated from various sources, cloned onto a modified puC19 vector and transformed into  E. coli  host cells. Alternatively, the genes encoding a desired biosynthetic pathway may be divided into multiple operons, cloned into expression vectors, and transformed into various  E. coli  Strains. 
     According to certain aspect of the invention, phages and their genetic material are provided. As used herein, the terms “phage” and “bacteriophage” are used interchangeably. Phage can be distinguished from each another based on their genetic composition and/or their virion morphology. Some phages have double stranded DNA genomes, including phage of the corticoviridae, lipothrixviridae, plasmaviridae, myroVridae, siphoviridae, Sulfolobus shibate, podoviridae, tectiviridae and fuselloviridae families. Other phages have single Stranded DNA genomes, including phage of the microviridae and inoviridae families. Other phages have RNA genomes, including phage of the leviviridae and cystoviridae families. Exemplary bacterio phage include, but are not limited to, Wphi, Mu, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, P1, P2, P4, P22, fa, phié, phi29, phiC31, phi80, phiX174, SP01, M13, MS2, PM2, SSV-1, L5, PRD1, Qbeta, lambda, UC-1, HK97, HK022 and the like. 
     Isolation, extraction or derivation of nucleic acid sequences may be carried out by any suitable method. Isolating nucleic acid sequences from a biological sample generally includes treating a biological sample in Such a manner that nucleic acid sequences present in the sample are extracted and made available for analysis. Any isolation method that results in extracted nucleic acid sequences may be used in the practice of the present invention. It will be understood that the particular method used to extract nucleic acid sequences will depend on the nature of the source. 
     Methods of DNA extraction are well-known in the art. A classical DNA isolation protocol is based on extraction using organic solvents such as a mixture of phenol and chloroform, followed by precipitation with ethanol (J. Sam brook et al., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.” 1989, 2″ Ed., Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press: New York, N.Y.). Other methods include: salting out DNA extraction (P. Sunnucks et al., Genetics, 1996, 144: 747-756; S. M. Aljanabi and I. Martinez, Nucl. Acids Res. 1997, 25: 46924693), trimethylammonium bromide salts DNA extraction (S. Gustincich et al., BioTechniques, 1991, 11:298-302) and guanidinium thiocyanate DNA extraction (J. B. W. Hammond et al., Biochemistry, 1996, 240: 298-300). A variety of kits are commercially available for extracting DNA from biological samples (e.g., BD Biosciences Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.): Epicentre Technologies (Madison, Wis.); Gentra Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.); MicroProbe Corp. (Bothell, Wash.); Organon Teknika (Durham, N.C.); and Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, Calif.)). 
     Methods of RNA extraction are also well known in the art (see, for example, J. Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” 1989, 2″ Ed., Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press: New York) and several kits for RNA extraction from bodily fluids are commercially available (e.g., Ambion, Inc. (Austin, Tex.): Amersham BioSciences (Piscataway, N.J.); BD Biosciences Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.); BioRad Laboratories (Hercules, Calif.); Dynal Biotech Inc. (Lake Success, N.Y.); Epicentre Technologies (Madison, Wis.); Gentra Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.); GIBCO BRL (Gaithersburg, Md.); Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, Calif.); MicroProbe Corp. (Bothell, Wash.); Organon Teknika (Durham, N.C.); Promega, Inc. (Madison, Wis.); and Qiagen Inc. (Valencia, Calif)). 
     Certain embodiments of the subject invention are directed to a first nucleic acid (e.g., a nucleic acid sequence encoding a VSW-3 RNAP) or polypeptide sequence (e.g., a VSW-3 RNAP) having a certain sequence identity or percent homology to a second nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence, respectively. 
     Techniques for determining nucleic acid and amino acid “sequence identity” are known in the art. Typically, such techniques include determining the nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA, mRNA or cDNA made from an mRNA for a gene and/or determining the amino acid sequence that it encodes, and comparing one or both of these sequences to a second nucleotide or amino acid sequence, as appropriate. In general, “identity” refers to an exact nucleotide-to-nucleotide or amino acid-to-amino acid correspondence of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences, respectively. Two or more sequences (polynucleotide or amino acid) can be compared by determining their “percent identity.” The percent identity of two sequences, whether nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, is the number of exact matches between two aligned sequences divided by the length of the shorter sequences and multiplied by 100. 
     An approximate alignment for nucleic acid sequences is provided by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Advances in Applied Mathematics 2:482-489 (1981). This algorithm can be applied to amino acid sequences by using the scoring matrix developed by Dayhoff, Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structure, M. O. Dayhoff ed., 5 suppl. 3:353-358, National Biomedical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., USA, and normalized by Gribskov (1986) Nucl. Acids Res. 14:6745. An exemplary implementation of this algorithm to determine percent identity of a sequence is provided by the Genetics Computer Group (Madison, Wis.) in the “BestFit” utility application. The default parameters for this method are described in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package Program Manual, Version 8 (1995) (available from Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.). 
     One method of establishing percent identity in the context of the present invention is to use the MPSRCH package of programs copyrighted by the University of Edinburgh, developed by John F. Collins and Shane S. Sturrok, and distributed by IntelliGenetics, Inc. (Mountain View, Calif.). From this suite of packages, the Smith Waterman algorithm can be employed where default parameters are used for the scoring table (for example, gap open penalty of 12, gap extension penalty of one, and a gap of six). From the data generated the “match value reflects” sequence identity.” Other Suitable programs for calculating the percent identity or similarity between sequences are generally known in the art, for example, another alignment program is BLAST, used with default parameters. For example, BLASTN and BLASTP can be used using the following default parameters: genetic code-standard; filter-none; strand=both; cutoff=60, expect=10; Matrix=BLOSUM62: Descriptions=50 sequences; sort by=HIGH SCORE; Databases-non-redundant, GenBank EMBL-DDBJ-PDB+GenBank CDS translations—Swiss US 2016/0369248 A1 protein-Spupdate-PIR. Details of these programs can be found at the NCBI/NLM web site. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, a polymerase of the subject invention (e.g., a VSW-3 RNAP) includes one or more protein tags. As used herein, the term “protein tag refers to a heterologous polypeptide sequence linked to a polymerase of the invention. Protein tags include, but are not limited to, His tag (HHHHHH) (SEQ ID NO: 13), calmodulin tag (KRRWKKNFIAVSAANRFKKISSSGAL) (SEQ ID NO:14), FLAG tag (DYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO:15), HA tag (YPYDVPDYA) (SEQ ID NO:16), Avi tag (GLNDIFEAQKIEWHE) (SEQ ID NO:17), Myc tag (EQKLISEEDL) (SEQ ID NO:18), S tag (KETAAAKFERQHMDS) (SEQ ID NO:19), SBP tag (MDEKTTGWRGGHVVEGLAGELEQLRARLEHHPQGQREP) (SEQ ID NO:20), Softag 1 (SLAELLNAGLGGS) (SEQ ID NO:21), Softag 3 (TQDPSRVG) (SEQ ID NO:22), V5 tag (GKPIPNPLLGLDST) (SEQ ID NO:23), Xpress tag (DLYDDDDK) (SEQID NO: 24), Isopeptag (TDKDMTITFTNKKDAE) (SEQ ID NO: 25), SpyTag (AHIVMVDAYKPTK) (SEQID NO:26), and streptactin tag (Strep-tag II: WSHPOFEK) (SEQ ID NO:27). 
     As used herein, a “kit” refers to any delivery system for delivering materials or reagents for carrying out a method of the invention. In the context of assays, such delivery systems include systems that allow for the storage, transport, or delivery of reaction reagents (e.g., enzymes (e.g., a polymerase such as, for example, VSW-3 RNAP), nucleotides, buffers, etc. in the appropriate containers) and/or supporting materials (e.g., written instructions for performing the assay (e.g., in vitro transcription), etc.) from one location to another. For example, kits include one or more enclosures (e.g., boxes) containing the relevant reaction reagents and/or Supporting materials for assays of the invention. Such contents may be delivered to the US 2016/0369248 A1 intended recipient together or separately. For example, a first container may contain an enzyme (e.g., enzymes (e.g., a polymerase Such as, for example, phage VSW-3 RNAP)) for use in an assay, while a second container contains nucleotides. 
     The present disclosure relates to methods of purifying  Pseudomonas  phage VSW-3 RNAP, methods of expressing VSW-3 RNAP, applications of purified VSW-3 RNAP, and in vitro transcription systems utilizing novel promoter sequences and VSW-3 RNAP. 
     The RNA polymerase (RNAP) of VSW-3 is homologous to T7 RNAP based on DNA sequence, although it is somewhat smaller in size. Characterization of the VSW-3 RNAP is particularly interesting since its host,  Pseudomonas fluorescens  SW-3, is one of the classic psychrophilic bacteria and therefore may have new features that provide insight into the low-temperature activity of transcription systems. An important step in understanding the transcription of the VSW-3 genome is the establishment of a transcription system in vitro. Furthermore, the VSW-3 RNAP possesses properties that distinguish it from T7 RNAP since it is adapted to the plateau wetlands&#39; cold environment. 
     A single subunit DNA-dependent RNAP was identified and purified to apparent homogeneity from phage VSW-3 that infects the  Pseudomonas fluorescens . VSW-3 is homologous to bacteriophage T7 that infects  E. coli . The DNA encoding a VSW-3 RNAP has least about 95% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO: 9. The VSW-3 RNAP may have a protein tag (such as SEQ ID NO: 13). In some embodiments, the protein tag is a His tag. 
     In some embodiments, the VSW-3 RNAP comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. It is known in the art that the introduction of one or more amino acid substitutions to a protein sometimes may not seriously affect certain function (e.g., RNA polymerase activity) of the protein, such as conservative substitutions. Therefore, some variants of the VSW-3 RNAP, which retain the RNA polymerase activity, are also envisaged. In some embodiments, the VSW-3 RNAP has at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or even 100% sequence identity to the amino sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the VSW-3 RNAP variant comprises a Y578F mutation when compared with SEQ ID NO: 5. As will be described below, this VSW-3 RNAP variant is able to efficiently utilize some modified nucleotides (e.g., 2′-F-dATP and/or 2′-F-dUTP) to produce mRNA or other transcripts. The amino acid sequence of the VSW-3 RNAP variant is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6. 
     The VSW-3 RNAP can be expressed in a host cell by introducing an expression vector carrying a DNA fragment encoding the VSW-3 RNAP into the host cell and culturing the host cell under suitable conditions. In some embodiments, the DNA fragment encoding the VSW-3 RNAP comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. Since codon degeneracy is well known in the art, other DNA fragment encoding the same VSW-3 RNAP are also possible. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the DNA fragment encoding the VSW-3 RNAP may has at least about 80% (e.g., at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or even 100%) sequence identity to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of purifying VSW-3 RNAP is provided. The method includes the steps of expressing a VSW-3 RNA polymerase comprising a heterologous protein tag at 10° C., and purifying the VSW-3 RNAP by contacting chromatography columns. 
     In some embodiments, the purified VSW-3 RNAP may include a heterologous polypeptide sequence, e.g., a protein tag, selected from the group consisting of one or any combination of Avi tag, calmodulin tag, FLAG tag, HA tag, proS2 tag, His tag, Myc tag, S tag, SBP tag, Sof ag 1, Softag 3, V5 tag, Xpress tag, Isopep tag, Spy Tag, biotin carboxyl carrier protein tag, glutathione-stranferase tag, green fluorescent protein tag, maltose binding protein tag, NuS tag, streptavidin tag, Streptactin tag, and thioredoxin tag. In some embodiments, the protein tag is removable from the purified VSW-3 RNAP. 
     The promoter has been identified by examining transcription of pUC19-DNA template with predicted 21 nt long promoter (5′-TTAATTGGGCCACCTATAGTA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38)) of VSW-3 RNAP and sequencing the 5′-termini of the transcripts confirmed 5′-TTAATTGGGCCACCTATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1) are necessary, which appears four times within the VSW-3 genome ( FIG. 2 ). The first promoter is located right behind the VSW-3 RNAP gene and the other three are distributed in the intergenic sequence of genome. The purified enzyme and its promoter have enabled a determination of the requirements for transcription reaction. 
     The enzyme predominantly used for in vitro run-off RNA synthesis is bacteriophage T7 RNAP. However, T7 RNAP mostly synthesizes run-off products with the products having non-based additional nucleotides (3′+N tails). This contaminating products are extremely difficult to remove and impede the function of these RNAs in applications where a precise 3′-terminus of the RNA is critical. However, the single subunit RNAP from phage VSW-3 produces precise run-off transcripts without non-specific extension in their 3′-end and makes it advantageous for production of RNAs that require precise 3′-terminus such as sgRNA, RNA probes, RNA primers. 
     Since 37° C. is the optimal enzyme activity temperature for T7 RNAP, and most nuclease activities are also extremely high at this temperature, if a small amount of nuclease contamination during the process of transcription reaction, it will cause severe degradation of the transcription products. However, if the temperature is lowered to 25° C., the nuclease activity will be significantly reduced. Under the premise of the same amount of nuclease contamination, even if the transcription reaction time is increased from 1 hour to 24 hours, the amount of degradation of the transcription product is also significantly reduced. Coincidentally, VSW3 RNAP requires 25° C. for maximal activity to synthesize RNA products, it can effectively reduce the risk of RNA products degradation. 
     Accordingly, in certain exemplary embodiments, a method of performing in vitro transcription is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a DNA containing a VSW-3 RNAP promoter sequence and a nucleic acid template sequence, a VSW-3 RNAP enzyme, and nucleotides, and incubating the nucleic acid template sequence, the VSW-3 RNAP and nucleotides together for a sufficient time to produce transcripts. 
     In some embodiments, the transcripts are selected from the group consisting of one or any combination of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, siRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, ribozymes, aptamers and RNA fragments. The incubation step is performed in different concentration of MgCl 2  and DTT, at a concentration of MgCl 2  at 0 mM,1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM,10 mM,11 mM,12 mM,14 mM,16 mM,18 mM and 20mM, then at a concentration of DTT at 0 mM,1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM,10 mM,11 mM,12 mM,14 mM,16 mM,18 mM and 20mM. The incubation step is performed at 4° C., 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C. or 37° C., and incubating time is 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h,12 h,14 h,16 h,18 h,20 h, 24 h or 36 h. 
     In some embodiments, the nucleic acid template sequence comprises class II terminators sequence (5′-ATCTGTT-3′) and full-length transcripts can be synthesized without any interrupt products by VSW-3 RNAP. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, a kit for in vitro transcription is provided. The kit includes a DNA plasmid comprising one or more promoter sequences, each promoter sequence having the nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the one or more promoter sequences provide transcriptional control of an operably linked polynucleotide sequence, a VSW-3 RNAP (such as an isolated VSW-3 RNAP or a purified VSW-3 RNAP, or a synthetic VSW-3 RNAP), 5× Transcription Buffer, optional nucleotides substrates, and instructions for use. In certain embodiments, the VSW-3 RNAP includes a protein tag. In other embodiments, the operably linked polynucleotide sequence comprises one or more restriction sites. 
     In certain exemplary embodiments, a method of producing single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) transcripts without double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) contamination is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a template sequence encoding the polynucleotide sequence and a VSW-3 promoter sequence, contacting the template sequence with VSW-3 RNAP and allowing the VSW-3 RNAP to bind the VSW-3 RNAP promoter sequence and produce dsRNA-free transcripts. 
     This invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting. The contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. 
     EXAMPLES 
     Example 1 
     Materials and Methods 
     Oligonucleotides were obtained from GeneCreate company. DNA purification kits were from Axygen and Ni-NTA resin was from Qiagen. Preparative Superdex 5200 for gel filtration was from GE Healthcare. Gibson assembly kit, T4 RNA ligase II, rNTP, DNase I, Apyrase and T7 RNA polymerase (#M0251L) were from New England Biolabs. Reverse transcriptase kit (#6110A) and PrimeSTAR Max DNA Polymerase (#R045A) were from TaKaRa. RNA Clean kit was from New England Biolabs. RiboLock RNase Inhibitor (#E00382) was from Thermo Scientific™. Recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPA) expressed by  Escherichia coli  (#15907) was from Sigma-Aldrich. 5-methylcytidine 5′-triphosphate, pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate and 5moU were from Trilink. 
     Example 2 
     Protein Purification 
     Genomic DNA sequence of phage VSW-3 was first released online by the Gene Bank (KX066068.1). DNA fragments encoding VSW-3 RNAP were synthesized by GeneCreat company, and were inserted into plasmid pCold vector (TaKaRa) between the Ndel and Notl sites. Plasmids were transformed into  E. coli  BL21 (DE3). The bacteria were cultured in 1L LB medium containing 50 g/mL Amp+ at 30° C. until they reached an OD600 of approximately 0.8. The bacterial cultures were placed the on ice for 10 min and then the expression of VSW-3 RNAP was induced by the addition of 0.2 mM IPTG at 10° C. After an additional incubation of 24 hr, cells were harvested, resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 and 100 mM NaCl, and lysed by three cycles of freeze-thaw in the presence of 0.5 mg/mL lysozyme. Clear lysate was collected by centrifugation at 15000 rpm and loaded onto the 2.5 mL Ni+ resin, the resin was then washed with 50 mL of wash buffer (Tris-HCl, pH 7.5,100 M NaCl, and 20 mM imidazole). VSW-3 RNAP was eluted from the column with 80 mL elution buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl and 20 to 100 mM imidazole gradient, fractions were analyzed on SDS-PAGE gels, a pool of the fractions containing predominately RNAP was concentrated by Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter and further purified by gel filtration chromatography on a 200 mL preparative Superdex 5200 column. Fractions from gel filtration chromatography were analyzed on SDS-PAGE gels and those containing pure RNAP were pooled and concentrated by Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter, then dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.1% Triton X-100 and 50% glycerol, and stored at −20° C. The fractions from each chromatography step with highest VSW-3 RNAP purity were shown in  FIG. 1 . The concentration of VSW-3 RNAP has been measured with Bradford method. In SDS-PAGE gel. SDS-PAGE gel of purified 6×His-tagged VSW-3 RNAP were stained with Comassie Blue. 
     Example 3 
     DNA Templates 
     DNA templates for in vitro transcription assays were described in the present Example. PCR reactions were carried out using PrimeSTAR Max DNA Polymerase (TaKaRa). PCR products were purified using PCR products Extraction Kits (Axygen) and DNA concentrations were measured by UV spectrophotometer (Nano-drop). 
     DNA templates for transcription assays were either linearized plasmids, PCR products or dsDNA fragments of annealed complementary oligonucleotides. First, the predicted promoter “TTAATTGGGCCACCTATAGTA (SEQ ID NO: 38)” of VSW-3 RNAP was inserted between the BamH I and Xba 1 sites of plasmid pUC19 to form pUC19-VSW3p, which was then linearized with Nde I restriction enzyme to serve as the template to determine the activity of purified VSW-3 RNAP ( FIG. 3 ). The transcription was carried out with 10× transcription buffer from T7 RNAP&#39;s (New England Biolabs) at 20° C. over night. 
     The transcription templates for determining the exact 5′-end sequence of VSW-3 RNAP promoter were constructed by annealing two complementary synthetic DNA oligos as following (F: plus strand; R: minus strand): 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test (18)-F: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 28) 
               
               
                   
                 TTAATTGGGCCACCTATAGTACACGGGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTTGCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(18)-R: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 29) 
               
               
                   
                 GCTATTTCTAGCTCTAAAACCCGGCAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGCCCGTGTACTATAGGTGGCCCAATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(17)-F: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 30) 
               
               
                   
                 TAATTGGGCCACCTATAGTACACGGGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTGCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(17)-R: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 31) 
               
               
                   
                 GCTATTTCTAGCTCTAAAACCCGGCAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGCCCGTGTACTATAGGTGGCCCAATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(16)-F: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 32) 
               
               
                   
                 AATTGGGCCACCTATAGTACACGGGCAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(16)-R: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 33) 
               
               
                   
                 GCTATTTCTAGCTCTAAAACCCGGCAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGCCCGTGTACTATAGGTGGCCCAATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(15)-F: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 34) 
               
               
                   
                 ATTGGGCCACCTATAGTACACGGGCAGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(15)-R: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 35) 
               
               
                   
                 GCTATTTCTAGCTCTAAAACCCGGCAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGCCCGTGTACTATAGGTGGCCCAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(14)-F: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 36) 
               
               
                   
                 TTGGGCCACCTATAGTACACGGGCAGCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW3-promoter Test(14)-R: 
               
               
                   
                 (SEQ ID NO: 37) 
               
               
                   
                 GCTATTTCTAGCTCTAAAACCCGGCAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGCCCGTGTACTATAGGTGGCCCAA 
               
            
           
         
       
     
     All templates were the same except for the 5′-end one by one nucleotide shortening from the 18 nt promoter to 14 nt, as indicated in parentheses. 
     Three plasmids modified based on pUC19 (pUC19-VSW3p-sgRNA, pUC19-T7p-sgRNA and pUC19-Syn5p-sgRNA), each harbors the same sgRNA coding sequence (targeting eGFP) under the control of VSW-3 promoter, T7 promoter, and Syn5 promoter, respectively, were constructed, linearized by BspQ1 treatment, and recovered by DNA extraction kit (Axgen) to serve as templates for  FIG. 16 . According to the 12% TBE native PAGE gel of synthesized sgRNA (targeting at eGFP) with T7, VSW-3 or syn5 RNAP, for unknown reasons, like T7 and Syn5 RNAP, some break-off sgRNA products are synthesized by VSW-3 RNAP, but only the VSW-3 RNAP do not present the non-specifically extended RNA products from the gel. 
     The plasmid (cas9-T7p) containing cas9 coding sequence under the control of T7 RNAP promoter was from addgene (#72247). Another plasmid (cas9-VSW3p) was modified based on cas9-T7p, of which the T7 promoter was replaced by a VSW-3 promoter. The transcription templates for cas9 RNA by T7 RNAP or VSW-3 RNAP were PCR amplified from cas9-T7p or cas9-VSW3p using primers (Trans_Template-cas9-F AGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATC (SEQ ID NO: 39) and Trans_Template-cas9-R: ACTCAATGGTGATGGTGATGATGACC (SEQ ID NO: 40)), respectively. 
     Example 4 
     Transcription Assays 
     Initially, the transcription buffer containing 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.9), 6 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM spermidine, and 1 mM DTT as described in T7 RNAP transcription kit (New England Biolabs) was used in the transcription assays for VSW-3 RNAP&#39;s activity confirmation and promoter determination. For gel assays shown in  FIG. 3 , reaction mixtures (10 ul) contained 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.9), 6 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM spermidine, 1 mM DTT, 0.5 mM ATP, 0.5 mM CTP, 0.5 mM GTP, 0.5 mM UTP, 0.5 U RNaseoOUT™ recombinant ribonuclease inhibitor (Invitrogen), 0.2 uM Recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase, 0.15 uM VSW-3 and 30 ng/ul of linearized pUC19-VSW3p plasmid, reaction mixtures were incubated at 20° C. for 12 h. Reactions were then terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye containing 95% formamide, 40 mM EDTA, 0.02%(w/v) SDS, 0.05%(w/v) Bromophenol Blue and 0.05%(w/v) Xylene Cyanol. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and loaded onto 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager. 
     To determine the 5′ boundary of VSW-3 RNAP promoter, the reaction mixtures for  FIG. 5  contained 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.9), 6 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM spermidine, 1 mM DTT, 0.5 mM ATP, 0.5 mM CTP, 0.5 mM GTP, 0.5 mM UTP, 0.5 U RNaseoOUT™ recombinant ribonuclease inhibitor (Invitrogen), 0.2 uM Recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase, 0.15 μM VSW-3 RNAP and 4 μM of annealed complementary oligos VSW3-promoter Test (18)-FIR, VSW3-promoter Test (17)-F/R, VSW3-promoter Test (16)-F/R, VSW3-promoter Test (15)-F/R, or VSW3-promoter Test (14)-F/R, of which the sequences were described in Example 3. Reaction mixtures were incubated at 20° C. for 12 h. Reactions were then terminated by the addition of 2× RNA loading dye. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and loaded onto 12% native TBE-PAGE gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager. The transcription reaction results showed that 15 nt (5′-ATTGGGCCACCTATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4)) was the shortest and necessary length of promoter, but the 18 nt long promoter (5′-TTAATTGGGCCACCTATA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1)) will be needed to synthesize much more products. In addition, we confirmed that the transcription start nucleotide was “GTA” through 5′-RACE ( FIG. 4 ). 
     To optimize the VSW-3 RNAP reaction condition, we first screened the concentration of Mg 2+  (0 mM,1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, 7 mM, 8 mM, 9 mM, 10 mM, 12 mM, 14 mM, 16 mM, 18 mM, 20 mM) in combination with 1 mM DTT and various concentrations of NTPs (0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2.5 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM) in  FIG. 6 . Then three high concentrations of DTT (5 mM and 20 mM) were also tested to establish a stable and high-yield transcription buffer with a final NTP concentration of 4 mM. At last, we found that the buffer formula of 9 mM Mg2+, 1 mM DTT and 4 mM NTP facilitates the synthesis of considerable amounts of RNA, but it was not a stable transcriptional buffer for VSW-3 RNAP. 
     For the assays described in  FIG. 7 , reaction mixtures (10 μL) contained 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 16 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM spermidine, 5 mM DTT, 4 mM NTPs, 30 ng/ul transcription template of cas9 RNA as described above in Example 3, 0.5 U RNaseoOUT™ recombinant ribonuclease inhibitor (Invitrogen), 0.2 uM recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase, and 0.15 uM VSW-3 RNAP. All reaction mixtures were incubated at 20° C. for 12 hours and reactions were then terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye as described above. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager. A stable and high-yield buffer of 16 mM Mg 2+ , 5 mM DTT with 4 mM NTP was found for VSW-3 RNAP. 
     To test the effect of the optimized VSW-3 RNAP transcription buffer on T7 RNAP ( FIG. 8 ), either optimized T7 or VSW-3 buffer was used for T7 RNAP to transcribe the cas9 gene on PCR-amplified transcription template containing T7 promoter. All assays contained 0.5 mM or 4 mM each NTPs and (1) T7 RNAP 10× transcription buffer (New England Biolabs) with additional 5 mM fresh DTT; or (2) The optimized VSW-3 buffer mentioned above containing 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 16 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM DTT, and 2 mM spermidine. After incubation the reaction mixture was mixed directly with denaturing loading buffer and loaded onto 1.5% TAE agarose gel, electrophoresis for 30 minutes at 100 V, then the gel was stained with ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager. The results were shown in  FIG. 8 . Different from the 10× transcription buffer as introduced in the T7 RNAP instruction (New England Biolabs), the stable and high-yield transcription buffer of VSW-3 RNAP is also efficient for T7 RNAP to obtain the high yield of RNA products in 1 hour. 
     According to results above, the optimal reaction temperature for VSW-3 RNAP is 25, then the reactions as in  FIG. 9  were carried out to determine the optimal concentration of VSW-3 RNAP. Reaction mixtures (10 μL) contained stable transcription buffer (40 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.0), 16 mM MgCl2, 5 mM DTT, 2 mM spermidine), and 4 mM NTPs, 0.5 U RNaseoOUT™ recombinant ribonuclease inhibitor (Invitrogen), 0.2 uM recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase, 30 ng/ul transcription template of cas9 gene, and various concentration of VSW-3 RNA-P: 0.001 μM, 0.003 μM, 0.01 μM, 0.03 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.2 μM and 0.4 μM at 25° C. for 12 h. Reaction was terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye, heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager. When the final enzyme concentration of VSW-3 RNAP reached to 0.15 μM, the yield of RNA reached its peak. 
     According to the steps above, the stable transcription buffer for VSW-3 RNAP was established, then the reactions for  FIG. 10  were carried out to determine the optimal temperature for maximal RNA yield by VSW-3 RNAP. Each of the reaction mixtures (10 ul) contained stable transcription buffer (40 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.0), 16 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM DTT, 2 mM spermidine), 4 mM NTPs, 0.5 U RNaseoOUT™ recombinant ribonuclease inhibitor (Invitrogen), 0.2 uM recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase, 0.15 uM VSW-3 RNAP and 30 ng/ul transcription template of cas9 gene, reaction mixtures were incubated at various temperature (4° C., 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 37° C.) for 12 h. Reactions were then terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager. The optimum reaction temperature for VSW-3 RNAP was 25° C. 
     In order to determine the reaction time for VSW-3 RNAP to obtain the highest yield of RNA at various temperatures, each of reaction mixtures (20 μL) contained 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.0), 16 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM DTT, 2 mM spermidine, 4 mM each of 4 NTPs, 0.5 U RNaseoOUT™ recombinant ribonuclease inhibitor (Invitrogen), 0.2 μM recombinant inorganic pyrophosphatase, 0.15 μM VSW-3 RNAP and 30 ng/μL transcription template of cas9 gene ( FIG. 11A ). 4 μL reaction mixture was taken every two hours at different temperatures, and mixed with 4 μL, of 2× loading dye. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager. Samples corresponding to the highest RNA yield at each temperature was analyzed on 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gel ( FIG. 11B ). The maximal yield of RNA products were obtained at 25° C. after 12 hours. 
     During the optimization of transcription condition with PCR-amplified cas9 coding DNA as transcription template, we found that there is a group of smaller RNA products synthesized by T7 RNAP estimated to be 1500 nt-1600 nt long according to the marker in the Agarose gel ( FIG. 12 ), but not in VSW-3 RNAP products. In order to characterize these undesired T7 products, 3′-RACE was conducted. A 5′ primer (5′-GTATTGCCTAAGCACAGTTTACT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 41)) was designed and the fragment containing the RNA 3′ sequence information was amplified by PCR. Then the PCR product was inserted into pET28 plasmid between BamHI and EcoRI sites with Gibson Assembly Cloning method, plasmids were then amplified in  E. coli  DH5α cells and sent for Sanger sequencing ( FIG. 13 ). 3′-RACE was carried out to verify the break-off site that T7 encountered while the transcription templates were prepared by PCR. It was found that there was a class II terminator “ATCTGTT” located just 9 nucleobases upstream from the break-off site. 
     In order to investigate the effect of class II T7 terminator on VSW-3 RNAP transcription, the typical class II terminator sequence “ATCTGTT” was inserted into the copGFP gene located at the 433 nt from the 5-end. The transcription reactions were carried out as described above, the RNA product was assayed by native 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis ( FIG. 14 ). The insertion of the class II terminator “ATCTGTT” into the copGFP gene verified that the VSW-3 RNAP is insensitive to the class II terminator and transcription will not be interrupted. 
     In order to examine the RNA extension by T7 and VSW-3 RNAP on RNA with terminal secondary structure, we used both RNAPs to synthesize an sgRNA (its coding sequence: 5′-GGGCACGGGCAGCTTGCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAG GCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) targeting eGFP gene ( FIG. 15 ). First, we prepared the DNA fragments encoding the above sgRNA sequence with the T7 or VSW-3 promoter sequence attached on their 5′-ends, respectively, and inserted either fragment into pUC19 plasmid between BamHI and Xhol restriction endonuclease sites. After amplification of the constructed plasmids, we designed a pair of universal amplification primers (sgRNA template-F: 5′-ATCAGGCGCCATTCGCCATTCAGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 42), sgRNA template-R: 5′-AAAAAAAGCACCGACTCGGTGCCACT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43)) to prepare the transcription templates for sgRNAs by PCR. Here, we applied a final NTPs concentration of 4 mM and sgRNA transcription templates of 30 ng/μL, respectively. Reactions were then terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 12% native TBE-PAGE gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager ( FIG. 16 ). According to the 12% TBE native PAGE gel of synthesized sgRNA (targeting eGFP) with T7, VSW-3 and syn5 RNAP, for unknown reasons, like T7 and Syn5 RNAP, some break-off sgRNA products are synthesized by VSW-3 RNAP, but only the VSW-3 RNAP do not present the non-specifically extended RNA products from the gel. 
     We carried out 3′-RACE test to detect the sgRNA product terminal homogeneity of T7 RNAP and VSW-3 RNAP by linking the mono-phosphorylated copGFP RNA to the 3′-end of the sgRNAs with RNA ligase II (New England Biolabs), then conducted the reverse transcription synthesis of cDNA as above and carried out PCR with primers (3RACE-sgRNA-F-sgRNA: 5′-GCAGCTTGCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 44); 3RACE-sgRNA R-sgRNA: 5′-TAGCCCATCACGTGGCTCAGCA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 45)), the PCR products was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. Then the purified PCR product was inserted into multiple cloning site of pET28 plasmid between BamH I and EcoR I with Gibson Assembly Cloning method, we picked 10 monoclonal colonies respectively for Sanger sequencing ( FIG. 17 ). 3′-RACE test for sgRNAs transcribed by T7 or VSW-3 RNAP reflected that T7 RNAP readily synthesized a lot of undesirable extended RNA products, while VSW-3 RNAP was prone to synthesize precise full-length sgRNA and some truncated sgRNA products. According to the sequencing results of 3-RACE for sgRNA synthesized by T7 RNAP, up to 16 nt were cis-extended at the 3′-end of sgRNA by T7 RNAP. 
     The capability of VSW-3 RNAP to incorporate pseudoUTP, 5mCTP and 5moUTP into RNA products was examined in the optimized VSW-3 reaction conditions mentioned above except that the UTP was replaced by pseudoUTP or 5moUTP, CTP was replaced by 5mCTP, respectively. Reactions were then terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager ( FIG. 18 ). The modified bases of 5mCTP, 5moUTP and pseudoUTP can be synthesized into mRNA by VSW-3 RNAP. 
     Selected sgRNA transcription template described above was used to test if the VSW-3 RNAP Y578F mutant (SEQ ID NO: 6) had the advantage to incorporate 2-F-NTPs, 5mCTP and m6ATP. Reactions were the same optimized VSW-3 RNAP reaction conditions mentioned above except one of the 4 NTPs was replaced by its analog. Reactions were then terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye. Samples were then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 12% native TBE-PAGE gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager ( FIG. 19 ). With sgRNA as template, mutant VSW-3 RNAP (Y578F) had a strong ability to insert modified base 2′-F-deoxyribonucleotide when transcriptional RNA synthesis was performed. In particular, the efficiency of 2′-F-dATP and 2′-F-dUTP are significantly higher than that of wild-type VSW-3 RNAP, while the ability to insert m5CTP and m6ATP had no obvious difference. 
     In order to demonstrate the advantage of carrying out in vitro RNA synthesis at relatively low temperature, we compared the vulnerability of VSW-3 RNAP or T7 RNAP reaction to RNase A contamination at their optimal temperatures. RNase A (final concentration from 1.0×10 −4  ng/ul to 3.0×10 −7  ng/ul) was added into the transcription reaction mixture. For VSW-3 RNAP, the reaction was performed at 25° C. for 12 hours, and for T7 RNAP, 37° C. for 1 h. Reactions were terminated by the addition of 2× loading dye, then heated at 85° C. for 2 min and placed on ice for 2 min, then loaded onto 1.5% native TAE-Agarose gels. After electrophoresis, gels were stained with Ethidium bromide (EB) and analyzed using a UV gel imager ( FIG. 20 ). Low temperature transcription synthesis RNA can significantly reduce the risk of degradation during RNA synthesis in vitro. Compared with T7 RNAP, the transcription of VSW-3 RNAP at its optimal transcription temperature (25) can resist more RNase A pollution. Even if the transcription time is extended, it will not cause more degradation. 
     We conducted dot-blot with J2 monoclonal antibody to test dsRNA contamination in the several RNA transcripts (sox7, tdTomato, copGFP and cas9) from T7 and VSW-3 IVT. Construction of template plasmids was based on cas9-T7p and cas9-VSW3p plasmids, the cas9 coding sequence of both plasmids were replaced by either sox7, tdTomato or copGFP gene coding sequence (SEQ ID NOs:10-12). The transcription templates for sox7 and tdTomato RNA by T7 RNAP or VSW-3 RNAP were linearized by BSPQ1, and copGFP transcription templates were prepared by PCR amplified with primers (Trans_Template-cas9-F: AGCTGGTTTAGTGAACCGTCAGATC (SEQ ID NO: 39) and Trans_Template-cas9-R: ACTCAATGGTGATGGTGATGATGACC (SEQ ID NO: 40)). 
     The produced RNA (200 ng) was blotted onto nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore), dried, blocked with 5% non-fat dried milk in TBS-T buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20, pH 7.4), and incubated with dsRNA-specific mAb J2 or K1 (English &amp; Scientific Consulting) for 30 min. Membranes were washed 2 times with TBS-T and reacted with HRP-conjugated donkey anti-mouse Ig (Jackson Immunology), washed two times and detected with ECL Western blot detection reagent (Pierce). Images were captured on an X film (Kodak) photosensitive development. dsRNA (0.1 ng, 0.25 ng, 0.5 ng, 0.1 ng, 2.5 ng) used as a quantitative marker was derived from sense and antisense strands synthesized of a UTR sequence by VSW-3 RNAP. 
     Listed below are some amino acid sequences and nucleic acid sequences mentioned herein. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
            
               
                   
                 promoter for VSW-3 RNAP 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 1 
               
               
                   
                 TTAATTGGGCCACCTATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 promoter for VSW-3 RNAP 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 2 
               
               
                   
                 TAATTGGGCCACCTATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 promoter for VSW-3 RNAP 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 3 
               
               
                   
                 AATTGGGCCACCTATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 promoter for VSW-3 RNAP 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 4 
               
               
                   
                 ATTGGGCCACCTATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW-3 RNAP protein sequence-WT 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 5 
               
               
                   
                 MNQIELEQEMIDGGRAKMFGSFNRNEEQGAAHNNP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 YAAAVYRRFVQPLADQIDAYCGEVKRGVMAAGKAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LRPHDPMVLAFMTVRMVMDTTLQSKDNAPTAVARA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LGQSIYGETLLAKFEQVEPDLYFTLVNDFERRMTK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SERHRLTVFKMQAEKNGVPLPVWSPEDKLAIGTIL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LYLARDVGLVEITEVRKGKKTVREYNMTPDVAGML 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DNIKDFVAGASPMVLPCVVPPVPWTDANNGGYHTP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GMRRISPCCIRGRPRVEDLTDVPDIPLRALNILQS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 RPWRINRMVLDAVDLVGQRFDVGEVLAQAELPKPK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SLLWLDDVPKEEMNPAQLAEFGAWKIEMREWYTEN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 KSRGVQWGRYYEALRVARKFKDLPFWFVYQYDYRG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 RAYANTRGVSPQGSDLQKALLMADVGVPIADERAK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FWFYTAGANRFGYDKATLAERYEWTVERSEMICAI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AADPVANRQWTEADNPFQFLAWCFEFAQYTAMPES 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FLSRLALGQDGSCNGLQHFSAMLRDEVGGLATNLV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 PSTTQQDIYRLVAVETTRLLQAMPHENCEFTLKWK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LHSLSRDLVKRSVMTLPYGSTRFSCADFIYTEYMA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 KHKAPEFAKGDYQKAARWLSVPVWDAIGNVVVKAR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 EAMAWLQNASDELIDAGIDEIYWRSPSGFMVRQRY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GKEEFVLVKTRLAGGVRIRPTIKLELEEPCKRRHR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 NGIAPNFVHSHDAAHMHLLICAAEDHGLGHLAFIH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DDYGTTADGTETLHKLIRATFVAMYEQGCPLTAFR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DTYGITEDLPERGDLDLNLVHDSTYFFA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW-3 RNAP protein sequence-Y578F 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 6 
               
               
                   
                 MNQIELEQEMIDGGRAKMFGSFNRNEEQGAAHNNP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 YAAAVYRRFVQPLADQIDAYCGEVKRGVMAAGKAL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LRPHDPMVLAFMTVRMVMDTTLQSKDNAPTAVARA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LGQSIYGETLLAKFEQVEPDLYFTLVNDFERRMTK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SERHRLTVFKMQAEKNGVPLPVWSPEDKLAIGTIL 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LYLARDVGLVEITEVRKGKKTVREYNMTPDVAGML 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DNIKDFVAGASPMVLPCVVPPVPWTDANNGGYHTP 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GMRRISPCCIRGRPRVEDLTDVPDIPLRALNILQS 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 RPWRINRMVLDAVDLVGQRFDVGEVLAQAELPKPK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 SLLWLDDVPKEEMNPAQLAEFGAWKIEMREWYTEN 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 KSRGVQWGRYYEALRVARKFKDLPFWFVYQYDYRG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 RAYANTRGVSPQGSDLQKALLMADVGVPIADERAK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FWFYTAGANRFGYDKATLAERYEWTVERSEMICAI 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AADPVANRQWTEADNPFQFLAWCFEFAQYTAMPES 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 FLSRLALGQDGSCNGLQHFSAMLRDEVGGLATNLV 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 PSTTQQDIYRLVAVETTRLLQAMPHENCEFTLKWK 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 LHSLSRDLVKRSVMTLPFGSTRFSCADFIYTEYMA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 KHKAPEFAKGDYQKAARWLSVPVWDAIGNVVVKAR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 EAMAWLQNASDELIDAGIDEIYWRSPSGFMVRQRY 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GKEEFVLVKTRLAGGVRIRPTIKLELEEPCKRRHR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 NGIAPNFVHSHDAAHMHLLICAAEDHGLGHLAFIH 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DDYGTTADGTETLHKLIRATFVAMYEQGCPLTAFR 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 DTYGITEDLPERGDLDLNLVHDSTYFFA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 sgRNA coding sequence 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 7 
               
               
                   
                 GGGCACGGGCAGCTTGCCGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGAAAAAGTGGCACCGAGTCGGTGCTTTTTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 cas9 RNA coding sequence 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 8 
               
               
                   
                 GGGAGAGCCGCCACCATGGATAAAAAGTATTCTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGTTTAGACATCGGCACTAATTCCGTTGGATGGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGTCATAACCGATGAATACAAAGTACCTTCAAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAATTTAAGGTGTTGGGGAACACAGACCGTCATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATTAAAAAGAATCTTATCGGTGCCCTCCTATTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATAGTGGCGAAACGGCAGAGGCGACTCGCCTGAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAACCGCTCGGAGAAGGTATACACGTCGCAAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCGAATATGTTACTTACAAGAAATTTTTAGCAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGATGGCCAAAGTTGACGATTCTTTCTTTCACCGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGGAAGAGTCCTTCCTTGTCGAAGAGGACAAGAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACATGAACGGCACCCCATCTTTGGAAACATAGTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGAGGTGGCATATCATGAAAAGTACCCAACGATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATCACCTCAGAAAAAAGCTAGTTGACTCAACTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAAAGCGGACCTGAGGTTAATCTACTTGGCTCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCATATGATAAAGTTCCGTGGGCACTTTCTCATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAGGGTGATCTAAATCCGGACAACTCGGATGTCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAACTGTTCATCCAGTTAGTACAAACCTATAATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTTGTTTGAAGAGAACCCTATAAATGCAAGTGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTGGATGCGAAGGCTATTCTTAGCGCCCGCCTCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAAATCCCGACGGCTAGAAAACCTGATCGCACAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACCCGGAGAGAAGAAAAATGGGTTGTTCGGTAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTATAGCGCTCTCACTAGGCCTGACACCAAATTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAAGTCGAACTTCGACTTAGCTGAAGATGCCAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGCAGCTTAGTAAGGACACGTACGATGACGATCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACAATCTACTGGCACAAATTGGAGATCAGTATGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGACTTATTTTTGGCTGCCAAAAACCTTAGCGATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAATCCTCCTATCTGACATACTGAGAGTTAATACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAGATTACCAAGGCGCCGTTATCCGCTTCAATGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAAAGGTACGATGAACATCACCAAGACTTGACAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTCAAGGCCCTAGTCCGTCAGCAACTGCCTGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAATATAAGGAAATATTCTTTGATCAGTCGAAAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGGTACGCAGGTTATATTGACGGCGGAGCGAGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAGGAATTCTACAAGTTTATCAAACCCATATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAGAAGATGGATGGGACGGAAGAGTTGCTTGTAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTCAATCGCGAAGATCTACTGCGAAAGCAGCGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTTCGACAACGGTAGCATTCCACATCAAATCCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTAGGCGAATTGCATGCTATACTTAGAAGGCAGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGATTTTTATCCGTTCCTCAAAGACAATCGTGAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGATTGAGAAAATCCTAACCTTTCGCATACCTTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATGTGGGACCCCTGGCCCGAGGGAACTCTCGGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGCATGGATGACAAGAAAGTCCGAAGAAACGATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCCCTGGAATTTTGAGGAAGTTGTCGATAAAGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCGTCAGCTCAATCGTTCATCGAGAGGATGACCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTTGACAAGAATTTACCGAACGAAAAAGTATTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTAAGCACAGTTTACTTTACGAGTATTTCACAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACAATGAACTCACGAAAGTTAAGTATGTCACTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGGCATGCGTAAACCCGCCTTTCTAAGCGGAGAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAAGAAAGCAATAGTAGATCTGTTATTCAAGACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AACCGCAAAGTGACAGTTAAGCAATTGAAAGAGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTACTTTAAGAAAATTGAATGCTTCGATTCTGTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGATCTCCGGGGTAGAAGATCGATTTAATGCGTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTGGTACGTATCATGACCTCCTAAAGATAATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGATAAGGACTTCCTGGATAACGAAGAGAATGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATATCTTAGAAGATATAGTGTTGACTCTTACCCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTTGAAGATCGGGAAATGATTGAGGAAAGACTAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AACATACGCTCACCTGTTCGACGATAAGGTTATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AACAGTTAAAGAGGCGTCGCTATACGGGCTGGGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCCTTGTCGCGGAAACTTATCAACGGGATAAGAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAGCAAAGTGGTAAAACTATTCTCGATTTTCTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAGCGACGGCTTCGCCAATAGGAACTTTATGGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGATCCATGATGACTCTTTAACCTTCAAAGAGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATACAAAAGGCACAGGTTTCCGGACAAGGGGACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CATTGCACGAACATATTGCGAATCTTGCTGGTTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCAGCCATCAAAAAGGGCATACTCCAGACAGTCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTAGTGGATGAGCTAGTTAAGGTCATGGGACGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACAAACCGGAAAACATTGTAATCGAGATGGCACGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAAAATCAAACGACTCAGAAGGGGCAAAAAAACAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCGAGAGCGGATGAAGAGAATAGAAGAGGGTATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAACTGGGCAGCCAGATCTTAAAGGAGCATCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTGGAAAATACCCAATTGCAGAACGAGAAACTTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCTCTATTACCTACAAAATGGAAGGGACATGTATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGATCAGGAACTGGACATAAACCGTTTATCTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACGACGTCGATCACATTGTACCCCAATCCTTTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAAGGACGATTCAATCGACAATAAAGTGCTTACAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTCGGATAAGAACCGAGGGAAAAGTGACAATGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCAAGCGAGGAAGTCGTAAAGAAAATGAAGAACTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGGCGGCAGCTCCTAAATGCGAAACTGATAACGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAGAAAGTTCGATAACTTAACTAAAGCTGAGAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTGGCTTGTCTGAACTTGACAAGGCCGGATTTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAAACGTCAGCTCGTGGAAACCCGCGCCATCACAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGCATGTTGCGCAGATACTAGATTCCCGAATGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGAAATACGACGAGAACGATAAGCTGATTCGGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTCAAAGTAATCACTTTAAAGTCAAAATTGGTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGACTTCAGAAAGGATTTTCAATTCTATAAAGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGGAGATAAATAACTACCACCATGCGCACGACGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTATCTTAATGCCGTCGTAGGGACCGCACTCATTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAAATACCCGAAGCTAGAAAGTGAGTTTGTGTAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTGATTACAAAGTTTATGACGTCCGTAAGATGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGCGAAAAGCGAACAGGAGATAGGCAAGGCTACAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCAAATACTTCTTTTATTCTAACATTATGAATTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTTAAGACGGAAATCACTCTGGCAAACGGAGAGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGCAAACGACCTTTAATTGAAACCAATGGGGAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAGGTGAAATCGTATGGGATAAGGGCCGGGACTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCGACGGTGAGAAAAGTTTTGTCCATGCCCCAAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAACATAGTAAAGAAAACTGAGGTGCAGACCGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTTTTCAAAGGAATCGATTCTTCCAAAAAGGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTGATAAGCTCATCGCTCGTAAAAAGGACTGGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCGAAAAAGTACGGTGGCTTCGATAGCCCTACAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGCCTATTCTGTCCTAGTAGTGGCAAAAGTTGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGGAAAATCCAAGAAACTGAAGTCAGTCAAAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTATTGGGGATAACGATTATGGAGCGCTCGTCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGAAAAGAACCCCATCGACTTCCTTGAGGCGAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTTACAAGGAAGTAAAAAAGGATCTCATAATTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTACCAAAGTATAGTCTGTTTGAGTTAGAAAATG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCCGAAAACGGATGTTGGCTAGCGCCGGAGAGCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAAAGGGGAACGAACTCGCACTACCGTCTAAATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGTGAATTTCCTGTATTTAGCGTCCCATTACGAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTTGAAAGGTTCACCTGAAGATAACGAACAGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAACTTTTTGTTGAGCAGCACAAACATTATCTCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAAATCATAGAGCAAATTTCGGAATTCAGTAAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAGTCATCCTAGCTGATGCCAATCTGGACAAAGTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTAAGCGCATACAACAAGCACAGGGATAAACCCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGTGAGCAGGCGGAAAATATTATCCATTTGTTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCTTACCAACCTCGGCGCTCCAGCCGCATTCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATTTTGACACAACGATAGATCGCAAACGATACAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTACCAAGGAGGTGCTAGACGCGACACTGATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACCAATCCATCACGGGATTATATGAAACTCGGATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATTTGTCACAGCTTGGGGGTGACGGATCCCCCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCGACTAGAAAGACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCATGACATCGATTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGATGACGATGACAAGGCAAGCTTGCAGGATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCGGTCATCATCACCATCACCATTGAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 VSW-3 RNAP coding sequence 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 9 
               
               
                   
                 ATGAACCAGATCGAGCTAGAACAGGAAATGATTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGTGGCCGGGCGAAGATGTTCGGCTCATTCAATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCAACGAAGAGCAAGGAGCGGCGCACAACAACCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACGCCGCAGCGGTGTACCGGCGATTCGTGCAACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTGGCCGATCAAATCGACGCCTACTGCGGTGAGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCAAGCGCGGCGTGATGGCGGCAGGCAAAGCCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGCGCCCGCATGACCCGATGGTGTTGGCGTTCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACCGTTCGCATGGTCATGGACACCACGCTGCAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAAGGACAACGCACCAACCGCTGTGGCCCGAGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGGGCCAGAGCATCTACGGGGAGACTCTGCTCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAGTTTGAGCAGGTCGAACCCGACCTATACTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGCTGGTCAATGACTTTGAGCGGCGTATGACCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCGGAGCGGCACCGGCTGACGGTTTTCAAGATGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCCGAGAAGAACGGCGTACCGCTGCCTGTGTGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGCCAGAGGACAAGTTGGCCATCGGCACTATCTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCTACCTTGCCCGCGATGTCGGGCTGGTGGAGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CACAGAGGTGCGCAAGGGCAAGAAGACTGTGCGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTACAACATGACGCCGGATGTGGCGGGCATGCTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACAACATCAAGGACTTTGTGGCAGGGGCCAGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATGGTGCTGCCTTGTGTGGTGCCTCCGGTGCCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGACTGATGCCAACAACGGAGGATACCACACACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCATGCGCCGCATAAGCCCCTGCTGCATCCGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCGACCGCGAGTCGAAGACCTGACCGATGTACCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACATCCCGTTGCGTGCGCTCAACATCCTCCAGAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGCCCATGGCGCATCAATCGCATGGTGTTGGACGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTGGATCTGGTGGGCCAGCGGTTCGACGTGGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGTGCTGGCACAGGCCGAGCTGCCGAAGCCGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCGCTTCTGTGGCTGGACGATGTGCCGAAGGAAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AATGAACCCCGCGCAACTGGCCGAGTTCGGTGCGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGAAGATCGAGATGCGCGAGTGGTACACCGAGAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAGCAGGGGCGTGCAGTGGGGCCGGTACTATGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCGCTGCGAGTAGCCCGCAAGTTCAAGGACTTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGTTCTGGTTCGTGTACCAATACGACTACCGAGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAGCATATGCGAACACGAGGGGCGTTAGCCCGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGTTCAGATCTCCAGAAGGCGCTGCTTATGGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGTTGGCGTCCCAATCGCCGACGAACGAGCCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTGGTTCTACACAGCCGGAGCAAACCGGTTCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTACGACAAAGCCACACTGGCAGAGAGGTACGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGACTGTAGAACGCTCGGAAATGATCTGTGCTATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTGCCGATCCCGTAGCCAACAGGCAATGGACGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCGGACAACCCGTTCCAGTTTCTCGCATGGTGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCGAGTTCGCCCAGTACACGGCAATGCCCGAGAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCTTATCTCGCCTCGCTCTTGGACAGGATGGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGCAACGGGCTACAGCACTTCTCAGCGATGTTGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCGACGAAGTGGGTGGACTCGCGACCAACTTAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCTCTACAACGCAGCAGGACATCTATCGACTGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGCTGTGGAGACAACGCGGTTGTTACAAGCTATGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCACGAGAACTGCGAGTTCACGCTGAAGTGGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGCACAGCCTGTCCCGCGACTTAGTCAAACGAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGTTATGACTTTGCCGTATGGATCGACGAGGTTCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTTGTGCTGACTTCATCTACACCGAGTACATGGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGCACAAGGCGCCGGAGTTCGCCAAGGGCGACTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCAGAAGGCCGCTCGCTGGCTGAGCGTACCGGTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGGACGCAATCGGCAACGTAGTGGTCAAGGCAAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAGGCGATGGCATGGCTTCAGAACGCCTCTGACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTGATAGACGCCGGGATCGACGAGATCTACTGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGTCGCCAAGCGGATTCATGGTTCGGCAACGGTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCAAGGAAGAATTCGTTCTTGTCAAGACTCGATT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCTGGCGGAGTCAGAATTCGGCCAACCATCAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGAGCTAGAGGAACCATGCAAGCGCCGGCACCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AACGGGATAGCTCCCAACTTCGTTCACAGCCACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGCCGCGCACATGCACCTCCTGATCTGCGCCGCCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGATCATGGGCTGGGCCATCTGGCATTCATCCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACGACTACGGTACGACTGCGGATGGTACTGAAAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTCCACAAGCTCATCAGGGCGACGTTCGTTGCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTACGAGCAAGGGTGCCCATTGACCGCATTCCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACACATACGGCATCACAGAAGATCTCCCGGAACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGTGATCTCGACCTGAATCTGGTTCACGATTCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGTATTTCTTCGCCTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 sox7 RNA coding sequence 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 10 
               
               
                   
                 GGGAGACCCTCGAGGACAGATCGCCTGGAGACGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGAGCCGCCACCATGAAAAGGCCGGCGGCCACGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAAAGGCCGGCCAGGCAAAAAAGAAAAAGGGTTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGAGCTTCGCTGCTGGGAGCCTACCCTTGGCCCGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGGTCTCGAGTGCCCGGCCCTGGACGCCGAGCTGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGATGGACAATCGCCGCCGGCCGTCCCCCGGCCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCGGGGGACAAGGGCTCCGAGAGCCGTATCCGGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCCCATGAACGCCTTCATGGTTTGGGCCAAGGACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAGGAAACGGCTGGCAGTGCAGAACCCGGACCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CACAACGCCGAGCTCAGCAAGATGCTGGGAAAGTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTGGAAGGCGCTGACGCTGTCCCAGAAGAGGCCGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGTGGACGAGGCGGAGCGGCTGCGCCTGCAGCAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGCAGGACTACCCCAACTACAAGTACCGGCCGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAGGAAGAAGCAGGCCAAGCGGCTGTGCAAGCGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGACCCGGGCTTCCTTCTGAGCTCCCTCTCCCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACCAGAACGCCCTGCCGGAGAAGAGAAGCGGCAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCGGGGGGCGCTGGGGGAGAAGGAGGACAGGGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTACTCCCCCGGCACTGCCCTGCCCAGCCTCCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCTGCTACCACGAGGGGCCGGCTGGTGGTGGCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGCGGCACCCCGAGCAGTGTGGACACGTACCCGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGGGCTGCCCACACCTCCTGAAATGTCTCCCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACGTGCTGGAGCCGGAGCAGACCTTCTTCTCCTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCCTGCCAGGAGGAGCATGGCCATCCCCGCCGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCCCCACCTGCCAGGGCACCCGTACTCACCGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TACGCCCCAAGCCCTCTCCACTGTAGCCACCCCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGGCTCCCTGGCCCTTGGCCAGTCCCCCGGCGTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCATGATGTCCCCTGTACCCGGCTGTCCCCCATCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCTGCCTATTACTCCCCGGCCACCTACCACCCACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCACTCCAACCTCCAAGCCCACCTGGGCCAGCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCCCGCCTCCTGAGCACCCTGGCTTCGACGCCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATCAACTGAGCCAGGTGGAACTCCTGGGGGACAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGATCGCAATGAATTCGACCAGTATTTGAACACTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGGCCACCCAGACTCCGCCACAGGGGCCATGGCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCAGTGGGCATGTTCCGGTCTCCCAGGTGACACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AACGGGTCCCACAGAGACCAGCCTCATCTCCGTCC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGCTGATGCCACGGCCACGTACTACAACAGCTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTGTGTCAGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCGAGCGACTAGAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGATCATGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAGGCAAGCTTGCAGGATGACCGGTCATCATCACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCACCATTGAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 Tpase RNA coding sequence 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 11 
               
               
                   
                 GGGAGAGCCGCCACCATGGAGGAAGTATGTGATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATCAGCAGCTGCGAGCAGCACAGTCCAAAATCAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CACAGGATCAAGAGCACCCGTGGCCGTATCTTCGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAATTCTTTTCTTTAAGTGGTGTAAATAAAGATTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTCAAGATGAAATGTGTCCTCTGTCTCCCGCTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATAAAGAAATATCGGCCTTCAAAAGTTCGCCATCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AACCTAAGGAAGCATATTGAGAGAATGCACCCAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTACCTCAAAAACTACTCTAAATTGACAGCACAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGAGAAAGATCGGGACCTCCACCCATGCTTCCAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGTAAGCAACTGAAAGTTGACTCAGTTTTCCCAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAACATGTGTCTCCAGTCACTGTGAACAAAGCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TATTAAGGTACATCATTCAAGGACTTCATCCTTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGCACTGTTGATCTGCCATCATTTAAAGAGCTGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TAGTACACTGCAGCCTGGCATTTCTGTCATTACAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCCTACTTTACGCTCCAAGATAGCTGAAGCTGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTGATCATGAAACAGAAAGTGACTGCTGCCATGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGAAGTTGAATGGATTGCAACCACAACGGATTGTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGACTGCACGTAGAAAGTCATTCATTGGTGTAACT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTCACTGGATCAACCCTGGAAGTCTTGAAAGACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTCCGCTGCACTTGCCTGCAAAAGATTAATGGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTCATACTTTTGAGGTACTGGCCAGTGCCATGAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATATCCACTCAGAGTATGAAATACGTGACAAGGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGTTTGCACAACCACAGACAGTGGTTCCAACTTTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGAAGGCTTTCAGAGTTTTTGGTGTGGAAAACAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GATATCGAGACTGAGGCAAGAAGGTGTGAAAGTGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGACACTGATTCTGAAGGCTGTGGTGAGGGAAGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATGGTGTGGAATTCCAAGATGCCTCACGAGTCCTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACCAAGACGATGGCTTCGAATTCCAGCTACCAAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACATCAAAAGTGTGCCTGTCACTTACTTAACCTAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTCAAGCGTTGATGCCCAAAAAGCTCTCTCAAAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAACACTACAAGAAACTCTACAGATCTGTCTTTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAAATGCCAAGCTTTATGGAATAAAAGCAGCCGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGCTCTAGCAGCTGAAGCTGTTGAATCAGAAAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGCTTCAGCTTTTAAGGCCAAACCAAACGCGGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAATTCAACTTTTATGGCTGTTGACAGAATTCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AAATTTGCAAAGAAGCAGGAGAAGGCGCACTTCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AATATATGCACCTCTCTTGAGGTTCCAATGTTTAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCCAGCAGAAATGCTGTTCTTGACAGAGTGGGCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACACAATGCGTCCAGTTGCAAAAGTACTCGACATC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGCAAGCGGAAACGAATACACAGCTGGGGTGGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTGCCTAGTGTCCATCAGTTAAGCTTGAAACTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGCGACTCCACCATTCTCTCAGGTACTGTGACCCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTGTGGATGCCCTACAACAAGGAATCCAAACACG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ATTCAAGCATATGTTTGAAGATCCTGAGATCATAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAGCTGCCATCCTTCTCCCTAAATTTCGGACCTCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGACAAATGATGAAACCATCATAAAACGAGGCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGACTACATCAGAGTGCATCTGGAGCCTTTGGACC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACAAGAAGGAATTGGCCAACAGTTCATCTGATGAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAAGATTTTTTCGCTTCTTTGAAACCGACAACACA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGAAGCCAGCAAAGAGTTGGATGGATATCTGGCCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTGTTTCAGACACCAGGGAGTCTCTGCTCACGTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCTGCTATTTGCAGCCTCTCTATCAAGACTAATAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACCTCTTCCCGCATCGGCTGCCTGTGAGAGGCTTT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCAGCACTGCAGGATTGCTTTTCAGCCCCAAAAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTAGGCTTGACACTAACAATTTTGAGAATCAGCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCTACTGAAGTTAAATCTGAGGTTTTACAACTTTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 AGGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACTAGAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGGCAA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTTGCAGGATGACCGGTCATCATCACCATCACCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TTGAGT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 copGFP RNA coding sequence 
               
               
                   
                 SEQ ID NO: 12 
               
               
                   
                 GGGAGAGCCGCCACCATGGAGAGCGACGAGAGCGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCTGCCCGCCATGGAGATCGAGTGCCGCATCACCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCACCCTGAACGGCGTGGAGTTCGAGCTGGTGGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCGGAGAGGGCACCCCCAAGCAGGGCCGCATGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CAACAAGATGAAGAGCACCAAAGGCGCCCTGACCT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TCAGCCCCTACCTGCTGAGCCACGTGATGGGCTAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCTTCTACCACTTCGGCACCTACCCCAGCGGCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAGAACCCCTTCCTGCACGCCATCAACAACGGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCTACACCAACACCCGCATCGAGAAGTACGAGGAC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCGGCGTGCTGCACGTGAGCTTCAGCTACCGCTA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGAGGCCGGCCGCGTGATCGGCGACTTCAAGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGGGCACCGGCTTCCCCGAGGACAGCGTGATCTTC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACCGACAAGATCATCCGCAGCAACGCCACCGTGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCACCTGCACCCCATGGGCGATAACGTGCTGGTGG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GCAGCTTCGCCCGCACCTTCAGCCTGCGCGACGGC 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GGCTACTACAGCTTCGTGGTGGACAGCCACATGCA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTCAAGAGCGCCATCCACCCCAGCATCCTGCAGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACGGGGGCCCCATGTTCGCCTTCCGCCGCGTGGAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GAGCTGCACAGCAACACCGAGCTGGGCATCGTGGA 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GTACCAGCACGCCTTCAAGACCCCCATCGCCTTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CCAGATCCCGCGCTCAGTCGTCCAATTCTGCCGTG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACGGCACCGCCGGACCCGGCTCCACCGGATCTCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CGGATCCCCCAAGAAGAAGAGGAAAGTCTCGAGCG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 ACTAGAAAGACCATGACGGTGATTATAAAGATCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 GACATCGATTACAAGGATGACGATGACAAGGCAAG 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 CTTGCAGGATGACCGGTCATCATCACCATCACCAT 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                 TGAGT