Patent Publication Number: US-2016248757-A1

Title: Method and apparatus for multi-domain authentication

Description:
CLAIM OF PRIORITY 
     This application claims priority to Provisional U.S. Patent App. No. 61/441,957, filed on May 3, 2012, entitled “System and Method for Multi-Domain Authentication,” by Williams et al., which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. 
    
    
     COPYRIGHT NOTICE 
     A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present disclosure relates generally to on-demand services provided over a data network such as the Internet, and more specifically to user authentication across multiple domains. 
     BACKGROUND 
     The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also be inventions. 
     It is not uncommon for a website owner to change and update web domains. For example, after Jigsaw Data Corporation was acquired by salesforce.com, inc., it was renamed data.com. As a result, users that previously had accounts accessible on jigsaw.com, now have their accounts accessible through the data.com website. While redirecting from one URL to another URL (or one domain to another domain) may be used, this does not completely preserve stringent authentication protocols, which are necessary to ensure security and trust. 
     In some cases, network service providers use different domains for different services. However, authentication is not always maintained throughout all of the domains. For example, some network service providers provide access to data using a first set of applications, access rights and a first user experience but provide a second domain that provides different applications, access rights and user experience for the same data. As a result, a user may wish to access the data from both sites, depending on what the user intends to do with the data or on preference. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY 
     A method and apparatus for multi-domain authentication is described. In one example, credentials are received for a user accessing a first domain. User access to the first domain and a second domain is confirmed. A token is created for access to the second domain and the is provided with access to the second domain. 
     While one or more implementations and techniques are described with reference to an embodiment in which protecting against attacks from outside content is implemented in a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database service capable of supporting multiple tenants, the one or more implementations and techniques are not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Embodiments may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the embodiments claimed. 
     Any of the above embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. The one or more implementations encompassed within this specification may also include embodiments that are only partially mentioned or alluded to or are not mentioned or alluded to at all in this brief summary or in the abstract. Although various embodiments may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the embodiments do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodiments may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The included drawings are for illustrative purposes and serve only to provide examples of possible structures and process steps for the disclosed techniques for integrating on-demand applications and remote jobs. These drawings in no way limit any changes in form and detail that may be made to implementations by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  is a simplified block level diagram of components and operations for multi-domain authentication in accordance with one implementation. 
         FIG. 2A  is a process flow diagram of multi-domain authentication in accordance with one implementation. 
         FIG. 2B  is a process flow diagram of multi-domain authentication in accordance with a second implementation. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a representative system for multi-domain authentication in accordance with one implementation; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of an example of an environment wherein multi-domain authentication might be used; and 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of elements of  FIG. 4  and various possible interconnections between these elements. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     General Overview 
     Applications of systems and methods according to one or more implementations are described in this section. These examples are being provided solely to add context and aid in the understanding of the present disclosure. It will thus be apparent to one skilled in the art that the techniques described herein may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps have not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Other applications are possible, such that the following examples should not be taken as definitive or limiting either in scope or setting. 
     As used herein, the term “multi-tenant database system” refers to those systems in which various elements of hardware and software of the database system may be shared by one or more customers. For example, a given application server may simultaneously process requests for a great number of customers, and a given database table may store rows for a potentially much greater number of customers. 
     The disclosed implementations provide for multi-domain authentication in an on-demand computing services environment. The authentication procedures may include computing tasks configured to be executed locally within the on-demand computing services environment or remotely at computing systems located outside at least a portion of the on-demand computing services environment. 
       FIG. 1  is a flow diagram of an implementation. As  FIG. 1  illustrates, when a user logs into a first domain (“jigsaw.com,” “Classic Page,” or “Classic”), the user may be presented with a link that when clicked, causes creation of a Guid authentication token, which is inserted into a database (“DB”) and forwards the user to the second domain (“JDP”). The second domain will access the database to obtain the Guid, and then automatically logs the user into the second domain. This authentication process may be two-way, i.e., a user logging into the second domain may also access the first domain. In this fashion, during migration from a first domain to a second domain, a user may be able to seamlessly access data through both domains without requiring additional authentication. 
     In particular as shown in  FIG. 1 , at  110  the user has logged in to a first domain e.g. www.jigsaw.com. The user clicks on a redirection link to be redirected to the second domain, e.g. www.jigsaw.data.com (referred to herein as Jdp). The user may have been using a web application on the first domain or any other features of the first domain or the user may be simply using the first page for login and the redirection link. 
     As a result, at  120  the Classic Page at www.jigsaw.com takes a re direct action. The redirect action includes creating a new GUID (Globally Unique Identifier), for example a random or pseudo-random number and storing the GUID in a database. The GUID is also forwarded to the Jdp domain. 
     At  130  the Jdp domain then receives the redirect action as a request object from the Classic Page. It reads the GUID from the request object and, for security, marks it as consumed. It also automatically logs the user in to its own web application. 
     Process Description 
     In an implementation, use of a DB (database) may require creation of a new database or a new row in an existing database. Alternatively, any other storage file system may be used, such as distributed key-value storage, relational database, and other storage systems. The DB may require new fields in order to include the new token or authentication information, e.g. (id, user_id, the key for the row; token_id, the GUID or unique token for redirection; is_consumed, a yes or no to indicate whether the token_id has been used; and create_ts, a time stamp to indicate when the token_id was created) for single sign-on (“SSO”). In an implementation, when a token is generated, some unique information may need to be saved or created, e.g., a server-side IP address, in order to prevent someone from hijacking or otherwise taking another user&#39;s authentication credentials. In an implementation, the authentication token is single-use only and consumed after each use, thereby increasing security and preventing unauthorized access to the second domain. In an implementation, the authentication token may only be valid for a configurable time period, e.g., 1 minute. 
     Other techniques may be used in order to maintain security. For example, with respect to the re-direction action, one or more of the following may be implemented: 
     a. HTTP Secure (https://) only (e.g., https:// . . . /SSORedirect.xhtml, a unique secure URL (Uniform Resource Locator) for single sign on redirection). 
     b. Check to ensure a user with sufficient privileges is in fact logged in to the first domain (e.g., SQL (Structured Query Language) to verify a user has access or not: select * from user_has_role where user_id=&lt;id&gt; and role_id=5). 
     c. Check to see if the logged in user has an unconsumed and/or unexpired token, and if so, use the token. 
     d. HTTP Secure re-direction to the second domain using a hash and/or token. 
     With respect to receiving the authentication token at the second domain, one or more of the following may be implemented: 
     a. HTTP Secure (e.g., https:// . . . /SSOReceive.xhtml?t= . . . &amp;h= . . . where t=sso token and h=sha-256 hash of (uid+token), a unique secure URL to receive the single sign on redirections and hash a user ID with the token or GUID). 
     b. At the second domain, also using HTTP Secure (e.g., https:// . . . /sso/receive?t= . . . &amp;h= . . . where t=sso token and h=sha-256 hash of (uid+token). 
     c. Token and/or hash validation. 
     d. Make sure token is not consumed and expired (&lt;1 minute old, db time). 
     e. If token is valid, then consume token, log in automatically (if not already logged in), then in a non-limiting example where the first domain is classic and the second domain is jdp, setting “classic-jdp-sso”, true in http session. 
     With respect to logging a user out, one or more of the following may be implemented: 
     a. Logout user from current site (first domain or second domain, depending upon where the user is currently active). 
     b. Make sure the flag (classic-jdp-sso) is clear before redirecting. 
     c. If “classic-jdp-sso” is set to “true”, then redirect to second domain&#39;s logout action. 
     d. JDP (second domain) will call https://&lt;jigsaw classic site&gt;/Logout.xhtml (a secure URL at the first domain for logout). 
     e. Classic (first domain) will call https://&lt;jdp web&gt;/logout (a secure URL at the second domain for logout). 
     In the described examples, the first domain (Classic page) starts as a user landing domain. Login, access privileges, and secure data are all served from this domain. A second domain (Jdp) may also be used as a user landing domain and serve login, access privileges, and secure data. Either domain may provide a redirect to the other domain. The difference between the two domains may be in the user experience, the application structure, or in any other desired aspect of the two domains. In the jigsaw example, the first domain provides a “classic” or earlier user experience and the second domain provides a new, updated user experience. Both domains provide access to the same database. However the invention is not so limited. The two different domains may be used to provide personalized experiences to particular user groups, to provide more basic and more advance experiences, or to put different functions and data in the forefront of the experience to suit different user needs. 
     Process Flow 
     The framework above can be described in the context of a process flow as shown in  FIG. 2A . At  210 , a user sends a page request to a first domain. This page request may be received by an application server, a servlet or any other aspect of a web server at the first domain. At  212 , the user presents credentials to the first domain. In some embodiments this is done when the user logs in to a session at the first domain. This log in can be automated or manual. Instead of a login, any other method of authentication can be used. After logging in, the framework can employ any of a variety of other processes to certify the authentication and to obtain privileges, rights, subscription status and any other information and validation that may be desired. In addition, a session is started based on the login. This may involve sending session cookies, establishing and applying security settings, configuring a VPN (Virtual Private Network) or any other operations that may be desired. 
     At  214 , the user requests redirection from the first domain to a second domain. This may be done for example, by clicking on a link, requesting a service not available on the first domain, presenting a particular unique request or in any of a variety of other ways. The redirection request triggers a set of redirection actions by an application server or other component of the first domain. While the present description is presented in the context of a first domain and a second domain, the terms first and second are used only to identify one or the other of the two domains. The first domain is not first in any particular characteristic except that the described processes begin at the first domain. 
     At  216 , the servlet at the first domain generates a session token. The token may be in the form of a GUID, a single sign on token, or any other type of identifier. The token may be a sequential number, a pseudorandom number or any of a variety of other types of tokens. Before generating the session token, the servlet may first check to make sure that the primary session from  212  is valid. The primary session may be invalid because of an error in the login process or because of time elapsing since authentication with the first domain. In that case, a valid session may have timed out. If there is no valid primary session then the user may be redirected to a log in screen or box to re-authenticate with the first domain. Alternatively, as with the original login, the login may be performed in another way. 
     The session token is stored at  218  in a shared database, i.e. a database that can be accessed by the first and second domains. As mentioned above the first domain application server may optionally at  218   a  generate an entire new row or in the shared database or provide new entries in existing fields. Some of the fields that may be used together with the token in the shared database include an identification of the user, a timestamp for the token to time out, a server-side IP address, a flag for whether the token is consumed, a session variable, and other fields. The user ID may be used not only to link the token to a particular user but also to connect the token to other attributes of the user, such as access privileges, account status, and other attributes. 
     At  218 , the token and the redirect URL to the second domain are sent to the user. The user uses this information to send a page request to the redirect URL at  222 . The token may be sent using a cookie that the user then sends to the redirect URL in a page request or in response to a request for the cookie from an application server at the second domain. 
     Having received the page request, the second domain is able to respond in a variety of different ways. In some embodiments, the second domain authenticates the user to the second domain without any further action from the user. The user is then provided with a seamless transition from the one domain to the other without compromising the security of either domain. Before authenticating the user to the second domain using the received token, a variety of different optional checks may be performed. A variety of different or additional approaches may be applied depending on the particular implementation. If any one or more of the checks cause the authentication at the second domain to fail, the application server at the second domain may simply require the user to authenticate separately for the second domain. As an alternative, the user may be redirected back to the first domain to first re-authenticate and the redirection to the second domain may be reattempted. 
     At  220   a , the second domain optionally checks to determine whether the user&#39;s session with the first domain is valid. This may be done, for example, by checking the shared database for a session cookie with the first domain. If a session cookie is found, then the authentication can be continued. If there is no valid session cookie, then the framework may reject the request or redirect the user back to the first domain to re-authenticate. 
     At  220   b , the second domain may optionally retrieve user permissions to determine whether the user has sufficient privileges to access data using the second domain. If the user&#39;s privileges are not sufficient for the second domain, then the authentication may be denied. The retrieved user privileges may also be used to control the user experience after authentication to the second domain. 
     At  220   c , the application server optionally checks to determine whether the provided token has already been consumed. For a single sign-on token, there may be a flag set in the shared database indicating whether the token has already been used to authenticate the user to the same or another domain. In another embodiment, the token entry may be removed after it has once been consumed indicating that it is no longer available for use. By limiting the use of the token, it cannot be used by an attacker after it has already been used once by the user. 
     At  220   d , the application server optionally checks to determine whether the token has expired. This may be determined using a time stamp stored in the shared database or using a function included in the token or a hash value. If the token is being for a single redirect request, then it should be consumed within a minute or two. A request that comes after more than a minute or two suggests that the request is suspicious. 
     Before or after one or more of the above checks the application at the second domain may process the receive token. At  224 , the application server compares the received token to the token stored in the shared database. If there is not a match, then the automatic authentication is rejected. The user must either log in manually or re-authenticate to the first domain. If there is a match, then the user can be logged into the second domain without any direct action by the user. The user may then be provided with access to the second domain through the application server to perform any actions supported by the second domain without separately logging into the second domain. 
     To compare the token additional safeguards may optionally be taken. In a simple embodiment, the second domain receives the token from the user embedded in a cookie. The second domain servlet extracts the token and compares it to the stored token for a direct match. In another example, the user receives the token from the first domain but then hashes it with its user ID. This ID may be known to the user or sent to the user from the first or the second domain. The user then sends the hashed token an user ID to the second domain. The second domain takes the token and user ID from the shared database, hashes them and compare the result to that received from the user. Alternatively, the token may be hashed with other values or combined with other data, such as time stamps, or other authentication values. 
     As described above, the token may be hashed with a secure hash algorithm, such as one of the SHA-2 cryptographic hash functions. sha-256 or any other hash or combination function may be used. 
     For additional security or data management, the second domain servlet may optionally perform additional functions after-authenticating the user to the second domain. At  226   a , the token is optionally consumed. This prevents any other user, such as an attacker, from using the same token. At  226   b , a session variable for the session with the second domain may be set as true. Session cookies may be provided to the user together with any other desired session management functions and processes. 
     At  228 , the user has finished the session and is ready to log out. The user sends a logout request to the second or first domain application server. Upon receiving the logout request, the corresponding servlet logs the user out at the corresponding domain at  230 . At  232  if the session is still valid on the first domain, then the user may be redirected to the first domain. This allows the user to perform any desired transactions at the other domain before logging out. Otherwise the user remains logged out of both domains. Alternatively, the servlet at the logged out domain may log the user out from the other domain without any direct user action. The sessions may also have a timeout feature that operates after some period of user inactivity. Typically, if the user selects redirection to the second domain, then the user will become inactive on the first domain and the session with the first domain will automatically time out. In such an embodiment, the user need only log out of the second domain. 
     The framework above can alternatively be described in the context of a process flow as shown in  FIG. 2B . According to this alternative presentation at  260 , user credential are received at a first domain. The credentials may be received in the form of a login request or any other form. They may be received by any authentication component of or accessible by the first domain. 
     At  262 , a redirection request is received at the first domain. The redirection request is for a redirection to a second domain. In the example above, the first and second domain share access to a shared database, however the invention is not so limited. 
     At  264 , the requesting user is redirected to the second domain and at  266  a token is generated for the redirected user. This token may be generated by a servlet at the first domain, however, the invention is not so limited. The token is sent to the user at  268  and it is stored in a location accessible to the second domain. Alternatively, the token may be sent to the second domain. 
     At  270 , the second domain receives the redirect request and receives the token. The token may be a part of the redirect request or sent separately. The token is assessed at  272  to determine whether it can provide authentication for the user. This may be done by comparing the token or a value derived from or using the token to the stored or separately received token. The token, user identifications, and other authentication credentials may be encrypted using any of a variety of different encryption approaches. If the token is assessed to be reliable or trusted, then the user may be authenticated to the second domain. 
     More or fewer operations may be performed in the examples of  FIGS. 2A and 2B . The order of many of the operations may be changed and the entities or components described as performing one or more tasks may be changed, depending on the particular implementation. While the methods described herein provide some security for authenticating the user to multiple domains, additional security measures may be added to any one or more of the operations. 
     System Description 
       FIG. 3  illustrates a simplified block diagram of a content delivery system. A customer, user, or client has a user terminal which may be fixed or mobile, that supports a client terminal interface  301 . In the illustrated example, the interface is a generic web browser, however, a specialized application may be used instead of a web browser depending on the particular implementation. Using the web browser or other interface, the user may upload and download content from a remote database and from many different locations. The first client terminal interface  301  has access to the cloud  303 . Additional client browsers  302 ,  304  also have access to the cloud. While three are shown, there may be many thousands or more. The cloud  303  represents any number of direct or indirect, wired or wireless connections. 
     The client browser  301  is connected through the cloud  303  or through a local area, metropolitan area, or wide area network to a plurality of different domains  306 ,  346 , of which two are shown. The first domain includes an application server  305 . The application server serves applications to the client browser through the cloud to provide access to a tenant database  307 . While in the present example, the tenant database is a multi-tenant database, the database may be for a single tenant or for one or more entities within a greater structural umbrella. 
     Within the client browsers, in addition to a display  311 , and a user interface  313 , there is a cookie storage area  315  and a login and authentication module  317 . The cookie storage works with the authentication to track sessions and may also be used to store authentication credentials for the user. 
     The application server  305  of the first domain  306  includes applets and servlets  321  in addition to applications. A session authentication servlet includes cookie storage  323  or access to cookie storage. The application server also includes authentication and privileges  325  coupled to the servlet to track credentials and privileges for each of its users. The application server acts as an interface between the client browser and the tenant databases  307 . 
     A second application server  347  of a second domain  346  includes applets and servlets  341  in addition to applications. The application server also includes authentication and privileges  345  coupled to the servlet to track credentials and privileges for each of its users. This application server also acts as an interface between the client browser and the same tenant databases  307  as the application server of the first domain. 
     The tenant databases include a database  331  for shared data and additional databases  335  for other domains, other tenants, and other data. This is shown as a single additional database, however, there may be many databases to provide these additional components to the system. While the tenant database  207  is shown as being constructed from multiple databases, there may be a single database with all of the data separated into multiple tables or domains. 
     In the illustrated example, the shared database contains client data  337  which the client can access through the client browser  301 . It also contains user token storage  339  for storing the temporary authentication tokens described above. As described above, the client begins by seeking information from the first domain, but if redirected to the second domain, then client data is stored in the user token storage by the first domain. The second domain can then access this data in the shared database and compare it to the data received from the client to authenticate the client on the second domain. The data received from the client may be in the form of a cookie received from the first domain. 
       FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of an environment  610  wherein an on-demand database service might be used, in accordance with one implementation. 
     Environment  610  includes an on-demand database service  616 . User system  612  may be any machine or system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For example, any of user systems  612  can be a handheld computing device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a network of computing devices. As illustrated in  FIGS. 4 and 5 , user systems  612  might interact via a network  614  with the on-demand database service  616 . 
     An on-demand database service, such as system  616 , is a database system that is made available to outside users that do not need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining the database system, but instead may be available for their use when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the users). Some on-demand database services may store information from one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). 
     Accordingly, “on-demand database service  616 ” and “system  616 ” will be used interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more database objects. A relational database management system (RDBMS) or the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information against the database object(s). Application platform  618  may be a framework that allows the applications of system  616  to run, such as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an implementation, on-demand database service  616  may include an application platform  618  that enables creation, managing and executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the on-demand database service, users accessing the on-demand database service via user systems  612 , or third party application developers accessing the on-demand database service via user systems  612 . 
     One arrangement for elements of system  616  is shown in  FIG. 4 , including a network interface  620 , application platform  618 , tenant data storage  622  for tenant data  623 , system data storage  624  for system data  625  accessible to system  616  and possibly multiple tenants, program code  626  for implementing various functions of system  616 , and a process space  628  for executing MTS system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional processes that may execute on system  616  include database indexing processes. 
     The users of user systems  612  may differ in their respective capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system  612  might be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the current user. For example, where a call center agent is using a particular user system  612  to interact with system  616 , the user system  612  has the capacities allotted to that call center agent. However, while an administrator is using that user system to interact with system  616 , that user system has the capacities allotted to that administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at one permission level may have access to applications, data, and database information accessible by a lower permission level user, but may not have access to certain applications, database information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission level. Thus, different users may have different capabilities with regard to accessing and modifying application and database information, depending on a user&#39;s security or permission level. 
     Network  614  is any network or combination of networks of devices that communicate with one another. For example, network  614  can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network, point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network (e.g., the Internet), that network will be used in many of the examples herein. However, it should be understood that the networks used in some implementations are not so limited, although TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol. 
     User systems  612  might communicate with system  616  using TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an example where HTTP is used, user system  612  might include an HTTP client commonly referred to as a “browser” for sending and receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system  616 . Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network interface between system  616  and network  614 , but other techniques might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the interface between system  616  and network  614  includes load sharing functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the MTS&#39; data; however, other alternative configurations may be used instead. 
     In one implementation, system  616 , shown in  FIG. 4 , implements a web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For example, in one implementation, system  616  includes application servers configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as well as provide related data, code, forms, web pages and other information to and from user systems  612  and to store to, and retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may be stored in the same physical database object, however, tenant data typically is arranged so that data of one tenant is kept logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant does not have access to another tenant&#39;s data, unless such data is expressly shared. In certain implementations, system  616  implements applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For example, system  616  may provide tenant access to multiple hosted (standard and custom) applications. User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not include CRM, may be supported by the application platform  618 , which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or more database objects and executing of the applications in a virtual machine in the process space of the system  616 . 
     Each user system  612  could include a desktop personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to the Internet or other network connection. User system  612  typically runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft&#39;s Internet Explorer® browser, Mozilla&#39;s Firefox® browser, Opera&#39;s browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g., subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system  612  to access, process and view information, pages and applications available to it from system  616  over network  614 . 
     Each user system  612  also typically includes one or more user interface devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen, pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface (GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen, LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications and other information provided by system  616  or other systems or servers. For example, the user interface device can be used to access data and applications hosted by system  616 , and to perform searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As discussed above, implementations are suitable for use with the Internet, which refers to a specific global internetwork of networks. However, it should be understood that other networks can be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any LAN or WAN or the like. 
     According to one implementation, each user system  612  and all of its components are operator configurable using applications, such as a browser, including computer code run using a central processing unit such as an Intel Pentium® processor or the like. Similarly, system  616  (and additional instances of an MTS, where more than one is present) and all of their components might be operator configurable using application(s) including computer code to run using a central processing unit such as processor system  617 , which may include an Intel Pentium® processor or the like, and/or multiple processor units. 
     A computer program product implementation includes a machine-readable storage medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the processes of the implementations described herein. Computer code for operating and configuring system  616  to intercommunicate and to process web pages, applications and other data and media content as described herein are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device, such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk (CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof, may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another server, or transmitted over any other conventional network connection (e.g., extranet, VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.). It will also be appreciated that computer code for implementing implementations can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java™ JavaScript®, ActiveX®, any other scripting language, such as VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known may be used. (Java™ is a trademark of Sun Microsystems®, Inc.). 
     According to one implementation, each system  616  is configured to provide web pages, forms, applications, data and media content to user (client) systems  612  to support the access by user systems  612  as tenants of system  616 . As such, system  616  provides security mechanisms to keep each tenant&#39;s data separate unless the data is shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each MTS could include logically and/or physically connected servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic locations. Additionally, the term “server” is meant to include a computer system, including processing hardware and process space(s), and an associated storage system and database application (e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. 
     It should also be understood that “server system” and “server” are often used interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc., and might include a distributed database or storage network and associated processing intelligence. 
       FIG. 5  also shows a block diagram of environment  610  further illustrating system  616  and various interconnections, in accordance with one implementation.  FIG. 5  shows that user system  612  may include processor system  612 A, memory system  612 B, input system  612 C, and output system  612 D.  FIG. 5  shows network  614  and system  616 .  FIG. 5  also shows that system  616  may include tenant data storage  622 , tenant data  623 , system data storage  624 , system data  625 , User Interface (UI)  730 , Application Program Interface (API)  732 , PL/SOQL  734 , save routines  736 , application setup mechanism  738 , applications servers  7001 - 700 N, system process space  702 , tenant process spaces  704 , tenant management process space  710 , tenant storage area  712 , user storage  714 , and application metadata  716 . In other implementations, environment  610  may not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above. 
     User system  612 , network  614 , system  616 , tenant data storage  622 , and system data storage  624  were discussed above in  FIG. 4 . Regarding user system  612 , processor system  612 A may be any combination of processors. Memory system  612 B may be any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or long term memory. Input system  612 C may be any combination of input devices, such as keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners, cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system  612 D may be any combination of output devices, such as monitors, printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by  FIG. 5 , system  616  may include a network interface  620  (of  FIG. 4 ) implemented as a set of HTTP application servers  700 , an application platform  618 , tenant data storage  622 , and system data storage  624 . Also shown is system process space  702 , including individual tenant process spaces  704  and a tenant management process space  710 . Each application server  700  may be configured to tenant data storage  622  and the tenant data  623  therein, and system data storage  624  and the system data  625  therein to serve requests of user systems  612 . The tenant data  623  might be divided into individual tenant storage areas  712 , which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage area  712 , user storage  714  and application metadata  716  might be similarly allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user&#39;s most recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage  714 . Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a tenant might be stored to tenant storage area  712 . A UI  730  provides a user interface and an API  732  provides an application programmer interface to system  616  resident processes to users and/or developers at user systems  612 . The tenant data and the system data may be stored in various databases, such as Oracle™ databases. 
     Application platform  618  includes an application setup mechanism  738  that supports application developers&#39; creation and management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into tenant data storage  622  by save routines  736  for execution by subscribers as tenant process spaces  704  managed by tenant management process  710  for example. Invocations to such applications may be coded using PL/SOQL  34  that provides a programming language style interface extension to API  732 . A detailed description of some PL/SOQL language implementations is discussed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,730,478, titled METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ALLOWING ACCESS TO DEVELOPED APPLICATIONS VIA A MULTI-TENANT ON-DEMAND DATABASE SERVICE, by Craig Weissman, filed Sep. 21, 2007, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be detected by system processes, which manage retrieving application metadata  716  for the subscriber making the invocation and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual machine. 
     Each application server  700  may be communicably coupled to database systems, e.g., having access to system data  625  and tenant data  623 , via a different network connection. For example, one application server  700   1  might be coupled via the network  614  (e.g., the Internet), another application server  700 -N- 1  might be coupled via a direct network link, and another application server  700  N might be coupled by yet a different network connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between application servers  700  and the database system. However, other transport protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the network interconnect used. 
     In certain implementations, each application server  700  is configured to handle requests for any user associated with any organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a user and/or organization to a specific application server  700 . In one implementation, therefore, an interface system implementing a load balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is communicably coupled between the application servers  700  and the user systems  612  to distribute requests to the application servers  700 . In one implementation, the load balancer uses a least connections algorithm to route user requests to the application servers  700 . Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in certain implementations, three consecutive requests from the same user could hit three different application servers  700 , and three requests from different users could hit the same application server  700 . In this manner, system  616  is multi-tenant, wherein system  616  handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and applications across disparate users and organizations. 
     As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that employs a sales force where each call center agent uses system  616  to manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user&#39;s personal sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage  622 ). In an example of a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a call center agent is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet access in their lobby, the call center agent can obtain critical updates as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the lobby. 
     While each user&#39;s data might be separate from other users&#39; data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant. Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system  616  that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should have security protocols that keep data, applications, and application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy, up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and tenant specific data, system  616  might also maintain system level data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like that are sharable among tenants. 
     In certain implementations, user systems  612  (which may be client machines/systems) communicate with application servers  700  to request and update system-level and tenant-level data from system  616  that may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage  622  and/or system data storage  624 . System  616  (e.g., an application server  700  in system  616 ) automatically generates one or more SQL statements (e.g., SQL queries) that are designed to access the desired information. System data storage  624  may generate query plans to access the requested data from the database. 
     Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted into predefined categories. A “table” is one representation of a data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual description of objects and custom objects according to some implementations. It should be understood that “table” and “object” may be used interchangeably herein. Each table generally contains one or more data categories logically arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or record of a table contains an instance of data for each category defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc. Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications, such standard entities might include tables for account, contact, lead, and opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It should be understood that the word “entity” may also be used interchangeably herein with “object” and “table”. 
     In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields. U.S. Pat. No. 7,779,039, titled CUSTOM ENTITIES AND FIELDS IN A MULTI-TENANT DATABASE SYSTEM, by Weissman, et al., and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes, teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In some implementations, for example, all custom entity data rows are stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain multiple logical tables per organization. In some implementations, multiple “tables” for a single customer may actually be stored in one large table and/or in the same table as the data of other customers. 
     These and other aspects of the disclosure may be implemented by various types of hardware, software, firmware, etc. For example, some features of the disclosure may be implemented, at least in part, by machine-readable media that include program instructions, state information, etc., for performing various operations described herein. Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher-level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter. Examples of machine-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (“ROM”) and random access memory (“RAM”). 
     While one or more implementations and techniques are described with reference to an implementation in which a service cloud console is implemented in a system having an application server providing a front end for an on-demand database service capable of supporting multiple tenants, the one or more implementations and techniques are not limited to multi-tenant databases nor deployment on application servers. Implementations may be practiced using other database architectures, i.e., ORACLE®, DB2® by IBM and the like without departing from the scope of the implementations claimed. 
     Any of the above implementations may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. Although various implementations may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the implementations do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different implementations may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some implementations may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some implementations may not address any of these deficiencies. 
     While various implementations have been described herein, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present application should not be limited by any of the implementations described herein, but should be defined only in accordance with the following and later-submitted claims and their equivalents.