Patent Publication Number: US-2009239951-A1

Title: Crystalline Material

Description:
This invention relates to an improved crystalline material and its use in the treatment of conditions associated with thyroid disfunction. 
     WO 01/60784 relates to novel compounds which are agonists of the thyroid beta receptor. Example 1 describes the synthesis of 3-[[3,5-dibromo-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid. This compound is hereinafter referred to as Compound I, and has the formula: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Synthesis of Compound I is rather difficult, and US 2003/0157671 relates to an improved method of synthesis. This method, and also the method of Example 1 of WO 01/60784, leads to a specific crystalline form, referred to herein as the N-1 crystal form. Unfortunately, the N-1 crystal form has proved to be unstable. 
     It has now been found that Compound I can be synthesised in two novel crystalline forms which have improved properties compared with the same compound in other forms. 
     Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides 3-[[3,5-dibromo-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid (Compound I) in a crystalline form which is characterised by a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern having major peaks at 2θ=16.1±0.2, 20.1±0.2, 20.7±0.2, and 24.2±0.2. This first novel crystalline material of the invention will be referred to as Form N-6 throughout this Specification. Other significant but less prominent peaks in the XRD may be found at 2θ=8.9±0.2, 23.0±0.2, 25.9±0.2, 29.1±0.2, 29.4±0.2, and 30.3±0.2. A typical complete X-ray diffraction pattern is shown in  FIG. 1 . Table 1 gives those peaks having an intensity of greater than 10% (normalised to the most intense peak). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 XRD of Form N-6 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 2-Theta 
                 I % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.94 
                 41.7 
               
               
                   
                 10.01 
                 10.1 
               
               
                   
                 11.00 
                 11.8 
               
               
                   
                 16.12 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 16.82 
                 11.7 
               
               
                   
                 18.54 
                 16.2 
               
               
                   
                 20.12 
                 75.4 
               
               
                   
                 20.66 
                 73.9 
               
               
                   
                 22.59 
                 21.2 
               
               
                   
                 23.00 
                 44.6 
               
               
                   
                 24.21 
                 69.1 
               
               
                   
                 25.93 
                 28.2 
               
               
                   
                 29.14 
                 44.5 
               
               
                   
                 29.37 
                 23.0 
               
               
                   
                 30.33 
                 25.0 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     An additional way of characterising the novel crystalline material Form N-6 of the invention is by its differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram. Typically the material has a DSC thermogram which exhibits a single exotherm with a maximum at 174±6° C. (and an extrapolated onset of 170±6° C.). Complete melting occurs by 182±6° C., and heat of fusion is about 88 J/g. A typical DSC trace is shown in  FIG. 2 . 
     Further, the novel crystalline material Form N-6 of the invention may be characterised by its Fourier Transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrum. A typical FTIR spectrum is shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     Naturally, the exact details of any XRD, DSC or FTIR pattern will depend upon a number of factors, for example the instrument used and the degree of purity of the material. DSC&#39;s in particular, may be instrument dependent. The numbers quoted throughout this Specification refer to the use of a TA instruments MDSC-2920 machine. 
     Preferably Form N-6 is provided according to the invention at a level of purity in which at least 90%, especially at least 95%, most preferably substantially all, of the Compound I present, is Form N-6. 
     Compound I can itself be synthesised as described in either WO 01/60784 or US 2003/0157671. Resulting Compound I having a different physical structure from Form N-6 may then be converted into Form N-6 by a method which comprises preparing a solution of Compound I in a suitable solvent, and seeding with crystals of either Form N-5 (see below) or Form N-6, under conditions such that Form N-6 is obtained. Alternatively, a solution of Compound I may be prepared in situ and this solution used directly to obtain crystals of From N-6. It is a characteristic of Compound I that the thermodynamic equilibrium between Forms N-5 and N-6 is finely balanced. Thus, at a temperature of less than about 50° C., crystals of either Form N-5 or Form N-6 may be used to seed a solution of Compound I to prepare crystals of N-6. Suitable solvents in this context include, for example, water, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or hexanol, ketones, for example acetone, DMSO, esters, for example ethyl acetate, acids, for example acetic acids, nitriles, for example acetonitrile, amides, for example DMF, nitromethane or nitroethane, or hydrocarbons, for example toluene or hexane; or mixtures thereof. Form N-5 may be prepared as described below. 
     When crystals of Form N-6 are already available, one preferred method of preparing further Form N-6 comprises preparing a solution of Compound I in an alcohol or alcohol mixture, for example an ethanol/isopropanol mixture; adding water; optionally filtering the resulting solution; and seeding the resulting solution with crystals of Form N-6 to produce further crystals of Form N-6. 
     Although Form N-5 is generally very stable, under certain conditions it may convert to Form N-6. Accordingly, a further method of preparing Form N-6 comprises slurrying Form N-5 in an alcohol/water mixture for a sufficient period of time to allow conversion to Form N-6. An extended period of time, typically from 6 to 10 days, is generally required. 
     Form N-6 has been found to have a number of advantageous properties. In particular, it is highly stable, being heat stable up to at least 170° C., and is non-hygroscopic up to a relative humidity of 95%. 
     In a second aspect, the present invention provides 3-[[3,5-dibromo-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid (Compound I) in a crystalline form which is characterised by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern having major peaks at 2θ=9.0±0.2, 14.7±0.2, 19.6±0.2, 21.6±0.2, and 24.3±0.2. This second novel crystalline material of the invention will be referred to as Form N-5 throughout this Specification. Other significant but less prominent peaks may be found at 2θ=14.1±0.2, 16.1±0.2, 18.6±0.2, 23.1±0.2, 23.5±0.2, 24.7±0.2, and 29.4±0.2. A typical complete X-ray diffraction pattern is shown in  FIG. 4 . Table 2 gives those peaks having an intensity of greater than 8% (normalised to the most intense peak). 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 XRD of Form N-5 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 2-Theta 
                 I % 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 8.65 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 9.00 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 14.11 
                 13.6 
               
               
                   
                 14.72 
                 31.3 
               
               
                   
                 16.12 
                 14.9 
               
               
                   
                 17.56 
                 8.0 
               
               
                   
                 18.59 
                 15.0 
               
               
                   
                 19.09 
                 10.9 
               
               
                   
                 19.56 
                 23.1 
               
               
                   
                 21.61 
                 54.1 
               
               
                   
                 23.14 
                 14.5 
               
               
                   
                 23.51 
                 18.6 
               
               
                   
                 23.86 
                 25.1 
               
               
                   
                 24.29 
                 31.7 
               
               
                   
                 24.66 
                 17.9 
               
               
                   
                 27.11 
                 8.9 
               
               
                   
                 29.40 
                 18.5 
               
               
                   
                 30.29 
                 12.3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     An additional way of characterising the novel crystalline material Form N-5 of the invention is by its differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram. Typically the material has a DSC thermogram which exhibits an endotherm with a maximum at 173±6° C. (and an extrapolated onset of 176° C.). The heat of fusion is about 81 J/g. A typical DSC trace is shown in  FIG. 5 . 
     Naturally, the exact details of any XRD or DSC pattern will depend upon a number of factors, for example the instrument used and the degree of purity of the material. 
     Preferably Form N-5 is provided according to the invention at a level of purity in which at least 90%, especially at least 95%, most preferably substantially all, of the Compound I present, is Form N-5. 
     Compound I can itself be synthesised as described in either WO 01/60784 or US 2003/0157671. Resulting Compound I having a different physical structure from Form N-5 may then be converted into Form N-5 by a method which comprises preparing a solution of the Compound I in a suitable solvent, and recrystallising under conditions such that crystals of Form N-5 are produced. Alternatively, a solution of Compound I may be prepared in situ and this solution used directly to obtain crystals of Form N-5. Suitable solvents in this context include, for example, water, alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or hexanol, ketones, for example acetone, DMSO, esters, for example ethyl acetate, acids, for example acetic acids, nitrites, for example acetonitrile, amides, for example DMF, nitromethane or nitroethane, or hydrocarbons, for example toluene or hexane; or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, a solution of the Compound I in an alcohol is prepared, preferably at room temperature, and recrystallisation is achieved by the addition of water. Alternatively, a solution of Compound I in nitroethane may be prepared at elevated temperature, and recrystallisation achieved by cooling. 
     In a variant of the above process, a slurry process may be used to prepare Form N-5. For example, a solution of Compound I in a suitable solvent, for example an alcohol or an alcohol mixture, may be prepared, and water may be added to produce a suspension. The resulting slurry may then be stirred for a period of time sufficient for Form N-5 to be produced. 
     Under certain conditions, Form N-5 can convert into Form N-6, and therefore care needs to be taken to minimise this conversion when preparing Form N-5. For example, extended contact (i.e. contact over several days) with certain solvents, especially alcohol solvents, should be avoided. 
     Form N-5 has been found to have a number of advantageous properties. In particular, it is highly stable, being heat stable up to at least 170° C., and is non-hygroscopic up to a relative humidity of 95%. In general, it either does not convert to other forms, or only converts very slowly; for example, if slurried in the presence of an alcohol, it is stable for a number of days, but after very long periods of time, conversion into Form N-6 may occur. 
     It will be apparent that similar processes may be used to make Form N-6 and Form N-5. The nature of the product is determined by the precise reaction conditions, which may be readily determined by the skilled man with the aid of the Examples herein. 
     In contrast to Forms N-6 and N-5, the crystalline form produced by the process of US 2003/1057671, referred to herein as Form N-1, has major X-ray diffraction peaks at 2θ=7.2±0.2, 9.1±0.2, 11.5±0.2, 18.1±0.2, 19.7±0.2, 24.8±0.2, 27.3±0.2, and 29.3±0.2, with additional significant but lower intensity peaks at 2θ=18.5±0.2, 22.3±0.2, 26.8±0.2, and 30.4±0.2. A typical complete X-ray diffraction pattern of Form N-1 is shown in  FIG. 6 , together with, for comparison, the XRDs of Form N-5 and Form N-6. The first peak for Form N-1 in  FIG. 6  is due to a contaminant, and should be discounted. Table 3 tabulates those peaks having an intensity of greater than 10%. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 XRD of Form N-1 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 7.17 
                 91.9 
               
               
                   
                 9.13 
                 43.5 
               
               
                   
                 11.51 
                 40.8 
               
               
                   
                 15.15 
                 17.8 
               
               
                   
                 18.07 
                 60.8 
               
               
                   
                 18.46 
                 36.4 
               
               
                   
                 19.67 
                 46.0 
               
               
                   
                 20.73 
                 13.7 
               
               
                   
                 21.24 
                 16.4 
               
               
                   
                 22.32 
                 31.6 
               
               
                   
                 23.02 
                 20.0 
               
               
                   
                 24.03 
                 20.3 
               
               
                   
                 24.82 
                 100.0 
               
               
                   
                 25.43 
                 20.7 
               
               
                   
                 26.82 
                 36.3 
               
               
                   
                 27.32 
                 43.1 
               
               
                   
                 27.92 
                 18.7 
               
               
                   
                 29.30 
                 49.4 
               
               
                   
                 30.41 
                 35.7 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Typically Form N-1 has a DSC thermogram which exhibits a single exotherm with a maximum at 116±6° C. (and an extrapolated onset of 111±6° C.). The heat of fusion is about 58 J/g. A typical DSC trace of Form N-1 is shown in  FIG. 7 . 
     Form N-1 is less stable than either Form N-6 or Form N-5, being heat stable only up to around 125° C., and becoming hygroscopic at a relative humidity of 50%. Form N-1 converts into Form N-5 and/or Form N-6 (depending upon the exact conditions) on being dissolved or slurried in a number of common solvents, for example alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, nitromethane or nitroethane, and mixtures of alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, with water. 
     The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising Form N-6 and/or Form N-5 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for and administered to humans or other mammals by any suitable method. It is preferably formulated for oral administration in solid or liquid form, or for topical administration, for parenteral injection, or for rectal administration. Suitable forms of pharmaceutical composition, and methods of administration, include those described in WO 01/60784. 
     Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may also contain one or more other therapeutic agents. Suitable compounds for use in combination therapy are listed in WO 01/60784. 
     The crystalline materials of the invention may be used for treating or preventing a condition associated with the thyroid receptor, by agonising the effects, in particular the thyroid beta receptor. Such conditions include obesity, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, depression, osteoporosis, hypothyroidism or subclinical hypothyroidism, non-toxic goiter, papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and skin disorders such as psoriasis, dermal atrophy, wound healing, keloids, stria, cellulite, roughened skin, actinic skin damage, lichen planus, ichtyosis, acne, psoriasis, Dernier&#39;s disease, eczema, atopic dermatitis, chloracne, pityriasis and skin acarring. Further details may be found in WO 01/60784. Accordingly, the present invention also provides the crystalline materials of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, for use in therapy; the use of such crystalline materials or composition in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition associated with thyroid disorders; and a method of selectively agonizing the effects of the thyroid beta receptor in a mammal which comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a crystalline material or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, to the mammal. 
     The dosage level required in any individual case will depend upon various factors including the route of administration and the severity of the condition being treated. Very generally, dosage levels of about 0.001 to 500, more preferably of about 0.01 to about 100, most preferably of about 0.01 to 25 mg, such as 0.01 to 1 mg, of Compound I per person per day, are administered. If desired, the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration, e.g. two to four separate doses per day. 
    
    
     
       The invention is illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  is an XRD of Form N-6. 
         FIG. 2  is a differential scanning calorimetry trace of Form N-6. 
         FIG. 3  is an FTIR of Form N-6. 
         FIG. 4  is an XRD of Form N-5 
         FIG. 5  is a differential scanning calorimetry trace of Form N-5. 
         FIG. 6  is an XRD of Form N-1, together with XRDs of Form N-5 and Form N-6. 
         FIG. 7  is a differential scanning calorimetry trace of Form N-1. 
     
    
    
     The following Examples illustrate the invention. X-ray powder diffraction was performed using an Rigaku Ru300 (Rigaku Corporation 4-14-4, Sendagaya, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo 151-0051, JAPAN) The source of radiation was a rotating anode operated at 50 kV and 100 mA emitting CuKa radiation (1=1.54179 Å). Data was collected on an MAR345 image plate (Marresearch GmbH, Norderstedt (Hamburg), Germany). Analysis of data used Fit2D (v. 12.081 A P Hammersley, ESRF, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France) to reduce the diffraction rings and optimize the beam centre positions. 
     DSC traces were obtained using a 2920 MDSC V2.5F machine, by testing about 5-10 mg of sample in an aluminium DSC crucible, with a temperature gradient of 10° C./min. 
     The following Examples illustrate the invention. 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     Preparation of Form N-6 
     EXAMPLE 1A 
     Method A 
     3-[[3,5-Dibromo-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid (8.15 g, Form N-1, prepared as in US 2003/0157671), was dissolved in 60 ml of solvent (40 ml ethanol+20 ml water) by heating the solution to 30° C. and keeping it at that temperature for 10 min. The solution was then cooled down to 25° C. by 1° C./min, without nucleation occurring. Seeds (confirmed to be pure N-5 by DSC, IR and XRD) were added in this experiment as a slurry (0.1 g slurried in 20 ml water), very slowly at 200 μl/min, during which the solution temperature was kept constant. After 1 hour the solution became cloudy. Additional water (about 30 ml) was added at the same rate. Addition of water was then stopped since the solution became opaque and viscous. After 17 hours at 25° C., the solution was cooled down to 8° C. by 0.33° C./min and filtered. Form N-6, whose identity was confirmed by XRD, was obtained. 
     EXAMPLE 1B 
     Method B 
     3-[[3,5-Dibromo-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid (0.63 kg, Form N-1, prepared as in US 2003/0157671) was dissolved in ethanol denatured with isopropanol (2.77 L) at 30° C. Demineralised water (1.39 L) was added, maintaining the temperature at 30° C. The solution was filtered on a cartridge filter (0.3 mm) and the filter was rinsed with a mixture of ethanol denatured with isopropanol (0.38 L) and demineralised water (0.19 L). The resulting solution was cooled to 25° C. A suspension of Form N-6 (13 g) in demineralised water (1.26 L) was added in about 1.5 h. The dropping funnel was rinsed with demineralised water (0.32 L) which was added in about 45 min. Demineralised water (1.58 L) was added in about 4 h and the resulting suspension was stirred for about 15 h. Demineralised water (0.79 L) was added in about 4 h and the suspension was cooled to 8° C. in  3   h  and stirred for about 15 h. The product was filtered and the cake was washed with demineralised water (0.95 L). The wet cake was dried at a jacket temperature of 25° C. for about 24 h. 0.61 kg (yield 94%) of Form N-6 was obtained. 
     EXAMPLE 1C 
     Method C 
     Solid Compound I consisting mostly of Form N-5 prepared as in Example 2 below, was slurried in an ethanol:water mixture (1:5 vol) at 20° C. for 8 days. Form N-6 was produced. 
     EXAMPLE 2 
     Preparation of Form N-5 
     EXAMPLE 2A 
     Method A 
     3-[[3,5-Dibromo-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid (100 mg, Form N-1, prepared as in US 2003/0157671) was dissolved in ethanol (300 μl) at room temperature. Deionised water (400 μL) was added under stirring, the solution was clear after addition of water. More water (100 μL) was added and the solution became cloudy. Additional deionised water (10 μl) was added and the mixture was stirred further for 2 hrs at room temperature on a magnetic stirrer. The solution was filtered and the solid was dried with air flow to give 66 mg of Form N-5, identified by XRD. 
     EXAMPLE 2B 
     Method B 
     3-[[3,5-Dibromo-4-[4-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenoxy]-phenyl]-amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid (100 mg, Form N-1, prepared as in US 2003/0157671) was dissolved in 2-propanol (500 μl) at room temperature. Deionised water (1500 μL) was added under stirring, and the mixture was stirred further for 2 hrs at room temperature on a magnetic stirrer. The solution was filtered and the resulting solid was dried with air flow to give 58 mg of Form N-5, identified by XRD. 
     EXAMPLE 2C 
     Method C 
     A solution of Compound I corresponding to the saturation concentration at 70° C. was prepared by dissolving Form N-1 in 20 ml of nitroethane and heating the solution to 78° C. The solution was then cooled to 65° C. When the crystallizer temperature reached the desired temperature, the temperature was kept constant 24 hours. Nucleation was not observed. Temperature was then decreased to 64° C. and after 24 hours to 63° C. Nucleation started after 4 days. This experiment was repeated three times and in all cases Form N-5 was formed. 
     EXAMPLE 2D 
     Stability of Form N-5 
     The stability of N-5 slurries in ethanol:water mixtures (1:1, 1:1.3 and 1:2) at 5, 25 and 30° C. was determined after 1 h, 48 h and 5 days. Pure N-5 did not transform to any other form in any of these experiments. DSC and FTIR confirmed this.