Patent Publication Number: US-2022214321-A1

Title: Multi-Sensor Gas Sampling Detection System for Radical Gases and Short-Lived Molecules and Method of Use

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This is a Continuation patent application of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/205,064, filed Nov. 29, 2018. Which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/593,721, filed on Dec. 1, 2017, entitled “Multi-Sensor Gas Sampling Detection System for Radical Gases and Short-Lived Molecules and Method of Use,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/646,867, filed on Mar. 22, 2018, entitled “Multi-Sensor Gas Sampling Detection System for Radical Gases and Short-Lived Molecules and Method of Use,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Electronic devices and systems are being incorporated into an ever-increasing number of devices, systems, and applications. As a result, market demand for low-cost integrated circuits having increased complexity and diminished scale continues to grow. Various microfabrication processes such as radical-based semiconductor wafer processes have been developed to address scaling challenges. In order to design and manufacture a high performance integrated circuit cost-effectively, the parameters of the radical-based semiconductor wafer manufacturing process need to be carefully controlled. 
     Presently, a number of radical-based semiconductor wafer processing methods are in use. The radical gases used in the processes include atoms, excited molecules as well as many short-lived molecules that do not normally exist in a gas, such as H, O, N, F, Cl, Br, NH, NH 2 , NF, CH, CH 2 , COF, etc. While presently available radical-based semiconductor wafer processes have proven somewhat useful in the past a number of shortcomings have been identified. For example, the radical species generated during wafer processing are short-lived thereby making accurate measurement and analysis challenging. As a result, rather than relying on quantitative analysis, presently available radical-based semiconductor wafer manufacturing methodologies involve precise formulations and virtual metrology to achieve the desired wafer architecture. Any variation in the formulations and/or control processes may greatly affect production yield. In addition, the highly reactive radical species generated during wafer processing tend to quickly degrade analyzing devices and sensors, optical windows and components, and other systems or devices positioned within the radical stream or processing chamber. 
     Thus, in light of the foregoing, there is an ongoing need for a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system useful in radical-based semiconductor wafer processing. 
     SUMMARY 
     The present application is directed to a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system and method for detecting and measuring atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and/or short-lived molecules in a radical gas stream or similar gas stream. The detecting and measuring system may include at least one radical gas generator in communication with at least one gas source. The radical gas generator may be configured to generate at least one radical gas stream which may be used within a processing chamber. As such, the processing chamber is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator. At least one analysis circuit may be in fluid communication with the radical gas radical gas generator may be used in the detection and measurement system. The analysis circuit may be configured to receive a defined volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream. In one embodiment, the analysis circuit may be configured to react at least one reagent with the radical gases within the defined volume of the radical gas stream. The reaction produces at least one compound stream (or reaction products) from the radical gases and the at least one reagent, which may be in the form of a chemical species, charged particles, photon emission, or a thermal energy release, which may be measured by at least one sensor module within the analysis circuit. One or more flow measurement modules may be in fluid communication with the sensor module. During use, the flow measurement module may be configured to measure the volume and/or flow rate of at least one of the compound stream and radical gas stream. Based on the amount of reaction products measured and the volume and/or flow rate of the compound stream and the radical gas stream, the concentration or the amount of radical gases in the radical gas stream can be obtained. 
     The present application further discloses a method of measuring radical gases in a radical gas stream. More specifically, the method for measuring radicals in a gas stream includes providing at least one radical gas stream having radicals therein. A sampling gas stream may be created by directing a defined volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream to at least one sampling module. At least one reagent may be combined with the radicals within the sampling gas stream to form at least one compound stream having at least one chemical species therein. Thereafter, the concentration of the chemical species within the compound stream may be measured using at least one sensor module. Further, the remaining volume of the radical gas stream may be directed into at least one processing chamber. The flow rate of the radical gas stream and/or the compound gas stream may be measured using at least one flow measurement module in fluid communication with the sensor module. Finally, the concentration of radicals within the processing chamber may be calculated by comparing a ratio of the concentration of chemical species within the compound stream per defined volume of the radical gas stream forming the sampling gas stream to the remaining volume of the radical gas stream. 
     In another embodiment, the present application discloses a method of measuring radicals in a radical gas stream. The method includes providing at least one radical gas stream having radicals therein. At least one upstream gas stream may be formed by directing a defined volume of the radical gas stream to at least one upstream sampling module while directing the remaining volume of the radical gas stream into at least one processing chamber. At least one chamber sampling gas stream may be formed by directing a defined volume of the radical gas stream from the processing chamber to at least one chamber sampling module while a remaining volume of the radical gas stream within the processing chamber is exhausted therefrom thereby forming at least one exhaust gas stream. At least one exhaust sampling gas stream may be formed by directing a defined volume and/or flow rate of the exhaust gas stream to at least one exhaust sampling module. Thereafter, at least one reagent may be reacted with the radicals in the radical gas streams within at least one of the upstream sampling module, the chamber sampling module, and the exhaust sampling module to form at least one of an upstream compound stream, a chamber compound stream, and an exhaust compound stream at least one of which having at least one chemical species therein. The quantity of chemical species within at least one of the upstream compound stream, chamber compound stream, and exhaust compound stream compound stream may be measured and the concentration of radicals within the processing chamber may be calculated by comparing a ratio of the concentration of chemical species within at least one of the upstream compound stream, chamber compound stream, and exhaust compound stream per defined volume of the radical gas stream forming the upstream sampling gas stream, chamber sampling gas stream, and exhaust sampling gas stream to the remaining volume of the radical gas stream. 
     In addition, the present application discloses a multi-sensor gas detection system for use in a wafer processing system. The wafer processing system includes an upstream sampling module in fluid communication with a radical gas stream emitted from at least one source of radical gas source. The upstream sampling module may be configured to receive a controlled volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream from the radical gas source. At least one reagent is reacted with the controlled volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream to produce an upstream compound stream. Further, at least one chamber sampling module may be in fluid communication with the at least one radical gas stream present within at least one processing chamber. The chamber sampling module may be configured to receive a controlled volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream and react with the controlled volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream with at least one reagent to produce a chamber compound stream. In addition, at least one exhaust sampling module may be in fluid communication with the radical gas stream exhausted from the processing chamber. The exhaust sampling module may be configured to receive a controlled volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream and react with the controlled volume of the radical gas stream with at least one reagent to produce an exhaust compound stream. At least one sensor module may be communication with at least one of the upstream sampling module, chamber sampling module, and exhaust sampling module. The sensor module may be configured to measure the concentration of at least one of the upstream compound stream, chamber compound stream, and exhaust compound stream. At least one flow module may be in communication with at least one of the upstream sampling module, chamber sampling module, exhaust sampling module, and sensor module. The flow module may be configured to control the flow rate of at least one of the upstream compound stream, chamber compound stream, and exhaust compound stream. 
     The present application also discloses a sampling reaction module for use in a reactive gas processing system. The sampling reaction module may include at least one analysis fixture having an analysis fixture body. The analysis fixture body defines at least one fluid channel therein. At least one fluid inlet port and fluid outlet port may be formed in the analysis fixture body. The inlet port and outlet port may be in fluid communication with the fluid channel formed in the analysis fixture body. At least one coupling body extends from the analysis fixture body. In one embodiment, the coupling body includes at least one coupling passage formed therein. At least one sampling tube traversing through the analysis fixture body may be positioned within the coupling passage of the coupling body. Further, at least one module body defining at least one vacuum passage therein configured to receive at least one analysis fixture body thereon may be included in the sampling reaction module. The module body may have at least one sampling tube receiver formed therein such that the sampling tube receiver may be in fluid communication with the vacuum passage. 
     The present application further discloses a calorimetry system. More specifically, the calorimetry system includes at least one reactive gas conduit defining at least one gas passage therein. During use, the gas passage is configured to have at least one reactive gas flowed therethrough. Further, at least a first sensor body may be positioned within the gas passage of the reactive gas conduit. In one embodiment, the sensor body is configured to measure a temperature of the reactive gas flowed through the gas passage. In addition, at least one sensor device may be in communication with the sensor body. During use, the at sensor device may be configured to receive temperature data relating to the reactive gas flow from the sensor body. At least one processor may be in communication with the first sensor device and may be configured to calculate a sample power of the reactive gas flowing through the reactive gas conduit. 
     Lastly, the present application is directed to a method of measuring the concentration of radicals in a gas stream which includes the steps of flowing a radical gas stream emitted from at least one radical gas generator to at least one processing chamber, providing at least one sampling reaction module having at least one sampling tube therein, establishing a reference temperature of the sampling tube with at least one thermal control module, diverting a portion of the radical gas steam from the radical gas generator into the sampling tube, reacting at least one reagent with at least one radical gas within a defined volume of the radical gas stream thereby forming at least one chemical species within at least one compound stream, the compound stream flowing within the sampling tube, measuring a change of temperature of the sampling tube due to interaction of the chemical species within the compound stream and the sampling tube with sensor module, and calculating a concentration of the chemical species within the compound stream flowing within the sampling tube based on the measured temperature change of the sampling tube 
     Other features and advantages of the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system and method for detecting and measuring the radicals in a radical gas stream as described herein will become more apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The novel aspects of the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system and method for detecting and measuring the radicals in a radical gas stream as disclosed herein will be more apparent by review of the following figures, wherein: 
         FIG. 1  shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system; 
         FIG. 2  shows a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system wherein gas samples are taken from a radical gas stream upstream from a processing chamber and from within the processing chamber; 
         FIG. 3  shows a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system wherein gas samples are taken from a radical gas stream upstream from a processing chamber, from within the processing chamber, and downstream of the processing chamber; 
         FIG. 4  shows a schematic diagram of an alternate embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system; 
         FIG. 5  shows a schematic diagram of an alternate embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system having a reagent source coupled thereto; 
         FIG. 6  shows a schematic diagram of another alternate embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system; 
         FIG. 7  shows a schematic diagram of another alternate embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system; 
         FIG. 8  shows an elevated perspective view of an embodiment of a sampling reaction module for use in a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system; 
         FIG. 9  shows an alternate elevated perspective view of an embodiment of the sampling reaction module for use in a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 10  shows an elevated frontal perspective view of an embodiment of an analysis fixture used with the sampling reaction module shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 11  shows an elevated frontal exploded view of the embodiment of an analysis fixture used with the sampling reaction module shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 12  shows an elevated posterior perspective view of an embodiment of an analysis fixture used with the sampling reaction module shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 13  shows an elevated posterior exploded view of the embodiment of an analysis fixture used with the sampling reaction module shown in  FIG. 1 ; 
         FIG. 14  shows an elevated perspective view of an embodiment of a sampling reaction module body; 
         FIG. 15  shows an elevated cross-sectional perspective view of an embodiment of the sampling reaction module body shown in  FIG. 14  viewed along the line  15 - 15 ; 
         FIG. 16  shows a flow diagram describing a method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 1-7 ; 
         FIG. 17  shows a flow diagram describing a method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 1-7 ; 
         FIG. 18  shows a flow diagram describing an alternate method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 1-7 ; 
         FIG. 19  shows a flow diagram describing an another method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 1-7 ; 
         FIG. 20  shows graphically the method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIG. 19  to establish the upper bound limit and lower bound limit; 
         FIG. 21  shows a flow diagram describing a method of calibrating the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 1-7 ; 
         FIG. 22  shows graphically the extrapolated power measurements calculated while calibrating the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIG. 21 ; 
         FIG. 23  shows graphically the measured concentration of oxygen radical measured using an optical-based measurement system with the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in the present application; 
         FIG. 24  shows a flow diagram describing an optical-based method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 1-7 ; 
         FIG. 25  shows a flow diagram describing a semiconductor-based method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 1-7 ; 
         FIG. 26  shows graphically the result of resistance change as the radical output stream is activated and deactivated when using the resistance-based sampling architecture shown in  FIG. 25 , 
         FIG. 27  shows a schematic diagram of another alternate embodiment of a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system; 
         FIG. 28  shows an elevated perspective view of an embodiment of a reactive gas conduit having at least one sensor body positioned within the reactive gas conduit for use in the embodiment of the gas sampling detection system shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 29  shows an elevated perspective view of another embodiment of a reactive gas conduit having at least one sensor body positioned within the reactive gas conduit for use in the embodiment of the gas sampling detection system shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 30  shows an elevated perspective view of another embodiment of a reactive gas conduit having at least one sensor body positioned within the reactive gas conduit for use in the embodiment of the gas sampling detection system shown in  FIG. 27 ; 
         FIG. 31  shows a flow diagram describing a method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 27, 29, and 30 ; 
         FIG. 32  shows a flow diagram describing another method of using the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 27, 29, and 30 ; 
         FIG. 33  shows graphically the temperature delta of sensors bodies positioned within the reactive gas conduit of the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 27-30 ; 
         FIG. 34A  shows graphically the performance of a first radical gas generator used in the embodiment of the sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 27 and 30 ; and 
         FIG. 34B  shows graphically the performance of a second radical gas generator used in the embodiment of the sensor gas sampling detection system described in  FIGS. 27 and 30 . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present application is directed to a multi-sensor gas sampling detection system for atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and short-lived molecules (hereinafter radicals) and method of use. More specifically, the present application discloses a gas sampling detection system configured to permit the user to easily and accurately measure the concentration of radicals in a gas stream. In one embodiment the gas sampling detection system disclosed herein may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals within a gas stream before introducing the gas stream into a processing chamber or similar vessel. In another embodiment, the gas sampling detection system disclosed herein may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals within a gas stream within the processing chamber or vessel. Optionally, the gas sampling detection systems disclosed herein may be used to measure the concentration of radicals within an exhaust stream, the exhaust stream being evacuated from the processing chamber or vessel. More specifically, the methods disclosed herein allow for measurement of the concentration of heretofore difficult-to-measure radicals by reacting the radicals within a gas sample with selected elements and compounds to create chemical species which can be easily and accurately detected and measured using a variety of measuring techniques. In some embodiments, the measurement process may be conducted in situ. Optionally, the measurement process may be conducted at a remote location. 
       FIG. 1  shows schematically an embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. As shown, the gas sampling detection system  10  includes at least one plasma generator and/or radical gas generator  12  in fluid communication with at least one processing chamber  16  via at least one gas passage  14 . In one embodiment, the radical gas generator  12  may include or may be in communication with at least one sample gas source and at least one plasma source. During use, the radical gas generator  12  may be configured to energize and dissociate sample gases and generate at least one reactive gas stream. In one specific embodiment the radical gas generator  12  comprises a RF toroidal plasma source, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of plasma sources or radical gas sources may be used with the present systems. In one embodiment the radical gas generator  12  uses hydrogen (H 2 ) plasma to create atomic hydrogen. In another embodiment the radical gas generator  12  utilizes oxygen (O 2 ) plasma to create atomic oxygen. Optionally, the radical gas generator  12  may utilize nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), fluorine (F 2 ), chlorine (O 12 ) or any variety of other materials to create a reactive plasma containing one or more radicals within the gas stream. Alternatively, radical gases may be generated by other gas excitation methods, including electron beam excitation, laser excitation, or hot-filament excitation. Further, the above description discloses various embodiments of RF-based plasma generation systems; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of alternate radical gas generation systems may be used with the present system. Exemplary alternate radical gas generation systems include, without limitation, glow discharge plasma systems, capacitively coupled plasma systems, cascade art plasma systems, inductively coupled plasma systems, wave heated plasma systems, arc discharge plasma systems, coronal discharge plasma systems, dielectric barrier discharge systems, capacitive discharge systems, Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma systems, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , at least one processing chamber  16  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  12  via at least one reactive gas conduit  14 . In some applications, the reactive gas conduit  14  is manufactured from a chemically inert material or a material having low chemical reactivity. Exemplary materials include, without limitation, quartz, sapphire, stainless steel, strengthened steel, aluminum, ceramic materials, glass, brass, nickel, Y 2 O 3 , YAlO x , various alloys, and coated metals such as anodized aluminum. In one embodiment a single reactive gas conduit  14  is in fluid communication with a single radical gas generator  12 . In another embodiment multiple reactive gas conduits  14  are in fluid communication with a single reactive gas generator  12 . In yet another embodiment a single reactive gas conduit  14  is in communication with multiple radical gas generators  12 . As such, any number of reactive gas conduits  14  may be in communication with any number of radical gas generators  12 . Optionally, the reactive gas conduit  14  may include one or more valve devices or systems, sensors, or similar devices  22  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, one or more valve devices  22  may be coupled to the reactive gas conduit  14  thereby permitting a user to selectively permit and/or restrict the flow of at least one reactive gas stream through the reactive gas conduit  14 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the processing chamber  16  may be coupled to or in communication with the radical gas generator  12  via the reactive gas conduit  14 . In one embodiment, the processing chamber  16  comprises one or more vacuum chambers or vessels configured to have one or more substrates, semiconductor wafers, or similar materials positioned therein. For example, the processing chamber  16  may be used for atomic layer processing of semiconductor substrates or wafers. Optionally, the processing chamber  16  may be used for processing any variety of substrates or materials using any variety of processing methods and/or systems. Exemplary processing methods include, without limitation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), atomic layer etching (ALE), and the like. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processing chamber  16  be manufactured from any variety of materials, including, without limitation, stainless steel, aluminum, mild steel, brass, high-density ceramics, glass, acrylic, and the like. For example, at least one interior surface of the processing chamber  16  may include at least one coating, anodized material, sacrificial material, physical feature or element, and the like intended to selectively vary the reactivity, durability, and/or fill micro-pores on the interior surfaces of the processing chamber  16 . At least one exhaust conduit  18  may be coupled to the processing chamber  16  and configured to evacuate one or more gases or materials from the processing chamber  16 . Optionally, one or more control sensors, valves, scrubbers, or similar devices  24  may be coupled to or positioned proximate to the exhaust conduit  18 , thereby permitting the user to selectively evacuate one or more gases or other materials from the processing chamber  16 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , at least one chamber processor module  20  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the processing chamber  16  and/or various components of the processing system. The chamber processing module  20  may be configured to provide localized control of the various components forming the processing system  10 . In the illustrated embodiment the chamber processing module  20  is in communication with the processing chamber  16  via a conduit, although those skilled in your will appreciate that the chamber processing module  20  may communicate with any of the components forming the processing system  10  via conduit, wirelessly, or both. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , at least one sampling module  32  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  12  via at least one sampling conduit  30 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sampling conduit  30  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, carbon fiber carbon-based materials, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and the like. As such, in some embodiments the sampling conduit  30  may be configured to chemically react with the highly reactive atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and short-lived molecules contained within the radical gas stream flowing therein. In yet another embodiment, the sampling conduit  30  may consist of a catalytic material to facilitate the recombination of atomic gas species into its molecular gas species, such that the recombination energy of the atomic gas is released and measured. In other embodiments, the sampling conduit  30  may be configured to be chemically inert. Optionally, the sampling conduit  30  may include any variety of sensors, valves, heating elements, cooling elements, and the like thereon. In one embodiment, the sampling conduit  30  is coupled directly to and in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  12 . In the illustrated embodiment the sampling conduit  30  is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  12  via the reactive gas conduit  14 . Optionally, the sampling conduit  30  may be in fluid communication with the sampling control valve  22  positioned on the reactive gas conduit  14 . For example, the sampling control valve  22  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed volume of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  14  to the sampling module  32  via the sampling conduit  30 . In another embodiment, the sampling control valve  22  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed flow rate of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  14  to the sampling module  32  via the sampling conduit  30 . Further, any number of additional components, valves, sensors, and the like may be positioned anywhere along the sampling conduit  30 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment at least one sensor and/or control device  50  may be positioned along the sampling conduit  30 . Exemplary sensor devices include, without limitations, thermocouples, temperature sensors, optical sensors, UV, optical or infrared spectrometers, charge particle detectors, vacuum gauges, mass spectrometers, and the like. For example, in one embodiment the sensor device  50  comprises at least one thermistor. In another embodiment the sensor device  50  comprises at least one calorimetry system or device. An embodiment of a novel calorimetry system is discussed in detail and shown in  FIGS. 8-15  of the present application. Optionally, the sensor device  50  may comprise one or more titration systems or devices. Those skilled in the arts will appreciate the sensor device  50  may comprise any number of in situ measuring devices were systems, flow valves, flowmeters, flow verifiers, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , in the illustrated embodiment the sampling module  32  is coupled to at least one molecular compound stream conduit  34 . Like the sampling conduit  30  the molecular compound stream conduit  34  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitation, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, and the like. In one embodiment at least a portion of at least one of the sampling conduit  30  and/or the molecular compound stream conduit  34  may be configured to react with the radical gas stream flowing therein. For example, one embodiment at least a portion of the sampling conduit  30  and/or molecular compound stream conduit  34  may be configured to react with radicals within the gas flow to form chemical species more stable and capable of accurate measurement as compared to the radicals within the radical gas stream. 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , at least one sensor module  36  is in fluid communication with the sampling module  32  via the molecular compound stream conduit  34 . In one embodiment, the sensor module  36  may be configured to detect and measure the concentration of radicals in at least one gas flow. Any variety of devices or systems may be used within or to form the sensor module  36 . For example, in one embodiment the sensor module  36  comprises at least one detector configured to measure the radical flux within the radical gas stream. In another embodiment, the sensor module  36  is configured to measure the concentration of at least one chemical species within a gas flow. For example, the sensor module  36  may be configured to measure the concentration for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds. In one specific embodiment the sensor module  36  includes at least one optical gas imaging camera or device such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy system (hereinafter FTIR system), tunable filter spectroscopy system (hereinafter TFS system), mass spectrography, optical absorption spectroscopy and the like. Optionally, the sensing module  36  may further include at least one titration system or device. In one embodiment, in one embodiment, the sensing module  36  may be configured to reduce or eliminate recombination of the radicals within the gas stream into its molecular species. In another embodiment, the sensor module  36  may be configured to permit recombination of the radicals within a gas stream to its molecular species. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 1 , at least one sensor module output conduit  38  is in fluid communication with the sensor module  36  and the flow measurement and/or flow control module  40 . In some embodiments, the flow measurement module  40  is configured to accurately measure a portion of the gas stream flowing there through. For example, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow verifier (MFV). In another embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow meter (MFM). Optionally, the flow may be determined by measuring the pressure differential between an orifice of known size within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  10  with the fluid conductance. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of flow measuring devices or systems they be used with the gas sampling detection system  10  disclosed herein. As shown in  FIG. 1 , at least one exhaust conduit  42  may be coupled to or in communication with the flow measurement module  40  and configured to exhaust the radical gas stream from the gas sampling detection system  10 . Optionally, the exhaust conduit  42  may be in fluid communication with at least one vacuum source (not shown). 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , the processing system  10  may include at least one optional processor module  52  which may be in communication with at least one component of the processing system  10 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, an optional processor module  52  is in communication with the radical gas generator  12  via at least one processor conduit  54 . Further, the optional processor system  52  may be in communication with at least one of the optional sensor  50  via the processor conduit  54  and at least one optional sensor conduit  56 , the sampling module  32  via the processor conduit  54  and at least one sampling conduit  58 , the sensor module  36  via at least one sensor module conduit  60 , and the flow measurement module  40  via at least one flow measurement conduit  62 . In one embodiment, the optional processor module  52  may be configured to provide and receive data from at least one of the radical gas generator  12 , the optional sensor  50 , the sampling module  32 , the sensor module  36 , and the flow measurement module  40 . As such, the optional processor module  52  may be configured to measure the flow condition within the processing system  10  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  10  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  52  may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals within the gas stream and vary the operating characteristics of the radical gas generator  12  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. Further, the optional processor module  52  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  22 , sensor  24 , and chamber processor module  20  via at least one optional processing conduit  64 . Optionally, the optional processor module  52  may be in communication with the various components of the processing system  10  wirelessly. Further, the optional processor module  52  may be configured to store performance data, processing formulas and times, lot number, and the like. In addition, the optional processor module  52  may be configured to communicate with one or more external processors via at least one computer network. 
     Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 1 , at least one analysis system or circuit  66  may be formed within the processing system  10 . As shown, the analysis system  66  may include at least one of the sampling module  32 , sensor module  36 , flow measurement module  49 , optional sensor  50 , optional processor module  52 , and the like. Further, the analysis system  66  may further include valve device  22  or other devices and components within the processing system  10 . 
       FIG. 2  shows schematically another embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. The various components of the processing system  110  shown in  FIG. 2  perform comparably to similarly named components shown in  FIG. 1 . Like the previous embodiment, the gas sampling detection system  110  may include at least one radical gas generator and/or reactive gas generator  112  configured to provide a reactive gas stream having radicals therein. The radical gas generator  112  may be in fluid communication with at least one processing chamber  116  via at least one gas passage  114 . Like the previous embodiment, the radical gas generator  112  is in communication with at least one sample gas source and at least one plasma source configured to energize and dissociate sample gases and generate at least one reactive gas stream in response thereto. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , optionally, the reactive gas conduit  114  may include one or more valve devices or systems, sensors, or similar devices  122  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, one or more valve devices  122  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the reactive gas conduit  114  thereby permitting a user to selectively permit and/or restrict the flow of at least one reactive gas stream through the reactive gas conduit  114 . In one embodiment, the valve device  122  may be in communication with at least one optional processing module  152  via at least one processor conduit  154 . Optionally, the processing module  152  may be configured to communicate with the various components of the processing system  110  wirelessly. During use, the processor module  152  may be configured to selectively open and/or close the valve device  122  thereby permitting or restrict the flow of the radical gas stream generated by the radical gas generator  112  into the sampling module  132 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , at least one processing chamber  116  may be coupled to or in communication with the radical gas generator  112  via the reactive gas conduit  114 . At least one exhaust conduit  118  may be coupled to the processing chamber  116  and configured to evacuate one or more gases or materials from the processing chamber  116 . Optionally, one or more control sensors, valves, scrubbers, or similar devices  124  may be coupled to or positioned proximate to the exhaust conduit  118 , thereby permitting the user to selectively evacuate one or more gases or other materials from the processing chamber  116 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , like the previous embodiment, at least one chamber processor module  120  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the processing chamber  118  and/or various components of the processing system. The chamber processing module  120  may be configured to provide localized control of the various components forming the processing system  110 . In the illustrated embodiment the chamber processing module  120  is in communication with the processing chamber  116  via a conduit, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the chamber processing module  120  may communicate with any of the components forming the processing system  110  via a conduit, wirelessly, or both. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , at least one sampling module  132  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  112  via at least one sampling conduit  130 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sampling conduit  130  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, carbon fiber carbon-based materials, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and the like. As such, the sampling conduit  130  may be configured to chemically react with the highly reactive radicals contained within the radical gas stream flowing therein. In another embodiment, the sampling conduit  130  may be configured to be chemically inert. In one embodiment, the sampling conduit  130  is coupled directly to and in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  112 . In the illustrated embodiment the sampling conduit  130  is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  112  via the reactive gas conduit  114 . Optionally, the sampling conduit  130  may be in fluid communication with the sampling control valve  122  positioned on the reactive gas conduit  114 . For example, the sampling control valve  122  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed volume of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  114  to the sampling module  132  via the sampling conduit  130 . Optionally, the sampling control valve  122  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed flow rate of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  114  to the sampling module  132  via the sampling conduit  130 . Further, any number of additional components, valves, sensors, and the like may be positioned anywhere along the sampling conduit  130 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment at least one sensor and/or control device  150  may be positioned along the sampling conduit  130 . Exemplary sensor devices include, without limitations, thermocouples, temperature sensors, vacuum gauges, and the like. For example, in one embodiment the sensor device  150  comprises at least one thermistor. In another embodiment the sensor device  150  comprises at least one calorimetry system or device. Optionally, the sensor device  150  may comprise one or more titration systems or devices. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sensor device  150  may comprise any number of in situ measuring devices or systems, flow valves, flowmeters, flow verifiers, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , the sampling module  132  may also be in fluid communication with the processing chamber  116  via at least one chamber sample gas conduit  144 . As such, the sampling module  132  may be configured to analyze the radical gas stream upstream of the processing chamber  116  and within the processing chamber  116 . Such analysis may occur sequentially or simultaneously. Like the sampling conduit  130 , the chamber sample gas conduit  144  may include one or more valves, sensors, and the like thereon. As such, the flow of sample gas from the processing chamber  116  to the sampling module  132  may be selectively varied. 
     With reference to  FIG. 2 , the sampling module  132  may be coupled to at least one molecular compound stream conduit  134 . Like the sampling conduit  130  the molecular compound stream conduit  134  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitation, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, and the like. In one embodiment at least a portion of at least one of the sampling conduit  130  and/or the molecular compound stream conduit  134  may be configured to react with the radical gas stream flowing therein. For example, in one embodiment at least a portion of the sampling conduit  130  and/or molecular compound stream conduit  134  may be configured to react with radicals within the gas flow to form chemical species more stable and capable of accurate measurement as compared to the radicals contained within the radical gas stream. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , like the previous embodiment, at least one sensor module  136  may be in fluid communication with the sampling module  132  via the molecular compound stream conduit  134 . Optionally, the sensor module  136  may be configured to detect and measure the concentration of radicals in at least one gas flow. Any variety of devices or systems may be used within or to form the sensor module  136 . For example, in one embodiment the sensor module  136  comprises at least one detector configured to measure the radical flux within the radical gas stream. In another embodiment, the sensor module  136  is configured to measure the concentration of at least one chemical species within a gas flow. For example, the sensor module  136  may be configured to measure the concentration for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds. In one specific embodiment the sensor module  136  includes at least one optical gas imaging camera or device such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy system (hereinafter FTIR system), tunable filter spectroscopy system (hereinafter TFS system), mass spectrography, optical absorption spectroscopy and the like. Optionally, the sensing module  136  may further include at least one titration system or device. In one embodiment, the sensing module  136  may be configured to reduce or eliminate recombination of the radicals within the gas stream into its molecular species. In another embodiment the sensor module  136  may be configured to permit recombination of the radicals within a gas stream to its molecular species. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 2 , at least one sensor module output conduit  138  is in fluid communication with the sensor module  136  in the flow measurement and/or flow control module  140 , which may be configured to accurately measure a portion of the gas stream flowing there through. Like the previous embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow verifier (MFV). In another embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow meter (MFM). Optionally, the flow volume or rate may be determined by measuring the pressure differential between an orifice of known size within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  110  with the fluid conductance. Those skilled in the art appreciate that any variety of flow measuring devices or systems can be used with the gas sampling detection system  110  disclosed herein. As shown in  FIG. 2 , at least one exhaust conduit  142  may be coupled to or in communication with the flow measurement module  140  and configured to exhaust the radical gas stream from the gas sampling detection system  110 . Optionally, the exhaust conduit  142  may be in fluid communication with at least one vacuum source (not shown). 
     As stated above, the processing system  110  may include at least one optional processor module  152  in communication with at least one component of the processing system  110 . For example, the optional processor module  152  may be in communication with the radical gas generator  112  via at least one processor conduit  154 . Further, the optional processor system  152  may be in communication with the optional sensor  150  via the processor conduit  154  and at least one optional sensor conduit  156 , the sampling module  132  via the processor conduit  154  and at least one sampling conduit  158 , the sensor module  136  via at least one sensor module conduit  160 , and the flow measurement module  140  via at least one flow measurement conduit  162 . In one embodiment, the optional processor module  152  may be configured to provide and receive data from at least one of the radical gas generator  112 , the optional sensor  150 , the sampling module  132 , the sensor module  136 , and the flow measurement module  140 . As such, the optional processor module  152  may be configured to measure the flow conditions within the processing system  110  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  110  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  152  may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals within the gas stream vary the operating characteristics of the radical gas generator  112  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. Further, the optional processor module  152  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  122 , sensor  124 , and chamber processor module  120  via at least one optional processing conduit  164 . Optionally, the processor module  152  may be in communication with an external network. 
     Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 2 , like the previous embodiment, at least one analysis system or circuit  166  may be formed within the processing system  110 . As shown, the analysis system  166  may include at least one of the sampling module  132 , sensor module  136 , flow measurement module  149 , optional sensor  150 , optional processor module  152 , and the like. Further, the analysis system  166  may further include the valve device  122  or other devices and components within the processing system  110 . 
       FIG. 3  shows schematically still another embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. Like  FIG. 2 , the various components of the processing system  210  shown in  FIG. 3  perform comparably to similarly named components shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Like the previous embodiments, the gas sampling detection system  210  may include at least one radical gas generator and/or reactive gas generator  212  configured to provide a reactive gas stream having radicals therein. The radical gas generator  212  may be in fluid communication with at least one processing chamber  216  via at least one gas passage  214 . Like the previous embodiment, the radical gas generator  212  is in communication with at least one sample gas source and at least one plasma source configured to energize and dissociate sample gases and generate at least one reactive gas stream in response thereto. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , optionally, the reactive gas conduit  214  may include one or more valve devices or systems, sensors, or similar devices  222  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, one or more valve devices  222  may be positioned within or coupled to the reactive gas conduit  214  thereby permitting a user to selectively permit and/or restrict the flow of at least one reactive gas stream through the reactive gas conduit  214 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , at least one processing chamber  216  may be coupled to or in communication with the radical gas generator  212  via the reactive gas conduit  214 . At least one exhaust conduit  218  may be coupled to the processing chamber  216  and configured to evacuate one or more gases or materials from the processing chamber  216 . Optionally, one or more control sensors, valves, scrubbers, or similar devices  224  may be coupled to or positioned proximate to the exhaust conduit  218 , thereby permitting the user to selectively evacuate one or more gases or other materials from the processing chamber  216 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , like the previous embodiment, at least one chamber processor module  220  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the processing chamber  218  and/or various components of the processing system. The chamber processing module  220  may be configured to provide localized control of the various components forming the processing system  210 . In the illustrated embodiment the chamber processing module  220  is in communication with the processing chamber  216  via a conduit, although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the chamber processing module  220  may communicate with any of the components forming the processing system  210  via a conduit, wirelessly, or both. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , at least one sampling module  232  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  212  via at least one sampling conduit  230 . Those skilled in the art appreciate the sampling conduit  230  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, carbon fiber carbon-based materials, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and the like. As such, the sampling conduit  230  may be configured to chemically react with the highly reactive radicals contained within the radical gas stream flowing therein. In another embodiment, the sampling conduit  230  may be configured to be chemically inert. In one embodiment, the sampling conduit  230  is coupled directly to and in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  212 . In the illustrated embodiment the sampling conduit  230  is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  212  via the reactive gas conduit  214 . Optionally, the sampling conduit  230  may be in fluid communication with the sampling control valve  222  positioned on the reactive gas conduit  214 . For example, the sampling control valve  222  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed volume of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  214  to the sampling module  232  via the sampling conduit  230 . Optionally, the sampling control valve  222  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed flow rate of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  214  to the sampling module  232  via the sampling conduit  230 . Further, any number of additional components, valves, sensors, and the like may be positioned anywhere along the sampling conduit  230 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment at least one sensor and/or control device  250  may be positioned along the sampling conduit  230 . Exemplary sensor devices include, without limitations, thermocouples, temperature sensors, vacuum gauges, and the like. For example, in one embodiment the sensor device  250  comprises at least one thermistor. In another embodiment the sensor device  250  comprises at least one calorimetry system or device. Optionally, the sensor device  250  may comprise one or more titration systems or devices. Those skilled in the art appreciate the sensor device  250  may comprise any number of in situ measuring devices or systems, flow valves, flowmeters, flow verifiers, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , the sampling module  232  may also be in fluid communication with the processing chamber  216  and the exhaust conduit  218  via at least one of the at least one chamber sample gas conduit  244  and/or sample exhaust conduit  246 . As such, the sampling module  232  may be configured to analyze the radical gas stream upstream of the processing chamber  216 , the radical gas stream within the processing chamber  216 , and the radical gas stream being emitted from the processing chamber via the exhaust conduit  218 . Such analysis may occur sequentially or simultaneously. Like the sampling conduit  230 , the chamber sample gas conduit  244 , and/or the exhaust conduit  218  may include one or more valves, sensors, and the like thereon. As such, the flow of sample gas from the processing chamber  216  to the sampling module  232 , and/or the flow of sample gas from the exhaust conduit  218  to the sampling module  232 , or both, may be selectively varied. 
     With reference to  FIG. 3 , the sampling module  232  may be coupled to at least one molecular compound stream conduit  234 . Like the sampling conduit  230 , the molecular compound stream conduit  234  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitation, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, and the like. In one embodiment, at least a portion of at least one of the sampling conduit  230  and/or the molecular compound stream conduit  234  may be configured to react with the radical gas stream flowing therein. For example, in one embodiment at least a portion of the sampling conduit  230  in/or molecular compound stream conduit  234  may be configured to react with radicals within the gas flow to form chemical species more stable and capable of accurate measurement as compared to the radicals container within the radical gas stream. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , like the previous embodiments, at least one sensor module  236  is in fluid communication with the sampling module  232  via the molecular compound stream conduit  234 . Optionally, the sensor module  236  may be configured to detect and measure the concentration of radicals in at least one gas flow. Any variety of devices or systems may be used within or to form the sensor module  236 . For example, in one embodiment the sensor module  236  comprises at least one detector configured to measure the radical flux within the radical gas stream. In another embodiment, the sensor module  236  is configured to measure the concentration of at least one chemical species within a gas flow. For example, the sensor module  236  may be configured to measure the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds. In one specific embodiment, the sensor module  236  includes at least one optical gas imaging camera or device such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy system (hereinafter FTIR system), tunable filter spectroscopy system (hereinafter TFS system), mass spectrography, optical absorption spectroscopy and the like. Optionally, the sensor module  236  may further include at least one titration system or device. In one embodiment, in one embodiment, the sensor module  236  may be configured to reduce or eliminate recombination of the radicals within the gas stream into its molecular species. Another embodiment the sensor module  236  may be configured to permit recombination of the radicals within a gas stream to its molecular species. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 3 , at least one sensor module output conduit  238  is in fluid communication with the sensor module  236  and the flow measurement and/or flow control module  240 , which may be configured to accurately measure a portion of the gas stream flowing there through. Like the previous embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow verifier (MFV). In another embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow meter (MFM). Optionally, the flow may be determined by measuring the pressure differential between an orifice of known size within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  210  with the fluid conductance. Those skilled in the art appreciate that any variety of flow measuring devices or systems may be used with the gas sampling detection system  210  disclosed herein. As shown in  FIG. 3 , at least one exhaust conduit  242  may be coupled to or in communication with the flow measurement module  240  and configured to exhaust the radical gas stream from the gas sampling detection system  210 . Optionally, the exhaust conduit  242  may be in fluid communication with at least one vacuum source (not shown). 
     As stated above, the processing system  210  may include at least one optional processor module  252  in communication with at least one component of the processing system  210 . For example, the optional processor module  252  may be in communication with the radical gas generator  212  via at least one processor conduit  254 . Further, the optional processor system  252  may be in communication with at least one of the optional sensor  250  via the processor conduit  254  and at least one optional sensor conduit  256 , the sampling module  232  via the processor conduit  254  and at least one sampling conduit  258 , the sensor module  236  via at least one sensor module conduit  260 , and the flow measurement module  240  via at least one flow measurement conduit  262 . In one embodiment, the optional processor module  252  may be configured to provide and receive data from at least one of the radical gas generator  212 , the optional sensor  250 , the sampling module  232 , the sensor module  236 , and the flow measurement module  240 . As such, the optional processor module  252  may be configured to measure the flow condition within the processing system  210  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  210  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  252  may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals within the gas stream vary the operating characteristics of the radical gas generator  212  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. Further, the optional processor module  252  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  222 , sensor  224 , and chamber processor module  220  via at least one optional processing conduit  264 . Further, the processor module  252  may be in communication with an external network. 
     Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 3 , like the previous embodiments, at least one analysis system or circuit  266  may be formed within the processing system  210 . As shown, the analysis system  266  may include at least one of the sampling module  232 , sensor module  236 , flow measurement module  249 , optional sensor  250 , optional processor module  252 , and the like. Further, the analysis system  266  may further include the valve device  222  or other devices and components within the processing system  210 . 
       FIG. 4  shows schematically another embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. Unlike the previous embodiments, the present embodiment includes multiple sampling modules providing data to one or more sensor modules. Like the previous embodiments, the various components of the processing system  310  shown in  FIG. 4  perform comparably to similarly named components shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . Like the previous embodiments, the gas sampling detection system  310  may include at least one radical gas generator and/or reactive gas generator  312  configured to provide a reactive gas stream having radicals therein. The radical gas generator  312  may be in fluid communication with at least one processing chamber  316  via at least one gas passage  314 . Optionally, the reactive gas conduit  314  may include one or more valve devices or systems, sensors, or similar devices  322  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, one or more valve devices  322  may be positioned or coupled to the reactive gas conduit  314  thereby permitting a user to selectively permit and/or restrict the flow of at least one reactive gas stream through the reactive gas conduit  314 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , at least one processing chamber  316  may be coupled to or in communication with the radical gas generator  312  via the reactive gas conduit  314 . At least one exhaust conduit  318  may be coupled to the processing chamber  316  and configured to evacuate one or more gases or materials from the processing chamber  316 . Optionally, one or more control sensors, valves, scrubbers, or similar devices  324  may be coupled to or positioned proximate to the exhaust conduit  318 , thereby permitting the user to selectively evacuate one or more gases or other materials from the processing chamber  316 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 4 , like the previous embodiments, at least one chamber processor module  320  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the processing chamber  318  and/or various components of the processing system. The chamber processing module  320  may be configured to provide localized control over the various components forming the processing system  310 . The illustrated embodiment the chamber processing module  320  is in communication with the processing chamber  316  via a conduit, although those skilled in the art appreciate that the chamber processing module  320  may communicate with any of the components forming the processing system  310  via a conduit, wirelessly, or both. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , at least one upstream sampling module  332  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  312  via at least one sampling conduit  330 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sampling conduit  330  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, carbon fiber carbon-based materials, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and the like. As such, the sampling conduit  330  may be configured to chemically react with the highly reactive radicals contained within the radical gas stream flowing therein. In another embodiment, the sampling conduit  330  may be configured to be chemically inert. In one embodiment, the sampling conduit  330  is coupled directly to and in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  312 . In the illustrated embodiment the sampling conduit  330  is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  312  via the reactive gas conduit  314 . Optionally, the sampling conduit  330  may be in fluid communication with the sampling control valve  322  positioned on the reactive gas conduit  314 . For example, the sampling control valve  322  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed volume of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  314  to the upstream sampling module  332  via the sampling conduit  330 . Optionally, the sampling control valve  322  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed flow rate of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  314  to the upstream sampling module  332  via the sampling conduit  230 . Further, any number of additional components, valves, sensors, and the like may be positioned anywhere along the sampling conduit  330 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment at least one sensor and/or control device  380  may be positioned along the sampling conduit  330 . Exemplary sensor devices include, without limitations, thermocouples, temperature sensors, vacuum gauges, and the like. For example, in one embodiment the sensor device  380  comprises at least one thermistor. In another embodiment the sensor device  380  comprises at least one calorimetry system or device. Optionally, the sensor device  380  may comprise one or more titration systems or devices. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the sensor device  380  may comprise any number of in situ measuring devices or systems, flow valves, flowmeters, flow verifiers, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 4 , at least one chamber sampling module  342  may be in fluid communication with the processing chamber  316  via at least one chamber sample gas conduit  340 . As such, the chamber sampling module  342  may be configured to analyze the radical gas stream within the processing chamber  316 . Like the upstream sampling conduit  330 , the chamber sample gas conduit  340  may include one or more valves, sensors, and the like thereon. As such, the flow of sample gas from the processing chamber  316  to the chamber sampling module  342  may be selectively varied. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , optionally, at least one exhaust sampling module  352  may be in fluid communication with the processing chamber  316  via at least one exhaust sample gas conduit  350 . As such, the chamber sampling module  352  may be configured to analyze the radical gas stream emitted from the processing chamber  316  via the exhaust conduit  318 . Optionally, the exhaust sample gas conduit  350  may include one or more valves, sensors, and the like thereon. As such, the flow of sample gas emitted from the processing chamber  316  via the exhaust conduit  318  may be selectively varied. 
     With reference to  FIG. 4 , at least one of the upstream sampling module  332 , chamber sampling module  342 , and exhaust sampling module  352  may be coupled to at least one molecular compound stream conduit  334 . Like the sampling conduit  330  the molecular compound stream conduit  334  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitation, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, and the like. In one embodiment, at least a portion of at least one of the upstream sampling conduit  330 , chamber sampling module  340 , exhaust sampling module  350 , and/or the molecular compound stream conduit  334  may be configured to react with the radical gas stream flowing therein. For example, in one embodiment at least a portion of the sampling conduit  330  and/or molecular compound stream conduit  334  may be configured to react with radicals within the gas flow to form chemical species more stable and capable of accurate measurement as compared to the radicals contained within the radical gas stream. 
     As shown in  FIG. 4 , like the previous embodiment at least one sensor module  336  is in fluid communication with at least one of the upstream sampling module  332 , chamber sampling module  342 , and exhaust sampling module  352  via the molecular compound stream conduit  334 . The sensor module  336  may be configured to detect and measure the concentration of radicals in at least one gas flow. Any variety of devices or systems may be used within or to form the sensor module  336 . For example, in one embodiment the sensor module  336  comprises at least one detector configured to measure the radical flux within the radical gas stream. In another embodiment, the sensor module  336  is configured to measure the concentration of at least one chemical species within a gas flow. For example, the sensor module  336  may be configured to measure the concentration for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds. In one specific embodiment the sensor module  336  includes at least one optical gas imaging camera or device such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy system (hereinafter FTIR system), tunable filter spectroscopy system (hereinafter TFS system), mass spectrography, optical absorption spectroscopy and the like. Optionally, the sensing module  336  may further include at least one titration system or device. In one embodiment, the sensing module  336  may be configured to reduce or eliminate recombination of the radicals within the gas stream into its molecular species. In another embodiment, the sensor module  336  may be configured to permit recombination of the radicals within a gas stream to its molecular species. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 4 , at least one sensor module output conduit  362  is in fluid communication with the sensor module  336  and the flow measurement and/or flow control module  370 , which may be configured to accurately measure a portion of the gas stream flowing there through. Like the previous embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow verifier (hereinafter MFV). In another embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow meter (hereinafter MFM). Optionally, the flow may be determined by measuring the pressure differential between an orifice of known size within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  310  with the fluid conductance. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of flow measuring devices or systems may be used with the gas sampling detection system  310  disclosed herein. As shown in  FIG. 4 , at least one exhaust conduit  372  may be coupled to or in communication with the flow measurement module  370  and configured to exhaust the radical gas stream from the gas sampling detection system  310 . Optionally, the exhaust conduit  372  may be in fluid communication with at least one vacuum source (not shown). 
     The processing system  310  may include at least one optional processor module  382  in communication with at least one component of the processing system  310 . For example, the optional processor module  382  may be in communication with the radical gas generator  312  via at least one processor conduit  384 . Further, the optional processor system  382  may be in communication with at least one of the optional sensor  380  and upstream sampling module  332  via the processor conduit  384  and at least one optional sensor conduit  356 , the sensor module  336  via at least one sensor module conduit  386 , or both. As such, the optional processor module  382  may be configured to measure the flow conditions within the processing system  310  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  310  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  382  may be configured to measure and/or calculate the concentration of radicals within the gas stream and vary the operating characteristics of the radical gas generator  312  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. Further, the optional processor module  382  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  322 , sensor  324 , and chamber processor module  320  via at least one optional processing conduit  364 . 
       FIG. 5  shows schematically an embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. As shown, the gas sampling detection system  410  includes at least one plasma generator and/or radical gas generator  412  in fluid communication with at least one processing chamber  416  via at least one gas passage  414 . In one embodiment, the radical gas generator  412  is in communication with at least one sample gas source and at least one plasma source configured to energize and dissociate sample gases and generate at least one reactive gas stream. In one specific embodiment the radical gas generator  412  comprises a RF toroidal plasma source; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of plasma sources or radical gas sources may be used with the present systems. In one embodiment the radical gas generator  412  uses hydrogen (H 2 ) plasma to create atomic hydrogen. In another embodiment the radical gas generator  412  utilizes oxygen (O 2 ) plasma to create atomic oxygen. Optionally, the radical gas generator  412  may utilize nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), fluorine (F 2 ), chlorine (Cl 2 ) or any variety of other materials to create a reactive plasma containing one or more radicals within the gas stream. Alternatively, radical gases may be generated by other gas excitation methods, including electron beam excitation, laser excitation, or hot-filament excitation. Further, the above description discloses various embodiments of RF-based plasma generation systems; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of alternate radical gas generation systems may be used with the present system. Exemplary alternate radical gas generation systems include, without limitation, glow discharge plasma systems, capacitively coupled plasma systems, cascade art plasma systems, inductively coupled plasma systems, wave heated plasma systems, arc discharge plasma systems, coronal discharge plasma systems, dielectric barrier discharge systems, capacitive discharge systems, Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma systems, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , at least one processing chamber  416  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  412  via at least one reactive gas conduit  414 . In some applications, the reactive gas conduit  414  is manufactured from a chemically inert material or a material having low chemical reactivity. Exemplary materials include, without limitation, quartz, sapphire, stainless steel, strengthened steel, aluminum, ceramic materials, glass, brass, nickel, Y 2 O 3 , YAlO x , various alloys, and coated metal such as anodized aluminum. In one embodiment, a single reactive gas conduit  414  is in fluid communication with a single radical gas generator  412 . In another embodiment multiple reactive gas conduits  414  are in fluid communication with a single reactive gas generator  412 . In yet another embodiment a single reactive gas conduit  414  is in communication with multiple radical gas generators  412 . As such, any number of reactive gas conduits  414  may be in communication with any number of radical gas generators  412 . Optionally, the reactive gas conduit  414  may include one or more valve devices or systems, sensors, or similar devices  422  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, one or more valve devices  422  may be coupled to the reactive gas conduit  414  thereby permitting a user to selectively permit and/or restrict the flow of at least one reactive gas stream through the reactive gas conduit  414 . 
     The processing chamber  416  may be coupled to or in communication with the radical gas generator  412  via the reactive gas conduit  414 . In one embodiment, the processing chamber  416  comprises one or more vacuum chambers or vessels configured to have one or more substrates, semiconductor wafers, or similar materials positioned therein. Optionally, the processing chamber  416  may be used for atomic layer processing of semiconductor substrates or wafers. Optionally, the processing chamber  416  may be used for processing any variety of substrates or materials using any variety of processing methods were systems. Exemplary processing methods include, without limitation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), atomic layer etching (ALE), and the like. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processing chamber  416  be manufactured from any variety of materials, including, without limitation, stainless steel, aluminum, mild steel, brass, high-density ceramics, glass, acrylic, and the like. In one embodiment, at least one interior surface of the processing chamber  416  may include at least one coating, anodized material, sacrificial material, physical feature or element, and the like intended to selectively vary the reactivity, durability, and/or fill micro-pores of the interior surfaces of the processing chamber  416 . At least one exhaust conduit  418  may be coupled to the processing chamber  416  and configured to evacuate one or more gases or materials from the processing chamber  416 . Optionally, one or more control sensors, valves, scrubbers, or similar devices  424  may be coupled to or positioned proximate to the exhaust conduit  418 , thereby permitting the user to selectively evacuate one or more gases or other materials from the processing chamber  416 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , at least one chamber processor module  420  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the processing chamber  418  and/or various components of the processing system. The chamber processing module  420  may be configured to provide localized control of the various components forming the processing system  10 . In the illustrated embodiment the chamber processing module  420  is in communication with the processing chamber  416  via a conduit, although those skilled in your will appreciate that the chamber processing module  420  may communicate with any of the components forming the processing system  410  via conduit, wirelessly, or both. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , at least one sampling module  432  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  412  via at least one sampling conduit  430 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sampling conduit  430  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, carbon fiber carbon-based materials, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and the like. As such, in some embodiments the sampling conduit  430  may be configured to chemically react with the highly reactive radicals contained within the radical gas stream flowing therein. In yet another embodiment, the sampling conduit  430  may consist of a catalytic material to facilitate the recombination of atomic gas species into its molecular gas species, such that the recombination energy of the atomic gas is released and measured. In other embodiments, the sampling conduit  430  may be configured to be chemically inert. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , at least one reaction gas feed or source  472  may be configured to provide at least one reaction mechanism or stream  474  to the sampling module  432 . Alternatively, the reaction source  472  may be in communication with the radical gas generator  412  through at least one stream conduit  475 . Any variety of reaction sources  472  configured to provide any variety of may be used in the present system. For example, in one embodiment, the reaction source  472  comprises at least one source of a reactive gas and is configured to react with the atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and short-lived molecules within the sampling module  432 . Exemplary reactive gases include, without limitations, gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, compounds, such as NH 3  NO 2 , or any variety of atomic radicals generated with a separate plasma source. In another embodiment, the reaction source  472  comprises at least one excitation source configured to provide excitation energy to the atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and short-lived molecules within the sampling module  432 . For example, in one embodiment, the reaction source  472  comprises at least one source of optical radiation configured to provide excitation energy to the sampling module  432 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the sampling conduit  430  may include any variety of sensors, valves, heating elements, cooling elements, and the like thereon. In one embodiment, the sampling conduit  430  is coupled directly to and in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  412 . In the illustrated embodiment the sampling conduit  430  is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  412  via the reactive gas conduit  414 . Optionally, the sampling conduit  430  may be in fluid communication with the sampling control valve  422  positioned on the reactive gas conduit  414 . For example, the sampling control valve  422  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed volume of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  414  to the sampling module  432  via the sampling conduit  430 . In another embodiment, the sampling control valve  422  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed flow rate of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  414  to the sampling module  432  via the sampling conduit  430 . Further, any number of additional components, valves, sensors, and the like may be positioned anywhere along the sampling conduit  430 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment at least one sensor and/or control device  450  may be positioned along the sampling conduit  430 . Exemplary sensor devices include, without limitations, thermocouples, temperature sensors, optical sensors, UV, optical or infrared spectrometers, charge particle detectors, vacuum gauges, mass spectrometers, and the like. For example, in one embodiment the sensor device  450  comprises at least one thermistor. In another embodiment the sensor device  450  comprises at least one calorimetry system or device. In another embodiment, a novel calorimetry system is discussed in detail and shown in  FIGS. 8-15  of the present application. Optionally, the sensor device  450  may comprise one or more titration systems or devices. Those skilled in the arts will appreciate the sensor device  450  may comprise any number of in situ measuring devices were systems, flow valves, flowmeters, flow verifiers, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , in the illustrated embodiment the sampling module  432  is coupled to at least one molecular compound stream conduit  434 . Like the sampling conduit  430 , the molecular compound stream conduit  434  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitation, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, and the like. In one embodiment, at least a portion of at least one of the sampling conduit  430  and/or the molecular compound stream conduit  434  may be configured to react with the radical gas stream flowing therein. For example, in one embodiment, at least a portion of the sampling conduit  430  and/or molecular compound stream conduit  434  may be configured to react with radicals within the gas flow to form chemical species more stable and capable of accurate measurement as compared to the radicals. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , at least one sensor module  436  is in fluid communication with the sampling module  432  via at least one molecular compound stream conduit  434 . In one embodiment, the sensor module  436  may be configured to detect and measure the concentration of radicals in at least one gas flow. Any variety of devices or systems may be used within or to form the sensor module  436 . For example, in one embodiment, the sensor module  436  comprises at least one detector configured to measure the radical flux within the radical gas stream. In another embodiment, the sensor module  436  is configured to measure the concentration of at least one chemical species within a gas flow. For example, the sensor module  436  may be configured to measure the concentration for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds. In one specific embodiment, the sensor module includes at least one optical gas imaging camera or device such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy system (hereinafter FTIR system), tunable filter spectroscopy system (hereinafter TFS system), mass spectrography, optical absorption spectroscopy and the like. Optionally, the sensing module  436  may further include at least one titration system or device. In one embodiment, the sensing module  436  may be configured to reduce or eliminate recombination of the radicals within the gas stream into its molecular species. In another embodiment, the sensor module  436  may be configured to permit recombination of the radicals within a gas stream to its molecular species. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 5 , at least one sensor module output conduit  438  is in fluid communication with the sensor module  436  and the flow measurement and/or flow control module  440 . In some embodiments, the flow measurement module  440  is configured to accurately measure a portion of the gas stream flowing there through. For example, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow verifier (MFV). In another embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow meter (MFM). Optionally, the flow may be determined by measuring the pressure differential between an orifice of known size within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  410  with the fluid conductance. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of flow measuring devices or systems may be used with the gas sampling detection system  410  disclosed herein. As shown in  FIG. 5 , at least one exhaust conduit  442  may be coupled to or in communication with the flow measurement module  440  and configured to exhaust the radical gas stream from the gas sampling detection system  410 . Optionally, the exhaust conduit  442  may be in fluid communication with at least one vacuum source (not shown). 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the processing system  410  may include at least one optional processor module  452  in communication with at least one component of the processing system  410 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, an optional processor module  452  is in communication with the radical gas generator  412  via at least one processor conduit  454 . Further, the optional processor system  452  may be in communication with at least one of the optional sensor  450  via the processor conduit  454  and at least one optional sensor conduit  456 , the sampling module  432  via the processor conduit  454  and at least one sampling conduit  458 , the sensor module  436  via at least one sensor module conduit  460 , and the flow measurement module  440  via at least one flow measurement conduit  462 . Further, the reaction source  472  may be in communication with the optional processor system  452  via the processor conduit  454 . In one embodiment, the optional processor module  452  may be configured to provide and receive data from at least one of the radical gas generator  412 , the optional sensor  450 , the sampling module  432 , the sensor module  436 , and the flow measurement module  440 . As such, the optional processor module  452  may be configured to measure the flow conditions within the processing system  410  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  410  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  452  may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals within the gas stream vary the operating characteristics of the radical gas generator  412  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. Further, the optional processor module  452  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  422 , sensor  424 , and chamber processor module  420  via at least one optional processing conduit  464 . Optionally, the processor  452  may be in communication with the various components of the processing system  410  wirelessly. Further, the processor  452  may be configured to store performance data, processing formulas and times, lot number, and the like. In addition, the processor  452  may be configured to communicate with one or more external processors via at least one computer network. 
     Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 5 , at least one analysis system or circuit  466  may be formed within the processing system  410 . As shown, the analysis system  466  may include at least one of the sampling module  432 , sensor module  436 , flow measurement module  449 , optional sensor  450 , optional processor module  452 , and the like. Further, the analysis system  466  may further include valve device  422  or other devices and components within the processing system  410 . 
       FIG. 6  shows schematically an embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. As shown, the gas sampling detection system  510  includes at least one plasma generator and/or radical gas generator  512  in fluid communication with at least one processing chamber  516  via at least one gas passage  514 . In one embodiment, the radical gas generator  512  is in communication with at least one sample gas source and at least one plasma source configured to energize and dissociate sample gases and generate at least one reactive gas stream. In one specific embodiment the radical gas generator  512  comprises a RF toroidal plasma source; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of plasma sources or radical gas sources may be used with the present systems. In one embodiment the radical gas generator  512  uses hydrogen (H 2 ) plasma to create atomic hydrogen. In another embodiment the radical gas generator  512  utilizes oxygen (O 2 ) plasma to create atomic oxygen. Optionally, the radical gas generator  512  may utilize nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), fluorine (F 2 ), chlorine (Cl 2 ) or any variety of other materials to create a reactive plasma containing one or more radicals within the gas stream. Alternatively, radical gases may be generated by other gas excitation methods, including electron beam excitation, laser excitation, or hot-filament excitation. Further, the above description discloses various embodiments of RF-based plasma generation systems; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of alternate radical gas generation systems may be used with the present system. Exemplary alternate radical gas generation systems include, without limitation, glow discharge plasma systems, capacitively coupled plasma systems, cascade art plasma systems, inductively coupled plasma systems, wave heated plasma systems, arc discharge plasma systems, coronal discharge plasma systems, dielectric barrier discharge systems, capacitive discharge systems, Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma systems, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 6 , at least one processing chamber  516  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  512  via at least one reactive gas conduit  514 . In some applications, the reactive gas conduit  514  is manufactured from a chemically inert material or a material having low chemical reactivity. Exemplary materials include, without limitation, quartz, sapphire, stainless steel, strengthened steel, aluminum, ceramic materials, glass, brass, nickel, Y 2 O 3 , YAlO x , various alloys, and coated metal such as anodized aluminum. In one embodiment, a single reactive gas conduit  514  is in fluid communication with a single radical gas generator  512 . In another embodiment multiple reactive gas conduits  514  are in fluid communication with a single reactive gas generator  512 . In yet another embodiment a single reactive gas conduit  514  is in communication with multiple radical gas generators  512 . As such, any number of reactive gas conduits  514  may be in communication with any number of radical gas generators  512 . Optionally, the reactive gas conduit  514  may include one or more valve devices or systems, sensors, or similar devices  522  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, one or more valve devices  522  may be coupled to the reactive gas conduit  514  thereby permitting a user to selectively permit and/or restrict the flow of at least one reactive gas stream through the reactive gas conduit  514 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the processing chamber  516  may be coupled to or in communication with the radical gas generator  512  via the reactive gas conduit  514 . In one embodiment, the processing chamber  516  comprises one or more vacuum chambers or vessels configured to have one or more substrates, semiconductor wafers, or similar materials positioned therein. For example, the processing chamber  516  may be used for atomic layer processing of semiconductor substrates or wafers. Optionally, the processing chamber  516  may be used for processing any variety of substrates or materials using any variety of processing methods were systems. Exemplary processing methods include, without limitation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), atomic layer etching (ALE), and the like. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processing chamber  516  may be manufactured from any variety of materials, including, without limitation, stainless steel, aluminum, mild steel, brass, high-density ceramics, glass, acrylic, and the like. For example, at least one interior surface of the processing chamber  516  may include at least one coating, anodized material, sacrificial material, physical feature or element, and the like intended to selectively vary the reactivity, durability, and/or fill micro-pores of the interior surfaces of the processing chamber  16 . At least one exhaust conduit  518  may be coupled to the processing chamber  516  and configured to evacuate one or more gases or materials from the processing chamber  516 . Optionally, one or more control sensors, valves, scrubbers, or similar devices  524  may be coupled to or positioned proximate to the exhaust conduit  518 , thereby permitting the user to selectively evacuate one or more gases or other materials from the processing chamber  516 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 6 , at least one chamber processor module  520  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the processing chamber  518  and/or various components of the processing system. The chamber processing module  520  may be configured to provide localized control of the various components forming the processing system  510 . In the illustrated embodiment the chamber processing module  520  is in communication with the processing chamber  516  via a conduit, although those skilled in your will appreciate that the chamber processing module  520  may communicate with any of the components forming the processing system  510  via conduit, wirelessly, or both. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , at least one sampling module  532  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  512  via at least one sampling conduit  530 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sampling conduit  530  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, carbon fiber carbon-based materials, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and the like. As such, in some embodiments the sampling conduit  530  may be configured to chemically react with the highly reactive atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and short-lived molecules contained within the radical gas stream flowing therein. In yet another embodiment, the sampling conduit  530  may consist of a catalytic material to facilitate the recombination of atomic gas species into its molecular gas species, such that the recombination energy of the atomic gas is released and measured. In other embodiments, the sampling conduit  530  may be configured to be chemically inert. In yet another embodiment, the sampling conduit  530  may consist of a catalyst material configured to facilitate the recombination of the radical species into its molecular gas species. Optionally, the sampling conduit  530  may include any variety of sensors, valves, heating elements, cooling elements, and the like thereon. In one embodiment, the sampling conduit  530  is coupled directly to and in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  512 . In the illustrated embodiment the sampling conduit  530  is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  512  via the reactive gas conduit  514 . Optionally, the sampling conduit  530  may be in fluid communication with the sampling control valve  522  positioned on the reactive gas conduit  514 . For example, the sampling control valve  522  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed volume of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  514  to the sampling module  532  via the sampling conduit  530 . In another embodiment, the sampling control valve  522  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed flow rate of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  514  to the sampling module  532  via the sampling conduit  530 . Further, any number of additional components, valves, sensors, and the like may be positioned anywhere along the sampling conduit  530 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment at least one sensor and/or control device  550  may be positioned along the sampling conduit  530 . Exemplary sensor devices include, without limitations, thermocouples, temperature sensors, optical sensors, UV, optical or infrared spectrometers, charge particle detectors, vacuum gauges, mass spectrometers, and the like. For example, in one embodiment the sensor device  550  comprises at least one thermistor. In another embodiment the sensor device  550  comprises at least one calorimetry system or device. An embodiment of a novel calorimetry system is discussed in detail and shown in  FIGS. 8-15  of the present application. Optionally, the sensor device  550  may comprise one or more titration systems or devices. Those skilled in the arts will appreciate the sensor device  550  may comprise any number of in situ measuring devices were systems, flow valves, flowmeters, flow verifiers, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 6 , in the illustrated embodiment the sampling module  532  is coupled to at least one molecular compound stream conduit  534 . Like the sampling conduit  530 , the molecular compound stream conduit  534  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitation, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, and the like. One embodiment at least a portion of at least one of the sampling conduit  530  and/or the molecular compound stream conduit  534  may be configured to react with the radical gas stream flowing therein. For example, one embodiment at least a portion of the sampling conduit  530  and/or molecular compound stream conduit  534  may be configured to react with radicals within the gas flow to form chemical species more stable and capable of accurate measurement as compared to the radicals. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , at least one sensor module  536  is in fluid communication with the sampling module  532  via at least one molecular compound stream conduit  534 . In one embodiment, the sensor module  536  may be configured to detect and measure the concentration of radicals in at least one gas flow. Any variety of devices or systems may be used within or to form the sensor module  536 . For example, in one embodiment the sensor module  536  comprises at least one detector configured to measure the radical flux within the radical gas stream. In another embodiment, the sensor module  536  is configured to measure the concentration of at least one chemical species within a gas flow. For example, the sensor module  536  may be configured to measure the concentration for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds. In one specific embodiment, the sensor module includes at least one optical gas imaging camera or device such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy system (hereinafter FTIR system), tunable filter spectroscopy system (hereinafter TFS system), mass spectrography, optical absorption spectroscopy and the like. Optionally, the sensing module  536  may further include at least one titration system or device. In one embodiment, the sensing module  536  may be configured to reduce or eliminate recombination of the radicals within the gas stream into its molecular species. In another embodiment, the sensor module  536  may be configured to permit recombination of the radicals within a gas stream to its molecular species. At least one sensor module return conduit  535  may be in fluid communication with the sensor module  536  and the processing chamber  520 . During use, the radical gas or similar material outputted from the sensing module  535  may be selectively directed to the processing chamber  520   
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , the processing system  510  may include at least one optional processor module  552  in communication with at least one component of the processing system  510 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, an optional processor module  552  is in communication with the radical gas generator  512  via at least one processor conduit  554 . Further, the optional processor system  552  may be in communication with at least one of the optional sensor  550  via the processor conduit  554  and at least one optional sensor conduit  556 , the sampling module  532  via the processor conduit  554  and at least one sampling conduit  558 , and the sensor module  536  via at least one sensor module conduit  560 . In one embodiment, the optional processor module  552  may be configured to provide and receive data from at least one of the radical gas generator  512 , the optional sensor  550 , the sampling module  532 , and the sensor module  536 . As such, the optional processor module  552  may be configured to measure the flows condition within the processing system  510  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  510  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  552  may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals and/or short-lived molecules within the radical stream and vary the operating characteristics of the radical generator  52  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. Further, the optional processor module  552  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  522 , sensor  524 , and chamber processor module  520  via at least one optional processing conduit  564 . Optionally, the processor  552  may be in communication with the various components of the processing system  510  wirelessly. Further, the processor  552  may be configured to store performance data, processing formulas and times, lot number, and the like. In addition, the processor  552  may be configured to communicate with one or more external processors via at least one computer network. 
     Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 6 , at least one analysis system or circuit  566  may be formed within the processing system  510 . As shown, the analysis system  566  may include at least one of the sampling module  532 , sensor module  536 , optional sensor  550 , optional processor module  552 , and the like. Further, the analysis system  566  may further include valve device  522  or other devices and components within the processing system  510 . 
     Like the previous embodiments,  FIG. 7  shows schematically an embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. As shown, the gas sampling detection system  610  includes at least one plasma generator and/or radical gas generator  612  in fluid communication with at least one gas passage  614 . In one embodiment, the radical gas generator  612  is in communication with at least one sample gas source and at least one plasma source configured to energize and dissociate sample gases and generate at least one reactive gas stream. In one specific embodiment the radical gas generator  612  comprises a RF toroidal plasma source; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of plasma sources or radical gas sources may be used with the present systems. In one embodiment the radical gas generator  612  uses hydrogen (H 2 ) plasma to create atomic hydrogen. In another embodiment the radical gas generator  612  utilizes oxygen (O 2 ) plasma to create atomic oxygen. Optionally, the radical gas generator  612  may utilize nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), fluorine (F 2 ), chlorine (Cl 2 ) or any variety of other materials to create a reactive plasma containing one or more radicals within the gas stream. Alternatively, radical gases may be generated by other gas excitation methods, including electron beam excitation, laser excitation, or hot-filament excitation. Further, the above description discloses various embodiments of RF-based plasma generation systems; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of alternate radical gas generation systems may be used with the present system. Exemplary alternate radical gas generation systems include, without limitation, glow discharge plasma systems, capacitively coupled plasma systems, cascade art plasma systems, inductively coupled plasma systems, wave heated plasma systems, arc discharge plasma systems, coronal discharge plasma systems, dielectric barrier discharge systems, capacitive discharge systems, Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma systems, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 7 , at least one reactive gas conduit  614  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  612 . In some applications, the reactive gas conduit  614  is manufactured from a chemically inert material or a material having low chemical reactivity. Exemplary materials include, without limitation, quartz, sapphire, stainless steel, strengthened steel, aluminum, ceramic materials, glass, brass, nickel, Y 2 O 3 , YAlO x , various alloys, and coated metal such as anodized aluminum. In one embodiment, a single reactive gas conduit  614  is in fluid communication with a single radical gas generator  12 . Like the previous embodiment, any number of reactive gas conduits  614  may be in communication with any number of radical gas generators  612 . Further, optionally, the reactive gas conduit  614  may include one or more valve devices or systems, sensors, or similar devices  622  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, one or more valve devices  622  may be coupled to the reactive gas conduit  614  thereby permitting a user to selectively permit and/or restrict the flow of at least one reactive gas stream through the reactive gas conduit  614 . The reactive gas conduit  614  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with any variety of test systems, vessels, containers, processing fixtures and/or systems, and the like. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , at least one sampling module  632  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  612  via at least one sampling conduit  630 . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sampling conduit  630  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, carbon fiber carbon-based materials, graphite, silicon, silicon dioxide, silicon carbide, and the like. As such, in some embodiments the sampling conduit  630  may be configured to chemically react with the highly reactive atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and short-lived molecules contained within the radical gas stream flowing therein. In yet another embodiment, the sampling conduit  630  may consist of a catalytic material to facilitate the recombination of atomic gas species into its molecular gas species, such that the recombination energy of the atomic gas is released and measured. In other embodiments, the sampling conduit  630  may be configured to be chemically inert. In yet another embodiment, the sampling conduit  630  may consist of a catalyst material configured to facilitate the recombination of the radical species into its molecular gas species. Optionally, the sampling conduit  30  may include any variety of sensors, valves, heating elements, cooling elements, and the like thereon. In one embodiment, the sampling conduit  630  is coupled directly to and in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  612 . In the illustrated embodiment the sampling conduit  630  is in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  612  via the reactive gas conduit  614 . Optionally, the sampling conduit  630  may be in fluid communication with the sampling control valve  622  positioned on the reactive gas conduit  614 . For example, the sampling control valve  622  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed volume of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  614  to the sampling module  632  via the sampling conduit  630 . In another embodiment, the sampling control valve  622  may be configured to selectively direct a prescribed flow rate of reactive gas traversing through the reactive gas conduit  614  to the sampling module  632  via the sampling conduit  630 . Further, any number of additional components, valves, sensors, and the like may be positioned anywhere along the sampling conduit  630 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, at least one sensor and/or control device  650  may be positioned along the sampling conduit  630 . Exemplary sensor devices include, without limitations, thermocouples, temperature sensors, optical sensors, UV, optical or infrared spectrometers, charge particle detectors, vacuum gauges, mass spectrometers, and the like. For example, in one embodiment, the sensor device  650  comprises at least one thermistor. In another embodiment, the sensor device  650  comprises at least one calorimetry system or device. An embodiment of a novel calorimetry system is discussed in detail and shown in  FIGS. 8-15  of the present application. Optionally, the sensor device  650  may comprise one or more titration systems or devices. Those skilled in the art will appreciate the sensor device  650  may comprise any number of in situ measuring devices were systems, flow valves, flowmeters, flow verifiers, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 7 , in the illustrated embodiment the sampling module  632  is coupled to at least one molecular compound stream conduit  634 . Like the sampling conduit  630  the molecular compound stream conduit  634  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitation, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, stainless steel, alloys, aluminum, brass, ceramics materials, glass, polymers, plastics, and the like. One embodiment at least a portion of at least one of the sampling conduit  630  and/or the molecular compound stream conduit  634  may be configured to react with the radical gas stream flowing therein. For example, one embodiment at least a portion of the sampling conduit  630  and/or molecular compound stream conduit  634  may be configured to react with radicals within the gas flow to form chemical species more stable and capable of accurate measurement as compared to the radicals. 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , at least one sensor module  636  is in fluid communication with the sampling module  632  via molecular compound stream conduit  634 . In one embodiment, the sensor module  636  may be configured to detect and measure the concentration of radicals in at least one gas flow. Any variety of devices or systems may be used within or to form the sensor module  636 . For example, in one embodiment the sensor module  636  comprises at least one detector configured to measure the radical flux within the radical gas stream. In another embodiment, the sensor module  636  is configured to measure the concentration of at least one chemical species within a gas flow. For example, the sensor module  636  may be configured to measure the concentration for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds. In one specific embodiment the sensor module includes at least one optical gas imaging camera or device such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy system (hereinafter FTIR system), tunable filter spectroscopy system (hereinafter TFS system), mass spectrography, optical absorption spectroscopy and the like. Optionally, the sensing module  636  may further include at least one titration system or device. In one embodiment, the sensing module  636  may be configured to reduce or eliminate recombination of the radicals within the gas stream into its molecular species. In another embodiment the sensor module  636  may be configured to permit recombination of the radicals within a gas stream to its molecular species. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 7 , at least one sensor module output conduit  638  is in fluid communication with the sensor module  636  and the flow measurement and/or flow control module  640 . In some embodiments, the flow measurement module  640  is configured to accurately measure a portion of the gas stream flowing there through. For example, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow verifier (MFV). In another embodiment, the flow of the gas stream may be measured using a mass flow meter (MFM). Optionally, the flow may be determined by measuring the pressure differential between an orifice of known size within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  610  with the fluid conductance. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of flow measuring devices or systems may be used with the gas sampling detection system  610  disclosed herein. As shown in  FIG. 7 , at least one exhaust conduit  642  may be coupled to or in communication with the flow measurement module  640  and configured to exhaust the radical gas stream from the gas sampling detection system  610 . Optionally, the exhaust conduit  642  may be in fluid communication with at least one vacuum source (not shown). 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the processing system  610  may include at least one optional processor module  652  which may be in communication with at least one component of the processing system  610 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, an optional processor module  652  is in communication with the radical gas generator  612  via at least one processor conduit  654 . Further, the optional processor system  652  may be in communication with at least one of the optional sensor  650  via the processor conduit  654  and at least one optional sensor conduit  656 , the sampling module  632  via the processor conduit  654  and at least one sampling conduit  658 , the sensor module  636  via at least one sensor module conduit  660 , and the flow measurement module  640  via at least one flow measurement conduit  662 . In one embodiment, the optional processor module  652  may be configured to provide and receive data from at least one of the radical gas generator  612 , the optional sensor  650 , the sampling module  632 , the sensor module  636 , and the flow measurement module  640 . As such, the optional processor module  652  may be configured to measure the flow conditions within the processing system  610  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  610  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  652  may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals within the gas stream vary the operating characteristics of the radical gas generator  612  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. Further, the optional processor module  652  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  622 , and sensor  624 . Optionally, the processor  652  may be in communication with the various components of the processing system  610  wirelessly. Further, the processor  652  may be configured to store performance data, processing formulas and times, lot number, and the like. In addition, the processor  652  may be configured to communicate with one or more external processors via at least one computer network. 
     Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 7 , at least one analysis system or circuit  666  may be formed within the processing system  610 . As shown, the analysis system  666  may include at least one of the sampling module  632 , sensor module  636 , flow measurement module  649 , optional sensor  650 , optional processor module  652 , and the like. Further, the analysis system  666  may further include valve device  622  or other devices and components within the processing system  610 . 
     As stated above, the various embodiments of the processing system disclosed in  FIGS. 1-7  include at least one sampling module and at least one sensor module. Optionally, as shown in  FIGS. 1-7 , portions of the sampling module and sensor module may be combined in a single unit or device. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1  the sampling module  32  and sensor module  36  may be combined in at least one sampling reaction module  700 .  FIGS. 1-7  show various embodiments of processing systems having at least one sampling reaction module  700  therein. In the illustrated embodiments the sampling modules and sensor modules are included within the sampling reaction module  700 . Optionally, portions of the sampling modules and portions of the sensor modules may be included within the sampling reaction module  700 .  FIGS. 8 and 9  show various views of an embodiment of a sampling reaction module  700  configured for use with the processing systems disclosed herein, while  FIGS. 10-15  show various views of the components forming the sampling reaction module  700 . Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sampling reaction module  700  may be used in any variety of systems. Optionally, the processing systems disclosed herein may be operated without the inclusion of the sampling reaction module  700 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8 and 9  the sampling reaction module  700  includes at least one module body  702  having at least one coupling body  704  extending therefrom. At least one coupling body flanged  706  may be positioned on the coupling body  704 . The module body  702  further includes at least one coupling surface  708  having at least one coupling flanged  710  formed thereon. At least one vacuum passage  712  may be formed in the coupling surface  708  proximate to the coupling flanged  710 . One or more coupling devices  714  may be positioned anywhere on the module body  702 . In one embodiment, the module body  702  is manufactured from stainless steel. In another embodiment the module body  702  is manufactured from brass. Still another embodiment the module body  702  is manufactured from copper. Optionally, the module body  702  may be manufactured from any variety of materials including, without limitations, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, tungsten alloys, tungsten, metallic alloys, ceramics, and similar materials. 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 8 and 9 , at least one analysis fixture  720  may be positioned on or otherwise coupled to the module body  702 . At least one coupling body  740  defining at least one coupling passage  742  may extend from the module body  702 . In the illustrated embodiment at least one fluid inlet port  760  and at least one fluid outlet port  762  may be positioned on or otherwise in communication with the analysis fixture  720 . One or more thermal control modules  750 ,  752  may be positioned proximate to at least one of the module body  702  in the analysis fixture  720 . The various features and components of the module body  702  and the analysis fixture  720  will be described in greater detail in the following paragraphs. 
       FIGS. 10-13  show various views of the elements forming the analysis fixture  720 . As shown, the analysis fixture  720  includes at least one analysis fixture body  722  having at least one analysis fixture cover plate  724  position thereon. In the illustrated embodiment the analysis fixture cover plate  724  is selectively detachable from the analysis fixture body  722 ; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the analysis fixture cover plate  724  need not be separable from the analysis fixture body  722 . The coupling body  740  having at least one coupling passage  742  included therein may also include at least one coupling passage support  744  extending from at least one passage mount mounting plate  746 . One or more fasteners  748  may traverse through the passage mounting plate  746  and be configured to couple at least a portion of the analysis fixture  720  to the module body  702  (see  FIGS. 5-6 ). 
     As shown in  FIGS. 10-13 , one or more thermal control modules  750 ,  752  may be positioned proximate to the analysis fixture  720 . In one embodiment, the thermal control modules  750 ,  752  comprise thermoelectric modules configured to regulate the temperature of the sampling tube  780  within the analysis fixture  720 . In another embodiment, the thermal control modules  750 ,  752  may comprise at least one thermistor or similar device. As such, the thermal control modules  750 ,  752  may include a variety of heating and cooling devices. Optionally, any variety of temperature regulating devices, fixtures, components, or devices may be used with the analysis fixture  720 . In the illustrated embodiment to thermal control modules  750 ,  752  are used to regulate the temperature of various components of the analysis fixture  720  which in turn may regulate the temperature of the radical gas stream under analysis. In one embodiment thermal control modules  750 ,  752  may be in communication with at least one optional processor module used in the processing system (see  FIGS. 1-7 , ref. no.  52 ,  152 ,  252 ,  382 ,  452 ,  552 , and  652 , respectively). 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 10-13 , at least one connector relief  754  may be formed in at least one of the analysis fixture body  722  and the analysis fixture cover plate  724 . As shown, at least one sampling tube  780  may be positioned within the coupling body  740 . Further, the sampling tube  780  may be positioned proximate to the thermal control modules  750 ,  752 . In one embodiment the sampling tube  780  is manufactured from at least one chemically reactive material. For example, in one embodiment at least a portion of the sampling tube  780  is manufactured from carbon, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, and the like. As such, at least a portion of the sampling tube  780  may be configured to react with radicals contained within the radical gas stream flowing through the sampling tube passage  782  formed within the sampling tube  780 , thereby forming chemical species such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds which may be more easily detected and whose concentrations can be easily measured. Optionally, the sampling tube  780  may be manufactured from any variety of chemically inert materials such as stainless steel, ceramics, aluminum, various alloys, and the like. Similarly, the coupling body  740  may be manufactured from any variety of materials. In the illustrated embodiment, the coupling body  740  is manufactured from a substantially chemically inert material such as stainless steel while sampling tube  780  is manufactured from a chemically reactive material such as silicon carbide. As such, the coupling body  740  may be manufactured from chemically inert or chemically reactive materials. 
     In one embodiment, the sampling tube  780  is thermally isolated from the surrounding environment. For example, the sampling tube  780  may be positioned within the coupling body  740 . A vacuum may be maintained within the void between the connection tube  740  and the sampling tube  780  thereby thermally isolating the sampling tube  780  from the environment. Optionally, the sampling tube  780  may be manufactured in any variety of diameters, lengths, and/or transverse dimensions. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 10-13 , one or more seal devices or members may be positioned on or proximate to sampling passage  780 . In the illustrated embodiment, at least one seal device  784  is positioned on the sampling tube  780  and configured to isolate the sampling tube  780  from the coupling body  740 . In one embodiment, the seal device  784  is configured to minimize the conduction of heat between the connection body  740  and the sampling tube  780 . Further, at least one seal member  786  is positioned on or near the sampling tube  780  proximate to at least one plate member  790 . In one embodiment, the seal member  786  comprises at least one crush seal although those skilled in the art will appreciate the any variety of seal members may be used. 
     Referring again to  FIGS. 10-13 , the fluid inlet port  760  and fluid outlet port  762  may be in communication with one or more fluid port receivers  764  formed in the analysis fixture body  722 . One or more fluid channels  772  may be in fluid communication with the fluid inlet port  760  and the fluid outlet port  762  via the fluid port receivers  764 . During use, one or more fluids may be directed through the fluid inlet port  760 , fluid channel  772 , and fluid outlet port  762 . As such, various fluids may be directed through the analysis fixture body  722  to selectively control the temperature of the analysis fixture  720  in the radical gas stream flowing proximate thereto. Further, optionally, at least one seal member  770  may be positioned proximate to the fluid channel  772 . 
     As shown in  FIGS. 10-13 , the plate member  790  may be positioned proximate to the thermal control modules  750 ,  752 . In one embodiment, the plate member  790  is configured to position the thermal control modules  750 ,  752  proximate to the sampling tube  780  and the analysis fixture body  722 . In one embodiment, at least one seal body  800  and/or at least one interface seal body  802  may be positioned on or proximate to the plate member  790 . As shown, the plate member  790  may include at least one sampling tube orifice  804  configured to have at least a portion of the sampling tube  780  traverse there through. 
       FIGS. 14 and 15  show various views of the module body  702  for use with their sampling reaction module  700 . As shown, the module body  702  includes at least one module body face  718 . Optionally, at least one fastener receiver may be formed on at least one module body face  718 . In one embodiment, the module body face  718  may be configured to receive at least one cooling element, body, and/or feature (not shown) thereon or formed therein. For example, in one embodiment cooling elements or fins configured to increase the surface area of the module body  702  may be formed on the face of at least one module body face  718 . Further, the module body face  718  may include at least one sampling tube receiver  716  configured to receive at least a portion of the sampling tube  780  therein (see  FIGS. 10-13 ). As shown in  FIG. 12 , at least a portion of the sampling tube receiver  716  is in fluid communication with at least a portion of the vacuum passage  712  formed in the module body  712 . During use, the vacuum passage  712  is coupled to or otherwise in fluid communication with a vacuum source (not shown). As such sampling tube receiver  716  is in fluid communication with the vacuum formed within the vacuum passage  712 . 
     The present application also discloses various methods of measuring the concentration of radicals in a radical gas stream.  FIG. 16  shows a general flowchart of the measurement process when used with the processing system  10  shown in  FIG. 1 , although those skilled in the art will appreciate that the process disclosed herein may be easily adapted for use with the various embodiments of the processing systems shown in  FIGS. 2-7 . As shown, a radical gas stream is created, denoted by reference number  2000  in  FIG. 16 . Typically, the radical gas stream is generated by the radical gas generator  12  shown in  FIG. 1 . Thereafter, a known volume and/or flow rate of the radical gas stream is directed to at least one analyzing circuit  66 , denoted by reference number  2006  in  FIG. 16 , while the remaining portion of the radical gas stream is directed to the processing chamber  16 , denoted by reference number  2002 , and used to process at least one substrate or otherwise used within the processing chamber, denoted by reference number  2004 . The known volume and/or flow rate of radical gas within the analyzing circuit  66  is reacted, denoted by reference number  2008  in  FIG. 16 , with a reagent to create a new, more easy-to-detect/measure chemical species or molecules, or, in the alternative, to recombine back to its molecular species. Exemplary reagents are shown below and include, without limitation: Ni, Al, W, Cu, Co, Zn, C, quartz, alumina, organic carbo-hydrate containing materials and various associated oxides, nitrides, and the like. 
     Optionally, one or more reaction sources  472  may be used to provide one or more reagents, reactive materials, and/or excitation energy to the sample module  432  to react the radical gas stream to create a new, more easy-to-detect/measure chemical species or molecules (See  FIG. 5 ). Typically, the reagent is reacted with the radical gas stream within proximate to the sampling module  32  to create a compound stream. Thereafter, the compound stream may be directed into the sensor module  36  which measures the concentration of the new chemical species or molecules within the compound stream, denoted by reference number  2010  in  FIG. 16 . Thereafter, the concentration of radicals within the processing chamber may be calculated, denoted by reference number  2012  in  FIG. 16 , by comparing the ratio of the concentration of chemical species within the compound stream per defined volume of the radical gas stream forming the sampling gas stream to the remaining volume of the at least one radical gas stream. Optionally, the optional processor module  52  may be configured to receive data sensor module  36  and selectively adjust the radical gas generator to optimize the concentration of radicals within a radical gas stream, denoted by reference number  2014  in  FIG. 16 . Optionally, as shown in  FIG. 6 , the radical gas stream  535  from the sensor module  536  may be directed to the processing chamber  520 . In another embodiment, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the measurement systems and methods disclosed herein may be used to measure the concentration of atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and other short-lived molecules in any variety of applications. As such, the measurement systems described herein need not include or be coupled to a processing chamber  16  (See  FIG. 1 ). For example,  FIG. 7  shows an embodiment of a measurement system  610  wherein the processing chamber has been eliminated. As such, the measurement systems described herein may be used in any variety of application wherein in situ measurement of atomic radicals, molecular radicals, and/or other short-lived molecules is desired. 
     As stated above, the sampling reaction module  700  shown in  FIGS. 1-15  may be used to determine the concentration of atomic radicals, molecular radicals, short-lived molecules, and other difficult-to-measure molecules or compounds in situ. In one embodiment, the multi-sensor gas sampling detection systems disclosed herein may be configured to use calorimetry to determine the concentration of molecules or other compounds within a gas stream wherein the recombination reaction is measured using the sampling reaction module  700 .  FIG. 17  shows a flow chart of one calorimetry-based method utilizing the sampling reaction module  700  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 8-15 . In this embodiment, a flow of a radical gas stream is established within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  10  as a defined flow rate (X sccm), as denoted by reference number  2016 . Thereafter, a define flow rate (Y sccm) or volume of the radical gas stream is directed to the sampling reaction module  700  (see reference number  2018  in  FIG. 17 ). The flow of the radical gas stream through the sampling reaction module  700  results in the temperature of the sampling tube  780  increasing (or decreasing in some circumstances) in relation to the temperature of the plate member  790  (hereinafter dT), which is recorded (see reference number  2020 ). Further, the rate of temperature variation between the sampling tube  780  and the plate member  790  (dT m /dt) is noted (see reference number  2022 ). Thereafter, as denoted as reference number  2024  in  FIG. 17 , the calculated sample power may be calculated as follows: 
       Sampled power= C   p   *m*dT   m   /dt+P   loss ( dT )         Wherein: C p =specific heat capacity
           m=mass of sampling tube   P loss =power loss   
               
     As shown in  FIG. 17 , reference number  2026 , the total power may be calculated as follows: 
       Total power=Sampled power* Y  sccm/ X  sccm 
     In another embodiment, the multi-sensor gas sampling detection systems disclosed herein may be configured to use an alternate calorimetry to determine the concentration of molecules or other compounds within a gas stream.  FIG. 18  shows a flow chart of an alternate calorimetry-based method utilizing a pre-calibrated curve determines the function P loss  of components of the sampling reaction module  700  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 8-15 . Like the previous embodiments, a radical gas steam flow is established as denoted by reference number  2028 . A defined volume, flow rate, or portion of the radical gas steam is directed to at least one sensing unit or device (see reference number  2030 ). The thermal control module  750  is activated and the time for the sampling tube  780  to reach a stable temperature is observed (see reference number  2032 ). As such, the recombination reaction is measured at the fixed sampling tube temperature (U) degrees. In addition, to calculate the sampled power, the mass of the sampling tube  780  is no longer determined by the entire mass of the sampling tube, but rather only a fraction of the mass of the sampling tube  780 , denoted as the effective mass men. As a result, the response time of the sampling reaction module  700  is now faster due to a smaller thermal mass. The total power may be calculated based on the sample power. 
     During use, the sampling tube  780  is heated to a higher temperature (U) (reference number  2032 ) and then allowed to cool to its steady state temperature (see reference number  2034 ). Thereafter, a pre-calibration curve may be established based on the observed thermal characteristics of the sampling reaction module  700 . Once the pre-calibration curve has been established a defined flow rate (X sccm) of a radical gas is established. A defined flow rate (Y sccm) or volume of radical gas is directed into the sampling reaction module  700 . The thermal control module  750  of the sampling reaction module  700  is set to a prescribed temperature. Thereafter, the thermal control module  750  is deactivated and the temperature change to a stable temperature (dT) and rate of temperature change (dt m ) between the sampling tube  780  and the plate member  790  is recorded (reference number  2034 ). 
     Thereafter, the calculated sample power may be calculated (reference number  2036 ) as follows: 
       Sampled power= C   p   *m   eff   *dT   m   /dt+P   loss ( dT )         Wherein: C p =specific heat capacity
           m eff =effective mass of sampling tube   P loss =power loss   
               
     The total power (reference number  2038 ) may be calculated as follows: 
       Total power=Sampled power* Y  sccm/ X  sccm 
       FIG. 19  shows a flow chart of another method of utilizing the sampling reaction module  700  shown in  FIGS. 1 and 8-15  wherein the recombination reaction is measured at the fixed sampling tube temperature. In this embodiment, a flow radical gas stream is established (reference number  2040 ) within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  10  as a defined flow rate (X sccm). Thereafter, a defined flow rate (Y sccm) or volume of the radical gas stream is directed to the sampling reaction module  700  (reference number  2042 ). Thereafter, the temperature of the sampling tube  480  is selectively increased using the thermal control module  750  of the sampling reaction module  700  (reference number  2044 ). Once the sampling tube  780  reaches a prescribed high temperature (dTH) the thermal control module  750  is deactivated, thereby permitting the sampling tube  780  to return to an equilibrium temperature (reference number  2046 ). Thereafter, the temperature of the sampling tube  480  is selectively decreased using the thermal control module  750  of the sampling reaction module  700  (reference number  2048 ). Once the sampling tube  780  reaches a prescribed low temperature (dTL) the thermal control module  750  is deactivated, thereby permitting the sampling tube  780  to return to an equilibrium temperature (reference number  2050 ). 
     Thereafter, the calculated sample high limit power and low limit power may be calculated (reference number  2052 ) as follows: 
       Sampled power high limit= P   loss ( dT   H ) 
       Sampled power low limit= P   loss ( dT   L )         Wherein: P loss =power loss       
     The upper and lower bound of the reaction may be calculated as follows (reference number  2054 ): 
       Total power upper bound=Sampled power high limit* Y  sccm/ X  sccm 
       Total power lower bound=Sampled power low limit* Y  sccm/ X  sccm         The upper and lower bounds determine the error limits of the actual reaction.       
       FIG. 20  shows graphically an example of the process flow described in  FIG. 19  above. As shown, the thermal control module  750 , referred to as the TEC in  FIG. 20  is activated to obtain the upper bound of the process and de-activated to obtain the lower bound of the process. 
     In some instances, determination of the sampled power may require further calibration as distinguishing between the heat generated from the radicals recombination as opposed to from the hot gas of the plasma source is difficult. As such,  FIG. 21  shows a calibration process configured to distinguishing between the heat generated from the radicals recombination as opposed to from the hot gas of the plasma source. As shown, a defined flow rate (X sccm) of a radical gas is established (reference number  2056 ). Thereafter, a defined flow rate (Y sccm) or volume of the radical gas stream is directed to the sampling reaction module  700  (reference number  2058 ). The flow of the radical gas stream through the sampling reaction module  700  results in the temperature of the sampling tube  780  increasing or decreasing in some circumstances) in relation to the temperature of the plate member  790  (hereinafter dT). The change in temperature of the sampling tube  780  and plate member  790  is recorded (reference number  2060 ). Further, the rate of temperature variation between the sampling tube  780  and the plate member  790  (dT m /dt) is noted (reference number  2062 ). Thereafter, the calculated sample power may be calculated (reference number  2064 ) as follows: 
       Sampled power= C   p   *m*dT   m   /dt+P   loss ( dT )         Wherein: C p =specific heat capacity
           m=mass of sampling tube   P loss =power loss   
               
     The total power may be calculated (reference number  2066 ) as follows: 
       Total power=Sampled power* Y  sccm/ X  sccm 
     Thereafter, the flow rate (Y′ sccm) or volume of the radical gas stream directed to the sampling reaction module  700  may be selectively adjusted (reference number  2068 ). For example, at least one valve device  22  (See  FIG. 1 ) may be adjusted to vary the flow of radical gas into the sampling reaction module  700 . As shown in  FIG. 22 , after collecting the sampled power at several different sampling flows, the results can be plotted and used to extrapolate a reading at  0  flow (valve closed). The slope of the extrapolated line is then the sensitivity of the measurement to the sampled flow, which will have a greater dependence on the radicals recombination, and less on the heat from the hot gas. 
     Optionally, multi-sensor gas detection sampling system  700  may include at least one optically reactive material and at least one detector such as an FTIR or TFS thereby using optically-based determination of the sampled power. As such, rather than performing the diagnostics in situ where it is exposed to the radical elements materials, the user may wish to recombine the radical species into a molecular gas species first, then transport the molecular gas species to the optical sensing device, which may now be located farther away. For example, in one specific example, a carbon material may be used within the multi-sensor gas detection sampling system  700 . During use, an atomic species such as oxygen react with the carbon and produce CO or CO 2 . The CO or CO 2  gases can then be diverted to a remote optical sensor to detect the amount CO or CO 2  present. Thereafter, as shown in  FIG. 23 , the concentration of CO, CO 2 , can be optically determined, thereby providing the concentration of O-radicals within the gas stream. The reagent material may be chosen such that it only reacts with the atomic species and not with its molecular species. Exemplary reagent materials include: 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Radical to  
                   
                 Gases that 
                 Species  
               
               
                   
                 be sensed/ 
                   
                 cannot be 
                 to be 
               
               
                   
                 reacted 
                 Material for reaction 
                 sensed 
                 detected 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
                 H 
                 Carbon (graphite, C- 
                 H 2   
                 CH x   
               
               
                   
                   
                 fiber, a-C), Si, SiO 2   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 O 
                 Carbon(graphite,  
                 O 2 , H 2 O 
                 CO, CO 2   
               
               
                   
                   
                 C-fiber, a-C) 
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 F, Cl 
                 Silicon, SiO 2 , SiC 
                 NF 3 , F 2 , Cl 2   
                 SiF 4   
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
       FIG. 24  shows a flow chart of an exemplary optically-based measurement process. As shown, the thermal control module  750  of the sampling reaction module  700  is set to a stable desired temperature (U) (reference number  2070 ). Thereafter, a defined flow rate (X sccm) of a radical gas is established (reference number  2072 ). Further, a defined flow rate (Y sccm) or volume of the radical gas stream is directed to the sampling reaction module  700  (reference number  2074 ). A spectrum from the optical sensor or detector (FTIP/TFS) within the thermal control module  750  may be recorded (reference number  2076 ). Thereafter, the radical output may be calculated (reference number  2078 ) as follows: 
       Radical output= f (spectrum peak)* X  sccm/ Y  sccm 
     The flow rate (Y′ sccm) or volume of the radical gas stream directed to the sampling reaction module  700  may be selectively adjusted (reference number  2080 ). For example, at least one valve device  22  (See  FIG. 1 ) may be adjusted to vary the flow of radical gas into the sampling reaction module  700 . As a result, the measured result indicates the relative amplitude of a given radical stream, which can be used for process monitoring. Also, the sampling tube  780  may be is set at a fixed temperature to improve the selectivity of the reaction. For example, a temperature may be chosen so that the reacting material will preferentially react with the atomic radical species and not the molecular gas species. 
     In another embodiment, the sampling reaction module  700  may include a semiconductor-based sampling architecture in which at least one semiconductor material is positioned within the sampling reaction module  700 . More specifically, as shown in  FIG. 25 , the thermal control module  750  of the sampling reaction module  700  is set to a stable desired temperature (U) (reference number  2082 ). Thereafter, a defined flow rate (X sccm) of a radical gas is established (reference number  2084 ). Further, a defined flow rate (Y sccm) or volume of the radical gas stream is directed to the sampling reaction module  700  (reference number  2086 ). A resistance from at least one semiconductor sensor positioned within the sampling reaction module  700  may be recorded (reference number  2088 ). Thereafter, the radical output may be calculated (reference number  2090 ) as follows: 
       Radical output=% of change in resistance 
       FIG. 26  shows graphically the result of resistance change as the radical output stream is activated and deactivated when using the resistance-based sampling architecture described above and shown in  FIG. 25 . 
       FIG. 6  described above shows schematically embodiment of a gas sampling detection system useful for detecting the concentration of radicals within a gas stream. In contrast to the system described in  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 27  shows an embodiment of a gas sampling detection system  910  which includes a novel calorimetry architecture positioned downstream of the radical gas generator or remote plasma source. As shown in  FIG. 27 , the gas sampling detection system  910  includes at least one plasma generator and/or radical gas generator  912  in fluid communication with at least one processing chamber  916  via at least one reactive gas conduit  914 . In one embodiment, the radical gas generator  912  is in communication with at least one sample gas source and at least one plasma source configured to energize and dissociate sample gases and generates at least one reactive gas stream. In one specific embodiment the radical gas generator  912  comprises a RF toroidal plasma source; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of plasma sources or radical gas sources may be used with the present systems. In one embodiment the radical gas generator  912  uses hydrogen (H 2 ) plasma to create atomic hydrogen. In another embodiment the radical gas generator  912  utilizes oxygen (O 2 ) plasma to create atomic oxygen. Optionally, the radical gas generator  912  may utilize nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), fluorine (F 2 ), chlorine (Cl 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ) or any variety of other materials to create a reactive plasma containing one or more radicals within the gas stream. Alternatively, radical gases may be generated by other gas excitation methods, including electron beam excitation, laser excitation, or hot-filament excitation. Further, the above description discloses various embodiments of RF-based plasma generation systems; although those skilled in the art will appreciate that any variety of alternate radical gas generation systems may be used with the present system. Exemplary alternate radical gas generation systems include, without limitation, glow discharge plasma systems, capacitively coupled plasma systems, cascade arc plasma systems, inductively coupled plasma systems, wave heated plasma systems, arc discharge plasma systems, coronal discharge plasma systems, dielectric barrier discharge systems, capacitive discharge systems, Piezoelectric direct discharge plasma systems, and the like. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 27 , at least one processing chamber  916  may be in fluid communication with the radical gas generator  912  via at least one reactive gas conduit  914 . In some applications, the reactive gas conduit  914  is manufactured from a chemically inert material or a material having low chemical reactivity. Exemplary materials include, without limitation, quartz, sapphire, stainless steel, strengthened steel, aluminum, ceramic materials, glass, brass, nickel, Y 2 O 3 , YAlO x , various alloys, and coated metal such as anodized aluminum. In one embodiment a single reactive gas conduit  914  is in fluid communication with a single radical gas generator  912 . In another embodiment multiple reactive gas conduits  914  are in fluid communication with a single radical gas generator  912 . In yet another embodiment, a single reactive gas conduit  914  is in communication with multiple radical gas generators  912 . Optionally, the reactive gas conduit  914  may comprise a sampling conduit or tube performing a similar function to the sampling tube  780  described above and shown in  FIGS. 11-13 . As such, any number of reactive gas conduits  914  may be in communication with any number of radical gas generators  912 . Further, at least one valve device or sensor device  922  may be included on the reactive gas conduit  914  between the radical gas generator  912  and the processing chamber  916 . For example, in one embodiment the valve device  922  may be configured to selectively permit or restrict the flow of at least one fluid through the reactive gas conduit  914  to create a desired pressure differential between the radical gas generator  912  and the processing chamber  916 . In one embodiment, the valve device  922  may comprise a variable valve or, in the alternative, a fixed-sized orifice. In one embodiment, the valve device  922  may be positioned downstream of sensor device  950 , as shown in  FIG. 27 . Alternatively, the valve device  922  may be positioned upstream of sensor device  950 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , the processing chamber  916  may be coupled to or in communication with the radical gas generator  912  via the reactive gas conduit  914 . In one embodiment, the processing chamber  916  comprises one or more vacuum chambers or vessels configured to have one or more substrates, semiconductor wafers, or similar materials positioned therein. For example, the processing chamber  916  may be used for atomic layer processing of semiconductor substrates or wafers. Optionally, the processing chamber  916  may be used for processing any variety of substrates or materials using any variety of processing methods or systems. Exemplary processing methods include, without limitation, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), atomic layer etching (ALE), and the like. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the processing chamber  916  be manufactured from any variety of materials, including, without limitation, stainless steel, aluminum, mild steel, brass, high-density ceramics, glass, acrylic, and the like. For example, at least one interior surface of the processing chamber  916  may include at least one coating, anodized material, sacrificial material, physical feature or element, and the like intended to selectively vary the reactivity, durability, and/or fill micro-pores of the interior surfaces of the processing chamber  916 . At least one exhaust conduit  918  may be coupled to the processing chamber  916  and configured to evacuate one or more gases or materials from the processing chamber  916 . Optionally, one or more control sensors, valves, scrubbers, or similar devices  924  may be coupled to or positioned proximate to the exhaust conduit  918 , thereby permitting the user to selectively evacuate one or more gases or other materials from the processing chamber  916 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 27 , at least one chamber processor module  920  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the processing chamber  916  and/or various components of the processing system. The chamber processing module  920  may be configured to provide localized control of the various components forming the processing system  910 . In the illustrated embodiment the chamber processing module  920  is in communication with the processing chamber  916  via at least one conduit, although those skilled in your will appreciate that the chamber processing module  920  may communicate with any of the components forming the processing system  910  via conduit, wirelessly, or both. 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , the reactive gas conduit  914  may include one or more sensor systems and/or similar devices  950  coupled thereto or in communication there with. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, at least one calorimetry sensor device  950  may be positioned within and/or coupled to the reactive gas conduit  914 , although those skilled in the art will appreciate any variety of sensor devices or systems may be used in the present system. Unlike the embodiments shown in  FIG. 6  and described above, the embodiment of the gas sampling detection system  910  shown in  FIG. 27  need not include the embodiment of the sample reaction module  700  included in gas sampling detection system  510  shown in  FIG. 6 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , the processing system  910  may include at least one optional processor module  952  in communication with at least one component of the processing system  910 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, an optional processor module  952  is in communication with the radical gas generator  912  and power supply  926  via at least one processor conduit  954 . Further, the optional processor system  952  may be in communication with the sensor  950  via the processor conduit  954  and the sensor conduit  958 . In one embodiment, the optional processor module  952  may be configured to provide and receive data from at least one of the radical gas generator  912 , the power supply  926  and the sensor device  950 . As such, the optional processor module  952  may be configured to measure the flow conditions within the processing system  910  via the sensor device  950  and selectively vary the operating conditions of the processing system  910  or the power supply  926  to optimize system performance. More specifically, the optional processor module  952  may be configured to measure the concentration of radicals and/or short-lived molecules within the radical gas stream and vary the operating characteristics of the radical gas generator  912  to increase or decrease the concentration of radicals within the radical gas stream. As stated above, the sensor device  950  may comprise a calorimetry sensor device  950 . Further, the optional processor module  952  may be in communication with and provide/receive data from at least one of the optional valve device  922  (via conduit  958 ) and chamber processor module  920  (via conduit  964 ). The optional processor module  952  may also be configured to provide and receive plasma power or input power to the power supply  926 . Optionally, the processor  952  may be in communication with the various components of the processing system  910  wirelessly. Further, the processor  952  may be configured to store performance data, processing formulas and times, lot number, and the like. In addition, the processor  952  may be configured to communicate with one or more external processors via at least one computer network. 
       FIGS. 28 and 29  show various embodiments of a sensor architecture or device which may be used to form the sensor device  950 . As shown in  FIG. 28 , in one embodiment the sensor device  950  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with the reactive gas conduit  914  via at least one conduit  974 . Further, at least one sensor body  970  may be positioned within at least one gas passage  915  formed within the reactive gas conduit  914  and in communication with the sensor device  950  via the conduit  974 . In the illustrated embodiment, a single sensor body  970  is positioned within the reactive gas conduit  914 , although those skilled in art will appreciate any number of sensor bodies may be positioned within the reactive gas conduit  914  and coupled to the sensor device  950 . Further, in one embodiment the sensor body  970  is thermally isolated from the reactive gas conduit  914  using at least one isolation device  972 . In the alternative, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the sensor body  970  need not be thermally isolated from the reactive gas conduit  914 . The sensor body  970  may be manufactured from any variety of materials, including, without limitations, carbon, graphite, silica, carbon fiber, silicon dioxide, silica and carbide, carbon-based materials, silica-based materials, and the like. As such, at least a portion of the sensor body  970  may be configured to react with radicals contained within the radical gas stream flowing through the reactive gas conduit  914 , thereby forming chemical species such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon-hydrogen molecules (methylidyne radical), methylene (CH 2 ), methyl-group compounds (CH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), silicon tetrafluoride, and similar compounds which may be more easily detected. Optionally, the sensor body  970  may be manufactured from any variety of chemically inert materials such as stainless steel, ceramics, nickel, tungsten, aluminum, various alloys, and the like. Optionally, the sensor body  970  may also be manufactured from a catalytic material such as platinum, palladium, nickel that may react with one or more elements or chemical compounds in the radical gas stream, providing chemical composition and/or concentration of specific gases in the radical gas. 
     During use, a reactive gas  913  generated by the plasma generator is directed through the reactive gas conduit  914 . The sensor body  970  positioned within the gas passage  915  formed in the reactive gas conduit  914  is located within the stream of radical gas  913 . The temperature of the thermally isolated sensor body  970  is measured by the sensor device  950 . Thereafter, sensor device  950  provides the calorimetric data measured by the sensor body  970  to at least one of the optional processor module  952  and/or the plasma generator  912 . As such, the operational parameters of the radical gas generator  912  may be adjusted based on the calorimetric measurements performed by the sensor device  950 . 
       FIG. 29  shows another embodiment of a reactive gas conduit  914  having a sensor device  950  in communication therewith. More specifically, the sensor device  950  includes a first sensor body  976  and a second sensor body  978  positioned on or otherwise coupled to at least one thermal body  980 . As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the first sensor body  976  may be positioned within at least one gas passage  915  formed in the reactive gas conduit  914  (and within the radical gas stream  913 ) while the second sensor body  978  is located distally from the reactive gas conduit  914 . In an alternate embodiment, the first sensor body  976  and second sensor body  978  are both positioned within the proximate to the reactive gas conduit  914 . Further, the thermal body  980  may include at least one fluid inlet  982  and at least one fluid outlet  984 . In one embodiment, the thermal body  980  may be configured to maintain at least a portion of the reactive gas conduit  914  at a desired temperature. Like the previous embodiment, at least one of the first sensor body  976  and/or the second sensor body  978  is in communication with the sensor device  950  via at least one conduit  978 . During use, the temperature of the first sensor body  976  positioned within the gas passage  915  formed within the radical gas stream is measured by the sensor device  950  when a reactive gas  913  flows through the reactive gas conduit  914 . In addition, the temperature of the second sensor body  978  is similarly measured by the sensor device  950 . Thereafter, the temperature gradient between the first sensor body  976  and second sensor body  978  may be calculated by at least one of the sensor device  950  and the optional processor module  952 . Thereafter, the performance characteristics of the radical gas generator  912  may be adjusted to optimize performance. Optionally, the temperature of the fluid flowing into the thermal body  980  via the fluid inlet  982  may be compared to the temperature of the fluid flowing out of the thermal body  980  via the fluid outlet  984  and fluid outlet  984 , thereby permitting a user to calculate heat transfer within the thermal body  980 . In one embodiment, the reactive gas conduit  914  may be configured to permit radicals within the gas stream flowing within the reactive gas conduit  914  to recombine. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the recombination power of the gas stream (output calorimetry) may be calculated by at least one of the sensor body  950  in the optional processor module  952 . 
       FIG. 30  shows an alternate embodiment of a radical gas conduit  1014  in which at least one surface of the reactive gas conduit  1014  forms a thermal sensor device. More specifically, the reactive gas conduit  1014  includes a conduit body  1016  having at least one inner surface  1018  and at least one outer surface  1019 . As such, the inner surface  1016  of the reactive gas conduit  1014  defines at least one gas passage  1015 . Further, at least one thermal body  1020  may be coupled to or otherwise in communication with at least a portion of the reactive gas conduit  1014 . As shown, the thermal body  1020  may include at least one inlet  1022  and at least one outlet  1024 . The inlet  1022  and outlet  1024  may be in communication with at least one conduit  1026  traversing through or positioned proximate to the thermal body  1020 . In one embodiment, at least one fluid may be flowed through the thermal body  1020  via the inlet  1022 , outlet  1024 , and conduit  1026 . In the illustrated embodiment, a thermal body  1020  is positioned proximate to a section of the reactive gas conduit  1014 . Optionally, the thermal body  1020  may be positioned along the entire length of the reactive gas conduit  1014 . 
     Referring again to  FIG. 30 , at least one sensor device  1028  may be positioned within the conduit body  1016  of the reactive gas conduit  1014 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the sensor device  1028  is positioned on or proximate to the inner surface  1015  of the conduit body  1016 . In one embodiment, the sensor device  1028  includes at least one sensor therein. In the illustrated embodiment, the sensor device  1028  includes a first sensor region  1030  and at least a second sensor region or device  1032 . In the illustrated embodiment, the first sensor  1030  maybe located within or proximate to the inner surface  1018  of the conduit body  1016 . Optionally, the entire inner surface  1018  may be configured to form the first sensor region  1030 . As such, the first sensor region  1030  may be configured to measure recombination temperature/energy of the radical flow within the reactive gas conduit  1014 . The second sensor region  1032  may be positioned external of the conduit body  1016 . For example, in one embodiment the second sensor region  1032  may be positioned proximate to the outer surface  1019  of the conduit body  1016 . In one embodiment, the second sensor region  1032  is configured to measure temperature external of the conduit body  1016 . During use, the user may calculate a temperature gradient between the first sensor region  1030  positioned on or proximate to the inner surface  1018  within the conduit body  1016  and the second sensor region  1032  positioned proximate to the outer surface  1019  external of the conduit body  1016 . Optionally, additional sensor regions  1029  may be positioned on the gas conduit  1014 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment an additional sensor  1029  is positioned proximate to the thermal body  1020 . The first and second sensor regions  1030 ,  1032  may be separated by at least one thermal region  1034  which is in communication with the thermal body  1020 . Optionally, the thermal region  1034  may include one or more conduits (not shown) configured to have one or more fluids flowed there through. As such, the thermal region  1034  may be in communication with the inlet  1022  and outlet  1024  formed on the thermal body  1020 . In another embodiment, the inner surface  1018  of the conduit body  1016  may be configured to act as a sensor. Like the previous embodiment, the sensor device  1028  may be in communication with at least one sensor controller  1040  via at least one sensor conduit  1042 . 
     During use, the temperature of the recombination heat of the reactive gas flow flowing through the reactive gas conduit  1014  is measured by the sensor device  1028  for sensor region  1030 , and the additional sensor region  1029  for sensor region  1032 , which are both in communication with the sensor device  1040 . Thereafter, the performance characteristics of the radical gas generator  912  may be adjusted to optimize performance (See  FIG. 27 ). Optionally, the temperature of the fluid flowing into the thermal body  1020  via the fluid inlet  1022  may be compared to the temperature of the fluid flowing out of the thermal body  1020  via the fluid outlet  1024 , thereby permitting a user to calculate heat transfer within the thermal body  1020 . In one embodiment, the reactive gas conduit  1014  may be configured to permit radicals within the gas stream flowing within the reactive gas conduit  1014  to recombine. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the recombination power of the gas stream (total output calorimetry) may be calculated by at least one of the sensor body  1040  in the optional processor module  952  (See  FIG. 27 ). 
       FIG. 31  shows a flow chart of another method of utilizing the sampling reaction module  910  shown in  FIGS. 27, 29 and 30 . In this embodiment, a flow radical gas stream is established within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  910  as a defined flow rate (X sccm) (reference number  2092 ). Thereafter, the change in temperatures of the first sensor body  982  and second sensor body  984  is recorded (reference number  2094 ). Further, the rate of the temperature change (dT m /dt) of the reactive gas conduit  914  is also recorded (reference number  2096 ). Thereafter, the sample power may be calculated (reference number  2098 ) as follows: 
       Sampled power= C   p   *m   rgc   *dT   m   /dt+P   loss ( dT )         Wherein: C p =specific heat capacity
           m eff =effective mass of sampling tube   P loss =power loss   
               
       FIG. 32  shows another flow chart of an alternate method of utilizing the sampling reaction module  910  shown in  FIGS. 27, 29 and 30 . In this embodiment, a flow radical gas stream is established within the multi-sensor gas sampling detection system  910  as a defined flow rate (X sccm) (reference number  2100 ). Thereafter, the power delivered to the reactive gas flow may be recorded  2102 . In addition, the temperature rise (dT) and rate of temperature rise (dT m /dT) may be measured between at least two sensors positioned or proximate to the reactive gas conduit  914  (See  FIGS. 27, 29, and 30 ,  FIG. 31  reference number  2104 ). Optionally, the temperature rise (dT) and rate of temperature rise (dT m /dT) may be measured (reference number  2106 ) between at least two sensors locations formed in the sensor device  1028  shown in  FIG. 31 . Thereafter, the sample power may be calculated (reference number  2108 ) as follows: 
       Sampled power= C   p   *m*dT   m   /dt+P   loss ( dT )         Wherein: C p =specific heat capacity
           m=mass of sampling tube   P loss =power loss   
               
     Thereafter, the sample power may be compared (reference number  2110 ) to the gas flow rate and power of the reactive gas, thereby allowing the efficiency of the reactive gas generator to be accurately calculated. Further, the output of the radical gas generator  912  may be assessed (reference number  2112 ) and selectively adjusted (reference number  2114 ) by the optional processor module  952 , the power supply  926 , or both. 
       FIG. 33  shows graphically the temperature change (dT) of the fluid to a reactive gas conduit  914  downstream of the radical gas generators  912  when the radical gas generators  912  is repeatedly cycled between on and off. As shown, when the radical gas generator  912  is initially activated the temperature of the fluid rises and subsequently drops to a lower value during the off cycle. As shown in  FIG. 33 , with the temperature change (dT) far from reaching steady state during each cycle, the slope of the temperature rise is proportional to the power absorbed by the reactive gas conduit  914  from the radical gas stream generated by the radical gas generators  912 . 
       FIGS. 34A and 34B  shows graphically that two different radical gas generators may have different radical outputs. More specifically, the data of radical gas generator unit # 1  shown in  FIG. 34A  has lower slope in temperature rise (dT/dt) compared to the radical generator unit # 2  shown in  FIG. 34B . On the other hand, the power input to radical generator unit # 1  is higher than the power to radical gas generator # 2 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 34A , the input power to radical gas generator unit # 1  increases from about 7.5 kW to about 10 kW during 300 operation cycles. During the same time, power in the radical gas output decreases. There is a rapid drop during the initial few cycles when the surface of the radical gas generator is changed by plasma-surface interactions in the process chemistry. Subsequently, there is a slow drop of power in the radical gas output stream while the input plasma power increases. This behavior is quite different from that of radical gas generator unit # 2  shown in  FIG. 34B . Not only the power in the output radical gas steam is higher by as much as 30-40%, the input power to radical gas generator # 2  is lower during the entire test. It shows that the radical gas generator unit # 2  is more efficient than unit # 1 . The higher input power and lower power in the output radical gas stream show that there is higher loss of radical gases in radical gas generator # 1 , which relates to difference in surface compositions of the two radical gas generators. Therefore, the method of  FIG. 32  can not only be used to control or adjust the operation of a radical gas generator, but may also be used to determine and characterize the performance status of a radical gas generator. The ability of separating a bad or deteriorated radical gas generator from the normal ones is particularly useful in an industrial manufacturing environment to ensure consistency of the products. 
     The embodiments disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the invention. Other modifications may be employed which are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the devices disclosed in the present application are not limited to that precisely as shown and described herein.