Patent Publication Number: US-2005116810-A1

Title: Method and system for vascular pattern recognition biometrics on a fob

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS  
      This invention is a continuation in part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/340,352, filed on Jan. 10, 2003, and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INCENTING PAYMENT USING RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CONTACT AND CONTACTLESS TRANSACTIONS.” The &#39;352 application itself claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/192,488, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PAYMENT USING RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CONTACT AND CONTACTLESS TRANSACTIONS,” filed on Jul. 9, 2002 (which itself claims priority to U.S. Provisional No. 60/304,216, filed on Jul. 10, 2001); U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/318,432, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SELECTING LOAD OPTIONS FOR USE IN RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CONTACT AND CONTACTLESS TRANSACTIONS,” filed Dec. 13, 2002; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/318,480, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PAYMENT USING RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION IN CONTACT AND CONTACTLESS TRANSACTIONS,” filed Dec. 13, 2002; and, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/396,577, filed Jul. 16, 2002. All of the above applications are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     FIELD OF INVENTION  
      This invention generally relates to a system and method for using vascular pattern biometrics with a transponder-reader system, and more particularly, to configuring a transponder and transponder-reader for biometric security.  
     BACKGROUND OF INVENTION  
      Like barcode and voice data entry, RFID is a contactless information acquisition technology. RFID systems are wireless, and are usually extremely effective in hostile environments where conventional acquisition methods fail. RFID has established itself in a wide range of markets, such as, for example, the high-speed reading of railway containers, tracking moving objects such as livestock or automobiles, and retail inventory applications. As such, RFID technology has become a primary focus in automated data collection, identification and analysis systems worldwide.  
      Of late, companies are increasingly embodying RFID data acquisition technology in a fob or tag for use in completing financial transactions. A typical fob includes a transponder and is ordinarily a self-contained device which may be contained on any portable form factor. In some instances, a battery may be included with the fob to power the transponder. In which case the internal circuitry of the fob (including the transponder) may draw its operating power from the battery power source. Alternatively, the fob may exist independent of an internal power source. In this instance the internal circuitry of the fob (including the transponder) may gain its operating power directly from an RF interrogation signal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,774, issued to Schuermann, describes a typical transponder RF interrogation system which may be found in the prior art. The Schuermann patent describes in general the powering technology surrounding conventional transponder structures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,328, discusses a method by which a conventional transponder may respond to a RF interrogation signal. Other typical modulation techniques which may be used include, for example, ISO/IEC 14443 and the like.  
      In the conventional fob powering technologies used, the fob is typically activated upon presenting the fob in an interrogation signal. In this regard, the fob may be activated irrespective of whether the user desires such activation. Inadvertent presentation of the fob may result in initiation and completion of an unwanted transaction. Thus, a fob system is needed which allows the fob user to control activation of the fob to limit transactions being undesirably completed.  
      One of the more visible uses of the RFID technology is found in the introduction of Exxon/Mobil&#39;s Speedpass® and Shell&#39;s EasyPay® products. These products use transponders placed in a fob or tag which enables automatic identification of the user when the fob is presented at a Point of Sale (POS) device. Fob identification data is typically passed to a third-party server database, where the identification data is referenced to a customer (e.g., user) credit or debit account. In an exemplary processing method, the server seeks authorization for the transaction by passing the transaction and account data to an authorizing entity. Once authorization is received by the server, clearance is sent to the point of sale device for completion of the transaction. In this way, the conventional transaction processing method involves an indirect path which causes undue overhead due to the use of the third-party server.  
      A need exists for a transaction authorization system which allows fob transactions to be authorized while eliminating the cost associated with using third-party servers.  
      In addition, conventional fobs are limited in that they must be used in proximity to the Point of Sale device. That is, for fob activation, conventional fobs must be positioned within the area of transmission cast by the RF interrogation signal. More particularly, conventional fobs are not effective for use in situations where the user wishes to conduct a transaction at a point of interaction such as a computer interface.  
      Therefore, a need exists for a fob embodying RFID acquisition technology, which is capable of use at a point of interaction device and which is additionally capable of facilitating transactions via a computer interface connected to a network (e.g., the Internet).  
      Existing transponder-reader payment systems are also limited in that the conventional fob used in the systems is only responsive to one interrogation signal. Where multiple interrogation signals are used, the fob is only responsive to the interrogation signal to which it is configured. Thus, if the RFID reader of the system provides only an interrogation signal to which the fob is incompatible, the fob will not be properly activated.  
      Therefore, a need exists for a fob which is responsive to more than one interrogation signal.  
      Existing transponder-reader payment systems are additionally limited in that the payment systems are typically linked to a funding source associated with the transponder which includes a predetermined spending limit. Thus no flexibility is provided in instances where the payment is requested which exceeds the predetermined spending limit. This is typically true in that traditional methods for processing a requested transaction involve comparing the transaction to the spending limit or to an amount stored in a preloaded value data file prior to providing transaction authorization to a merchant.  
      Thus, a system is needed which processes transponder-reader payment requests irrespective of the spending limit assigned to an associated transponder-reader payment system funding source.  
      Further, traditional transponder-reader systems do not permit the user to manage the system user account data. This is extremely problematic where the user wishes to change a transponder-reader system funding source to a source which provides more available spending room, or where changes are made to the user&#39;s status (e.g., change in address, phone number, email, etc.) for which the transponder-reader account provider wishes to readily update the user&#39;s account.  
      Thus a need exists for a transponder-reader system which will allow the user limited access to the transponder-reader account for managing account data.  
      Further still, existing transponder-reader systems do not usually permit means for automatically incenting the use of the fob associated with the system as opposed to the credit or charge card associated with the fob. That is, conventional transponder-reader systems do not provide a means for encouraging usage of the transponder reader system by encouraging use of the fob product since the present systems do not sufficiently distinguish between usage of a system transponder and a charge or credit card account associated with the transponder.  
      Consequently, a need exists for a transponder-reader system which is capable of determining when a system transponder is used, and providing an incentive for such usage.  
      Still further, present systems are limited in that the systems are unable to track credit or charge card usage and fob usage for a single funding source. For example, in typical prior art systems, a fob may be linked to a specified funding source (e.g., American Express, MasterCard, Visa, etc.) which may be used to provide funds for satisfaction of a transaction request. The funding source may additionally have a consumer credit or charge card which may be associated with the fob and which may be used for contact transactions. Where the credit or charge card is used, a statement reporting the card usage is provided to the card user. However, the reporting statement does not include a reporting of the fob product usage. Thus, a fob user is unable to adequately chart, analyze or compare fob usage to the usage of the associated card. This is especially problematic where the funding source is used by more than one entity (e.g., spouses, multiple company personnel, etc.) or where one entity may use the fob and a separate entity may use the card associated with the fob.  
      Thus, a need exists for a transponder-reader payment system which would permit reporting of the fob usage and the credit card usage in a single file.  
     SUMMARY OF INVENTION  
      Described herein is a system and method for using RFID technology to initiate and complete financial transactions. The transponder-reader payment system described herein may include a RFID reader operable to provide a RF interrogation signal for powering a transponder system, receiving a transponder system RF signal, and providing transponder system account data relative to the transponder system RF signal. The transponder-reader payment system may include a RFID protocol/sequence controller in electrical communication with one or more interrogators for providing an interrogation signal to a transponder, a RFID authentication circuit for authenticating the signal received from the transponder, a serial or parallel interface for interfacing with a point of interaction device, and an USB or serial interface for use in personalizing the RFID reader and/or the transponder. The transponder-reader payment system may further include a fob including one or more transponders (e.g., modules) responsive to one or more interrogation signals and for providing an authentication signal for verifying that the transponder and/or the RFID reader are authorized to operate within the transponder-reader payment system. In this way, the fob may be responsive to multiple interrogation signals provided at different frequencies. Further, the fob may include a USB or serial interface for use with a computer network or with the RFID reader.  
      The RFID system and method according to the present invention may include a transponder which may be embodied in a fob, tag, card or any other form factor (e.g., wristwatch, keychain, cell phone, etc.), which may be capable of being presented for interrogation. In that regard, although the transponder is described herein as embodied in a fob, the invention is not so limited.  
      The system may further include a RFID reader configured to send a standing RFID recognition signal which may be transmitted from the RFID reader via radio frequency (or electromagnetic) propagation. The fob may be placed within proximity to the RFID reader such that the RFID signal may interrogate the fob and initialize fob identification procedures.  
      In one exemplary embodiment, as a part of the identification process, the fob and the RFID reader may engage in mutual authentication. The RFID reader may identify the fob as including an authorized system transponder for receiving encrypted information and storing the information on the fob memory. Similarly, the fob, upon interrogation by the RFID reader, may identify the RFID reader as authorized to receive the encrypted and stored information. Where the RFID reader and the fob successfully mutually authenticate, the fob may transmit to the RFID reader certain information identifying the transaction account or accounts to which the fob is associated. The RFID reader may receive the information and forward the information to facilitate the completion of a transaction. In one exemplary embodiment, the RFID reader may forward the information to a point of interaction device (e.g., POS or computer interface) for transaction completion. The mutual authorization process disclosed herein aids in ensuring fob transponder-reader payment system security.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, the fob according to the present invention, includes means for completing transactions via a computer interface. The fob may be connected to the computer using a USB or serial interface fob account information may be transferred to the computer for use in completing a transaction via a network (e.g., the Internet).  
      In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided which incents usage of the transponder-reader system transponder (e.g., fob). The system distinguishes between the usage of a fob and the usage of a charge or credit card sharing the same funding source as the fob. Where the fob is used, the system may provide incentives to the user based on criteria predetermined by the fob issuer. Additionally, where a preloaded fob system is used, the present invention recognizes when the associated fob preloaded value data file is loaded or reloaded with funds. The invention then may provide reward points based on the criteria associated with the loading or reloading action. Further, the system according to this invention may incent patronage of a merchant. In this case, the system may receive a fob transaction request and incent the fob user based on a marker or other identifier correlated with the merchant. The marker may be included in the transaction identification, in a merchant identification provided with the transaction, or a combination of both.  
      In still another exemplary embodiment of the invention, a system is disclosed which enables the fob user/owner to manage the account associated with the fob. The user is provided limited access to all or a portion of the fob account information stored on the account provider database for updating, for example, demographic information, account funding source, and/or account restrictions (e.g., spending limits, personal identification number, etc.). Access to all or a portion of the account may be provided to the user telephonically, via a network (e.g., online) or via offline communications. For example, the fob user may be provided access to a system which has delayed communications with the account provider database wherein such a system may include, for example, a kiosk which provides batch transmissions to the account provider system. In this way, the fob user/owner may update his account information in real-time (e.g., telephonically or online) or at the time the account provider receives the updated information (e.g., offline).  
      In a further exemplary embodiment, the present invention provides methods for processing a transaction request whereby the amount of the transaction request may be approved prior to requesting funding from the funding source and/or verifying that the amount for completing the transaction is available. In this way, the transaction may be approved provided the transaction and/or account meets certain predetermined authorization criteria. Once the criteria is met, the transaction is authorized and authorization is provided to the requesting agent (e.g., merchant). In one instance the payment for the transaction is requested from the funding source simultaneously to, or immediately following, the providing of the authorization to the merchant. In another instance, the payment for transactions is requested at a time period later than when the authorization is provided to the merchant.  
      In yet another embodiment, the transponder, transponder-reader, and/or transponder-reader system are configured with a biometric security system. The biometric security system includes a transponder and a reader communicating with the system. The biometric security system also includes a vascular scan sensor that detects biometric samples and a device for verifying biometric samples.  
      In yet another embodiment, the present invention discloses methods for proffering and processing vascular scan samples to facilitate authorization of transactions.  
      These features and other advantages of the system and method, as well as the structure and operation of various exemplary embodiments of the system and method, are described below. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS  
      The accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals depict like elements, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:  
       FIG. 1A  illustrates an exemplary RFID-based system in accordance with the present invention, wherein exemplary components used for fob transaction completion are depicted;  
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an exemplary personalization system in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 2  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary fob in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 3  is a schematic illustration of an exemplary RFID reader in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 4  is an exemplary flow diagram of an exemplary authentication process in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 5  is an exemplary flow diagram of an exemplary decision process for a protocol/sequence controller in accordance with the present invention;  
      FIGS.  6 A-B are exemplary flow diagrams of a fob personalization process in accordance with the present invention;  
      FIGS.  7 A-B are exemplary flow diagrams of a RFID reader personalization process in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 8  is a flow diagram of an exemplary payment/transaction process in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 9  is another schematic illustration of an exemplary fob in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 10  is a depiction of an exemplary preloaded fob payment/transaction process in accordance with the present invention;  
      FIGS.  11 A-B are depictions of an exemplary preloaded fob account reload process in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 12  is a depiction of an exemplary Direct Link payment/transaction process in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 13  is a depiction of another exemplary payment/transaction process in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 14  is a depiction of an exemplary biometrics process in accordance with the present invention;  
       FIG. 15  is another schematic illustration of an exemplary fob in accordance with the present invention; and  
       FIG. 16  is another schematic illustration of an exemplary fob in accordance with the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION  
      The present invention may be described herein in terms of functional block components, screen shots, optional selections and various processing steps. Such functional blocks may be realized by any number of hardware and/or software components configured to perform to specified functions. For example, the present invention may employ various integrated circuit components, (e.g., memory elements, processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, and the like), which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices. Similarly, the software elements of the present invention may be implemented with any programming or scripting language such as C, C++, Java, COBOL, assembler, PERL, extensible markup language (XML), JavaCard and MULTOS with the various algorithms being implemented with any combination of data structures, objects, processes, routines or other programming elements. Further, it should be noted that the present invention may employ any number of conventional techniques for data transmission, signaling, data processing, network control, and the like. For a basic introduction on cryptography, review a text written by Bruce Schneier entitled “Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C,” published by John Wiley &amp; Sons (second edition, 1996), herein incorporated by reference.  
      In addition, many applications of the present invention could be formulated. The exemplary network disclosed herein may include any system for exchanging data or transacting business, such as the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, WAN, LAN, satellite communications, and/or the like. It is noted that the network may be implemented as other types of networks, such as an interactive television network (ITN).  
      Where required, the system user may interact with the system via any input device such as, a keypad, keyboard, mouse, kiosk, personal digital assistant, handheld computer (e.g., Palm Pilot®, Blueberry®), cellular phone and/or the like). Similarly, the invention could be used in conjunction with any type of personal computer, network computer, work station, minicomputer, mainframe, or the like running any operating system such as any version of Windows, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows 95, MacOS, OS/2, BeOS, Linux, UNIX, Solaris or the like. Moreover, although the invention may frequently be described as being implemented with TCP/IP communications protocol, it should be understood that the invention could also be implemented using SNA, IPX, Appletalk, IPte, NetBIOS, OSI or any number of communications protocols. Moreover, the system contemplates, the use, sale, or distribution of any goods, services or information over any network having similar functionality described herein.  
       FIG. 1A  illustrates an exemplary RFID transaction system  100 A in accordance with the present invention, wherein exemplary components for use in completing a fob transaction are depicted. In general, the operation of system  100 A may begin when a fob  102  is presented for payment, and is interrogated by a RFID reader  104  or, alternatively, interface  134 . Fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may then engage in mutual authentication after which the transponder  114  may provide the transponder identification and/or account identifier to RFID reader  104  which may further provide the information to the merchant system  130  POS device  110 .  
      System  100 A may include fob  102  having a transponder  114  and RFID reader  104  in RF communication with fob  102 . Although the present invention is described with respect to fob  102 , the invention is not to be so limited. Indeed, system  100  may include any device having a transponder which is configured to communicate with RFID reader  104  via RF communication. Typical devices may include, for example, a key ring, tag, card, cell phone, wristwatch or any such form capable of being presented for interrogation.  
      RFID reader  104  may be configured to communicate using a RFID internal antenna  106 . Alternatively, RFID reader  104  may include an external antenna  108  for communications with fob  102 , where the external antenna may be made remote to RFID reader  104  using a suitable cable and/or data link  120 . RFID reader  104  may be further in communication with a merchant system  130  via a data link  122 . System  100 A may include a transaction completion system including a point of interaction device such as, for example, a merchant point of sale (POS) device  110  or a computer interface (e.g., user interface)  134 . In one exemplary embodiment the transaction completion system may include a merchant system  130  including POS device  110  in communication with RFID reader  104  (via data link  122 ). As described more fully below, the transaction completion system may include user interface  134  connected to a network  136  and to the transponder via a USB connector  132 .  
      Although the point of interaction device is described herein with respect to a merchant point of sale (POS) device, the invention is not to be so limited. Indeed, a merchant POS device is used herein by way of example, and the point of interaction device may be any device capable of receiving fob account data. In this regard, the POS may be any point of interaction device enabling the user to complete a transaction using fob  102 . POS device  110  may be in further communication with a customer interface  118  (via data link  128 ) for entering at least a customer identity verification information. In addition, POS device  110  may be in communication with a merchant host network  112  (via data link  124 ) for processing any transaction request. In this arrangement, information provided by RFID reader  104  is provided to POS device  110  of merchant system  130  via data link  122 . POS device  110  may receive the information (and alternatively may receive any identity verifying information from customer interface  118  via data link  128 ) and provide the information to host system  112  for processing.  
      A variety of conventional communications media and protocols may be used for data links  120 ,  122 ,  124 , and  128 . For example, data links  120 ,  122 ,  124 , and  128  may be an Internet Service Provider (ISP) configured to facilitate communications over a local loop as is typically used in connection with standard modem communication, cable modem, dish networks, ISDN, Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), or any wireless communication media. In addition, merchant system  130  including POS device  110  and host network  112  may reside on a local area network which interfaces to a remote network (not shown) for remote authorization of an intended transaction. Merchant system  130  may communicate with the remote network via a leased line, such as a T 1 , D 3  line, or the like. Such communications lines are described in a variety of texts, such as, “Understanding Data Communications,” by Gilbert Held, which is incorporated herein by reference.  
      An account number, as used herein, may include any identifier for an account (e.g., credit, charge debit, checking, savings, reward, loyalty, or the like) which may be maintained by a transaction account provider (e.g., payment authorization center) and which may be used to complete a financial transaction. A typical account number (e.g., account data) may be correlated to a credit or debit account, loyalty account, or rewards account maintained and serviced by such entities as American Express®, Visa® and/or MasterCard® or the like. For ease in understanding, the present invention may be described with respect to a credit account. However, it should be noted that the invention is not so limited and other accounts permitting an exchange of goods and services for an account data value is contemplated to be within the scope of the present invention.  
      In addition, the account number (e.g., account data) may be associated with any device, code, or other identifier/indicia suitably configured to allow the consumer to interact or communicate with the system, such as, for example, authorization/access code, personal identification number (PIN), Internet code, digital certificate, biometric data, and/or other identification indicia. The account number may be optionally located on a rewards card, charge card, credit card, debit card, prepaid card, telephone card, smart card, magnetic stripe card, bar code card, and/or the like. The account number may be distributed and stored in any form of plastic, electronic, magnetic, and/or optical device capable of transmitting or downloading data to a second device. A customer account number may be, for example, a sixteen-digit credit card number, although each credit provider has its own numbering system, such as the fifteen-digit numbering system used by American Express®. Each company&#39;s credit card numbers comply with that company&#39;s standardized format such that the company using a sixteen-digit format will generally use four spaced sets of numbers, as represented by the number “0000 0000 0000 0000”. In a typical example, the first five to seven digits are reserved for processing purposes and identify the issuing bank, card type and, etc. In this example, the last sixteenth digit is used as a sum check for the sixteen-digit number. The intermediary eight-to-ten digits are used to uniquely identify the customer. The account number stored as Track 1 and Track 2 data as defined in ISO/IEC 7813, and further may be made unique to fob  102 . In one exemplary embodiment, the account number may include a unique fob serial number and user identification number, as well as specific application applets. The account number may be stored in fob  102  inside a database  214 , as described more fully below. Database  214  may be configured to store multiple account numbers issued to fob  102  user by the same or different account providing institutions. Where the account data corresponds to a loyalty or rewards account, database  214  may be configured to store the attendant loyalty or rewards points data.  
       FIG. 2  illustrates a block diagram of the many functional blocks of an exemplary fob  102  in accordance with the present invention. Fob  102  may be a RFID fob  102  which may be presented by the user to facilitate an exchange of funds or points, etc., for receipt of goods or services. As described herein, by way of example, fob  102  may be a RFID fob which may be presented for facilitating payment for goods and/or services.  
      Fob  102  may include an antenna  202  for receiving an interrogation signal from RFID reader  104  via antenna  106  (or alternatively, via external antenna  108 ). Fob antenna  202  may be in communication with a transponder  114 . In one exemplary embodiment, transponder  114  may be a 13.56 MHz transponder compliant with the ISO/IEC 14443 standard, and antenna  202  may be of the 13 MHz variety. Transponder  114  may be in communication with a transponder compatible modulator/demodulator  206  configured to receive the signal from transponder  114  and configured to modulate the signal into a format readable by any later connected circuitry. Further, modulator/demodulator  206  may be configured to format (e.g., demodulate) a signal received from the later connected circuitry in a format compatible with transponder  114  for transmitting to RFID reader  104  via antenna  202 . For example, where transponder  114  is of the 13.56 MHz variety, modulator/demodulator  206  may be ISO/IEC 14443-2 compliant.  
      Modulator/demodulator  206  may be coupled to a protocol/sequence controller  208  for facilitating control of the authentication of the signal provided by RFID reader  104 , and for facilitating control of the sending of fob  102  account number. In this regard, protocol/sequence controller  208  may be any suitable digital or logic driven circuitry capable of facilitating determination of the sequence of operation for fob  102  inner-circuitry. For example, protocol/sequence controller  208  may be configured to determine whether the signal provided by RFID reader  104  is authenticated, and thereby providing to RFID reader  104  the account number stored on fob  102 .  
      Protocol/sequence controller  208  may be further in communication with authentication circuitry  210  for facilitating authentication of the signal provided by RFID reader  104 . Authentication circuitry may be further in communication with a non-volatile secure memory database  212 . Secure memory database  212  may be any suitable elementary file system such as that defined by ISO/IEC 7816-4 or any other elementary file system allowing a lookup of data to be interpreted by the application on the chip. Database  212  may be any type of database, such as relational, hierarchical, object-oriented, and/or the like. Common database products that may be used to implement the databases include DB 2  by IBM (White Plains, N.Y.), any of the database products available from Oracle Corporation (Redwood Shores, Calif.), Microsoft Access or MSSQL by Microsoft Corporation (Redmond, Wash.), or any other database product. Database  212  may be organized in any suitable manner, including as data tables or lookup tables. Association of certain data may be accomplished through any data association technique known and practiced in the art. For example, the association may be accomplished either manually or automatically. Automatic association techniques may include, for example, a database search, a database merge, GREP, AGREP, SQL, and/or the like. The association step may be accomplished by a database merge function, for example, using a “key field” in each of the manufacturer and retailer data tables. A “key field” partitions the database according to the high-level class of objects defined by the key field. For example, a certain class may be designated as a key field in both the first data table and the second data table, and the two data tables may then be merged on the basis of the class data in the key field. In this embodiment, the data corresponding to the key field in each of the merged data tables is preferably the same. However, data tables having similar, though not identical, data in the key fields may also be merged by using AGREP, for example.  
      The data may be used by protocol/sequence controller  208  for data analysis and used for management and control purposes, as well as security purposes. Authentication circuitry may authenticate the signal provided by RFID reader  104  by association of the RFID signal to authentication keys stored on database  212 . Encryption circuitry may use keys stored on database  212  to perform encryption and/or decryption of signals sent to or from RFID reader  104 .  
      In addition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may be in communication with a database  214  for storing at least fob  102  account data, and a unique fob  102  identification code. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may be configured to retrieve the account number from database  214  as desired. Database  214  may be of the same configuration as database  212  described above. The fob account data and/or unique fob identification code stored on database  214  may be encrypted prior to storage. Thus, where protocol/sequence controller  208  retrieves the account data, and or unique fob identification code from database  214 , the account number may be encrypted when being provided to RFID reader  104 . Further, the data stored on database  214  may include, for example, an unencrypted unique fob  102  identification code, a user identification, Track 1 and 2 data, as well as specific application applets.  
      Fob  102  may be configured to respond to multiple interrogation frequency transmissions provided by RFID reader  104 . That is, as described more fully below, RFID reader  104  may provide more than one RF interrogation signal. In this case, fob  102  may be configured to respond to the multiple frequencies by including in fob  102  one or more additional RF signal receiving/transmitting units  226 . RF signal receiving/transmitting unit  226  may include an antenna  218  and transponder  220  where antenna  218  and transponder  220  are compatible with at least one of the additional RF signals provided by RFID reader  104 . For example, in one exemplary embodiment, fob  102  may include a 134 KHz antenna  218  configured to communicate with a 134 KHz transponder  220 . In this exemplary configuration, an ISO/IEC 14443-2 compliant modulator/demodulator may not be required. Instead, the 134 KHz transponder may be configured to communicate directly with protocol/sequence controller  208  for transmission and receipt of authentication and account number signals as described above.  
      In another embodiment, fob  102  may further include a universal serial bus (USB) connector  132  for interfacing fob  102  to a user interface  134 . User interface  134  may be further in communication with POS device  110  via network  136 . Network  136  may be the Internet, an intranet, or the like as is described above with respect to network  112 . Further, user interface  134  may be similar in construction to any conventional input devices and/or computing systems aforementioned for permitting the system user to interact with the system. In one exemplary embodiment, fob  102  may be configured to facilitate online Internet payments. A USB converter  222  may be in communication with a USB connector  232  for facilitating the transfer of information between the modulator/demodulator  206  and USB connector  132 . Alternatively, USB converter  222  may be in communication with protocol/sequence controller  208  to facilitate the transfer of information between protocol/sequence controller  208  and USB connector  132 .  
      Where fob  102  includes a USB connector  132 , fob  102  may be in communication with, for example, a USB port on user interface  134 . The information retrieved from fob  102  may be compatible with credit card and/or smart card technology enabling usage of interactive applications on the Internet. No RFID reader may be required in this embodiment since the connection to POS device  110  may be made using a USB port on user interface  134  and network  136 .  
      Fob  102  may include means for enabling activation of the fob by the user. In one exemplary embodiment, a switch  230  which may be operated by the user of fob  102 . Switch  230  on fob  102  may be used to selectively or inclusively activate fob  102  for particular uses. In this context, the term “selectively” may mean that switch  230  enables the user to place fob  102  in a particular operational mode. For example, the user may place fob  102  in a mode for enabling purchase of a good or of a service using a selected account number. Alternatively, the fob may be placed in a mode as such that the fob account number is provided by USB port  132  (or serial port) only and the fob transponder  114  is disabled. In addition, the term “inclusively” may mean that fob  102  is placed in an operational mode permitting fob  102  to be responsive to the RF interrogation and interrogation via USB connector  132 . In one particular embodiment, switch  230  may remain in an OFF position ensuring that one or more applications or accounts associated with fob  102  are non-reactive to any commands issued by RFID reader  104 . As used herein, the OFF position may be termed the “normal” position of activation switch  230 , although other normal positions are contemplated.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, when switch  230  is moved from the OFF position, fob  102  may be deemed activated by the user. That is, switch  230  may activate internal circuitry in fob  102  for permitting the fob to be responsive to RF signals (e.g., commands from RFID reader  104 ). In this way, switch  230  may facilitate control of the active and inactive states of fob  102 . Such control increases the system security by preventing inadvertent or illegal use of fob  102 .  
      In one exemplary embodiment, switch  230  may be a simple mechanical device in communication with circuitry which may electrically prevent the fob from being powered by a RFID reader. That is, when switch  230  is in its normal position, switch  230  may provide a short to fob  102  internal circuitry, preventing fob  102  from being responsive to interrogation by RF or via the USB connector  230 . In this arrangement, switch  230  may be, for example, a “normally closed” (NC) configured switch, which may be electrically connected to the antenna  202  at the interface of the antenna  202  and transponder  114 . Switch  230  may be depressed, which may open switch  230  fully activating the antenna  202 .  
      In yet another exemplary embodiment, fob  102  may include a biometric sensor and biometric membrane configured to operate as switch  230  and activate fob  102  when provided biometric signal from fob  102  user. Such biometric signal may be the digital reading of a fingerprint, thumbprint, or the like. Typically, where biometric circuitry is used, the biometric circuitry may be powered by an internal voltage source (e.g., battery). In this case, the switch may not be a simple mechanical device, but a switch which is powered. In yet another exemplary embodiment, switch  230  may be battery powered though no biometric circuitry is present in fob  102 .  
      In yet another embodiment, switch  230  may be a logic switch. Where switch  230  is a logic switch, switch  230  control software may be read from the sequence controller  208  to selectively control the activation of the various fob  102  components.  
       FIG. 3  illustrates an exemplary block diagram of RFID reader  104  in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. RFID reader  104  includes, for example, an antenna  106  coupled to a RF module  302 , which is further coupled to a control module  304 . In addition, RFID reader  104  may include an antenna  108  positioned remotely from RFID reader  104  and coupled to RFID reader  104  via a suitable cable  120 , or other wire or wireless connection.  
      RF module  302  and antenna  106  may be suitably configured to facilitate communication with fob  102 . Where fob  102  is formatted to receive a signal at a particular RF frequency, RF module  302  may be configured to provide an interrogation signal at that same frequency. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, fob  102  may be configured to respond to an interrogation signal of about 13.56 MHz. In this case, RFID antenna  106  may be 13 MHz and may be configured to transmit an interrogation signal of about 13.56 MHz. That is, fob  102  may be configured to include a first and second RF module (e.g., transponder) where the first module may operate using a 134 kHz frequency and the second RF module may operate using a 13.56 MHz frequency. RFID reader  104  may include two receivers which may operate using the 134 kHz frequency, the 13.56 MHz frequency or both. When the reader  104  is operating at 134 kHz frequency, only operation with the 134 kHz module on fob  102  may be possible. When the reader  104  is operating at the 13.56 MHz frequency, only operation with the 13.56 MHz module on fob  102  may be possible. Where the reader  104  supports both a 134 kHz frequency and a 13.56 MHz RF module, fob  102  may receive both signals from the reader  104 . In this case, fob  102  may be configured to prioritize selection of the one or the other frequency and reject the remaining frequency. Alternatively, the reader  104  may receive signals at both frequencies from the fob upon interrogation. In this case, the reader  104  may be configured to prioritize selection of one or the other frequency and reject the remaining frequency.  
      Further, protocol/sequence controller  314  may include an optional feedback function for notifying the user of the status of a particular transaction. For example, the optional feedback may be in the form of an LED, LED screen and/or other visual display which is configured to light up or display a static, scrolling, flashing and/or other message and/or signal to inform fob  102  user that the transaction is initiated (e.g., fob is being interrogated), the fob is valid (e.g., fob is authenticated), transaction is being processed, (e.g., fob account number is being read by RFID reader) and/or the transaction is accepted or denied (e.g., transaction approved or disapproved). Such an optional feedback may or may not be accompanied by an audible indicator (or may present the audible indicator singly) for informing fob  102  user of the transaction status. The audible feedback may be a simple tone, multiple tones, musical indicator, and/or voice indicator configured to signify when the fob  102  is being interrogated, the transaction status, or the like.  
      RFID antenna  106  may be in communication with a transponder  306  for transmitting an interrogation signal and receiving at least one of an authentication request signal and/or an account data from fob  102 . Transponder  306  may be of similar description as transponder  114  of  FIG. 2 . In particular, transponder  306  may be configured to send and/or receive RF signals in a format compatible with antenna  202  in similar manner as was described with respect to fob transponder  114 . For example, where transponder  306  is 13.56 MHz RF rated antenna  202  may be 13.56 MHz compatible. Similarly, where transponder  306  is ISO/IEC 14443 rated, antenna  106  may be ISO/IEC 14443 compatible.  
      RF module  302  may include, for example, transponder  306  in communication with authentication circuitry  308  which may be in communication with a secure database  310 . Authentication circuitry  308  and database  310  may be of similar description and operation as described with respect to authentication circuitry  210  and secure memory database  212  of  FIG. 2 . For example, database  310  may store data corresponding to fob  102  which are authorized to transact business over system  100 . Database  310  may additionally store RFID reader  104  identifying information for providing to fob  102  for use in authenticating whether RFID reader  104  is authorized to be provided the fob account number stored on fob database  214 .  
      Authentication circuitry  308  may be of similar description and operation as authentication circuitry  210 . That is, authentication circuitry  308  may be configured to authenticate the signal provided by fob  102  in similar manner that authentication circuitry  210  may be configured to authenticate the signal provided by RFID reader  104 . As is described more fully below, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  engage in mutual authentication. In this context, “mutual authentication” may mean that operation of the system  100  may not take place until fob  102  authenticates the signal from RFID reader  104 , and RFID reader  104  authenticates the signal from fob  102 .  
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart of an exemplary authentication process in accordance with the present invention. The authentication process is depicted as one-sided. That is, the flowchart depicts the process of RFID reader  104  authenticating fob  102 , although similar steps may be followed in the instance that fob  102  authenticates RFID reader  104 .  
      As noted, database  212  may store security keys for encrypting or decrypting signals received from RFID reader  104 . In an exemplary authentication process, where RFID reader  104  is authenticating fob  102 , RFID reader  104  may provide an interrogation signal to fob  102  (step  402 ). The interrogation signal may include a random code generated by the RFID reader authentication circuit  210 , which is provided to fob  102  and which is encrypted using an unique encryption key corresponding to fob  102  unique identification code. For example, protocol/sequence controller  314  may provide a command to activate the authentication circuitry  308 . Authentication circuitry  308  may provide from database  310  a fob interrogation signal including a random number as a part of the authentication code generated for each authentication signal. The authentication code may be an alphanumeric code which is recognizable (e.g., readable) by RFID reader  104  and fob  102 . The authentication code may be provided to fob  102  via the RFID RF interface  306  and antenna  106  (or alternatively antenna  108 ).  
      Fob  102  receives the interrogation signal (step  404 ). The interrogation signal including the authorization code may be received at the RF interface  114  via antenna  202 . Once fob  102  is activated, the interrogation signal including the authorization code may be provided to the modulator/demodulator circuit  206  where the signal may be demodulated prior to providing the signal to protocol/sequence controller  208 . Protocol/sequence controller  208  may recognize the interrogation signal as a request for authentication of fob  102 , and provide the authentication code to authentication circuit  210 . Fob  102  may then encrypt the authentication code (step  406 ). In particular, encryption may be done by authentication circuit  210 , which may receive the authentication code and encrypt the code prior to providing the encrypted authentication code to protocol/sequence controller  208 . Fob  102  may then provide the encrypted authentication code to RFID reader  104  (step  408 ). That is, the encrypted authentication code may be provided to RFID reader  104  via modulator/demodulator circuit  206 , RF interface  114  (e.g., transponder  114 ) and antenna  202 .  
      RFID reader  104  may then receive the encrypted authentication code and decrypt it (step  410 ). That is, the encrypted authentication code may be received at antenna  106  and RF interface  306  and may be provided to authentication circuit  308 . Authentication circuit  308  may be provided a security authentication key (e.g., transponder system decryption key) from database  310 . The authentication circuit may use the authentication key to decrypt (e.g., unlock) the encrypted authorization code. The authentication key may be provided to the authentication circuit based on fob  102  unique identification code. For example, the encrypted authentication code may be provided along with the unique fob  102  identification code. The authentication circuit may receive fob  102  unique identification code and retrieve from the database  310  a transponder system decryption key correlative to the unique fob  102  identification code for use in decrypting the encrypted authentication code.  
      Once the authentication code is decrypted, the decrypted authentication code is compared to the authentication code provided by RFID reader  104  at step  402  (step  412 ) to verify its authenticity. If the decrypted authorization code is not readable (e.g., recognizable) by the authentication circuit  308 , fob  102  is deemed to be unauthorized (e.g., unverified) (step  418 ) and the operation of system  100  is terminated (step  420 ). Contrarily, if the decrypted authorization code is recognizable (e.g., verified) by fob  102 , the decrypted authorization code is deemed to be authenticated (step  414 ), and the transaction is allowed to proceed (step  416 ). In one particular embodiment, the proceeding transaction may mean that fob  102  may authenticate RFID reader  104  prior to RFID reader  104  authenticating fob  102 , although, it should be apparent that RFID reader  104  may authenticate fob  102  prior to fob  102  authenticating RFID reader  104 .  
      It should be noted that in an exemplary verification process, the authorization circuit  308  may determine whether the unlocked authorization code is identical to the authorization code provided in step  402 . If the codes are not identical then fob  102  is not authorized to access system  100 . Although, the verification process is described with respect to identicality, identicality is not required. For example, authentication circuit  308  may verify the decrypted code through any protocol, steps, or process for determining whether the decrypted code corresponds to an authorized fob  102 .  
      Authentication circuitry  308  may additionally be in communication with a protocol/sequence controller  314  of similar operation and description as protocol/sequence controller  208  of  FIG. 2 . That is, protocol/sequence device controller  314  may be configured to determine the order of operation of RFID reader  104  components. For example,  FIG. 5  illustrates and exemplary decision process under which protocol/sequence controller  314  may operate. Protocol/sequence controller  314  may command the different components of RFID reader  104  based on whether fob  102  is present (step  502 ). For example, if fob  102  is not present, then protocol/sequence controller  314  may command RFID reader  104  to provide an uninterrupted interrogation signal (step  504 ). That is, the protocol/sequence controller may command the authentication circuit  308  to provide an uninterrupted interrogation signal until the presence of fob  102  is realized. If fob  102  is present, protocol/sequence controller  314  may command RFID reader  104  to authenticate fob  102  (step  506 ).  
      As noted above, authentication may mean that protocol/sequence controller  314  may command the authentication circuit  308  to provide fob  102  with an authorization code. If a response is received from fob  102 , protocol/sequence controller may determine if the response is a response to RFID reader  104  provided authentication code, or if the response is a signal requiring authentication (step  508 ). If the signal requires authentication, then protocol/sequence controller  314  may activate the authentication circuit as described above (step  506 ). On the other hand, if fob  102  signal is a response to the provided authentication code, then protocol/sequence controller  314  may command RFID reader  104  to retrieve the appropriate security key for enabling recognition of the signal (step  510 ). That is, protocol/sequence controller  314  may command the authentication circuit  308  to retrieve from database  310  a security key (e.g., transponder system decryption key), unlock the signal, and compare the signal to the signal provided by RFID reader  104  in the authentication process (e.g., step  506 ). If the signal is recognized, protocol/sequence controller  314  may determine that fob  102  is authorized to access the system  100 . If the signal is not recognized, then fob  102  is considered not authorized. In which case, protocol/sequence controller  314  may command the RFID controller to interrogate for authorized fobs (step  504 ).  
      Once the protocol/sequence controller determines that fob  102  is authorized, protocol/sequence controller  314  may seek to determine if additional signals are being sent by fob  102  (step  514 ). If no additional signal is provided by fob  102 , then protocol/sequence controller  314  may provide all the components of RFID reader  104  to remain idle until such time as a signal is provided (step  516 ). Contrarily, where an additional fob  102  signal is provided, protocol/sequence controller  314  may determine if fob  102  is requesting access to the merchant point of sale terminal  110  (e.g., POS device) or if fob  102  is attempting to interrogate RFID reader  104  for return (e.g., mutual) authorization (step  518 ). Where fob  102  is requesting access to a merchant point of sale terminal  110 , protocol/sequence controller  314  may command RFID reader  104  to open communications with point of sale terminal  110  (step  524 ). In particular, protocol/sequence controller  314  may command the point of sale terminal communications interface  312  to become active, permitting transfer of data between RFID reader  104  and the merchant point of sale terminal  110 .  
      On the other hand, if the protocol/sequence controller determines that fob  102  signal is a mutual interrogation signal, then the protocol/sequence controller may command RFID reader  104  to encrypt the signal (step  520 ). Protocol/sequence controller  314  may command the encryption authentication circuit  318  to retrieve from database  320  the appropriate encryption key in response to fob  102  mutual interrogation signal. Protocol/sequence controller  314  may then command RFID reader  104  to provide the encrypted mutual interrogation signal to fob  102 . Protocol/sequence controller  314  may command the authentication circuit  318  to provide an encrypted mutual interrogation signal for fob  102  to mutually authenticate. Fob  102  may then receive the encrypted mutual interrogation signal and retrieve from authentication circuitry  212  a RFID reader decryption key.  
      Although an exemplary decision process of protocol/sequence controller  314  is described, it should be understood that a similar decision process may be undertaken by protocol/sequence controller  208  in controlling the components of fob  102 . Indeed, as described above, protocol/sequence controller  314  may have similar operation and design as protocol/sequence controller  208 . In addition, to the above, protocol/sequence controllers  208  and  314  may incorporate in the decision process appropriate commands for enabling USB interfaces  222  and  316 , when the corresponding device is so connected.  
      Encryption/decryption component  318  may be further in communication with a secure account number database  320  which stores the security keys necessary for decrypting the encrypted fob account number. Upon appropriate request from protocol/sequence controller  314 , encryption/decryption component (e.g., circuitry  318 ) may retrieve the appropriate security key, decrypt the fob account number and forward the decrypted account number to protocol sequence controller  314  in any format readable by any later connected POS device  110 . In one exemplary embodiment, the account number may be forwarded in a conventional magnetic stripe format compatible with the ISO/IEC 7813 standard. That is, in accordance with the invention, there is no need to translate or correlate the account number to traditional magnetic stripe format as is done with the prior art. The invention processes the transaction request directly, as if the card associated with the account has been presented for payment.  
      Upon receiving the account number in magnetic stripe format, protocol/sequence controller  314  may forward the account number to POS device  110  via a communications interface  312  and data link  122 , as best shown in  FIG. 1 . POS device  110  may receive the decrypted account number and forward the magnetic stripe formatted account number to a merchant network  112  for processing under the merchant&#39;s business as usual standard. In this way, the present invention eliminates the need of a third-party server. Further, where POS device  110  receives a response from network  112  (e.g., transaction authorized or denied), protocol/sequence controller  314  may provide the network response to the RF module  302  for optically and/or audibly communicating the response to fob  102  user.  
      RFID reader  104  may additionally include a USB interface  316 , in communication with the protocol/sequence controller  314 . In one embodiment, the USB interface may be a RS22 serial data interface. Alternatively, RFID reader  104  may include a serial interface such as, for example, a RS232 interface in communication with the protocol/sequence controller  314 . The USB connector  316  may be in communication with a personalization system  116  (shown in  FIG. 1B ) for initializing RFID reader  104  to system  100  application parameters. That is, prior to operation of system  100 , RFID reader  104  may be in communication with personalization system  116  for populating database  310  with a listing of security keys belonging to authorized fobs  102 , and for populating database  320  with the security keys to decrypt fob  102  account numbers placing the account numbers in ISO/IEC 7813 format. In this way, RFID reader  104  may be populated with a unique identifier (e.g., serial number) which may be used by fob authentication circuitry  210  to determine if RFID reader  104  is authorized to receive fob  102  encrypted account number.  
       FIG. 1B  illustrates an exemplary personalization system  100 B, in accordance with the present invention. In general, typical personalization system  100 B may be any system for initializing RFID reader  104  and fob  102  for use in system  100 A. With reference to  FIG. 1B , the similar personalization process for fob  102  may be illustrated. For example, personalization system  116  may be in communication with fob  102  via RF ISO  14443  interface  114  for populating fob database  212  with the security keys for facilitating authentication of the unique RFID reader  104  identifier. In addition, personalization system  116  may populate on database  212  a unique fob  102  identifier for use by RFID reader  104  in determining whether fob  102  is authorized to access system  100 . Personalization system  116  may populate (e.g., inject) the encrypted fob  102  account number into fob database  214  for later providing to an authenticated RFID reader  104 .  
      In one exemplary embodiment, personalization system  116  may include any standard computing system as described above. For example, personalization system  116  may include a standard personal computer containing a hardware security module operable using any conventional graphic user interface. Prior to populating the security key information account number and unique identifying information into fob  102  or RFID reader  104 , the hardware security module may authenticate fob  102  and RFID reader  104  to verify that the components are authorized to receive the secure information.  
      FIGS.  6 A-B illustrate an exemplary flowchart of a personalization procedure which may be used to personalize fob  102  and/or RFID reader  104 . Although the following description discusses mainly personalization of fob  102 , RFID reader  104  may be personalized using a similar process. The personalization process, which occurs between the personalization system  116  and the device to be personalized (e.g., fob  102  or RFID reader  104 ), may begin, for example at step  602 . Mutual authentication may occur between the personalization system  116  and the device to be authenticated in much the same manner as was described above with regard to fob  102  mutually authenticating with RFID reader  104 . That is, personalization system  116  may transmit a personalization system  116  identifier to the device to be authenticated which is compared by the device authentication circuitry  210 ,  308  against personalization system identifiers stored in the device database  212 ,  310 . Where a match does not occur (step  604 ), the personalization process may be aborted (step  612 ). Where a match occurs (step  604 ), the personalization system may prepare a personalization file to be provided to the device to be personalized (step  606 ). If the personalization system is operated manually, the personalization file may be entered into the personalization system  116  using any suitable system interface such as, for example, a keyboard (step  606 ). Where the personalization system  116  operator elects to delay the preparation of the personalization files, the system  116  may abort the personalization process (step  610 ). In this context, the personalization file may include the unique fob  102  or RFID reader  104  identifier, security key for loading into database  212  and  310 , and/or security keys for decrypting a fob account number which may be loaded in database  320 .  
      Fob  102  may be personalized by direct connection to the personalization system  116  via RF ISO/IEC 14443 interface  114 , or fob  102  may be personalized using RFID reader  104 . Personalization system  116  and RFID reader  104  may engage in mutual authentication and RFID reader  104  may be configured to transmit the fob personalization file to fob  102  via RF. Once fob  102  is presented to RFID reader  104  (steps  608 ,  614 ) for personalization, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may engage in mutual authentication (step  614 ). Where fob  102  is not presented to RFID reader  104  for personalization, the personalization process may be aborted (step  610 ).  
      If fob  102  is detected, the personalization system  116  may create as a part of the personalization file, a unique identifier for providing to fob  102  (step  616 ). The identifier is unique in that one identifier may be given only to a single fob. That is, no other fob may have that same identifier. The fob may then be configured and loaded with that identifier (step  618 ).  
      The encrypted fob  102  account number may be populated into fob  102  in the same manner as is described with respect to fob  102  unique identifier. That is, personalization system  116  may pre-encrypt the account data (step  620 ) and inject the encrypted account into fob database  214  (step  622 ). The encrypted account data may be loaded (e.g., injected) into fob  102  using RFID reader  104  as discussed above.  
      Once the personalization file is populated into fob  102 , the populated information is irreversibly locked to prevent alteration, unauthorized reading and/or unauthorized access (step  624 ). Personalization system  116  may then create a log of the personalization file information for later access and analysis by the personalization system  116  user (step  626 ).  
      It should be noted that in the event the personalization process is compromised or interrupted (step  628 ), personalization system  116  may send a security alert to the user (step  630 ) and the personalization process may be aborted (step  612 ). On the other hand, where no such compromising or interruption exists, personalization system  116  may be prepared to begin initialization on a second device to be personalized (step  632 ).  
      FIGS.  7 A-B illustrate another exemplary embodiment of a personalization process which may be used to personalize RFID reader  104 . RFID reader  104  may be in communication with a personalization system  116  via RFID reader USB connection  316  (step  702 ). Once connected, personalization system  116  may establish communications with RFID reader  104  and RFID reader  104  may provide personalization system  116  any RFID reader  104  identification data presently stored on RFID reader  104  (step  704 ). In accordance with step  708 , where RFID reader  104  is being personalized for the first time (step  706 ) RFID reader  104  and personalization system  116  may engage in mutual authentication as described above with respect to FIGS.  6 A-B. After the mutual authentication is complete, personalization system  116  may verify that RFID reader  104  is properly manufactured or configured to operate within system  100 . The verification may include evaluating the operation of RFID reader  104  by determining if the RFID reader will accept predetermined default settings. That is, personalization system  116  may then provide RFID reader  104  a set of default settings (step  708 ) and determine if RFID reader  104  accepts those settings (step  712 ). If RFID reader  104  does not accept the default settings, personalization system  116  may abort the personalization process (step  714 ).  
      If personalization system  116  determines that the personalization process is not the first personalization process undertaken by RFID reader  104  (step  706 ), personalization system  116  and RFID reader  104  may engage in a mutual authentication process using the existing security keys already stored on RFID reader  104  (step  710 ). If authentication is unsuccessful (step  712 ), personalization system  116  may abort the personalization process (step  714 ).  
      Where personalization system  116  and RFID reader  104  successfully mutually authenticate, personalization system  116  may update RFID reader  104  security keys (step  716 ). Updating the security keys may take place at any time as determined by a system  100  manager. The updating may take place as part of a routine maintenance or merely to install current security key data. The updating may be performed by downloading firmware into RFID reader  104  (step  718 ). In the event that personalization system  116  determines in step  706  that RFID reader  104  is undergoing an initial personalization, the firmware may be loaded into RFID reader  104  for the first time. In this context, “firmware” may include any file which enables the RFID reader  102  to operate under system  100  guidelines. For example, such guidelines may be directed toward the operation of RFID reader protocol/sequence controller  314 .  
      Personalization system  116  may then determine if the personalization keys (e.g., security keys, decryption keys, RFID identifier) need to be updated or if RFID reader  104  needs to have an initial installation of the personalization keys (step  720 ). If so, then personalization system  116  may download the personalization keys as appropriate (step  722 ).  
      Personalization system  116  may then check RFID reader  104  to determine if fob  102  identifiers and corresponding security keys should be updated or initially loaded (step  724 ). If no updating is necessary personalization system  116  may end the personalization procedure (step  732 ). Contrarily, if personalization system  116  determines that fob  102  identifiers and corresponding keys need to be updated or installed, personalization system  116  may download the information onto RFID reader  104  (step  726 ). The information (e.g., fob security keys and identifiers) may be downloaded in an encrypted format and RFID reader  104  may store the information in the RFID reader database  310  as appropriate (step  728 ). Personalization system  116  may then create or update a status log cataloging for later use and analysis by personalization system  116  user (step  730 ). Upon updating the status log, the personalization process may be terminated (step  732 ).  
      It should be noted that, in some instances it may be necessary to repersonalize the RFID reader in similar manner as described above. In that instance, the personalization process described in  FIGS. 7A and 7B  may be repeated.  
       FIG. 8  illustrates an exemplary flow diagram for the operation of system  100 A. The operation may be understood with reference to  FIG. 1A , which depicts the elements of system  100 A which may be used in an exemplary transaction. The process is initiated when a customer desires to present fob  102  for payment (step  802 ). Upon presentation of fob  102 , the merchant initiates the RF payment procedure via an RFID reader  104  (step  804 ). In particular, the RFID reader sends out an interrogation signal to scan for the presence of fob  102  (step  806 ). The RF signal may be provided via the RFID reader antenna  106  or optionally via external antenna  108 . The customer then may present fob  102  for payment (step  808 ) and fob  102  is activated by the RF interrogation signal provided.  
      Fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may then engage in mutual authentication (step  810 ). Where the mutual authentication is unsuccessful, an error message may be provided to the customer via the RFID optical and/or audible indicator (step  814 ) and the transaction may be aborted (step  816 ). Where the mutual authentication is successful (step  812 ), RFID reader  104  may provide the customer with an appropriate optical and/or audible message (e.g., “transaction processing” or “wait”) (step  818 ). The fob protocol/sequence controller  208  may then retrieve from database  214  an encrypted fob account number and provide the encrypted account number to RFID reader  104  (step  820 ).  
      RFID reader  104  may then decrypt the account number and convert the account number into magnetic stripe (ISO/IEC 7813) format (step  822 ) and provide the unencrypted account number to merchant system  130  (step  828 ). In particular, the account number may be provided to POS  110  device for transmission to merchant network  112  for processing. Exemplary processing methods according to the present invention are discussed with respect to  FIGS. 10-13 , shown below. Upon processing, POS device  110  may then send an optical and/or audible transaction status message to RFID reader  104  (step  830 ) for communication to the customer (step  832 ).  
      The methods for processing the transactions may include one of several formats as required by the fob issuer. For example, one processing method may include processing the transaction under a preloaded fob format wherein a payment value (e.g., monetary value, reward points value, barter points value, etc.) may be preloaded into a preloaded value account or data file prior to permitting usage of the fob. In this way, the user may be permitted to set aside a payment amount for transactions for goods and services using the fob. During processing of the transaction, approval of the transaction may involve comparing the transaction amount to the amount stored (or remaining) in the preloaded value data file. Comparison may be made by a preloaded value processing system wherein the preloaded value processing system may compare the transaction amount to be processed to the preload value data file. Where the transaction amount exceeds the amount stored in the preloaded value account, the preloaded value processing system may deny authorization for completion of the transaction, request that the user increase the value in the data file, request another form of payment to satisfy all or a portion of the transaction amount, and/or any other means to satisfy the associated financial institution of payment. Where the transaction amount does not exceed the amount stored in the preloaded value data file account, the preloaded value processing system may provide for authorization of the transaction.  
      An exemplary preloaded value processing system  1000  is shown with respect to  FIG. 10 . Preloaded value processing system  1000  may include fob  102  including transponder  114 , which is in communication with a merchant system  130  via RFID reader  104  or computer interface  134  as is described with respect to  FIG. 1A . The merchant system may be in communication with an issuer system  1010 , where issuer system  1010  may be maintained by any entity (e.g., non-financial or financial institution, American Express®, Visa® and/or MasterCard®, etc.) which permits fob  102  user to store a preload value amount in a preloaded value account (e.g., data file) maintained on an issuer database  1012  of similar construction as database  212 . Issuer system  1010  may further include one or more process servers for processing a fob transaction. As shown, POS device  110  (included in merchant system  130 ) may be in communication with an issuer account server (IAS)  1014  for receiving the fob account information from POS device  110 . IAS  1014  may be in further communication with a preloaded value authorization server (PLAS)  1016  for processing transactions involving a preloaded value fob. PLAS  1016  may be in further communication with issuer database  1012  for retrieving funds from the preloaded value data file (not shown) which are used for satisfying the preloaded fob or merchant transaction request. In this instance, the preloaded value data file may be included on database  1012  as, for example, one or more sub-files.  
      As used herein, the term “issuer” or “account provider” may refer to any entity facilitating payment of a transaction using a fob, and may include systems permitting payment using at least one of a preloaded and non-preloaded fob. Typical issuers may be, for example, American Express®, MasterCard®, Visa, Discover®, and the like. In the preloaded value processing context, an exchange value (e.g., money, rewards points, barter points, etc.) may be stored in a preloaded value data file for use in completing a requested transaction. In one embodiment, the exchange value is not be stored on the fob itself. Further, the preloaded value data file may be debited the amount of the transaction, so the preloaded value account may be replenished. As described more fully below, the preloaded value system platform may be used to complete “direct link” transactions. In which case, the preloaded value account may function as a place holder and may store a zero value.  
      The preloaded value data file may be any conventional data file configuration for storing a value (e.g., monetary, rewards points, barter points, etc.) which may be exchanged for goods or services. In that regard, the preloaded value data file may have any configuration as determined or desired by the issuer system  1010 .  
      In exemplary operation, fob identifying information (e.g., account number or fob marker) may be provided to POS device  110  in similar manner as was discussed with respect to  FIG. 1A . That is, fob  102  may be presented to merchant system  130  via RFID reader  104  or a computer interface  134 , which may provide the fob identifying information in Track 1 or Track 2 format, or any format recognizable by POS device  110  and/or issuer system  1010 . POS device  110  included in merchant system  130  may receive fob  102  identifying information and provide fob  102  identifying information along with the transaction identifying information (e.g., amount, quantity, merchant identification, etc.) to issuer system  1010  for authorization. Merchant system  130  may additionally include a merchant system marker or identifier for indicating a merchant system identity. Merchant system  130  may combine fob  102  identifying information, the merchant identifying information, and/or the transaction identifying information, into a merchant transaction request for providing to the issuer system  1010 .  
      IAS  1014  may receive the transaction and fob identifying information (or merchant transaction request) and suitably recognize that the transaction is being requested relative to a preloaded value account associated with a preloaded fob. That is, IAS  1014  may recognize that the user has presented a preloaded fob  102  for payment. Recognition of fob  102  as a preloaded fob may mean that the fob identifying information includes a marker or identifier indicating that the fob is associated with a preloaded value data file. Upon recognition of the marker, IAS  1014  may forward transaction and fob identifying information to PLAS  1016  for processing. PLAS  1016  may compare the transaction amount to the value stored or remaining in the preloaded value to determine if authorization should be granted or denied. Where the transaction amount exceeds the value stored in the preloaded value data file, PLAS  1016  may forward a transaction denied message to IAS  1014  for providing to the merchant system  130 , or the PLAS may facilitate a request that the user increase the value in the data file, request another form of payment to satisfy all or a portion of the transaction amount, and/or any other means to satisfy the associated financial institution of current or future payment. Alternatively, where the transaction amount is less than or equal to the value stored in the preload value data file PLAS  1016  may deduct from the preloaded value data file the necessary amount for satisfaction of the transaction.  
      As noted above, in one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, PLAS  1016  may provide a transaction denied message to IAS  1014  for various financial security reasons, such as where the amount stored in the preloaded value account is less than required for satisfying the merchant or fob transaction request. In this instance, where the preloaded value falls below a predetermined minimum level (e.g., minimum depletion level), it may be necessary for the fob user to reload the preloaded value data file. Reloading of the preloaded value account may take place manually (e.g., by the fob user telephonically or online) or may take place automatically when the value stored in the preloaded value data file is depleted to a predefined level. Where the reloading is done automatically, reloading may occur under rules established by the fob issuer or owner. For example, reloading may occur at preselected time intervals, when the value stored is below a predetermined amount, until a maximum number of reloads in a predetermined time period has occurred or until a maximum reload amount is reached in a predetermined time period.  
      In another exemplary operation, processing system  1000  may be operated offline. For example, merchant system  130  may be offline with respect to issuer system  1010 . That is, transactions may be approved at merchant system  130 , prior to the transaction identifying information being transferred to the issuer system. Instead, merchant system  130  may be provided an approval protocol for use in evaluating the merchant transaction request. For example, the approval protocol may provide for transaction approval where the transaction is below a certain amount, includes a particular merchant or goods or service, or is requested from a particular location or the like. Once the offline transaction is completed, the merchant may seek satisfaction of the transaction at a later time-period by submitting the transaction to the issuer individually, in batch, or under any submission processing determined by the merchant.  
      For offline transactions, fob  102  may include a counter (not shown) which may track the number of offline transactions. Once a predetermined number of transactions are attempted, the counter may be used to facilitate disenabling fob  102  usage. At which point fob  102  user may be required to perform an online transaction whereby the counter may be reset, again permitting offline usage of the fob. As can be understood, requiring online usage following a predetermined number of offline usages may function as an additional security measure.  
       FIGS. 11A and 11B  depict exemplary preloading and reloading processes which may be performed in accordance with the present invention. The preloading and reloading processes may be preformed using one or more servers (e.g., PLAS  1016 ) in communication with a funding source  1104 . Although the processes are demonstrated using a PLAS  1016 , it is contemplated that any server configured for establishing and managing data files may be used. However, to facilitate further understanding of the invention, the preloading and reloading aspects of the invention are described with reference to PLAS  1016 .  
      PLAS  1016  may be used to establish on the server or on a database (e.g., database  1012 ) a preloaded value account (e,g, data file) ( 1106 ). The preload value account may be funded or maintained by a fob issuer/account provider which may establish a credit, charge, debit, rewards value account, loyalty account, or the like, in connection with a charge or credit card (e.g., Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, etc.), debit or direct debit authorization (DDA) system.  
      The preloaded value account may be established to at least a predetermined minimum preload amount or value (e.g., minimum preload level) as determined by the account provider and/or the fob user or owner. In this context, the predetermined minimum value (e.g., minimum preload value) required to establish the preloaded value account may vary with respect to a particular fob user. The preloaded value account may be loaded (e.g., preloaded or reloaded) from funds received from one of a funding source  1104  (American Express, Visa, MasterCard, Discover, fuel cards, or the like). Further, the preloaded value account may be loaded with value received from loyalty or rewards points provider. To facilitate the understanding of the invention, the loyalty or rewards point provider may be referred to herein as a funding source. Thus, PLAS  1016  may communicate with the funding source  1104  to obtain funds or value for loading and/or reloading the preloaded value account ( 1108 ).  
       FIG. 11B  shows an exemplary reloading process in accordance with the invention. During operation, a consumer may present to merchant system  130  the prepaid fob  102  for purchasing goods or services ( 1110 ). The preloaded value account is then depleted the value amount paid to merchant system  130 . The process for purchasing goods may be repeated until the value stored in the preloaded value account equals or is less than a minimum level balance (e.g., minimum depletion level). The minimum depletion level may be predetermined by the fob user or fob issuer, and may be the minimum value permitted to be stored in the preloaded value account before the file is to be reloaded.  
      Once the preloaded value data is depleted such that the minimum depletion level is reached, PLAS  1016  may trigger an automatic reload to reload the preloaded value account from funds retrieved from the funding source  1104  ( 1112 ). The amount of funds retrieved may be sufficient for loading the preloaded value account to the minimum amount described above or to some other predetermined reload value. In one exemplary embodiment, PLAS  1016  may trigger automatic reloading where a predetermined minimum depletion level (e.g., “minimum level balance”) is reached. That is, the preloaded value account may not be entirely depleted to zero value before automatic reloading occurs. In this instance, PLAS  1016  may charge the funding necessary for automatic reloading against the available funds at funding source  1104 . In another exemplary embodiment, the automatic reloading may occur where the transaction exceeds the amount stored in or remaining in the preloaded value account. In this way, the preloaded value account may be restored to an amount necessary for completion of the transaction. For example, where automatic reloading restores the preloaded value account to a value suitable for transaction completion, the preloaded value account may be automatically reloaded prior to processing the transaction.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, automatic reloading may occur based on different user or issuer automatic reload criteria. Other automatic reload criteria may include, but are not limited to, reloading until a defined maximum load amount in a defined time period is reached, reloading at a selected reoccurring time interval (e.g., once a month), reloading as permitted until a defined maximum number of reloads in a specified time period is reached, or reloading until a defined maximum reload amount is reached in a specified time period. In some instances, reloading may be accomplished manually, such as, for example, when the fob user contacts the issuer telephonically or via user interface to provide a specified funding criteria and funding source for use in reloading the preloaded value account.  
      In yet another exemplary embodiment, the preloaded value transaction processing system may permit approval of a transaction where the transaction value exceeds the preloaded value amount stored in the preloaded value account. That is, the preloaded fob may be used for purchases exceeding the preloaded value amount provided that the charge submitted by the merchant is less than or equal to the maximum reload amount permitted plus the amount stored on the card at the time the charge is submitted.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, the preloaded value system may approve transactions based on a particular merchant&#39;s transaction processing protocol. Where the issuer has reviewed and/or approved a merchant&#39;s transaction processing method, the system may take the method in consideration in determining whether to approve a merchant&#39;s transaction request. For example, a merchant&#39;s transaction processing method may include the merchant submitting transaction requests which exceed the preloaded value amount, but the actual charge may be less than or equal to the preloaded value amount. Under this transaction processing method a merchant, such as, for example, a gasoline merchant, may seek pre-approval of an anticipated gasoline fueling amount. Neither the consumer nor the merchant may know the exact final value of the purchase, especially, for example, where the consumer decides to fill his automobile gas tank or purchase non-fuel items. Thus, the merchant may submit a transaction request which may be higher than the final amount of the transaction. The merchant may submit the transaction request in real-time or at a later time period in a similar manner as is described above with respect to offline transaction request processing. In either on line or off line processing, the preloaded value transaction processing system may still be configured to approve the transaction request. The processing system may recognize that a transaction came from a particular merchant and institute a predetermined approval protocol correlative to that merchant, since the approval protocol may include information that the merchant is sending a transaction request exceeding the actual charge.  
      The transaction processing system may use any one of the acceptable techniques for identifying merchants, such as recognition of the merchant ID, or a marker appended to the transaction, or the like. The processing system may correlate the merchant ID with a merchant protocol for requesting a transaction approval of an amount greater than the preloaded value (or reload value), and approve the merchant request accordingly.  
      In accordance with an alternate exemplary embodiment of a preloaded value processing system  1000 , upon receiving the transaction request from the IAS  1014 , PLAS  1016  may evaluate the transaction request based upon several risk criteria established by the issuer for either online or offline transactions. If all the criteria are successfully met, then PLAS  1016  may send authorization of the transaction (e.g., “transaction granted”) to IAS  1014  for providing to merchant system  130 . Simultaneous with or subsequent to, providing the transaction authorization to the IAS  1014 , PLAS  1016  may seek satisfaction of the transaction from the fob value account maintained on the account provider database  1012 . The transaction request may be provided to IAS  1014  for processing. That is, IAS  1014  may seek to deduct the transaction value from the balance of the amount stored in the preloaded value account.  
       FIG. 12  depicts an exemplary embodiment of another transaction processing system (“direct link” system)  1200  in accordance with the present invention. More particularly,  FIG. 12  depicts a direct link system  1200  which may be used to process a merchant transaction request. In this context, a direct link system may be any system which facilitates satisfaction of a transaction request using a fob or other presentable medium (credit card, charge card, debit card, or the like) directly linked to an account which stores an exchange value (e.g., money, credit or charge, or rewards points, etc.). In this instance, the preloaded value account may not be preloaded as described above. Further, the preloaded value account may be linked to a contact financial product such as a credit, debit, and/or DDA card, and the like, which may be presented for payment of goods and services. In this regard, the fob (here called “direct link fob”) and the card are associated with the same funding source and the user or merchant may seek satisfaction of a transaction from the funding source independent of whether the direct link fob or card is used. In the exemplary direct link system  1200 , the direct link fob  102  user may not establish a preloaded value account with value. Instead, the preloaded value account may perpetually store a zero value or fob  102  may be associated with a fob transaction account which may be used to provide payment to the merchant for goods and services where the account may be a credit, debit, loyalty account or the like.  
      In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a transaction request associated with a direct link fob  102  may be processed using the preloaded value transaction system processing described above. However, as noted, in this instance the preloaded value account is used as a place holder storing a zero value. A transaction account containing a transaction account value which is associated with the direct link fob is treated as the funding source for satisfying direct link transactions. In this instance, the transaction may be satisfied according to a fob user or issuer predefined protocol or criteria.  
      As shown, merchant system  130  may be in communication with an issuer system  1010  for receiving a merchant transaction request. More particularly, POS device  110  may be in communication with an issuer server, such as, for example, an issuer account server (IAS)  1014  for receiving the merchant and/or transaction identifying information. IAS  1014  may be in further communication with a PLAS  1016  for processing the merchant transaction request. In some instances PLAS  1016  may be in further communication with a second IAS  1202 , although a second IAS  1202  may not be required where one or more of the existing servers may perform the functions of IAS  1202  described below. However, the IAS  1202  is included herein to simplify the understanding the operation of this exemplary embodiment.  
      In exemplary operation of system  1200 , the direct link fob identifying information (e.g., fob identifier or account number) may be provided to POS device  110  in similar manner as was discussed with respect to  FIG. 1A . That is, the direct link fob  102  may be presented to merchant system  130  via RFID reader  104  or computer interface  134 , which may provide the direct link fob  102  identifying information in Track 1 or Track 2 format. POS device  110  included in merchant system  130  may receive the direct link fob  102  identifying information and provide the direct link fob  102  identifying information along with the transaction identifying information (e.g., amount, quantity, merchant identification, etc.) to issuer system  1010  for authorization.  
      IAS  1014  may receive the transaction and fob identifying information and recognize that the transaction as being requested relative to a direct link fob  102 . Recognition of the direct link fob  102  in this instance may mean that the direct link fob  102  identifying information includes a marker or identifier indicating that the fob is associated with a zero value preloaded value account. Upon recognition of the marker, IAS  1014  may forward the transaction and fob identifying information to PLAS  1016  for processing.  
      In similar manner as was described with respect to the operation of the preloaded value processing system of  FIG. 10 , PLAS  1016  may evaluate the transaction request based upon several risk criteria established by the issuer. Exemplary risk criteria may include, but are not limited to, consideration of transaction amount limits for a specified time period, fob user usage history, fund or reserve limits, pre-determined re-funding rules, user defined limits, or any similar evaluative criteria. If all the criteria are successfully met, then PLAS  1016  may send authorization of the transaction (e.g., “transaction granted”) to IAS  1014  for providing to merchant system  130 . The transaction authorization may be provided to merchant system  130  based on evaluation of the risk criteria and not upon the value present in preloaded value account or direct link transaction account storing value relative to the direct link fob.  
      After providing the transaction authorization to the IAS  1014 , PLAS  1016  may seek authorization of the transaction against the direct link fob account (e.g., transaction account) which is maintained on issuer database  1012 , and which is funded by value received from funding source  1104 . The authorization request may be provided to IAS  1202  for approval which may retrieve the necessary value from the direct link fob account. For example, where the direct link fob account is a charge or credit account, PLAS  1016  may request authorization from the second IAS  1202  and IAS  1202  may assess the transaction amount against the direct link fob account on database  1012 . IAS  1202  may seek to record the amount of the transaction in the direct link fob usage history data file for payment at the end of a billing cycle (e.g., charge account), or the amount may be recorded on the fob direct link fob usage data file for payment at a date later than the end of the billing cycle (e.g., credit account).  
      In an alternative operation PLAS  1016  may assess the transaction amount against the direct link fob account, without use of a second IAS  1202 . Whether the transaction is processed using a second IAS  1202 , it is to be understood that value may not be immediately transferred to the merchant system from the direct link fob account for satisfying the transaction. Instead, the direct link fob issuer may guarantee satisfaction of the merchant transaction by, for example, request until a certain value is retrieved from the direct link fob account at the end of the billing cycle or later. That is, PLAS  1016  may provide authorization of the transaction, but may not retrieve the necessary value for satisfying the transaction until after the merchant provides a request for settlement to the issuer system.  
      In yet another exemplary transaction processing system  1300  depicted in  FIG. 13 , merchant system  130  may provide a batch file containing multiple fob transaction requests to be processed to a process server  1302  where the multiple fob transactions may include both preloaded value and direct link transaction request. The system  1300  may include a processserver  1302  which distinguished between preloaded value and direct link transaction requests. That is, process server  1302  may be used for separating the fob transactions which are associated with a preloaded fob account and those that are not associated with a preloaded fob account, as discussed more fully below. Process server  1302  may further be in communication with IAS  1014  for seeking settlement of the transaction. IAS  1014  may process the transaction request in accordance with the direct link transaction process or the preloaded value transaction platform described above.  
      In exemplary operation of system  1300 , process server  1302  may receive the settlement file and identify the files according to the nature of the transaction request. For example, process server  1302  may place markers on the files received and create sub-files of transaction requests relative to the type of fob used in the transaction (e.g., preloaded fob, and direct link fob associated with a charge or credit account). The process server may create the sub-files relative to the file markers. Process server  1302  may create a first fob transaction file for merchant payables and a second fob transaction file for accounts receivable to be forwarded to IAS  1014  for processing. Where the sub-file includes merchant payable, process server  1302  may provide funds to the merchant for payment of the transaction, where the funds provided may be equivalent to the transaction amount minus discount revenues. The funds may be retrieved from the funding source for providing to the merchant. Alternatively, process server  1302  may create a second fob transaction file for accounts receivable payments and forwarded the second fob transaction file to IAS  1014 . IAS  1014  may then process the transaction request according to the processes described in  FIGS. 10 and 12 . That is, IAS  1014  may distinguish the preloaded fob transaction requests from those associated with the direct link fob and process the transactions accordingly.  
      Considering the operation of the various transaction processing systems described above, it can be seen that the transaction processing systems described may distinguish when a preloaded fob is used, when a card associated with a fob is used, or when an account associated with a preloaded fob is reloaded. In that regard, the present invention may be used to reward points depending on the nature of the fob usage. The points (e.g., loyalty points) may be stored in a points or rewards account maintained on the issuer database (e.g., database  1012 ). The rewards points may then later be redeemed from the rewards account for exchange for goods and services as desired by the fob user. For more information on loyalty systems and transaction systems, see, for example, U.S. patent application Ser. No.: 09/836,213, filed on Apr. 17, 2001, by inventors Voltmer, et al., and entitled “System And Method For Networked Loyalty Program”; U.S. Continuation-In-Part patent application Ser. No. 10/027,984, filed on Dec. 20, 2001, by inventors Ariff, et al., and entitled “System And Method For Networked Loyalty Program”; U.S. Continuation-In-Part patent application Ser. No. 10/010,947, filed on Nov. 6, 2001, by inventors Haines, et al., and entitled “System And Method For Networked Loyalty Program”; the Shop AMEX™ system as disclosed in Ser. No. 60/230,190, filed Sep. 5, 2000; the MR as Currency™ and Loyalty Rewards Systems disclosed in Ser. No. 60/197,296, filed on Apr. 14, 2000, Ser. No. 60/200,492, filed Apr. 28, 2000, and Ser. No. 60/201,114, filed May 2, 2000; a stored value card as disclosed in Ser. No. 09/241,188, filed on Feb. 1, 1999; a system for facilitating transactions using secondary transaction numbers disclosed in Ser. No. 09/800,461, filed on Mar. 7, 2001, and also in related provisional applications Ser. No. 60/187,620, filed Mar. 7, 2000, Ser. No. 60/200,625, filed Apr. 28, 2000, and Ser. No. 60/213,323, filed May 22, 2000, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Other examples of online membership reward systems are disclosed in Netcentives, U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,870, issued on Jun. 30, 1998, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,412, issued on Dec. 29, 1999, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.  
      As noted, in one instance, points may be provided when the fob is used in addition to when the card associated with the fob is used. For example, IAS  1014  may recognize that a fob is being used and award points (e.g., loyalty points) to the rewards account assigned to the fob user or associated with the fob. The loyalty points may be awarded based on any criteria as determined by the fob issuer. Exemplary rewarding criteria may include rewarding points for, for example, frequency of fob usage, amount of individual purchase using the fob, the total amount of purchases in a given time period, location of merchant, type of merchant, or any such criteria for incenting fob usage.  
      Where the fob is associated with a preloaded value account such as that described with respect to  FIG. 10 , points may be awarded for account reloading. That is, IAS  1014  may place award points in the rewards account relative to the amount loaded or reloaded as required. Further IAS  1014  may place reward points in the rewards account relative to usage of the fob at a particular merchant or for a particular transaction.  
      It should be noted that the transaction account associated with fob  102  may include a usage restriction, such as, for example, a per purchase spending limit, a time of day use, a day of week use, certain merchant use and/or the like, wherein an additional verification is required when using the fob outside of the restriction. The restrictions may be personally assigned by fob  102  user, or the account provider. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the account may be established such that purchases above $X (i.e., the spending limit) must be verified by the customer. Such verification may be provided using a suitable personal identification number (PIN) which may be recognized by fob  102  or a payment authorization center (not shown) as being unique to fob  102  holder (e.g., customer) and the correlative fob  102  transaction account number. Where the requested purchase is above the established per purchase spending limit, the customer may be required to provide, for example, a PIN, biometric sample and/or similar secondary verification to complete the transaction. That is, for example, fob  102  may enter the unique PIN in a conventional keypad at merchant system  130  or RFID reader  104 . The PIN may be provided to the authorization center for comparison with a correlative PIN stored on the issuer system. Alternatively, the PIN may be provided to fob  102  via RFID reader  104 . Fob  102  may verify the PIN by comparing the PIN to a correlative PIN stored on, for example, secure memory  212 .  
      Where a verification PIN is used as secondary verification the verification PIN may be checked for accuracy against a corroborating PIN which correlates to fob  102  transaction account number. The corroborating PIN may be stored locally (e.g., on fob  102 ), or may be stored on a database ( 1012 ) at the payment authorization center. The payment authorization center database may be any database  1012  maintained and operated by fob  102  transaction account provider.  
      The verification PIN may be provided to POS device  110  using a conventional merchant (e.g., POS) PIN key pad  118  in communication with POS device  110  as shown in  FIG. 1A , or a RFID keypad in communication with RFID reader  104 . PIN keypad may be in communication with POS device  110  (or alternatively, RFID reader  104 ) using any conventional data link described above. Upon receiving the verification PIN, RFID reader  104  may seek to match the PIN to the corroborating PIN stored on RFID reader  104  at database  310  or  320 . Alternatively, the verification PIN may be provided to a payment authorization center to determine whether the PIN matches the PIN stored on the payment authorization center database which correlates to fob  102  account. If a match is made, the purchase may no longer be restricted, and the transaction may be allowed to be completed.  
      In an alternate embodiment, verification of purchases exceeding the established spending limit may involve biometrics circuitry included in fob  102 .  FIG. 9  is a schematic block diagram of an exemplary fob  102  wherein fob  102  includes a biometric security system  902 . Biometric security system  902  may include a biometric sensor  904  for sensing the fingerprint of fob  102  user. Biometric sensor  904  may be in communication with a sensor interface/driver  906  for receiving the sensor fingerprint and activating the operation of fob  102 . In communication with biometric sensor  904  and sensor interface  906  may be a battery  903  for providing the necessary power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  including biometric security system  902 , the customer may place his finger on the biometric sensor to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , or to provide secondary verification of the user&#39;s identity. The sensor fingerprint may be digitized and compared against a digitized fingerprint stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . Such comparison step may be controlled by protocol/sequence controller  208  and may be validated by authentication circuit  210 . Where such verification is made, the mutual authentication between fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin, and the transaction may proceed accordingly. Alternatively, the comparison may be made with a digitized fingerprint stored on a database maintained by fob  102  transaction account provider system (not shown). The digitized fingerprint may be verified in much the same way as is described above with respect to the PIN.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  including biometric security system  902 , system  902  may be used to authorize a purchase exceeding the established per purchase spending limit. In this case, where the customer&#39;s intended purchase exceeds the spending limit, the customer may be asked to provide assurance that the purchase is authorized. Accordingly, the customer may provide such verification by placing his finger over biometric sensor  904 . Biometric sensor  904  may then digitize the fingerprint and provide the digitized fingerprint for verification as described above. Once verified, fob  102  may provide a transaction authorized signal to RF transponder  202  (or alternatively to transponder  220 ) for forwarding to RFID reader  104 . RFID reader  104  may then provide the transaction authorized signal to POS device  110  in similar manner as is done with conventional PIN driven systems and POS device  110  may process the transaction under the merchant&#39;s business as usual standard.  
      Additional methods and systems for biometric security for system  100  will be discussed further herein.  
      In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of the invention, the fob user is provided limited access to a fob user data file maintained on an issuer system for managing the fob usage and fob user information. User may have access over the phone, online, or offline. The fob user may access the fob user data file to change, for example, demographic information (e.g., fob user address, phone number, email address, or the like), the funding source (e.g., credit account, charge account, rewards account, barter account, etc.) associated with the fob, view the transaction history, etc. In addition, the fob user may be permitted to load or reload the account or alter automatic reload parameters (e.g., amount to reload, period for reloading, etc.). Where more than one fob  102  is correlated to a transaction account, the user may be provided similar access to the data files corresponding to the additional fobs.  
      With reference to  FIG. 1A , the fob user may connect fob  102  to computer interface  134  via the USB interface  132 . The fob user may then use computer interface  134  to access the fob user data file via network  136 . In particular, network  136  may be in communication with an issuer system (e.g., system  1010  of  FIG. 10 ) and may be provided limited access to an issuer server (e.g., server  1014 ) for managing the fob. Issuer server  1014  may be in communication with an issuer system database (e.g.,  1012 ) which stores the information to be managed relative to the user fob user data file. The changes made to the fob user data file by the fob user may be made in real-time, after a brief delay, or after an extended delay. In one instance, changes may be stored in a batch changes file on the issuer database for later batch processing.  
      In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, system  100  may be configured with one or more biometric scanners, processors and/or systems. A biometric system may include one or more technologies, or any portion thereof, such as, for example, recognition of a biometric. As used herein, a biometric may include a user&#39;s voice, fingerprint, facial, ear, signature, vascular patterns, DNA sampling, hand geometry, sound, olfactory, keystroke/typing, iris, retinal or any other biometric relating to recognition based upon any body part, function, system, attribute and/or other characteristic, or any portion thereof. Certain of these technologies will be described in greater detail herein. Moreover, while some of the examples discussed herein may include a particular biometric system or sample, the invention contemplates any of the biometrics discussed herein in any of the embodiments.  
      The biometric system may be configured as a security system and may include a registration procedure in which a user of transaction instrument (e.g., fob  102 ) proffers a sample of his fingerprints, DNA, retinal scan, voice, and/or other biometric sample to an authorized sample receiver (ASR). An ASR may include a local database, a remote database, a portable storage device, a host system, an issuer system, a merchant system, a fob issuer system, an employer, a financial institution, a non-financial institution, a loyalty point provider, a company, the military, the government, a school, a travel entity, a transportation authority, a security company, and/or any other system or entity that is authorized to receive and store biometric samples and associate the samples with specific biometric databases and/or transaction instruments (e.g., fobs  102 ). As used herein, a user of a fob, fob user, or any similar phrase may include the person or device holding or in possession of the fob, or it may include any person or device that accompanies or authorizes the fob owner to use the fob.  
       FIG. 14  illustrates an exemplary registration procedure in accordance with the present invention. In one embodiment, a fob user may contact an ASR to submit one or more biometric samples to an ASR (step  1401 ). The fob user may contact the ASR and submit a sample in person, through a computer and/or Internet, through software and/or hardware, through a third-party biometric authorization entity, through a kiosk and/or biometric registration terminal, and/or by any other direct or indirect means, communication device or interface for a person to contact an ASR.  
      A fob user may then proffer a biometric sample to the ASR (step  1403 ). As used herein, a biometric sample may be any one or more of the biometric samples or technologies, or portion thereof, described herein or known in the art. By proffering one or more biometric samples, a biometric may be scanned by at least one of a retinal scan, iris scan, fingerprint scan, hand print scan, hand geometry scan, voice print scan, vascular scan, facial and/or ear scan, signature scan, keystroke scan, olfactory scan, auditory emissions scan, DNA scan, and/or any other type of scan to obtain a biometric sample. Upon scanning the sample, the system may submit the scanned sample to the ASR in portions during the scan, upon completing the scan or in batch mode after a certain time period. The scanned sample may include a hardcopy (e.g., photograph), digital representation, an analog version or any other configuration for transmitting the sample. The ASR receives the sample and the ASR may also receive copies of a fob user&#39;s biometric data along with the sample or at a different time (or within a different data packet) from receiving the sample.  
      The ASR and/or fob user  102  may correlate and/or register the sample with fob user information to create a data packet for the sample and store the data packet in digital and/or any storage medium known in the art. As used herein, a data packet may include the digitized information relating to at least one of a biometric sample, a registered biometric sample, a stored biometric sample, a proffered biometric, a proffered biometric sample, user information, transponder information, and/or any other information. The terms “data packet,” “biometric sample,” and “sample” may be used interchangeably. As used herein, registered samples may include samples that have been proffered, stored and associated with user information. By storing the data packet in digital format, the ASR may digitize any information contained in one of the biometric scans described herein. By storing the data packet in any storage medium, the ASR may print and/or store any biometric sample. Hardcopy storage may be desirable for back-up and archival purposes.  
      The biometric sample may also be associated with user information to create a data packet (step  1405 ). The sample may be associated with user information at any step in the process such as, for example, prior to submission, during submission and/or after submission. In one embodiment, the user may input a PIN number or zip code into the POS terminal, then scan the biometric to create the biometric sample. The local POS system may associate the biometric sample data with the PIN and zip code, then transmit the entire packet of information to the ASR. In another embodiment, the POS may facilitate transmitting the sample to an ASR, and during the transmission, the sample may be transmitted through a third system which adds personal information to the sample.  
      The information associated with the biometric sample may include any information such as, for example, fob user information, fob  102  information, fob  102  identifier information, fob  102  vender information, fob  102  operability information, and/or fob  102  manufacturing information. Fob  102  information is not limited to transponder information and may include information related to any transaction instrument such as smart cards, credit cards, debit cards, merchant-specific cards, loyalty point cards, cash accounts and any other transaction instruments and/or accounts. The fob user information may also contain information about the user including personal information—such as name, address, and contact details; financial information—such as one or more financial accounts associated with the fob user; loyalty point information—such as one or more loyalty point accounts (e.g., airline miles, charge card loyalty points, frequent diner points) associated with the fob user; and/or non-financial information—such as employee information, employer information, medical information, family information, and/or other information that may be used in accordance with a fob user.  
      For example, fob user may have previously associated a credit card account, a debit card account, and a frequent flier account with his biometric sample which is stored at an ASR. Later, when fob user desires to purchase groceries, fob user may submit his biometric sample while using fob  102  for the purchase at a POS. The POS may facilitate sending the biometric sample to the ASR such that the ASR authorizes the biometric sample and checks a look-up table in the ASR database to determine if any information is associated with the sample. If information (e.g., financial accounts) is associated with the sample, the ASR may transmit the information to the POS terminal. The POS terminal may then present fob user with a list of the three accounts associated with the biometric sample. Fob user and/or a merchant may then chose one of the accounts in order to continue and finalize the transaction.  
      In another embodiment, fob user may associate each account with a different biometric sample. For example, during registration, fob user may submit a sample of his right index fingerprint, and request that the system primarily associate this sample with a particular credit card account. Fob user may additionally submit a sample of his left index fingerprint and request that the system primarily associate the sample with a particular debit account. Additionally, fob user may submit his right thumbprint and request that the system primarily associate that sample with a particular frequent flier account. By “primarily” associating a sample with an account, the system initially associates the sample with that account. For example, fob user submitting his right index fingerprint for a financial transaction may have money for the transaction taken from his credit card account. Fob user may additionally specify which accounts should be secondarily associated with a sample. For example, fob user may have a debit card account secondarily associated with his right index fingerprint. As a result, if fob user submits his right index fingerprint for a transaction, and the primary account associated with the sample is overdrawn or unavailable, the secondary account may be accessed in order to further the transaction.  
      While primary and secondary account association is described herein, any number of accounts may be associated with a sample. Moreover, any hierarchy or rules may be implemented with respect to the association. For example, the fob user may instruct the system to access a debit card account when it receives a right index fingerprint sample, the purchase qualifies for loyalty points with a certain airline and the purchase amount is less than $50. The fob user may additionally instruct the system to access a credit card account if it receives a right index fingerprint sample, the purchase does not qualify for airline miles and the purchase amount is greater than $50. Further, while fingerprint samples are discussed herein, any biometric sample may have one or more accounts associated with it and may be used to facilitate a transaction using any of the routines discussed herein.  
      The ASR and/or fob user may associate a specific fob  102  identifier with the biometric sample by any method known in the art for associating an identifier (e.g., through the use of software, hardware and/or manual entry.) The ASR may additionally verify the fob user and/or fob  102  by using one or more forms of the user&#39;s secondary identification (step  1407 ). For example, the ASR may verify the fob user by matching the fob information to information retrieved from scanning information from a fob user&#39;s driver&#39;s license. The ASR may verify fob  102  by contacting the vendor of fob  102  to confirm that fob  102  was issued to a specific fob user. In another embodiment, the ASR may activate fob  102  during the registration procedure to confirm that the fob  102  transponder identifier and other information is properly associated with the fob user and the fob user&#39;s specific biometric samples. The ASR may additionally employ one or more verification methods to confirm that the biometric sample belongs to the user, such as, for example, the ASR may request from the user demographic information, further biometric samples and/or any other information. As used herein, “confirm,” “confirmation” or any similar term includes verifying or substantially verifying the accuracy, existence, non-existence, corroboration, and/or the like of the information, component, or any portion thereof. The ASR may additionally employ one or more additional processing methods in order to facilitate association of a biometric sample. As used herein, the term processing may include scanning, detecting, associating, digitizing, printing, comparing, storing, encrypting, decrypting, and/or verifying a biometric and/or a biometric sample, or any portion thereof.  
      Upon association, authentication and/or verification of the biometric sample and fob  102 , the system may create a data packet and for the sample store the data packet and fob  102  identifier (step  1409 ) in one or more databases on and/or in communication with system  100  via a network, server, computer, or any other means of communicating as described herein. The database(s) may be any type of database described herein. For example, a biometric sample stored on fob  102  may be stored in database  212 . The database(s) may be located at or operated by any of the entities discussed herein such as, for example, the ASR and/or by a third-party biometric database operator.  
      The information stored in the database may be sorted or stored according to one or more characteristics associated with the sample in order to facilitate faster access to the stored sample. For example, fingerprint samples may be stored in a separate database than voice prints. As another example, all fingerprints with certain whirl patterns may be stored in a separate sub-database and/or database from fingerprints with arch patterns.  
      The biometric samples may also be stored and/or associated with a personal identification number (PIN) and/or other identifier to facilitate access to the sample. The PIN may be fob user selected or randomly assigned to the biometric sample. The PIN may consist of any characters such as, for example, alphanumeric characters and/or foreign language characters.  
      The system may further protect the samples by providing additional security with the sample. The security may include, for example, encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates, firewalls and/or any other security methods known in the art and discussed herein. One or more security vendors may utilize the security methods to store and/or access the biometric samples. The present invention anticipates that storage of the biometric samples may be such that a sample is first encrypted and/or stored under a security procedure, such that the sample may only be accessed by a vendor with the proper level of access or security which corresponds to or provides access to the stored sample. The samples may be accessible by certain vendors such as, for example, fob  102  transaction account provider system, an issuer system, a merchant system, a fob issuer system, an employer, a financial institution, a non-financial institution, a loyalty-point provider, a company, the military, the government, a school, a travel entity, a transportation authority, and/or a security company.  
      The fob of the invention may include a particular security system wherein the security system incorporates a particular biometric system. As shown in  FIG. 15 , fob  102  includes a biometric security system  1502  configured for facilitating biometric security using, for example, fingerprint samples. As used herein, fingerprint samples may include samples of one or more fingerprints, thumbprints, palmprints, footprints, and/or any portion thereof. Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with a sensor and/or other hardware and/or software for acquiring and/or processing the biometric data from the person such as, for example, optical scanning, capacitance scanning, or otherwise sensing the portion of fob user. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may scan a finger of a fob user in order to acquire his fingerprint characteristics into fob  102 . Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor interface/driver  1506  such that sensor interface  1506  receives the fingerprint information and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , the user may place his finger on the biometric sensor to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. Fob  102  may digitize the fingerprint and compare it against a digitized fingerprint stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The fingerprint information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. As used herein, compare, comparison and similar terms may include determining similarities, differences, existence of elements, non-existence of elements and/or the like.  
      Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors. One or more comparison techniques and/or technologies may be used for comparisons. For example, for fingerprint comparisons, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare fingerprint minutia such as, for example, ridge endings, bifurcation, lakes or enclosures, short ridges, dots, spurs and crossovers, pore size and location, Henry System categories such as loops, whorls, and arches, and/or any other method known in the art for fingerprint comparisons.  
      Fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of fake fingers, fob  102  may be further configured to measure blood flow, to check for correctly aligned ridges at the edges of the fingers, and/or any other secondary procedure to reduce biometric security fraud. Other security procedures for ensuring the authenticity of biometric samples may include monitoring pupil dilation for retinal and/or iris scans, pressure sensors, blinking sensors, human motion sensors, body heat sensors and/or any other procedures known in the art for authenticating the authenticity of biometric samples.  
      After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication, and the transaction may proceed accordingly. However, the invention contemplates that the verification of biometric information may occur at any point in the transaction such as, for example, after the mutual authentication. At any point in the transaction, the system may additionally request fob user to enter a PIN and/or other identifier associated with the transaction account and/or biometric sample to provide further verification of fob user&#39;s identification. As part of the transaction, fob user payor may be requested to select from one of the financial accounts, loyalty accounts, credit accounts, debit account, and/or other accounts associated with the biometric sample. The user may be presented with a list of account options on a display associated with RFID reader  104 , fob  102 , a third-party security device and/or any other financial or transaction device association with a transaction. In another embodiment, a payee may select one of the accounts. For example, a department store payee may manually and/or automatically select a department store issued account, if available, for a transaction.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using facial recognition or recognition of any other body part or object. As discussed herein, facial recognition may include recognition of any facial features obtained through a facial scan such as, for example, the eyes, nose, cheeks, jaw line, forehead, chin, ear features, head shape, hairline, neck features, shoulder height and/or any portion thereof. Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with a video camera, optical scanner, and/or other hardware and/or software for acquiring the biometric data from the person such as, for example video scanning, optical scanning or otherwise sensing any portion of fob user. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may scan the face of a fob user in order to acquire his facial characteristics into fob  102 . Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the facial information and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may scan the facial features of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. Security system  1502  may be configured such that fob user may stand at least two-feet away from sensor  1504 . Additionally, sensor  1504  may be configured to detect facial features of a user turned at least  30  degrees toward the camera.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the facial scan and compare it against a digitized facial scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The facial scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples.  
      Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric, and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors. One or more comparison techniques and/or technologies may be used for comparisons. For example, for facial recognition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare nodal points such as the distance between the eyes, the width of the nose, the jaw line, and the depth of the user&#39;s eye sockets. While only some types of nodal points are listed, the present invention recognizes that it is known that there are over  80  different nodal points on a human face that may be used for comparison in the present invention. Additionally, third-party devices such as facial recognition software and/or hardware systems may be used to facilitate facial recognition, such as the systems developed by Viisage, Imagis, and Identix which employ complex algorithms that facilitate both searching facial and/or ear scans and adjusting stored data based on eyewear, facial hair, and other changes in outward facial and/or ear appearance.  
      Fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of fake facial features, fob  102  may be further configured to measure blood flow, to detect a thermal pattern associated with facial features, and/or any other secondary procedure to reduce biometric security fraud. Other security procedures for ensuring the authenticity of biometric samples may include monitoring pupil dilation for retinal and/or iris scans, pressure sensors, blinking sensors, human motion sensors, body heat sensors and/or any other procedures known in the art for authenticating the authenticity of biometric samples. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by any of the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using voice recognition. As discussed herein, voice recognition may include recognition of voice and/or speaker features such as, phonated excitation, whispered excitation, frication excitation, compression, vibration, parametric waveforms, tone, pitch, dialect, annunciation, and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these voice recognition features may be collectively referred to as a “voice print.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an audio capture device such as a microphone, telephone, cellular phone, speaker and/or other hardware and/or software for acquiring the biometric data from the person such as, for example auditory scanning, recording or otherwise sensing the portion of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the voice print of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a voice print, when a user recites, for example, a pass phrase or audible PIN. Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the voice print and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the voice print and compare it against a digitized voice print stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The voice print information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      One or more comparison techniques and/or technologies may be used for comparisons. For example, for voice recognition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the voice print by comparing voice print waveforms in the time domain, by comparing energy content in the voice prints across the frequency domain, by the use of stochastic models and/or template models, and/or by any other voice recognition method known in the art. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as voice recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate voice print comparisons, such as, for example SAFLINK and Voice Security Systems.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a recorded voice, system  1502  may be further configured to detect audio noise associated with an electronic device and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using signature recognition. As discussed herein, signature recognition may include recognition of the shape, speed, stroke, stylus pressure, timing information and/or other signature information and/or any portion thereof during the act of signing. As discussed herein, these signature recognition features may be collectively referred to as a “signature scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an LCD screen, digitizing tablet and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates digitization of biometric data from the person such as, for example signature scanning, recording or otherwise sensing the signature of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the signature scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a signature scan, when a user signs, for example, his name or a specified word or phrase. Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the signature scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the signature scan and compare it against a digitized signature scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The signature scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for voice recognition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the features of a signature scan by comparing graphs, charts, and or other data relating to shape, speed, stroke, stylus pressure, timing information and/or by any other signature recognition data. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as signature recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate signature scan comparisons, such as, for example CyberSIGN, LCI Computer Group, and Xenetek.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false signature device, system  1502  may be further configured to detect a thermal pattern associated with a human hand and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using vascular pattern recognition. As discussed herein, vascular pattern may include recognition of structures, depths, and other biometric reference points of arterial tissues, vein tissues, capillary tissues, epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues, nervous and/or other inner tissues and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these vascular pattern features may be collectively referred to as a “vascular scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an optical scanner, thermal scanner and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a vascular pattern of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the vascular scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a vascular scan, when a user places his hand in front of an optical scanner. Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the vascular scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the vascular scan based on biometric reference points and compare it against a digitized vascular scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The vascular scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for vascular pattern recognition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the vascular scan by comparing biometric reference points, vascular coordinates, vascular and/or tissue lengths, widths and depths; blood pressure including waveforms, dicrotic notches, diastolic pressure, systolic pressure, anacrotic notches and pulse pressure, and/or any other characteristic of vascular and/or tissue patterns. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as vascular pattern recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate vascular scan comparisons, such as, for example VEID International, Identica and ABT Advanced Biometric Technologies.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false vascular patterns, system  1502  may be further configured to detect a thermal pattern associated with vascular patterns and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using DNA biometrics. As discussed herein, DNA biometrics may include recognition of structures, gene sequences, and other genetic characteristics of skin tissue, hair tissue, and/or any other human tissue and/or any portion thereof containing genetic information. As discussed herein, these genetic features may be collectively referred to as a “DNA scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an infrared optical sensor, a chemical sensor and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a DNA scan of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the DNA scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a DNA scan, when a user submits genetic material to sensor  1504 . Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the DNA scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the DNA scan based on genetic information reference points and compare it against a digitized DNA scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The DNA scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for DNA recognition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the DNA scan by comparing nucleotides, code sequences, regulatory regions, initiation and stop codons, exon/intron borders, and/or any other characteristics of DNA. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as DNA recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate DNA scan comparisons, such as, for example Applied DNA Sciences.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use false DNA, system  1502  may be further configured to take a DNA sample directly off a user and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using hand geometry biometrics. As discussed herein, hand geometry biometrics may include recognition of hand geometry parameters, such as, for example, hand shape, finger length, finger thickness, finger curvature and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these hand geometry features may be collectively referred to as a “hand geometry scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an infrared optical sensor, a three-dimensional imaging system and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a hand geometry scan of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the hand geometry scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a hand geometry scan, when a user places his hand in front of an optical scanner. Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the hand geometry scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the hand geometry scan based on hand geometry parameters and compare it against a digitized hand geometry scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The hand geometry scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for hand geometry recognition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare hand shape, finger length, finger thickness, finger curvature and/or any other of the  90  different hand geometry parameters known in the art. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as hand geometry recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate hand geometry scan comparisons, such as, for example IR Recognition Services and Human Recognition Services.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of false hands, system  1502  may be further configured to measure blood flow, to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using auditory emissions biometrics. As discussed herein, auditory emissions biometrics may include emissions that an ear generates when stimulated by sound, such as vibrations and reverberated sound waves and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these auditory emissions features may be collectively referred to as an “auditory emissions scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an infrared optical sensor, an auditory sensor, an auditory generator and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example sound generating, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing an auditory emissions scan of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the auditory emissions scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture an auditory emissions scan, when a user hears an auditory stimulant and the user&#39;s auditory emissions are detected by biometric sensor  1504 . Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the auditory emissions scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the auditory emissions scan based on emissions waveforms and compare it against a digitized auditory emissions scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The auditory emissions scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for auditory emissions recognition, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare emissions difference in frequency, wavelength, and/or other characteristics between the transmitted and reverberated sound waves. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as auditory emissions recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate auditory emissions scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by the University of Southampton.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of false auditory emissions scans, system  1502  may be further configured to detect electronic noise associated with a device producing electronic auditory emissions and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using olfactory biometrics. As discussed herein, olfactory biometrics may include odorants that a body generates when odor evaporates from and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these odorants may be collectively referred to as a “smellprint.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an electronic sensor, a chemical sensor, and/or an electronic or chemical sensor configured as an array of chemical sensors, wherein each chemical sensor may detect a specific odorant, or smell. In another embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  may be configured as a gas chromatograph, spectrometer, conductivity sensor, piezoelectric sensor and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a smellprint of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the smellprint of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a smellprint, when a user stands within at least two feet of sensor  1504 . Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the smellprint and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the smellprint and compare it against a digitized smellprint stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The smellprint information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for smellprints, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the difference in molecular structures, chemical compounds, temperature, mass differences, pressure, force, and odorants by using statistical, ANN and neuromorphic techniques. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as smellprint recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate smellprint comparisons, such as, for example those developed by Company Mastiff Electronic Systems.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false odorant, system  1502  may be further configured to detect man-made smells, abnormal odorants, body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using keystroke/typing recognition biometrics. As discussed herein, keystroke/typing recognition biometrics may include recognition of the duration of keystrokes, latencies between keystrokes, inter-keystroke times, typing error frequency, force keystrokes and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these features may be collectively referred to as a “keystroke scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with an electronic sensor, an optical sensor, a keyboard, and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a keystroke scan of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the keystroke scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a keystroke scan, when a user types, for example, a PIN or pass phrase into a keyboard configured with sensor  1504 . Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor/interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the keystroke scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the keystroke scan based on keystroke characteristics and compare the scan against a digitized keystroke scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The keystroke scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for keystroke scans, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the behavioral, temporal and physical characteristics associated with keystrokes. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as keystroke scan recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate keystroke scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by BioPassword® by BioNet Systems, LLC.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false keystroke, system  1502  may be further configured to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using iris scan biometrics. As discussed herein, iris scan biometrics may include recognition of characteristics of the colored tissues surrounding the pupil, such as the rings, furrows and freckles and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these characteristics may be collectively referred to as an “iris scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with a video camera, an optical scanner, a digital camera, a charge coupled device and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing an iris scan of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the iris scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture an iris scan, when a user uses sensor  1504  to scan his iris while he is up to five feet away from sensor  1504 . Sensor  1504  may scan the user&#39;s iris through contacts, sunglasses, and/or any other type of eye glasses. Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the iris scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the iris scan based on iris characteristics and compare the scan against a digitized iris scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The iris scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for iris scans, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the surface patterns of the iris by localizing the boundaries and the eyelid contours of the iris and creating a phase code for the texture sequence in the iris. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as iris scan recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate iris scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by Iridian, LG Electronics and BioCom.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false iris, system  1502  may be further configured to vary the light shone into the eye to watch for pupil dilation, to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, biometric security system  1502  may be configured for facilitating biometric security using retinal scanning biometrics. As discussed herein, retinal scanning biometrics may include recognition of characteristics of the reflected retinal pattern of the eye, such as the location, structure, size, and shape of blood vessels and/or any portion thereof. As discussed herein, these characteristics may be collectively referred to as a “retinal scan.” Biometric security system  1502  may include a biometric sensor  1504  which may be configured with low-intensity light source, such as an infrared source, an optical coupler and/or other hardware and/or software that facilitates the capture of biometric data from the person such as, for example, scanning, detecting or otherwise sensing a retinal scan of fob user.  
      In one exemplary application of fob  102  incorporating biometric security system  1502 , system  1502  may capture the iris scan of the fob user to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. In one embodiment, biometric sensor  1504  of the security system  1502  may capture a retinal scan, when a sensor  1504  shines a light source into the user&#39;s retina and detects the reflected retina pattern. Sensor  1504  may detect a user&#39;s retinal pattern when the user is up to five feet away from sensor  1504 . Biometric sensor  1504  may be in communication with a sensor interface/driver  1506  such that sensor  1504  receives the retinal scan and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 . A power source (e.g., battery  1503 ) may be in communication with biometric sensor  1504  and sensor interface  1506  to provide the desired power for operation of the biometric security system components.  
      Fob  102  may digitize the retinal scan based on retinal characteristics and compare the scan against a digitized iris scan stored in a database (e.g., security database  212 ) included on fob  102 . The retinal scan information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, RFID reader  104 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. Protocol/sequence controller  208  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric and authentication circuit  210  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by one or more third-party security vendors.  
      For example, for retinal scans, protocol/sequence controller  208  may utilize an existing database to compare the blood vessel patterns of the retina by comparing stored and detected retinal patterns. This transfer of information may include use of encryption, decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. Fob  102  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples. Further, the present invention anticipates use of one or more third-party devices such as retinal scan recognition software and/or hardware systems to facilitate keystroke scan comparisons, such as, for example those developed by EyeKey and Retinal Technologies.  
      Fob  102  and/or any other third-party security vendor system used in connection with fob  102  may additionally be configured with secondary security procedures to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, to detect the use of a false retina, system  1502  may be further configured to vary the light shone into the eye to watch for pupil dilation, to detect body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to thwart biometric security fraud. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication by the methods described herein.  
      In an additional or alternate embodiment, RFID reader  104  may include one or more security system, wherein the security system incorporates one or more biometric system. As shown in  FIG. 16 , RFID reader  104  includes a biometric security system  1602  configured for facilitating biometric security using a biometric sample. Biometric security system  1602  may include a biometric sensor  1604  which may be configured with a sensor, video camera, digital camera, optical scanner, light source and/or other hardware and/or software for acquiring biometric data form the person such as, for example, optical scanning, chemical sensing, or otherwise detecting the portion of fob user. Biometric sensor  1604  may be in communication with a sensor interface/driver  1606  such that sensor interface  1606  receives biometric information and transmits a signal to controller  208  to facilitate activating the operation of fob  102 .  
      In one exemplary application of RFID reader  104  including biometric security system  1602 , the user may submit a biometric sample to the biometric sensor to initiate the mutual authentication process between fob  102  and RFID reader  104 , and/or to provide verification of the user&#39;s identity. RFID reader  104  may digitize the sample and compare it against a digitized biometric sample stored in a database (e.g., database  310 ) included on RFID reader  104 . The biometric sample information may additionally be compared with information from one or more third-party databases communicating with fob  102  through any communication software and/or hardware, including for example, fob  102 , a USB connection, a wireless connection, a computer, a network and/or any other means for communicating. The transfer of information may include use of encryption decryption, security keys, digital certificates and/or other security devices to confirm the security of the sample. RFID reader  104  may additionally communicate with third-party databases to facilitate a comparison between fob  102  identifier and other fob identifiers stored with the biometric samples.  
      Protocol/sequence controller  314  may facilitate the local comparison to authenticate the biometric sample and authentication circuit  308  may validate the information. Any of the embodiments may alternatively or additionally include remote comparisons performed or controlled by third-party security vendors in any way known in the art for comparing biometric data.  
      RFID reader  104  may also be configured with secondary security procedures biometric to confirm that fake biometric samples are not being used. For example, RFID reader  104  may be further configured to measure blood flow, body heat and/or any other secondary procedure to reduce biometric security fraud. Other security procedures for ensuring the authenticity of biometric samples may include monitoring pupil dilation for retinal and/or iris scans, pressure sensors, blinking sensors, human motion sensors, and/or any other procedures known in the art for authenticating the authenticity of biometric samples. After verifying the biometric information, fob  102  and RFID reader  104  may begin mutual authentication, and the transaction may proceed accordingly.  
      While the biometric safeguard mechanisms describe fob  102  and/or RFID reader  104  configured with a biometric safeguard mechanism, any part of system  100  may be equipped with a biometric safeguard system. For example, the invention contemplates receiving a biometric sample only at the reader, only at the fob, at both the fob and the reader, or at any other combination of location or device. As such, any scanner or database discussed herein may be located within or associated with another device. For example, the fob may scan a user biometric, but the database used for comparison may be located within the reader or merchant server. In other embodiments, the biometric security device may be located away from the point of sale device and/or provide other functions. For example, the biometric security device may be located near the item to be purchased or located in any other location within or outside of the merchant. In one embodiment, the biometric security device may be located outside of a jewelry display to allow a user to not only start the authentication process before check-out, but also to allow access to the product within the display case. In this regard, the biometric security device may communicate the information to the point of sale device so the POS may verify that the person that entered the jewelry box is the same person that is now buying the jewelry. In another embodiment, any portion of system  100  may be configured with a biometric security device. The biometric security device may be attached and/or free-standing. Biometric security devices may be configured for local and/or third-party operation. For example, the present invention contemplates the use of third-party fingerprint scanning and security devices such as those made by Interlink Electronics, Keytronic, Identix Biotouch, BIOmetricID, onClick, and/or other third-party vendors.  
      In yet another embodiment, the database used for comparison may contain terrorist and/or criminal information. As used herein, terrorists and/or criminals may include terrorists, felons, criminals, convicts, indicted persons, insurgents, revolutionaries and/or other offenders. The information may include biometric information, personal information as described herein, arrest records, aliases used, country of residence, affiliations with gangs and terrorist groups, and/or any other terrorist and/or criminal information.  
      As an example of a secondary security procedure in accordance with the present invention, the biometric sensor  1504 ,  1604  may be configured to allow a finite number of scans. For example, biometric sensor  1504 ,  1604  may be configured to only accept data from a single scan. As a result, biometric sensor  1504 ,  1604  may turn off or deactivate fob  102  and/or RFID reader  104  if more than one scan is needed to obtain a biometric sample. Biometric sensor  1504 ,  1604  may also be configured to accept a preset limit of scans. For example, biometric sensor  1504 ,  1604  may receive three invalid biometric samples before it turns off and/or deactivates fob  102  and/or RFID reader  104 .  
      The sensor or any other part of system  100  may also activate upon sensing a particular type or group of biometric samples. The activation may include sending a signal, blinking, audible sound, visual display and/or the like. For example, if the sensor detects information from a gold card member, the system may display a special offer on the POS terminal. If the sensor detects a repeat customer, the sensor may signal or notify a manager to approach the customer and thank them for their repeat business. In another embodiment, the system may send a signal to a primary account holder or any other person or device to notify them that the fob is being used or that a condition or rule is being violated (e.g., charge above $1000).  
      Any of the biometric security systems described herein may additionally be configured with a fraud protection log. That is, a biometric security system, such as biometric security system  1502 ,  1602  may be configured to log all biometric samples submitted on fob  102  and/or RFID reader  104  and store the log information on databases on and/or communicating with system  1502 ,  1602 . If a new and/or different biometric sample is submitted that differs from the log data, biometric security system  1502 ,  1602  may employ a security procedure such as deactivation, warning authorities, requesting a secondary scan, and/or any other security procedure.  
      Biometric security system  1502 ,  1602  and/or the biometric security system configured with system  100  may also be configured to obtain a plurality of biometric samples for verification and/or other security purposes. For example, after biometric security system  1502 , receives a first biometric sample (e.g., scans one finger,) it may be configured to receive a second biometric sample (e.g., scans a second finger). The first and second biometric samples may be compared with stored biometric samples by any of the methods disclosed herein. The second biometric sample may be the only sample compared with stored biometric samples if the first sample is unreadable or inadequate.  
      In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, fob  102  may be equipped with a biometric safeguard mechanism. For example, in one exemplary application of fob  102 , fob  102  may use biometric security system  1502  to authorize a transaction that violates an established rule, such as, for example, a purchase exceeding an established per purchase spending limit, a purchase exceeding a preset number of transactions, any portion of a purchase and/or transaction involving non-monetary funds (e.g., paying a portion of the transaction with loyalty points, coupons, airline miles, etc.) and/or any other purchase and/or transaction exceeding a preset or established limit. Fob user, a third-party issuer system a third-party financial system, a company and/or any other entity or system may establish the preset limits. The limits may be used to prevent fraud, theft, overdrafts, and/or other non-desirable situations associated with financial and non-financial accounts. For example, if fob  102  is stolen and the thief tries to make a large purchase with the card, the biometric safeguard mechanism may prevent the purchase until fob user&#39;s identity is verified by biometric means.  
      For example, fob  102  may activate biometric security system  1502  to notify a user who is attempting to make a large purchase that the user must provide a biometric sample to verify the user&#39;s identity. By notifying, fob  102  may be configured to provide an audible signal, visual signal, optical signal, mechanical signal, vibration, blinking, signaling and beeping, and/or provide any other notification to a user. Accordingly, fob user may provide such verification by submitting a biometric sample, for example placing his finger over biometric sensor  1504  and/or any other biometric security devices used in association with fob  102 . Biometric sensor  1504  may then digitize the biometric sample (e.g., fingerprint) and use the digitized sample for verification by any of the methods described herein. Once fob user&#39;s identity and/or fob  102  transponder identifier are verified, fob  102  may provide a transaction authorized signal to RF transponder  202  (and/or to transponder  220 ) for forwarding to RFID reader  104 . RFID reader  104  may then provide the transaction authorized signal to POS device  110  in similar manner as is done with conventional PIN driven systems and POS device  110  may process the transaction under the merchant&#39;s business as usual standard. If fob  102  has been stolen, then fob user&#39;s identity may not be verified and the transaction may be cancelled. Additionally, one or more further security procedures may be triggered, such as, for example, fob  102  may deactivate, fob  102  may send a notification to a security vendor, fob  102  may be confiscated by the merchant and/or any other security procedures may be used.  
      In another exemplary embodiment, RFID reader  104  may be equipped with a biometric safeguard mechanism. For example, in one exemplary application of RFID reader  104 , RFID reader  104  may use biometric security system  1602  to authorize a transaction that violates an established rule, such as, for example, a purchase exceeding an established per purchase spending limit, a purchase exceeding a preset number of transactions and/or any other purchase exceeding a preset or established limit. Fob user, a third-party issuer system a third-party financial system, a company and/or any other entity or system may establish the preset limits. The limits may be used to prevent fraud, theft, overdrafts, and/or other non-desirable situations associated with financial and non-financial accounts. For example, if fob  102  is stolen and the thief tries to make a large purchase with the card, the biometric safeguard mechanism may prevent the purchase until fob user&#39;s identity is verified by biometric means.  
      In one example, where fob user is using a company-issued fob  102 , fob  102  may the have a pre-set limit of transactions that may be completed before biometric verification is required. If the user exceeds the transaction limit, RFID reader  104  may be configured to scan a biometric sample in order to verify the user&#39;s identity. Accordingly, the user may provide such verification by submitting a biometric sample, for example submitting a retinal scan to biometric sensor  1604 . RFID reader  104  may then digitize the biometric sample (e.g., retinal pattern) and use the digitized sample for verification by any of the methods described herein. Once fob user&#39;s identity and/or fob  102  transponder identifier are verified, RFID reader  104  may receive a transaction authorized signal from a security vendor authorized to give such a signal. RFID reader  104  may then provide the transaction authorized signal to POS device  110  in similar manner as is done with convention PIN driven systems and POS device  110  may process the transaction under the merchant&#39;s business as usual standard.  
      While the biometric safeguard mechanisms described herein use fingerprint scanning and retinal scanning for biometric sample verification for exemplification, any biometric sample may be submitted for verification, authorization and/or any other safeguard purpose. For example the present invention contemplates the use of voice recognition, facial and/or ear recognition, signature recognition, vascular patterns, DNA sampling, hand geometry, auditory emissions recognition, olfactory recognition, keystroke/typing recognition, iris scans, and/or any other biometric known in the art.  
      The preceding detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention makes reference to the accompanying drawings, which show the exemplary embodiment by way of illustration. While these exemplary embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that logical and mechanical changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the steps recited in any of the method or process claims may be executed in any order and are not limited to the order presented. Further, the present invention may be practiced using one or more servers, as necessary. Thus, the preceding detailed description is presented for purposes of illustration only and not of limitation, and the scope of the invention is defined by the preceding description, and with respect to the attached claims.  
      Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all the claims. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, no element described herein is required for the practice of the invention