Patent Publication Number: US-2023152631-A1

Title: Display apparatus

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/560,786, filed on Dec. 23, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/115,201, filed on Dec. 8, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,237,431 issued on Feb. 1, 2022, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/743,530, filed on Jan. 15, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,890,804 issued on Jan. 12, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/664,780, filed on Jul. 31, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,545,377, issued on Jan. 28, 2020, which claims priority from Japanese Application No. 2016-151455, filed on Aug. 1, 2016, the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to a display apparatus. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2013-114947 (JP-A-2013-114947) and Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2007-200741 (JP-A-2007-200741) describe a surface light source device or a so-called backlight device arranged on the back of a display panel. Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Publication No. 2010-230835 (JP-A-2010-230835) describes a reflective liquid crystal display apparatus including a sidelight, a side reflection plate, and a reflection plate arranged on the back of a display panel. 
     In the display apparatuses of JP-A-2013-114947, JP-A-2010-230835, and JP-A-2007-200741, the backlight device arranged on the back of the display panel or the reflection plate blocks background light on a second surface side on the opposite side of a first surface of the display panel, which makes it hard for a background on the second surface side to be visually recognized from the first surface of the display panel. 
     For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a display apparatus that allows visual recognition, from one surface of a display panel, of a background on the other surface side opposite to the one surface side, and suppresses an amount of light leaking from a second side surface of the display panel, the light having entered a first side surface of the display panel. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to an aspect, a display apparatus includes: a first light-transmissive substrate; a second light-transmissive substrate arranged to face the first light-transmissive substrate; a liquid crystal layer including polymer dispersed liquid crystals sealed between the first light-transmissive substrate and the second light-transmissive substrate; at least one light-emitting device arranged to face at least one of a side surface of the first light-transmissive substrate or a side surface of the second light-transmissive substrate; and at least one reflector arranged on at least one of a side surface of the first light-transmissive substrate or a side surface of the second light-transmissive substrate, the side surface of the first or second light-transmissive substrate being on an opposite side of the side surface of the first or second light-transmissive substrate to which the at least one light-emitting device faces, and configured to reflect light at the side surface on the opposite side. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view illustrating an example of a display apparatus according to a first embodiment; 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram illustrating the display apparatus of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  3    is a timing chart for describing timing to emit light by a light source in a field sequential method; 
         FIG.  4    is an explanatory diagram illustrating a relationship between a voltage applied to a pixel electrode and intensity of scattered light; 
         FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of the display apparatus of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  6    is a plan view illustrating a plane of the display apparatus of  FIG.  1   ; 
         FIG.  7    is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal layer section of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIG.  8    is a cross-sectional view for describing a non-scattering state in the liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG.  9    is a cross-sectional view for describing a scattering state in the liquid crystal layer; 
         FIG.  10    is a plan view illustrating a pixel; 
         FIG.  11    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XI-XI′ in  FIG.  10   ; 
         FIG.  12    is a diagram for describing incident light from a light-emitting device; 
         FIG.  13    is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a cross-section taken along line V-V′ in  FIG.  6   ; 
         FIG.  14    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a comparative example of  FIG.  13   ; 
         FIG.  15    is a schematic cross-sectional view for describing a state of light reflected at a side surface when principal surfaces and side surfaces of light-transmissive substrates are at right angles; 
         FIG.  16    is a schematic cross-sectional view for describing a state of light reflected at a side surface when principal surfaces and side surfaces of light-transmissive substrates are at right angles; 
         FIG.  17    is a schematic cross-sectional view for describing a state of light reflected at a side surface when principal surfaces and side surfaces of light-transmissive substrates are not at right angles; 
         FIG.  18    is a schematic cross-sectional view for describing a state of light reflected at a side surface when principal surfaces and side surfaces of light-transmissive substrates are not at right angles; 
         FIG.  19    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of a display apparatus according to a first modification of the first embodiment; 
         FIG.  20    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of a display apparatus according to a second modification of the first embodiment; 
         FIG.  21    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of a display apparatus according to a third modification of the first embodiment; 
         FIG.  22    is a plan view illustrating a plane of a display apparatus according to a fourth modification of the first embodiment; 
         FIG.  23    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XXIII-XXIII′ in  FIG.  22   ; 
         FIG.  24    is a plan view illustrating a plane of a display apparatus according to a second embodiment; 
         FIG.  25    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XXV-XXV′ in  FIG.  24   ; 
         FIG.  26    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XXVI-XXVI′ in  FIG.  24   ; and 
         FIG.  27    is an explanatory view for describing a method of manufacturing a reflector of the display apparatus according to the second embodiment. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Modes (embodiments) for carrying out the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The present disclosure is not limited by the descriptions of the following embodiments. The elements described hereunder include those that can be easily thought of by those skilled in the art and substantially the same elements. The elements described hereunder may also be combined as appropriate. The disclosure is merely an example, and the present disclosure naturally encompasses appropriate modifications maintaining the gist of the disclosure that is easily conceivable by those skilled in the art. To further clarify the description, a width, a thickness, a shape, and the like of each component may be schematically illustrated in the drawings as compared with an actual aspect. However, this is merely an example and interpretation of the disclosure is not limited thereto. The same elements as those described in the drawings that have already been discussed are denoted by the same reference numerals throughout the description and the drawings, and detailed description thereof will not be repeated in some cases. In this disclosure, when an element is described as being “on” another element, the element can be directly on the other element, or there can be one or more elements between the element and the other element. 
     First Embodiment 
       FIG.  1    is a perspective view illustrating an example of a display apparatus according to a first embodiment.  FIG.  2    is a block diagram illustrating the display apparatus of  FIG.  1   .  FIG.  3    is a timing chart for describing timing to emit light by a light source in a field sequential method. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  1   , a display apparatus  1  includes a display panel  2 , a sidelight source device  3 , and a drive circuit  4 . In this description, a direction on a plane of the display panel  2  is referred to as an X direction, a direction perpendicular to the X direction is referred to as a Y direction, and a direction perpendicular to an X-Y plane is referred to as a Z direction. 
     The display panel  2  includes a first light-transmissive substrate  10 , a second light-transmissive substrate  20 , and a liquid crystal layer  50  (see  FIG.  5   ). The second light-transmissive substrate  20  is arranged to face the first light-transmissive substrate  10  in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  (in the Z direction illustrated in  FIG.  1   ). Polymer dispersed liquid crystals described below are sealed in the liquid crystal layer  50  (see  FIG.  5   ) with the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , and a sealant  19 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the inside of the sealant  19  serves as a display area in the display panel  2 . A plurality of pixels Pix is arranged in the display area in a matrix manner to have a row-column configuration. In the present disclosure, a row refers to a pixel row having m pixels Pix arranged in a direction, and a column refers to a pixel column having n pixels Pix arranged in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the rows are arranged. The values of m and n are determined according to a display resolution in the vertical direction and a display resolution in the horizontal direction. A plurality of scanning lines  12  is routed in respective rows and a plurality of signal lines  13  is routed in respective columns. 
     The sidelight source device  3  includes a light-emitting device  31 , a light source controller  32 , and a light source substrate  33  on which the light-emitting device  31  and the light source controller  32  are arranged. The light source controller  32  is electrically coupled with the drive circuit  4  through wiring of a flexible substrate (not illustrated), for example. The light-emitting device  31  and the light source controller  32  are electrically coupled with each other through wiring in the light source substrate  33 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the drive circuit  4  is fixed to a surface of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 . As illustrated in  FIG.  2   , the drive circuit  4  includes an input signal analyzer  41 , a pixel controller  42 , a gate driver  43 , a source driver  44 , and a common potential driver  45 . The first light-transmissive substrate  10  has a larger area on an XY plane than that of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , and the drive circuit  4  is provided on a portion of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  which is exposed from the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     An image input signal (e.g., RGB data) VS is input to the input signal analyzer  41  from an image output device  91  of an external host controller  9  through a flexible substrate  92 . 
     The input signal analyzer  41  generates an image control signal VCS and a backlight control signal LCS on the basis of the image input signal VS input from the outside. The backlight control signal LCS is a signal including information on a light amount of the light-emitting device  31  set according to an average input gradation value to all the pixels Pix, for example. When a dark image is displayed, for example, the light amount of the light-emitting device  31  is set to be small. When a bright image is displayed, the light amount of the light-emitting device  31  is set to be large. 
     The image control signal VCS is a signal that determines a gradation value provided to each of the pixels Pix of the display panel  2 . In other words, the image control signal VCS is a signal including gradation information regarding the gradation value of each of the pixels Pix. The pixel controller  42  performs correction processing such as gamma correction and extension processing on an input gradation value of the image control signal VCS to set the output gradation value. The pixel controller  42  then generates a horizontal drive signal HDS and a vertical drive signal VDS on the basis of the image control signal VCS. In the present embodiment, the light-emitting device  31  is driven by a field sequential method, and thus the horizontal drive signal HDS and the vertical drive signal VDS are generated for each color that can be emitted by the light-emitting device  31 . 
     The gate driver  43  sequentially selects each scanning line  12  of the display panel  2  within one vertical scanning period in accordance with the horizontal drive signal HDS. The order of selecting each scanning line  12  is arbitrary. 
     The source driver  44  supplies a gradation signal according to an output gradation value of each pixel Pix to each signal line  13  of the display panel  2  within one horizontal scanning period in accordance with the vertical drive signal VDS. 
     In the first embodiment, the display panel  2  is an active matrix panel. Thus, the display panel  2  includes the signal (source) lines  13  extending in the X direction and the scanning (gate) lines  12  extending in the Y direction in plan view, and includes switching elements Tr at intersection portions of the respective signal lines  13  and the respective scanning lines  12 . 
     A thin film transistor is used as the switching element Tr. Examples of the thin film transistor include, but are not limited to, a bottom gate transistor and a top gate transistor. In the description, a single gate thin film transistor is exemplified as the switching element Tr, but a double gate transistor may be used. One of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the switching element Tr is coupled with the signal line  13 , a gate electrode is coupled with the scanning line  12 , and the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode is coupled with one end of capacitance LC of liquid crystal. The capacitance LC of a liquid crystal has one end coupled with the switching element Tr through a pixel electrode  16 , and the other end coupled with a common potential COM through a common electrode  22 . The common potential COM is supplied from a common potential driver  45 . 
     The light-emitting device  31  includes a luminous body  34 R of a first color (e.g., red), a luminous body  34 G of a second color (e.g., green), and a luminous body  34 B of a third color (e.g., blue). The light source controller  32  controls the luminous body  34 R of the first color, the luminous body  34 G of the second color, and the luminous body  34 B of the third color to emit light in a time division manner. The luminous body  34 R of the first color, the luminous body  34 G of the second color, and the luminous body  34 B of the third color are driven by the so-called field sequential method. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  3   , in a first sub-frame (first predetermined time) RON, the luminous body  34 R of the first color emits light, and the pixels Pix selected within one vertical scanning period GateScan transmit and display the light. At this time, in the entire display panel  2 , if the gradation signal according to the output gradation value of each of the pixels Pix selected within the one vertical scanning period GateScan is supplied to each of the above-described signal lines  13 , only the first color is lighted. 
     Next, in a second sub-frame (second predetermined time) GON, the luminous body  34 G of the second color emits light, and the pixels Pix selected within the one vertical scanning period GateScan transmit and display the light. At this time, in the entire display panel  2 , if the gradation signal according to the output gradation value of each of the pixels Pix selected within the one vertical scanning period GateScan is supplied to each of the above-described signal lines  13 , only the second color is lighted. 
     Further, in a third sub-frame (third predetermined time) BON, the luminous body  34 B of the third color emits light, and the pixels Pix selected within the one vertical scanning period GateScan transmit and display the light. At this time, in the entire display panel  2 , if the gradation signal according to the output gradation value of each of the pixels Pix selected within the one vertical scanning period GateScan is supplied to each of the above-described signal lines  13 , only the third color is lighted. 
     The eyes of a human have a limited temporal resolution, and see an afterimage. Thus, the eyes of a human recognize a synthesized image of three colors in one-frame period. The field sequential method requires no color filter, and suppresses an absorption loss in color filters, which can realize high transmittance. In a color filter method, one pixel is made of sub-pixels obtained by dividing the pixel into the first color, the second color, and the third color. On the other hand, the field sequential method does not require such division into sub-pixels, and thus can facilitate increase of the resolution. 
       FIG.  4    is an explanatory diagram illustrating a relationship between a voltage applied to a pixel electrode and intensity of scattered light.  FIG.  5    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of the display apparatus of  FIG.  1   .  FIG.  6    is a plan view illustrating a plane of the display apparatus of  FIG.  1   .  FIG.  7    is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a liquid crystal layer section of  FIG.  5   .  FIG.  8    is a cross-sectional view for describing a non-scattering state in the liquid crystal layer.  FIG.  9    is a cross-sectional view for describing a scattering state in the liquid crystal layer. 
     If the gradation signal according to the output gradation value of each of the pixels Pix selected within the one vertical scanning period GateScan is supplied to each of the above-described signal lines  13 , a voltage applied to the pixel electrode  16  is changed according to the gradation signal. If the voltage applied to the pixel electrode  16  is changed, a voltage between the pixel electrode  16  and the common electrode  22  is changed. Then, as illustrated in  FIG.  4   , the scattering state of the liquid crystal layer  50  of each pixel Pix is controlled, and the intensity of scattered light of the pixel Pix is changed, according to the voltage applied to the pixel electrode  16 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the first light-transmissive substrate  10  includes a first principal surface  10 A, a second principal surface  10 B, a first side surface  10 C, a second side surface  10 D, a third side surface  10 E, and a fourth side surface  10 F. The first principal surface  10 A and the second principal surface  10 B are planes parallel to each other. The first side surface  10 C and the second side surface  10 D are planes parallel to each other. The third side surface  10 E and the fourth side surface  10 F are planes parallel to each other. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the second light-transmissive substrate  20  includes a first principal surface  20 A, a second principal surface  20 B, a first side surface  20 C, a second side surface  20 D, a third side surface  20 E, and a fourth side surface  20 F. The first principal surface  20 A and the second principal surface  20 B are planes parallel to each other. The first side surface  20 C and the second side surface  20 D are planes parallel to each other. The third side surface  20 E and the fourth side surface  20 F are planes parallel to each other. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  5  and  6   , the light-emitting device  31  is provided to face the first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the light-emitting device  31  irradiates the first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  with light L. The first side surface  20 C, which faces the light-emitting device  31 , of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  serves as a light incident surface. A gap G is provided between the light-emitting device  31  and the light incident surface. The gap G serves as an air layer. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the light L emitted from the light-emitting device  31  propagates in a direction away from the first side surface  20 C while being reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . When the light L proceeds from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  toward the outside, the light L proceeds from a medium having a large refractive index to a medium having a small refractive index. Thus, if an incident angle of the light L entering the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is larger than a critical angle, the light L is totally reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  5   , the light L that has propagated through the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is scattered in the pixel Pix having a liquid crystal in the scattering state, and scattered light with the incident angle smaller than the critical angle is radiated from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  to the outside. The light radiated from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is observed by an observer. The following describes the polymer dispersed liquid crystals in a scattering state and the polymer dispersed liquid crystals in a non-scattering state with reference to  FIGS.  7  to  9   . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  7   , the first light-transmissive substrate  10  is provided with a first orientation film  55 . The second light-transmissive substrate  20  is provided with a second orientation film  56 . The first orientation film  55  and the second orientation film  56  are, for example, vertical orientation films. 
     A solution in which liquid crystals are dispersed in monomers is sealed between the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . Next, the monomers are polymerized by ultraviolet rays or heat in a state where the monomers and the liquid crystals are oriented by the first orientation film  55  and the second orientation film  56  to form a bulk  51 . This process forms the liquid crystal layer  50  including the polymer dispersed liquid crystals in a reverse mode in which the liquid crystals are dispersed in gaps of a polymer network formed in a mesh manner. 
     In this way, the liquid crystal layer  50  includes the bulk  51  formed of the polymer, and a plurality of fine particles  52  dispersed in the bulk  51 . The fine particles  52  are formed of the liquid crystals. The bulk  51  and the fine particles  52  each have optical anisotropy. 
     The orientation of the liquid crystals included in the fine particles  52  is controlled by a voltage difference between the pixel electrode  16  and the common electrode  22 . The orientation of the liquid crystals is changed by the voltage applied to the pixel electrode  16 . The degree of scattering of the light that passes through the pixel Pix is changed in accordance with the change of the orientation of the liquid crystals. 
     For example, as illustrated in  FIG.  8   , in a state in which no voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  16  and the common electrode  22 , the direction of an optical axis Ax 1  of the bulk  51  and the direction of an optical axis Ax 2  of the fine particle  52  are the same. The optical axis Ax 2  of the fine particle  52  is parallel to the Z direction of the liquid crystal layer  50 . The optical axis Ax 1  of the bulk  51  is parallel to the Z direction of the liquid crystal layer  50  regardless of whether or not a voltage is applied thereto. 
     An ordinary light refractive index of the bulk  51  and that of the fine particles  52  are equal to each other. A light refractive index of the bulk  51  and that of the fine particles  52  are equal to each other. In a state in which no voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  16  and the common electrode  22 , a difference in the refractive indexes between the bulk  51  and the fine particles  52  becomes zero in all directions. The liquid crystal layer  50  becomes the non-scattering state in which the liquid crystal layer  50  does not scatter the light L. The light L propagates in a direction away from the light-emitting device  31  while being reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . When the liquid crystal layer  50  is in the non-scattering state in which the liquid crystal layer  50  does not scatter the light L, a background on the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is visually recognized from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , and a background on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  is visually recognized from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  9   , the optical axis Ax 2  of the fine particle  52  is inclined by an electric field formed between the pixel electrode  16  and the common electrode  22  to which a voltage is applied. Since the optical axis Ax 1  of the bulk  51  remains unchanged by the electric field, the direction of the optical axis Ax 1  of the bulk  51  and the direction of the optical axis Ax 2  of the fine particle  52  are different from each other. The light L is scattered in the pixel Pix having the pixel electrode  16  to which a voltage is applied. As described above, a part of the scattered light L radiated from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  to the outside is observed by an observer. 
     The display apparatus  1  of the first embodiment displays an image by combining the pixel Pix having the pixel electrode  16  to which a voltage is applied and the pixel Pix having the pixel electrode  16  to which no voltage is applied. In the pixel Pix having the pixel electrode  16  to which no voltage is applied, the background on the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is visually recognized from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , and the background on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  is visually recognized from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The image displayed by the light L scattered and radiated to the outside from the pixel Pix having the pixel electrode  16  to which a voltage is applied superimposes the background to be displayed. 
       FIG.  10    is a plan view illustrating a pixel.  FIG.  11    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XI-XI′ in  FIG.  10   . As illustrated in  FIGS.  1 ,  4 , and  10   , the first light-transmissive substrate  10  is provided with the signal lines  13  and the scanning lines  12  in a grid manner in plan view. A region surrounded by adjacent scanning lines  12  and adjacent signal lines  13  is the pixel Pix. The pixel Pix is provided with the pixel electrode  16  and the switching element Tr. In the first embodiment, the switching element Tr is a bottom gate thin film transistor. The switching element Tr includes a semiconductor layer  15  superimposed on a gate electrode  12 G electrically coupled with the scanning line  12  in plan view. 
     The scanning line  12  is wiring made of a metal such as molybdenum (Mo) or aluminum (Al), a layered body of the aforementioned metal, or an alloy of the aforementioned metal. The signal line  13  is wiring made of a metal such as aluminum, or an alloy. 
     The semiconductor layer  15  is provided not to protrude from the gate electrode  12 G in plan view. This configuration causes the light L proceeding from the gate electrode  12 G side toward the semiconductor layer  15  to be reflected, and is less likely to cause leakage of light in the semiconductor layer  15 . 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  10   , a source electrode  13 S electrically coupled with the signal line  13  is superimposed on one end portion of the semiconductor layer  15  in plan view. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  10   , a drain electrode  14 D is provided in a position adjacent to the source electrode  13 S across a central portion of the semiconductor layer  15  in plan view. The drain electrode  14 D is superimposed on the other end portion of the semiconductor layer  15  in plan view. A portion of the semiconductor layer  15  not superimposed on the source electrode  13 S and the drain electrode  14 D functions as a channel of the switching element Tr. As illustrated in  FIG.  11   , conductive wiring  14  coupled with the drain electrode  14 D is electrically coupled with the pixel electrode  16  through a through hole SH. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  11   , the first light-transmissive substrate  10  includes a first base material  11  formed of glass, for example. The first base material  11  may be a formed of a resin such as polyethylene terephthalate as long as the resin has light-transmissive properties. A first insulating layer  17   a  is provided on the first base material  11 , and the scanning line  12  and the gate electrode  12 G are provided on the first insulating layer  17   a.  A second insulating layer  17   b  is provided to cover the scanning line  12 . The first insulating layer  17   a  and the second insulating layer  17   b  are formed of a transparent inorganic insulating member such as silicon nitride. 
     The semiconductor layer  15  is stacked on the second insulating layer  17   b.  The semiconductor layer  15  is formed of amorphous silicon. However, the semiconductor layer  15  may be formed of polysilicon or an oxide semiconductor. 
     The source electrode  13 S that covers a part of the semiconductor layer  15 , the signal line  13 , and the drain electrode  14 D that covers a part of the semiconductor layer  15  are provided on the second insulating layer  17   b.  The signal line  13  and the drain electrode  14 D are formed of the same material. A third insulating layer  17   c  is provided on the semiconductor layer  15 , the signal line  13 , and the drain electrode  14 D. The third insulating layer  17   c  is formed of a transparent inorganic insulating member such as silicon nitride. 
     The pixel electrode  16  is provided on the third insulating layer  17   c.  The pixel electrode  16  is formed of a light-transmissive conductive member such as indium tin oxide (ITO). The pixel electrode  16  is electrically coupled with the conductive wiring  14  and the drain electrode  14 D through a contact hole provided in the third insulating layer  17   c.  The first orientation film  55  is provided on the pixel electrode  16 . 
     The second light-transmissive substrate  20  includes a second base material  21  formed of glass, for example. The second base material  21  may be a resin such as polyethylene terephthalate as long as the resin has light-transmissive properties. The common electrode  22  is provided on the second base material  21 . The common electrode  22  is formed of a light-transmissive conductive member such as ITO. The second orientation film  56  is provided on the common electrode  22 . 
       FIG.  12    is a diagram for describing incident light from a light-emitting device. When the light from the light-emitting device  31  enters the first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  at an angle θ 0 , the light enters the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  at an angle i 1 . If the angle i 1  is larger than the critical angle, the light totally reflected at the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  at an angle i 2  propagates through the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . Since the gap G is provided between the light-emitting device  31  and the first side surface  20 C (light incident surface) illustrated in  FIG.  12   , light LN with an angle ON by which the angle i 1  becomes smaller than the critical angle is not guided to the first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
       FIG.  13    is a cross-sectional view illustrating another example of a cross-section taken along line V-V in  FIG.  6   .  FIG.  14    is a cross-sectional view of a comparative example of  FIG.  13   . The display apparatus of the first embodiment is provided with a reflector  60  that reflects light, on the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , as illustrated in  FIGS.  5 ,  6 , and  13   . The second side surface  20 D is perpendicular to the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . Thus, even if the light L has been totally reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , an angle of the light L entering the second side surface  20 D becomes smaller than the critical angle. In a display apparatus of a comparative example illustrated in  FIG.  14   , in which no reflector  60  is provided, light leaks from the second side surface  20 D, and the light amount in a region A 2  close to the second side surface  20 D becomes smaller than that in a region A 1  close to the light-emitting device  31 , as illustrated in  FIG.  6   . 
     In contrast, the display apparatus of the first embodiment is provided with the reflector  60  that reflects the light, on the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , as illustrated in  FIGS.  5 ,  6 , and  13   . The reflector  60  includes a reflection layer  61 , and a light-transmissive adhesive layer  62  that affixes the reflection layer  61  to the second side surface  20 D. The reflection layer  61  is formed of aluminum or silver, for example, in a film manner, and can employ any material as long as the material has high reflectance. The adhesive layer  62  is an optical elastic resin that fixes the reflection layer  61  to the second side surface  20 D by ultraviolet curing. The refractive index of the adhesive layer  62  is preferably equal to or less than that of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
       FIGS.  15  and  16    are schematic cross-sectional views each describing a state of light reflected at a side surface when principal surfaces and side surfaces of light-transmissive substrates are at right angles.  FIGS.  17  and  18    are schematic cross-sectional views each describing a state of light reflected at a side surface when principal surfaces and side surfaces of a light-transmissive substrate are not at right angles. In  FIGS.  15  and  16   , an angle at which the light is totally reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is a critical angle i. As illustrated in  FIGS.  15  and  16   , in the first embodiment, the first principal surface  20 A and the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  are perpendicular to each other. This configuration allows the light that has been totally reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  to be totally reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  even after having been reflected at the second side surface  20 D by the reflector  60 . 
     In contrast, as illustrated in  FIG.  17   , when the first principal surface  20 A and the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  are inclined by an angle α, an inclination corresponding to the angle α is added to the angle at which the light is reflected at the second side surface  20 D, which increases the amount of light entering the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  at an angle smaller than the critical angle i, and causes light leakage from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     Similarly, as illustrated in  FIG.  18   , when the first principal surface  20 A and the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  are inclined at an angle β, an inclination corresponding to the angle β is added to the angle at which the light is reflected at the second side surface  20 D, which increases the amount of light entering the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  at an angle smaller than the critical angle i, and causes light leakage from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 . 
     As described above, in the first embodiment, the first principal surface  20 A and the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  being at right angles can cause the light reflected by the reflector  60  to be more easily reflected at the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     The display apparatus  1  of the first embodiment includes the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , the liquid crystal layer  50 , the light-emitting device  31 , and the reflector  60 . The second light-transmissive substrate  20  is arranged to face the first light-transmissive substrate  10 . The liquid crystal layer  50  includes the polymer dispersed liquid crystals sealed between the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The light-emitting device  31  is arranged to face the first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The reflector  60  is arranged on the second side surface  20 D on the opposite side of the first side surface  20 C on the light-emitting device  31  side, and the reflector  60  reflects the light at the second side surface  20 D. According to this configuration, a backlight device or a reflection plate is not provided on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . Therefore, the background on the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is visually recognized from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , or the background on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  is visually recognized from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The light is reflected at the second side surface  20 D by the reflector  60 , and thus a difference in the light amount between the region A 2  close to the second side surface  20 D and the region A 1  close to the light-emitting device  31  becomes small, as illustrated in  FIG.  6   . 
     Further, the display apparatus  1  of the first embodiment does not include a polarizing plate on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . Therefore, when the background on the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , or when the background on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  are observed, the background can be visually recognized in a clear manner because of high transmittance. 
     First Modification of First Embodiment 
       FIG.  19    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of a display apparatus according to a first modification of the first embodiment. The same configuration elements as those described in the above first embodiment are denoted with the same reference signs, and overlapping description is omitted. 
     A reflector  65  of the first modification of the first embodiment is obtained by solidifying metal particles of aluminum or silver to have a paste form. Any material can be used for the reflector  65  as long as the material has high reflectance. To apply the reflection portion  65  to the entire surface of a second side surface  20 D of a second light-transmissive substrate  20 , a part of the reflector  65  should protrude to a first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . A paste edge portion  65   e  that is an edge of the paste is preferably provided on the second side surface  20 D side without extending to an end portion  19   e  on the second side surface  20 D side of a sealant  19 . This configuration lowers a possibility of the paste edge portion  65   e  influencing a display region of a display apparatus  1 . 
     Second Modification of First Embodiment 
       FIG.  20    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of a display apparatus according to a second modification of the first embodiment. The same configuration elements as those described in the above first embodiment are denoted with the same reference signs, and overlapping description is omitted. 
     A reflector  60  of the second modification of the first embodiment is a retroreflection structural body that enables retroreflection in which light having entered the retroreflection structural body at an incident angle is reflected at an emission angle that is the same angle as the incident angle. The reflector  60  includes a reflection base material  63 , a light-transmissive spherical body  64 , and an adhesive layer  62 . The reflection base material  63  is a metal film made of aluminum or silver, and can employ any material as long as the material has high reflectance. The light-transmissive spherical body  64  is formed of glass or the like. For example, as illustrated in  FIG.  20   , light having entered the reflector  60  at an angle i 4  with respect to a second side surface  20 D of a second light-transmissive substrate  20  is concentrated in one point by lens effect, is reflected at a bottom portion of the light-transmissive spherical body  64 , and is emitted from the reflector  60  at the angle i 4  with respect to the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . Similarly, light having entered the reflector  60  at an angle i 5  with respect to the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , which is different from the angle i 4 , is concentrated in one point by lens effect, is reflected at the bottom portion of the light-transmissive spherical body  64 , and is emitted from the reflector  60  at the angle i 5  with respect to the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     When the reflector  60  is the retroreflection structural body, light can be reflected in a direction parallel to a direction in which the light has entered. Thus, even if the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  is not at a right angle with a first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , the light reflected at the reflector  60  can be more easily reflected at the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     According to another aspect, the reflector  60  may be a retroreflection structural body including a prism layer that enables retroreflection in which light having entered the retroreflection structural body at an incident angle is reflected at an emission angle that is the same angle as the incident angle. 
     Third Modification of First Embodiment 
       FIG.  21    is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of a cross-section of a display apparatus according to a third modification of the first embodiment. The same configuration elements as those described in the above first embodiment are denoted with the same reference signs, and overlapping description is omitted. 
     A display apparatus  1  according to the third modification of the first embodiment includes a first light-transmissive substrate  10 , a second light-transmissive substrate  20 , a liquid crystal layer  50 , a light-emitting device  31 , and reflectors  60 . The light-emitting device  31  is arranged to face a first side surface  10 C of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and a first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . One reflector  60  is arranged on a second side surface  20 D on the opposite side of the first side surface  20 C on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflects the light at the second side surface  20 D. Further, another reflector  60  is arranged on a second side surface  10 D on the opposite side of the first side surface  10 C on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflects the light at the second side surface  10 D. This configuration increases an amount of light emitted from the light-emitting device  31  to the first side surface  10 C of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , and propagating through a display panel  2 . Further, the configuration improves uniformity of the light propagating through the display panel  2 . 
     The display apparatus  1  according to the third modification of the first embodiment has no backlight device and no reflection plate on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , similarly to the first embodiment. This configuration allows a background on the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  to be visually recognized from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , or a background on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  to be visually recognized from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     Fourth Modification of First Embodiment 
       FIG.  22    is a plan view illustrating a plane of a display apparatus according to a fourth modification of the first embodiment.  FIG.  23    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XXIII-XXIII′ in  FIG.  22   . The same configuration elements as those described in the above first embodiment are denoted with the same reference signs, and overlapping description is omitted. The cross-section of XIII-XIII′ in  FIG.  22    is the same as that of the display apparatus of the first embodiment illustrated in  FIG.  13   , and thus overlapping description is omitted. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  22  and  23   , a light-emitting device  31  is provided to face a fourth side surface  20 F of a second light-transmissive substrate  20 . As illustrated in  FIG.  23   , the light-emitting device  31  irradiates the fourth side surface  20 F of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  with light L. The fourth side surface  20 F, which faces the light-emitting device  31 , of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  serves as a light incident surface. A gap G is provided between the light-emitting device  31  and the light incident surface. The gap G serves as an air layer. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  23   , light L emitted from the light-emitting device  31  propagates in a direction away from the fourth side surface  20 F while being reflected at a first principal surface  10 A of a first light-transmissive substrate  10  and a first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  22  and  23   , a reflector  60  that reflects the light is provided on a third side surface  20 E of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The third side surface  20 E is perpendicular to the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The light is reflected at the third side surface  20 E by the reflector  60 . The light reflected at the third side surface  20 E propagates in a direction away from the third side surface  20 E while being reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     A display apparatus  1  according to the fourth modification of first embodiment includes the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , a liquid crystal layer  50 , the light-emitting devices  31 , and the reflectors  60 . The two light-emitting devices  31  are respectively arranged to face a first side surface  20 C and the fourth side surface  20 F of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The reflector  60  is arranged on a second side surface  20 D on the opposite side of the first side surface  20 C on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflects the light at the second side surface  20 D. Similarly, the reflector  60  is arranged on the third side surface  20 E on the opposite side of the fourth side surface  20 F on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflects the light at the third side surface  20 E. According to this configuration, the light is reflected at the second side surface  20 D and the third side surface  20 E by the two reflectors  60 , which decreases a difference between amounts of the light emitted from the two light-emitting devices  31  and propagating through the display panel  2 , and increases the amounts of the light emitted from the two light-emitting devices  31  and propagating through the display panel  2 . Further, the configuration improves uniformity of the light propagating through the display panel  2 . 
     The display apparatus  1  according to the fourth modification of the first embodiment has no backlight device and no reflection plate on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , similarly to the first embodiment. This configuration allows a background on the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  to be visually recognized from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , or a background on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  to be visually recognized from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     In the display apparatus  1  according to the fourth modification of the first embodiment, one of the light-emitting devices  31  may be arranged to face a first side surface  10 C of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , and the other of the light-emitting devices  31  may be arranged to face a fourth side surface  10 F of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the fourth side surface  20 F of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , similarly to the third modification of the first embodiment. The reflector  60  may be arranged on a second side surface  10 D on the opposite side of the first side surface  10 C on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflect light at the second side surface  10 D. The cross-section taken along line XIII-XIII′ in  FIG.  22    may correspond to the cross-section illustrated in  FIG.  21   , and the reflector  60  may be arranged on the second side surface  10 D on the opposite side of the first side surface  10 C on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflect the light at the second side surface  10 D. 
     Second Embodiment 
       FIG.  24    is a plan view illustrating a plane of a display apparatus according to a second embodiment.  FIG.  25    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XXV-XXV′ in  FIG.  24   .  FIG.  26    is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross-section taken along line XXVI-XXVI′ in  FIG.  24   .  FIG.  27    is an explanatory view for describing a method of manufacturing a reflector of the display apparatus according to the second embodiment. The same configuration elements as those described in the above first embodiment and modifications thereof are denoted with the same reference signs, and overlapping description is omitted. 
     A reflector  60 A of the second embodiment is arranged at the position of the light-emitting device  31  according to the fourth modification of the first embodiment, and a light-emitting device  31  of the second embodiment is arranged at the position of the reflector  60  according to the fourth modification of the first embodiment. 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  24  and  25   , the light-emitting device  31  is provided to face a second side surface  20 D of a second light-transmissive substrate  20 . As illustrated in  FIG.  25   , the light-emitting device  31  irradiates the second side surface  20 D of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  with light L. The second side surface  20 D, which faces the light-emitting device  31 , of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  serves as a light incident surface. A gap G is provided between the light-emitting device  31  and the light incident surface. The gap G serves as an air layer. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  25   , the light L radiated from the light-emitting device  31  propagates in a direction away from the second side surface  20 D while being reflected at a first principal surface  10 A of a first light-transmissive substrate  10  and a first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  24  and  25   , the reflector  60 A that reflects the light is provided on a first side surface  10 C of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and on a first side surface  20 C of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The first side surface  10 C is perpendicular to the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 . The first side surface  20 C is perpendicular to the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The light is reflected at the first side surface  10 C or the first side surface  20 C by the reflector  60 A. The light reflected at the first side surface  10 C or the first side surface  20 C propagates in a direction away from the first side surface  10 C or the first side surface  20 C while being reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  24  and  26   , a light-emitting device  31  is provided to face a third side surface  20 E of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . As illustrated in  FIG.  26   , the light-emitting device  31  irradiates the third side surface  20 E of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  with the light L. The third side surface  20 E, which faces the light-emitting device  31 , of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  serves as a light incident surface. A gap G is provided between the light-emitting device  31  and the light incident surface. The gap G serves as an air layer. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  26   , the light L radiated from the light-emitting device  31  propagates in a direction away from the third side surface  20 E while being reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     As illustrated in  FIGS.  24  and  26   , a reflector  60 A that reflects the light is provided on a fourth side surface  10 F of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and on a fourth side surface  20 F of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The fourth side surface  20 F is perpendicular to the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . The fourth side surface  10 F is perpendicular to the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 . The light is reflected at the fourth side surface  10 F or the fourth side surface  20 F by the reflector  60 . The light reflected at the fourth side surface  10 F or the fourth side surface  20 F propagates in a direction away from the fourth side surface  10 F or the fourth side surface  20 F while being reflected at the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  and the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     The reflector  60 A of the second embodiment is a reflection film formed by sputtering of a metal such as aluminum or silver. Any material can be used for the reflector  60 A as long as the material has high reflectance. As illustrated in  FIG.  27   , the first light-transmissive substrates  10  and the second light-transmissive substrates  20  are arranged in a state of being bonded together, and the reflectors  60 A are collectively formed on a plurality of display panels. The reflector  60 A of the display apparatus according to the second embodiment can have the same structure as any of the reflectors  60  and  65  described in the first embodiment and modifications thereof. 
     The display apparatus  1  according to the second embodiment includes the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , a liquid crystal layer  50 , the light-emitting devices  31 , and the reflectors  60 A. The two light-emitting devices  31  are respectively arranged to face the second side surface  20 D and the third side surface  20 E of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . One of the reflectors  60 A is arranged on the first side surface  20 C and the first side surface  10 C on the opposite side of the second side surface  20 D on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflects light at first side surface  20 C or the first side surface  10 C. Similarly, the other of the reflectors  60 A is arranged on the fourth side surface  20 F and the fourth side surface  10 F on the opposite side of the third side surface  20 E on the light-emitting device  31  side, and reflects light at the fourth side surface  20 F or the fourth side surface  10 F. According to this configuration, the two reflectors  60  reflect light at the first side surface  20 C, the first side surface  20 C, the fourth side surface  20 F, or the fourth side surface  10 F, which reduces a difference between amounts of the light emitted from the two light-emitting devices  31  and propagating through the display panel  2 , and increases the amounts of the light emitted from the two light-emitting devices  31  and propagating through the display panel  2 . Further, the configuration improves uniformity of the light propagating through the display panel  2 . The respective reflectors  60 A may be individually provided on the first side surface  20 C and the first side surface  20 C, and the respective reflectors  60 A may be individually provided on the fourth side surface  20 F and the fourth side surface  10 F. 
     In the second embodiment, one of the reflectors  60 A may be arranged on a second side surface  10 D on the opposite side of the first side surface  10 C on the light-emitting device  31  side, and the other of the reflectors  60 A may reflect the light at the second side surface  10 D. 
     The display apparatus  1  according to the second embodiment has no backlight device and no reflection plate on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  or the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 , similarly to the first embodiment. This configuration allows a background on the first principal surface  20 A side of the second light-transmissive substrate  20  to be visually recognized from the first principal surface  10 A of the first light-transmissive substrate  10 , or a background on the first principal surface  10 A side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  to be visually recognized from the first principal surface  20 A of the second light-transmissive substrate  20 . 
     By applying the second embodiment to the first embodiment, the reflector  60 A of the second embodiment may be arranged at the position of the light-emitting device  31  according to the first embodiment, and the light-emitting device  31  of the second embodiment may be arranged at the position of the reflector  60  according to the first embodiment. 
     Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been described. However, the present disclosure is not limited by these embodiments. The content disclosed in the embodiments is merely an example, and various modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the present disclosure. Appropriate modifications made without departing from the gist of the present disclosure obviously belong to the technical scope of the present disclosure. All the technologies that can be appropriately designed, modified, and implemented by a person skilled in the art on the basis of the above-described disclosure belong to the technical scope of the present disclosure as long as the technologies include the gist of the present disclosure. 
     For example, the display panel  2  may be a passive matrix panel without a switching element. The passive matrix panel includes, in plan view, a first electrode extending in an X direction, a second electrode extending in a Y direction, and wiring electrically coupled with the first electrode or the second electrode. The first electrode, the second electrode, and the wiring are formed of, for example, ITO. For example, the first light-transmissive substrate  10  including the above-described first electrode, and the second light-transmissive substrate  20  including the second electrode are arranged to face each other with the liquid crystal layer  50  interposed therebetween. 
     The example in which the first orientation film  55  and the second orientation film  56  are the vertical orientation films has been described. However, the first orientation film  55  and the second orientation film  56  may be horizontal orientation films. The first orientation film  55  and the second orientation film  56  only need to have a function to orient the monomers in a predetermined direction in polymerizing the monomers. This allows the monomers to become polymers oriented in the predetermined direction. When the first orientation film  55  and the second orientation film  56  are the horizontal orientation films, the direction of the optical axis Ax 1  of the bulk  51  and the direction of the optical axis Ax 2  of the fine particle  52  are the same, and are perpendicular to the Z direction, in a state in which no voltage is applied between the pixel electrode  16  and the common electrode  22 . The direction perpendicular to the Z direction corresponds to the X direction or the Y direction along a side of the first light-transmissive substrate  10  in plan view.