Patent Publication Number: US-2007103661-A1

Title: Exposure apparatus, exposure method, and method for producing device

Description:
This is a Division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/628,482 filed Dec. 1, 2006, which is the U.S. National Phase of PCT/JP2005/010217 filed Jun. 3, 2005. The disclosure of each of the prior applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD  
      The present invention relates to an exposure apparatus for exposing a substrate, an exposure method, and a method for producing a device.  
     BACKGROUND ART  
      Semiconductor devices and liquid crystal display devices are produced by means of the so-called photolithography technique in which a pattern formed on a mask is transferred onto a photosensitive substrate. The exposure apparatus, which is used in the photolithography step, includes a mask stage for supporting the mask and a substrate stage for supporting the substrate. The pattern on the mask is transferred onto the substrate via a projection optical system while successively moving the mask stage and the substrate stage. In recent years, it is demanded to realize the higher resolution of the projection optical system in order to respond to the further advance of the higher integration of the device pattern. As the exposure wavelength to be used is shorter, the resolution of the projection optical system becomes higher. As the numerical aperture of the projection optical system is larger, the resolution of the projection optical system becomes higher. Therefore, the exposure wavelength, which is used for the exposure apparatus, is shortened year by year, and the numerical aperture of the projection optical system is increased as well. The exposure wavelength, which is dominantly used at present, is 248 nm of the KrF excimer laser. However, the exposure wavelength of 193 nm of the ArF excimer laser, which is shorter than the above, is also practically used in some situations. When the exposure is performed, the depth of focus (DOF) is also important in the same manner as the resolution. The resolution R and the depth of focus δ are represented by the following expressions respectively. 
 
 R=k   1   ·λ/NA   (1) 
 
δ= k   2   ·λ/NA   2   (2) 
 
      In the expressions, λ represents the exposure wavelength, NA represents the numerical aperture of the projection optical system, and k 1  and k 2  represent the process coefficients. According to the expressions (1) and (2), the following fact is appreciated. That is, when the exposure wavelength λ is shortened and the numerical aperture NA is increased in order to enhance the resolution R, then the depth of focus δ is narrowed.  
      If the depth of focus δ is too narrowed, it is difficult to match the substrate surface with respect to the image plane of the projection optical system. It is feared that the focus margin is insufficient during the exposure operation. Accordingly, the liquid immersion method has been suggested, which is disclosed, for example, in International Publication No. 99/49504 as a method for substantially shortening the exposure wavelength and widening the depth of focus. In this liquid immersion method, the space between the end surface (lower surface) on the image plane side of the projection optical system and the substrate surface is filled with a liquid such as water or any organic solvent to form a liquid immersion area so that the resolution is improved and the depth of focus is magnified about n times by utilizing the fact that the wavelength of the exposure light beam in the liquid is 1/n as compared with that in the air (n represents the refractive index of the liquid, which is about 1.2 to 1.6 in ordinary cases).  
      When the liquid immersion area is formed with the liquid on the substrate, there is such a possibility that the liquid of the liquid immersion area may be mixed with any impurity or the like which is generated, for example, from the substrate, and the liquid of the liquid immersion area may be contaminated therewith. In such a situation, there is such a possibility that the optical element, which is included in a plurality of elements (optical elements) for constructing the projection optical system and which makes contact with the contaminated liquid of the liquid immersion area, may be polluted with the contaminated liquid of the liquid immersion area. If the optical element is polluted, any inconvenience arises, for example, such that the light transmittance of the optical element is lowered and/or any distribution appears in the light transmittance. As a result, the exposure accuracy and the measurement accuracy, which are obtained through the projection optical system, are deteriorated.  
     DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION  
     Problem to Be Solved by the Invention  
      The present invention has been made taking the foregoing circumstances into consideration, an object of which is to provide an exposure apparatus and an exposure method with which it is possible to avoid the deterioration of the exposure accuracy and the measurement accuracy, and a method for producing a device using the exposure apparatus and the exposure method.  
     MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM AND EFFECT OF THE INVENTION  
      In order to achieve the object as described above, the present invention adopts the following constructions.  
      According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exposure apparatus which exposes a substrate by radiating an exposure light beam onto the substrate; the exposure apparatus comprising a projection optical system which is provided with a plurality of elements; a support member which supports a first element closest to an image plane of the projection optical system among the plurality of elements, in a substantially stationary state with respect to an optical axis of the projection optical system; a first space which is formed on a side of one surface of the first element and which is filled with a liquid; and a second space which is formed on a side of the other surface of the first element independently from the first space and which is filled with a liquid; wherein a liquid immersion area, with which a part of a surface of the substrate is covered, is formed with the liquid in the first space, and the substrate is exposed by radiating the exposure light beam onto the substrate through the liquid in the first space and the liquid in the second space.  
      According to the present invention, the substrate can be exposed satisfactorily in a state in which the large image side numerical aperture is secured by filling, with the liquid, the first and second spaces disposed on the sides of one surface and the other surface of the first element respectively. For example, when the liquid, with which the first space is filled, makes contact with the substrate, there is a high possibility that one surface side of the first element may be polluted. However, in this arrangement, the first element can be made easily exchangeable. Therefore, it is enough that only the polluted first element is exchanged with a clean element. The exposure and the measurement can be performed satisfactorily via the liquid and the projection optical system provided with the clean first element.  
      The first element, which is referred to in the present invention, may be a transparent member having no refractive power (for example, a parallel flat plate or plane parallel plate). For example, even when the transparent member, which is arranged on the side most closely to the image plane, does not contribute to the image formation performance of the projection optical system at all, the transparent member is regarded as the first element.  
      The first element, which is referred to in the present invention, is supported in the substantially stationary state with respect to the optical axis of the projection optical system. However, even when the first element is supported finely movably in order to adjust the posture and/or the position thereof, it is regarded that the first element is “supported in the substantially stationary state”.  
      According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exposure apparatus which exposes a substrate by radiating an exposure light beam onto the substrate; the exposure apparatus comprising a projection optical system which is provided with a plurality of elements; a first space which is formed on a side of one surface of a first element closest to an image plane of the projection optical system among the plurality of elements; a second space which is formed on a side of the other surface of the first element; a connecting hole which connects the first space and the second space; and a liquid supply mechanism which supplies a liquid to one of the first space and the second space to fill the first space and the second space with the liquid via the connecting hole; wherein the substrate is exposed by radiating the exposure light beam onto the substrate through the liquid in the first space and the second space.  
      According to the present invention, the first and second spaces can be easily filled with the liquid respectively via the connecting hole by allowing the liquid supply mechanism to supply the liquid to one of the first space disposed on the side of one surface of the first element and the second space disposed on the side of the other surface. The substrate can be exposed satisfactorily in a state in which the large image side numerical aperture is secured by filling, with the liquid, the first and second spaces on the sides of one surface and the other surface of the first element respectively. For example, when the liquid, with which the first space is filled, makes contact with the substrate, there is a high possibility that one surface side of the first element may be polluted. However, in this arrangement, the first element can be made easily exchangeable. Therefore, it is enough that only the polluted first element is exchanged with a clean element. The exposure and the measurement can be performed satisfactorily via the liquid and the projection optical system provided with the clean first element.  
      The first element, which is referred to in the present invention, may be a transparent member having no refractive power (for example, a parallel flat plate or plane parallel plate). For example, even when the transparent member, which is arranged on the side most closely to the image plane, does not contribute to the image formation performance of the projection optical system at all, the transparent member is regarded as the first element.  
      According to the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a device, comprising using the exposure apparatus according to any one of the first and second aspects.  
      According to the present invention, it is possible to produce the device having desired performance, because the exposure accuracy and the measurement accuracy can be maintained satisfactorily.  
      According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exposure method for exposing a substrate by radiating an exposure light beam onto the substrate via a projection optical system provided with a plurality of elements; the exposure method comprising providing a liquid to a first space disposed on a light-exit side of a first element closest to an image plane of the projection optical system among the plurality of elements; supplying a liquid to a second space disposed on a light-incident side of the first element and isolated from the first space; exposing the substrate by radiating the exposure light beam onto the substrate through the liquid in the first space and the liquid in the second space; and stopping the supply of the liquid to the second space in a state in which the second space is filled with the liquid during a period in which the exposure light beam is radiated onto the substrate.  
      According to the exposure method of the third aspect of the present invention, the liquid is provided to the first space disposed on the light-exit side of the first element and the second space disposed on the light-incident side, and the exposure light beam is radiated through the liquid contained in the spaces to expose the substrate. Therefore, the substrate can be exposed in a state in which the large image side numerical aperture is secured. When the first element is provided as a detachable element, the element can be washed (cleaned) or exchanged with ease even when the first element is polluted with the liquid in the first space. Further, the supply of the liquid to the second space is stopped during the period in which the substrate is exposed. Therefore, the vibration, which is caused by the supply of the liquid to the second space, is suppressed. It is possible to expose the substrate at the desired accuracy.  
      According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an exposure method for exposing a substrate by radiating an exposure light beam onto the substrate via a projection optical system provided with a plurality of elements; the exposure method comprising filling a first space and a second space with a liquid by supplying the liquid to one of the first space and the second space, the first space being formed on a side of one surface of a first element closest to an image plane of the projection optical system among the plurality of elements and the second space being communicated with the first space and formed on a side of the other surface of the first element; and forming a liquid immersion area to cover a part of a surface of the substrate with the liquid in the first space and radiating the exposure light beam onto the substrate through the liquid in the first space and the second space to expose the substrate.  
      According to the exposure method of the fourth aspect of the present invention, the first space and the second space are communicated with each other. Therefore, it is enough that the liquid is supplied to only one of the spaces, and the liquid is recovered from only one of the spaces. Therefore, it is possible to simplify the equipment required for the liquid supply and the liquid recovery. Further, it is possible to suppress the vibration which possibly exerts any influence on the exposure operation. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic arrangement illustrating a first embodiment of an exposure apparatus of the present invention.  
       FIG. 2  shows a magnified view illustrating major parts shown in  FIG. 1 .  
       FIG. 3  shows a view illustrating a nozzle member as viewed from a lower position.  
       FIG. 4  shows a magnified view illustrating major parts to depict an exposure apparatus of a second embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 5  shows a magnified view illustrating major parts to depict an exposure apparatus of a third embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 6  shows a schematic perspective view illustrating a nozzle member.  
       FIG. 7  shows a magnified view illustrating major parts to depict an exposure apparatus of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.  
       FIG. 8  shows a flow chart illustrating exemplary steps of producing a semiconductor device.  
       FIG. 9  illustrates the operation for recovering the liquid in relation to a first liquid recovery mechanism of an exposure apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION  
      An explanation will be made below about the exposure apparatus and the exposure method of the present invention. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.  
     First Embodiment  
       FIG. 1  shows a schematic arrangement illustrating a first embodiment of an exposure apparatus of the present invention. With reference to  FIG. 1 , the exposure apparatus EX includes a mask stage MST which supports a mask M, a substrate stage PST which supports a substrate P, an illumination optical system IL which illuminates, with an exposure light beam EL, the mask M supported by the mask stage MST, a projection optical system PL which performs the projection exposure for the substrate P supported by the substrate stage PST with an image of a pattern of the mask M illuminated with the exposure light beam EL, and a control unit CONT which integrally controls the operation of the entire exposure apparatus EX.  
      The exposure apparatus EX of the embodiment of the present invention is a liquid immersion exposure apparatus to which the liquid immersion method is applied in order that the exposure wavelength is substantially shortened to improve the resolution and the depth of focus is substantially widened. The exposure apparatus EX includes a first liquid supply mechanism  10  which supplies a liquid LQ 1  to the image plane side of the projection optical system PL, and a first liquid recovery mechanism  20  which recovers the liquid LQ 1  on the image plane side of the projection optical system PL. The first liquid supply mechanism  10  supplies the liquid LQ 1  to the first space K 1  formed between the substrate P and a lower surface  2 S of a last (end) optical element  2 G which is closest to the image plane of the projection optical system PL among a plurality of optical elements  2  ( 2 A to  2 G) for constructing the projection optical system PL. The first liquid recovery mechanism  20  recovers the liquid LQ 1  supplied to the first space K 1 .  
      The exposure apparatus EX further includes a second liquid supply mechanism  30  which supplies a liquid LQ 2  to the second space K 2  formed between the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G and an optical element  2 F provided thereover, and a second liquid recovery mechanism  60  which recovers the liquid LQ 2  supplied to the second space K 2 . The first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are spaces which are independent from each other. The second liquid supply mechanism  30  is capable of supplying the liquid to the second space K 2  independently from the first liquid supply mechanism  10 . The second liquid recovery mechanism  60  is capable of recovering the liquid from the second space K 2  independently from the first liquid recovery mechanism  20 .  
      In the case of the exposure apparatus EX, the liquid immersion area AR 2 , which is larger than the projection area AR 1  and which is smaller than the substrate P, is locally formed on a part of the substrate P including the projection area AR 1  of the projection optical system PL with the liquid LQ 1  supplied from the first liquid supply mechanism  10  in a state in which the second space K 2  is filled with the liquid LQ 2  supplied from the second liquid supply mechanism  30  at least during the period in which the image of the pattern of the mask M is transferred onto the substrate P (during the period in which the exposure light beam EL is radiated onto the substrate P). Specifically, the exposure apparatus EX adopts the local liquid immersion system in which the first space K 1  between the last optical element  2 G closest to the image plane of the projection optical system PL and the surface of the substrate P arranged on the image plane side is filled with the liquid LQ 1  to cover the part of the surface of the substrate P with the liquid immersion area AR 2 . The exposure light beam EL, which has passed through the mask M, is radiated onto the substrate P via the projection optical system PL, the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  disposed on the side of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G, and the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  disposed on the side of the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G, and thus the substrate P is subjected to the projection exposure with the pattern of the mask M.  
      A nozzle member (flow passage-forming member)  70 , which constructs parts of the first and second liquid supply mechanisms  10 ,  20  and the first and second liquid recovery mechanisms  30 ,  60 , is arranged in the vicinity of the image plane of the projection optical system PL. The nozzle member  70  is an annular member which is provided to surround the lower portion of the barrel PK over or above the substrate P (substrate stage PST).  
      The embodiment of the present invention will be explained as exemplified by a case of the use of the scanning type exposure apparatus (so-called scanning stepper) as the exposure apparatus EX in which the substrate P is exposed with the pattern formed on the mask M while synchronously moving the mask M and the substrate P in mutually different directions (opposite directions) in the scanning directions. In the following explanation, the Z axis direction is the direction which is coincident with the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL, the X axis direction is the synchronous movement direction (scanning direction) for the mask M and the substrate P in the plane perpendicular to the Z axis direction, and the Y axis direction is the direction (non-scanning direction) perpendicular to the Z axis direction and the X axis direction. The directions of rotation (inclination) about the X axis, the Y axis, and the Z axis are designated as θX, θY, and θZ directions respectively.  
      The illumination optical system IL illuminates, with the exposure light beam EL, the mask M supported by the mask stage MST. The illumination optical system IL includes, for example, an exposure light source, an optical integrator which uniformizes the illuminance of the light flux radiated from the exposure light source, a condenser lens which collects the exposure light beam EL emitted from the optical integrator, a relay lens system, and a variable field diaphragm which sets the illumination area on the mask M formed by the exposure light beam EL to be slit-shaped. The predetermined illumination area on the mask M is illuminated with the exposure light beam EL having a uniform illuminance distribution by the illumination optical system IL. Those usable as the exposure light beam EL radiated from the illumination optical system IL include, for example, emission lines (g-ray, h-ray, i-ray) radiated, for example, from a mercury lamp, far ultraviolet light beams (DUV light beams) such as the KrF excimer laser beam (wavelength: 248 nm), and vacuum ultraviolet light beams (VUV light beams) such as the ArF excimer laser beam (wavelength: 193 nm) and the F 2  laser beam (wavelength: 157 nm). In this embodiment, the ArF excimer laser beam is used.  
      In this embodiment, a same pure water is used for the liquid LQ 1  with which the first space K 1  is filled and the liquid LQ 2  with which the second space K 2  is filled. Those capable of being transmitted through pure water are not limited to the ArF excimer laser beam, which also include the emission line (g-ray, h-ray, i-ray) radiated, for example, from a mercury lamp and the far ultraviolet light beam (DUV light beam) such as the KrF excimer laser beam (wavelength: 248 nm).  
      The mask stage MST is movable while holding the mask M. For example, the mask M is fixed by the vacuum attraction (or the electrostatic attraction). The mask stage MST is movable two-dimensionally in the plane perpendicular to the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL, i.e., in the XY plane, and it is finely rotatable in the θZ direction by the aid of the mask stage-driving unit MSTD including a linear motor or the like. The mask stage MST is movable at a designated scanning velocity in the X axis direction. The mask stage MST has a movement stroke in the X axis direction to such an extent that the entire surface of the mask M can traverse at least the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL.  
      A movement mirror  41 , which is movable together with the mask stage MST, is provided on the mask stage MST. A laser interferometer  42  is provided at a position opposed to the movement mirror  41 . The position in the two-dimensional direction and the angle of rotation in the θZ direction (including the angles of rotation in the θX and θY directions in some cases) of the mask M on the mask stage MST are measured in real-time by the laser interferometer  42 . The result of the measurement is outputted to the control unit CONT. The control unit CONT drives the mask stage-driving unit MSTD on the basis of the result of the measurement obtained by the laser interferometer  42  to thereby control the position of the mask M supported on the mask stage MST.  
      The projection optical system PL projects the pattern on the mask M onto the substrate P at a predetermined projection magnification β to perform the exposure. The projection optical system PL is constructed of the plurality of optical elements  2  ( 2 A to  2 G) including the last optical element  2 G which is provided at the end portion on the side of the substrate P and the optical element  2 F which is next nearest to the image plane with respect to the last optical element  2 G. The plurality of optical elements  2 A to  2 G are supported by the barrel PK in a state in which the plurality of optical elements  2 A to  2 G are allowed to stand still substantially stationarily with respect to the optical axis AX. In this embodiment, the projection optical system PL is the reduction system in which the projection magnification β is, for example, ¼, ⅕, or ⅛. The projection optical system PL may be any one of the 1× magnification system and the magnifying system. The projection optical system PL may be any one of the cata-dioptric system including dioptric and catoptric elements, the dioptric system including no catoptric element, and the catoptric system including no dioptric element.  
      The substrate stage PST is movable while holding the substrate P by the aid of a substrate holder PH. The substrate stage PST is movable two-dimensionally in the XY plane, and it is finely rotatable in the θZ direction. Further, the substrate stage PST is also movable in the Z axis direction, the θX direction, and the θY direction. The substrate P is held by the substrate holder PH, for example, by the vacuum attraction. The substrate stage PST is driven by the substrate stage-driving unit PSTD such as a linear motor controlled by the control unit CONT.  
      A movement mirror  43 , which is movable together with the substrate stage PST with respect to the projection optical system PL, is provided on the substrate stage PST. A laser interferometer  44  is provided at a position opposed to the movement mirror  43 . The angle of rotation and the position in the two-dimensional direction of the substrate P on the substrate stage PST are measured in real-time by the laser interferometer  44 . Although not shown, the exposure apparatus EX is provided with a focus/leveling detecting system which detects the information about the position of the surface of the substrate P supported by the substrate stage PST as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 8-37149. The focus/leveling detecting system detects the information about the position in the Z axis direction of the surface of the substrate P and the information about the inclination in the θX and θY directions of the substrate P through or not through the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1 . In the case of the focus/leveling detecting system which detects the surface information about the surface of the substrate P not through the liquid LQ 1 , the surface information about the surface of the substrate P may be detected at a position away from the projection optical system PL. An exposure apparatus, which detects the surface information about the surface of the substrate P at a position away from the projection optical system PL, is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,674,510, contents of which are incorporated herein by reference within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
      The result of the measurement performed by the laser interferometer  44  is outputted to the control unit CONT. The light-receiving result of the focus/leveling detecting system is also outputted to the control unit CONT. The control unit CONT drives the substrate stage-driving unit PSTD on the basis of the result of the detection performed by the focus/leveling detecting system to control the focus position and the angle of inclination of the substrate P so that the surface of the substrate P is adjusted to match the image plane of the projection optical system PL. Further, the control unit CONT positions the substrate P in the X axis direction and the Y axis direction on the basis of the result of the measurement performed by the laser interferometer  44 .  
      A recess  50  is provided on the substrate stage PST. The substrate holder PH for holding the substrate P is arranged in the recess  50 . The upper surface  51  of the substrate stage PST except for the recess  50  is a flat surface (flat section) which has substantially the same height as that of (is flush with) the surface of the substrate P held by the substrate holder PH. In this embodiment, the upper surface of the movement mirror  43  is also substantially flush with the upper surface  51  of the substrate stage PST. No difference in height appears outside the edge portion of the substrate P and the liquid immersion area AR 2  can be satisfactorily formed by retaining the liquid LQ on the image plane side of the projection optical system PL even when the edge area of the substrate P is subjected to the liquid immersion exposure, because the upper surface  51 , which is substantially flush with the surface of the substrate P, is provided around the substrate P. It is also allowable that any small difference in height is present between the surface of the substrate P and the upper surface  51  of the substrate stage PST provided that the liquid LQ 1  can be retained in the first space K 1 . A gap of about 0.1 to 2 mm is provided between the edge portion of the substrate P and the flat surface (upper surface)  51  provided around the substrate P. However, the liquid LQ scarcely flows into the gap owing to the surface tension of the liquid LQ. Even when the exposure is performed for the portion in the vicinity of the circumferential edge of the substrate P, it is possible to retain the liquid LQ under the projection optical system PL by the aid of the upper surface  51 .  
      When the upper surface  51  is lyophobic or liquid-repellent, it is possible to suppress the outflow of the liquid LQ to the outside of the substrate P (outside of the upper surface  51 ) during the liquid immersion exposure. Further, it is possible to smoothly recover the liquid LQ after the liquid immersion exposure as well. It is possible to avoid the inconvenience which would be otherwise caused such that the liquid LQ remains on the upper surface  51 . When the upper surface  51  of the substrate stage PST is formed of a material having the lyophobic or liquid-repelling property such as polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon (trade name)), the upper surface  51  can be made lyophobic or liquid-repellent. Alternatively, the upper surface  51  may be subjected to the liquid-repelling treatment, for example, such that the upper surface  51  is coated with a liquid-repelling material including, for example, fluorine-based resin materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic resin materials, and silicon-based resin materials, or the upper surface  51  is stuck with a thin film composed of the liquid-repelling material as described above. The area of the liquid-repelling material (liquid-repelling treatment area) may be either the entire area of the upper surface  51  or a part of the area for which the liquid-repelling property is required.  
      The exposure apparatus EX is provided with a barrel surface plate (barrel base plate)  5  which supports the projection optical system PL, and a main column  1  which supports the barrel surface plate  5  and the mask stage MST. The main column  1  is installed on a base  9  provided on the floor surface. The substrate stage PST is supported on the base  9 . The main column  1  is formed with an upper step  7  and a lower step  8  which protrude inwardly.  
      The illumination optical system IL is supported by a support frame  3  fixed to an upper portion of the main column  1 . A mask surface plate (mask base plate)  4  is supported by the upper step  7  of the main column  1  by the aid of an anti-vibration unit  46 . Openings MK 1 , MK 2 , through which the image of the pattern of the mask M are allowed to pass, are formed at central portions of the mask stage MST and the mask surface plate  4  respectively. A plurality of gas bearings (air bearings)  45 , which are non-contact bearings, are provided on the lower surface of the mask stage MST. The mask stage MST is supported in a non-contact manner with respect to the upper surface (guide surface) of the mask surface plate  4  by the aid of the air bearings  45 . The mask stage MST is movable two-dimensionally in the XY plane and finely rotatable in the OZ direction by the aid of the mask stage-driving unit MSTD.  
      A flange PF is provided on the outer circumference of the barrel PK which holds the projection optical system PL. The projection optical system PL is supported by the barrel surface plate  5  by the aid of the flange PF. An anti-vibration unit  47 , which includes an air mount or the like, is arranged between the barrel surface plate  5  and the lower step  8  of the main column  1 . The barrel surface plate  5 , which supports the projection optical system PL, is supported by the lower step  8  of the main column  1  by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  47 . The barrel surface plate  5  and the main column  1  are isolated from each other in terms of the vibration by the anti-vibration unit  47  so that the vibration of the main column  1  is not transmitted to the barrel surface plate  5  which supports the projection optical system PL.  
      A plurality of gas bearings (air bearings)  48 , which are non-contact bearings, are provided on the lower surface of the substrate stage PST. A substrate surface plate (substrate base plate)  6  is supported on the base  9  by the aid of an anti-vibration unit  49  including an air mount or the like. The substrate stage PST is supported in a non-contact manner with respect to the upper surface (guide surface) of the substrate surface plate  6  by the aid of the air bearings  48 . The substrate stage PST is movable two-dimensionally in the XY plane and finely rotatable in the θZ direction by the aid of the substrate stage-driving unit PSTD. The substrate surface plate  6  is isolated from the main column  1  and the base  9  (floor surface) in terms of the vibration by the anti-vibration unit  49  so that the vibration of the base  9  (floor surface) and/or the main column  1  is not transmitted to the substrate surface plate  6  which supports the substrate stage PST in the non-contact manner.  
      The nozzle member  70  is supported by the lower step  8  of the main column  1  by the aid of a connecting member  52 . The connecting member  52  is fixed to the lower step  8  of the main column  1 . The nozzle member  70  is fixed to the connecting member  52 . The lower step  8  of the main column  1  supports the projection optical system PL by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  47  and the barrel surface plate  5 . In this arrangement, the nozzle member  70  is supported by the lower step  8  which supports the projection optical system PL.  
      The main column  1 , which supports the nozzle member  70  by the aid of the connecting member  52 , is isolated by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  47  in terms of the vibration from the barrel surface plate  5  which supports the barrel PK of the projection optical system PL by the aid of the flange PF. Therefore, the projection optical system PL is prevented from any transmission of the vibration generated by the nozzle member  70 . Further, the main column  1 , which supports the nozzle member  70  by the aid of the connecting member  52 , is isolated by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  49  in terms of the vibration from the substrate surface plate  6  which supports the substrate stage PST. Therefore, the substrate stage PST is prevented from any transmission of the vibration generated by the nozzle member  70  via the main column  1  and the base  9 . Further, the main column  1 , which supports the nozzle member  70  by the aid of the connecting member  52 , is isolated by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  46  in terms of the vibration from the mask surface plate  4  which supports the mask stage MST. Therefore, the mask stage MST is prevented from any transmission of the vibration generated by the nozzle member  70  via the main column  1 .  
      The first liquid supply mechanism  10  supplies the liquid LQ 1  to the first space K 1  formed on the side of the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G of the projection optical system PL (on the light-exit side). The first liquid supply mechanism  10  is provided with a first liquid supply section  11  which is capable of feeding the liquid LQ 1 , and a supply tube  13  which has one end connected to the first liquid supply section  11 . The first liquid supply section  11  includes, for example, a tank for accommodating the liquid LQ 1 , a temperature-adjusting unit for adjusting the temperature of the liquid LQ 1  to be supplied, a filter unit for removing any foreign matter from the liquid LQ 1 , and a pressurizing pump. When the liquid immersion area AR 2  is formed on the substrate P, the liquid supply mechanism  10  supplies the liquid LQ 1  onto the substrate P.  
      The first liquid recovery mechanism  20  recovers the liquid LQ 1  supplied to the first space K 1  formed on the side of the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G. The first liquid recovery mechanism  20  is provided with a first liquid recovery section  21  which is capable of recovering the liquid LQ 1 , and a recovery tube  23  which has one end connected to the first liquid recovery section  21 . The first liquid recovery section  21  includes, for example, a vacuum system (suction unit) such as a vacuum pump, a gas/liquid separator for separating the recovered liquid LQ 1  and the gas from each other, and a tank for accommodating the recovered liquid LQ 1 . The equipment of the factory or the like in which the exposure apparatus EX is arranged may be used without providing at least a part or parts of the vacuum system, the gas/liquid separator, the tank, and other components for the exposure apparatus EX. In order to form the liquid immersion area AR 2  on the substrate P, a predetermined amount of the liquid LQ 1  supplied by the first liquid supply mechanism  10  is recovered from the surface of the substrate P by the first liquid recovery mechanism  20 .  
      The second liquid supply mechanism  30  supplies the liquid LQ 2  to the second space K 2  formed on the side of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G of the projection optical system PL. The second liquid supply mechanism  30  is provided with a second liquid supply section  31  which is capable of feeding the liquid LQ 2 , and a supply tube  33  which has one end connected to the second liquid supply section  31 . The second liquid supply section  31  includes, for example, a tank for accommodating the liquid LQ 2 , a temperature-adjusting unit for adjusting the temperature of the liquid LQ 2  to be supplied, a filter unit for removing any foreign matter from the liquid LQ 2 , and a pressurizing pump. It is not necessary indispensable that at least a part or parts of the tank and the pressurizing pump of each of the first liquid supply section  11  and the second liquid supply section  31  are provided for the exposure apparatus EX, which may be replaced with the equipment of the factory or the like in which the exposure apparatus EX is installed as well.  
      The second liquid recovery mechanism  60  recovers the liquid LQ 2  supplied to the second space K 2  formed on the side of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G. The second liquid recovery mechanism  60  is provided with a second liquid recovery section  61  which is capable of recovering the liquid LQ 2 , and a recovery tube  63  which has one end connected to the second liquid recovery section  61 . The second liquid recovery section  61  includes, for example, a vacuum system (suction unit) such as a vacuum pump, a gas/liquid separator for separating the recovered liquid LQ 2  and the gas from each other, and a tank for accommodating the recovered liquid LQ 2 . The equipment of the factory or the like in which the exposure apparatus EX is arranged may be used without providing at least a part or parts of the vacuum system, the gas/liquid separator, the tank, and other components for the exposure apparatus EX.  
       FIG. 2  shows a sectional view illustrating the side of the image plane of the projection optical system PL and illustrating the vicinity of the nozzle member  70 .  FIG. 3  shows a view illustrating the nozzle member  70  as viewed from a lower position.  
      With reference to  FIGS. 2 and 3 , the last optical element  2 G and the optical element  2 F arranged thereabove are supported by the barrel PK. The last optical element  2 G is the parallel flat plate. The lower surface PKA of the barrel PK is substantially flush with the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G held by the barrel PK. The upper surface  2 T and the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G supported by the barrel PK are substantially in parallel to the XY plane. The last optical element (parallel flat plate)  2 G is supported substantially horizontally, and it has no refractive power. For example, the connecting portion between the barrel PK and the last optical element  2 G is sealed. That is, the first space K 1  disposed on the side of the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G and the second space K 2  disposed on the side of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G are mutually independent spaces. The flow of the liquid is blocked between the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 . As described above, the first space K 1  is the space between the last optical element  2 G and the substrate P, and the liquid immersion area AR 2  of the liquid LQ 1  is formed in the first space K 1 . The first space is open in the direction parallel to the substrate, i.e., the surroundings of the first space are open. Therefore, the interface of the liquid LQ 1  retained between the nozzle member  70  and the substrate P makes contact with the surrounding gas. On the other hand, the second space K 2  is a part of the internal space of the barrel PK. The second space K 2  is the space between the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G and the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F arranged thereabove. The second space K 2  is closed in the direction parallel to the substrate, i.e., the surroundings of the second space K 2  are closed by the wall surfaces of the barrel PK. However, a part of the upper surface of the liquid LQ 2  of the second space K 2  makes contact with the gas in the gap between the barrel PK and the optical element  2 F.  
      The areal size of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G is approximately the same as the areal size of the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F opposed to the upper surface  2 T, or the areal size of the upper surface  2 T is smaller than the areal size of the lower surface  2 U. When the second space K 2  is filled with the liquid LQ, substantially the entire surface of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G is covered with the liquid LQ.  
      The last optical element  2 G can be easily attached/detached with respect to the barrel PK. That is, the last optical element  2 G is provided exchangeably. In particular, when the last optical element  2 G is attached or detached, the last optical element  2 G can be attached to the barrel PK without disengaging any other optical element in the barrel PK and without exerting any influence on the optical characteristic of the other optical element or the projection optical system. For example, when the barrel PK has such a structure that the barrel PK is separated into a first holding member for holding the optical element  2 F and a second holding member for holding the last optical element  2 G, and the second holding member is fixed to the first holding member by using screws or the like, then the last optical element  2 G can be exchanged with ease by detaching the second holding member.  
      The nozzle member  70  is the annular member which is arranged in the vicinity of the lower end of the projection optical system PL and which is provided to surround the barrel PK above the substrate P (substrate stage PST). The nozzle member  70  constructs parts of the first liquid supply mechanism  10  and the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  respectively. The nozzle member  70  has a hole  70 H which is disposed at a central portion thereof and in which the projection optical system PL (barrel PK) can be arranged. In this embodiment, the projection area AR 1  of the projection optical system PL is set to have a rectangular shape in which the Y axis direction (non-scanning direction) is the longitudinal direction.  
      A recess  78 , in which the Y axis direction is the longitudinal direction, is formed on the lower surface  70 A of the nozzle member  70  opposed to the substrate P. The hole  70 H, in which the projection optical system PL (barrel PK) can be arranged, is formed inside the recess  78 . A surface  78 A (hereinafter referred to as “cavity surface  78 A”), which is substantially parallel to the XY plane and which is opposed to the substrate P supported by the substrate stage PST, is provided inside the recess  78 . The recess  78  has an inner side surface  79 . The inner side surface  79  is provided to be substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate P supported by the substrate stage PST. In this arrangement, the substrate stage PST supports the substrate P so that the surface of the substrate P is substantially in parallel to the XY plane.  
      First supply ports  12  ( 12 A,  12 B), which constructs parts of the first liquid supply mechanism  10 , are provided on the inner side surface  79  of the recess  78  of the lower surface  70 A of the nozzle member  70 . In this embodiment, two of the first supply ports  12  ( 12 A,  12 B) are provided, which are disposed on the both sides in the X axis direction respectively with the optical element  2  (projection area AR 1 ) of the projection optical system PL intervening therebetween. Each of the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B discharges the liquid LQ 1  fed from the first liquid supply section  11  substantially in parallel to the surface of the substrate P arranged on the image plane side of the projection optical system PL, i.e., substantially in parallel to the XY plane (in the lateral direction).  
      In this embodiment, the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B are formed to be substantially circular. However, the first supports  12 A,  12 B may be formed to have arbitrary shapes including, for example, elliptical, rectangular, and slit shapes. In this embodiment, the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B mutually have approximately the same size. However, the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B may have mutually different sizes. The first supply port may be provided at one place. The first supply ports  12 A,  12 B may be provided on the both sides in the Y axis direction respectively with respect to the optical element  2  (projection area AR 1 ) of the projection optical system PL.  
      A first recovery port  22 , which constructs a part of the first liquid recovery mechanism  20 , is provided outside the recess  78  with reference to the projection area AR 1  of the projection optical system PL on the lower surface  70 A of the nozzle member  70 . The first recovery port  22  is provided outside of the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B of the first liquid supply mechanism  10 , with respect to the projection area AR 1  of the projection optical system PL, on the lower surface  70 A of the nozzle member  70  opposed to the substrate P, i.e., separately from the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B with respect to the projection area AR 1 . The first recovery port  22  is formed annularly to surround the projection area AR 1  and the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B. A porous material  22 P is provided in the first recovery port  22 . The porous material  22 P will be explained in relation to  FIG. 9  in an embodiment described later on. It is not necessarily indispensable that the first recovery port  22  is provided annularly to surround the projection area AR 1  and the first supply ports  12 A,  12 B. For example, the first recovery port  22  may be provided discretely. That is, for example, the number, the arrangement, and the shape of the first recovery port  22  are not limited to those described above. Any structure may be employed provided that the liquid LQ 1  can be recovered so that the liquid LQ 1  does not leak out.  
      The nozzle member  70 , which is supported by the lower step  8  of the main column  1  by the aid of the connecting member  52 , is separated from the projection optical system PL (barrel PK). That is, a gap is provided between the inner side surface  70 K of the hole  70 H of the nozzle member  70  and a side surface PKS of the barrel PK. The gap is provided in order to isolate the projection optical system PL from the nozzle member  70  in terms of the vibration. Accordingly, the vibration, which is generated in the nozzle member  70 , is prevented from being transmitted to the projection optical system PL. As described above, the main column  1  (lower step  8 ) and the barrel surface plate  5  are isolated from each other in terms of the vibration by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  47 . Therefore, the vibration, which is generated in the nozzle member  70 , is prevented from being transmitted to the projection optical system PL via the main column  1  and the barrel surface plate  5 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 2 , the other end of the supply tube  13  is connected to one end of a first supply flow passage  14  formed in the nozzle member  70 . On the other hand, the other end of the first supply flow passage  14  of the nozzle member  70  is connected to the first supply ports  12  formed on the inner side surface  79  of the recess  78  of the nozzle member  70 . In this arrangement, the first supply flow passage  14 , which is formed in the nozzle member  70 , is branched at an intermediate position so that the other ends can be connected to the plurality of (two) supply ports  12  ( 12 A,  12 B) respectively. As shown in  FIG. 2 , the portion of the first supply flow passage  14  connected to the first supply port  12 , which is disposed in the vicinity of the first supply port  12 , is formed to provide an inclined surface which is gradually widened toward the first supply port  12 . The supply port  12  is formed to be funnel-shaped or trumpet-shaped.  
      The operation of the first liquid supply section  11  for supplying the liquid is controlled by the control unit CONT. In order to form the liquid immersion area AR 2 , the control unit CONT feeds the liquid LQ 1  from the first liquid supply section  11  of the first liquid supply mechanism  10 . The liquid LQ 1 , which is fed from the first liquid supply section  11 , flows through the supply tube  13 , and then the liquid LQ 1  flows into one end of the first supply flow passage  14  formed in the nozzle member  70 . The liquid LQ 1 , which has flown into one end of the first supply flow passage  14 , is branched into two flows at the intermediate position, and then the liquid LQ 1  is supplied to the first space K 1  between the last optical element  2 G and the substrate P from the plurality of (two) first supply ports  12 A,  12 B formed on the inner side surface  79  of the nozzle member  70 . In this embodiment, the liquid LQ 1 , which is supplied from the first supply ports  12 , flows substantially in parallel to the surface of the substrate P. Therefore, the force, which is exerted on the substrate P by the supplied liquid LQ 1 , can be reduced, for example, as compared with an arrangement in which the liquid LQ 1  is supplied downwardly to the surface of the substrate P from any upper position over the surface of the substrate P. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the occurrence of the inconvenience which would be otherwise caused, for example, such that the substrate P and the substrate stage PST are deformed due to the supply of the liquid LQ 1 . Of course, the first supply port may be formed so that the liquid LQ 1  is supplied downwardly taking the pressure exerted on the substrate P and the substrate stage PST into consideration.  
      As shown in  FIG. 2 , the other end of the recovery tube  23  is connected to one end of a manifold flow passage  24 M which constitutes a part of a first recovery flow passage  24  formed in the nozzle member  70 . On the other hand, the other end of the manifold flow passage  24 M is formed to be annular as viewed in a plan view to correspond to the first recovery port  22 , and is connected to an annular flow passage  24 K for constructing a part of the first recovery flow passage  24  connected to the first recovery port  22 .  
      The operation of the first liquid recovery section  21  for recovering the liquid is controlled by the control unit CONT. In order to recover the liquid LQ 1 , the control unit CONT drives the first liquid recovery section  21  of the first liquid recovery mechanism  20 . When the first liquid recovery section  21 , which has the vacuum system, is driven, the liquid LQ 1  on the substrate P flows vertically upwardly (in the +Z direction) into the annular flow passage  24 K via the first recovery port  22  provided over the substrate P. The liquid LQ 1 , which has flown into the annular flow passage  24 K in the +Z direction, is collected by the manifold flow passage  24 M, and then the liquid LQ 1  flows through the manifold flow passage  24 M. After that, the liquid LQ 1  is sucked and recovered by the first liquid recovery section  21  via the recovery tube  23 .  
      A second supply port  32 , which constructs a part of the second liquid supply mechanism  30 , is provided in an inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK. The second supply port  32  is formed in the vicinity of the second space K 2  in the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK, and is provided on the +X side with respect to the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL. The liquid LQ 2 , which is fed from the second liquid supply section  31 , flows through the second supply port  32  substantially in parallel to the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G, i.e., substantially in parallel to the XY plane (in the lateral direction). The force, which is exerted by the supplied liquid LQ 1 , for example, on the optical elements  2 G,  2 F, can be reduced, because the second supply port  32  discharges the liquid LQ 2  substantially in parallel to the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the occurrence of the inconvenience which would be otherwise caused, for example, such that the optical elements  2 G,  2 F are deformed and/or displaced due to the supply of the liquid LQ 2 .  
      A second recovery port  62 , which constructs a part of the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , is provided, at a predetermined position with respect to the second supply port  32  in the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK. The second recovery port  62  is formed in the vicinity of the second space K 2 , in the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK, and is provided on the −X side with respect to the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL. That is, the second supply port  32  and the second recovery port  62  are opposed to each other. In this embodiment, the second supply port  32  and the second recovery port  62  are formed to be slit-shaped respectively. The second supply port  32  and the second recovery port  62  may be formed to have arbitrary shapes including, for example, substantially circular, elliptical, and rectangular shapes. In this embodiment, the second supply port  32  and the second recovery port  62  mutually have approximately the same size respectively. However, the second supply port  32  and the second recovery port  62  may have mutually different sizes. The second supply port  32  may be formed to be funnel-shaped or trumpet-shaped in the same manner as the first supply port  12 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 2 , the other end of the supply tube  33  is connected to one end of a second supply flow passage  34  formed in the barrel PK. On the other hand, the other end of the second supply flow passage  34  of the barrel PK is connected to the second supply port  32  formed in the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK.  
      The operation of the second liquid supply section  31  for supplying the liquid is controlled by the control unit CONT. When the control unit CONT feeds the liquid LQ 2  from the second liquid supply section  31  of the second liquid supply mechanism  30 , then the liquid LQ 2 , which is fed from the second liquid supply section  31 , flows through the supply tube  33 , and then the liquid LQ 2  flows into one end of the second supply flow passage  34  formed in the barrel PK. The liquid LQ 2 , which has flown into one end of the second supply flow passage  34 , is supplied to the second space K 2  between the optical element  2 F and the last optical element  2 G from the second supply port  32  formed in the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK.  
      As shown in  FIG. 2 , the other end of the recovery tube  63  is connected to one end of a second recovery flow passage  64  formed in the barrel PK. On the other hand, the other end of the second recovery flow passage  64  is connected to the second recovery port  62  formed in the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK.  
      The operation of the second liquid recovery section  61  for recovering the liquid is controlled by the control unit CONT. In order to recover the liquid LQ 2 , the control unit CONT drives the second liquid recovery section  61  of the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 . When the second liquid recovery section  61 , which has the vacuum system, is driven, the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  flows into the second recovery flow passage  64  via the second recovery port  62 . After that, the liquid LQ 2  is sucked and recovered by the second liquid recovery section  61  via the recovery tube  63 . For example, the numbers and the arrangements of the second supply port  32  and the second recovery port are not limited to those described above. Any structure may be employed provided that the optical path for the exposure light beam EL between the optical element  2 F and the optical element  2 G is filled with the second liquid LQ 2 .  
      In this embodiment, the flow passages  34 ,  64  are formed in the barrel PK. However, a through-hole may be provided at a part of the barrel PK, and a piping to serve as the flow passage may be allowed to pass therethrough. In this embodiment, the supply tube  33  and the recovery tube  63  are provided separately from the nozzle member  70 . However, a supply passage and a recovery passage may be provided in the nozzle member  70  in place of the supply tube  33  and the recovery tube  63 , and they may be connected to the flow passages  34 ,  64  formed in the barrel PK respectively.  
      The optical element  2 F, which is held by the barrel PK, has the lower surface  2 U which is formed to have the flat surface shape that is substantially in parallel to the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G. On the other hand, the upper surface  2 W of the optical element  2 F is formed to be convex toward the side of the object plane (toward the mask M), and has a positive refractive index. Accordingly, the reflection loss of the light beam (exposure light beam EL) which comes into the upper surface  2 W is reduced, and the large image side numerical aperture of the projection optical system PL is consequently secured. The optical element  2 F, which has the refractive index (lens function), is tightly fixed to the barrel PK in the state in which the optical element  2 F is satisfactorily positioned.  
      The liquid LQ 2 , with which the second space K 2  is filled, makes contact with the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F and the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G. The liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  makes contact with the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G. In this embodiment, at least the optical elements  2 F,  2 G are formed of silica glass. The silica glass has the high affinity for the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  as water. Therefore, the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  is successfully allowed to make tight contact with the substantially entire surfaces of the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F and the upper surface  2 T and the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G as the liquid contact surfaces. Therefore, the liquid contact surfaces  2 S,  2 T,  2 U of the optical elements  2 F,  2 G are allowed to make tight contact with the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 , and thus it is possible to reliably fill, with the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 , the optical path between the optical element  2 F and the last optical element  2 G and the optical path between the last optical element  2 G and the substrate P.  
      The size of the optical element  2 F or the like can be decreased, because the silica glass is the material having the large refractive index. It is possible to realize the compact sizes of the entire projection optical system PL and the entire exposure apparatus EX. Further, the silica glass is water resistant. Therefore, for example, even when the pure water is used as the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  as in the embodiment of the present invention, an advantage is obtained, for example, such that it is unnecessary to provide any protective film for the liquid contact surfaces  2 S,  2 T,  2 U.  
      At least one of the optical elements  2 F,  2 G may be calcium fluorite which has the high affinity for water. In this case, it is desirable that a protective film is formed on the liquid contact surface of the calcium fluorite in order to avoid any dissolution into water. Alternatively, for example, the optical elements  2 A to  2 E may be formed of calcium fluorite, and the optical elements  2 F,  2 G may be formed of silica glass. Further alternatively, all of the optical elements  2 A to  2 G may be formed of silica glass (or calcium fluorite).  
      A hydrophilic or water-attracting (lyophilic or liquid-attracting) treatment may be applied to the liquid contact surfaces  2 S,  2 T,  2 U of the optical elements  2 F,  2 G by adhering, for example, MgF 2 , Al 2 O 3 , or SiO 2  to further enhance the affinity for the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 . In this embodiment, the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  is water having the high polarity. Therefore, for example, a thin film may be formed with a substance having a molecular structure with large polarity such as alcohol, as the liquid-attracting treatment (water-attracting treatment). Accordingly, it is also possible to add the hydrophilicity to the liquid contact surfaces  2 S,  2 T,  2 U of the optical elements  2 F,  2 G. That is, when the water is used as the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 , it is desirable to adopt the treatment in which the substance having the molecular structure with the large polarity such as the OH group is provided on the liquid contact surfaces  2 S,  2 T,  2 U.  
      In this embodiment, the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK and the side surface  2 FK of the optical element  2 F are subjected to the liquid-repelling treatment to have the liquid-repelling property respectively. When the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK and the side surface  2 FK of the optical element  2 F are liquid-repellent respectively, then the gap formed by the inner side surface PKL and the side surface  2 FK is prevented from any inflow of the liquid LQ 2  of the second space K 2 , and the gas in the gap is prevented from being mixed as the bubble into the liquid LQ 2  of the second space K 2 .  
      The liquid-repelling treatment described above includes, for example, the treatment in which a liquid-repelling material such as fluorine-based materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylic resin materials, and silicon-based resin materials is coated, and the treatment in which a thin film formed of the liquid-repelling material as described above is stuck.  
      When the liquid-repelling treatment is applied to the side surface PKS of the barrel PK and the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70  respectively so that the side surface PKS and the inner side surface  70 K are liquid-repellent, then the gap formed by the inner side surface  70 K and the side surface PKS is prevented from any inflow of the liquid LQ 1  of the first space K 1 , and the gas in the gap is prevented from being mixed as the bubble into the liquid LQ 1  of the first space K 1 .  
      A seal member such as an O-ring and/or a V-ring may be arranged between the side surface  2 FK of the optical element  2 F and the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK. A seal member such as an O-ring and/or a V-ring may be arranged between the side surface PKS of the barrel PK and the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 .  
      Next, an explanation will be made about a method for exposing the substrate P with the image of the pattern of the mask M by using the exposure apparatus EX constructed as described above.  
      When the substrate P is exposed, the control unit CONT supplies the liquid LQ 2  from the second liquid supply mechanism  30  to the second space K 2 . The control unit CONT supplies and recovers the liquid LQ 2  by using the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60  while optimally controlling the supply amount of the liquid LQ 2  per unit time brought about by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the recovery amount of the liquid LQ 2  per unit time brought about by the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 . At least the optical path for the exposure light beam EL, which is included in the second space K 2 , is filled with the liquid LQ 2 . When the supply of the liquid LQ 2  to the second space K 2  is started, it is also preferable that the supply amount of the liquid LQ 2  per unit time, which is brought about by the second liquid supply mechanism  30 , is gradually increased in order to suppress the inflow of the liquid LQ 2  into the gap between the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK and the side surface  2 FK of the optical element  2 F.  
      After the substrate P is loaded on the substrate stage PST at a load position, the substrate stage PST, which holds the substrate P, is moved by the control unit CONT to the position under the projection optical system PL, i.e., the exposure position. The control unit CONT supplies and recovers the liquid LQ 1  by using the first liquid supply mechanism  10  and the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  while optimally controlling the supply amount of the liquid LQ 1  per unit time brought about by the first liquid supply mechanism  10  and the recovery amount of the liquid LQ 1  per unit time brought about by the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  in the state in which the substrate stage PST is opposed to the last optical element  2 G of the projection optical system PL. The control unit CONT forms the liquid immersion area AR 2  of the liquid LQ 1  on at least the optical path for the exposure light beam EL included in the first space K 1 , and fills the optical path for the exposure light beam EL with the liquid LQ 1 .  
      In this arrangement, reference members (measuring members), which are provided with reference marks to be measured, for example, by a substrate alignment system as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 4-65603 and a mask alignment system as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 7-176468, are provided at predetermined positions on the substrate stage PST. Further, for example, an uneven illuminance sensor as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 57-117238, a spatial image-measuring sensor as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-14005, and a radiation amount sensor (illuminance sensor) as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 11-16816 are provided as optical measuring sections at predetermined positions on the substrate stage PST. Before the exposure process is performed for the substrate P, the control unit CONT performs the measurement of the marks on the reference members, various types of measuring operations by using the optical measuring sections, and the operation for detecting the mark on the substrate P by using the substrate alignment system. The control unit CONT performs the alignment process for the substrate P and the process for adjusting (calibrating) the image formation characteristic of the projection optical system PL on the basis of the measurement results. For example, when the measuring operation by using the optical measuring section is performed, the control unit CONT moves the substrate stage PST relatively with respect to the liquid immersion area AR 2  of the liquid LQ 1  by moving the substrate stage PST in the XY directions to arrange the liquid immersion area AR 2  of the liquid LQ 1  on the optical measuring section so that the measuring operation is performed in this state through the liquid LQ 1  and the liquid LQ 2 . The various types of the measuring operations, by using the reference members and the optical measuring sections, may be performed before the substrate P as the exposure objective is loaded on the substrate stage PST. The detection of the alignment mark on the substrate P, which is to be performed by the substrate alignment system, may be formed before the liquid immersion area AR 2  of the liquid LQ 1  is formed on the image plane side of the projection optical system PL.  
      After the alignment process and the calibration process are performed as described above, the control unit CONT projects the image of the pattern of the mask M onto the substrate P to perform the exposure via the projection optical system PL, the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2 , and the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  (i.e., the liquid of the liquid immersion area AR 2 ), while moving, in the X axis direction (scanning direction), the substrate stage PST which supports the substrate P, while performing the recovery of the liquid LQ 1  from the surface of the substrate P by using the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  concurrently with the supply of the liquid LQ 1  onto the substrate P by using the first liquid supply mechanism  10 .  
      The exposure apparatus EX of this embodiment performs the projection exposure onto the substrate P with the image of the pattern of the mask M while moving the mask M and the substrate P in the X axis direction (scanning direction). During the scanning exposure, a part of the image of the pattern of the mask M is projected into the projection area AR 1  via the projection optical system PL and the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  in the first and second spaces K 1 , K 2 . The mask M is moved at the velocity V in the −X direction (or in the +X direction), in synchronization with which the substrate P is moved at the velocity β·V (β represents the projection magnification) in the +X direction (or in the −X direction) with respect to the projection area AR 1 . A plurality of shot areas are set on the substrate P. After the exposure is completed for one shot area, the next shot area is moved to the scanning start position in accordance with the stepping movement of the substrate P. The scanning exposure process is successively performed thereafter for the respective shot areas while moving the substrate P in the step-and-scan manner.  
      In this embodiment, the last optical element  2 G, which is formed of the parallel flat plate, is arranged under the optical element  2 F having the lens function. However, the first and second spaces K 1 , K 2 , which are disposed on the side of the lower surface  2 S and on the side of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G, are filled with the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  respectively. Accordingly, the reflection loss is reduced on the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F and the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G. The substrate P can be exposed satisfactorily in the state in which the large image side numerical aperture of the projection optical system PL is secured.  
      The supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2 , which are performed by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , are also continued during the exposure for the substrate P. Further, the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2 , which are performed by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , are also continued before and after the exposure for the substrate P. When the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2 , which are performed by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , are continued, the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  is always exchanged with the flesh (clean) liquid LQ 2 . The exposure may be performed in a state in which the liquid LQ 2  is allowed to remain in the second space K 2  without performing the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2  with respect to the second space K 2 . However, there is such a possibility that the temperature of the liquid LQ 2  may be changed due to the radiation of the exposure light beam EL, and the image formation characteristic of the projection optical system PL, which is to be obtained via the liquid, may be varied. Therefore, the temperature change of the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  can be suppressed by always supplying the temperature-adjusted liquid LQ 2  from the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and recovering the liquid LQ 2  by the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 . Similarly, the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  is always exchanged with the fresh (clean) liquid LQ 1  by always performing the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 1  by the first liquid supply mechanism  10  and the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  during the radiation of the exposure light beam EL. It is possible to suppress the temperature change of the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  (i.e., the liquid LQ 1  in the liquid immersion area AR 2  on the substrate P). When the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  are always performed to allow the fresh liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  to flow continuously, it is also possible to avoid the occurrence of the inconvenience which would be otherwise caused such that microbes (bacteria or the like) grow in the first and second spaces K 1 , K 2 , which would in turn deteriorate the cleanness.  
      The exposure may be performed in the state in which the liquid LQ 2  is allowed to remain in the second space K 2 , and the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  may be exchanged at every predetermined time intervals or every time when a predetermined number of substrates are processed, provided that the influence is to such an extent that the exposure accuracy is not affected by the temperature change or the like of the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2 . In this procedure, the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2 , which are to be performed by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , are stopped during the radiation of the exposure light beam EL (for example, during the exposure for the substrate P). Therefore, the vibration and the displacement of the optical element  2 F, which would be otherwise caused by the supply of the liquid LQ 2  (flow of the liquid LQ 2 ), are avoided. It is possible to accurately execute the exposure for the substrate P and the various types of the measuring operations based on the use of the optical measuring sections as described above.  
      When the exposure for the substrate P is completed, then the control unit CONT stops the supply of the liquid LQ 1  having been performed by the first liquid supply mechanism  10 , and all of the liquid LQ 1  in the liquid immersion area AR 2  (liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1 ) is recovered by using, for example, the first liquid recovery mechanism  20 . Further, the control unit CONT recovers, for example, droplets of the liquid LQ 1  remaining on the substrate P and on the substrate stage PST, by using, for example, the first recovery port  22  of the first liquid recovery mechanism  20 . On the other hand, the control unit CONT continues the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2  by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60  even after the completion of the exposure for the substrate P so to that the liquid LQ 2  is allowed to continuously flow through the second space K 2 . Accordingly, it is possible to avoid the occurrence of the inconvenience which would be otherwise caused, for example, such that the cleanness of the second space K 2  is deteriorated in the same manner as described above, and/or any adhesion trace (so-called water mark) is formed, for example, on the liquid contact surfaces  2 U,  2 T of the optical elements  2 F,  2 G due to the vaporization (drying) of the liquid LQ 2 . After the liquid LQ 1  on the substrate P is recovered, the substrate stage PST, which supports the substrate P, is moved to the unload position by the control unit CONT to unload the substrate P. When the substrate stage PST is moved to the position (for example, the load position or the unload position) separated from the projection optical system PL, a predetermined member having a flat surface may be arranged on the image plane side of the projection optical system PL to continuously fill the space (first space) between the predetermined member and the projection optical system PL with the liquid LQ 1 .  
      There is such a possibility that the liquid LQ 1  may be contaminated by being mixed, for example, with any impurity generated from the substrate P, including, for example, any foreign matter resulting, for example, from the photosensitive agent (photoresist), into the liquid LQ 1  in the liquid immersion area AR 2  (first space K 1 ). There is such a possibility that the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G may be polluted with the contaminated liquid LQ 1 , because the liquid LQ 1  in the liquid immersion area AR 2  also makes contact with the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G. Further, there is also such a possibility that any impurity floating in the air may adhere to the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G exposed on the image plane side of the projection optical system PL.  
      In this embodiment, the last optical element  2 G can be easily attached and detached (exchangeable) with respect to the barrel PK. Therefore, the deterioration of the exposure accuracy and the measurement accuracy via the projection optical system PL, which would be otherwise caused by the pollution of the optical element, can be avoided by exchanging only the polluted last optical element  2 G with the clean last optical element  2 G. On the other hand, the clean liquid LQ 2  is always allowed to flow through the second space K 2  continuously, and the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  does not make any contact with the substrate P. Further, the second space K 2  is the substantially closed space surrounded by the optical elements  2 F,  2 G and the barrel PK. Therefore, the impurity floating in the air is hardly mixed into the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2 , and the impurity hardly adheres to the optical element  2 F. Therefore, the cleanness is maintained for the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F and the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G. Therefore, when only the last optical element  2 G is exchanged, then it is possible to avoid, for example, the deterioration of the transmittance of the projection optical system PL, and it is possible to maintain the exposure accuracy and the measurement accuracy.  
      As explained above, the first space K 1  disposed on the side of the lower surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G and the second space K 2  disposed on the side of the upper surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G are the independent spaces, and the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are filled with the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  respectively to perform the exposure. Accordingly, the exposure light beam EL, which has passed through the mask M, is successfully allowed to arrive at the substrate P in a well-suited manner via the part of the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F, the part of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G, and the part of the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G.  
      The last optical element  2 G, which has the high possibility of being polluted, is easily exchangeable, and thus the exposure can be performed satisfactorily by using the projection optical system PL provided with the clean last optical element  2 G. An arrangement is also conceived, in which the liquid of the liquid immersion area AR 2  is allowed to make contact with the optical element  2 F without providing the last optical element  2 G formed of the parallel flat plate. However, if it is intended to increase the image side numerical aperture of the projection optical system PL, then it is necessary to increase the effective diameter of the optical element, and it is inevitable that the optical element  2 F has a large size. The nozzle member  70  as described above and the various types of the measuring units such as the alignment system (not shown) are arranged around the optical element  2 F. Therefore, if such a large-sized optical element  2 F is exchanged, then the operability is lowered, and the operation is difficult to be performed. Further, the optical element  2 F has the refractive index (lens function). Therefore, it is necessary that the optical element  2 F should be attached to the barrel PK with the high positioning accuracy in order to maintain the optical characteristic (image formation characteristic) of the entire projection optical system PL. This embodiment is constructed such that the relatively small-sized parallel flat plate is provided as the last optical element  2 G, and the last optical element  2 G is exchanged. Therefore, the operability is satisfactory, and the exchange operation can be performed with ease. It is also possible to maintain the optical characteristic of the projection optical system PL. Further, the exposure apparatus EX is provided with the first and second liquid supply mechanisms  10 ,  30  and the first and second liquid recovery mechanisms  20 ,  60  which are capable of independently supplying and recovering the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  with respect to the first space K 1  disposed on the side of the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G and the second space K 2  disposed on the side of the upper surface  2 T respectively. Accordingly, the exposure light beam EL, which is radiated from the illumination optical system IL, is successfully made to satisfactorily arrive at the substrate P arranged on the image plane side of the projection optical system PL while maintaining the cleanness of the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 .  
      In this embodiment, the second space K 2  is filled with the liquid LQ 2  so that the substantially entire areas of the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F and the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G are wetted respectively. However, it is enough that a part of the second space K 2  is filled with the liquid LQ 2  so that the liquid LQ 2  is arranged on the optical path for the exposure light beam EL. In other words, it is enough that the necessary part of the second space K 2  is sufficiently filled with the liquid LQ 2 . Similarly, it is enough that the necessary part of the first space K 1  is sufficiently filled with the liquid LQ 1  as well.  
      In the embodiment explained with reference to FIGS.  1  to  3 , the mechanism, which is provided to locally form the liquid immersion area AR 2  on the substrate P, is not limited to the first liquid supply mechanism  10  and the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  (nozzle member  70 ). It is possible to use various types of mechanisms. For example, it is also possible to use mechanisms as disclosed in European Patent Publication No. EP 1420298 (A 2 ) and United States Patent Publication No. 2004/0207824, contents of which are incorporated herein by reference within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
     Second Embodiment  
      Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIG. 4 . In the following description, the constitutive components, which are the same as or equivalent to those of the embodiment described above, are designated by the same reference numerals, any explanation of which will be simplified or omitted.  
      The characteristic feature of this embodiment is that connecting holes  74 , which connect the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 , are provided. The plurality of connecting holes  74  are provided at predetermined intervals in the circumferential direction on the lower surface of the barrel PK. A porous material  74 P is provided in each of the connecting holes  74 .  
      In this embodiment, the first liquid supply mechanism ( 10 ), which includes the first supply port for directly supplying the liquid to the first space K 1 , is not provided. Further, the second liquid recovery mechanism ( 60 ), which directly recovers the liquid from the second space K 2 , is not provided as well. An exposure apparatus EX of this embodiment is provided with the second liquid supply mechanism  30  which supplies the liquid LQ to the second space K 2 , and the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  which recovers the liquid LQ from the first space K 1  (liquid immersion area AR 2 ).  
      In this embodiment, a seal member  100  is provided to avoid any inflow of the liquid LQ of the first space K 1  into the gap between the nozzle member  70  and the side surface of the barrel PK. It is desirable that the seal member  100  is formed of a flexible member of, for example, rubber or silicon in view of the prevention of transmission of the vibration of the nozzle member  70  to the barrel PK. It is also allowable that the seal member  100  is not provided. As described in the first embodiment, for example, when the side surface of the barrel PK and the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70  are made liquid-repellent, it is possible to avoid the inflow of the liquid LQ of the first space K 1  into the gap and the inflow of the gas into the liquid LQ of the first space K 1 .  
      When the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are filled with the liquid LQ, the control unit CONT supplies the liquid LQ to the second space K 2  by using the second liquid supply mechanism  30 . The liquid LQ, which has been supplied to the second space K 2 , is also supplied to the first space K 1  via the connecting holes  74 . The second liquid supply mechanism  30  supplies the liquid LQ from the second space K 2 , and makes the liquid LQ to flow into the first space K 1  via the connecting holes  74  as well. Accordingly, the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are filled with the liquid LQ. The liquid LQ, which is supplied to the first space K 1  via the connecting holes  74 , forms the liquid immersion area AR 2  on the substrate P. The liquid LQ of the liquid immersion area AR 2  is recovered from the first recovery port  22  of the first liquid supply mechanism  20 . After the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are filled with the liquid LQ, the control unit CONT radiates the exposure light beam EL onto the substrate P through the liquid LQ in the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  to expose the substrate P. In this embodiment, the first liquid supply mechanism  10  may be used in combination to supply the liquid LQ to the first space K 1 .  
      As described above, the structure of the apparatus can be simplified by connecting the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  via the connecting holes  74 .  
      The first space K 1  and the second space K 2  may be filled with the liquid LQ such that the first space K 1  is filled with the liquid LQ, and then the liquid LQ, with which the first space K 1  is filled, is allowed to flow into the second space K 2  via the connecting holes  74 . In this case, the second space K 2  is filled with the liquid LQ which has made contact with the substrate P. Therefore, for example, when chemical filters or the like are arranged beforehand in the connecting holes  74 , the second space K 2  is not filled with the liquid LQ contaminated with any impurity generated, for example, from the surface of the substrate P.  
     Third Embodiment  
      Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIG. 5 .  
      The characteristic feature of this embodiment is that the last optical element  2 G is supported by a nozzle member  70 . In other words, the characteristic feature is that the last optical element  2 G is supported separately from the other optical elements  2 A to  2 F for constructing the projection optical system PL.  
      With reference to  FIG. 5 , the optical element  2 F is exposed from the barrel PK. The optical elements  2 A to  2 F, which are included in the plurality of optical elements  2 A to  2 G for constructing the projection optical system PL, are supported by the barrel PK. On the other hand, the last optical element  2 G is supported by the nozzle member  70  by the aid of a connecting member  72 . The nozzle member  70 , which is an annular member, is arranged in the vicinity of the optical elements  2 F,  2 G disposed at the end portion of the projection optical system PL. The nozzle member  70  is provided to surround the optical elements  2 F,  2 G over the substrate P (substrate stage PST). That is, the optical elements  2 F,  2 G are arranged inside of the hole  70 H of the nozzle member  70 . The hole  70 H is formed inside of the recess  78 .  
      The last optical element  2 G is held by the cavity surface  78 A of the nozzle member  70  via the connecting member  72 . The connecting member  72  is fixed to the cavity surface  78 A of the nozzle member  70 . The last optical element  2 G is fixed to the connecting member  72 . The last optical element  2 G, which is held by the nozzle member  70  via the connecting member  72 , is separated from the optical elements  2 A to  2 F which are held by the barrel PK. The second space K 2  is formed between the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G and the lower surface  2 U of the optical element  2 F. In this arrangement, the last optical element  2 G is supported by the nozzle member  70  via the connecting member  72  in a state in which the last optical element  2 G is separated from the other optical elements  2 A to  2 F held by the barrel PK.  
      The lower surface  72 A of the connecting member  72  is substantially flush with the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G formed of the parallel flat plate and held by the connecting member  72 . The upper surface  2 T and the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G supported by the connecting member  72  are substantially in parallel to the XY plane. Further, the connecting portion between the connecting member  72  and the cavity surface  78 A and the connecting portion between the last optical element  2 G and the connecting member  72 , or the like, are sealed. The connecting member  72  is a substantially plate-shaped member in which any hole or the like is not provided. That is, the first space K 1  disposed on the side of the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G and the second space K 2  disposed on the side of the upper surface  2 T are mutually independent spaces. The flow or communication of the liquid is prohibited between the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 .  
      The last optical element  2 G can be easily attached and detached with respect to the connecting member  72 . That is, the last optical element  2 G is provided exchangeably. In order to exchange the last optical element  2 G, the connecting member  72  may be attachable/detachable (exchangeable) with respect to the nozzle member  70  (cavity surface  78 A). Alternatively, the nozzle member  70  may be exchangeable.  
      The first supply ports  12  ( 12 A,  12 B), which construct parts of the first liquid supply mechanism  10 , are provided on the inner side surface  79  which is disposed inside the recess  78  and which is included in the lower surface  70 A of the nozzle member  70 , in the same manner as in the first embodiment. The first recovery port  22 , which constructs a part of the first liquid recovery mechanism  20 , is provided outside the recess  78  with reference to the projection area AR 1  of the projection optical system PL on the lower surface  70 A of the nozzle member  70 , in the same manner as in the first embodiment.  
      The nozzle member  70 , which is supported by the lower step  8  of the main column  1  via the connecting member  52 , is separated from the projection optical system PL (optical element  2 F). That is, a gap is provided between the inner side surface  70 K of the hole  70 H of the nozzle member  70  and the side surface  2 FK of the optical element  2 F. A gap is also provided between the nozzle member  70  and the barrel PK which holds the optical element  2 F. The gaps are provided in order to isolate the projection optical system PL (optical elements  2 A to  2 F) from the nozzle member  70  in terms of the vibration. Accordingly, the vibration, which is generated in the nozzle member  70 , is prevented from being transmitted to the projection optical system PL. As described above, the main column  1  (lower step  8 ) and the barrel surface plate  5  are isolated from each other in terms of the vibration by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  47 . Therefore, the vibration, which is generated in the nozzle member  70 , is prevented from being transmitted to the projection optical system PL via the main column  1  and the barrel surface plate  5 .  
      Second supply ports  32 , which construct parts of the second liquid supply mechanism  30 , are provided on the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 . The liquid LQ 2 , which is fed from the second liquid supply section  31 , flows through the second supply ports  32  substantially in parallel to the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G, i.e., substantially in parallel to the XY plane (in the lateral direction). The force, which is exerted by the supplied liquid LQ 2 , for example, on the optical element  2 G, can be reduced, because the second supply ports  32  discharge the liquid LQ 2  substantially in parallel to the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G. Therefore, it is possible to avoid the occurrence of the inconvenience which would be otherwise caused, for example, such that the optical element  2 G, the connecting member  72 , and/or the optical element  2 F is deformed and/or displaced due to the supply of the liquid LQ 2 .  
      Second recovery ports  62 , which construct parts of the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , are provided at predetermined positions with respect to the second supply ports  32  on the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 . In this embodiment, the second recovery ports  62  are provided above the second supply ports  32 .  
       FIG. 6  shows a schematic perspective view illustrating the nozzle member  70 . As shown in  FIG. 6 , the plurality of second supply ports  32  are provided on the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 . In this embodiment, the second supply ports  32  are provided at substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction on the inner side surface  70 K. Similarly, the plurality of second recovery ports  62  are provided on the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 . In this embodiment, the second recovery ports  62  are provided at substantially equal intervals in the circumferential direction over the second supply ports  32 .  
      In  FIG. 6 , the second supply ports  32  and the second recovery ports  62  are formed to be substantially circular. However, the second supply ports  32  and the second recovery ports  62  may be formed to have arbitrary shapes including, for example, elliptical, rectangular, and slit shapes. In this embodiment, the second supply ports  32  and the second recovery ports  62  mutually have approximately the same size respectively. However, the second supply ports  32  and the second recovery ports  62  may have mutually different sizes. The second supply ports  32  may be arranged over the second recovery ports  62 . Further, any arrangement may be arbitrarily set, for example, such that the second supply ports  32  are provided on the +X side and the second recovery ports  62  are provided on the −X side on the inner side surface  70 K with the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL intervening therebetween, in addition to the arrangement in which the second supply ports  32  and the second recovery ports  62  are provided and aligned in the circumferential direction on the inner side surface  70 K respectively. That is, for example, the numbers, the arrangement, and the shapes of the second supply ports  32  and the second recovery ports  62  are not limited to those of the structure shown in  FIGS. 5 and 6  in this embodiment as well. Any structure may be employed provided that the optical path for the exposure light beam EL between the optical element  2 F and the optical element  2 G is filled with the second liquid LQ 2 .  
      The second supply ports  32  and the second recovery ports  62  may be formed in the arrangement as shown in  FIG. 6  on the inner side surface PKL of the barrel PK in the embodiment explained with reference to  FIG. 2 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 5 , the other end of the supply tube  33  is connected to one end of the second supply flow passage  34  formed in the nozzle member  70 . On the other hand, the other end of the second supply flow passage  34  of the nozzle member  70  is connected to the second supply ports  32  formed on the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 . In this arrangement, the second supply flow passage  34 , which is formed in the nozzle member  70 , is branched at an intermediate position so that the other ends can be connected to the plurality of second supply ports  32  respectively. The second supply ports  32  may be formed to be funnel-shaped or trumpet-shaped in the same manner as the first supply port  12  described above.  
      The operation of the second liquid supply section  31  for supplying the liquid is controlled by the control unit CONT. When the control unit CONT feeds the liquid LQ 2  from the second liquid supply section  31  of the second liquid supply mechanism  30 , then the liquid LQ 2 , which is fed from the second liquid supply section  31 , flows through the supply tube  33 , and then the liquid LQ 2  flows into one end of the second supply flow passage  34  formed in the nozzle member  70 . The liquid LQ 2 , which has flown into one end of the second supply flow passage  34 , is branched at the intermediate position into the plurality of flows, and then the liquid LQ 2  is supplied to the second space K 2  between the optical element  2 F and the last optical element  2 G from the plurality of second supply ports  32  formed on the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 .  
      As shown in  FIG. 5 , the other end of the recovery tube  63  is connected to one end of the second recovery flow passage  64  formed in the nozzle member  70 . On the other hand, the other ends of the second recovery flow passage  64  are connected to the second recovery ports  62  formed on the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70 . In this arrangement, the second recovery flow passage  64 , which is formed in the nozzle member  70 , is branched at an intermediate position so that the other ends can be connected to the plurality of second recovery ports  62  respectively.  
      The operation of the second liquid recovery section  61  for recovering the liquid is controlled by the control unit CONT. The control unit CONT drives the second liquid recovery section  61  of the second liquid recovery mechanism  60  in order to recover the liquid LQ 2 . When the second liquid recovery section  61  having the vacuum system is driven, then the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  flows into the second recovery flow passage  64  via the second recovery ports  62 , and then the liquid LQ 2  is sucked and recovered by the second liquid recovery section  61  via the recovery tube  63 .  
      In this embodiment, each of the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70  and the side surface  2 FK of the optical element  2 F is subjected to the liquid-repelling treatment to have the liquid-repelling property. When the inner side surface  70 K of the nozzle member  70  and the side surface  2 FK of the optical element  2 F are allowed to have the liquid-repelling property, then it is possible to avoid the inflow of the liquid LQ 2  of the second space K 2  into the gap formed by the inner side surface  70 K and the side surface  2 FK, and the gas in the gap is prevented from being mixed as the bubble into the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2 .  
      As described above, the last optical element  2 G and the other optical elements  2 A to  2 F are supported separately from each other. The first space K 1  disposed on the side of the lower surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G and the second space K 2  disposed on the side of the upper surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G are the independent spaces. The first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are filled with the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  respectively to perform the exposure. Accordingly, the exposure light beam EL, which has passed through the mask M, is successfully allowed to arrive at the substrate P satisfactorily.  
      When the last optical element  2 G is supported by the nozzle member  70 , it is possible to provide the arrangement in which the barrel PK is not arranged between the optical elements  2 F,  2 G and the nozzle member  70 . Therefore, the nozzle member  70  can be disposed closely to the optical elements  2 F,  2 G. It is possible to improve the degree of freedom of the apparatus design, for example, such that the apparatus can be made compact. Further, the first supply ports  12  and the first recovery port  22 , which are formed for the nozzle member  70 , can be disposed closely to the projection area AR 1 . Accordingly, it is possible to decrease the size of the liquid immersion area AR 2 . Therefore, it is unnecessary to provide any large-sized substrate stage PST depending on the size of the liquid immersion area AR 2 , and it is unnecessary to increase the movement stroke of the substrate stage PST. Accordingly, the apparatus can be made compact.  
      The nozzle member  70  is the member which has the supply ports  12  and the recovery port  22  for supplying and recovering the liquid with respect to the liquid immersion area AR 2  (first space K 1 ). The nozzle member  70  undergoes the shearing force of the liquid in the liquid immersion area AR 2  in accordance with the movement of the substrate P (substrate stage PST). Therefore, the vibration tends to appear on the nozzle member  70 . However, in this embodiment, the optical element  2 G supported by the nozzle member  70  is the parallel flat plate. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the influence of the vibration of the nozzle member  70  exerted on the accuracy of the exposure and the measurement. On the other hand, as described above, the vibration hardly appears on the barrel PK, for example, by the aid of the anti-vibration unit  47 . Therefore, it is possible to suppress the influence exerted on the image formation characteristic of the projection optical system PL by supporting the last optical element  2 G with the barrel PK as in the first and second embodiments explained with reference to  FIGS. 2 and 5 .  
      When the last optical element  2 G is supported by the nozzle member  70 , the vibration, which is generated in the nozzle member  70 , can be prevented from being transmitted to the last optical element  2 G by providing a anti-vibration mechanism between the nozzle member  70  and the last optical element  2 G. Also in this embodiment, the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2 , which are to be performed by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , are continued to continuously fill the second space K 2  with the liquid LQ 2  during the period in which the exposure light beam EL is emitted, in the same manner as in the first embodiment. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of cleanness and the temperature change of the liquid LQ 2  of the second space K 2  in the same manner as described above. On the other hand, the supply and the recovery of the liquid LQ 2 , which are to be performed by the second liquid supply mechanism  30  and the second liquid recovery mechanism  60 , may be stopped in the state in which the second space K 2  is filled with the liquid LQ 2  during the period in which the exposure light beam EL is emitted. Accordingly, it is possible to avoid the vibration and the displacement of the optical element  2 F which would be otherwise caused by the supply of the liquid LQ 2  (flow of the liquid LQ 2 ). It is possible to accurately execute the exposure for the substrate P and the various types of the measuring operations based on the use of the optical measuring sections as described above.  
     Fourth Embodiment  
      Next, a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to  FIG. 7 . The characteristic feature of this embodiment is that connecting holes  74 , which connect the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 , are provided for a connecting member  72 . The connecting member  72  has the plurality of connecting holes  74  which are provided at predetermined intervals in the circumferential direction. A porous material  74 P is provided in each of the connecting holes  74 .  
      In this embodiment, the first liquid supply mechanism ( 10 ), which includes the first supply port for directly supplying the liquid to the first space K 1 , is not provided. Further, the second liquid recovery mechanism ( 60 ), which directly recovers the liquid from the second space K 2 , is not provided as well. On the other hand, an exposure apparatus EX of this embodiment is provided with the second liquid supply mechanism  30  which supplies the liquid LQ to the second space K 2 , and the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  which recovers the liquid LQ from the first space K 1  (liquid immersion area AR 2 ).  
      When the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are to be filled with the liquid LQ, the control unit CONT supplies the liquid LQ to the second space K 2  by using the second liquid supply mechanism  30 . The liquid LQ, which has been supplied to the second space K 2 , is also supplied to the first space K 1  via the connecting holes  74 . In this way, the second liquid supply mechanism  30  supplies the liquid LQ from the second space K 2 , and the liquid LQ is allowed to flow into the first space K 1  via the connecting holes  74  as well. Accordingly, the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are filled with the liquid LQ. The liquid LQ, which is supplied to the first space K 1  via the connecting holes  74 , forms the liquid immersion area AR 2  on the substrate P. The liquid LQ of the liquid immersion area AR 2  is recovered from the first recovery port  22  of the first liquid supply mechanism  20 . After the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  are filled with the liquid LQ, the control unit CONT radiates the exposure light beam EL onto the substrate P through the liquid LQ in the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  to expose the substrate P.  
      As described above, the structure of the apparatus can be simplified by connecting the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  via the connecting holes  74 . Also in this embodiment, the first space K 1  and the second space K 2  may be filled with the liquid LQ such that the first space K 1  is filled with the liquid LQ, and then the liquid LQ, with which the first space K 1  is filled, is made to flow into the second space K 2  via the connecting holes  74 .  
      In the third and fourth embodiments described above, the last optical element  2 G is supported by the nozzle member  70  having the liquid flow passages for the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 . However, the last optical element  2 G may be supported by a nozzle member  70  having a liquid flow passage provided for any one of the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 . The last optical element  2 G may be supported by a nozzle member having only a supply port for supplying the liquid to at least one of the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 . Alternatively, the last optical element  2 G may be supported by a nozzle member having only a recovery port for recovering the liquid from at least one of the first space K 1  and the second space K 2 . In the third and fourth embodiments described above, the last optical element  2 G is supported by the nozzle member  70 . However, there is no limitation thereto. The last optical element  2 G may be supported by a member which is different from the nozzle member  70  and the barrel PK.  
      The arrangement, in which the last optical element  2 G is supported by the nozzle member  70  as adopted in the third and fourth embodiments described above, can be also adopted for a liquid immersion exposure system in which only the first space K 1  is filled with the liquid.  
      In the first to fourth embodiments described above, the projection optical system PL is adjusted to have the predetermined image formation characteristic also for the last optical element  2 G which is the parallel flat plate having no refractive power. However, when the last optical element  2 G does not exert any influence on the image formation characteristic at all, the adjustment may be made such that the image formation characteristic of the projection optical system PL is the predetermined image formation characteristic except for the last optical element  2 G.  
      In the first to fourth embodiments described above, the last optical element  2 G is the parallel flat plate having no refractive power. However, the last optical element  2 G may be an optical element having any refractive power. That is, the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G has any curvature. In this case, in order to exchange the last optical element  2 G with ease, it is desirable that the curvature of the upper surface  2 T of the last optical element  2 G is as small as possible.  
      In the first to fourth embodiments described above, the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  is thicker than the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  on the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL. However, the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  may be thicker than the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1 . Alternatively, the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  and the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  may have the same thickness. Further, in the first to fourth embodiments described above, the thickness of the last optical element  2 G is thinner than those of the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1  and the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2  in relation to the Z axis direction. However, the last optical element  2 G may have the thickest thickness. That is, the thicknesses in the Z axis direction of the liquid LQ 1  in the first space K 1 , the liquid LQ 2  in the second space K 2 , and the last optical element  2 G may be appropriately determined so that the image formation state of the pattern projected onto the substrate P via the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  and the last optical element  2 G is optimized. For example, each of the liquid LQ 1  and the liquid LQ 2  on the optical axis AX may have a thickness of not more than 5 mm, and the thickness of the last optical element  2 G may be 3 to 12 mm.  
      In the first to fourth embodiments described above, the last optical element  2 G is supported in the substantially stationary state with respect to the optical axis AX of the projection optical system PL. However, the last optical element  2 G may be supported finely movably in order to adjust the position and the inclination thereof. For example, an actuator may be arranged at the support portion for the last optical element  2 G to automatically adjust the position (in the X axis direction, the Y axis direction, and the Z axis direction) and the inclination (in the θX direction and the θY direction) of the last optical element  2 G. In this case, when the last optical element  2 G is held by the nozzle member  70  as in the third and fourth embodiments, the position and/or the inclination of the last optical element  2 G may be adjusted by adjusting the position and the inclination of the nozzle member.  
      In the first to fourth embodiments described above, the exposure apparatus may further include a measuring unit such as an interferometer for measuring the position (in the X axis direction, the Y axis direction, and the Z axis direction) and the inclination (in the θX direction and the θY direction) of the last optical element  2 G. It is desirable that the measuring unit can measure the position and the inclination with respect to the optical elements  2 A to  2 F. When the measuring unit as described above is provided, it is possible to easily know the deviation of the position and the inclination of the last optical element  2 G. When the measuring unit is used in combination with the actuator as described above, it is possible to highly accurately adjust the position and the inclination of the last optical element  2 G.  
      As described in the third and fourth embodiments, when the last optical element  2 G is supported separately from the optical element  2 F, the pressure and the vibration, which are received from the liquid LQ 1  by the last optical element  2 G, are not directly transmitted to the optical elements  2 A to  2 F. Therefore, it is possible to suppress the deterioration of the image formation characteristic of the projection optical system PL. In this case, when the last optical element  2 G is held softly and/or when the position and/or the inclination of the last optical element  2 G are adjusted depending on the inclination of the substrate P (inclination of the substrate stage PST), then it is possible to more effectively suppress the transmission of the pressure and the vibration to the optical elements  2 A to  2 F.  
      As described above, pure water is used as the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  in the embodiment of the present invention. Pure water is advantageous in that pure water is available in a large amount with ease, for example, in the semiconductor production factory, and pure water exerts no harmful influence, for example, on the optical element (lens) and the photoresist on the substrate P. Further, pure water exerts no harmful influence on the environment, and the content of impurity is extremely low. Therefore, it is also expected to obtain the function to wash the surface of the substrate P and the surface of the optical element provided at the end surface of the projection optical system PL. When the purity of pure water supplied from the factory or the like is low, the exposure apparatus may have an ultrapure water-producing unit.  
      It is approved that the refractive index n of pure water (water) with respect to the exposure light beam EL having a wavelength of about 193 nm is approximately in an extent of 1.44. When the ArF excimer laser beam (wavelength: 193 nm) is used as the light source of the exposure light beam EL, then the wavelength is shortened on the substrate P by 1/n, i.e., to about 134 nm, and a high resolution is obtained. Further, the depth of focus is magnified about n times, i.e., about 1.44 times as compared with the value obtained in the air. Therefore, when it is enough to secure an approximately equivalent depth of focus as compared with the case of the use in the air, it is possible to further increase the numerical aperture of the projection optical system PL. Also in this viewpoint, the resolution is improved.  
      In the embodiments shown in  FIGS. 2 and 5  described above, the same pure water is supplied as the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 . However, the quality of pure water (liquid LQ 1 ) supplied to the first space may be different from the quality of pure water (liquid LQ 2 ) supplied to the second space. The quality of pure water includes, for example, the setting temperature, the temperature uniformity, the temperature stability, the specific resistance value, the TOC (total organic carbon) value, and the dissolved gas concentration (dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrogen). For example, the quality of pure water supplied to the first space K 1  close to the image plane of the projection optical system PL may be higher than the quality of pure water supplied to the second space K 2 . Mutually different types of liquids may be supplied to the first space and the second space, and the liquid LQ 1 , with which the first space K 1  is filled, may be of the type different from that of the liquid LQ 2  with which the second space K 2  is filled. For example, it is possible to use those having mutually different refractive indexes and/or transmittances with respect to the exposure light beam EL. For example, the second space K 2  may be filled with a predetermined liquid other than pure water, which is represented by fluorine-based oil or the like. The oil is such a liquid that the probability of proliferation of microbes such as bacterial is low. Therefore, it is possible to maintain the cleanness of the second space K 2  and the flow passage through which the liquid LQ 2  (fluorine-based oil) flows.  
      Both of the liquids LQ 1 , LQ 2  may be liquids other than water. For example, when the light source of the exposure light beam EL is the F 2  laser, the F 2  laser beam is not transmitted through water. Therefore, it is preferable to use, as the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 , a fluorine-based liquid including, for example, perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and fluorine-based oil through which the F 2  laser beam is transmissive. In this case, the portion, which makes contact with the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 , is subjected to the liquid-attracting treatment, for example, by forming a thin film with a substance having a molecular structure with small polarity including fluorine. Alternatively, other than the above, it is also possible to use, as the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2 , those (for example, cedar oil) which have the transmittance with respect to the exposure light beam EL, which have the refractive index as high as possible, and which are stable against the photoresist coated on the surface of the substrate P and the projection optical system PL. Also in this case, the surface treatment is applied depending on the polarity of the liquid LQ 1 , LQ 2  to be used. It is also possible to use various types of fluids having desired refractive indexes, including, for example, supercritical fluids and gases having high refractive indexes, in place of pure water for the liquid LQ.  
      In the case of the liquid immersion method as described above, the numerical aperture NA of the projection optical system is 0.9 to 1.3 in some cases. When the numerical aperture NA of the projection optical system is large as described above, it is desirable to use the polarized illumination, because the image formation performance is deteriorated due to the polarization effect in some cases with the random polarized light which has been hitherto used as the exposure light beam. In this case, it is appropriate that the linear polarized illumination, which is adjusted to the longitudinal direction of the line pattern of the line-and-space pattern of the mask (reticle), is effected so that the diffracted light of the S-polarized light component (TE-polarized light component), i.e., the component in the polarization direction along with the longitudinal direction of the line pattern is dominantly allowed to outgo from the pattern of the mask (reticle). When the space between the projection optical system PL and the resist coated on the surface of the substrate P is filled with the liquid, the diffracted light of the S-polarized light component (TE-polarized light component), which contributes to the improvement in the contrast, has the high transmittance on the resist surface, as compared with the case in which the space between the projection optical system PL and the resist coated on the surface of the substrate P is filled with the air (gas). Therefore, it is possible to obtain the high image formation performance even when the numerical aperture NA of the projection optical system exceeds 1.0. Further, it is more effective to appropriately combine, for example, the phase shift mask and the oblique incidence illumination method (especially the dipole illumination method) adjusted to the longitudinal direction of the line pattern as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 6-188169. In particular, the combination of the linear polarized illumination method and the dipole illumination method is effective when the direction of the cycle of the line-and-space pattern is limited to a predetermined certain direction and/or when the hole pattern is clustered in a predetermined certain direction. For example, when a phase shift mask of the half tone type having a transmittance of 6% (pattern of a half pitch of about 45 nm) is illuminated by using the linear polarized illumination method and the dipole illumination method in combination, the depth of focus (DOF) can be increased by about 150 nm as compared with a case in which the random polarized light beam is used, provided that the illumination σ, which is defined by the circumscribed circle of the two light fluxes for forming the dipole at the pupil plane of the illumination system, is 0.95, the radius of each light flux at the pupil plane is 0.125σ, and the numerical aperture of the projection optical system PL is NA=1.2.  
      For example, when the ArF excimer laser is used as the exposure light beam, and the substrate P is exposed with a fine line-and-space pattern (for example, line-and-space of about 25 to 50 nm) by using the projection optical system PL having a reduction magnification of about ¼, then the mask M acts as a polarizing plate due to the Wave guide effect depending on the structure of the mask M (for example, the pattern fineness and the thickness of chromium), and the diffracted light of the S-polarized light component (TE-polarized light component) is radiated from the mask M in an amount larger than that of the diffracted light of the P-polarized light component (TM-polarized light component) which lowers the contrast. In this case, it is desirable to use the linear polarized illumination as described above. However, even when the mask M is illuminated with the random polarized light, it is possible to obtain the high resolution performance even when the numerical aperture NA of the projection optical system PL is large, for example, 0.9 to 1.3.  
      When the substrate P is exposed with an extremely fine line-and-space pattern on the mask M, there is such a possibility that the P-polarized light component (TM-polarized light component) is larger than the S-polarized light component (TE-polarized light component) due to the Wire Grid effect. However, for example, when the ArF excimer laser is used as the exposure light beam, and the substrate P is exposed with a line-and-space pattern larger than 25 nm by using the projection optical system PL having a reduction magnification of about ¼, then the diffracted light of the S-polarized light component (TE-polarized light component) is radiated from the mask M in an amount larger than that of the diffracted light of the P-polarized light component (TM-polarized light component). Therefore, it is possible to obtain the high resolution performance even when the numerical aperture NA of the projection optical system PL is large, for example, 0.9 to 1.3.  
      Further, it is also effective to use the combination of the oblique incidence illumination method and the polarized illumination method in which the linear polarization is effected in the tangential (circumferential) direction of the circle having the center of the optical axis as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 6-53120, as well as the linear polarized illumination (S-polarized illumination) adjusted to the longitudinal direction of the line pattern of the mask (reticle). In particular, when the pattern of the mask (reticle) includes not only the line pattern extending in one predetermined direction, but the pattern also includes the line patterns extending in a plurality of different directions in a mixed manner (line-and-space patterns having different directions of the cycle are present in a mixed manner), then it is possible to obtain the high image formation performance even when the numerical aperture NA of the projection optical system is large, by using, in combination, the zonal illumination method and the polarized illumination method in which the light is linearly polarized in the tangential direction of the circle having the center of the optical axis, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 6-53120 as well. For example, when a phase shift mask of the half tone type having a transmittance of 6% (pattern of a half pitch of about 63 nm) is illuminated by using, in combination, the zonal illumination method (zonal ratio: ¾) and the polarized illumination method in which the light is linearly polarized in the tangential direction of the circle having the center of the optical axis, the depth of focus (DOF) can be increased by about 250 nm as compared with a case in which the random polarized light beam is used, provided that the illumination σ is 0.95, and the numerical aperture of the projection optical system PL is NA=1.00. In the case of a pattern having a half pitch of about 55 nm with a numerical aperture NA=1.2 of the projection optical system, the depth of focus can be increased by about 100 nm.  
      The substrate P, which is usable in the respective embodiments described above, is not limited to the semiconductor wafer for producing the semiconductor device. Those applicable include, for example, the glass substrate for the display device, the ceramic wafer for the thin film magnetic head, and the master plate (synthetic silica glass, silicon wafer) for the mask or the reticle to be used for the exposure apparatus.  
      As for the exposure apparatus EX, the present invention is also applicable to the scanning type exposure apparatus (scanning stepper) based on the step-and-scan system for performing the scanning exposure for the pattern of the mask M by synchronously moving the mask M and the substrate P as well as the projection exposure apparatus (stepper) based on the step-and-repeat system for performing the full field exposure with the pattern of the mask M in a state in which the mask M and the substrate P are allowed to stand still, while successively step-moving the substrate P.  
      As for the exposure apparatus EX, the present invention is also applicable to the exposure apparatus of the system in which the substrate P is subjected to the full field exposure by using a projection optical system (for example, a dioptric type projection optical system including no catoptric element with a reduction magnification of ⅛) with a reduction image of a first pattern in a state in which the first pattern and the substrate P are allowed to substantially stand still. In this case, the present invention is also applicable to the full field exposure apparatus based on the stitch system in which the substrate P is subjected to the full field exposure while partially overlaying a reduction image of a second pattern on the first pattern by using the projection optical system in a state in which the second pattern and the substrate P are allowed to substantially stand still thereafter. As for the exposure apparatus based on the stitch system, the present invention is also applicable to the exposure apparatus based on the step-and-stitch system in which at least two patterns are partially overlaid and transferred on the substrate P, and the substrate P is successively moved. The present invention is also applicable to the exposure apparatus provided with a measuring stage which is provided with members and sensors for the measurement separately from the stage which holds the substrate P. The exposure apparatus provided with the measuring stage is described, for example, in European Patent Publication No. 1,041,357, contents of which are incorporated herein by reference within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
      The present invention is also applicable to the twin-stage type exposure apparatus. The structure and the exposure operation of the twin-stage type exposure apparatus are disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 10-163099 and 10-214783 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,341,007, 6,400,441, 6,549,269, and 6,590,634), Published Japanese Translation of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2000-505958 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,407, contents of which are incorporated herein by reference within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
      As for the type of the exposure apparatus EX, the present invention is not limited to the exposure apparatus for the semiconductor device production which exposes the substrate P with the semiconductor device pattern. The present invention is also widely applicable, for example, to the exposure apparatus for producing the liquid crystal display device or for producing the display as well as the exposure apparatus for producing, for example, the thin film magnetic head, the image pickup device (CCD), the reticle, or the mask.  
      In the embodiment described above, the light-transmitting type mask (reticle), in which the predetermined light-shielding pattern (or the phase pattern or the light-reducing pattern) is formed on the light-transmissive substrate, is used. However, in place of the reticle, it is also allowable to use an electronic mask for forming a transmission pattern, a reflection pattern, or a light emission pattern on the basis of the electronic data of the pattern to be subjected to the exposure, as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,778,257. The present invention is also applicable to the exposure apparatus (lithography system) for forming the line-and-space pattern on the wafer W by forming interference fringes on the wafer W as disclosed in the pamphlet of International Publication No. 2001/035168.  
      In the embodiment described above, the exposure apparatus, in which the space between the projection optical system PL and the substrate P is locally filled with the liquid, is adopted. However, the present invention is also applicable to the liquid immersion exposure apparatus in which the entire surface of the substrate as the exposure objective is covered with the liquid. The structure and the exposure operation of the liquid immersion exposure apparatus in which the entire surface of the substrate as the exposure objective is covered with the liquid are described in detail, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 6-124873 and 10-303114 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,825,043, contents of which are incorporated herein by reference within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
      When the linear motor is used for the substrate stage PST and/or the mask stage MST, it is allowable to use any one of those of the air floating type based on the use of the air bearing and those of the magnetic floating type based on the use of the Lorentz&#39;s force or the reactance force. Each of the stages PST, MST may be either of the type in which the movement is effected along the guide or of the guideless type in which no guide is provided. An example of the use of the linear motor for the stage is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,623,853 and 5,528,118, contents of which are incorporated herein by reference respectively within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
      As for the driving mechanism for each of the stages PST, MST, it is also allowable to use a plane motor in which a magnet unit provided with two-dimensionally arranged magnets and an armature unit provided with two-dimensionally arranged coils are opposed to one another, and each of the stages PST, MST is driven by the electromagnetic force. In this arrangement, any one of the magnet unit and the armature unit is connected to the stage PST, MST, and the other of the magnet unit and the armature unit is provided on the side of the movable surface of the stage PST, MST.  
      The reaction force, which is generated in accordance with the movement of the substrate stage PST, may be mechanically released to the floor (ground) by using a frame member so that the reaction force is not transmitted to the projection optical system PL. The method for handling the reaction force is disclosed in detail, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,118 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 8-166475), contents of which are incorporated herein by reference within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
      The reaction force, which is generated in accordance with the movement of the mask stage MST, may be mechanically released to the floor (ground) by using a frame member so that the reaction force is not transmitted to the projection optical system PL. The method for handling the reaction force is disclosed in detail, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,820 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 8-330224), contents of which are incorporated herein by reference within a range of permission of the domestic laws and ordinances of the state designated or selected in this international application.  
      As described above, the exposure apparatus EX according to the embodiment of the present invention is produced by assembling the various subsystems including the respective constitutive elements as defined in claims so that the predetermined mechanical accuracy, the electric accuracy, and the optical accuracy are maintained. In order to secure the various accuracies, those performed before and after the assembling include the adjustment for achieving the optical accuracy for the various optical systems, the adjustment for achieving the mechanical accuracy for the various mechanical systems, and the adjustment for achieving the electric accuracy for the various electric systems. The steps of assembling the various subsystems into the exposure apparatus include, for example, the mechanical connection, the wiring connection of the electric circuits, and the piping connection of the air pressure circuits in correlation with the various subsystems. It goes without saying that the steps of assembling the respective individual subsystems are performed before performing the steps of assembling the various subsystems into the exposure apparatus. When the steps of assembling the various subsystems into the exposure apparatus are completed, the overall adjustment is performed to secure the various accuracies as the entire exposure apparatus. It is desirable that the exposure apparatus is produced in a clean room in which, for example, the temperature and the cleanness are managed.  
      As shown in  FIG. 8 , the microdevice such as the semiconductor device is produced by performing, for example, a step  201  of designing the function and the performance of the microdevice, a step  202  of manufacturing a mask (reticle) based on the designing step, a step  203  of producing a substrate as a base material for the device, an exposure process step  204  of exposing the substrate with a pattern of the mask by using the exposure apparatus EX of the embodiment described above, a step  205  of assembling the device (including a dicing step, a bonding step, and a packaging step), and an inspection step  206 .  
     Fifth Embodiment  
      Next, an explanation will be made about another embodiment of the recovery method with the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  in relation to the first to fourth embodiments described above. In this embodiment, only the liquid LQ is recovered from the first recovery port  22 . Accordingly, the occurrence of vibration caused by the liquid recovery is suppressed.  
      The principle of the liquid recovery operation with the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  of this embodiment will be explained below with reference to a schematic view shown in  FIG. 9 . For example, a thin plate-shaped porous member or perforated member (mesh member), which is formed with a large number of pores, can be used as a porous member  25  for the first recovery port  22  of the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  explained in relation to FIGS.  1  to  5  and  7 . In this embodiment, the porous member is formed of titanium. In this embodiment, only the liquid LQ is recovered from the pores of the porous member  25  by controlling the pressure difference between the upper surface and the lower surface of the porous member  25  so that a predetermined condition is satisfied as described later on, in a state in which the porous member  25  is wet. The parameters concerning the predetermined condition include, for example, the pore size of the porous member  25 , the contact angle (affinity) of the porous member  25  with respect to the liquid LQ, and the suction force of the first liquid recovery section  21  (pressure at the upper surface of the porous member  25 ).  
       FIG. 9  shows a magnified view illustrating a partial cross section of the porous member  25 , which depicts a specified example of the liquid recovery to be performed via the porous member  25 . The substrate P is arranged under the porous member  25 . The gas space and the liquid space are formed between the porous member  25  and the substrate P. More specifically, the gas space is formed between the substrate P and the first pore  25 Ha of the porous member  25 , and the liquid space is formed between the substrate P and the second pore  25 Hb of the porous member  25 . Such a situation arises, for example, at the end of the liquid immersion area AR 2  shown in  FIG. 2 , or such a situation arises by the generation of the gas in the liquid immersion area AR 2  due to any cause. A flow passage space, which forms a part of the first recovery flow passage  24 , is formed over the porous member  25 .  
      With reference to  FIG. 9 , when the following condition holds: 
 
(4×γ×cos θ)/ d ≧( Pa−Pb )  (3) 
 
 wherein Pa represents the pressure of the space between the first pore  25 Ha of the porous member  25  and the substrate P (pressure at the lower surface of the porous member  25 ), Pb represents the pressure of the flow passage space over the porous member  25  (pressure at the upper surface of the porous member  25 ), d represents the pore size (diameter) of each of first and second pores  25 Ha,  25 Hb, θ represents the contact angle of the porous member  25  (inside of the pore  25 H) with respect to the liquid LQ, and γ represents the surface tension of the liquid LQ; then, as shown in  FIG. 9 , even when the gas space is formed on the lower side of the first pore  25 Ha of the porous member  25  (on the side of the substrate P), the gas, which is in the space on the lower side of the porous member  25 , can be prevented from any movement to (inflow into) the space disposed on the upper side of the porous member  25  via the pore  25 Ha. That is, the interface between the liquid LQ and the gas is maintained in the pore  25 Ha of the porous member  25  by optimizing the contact angle θ, the pore size d, the surface tension γ of the liquid LQ, and the pressures Pa, Pb to satisfy the condition represented by the expression (3). Thus, it is possible to suppress the inflow of the gas from the first pore  25 Ha. On the other hand, the liquid space is formed on the lower side of the second pore  25 Hb of the porous member  25  (on the side of the substrate P). Therefore, it is possible to recover only the liquid LQ via the second pore  25 Hb. 
 
      In the case of the condition represented by the expression (3) described above, the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid LQ on the porous member  25  is not considered in order to simplify the explanation.  
      In this embodiment, the first liquid recovery mechanism  20  controls the suction force of the first liquid recovery section  21  to adjust the pressure of the flow passage space over the porous member  25  so that the expression (3) described above is satisfied, provided that the pressure Pa of the space under the porous member  25 , the diameter d of the pore  25 H, the contact angle θ of the porous member  25  (inner side surface of the pore  25 H) with respect to the liquid LQ, and the surface tension γ of the liquid (pure water) LQ are constant. However, with reference to the expression (3), as (Pa−Pb) is larger, i.e., as (4×γ×cos θ)/d is lager, the pressure Pb becomes to be controlled more easily to satisfy the expression (3). Therefore, it is desirable that the diameter d of the pore  25 Ha,  25 Hb and the contact angle θ of the porous member  25  with respect to the liquid LQ (0&lt;θ&lt;90°) are made as small as possible. In the explanation based on the use of, for example,  FIGS. 1, 2 ,  4 ,  5 ,  7 , and  9  described above, the first space K 1  between the substrate P and the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G is filled with the liquid LQ 1  in the state in which the lower surface  2 S of the last optical element  2 G is opposed to the substrate P. However, it goes without saying that the space between the projection optical system PL and another member (for example, the upper surface  51  of the substrate stage PST) can be also filled with the liquid when the projection optical system PL is opposed to the another member.  
     INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY  
      According to the present invention, the optical element, which is possibly polluted by the liquid immersion exposure, can be exchanged easily and quickly. Therefore, it is possible to maintain the exposure accuracy and the measurement accuracy satisfactorily. Further, it is possible to suppress the decrease in the throughput and the increase in the maintenance cost for the exposure apparatus.