Patent Publication Number: US-2009230113-A1

Title: Heated floor support structure and method of installing

Description:
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 12/040,607 filed Feb. 29, 2008, entitled “Heated Floor Support Structure,” and naming Imre Batori as inventor, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The disclosure of the present application relates to support structures for floors, in particular, support structures for floors that also support heating cables. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Traditionally, the flooring industry has successfully used an anti-fracture uncoupled support structure disposed between an underlying subfloor and a main floor to protect the main floor from cracking or failing as the subfloor shifts and settles. The support structure decouples the subfloor from the main floor, thereby isolating the subfloor movement from the main floor. Main floors made up of tile are particularly vulnerable to the effects of such subfloor movement. 
       FIG. 1  shows an example of a commonly-used support structure, as reproduced from and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,901 by Schluter. Schluter describes a support plate made of a foil-like plastic material with protrusions that extend from the material in at least two orientations and intersect to form cavities. The support plate lies between a subfloor and a main floor and decouples the subfloor from the main floor. The support plate is attached to the subfloor with a type of adhesive, e.g., mortar, through a webbing on the underside of the plate. The support plate is filled and covered with mortar to hold the main floor thereon. 
     In recent years, heated flooring has become popular, in which heating structures are installed beneath the main floor to support heating cables that provide heat. In most cases, an electric heating cable is laid in the heating structure in a typical back-and-forth pattern underneath the area of the main floor to be heated. The heating cable is connected to a thermostat that provides temperature control. A common heating structure is a mat that has the heating cable build into the mat or between two layers of the mat glued together. Examples of such mats are provided by Nuheat™, SunTouch™, Thermosoft™, Warmly Yours™, and WattsRadiant™. However, since used with the support structure, such mats make up another layer to be added between the subfloor and the main floor. The construction of such multiple layers can result in added cost and installation time. Such multiple floor layers can also result in an uneven main floor caused by the elevation difference between the heated areas that include the mats and the unheated areas that do not. Moreover, with irregular shaped rooms or pipes and vents that protrude into the floor, such mats may require customization to properly cover the desired floor area. Such customization comes at substantial cost and required lead time. If changes occur to the floor after a customized mat is created, the customized mat must be modified. This is problematic because the customized mat cannot be modified easily and cannot be so modified without voiding the mat&#39;s warranty. Since changes in floor design frequently occur during construction, it then becomes necessary to either modify the customized mat or order a new one. 
     As an alternative to mats, the flooring industry has introduced another heating structure, cable strips, for laying heating cable. Cable strips are narrow plastic (or similar material) strips that include holders at spaced intervals to hold a cable. The strips are laid along the perimeter of the floor area to be heated. A heating cable is then strung in a typical back-and-forth pattern across the floor area between the cable strips and placed in the strips&#39; holders at the floor perimeter. Examples of such cable strips are provided by Nuheat™ and Flextherm™. These cable strips provide a flexible arrangement for any shape of floor, thereby avoiding the customization sometimes required for mats. However, such cable strips can leave portions of the heating cable exposed on top of the floor. Also, the cables can be difficult to bond properly to the subfloor. In additional, like the mats, such strips can result in an uneven main floor caused by the elevation difference between the heated floor areas that include the cable and cable strips and the unheated floor areas that do not. Also, like the mats, since used with the support structure, the cable and cable strips make up another layer to be added at additional cost and installation time. 
     As another alternative, panels have been introduced as heating structures for laying heating cable. One such panel is described in WO 02/37032 by Altepost, which describes a modular heating panel having a flat rectangular base body and cavities in a grid-like channel configuration for holding thermal conduits. Another such panel is described in U.S. D541,396 by Fawcett, which describes a radiant heat floor panel having flower-shaped elements and channels around and between the elements through which thermal elements run. Another such panel is manufactured by Schluter™, which has circular elements spaced apart by channels through which heating tubes run. Another such panel is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,539,681 by Siegmund, which describes a spacer plate having spacers on the bottom of the plate to form a hollow floor and grooves in the top surface of the plate to hold heating or cooling pipes. These panels provide a quick way to cover large areas with heating elements. However, like mats, such panels may make up another layer, in addition to the support structure, to be added at additional cost and installation time. As before, there may also be the uneven main floor possibility with the added panel layer. 
     Accordingly, there is a need for an effective way to lay cables that avoids the above-mentioned drawbacks. 
     SUMMARY 
     In order to provide an effective way to lay cables, the present disclosure teaches a support structure that combines the established functionality of both a commonly used support structure and a commonly used heating structure into a single structure that supports a floor to prevent fracture and failure and also supports a heating cable to heat the floor. As such, the need for a separate heating structure is eliminated. This results in a simpler, less expensive, and more effective floor support structure than those commonly used. 
     For example, the support structure may include protrusions extending from the surface of the structure, cavities formed between the protrusions, and openings or slots adjacent to the protrusions to form pathways to adjacent cavities. The structure&#39;s protrusions and cavities may then provide the floor support. The structure&#39;s openings and cavities may then provide placement for heating cables. In some examples, the support structure may be included in a cable system that also includes a cable supported by the structure. 
     The methods of the present disclosure may include a method for supporting a cable in the support structure and a method for making the support structure. In addition a kit containing the support structure is provided as is a method for installing the support structure over an existing flooring system. 
     In many of these embodiments, a support structure includes a surface portion and a first protrusion that extends from the surface portion. The first protrusion has a first base portion extending from the surface portion the first base portion defining a first upper portion. The first upper portion overhangs the first base portion. A second protrusion extends from the surface portion. The second protrusion has a second base portion extending from the surface portion and defines a second upper portion. The second upper portion overhangs the second base portion. The second upper portion is adjacent to the first upper portion and is separated from the first upper portion by a distance. A heating conductor has a diameter and the diameter is the same or greater than the distance. The heating conductor is configured to snap into a passageway via the formed between the first protrusion and the second protrusion. 
    
    
     
       DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of a three-dimensional view of an example of a commonly used support structure. 
         FIG. 2  comprises a diagram of a top view of an example of a support structure according to various embodiments of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  comprises a diagram of a three-dimensional view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 2  along section line A-A according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 4  comprises a diagram of a side view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 2  along section line A-A according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 5  comprises a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 2  with cables supported therein according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 6  is a diagram of a top view of an example of a support structure with single diagonal slots according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 7  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 6  with cables supported therein according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 8  is a diagram of a top view of an example of a support structure with curved protrusions and slots according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 9  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 8  with cables supported therein according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 10  is a diagram of a top view of an example of a support structure with triangular cavities according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 10  with cables supported therein according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram of a top view of an example of a support structure with circular cavities according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 12  with cables supported therein according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram of an example of an installed floor including the support structure of  FIG. 2  according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 15  comprises a cross sectional view of another example of a support structure according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 16  comprises a perspective view of an example of a support structure according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 17  comprises a cross sectional view of another example of a support structure according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 18  comprises a cross sectional view of another example of a support structure according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 19  comprises a perspective view of one example of a support structure according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
         FIG. 20  comprises a flowchart describing one example of a method of installing the floor structure according to various embodiments of the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The present disclosure teaches a floor support structure that provides protrusions extending from the structure surface to form cavities and slots adjacent to the protrusions to provide pathways to the cavities. These slots support heating cables in the way that, traditionally, a separate heating structure does. As such, the traditional separate heating structure is eliminated. The support structure also maintains its established function to flexibly support a main floor in order to prevent fractures or failures due to movement of an underlying subfloor. The result is a simpler, less expensive, and more effective support structure that provides at least the same or a similar level of performance as the commonly used support structure of  FIG. 1  and the commonly used heating structure of mats, cable strips, panels, and so forth. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of an example of the commonly used support structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,901 by Schluter. In  FIG. 1 , support plate  1  provides the established function of decoupling an underlying subfloor from a main floor to prevent the main floor from fracture and failure as the subfloor shifts and settles. The support plate  1  includes protrusions N 1 , N 2 , S 1 , and S 2  that extend upward and run in horizontal and vertical directions to intersect at right angles to form cavities M 1  between the protrusions N 1 , N 2 , S 1 , and S 2 . Each cavity M 1  has a rectangular shape with a base region Bi and four side regions C 1 -C 4 . Each cavity M 1  also has an undercut H 1  disposed about the periphery of the cavity M 1  and overhanging the cavity M 1  as part of the protrusions N 1 , N 2 , S 1 , and S 2 , such that the protrusions N 1 , N 2 , S 1 , and S 2  have a T-shaped cross-section. The plate  1  has a webbing  2  on the underside. Upon installation, the cavities M 1  are filled with a filler, e.g., mortar, and the plate  1  covered with the filler in order to hold the main floor. The webbing  2  is disposed in adhesive, e.g., mortar, to attach the plate  1  to the subfloor. 
     Other examples of the commonly used support structure are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,901 by Schluter, as mentioned previously. 
     As seen in  FIG. 1 , support plate  1  is not configured to support a heating cable. As such, for heated flooring, a heating structure to support the heating cable is needed as an additional layer between the subfloor and the main floor. As described above, such heating structures, e.g., mats, cable strips, and panels, are problematic for the reasons previously mentioned. 
       FIG. 2  is a diagram of a top view of an example of a support structure according to the present disclosure that is different from the commonly used support structure of  FIG. 1 . In  FIG. 2 , support structure  100  combines the function of decoupling an underlying subfloor from a main floor to prevent main floor fracture or failure with the function of supporting heating cables for heated flooring. The support structure  100  includes protrusions  120  that extend upward and run in horizontal and vertical directions at right angles to form cavities  110  between the protrusions  120 . Each cavity  110  has a rectangular shape with a base region defined by the locations of the surrounding protrusions  120  and side regions formed of the protrusions  120 . Optionally, each cavity  110  can also have an undercut (not shown) disposed about the periphery of the cavity  110  and overhanging the cavity  110  as part of the protrusions  120 , such that the protrusions  120  have a T-shaped cross-section. The support structure  100  has slots  130  made adjacent to the protrusions  120 . The slots  130  are oriented horizontally, vertically, and/or diagonally adjacent the protrusions  120  and provide pathways to adjacent cavities  110 . The depth of the slots  130  measures from the tops of the protrusions  120  to the floor of the cavities  110 . A difference between the commonly used support structure of  FIG. 1  and the support structure of  FIG. 2  according to the present disclosure is the presence of the slots  130 , which vertically and horizontally bisect the protrusions of  FIG. 1  and diagonally bisect the intersections of the protrusions of  FIG. 1 . 
     There are many advantages of the support structure according to the present disclosure. For example, the support structure combines two structures into one, thereby requiring only one layer between an underlying subfloor and a main floor for support and heating. This single layer saves cost and installation time, eliminates the uneven main floor possibility, and avoids any cable exposure. No additional tools, skills, or materials are needed because the support structure is installed in the same way as commonly done. The support structure can be cut into any shape to accommodate any floor shape or obstacles. The multiple orientations and locations of the slots allow the heating cable to be placed in any configuration on the support structure, such that any floor shape can be heated. The support structure can adapt to last minute changes in layout of the heated flooring up until the main floor is laid. The support structure is safe for foot traffic during installation because the heating cable is safely protected by the support structure protrusions. The support structure also provides a thin lightweight structure easily handled and installed, thereby minimizing the mass of material needed to provide heating and floor support. 
     The support structure  100  may be flexible and may include any material, such as plastic, resin, or any suitable polymer, capable of supporting a floor and cables. In some examples, organic materials such as cork may be used. The support structure  100  may include a single material or a combination of different materials. Additionally, the materials used may provide for heat and sound insulation. A bottom layer (e.g., webbing) may also be provided to help promote bonding of the support structure  100  to an adhesive material. 
     The support structure  100  may be fabricated in several ways. For example, the support structure  100  may be fabricated using a molding method, in which molten material may be injected into a mold of the structure  100 , where the mold includes elements to form the protrusions  120 , the slots  130 , and the cavities  110 . When the material cools, the mold may open and eject the molded material. In some cases, multiple molds may be used, e.g., to step-wise form particular protrusions  110 , slots  130 , and cavities  110 , where the molded material is cooled between each mold and ejected after the final mold. Or the support structure  100  may be fabricated using a pressing method, where a malleable material is stretched and pressed by machinery into a desired shape for the protrusions  120 , the slots  130 , and the cavities  110 . Or the support structure  100  may be fabricated in the same way as the commonly used support structure of  FIG. 1  and then the slots  130  made in the protrusions as described below. The fabricated support structure  100  may be wound into a roll or laid out in flat sheets. 
     The slots  130  of the support structure  100  may be fabricated in several ways. For example, as described above, the slots may be originally made as part of the support structure using, e.g., molding or pressing. Or, as described above, the slots may be made after the support structure is fabricated as follows. A cutting method may be used to cut away portions of the protrusions  120  to form the slots  130 . Or a tunneling method may be used to tunnel through the protrusions  120  to form the slots  130 . The slots  130  may be open from top to bottom of the protrusions  120  as shown in  FIG. 2 . Alternatively, the slots  130  may form tunnels through a mid-portion of the protrusions  120 . 
     In some embodiments, the cavities are substantially identical in size and shape to each other. In other embodiments, the cavities are different in size and shape from each other. The shapes and sizes of the protrusions help define the size and shape of the cavities. In some embodiments, the slots are substantially identical in width and shape to each other. In other embodiments, the slots are different in width and shape from each other. The slots can be linear, curved, or a combination thereof and oriented horizontally, vertically, diagonally, or any combination thereof. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram of a three-dimensional view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 2 . Here, the slots  130  are clearly shown adjacent to the protrusions  120  as pathways to the cavities  110 . The protrusions  120  are shown here as solid on the inside. The protrusions  120  may be solidly formed of a block of the support structure material or may be solidly filled with a filler. Alternatively, the protrusions  120  may be hollow or partially solid, if needed for a particular application. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram of a side view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 2 . Here, the protrusions  120  and the slots  130  are shown. To hold the cables within the slots  130 , the protrusions  120  have small extensions  120 A at the top of the protrusions  120  that overhang the slots  130  to provide a dove-tail configuration for the slots  130 . This allows the heating cable to easily snap into the slot  130  but be constrained by the extensions  120 A from snapping back out. Other types of constraints may be used to hold the cables in the slots  130 , including, but not limited to, hooks, snaps, adhesives, tape, and any other elements capable of constraining a cable. 
       FIG. 5  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 2  supporting cables therein. Here, cables  440 ,  450 , and  460  are laid in the slots  130  of the support structure  100 . Due to the different orientations and positions of the slots, the cables can be laid in any configuration desired for the appropriate placement and effect. Here, cable  440  is laid in a vertical pattern. Cable  450  is laid in a diagonal pattern. Cable  460  is laid in a horizontal pattern. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram of a top view of an example of another support structure of the present disclosure that has single diagonal slots. The support structure  600  is the same as the support structure  100  of  FIG. 2 , except rather than have crossed diagonal slots  130 , the slots  630  are single diagonals. Hence, the support structure  600  includes protrusions  620  extending from the surface in such a manner to form rectangular shaped cavities  610 . Slots  630  are made adjacent to the protrusions  620  and oriented in multiple directions to allow cable to be laid in any configuration. 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 6  supporting cables therein. Here, cable  440  is laid in a diagonal pattern. Cable  450  is laid in a horizontal pattern. Cable  460  is laid in an opposite diagonal pattern. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram of a top view of an example of another support structure of the present disclosure that has curved protrusions and curved slots. The support structure  700  includes protrusions  720  with curved corners, the protrusions  720  extending from the surface in such a manner to form rectangular-like shaped cavities  710 . Some of the cavities  710  are formed on the inner side of surrounding protrusions  720  and other cavities  720  are formed on the outer side of the surrounding protrusions  720 . As a result, the protrusions  720  have different shapes and sizes. Slots  730  are made adjacent to the protrusions  720  with curved openings and oriented in multiple directions to allow cables to be laid in any configuration. 
       FIG. 9  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 8  supporting a cable therein. Here, cable  440  is laid in a diagonal pattern. 
       FIG. 10  is a diagram of a top view of an example of another support structure of the present disclosure that has triangular shaped cavities. The support structure  800  includes protrusions  820  extending from the surface in such a manner to form triangular shaped cavities  810 . Slots  830  are made adjacent to the protrusions  820  and oriented in multiple directions to allow cable to be laid in any configuration. 
       FIG. 11  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 10  supporting a cable therein. Here, cable  440  is laid in both a vertical and horizontal pattern. 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram of a top view of an example of another support structure of the present disclosure that has circular shaped cavities. The support structure  900  includes protrusions  920  extending from the surface in such a manner to form circular shaped cavities  910 . Slots  930  are made adjacent to the protrusions  920  and oriented in several directions to allow cable to be laid in any configuration. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram of a top view of an example of the support structure of  FIG. 12  supporting cables therein. Here, cable  440  is laid in a horizontal pattern. Cable  450  is laid in a diagonal pattern. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram of an example of an installed floor including the support structure of  FIG. 2 . The support structure  1010  is disposed on a subfloor  1005  using any adhesive, fastener, or suitable means for fixing the structure  1010  to the subfloor  1005 . A cable  1040  is laid into slots  1030  adjacent to protrusions  1020 . The structure cavities are filled with a filler  1050 , such as mortar, and the cable  1040  and structure  1010  are covered with the filler  1050 . The main floor  1060  is laid on top of the filler  1050 . 
     The support structure according to the present disclosure may also be used in walls, ceilings, and other structures to support them and to support heating cables in a similar way as described above regarding the support structure in the floor. 
     In addition to using the support structure to support heating cables, the structure may be used to support other types of cables. For example, audio cables may be laid to provide audio. Lighting cables may be laid to provide under-surface lighting. Security cables may be laid to provide motion or pressure detection. Electric fencing cables may be laid to provide invisible fencing for animals, for example. 
     Alternatively, the support structure may be used as an underlying support without cable. Or the support structure may be used to support discrete elements, e.g., sensors, tags, etc., within the slots that connect through wireless communication. 
     Referring now to  FIGS. 15 and 16 , another example of a support structure using the present approaches is described. The support structure includes a first protrusion  1502  and a second protrusion  1504  that extend from a surface portion  1506 . The protrusions  1502  and  1504  have a generally T-shaped cross-section with protrusion upper portions  1507  and  1509  that extend from protrusion base portions  1501  and  1503 . The protrusions  1502  and  1504  form a passageway  1510  there between. The protrusion upper portions  1507  and  1509  are separated by a distance d. A heating cable  1508  is disposed through and past the protrusion upper portions  1507  and  1509  and snapping into the passageway  1510 . In one example, the heating cable  1508  is approximately ⅛ of an inch in diameter and the distance d is also ⅛ of an inch wide. However, the diameter of the heating cable  1508  and the distance d can be adjusted to suit the needs of the user or requirements of the system. Consequently, the protrusions are located proximally to each other and the proximate location of the protrusions (and their upper portions) constrain the movement of the heating cable out of the passageway. 
     Because the diameter of the heating cable  1508  is the same, nearly the same, or even slightly larger than the separation distance between the protrusion upper portions  1507  and  1509 , the heating cable  1508  snaps into place within the passageway  1510 . Additionally, the protrusion upper portions  1507  and  1509  act to constrain the heating cable  1508  in place since the distance between the upper portions  1507  and  1509  is nearly the same or smaller than the diameter of the heating cable  1508 . Consequently, the heating cable  1508  will not lift out of the passageway  1510 . 
     The shape and dimensions of the bottom portion of the passageway  1510  may be selected to aid in holding the heating cable  1508 . In one example, the cross sectional shape of the bottom of the passageway  1510  substantially conforms to the shape of the heating cable (i.e., the shape of each of the bottom of the passageway  1510  and the heating cable  1508  may be substantially semi-circular in the cross section such that the heating cable fits snugly into the bottom portion of the passageway  1510 ). 
     The amount of play (e.g., extra space around the heating cable  1508  available for movement) available to the heating cable  1508  in the passageway  1510  may vary. In one example, extra space may exist around the heating cable  1508  at the bottom of the passageway  1510 . In other examples, there may be little or no space around the heating cable  1508  (i.e., the heating cable has little or no room for movement in the passageway and the passageway substantially conforms to the shape of the heating cable  1508 ) thereby providing a tight fit (e.g., where there is little or know play available for the heating cable  1508 ). 
     The shape and dimensions of the upper portions  1507  and  1509  may vary. For example, referring now to  FIG. 17 , the upper portions  1507  and  1509  extend 1/16 of an inch from the base of the protrusions. In the example of  FIG. 17 , the heating cable  1508  fits tightly in the passageway  1510  and can not move out of the passageway  1510  since the distance d is the same or slightly smaller than the diameter of the heating cable  1508 . 
     Regardless of their overall shape, in the examples of  FIGS. 15-17 , all sides of the protrusions have an undercut portion meaning that the top portion of the protrusion has a larger dimension than the underlying portion of the protrusion. 
     However, in some other examples, not all protrusions have an overhanging portion. For example, and now referring to  FIG. 19 , the protrusions  1502  and  1504  have overhanging portions allowing the heating cable  1508  to be secured in the passageway. Other protrusions, for example, a protrusion  1517 , do not have overhanging portions. It will be appreciated that the selection of protrusions with or without overhanging portions will vary based upon the needs of the system and requirements of the user. 
     The dimensions and spacing of the protrusions may also vary. In one example, the protrusions are ¼ high, the upper portion overhangs the lower (base) portion of the protrusion by 1/16 of an inch, and the upper portions are separated by ⅛ of an inch. In some other examples, not all protrusions have upper portions separated by ⅛ of an inch (or other distance selected to secure the heating cable in the passageway). In other words, only some protrusions of the support structure may include an overhanging upper portion and other protrusions within the same support structure may omit this feature altogether. Consequently, the protrusions are located proximally to each other and the proximate location of the protrusions (and their upper portions) constrain the movement of the heating cable out of the passageway. 
     Referring once again to  FIG. 16 , the pathways provide a tight fit to hold the heating cable  1508  in place. As shown in other examples described herein, the heating cable winds through various passageways. Because of the overhanging upper portions that act to hold the heating cable in place, no additional fasteners, adhesives, or other materials to hold the heating cable in place are required. 
     Now referring to  FIG. 18 , an example of a support structure having no over hanging protrusion upper portions is described. However, in this example, the protrusions are spaced a distance d from each other. The distance d is the same as or slightly smaller than the diameter of the heating cable  1508 . Consequently, the heating cable  1508  is held in place in the passageway  1510  by the pressure of the sides of the passageway  1510  that is exerted on the heating cable  1508 . 
     The surface portion and protrusions of the support structure can be constructed of various types of materials. For example, the mat and the protrusions may be composed of materials such as plastic, resin, or any suitable polymer, capable of supporting a floor and cables. In some examples, organic materials such as cork may be used. The materials may also be selected to provide for heat and sound insulation. 
     The protrusions are created from a material having sufficient flexibility and resiliency such that heating cables or other conduits will give to permit insertion between the protrusions even though the distance between the protrusions may be less that the diameter of the heating cable or other conduits and return to their pre-insertion location or thereabouts. Such flexibility and resiliency assists the snap-in functionality and avoids the need for labor and tool intensive on-site modifications to the protrusions. In other words, flexibility is provided in a horizontal direction (to allow insertion of the heating cables or other conduits) and not only in a vertical direction. 
     In many of these examples, the composition, shape, and configuration of the protrusions causes the support structures described herein to be extremely resilient in terms of wear of the tiles (or other flooring materials) that are supported by the support structure. To take one example, the composition, configuration, and/or shape of the support structure allows the support structure to flex thereby preventing damage (e.g., cracking) of the overlaying tiles (or other flooring material) from occurring. 
     Various kits can be utilized that allow a purchaser (e.g., a consumer) to purchase and then install the system in their home or business. In one example, the kit includes an electrical conductor and a support structure. The support structure includes a surface portion, a plurality of protrusions that extend from the surface that form a plurality of cavities and a plurality of openings adjacent to the protrusions that form passageways between the cavities. 
     In some of these examples, the protrusions are configured according to the examples of  FIGS. 15-18 . The kit can be conveniently packaged in a variety of different ways and its components can be stored in the package in any number of ways. Conveniently, the support structure (e.g., a mat) can be rolled and secured within the package. The support structure can be configured according to any of the approaches described herein. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 20 , one example of a method for installing a support structure is described. At step  2002  a structure is provided. In one example, a customer can obtain a kit that includes the support structure. In one example, the support structure so provided includes a surface and a plurality of protrusions that extend from the surface to form a plurality of cavities there between, and a plurality of openings adjacent to the protrusions to form passageways between the cavities. In some of these examples, the support structure includes protrusions configured according to the examples of  FIGS. 15-19 . 
     At step  2004 , an adhesive (e.g., a thin set mortar) is applied to the existing floor. At step  2006 , the support structure is placed on top of an existing flooring on top of the adhesive. In one example, the support structure is rolled into place and is secured to the adhesive by pressing the support structure towards the existing floor. 
     At step  2008 , at least one electrical conductor is snapped or otherwise placed in between the cavities in the support structure. A filler material may be used to fill in the gaps of the support structure. For example, a mortar may be used as a filler material. At step  2010 , a second layer of adhesive is applied on top of the support structure. In one example, a thinset mortar is used. At step  2012 , tile may be placed on top of the second mortar layer. The heating cable may be connected to a thermostat or an electrical power source. Alternatively, the heating cable may be electrically connected immediately after being installed in the support structure. 
     It is to be understood that the support structure is not limited to those illustrated in the above figures, but may include any protrusion, cavity, and/or slot shape, configuration, and/or orientation capable of providing the floor support and cable support functionalities according to the present disclosure. 
     The present disclosure is not limited to the configurations of the support structure described here, but rather may include any configuration capable of supporting floors and cables in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure.