Patent Publication Number: US-7581344-B2

Title: Weapon extractor and cartridge

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
   The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of Provisional application serial No. 60/638,482 filed on Dec. 22, 2004, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 

   BACKGROUND 
   Conventional self-powered machineguns firing high-pressure bottlenecked cartridges came into common use late in the 19 th  century. The design of self powered machineguns and their bottlenecked cartridges have not essentially changed since their inception. Bottlenecked cartridges are required because cartridge cases must contain enough propellant to be able to provide adequate power without the cartridge cases being excessively long. Bottlenecked cartridges, by definition, are larger in diameter at the base than at the neck. The pressure area at the base of the cartridge is relatively larger than the basal area of the projectile being fired. This means there is more longitudinal force applied to the base of the cartridge than to the base of the projectile. Also, since the bodies of bottlenecked cartridge cases are larger than bore diameter, then more radial force is applied to the walls of the chamber than to any other part of the barrel. The largest diameter of the bottleneck cartridge, rather than the projectile diameter, dictates the design strength of the chamber and of the weapon locking system parts. The employment of bottlenecked cartridges results in weapon designs that are much larger and heavier than would be required than if cartridges were designed to be longer for a given propellant capacity, rather than larger in diameter. 
   Small diameter, high efficiency cartridges provided with conventional case heads cannot be employed in conventional small arms, however, because conventional cartridge case heads will not tolerate the higher pressures required for high efficiency conversion of propellant energy into projectile kinetic energy. 
   A gun, like an automobile engine, is a heat engine. The thermodynamic efficiency of converting the potential chemical energy of the propellant into kinetic energy in the projectile (other things also considered) is a function of the temperature drop across the heat engine process. Therefore the greater the temperature drop across the heat engine process the more efficient the process. Increased thermodynamic efficiency means less propellant (in a smaller cartridge case) is required to impart a given amount of kinetic energy to the projectile. 
   Pressure drop across the thermodynamic process equates directly to temperature drop (other things considered) as a measure of thermodynamic conversion efficiency. Therefore, the greater the operating pressure the weapon/cartridge system can tolerate, the higher the potential thermodynamic efficiency, and the smaller the required cartridge case for a given projectile weight and velocity. Smokeless powder, as used in conventional military small arms ammunition, is capable of generating about 230,000 pounds per square inch (psi). The highest normal operating pressures employed in conventional small arms weapons is 57,400 psi, or about 25% of the potential pressure of the propellant. The reason conventional cartridge cases cannot operate at higher pressure is that the rear of the cartridge case head, with its primer, must protrude from the rear of the barrel chamber in order to provide access for the weapon extractor to the extraction groove of the cartridge case. The primer is fully pressurized by the propellant gases, and while the bolt face fully supports the longitudinal pressure exerted against the base of the primer, the sole support for the radial pressure within the primer is provided by the strength of the cartridge case head itself. This means the operating pressure limit in a conventional cartridge is determined by the strength of the cartridge case itself, irrespective of the strength of the weapon. 
   One grain weight of the double base propellant used in the 5.56 mm NATO Cartridge employed by the U.S. Military contains about 215.15 ft/lbs. of chemical energy. The propellant charge for the 5.56 mm cartridge is about 27.0 grains. The potential energy of the propellant in this cartridge is therefore 215.15×27.0=5,809.05 ft/lbs. The muzzle velocity of a 62 grain projectile fired from a 5.56 mm cartridge is about 3,050 ft/sec, yielding a muzzle energy of about 1,280 ft/lbs. The thermodynamic conversion efficiency is therefore 5,809.05/1,280=0.2203, or about 22%. 
   Conventional, high pressure, full power machineguns are provided with some means for locking the cartridge within the weapon barrel chamber during firing. The locking system is typically composed of complex and tightly toleranced parts. The locking system parts interact with each other during firing to sequentially perform the steps in the operating cycle. Locking, firing, extraction and ejection functions are typically concentrated in a small volume at the front of the bolt, which means the functions and the parts involved compete for space. 
   In conventional weapon and cartridge design there is usually a gap between the face of the fully locked weapon bolt and the rear of the cartridge. This gap is not desirable, but is the result of weapon and ammunition manufacturing tolerances, as well as weapon wear. This gap results in what is called “headspace.” This actual headspace must be accounted for in the design of the weapon and its ammunition, even though ideally there would be zero headspace. Zero headspace would place the cartridge in intimate contact with the face of the bolt for firing. Even with zero headspace there is always some elastic deformation of the weapon locking system parts permitting some elastic movement of the cartridge case head during firing. 
   When a high pressure cartridge is fired, the firing pressure forces the cartridge case wall against the wall of the chamber, and at the same time the firing pressure also drives the head of the cartridge rearward. The cartridge case wall adjacent to the cartridge case head stretches elastically and then plastically rearward while the body of the case is seized within the chamber. If there is excessive headspace, the cartridge case wall adjacent to the cartridge case head will stretch plastically until the cartridge case head is weakened. At some point, this plastic stretching can result in separation of the cartridge case head from the case body, resulting at worst, in the release of large amounts of high pressure gas into the weapon breach, blowing up the weapon. 
   The employment of conventional high-pressure bottleneck cartridges in conventional small arms weapons has resulted in relatively heavy, inefficient and expensive machineguns and ammunition. 
   SUMMARY 
   The cartridge of the present invention is capable of sustaining much higher operating pressures than conventional cartridge cases because all the radial pressure generated within the cartridge is supported by the weapon barrel rather than by the cartridge case itself. This is accomplished by moving the primer forward within the base of the cartridge case and placing a cylindrical primer-supporting sleeve between the primer and the base of the cartridge case. This places the primer entirely within the rear of the chamber of the barrel. The rear of the primer-supporting sleeve is located flush with the base of the cartridge case. The long axis of the cylindrical primer-supporting sleeve is coincident with the long axis of the cartridge case. 
   The cartridge case and primer-supporting sleeve are designed so that longitudinal firing pressure within the primer is fully supported longitudinally by the primer-supporting sleeve, and that the radial pressure within the primer is transmitted through the cartridge case wall to the barrel of the weapon. In this way, all of the firing pressure is transmitted to the weapon rather than relying solely on the strength of the rear of the cartridge case head to support firing pressure. 
   The primer-supporting sleeve is provided with a central hole on its longitudinal axis that provides access for the weapon firing pin to reach the primer. The primer and primer-supporting sleeve are provided with a friction fit with their cylindrical pocket in the body of the cartridge case. The friction fit is designed so that under firing pressure, the primer and primer-supporting sleeve are slideably extendable relative to their cylindrical pocket in the cartridge case body during firing. After the cartridge has been fired, and with the primer-supporting sleeve extended, the primer-supporting sleeve is retained by the friction fit with the base of the cartridge case. 
   The weapon is not provided with a locked bolt. When the weapon is fired the pressure within the cartridge rises rapidly, elastically expanding the cartridge case against the chamber wall, temporarily seizing the cartridge case body within the chamber. The primer and the primer-supporting sleeve are driven slideably rearward by weapon firing pressure within their cavity in the base of the cartridge case while the cartridge case is temporarily tightly seized by firing pressure within the weapon barrel chamber. The primer-supporting sleeve drives the unlocked bolt rearward with a velocity determined by the ratio of M(1)V(1)=(r) M(2)V(2), where:
         M(1) represents the mass of the projectile;   V(1) represents the velocity of the projectile;   M(2) represents the mass of the bolt;   V(2) represents the velocity of the bolt; and   (r) is the ratio of the basal area of the projectile divided by the area of the pressure area of the primer.
 
Given:
       M(1)=projectile weight; 62 grains/7000=0.0088571 lbs   V(1)=projectile muzzle velocity; 3,050 feet per second   M(2)=a reasonable bolt mass=1.54 lbs (the recoiling parts of an M249 light machinegun weigh 1.63 lbs. by comparison)   V(2)=a reasonable initial bolt velocity=20 ft/sec   (r)=ratio of area of 0.210 diameter primer/area of 0.224 diameter projectile=0.034636/0.0394081=0.8789
 
Substituting Values:
   M(1) V(1)=M(2) V(2) (r) then:   (0.0088571)(3,050)=(1.54) (20)(0.8789)
 
From the above it can be seen that a simple blowback operating system with a relatively light-weight bolt (1.54 lbs. at 20 ft/sec) can be employed with the invention cartridge firing the same projectile (62 grains) and providing exactly equal to the muzzle velocity (3,050 ft/sec) as 5.56 mm NATO Ammunition.
   

   In order to employ a cartridge having a primer-supporting sleeve in a blowback operated weapon, the cartridge case must be permitted to remain stationary within the chamber as long as the cartridge is pressurized above the elastic strength of the cartridge case. While propellant pressure drives the primer, the primer-supporting sleeve, and the bolt rearward, the cartridge case body remains seized by friction in the chamber until the chamber pressure drops sufficiently for the cartridge case body to elastically contract and free itself from the chamber. 
   The bolt is provided with an extractor that is mounted so that the extractor can slideably, longitudinally, reciprocate relative with the bolt. The extractor can extend longitudinally forward as the bolt moves rearward while the extractor is engaged with the extraction rim. The extractor is engaged with the extraction rim of the cartridge so the extractor remains motionless relative to the cartridge case that is seized in the chamber for as long as the propellant pressure in the chamber remains high and while the pressurized gas in the chamber drives the primer and primer supporting sleeve rearward. The bolt mass is designed such that the pressure in the chamber drops sufficiently to permit the cartridge case to elastically relax away from the chamber wall before the extractor is picked up by the bolt. After this point the bolt picks up the extractor with its cartridge case. The extractor is spring loaded to bias the extractor toward the rear. 
   The extractor and bolt are designed so that when the cartridge is positioned on the face of the bolt, the cartridge is pressed against the face of the bolt by the rearwardly spring-biased extractor. This feature is provided so there will be no gap (zero headspace) between the rear of the cartridge and the face of the bolt. 
   In order to employ the invention cartridge case and blowback operation, the inside diameter of the cartridge case needs to be approximately the same as that of the primer, which results in eliminating the effective pressure area which can stretch the cartridge case head rearward. The moveable portions of the cartridge case consist of the slideably moveable primer and the primer-supporting sleeve that permit the cartridge case body to remain seized and stationary within the barrel chamber while firing pressure remains high and the primer and primer-supporting sleeve move slideably rearward, driving the blowback operated bolt rearward. The spring loaded extractor remains engaged with the extraction rim of the cartridge while the bolt is initially being driven rearward. When chamber pressure subsides sufficiently to permit the empty cartridge to be extracted, the blowback operated bolt, which is moving rearward, picks up the extractor causing the empty cartridge case to be extracted from the chamber. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       FIG. 1  is a sectional side view of the weapon and cartridge at the moment of firing, but before the projectile, primer, primer-supporting sleeve or bolt have begun to move. 
       FIG. 2  is a sectional side view of the weapon and cartridge during firing with firing pressure seizing the cartridge case within the chamber. The bolt is being driven rearward by the primer-supporting sleeve, which is being driven by the primer, which in turn, is being driven by firing pressure. 
       FIG. 3  is a sectional side view of the weapon and cartridge after pressure in the chamber has dropped sufficiently to permit the cartridge to be extracted from the chamber. 
       FIG. 4  is a partial sectional side view of the rear of the cartridge case before firing. 
       FIG. 5  is a partial sectional side view of the rear of the cartridge case after firing. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENT 
   Referring now to  FIG. 1  which is a sectional side view of selected portions of the weapon mechanism  10  and cartridge  20  at the moment of firing and before the projectile  30 , primer  50 , primer-supporting sleeve  60  and bolt  90  have started to move. Firing pin  100  has impacted primer  50 , initiating primer  50  and igniting the propellant that is generating propellant gas  70 . Propellant gas  70  is applying pressure against the base of projectile  30 ; against the inside of cartridge case  40 ; and against the interior surfaces of primer  50 . Longitudinal firing pressure is being transmitted through primer  50  to primer-supporting sleeve  60 , and through primer-supporting sleeve  60  to the face of bolt  90 . 
   Bolt  90  is not locked against the base of cartridge  20 , but weapon mechanism  10  is blowback operated which means that only the mass of bolt  90  is providing longitudinal support for the rear of primer supporting sleeve  60  and cartridge case  40 . Extractor  110  is engaged with the extraction rim  140  of cartridge case  40 . Extractor spring  120  is applying pressure to bias extractor  110  rearwardly against extraction rim  140  of cartridge case  40  to draw the base of cartridge case  40  against the bolt face resulting in zero headspace during firing. Extractor spring pin  130  secured in bolt  90  provides an anchor point for extractor spring  120  to react against in bolt  90 . As bolt  90  moves rearwardly, extractor  110  remains stationary relative to extraction rim  140  of cartridge case  40 . 
   Referring now to  FIG. 2 , which is a sectional side view of selected portions of weapon mechanism  10  and cartridge-case  40  during firing. The longitudinal axis of cylindrical primer-supporting sleeve  60  is coincident with the longitudinal axis of cartridge case  40 . Cylindrical primer supporting sleeve  60  is slideably located within the rear of cartridge case  40  of cartridge  20 . The outer radial surface of primer  50  can be provided with lubricant which will permit internally pressurized primer  50  to move rearward while under firing pressure. The projectile (not shown) is being driven through the bore by pressure applied by propellant gas  70 . Pressure in propellant gas  70  continues to press the wall of cartridge case  40  against the chamber of barrel  80 , seizing by friction, the body of cartridge case  40  within the chamber of barrel  80  while the pressure of propellant gas  70  also drives primer  50 , along with primer-supporting sleeve  60  and bolt  90  rearwardly. Therefore cartridge case  40  remains stationary within the chamber during firing the same way as the cartridge case remains stationary within the chamber of a conventionally locked weapon mechanism during firing. The utilization of a primer having the same pressure area as the inside diameter of the cartridge case eliminates the area on which the longitudinal component of propellant gas force can operate. In conventional bottlenecked cartridges this longitudinal pressure component is the force that stretches conventional cartridge case heads rearward during firing. Primer  50  and primer-supporting sleeve  60  are moving slideably rearwardly; driving bolt  90  rearwardly, operating the weapon by conventional blowback operation. Utilizing moveable primer  50  with moveable primer-supporting sleeve  60  in the invention cartridge case enables realizing the advantages of employing very simple blowback operation for machineguns and rifles which conventionally require complex locked operating systems. 
   The invention cartridge case is different from cartridges designed for piston primer actuated weapons in that piston primer actuated weapons employ locked bolts. If piston primer actuation were employed in unlocked weapons, then the use of the invention rearwardly biased, spring loaded extractor would be required. The rearwardly biased extractor results in each cartridge being fired with zero headspace which eliminates stretching of the cartridge case wall ahead of the cartridge case head. 
   While bolt  90  is moving rearwardly, with cartridge case  40  remaining seized by friction in the chamber, extractor  110  also remains stationary relative to cartridge case  40  because extractor  110  is engaged with extraction rim  140  of cartridge case  40  of cartridge  20 . Extractor spring  120  is being compressed between extractor  110  and extractor spring pin  130  of bolt  90  as bolt  90  moves rearwardly relative to extraction rim  140 . When the pressure of propellant gas  70  drops sufficiently to permit cartridge case  40  to elastically contract away from the chamber wall of barrel  80 , cartridge case  40  is released from the chamber of barrel  80 , permitting extractor  110  to withdraw cartridge case  40  from the chamber. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 3 , which is a sectional side view of selected portions of weapon mechanism  10  and cartridge case  40  during extraction. Extractor  110  is extracting cartridge case  40  from the chamber of barrel  80 . Firing pin  100  has been moved sufficiently rearward to permit cartridge case  40  to be pivoted out of engagement with extractor  110  after cartridge case  40  has been extracted sufficiently from the chamber of barrel  80  to permit ejection. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 4 , which is a sectional view of the rear portion of cartridge case  40  with primer  50  and primer-supporting sleeve  60 . Primer  50  and primer-supporting sleeve  60  are fitted to cartridge case  40  with a light press fit of the type typically used with primers seated in conventional cartridges. The outside annular surface of primer  50 , where it makes contact with cartridge case  40 , may be provided with lubricant that will permit primer  50  to move slideably rearward under firing pressure. Primer-supporting sleeve  60  is designed to move slideably rearward when primer  50  is driven rearwardly through the action of pressurized propellant gasses. 
   Referring now to  FIG. 5  which is the same as  FIG. 4  except the cartridge has been fired and primer  50  and primer supporting sleeve  60  have been driven rearwardly through firing of the cartridge. Primer-supporting sleeve  60  is protruding from the rear of cartridge case  40 . Primer-supporting sleeve  60  and primer  50 , which are provided with a light press fit with cartridge case  40  are retained in cartridge case  40  by that light press fit.