Patent Publication Number: US-6904205-B2

Title: Resolution enhanced optical spectrometer having a fixed number of photodetector elements

Description:
This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/102,833 filed Mar. 22, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,753,958, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/277,629 filed Mar. 22, 2001, now abandoned. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention generally relates to integrated optical spectrometers and more specifically to an optical spectrometer with enhanced resolution. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Optical spectrometers are devices that separate an optical signal into a plurality of component optical signals based on a wavelength of each component. Thus, a spectrometric device allows for accurate measurement of light within separate wavelength ranges or channels. The measurement of this light allows for determinations to be made about the light being analysed. 
   It is well known to photograph a spectrum produced by passing light through a gaseous sample in order to classify the sample. In high school chemistry text books, readers are shown pictures of spectra from different chemical samples. Similarly, spectra of burning chemicals are also useful in classifying a chemical composition of the products and reactants. 
   In more recent times, computers and photodetectors have replaced the old film, camera, and human vision approach to spectroscopy. Currently, a state of the art spectrometer disperses a received light signal onto a surface of a photodetector array. By dispersing the light along a linear path, a linear array is supported. Each detector in the array detects light incident thereon and provides a signal based on the intensity of incident light to a computer system for analysis. The computer then filters the signals to remove noise and processes the spectrum to determine information relating thereto. Spectrometers have gained widespread acceptance in science and are, at present, sufficiently precise and accurate. 
   Unfortunately, these spectrometers described above are large and costly. As such, they are not well suited to in situ applications or to installation within fibre optic networks. 
   There are two main approaches to reducing costs and size of spectrometers. In a first approach, fewer photo detectors are employed resulting in lower resolution of the spectrometer. Such an approach with a fixed photodetector array has been avoided by scientists unless the spectral region of interest is very small because it reduces the resolution—quality—of the resulting information. It has been proposed to move the photodetectors, a mirror within the optical path of the dispersed light, or the dispersive element itself to increase the resolution of the spectrometer. However because these devices have moving parts they are costly, difficult to manufacture, require re-calibration at frequent intervals and, as such, are not preferable for use in optical networks. 
   In the second approach, smaller optical components are used resulting in insufficient dispersion of light incident on the photo detectors. The resolution of the spectrometer is limited by the spacing of the photo detectors in the array. As such, very small photodetector arrays having small detector elements are necessary. This is problematic since smaller detectors are typically more costly and less sensitive. 
   In fibre optics, spectrometers are used to monitor channelised optical signals. Such a spectrometer is generally referred to as a monitor. For integrated monitors, if information other than light intensity is required—several photodetectors are located within the dispersed light of a single channel. Thus, a four channel optical monitor requires at least 12 photo detectors. Since current photodetectors are supplied in strips of up to 128 photodetectors, this allows monitoring of just over 40 channels. Of course, smaller photodetector arrays are far less costly and, as such, would be preferred. For this reason, most available monitors operate on 4, 8, or 16 channels. Alternatively, monitors only monitor signal intensity thereby requiring only one detector per channel. It would be advantageous to provide a spectrometer capable of monitoring more information than merely intensity data of light without requiring complex and costly photo detector arrays and the additional equipment required to interpret the output of a complex photodetector array. 
   Prior art optical spectrometers utilising scanning gratings with moving parts allow for an increase in the information measurable by the device. There is, however, a need for an optical spectrometer having no moving parts and a capacity for broadband operation with selectable information measurable for light within channels within an input optical signal. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   In accordance with the invention there is provided a waveguide optical monitor comprising:
         a plurality of dispersive element input ports;   a plurality of photodetectors for sensing an intensity of light incident thereon;   a dispersive element for receiving light from any one of the dispersive element input ports and for dispersing the light toward the plurality of photodetectors in dependence upon a position of said dispersive element input port and a wavelength of the light such that light directed from a first of the plurality of dispersive element input ports toward the plurality photodetectors has associated first centre wavelengths and light directed from the second of the plurality of dispersive element input ports toward the plurality of photodetectors has associated second centre wavelengths, the second centre wavelengths each substantially different from all of the first centre wavelengths.       

   In accordance with the invention there is also provided a waveguide optical monitor comprising:
         an optical input port;   a plurality of dispersive element input ports;   an optical switch in optical communication with the optical input port and for switching light received at the optical input port to one of the plurality of dispersive element input ports;   a plurality of photodetectors for sensing an intensity of light incident thereon;   a dispersive element for receiving light from any one of the dispersive element input ports and for dispersing the light toward the plurality of photodetectors in dependence upon a position of said dispersive element input port and a wavelength of the light such that light directed from a first of the plurality of dispersive element input ports toward the plurality of photodetectors has associated first centre wavelengths and light directed from the second of the plurality of dispersive element input ports toward the plurality of photodetectors has associated second centre wavelengths, the second centre wavelengths forming a set different from a set formed by the first centre wavelengths.       

   In accordance with the invention there is also provided a method of monitoring a wavelength division multiplexed optical signal comprising the steps of:
         providing an optical signal to a switch;   selecting a switch mode for selectably providing the optical signal via one of a plurality of input ports to a dispersive element;   dispersing the optical signal in dependence upon the location of the selected input port and in dependence upon a wavelength of the optical signal and directing the dispersed optical signal toward a plurality of monitoring elements,   wherein selecting different switching modes results in light within a different wavelength range being incident upon a same detector.       

   In accordance with the invention there is also provided a thermally modulated optical channel monitor comprising:
         a waveguide made of a material having a temperature dependent refractive index, the waveguide comprising a dispersive element for dispersing received light in dependence upon wavelength;   a temperature adjust element for varying the temperature of the waveguide; and,   a sensor for sensing an intensity of light incident thereon forming a portion of the received light, the portion varying in dependence upon the waveguide temperature, the sensor for sensing an intensity of light at different waveguide temperatures, the different waveguide temperatures providing for sensing of a signal at different wavelengths.       

   In accordance with the invention there is also provided a method for monitoring an optical signal comprising the steps of:
         providing a waveguide made of a material having a temperature dependent refractive index, the waveguide comprising a dispersive element for separating the optical signal into a plurality of separated optical signals based upon wavelength;   providing a temperature adjust element for varying the temperature of the waveguide;   providing the optical signal to the waveguide;   sensing an intensity of light of at least a separated optical signal at different waveguide temperatures, the intensity of light being dependent upon the waveguide temperature, the different waveguide temperatures providing for sensing of the at least a separated optical signal at different wavelengths;   sensing a parameter indicating the waveguide temperature at each instance an intensity of light was sensed; and,   sampling the intensities of light of the at least a separated optical signal and the corresponding parameters indicating the waveguide temperature.       

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     The invention will now be described with reference to the drawings in which: 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of a single input angular dispersive element optical spectrometer; 
       FIG. 2   a  is a diagram of the optical spectrum obtained from the angular dispersive element optical spectrometer with near infinite resolution; 
       FIG. 2   b  is a diagram of the optical spectrum obtained for a device according to  FIG. 1  with output waveguides for forming a demultiplexer device providing channelised light to the sensor array, for example using a monitor according to  FIG. 3 ; 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram of the a demultiplexer device with an array of sensors coupled to output waveguides thereof; 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram of the a dual input angular dispersive element optical monitor; 
       FIG. 5   a  is a diagram of the optical spectrum obtained by propagating an optical signal along a first input waveguide of the device of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 5   b  is a diagram of the optical spectrum obtained by propagating an optical signal along a second input waveguide of the device of  FIG. 4 ; 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram of an angular dispersive element optical monitor with output waveguides and having a plurality of input waveguides with a controllable optical switch; 
       FIG. 7  is a diagram of the optical spectrum for a plurality of different input switch positions for the monitor of  FIG. 6 ; 
       FIG. 8  is a simplified block diagram of an integrated spectrometric device having a single input waveguide. 
       FIG. 9  is a simplified block diagram of an integrated spectrometric device having a two input ports. 
       FIG. 10  is a simplified block diagram of an integrated spectrometric device having two input waveguides sufficiently spaced apart. 
       FIG. 11  is a simplified block diagram illustrating a thermally modulated optical channel monitor according to the invention; 
       FIG. 12   a  is a simplified diagram illustrating the optical spectrum of a WDM optical signal; 
       FIG. 12   b  is a simplified diagram illustrating the temperature dependence of the wavelength for a channel signal shown in  FIG. 12   a;    
       FIG. 12   c  is a simplified diagram illustrating the method for mapping the spectrum of a channel according to the invention using the temperature dependence of the wavelength for the channel signal shown in  FIG. 12   b;    
       FIG. 12   d  is a simplified diagram illustrating sampling points of the mapped spectrum of a channel according using the method according to the invention shown in  FIG. 12   c;    
       FIG. 13   a  is a simplified block diagram illustrating a thermally modulated optical channel monitor according to the invention; and, 
       FIG. 13   b  is a simplified block diagram illustrating a thermally modulated optical channel monitor according to the invention. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
   Referring to  FIG. 1 , a spectrometer  1  integrated within a planar waveguide is shown incorporating a waveguide grating  2 . The spectrometer  1  is for dispersing light incident thereon in dependence upon a wavelength of the light. In order to accomplish this, light is provided at an input port to a waveguide  3 . The waveguide  3  is coupled to a slab waveguide region for providing the received light thereto. The light expands within the two dimensional slab waveguide region  5  and is then incident on the waveguide grating  2 . Though a reflective echelle grating is shown, the grating is optionally another form of grating. The grating acts to adjust a phase of the light incident thereon in order to cause light to disperse across an output port in dependence upon its wavelength such that light at a first wavelength is incident at a first predetermined location and light at a second other wavelength is incident at a second other predetermined location. A plurality of photodetectors  4  are disposed along the output port such that a photodetector at the first predetermined location is for sensing light at the first wavelength. In use, provided light propagates within the planar waveguide and interacts with the waveguide grating  2 . The waveguide grating  2  receives an optical signal. The optical signal comprises individual optical signals each having a specific wavelength. The grating reflects the optical signal and causes wavelength dependant dispersion thereof. The light provided by the dispersed optical signal illuminates the plurality of photodetectors  4  and a photocurrent results. The photocurrent provided by a given photodetector is dependant upon the intensity of the light illuminating said photodetector. A spectrum, as shown in  FIG. 2   a , results. 
   In  FIG. 2   a , a graphical representation of a wavelength spectrum corresponding to provided light is shown. In this example, the light incident on each of the plurality of photodetectors is of a different wavelength. This simplifies the description of the device however it is possible to provide light signals of different wavelengths to a same photodetector. A bar  20  is shown above the spectrum indicative of detector locations for the plurality of photodetectors. Each of the boxes  22  corresponds to a sampling point within the spectrum and as a result the resolution of the spectrum is limited by the number of photodetector elements. Currently photodetector arrays having 256 photodetector elements are commercially available, though quite costly. The resolution of the measured spectrum depends upon a number of photodetectors available for sensing and their spacing within the photodetector array. The resolution also depends upon a dispersion of the light across an output endface of the integrated spectrometer. 
   Referring to  FIG. 2   b , another graphical representation of a spectrum is shown. Here, the number of photodetectors is only 5 and, as such, using conventional spectrometers the resulting spectrometric data consists of five sample points within the spectrum. 
   Referring to  FIG. 3 , a prior art integrated monitor  31  is shown. This monitor demultiplexes an input optical signal propagating within an input waveguide  33  and provides the demultiplexed optical signals to each photodetector via output waveguides  34 . The incoming optical signal propagates within the planar waveguide and interacts with an angular dispersive element in the form of an echelle grating  32 . The angular dispersive element reflects the light and causes separation of the light signals in dependence upon their wavelength. The light signals corresponding to different wavelength channels propagate into separate output waveguides  34  optically coupled to separate output ports  35 . Each output port  35  is optically coupled to a photodetector  36 . The light signal within each output waveguide  34  illuminates a single photodetector  36  resulting in a photocurrent in dependence upon the light intensity of the light illuminating the photodetector  36 . Thus, for each wavelength channel an intensity measurement is possible. 
   The output waveguides  34  are positioned relative to the angular dispersive element  32  such that each output waveguide corresponds to a wavelength channel corresponding to the supported wavelength channels of the input optical signal. Using this form of optical monitor, when appropriately designed, yields peak channel power for each channel as is shown in the spectrum of  FIG. 2   b . In the case of an 80 channel input optical signal, 80 photodetectors are used to obtain the peak power with one detector dedicated to each channel. 
   Referring to  FIG. 4 , a spectrometer  40  according to the invention is shown in the form of a waveguide grating demultiplexer device. The spectrometer includes a dispersive element in the form of an echelle grating  42 , a plurality of output waveguides  44  and a plurality of photodetectors  46 . Each output waveguide  44  is shown having an associated photodetector  46 . An optical signal is provided to the spectrometer via either of two input ports. The first input port optically coupled to waveguide  43  and the second input port optically coupled to waveguide  47 . This allows for variations in the dispersion of the light onto the waveguides  44  in dependence upon the selected input port. As such, a first predetermined wavelength range is incident on the waveguide  44  when light is provided at the first input waveguide  43  and a second predetermined wavelength range is incident on the waveguide  44  when light is provided at the first input waveguide  47 . 
   A switch  49  is coupled to each of the input ports for providing light from an input waveguide  48  to either of the input waveguides  43  and  47  selectably. The light is then demultiplexed and provided to the output waveguides and the photodetectors  46  in turn. The light signal within each output waveguide illuminates a photodetector and generates a photocurrent in dependence upon the light intensity illuminating the photodetector. 
   Below are explained two possible configurations that use the integrated device of FIG.  4 . First, an eight channel monitor is provided. Here, four wavelength channels are provided to the output waveguides  34  spaced two channel spacing apart. Thus, providing light to the input waveguide  43  results in channels  0 ,  2 ,  4 , and  6  being measured simultaneously. Providing light to the input waveguide  47  results in channels  1 ,  3 ,  5 , and  7  being measured simultaneously. Here, the two input waveguides  43  and  47  are disposed relative to one another such that a single channel spacing shift across the photodetectors results when an optical signal is alternately provided to each. Thus, an eight channel monitor results wherein four channels are monitorable at a time or, by constantly switching the switch  49 , the eight channels are monitored in an interlaced fashion. 
   In the second example, the first input waveguide  43  is positioned relative to the angular dispersive element  42  in such a manner as to illuminate the output waveguides  44  with light within a portion of each wavelength channel. Typically, the portion is the centre of each wavelength channel within the input optical signal  48 . Selecting a first position of optical switch  49  results in the optical signal propagating along the first input waveguide  43 . Referring to the spectrum shown in  FIG. 5   a , when the optical switch  49  is in a first position the peak power from each channel  54 —which is shown to correspond to the centre of the channel—illuminates a photodetector  56  via an output waveguide  53 . 
   The second input waveguide  47  is oriented relative to the angular dispersive element  42  in such a manner as to illuminate the output waveguides  44  with light within another portion of each wavelength channel. Typically, this other portion corresponds to a range of wavelengths between wavelength channels within the input optical signal  48 . Selecting a second position of optical switch  49  results in the optical signal propagating along the second input waveguide  47 . Referring to the spectrum shown in  FIG. 5   b , when the optical switch  49  is in a second position the intensity of light between channels  55  illuminates the photodetector  56  via the output waveguide  53 . 
   Thus, for each channel, two intensity measurements are made and the channel is analysed for more than peak intensity. Of course numerous measurements are possible with an N position optical switch and N input waveguides as shown in  FIG. 6  for N=5. A spectrometer in the form of a waveguide grating demultiplexer device  61  is shown. Here, demultiplexing of an input optical signal  68  is performed in dependence upon the selected input waveguide and the wavelength of the light within the optical signal. The selectable portion of the demultiplexed wavelength spectrum is provided to a plurality of photodetectors  66   a  to  66   d  via output waveguides  64   a  to  64   d . The incoming optical signal  68  propagates in one of a plurality of input planar waveguides  63   a  to  63   e  selectable via optical switch  69  and interacts with an angular dispersive element  62 . The angular dispersive element  62  reflects the light off a first surface thereof and causes separation of the light signals based upon their wavelength. The light signals corresponding to different channels propagate into separate output waveguides  64   a  through  64   d  optically coupled to separate output ports. Each output port is optically coupled to one of the corresponding photodetectors  66   a  to  66   d . The light signal within each output waveguide illuminates the corresponding photodetector resulting in a photocurrent in dependence upon the light intensity illuminating the photodetector. 
   The plurality of input waveguides  63   a  to  63   e  are positioned relative to the angular dispersive element  62 , wherein illumination of each of the input waveguides is controllable through the optical switch  69  having a plurality of positions. The first input waveguide  63   a  is oriented to the angular dispersive element  62  in such a manner as to illuminate the output waveguides  64   a  with a portion of light having a wavelength within each channel in the form of, for example, a central wavelength of each channel within the input optical signal  68 . Selecting a first position of optical switch  69  results in the optical signal propagating along the first input waveguide  63   a . The remaining input waveguides  63   b  . . .  63   e  are oriented to the angular dispersive element  62  in such a manner as to illuminate the output waveguides  64  with different portions of the input optical signal  68 . Selecting an optical switch position between the first and last input waveguides results in an optical power incident on a photodetector corresponding to a different portion of the spectrum within each channel. 
   Thus for each of the channels N intensity values are measurable which, when N&gt;2, allows measurement of signal to noise ratio and monitoring of other channel related parameters, for example, peak wavelength. 
   Referring to  FIG. 7 , an optical spectrum is shown for a same single photodetector  71  and coupled output waveguide  70  wherein the input waveguides are disposed for supporting monitoring of half of each wavelength channel. Selecting a first input optical switch position, results in a photocurrent read of  72   a , selecting another input optical switch position, results in a photocurrent read of  72   b , selecting an Nth input optical switch position, results in a photocurrent read of  72   e . Of course, up to 2N optical switches would be used to read a plurality of values from valley to valley. When valley to valley sensing is desired, an (N+1)th switch position results in a reading of the spectral amplitude to the left of the peak  72   a . In this manner scanning an input optical switch through a number of predetermined states results in more spectrometric data than was previously attainable using the same number of photodetector elements. This is achieved through shifting of the optical spectrum relative to the photodetectors through the use of different input waveguides. 
   For example the device in  FIG. 4  is optionally manufactured in such a manner as to provide peak power measurements for a 100 GHz channel spacing input optical signal in a first switch position, and to provide valley power measurements for a same input signal in a second optical switch position. Changing the input channel spacing to 200 GHz, results in the device having 4 measurements per channel. Changing the input channel spacing to 50 GHz results in only peak measurements for each channel but requires fewer detectors since only every Nth peak is sensed in each switch position. 
   Alternatively the optical switch and photodetectors are manufactured as part of the waveguide grating demultiplexer device. Wherein the optical switch is designed to support a plurality of optical paths and the photodetectors are integrated as part of the output waveguides. 
   Referring to  FIG. 8 , an embodiment is shown wherein a single input waveguide is provided and wherein an integrated optical switch  89  is disposed within the integrated spectrometric device  80 . Here, light is provided to the spectrometer as well as is a control signal indicative of a portion of the spectrum to be sensed. The control signal is typically an electrical signal. The spectrometer receives an electrical signal indicative of a sensed intensity of light incident on each photodetector. Integration of the switch  89  allows for enhanced scalability, reduced manufacturing costs, smaller finished packaging, improved portability, and improved resilience to harsh environments. 
   Referring to  FIG. 9 , another embodiment is shown absent the input waveguides  43  and  49 . Here, the input port  93  and  97  act to provide light at a correct angle and location for use with the invention. Such an embodiment provides for reconfigurability since any number of input ports and input locations are useful with a same spectrometer and optical switch. 
   Referring to  FIG. 10 , a further embodiment of the invention is shown wherein the two input waveguides are disposed to provide sufficient spacing such that a same portion of the light within each wavelength channel is provided to the detectors, but such that different detectors receive light within different wavelength channels depending on which input waveguide light is provided through. As such, if a detector fails, the device remains operational. In fact, so long as two adjacent detectors do not fail within a same plurality of detectors, it is possible to have up to one half of the detectors fail while maintaining full operation of the monitoring device. For use in harsh environments, such an implementation will sometimes prove beneficial allowing for component failure and automated device recovery. 
   According to yet another embodiment and referring to  FIG. 11 , a thermally modulated optical channel monitor (OCM)  100  in the form of a thermally modulated planar waveguide device according to the invention is shown. The OCM  100  demultiplexes an input optical signal propagating within an input waveguide  103  and provides a demultiplexed wavelength spectrum to photodetector array  105  via output waveguides  107 . The incoming optical signal propagates within the planar waveguide and interacts with an angular dispersive element  109  such as an array waveguide grating or Echelle grating. The angular dispersive element  109  reflects the light off a first surface and causes separation of the light signals based upon their wavelength. The separated light signals corresponding to different channels propagate into separate output waveguides  107  optically coupled to separate output ports  150 . Each output port is optically coupled to a photodetector of the photodetector array  105 . The light signal within each output waveguide  107  illuminates a single photodetector of the photodetector array  105  and generates a photocurrent in dependence upon the light intensity illuminating the photodetector. Each photodetector of the photodetector array  105  is connected to a processor  350  for signal processing an output signal therefrom. The output waveguides  107  positioned relative the angular dispersive element  109  such that each output waveguide corresponds to a channel within the input optical signal. Using this form of optical monitor yields peak channel intensity for each channel as is shown in the spectrum of  FIG. 12   a . In the typical case of an 80 channel input optical signal, only 80 photodetectors of commercially available photodetector arrays having 128 photodetectors are used to obtain the peak intensity profile for each channel. 
   The wavelength detected by each photodetector of the photodetector array  105  is dependent upon the temperature of the planar waveguide device due to a temperature dependent change of the refractive index of the planar waveguide device material. This temperature dependence is used to its advantage by controllably varying the temperature using temperature adjust elements  110  in the thermally modulated OCM  100  according to the invention. Preferably, the temperature adjust elements  110  are controlled by the processor  350 . For example, the position of each of the output waveguides  107  with respect to the other output waveguides  107  and with respect to the angular dispersive element  109  is chosen such that when the absolute temperature of the planar waveguide chip is T 0  all output channels are accurately lined up with their correct wavelengths. 
   Changing the temperature of the planar waveguide from a temperature T 0  to a temperature T 0 +ΔT 1  the wavelength of a particular channel is changed as indicated by the solid and dashed curves in  FIG. 12   b  for the channel a. A further change of the temperature to T 0 +ΔT 2  results in a wavelength shift such that the peak of channel is detected by photodetector  15   b . Changing the temperature of, for example, an InP planar waveguide chip by 10° C. results in a change in the wavelength of a particular channel by 1 nm, which is larger than the 100 GHz channel spacing—0.8 nm—of the ITU WDM grid. Therefore, it is possible to map the spectral shape of a particular channel as shown in  FIGS. 12   c  and  12   d  using one photodetector and varying the temperature—T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , . . . —of the planar waveguide device in order to obtain a plurality of sampling points within the channel spectrum as indicated by corresponding numerals  1 ,  2 ,  3 , . . . of a particular channel. The advantage of this thermal modulation technique is that only a single photodetector is required for each channel in order to obtain accurate wavelength information to a resolution of 10 pm at 1550 nm=1,550,000 pm, i. e. one part in about 155,000. 
   Such accurate spectral information is highly advantageous for accurately determining peak intensity and peak wavelength of a channel in modern WDM optical communication networks. Using this technique, it is possible to accurately map the spectral shape of a particular channel using one photodetector by varying the temperature of an integrated InP planar waveguide chip by less than 10° C. As is evident to a person of skill in the art the technique according to the invention is also applicable if more than one photodector per channel is available. Having more than one photodetector per channel allows, for example, mapping of a channel spectrum with higher resolution within a same time interval or reducing the time interval for mapping the channel spectrum with a same resolution. 
   One solution for determining the temperature is shown in  FIG. 13   a . Here, a temperature sensor  123  for monitoring a temperature is embedded in a carrier  121  the planar waveguide chip  101  is mounted on. However, due to thermal resistance it is difficult to determine the absolute temperature of the planar waveguide chip  101  by measuring a temperature with sensor  123 . Furthermore, the time delay between an instance of a temperature change of the planar waveguide chip and an instance of a resulting temperature change sensed by sensor  123  makes it next to impossible to accurately map the spectral shape of a channel by varying the temperature of the planar waveguide chip  101 . An improvement of the temperature measurement is obtained by embedding a temperature sensor  124  directly into the planar waveguide chip, as shown in  FIG. 13   b . Here, the time delay is reduced by shortening the distance between the actual optical component—waveguides and grating—and the temperature sensor  124  and by obviating the interface between the planar waveguide chip  101  and the carrier  121 . 
   Of course, though the above examples refer to echelle gratings, other forms of dispersive elements such as array waveguide gratings are also employable with the present invention. Preferably, these other dispersive elements are integrated, allowing the various optical components to be provided on the same substrate. This integration will reduce costs and enhance the quality of the finished device. 
   Numerous other embodiments may be envisioned without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.