Patent Publication Number: US-11391424-B2

Title: Lighting apparatus

Description:
FIELD 
     The present invention is related to a lighting apparatus and more particularly related to a light apparatus with an elongated light source. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. 
     Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects. 
     A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device. 
     Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with high light output. 
     Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced white-light LEDs suitable for room lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology. 
     LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices. 
     Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and functionally monochromatic. 
     The energy efficiency of electric lighting has increased radically since the first demonstration of arc lamps and the incandescent light bulb of the 19th century. Modern electric light sources come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to many applications. Most modern electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems. Battery-powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in the form of flashlights, electric lanterns, and in vehicles. 
     Although lighting devices are widely used, there are still lots of opportunity and benefit to improve the lighting devices to provide more convenient, low cost, reliable and beautiful lighting devices for enhancing human life. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an embodiment, a lighting apparatus includes an elongated light source, a main housing and a first lateral wing. 
     The main housing has a main body and a light passing cover. The elongated light source is attached to the main body. For example, the main housing is a tubular housing with a guiding track for inserting a light source plate mounted with LED modules to slide in the guiding track. A light passing cover may be made together with the main body with a plastic material. The main body may have a first color while the light passing cover has a second color. Specifically, the main body may have the color which light does not pas through. Therefore, people would not see the components concealed in the main body. On the other hand, the light passing cover may have a second color, e.g. to allow light passing through. The light passing cover may have a diffusion layer so that light passing through the light passing cover is diffused to be softened. In some other embodiments, the light passing cover may contain or integrated with lens structure for guiding light of the elongated light source to form a light beam or to change a main light path of the elongated light source. 
     The first lateral wing is detachably attached to an external side wall of the main body. A portion of the light passing through the light passing cover further being reflected by an inner surface of the lateral wing. For example, the inner surface of the first lateral wing may be disposed with white color or any reflective layer suitable for reflecting light emitted on the inner surface of the first lateral wing. 
     In some embodiments, the lighting apparatus may have a second lateral wing. The first lateral wing and the second lateral wing are disposed on opposite sides of the main body. 
     In some embodiments, the first wing has a first tilt angle with respect to the main body and the second wing has a second tilt angle with respect to the main body. The first tilt angle and the second tilt angle are different. 
     In some embodiments, the first lateral wing is detachable and taken away from the main body. 
     In some embodiments, a first end of the first lateral wing is connected to the main body and a second end of the first lateral wing is connected to another lighting apparatus. 
     In some embodiments, a first end of the first lateral is connected to the main body and a second end opposite to the first end has an inwardly curve. 
     In some embodiments, there are multiple tilt angles of the first lateral wing with respect to the external side wall of the main body selectable. 
     In some embodiments, there are multiple sliding tracks disposed on the external side wall of the main body for selectively installing the first lateral wing to select the tilt angles. 
     In some embodiments, the lighting apparatus may have a rotating axial structure for connecting the first lateral wing to the main body for the first lateral wing to rotate with respect to the main body to change the tilt angle. 
     In some embodiments, a connection portion of the main body to connect the light passing cover has a first width, the light passing cover has an enlarged cross section with a second width, the second width is larger than the first width. 
     In some embodiments, the elongated light source is disposed at a bottom of the main body and the main body has an air passing cavity above the elongated light source, and there is an air hole on the main body for heat dissipation. 
     In some embodiments, the lighting apparatus may have a first cap cover and a second cap cover disposed on two ends of the main housing. 
     In some embodiments, the first cap cover is attached with a plug line connecting to a power source, and the second cap cover has a socket for connecting to another lighting apparatus. 
     In some embodiments, an attached device is attached to the socket of the second cap for receiving a working power to operate the attached device. 
     In some embodiments, the attached device receives a wireless external command from an external device to control the elongated light source. 
     In some embodiments, a driver is disposed in the main body of the main housing for converting an indoor power to a driving current supplied to the elongated light source. 
     In some embodiments, the lateral wing emits a second light. 
     In some embodiments, there is a second light source disposed on the first lateral wing. 
     In some embodiments, there is a connector for providing electricity to the second light source on the first lateral wing. 
     In some embodiments, there is a third light source emitting light to a light guide on the first lateral wing to emit light from the first lateral wing. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a lighting apparatus embodiment. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates another view of the embodiment in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 3  illustrates another view of the embodiment in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a cross section view of the embodiment in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 5  illustrates another cross section view of the embodiment in  FIG. 1 . 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exploded diagram showing components. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates a perspective view of a portion of an example. 
         FIG. 8  illustrates a cap cover example. 
         FIG. 9  illustrates details of the cap cover example. 
         FIG. 10  illustrates components of an embodiment. 
         FIG. 11  illustrates an enlarged view of portion of an example. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates another embodiment. 
         FIG. 13  illustrates an enlarged view of an example. 
         FIG. 14  illustrates an example with connection to other lighting apparatus. 
         FIG. 15  illustrates another embodiment. 
         FIG. 16  provides a diagram showing components in examples. 
         FIG. 17  provides a diagram showing components in examples. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Please refer to  FIG. 16  and  FIG. 17 . a lighting apparatus includes an elongated light source  9905 , a main housing  9901  and a first lateral wing  9904 . 
     The main housing  9901  has a main body  9902  and a light passing cover  9903 . The elongated light source  9905  is attached to the main body  9902 . 
     The lighting apparatus also has two cap covers  9907  and  9908  on two opposite ends of the main housing. There may be a plug  9910  for receiving an external power source at one cap cover  9907 . There may be a socket  9908  for providing power to another lighting device or an attached device  9909 . The attached device  9909  may be a sensor for detecting environment light so as to provide information to a driver that controls the elongated light source  9905 . The attached device  9909  may receive an external command from an external device like a mobile phone for providing a second control method to the lighting apparatus. The attached device  9909  may contain a battery and related circuit for providing power to the elongated light source. Other augmented functions may be added via the attached device  9909 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 17 . In  FIG. 17 . The main housing has a main body  9922  and a light passing cover  9923 . There are two lateral wings  9916  and  9917  attached via connectors  9920  to two external side walls of the main body  9922 . There is a tilt angle  9911  of the lateral wing  9916  with respect to the main body  9922 . In some embodiment, the connector  9920  is a rotating structure so that the lateral wing may be rotated with respect to the main body  9922  for changing the title angle of the lateral wing  9916 ,  9917  with respect to the main body  9922 . 
     There may be more than one connector for connecting the lateral wing to the main body  9922 . For example, the connector  9919 , in addition to the connector  9920  may be disposed on the main body  9922  so as to change the place for installing the lateral wing  9917  to another place of a lateral wing  9918 . 
     There may be an inward curve  9924  at end of the lateral wing  9916  for capture more light to desired directions. 
     There may be an air passing cavity  9925  in the main body  9902  with even an air hole  9926  for heat dissipation. 
     There may be a driver  9927  for converting an external power to a driving current. 
     The connectors may be in other forms as explained in more details below. 
     The two lateral wings on two sides of the main body may have different tilt angles so as to meet requirements of certain environment settings. For example, when the lighting apparatus is placed near a wall area, the lateral wing closer to the wall is configured with a larger tilt angle to reflect more light to a central area of the lighting apparatus. If necessary, e.g. to provide light on a painting on a wall, the lateral wing may even be detached and removed from the main body completely to allow more light on the painting. 
     Light emitted from a light source  9921  passes through the light  9914  passing cover  9923 . A portion of the light  9915  is reflected by the lateral wing  9917 . 
     There is a first width  9912  for a connection portion  9912  of the main body  9922  to the light passing cover  9923 . There is a second width  9913  for an enlarged portion of the light passing cover  9923 . The first width  9912  is smaller than the second width  9913 . 
     There may be a light source  9928  disposed on the lateral wing  9916  receiving power from a driver  9927  and the light source  9928  emits an additional light. 
     In some embodiments, a light guide  9930  may be disposed on the lateral wing  9918  for receiving and guiding light from an addition light source  9929  on the main body  9922 . 
     For example, the main housing is a tubular housing with a guiding track for inserting a light source plate mounted with LED modules to slide in the guiding track. A light passing cover may be made together with the main body with a plastic material. The main body may have a first color while the light passing cover has a second color. Specifically, the main body may have the color which light does not pass through. Therefore, people would not see the components concealed in the main body. On the other hand, the light passing cover may have a second color, e.g. to allow light passing through. The light passing cover may have a diffusion layer so that light passing through the light passing cover is diffused to be softened. In some other embodiments, the light passing cover may contain or integrated with lens structure for guiding light of the elongated light source to form a light beam or to change a main light path of the elongated light source. 
     The first lateral wing is detachably attached to an external side wall of the main body. A portion of the light passing through the light passing cover further being reflected by an inner surface of the lateral wing. For example, the inner surface of the first lateral wing may be disposed with white color or any reflective layer suitable for reflecting light emitted on the inner surface of the first lateral wing. 
     In some embodiments, the lighting apparatus may have a second lateral wing. The first lateral wing and the second lateral wing are disposed on opposite sides of the main body. 
     In some embodiments, the first wing has a first tilt angle with respect to the main body and the second wing has a second tilt angle with respect to the main body. The first tilt angle and the second tilt angle are different. 
     In some embodiments, the first lateral wing is detachable and taken away from the main body. 
     In some embodiments, a first end of the first lateral wing is connected to the main body and a second end of the first lateral wing is connected to another lighting apparatus. 
     In some embodiments, a first end of the first lateral is connected to the main body and a second end opposite to the first end has an inwardly curve. 
     In some embodiments, there are multiple tilt angles of the first lateral wing with respect to the external side wall of the main body selectable. 
     In some embodiments, there are multiple sliding tracks disposed on the external side wall of the main body for selectively installing the first lateral wing to select the tilt angles. 
     In some embodiments, the lighting apparatus may have a rotating axial structure for connecting the first lateral wing to the main body for the first lateral wing to rotate with respect to the main body to change the tilt angle. 
     In some embodiments, a connection portion of the main body to connect the light passing cover has a first width, the light passing cover has an enlarged cross section with a second width, the second width is larger than the first width. 
     In some embodiments, the elongated light source is disposed at a bottom of the main body and the main body has an air passing cavity above the elongated light source, and there is an air hole on the main body for heat dissipation. 
     In some embodiments, the lighting apparatus may have a first cap cover and a second cap cover disposed on two ends of the main housing. 
     In some embodiments, the first cap cover is attached with a plug line connecting to a power source, and the second cap cover has a socket for connecting to another lighting apparatus. 
     In some embodiments, an attached device is attached to the socket of the second cap for receiving a working power to operate the attached device. 
     In some embodiments, the attached device receives a wireless external command from an external device to control the elongated light source. 
     In some embodiments, a driver is disposed in the main body of the main housing for converting an indoor power to a driving current supplied to the elongated light source. 
     In some embodiments, the lateral wing emits a second light. 
     In some embodiments, there is a second light source disposed on the first lateral wing. 
     In some embodiments, there is a connector for providing electricity to the second light source on the first lateral wing. 
     In some embodiments, there is a third light source emitting light to a light guide on the first lateral wing to emit light from the first lateral wing. 
     Please refer to  FIG. 1  to  FIG. 5 , the linear lighting apparatus includes a main housing  10 , a light source module  20 , a driver  30 , a lateral wing  40  and two cap cover  50 . The light source module  20  is installed in the main housing  10 . The driver  30  and the light source module  20  is connected electronically, in order to drive the light source module  20  to work. The lateral wing  40  is detachably installed on the external side wall of the main housing  10  and is used to adjust the output light angle of the light source module  20 . When the lateral wing  40  is installed, it may achieve a small light angle output. When the lateral wing  40  is removed, it may achieve a wider angle light output. Thus, the output light angle of the light source module  20  may be adjusted through the detachable structure of the lateral wing  40 . The two cap cover  50  are installed separately on the two ends of the main housing  10 , in order to conceal the two ends of the main housing  10 . The external side wall of main housing  10  has set up the first guiding track  101  along its axial direction. The lateral wing  40  is installed in the main housing  10 , in order to implement the detachable connection between the lateral wing  40  and the main housing  10 . The sliding cover  60  is detachably installed on the cap cover  50 , which is used to engage with the lateral wing  40 , in order to prevent the lateral wing  40  from slipping out of the first guiding track  101 . The lateral wing  40  may be detached from the cap cover  50  via the sliding cover  60  when it needs to be removed. At the moment, the lateral wing  40  may slip out of the first guiding track  101 , implementing the separation between the lateral wing  40  and the main housing  10 . The lateral wing  40  may be slid in the first guiding track  101  when it needs to be installed, and then install a sliding cover  60  on the cap cover  50  in order to fix the lateral wing  40 . 
     In an embodiment, the linear lighting apparatus has a wider scope of application than the technologies nowadays. The first guiding track  101  is installed on the external side wall of main housing  10 , along the axial direction of the main housing  10 . Cooperating with the detachable installation of the sliding cover  60  which is useful for fixing the lateral wing  40  in order to prevent the lateral wing  40  from slipping out of the first guiding track  101  on the cap cover  50 . When the lateral wing  40  is installed, it may achieve a small light angle output. When the lateral wing  40  is removed, it may achieve a wider angle light output. Thus, the adjusting of the output light angle of the light source module  20  may be implemented via the detachable structure of the lateral wing  40 , which may meet the demand for different output light angles. 
     Please refer to  FIG. 5  and  FIG. 7  to  FIG. 11 , the linear lighting apparatus has a positioning groove  61  installed on the sliding cover  60  along the axial direction of the main housing  10 . The limiter structure  70 , which is used to cooperate with the positioning groove  61 , is installed on the side wall of the cap cover  50 . Via the cooperation between the limiter structure  70  and the positioning groove  61 , the sliding cover  60  may be prevented from slipping out of the cap cover  50  in the direction of departure. In an embodiment, the first opening  611  is installed on the positioning groove  61  toward one side of the cap cover  50 . The limiter structure includes the guiding bar  71 , and the stop plate  72  which is installed on the guiding bar  71  near one side of the main housing  10 . The stop plate  72  is a slidable installation in the positioning groove  61 , in addition, one side of the guiding bar  71  near the sliding cover  60  reaches into the positioning groove  61  through the first opening  611 . The guiding bar  71  is provided to guide the sliding direction when the sliding cover  60  is in touch with the cap cover  50 , to avoid displacement. It should be noted that the width on the guiding bar  71  in the radial direction of the main housing  10  is smaller than the width on the first opening  611  in the radial direction of the main housing  10 , and the width on the stop plate  72  in the radial direction of the main housing  10  is larger than the width on the first opening  611  in the radial direction of the main housing  10 . Therefore, when the sliding cover  60  needs to be installed, the guiding bar  71  may pass through the first opening  611  and reach into the positioning groove  61 , to play the role in guiding. When the sliding cover  60  continues to move toward the main housing  10 , the stop plate  72  slides in the positioning groove  61  at the moment. Since the width on the stop plate  72  in the radial direction of the main housing  10  is larger than the width on the first opening  611  in the radial direction of the main housing  10 , the stop plate  72  may not be released from the first opening  611 . Thus, the sliding cover  60  is restricted to move in the opposite direction from cap cover  50 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the linear lighting apparatus includes a guiding side  721  is installed on one side of stop plate  72 , which is far from main housing  10 . The width on the guiding side  721  in the radial direction of the main housing  10  gradually increasing along the direction near the main housing  10 , to play a good role in guiding function when the sliding cover  60  slides in. The maximum width on the stop plate  72  in the radial direction of the main housing  10  is equal to the maximum width on the positioning groove  61  in the radial direction of the main housing  10 . Thereby, it may have an effect of friction after the sliding cover  60  slides into place, preventing the sliding cover  60  from being easily detached from the cap cover  50 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the linear lighting apparatus may have a first buckle  62  installed on a sliding cover  60 . A second buckle  51 , which is used to cooperate with the first buckle  62 , is installed on the cap cover  50 . The cooperation between the first buckle  62  and the second buckle  51  may prevent the sliding cover  60  from being detached in the opposite direction of the main housing  10 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 8  and  FIG. 9 , the linear lighting apparatus has a limiting block  52  is installed on the side wall of the cap cover  50 . When the sliding cover  60  is fixed on the cap cover  50 , the end of the sliding cover  60  near the main housing  10  abuts on the limiting block  52  at the moment. To limit the location, avoiding the sliding cover  60  to continue moving toward the main housing  10 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 10  to  FIG. 13 , the linear lighting apparatus has a second opening  102  installed on one side of the first guiding track  101  towards the lateral wing  40 . The lateral wing  40  includes the installation plate  41  and the lateral plate  42 , which is disposed at an angle to the installation plate  41 . The installation plate  41  is installed in the first guiding track  101 , and the lateral plate  42  reaches out of the first guiding track  101  through the second opening  102 , to play the role in limiting the output light angle of the light source module  20 . The width on the installation plate  41  in the radial direction of the main housing  10  is larger than the width on the second opening  102  in the radial direction of the main housing  10 . Thus, the installation plate  41  may be fixed in the first guiding track  101 , avoiding the installation plate  41  being unable to detach from the second opening  102 . The width on the lateral plate  42  in the radial direction of the main housing  10  is smaller than the width on the second opening  102  in the radial direction of the main housing  10 , so that the lateral plate  42  may reach out of the second opening  102 , to adjust the output light angle of the light source module  20 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , one of a cap cover  50  is provided with a plug  53 , which is useful for connecting with indoor electricity power, the other one is provided with the plug  54 . The plug  54  may be used to provide the inserting of plug  53  on another linear lighting apparatus, to implement the electrical connection between different linear lighting apparatus, and rapidly assemble different linear lighting apparatus. It is convenient to use and may meet the demands of lighting in different occasions. Please refer to  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 5 , the second guiding track  103  is installed on the inner side wall of the main housing  10 . The light source module  20  is installed in the second guiding track  103 , to implement the rapid installation and fixation of the light source module  20 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , the main housing  10  includes a main body  11  and a lighting passing cover  12 , which is two-color extrusion shaping with the main body  11 . The main body  11  and the lighting passing cover  12  are encircled to form a hollow structure, which is used to contain a light source module  20 , the luminous surface of the light source module  20  faces the lighting passing cover  12 . By employing the main housing  10 , which is made of two-color extrusion shaping, the phenomenon of the light leakage at the connection between the main body  11  and the lighting passing cover  12  may be effectively avoided. The main body  11  may be made of metal material, and the lighting passing cover  12  may be made of plastic material. 
     Please refer to  FIG. 4  and  FIG. 6 , the linear lighting apparatus has a fifth guiding track  111  installed on the external side wall of the two opposite devices of the main body  11 . The linear lighting apparatus also includes a hanging unit  80 , which is used to install linear lighting apparatus on a mounting surface (such as a ceiling). The hanging unit  80  includes a second elastic clip  81 , a hanging chain  82  and a second fastener  83 . The two ends of the second elastic clip  81  are separately fixed in the fifth guiding track  111 . One end of the hanging chain  82  is connected with the second elastic clip  81 , the other one is connected with the second fastener  83 . The installation and fixable of linear lighting apparatus may be implemented by the cooperation between the second fastener  83  and the mounting surface. An expansion screw is preferred for the second fastener  83 . When the linear lighting apparatus needs to be installed on the mounting surface, the second fastener  83  may be connected and fixed on the mounting surface first, and then the fifth guiding track  111  of the linear lighting apparatus may be cooperated with the second elastic clip  81 , so that the linear lighting apparatus may be installed on the mounting surface. 
     Please refer to  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 10  and  FIG. 11 , the linear lighting apparatus also includes the clamping module, which is useful for the cap cover  50  to detachably installed on the main housing  10 . The cap cover  50  may be rapidly assembled with the main housing  10  by the installation of the clamping module. Specifically, the clamping module includes the block hole  91  and the block  92 , which is cooperated with the block hole  91 . In an embodiment, the block hole  91  is installed on the main housing  10  and the block  92  is installed on the cap cover  50 . It should be noted that the method of installation of the clip and the block hole  91  is not limited to this. For example, in another embodiment, the block hole  91  may also be installed on the cap cover  50  and the block  92  may be installed on the main housing  10 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 6 , the linear lighting apparatus includes a color temperature switch  100  which can be used to adjust the color temperature of the light source module  20  is installed on one of the cap cover  50 . The color temperature switch  100  may switch multiple color temperatures. Specifically, through holes are installed on the cap cover  50 . The color temperature switch  100  includes pulling string  110 , one end of the pulling string  110  passes through the hole and exposes out of the cap cover  50 , so that the color temperature may be conveniently switched. 
     Please refer to  FIG. 14  and  FIG. 15 , the linear lighting apparatus also includes a support plate  200  which is used to support the light source module  20 . The third guiding track  104  is installed on the inner side wall of the main housing  10 , and the support plate  200  is clamped in the third guiding track  104 . The fourth guiding track  210  is installed on the support plate  200  and the fourth guiding track  210  is clamped in the light source module  20 , which may also implement the installation of the light source module  20 . 
     Please refer to  FIG. 14  and  FIG. 15 . In the second embodiment, the hanging unit  80  includes the first fastener, the two ends of the first shrapnel  84  are separately clamped in the fifth guiding track  111 . The first fastener is used to connected and fixed on the mounting surface. The installation of a linear lighting apparatus may be implemented by the cooperation between the first fastener and the mounting surface. The first fastener is preferred to be an expansion screw. When linear lighting apparatus needs to be installed on a mounting surface, the first fastener may be connected and fixed on the mounting surface first, and then the fifth guiding track  111  of linear lighting apparatus is cooperated with the first shrapnel  84 , to install linear lighting apparatus on the mounting surface. 
     The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. 
     The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. 
     Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims.