Patent Publication Number: US-9838964-B2

Title: Application driven fast dormancy

Description:
TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The technology discussed in this patent application relates generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to mitigating power consumption of user equipment in a wireless communications network. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. One example of such a network is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). 
     As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, research and development continue to advance the UMTS technologies not only to meet the growing demand for mobile broadband access, but to advance and enhance the user experience with mobile communications. One important aspect of the user experience is the operating time of a battery-powered mobile device. With the increasing data usage of the mobile device, the operating time of the mobile device is significantly affected by how effective the mobile device can handle its power usage. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF SOME SAMPLE EMBODIMENTS 
     The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects of the present disclosure, in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated features of the disclosure, and is intended neither to identify key or critical elements of all aspects of the disclosure nor to delineate the scope of any or all aspects of the disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects of the disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. 
     Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a user equipment operable in a wireless communications network and methods in which the user equipment can be transitioned into a dormant state controlled by an application driven scheme. 
     In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of operating a controller (e.g., a radio network controller or RNC) in a wireless communications network. The method includes receiving a request from an active process at an application server to trigger a wireless device to enter a dormant state; receiving network traffic information corresponding to a time interval from the wireless device; and if the network traffic information indicates that the active process is solely responsible for network traffic at a transport layer of the wireless device during the time interval, transmitting one or more commands to the wireless device such that the wireless device enters the dormant state. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a method of operating a wireless device in a communications network. The method includes storing network traffic information at the wireless device for a time interval; transmitting the network traffic information from the wireless device to a controller of the communications network in response to receiving a request from the controller; and entering a dormant state in response to receiving one or more commands from the controller. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a controller operable in a wireless communications network. The controller includes means for receiving a request from an active process at an application server to trigger a wireless device to enter a dormant state; means for receiving network traffic information corresponding to a time interval from the wireless device; and if the network traffic information indicates that the active process is solely responsible for network traffic at a transport layer of the wireless device during the time interval, means for transmitting one or more commands to the wireless device such that the wireless device enters the dormant state. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a wireless device operable in a communications network. The wireless device includes means for storing network traffic information at the wireless device for a time interval; means for transmitting the network traffic information from the wireless device to a controller of the communications network in response to receiving a request from the controller; and means for entering a dormant state in response to receiving one or more commands from the controller. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a controller operable in a wireless communications network. The controller includes at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive a request from an active process at an application server to trigger a wireless device to enter a dormant state; receive network traffic information corresponding to a time interval from the wireless device; and if the network traffic information indicates that the active process is solely responsible for network traffic at a transport layer of the wireless device during the time interval, transmit one or more commands to the wireless device such that the wireless device enters the dormant state. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a wireless device operable in a communications network. The wireless device includes at least one processor; and a memory coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: store network traffic information at the wireless device for a time interval; transmit the network traffic information from the wireless device to a controller of the communications network in response to receiving a request from the controller; and enter a dormant state in response to receiving one or more commands from the controller. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides a computer program product. The computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium including code for causing a wireless device operable in a communications network to: store network traffic information at the wireless device for a time interval; transmit the network traffic information from the wireless device to a controller of the communications network in response to receiving a request from the controller; and enter a dormant state in response to receiving one or more commands from the controller. 
     Another aspect of the disclosure provides computer program product. The computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium including code for causing a controller of a wireless communications network to: receive a request from an active process at an application server to trigger a wireless device to enter a dormant state; receive network traffic information corresponding to a time interval from the wireless device; and if the network traffic information indicates that the active process is solely responsible for network traffic at a transport layer of the wireless device during the time interval, transmit one or more commands to the wireless device such that the wireless device enters the dormant state. 
     Other aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, upon reviewing the following description of specific, exemplary embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying figures. While features of the present invention may be discussed relative to certain embodiments and figures below, all embodiments of the present invention can include one or more of the advantageous features discussed herein. In other words, while one or more embodiments may be discussed as having certain advantageous features, one or more of such features may also be used in accordance with the various embodiments of the invention discussed herein. In similar fashion, while exemplary embodiments may be discussed below as device, system, or method embodiments it should be understood that such exemplary embodiments can be implemented in various devices, systems, and methods 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a user equipment (UE) according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a radio network controller (RNC) according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a radio protocol architecture for the user and control plane to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram conceptually illustrating the operational modes of a UE operable in the network of  FIG. 1  to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a functional block diagram illustrating some elements of a communications network that implements an application driven fast dormancy control scheme according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is a drawing conceptually illustrating a port activity statistics table according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is a drawing conceptually illustrating an example of a timeline for a number of network I/O events recorded in a port activity statistics table according to some embodiments. 
         FIG. 9  is a flow chart illustrating a method for operating a wireless communications network that is configured to implement an application driven fast dormancy control scheme according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts. 
     Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a wireless communications network (e.g., a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UTMS)) and methods in which a network entity (e.g., a user equipment, a wireless device, an access terminal, etc.) operable in the network can be transitioned into a low power state or a dormant state in response to an indication that an active process (e.g., an application running at an application server) is finished making use of the network entity to transfer packet data. The active process (e.g., an email server) has knowledge that it is unlikely to have further data traffic with a user equipment (UE) for a time period. Therefore, the active process can send the indication to a suitable control entity (e.g., RNC) in the network such that the control entity is aware of the situation and may take suitable actions to trigger the UE to enter a dormant state to reduce the UE&#39;s power consumption. 
     It is beneficial to quickly enter a dormant state upon completion of current data traffic to conserve the battery power of the UE when no further data transfer is anticipated. In this disclosure, the dormant state generally refers to a condition in which the UE enters a lower power consuming state and may release one or more of its signaling channels. However, if the UE goes dormant prematurely, it will undesirably increase the air signaling overhead to bring up the data call again. In the related art, this trade-off may be addressed by having a network wide inactivity timer for a duration t a , and dormancy (i.e., entering the dormant state) is triggered when there is no data traffic for the duration t a  and the timer is reset whenever there is any data traffic. 
     Sometimes, however, the network-wide timer approach is sub-optimal for cases where a specific application triggered and consumed the data traffic, and the application has knowledge that no further data traffic is expected or likely for some predetermined interval. In such a scenario, the data call will not go dormant for the t a  duration even though there is no data traffic expected during the above duration. Therefore, as illustrated in the examples of the present disclosure below, applications that follow periodic synchronization schedules will benefit from an application driven approach to trigger the UE to enter dormancy. For example, once an email application has downloaded all the emails to the UE, the UE can be put into dormancy right away if there is no other user of the data call, and the next email download is scheduled to happen only after a certain time interval. Other aspects and examples of the present disclosure will be described below in more detail. 
     The various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be implemented across a broad variety of telecommunication systems, network architectures, and communication standards.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example of a wireless communications system  100  such as a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network. But embodiments of the present invention can be utilized in other types of communication networks. 
     Referring now to  FIG. 1 , as an illustrative example without limitation, various aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated with reference to the UMTS network  100 . The UMTS network  100  includes three interacting domains: a core network  104 , a radio access network (RAN)  102  (e.g., a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)), and a user equipment (UE)  110 . Among several options available for a UTRAN  102 , in this example, the illustrated UTRAN  102  may employ a W-CDMA air interface for enabling various wireless services including telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and/or other services. The UTRAN  102  may include a plurality of Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs) such as an RNS  107 , each controlled by a respective Radio Network Controller (RNC) such as an RNC  106 . Here, the UTRAN  102  may include any number of RNCs  106  and RNSs  107  in addition to the illustrated RNCs  106  and RNSs  107 . The RNC  106  is an apparatus responsible for, among other things, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing radio resources within the RNS  107 . The RNC  106  may be interconnected to other RNCs (not shown) in the UTRAN  102  through various types of interfaces such as a direct physical connection, a virtual network, or the like using any suitable transport network. 
     The geographic region covered by the RNS  107  may be divided into a number of cells, with a radio transceiver apparatus serving each cell. A radio transceiver apparatus is commonly referred to as a Node B  108  in UMTS applications, but may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a base station (BS), a base transceiver station (BTS), a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), an access point (AP), or some other suitable terminology. For clarity, only three Node Bs  108  are shown in each RNS  107 ; however, the RNSs  107  may include any number of wireless Node Bs. The Node Bs  108  provide wireless access points to a core network  104  for any number of mobile apparatuses. Examples of a mobile apparatus include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a notebook, a netbook, a smartbook, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a satellite radio, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player), a camera, a game console, or any other similar functioning device. The mobile apparatus is commonly referred to as user equipment (UE) in UMTS applications, but may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station (MS), a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal (AT), a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a terminal, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. 
     In the UMTS network  100 , the UE  110  may further include a universal subscriber identity module (USIM), which contains a user&#39;s subscription information to a network. For illustrative purposes, one UE  110  is shown in communication with a number of the Node Bs  108 . The downlink (DL), also called the forward link, refers to the communication link from a Node B  108  to a UE  110 , and the uplink (UL), also called the reverse link, refers to the communication link from a UE  110  to a Node B  108 . 
     The core network  104  can interface with one or more access networks, such as the UTRAN  102 . As shown, the core network  104  is a UMTS core network. However, as those skilled in the art will recognize, the various concepts presented throughout this disclosure may be implemented in a RAN, or other suitable access networks, to provide UEs with access to types of core networks other than UMTS networks. 
     The illustrated UMTS core network  104  includes a circuit-switched (CS) domain and a packet-switched (PS) domain. Some of the circuit-switched elements are a Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC), a Visitor Location Register (VLR), and a Gateway MSC (GMSC). Packet-switched elements include a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and a Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Some network elements, like EIR, HLR, VLR, and AuC, may be shared by both of the circuit-switched and packet-switched domains. 
     In the illustrated example, the core network  104  supports circuit-switched services with an MSC  112  and a GMSC  114 . In some applications, the GMSC  114  may be referred to as a media gateway (MGW). One or more RNCs, such as the RNC  106 , may be connected to the MSC  112 . The MSC  112  is an apparatus that controls call setup, call routing, and UE mobility functions. The MSC  112  also includes a visitor location register (VLR) that contains subscriber-related information for the duration that a UE is in the coverage area of the MSC  112 . The GMSC  114  provides a gateway through the MSC  112  for the UE to access a circuit-switched network  116 . The GMSC  114  includes a home location register (HLR)  115  containing subscriber data, such as the data reflecting the details of the services to which a particular user has subscribed. The HLR is also associated with an authentication center (AuC) that contains subscriber-specific authentication data. When a call is received for a particular UE, the GMSC  114  queries the HLR  115  to determine the UE&#39;s location and forwards the call to the particular MSC serving that location. 
     The illustrated core network  104  also supports packet-switched data services with a serving GPRS support node (SGSN)  118  and a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN)  120 . General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is designed to provide packet-data services at speeds higher than those available with standard circuit-switched data services. The GGSN  120  provides a connection for the UTRAN  102  to a packet-based network  122 . The packet-based network  122  may be the Internet, a private data network, or some other suitable packet-based network. 
     An active process  124   a  (hereafter “Application”) running on an application server  124  in the network  122  may be in data communication with the UE  110  via the UTRAN  102  and the core network  104 . The primary function of the GGSN  120  is to provide the UEs  110  with packet-based network connectivity. Data packets may be transferred between the GGSN  120  and the UEs  110  through the SGSN  118 , which performs primarily the same functions in the packet-based domain as the MSC  112  performs in the circuit-switched domain. In some examples, the application server  124  may be an email server, an instant messaging server, a database server, or any other suitable server or computer running one or more active processes such as the Application  124   a , which may be configured to synchronize (e.g., transfer data) with the UE  110  periodically. The Application  124   a  will be described below in greater detail. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating select components of the UE  110  according to at least one example. Components of the UE  110  generally known in the art are not shown for reasons of clarity and comprehensibility. As shown  FIG. 2 , the UE  110  generally includes a processing circuit  202  coupled to or placed in electrical communication with a communications interface  204  and a storage medium  206 . 
     The processing circuit  202  is arranged to obtain, process and/or send data, control data access and storage, issue commands, and control other desired operations. The processing circuit  202  may include circuitry adapted to implement desired programming provided by appropriate media in at least one example. For example, the processing circuit  202  may be implemented as one or more processors, one or more controllers, and/or other structure configured to execute executable programming. Examples of the processing circuit  202  may include a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic component, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may include a microprocessor, as well as any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processing circuit  202  may also be implemented as a combination of computing components, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a number of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, an ASIC and a microprocessor, or any other number of varying configurations. These examples of the processing circuit  202  are for illustration and other suitable configurations within the scope of the present disclosure are also contemplated. 
     The processing circuit  202  is adapted for processing, including the execution of programming, which may be stored on the storage medium  206 . As used herein, the term “programming” shall be construed broadly to include without limitation instructions, instruction sets, data, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. 
     The communications interface  204  is configured to facilitate wireless communications of the UE  110 . For example, the communications interface  204  may include circuitry and/or programming adapted to facilitate the communication of information bi-directionally with respect to one or more network nodes. The communications interface  204  may be coupled to one or more antennas (not shown), and includes wireless transceiver circuitry, including at least one receiver circuit  208  (e.g., one or more receiver chains) and/or at least one transmitter circuit  210  (e.g., one or more transmitter chains). 
     The storage medium  206  may represent one or more computer-readable, machine-readable, and/or processor-readable devices for storing programming, such as processor executable code or instructions (e.g., software, firmware), electronic data, databases, or other digital information. The storage medium  206  may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processing circuit  202  when executing programming. The storage medium  206  may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose processor, including portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing and/or carrying programming By way of example and not limitation, the storage medium  206  may include a computer-readable, machine-readable, and/or processor-readable storage medium such as a magnetic storage device (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strip), an optical storage medium (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD)), a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), a register, a removable disk, and/or other mediums for storing programming, as well as any combination thereof. 
     The storage medium  206  may be coupled to the processing circuit  202  such that the processing circuit  202  can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium  206 . That is, the storage medium  206  can be coupled to the processing circuit  202  so that the storage medium  206  is at least accessible by the processing circuit  202 , including examples where the storage medium  206  is integral to the processing circuit  202  and/or examples where the storage medium  206  is separate from the processing circuit  202  (e.g., resident in the UE  110 , external to the UE  110 , and/or distributed across multiple entities). 
     Programming stored by the storage medium  206 , when executed by the processing circuit  202 , causes the processing circuit  202  to perform one or more of the various functions and/or process steps described herein. For example, the storage medium  206  may include a port activity statistics (PAS) table  212 , and the processing circuit  202  may include a PAS generation circuitry  216  to generate, update, and/or maintain the PAS table  212 . The UE  110  may utilize the PAS table  212  to keep track of all the TCP/UDP ports that have any packet input/input (I/O) within a period of time. The PAS table  212  will be described in more detail infra. The storage medium  206  may also include a dormancy handling routine  214 . The processing circuit  202  may include a dormancy circuitry  218  that perform various dormancy functions in accordance with the dormancy handling routine  214 . The dormancy functions will be described in more detail infra. 
     Thus, according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure, the processing circuit  202  is adapted to perform (in conjunction with the storage medium  206 ) any or all of the processes, functions, steps and/or routines for any or all of the UEs described herein (e.g., UE  110 ). As used herein, the term “adapted” in relation to the processing circuit  202  may refer to the processing circuit  202  being one or more of configured, employed, implemented, and/or programmed to perform a particular process, function, step and/or routine according to various features described herein. 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram illustrating select components of the RNC  106  according to at least one implementation. Components of the RNC  106  generally known in the art are not shown for reasons of clarity and comprehensibility. As shown, the RNC  106  includes a processing circuit  302  coupled to or placed in electrical communication with a communications interface  304  and to a storage medium  306 . The processing circuit  302  is arranged to obtain, process and/or send data, control data access and storage, issue commands, and control other desired operations. The processing circuit  302  may include circuitry adapted for processing, including the execution and implementation of programming provided by appropriate media, including media stored on the storage medium  306  in at least one example. Examples and implementations for the processing circuit  302  may include any of the various examples and implementations of the processing circuit  202  described above with reference to  FIG. 2 . The examples of the processing circuit  302  including those set forth with reference to the processing circuit  202  in  FIG. 2  are for illustration, and other suitable configurations within the scope of the present disclosure are also contemplated. 
     The communications interface  304  is configured to facilitate wired and/or wireless communications of the RNC  106 . For example, the communications interface  304  may include circuitry and/or programming adapted to facilitate the communication of information bi-directionally with respect to one or more UEs, as well as one or more other network nodes. The communications interface  304  may be coupled to one or more antennas (not shown), and includes wireless transceiver circuitry, including at least one receiver circuit  308  (e.g., one or more receiver chains) and/or at least one transmitter circuit  310  (e.g., one or more transmitter chains). 
     The storage medium  306  may represent one or more computer-readable, machine-readable, and/or processor-readable devices for storing programming, such as processor executable code or instructions (e.g., software, firmware), electronic data, databases, or other digital information. The storage medium  306  may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processing circuit  302  when executing programming. The storage medium  306  may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose processor, including portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other mediums capable of storing, containing and/or carrying programming Examples of the storage medium  306  may include any of the examples included in the description of the storage medium  206  set forth above with reference to  FIG. 2 . 
     The storage medium  306  may be coupled to the processing circuit  302  such that the processing circuit  302  can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium  306 . That is, the storage medium  306  can be coupled to the processing circuit  302  so that the storage medium  306  is at least accessible by the processing circuit  302 , including examples where the storage medium  306  is integral to the processing circuit  302  and/or examples where the storage medium  306  is separate from the processing circuit  302  (e.g., resident in the RNC  106 , external to the RNC  106 , and/or distributed across multiple entities). 
     Programming stored by the storage medium  306 , when executed by the processing circuit  302 , causes the processing circuit  302  to perform one or more of the various functions and/or process steps described herein. For example, the storage medium  306  may include a dormancy manager  312 , and the processing circuit  102  may include a dormancy circuitry  314  that is adapted to perform various functions in accordance with the dormancy manager  312 . The various functions of the dormancy manager  312  will be described in more detail infra. Thus, according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure, the processing circuit  302  is adapted to perform (in conjunction with the storage medium  306 ) any or all of the processes, functions, steps and/or routines for any or all of the RNC  106  described herein. As used herein, the term “adapted” in relation to the processing circuit  302  may refer to the processing circuit  302  being one or more of configured, employed, implemented, and/or programmed to perform a particular process, function, step and/or routine according to various features described herein. 
     In a wireless telecommunication network, the communication protocol architecture may take on various forms depending on the particular application. For example, in a 3GPP UMTS network, the signaling protocol stack is divided into a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) and an Access Stratum (AS). The NAS provides the upper layers, for signaling between the UE  110  and the core network  104  (referring to  FIG. 1 ), and may include circuit switched and packet switched protocols. The AS provides the lower layers, for signaling between the UTRAN  102  and the UE  110 , and may include a user plane and a control plane. Here, the user plane or data plane carries user traffic, while the control plane carries control information (i.e., signaling). 
       FIG. 4  is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a radio protocol architecture for the user and control plane. Turning to  FIG. 4 , the AS is shown with three layers: Layer 1, Layer 2, and Layer 3. Layer 1 is the lowest layer and implements various physical layer signal processing functions. Layer 1 will be referred to herein as the physical layer  406 . The data link layer, called Layer 2  408 , is above the physical layer  406  and is responsible for the link between the UE  110  and Node B  108  over the physical layer  406 . At Layer 3, a Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer  416  handles the control plane signaling between the UE  110  and the Node B  108 . The RRC layer  416  includes a number of functional entities for routing higher layer messages, handling broadcasting and paging functions, establishing and configuring radio bearers, etc. 
     In the illustrated air interface, the L2 layer  408  is split into sublayers. In the control plane, the L2 layer  408  includes two sublayers: a medium access control (MAC) sublayer  410  and a radio link control (RLC) sublayer  412 . In the user plane, the L2 layer  408  additionally includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sublayer  414 . Although not shown, the UE  110  may have several upper layers above the L2 layer  408  including a network layer (e.g., IP layer) that is terminated at a PDN gateway on the network side and an application layer that is terminated at the other end of the connection (e.g., far end UE, server, etc.). 
     The PDCP sublayer  414  provides multiplexing between different radio bearers and logical channels. The PDCP sublayer  414  also provides header compression for upper layer data packets to reduce radio transmission overhead, security by ciphering the data packets, and handover support for UEs between Node Bs. 
     The RLC sublayer  412  generally supports an acknowledged mode (AM) (where an acknowledgment and retransmission process may be used for error correction), an unacknowledged mode (UM), and a transparent mode for data transfers, and provides segmentation and reassembly of upper layer data packets and reordering of data packets to compensate for out-of-order reception due to a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) at the MAC layer. In the acknowledged mode, RLC peer entities such as an RNC and a UE may exchange various RLC protocol data units (PDUs) including RLC Data PDUs, RLC Status PDUs, and RLC Reset PDUs, among others. In the present disclosure, the term “packet” may refer to any RLC PDU exchanged between RLC peer entities. 
     The MAC sublayer  410  provides multiplexing between logical and transport channels. The MAC sublayer  410  is also responsible for allocating the various radio resources (e.g., resource blocks) in one cell among the UEs. The MAC sublayer  410  is also responsible for HARQ operations. 
     According to various aspects of this disclosure, power mitigation of a UE  110  can be driven from the Application  124   a  that has been in data communication with the UE  110 . 
       FIG. 5  is a state diagram illustrating the operational modes of a UE  110  operable in, for example, the UMTS network  100  as described above. Two basic operational modes of a UE are idle mode and connected mode. The connected mode can be further divided into a number of service states, which define what kind of physical channels the UE  110  is using.  FIG. 5  shows the main RRC service states in the connected mode. It also shows the transitions between an idle mode  500  and the connected mode and the possible transitions within the connected mode. In the idle mode  500 , the UE  110  is able to receive system information and cell broadcast (CB) messages. The UE  110  stays in the idle mode  500  until it transmits a request to establish an RRC connection. In the idle mode  500 , the UTRAN  102  has no information of its own about the individual idle-mode UEs and can only address, for example, all UEs in a cell or all UEs monitoring a paging occasion. 
     In the connected mode, the UE  110  may be in one of a Cell_DCH state  502 , a Cell_FACH state  504 , a Cell PCH_state  506 , and a URA_PCH state  508 . In the Cell_DCH state  502 , a dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE  110 , and the UE  110  is known by its serving RNC on a cell or active set level. In the Cell_FACH state  504 , no dedicated physical channel is allocated for the UE  110 , but random access channels (RACHs) and forward access channels (FACHs) are used instead, for transmitting both signaling messages and small amounts of user-plane data. The UE&#39;s power consumption is typically less in the Cell_FACH state  504  than that of the Cell_DCH state  502 . 
     In the Cell_PCH state  506 , the UE  110  is still known on a cell level in the serving RNC (SRNC), but it can be reached only via the paging channel (PCH). In this state, the UE&#39;s battery consumption is less than that of the Cell_DCH state  502  and/or the Cell_FACH state  504  since the monitoring of the PCH includes a discontinuous reception (DRX) functionality. If the UE  110  performs a cell reselection, then it moves autonomously to the Cell_FACH state  504  to execute the Cell Update procedure, after which it re-enters the Cell_PCH state  506  if no other activity is triggered during the Cell Update procedure. If a new cell is selected from another radio access system, then the UTRAN state is changed to the idle mode  500  and access to the other system is performed according to that system&#39;s specifications. 
     The URA_PCH state  508  is very similar to the Cell_PCH state  506 , except that the UE  110  does not execute Cell Update after each cell reselection, but instead reads UTRAN Registration Area (URA) identities from the BCH, and only if the URA changes (after cell reselection) does the UE  110  inform its location to the SRNC. The power consumption of the UE  110  is typically less in the URA_PCH state  508  than that of the Cell_DCH state  502  and/or the Cell_FACH state  504 . 
     The UE  110  leaves the connected mode and returns to the idle mode  500  when the RRC connection is released or at RRC connection failure. Transitioning the UE  110  among the above states involves exchanging control messages on the control channels. For example, the UE  110  can send a signaling connection release indication (SCRI) to the RNC  106 . Based on the values of the received SCRI, the RNC  106  may command the UE  110  to use the Cell_PCH state  506  or the URA_PCH state  508 , instead of releasing the RRC connection and dropping the UE  110  into the idle mode  500 . In another example, the RNC  106  can command the UE  110  to drop to the idle mode  500  directly from the Cell_DCH state  502 . 
     In the idle mode  500 , the UE  110  can transition to the Cell_DCH state  502  or Cell_FACH state  504 . This transition from the idle mode  500  is initiated by an RRC connection request. This step involves setting up the necessary radio access bearers (RABs). Transitions from the Cell_FACH state  504  or Cell_DCH state  502  to the Cell_PCH state  506  involves tearing down radio access bearers that have been allocated. A transition from the Cell_DCH state  502  to the Cell_FACH state  504  involves withdrawing the power and code allocated. When the UE  110  is the Cell_DCH state  502 , the UE  110  consumes more energy than the other states to keep the connection going in the DCH state. 
     In many wireless networks (e.g., UMTS), a connection can be transitioned from the Cell_DCH state  502  to the Cell_FACH state  504  to reduce power consumption under certain conditions, but data throughput in the Cell_FACH state  504  is lower than that of the Cell_DCH state  502 . However, the amount of energy required on the UE&#39;s side can still be significant in the Cell_FACH state  504 . Therefore, the UE  110  can be transitioned from the Cell_DCH state  502  and Cell_FACH  504  to an even lower energy consuming state, such as the Cell_PCH state  506 , the URA_PCH state  508 , or the Idle mode  500 . 
       FIG. 6  is a block diagram conceptually illustrating some elements of a wireless communications network that implements an application driven fast dormancy control scheme according to an example of this disclosure. The UE  110  is configured to keep track of the transport layer ports that have had any network activity (e.g., TCP or UDP) within a predetermined or configurable time period (e.g., t b  seconds). 
     In one example, a strategy for adaptively adjusting the time period after starting with a suitable time period (t b ) is to keep reducing this time period until it gets to the point where reducing it any further will adversely impact an application using the data connection right after it has been put into a dormant state. For instance, the time period t b  may be decreased by 100 ms after every successful request to go into a dormant state. A successful request may be defined as one that does not cause the system to come out of dormancy just after it enters the state upon the request. To prevent or avoiding hitting this situation too often, it would help to establish a lower bound for t b . The same reasoning may be used in the reverse case, wherein t b  will be increased by 100 ms until unsuccessful requests occur. 
     In one example, a network layer driver  600  of the UE  110  may be utilized to keep track of all the TCP/UDP ports that have any packet input/input (I/O) within the past t b  seconds. Information about this activity may be dynamically updated, recorded, stored, and/or maintained in a data structure called, for example, a port activity statistics (PAS) table  601 . 
       FIG. 7  is a drawing conceptually illustrating a port activity statistics table according to an example of the present disclosure. The PAS table  601  stores a number of tuples (data entries) in the form of &lt;port number, timestamp&gt;, where “timestamp” is the last time that a data packet was either sent from or received at the corresponding port of the UE  110 . In order to make lookups on this table fast, hash-based caching may be used in some examples of the disclosure. 
     In one example, the network layer driver  600  may be implemented as instructions or code stored in the computer-readable storage medium  206  ( FIG. 2 ) that is executed by the processor  202  ( FIG. 2 ). The PAS table  601  may be stored and dynamically updated in the storage medium  206 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 6 , an element is depicted as a dormancy manager (DM)  602  that contains the logic and algorithm of when to trigger dormancy at the UE  110  responsive to a request from an active process  604  that has been in data communication with the UE  110  prior to the request. The active process  604  is configured to communicate to the DM  602  that no future data transfer is anticipated under certain predetermined conditions. For example, the active process  604  may be an email server being accessed by the UE  110 . The email server may be configured to download emails to the UE  110  according to a predetermined synchronization schedule or cycle. When the mail server has downloaded all the emails to the UE  110  via the network (e.g., Internet  122 , CN  104 , UTRAN  102 ), the mail server notifies the DM  602  that it no longer needs to maintain a data connection with the UE  110 . Therefore, the DM  602  may trigger the UE  110  to enter dormancy if no other process has generated any TCP/UDP I/O during the last t b  seconds. However, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and the active process  604  may be other suitable processes or applications such as an instant messaging server, a social media services server, etc. 
       FIG. 8  is a drawing conceptually illustrating an example of a timeline for a number of network I/O events recorded in the PAS table  601 . Referring to  FIG. 8 , four network I/O events (A, B, C, and D) occur in sequence at the transport layer of the UE  110 . The port numbers and timestamps of these events may be stored in the PAS table  601  at the UE  110 . For example, an active process  604  (e.g., an email server) corresponding to the event D determines that it no longer needs to maintain an active data connection with the UE  110 . Therefore, the active process  604  sends a dormancy request to the DM  602  that, responsive to the request, obtains the PAS table  601  from the UE  110  and determines whether or not the active process  604  is solely responsible for network traffic (e.g., TCP or UDP traffic) at the transport layer of the UE  110  during the last t b  seconds. If it is determined that the active process  604  is the only process that generates any network I/O at the transport layer of the UE  110  during the last t b  seconds, the DM  602  sends one or more commands (e.g., RRC signaling messages) to the UE  110  that, responsive to the commands, enters dormancy. 
     In a UMTS network, RRC messages carry all parameters required to set up, modify and release layer 2 and layer 1 protocol entities. RRC messages also carry in their payload all higher layer signaling (mobility management (MM), connection management (CM), session management (SM), etc.). The mobility of user equipment in the connected mode is controlled by RRC signaling (measurements, handovers, cell updates, etc.). 
     In some examples, the DM  602  may also be able to distinguish between ports related to WiFi interfaces and those related to modem data channel interfaces utilized for transferring data between the UE  110  and the active process  604  via the wireless communications network. The DM  602  may be implemented as hardware, software, or a combination thereof at one or more elements of the UTRAN  102  and the core network  104 . For example, the RNC  106  may be configured to include the DM  602 . 
     In one example, the DM  602  receives or obtains a PAS table  601  transmitted from the UE  110  (e.g., the UE network layer driver  600 ), and analyzes the entries of the table to determine the set of transport ports that the active process  604  generated the I/O on and then subtracts this set from the set of port numbers in the PAS table  601 . In some examples, the UE  110  may analyze the PAS table  601  instead of the DM  602 , and transfers the results to the DM  602 . If the difference operation yields an empty set, the active process  604  requesting dormancy is the only active entity in the system as far as TCP/UDP communication is concerned. When the process/application  604  is the only entity that has performed network I/O over the last t b  seconds, the DM  602  may be configured to trigger the UE  110  to enter dormancy immediately. It is because the result indicates that no other process is or is likely to be using the network. For example, the DM  602  may transmit one or more commands (e.g., RRC signaling messages) to the UE  110  to trigger dormancy. 
     In the examples of this disclosure, when the UE  110  enters dormancy, it transitions from a first state to a second state that has lower energy consumption than that of the first state. The first state may be the Cell_DCH state  502 , Cell_FACH state  504 , the Cell_PCH  506 , or the URA_PCH state  508 . The second state may be the Cell_FACH state  504 , the Cell_PCH state  506 , the URA_PCH state  508 , or the idle mode  500 . In one example, the UE  110  may send the PAS table  601  to the DM  602  using the transmitter  210  ( FIG. 2 ), and receives the commands from the DM  602  using the receiver  208 . After one or more commands to enter dormancy are received by the UE  110 , the processing circuit  202  of the UE  110  (e.g., the PAS circuitry  216  and/or the dormancy circuitry  218 ) may execute corresponding instructions stored (e.g., dormancy routine  214 ) in the storage medium  206  to reconfigure one or more of its circuitries in order to enter dormancy. 
     In one example, the UE network-layer driver  600  maintains port-level last-packet timestamps in the PAS table  601 . In some examples, it can do so by reading the correct memory offset (after determining the IP and transport packet types) to determine the port numbers. Just reading the source and destination ports is not computationally intensive and so will only induce negligible overhead. The mechanism used for exposing the PAS table  601  to user space may be OS dependent. For instance, in Linux, this can be done by virtue of the proc file system. 
       FIG. 9  is a flow chart  700  illustrating a method for operating the UE  110  in a wireless communications network that is configured to implement an application driven fast dormancy control scheme according to an example of the disclosure. In  702 , the active process  604  running at a suitable application server (e.g., an email server) sends a request to the DM  602  to trigger data dormancy at the UE  110  that is configured to transfer data packets with the application via one or more data channels using the transport layer. Here, the UE  110  may be in the connected mode such as the Cell_DCH state  502  or Cell_FACH state  504 . In one example, the active process  604  may be an email server that is downloading emails to the UE  110  according to a synchronization schedule or cycle. When the active process  604  has downloaded all the emails to the UE  110  in a synchronization session, the active process  604  may determine that it has no more emails to exchange with the UE  110  and is unlikely to have further data transfer with the UE  110  in the same session. Accordingly, the active process  604  may send a request to the DM  602  to trigger dormancy at the UE  110 . 
     In  704 , responsive to the request from the active process  604 , the DM  602  may obtain a PAS table  601  (i.e., network traffic information) from the UE  110 . As described above, the PAS table  601  stores a number of tuples in the form of &lt;port number, timestamp&gt;, where “timestamp” is the last time that a packet was either sent from or received at the transport layer of the UE  110 . The DM  602  analyzes the data contained in the PAS table  601  to determine ( 706 ) whether or not the active process  604  was the only process that generated any network I/O at the transport layer during the last t b  seconds prior to the request. If the result is YES, in  708 , the DM  602  transmits one or more commands (e.g., RRC signaling messages) to the UE  110  to trigger it into dormancy. However, if the result is NO, in  710 , the DM  602  ignores the request from the active process  604 . In other words, the DM  602  will not send any commands to the UE  110  to trigger dormancy. When the UE  110  enters dormancy, it transitions from a first state to a second state having relatively lower energy consumption. 
     Several aspects of a telecommunications network have been presented with reference to a UMTS network. As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate, various aspects described throughout this disclosure may be extended to other telecommunication systems, network architectures and communication standards. 
     By way of example, various aspects may be extended to other UMTS systems such as TD-SCDMA and TD-CDMA. Various aspects may also be extended to systems employing Long Term Evolution (LTE) (in FDD, TDD, or both modes), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) (in FDD, TDD, or both modes), CDMA2000, Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB), Bluetooth, and/or other suitable systems. The actual telecommunication standard, network architecture, and/or communication standard employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system. 
     It is to be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed is an illustration of exemplary processes. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the methods may be rearranged. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented unless specifically recited therein. 
     The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims and equivalents thereof, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. A phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover: a; b; c; a and b; a and c; b and c; and a, b, and c. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”