Patent Publication Number: US-9846364-B2

Title: Method of forming resist pattern

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-110851, filed May 29, 2015, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present invention relates to a method of forming a resist pattern. 
     BACKGROUND ART 
     In lithography techniques, for example, a resist film composed of a resist material is formed on a substrate, and the resist film is subjected to selective exposure of radial rays such as light or electron beam through a mask having a predetermined pattern, followed by development, thereby forming a resist pattern having a predetermined shape on the resist film. 
     A resist material in which the exposed portions become soluble in a developing solution is called a positive-type, and a resist material in which the exposed portions become insoluble in a developing solution is called a negative-type. 
     In recent years, in the production of semiconductor elements and liquid crystal display elements, advances in lithography techniques have led to rapid progress in the field of pattern miniaturization. 
     Typically, these miniaturization techniques involve shortening the wavelength (and increasing the energy) of the exposure light source. Conventionally, ultraviolet radiation typified by g-line and i-line radiation has been used, but nowadays KrF excimer lasers and ArF excimer lasers are now starting to be introduced in mass production. Furthermore, research is also being conducted into lithography techniques that use an exposure light source having a wavelength shorter (energy higher) than these excimer lasers, such as electron beam, extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV), and X ray. 
     As a method of providing a finer pattern, a method of shrinking (reducing) a hole pattern by thickening the pattern has been proposed. 
     For example, in Patent Document 1, a method has been described in which the amount of shrinkage of the resin is adjusted by using a fine pattern-forming resin composition containing a cross-linking agent. 
     Further, in Patent Document 2, a method of thickening a pattern by forming a solvent-developed negative-tone resist pattern, causing a crosslinked layer-forming material to act on the resist pattern and forming a crosslinked layer has been described. 
     DOCUMENTS OF RELATED ART 
     Patent Document 
     [Patent Document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2011-59583 
     [Patent Document 2] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2008-310314 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     However, as in the invention described in Patent Document 1, in the case of using a fine pattern-forming resin composition containing a crosslinking agent, lithographic properties of the pattern after reduction were unsatisfactory, and there was room for further improvement. Further, in Patent Document 2, for thickening the pattern, a crosslinking agent component causing a crosslinking reaction mainly by the action of acid has been used. More specifically, the use of an amino-based crosslinking agent, a vinyl ether-based crosslinking agent, an epoxy-based crosslinking agent, and the like as a crosslinking agent component has been disclosed. However, when these crosslinking agent components are used, since progress of the crosslinking reaction is affected by the amount of acid present on the resist pattern, applicable resist patterns are limited and handling properties are unsatisfactory. 
     The present invention takes the above circumstances into consideration, with an object of providing a method of forming a resist pattern capable of obtaining a more favorable fine pattern by reducing the pattern. 
     The present invention is a method of forming a resist pattern characterized by including: a step A of forming a first resist pattern on a substrate; a step B of applying a cross-linking composition so as to cover the first resist pattern; a step C of heating the covered first resist pattern and crosslinking an isocyanate group in the cross-linking composition with the first resist pattern; and a step D of developing the covered first resist pattern, wherein the cross-linking composition includes a blocked isocyanate having a protected isocyanate group. 
     According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method of forming a resist pattern capable of obtaining a more favorable fine pattern by reducing the pattern. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1A  is a schematic process diagram showing an example of step A of the method of forming a resist pattern according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 1B  is a schematic process diagram showing an example of step B of the method of forming a resist pattern according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 1C  is a schematic process diagram showing an example of step C of the method of forming a resist pattern according to the present invention. 
         FIG. 1D  is a schematic process diagram showing an example of step D of the method of forming a resist pattern according to the present invention. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 
     In the present description and claims, the term “aliphatic” is a relative concept used in relation to the term “aromatic”, and defines a group or compound that has no aromaticity. 
     The term “alkyl group” includes linear, branched or cyclic, monovalent saturated hydrocarbon, unless otherwise specified. 
     The term “alkylene group” includes linear, branched or cyclic divalent saturated hydrocarbon, unless otherwise specified. The same applies for the alkyl group within an alkoxy group. 
     A “halogenated alkyl group” is a group in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group is substituted with a halogen atom. Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom. 
     A “fluorinated alkyl group” or a “fluorinated alkylene group” is a group in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of an alkyl group or an alkylene group have been substituted with fluorine atoms. 
     The term “structural unit” refers to a monomer unit that contributes to the formation of a polymeric compound (namely, a resin, polymer or copolymer). 
     A “structural unit derived from an acrylate ester” refers to a structural unit that is formed by the cleavage of the ethylenic double bond of an acrylate ester. 
     An “acrylate ester” refers to a compound in which the terminal hydrogen atom of the carboxy group of acrylic acid (CH 2 ═CH—COOH) has been substituted with an organic group. 
     The acrylate ester may have the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent. The substituent (Rα) with which the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom at the α-position is substituted is an atom other than the hydrogen atom or a group, and examples thereof include an alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a hydroxyalkyl group. A carbon atom on the α-position of an acrylate ester refers to the carbon atom bonded to the carbonyl group, unless specified otherwise. 
     Hereafter, an acrylate ester having the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent is sometimes referred to as “α-substituted acrylate ester”. Further, acrylate esters and α-substituted acrylate esters may be collectively referred to as “(α-substituted) acrylate ester”. 
     A “structural unit derived from hydroxystyrene or a hydroxystyrene derivative” refers to a structural unit that is formed by the cleavage of the ethylenic double bond of hydroxystyrene or a hydroxystyrene derivative. 
     The term “hydroxystyrene derivative” includes compounds in which the hydrogen atom at the α-position of hydroxystyrene has been substituted with another substituent such as an alkyl group or a halogenated alkyl group; and derivatives thereof. Examples of the derivatives thereof include hydroxystyrene in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group has been substituted with an organic group and may have the hydrogen atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent; and hydroxystyrene which has a substituent other than a hydroxyl group bonded to the benzene ring and may have the hydrogen atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent. Here, the α-position (carbon atom on the α-position) refers to the carbon atom having the benzene ring bonded thereto, unless specified otherwise. 
     As the substituent which substitutes the hydrogen atom on the α-position of hydroxystyrene, the same substituents as those described above for the substituent on the α-position of the aforementioned α-substituted acrylate ester can be mentioned. 
     A “structural unit derived from vinylbenzoic acid or a vinylbenzoic acid derivative” refers to a structural unit that is formed by the cleavage of the ethylenic double bond of vinylbenzoic acid or a vinylbenzoic acid derivative. 
     The term “vinylbenzoic acid derivative” includes compounds in which the hydrogen atom at the α-position of vinylbenzoic acid has been substituted with another substituent such as an alkyl group or a halogenated alkyl group; and derivatives thereof. Examples of the derivatives thereof include vinylbenzoic acid in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group has been substituted with an organic group and may have the hydrogen atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent; and vinylbenzoic acid which has a substituent other than a hydroxyl group and a carboxy group bonded to the benzene ring and may have the hydrogen atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent. Here, the α-position (carbon atom on the α-position) refers to the carbon atom having the benzene ring bonded thereto, unless specified otherwise. 
     A “styrene derivative” refers to a compound in which the hydrogen atom on the α-position of styrene is substituted with another substituent such as an alkyl group, a halogenated alkyl group or the like. 
     A “structural unit derived from styrene” and a “structural unit derived from a styrene derivative” refer to a structural unit that is formed by the cleavage of the ethylenic double bond of styrene and a structural unit that is formed by the cleavage of the ethylenic double bond of a styrene derivative, respectively. 
     As the alkyl group as a substituent on the α-position, a linear or branched alkyl group is preferable, and specific examples include alkyl groups of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isopentyl group and a neopentyl group. 
     Specific examples of the halogenated alkyl group as the substituent on the α-position include groups in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of the aforementioned “alkyl group as the substituent on the α-position” are substituted with halogen atoms. Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, and a fluorine atom is particularly desirable. 
     Specific examples of the hydroxyalkyl group as the substituent on the α-position include groups in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of the aforementioned “alkyl group as the substituent on the α-position” are substituted with a hydroxyl group. The number of hydroxyl groups within the hydroxyalkyl group is preferably 1 to 5, and most preferably 1. 
     The case of describing “may have a substituent” includes both of the case where the hydrogen atom (—H) is substituted with a monovalent group and the case where the methylene group (—CH 2 —) is substituted with a divalent group. 
     The term “exposure” is used as a general concept that includes irradiation with any form of radiation. 
     &lt;&lt;Method of Forming a Resist Pattern&gt;&gt; 
     The present invention is a method of forming a resist pattern characterized by including a step A of forming a first resist pattern on a substrate, a step B of applying a cross-linking composition so as to cover the first resist pattern, a step C of heating the covered first resist pattern and crosslinking an isocyanate group in the cross-linking composition with the first resist pattern, and a step D of developing the covered first resist pattern, wherein the cross-linking composition includes a blocked isocyanate having a protected isocyanate group. Hereinafter, the method of forming a resist pattern according to the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. 
     [Step A] 
     The step A is a step of forming a first resist pattern on a substrate. 
     In the present invention, the method of forming a first resist pattern includes: forming a resist film on a substrate using a resist composition to be described later; conducting exposure of the resist film; and developing the resist film to form a resist pattern. According to the step A, as shown in  FIG. 1A , a first resist pattern  2  is formed on a substrate  1 . 
     The method for forming a first resist pattern can be performed, for example, as follows. 
     Firstly, the resist composition to be described later is applied to a substrate using a spinner or the like, and a bake treatment (post applied bake (PAB)) is conducted at a temperature of 80 to 150° C. for 40 to 120 seconds, preferably 60 to 90 seconds, to form a resist film. 
     Following selective exposure of the thus formed resist film, either by exposure through a mask having a predetermined pattern formed thereon (mask pattern) using an exposure apparatus such as an ArF exposure apparatus, an electron beam lithography apparatus or an EUV exposure apparatus, or by patterning via direct irradiation with an electron beam without using a mask pattern, baking treatment (post exposure baking (PEB)) is conducted under temperature conditions of 80 to 150° C. for 40 to 120 seconds, and preferably 60 to 90 seconds. 
     Next, the resist film is subjected to a developing treatment. 
     The developing treatment is conducted using an alkali developing solution in the case of an alkali developing process, and a developing solution containing an organic solvent (organic developing solution) in the case of a solvent developing process. 
     After the developing treatment, it is preferable to conduct a rinse treatment. In the case of an alkali developing process, the rinse treatment is preferably performed using pure water, whereas in the case of a solvent developing process, the rinse treatment is preferably performed using a rinse liquid containing an organic solvent. 
     In the case of a solvent developing process, residual developing solution or rinse liquid adhered to the pattern following the developing treatment or rinse treatment may be removed using a supercritical fluid. 
     Drying is performed following the developing treatment or rinse treatment. If desired, bake treatment (post bake) can be conducted following the developing. In this manner, a resist pattern can be obtained. 
     In the present invention, the developing treatment may be an alkali developing process or may be a solvent developing process, however the solvent developing process is preferable. 
     [Substrate] 
     The substrate is not specifically limited and a conventionally known substrate can be used. For example, substrates for electronic components, and such substrates having wiring patterns formed thereon can be exemplified. Specific examples of the material of the substrate include metals such as silicon wafer, copper, chromium, iron and aluminum; and glass. Suitable materials for the wiring pattern include copper, aluminum, nickel, and gold. 
     Further, as the substrate, any one of the above-exemplified substrates provided with an inorganic and/or organic film on the surface thereof may be used. As the inorganic film, an inorganic antireflection film (inorganic BARC) can be exemplified. As the organic film, an organic antireflection film (organic BARC) and an organic film such as a lower-layer organic film used in a multilayer resist method can be used. 
     Here, a “multilayer resist method” is a method in which at least one layer of an organic film (a lower-layer organic film) and at least one layer of a resist film (an upper-layer resist film) are provided on a substrate, and a resist pattern formed within the upper-layer resist film is used as a mask to conduct patterning of the lower-layer organic film. This method is capable of forming a pattern with a high aspect ratio. In other words, in the multilayer resist method, a desired thickness can be ensured by the lower-layer organic film, and as a result, the thickness of the resist film can be reduced, and an extremely fine pattern with a high aspect ratio can be formed. 
     The multilayer resist method can be broadly classified into a method in which a double-layer structure consisting of an upper-layer resist film and a lower-layer organic film is formed (a double-layer resist method), and a method in which a multilayer structure having at least three layers consisting of an upper-layer resist film, a lower-layer organic film and at least one intermediate layer (a thin metal film or the like) provided between the upper-layer resist film and the lower-layer organic film is formed (a three-layer resist method). 
     The wavelength to be used for exposure is not particularly limited and the exposure can be conducted using radiations such as ArF excimer laser, KrF excimer laser, F 2  excimer laser, extreme ultraviolet rays (EUV), vacuum ultraviolet rays (VUV), electron beam (EB), X-rays, and soft X-rays. The resist composition of the present invention is particularly effective for use with a KrF excimer laser, ArF excimer laser, EB or EUV. 
     The exposure of the resist film can be either a general exposure (dry exposure) conducted in air or an inert gas such as nitrogen, or immersion exposure (immersion lithography). 
     In immersion lithography, the region between the resist film and the lens at the lowermost point of the exposure apparatus is pre-filled with a solvent (immersion medium) that has a larger refractive index than the refractive index of air, and the exposure (immersion exposure) is conducted in this state. 
     The immersion medium preferably exhibits a refractive index larger than the refractive index of air but smaller than the refractive index of the resist film to be exposed. The refractive index of the immersion medium is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the above-mentioned requirements. 
     Examples of this immersion medium which exhibits a refractive index that is larger than the refractive index of air but smaller than the refractive index of the resist film include water, fluorine-based inert liquids, silicon-based solvents and hydrocarbon-based solvents. 
     Specific examples of the fluorine-based inert liquids include liquids containing a fluorine-based compound such as C 3 HCl 2 F 5 , C 4 F 9 OCH 3 , C 4 F 9 OC 2 H 5  or C 5 H 3 F 7  as the main component, which have a boiling point within a range from 70 to 180° C. and preferably from 80 to 160° C. A fluorine-based inert liquid having a boiling point within the above-mentioned range is advantageous in that the removal of the immersion medium after the exposure can be conducted by a simple method. 
     As a fluorine-based inert liquid, a perfluoroalkyl compound in which all of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with fluorine atoms is particularly desirable. Examples of these perfluoroalkyl compounds include perfluoroalkylether compounds and perfluoroalkylamine compounds. 
     Specifically, one example of a suitable perfluoroalkylether compound is perfluoro(2-butyl-tetrahydrofuran) (boiling point 102° C.), and an example of a suitable perfluoroalkylamine compound is perfluorotributylamine (boiling point 174° C.). 
     As the immersion medium, water is preferable in terms of cost, safety, environment and versatility. 
     As an example of the alkali developing solution used in an alkali developing process, a 0.1 to 10% by weight aqueous solution of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) can be given. 
     As the organic solvent contained in the organic developing solution used in a solvent developing process, any of the conventional organic solvents can be used which are capable of dissolving the component (A) (prior to exposure). Specific examples of the organic solvent include polar solvents such as ketone solvents, ester solvents, alcohol solvents, amide solvents and ether solvents, and hydrocarbon solvents. 
     If desired, the organic developing solution may have a conventional additive blended. Examples of the additive include surfactants. The surfactant is not particularly limited, and for example, an ionic or non-ionic fluorine and/or silicon surfactant can be used. 
     When a surfactant is added, the amount thereof based on the total amount of the organic developing solution is generally 0.001 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.005 to 2% by weight, and more preferably 0.01 to 0.5% by weight. 
     The developing treatment can be performed by a conventional developing method. Examples thereof include a method in which the substrate is immersed in the developing solution for a predetermined time (a dip method), a method in which the developing solution is cast up on the surface of the substrate by surface tension and maintained for a predetermined period (a puddle method), a method in which the developing solution is sprayed onto the surface of the substrate (spray method), and a method in which the developing solution is continuously ejected from a developing solution ejecting nozzle while scanning at a constant rate to apply the developing solution to the substrate while rotating the substrate at a constant rate (dynamic dispense method). 
     The rinse treatment using a rinse liquid (washing treatment) can be conducted by a conventional rinse method. Examples of the rinse treating method include a method in which the rinse liquid is continuously applied to the substrate while rotating it at a constant rate (rotational coating method), a method in which the substrate is immersed in the rinse liquid for a predetermined time (dip method), and a method in which the rinse liquid is sprayed onto the surface of the substrate (spray method). 
     &lt;Resist Composition&gt; 
     In the present invention, the resist composition is preferably a resist composition which generates acid upon exposure and exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid. 
     In the present invention, the resist composition preferably contains a base component (A) (hereafter, referred to as “component (A)”) which exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid. 
     When a resist film is formed using the resist composition and the formed resist film is subjected to a selective exposure, acid is generated at exposed portions, and the generated acid acts on the component (A) to change the solubility of the component (A) in a developing solution, whereas the solubility of the component (A) in a developing solution is not changed at unexposed portions, thereby generating difference in solubility in a developing solution between exposed portions and unexposed portions. Therefore, by subjecting the resist film to development, the exposed portions are dissolved and removed to form a positive-tone resist pattern in the case of a positive resist, whereas the unexposed portions are dissolved and removed to form a negative-tone resist pattern in the case of a negative resist. 
     In the present specification, a resist composition which forms a positive resist pattern by dissolving and removing the exposed portions is called a positive resist composition, and a resist composition which forms a negative resist pattern by dissolving and removing the unexposed portions is called a negative resist composition. 
     In the present invention, the resist composition may be either a positive resist composition or a negative resist composition. 
     Further, in the present invention, the resist composition may be applied to an alkali developing process using an alkali developing solution in the developing treatment at the time of resist pattern formation, or a solvent developing process using a developing solution containing an organic solvent (organic developing solution) in the developing treatment, and preferably a solvent developing process. 
     In step A, the resist composition used to form a first resist pattern has a function of generating acid upon exposure, and in the resist composition, the component (A) may generate acid upon exposure, or an additive component other than the component (A) may generate acid upon exposure. 
     More specifically, in the present invention, the resist composition may be 
     a resist composition (1) containing an acid generator component (B) which generates acid upon exposure (hereafter, referred to as “component (B)”); 
     a resist composition (2) in which the component (A) is a component which generates acid upon exposure; or 
     a resist composition (3) in which the component (A) is a component which generates acid upon exposure, and further containing an acid generator component (B). 
     That is, when the resist composition of the present embodiment is the aforementioned resist composition (2) or (3), the component (A) is a “base component which generates acid upon exposure and exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid”. In the case where the component (A) is a base component which generates acid upon exposure and exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid, the component (A1) described later is preferably a polymeric compound which generates acid upon exposure and exhibits changed solubility in a developing solution under action of acid. As the polymeric compound, a resin having a structural unit which generates acid upon exposure can be used. As the structural unit which generates acid upon exposure, a conventional structural unit can be used. 
     In the present embodiment, it is particularly desirable that the resist composition is the aforementioned resist composition (1). 
     &lt;Component (A)&gt; 
     In the present embodiment, the term “base component” refers to an organic compound capable of forming a film, and is preferably an organic compound having a molecular weight of 500 or more. When the organic compound has a molecular weight of 500 or more, the film-forming ability is improved, and a photosensitive resin pattern of nano level can be easily formed. 
     The organic compound used as the base component is broadly classified into non-polymers and polymers. 
     In general, as a non-polymer, any of those which have a molecular weight in the range of 500 to less than 4,000 is used. Hereafter, a “low molecular weight compound” refers to a non-polymer having a molecular weight in the range of 500 to less than 4,000. 
     As a polymer, any of those which have a molecular weight of 1,000 or more is generally used. Hereafter, a “resin” refers to a polymer having a molecular weight of 1,000 or more. 
     As the molecular weight of the polymer, the weight average molecular weight in terms of the polystyrene equivalent value determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is used. 
     As the component (A), a resin, a low molecular weight compound, or a combination thereof may be used. 
     The component (A) is a base component which exhibits increased solubility in a developing solution under action of acid. 
     In the present embodiment, the component (A) may be a component that generates acid upon exposure. 
     In the present embodiment, the component (A) preferably contains a polymer compound (A1) having a structural unit containing an acid decomposable group that exhibits increased polarity by the action of acid (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “structural unit (a1)”), a structural unit containing an —SO2- containing cyclic group, a lactone-containing cyclic group, a carbonate-containing cyclic group or other heterocyclic groups (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “structural unit (a2)”), and a structural unit containing a polar group-containing aliphatic hydrocarbon group (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “structural unit (a3)”). 
     (Structural Unit (a1)) 
     The structural unit (a1) is a structural unit containing an acid decomposable group that exhibits increased polarity by the action of acid. 
     The term “acid decomposable group” refers to a group in which at least a part of the bond within the structure thereof is cleaved by the action of an acid. 
     Examples of acid decomposable groups which exhibit increased polarity by the action of an acid include groups which are decomposed by the action of an acid to form a polar group. 
     Examples of the polar group include a carboxy group, a hydroxyl group, an amino group and a sulfo group (—SO 3 H). Among these, a sulfo group or a polar group containing —OH in the structure thereof (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “OH— containing polar group”) is preferable, a sulfo group, a carboxy group or a hydroxyl group is more preferable, and a carboxy group or a hydroxyl group is particularly desirable. 
     More specifically, as an example of an acid decomposable group, a group in which the aforementioned polar group has been protected with an acid dissociable group (such as a group in which the hydrogen atom of the OH-containing polar group has been protected with an acid dissociable group) can be given. 
     Here, the “acid dissociable group” includes: 
     (i) a group in which the bond between the acid dissociable group and the adjacent atom is cleaved by the action of acid; and 
     (ii) a group in which one of the bonds is cleaved by the action of acid, and then a decarboxylation reaction occurs, thereby cleaving the bond between the acid dissociable group and the adjacent atom. 
     It is necessary that the acid dissociable group that constitutes the acid decomposable group is a group which exhibits a lower polarity than the polar group generated by the dissociation of the acid dissociable group. Thus, when the acid dissociable group is dissociated by the action of acid, a polar group exhibiting a higher polarity than that of the acid dissociable group is generated, thereby increasing the polarity. As a result, the polarity of the entire component (A1) is increased. By the increase in the polarity, the solubility in an alkali developing solution changes and, the solubility in an organic developing solution is relatively decreased. 
     The acid dissociable group is not particularly limited, and any of the groups that have been conventionally proposed as acid dissociable groups for the base resins of chemically amplified resists can be used. 
     Examples of the acid dissociable group for protecting the carboxy group or hydroxy group as a polar group include the acid dissociable group represented by general formula (a1-r-1) shown below (hereafter, for the sake of convenience, sometimes referred to as “acetal-type acid dissociable group”). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, Ra′ 1  and Ra′ 2  represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; and Ra′ 3  represents a hydrocarbon group, provided that Ra′ 3  may be bonded to Ra′ 1  or Ra′ 2  to form a ring. 
     In formula (a1-r-1), as the alkyl group for Ra′ 1  and Ra′ 2 , the same alkyl groups as those described above for the alkyl groups as the substituent which may be bonded to the carbon atom on the α-position of the aforementioned α-substituted acrylic acid esters can be used, although a methyl group or ethyl group is preferable, and a methyl group is particularly desirable. 
     The hydrocarbon group for Ra′ 3  is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and still more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group. Specific examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a neopentyl group, a 1,1-dimethylethyl group, a 1,1-diethylpropyl group, a 2,2-dimethylpropyl group and a 2,2-dimethylbutyl group. 
     In the case where Ra′ 3  represents a cyclic hydrocarbon group, the cyclic hydrocarbon group may be aliphatic or aromatic, and may be polycyclic or monocyclic. As the monocyclic alicyclic hydrocarbon group, a group in which 1 hydrogen atom has been removed from a monocycloalkane is preferable. The monocycloalkane preferably has 3 to 8 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include cyclopentane, cyclohexane and cyclooctane. As the polycyclic group, a group in which 1 hydrogen atom has been removed from a polycycloalkane is preferable, and the polycycloalkane preferably has 7 to 12 carbon atoms. Examples of the polycycloalkane include adamantane, norbornane, isobomane, tricyclodecane and tetracyclododecane. 
     In the case where the hydrocarbon group is an aromatic hydrocarbon group, examples of the aromatic ring contained in the aromatic hydrocarbon group include aromatic hydrocarbon rings, such as benzene, biphenyl, fluorene, naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene; and aromatic hetero rings in which part of the carbon atoms constituting the aforementioned aromatic hydrocarbon rings has been substituted with a hetero atom. Examples of the hetero atom within the aromatic hetero rings include an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom. 
     Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include a group in which 1 hydrogen atom has been removed from the aforementioned aromatic hydrocarbon ring (aryl group); and a group in which 1 hydrogen atom of the aforementioned aryl group has been substituted with an alkylene group (an arylalkyl group such as a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a 1-naphthylmethyl group, a 2-naphthylmethyl group, a 1-naphthylethyl group or a 2-naphthylethyl group). The alkylene group (alkyl chain within the arylalkyl group) preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atom, more preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1. 
     In the case where Ra′ 3  is bonded to Ra′ 1  or Ra′ 2  to form a ring, the cyclic group is preferably a 4 to 7-membered ring, and more preferably a 4 to 6-membered ring. Specific examples of the cyclic group include tetrahydropyranyl group and tetrahydrofuranyl group. 
     Examples of the acid dissociable group for protecting the carboxy group as a polar group include the acid dissociable group represented by general formula (a1-r-2) shown below (hereafter, with respect to the acid dissociable group represented by the following formula (a1-r-2), the acid dissociable group constituted of alkyl groups is referred to as “tertiary alkyl ester-type acid dissociable group”). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, Ra′ 4  to Ra′ 6  each independently represents a hydrocarbon group, provided that Ra′ 5  and Ra′ 6  may be mutually bonded to form a ring. 
     As the hydrocarbon group for Ra′ 4  to Ra′ 6 , the same groups as those described above for Ra′ 3  can be mentioned. Ra′ 4  is preferably an alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. In the case where Ra′ 5  and Ra′ 6  are mutually bonded to form a ring, a group represented by general formula (a1-r2-1) shown below can be mentioned. 
     On the other hand, in the case where Ra′ 4  to Ra′ 6  are not mutually bonded and independently represent a hydrocarbon group, the group represented by general formula (a1-r2-2) shown below can be mentioned. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, Ra′ 10  represents an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms; Ra′ 11  is a group which forms an aliphatic cyclic group together with a carbon atom having Ra′ 10  bonded thereto; and Ra′ 12  to Ra′ 14  each independently represents a hydrocarbon group. 
     In the formula (a1-r2-1), as the alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms for Ra′ 10 , the same groups as those described above for the linear or branched alkyl group for Ra′ 3  in the formula (a1-r-1) are preferable. In the formula (a1-r2-1), as the aliphatic cyclic group which is formed by Ra′ 11 , the same groups as those described above for the cyclic alkyl group for Ra′ 3  in the formula (a1-r-1) are preferable. 
     In the formula (a1-r2-2), it is preferable that Ra′ 12  and Ra′ 14  each independently represents an alkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and it is more preferable that the alkyl group is the same group as the described above for the linear or branched alkyl group for Ra′ 3  in the formula (a1-r-1), it is still more preferable that the alkyl group is a linear alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and it is particularly preferable that the alkyl group is a methyl group or an ethyl group. 
     In the formula (a1-r2-2), it is preferable that Ra′ 13  is the same group as those described above for the linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group for Ra′ 3  in the formula (a1-r-1). 
     Among these, the same cyclic alkyl group as those describe above for Ra′ 3  is more preferable. 
     Specific examples of the aforementioned formula (a1-r2-1) are shown below. In the formulae shown below, “*” represents a valence bond. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Specific examples of the aforementioned formula (a1-r2-2) are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Examples of the acid dissociable group for protecting a hydroxy group as a polar group include the acid dissociable group represented by general formula (a1-r-3) shown below (hereafter, referred to as “tertiary alkyloxycarbonyl-type acid dissociable group”). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, Ra′ 7  to Ra′ 9  each independently represents an alkyl group. 
     In the formula (a1-r-3), Ra′ 7  to Ra′ 9  is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and more preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms. 
     Further, the total number of carbon atoms within the alkyl group is preferably 3 to 7, more preferably 3 to 5, and most preferably 3 or 4. 
     Examples of the structural unit (a1) include a structural unit derived from an acrylate ester which may have the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent and contains an acid decomposable group which exhibits increased polarity by the action of acid; a structural unit derived from hydroxystyrene or a hydroxystyrene derivative in which at least a part of the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is protected with a substituent containing an acid decomposable group; and a structural unit derived from vinylbenzoic acid or a vinylbenzoic acid derivative in which at least a part of the hydrogen atom within —C(═O)—OH is protected with a substituent containing an acid decomposable group. 
     As the structural unit (a1), a structural unit derived from an acrylate ester which may have the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent is preferable. 
     As the structural unit (a1), structural units represented by general formula (a1-1) or (a1-2) shown below are preferable. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Va 1  represents a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have an ether bond, an urethane bond or an amide bond; n a1  represents an integer of 0 to 2; 
     Ra 1  represents an acid dissociable group represented by the aforementioned formula (a1-r-1) or (a1-r-2); 
     Wa 1  represents a hydrocarbon group having a valency of n a2 +1; n a2  represents an integer of 1 to 3; and Ra 2  represents an acid dissociable group represented by the aforementioned formula (a1-r-1) or (a1-r-3). 
     In general formula (a1-1), as the alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms for R, a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable, and specific examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isopentyl group and a neopentyl group. The halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms represented by R is a group in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of the aforementioned alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms have been substituted with halogen atoms. Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, and a fluorine atom is particularly desirable. 
     As R, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a fluorinated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable, and a hydrogen atom or a methyl group is particularly desirable in terms of industrial availability. 
     The hydrocarbon group for Va 1  may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group. An “aliphatic hydrocarbon group” refers to a hydrocarbon group that has no aromaticity. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group as the divalent hydrocarbon group for Va 1  may be either saturated or unsaturated. In general, the aliphatic hydrocarbon group is preferably saturated. 
     As specific examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, and an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a ring in the structure thereof can be given. 
     Further, as the group for Va 1 , a group in which the aforementioned divalent hydrocarbon group has been bonded via an ether bond, urethane bond or amide bond can be mentioned. 
     The linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6, still more preferably 1 to 4, and most preferably 1 to 3. 
     As the linear aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a linear alkylene group is preferable. Specific examples thereof include a methylene group [—CH 2 —], an ethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 2 —], a trimethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 3 —], a tetramethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 4 -] and a pentamethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 5 —]. 
     As the branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, branched alkylene groups are preferred, and specific examples include various alkylalkylene groups, including alkylmethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )—, —CH(CH 2 CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )—, and —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 —; alkylethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 2 CH 3 )CH 2 —, and —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —; alkyltrimethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —, and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —; and alkyltetramethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —. As the alkyl group within the alkylalkylene group, a linear alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable. 
     As examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a ring in the structure thereof, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group (a group in which two hydrogen atoms have been removed from an aliphatic hydrocarbon ring), a group in which an alicyclic hydrocarbon group is bonded to the terminal of a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, and a group in which an alicyclic hydrocarbon group is interposed within the chain of a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, can be given. As the linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, the same groups as those described above can be used. 
     The alicyclic hydrocarbon group preferably has 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and more preferably 3 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     The alicyclic hydrocarbon group may be either a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group. As the monocyclic alicyclic hydrocarbon group, a group in which 2 hydrogen atoms have been removed from a monocycloalkane is preferable. The monocycloalkane preferably has 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include cyclopentane and cyclohexane. As the polycyclic alicyclic hydrocarbon group, a group in which two hydrogen atoms have been removed from a polycycloalkane is preferred, wherein the polycycloalkane preferably contains 7 to 12 carbon atoms, and specific examples of the polycycloalkane include adamantane, norbornane, isobomane, tricyclodecane and tetracyclododecane. 
     The aromatic hydrocarbon group is a hydrocarbon group having an aromatic ring. 
     The aromatic hydrocarbon group as the divalent hydrocarbon group for Va 1  preferably has 3 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 5 to 30, still more preferably 5 to 20, still more preferably 6 to 15, and most preferably 6 to 10. Here, the number of carbon atoms within a substituent(s) is not included in the number of carbon atoms of the aromatic hydrocarbon group. 
     Examples of the aromatic ring contained in the aromatic hydrocarbon group include aromatic hydrocarbon rings, such as benzene, biphenyl, fluorene, naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene; and aromatic hetero rings in which part of the carbon atoms constituting the aforementioned aromatic hydrocarbon rings has been substituted with a hetero atom. Examples of the hetero atom within the aromatic hetero rings include an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom. 
     Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include groups in which two hydrogen atoms have been removed from an aforementioned aromatic hydrocarbon ring (namely, arylene groups), and groups in which one hydrogen atom from a group having one hydrogen atom removed from an aforementioned aromatic hydrocarbon ring (namely, an aryl group) is substituted with an alkylene group (for example, groups in which one hydrogen atom is removed from the aryl group of an arylalkyl group such as a benzyl group, phenethyl group, 1-naphthylmethyl group, 2-naphthylmethyl group, 1-naphthylethyl group or 2-naphthylethyl group). The alkylene group (alkyl chain within the arylalkyl group) preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atom, more preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1. 
     In the aforementioned formula (a1-2), the hydrocarbon group for Wa 1  having a valency of n a2 +1 may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group refers to a hydrocarbon group that has no aromaticity, and may be either saturated or unsaturated, but is preferably saturated. Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a ring in the structure thereof, and a combination of the linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group and the aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a ring in the structure thereof. As the specific examples thereof, the same groups as those described above for Va 1  in the aforementioned formula (a1-1) can be mentioned. 
     The valency of n a2 +1 is preferably divalent, trivalent or tetravalent, and divalent or trivalent is more preferable. 
     As the structural unit (a1--2), a structural unit represented by general formula (a1-2-01) shown below is particularly desirable. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula (a1-2-01), Ra 2  represents an acid dissociable group represented by the aforementioned formula (a1-r-1) or (a1-r-3); n a2  is an integer of 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1; c is an integer of 0 to 3, preferably 0 or 1, and more preferably 1; and R is the same as defined above. 
     Specific examples of the structural units (a1-1) and (a1-2) are shown below. In the formulae shown below, R α  represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the component (A), the amount of the structural unit (a1) based on the combined total of all structural units constituting the component (A) is preferably 20 to 80 mol %, more preferably 20 to 75 mol %, and still more preferably 25 to 70 mol %. By ensuring the lower limit, various lithography properties such as sensitivity, resolution and LWR are improved. On the other hand, when the amount of the structural unit (a1) is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, a good balance can be achieved with the other structural units. 
     (Structural Unit (a2)) 
     In the present embodiment, the resin component preferably includes a structural unit (a2) containing a —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, a lactone-containing cyclic group, a carbonate-containing cyclic group or other heterocyclic groups. 
     When the component (A) is used for forming a resist film, the —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, the lactone-containing cyclic group, the carbonate-containing cyclic group or other heterocyclic groups within the structural unit (a2) is effective in improving the adhesion between the resist film and the substrate. 
     The later-described structural unit (a1) which contains a —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, a lactone-containing cyclic group, a carbonate-containing cyclic group or other heterocyclic groups may fall under the definition of the structural unit (a2); however, such a structural unit is regarded as a structural unit (a1), and does not fall under the definition of the structural unit (a2). 
     The structural unit (a2) is preferably a structural unit represented by general formula (a2-1) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Ya 21  represents a single bond or a divalent linking group; La 21  represents —O—, —COO—, —CON(R′)—, —OCO—, —CONHCO— or —CONHCS—; and R′ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, provided that, when La 21  represents —O—, Ya 21  does not represent —CO—; and Ra 21  represents a —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, a lactone-containing cyclic group, a carbonate-containing cyclic group or other heterocyclic groups. 
     The divalent linking group for Ya 21  is not particularly limited, and preferable examples thereof include a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent and a divalent linking group containing a hetero atom. 
     (Divalent Hydrocarbon Group which May have a Substituent) 
     The hydrocarbon group as a divalent linking group may be either an aliphatic hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group. 
     An “aliphatic hydrocarbon group” refers to a hydrocarbon group that has no aromaticity. The aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be saturated or unsaturated. In general, the aliphatic hydrocarbon group is preferably saturated. 
     Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group include a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, and an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a ring in the structure thereof. Specifically, groups exemplified below for Va 1  in the formula (a1-1) described later can be mentioned. 
     The linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group may or may not have a substituent. Examples of the substituent include a fluorine atom, a fluorinated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a carbonyl group. 
     As examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a ring in the structure thereof, a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a hetero atom in the ring structure thereof and may have a substituent (a group in which two hydrogen atoms have been removed from an aliphatic hydrocarbon ring), a group in which the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group is bonded to the terminal of the linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, and a group in which the cyclic aliphatic group is interposed within the aforementioned linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, can be given. As the linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, the same groups as those described above can be used. 
     The cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group preferably has 3 to 20 carbon atoms, and more preferably 3 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Specific examples of the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group include the same group exemplified above for Va 1  in the aforementioned formula (a1-1). 
     The cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group may or may not have a substituent. Examples of the substituent include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group. 
     The alkyl group as the substituent is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group or a tert-butyl group is particularly desirable. 
     The alkoxy group as the substituent is preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably a methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, iso-propoxy group, n-butoxy group or tert-butoxy group, and most preferably a methoxy group or an ethoxy group. 
     Examples of the halogen atom for the substituent include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, and a fluorine atom is preferable. 
     Examples of the halogenated alkyl group for the substituent include groups in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms within the aforementioned alkyl groups has been substituted with the aforementioned halogen atoms. 
     The cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group may have part of the carbon atoms constituting the ring structure thereof substituted with a substituent containing a hetero atom. As the substituent containing a hetero atom, —O—, —C(═O)—O—, —S—, —S(═O) 2 — or —S(═O) 2 —O— is preferable. 
     Specific examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group as a divalent hydrocarbon group include the same group as exemplified above for Va 1  in the aforementioned formula (a1-1). 
     With respect to the aromatic hydrocarbon group, the hydrogen atom within the aromatic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with a substituent. For example, the hydrogen atom bonded to the aromatic ring within the aromatic hydrocarbon group may be substituted with a substituent. Examples of substituents include an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group and a hydroxyl group. 
     The alkyl group as the substituent is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group or a tert-butyl group is particularly desirable. 
     As the alkoxy group, the halogen atom and the halogenated alkyl group for the substituent, the same groups as the aforementioned substituent groups for substituting a hydrogen atom within the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group can be used. 
     (Divalent Linking Group Containing a Hetero Atom) 
     With respect to a divalent linking group containing a hetero atom, a hetero atom is an atom other than carbon and hydrogen, and examples thereof include an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom and a halogen atom. 
     In the case where Ya 21  represents a divalent linking group containing a hetero atom, preferable examples of the linking group include —O—, —C(═O)—O—, —C(═O)—, —O—C(═O)—O—, —C(═O)—NH—, —NH—, —NH—C(═NH)— (wherein H may be substituted with a substituent such as an alkyl group or an acyl group), —S—, —S(═O) 2 —, —S(═O) 2 —O—, a group represented by general formula —Y 21 —O—Y 22 —, —Y 21 —O—, —Y 21 —C(═O)—O—, —C(═O)— O—Y 21 , —[Y 21 —C(═O)—O] m′ —Y 22 — or —Y 21 —O—C(═O)—Y 22 — [in the formulae, Y 21  and Y 22  each independently represents a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, and O represents an oxygen atom; and m′ represents an integer of 0 to 3. 
     When the divalent linking group containing a hetero atom represents —C(═O)—NH—, —NH—, or —NH—C(═NH)—, H may be substituted with a substituent such as an alkyl group, an acyl group or the like. The substituent (an alkyl group, an acyl group or the like) preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 8, and most preferably 1 to 5. 
     In formulae —Y 21 —O—Y 22 —, —Y 21 —O—, —Y 21 —C(═O)—O—, —C(═O)—O—Y 21 , —[Y 21 —C(═O)—O] m′ —Y 22 — and —Y 21 —O—C(═O)—Y 22 —, Y 21  and Y 22  each independently represents a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent. Examples of the divalent hydrocarbon group include the same groups as those described above as the “divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent” in the explanation of the aforementioned divalent linking group. 
     As Y 21 , a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon group is preferable, more preferably a linear alkylene group, still more preferably a linear alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a methylene group or an ethylene group is particularly desirable. 
     As Y 22 , a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group is preferable, and a methylene group, an ethylene group or an alkylmethylene group is more preferable. The alkyl group within the alkylmethylene group is preferably a linear alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably a linear alkyl group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and most preferably a methyl group. 
     In the group represented by the formula —[Y 21 —C(═O)—O] m′ —Y 22 —, m′ represents an integer of 0 to 3, preferably an integer of 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and most preferably 1. Namely, it is particularly desirable that the group represented by the formula —[Y 21 —C(═O)—O] m′ —Y 22 — is a group represented by the formula —Y 21 —C(═O)—O—Y 22 —. Among these, a group represented by the formula —(CH 2 ) a′ —C(═O)—O—(CH 2 ) b′ — is preferable. In the formula, a′ is an integer of 1 to 10, preferably an integer of 1 to 8, more preferably an integer of 1 to 5, still more preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1. b′ is an integer of 1 to 10, preferably an integer of 1 to 8, more preferably an integer of 1 to 5, still more preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1. 
     In the present embodiment, Ya 21  preferably represents an ester bond [—C(═O)—O—], an ether bond (—O—), a linear or branched alkylene group, a combination of these, or a single bond. 
     In the formula (a2-1), Ra 21  represents an —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, a lactone-containing cyclic group, a heterocyclic group or a carbonate-containing cyclic group. 
     An “—SO 2 — containing cyclic group” refers to a cyclic group having a ring containing —SO 2 — within the ring structure thereof, i.e., a cyclic group in which the sulfur atom (S) within —SO 2 — forms part of the ring skeleton of the cyclic group. The ring containing —SO 2 — within the ring skeleton thereof is counted as the first ring. A cyclic group in which the only ring structure is the ring that contains —SO 2 — in the ring skeleton thereof is referred to as a monocyclic group, and a group containing other ring structures is described as a polycyclic group regardless of the structure of the other rings. The —SO 2 — containing cyclic group may be either a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group. 
     As the —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, a cyclic group containing —O—SO 2 — within the ring skeleton thereof, i.e., a cyclic group containing a sultone ring in which —O—S— within the —O—SO 2 — group forms part of the ring skeleton thereof is particularly desirable. More specific examples of the —SO 2 — containing cyclic group include groups represented by general formulas (a5-r-1) to (a5-r-4) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, each Ra′ 51  independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group, —COOR″, —OC(═O)R″, a hydroxyalkyl group or a cyano group; R″ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; A″ represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or an alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may contain an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; and n′ represents an integer of 0 to 2. 
     In general formulae (a5-r-1) to (a5-r-4), A″ is the same as defined for A″ in general formulae (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7) described below. The alkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen atom, halogenated alkyl group, —COOR″, —OC(═O)R″ and hydroxyalkyl group for Ra′ 51  are the same as defined for Ra′ 21  in general formulae (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7) described below. 
     Specific examples of the groups represented by the aforementioned general formulae (a5-r-1) to (a5-r-4) are shown below. In the formulae shown below, “Ac” represents an acetyl group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the present embodiment, in the case where the structural unit (a2) contains a —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, the structural unit (a2) is not particularly limited as long as the log P value of the acrylic ester monomer containing the —SO 2 — containing cyclic group is less than 1.2. Among them, a group represented by the aforementioned general formula (a5-r-1) is preferable, a group represented by any one of the aforementioned chemical formulae (r-s1-1-1), (r-s1-1-18), (r-s1-3-1) and (r-s1-4-1) is more preferable, and a group represented by aforementioned chemical formula (r-s1-1-1) is most preferable. 
     The term “lactone-containing cyclic group” refers to a cyclic group including a ring containing a —O—C(═O)— structure (lactone ring). The term “lactone ring” refers to a single ring containing a —O—C(O)— structure, and this ring is counted as the first ring. A lactone-containing cyclic group in which the only ring structure is the lactone ring is referred to as a monocyclic group, and groups containing other ring structures are described as polycyclic groups regardless of the structure of the other rings. The lactone-containing cyclic group may be either a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group. 
     The lactone-containing cyclic group as the cyclic hydrocarbon group for R 1  is not particularly limited, and an arbitrary group may be used. Specific examples include groups represented by general formulae (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7) shown below. Hereinbelow, “*” represents a valence bond. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, each Ra′ 21  independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group, —COOR″, —OC(═O)R″, a hydroxyalkyl group or a cyano group; R″ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; A″ represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or an alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may contain an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; n′ represents an integer of 0 to 2; and m′ represents 0 or 1. 
     In general formulae (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7) above, A″ represents an oxygen atom (—O—), a sulfur atom (—S—) or an alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may contain an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. As the alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms for A″, a linear or branched alkylene group is preferable, and examples thereof include a methylene group, an ethylene group, an n-propylene group and an isopropylene group. Examples of alkylene groups that contain an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom include the aforementioned alkylene groups in which —O— or —S— is bonded to the terminal of the alkylene group or present between the carbon atoms of the alkylene group. Specific examples of such alkylene groups include —O—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —, —S—CH 2 — and —CH 2 —S—CH 2 —. As A″, an alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or —O— is preferable, more preferably an alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and most preferably a methylene group. Each Ra′ 21  independently represents an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, —COOR″, —OC(═O)R″, a hydroxyalkyl group or a cyano group. 
     The alkyl group for Ra′ 21  is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     The alkoxy group for Ra′ 21  is preferably an alkoxy group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. 
     Further, the alkoxy group is preferably a linear or branched alkoxy group. Specific examples of the alkoxy groups include the aforementioned alkyl groups for Ra′ 21  having an oxygen atom (—O—) bonded thereto. 
     As examples of the halogen atom for Ra′ 21 , a fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom and iodine atom can be given. Among these, a fluorine atom is preferable. 
     Examples of the halogenated alkyl group for Ra′ 21  include groups in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms within the aforementioned alkyl group for Ra′ 21  has been substituted with the aforementioned halogen atoms. As the halogenated alkyl group, a fluorinated alkyl group is preferable, and a perfluoroalkyl group is particularly desirable. 
     Specific examples of the groups represented by the aforementioned general formulae (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7) are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the present embodiment, as the structural unit (a2), a group represented by the aforementioned general formula (a2-r-1) or (a2-r-2) is preferable, and a group represented by the aforementioned chemical formula (r-lc-1-1) or (r-lc-2-7) is more preferable. 
     The term “carbonate-containing cyclic group” refers to a cyclic group including a ring containing a —O—C(═O)—O— structure (carbonate ring). The term “carbonate ring” refers to a single ring containing a —O—C(═O)—O— structure, and this ring is counted as the first ring. A carbonate-containing cyclic group in which the only ring structure is the carbonate ring is referred to as a monocyclic group, and groups containing other ring structures are described as polycyclic groups regardless of the structure of the other rings. The carbonate-containing cyclic group may be either a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group. 
     The carbonate-containing cyclic group as the cyclic hydrocarbon group for R 1  is not particularly limited, and an arbitrary group may be used. Specific examples include groups represented by general formulas (ax3-r-1) to (ax3-r-3) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, each Ra′ x31  independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxy group, —COOR″, —OC(═O)R″, a hydroxyalkyl group or a cyano group; R″ represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; A″ represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or an alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms which may contain an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom; and q′ represents 0 or 1. 
     In general formulae (ax3-r-1) to (ax3-r-3), A″ is the same as defined for A″ in general formula (a2-r-1). 
     Examples of the alkyl group, alkoxy group, halogen atom, halogenated alkyl group, —COOR″, —OC(═O)R″ and hydroxyalkyl group for Ra′ 31  include the same groups as those described above in the explanation of Ra′ 21  in the general formulas (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7). 
     Specific examples of the groups represented by the aforementioned general formulae (ax3-r-1) to (ax3-r-3) are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     “Heterocyclic group” is a cyclic group containing one or more atoms other than the carbon atom in addition to the carbon atoms. Examples thereof include heterocyclic groups described later in (r-hr-1) to (r-hr-16), nitrogen-containing hetero rings, and the like. Examples of the nitrogen-containing hetero rings include a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 8 carbon atoms which may be substituted with one or two oxo groups. Preferable examples of the cycloalkyl group include 2,5-dioxopyrrolidine and 2,6-dioxopiperidine. 
     As the structural unit (a2) contained in the component (A1), 1 type of structural unit may be used, or 2 or more types may be used. 
     When the component (A1) contains the structural unit (a2), the amount of the structural unit (a2) based on the combined total of all structural units constituting the component (A1) is preferably 1 to 80 mol %, more preferably 5 to 70 mol %, still more preferably 10 to 65 mol %, and most preferably 10 to 60 mol %. When the amount of the structural unit (a2) is at least as large as the lower limit of the above-mentioned range, the effect of using the structural unit (a2) can be satisfactorily achieved. On the other hand, when the amount of the structural unit (a2) is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, a good balance can be achieved with the other structural units, and various lithography properties and pattern shape can be improved. 
     (Structural Unit (a3)) 
     The structural unit (a3) is a structural unit containing a polar group-containing aliphatic hydrocarbon group (provided that the structural units that fall under the definition of structural units (a1) and (a2) are excluded). 
     When the component (A1) includes the structural unit (a3), it is presumed that the hydrophilicity of the component (A1) is enhanced, thereby contributing to improvement in resolution. 
     Examples of the polar group include a hydroxyl group, cyano group, carboxyl group, or hydroxyalkyl group in which part of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been substituted with fluorine atoms, although a hydroxyl group is particularly desirable. 
     Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group include linear or branched hydrocarbon groups (preferably alkylene groups) of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon groups (cyclic groups). These cyclic groups may be either a monocyclic group or a polycyclic group, and can be selected appropriately from the multitude of groups that have been proposed for the resins of resist compositions designed for use with ArF excimer lasers. The cyclic group is preferably a polycyclic group, more preferably a polycyclic group of 7 to 30 carbon atoms. 
     Of the various possibilities, structural units derived from an acrylate ester that include an aliphatic polycyclic group that contains a hydroxyl group, cyano group, carboxyl group or a hydroxyalkyl group in which part of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been substituted with fluorine atoms are particularly desirable. Examples of the polycyclic group include groups in which two or more hydrogen atoms have been removed from a bicycloalkane, tricycloalkane, tetracycloalkane or the like. Specific examples include groups in which two or more hydrogen atoms have been removed from a polycycloalkane such as adamantane, norbornane, isobomane, tricyclodecane or tetracyclododecane. Of these polycyclic groups, groups in which two or more hydrogen atoms have been removed from adamantane, norbornane or tetracyclododecane are preferred industrially. 
     As the structural unit (a3), there is no particular limitation as long as it is a structural unit containing a polar group-containing aliphatic hydrocarbon group, and an arbitrary structural unit may be used. 
     The structural unit (a3) is preferably a structural unit derived from an acrylate ester which may have the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom on the α-position substituted with a substituent and contains a polar group-containing aliphatic hydrocarbon group. 
     When the aliphatic hydrocarbon group within the polar group-containing aliphatic hydrocarbon group is a linear or branched hydrocarbon group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, the structural unit (a3) is preferably a structural unit derived from a hydroxyethyl ester of acrylic acid. On the other hand, when the hydrocarbon group is a polycyclic group, structural units represented by formulas (a3-1), (a3-2) and (a3-3) shown below are preferable. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulas, R is the same as defined above; j is an integer of 1 to 3; k is an integer of 1 to 3; t′ is an integer of 1 to 3; 1 is an integer of 1 to 5; and s is an integer of 1 to 3. 
     In formula (a3-1), j is preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1. When j is 2, it is preferable that the hydroxyl groups be bonded to the 3rd and 5th positions of the adamantyl group. When j is 1, it is preferable that the hydroxyl group be bonded to the 3rd position of the adamantyl group. 
     j is preferably 1, and it is particularly desirable that the hydroxyl group be bonded to the 3rd position of the adamantyl group. 
     In formula (a3-2), k is preferably 1. The cyano group is preferably bonded to the 5th or 6th position of the norbomyl group. 
     In formula (a3-3), t′ is preferably 1. l is preferably 1. s is preferably 1. Further, it is preferable that a 2-norbomyl group or 3-norbomyl group be bonded to the terminal of the carboxy group of the acrylic acid. The fluorinated alkyl alcohol is preferably bonded to the 5th or 6th position of the norbomyl group. 
     As the structural unit (a3) contained in the component (A1), 1 type of structural unit may be used, or 2 or more types may be used. 
     The amount of the structural unit (a3) within the component (A1) based on the combined total of all structural units constituting the component (A1) is preferably 5 to 50 mol %, more preferably 5 to 40 mol %, and still more preferably 5 to 25 mol %. 
     When the amount of the structural unit (a3) is at least as large as the lower limit of the above-mentioned range, the effect of using the structural unit (a3) can be satisfactorily achieved. On the other hand, when the amount of the structural unit (a3) is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, a good balance can be achieved with the other structural units. 
     The component (A1) may also include a structural unit (a4) which is other than the above-mentioned structural units (a1), (a2) and (a3). 
     (Structural Unit (a4)) 
     The structural unit (a4) is a structural unit containing an acid non-dissociable cyclic group. When the component (A1) includes the structural unit (a4), dry etching resistance of the resist pattern to be formed is improved. Further, the hydrophobicity of the component (A1) is further improved. Increase in the hydrophobicity contributes to improvement in terms of resolution, shape of the resist pattern and the like, particularly in an organic solvent developing process. 
     An “acid non-dissociable, aliphatic cyclic group” in the structural unit (a4) refers to a cyclic group which is not dissociated by the action of acid generated from the component (B) described later upon exposure, and remains in the structural unit. 
     As the structural unit (a4), a structural unit which contains a non-acid-dissociable aliphatic cyclic group, and is also derived from an acrylate ester is preferable. Examples of this cyclic group include the same groups as those described above in relation to the aforementioned structural unit (a1), and any of the multitude of conventional groups used within the resin component of resist compositions for ArF excimer lasers or KrF excimer lasers (and particularly for ArF excimer lasers) can be used. 
     In consideration of industrial availability and the like, at least one polycyclic group selected from amongst a tricyclodecyl group, adamantyl group, tetracyclododecyl group, isobornyl group, and norbomyl group is particularly desirable. These polycyclic groups may be substituted with a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 
     Specific examples of the structural unit (a4) include units with structures represented by general formulas (a4-1) to (a4-7) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, Ra represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a trifluoromethyl group. 
     As the structural unit (a4) contained in the component (A1), 1 type of structural unit may be used, or 2 or more types may be used. 
     When the structural unit (a4) is included in the component (A1), the amount of the structural unit (a4) based on the combined total of all the structural units that constitute the component (A1) is preferably within the range from 1 to 30 mol %, and more preferably from 10 to 20 mol %. 
     The component (A1) is preferably a copolymer having the structural units (a1), (a2) and (a3). 
     The component (A1) can be obtained, for example, by a conventional radical polymerization or the like of the monomers corresponding with each of the structural units, using a radical polymerization initiator such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or dimethyl 2,2′-azobis(isobutyrate). 
     Furthermore, in the component (A1), by using a chain transfer agent such as HS—CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —C(CF 3 ) 2 —OH, a —C(CF 3 ) 2 —OH group can be introduced at the terminals of the component (A1). Such a copolymer having introduced a hydroxyalkyl group in which some of the hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group are substituted with fluorine atoms is effective in reducing developing defects and LER (line edge roughness: unevenness of the side walls of a line pattern). 
     In the present embodiment, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) (the polystyrene equivalent value determined by gel permeation chromatography) of the component (A1) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1,000 to 50,000, more preferably 1,500 to 30,000, and most preferably 2,000 to 20,000. When the weight average molecular weight is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, the resist composition exhibits a satisfactory solubility in a resist solvent. On the other hand, when the weight average molecular weight is at least as large as the lower limit of the above-mentioned range, dry etching resistance and the cross-sectional shape of the resist pattern become satisfactory. 
     As the component (A1), one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. 
     In the component (A), the amount of the component (A1) based on the total weight of the component (A) is preferably 25% by weight or more, more preferably 50% by weight or more, still more preferably 75% by weight or more, and may be even 100% by weight. When the amount of the component (A1) is 25% by weight or more, various lithography properties are improved. 
     In the present embodiment, as the component (A), one type may be used, or two or more types of compounds may be used in combination. 
     In the present embodiment, the amount of the component (A) can be appropriately adjusted depending on the thickness of the resist film to be formed, and the like. 
     &lt;Acid Generator Component; Component (B)&gt; 
     In the present embodiment, the resist composition may further include an acid generator component (B) (hereafter, referred to as “component (B)”) which generates acid upon exposure. As the component (B), there is no particular limitation, and any of the known acid generators used in conventional chemically amplified resist compositions can be used. 
     Examples of these acid generators are numerous, and include onium salt acid generators such as iodonium salts and sulfonium salts; oxime sulfonate acid generators; diazomethane acid generators such as bisalkyl or bisaryl sulfonyl diazomethanes and poly(bis-sulfonyl)diazomethanes; nitrobenzylsulfonate acid generators; iminosulfonate acid generators; and disulfone acid generators. Among these, it is preferable to use an onium salt acid generator. 
     As the onium salt acid generator, a compound represented by general formula (b-1) below (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “component (b-1)”), a compound represented by general formula (b-2) below (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “component (b-2)”) or a compound represented by general formula (b-3) below (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “component (b-3)”) may be used. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R 101  and R 104  to R 108  each independently represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, provided that R 104  and R 105  may be mutually bonded to form a ring; R 106  and R 107  may be mutually bonded to form a ring; R 102  represents a fluorine atom or a fluorinated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Y 101  represents a single bond or a divalent linking group containing an oxygen atom; V 101  to V 103  each independently represents a single bond, an alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group; L 101  to L 102  each independently represents a single bond or an oxygen atom; L 103  to L 105  each independently represents a single bond, —CO— or —SO 2 —; and M′ m+  represents an organic cation having a valency of m. 
     {Anion Moiety} 
     —Anion Moiety of Component (b-1) 
     In the formula (b-1), R 101  represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent. 
     (Cyclic Group which May have a Substituent in R 101 ) 
     The cyclic group is preferably a cyclic hydrocarbon group, and the cyclic hydrocarbon group may be either an aromatic hydrocarbon group or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group. 
     As the aromatic hydrocarbon group for R 101 , groups in which one hydrogen atom has been removed from an aromatic hydrocarbon ring described above in relation to the divalent aromatic hydrocarbon group for Va 1  in the formula (a1-1) or an aromatic compound containing two or more aromatic ring can be mentioned, and a phenyl group or a naphthyl group is preferable. 
     As the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group for R 101 , groups in which one hydrogen atom has been removed from a monocycloalkane or a polycycloalkane exemplified above in the explanation of the divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group for Va1 in the formula (a1-1) can be mentioned, and an adamantyl group or a norbomyl group is preferable. 
     Further, the cyclic hydrocarbon group for R 101  may contain a hetero atom like as a heterocycle, and specific examples thereof include lactone-containing cyclic groups represented by the aforementioned general formulas (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7), —SO 2 — containing cyclic groups represented by the aforementioned formulas (a5-r-1) to (a5-r-4) and heterocycles shown below as (r-hr-1) to (r-hr-16). 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     As the substituent for the cyclic hydrocarbon group for R 101 , an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, a nitro group or the like can be used. 
     The alkyl group as the substituent is preferably an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group or a tert-butyl group is particularly desirable. 
     The alkoxy group as the substituent is preferably an alkoxy group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably a methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, iso-propoxy group, n-butoxy group or tert-butoxy group, and most preferably a methoxy group or an ethoxy group. 
     Examples of the halogen atom for the substituent include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, and a fluorine atom is preferable. 
     Example of the halogenated alkyl group as the substituent includes a group in which a part or all of the hydrogen atoms within an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms (e.g., a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an n-butyl group or a tert-butyl group) have been substituted with the aforementioned halogen atoms. 
     (Chain-Like Alkyl Group which May have a Substituent in R 101 ) 
     The chain-like alkyl group for R 101  may be linear or branched. 
     The linear alkyl group preferably has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 15, and most preferably 1 to 10. Specific examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an undecyl group, a dodecyl group, a tridecyl group, an isotridecyl group, a tetradecyl group, a pentadecyl group, a hexadecyl group, an isohexadecyl group, a heptadecyl group, an octadecyl group, a nonadecyl group, an icosyl group, a henicosyl group and a docosyl group. 
     The branched alkyl group preferably has 3 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 3 to 15, and most preferably 3 to 10. Specific examples include a 1-methylethyl group, a 1-methylpropyl group, a 2-methylpropyl group, a 1-methylbutyl group, a 2-methylbutyl group, a 3-methylbutyl group, a 1-ethylbutyl group, a 2-ethylbutyl group, a 1-methylpentyl group, a 2-methylpentyl group, a 3-methylpentyl group and a 4-methylpentyl group. 
     (Chain-Like Alkenyl Group which May have a Substituent in R 101 ) 
     The chain-like alkenyl group for R 101  may be linear or branched, and preferably has 2 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 5 carbon atoms, still more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and most preferably 3 carbon atoms. Examples of linear alkenyl groups include a vinyl group, a propenyl group (an allyl group) and a butynyl group. Examples of branched alkenyl groups include a 1-methylpropenyl group and a 2-methylpropenyl group. 
     Among the above-mentioned examples, as the chain-like alkenyl group, a propenyl group is particularly desirable. 
     As the substituent for the chain-like alkyl group or alkenyl group for R 101 , an alkoxy group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, a nitro group, an amino group, a cyclic group for R 101  or the like can be used. 
     Among these examples, as R 101 , a cyclic group which may have a substituent is preferable, and a cyclic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent is more preferable. Specifically, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been removed from a polycycloalkane, a lactone-containing cyclic group represented by any one of the aforementioned formula (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7), and an —SO 2 — containing cyclic group represented by any one of the aforementioned formula (a5-r-1) to (a5-r-4). 
     In formula (b-1), Y 101  represents a single bond or a divalent linking group containing an oxygen atom. 
     In the case where Y 101  is a divalent linking group containing an oxygen atom, Y 101  may contain an atom other than an oxygen atom. Examples of atoms other than an oxygen atom include a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom. 
     Examples of divalent linking groups containing an oxygen atom include non-hydrocarbon, oxygen atom-containing linking groups such as an oxygen atom (an ether bond; —O—), an ester bond (—C(═O)—O—), an oxycarbonyl group (—O—C(═O)—), an amido bond (—C(═O)—NH—), a carbonyl group (—C(═O)—) and a carbonate bond (—O—C(═O)—O—); and combinations of the aforementioned non-hydrocarbon, oxygen atom-containing linking groups with an alkylene group. Furthermore, the combinations may have a sulfonyl group (—SO 2 —) bonded thereto. As the combination, the linking group represented by formulas (y-a1-1) to (y-a1-7) shown below can be mentioned. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, V′ 101  represents a single bond or an alkylene group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; V′ 102  represents a divalent saturated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms. 
     The divalent saturated hydrocarbon group for V′ 102  is preferably an alkylene group of 1 to 30 carbon atoms. 
     The alkylene group for V′ 101  and V′ 102  may be a linear alkylene group or a branched alkylene group, and a linear alkylene group is preferable. 
     Specific examples of the alkylene group for V′ 101  and V′ 102  include a methylene group [—CH 2 —]; an alkylmethylene group, such as —CH(CH 3 )—, —CH(CH 2 CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )— and —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 —; an ethylene group [—CH 2 CH 2 —]; an alkylethylene group, such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 — and —CH(CH 2 CH 3 )CH 2 —; a trimethylene group (n-propylene group) [—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —]; an alkyltrimethylene group, such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 — and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —; a tetramethylene group [—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —]; an alkyltetramethylene group, such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —; and a pentamethylene group [—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —]. 
     Further, part of methylene group within the alkylene group for V′ 101  and V′ 102  may be substituted with a divalent aliphatic cyclic group of 5 to 10 carbon atoms. The aliphatic cyclic group is preferably a divalent group in which one hydrogen atom has been removed from the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group for Ra′ 3  in the aforementioned formula (a1-r-1), and a cyclohexylene group, 1,5-adamantylene group or 2,6-adamantylene group is more preferable. 
     Y 101  is preferably a divalent linking group containing an ether bond or an ester bond, and groups represented by the aforementioned formulas (y-a1-1) to (y-a1-5) are preferable. 
     In formula (b-1), V 101  represents a single bond, an alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group. The alkylene group and the fluorinated alkylene group for V 101  preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples of the fluorinated alkylene group for V 101  include a group in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms within the alkylene group for V 101  have been substituted with fluorine atoms. Among these examples, as V 101 , a single bond or a fluorinated alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable. 
     In formula (b-1), R 102  represents a fluorine atom or a fluorinated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms. R 102  is preferably a fluorine atom or a perfluoroalkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and more preferably a fluorine atom. 
     As specific examples of anion moieties of the formula (b-1), 
     in the case where Y 101  represents a single bond, a fluorinated alkylsulfonate anion such as a trifluoromethanesulfonate anion or a perfluorobutanesulfonate anion can be mentioned; and in the case where Y 101  represents a divalent linking group containing an oxygen atom, anions represented by formulae (an-1) to (an-3) shown below can be mentioned. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R″ 101  represents an aliphatic cyclic group which may have a substituent, a group represented by any one of the aforementioned formulae (r-hr-1) to (r-hr-6) or a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent; R″ 102  represents an aliphatic cyclic group which may have a substituent, a lactone-containing cyclic group represented by any one of the aforementioned formulae (a2-r-1) to (a2-r-7) or an —SO 2 — containing cyclic group represented by any one of the aforementioned general formulae (a5-r-1) to (a5-r-4); R″ 103  represents an aromatic cyclic group which may have a substituent, an aliphatic cyclic group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent; V″ 101  represents a fluorinated alkylene group; L″ 101  represents —C(═O)— or —SO 2 —; v″ represents an integer of 0 to 3; q″ represents an integer of 1 to 20; and n″ represents 0 or 1. 
     As the aliphatic cyclic group for R″ 101 , R″ 102  and R″ 103  which may have a substituent, the same groups as the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group for R 101  described above are preferable. As the substituent, the same groups as those described above for substituting the cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group for R 101  can be mentioned. 
     As the aromatic cyclic group for R″ 103  which may have a substituent, the same groups as the aromatic hydrocarbon group for the cyclic hydrocarbon group represented by R 101  described above are preferable. The substituent is the same as defined for the substituent for the aromatic hydrocarbon group represented by R 101 . 
     As the chain-like alkyl group for R″ 101  which may have a substituent, the same groups as those described above for R 101  are preferable. As the chain-like alkenyl group for R″ 103  which may have a substituent, the same groups as those described above for R 101  are preferable. V″ 101  is preferably a fluorinated alkylene group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and most preferably —CF 2 —, —CF 2 CF 2 —, —CHFCF 2 —, —CF(CF 3 )CF 2 — or —CH(CF 3 )CF 2 —. 
     —Anion Moiety of Component (b-2) 
     In formula (b-2), R 104  and R 105  each independently represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, and is the same as defined for R 101  in formula (b-1). R 104  and R 105  may be mutually bonded to form a ring. 
     As R 104  and R 105 , a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent is preferable, and a linear or branched alkyl group or a linear or branched fluorinated alkyl group is more preferable. 
     The chain-like alkyl group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 7 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. The smaller the number of carbon atoms of the chain-like alkyl group for R 104  and R 105  within the above-mentioned range of the number of carbon atoms, the more the solubility in a resist solvent is improved. Therefore, smaller number is preferable. Further, in the chain-like alkyl group for R 104  and R 105 , it is preferable that the number of hydrogen atoms substituted with fluorine atoms is as large as possible because the acid strength increases and the transparency to high energy radiation of 200 nm or less or electron beam is improved. The fluorination ratio of the chain-like alkyl group is preferably from 70 to 100%, more preferably from 90 to 100%, and it is particularly desirable that the chain-like alkyl group be a perfluoroalkyl group in which all hydrogen atoms are substituted with fluorine atoms. 
     In formula (b-2), V 102  and V 103  each independently represents a single bond, an alkylene group or a fluorinated alkylene group, and is the same as defined for V 101  in formula (b-1). 
     In formula (b-2), L 101  and L 102  each independently represents a single bond or an oxygen atom. 
     —Anion Moiety of Component (b-3) 
     In formula (b-3), R 106  to R 108  each independently represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, and is the same as defined for R 101  in formula (b-1). 
     L 103  to L 105  each independently represents a single bond, —CO— or —SO 2 —. 
     {Cation Moiety} 
     In formulae (b-1), (b-2) and (b-3), M′ m+  represents an organic cation having a valency of m, preferably a sulfonium cation or an iodonium cation, and most preferably a cation represented by any one of formulae (ca-1) to (ca-4) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R 201  to R 207 , R 211  and R 212  each independently represents an aryl group which may have a substituent, an alkyl group which may have a substituent or an alkenyl group which may have a substituent, provided that two of R 201  to R 203 , R 206  and R 207 , or R 211  and R 212  may be mutually bonded to form a ring with the sulfur atom; R 208  and R 209  each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; R 210  represents an aryl group which may have a substituent, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent or an —SO 2 — containing cyclic group which may have a substituent; L 201  represents —C(═O)— or —C(═O)—O—; Y 201  each independently represents an arylene group, an alkylene group or an alkenylene group; x represents 1 or 2; and W 201  represents a linking group having a valency of (x+1). 
     As the aryl group for R 201  to R 207 , R 211  and R 212 , an unsubstituted aryl group of 6 to 20 carbon atoms can be mentioned, and a phenyl group or a naphthyl group is preferable. 
     The alkyl group for R 201  to R 207 , R 211  and R 212  is preferably a chain-like or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms. 
     The alkenyl group for R 201  to R 207 , R 211  and R 212  preferably has 2 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     Specific examples of the substituent which R 201  to R 207  and R 210  to R 212  may have include an alkyl group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a carbonyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, an aryl group, an arylthio group and groups represented by formulae (ca-r-1) to (ca-r-7) shown below. 
     The aryl group within the arylthio group as the substituent is the same as defined for R 101 , and specific examples include a phenylthio group and a biphenylthio group. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R′ 201  each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent. 
     As the cyclic group which may have a substituent, the chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent and the chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent for R′ 201 , the same groups as those described above for R 101  in formula (b-1) can be mentioned. As the cyclic group which may have a substituent and chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent, the same groups as those described above for the acid dissociable group represented by the aforementioned formula (a1-r-2) can be also mentioned. 
     When R 201  to R 203 , R 206 , R 207 , R 211  and R 212  are mutually bonded to form a ring with the sulfur atom, these groups may be mutually bonded via a hetero atom such as a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom, or a functional group such as a carbonyl group, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —SO 3 —, —COO—, —CONH— or —N(RN)— (wherein RN represents an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms). The ring containing the sulfur atom in the skeleton thereof is preferably a 3 to 10-membered ring, and most preferably a 5 to 7-membered ring, including the sulfur atom. Specific examples of the ring formed include a thiophene ring, a thiazole ring, a benzothiophene ring, a thianthrene ring, a benzothiophene ring, a dibenzothiophene ring, a 9H-thioxanthene ring, a thioxanthone ring, a phenoxathiin ring, a tetrahydrothiophenium ring, and a tetrahydrothiopyranium ring. 
     R 208  and R 209  each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, provided that, in the case of an alkyl group, the groups may be mutually bonded to form a ring. 
     R 210  represents an aryl group which may have a substituent, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent, or an —SO 2 — containing cyclic group which may have a substituent. 
     Examples of the aryl group for R 210  include an unsubstituted aryl group of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and a phenyl group or a naphthyl group is preferable. 
     As the alkyl group for R 210 , a chain-like or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms is preferable. 
     The alkenyl group for R 210  preferably has 2 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     As the —SO 2 — containing cyclic group for R 210  which may have a substituent, the same “—SO 2 — containing cyclic groups” as those described above for Ra 21  in the aforementioned general formula (a2-1) can be mentioned, and the group represented by the aforementioned general formula (a5-r-1) is preferable. 
     Each Y 201  independently represents an arylene group, an alkylene group or an alkenylene group. 
     Examples of the arylene group for Y 201  include groups in which one hydrogen atom has been removed from an aryl group given as an example of the aromatic hydrocarbon group for R 101  in the aforementioned formula (b-1). 
     The alkylene group and the alkenylene group for Y 201  is the same as defined for the aliphatic hydrocarbon group as the divalent linking group represented by Va 1  in the aforementioned general formula (a1-1). 
     In the formula (ca-4), x represents 1 or 2. 
     W 201  represents a linking group having a valency of (x+1), i.e., a divalent or trivalent linking group. 
     As the divalent linking group for W 201 , a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent is preferable, and as examples thereof, the same hydrocarbon groups as those described above for Ya 21  in the general formula (a2-1) can be mentioned. The divalent linking group for W 201  may be linear, branched or cyclic, and cyclic is more preferable. Among these, an arylene group having two carbonyl groups, each bonded to the terminal thereof is preferable. Examples of the arylene group include a phenylene group and a naphthylene group, and a phenylene group is particularly desirable. 
     As the trivalent linking group for W 201 , a group in which one hydrogen atom has been removed from the aforementioned divalent linking group for W 201  and a group in which the divalent linking group has been bonded to another divalent linking group can be mentioned. The trivalent linking group for W 201  is preferably a group in which 2 carbonyl groups are bonded to an arylene group. 
     Specific examples of preferable cations represented by formula (ca-1) include cations represented by formulae (ca-1-1) to (ca-1-63) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, g1, g2 and g3 represent recurring numbers, wherein g1 is an integer of 1 to 5, g2 is an integer of 0 to 20, and g3 is an integer of 0 to 20. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R″ 201  represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and as the substituent, the same groups as those described above for substituting R 201  to R 207  and R 210  to R 212  can be mentioned. 
     Specific examples of preferable cations represented by formula (ca-3) include cations represented by formulae (ca-3-1) to (ca-3-6) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Specific examples of preferable cations represented by formula (ca-4) include cations represented by formulae (ca-4-1) and (ca-4-2) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     As the component (B), one type of these acid generators may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. 
     When the resist composition of the present embodiment contains the component (B), the amount of the component (B) relative to 100 parts by weight of the component (A) is preferably within a range from 0.5 to 60 parts by weight, more preferably from 1 to 50 parts by weight, and still more preferably from 1 to 40 parts by weight. When the amount of the component (B) is within the above-mentioned range, formation of a resist pattern can be satisfactorily performed. Further, by virtue of the above-mentioned range, when each of the components of the resist composition is dissolved in an organic solvent, a uniform solution can be obtained and the storage stability becomes satisfactory. 
     &lt;Basic Compound Component; Component (D)&gt; 
     Moreover, in the present embodiment, the resist composition may include an acid diffusion control agent component (hereafter, frequently referred to as “component (D)”), in addition to the component (A), or in addition to the component (A) and the component (B). 
     The component (D) functions as an acid diffusion control agent, i.e., a quencher which traps the acid generated from the component (B) and the like upon exposure. 
     In the present embodiment, the component (D) may be a photodecomposable base (D1) (hereafter, referred to as “component (D1)”) which is decomposed upon exposure and then loses the ability of controlling of acid diffusion, or a nitrogen-containing organic compound (D2) (hereafter, referred to as “component (D2)”) which does not fall under the definition of component (D1). 
     [Component (D1)] 
     When a resist pattern is formed using a resist composition containing the component (D1), the contrast between exposed portions and unexposed portions is improved. 
     The component (D1) is not particularly limited, as long as it is decomposed upon exposure and then loses the ability of controlling of acid diffusion. As the component (D1), at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by general formula (d1-1) shown below (hereafter, referred to as “component (d1-1)”), a compound represented by general formula (d1-2) shown below (hereafter, referred to as “component (d1-2)”) and a compound represented by general formula (d1-3) shown below (hereafter, referred to as “component (d1-3)”) is preferably used. 
     At exposed portions, the components (d1-1) to (d1-3) are decomposed and then lose the ability of controlling of acid diffusion (i.e., basicity), and therefore the components (d1-1) to (d1-3) cannot function as a quencher, whereas at unexposed portions, the components (d1-1) to (d1-3) function as a quencher. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, Rd 1  to Rd 4  represent a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, provided that, the carbon atom adjacent to the sulfur atom within the Rd 2  in the formula (d1-2) has no fluorine atom bonded thereto; Yd 1  represents a single bond or a divalent linking group; and M m+  each independently represents an organic cation having a valency of m. 
     {Component (d1-1)} 
     —Anion Moiety 
     In formula (d1-1), Rd 1  represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, and is the same groups as those defined above for R 101    
     Among these, as the group for Rd 1 , an aromatic hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent, an aliphatic cyclic group which may have a substituent and a chain-like hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent are preferable. As the substituents which these groups may have, a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom or a fluorinated alkyl group is preferable. 
     The aromatic hydrocarbon group is preferably a phenyl group or a naphthyl group. 
     Examples of the aliphatic cyclic group include groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been removed from a polycycloalkane such as adamantane, norbomane, isobomane, tricyclodecane or tetracyclododecane. 
     As the chain-like hydrocarbon group, a chain-like alkyl group is preferable. The chain-like alkyl group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include a linear alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group or a decyl group, and a branched alkyl group such as a 1-methylethyl group, a 1-methylpropyl group, a 2-methylpropyl group, a 1-methylbutyl group, a 2-methylbutyl group, a 3-methylbutyl group, a 1-ethylbutyl group, a 2-ethylbutyl group, a 1-methylpentyl group, a 2-methylpentyl group, a 3-methylpentyl group or a 4-methylpentyl group. 
     In the case where the chain-like alkyl group is a fluorinated alkyl group having a fluorine atom or a fluorinated alkyl group as a substituent, the fluorinated alkyl group preferably has 1 to 11 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The fluorinated alkyl group may contain an atom other than fluorine. Examples of the atom other than fluorine include an oxygen atom, a carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, a sulfur atom and a nitrogen atom. 
     As Rd 1 , a fluorinated alkyl group in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms constituting a linear alkyl group have been substituted with fluorine atom(s) is preferable, and a fluorinated alkyl group in which all of the hydrogen atoms constituting a linear alkyl group have been substituted with fluorine atoms (i.e., a linear perfluoroalkyl group) is more preferable. 
     Specific examples of preferable anion moieties for the component (d1-1) are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     —Cation Moiety 
     In formula (d1-1), M m+  represents an organic cation having a valency of m. 
     The organic cation for M m+  is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include the same cation moieties as those represented by the aforementioned formulas (ca-1) to (ca-4), and cation moieties represented by the aforementioned formulas (ca-1-1) to (ca-1-63) are preferable. 
     As the component (d1-1), one type of compound may be used, or two or more types of compounds may be used in combination. 
     {Component (d1-2)} 
     —Anion Moiety 
     In formula (d1-2), Rd 2  represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, and is the same groups as those defined above for R 101 . 
     The carbon atom adjacent to the sulfur atom within Rd 2  group has no fluorine atom bonded thereto (i.e., the carbon atom adjacent to the sulfur atom within Rd 2  group is not substituted with a fluorine atom). As a result, the anion of the component (d1-2) becomes an appropriately weak acid anion, thereby improving the quenching ability of the component (D). 
     As Rd 2 , an aliphatic cyclic group which may have a substituent is preferable, and a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been removed from adamantane, norbomane, isobomane, tricyclodecane, tetracyclododecane or camphor (which may have a substituent) is more preferable. 
     The hydrocarbon group for Rd 2  may have a substituent. As the substituent, the same groups as those described above for substituting the hydrocarbon group (e.g., aromatic hydrocarbon group, aliphatic hydrocarbon group) for Rd 1  in the formula (d1-1) can be mentioned. 
     Specific examples of preferable anion moieties for the component (d1-2) are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     —Cation Moiety 
     In formula (d1-2), M m+  is an organic cation having a valency of m, and is the same as defined for M m+  in the aforementioned formula (d1-1). 
     As the component (d1-2), one type of compound may be used, or two or more types of compounds may be used in combination. 
     {Component (d1-3)} 
     —Anion Moiety 
     In formula (d1-3), Rd 3  represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, and is the same groups as those defined above for R 101 , and a cyclic group containing a fluorine atom, a chain-like alkyl group or a chain-like alkenyl group is preferable. Among these, a fluorinated alkyl group is preferable, and the same fluorinated alkyl groups as those described above for Rd 1  are more preferable. 
     In formula (d1-3), Rd 4  represents a cyclic group which may have a substituent, a chain-like alkyl group which may have a substituent or a chain-like alkenyl group which may have a substituent, and is the same groups as those defined above for R 101 . 
     Among these, an alkyl group which may have substituent, an alkoxy group which may have substituent, an alkenyl group which may have substituent or a cyclic group which may have substituent is preferable. 
     The alkyl group for Rd 4  is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and specific examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isopentyl group, and a neopentyl group. Part of the hydrogen atoms within the alkyl group for Rd 4  may be substituted with a hydroxy group, a cyano group or the like. 
     The alkoxy group for Rd 4  is preferably an alkoxy group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an n-propoxy group, an iso-propoxy group, an n-butoxy group and a tert-butoxy group. Among these, a methoxy group and an ethoxy group are preferable. 
     As the alkenyl group for Rd 4 , the same groups as those described above for R 101  can be mentioned, and a vinyl group, a propenyl group (an allyl group), a 1-methylpropenyl group and a 2-methylpropenyl group are preferable. These groups may have an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms as a substituent. 
     As the cyclic group for Rd 4 , the same groups as those described above for R 101  can be mentioned. Among these, as the cyclic group, an alicyclic group (e.g., a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been removed from a cycloalkane such as cyclopentane, cyclohexane, adamantane, norbornane, isobomane, tricyclodecane or tetracyclododecane) or an aromatic group (e.g., a phenyl group or a naphthyl group) is preferable. When Rd 4  is an alicyclic group, the resist composition can be satisfactorily dissolved in an organic solvent, thereby improving the lithography properties. Alternatively, when Rd 4  is an aromatic group, the resist composition exhibits an excellent photoabsorption efficiency in a lithography process using EUV or the like as the exposure source, thereby resulting in the improvement of the sensitivity and the lithography properties. 
     In formula (d1-3), Yd 1  represents a single bond or a divalent linking group. 
     The divalent linking group for Yd 1  is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a divalent hydrocarbon group (aliphatic hydrocarbon group, or aromatic hydrocarbon group) which may have a substituent and a divalent linking group containing a hetero atom. As such groups, the same divalent linking groups as those described above for Ya 21  in the formula (a2-1) can be mentioned. 
     As Yd 1 , a carbonyl group, an ester bond, an amide bond, an alkylene group or a combination of these is preferable. As the alkylene group, a linear or branched alkylene group is more preferable, and a methylene group or an ethylene group is still more preferable. 
     Specific examples of preferable anion moieties for the component (d1-3) are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     —Cation Moiety 
     In formula (d1-3), M m+  is an organic cation having a valency of m, and is the same as defined for M m+  in the aforementioned formula (d1-1). 
     As the component (d1-3), one type of compound may be used, or two or more types of compounds may be used in combination. 
     As the component (D1), one type of the aforementioned components (d1-1) to (d1-3), or at least two types of the aforementioned components (d1-1) to (d1-3) can be used in combination. 
     The amount of the component (D1) relative to 100 parts by weight of the component (A) is preferably within a range from 0.5 to 10.0 parts by weight, more preferably from 0.5 to 8.0 parts by weight, and still more preferably from 1 to 8 parts by weight. 
     When the amount of the component (D1) is at least as large as the lower limit of the above-mentioned range, excellent lithography properties and excellent resist pattern shape can be obtained. On the other hand, when the amount of the component (D1) is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, sensitivity can be maintained at a satisfactory level, and through-put becomes excellent. 
     The production methods of the components (d1-1) and (d1-2) are not particularly limited, and the components (d1-1) and (d1-2) can be produced by conventional methods. 
     The amount of the component (D1) relative to 100 parts by weight of the component (A) is preferably within a range from 0.5 to 10.0 parts by weight, more preferably from 0.5 to 8.0 parts by weight, and still more preferably from 1.0 to 8.0 parts by weight. When the amount of the component (D1) is at least as large as the lower limit of the above-mentioned range, excellent lithography properties and excellent resist pattern shape can be obtained. On the other hand, when the amount of the component (D1) is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, sensitivity can be maintained at a satisfactory level, and through-put becomes excellent. 
     (Component (D2)) 
     The component (D) may contain a nitrogen-containing organic compound (D2) (hereafter, referred to as component (D2)) which does not fall under the definition of component (D1). 
     The component (D2) is not particularly limited, as long as it functions as an acid diffusion control agent, and does not fall under the definition of the component (D1). As the component (D2), any of the conventionally known compounds may be selected for use. Among these, an aliphatic amine, particularly a secondary aliphatic amine or tertiary aliphatic amine is preferable. 
     An aliphatic amine is an amine having one or more aliphatic groups, and the aliphatic groups preferably have 1 to 12 carbon atoms. 
     Examples of these aliphatic amines include amines in which at least one hydrogen atom of ammonia (NH 3 ) has been substituted with an alkyl group or hydroxyalkyl group of no more than 12 carbon atoms (i.e., alkylamines or alkylalcoholamines), and cyclic amines. 
     Specific examples of alkylamines and alkylalcoholamines include monoalkylamines such as n-hexylamine, n-heptylamine, n-octylamine, n-nonylamine, and n-decylamine; dialkylamines such as diethylamine, di-n-propylamine, di-n-heptylamine, di-n-octylamine, and dicyclohexylamine; trialkylamines such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tri-n-propylamine, tri-n-butylamine, tri-n-hexylamine, tri-n-pentylamine, tri-n-heptylamine, tri-n-octylamine, tri-n-nonylamine, tri-n-decylamine, and tri-n-dodecylamine; and alkyl alcohol amines such as diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, di-n-octanolamine, and tri-n-octanolamine. Among these, trialkylamines of 5 to 10 carbon atoms are preferable, and tri-n-pentylamine and tri-n-octylamine are particularly desirable. 
     Examples of the cyclic amine include heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom as a hetero atom. The heterocyclic compound may be a monocyclic compound (aliphatic monocyclic amine), or a polycyclic compound (aliphatic polycyclic amine). 
     Specific examples of the aliphatic monocyclic amine include piperidine, and piperazine. 
     The aliphatic polycyclic amine preferably has 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include 1, 5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene, hexamethylenetetramine, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. 
     Examples of other aliphatic amines include tris(2-methoxymethoxyethyl)amine, tris {2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris {2-(2-methoxyethoxymethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-methoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl}amine, tris{2-(1-ethoxypropoxy)ethyl}amine, tris[2-{2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy}ethyl]amine and triethanolamine triacetate, and triethanolamine triacetate is preferable. 
     Further, as the component (D2), an aromatic amine may be used. 
     Examples of aromatic amines include aniline, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, pyrrole, indole, pyrazole, imidazole and derivatives thereof, as well as diphenylamine, triphenylamine, tribenzylamine, 2,6-diisopropylaniline and N-tert-butoxy carbonylpyrrolidine. 
     As the component (D2), one type of compound may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. 
     The component (D2) is typically used in an amount within a range from 0.01 to 5.0 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the component (A). When the amount of the component (D2) is within the above-mentioned range, the shape of the resist pattern and the post exposure stability of the latent image formed by the pattern-wise exposure of the resist layer are improved. 
     As the component (D), one type of compound may be used, or two or more types of compounds may be used in combination. 
     In the present embodiment, when the resist composition contains the component (D), the amount of the component (D) relative to 100 parts by weight of the component (A) is preferably within a range from 0.1 to 15 parts by weight, more preferably from 0.3 to 12 parts by weight, and still more preferably from 0.5 to 12 parts by weight. When the amount of the component (D) is at least as large as the lower limit of the above-mentioned range, various lithography properties (such as LWR) of the resist composition are improved. Further, a resist pattern having an excellent shape can be obtained. On the other hand, when the amount of the component (D) is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, sensitivity can be maintained at a satisfactory level, and through-put becomes excellent. 
     &lt;Optional Components&gt; 
     [Component (E)] 
     In the present embodiment, in the resist composition, for preventing any deterioration in sensitivity, and improving the resist pattern shape and the post exposure stability of the latent image formed by the pattern-wise exposure of the resist layer, at least one compound (E) (hereafter referred to as the component (E)) selected from the group consisting of an organic carboxylic acid, or a phosphorus oxo acid or derivative thereof can be added as an optional component. 
     Examples of suitable organic carboxylic acids include acetic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid. 
     Examples of phosphorus oxo acids include phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid and phosphinic acid. Among these, phosphonic acid is particularly desirable. 
     Examples of oxo acid derivatives include esters in which a hydrogen atom within the above-mentioned oxo acids is substituted with a hydrocarbon group. Examples of the hydrocarbon group include an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms and an aryl group of 6 to 15 carbon atoms. 
     Examples of phosphoric acid derivatives include phosphoric acid esters such as di-n-butyl phosphate and diphenyl phosphate. 
     Examples of phosphonic acid derivatives include phosphonic acid esters such as dimethyl phosphonate, di-n-butyl phosphonate, phenylphosphonic acid, diphenyl phosphonate and dibenzyl phosphonate. 
     Examples of phosphinic acid derivatives include phosphinic acid esters and phenylphosphinic acid. 
     As the component (E), one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. 
     The component (E) is typically used in an amount within a range from 0.01 to 5.0 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the component (A). 
     [Component (F)] 
     In the present embodiment, the resist composition of the present embodiment may contain a fluorine additive (hereafter, referred to as “component (F)”) for imparting water repellency to the resist film. 
     As the component (F), for example, a fluorine-containing polymeric compound described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2010-002870, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2010-032994, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2010-277043, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2011-13569, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2011-128226 can be used. 
     Specific examples of the component (F) include polymers having a structural unit (f1) represented by general formula (f1-1) shown below. As the polymer, a polymer (homopolymer) consisting of a structural unit (f1) represented by formula (f1-1) shown below; a copolymer of a structural unit (f1) represented by formula (f1-1) shown below and the aforementioned structural unit (a1); and a copolymer of a structural unit (f1) represented by formula (f1-1) shown below, a structural unit derived from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and the aforementioned structural unit (a1) are preferable. As the structural unit (a1) to be copolymerized with a structural unit (f1) represented by formula (f1-1) shown below, a structural unit derived from 1-ethyl-1-cyclooctyl (meth)acrylate or a structural unit represented by the aforementioned formula (a1-2-01) is preferable. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, R is the same as defined above; Rf 102  and Rf 103  each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, provided that Rf 102  and Rf 103  may be the same or different; nf 1  represents an integer of 1 to 5; and Rf 101  represents an organic group containing a fluorine atom. 
     In formula (f1-1), R is the same as defined above. As R, a hydrogen atom or a methyl group is preferable. 
     In formula (f1-1), examples of the halogen atom for Rf 102  and Rf 103  include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, and a fluorine atom is particularly desirable. Examples of the alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms for Rf 102  and Rf 103  include the same alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms as those described above for R, and a methyl group or an ethyl group is preferable. Specific examples of the halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms represented by Rf 102  or Rf 103  include groups in which part or all of the hydrogen atoms of the aforementioned alkyl groups of 1 to 5 carbon atoms have been substituted with halogen atoms. Examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, and a fluorine atom is particularly desirable. Among these, as Rf 102  and Rf 103 , a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable, and a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group or an ethyl group is more preferable. 
     In formula (f1-1), nf 1  represents an integer of 1 to 5, preferably an integer of 1 to 3, and more preferably 1 or 2. 
     In formula (f1-1), Rf 101  represents an organic group containing a fluorine atom, and is preferably a hydrocarbon group containing a fluorine atom. 
     The hydrocarbon group containing a fluorine atom may be linear, branched or cyclic, and preferably has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 15 carbon atoms, and most preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms. 
     It is preferable that the hydrocarbon group having a fluorine atom has 25% or more of the hydrogen atoms within the hydrocarbon group fluorinated, more preferably 50% or more, and most preferably 60% or more, as the hydrophobicity of the resist film during immersion exposure is enhanced. 
     Among these, as Rf 101 , a fluorinated hydrocarbon group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable, and a methyl group, —CH 2 —CF 3 , —CH 2 —CF 2 —CF 3 , —CH(CF 3 ) 2 , —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 3 , and —CH 2 —CH 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 2 —CF 3  are most preferable. 
     The weight average molecular weight (Mw) (the polystyrene equivalent value determined by gel permeation chromatography) of the component (F) is preferably 1,000 to 50,000, more preferably 5,000 to 40,000, and most preferably 10,000 to 30,000. When the weight average molecular weight is no more than the upper limit of the above-mentioned range, the resist composition exhibits a satisfactory solubility in a resist solvent. On the other hand, when the weight average molecular weight is at least as large as the lower limit of the above-mentioned range, dry etching resistance and the cross-sectional shape of the resist pattern become satisfactory. 
     Further, the dispersity (Mw/Mn) of the component (F) is preferably 1.0 to 5.0, more preferably 1.0 to 3.0, and most preferably 1.2 to 2.5. 
     As the component (F), one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. 
     The component (F) is generally used in an amount within a range from 0.5 to 10 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of the component (A). 
     In the present embodiment, if desired, other miscible additives can also be added to the resist composition. Examples of such miscible additives include additive resins for improving the performance of the resist film, dissolution inhibitors, plasticizers, stabilizers, colorants, halation prevention agents, and dyes. 
     [Component (S)] 
     In the present embodiment, the resist composition can be prepared by dissolving the materials for the resist composition in an organic solvent (hereafter, frequently referred to as “component (S)”). 
     The component (S) may be any organic solvent which can dissolve the respective components to give a uniform solution, and one or more kinds of any organic solvent can be appropriately selected from those which have been conventionally known as solvents for a chemically amplified resist. 
     Examples thereof include lactones such as γ-butyrolactone; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), cyclohexanone, methyl-n-pentyl ketone (2-heptanone) and methyl isopentyl ketone; polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol and dipropylene glycol; compounds having an ester bond, such as ethylene glycol monoacetate, diethylene glycol monoacetate, propylene glycol monoacetate, and dipropylene glycol monoacetate; polyhydric alcohol derivatives including compounds having an ether bond, such as a monoalkylether (e.g., monomethylether, monoethylether, monopropylether or monobutylether) or monophenylether of any of these polyhydric alcohols or compounds having an ester bond (among these, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) and propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) are preferable); cyclic ethers such as dioxane; esters such as methyl lactate, ethyl lactate (EL), methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl pyruvate, ethyl pyruvate, methyl methoxypropionate, and ethyl ethoxypropionate; aromatic organic solvents such as anisole, ethylbenzylether, cresylmethylether, diphenylether, dibenzylether, phenetole, butylphenylether, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, pentylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, toluene, xylene, cymene and mesitylene; and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). 
     These solvents can be used individually, or in combination as a mixed solvent. 
     Among these, PGMEA, PGME, γ-butyrolactone and EL are preferable. 
     Further, among the mixed solvents, a mixed solvent obtained by mixing PGMEA with a polar solvent is preferable. The mixing ratio (weight ratio) of the mixed solvent can be appropriately determined, taking into consideration the compatibility of the PGMEA with the polar solvent, but is preferably in the range of 1:9 to 9:1, more preferably from 2:8 to 8:2. 
     Specifically, when EL or cyclohexanone is mixed as the polar solvent, the PGMEA:EL or cyclohexanone weight ratio is preferably from 1:9 to 9:1, and more preferably from 2:8 to 8:2. Alternatively, when PGME is mixed as the polar solvent, the PGMEA:PGME weight ratio is preferably from 1:9 to 9:1, more preferably from 2:8 to 8:2, and still more preferably 3:7 to 7:3. 
     Further, as the component (S), a mixed solvent of at least one of PGMEA and EL with γ-butyrolactone is also preferable. The mixing ratio (former:latter) of such a mixed solvent is preferably from 70:30 to 95:5. 
     The amount of the component (S) is not particularly limited, and is appropriately adjusted in accordance with the thickness of the coating film, at a concentration that enables favorable application of the composition to a substrate or the like. In general, the organic solvent is used in an amount such that the solid content of the resist composition becomes within the range from 1 to 20% by weight, and preferably from 2 to 15% by weight. 
     [Step B] 
     The present invention includes a step B of applying a cross-linking composition so as to cover the first resist pattern formed in the aforementioned step A. The cross-linking composition applied in step B is characterized by containing a blocked isocyanate compound having a protected isocyanate group. 
     The blocked isocyanate compound is not particularly limited as long as the protection of isocyanate group can be removed (also referred to as deprotection or deblocking) in the heating step in step C described later. 
     Since the cross-linking composition containing the blocked isocyanate compound which is deblocked by heating and regenerates an active isocyanate group is used in the present invention, it is possible to thicken the first resist pattern without being affected by the design of the resist composition for forming the first resist pattern. 
     For example, in a method of thickening a pattern as described in Patent Document 2, an acid generated from the first resist pattern is used for the crosslinking reaction for thickening the pattern. 
     However, in this method, since the crosslinking reaction is affected by the amount of acid on the first resist pattern, the range of options for the resist composition for forming the first pattern becomes narrow. 
     On the other hand, a blocked isocyanate compound which is deblocked by heating and allows the crosslinking reaction to proceed is employed in the present invention, thereby allowing the crosslinking reaction to proceed without being affected by the design of the resist composition for forming the first resist pattern. 
     [Blocked Isocyanate Compound] 
     In the blocked isocyanate compound of the present invention, deblocking occurs, for example, as shown in the following reaction formula (BC)-1. The reaction formula (BC)-1 shown below is provided in order to illustrate an example of deblocking, and the present invention is by no way limited by the reaction formula. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Ys 01  represents a divalent linking group; and B represents a protecting group of an isocyanate group. In the formula, A represents a heating. 
     In the reaction formula (BC)-1, R is the same as defined above. Ys 01  represents a divalent linking group, and the divalent linking group for Ys 01  is the same as defined for the divalent linking group for Ya 21  in the aforementioned general formula (a2-1). Among the divalent linking group for Ya 21  in the aforementioned general formula (a2-1), a divalent hydrocarbon group which may have a substituent is preferable, and a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms is more preferable. 
     The linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6, still more preferably 1 to 4, and most preferably 1 to 3. 
     As the linear aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a linear alkylene group is preferable. Specific examples thereof include a methylene group [—CH 2 —], an ethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 2 —], a trimethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 3 —], a tetramethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 4 -] and a pentamethylene group [—(CH 2 ) 5 —]. 
     As the branched aliphatic hydrocarbon group, branched alkylene groups are preferred, and specific examples include various alkylalkylene groups, including alkylmethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )—, —CH(CH 2 CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )—, and —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 —; alkylethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 2 CH 3 )CH 2 —, and —C(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 —CH 2 —; alkyltrimethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —, and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —; and alkyltetramethylene groups such as —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, and —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 —. As the alkyl group within the alkylalkylene group, a linear alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable. 
     In reaction formula (BC)-1, B is a protecting group of the isocyanate group, and more specifically represents a residual group of isocyanate protection agent. Examples of the protection agent include phenol type compound such as phenol, cresol, xylenol, ethylphenol, o-isopropylphenol, butylphenol (such as p-tert-butylphenol), p-tert-octylphenol, nonylphenol, dinonylphenol, styrenated phenol, oxybenzoic acid ester, thymol, p-naphthol, p-nitrophenol, p-chlorophenol and the like; alcohol type compound such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, methyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, methyl carbitol, benzyl alcohol, phenyl cellosolve, furfuryl alcohol, cyclohexanol and the like; active methylene type compound such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, acetylacetone and the like; mercaptan type compound such as butyl mercaptan, thiophenol, tert-dodecyl mercaptan and the like; amine type compound such as diphenylamine, phenylnaphthylamine, aniline, carbazole and the like; acid amide type compound such as acetanilide, acetanisidide, acetic acid amide, benzamide and the like; lactam type compound such as ε-caprolactam, δ-valerolactam, γ-butyrolactam, β-propiolactam and the like; acid imide type compound such as succinic acid imide, maleic acid imide and the like; imidazole type compound such as imidazole, 2-methyl imidazole, 2-ethyl imidazole and the like; pyrazole type compound such as pyrazole, 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole and the like; urea type compound such as urea, thiourea, ethylene urea and the like; carbamide acid salt type compound such as N-phenyl carbamate phenyl, 2-oxazolidone and the like; imine type compound such as ethylene imine, polyethylene imine, propane-2-imine and the like; oxime type compound such as formaldoxime, acetaldoxime, acetone oxime, methyl ethyl ketoxime, methyl isobutyl ketoxime, cyclohexanone oxime and the like; bisulfite salt type compound such as sodium bisulfite, potassium bisulfite and the like. As the protection agent, 1 kind of compound may be used, or 2 or more kinds of compounds may be used in combination. 
     Among them, phenol type compound, lactam type compound, alcohol type compound, oxim type compound, pyrazole type compound, and imine type compound are preferable; nonylphenol, styrenated phenol, oxybenzoic acid ester, acetoxime, methylethylketoxime, ε-caprolactam, pyrazole, 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole and propan-2-imine are particularly preferable. 
     The term “residual group of an isocyanate protection agent” (protecting group) is a group in which a hydrogen atom has been removed from the aforementioned protection agent. 
     Although the protecting group protects an isocyanate group which has high reactivity, the isocyanate group is generated by heating above the dissociation temperature in order to eliminate the protecting group, thereby forming cross-linking structure with the first resist pattern and thickening the pattern. 
     The reaction of an isocyanate compound with the protection agent can be conducted with or without the presence of a solvent. When using a solvent, it is necessary to use a solvent inert to isocyanate groups. During the blocking reaction, organic metal salts of tin, zinc, lead and the like, tertiary amines, and the like may be used as a catalyst. In general, the reaction can be carried out at −20 to 150° C., although it is preferably carried out at 0 to 100° C. 
     In the present invention, when the first resist pattern covered with a crosslinking agent composition containing a protected blocked isocyanate compound is heated to above the dissociation temperature, the protecting group is eliminated, and the generated isocyanate group reacts with a primary or secondary hydroxyl group, or a primary or secondary amino group. 
     In the reaction formula (BC)-2 shown below, a mechanism of elimination of the protecting group by heating and reaction of the generated isocyanate group with the primary hydroxyl group is shown. The reaction formula (BC)-2 shown below is provided in order to illustrate a mechanism of elimination of the protecting group by heating and reaction of the generated isocyanate group with the primary hydroxyl group, and the present invention is by no way limited by the reaction formula. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Ys 01  represents a divalent linking group; and B1 represents a residual group of an isocyanate protection agent. In the formula, Δ represents a heating. 
     In the reaction formula (BC)-2, R and Ys 01  are the same as defined above. In reaction formula (BC)-2, B1 represents a residual group of isocyanate protection agent. In the present embodiment, examples of B1 include a group same as a residual group of isocyanate protection agent for B. 
     In the present embodiment, when the first resist pattern covered with a crosslinking agent composition containing a protected blocked isocyanate compound is heated to above the dissociation temperature, the first resist pattern can be thickened and thus a reduced pattern can be formed. 
     The reason for this is that, in the case where a solvent-developed negative-tone pattern is formed as the first resist pattern to be thickened, a hydrophilic group will be present on the first resist pattern surface  2   a  (see  FIG. 1C ). 
     Therefore, when the isocyanate group generated by the elimination of the protecting group due to heating reacts with a primary or secondary hydroxyl group, or a primary or secondary amino group, the crosslinking reaction between the isocyanate group and a hydroxyl group, a lactone, an acid anhydride, an ester and the like (hereafter, referred to as a “hydroxyl group or the like”) on the first resist pattern surface is allowed to proceed, thereby forming a cross-linking structure. As a result, the pattern is thickened. 
     In the present invention, the blocked isocyanate compound is preferably a compound represented by any one of general formulae (s0)-1 and (s0)-2 shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formulae, R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a halogenated alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; Ys 01  represents a divalent linking group; Rs 01  represents a residual group of an isocyanate protection agent; and Rs 02  and Rs 03  each independently represents a group selected from the group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group and an n-pentyl group. 
     In general formula (s0)-1, R and Ys ° 1  are the same as defined above. 
     In general formula (s0)-1, Rs 01  represents a residual group of isocyanate protection agent. 
     Examples of the residual group of isocyanate protection agent for Rs 01  include the same residual groups of isocyanate protection agent as those described above for B. Further, as the residual group of an isocyanate protection agent for Rs 01 , preferable examples include nitrogen-containing cyclic groups. 
     Examples of the nitrogen-containing cyclic group for Rs 01  include groups represented by formulae (bc-r-1) to (bc-r-8) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, Rs 001  represents an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; n represents an integer of 0 to 3; and * represents a valence bond. 
     Examples of the alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms for Rs 001  include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group and a pentyl group, and a methyl group or an ethyl group is preferable. 
     Specific examples of compounds represented by general formula (s0)-1 are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In general formula (s0)-2, Rs 02  and Rs 03  each independently represents a group selected from the group consisting of a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group and an n-pentyl group; and a methyl group or an ethyl group is preferable. Specific examples of compounds represented by general formula (s0)-2 are shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     The blocked isocyanate compounds can also be obtained as commercially available products. As a commercially available product, Karenz MOI-BM (Trade Mark), Karenz MOI-BP (Trade Mark) (manufactured by Showa Denko K.K.) and the like can be used. 
     The amount of the blocked isocyanate compound based on the total solid content of the cross-linking composition can be determined depending on the kinds or the contents of solvents and the other resins. In general, the amount of the blocked isocyanate compound is preferably 1 to 100% by weight, more preferably 5 to 90% by weight, and still more preferably 10 to 85% by weight. 
     [Polymeric Compound (BC)] 
     In the present embodiment, as the cross-linking composition, the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound may be used alone, or a polymeric compound (BC) having a structural unit derived from the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound and other structural unit may be used. As the other structural unit, preferable examples include a structural unit (a1) containing an acid decomposable group which exhibits increased polarity by the action of acid, a structural unit (a2) containing a lactone-containing cyclic group or a —SO 2 — containing cyclic group, a structural unit (a4) containing an acid non-dissociable cyclic group, or a structural unit (st) derived from styrene described below. 
     In the present invention, it is preferable to use the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound alone, and a copolymer of a structural unit derived from the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound and the structural unit (a4) containing an acid non-dissociable cyclic group; a copolymer of a structural unit derived from the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound and a structural unit (a1) containing an acid decomposable group which exhibits increased polarity by the action of acid; a copolymer of a structural unit derived from the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound and the structural unit (a2) containing a lactone-containing cyclic group; and a copolymer of a structural unit derived from the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound and a structural unit (st) derived from styrene described below are more preferable. Among them, the copolymer of a structural unit derived from the aforementioned blocked isocyanate compound and the structural unit (a4) containing an acid non-dissociable cyclic group is particularly desirable. 
     In this case, the amount of each structural unit (a1) to (a2), (a4) and (st) based on the combined total of all structural units constituting the cross-linking composition is preferably 20 to 90 mol %, more preferably 20 to 85 mol %, and still more preferably 30 to 80 mol %. 
     (Structural Unit (st)) 
     In the present embodiment, the polymeric compound (BC) preferably has a structural unit derived from styrene (hereafter referred to as “structural unit (st)”). 
     Here, the term “styrene” refers to a general concept including styrene; compounds in which the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom at the α-position of styrene has been substituted with another substituent such as a halogen atom, an alkyl group or a halogenated alkyl group; and derivatives thereof (preferably, a compound having a substituent such as a substituent described in the explanation of a divalent linking group for Ya 21  in the aforementioned general formula (a2-1), as a substituent bonded to the benzene ring). Here, the α-position (carbon atom on the α-position) of styrene refers to the carbon atom having the benzene ring bonded thereto, unless specified otherwise. 
     Specific examples of the structural unit (st) include a structural unit (st1) represented by general formula (st1-1) shown below. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     In the formula, R st  represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R 01  represents an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms; and m 02  represents an integer of 0 to 3. 
     In the structural unit (st1) represented by the aforementioned general formula (st1-1), R st  represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and a hydrogen atom is preferable. 
     R 01  is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and specific examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an isopentyl group, and a neopentyl group. In terms of industry, a methyl group or an ethyl group is preferable. 
     m 02  represents an integer of 0 to 3. Among these, m 02  is preferably 0 or 1, and most preferably 0 from an industrial viewpoint. 
     When m 02  is 1, the substitution position of R 01  may be any of the o-position, the m-position and the p-position. Further, when m 02  is 2 or 3, a desired combination of the substitution positions can be used. 
     The polymeric compound (BC) can be obtained, for example, by a conventional radical polymerization or the like of the monomers corresponding with each of the structural units, using a radical polymerization initiator such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or dimethyl 2,2′-azobis(isobutyrate). 
     In the present embodiment, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) (the polystyrene equivalent value determined by gel permeation chromatography) of the polymeric compound (BC) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1,000 to 10,000,000, more preferably 1,500 to 500,000, and most preferably 2,000 to 300,000. 
     As the polymeric compound (BC), one type of compound may be used alone, or two or more types of compounds may be used in combination. 
     [Solvent] 
     A solvent contained in the cross-linking composition may be water or an organic solvent and is not particularly limited as long as it does not dissolve the first resist pattern, and it can be appropriately selected depending on the kind of the cross-linking composition and the resist composition. When water is used as the solvent, pure water is preferable. When an organic solvent is used as the solvent, ketone solvents, ester solvents, alcohol solvents, amide solvents, ether solvents and the like are preferable. These organic solvents may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. 
     Among these, in terms of not dissolving the first resist pattern, ester solvents are more preferable, and butyl acetate is particularly desirable. 
     All the solid content within the cross-linking composition (total weight excluding solvent) is preferably 0.1 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight, and most preferably 0.1 to 5% by weight. 
     In the step of applying a cross-linking composition, the cross-linking composition may be applied by any method as long as the composition can be applied to the first resist pattern. A conventional spin-coating method, a spray method, a roller-coating method, a dipping method and the like can be used, and the spin-coating method is preferable. 
     [Step C] 
     The present invention includes a step C of heating the covered first resist pattern and crosslinking an isocyanate group in the cross-linking composition with the first resist pattern. 
     In the step C, the first resist pattern covered with the cross-linking composition is heated after applying the cross-linking composition. By virtue of the step, the insoluble residual solvent can be removed. Furthermore, the blocked isocyanate compound is deprotected to generate an isocyanate group, thereby allowing the cross-linking reaction to proceed on the first resist pattern surface. 
     The heating temperature and the heating period can be appropriately selected depending on the types of the resist material, the types of the cross-linking composition, and the amount of shrinkage of the resist pattern. The heating temperature is preferably 80 to 200° C., and more preferably 100 to 170° C. The heating period is preferably 30 to 300 seconds, more preferably 30 to 120 seconds, and most preferably 30 to 80 seconds. 
     [Step D] 
     The present invention includes a step D of developing the covered first resist pattern. 
     In the step D, the excess cross-linking composition and the unreacted cross-linking composition in the aforementioned step C are removed. 
     The developing treatment is conducted using an alkali developing solution in the case of an alkali developing process, and a developing solution containing an organic solvent (organic developing solution) in the case of a solvent developing process. 
     After the developing treatment, it is preferable to conduct a rinse treatment. In the case of an alkali developing process, the rinse treatment is preferably performed using pure water, whereas in the case of a solvent developing process, the rinse treatment is preferably performed using a rinse liquid containing an organic solvent. 
     In the case of a solvent developing process, residual developing solution or rinse liquid adhered to the pattern following the developing treatment or rinse treatment may be removed using a supercritical fluid. 
     Drying is performed following the developing treatment or rinse treatment. If desired, bake treatment (post bake) can be conducted following the developing. In this manner, a resist pattern can be obtained. 
     In the present embodiment, the developing treatment may be an alkali developing process or may be a solvent developing process, however, in terms of removal efficiency of the cross-linking composition, the solvent developing process is preferable. In the step D, as shown in  FIG. 1D , a cross-linked structure forming portion  2   a  is formed on the surface of the first resist pattern  2 , thereby forming a thickened pattern. As a result, in the case of a hole pattern, a reduced pattern in which the hole diameter is reduced is formed, whereas a reduced pattern in which the space width is reduced is formed in a line and space pattern. 
     Examples 
     The present invention will be described more specifically with reference to the following examples, although the scope of the present invention is by no way limited by these examples. 
     [Step A] 
     &lt;Preparation of Resist Composition&gt; 
     100 parts by weight of a polymeric compound (A)-1 shown below; 6 parts by weight of a compound (B)-1 shown below; 3 parts by weight of a compound (D)-1 shown below; 1.5 parts by weight of a polymeric compound (F)-1 shown below; 100 parts by weight of γ-butyrolactone; and 4,000 parts by weight of a solvent (mixed solvent of PGMEA/PGME/cyclohexanone=45/30/25 (weight ratio)) were mixed together to prepare a resist composition. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     &lt;Formation of Resist Pattern&gt; 
     An organic anti-reflection film composition (product name: ARC29A, manufactured by Brewer Science Ltd.) was applied onto an 12-inch silicon wafer using a spinner, and the composition was then baked and dried on a hotplate at 205° C. for 60 seconds, thereby forming an organic anti-reflection film having a film thickness of 85 nm. 
     Then, the resist composition obtained above was applied to the film using a spinner, and was then prebaked (PAB) on a hotplate at 105° C. for 60 seconds and dried, thereby forming a resist film having a film thickness of 85 nm. 
     Subsequently, the resist film was selectively irradiated with an ArF excimer laser (193 nm) through a mask pattern (6% halftone), using an exposure apparatus NSR-S609B (manufactured by Nikon Corporation, NA=1.07, Annular). 
     Then, development was conducted using butyl acetate for 13 seconds. 
     Then, a post exposure bake (PEB) treatment was conducted at 80° C. for 60 seconds. 
     As a result, hole pattern (hereafter, sometimes referred to as “first resist pattern”) described below was formed. 
     Target 1: 75 nm mask/110 nm pitch/60 nm CH 
     Target 2: 155 nm mask/300 nm pitch/60 nm CH 
     [Step B] 
     &lt;Preparation of Cross-Linking Composition&gt; 
     [Synthesis of Polymeric Compound] 
     In a separable flask equipped with a thermometer, a reflux tube and a nitrogen feeding pipe, 25.00 g (113.48 mmol) of the compound 1, 7.58 g (30.16 mmol) of the compound 2 were dissolved in 48.87 g of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). Then, 11.49 mmol of dimethyl 2,2′-azobis(isobutyrate) (V-601) as a polymerization initiator was added and dissolved in the obtained solution to prepare a dripping solution. 
     The dripping solution was dropwise added to 17.28 g of MEK heated to 80° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere over 4 hours. Thereafter, the reaction solution was heated for 1 hour while stirring, and then cooled to room temperature. 
     The obtained reaction polymerization solution was dropwise added to an excess amount of n-heptane to deposit a polymer. Thereafter, the precipitated white powder was separated by filtration, followed by washing with n-heptane, and then drying, thereby obtaining 23.46 g of a polymeric compound 3 as an objective compound. 
     With respect to the polymeric compound, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and the dispersity (Mw/Mn) were determined by the polystyrene equivalent value as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). As a result, it was found that the weight average molecular weight was 7,700, and the dispersity was 1.90. 
     Further, the compositional ratio of the copolymer (the proportion (molar ratio) of each of the structural units within the structural formula) determined by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (600 MHz,  13 C-NMR) was 1/m=79.9/20.1. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Other polymeric compounds 1 and 2 and 4 to 11 were also synthesized in the same manner as the polymeric compound 3. 
     Then, the polymeric compounds 1 to 11 shown in Table 1 were each dissolved in butyl acetate, thereby preparing cross-linking compositions 1 to 11 (1.6% butyl acetate solutions of the polymeric compounds). 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Polymeric 
                   
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 compound 
                 Composition 
                 Mw 
                 Mw/Mn 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 1 
                 (BC-01) 
                 9,500 
                 2.10 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [100] 
               
               
                   
                 2 
                 (a1-01)/(BC-01) 
                 6,500 
                 1.28 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [35.7/64.3] 
               
               
                   
                 3 
                 (a4-01)/(BC-01) 
                 7,700 
                 1.90 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [79.9/20.1] 
               
               
                   
                 4 
                 (a4-01)/(BC-01) 
                 8,200 
                 1.84 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [49.0/51.0] 
               
               
                   
                 5 
                 (a4-01)/(BC-01) 
                 22,700 
                 2.07 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [49.1/50.9] 
               
               
                   
                 6 
                 (a4-01)/(BC-01) 
                 53,800 
                 2.39 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [49.6/50.4] 
               
               
                   
                 7 
                 (a4-01)/(BC-01) 
                 82,300 
                 2.37 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [50.9/49.1] 
               
               
                   
                 8 
                 (a4-01)/(a4-02)/(BC-01) 
                 83,400 
                 2.43 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [30.3/20.1/49.6] 
               
               
                   
                 9 
                 (a4-01)/(a4-02)/(BC-01) 
                 81,200 
                 2.55 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [10.1/39.7/50.2] 
               
               
                   
                 10 
                 (a2-01)/(BC-01) 
                 8,900 
                 1.89 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [49.3/50.7] 
               
               
                   
                 11 
                 (st-01)/(BC-01) 
                 9,200 
                 1.87 
               
               
                   
                   
                 [49.4/50.6] 
               
               
                   
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Table 1, the reference characters in the composition section represent the following monomers. Further, the values in brackets [ ] indicate the amount (in terms of parts by weight) of the component added. 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     &lt;Application of Cross-Linking Composition&gt; 
     The cross-linking compositions 1 to 11 were applied using a spinner so as to cover the obtained first resist pattern. The cross-linking compositions 1 to 11 were regarded as Examples 1 to 11, respectively. 
     The coating film thickness of the cross-linking composition was 60 nm. 
     [Step C] 
     The isocyanate group in the cross-linking composition was cross-linked with the first resist pattern by heating the first resist pattern that is covered with the cross-linking composition and obtained in [Step B] described above. The heating temperature is indicated under “Shrink bake (° C.)” in Tables 2 and 3 below. The heating time was 60 seconds. 
     [Step D] 
     After [Step C], development was conducted using butyl acetate for 13 seconds, thereby removing the uncrosslinked portions of the cross-linking composition. As a result, the first resist pattern was thickened, thereby forming a shrunk pattern in which the hole diameter was reduced. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Shrink 
                   
                   
                 S.V. (nm) 
                 I-D 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bake 
                 Dose 
                 S.V. (nm) 
                 155M/ 
                 Bias 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (° C.) 
                 (mJ/cm 2 ) 
                 75M/110P 
                 300P 
                 (nm) 
                 Scum 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 1 
                 100 
                 33 
                 1.6 
                 1.2 
                 −0.4 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 33 
                 9.3 
                 6.6 
                 −2.7 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 33 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 2 
                 100 
                 33 
                 3.7 
                 1.9 
                 −1.8 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 33 
                 4.5 
                 0.4 
                 −4.1 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 33 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
                 — 
               
               
                 Example 3 
                 100 
                 33 
                 4.2 
                 1.9 
                 −2.3 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 33 
                 6.0 
                 5.5 
                 −0.5 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 33 
                 7.1 
                 5.8 
                 −1.3 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 4 
                 100 
                 33 
                 3.4 
                 1.8 
                 −1.6 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 33 
                 4.3 
                 1.7 
                 −2.6 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 160 
                 33 
                 9.3 
                 7.5 
                 −1.8 
                 A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                   
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
                   
               
               
                   
                 Shrink 
                   
                   
                   
                 I-D 
                   
               
               
                   
                 Bake 
                 Dose 
                 S.V. (nm) 
                 S.V. (nm) 
                 Bias 
                   
               
               
                   
                 (° C.) 
                 (mJ/cm 2 ) 
                 75M/110P 
                 155M/300P 
                 (nm) 
                 Scum 
               
               
                   
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Example 5 
                 160 
                 33 
                 17.2 
                 17.2 
                 0.0 
                 A 
               
               
                 Example 6 
                 160 
                 33 
                 28.8 
                 29.5 
                 0.7 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 7 
                 160 
                 33 
                 32.3 
                 31.6 
                 −0.7 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 8 
                 120 
                 33 
                 15.9 
                 17.7 
                 1.8 
                 A 
               
               
                   
                 130 
                 33 
                 22.8 
                 21.3 
                 −1.5 
                 B 
               
               
                   
                 140 
                 33 
                 26.8 
                 27.6 
                 0.9 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 9 
                 130 
                 33 
                 20.8 
                 17.4 
                 −3.4 
                 B 
               
               
                 Example 
                 160 
                 33 
                 14.5 
                 15.6 
                 1.1 
                 A 
               
               
                 10 
               
               
                 Example 
                 160 
                 33 
                 16.2 
                 16.4 
                 0.2 
                 A 
               
               
                 11 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     In Tables 2 and 3, “S.V. (nm) 75M/110P” indicates the difference from the hole diameter of the first resist pattern in a 110 nm pitch pattern, and “S.V. (nm) 155M/300P” indicates the difference from the hole diameter of the first resist pattern in a 300 nm pitch pattern. Further, “I-D Bias (nm)” indicates the difference between “S.V. (nm) 75M/110P” and “S.V. (nm) 155M/300P”. 
     [Scum Evaluation] 
     The shape of the pattern obtained above was observed using a critical dimension scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a cross section SEM, and the generation of scum was evaluated by the following criteria. 
     (Criteria) 
     A: scum was not generated after the development. 
     B: scum was slightly generated after the development. 
     As seen from the results shown above, in Examples 1 to 11 in which the cross-linked structures were formed by applying the cross-linking compositions, followed by heating, the difference with the hole diameter of the first resist pattern was large and the patterns were successfully shrunk in a favorable manner. 
     DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS 
       1 : substrate,  2 : first resist pattern,  3 : cross-linking composition layer,  2   a : cross-linked structure forming portion