Patent Publication Number: US-5292780-A

Title: Compositions for friction elements

Description:
The present invention is concerned with improved resin compositions suitable for the preparation of friction elements, and friction elements prepared therefrom. 
     Friction elements such as automotive brake linings and disc pads, railway brake blocks and clutch facings can be made by bonding a friction material with a resin. Asbestos is commonly used as a friction material, either as a woven fabric or in fibre form. The asbestos is often bonded with a phenolic resin. When such friction elements are subjected to severe brake or clutch operating conditions, the high temperatures produced tend to breakdown the element with resulting wear and/or loss in frictional properties. 
     In spite of this, friction elements made hitherto from material other than asbestos have failed to match the performance of asbestos elements. It is an object of the present invention to enable formulation of compositions, which need not necessarily use any asbestos, without any significant loss of performance. 
     Accordingly the present invention is a composition suitable for use in a composite, said composition comprising a frictional material and a binder characterised in that the binder comprises a blend of 
     a) a polyvinyl alkyl ether (PVAE) and 
     b) a curable phenolic resin and optionally 
     c) a rubber. 
     The frictional material used in the compositions of the present invention can include well known materials such as asbestos, glass fibre, mineral wools such as glass wool, rock wool and slag wool, ferrous fibres, organic polymeric fibres such as polyaramid fibres, especially Kevlar (Re8d. Trade Mark), ceramic fibres and the like. A feature of this invention is that asbestos fibres, hitherto an essential component of frictional elements, need not be used to achieve the desired performance. 
     In addition to the fibrous components referred to above, the compositions may contain other performance modifiers such as friction dust, barytes, china clay, slate powder, silica, pumice stones, metal oxide powders and metal particles such as copper, zinc, brass and steel either in the form of powder or turnings. 
     The binder used in the present invention comprises a blend of polyvinyl alkyl ether (hereafter PVAE) and a curable phenolic resin and optionally a rubber. 
     The PVAE used in the blend should preferably be such that when blended with e.g. the curable phenolic resin, it should form a homogeneous single phase blend, particularly when the blend is used to produce friction elements. 
     Examples of suitable PVAE&#39;s that may be used include polyvinyl methyl ether (hereafter PVME) and polyvinyl ethyl ether (hereafter PVEE). 
     PVME, for instance, is a commercially available polymer. The PVAE suitably has a number average molecular weight of at least 2000, preferably 7000-35000 and a weight average molecular weight in the region of 35000-100,000. 
     One of the alternatives in this blend is a curable phenolic resin. 
     Novolac resins are a type of phenolic resin which cannot be cured to a thermoset cross-linked product merely by heating. The commercially available novolac resins are prepared from a phenolic feedstock consisting wholely or mainly of phenol itself. Although they are not curable directly by heating they can be cured to thermoset products if cross-linking agents are mixed with them. 
     We have found that the behaviour of curable novolac resins when blended with PVAE resins is different from that of non-curable resins. In particular, polymers which are compatible with non-curable resins are not necessarily compatible with curable novolacs. 
     As explained above novolac resins are not curable directly by heating. By &#34;curable&#34; novolac resin we mean a phenolic resin which is curable when a cross-linking agent is added to it. Such phenolic resins are commercially available and methods of making them will be well-known to those skilled in the manufacture of phenolic resins. Thus the phenolic feedstock used in the preparation of the resin preferably consists substantially only of phenol. The novolac is preferably a phenol-formaldehyde resin. The preparation of phenol-formaldehyde resins is described in &#34;Phenolic Resins-Chemistry, Applications and Performance, Future Directions&#34;, A. Knop, L. A. Pilato, Springer Verlag 1985 p. 95 and in &#34;Preparative methods of Polymer Chemistry&#34; 2nd edition, Interscience 1968. 
     In the preparation of phenol-formaldehyde novolacs typical reactant ratios which may be used are 0.75-0.9 moles of formaldehyde per mole of phenol. The number average molecular weight of the novolac may for example be in the range 500 to 1500. 
     The curable phenolic resin is suitably the major component of the blend and preferably constitutes at least 60% by weight of the blend, more preferably at least 80% by weight based on the phenolic resin and PVME in the blend. 
     The blend may be prepared by mixing particles of solid curable phenolic resin and PVAE and then melting the mixture with stirring. Alternatively the components of the blend may be brought to the molten state separately and then mixed together. It may be advantageous to allow the molten mixture to cool and then to comminute it and remelt it to obtain a more homogeneous mixture. A further alternative is to polymerise a mixture of phenol, formaldehyde and PVAE in one pot. 
     The blend used in the present invention may be prepared in the presence of a cross-linking agent to give a product which is wholely or partially cross-linkable, by mixing together finely divided resin, PVAE, and cross-linking agent and heating. However, as prolonged mixing of the resin and PVAE in the molten state may be required to obtain a homogeneous mixture it is preferred to carry out the preparation of the blend in the absence of cross-linking agent in order to avoid premature curing. 
     The most commonly used cross-linking agent for novolac resins, namely hexamethylene tetramine, may be used where a cross-linked material is required. The blend used in the present invention may be partially cured, i.e. sufficient links between the novolac resin units may be established to significantly increase its molecular weight without making it fully thermoset. Alternatively, the blend may be fully cured to an infusible thermoset resin. The degree of cure may be controlled by the quantity of cross-linking agent used and temperature used in the curing step. Whichever method is used, it should be ensured that the fibres and/or fillers used as the frictional material are fully mixed with the resin blend prior to the composition being fully cured. 
     The blends referred to above may contain in addition to phenolic resins, a rubber. Such rubber may be natural or synthetic. Where synthetic rubbers are used these may for instance be a acrylonitrile-butadiene, a butadiene-styrene or a polybutadiene, rubber. 
     The rubber component may partially replace the curable phenolic resin in the composition. 
     The binder content of the formulation is suitably in the range from 5 to 40% w/w. 
     The frictional material may be bound with the binder to form the friction element in one of the following ways, depending upon the end use by: 
     a) Compression moulding for drum brake linings, disc pads and clutch facings; 
     b) A dry mix post-forming process for drum brake linings; 
     c) A wet mix process for drum brake linings; and 
     d) Impregnation of woven fibre for drum brake linings and clutch facings. 
     More specifically, the compression moulding technique referred to in (a) above is described below in detail. 
     The process consists of dry mixing the fibres, fillers and mould, during which time the resin cures. 
     After mixing, the next step is to consolidate the dry mix under heat and pressure. As the compression ratio of the mix to final moulding is approximately in the region of 20:1 to 5:1, preferably 15:1 to 7:1, e.g. 8. 10:1, it would be necessary to have a deep mould in order to hot press the dry mix. To overcome this difficulty it is customary to prepare a preform by cold pressing a weighed quantity of the dry mix in a simple mould, the shape of which approximates to the final moulding, at a pressure of e.g. 8. 200-2000 lb/in 2  (14-140kg/cm 2 ). 
     The cold pressed preform can then be transferred to the hot mould and pressure is applied. Typical moulding conditions are 1/2-1 minute per mm thickness at a mould temperature of e.g. 150°-160° C. (302°-320° F.) and a pressure of e.g. 1 ton/in 2  (157 kg/cm 2 ). 
     During the pressing cycle it is necessary to breathe the moulding. This entails releasing the pressure for a short time to allow volatiles to escape. The production of a successful moulding frequently depends on the correct choice of breathing cycle. Insufficient breathing can result in blisters due to trapped volatiles, whilst breathing too late in the moulding cycle may cause delamination of the moulding. After pressing, the mouldings are generally stoved in an oven at about 150°-200° C. (302°-392° F.) for several hours, in order to obtain optimum performance characteristics. 
    
    
     The invention will now be illustrated by reference to the following: 
     EXAMPLE 1 
     This illustrates a preparation of a blend of novolac resin and PVME. 
     The novolac resin used in the preparation of the blend was a commercially available resin supplied by BP Chemicals Ltd. It was made by condensing a phenolic feedstock with formaldehyde and PVME as follows: 
     The following were charged to a flask fitted with a reflux condenser, thermometer and stirrer. 
     Phenol (7008ms), formalin 36.6% (551 gms) and oxalic acid (4.98ms) [dissolved in water (140 gms)] were mixed with polyvinyl methyl ether (molecular weight Mw 42,500 and Mn 8,500) supplied as a 50% solution in water (140 gms). 
     The mixture was heated to reflux and maintained at reflux for 185 mins. The mixture was distilled under vacuum (26in Hg) to a temperature of 130° C. to dehydrate the resin. The resin was poured and hardened to a solid on cooling. 
     This was then ground with a 10% addition of hexamine, to give the resin used in the Examples below for producing friction elements. 
     This resin blend had a pellet flow at 125° C. of 53 mm. 
     In the following Example the PVME modified phenolic resin prepared as above was used in preparing friction elements. The raw materials and process used to produce the element are listed below: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
RAW                                                                       
MATERIALS  MATERIAL        SOURCE                                         
______________________________________                                    
Glass Fibre                                                               
           Chopped Strands - 3 mm                                         
                           ex Owens Corning                               
           FGCS 1617                                                      
Polyaramid Pulp                                                           
           Kevlar* 979     ex Du Pont                                     
Brass Swarf                                                               
           20-80 Mesh      ex Ronald Brittan                              
Heavy      Ground          ex Taycrest                                    
Magnesium                                                                 
Oxide                                                                     
Alumina    MA65            ex B.A. Chemicals                              
Barytes    Ground          ex Hopton Minerals                             
Hydrated Lime                                                             
           Limbux          ex ICI                                         
Cellobond* J4103D          ex BP Chemicals                                
Friction                                                                  
Dust                                                                      
______________________________________                                    
FORMULATION                                                               
______________________________________                                    
Glass Fibre - 3 mm FGCS 1617                                              
                        18     p.b.w.                                     
Polyaramid Pulp - Kevlar* 979                                             
                        2      p.b.w.                                     
Brass Swarf - 20-80 mesh                                                  
                        10     p.b.w.                                     
Heavy Magnesium Oxide (MgO)                                               
                        12     p.b.w.                                     
Alumina (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) - Fine Grade - MA65                            
                        3      p.b.w.                                     
Barytes (BaSO.sub.4)    18     p.b.w.                                     
Hydrated Lime (Ca(OH).sub.2) - LIMBUX                                     
                        12     p.b.w.                                     
Cellobond* Friction Dust J4103D                                           
                        10     p.b.w.                                     
Resin as shown in Example 1 above                                         
                        15     p.b.w.                                     
                        100                                               
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Mixing:                                                                   
Lodige type mixing equipment.                                             
a) Polyaramid pulp and barytes                                            
                          10 mins.                                        
b) Remaining raw materials, except glass                                  
                           5 mins.                                        
fibre, added and mixed                                                    
c) Glass fibre added and mixed                                            
                           2 mins.                                        
Preforming                                                                
Ambient temperature 20-25° C.                                      
Pressure 30 MNm.sup. -2                                                   
Press-Curing                                                              
Pressure 30 MNm.sup.-2                                                    
Temperature 160° C.                                                
Time 10 mins.                                                             
Breathe for 15 secs. at 1.5 mins.                                         
Post-Curing                                                               
Temperature 150° C. - 16 hours                                     
(into hot oven)                                                           
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 *Registered Trademark                                                    
 
    
     EVALUATION OF FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS 
     Fade and friction performance were assessed using full size disc pads prepared as above. Wear properties were determined using specimens cut from full size disc pads. 
     The test schedules used were as follows: 
     FRICTION AND FADE PERFORMANCE 
     Test Schedule TD 15 
     This test is carried out using an inertia dynamometer fitted with a Girling M16 caliper and operating at constant torque. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Inertia of machine                                                        
                  35 Kg m.sup.2                                           
Speed of machine  478 rpm = 48 kph                                        
                  955 rpm = 96 kph                                        
Decelerations     0.2 g = torque 26 kg m                                  
                  0.3 g = torque 39 kg m                                  
                  0.4 g = torque 52 Kg m                                  
                  0.5 g = torque 65 Kg m                                  
                  0.6 g = torque 78 Kg m                                  
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Test Procedure 
     1. Bedding Procedure Carry out at least 30 stops from 48 kph using a deceleration of 0.25g. The temperature before each application of the brake should be below 100° C. The cooling fan should be on during this cycle. 
     2. Weigh and measure disc pad thickness. Pre-fade tests from 48 kph. 
     1 application from 48 kph to rest at each of the following decelerations, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6% g. Cooling fan should be on and the temperature before each application should be below 100° C. 
     4. Pre-fade tests from 96 kph. 
     5. Fade cycle from 96 kph. 
     This consists of 25 consecutive stops using a deceleration of 0.5. The temperature at the beginning of each stop should be as follows: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
       Stop No.                                                           
              Temp °C.                                             
______________________________________                                    
       1       95                                                         
       2      150                                                         
       3      190                                                         
       4      225                                                         
       5      250                                                         
       6      275                                                         
       7      295                                                         
       8      315                                                         
       9      325                                                         
       10     335                                                         
       11     345                                                         
       12     345                                                         
       13     350                                                         
       14     355                                                         
       15     360                                                         
       16     360                                                         
       17     360                                                         
       18     360                                                         
       19     360                                                         
       20     365                                                         
       21     365                                                         
       22     365                                                         
       23     365                                                         
       24     365                                                         
       25     365                                                         
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     The cooling fan must be off during this fade cycle. 
     6. Post fade tests. 
     These are a repeat of steps 3 and 4. 
     7. Re-weigh and measure disc pad thickness and calculate the losses for the test. 
     8. Plot results and record losses. 
     Scale Rig Wear Test Schedules 
     Scale Factor--9.4:1 for Girling type 14 pad 
     Sample size--0.74 ins×0.61 ins 
     Inertia--0.15 lbs. ft. sec 2  (0.2 Kgm 2 ) 
     2760 r.p.m.=96 k.p.h. 
     5.32 NM=25% g. 
     10.6 NM=50% g. 
     1. WR2 -- Wear Assessment at 150° C. 300 stops carried out from an initial temperature of 150° and 2760 r.p.m. using a torque setting of 5.32 NM. 
     Sample was weighed and measured before and after test. 
     (Results are quoted as losses per hundred brake applications) 
     2. WR3--Wear Assessment at 200° C. 
     200 stops carried out from an initial temperature of 200° and 2760 r.p.m. using a torque setting of 5.32 NM. 
     Sample to be weighed and measured before and after test. Results quoted as losses per hundred brake applications. 
     3. WR4 -- Wear Assessment at 300° C. 
     150 stops carried out from an initial temperature of 300° and 2760 r.p.m. using a torque setting of 5.32 NM. Sample to be weighed and measured before and after test. Results quoted at losses per hundred brake applications. 
     4. WR5 -- Wear Assessment at 400° C. 
     A total of 50 brake applications are made from 2760 r.p.m. at the following temperatures and torque settings. 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
Stop No: Temperatures          Torque                                     
______________________________________                                    
1         30                                                              
2         80                                                              
3        150                                                              
4        200                                                              
5        240                   10.6 NM                                    
6        280                                                              
7        310                                                              
8        340                                                              
9        365                                                              
10       390                                                              
11       410                                                              
______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Stop numbers 12-50 inclusive are carried out at a torque setting of 5.32 NM and an initial brake application temperature of 400° C. 
     FRICTION ELEMENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE 
     1. Composite Density: 2.18 g/cc 
     2. Mechanical Properties: Flexural strength 63.14 MNm -2   
     
         ______________________________________                                    
WEAR PERFORMANCE                                                          
Weight and Thickness losses per 100 Brake Applications                    
______________________________________                                    
WR2  150° C.                                                       
             WR3     200° C.                                       
                           WR4   300° C.                           
                                       WR5   400° C.               
0.12 0.20    0.19 g  0.31  0.36 g                                         
                                 0.52  1.82 g                             
                                             2.68                         
g    mm              mm          mm          mm                           
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FRICTION PERFORMANCE                                                      
FRICTION COEFFICIENTS                                                     
PRE-FADE    FADE            POST-FADE                                     
Mu48*   Mu96*   Mean Mu    Min.Mu Mu48*  Mu96*                            
______________________________________                                    
0.38    0.42    0.47       0.21   0.66   0.59                             
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 *Average friction level at given speed (speed in Kmh.sup.-1).            
 
    
     Compared with friction elements based on unmodified and/or resins modified by other organic compounds, increases in flexural strength of up to 35% and 50% respectively are attainable. This is achieved with no loss in wear or friction performance.