Patent Publication Number: US-2017364988-A1

Title: Method and system of suggesting information used with items offered for sale in a network-based marketplace

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/264,249, filed on Sep. 13, 2016, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM OF SUGGESTING INFORMATION USED WITH ITEMS OFFERED FOR SALE IN A NETWORK-BASED MARKETPLACE” which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/326,005, filed on Dec. 1, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,449,322, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEM OF SUGGESTING INFORMATION USED WITH ITEMS OFFERED FOR SALE IN A NETWORK-BASED MARKETPLACE” both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The disclosed subject matter relates generally to the field of data processing and, in one example embodiment, to a system that suggests information that may be used with items offered for sale in a network-based marketplace. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Network-based marketplaces enable sellers to offer their items to potential buyers online. The items may be offered for sale in an auction-format or in a fixed-price-format. The sellers may provide description information and price information for the items. Potential buyers may visit the web sites to browse and search for items that they may be interested in. The potential buyers may make purchase decisions based on the description information and the price information. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which: 
         FIG. 1  is a network diagram illustrating an overview of an example system that may be used, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating an overview of an example system that may be used to suggest information, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 3A  is a block diagram that illustrates an example of a suggestion application, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 3B  is a block diagram that illustrates an example interface that may be used to suggest terms based on their desirability scores, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 4A  is a block diagram that illustrates another example of a suggestion application, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 4B  is a block diagram that illustrates an example interface that may be used to suggest terms based on their co-occurrence, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 5  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example method that may be used to suggest terms based on desirability scores, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 6  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example method that may be used to suggest terms based on co-occurring terms, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 7  is an example system diagram that may be used, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 8  is an example block diagram showing multiple marketplace applications that may be provided as part of a network-based marketplace, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 9A  is a high-level entity-relationship diagram, illustrating various example tables, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 9B  is an example diagram of a terms and desirability score table, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 9C  is an example diagram of a co-occurring terms table, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
         FIG. 10  is an example diagram of a representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system that may be used, in accordance with some example embodiments. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     According to some example embodiments, a method and a system for suggesting information associated with items offered for sale is disclosed. An item to be offered for sale in a network-based marketplace may be associated with information provided by the seller. At least one term or concept may be extracted from the information provided by the seller. Based on the extracted term or concept, at least one other term or concept may be suggested. The suggested term or concept may be selected based on its ranking as compared to other possible suggested terms or concepts. 
     Other features of the method and the system will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description that follows. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present description may be practiced without these specific details. 
     In some example embodiments, a computer system (e.g., a client machine, server machine etc) configured by an application may constitute a “module” that is configured and operates to perform certain operations as described herein below. Accordingly, the term “module” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired) or temporarily configured (e.g. programmed) to operate in a certain manner and to perform certain operations described herein. 
     In traditional network-based marketplaces, there may be many items offered for sale. The items offered for sale are often associated with listings that include information about the items. The information may include title information, price information, item description information, shipping information, etc. Many items may be sold quickly, while many others may remain unsold and may need to be re-listed. It is possible that these items may be overlooked because they fail to attract the attention of the potential buyers. For example, the title information may be too short and/or not descriptive, fail to include terms or combination of terms that may trigger the attention of the potential buyers, etc. 
       FIG. 1  is a network diagram illustrating an overview of an example system that may be used, in accordance with some example embodiments. System  100  may include server computer system  107  coupled to database  108 . The server computer system  107  and the database  108  may be associated with a network-based marketplace. The server computer system  107  may be connected to network  106  (e.g., the Internet) via a communication interface. It may be noted that the server computer system  107  may be a single computer system, or it may be a cluster of computer systems located in the same geographical area or in different geographical areas. Although not shown, the database  108  may be associated with a database server. 
     User  101  may use the services of the network-based marketplace by connecting to the network  106  using a client device and via wired or wireless communication. Some examples of client devices include computer system  102 , a personal digital assistant (PDA)  104 , a cell phone  105 , etc. For some example embodiments, the user  101  may use a client device to list an item and to offer the item for sale in the network-based marketplace. The user  101  may connect to the network  106  and access a listing service of the network-based marketplace. The listing service may be associated with a graphical user interface (GUI) presented via a webpage. The webpage may be associated with a website of the network-based marketplace. The user  101  may use the listing service to provide information about the item offered for sale. The information may include, for example, title information, item description information, price information, shipping information, etc. 
       FIG. 2  is a block diagram illustrating an overview of an example system that may be used to suggest information, in accordance with some example embodiments. The system  200  may be associated with a network-based marketplace and may include processor  205  coupled with the database  108 . The system  200  may also include data analysis application(s)  207  and suggestion application(s)  209 . Communication interface  215  coupled with the processor  205  may be used to connect the system  200  to network  220 . Services of the system  200  may be accessible by the users using client devices  230  and  235 . 
     For some example embodiments, the data analysis application(s)  207  may analyze data stored in the database  108  to determine relevancy and desirability of terms. The terms may be included in search queries. The search queries may be specified by the users when the users search for and purchase items or services offered for sale in the network-based marketplace. A search query may include one or more terms received via a search interface associated with the network-based marketplace. 
     For some example embodiments, the data analysis application(s)  207  may track the activities of the users in an aggregated manner. This may include tracking and storing the search queries. This may also include tracking terms included in the information associated with items that the user selects or clicks. The data analysis application(s)  207  may also track whether a user makes a purchase after selecting an item. For some example embodiments, the data analysis application(s)  207  may also track terms that the users avoid after performing a search. Results of the analysis performed by the data analysis application(s)  207  may include desirability scores of the terms. 
     For some example embodiments, the desirability scores of the terms may depend on how the terms are used in the perspective of demand as related to search queries and in the perspective of supply as related to items. As for the demand, the data analysis application(s)  207  may receive search queries initiated by users via a search interface. The data analysis application(s)  207  may extract terms (or keywords) from each of the search queries. The extracted terms may then be added to a set of stored terms to generate updated stored terms. For each term, a demand percentage is calculated or recalculated based on the updated stored terms. As for the supply, a total occurrence of unique terms in the title information of stored items may be determined. A percentage occurrence of each term is then determined based on the result of the total occurrence. For example, if there were 1000 items in the result, and the term “charger” occurs in 900 items, then the term “charger” is associated with a supply percentage of 90%. When the term “player” occurs in 50 items, then its associated supply percentage is 5%. A formula may be used to determine the desirability score of a particular term based at least on its demand percentage and its supply percentage. The desirability score of the terms may be stored in the database  108 . 
     It may be noted that a desirability score may be associated with a positive number (desirable) or a negative number (not desirable). For example, when a user specifies a search query that includes the phrase “Ipod Nano”, corresponding terms and their desirability scores may include “mp3 90%”, “player 85%”, “transmitter −40%”, “case −80%”, and so on. The techniques of analyzing the search queries, generating the desirability scores, tracking the user activities, and so on are described in more details in U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 11/679,973, filed on Feb. 28, 2007 entitled “DETERMINING RELEVANCY AND DESIRABILITY OF TERMS” and incorporated herein by reference. 
     For some example embodiments, the data analysis application(s)  207  may analyze the search queries stored in the database  108  to find terms that occur together (or co-occurring terms). For some example embodiments, the data analysis application(s)  207  may analyze similar items to determine the co-occurring terms. Similarity may be determined based on the title information of the items. The data analysis application(s)  207  may use one or more criteria to determine the similarity. For example, when the title information of two items has at least two similar nouns, the two items may be considered to be similar. As another example, when the title information of two items has two similar phrases, the two items may be considered to be similar. Other techniques may be used to determine similarity. The co-occurring terms determined from the two techniques described above may be merged and ranked according to their frequency of occurrence. 
     For some example embodiments, the suggestion application(s)  209  may include operations that suggest terms based on their desirability scores and/or based on co-occurring terms. The suggestion application(s)  208  may extract one or more terms from the title information of the item being listed. Based on the extracted terms, co-occurring terms may be determined as suggested to the user. The co-occurring terms and/or the terms with the high desirability scores may be suggested as candidates that may be used to modify the title information. It may be noted that the suggestion application(s)  209  may extract the one or more terms from other section (e.g. item description information, etc.) of the listing besides the title information. It may also be noted that the suggestion application(s)  209  may extract concepts from the information associated with the item being listed. A concept may include two or more terms. 
       FIG. 3A  is a block diagram that illustrates an example of a suggestion application, in accordance with some example embodiments. The suggestion application(s)  209  may include search queries application(s)  355 , scores determination application(s)  360 , and terms and scores selection application(s)  365 . 
     Based on the information (e.g., title information) associated with the item being listed, the search queries application(s)  355  may search the database  108  (described in  FIGS. 1-2 ) to find stored search queries that the title information may satisfy. In other words, the search queries application(s)  355  may find all stored search queries for which the item being listed would be included in the results. For some example embodiments, the search queries application(s)  355  may perform substring match operations. When a stored search query includes all the terms in the title information of the item being listed, there is a match. 
     For some example embodiments, each of the matching search queries may be used by the scores determination application(s)  360  to find the desirability scores of the terms in the title information (and not in the matching search query) and the composites score of all the desirability scores of the terms. There may be a composite score for each of the matching search queries. 
     The terms and scores selection application(s)  365  may retrieve pairs of terms and desirability scores from the database  108  for each search query and display those pairs to the user. Thus, if the user includes the phrase “Ipod Nano mp3” in the title information, a topmost search query resulting from the operations above may be “Ipod Nano” and the term desirability scores pairs may include “mp3 90%”, “player 85%”, etc. 
     The terms and scores selection application(s)  365  may display to the user that the term “mp3”, which is already included in the title information, has a desirability score of 90%. Furthermore, the terms and scores selection application(s)  365  may also display to the user that the term “player” has a desirability score of 85%. This indicates to the user that the term “player” has a high desirability for buyers when they are looking for an “Ipod Nano”. 
     For some example embodiments, in addition to displaying terms that the user may want to add to the title information, the terms and scores application(s)  365  may also display terms that the user may want to avoid. For example, the term “case” may be displayed with a negative desirability score of −80%. This may discourage the user from including the term “case” in the title information. If the term “case” was already included in the title information, this provides the user an opportunity to remove the term “case” due to its negative desirability score. 
     For some example embodiments, the user may have the option to add the terms with the high desirability scores to any position in the title. Adding a new term or removing an existing term may be performed using a GUI and mouse click operations. This may be convenient since the user may not have to use a keyboard to do the addition or removal of terms. For some example embodiments, whenever the user modifies the title information, the suggestion application(s)  209  may automatically analyze the modified title information and may present a new set of suggestions based upon the modified title information. 
       FIG. 3B  is a block diagram that illustrates an example interface that may be used to suggest terms based on their desirability scores, in accordance with some example embodiments. This example is based on using the title information provided by a user to suggest terms. Interface  380  may include a title area  385  to receive title information from the user. In this example, the title information includes the phrase “Ipod Nano mp3”. The interface  380  may include a suggestion display area  390  to present to the user suggested terms and their desirability scores. The suggestion display area  390  may include a term column  391 , a desirability score column  392 , an add column  393  and a remove column  394 . The term column  391  may include terms that are suggested to the user. The desirability score column  392  may include desirability scores of the suggested terms. The add column  393  may include options (e.g., check box, etc) to enable the user to add a suggested term. The remove column  394  may include options to enable the user to remove a suggested term. Based on the example desirability scores under the desirability score column  392 , the user may add the term “player” to the title information. This is illustrated in the example by the checkmark in the add option corresponding to the term “player”. 
       FIG. 4A  is a block diagram that illustrates another example of a suggestion application, in accordance with some example embodiments. The suggestion application(s)  209  may include application(s)  400  to search co-occurring terms in queries, application(s)  405  to search co-occurring terms in item information, and application(s)  410  to rank and select co-occurring terms. 
     For some example embodiments, the database  108  (described in  FIGS. 1-2 ) may store search queries that have been initiated by many users for over a period of time. The database  108  may also store information about many items that are listed by many users for over a period of time. The search co-occurring terms in queries application(s)  400  may search the database  108  to find co-occurring terms in the stored search queries. The search co-occurring terms in item information application(s)  405  may search the database  108  to find co-occurring terms in the stored item information. For some example embodiments, the search co-occurring terms in item information may search the title information of the items. The results of the search co-occurring terms in queries application(s)  400  and the search co-occurring terms in item information application(s)  405  may be used by the co-occurring terms ranking and selection application(s)  410 . For some example embodiments, the results may be used individually to provide suggested terms to the user. For some other example embodiments, the results may be merged together and the co-occurring terms may be ranked according to their frequency. The co-occurring terms that occur more frequently together may be ranked higher than those terms that occur less frequently together. The ranked co-occurring terms may be stored in the database  108 . The co-occurring terms ranking and selection application(s)  410  may analyze the title information of the item being listed to determine terms that may match with the ranked co-occurring terms. At least a subset of the matching ranked co-occurring terms may be suggested to the user by the co-occurring terms ranking and selection application(s)  410 . 
       FIG. 4B  is a block diagram that illustrates an example interface that may be used to suggest terms based on their co-occurrence, in accordance with some example embodiments. This example is based on using the title information provided by a user to suggest terms. Interface  450  may include a title area  455  to receive title information from the user. In this example, the title information includes the phrase “Nice Ipod Nano for your mp3”. The interface  450  may include a suggestion display area  460  to present to the user suggested co-occurring terms. The suggestion display area  460  may include a term column  465 , a co-occurring term column  470 , and an add column  475 . The term column  465  may include terms that are found in the title information provided by the user. It may be noted that not all of the terms in the title description may be used to find co-occurring terms. In this example, only the terms “Mp3”, “Ipod”, and “Nano” are used. These three terms may be selected because each of them may represent a key concept of the item being listed. As mentioned above, a concept may include one or more terms. For some example embodiments, a co-occurring term may be based on a concept of two or more terms. For example, a concept may be “Harley Davidson” and a co-occurring term with this concept may be “motorcycles”. 
     The co-occurring term column  470  may include a list of suggested co-occurring terms corresponding to the terms in the term column  465 . The co-occurring terms displayed under the co-occurring term column  470  may be those that are ranked the highest in frequency of occurrence. The add column  475  may include options (e.g., check box, etc) to enable the user to add a suggested co-occurring term. In this example, all suggested co-occurring terms are selected, as illustrated by the checkmarks in the add column  475 . 
       FIG. 5  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example method that may be used to suggest terms based on desirability scores, in accordance with some example embodiments. The flow may start at block  505 . At block  510 , operations are performed to find the stored search queries that would cause the item being listed to be included in a search result. For example, each of the stored search queries may be analyzed to find substrings that may be included in the title information of the item being listed. If all of the terms in a stored search query are included in the title information of the item being listed, then there is a match. There may be more than one matching search query. The matching search queries may be a subset of the stored search queries. 
     At block  515 , operations are performed to determine the relevance of the title information of the item being listed as related to each of the matching search queries. This may include getting the desirability scores of the terms that are included in the title information of the item being listed but not included in the matching search query. This operation may be performed for each matching search query. The desirability scores of all the terms may then be added to generate a composite score for each matching search query. This composite score may indicate a degree of relevancy of the title information of the item being listed to a corresponding matching search query. 
     At block  520 , the matching search queries may then be sorted based on their composite scores. The sorting of the matching search queries may be based on a descending order with the matching search query associated with the highest composite scores being at the top. At block  525 , operations may be performed to find the desirability scores of terms included in the sorted matching search queries. For each matching search query, the terms and desirability score pairs for terms in the matching search query may be retrieved from the database  108 . For some example embodiments, only a subset of the sorted matching search queries may be analyzed to find the terms and their desirability scores. At block  530 , the retrieved terms and desirability scores may be presented as suggested terms that may be used to modify the title information of the item being listed. The flow may end at block  535 . 
       FIG. 6  is a flow diagram that illustrates an example method that may be used to suggest terms based on co-occurring terms, in accordance with some example embodiments. The flow may start at block  650 . At block  655 , operations may be performed to find co-occurring terms in the stored search queries. At block  660 , operations may be performed to find co-occurring terms in the stored item information for similar items. The similar items may include items that are currently listed, items in which the listings have expired, or a combination of both. The similar items may be further narrowed based on item categories. 
     The stored search queries and the stored item information may have been provided by the users and/or sellers of the items in the networked-based marketplace for over a certain period of time (e.g., 30 days). However, the period of time that may be used may be changed to include or exclude more data. 
     At block  665 , the co-occurring terms determined based on the stored search queries and the item information may be combined. At block  670 , the combined co-occurring terms may be ranked according to their frequency of occurrence. At block  675 , operations may be performed to find terms or concepts in the title information of the item being listed. At block  680 , each of the terms or concepts found in the title information may be used to match with the co-occurring terms. For example, if the title information includes the term “helmet”, and there is a matching co-occurring terms of “motorcycle helmet,” then the term “motorcycle” may be added to title information. Similarly, if there is a matching co-occurring terms “WWII helmet” that is ranked lower than the co-occurring terms “motorcycle helmet”, the term “WWII” may be suggested and the user may decide not to accept the suggestion. 
     For some example embodiments, modifying terms or linking terms (e.g., adjectives, adverbs, propositions, etc.) may not be selected from the title information for the purpose of identifying matching co-occurring terms. It may be noted that the co-occurring terms determined based on the stored search queries may reflect what the potential buyers think are important, while the co-occurring terms determined based on the stored item information may reflect what the sellers think are important. For some example embodiments, either the co-occurring terms determined based on the stored search queries or the co-occurring terms determined based on the stored item information may be used, but not both. For some other example embodiments, both types of co-occurring terms may be used together to determine the suggested terms. 
     For some example embodiments, the matching of the terms in the title information may be with the co-occurring terms that occur more frequently based on their ranks. The matching co-occurring terms may then be suggested to be included in the title information of the item being listed. For some example embodiments, only a subset of the ranked co-occurring terms may be used in the suggestion. 
     For some example embodiments, the user may select which suggested terms to use (including selecting none) and update the title information. The suggested terms may be presented in a list (as illustrated in  FIG. 4B ). The user may select a suggested term, and the operations in block  530  shown in  FIG. 5  may suggest a location in the title information to insert the suggested term. For some example embodiments, modification of the title information may cause the flow of  FIG. 6  to automatically suggest additional terms. There may be an option to allow the user to decline receiving additional suggestions. The flow of  FIG. 6  may end at block  685 . 
       FIG. 7  is an example system diagram that may be used, in accordance with some example embodiments. System  700  may include a network and may be implemented using client-server architecture. A commerce platform, in the example form of a network-based system  702 , may provide server-side functionality, via network  704  (e.g., the Internet) to one or more clients.  FIG. 7  illustrates, for example, a web client  706  (e.g., a browser, such as the Internet Explorer® browser developed by Microsoft® Corporation of Redmond, Wash.), and a programmatic client  708  executing on respective client machines  710  and  712 . 
     The network-based system  702  may include an application program interface (API) server  714  and a web server  716 . The API server  714  and the web server  716  may be coupled to one or more application servers  718 . The API server  714  and the web server  716  may provide programmatic and web interfaces to the one or more application servers  718 . The application servers  718  may host one or more marketplace applications  720  and one or more payment applications  722 . The application servers  718  may be coupled to one or more database servers  724  that facilitate access to information stored in one or more databases  726 . 
     For some example embodiments, the marketplace applications  720  may provide a number of marketplace functions and services to users that access the network-based system  702 . The payment applications  722  may provide a number of payment services and functions to the users. The payment applications  722  may allow the users to quantify and accumulate value (e.g., in a commercial currency, such as the U.S. dollar, or a proprietary currency, such as “points”) in accounts, and then later to redeem the accumulated value for products (e.g., goods or services) that are made available via the marketplace applications  720 . 
     In the current example, the marketplace applications  720  and the payment applications  722  are shown in  FIG. 1  to both form part of the network-based system  702 . It will be appreciated that, in alternative example embodiments, the payment applications  722  may form part of a payment service that is separate and distinct from the network-based system  702 . 
     In the current example, the system  700  shown in  FIG. 7  employs client-server architecture. It will be appreciated that the example embodiments are of course not limited to such architecture and could equally well find applications in a distributed or peer-to-peer architecture. The marketplace applications  720  and payment applications  722  may also be implemented as standalone software programs, which do not necessarily have networking capabilities. 
     The web client  706  may access services and functions provided by the marketplace applications  720  and the payment applications  722  via the web interface supported by the web server  716 . Similarly, the programmatic client  708  may access services and functions provided by the marketplace applications  720  and the payment applications  722  via the programmatic interface provided by the API server  714 . The programmatic client  708  may, for example, be a seller application (e.g., the TurboLister application developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) to enable sellers to author and manage listings on the network-based system  702  in an off-line manner and to perform batch-mode communications between the programmatic client  708  and the network-based system  702 . 
       FIG. 7  also includes a third party application  728 , executing on a third party server machine  730 , as having programmatic access to the network-based system  702  via the programmatic interface provided by the API server  714 . For example, the third party application  728  may, utilizing information retrieved from the network-based system  702 , support one or more features or functions on a website hosted by a third party, referred to as a third party website. The third party website may, for example, provide one or more promotional, marketplace or payment functions that are supported by the relevant applications of the network-based system  702 . 
       FIG. 8  is an example block diagram showing multiple marketplace applications that may be provided as part of a network-based marketplace, in accordance with some example embodiments. The network-based system  702  (shown in  FIG. 7 ) may include various market place applications  720  and payment applications  722 . 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include one or more publication applications  800  which may provide a number of listing and price-setting mechanisms whereby a seller may list goods or services for sale, a buyer can express interest in or indicate a desire to purchase such goods or services, and a price can be set for a transaction pertaining to the goods or services. 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include one or more auction applications  802  which support auction-format listing and price setting mechanisms (e.g., English, Dutch, Vickrey, Chinese, Double, Reverse auctions, etc.). The various auction applications  802  may also provide a number of features in support of such auction-format listings, such as a reserve price feature whereby a seller may specify a reserve price in connection with a listing and a proxy-bidding feature whereby a bidder may invoke automated proxy bidding. 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include one or more fixed-price applications  804 . The fixed-price applications  804  may support fixed-price listing formats (e.g., the traditional classified advertisement-type listing or a catalogue listing) and buyout-type listings. Specifically, buyout-type listings (e.g., including the Buy-It-Now (BIN) technology developed by eBay Inc., of San Jose, Calif.) may be offered in conjunction with an auction-format listing, and allow a buyer to purchase goods or services, which are also being offered for sale via an auction, for a fixed-price that may be higher than the starting price of the auction. 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include one or more store applications  806 . The store applications  806  may allow sellers to group their listings within a “virtual” store, which may be branded and otherwise personalized by and for the sellers. Such a virtual store may also offer promotions, incentives and features that are specific and personalized to a relevant seller. 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include one or more reputation applications  808 . The reputation applications  808  may allow parties that transact utilizing the network-based system  702  to establish, build, and maintain reputations, which may be made available and published to potential trading partners. Consider that where, for example, the network-based system  702  supports person-to-person trading, users may have no history or other reference information whereby the trustworthiness and credibility of potential trading partners may be assessed. The reputation applications  808  may allow a user, for example through feedback provided by other transaction partners, to establish a reputation within the network-based system  702  over time. Other potential trading partners may then reference such a reputation for the purposes of assessing credibility and trustworthiness. 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include one or more personalization applications  810 . The personalization applications  810  may allow users of the network-based system  702  to personalize various aspects of their interactions with the network-based system  702 . For example a user may, utilizing an appropriate personalization application(s)  810 , create a personalized reference page at which information regarding transactions to which the user is (or has been) a party may be viewed. Further, a personalization application(s)  810  may enable a user to personalize listings and other aspects of their interactions with the network-based system  702  and other parties. 
     For some example embodiments, the marketplace applications  720  may include international application(s)  812 . The international application(s)  812  may be used by the network-based system  702  to support a number of marketplaces that are customized for specific geographic regions. For example, there may be a version of the network-based system  702  customized for the United Kingdom, and there may be another version of the network-based system  702  customized for the United States. Each of these versions may operate as an independent marketplace, or they may be customized (or internationalized) presentations of a common underlying marketplace. 
     For some example embodiments, the marketplace application(s)  720  may include navigation applications  814  to facilitate navigating of the network-based system  702 . For example, the navigation applications  814  may include a search module and a browse module. The search module may enable keyword searches of listings published via the network-based system  702 . The browse module may allow users to browse various category, catalogue, or inventory data structures according to which listings may be classified within the network-based system  702 . Various other navigation applications modules may be provided to supplement the search and browse modules. 
     In order to make listings, available via the network-based system  702 , as visually informing and attractive as possible, the marketplace applications  720  may include one or more imaging application(s)  816 . Users may upload images for inclusion within listings. The one or more imaging application(s)  816  may also operate to incorporate images within viewed listings. The imaging application(s)  816  may also support one or more promotional features, such as image galleries that are presented to potential buyers. For example, sellers may pay an additional fee to have an image included within a gallery of images for promoted items. 
     For some example embodiments, the marketplace applications  720  may include one or more listing creation applications  818 . The listing creation applications  818  may allow sellers conveniently to author listings pertaining to goods or services that they wish to transact via the network-based system  702 . The listing creation applications  818  may include modules that enable suggestions of item descriptions, in some example embodiments. 
     For some example embodiments, the marketplace applications  720  may include listing management applications  820  to allow sellers to manage such goods or services listings. Specifically, where a particular seller has authored and/or published a large number of listings, the management of such listings may present a challenge. The listing management applications  820  may provide a number of features (e.g., auto-relisting, inventory level monitors, etc.) to assist the seller in managing such listings. 
     One or more post-listing management application(s)  822  also assist sellers with a number of activities that typically occurs post-listing. For example, upon completion of an auction facilitated by one or more auction applications  802 , a seller may wish to leave feedback regarding a particular buyer. To this end, a post-listing management application(s)  822  may provide an interface to one or more reputation applications  808 , so as to allow the seller conveniently to provide feedback regarding multiple buyers to the reputation applications  808 . As another example, upon completion of an auction where the goods or services has not sold, the item may automatically be relisted in the auction application(s)  802  and/or the fixed-price application(s)  804 . 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include dispute resolution applications  824 . The dispute resolution applications  824  provide mechanisms whereby disputes arising between transacting parties may be resolved. For example, the dispute resolution applications  824  may provide guided procedures whereby the parties are guided through a number of steps in an attempt to settle a dispute. In the event that the dispute cannot be settled via the guided procedures, the dispute may be escalated to a third party mediator or arbitrator. 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include fraud prevention applications  826 . A number of fraud prevention applications  826  implement various fraud detection and prevention mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of fraud within the network-based system  702 . 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include messaging applications  828 . The messaging applications  828  are responsible for the generation and delivery of messages to users of the network-based system  702 . Such messages, for example, advise users regarding the status of listings at the network-based system  702  (e.g., providing “outbid” notices to bidders during an auction process or to provide promotional and merchandising information to users). 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include merchandising applications  830 . The merchandising applications  830  may support various merchandising functions that are made available to sellers to enable sellers to increase sales via the network-based system  702 . The merchandising applications  830  also operate the various merchandising features that may be invoked by sellers, and may monitor and track the success of merchandising strategies employed by sellers. 
     The network-based system  702  itself, or one or more parties that transact via the network-based system  702 , may operate loyalty programs that are supported by one or more loyalty/promotions applications  832 . For example, a buyer may earn loyalty or promotions points for each transaction established and/or concluded with a particular seller, and may be offered a reward for which accumulated loyalty points can be redeemed. 
     The marketplace applications  720  may include terms extraction applications  834 . The terms extraction applications  834  may retrieve terms from the title information (or from other information associated with an item being listed) for the purpose of determining terms to be suggested. The desirable terms suggestion applications  836  may analyze the stored search queries and suggest terms based on their desirability scores. The co-occurring terms suggestion applications  838  may analyze the stored search queries and the stored item information to find co-occurring terms and may suggest the co-occurring terms based on the terms included in the title information of the item being listed. The terms extraction applications  834 , the desirable terms suggestion applications  836  and the co-occurring terms suggestion applications  838  may operate with and/or use data associated with one or more applications included in the marketplace applications  720 . 
     Even though the context of this description is with regard to marketplace applications, it is to be understood by those of skill in the art that the described subject matter may also be applicable to other types of applications for various types of transactions. The transactions may include those between a single seller and a single buyer or may include those between a single seller and multiple buyers, and may include selling a catalog-type product, or even a more unique product. It may also be noted that although the description may refer to a seller or a buyer in commerce or marketplace environments, certain aspects of the description may also be applicable to non-commerce environments. 
       FIG. 9A  is a high-level entity-relationship diagram, illustrating various tables  900  that may be maintained within the databases  726  (shown in  FIG. 7 ), and that are utilized by and support the applications  720  and  722  (shown in  FIGS. 7-8 ). A user table  902  contains a record for each registered user of the network-based system  702 , and may include identifier, address and financial instrument information pertaining to each such registered user. A user may operate as a seller, a buyer, or both, within the network-based system  702 . In one example embodiment, a buyer may be a user that has accumulated value (e.g., commercial or proprietary currency), and is accordingly able to exchange the accumulated value for items that are offered for sale by the network-based system  702 . 
     The tables  900  also include an items table  904  in which are maintained item records for goods and services that are available to be, or have been, transacted via the network-based system  702 . Each item record within the items table  904  may furthermore be linked to one or more user records within the user table  902 , so as to associate a seller and one or more actual or potential buyers with each item record. 
     A transaction table  906  contains a record for each transaction (e.g., a purchase or sale transaction) pertaining to items for which records exist within the items table  904 . 
     An order table  918  is populated with order records, each order record being associated with an order. Each order, in turn, may be with respect to one or more transactions for which records exist within the transaction table  906 . 
     Bid records within a bids table  910  each relate to a bid received at the network-based system  702  in connection with an auction-format listing supported by an auction application(s)  802  (shown in  FIG. 8 ). A feedback table  912  is utilized by one or more reputation applications  808  (shown in  FIG. 8 ), in one example embodiment, to construct and maintain reputation information concerning users. A history table  914  maintains a history of transactions to which a user has been a party. One or more attributes tables  916  record attribute information pertaining to items for which records exist within the items table  904 . Considering only a single example of such an attribute, the attributes tables  916  may indicate a currency attribute associated with a particular item, the currency attribute identifying the currency of a price for the relevant item as specified in by a seller. The terms and desirability scores table  920  may include information that may be used to suggest terms based on desirability scores. The co-occurring terms table  921  may include information that may be used to suggest terms based on the co-occurring terms that may be used, for example, in the title information of an item being listed. 
       FIG. 9B  provides further example details regarding the terms and desirability scores table, in accordance with some example embodiments. As illustrated, the terms and desirability scores table  920  may include multiple records. Each of the records  952 ,  954 ,  956  may be associated with a term and its corresponding desirability score.  FIG. 9C  provides further example details regarding the co-occurring terms table, in accordance with some example embodiments. The co-occurring terms table  921  may also include multiple records. Each of the records  962 ,  964 ,  966  may be associated with a term and its corresponding co-occurring term. 
       FIG. 10  illustrates an example diagram of a representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system that may be used, in accordance with some example embodiments. Set of instructions for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     In the current example, computer system  1000  may include a processor  1002  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), or both), a main memory  1004  and a static memory  1006 , which communicate with each other via a bus  1008 . The computer system  1000  may further include a video display unit  1010  (e.g., liquid crystals display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system  1000  also includes an input device  1012  (e.g., a keyboard), a cursor control device  1014  (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit  1016 , a signal generation device  1018  (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device  1020 . 
     The disk drive unit  1016  includes a machine-readable medium  1022  on which is stored one or more sets of instructions (e.g., or software)  1024  embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions  1024  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  1004 , the static memory  1006 , and/or within the processor  1002  during execution thereof by the computer system  1000 . The main memory  1004  and the processor  1002  also may constitute machine-readable media. 
     The instructions  1024  may further be transmitted or received over a network  1026  via the network interface device  1020 . Applications that may include the apparatus and systems of various embodiments broadly include a variety of electronic and computer systems. Some embodiments implement functions in two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Thus, the example system is applicable to software, firmware, and hardware implementations. 
     In example embodiments, a computer system (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) configured by an application may constitute a “module” that is configured and operates to perform certain operations as described herein below. In other embodiments, the “module” may be implemented mechanically or electronically. For example, a module may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., within a special-purpose processor) to perform certain operations. A module may also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a module mechanically, in the dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g. configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations. Accordingly, the term “module” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired) or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner and/or to perform certain operations described herein. 
     While the machine-readable medium  1022  is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present description. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical and magnetic media, and carrier wave signals. 
     As noted, the software may be transmitted over a network using a transmission medium. The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions for transmission to and execution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communications signal or other intangible medium to facilitate transmission and communication of such software. 
     The illustrations of embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments, and they are not intended to serve as a complete description of all the elements and features of apparatus and systems that might make use of the structures described herein. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. Other embodiments may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. 
     It may be appreciated that  FIGS. 1-10  are merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 
     In the foregoing description, various features are grouped together in a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments have more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Thus the following claims are hereby incorporated into the description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment. 
     Thus, a method and system to push information related to items offered for sale to potential buyers or viewers have been described. Although embodiments have been described with reference to specific example embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of embodiments as expressed in the subjoined claims.