Patent Publication Number: US-2023133217-A1

Title: Physical uplink control channel enhancement for indoor coverage holes

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     Field of the Disclosure 
     Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in wireless networks. 
     Description of Related Art 
     Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, etc. These wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, etc.). Examples of such multiple-access systems include 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE Advanced (LTE-A) systems, code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, to name a few. 
     These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. New radio (e.g., 5G NR) is an example of an emerging telecommunication standard. NR is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by 3GPP. NR is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards using OFDMA with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the downlink (DL) and on the uplink (UL). To these ends, NR supports beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation. 
     However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, there exists a need for further improvements in NR and LTE technology. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies. 
     SUMMARY 
     The systems, methods, and devices of the disclosure each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this disclosure as expressed by the claims which follow, some features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description” one will understand how the features of this disclosure provide advantages that include improved uplink communications for coverage enhancement. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication by a user equipment (UE). The method generally includes receiving a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and transmitting at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for wireless communication by a base station (BS). The method generally includes transmitting a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and receiving at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a processor configured to: receive a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and transmit at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor; and a memory coupled with the processor. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes a processor configured to: transmit to a user equipment (UE) a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and receive at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor; and a memory coupled with the processor. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for receiving a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and means for transmitting at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus generally includes means for transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and means for receiving at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer-readable medium for wireless communication. The computer-readable medium includes instructions that, when executed by a processing system, cause the processing system to perform operations generally including receiving a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and transmitting at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     Certain aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a computer-readable medium for wireless communication. The computer-readable medium includes instructions that, when executed by a processing system, cause the processing system to perform operations generally including transmitting to a user equipment (UE) a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and receiving at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the appended drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       So that the manner in which the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. 
         FIG.  1    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating an example wireless communication network, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a design of an example a base station (BS) and user equipment (UE), in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    is an example frame format for certain wireless communication systems (e.g., new radio (NR)), in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  4 A &amp;  4 B  are tables showing exemplary characteristics of physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    is an exemplary map showing signal strength coverage within a building, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication by a UE, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for wireless communication by a BS, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    is an exemplary table illustrating per SR resource specific repetition-factor assignments, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  9 A &amp;  9 B  are exemplary tables illustrating per PUCCH resource specific repetition-factor assignments, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram illustrating PUCCH multiplexing, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  11    illustrates a communications device that may include various components configured to perform the operations illustrated in  FIG.  6   , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12    illustrates a communications device that may include various components configured to perform the operations illustrated in  FIG.  7   , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements disclosed in one aspect may be beneficially utilized on other aspects without specific recitation. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatus, methods, processing systems, and computer readable mediums for using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in wireless networks. In aspects of the present disclosure, techniques are provided to enhance coverage for urban scenarios (e.g., an outdoor next generation NodeB (gNB) serving indoor UEs), and rural scenarios, including extreme long distance rural scenarios (e.g., an inter-site distance (ISD) of 30 km). The provided techniques may be used in voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services. It is desirable to prioritize the coverage enhancement for uplink (UL) communications, including physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), because downlink (DL) generally has better performance than UL, due to there typically being more transmit antennas at a gNB (i.e., for DL) than at a UE (i.e., for UL). 
     The following description provides examples of using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in communication systems, and is not limiting of the scope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. 
     In general, any number of wireless networks may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular radio access technology (RAT) and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to as a radio technology, an air interface, etc. A frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, a subband, etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. 
     The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless networks and radio technologies. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, and/or new radio (e.g., 5G NR) wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure can be applied in other generation-based communication systems. 
     NR access may support various wireless communication services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) targeting wide bandwidth (e.g., 80 MHz or beyond), millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g., e.g., 24 GHz to 53 GHz or beyond), massive machine type communications MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and/or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). These services may include latency and reliability requirements. These services may also have different transmission time intervals (TTI) to meet respective quality of service (QoS) requirements. In addition, these services may co-exist in the same subframe. NR supports beamforming and beam direction may be dynamically configured. MIMO transmissions with precoding may also be supported. MIMO configurations in the DL may support up to 8 transmit antennas with multi-layer DL transmissions up to 8 streams and up to 2 streams per UE. Multi-layer transmissions with up to 2 streams per UE may be supported. Aggregation of multiple cells may be supported with up to 8 serving cells. 
       FIG.  1    illustrates an example wireless communication network  100  in which aspects of the present disclosure may be performed. For example, the wireless communication network  100  may be an NR system (e.g., a 5G NR network). As shown in  FIG.  1   , the wireless communication network  100  may be in communication with a core network  132 . The core network  132  may in communication with one or more base station (BSs)  110  and/or user equipment (UE)  120  in the wireless communication network  100  via one or more interfaces. 
     According to certain aspects, the BSs  110  and UEs  120  may be configured for using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in wireless networks. As shown in  FIG.  1   , the BS  110   a  includes an uplink control manager  112  that is configured for transmitting a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and for receiving at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE  120   a  includes an uplink control manager  122  that is configured to receive a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and to transmit at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. 
     As illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the wireless communication network  100  may include a number of BSs  110   a - z  (each also individually referred to herein as BS  110  or collectively as BSs  110 ) and other network entities. A BS  110  may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area, sometimes referred to as a “cell”, which may be stationary or may move according to the location of a mobile BS  110 . In some examples, the BSs  110  may be interconnected to one another and/or to one or more other BSs or network nodes (not shown) in wireless communication network  100  through various types of backhaul interfaces (e.g., a direct physical connection, a wireless connection, a virtual network, or the like) using any suitable transport network. In the example shown in  FIG.  1   , the BSs  110   a ,  110   b  and  110   c  may be macro BSs for the macro cells  102   a ,  102   b  and  102   c , respectively. The BS  110   x  may be a pico BS for a pico cell  102   x . The BSs  110   y  and  110   z  may be femto BSs for the femto cells  102   y  and  102   z , respectively. A BS may support one or multiple cells. 
     The BSs  110  communicate with UEs  120   a - y  (each also individually referred to herein as UE  120  or collectively as UEs  120 ) in the wireless communication network  100 . The UEs  120  (e.g.,  120   x ,  120   y , etc.) may be dispersed throughout the wireless communication network  100 , and each UE  120  may be stationary or mobile. Wireless communication network  100  may also include relay stations (e.g., relay station  110   r ), also referred to as relays or the like, that receive a transmission of data and/or other information from an upstream station (e.g., a BS  110   a  or a UE  120   r ) and sends a transmission of the data and/or other information to a downstream station (e.g., a UE  120  or a BS  110 ), or that relays transmissions between UEs  120 , to facilitate communication between devices. 
     A network controller  130  may be in communication with a set of BSs  110  and provide coordination and control for these BSs  110  (e.g., via a backhaul). In aspects, the network controller  130  may be in communication with a core network  132  (e.g., a 5G Core Network (5GC)), which provides various network functions such as Access and Mobility Management, Session Management, User Plane Function, Policy Control Function, Authentication Server Function, Unified Data Management, Application Function, Network Exposure Function, Network Repository Function, Network Slice Selection Function, etc. 
       FIG.  2    illustrates example components of BS  110   a  and UE  120   a  (e.g., the wireless communication network  100  of  FIG.  1   ), which may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure. 
     At the BS  110   a , a transmit processor  220  may receive data from a data source  212  and control information from a controller/processor  240 . The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), etc. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), etc. A medium access control (MAC)-control element (MAC-CE) is a MAC layer communication structure that may be used for control command exchange between wireless nodes. The MAC-CE may be carried in a shared channel such as a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), or a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH). 
     The processor  220  may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The transmit processor  220  may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS). A transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor  230  may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and/or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs)  232   a - 232   t . Each modulator  232  may process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from modulators  232   a - 232   t  may be transmitted via the antennas  234   a - 234   t , respectively. 
     At the UE  120   a , the antennas  252   a - 252   r  may receive the downlink signals from the BS  110   a  and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers  254   a - 254   r , respectively. Each demodulator  254  may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector  256  may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators  254   a - 254   r , perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. A receive processor  258  may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE  120   a  to a data sink  260 , and provide decoded control information to a controller/processor  280 . 
     On the uplink, at UE  120   a , a transmit processor  264  may receive and process data (e.g., for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)) from a data source  262  and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) from the controller/processor  280 . The transmit processor  264  may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS)). The symbols from the transmit processor  264  may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor  266  if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers  254   a - 254   r  (e.g., for SC-FDM, etc.), and transmitted to the BS  110   a . At the BS  110   a , the uplink signals from the UE  120   a  may be received by the antennas  234 , processed by the modulators  232 , detected by a MIMO detector  236  if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor  238  to obtain decoded data and control information sent by the UE  120   a . The receive processor  238  may provide the decoded data to a data sink  239  and the decoded control information to the controller/processor  240 . 
     The memories  242  and  282  may store data and program codes for BS  110   a  and UE  120   a , respectively. A scheduler  244  may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and/or uplink. 
     Antennas  252 , processors  266 ,  258 ,  264 , and/or controller/processor  280  of the UE  120   a  and/or antennas  234 , processors  220 ,  230 ,  238 , and/or controller/processor  240  of the BS  110   a  may be used to perform the various techniques and methods described herein. For example, as shown in  FIG.  2   , the controller/processor  240  of the BS  110   a  has an uplink control manager  241  that transmits a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and receives at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor, according to aspects described herein. As shown in  FIG.  2   , the controller/processor  280  of the UE  120   a  has an uplink control manager  281  that receives a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and transmits at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor, according to aspects described herein. Although shown at the controller/processor, other components of the UE  120   a  and BS  110   a  may be used to perform the operations described herein. 
     NR may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. NR may support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD). OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers may be dependent on the system bandwidth. The minimum resource allocation, called a resource block (RB), may be 12 consecutive subcarriers. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover multiple RBs. NR may support a base subcarrier spacing (SCS) of 15 KHz and other SCS may be defined with respect to the base SCS (e.g., 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz, etc.). 
       FIG.  3    is a diagram showing an example of a frame format  300  for NR. The transmission timeline for each of the downlink and uplink may be partitioned into units of radio frames. Each radio frame may have a predetermined duration (e.g., 10 ms) and may be partitioned into 10 subframes, each of 1 ms, with indices of 0 through 9. Each subframe may include a variable number of slots (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, . . . slots) depending on the SCS. Each slot may include a variable number of symbol periods (e.g., 7, 12, or 14 symbols) depending on the SCS. The symbol periods in each slot may be assigned indices. A mini-slot, which may be referred to as a sub-slot structure, refers to a transmit time interval having a duration less than a slot (e.g., 2, 3, or 4 symbols). Each symbol in a slot may indicate a link direction (e.g., DL, UL, or flexible) for data transmission and the link direction for each subframe may be dynamically switched. The link directions may be based on the slot format. Each slot may include DL/UL data as well as DL/UL control information. 
     In NR, a synchronization signal block (SSB) is transmitted. In certain aspects, SSBs may be transmitted in a burst where each SSB in the burst corresponds to a different beam direction for UE-side beam management (e.g., including beam selection and/or beam refinement). The SSB includes a PSS, a SSS, and a two symbol PBCH. The SSB can be transmitted in a fixed slot location, such as the symbols 0-3 as shown in  FIG.  3   . The PSS and SSS may be used by UEs for cell search and acquisition. The PSS may provide half-frame timing, the SS may provide the CP length and frame timing. The PSS and SSS may provide the cell identity. The PBCH carries some basic system information, such as downlink system bandwidth, timing information within radio frame, SS burst set periodicity, system frame number, etc. The SSBs may be organized into SS bursts to support beam sweeping. Further system information such as, remaining minimum system information (RMSI), system information blocks (SIBs), other system information (OSI) can be transmitted on a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) in certain subframes. The SSB can be transmitted up to sixty-four times, for example, with up to sixty-four different beam directions for mmWave. The multiple transmissions of the SSB are referred to as a SS burst set. SSBs in an SS burst set may be transmitted in the same frequency region, while SSBs in different SS bursts sets can be transmitted at different frequency regions. 
     In aspects of the present disclosure, PUCCH resources may be configured via radio resource control (RRC). Configurations of PUCCH resources include parameters in an information element (IE) named “PUCCH-Config” on a per bandwidth part (BWP) basis. A PUCCH-Config IE may include a “PUCCH-FormatConfig” IE, which may configure PUCCH-format-specific parameters including nrofSlots and SchedulingRequestResourceConfig. nrofSlots is a number of slots (n2, n4, n8) for PUCCH repetition, which is configured on a format-specific basis and applies to only PUCCHs of Format-1, Format-3, and Format-4 (i.e., excluding Format-0 and Format-2). If absent, a UE uses n1 as a default. SchedulingRequestResourceConfig is indicated on a per BWP basis and indicates that the corresponding resource may be used for scheduling requests (SRs). A UE can be configured with up to 8 of these as 8 SR resources. Each SchedulingRequestResourceConfig may include a periodicityAndOffset IE, which indicate a periodicity and offset of the PUCCH resource to be used for transmitting SR. Each SchedulingRequestResourceConfig may also include a resource IE, which is a PUCCH resource identifier (ID) for this SR resource. It should be noted that only resources with Format-0 or Format-1 are enabled to be used as SR resources. 
     In previously used techniques, a BS (e.g., a gNB) can only rely on RRC reconfiguration to change the PUCCH repetition-factor, which is a common repetition-factor for all PUCCH resources of one PUCCH format. 
       FIG.  4 A  is a table  400  showing an exemplary set of PUCCH resources, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated, each of the PUCCH resources in the column  402  has a corresponding format (e.g., Format-0, Format-1, Format-2, Format-3, and Format-4) in column  404 . The table  410  shows an exemplary configuration of number of repetition slots, with each of Format-1, Format-3, and Format-4 in the column  412  has a corresponding number of repetition slots shown in column  414 . 
       FIG.  4 B  is a table  450  showing characteristics of PUCCH formats, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated, each of the PUCCH formats in the column  452  has a corresponding number of symbols in column  454 , a number of uplink control information (UCI) bits in column  456 , a waveform in column  458 , and a brief description of the format in column  460 . 
       FIG.  5    is an exemplary map  500  showing signal strength coverage within a building  502 , in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. As illustrated, many areas  504  in the exemplary building have strong signal strength, while an area  506  in a water closet (w.c.) has poor signal strength. The DL signal strength in the aisle  508  towards the W.C. is also weaker than in the other public area, possibly due to less line-of-sight (LoS) propagation and more non-line-of-sight (NLoS) propagation from a UE (not shown) towards the gNB (not shown). The DL signal strength in the W.C. is much worse than in the other public area, due to the propagation being purely NLoS. In aspects of the present disclosure, directly using smart phones for browsing the Internet from inside the W.C. is generally impossible. Rebooting a smart phone (i.e., causing the smart phone to perform a new physical random access channel (PRACH) procedure) while the smart phone is in the W.C. typically enables browsing, although with low data rates. This is possibly because the gNB can configure repetition-factors for UL transmissions from the UE more easily shortly after a PRACH procedure. Phone calls from within the W.C. are also problematic, mainly due to problems with UL transmissions. DL transmissions to the UE are OK due to acceptable DL signal strength. 
     According to aspects of the present disclosure, some possible problems a user may encounter in using a UE in the W.C. are that while receiving DL signals is OK, UL coverage is even worse than DL, such that PUCCHs or PUSCHs cannot be delivered to the gNB by the UE. Particularly, when one walks into the W.C. through the aisle, there may not be UL resources to report the signal quality or to allow the gNB to measure the signal quality. When an UL transmission is needed, the RRC configured repetition-factor (Rep-Factor) may not enable successful decoding at the gNB. However, RRC reconfiguration of the Rep-Factor for PUCCH or PUSCH may not be efficient, because an acknowledgment (ACK) or a negative acknowledgment (NACK) of the RRC reconfiguration may not be delivered back to the gNB successfully. 
     In aspects of the present disclosure, PUCCH is more of a bottle-neck, since there is always at least an SR resource available that the UE can attempt to use, while PUSCH is not always scheduled. 
     Accordingly, what is needed are techniques and apparatus for using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in wireless networks. 
     Example Physical Uplink Control Channel Enhancement for Indoor Coverage Holes 
     Aspects of the present disclosure provide using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in wireless networks. In aspects of the present disclosure, techniques are provided to enhance coverage for urban scenarios (e.g., an outdoor next generation NodeB (gNB) serving indoor UEs), and rural scenarios, including extreme long distance rural scenarios (e.g., an inter-site distance (ISD) of 30 km). The provided techniques may be used in voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services. It is desirable to prioritize the coverage enhancement for uplink (UL) communications, including physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), because downlink (DL) generally has better performance than UL, due to there typically being more transmit antennas at a gNB (i.e., for DL) than at a UE (i.e., for UL). 
     In aspects of the present disclosure, techniques to enhance PUCCH coverage (e.g., in indoor coverage holes, such as shown in  FIG.  5   ) are provided. 
     In one technique to enhance PUCCH coverage, a small amount of SR resources with large repetition-factors are configured. These SR resources may be sufficient to guarantee basic PUCCH delivery to the gNB from a UE. 
     In another technique to enhance PUCCH coverage, PUCCH resource specific repetition-factor configuration is provided. Instead of all PUCCH resources configured with one format using a same number of repetitions, repetition-factors are configured specific to each PUCCH resource. 
     In still another technique to enhance PUCCH coverage, dynamic indication schemes to reconfigure PUCCH repetition-factors, which are more efficient than RRC reconfiguration, are provided. 
       FIG.  6    is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  600  for wireless communication, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. The operations  600  may be performed, for example, by UE (e.g., the UE  120   a  in the wireless communication network  100 ). The operations  600  may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  280  of  FIG.  2   ). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the UE in operations  600  may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antennas  252  of  FIG.  2   ). In certain aspects, the transmission and/or reception of signals by the UE may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  280 ) obtaining and/or outputting signals. 
     The operations  600  may begin, at block  602 , by receiving a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor. 
     Operations  600  continue at block  604  by transmitting at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
       FIG.  7    is a flow diagram illustrating example operations  700  for wireless communication, in accordance with certain aspects of the present disclosure. The operations  700  may be performed, for example, by a BS (e.g., the BS  110   a  in the wireless communication network  100 ). The operations  700  may be complementary to the operations  600  performed by the UE. The operations  700  may be implemented as software components that are executed and run on one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  240  of  FIG.  2   ). Further, the transmission and reception of signals by the BS in operations  700  may be enabled, for example, by one or more antennas (e.g., antennas  234  of  FIG.  2   ). In certain aspects, the transmission and/or reception of signals by the BS may be implemented via a bus interface of one or more processors (e.g., controller/processor  240 ) obtaining and/or outputting signals. 
     The operations  700  may begin, at block  702 , by transmitting a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor. 
     Operations  700  continue, at block  704 , by receiving at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     According to aspects of the present disclosure, per SR resource specific repetition-factor are provided. In such aspects of the present disclosure, when a BS (e.g., a gNB) uses RRC signaling to configure SR resources, one or more of the SR resources with PUCCH format-1 may include a PUCCH repetition-factor different from the repetition-factor configured for PUCCH format-1, which can overwrite the RRC configured PUCCH-common repetition-factor (i.e., overwrite the nrofSlots IE). At least one of the SR resources can be configured with the largest (e.g., largest supported by the wireless technology) repetition-factor to give the best-supported coverage, while the periodicityAndOffset of such SR resource can be configured relatively low. In these aspects of the present disclosure, configuring one of the SR resources enables the best-supported coverage for basic SR delivery to the gNB. In addition, receiving an SR via such an SR resource also allows the gNB to know that the UE is in a coverage hole, which enables the gNB to carry out additional efforts, e.g., RRC reconfiguration for that UE. 
       FIG.  8    shows an exemplary table  800  illustrating per SR resource specific repetition-factor assignments. As illustrated, each SR resource in column  802  has a corresponding format in column  804 . In the illustrated table, SR resource 5 at  810  is configured with a repetition-factor of 8 (e.g., nrofSlots=n8), while SR resources 4, 6, and 7 at  820 ,  822 , and  824  are configured with a repetition-factor of 2 (e.g., nrofSlots=n2), while each of the SR resources at  810 ,  820 ,  822 , and  824  are format-1. 
     In aspects of the present disclosure, PUCCH resource specific repetition-factor configuration is provided. In such aspects, a UE may be configured with a PUCCH resource specific nrofSlots, instead of a PUCCH format specific nrofSlots. The PUCCH resource specific nrofSlots may be only applicable for Format-1, Format-3, or Format-4 as well. 
     According to aspects of the present disclosure, a UE may be configured with a nrofSlots for a PUCCH resource that is different from the nrofSlots associated with the corresponding PUCCH-format configuration, when the UE is configured with the PUCCH resource. That is, the nrofSlots configured in the PUCCH resource can overwrite the nrofSlots configured for the corresponding PUCCH-format configuration. For example, a UE may receive a configuration indicating that PUCCH format-1 has nrofSlots=2, and then, when the UE is configured with a PUCCH resource that has format-1 (e.g., PUCCH resource 5 at  810  in  FIG.  8   ), the UE is also configured to have nrofSlots=8 for that PUCCH resource, and the nrofSlots=8 overwrites nrofSlots=2 for that PUCCH resource for that UE. The overwriting of the nrofSlots for the PUCCH resource may be accomplished via RRC signaling or DCI. As above, configuring a PUCCH resource with a repetition-factor different than a repetition-factor for other PUCCH resources of the same format may be only applicable for PUCCH resources having Format-1, Format-3, or Format-4 as well. In such aspects, a gNB may be able to dynamically indicate a PUCCH resource with a proper repetition-factor for coverage enhancement. Many previously known techniques (e.g., Rel-15) cannot achieve this dynamically. 
       FIGS.  9 A &amp;  9 B  shows exemplary tables  900  and  950  illustrating per PUCCH resource specific repetition-factor assignments. As illustrated in table  900 , each PUCCH resource in column  902  has a corresponding format in column  904 . In the illustrated table  900 , PUCCH resource 1 at  910  is configured with a repetition-factor of 2 (e.g., nrofSlots=n2), while PUCCH resource 2 at  920  is configured with a repetition-factor of 4 (e.g., nrofSlots=n4), while both of the SR resources at  910  and  920  are format-1. In table  950 , PUCCH resource 1 at  952  and PUCCH resource 2 at  954  are both format-1 and originally configured (e.g., via RRC signaling) with repetition-factor of 2 (e.g., nrofSlots=n2). PUCCH resource 1 at  952  is dynamically changed to a repetition-factor of 8 (e.g., nrofSlots=n8) when the PUCCH resource is configured on a UE. 
     According to aspects of the present disclosure, a PUCCH repetition-factor may be dynamically indicated. In such aspects, a DCI (preferably a UL-grant DCI) can indicate that all RRC configured PUCCH repetition-factors for different PUCCH formats can be dynamically changed to the greatest level (e.g., the largest repetition-factor supported by the wireless technology). In such aspects, a single bit in a DCI can be used to indicate that all RRC configured PUCCH repetition-factors for different PUCCH formats be dynamically changed to the greatest level. This may give the gNB flexibility to efficiently re-configure the PUCCH repetition-factors, such that PUCCH coverage loss can be more effectively compensated. For example, in case such a DCI (e.g., a DCI indicating that all RRC configured PUCCH repetition-factors for different PUCCH formats can be dynamically changed to the greatest level) is missed by the UE, if an UL-grant DCI is used, and if the PUSCH or SRS scheduled by the UL-grant DCI is earlier than any upcoming PUCCH transmission opportunity for the UE, the gNB can determine this by detecting the scheduled PUSCH or SRS and determining (e.g., detecting how many repetitions are sent by the UE) whether the DCI was missed by the UE. If other DCI formats are used (or if the scheduled PUSCH or SRS is later than an upcoming PUCCH transmission opportunity), the gNB can reserve the repetition-slots for the PUCCH and detect the energy in the additional repetition-slots to figure out whether the DCI is missed. 
     In aspects of the present disclosure, PUCCHs may be multiplexed with SRs transmitted with the described repetition enhancements. In such aspects, If the UE determines that one or more positive SRs should be transmitted on another PUCCH resource other than the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource (e.g., when a PUCCH resource to transmit HARQ-ACK or CSI overlaps with the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource(s)), and if the repetition-factor configured for the actually used PUCCH resource is lower than a repetition-factor configured for at least one of the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource(s), then the UE may use a PUCCH resource with a repetition-factor that is the same as the repetition-factor configured for the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource having a maximum repetition-factor (e.g., maximum nrofSlots). Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use a repetition-factor for the PUCCH resource that is a function of the repetition-factor configured for the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource having a maximum repetition-factor. The function may be based at least in part on one of the following: (1) repetition-factor for the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource; (2) repetition-factor for the actually used PUCCH resource; (3) number of symbols for the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource; or (4) number of Symbols or resource blocks (RBs) of the actually used PUCCH resource. 
       FIG.  10    is a schematic diagram  1000  illustrating PUCCH multiplexing, according to aspects of the present disclosure. In the schematic diagram  1000 , a UE (e.g., UE  120   a , shown in  FIG.  1   ) determines to transmit an SR with a repetition-factor of 4, as shown at  1002 , and the SR overlaps with another PUCCH at  1004 . In aspects of the present disclosure, the UE may transmit the multiplexed PUCCH and SR with a repetition-factor of 4, as shown at  1010 . Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use a repetition-factor for the PUCCH resource that is a function of the repetition-factor configured for the SR-dedicated PUCCH resource having a maximum repetition-factor, as shown at  1020 . 
       FIG.  11    illustrates a communications device  1100  that may include various components (e.g., corresponding to means-plus-function components) configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, such as the operations illustrated in  FIG.  6   . The communications device  1100  includes a processing system  1102  coupled to a transceiver  1108  (e.g., a transmitter and/or a receiver). The transceiver  1108  is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device  1100  via an antenna  1110 , such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system  1102  may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device  1100 , including processing signals received and/or to be transmitted by the communications device  1100 . 
     The processing system  1102  includes a processor  1104  coupled to a computer-readable medium/memory  1112  via a bus  1106 . In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium/memory  1112  is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the processor  1104 , cause the processor  1104  to perform the operations illustrated in  FIG.  6   , or other operations for performing the various techniques discussed herein for using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in wireless networks. In certain aspects, computer-readable medium/memory  1112  stores code  1114  for receiving a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and code  1116  for transmitting at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor, etc. In certain aspects, the processor  1104  has circuitry configured to implement the code stored in the computer-readable medium/memory  1112 . The processor  1104  includes circuitry  1124  for receiving a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; circuitry  1126  for transmitting at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
       FIG.  12    illustrates a communications device  1200  that may include various components (e.g., corresponding to means-plus-function components) configured to perform operations for the techniques disclosed herein, such as the operations illustrated in  FIG.  7   . The communications device  1200  includes a processing system  1202  coupled to a transceiver  1208  (e.g., a transmitter and/or a receiver). The transceiver  1208  is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device  1200  via an antenna  1210 , such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system  1202  may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device  1200 , including processing signals received and/or to be transmitted by the communications device  1200 . 
     The processing system  1202  includes a processor  1204  coupled to a computer-readable medium/memory  1212  via a bus  1206 . In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium/memory  1212  is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the processor  1204 , cause the processor  1204  to perform the operations illustrated in  FIG.  7   , or other operations for performing the various techniques discussed herein for using repetition with uplink control channels to enhance coverage in wireless networks. In certain aspects, computer-readable medium/memory  1212  stores code  1214  for transmitting a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; and code  1216  for receiving at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. In certain aspects, the processor  1204  has circuitry configured to implement the code stored in the computer-readable medium/memory  1212 . The processor  1204  includes circuitry  1224  for transmitting a configuration of at least one of scheduling request (SR) resources or physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources, wherein the configuration indicates at least one of: a first SR resource having a first format and a first repetition-factor and a second SR resource having the first format and a second repetition-factor; or a first PUCCH resource having a second format and a third repetition-factor and a second PUCCH resource having the second format and a fourth repetition-factor; circuitry  1226  for receiving at least one of: a first SR via the first SR resource according to the first repetition-factor; a second SR via the second SR resource according to the second repetition-factor; a first PUCCH via the first PUCCH resource according to the third repetition-factor; or a second PUCCH via the second PUCCH resource according to the fourth repetition-factor. 
     The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication technologies, such as NR (e.g., 5G NR), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA), and other networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants of CDMA. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as NR (e.g. 5G RA), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). LTE and LTE-A are releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). NR is an emerging wireless communications technology under development. 
     In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a Node B (NB) and/or a NB subsystem serving this coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. In NR systems, the term “cell” and BS, next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB), access point (AP), distributed unit (DU), carrier, or transmission reception point (TRP) may be used interchangeably. A BS may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and/or other types of cells. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs having an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, etc.). A BS for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro BS. A BS for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico BS. A BS for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto BS or a home BS. 
     A UE may also be referred to as a mobile station, a terminal, an access terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, a Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), a cellular phone, a smart phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet computer, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, an appliance, a medical device or medical equipment, a biometric sensor/device, a wearable device such as a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wrist band, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring, a smart bracelet, etc.), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, a satellite radio, etc.), a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter/sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium. Some UEs may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) devices or evolved MTC (eMTC) devices. MTC and eMTC UEs include, for example, robots, drones, remote devices, sensors, meters, monitors, location tags, etc., that may communicate with a BS, another device (e.g., remote device), or some other entity. A wireless node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. Some UEs may be considered Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, which may be narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices. 
     In some examples, access to the air interface may be scheduled. A scheduling entity (e.g., a BS) allocates resources for communication among some or all devices and equipment within its service area or cell. The scheduling entity may be responsible for scheduling, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one or more subordinate entities. That is, for scheduled communication, subordinate entities utilize resources allocated by the scheduling entity. Base stations are not the only entities that may function as a scheduling entity. In some examples, a UE may function as a scheduling entity and may schedule resources for one or more subordinate entities (e.g., one or more other UEs), and the other UEs may utilize the resources scheduled by the UE for wireless communication. In some examples, a UE may function as a scheduling entity in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network, and/or in a mesh network. In a mesh network example, UEs may communicate directly with one another in addition to communicating with a scheduling entity. 
     The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the methods. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. 
     As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c). 
     As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like. 
     The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” 
     The various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and/or software component(s) and/or module(s), including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or processor. Generally, where there are operations illustrated in figures, those operations may have corresponding counterpart means-plus-function components with similar numbering. 
     The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. 
     If implemented in hardware, an example hardware configuration may comprise a processing system in a wireless node. The processing system may be implemented with a bus architecture. The bus may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of the processing system and the overall design constraints. The bus may link together various circuits including a processor, machine-readable media, and a bus interface. The bus interface may be used to connect a network adapter, among other things, to the processing system via the bus. The network adapter may be used to implement the signal processing functions of the PHY layer. In the case of a user terminal (see  FIG.  1   ), a user interface (e.g., keypad, display, mouse, joystick, etc.) may also be connected to the bus. The bus may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, power management circuits, and the like, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further. The processor may be implemented with one or more general-purpose and/or special-purpose processors. Examples include microprocessors, microcontrollers, DSP processors, and other circuitry that can execute software. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality for the processing system depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system. 
     If implemented in software, the functions may be stored or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer readable medium. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, data, or any combination thereof, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Computer-readable media include both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. The processor may be responsible for managing the bus and general processing, including the execution of software modules stored on the machine-readable storage media. A computer-readable storage medium may be coupled to a processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. By way of example, the machine-readable media may include a transmission line, a carrier wave modulated by data, and/or a computer readable storage medium with instructions stored thereon separate from the wireless node, all of which may be accessed by the processor through the bus interface. Alternatively, or in addition, the machine-readable media, or any portion thereof, may be integrated into the processor, such as the case may be with cache and/or general register files. Examples of machine-readable storage media may include, by way of example, RAM (Random Access Memory), flash memory, ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), registers, magnetic disks, optical disks, hard drives, or any other suitable storage medium, or any combination thereof. The machine-readable media may be embodied in a computer-program product. 
     A software module may comprise a single instruction, or many instructions, and may be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across multiple storage media. The computer-readable media may comprise a number of software modules. The software modules include instructions that, when executed by an apparatus such as a processor, cause the processing system to perform various functions. The software modules may include a transmission module and a receiving module. Each software module may reside in a single storage device or be distributed across multiple storage devices. By way of example, a software module may be loaded into RAM from a hard drive when a triggering event occurs. During execution of the software module, the processor may load some of the instructions into cache to increase access speed. One or more cache lines may then be loaded into a general register file for execution by the processor. When referring to the functionality of a software module below, it will be understood that such functionality is implemented by the processor when executing instructions from that software module. 
     Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared (IR), radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Thus, in some aspects computer-readable media may comprise non-transitory computer-readable media (e.g., tangible media). In addition, for other aspects computer-readable media may comprise transitory computer-readable media (e.g., a signal). Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. 
     Thus, certain aspects may comprise a computer program product for performing the operations presented herein. For example, such a computer program product may comprise a computer-readable medium having instructions stored (and/or encoded) thereon, the instructions being executable by one or more processors to perform the operations described herein, for example, instructions for performing the operations described herein and illustrated in  FIG.  6    and/or  FIG.  7   . 
     Further, it should be appreciated that modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a user terminal and/or base station as applicable. For example, such a device can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively, various methods described herein can be provided via storage means (e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device. Moreover, any other suitable technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein to a device can be utilized. 
     It is to be understood that the claims are not limited to the precise configuration and components illustrated above. Various modifications, changes and variations may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the methods and apparatus described above without departing from the scope of the claims.