Patent Publication Number: US-11383218-B2

Title: System and method for rapid, high throughput, high pressure synthesis of materials from a liquid precursor

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     The present disclosure is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/203,177, filed Nov. 28, 2018, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference into the present disclosure. 
    
    
     STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT RIGHTS 
     The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344 between the U.S. Department of Energy and Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to the production of nanoparticles, and more particularly to systems and methods for producing nano-diamonds and other nano-carbon allotropes such as nano-onions, which do not require the detonation of conventional high explosives and the use of conventional static compression cells, and which can provide significantly improved throughput of nano-carbon forming operations. 
     BACKGROUND 
     This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art. 
     Nano-diamonds are used in a wide variety of commercial applications, and may be synthesized using a variety of methods. The creation of diamond materials (including nano-diamonds) requires the compression of carbon to high pressure (˜16 GPa) and is facilitated by high temperature. Generally, static compression of materials is commonly used to synthesize materials (such as diamond) which can only be obtained under high pressure. There are many instances of materials which can only be synthesized at high pressure, where variation with applied pressure of fundamental properties such as chemical reactivity and crystal structure may be employed to facilitate synthesis. 
     One principal obstacle to the high throughput synthesis of materials at high pressure is the typically small volume of material required to obtain gigapascal pressures in conventional static compression cells. Although large volume cells can also be used to obtain high pressure, these cells are limited in pressure due to fundamental physical constraints on the strength of present day pressure cell components. Further, in many instances, rapid synthesis of materials requires high temperatures that may be difficult to obtain in conventional static compression cells. Finally, it can be particularly difficult to control the kinetics of material synthesis, particularly in high volume cells where thermodynamic conditions of pressure and temperature are difficult to uniformly prepare. Nevertheless, material transformation kinetics may be another tool to obtain unconventional material syntheses, such as the synthesis of nanoparticles. 
     Currently, nano-diamonds are often synthesized in volume via detonation of high explosives, but this method has a number of limitations. Perhaps the most significant is that the products require costly purification and refinement. 
     Synthesis of condensed nano-carbon materials (such as nano-diamonds and nano-onions) via laser-driven shock compression is an example employing a similar technique, where shock compression of cryogenic liquid carbon monoxide via a metal ablator obtains a thermodynamic state favoring liquid carbon at high pressure. For this application, one example of a prior art compression cell configuration  10  is shown in  FIG. 1 . Gas from a carbon monoxide (CO) source  14  is condensed at low temperature in a cell  12  comprising a window  16 . The interior of the cell  12  forms a cell chamber  12   a . The window  16  has an internal aluminum coating  18  which acts as an ablation layer. Once liquid CO has been condensed within the cell chamber  12   a , a laser pulse  20   a  from a laser source  20  may be directed toward the cell  12 . The laser pulse  20   a  drives a shock wave through the aluminum coating  18  into the liquid CO sample inside the cell chamber  12   a . This shock wave increases the pressure acting on the CO inside the cell  12  to approximately 20 GPa, and the temperature to several thousand degrees Kelvin. Under these conditions, liquid carbon is thermodynamically favored, and nanoscale liquid carbon drops precipitate from the hot, compressed CO. These conditions last for the duration of the laser pulse  20   a.    
     After the laser pulse  20   a , the CO sample inside the cell chamber  12   a  cools and depressurizes on a comparable time scale, (in this example within about 1 nanosecond). As the CO sample cools and depressurizes, precipitated liquid carbon crosses a phase transition boundary into solid state carbon, and solid-state carbon condenses from nanoscale liquid carbon drops.  FIG. 2  shows a highly magnified illustration of the carbon nano-condensates created subsequent to compression and cooling, along with a dimensional indicator indicating the scale of the carbon condensates.  FIG. 3  shows a phase diagram illustrating the thermodynamic path from initial shock compression to condensed solid state carbon. 
     The above described process explicitly employs the kinetics of single phase carbon precipitation to obtain nanoparticles, and demonstrates the basic principle of obtaining solid state carbon from the nanoscale liquid carbon drops. However, as explained above, since this method requires the use of a cell and an ablator material, its throughput is significantly limited. 
     Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for a system and method which is able to generate nano-diamonds, and which has a high throughput, and which is able to generate pure material using a straightforward synthesis method. A new method such as described above for synthesizing nano-diamonds which provides significantly higher throughput than present day manufacturing techniques, would be of significant commercial interest and importance. 
     SUMMARY 
     This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features. 
     In one aspect the present disclosure relates to a system and method for synthesis of condensed materials to at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles. In one embodiment the system may have a source of liquid precursor, a flow control element and a compression wave generating subsystem. The flow control element is in communication with the source of the liquid precursor and creates a jet of liquid precursor. The compression wave generating subsystem drives a compression wave through at least a substantial portion of a thickness of the jet of liquid precursor to sufficiently compress the jet of liquid precursor, and to increase a pressure and a temperature of the jet of liquid precursor, to at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles. 
     In another aspect the present disclosure relates to a system for synthesis of condensed materials to at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles. The system may comprise a source of liquid precursor and a flow nozzle in communication with the source of the liquid precursor. The flow nozzle creates a jet of liquid precursor exiting the flow nozzle. A laser is included for generating at least one laser pulse aimed along a path perpendicular to a path of travel of the jet of liquid precursor. The laser pulse impinges the jet of liquid precursor as the jet of liquid precursor falls. The laser pulse has sufficient power to drive a compression wave through the jet of liquid precursor to sufficiently compress the jet of liquid precursor, and to increase a pressure and a temperature of the jet of liquid precursor, to thus at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles. 
     In still another aspect the present disclosure relates to a method for synthesis of condensed materials to at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles. The method may comprise controlling a release of a liquid precursor to create a jet of liquid precursor, and using an electromagnetic wave energy source to generate a beam directly at the jet of liquid precursor as the jet of liquid precursor falls through a predefined region intersecting a path of the beam. The method may further include using the beam to impinge the jet of liquid precursor. The beam may have sufficient power to drive a compression wave at least substantially through a thickness of the jet of liquid precursor. The compression wave compresses the jet of liquid precursor and increases both a pressure and a temperature of the jet of liquid precursor, to thus at least one of create nanoparticles or modify existing nanoparticles. 
     Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     
       DRAWINGS 
       The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 1  is a diagram of one embodiment of a cryogenic containment cell for laser-driven compression of liquid carbon monoxide; 
         FIG. 2  is a prior art picture showing how carbon nano-condensates subsequent to compression and cooling; 
         FIG. 3  is a prior art phase diagram showing thermodynamic path from initial shock compression to condensed solid state carbon; corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings; 
         FIG. 4  is a block diagram of one embodiment of a system in accordance with the present disclosure which may be used to create nanoparticles without the use of a cell and ablator material; 
         FIG. 5  shows a perspective view of one example shape for a liquid jet created from the nozzle used in the system of  FIG. 4 , where the liquid jet forms a generally rectangular sheet of fluid; and 
         FIG. 6  shows a flowchart illustrating operations that may be performed by the system of  FIG. 4  in carrying out the method of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
     The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for high throughput, high pressure synthesis of materials using, in one embodiment and methodology, dynamic, laser-driven compression of liquids, including cryogenic liquids. The systems and methods disclosed herein present several advantages compared to conventional static compression of liquids, particularly: 1) reactants can be introduced as a controlled flow jet, which does not require a solid container, 2) synthesis of solid products can be obtained at high concentration, where liquid reactants can be removed via evaporation, 3) unused reactants can be easily evaporated, filtered, re-condensed as liquid and recycled, 4) high throughput is not limited by the intrinsic volume or mechanical assembly of high pressure cells, 5) dynamic compression is a rapid, highly controllable process which may readily obtain a wide range of thermodynamic states (including variation of both pressure and temperature) as well as timescales which may employ material transformation kinetics, 6) the systems and methods disclosed herein are straightforward to parallelize for high throughput, 7) the systems and methods disclosed herein are particularly amenable to the synthesis of nanomaterials, and 8) the systems and methods disclosed herein have intrinsically high throughput. 
     One embodiment of a system  100  in accordance with the present disclosure is shown in  FIG. 4 , which makes use of a flow control element, in this example a flow nozzle  102 , for creating a liquid jet  104  from a liquid precursor source  106 . The liquid jet  104  is compressed by direct impingement of a laser beam. In this example the liquid precursor source  106  may comprise any liquid that can condense solid products under dynamic compression conditions. One suitable liquid is cryogenic liquid carbon monoxide (CO), although the system  100  is not limited to use with only liquid carbon monoxide, but may use any suitable liquid precursor, for example and without limitation, ethanol, isopropanol, silicon tetrachloride, germanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, etc. 
     The system  100  may include a shock wave generating subsystem  108 , which may comprise an electromagnetic wave energy source for generating an electromagnetic energy wave beam  108   a . In one specific implementation the electromagnetic wave energy source  108  may comprise, for example, a laser, and the beam may comprise a laser beam. Alternatively, a subsystem for generating a spark gap may also be used to generate high pressure shocks, although it is believed that in most instances a laser will be preferred. Accordingly, the system  100  is not limited to use with any particular form of compression wave generating subsystem. Merely for convenience, however, the compression wave generating subsystem  108  will be referred to throughout the following discussion as “laser  108 ”, and the beam  108  will be referred to as the “laser beam  108   a”.    
     The laser  108  may be controlled by an electronic controller  110  to generate pulses which form the laser beam  108   a  having a desired shape, pulse width and power level. The laser beam  108   a  may thus be made up of one or more laser pulses directed toward the liquid jet  104 . In this example the laser beam  108   a  is directed along an axis perpendicular to the direction of travel of the liquid jet  104 , although the laser beam need not necessarily be directed perfectly perpendicularly to the axis of flow of the liquid jet  104 . However, the path of the laser beam  108   a  needs to intersect the region which the liquid jet  104  falls through. The shape of the laser beam  108   a  can be thought of as forming a “window”  109  which defines the predetermined region that the liquid jet  104  falls through. As the liquid jet  104  falls through the window  109 , the laser beam  108   a  drives a shock wave at least substantially through, but more preferably fully through, the thickness of the liquid jet  104 . The shock wave acts to compress the liquid jet  104  and to raise its temperature and/or pressure sufficiently to achieve the material synthesis which creates the carbon nanoparticles. Since the liquid precursor is in the form of a liquid jet, no containment cell or like structure is needed; that is, the liquid jet  104  can be acted on by the laser beam  108   a  as the liquid jet falls by force of gravity through an ambient environment. The created carbon nanoparticles may be in the form of solid particles or shaped like nano-onions, or they may take still further different shapes. As such, while the terminology “nanoparticle” will be used throughout the following description, it will be appreciated that this terminology is not limited to just solid spherical nanoparticles, but nanoparticles shaped as ribbons, planar sheets, nanotubes, or having other shapes. 
     One example of a suitable shape for the liquid jet  104  is shown in  FIG. 5 . The liquid jet  104  in this example forms a generally rectangular sheet. This is but one suitable shape, and the system  100  may operate well with other liquid jet shapes. If the rectangular sheet pulse shape shown in  FIG. 5  is used, then the liquid jet  104  may have a thickness on the order of around 10 s-100 s of microns, as denoted by arrows  104   a , and a length on the order of about 0.1 millimeter to about 10 mm, and more preferably a length of about 1 mm, as indicated by dimensional arrow  104   b . The preferred thickness and length of the liquid jet  104  may also be influenced by its shape (i.e., the thickness and length may differ if a different shaped liquid jet, for example a substantially spherically shaped liquid jet forming a droplet, is used). The nozzle  102 , and particularly an aperture  102   a  of the nozzle as shown in  FIG. 4 , will therefore be selected to help impart the desired shape to the liquid jet  104 . 
     With the system  100  shown in  FIG. 4 , an electronically controlled valve  106   a  may be controlled by the electronic controller  106  to help control the release of the cryogenic liquid precursor from the liquid precursor source  106 . The time duration during which the valve  106   a  is opened will also influence the length of the liquid jet  104 . The liquid jet  104  could also comprise a continuously flowing liquid jet. With a continuously flowing liquid jet  104 , as a fresh region of liquid flows into the cross section of the laser  108 , the laser compresses this cross section, and then this processed region flows out of the laser cross section, while another fresh region of liquid flow from the liquid jet  104  moves into the laser cross section. The laser  108  could be pulsed as well, although a pulsed laser beam  108   a  would not necessarily be needed. The flow rate of the liquid jet  104  may depend on how much throughput one might need. In one implementation, a flow rate of about 1 mL/minute or faster may be suitable. 
     With further reference to  FIG. 4 , the laser  108  power applied may also vary considerably to meet specific applications, but typically is on the order of 0.1-100 watts. The laser beam  108   a  diameter and/or shape may be selected and/or tailored to optimize the compression wave created in the liquid jet. A laser beam with a generally oblong or oval shape, when viewed in cross section, may be preferred, although a generally round beam shape (when viewed in cross section) may also be used. The system  100  is not limited to use with any one specific, cross sectional shape of laser beam. 
     The On/Off operation of the laser  108  and the opening/closing of the valve  106   a  may both be controlled by the electronic controller  110  such that the laser beam  108   a  creates one or more pulse(s) which is/are generated in timed relationship with the liquid jet  104  passing through the window  109 . If a continuous flow of the liquid jet  104  is used, then a valve would not be needed. It will also be appreciated that the timing of the creation of the laser beam  108   a  (using one or more laser pulse(s)), assuming a pulsed beam  108   a  is used, will be an important factor in achieving optimal operation of the system  100 . If the optional valve  106   a  is used, then the timed opening/closing action of the optional valve  106   a , relative to the generation of the laser beam  108  (assuming a pulsed beam  108   a  is used) will be an important factor in achieving optimal system  100  operation. The shape, length and thickness of the liquid jet  104  will be considerations in determining an optimal cross sectional shape for the laser beam  108   a , as well as an optimal power level to be applied by the laser beam  108   a.    
     In one preferred implementation the laser  108  may be a 10 s of nanosecond duration Q-switched pulsed laser with a wavelength that is absorbed by the reactant, for instance and without limitation, a 1550 nm wavelength for liquid cryogenic CO. However, the system  100  is not limited to use with any one specific type of laser, and it will be appreciated that an Nd:YAG laser may be used as well. 
     In some embodiments the laser  108  may be a Q-switched pulsed laser which produces a pulsed beam having a wavelength that is absorbed by the reactant (e.g., jet of liquid precursor), and wherein the wavelength comprises at least one of: 1064 nm, 532 nm, 355 nm, 266 nm, or 213 nm. It will be appreciated that the use of a Nd:YAG laser (at 1064 nm) is also an option, and also at the harmonics of 1064 nm as well. It will be appreciated that various other lasers use wavelengths in this range (i.e. 1053 nm, which is Nd:YLF), and as noted above the present disclosure is not limited to use with any one specific type of laser, or the use of the laser  108  used with any specific wavelength output. A specific application of the system  100  may dictate what specific type of laser (and wavelength) is optimum for use with the system. 
     Depending on the length of the liquid jet  104  (i.e., the dimension defined by arrow  104   b  in  FIG. 5 ), one sufficiently long duration laser pulse may be used to form the beam  108   a , or a series of shorter duration laser pulses  108   a  may be used to form the laser beam  108   a . In one preferred implementation, a series of 10 s nanosecond pulses at a sufficiently high repetition rate to process all liquid that comes out of the nozzle, may be used. In practice, a pulse of the laser beam  108   a  should hit every fresh cross section of the liquid jet  104  after it refreshes. It will be appreciated then that the throughput of the system  100  is directly related to the average power of the laser  108 , and also the rate of flow from the nozzle  102 . The faster the flow, the higher the repetition rate of the laser  108  (thus giving higher power). There is a similar relationship between the thickness of the sheet of liquid (i.e., the liquid jet  104 ) generated from the nozzle  102  and the duration of the laser pulse provided by the beam  108   a . A thicker “sheet” of the liquid jet  104  requires a longer duration laser pulse to drive the shock wave completely through the liquid jet, and a longer duration laser pulse at constant intensity will also increase the pulse energy and the average power. Similar consideration apply for the spatial diameter of the laser pulse provided via the laser beam  108   a.    
     In operation, as the laser beam  108   a  impinges the liquid jet  104 , the pulse (or pulses) of the beam create a shock wave in the liquid jet which propagates through a substantial portion of the thickness of the liquid jet, and even more preferably through the entire thickness of the liquid jet. The shock wave rapidly compresses the liquid jet and raises the pressure and temperature acting on the liquid jet, which synthesizes the liquid jet to cause the phase change to create the nanoparticles. More particularly, the beginning of the laser pulse provided by the beam  108   a  directly heats the surface of the liquid and causes a plasma to form. This plasma continues to absorb the remainder of the laser pulse, further heating the plasma and creating a small explosion of plasma. This explosion of plasma on the surface of the liquid creates a very rapid increase in pressure in the liquid just below the surface, driving a shock wave through the remainder of (non-plasma) liquid. This creates exhausted solid byproducts  112  and unconsumed reactants as gas. The solid byproducts  112  may optionally be collected using any suitable collection apparatus, while the gas may optionally be drawn through a suitable filter  114  before being released into the ambient atmosphere. 
     The present system  100  and the method described herein makes unnecessary the containment cell  12  shown in  FIG. 1 . The use of liquid jet  104  with the system  100  substantially simplifies high pressure synthesis in several respects. For one, the use of the liquid jet  104  eliminates the use of substrate solids (i.e., ablator materials), which are typically destroyed in dynamic compression and relatively difficult to exchange and replace. The liquid jet  104  also enables extremely fast exchange of precursors/reactants, thus enabling high throughput. The liquid jet  104  also enables processing of pure precursors/reactants, eliminating the possibility of contamination from, for instance, the ablator material  18  shown in  FIG. 1 . The use of the liquid jet  104  further enables the use of high intensity laser pulses, which have the capability to obtain arbitrarily high pressure and density. In contrast, if substrate solids are used (i.e., substrate window  16  in  FIG. 1 ), the intensity and pressure obtained will be limited by nonlinear optical interactions in the substrate window. The use of an electronically controlled laser beam and a controlled flow nozzle therefore introduce a significant degree of control and precision in carrying out the synthesis of the liquid precursor into carbon nanoparticles, which is otherwise not possible with prior art systems and methods such as those described in connection with the prior art system  10  of  FIG. 1 . The laser can also be pulse shaped, which means the pressure/temperature can be modulated in time. This may be particularly useful, for example, by using a long pulse to hold the pressure for a longer period of time, enabling the growth of larger nanoparticles. This is one way in which the time distribution of laser intensity may be used to control the size of the nanoparticles. 
     While the foregoing discussion has focused on the synthesis of nanocarbon particles, for example, nanodiamonds, from carbon-rich liquid precursors, it will be appreciated that the present disclosure can be implemented with a wide range of other liquid precursors (and their mixtures). As such, the system  100  in its various described embodiments can be used to enable the production of a wide range of other types of nanoparticles including, but not limited to, silicon nanoparticles, germanium nanoparticles, tin nanoparticles, etc. and their compounds, using the teachings described herein with little or no modification. All the advantages previously noted for the system  100  and the method described in the flowchart  200  also apply to the use of other liquid precursors besides carbon-containing precursors. Liquid precursors containing group IV elements such as silicon, germanium, tin, are particularly good candidates for the type of synthesis performed by the system  100  in its various described embodiments. 
     Examples of liquid precursors, well suited for use with the system  100 , which contain silicon, germanium, and tin are silicon tetrachloride, germanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, tetramethylsilane, tetramethylgermane, etc. Such precursors will enable the production of pure Si/Ge/Sn nanoparticles and/or Si/Ge/Sn compounds, for example, SiC, GeC, etc. Calculations indicate that these liquid precursors can generate nanoparticles at applied shock pressures of tens of GPa, which are well within the range of pressures achievable with the system  100  and the method described herein. 
     The addition of small particles (seeds) of product material to the liquid precursor may be beneficial for several important reasons. For one, particle nucleation is typically a slower process than growth subsequent to nucleation. Another beneficial reason is that seeding of product particles can be used for growth of larger particles. Seeding also enables the growth of particles from a specific crystal structure seed, or the preferential growth of particles of a particular composition. Seeding may be used as part of nanoparticle synthesis via recycling, i.e., initially liquid precursor is shocked, then products may be mixed with fresh precursor and shocked (i.e., flowed through the window  109  shown in  FIG. 4 ) again. This may be used to grow larger particles than could be obtained from shocking only once (i.e., passing through the window  109  only a single time). The formed products can be passed through the window  109  any plurality of times needed to build up the particles to the desired size. 
     Since precursor will be preferentially consumed by growth of seeds (rather than nucleation of new seeds), seeding should enable a more monodisperse distribution of final particle sizes or other properties (such as crystal structure). As part of recycling, seeds may be generated in an initial compression (e.g., shock) step and then filtered for a monodisperse seed distribution of any of: particle size, crystal structure, composition, or morphology, to preferentially grow final nanoparticles with desired characteristics related to these or other properties of the seed. 
     Growth (Deposition) of Material on Particles of Different Composition (“Coating”) 
     Similar to seeding, coating is the growth (deposition) of material (for example, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, etc.) from the liquid precursor on particles of different composition that have been added to the liquid. 
     All the advantages listed above for seeding also apply to coating. Coating may occur in any order with any set of different precursors. For instance, a metal seed, for example copper, gold, silicon, germanium, etc., may be coated first by carbon, then by any other material which may be condensed from a given liquid precursor. In principle these coatings may be applied in any order and with any number of coatings. 
     Similar to seeding, between coatings particles may be filtered or refined for desired properties. Coating using this method may be more uniform than coating using other methods, such as magnetron sputtering, which has an intrinsic directionality. The coating technique implemented using the system  100  is uniform in principle, and can reach pressures and temperatures that are not accessible to other methods, and is particularly well suited for nano-sized particles. 
     Additives to Enhance Laser Absorption 
     Additives may also enhance the absorption of the laser-driving shock. For the liquid-only precursor scheme, we rely on nonlinear absorption of the liquid to drive the shock wave into the sample, but for precursors which do not linearly absorb the drive laser wavelength, additives such as metallic or carbon nanoparticles, or molecular chromophores chosen to absorb the laser wavelength could strongly enhance absorption. It is also well-known that there are solid additives that would absorb more strongly. In many cases additives can act to both absorb the drive laser and as seeds for coating. 
     If laser as used as the shock wave generating subsystem  108 , then the wavelength of the pulses  108   a  may also be chosen to match the absorption of either the liquid precursor  106 , solid particle additives, or molecular chromophores. 
     Referring to  FIG. 6 , a high level flowchart  200  is shown of various operations that may be carried out in accordance with the present disclosure, and for example when using the system  100  shown in  FIG. 4 . At operation  202  a liquid precursor is provided. The liquid precursor may be any liquid containing elements such as for example and without limitation, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, etc. Alternatively, the liquid precursor may include nanoparticles formed from one or more of the above elements. Still further, the liquid precursor may include one or more elements (e.g., in nanoparticle form) which affect laser absorption, such as by increasing absorption of the laser. 
     At operation  204  a jet of liquid precursor is initially created, for example using the nozzle  102 . A beam made up of one or more pulses of electromagnetic wave energy, for example one or more laser pulses using the laser  108 , may be generated and directed at the jet of liquid precursor, as indicated at operation  206 . As carbon nanoparticles are created from the shock wave and resulting pressure and temperature increases, the created carbon nanoparticles may be collected, as indicated at operation  208 . At operation  210 , the byproducts created from the synthesis operation may be directed away from the work area or otherwise collected. At operation  212  a check may be made if an additional compression wave is to be applied to the liquid precursor containing the just-formed nanoparticles. If not, then the process is finished. But if the check at operation  212  indicates that one or more additional compression waves are to be applied to the nanoparticle-containing precursor, then at optional step  214  the nanoparticles may be sorted if needed according to any important metric (e.g., size, shape, crystal structure, morphology, etc.), or optionally nanoparticles of a different element may even be introduced into the liquid precursor. The quantity of nanoparticles at step  214  may then be added to a new quantity of liquid precursor at operation  216 . Operations  202 - 216  may then be repeated. The operations  202 - 216  may be repeated as many times as needed to create nanoparticles of a desired size or with any other desired property. 
     The present disclosure thus describes a new system and method which enables nanoparticles, for example nano-diamonds, to be generated while achieving high throughput. The system and method described herein also enables nanoparticles to be created with pure material using a straightforward synthesis method. The system and method described herein does not require significant additional costly equipment or complex manufacturing procedures for its implementation. 
     The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure. 
     Example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed. 
     When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “engaged to,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments. 
     Spatially relative terms, such as “inner,” “outer,” “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature&#39;s relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. Spatially relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.