Patent Publication Number: US-9906958-B2

Title: Web server bypass of backend process on near field communications and secure element chips

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/470,203, filed on May 11, 2012, entitled “Web Server Bypass of Backend Process on Near Field Communications and Secure Element Chips,” by Robin Dale Katzer, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not applicable. 
     REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX 
     Not applicable. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Mobile devices may access resources such as the Internet to perform a variety of transactions that may include online purchases of goods and/or services. In the course of paying for such goods and/or services, the mobile device user may provide payment information such as credit card account information. This information may be of a private nature that calls for security measures to avoid theft or fraud. 
     SUMMARY 
     In an embodiment, a mobile access terminal providing access to data in a secure element of the mobile access terminal is disclosed. The mobile access terminal comprises the secure element; a web browser; a near field communications system; an over-the-air proxy; an application programming interface layer; and a web server residing on a secure storage area of the mobile access terminal, wherein the web browser is provided with exclusive access to the web server. 
     In an embodiment, a method for securing user data on a mobile access terminal is disclosed. The method comprises providing, by a mobile access terminal, a secure element, a web browser, a near field communication system, an over-the-air proxy, a trusted security zone, an application programming interface layer, and a web server, wherein the web server is located in a secure storage area of the mobile access terminal; securely storing, by the mobile access terminal, secure user data of the user of the mobile access terminal; initiating, by the mobile access terminal, a transaction with another system; accessing exclusively, by the web browser of the mobile access terminal, the secure data from the web server on the core of the mobile access terminal; executing a secure transaction, by the mobile access terminal, with another system. 
     In an embodiment, a mobile access terminal providing access to data in a secure element of the mobile access terminal is disclosed. The mobile access terminal comprises the secure element; a web browser; a near field communications system; an over-the-air proxy; a trusted security zone; an application programming interface layer; and a web server residing on a secure storage area of the mobile access terminal, wherein the web browser is provided with exclusive access to the web server. 
     These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a mobile communication system, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a handheld mobile device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a method, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a block diagram of a handheld mobile device, according to an embodiment of the disclosure. 
         FIGS. 5 a  and 5 b    illustrate block diagrams of software environments, according to embodiments of the disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a computer system suitable for implementing several embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     It should be understood at the outset that although illustrative implementations of one or more embodiments are illustrated below, the disclosed systems and methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or not yet in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents. 
     In an embodiment, a system and method are disclosed. The system and method provide a mobile access terminal (e.g. a mobile phone) with the ability to conduct transactions via a secure element and/or a trusted security zone located on the core of the mobile access terminal. For example, a mobile phone user may wish to connect to the Internet, via a browser on the mobile phone, in order to visit a merchant website to purchase merchandise. The user may select merchandise from the website and may make a purchase with, for example, a credit card or debit card. For convenience, the mobile phone user may store their credit card information on their mobile phone. For security reasons, the mobile phone user may prefer that the information pertaining to their credit cards (e.g. card number, security code information, expiration date, and so on) be stored in a manner that reduces the chances that this information will fall into the hands of those that might use it for nefarious reasons such as identity theft. The mobile phone user may therefore store their credit card information in a secure location within their mobile phone, such as in a secure element. A secure element may be a portion of the hardware of a mobile phone such as a computer chip (e.g. a core) of the mobile phone. The secure element may, in essence, act as a separate entity within the core of the mobile phone, and may be arranged and configured to store private information in a way that enhances the security of said information. 
     In an embodiment, a mobile phone may be provided with a web server executing within a secure element of the mobile phone. The web server may be provided as a physical embodiment, a software embodiment, or any combination thereof, and may be associated with a near field communication unit or the secure element of the mobile phone. Executing within the secure element of the mobile phone allows the web server direct access to the data stored on the secure element while keeping the data secure from outside access. This arrangement may give the mobile phone the ability to store secure information (e.g. credit card information) within the mobile phone and to then provide the secure information to the web browser of the mobile phone. The web browser of the mobile phone may then pass the secure information along to a website so that the user of the mobile phone may make a purchase from the website, using their stored credit card information, in a way that both simplifies their transaction and concurrently protects the security of their sensitive information. This scenario may be facilitated by configuring the mobile phone so that access to the web server is provided to the onboard web browser. Access to the onboard web server by any other entity is inhibited. The web server may be configured to only allow access to the onboard web browser, blocking access attempts from other internet protocol (IP) addresses. Since the web server resides on the secure element, the configuration data for the web server also reside on the secure element, maintaining the security of the configuration data. Restricting access to the web server to other entities prevents outside access to the data on the secure element and preserves the integrity of the secure element data. This may promote the security of the user&#39;s sensitive information, yet may also promote easy access by the mobile phone user. Secure information may be stored within a secure element and/or a trusted security zone of the mobile phone, in order to restrict access to the secure information such as credit card information, electronic tickets or personal medical information. 
     As used herein, the term “secure element” may be used to describe, for example, a tamper proof chip capable of accepting embedded applications or applets with an appropriate level of security. In near-field communication (NFC) architecture, the secure element may embed contactless and/or may be connected to the near-field communication chip in a way that permits it to act as a contactless front end. The secure element may be implemented via various form factors, including directly embedded in a mobile phone or a chip or chipset thereof. 
     In an embodiment, a trusted security zone provides chipsets with a hardware root of trust, a secure execution environment for applications, and secure access to peripherals. A hardware root of trust means the chipset should only execute programs intended by the device manufacturer or vendor and resists software and physical attacks, and therefore remains trusted to provide the intended level of security. The chipset architecture is designed to promote a programmable environment that allows the confidentiality and integrity of assets to be protected from specific attacks. Trusted security zone capabilities are becoming mainstream features in mobile device chipsets. Providing the trusted security zone in the main mobile device chipset and protecting the hardware root of trust removes the need for separate secure hardware to authenticate the device or user. To ensure the integrity of the applications requiring trusted data, such as a mobile financial services application, the trusted security zone also provides the secure execution environment where only trusted applications can operate, safe from attacks. Security is further promoted by restricting access of non-trusted applications to peripherals, such as data inputs and data outputs, while a trusted application is running in the secure execution environment. 
     A complete Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) may be implemented through the use of the trusted security zone hardware and software architecture. The Trusted Execution Environment is an execution environment that is parallel to the execution environment of the main mobile device operating system. Through standardization of application programming interfaces (APIs), the Trusted Execution Environment becomes a place to which scalable deployment of secure services can be targeted. A device which has a chipset that has a Trusted Execution Environment on it may exist in a trusted services environment, where devices in the trusted services environment are trusted and protected against attacks. The Trusted Execution Environment can be implemented on mobile phones and tablets as well as extending to other trusted devices such as sensors, medical devices, point-of-sale terminals, industrial automation, handheld terminals, automotive, etc. 
     The trusted security zone may be implemented by partitioning all of the hardware and software resources of the mobile device into two partitions: a secure partition and a normal partition. In some contexts, the secure partition may be referred to as a secure world or a secure execution world and the normal partition may be referred to as a non-secure world or a non-secure execution world. Placing sensitive resources in the secure partition can protect against possible attacks on those resources. For example, resources such as trusted software applications may run in the secure partition and have access to hardware peripherals such as a touchscreen or a secure location in memory. Less secure peripherals such as wireless radios may be disabled completely while the secure partition is being accessed, while other peripherals may only be accessed from the secure partition. While the secure partition is being accessed through the Trusted Execution environment, the main mobile operating system in the normal partition is suspended, and applications in the normal partition are prevented from accessing the secure peripherals and data. This prevents corrupted applications or malware applications from breaking the trust of the device. 
     The trusted security zone may be implemented by partitioning the hardware and software resources to exist in a secure subsystem which is not accessible to components outside the secure subsystem. The trusted security zone is built into the processor architecture through hardware logic present in the trusted security zone which enables a perimeter boundary between the secure partition and the normal partition. Software architecture to support the secure partition may be provided through a dedicated secure kernel running trusted applications. Trusted applications are independent secure applications which can be accessed by normal applications through an application programming interface in the Trusted Execution Environment on a chipset that utilizes the trusted security zone. 
     In an embodiment, the normal partition applications may run on a first virtual processor, and the secure partition applications run on a second virtual processor. Both virtual processors may run on a single physical processor, executing in a time-sliced fashion, removing the need for a dedicated physical security processor. Time-sliced execution comprises switching contexts between the two virtual processors to share processor resources based on tightly controlled mechanisms such as secure software instructions or hardware exceptions. The context of the currently running virtual processor is saved, the context of the virtual processor being switched to is restored, and processing is restarted in the restored virtual processor. Time-sliced execution protects the trusted security zone by stopping the execution of the normal partition while the secure partition is executing. 
     The two virtual processors may context switch via a processor mode called monitor mode when changing the currently running virtual processor. The mechanisms by which the processor can enter monitor mode from the normal partition are tightly controlled. The entry to monitor mode can be triggered by software executing a dedicated instruction, the Secure Monitor Call (SMC) instruction, or by a subset of the hardware exception mechanisms such as hardware interrupts, which can be configured to cause the processor to switch into monitor mode. The software that executes within monitor mode then saves the context of the running virtual processor and switches to the secure virtual processor. The trusted security zone runs a separate operating system that is not accessible to the mobile device users. For security purposes, the trusted security zone is not open to users for installing applications, which means users do not have access to install applications in the trusted security zone. This prevents corrupted applications or malware applications from executing powerful instructions reserved to the trusted security zone and thus preserves the trust of the device. The security of the system is achieved at least in part by partitioning the hardware and software resources of the mobile phone so they exist in one of two partitions, the secure partition for the security subsystem and the normal partition for everything else. Placing the trusted security zone in the secure partition and restricting access from the normal partition protects against software and basic hardware attacks. Hardware logic ensures that no secure partition resources can be accessed by the normal partition components or applications. A dedicated secure partition operating system runs in a virtual processor separate from the normal partition operating system that likewise executes in its own virtual processor. Users may install applications on the mobile device which may execute in the normal partition operating system described above. The trusted security zone runs a separate operating system for the secure partition that is installed by the mobile device manufacturer or vendor, and users are not able to install new applications in or alter the contents of the trusted security zone. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 1 , a system  100  is illustrated. In an embodiment, system  100  comprises a mobile handheld device  102 , a base transceiver station (BTS)  104 , a network  106  such as the Internet, an access point  108 , a website  110 , a point-of-sale device  112 , and an enterprise cloud service  114 . While illustrated as a mobile phone  102 , mobile device  102  may also be a wireless handset, a pager, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a gaming device, or a media player. For the sake of discussion, mobile handheld device  102  will hereinafter be referred to as mobile phone  102 , with the understanding that it may embody any form of device suitable for the purposes described in the present disclosure. 
     BTS  104  may provide for transmitting and receiving radio signals via equipment such as antennas, transceivers, and/or equipment for encrypting and/or decrypting communications between entities and/or locations. BTS  104  may have several transceivers which allow it to serve multiple frequencies and different sectors of a communications cell. BTS  104  is generally controlled by a base station control function, which is implemented as a discrete unit or incorporated into a transceiver. The functions of BTS  104  may vary, depending on the cellular technology used and the cellular telephone provider, but the function of receiving/retransmitting signals as in mobile phone  102  calls and/or messages, is generally the same across various forms of BTS  104 . BTS  104  and similar systems are generally equipped with radios that are able to modulate frequencies for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication signals, Global System for Mobile communication signals such as GSM, GSM 2G+, GSMK, 8-PSK, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) communication signals, as appropriate for a given network. Mobile phone  102  may be configured to connect wirelessly to a network such as network  106  via, for example, BTS  104  or any combination of BTS&#39;s, as might be appropriate in a given circumstance. Mobile phone  102  may thereby be availed of access to network  106  and also to a website such as website  110 , a cloud service such as enterprise cloud service  114 , and/or an access point such as access point  108 , each of which may be communicatively coupled to network  106  in any suitable manner. 
     System  100  further comprises a point-of-sale terminal  112  (POS). The point-of-sale terminal  112  may be a wireless terminal for conducting contactless transactions such as merchandise purchases or the like. In an embodiment, the mobile phone  102  may be configured to transact a payment at the point-of-sale terminal  112  at a convenience store. A user of mobile phone  102  may enter a convenience store, select an item, and purchase the item by scanning the item at the point-of-sale terminal  112  and then securely transmitting payment information such as credit card information from mobile phone  102  to the point-of-sale terminal  112 . This secure transmission may take place with the aid of secure hardware, firmware, and/or software of the mobile phone  102 , as will be discussed in further detail, below. In this manner, the mobile phone  102  user may complete the entire transaction without the assistance of an agent of the convenience store. Alternatively, an agent of the convenience store may scan the item or otherwise assist in the purchase of the item, as may be appropriate for a given situation. 
     In an embodiment, a web server resides within the secure element of the mobile access terminal, and the web server comprises software and/or hardware. The secure element offers security based on hardware and/or software architecture. Placing the web server inside the secure element and configuring the web server to respond to specific components and requests protects the web server and the information it accesses from being compromised. 
     In an embodiment, the web server is operable to interact with the web browser to share data from the secure element. The web server is configured to accept requests from the web browser and respond to the requests with data stored in the secure element. For example, the web server may respond to requests from the web browser by sending credentials from the secure element to the website  110  to complete a purchase or transaction. This provides a mechanism for utilizing the mobile phone  102  to facilitate purchases over the Internet with the same security and using the same financial data as is used for transactions utilizing near field communications with a point-of-sale device  112 . 
     In an embodiment, a call session control function (CSCF) resides on the core of the secure element. The call session control function is a central component to signaling and control within the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network. The IP Multimedia Subsystem is a framework for delivering Internet services over mobile networks to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from the mobile phone  102 . Providing the call session control function on the core of the secure element may allow the mobile phone  102  to securely support accessing multimedia applications without the need to access the mobile network. 
     In an embodiment, the secure element comprises dedicated, embedded hardware in the mobile access terminal. The secure element may reside on a specialized embedded hardware semiconductor chip that is designed to thwart attempts to reverse engineer the secure element or to physically slice and examine the secure element under a microscope. The secure element is a combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software that enables secure storage and usage of credentials and data for electronic payments, authentication and other services. This secure storage is kept private from components outside of the secure element to provide enhanced security to data kept in the private space. 
     In an embodiment, the secure element further comprises a kernel of an operating system. The kernel is the main component of the operating system, managing the communication between hardware and software components of the computer. Implementing an operating system and kernel on the secure element may isolate the data on the secure element and enhance the security by further restricting access to the hardware and data from other components of the mobile phone  102 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 2 , further details of the mobile phone  102  are described. In an embodiment, the mobile phone  102  comprises an enterprise application  202 , a wallet application  204 , a trusted security zone  206 , a near field communication unit  208 , a web browser  210 , an over-the-air (OTA) proxy  212 , an application programming layer  214 , a web server  216 , a secure element  218 . The wallet application  204  may be a mobile payment system that allows a user to store credit card information, loyalty card information, and gift card information, and such for conducting payment transactions via the mobile phone  102 , as discussed above with reference to a point-of-sale purchase. The enterprise application  202  may interface with the enterprise cloud service  114  to retrieve and store secure data. The wallet application  204  may assist in making secure payments by operating the mobile phone  102  in such a way that payment information (e.g. credit card information) is communicated to a terminal such as the point-of-sale terminal  112  or a website such as the website  110 . In addition or alternatively, the near field communication unit  208  may likewise be involved in the process of securely transmitting information involved in transactions with third party entities or such. 
     In an embodiment, a trusted service manager, wishing to initialize the secure element  218 , may send a short message to the mobile phone  102  to set up the secure element  218 . The message is passed to the OTA proxy  212 , the OTA proxy  212  authenticates itself and sends a master key to the trusted services manager. The trusted services manager changes the key in the secure element  218 . At this point, the secure element  218  is then configured for use. 
     In an embodiment, a user of mobile phone  102  may employ web browser  210  to navigate to a vendor website such as, for example, Amazon.com. The user may identify a book or other item that they would like to purchase and may add the item to an online shopping cart. When the user has finished selecting items they wish to purchase, they may complete the purchase by conducting an electronic transaction via the website  110  (e.g. “checking out”). For example, the user may navigate to a location on the website  110  where they may view the items in their online shopping cart, add shipping information, determine shipping rates, and the like. The user may then complete the transaction by providing payment in the form of credit or debit card information, which may be transmitted electronically by the mobile phone  102 . 
     In an embodiment, mobile phone  102  may securely store the user&#39;s credit card information in, for example, the secure element  218  and/or the trusted security zone  206 . When prompted, the Amazon.com website may request that the web browser  210  provide payment information details (e.g. credit card number, credit card holder&#39;s name as it appears on the credit card, credit card expiration date, billing address, and so on). The web browser  210  may, in turn, request the user&#39;s credit card information from the web server  216 . When the web server  216  receives the request from the web browser  210 , the web server  216  may recognize the web browser  210  and may provide the requested information to the web browser  210 . 
     In an embodiment, if a request for secure information is received by the web server  216  from any source other than from the web browser  210  (the “onboard” web browser that resides within the mobile phone  102 ), the request may be denied by the web server  216 . In this manner, by only sharing sensitive information with the web browser  210 , the security of the sensitive information may be preserved and protected from accidental or malicious sharing of said information. This scenario may facilitate transactions via a mobile device such as the mobile phone  102  in such a manner that it simplifies conducting secure transactions with the mobile phone  102  and concurrently minimizes the concern that sensitive information may be compromised. 
     In an embodiment, the transaction described above may be conducted between the web browser  210  and the web server  216 , or may alternatively include any or all of the trusted security zone  206  and the wallet app  204 . For example, the secure information described above may be stored permanently or temporarily in the trusted security zone  206 , the wallet app  204 , the web server  216 , the secure element  218 , or a combination of any of these portions of the mobile phone  102 . In addition or alternatively, portions of the secure information may be parceled out to more than one of the trusted security zone  206 , the wallet app  204 , and/or the web server  216 , and may then be recombined when the information is requested by, for example, a vendor website that is attempting to complete a transaction with the user of the mobile phone  102 . By storing credit card information in one or more of these secure locations, the credit card information may be kept safe, yet may be made available for conducting such transactions. 
     In an embodiment, the web server  216  resides within one or more of the secure element  218  and the trusted security zone  206  of the mobile access terminal, and the web server  216  comprises one or more of software and hardware. The trusted security zone  206  and the secure element  218  offer security based on hardware and software architecture. Placing the web server  216  inside these secure areas and configuring the web server  216  to respond to specific components and requests protects the web server and the information it accesses from being compromised. 
     In an embodiment, the web server  216  is operable to interact with the web browser  210  to share data from one or more of the secure element  218  and the trusted security zone  206 . The web server  216  is configured to accept requests from the web browser  210  and respond to the requests with data stored in the trusted security zone  206 , the secure element  218 , or both depending on the location and secure data access granted to the web server  216 . In an embodiment, the communication between the secure element  218  and the components  202 ,  204 ,  212 ,  210  may pass through the application programming layer  214 . 
     In an embodiment, the web server  216  resides within the trusted security zone  206  of the mobile phone  102  and the web server  216  enables communication using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a combination of Hypertext Transfer Protocol with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)/Transport Layer Security (TSL) providing encrypted and secure communication with the web server  216 . Implementing Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure allows encryption of the data being accessed by the web server  216  providing greater security when the data leaves the trusted security zone  206  and passed to the web browser  210 . 
     In an embodiment, the mobile phone  102  further comprises an enterprise application  202  communicating with an enterprise cloud service  114 , where the enterprise application  202  accesses the web server  216  to retrieve a certificate and a secret key stored in the trusted security zone and where the certificate and secret key are used to confirm the identity of the mobile access terminal to the enterprise cloud service  114 . A certificate is an electronic document which uses a digital signature to bind a security key with an identity. A secret key is a private security key that is used to generate the certificate and to decrypt the information sent by the enterprise application  202  to the enterprise cloud service  114 . The use of the certificate and the secret key ensures the identity of the mobile phone  102  and allows the enterprise cloud service  114  to securely receive and respond to requests from the enterprise application  202 . 
     Turning now to  FIG. 3 , a method  300  is illustrated. At step  302 , method  300  begins (e.g. starts). At step  304 , secure (e.g. sensitive) information may be stored within one or more location in mobile phone  102 . As described in greater detail above, sensitive information such as credit/debit card information may be securely stored in any one or more of the wallet app  204 , the trusted security zone  206 , the web server  216 , and/or the secure element  218 . In an embodiment, sensitive information may be accessed by the web server  216 , which may then share the sensitive information with the web browser  210 , when appropriate. This internal trust relationship among portions of the mobile phone  102  may facilitate secure maintenance and transmittal of the user of the mobile phone  102  in a way that allows for simplified use of the sensitive information, while maintaining the security thereof. 
     At step  306 , the user of mobile phone  102  may initiate a transaction with another system. For example, a user may navigate to a website of a vendor in order to procure goods or services therefrom. The user may choose the particular goods or services they want by, for example, selecting an item from an assortment of items on a web page. Once they have selected the item or items they want, they may select an option to check out. At step  308 , the web browser  210  may notify the web server  216  that information of the user&#39;s credit card is to be shared with the vendor&#39;s website. The web server  216  may have stored the required information in the mobile phone  102  from any one or more of the wallet app  204 , the trusted security zone  206 , and/or the secure element  218 . At step  310 , when in the checkout phase of the transaction, the user may be requested to input payment information such as credit card information, in order to complete the transaction. When prompted, the user may direct mobile phone  102  to send the user&#39;s secure information to the website. By doing this, the user may be spared the steps of finding their credit card and filling in the credit card account number, expiration date, name as it appears on the card, card security value (CSV) number, and any other such information useful to successfully complete the payment phase of the transaction. 
     In an embodiment, the web server  216  resides within one or more of a secure element  218  of the mobile phone  102  and a trusted security zone  206  of the mobile phone  102 . The secure element  218  of the mobile phone  102  may be an embedded chip built into the hardware architecture of the mobile phone  102 . The trusted security zone  206  may be tightly integrated with the processor in a system wide approach to security. The trusted security zone  206  and the secure element  218  offer security based on hardware and software architecture. Placing the web server  216  inside these secure areas and configuring the web server  216  to respond to specific components and requests protects the web server  216  and the information it accesses from being compromised. 
     In an embodiment, the web server  216  is operable to interface with the web browser  210  to share data from one or more of the secure element  218  and the trusted security zone  206 . The web server  216  is configured to accept requests from the web browser  210  and respond to the requests with data stored in the trusted security zone  206 , the secure element  218 , or both depending on the location and secure data access granted to the web server  216 . For example, the user may have credit card information stored in the trusted security zone  206  and/or the secure element  218 . When the user wants to execute a purchase from a web site, the web browser  210  sends a request to the web server  216  to retrieve the credit card information from the trusted security zone  206  or the secure element  218  and send it to the web site to complete the transaction. 
     In an embodiment, the method  300  further comprises a call session control function residing on the core of the secure element. The call session control function is a central component to signaling and control within the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network. The IP Multimedia Subsystem is a framework for delivering Internet services over mobile networks to aid the access of multimedia and voice applications from the mobile phone  102 . Providing the call session control function on the core of the secure element may allow the mobile phone  102  to securely support accessing multimedia applications without the need to access the mobile network. 
     In an embodiment, the trusted security zone  206  is built into the mobile phone  102  processor architecture. The trusted security zone  206  is implemented at least in part by partitioning the hardware and software resources of the mobile access terminal. The trusted security zone  206  is built into the processor architecture through hardware logic present in the trusted security zone  206  which enables a perimeter boundary between a secure partition and a normal partition. This secure partition contains the trusted security zone  206  and is kept private from components outside of the trusted security zone  206  to provide enhanced security to data kept in the secure partition. 
     In an embodiment, the secure user data is stored in the trusted security zone  206  of the mobile phone  102  and the stored secure user data comprises a certificate and a secret key for use by an enterprise application  202  on the mobile phone  102  to verify the identity of the device to an enterprise cloud service  114 . The use of the certificate and the secret key ensures the identity of the mobile phone  102  and allows the enterprise cloud service  114  to securely receive and respond to requests from the enterprise application  202 . 
     In an embodiment, the enterprise application  202  accesses the web server  216  using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) protocol to create a secure tunnel to retrieve the certificate and a secret key. Implementing the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure protocol ensures the data is transferred through an encrypted channel when the enterprise application  202  retrieves the certificate and the secret key to interface with the enterprise cloud service  114 . 
       FIG. 4  shows a block diagram of mobile device  102 . While a variety of known components of handsets are depicted, in an embodiment a subset of the listed components and/or additional components not listed may be included in the mobile device  102 . The mobile device  102  includes a digital signal processor (DSP)  502  and a memory  504 . As shown, the mobile device  102  may further include an antenna and front end unit  506 , a radio frequency (RF) transceiver  508 , a baseband processing unit  510 , a microphone  512 , an earpiece speaker  514 , a headset port  516 , an input/output interface  518 , a removable memory card  520 , a universal serial bus (USB) port  522 , an infrared port  524 , a vibrator  526 , a keypad  528 , a touch screen liquid crystal display (LCD) with a touch sensitive surface  530 , a touch screen/LCD controller  532 , a camera  534 , a camera controller  536 , and a global positioning system (GPS) receiver  538 . In an embodiment, the mobile device  102  may include another kind of display that does not provide a touch sensitive screen. In an embodiment, the DSP  502  may communicate directly with the memory  504  without passing through the input/output interface  518 . Additionally, in an embodiment, the mobile device  102  may comprise other peripheral devices that provide other functionality. 
     The DSP  502  or some other form of controller or central processing unit operates to control the various components of the mobile device  102  in accordance with embedded software or firmware stored in memory  504  or stored in memory contained within the DSP  502  itself. In addition to the embedded software or firmware, the DSP  502  may execute other applications stored in the memory  504  or made available via information carrier media such as portable data storage media like the removable memory card  520  or via wired or wireless network communications. The application software may comprise a compiled set of machine-readable instructions that configure the DSP  502  to provide the desired functionality, or the application software may be high-level software instructions to be processed by an interpreter or compiler to indirectly configure the DSP  502 . 
     The DSP  502  may communicate with a wireless network via the analog baseband processing unit  510 . In some embodiments, the communication may provide Internet connectivity, enabling a user to gain access to content on the Internet and to send and receive e-mail or text messages. The input/output interface  518  interconnects the DSP  502  and various memories and interfaces. The memory  504  and the removable memory card  520  may provide software and data to configure the operation of the DSP  502 . Among the interfaces may be the USB port  522  and the infrared port  524 . The USB port  522  may enable the mobile device  102  to function as a peripheral device to exchange information with a personal computer or other computer system. The infrared port  524  and other optional ports such as a Bluetooth® interface or an IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless interface may enable the mobile device  102  to communicate wirelessly with other nearby handsets and/or wireless base stations. 
     The keypad  528  couples to the DSP  502  via the interface  518  to provide one mechanism for the user to make selections, enter information, and otherwise provide input to the mobile device  102 . Another input mechanism may be the touch screen LCD  530 , which may also display text and/or graphics to the user. The touch screen LCD controller  532  couples the DSP  502  to the touch screen LCD  530 . The GPS receiver  538  is coupled to the DSP  502  to decode global positioning system signals, thereby enabling the mobile device  102  to determine its position. 
       FIG. 5A  illustrates a software environment  602  that may be implemented by the DSP  502 . The DSP  502  executes operating system software  604  that provides a platform from which the rest of the software operates. The operating system software  604  may provide a variety of drivers for the handset hardware with standardized interfaces that are accessible to application software. The operating system software  604  may be coupled to and interact with application management services (AMS)  606  that transfer control between applications running on the mobile device  102 . Also shown in  FIG. 5A  are a web browser application  608 , a media player application  610 , and JAVA applets  612 . The web browser application  608  may be executed by the mobile device  102  to browse content and/or the Internet, for example when the mobile device  102  is coupled to a network via a wireless link. The web browser application  608  may permit a user to enter information into forms and select links to retrieve and view web pages. The media player application  610  may be executed by the mobile device  102  to play audio or audiovisual media. The JAVA applets  612  may be executed by the mobile device  102  to provide a variety of functionality including games, utilities, and other functionality. 
       FIG. 5B  illustrates an alternative software environment  620  that may be implemented by the DSP  502 . The DSP  502  executes operating system software  628  and an execution runtime  630 . The DSP  502  executes applications  622  that may execute in the execution runtime  630  and may rely upon services provided by the application framework  624 . Applications  622  and the application framework  624  may rely upon functionality provided via the libraries  626 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates a computer system  380  suitable for implementing one or more embodiments disclosed herein. The computer system  380  includes a processor  382  (which may be referred to as a central processor unit or CPU) that is in communication with memory devices including secondary storage  384 , read only memory (ROM)  386 , random access memory (RAM)  388 , input/output (I/O) devices  390 , and network connectivity devices  392 . The processor  382  may be implemented as one or more CPU chips. 
     It is understood that by programming and/or loading executable instructions onto the computer system  380 , at least one of the CPU  382 , the RAM  388 , and the ROM  386  are changed, transforming the computer system  380  in part into a particular machine or apparatus having the novel functionality taught by the present disclosure. It is fundamental to the electrical engineering and software engineering arts that functionality that can be implemented by loading executable software into a computer can be converted to a hardware implementation by well known design rules. Decisions between implementing a concept in software versus hardware typically hinge on considerations of stability of the design and numbers of units to be produced rather than any issues involved in translating from the software domain to the hardware domain. Generally, a design that is still subject to frequent change may be preferred to be implemented in software, because re-spinning a hardware implementation is more expensive than re-spinning a software design. Generally, a design that is stable that will be produced in large volume may be preferred to be implemented in hardware, for example in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), because for large production runs the hardware implementation may be less expensive than the software implementation. Often a design may be developed and tested in a software form and later transformed, by well known design rules, to an equivalent hardware implementation in an application specific integrated circuit that hardwires the instructions of the software. In the same manner as a machine controlled by a new ASIC is a particular machine or apparatus, likewise a computer that has been programmed and/or loaded with executable instructions may be viewed as a particular machine or apparatus. 
     The secondary storage  384  is typically comprised of one or more disk drives or tape drives and is used for non-volatile storage of data and as an over-flow data storage device if RAM  388  is not large enough to hold all working data. Secondary storage  384  may be used to store programs which are loaded into RAM  388  when such programs are selected for execution. The ROM  386  is used to store instructions and perhaps data which are read during program execution. ROM  386  is a non-volatile memory device which typically has a small memory capacity relative to the larger memory capacity of secondary storage  384 . The RAM  388  is used to store volatile data and perhaps to store instructions. Access to both ROM  386  and RAM  388  is typically faster than to secondary storage  384 . The secondary storage  384 , the RAM  388 , and/or the ROM  386  may be referred to in some contexts as computer readable storage media and/or non-transitory computer readable media. 
     I/O devices  390  may include printers, video monitors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), touch screen displays, keyboards, keypads, switches, dials, mice, track balls, voice recognizers, card readers, paper tape readers, or other well-known input devices. 
     The network connectivity devices  392  may take the form of modems, modem banks, Ethernet cards, universal serial bus (USB) interface cards, serial interfaces, token ring cards, fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) cards, wireless local area network (WLAN) cards, radio transceiver cards such as code division multiple access (CDMA), global system for mobile communications (GSM), long-term evolution (LTE), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and/or other air interface protocol radio transceiver cards, and other well-known network devices. These network connectivity devices  392  may enable the processor  382  to communicate with the Internet or one or more intranets. With such a network connection, it is contemplated that the processor  382  might receive information from the network, or might output information to the network in the course of performing the above-described method steps. Such information, which is often represented as a sequence of instructions to be executed using processor  382 , may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave. 
     Such information, which may include data or instructions to be executed using processor  382  for example, may be received from and outputted to the network, for example, in the form of a computer data baseband signal or signal embodied in a carrier wave. The baseband signal or signal embedded in the carrier wave, or other types of signals currently used or hereafter developed, may be generated according to several methods well known to one skilled in the art. The baseband signal and/or signal embedded in the carrier wave may be referred to in some contexts as a transitory signal. 
     The processor  382  executes instructions, codes, computer programs, scripts which it accesses from hard disk, floppy disk, optical disk (these various disk based systems may all be considered secondary storage  384 ), ROM  386 , RAM  388 , or the network connectivity devices  392 . While only one processor  382  is shown, multiple processors may be present. Thus, while instructions may be discussed as executed by a processor, the instructions may be executed simultaneously, serially, or otherwise executed by one or multiple processors. Instructions, codes, computer programs, scripts, and/or data that may be accessed from the secondary storage  384 , for example, hard drives, floppy disks, optical disks, and/or other device, the ROM  386 , and/or the RAM  388  may be referred to in some contexts as non-transitory instructions and/or non-transitory information. 
     In an embodiment, the computer system  380  may comprise two or more computers in communication with each other that collaborate to perform a task. For example, but not by way of limitation, an application may be partitioned in such a way as to permit concurrent and/or parallel processing of the instructions of the application. Alternatively, the data processed by the application may be partitioned in such a way as to permit concurrent and/or parallel processing of different portions of a data set by the two or more computers. In an embodiment, virtualization software may be employed by the computer system  380  to provide the functionality of a number of servers that is not directly bound to the number of computers in the computer system  380 . For example, virtualization software may provide twenty virtual servers on four physical computers. In an embodiment, the functionality disclosed above may be provided by executing the application and/or applications in a cloud computing environment. Cloud computing may comprise providing computing services via a network connection using dynamically scalable computing resources. Cloud computing may be supported, at least in part, by virtualization software. A cloud computing environment may be established by an enterprise and/or may be hired on an as-needed basis from a third party provider. Some cloud computing environments may comprise cloud computing resources owned and operated by the enterprise as well as cloud computing resources hired and/or leased from a third party provider. 
     In an embodiment, some or all of the functionality disclosed above may be provided as a computer program product. The computer program product may comprise one or more computer readable storage medium having computer usable program code embodied therein to implement the functionality disclosed above. The computer program product may comprise data structures, executable instructions, and other computer usable program code. The computer program product may be embodied in removable computer storage media and/or non-removable computer storage media. The removable computer readable storage medium may comprise, without limitation, a paper tape, a magnetic tape, magnetic disk, an optical disk, a solid state memory chip, for example analog magnetic tape, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) disks, floppy disks, jump drives, digital cards, multimedia cards, and others. The computer program product may be suitable for loading, by the computer system  380 , at least portions of the contents of the computer program product to the secondary storage  384 , to the ROM  386 , to the RAM  388 , and/or to other non-volatile memory and volatile memory of the computer system  380 . The processor  382  may process the executable instructions and/or data structures in part by directly accessing the computer program product, for example by reading from a CD-ROM disk inserted into a disk drive peripheral of the computer system  380 . Alternatively, the processor  382  may process the executable instructions and/or data structures by remotely accessing the computer program product, for example by downloading the executable instructions and/or data structures from a remote server through the network connectivity devices  392 . The computer program product may comprise instructions that promote the loading and/or copying of data, data structures, files, and/or executable instructions to the secondary storage  384 , to the ROM  386 , to the RAM  388 , and/or to other non-volatile memory and volatile memory of the computer system  380 . 
     In some contexts, the secondary storage  384 , the ROM  386 , and the RAM  388  may be referred to as a non-transitory computer readable medium or a computer readable storage media. A dynamic RAM embodiment of the RAM  388 , likewise, may be referred to as a non-transitory computer readable medium in that while the dynamic RAM receives electrical power and is operated in accordance with its design, for example during a period of time during which the computer  380  is turned on and operational, the dynamic RAM stores information that is written to it. Similarly, the processor  382  may comprise an internal RAM, an internal ROM, a cache memory, and/or other internal non-transitory storage blocks, sections, or components that may be referred to in some contexts as non-transitory computer readable media or computer readable storage media. 
     While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted or not implemented. 
     Also, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component, whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein.