Patent Publication Number: US-2022232666-A1

Title: Transitioning Cell to Dormant State

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/136,337, filed Dec. 29, 2020, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2020/012738, filed Jan. 8, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/789,948, filed Jan. 8, 2019, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
     Examples of several of the various embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the drawings. 
       FIG. 1  is a diagram of an example RAN architecture as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 2A  is a diagram of an example user plane protocol stack as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 2B  is a diagram of an example control plane protocol stack as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram of an example wireless device and two base stations as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 4A ,  FIG. 4B ,  FIG. 4C  and  FIG. 4D  are example diagrams for uplink and downlink signal transmission as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 5A  is a diagram of an example uplink channel mapping and example uplink physical signals as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 5B  is a diagram of an example downlink channel mapping and example downlink physical signals as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram depicting an example transmission time or reception time for a carrier as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B  are diagrams depicting example sets of OFDM subcarriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram depicting example OFDM radio resources as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 9A  is a diagram depicting an example CSI-RS and/or SS block transmission in a multi-beam system. 
       FIG. 9B  is a diagram depicting an example downlink beam management procedure as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 10  is an example diagram of configured BWPs as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 11A , and  FIG. 11B  are diagrams of an example multi connectivity as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 12  is a diagram of an example random access procedure as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 13  is a structure of example MAC entities as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram of an example RAN architecture as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 15  is a diagram of example RRC states as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 16A ,  FIG. 16B  and  FIG. 16C  are examples of MAC subheaders as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 17A  and  FIG. 17B  are examples of MAC PDUs as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 18  is an example of LCIDs for DL-SCH as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 19  is an example of LCIDs for UL-SCH as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 20A  is an example of an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of one octet as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 20B  is an example of an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of four octets as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 21A  is an example of an SCell hibernation MAC CE of one octet as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 21B  is an example of an SCell hibernation MAC CE of four octets as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 21C  is an example of MAC control elements for an SCell state transitions as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 22  is an example of DCI formats as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 23  is an example of BWP management on an SCell as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 24  is an example of discontinuous reception (DRX) operation as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 25  is an example of DRX operation as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 26A  is an example of a wake-up signal/channel based power saving operation as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 26B  is an example of a go-to-sleep signal/channel based power saving operation as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 27  shows an example embodiment of power saving enabling/disabling. 
       FIG. 28  shows an example embodiment of DCI for power saving enabling (or activating). 
       FIG. 29  shows an example embodiment of DCI for power saving disabling (or deactivating). 
       FIG. 30  shows an example embodiment diagram of DCI-validation based power saving operation/mode enabling (or activating). 
       FIG. 31  shows an example embodiment diagram of DCI-validation based power saving operation/mode disabling (or deactivating). 
       FIG. 32  shows an example embodiment of power saving enabling/disabling mechanism. 
       FIG. 33  shows an example embodiment of power saving enabling/disabling mechanism with DRX operation. 
       FIG. 34  shows an example embodiment of power saving enabling/disabling mechanism. 
       FIG. 35  shows an example embodiment of power saving enabling/disabling mechanism. 
       FIG. 36  shows an example embodiment of DCI for power saving enabling/disabling for a plurality of wireless devices. 
       FIG. 37  shows an example embodiment of DCI for power saving enabling/disabling on a plurality of cells/BWPs. 
       FIG. 38  shows an example embodiment diagram of power saving enabling/disabling on a plurality of cells/BWPs. 
       FIG. 39  is an illustration of a power saving operation as per an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 40  is a flowchart of a power saving operation as per an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 41  is an illustration of a power saving operation as per an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 42  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 43  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 44  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 45  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 46  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 47  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     Example embodiments of the present disclosure enable wake-up procedure and power saving operations of a wireless device and/or a base station. Embodiments of the technology disclosed herein may be employed in the technical field of multicarrier communication systems. More particularly, the embodiments of the technology disclosed herein may relate to a wireless device and/or a base station in a multicarrier communication system. 
     The following Acronyms are used throughout the present disclosure: 
     3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 
     5GC 5G Core Network 
     ACK Acknowledgement 
     AMF Access and Mobility Management Function 
     ARQ Automatic Repeat Request 
     AS Access Stratum 
     ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit 
     BA Bandwidth Adaptation 
     BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 
     BCH Broadcast Channel 
     BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying 
     BWP Bandwidth Part 
     CA Carrier Aggregation 
     CC Component Carrier 
     CCCH Common Control CHannel 
     CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 
     CN Core Network 
     CP Cyclic Prefix 
     CP−OFDM Cyclic Prefix-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex 
     C-RNTI Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier 
     CS Configured Scheduling 
     CSI Channel State Information 
     CSI-RS Channel State Information-Reference Signal 
     CQI Channel Quality Indicator 
     CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 
     CSS Common Search Space 
     CU Central Unit 
     DAI Downlink Assignment Index 
     DC Dual Connectivity 
     DCCH Dedicated Control Channel 
     DCI Downlink Control Information 
     DL Downlink 
     DL-SCH Downlink Shared CHannel 
     DM-RS DeModulation Reference Signal 
     DRB Data Radio Bearer 
     DRX Discontinuous Reception 
     DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel 
     DU Distributed Unit 
     EPC Evolved Packet Core 
     E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access 
     E-UTRAN Evolved-Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network 
     FDD Frequency Division Duplex 
     FPGA Field Programmable Gate Arrays 
     F1-C F1-Control plane 
     F1-U F1-User plane 
     gNB next generation Node B 
     HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest 
     HDL Hardware Description Languages 
     IE Information Element 
     IP Internet Protocol 
     LCID Logical Channel Identifier 
     LTE Long Term Evolution 
     MAC Media Access Control 
     MCG Master Cell Group 
     MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme 
     MeNB Master evolved Node B 
     MIB Master Information Block 
     MME Mobility Management Entity 
     MN Master Node 
     NACK Negative Acknowledgement 
     NAS Non-Access Stratum 
     NG CP Next Generation Control Plane 
     NGC Next Generation Core 
     NG-C NG-Control plane 
     ng-eNB next generation evolved Node B 
     NG-U NG-User plane 
     NR New Radio 
     NR MAC New Radio MAC 
     NR PDCP New Radio PDCP 
     NR PHY New Radio PHYsical 
     NR RLC New Radio RLC 
     NR RRC New Radio RRC 
     NSSAI Network Slice Selection Assistance Information 
     O&amp;M Operation and Maintenance 
     OFDM orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 
     PBCH Physical Broadcast CHannel 
     PCC Primary Component Carrier 
     PCCH Paging Control CHannel 
     PCell Primary Cell 
     PCH Paging CHannel 
     PDCCH Physical Downlink Control CHannel 
     PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol 
     PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared CHannel 
     PDU Protocol Data Unit 
     PHICH Physical HARQ Indicator CHannel 
     PHY PHYsical 
     PLMN Public Land Mobile Network 
     PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator 
     PRACH Physical Random Access CHannel 
     PRB Physical Resource Block 
     PSCell Primary Secondary Cell 
     PSS Primary Synchronization Signal 
     pTAG primary Timing Advance Group 
     PT-RS Phase Tracking Reference Signal 
     PUCCH Physical Uplink Control CHannel 
     PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared CHannel 
     QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 
     QFI Quality of Service Indicator 
     QoS Quality of Service 
     QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 
     RA Random Access 
     RACH Random Access CHannel 
     RAN Radio Access Network 
     RAT Radio Access Technology 
     RA-RNTI Random Access-Radio Network Temporary Identifier 
     RB Resource Blocks 
     RBG Resource Block Groups 
     RI Rank indicator 
     RLC Radio Link Control 
     RLM Radio Link Monitoring 
     RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier 
     RRC Radio Resource Control 
     RRM Radio Resource Management 
     RS Reference Signal 
     RSRP Reference Signal Received Power 
     SCC Secondary Component Carrier 
     SCell Secondary Cell 
     SCG Secondary Cell Group 
     SC-FDMA Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access 
     SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol 
     SDU Service Data Unit 
     SeNB Secondary evolved Node B 
     SFN System Frame Number 
     S-GW Serving GateWay 
     SI System Information 
     SIB System Information Block 
     SMF Session Management Function 
     SN Secondary Node 
     SpCell Special Cell 
     SRB Signaling Radio Bearer 
     SRS Sounding Reference Signal 
     SS Synchronization Signal 
     SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal 
     sTAG secondary Timing Advance Group 
     TA Timing Advance 
     TAG Timing Advance Group 
     TAI Tracking Area Identifier 
     TAT Time Alignment Timer 
     TB Transport Block 
     TCI Transmission Configuration Indication 
     TC-RNTI Temporary Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier 
     TDD Time Division Duplex 
     TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 
     TRP Transmission Reception Point 
     TTI Transmission Time Interval 
     UCI Uplink Control Information 
     UE User Equipment 
     UL Uplink 
     UL-SCH Uplink Shared CHannel 
     UPF User Plane Function 
     UPGW User Plane Gateway 
     VHDL VHSIC Hardware Description Language 
     Xn-C Xn-Control plane 
     Xn-U Xn-User plane 
     Example embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented using various physical layer modulation and transmission mechanisms. Example transmission mechanisms may include, but not limited to: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Wavelet technologies, and/or the like. Hybrid transmission mechanisms such as TDMA/CDMA, and OFDM/CDMA may also be employed. Various modulation schemes may be applied for signal transmission in the physical layer. Examples of modulation schemes include, but are not limited to: phase, amplitude, code, a combination of these, and/or the like. An example radio transmission method may implement Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, 1024-QAM, and/or the like. Physical radio transmission may be enhanced by dynamically or semi-dynamically changing the modulation and coding scheme depending on transmission requirements and radio conditions. 
       FIG. 1  is an example Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated in this example, a RAN node may be a next generation Node B (gNB) (e.g.  120 A,  120 B) providing New Radio (NR) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards a first wireless device (e.g.  110 A). In an example, a RAN node may be a next generation evolved Node B (ng-eNB) (e.g.  120 C,  120 D), providing Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards a second wireless device (e.g.  110 B). The first wireless device may communicate with a gNB over a Uu interface. The second wireless device may communicate with a ng-eNB over a Uu interface. 
     A gNB or an ng-eNB may host functions such as radio resource management and scheduling, IP header compression, encryption and integrity protection of data, selection of Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) at User Equipment (UE) attachment, routing of user plane and control plane data, connection setup and release, scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the AMF), scheduling and transmission of system broadcast information (originated from the AMF or Operation and Maintenance (O&amp;M)), measurement and measurement reporting configuration, transport level packet marking in the uplink, session management, support of network slicing, Quality of Service (QoS) flow management and mapping to data radio bearers, support of UEs in RRC INACTIVE state, distribution function for Non-Access Stratum (NAS) messages, RAN sharing, dual connectivity or tight interworking between NR and E-UTRA. 
     In an example, one or more gNBs and/or one or more ng-eNBs may be interconnected with each other by means of Xn interface. A gNB or an ng-eNB may be connected by means of NG interfaces to 5G Core Network (5GC). In an example, 5GC may comprise one or more AMF/User Plan Function (UPF) functions (e.g.  130 A or  130 B). A gNB or an ng-eNB may be connected to a UPF by means of an NG-User plane (NG-U) interface. The NG-U interface may provide delivery (e.g. non-guaranteed delivery) of user plane Protocol Data Units (PDUs) between a RAN node and the UPF. A gNB or an ng-eNB may be connected to an AMF by means of an NG-Control plane (NG-C) interface. The NG-C interface may provide functions such as NG interface management, UE context management, UE mobility management, transport of NAS messages, paging, PDU session management, configuration transfer or warning message transmission. 
     In an example, a UPF may host functions such as anchor point for intra-/inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility (when applicable), external PDU session point of interconnect to data network, packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection and user plane part of policy rule enforcement, traffic usage reporting, uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network, branching point to support multi-homed PDU session, QoS handling for user plane, e.g. packet filtering, gating, Uplink (UL)/Downlink (DL) rate enforcement, uplink traffic verification (e.g. Service Data Flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), downlink packet buffering and/or downlink data notification triggering. 
     In an example, an AMF may host functions such as NAS signaling termination, NAS signaling security, Access Stratum (AS) security control, inter Core Network (CN) node signaling for mobility between 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access networks, idle mode UE reachability (e.g., control and execution of paging retransmission), registration area management, support of intra-system and inter-system mobility, access authentication, access authorization including check of roaming rights, mobility management control (subscription and policies), support of network slicing and/or Session Management Function (SMF) selection. 
       FIG. 2A  is an example user plane protocol stack, where Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) (e.g.  211  and  221 ), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) (e.g.  212  and  222 ), Radio Link Control (RLC) (e.g.  213  and  223 ) and Media Access Control (MAC) (e.g.  214  and  224 ) sublayers and Physical (PHY) (e.g.  215  and  225 ) layer may be terminated in wireless device (e.g.  110 ) and gNB (e.g.  120 ) on the network side. In an example, a PHY layer provides transport services to higher layers (e.g. MAC, RRC, etc). In an example, services and functions of a MAC sublayer may comprise mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing/demultiplexing of MAC Service Data Units (SDUs) belonging to one or different logical channels into/from Transport Blocks (TB s) delivered to/from the PHY layer, scheduling information reporting, error correction through Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ) (e.g. one HARQ entity per carrier in case of Carrier Aggregation (CA)), priority handling between UEs by means of dynamic scheduling, priority handling between logical channels of one UE by means of logical channel prioritization, and/or padding. A MAC entity may support one or multiple numerologies and/or transmission timings. In an example, mapping restrictions in a logical channel prioritization may control which numerology and/or transmission timing a logical channel may use. In an example, an RLC sublayer may supports transparent mode (TM), unacknowledged mode (UM) and acknowledged mode (AM) transmission modes. The RLC configuration may be per logical channel with no dependency on numerologies and/or Transmission Time Interval (TTI) durations. In an example, Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) may operate on any of the numerologies and/or TTI durations the logical channel is configured with. In an example, services and functions of the PDCP layer for the user plane may comprise sequence numbering, header compression and decompression, transfer of user data, reordering and duplicate detection, PDCP PDU routing (e.g. in case of split bearers), retransmission of PDCP SDUs, ciphering, deciphering and integrity protection, PDCP SDU discard, PDCP re-establishment and data recovery for RLC AM, and/or duplication of PDCP PDUs. In an example, services and functions of SDAP may comprise mapping between a QoS flow and a data radio bearer. In an example, services and functions of SDAP may comprise mapping Quality of Service Indicator (QFI) in DL and UL packets. In an example, a protocol entity of SDAP may be configured for an individual PDU session. 
       FIG. 2B  is an example control plane protocol stack where PDCP (e.g.  233  and  242 ), RLC (e.g.  234  and  243 ) and MAC (e.g.  235  and  244 ) sublayers and PHY (e.g.  236  and  245 ) layer may be terminated in wireless device (e.g.  110 ) and gNB (e.g.  120 ) on a network side and perform service and functions described above. In an example, RRC (e.g.  232  and  241 ) may be terminated in a wireless device and a gNB on a network side. In an example, services and functions of RRC may comprise broadcast of system information related to AS and NAS, paging initiated by 5GC or RAN, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE and RAN, security functions including key management, establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and Data Radio Bearers (DRBs), mobility functions, QoS management functions, UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting, detection of and recovery from radio link failure, and/or NAS message transfer to/from NAS from/to a UE. In an example, NAS control protocol (e.g.  231  and  251 ) may be terminated in the wireless device and AMF (e.g.  130 ) on a network side and may perform functions such as authentication, mobility management between a UE and a AMF for 3GPP access and non-3GPP access, and session management between a UE and a SMF for 3GPP access and non-3GPP access. 
     In an example, a base station may configure a plurality of logical channels for a wireless device. A logical channel in the plurality of logical channels may correspond to a radio bearer and the radio bearer may be associated with a QoS requirement. In an example, a base station may configure a logical channel to be mapped to one or more TTIs/numerologies in a plurality of TTIs/numerologies. The wireless device may receive a Downlink Control Information (DCI) via Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH) indicating an uplink grant. In an example, the uplink grant may be for a first TTI/numerology and may indicate uplink resources for transmission of a transport block. The base station may configure each logical channel in the plurality of logical channels with one or more parameters to be used by a logical channel prioritization procedure at the MAC layer of the wireless device. The one or more parameters may comprise priority, prioritized bit rate, etc. A logical channel in the plurality of logical channels may correspond to one or more buffers comprising data associated with the logical channel. The logical channel prioritization procedure may allocate the uplink resources to one or more first logical channels in the plurality of logical channels and/or one or more MAC Control Elements (CEs). The one or more first logical channels may be mapped to the first TTI/numerology. The MAC layer at the wireless device may multiplex one or more MAC CEs and/or one or more MAC SDUs (e.g., logical channel) in a MAC PDU (e.g., transport block). In an example, the MAC PDU may comprise a MAC header comprising a plurality of MAC sub-headers. A MAC sub-header in the plurality of MAC sub-headers may correspond to a MAC CE or a MAC SUD (logical channel) in the one or more MAC CEs and/or one or more MAC SDUs. In an example, a MAC CE or a logical channel may be configured with a Logical Channel IDentifier (LCID). In an example, LCID for a logical channel or a MAC CE may be fixed/pre-configured. In an example, LCID for a logical channel or MAC CE may be configured for the wireless device by the base station. The MAC sub-header corresponding to a MAC CE or a MAC SDU may comprise LCID associated with the MAC CE or the MAC SDU. 
     In an example, a base station may activate and/or deactivate and/or impact one or more processes (e.g., set values of one or more parameters of the one or more processes or start and/or stop one or more timers of the one or more processes) at the wireless device by employing one or more MAC commands. The one or more MAC commands may comprise one or more MAC control elements. In an example, the one or more processes may comprise activation and/or deactivation of PDCP packet duplication for one or more radio bearers. The base station may transmit a MAC CE comprising one or more fields, the values of the fields indicating activation and/or deactivation of PDCP duplication for the one or more radio bearers. In an example, the one or more processes may comprise Channel State Information (CSI) transmission of on one or more cells. The base station may transmit one or more MAC CEs indicating activation and/or deactivation of the CSI transmission on the one or more cells. In an example, the one or more processes may comprise activation or deactivation of one or more secondary cells. In an example, the base station may transmit a MA CE indicating activation or deactivation of one or more secondary cells. In an example, the base station may transmit one or more MAC CEs indicating starting and/or stopping one or more Discontinuous Reception (DRX) timers at the wireless device. In an example, the base station may transmit one or more MAC CEs indicating one or more timing advance values for one or more Timing Advance Groups (TAGs). 
       FIG. 3  is a block diagram of base stations (base station  1 ,  120 A, and base station  2 ,  120 B) and a wireless device  110 . A wireless device may be called an UE. A base station may be called a NB, eNB, gNB, and/or ng-eNB. In an example, a wireless device and/or a base station may act as a relay node. The base station  1 ,  120 A, may comprise at least one communication interface  320 A (e.g. a wireless modem, an antenna, a wired modem, and/or the like), at least one processor  321 A, and at least one set of program code instructions  323 A stored in non-transitory memory  322 A and executable by the at least one processor  321 A. The base station  2 ,  120 B, may comprise at least one communication interface  320 B, at least one processor  321 B, and at least one set of program code instructions  323 B stored in non-transitory memory  322 B and executable by the at least one processor  321 B. 
     A base station may comprise many sectors for example: 1, 2, 3, 4, or  6  sectors. A base station may comprise many cells, for example, ranging from 1 to 50 cells or more. A cell may be categorized, for example, as a primary cell or secondary cell. At Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection establishment/re-establishment/handover, one serving cell may provide the NAS (non-access stratum) mobility information (e.g. Tracking Area Identifier (TAI)). At RRC connection re-establishment/handover, one serving cell may provide the security input. This cell may be referred to as the Primary Cell (PCell). In the downlink, a carrier corresponding to the PCell may be a DL Primary Component Carrier (PCC), while in the uplink, a carrier may be an UL PCC. Depending on wireless device capabilities, Secondary Cells (SCells) may be configured to form together with a PCell a set of serving cells. In a downlink, a carrier corresponding to an SCell may be a downlink secondary component carrier (DL SCC), while in an uplink, a carrier may be an uplink secondary component carrier (UL SCC). An SCell may or may not have an uplink carrier. 
     A cell, comprising a downlink carrier and optionally an uplink carrier, may be assigned a physical cell ID and a cell index. A carrier (downlink or uplink) may belong to one cell. The cell ID or cell index may also identify the downlink carrier or uplink carrier of the cell (depending on the context it is used). In the disclosure, a cell ID may be equally referred to a carrier ID, and a cell index may be referred to a carrier index. In an implementation, a physical cell ID or a cell index may be assigned to a cell. A cell ID may be determined using a synchronization signal transmitted on a downlink carrier. A cell index may be determined using RRC messages. For example, when the disclosure refers to a first physical cell ID for a first downlink carrier, the disclosure may mean the first physical cell ID is for a cell comprising the first downlink carrier. The same concept may apply to, for example, carrier activation. When the disclosure indicates that a first carrier is activated, the specification may equally mean that a cell comprising the first carrier is activated. 
     A base station may transmit to a wireless device one or more messages (e.g. RRC messages) comprising a plurality of configuration parameters for one or more cells. One or more cells may comprise at least one primary cell and at least one secondary cell. In an example, an RRC message may be broadcasted or unicasted to the wireless device. In an example, configuration parameters may comprise common parameters and dedicated parameters. 
     Services and/or functions of an RRC sublayer may comprise at least one of: broadcast of system information related to AS and NAS; paging initiated by 5GC and/or NG-RAN; establishment, maintenance, and/or release of an RRC connection between a wireless device and NG-RAN, which may comprise at least one of addition, modification and release of carrier aggregation; or addition, modification, and/or release of dual connectivity in NR or between E-UTRA and NR. Services and/or functions of an RRC sublayer may further comprise at least one of security functions comprising key management; establishment, configuration, maintenance, and/or release of Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) and/or Data Radio Bearers (DRBs); mobility functions which may comprise at least one of a handover (e.g. intra NR mobility or inter-RAT mobility) and a context transfer; or a wireless device cell selection and reselection and control of cell selection and reselection. Services and/or functions of an RRC sublayer may further comprise at least one of QoS management functions; a wireless device measurement configuration/reporting; detection of and/or recovery from radio link failure; or NAS message transfer to/from a core network entity (e.g. AMF, Mobility Management Entity (MME)) from/to the wireless device. 
     An RRC sublayer may support an RRC_Idle state, an RRC_Inactive state and/or an RRC_Connected state for a wireless device. In an RRC_Idle state, a wireless device may perform at least one of: Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) selection; receiving broadcasted system information; cell selection/re-selection; monitoring/receiving a paging for mobile terminated data initiated by 5GC; paging for mobile terminated data area managed by 5GC; or DRX for CN paging configured via NAS. In an RRC_Inactive state, a wireless device may perform at least one of: receiving broadcasted system information; cell selection/re-selection; monitoring/receiving a RAN/CN paging initiated by NG-RAN/5GC; RAN-based notification area (RNA) managed by NG-RAN; or DRX for RAN/CN paging configured by NG-RAN/NAS. In an RRC_Idle state of a wireless device, a base station (e.g. NG-RAN) may keep a 5GC-NG-RAN connection (both C/U-planes) for the wireless device; and/or store a UE AS context for the wireless device. In an RRC Connected state of a wireless device, a base station (e.g. NG-RAN) may perform at least one of: establishment of 5GC-NG-RAN connection (both C/U-planes) for the wireless device; storing a UE AS context for the wireless device; transmit/receive of unicast data to/from the wireless device; or network-controlled mobility based on measurement results received from the wireless device. In an RRC_Connected state of a wireless device, an NG-RAN may know a cell that the wireless device belongs to. 
     System information (SI) may be divided into minimum SI and other SIs. The minimum SI may be periodically broadcast. The minimum SI may comprise basic information required for initial access and information for acquiring any other SI broadcast periodically or provisioned on-demand, i.e. scheduling information. The other SI may either be broadcast, or be provisioned in a dedicated manner, either triggered by a network or upon request from a wireless device. A minimum SI may be transmitted via two different downlink channels using different messages (e.g. MasterInformationBlock and SystemInformationBlockType1). Another SI may be transmitted via SystemInformationBlockType2. For a wireless device in an RRC_Connected state, dedicated RRC signalling may be employed for the request and delivery of the other SI. For the wireless device in the RRC_Idle state and/or the RRC_Inactive state, the request may trigger a random-access procedure. 
     A wireless device may report its radio access capability information which may be static. A base station may request what capabilities for a wireless device to report based on band information. When allowed by a network, a temporary capability restriction request may be sent by the wireless device to signal the limited availability of some capabilities (e.g. due to hardware sharing, interference or overheating) to the base station. The base station may confirm or reject the request. The temporary capability restriction may be transparent to 5GC (e.g., static capabilities may be stored in 5GC). 
     When CA is configured, a wireless device may have an RRC connection with a network. At RRC connection establishment/re-establishment/handover procedure, one serving cell may provide NAS mobility information, and at RRC connection re-establishment/handover, one serving cell may provide a security input. This cell may be referred to as the PCell. Depending on the capabilities of the wireless device, SCells may be configured to form together with the PCell a set of serving cells. The configured set of serving cells for the wireless device may comprise one PCell and one or more SCells. 
     The reconfiguration, addition and removal of SCells may be performed by RRC. At intra-NR handover, RRC may also add, remove, or reconfigure SCells for usage with the target PCell. When adding a new SCell, dedicated RRC signalling may be employed to send all required system information of the SCell i.e. while in connected mode, wireless devices may not need to acquire broadcasted system information directly from the SCells. 
     The purpose of an RRC connection reconfiguration procedure may be to modify an RRC connection, (e.g. to establish, modify and/or release RBs, to perform handover, to setup, modify, and/or release measurements, to add, modify, and/or release SCells and cell groups). As part of the RRC connection reconfiguration procedure, NAS dedicated information may be transferred from the network to the wireless device. The RRCConnectionReconfiguration message may be a command to modify an RRC connection. It may convey information for measurement configuration, mobility control, radio resource configuration (e.g. RBs, MAC main configuration and physical channel configuration) comprising any associated dedicated NAS information and security configuration. If the received RRC Connection Reconfiguration message includes the sCellToReleaseList, the wireless device may perform an SCell release. If the received RRC Connection Reconfiguration message includes the sCellToAddModList, the wireless device may perform SCell additions or modification. 
     An RRC connection establishment (or reestablishment, resume) procedure may be to establish (or reestablish, resume) an RRC connection. an RRC connection establishment procedure may comprise SRB1 establishment. The RRC connection establishment procedure may be used to transfer the initial NAS dedicated information/message from a wireless device to E-UTRAN. The RRCConnectionReestablishment message may be used to re-establish SRB1. 
     A measurement report procedure may be to transfer measurement results from a wireless device to NG-RAN. The wireless device may initiate a measurement report procedure after successful security activation. A measurement report message may be employed to transmit measurement results. 
     The wireless device  110  may comprise at least one communication interface  310  (e.g. a wireless modem, an antenna, and/or the like), at least one processor  314 , and at least one set of program code instructions  316  stored in non-transitory memory  315  and executable by the at least one processor  314 . The wireless device  110  may further comprise at least one of at least one speaker/microphone  311 , at least one keypad  312 , at least one display/touchpad  313 , at least one power source  317 , at least one global positioning system (GPS) chipset  318 , and other peripherals  319 . 
     The processor  314  of the wireless device  110 , the processor  321 A of the base station  1   120 A, and/or the processor  321 B of the base station  2   120 B may comprise at least one of a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and/or other programmable logic device, discrete gate and/or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, and the like. The processor  314  of the wireless device  110 , the processor  321 A in base station  1   120 A, and/or the processor  321 B in base station  2   120 B may perform at least one of signal coding/processing, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that may enable the wireless device  110 , the base station  1   120 A and/or the base station  2   120 B to operate in a wireless environment. 
     The processor  314  of the wireless device  110  may be connected to the speaker/microphone  311 , the keypad  312 , and/or the display/touchpad  313 . The processor  314  may receive user input data from and/or provide user output data to the speaker/microphone  311 , the keypad  312 , and/or the display/touchpad  313 . The processor  314  in the wireless device  110  may receive power from the power source  317  and/or may be configured to distribute the power to the other components in the wireless device  110 . The power source  317  may comprise at least one of one or more dry cell batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, and the like. The processor  314  may be connected to the GPS chipset  318 . The GPS chipset  318  may be configured to provide geographic location information of the wireless device  110 . 
     The processor  314  of the wireless device  110  may further be connected to other peripherals  319 , which may comprise one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features and/or functionalities. For example, the peripherals  319  may comprise at least one of an accelerometer, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera, a universal serial bus (USB) port, a hands-free headset, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a media player, an Internet browser, and the like. 
     The communication interface  320 A of the base station  1 ,  120 A, and/or the communication interface  320 B of the base station  2 ,  120 B, may be configured to communicate with the communication interface  310  of the wireless device  110  via a wireless link  330 A and/or a wireless link  330 B respectively. In an example, the communication interface  320 A of the base station  1 ,  120 A, may communicate with the communication interface  320 B of the base station  2  and other RAN and core network nodes. 
     The wireless link  330 A and/or the wireless link  330 B may comprise at least one of a bi-directional link and/or a directional link. The communication interface  310  of the wireless device  110  may be configured to communicate with the communication interface  320 A of the base station  1   120 A and/or with the communication interface  320 B of the base station  2   120 B. The base station  1   120 A and the wireless device  110  and/or the base station  2   120 B and the wireless device  110  may be configured to send and receive transport blocks via the wireless link  330 A and/or via the wireless link  330 B, respectively. The wireless link  330 A and/or the wireless link  330 B may employ at least one frequency carrier. According to some of various aspects of embodiments, transceiver(s) may be employed. A transceiver may be a device that comprises both a transmitter and a receiver. Transceivers may be employed in devices such as wireless devices, base stations, relay nodes, and/or the like. Example embodiments for radio technology implemented in the communication interface  310 ,  320 A,  320 B and the wireless link  330 A,  330 B are illustrated in  FIG. 4A ,  FIG. 4B ,  FIG. 4C ,  FIG. 4D ,  FIG. 6 ,  FIG. 7A ,  FIG. 7B ,  FIG. 8 , and associated text. 
     In an example, other nodes in a wireless network (e.g. AMF, UPF, SMF, etc) may comprise one or more communication interfaces, one or more processors, and memory storing instructions. 
     A node (e.g. wireless device, base station, AMF, SMF, UPF, servers, switches, antennas, and/or the like) may comprise one or more processors, and memory storing instructions that when executed by the one or more processors causes the node to perform certain processes and/or functions. Example embodiments may enable operation of single-carrier and/or multi-carrier communications. Other example embodiments may comprise a non-transitory tangible computer readable media comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to cause operation of single-carrier and/or multi-carrier communications. Yet other example embodiments may comprise an article of manufacture that comprises a non-transitory tangible computer readable machine-accessible medium having instructions encoded thereon for enabling programmable hardware to cause a node to enable operation of single-carrier and/or multi-carrier communications. The node may include processors, memory, interfaces, and/or the like. 
     An interface may comprise at least one of a hardware interface, a firmware interface, a software interface, and/or a combination thereof. The hardware interface may comprise connectors, wires, electronic devices such as drivers, amplifiers, and/or the like. The software interface may comprise code stored in a memory device to implement protocol(s), protocol layers, communication drivers, device drivers, combinations thereof, and/or the like. The firmware interface may comprise a combination of embedded hardware and code stored in and/or in communication with a memory device to implement connections, electronic device operations, protocol(s), protocol layers, communication drivers, device drivers, hardware operations, combinations thereof, and/or the like. 
       FIG. 4A ,  FIG. 4B ,  FIG. 4C  and  FIG. 4D  are example diagrams for uplink and downlink signal transmission as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure.  FIG. 4A  shows an example uplink transmitter for at least one physical channel. A baseband signal representing a physical uplink shared channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise at least one of: scrambling; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; transform precoding to generate complex-valued symbols; precoding of the complex-valued symbols; mapping of precoded complex-valued symbols to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) or CP−OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like. In an example, when transform precoding is enabled, a SC-FDMA signal for uplink transmission may be generated. In an example, when transform precoding is not enabled, an CP−OFDM signal for uplink transmission may be generated by  FIG. 4A . These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments. 
     An example structure for modulation and up-conversion to the carrier frequency of the complex-valued SC-FDMA or CP−OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port and/or the complex-valued Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH) baseband signal is shown in  FIG. 4B . Filtering may be employed prior to transmission. 
     An example structure for downlink transmissions is shown in  FIG. 4C . The baseband signal representing a downlink physical channel may perform one or more functions. The one or more functions may comprise: scrambling of coded bits in a codeword to be transmitted on a physical channel; modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols; mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers; precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on a layer for transmission on the antenna ports; mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for an antenna port to resource elements; generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for an antenna port; and/or the like. These functions are illustrated as examples and it is anticipated that other mechanisms may be implemented in various embodiments. 
     In an example, a gNB may transmit a first symbol and a second symbol on an antenna port, to a wireless device. The wireless device may infer the channel (e.g., fading gain, multipath delay, etc.) for conveying the second symbol on the antenna port, from the channel for conveying the first symbol on the antenna port. In an example, a first antenna port and a second antenna port may be quasi co-located if one or more large-scale properties of the channel over which a first symbol on the first antenna port is conveyed may be inferred from the channel over which a second symbol on a second antenna port is conveyed. The one or more large-scale properties may comprise at least one of: delay spread; doppler spread; doppler shift; average gain; average delay; and/or spatial Receiving (Rx) parameters. 
     An example modulation and up-conversion to the carrier frequency of the complex-valued OFDM baseband signal for an antenna port is shown in  FIG. 4D . Filtering may be employed prior to transmission. 
       FIG. 5A  is a diagram of an example uplink channel mapping and example uplink physical signals.  FIG. 5B  is a diagram of an example downlink channel mapping and a downlink physical signals. In an example, a physical layer may provide one or more information transfer services to a MAC and/or one or more higher layers. For example, the physical layer may provide the one or more information transfer services to the MAC via one or more transport channels. An information transfer service may indicate how and with what characteristics data are transferred over the radio interface. 
     In an example embodiment, a radio network may comprise one or more downlink and/or uplink transport channels. For example, a diagram in  FIG. 5A  shows example uplink transport channels comprising Uplink-Shared CHannel (UL-SCH)  501  and Random Access CHannel (RACH)  502 . A diagram in  FIG. 5B  shows example downlink transport channels comprising Downlink-Shared CHannel (DL-SCH)  511 , Paging CHannel (PCH)  512 , and Broadcast CHannel (BCH)  513 . A transport channel may be mapped to one or more corresponding physical channels. For example, UL-SCH  501  may be mapped to Physical Uplink Shared CHannel (PUSCH)  503 . RACH  502  may be mapped to PRACH  505 . DL-SCH  511  and PCH  512  may be mapped to Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (PDSCH)  514 . BCH  513  may be mapped to Physical Broadcast CHannel (PBCH)  516 . 
     There may be one or more physical channels without a corresponding transport channel. The one or more physical channels may be employed for Uplink Control Information (UCI)  509  and/or Downlink Control Information (DCI)  517 . For example, Physical Uplink Control CHannel (PUCCH)  504  may carry UCI  509  from a UE to a base station. For example, Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH)  515  may carry DCI  517  from a base station to a UE. NR may support UCI  509  multiplexing in PUSCH  503  when UCI  509  and PUSCH  503  transmissions may coincide in a slot at least in part. The UCI  509  may comprise at least one of CSI, Acknowledgement (ACK)/Negative Acknowledgement (NACK), and/or scheduling request. The DCI  517  on PDCCH  515  may indicate at least one of following: one or more downlink assignments and/or one or more uplink scheduling grants 
     In uplink, a UE may transmit one or more Reference Signals (RSs) to a base station. For example, the one or more RSs may be at least one of Demodulation-RS (DM-RS)  506 , Phase Tracking-RS (PT-RS)  507 , and/or Sounding RS (SRS)  508 . In downlink, a base station may transmit (e.g., unicast, multicast, and/or broadcast) one or more RSs to a UE. For example, the one or more RSs may be at least one of Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)/Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)  521 , CSI-RS  522 , DM-RS  523 , and/or PT-RS  524 . 
     In an example, a UE may transmit one or more uplink DM-RSs  506  to a base station for channel estimation, for example, for coherent demodulation of one or more uplink physical channels (e.g., PUSCH  503  and/or PUCCH  504 ). For example, a UE may transmit a base station at least one uplink DM-RS  506  with PUSCH  503  and/or PUCCH  504 , wherein the at least one uplink DM-RS  506  may be spanning a same frequency range as a corresponding physical channel. In an example, a base station may configure a UE with one or more uplink DM-RS configurations. At least one DM-RS configuration may support a front-loaded DM-RS pattern. A front-loaded DM-RS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g.,  1  or  2  adjacent OFDM symbols). One or more additional uplink DM-RS may be configured to transmit at one or more symbols of a PUSCH and/or PUCCH. A base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with a maximum number of front-loaded DM-RS symbols for PUSCH and/or PUCCH. For example, a UE may schedule a single-symbol DM-RS and/or double symbol DM-RS based on a maximum number of front-loaded DM-RS symbols, wherein a base station may configure the UE with one or more additional uplink DM-RS for PUSCH and/or PUCCH. A new radio network may support, e.g., at least for CP−OFDM, a common DM-RS structure for DL and UL, wherein a DM-RS location, DM-RS pattern, and/or scrambling sequence may be same or different. 
     In an example, whether uplink PT-RS  507  is present or not may depend on a RRC configuration. For example, a presence of uplink PT-RS may be UE-specifically configured. For example, a presence and/or a pattern of uplink PT-RS  507  in a scheduled resource may be UE-specifically configured by a combination of RRC signaling and/or association with one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)) which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of uplink PT-RS  507  may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. A radio network may support plurality of uplink PT-RS densities defined in time/frequency domain. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. A UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DM-RS ports in a scheduled resource. For example, uplink PT-RS  507  may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for a UE. 
     In an example, a UE may transmit SRS  508  to a base station for channel state estimation to support uplink channel dependent scheduling and/or link adaptation. For example, SRS  508  transmitted by a UE may allow for a base station to estimate an uplink channel state at one or more different frequencies. A base station scheduler may employ an uplink channel state to assign one or more resource blocks of good quality for an uplink PUSCH transmission from a UE. A base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with one or more SRS resource sets. For an SRS resource set, a base station may configure a UE with one or more SRS resources. An SRS resource set applicability may be configured by a higher layer (e.g., RRC) parameter. For example, when a higher layer parameter indicates beam management, a SRS resource in each of one or more SRS resource sets may be transmitted at a time instant. A UE may transmit one or more SRS resources in different SRS resource sets simultaneously. A new radio network may support aperiodic, periodic and/or semi-persistent SRS transmissions. A UE may transmit SRS resources based on one or more trigger types, wherein the one or more trigger types may comprise higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC) and/or one or more DCI formats (e.g., at least one DCI format may be employed for a UE to select at least one of one or more configured SRS resource sets. An SRS trigger type 0 may refer to an SRS triggered based on a higher layer signaling. An SRS trigger type 1 may refer to an SRS triggered based on one or more DCI formats. In an example, when PUSCH  503  and SRS  508  are transmitted in a same slot, a UE may be configured to transmit SRS  508  after a transmission of PUSCH  503  and corresponding uplink DM-RS  506 . 
     In an example, a base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with one or more SRS configuration parameters indicating at least one of following: a SRS resource configuration identifier, a number of SRS ports, time domain behavior of SRS resource configuration (e.g., an indication of periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic SRS), slot (mini-slot, and/or subframe) level periodicity and/or offset for a periodic and/or aperiodic SRS resource, a number of OFDM symbols in a SRS resource, starting OFDM symbol of a SRS resource, a SRS bandwidth, a frequency hopping bandwidth, a cyclic shift, and/or a SRS sequence ID. 
     In an example, in a time domain, an SS/PBCH block may comprise one or more OFDM symbols (e.g., 4 OFDM symbols numbered in increasing order from 0 to 3) within the SS/PBCH block. An SS/PBCH block may comprise PSS/SSS  521  and PBCH  516 . In an example, in the frequency domain, an SS/PBCH block may comprise one or more contiguous subcarriers (e.g.,  240  contiguous subcarriers with the subcarriers numbered in increasing order from 0 to 239) within the SS/PBCH block. For example, a PSS/SSS  521  may occupy 1 OFDM symbol and 127 subcarriers. For example, PBCH  516  may span across 3 OFDM symbols and 240 subcarriers. A UE may assume that one or more SS/PBCH blocks transmitted with a same block index may be quasi co-located, e.g., with respect to Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and spatial Rx parameters. A UE may not assume quasi co-location for other SS/PBCH block transmissions. A periodicity of an SS/PBCH block may be configured by a radio network (e.g., by an RRC signaling) and one or more time locations where the SS/PBCH block may be sent may be determined by sub-carrier spacing. In an example, a UE may assume a band-specific sub-carrier spacing for an SS/PBCH block unless a radio network has configured a UE to assume a different sub-carrier spacing. 
     In an example, downlink CSI-RS  522  may be employed for a UE to acquire channel state information. A radio network may support periodic, aperiodic, and/or semi-persistent transmission of downlink CSI-RS  522 . For example, a base station may semi-statistically configure and/or reconfigure a UE with periodic transmission of downlink CSI-RS  522 . A configured CSI-RS resources may be activated ad/or deactivated. For semi-persistent transmission, an activation and/or deactivation of CSI-RS resource may be triggered dynamically. In an example, CSI-RS configuration may comprise one or more parameters indicating at least a number of antenna ports. For example, a base station may configure a UE with 32 ports. A base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with one or more CSI-RS resource sets. One or more CSI-RS resources may be allocated from one or more CSI-RS resource sets to one or more UEs. For example, a base station may semi-statistically configure one or more parameters indicating CSI RS resource mapping, for example, time-domain location of one or more CSI-RS resources, a bandwidth of a CSI-RS resource, and/or a periodicity. In an example, a UE may be configured to employ a same OFDM symbols for downlink CSI-RS  522  and control resource set (coreset) when the downlink CSI-RS  522  and coreset are spatially quasi co-located and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS  522  are the outside of PRBs configured for coreset. In an example, a UE may be configured to employ a same OFDM symbols for downlink CSI-RS  522  and SS/PBCH blocks when the downlink CSI-RS  522  and SS/PBCH blocks are spatially quasi co-located and resource elements associated with the downlink CSI-RS  522  are the outside of PRBs configured for SS/PBCH blocks. 
     In an example, a UE may transmit one or more downlink DM-RSs  523  to a base station for channel estimation, for example, for coherent demodulation of one or more downlink physical channels (e.g., PDSCH  514 ). For example, a radio network may support one or more variable and/or configurable DM-RS patterns for data demodulation. At least one downlink DM-RS configuration may support a front-loaded DM-RS pattern. A front-loaded DM-RS may be mapped over one or more OFDM symbols (e.g.,  1  or  2  adjacent OFDM symbols). A base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with a maximum number of front-loaded DM-RS symbols for PDSCH  514 . For example, a DM-RS configuration may support one or more DM-RS ports. For example, for single user-MIMO, a DM-RS configuration may support at least 8 orthogonal downlink DM-RS ports. For example, for multiuser-MIMO, a DM-RS configuration may support 12 orthogonal downlink DM-RS ports. A radio network may support, e.g., at least for CP-OFDM, a common DM-RS structure for DL and UL, wherein a DM-RS location, DM-RS pattern, and/or scrambling sequence may be same or different. 
     In an example, whether downlink PT-RS 524 is present or not may depend on a RRC configuration. For example, a presence of downlink PT-RS 524 may be UE-specifically configured. For example, a presence and/or a pattern of downlink PT-RS 524 in a scheduled resource may be UE-specifically configured by a combination of RRC signaling and/or association with one or more parameters employed for other purposes (e.g., MCS) which may be indicated by DCI. When configured, a dynamic presence of downlink PT-RS 524 may be associated with one or more DCI parameters comprising at least MCS. A radio network may support plurality of PT-RS densities defined in time/frequency domain. When present, a frequency domain density may be associated with at least one configuration of a scheduled bandwidth. A UE may assume a same precoding for a DMRS port and a PT-RS port. A number of PT-RS ports may be fewer than a number of DM-RS ports in a scheduled resource. For example, downlink PT-RS 524 may be confined in the scheduled time/frequency duration for a UE. 
       FIG. 6  is a diagram depicting an example transmission time and reception time for a carrier as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. A multicarrier OFDM communication system may include one or more carriers, for example, ranging from 1 to 32 carriers, in case of carrier aggregation, or ranging from 1 to 64 carriers, in case of dual connectivity. Different radio frame structures may be supported (e.g., for FDD and for TDD duplex mechanisms).  FIG. 6  shows an example frame timing. Downlink and uplink transmissions may be organized into radio frames  601 . In this example, radio frame duration is 10 ms. In this example, a 10 ms radio frame  601  may be divided into ten equally sized subframes  602  with 1 ms duration. Subframe(s) may comprise one or more slots (e.g. slots  603  and  605 ) depending on subcarrier spacing and/or CP length. For example, a subframe with 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz and 480 kHz subcarrier spacing may comprise one, two, four, eight, sixteen and thirty-two slots, respectively. In  FIG. 6 , a subframe may be divided into two equally sized slots  603  with 0.5 ms duration. For example, 10 subframes may be available for downlink transmission and 10 subframes may be available for uplink transmissions in a 10 ms interval. Uplink and downlink transmissions may be separated in the frequency domain. Slot(s) may include a plurality of OFDM symbols  604 . The number of OFDM symbols  604  in a slot  605  may depend on the cyclic prefix length. For example, a slot may be 14 OFDM symbols for the same subcarrier spacing of up to 480 kHz with normal CP. A slot may be 12 OFDM symbols for the same subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz with extended CP. A slot may contain downlink, uplink, or a downlink part and an uplink part and/or alike. 
       FIG. 7A  is a diagram depicting example sets of OFDM subcarriers as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. In the example, a gNB may communicate with a wireless device with a carrier with an example channel bandwidth  700 . Arrow(s) in the diagram may depict a subcarrier in a multicarrier OFDM system. The OFDM system may use technology such as OFDM technology, SC-FDMA technology, and/or the like. In an example, an arrow  701  shows a subcarrier transmitting information symbols. In an example, a subcarrier spacing  702 , between two contiguous subcarriers in a carrier, may be any one of 15 KHz, 30 KHz, 60 KHz, 120 KHz, 240 KHz etc. In an example, different subcarrier spacing may correspond to different transmission numerologies. In an example, a transmission numerology may comprise at least: a numerology index; a value of subcarrier spacing; a type of cyclic prefix (CP). In an example, a gNB may transmit to/receive from a UE on a number of subcarriers  703  in a carrier. In an example, a bandwidth occupied by a number of subcarriers  703  (transmission bandwidth) may be smaller than the channel bandwidth  700  of a carrier, due to guard band  704  and  705 . In an example, a guard band  704  and  705  may be used to reduce interference to and from one or more neighbor carriers. A number of subcarriers (transmission bandwidth) in a carrier may depend on the channel bandwidth of the carrier and the subcarrier spacing. For example, a transmission bandwidth, for a carrier with 20 MHz channel bandwidth and 15 KHz subcarrier spacing, may be in number of 1024 subcarriers. 
     In an example, a gNB and a wireless device may communicate with multiple CCs when configured with CA. In an example, different component carriers may have different bandwidth and/or subcarrier spacing, if CA is supported. In an example, a gNB may transmit a first type of service to a UE on a first component carrier. The gNB may transmit a second type of service to the UE on a second component carrier. Different type of services may have different service requirement (e.g., data rate, latency, reliability), which may be suitable for transmission via different component carrier having different subcarrier spacing and/or bandwidth.  FIG. 7B  shows an example embodiment. A first component carrier may comprise a first number of subcarriers  706  with a first subcarrier spacing  709 . A second component carrier may comprise a second number of subcarriers  707  with a second subcarrier spacing  710 . A third component carrier may comprise a third number of subcarriers  708  with a third subcarrier spacing  711 . Carriers in a multicarrier OFDM communication system may be contiguous carriers, non-contiguous carriers, or a combination of both contiguous and non-contiguous carriers. 
       FIG. 8  is a diagram depicting OFDM radio resources as per an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure. In an example, a carrier may have a transmission bandwidth  801 . In an example, a resource grid may be in a structure of frequency domain  802  and time domain  803 . In an example, a resource grid may comprise a first number of OFDM symbols in a subframe and a second number of resource blocks, starting from a common resource block indicated by higher-layer signaling (e.g. RRC signaling), for a transmission numerology and a carrier. In an example, in a resource grid, a resource unit identified by a subcarrier index and a symbol index may be a resource element  805 . In an example, a subframe may comprise a first number of OFDM symbols  807  depending on a numerology associated with a carrier. For example, when a subcarrier spacing of a numerology of a carrier is 15 KHz, a subframe may have 14 OFDM symbols for a carrier. When a subcarrier spacing of a numerology is 30 KHz, a subframe may have 28 OFDM symbols. When a subcarrier spacing of a numerology is 60 Khz, a subframe may have 56 OFDM symbols, etc. In an example, a second number of resource blocks comprised in a resource grid of a carrier may depend on a bandwidth and a numerology of the carrier. 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , a resource block  806  may comprise 12 subcarriers. In an example, multiple resource blocks may be grouped into a Resource Block Group (RBG)  804 . In an example, a size of a RBG may depend on at least one of: a RRC message indicating a RBG size configuration; a size of a carrier bandwidth; or a size of a bandwidth part of a carrier. In an example, a carrier may comprise multiple bandwidth parts. A first bandwidth part of a carrier may have different frequency location and/or bandwidth from a second bandwidth part of the carrier. 
     In an example, a gNB may transmit a downlink control information comprising a downlink or uplink resource block assignment to a wireless device. A base station may transmit to or receive from, a wireless device, data packets (e.g. transport blocks) scheduled and transmitted via one or more resource blocks and one or more slots according to parameters in a downlink control information and/or RRC message(s). In an example, a starting symbol relative to a first slot of the one or more slots may be indicated to the wireless device. In an example, a gNB may transmit to or receive from, a wireless device, data packets scheduled on one or more RBGs and one or more slots. 
     In an example, a gNB may transmit a downlink control information comprising a downlink assignment to a wireless device via one or more PDCCHs. The downlink assignment may comprise parameters indicating at least modulation and coding format; resource allocation; and/or HARQ information related to DL-SCH. In an example, a resource allocation may comprise parameters of resource block allocation; and/or slot allocation. In an example, a gNB may dynamically allocate resources to a wireless device via a Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) on one or more PDCCHs. The wireless device may monitor the one or more PDCCHs in order to find possible allocation when its downlink reception is enabled. The wireless device may receive one or more downlink data package on one or more PDSCH scheduled by the one or more PDCCHs, when successfully detecting the one or more PDCCHs. 
     In an example, a gNB may allocate Configured Scheduling (CS) resources for down link transmission to a wireless device. The gNB may transmit one or more RRC messages indicating a periodicity of the CS grant. The gNB may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH addressed to a Configured Scheduling-RNTI (CS-RNTI) activating the CS resources. The DCI may comprise parameters indicating that the downlink grant is a CS grant. The CS grant may be implicitly reused according to the periodicity defined by the one or more RRC messages, until deactivated. 
     In an example, a gNB may transmit a downlink control information comprising an uplink grant to a wireless device via one or more PDCCHs. The uplink grant may comprise parameters indicating at least modulation and coding format; resource allocation; and/or HARQ information related to UL-SCH. In an example, a resource allocation may comprise parameters of resource block allocation; and/or slot allocation. In an example, a gNB may dynamically allocate resources to a wireless device via a C-RNTI on one or more PDCCHs. The wireless device may monitor the one or more PDCCHs in order to find possible resource allocation. The wireless device may transmit one or more uplink data package via one or more PUSCH scheduled by the one or more PDCCHs, when successfully detecting the one or more PDCCHs. 
     In an example, a gNB may allocate CS resources for uplink data transmission to a wireless device. The gNB may transmit one or more RRC messages indicating a periodicity of the CS grant. The gNB may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH addressed to a CS-RNTI activating the CS resources. The DCI may comprise parameters indicating that the uplink grant is a CS grant. The CS grant may be implicitly reused according to the periodicity defined by the one or more RRC message, until deactivated. 
     In an example, a base station may transmit DCI/control signaling via PDCCH. The DCI may take a format in a plurality of formats. A DCI may comprise downlink and/or uplink scheduling information (e.g., resource allocation information, HARQ related parameters, MCS), request for CSI (e.g., aperiodic CQI reports), request for SRS, uplink power control commands for one or more cells, one or more timing information (e.g., TB transmission/reception timing, HARQ feedback timing, etc.), etc. In an example, a DCI may indicate an uplink grant comprising transmission parameters for one or more transport blocks. In an example, a DCI may indicate downlink assignment indicating parameters for receiving one or more transport blocks. In an example, a DCI may be used by base station to initiate a contention-free random access at the wireless device. In an example, the base station may transmit a DCI comprising slot format indicator (SFI) notifying a slot format. In an example, the base station may transmit a DCI comprising pre-emption indication notifying the PRB(s) and/or OFDM symbol(s) where a UE may assume no transmission is intended for the UE. In an example, the base station may transmit a DCI for group power control of PUCCH or PUSCH or SRS. In an example, a DCI may correspond to an RNTI. In an example, the wireless device may obtain an RNTI in response to completing the initial access (e.g., C-RNTI). In an example, the base station may configure an RNTI for the wireless (e.g., CS-RNTI, TPC-CS-RNTI, TPC-PUCCH-RNTI, TPC-PUSCH-RNTI, TPC-SRS-RNTI). In an example, the wireless device may compute an RNTI (e.g., the wireless device may compute RA-RNTI based on resources used for transmission of a preamble). In an example, an RNTI may have a pre-configured value (e.g., P−RNTI or SI-RNTI). In an example, a wireless device may monitor a group common search space which may be used by base station for transmitting DCIs that are intended for a group of UEs. In an example, a group common DCI may correspond to an RNTI which is commonly configured for a group of UEs. In an example, a wireless device may monitor a UE-specific search space. In an example, a UE specific DCI may correspond to an RNTI configured for the wireless device. 
     A NR system may support a single beam operation and/or a multi-beam operation. In a multi-beam operation, a base station may perform a downlink beam sweeping to provide coverage for common control channels and/or downlink SS blocks, which may comprise at least a PSS, a SSS, and/or PBCH. A wireless device may measure quality of a beam pair link using one or more RSs. One or more SS blocks, or one or more CSI-RS resources, associated with a CSI-RS resource index (CRI), or one or more DM-RSs of PBCH, may be used as RS for measuring quality of a beam pair link. Quality of a beam pair link may be defined as a reference signal received power (RSRP) value, or a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) value, and/or a CSI value measured on RS resources. The base station may indicate whether an RS resource, used for measuring a beam pair link quality, is quasi-co-located (QCLed) with DM-RSs of a control channel. A RS resource and DM-RSs of a control channel may be called QCLed when a channel characteristics from a transmission on an RS to a wireless device, and that from a transmission on a control channel to a wireless device, are similar or same under a configured criterion. In a multi-beam operation, a wireless device may perform an uplink beam sweeping to access a cell. 
     In an example, a wireless device may be configured to monitor PDCCH on one or more beam pair links simultaneously depending on a capability of a wireless device. This may increase robustness against beam pair link blocking. A base station may transmit one or more messages to configure a wireless device to monitor PDCCH on one or more beam pair links in different PDCCH OFDM symbols. For example, a base station may transmit higher layer signaling (e.g. RRC signaling) or MAC CE comprising parameters related to the Rx beam setting of a wireless device for monitoring PDCCH on one or more beam pair links. A base station may transmit indication of spatial QCL assumption between an DL RS antenna port(s) (for example, cell-specific CSI-RS, or wireless device-specific CSI-RS, or SS block, or PBCH with or without DM-RSs of PBCH), and DL RS antenna port(s) for demodulation of DL control channel. Signaling for beam indication for a PDCCH may be MAC CE signaling, or RRC signaling, or DCI signaling, or specification-transparent and/or implicit method, and combination of these signaling methods. 
     For reception of unicast DL data channel, a base station may indicate spatial QCL parameters between DL RS antenna port(s) and DM-RS antenna port(s) of DL data channel. The base station may transmit DCI (e.g. downlink grants) comprising information indicating the RS antenna port(s). The information may indicate RS antenna port(s) which may be QCLed with the DM-RS antenna port(s). Different set of DM-RS antenna port(s) for a DL data channel may be indicated as QCL with different set of the RS antenna port(s). 
       FIG. 9A  is an example of beam sweeping in a DL channel. In an RRC_INACTIVE state or RRC_IDLE state, a wireless device may assume that SS blocks form an SS burst  940 , and an SS burst set  950 . The SS burst set  950  may have a given periodicity. For example, in a multi-beam operation, a base station  120  may transmit SS blocks in multiple beams, together forming a SS burst  940 . One or more SS blocks may be transmitted on one beam. If multiple SS bursts  940  are transmitted with multiple beams, SS bursts together may form SS burst set  950 . 
     A wireless device may further use CSI-RS in the multi-beam operation for estimating a beam quality of a links between a wireless device and a base station. A beam may be associated with a CSI-RS. For example, a wireless device may, based on a RSRP measurement on CSI-RS, report a beam index, as indicated in a CRI for downlink beam selection, and associated with a RSRP value of a beam. A CSI-RS may be transmitted on a CSI-RS resource including at least one of one or more antenna ports, one or more time or frequency radio resources. A CSI-RS resource may be configured in a cell-specific way by common RRC signaling, or in a wireless device-specific way by dedicated RRC signaling, and/or L1/L2 signaling. Multiple wireless devices covered by a cell may measure a cell-specific CSI-RS resource. A dedicated subset of wireless devices covered by a cell may measure a wireless device-specific CSI-RS resource. 
     A CSI-RS resource may be transmitted periodically, or using aperiodic transmission, or using a multi-shot or semi-persistent transmission. For example, in a periodic transmission in  FIG. 9A , a base station  120  may transmit configured CSI-RS resources  940  periodically using a configured periodicity in a time domain. In an aperiodic transmission, a configured CSI-RS resource may be transmitted in a dedicated time slot. In a multi-shot or semi-persistent transmission, a configured CSI-RS resource may be transmitted within a configured period. Beams used for CSI-RS transmission may have different beam width than beams used for SS-blocks transmission. 
       FIG. 9B  is an example of a beam management procedure in an example new radio network. A base station  120  and/or a wireless device  110  may perform a downlink L1/L2 beam management procedure. One or more of the following downlink L1/L2 beam management procedures may be performed within one or more wireless devices  110  and one or more base stations  120 . In an example, a P−1 procedure  910  may be used to enable the wireless device  110  to measure one or more Transmission (Tx) beams associated with the base station  120  to support a selection of a first set of Tx beams associated with the base station  120  and a first set of Rx beam(s) associated with a wireless device  110 . For beamforming at a base station  120 , a base station  120  may sweep a set of different TX beams. For beamforming at a wireless device  110 , a wireless device  110  may sweep a set of different Rx beams. In an example, a P−2 procedure  920  may be used to enable a wireless device  110  to measure one or more Tx beams associated with a base station  120  to possibly change a first set of Tx beams associated with a base station  120 . A P−2 procedure  920  may be performed on a possibly smaller set of beams for beam refinement than in the P−1 procedure  910 . A P−2 procedure  920  may be a special case of a P−1 procedure  910 . In an example, a P−3 procedure  930  may be used to enable a wireless device  110  to measure at least one Tx beam associated with a base station  120  to change a first set of Rx beams associated with a wireless device  110 . 
     A wireless device  110  may transmit one or more beam management reports to a base station  120 . In one or more beam management reports, a wireless device  110  may indicate some beam pair quality parameters, comprising at least, one or more beam identifications; RSRP; Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI)/Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)/Rank Indicator (RI) of a subset of configured beams. Based on one or more beam management reports, a base station  120  may transmit to a wireless device  110  a signal indicating that one or more beam pair links are one or more serving beams. A base station  120  may transmit PDCCH and PDSCH for a wireless device  110  using one or more serving beams. 
     In an example embodiment, new radio network may support a Bandwidth Adaptation (BA). In an example, receive and/or transmit bandwidths configured by an UE employing a BA may not be large. For example, a receive and/or transmit bandwidths may not be as large as a bandwidth of a cell. Receive and/or transmit bandwidths may be adjustable. For example, a UE may change receive and/or transmit bandwidths, e.g., to shrink during period of low activity to save power. For example, a UE may change a location of receive and/or transmit bandwidths in a frequency domain, e.g. to increase scheduling flexibility. For example, a UE may change a subcarrier spacing, e.g. to allow different services. 
     In an example embodiment, a subset of a total cell bandwidth of a cell may be referred to as a Bandwidth Part (BWP). A base station may configure a UE with one or more BWPs to achieve a BA. For example, a base station may indicate, to a UE, which of the one or more (configured) BWPs is an active BWP. 
       FIG. 10  is an example diagram of 3 BWPs configured: BWP1 (1010 and 1050) with a width of 40 MHz and subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; BWP2 (1020 and 1040) with a width of 10 MHz and subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz; BWP3 1030 with a width of 20 MHz and subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. 
     In an example, a UE, configured for operation in one or more BWPs of a cell, may be configured by one or more higher layers (e.g. RRC layer) for a cell a set of one or more BWPs (e.g., at most four BWPs) for receptions by the UE (DL BWP set) in a DL bandwidth by at least one parameter DL-BWP and a set of one or more BWPs (e.g., at most four BWPs) for transmissions by a UE (UL BWP set) in an UL bandwidth by at least one parameter UL-BWP for a cell. 
     To enable BA on the PCell, a base station may configure a UE with one or more UL and DL BWP pairs. To enable BA on SCells (e.g., in case of CA), a base station may configure a UE at least with one or more DL BWPs (e.g., there may be none in an UL). 
     In an example, an initial active DL BWP may be defined by at least one of a location and number of contiguous PRBs, a subcarrier spacing, or a cyclic prefix, for a control resource set for at least one common search space. For operation on the PCell, one or more higher layer parameters may indicate at least one initial UL BWP for a random access procedure. If a UE is configured with a secondary carrier on a primary cell, the UE may be configured with an initial BWP for random access procedure on a secondary carrier. 
     In an example, for unpaired spectrum operation, a UE may expect that a center frequency for a DL BWP may be same as a center frequency for a UL BWP. 
     For example, for a DL BWP or an UL BWP in a set of one or more DL BWPs or one or more UL BWPs, respectively, a base station may semi-statistically configure a UE for a cell with one or more parameters indicating at least one of following: a subcarrier spacing; a cyclic prefix; a number of contiguous PRBs; an index in the set of one or more DL BWPs and/or one or more UL BWPs; a link between a DL BWP and an UL BWP from a set of configured DL BWPs and UL BWPs; a DCI detection to a PDSCH reception timing; a PDSCH reception to a HARQ-ACK transmission timing value; a DCI detection to a PUSCH transmission timing value; an offset of a first PRB of a DL bandwidth or an UL bandwidth, respectively, relative to a first PRB of a bandwidth. 
     In an example, for a DL BWP in a set of one or more DL BWPs on a PCell, a base station may configure a UE with one or more control resource sets for at least one type of common search space and/or one UE-specific search space. For example, a base station may not configure a UE without a common search space on a PCell, or on a PSCell, in an active DL BWP. 
     For an UL BWP in a set of one or more UL BWPs, a base station may configure a UE with one or more resource sets for one or more PUCCH transmissions. 
     In an example, if a DCI comprises a BWP indicator field, a BWP indicator field value may indicate an active DL BWP, from a configured DL BWP set, for one or more DL receptions. If a DCI comprises a BWP indicator field, a BWP indicator field value may indicate an active UL BWP, from a configured UL BWP set, for one or more UL transmissions. 
     In an example, for a PCell, a base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with a default DL BWP among configured DL BWPs. If a UE is not provided a default DL BWP, a default BWP may be an initial active DL BWP. 
     In an example, a base station may configure a UE with a timer value for a PCell. For example, a UE may start a timer, referred to as BWP inactivity timer, when a UE detects a DCI indicating an active DL BWP, other than a default DL BWP, for a paired spectrum operation or when a UE detects a DCI indicating an active DL BWP or UL BWP, other than a default DL BWP or UL BWP, for an unpaired spectrum operation. The UE may increment the timer by an interval of a first value (e.g., the first value may be 1 millisecond or 0.5 milliseconds) if the UE does not detect a DCI during the interval for a paired spectrum operation or for an unpaired spectrum operation. In an example, the timer may expire when the timer is equal to the timer value. A UE may switch to the default DL BWP from an active DL BWP when the timer expires. 
     In an example, a base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with one or more BWPs. A UE may switch an active BWP from a first BWP to a second BWP in response to receiving a DCI indicating the second BWP as an active BWP and/or in response to an expiry of BWP inactivity timer (for example, the second BWP may be a default BWP). For example,  FIG. 10  is an example diagram of 3 BWPs configured, BWP 1  ( 1010  and  1050 ), BWP 2  ( 1020  and  1040 ), and BWP 3  ( 1030 ). BWP 2  ( 1020  and  1040 ) may be a default BWP. BWP 1  ( 1010 ) may be an initial active BWP. In an example, a UE may switch an active BWP from BWP 1   1010  to BWP 2   1020  in response to an expiry of BWP inactivity timer. For example, a UE may switch an active BWP from BWP 2   1020  to BWP 3   1030  in response to receiving a DCI indicating BWP 3   1030  as an active BWP. Switching an active BWP from BWP 3   1030  to BWP 2   1040  and/or from BWP 2   1040  to BWP 1   1050  may be in response to receiving a DCI indicating an active BWP and/or in response to an expiry of BWP inactivity timer. 
     In an example, if a UE is configured for a secondary cell with a default DL BWP among configured DL BWPs and a timer value, UE procedures on a secondary cell may be same as on a primary cell using the timer value for the secondary cell and the default DL BWP for the secondary cell. 
     In an example, if a base station configures a UE with a first active DL BWP and a first active UL BWP on a secondary cell or carrier, a UE may employ an indicated DL BWP and an indicated UL BWP on a secondary cell as a respective first active DL BWP and first active UL BWP on a secondary cell or carrier. 
       FIG. 11A  and  FIG. 11B  show packet flows employing a multi connectivity (e.g. dual connectivity, multi connectivity, tight interworking, and/or the like).  FIG. 11A  is an example diagram of a protocol structure of a wireless device  110  (e.g. UE) with CA and/or multi connectivity as per an aspect of an embodiment.  FIG. 11B  is an example diagram of a protocol structure of multiple base stations with CA and/or multi connectivity as per an aspect of an embodiment. The multiple base stations may comprise a master node, MN  1130  (e.g. a master node, a master base station, a master gNB, a master eNB, and/or the like) and a secondary node, SN  1150  (e.g. a secondary node, a secondary base station, a secondary gNB, a secondary eNB, and/or the like). A master node  1130  and a secondary node  1150  may co-work to communicate with a wireless device  110 . 
     When multi connectivity is configured for a wireless device  110 , the wireless device  110 , which may support multiple reception/transmission functions in an RRC connected state, may be configured to utilize radio resources provided by multiple schedulers of a multiple base stations. Multiple base stations may be inter-connected via a non-ideal or ideal backhaul (e.g. Xn interface, X2 interface, and/or the like). A base station involved in multi connectivity for a certain wireless device may perform at least one of two different roles: a base station may either act as a master base station or as a secondary base station. In multi connectivity, a wireless device may be connected to one master base station and one or more secondary base stations. In an example, a master base station (e.g. the MN  1130 ) may provide a master cell group (MCG) comprising a primary cell and/or one or more secondary cells for a wireless device (e.g. the wireless device  110 ). A secondary base station (e.g. the SN  1150 ) may provide a secondary cell group (SCG) comprising a primary secondary cell (PSCell) and/or one or more secondary cells for a wireless device (e.g. the wireless device  110 ). 
     In multi connectivity, a radio protocol architecture that a bearer employs may depend on how a bearer is setup. In an example, three different type of bearer setup options may be supported: an MCG bearer, an SCG bearer, and/or a split bearer. A wireless device may receive/transmit packets of an MCG bearer via one or more cells of the MCG, and/or may receive/transmits packets of an SCG bearer via one or more cells of an SCG. Multi-connectivity may also be described as having at least one bearer configured to use radio resources provided by the secondary base station. Multi-connectivity may or may not be configured/implemented in some of the example embodiments. 
     In an example, a wireless device (e.g. Wireless Device  110 ) may transmit and/or receive: packets of an MCG bearer via an SDAP layer (e.g. SDAP  1110 ), a PDCP layer (e.g. NR PDCP  1111 ), an RLC layer (e.g. MN RLC  1114 ), and a MAC layer (e.g. MN MAC  1118 ); packets of a split bearer via an SDAP layer (e.g. SDAP  1110 ), a PDCP layer (e.g. NR PDCP  1112 ), one of a master or secondary RLC layer (e.g. MN RLC  1115 , SN RLC  1116 ), and one of a master or secondary MAC layer (e.g. MN MAC  1118 , SN MAC  1119 ); and/or packets of an SCG bearer via an SDAP layer (e.g. SDAP  1110 ), a PDCP layer (e.g. NR PDCP  1113 ), an RLC layer (e.g. SN RLC  1117 ), and a MAC layer (e.g. MN MAC  1119 ). 
     In an example, a master base station (e.g. MN  1130 ) and/or a secondary base station (e.g. SN  1150 ) may transmit/receive: packets of an MCG bearer via a master or secondary node SDAP layer (e.g. SDAP  1120 , SDAP  1140 ), a master or secondary node PDCP layer (e.g. NR PDCP  1121 , NR PDCP  1142 ), a master node RLC layer (e.g. MN RLC  1124 , MN RLC  1125 ), and a master node MAC layer (e.g. MN MAC  1128 ); packets of an SCG bearer via a master or secondary node SDAP layer (e.g. SDAP  1120 , SDAP  1140 ), a master or secondary node PDCP layer (e.g. NR PDCP  1122 , NR PDCP  1143 ), a secondary node RLC layer (e.g. SN RLC  1146 , SN RLC  1147 ), and a secondary node MAC layer (e.g. SN MAC  1148 ); packets of a split bearer via a master or secondary node SDAP layer (e.g. SDAP  1120 , SDAP  1140 ), a master or secondary node PDCP layer (e.g. NR PDCP  1123 , NR PDCP  1141 ), a master or secondary node RLC layer (e.g. MN RLC  1126 , SN RLC  1144 , SN RLC  1145 , MN RLC  1127 ), and a master or secondary node MAC layer (e.g. MN MAC  1128 , SN MAC  1148 ). 
     In multi connectivity, a wireless device may configure multiple MAC entities: one MAC entity (e.g. MN MAC  1118 ) for a master base station, and other MAC entities (e.g. SN MAC  1119 ) for a secondary base station. In multi-connectivity, a configured set of serving cells for a wireless device may comprise two subsets: an MCG comprising serving cells of a master base station, and SCGs comprising serving cells of a secondary base station. For an SCG, one or more of following configurations may be applied: at least one cell of an SCG has a configured UL CC and at least one cell of a SCG, named as primary secondary cell (PSCell, PCell of SCG, or sometimes called PCell), is configured with PUCCH resources; when an SCG is configured, there may be at least one SCG bearer or one Split bearer; upon detection of a physical layer problem or a random access problem on a PSCell, or a number of NR RLC retransmissions has been reached associated with the SCG, or upon detection of an access problem on a PSCell during a SCG addition or a SCG change: an RRC connection re-establishment procedure may not be triggered, UL transmissions towards cells of an SCG may be stopped, a master base station may be informed by a wireless device of a SCG failure type, for split bearer, a DL data transfer over a master base station may be maintained; an NR RLC acknowledged mode (AM) bearer may be configured for a split bearer; PCell and/or PSCell may not be de-activated; PSCell may be changed with a SCG change procedure (e.g. with security key change and a RACH procedure); and/or a bearer type change between a split bearer and a SCG bearer or simultaneous configuration of a SCG and a split bearer may or may not supported. 
     With respect to interaction between a master base station and a secondary base stations for multi-connectivity, one or more of the following may be applied: a master base station and/or a secondary base station may maintain Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement configurations of a wireless device; a master base station may (e.g. based on received measurement reports, traffic conditions, and/or bearer types) may decide to request a secondary base station to provide additional resources (e.g. serving cells) for a wireless device; upon receiving a request from a master base station, a secondary base station may create/modify a container that may result in configuration of additional serving cells for a wireless device (or decide that the secondary base station has no resource available to do so); for a UE capability coordination, a master base station may provide (a part of) an AS configuration and UE capabilities to a secondary base station; a master base station and a secondary base station may exchange information about a UE configuration by employing of RRC containers (inter-node messages) carried via Xn messages; a secondary base station may initiate a reconfiguration of the secondary base station existing serving cells (e.g. PUCCH towards the secondary base station); a secondary base station may decide which cell is a PSCell within a SCG; a master base station may or may not change content of RRC configurations provided by a secondary base station; in case of a SCG addition and/or a SCG SCell addition, a master base station may provide recent (or the latest) measurement results for SCG cell(s); a master base station and secondary base stations may receive information of SFN and/or subframe offset of each other from OAM and/or via an Xn interface, (e.g. for a purpose of DRX alignment and/or identification of a measurement gap). In an example, when adding a new SCG SCell, dedicated RRC signaling may be used for sending required system information of a cell as for CA, except for a SFN acquired from a MIB of a PSCell of a SCG. 
       FIG. 12  is an example diagram of a random access procedure. One or more events may trigger a random access procedure. For example, one or more events may be at least one of following: initial access from RRC_IDLE, RRC connection re-establishment procedure, handover, DL or UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED when UL synchronization status is non-synchronized, transition from RRC_Inactive, and/or request for other system information. For example, a PDCCH order, a MAC entity, and/or a beam failure indication may initiate a random access procedure. 
     In an example embodiment, a random access procedure may be at least one of a contention based random access procedure and a contention free random access procedure. For example, a contention based random access procedure may comprise, one or more Msg  1   1220  transmissions, one or more Msg 2   1230  transmissions, one or more Msg 3   1240  transmissions, and contention resolution  1250 . For example, a contention free random access procedure may comprise one or more Msg  1   1220  transmissions and one or more Msg 2   1230  transmissions. 
     In an example, a base station may transmit (e.g., unicast, multicast, or broadcast), to a UE, a RACH configuration  1210  via one or more beams. The RACH configuration  1210  may comprise one or more parameters indicating at least one of following: available set of PRACH resources for a transmission of a random access preamble, initial preamble power (e.g., random access preamble initial received target power), an RSRP threshold for a selection of a SS block and corresponding PRACH resource, a power-ramping factor (e.g., random access preamble power ramping step), random access preamble index, a maximum number of preamble transmission, preamble group A and group B, a threshold (e.g., message size) to determine the groups of random access preambles, a set of one or more random access preambles for system information request and corresponding PRACH resource(s), if any, a set of one or more random access preambles for beam failure recovery request and corresponding PRACH resource(s), if any, a time window to monitor RA response(s), a time window to monitor response(s) on beam failure recovery request, and/or a contention resolution timer. 
     In an example, the Msg 1   1220  may be one or more transmissions of a random access preamble. For a contention based random access procedure, a UE may select a SS block with a RSRP above the RSRP threshold. If random access preambles group B exists, a UE may select one or more random access preambles from a group A or a group B depending on a potential Msg 3   1240  size. If a random access preambles group B does not exist, a UE may select the one or more random access preambles from a group A. A UE may select a random access preamble index randomly (e.g. with equal probability or a normal distribution) from one or more random access preambles associated with a selected group. If a base station semi-statistically configures a UE with an association between random access preambles and SS blocks, the UE may select a random access preamble index randomly with equal probability from one or more random access preambles associated with a selected SS block and a selected group. 
     For example, a UE may initiate a contention free random access procedure based on a beam failure indication from a lower layer. For example, a base station may semi-statistically configure a UE with one or more contention free PRACH resources for beam failure recovery request associated with at least one of SS blocks and/or CSI-RSs. If at least one of SS blocks with a RSRP above a first RSRP threshold amongst associated SS blocks or at least one of CSI-RSs with a RSRP above a second RSRP threshold amongst associated CSI-RSs is available, a UE may select a random access preamble index corresponding to a selected SS block or CSI-RS from a set of one or more random access preambles for beam failure recovery request. 
     For example, a UE may receive, from a base station, a random access preamble index via PDCCH or RRC for a contention free random access procedure. If a base station does not configure a UE with at least one contention free PRACH resource associated with SS blocks or CSI-RS, the UE may select a random access preamble index. If a base station configures a UE with one or more contention free PRACH resources associated with SS blocks and at least one SS block with a RSRP above a first RSRP threshold amongst associated SS blocks is available, the UE may select the at least one SS block and select a random access preamble corresponding to the at least one SS block. If a base station configures a UE with one or more contention free PRACH resources associated with CSI-RSs and at least one CSI-RS with a RSRP above a second RSPR threshold amongst the associated CSI-RSs is available, the UE may select the at least one CSI-RS and select a random access preamble corresponding to the at least one CSI-RS. 
     A UE may perform one or more Msg 1   1220  transmissions by transmitting the selected random access preamble. For example, if a UE selects an SS block and is configured with an association between one or more PRACH occasions and one or more SS blocks, the UE may determine an PRACH occasion from one or more PRACH occasions corresponding to a selected SS block. For example, if a UE selects a CSI-RS and is configured with an association between one or more PRACH occasions and one or more CSI-RSs, the UE may determine a PRACH occasion from one or more PRACH occasions corresponding to a selected CSI-RS. A UE may transmit, to a base station, a selected random access preamble via a selected PRACH occasions. A UE may determine a transmit power for a transmission of a selected random access preamble at least based on an initial preamble power and a power-ramping factor. A UE may determine a RA-RNTI associated with a selected PRACH occasions in which a selected random access preamble is transmitted. For example, a UE may not determine a RA-RNTI for a beam failure recovery request. A UE may determine an RA-RNTI at least based on an index of a first OFDM symbol and an index of a first slot of a selected PRACH occasions, and/or an uplink carrier index for a transmission of Msg 1   1220 . 
     In an example, a UE may receive, from a base station, a random access response, Msg  2   1230 . A UE may start a time window (e.g., ra-Response Window) to monitor a random access response. For beam failure recovery request, a base station may configure a UE with a different time window (e.g., bfr-Response Window) to monitor response on beam failure recovery request. For example, a UE may start a time window (e.g., ra-Response Window or bfr-Response Window) at a start of a first PDCCH occasion after a fixed duration of one or more symbols from an end of a preamble transmission. If a UE transmits multiple preambles, the UE may start a time window at a start of a first PDCCH occasion after a fixed duration of one or more symbols from an end of a first preamble transmission. A UE may monitor a PDCCH of a cell for at least one random access response identified by a RA-RNTI or for at least one response to beam failure recovery request identified by a C-RNTI while a timer for a time window is running. 
     In an example, a UE may consider a reception of random access response successful if at least one random access response comprises a random access preamble identifier corresponding to a random access preamble transmitted by the UE. A UE may consider the contention free random access procedure successfully completed if a reception of random access response is successful. If a contention free random access procedure is triggered for a beam failure recovery request, a UE may consider a contention free random access procedure successfully complete if a PDCCH transmission is addressed to a C-RNTI. In an example, if at least one random access response comprises a random access preamble identifier, a UE may consider the random access procedure successfully completed and may indicate a reception of an acknowledgement for a system information request to upper layers. If a UE has signaled multiple preamble transmissions, the UE may stop transmitting remaining preambles (if any) in response to a successful reception of a corresponding random access response. 
     In an example, a UE may perform one or more Msg  3   1240  transmissions in response to a successful reception of random access response (e.g., for a contention based random access procedure). A UE may adjust an uplink transmission timing based on a timing advanced command indicated by a random access response and may transmit one or more transport blocks based on an uplink grant indicated by a random access response. Subcarrier spacing for PUSCH transmission for Msg 3   1240  may be provided by at least one higher layer (e.g. RRC) parameter. A UE may transmit a random access preamble via PRACH and Msg 3   1240  via PUSCH on a same cell. A base station may indicate an UL BWP for a PUSCH transmission of Msg 3   1240  via system information block. A UE may employ HARQ for a retransmission of Msg  3   1240 . 
     In an example, multiple UEs may perform Msg  1   1220  by transmitting a same preamble to a base station and receive, from the base station, a same random access response comprising an identity (e.g., TC-RNTI). Contention resolution  1250  may ensure that a UE does not incorrectly use an identity of another UE. For example, contention resolution  1250  may be based on C-RNTI on PDCCH or a UE contention resolution identity on DL-SCH. For example, if a base station assigns a C-RNTI to a UE, the UE may perform contention resolution  1250  based on a reception of a PDCCH transmission that is addressed to the C-RNTI. In response to detection of a C-RNTI on a PDCCH, a UE may consider contention resolution  1250  successful and may consider a random access procedure successfully completed. If a UE has no valid C-RNTI, a contention resolution may be addressed by employing a TC-RNTI. For example, if a MAC PDU is successfully decoded and a MAC PDU comprises a UE contention resolution identity MAC CE that matches the CCCH SDU transmitted in Msg 3   1250 , a UE may consider the contention resolution  1250  successful and may consider the random access procedure successfully completed. 
       FIG. 13  is an example structure for MAC entities as per an aspect of an embodiment. In an example, a wireless device may be configured to operate in a multi-connectivity mode. A wireless device in RRC_CONNECTED with multiple RX/TX may be configured to utilize radio resources provided by multiple schedulers located in a plurality of base stations. The plurality of base stations may be connected via a non-ideal or ideal backhaul over the Xn interface. In an example, a base station in a plurality of base stations may act as a master base station or as a secondary base station. A wireless device may be connected to one master base station and one or more secondary base stations. A wireless device may be configured with multiple MAC entities, e.g. one MAC entity for master base station, and one or more other MAC entities for secondary base station(s). In an example, a configured set of serving cells for a wireless device may comprise two subsets: an MCG comprising serving cells of a master base station, and one or more SCGs comprising serving cells of a secondary base station(s).  FIG. 13  illustrates an example structure for MAC entities when MCG and SCG are configured for a wireless device. 
     In an example, at least one cell in a SCG may have a configured UL CC, wherein a cell of at least one cell may be called PSCell or PCell of SCG, or sometimes may be simply called PCell. A PSCell may be configured with PUCCH resources. In an example, when a SCG is configured, there may be at least one SCG bearer or one split bearer. In an example, upon detection of a physical layer problem or a random access problem on a PSCell, or upon reaching a number of RLC retransmissions associated with the SCG, or upon detection of an access problem on a PSCell during a SCG addition or a SCG change: an RRC connection re-establishment procedure may not be triggered, UL transmissions towards cells of an SCG may be stopped, a master base station may be informed by a UE of a SCG failure type and DL data transfer over a master base station may be maintained. 
     In an example, a MAC sublayer may provide services such as data transfer and radio resource allocation to upper layers (e.g.  1310  or  1320 ). A MAC sublayer may comprise a plurality of MAC entities (e.g.  1350  and  1360 ). A MAC sublayer may provide data transfer services on logical channels. To accommodate different kinds of data transfer services, multiple types of logical channels may be defined. A logical channel may support transfer of a particular type of information. A logical channel type may be defined by what type of information (e.g., control or data) is transferred. For example, BCCH, PCCH, CCCH and DCCH may be control channels and DTCH may be a traffic channel. In an example, a first MAC entity (e.g.  1310 ) may provide services on PCCH, BCCH, CCCH, DCCH, DTCH and MAC control elements. In an example, a second MAC entity (e.g.  1320 ) may provide services on BCCH, DCCH, DTCH and MAC control elements. 
     A MAC sublayer may expect from a physical layer (e.g.  1330  or  1340 ) services such as data transfer services, signaling of HARQ feedback, signaling of scheduling request or measurements (e.g. CQI). In an example, in dual connectivity, two MAC entities may be configured for a wireless device: one for MCG and one for SCG. A MAC entity of wireless device may handle a plurality of transport channels. In an example, a first MAC entity may handle first transport channels comprising a PCCH of MCG, a first BCH of MCG, one or more first DL-SCHs of MCG, one or more first UL-SCHs of MCG and one or more first RACHs of MCG. In an example, a second MAC entity may handle second transport channels comprising a second BCH of SCG, one or more second DL-SCHs of SCG, one or more second UL-SCHs of SCG and one or more second RACHs of SCG. 
     In an example, if a MAC entity is configured with one or more SCells, there may be multiple DL-SCHs and there may be multiple UL-SCHs as well as multiple RACHs per MAC entity. In an example, there may be one DL-SCH and UL-SCH on a SpCell. In an example, there may be one DL-SCH, zero or one UL-SCH and zero or one RACH for an SCell. A DL-SCH may support receptions using different numerologies and/or TTI duration within a MAC entity. A UL-SCH may also support transmissions using different numerologies and/or TTI duration within the MAC entity. 
     In an example, a MAC sublayer may support different functions and may control these functions with a control (e.g.  1355  or  1365 ) element. Functions performed by a MAC entity may comprise mapping between logical channels and transport channels (e.g., in uplink or downlink), multiplexing (e.g.  1352  or  1362 ) of MAC SDUs from one or different logical channels onto transport blocks (TB) to be delivered to the physical layer on transport channels (e.g., in uplink), demultiplexing (e.g.  1352  or  1362 ) of MAC SDUs to one or different logical channels from transport blocks (TB) delivered from the physical layer on transport channels (e.g., in downlink), scheduling information reporting (e.g., in uplink), error correction through HARQ in uplink or downlink (e.g.  1363 ), and logical channel prioritization in uplink (e.g.  1351  or  1361 ). A MAC entity may handle a random access process (e.g.  1354  or  1364 ). 
       FIG. 14  is an example diagram of a RAN architecture comprising one or more base stations. In an example, a protocol stack (e.g. RRC, SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY) may be supported at a node. A base station (e.g. gNB  120 A or  120 B) may comprise a base station central unit (CU) (e.g. gNB-CU  1420 A or  1420 B) and at least one base station distributed unit (DU) (e.g. gNB-DU  1430 A,  1430 B,  1430 C, or  1430 D) if a functional split is configured. Upper protocol layers of a base station may be located in a base station CU, and lower layers of the base station may be located in the base station DUs. An F1 interface (e.g. CU-DU interface) connecting a base station CU and base station DUs may be an ideal or non-ideal backhaul. F1-C may provide a control plane connection over an F1 interface, and F1-U may provide a user plane connection over the F1 interface. In an example, an Xn interface may be configured between base station CUs. 
     In an example, a base station CU may comprise an RRC function, an SDAP layer, and a PDCP layer, and base station DUs may comprise an RLC layer, a MAC layer, and a PHY layer. In an example, various functional split options between a base station CU and base station DUs may be possible by locating different combinations of upper protocol layers (RAN functions) in a base station CU and different combinations of lower protocol layers (RAN functions) in base station DUs. A functional split may support flexibility to move protocol layers between a base station CU and base station DUs depending on service requirements and/or network environments. 
     In an example, functional split options may be configured per base station, per base station CU, per base station DU, per UE, per bearer, per slice, or with other granularities. In per base station CU split, a base station CU may have a fixed split option, and base station DUs may be configured to match a split option of a base station CU. In per base station DU split, a base station DU may be configured with a different split option, and a base station CU may provide different split options for different base station DUs. In per UE split, a base station (base station CU and at least one base station DUs) may provide different split options for different wireless devices. In per bearer split, different split options may be utilized for different bearers. In per slice splice, different split options may be applied for different slices. 
       FIG. 15  is an example diagram showing RRC state transitions of a wireless device. In an example, a wireless device may be in at least one RRC state among an RRC connected state (e.g. RRC Connected  1530 , RRC_Connected), an RRC idle state (e.g. RRC Idle  1510 , RRC_Idle), and/or an RRC inactive state (e.g. RRC Inactive  1520 , RRC_Inactive). In an example, in an RRC connected state, a wireless device may have at least one RRC connection with at least one base station (e.g. gNB and/or eNB), which may have a UE context of the wireless device. A UE context (e.g. a wireless device context) may comprise at least one of an access stratum context, one or more radio link configuration parameters, bearer (e.g. data radio bearer (DRB), signaling radio bearer (SRB), logical channel, QoS flow, PDU session, and/or the like) configuration information, security information, PHY/MAC/RLC/PDCP/SDAP layer configuration information, and/or the like configuration information for a wireless device. In an example, in an RRC idle state, a wireless device may not have an RRC connection with a base station, and a UE context of a wireless device may not be stored in a base station. In an example, in an RRC inactive state, a wireless device may not have an RRC connection with a base station. A UE context of a wireless device may be stored in a base station, which may be called as an anchor base station (e.g. last serving base station). 
     In an example, a wireless device may transition a UE RRC state between an RRC idle state and an RRC connected state in both ways (e.g. connection release  1540  or connection establishment  1550 ; or connection reestablishment) and/or between an RRC inactive state and an RRC connected state in both ways (e.g. connection inactivation  1570  or connection resume  1580 ). In an example, a wireless device may transition its RRC state from an RRC inactive state to an RRC idle state (e.g. connection release  1560 ). 
     In an example, an anchor base station may be a base station that may keep a UE context (a wireless device context) of a wireless device at least during a time period that a wireless device stays in a RAN notification area (RNA) of an anchor base station, and/or that a wireless device stays in an RRC inactive state. In an example, an anchor base station may be a base station that a wireless device in an RRC inactive state was lastly connected to in a latest RRC connected state or that a wireless device lastly performed an RNA update procedure in. In an example, an RNA may comprise one or more cells operated by one or more base stations. In an example, a base station may belong to one or more RNAs. In an example, a cell may belong to one or more RNAs. 
     In an example, a wireless device may transition a UE RRC state from an RRC connected state to an RRC inactive state in a base station. A wireless device may receive RNA information from the base station. RNA information may comprise at least one of an RNA identifier, one or more cell identifiers of one or more cells of an RNA, a base station identifier, an IP address of the base station, an AS context identifier of the wireless device, a resume identifier, and/or the like. 
     In an example, an anchor base station may broadcast a message (e.g. RAN paging message) to base stations of an RNA to reach to a wireless device in an RRC inactive state, and/or the base stations receiving the message from the anchor base station may broadcast and/or multicast another message (e.g. paging message) to wireless devices in their coverage area, cell coverage area, and/or beam coverage area associated with the RNA through an air interface. 
     In an example, when a wireless device in an RRC inactive state moves into a new RNA, the wireless device may perform an RNA update (RNAU) procedure, which may comprise a random access procedure by the wireless device and/or a UE context retrieve procedure. A UE context retrieve may comprise: receiving, by a base station from a wireless device, a random access preamble; and fetching, by a base station, a UE context of the wireless device from an old anchor base station. Fetching may comprise: sending a retrieve UE context request message comprising a resume identifier to the old anchor base station and receiving a retrieve UE context response message comprising the UE context of the wireless device from the old anchor base station. 
     In an example embodiment, a wireless device in an RRC inactive state may select a cell to camp on based on at least a on measurement results for one or more cells, a cell where a wireless device may monitor an RNA paging message and/or a core network paging message from a base station. In an example, a wireless device in an RRC inactive state may select a cell to perform a random access procedure to resume an RRC connection and/or to transmit one or more packets to a base station (e.g. to a network). In an example, if a cell selected belongs to a different RNA from an RNA for a wireless device in an RRC inactive state, the wireless device may initiate a random access procedure to perform an RNA update procedure. In an example, if a wireless device in an RRC inactive state has one or more packets, in a buffer, to transmit to a network, the wireless device may initiate a random access procedure to transmit one or more packets to a base station of a cell that the wireless device selects. A random access procedure may be performed with two messages (e.g.  2  stage random access) and/or four messages (e.g.  4  stage random access) between the wireless device and the base station. 
     In an example embodiment, a base station receiving one or more uplink packets from a wireless device in an RRC inactive state may fetch a UE context of a wireless device by transmitting a retrieve UE context request message for the wireless device to an anchor base station of the wireless device based on at least one of an AS context identifier, an RNA identifier, a base station identifier, a resume identifier, and/or a cell identifier received from the wireless device. In response to fetching a UE context, a base station may transmit a path switch request for a wireless device to a core network entity (e.g. AMF, MME, and/or the like). A core network entity may update a downlink tunnel endpoint identifier for one or more bearers established for the wireless device between a user plane core network entity (e.g. UPF, S-GW, and/or the like) and a RAN node (e.g. the base station), e.g. changing a downlink tunnel endpoint identifier from an address of the anchor base station to an address of the base station. 
     A gNB may communicate with a wireless device via a wireless network employing one or more new radio technologies. The one or more radio technologies may comprise at least one of: multiple technologies related to physical layer; multiple technologies related to medium access control layer; and/or multiple technologies related to radio resource control layer. Example embodiments of enhancing the one or more radio technologies may improve performance of a wireless network. Example embodiments may increase the system throughput, or data rate of transmission. Example embodiments may reduce battery consumption of a wireless device. Example embodiments may improve latency of data transmission between a gNB and a wireless device. Example embodiments may improve network coverage of a wireless network. Example embodiments may improve transmission efficiency of a wireless network. 
     A gNB may transmit one or more MAC PDUs to a wireless device. In an example, a MAC PDU may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., a multiple of eight bits) in length. In an example, bit strings may be represented by tables in which the most significant bit is the leftmost bit of the first line of the table, and the least significant bit is the rightmost bit on the last line of the table. More generally, the bit string may be read from left to right and then in the reading order of the lines. In an example, the bit order of a parameter field within a MAC PDU is represented with the first and most significant bit in the leftmost bit and the last and least significant bit in the rightmost bit. 
     In an example, a MAC SDU may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., a multiple of eight bits) in length. In an example, a MAC SDU may be included in a MAC PDU from the first bit onward. 
     In an example, a MAC CE may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., a multiple of eight bits) in length. 
     In an example, a MAC subheader may be a bit string that is byte aligned (e.g., a multiple of eight bits) in length. In an example, a MAC subheader may be placed immediately in front of a corresponding MAC SDU, MAC CE, or padding. 
     In an example, a MAC entity may ignore a value of reserved bits in a DL MAC PDU. 
     In an example, a MAC PDU may comprise one or more MAC subPDUs. A MAC subPDU of the one or more MAC subPDUs may comprise: a MAC subheader only (including padding); a MAC subhearder and a MAC SDU; a MAC subheader and a MAC CE; and/or a MAC subheader and padding. In an example, the MAC SDU may be of variable size. In an example, a MAC subhearder may correspond to a MAC SDU, a MAC CE, or padding. 
     In an example, when a MAC subheader corresponds to a MAC SDU, a variable-sized MAC CE, or padding, the MAC subheader may comprise: an R field with a one bit length; an F field with a one bit length; an LCID field with a multi-bit length; and/or an L field with a multi-bit length. 
       FIG. 16A  shows an example of a MAC subheader with an R field, an F field, an LCID field, and an L field. In the example MAC subheader of  FIG. 16A , the LCID field may be six bits in length, and the L field may be eight bits in length.  FIG. 16B  shows example of a MAC subheader with an R field, a F field, an LCID field, and an L field. In the example MAC subheader of  FIG. 16B , the LCID field may be six bits in length, and the L field may be sixteen bits in length. 
     In an example, when a MAC subheader corresponds to a fixed sized MAC CE or padding, the MAC subheader may comprise: an R field with a two bit length and an LCID field with a multi-bit length.  FIG. 16C  shows an example of a MAC subheader with an R field and an LCID field. In the example MAC subheader of  FIG. 16C , the LCID field may be six bits in length, and the R field may be two bits in length. 
       FIG. 17A  shows an example of a DL MAC PDU. In the example of  FIG. 17A , multiple MAC CEs, such as MAC CE  1  and  2 , may be placed together. A MAC subPDU comprising a MAC CE may be placed before any MAC subPDU comprising a MAC SDU or a MAC subPDU comprising padding. 
       FIG. 17B  shows an example of a UL MAC PDU. In the example of  FIG. 17B , multiple MAC CEs, such as MAC CE  1  and  2 , may be placed together. A MAC subPDU comprising a MAC CE may be placed after all MAC subPDUs comprising a MAC SDU. In addition, the MAC subPDU may be placed before a MAC subPDU comprising padding. 
     In an example, a MAC entity of a gNB may transmit one or more MAC CEs to a MAC entity of a wireless device.  FIG. 18  shows an example of multiple LCIDs that may be associated with the one or more MAC CEs. In the example of  FIG. 18 , the one or more MAC CEs comprise at least one of: a SP ZP CSI-RS Resource Set Activation/Deactivation MAC CE; a PUCCH spatial relation Activation/Deactivation MAC CE; a SP SRS Activation/Deactivation MAC CE; a SP CSI reporting on PUCCH Activation/Deactivation MAC CE; a TCI State Indication for UE-specific PDCCH MAC CE; a TCI State Indication for UE-specific PDSCH MAC CE; an Aperiodic CSI Trigger State Subselection MAC CE; a SP CSI-RS/CSI-IM Resource Set Activation/Deactivation MAC CE; a UE contention resolution identity MAC CE; a timing advance command MAC CE; a DRX command MAC CE; a Long DRX command MAC CE; an SCell activation/deactivation MAC CE (1 Octet); an SCell activation/deactivation MAC CE (4 Octet); and/or a duplication activation/deactivation MAC CE. In an example, a MAC CE, such as a MAC CE transmitted by a MAC entity of a gNB to a MAC entity of a wireless device, may have an LCID in the MAC subheader corresponding to the MAC CE. Different MAC CE may have different LCID in the MAC subheader corresponding to the MAC CE. For example, an LCID given by  111011  in a MAC subheader may indicate that a MAC CE associated with the MAC subheader is a long DRX command MAC CE. 
     In an example, the MAC entity of the wireless device may transmit to the MAC entity of the gNB one or more MAC CEs.  FIG. 19  shows an example of the one or more MAC CEs. The one or more MAC CEs may comprise at least one of: a short buffer status report (BSR) MAC CE; a long BSR MAC CE; a C-RNTI MAC CE; a configured grant confirmation MAC CE; a single entry PHR MAC CE; a multiple entry PHR MAC CE; a short truncated BSR; and/or a long truncated BSR. In an example, a MAC CE may have an LCID in the MAC subheader corresponding to the MAC CE. Different MAC CE may have different LCID in the MAC subheader corresponding to the MAC CE. For example, an LCID given by  111011  in a MAC subheader may indicate that a MAC CE associated with the MAC subheader is a short-truncated command MAC CE. 
     In carrier aggregation (CA), two or more component carriers (CCs) may be aggregated. A wireless device may simultaneously receive or transmit on one or more CCs, depending on capabilities of the wireless device, using the technique of CA. In an example, a wireless device may support CA for contiguous CCs and/or for non-contiguous CCs. CCs may be organized into cells. For example, CCs may be organized into one primary cell (PCell) and one or more secondary cells (SCells). 
     When configured with CA, a wireless device may have one RRC connection with a network. During an RRC connection establishment/re-establishment/handover, a cell providing NAS mobility information may be a serving cell. During an RRC connection re-establishment/handover procedure, a cell providing a security input may be a serving cell. In an example, the serving cell may denote a PCell. In an example, a gNB may transmit, to a wireless device, one or more messages comprising configuration parameters of a plurality of one or more SCells, depending on capabilities of the wireless device. 
     When configured with CA, a base station and/or a wireless device may employ an activation/deactivation mechanism of an SCell to improve battery or power consumption of the wireless device. When a wireless device is configured with one or more SCells, a gNB may activate or deactivate at least one of the one or more SCells. Upon configuration of an SCell, the SCell may be deactivated unless an SCell state associated with the SCell is set to “activated” or “dormant”. 
     In an example, a wireless device may activate/deactivate an SCell in response to receiving an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE. 
     In an example, a gNB may transmit, to a wireless device, one or more messages comprising an SCell timer (e.g., sCellDeactivationTimer). In an example, a wireless device may deactivate an SCell in response to an expiry of the SCell timer. 
     When a wireless device receives an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE activating an SCell, the wireless device may activate the SCell. In response to the activating the SCell, the wireless device may perform operations comprising: SRS transmissions on the SCell; CQI/PMI/RI/CRI reporting for the SCell; PDCCH monitoring on the SCell; PDCCH monitoring for the SCell; and/or PUCCH transmissions on the SCell. 
     In an example, in response to the activating the SCell, the wireless device may start or restart a first SCell timer (e.g., sCellDeactivationTimer) associated with the SCell. The wireless device may start or restart the first SCell timer in the slot when the SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE activating the SCell has been received. In an example, in response to the activating the SCell, the wireless device may (re-)initialize one or more suspended configured uplink grants of a configured grant Type 1 associated with the SCell according to a stored configuration. In an example, in response to the activating the SCell, the wireless device may trigger PHR. 
     When a wireless device receives an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE deactivating an activated SCell, the wireless device may deactivate the activated SCell. In an example, when a first SCell timer (e.g., sCellDeactivationTimer) associated with an activated SCell expires, the wireless device may deactivate the activated SCell. In response to the deactivating the activated SCell, the wireless device may stop the first SCell timer associated with the activated SCell. In an example, in response to the deactivating the activated SCell, the wireless device may clear one or more configured downlink assignments and/or one or more configured uplink grants of a configured uplink grant Type 2 associated with the activated SCell. In an example, in response to the deactivating the activated SCell, the wireless device may: suspend one or more configured uplink grants of a configured uplink grant Type 1 associated with the activated SCell; and/or flush HARQ buffers associated with the activated SCell. 
     In an example, when an SCell is deactivated, a wireless device may not perform operations comprising: transmitting SRS on the SCell; reporting CQI/PMI/RI/CRI for the SCell; transmitting on UL-SCH on the SCell; transmitting on RACH on the SCell; monitoring at least one first PDCCH on the SCell; monitoring at least one second PDCCH for the SCell; and/or transmitting a PUCCH on the SCell. 
     In an example, when at least one first PDCCH on an activated SCell indicates an uplink grant or a downlink assignment, a wireless device may restart a first SCell timer (e.g., sCellDeactivationTimer) associated with the activated SCell. In an example, when at least one second PDCCH on a serving cell (e.g. a PCell or an SCell configured with PUCCH, i.e. PUCCH SCell) scheduling the activated SCell indicates an uplink grant or a downlink assignment for the activated SCell, a wireless device may restart the first SCell timer (e.g., sCellDeactivationTimer) associated with the activated SCell. 
     In an example, when an SCell is deactivated, if there is an ongoing random access procedure on the SCell, a wireless device may abort the ongoing random access procedure on the SCell. 
       FIG. 20A  shows an example of an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of one octet. A first MAC PDU subheader with a first LCID (e.g., ‘111010’ as shown in  FIG. 18 ) may identify the SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of one octet. The SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of one octet may have a fixed size. The SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of one octet may comprise a single octet. The single octet may comprise a first number of C-fields (e.g. seven) and a second number of R-fields (e.g., one). 
       FIG. 20B  shows an example of an SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of four octets. A second MAC PDU subheader with a second LCID (e.g., ‘111001’ as shown in  FIG. 18 ) may identify the SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of four octets. The SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of four octets may have a fixed size. The SCell Activation/Deactivation MAC CE of four octets may comprise four octets. The four octets may comprise a third number of C-fields (e.g.,  31 ) and a fourth number of R-fields (e.g.,  1 ). 
     In  FIG. 20A  and/or  FIG. 20B , a C, field may indicate an activation/deactivation status of an SCell with an SCell index i if an SCell with SCell index i is configured. In an example, when the C, field is set to one, an SCell with an SCell index i may be activated. In an example, when the C, field is set to zero, an SCell with an SCell index i may be deactivated. In an example, if there is no SCell configured with SCell index i, the wireless device may ignore the C, field. In  FIG. 20A  and  FIG. 20B , an R field may indicate a reserved bit. The R field may be set to zero. 
     When configured with CA, a base station and/or a wireless device may employ a hibernation mechanism for an SCell to improve battery or power consumption of the wireless device and/or to improve latency of SCell activation/addition. When the wireless device hibernates the SCell, the SCell may be transitioned into a dormant state. In response to the SCell being transitioned into a dormant state, the wireless device may: stop transmitting SRS on the SCell; report CQI/PMI/RI/PTI/CRI for the SCell according to a periodicity configured for the SCell in a dormant state; not transmit on UL-SCH on the SCell; not transmit on RACH on the SCell; not monitor the PDCCH on the SCell; not monitor the PDCCH for the SCell; and/or not transmit PUCCH on the SCell. In an example, reporting CSI for an SCell and not monitoring the PDCCH on/for the SCell, when the SCell is in a dormant state, may provide the base station an always-updated CSI for the SCell. With the always-updated CSI, the base station may employ a quick and/or accurate channel adaptive scheduling on the SCell once the SCell is transitioned back into active state, thereby speeding up the activation procedure of the SCell. In an example, reporting CSI for the SCell and not monitoring the PDCCH on/for the SCell, when the SCell is in dormant state, may improve battery or power consumption of the wireless device, while still providing the base station timely and/or accurate channel information feedback. In an example, a PCell/PSCell and/or a PUCCH secondary cell may not be configured or transitioned into dormant state. 
     When configured with one or more SCells, a gNB may activate, hibernate, or deactivate at least one of the one or more SCells. In an example, a gNB may transmit one or more RRC messages comprising parameters indicating at least one SCell being set to an active state, a dormant state, or an inactive state, to a wireless device. 
     In an example, when an SCell is in an active state, the wireless device may perform: SRS transmissions on the SCell; CQI/PMI/RI/CRI reporting for the SCell; PDCCH monitoring on the SCell; PDCCH monitoring for the SCell; and/or PUCCH/SPUCCH transmissions on the SCell. 
     In an example, when an SCell is in an inactive state, the wireless device may: not transmit SRS on the SCell; not report CQI/PMI/RI/CRI for the SCell; not transmit on UL-SCH on the SCell; not transmit on RACH on the SCell; not monitor PDCCH on the SCell; not monitor PDCCH for the SCell; and/or not transmit PUCCH/SPUCCH on the SCell. 
     In an example, when an SCell is in a dormant state, the wireless device may: not transmit SRS on the SCell; report CQI/PMI/RI/CRI for the SCell; not transmit on UL-SCH on the SCell; not transmit on RACH on the SCell; not monitor PDCCH on the SCell; not monitor PDCCH for the SCell; and/or not transmit PUCCH/SPUCCH on the SCell. 
     When configured with one or more SCells, a gNB may activate, hibernate, or deactivate at least one of the one or more SCells. In an example, a gNB may transmit one or more MAC control elements comprising parameters indicating activation, deactivation, or hibernation of at least one SCell to a wireless device. 
     In an example, a gNB may transmit a first MAC CE (e.g., activation/deactivation MAC CE, as shown in  FIG. 20A  or  FIG. 20B ) indicating activation or deactivation of at least one SCell to a wireless device. In  FIG. 20A  and/or  FIG. 20B , a C, field may indicate an activation/deactivation status of an SCell with an SCell index i if an SCell with SCell index i is configured. In an example, when the C, field is set to one, an SCell with an SCell index i may be activated. In an example, when the C, field is set to zero, an SCell with an SCell index i may be deactivated. In an example, if there is no SCell configured with SCell index i, the wireless device may ignore the C, field. In  FIG. 20A  and  FIG. 20B , an R field may indicate a reserved bit. In an example, the R field may be set to zero. 
     In an example, a gNB may transmit a second MAC CE (e.g., hibernation MAC CE) indicating activation or hibernation of at least one SCell to a wireless device. In an example, the second MAC CE may be associated with a second LCID different from a first LCID of the first MAC CE (e.g., activation/deactivation MAC CE). In an example, the second MAC CE may have a fixed size. In an example, the second MAC CE may consist of a single octet containing seven C-fields and one R-field.  FIG. 21A  shows an example of the second MAC CE with a single octet. In another example, the second MAC CE may consist of four octets containing 31 C-fields and one R-field.  FIG. 21B  shows an example of the second MAC CE with four octets. In an example, the second MAC CE with four octets may be associated with a third LCID different from the second LCID for the second MAC CE with a single octet, and/or the first LCID for activation/deactivation MAC CE. In an example, when there is no SCell with a serving cell index greater than 7, the second MAC CE of one octet may be applied, otherwise the second MAC CE of four octets may be applied. 
     In an example, when the second MAC CE is received, and the first MAC CE is not received, C, may indicate a dormant/activated status of an SCell with SCell index i if there is an SCell configured with SCell index i, otherwise the MAC entity may ignore the C, field. In an example, when C, is set to “1”, the wireless device may transition an SCell associated with SCell index i into a dormant state. In an example, when Ci is set to “0”, the wireless device may activate an SCell associated with SCell index i. In an example, when C is set to “0” and the SCell with SCell index i is in a dormant state, the wireless device may activate the SCell with SCell index i. In an example, when C, is set to “0” and the SCell with SCell index i is not in a dormant state, the wireless device may ignore the C, field. 
     In an example, when both the first MAC CE (activation/deactivation MAC CE) and the second MAC CE (hibernation MAC CE) are received, two C, fields of the two MAC CEs may indicate possible state transitions of the SCell with SCell index i if there is an SCell configured with SCell index i, otherwise the MAC entity may ignore the C, fields. In an example, the C, fields of the two MAC CEs may be interpreted according to  FIG. 21C . 
     When configured with one or more SCells, a gNB may activate, hibernate, or deactivate at least one of the one or more SCells. In an example, a MAC entity of a gNB and/or a wireless device may maintain an SCell deactivation timer (e.g., sCellDeactivationTimer) per configured SCell (except the SCell configured with PUCCH/SPUCCH, if any) and deactivate the associated SCell upon its expiry. 
     In an example, a MAC entity of a gNB and/or a wireless device may maintain an SCell hibernation timer (e.g., sCellHibernationTimer) per configured SCell (except the SCell configured with PUCCH/SPUCCH, if any) and hibernate the associated SCell upon the SCell hibernation timer expiry if the SCell is in active state. In an example, when both the SCell deactivation timer and the SCell hibernation timer are configured, the SCell hibernation timer may take priority over the SCell deactivation timer. In an example, when both the SCell deactivation timer and the SCell hibernation timer are configured, a gNB and/or a wireless device may ignore the SCell deactivation timer regardless of the SCell deactivation timer expiry. 
     In an example, a MAC entity of a gNB and/or a wireless device may maintain a dormant SCell deactivation timer (e.g., dormantSCellDeactivationTimer) per configured SCell (except the SCell configured with PUCCH/SPUCCH, if any), and deactivate the associated SCell upon the dormant SCell deactivation timer expiry if the SCell is in dormant state. 
     In an example, when a MAC entity of a wireless device is configured with an activated SCell upon SCell configuration, the MAC entity may activate the SCell. In an example, when a MAC entity of a wireless device receives a MAC CE(s) activating an SCell, the MAC entity may activate the SCell. In an example, the MAC entity may start or restart the SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell in response to activating the SCell. In an example, the MAC entity may start or restart the SCell hibernation timer (if configured) associated with the SCell in response to activating the SCell. In an example, the MAC entity may trigger PHR procedure in response to activating the SCell. 
     In an example, when a MAC entity of a wireless device receives a MAC CE(s) indicating deactivating an SCell, the MAC entity may deactivate the SCell. In an example, in response to receiving the MAC CE(s), the MAC entity may: deactivate the SCell; stop an SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; and/or flush all HARQ buffers associated with the SCell. 
     In an example, when an SCell deactivation timer associated with an activated SCell expires and an SCell hibernation timer is not configured, the MAC entity may: deactivate the SCell; stop the SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; and/or flush all HARQ buffers associated with the SCell. 
     In an example, when a first PDCCH on an activated SCell indicates an uplink grant or downlink assignment, or a second PDCCH on a serving cell scheduling an activated SCell indicates an uplink grant or a downlink assignment for the activated SCell, or a MAC PDU is transmitted in a configured uplink grant or received in a configured downlink assignment, the MAC entity may: restart the SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; and/or restart the SCell hibernation timer associated with the SCell if configured. In an example, when an SCell is deactivated, an ongoing random access procedure on the SCell may be aborted. 
     In an example, when a MAC entity is configured with an SCell associated with an SCell state set to dormant state upon the SCell configuration, or when the MAC entity receives MAC CE(s) indicating transitioning the SCell into a dormant state, the MAC entity may: transition the SCell into a dormant state; transmit one or more CSI reports for the SCell; stop an SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; stop an SCell hibernation timer associated with the SCell if configured; start or restart a dormant SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; and/or flush all HARQ buffers associated with the SCell. In an example, in response to receiving an indication indicating transitioning the SCell into a dormant state, a wireless device may: transition the SCell into a dormant state; transmit one or more CSI reports for the SCell; stop an SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; stop an SCell hibernation timer associated with the SCell if configured; start or restart a dormant SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; and/or flush all HARQ buffers associated with the SCell. In an example, when the SCell hibernation timer associated with the activated SCell expires, the MAC entity may: hibernate the SCell; stop the SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell; stop the SCell hibernation timer associated with the SCell; and/or flush all HARQ buffers associated with the SCell. In an example, when a dormant SCell deactivation timer associated with a dormant SCell expires, the MAC entity may: deactivate the SCell; and/or stop the dormant SCell deactivation timer associated with the SCell. In an example, when an SCell is in dormant state, ongoing random access procedure on the SCell may be aborted. 
       FIG. 22  shows DCI formats for an example of 20 MHz FDD operation with 2 Tx antennas at the base station and no carrier aggregation in an LTE system. In a NR system, the DCI formats may comprise at least one of: DCI format 0_0/0_1 indicating scheduling of PUSCH in a cell; DCI format 1_0/1_1 indicating scheduling of PDSCH in a cell; DCI format 2_0 notifying a group of UEs of slot format; DCI format 2_1 notifying a group of UEs of PRB(s) and OFDM symbol(s) where a UE may assume no transmission is intended for the UE; DCI format 2_2 indicating transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH and PUSCH; and/or DCI format 2_3 indicating transmission of a group of TPC commands for SRS transmission by one or more UEs. In an example, a gNB may transmit a DCI via a PDCCH for scheduling decision and power-control commends. More specifically, the DCI may comprise at least one of: downlink scheduling assignments, uplink scheduling grants, power-control commands. The downlink scheduling assignments may comprise at least one of: PDSCH resource indication, transport format, HARQ information, and control information related to multiple antenna schemes, a command for power control of the PUCCH used for transmission of ACK/NACK in response to downlink scheduling assignments. The uplink scheduling grants may comprise at least one of: PUSCH resource indication, transport format, and HARQ related information, a power control command of the PUSCH. 
     In an example, the different types of control information correspond to different DCI message sizes. For example, supporting spatial multiplexing with noncontiguous allocation of RBs in the frequency domain may require a larger scheduling message in comparison with an uplink grant allowing for frequency-contiguous allocation only. The DCI may be categorized into different DCI formats, where a format corresponds to a certain message size and usage. 
     In an example, a UE may monitor one or more PDCCH candidates to detect one or more DCI with one or more DCI format. The one or more PDCCH may be transmitted in common search space or UE-specific search space. A UE may monitor PDCCH with only a limited set of DCI format, to save power consumption. For example, a normal UE may not be required to detect a DCI with DCI format 6 which is used for an eMTC UE. The more DCI format to be detected, the more power be consumed at the UE. 
     In an example, the one or more PDCCH candidates that a UE monitors may be defined in terms of PDCCH UE-specific search spaces. A PDCCH UE-specific search space at CCE aggregation level Lϵ{1, 2, 4, 8} may be defined by a set of PDCCH candidates for CCE aggregation level L. In an example, for a DCI format, a UE may be configured per serving cell by one or more higher layer parameters a number of PDCCH candidates per CCE aggregation level L. 
     In an example, in non-DRX mode operation, a UE may monitor one or more PDCCH candidate in control resource set q according to a periodicity of W PDCCH, q  symbols that may be configured by one or more higher layer parameters for control resource set q. 
     In an example, the information in the DCI formats used for downlink scheduling may be organized into different groups, with the field present varying between the DCI formats, including at least one of: resource information, consisting of: carrier indicator (0 or 3bits), RB allocation; HARQ process number; MCS, NDI, and RV (for the first TB); MCS, NDI and RV (for the second TB); MIMO related information; PDSCH resource-element mapping and QCI; Downlink assignment index (DAI); TPC for PUCCH; SRS request (1bit), triggering one-shot SRS transmission; ACK/NACK offset; DCI format 0/1A indication, used to differentiate between DCI format 1A and 0; and padding if necessary. The MIMO related information may comprise at least one of: PMI, precoding information, transport block swap flag, power offset between PDSCH and reference signal, reference-signal scrambling sequence, number of layers, and/or antenna ports for the transmission. 
     In an example, the information in the DCI formats used for uplink scheduling may be organized into different groups, with the field present varying between the DCI formats, including at least one of: resource information, consisting of: carrier indicator, resource allocation type, RB allocation; MCS, NDI (for the first TB); MCS, NDI (for the second TB); phase rotation of the uplink DMRS; precoding information; CSI request, requesting an aperiodic CSI report; SRS request (2 bit), used to trigger aperiodic SRS transmission using one of up to three preconfigured settings; uplink index/DAI; TPC for PUSCH; DCI format 0/1A indication; and padding if necessary. 
     In an example, a gNB may perform cyclic redundancy check (CRC) scrambling for a DCI, before transmitting the DCI via a PDCCH. The gNB may perform CRC scrambling by bit-wise addition (or Modulo-2 addition or exclusive OR (XOR) operation) of multiple bits of at least one wireless device identifier (e.g., C-RNTI, CS-RNTI, TPC-CS-RNTI, TPC-PUCCH-RNTI, TPC-PUSCH-RNTI, SP CSI C-RNTI, SRS-TPC-RNTI, INT-RNTI, SFI-RNTI, P−RNTI, SI-RNTI, RA-RNTI, and/or MCS-C-RNTI) with the CRC bits of the DCI. The wireless device may check the CRC bits of the DCI, when detecting the DCI. The wireless device may receive the DCI when the CRC is scrambled by a sequence of bits that is the same as the at least one wireless device identifier. 
     In a NR system, in order to support wide bandwidth operation, a gNB may transmit one or more PDCCH in different control resource sets. A gNB may transmit one or more RRC message comprising configuration parameters of one or more control resource sets. At least one of the one or more control resource sets may comprise at least one of: a first OFDM symbol; a number of consecutive OFDM symbols; a set of resource blocks; a CCE-to-REG mapping; and a REG bundle size, in case of interleaved CCE-to-REG mapping. 
     A base station (gNB) may configure a wireless device (UE) with uplink (UL) bandwidth parts (BWPs) and downlink (DL) BWPs to enable bandwidth adaptation (BA) on a PCell. If carrier aggregation is configured, the gNB may further configure the UE with at least DL BWP(s) (i.e., there may be no UL BWPs in the UL) to enable BA on an SCell. For the PCell, an initial active BWP may be a first BWP used for initial access. For the SCell, a first active BWP may be a second BWP configured for the UE to operate on the SCell upon the SCell being activated. 
     In paired spectrum (e.g. FDD), a gNB and/or a UE may independently switch a DL BWP and an UL BWP. In unpaired spectrum (e.g. TDD), a gNB and/or a UE may simultaneously switch a DL BWP and an UL BWP. 
     In an example, a gNB and/or a UE may switch a BWP between configured BWPs by means of a DCI or a BWP inactivity timer. When the BWP inactivity timer is configured for a serving cell, the gNB and/or the UE may switch an active BWP to a default BWP in response to an expiry of the BWP inactivity timer associated with the serving cell. The default BWP may be configured by the network. 
     In an example, for FDD systems, when configured with BA, one UL BWP for each uplink carrier and one DL BWP may be active at a time in an active serving cell. In an example, for TDD systems, one DL/UL BWP pair may be active at a time in an active serving cell. Operating on the one UL BWP and the one DL BWP (or the one DL/UL pair) may improve UE battery consumption. BWPs other than the one active UL BWP and the one active DL BWP that the UE may work on may be deactivated. On deactivated BWPs, the UE may: not monitor PDCCH; and/or not transmit on PUCCH, PRACH, and UL-SCH. 
     In an example, a serving cell may be configured with at most a first number (e.g., four) of BWPs. In an example, for an activated serving cell, there may be one active BWP at any point in time. 
     In an example, a BWP switching for a serving cell may be used to activate an inactive BWP and deactivate an active BWP at a time. In an example, the BWP switching may be controlled by a PDCCH indicating a downlink assignment or an uplink grant. In an example, the BWP switching may be controlled by a BWP inactivity timer (e.g., bwp-InactivityTimer). In an example, the BWP switching may be controlled by a MAC entity in response to initiating a Random Access procedure. Upon addition of an SpCell or activation of an SCell, one BWP may be initially active without receiving a PDCCH indicating a downlink assignment or an uplink grant. The active BWP for a serving cell may be indicated by RRC and/or PDCCH. In an example, for unpaired spectrum, a DL BWP may be paired with a UL BWP, and BWP switching may be common for both UL and DL. 
       FIG. 23  shows an example of BWP switching on an SCell. In an example, a UE may receive RRC message comprising parameters of a SCell and one or more BWP configuration associated with the SCell. The RRC message may comprise: RRC connection reconfiguration message (e.g., RRCReconfiguration); RRC connection reestablishment message (e.g., RRCRestablishment); and/or RRC connection setup message (e.g., RRCSetup). Among the one or more BWPs, at least one BWP may be configured as the first active BWP (e.g., BWP  1  in  FIG. 23 ), one BWP as the default BWP (e.g., BWP  0  in  FIG. 23 ). The UE may receive a MAC CE to activate the SCell at n th  slot. The UE may start a SCell deactivation timer (e.g., sCellDeactivationTimer), and start CSI related actions for the SCell, and/or start CSI related actions for the first active BWP of the SCell. The UE may start monitoring a PDCCH on BWP  1  in response to activating the SCell. 
     In an example, the UE may start restart a BWP inactivity timer (e.g., bwp-InactivityTimer) at m th  slot in response to receiving a DCI indicating DL assignment on BWP  1 . The UE may switch back to the default BWP (e.g., BWP  0 ) as an active BWP when the BWP inactivity timer expires, at s th  slot. The UE may deactivate the SCell and/or stop the BWP inactivity timer when the sCellDeactivationTimer expires. 
     Employing the BWP inactivity timer may further reduce UE&#39;s power consumption when the UE is configured with multiple cells with each cell having wide bandwidth (e.g., 1 GHz). The UE may only transmit on or receive from a narrow-bandwidth BWP (e.g., 5 MHz) on the PCell or SCell when there is no activity on an active BWP. 
     In an example, a MAC entity may apply normal operations on an active BWP for an activated serving cell configured with a BWP comprising: transmitting on UL-SCH; transmitting on RACH; monitoring a PDCCH; transmitting PUCCH; receiving DL-SCH; and/or (re-) initializing any suspended configured uplink grants of configured grant Type 1 according to a stored configuration, if any. 
     In an example, on an inactive BWP for each activated serving cell configured with a BWP, a MAC entity may: not transmit on UL-SCH; not transmit on RACH; not monitor a PDCCH; not transmit PUCCH; not transmit SRS, not receive DL-SCH; clear any configured downlink assignment and configured uplink grant of configured grant Type 2; and/or suspend any configured uplink grant of configured Type 1. 
     In an example, if a MAC entity receives a PDCCH for a BWP switching of a serving cell while a Random Access procedure associated with this serving cell is not ongoing, a UE may perform the BWP switching to a BWP indicated by the PDCCH. 
     In an example, if a bandwidth part indicator field is configured in DCI format 1_1, the bandwidth part indicator field value may indicate the active DL BWP, from the configured DL BWP set, for DL receptions. In an example, if a bandwidth part indicator field is configured in DCI format 0_1, the bandwidth part indicator field value may indicate the active UL BWP, from the configured UL BWP set, for UL transmissions. 
     In an example, for a primary cell, a UE may be provided by a higher layer parameter Default-DL-BWP a default DL BWP among the configured DL BWPs. If a UE is not provided a default DL BWP by the higher layer parameter Default-DL-BWP, the default DL BWP is the initial active DL BWP. 
     In an example, a UE may be provided by higher layer parameter bwp-InactivityTimer, a timer value for the primary cell. If configured, the UE may increment the timer, if running, every interval of 1 millisecond for frequency range  1  or every 0.5 milliseconds for frequency range  2  if the UE may not detect a DCI format 1_1 for paired spectrum operation or if the UE may not detect a DCI format 1_1 or DCI format 0_1 for unpaired spectrum operation during the interval. 
     In an example, if a UE is configured for a secondary cell with higher layer parameter Default-DL-BWP indicating a default DL BWP among the configured DL BWPs and the UE is configured with higher layer parameter bwp-InactivityTimer indicating a timer value, the UE procedures on the secondary cell may be same as on the primary cell using the timer value for the secondary cell and the default DL BWP for the secondary cell. 
     In an example, if a UE is configured by higher layer parameter Active-BWP−DL-SCell a first active DL BWP and by higher layer parameter Active-BWP−UL-SCell a first active UL BWP on a secondary cell or carrier, the UE may use the indicated DL BWP and the indicated UL BWP on the secondary cell as the respective first active DL BWP and first active UL BWP on the secondary cell or carrier. 
     In an example, a wireless device may transmit one or more uplink control information (UCI) via one or more PUCCH resources to a base station. The one or more UCI may comprise at least one of: HARQ-ACK information; scheduling request (SR); and/or CSI report. In an example, a PUCCH resource may be identified by at least: frequency location (e.g., starting PRB); and/or a PUCCH format associated with initial cyclic shift of a base sequence and time domain location (e.g., starting symbol index). In an example, a PUCCH format may be PUCCH format 0, PUCCH format 1, PUCCH format 2, PUCCH format 3, or PUCCH format 4. A PUCCH format 0 may have a length of 1 or 2 OFDM symbols and be less than or equal to 2 bits. A PUCCH format 1 may occupy a number between 4 and 14 of OFDM symbols and be less than or equal to 2 bits. A PUCCH format 2 may occupy 1 or 2 OFDM symbols and be greater than 2 bits. A PUCCH format 3 may occupy a number between 4 and 14 of OFDM symbols and be greater than 2 bits. A PUCCH format 4 may occupy a number between 4 and 14 of OFDM symbols and be greater than 2 bits. The PUCCH resource may be configured on a PCell, or a PUCCH secondary cell. 
     In an example, when configured with multiple uplink BWPs, a base station may transmit to a wireless device, one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters of one or more PUCCH resource sets (e.g., at most 4 sets) on an uplink BWP of the multiple uplink BWPs. Each PUCCH resource set may be configured with a PUCCH resource set index, a list of PUCCH resources with each PUCCH resource being identified by a PUCCH resource identifier (e.g., pucch-Resourceid), and/or a maximum number of UCI information bits a wireless device may transmit using one of the plurality of PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. 
     In an example, when configured with one or more PUCCH resource sets, a wireless device may select one of the one or more PUCCH resource sets based on a total bit length of UCI information bits (e.g., HARQ-ARQ bits, SR, and/or CSI) the wireless device will transmit. In an example, when the total bit length of UCI information bits is less than or equal to 2, the wireless device may select a first PUCCH resource set with the PUCCH resource set index equal to “0”. In an example, when the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than 2 and less than or equal to a first configured value, the wireless device may select a second PUCCH resource set with the PUCCH resource set index equal to “1”. In an example, when the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the first configured value and less than or equal to a second configured value, the wireless device may select a third PUCCH resource set with the PUCCH resource set index equal to “2”. In an example, when the total bit length of UCI information bits is greater than the second configured value and less than or equal to a third value (e.g., 1706), the wireless device may select a fourth PUCCH resource set with the PUCCH resource set index equal to “3”. 
     In an example, a wireless device may determine, based on a number of uplink symbols of UCI transmission and a number of UCI bits, a PUCCH format from a plurality of PUCCH formats comprising PUCCH format 0, PUCCH format 1, PUCCH format 2, PUCCH format 3 and/or PUCCH format 4. In an example, the wireless device may transmit UCI in a PUCCH using PUCCH format 0 if the transmission is over 1 symbol or 2 symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK information bits with positive or negative SR (HARQ-ACK/SR bits) is 1 or 2. In an example, the wireless device may transmit UCI in a PUCCH using PUCCH format 1 if the transmission is over 4 or more symbols and the number of HARQ-ACK/SR bits is 1 or 2. In an example, the wireless device may transmit UCI in a PUCCH using PUCCH format 2 if the transmission is over 1 symbol or 2 symbols and the number of UCI bits is more than 2. In an example, the wireless device may transmit UCI in a PUCCH using PUCCH format 3 if the transmission is over 4 or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is more than 2 and PUCCH resource does not include an orthogonal cover code. In an example, the wireless device may transmit UCI in a PUCCH using PUCCH format 4 if the transmission is over 4 or more symbols, the number of UCI bits is more than 2 and the PUCCH resource includes an orthogonal cover code. 
     In an example, in order to transmit HARQ-ACK information on a PUCCH resource, a wireless device may determine the PUCCH resource from a PUCCH resource set. The PUCCH resource set may be determined as mentioned above. The wireless device may determine the PUCCH resource based on a PUCCH resource indicator field in a DCI (e.g., with a DCI format 1_0 or DCI for 1_1) received on a PDCCH. A 3-bit PUCCH resource indicator field in the DCI may indicate one of eight PUCCH resources in the PUCCH resource set. The wireless device may transmit the HARQ-ACK information in a PUCCH resource indicated by the 3-bit PUCCH resource indicator field in the DCI. 
     In an example, the wireless device may transmit one or more UCI bits via a PUCCH resource of an active uplink BWP of a PCell or a PUCCH secondary cell. Since at most one active uplink BWP in a cell is supported for a wireless device, the PUCCH resource indicated in the DCI is naturally a PUCCH resource on the active uplink BWP of the cell. 
     In an example, DRX operation may be used by a wireless device (UE) to improve UE battery lifetime. In an example, in DRX, UE may discontinuously monitor downlink control channel, e.g., PDCCH or EPDCCH. In an example, the base station may configure DRX operation with a set of DRX parameters, e.g., using RRC configuration. The set of DRX parameters may be selected based on the application type such that the wireless device may reduce power and resource consumption. In an example, in response to DRX being configured/activated, a UE may receive data packets with an extended delay, since the UE may be in DRX Sleep/Off state at the time of data arrival at the UE and the base station may wait until the UE transitions to the DRX ON state. 
     In an example, during a DRX mode, the UE may power down most of its circuitry when there are no packets to be received. The UE may monitor PDCCH discontinuously in the DRX mode. The UE may monitor the PDCCH continuously when a DRX operation is not configured. During this time the UE listens to the downlink (DL) (or monitors PDCCHs) which is called DRX Active state. In a DRX mode, a time during which UE doesn&#39;t listen/monitor PDCCH is called DRX Sleep state. 
       FIG. 24  shows an example of the embodiment. A gNB may transmit an RRC message comprising one or more DRX parameters of a DRX cycle. The one or more parameters may comprise a first parameter and/or a second parameter. The first parameter may indicate a first time value of the DRX Active state (e.g., DRX On duration) of the DRX cycle. The second parameter may indicate a second time of the DRX Sleep state (e.g., DRX Off duration) of the DRX cycle. The one or more parameters may further comprise a time duration of the DRX cycle. During the DRX Active state, the UE may monitor PDCCHs for detecting one or more DCIs on a serving cell. During the DRX Sleep state, the UE may stop monitoring PDCCHs on the serving cell. When multiple cells are in active state, the UE may monitor all PDCCHs on (or for) the multiple cells during the DRX Active state. During the DRX off duration, the UE may stop monitoring all PDCCH on (or for) the multiple cells. The UE may repeat the DRX operations according to the one or more DRX parameters. 
     In an example, DRX may be beneficial to the base station. In an example, if DRX is not configured, the wireless device may be transmitting periodic CSI and/or SRS frequently (e.g., based on the configuration). With DRX, during DRX OFF periods, the UE may not transmit periodic CSI and/or SRS. The base station may assign these resources to the other UEs to improve resource utilization efficiency. 
     In an example, the MAC entity may be configured by RRC with a DRX functionality that controls the UE&#39;s downlink control channel (e.g., PDCCH) monitoring activity for a plurality of RNTIs for the MAC entity. The plurality of RNTIs may comprise at least one of: C-RNTI; CS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SP−CSI-RNTI; SFI-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; Semi-Persistent Scheduling C-RNTI; eIMTA-RNTI; SL-RNTI; SL-V-RNTI; CC-RNTI; or SRS-TPC-RNTI. In an example, in response to being in RRC_CONNECTED, if DRX is configured, the MAC entity may monitor the PDCCH discontinuously using the DRX operation; otherwise the MAC entity may monitor the PDCCH continuously. 
     In an example, RRC may control DRX operation by configuring a plurality of timers. The plurality of timers may comprise: a DRX On duration timer (e.g., drx-onDurationTimer); a DRX inactivity timer (e.g., drx-InactivityTimer); a downlink DRX HARQ RTT timer (e.g., drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL); an uplink DRX HARQ RTT Timer (e.g., drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL); a downlink retransmission timer (e.g., drx-RetransmissionTimerDL); an uplink retransmission timer (e.g., drx-RetransmissionTimerUL); one or more parameters of a short DRX configuration (e.g., drx-ShortCycle and/or drx-ShortCycleTimer)) and one or more parameters of a long DRX configuration (e.g., drx-LongCycle). In an example, time granularity for DRX timers may be in terms of PDCCH subframes (e.g., indicated as psf in the DRX configurations), or in terms of milliseconds. 
     In an example, in response to a DRX cycle being configured, the Active Time may include the time while at least one timer is running. The at least one timer may comprise drx-onDurationTimer, drx-InactivityTimer, drx-RetransmissionTimerDL, drx-RetransmissionTimerUL, or mac-ContentionResolutionTimer. 
     In an example, drx-Inactivity-Timer may specify a time duration for which the UE may be active after successfully decoding a PDCCH indicating a new transmission (UL or DL or SL). In an example, this timer may be restarted upon receiving PDCCH for a new transmission (UL or DL or SL). In an example, the UE may transition to a DRX mode (e.g., using a short DRX cycle or a long DRX cycle) in response to the expiry of this timer. 
     In an example, drx-ShortCycle may be a first type of DRX cycle (e.g., if configured) that needs to be followed when UE enters DRX mode. In an example, a DRX-Config 1E indicates the length of the short cycle. 
     In an example, drx-ShortCycleTimer may be expressed as multiples of shortDRX-Cycle. The timer may indicate the number of initial DRX cycles to follow the short DRX cycle before entering the long DRX cycle. 
     In an example, drx-onDurationTimer may specify the time duration at the beginning of a DRX Cycle (e.g., DRX ON). In an example, drx-onDurationTimer may indicate the time duration before entering the sleep mode (DRX OFF). 
     In an example, drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL may specify a minimum duration from the time new transmission is received and before the UE may expect a retransmission of a same packet. In an example, this timer may be fixed and may not be configured by RRC. 
     In an example, drx-RetransmissionTimerDL may indicate a maximum duration for which UE may be monitoring PDCCH when a retransmission from the eNodeB is expected by the UE. 
     In an example, in response to a DRX cycle being configured, the Active Time may comprise the time while a Scheduling Request is sent on PUCCH and is pending. 
     In an example, in response to a DRX cycle being configured, the Active Time may comprise the time while an uplink grant for a pending HARQ retransmission can occur and there is data in the corresponding HARQ buffer for synchronous HARQ process. 
     In an example, in response to a DRX cycle being configured, the Active Time may comprise the time while a PDCCH indicating a new transmission addressed to the C-RNTI of the MAC entity has not been received after successful reception of a Random Access Response for the preamble not selected by the MAC entity. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. A DL HARQ RTT Timer may expire in a subframe and the data of the corresponding HARQ process may not be successfully decoded. The MAC entity may start the drx-RetransmissionTimerDL for the corresponding HARQ process. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. An UL HARQ RTT Timer may expire in a subframe. The MAC entity may start the drx-RetransmissionTimerUL for the corresponding HARQ process. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. A DRX Command MAC control element or a Long DRX Command MAC control element may be received. The MAC entity may stop drx-onDurationTimer and stop drx-InactivityTimer. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. In an example, drx-InactivityTimer may expire or a DRX Command MAC control element may be received in a subframe. In an example, in response to Short DRX cycle being configured, the MAC entity may start or restart drx-ShortCycleTimer and may use Short DRX Cycle. Otherwise, the MAC entity may use the Long DRX cycle. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. In an example, drx-ShortCycle Timer may expire in a subframe. The MAC entity may use the Long DRX cycle. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. In an example, a Long DRX Command MAC control element may be received. The MAC entity may stop drx-ShortCycleTimer and may use the Long DRX cycle. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. In an example, if the Short DRX Cycle is used and [(SFN*10)+subframe number] modulo (drx-ShortCycle)=(drxStartOffset) modulo (drx-ShortCycle), the wireless device may start drx-onDurationTimer. 
     In an example, DRX may be configured for a wireless device. In an example, if the Long DRX Cycle is used and [(SFN*10)+subframe number] modulo (drx-longCycle)=drxStartOffset, the wireless device may start drx-onDurationTimer. 
       FIG. 25  shows example of DRX operation in a legacy system. A base station may transmit an RRC message comprising configuration parameters of DRX operation. A base station may transmit a DCI for downlink resource allocation via a PDCCH, to a UE. the UE may start the drx-InactivityTimer during which, the UE may monitor the PDCCH. After receiving a transmission block (TB) when the drx-InactivityTimer is running, the UE may start a HARQ RTT Timer (e.g., drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL), during which, the UE may stop monitoring the PDCCH. The UE may transmit a NACK to the base station upon unsuccessful receiving the TB. When the HARQ RTT Timer expires, the UE may monitor the PDCCH and start a HARQ retransmission timer (e.g., drx-RetransmissionTimerDL). When the HARQ retransmission timer is running, the UE may receive a second DCI indicating a DL grant for the retransmission of the TB. If not receiving the second DCI before the HARQ retransmission timer expires, the UE may stop monitoring the PDCCH. 
     In a wireless communication system, when configured with DRX operation, a UE may monitor PDCCH for detecting one or more DCIs during the DRX Active time of a DRX cycle. The UE may stop monitoring PDCCH during the DRX sleep/Off time of the DRX cycle, to save power consumption. In some cases, the UE may fail to detect the one or more DCIs during the DRX Active time, since the one or more DCIs are not addressed to the UE. For example, a UE may be an URLLC UE, or a NB-IoT UE, or an MTC UE. The UE may not always have data to be received from a gNB, in which case, waking up to monitor PDCCH in the DRX active time may result in useless power consumption. A wake-up mechanism combined with DRX operation may be used to further reduce power consumption specifically in a DRX active time.  FIG. 26A  and  FIG. 26B  show examples of the wake-up mechanism. 
     In  FIG. 26A , a gNB may transmit one or more messages comprising parameters of a wake-up duration (or a power saving duration), to a UE. The wake-up duration may be located a number of slots (or symbols) before a DRX On duration of a DRX cycle. The number of slots (or symbols), or, referred to as a gap between a wake-up duration and a DRX on duration, may be configured in the one or more RRC messages or predefined as a fixed value. The gap may be used for at least one of: synchronization with the gNB; measuring reference signals; and/or retuning RF parameters. The gap may be determined based on a capability of the UE and/or the gNB. In an example, the wake-up mechanism may be based on a wake-up signal. The parameters of the wake-up duration may comprise at least one of: a wake-up signal format (e.g., numerology, sequence length, sequence code, etc.); a periodicity of the wake-up signal; a time duration value of the wake-up duration; a frequency location of the wake-up signal. In LTE Re.15 specification, the wake-up signal for paging may comprise a signal sequence (e.g., Zadoff-Chu sequence) generated based on a cell identification (e.g., cell ID) as: 
     
       
         
           
             
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     where u=(N ID   cell  mod 126)+3. N ID   cell  may be a cell ID of the serving cell. M may be a number of subframes in which the WUS may be transmitted, 1≤M≤M WUSmax , where M WUSmax  is the maximum number of subframes in which the WUS may be transmitted. c n     f     ,n     s   (i), i=0, 1, . . . , 2·132M−1 may be a scrambling sequence (e.g., a length-31 Gold sequence), which may be initialized at start of transmission of the WUS with: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
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     where n f_start_PO  is the first frame of a first paging occasion to which the WUS is associated, and n s_start_PO  is a first slot of the first paging occasion to which the WUS is associated. 
     In an example, the parameters of the wake-up duration may be pre-defined without RRC configuration. In an example, the wake-up mechanism may be based on a wake-up channel (e.g., a PDCCH, or a DCI). The parameters of the wake-up duration may comprise at least one of: a wake-up channel format (e.g., numerology, DCI format, PDCCH format); a periodicity of the wake-up channel; a control resource set and/or a search space of the wake-up channel. When configured with the parameters of the wake-up duration, the UE may monitor the wake-up signal or the wake-up channel during the wake-up duration. In response to receiving the wake-up signal/channel, the UE may wake-up to monitor PDCCHs as expected according to the DRX configuration. In an example, in response to receiving the wake-up signal/channel, the UE may monitor PDCCHs in the DRX active time (e.g., when drx-onDurationTimer is running). The UE may go back to sleep if not receiving PDCCHs in the DRX active time. The UE may keep in sleep during the DRX off duration of the DRX cycle. In an example, if the UE doesn&#39;t receive the wake-up signal/channel during the wake-up duration, the UE may skip monitoring PDCCHs during the DRX active time. This mechanism may reduce power consumption for PDCCH monitoring during the DRX active time. In the example, during the wake-up duration, a UE may monitor the wake-up signal/channel only. During the DRX off duration, the UE may stop monitoring PDCCHs and the wake-up signal/channel. During the DRX active duration, the UE may monitor PDCCHs except of the wake-up signal/channel, if receiving the wake-up signal/channel in the wake-up duration. In an example, the gNB and/or the UE may apply the wake-up mechanism in paging operation when the UE is in an RRC_idle state or an RRC_inactive state, or in a connected DRX operation (C-DRX) when the UE is in an RRC_CONNECTED state. 
     In an example, a wake-up mechanism may be based on a go-to-sleep signal/channel.  FIG. 26B  shows an example. A gNB may transmit one or more messages comprising parameters of a wake-up duration (or a power saving duration), to a UE. The one or more messages may comprise at least one RRC message. The at least one RRC message may comprise one or more cell-specific or cell-common RRC messages (e.g., ServingCellConfig 1E, ServingCellConfigCommon IE, MAC-CellGroupConfig IE). The wake-up duration may be located a number of slots (or symbols) before a DRX On duration of a DRX cycle. The number of slots (or symbols) may be configured in the one or more RRC messages or predefined as a fixed value. In an example, the wake-up mechanism may be based on a go-to-sleep signal. The parameters of the wake-up duration may comprise at least one of: a go-to-sleep signal format (e.g., numerology, sequence length, sequence code, etc.); a periodicity of the go-to-sleep signal; a time duration value of the wake-up duration; a frequency location of the go-to-sleep signal. In an example, the wake-up mechanism may be based on a go-to-sleep channel (e.g., a PDCCH, or a DCI). The parameters of the wake-up duration may comprise at least one of: a go-to-sleep channel format (e.g., numerology, DCI format, PDCCH format); a periodicity of the go-to-sleep channel; a control resource set and/or a search space of the go-to-sleep channel. When configured with the parameters of the wake-up duration, the UE may monitor the go-to-sleep signal or the go-to-sleep channel during the wake-up duration. In response to receiving the go-to-sleep signal/channel, the UE may go back to sleep and skip monitoring PDCCHs during the DRX active time. In an example, if the UE doesn&#39;t receive the go-to-sleep signal/channel during the wake-up duration, the UE may monitor PDCCHs during the DRX active time. This mechanism may reduce power consumption for PDCCH monitoring during the DRX active time. In an example, compared with a wake-up signal based wake-up mechanism, a go-to-sleep signal based mechanism may be more robust to detection error. If the UE miss detects the go-to-sleep signal, the consequence is that the UE may wrongly start monitoring PDCCH, which may result in extra power consumption. If the UE miss detects the wake-up signal, the consequence is that the UE may miss a DCI which may be addressed to the UE. In the case, missing the DCI may result in communication interruption. In some cases (e.g., URLLC service or V2X service), the UE and/or the gNB may not allow communication interruption compared with extra power consumption. 
     In a long term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) system, a base station and/or a wireless device may perform an LTE-A wake-up operation for power saving purpose, when the base station and/or the wireless device implement communication technologies of machine-type-communication (e.g., MTC) and/or narrow band internet of things (e.g., NB-IOT). In an example, an LTE-A wake-up operation may comprise: transmitting, from a base station, a wake-up signal (WUS) in a configured/predefined time and frequency resource; monitoring by a wireless device the WUS; and monitoring a PDCCH in response to receiving the WUS or skipping monitoring the PDCCH in response to not receiving the WUS. The WUS may comprise a signal sequence (e.g., Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a M sequence) generated based on a cell ID of a serving cell (or the only serving cell for the case that carrier aggregation is not supported for MTC or NB-IOT). The base station may transmit the WUS with a same antenna port as a CRS (Cell-specific Reference signal) port, when a single CRS port is configured by the base station. 
     In an example, a wireless device may perform power saving operations for reducing power consumption, the power saving operations comprising at least one of: SCell dormant state transition mechanism (e.g.,  FIG. 21A ,  FIG. 21B , and/or  FIG. 21C ), wake-up/go-to-sleep indication based mechanism (e.g.,  FIG. 26A  and/or  FIG. 26B ), and the like. 
     In a NR system, a base station may transmit to and/or receive from a wireless device data packets of a plurality of data services (e.g., web browsing, video streaming, industry IoT, and/or communication services for automation in a variety of vertical domains). The plurality of data services may have different data traffic patterns (e.g., periodic, aperiodic, data arrival pattern, event-trigger, small data size, or burst type). In an example, a first data service (e.g., having a predictable/periodic traffic pattern) may be suitable for a wireless device to enable a power saving mode for communicating with a base station, especially when the wireless device operates in the high frequency. 
     In an example, a NR wireless device when configured with multiple cells may spend more power than an LTE-A wireless device communicating with a base station. The NR wireless device may communicate with a NR base station on cells operating in high frequency (e.g., 6 GHz, 30 GHz, or 70 GHz) with more power consumption than the LTE-A wireless device operating in low frequency (e.g., &lt;=6 GHz). In a NR system, a base station may transmit to and/or receive from a wireless device data packets of a plurality of data services (e.g., web browsing, video streaming, industry IoT, and/or communication services for automation in a variety of vertical domains). The plurality of data services may have different data traffic patterns (e.g., periodic, aperiodic, data arrival pattern, event-trigger, small data size, or burst type). In an example, a first data service (e.g., having a predictable/periodic traffic pattern) may be suitable for a wireless device to enable a power saving mode for communicating with a base station, especially when the wireless device operates in the high frequency. 
     In an example, a base station may transmit downlink control signaling to semi-statically or dynamically disable (or transition to a non-power-saving mode from) the power saving mode for delivering data packets having short latency requirement or enable the power saving mode. In an example, a base station may transmit a group common DCI to one or more wireless devices to indicate a wake-up or go-to-sleep transition. Monitoring PDCCH (e.g., always if configured) for the group common DCI by a wireless device may increase UE battery power consumption. Monitor PDCCH for receiving the group common DCI may increase processing requirements by the wireless device. In an example embodiment, a base station may transmit a UE specific DCI (e.g., existing DCI formats 0-0/0-1/0-2/1-0/1-1/1-2 in 3GPP specifications or a new UE-specific DCI format) indicating a power saving operation, e.g. to indicate a go-to-sleep in a DRX active time, and/or to indicate a transition to a dormancy state. Implementation of a UE specific DCI may reduce UE battery power consumption required for downlink control channel monitoring. 
     In existing technologies, a wireless device can not determine whether a UE-specific DCI with an existing DCI format indicates a power saving operation for the wireless device, or indicates a normal grant for receiving downlink data packets or transmitting uplink data packets. Implementation existing technologies with additional DCI fields or DCI format for power saving operation may increase downlink signaling overhead and/or UE processing requirements. Implementing a new DCI format may increase blind decoding complexity of the wireless device. Example embodiments may provide enhanced methods to semi-statically or dynamically indicate a power saving mode based on a UE-specific DCI (e.g., a DCI via a PDCCH). The DCI may be transmitted with a DCI format (e.g., one of the existing DCI formats 0-0/0-1, 1-0/1-1, or 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 defined in 3GPP NR specifications). Example embodiments may reduce blind decoding complexity of a wireless device for monitoring a PDCCH when a power saving mode (or operation) is supported by the wireless device. Example embodiments may comprise transmitting by a base station, and/or receiving by a wireless device, a DCI (e.g., one or more of DCI formats 0-0/0-1, 1-0/1-1, or 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 defined in 3GPP NR specifications), the DCI indicating a power saving operation in response to one or more fields of the DCI being set to a predefined value. In an example, the one or more fields may comprise a frequency domain resource assignment field. The predefined value may be all ones for bits of the one or more fields. The predefined value may be all zeros for bits of the one or more fields. 
     In an example of embodiments, a wireless device may receive a DCI from a base station. The DCI may indicate a dormancy state transition and/or wake-up (or go-to-sleep) indication in response to a frequency domain resource assignment field being set as all ones for bits or as all zeros for bits of the frequency domain resource assignment field. In an example, the wireless device may validate the power saving transition DCI based on the frequency domain resource assignment field of the DCI being set to pre-defined values (all zeros or all ones). The wireless device may perform a power saving operation in response to successful validation. In an example, the wireless device, in response to the power saving operation, may perform at least one of: transitioning to a go-to-sleep mode during which the wireless device skips monitoring PDCCH in a DRX active time, and/or transitioning a SCell to a dormant state in which the wireless device stop monitoring PDCCH on the SCell and transmits CSI report for the SCell. Example embodiments reduces downlink signaling overhead by not requiring a group DCI or a new DCI format for a UE-specific DCI. Example embodiments further reduces downlink signaling over-head by not requiring a new DCI field for power saving operation. Example embodiment reduces battery power consumption and UE processing requirements by using existing DCI formats and defining an enhanced DCI processing rule to determine whether the DCI indicates a power state transition. 
     In an example, the term power saving operation may be referred to using other terminology, such as power saving mode, power saving procedure, power saving state, SCell dormant state, etc. 
       FIG. 27  shows an example embodiment of a mechanism for enabling/disabling (e.g., activating/deactivating, indicating, or notifying) a power saving mode based on a DCI. A base station (e.g., gNB in  FIG. 27 ) may transmit to a wireless device (e.g., UE in  FIG. 27 ) one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters for the power saving mode also referred to as power saving (PS) parameters. The one or more RRC messages may comprise one or more cell-specific or cell-common RRC messages (e.g., ServingCellConfig 1E, ServingCellConfigCommon IE, MAC-CellGroupConfig 1E). In an example, the cell may be a primary cell (e.g., PCell), a PUCCH secondary cell if a secondary PUCCH group is configured, or a primary secondary cell (e.g., PSCell) if dual connectivity is configured. The cell may be identified by (or associated with) a cell specific identity (e.g., cell ID). 
     In an example, the configuration parameters may comprise a first radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) dedicated for the power saving mode. The first RNTI may be same as one or more second RNTIs. The first RNTI may be different from one or more second RNTIs. The one or more second RNTIs may comprise at least one of: C-RNTI for dynamic PDSCH/PUSCH scheduling; P−RNTI dedicated for paging; SI-RNTI dedicated for system information broadcast; CS-RNTI dedicated for configured scheduled transmission; RA-RNTI dedicated for random access procedure; TC-RNTI dedicated for message  3  transmission; MCS-C-RNTI dedicated for dynamically scheduled unicast transmission; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI dedicated for PUCCH power control; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI dedicated for PUSCH power control; TPC-SRS-RNTI dedicated for SRS trigger and power control; INT-RNTI dedicated for indication pre-emption in DL; SFI-RNTI dedicated for slot format indication on a given cell; and/or SP−CSI-RNTI dedicated for activation of semi-persistent CSI reporting on PUSCH. 
     In an example, the wireless device may transmit information to the base station indicating a current mode (e.g., the power saving mode or a normal access mode) of operation for the wireless device or a switch in the mode of operation for the wireless. The wireless device may transmit information to the base station indicating whether the power saving mode is supported or not by the wireless device. The information indicating whether the power saving mode is supported or not may be contained in a UE-capability or a UE assistant message (e.g., UE-NR-Capability IE, or UE-MRDC-Capability IE, and/or Phy-Parameters IE). The information indicating whether the power saving mode is supported or not may comprise at least one of: whether the wireless supports a power saving mode in an RRC idle state, an RRC inactive state, and/or an RRC connected state. In an example, the information indicating whether the power saving mode is supported or not may be contained in an RRC message, a MAC CE or a UCI. 
     In an example, the wireless device may transmit information to the base station indicating whether a power saving mode is triggered (or activated/enabled). For example, the information may comprise at least one of: an indication as to which of a plurality of power saving mode configurations is triggered (or activated/enabled); one or more parameters (e.g., QoS, or traffic type) of a service of the wireless device. In response to receiving the information, the base station may allocate to the wireless device the first RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode. In response to receiving the information, the base station may transmit to the wireless device the one or more RRC messages comprising the configuration parameters for the power saving mode. 
     In an example, the configuration parameters may comprise parameters of at least one power saving mode configuration on the cell. Each of the at least one power saving mode configurations may be identified by a power saving configuration identifier (e.g., an index, indicator, or ID). A power saving mode of a power saving mode configuration may be based on a power saving signal (e.g., a wake-up signal as shown in  FIG. 26A , and/or a go-to-sleep as shown in  FIG. 26B ). The parameters of a power saving signal-based power saving mode configuration may comprise at least one of: a signal format (e.g., numerology) of the power saving signal; sequence generation parameters (e.g., a cell id, a virtual cell id, SS block index, or an orthogonal code index) for generating the power saving signal; a window size of a time window indicating a duration when the power saving signal may be transmitted; a value of a periodicity of the transmission of the power saving signal; a time resource on which the power saving signal may be transmitted; a frequency resource on which the power saving signal may be transmitted; a BWP on which the wireless device may monitor the power saving signal; and/or a cell on which the wireless device may monitor the power saving signal. In an example, the power saving signal may comprise at least one of: a SS block; a CSI-RS; a DMRS; and/or a signal sequence (e.g., Zadoff-Chu, M sequence, or gold sequence). 
     In an example, a power saving mode may be based on a power saving channel (e.g., a wake-up channel (WUCH)). The power saving channel may comprise a downlink control channel (e.g., a PDCCH) dedicated for the power saving mode. The parameters of a power saving channel-based power saving mode configuration may comprise at least one of: a time window indicating a duration when the base station may transmit power saving information (e.g., wake-up information or a go-to-sleep information) via the power saving channel; parameters of a control resource set (e.g., time resource, frequency resource, and/or TCI state indication of the power saving channel); a periodicity of the transmission of the power saving channel; a DCI format of the power saving information; a BWP on which the wireless device may monitor the power saving channel; and/or a cell on which the wireless device may monitor the power saving channel. In an example, in response to receiving a power saving indication via the WUCH, the wireless device may stop monitoring PDCCH (e.g., in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle). 
     In an example, a power saving mode may comprise a transition of a SCell to a dormant state based on an indication (e.g.,  FIG. 21A ,  FIG. 21B  and/or  FIG. 21C ). In response to receiving indication of the dormant state transition for a SCell, the wireless device may perform at least one of: stopping transmitting SRS on the SCell; reporting CQI/PMI/RI/PTI/CRI for the SCell according to a periodicity configured for the SCell in the dormant state; not transmitting on UL-SCH on the SCell; not transmitting on RACH on the SCell; not monitoring the PDCCH on the SCell; not monitoring the PDCCH for the SCell; and/or not transmitting PUCCH on the SCell. 
     In an example, the wireless device in an RRC connected state may communicate with the base station in a normal access mode/state (e.g., full function mode, non-dormant state). In the normal access mode/state (or in the full function mode), the wireless device may monitor PDCCHs continuously if a DRX operation is not configured for the wireless device. In the normal access mode/state, the wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs discontinuously by applying one or more DRX parameters of the DRX operation if the DRX operation is configured (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 24  or  FIG. 25 ). In the normal access mode/state, the UE may: monitor PDCCHs; transmit SRS; transmit on RACH; transmit on UL-SCH; and/or receive DL-SCH. 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , the wireless device (UE) may communicate with the base station in the normal access mode/state (or full function mode). The base station may transmit to the wireless device a first DCI (e.g., 1st DCI in  FIG. 27 ) indicating a power saving (PS) mode, e.g., when a data service is suitable for the PS mode, or the wireless device may work in the PS mode due to a reduced available processing power at the wireless device. The first DCI may be transmitted with a first DCI format (e.g., one of DCI formats 0-0/0-1, 1-0/1-1, or 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP NR specifications) or a second DCI format (e.g., a new DCI format to be defined in future). The wireless device may receive the first DCI via a first PDCCH. The wireless device may validate (or determine) the first DCI for enabling (or indicating) a PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the first DCI. In an example, the validation (or determining) of the first DCI for enabling the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of 1st DCI for enabling PS as shown in  FIG. 27 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the first DCI being set to one or more values (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 28 ). In response to successful validation of the first DCI for enabling the PS mode, the UE may enable (activate, or transition to) the PS mode and/or switch to the PS mode from the normal access mode. 
     In an example, in the PS mode, the wireless device may: monitor for the PS signal/channel; not transmit PUCCH/PUSCH/SRS/PRACH (e.g., before detecting/receiving the PS signal/channel); not receive PDSCH (e.g., before detecting/receiving the PS signal/channel); not monitor PDCCH (e.g., before detecting/receiving the PS signal/channel); and/or start monitoring the PDCCHs in response to detecting/receiving the PS signal/channel. In an example, in the PS mode (as shown in  FIG. 26A ), the wireless device may skip monitoring PDCCH in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle. 
     In an example, in response to switching to the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor a PS signal/channel in a wake-up window. The PS signal/channel may be configured in the one or more RRC messages. The wake-up window may be configured in the one or more RRC messages. In an example, the wireless device may receive the PS signal/channel during the wake-up window. In response to receiving the PS signal/channel, the wireless device may monitor PDCCHs as configured (e.g., in RRC message or MAC CE) and transmit or receive data packets based on one or more DCIs via the PDCCHs. In an example, the wireless device may not receive the PS signal/channel during the wake-up window. In response to not receiving the PS signal/channel, the wireless device may skip monitoring PDCCHs. In the PS mode, the wireless device may repeat monitoring the PS signal/channel in one or more wake-up windows which may periodically occur according to one or more configured parameter of the PS operation. 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , the base station may transmit to the wireless device a second DCI (e.g., 2nd DCI in  FIG. 27 ) indicating disabling (or deactivating) of the PS mode. The base station may transmit the second DCI in the wake-up window (e.g., which may periodically occur in the time domain according to one or more configuration parameters of the PS mode). The wireless device may receive the second DCI when the wireless device monitors the PS signal/channel during the wake-up window. The wireless device may validate the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the second DCI. In an example, the validation of disabling/deactivating the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of a 2nd DCI for disabling PS mode as shown in  FIG. 27 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the second DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the second DCI being set to one or more values (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 29 ). In response to successful validation of the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode, the wireless device may disable (or deactivate) the PS mode and/or switch to the normal access mode from the PS mode. In response to switching to the normal access mode (e.g., full function mode as shown in  FIG. 27 ), the wireless device may monitor PDCCHs as configured. In response to switching to the normal access mode, the wireless device may monitor PDCCHs for detecting DCIs with CRC bits scrambled by at least one of: C-RNTI; P−RNTI; SI-RNTI; CS-RNTI; RA-RNTI; TC-RNTI; MCS-C-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; TPC-SRS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SFI-RNTI; and/or SP−CSI-RNTI. In response to switching to the normal access mode, the wireless device may transmit SRS; transmit on RACH; transmit on UL-SCH; and/or receive DL-SCH. 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , the base station may transmit to the wireless device a third DCI (e.g., 3rd DCI in  FIG. 27 ) indicating enabling/activating of the PS mode. The wireless device may validate the third DCI for enabling/activating the PS mode based on at least one of: the first C-RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the third DCI. In an example, the validation of enabling the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of 3rd DCI for enabling PS as shown in  FIG. 27 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the third DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the third DCI being set to one or more values (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 28 ). In response to successful validation of the third DCI for enabling the PS mode, the wireless device may enable (or activate) the PS mode and/or switch to the PS mode from the normal access mode. 
     As shown in  FIG. 27 , a base station may dynamically or semi-statically activate/deactivate a power saving mode for a wireless device by at least one of: scrambling CRC bits of a DCI with a RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; and/or setting one or more fields of the DCI to one or more predefined values. The wireless device may determine the DCI indicates activation/deactivation of the power saving mode by checking at least one of: whether the CRC bits of the DCI are scrambled by the RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; whether the one or more fields of the DCI are set to the one or more predefined values. Example embodiments may reduce blind decoding complexity of the wireless device when monitoring a PDCCH if power saving mode is supported by the wireless device. Example embodiments may improve a DCI reception probability at the wireless device if power saving mode is supported by the wireless device, where the DCI indicates activation/deactivation of the power saving mode. 
       FIG. 28  shows an example embodiment of DCI contents (or fields) for a power saving enabling (or activating) mechanism. In an example, as shown in  FIG. 27 , a wireless device may validate a first DCI for enabling a PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the first DCI. The first DCI may be received with a first DCI format (e.g., one of DCI formats 0-0/0-1, 1-0/1-1, or 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP NR specifications) or a second DCI format (e.g., a new DCI format to be defined in future). As shown in  FIG. 28 , the one or more fields of the first DCI may comprise at least one of: a HARQ process number; a redundancy version; and/or a new data indicator. The wireless device may consider the validation is achieved in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; the HARQ process number of the first DCI being set to a first value (e.g., all ‘0’s; or all ‘1’s, or any predefined value); the redundancy version of the first DCI being set to a second value (e.g., ‘00’, or ‘11’, or any predefined value); and/or the new data indicator of the first DCI being set to a third value (e.g., ‘0’, ‘1’). 
     In an example, the wireless device may validate or determine the first DCI for indicating the PS mode based on frequency domain assignment field of the first DCI being set to a predefined value. The wireless device may consider the validation is achieved in response to the frequency domain assignment field of the first DCI being set to a fixed value (e.g., all ‘0’s or all ‘1’s, or any predefined value). In response to the validation being achieved, the wireless device may activate/enable the PS mode. In an example, the PS mode may comprise a transition of a SCell to a dormant state. The wireless device may, in response to enabling/activating the PS mode, transition the SCell to a dormant state. During a time period of the dormant state for the SCell, the wireless device may stop monitoring PDCCH on/for the SCell and/or transmit CSI report for the SCell. In an example, the PS mode may comprise a transition to a go-to-sleep state. The wireless device, in response to activating/enabling the PS mode, may stop or skip monitoring PDCCH (e.g., on PCell and a plurality of SCells) in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle by implementing example of  FIG. 26A  and/or  FIG. 26B . 
     In an example, with multiple PS configurations, the first DCI may further comprise a PS configuration indicator indicating one of the multiple PS configurations is activated/enabled. In response to the validation being achieved, the wireless device may activate/enable the PS mode based on the one of the multiple PS configurations. The wireless device may consider the validation is not achieved in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the first DCI not being scrambled by the first RNTI dedicated for the PS operation; the HARQ process number of the first DCI not being set to a first value (e.g., all ‘0’s; or all ‘1’s, or any predefined value); the redundancy version of the first DCI not being set to a second value (e.g., ‘00’, or ‘11’, or any predefined value); the new data indicator of the first DCI not being set to a third value (e.g., ‘0’, ‘1’); and/or one or more fields of the first DCI not being set to one or more fourth values. In response to the validation not being achieved, the wireless device may consider the first DCI is detected with a non-matching CRC. In response to the validation not being achieved, the wireless device may consider information contained in the first DCI is either subject to uncorrectable transmission errors or intended for another wireless device. The wireless device may ignore the first DCI in response to the validation not being achieved. 
       FIG. 29  shows an example embodiment of DCI contents (or fields) for a power saving disabling (or deactivating) mechanism. In an example, as shown in  FIG. 27 , a wireless device may validate a second DCI for disabling a PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the second DCI. The second DCI may be received with a first DCI format (e.g., one of DCI formats 0-0/0-1, 1-0/1-1, or 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP NR specifications) or a second DCI format (e.g., a new DCI format to be defined in future). The second DCI for deactivating/disabling the PS mode may have the same DCI format as the first DCI for activating/enabling the PS mode. The second DCI for deactivating/disabling the PS mode may have a different DCI format than the first DCI for activating/enabling the PS mode. As shown in  FIG. 29 , the one or more fields of the second DCI may comprise at least one of: a HARQ process number; a redundancy version; a new data indicator; a time domain resource assignment; and/or a frequency domain resource assignment. The wireless device may consider the validation is achieved in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the second DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; the HARQ process number of the second DCI being set to a first value (e.g., all ‘0’s; or all ‘1’s, or any predefined value); the redundancy version of the second DCI being set to a second value (e.g., ‘00’, or ‘11’, or any predefined value); the new data indicator of the second DCI being set to a third value (e.g., ‘0’, ‘1’); the time domain resource assignment of the second DCI being set to a fourth value (e.g., all ‘0’s, all ‘1’s, or any predefined value); the frequency domain resource assignment of the second DCI being set to a fifth value (e.g., all ‘0’s, all ‘1’s, or any predefined value). 
     In an example, the wireless device may validate or determine the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode based on the frequency domain resource assignment of the second DCI being set to a fixed value (e.g., all ‘0’s, all ‘1’s, or any predefined value). In response to the validation for disabling/deactivating the PS mode being achieved, the wireless device may disable/deactivate the PS mode. In an example, the PS mode may comprise a transition of a SCell to a dormant state. The wireless device may, in response to disabling/deactivating the PS mode, transition the SCell to a non-dormant state. During a time period of the non-dormant state for the SCell, the wireless device may monitor PDCCH on/for the SCell and/or transmit CSI report for the SCell. In an example, the PS mode may comprise a transition to a go-to-sleep state. The wireless device may, in response to disabling/deactivating the PS mode, start monitoring PDCCH on one or more cells (e.g., PCell and/or a plurality of SCells) in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle. 
     In an example, in response to the validation not being achieved, the wireless device may consider the first DCI is detected with a non-matching CRC. In an example, the wireless device may consider the validation for disabling/deactivating the PS mode is not achieved in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the second DCI not being scrambled by the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; the HARQ process number of the second DCI not being set to a first value (e.g., all ‘0’s; or all ‘1’s, or any predefined value); the redundancy version of the second DCI not being set to a second value (e.g., ‘00’, or ‘11’, or any predefined value); the new data indicator of the second DCI not being set to a third value (e.g., ‘0’, ‘1’); the time domain resource assignment field of the second DCI not being set to a fourth value (e.g., all ‘0’s, all ‘1’s, or any predefined value); and/or the frequency domain resource assignment of the second DCI not being set to a fifth value (e.g., all ‘0’s, all ‘1’s, or any predefined value), and/or one or more fields of the second DCI not being set to one or more sixth values. In response to the validation not being achieved, the wireless device may consider the second DCI is detected with a non-matching CRC. In response to the validation not being achieved, the wireless device may consider information contained in the second DCI is either subject to uncorrectable transmission errors or intended for another wireless device. The wireless device may ignore the second DCI in response to the validation for disabling/deactivating the PS mode not being achieved. 
     As shown in  FIG. 28  and/or  FIG. 29 , a base station may dynamically or semi-statically activate/deactivate a power saving mode for a wireless device by at least one of: scrambling CRC bits of a DCI with a RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; and/or setting one or more fields of the DCI to one or more predefined values. The wireless device may determine the DCI indicates activation/deactivation of the power saving operation by checking at least one of: whether the CRC bits of the DCI are scrambled by the RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; whether the one or more fields of the DCI are set to the one or more predefined values. The embodiments of  FIG. 28  and  FIG. 29  may reduce blind decoding complexity of the wireless device when monitoring a PDCCH if the power saving mode is supported by the wireless device. The embodiments may further improve a DCI reception probability at the wireless device if the power saving mode is supported by the wireless device, where the DCI indicates activation/deactivation of the power saving mode. 
       FIG. 30  shows an example flowchart of DCI-validation based power saving mode enabling (or activating). In an example, a wireless device may receive one or more RRC messages comprising first configuration parameters for the power saving mode. The first configuration parameters may comprise at least one of: a first RNTI and one or more PS parameters. The first RNTI may be dedicated for the PS mode. The one or more PS parameters may comprise at least one of: one or more first search spaces; one or more first control resource sets; and/or one or more PS signal parameters (e.g., PS signal format; periodicity; time/frequency location). The one or more RRC messages may further comprise second configuration parameters indicating: at least a second RNTI; one or more second search spaces; one or more second control resource sets. The at least second RNTI may comprise at least one of: C-RNTI; P−RNTI; SI-RNTI; CS-RNTI; RA-RNTI; TC-RNTI; MCS-C-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; TPC-SRS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SFI-RNTI;
         and/or SP−CSI-RNTI. The wireless device may receive a first DCI via a PDCCH. The wireless device may determine whether CRC bits of the first DCI are scrambled with the first RNTI or the second RNTI.       

     As shown in  FIG. 30 , in response to the CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled with the first RNTI, the wireless device may validate the first DCI for enabling/activating a PS mode based on one or more fields of the first DCI. For example, the wireless device may validate the first DCI for enabling/activating the PS mode based on the one or more fields of the first DCI according to the example embodiment of  FIG. 28 , described above. In response to the validation being achieved, the wireless device may enable/activate the PS mode. In response to enabling/activating the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor one or more first PDCCHs for a wake-up signal/command or a go-to-sleep signal/command on the one or more first search space of the one or more first control resource sets. In response to enabling/activating the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor one or more PS signal according to the one or more PS signal parameters. In an example, the wireless device may monitor one or more second PDCCHs, for one or more DCIs with CRCs scrambled by the at least one second RNTI, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets, in response to receiving the wake-up signal/command during the monitoring the one or more first PDCCHs. In an example, the wireless device may monitor one or more second PDCCHs, for one or more DCIs with CRCs scrambled by the at least one second RNTI, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets, in response to detecting the one or more PS signals according to the one or more PS signal parameters. In an example, the wireless device may skip monitoring the one or more second PDCCHs, for one or more DCIs with CRCs scrambled by the at least one second RNTI, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets, in response to not receiving the wake-up signal/command during the monitoring the one or more first PDCCHs. In an example, the wireless device may skip monitoring the one or more second PDCCHs, for one or more DCIs with CRCs scrambled by the at least one second RNTI, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets, in response to not detecting the one or more PS signals according to the one or more PS signal parameters. 
     As shown in  FIG. 30 , in response to the CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled with the at least second RNTI, the wireless device may monitor one or more second PDCCHs, for one or more DCIs with CRC scrambled by the at least one second RNTI, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets. The wireless device may transmit or receive data packets based on the one or more DCIs received via the one or more second PDCCHs. 
       FIG. 31  shows an example flowchart of DCI-validation based power saving mode disabling (or deactivating). In an example, a wireless device may receive one or more RRC messages comprising first configuration parameters for the power saving mode. The first configuration parameters may comprise at least one of: a first RNTI and one or more PS parameters. The first RNTI may be dedicated for the PS mode. The one or more PS parameters may comprise at least one of: one or more first search space; one or more first control resource sets; and/or one or more PS signal parameters (e.g., PS signal format; periodicity; time/frequency location). The one or more RRC messages may further comprise second configuration parameters indicating: at least a second RNTI; one or more second search spaces; one or more second control resource sets. The at least second RNTI may comprise at least one of: C-RNTI; P−RNTI; SI-RNTI; CS-RNTI; RA-RNTI; TC-RNTI; MCS-C-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; TPC-SRS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SFI-RNTI; and/or SP−CSI-RNTI. The wireless device may receive a first DCI via a PDCCH. The wireless device may determine whether CRC bits of the first DCI is scrambled with the first RNTI or the second RNTI. 
     As shown in  FIG. 31 , in response to the CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled with the first RNTI, the wireless device may validate the first DCI for disabling/deactivating a PS mode based on one or more fields of the first DCI. The wireless device may validate the first DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode based on the one or more fields of the first DCI according to the example embodiment of  FIG. 29 , described above. In response to the validation being achieved, the wireless device may disable/deactivate the PS mode. In response to disabling/deactivating the PS mode, the wireless device may skip monitoring one or more first PDCCHs for a wake-up signal/command or a go-to-sleep signal/command on the one or more first search spaces of the one or more first control resource sets. In response to disabling/deactivating the PS mode, the wireless device may skip monitoring one or more PS signal according to the one or more PS signal parameters. In an example, in response to disabling/deactivating the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor one or more second PDCCHs, for one or more DCIs with CRCs scrambled by the at least one second RNTI, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets. The wireless device may transmit or receive data packets based on the one or more DCIs received via the one or more second PDCCHs. 
     As shown in  FIG. 31 , in response to the CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled with the at least second RNTI, the wireless device may monitor one or more second PDCCHs, for one or more DCIs with CRCs scrambled by the at least one second RNTI, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets. The wireless device may transmit or receive data packets based on the one or more DCIs received via the one or more second PDCCHs. 
       FIG. 32  shows an example embodiment of a mechanism for enabling/disabling (or activating/deactivating) a power saving mode based on a DCI. A base station (e.g., gNB in  FIG. 32 ) may transmit to a wireless device (e.g., UE in  FIG. 32 ), one or more RRC messages comprising first configuration parameters for a power saving mode. 
     In an example, the first configuration parameters may indicate: a first radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) dedicated for the power saving mode; and one or more PS parameters. The first RNTI may be dedicated for the PS mode. The one or more PS parameters may indicate at least one of: one or more first search spaces (e.g., a common search space, or a UE-specific search space); one or more first control resource sets; one or more first DCI formats (e.g., DCI formats 0-0, 1-0, or any other DCI format); and/or one or more PS signal parameters (e.g., PS signal format; periodicity; time/frequency location). 
     In an example, the one or more RRC messages may further comprise second configuration parameters indicating: at least a second RNTI; one or more second search spaces; one or more second DCI formats; one or more second control resource sets. The at least second RNTI may comprise at least one of: C-RNTI; P−RNTI; SI-RNTI; CS-RNTI; RA-RNTI; TC-RNTI; MCS-C-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; TPC-SRS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SFI-RNTI; and/or SP−CSI-RNTI. The wireless device may receive a first DCI via a PDCCH. In an example, the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode may be different from the at least second RNTI. 
     In an example, the wireless device in an RRC connected state may communicate with the base station in a normal access mode/state (e.g., full function mode). In the normal access mode/state, the wireless device may monitor PDCCHs for the one or more second DCI formats, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets. In the normal access mode/state, the wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs discontinuously by applying one or more DRX parameters of the DRX operation if the DRX operation is configured (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 24  and/or  FIG. 25 ). In the normal access mode/state, the wireless device may: monitor PDCCHs; transmit SRS; transmit on RACH; transmit on UL-SCH; and/or receive DL-SCH. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , the wireless device may communicate with the base station in the normal access mode/state (or full function mode). The base station may transmit to the wireless device a first DCI (e.g., 1st DCI in  FIG. 32 ) indicating enabling a power saving (e.g., PS as shown in  FIG. 32 ) mode, e.g., when a data service is suitable for the PS mode, or the wireless device may work in the PS mode. The first DCI may be transmitted with a first DCI format (e.g., one of DCI formats 0-0/0-1, 1-0/1-1, or 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP NR specifications) or a second DCI format (e.g., a new DCI format to be defined in future). The wireless device may receive the first DCI via a first PDCCH. The wireless device may validate or determine the first DCI for enabling/indicating a PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the first DCI. The UE may validate or determine the first DCI for enabling/indicating a PS mode, e.g., by implementing the example embodiment of  FIG. 28 , described above. 
     In an example, the validation of enabling the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of 1st DCI for enabling PS as shown in  FIG. 32 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the first DCI being set to one or more predefined values, e.g., by implementing examples of  FIG. 27 ,  FIG. 28 , and/or  FIG. 29 . In response to successful validation of the first DCI for enabling the PS mode, the wireless device may enable (or activate) the PS mode and/or switch to the PS mode from the normal access mode. 
     In an example, as shown in  FIG. 32 , in the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor a first PDCCH for at least one DCI with the one or more first DCI format, on the one or more first search spaces of the one or more first control resource sets (e.g., SS 1 /CORESET 1  as shown in  FIG. 32 ). The at least one DCI may indicate a wake-up indication or a go-to-sleep indication. In the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor the PS signal according to the one or more PS signal parameters. In the PS mode, the wireless device may not transmit PUCCH/PUSCH/SRS/PRACH before detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI. In the PS mode, the wireless device may not receive PDSCH before detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI. In the PS mode, the wireless device may not monitor PDCCHs on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets before detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI. In the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets in response to detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , the base station may transmit to the wireless device a second DCI (e.g., 2nd DCI in  FIG. 32 ) indicating disabling (or deactivating) the PS mode. The base station may transmit the second DCI in the wake-up window (e.g., which may periodically occur in time domain according to one or more configuration parameters of the PS mode). The wireless device may receive the second DCI when the UE monitors the PS signal/channel during the wake-up window. The wireless device may validate the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the second DCI. The wireless device may validate the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode by implementing an example embodiment of  FIG. 29 . In an example, the validation of disabling/deactivating the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of 2nd DCI for disabling PS as shown in  FIG. 32 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the second DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the second DCI being set to one or more predefined values, e.g., by implementing example of  FIG. 27 ,  FIG. 28  and/or  FIG. 29 . 
     In response to successful validation of the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode, the wireless device may disable (or deactivate) the PS mode and/or switch to the normal access mode from the PS mode. In response to switching to the normal access mode (e.g., full function mode as shown in  FIG. 32 ), the wireless device may monitor PDCCHs as configured. In response to switching to the normal access mode, the wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs, for DCIs with the one or more second DCI formats, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets (e.g., SS 1 /CORESET 1 , SS 2 /CORESET 2 , . . . , SSn/CORESETn as shown in  FIG. 32 ). The wireless device may transmit or receive data packets based on the DCIs received via the PDCCHs. In response to switching to the normal access mode, the wireless device may transmit SRS; transmit on RACH; transmit on UL-SCH; and/or receive DL-SCH. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , the base station may transmit to the wireless device a third DCI (e.g., 3rd DCI in  FIG. 32 ) indicating enabling/activating the PS mode. The wireless device may validate the third DCI for enabling/activating the PS mode based on at least one of: the first C-RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the third DCI. The wireless device may validate the third DCI for enabling/activating the PS mode by implementing the example embodiment of  FIG. 28 , described above. In an example, the validation of enabling the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of 3rd DCI for enabling PS as shown in  FIG. 32 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the third DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the third DCI being set to one or more predefined values. In response to successful validation of the third DCI for enabling the PS mode, the wireless device may enable (or activate) the PS mode and/or switch to the PS mode from the normal access mode. 
     As shown in  FIG. 32 , abase station may dynamically or semi-statically activate/deactivate a power saving mode for a wireless device by at least one of: scrambling CRC bits of a DCI with a RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; and/or setting one or more fields of the DCI to one or more predefined values. The wireless device may determine the DCI indicates activation/deactivation of the power saving mode by checking at least one of: whether the CRC bits of the DCI are scrambled by the RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; whether the one or more fields of the DCI are set to the one or more predefined values. The wireless device may activate the power saving mode in response to the DCI indicating activation of the power saving mode. In the power saving mode, the wireless device may decrease/reduce PDCCH monitoring (e.g., monitoring a first set of PDCCH candidates) before receiving a wake-up indication or signal during the power saving mode. The wireless device may deactivate the power saving mode in response to the DCI indicating deactivation of the power saving mode. In response to the deactivation of the power saving mode, the wireless device may increase PDCCH monitoring (e.g., monitoring a second set of PDCCH candidates, the second set being greater than the first set). The embodiments described above may reduce blind decoding complexity of the wireless device when monitoring a PDCCH if the power saving mode is supported by the wireless device. Example embodiments described above may further improve a DCI reception probability at the wireless device if the power saving mode is supported by the wireless device, where the DCI indicates activation/deactivation of the power saving mode. Example embodiments may improve power consumption of a wireless device when communicating with a base station. 
       FIG. 33  shows an example embodiment of power saving enabling/disabling (or activating/deactivating) mechanism based on a DCI when DRX operation is configured. A base station (e.g., gNB in  FIG. 33 ) may transmit to a wireless device (e.g., UE in  FIG. 33 ), one or more RRC messages comprising first configuration parameters of a power saving (e.g., PS in  FIG. 33 ) operation (procedure, mode, or state). 
     In an example, the first configuration parameters may indicate: a first radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) dedicated for the power saving mode; and one or more PS parameters. The first RNTI may be dedicated for the PS mode. The one or more PS parameters may indicate at least one of: one or more first search spaces (e.g., a common search space, or a UE-specific search space); one or more first control resource sets; one or more first DCI formats (e.g., DCI format 0-0, 1-0, or any other DCI format); and/or one or more PS signal parameters (e.g., PS signal format; periodicity; time/frequency location). 
     In an example, the one or more RRC messages may further comprise second configuration parameters indicating: at least a second RNTI; one or more second search spaces; one or more second DCI formats; one or more second control resource sets. The at least second RNTI may comprise at least one of: C-RNTI; P−RNTI; SI-RNTI; CS-RNTI; RA-RNTI; TC-RNTI; MCS-C-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; TPC-SRS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SFI-RNTI; and/or SP−CSI-RNTI. The wireless device may receive a first DCI via a PDCCH. In an example, the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode may be different from the at least second RNTI. 
     In an example, as shown in  FIG. 33 , the one or more RRC messages may further comprise one or more DRX parameters of a DRX operation. The one or more DRX parameters may comprise at least one of: parameters of a short DRX cycle; parameters of a long DRX cycle; one or more DRX timer values for one or more DRX timers (e.g., drx-onDuration Timer, drx-InactivityTimer, drxRetransmissionTimerDL, drxRetransmissionTimerUL, drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerDL, and/or drx-HARQ-RTT-TimerUL). 
     As shown in  FIG. 33 , the wireless device (or UE) may communicate with the base station in the normal access mode/state (or full function mode). The base station may transmit to the wireless device a first DCI (e.g., 1st DCI in  FIG. 33 ) indicating enabling a power saving (e.g., PS as shown in  FIG. 33 ) mode, e.g., when a data service is suitable for the PS mode, or the wireless device may work in the PS mode. The wireless device may receive the first DCI via a first PDCCH. The wireless device may validate the first DCI for enabling a PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the first DCI. The wireless device may validate the first DCI for enabling a PS mode, e.g., by implementing an example embodiment of  FIG. 28 . 
     In an example, the validation of enabling the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of 1st DCI for enabling PS mode as shown in  FIG. 33 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the first DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the first DCI being set to one or more predefined values. In response to successful validation of the first DCI for enabling the PS mode, the wireless device may enable (or activate) the PS mode and/or switch to the PS mode from the normal access mode. 
     In an example, as shown in  FIG. 33 , in the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor a first PDCCH for at least one DCI with the one or more first DCI format, on the one or more first search spaces of the one or more first control resource sets in a wake-up window. The at least one DCI may indicate a wake-up indication or a go-to-sleep indication. In the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor the PS signal according to the one or more PS signal parameters in a wake-up window. In the PS mode, the wireless device may not transmit PUCCH/PUSCH/SRS/PRACH before detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI. In the PS mode, the wireless device may not receive PDSCH before detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI. In the PS mode, the wireless device may not monitor PDCCHs on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets before detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI. In the PS mode, in response to detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI and with the DRX operation configured, the wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs, discontinuously according to one or more DRX parameters of the DRX operation, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets. In response to detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI, The wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs in DRX active time (e.g., in a DRX on cycle). 
     In an example, in the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor a first PDCCH for at least one DCI with the one or more first DCI format, on the one or more first search spaces of the one or more first control resource sets in a wake-up window. The at least one DCI may indicate a wake-up indication or a go-to-sleep indication. In the PS mode, the wireless device may monitor the PS signal according to the one or more PS signal parameters in a wake-up window. In the PS mode, the wireless device may not detect/receive the PS signal or the at least one DCI during the wake-up window. In response to not detecting/receiving the PS signal or the at least one DCI, the wireless device may skip monitoring the PDCCHs even in a DRX active time (e.g., in a DRX on cycle). 
     As shown in  FIG. 33 , the base station may transmit the wireless device a second DCI (e.g., 2nd DCI in  FIG. 33 ) indicating disabling (or deactivating) the PS mode. The base station may transmit the second DCI in the wake-up window (e.g., which may periodically occur in time domain according to one or more configuration parameters of the PS mode). The wireless device may receive the second DCI when the wireless device monitors the PS signal/channel during the wake-up window. The wireless device may validate the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the second DCI. The wireless device may validate the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode by implementing an example embodiment of  FIG. 29 . 
     In an example, the validation of disabling/deactivating the PS mode may be achieved (e.g., successful validation of 2nd DCI for disabling PS mode as shown in  FIG. 33 ) in response to at least one of: CRC bits of the second DCI being scrambled by the first RNTI; the one or more fields of the second DCI being set to one or more values (e.g., predefined or preconfigured). 
     In response to successful validation of the second DCI for disabling/deactivating the PS mode, the wireless device may disable (or deactivate) the PS mode and/or switch to the normal access mode from the PS mode. In response to switching to the normal access mode (e.g., full function mode as shown in  FIG. 33 ), the wireless device may monitor PDCCHs as configured. In response to switching to the normal access mode, the wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs, discontinuously according to one or more DRX parameters of the DRX operation, on the one or more second search spaces of the one or more second control resource sets. The wireless device may monitor the PDCCHs in DRX active time (e.g., in a DRX on cycle). In response to switching to the normal access mode, the wireless device may transmit SRS; transmit on RACH; transmit on UL-SCH; and/or receive DL-SCH. 
       FIG. 34  shows an example embodiment diagram of DCI-validation based power saving mode enabling/disabling. In an example, a base station may transmit to the wireless device a first DCI (e.g., 1st DCI in  FIG. 34 ) indicating enabling a power saving (e.g., PS as shown in  FIG. 34 ) mode, e.g., when a data service is suitable for the PS mode, or the wireless device may work in the PS mode. The wireless device may receive the first DCI via a first PDCCH. The wireless device may validate the first DCI for enabling a PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the first DCI. The wireless device may validate the first DCI for enabling a PS mode, e.g., by implementing an example embodiment of  FIG. 28 . In response to the validation being achieved, the wireless device may perform one or more actions of the PS mode, e.g., by implementing an example embodiment of  FIG. 27  (e.g., when DRX is not configured) or  FIG. 33  (e.g., when DRX is configured). 
     As shown in  FIG. 34 , the base station may transmit to the wireless device a second DCI (e.g., 2nd DCI in  FIG. 34 ) indicating disabling/deactivating the PS mode. The wireless device may validate the second DCI, e.g., by implementing an example embodiment of  FIG. 29 . The wireless device may consider the validation is not achieved (e.g., unsuccessful validation as shown in  FIG. 34 ) according to the example embodiment of  FIG. 29 . In response to the validation not being achieved, the wireless device may maintain in the PS mode. In response to maintaining in the PS mode, the wireless device may perform one or more actions of the PS mode, e.g., by implementing the example embodiment of  FIG. 27  (e.g., when DRX is not configured) or  FIG. 33  (e.g., when DRX is configured). 
       FIG. 35  shows an example embodiment diagram of DCI-validation based power saving mode enabling/disabling. In an example, a wireless device (e.g., UE in  FIG. 35 ) may communicate with a base station in a normal access mode/state (or full function mode). The base station may transmit to the wireless device a DCI indicating enabling a power saving (e.g., PS as shown in  FIG. 35 ) mode, e.g., when a data service is suitable for the PS mode, or the wireless device may work in the PS mode. The wireless device may receive the DCI via a PDCCH. The wireless device may validate the DCI for enabling a PS mode based on at least one of: the first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode; one or more fields of the DCI. The wireless device may validate the DCI for enabling a PS mode, e.g., by implementing an example embodiment of  FIG. 28 . The wireless device may consider the validation is not achieved (e.g., unsuccessful validation as shown in  FIG. 35 ) according to the example embodiment of  FIG. 28 . In response to the validation not being achieved, the wireless device may maintain in the full function mode. In response to maintaining in the full function mode, the wireless device may monitor PDCCH continuously if DRX is not configured, or monitor PDCCH discontinuously if DRX is configured. 
     In an example, when a wireless device successfully validates a DCI for enabling/disabling a PS mode, the wireless device may transmit to a base station a MAC CE as a confirmation of a reception of the DCI for enabling/disabling the PS mode. In an example, the MAC CE for PS confirmation may be identified by an LCID in the MAC subheader, the LCID being different from other LCIDs (e.g., LCID values in  FIG. 18  or  FIG. 19 ). In an example, the MAC CE for PS confirmation may have a fixed size of zero bits. In an example, a MAC subheader of the MAC CE for PS configuration may not have a length field, e.g., as shown in  FIG. 16C . By implementing the example embodiment (e.g., by transmitting to a base station a MAC CE as confirmation of reception of a DCI for enabling/disabling a PS mode), a base station and a wireless device may align on a status of a PS mode of the wireless device. 
     In existing technologies, a base station may transmit DCI signaling for power saving operations (e.g., based on a wake-up/go-to-sleep indication or dormancy transition) to semi-statically or dynamically indicate a power saving mode for a NR wireless device. Existing power saving operations (e.g., based on a wake-up/go-to-sleep indication, dormancy transition, and the like) may increase signaling overhead for indicating the power saving operations to wireless devices, e.g., when a large number of wireless devices are supported by base station. Example embodiments implements an enhance RRC signaling, control channel monitoring, and DCI format to reduce downlink control overhead for signaling power saving modes to a wireless device. In an example of embodiments, a base station may transmit at least one RRC message comprising a power saving radio network temporary identifier (PS-RNTI) to a group of one or more wireless devices for monitoring a common search space for receiving a group common DCI, the group common DCI indicating power saving information for the group of one or more wireless devices. The embodiment enables a base station to configure a common search space of a cell (e.g. primary cell) to transmit power saving information in a group common DCI. The embodiment may reduce downlink control signaling overhead. In an example of embodiment, a base station may transmit, based on the PS-RNTI, a group common DCI with an enhanced DCI format comprising a plurality of blocks, each block, being associated with a respective wireless device of the group of wireless devices, indicating power saving information for the respective wireless device. The enhanced DCI format reduces downlink signaling overhead by implementing multiple power saving information for different wireless devices in a same group common DCI. The at least one RRC message may further comprise a location indicator of a block for the wireless device. The location indicator in the at least one RRC message identifies a block of the blocks in the group common DCI for power saving indication of the wireless device. The location indicator (in the RRC) and the enhanced DCI processing enable the base station to transmit, and/or enable wireless device to receive, a specific block in the common DCI comprising a plurality of blocks for a plurality of wireless devices. In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a wake-up indication, the wireless device may wake up (e.g., monitor PDCCH in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle). In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a go-to-sleep indication, the wireless device may go to sleep (e.g., skip or stop monitoring PDCCH in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle). Example embodiments reduces downlink signaling overhead. 
     In existing technologies, a base station may transmit DCI signaling for power saving operations (e.g., based on a wake-up/go-to-sleep indication or dormancy transition) to indicate a power saving mode for a NR wireless device. Existing power saving operations (e.g., based on a wake-up/go-to-sleep indication, dormancy transition, and the like) may increase signaling overhead for indicating the power saving operations to wireless devices, e.g., when the wireless device is configured with a plurality of cells and different cell of the plurality of cells may have different power saving operation, and/or when there are a large number of wireless devices served by a base station. Example embodiments implements an enhance RRC signaling, control channel monitoring, and DCI format to reduce downlink control overhead for signaling power saving modes to a wireless device. A base station may transmit at least one RRC message comprising a PS-RNTI to a group of one or more wireless devices for monitoring a common search space for receiving a group common DCI, the group common DCI indicating power saving information for the group of one or more wireless devices. The embodiment enables a base station to configure a common search space of a cell (e.g. primary cell) to transmit power saving information in a group common DCI. The embodiment may reduce downlink control signaling overhead. In an example of embodiment, a base station may transmit, based on the PS-RNTI, a group common DCI with an enhanced DCI format comprising a plurality of blocks, each block, being associated with a respective wireless device of the group of wireless devices, indicating power saving information for the respective wireless device. The enhanced DCI format reduces downlink signaling overhead by implementing multiple power saving information for different wireless devices in a same group common DCI. The at least one RRC message may further comprise a location indicator of a block for the wireless device. The location indicator in the at least one RRC message identifies a block of the blocks in the group common DCI for power saving indication of the wireless device. The location indicator (in the RRC) and the enhanced DCI processing enable the base station to transmit, and/or enable wireless device to receive, a specific block in the common DCI comprising a plurality of blocks for a plurality of wireless devices. In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a dormant state for one or more secondary cell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the one or more secondary cell to the dormant state. In response to the one or more secondary cell being in the dormant state, the wireless device may stop monitoring PDCCH on/for the one or more secondary cell and transmit CSI report for the one or more secondary cell. In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a non-dormant state for one or more secondary cell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the one or more secondary cell to the non-dormant state. In response to the one or more secondary cell being in the non-dormant state, the wireless device may monitor PDCCH on/for the one or more secondary cell and transmit CSI report for the one or more secondary cell. Example embodiments reduces downlink signaling overhead. Example embodiments enable the base station and/or the wireless device to transition one or more specific cells of the wireless device to a dormant state or a non-dormant state. 
     In existing technologies, a base station may transmit DCI signaling for power saving operations (e.g., based on a wake-up/go-to-sleep indication or dormancy transition) to indicate a power saving mode for a NR wireless device. Existing power saving operations (e.g., based on a wake-up/go-to-sleep indication, dormancy transition, and the like) may increase signaling overhead for indicating the power saving operations to wireless devices, e.g., when the wireless device is configured with a plurality of cells and different cell of the plurality of cells may have different power saving operation, and/or when there are a large number of wireless devices served by a base station. Example embodiments implements an enhance RRC signaling, control channel monitoring, and DCI format to reduce downlink control overhead for signaling power saving modes to a wireless device. A base station may transmit at least one RRC message comprising a PS-RNTI to a group of one or more wireless devices for monitoring a common search space for receiving a group common DCI, the group common DCI indicating power saving information for the group of one or more wireless devices. The embodiment enables a base station to configure a common search space of a cell (e.g. primary cell) to transmit power saving information in a group common DCI. The embodiment may reduce downlink control signaling overhead. In an example of embodiment, a base station may transmit, based on the PS-RNTI, a group common DCI with an enhanced DCI format comprising a plurality of blocks, each block, being associated with a respective wireless device of the group of wireless devices, indicating power saving information for the respective wireless device. In an example, each block, corresponding to a wireless device, may comprise: a wake-up indication indicating a wake-up or a go-to-sleep, and one or more dormancy indications indicating dormant/non-dormant state for one or more SCells. Each dormancy indication of the one or more dormancy indications may indicate a dormant/non-dormant state for one or more secondary cells associated with the dormancy indication of the one or more dormancy indications. The enhanced DCI format reduces downlink signaling overhead by implementing multiple power saving information comprising wake-up/go-to-sleep indication and dormant state indication for one or more SCells for different wireless devices in a same group common DCI. The at least one RRC message may further comprise a location indicator of a block for the wireless device. The location indicator in the at least one RRC message identifies a block of the blocks in the group common DCI for power saving indication of the wireless device. In an example, the at least one RRC message may further comprise a second location indicator identifying a SCell dormant state indication for one or more SCell of a plurality of SCells for the wireless device. The one or more location indicators (in the RRC) and the enhanced DCI processing enable the base station to transmit, and/or enable wireless device to receive, a specific block in the common DCI comprising a plurality of blocks for a plurality of wireless devices, the specific block comprising a wake-up/go-to-sleep indication for the wireless device and a dormant state indication for a SCell of the wireless device. Example embodiments enable the base station to wake up one or more specific wireless devices of a plurality of wireless devices and transition one or more SCells of a plurality of SCells of the one or more specific wireless devices to a dormant/non-dormant state via s single group common DCI. Example embodiments reduce signaling overhead, and power consumption of wireless devices. 
     In an example, a wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a wake-up indication, the wireless device may wake up (e.g., monitor PDCCH in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle). In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a go-to-sleep indication, the wireless device may go to sleep (e.g., skip or stop monitoring PDCCH in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle). Example embodiments reduces downlink signaling overhead. In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a dormant state for one or more secondary cell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the one or more secondary cell to the dormant state. In response to the one or more secondary cell being in the dormant state, the wireless device may stop monitoring PDCCH on/for the one or more secondary cell and transmit CSI report for the one or more secondary cell. In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a non-dormant state for one or more secondary cell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the one or more secondary cell to the non-dormant state. In response to the one or more secondary cell being in the non-dormant state, the wireless device may monitor PDCCH on/for the one or more secondary cell and transmit CSI report for the one or more secondary cell. Example embodiments enable the wireless device to wake up (or go to sleep) on a plurality of cells and transition one or more SCells of the plurality of cells to a dormant state or a non-dormant state. Example embodiments reduces downlink signaling overhead for indication of wake-up/go-to-sleep and dormant state of a SCell. Example embodiments may reduce blind decoding complexity of a wireless device when monitoring a PDCCH when a power saving mode (or operation) is supported by the wireless device. Example embodiments may reduce signaling overhead for delivering various power saving information in a single DCI and to a plurality of wireless devices. 
     In an example, the term power saving mode may be referred to using other terminology, such as power saving operation, power saving procedure, power saving state, SCell dormant state, etc. 
       FIG. 36  shows an example embodiment of enabling/disabling power saving mode based on a group command DCI for a plurality of wireless devices. In an example, a base station may transmit a group command DCI to the plurality of wireless devices, the group command DCI indicating activation/deactivation of a PS mode for the plurality of wireless devices. The group command DCI may be transmitted with a first DCI format (e.g., DCI format 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP specifications), or a second DCI format (e.g., a new DCI format to be defined in future). In an example, the group command DCI, being CRC scrambled by a first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode, may indicate the group command DCI is for PS mode activation/deactivation. The first RNTI may be different from a second RNTI (e.g., C-RNTI; P−RNTI; SI-RNTI; CS-RNTI; RA-RNTI; TC-RNTI; MCS-C-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; TPC-SRS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SFI-RNTI; and/or SP−CSI-RNTI). 
     As shown in  FIG. 36 , the group common DCI may comprise a plurality of blocks. Each block of the plurality of blocks may comprise one or more bits. The one or more bits may indicate activation or deactivation of a PS mode for a UE. In an example, a first wireless device (e.g., 1st UE in  FIG. 36 ) may be associated with a first block (e.g., Block 1  in  FIG. 36 ) of the group common DCI, a second wireless device (e.g., 2nd UE in  FIG. 36 ) may be associated with a second block (e.g., Block 2  in  FIG. 36 ) of the group common DCI, and so on. The association between a wireless device and a block of the group common DCI may be indicated by a bit mapping manner in an RRC message. In an example, by the bit mapping manner, a PS enabling/disabling command of a wireless device may be a block of the plurality of blocks, a location of the block in the plurality of blocks being indicated by the RRC message. 
     In an example, when a group of wireless devices receive the group command DCI for PS enabling/disabling. A wireless device of the group of wireless devices may enable or disable the PS mode according to a PS enabling/disabling command for the UE. As shown in  FIG. 36 , a first wireless device may determine a PS enabling/disabling command for the first wireless device based on a first block of the plurality of blocks in the group common DCI, a second wireless device may determine a PS enabling/disabling command for the second wireless device based on a second block of the plurality of blocks in the group common DCI, and so on. In response to the PS enabling/disabling command of the first block indicating enabling the PS mode, the first wireless device may activate the PS mode. The first wireless device may, in the PS mode, perform at least one of: monitoring a wake-up signal/channel; not monitoring PDCCH other than the wake-up signal/channel before receiving the wake-up signal or wake-up indication via the wake-up channel; monitoring PDCCH other than the wake-up signal/channel in response to or after receiving the wake-up signal or wake-up indication via the wake-up channel. In response to the PS enabling/disabling command of the first block indicating disabling the PS mode, the first wireless device may disable/deactivate the PS mode. The first wireless device may, in response to disabling/deactivating the PS mode, perform at least one of: skipping monitoring a wake-up signal/channel; monitoring PDCCHs; transmitting or receiving data packets based on DCIs received on the PDCCHs. Similarly, the second wireless device may enable or disable the PS mode based on a PS enabling/disabling command of the second block of the plurality of blocks in the group command DCI, and so on. 
     By example embodiment of  FIG. 36 , a base station may enable/disable PS mode for a plurality of UEs by transmitting a group common DCI. The group common DCI may be transmitted by reusing existing DCI format (e.g., DCI format 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP specifications), or a new DCI format to be defined in future. The group common DCI for PS enabling/disabling may be differentiated from other group common DCIs (e.g., slot format indication, pre-emption indication, and/or power control command) by assigning a different RNTI from the other group common DCIs. Example embodiments may reduce blind decoding complexity of a wireless device for enabling/disabling PS mode. Example embodiments may improve downlink spectrum efficiency of a base station. 
       FIG. 37  shows an example embodiment of enabling/disabling power saving mode on multiple cells (and/or BWPs) based on a DCI. In an example, a base station may transmit a DCI to a wireless device, the DCI indicating activation/deactivation of a PS mode on a plurality of cells (and/or BWPs). The DCI may be transmitted with a first DCI format (e.g., DCI format 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP specifications), or a second DCI format (e.g., a new DCI format to be defined in future). In an example, the DCI, being CRC scrambled by a first RNTI dedicated for the PS mode, may indicate the DCI is for PS mode activation/deactivation on the multiple cells/BWPs. The first RNTI may be different from a second RNTI (e.g., C-RNTI; P−RNTI; SI-RNTI; CS-RNTI; RA-RNTI; TC-RNTI; MCS-C-RNTI; TPC-PUCCH-RNTI; TPC-PUSCH-RNTI; TPC-SRS-RNTI; INT-RNTI; SFI-RNTI;
         and/or SP−CSI-RNTI).       

     As shown in  FIG. 37 , the DCI may comprise a plurality of blocks. Each block of the plurality of blocks may comprise one or more bits. The one or more bits may indicate activation or deactivation of a PS mode on a cell/BWP of the plurality of cells/BWPs. In an example, a first cell/BWP (e.g., 1st cell/BWP in  FIG. 37 ) may be associated with a first block (e.g., Block 1  in  FIG. 37 ) of the DCI, a second cell/BWP (e.g., 2nd cell/BWP in  FIG. 37 ) may be associated with a second block (e.g., Block 2  in  FIG. 37 ) of the DCI, and so on. The association between a cell/BWP and a block of the plurality of blocks in the DCI may be indicated by a bit mapping manner in an RRC message. In an example, by the bit mapping manner, a PS enabling/disabling command of a cell/BWP may be a block of the plurality of blocks, a location of the block in the plurality of blocks being indicated by the RRC message. 
     In an example, when a wireless device receives the DCI for PS enabling/disabling on a plurality of cells/BWPs. The wireless device may enable or disable the PS mode on a cell/BWP of the plurality of cells/BWPs according to a PS enabling/disabling command for the cell/BWP. As shown in  FIG. 37 , the wireless device may determine a PS enabling/disabling command for the first cell/BWP based on a first block of the plurality of blocks in the DCI, and determine a PS enabling/disabling command for the second cell/BWP based on a second block of the plurality of blocks in the DCI, and so on. 
       FIG. 38  shows an example embodiment of enabling/disabling power saving mode on multiple cells/BWPs based on a DCI. A base station (e.g., gNB in  FIG. 38 ) may transmit to a wireless device (e.g., UE in  FIG. 38 ), one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters of a power saving (e.g., PS in  FIG. 38 ) mode (procedure, mode, or state) on a plurality of cells (and/or BWPs). The one or more RRC messages may comprise one or more cell-specific or cell-common RRC messages (e.g., ServingCellConfig 1E, ServingCellConfigCommon IE, MAC-CellGroupConfig 1E). In an example, a cell of the plurality of cell may be a primary cell (e.g., PCell), a PUCCH secondary cell if secondary PUCCH group is configured, a primary secondary cell (e.g., PSCell) if dual connectivity is configured, or a secondary cell. each cell of the plurality of cells may be identified by (or associated with) a cell specific identity (e.g., cell ID). In an example, a BWP of the plurality of BWPs may be identified by a BWP index. 
     As shown in  FIG. 38 , the base station may transmit to the wireless device a DCI indicating PS mode enabling/disabling on one or more cells/BWPs of the plurality of cells/BWPs. In an example, the DCI may be implemented according to an example embodiment of  FIG. 37 . The wireless device may receive the DCI via a PDCCH. The wireless device may activate or deactivate (or enable or disable) PS mode on the one or more cells/BWPs according to the plurality of blocks of the DCI. In response to a PS enabling/disabling command of a first block of the DCI indicating enabling the PS mode, the wireless device may activate the PS mode on the first cell/BWP. The wireless device may, in response to activating the PS mode on the first cell/BWP, perform at least one of: monitoring a wake-up signal/channel on (and/or for) the first cell/BWP; not monitoring PDCCHs on (and/or for) the first cell/BWP, before receiving the wake-up signal or wake-up indication via the wake-up channel; monitoring the PDCCHs on the first cell/BWP in response to or after receiving the wake-up signal or wake-up indication via the wake-up channel. In response to the PS enabling/disabling command of the first block indicating disabling the PS mode, the wireless device may disable/deactivate the PS mode on the first cell/BWP. The wireless device may, in response to disabling/deactivating the PS mode on the first cell/BWP, perform at least one of: skipping monitoring a wake-up signal/channel; monitoring PDCCHs on (and/or for) the first cell/BWP; transmitting or receiving data packets based on DCIs received on the PDCCHs. Similarly, the wireless device may enable or disable the PS mode on the second cell/BWP based on a PS enabling/disabling command of the second block of the plurality of blocks in the DCI, and so on. 
     By example embodiment of  FIG. 37  and/or  FIG. 38 , a base station may enable/disable PS mode for a plurality of cells/BWPs by transmitting a DCI. The DCI may be transmitted by reusing existing DCI format (e.g., DCI format 2-0/2-1/2-2/2-3 already defined in 3GPP specifications), or a new DCI format to be defined in future. The DCI for PS enabling/disabling may be differentiated from other DCIs (e.g., slot format indication, pre-emption indication, and/or power control command) by assigning a different RNTI from the other DCIs. Example embodiments may reduce blind decoding complexity of a wireless device for enabling/disabling PS mode. Example embodiments may enable a base station (and/or a wireless device) flexibly control power saving modes on multiple cells/BWPs. Example embodiments may improve downlink spectrum efficiency of a base station. 
     In an example, a wireless device may monitor a downlink control channel on a cell. The wireless device may receive a DCI via the downlink control channel. The wireless device may validate the DCI for activation of a power saving mode based on at least one of: CRC bits of the DCI; one or more fields of the DCI. The wireless device may determine the validation is achieved in response to: the CRC bits of the DCI being scrambled with a RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; one or more fields of the DCI being set to one or more predefined values. The one or more fields may comprise at least one of: a new data indicator; a frequency domain resource assignment; a time domain resource assignment; and/or a HARQ process number. In response to the validation being achieved, the wireless device may activate the power saving mode. The wireless device may, when the power saving mode is activated, stop monitoring the downlink control channel. 
     In an example, example embodiments of  FIG. 27 ˜ FIG. 38  may be combined or selected to further improve power consumption of a wireless device and/or signaling overhead. For example, combined embodiments of  FIG. 27  and  FIG. 38  may provide methods to indicate a power saving operation for one or more SCells of a plurality of SCells via a DCI (e.g., one or more of existing DCI format 0-0/0-1/1-0/1-1) based on a frequency domain resource assignment of the DCI being set to a predefined value.  FIG. 39  shows an example of the embodiments. In an example, a wireless device may receive from a base station one or more RRC messages comprising a location parameter of a power saving indication of a plurality of power saving indications for at least one SCell of a plurality of SCells. The location parameter may identify a power saving indication of the plurality of power saving indications for the at least one SCell. The power saving indication may be referred to be associated with the at least one SCell based on the power saving indication indicating power saving information for the at least one SCell. In an example, the power saving indication may comprise a dormancy indication. The dormancy indication may indicate a dormant state or non-dormant state for the at least one SCell. The wireless device may receive a DCI comprising a frequency domain resource assignment field. The wireless device may determine the DCI comprises a plurality of dormancy indications in response to the frequency domain resource assignment field of the DCI being set to a predefined value (e.g., all zeros or all ones). In response to the determining the DCI comprising the plurality of dormancy indications, the wireless device may transition the at least one SCell to a dormant state based on a dormancy indication, of the plurality of dormancy indications, associated with the at least one SCell, indicating the dormant state. In an example, in response to the determining the DCI comprising the plurality of dormancy indications, the wireless device may transition the at least one SCell to a non-dormant state based on a dormancy indication, of the plurality of dormancy indications, associated with the at least one SCell, indicating the non-dormant state. 
       FIG. 40  shows an example of embodiment for power saving operation. In an example, a wireless device may receive from a base station one or more RRC messages comprising a location parameter of a power saving indication of a plurality of power saving indications for at least one SCell of a plurality of SCells. The location parameter may identify a power saving indication of the plurality of power saving indications for the at least one SCell. In an example, the power saving indication may comprise a dormancy indication. The dormancy indication may indicate a dormant or non-dormant state for the at least one SCell. The wireless device may receive a DCI comprising a frequency domain resource assignment field. The wireless device may determine whether the frequency domain resource assignment field is set to a predefined value (e.g., all zeros or all ones). 
     In response to the frequency domain resource assignment field being set to the predefined value, the wireless device may determine the DCI comprise a plurality of dormancy indications. In response to the determining the DCI comprising the plurality of dormancy indications, the wireless device may transition the at least one SCell to a dormant state based on a dormancy indication, of the plurality of dormancy indications, associated with the at least one SCell, indicating the dormant state. In response to the determining the DCI comprising the plurality of dormancy indications, the wireless device may transition the at least one SCell to a non-dormant state based on a dormancy indication, of the plurality of dormancy indications, associated with the at least one SCell, indicating the non-dormant state. 
     In an example, in response to the frequency domain resource assignment field not being set to the predefined value, the wireless device may determine the DCI indicating a normal grant (e.g., a downlink assignment, or an uplink grant). The wireless device may receive data packet via a downlink resource indicated by the frequency domain resource assignment field in response to the DCI indicating a downlink assignment. The wireless device may transmit data packet via an uplink resource indicated by the frequency domain resource assignment field in response to the DCI indicating an uplink grant. 
     In an example, embodiments of  FIG. 36  and  FIG. 37  may be combined to further improve signaling overhead.  FIG. 41  shows an example of the embodiments. A base station may transmit to the wireless device one or more RRC messages comprising a PS-RNTI for receiving a group common DCI for power saving operation. In an example, a base station may transmit to a wireless device the group common DCI comprising a plurality of blocks, the group common DCI being scrambled with the PS-RNTI. Each of the plurality of blocks may indicate power saving information for a respective wireless device of a plurality of wireless devices. The one or more RRC messages may comprise a first location parameter indicating a location of a block of the plurality of blocks for the wireless device. In the example of  FIG. 41 , block  1  being associated with 1st UE indicates 1st power saving information for 1st UE, block  2  being associated with 2nd UE indicates 2nd power saving information for 2nd UE, and so on. In an example, each block of the plurality of blocks may comprise a plurality of subblocks. The plurality of subblocks in a block may comprise at least one of: a first subblock (e.g., subblock  0 ) comprising a wake-up indication (or a go-to-sleep indication), and/or one or more second subblocks (e.g., subblock  1 , subblock  2 , etc.) with each comprising a dormancy indication for at least a SCell. The one or more RRC messages may further comprise a second location parameter indicating a location of a subblock, of the plurality of subblocks in a block, for a dormancy indication for at least a SCell for the wireless device associated with the block. In the example of  FIG. 41 , subblock  0  of block  1  comprises a wake-up indication (or a go-to-sleep indication) for 1st UE, subblock  1  of block  1  comprises 1st dormancy indication for at least 1st SCell for the 1st UE, subblock  2  of block  1  comprises 2nd dormancy indication for at least 2nd SCell for the 1st UE and so on. 
     In the example of  FIG. 41 , a wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a wake-up indication (e.g., in subblock  0  of block  1 ), the wireless device may wake up (e.g., monitor PDCCH in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle). In an example, the wireless device, in response to the block, corresponding to the wireless device, comprising a go-to-sleep indication (e.g., in subblock  0  of block  1 ), the wireless device may go to sleep (e.g., skip or stop monitoring PDCCH in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle). 
     In an example, the wireless device, in response to a first subblock (e.g., subblock  1  in  FIG. 41 ) of a plurality of subblocks in the block, corresponding to at least 1st SCell of a plurality of SCells, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a dormant state for the at least 1st SCell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the at least 1st SCell to the dormant state. In response to the at least 1st SCell being in the dormant state, the wireless device may stop monitoring PDCCH on/for the at least 1st SCell and transmit CSI report for the at least 1st SCell. In an example, the wireless device, in response to a second subblock (e.g., subblock  2  in  FIG. 41 ) of a plurality of subblocks in the block, corresponding to at least 2nd SCell of the plurality of SCells, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a dormant state for the at least 2nd SCell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the at least 2nd SCell to the dormant state. In response to the at least 2nd SCell being in the dormant state, the wireless device may stop monitoring PDCCH on/for the at least 2nd SCell and transmit CSI report for the at least 2nd SCell. Similarly, the wireless device may determine a state transition for at least 3rd SCell of the wireless device based on a third subblock of the block, and so on. 
     In an example, the wireless device, in response to a first subblock (e.g., subblock  1  in  FIG. 41 ) of a plurality of subblocks in the block, corresponding to at least 1st SCell of a plurality of SCells, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a non-dormant state for the at least 1st SCell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the at least 1st SCell to the non-dormant state. In response to the at least 1st SCell being in the non-dormant state, the wireless device may monitor PDCCH on/for the at least 1st SCell and transmit CSI report for the at least 1st SCell. In an example, the wireless device, in response to a second subblock (e.g., subblock  2  in  FIG. 41 ) of a plurality of subblocks in the block, corresponding to at least 2nd SCell of the plurality of SCells, comprising a dormancy indication indicating a non-dormant state for the at least 2nd SCell of the wireless device, the wireless device may transition the at least 2nd SCell to the non-dormant state. In response to the at least 2nd SCell being in the non-dormant state, the wireless device may monitor PDCCH on/for the at least 2nd SCell and transmit CSI report for the at least 2nd SCell. Similarly, the wireless device may determine a state transition for at least 3rd SCell of the wireless device based on a third subblock of the block, and so on. Example embodiments enable the wireless device to wake up (or go to sleep) on a plurality of cells and transition one or more SCells of the plurality of cells to a dormant state or a non-dormant state based on receiving a single DCI. Example embodiments reduces downlink signaling overhead for indication of wake-up/go-to-sleep and dormant state of a SCell. Example embodiments may reduce blind decoding complexity of a wireless device when monitoring a PDCCH when a power saving mode (or operation) is supported by the wireless device. Example embodiments may reduce signaling overhead for delivering various power saving information in a single DCI and to a plurality of wireless devices. 
     In an example, a wireless device may monitor a downlink control channel on a first search space of a cell, when in a power saving mode. The wireless device may receive a DCI via the downlink control channel on the first search space. The wireless device may validate the DCI for deactivation of the power saving mode based on at least one of: CRC bits of the DCI; one or more fields of the DCI. The wireless device may determine the validation is achieved in response to at least one of: the CRC bits of the DCI being scrambled by a RNTI dedicated for the power saving mode; the one or more fields of the DCI being set to one or more predefined values. In response to the validation being achieved, the wireless device may deactivate the power saving mode. The wireless device may, in response to deactivating the power saving mode, monitor the downlink control channel on the first search space and at least a second search space. 
     In an example, a wireless device may monitor a downlink control channel. The wireless device may receive a DCI via the downlink control channel. The DCI may comprise one or more power saving activation/deactivation commands. The one or more power saving activation/deactivation commands may be associated with a plurality of cells/BWPs. The wireless device may activate a power saving mode on a first cell of the plurality of cells/BWPs, in response to a power saving activation/deactivation command, of the one or more power saving activation/deactivation commands, indicating activation of the power saving mode, wherein the power saving activation/deactivation command is associated with the first cell. 
     In an example, a wireless device may monitor a downlink control channel. The wireless device may receive a DCI via the downlink control channel. The DCI may comprise one or more power saving activation/deactivation commands. The one or more power saving activation/deactivation commands may be associated with a plurality of cells/BWPs. The wireless device may deactivate a power saving mode on a first cell of the plurality of cells/BWPs, in response to a power saving activation/deactivation command, of the one or more power saving activation/deactivation commands, indicating deactivation of the power saving mode, wherein the power saving activation/deactivation command is associated with the first cell. 
       FIG. 42  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At  4210 , a wireless device (e.g., a first UE) my receive RRC message comprising a PS-RNTI for (receiving) a DCI notifying power saving information, a location parameter for receiving the power saving information for the wireless device. At  4220 , the wireless device may receive, based on the PS-RNTI, a first DCI comprising a plurality of blocks (e.g., each block has a fixed length of bit string). In an example, the location parameter indicates a location of a block of the plurality of blocks. The block comprises a wake-up indication for the wireless device and a dormancy indication for at least one SCell. At  4230 , the wireless device transitions to a wake-up state in response to the wake-up indication. At  4240 , the wireless device transitions the at least one SCell to a dormant state in response to the dormancy indication. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device receives the first DCI based on cyclic redundancy check bits of the first DCI being scrambled with the PS-RNTI. 
     According to an example embodiment, the RRC message indicates a DCI format for the DCI notifying the power saving information. The wireless device may receive the first DCI based on a format of the first DCI being the DCI format. 
     According to an example embodiment, the transitioning to the wake-up state comprises monitoring one or more downlink control channels (e.g., PDCCHs) on one or more cells for receiving a second DCI, the second DCI comprising: a downlink assignment on at least one of the one or more cells, and/or an uplink grant on the at least one of the one or more cells. The one or more cells comprise at least one of: a PCell, and/or one or more SCells. The one or more SCells comprise the at least one SCell and one or more second SCell. 
     According to an example embodiment, during a time period of the wake-up state, the wireless device performs at least one of: monitoring PDCCHs on one or more cells, receiving downlink data packets via the one or more cells, and/or transmitting uplink signals on the one or more cells. The monitoring the PDCCHs on the one or more cells comprises monitoring the PDCCHs on the one or more cells in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle of a DRX operation. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device transitions the at least one SCell to the dormant state in response to the dormancy indication, for the at least one SCell, indicating the transitioning to the dormant state. Transitioning the at least one SCell to the dormant state comprises at least one of: stopping monitoring a PDCCH on the at least one SCell, stopping receiving downlink data packet via the at least one SCell, stopping transmitting uplink signals on the at least one SCell, and transmitting CSI report for the at least one SCell. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wake-up indication, corresponding to the wireless device, comprises a bit. The bit indicates the transitioning to the wake-up state in response to the bit being set to a first value. The bit indicates the transitioning to a go-to-sleep state in response to the bit being set to a second value. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device transitions to a go-to-sleep state in response to the wake-up indication, corresponding to the wireless device, indicating transitioning to the go-to-sleep state. The go-to-sleep state comprises a time duration during which the wireless device performs at least one of: stopping monitoring PDCCHs on one or more cells, stopping receiving downlink data packets via the one or more cells, and/or stopping transmitting uplink signals on the one or more cells. The stopping monitoring the PDCCHs on the one or cells comprises skipping monitoring, in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle, the PDCCHs on the one or more cells. 
     According to an example embodiment, each of the plurality of blocks in the first DCI, corresponding to a respective wireless device of a plurality of wireless devices, notifies power saving information for the respective wireless device. The block for the wireless device comprises a plurality of dormancy indications, each of the plurality of dormancy indications, corresponding to one or more SCells, indicates a dormant state transition for the one or more SCells. 
     According to an example embodiment, the RRC message comprises configuration parameters indicating for the one or more SCells, a location of a dormancy indication of the plurality of dormancy indications in the block. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device transitions the at least one SCell to a non-dormant state in response to the dormancy indication, for the at least one SCell, indicating a non-dormant state transition. In response to the at least one SCell being in the non-dormant state, the wireless device performs at least one of: monitoring downlink control channels on the at least one SCell, receiving downlink data packets via the at least one SCell, and/or transmitting uplink signals on the at least one SCell. 
       FIG. 43  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At  4310 , a wireless device (e.g., a first UE) my receive RRC message comprising a PS-RNTI for (receiving) a DCI notifying power saving information, a location parameter for receiving the power saving information for the wireless device. At  4320 , the wireless device may receive, based on the PS-RNTI, a first DCI comprising a plurality of blocks (e.g., each block has a fixed length of bit string). In an example, the location parameter indicates a location of a block of the plurality of blocks. The block comprises a wake-up indication for the wireless device. At  4330 , the wireless device transitions to a go-to-sleep state in response to the wake-up indication indicating the go-to-sleep state, wherein the go-to-sleep state comprises stopping monitoring PDCCHs in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device transitions to a wake-up state based on the wake-up indication indicating the wake-up state, wherein the wake-up state comprises a time period during which the wireless device monitors the downlink control channels in the discontinuous reception (DRX) active time of a DRX operation. 
       FIG. 44  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At  4410 , a wireless device (e.g., a first UE) my receive RRC message comprising a PS-RNTI for (receiving) a DCI, of a first DCI format, comprising a plurality of blocks and notifying power saving information for a plurality of wireless devices comprising the wireless device, a location parameter for receiving the power saving information for the wireless device. At  4420 , the wireless device may receive, based on the PS-RNTI, a first DCI with the first DCI format and comprising a first plurality of blocks (e.g., each block has a fixed length of bit string). In an example, the location parameter indicates a first location of a first block of the first plurality of blocks, for the wireless device. The first block comprises a wake-up indication for the wireless device. At  4430 , the wireless device transitions to a wake-up state in response to the wake-up indication indicating the wake-up state, wherein the wake-up state comprises monitoring PDCCHs in a DRX active time of a DRX cycle. 
       FIG. 45  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At  4510 , a wireless device (e.g., a UE) my receive RRC message comprising a PS-RNTI for (receiving) a DCI comprising a plurality of blocks notifying power saving information, a location parameter for receiving the power saving information for the wireless device, and/or configuration parameters of one or more SCells. At  4520 , the wireless device may receive, based on the PS-RNTI, a first DCI comprising a first plurality of blocks (e.g., each block has a fixed length of bit string). In an example, the location parameter indicates a first location of a first block of the first plurality of blocks, for the wireless device. The first block comprises a dormancy indication for at least one SCell of the one or more SCells of the wireless device. At  4530 , the wireless device transitions the at least one SCell to a dormant state in response to the dormancy indication indicating the dormant state. 
       FIG. 46  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At  4610 , a wireless device (e.g., a first UE) my receive RRC message comprising a PS-RNTI for (receiving) a DCI comprising a plurality of power saving indications for a plurality of UEs comprising the first UE, a DCI format for the DCI, a location of a power saving indication, corresponding to a respective UE of the plurality of UEs, of the plurality of power saving indications. At  4620 , the wireless device may receive, based on the PS-RNTI and the DCI format, a first DCI comprising a first plurality of power saving indications. At  4530 , the wireless device transitions to a power saving state in response to a first power saving indication at a first location, of the first plurality of power saving indications, corresponding to the wireless device, indicating the transitioning to the power saving state. 
       FIG. 47  is a flow diagram as per an aspect of an example embodiment of the present disclosure. At  4710 , a wireless device (e.g., a UE) may receive a DCI via a first PDCCH of a first cell (e.g., PCell), the DCI comprising a frequency domain resource assignment field. At  4720 , the wireless device may determine whether the DCI indicates a dormant state for a SCell, based on the frequency domain resource assignment field being set to a predefined value. At  4730 , the wireless device transitions, based on the determining, the SCell to the dormant state, wherein during a time period of the dormant state, the wireless device stops monitoring a second PDCCH on the SCell. In an example, during the time period of the dormant state, the wireless device transmits CSI report for the SCell via a PCell or a PUCCH SCell. 
     According to an example embodiment, the predefined value may be a bit string of all zeros. In an example, the predefined value may be a bit string of all ones. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device transitions the SCell to the dormant state further based on the DCI comprising one or more fields indicating the dormant state transition for the SCell. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device transmits to a base station one or more assistant parameters, of the wireless device, indicating whether the wireless device supports a dormancy state transition. The wireless device receives, from the base station, configuration parameters of the dormant state for the SCell based on the one or more assistant parameters. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device transmits a medium access control control element indicating a confirmation of the receiving of the DCI, in response to receiving the DCI indicating a dormant state transition for the SCell. The medium access control control element has a fixed size of zero bits. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device may monitor the downlink control channel on the SCell before receiving the DCI indicating the dormant state transition for the SCell. 
     According to an example embodiment, the DCI comprises a plurality of dormancy indications, each of the plurality of dormancy indications corresponding to one or more cells of a plurality of cells. Each of the plurality of dormancy indications, corresponding to the one or more cells of the plurality of cells, indicates a dormancy state transition for the one or more cells. The plurality of cells comprise one or more SCells. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device receives from a base station one or more RRC messages comprising configuration parameters indicating a location of a dormancy indication, of the plurality of dormancy indication, for the one or more cells. 
     According to an example embodiment, the wireless device determines whether the DCI indicates the dormant state for the SCell, further based on one or more second fields of the DCI. The one or more second fields comprise: a modulation and coding scheme field, a new data indicator field, a redundancy version field, and/or a hybrid acknowledgement repeat request field. 
     Embodiments may be configured to operate as needed. The disclosed mechanism may be performed when certain criteria are met, for example, in a wireless device, a base station, a radio environment, a network, a combination of the above, and/or the like. Example criteria may be based, at least in part, on for example, wireless device or network node configurations, traffic load, initial system set up, packet sizes, traffic characteristics, a combination of the above, and/or the like. When the one or more criteria are met, various example embodiments may be applied. Therefore, it may be possible to implement example embodiments that selectively implement disclosed protocols. 
     A base station may communicate with a mix of wireless devices. Wireless devices and/or base stations may support multiple technologies, and/or multiple releases of the same technology. Wireless devices may have some specific capability(ies) depending on wireless device category and/or capability(ies). A base station may comprise multiple sectors. When this disclosure refers to a base station communicating with a plurality of wireless devices, this disclosure may refer to a subset of the total wireless devices in a coverage area. This disclosure may refer to, for example, a plurality of wireless devices of a given LTE or 5G release with a given capability and in a given sector of the base station. The plurality of wireless devices in this disclosure may refer to a selected plurality of wireless devices, and/or a subset of total wireless devices in a coverage area which perform according to disclosed methods, and/or the like. There may be a plurality of base stations or a plurality of wireless devices in a coverage area that may not comply with the disclosed methods, for example, because those wireless devices or base stations perform based on older releases of LTE or 5G technology. 
     In this disclosure, “a” and “an” and similar phrases are to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” Similarly, any term that ends with the suffix “(s)” is to be interpreted as “at least one” and “one or more.” In this disclosure, the term “may” is to be interpreted as “may, for example.” In other words, the term “may” is indicative that the phrase following the term “may” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. 
     If A and B are sets and every element of A is also an element of B, A is called a subset of B. In this specification, only non-empty sets and subsets are considered. For example, possible subsets of B={celll, ce 112 } are: {can}, {ce 112 }, and {celll, ce 112 }. The phrase “based on” (or equally “based at least on”) is indicative that the phrase following the term “based on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “in response to” (or equally “in response at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “in response to” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “depending on” (or equally “depending at least to”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “depending on” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. The phrase “employing/using” (or equally “employing/using at least”) is indicative that the phrase following the phrase “employing/using” is an example of one of a multitude of suitable possibilities that may, or may not, be employed to one or more of the various embodiments. 
     The term configured may relate to the capacity of a device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. Configured may also refer to specific settings in a device that effect the operational characteristics of the device whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. In other words, the hardware, software, firmware, registers, memory values, and/or the like may be “configured” within a device, whether the device is in an operational or nonoperational state, to provide the device with specific characteristics. Terms such as “a control message to cause in a device” may mean that a control message has parameters that may be used to configure specific characteristics or may be used to implement certain actions in the device, whether the device is in an operational or non-operational state. 
     In this disclosure, various embodiments are disclosed. Limitations, features, and/or elements from the disclosed example embodiments may be combined to create further embodiments within the scope of the disclosure. 
     In this disclosure, parameters (or equally called, fields, or Information elements: IEs) may comprise one or more information objects, and an information object may comprise one or more other objects. For example, if parameter (IE) N comprises parameter (IE) M, and parameter (IE) M comprises parameter (IE) K, and parameter (IE) K comprises parameter (information element) J. Then, for example, N comprises K, and N comprises J. In an example embodiment, when one or more messages comprise a plurality of parameters, it implies that a parameter in the plurality of parameters is in at least one of the one or more messages, but does not have to be in each of the one or more messages. 
     Furthermore, many features presented above are described as being optional through the use of “may” or the use of parentheses. For the sake of brevity and legibility, the present disclosure does not explicitly recite each and every permutation that may be obtained by choosing from the set of optional features. However, the present disclosure is to be interpreted as explicitly disclosing all such permutations. For example, a system described as having three optional features may be embodied in seven different ways, namely with just one of the three possible features, with any two of the three possible features or with all three of the three possible features. 
     Many of the elements described in the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as modules. A module is defined here as an element that performs a defined function and has a defined interface to other elements. The modules described in this disclosure may be implemented in hardware, software in combination with hardware, firmware, wetware (i.e. hardware with a biological element) or a combination thereof, all of which may be behaviorally equivalent. For example, modules may be implemented as a software routine written in a computer language configured to be executed by a hardware machine (such as C, C++, Fortran, Java, Basic, Matlab or the like) or a modeling/simulation program such as Simulink, Stateflow, GNU Octave, or LabVIEWMathScript. Additionally, it may be possible to implement modules using physical hardware that incorporates discrete or programmable analog, digital and/or quantum hardware. Examples of programmable hardware comprise: computers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs); field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs); and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Computers, microcontrollers and microprocessors are programmed using languages such as assembly, C, C++ or the like. FPGAs, ASICs and CPLDs are often programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) or Verilog that configure connections between internal hardware modules with lesser functionality on a programmable device. The above mentioned technologies are often used in combination to achieve the result of a functional module. 
     The disclosure of this patent document incorporates material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, for the limited purposes required by law, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 
     While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the scope. In fact, after reading the above description, it will be apparent to one skilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement alternative embodiments. Thus, the present embodiments should not be limited by any of the above described exemplary embodiments. 
     In addition, it should be understood that any figures which highlight the functionality and advantages, are presented for example purposes only. The disclosed architecture is sufficiently flexible and configurable, such that it may be utilized in ways other than that shown. For example, the actions listed in any flowchart may be re-ordered or only optionally used in some embodiments. 
     Further, the purpose of the Abstract of the Disclosure is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The Abstract of the Disclosure is not intended to be limiting as to the scope in any way. Finally, it is the applicant&#39;s intent that only claims that include the express language “means for” or “step for” be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112. Claims that do not expressly include the phrase “means for” or “step for” are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112.