Patent Publication Number: US-6217739-B1

Title: Electrolytic production of high purity aluminum using inert anodes

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/241,518 filed Feb. 1, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,799, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/883,061 filed Jun. 26, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,865,980 issued Feb. 2, 1999, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     GOVERNMENT CONTRACT 
     The United States Government has certain rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-FC07-98ID13666 awarded by the United States Department of Energy. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     The present invention relates to the electrolytic production of aluminum. More particularly, the invention relates to the production of commercial purity aluminum with an electrolytic reduction cell including inert anodes. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     The energy and cost efficiency of aluminum smelting can be significantly reduced with the use of inert, non-consumable and dimensionally stable anodes. Replacement of traditional carbon anodes with inert anodes should allow a highly productive cell design to be utilized, thereby reducing capital costs. Significant environmental benefits are also possible because inert anodes produce no CO 2  or CF 4  emissions. Some examples of inert anode compositions are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,374,050, 4,374,761, 4,399,008, 4,455,211, 4,582,585, 4,584,172, 4,620,905, 5,794,112 and 5,865,980, assigned to the assignee of the present application. These patents are incorporated herein by reference. 
     A significant challenge to the commercialization of inert anode technology is the anode material. Researchers have been searching for suitable inert anode materials since the early years of the Hall-Heroult process. The anode material must satisfy a number of very difficult conditions. For example, the material must not react with or dissolve to any significant extent in the cryolite electrolyte. It must not react with oxygen or corrode in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. It should be thermally stable at temperatures of about 1,000° C. It must be relatively inexpensive and should have good mechanical strength. It must have high electrical conductivity at the smelting cell operating temperatures, e.g., about 900-1,000° C., so that the voltage drop at the anode is low. 
     In addition to the above-noted criteria, aluminum produced with the inert anodes should not be contaminated with constituents of the anode material to any appreciable extent. Although the use of inert anodes in aluminum electrolytic reduction cells has been proposed in the past, the use of such inert anodes has not been put into commercial practice. One reason for this lack of implementation has been the long-standing inability to produce aluminum of commercial grade purity with inert anodes. For example, impurity levels of Fe, Cu and/or Ni have been found to be unacceptably high in aluminum produced with known inert anode materials. 
     The present invention has been developed in view of the foregoing, and to address other deficiencies of the prior art. 
     SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
     An aspect of the present invention is to provide a process for producing high purity aluminum using inert anodes. The method includes the steps of passing current between an inert anode and a cathode through a bath comprising an electrolyte and aluminum oxide, and recovering aluminum comprising a maximum of 0.15 weight percent Fe, 0.1 weight percent Cu, and 0.03 weight percent Ni. 
     Additional aspects and advantages of the invention will occur to persons skilled in the art from the following detailed description thereof 
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     FIG. 1 is a partially schematic sectional view of an electrolytic cell with an inert anode that is used to produce commercial purity aluminum in accordance with the present invention. 
     FIG. 2 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating amounts of iron, nickel and zinc oxides present in an inert anode that may be used to make commercial purity aluminum in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. 
     FIG. 3 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating amounts of iron, nickel and cobalt oxides present in an inert anode that may be used to make commercial purity aluminum in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an electrolytic cell for the production of commercial purity aluminum which includes an inert anode in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The cell includes an inner crucible  10  inside a protection crucible  20 . A cryolite bath  30  is contained in the inner crucible  10 , and a cathode  40  is provided in the bath  30 . An inert anode  50  is positioned in the bath  30 . An alumina feed tube  60  extends partially into the inner crucible  10  above the bath  30 . The cathode  40  and inert anode  50  are separated by a distance  70  known as the anode-cathode distance (ACD). Commerical purity aluminum  80  produced during a run is deposited on the cathode  40  and on the bottom of the crucible  10 . 
     As used herein, the term “inert anode” means a substantially nonconsumable anode which possesses satisfactory corrosion resistance and stability during the aluminum production process. In a preferred embodiment, the inert anode comprises a cermet material. 
     As used herein, the term “commercial purity aluminum” means aluminum which meets commercial purity standards upon production by an electrolytic reduction process. The commercial purity aluminum comprises a maximum of 0.2 weight percent Fe, 0.1 weight percent Cu, and 0.034 weight percent Ni. In a preferred embodiment, the commercial purity aluminum comprises a maximum of 0.15 weight percent Fe, 0.034 weight percent Cu, and 0.03 weight percent Ni. More preferably, the commercial purity aluminum comprises a maximum of 0.13 weight percent Fe, 0.03 weight percent Cu, and 0.03 weight percent Ni. Preferably, the commercial purity aluminum also meets the following weight percentage standards for other types of impurities: 0.2 maximum Si, 0.03 Zn. and 0.03 Co. The Si impurity level is more preferably kept below 0.15 or 0.10 weight percent. 
     Inert anodes of the present invention preferably have ceramic phase portions and metal phase portions. The ceramic phase typically comprises at least 50 weight percent of the anode, preferably from about 70 to about 90 weight percent. It is noted that for every numerical range or limit set forth herein, all numbers with the range or limit including every fraction or decimal between its stated minimum and maximum, are considered to be designated and disclosed by this description. 
     The ceramic phase portions preferably comprise iron and nickel oxides, and at least one additional oxide such as zinc oxide and/or cobalt oxide. For example, the ceramic phase may be of the formula; Ni 1−x−y  Fe 2−x  M y  O; where M is perferably Zn and/or Co; x is from 0 to 0.5; and y is from 0 to 0.6. More preferably X is from 0.05 to 0.2, and y is from 0.01 to 0.5. Table 1 lists some ternary Fe—Ni—Zn—O materials that may be suitable for use as the ceramic phase of a cermet inert anode. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Elemental 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Weight 
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Nominal 
                 Percent 
                   
               
               
                 I.D. 
                 Composition 
                 Fe, Ni, Zn 
                 Structural Types 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 5412 
                 NiFe 2 O 4   
                 48, 23.0, 0.15 
                 NiFe 2 O 4   
               
               
                 5324 
                 NiFe 2 O4 + NiO 
                 34, 36, 0.06 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , NiO 
               
               
                 E4 
                 Zn 0.05 Ni 0.95 Fe 2 O 4   
                 43, 22, 1.4 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 E3 
                 Zn 0.1 Ni 0.9 Fe 2 O 4   
                 43, 20, 2.7 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 E2 
                 Zn 0.25 Ni 0.75 Fe 2 O 4   
                 40, 15, 5.9 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 E1 
                 Zn 0.25 Ni 0.75 Fe 1.90 O 4   
                 45, 18, 7.8 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 E 
                 Zn 0.5 Ni 0.5 Fe 2 O 4   
                 45, 12, 13 
                 (ZnNi)Fe 2 O 4 , TP + ZnO s   
               
               
                 F 
                 ZnFe 2 O 4   
                 43, 0.03, 24 
                 ZnFe 2 O 4 , TP + ZnO 
               
               
                 H 
                 Zn 0.5 NiFe 1.5 O 4   
                 33, 23, 13 
                 (ZnNi)Fe 2 O 4 , NiO s   
               
               
                 J 
                 Zn 0.5 Ni 1.5 FeO 4   
                 26, 39, 10 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , MP + NiO 
               
               
                 L 
                 ZnNiFeO 4   
                 22, 23, 27 
                 (ZnNi)Fe 2 O 4 , NiO s , ZnO 
               
               
                 ZD6 
                 Zn 0.05 Ni 1.05 Fe 1.9 O 4   
                 40, 24, 1.3 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 ZD5 
                 Zn 0.1 Ni 1.1 Fe 1.8 O 4   
                 29, 18, 2.3 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 ZD3 
                 Zn 0.12 Ni 0.94 Fe 1.88 O 4   
                 43, 23, 3.2 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 ZD1 
                 Zn 0.12 Ni 0.94 Fe 1.88 O 4   
                 40, 20, 11 
                 (ZnNi)Fe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 DH 
                 Zn 0.18 Ni 0.96 Fe 1.8 O 4   
                 42, 23, 4.9 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TP + NiO 
               
               
                 DI 
                 Zn 0.08 Ni 1.17 Fe 1.5 O 4   
                 38, 30, 2.4 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , MP + NiO, TU* 
               
               
                 DJ 
                 Zn 0.17 Ni 1.1 Fe 1.5 O 4   
                 36, 29, 4.8 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , MP + NiO 
               
               
                 BC2 
                 Zn 0.33 Ni 0.67 O 
                 0.11, 52, 25 
                 NiO s , TU* 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *TU means trace unidentified; +TP means trace possible; +MP means minor possible; S means shifted peak  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     FIG. 2 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating the amounts of Fe 2 O 3 , NiO and ZnO starting materials used to make the compositions listed in Table 1, which may be used as the ceramic phase(s) of cermet inert anodes. Such inert anodes may in turn be used to produce commercial purity aluminum in accordance with the present invention. 
     In one embodiement, when Fe 2 O 3 , NiO and ZnO are used as starting materials for making an inert anode, they are typically mixed together in ratios of 20 to 99.09 mole percent NiO, 0.01 to 51 mole percent Fe 2 O 3 , and zero to 30 mole percent ZnO. Perferably, such starting materials are mixed together in ratios of 45 to 65 mole percent NiO, 20 to 45 mole percent Fe 2 O 3 , and 0.01 to 22 mole percent ZnO. 
     Table 2 lists some ternary Fe 2 O 3 /NiO/CoO materials that may be suitable as the ceramic phase. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
               
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Analyzed 
                   
               
               
                   
                   
                 Elemental 
                   
               
               
                 Sample 
                 Nominal 
                 Wgt. % 
                   
               
               
                 I.D. 
                 Composition 
                 Fe, Ni, Co 
                 Structural Types 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 CF 
                 CoFe 2 O 4   
                 44, 0.17, 24 
                 CoFe 2 O 4   
               
               
                 NCF1 
                 Ni 0.5 Co 05 Fe 2 O 4   
                 44, 12, 11 
                 NiFe 2 O 4   
               
               
                 NCF2 
                 Ni 0.7 Co 03 Fe 2 O 4   
                 45, 16, 7.6 
                 NiFe 2 O 4   
               
               
                 NCF3 
                 Ni 0.7 Co 0.3 Fe 1.95 O 4   
                 42, 18, 6.9 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , TU* 
               
               
                 NCF4 
                 Ni 0.85 Co 0.15 Fe 1.95 O 4   
                 44, 20, 3.4 
                 NiFe 2 O 4   
               
               
                 NCF5 
                 Ni 0.85 Co 0.5 Fe 1.9 O 4   
                 45, 20, 7.0 
                 NiFe 2 O 4 , NiO, TU* 
               
               
                 NF 
                 NiFe 2 O 4   
                 48, 23, 0 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 *TU means trace unidentified  
               
            
           
         
       
     
     FIG. 3 is a ternary phase diagram illustrating the amounts of Fe 2 O 3 , NiO and CoO starting materials used to make the compositions listed in Table 2, which may be used as the ceramic phase(s) of cermet inert anodes. Such inert anodes may in turn be used to produce commercial purity aluminum in accordance with the present invention 
     The cermet inert anodes used in accordance with a preferred aluminum production method of the present invention include at least one metal phase, for example, a base metal and at least one noble metal. Copper and silver are preferred base metals. However, other electrically conductive metals may optionally be used to replace all or part of the copper or silver. Furthermore, additional metals such as Co, Ni, Fe, Al, Sn, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W and the like may be alloyed with the base metal. Such base metals may be provided from individual or alloyed powders of the metals, or as oxides of such metals. 
     The noble metal preferably comprises at least one metal selected from Ag, Pd, Pt, Au, Rh, Ru, Ir and Os. More preferably, the noble metal comprises Ag, Pd, Pt, Au and/or Rh. Most preferably, the noble metal comprises Ag, Pd or a combination thereof. The noble metal may be provided from individual or alloyed powders of the metals, or as oxides of such metals, e.g., silver oxide, palladium oxide, etc. 
     Preferably, metal phase(s) of the inert electrode comprises at least about 60 weight percent of the combined base metal and noble metal, more preferably at least about 80 weight percent. The presence of base metal/noble metal provides high levels of electrical conductivity through the inert electrodes. The base metal/noble metal phase may form either a continuous phase(s) within the inert electrode or a discontinuous phase(s) separated by the oxide phase(s). 
     The metal phase of the inert electrode typically comprises from about 50 to about 99.99 weight percent of the base metal, and from about 0.01 to about 50 weight percent of the noble metal(s). Preferably, the metal phase comprises from about 70 to about 99.95 weight percent of the base metal, and from about 0.05 to about 30 weight percent of the noble metal(s). More preferably, the metal phrase comprises from about 90 to about 99.9 weight percent of the base metal, and from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent of the noble metal(s). 
     The types and amounts of base and noble metals contained in the metal phase of the inert anode are selected in order to substantially prevent unwanted corrosion, dissolution or reaction of the inert electrodes, and to withstand the high temperatures which the inert electrodes are subjected to during the electrolytic metal reduction process. For example, in the electrolytic production of aluminum, the production cell typically operates at sustained smelting temperatures above 800° C., usually at temperatures of 900-980° C. Accordingly, inert anodes used in such cells should preferably have melting points above 800° C., more preferably above 900° C., and optimally above about 1,000° C. 
     In one embodiment of the invention, the metal phase comprises copper as the base metal and a relatively small amount of silver as the noble metal. In this embodiment, the silver content is preferably less than about 10 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 9 weight percent, and optimally from about 0.5 to about 8 weight percent, remainder copper. By combining such relatively small amounts of Ag with such relatively large amounts of Cu, the melting point of the Cu—Ag alloy phase is significantly increased. For example, an alloy comprising 95 weight percent Cu and 5 weight percent Ag has a melting point of approximately 1,000° C., while an alloy comprising 90 weight percent Cu and 10 weight percent Ag forms a eutectic having a melting point of approximately 780° C. This difference in melting points is particularly significant where the alloys are to be used as part of inert anodes in electrolytic aluminum reduction cells, which typically operate at smelting temperatures of greater than 800° C. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the metal phase comprises copper as the base metal and a relatively small amount of palladium as the noble metal. In this embodiment, the Pd content is preferably less than about 20 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent. 
     In a further embodiment of the invention, the metal phase comprises silver as the base metal and a relatively small amount of palladium as the noble metal. In this embodiment, the Pd content is preferably less than about 50 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.05 to about 30 weight percent, and optimally from about 0.1 to about 20 weight percent. Alternatively, silver may be used alone as the metal phase of the anode. 
     In another embodiment of the invention, the metal phase comprises Cu, Ag and Pd. In this embodiment, the amounts of Cu, Ag and Pd are preferably selected in order to provide an alloy having a melting point above 800° C., more preferably above 900° C., and optimally above about 1,000° C. The silver content is preferably from about 0.5 to about 30 weight percent of the metal phase, while the Pd content is preferably from about 0.01 to about 10 weight percent. More preferably, the Ag content is from about 1 to about 20 weight percent of the metal phase, and the Pd content is from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent. The weight ratio of Ag to Pd is preferably from about 2:1 to about 100:1, more preferably from about 5:1 to about 20:1. 
     In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the types and amounts of base and noble metals contained in the metal phase are selected such that the resultant material forms at least one alloy phase having an increased melting point above the eutectic melting point of the particular alloy system. For example, as discussed above in connection with the binary Cu—Ag alloy system, the amount of the Ag addition may be controlled in order to substantially increase the melting point above the eutectic melting point of the Cu—Ag alloy. Other noble metals, such as Pd and the like, may be added to the binary Cu—Ag alloy system in controlled amounts in order to produce alloys having melting points above the eutectic melting points of the alloy systems. Thus, binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. alloys may be produced in accordance with the present invention having sufficiently high melting points for use as part of inert electrodes in electrolytic metal production cells. 
     The inert anodes may be formed by techniques such as powder sintering, sol-gel processes, slip casting and spray forming. Preferably, the inert electrodes are formed by powder techniques in which powders comprising the oxides and metals are pressed and sintered. The inert anode may comprise a monolithic component of such materials, or may comprise a substrate having at least one coating or layer of such material. 
     Prior to combining the ceramic and metal powders, the ceramic powders, such as NiO, Fe 2 O 3  and ZnO or CoO, may be blended in a mixer. Optionally, the blended ceramic powders may be ground to a smaller size before being transferred to a furnace where they are calcined, e.g., for 12 hours at 1,250° C. The calcination produces a mixture made from oxide phases, for example, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. If desired, the mixture may include other oxide powders such as Cr 2 O 3 . 
     The oxide mixture may be sent to a ball mill where it is ground to an average particle size of approximately 10 microns. The fine oxide particles are blended with a polymeric binder and water to make a slurry in a spray dryer. The slurry contains, e.g., about 60 wt. % solids and about 40 wt. % water. Spray drying the slurry produces dry agglomerates of the oxides that may be transferred to a V-blender and mixed with metal powders. The metal powders may comprise substantially pure metals and alloys thereof, or may comprise oxides of the base metal and/or noble metal. 
     In a preferred embodiment, about 1-10 parts by weight of an organic polymeric binder are added to 100 parts by weight of the metal oxide and metal particles. Some suitable binders include polyvinyl alcohol, acrylic polymers, polyglycols, polyvinyl acetate, polyisobutylene, polycarbonates, polystyrene, polyacrylates, and mixtures and copolymers thereof Preferably, about 3-6 parts by weight of the binder are added to 100 parts by weight of the metal oxides, copper and silver. 
     The V-blended mixture of oxide and metal powders may be sent to a press where it is isostatically pressed, for example at 10,000 to 40,000 psi, into anode shapes. A pressure of about 20,000 psi is particularly suitable for many applications. The pressed shapes may be sintered in a controlled atmosphere furnace supplied with an argon-oxygen gas mixture. Sintering temperatures of 1,000-1,400° C. may be suitable. The furnace is typically operated at 1,350-1,385° C. for 2-4 hours. The sintering process burns out any polymeric binder from the anode shapes. 
     The sintered anode may be connected to a suitable electrically conductive support member within an electrolytic metal production cell by means such as welding, brazing, mechanically fastening, cementing and the like. 
     The gas supplied during sintering preferably contains about 5-3,000 ppm oxygen, more preferably about 5-700 ppm and most preferably about 10-350 ppm. Lesser concentrations of oxygen result in a product having a larger metal phase than desired, and excessive oxygen results in a product having too much of the phase containing metal oxides (ceramic phase). The remainder of the gaseous atmosphere preferably comprises a gas such as argon that is inert to the metal at the reaction temperature. 
     Sintering anode compositions in an atmosphere of controlled oxygen content typically lowers the porosity to acceptable levels and avoids bleed out of the metal phase. The atmosphere may be predominantly argon, with controlled oxygen contents in the range of 17 to 350 ppm. The anodes may be sintered in a tube furnace at 1,350° C. for 2 hours. Anode compositions sintered under these conditions typically have less than 0.5% porosity when the compositions are sintered in argon containing 70-150 ppm oxygen. In contrast, when the same anode compositions are sintered for the same time and at the same temperature in an argon atmosphere, porosities are substantially higher and the anodes may show various amounts of bleed out of the metal phase. 
     The inert anode may include a cermet as described above successively connected in series to a transition region and a nickel end. A nickel or nickel-chromium alloy rod may be welded to the nickel end. The transition region, for example, may include four layers of graded composition, ranging from 25 wt. % Ni adjacent the cermet end and then 50, 75 and 100 wt. % Ni, balance the mixture of oxide and metal powders described above. 
     We prepared several inert anode compositions in accordance with the procedures described above having diameters of about ⅝ inch and length of about 5 inches. These compositions were evaluated in a Hall-Heroult test cell similar to that schematically illustrated in FIG.  1 . The cell was operated for 100 hours at 960° C., with an aluminum fluoride to sodium fluoride bath ratio of 1.1 and alumina concentration maintained at about 7-7.5 wt. %. The anode compositions and impurity concentrations in aluminum produced by the cell are shown in Table 3. The impurity values shown in Table 3 represent the average of four test samples of the produced metal taken at four different locations after the 100 hour test period. Interim samples of the produced aluminum were consistently below the final impurity levels listed. 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 3 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 Sample No. 
                 Composition 
                 Porosity 
                 Fe 
                  Cu 
                 Ni 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                   
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                  1 
                 3Ag—14Cu—42.9Ni)—40.1Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.191 
                  0.024 
                 0.044 
               
               
                  2 
                 3Ag—14Cu—42.9Ni)—40.1Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.26 
                 0.012 
                 0.022 
               
               
                  3 
                 3Ag—14Cu—26.45Ni)—56.55Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.375 
                 0.13 
                 0.1 
               
               
                  4 
                 3Ag—14Cu—42.9Ni)—40.1Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.49 
                 0.05 
                 0.085 
               
               
                  5 
                 3Ag—14Cu—42.9Ni)—40.1Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.36 
                 0.034 
                 0.027 
               
               
                  6 
                 5Ag—10Cu—43.95Ni)—41.05Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.4 
                 0.06 
                 0.19 
               
               
                  7 
                 3Ag—14Cu—42.9Ni)—40.1Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.38 
                 0.095 
                 0.12 
               
               
                  8 
                 2Ag—15Cu—42.9Ni)—40.1Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.5 
                 0.13 
                 0.33 
               
               
                  9 
                 2Ag—15Cu—42.9Ni)—40.1Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.1 
                 0.16 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 10 
                 3Ag—11Cu—44.46Ni)—41.54Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.14 
                 0.017 
                 0.13 
               
               
                 11 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.75Ni)—57.25Fe 2 O 3   
                   
                 0.24 
                 0.1 
                 0.143 
               
               
                 12 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.127 
                 0.07 
                 0.011 
                 0.0212 
               
               
                 13 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.168 
                 0.22 
                 0.04 
                 0.09 
               
               
                 14 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.180 
                 0.1 
                 0.03 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 15 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.175 
                 0.12 
                 0.04 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 16 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.203 
                 0.08 
                 0.02 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 17 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.230 
                 0.12 
                 0.01 
                 0.04 
               
               
                 18 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.184 
                 0.17 
                 0.18 
                 0.47 
               
               
                 19 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.193 
                 0.29 
                 0.044 
                 0.44 
               
               
                 20 
                 1Ag—14Cu—5ZnO—28.08Ni)—56.92Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.201 
                 0.16 
                 0.02 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 21 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.144 
                 0.44 
                 0.092 
                 0.15 
               
               
                 22 
                 1Ag—14Cu—5ZnO—28.08Ni)—56.92Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.191 
                 0.48 
                 0.046 
                 0.17 
               
               
                 23 
                 1Ag—14Cu—5ZnO—28.08Ni)—56.92Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.214 
                 0.185 
                 0.04 
                 0.047 
               
               
                 24 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.201 
                 0.15 
                 0.06 
                 0.123 
               
               
                 25 
                 1Ag—14Cu—5ZnO—28.08Ni)—56.92Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.208 
                 0.22 
                 0.05 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 26 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.201 
                 0.18 
                 0.03 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 27 
                 1Ag—14Cu—5ZnO—28.08Ni)—56.92Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.252 
                 0.21 
                 0.05 
                 0.08 
               
               
                 28 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.203 
                 0.21 
                 0.057 
                 0.123 
               
               
                 29 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.35Ni)—55.95Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.251 
                 0.12 
                 0.03 
                 0.043 
               
               
                 30 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.238 
                 0.12 
                 0.05 
                 0.184 
               
               
                 31 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.221 
                 0.185 
                 0.048 
                 0.157 
               
               
                 32 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.35Ni)—55.95Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.256 
                 0.16 
                 0.019 
                 0.028 
               
               
                 33 
                 1Pd—15Cu—40.48Fe 2 O 3 —43.32Ni)—0.2ZnO 
                 0.149 
                 0.11 
                 0.01 
                 0.024 
               
               
                 34 
                 1Ag—14Cu—27.96Ni)—57.04Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.241 
                 0.186 
                 0.05 
                 0.22 
               
               
                 35 
                 3Pd—14Cu—42.91Ni)—40.09Fe 2 O 3   
                 0.107 
                 0.2 
                 0.02 
                 0.11 
               
               
                 36 
                 1Pt—15Cu—57.12Fe 2 O 3 —26.88NiO 
                 0.105 
                 0.14 
                 0.024 
                 0.041 
               
               
                 37 
                 1Pd—15Cu—57Fe 2 O 3 —27.8Ni)—0.2ZnO 
                 0.279 
                 0.115 
                 0.014 
                 0.023 
               
               
                 38 
                 1Pd—15Cu—40.48Fe 2 O 3 —43.32Ni)—0.2ZnO 
                 0.191 
                 0.116 
                 0.031 
                 0.038 
               
               
                 39 
                 1Pd—15Cu—40.48Fe 2 O 3 —43.32Ni)—0.2ZnO 
                 0.253 
                 0.115 
                 0.07 
                 0.085 
               
               
                 40 
                 0.5Pd—16Cu—43.27Ni)—40.43Fe 2 O 3 —0.2ZnO 
                 0.129 
                 0.096 
                 0.042 
                 0.06 
               
               
                 41 
                 0.5Pd—16Cu—43.27Ni)—40.43Fe 2 O 3 —0.2ZnO 
                 0.137 
                 0.113 
                 0.033 
                 0.084 
               
               
                 42 
                 0.1Pd—0.9Ag—15Cu—43.32Ni)—40.48Fe 2 O 3 —0.2ZnO 
                   
                 0.18 
                 0.04 
                 0.066 
               
               
                 43 
                 0.05Pd—0.95Ag—14Cu—27.9Ni)—56.9Fe 2 O 3 —0.2ZnO 
                 0.184 
                 0.038 
                 0.013 
                 0.025 
               
               
                 44 
                 0.1Pd—0.9Ag—14Cu—27.9Ni)—56.9Fe 2 O 3 —0.2ZnO 
                 0.148 
                 0.18 
                 0.025 
                 0.05 
               
               
                 45 
                 0.1Pd—0.9Ag—14Cu—27.35Ni)—55.95Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.142 
                 0.09 
                 0.02 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 46 
                 0.05Pd—0.95Ag—14Cu—27.35Ni)—55.95Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.160 
                 0.35 
                 0.052 
                 0.084 
               
               
                 47 
                 1Ru—14Cu—27.35Ni)—55.95Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.215 
                 0.27 
                 0.047 
                 0.081 
               
               
                 48 
                 0.1Pd—0.9Ag—14Cu—55.81Fe 2 O 3 —27.49Ni)—1.7ZnO 
                 0.222 
                 0.31 
                 0.096 
                 0.18 
               
               
                 49 
                 1.86Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14.02Cu—27.21Ni)—55.23Fe 2 O 3 —1.68ZnO 
                 0.147 
                 0.15 
                 0.008 
                 0.027 
               
               
                 50 
                 0.1Pd—2.7Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14.02Cu—26.9Ni)—54.6Fe 2 O 3 —1.66ZnO 
                 0.180 
                 0.17 
                 0.03 
                 0.049 
               
               
                 51 
                 0.1Pd—0.9Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14Cu—25.49Ni)—55.81Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.203 
                 0.2 
                 0.05 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 52 
                 1.86Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14.02Cu—27.21Ni)—55.23Fe 2 O 3 —1.68ZnO 
                 0.279 
                 0.27 
                 0.06 
                 0.36 
               
               
                 53 
                 0.1Pd—0.9Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14Cu—25.49Ni)—55.81Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.179 
                 0.07 
                 0.023 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 54 
                 1.86Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14.02Cu—27.21Ni)—55.23Fe 2 O 3 —1.68ZnO 
                 0.321 
                 0.15 
                 0.05 
                 0.028 
               
               
                 55 
                 1.86Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14.02Cu—27.21Ni)—55.23Fe 2 O 3 —1.63ZnO 
                 0.212 
                 0.19 
                 0.02 
                 0.075 
               
               
                 56 
                 1.86Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14.02Cu—27.21Ni)—55.23Fe 2 O 3 —1.68ZnO 
                 0.194 
                 0.13 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
               
               
                 57 
                 1.0Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14Cu(as CuO)—27.5Ni)—55.8Fe 2 O 3 —1.7ZnO 
                 0.202 
                 0.12 
                 0.023 
                 0.03 
               
               
                 58 
                 1.86Ag(as Ag 2 O)—14.02Cu—27.21Ni)—55.23Fe 2 O 3 —1.68ZnO 
                 0.241 
                 0.10 
                 0.01 
                 0.02 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The results in Table 3 show low levels of aluminum contamination by the inert anodes. In addition, the inert anode wear rate was extremely low in each sample tested. Optimization of processing parameters and cell operation may further improve the purity of aluminum produced in accordance with the invention. 
     Inert anodes are particularly useful in electrolytic cells for aluminum production operated at temperatures in the range of about 800-1,000° C. A particularly preferred cell operates at a temperature of about 900-980° C., preferably about 930-970° C. An electric current is passed between the inert anode and a cathode through a molten salt bath comprising an electrolyte and an oxide of the metal to be collected. In a preferred cell for aluminum production, the electrolyte comprises aluminum fluoride and sodium fluoride and the metal oxide is alumina. The weight ratio of sodium fluoride to aluminum fluoride is about 0.7 to 1.25, preferably about 1.0 to 1.20. The electrolyte may also contain calcium fluoride, lithium fluoride and/or magnesium fluoride. 
     While the invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, various changes, additions and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.