Patent Publication Number: US-10769162-B2

Title: Generating business intelligence analytics data visualizations with genomically defined genetic selection

Description:
This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/931,537, filed Nov. 3, 2015, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     This disclosure relates to business intelligence systems, and more particularly, to business intelligence and predictive analytics systems. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Enterprise software systems are typically sophisticated, large-scale systems that support many, e.g., hundreds or thousands, of concurrent users. Examples of enterprise software systems include financial planning systems, budget planning systems, order management systems, inventory management systems, sales force management systems, business intelligence tools, enterprise reporting tools, project and resource management systems, and other enterprise software systems. 
     Many enterprise performance management and business planning applications require a large base of users to enter data that the software then accumulates into higher level areas of responsibility in the organization. Moreover, once data has been entered, it must be retrieved to be utilized. The system may perform mathematical calculations on the data, combining data submitted by many users. Using the results of these calculations, the system may generate reports for review by higher management. Often these complex systems make use of multidimensional data sources that organize and manipulate the tremendous volume of data using data structures referred to as data cubes. Each data cube, for example, includes a plurality of hierarchical dimensions having levels and members for storing the multidimensional data. 
     Business intelligence (BI) systems may include analytics systems that may provide insights into collections of enterprise data. An analytics system may be used to explore data, determine cause and effect relationships among data, formulate predictions based on existing data, and support decision-making, for example. An analytics system may also use predictive analytics for generating data forecasts. An analytics system may include a variety of tools and capabilities for analyzing and exploring data. 
     SUMMARY 
     In one aspect of the invention, a method includes receiving, with one or more processing devices, a set of input data. The method further includes generating, with the one or more processing devices, digital genes that genomically define data visualization elements based on the input data, and that define potential incremental changes to the data visualization elements. The method further includes executing, with the one or more processing devices, a genetic selection process with respect to one or more fitness functions on populations of candidate data visualizations that are based on the genomically defined data visualization elements. The method further includes outputting, with the one or more processing devices, a final data visualization output generated by the genetic selection process. 
     In another aspect, a computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium having program code embodied therewith. The program code is executable by a computing device to receive a set of input data. The program code is further executable by a computing device to generate digital genes that genomically define data visualization elements based on the input data, and that define potential incremental changes to the data visualization elements. The program code is further executable by a computing device to execute a genetic selection process with respect to one or more fitness functions on populations of candidate data visualizations that are based on the genomically defined data visualization elements. The program code is further executable by a computing device to output a final data visualization output generated by the genetic selection process. 
     In another aspect, a computer system includes one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories, and one or more computer-readable, tangible storage devices. The computer system further includes program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to receive a set of input data. The computer system further includes program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to generate digital genes that genomically define data visualization elements based on the input data, and that define potential incremental changes to the data visualization elements. The computer system further includes program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to execute a genetic selection process with respect to one or more fitness functions on populations of candidate data visualizations that are based on the genomically defined data visualization elements. The computer system further includes program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to output a final data visualization output generated by the genetic selection process. 
     The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
         FIG. 1  shows a block diagram illustrating an example enterprise software system that may apply genomic definitions of data visualization elements for generating data visualization elements with genetic algorithms, in one aspect of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 2  shows a conceptual block diagram illustrating in further detail portions of one embodiment of enterprise business intelligence (BI) computing environment that includes a BI analytics system including data visualization genomic system as part of an enterprise BI computing system, in one aspect of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 3  shows a conceptual block diagram of a data visualization genomic system configured to perform a data visualization genomic process, in one aspect of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  shows various illustrative example representations of candidate data visualizations from among a potentially large number (e.g., billions) of candidate data visualizations, that a genetic population generation module may generate in one of a series of iterative generations in cooperation with a genetic population down-selection module, based initially on the genomically defined data visualization elements generated by a genomic definition module, and that all represent the input data in different ways, in one aspect of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  shows a conceptual diagram of a client computing device displaying a screenshot of a BI analytics application user interface (UI) showing a final, evolved data visualization output resulting from a genomically defined genetic selection process performed by a data visualization genomic system, in one aspect of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 6  depicts a flowchart of an example process that a data visualization genomic system, executing on one or more computing devices (e.g., servers, computers, processors, etc.), may perform, in one aspect of this disclosure. 
         FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a computing device that may be used to execute a data visualization genomic system, in one aspect of this disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Various examples are disclosed herein for applying and using genomic definitions of data visualization elements for genetic algorithms to automatically generate data visualizations. The genomic definitions of a system of this disclosure specify incremental, iterative changes to data visualization elements. The genomic definitions may be combined in chromosomes that define combinations of incremental, iterative actions to change to data visualization elements. A data visualization genomic system of this disclosure may then execute genetic algorithms to evolve data visualization element candidates based on chromosomes containing genes defining the iterative changes, in accordance with specified fitness functions, thereby enabling efficient and effective genetic algorithm evolution of data visualizations. 
     Previously, data visualizations might be generated using a set of expert system rules manually created and coded by visualization professionals, in accordance with specification details defined by business users to be appropriate to a particular business data domain. Instead, a data visualization genomic system of this disclosure may perform automated generation of data visualizations using genetic algorithms with a defined fitness function and chromosomes assembled with digital genes, where each digitally encoded gene corresponds to a defined, coherent action to incrementally modify an element of a data visualization. 
     A data visualization genomic system of this disclosure may execute evolution of potentially large numbers of generations of potentially large populations of candidate data visualizations specified by genomically defined incremental changes, and subjected to specified fitness functions. The genetic algorithms may include repeated generational cycles of interbreeding, mutations, and down-selection in subjection to the fitness function, in each generation. A data visualization genomic system of this disclosure may thereby generate final data visualizations with superior traits relative to the specified fitness functions, such as to graphically depict potentially large amounts of potentially complex data in visualizations that facilitate intuitive grasp of and insight into the data. In various examples, implementations of this disclosure may thus enable effective and efficient genetic algorithm implementations for generating data visualizations, such as Business Intelligence (BI) analytics data and predictive analytics data. This may include automated generation of data visualizations that provide insights into data without burdening business users with first having to figure out details of how to specify a data visualization for a set of data. A data visualization genomic system of this disclosure may be particularly well-suited for facilitating open exploration of novel, non-routine, or unfamiliar datasets, for which customary data visualization formats have not yet been defined. 
       FIG. 1  shows a block diagram illustrating an example enterprise software system  4  that may apply genomic definitions of data visualization elements for generating data visualization elements with genetic algorithms, in one aspect of this disclosure.  FIG. 1  illustrates an example context in which a data visualization genomic system  22  of this disclosure may be used. Data visualization genomic system  22  may receive a set of data, apply genomic definitions to a body of specified actions that cause incremental changes to data visualization elements, and execute genetic algorithms on populations of candidate data visualization elements in accordance with the genomic definitions, thereby ultimately generating a data visualization output that may be highly well-suited in accordance with specified fitness functions, as further described below.  FIG. 1  is a block diagram illustrating an example enterprise  4  having a computing environment  10  in which a plurality of users  12 A- 12 N within enterprise  4  (collectively, “enterprise users  12 ” or “users  12 ”) may interact with an enterprise business intelligence (BI) system  14  that includes a data visualization genomic system  22 , as described further below. 
     In the system shown in  FIG. 1 , enterprise business intelligence system  14  is communicatively coupled to a number of client computing devices  16 A- 16 N (collectively, “client computing devices  16 ” or “computing devices  16 ”) by an enterprise network  18 . Users  12  interact with their respective computing devices to access enterprise business intelligence system  14 . Users  12 , computing devices  16 , enterprise network  18 , and enterprise business intelligence system  14  may all be either in a single facility or widely dispersed in two or more separate locations anywhere in the world, in different examples. 
     For exemplary purposes, various examples of the techniques of this disclosure may be readily applied to various software systems, including enterprise business intelligence systems or other large-scale enterprise software systems. Examples of enterprise software systems include enterprise financial or budget planning systems, order management systems, inventory management systems, sales force management systems, business intelligence tools, enterprise reporting tools, project and resource management systems, and other enterprise software systems. 
     In this example, enterprise BI system  14  includes servers that run BI dashboard web applications and may provide business analytics software. A user  12  may use a BI portal on a client computing device  16  to view and manipulate information such as business intelligence reports (“BI reports”) and other collections and visualizations of data via their respective computing devices  16 . This may include data from any of a wide variety of sources, including from multidimensional data structures and relational databases within enterprise  4 , as well as data from a variety of external sources that may be accessible over public network  15 , including external client computing devices  17 A- 17 N (collectively, “external client computing devices  17 ” or “computing devices  17 ”) used by external users  13 A- 13 N (“external users  13 ”). Enterprise  4  may thus make data visualization genomic system  22  available to any of enterprise users  12  and/or external users  13 . 
     Users  12 ,  13  may use a variety of different types of computing devices  16 ,  17  to interact with enterprise business intelligence system  14  and access data visualization tools and other resources via enterprise network  18 . For example, an enterprise user  12  may interact with enterprise business intelligence system  14  and run a business intelligence (BI) portal (e.g., a business intelligence dashboard, etc.) using a laptop computer, a desktop computer, or the like, which may run a web browser. Alternatively, an enterprise user may use a smartphone, tablet computer, or similar device, running a business intelligence dashboard in a web browser, a dedicated mobile application, or other means for interacting with enterprise business intelligence system  14 . An external user  13  may also access data visualization genomic system  22  via a smartphone, tablet computer, or similar device, running a business intelligence dashboard in a web browser, a dedicated mobile application, or other means for interacting with certain externally surfaced functions of enterprise business intelligence system  14 . 
     Enterprise network  18  and public network  15  may represent any communication network, and may include a packet-based digital network such as a private enterprise intranet or a public network like the Internet. In this manner, computing environment  10  can readily scale to suit large enterprises. Enterprise users  12  may directly access enterprise business intelligence system  14  via a local area network, or may remotely access enterprise business intelligence system  14  via a virtual private network, remote dial-up, or similar remote access communication mechanism. 
       FIG. 2  shows a conceptual block diagram illustrating in further detail portions of one embodiment of enterprise business intelligence (BI) computing environment  10  that includes a BI analytics system  28  including data visualization genomic system  22  as part of an enterprise BI computing system  14 , in one aspect of this disclosure. In this example implementation, a single client computing device  16 A is shown for purposes of example and includes a BI portal  24  and one or more client-side enterprise software applications  26  that may utilize and manipulate data, including to view analytics tools and data visualizations with BI portal  24 . BI portal  24  may be rendered within a general web browser application, within a locally hosted application or mobile application, or other user interface. BI portal  24  may be generated or rendered using any combination of application software and data local to the computing device it&#39;s being generated on, and/or remotely hosted in one or more application servers or other remote resources. 
     BI portal  24  may include a user interface for a BI analytics application user interface (UI)  27  that may interact with a BI analytics system  28  that comprises data visualization genomic system  22 . BI analytics system  28  configured with data visualization genomic system  22  may receive a set of data, apply genomic definitions to a body of specified actions that cause incremental changes to data visualization elements, and execute genetic algorithms on populations of candidate data visualization elements in accordance with the genomic definitions, thereby ultimately generating a data visualization output that may be highly well-suited in accordance with specified fitness functions, as further described below. Data visualization genomic system  22  may thereby enable BI analytics system  28  and/or BI analytics application UI  27  to generate finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64 , as further described below. 
     BI portal  24  may output the finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64  for a user to view, manipulate, and explore. BI portal  24  may present finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64  in the form of charts or graphs that a user may view, manipulate, and explore, for example. BI portal  24  may present finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64  based on data from sources such as BI reports, e.g., that may be generated with enterprise business intelligence system  14 , or another BI dashboard, as well as other types of data sourced from external resources through public network  15 . BI portal  24  may present finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64  based on data that may be sourced from within or external to the enterprise. 
       FIG. 2  depicts additional detail for enterprise business intelligence system  14  and how it may be accessed via interaction with a BI portal  24  for depicting and providing visualizations of business data. BI portal  24  may provide finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64  that represents, provides data from, or links to any of a variety of types of resource, such as BI reports, software applications, databases, spreadsheets, data structures, flat files, Extensible Markup Language (“XML”) data, comma separated values (CSV) files, data streams, unorganized text or data, or any other type of files or resources. BI portal  24  may provide finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64  generated by data visualization genomic system  22  to enable any type of data to be analyzed and explored via user inputs and/or using tools for analyzing and exploring data, for example. 
     Data visualization genomic system  22  may be hosted among enterprise applications  25 , as in the example depicted in  FIG. 2 , or may be hosted elsewhere, including on a client computing device  16 A/ 17 A (which may be a client computing device  16 A internal to enterprise computing environment  10  or a client computing device  17 A external to enterprise computing environment  10  in different examples), or distributed among various computing resources in enterprise business intelligence system  14 , in some examples. Data visualization genomic system  22  may be implemented as or take the form of a stand-alone application, a portion or add-on of a larger application, a library of application code, a collection of multiple applications and/or portions of applications, or other forms, and may be executed by any one or more servers, client computing devices, processors or processing units, or other types of computing devices. 
     As depicted in  FIG. 2 , enterprise business intelligence system  14  is implemented in accordance with a three-tier architecture: (1) one or more web servers  14 A that provide web applications  23  with user interface functions, including a server-side BI portal application  21 ; (2) one or more application servers  14 B that provide an operating environment for enterprise software applications  25  and a data access service  20 ; and (3) database servers  14 C that provide one or more data sources  38 A,  38 B, . . . ,  38 N (“data sources  38 ”). Enterprise software applications  25  may include data visualization genomic system  22  as one of enterprise software applications  25  or as a portion or portions of one or more of enterprise software applications  25 . 
     The data sources  38  may include two-dimensional databases and/or multidimensional databases or data cubes. The data sources may be implemented using a variety of vendor platforms, and may be distributed throughout the enterprise. As one example, the data sources  38  may be multidimensional databases configured for Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). As another example, the data sources  38  may be multidimensional databases configured to receive and execute Multidimensional Expression (MDX) queries of some arbitrary level of complexity. As yet another example, the data sources  38  may be two-dimensional relational databases configured to receive and execute SQL queries, also with an arbitrary level of complexity. Data sources  38  may also include one or more sets of cross sectional data, for example. 
     Multidimensional data structures are “multidimensional” in that each multidimensional data element is defined by a plurality of different object types, where each object is associated with a different dimension. The enterprise applications  26  on client computing device  16 A may issue business queries to enterprise business intelligence system  14  to build reports. Enterprise business intelligence system  14  includes a data access service  20  that provides a logical interface to the data sources  38 . Client computing device  16 A may transmit query requests through enterprise network  18  to data access service  20 . Data access service  20  may, for example, execute on the application servers intermediate to the enterprise software applications  25  and the underlying data sources in database servers  14 C. Data access service  20  retrieves a query result set from the underlying data sources, in accordance with query specifications. Data access service  20  may intercept or receive queries, e.g., by way of an API presented to enterprise applications  26 . Data access service  20  may then return this result set to enterprise applications  26  as BI reports, other BI objects, and/or other sources of data that are made accessible to BI portal  24  on client computing device  16 A. Data access service  20  may also return this result set to data visualization genomic system  22  to process in accordance with genomic incremental change action definitions and specified fitness functions to generate finalized data visualization output  64 , which BI analytics system  28  may then provide to BI portal  24  or other enterprise applications  26 , potentially incorporated into BI reports or other BI objects. 
     As described above and further below, data visualization genomic system  22  may be implemented in one or more computing devices, and may involve one or more applications or other software modules that may be executed on one or more processors. Example embodiments of the present disclosure may illustratively be described in terms of the example of data visualization genomic system  22  in various examples described below. 
       FIG. 3  shows a conceptual block diagram of a data visualization genomic system  22  configured to perform a data visualization genomic process, in one aspect of this disclosure. Data visualization genomic system  22  is incorporated in BI analytics system  28 , and receives specified input data set  31  from data stores  38 , such as in response to a query or set of queries. Data visualization genomic system  22  may include or be conceptualized in terms of a number of discrete modules, units, subsystems, or portions, including a genomic definition module  42 , a fitness function module  44 , a genetic population generation module  46 , a genetic population down-selection module  48 , and a data visualization finalizing module  49 , in this example. 
     Data visualization genomic system  22  first processes the incoming data set  31  with genomic definition module  42 , as further described below. In brief, genomic definition module  42  may generate a potentially large number of data visualization elements representing the input data set  31 , and may assign a potentially large number of genomically defined candidate incremental changes to the data visualization elements representing the input data set  31 . The data visualization elements may include various types of charts or graphs; various sizes, colors, orientations, coordinate systems, or other aspects of chart or graph features; various techniques or schemes for grouping, partitioning, or stacking the data; or other types of data visualization elements, as further described below. The genomically defined candidate incremental changes to the data visualization elements may include specific, individual, incremental or atomic potential changes, or “actions,” to each of the data visualization elements, as further described below. Genomic definition module  42  may then pass the data visualization elements and genomically defined candidate incremental changes, incorporating the data from the input data set  31 , to genetic population generation module  46 . 
     Genetic population generation module  46  may generate a potentially large population of candidate data visualizations for the input data set  31  based on the data visualization elements and the genomically defined candidate incremental potential changes incorporating the data from input data set  31 . This may include genetic population generation module  46  combining the data visualization elements into large numbers of combinations, where each combination may be a complete candidate data visualization of the data. Genetic population generation module  46  may generate tens, thousands, millions, billions, or potentially any number of candidate data visualizations, depending on implementation details of specified robustness and processing burden, where each candidate data visualization combines various candidate data visualization elements. Genetic population generation module  46  may then pass the population of candidate data visualizations to genetic population down-selection module  48 . 
     Genetic population down-selection module  48  may access one or more fitness functions from fitness function module  44 . The one or more fitness functions determine fitness criteria that codify design goals for the final output form of the data visualizations, such as specific criteria to make the data visualizations facilitate rapid comprehension and insight into the data. Genetic population down-selection module  48  subjects the population of candidate data visualizations received from genetic population generation module  46  to survival review with respect to the one or more fitness functions. Genetic population down-selection module  48  selects only a portion of the population of candidate data visualizations to survive, those that are more fit relative to the one or more fitness functions, and rejects the remainder. This may be referred to as down-selecting the population of candidate data visualizations to a down-selected subset that are relatively higher-performing with respect to the one or more fitness functions. Genetic population down-selection module  48  may also use some degree of variation in how it tests the various candidate data visualizations with respect to the fitness functions. 
     Genetic population down-selection module  48  may then pass the down-selected portion of candidate data visualizations back to genetic population generation module  46 , which may use the down-selected candidate data visualizations as the base material for a new generation of candidate data visualizations, using the incremental change actions in the data visualization elements. Genetic population generation module  46  may generate several new candidate data visualizations based on each of several individual candidate data visualizations or pairs or groups of candidate data visualizations from the down-selected portion of the older population. Genetic population generation module  46  may generate several new candidate data visualizations based on an individual older candidate data visualization by iteratively randomly applying one or more incremental candidate change actions to perform in one or more of the data visualization elements from the older candidate data visualization. 
     Genetic population generation module  46  may also select and mix and match data visualization elements from two or more of the data visualization elements from the older candidate data visualization, potentially in combination with randomly applying one or more incremental candidate change actions in one or more of the data visualization elements, to generate new candidate data visualizations that inherit the same or action-modified traits or data visualization elements from two or more progenitor data visualizations from the older, down-selected population portion. Genetic population generation module  46  may thus generate a new population of candidate data visualizations that proliferates the genomically defined incremental change actions in the phase space of possible data visualizations proximate to the successful survivor data visualizations from the previous generation. Genetic population generation module  46  may then pass its new generation of candidate data visualizations to genetic population down-selection module  48 . 
     Genetic population down-selection module  48  may then repeat, with this new population, the process of down-selecting the received population of candidate data visualizations in tests of performance with respect to the fitness functions. The new incoming population of candidate data visualizations is superior to the previous generation in meeting the goals of the fitness functions, and the new down-selection process results in a newly down-selected population that is yet higher-performing with respect to the fitness functions. Genetic population down-selection module  48  may subsequently pass its newly down-selected population culled from the new population of candidate data visualizations to genetic population generation module  46 . Genetic population generation module  46  and genetic population down-selection module  48  may repeat this cycle of population proliferation and down-selection any number of times, from few to many, depending on specified goals and processing time. 
     After, e.g., a specified number of cycles are complete or one or more specified stopping criteria are met, genetic population down-selection module  48  may pass a final down-selected population to data visualization finalizing module  49 . In some examples, data visualization finalizing module  49  may monitor the results of genetic population down-selection module  48 , and may determine when to stop the population cycling between genetic population generation module  46  and genetic population down-selection module  48 , and/or determine when to indicate to genetic population down-selection module  48  to output resulting data visualizations to data visualization finalizing module  49 . 
     Data visualization finalizing module  49  may select a single data visualization from the last down-selected population from genetic population down-selection module  48  as a final output of data visualization genomic system  22 . Data visualization finalizing module  49  may select the data visualization to be outputted as the data visualization that is highest performing relative to the fitness functions from among the final down-selected population. In some examples, genetic population down-selection module  48  may down-select the final population down to a single, highest-performing individual data visualization, and may output that single data visualization to data visualization finalizing module  49 . While data visualization genomic system  22  is described above in terms of the respective modules, in other examples, the described functions may be distributed or implemented in any analogous arrangement in data visualization genomic system  22 . 
     When genomic definition module  42  receives data set  31 , genomic definition module  42  may identify the types, formats, and/or properties of all the data, and associate the data with corresponding genomically defined candidate data visualization elements with associated genomically defined incremental change actions. For example, genomic definition module  42  may identify bodies of data in data set  31  in the form of or organized into spreadsheets, tables, columns, databases, OLAP data cubes, other data stores, or other types or formats of data. Genomic definition module  42  may then variously assign each spreadsheet, table, column, database or database portion, OLAP data cube or cube portion, other data store or data store portion, or other body of data in other format, into various forms of data visualization elements and combinations of data visualization elements in various candidate data visualizations. Each of the data visualization elements may carry its associated genomically defined potential incremental changes in its genes, where the genes are genomically defined potential incremental changes to the data visualization elements, as further described below. 
     The action genes assigned by genomic definition module  42  may define actions to make incremental changes in one aspect in data visualization elements, such as charts, for example. The incremental changes may be to change axes, colors, nestings of one chart element in another, or chart types, for example. Genetic population generation module  46  may combine data visualization elements and their incremental change action genes in a potentially large variety of charts or other data visualizations. The incremental potential change action genes may be collected in “chromosomes” that coherently described a logically associated set of potential incremental changes to the associated data visualization. Genetic population generation module  46  may “breed” new candidate data visualizations using combinations of genes from the input candidate data visualizations initially from genomic definition module  42  and subsequently from genetic population down-selection module  48 . The data visualization elements with their associated genes may enable large amounts, e.g., millions, billions, etc., of potential combinations of data visualization elements into complete data visualizations. 
     Genetic population generation module  46  may also introduce a certain number (e.g., a relatively small number compared to the total number of genes) of amount of random mutations into the genes in each generation, in some examples. The random mutations may include new modes or aspects of incrementally changing the data visualizations, that are not inherited from the genes in the input data visualization elements received by genetic population generation module  46 , and may be completely different than the genes from the input data visualization elements. Many of the random mutations may be harmful with respect to the fitness functions and may be likely to get selected out of the next generation by genetic population down-selection module  48 , but some random mutations may introduce new, highly scoring aspects with respect to the fitness functions. 
     Genetic population down-selection module  48  may evaluate the candidate data visualization population it receives from genetic population generation module  46  and may score each candidate data visualization with respect to how well it performs with respect to the fitness functions. Each new generation of candidate data visualizations after the first generation may largely be formed of variations and recombinations and results of good breeding from the previous one or more generations, along with occasional new material introduced by random mutations. Thus, each generation of candidate data visualizations may be likely to score more highly on average with respect to the fitness functions than the previous generation. In some examples, genetic population down-selection module  48  may also include some element of randomness in its scoring with respect to the fitness functions, such as by selecting only certain randomly selected portions of a particular candidate data visualization to evaluate with respect to the fitness functions on a given evaluation, or applying only a subset of one or more fitness functions on a given scoring evaluation of a candidate data visualization. Such use of partial evaluations and/or admixture of randomness may encourage more substantial variation to be propagated between the generations and prevent a potential overly rapid reduction in variation in the population in some examples (depending also on other factors such as population size of the candidate data visualization populations, complexity of the candidate data visualization genomes defining the candidate incremental change action genes, and complexity of the fitness functions). 
     The applicable data visualization elements may be associated with a grammar-based visualization system. A visualization grammar definition system may encode a graphic structure and orthogonality that may encapsulate specific aspects that define a visualization and differentiate each visualization from others. A visualization grammar definition system by itself could potentially define incremental candidate changes to data visualization elements, but on such a fine-grained scale that randomly selecting incremental changes in the visualization grammar would render negligible or incoherent changes in most cases. In contrast, the incremental change action genes applied by data visualization genomic system  22  define incremental candidate changes that are meaningful and coherent. The incremental change action genes applied by data visualization genomic system  22  may be thought of or analyzed in terms of groups of subsets of visualization grammar enabled atomic changes that exclude negligible and incoherent candidate incremental changes to data visualization elements. The incremental change action genes applied by data visualization genomic system  22  may thus provide the basis for enabling efficient evolution of populations of candidate data visualizations, by providing an underlying mechanism wherein each gene encodes a meaningful and coherent potential change to an element of a data visualization, leading to final selection of an optimally evolved data visualization. 
     Data visualization genomic system  22  may thus execute a genetic selection process that includes iteratively generating populations of candidate data visualizations and down-selecting from among the populations with respect to the one or more fitness functions stored in or provided by fitness function module  44 . The generating of the populations of candidate data visualizations by genetic population generation module  46  may be based on combinations of the genes initially as generated by genomic definition module  42  and subsequently based on new combinations of the genes from the down-selected populations resulting from the down-selection processes performed by genetic population down-selection module  48 . 
     A genomic action, or incremental change action gene, may encode and cause an incremental change or atomic change to at least one element of a data visualization. A genomic action may be associated with a triplet of characteristics (A, F, N), where A, F, and N may be defined as follows: 
     A is a descriptor that defines the main purpose of the action. It is the “name” of the action, and defines what the action will do. A basic implementation might have this as a simple name, or it could also have meta-information that adds classification information to the name. The actions may have string descriptors that encapsulate both the name of an action and a hierarchy on those actions. 
     F may define a single field, which is a reference to a data field. Some actions may use this field to map data to graphic properties in the corresponding data visualization element. In addition to the standard data field, a genomic action may also include special fields, Index (which may index a row) and Count (which may be initially one for each row, but may be re-defined by aggregation). Specific metadata regarding the field may also be used to distinguish the action. This may enable a candidate evaluation procedure such as implemented by genetic population down-selection module  48  to distinguish, for example, whether the action was applied to a field with various specific numbers of categories (e.g., three categories or 300). 
     N may be a simple integer number or a limited integer-indexed option index from a limited domain. It may be used by genomic actions to vary the behavior of the action defined by a gene, or to index among a limited domain of potential variations. For example, the domain of N may be the numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. In some examples, the domain N may encode a specific domain such as a boolean operator (which may be equivalent to a two-integer option index), a limited set of options for a visualization element, an indication of a type, or an indication of a particular field such as a statistic or a percentage. 
     Thus, one or more of the genes may include descriptors A that define actions to modify the data visualization elements; data fields F enabled to map data from the input data to graphic properties in data visualization elements defined by the genes; and a limited option index N indicating one of a limited set of options associated with a particular type of variation in one of the potential incremental changes to the data visualization elements. 
     Once the actions are defined, a digital “chromosome” for a given visualization may then be defined by genomic definition module  42  as the sequence of genomic actions, potentially indicating the presence and full description or the absence of each potential genomic action. The chromosome then completely defines a resulting candidate data visualization which may then be evaluated for survival within a genetic algorithm, e.g., by genomic definition module  42 , by any selected genetic algorithm techniques, and in subjection to any selected one or more fitness functions. Thus, genomic definition module  42  may generate digital chromosomes comprising organized sets of the digital genes sufficient to genomically define complete sets of the data visualization elements to compose the candidate data visualizations. 
     Illustrative examples of values for genomic actions including a Descriptor, a Field, and a Number are presented below in Table 1: 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Example candidate change action genes 
               
               
                 for data visualization property changes 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Descriptor 
                 Field 
                 Number 
                 Description 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 SetType 
                 — 
                 type 
                 Set the data visualization element 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 to have a given type {e.g., point, 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 interval, line; path, area; polygon} 
               
               
                 Coordinate 
                 F 
                 — 
                 Add the field as coordinate, e.g., 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 first Y, then X, then Z 
               
               
                 Panel 
                 F 
                 boolean 
                 Add the field as a faceting. Number 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 indicates if it is horizontal or 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 vertical 
               
               
                 Size 
                 F 
                 W/H/B 
                 Add a size aesthetic to a given 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 element. Number may describe if it 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 affects width, height, or both 
               
               
                 Color 
                 F 
                 F/O/B 
                 Add a color aesthetic to the given 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 element. Number may describe if it 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 affects fill, outline, or both 
               
               
                 Polar 
                 — 
                 boolean 
                 Set polar coordinates. Boolean may 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 indicate, e.g., to go clockwise from 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 top or counterclockwise from right 
               
               
                 Stack 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Stack the elements 
               
               
                 Dodge 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Dodges the element 
               
               
                 Geographic 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Indicates that the coordinates are 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 geographic references 
               
               
                 Layout. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Use a bubble layout 
               
               
                 Bubble 
               
               
                 Layout. 
                 F 
                 type 
                 Use a graph layout (type differentiates 
               
               
                 Graph 
                   
                   
                 between basic tree, treemap, dag, etc.) 
               
               
                 Aggregate. 
                 — 
                 — 
                 Aggregates data. By default everything 
               
               
                 Aggregate 
                   
                   
                 may be a grouping field, so we see all 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 unique combinations 
               
               
                 Aggregate. 
                 F 
                 L/M/H 
                 States that this field needs transforming 
               
               
                 Group 
                   
                   
                 into few, medium, or many groups - 
               
               
                   
                   
                   
                 binning for numeric data 
               
               
                 Aggregate. 
                 F 
                 — 
                 This field, when aggregated, is used as the 
               
               
                 SetCount 
                   
                   
                 count field 
               
               
                 Aggregate. 
                 F 
                 statistic 
                 When aggregating, this field is a summary 
               
               
                 Summarize 
                   
                   
                 field 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Thus, one or more of the genes may determine a type of data visualization element with which to represent a portion of data from the input data, such as points, intervals, lines, paths, areas, polygons, or combinations thereof, for example. One or more of the genes may determine a coordinate system with which to represent a portion of data from the input data, such as Cartesian (e.g., X, Y, or X, Y, Z), plane polar, three-dimensional polar cylindrical, or three-dimensional spherical, for example. One or more of the genes may determine a shape with which to represent a portion of data from the input data, such as circles, squares, bars, lines, or crosses, for example. One or more of the genes may determine a color with which to represent a portion of data from the input data. One or more of the genes may determine a type of layout with which to represent at least a portion of data from the input data, such as a bar graph, a pie chart, a bubble layout, or a tree, for example. One or more of the genes may determine a system for aggregating portions of data from the input data, such as aggregating individual transaction data or time-stamped data into units of time, geographical units, product categories or other type categories, or some combination thereof, for example. Such multi-dimensional hierarchical organization or elements of it may already be indicated in the input data, but various genes may also indicate different levels on which to aggregate the data or different combinations of the dimensions with which to aggregate the data, in some examples. 
     Thus, the genes may identify or encode aspects of potential incremental changes to data visualization elements, including a descriptor defining a purpose of an action, a field of data, and a limited domain of applicable options. The genes may define an efficient underlying basis on which for genetic down-selection algorithms to be applied to score combinations of data visualization elements and their genes with respect to one or more applied fitness functions, such that only relatively high-scoring candidate data visualizations may be selected in each round of down-selection, thus evolving the population toward a very high-scoring data visualization with respect to the criteria defined in the fitness functions. 
     As shown in Table 1, genomic actions may include potential candidate changes to visualization type, coordinate system, orientation (e.g., horizontal or vertical), size, color, position, stack, layer, nesting, graph type, aggregations, and other options. The descriptor may be directed to an element type, a coordinate system, a data manipulation property, or a layout property, for example. The element type may include a bar, a line, a point, a polygon, a circle, or another geometric figure, for example. The coordinate system include properties selected from among horizontal, vertical, Euclidean, polar, geographic, clustered, stacked, polar, and three-dimensional (3D), for example, some of which may be non-exclusive. Various additional element properties may include paneling, axis labeling (e.g., shown, hidden, x only, y only), and legends (e.g., none, position left, position right, position upper right corner, position opposite origin of axis). 
     Thus, data visualization genomic system  22  may receive a set of input data, and generate digital genes that genomically define data visualization elements based on the input data, and that define potential incremental changes to the data visualization elements. Data visualization genomic system  22  may then execute a genetic selection process with respect to one or more fitness functions on populations of candidate data visualizations that are based on the genomically define data visualization elements. Data visualization genomic system  22  may then output a final data visualization output generated by the genetic selection process. Data visualization genomic system  22  may thus proliferate potential changes across a wide variety of meaningful data visualization properties, iteratively through a genetic selection process. Data visualization genomic system  22  may thus replace the need for trying to specify format decisions or business logic or encoding potentially large amounts of decision rules in an expert system for applying data visualizations for novel, non-routine, or unfamiliar datasets, in various examples. 
       FIG. 4  shows various illustrative example representations of candidate data visualizations  51 ,  52 ,  53 ,  54 , from among a potentially large number (e.g., billions) of candidate data visualizations, that genetic population generation module  46  may generate in one of a series of iterative generations in cooperation with genetic population down-selection module  48 , based initially on the genomically defined data visualization elements generated by genomic definition module  42 , and that all represent the input data  31  in different ways, in one aspect of this disclosure. Candidate data visualizations  51 ,  52 ,  53 , and  54  are arbitrary examples, and any of a wide variety of other candidate data visualizations are possible within the corresponding generation as processed by data visualization genomic system  22 . Candidate data visualizations  51 ,  52 ,  53 , and  54  may be defined by genes that encode the properties of and potential incremental changes to elements of individual candidate data visualizations among the potentially large population of candidate data visualizations. In a subsequent round of down-selection, genetic population down-selection module  48  may reject candidate data visualizations  51 ,  52 , and  53  as not scoring highly enough with respect to the applied fitness functions, while selecting candidate data visualization  54  for inclusion in the down-selected population, for scoring sufficiently highly on the fitness functions. The applied fitness functions may, for example, define specific parameters representing criteria associated with desirable properties of a data visualization such as general ease of comprehension, ease of distinguishing relevant differences in the data along multiple relevant dimensions, and general aesthetic appeal, for example. 
       FIG. 5  shows a conceptual diagram of a client computing device  16 A/ 17 A displaying a screenshot of a BI analytics application user interface (UI)  27  showing a final, evolved data visualization output  64  resulting from a genomically defined genetic selection process performed by data visualization genomic system  22 , in one aspect of this disclosure. Data visualization output  64  may be substantially genetically descended from candidate data visualization  54  shown in  FIG. 4 , after additional modification by genomically defined candidate change actions to its elements, and with admixture of genes from other candidate data visualizations (and possibly genetic elements arising from random mutation), as described above. For example, data visualization output  64  may incorporate genomically defined change actions subsequent to its ancestral candidate data visualization  54  including a re-scaling of its y-axis, a change of shape of the representations of selected portions of the data to circles, different sizes of the circles to represent different aspects of the data, differentiated application of different colors (represented by different shadings in  FIG. 5  due to the limitations of the black-and-white format of the figures) for the circles to represent selected aspects of the data, interspersed diamond shapes to represent certain averages of selected portions of the data, and addition of an informatively-populated legend placed in the upper right-hand corner of the data visualization where it does not obscure any of the data representation circles, in this example. 
     Data visualization output  64  may represent the highest-scoring candidate data visualization from the final generation of an evolutionary selection process carried out by data visualization genomic system  22  in which each generation achieved average scores with respect to the applied fitness functions that were higher than for the last generation, and which were iteratively down-selected to propagate only high-scoring candidate data visualizations. Data visualization output  64  may thus have scored very highly with respect to the applied fitness functions, which may have codified various desired criteria such as general ease of comprehension, ease of distinguishing relevant differences in the data along multiple relevant dimensions, and general aesthetic appeal, for example. Data visualization genomic system  22  may thus generate a data visualization output  64  that may convey a wealth of valuable information about a large complicated data set in a clear, intuitive, and aesthetically appealing manner. 
     In this particular example, data visualization graph  700  represents quarterly sales revenue per office, organized by region, along the x axis, and year-on-year sales growth per office along the y-axis. In particular, in this example, data visualization output  64  may depict quarterly sales revenue and profit margins for a large number of individual sales offices, categorized between Asian, European, and North American regions and between established, young, and new offices, and with various averages indicated, as referenced in the legend, in this illustrative example. Data visualization output  64  may thus enable a wealth of analysis on a large, complicated data set with a single, beautiful graph. 
     The example of  FIG. 5  is just one arbitrary example of a great variety of possible data visualizations that may be generated by data visualization genomic system  22  and the processes described above. In some examples, data visualization genomic system  22  may also enable some degree of user interactivity in participating in the finalization of the end result data visualization, such as by presenting a small number of the highest-performing candidate data visualizations from the end result of the evolution process to choose from, or from enabling various (potentially small or limited, to avoid overwhelming a user) elements of choice of candidate data visualizations earlier in the process, such that user selections of small sample decisions in the evolution process are actually used as part of the fitness functions in evolving the candidate data visualizations. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a flowchart of an example process  600  that data visualization genomic system  22 , executing on one or more computing devices (e.g., servers, computers, processors, etc.), may perform, in one aspect of this disclosure. Process  600  may include receiving a set of input data ( 602 ) (e.g., receiving input data set  31  from data stores  38  as described above). Process  600  may further include generating digital genes that genomically define data visualization elements based on the input data, and that define potential incremental changes to the data visualization elements ( 604 ) (e.g., genes defined by genomic definition module  42  that include one or more of descriptors, fields, and number indexes as described above). Process  600  may further include executing a genetic selection process with respect to one or more fitness functions on populations of candidate data visualizations that are based on the genomically define data visualization elements ( 606 ) (e.g., genetic population module  46  generating populations of candidate data visualizations (such as the illustrative example candidate data visualizations of  FIG. 4 ) based on the genes as initially generated or subsequently based on a previously down-selected population, and genetic population module  46  iteratively providing those populations to genetic population down-selection module  48  to perform down-selection based on the fitness function criteria defined by fitness function module  44 , as described above). 
     Process  600  may further include outputting a final data visualization output generated by the genetic selection process ( 608 ) (e.g., genetic population down-selection module  48  and/or data visualization finalizing module  49  of data visualization genomic system  22  finalizing the down-selection process, down-selecting to or otherwise selecting a single final data visualization from the final down-selected population, such as finalized genomic-system-generated data visualization output  64  of  FIG. 5 , in BI analytics application UI  27  in  FIGS. 2 and 5  as described above). Various implementations of process  600  may also include any of the processes described above with respect to  FIGS. 1-5 . 
       FIG. 7  is a block diagram of a computing device  80  that may be used to execute a data visualization genomic system  22 , in one aspect of this disclosure. Computing device  80  may be a server such as one of web servers  14 A or application servers  14 B as depicted in  FIG. 2 . Computing device  80  may also be any server for providing an enterprise business intelligence application in various examples, including a virtual server that may be run from or incorporate any number of computing devices. A computing device may operate as all or part of a real or virtual server, and may be or incorporate a workstation, server, mainframe computer, notebook or laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet, smartphone, feature phone, or other programmable data processing apparatus of any kind. Other implementations of a computing device  80  may include a computer having capabilities or formats other than or beyond those described herein. 
     In the illustrative example of  FIG. 7 , computing device  80  includes communications fabric  82 , which provides communications between processor unit  84 , memory  86 , persistent data storage  88 , communications unit  90 , and input/output (I/O) unit  92 . Communications fabric  82  may include a dedicated system bus, a general system bus, multiple buses arranged in hierarchical form, any other type of bus, bus network, switch fabric, or other interconnection technology. Communications fabric  82  supports transfer of data, commands, and other information between various subsystems of computing device  80 . 
     Processor unit  84  may be a programmable central processing unit (CPU) configured for executing programmed instructions stored in memory  86 . In another illustrative example, processor unit  84  may be implemented using one or more heterogeneous processor systems in which a main processor is present with secondary processors on a single chip. In yet another illustrative example, processor unit  84  may be a symmetric multi-processor system containing multiple processors of the same type. Processor unit  84  may be a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor such as a PowerPC® processor from IBM® Corporation, an x86 compatible processor such as a Pentium® processor from Intel® Corporation, an Athlon® processor from Advanced Micro Devices® Corporation, or any other suitable processor. In various examples, processor unit  84  may include a multi-core processor, such as a dual core or quad core processor, for example. Processor unit  84  may include multiple processing chips on one die, and/or multiple dies on one package or substrate, for example. Processor unit  84  may also include one or more levels of integrated cache memory, for example. In various examples, processor unit  84  may comprise one or more CPUs distributed across one or more locations. 
     Data storage  96  includes memory  86  and persistent data storage  88 , which are in communication with processor unit  84  through communications fabric  82 . Memory  86  can include a random access semiconductor memory (RAM) for storing application data, i.e., computer program data, for processing. While memory  86  is depicted conceptually as a single monolithic entity, in various examples, memory  86  may be arranged in a hierarchy of caches and in other memory devices, in a single physical location, or distributed across a plurality of physical systems in various forms. While memory  86  is depicted physically separated from processor unit  84  and other elements of computing device  80 , memory  86  may refer equivalently to any intermediate or cache memory at any location throughout computing device  80 , including cache memory proximate to or integrated with processor unit  84  or individual cores of processor unit  84 . 
     Persistent data storage  88  may include one or more hard disc drives, solid state drives, flash drives, rewritable optical disc drives, magnetic tape drives, or any combination of these or other data storage media. Persistent data storage  88  may store computer-executable instructions or computer-readable program code for an operating system, application files comprising program code, data structures or data files, and any other type of data. These computer-executable instructions may be loaded from persistent data storage  88  into memory  86  to be read and executed by processor unit  84  or other processors. Data storage  96  may also include any other hardware elements capable of storing information, such as, for example and without limitation, data, program code in functional form, and/or other suitable information, either on a temporary basis and/or a permanent basis. 
     Persistent data storage  88  and memory  86  are examples of physical, tangible, non-transitory computer-readable data storage devices. Data storage  96  may include any of various forms of volatile memory that may require being periodically electrically refreshed to maintain data in memory, while those skilled in the art will recognize that this also constitutes an example of a physical, tangible, non-transitory computer-readable data storage device. Executable instructions may be stored on a non-transitory medium when program code is loaded, stored, relayed, buffered, or cached on a non-transitory physical medium or device, including if only for only a short duration or only in a volatile memory format. 
     Processor unit  84  can also be suitably programmed to read, load, and execute computer-executable instructions or computer-readable program code for a data visualization genomic system  22 , as described in greater detail above. This program code may be stored on memory  86 , persistent data storage  88 , or elsewhere in computing device  80 . This program code may also take the form of program code  104  stored on computer-readable medium  102  comprised in computer program product  100 , and may be transferred or communicated, through any of a variety of local or remote means, from computer program product  100  to computing device  80  to be enabled to be executed by processor unit  84 , as further explained below. 
     The operating system may provide functions such as device interface management, memory management, and multiple task management. The operating system can be a Unix based operating system such as the AIX® operating system from IBM® Corporation, a non-Unix based operating system such as the Windows® family of operating systems from Microsoft® Corporation, a network operating system such as JavaOS® from Oracle® Corporation, or any other suitable operating system. Processor unit  84  can be suitably programmed to read, load, and execute instructions of the operating system. 
     Communications unit  90 , in this example, provides for communications with other computing or communications systems or devices. Communications unit  90  may provide communications through the use of physical and/or wireless communications links. Communications unit  90  may include a network interface card for interfacing with a LAN  16 , an Ethernet adapter, a Token Ring adapter, a modem for connecting to a transmission system such as a telephone line, or any other type of communication interface. Communications unit  90  can be used for operationally connecting many types of peripheral computing devices to computing device  80 , such as printers, bus adapters, and other computers. Communications unit  90  may be implemented as an expansion card or be built into a motherboard, for example. 
     The input/output unit  92  can support devices suited for input and output of data with other devices that may be connected to computing device  80 , such as keyboard, a mouse or other pointer, a touchscreen interface, an interface for a printer or any other peripheral device, a removable magnetic or optical disc drive (including CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or Blu-Ray), a universal serial bus (USB) receptacle, or any other type of input and/or output device. Input/output unit  92  may also include any type of interface for video output in any type of video output protocol and any type of monitor or other video display technology, in various examples. It will be understood that some of these examples may overlap with each other, or with example components of communications unit  90  or data storage  96 . Input/output unit  92  may also include appropriate device drivers for any type of external device, or such device drivers may reside elsewhere on computing device  80  as appropriate. 
     Computing device  80  also includes a display adapter  94  in this illustrative example, which provides one or more connections for one or more display devices, such as display device  98 , which may include any of a variety of types of display devices. It will be understood that some of these examples may overlap with example components of communications unit  90  or input/output unit  92 . Input/output unit  92  may also include appropriate device drivers for any type of external device, or such device drivers may reside elsewhere on computing device  80  as appropriate. Display adapter  94  may include one or more video cards, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more video-capable connection ports, or any other type of data connector capable of communicating video data, in various examples. Display device  98  may be any kind of video display device, such as a monitor, a television, or a projector, in various examples. 
     Input/output unit  92  may include a drive, socket, or outlet for receiving computer program product  100 , which comprises a computer-readable medium  102  having computer program code  104  stored thereon. For example, computer program product  100  may be a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a Blu-Ray disc, a magnetic disc, a USB stick, a flash drive, or an external hard disc drive, as illustrative examples, or any other suitable data storage technology. 
     Computer-readable medium  102  may include any type of optical, magnetic, or other physical medium that physically encodes program code  104  as a binary series of different physical states in each unit of memory that, when read by computing device  80 , induces a physical signal that is read by processor  84  that corresponds to the physical states of the basic data storage elements of storage medium  102 , and that induces corresponding changes in the physical state of processor unit  84 . That physical program code signal may be modeled or conceptualized as computer-readable instructions at any of various levels of abstraction, such as a high-level programming language, assembly language, or machine language, but ultimately constitutes a series of physical electrical and/or magnetic interactions that physically induce a change in the physical state of processor unit  84 , thereby physically causing or configuring processor unit  84  to generate physical outputs that correspond to the computer-executable instructions, in a way that causes computing device  80  to physically assume new capabilities that it did not have until its physical state was changed by loading the executable instructions comprised in program code  104 . 
     In some illustrative examples, program code  104  may be downloaded over a network to data storage  96  from another device or computer system for use within computing device  80 . Program code  104  comprising computer-executable instructions may be communicated or transferred to computing device  80  from computer-readable medium  102  through a hard-line or wireless communications link to communications unit  90  and/or through a connection to input/output unit  92 . Computer-readable medium  102  comprising program code  104  may be located at a separate or remote location from computing device  80 , and may be located anywhere, including at any remote geographical location anywhere in the world, and may relay program code  104  to computing device  80  over any type of one or more communication links, such as the Internet and/or other packet data networks. The program code  104  may be transmitted over a wireless Internet connection, or over a shorter-range direct wireless connection such as wireless LAN, Bluetooth™, Wi-Fi™, or an infrared connection, for example. Any other wireless or remote communication protocol may also be used in other implementations. 
     The communications link and/or the connection may include wired and/or wireless connections in various illustrative examples, and program code  104  may be transmitted from a source computer-readable medium  102  over non-tangible media, such as communications links or wireless transmissions containing the program code  104 . Program code  104  may be more or less temporarily or durably stored on any number of intermediate tangible, physical computer-readable devices and media, such as any number of physical buffers, caches, main memory, or data storage components of servers, gateways, network nodes, mobility management entities, or other network assets, en route from its original source medium to computing device  80 . 
     The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention. 
     The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire. 
     Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device. 
     Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the C programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user&#39;s computer, partly on the user&#39;s computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user&#39;s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user&#39;s computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention. 
     Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions. 
     These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. 
     The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.