Patent Publication Number: US-4320080-A

Title: Method to manufacture soft magnetic pressed bodies

Description:
This is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 163,730, filed June 27, 1980 (now abandoned), which, in turn, was a continuation of application Ser. No. 22,282, filed Mar. 20, 1979 (now abandoned). 
    
    
     The present invention relates to a method to manufacture shaped bodies having soft magnetic properties by press-forming a mixture of soft magnetic material and a resin, forming a binder. 
     BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART 
     It has previously been proposed to manufacture core structures of soft magnetic properties which contain from between 95 to 99.5% carbonyl iron, and the rest an organic binder (by weight). Carbonyl iron is comparatively expensive so that magnets made from this material are also comparatively expensive. Additionally, since the filler or active component is a very high proportion of the overall mass, the structure is difficult to manufacture since it does not flow readily. Especially complex shapes, therefore, are difficult to make since the mass will not flow easily and uniformly in the die therefore. The mass must be compacted with extremely high pressures, in the order of from between 5000 to 18000 bar. The mechanical strength of the structures made by this mass is low, and the articles are brittle. Further, it is difficult to match the magnetic properties of cores made from such compacted masses to desired technical requirements. 
     It has also been proposed to make magnetic cores of soft magnetic sintered ferrites. These materials have a lower magnetic saturation polarization, a lower mechanical strength, and a higher dependence on temperature of the magnetic characteristics thereof. The possibility of providing different structural shapes to magnets of this type are very limited, and the tolerances of their dimensions are high. They are difficult to be machined after sintering. 
     Cores have also been made of transformer iron or transformer laminar sheets. Laminated cores can be used only up to frequencies of about 1 kHz due to eddy current losses. The structural shapes which can be obtained by such cores also are limited, and the cores have to be stacked and connected together, which is a comparatively expensive manufacturing operation. Some sheets which have a thickness of only 0.03 mm or less, and made of nickel-iron alloys, can be used for frequencies up to 100 kHz and have higher permeabilities; these sheets, however, are difficult to handle, to machine, and are expensive. 
     THE INVENTION 
     It is an object to provide a method to make soft magnetic materials and, consequently, such materials which can be easily shaped to desired configurations, use materials which are less expensive than those heretofore employed, and which are versatile. 
     Briefly, a mixture of soft magnetic material and resin binder is provided in which the soft magnetic material is an iron powder i.e. an atomized, a sponge or an electrolytic iron powder, in the following called &#34;normal iron powder&#34;, in most cases mixed together with iron powder produced from iron carbonyl, the magnetic material then being mixed with a thermosetting resin in liquid form. The mixture is filled into a die. The die is heated and pressure applied, the build-up of the pressure in the die permitting escape of excess liquid of the resin through the clearance between the die walls and the pressing punches during build-up of the pressure, and before setting thereof. 
     The method permits use of a percentage of carbonyl iron powder, up to 50% by weight, for example, or a replacement of the carbonyl iron by soft ferrite powder. The particle size of the normal iron powder is preferably from 30 to 450 μm, the particle size of the carbonyl iron powder is mainly less than 10 μm; if soft ferrite powder is used, a particle size from 10 to 200 μm can be used. As thermosetting resin preferably a polyester resin or a phenol resin is used in a proportion (by volume) of 20% to 60% resin, preferably about 50%. The pressure which is required can be substantially less than heretofore thought necessary, that is, from between 200 to 5000 bar. 
     The clearance between the die walls and the punches should be less than 0,1 mm. The iron powder compacted to a certain amount in front of the gap between the die walls and the punches acts like a filter thus letting through practically only the liquid resin. 
     Pressure is built up during a limited time, for example from 1 to 30 seconds. Maximum compacting pressure has to be retained until the resin is set. The total compacting time is dependent upon the size of the compact and differs between 1 minute and 10 minutes essentially. 
     The resulting cores are inexpensive in comparison to previously made magnets, can be used especially advantageously in magnetic circuits with an air gap of alternate magnetization in frequencies up to 100 kHz, and can be shaped as desired. The mass which is compacted is flowable initially, and it is thus an easy matter to form complex structures accurately to size by using methods which are customary in plastic casting and plastic molding technology. The pressure of between 200 to 5000 bar is comparatively low with respect to the pressure needed to make cores in accordance with prior art processes. The starting material can readily be varied by changing the relative composition of the filler material; by varying this composition and varying the pressure, the magnetic characteristics of the resulting structure can be easily matched to desired technical requirements. The cores which are formed by this method have a higher magnetic saturation polarization than sintered ferrites, are mechanically stronger, and are less subject to change in their magnetic properties with change in temperature. 
     The shape of the compacts can be more intricate than heretofore thought possible, since the original mass is fairly easily flowable, and thus can penetrate small pockets in the die. After compression, the cores will have a size which in most cases can be accurately maintained, because the tolerances being maintainable will be low. If necessary, the resulting material can easily be readily machined. 
     Cores made in accordance with the above method are excellent for use in magnetic circuits with d-c bias magnetization; because of their higher magnetic saturation polarization they are more advantageous than sintered soft ferrites. Cores made by this method can be used to replace cores previously made of transformer sheets or other electrical steel sheets, and are particularly suitable for operation in higher frequence ranges. The possibility to make such cores in complex shapes extends the applicability thereof and provides the electromagnetic circuit designer with a more versatile material. 
     Eddy current losses can be reduced by using, in accordance with a feature of the invention, a high percentage of soft ferrite powder rather than powder made from iron carbonyl, or to entirely replace the carbonyl iron portion of the mass with soft ferrite powder. Even materials without additions of neither carbonyl iron nor soft ferrite powder have lower eddy current losses in magnet circuits up to rather high frequencies than soft magnetic sheet metals. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Example 1 
     A mixture of iron powder composed of 70 wt% of normal iron powder with a medium grain size of about 90 μm and 30 wt% of carbonyl iron powder with a maximum grain size less than 10 μm is mixed with about 50 by volume of a liquid polyester resin. It is then introduced into a die which has been heated to about 100° C. The mixture is compacted with a pressure of about 1000 bar, for 40 seconds. The clearance between the die walls and the punches must be wide enough that excess binder resin can escape from the die during the build-up time of the compacting pressure, which will extend of from between 1 to 30 seconds. The excess polyester resin thus is squeezed out from the final material to be made and permitted to escape through the gap. The squeezing-out of excess binder material is essential since, otherwise, the high degree of filler, that is, of magnetic material, cannot be obtained while, also, having sufficient flowability of the material when it is introduced into the die and during the first stage of the compacting step. 
     The thermo-set soft magnetic body can be removed from the form after cooling. 
     The overall time for the manufacture of any one body, therefore, depends upon the size of the compacted body--as mentioned above. 
     The finished article will habe a composition which includes about 12% binder (by weight). 
     In a preferred form, the polyester resin is: Palatal A410 (BASF). 
     Example 2 
     A mixture of normal iron powder, and 10% carbonyl iron powder (by weight) is mixed with about 50% by volume of phenol resin, subject to a compacting pressure of, finally, 2000 bar, the die being heated to 140° C. A suitable phenol is: Novolak. 
     Example 3 
     It is not necessary to use carbonyl iron powder at all. Screend normal iron powder is mixed with 50% (by volume) of polyester resin. The die is heated to a temperature of about 100° C. The compacting pressure is 500 bar. 
     The table shows properties of the materials made in accordance with the methods and provides comparative data with respect to known articles. 
     The temperatures to which the dies are heated will depend on the chemical characteristics of the particular resin used, and can readily be determined by consulting tables derived from the manufacturers of the respective resins which give the thermosetting temperature thereof, and also the time periods required to effect setting of the thermosetting resin. The temperature should not be so high that, upon filling, the mass will set quickly, to permit squeezing-out of excess resin during pressure build-up. 
     Suitable polyester resins are molding components with sufficient mechanical strength and temperature stability. 
     Suitable phenol resins are: Novolak and Resolstype. 
     The percentage of addition of carbonyl iron powder to the iron powder normally used in P/M technique will determine the eventual frequency response characteristics of the material without excessive losses--the Q thereof--and the eventual costs, since a higher degree of carbonyl iron powder will result in more costly core materials while, on the other hand, permitting operation at higher frequency ranges. The specific quantity of addition of carbonyl iron powder--up to 50% being about suitable--will depend on the eventual use of the resulting material. 
     The resin binder used for the method to manufacture the soft magnetic pressed bodies has a viscosity not less than 1 pascal.sec (1000 cpoise). The reasons for this are that the magnetic particles cannot be suspended for a long enough period and that the binding agent, i.e. the resin cannot be distributed in a sufficiently complete and uniform manner necessary for completely and uniformly surrounding the magnetic particles. This however is a basic requirement for obtaining a high electrical resistance for lowering the magnetical losses of the magnets produced by the claimed method, and for obtaining a sufficient mechanical strength. 
     Also for these reasons the resin should not be dissolved in a solvent or thinner because those solutions have a too low viscosity. 
     
                                           TABLE 1                                 
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       Comparison of various soft magnetic materials                      
       (A)                                                                
          Measured values from static magnetization curves                
       (B)                                                                
          Measurements taken on transformer cores E42; coil 100 turns;    
          resistance 0.18; air core                                       
          inductance 147 μ H; quality Q.sub.o                          
                         = 4.7 at 1 kHz                                   
                         = 1.8 at 10 kHz                                  
                 (A)                                                      
                       magnetic                                           
                       saturation                                         
                 spec. elec.                                              
                       polariza-          (B)                             
            Density                                                       
                 resistance                                               
                       tion  coercivity   L/L.sub.o                       
                                                  quality Q               
            g/cm.sup.3                                                    
                 Ωcm                                                
                       Tesla A/cm  permeability                           
                                          1 kHz                           
                                              10 kHz                      
                                                  1 kHz                   
                                                      10                  
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                                                      kHz                 
mixture of normal iron                                                    
and 30% carbonyl iron                                                     
powder in polyester;                                                      
compracting pressure                                                      
1000 bar    6.0  ˜10.sup.-1                                         
                       1.3   6.0 ∥                               
                                   130 ∥                         
                                          9.6 9.6 31  2.5                 
mixture of normal iron                                                    
and 10% carbonyl iron                                                     
powder in phenol resin;                                                   
compacting pressure                                                       
2000 bar    6.4  ˜2.10.sup.-3                                       
                       1.5   4.8 ∥                               
                                   270 ∥                         
                                          --  --  --  --                  
screened normal iron                                                      
powder in polyester;                                                      
compacting pressure                                                       
500 bar     4.9  ˜10                                                
                        1.07 3.4∥;1.3⊥                      
                                   146∥;300⊥                
                                          --  --  --  --                  
core laminate; 0.5 mm                                                     
            7.8  4.10.sup.-5                                              
                       2.0   0.5   ˜2000                            
                                          46  15  4.5 0.1                 
sintered ferrite                                                          
air gap s = 0                                                             
            4.8  10.sup.2                                                 
                        0.43 0.3   ˜2000                            
                                          170 175 30  21                  
s = 2 mm    --   --    --    --    --     11.3                            
                                              11.3                        
                                                  30  6.3                 
core of carbonyl iron                                                     
            5.18 ˜10.sup.2                                          
                       1.1   8.0   12.0   --  --  --  --                  
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