Patent Publication Number: US-6909345-B1

Title: Method for creating waveguides in multilayer ceramic structures and a waveguide having a core bounded by air channels

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
   This is a national stage of PCT application No. PCT/FI00/00635, filed on Jul. 10, 2000. Priority is claimed on that application, and on patent application No. 991585 filed in Finland on Jul. 9, 1999. 

   FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
   The invention relates to a method for creating waveguides in circuit board units manufactured with the multilayer ceramic technique, in which method the dimensions and structural directions of the circuit board units can be defined by means of x, y and z axes perpendicular to each other, and the circuit board unit is assembled of separate ceramic layers, the permittivity ε r  of which is higher than the corresponding value of air, and in which layers cavities and holes of the desired shape can be made, and on the surface of which ceramic layer a conductive material can be printed at the desired location by silk screen printing, and the circuit board unit is completed by exposing the unit to a high temperature. 
   The invention also relates to a waveguide integrated into circuit board units manufactured with multilayer ceramics, wherein the dimensions and structural directions of the circuit board units can be defined by means of x, y and z axes perpendicular to each other, and the circuit board unit has been assembled of separate ceramic layers, the permittivity ε r  of which is higher than the corresponding value of air, and in which layers cavities and holes of the desired shape have been made in the ceramic layers, and on the surface of which ceramic layers a layer of conductive material can be added at the desired location by silk screen printing. 
   BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
   Different conductor structures are used in the structures of electronic devices. The higher the frequencies used in the devices, the greater the requirements set for the conductor structures used, so that the attenuation caused by the conductor structures does not become too high or that the conductor structure used does not disturb other parts of the apparatus by radiation. The designer of the device can select from many possible conductor structures. Depending on the application, an air-filled waveguide made of metal, for example, can be used. The basic structure, dimensions, and waveforms that can propagate in the waveguide and the frequency properties of the waveguide are well known (see e.g. chapter 8 Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, Simon Ramo et al., John Wiley &amp; Sons, inc., USA).  FIG. 1  shows, as an example of the dimensioning of a waveguide, a rectangular waveguide made of conductive material, the width of which is a in the direction of the x-axis of the coordinates shown in the figure, the height of which is b in the direction of the y-axis, and which is filled by air, whose permittivity ε r  is of magnitude 1. In the air-filled waveguide shown in  FIG. 1 , the first (lowest) waveform that can propagate in the direction of the z-axis is the so-called TE 10 (Transverse-electric) waveform. The electric field E of this waveform does not have a component in the direction of the z-axis at all. Instead, the magnetic field H has a component in the direction of propagation, the direction of the z-axis. The so-called cut-off frequency f c  of the waveform TE 10 , which means the lowest frequency that can propagate in the waveguide, is obtained from the equation: 
         f     cTE   10       =     c     2   ⁢   a           
 
where the letter a means the width a of the waveguide in the direction of the x-axis, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. Generally, the usable frequency range of the waveguide is 1.2 to 1.9 times the cut-off frequency of the waveform in question. The usable lower limiting frequency is determined by the growth of the attenuation when the cut-off frequency f c  is approached from above. The upper frequency limit again is determined by the fact that with frequencies that are more than twice the cut-off frequency f c  of the desired waveform, other waveforms that are capable of propagating are also created in the waveguide, and this should be avoided.
 
   There are also known waveguide structures, in which the waveguide is formed by a core part made of dielectric material, which is coated with a thin layer of conductive material. However, these waveguides are always made as separate components. The above described waveguide structures provide a small attenuation per unit of length, and they do not emit much interference radiation to the environment. However, the problem with these waveguides is the large physical size compared to the rest of the circuit unit to be manufactured, and the fact that it is difficult to integrate their manufacture into the manufacture of the circuit unit as a whole. These waveguides must be joined to the circuit unit mechanically either by soldering or by some other mechanical joint in a separate step, which increases costs and the risk of failure. 
   Conductor structures that are better integrated into the structure are also utilized in electronic equipment. These include strip lines, microstrips and coplanar conductors. Their manufacture can be integrated into the manufacture of the circuit unit as a whole, when circuit units are manufactured as ceramic structures. This manufacturing technique is called multilayer ceramics, and it is based either on the HTCC (High Temperature Cofired Ceramics) or LTCC (Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics) technique. The circuit structures implemented with either of these manufacturing techniques consist of multiple layers of ceramic material (green tape), which are 100 μm thick and placed on top of each other when the circuit structure is assembled. Before the heat treatment, which is performed as the final treatment, the ceramic material is still soft, and thus it is possible to make cavities and vias of the desired shape in the ceramic layers. It is also possible to make various electrically passive elements and the above-mentioned conductors on the desired points with silk screen printing. When the desired circuit unit is structurally complete, the ceramic multilayer structure is fired in a suitable temperature. The temperature used in the LTCC technique is around 850° C. and in the HTCC technique around 1600° C. However, the problem of microstrips, strip lines and coplanar conductors made with these techniques is the high attenuation per unit of length, low power margin and relatively low ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC). These problems limit the use of these conductor structures in the applications where the above-mentioned properties are needed. 
   SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 
   The objective of the invention is to accomplish a waveguide structure implemented with multilayer ceramics, by which the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art guide structure can be reduced. 
   The method according to the invention is characterized in that for creating a waveguide in the direction of the z-axis:
         at least two impedance change points in the direction of the yz plane of the structure are formed in the structure to limit the length a of the core of the waveguide in the direction of the x-axis, and   that in the xz plane, the core of the waveguide is limited with a first and a second layer of conductive material, which is silk screen printed on top of the ceramic layers that form the core of the waveguide, and which conductive planes are used to limit the length b of the core of the waveguide in the direction of the y-axis.       

   The waveguide according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises:
         the core part of the waveguide of the structure of the circuit unit in the direction of the z-axis,   at least two points of impedance discontinuity in the yz-plane, by which the length a of the core part of the waveguide has been limited in the direction of the x-axis, and   a first and a second layer of conductive material in the xz plane, by which layers the dimension b of the core part of the waveguide has been limited in the direction of the y-axis.       

   The basic idea of the invention is the following: A waveguide fully integrated into the structure is manufactured with the multilayer ceramic technique. The core part of the waveguide is made of dielectric material with a suitable permittivity ε r , which is separated from the rest of the ceramic structure in one plane by two layers of conductive material forming parallel planes, and in another plane, which is perpendicular to the previous planes, by two cavities filled with air and/or joining holes filled with conductive material. 
   The invention has the advantage that the waveguide can be manufactured simultaneously with other components manufactured with the multilayer ceramic technique. 
   In addition, the invention has the advantage that the feeding arrangement of the waveguide can be implemented with the same multilayer ceramic technique. 
   The invention also has the advantage that the manufacturing costs of a waveguide manufactured with the method are lower than those of a waveguide made of separate components and joined to the structure in a separate step. 
   Furthermore, the invention has the advantage that it has a good EMC protection as compared to a strip line, microstrip or coplanar conductor. 
   Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are intended solely for purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the invention, for which reference should be made to the appended claims. 

   
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
     In the following, the invention will be described in more detail. Reference will be made to the accompanying drawings, in which 
       FIG. 1  shows a prior art, air-filled waveguide made of conductive material, 
       FIG. 2  shows an exemplary embodiment implemented with the multilayer ceramic technique, in which the side walls of the waveguide are formed of cavities filled with air, 
       FIG. 3  shows another exemplary embodiment implemented with the multilayer ceramic technique, in which the side walls of the waveguide are formed of air-filled cavities and vias in the vicinity thereof, filled with conductive material, 
       FIG. 4  shows an example of a waveguide according to the second embodiment of the invention implemented with the multilayer ceramic technique as a section in the x-y plane, 
       FIG. 5   a  shows an example of one way according to the invention to excite a waveform capable of propagating in the waveguide according to the first embodiment of the invention, 
       FIG. 5   b  shows an example of another way according to the invention to excite a waveform capable of propagating in the waveguide according to the first embodiment of the invention, 
       FIG. 5   c  shows an example of a third way according to the invention to excite a waveform capable of propagating in the waveguide according to the first embodiment of the invention, 
       FIG. 6   a  shows an yz-plane presentation of one way of joining a waveguide according to an embodiment of the invention to a microstrip conductor, and 
       FIG. 6   b  shows an yz-plane presentation of fitting the feeding point of a waveguide according to the invention to a waveguide. 
   

   DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS 
     FIG. 1  was presented in connection with the description of the prior art. In connection with the description of  FIGS. 2  to  6 , reference is made to the directions of the axes x, y and z shown in FIG.  1 . The directions of the axes are the same as those shown in the example of  FIG. 1 , although the axes are not drawn in all the figures. The symbol ε r  in this and the following figures refers to the particular value of permittivity which the materials marked “ε r ” have, i.e. all the ceramic material is labeled “ε r ” to indicate they all have the same permittivity. 
     FIG. 2  shows an example of a waveguide according to the first embodiment of the invention, implemented with the multilayer ceramic technique. The structure shown in  FIG. 2  is part of a larger circuit structure implemented with the multilayer ceramic technique, which is not shown in its entirety in the drawing. The waveguide structure is surrounded on both sides by the structures  21  and  27  shown in the drawing, which consist of several green tapes. The permittivity ε r  of the ceramic material used in them is clearly higher than the permittivity of air, which is of the magnitude 1, as is well known. Other parts of the structure, which are both above and below the waveguide structure shown in the drawing, viewed in the direction of the y-axis, consist mainly of the same ceramic material. The core part  23  of the waveguide consists of the same ceramic material as the rest of the circuit structure. The width of the waveguide in the direction of the x-axis is limited by air-filled cavities  22  and  26  essentially in the direction of the yz plane. The interface of the air-filled cavity  22  or  26  forms a discontinuity of the characteristic impedance against the core part  23  in view of the electromagnetic wave front. This discontinuity of the characteristic impedance mainly reflects the wave front, which is capable of propagating in the core part  23  of the waveguide, back to the core part  23 , while the wave front propagates in the direction of the z-axis. The waveguide is limited in the xz-plane by a first surface  24  and a second surface  25 , which are made of some conductive material and which form essentially parallel planes. These planar surfaces  24  and  25  can be made either such that they completely cover the core part  23  or they are partly gridded. These planar, conductive surfaces  24  and  25  can be made, for example, of conductive pastelike material, by metallizing the surfaces of the core part  23  in these planes or also by covering the core part  23  by separate, thin, conductive filmy material. 
   In the waveguide according to the first embodiment of the invention, the lowest possible propagating waveform is the TEM (Transverse-electromagnetic) waveform, the electric or magnetic field of which does not have a component in the direction of the z-axis of the drawing. The cut-off frequency of this waveform is 0 Hz, as is known, which means that direct current can flow in the waveguide. A waveguide according to the first embodiment of the invention can also transmit other higher, possibly desired TE mn  or TM mn  (Transverse-magnetic) waveforms, the corresponding cut-off frequencies of which can be calculated according to the dimensioning rules of an ordinary waveguide, which dimensioning rules have been presented in connection with the description of FIG.  4 . 
     FIG. 3  shows an example of a waveguide according to the second embodiment of the invention. The structure shown in  FIG. 3  is part of a larger structure implemented with the multilayer ceramic technique, which is not shown in its entirety in the drawing. The waveguide structure is surrounded on both sides by the structures  31  and  37  shown in the drawing, which consist of several green tapes. The permittivity ε r  of the ceramic material used in them is clearly higher than the permittivity of air, which is of the magnitude 1. Other parts of the structure, which are both above and below the waveguide structure shown in the drawing, viewed in the direction of the y-axis of the drawing, also consist mainly of the same ceramic material. The core part  33  of the waveguide consists of the same ceramic material as the rest of the circuit structure. The width of the waveguide in the direction of the x-axis is limited by two essentially parallel impedance discontinuities, which are formed of via posts  38  and  39  in the direction of the y-axis of the drawing together with the air-filled cavities  32  and  36 . The air-filled cavities  32  and  36  have a similar construction as was presented in connection with the description of the cavities shown in FIG.  2 . The via posts  38 ,  39  are filled with conductive, pastelike material in connection with the manufacture of the circuit structure. When the LTCC technique is used, either AgPd paste or Ag paste can be used advantageously. If the waveguide structure according to the invention is entirely surrounded from all sides by other ceramic layers, the cheaper Ag paste can be used. If part of the created waveguide structure remains exposed to the external atmosphere, the more expensive AgPd paste must be used. The via posts  38 ,  39  combine the essentially parallel first plane  34  and second plane  35 , which are formed of conductive material and which limit the core part  33  in the xz plane. 
   In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 3 , one via post  38  and  39  for each side of the core part are shown in the drawing as viewed in the direction of the x-axis. The waveguide structure according to the invention can also be implemented by adding several similar via posts to the core part  33 . It is also possible to add more similar via posts to the parts  31  and  37  of the circuit structure behind the air cavities  32  and  36 , whereby the EMC properties of the waveguide are further improved. 
     FIG. 4  shows an example of a structure according to the second embodiment of the invention as a section in the xy plane. The ceramic circuit structure is assembled by layers of ceramic plates/strips  41 . The waveguide is separated from the rest of the structure in the direction of the x-axis by air-filled cavities  42  and  46  in the direction of the yz plane (not shown in FIG.  4 ), the width of which cavities is the measure L shown in the drawing and the height is the measure b shown in the drawing, and via posts  48  and  49  filled with conductive material. The core part  43  of the waveguide is formed by ceramic material, the permittivity ε r  of which is high compared to air. The width of the core part of the waveguide in the direction of the x-axis in denoted by the letter a in the drawing. The width L of the air-filled cavities  42  and  46  in the x-plane is selected such that its magnitude corresponds to a fourth of the wavelength of the cut-off frequency f c . Then the waveguide structure emits as little interference radiation as possible to its environment. In the xz plane (not shown in FIG.  4 ), which is perpendicular to the surface shown in  FIG. 4 , the waveguide is limited by a first plane  44  and a second plane  45 , which are essentially parallel and made of conductive material. The first plane  44  and the second plane  45  are connected to each other by vias  48  and  49 , which are filled with conductive material. The waveforms TE mn  and TM mn  can propagate in a waveguide according to the embodiment shown in the drawing. The cut-off frequencies f cmn  of these waveforms are obtained from the known formula: 
         f     cm   ,   n       =       1     2   ⁢     μɛ         ⁢           (     m   a     )     2     +       (     n   b     )     2                 
   In the formula, the indexes m and n refer to the number of maximums in the direction of the x and y axes of the transverse field distribution of the TE mn  or TM mn  waveform, measure a denotes the width of the waveguide in the direction of the x-axis, and measure b denotes the height of the waveguide in the direction of the y-axis. The terms μ and ε in the formula are the permeability and permittivity values of the ceramic material of the core part  43  of the waveguide. 
     FIGS. 5   a ,  5   b  and  5   c  show three different examples of how the desired waveform can be excited in waveguides according to the invention. The waveguide used in the examples of the figures is a waveguide according to the first embodiment, but the solutions function in accordance with the same principle in waveguide structures according to the second embodiment of the invention as well. 
   In the example of  FIG. 5   a , the core  53   a  of the waveguide is separated from the rest of the circuit structure, which is represented by parts  51   a  and  57   a  of the structure in the drawing, by air-filled cavities  52   a  and  56   a  and a first plane  54   a  and a second plane  55   a , which are essentially parallel and made of conductive material. In order to excite the desired waveform, a hole  58   a  has been made at the desired point in the first plane  54   a  of the waveguide. When a radiating element, which is not shown in the drawing, is placed in the vicinity of the hole  58   a , the result is that part of the field radiated by the element is transferred through the hole  58   a  to the waveguide according to the invention. The radiating element can be any circuit element capable of radiating, or possibly another waveguide according to the invention, in the wall of which a hole of corresponding shape and capable of radiating has been made. By selecting the radiating frequency correctly, an electromagnetic waveform of the desired kind and capable of propagating can be excited in the waveguide. 
     FIG. 5   b  shows another possible way of exciting a waveform capable of propagating in a waveguide according to the invention. In the example of  FIG. 5   b , the core  53   b  of the waveguide is separated from the rest of the circuit structure, which is represented in the drawing by parts  51   b  and  57   b , by air-filled cavities  52   b  and  56   b  and a first plane  54   b  and a second plane  55   b , which are essentially parallel and made of conductive material. In order to excite the desired waveform, there is a hole  58   b  made at the desired point of the conductive first plane  54   b , and the hole is fitted with a cylindrical probe  59   b  leading to the core part  53   b  of the waveguide. 
   The probe is preferably made of the same conductive material as the planar first surface  54   b  and second surface  55   b  of the waveguide. The probe  59   b  is connected to the desired signal inputting conductor in the circuit structures above the planar first surface  54   b . The signal conductor can be a strip line or a microstrip, for example. The conductor and other circuit structures above are not shown in  FIG. 5   b.    
     FIG. 5   c  shows a third possible way of exciting a waveform capable of propagating in a waveguide according to the invention. In the example of  FIG. 5   c , the core  53   c  of the waveguide is separated from the rest of the unit, which is represented in the drawing by parts  51   c  and  57   c , by air-filled cavities  52   c  and  56   c  and a first plane  54   c  and a second plane  55   c , which are essentially parallel and made of conductive material. In order to excite the desired waveform in the waveguide, there is a hole  58   c  made at the desired point of the first plane  54   c  made of conductive material, and the hole is fitted with a coupling loop  59   c  leading to the core part  53   c  of the waveguide. The coupling loop  59   c  is connected to the desired signal inputting conductor in the circuit structures above the planar first surface  54   c . The signal conductor can be, for example, a stripline, microstrip or a coplanar conductor. The signal inputting conductor and other circuit structures above are not shown in  FIG. 5   c . The coupling loop  59   c  is manufactured of conductive material in connection with the manufacture of the rest of the circuit structure implemented with the multilayer ceramic technique. 
     FIG. 6   a  shows, by way of example, how the microstrip and the waveguide according to the invention can be joined together. The figure shows a section in the yz plane of the point where the conductors are connected. The circuit structure has been implemented by joining together several layers of ceramic plates  61   a . The portion of the microstrip  60   a  is formed by the signal conductor  63   a  (labeled “S” in  FIG. 6   a ) and the ground conductor  62   a  (labeled “G” in  FIG. 6   a ). The impedance of the transmission line changes at the point where the microstrip and the waveguide  68   a  are joined together. High impedance mismatches cause an undesired reflection of the signal back to its incoming direction in the above-mentioned interface. This reflection problem can be diminished by making at the joint a special structure, in which the impedance level of the transmission line is gradually changed. In the example of  FIG. 6   a , this matching of the impedances has been implemented by a so-called quarter-wave transformer  67   a  It consists of steplike changes of the waveguide geometry of the length of λ/4 in the direction of the z-axis in the drawing. In  FIG. 6   a , it is accomplished by means of conductive plane surfaces  66   a , which are connected to each other in the direction of the y-axis by vias  64   a  made of conductive material. In the direction of the x-axis, these planes  66   a  reach across the whole core part of the waveguide. The second plane  65   a  forms the lower surface of the waveguide. The electric properties of the ceramic material used in the structure are similar in all parts of the circuit structure in the example of the drawing. 
     FIG. 6   b  shows an example of another way of joining a waveguide according to the invention to another electric circuit. The figure shows a section in the yz plane of the point where the transmission lines are connected. The circuit structure of the component has been implemented by joining together several layers of ceramic plates  61   b . The exciting signal is brought to the waveguide by means of a cylindrical probe  63   b . In the example of the drawing, the probe comes to the waveguide  68   b  through the first plane  62   b , which forms the upper surface of the waveguide, and a hole  69   b  made in the plane. Thus the probe  63   b  does not have a galvanic connection to the conductive first plane  62   b . The probe  63   b  itself may reach through several ceramic circuit structures in the direction of the y-axis of the drawing, when required. The impedance mismatch created at the feeding point of the signal is reduced by a quarter-wave (λ/4) transformer  67   b  of the kind described in connection with  FIG. 6   a . The quarter-wave (λ/4) transformer  67   b  consists of conductive plane surfaces  66   b , which are connected to each other in the direction of the y-axis of the drawing by vias  64   b  made of conductive material. In the direction of the x-axis of the drawing, these planes  66   b  reach across the whole core part of the waveguide. The second plane  65   b  forms the lower surface of the waveguide. The electric properties of the ceramic material used in the structure are in similar in all parts of the circuit properties of the ceramic material used in the structure are similar in all parts of the circuit structure in the example of the drawing. 
   Calculatory simulations have been performed on the embodiments of the waveguides according to the invention. The simulations have been performed on both embodiments according to the invention with the same structural dimensions, whereby the measure a of the core part of the waveguide has been 5 mm, measure b 2 mm, ε r  of the ceramic material 5.9 and the measure L in the direction of the x-axis of the air-filled cavities that are part of the waveguide structure 2.5 mm. A mode of operation according to TE 10  has been used in the simulation, and the frequency used has been 18 GHz. As a result of the simulation, the first embodiment according to the invention had an attenuation of 1.7 dB/cm. With the same structural dimensions a and b and the same frequency 18 GHz, the waveguide structure according to the second embodiment of the invention had an attenuation value of 0.7 dB/cm. 
   Some preferred embodiments of the invention have been described above. However, the invention is not limited to the solutions described above. The inventive idea can be applied in many different ways within the scope defined by the attached claims. 
   Thus, while there have been shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the devices described and illustrated, and in their operation, and of the methods described may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements and/or method steps which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated. It is also to be understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale but that they are merely conceptual in nature. It is the intention, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto.