Patent Publication Number: US-11396797-B2

Title: Sealing plunger lift system and tubing connector

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a continuation application of, and claims the benefit of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/402,671, which was filed on May 3, 2019. The entirety of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/402,671 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The present disclosure relates to a plunger lift system to lift formation fluid out of a hydrocarbon well. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a novel sealing plunger lift system to lift liquid formations out of a wellbore. 
     BACKGROUND 
     As hydrocarbon wells mature, they exhibit a decrease in bottom-hole pressures and the production velocities, which are necessary to carry fluids—e.g., produced water, oil and condensate—to the surface. Over time, these fluids can accumulate in the downhole production tubing, resulting in a condition known as liquid loading. Toward the end of the production life of the hydrocarbon well, as formation fluid accumulates at the bottom of the wellbore, the liquid loading may reach a level that interferes with the well&#39;s performance. In particular, the well loses energy as the reservoir&#39;s natural pressure is countered by the hydrostatic head created by the accumulated fluid. The lost energy in the well necessitates employing measures to lift the formation fluid to the surface to prevent the liquid-loading condition from killing the well. Several techniques exist for artificially lifting formation fluids, including plunger lift systems. Plunger lift systems attempt to remove fluids from the wellbore so that the well can be produced at the lowest bottom-hole pressure and maximum rate by harnessing the well&#39;s own energy to remove the accumulated fluids and sustain gas production. Conventional plunger lift systems rely on a piston dropped into a flowing or non-flowing wellbore. A bumper spring at the bottom of the well cushions the impact of the piston. Gas flowing into the well below the piston pushes the piston upward, thereby pushing any formation fluid toward the surface. These pistons—e.g., pad, solid, bypass, and brush plungers, etc.—may have fluid fallback due to insufficient sealing with the tubing/casing wall. 
     There are problems with using conventional tubular-shaped plungers in deviated and vertical wells. Such plungers may not have a sufficient seal, thereby causing undesirable fluid fallback to occur. Typical sealing devices are constructed from steel and/or fibers. These seals fail over time. The lack of seal may allow the well to liquid load over time because of fluid fallback. Liquid loading occurs when the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid is greater than the gas pressure below, restricting gas from surfacing through the surface equipment. The conventional tubing coupling collar used in the industry has a gap between each tubing joint. This gap in the inside diameter of the tubing allows fluid to be trapped at each connection and is an obstruction to making contact between the plunger and seal. Contact with artificial lift tools and this tubing/collar gap will cause premature wear, breakage, and fluid fallback. 
     Thus, there is a need for a plunger lift system that reduces fluid fallback and more efficiently lifts formation fluid to the surface. 
     SUMMARY 
     An aspect of the present disclosure provides an improved plunger lift assembly, system, and method that can be used in all types of oil and gas wells including those of vertical, highly-deviated, S-curved, or horizontal bores. The plunger lift assembly of the present disclosure can be part of a plunger lift system or method used to lift fluid formations out of a wellbore having a production tubing with a drift diameter. 
     In an embodiment, a sealing plunger, alone or in combination with a smooth bore tubing coupler, may eliminate fluid fallback and efficiently lift fluid to the surface. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the reduction and/or elimination of fluid fallback may result from a mechanical interface between a plunger mandrel and tubing or casing walls. 
     The plunger lift assembly may include a mandrel having a chamber, an elastic sealing mechanism, and a shift rod. The sealing mechanism can be disposed about an exterior of the mandrel. The sealing mechanism may be activated by at least one of pressure in the mandrel chamber and vertical force from movement of the mandrel. The shift rod can control fluid flow through the mandrel chamber. 
     The sealing mechanism may generally act independently from the mandrel. This allows the mandrel to travel the wellbore and the sealing mechanism to adjust to the inside diameter or drift diameter of the production tubing. 
     The plunger lift assembly according to one aspect of the present disclosure may further include a set of friction rings for maintaining positioning of the shift rod as the plunger lift assembly ascends and descends within the production tubing. 
     When the sealing mechanism is not activated, an outer diameter of the sealing mechanism may be substantially equal to or less than the drift diameter of the production tubing. In this way, contact between the plunger lift assembly and the production tubing may be limited during descent of the plunger lift assembly within the production tubing. The sealing mechanism may generally be deactivated (i.e., contracted) during descent of the plunger lift assembly within the production tubing (i.e., toward a bottom of the wellbore). 
     When the sealing mechanism is activated by at least one or pressure in the mandrel chamber and vertical force from movement of the mandrel, an outer diameter of the sealing mechanism may expand to become substantially equal to the drift diameter of the production tubing. In this way, the sealing mechanism may maintain contact with the production tubing during ascent of the plunger lift assembly within the production tubing. The sealing mechanism may generally be activated during ascent of the plunger lift assembly within the production tubing (i.e., toward a surface of the wellbore). 
     The plunger lift assembly may further include a plurality of bypass ports. The bypass ports may control fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly. In particular, the bypass ports may permit fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly (e.g., the mandrel chamber) during descent of the plunger lift assembly within the production tubing (i.e., toward the bottom of the wellbore). The bypass ports may further retard fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly (e.g., the mandrel chamber) during ascent of the plunger lift assembly within the production tubing (i.e., toward the surface of the wellbore). 
     The mandrel can be made of a material selected from the group consisting of plastic, rubber, Teflon, stainless steel, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, silicon, zirconium, chrome-steel, and alloys thereof. The sealing mechanism may similarly be made of a material selected from the group consisting of plastic, rubber, Teflon, stainless steel, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, silicon, zirconium, chrome-steel, and alloys thereof. In certain embodiments, the sealing mechanism may be made of a rubber compound, such as hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR). 
     The sealing mechanism may further include a spring. The spring can expand the sealing mechanism upon activation of the sealing mechanism. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure provides for a plunger lift system employing at least one plunger lift assembly as described herein. The plunger lift system can further include a coupler and a connector. The coupler may surround the terminal ends of two adjacent tubing joints of the production tubing such that a gap is defined between the terminal ends of the two adjacent tubing joints. The connector may be disposed within the gap and interconnect the terminal ends of the two adjacent tubing joints. The connector may have an inner diameter that is substantially equal to the inner diameter of each tube joint at its terminal end. 
     The plunger lift system may further include a surface lubricator. The plunger lift system may also include a bottom-hole component selected from the group consisting of a bumper spring, a stop assembly, and a no-go assembly. The plunger lift system may further include a plurality of plunger lift assemblies. 
     Another aspect of the present disclosure may provide for a method of lifting fluid formations out of a wellbore using a plunger lift system as described herein. The method may include: placing a bottom-hole component in a bottom of the wellbore near the fluid formations; providing a plunger lift system including at least one plunger lift assembly as described herein; dropping the at least one plunger lift assembly into the wellbore through a production tubing thereof such that the at least one plunger lift assembly descends toward the bottom-hole component; and allowing the at least one plunger lift assembly to ascend within the production tubing in response to formation gases passing into the wellbore, thereby pushing the fluid formations above the at least one plunger lift assembly toward a surface of the wellbore; wherein the at least one of pressure in the mandrel chamber and vertical force from movement of the mandrel causes the sealing mechanism to activate and expand such that an outer diameter of the sealing mechanism becomes substantially equal to a drift diameter of the production tubing and the sealing mechanism maintains contact with the production tubing during ascent of the at least one plunger lift assembly within the production tubing toward the surface of the wellbore. 
     In certain embodiments, the sealing mechanism may be activated by pressure in the mandrel chamber by engaging the shift rod during the allowing step to permit fluid flow into the mandrel chamber. Alternatively or in addition, the sealing mechanism may be activated by vertical force from movement of the mandrel into a fishing neck of the plunger lift assembly in response to at least one of (a) the plunger lift assembly descending to and impacting the bottom-hole component, and (b) weight of liquid in the wellbore acting upon the at least one plunger lift assembly. 
     Once the plunger lift assembly reaches a certain level within the production tubing during the allowing step, the shift rod may be disengaged to relieve the at least one of pressure in the mandrel chamber and vertical force from movement of the mandrel, thereby causing the sealing mechanism to deactivate and contract such that the outer diameter of the sealing mechanism is substantially equal to or less than the drift diameter of the production tubing. 
     The wellbore may be vertical, deviated, S-shaped, or horizontal. The method may be carried out employing a plurality of plunger lift assemblies. 
     In certain embodiments, the plunger lift system employed in the method may further include a coupler and a connector as described herein. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. These drawings depict only several exemplary embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting its scope. The disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings. 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a sectional view of one exemplary embodiment of a plunger lift assembly according to the present disclosure, with the plunger lift assembly is in its deactivated, contracted state. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a sectional view of the plunger lift assembly of  FIG. 1 , with the plunger lift assembly in its activated, expanded state. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates a sectional view of one exemplary embodiment of a mandrel according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates a sectional view of one exemplary embodiment of a sealing mechanism according to the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates a sectional view of one exemplary embodiment of a plunger lift system according to the present disclosure with the plunger lift system in operation in a wellbore. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates a sectional view of the plunger lift system of  FIG. 5  after descent into the lower portion of the wellbore. 
         FIG. 7A  illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a mandrel and a plurality of sealing mechanisms disposed about the exterior of the mandrel according to the present disclosure.  FIG. 7B  is a detail view of section A-A of the mandrel of  FIG. 7A . 
         FIG. 8A  illustrates an exterior view of two adjacent tubing joints with a coupler.  FIG. 8B  illustrates a sectional view of the coupler and the two adjacent tubing joints interconnected by a connector according to the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described herein are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein and illustrated in the figures, may be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and make part of this disclosure. 
     The present disclosure may refer to components as having a length, width, height, and thickness. It is noted that “length” and “width” may be used interchangeably herein, or put another way, these terms may refer to the same dimension or axis. Similarly, the present disclosure may refer to components as having diameter. It is noted that hollow or tubular components may be described as having an outer diameter and an inner diameter. In the case of production tubing of a wellbore, the inner diameter of such tubing may be referred to as having a “drift diameter.” As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, the drift diameter of a production tubing (i.e., the inside diameter guaranteed by the manufacturer according to the specifications) will generally be slightly smaller than the nominal inside diameter. As will be further understood by those skilled in the art, the drift diameter of a production tubing can be guaranteed, for example, by pulling a rabbit (e.g., a cylinder or pipe) of known outside diameter through the production tubing. 
     Some terms used herein may be relative terms. For example, the terms “upper” and “lower” are relative to each other in location, i.e. an upper component is located at a higher elevation than a lower component in a given orientation, but these terms can change if the device is flipped. The terms “horizontal” and “vertical” are used to indicate direction relative to an absolute reference, i.e. ground level. The terms “above” and “below,” “upwards” and “downwards,” and “ascend” and “descend” are also relative to an absolute reference; an upwards or ascending flow is against the gravity of the earth. 
     The term “parallel” should be construed in its lay term as two edges or faces generally continuously having the same distance between them, and should not be strictly construed in mathematical terms as requiring that the two edges or faces cannot intersect when extended for an infinite distance. Similarly, the term “planar” should not be strictly construed as requiring that a given surface be perfectly flat. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1-4 , embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a plunger lift assembly  10  that can be used as part of a plunger lift system and as part of a method for lifting formation fluids out of a wellbore. The plunger lift assembly  10  can be made of any suitable metallic or non-metallic materials, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, the plunger lift assembly  10  can be made of materials suitable for harsh-environment wells, such as 4140 steel, titanium, cobalt, or alloys thereof. The material selection for the plunger lift assembly  10  is also made with consideration of the material&#39;s integrity to prevent breakage in the wellbore under high velocity situations. Materials such as steel, fiber, rubber, titanium, tungsten, Teflon, and plastics may be used for corrosive and high-friction wellbores. 
     As can be seen with reference to  FIGS. 1-4 , the plunger lift assembly  10  may include a mandrel  110 . The mandrel  110  may have a chamber  112  with holes therein to direct fluid behind a sealing mechanism  120 . The sealing mechanism  120  may be disposed about an exterior of the mandrel  110 . The sealing mechanism  120  can be continuous or sectional to increase sealing properties. In the embodiment shown in  FIG. 1  and  FIG. 2 , the plunger lift assembly  10  may include two sealing mechanisms  120 , though it is to be understood that any number of sealing mechanisms  120  may be employed vertically or horizontally to increase sealing performance during ascent or reduce descent speed by increasing friction against the production tubing. The plunger lift assembly  10  may further include a shift rod  130  that controls fluid flow through the mandrel  110 , namely the chamber  112  thereof. The sealing mechanism  120  can be replaced on the mandrel  110  after sufficient wear occurs. Replacing the sealing mechanism  120  will increase friction properties of the plunger lift assembly  10  to create an efficient seal with the production tubing through the life of the plunger lift assembly  10 . 
     Friction rings  140  may also be provided within the plunger lift assembly  10 . The friction rings  140  may generally be positioned about the shift rod  130  and may maintain the positioning of the shift rod  130  as the plunger lift assembly  10  ascends and descends within the production tubing of a wellbore. The friction rings  140  may be made of any suitable material for maintaining the positioning of the shift rod  130 , such as, for example, steel, stainless steel, steel alloys, rubber, elastomer, plastic, ceramic, nylon, HNBR, nickel, copper, brass, tungsten, cobalt, and Inconel. 
     As will be explained in more detail herein, the sealing mechanism  120  may generally define the diameter of the plunger lift assembly and may be used in a well to increase the friction between the plunger lift system and the production tubing (or tubing string) that the plunger lift system travels to increase sealing efficiency. With reference to  FIG. 4 , the sealing mechanism may be defined as having an outer diameter OD. In an embodiment, the sealing mechanism  120  may be made of an elastic material capable of withstanding the corrosive environment of the wellbore and may further be abrasion-resistant against high-friction environments. In an alternate embodiment, the sealing mechanism  120  may be made of a relatively rigid material, depending on the environment of the wellbore; a rigid sealing mechanism  120  may also be abrasion-resistant against high-friction environments. Example materials from which sealing mechanism  120  may be constructed include steel, stainless steel, steel alloys, rubber, elastomer, plastic, ceramic, nylon, HNBR (hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber), Viton, nickel, copper, brass, tungsten, cobalt, and superalloys such as Inconel. In particularly, the sealing mechanism  120  may be an elastic sealing mechanism that is able to be selectively activated and deactivated to control the diameter of the seal mechanism  120 . The elastic properties may allow the sealing mechanism  120  to expand and retract repeatedly during the lifecycle of the plunger lift system. Activation (i.e., expansion or compression) and deactivation (i.e., contraction) may be selectively controlled as explained in greater detail herein. For example, the production tubing may have an outer diameter of about 2⅜″ and a drift diameter of about 1.901″. For such production tubing, the plunger lift assembly  10  can be designed such that the outer diameter OD of the seal mechanism  120  can be about 1.850″ (i.e., less than the drift diameter of the production tubing) when deactivated (e.g.,  FIG. 1 ) and about 1.900″ when activated (i.e.,  FIG. 2 ). As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, sealing mechanism  120  can be of any desirable dimensions to suit a particular application (e.g., to be used with any production tubing of a predetermined size). In this way, when the sealing mechanism is activated, the outer diameter OD of the sealing mechanism  120  may be substantially the same as the drift diameter of the production tubing so as to maintain contact and a seal therewith. In use, the seal mechanism  120  may generally be deactivated during descent of the plunger lift assembly  10  (e.g., after dropping the plunger lift assembly  10  into a wellbore) and may generally be activated during ascent of the plunger lift assembly  10 . The replaceable sealing mechanism  120  can have a variety of lengths ranging from about 0.1 to about 10 inches and diameters ranging from about 50% of the drift diameter of the production tubing to about 20% greater than the drift diameter of the production tubing to regulate friction and sealing performance. In an embodiment, the replaceable sealing mechanism  120  may have a length of between 0.25 and 5 inches. In an embodiment, the replaceable sealing mechanism  120  may have a length of between 0.5 and 4 inches. In an embodiment, the replaceable sealing mechanism  120  may have a length of between 1 and 3 inches. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, sealing mechanism can be of any desirable dimensions to suit a particular application. 
     The plunger lift assembly  10  may further include a plurality of bypass ports  160  that may control fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly  10 , namely through the mandrel  110  and chamber  112  thereof. For example, during descent of the plunger lift assembly  10 , the bypass ports  160  may permit fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly  10 , thereby keeping the sealing mechanism  120  deactivated (i.e., in its non-expanded state). On the other hand, during ascent of the plunger lift assembly  10 , the bypass ports  160  may retard, restrict, or prevent fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly  10 , thereby activating the sealing mechanism  120  (i.e., causing the sealing mechanism to expand) and maintain contact with the production tubing to form a seal that maximizes the amount of the accumulated formation fluids to be lifted out of the wellbore by the plunger lift system  10 . The bypass ports  160  may take various forms, such as is shown in  FIG. 3 . For example, outlet bypass ports  160   a  and inlet bypass ports  160   b  may be provided for directing or controlling fluid travel within the plunger lift assembly. 
     The plunger lift assembly  10  may further include components designed to retain the sealing mechanism  120  about the mandrel  110 . For example, as can be seen with reference to  FIG. 1 , a seal retaining sleeve  170  may be provided between adjacent sealing mechanisms  120  to aid in retaining an edge of each sealing mechanism  120  against the mandrel  110  as the sealing mechanism is activated and deactivated. Similarly, a seal retainer  180  may be provided to aid in retaining another edge of the sealing mechanism  120  against the mandrel  110  as the sealing mechanism is activated and deactivated that control fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly  10 . In certain embodiments, the seal retainer  180  may be designed with bypass ports. As can be seen with reference to  FIG. 3 , a chamber  190  may be provided to allow movement of the mandrel  110 . 
     As previously described, the mandrel  110  may be provided with one or more vertical or horizontal holes in its chamber  112 . In an embodiment, gas or other fluids may be able to travel from the bypass ports  160  (e.g., in the seal retainer  180 ) and through the cavity within the plunger lift assembly  10 , particularly when the plunger lift assembly  10  is ascending within the production tubing of the wellbore. As the fluid flows through the plunger lift assembly  10 , the fluid may expand the sealing mechanism  120  from within and transfer pressure through the sealing mechanism  120  to the production tubing around the sealing mechanism  120 , thereby activating the sealing mechanism  120  and causing it to expand (i.e., causing the outer diameter OD of the sealing mechanism  120  to become substantially the same as and/or interface with the drift diameter of the production tubing). The plunger lift assembly may also be provided with a fishing neck  150  that may permit the mandrel  110  to move vertically up and down. Similar to the foregoing, movement of the mandrel  110  may provide a squeezing force on the sealing mechanism  120 , thereby activating the sealing mechanism  120  and causing it to expand (i.e., causing the outer diameter OD of the sealing mechanism  120  to become substantially the same as the drift diameter of the production tubing). The fishing neck  150  may also have outlet ports that allow for gas and other fluid to flow through the plunger lift assembly  10 . With reference to  FIG. 3 , the mandrel  110  may further include a bypass seal feature  162  that allows fluid to flow through the plunger lift assembly  10  or retards or restricts the flow of fluid through the plunger lift assembly  10  so as to pressurize the mandrel chamber  112 . 
     The sealing mechanism  120  can, in certain embodiments, include a spring that may expand the sealing mechanism  120  and that may ensure that the plunger lift assembly  10  (i.e., the sealing mechanism  120  thereof) maintains contact with the production tubing so as to create a strong seal therebetween as the plunger lift assembly  10  ascends within the production tubing. Alternatively or additionally, the sealing mechanism  120  can be activated and expanded by the formation of fluid pressure within the mandrel chamber  112 . Alternatively or additionally, the sealing mechanism can be activated and expanded by movement of the mandrel  110  vertically up into the fishing neck  150 , thereby exerting a squeezing action on the sealing mechanism  120 . 
     As previously described, activation and expansion of the sealing mechanism  120  may occur as the plunger lift assembly  10  is beginning its ascent within the production tubing. In this regard, activation and expansion of the sealing mechanism may occur at the bottom of the well bore due to the action of the shift rod  130  and mandrel  110 . The friction rings  140  may maintain positioning of the shift rod  130  during ascent of the plunger lift assembly  10  to ensure that the sealing mechanism  120  remains activated and expanded. Due to the equal or near-equal outer and drift diameters of the sealing mechanism  120  and the production tubing, respectively, gas flowing below and inside the seal may enable a seal to be created, comparable to the seals created with conventional solid-body pad plungers. This seal may keep wellbore fluids from falling below the plunger lift assembly  10  while formation fluid(s) may urge the plunger lift assembly  10  and liquid up through the production tubing and toward the surface of the wellbore. 
     Turning now to  FIG. 5 , as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the plunger lift system  10  of the present disclosure may be designed as part of a larger plunger lift system  20 . The plunger lift system  20  may include a plunger lift system  10  employed in a subsurface wellbore  200  of a wellhead  280 .  FIG. 5  depicts a plunger lift assembly  10  near the surface of the wellbore  200 . The wellhead  280  may include various surface control equipment, including surface flowline piping  230 , an automated valve control system  240  (turns the well on and off to control the plunger lift assembly  10 ), and a surface lubricator having a lubricator body  250 , compression spring  252 , and spring housing cap  254 . Other surface control equipment may include, for example, a plunger catch assembly  260 . 
     With reference to  FIG. 6 , the plunger lift assembly  10  can be better seen employed within a production tubing  210  of the wellbore  200 . As previously described, the production tubing  210  may have a drift diameter DD (i.e., the inside diameter guaranteed by the manufacturer according to the specifications by, for example, by pulling a rabbit of known outside diameter through the production tubing). In  FIG. 6 , the lower portion of the wellbore  200  is visible. At the bottom of the wellbore  200 , one or more bottom-hole components may be provided. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in  FIG. 6 , a bumper spring assembly  220   a  and a tubing nipple or no-go assembly  220   b  may be provided. 
     As previously described, the sealing mechanism can be selectively expanded to maintain constant contact with the production tubing  210  or be contracted if necessary. Pressure below the plunger lift assembly  10  may expand the sealing mechanism  120  and urge the plunger lift assembly  10  and fluids toward the surface of the wellbore. Vertical force may also expand the sealing mechanism  120  and urge the plunger lift assembly  10  and fluids toward the surface of the wellbore. For example, upon reaching the bottom-hole component, the shift rod  130  may be engaged (e.g., upon the plunger lift assembly  10  descending to and impacting the bottom-hole component), thereby cutting off the flow of fluid through the plunger lift assembly  10 . Upon the retardation, restriction, or prevention of fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly  10 , the seal mechanism  120  may be activated and expand. The mandrel  110  may also move vertically upward into the fishing neck  150  upon reaching the bottom-hole component or from the weight of the liquid in the wellbore above the plunger lift assembly  10  acting thereupon. As a result, a squeezing force may be applied to the sealing mechanism  120 , causing further expansion of the sealing mechanism  120  to an outer diameter OD that is substantially equal to the drift diameter DD of the production tubing  210  so as to maintain contact with the production tubing  210  when formation fluid(s) become trapped behind the seal. As the plunger lift assembly  10  ascends within the production tubing toward the surface of the wellbore  200 , the plunger lift assembly  10  may maintain a strong seal between the sealing mechanism  120  and the production tubing so as to lift the accumulated formation fluids to the surface of the wellbore. The friction rings  140  may further ensure that the shift rod  130  maintains its positioning so that the sealing mechanism  120  remains in its activated and expanded state. The ascent and descent of the plunger lift assembly  10  within the production tubing may not only control gas or other fluid production from the well, but may also serve to scrape any paraffin, scale deposits, deposited or precipitated contaminants, and the like from the wellbore  200  and lift the same to the surface due to the strong seal. 
     Upon reaching the surface of the wellbore  200  (e.g., upon reaching the lubricator), the shift rod  130  may be disengaged, allowing fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly  10 , relieving pressure in the mandrel chamber  112 , and permitting the mandrel movement to relax. As a result, the sealing mechanism  120  may deactivate and contract. The fluid flow through the plunger lift assembly  10  may generally maintain the plunger lift assembly  10  in the lubricator (refer to  FIG. 5 ) until it becomes desirable to drop the plunger lift assembly  10  back into the wellbore  200 . At that time, a conventional surface controller (not shown) may close a valve on the surface flowline piping to shut-in the well, allowing the plunger lift assembly  10  to begin its descent within the production tubing  210  toward the bottom-hole component once again. The well may be shut-in for a sufficient duration of time to permit the plunger lift assembly  10  to reach the bottom-hole component (refer to  FIG. 6 ). As explained in detail herein, once the plunger lift assembly  10  reaches the bottom-hole component, the sealing mechanism may be activated and may expand to the production tubing. Once a sufficient duration of time has passed to ensure that the plunger lift assembly  10  has reached the bottom-hole component, the shift rod may have engaged the sealing feature of the mandrel  110  to cause pressure to build in the mandrel chamber  112 , the plunger lift assembly  10  may have impacted the bottom-hole component, and the weight of the liquid above the plunger lift assembly  10  may have caused the mandrel  110  to move vertically up into the fishing neck  150 ; each and/or all of these actions may cause activation and expansion of the sealing mechanism  120 , and the well may be opened and the plunger lift assembly  10  may begin its ascent within the production tubing  210 , lifting the formation fluids to the surface as it ascends. In particular, during the ascent of the plunger lift assembly  10  within the production tubing  210 , the sealing mechanism may remain activated and expanded to the production tubing lift formation fluid (e.g., hydrocarbons and liquids) to the surface. As previously described, during the ascent of the plunger lift assembly  10 , the friction rings  140  may maintain the positioning of the shift rod  130  against the sealing surface of the mandrel  110  to maintain the sealing mechanism  120  in its activated and expanded state until the plunger lift assembly  10  reaches the surface equipment. 
     As illustrated in  FIG. 7A  and  FIG. 7B , the mandrel  110  can be made in a solid state without connections or, alternatively, connections can be added for the replacement of the sealing mechanisms  120 . A wear indicator  118  can also be employed to identify when the plunger seal and components are worn and need to be replaced. For example, the sealing mechanism  120  may wear over time due to friction with the production tubing, such that the sealing mechanisms  120  may need to be replaced on the plunger mandrel  110  over time. The wear indicator  118  may be designed to have a diameter that is slightly smaller than the original diameter of the sealing mechanism  120 . By way of non-limiting example, if the sealing mechanism  120  is designed with an OD of about 1.90″, the wear indicator  118  may be designed with a dimeter of about 1.885″, such that it becomes clear to an operator that it is time to replace the sealing mechanism  120  once it becomes worn down (e.g., from friction) to the same diameter as the wear indicator  118 . 
     Shown in  FIG. 8A  and  FIG. 8B  is a connection for two adjacent tube joints. In  FIG. 8A , a coupler  220  surrounds a first tube joint  212  to a second tube joint  214 . As can be seen with reference to  FIG. 8B , the coupler  220  surrounds the terminals ends of each of the tube joints  212 ,  214  such that a gap is defined between the terminal ends of the tube joints  212 ,  214 . In an embodiment, the coupler  220  may be constructed of steel or stainless steel. However, in an alternate embodiment, the coupler  220  can be made from, for example, one or more of the following materials: steel, stainless steel, steel alloys, rubber, elastomer, plastic, ceramic, nylon, HNBR, nickel, copper, brass, tungsten, cobalt, and Inconel. With such a structure, the plunger lift system  10  would be subject to additional friction during ascent and descent when passing and contacting each coupler gap, thereby reducing the usable life cycle of the seals and mandrel. In addition, wellbore fluid often becomes trapped in such gaps and may evacuate the wellbore. A connector  230  was designed to alleviate the foregoing problems. This connector  230  is generally disposed within a preexisting gap and interconnects the terminal ends of the tube joints  212 ,  214 . In an embodiment, the connector  230  has an inner diameter that is substantially the same as the diameter of each tube joint  212 ,  214  at its terminal end. Due to the now-smooth transition, the connector  230  reduces friction on the sealing mechanism and mandrel as the plunger lift assembly ascends and descends within the production tubing and makes contact therewith. The connector  230  further prevents wellbore fluid from becoming trapped. Overall, the connector  230  improves longevity of the sealing mechanism and reduces fluids from being trapped between adjacent tubing joints, which improvements reduce liquid fallback during the lifting cycle and therefore evacuate more fluid from the wellbore in each cycle. In some embodiments, such as when the connector is connected to the coupler  220 , the connector  230  can made be made from the same material as the coupler or the same material as the production tubing joints  212 ,  214 . In other embodiments, such as when the connector is intended as an insert, the connector  230  can made be made from any suitable material that will provide a seal between the connector and the production tubing joints  212 ,  214 . 
     The above specification, examples, and data provide a description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments as defined in the claims. Although various embodiments have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. Other embodiments are therefore contemplated. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only of particular embodiments and not limiting. Changes in detail or structure may be made without departing from the basic elements of the present disclosure as defined in the following claims.