Patent Publication Number: US-2023159764-A1

Title: Composite film with anti-reflective coating

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) 
     This application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/441,161, entitled “COMPOSITE FILM WITH ANTI-REFLECTIVE COATING,” filed Jun. 14, 2019, naming as inventors Yongzhong WANG et al., which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/687,560, entitled “COMPOSITE FILM WITH ANTI-REFLECTIVE COATING,” filed Jun. 20, 2018, naming as inventors Yongzhong WANG et al., both of which are assigned to the current assignee hereof and incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE 
     The present disclosure relates to a composite film. In particular, the present disclosure relates to a composite film having an anti-reflective coating with particular solar energy and optical characteristics. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Composite films can be used as coverings applied to various glass components to strength the glass and to control the passage of solar radiation through transmission, reflection, and absorption. For certain composite film applications, such as, for example, applications on or coverings of medical glass components including medical hoods, protective shields and protective glasses, the composite films must exhibit high visible light transmittance (“VLT”), a low haze value and a low reflectance. This combination of features is of great importance for particular systems. As such, a continuing need exists for improved composite films to use in such applications. 
     SUMMARY 
     According to a first aspect, a composite film may include a first transparent substrate and a first anti-reflective coating overlying a first surface of the first transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating may include a first ultraviolet light (UV) curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating may further include a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of at least about 0.01 and not greater than about 1.3, where AC1 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating and AC1 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
     According to yet another aspect, a composite film may include a composite film that may include a first transparent substrate and a first anti-reflective coating overlying a first surface of the first transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating may include a first UV curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating may include the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40 wt. % and not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating may further include a photo initiator component at a concentration of at least about 2.0 wt. % and not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating may also include silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5 wt. % and not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
     According to still another aspect, a method of forming a composite film may include providing a first anti-reflective coating formulation, applying the first anti-reflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate, and drying the first anti-reflective coating formulation to form a composite film that may include a first anti-reflective coating overlying the transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating formulation may include a raw first UV curable acrylate binder component, a raw photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles. The first anti-reflective coating formulation may include the first raw UV curable acrylate binder component at a concentration of at least about 0.4 wt. % and not greater than about 5.5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating formulation may further include a raw photo initiator component at a concentration of at least about 0.2 wt. % and not greater than about 2.0 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating formulation. The first anti-reflective coating formulation may also include silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 0.7 wt. % and not greater than about 1.9 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
     According to still another aspect, a method of forming a composite film may include providing a first anti-reflective coating formulation, applying the first anti-reflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate, and drying the first anti-reflective coating formulation to form a composite film that may include a first anti-reflective coating overlying the transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating formulation may include a raw first UV curable acrylate binder component, a raw photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles. The first anti-reflective coating formed by the method may include a first UV curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating may further include a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of at least about 0.01 and not greater than about 1.3, where AC1 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating and AC1 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
     According to still another aspect, a method of forming a composite film may include providing a first anti-reflective coating formulation, applying the first anti-reflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate, and drying the first anti-reflective coating formulation to form a composite film that may include a first anti-reflective coating overlying the transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating formulation may include a raw first UV curable acrylate binder component, a raw photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles. The first anti-reflective coating formed by the method may include a first UV curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating formed by the method may include the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40 wt. % and not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating formed by the method may further include a photo initiator component at a concentration of at least about 2.0 wt. % and not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The first anti-reflective coating formed by the method may also include silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5 wt. % and not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. The composite film may further have a VLT of at least about 93.0% and a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not limited to the accompanying figures. 
         FIG.  1    includes an illustration of an example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein; 
         FIG.  2    includes an illustration of another example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein; 
         FIG.  3    includes an illustration of another example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein 
         FIG.  4    includes an illustration of another example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein; 
         FIG.  5   a    includes an illustration of another example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein; 
         FIG.  5   b    includes an illustration of another example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein; 
         FIG.  6   a    includes an illustration of another example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein; and 
         FIG.  6   b    includes an illustration of another example composite film according to certain embodiments described herein. 
     
    
    
     Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The following discussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings. The detailed description is provided to assist in describing certain embodiments and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the disclosure or teachings. It will be appreciated that other embodiments can be used based on the disclosure and teachings as provided herein. 
     The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present). 
     Also, the use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one, at least one, or the singular as also including the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise. For example, when a single item is described herein, more than one item may be used in place of a single item. Similarly, where more than one item is described herein, a single item may be substituted for that more than one item. 
     As used herein, the term “visible light transmittance” or “VLT” refers to the ratio of total light visible to the human eye (i.e., having a wavelength between 380 nm and 780 nanometers) that is transmitted through a composite stack/transparent substrate system and may be measured according to T-H ASTM C method by using a Haze Gard instrument from BYK. 
     As used herein, the term “haze value” refers to the percentage of light transmitted through a composite film that is deflected more than 2.5° from the direction of the incoming beam and may be measured according to T-H ASTM-C method using a Haze Gard instrument from BYK. 
     As used herein, the term “reflectance” refers to a measure of visible light that is reflected from a composite film surface when illuminated by a light source and may be measured according to ASTM E-1349 by using a HunterLab instrument. 
     Embodiments described herein are generally directed to composite films that may include a first transparent substrate and a first anti-reflective coating overlying a first surface of the first transparent substrate. The first anti-reflective coating may include a first UV curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating. The composite film formed according to embodiments described herein may have particular characteristics, such as, high VLT, low haze values, low reflectance or a combination of thereof. 
     These concepts are better understood in view of the embodiments described below that illustrate and do not limit the scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG.  1    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of an example composite film  100  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  1   , the composite film  100  may include a first transparent substrate  110  and a first anti-reflective coating  120  overlying a first surface  112  of the first transparent substrate  110 . 
     According to particular embodiments, the composite film  100  may have a particular VLT. For example, the composite film  100  may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as, at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or even at least about 96.0%. According to still other embodiments, the composite film  100  may have a VLT of not greater than about 99.9%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  100  may have a VLT within a range between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  100  may have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the composite film  100  may have a particular haze value. For example, the composite film  100  may have a haze value of not greater than about 3.0%, such as, not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or even not greater than about 1.3%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  100  may have a haze value within a range between, an including, any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  100  may have a haze value of any value between, and including, any of the values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the composite film  100  may have a particular reflectance. For example, the composite film  100  may have a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0%, such as, not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  100  may have a reflectance within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  100  may have a reflectance of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a particular thickness. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a thickness of at least about 50 nm, such as, at least about 60 nm or at least about 70 nm or at least about 80 nm or at least about 90 nm or at least about100 nm or at least about 110 nm or at least about 120 nm or at least about 130 nm or at least about 140 nm or at least about 150 nm or at least about 160 nm or at least about 170 nm or at least about 180 nm or at least about 190 nm or even at least about 200 nm. According to still other embodiments, the anti-reflective coating  120  may have a thickness of not greater than about 500 nm, such as, not greater than about 490 nm or not greater than about 480 nm or not greater than about 470 nm or not greater than about 460 nm or not greater than about 450 nm or not greater than about 440 nm or not greater than about 430 nm or not greater than about 420 nm or not greater than about 410 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 390 nm or not greater than about 380 nm or not greater than about 370 nm or not greater than about 360 nm or not greater than about 350 nm or not greater than about 340 nm or not greater than about 330 nm or not greater than about 320 nm or not greater than about 310 nm or even not greater than about 300 nm. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a thickness within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a thickness of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a particular ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B , where AC1 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating  120  in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating  120  and AC1 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating  120  in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating  120 . For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of at least about 0.01, such as, at least about 0.05 or at least about 0.07 or at least about 0.1 or at least about 0.12 or at least about 0.15 or at least about 0.17 or at least about 0.20 or at least about 0. 22  or at least about 0.25 or at least about 0.27 or even at least about 0.30. According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of not greater than about 1.3, such as, not greater than about 1.2 or not greater than about 1.1 or not greater than about 1.0 or not greater than about 0.9 or not greater than about 0.8 or not greater than about 0.7 or not greater than about 0.6 or even not greater than about 0.5. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a first UV curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may be, for example, SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a particular concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of at least about 40 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 42 wt. % or at least about 44 wt. % or at least about 46 wt. % or at least about 48 wt. % or at least about 50 wt. % or at least about 52 wt. % or at least about 54 wt. % or at least about 56 wt. % or at least about 58 wt. % or even at least about 60 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 93 wt. % or not greater than about 90 wt. % or not greater than about 88 wt. % or not greater than about 85 wt. % or not greater than about 83 wt. % or not greater than about 80 wt. % or not greater than about 78 wt. % or not greater than about 75 wt. % or not greater than about 73 wt. % or even not greater than about 70 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a photo initiator component. According to still other embodiments, the photo initiator component in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may be Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photo initiators, or any combinations of the above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a particular concentration of the photo initiator component. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a photo initiator component concentration of at least about 2 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 2.2 wt. % or at least about 2.5 wt. % or at least about 2.7 wt. % or at least about 3.0 wt. % or at least about 3.2 wt. % or at least about 3.5 wt. % or at least about 3.7 wt. % or at least about 4.0 wt. % or at least about 4.2 wt. % or at least about 4.5 wt. % or at least about 4.7 wt. % or at least about 5.0 wt. % or at least about 5.2 wt. % or even at least about 5.5 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a photo initiator component concentration of not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 9.8 wt. % or not greater than about 9.5 wt. % or not greater than about 9.3 wt. % or not greater than about 9.0 wt. % or not greater than about 8.8 wt. % or not greater than about 8.5 wt. % or not greater than about 8.3 wt. % or not greater than about 8.0 wt. % or not greater than about 7.8 wt. % or not greater than about 7.5 wt. % or not greater than about 7.3 wt. % or not greater than about 7.0 wt. % or not greater than about 6.8 wt. % or even not greater than about 6.5 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a photo initiator component concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a photo initiator component concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a particular concentration of silica nanoparticles. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of at least about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 6 wt. % or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 8 wt. % or at least about 9 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 11 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 13 wt. % or at least about 14 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 16 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 18 wt. % or at least about 19 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 21 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or at least about 23 wt. % or at least about 24 wt. % or even at least about 25 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % or a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. % or not greater than about 38 wt. % or not greater than about 35 wt. % or not greater than about 33 wt. % or even not greater than about 30 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may be surface treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may be generally solid spherical silica nanoparticles. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may be surface treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a particular average particle size (D50). For purposes of embodiments described herein, average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to certain embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating 120 may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as, at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, such as, not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or even not greater than about 25 nm. It will be appreciated that the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have an average particle size (D50) within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have an average particle size (D50) of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may further include a slip agent. According to still other embodiments, the slip agent may be any known slip agent used in the wet coating industry, for example, Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK306, BYK307, and any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a particular concentration of the slip agent. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a slip agent concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.5 wt. % or even at least about 1.0 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a slip agent concentration of not greater than about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 4.5 wt. % or not greater than about 4.0 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a slip agent concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a slip agent concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may further include a wetting agent. According to still other embodiments, the wetting agent may be any known wetting agent used in the wet coating industry, for example, BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a particular concentration of the wetting agent. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a wetting agent concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 wt. % or at least about 0.1 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a wetting agent concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 0.25 wt. % or even not greater than about 0.2 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a slip agent concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a wetting agent concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may further include a surface energy modifier. According to still other embodiments, the surface energy modifier may be any known surface energy modifier used in the wet coating industry, for example, BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a particular concentration of the surface energy modifier. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 wt. % or at least about 0.1 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of not greater than about 0.30 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 0.25 wt. % or even not greater than about 0.2 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a surface energy modifier concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may further include a second UV curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the second UV curable acrylate binder may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may include a particular concentration of the second UV curable acrylate binder. For example, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of at least about 5.0 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least aboutl7 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or even at least about 25 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first anti-reflective coating  120  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first transparent substrate  110  may have a particular thickness. For example, the first transparent substrate  110  may have a thickness of at least about 5 mil, such as, at least about 6 mil or at least about 7 mil or at least about 8 mil or at least about 9 mil or even at least about 10 mil. According to yet other embodiments, the first transparent substrate  110  may have a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil, such as, not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. It will be appreciated that the thickness of the first transparent substrate  110  may be within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the thickness of the first transparent substrate  110  may be any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first transparent substrate  110  may be multiple transparent films laminated together by an adhesive. For example, the first transparent substrate  110  may be at least 2 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 3 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 4 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 5 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 6 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 7 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 8 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 9 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 10 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 11 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 12 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 13 films laminated together by an adhesive or at least 14 or even 15 films laminated together. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the first transparent substrate  110  may include a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. According to still other embodiments, the first transparent substrate  110  may consist of a PET film. According to other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may include an optically clear PET film. According to yet other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may consist of an optically clear PET film. According to other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may include a single layer optically clear PET film. According to yet other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may consist of a single layer optically clear PET film. 
     According to still other embodiments, the PET film of the first transparent substrate  110  may have a particular thickness. For example, the PET film of the first transparent substrate  110  may have a thickness of at least about 5 mil, such as, at least about 6 mil or at least about 7 mil or at least about 8 mil or at least about 9 mil or even at least about 10 mil. According to yet other embodiments, the PET film of the first transparent substrate  110  may have a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil, such as, not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. It will be appreciated that the thickness of the PET film of the first transparent substrate  110  may be within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the thickness of the PET film of the first transparent substrate  110  may be any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
       FIG.  2    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film  200  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  2   , the composite film  200  may include a first transparent substrate  210 , a first anti-reflective coating  220  overlying a first surface  212  of the first transparent substrate  210  and a second anti-reflective coating  230  overlying a second surface  214  of the first transparent substrate  210 . 
     It will be appreciated that the composite film  200  and all components described in reference to the composite film  200  as shown in  FIG.  2    may have any of the characteristics described herein with reference to corresponding components in  FIG.  1   . In particular, the characteristics of the composite film  200 , the transparent substrate  210 , and the first anti-reflective coating  220  shown in  FIG.  2    may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein in reference to composite film  100 , the transparent substrate  110 , and the first anti-reflective coating  120  shown in  FIG.  1   , respectively. 
     According to particular embodiments, the composite film  200  may have a particular VLT. For example, the composite film  200  may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as, at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or even at least about 96.0%. According to still other embodiments, the composite film  200  may have a VLT of not greater than about 99.9%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  200  may have a VLT within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  200  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the composite film  200  may have a particular haze value. For example, the composite film  200  may have a haze value of not greater than about 3%, such as, not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or even not greater than about 1.3%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  200  may have a haze value within a range between, an including, any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  200  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the composite film  200  may have a particular reflectance. For example, the composite film  200  may have a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0%, such as, not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  200  may have a reflectance within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  200  may have a reflectance of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a particular thickness. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a thickness of at least about 50 nm, such as, at least about 60 nm or at least about 70 nm or at least about 80 nm or at least about 90 nm or at least about100 nm or at least about 110 nm or at least about 120 nm or at least about 130 nm or at least about 140 nm or at least about 150 nm or at least about 160 nm or at least about 170 nm or at least about 180 nm or at least about 190 nm or even at least about 200 nm. According to still other embodiments, the anti-reflective coating 120 may have a thickness of not greater than about 500 nm, such as, not greater than about 490 nm or not greater than about 480 nm or not greater than about 470 nm or not greater than about 460 nm or not greater than about 450 nm or not greater than about 440 nm or not greater than about 430 nm or not greater than about 420 nm or not greater than about 410 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 390 nm or not greater than about 380 nm or not greater than about 370 nm or not greater than about 360 nm or not greater than about 350 nm or not greater than about 340 nm or not greater than about 330 nm or not greater than about 320 nm or not greater than about 310 nm or even not greater than about 300 nm. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a thickness within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a thickness of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a particular ratio AC2 SiO2 /AC2 B , where AC2 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  in weight percent for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating  230  and AC2 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the second anti-reflective coating  230  in weight percent for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating  230 . For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a ratio AC2 SiO2 /AC2 B  of at least about 0.01, such as, at least about 0.05 or at least about 0.07 or at least about 0.1 or at least about 0.12 or at least about 0.15 or at least about 0.17 or at least about 0.20 or at least about 0.22 or at least about 0.25 or at least about 0.27 or even at least about 0.30. According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a ratio AC2 SiO2 /AC2 B  of not greater than about 1.3, such as, not greater than about 1.2 or not greater than about 1.1 or not greater than about 1.0 or not greater than about 0.9 or not greater than about 0.8 or not greater than about 0.7 or not greater than about 0.6 or even not greater than about 0.5. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a ratio AC2 SiO2 /AC2 B  within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a ratio AC2 SiO2 /AC2 B  of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a first UV curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the first UV curable acrylate binder in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a particular concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of at least about 40 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 42 wt. % or at least about 44 wt. % or at least about 46 wt. % or at least about 48 wt. % or at least about 50 wt. % or at least about 52 wt. % or at least about 54 wt. % or at least about 56 wt. % or at least about 58 wt. % or even at least about 60 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 93 wt. % or not greater than about 90 wt. % or not greater than about 88 wt. % or not greater than about 85 wt. % or not greater than about 83 wt. % or not greater than about 80 wt. % or not greater than about 78 wt. % or not greater than about 75 wt. % or not greater than about 73 wt. % or even not greater than about 70 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a photo initiator component. According to still other embodiments, the photo initiator component in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may be Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photo initiators, or any combinations of the above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a particular concentration of the photo initiator component. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a photo initiator component concentration of at least about 2 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 2.2 wt. % or at least about 2.5 wt. % or at least about 2.7 wt. % or at least about 3.0 wt. % or at least about 3.2 wt. % or at least about 3.5 wt. % or at least about 3.7 wt. % or at least about 4.0 wt. % or at least about 4.2 wt. % or at least about 4.5 wt. % or at least about 4.7 wt. % or at least about 5.0 wt. % or at least about 5.2 wt. % or even at least about 5.5 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a photo initiator component concentration of not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 9.8 wt. % or not greater than about 9.5 wt. % or not greater than about 9.3 wt. % or not greater than about 9.0 wt. % or not greater than about 8.8 wt. % or not greater than about 8.5 wt. % or not greater than about 8.3 wt. % or not greater than about 8.0 wt. % or not greater than about 7.8 wt. % or not greater than about 7.5 wt. % or not greater than about 7.3 wt. % or not greater than about 7.0 wt. % or not greater than about 6.8 wt. % or even not greater than about 6.5 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a photo initiator component concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a photo initiator component concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a particular concentration of silica nanoparticles. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of at least about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 6 wt. % or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 8 wt. % or at least about 9 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 11 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 13 wt. % or at least about 14 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 16 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 18 wt. % or at least about 19 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 21 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or at least about 23 wt. % or at least about 24 wt. % or even at least about 25 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % or a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. % or not greater than about 38 wt. % or not greater than about 35 wt. % or not greater than about 33 wt. % or even not greater than about 30 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may be surface treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may be generally solid spherical silica nanoparticles. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may be surface treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a particular average particle size (D50). For purposes of embodiments described herein, average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to certain embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as, at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, such as, not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or even not greater than about 25 nm. It will be appreciated that the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have an average particle size (D50) within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have an average particle size (D50) of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may further include a slip agent. According to still other embodiments, the slip agent may be any known slip agent used in the wet coating industry, for example, Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK306, BYK307, and any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a particular concentration of the slip agent. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a slip agent concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.5 wt. % or even at least about 1.0 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a slip agent concentration of not greater than about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 4.5 wt. % or not greater than about 4.0 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a slip agent concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a slip agent concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may further include a wetting agent. According to still other embodiments, the wetting agent may be any known wetting agent used in the wet coating industry, for example, BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a particular concentration of the wetting agent. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a wetting agent concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 wt. % or at least about 0.1 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a wetting agent concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 0.25 wt. % or even not greater than about 0.2 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a slip agent concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a wetting agent concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may further include a surface energy modifier. According to still other embodiments, the surface energy modifier may be any known surface energy modifier used in the wet coating industry, for example, BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a particular concentration of the surface energy modifier. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 wt. % or at least about 0.1 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of not greater than about 0.30 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 0.25 wt. % or even not greater than about 0.2 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a surface energy modifier concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may further include a second UV curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the second UV curable acrylate binder may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may include a particular concentration of the second UV curable acrylate binder. For example, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of at least about 5.0 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or even at least about 25 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second anti-reflective coating  230  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
       FIG.  3    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film  300  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  3   , the composite film  300  may include a first transparent substrate  310 , a first anti-reflective coating  320  overlying a first surface  312  of the first transparent substrate  310 , a second anti-reflective coating  330  overlying a second surface  314  of the first transparent substrate  310  and a first adhesive layer  340  overlying a surface  322  of the first anti-reflective coating  320 . 
     It will be appreciated that the composite film  300  and all components described in reference to the composite film  300  as shown in  FIG.  3    may have any of the characteristics described herein with reference to corresponding components in  FIGS.  1  and  2   . In particular, the characteristics of the composite film  300 , the transparent substrate  310 , the first anti-reflective coating  320 , and the second anti-reflective coating  330  shown in  FIG.  3    may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein in reference to composite films  200  ( 100 ), the transparent substrate  210  ( 110 ), the first anti-reflective coating  220  ( 120 ) and the second anti-reflective coating  230  shown in  FIG.  2    ( FIG.  1   ), respectively. 
     According to particular embodiments, the composite film  300  may have a particular VLT. For example, the composite film  300  may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as, at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or even at least about 96.0%. According to still other embodiments, the composite film  300  may have a VLT of not greater than about 99.9%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  300  may have a VLT within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  300  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the composite film  300  may have a particular haze value. For example, the composite film  300  may have a haze value of not greater than about 3%, such as, not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or even not greater than about 1.3%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  300  may have a haze value within a range between, an including, any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  300  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the composite film  300  may have a particular reflectance. For example, the composite film  300  may have a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0%, such as, not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  300  may have a reflectance within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  300  may have a reflectance of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first adhesive layer  340  may include any known pressure sensitive adhesive for use in the adhesive industry, for example, Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428 from Ashland, Duro-Tak 222A, Duro-Tak80-1093 or combinations thereof. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first adhesive layer  340  may have a particular thickness. For example, the first adhesive layer  340  may have a thickness of at least about 2 μm, such as, at least about 5 μm or at least about 7 μm or at least about 10 μm or at least about 12 μm or at least 15 μm or at least about 17 μm or even at least about 20 μm. According to still other embodiments, the first adhesive layer  340  may have a thickness of not greater than about 50 μm, such as, not greater than about 48 μm or not greater than about 45 μm or not greater than about 43 μm or not greater than about 40 μm or not greater than about 38 μm or not greater than about 35 μm or not greater than about 33 μm or even not greater than about 30 μm. It will be appreciated that the first adhesive layer  340  may have a thickness within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the first adhesive layer  340  may have a thickness of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the first adhesive layer  340  may include nanoparticles. According to still other embodiments, the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer  340  may be surface treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  340  may be generally solid spherical silica nanoparticles. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the nanoparticles in first adhesive layer  340  may have a particular average particle size (D50). For purposes of embodiments described herein, average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to certain embodiments, the nanoparticles in first adhesive layer  340  may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 μm, such as, at least about 2 μm or at least about 3 μm or at least about 4 μm or at least about 5 μm or at least about 6 μm or at least about 7 μm or at least about 8 μm or at least about 10 μm or at least about 11 μm or at least about 12 μm or at least about 13 μm or at least about 14 μm or at least about 15 μm or at least about 16 μm or at least about 17 μm or even at least about 18 μm. According to other embodiments, the nanoparticles in first adhesive layer 340 may have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 μm, such as, not greater than about 400 μm or not greater than about 300 μm or not greater than about 200 μm or not greater than about 100 μm or not greater than about 95 μm or not greater than about 90 μm or not greater than about 85 μm or not greater than about 80 μm or not greater than about 75 μm or not greater than about 65 μm or not greater than about 60 μm or not greater than about 55 μm or not greater than about 50 μm or not greater than about 45 μm or not greater than about 40 μm or not greater than about 35 μm or not greater than about 30 μm or even not greater than about 25 μm. It will be appreciated that the nanoparticles in first adhesive layer  340  may have an average particle size (D50) within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the nanoparticles in first adhesive layer  340  may have an average particle size (D50) of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
       FIG.  4    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film  400  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  4   , the composite film  400  may include a first transparent substrate  410 , a first anti-reflective coating  420  overlying a first surface  412  of the first transparent substrate  410 , a second anti-reflective coating  430  overlying a second surface  414  of the first transparent substrate  410 , a first adhesive layer  440  overlying a surface  422  of the first anti-reflective coating  420  and a second transparent substrate  450  overlying the first adhesive layer  440 . 
     It will be appreciated that the composite film  400  and all components described in reference to the composite film  400  as shown in  FIG.  4    may have any of the characteristics described herein with reference to corresponding components in  FIGS.  1 ,  2  and  3   . In particular, the characteristics of the composite film  400 , the transparent substrate  410 , the first anti-reflective coating  420 , the second anti-reflective coating  430  and the first adhesive layer  440  shown in  FIG.  4    may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein in reference to composite films  300  ( 200 ,  100 ), the transparent substrate  310  ( 210 ,  110 ), the first anti-reflective coating  320  ( 220 ,  120 ), the second anti-reflective coating  330  ( 230 ) and the first adhesive layer  340  shown in  FIG.  3    ( FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  1   ), respectively. 
     According to particular embodiments, the composite film  400  may have a particular VLT. For example, the composite film  400  may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as, at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or even at least about 96.0%. According to still other embodiments, the composite film  400  may have a VLT of not greater than about 99.9%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  400  may have a VLT within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  400  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the composite film  400  may have a particular haze value. For example, the composite film  400  may have a haze value of not greater than about 3%, such as, not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or even not greater than about 1.3%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  400  may have a haze value within a range between, an including, any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  400  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the composite film  400  may have a particular reflectance. For example, the composite film  400  may have a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0%, such as, not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  400  may have a reflectance within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  400  may have a reflectance of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second transparent substrate  450  may have a particular thickness. For example, the second transparent substrate  450  may have a thickness of at least about 5 mil, such as, at least about 6 mil or at least about 7 mil or at least about 8 mil or at least about 9 mil or even at least about 10 mil. According to yet other embodiments, the second transparent substrate  450  may have a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil, such as, not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. It will be appreciated that the thickness of the second transparent substrate  450  may be within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the thickness of the second transparent substrate  450  may be any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the second transparent substrate  450  may include a PET film. According to still other embodiments, the second transparent substrate  450  may consist of a PET film. According to other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may include an optically clear PET film. According to yet other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may consist of an optically clear PET film. According to other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may include a single layer optically clear PET film. According to yet other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may consist of a single layer optically clear PET film. 
     According to still other embodiments, the PET film of the second transparent substrate  450  may have a particular thickness. For example, the PET film of the second transparent substrate  450  may have a thickness of at least about 5 mil, such as, at least about 6 mil or at least about 7 mil or at least about 8 mil or at least about 9 mil or even at least about 10 mil. According to yet other embodiments, the PET film of the second transparent substrate  450  may have a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil, such as, not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. It will be appreciated that the thickness of the PET film of the second transparent substrate  450  may be within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the thickness of the PET film of the second transparent substrate  450  may be any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
       FIG.  5   a    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film  500  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  5     a,  the composite film  500  may include a first transparent substrate  510 , a first anti-reflective coating  520  overlying a first surface  512  of the first transparent substrate  510 , a second anti-reflective coating  530  overlying a second surface  514  of the first transparent substrate  510 , a first adhesive layer  540  overlying a surface  522  of the first anti-reflective coating  520 , a second transparent substrate  550  overlying the first adhesive layer  540 , a second adhesive layer  560  overlying a surface  552  of the second transparent substrate  550 , and a third transparent substrate  570  overlying the second adhesive layer  560 . 
     It will be appreciated that the composite film  500  and all components described in reference to the composite film  500  as shown in  FIG.  5   a    may have any of the characteristics described herein with reference to corresponding components in  FIGS.  1 ,  2 ,  3  and  4   . In particular, the characteristics of the composite film  500 , the transparent substrate  510 , the first anti-reflective coating  520 , the second anti-reflective coating  530 , the first adhesive layer  540  and the second transparent substrate  550  shown in  FIG.  5   a    may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein in reference to composite films  400  ( 300 ,  200 ,  100 ), the transparent substrate  410  ( 310 ,  210 ,  110 ), the first anti-reflective coating  420  ( 320 ,  220 ,  120 ), the second anti-reflective coating  430  ( 330 ,  230 ), the first adhesive layer  440  ( 340 ) and the second transparent substrate  450  shown in  FIG.  4    ( FIG.  3   ,  FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  1   ), respectively. 
     According to particular embodiments, the composite film  500  may have a particular VLT. For example, the composite film  500  may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as, at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or even at least about 96.0%. According to still other embodiments, the composite film  500  may have a VLT of not greater than about 99.9%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  500  may have a VLT within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  500  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the composite film  500  may have a particular haze value. For example, the composite film  500  may have a haze value of not greater than about 3%, such as, not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or even not greater than about 1.3%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  500  may have a haze value within a range between, an including, any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  500  have a haze value of any value between, and including, any of the values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the composite film  500  may have a particular reflectance. For example, the composite film  500  may have a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0%, such as, not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  500  may have a reflectance within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  500  may have a reflectance of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second adhesive layer  560  may include any known pressure sensitive adhesive for use in the adhesive industry, for example, Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428 from Ashland, Duro-Tak 222A, Duro-Tak80-1093 or combinations thereof. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second adhesive layer  560  may have a particular thickness. For example, the second adhesive layer  560  may have a thickness of at least about 2 μm, such as, at least about 5 μm or at least about 7 μm or at least about 10 μm or at least about 12 μm or at least 15 μm or at least about 17 μm or even at least about 20 μm. According to still other embodiments, the second adhesive layer  560  not greater than about 50 μm, such as, not greater than about 48 μm or not greater than about 45 μm or not greater than about 43 μm or not greater than about 40 μm or not greater than about 38 μm or not greater than about 35 μm or not greater than about 33 μm or even not greater than about 30 μm. It will be appreciated that the second adhesive layer  560  may have a thickness within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the second adhesive layer  560  may have a thickness of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the second adhesive layer  560  may include nanoparticles. According to still other embodiments, the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer  560  may be surface treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating  560  may be generally solid spherical silica nanoparticles. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the nanoparticles in second adhesive layer  560  may have a particular average particle size (D50). For purposes of embodiments described herein, average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to certain embodiments, the nanoparticles in second adhesive layer  560  may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as, at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the nanoparticles in second adhesive layer  560  may have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, such as, not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or even not greater than about 25 nm. It will be appreciated that the nanoparticles in second adhesive layer  560  may have an average particle size (D50) within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the nanoparticles in second adhesive layer  560  may have an average particle size (D50) of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the third transparent substrate  570  may have a particular thickness. For example, the third transparent substrate  570  may have a thickness of at least about 5 mil, such as, at least about 6 mil or at least about 7 mil or at least about 8 mil or at least about 9 mil or even at least about 10 mil. According to yet other embodiments, the third transparent substrate  570  may have a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil, such as, not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. It will be appreciated that the thickness of the third transparent substrate  570  may be within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the thickness of the third transparent substrate  570  may be any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third transparent substrate  570  may include a PET film. According to still other embodiments, the third transparent substrate  570  may consist of a PET film. According to other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may include an optically clear PET film. According to yet other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may consist of an optically clear PET film. According to other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may include a single layer optically clear PET film. According to yet other embodiments, the transparent substrate  110  may consist of a single layer optically clear PET film. 
     According to still other embodiments, the PET film of the third transparent substrate  570  may have a particular thickness. For example, the PET film of the third transparent substrate  570  may have a thickness of at least about 5 mil, such as, at least about 6 mil or at least about 7 mil or at least about 8 mil or at least about 9 mil or even at least about 10 mil. According to yet other embodiments, the PET film of the third transparent substrate  570  may have a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil, such as, not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. It will be appreciated that the thickness of the PET film of the third transparent substrate  570  may be within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the thickness of the PET film of the third transparent substrate  570  may be any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
       FIG.  5   b    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film  501  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  5     a,  the composite film  500  may include a first transparent substrate  510 , a first anti-reflective coating  520  overlying a first surface  512  of the first transparent substrate  510 , a second anti-reflective coating  530  overlying a second surface  514  of the first transparent substrate  510 , a first adhesive layer  540  overlying a surface  522  of the first anti-reflective coating  520 , a second transparent substrate  550  overlying the first adhesive layer  540 , and four repeating top transparent substrate components  590 , which each include a third transparent substrate  570  overlying a second adhesive layer  560 . 
     It will be appreciated that the number of repeating top transparent substrate components  590  shown in  FIG.  5   b    is illustrative and not intended to be limiting. According to particular embodiments, a composite film  501  according to embodiments described herein may include a particular number of repeating top layer components, such as, at least 3 repeating top transparent substrate components  590  or at least 4 repeating top transparent substrate components  590  or at least 5 repeating top transparent substrate components  590  or at least 6 repeating top transparent substrate components  590  or at least 7 repeating top transparent substrate components  590  or at least 8 repeating top transparent substrate components  590  or at least 9 repeating top transparent substrate components  590  or at least 10 repeating top transparent substrate components  590 . 
     According to particular embodiments, the composite film  501  may have a particular VLT. For example, the composite film  501  may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as, at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or even at least about 96.0%. According to still other embodiments, the composite film  501  may have a VLT of not greater than about 99.9%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  501  may have a VLT within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  501  have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the composite film  501  may have a particular haze value. For example, the composite film  501  may have a haze value of not greater than about 3%, such as, not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or even not greater than about 1.3%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  501  may have a haze value within a range between, an including, any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  501  may have a haze value of any value between, and including, any of the values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the composite film  501  may have a particular reflectance. For example, the composite film  501  may have a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0%, such as, not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  501  may have a reflectance within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  501  may have a reflectance of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
       FIG.  6   a    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film  600  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  6     a,  the composite film  600  may include a first transparent substrate  610 , a first anti-reflective coating  620  overlying a first surface  612  of the first transparent substrate  610 , a second anti-reflective coating  630  overlying a second surface  614  of the first transparent substrate  610 , a first adhesive layer  640  overlying a surface  622  of the first anti-reflective coating  620 , a second transparent substrate  650  overlying the first adhesive layer  640 , and a third anti-reflective coating  680  overlying a surface  652  of the second transparent substrate  650 . 
     It will be appreciated that the composite film  600  and all components described in reference to the composite film  600  as shown in  FIG.  6   a    may have any of the characteristics described herein with reference to corresponding components in  FIGS.  1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 ,  5     a  and  5   b.  In particular, the characteristics of the composite film  600 , the transparent substrate  610 , the first anti-reflective coating  620 , the second anti-reflective coating  630 , the first adhesive layer  640  and the second transparent substrate  650  shown in  FIG.  6   a    may have any of the corresponding characteristics described herein in reference to composite films  500  ( 400 ,  300 ,  200 ,  100 ), the transparent substrate  510  ( 410 ,  310 ,  210 ,  110 ), the first anti-reflective coating  520  ( 420 ,  320 ,  220 ,  120 ), the second anti-reflective coating  530  ( 430 ,  330 ,  230 ), the first adhesive layer  540  ( 440 ,  340 ) and the second transparent substrate  550  ( 450 ) shown in  FIG.  5   a    or  5   b  ( FIG.  4   ,  FIG.  3   ,  FIG.  2   ,  FIG.  1   ), respectively. 
     According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a particular thickness. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a thickness of at least about 50 nm, such as, at least about 60 nm or at least about 70 nm or at least about 80 nm or at least about 90 nm or at least about 100 nm or at least about 110 nm or at least about 120 nm or at least about 130 nm or at least about 140 nm or at least about 150 nm or at least about 160 nm or at least about 170 nm or at least about 180 nm or at least about 190 nm or even at least about 200 nm. According to still other embodiments, the anti-reflective coating  120  may have a thickness of not greater than about 500 nm, such as, not greater than about 490 nm or not greater than about 480 nm or not greater than about 470 nm or not greater than about 460 nm or not greater than about 450 nm or not greater than about 440 nm or not greater than about 430 nm or not greater than about 420 nm or not greater than about 410 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 390 nm or not greater than about 380 nm or not greater than about 370 nm or not greater than about 360 nm or not greater than about 350 nm or not greater than about 340 nm or not greater than about 330 nm or not greater than about 320 nm or not greater than about 310 nm or even not greater than about 300 nm. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a thickness within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a thickness of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a particular ratio AC3 SiO2 /AC3 B , where AC3 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  in weight percent for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating  680  and AC3 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the third anti-reflective coating  680  in weight percent for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating  680 . For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a ratio AC3 SiO2 /AC3 B  of at least about 0.01, such as, at least about 0.05 or at least about 0.07 or at least about 0.1 or at least about 0.12 or at least about 0.15 or at least about 0.17 or at least about 0.20 or at least about 0.22 or at least about 0.25 or at least about 0.27 or even at least about 0.30. According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a ratio AC3 SiO2 /AC3 B  of not greater than about 1.3, such as, not greater than about 1.2 or not greater than about 1.1 or not greater than about 1.0 or not greater than about 0.9 or not greater than about 0.8 or not greater than about 0.7 or not greater than about 0.6 or even not greater than about 0.5. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a ratio AC3 SiO2 /AC3 B  within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a ratio AC3 SiO2 /AC3 B  of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a first UV curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the first UV curable acrylate binder in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a particular concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of at least about 40 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 42 wt. % or at least about 44 wt. % or at least about 46 wt. % or at least about 48 wt. % or at least about 50 wt. % or at least about 52 wt. % or at least about 54 wt. % or at least about 56 wt. % or at least about 58 wt. % or even at least about 60 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 93 wt. % or not greater than about 90 wt. % or not greater than about 88 wt. % or not greater than about 85 wt. % or not greater than about 83 wt. % or not greater than about 80 wt. % or not greater than about 78 wt. % or not greater than about 75 wt. % or not greater than about 73 wt. % or even not greater than about 70 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a first UV curable acrylate binder concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a photo initiator component. According to still other embodiments, the photo initiator component in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may be Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photo initiators, or any combinations of the above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a particular concentration of the photo initiator component. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a photo initiator component concentration of at least about 2 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 2.2 wt. % or at least about 2.5 wt. % or at least about 2.7 wt. % or at least about 3.0 wt. % or at least about 3.2 wt. % or at least about 3.5 wt. % or at least about 3.7 wt. % or at least about 4.0 wt. % or at least about 4.2 wt. % or at least about 4.5 wt. % or at least about 4.7 wt. % or at least about 5.0 wt. % or at least about 5.2 wt. % or even at least about 5.5 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a photo initiator component concentration of not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 9.8 wt. % or not greater than about 9.5 wt. % or not greater than about 9.3 wt. % or not greater than about 9.0 wt. % or not greater than about 8.8 wt. % or not greater than about 8.5 wt. % or not greater than about 8.3 wt. % or not greater than about 8.0 wt. % or not greater than about 7.8 wt. % or not greater than about 7.5 wt. % or not greater than about 7.3 wt. % or not greater than about 7.0 wt. % or not greater than about 6.8 wt. % or even not greater than about 6.5 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a photo initiator component concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a photo initiator component concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a particular concentration of silica nanoparticles. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of at least about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, at least about 6 wt. % or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 8 wt. % or at least about 9 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 11 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 13 wt. % or at least about 14 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 16 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 18 wt. % or at least about 19 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 21 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or at least about 23 wt. % or at least about 24 wt. % or even at least about 25 wt. %. According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % or a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, such as, not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. % or not greater than about 38 wt. % or not greater than about 35 wt. % or not greater than about 33 wt. % or even not greater than about 30 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a silica nanoparticles concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may be surface treated silica nanoparticles. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may be generally solid spherical silica nanoparticles. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may be surface treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a particular average particle size (D50). For purposes of embodiments described herein, average particle size (D50) is measured according to ASTM E2490. According to certain embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm, such as, at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or even at least about 18 nm. According to other embodiments, the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm, such as, not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or even not greater than about 25 nm. It will be appreciated that the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have an average particle size (D50) within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have an average particle size (D50) of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may further include a slip agent. According to still other embodiments, the slip agent may be any known slip agent used in the wet coating industry, for example, Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK306, BYK307, and any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a particular concentration of the slip agent. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a slip agent concentration of at least about 0.1 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.5 wt. % or even at least about 1.0 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a slip agent concentration of not greater than about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 4.5 wt. % or not greater than about 4.0 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a slip agent concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a slip agent concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may further include a wetting agent. According to still other embodiments, the wetting agent may be any known wetting agent used in the wet coating industry, for example, BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a particular concentration of the wetting agent. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a wetting agent concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 wt. % or at least about 0.1 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a wetting agent concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 0.25 wt. % or even not greater than about 0.2 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a slip agent concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a wetting agent concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may further include a surface energy modifier. According to still other embodiments, the surface energy modifier may be any known surface energy modifier used in the wet coating industry, for example, BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a particular concentration of the surface energy modifier. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 wt. % or at least about 0.1 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of not greater than about 0.30 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 0.25 wt. % or even not greater than about 0.2 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a surface energy modifier concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a surface energy modifier concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may further include a second UV curable acrylate binder. According to still other embodiments, the third UV curable acrylate binder may be SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may include a particular concentration of the second UV curable acrylate binder. For example, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of at least about 5.0 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or even at least about 25 wt. %. According to still other embodiments, the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. %. It will be appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the third anti-reflective coating  680  may have a second UV curable acrylate binder concentration of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
       FIG.  6   b    includes an illustration of a cross-sectional view of a portion of another example composite film  601  according to embodiments described herein. As shown in  FIG.  6     b,  the composite film  601  may include a first transparent substrate  610 , a first anti-reflective coating  620  overlying a first surface  612  of the first transparent substrate  610 , a second anti-reflective coating  630  overlying a second surface  614  of the first transparent substrate  610 , and four repeating top anti-reflective components  695  overlying a surface  622  of the first anti-reflective coating  620 . Each repeating top anti-reflective components  695  may include a first adhesive layer  640 , a second transparent substrate  650  overlying the first adhesive layer  640  and a third anti-reflective coating  680  overlying the second transparent substrate  650 . 
     It will be appreciated that the number of repeating top anti-reflective components  695  shown in  FIG.  6   b    is illustrative and not intended to be limiting. According to particular embodiments, a composite film  601  according to embodiments described herein may include a particular number of repeating top layer components, such as, at least 3 repeating top anti-reflective components  695  or at least 4 repeating top anti-reflective components  695  or at least 5 repeating top anti-reflective components  695  or at least 6 repeating top anti-reflective components  695  or at least 7 repeating top anti-reflective components  695  or at least 8 repeating top anti-reflective components  695  or at least 9 repeating top anti-reflective components  695  or at least 10 repeating top anti-reflective components  695 . 
     According to particular embodiments, the composite film  601  may have a particular VLT. For example, the composite film  601  may have a VLT of at least about 93.2%, such as, at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or even at least about 96.0%. According to still other embodiments, the composite film  601  may have a VLT of not greater than about 99.9%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  601  may have a VLT within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  601  may have a VLT of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to still other embodiments, the composite film  601  may have a particular haze value. For example, the composite film  601  may have a haze value of not greater than about 3%, such as, not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or even not greater than about 1.3%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  601  may have a haze value within a range between, an including, any of the values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  601  may have a haze value of any value between, and including, any of the values noted above. 
     According to yet other embodiments, the composite film  601  may have a particular reflectance. For example, the composite film  601  may have a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0%, such as, not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. It will be appreciated that the composite film  601  may have a reflectance within a range between, an including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the composite film  601  may have a reflectance of any value between, and including, any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. 
     According to embodiments described herein, an anti-reflective coating as described herein may be applied to another layer, for example, a substrate or another coating, using wet coating methods, such as, Meyer rod methods, gravure methods, reverse gravure methods, mini gravure methods, slot die methods, spray coating methods or dip coating methods. According to yet other embodiments described herein, the newly applied coating may be dried in an oven to remove solvents. According to yet other embodiments, the dried coating may then be cured by UV light, electronic beam, and other high energy beam heating. 
     According to still other embodiments, the pressure sensitive adhesive layers described herein may be applied a substrate or another coating, using wet coating methods, such as, Meyer rod methods, gravure methods, reverse gravure methods, mini gravure methods, slot die methods, spray coating methods or dip coating methods. 
     Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described herein. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below. 
     Embodiment 1 
     A composite film comprising: a first transparent substrate; and a first anti-reflective coating overlying a first surface of the first transparent substrate, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises: a first UV curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating, and a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of at least about 0.01 and not greater than about 1.3, where AC1 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating and AC1 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, wherein the composite film has a VLT of at least about 93.0%, and wherein the composite film has a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
     Embodiment 2 
     A composite film comprising: a first transparent substrate; and a first anti-reflective coating overlying a first surface of the first transparent substrate, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises: a first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40 wt. % and not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, a photo initiator component at a concentration of at least about 2.0 wt. % and not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the first anti-reflective coating at a concentration of at least about 5 wt. % and not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating, wherein the composite film has a VLT of at least about 93.0%, and wherein the composite film has a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
     Embodiment 3 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the composite film has a VLT of at least about 93.2% or at least about 93.4% or at least about 93.6% or at least about 93.8% or at least about 94.0% or at least about 94.2% or at least about 94.4% or at least about 94.6% or at least about 94.8% or at least about 95.0% or at least about 95.2% or at least about 95.4% or at least about 95.6% or at least about 95.8% or at least about 96.0%. 
     Embodiment 4 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the composite film has a haze value of not greater than about 3% or not greater than about 2.9% or not greater than about 2.8% or not greater than about 2.7% or not greater than about 2.6% or not greater than about 2.5% or not greater than about 2.4% or not greater than about 2.3% or not greater than about 2.2% or not greater than about 2.1% or not greater than about 2.0% or not greater than about 1.9% or not greater than about 1.8% or not greater than about 1.7% or not greater than about 1.6% or not greater than about 1.5% or not greater than about 1.4% or not greater than about 1.3%. 
     Embodiment 5 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the composite film comprises a reflectance of not greater than about 7.0% or not greater than about 6.9% or not greater than about 6.8% or not greater than about 6.7% or not greater than about 6.6% or not greater than about 6.5% or not greater than about 6.4% or not greater than about 6.3% or not greater than about 6.2% or not greater than about 6.1% or not greater than about 6.0% or not greater than about 5.9% or not greater than about 5.8% or not greater than about 5.7% or not greater than about 5.6% or not greater than about 5.5% or not greater than about 5.4% or not greater than about 5.3% or not greater than about 5.2% or not greater than about 5.1% or not greater than about 5.0%. 
     Embodiment 6 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating has a thickness of at least about 50 nm or at least about 60 nm or at least about 70 nm or at least about 80 nm or at least about 90 nm or at least about100 nm or at least about 110 nm or at least about 120 nm or at least about 130 nm or at least about 140 nm or at least about 150 nm or at least about 160 nm or at least about 170 nm or at least about 180 nm or at least about 190 nm or at least about 200 nm. 
     Embodiment 7 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating has a thickness of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 490 nm or not greater than about 480 nm or not greater than about 470 nm or not greater than about 460 nm or not greater than about 450 nm or not greater than about 440 nm or not greater than about 430 nm or not greater than about 420 nm or not greater than about 410 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 390 nm or not greater than about 380 nm or not greater than about 370 nm or not greater than about 360 nm or not greater than about 350 nm or not greater than about 340 nm or not greater than about 330 nm or not greater than about 320 nm or not greater than about 310 nm or not greater than about 300 nm. 
     Embodiment 8 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of at least about 0.01, where AC1 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating and AC1 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 or at least about 0.07 or at least about 0.1 or at least about 0.12 or at least about 0.15 or at least about 0.17 or at least about 0.20 or at least about 0.22 or at least about 0.25 or at least about 0.27 or at least about 0.30. 
     Embodiment 9 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises a ratio AC1 SiO2 /AC1 B  of not greater than about 1.3, where AC1 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating and AC1 B  is the concentration of the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 1.2 or not greater than about 1.1 or not greater than about 1.0 or not greater than about 0.9 or not greater than about 0.8 or not greater than about 0.7 or not greater than about 0.6 or not greater than about 0.5. 
     Embodiment 10 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first UV curable acrylate binder in the first anti-reflective coating comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     Embodiment 11 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 42 wt. % or at least about 44 wt. % or at least about 46 wt. % or at least about 48 wt. % or at least about 50 wt. % or at least about 52 wt. % or at least about 54 wt. % or at least about 56 wt. % or at least about 58 wt. % or at least about 60 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 12 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 93 wt. % or not greater than about 90 wt. % or not greater than about 88 wt. % or not greater than about 85 wt. % or not greater than about 83 wt. % or not greater than about 80 wt. % or not greater than about 78 wt. % or not greater than about 75 wt. % or not greater than about 73 wt. % or not greater than about 70 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 13 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the photo initiator component in the first anti-reflective coating comprises Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photo initiators, or any combination herein. 
     Embodiment 14 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the photo initiator component at a concentration of at least about 2 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 2.2 wt. % or at least about 2.5 wt. % or at least about 2.7 wt. % or at least about 3.0 wt. % or at least about 3.2 wt. % or at least about 3.5 wt. % or at least about 3.7 wt. % or at least about 4.0 wt. % or at least about 4.2 wt. % or at least about 4.5 wt. % or at least about 4.7 wt. % or at least about 5.0 wt. % or at least about 5.2 wt. % or at least about 5.5 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 15 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the photo initiator component at a concentration of not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 9.8 wt. % or not greater than about 9.5 wt. % or not greater than about 9.3 wt. % or not greater than about 9.0 wt. % or not greater than about 8.8 wt. % or not greater than about 8.5 wt. % or not greater than about 8.3 wt. % or not greater than about 8.0 wt. % or not greater than about 7.8 wt. % or not greater than about 7.5 wt. % or not greater than about 7.3 wt. % or not greater than about 7.0 wt. % or not greater than about 6.8 wt. % or not greater than about 6.5 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 16 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or at least about 6 wt. % or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 8 wt. % or at least about 9 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 11 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 13 wt. % or at least about 14 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 16 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 18 wt. % or at least about 19 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 21 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or at least about 23 wt. % or at least about 24 wt. % or at least about 25wt. %. 
     Embodiment 17 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % or a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. % or not greater than about 38 wt. % or not greater than about 35 wt. % or not greater than about 33 wt. % or not greater than about 30 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 18 
     The anti-reflective coating of embodiment 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating are surface treated silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 19 
     The anti-reflective coating of embodiment 18, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating are surface treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 20 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating are generally solid silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 21 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm or at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or at least about 18 nm. 
     Embodiment 22 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the first anti-reflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or not greater than about 25 nm. 
     Embodiment 23 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises a slip agent. 
     Embodiment 24 
     The composite film of embodiment 23, wherein the slip agent comprises Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK306, BYK307, and any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 25 
     The composite film of embodiment 23, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 26 
     The composite film of embodiment 23, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of not greater than about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 27 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises a wetting agent. 
     Embodiment 28 
     The composite film of embodiment 27, wherein the wetting agent comprises BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 29 
     The composite film of embodiment 27, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 30 
     The composite film of embodiment 27, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 31 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises a surface energy modifier. 
     Embodiment 32 
     The composite film of embodiment 31, wherein the surface energy modifier comprises BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 33 
     The composite film of embodiment 31, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 34 
     The composite film of embodiment 31, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 35 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises a second UV curable acrylate binder. 
     Embodiment 36 
     The composite film of embodiment 35, wherein the second UV curable acrylate binder comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     Embodiment 37 
     The composite film of embodiment 35, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the second UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 5.0 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 38 
     The composite film of embodiment 35, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the second UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 39 
     The composite film of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the first transparent substrate comprises a PET film. 
     Embodiment 40 
     The composite film of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the first transparent substrate comprises an optically clear PET film. 
     Embodiment 41 
     The composite film of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the first transparent substrate comprises a single layer optically clear PET film. 
     Embodiment 42 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 39, 40, and 41, wherein PET film comprises a thickness of at least about 5 mil or at least about 6 mil or at least about 7 mil or at least about 8 mil or at least about 9 mil or at least about 10 mil. 
     Embodiment 43 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 39, 40, and 41, wherein PET film comprises a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil or not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. 
     Embodiment 44 
     The composite film of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a second anti-reflective coating comprising a first UV curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 45 
     The composite film of embodiment 44, wherein the second anti-reflective coating overlies a second surface of the first transparent substrate, wherein the second surface of the first transparent substrate is parallel to and opposite of the first surface of the first transparent substrate. 
     Embodiment 46 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating has a thickness of at least about 50 nm or at least about 60 nm or at least about 70 nm or at least about 80 nm or at least about 90 nm or at least about100 nm or at least about 110 nm or at least about 120 nm or at least about 130 nm or at least about 140 nm or at least about 150 nm or at least about 160 nm or at least about 170 nm or at least about 180 nm or at least about 190 nm or at least about 200 nm. 
     Embodiment 47 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating has a thickness of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 490 nm or not greater than about 480 nm or not greater than about 470 nm or not greater than about 460 nm or not greater than about 450 nm or not greater than about 440 nm or not greater than about 430 nm or not greater than about 420 nm or not greater than about 410 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 390 nm or not greater than about 380 nm or not greater than about 370 nm or not greater than about 360 nm or not greater than about 350 nm or not greater than about 340 nm or not greater than about 330 nm or not greater than about 320 nm or not greater than about 310 nm or not greater than about 300 nm. 
     Embodiment 48 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises a ratio AC2 SiO2 /AC2 B  of at least about 0.01, where AC2 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating and AC2 B  is the concentration of the second UV curable acrylate binder in the second anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 or at least about 0.07 or at least about 0.1 or at least about 0.12 or at least about 0.15 or at least about 0.17 or at least about 0.20 or at least about 0.22 or at least about 0.25 or at least about 0.27 or at least about 0.30. 
     Embodiment 49 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises a ratio AC2 SiO2 /AC2 B  of not greater than about 1.3, where AC2 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating and AC2 B  is the concentration of the second UV curable acrylate binder in the second anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 1.2 or not greater than about 1.1 or not greater than about 1.0 or not greater than about 0.9 or not greater than about 0.8 or not greater than about 0.7 or not greater than about 0.6 or not greater than about 0.5. 
     Embodiment 50 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the UV curable acrylate in the second binder anti-reflective coating comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     Embodiment 51 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or at least about 42 wt. % or at least about 44 wt. % or at least about 46 wt. % or at least about 48 wt. % or at least about 50 wt. % or at least about 52 wt. % or at least about 54 wt. % or at least about 56 wt. % or at least about 58 wt. % or at least about 60 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 52 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 93 wt. % or not greater than about 90 wt. % or not greater than about 88 wt. % or not greater than about 85 wt. % or not greater than about 83 wt. % or not greater than about 80 wt. % or not greater than about 78 wt. % or not greater than about 75 wt. % or not greater than about 73 wt. % or not greater than about 70 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 53 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the photo initiator component in the second anti-reflective coating comprises Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photo initiators, or any combination herein. 
     Embodiment 54 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the photo initiator component a concentration of at least about 2 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or at least about 2.2 wt. % or at least about 2.5 wt. % or at least about 2.7 wt. % or at least about 3.0 wt. % or at least about 3.2 wt. % or at least about 3.5 wt. % or at least about 3.7 wt. % or at least about 4.0 wt. % or at least about 4.2 wt. % or at least about 4.5 wt. % or at least about 4.7 wt. % or at least about 5.0 wt. % or at least about 5.2 wt. % or at least about 5.5 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 55 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the photo initiator component a concentration of not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 9.8 wt. % or not greater than about 9.5 wt. % or not greater than about 9.3 wt. % or not greater than about 9.0 wt. % or not greater than about 8.8 wt. % or not greater than about 8.5 wt. % or not greater than about 8.3 wt. % or not greater than about 8.0 wt. % or not greater than about 7.8 wt. % or not greater than about 7.5 wt. % or not greater than about 7.3 wt. % or not greater than about 7.0 wt. % or not greater than about 6.8 wt. % or not greater than about 6.5 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 56 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or at least about 6 wt. % or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 8 wt. % or at least about 9 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 11 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 13 wt. % or at least about 14 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 16 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 18 wt. % or at least about 19 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 21 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or at least about 23 wt. % or at least about 24 wt. % or at least about 25wt. %. 
     Embodiment 57 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % or a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. % or not greater than about 38 wt. % or not greater than about 35 wt. % or not greater than about 33 wt. % or not greater than about 30 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 58 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating are surface treated silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 59 
     The anti-reflective coating of embodiment 58, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating are surface treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 60 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating are generally solid silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 61 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm or at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or at least about 18 nm. 
     Embodiment 62 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the second anti-reflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or not greater than about 25 nm. 
     Embodiment 63 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises a slip agent. 
     Embodiment 64 
     The composite film of embodiment 63, wherein the slip agent comprises Tego glide 410, Tegorad 2100, Tegorad 2300, Tegorad 2500, BYK306, BYK307, and any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 65 
     The composite film of embodiment 63, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 66 
     The composite film of embodiment 63, wherein the first anti-reflective coating comprises the slip agent at a concentration of not greater than about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 67 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises a wetting agent. 
     Embodiment 68 
     The composite film of embodiment 67, wherein the wetting agent comprises BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 69 
     The composite film of embodiment 67, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 70 
     The composite film of embodiment 67, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 71 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises a surface energy modifier. 
     Embodiment 72 
     The composite film of embodiment 71, wherein the surface energy modifier comprises BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 73 
     The composite film of embodiment 71, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 74 
     The composite film of embodiment 71, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 75 
     The composite film of embodiment 45, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises a second UV curable acrylate binder. 
     Embodiment 76 
     The composite film of embodiment 75, wherein the second UV curable acrylate binder comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     Embodiment 77 
     The composite film of embodiment 75, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the second UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 5.0 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 78 
     The composite film of embodiment 75, wherein the second anti-reflective coating comprises the second UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 79 
     The composite film of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a first adhesive layer overlying a surface of the first anti-reflective film. 
     Embodiment 80 
     The composite film of embodiment 79, wherein the first adhesive layer comprises Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428 from Ashland, Duro-Tak 222A, Duro-Tak80-1093 or combinations thereof. 
     Embodiment 81 
     The composite film of embodiment 79, wherein the first adhesive layer has a thickness of at least about 1 μm. 
     Embodiment 82 
     The composite film of embodiment 79, wherein the first adhesive layer has a thickness of not greater than about 50 μm. 
     Embodiment 83 
     The composite film of embodiment 79, wherein the first adhesive layer comprises nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 84 
     The composite film of embodiment 83, wherein the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer comprise surface treated silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 85 
     The composite film of embodiment 83, wherein the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm or at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or at least about 18 nm. 
     Embodiment 86 
     The composite film of embodiment 83, wherein the nanoparticles in the first adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or not greater than about 25 nm. 
     Embodiment 87 
     The composite film of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a second transparent substrate overlying the first adhesive layer. 
     Embodiment 88 
     The composite film of embodiment 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises a PET film. 
     Embodiment 89 
     The composite film of embodiment 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises an optically clear PET film. 
     Embodiment 90 
     The composite film of embodiment 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises a single layer optically clear PET film. 
     Embodiment 91 
     The composite film of embodiment 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises a thickness of at least about 1 mil or at least about 2 mil or at least about 3 mil or at least about 4 mil or at least about 5 mil. 
     Embodiment 92 
     The composite film of embodiment 87, wherein the second transparent substrate comprises a thickness of not greater than about 15 mil or not greater than about 14 mil or not greater than about 13 mil or not greater than about 12 mil or not greater than about 11 mil. 
     Embodiment 93 
     The composite film of any one of the previous embodiments, wherein the composite film further comprises a second adhesive layer overlying a surface of the second transparent substrate. 
     Embodiment 94 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the second adhesive layer comprises Aroset 1452, Aroset 1450, Aroset 6428 from Ashland, Duro-Tak 222A, Duro-Tak80-1093 or combinations thereof. 
     Embodiment 95 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the second adhesive layer has a thickness of at least about 1 μm. 
     Embodiment 96 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the second adhesive layer has a thickness of not greater than about 50 μm. 
     Embodiment 97 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the second adhesive layer comprises nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 98 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer comprise surface treated silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 99 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm or at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or at least about 18 nm. 
     Embodiment 100 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the nanoparticles in the second adhesive layer have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or not greater than about 25 nm. 
     Embodiment 101 
     The composite film of embodiment 93, wherein the composite film further comprises a third anti-reflective coating overlying a surface of the second transparent substrate, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises a second anti-reflective coating comprising a first UV curable acrylate binder, a photo initiator component, and silica nanoparticles dispersed within the second anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 102 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating has a thickness of at least about 50 nm or at least about 60 nm or at least about 70 nm or at least about 80 nm or at least about 90 nm or at least about 100 nm or at least about 110 nm or at least about 120 nm or at least about 130 nm or at least about 140 nm or at least about 150 nm or at least about 160 nm or at least about 170 nm or at least about 180 nm or at least about 190 nm or at least about 200 nm. 
     Embodiment 103 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating has a thickness of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 490 nm or not greater than about 480 nm or not greater than about 470 nm or not greater than about 460 nm or not greater than about 450 nm or not greater than about 440 nm or not greater than about 430 nm or not greater than about 420 nm or not greater than about 410 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 390 nm or not greater than about 380 nm or not greater than about 370 nm or not greater than about 360 nm or not greater than about 350 nm or not greater than about 340 nm or not greater than about 330 nm or not greater than about 320 nm or not greater than about 310 nm or not greater than about 300 nm. 
     Embodiment 104 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises a ratio AC3 SiO2 /AC3 B  of at least about 0.01, where AC3 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating and AC3 B  is the concentration of the third UV curable acrylate binder in the third anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or at least about 0.05 or at least about 0.07 or at least about 0.1 or at least about 0.12 or at least about 0.15 or at least about 0.17 or at least about 0.20 or at least about 0.22 or at least about 0.25 or at least about 0.27 or at least about 0.30. 
     Embodiment 105 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises a ratio AC3 SiO2 /AC3 B  of not greater than about 1.3, where AC3 SiO2  is the concentration of the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating and AC3 B  is the concentration of the third UV curable acrylate binder in the third anti-reflective coating in weight percent for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 1.2 or not greater than about 1.1 or not greater than about 1.0 or not greater than about 0.9 or not greater than about 0.8 or not greater than about 0.7 or not greater than about 0.6 or not greater than about 0.5. 
     Embodiment 106 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the UV curable acrylate binder in the third anti-reflective coating comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     Embodiment 107 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 40 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or at least about 42 wt. % or at least about 44 wt. % or at least about 46 wt. % or at least about 48 wt. % or at least about 50 wt. % or at least about 52 wt. % or at least about 54 wt. % or at least about 56 wt. % or at least about 58 wt. % or at least about 60 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 108 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the first UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of not greater than about 95 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 93 wt. % or not greater than about 90 wt. % or not greater than about 88 wt. % or not greater than about 85 wt. % or not greater than about 83 wt. % or not greater than about 80 wt. % or not greater than about 78 wt. % or not greater than about 75 wt. % or not greater than about 73 wt. % or not greater than about 70 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 109 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the photo initiator component in the third anti-reflective coating comprises Omnirad 184, Omnirad 819, Omnirad 1173, CPI 6976, other similar photo initiators, or any combination herein. 
     Embodiment 110 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the photo initiator component a concentration of at least about 2 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or at least about 2.2 wt. % or at least about 2.5 wt. % or at least about 2.7 wt. % or at least about 3.0 wt. % or at least about 3.2 wt. % or at least about 3.5 wt. % or at least about 3.7 wt. % or at least about 4.0 wt. % or at least about 4.2 wt. % or at least about 4.5 wt. % or at least about 4.7 wt. % or at least about 5.0 wt. % or at least about 5.2 wt. % or at least about 5.5 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 111 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the photo initiator component a concentration of not greater than about 10 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 9.8 wt. % or not greater than about 9.5 wt. % or not greater than about 9.3 wt. % or not greater than about 9.0 wt. % or not greater than about 8.8 wt. % or not greater than about 8.5 wt. % or not greater than about 8.3 wt. % or not greater than about 8.0 wt. % or not greater than about 7.8 wt. % or not greater than about 7.5 wt. % or not greater than about 7.3 wt. % or not greater than about 7.0 wt. % or not greater than about 6.8 wt. % or not greater than about 6.5 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 112 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 5 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or at least about 6 wt. % or at least about 7 wt. % or at least about 8 wt. % or at least about 9 wt. % or at least about 10 wt. % or at least about 11 wt. % or at least about 12 wt. % or at least about 13 wt. % or at least about 14 wt. % or at least about 15 wt. % or at least about 16 wt. % or at least about 17 wt. % or at least about 18 wt. % or at least about 19 wt. % or at least about 20 wt. % or at least about 21 wt. % or at least about 22 wt. % or at least about 23 wt. % or at least about 24 wt. % or at least about 25wt. %. 
     Embodiment 113 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises silica nanoparticles at a concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % or a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating or not greater than about 58 wt. % or not greater than about 55 wt. % or not greater than about 53 wt. % or not greater than about 50 wt. % or not greater than about 48 wt. % or not greater than about 45 wt. % or not greater than about 43 wt. % or not greater than about 40 wt. % or not greater than about 38 wt. % or not greater than about 35 wt. % or not greater than about 33 wt. % or not greater than about 30 wt. %. 
     Embodiment 114 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating are surface treated silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 115 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating are surface treated with polysiloxane, acrylate or a combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 116 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating are generally solid silica nanoparticles. 
     Embodiment 117 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of at least about 1 nm or at least about 2 nm or at least about 3 nm or at least about 4 nm or at least about 5 nm or at least about 6 nm or at least about 7 nm or at least about 8 nm or at least about 10 nm or at least about 11 nm or at least about 12 nm or at least about 13 nm or at least about 14 nm or at least about 15 nm or at least about 16 nm or at least about 17 nm or at least about 18 nm. 
     Embodiment 118 
     The composite film of embodiment 101, wherein the silica nanoparticles in the third anti-reflective coating have an average particle size (D50) of not greater than about 500 nm or not greater than about 400 nm or not greater than about 300 nm or not greater than about 200 nm or not greater than about 100 nm or not greater than about 95 nm or not greater than about 90 nm or not greater than about 85 nm or not greater than about 80 nm or not greater than about 75 nm or not greater than about 65 nm or not greater than about 60 nm or not greater than about 55 nm or not greater than about 50 nm or not greater than about 45 nm or not greater than about 40 nm or not greater than about 35 nm or not greater than about 30 nm or not greater than about 25 nm. 
     Embodiment 119 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises a wetting agent. 
     Embodiment 120 
     The composite film of embodiment 119, wherein the wetting agent comprises BYK-377, BYK-UV 3500, Tego 270, or any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 121 
     The composite film of embodiment 119, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 122 
     The composite film of embodiment 119, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the wetting agent at a concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 123 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises a surface energy modifier. 
     Embodiment 124 
     The composite film of embodiment 123, wherein the surface energy modifier comprises BYK-315, BYK-300, BYK-310, BY-378, or any combination thereof. 
     Embodiment 125 
     The composite film of embodiment 123, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of at least about 0.01 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 126 
     The composite film of embodiment  123 , wheein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the surface energy modifier at a concentration of not greater than about 0.3 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 127 
     The composite film of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises a second UV curable acrylate binder. 
     Embodiment 128 
     The composite film of embodiment 127, wherein the second UV curable acrylate binder comprises SR351LV, SR355, SR399, tetrafunctional acrylate monomer, pentafunctional acrylate monomers, pentaerythritol Tri-Tetraacrylate (PETIA), Ebecry 140, Ebecryl 180, multifunctional oligomers, or UV resins. 
     Embodiment 129 
     The composite film of embodiment 127, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the second UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of at least about 5.0 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 130 
     The composite film of embodiment 127, wherein the third anti-reflective coating comprises the second UV curable acrylate binder at a concentration of not greater than about 60 wt. % for a total weight of the third anti-reflective coating. 
     Embodiment 131 
     A method of forming a composite film, wherein the method comprises: providing a first anti-reflective coating formulation, wherein the first anti-reflective coating formulation comprises: a raw first UV curable acrylate binder component at a concentration of at least about 0.4 wt. % and not greater than about 5.5 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating formulation, a raw photo initiator component at a concentration of at least about 0.2 wt. % and not greater than about 2.0 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating formulation, and silica nanoparticles at a concentration of at least about 0.7 wt. % and not greater than about 1.9 wt. % for a total weight of the first anti-reflective coating formulation, applying the first anti-reflective coating formulation to a transparent substrate; and drying the anti-reflective coating formulation to form a composite film comprising a first anti-reflective coating overlying the transparent substrate, wherein the composite film has a VLT of at least about 93.0%, and wherein the composite film has a haze value of not greater than about 3%. 
     Embodiment 132 
     The method of embodiment 131, wherein applying the first anti-reflective coating formulation comprises applying the coating using a Meyer rod, a gravure, dip coating, slot die and other coating methods 
     Embodiment 133 
     The method of embodiment 131, wherein drying the anti-reflective coating formulation comprises drying the coating in an oven and then curing the coating using a UV light, e-beam or other high energy rays. 
     The concepts described herein will be further described in the following Examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims. 
     Example 1 
     Eleven sample composite films S1-S11 were formed according to embodiments described herein. 
     The first sample composite film S1 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solution. The raw components include: 1) 3.10 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.1 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 96.52 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.28 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film (SKC films, South Korea) using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The second sample composite film S2 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1) 4.00 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 0.08 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate) and 75.00 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 3) a solvent of 20.00 parts of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, and 4) 0.20 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7mi1 SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The third sample composite film S3 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include 1) 2.7 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.2 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 95.8 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.30 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The fourth sample composite film S4 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1) 2.34 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.30 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 96.04 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.32 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The fifth sample composite film S5 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1.97 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.40 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 96.28 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.35 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The sixth sample composite film S6 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 0.80 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.80 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 96.95 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.45 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The seventh sample composite film S7 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1.20 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.60 parts by weight of Trimethylopropane triacrylate and 96.80 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.40 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The eighth sample composite film S8 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1.60 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.50 parts by weight of Trimethylopropane triacrylate and 96.52 parts by weight of 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.38 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The ninth sample composite film was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1.20 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 1.60 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 95.80 parts by weight of propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, 3) 0.20 parts by weight of a slip agent (10.00% solid Tego Rad 2500 solution in MEK), and 4) 1.20 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The tenth sample composite film S10 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution as described in the ninth sample composite film S9 above. The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution described in S9 was coated and UV cured on both sides of a 2 mil Melinex 453 PET film (DuPont) per the procedure described above. A first pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) coating (Aroset 1452 solution at 8.3% solid in MEK and toluene) was applied (dried in an over at 110° C. for 2 minutes) to one side of the AR coated 2mi1 PET film at about 4.0 
     PSA coating thickness. Then a first AR coated 7 mil PET film was laminated onto the first PSA coating of the AR coated 2 mil Melinex 453 PET film. 
     The eleventh sample composite film Sll was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution as described in the ninth sample composite film S9 above. The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution described in S9 was coated and UV cured on both sides of a 2 mil Melinex 453 PET film (DuPont) per the procedure described above (2 pieces AR coated 2 mil Melinex 453 PET films were made the same way). A first pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) (Aroset 1452 solution at 8.3% solid in MEK and toluene) coating was applied (dried in an oven at 110° C. for 2 minutes) to one side of the first piece of AR coated 2 mil PET film at about 4.0 μm PSA coating thickness. Then a first AR coated 7 mil PET film was laminated onto the first PSA coating of the AR coated 2 mil Melinex 453 PET film to make 9 mil composite film. A second PSA (Aroset 1452 solution at 8.3% solid in MEK and toluene) was applied (dried in an oven at 110° C. for 2 minutes) to one side of the second piece of AR coated 2 mil Melinex 453 PET film. Then the 2 mil side of the above 9 mil AR coated composite film was laminated onto the second PSA coating. 
     Three comparative samples composite films CS1-CS3 were formed. 
     The first comparative sample composite film CS1 was formed by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1) 4.7 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 0.6 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 94.55 parts by weight of 1-methoxy propanol, and 3) 0.15 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     The second comparative sample composite film CS2 was formed by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution including the following raw components mixed in a methyl ethyl ketone solution. The raw components include: 1) 5.0 parts by weight of surface treated silica nanoparticles (Nanobyk 3650 dispersion), 2) a first UV curable acrylate binder including 0.50 parts by weight of trimethylopropane triacrylate and 94.37 parts by weight 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 3) 0.13 parts by weight of a photo initiator (10.00% solid CPI 6976 solution in MEK). The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. 
     A third comparative sample composite film CS3 was formed according to embodiments described herein by preparing an anti-reflective coating solution as described in the ninth sample composite film S9 above. The anti-reflective coating solution was coated onto one side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a first anti-reflective coating on the PET film. The same anti-reflective coating solution was then coated on a second side of a 7 mil SH38 PET film using a #3 Meyer rod and then dried in an oven at 110° C. for 30 seconds. The dried coating was then cured with UV light to form a second anti-reflective coating on the PET film. A first pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) (Aroset 1452 solution at 8.3% solid in MEK and toluene) coating was applied (dried in an oven at 110° C. for 2 minutes) to one side of a 2 mil Melinex 453 PET film. Then a first AR coated 7 mil PET film was laminated onto the first PSA coating of the 2 mil Melinex 453 PET film. 
     The composition of the dried anti-reflective coatings for each of the sample composite films S1-S8 and the comparative sample composite films CS1 and CS2 are summarized in Table 1 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 Dried Anti-Reflective Coating Compositions 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
               
            
               
                   
                 SiO 2   
                 UV Curable 
                 Photo  
                 SiO 2 / 
               
               
                   
                 Nanoparticle 
                 Acrylate 
                 Initiator 
                 Binder % 
               
               
                 Samples 
                 (wt. %) 
                 Binder (wt. %) 
                 (wt. %) 
                 Ratio 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 S1 
                 41.3 
                 58.7 
                 2.55 
                 0.70 
               
               
                 S2 
                 55.6 
                 44.4 
                 2.50 
                 1.25 
               
               
                 S3 
                 36.0 
                 64.0 
                 2.50 
                 0.57 
               
               
                 S4 
                 31.0 
                 69.0 
                 2.46 
                 0.45 
               
               
                 S5 
                 26.0 
                 74.0 
                 2.50 
                 0.35 
               
               
                 S6 
                 10.0 
                 90.0 
                 2.50 
                 0.1 
               
               
                 S7 
                 15.8 
                 84.2 
                 2.50 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 S8 
                 21.0 
                 79.0 
                 7.53 
                 0.26 
               
               
                 S9 
                 15.8 
                 84.2 
                 7.50 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 S10 
                 15.8 
                 84.2 
                 7.50 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 S11 
                 15.8 
                 84.2 
                 7.50 
                 0.19 
               
               
                 CS1 
                 66.2 
                 33.8 
                 2.50 
                 1.96 
               
               
                 CS2 
                 71.4 
                 28.6 
                 2.60 
                 2.50 
               
               
                 CS3 
                 15.8 
                 84.2 
                 7.50 
                 0.19 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The sample composite films S1-S8 and comparative sample composite films CS1 and CS2 were measured for visible light transmission (VLT) and haze value on a BYK Gardner. The results of the VLT and haze value measurements are summarized in Table 2 below. 
     
       
         
           
               
             
               
                 TABLE 2 
               
             
            
               
                   
               
               
                 VLT and Haze Value Performance 
               
            
           
           
               
               
               
               
            
               
                 Samples 
                 VLT (%) 
                 Haze Value (%) 
                 Reflectance (%) 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 S1 
                 95.5 
                 1.66 
                 4.57 
               
               
                 S2 
                 96.3 
                 1.67 
                 4.41 
               
               
                 S3 
                 95.8 
                 2.06 
                 4.47 
               
               
                 S4 
                 95.5 
                 1.53 
                 4.63 
               
               
                 S5 
                 95.8 
                 1.31 
                 4.69 
               
               
                 S6 
                 95.9 
                 1.36 
                 4.72 
               
               
                 S7 
                 95.9 
                 1.22 
                 4.63 
               
               
                 S8 
                 95.9 
                 1.35 
                 4.55 
               
               
                 S9 
                 96.0 
                 1.14 
                 4.84 
               
               
                 S10 
                 95.1 
                 1.89 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 S11 
                 94.6 
                 2.32 
                 N/A 
               
               
                 CS1 
                 95.4 
                 3.48 
                 4.92 
               
               
                 CS2 
                 95.4 
                 3.54 
                 4.61 
               
               
                 CS3 
                 92.1 
                 2.13 
                 N/A 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed. 
     Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims. 
     The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.