Patent Publication Number: US-10325628-B2

Title: Audio-visual project generator

Description:
PRIORITY CLAIM 
     This application is a Divisional of and claims priority U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/086,891, filed Nov. 21, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Creating professional-looking videos is a difficult task. While existing video editing systems are capable of creating aesthetically pleasing, professional-looking videos, these systems are typically too complex and difficult for most users to easily learn and use in a time efficient manner. For example, with some existing systems, users are required to manually assemble a variety of different elements including video clips, audio clips, titles, effects, narration and background music. Combining these elements into a professional-looking video typically requires advanced skills and a significant time investment. 
     In recent years, as video gaming has become more and more popular, video game users have begun generated videos that including portions (e.g., highlights) of their gameplay. These video may be uploaded to various video sharing websites so that users can share there videos with their friends, or simply with other users interested in the same video games. Such videos, however, are often not much more than segments of video gameplay that include a voiceover added by the user. While existing video editing systems may be used to make such gameplay videos more professional-looking, existing video editing systems, as mentioned above, are typically too complex and difficult for most users to easily learn and use in a time efficient manner. 
     SUMMARY 
     Embodiments disclosed herein enable a user to generate an audio-visual project. Certain embodiments enable a user to use one of a plurality of predefined templates to generate a project easily and quickly. Other embodiments enable a user to generate a custom project that gives more control to the user, compared to if the user selected one of the predefined templates. In an embodiment, the user is given an option as to whether to select one of a plurality of predefined templates, and is also give the option to alternatively generate a custom project. 
     An embodiment for enabling the user to generate a custom project will first be summarized, wherein such an embodiment may be implemented if the user chooses the option to generate a custom project. When that occurs, various selections are accepted from the user using a graphical user interface. This can include accepting from the user a selection of how many temporal segments are to be included in the project. Additionally, for each segment in the project, there will be an accepting from the user of a selection of an effect that is to be applied to the segment, wherein the selected effect specifies how many video slots are included in the segment and how many audio slots are included in the segment. Each effect can also specifies one or more other properties, including, but not limited to, an intro, an outro, static graphics, moving graphics, a transition, an opacity, a background, a foreground, a border, a cut-scene video and/or a post processing procedure. 
     Also accepted from the user, for each video slot included in each segment, is a selection or recording of video clip to populate the video slot. Similarly, for each audio slot included in each segment, an audio clip is selected or recorded by the user to populate the audio slot. Thereafter, e.g., in response to the user indicating that the project is finished, an audio-video project file is generated and stored on one or more processor readable storage devices. The audio-video project file, which can be played to present the project to a user, is based on the how many segments are included in the project, how many video and audio slots are included in each segment, the video clips that populate video slots, and the audio clips that populate the audio slots. The audio-video project file is also based on other properties of the one or more effects applied to the one or more segments of the project. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, video slots that are included in adjacent segments can be chained together to thereby enable a video clip to span more than one of the segments. Similarly, audio slots that are included in adjacent segments can be chained together to thereby enable an audio clip to span more than one of the segments. In accordance with an embodiment, slots can be chained together regardless of their type, so long as they are included in adjacent segments. For example, a video slot in one segment can be chained together with an audio slot in an adjacent segment. 
     When generating a custom project, a user can add a new segment at selected temporal position relative to one or more other segments included in the project. The user will also be able to remove one or more segments. Additionally, segments can be reordered by the user. In other words, a segment can be moved to from a first temporal position to a second temporal position relative to one or more other segments included in the project. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, for each video slot, the user will have the option to record a video clip for inclusion in the video slot, and an option to select a pre-recorded video clip for inclusion in the video slot. Similarly, for each audio slot, the user will have the option to record an audio clip for inclusion in the audio slot, and an option to select a pre-recorded audio clip for inclusion in the audio slot. Once a slot is populated with a clip, such a clip can be trimmed by the user, which can adjust the temporal length of the segment that includes the slot. 
     An embodiment for enabling a user to generate a project using a predefined template will now be summarized. Such an embodiment may be implemented if the user selects one of a plurality of predefined templates, wherein each of the templates specifies how many segments are included in the project. In this embodiment, a skin is applied to the template, wherein the skin specifies a separate effect that is to be applied to each separate segment of the project. The skin can be a default skin for the template or a user selected skin compatible with the template. The effect for each segment of the project specifies how many video slots are included in the segment, how many audio slots are included in the segment, and at least one other property of the segment. Examples of other properties that an effect may specify where mentioned above. 
     The user still has the ability to select which video clip(s) populate video slots included in segment(s) of the project, and which audio clip(s) populate audio slot(s) included in segment(s) of the project. The user is also able to trim clips. Further, the user can change the skin applied to a template, to thereby change the look-and-feel of the project quickly and easily. In response to the user indicating that the project is finished, an audio-video project file is generated and stored on one or more processor readable storage devices. This audio-video project file can be played to present the project to a user. 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate an example embodiment of a tracking system with a user playing a game. 
         FIG. 2  illustrates an example embodiment of a capture device that may be used as part of the tracking system. 
         FIG. 3  illustrates an example embodiment of a computing system that may be used to track user behavior and update an application based on the user behavior. 
         FIG. 4  illustrates another example embodiment of a computing system that may be used to track user behavior and update an application based on the tracked user behavior. 
         FIG. 5  illustrates an exemplary choose project screen that can be presented to a user to an enable the user to select a project type. 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an exemplary custom project screen that can be presented to a user to enable the user to generate a custom project. 
         FIG. 7  illustrates an exemplary trim screen that can be presented to a user to enable the user to trim clips that are used in a project. 
         FIGS. 8 and 9  illustrate exemplary template screens that can be presented to a user to enable the user to generate projects using predefined templates. 
         FIG. 10  is a high level flow diagram that is used to summarize methods for generating a custom project. 
         FIG. 11  is a high level flow diagram that is used to summarize methods for generating a project using a predefined template. 
         FIG. 12  illustrates exemplary modules that may be used to implement embodiments described herein. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Embodiments disclosed herein enable a user to generate an audio-visual project. Certain embodiments enable a user to use one of a plurality of predefined templates to generate a project easily and quickly. Other embodiments enable a user to generate a custom project that gives more control to the user, compared to if the user selected one of the predefined templates. However, before providing additional details of such embodiments of the present technology, exemplary details of larger systems with which embodiments of the present technology can be used will first be described. 
       FIGS. 1A and 1B  illustrate an example embodiment of a tracking system  100  with a user  118  playing a boxing video game. In an example embodiment, the tracking system  100  may be used to recognize, analyze, and/or track a human target such as the user  118  or other objects within range of the tracking system  100 . As shown in  FIG. 1A , the tracking system  100  includes a computing system  112  and a capture device  120 . As will be describe in additional detail below, the capture device  120  can be used to obtain depth images and color images (also known as RGB images) that can be used by the computing system  112  to identify one or more users or other objects, as well as to track motion and/or other user behaviors. The tracked motion and/or other user behavior can be used to update an application. Therefore, a user can manipulate game characters or other aspects of the application by using movement of the user&#39;s body and/or objects around the user, rather than (or in addition to) using controllers, remotes, keyboards, mice, or the like. For example, a video game system can update the position of images displayed in a video game based on the new positions of the objects or update an avatar based on motion of the user. 
     The computing system  112  may be a computer, a gaming system or console, or the like. According to an example embodiment, the computing system  112  may include hardware components and/or software components such that computing system  112  may be used to execute applications such as gaming applications, non-gaming applications, or the like. In one embodiment, computing system  112  may include a processor such as a standardized processor, a specialized processor, a microprocessor, or the like that may execute instructions stored on a processor readable storage device for performing the processes described herein. 
     The capture device  120  may include, for example, a camera that may be used to visually monitor one or more users, such as the user  118 , such that gestures and/or movements performed by the one or more users may be captured, analyzed, and tracked to perform one or more controls or actions within the application and/or animate an avatar or on-screen character, as will be described in more detail below. 
     According to one embodiment, the tracking system  100  may be connected to an audiovisual device  116  such as a television, a monitor, a high-definition television (HDTV), or the like that may provide game or application visuals and/or audio to a user such as the user  118 . For example, the computing system  112  may include a video adapter such as a graphics card and/or an audio adapter such as a sound card that may provide audiovisual signals associated with the game application, non-game application, or the like. The audiovisual device  116  may receive the audiovisual signals from the computing system  112  and may then output the game or application visuals and/or audio associated with the audiovisual signals to the user  118 . According to one embodiment, the audiovisual device  16  may be connected to the computing system  112  via, for example, an S-Video cable, a coaxial cable, an HDMI cable, a DVI cable, a VGA cable, component video cable, but are not limited thereto. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the tracking system  100  may be used to recognize, analyze, and/or track a human target such as the user  118 . For example, the user  118  may be tracked using the capture device  120  such that the gestures and/or movements of user  118  may be captured to animate an avatar or on-screen character and/or may be interpreted as controls that may be used to affect the application being executed by computing system  112 . Thus, according to one embodiment, the user  118  may move his or her body to control the application and/or animate the avatar or on-screen character. 
     In the example depicted in  FIGS. 1A and 1B , the application executing on the computing system  112  may be a boxing game that the user  118  is playing. For example, the computing system  112  may use the audiovisual device  116  to provide a visual representation of a boxing opponent  138  to the user  118 . The computing system  112  may also use the audiovisual device  116  to provide a visual representation of a player avatar  140  that the user  118  may control with his or her movements. For example, as shown in  FIG. 1B , the user  118  may throw a punch in physical space to cause the player avatar  140  to throw a punch in game space. Thus, according to an example embodiment, the computer system  112  and the capture device  120  recognize and analyze the punch of the user  118  in physical space such that the punch may be interpreted as a game control of the player avatar  140  in game space and/or the motion of the punch may be used to animate the player avatar  140  in game space. 
     Other movements by the user  118  may also be interpreted as other controls or actions and/or used to animate the player avatar, such as controls to bob, weave, shuffle, block, jab, or throw a variety of different power punches. Furthermore, some movements may be interpreted as controls that may correspond to actions other than controlling the player avatar  140 . For example, in one embodiment, the player may use movements to end, pause, or save a game, select a level, view high scores, communicate with a friend, etc. According to another embodiment, the player may use movements to select the game or other application from a main user interface. Thus, in example embodiments, a full range of motion of the user  118  may be available, used, and analyzed in any suitable manner to interact with an application. 
     In example embodiments, the human target such as the user  118  may have an object. In such embodiments, the user of an electronic game may be holding the object such that the motions of the player and the object may be used to adjust and/or control parameters of the game. For example, the motion of a player holding a racket may be tracked and utilized for controlling an on-screen racket in an electronic sports game. In another example embodiment, the motion of a player holding an object may be tracked and utilized for controlling an on-screen weapon in an electronic combat game. Objects not held by the user can also be tracked, such as objects thrown, pushed or rolled by the user (or a different user) as well as self-propelled objects. In addition to boxing, other games can also be implemented. 
     According to other example embodiments, the tracking system  100  may further be used to interpret target movements as operating system and/or application controls that are outside the realm of games. For example, virtually any controllable aspect of an operating system and/or application may be controlled by movements of the target such as the user  118 . 
       FIG. 2  illustrates an example embodiment of the capture device  120  that may be used in the tracking system  100 . According to an example embodiment, the capture device  120  may be configured to capture video with depth information including a depth image that may include depth values via any suitable technique including, for example, time-of-flight, structured light, stereo image, or the like. According to one embodiment, the capture device  120  may organize the depth information into “Z layers,” or layers that may be perpendicular to a Z axis extending from the depth camera along its line of sight. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the capture device  120  may include an image camera component  222 . According to an example embodiment, the image camera component  222  may be a depth camera that may capture a depth image of a scene. The depth image may include a two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) pixel area of the captured scene where each pixel in the 2-D or 3-D pixel area may represent a depth value such as a distance in, for example, centimeters, millimeters, or the like of an object in the captured scene from the camera. 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , according to an example embodiment, the image camera component  222  may include an infra-red (IR) light component  224 , a three-dimensional (3-D) camera  226 , and an RGB camera  228  that may be used to capture the depth image of a scene. For example, in time-of-flight (TOF) analysis, the IR light component  224  of the capture device  120  may emit an infrared light onto the scene and may then use sensors (not specifically shown in  FIG. 2 ) to detect the backscattered light from the surface of one or more targets and objects in the scene using, for example, the 3-D camera  226  and/or the RGB camera  228 . In some embodiments, pulsed IR light may be used such that the time between an outgoing light pulse and a corresponding incoming light pulse may be measured and used to determine a physical distance from the capture device  120  to a particular location on the targets or objects in the scene. Additionally or alternatively, the phase of the outgoing light wave may be compared to the phase of the incoming light wave to determine a phase shift. The phase shift may then be used to determine a physical distance from the capture device to a particular location on the targets or objects. 
     According to another example embodiment, TOF analysis may be used to indirectly determine a physical distance from the capture device  120  to a particular location on the targets or objects by analyzing the intensity of the reflected beam of light over time via various techniques including, for example, shuttered light pulse imaging. 
     In another example embodiment, the capture device  120  may use a structured light to capture depth information. In such an analysis, patterned light (i.e., light displayed as a known pattern such as grid pattern, a stripe pattern, or different pattern) may be projected onto the scene via, for example, the IR light component  224 . Upon striking the surface of one or more targets or objects in the scene, the pattern may become deformed in response. Such a deformation of the pattern may be captured by, for example, the 3-D camera  226  and/or the RGB camera  228  and may then be analyzed to determine a physical distance from the capture device to a particular location on the targets or objects. In some implementations, the IR Light component  224  is displaced from the cameras  226  and  228  so triangulation can be used to determined distance from cameras  226  and  228 . In some implementations, the capture device  120  will include a dedicated IR sensor to sense the IR light. 
     According to another embodiment, the capture device  120  may include two or more physically separated cameras that may view a scene from different angles to obtain visual stereo data that may be resolved to generate depth information. Other types of depth image sensors can also be used to create a depth image. 
     The capture device  120  may further include a microphone  230 , or an array of microphones  230 . Each microphone  230  may include a transducer or sensor that may receive and convert sound into an electrical signal. According to one embodiment, the microphone(s)  230  may be used to reduce feedback between the capture device  120  and the computing system  112  in the target recognition, analysis, and tracking system  100 . Additionally, the microphone(s)  230  may be used to receive audio signals (e.g., voice commands) that may also be provided by the user to control applications such as game applications, non-game applications, or the like that may be executed by the computing system  112 . 
     In an example embodiment, the capture device  120  may further include a processor  232  that may be in operative communication with the image camera component  222 . The processor  232  may include a standardized processor, a specialized processor, a microprocessor, or the like that may execute instructions including, for example, instructions for receiving a depth image, generating the appropriate data format (e.g., frame) and transmitting the data to computing system  112 . 
     The capture device  120  may further include a memory component  234  that may store the instructions that may be executed by the processor  232 , images or frames of images captured by the 3-D camera and/or RGB camera, or any other suitable information, images, or the like. According to an example embodiment, the memory component  234  may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), cache, Flash memory, a hard disk, or any other suitable storage component. As shown in  FIG. 2 , in one embodiment, the memory component  234  may be a separate component in communication with the image capture component  222  and the processor  232 . According to another embodiment, the memory component  234  may be integrated into the processor  232  and/or the image capture component  222 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , the capture device  120  may be in communication with the computing system  212  via a communication link  236 . The communication link  236  may be a wired connection including, for example, a USB connection, a Firewire connection, an Ethernet cable connection, or the like and/or a wireless connection such as a wireless 802.11b, g, a, or n connection. According to one embodiment, the computing system  112  may provide a clock to the capture device  120  that may be used to determine when to capture, for example, a scene via the communication link  236 . Additionally, the capture device  120  provides the depth images and color images captured by, for example, the 3-D camera  226  and/or the RGB camera  228  to the computing system  112  via the communication link  236 . In one embodiment, the depth images and color images are transmitted at  30  frames per second. The computing system  112  may then use the model, depth information, and captured images to, for example, control an application such as a game or word processor and/or animate an avatar or on-screen character. 
     Computing system  112  includes gestures library  240 , structure data  242 , depth image processing and object reporting module  244  and application  246 . Depth image processing and object reporting module  244  uses the depth images to track motion of objects, such as the user and other objects. To assist in the tracking of the objects, depth image processing and object reporting module  244  uses gestures library  240  and structure data  242 . 
     Structure data  242  includes structural information about objects that may be tracked. For example, a skeletal model of a human may be stored to help understand movements of the user and recognize body parts. Structural information about inanimate objects may also be stored to help recognize those objects and help understand movement. 
     Gestures library  240  may include a collection of gesture filters, each comprising information concerning a gesture that may be performed by the skeletal model (as the user moves). The data captured by the cameras  226 ,  228  and the capture device  120  in the form of the skeletal model and movements associated with it may be compared to the gesture filters in the gesture library  240  to identify when a user (as represented by the skeletal model) has performed one or more gestures. Those gestures may be associated with various controls of an application. Thus, the computing system  112  may use the gestures library  240  to interpret movements of the skeletal model and to control application  246  based on the movements. As such, gestures library may be used by depth image processing and object reporting module  244  and application  246 . 
     Application  246  can be a video game, productivity application, etc. In one embodiment, depth image processing and object reporting module  244  will report to application  246  an identification of each object detected and the location of the object for each frame. Application  246  will use that information to update the position or movement of an avatar or other images in the display. 
       FIG. 3  illustrates an example embodiment of a computing system that may be the computing system  112  shown in  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2  used to track motion and/or animate (or otherwise update) an avatar or other on-screen object displayed by an application. The computing system such as the computing system  112  described above with respect to  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2  may be a multimedia console, such as a gaming console. As shown in  FIG. 3 , the multimedia console  300  has a central processing unit (CPU)  301  having a level 1 cache  102 , a level 2 cache  304 , and a flash ROM (Read Only Memory)  306 . The level 1 cache  302  and a level 2 cache  304  temporarily store data and hence reduce the number of memory access cycles, thereby improving processing speed and throughput. The CPU  301  may be provided having more than one core, and thus, additional level 1 and level 2 caches  302  and  304 . The flash ROM  306  may store executable code that is loaded during an initial phase of a boot process when the multimedia console  300  is powered ON. 
     A graphics processing unit (GPU)  308  and a video encoder/video codec (coder/decoder)  314  form a video processing pipeline for high speed and high resolution graphics processing. Data is carried from the graphics processing unit  308  to the video encoder/video codec  314  via a bus. The video processing pipeline outputs data to an A/V (audio/video) port  340  for transmission to a television or other display. A memory controller  310  is connected to the GPU  308  to facilitate processor access to various types of memory  312 , such as, but not limited to, a RAM (Random Access Memory). 
     The multimedia console  300  includes an I/O controller  320 , a system management controller  322 , an audio processing unit  323 , a network interface  324 , a first USB host controller  326 , a second USB controller  328  and a front panel I/O subassembly  330  that are preferably implemented on a module  318 . The USB controllers  326  and  328  serve as hosts for peripheral controllers  342 ( 1 )- 342 ( 2 ), a wireless adapter  348 , and an external memory device  346  (e.g., flash memory, external CD/DVD ROM drive, removable media, etc.). The network interface  324  and/or wireless adapter  348  provide access to a network (e.g., the Internet, home network, etc.) and may be any of a wide variety of various wired or wireless adapter components including an Ethernet card, a modem, a Bluetooth module, a cable modem, and the like. 
     System memory  343  is provided to store application data that is loaded during the boot process. A media drive  344  is provided and may comprise a DVD/CD drive, Blu-Ray drive, hard disk drive, or other removable media drive, etc. The media drive  344  may be internal or external to the multimedia console  300 . Application data may be accessed via the media drive  344  for execution, playback, etc. by the multimedia console  300 . The media drive  344  is connected to the I/O controller  320  via a bus, such as a Serial ATA bus or other high speed connection (e.g., IEEE 1394). 
     The system management controller  322  provides a variety of service functions related to assuring availability of the multimedia console  300 . The audio processing unit  323  and an audio codec  332  form a corresponding audio processing pipeline with high fidelity and stereo processing. Audio data is carried between the audio processing unit  323  and the audio codec  332  via a communication link. The audio processing pipeline outputs data to the A/V port  340  for reproduction by an external audio player or device having audio capabilities. 
     The front panel I/O subassembly  330  supports the functionality of the power button  350  and the eject button  352 , as well as any LEDs (light emitting diodes) or other indicators exposed on the outer surface of the multimedia console  300 . A system power supply module  336  provides power to the components of the multimedia console  300 . A fan  338  cools the circuitry within the multimedia console  300 . 
     The CPU  301 , GPU  308 , memory controller  310 , and various other components within the multimedia console  300  are interconnected via one or more buses, including serial and parallel buses, a memory bus, a peripheral bus, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, such architectures can include a Peripheral Component Interconnects (PCI) bus, PCI-Express bus, etc. 
     When the multimedia console  300  is powered ON, application data may be loaded from the system memory  343  into memory  312  and/or caches  302 ,  304  and executed on the CPU  301 . The application may present a graphical user interface that provides a consistent user experience when navigating to different media types available on the multimedia console  300 . In operation, applications and/or other media contained within the media drive  344  may be launched or played from the media drive  344  to provide additional functionalities to the multimedia console  300 . 
     The multimedia console  300  may be operated as a standalone system by simply connecting the system to a television or other display. In this standalone mode, the multimedia console  300  allows one or more users to interact with the system, watch movies, or listen to music. However, with the integration of broadband connectivity made available through the network interface  324  or the wireless adapter  348 , the multimedia console  300  may further be operated as a participant in a larger network community. 
     When the multimedia console  300  is powered ON, a set amount of hardware resources are reserved for system use by the multimedia console operating system. These resources may include a reservation of memory (e.g., 16 MB), CPU and GPU cycles (e.g., 5%), networking bandwidth (e.g., 8 Kbps), etc. Because these resources are reserved at system boot time, the reserved resources do not exist from the application&#39;s view. 
     In particular, the memory reservation preferably is large enough to contain the launch kernel, concurrent system applications and drivers. The CPU reservation is preferably constant such that if the reserved CPU usage is not used by the system applications, an idle thread will consume any unused cycles. 
     With regard to the GPU reservation, lightweight messages generated by the system applications (e.g., popups) are displayed by using a GPU interrupt to schedule code to render popup into an overlay. The amount of memory required for an overlay depends on the overlay area size and the overlay preferably scales with screen resolution. Where a full user interface is used by the concurrent system application, it is preferable to use a resolution independent of application resolution. A scaler may be used to set this resolution such that the need to change frequency and cause a TV resynch is eliminated. 
     After the multimedia console  300  boots and system resources are reserved, concurrent system applications execute to provide system functionalities. The system functionalities are encapsulated in a set of system applications that execute within the reserved system resources described above. The operating system kernel identifies threads that are system application threads versus gaming application threads. The system applications are preferably scheduled to run on the CPU  301  at predetermined times and intervals in order to provide a consistent system resource view to the application. The scheduling is to minimize cache disruption for the gaming application running on the console. 
     When a concurrent system application requires audio, audio processing is scheduled asynchronously to the gaming application due to time sensitivity. A multimedia console application manager (described below) controls the gaming application audio level (e.g., mute, attenuate) when system applications are active. 
     Input devices (e.g., controllers  342 ( 1 ) and  342 ( 2 )) are shared by gaming applications and system applications. The input devices are not reserved resources, but are to be switched between system applications and the gaming application such that each will have a focus of the device. The application manager preferably controls the switching of input stream, without knowledge the gaming application&#39;s knowledge and a driver maintains state information regarding focus switches. The cameras  226 ,  228  and capture device  120  may define additional input devices for the console  300  via USB controller  326  or other interface. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates another example embodiment of a computing system  420  that may be the computing system  112  shown in  FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2  used to track motion and/or animate (or otherwise update) an avatar or other on-screen object displayed by an application. The computing system  420  is only one example of a suitable computing system and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the presently disclosed subject matter. Neither should the computing system  420  be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary computing system  420 . In some embodiments the various depicted computing elements may include circuitry configured to instantiate specific aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the term circuitry used in the disclosure can include specialized hardware components configured to perform function(s) by firmware or switches. In other examples embodiments the term circuitry can include a general purpose processing unit, memory, etc., configured by software instructions that embody logic operable to perform function(s). In example embodiments where circuitry includes a combination of hardware and software, an implementer may write source code embodying logic and the source code can be compiled into machine readable code that can be processed by the general purpose processing unit. Since one skilled in the art can appreciate that the state of the art has evolved to a point where there is little difference between hardware, software, or a combination of hardware/software, the selection of hardware versus software to effectuate specific functions is a design choice left to an implementer. More specifically, one of skill in the art can appreciate that a software process can be transformed into an equivalent hardware structure, and a hardware structure can itself be transformed into an equivalent software process. Thus, the selection of a hardware implementation versus a software implementation is one of design choice and left to the implementer. 
     Computing system  420  comprises a computer  441 , which typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer  441  and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. The system memory  422  includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM)  423  and random access memory (RAM)  460 . A basic input/output system  424  (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer  441 , such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM  423 . RAM  460  typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit  459 . By way of example, and not limitation,  FIG. 4  illustrates operating system  425 , application programs  426 , other program modules  427 , and program data  428 . 
     The computer  441  may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,  FIG. 4  illustrates a hard disk drive  438  that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive  439  that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk  454 , and an optical disk drive  440  that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk  453  such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive  438  is typically connected to the system bus  421  through an non-removable memory interface such as interface  434 , and magnetic disk drive  439  and optical disk drive  440  are typically connected to the system bus  421  by a removable memory interface, such as interface  435 . 
     The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in  FIG. 4 , provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer  441 . In  FIG. 4 , for example, hard disk drive  438  is illustrated as storing operating system  458 , application programs  457 , other program modules  456 , and program data  455 . Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system  425 , application programs  426 , other program modules  427 , and program data  428 . Operating system  458 , application programs  457 , other program modules  456 , and program data  455  are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands and information into the computer  441  through input devices such as a keyboard  451  and pointing device  452 , commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit  459  through a user input interface  436  that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). The cameras  226 ,  228  and capture device  120  may define additional input devices for the computing system  420  that connect via user input interface  436 . A monitor  442  or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus  421  via an interface, such as a video interface  432 . In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers  444  and printer  443 , which may be connected through a output peripheral interface  433 . Capture Device  120  may connect to computing system  420  via output peripheral interface  433 , network interface  437 , or other interface. 
     The computer  441  may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer  446 . The remote computer  446  may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer  441 , although only a memory storage device  447  has been illustrated in  FIG. 4 . The logical connections depicted include a local area network (LAN)  445  and a wide area network (WAN)  449 , but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet. 
     When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer  441  is connected to the LAN  445  through a network interface  437 . When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer  441  typically includes a modem  450  or other means for establishing communications over the WAN  449 , such as the Internet. The modem  450 , which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus  421  via the user input interface  436 , or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer  441 , or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,  FIG. 4  illustrates application programs  448  as residing on memory device  447 . It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used. 
     As explained above, the capture device  120  provides RGB images (also known as color images) and depth images to the computing system  112 . The depth image may be a plurality of observed pixels where each observed pixel has an observed depth value. For example, the depth image may include a two-dimensional (2-D) pixel area of the captured scene where each pixel in the 2-D pixel area may have a depth value such as a length or distance in, for example, centimeters, millimeters, or the like of an object in the captured scene from the capture device. 
     Project Generation 
     Certain embodiments of the present technology enable video projects (also referred to herein as audio-visual projects, or simply as projects) to be generated on a segment by segment basis, either through the use of pre-defined templates, or by generating a custom project. Once a project is completed, a user can save the project (or more specifically, a project file) locally and/or upload the project to a remote system that enables the user to share their project with others. A user may also be able to save a project that is incomplete, so that the user can return to the incomplete project at a later time to complete the product. 
     To provide a user with project options, a choose project screen  502  can be presented to the user, as shown in  FIG. 5 . Referring to  FIG. 5 , the exemplary template options that are displayed to the user include a “trim-clip only” option  504 , a “picture-in-picture” option  506 , a “bookend” option  508  and a “multi-clip” option  510 . A “create-custom project” option  522  is also shown. Depending upon the computing system being used to present the choose project screen  502  to a user, the user can utilize a game controller, a pointing device (e.g., a mouse, track pad or track ball) or a keyboard to select one of the template options. Where the system can track user motion (e.g., as described above with reference to  FIGS. 1A-2 ), the user may be able to point to a particular option and/or use gestures to select one of the options. 
     A segment, as the term is used herein, is a temporal portion of a project. Accordingly, a project includes one or more segments. Each segment has an effect applied to it, wherein the effect specifies, among other things, how many and what types of slots (if any) are included in the segment, as well as other properties of the segment, which will be described in additional detail below. The term segment, as used herein, is used to refer to the underlying data that defines a particular temporal portion of a project, as well as to refer to the representation of the segment that is displayed to a user (which may sometimes be referred to as a segment representation, but will often simply be referred to as a segment). The meaning of an instance of the term segment should be apparent from the context of its usage. While every segment has an effect applied to it, it is possible that a segment includes no slots, as will be appreciated from the discussion below. 
     Each slot is a portion of a segment that can be populated by a clip that is selected or recorded by a user. Accordingly, a segment is analogous to a temporal column, and a slot is analogous to a temporal row, in that there can be one or more rows per column. It is noted that there can be specific types of slots, such as video slots that are meant to be populated by video clips, and audio slots that are meant to be populated by audio clips. The term slot, as used herein, is used to refer to the underlying data that defines a portion of a segment that can be populated by a clip, as well as to refer to the representation of the slot that is displayed to a user (which may sometimes be referred to as a slot representation, but will often simply be referred to as a slot). The meaning of an instance of the term slot should be apparent from the context of its usage. 
     A clip, as the term is used herein, is a piece of media content that can include, e.g., video data, audio data, text data, static image data and/or other media data. Accordingly, a clip can be any kind of content clip, such as a video clip, an audio clip, a text clip, a static picture clip, or other media clip that can be used to populate a slot. Clips have various different formats, which are well known in the art. For example, a video clip can have an MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPG-4, 3GP, GIF, WMV, FLV, or AAF format, but is not limited thereto. Audio clips can have, for example, an MP2, MP3, RAW, WAV or WMA format, but is not limited thereto. 
     An effect, as the term is used herein, refers to one or more properties that can be applied to a segment, wherein each such property can also be referred to as a layer of the effect. In other words, an effect can be made up of one or more layers. Such properties (i.e., layers) can include, a video layout, a transition, an orientation, vertical and horizontal positions, a background, a foreground, a border, an animation in, and animation out, a shadow, an opacity and/or the like. Effects can be stored locally, or can be stored remotely and downloaded in response to a user selecting an icon representing the effect (or selecting some other representation of an effect). Some effects may be available free of charge, while other effects may be available for purchase. Certain effects may be thematic. For example, there may be effects that are intended to be used for producing videos that highlight gameplay for certain video games, such as HALO™, RYSE™, TITANFALL™ and the like. For another example, effects can have holiday or other occasion themes, such as a Thanksgiving, Christmas or New Years themes, or Birthday or Wedding themes. 
     Different types of video layouts can include, but are not limited to, a full-screen layout, a picture-in-picture layout, a four-window checkerboard layout, a two-window side-by-side layout, and a two-window one above the other layout. Accordingly, the video layout layer of an effect may specify how many video slots are included in a segment, as well as the position and/or orientation of each video window. For examples: a full-screen layout may include a single video slot; a picture-in-picture layout may include two video slots; a four-window checkerboard layout may include four video slots; a two-window side-by-side layout may include two video slots; and a two-window one above the other layout may include two video slots. The author of an effect can decide how many audio slots are most appropriate for a particular layout and design the effect accordingly. A default effect can be a simple effect (e.g., an effect that specifies a full-screen layout) that is by default associated with a segment until the effect for that segment is changed to another effect. 
     Different types of transitions can include, but are not limited to, fades (e.g., fade to black, or fading of one clip to another), blends, dissolves, as well as more elaborate transitions, such as a flame transition, or a glass shards transition. 
     A pre-defined template pre-defines the structure of a project, and more specifically, pre-defines how many segments are included in a project, and what effect is applied to each of the segment(s) of the project. In certain embodiments, a user can select from a plurality of pre-defined templates, which enables the user to complete a project from start to finish easily and quickly. Exemplary templates options are shown in  FIG. 5 , as mentioned above, and are discussed in additional detail below. In accordance with an embodiment, every pre-defined template (which can also be referred to simply as a template) has a pre-defined default skin, which specifies the effect(s) applied to the segment(s) of the template. For example, if a template specifies that a project includes three segments, then the default skin will specify the three different effects that are to be applied to the three different segments. In other words, a skin specifies a separate effect for each separate segment of a template. Accordingly, skin is basically a collection of effects. Thus, a template can be thought of as including one or more segments and a skin that specifies the effect(s) applied to the segment(s). 
     In accordance with an embodiment, when a user is using a template to generate a project, the user will be provided with the option to change the skin of a template. In accordance with an embodiment, changing the skin of a template will cause the underlying template to change, since a template includes one or more segments and a skin that specifies the effect applied to each of the segment(s). This means that all skins are not necessarily interchangeable. Rather, two skins will be considered interchangeable if they both include the same total number of effects (for application to the same total number of segments), and the effect applied to each separate segment specifies (on a segment by segment basis) includes the same number of each type of slots. Explained another way, a skin is compatible with a project if the skin includes all of the effects for each type of segment in a project. Two skins are interchangeable if they are both compatible with the same project structure. This will be explained in more detail during the discussion of the exemplary templates which are discussed below with reference to  FIGS. 8 and 9 . 
     The type of an effect is generally defined by the number and types of slots, and potentially slot duration limitations (e.g., minimum, maximum, variable or fixed durations). Accordingly, the type of a segment can be indirectly defined by the type of the effect currently applied to it. For example, an effect with two video slots can generally be interchanged with another effect with two video slots. When changing effects of the same type (or same signature), clips selected or recorded by a user to populate those slots remain in the segment and are simply affected differently in accordance with the new effect. Two effects are not directly compatible (i.e., interchangeable) if they have a different number and/or types of slots, in which case some reinterpretation may be required, such as maybe removing clips from the segment which cannot be remapped to a slot defined by the new effect. A skin, as mentioned above, is basically a collection of effects. If the effects currently applied to the different segments in a project can be changed to the effects defined by some other collection of effects, as specified by a skin, then that skin is compatible with the project, and thus indirectly compatible with whatever skin was previously applied to that project. 
     Certain skins may be thematic. For example, there may be a skin that is intended to be used when producing a project that includes highlights and a voiceover of a particular video game, such as HALO™, in which case the game&#39;s logo, characters and over-all look may be part of the final project. For a more specific example, the game&#39;s logo may be used as part of an intro, and a game character may be used during a transition from one segment to another. For other examples, skins may have themes that relate to holidays or other occasions. In accordance with an embodiment, when a user is provided with an option to change a skin, only those skin options that are interchangeable with the current skin (e.g., the default skin) are presented to the user. 
     A custom project screen  602 , shown in  FIG. 6 , will now be used to further explain the various terms introduced above, as well as to explain how a user can generate a custom project. The custom project screen  602  may be presented to a user in response to the user selecting the “create custom project” icon  522  from the choose project screen  502  shown in  FIG. 5 . Referring to  FIG. 6 , four segments labeled  612   a ,  612   b ,  612   c  and  616   d  (which can collectively be referenced as the segments  612 ) are represented that correspond to four temporal portions of the project. In accordance with an embodiment, when the custom project screen  602  is initially presented, a single segment may be shown, and the user can select the “insert segment” icon  634  to add an additional segment at a desired temporal position. Alternatively, after the “create custom project” icon  522  is selected by the user, a screen may be presented to the user that asks the user how many segments are to be included in the project. Either way, once presented with the custom project screen  602 , the user will be able to cut segments, or insert segments, as desired, by selecting the appropriate icons  632  and  634 . The cut segment icon  632  and insert segment icon  634  can also be used to change the order the various segments  612 . 
     Still referring to the segment  612   a  in  FIG. 6 , the segment  612   a  is shown as including a preview window  614 , below which is a scrub bar  616  and a playhead  618 . The scrub bar  616  represents a time line of a clip that is being played and the playhead  618  indicates a portion of the clip that is being played. The preview window  614  enables the user to preview the segment  612   a , so that it can be edited by the user. The other segments  612  can similarly include a scrub bar and playhead. 
     The segment  612   a  is also shown as including an effect icon  622 , a trim icon  624 , a video icon  626  and an audio icon  628 , each of which can additionally or alternatively include a graphical representation of each icon. For example, the audio icon  628  can include a microphone graphic in addition to, or instead of, the word “audio”. For another example, the video icon  628  can include a film canister or perforated film graphic in addition to, or instead of, the word “video”. The video icon  626  is a visual representation of a video slot of the segment  612   a , and the audio icon  628  is a visual representation of an audio slot of the segment. Where a segment includes multiple video slots, as is the case with the segment  612   b , multiple video icons  626  will be displayed (i.e., one video icon for each video slot). Similarly, where a segment includes multiple audio slots, multiple audio icons  628  will be displayed (i.e., one audio icon for each audio slot). 
     In response to the user selecting the effect icon  622 , a list of effect options can be presented to the user to thereby enable the user to select an effect that is to be applied to the segment. The effects, from which the user may select, can be stored locally or remotely (e.g., in on cloud servers) and downloaded once selected. Every segment can have a default effect, e.g., which specifies a full-screen video layout, so that even if a user does not select an effect to apply to a segment, that segment will still have an effect associated with it and applied to it. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, when the user selects the effect icon  622 , a textual list of possible effects can be presented to the user. Alternatively, another screen that visually and/or textually describes various different selectable effects can be presented to the user to better illustrate to the user the properties of each effect. Then, after the user selects one of the effects to be applied to a segment, there is a return to the custom project screen  602 , at which point the overall look and feel of the preview window (e.g.,  614 ) will correspond to the effect selected. For example, in  FIG. 6 , the effect selected for the segment  612   a  specifies a full-screen layout, the effect selected for the segment  612   b  specifies a four-window checkerboard layout, the effect selected for the segment  612   c  specifies a transition, and the effect selected for the segment  612   d  specifies a picture-in-picture layout. 
     The number of video icons  626  presented for each of the segments  612  will depend on the video layout associated with (e.g., the video layout layer of) the effect selected for the segment. For example, since the effect selected for the segment  612   a  specifies a full-screen layout, a single video icon  626  is presented for segment  612   a . For another example, since the effect selected for the segment  612   b  specifies a four-window checkerboard layout, four video icons  626  are presented for the segment  612   b  to thereby enable the user to select a separate video clip for each of the four windows, and more specifically, for each of four video slots. The segment  612   c  is an example of a segment having an effect applied to it that does not specify any video or audio slots, but rather, only specifies a transition, examples of which were discussed above. Since the effect selected for the segment  612   d  specifies a picture-in-picture layout, two video icons  626  are presented for the segment  612   d  to thereby enable the user to select a separate video clip for each of the two picture-in-picture windows, and more specifically, for each of two video slots. 
     In response to the user selecting the trim icon  624 , the trim screen  702  shown in  FIG. 7  will be presented to the user. As will be discussed in more detail below with reference to  FIG. 7 , a user can use the same trim screen to trim each of the clips that populates each of the slots in a segment by navigating up and down to select which slot is to have its clip trimmed. Trim operations could be used to specify the start of each clip populating each slot and to change the duration of the whole segment shared between the slots by specifying an end of each clip populating the slots of a segment. 
     In response to the user selecting one of the video icons  626 , the user will be given an option to browse videos or record a video. If the user selects the browse video option, a list of pre-recorded video clips will be presented to the user, from which the user can select a video clip. The pre-recorded video clips can be stored locally or remotely (e.g., on cloud servers) and downloaded once selected. If the user selects the record video option, then the user will be able to use a camera (e.g., the RGB camera  228  of the capture device  120  discussed with reference to  FIG. 2 ) to record a video clip that will populate the video slot represented by the video icon  626 . Once a video clip has already been added into a video slot of a segment, the user will thereafter have the options of clearing the video slot, populating the video slot with a different video clip, and trimming the clip. 
     In response to the user selecting the audio icon  628 , the user will be given an option to browse audio clips or record an audio clip. If the user selects the browse audio clips, a list of pre-recorded audio clips will be presented to the user, from which the user can select an audio clip. The pre-recorded audio clips can be stored locally or remotely (e.g., on cloud servers) and downloaded once selected. If the user selects the record audio option, then the user will be able to use a microphone (e.g., the microphone  230  of the capture device  120  discussed with reference to  FIG. 2 ) to record an audio clip that will populate the audio slot represented by the audio icon  628 . For example, the user may record a voiceover type of audio clip while a video is being played within one of the preview screens  614 . 
     Still referring to  FIG. 6 , where there is at least one video slot in each segment of an adjacent pair of segments, an option to chain together video slots in the adjacent segments will be presented using a chain icon  630 . Similarly, where there is at least one audio slot in each segment of an adjacent pair of segments, an option to chain together audio slots in the adjacent segments will be presented using the chain icon  630 . When slots are chained together, the result is an elongated slot that spans multiple segments (e.g., segments  612   a  and  612   b ). Accordingly, chaining together slots is somewhat analogous to merging together cells of a row in a multi-column table so that a resulting elongated cell may span more than one column of the table. So long as neighboring segments include a same type of slot, those slots can be chained together. This means that slots in even more than two segments can be chained together so that a slot can span even more than two segments, if so desired. The icon  630  (or a separate “unchain” icon) can be used to unchain previously chained together slots, which is somewhat analogous to unmerging previously merged together cells of a row in a multi-column table. In an embodiment, when slots of the same type in adjacent segments are not chained together, the icon  630  will display to the user the option to chain together the slots; and when slots of the same type in adjacent segments are already chained together, the icon  630  will display to the user the option to unchain the slots. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, slots in adjacent segments can only be chained together if they are of the same type, e.g., if they are both video slots or both audio slots. In accordance with another embodiment, slots in adjacent segments can be chained together regardless of their type, e.g., a video slot can be chained together with an audio slot. Where different types of slots are chained together, the type of a slot (that is populated by a user selected or recorded clip) will affect the project. For example, assume a video slot in a first segment is chained together with an audio slot in a second segment, and also assume that a user populated the chained together pair of slots with a video clip. When the first segment is played, the audio and video content of a portion of the video clip will be presented. However, when the second segment is played, only the audio content of a further portion of the video clip will be presented, since the underlying slot of the segment (that is populated by the portion of the video clip) is actually an audio slot. More generally, when a video clip is selected or recorded by a user to populate an audio slot, only the audio content of the video clip is presented when the segment including that audio slot is being presented. Conversely, if an audio clip is selected or recorded by a user to populate a video slot, only the audio content of the video clip is presented when the segment including that audio slot is being presented. This can result in an empty window (corresponding to the video slot) being presented when the segment including the video slot is presented, or alternatively, default graphics, or the like, can be presented where there is no video content associated with a video slot. 
     The specific segment  612  that is navigated to by the user, e.g., using a game controller or some other device that moves a cursor or pointer, can be highlighted (i.e., emphasized) in some way so that the user knows on which segment they are currently operating, while the other segments can be deemphasized. For example, the segment that the user has navigated to may appear larger, brighter and/or in a different color than the other segments displayed to the user. In an embodiment, the cut and insert segment icons  632  and  634  only appear for the segment  612  to which the user has navigated. For example, if a user has navigated to the segment  612   b , then the cut and insert icons  632  and  634  can displayed to enable the user to cut the segment  612   b , add (i.e., insert) a segment before the segment  612   b  (i.e., between the segments  612   a  and  612   b ), and add (i.e., insert) a segment after the segment  612   b  (i.e., between the segments  612   b  and  612   c ). In another embodiment, the cut and insert icons can  632  and  634  always appear for every segment of the project. 
     In an embodiment, a representation of every segment  612  of a project is always displayed to the user. In another embodiment, there are a maximum number of segments representations that can be displayed to the user at a time, in which case, the segment representations can be scrolled through from left to right, and vice-versa, by the user. In this latter embodiment, it may be that the segment to which the user has navigated is displayed in the center of the screen. 
     In accordance with an embodiment, presented navigations icons (e.g., the icons labeled LB, X, LT, RT and RB) correspond to buttons of a game controller for the computing system (e.g., a gaming console) that is being used to generate the project. For example, in  FIG. 6  and many of the other FIGS., the LB icon can correspond to a left bumper button, the LT icon can correspond to a left-trigger button, the RT icon can correspond to the right-trigger button, the RB icon can correspond to the right bumper button, and the X icon can correspond to an X button. Such navigations icons can enable a user to go to the start of the project, which is the beginning of the first segment of the project, or go to the end of the project, with is the ending of the last segment of the project. Additionally, the navigations icons can enable the user to rewind or fast-forward through a project. Such navigation icons or other navigations controls will, for example, enable a user to readily navigate to a portion of the project that they want to preview and/or edit. Preferably, the user will be able to adjust how fast or slow they rewind or fast-forward, e.g., by adjusting how firmly they press a trigger type button (e.g., LT and RT), or in some other manner. Alternative navigations icons that can be presented to provide the just described navigation functions, e.g., where a different game controller is used with the system being used to generate the project, or where a different input device, such as a mouse or keyboard, is employed. 
     Reference will now be made to the trim-clip screen  702  in  FIG. 7 , which will be displayed in response to a user selecting one of the trim icons  624  shown in  FIG. 6 . Referring to  FIG. 7 , the trim-clip screen  702  includes a main preview window  714 , a scrub bar  716  and a playhead  718 . A start handle  722  can be moved left and right to specify the starting point of a clip, and an end handle  732  can be moved left and right to specify the ending point of a clip. In accordance with an embodiment shown in  FIG. 7 , the start handle  722  includes a start preview window  724  that shows the starting frame of the clip, and the end handle  732  includes an end preview window  734  that shows the ending frame of a clip. Where the clip being trimmed is a video clip, portions of the video clip will appear in the preview windows  714 ,  724  and  734 . Where the clip being trimmed is an audio clip, a similar graphical user interface that is more appropriate for audio clips can be presented to the user. Left, right and trim icons (labeled, L, R and A) can be used to move the handles  722  and  732  and select the points at which the clip is to be trimmed. 
       FIGS. 8 and 9  will now be used to describe how projects can be generated using pre-defined templates. As mentioned above in the discussion of  FIG. 5 , exemplary template options that may be displayed to the user include a “trim-clip only” option, a “picture-in-picture” option a “bookend” option and a “multi-clip” option, but are certainly not limited thereto.  FIG. 8  illustrates an example of the screen that may be displayed if the user selected the “picture-in-picture” template option  506 .  FIG. 9  illustrates an example of the screen that may be displayed if the user selected the “bookend” template option  506 . While not described herein, if the user selects one of the other template options, a corresponding template screen will be presented to the user. Various alternative and/or additional templates can also be available. 
     Referring to  FIG. 8 , a picture-in-picture template screen  802  illustrated therein includes a preview window  814  (that includes a first picture window  824  and a second picture window  834 ), a scrub bar  816  and a playhead  818 . This exemplary template includes a single segment that is editable by the user (i.e., a single user editable template), wherein the video layout layer of the effect applied to the segment is a picture-in-picture layout. Accordingly, the user editable segment will include two video slots, pictorially represented by slot representation windows  844  and  854 . The effect applied to the segment may also specify an orientation, vertical and horizontal positions for the windows  824  and  834 , a background, a foreground, a border, an animation in, and animation out, a shadow, an opacity and/or the like. Each of the slot representation windows  844  and  854  includes its own scrub bar and playhead, wherein the two payheads will move in unison in this example (since clips in the two slots will play simultaneously). When the user navigates to the slot representation window  844 , the user is presented with the options to record a video, or browse videos, which options are similar to those discussed above with reference to  FIG. 6 . Once a slot representation window is populated with a video clip, the user will also be given the option to trim the clip, at which point they will be brought to the trim-clip screen  702  described above with reference to  FIG. 7 . This particular template enables a user to record an audio clip for the segment by selecting the “record voice-over” icon  862 . There may also be one or more pre-defined audio clips that an author of the skin chose to populate with one or more audio clips that is/are not modifiable by the user. The user can preview their project by pressing the play icon, in response to which previews will be displayed in the windows  824  and  834  of the large preview window  814 , as well as in the slot representation windows  844  and  854 . 
     While the picture-in-picture template may include only a single user editable segment, the template may include one or more other segments that were pre-defined by the template author. For example, there may be a segment prior to the user editable segment that includes an intro and a transition, and/or there may be a segment following the user editable segment that includes a transition and an outro. These are just a few examples, which are not meant to be limiting. 
     The picture-in-picture template screen  802  is also shown as including a change-skin icon  864 . If the user selects the change-skin icon  864  (which can alternatively be referred to as a select-skin icon), the user will be presented with other skins that are interchangeable with the default skin for the picture-in-picture template. Such other skins would similarly include the same number of segment(s), with a user editable segment including two video slots as well as an audio slot what can be populated with a voice-over audio clip. This would give the user the option change the overall look and feel of their project, simply by changing the skin, even after the user has populated the video slots with video clips and recorded a voice-over audio clip. 
     The picture-in-picture template screen  802  is also shown as including a finish icon  866 , which enables the user to indicate when they have completed with the project. When the finish icon  866  is selected, the user may be presented with multiple different options as to where they want to save their project and/or with whom they want to share their project. Alternatively, there can be a default storage location where projects (and more specifically, project files) are saved. Once a project is finished and saved the user, or some other user, can retrieve the project and play the project, which results in the project to being presented. 
       FIG. 9  illustrates an exemplary bookend template screen  902 , which includes three user editable segments each of which has an effect that specifies that the video layout for each of the three user editable segments includes a single window. Accordingly, each segment will include a single slot, pictorially represented by slot representation windows  944 ,  954  and  964 . The effect of each segment may also specify a background, a foreground, a border, an animation in, and animation out, a shadow, an opacity, window position, window size, window orientation, and/or the like. Each of the windows slot representation windows  944 ,  954  and  964  includes its own scrub bar and playhead, as does a main preview window  914 . When the user navigates to one of the slot representation windows  944 ,  954  and  964  they are presented with the options to record a video, or browse videos, which options are similar to those discussed above with reference to  FIG. 6 . Once a slot is populated with a video clip, the user will also be given the option to trim the clip, at which point they will be brought to the trim-clip screen  702  described above with reference to  FIG. 7 . This template enables a user to record their own audio clip that spans the three segments by selecting the “record voice-over” icon  962 . This means that audio slots for the three templates have been chained together by the template author. The user is also presented with a change skin icon  964  and a finish icon  966 , which functions are the same as the same named icons discussed above with reference to  FIG. 8 . The user can preview their project by selecting the play icon. If the user choses to go to the start before selecting the play option, the video clip included in the first segment will be previewed in windows  944  and  914 . When that video clip included in the first segment ends, the video clip included in the second segment will be previewed in the widows  954  and  914 . When that video clip included in the second segment ends, the video clip included in the third segment will be previewed in the widows  964  and  914 . If the author of the skin included non-editable segments between the three editable segments, then the contents of those segments (e.g., transitions) will also be displayed at the appropriate points in the time during the previewing of the project in the main preview window  914 . 
     Each of the other pre-defined templates will have a corresponding template screen that is presented when the template is selected. In accordance with an embodiment, each template has a default skin applied to the template. As explained above, the user may have the option to change the skin from the default skin another skin that is interchangeable with the default skin. Alternatively, in response to a user selecting a template option, the user may be presented with a list of skins that can be applied to that template prior to the user being presented with the template screen. Then, once the user selects a skin to be applied to the template, the user can be presented with the template screen, and the template screen may have a look and feel that is dependent on the skin selected. Application of a skin to a template may also be referred to as skinning the template. 
     The high level flow diagram of  FIG. 10  will now be used to summarize methods for enabling a user to generate a custom project in accordance with certain embodiments of the present technology. Referring to  FIG. 10 , at step  1002 , a selection of how many temporal segments are to be included in the project is accepted from the user. Exemplary details of this step were discussed above with reference to  FIG. 6 . For example, when the custom project screen  602  (in  FIG. 6 ) is initially presented to a user, a single segment may be shown, and the user can select the “insert segment” icon  634  to add one or more additional segments at one or more desired temporal positions. Alternatively, after the “create custom project” icon  522  (in  FIG. 5 ) is selected by the user, a screen may be displayed to the user that asks the user how many segments are to be included in the project. Either way, once presented with the custom project screen  602 , the user will be able to remove and add segments as desired, as well as change the order of the various segments. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 10 , at step  1004 , for each segment in the project, a selection of an effect that is to be applied to the segment is accepted from the user. As explained above, the selected effect will specify how many video slots are included in the segment and how many audio slots are included in the segment. For example, if an effect selected for a segment specifies a full-screen layout, then that segment will include a single slot; or if an effect selected for a segment specifies a four-window checkerboard layout, then that segment will include four video slots. Each effect can specify one or more additional property, such as, but not limited to: an intro, an outro, static graphics, moving graphics, a transition, an opacity, a background, a foreground, a border, a cut-scene video, window position, window size, window orientation, and/or a post processing procedure. A post processing procedure can, for example, cause a video clip to have a particular look, such as a black-and-white film noir look, a grainy look, a vignet look, a night-vision look, a posterized look, but is not limited thereto. As was explained above with reference to the segment  612   c  in  FIG. 6 , it is possible that a segment includes no audio slot and/or no video slot, e.g., a segment can simply include one or more of the other aforementioned properties, such as a transition. 
     Still referring to  FIG. 10 , at step  1006 , for each video slot included in each segment, a selection of a video clip to populate the video slot is accepted from the user. This can include, for each video slot, providing the user with both an option to record a video clip for inclusion in the video slot, and an option to select a pre-recorded video clip for inclusion in the video slot, as was explained above with reference to  FIG. 6 . As was also explained in additional detail above with reference to  FIG. 6 , the method can also include chaining together video slots that are included in adjacent segments in response to accepting an indication from the user that the video slots are to be chained together, which enables a video clip to span more than one of the segments. Additionally, as was explained above with reference to  FIG. 7 , for each video clip selected by the user to be included a video slot, the user can trim the video clip such that only a portion of the video clip is played when the project is played. 
     At step  1008 , for each audio slot included in each segment, a selection of an audio clip to populate the audio slot is accepted from the user. This can include, for each audio slot, providing the user with both an option to record an audio clip for inclusion in the audio slot, and an option to select a pre-recorded audio clip for inclusion in the audio slot, as was explained above with reference to  FIG. 6 . As was also explained in additional detail above with reference to  FIG. 6 , the method can also include chaining together audio slots that are included in adjacent segments in response to accepting an indication from the user that the audio slots are to be chained together, which enables an audio clip to span more than one of the segments. Additionally, as was explained above, for each audio clip selected by the user to be included an audio slot, the user can trim the audio clip such that only a portion of the audio clip is played when the project is played. 
     At step  1010 , an audio-video project file is generated and stored (on one or more computer readable storage devices that are local to the user or remote from the user) that is based on the how many segments are included in the project, how many video and audio slots are included in each segment, the video clips that populate video slots, and the audio clips that populate the audio slots. The saved project file will also be based on other properties of the effect(s) applied to the segment(s) of the project. For example, the project file may also have an intro, one or more transitions, and an outro that are defined by effects applied to segments of the project. The project file can have, for example, an MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPG-4, 3GP, GIF, WMV, FLV, or AAF format, but is not limited thereto. The same software application that is used to perform steps  1002 - 1008  can also be used to perform step  1010  using, e.g., compiling algorithms, rendering algorithms, and/or the like. 
     At step  1012 , the project is presented to the user or some other person that chose to play the saved video project file. The project can be presented by playing the project file using a computing device that includes an audiovisual device (e.g.,  116  in  FIGS. 1A and 1B ) that includes a display and an audio transducer (e.g., a speaker). 
     The high level flow diagram of  FIG. 11  will now be used to summarize methods for enabling a user to generate a project using pre-defined templates in accordance with certain embodiments of the present technology. Referring to  FIG. 11 , at step  1102  a selection of one of the plurality of pre-defined templates is selected from a user. Exemplary predefined templates were discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 5, 8 and 9 . As was explained above, each of the templates specifies how many segments are included in a project generated using the template. Additionally, a skin that is applied to the selected template specifies a separate effect that is to be applied to each separate segment of the project. Such a skin can be a default skin for the template, or may be a user selected skin that is compatible with the template. The effect for each segment of the project specifies how many video slots are included in the segment, how many audio slots are included in the segment, and at least one other property of the segment, such as, but not limited to: an intro, an outro, static graphics, moving graphics, a transition, an opacity, a background, a foreground, a border, a cut-scene video and/or a post processing procedure. 
     At step  1104 , for each video slot included in each segment of the selected template, a selection of a video clip to populate the video slot is accepted from the user. This can include, for each video slot, providing the user with both an option to record a video clip for inclusion in the video slot, and an option to select a pre-recorded video clip for inclusion in the video slot. 
     At step  1106 , for each audio slot included in each segment of the selected template, a selection of an audio clip to populate the audio slot is accepted from the user. This can include, for each audio slot, providing the user with both an option to record an audio clip for inclusion in the audio slot, and an option to select a pre-recorded audio clip for inclusion in the audio slot. 
     At step  1108 , an audio-video project file is generated and stored (on one or more computer readable storage devices that are local to the user or remote from the user) that is based on the how many segments are specified by the selected template (are thus, are included in the project), the video clips that populate video slots, and the audio clips that populate the audio slots, and the other properties the or more effects (specified by the skin) that are applied to the one or more segments of the project. The saved project file will also be based on other properties of the effect(s) applied to the segment(s) of the project. For example, the project file may also have an intro, one or more transitions, and an outro that are defined by effects applied to segments of the project. The project file can have, for example, an MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPG-4, 3GP, GIF, WMV, FLV, or AAF format, but is not limited thereto. The same software application that is used to perform steps  1102 - 1106  can also be used to perform step  1108  using, e.g., compiling algorithms, rendering algorithms, and/or the like. 
     At step  1110 , the project is presented to the user or some other person that chose to play the saved video project file. The project can be presented by playing the project file using a computing device that includes a display and an audio transducer (e.g., a speaker). 
     Exemplary modules that can be used to implemented embodiments described above will now be discussed with reference to  FIG. 12 . Referring to  FIG. 12 , a templates module  1212  can be used by a template author to generate templates that can thereafter to available to users that want to generate audio-visual projects easily and quickly. The templates module  1212 , or a separate templates store module, may store the templates that are available to users. An effects module  1214  can be used by an effects author to generate effects that can thereafter to available to users to apply to segments of projects. The effects module  1214 , or a separate effects store module, may store the effects that are available to users. A skins module  1216  can be used by a skin author to generate skins that can thereafter to available to users to apply to templates. The skins module  1216 , or a separate skins store module, may store the skins that are available to users. A graphical user interface (GUI) module  1218  can be used to produce the various screens that are presented to a user generating a project, as well as to accept selections and other inputs from a user. A population module  1220  can be used to populate slots of segments with clips that are selected, e.g., by a template author, an effect author, or a user generating a project. A rendering and/or compiling module  1222  can be used to produce a project file, based on the one or more segments, clips, effects, etc., that are associated with a project. Each of the aforementioned modules can be software program modules stored on one or more computer readable storage devices, e.g., in memory. Such modules can be executed using one or more processors of a computing system, examples of which were discussed above with reference to  FIGS. 3 and 4 . More generally, each module can be implemented by one or more processor (of a computing system) executing program code. Such a computing system can also include an audiovisual device (e.g.,  116  in  FIGS. 1A and 1B ) that enables the graphical user interface to be presented to the user, and also enables the project to be presented to the user when a project file is played. 
     Embodiments of the present technology have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have often been defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries are thus within the scope and spirit of the present technology. For example, it would be possible to combine or separate some of the steps shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 . For another example, it is possible to change the boundaries of some of the blocks shown in  FIGS. 3, 4 and 12 . 
     Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. It is intended that the scope of the technology be defined by the claims appended hereto.