Patent Publication Number: US-11660892-B2

Title: Systems and methods for determining printing conditions based on samples of images printed by shuttle-based printers

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/291,016, filed on Oct. 11, 2016, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference thereto. 
    
    
     TECHNICAL FIELD 
     The teachings disclosed herein relate generally to systems and methods for determining printing conditions based on samples of printed images and, more particularly, for determining printing conditions based on samples of images printed by shuttle-based printers. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Common types of printers include single-pass systems and shuttle-based systems.  FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example of a single-pass system implemented on a printer. One or more printheads span the width of the printer. A “width” of a printer refers to the range of a printing area in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the paper transport (i.e., downstream direction). The printheads can access reservoirs of cyan-, magenta-, yellow-, and black-colored ink. An image is printed on a medium by advancing the medium downstream under the arrangement of printheads that eject ink onto the medium. An “image” refers to any visually perceptible object (e.g., a document, a banner, a graphic) that can be recorded on a “medium,” which is a physical substrate (e.g., paper or tile) upon which the image can be permanently or temporarily recorded. Moreover, an “image” may refer to a portion of another image. The printheads can dispense different colored inks at the same time to print a colored image. 
       FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example of a shuttle-based system (i.e., a multi-pass system) implemented on a printer. Here, printing involves multiple “passes” of a printer carriage that moves perpendicular to the downstream direction. The carriage includes printheads. With each pass, ink can be dispensed onto the medium to print an image. As such, the carriage may need to pass the printheads over the medium multiple times to produce full-color results. 
     Systems for inspecting images being printed have long been a tool employed to ensure acceptable print quality. Common inspection systems use line sensors or area sensors that capture a sample image of a printed image. This captured image can be analyzed to check print quality. For example,  FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example of a line sensor that spans the entire width of a printer.  FIG.  2 B  illustrates an example of a line sensor that does not span the entire width of the printer but includes optics that can capture the entire width of the printer. Lastly,  FIG.  2 C  illustrates an example of an area sensor that captures an area of an image being printed. High-speed printing presses and single-pass inkjet systems commonly use a stationary two-dimensional still camera to capture images of a printed image. However, wide-format printers require such a large camera that it is impractical and cost-prohibitive to implement such systems. 
     SUMMARY 
     Introduced here are at least one method, at least one system, and at least one apparatus. The at least one method can be performed by a system for inspecting images printed by a shuttle-based printer. The method includes printing a portion of an image on a section of a medium, thereby providing a printed section. The section of the medium can have a size defined by at least a step size taken by the shuttle-based printer to advance the medium in a downstream direction. The method also includes scanning the printed section to capture a sample image of the printed section. The sample image can be captured by using an imager moving in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction. The method also includes inspecting at least a portion of the sample image to determine a value indicative of a condition related to the printed section (e.g., a condition of the shuttle-based printer or the final printed image). 
     In some embodiments, a system for inspecting an image printed by a shuttle-based printer includes a printer carriage that can print a portion of an image on a section of a medium, thereby providing a printed section. The section of the medium can have a size defined by at least a step size taken by the shuttle-based printer to advance the medium in a downstream direction. The system also includes an imager that can capture a sample image of the printed section. The sample image is captured as the imager moves in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction. The system also includes an inspection subsystem that can inspect at least a portion of the sample image to determine a value indicative of a condition related to the printed section. 
     In some embodiments, a shuttle-based printer includes a printer carriage configured to print a portion of an image on a section of a medium. The section of the medium can have a size defined by at least a step size taken by the shuttle-based printer to advance the medium in a downstream direction. The shuttle-based printer includes an imager configured to capture a sample image of the printed section. The sample image can be captured as the imager moves simultaneously with the printer carriage in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction. 
     The aforementioned embodiments may involve inspection of any combination of at least a portion of a captured sample image, multiple sample images of printed sections, or a composite of all the sample images that form a final printed image. Further, any of at least the portion of the sample image or the multiple sample images can be inspected (e.g., analyzed) independently, depending on, for example, regions or sample images that a customer or system preselects (e.g., declares as important). 
     Other aspects of the disclosed embodiments will be apparent from the accompanying figures and detailed description. 
     This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further explained below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
         FIG.  1 A  illustrates an example of a single-pass system implemented on a printer; 
         FIG.  1 B  illustrates an example of a shuttle-based system implemented on a printer; 
         FIG.  2 A  illustrates an example of a line sensor that spans an entire width of a printer; 
         FIG.  2 B  illustrates an example of a line sensor including optics that span the entire width of a printer; 
         FIG.  2 C  illustrates an example of an area sensor that captures an area of an image being printed; 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a printing system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  4    illustrates an imager structurally coupled to a printer carriage in a shuttle-based system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  5    shows a stitched image representative of a printed image captured by an imager as the composition of numerous sample images according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  6    illustrates an imager structurally decoupled from a printer carriage in a shuttle-based system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; 
         FIG.  7    is a flowchart illustrating a process performed by a shuttle-based system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; and 
         FIG.  8    is a block diagram of a computer operable to implement the disclosed technology according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments, and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts that are not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims. 
     The purpose of terminology used herein is only for describing embodiments and is not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Where context permits, words using the singular or plural form may also include the plural or singular form, respectively. 
     As used herein, unless specifically stated otherwise, terms such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “displaying,” “generating” or the like, refer to actions and processes of a computer or similar electronic computing device that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer&#39;s memory or registers into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer&#39;s memory, registers, or other such storage medium, transmission, or display devices. 
     As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or variants thereof, mean any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. The coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. 
     The disclosed embodiments include methods, systems, and apparatuses that implement shuttle-based technologies to inspect images being printed. For example, a shuttle-based printer can print a section of an image on a medium. The section can correspond to at least a step size taken by the printer to advance the medium in a downstream direction. An imager (e.g., scanner) can capture samples (i.e., sub-images) of printed sections as the imager moves back and forth over the printed sections, in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction. Computer software can be used to generate an image representative of any portion of a printed image by stitching together any number of the captured samples. Any number or combination of separate or stitched captured samples can be inspected to determine a printing condition (e.g., of the shuttle-based printer). 
     The imager of the disclosed embodiments has a smaller width compared to a line-scan camera that would span the entire width of a printer. As such, an array of sampled images can be captured across the width of the printer and a final inspection can be performed on an image that has been reconstructed from various samples acquired on each pass by the smaller imager. Specifically, computer software is used to reconstruct a final image from a multitude of samples captured on different passes. Use of this smaller imager to scan portions of a printed image on different passes enables scalability for wide-format printers while avoiding the need for costly wide-format cameras. 
     As such, the disclosed technology provides a cost-effective way to perform high-quality and high-resolution inspection for wide-format, high-speed printing presses to ensure acceptable print quality. Moreover, the disclosed imager can be coupled or decoupled from the printer carriage (which moves printheads back and forth). Thus, the imager can move simultaneously or independently of the carriage. Structurally coupling the imager to the carriage can further reduce costs by using existing structures to capture the array of images. In contrast, structurally decoupling the imager from the carriage can provide increased flexibility for different applications. 
     Embodiments of the disclosed system can check various values of parameters indicative of various printing conditions related to a printed image, and can perform various actions based on whether the printed image satisfies those printing conditions. A condition may include a print quality, which can be affected by the status of consumables (e.g., low ink), mechanical imperfections (e.g., misalignment of printheads, nozzle misbehavior, poor calibration uniformity), imperfections of mediums (e.g., substrate defects), imperfections with color, gloss, or the like. The parameters can include a threshold value or range of values used to determine whether a condition is satisfied and reject printed products that do not satisfy that condition. For example, a parameter can be an edge sharpness that must exceed a preselected value or be within a preset range of values to satisfy a print quality condition. 
     In another example, the disclosed system may compare a newly printed image to a “master” printed image, which may be a previously printed image that was deemed to be “good” by a customer/operator, to determine whether the newly printed image satisfies a print quality condition. In another example, a newly printed image can be compared to the digital file from which the newly printed image originated, to determine whether the newly printed image satisfies a print quality condition. In yet another example, a printer can print bar codes on or near primary printed images and compare the print quality of the bar codes to established standards or grades to infer the print quality of the primary printed images. Moreover, the disclosed system can be set to inspect variable data such as serial numbers that vary from copy to copy of a printed job, and compare those serial numbers to expected values. 
     The disclosed technology could also be used for diagnostic assessment by the scanning and imaging of various printed targets. As such, nozzle-out or misdirected nozzles could be detected, alignment errors could be measured from an appropriately designed target, and color adjustments could be facilitated. In some embodiments, the disclosed system may inspect a secondary printed image as a “printed target” added to a primary printed image. The secondary printed image may be used to infer a condition of the primary printed image. For example, a printer can print nozzle test patterns (secondary printed images) on or near primary printed images and compare the print quality of the nozzle test patterns to established standards or grades to infer the print quality of the primary printed images. Thus, the disclosed system may inspect the primary printed image, or inspect a secondary printed image added to the primary printed image to infer a condition of the primary printed image. 
     As indicated above, the disclosed technology can perform different actions based on the results of the inspection. For example, a defective printed image could be rejected based on established thresholds regarding an acceptable print quality. Other actions that could be taken include triggering cleaning of the printheads, adjusting elements of alignment or registration, halting printing operations, prompting maintenance operations, combinations thereof, or the like. 
     In some embodiments, the disclosed technology can determine various values of parameters indicative of various printing conditions of a medium upon which an image can be printed. For example, the disclosed system can determine whether there are any defects on incoming mediums upon which the printer is scheduled to print images. In the event that a defective medium is detected, the printer can reject the defective medium and bypass printing on the defective medium to conserve resources. 
       FIG.  3    illustrates a printing system  10  according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The printing system  10  includes a computer  12  connected to a printing mechanism  14  over a network  16 . The network  16  may include a combination of private, public, wired, or wireless portions. Data communicated over the network  16  may be encrypted or unencrypted at various locations or portions of the network  16 . The computer  12 , the printing mechanism  14 , and any other component of the printing system  10  may include combinations of hardware and/or software to process data, perform functions, communicate over the network  16 , and the like. 
     Any component of the printing system  10  may include a processor, memory or storage, a network transceiver, a display, an operating system and application software (e.g., for providing a user interface), and the like. Other components, hardware, and/or software included in the printing system  10  that are well known to persons skilled in the art are not shown or discussed herein. 
     The computer  12  may include any computing devices such as a server, desktop or laptop computer (e.g., Apple MacBook, Lenovo 440), handheld mobile device (e.g., Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy, Microsoft Surface), and any other electronic computing device, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a user can use the computer  12  to send print jobs to the printing mechanism  14  over the network  16 . 
     A print job refers to a file or set of files, including one or more images to be printed by the printing mechanism  14 . Different print jobs can be distinguished by a unique identifier and are assigned to a particular destination, usually a printer (e.g., printing mechanism  14 ). A print job may include instructions that control how a printer should print images. For example, a print job can include instructions regarding options such as medium type, number of copies, quality mode, step size, and priority. 
     A “printing mechanism” refers to any device or component that can at least contribute to making persistent human-readable representations of images (e.g., graphics or text) on paper, tile, or any other physical mediums (hereinafter “mediums”). As indicated above, an “image” is any visually perceptible object that can be recorded on a medium, which is a physical substrate that can permanently or temporarily record the image. Moreover, where context permits, an image may refer to a portion of another image. The printing mechanism  14  is shown as a shuttle-based inkjet printing mechanism that prints an image on a medium  20  by using a movable carriage that propels droplets of ink onto the medium  20 . Although the printing mechanism  14  is described functionally as an inkjet mechanism to aid in understanding, the disclosed concepts are not limited to this particular embodiment. Instead, the printing mechanism  14  can be included in any type of printer that includes or utilizes a shuttle-based system to inspect printed images. 
     A carriage  18  of the printing mechanism  14  moves perpendicular to the downstream direction of a printing area. The carriage  18  includes various components used to print images onto a medium  20 . For example, the carriage  18  includes one or more printheads. A printhead can access a reservoir of color ink or black ink and dispense the ink onto the medium  20 , which advances in the downstream direction. Printing involves the carriage  18  passing multiple times back and forth over the medium  20 . With each pass, colors of ink are dispensed onto the medium  20  to collectively print an image. 
     The printing mechanism  14  includes an imager  22  that can be located anywhere downstream of the carriage  18 . The imager  22  can capture scanned images of an image being printed on the medium  20 . The captured images may be stored locally at a printer, transmitted to another location, such as the computer  12 , or both. The imager  22  is a remote sensing device because it captures samples of a printed image without physical contact. An example of the imager  22  includes a scanner including a scanning head that performs a scanning operation on a section of a printed image. Hence, the imager  22  can include hardware and optical and software components that are known to persons skilled in the art and, as such, are not discussed herein. 
     The printing system  10  can use the disclosed shuttle-based technologies to inspect printed images. For example, the printing mechanism  14  can print a section of an image on the medium  20 . The section can correspond to at least a step size taken by the printing mechanism  14  to advance the medium  20  in a downstream direction. The imager  22  can capture sample images of at least the printed sections as the imager  22  passes back and forth over the printed sections in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction. Computer software at a printer, including the printing mechanism  14 , or at another device such as the computer  12 , can generate a composite of the samples by stitching together any number of the samples. Any sample or combination of stitched samples can be inspected independently or collectively to determine the values of parameters indicative of printing conditions (e.g., condition of a printer). 
       FIG.  4    illustrates an imager structurally coupled to a printer carriage in a shuttle-based system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The system  24  includes a printing area  26  defined as the area over which a carriage  28  can print on the medium  30 . The carriage  28  is coupled to the railing  32  to print on the medium  30  as the carriage  28  moves in two directions. The printing area  26  can receive sections  34  (referred to collectively as sections  34  and individually as sections  34 - 1  through  34 - 8 ) of the medium  30  on which respective portions of the image  36  are to be printed. Each of the sections  34  can be defined by a step size taken to advance the medium  30  in a downstream direction. 
     In some embodiments, the step size can be fixed or varied. For example, a two-pass print mode may not advance a medium on a first print pass, but advance the medium the entire height of a printhead on the second print pass. Moreover, in some embodiments, the sections  34  can be slightly larger than the step size to facilitate subsequent stitching of the sample images to form the image  36 , as detailed further below. 
     The carriage  28  is operable to dispense ink onto sections of the medium  30  within the printing area  26 . In particular, the carriage  28  can move on the railing  32  in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction, passing back and forth multiple times over the printing area  26 , each time dispensing ink onto the sections of the medium  30  within the printing area  26 . The carriage  28  passes over the printing area  26  a sufficient number of times to complete the printing of a portion of the image  36  in the printing area  26 . 
     In the embodiment of  FIG.  4   , the medium  30  has eight sections  34 - 1  through  34 - 8  that have had at least one pass by the carriage  28 . For example, sections  34 - 1  through  34 - 7  could be finished sections, whereas section  34 - 8  could be an unfinished section. More specifically, section  34 - 8  could have had one pass completed by the carriage  28 , and section  34 - 7  could have had two passes completed by the carriage  28 . 
     After the carriage  28  has finished printing the portion of the image  36  onto the section  34 - 7 , the medium  30  takes a step to advance downstream. As such, the finished section  34 - 7  exits the printing area  26 , the section  34 - 8  advances to occupy a portion of the printing area  26  previously occupied by the section  34 - 7 , and a new section enters the printing area  26 . Then the carriage  28  passes over the printing area back and forth as needed. This process repeats iteratively to print the image  36  on the medium  30  section by section, until the entire image  36  has been printed on the medium  30 . 
     The components of the system  24  include an imager  38  that is located downstream of the carriage  28  but structurally coupled to the carriage  28 . As such, the imager  38  and the carriage  28  can move simultaneously back and forth over sections  34  of the medium  30  in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction. The imager  38  can capture one or more images of at least one finished section (e.g., section  34 - 5 ). Each captured image is a sub-image (hereinafter a “sample image”) that can span a printed section  34  of the image  36 . An array of sample images collectively spans the image  36  in its entirety. 
     For example, the imager  38  can capture sample images of printed sections as the imager  38  passes over the printed sections while the carriage  28  simultaneously prints other sections. In some embodiments, the resolution of the imager  38  may be equal to or greater than the maximum dots per inch (dpi) value of the printed image (e.g., 1,000 dpi). 
     In some embodiments, the imager  38  has a field of view defined by a length (L imager ) and a width (W imager). The length (L imager ) is equal to or greater than the length (L section ) of the largest section of sections  34 . As such, any step size taken by the printing mechanism to advance the medium  30  downstream is equal to or less than the length (L imager ) of the imager. For example, in some embodiments, the length (L imager ) of the imager  38  may be greater than or equal to a largest step size of the printer. 
     The disclosed system includes an image processing subsystem (not shown in  FIG.  4   ) that can inspect at least one of the sampled images captured by the imager  38  to determine values of parameters indicative of printing conditions (e.g., condition of a printer). Referring back to  FIG.  3   , the image processing subsystem may be resident at the printer, including the printing mechanism  14 , or at the computer  12 . Accordingly, the sampled images captured by the imager  38  could be communicated over the network  16  from the printing mechanism  14  to the computer  12 , where the sample images are processed to make a determination about the printing performed by a printer that includes the printing mechanism  14 . 
     In some embodiments, the image processing subsystem can stitch together any number of the sample images captured by the imager  38 . For example,  FIG.  5    shows an image  40  representative of the image  36  stitched together from numerous sample images  42  captured by the imager  38 . 
     As used herein, stitching is a process that involves combining multiple sample images with overlapping fields of view to produce a segmented image. Stitching is commonly performed through the use of computer software and can require nearly exact overlaps between images at identical exposures to produce seamless results. The process of stitching can include determining an appropriate model that relates pixel coordinates in one sample image to pixel coordinates in another in order to align stitching of two sample images. The process may involve estimating the correct alignments relating to various pairs (or collections) of sample images. In some embodiments, distinctive features can be found in each sample image and then matched to establish correspondences between pairs of sample images. 
     The determination of values indicative of printing conditions can be based on any number of sample images  42 , including an array of sample images  42  that have been stitched together to form a portion or an entire representation of the image  40 . For example, the image processing subsystem may make a determination about print quality based on an inspection of a single sample image  42 - 1 , or based on a stitched portion (e.g., any of  42 - 1  through  42 - 5 ), or the entire stitched image  40  (e.g., all of  42 - 1  through  42 - 5 ). 
     The inspection can be performed to make a variety of determinations about the performance of a printer, including the status of any consumable items such as ink, as well as the status of mechanical components such as the alignment of printheads. As such, the determination made about a printer could be used to identify maintenance needs, identify errors, and to troubleshoot. For example, the disclosed technology could be used for diagnostic assessments by scanning and imaging various printed targets. In particular, nozzle-out or misdirected nozzles could be detected, alignment errors could be measured from an appropriately designed target, and color adjustments could be facilitated. 
       FIG.  6    illustrates an imager structurally decoupled from a printer carriage in a shuttle-based system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The system  42  is similar to the system  24  of  FIG.  4    except that an imager  48  can move independently of a carriage  44 . In particular, the carriage  44  and imager  48  are movable along separate railings. The carriage  44  is movable along a railing  32  in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction, passing back and forth multiple times to print portions of the image  36  onto the medium  30 . The imager  48  is movable along a railing  50  in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction, capable of passing back and forth any number of times to scan an image printed on the medium  30 . 
     In some embodiments, the scanning axis of the imager  48  is not parallel to the axis of movement of the carriage  44 . As such, the scanning axis of the imager  48  may not be perpendicular to the downstream direction. Instead, the imager  48  could be mounted on a railing  50  that is at an angle from the rail of the carriage  44 . This would still allow the imager  48  to capture the entire image  40  by way of sub-images. 
     Similar to the system  24  shown in  FIG.  4   , the imager  48  is downstream of the carriage  44 . In some embodiments, the imager  48  has a field of view defined by a length (L imager ) and width (W imager). The length (L imager ) is equal to or greater than the length (L section ) of the largest section of sections  34 . As such, any step size taken by the printing mechanism to advance the medium  30  downstream is equal to or less than the length (L imager ) of the imager. Hence, the imager  48  can capture sample images of the printed image  36  corresponding to respective sections  34  of the medium  30 . 
     Dissimilar from the system  24  shown in  FIG.  4   , any of a direction, speed, and acceleration of the imager  48  may be the same as or different from the carriage  44 . For example, a scan rate and acceleration of the imager  48  may equal the maximum speed and acceleration of the carriage  44 . Specifically, the scan rate of the imager  48  may equal the maximum speed of the carriage  44  (e.g., 73 inches per second (ips)). The acceleration of the imager  48  may equal the maximum acceleration of the carriage  44  (e.g., 1 g of gravitational force). The ability to independently control movement of the imager  48  from the carriage  44  provides flexibility for tuning inspection of a printed image to determine various printing conditions. 
     In some embodiments, the imagers  38  or  48  can be located upstream from the carriages  28  or  44 , respectively, to capture sample images of incoming media before printed images are printed on that media. As such, the systems  24  or  42  can reject any defective media using similar technology described above to avoid printing on defective media. Hence, imagers can capture sample images of media upon which printed images are scheduled to print and reject defective media to prevent defective printed images. 
       FIG.  7    is a flowchart illustrating a process  700  performed by a system for inspecting an image printed by a shuttle-based printer according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In step  702 , a portion of an image is printed by passing a carriage of the shuttle-based printer multiple times over a section of a medium. The section of the medium typically has a size defined by a step size taken by the shuttle-based printer to advance the medium in a downstream direction. In some embodiments, the section size may be greater than the step size to facilitate subsequently stitching multiple sections together. 
     In step  704 , an imager downstream of the carriage can capture a sample image of the printed section. The sample image is captured by passing the imager in a direction perpendicular to the downstream direction. As described above, the imager can be structurally decoupled or coupled to the carrier that prints the image. As such, the imager and the printer carriage will move simultaneously or independently, respectively. Either way, a maximum step size taken by the shuttle-based printer is typically equal to or less than a length of a field of view of the imager in the downstream direction. 
     In step  706 , multiple sample images can be optionally stitched together into a stitched image representing at least a portion of the image printed on the medium. The stitched image can be based on a combination of any number of the sampled images. For example, the stitched image can represent a portion of the image or the image in its entirety. 
     In step  708 , the system can inspect at least a portion of the sample image to determine a value indicative of a printing condition. For example, the system can inspect a single sample image or the stitched image to determine a condition of the shuttle-based printer. As indicated above, the inspecting can be performed at the shuttle-based printer or another device such as a remotely located computer. 
       FIG.  8    is a block diagram of a computer  52  of printing system  10  operable to implement the disclosed technology according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The computer  52  may be a generic computer or one specifically designed to carry out features of printing system  10 . For example, the computer  52  may be a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer (SBC) system, a desktop or laptop computer, a kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a handheld mobile device, part of cloud-based data collection systems, included in internet-of-things devices, part of Industry 4.0 systems, or combinations thereof. 
     The computer  52  may be a standalone device or part of a distributed system that spans multiple networks, locations, machines, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the computer  52  operates as a server computer (e.g., computer  12 ) or a client device (e.g., printing mechanism  14 ) in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer system. In some embodiments, the computer  52  may perform one or more steps of the disclosed embodiments in real time, near real time, offline, by batch processing, or combinations thereof. 
     As shown in  FIG.  8   , the computer  52  includes a bus  54  that is operable to transfer data between hardware components. These components include a control  56  (e.g., processing system), a network interface  58 , an input/output (I/O) system  60 , and a clock system  62 . The computer  52  may include other components that are not shown nor further discussed for the sake of brevity. One having ordinary skill in the art will understand any hardware and software that is included but not shown in  FIG.  8   . 
     The control  56  includes one or more processors  64  (e.g., central processing units (CPUs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and/or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)) and memory  66  (which may include software  68 ). For example, the memory  66  may include volatile memory, such as random-access memory (RAM), and/or non-volatile memory, such as read-only memory (ROM). The memory  66  can be local, remote, or distributed. 
     A software program (e.g., software  68 ), when referred to as “implemented in a computer-readable storage medium,” includes computer-readable instructions stored in the memory (e.g., memory  66 ). A processor (e.g., processor  64 ) is “configured to execute a software program” when at least one value associated with the software program is stored in a register that is readable by the processor. In some embodiments, routines executed to implement the disclosed embodiments may be implemented as part of operating system (OS) software (e.g., Microsoft Windows® and Linux®) or a specific software application, component, program, object, module, or sequence of instructions referred to as “computer programs.” 
     As such, the computer programs typically comprise one or more instructions set at various times in various memory devices of a computer (e.g., computer  52 ), which, when read and executed by at least one processor (e.g., processor  64 ), will cause the computer to perform operations to execute features involving the various aspects of the disclosed embodiments. In some embodiments, a carrier containing the aforementioned computer program product is provided. The carrier is one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (e.g., the memory  66 ). 
     The network interface  58  may include a modem or other interfaces (not shown) for coupling the computer  52  to other computers over the network  16 . The I/O system  60  may operate to control various I/O devices including peripheral devices, such as a display system  70  (e.g., a monitor or touch-sensitive display) and one or more input devices  72  (e.g., a keyboard and/or pointing device). Other I/O devices  74  may include, for example, a disk drive, printer, scanner, or the like. Lastly, the clock system  62  controls a timer for use by the disclosed embodiments. 
     Operation of a memory device (e.g., memory  66 ), such as a change in state from a binary one (1) to a binary zero (0) (or vice versa) may comprise a visually perceptible physical change or transformation. The transformation may comprise a physical transformation of an article to a different state or thing. For example, a change in state may involve accumulation and storage of charge or a release of stored charge. Likewise, a change of state may comprise a physical change or transformation in magnetic orientation or a physical change or transformation in molecular structure, such as a change from crystalline to amorphous or vice versa. 
     Aspects of the disclosed embodiments may be described in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits stored in memory. These algorithmic descriptions and symbolic representations generally include a sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations require physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electric or magnetic signals that are capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. Customarily, and for convenience, these signals are referred to as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. These and similar terms are associated with physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. 
     While embodiments have been described in the context of fully functioning computers, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms and that the disclosure applies equally, regardless of the particular type of machine or computer-readable media used to actually effect the embodiments. 
     While the disclosure has been described in terms of several embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described herein and can be practiced with modifications and alterations within the spirit and scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will also recognize improvements to the embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein. Thus, the description is to be regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.