Patent Publication Number: US-2021165207-A1

Title: Fluidic Glasses For Correcting Refractive Errors Of A Human Or Animal

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/972,033, entitled “Fluidic Glasses For Correcting Refractive Errors Of A Human Or Animal”, filed on Feb. 9, 2020; and this patent application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 16/776,453, entitled “System For Preventing Motion Sickness Resulting From Virtual Reality Or Augmented Reality”, filed Jan. 29, 2020; and Ser. No. 16/776,453 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/798,132, entitled “System For Preventing Motion Sickness Resulting From Virtual Reality”, filed on Jan. 29, 2019 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/895,185, entitled “System For Preventing Motion Sickness Resulting From Virtual Reality Or Augmented Reality”, filed on Sep. 3, 2019; and Ser. No. 16/776,453 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 16/112,595, entitled “Fluidic Light Field Camera”, filed Aug. 24, 2018; and Ser. No. 16/112,595 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/549,941, entitled “Dynamic Imaging System and a Remote Laser Treatment System Using the Same”, filed on Aug. 24, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/563,582, entitled “Dynamic Imaging System and a Remote Laser Treatment System Using the Same”, filed on Sep. 26, 2017; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/671,525, entitled “Dynamic Image Recognition System For Security And Telemedicine”, filed on May 15, 2018; and Ser. No. 16/112,595 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/608,745, entitled “Flexible Fluidic Mirror and Hybrid System”, filed May 30, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,133,056; and Ser. No. 15/608,745 is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/942,256, entitled “Flexible Fluidic Mirror and Hybrid System”, filed on Nov. 16, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,607, which claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 62/180,668, entitled “Flexible Fluidic Mirror and Hybrid System”, filed Jun. 17, 2015; and Ser. No. 14/942,256 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 14/461,263, entitled “Automated Camera System With One Or More Fluidic Lenses”, filed Aug. 15, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,191,568; and Ser. No. 14/461,263 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/793,199 entitled “Fluidic Adaptive Optic Fundus Camera”, filed Mar. 11, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,016,860; and Ser. No. 13/793,199 is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/165,231 entitled “External Lens with Flexible Membranes for Automatic Correction of the Refractive Errors of a Person”, filed Jun. 21, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278; the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 
    
    
     STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT 
     Not Applicable. 
     INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK 
     Not Applicable. 
     BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 
     1. Field of the Invention 
     The invention generally relates to fluidic glasses for correcting refractive errors of a human or animal. More particularly, in accordance with one aspect of the invention, the invention relates to hybrid fluidic glasses that include a diffractive lens or transitional lens in combination with a fluidic lens for simultaneous far and near stereovision. 
     2. Background 
     All children are born with a number of refractive errors and the majority of them are not detected until the age of one to two years when one eye or the other becomes dominant while the retina of the other eye does not develop and the eye remains “lazy” and may produce a deviation that is called strabismus. If the strabismus is not corrected within month to a year, the neuronal development in the lazy eye suffers by producing amblyopia in that eye. 
     One of the reasons for the misconception for not correcting refractive error is that the general theory that the retina is not fully developed, and therefore the eyes do not need to be corrected. 
     However, there has not been a simple means of measuring the eye&#39;s refraction from a child who has not learned to communicate. 
     In the past, the refractive errors are measured by asking a person to differentiate between the sharpness of one image (e.g., a letter), when different lenses are presented to the eye. This procedure is the so-called “subjective measurement” of the visual acuity of the patient. The problem with the subjective refraction has been the inaccuracy of the information that a person communicates to an ophthalmologist or optometrist, etc. 
     Until now, the refractive errors of newborns are not checked unless the child is nine to twelve months or older where the eye deviation may become visible to the parents. 
     Similarly, the refractive power of the eyes of animals is not measured unless there has been a need to replace (e.g., a cataract or a damaged crystalline lens) with another synthetic (e.g., acrylic plastic lens). The measurement have been in the majority of situations not precise using a sciascope, or the examiner dials a certain dioptric power in front of a direct ophthalmoscope in front of his own eye while looking inside the eye of the patient until he sees the fundus sharp. However, this accuracy of this examination depends on how often the examiner&#39;s eye is corrected to see the near object to start with. 
     Therefore, there is a need for fluidic glasses for correcting refractive errors of a human or animal. In addition, there is a need for hybrid fluidic glasses for simultaneous far and near stereovision for correcting vision in adults, babies, or animals. 
     Moreover, motion sickness can be induced by an involuntary motion of the body and the eye. The retinal photoreceptors sense the visual light stimuli induced by the motion in the surrounding environment, which are transmitted as electrical pulses to the brain via the optic nerve. The perception of the body and head location and their motion are perceived by the three semicircular fluid-filled canals and their hair-like sensors stimulated by small stones, which are located in the inner ear and build a part of the vestibular system, connected to the brain through the 8th cranial nerve. 
     Motion sensation can be felt both by the eye and the vestibular system, or separately. If the signals reach the brain in a coordinated logical format, the brain accepts it as expected or normal consequence of motion. If the sensations are not felt together, the brain may not be able to register it as expected or normal, which can result in a confusion producing the symptoms of motion sickness, e.g., dizziness, imbalance, stiffness of the neck muscles, vertigo, and vomiting, etc. 
     Virtual reality (VR) is a new computer-generated reality presented to the viewer via a headset and two goggles having two fixed plus lenses inside a viewing box with a semitransparent glass or plastic to exclude the outside world, while immersing the viewer in a separate artificial environment or a combination of virtual and augmented reality (AR). The eyes are in general in an extreme convergent position for near vision to see the images presented to them stereoscopically or in three dimensions. 
     While about 50% of the adult users may not have any side effects when using the VR goggles, or AR glasses, a large portion of the population will suffer from minor to major discomfort, involving eye strain, dizziness, or imbalance that makes using these units problematic after short or long term use. Often a mismatch between these sensations creates discomfort that can be minor strain of the eye to severe symptoms of dizziness, imbalance, and vomiting, etc. 
     At present, there is no space for correction of the visual acuity of the person in the headset for the viewer to use his or her daily worn glasses, nor there is any means of correcting the positive or negative or astigmatic dioptric errors of the eyes of the viewer in the relaxed stage or during observation of an object close to the eye that creates a state of accommodation. In this situation, the eyes automatically converge and the ciliary body contracts to create a crystalline lens in the eye which is more convex with a focal point of about 33 cm from the eye. However the closer the object is to the eye the more dioptric power is needed to bring the object or image in the focal point of the eyes. 
     At present, all VR or AR systems use solid lenses made of solid glass and their power is not adjustable. Only the position of the lenses can be moved closer or further apart to each other to bring them closer or further from each other. These lenses are not automatically corrected for the individuals using them. 
     As mentioned above, the VR headset is equipped with two sets of plus lenses, despite the statement by the manufacturers that these lenses are adjustable, this statement is related to the position of the lenses or inter-pupillary distance between the eyes, and not to the refractive power of the lenses. This means that all refractive errors of the eye including myopic, hyperopic or astigmatic errors of the eyes remain uncorrected during the use of the VR or AR. In such a situation, the eyes have to fuse the images of two eyes, in the presence of these disparities. This creates eye strain and confusion for the eye and brain. Because the degree of accommodation and convergence differ in each person and with age, these discrepancies alone enhance the potential side effects described and contribute to non-tolerance of the VR headsets. Furthermore, the solid lenses do not provide a means of increasing or decreasing their refractive power, i.e., changing their focal point as the eyes look at an object near or in the far. The simple corrective glasses also cannot adjust themselves to eliminate this problem because their corrective powers are not tunable because the lenses do not change their shape depending on the dioptric power needed in front of the eyes. And they are made to be static (solid lens) for either emmetropic correction of the eye, for the far, at a fixed distance from the eye, or for reading at a distance of about 33 cm from the eyes, etc. 
     Hereinafter, in this application, solutions to some of the above described problems will be presented. These solutions will make it possible to reduce some of the side effects described above, though there will be always some people who will have difficulty getting used to these side effects, which can be compared to the fear of height. 
     Furthermore, conventional cameras are known that require the users thereof to manually adjust the focus of a lens prior to taking a photograph so that the acquired image is in-focus. The manual adjustment of the camera lens is laborious and often inaccurate. Thus, what is needed is an automated camera system that comprises means for automatically focusing the camera without the necessity for manual adjustment by the user thereof, and without the need for moving parts on the camera itself. In particular, there is a need for a light field camera with automatic focal point adjustment. 
     BRIEF SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Accordingly, the present invention is directed to fluidic glasses for correcting refractive errors of a human or animal that substantially obviates one or more problems resulting from the limitations and deficiencies of the related art. 
     In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, there is provided fluidic glasses for correcting refractive errors of a human or animal, the fluidic glasses including at least one flexible fluidic lens having an outer housing and a flexible membrane supported within the outer housing, the flexible membrane at least partially defining a chamber that receives a fluid therein; and a fluid control system operatively coupled to the at least one flexible fluidic lens, the fluid control system configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the chamber of the at least one flexible fluidic lens, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chamber of the at least one flexible fluidic lens, in order to change the shape of the at least one flexible fluidic lens in accordance with the amount of fluid therein, thereby correcting the refractive errors of an eye of a human or animal. 
     In a further embodiment of the present invention, the fluid control system comprises a pump and one or more fluid distribution lines, the pump including a push and pull motor or a step motor activated electronically via a switch to add or remove fluid from the chamber of the at least one flexible fluidic lens, at least one of the one or more fluid distribution lines fluidly coupling the pump to the at least one flexible fluidic lens so that the pump is capable of adjusting concavity and/or convexity of the at least one flexible fluidic lens. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the at least one flexible fluidic lens comprises a first flexible fluidic lens with a first fluid chamber disposed in a front of the fluidic glasses for correction of myopia or hyperopia and a second flexible fluidic lens with a second fluid chamber disposed in a rear of the fluidic glasses for correction of hyperopia, thereby enabling the fluidic glasses to function as presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens for correcting for both hyperopia and myopia of the human or animal. 
     In still a further embodiment, the fluidic glasses further comprises a solid, rigid rear plate disposed between the first fluid chamber of the first flexible fluidic lens and the second fluid chamber of the second flexible fluidic lens so as to separate the first fluid chamber from the second fluid chamber 
     In yet a further embodiment, the solid, rigid rear plate has a generally flat shape and is formed from a transparent glass or polymeric material. 
     In still a further embodiment, the second flexible fluidic lens in the rear of the fluidic glasses for correcting hyperopia is approximately half the size of the first flexible fluidic lens in the front of the fluidic glasses for correcting myopia. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the fluidic glasses further comprise a Fresnel diffractive lens disposed behind the at least one flexible fluidic lens, the Fresnel diffractive lens including multiple zones of prisms so as to provide a plurality of fixed diffractive plus zone focal points, the multiple zones of the Fresnel diffractive lens being for presbyopia correction of near vision of the human or animal, and the at least one flexible fluidic lens being for myopia correction of distance vision of the human or animal. 
     In still a further embodiment, the Fresnel diffractive lens comprises a central region having a diameter between 1 and 4 millimeters that is free of the multiple zones of prisms, and a peripheral region surrounding the central region that contains the multiple zones of prisms, thereby producing a pinhole Fresnel diffractive lens where every object viewed through the central region of the pinhole Fresnel diffractive lens is in focus for the human or animal. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the at least one flexible fluidic lens comprises a first flexible fluidic lens with a first fluid chamber disposed in a front of a first eye of the human or animal for correcting the refractive errors of the first eye and a second flexible fluidic lens with a second fluid chamber disposed in a front of a second eye of the human or animal for correcting the refractive errors of the second eye, thereby enabling the fluidic glasses to provide stereovision correction for the human or animal. 
     In still a further embodiment, the fluidic glasses further comprises a solid rear plate disposed behind the chamber of the at least one flexible fluidic lens, the solid rear plate being in the form of a transitional lens with a light-sensitive pigment that changes color based upon the amount of light absorbed by the transitional lens. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the transitional lens comprises a central region having a diameter between 1 and 4 millimeters that is free of the light-sensitive pigment, and a peripheral region surrounding the central region that contains the light-sensitive pigment so that the peripheral region becomes darker when activated by light, thereby producing a pinhole transitional lens where every object viewed through the central region of the pinhole transitional lens is in focus for the human or animal. 
     In still a further embodiment, the pinhole transitional lens is in the form of Fresnel diffractive lens that includes multiple zones of prisms so as to provide a plurality of fixed diffractive plus zone focal points, the multiple zones of the Fresnel diffractive lens being for presbyopia correction of near vision of the human or animal, and the at least one flexible fluidic lens being for myopia correction of distance vision of the human or animal. 
     In yet a further embodiment, the at least one flexible fluidic lens comprises a first flexible fluidic lens with a first fluid chamber disposed in front of the pinhole transitional lens for correction of myopia and a second flexible fluidic lens with a second fluid chamber disposed behind the pinhole transitional lens for correction of hyperopia, thereby enabling the fluidic glasses to function as presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens for correcting both hyperopia and myopia of the human or animal. 
     In still a further embodiment, the second flexible fluidic lens behind the pinhole transitional lens for correcting hyperopia is approximately half the size of the first flexible fluidic lens in the front of the pinhole transitional lens for correcting myopia. 
     In accordance with one or more other embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a method of using a hybrid fluidic lens for correcting refractive errors of a human or animal, the method comprising the steps of: (i) objectively measuring the refractive power of the eye of the human or animal using an automated handheld objective refractometer and phoropter; (ii) providing a hybrid fluidic lens for correcting refractive errors of the human or animal, the hybrid fluidic lens including at least one flexible fluidic lens and at least one of a Fresnel diffractive lens, a transitional lens, a pinhole transitional lens, and a pinhole Fresnel diffractive lens; (iii) verifying the accuracy of the desired dioptric power of the hybrid fluidic lens using a standard lensometer; and (iv) correcting the refractive error of the desired dioptric power while the hybrid fluidic lens is under the lensometer to achieve the prescription power measured with an objective phoropter, fluidic lens, and Shack-Hartmann system. 
     Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description and the figures. 
     It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of the present invention are merely exemplary and explanatory in nature. As such, the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of the invention should not be construed to limit the scope of the appended claims in any sense. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG. 1  illustrates a fluidic spherical lens in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 2  illustrates a fluidic cylindrical lens in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention; 
         FIG. 3  illustrates another embodiment of the present invention in which a device is shown that is capable of automatically correcting all refractive errors of an eye; 
         FIG. 4  illustrates another embodiment of the present invention in which a fluidic adaptive optic fundus camera is shown; 
         FIG. 5  illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention in which an automated camera system is shown, wherein the automated camera system comprises a plurality of fluidic lenses; 
         FIG. 6  is a side sectional view of a biconvex, flexible fluidic mirror, according to an embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 7  is a side sectional view of a convex, flexible fluidic mirror, according to another embodiment of the invention, wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line A-A in  FIG. 8 ; 
         FIG. 8  is a front/top view of the convex, flexible fluidic mirrors of  FIGS. 6 and 7 ; 
         FIG. 9  is a side sectional view of a flexible concave fluidic mirror, according to yet another embodiment of the invention, wherein the flexible membrane of the mirror is in its relaxed state; 
         FIG. 10  is another side sectional view of the flexible concave fluidic mirror of  FIG. 9 , wherein the flexible membrane of the mirror is in its deformed state, and wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line B-B in  FIG. 11 ; 
         FIG. 11  is a front/top view of the flexible concave fluidic mirrors of  FIGS. 9 and 10 ; 
         FIG. 12  is a front/top view of a flexible parabolic or elliptical fluidic mirror, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 13  is a side sectional view of the flexible parabolic or elliptical fluidic mirror of  FIG. 12 , wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line C-C in  FIG. 12 ; 
         FIG. 14  is a front/top view of a hybrid flexible fluidic mirror, according to yet another embodiment of the invention, wherein the mirror has a circular shape and a convex configuration; 
         FIG. 15  is a side sectional view of the hybrid flexible fluidic mirror of  FIG. 14 , wherein the section is generally cut along the cutting-plane line D-D in  FIG. 14 ; 
         FIG. 16  is a front/top view of another hybrid flexible fluidic mirror, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 17  is a side sectional view of another hybrid flexible fluidic mirror, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 18 a    is a diagrammatic representation of a fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein, wherein the image of an object is being focused on the plane of the microlens array, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 18 b    is another diagrammatic representation of the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein, wherein the image of the object is being focused behind the plane of the microlens array; 
         FIG. 18 c    is yet another diagrammatic representation of the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein, wherein the image of the object is being focused in front of the plane of the microlens array; 
         FIG. 19  is a diagrammatic representation of the concave microlens and sensor array of the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera described herein; 
         FIG. 20  is a diagrammatic representation of another fluidic light field camera described herein, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 21  is a diagrammatic representation of yet another fluidic light field camera described herein, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 22  is a perspective view of a person wearing a virtual reality headset that includes fluidic lenses in the headset for correcting the refractive errors of the person, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 23  is a diagrammatic representation of the refractive error correction system utilized in conjunction with the fluidic lenses disposed in the virtual reality headset of  FIG. 22 ; 
         FIG. 24  is a detail view of the pump and servomotor that is used in the refractive error correction system of  FIG. 23 ; 
         FIG. 25A  is a diagrammatic view of a system that utilizes a plurality of prisms to separate the images of each eye to reduce muscular fatigue during convergence, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 25B  is a diagrammatic view of a system where the images that are projected onto a screen are seen by each eye separately, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 25C  is a top view of a spherical fluidic lens and two astigmatic cylindrical fluidic lenses that may be included in the system of  FIG. 25B  for each eye; 
         FIG. 25D  depicts top views of pinpoint transitional lenses for correcting refractive power for any distance, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 25E  depicts side views of the pinpoint transitional lenses of  FIG. 25D ; 
         FIG. 26A  is a top view of a first transparent circular plate used for correcting a convergence problem associated with a user of a virtual reality (VR) headset, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 26B  is a top view of a second transparent circular plate used for correcting a convergence problem associated with a user of a virtual reality (VR) headset; 
         FIG. 26C  is a top view of two transparent circular plates used for correcting a convergence problem associated with a user of a virtual reality (VR) headset, wherein the upper transparent circular plate has a magnetic material at the peripheral edge thereof, and the lower transparent circular plate has a series of activatable electromagnets at the peripheral edge thereof, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 26D  is a top view of a transparent balloon (or a ball-shaped flexible transparent polymer) that is able to be filled with a fluid for creating a tunable prism (or when it is in the form of a ball, it does not need to be filled because it is made of a flexible or semisolid transparent polymer with no cavity), according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 26E  is a side view of a tunable prism in a parallel configuration, where the tunable prism utilizes the transparent balloon or ball of  FIG. 26D ; 
         FIG. 26F  is a side view of the tunable prism of  FIG. 26E  in a first tilted configuration; 
         FIG. 26G  is a side view of a tunable prism of  FIG. 26E  in a second tilted configuration; 
         FIG. 26H  is a side view of another tunable prism, wherein the bottom plate of the tunable prism comprises a central hole formed therein, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 26I  illustrates varying degrees of activation of a tunable prism, which is similar to the tunable prism depicted in  FIGS. 26E, 26F, and 26G ; 
         FIG. 26J  is another side view of the tunable prism of  FIG. 26H , wherein the balloon of the tunable prism is shown protruding through the central hole in the bottom plate, and the balloon is compressed using magnets without the use of a pump; 
         FIG. 27A  is a side view of another tunable prism, wherein a pump is shown connected to the balloon of the tunable prism for inflating the balloon so as to create a convex lens, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 27B  is a side view of a combined prism and tunable lens, wherein the combined prism and tunable lens (e.g., a liquid lens) is provided with both a pump and magnetic actuation means, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 27C  is a top view of the back plate of the combined prism and tunable lens illustrated in  FIG. 27B , wherein the circular opening in the back plate is depicted; 
         FIG. 27D  is a side view of a combined prism and tunable lens similar to that of  FIG. 27B , except that the back plate of the combined prism and tunable lens is provided with a rectangular opening rather than a circular opening for creation of an astigmatic tunable lens, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 27E  is a top view of the back plate of the combined prism and tunable flexible lens illustrated in  FIG. 27D , wherein the rectangular opening in the back plate is depicted; 
         FIG. 27F  is a top view of a universal prism created by two separate liquid or tunable lenses located 45 degrees from each other, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 27G  is a top view of another universal prism and astigmatic lenses that is created by two prismatic lenses located 45 degrees from each other, according to still another embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 28A  is a side view of another tunable prism, wherein a spring coil is used in the prism rather than a balloon or ball, according to yet another embodiment of the invention; and 
         FIG. 28B  is a side view of still another embodiment of a tunable prism, wherein the tunable prism utilizes a combination of a spring coil and a balloon or ball made of a transparent polymer, such as silicone, etc. 
         FIG. 29  is a side sectional view of a fluidic lens with a flexible membrane in a convex configuration for correction of farsightedness of an eye (hyperopia), according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 30  is a side sectional view of a fluidic lens with a flexible membrane in a concave configuration for correction of nearsightedness of an eye (i.e., myopia), according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 31  is a side sectional view of a presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens with two fluidic chambers for correcting for both hyperopia and myopia, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 32  is a side sectional view of the presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens of  FIG. 31 , where the front fluidic lens is disposed in a concave configuration for correction of myopia, and the rear fluidic lens is disposed in a convex configuration for correction of hyperopia, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 33  is a side sectional view of a diffractive fluidic lens having a front fluidic lens chamber with a flexible membrane and a rear Fresnel diffractive lens with multiple zones of prisms to provide many fixed diffractive plus zone focal points, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 34  is a top view of the diffractive fluidic lens of  FIG. 33 ; 
         FIG. 35A  is a top view of a back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a transitional lens with a pigment that changes color based upon the amount of light absorbed, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 35B  is a top view of another back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a transitional lens in which the pigment does not cover a small central area of the plate, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 35C  is a top view of yet another back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a diffractive lens in which the central area of the plate is not diffractive, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 35D  is a top view of still another back plate of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate is in the form of a diffractive transitional lens in which the pigment does not cover a small non-diffractive central area of the plate, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 36  is a perspective view depicting fluidic adjustable glasses disposed on a person, the fluidic adjustable glasses including one or more lenses illustrated in  FIGS. 29-35D , according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 37A  is a side view of a hybrid fluidic lens with one or more transparent plates, where the rear transparent plate is diffractive and may be provided with a transitional pigment, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention; 
         FIG. 37B  is a top view of the diffractive fluidic lens of  FIG. 37A ; and 
         FIG. 38  is a side view of a hybrid fluidic lens similar to that of  FIGS. 29 and 30 , except that the back plate of the hybrid fluidic lens has an additional plus lens for presbyopia correction. 
     
    
    
     Throughout the figures, the same parts are always denoted using the same reference characters so that, as a general rule, they will only be described once. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION 
     Referring initially to  FIGS. 1-3 , one embodiment of the automated system of the present invention comprises a flexible membrane attached to a solid chamber where the membrane&#39;s surface can be made to act as a positive or negative surface by altering the fluid pressure inside the chamber. 
     The membrane can be constructed from any transparent elastomeric material. Depending on the membrane&#39;s peripheral attachment (e.g. circular) the membrane acts as a spherical (plus or minus 35.00 D) lens or (plus or minus 8.00 D) cylindrical lens when its attachment is rectangular ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ). 
     By combining one spherical and two cylindrical lens-membranes, positioned 45 degrees to one another, one can correct all low order aberration of the refractive errors. 
     Using a non-uniform thickness membrane or an additional lens module one can also correct the higher order aberrations of refractive errors and creation of an achromatic lens. The flexible membrane lens is adjusted to null the wavefront error of the eye. 
     When this system is combined with a relay telescope, the image of the eye pupil can be projected onto a wavefront sensor via a dichroic mirror to analyze the shape of the wavefront ( FIG. 3 ) while the person sees a near or distant object. The present system eliminates deformable mirrors and scanning parts; therefore it is a compact and stable unit. 
     The sensor in return corrects automatically all refractive errors of an eye by adding or subtracting fluid from the chamber holding the flexible membrane, thereby adjusting the curvature of the flexible membranes. 
     The final information is equal to the eye&#39;s refractive power of an eye for any given distance. Because of its simple design and light weight of the system both eyes of a person can be corrected simultaneously. 
     Additional application of this concept besides vision correction and photography includes microscope lenses, operating microscope, a lensometer capable of measuring accurately various focal points (power) of a multifocal lens or a multifocal diffractive lens, liquid crystal lenses etc. known in the art. A combination of the plus and minus flexible membrane lenses can also provide a lightweight telescope. Others include hybrid combination of this technology with diffractive, refractive and liquid crystal lenses. 
       FIG. 4  illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 4  illustrates a system  1400  in which a fundus camera  1402  uses a fluidic adaptive optic lens  1404 . Adjacent the patient&#39;s eye  1406 , are the three fluidic lenses  1408 A-C. Preferably, one of the fluidic lenses is a spherical lens  1408 A, and two of the lenses are cylindrical lenses  1408 B and  1408 C. However, the system can include any number of suitable lenses. In an exemplary embodiment, the spherical lens  1408 A is disposed in a first plane, the first cylindrical lens  1408 B is disposed in a second plane, and the second cylindrical lens  1408 C is disposed in a third plane. Each of the first, second, and third planes are oriented parallel or generally parallel to one another. Also, the first cylindrical lens  1408 B has a first axis and the second cylindrical lens  1408 C has a second axis. The first axis of the first cylindrical lens  1408 B is disposed at an angle of approximately 45 degrees relative to the second axis of the second cylindrical lens  1408 C. In addition, in an exemplary embodiment, the first plane of the spherical lens  1408 A is disposed closer to the eye  1406  than the second plane of the first cylindrical lens  1408 B and the third plane of the second cylindrical lens  1408 C. As such, in this exemplary embodiment, the cylindrical lenses  1408 B,  1408 C are positioned at 45 degrees or about 45 degrees relative to each other, and are disposed in front of the spherical lens  1408 A (i.e., farther from the eye  1406 ). 
     The three lens system forms a telescopic system that transmits the light from IR light  1410  reflected from the eye and through the three lenses to a Shack-Hartmann sensor  1412 . The Shack-Hartmann sensor is connected to control system  1414  through a charge-coupled device (CCD) array. The Shack-Hartmann sensor and the control system controls the amount of fluid injected and/or removed in the three fluidic lenses. Preferably, the control system includes (or is in communication with) a pump (not shown) which injects and withdraws fluid from a container (not shown). By injecting and withdrawing fluid from the lenses, high and low order aberrations are eliminated prior to the photography, since the fluidic lenses are capable of adjusting to the specific needs of the eye, in the same manner as described above. 
     Fundus camera  1402  is preferably equipped with white flush or a scanning laser ophthalmoscope or various lasers with different wavelengths from ultraviolet to infra-red wave length to obtain various visual information from the retina, choroid and optic nerve head. At low energy, the coagulative laser  1418  in  FIG. 4  acts as an aiming beam, so it may be both coagulative and non-coagulative depending on its energy level. An Optical coherence tomography (OCT)  1416  or a laser can replace the scanning laser  1418  (or coagulative laser) to obtain two or three dimensional histological images from the eye structures or the laser can perform a precise coagulation of the retina along with the OCT images. 
     The fundus camera  1402  is also connected to a digital camera  1420  and/or a visualization monitor. Therefore, the images captured by the fundus camera can be viewed in real time or captured for viewing at a later time. 
     Additionally, the camera position can be moved into any desired position by a two way mirror that is positioned behind the fluidic lens. 
     The present system results in a compact, lightweight, precise and inexpensive advanced camera system eliminating the need for the complex prior technology which uses deformable mirrors. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates yet another embodiment of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 5  illustrates an automated camera system  1500 , wherein the light waves entering a camera are corrected using a plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. As shown in  FIG. 5 , the automated camera system  1500  generally comprises a camera  1502  configured to capture an image of an object  1504 ; a plurality of fluidic lenses (e.g., three fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C) disposed between the camera  1502  and the object  1504 , each of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C having a respective chamber that receives a fluid therein; a fluid control system  1506  operatively coupled to each of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C, the fluid control system  1506  configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the respective chamber of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C, or remove an amount of the fluid from the respective chamber of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C, in order to change the shape of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; and a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  operatively coupled to the fluid control system  1506 , the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  by means of the fluid control system  1506  configured to automatically control the amount of the fluid in the respective chamber of each of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C, thereby automatically focusing the camera  1502  so that the image captured of the object  1504  is in focus. The camera  1502  may comprise any one of: (i) a digital camera for photography, (ii) a camera for automated microscopy, (iii) an optical coherence tomography (OCT) camera, (iv) a video surveillance camera, or (v) a camera for any other form of imaging, such as telesystem imager or a laser scanner, etc. The camera  1502  may record visible light images, infrared (IR) light images, ultraviolet (UV) light images, etc. Advantageously, the camera  1502  has no moving parts and is automatically focused by means of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the camera  1502  comprises a camera aperture  1530  that allows light rays to pass therethrough. The camera  1502  may also comprise a standard lens that is disposed behind the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. 
     In the automated camera system  1500  of  FIG. 5 , the three fluidic lenses may include a spherical lens  1508 A, a first cylindrical lens  1508 B, and a second cylindrical lens  1508 C. In the illustrated embodiment, the spherical lens  1508 A, which is closest to the camera  1502 , may be a spherical lens as illustrated in  FIG. 1 . Similarly, in the illustrated embodiment, the first and second cylindrical lenses  1508 B,  1508 C, which are disposed in front the spherical lens  1508 A, may each be a cylindrical lens as illustrated in  FIG. 2 . In an exemplary embodiment, the spherical lens  1508 A is disposed in a first plane, the first cylindrical lens  1508 B is disposed in a second plane, and the second cylindrical lens  1508 C is disposed in a third plane. Each of the first, second, and third planes are oriented parallel or generally parallel to one another. Also, the first cylindrical lens  1508 B has a first axis and the second cylindrical lens  1508 C has a second axis. The first axis of the first cylindrical lens  1508 B is disposed at an angle of approximately 45 degrees relative to the second axis of the second cylindrical lens  1508 C. In addition, in an exemplary embodiment, the first plane of the spherical lens  1508 A is disposed closer to the camera  1502  than the second plane of the first cylindrical lens  1508 B and the third plane of the second cylindrical lens  1508 C. 
     Referring again to the illustrative embodiment of  FIG. 5 , it can be seen that the fluid control system  1506  comprises a pump  1512  and a plurality of fluid distribution lines  1514 A,  1514 B,  1514 C. Each of the plurality of fluid distribution lines  1514 A,  1514 B,  1514 C fluidly connects the pump to a respective one of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. The pump  1512  adjusts the refractive power of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C by inserting an amount of fluid into, or removing an amount of fluid from, each of the respective chambers of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. 
     With reference again to  FIG. 5 , it can be seen that the illustrative automated camera system  1500  further includes a data processing device  1516 , which may be in the form of a personal computing device or personal computer. The data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer) of the automated camera system  1500  may comprise a microprocessor for processing data, memory (e.g., random access memory or RAM) for storing data during the processing thereof, and data storage device(s), such as one or more hard drives, compact disk drives, floppy disk drives, flash drives, or any combination thereof. At least one visual display device (i.e., monitor or display) may be operatively coupled to the data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer). Also, a plurality of user data input devices, such as a keyboard and a mouse, may be operatively coupled to the data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer) so that a user is able to enter data into the data processing device  1516 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 5 , the data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer) is operatively connected to the pump  1512  of the fluid control system  1506  by, for example, a wired connection or a wireless connection. Also, the data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer) is operatively connected to the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  by a wired connection or a wireless connection. The data processing device (i.e., computer) is specifically programmed to control the operation of the pump  1512  of the fluid control system  1506  based upon one or more output signals from the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 . Also, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer) is operatively coupled to the camera  1502  by, for example, a wired connection or a wireless connection. When the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  indicates to the data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer) that the object  1504  is in focus for the camera  1502 , the data processing device  1516  is specially programmed to emit one or more initiation signals to the camera  1502  instructing the camera to capture the image of the object  1504 . That is, the data processing device  1516  initiates a recording by the camera  1502  (e.g., a single photograph or a movie/video) or initiates an action, such as surveillance of an area with in-focus photos (i.e., if the camera  1502  is in the form of a video surveillance camera). As also shown in  FIG. 5 , an on-off switch  1526  may be provided to activate or deactivate the functionality of the automated camera system  1500  described herein. That is, when the on-off switch  1526  is in the “on” position, the data processing device  1516  automatically controls the operation of the camera  1502  by means of the one or more initiation signals that automatically initiate the capturing of the image (i.e., the automatic mode). Conversely, when the on-off switch  1526  is in the “off” position, the camera  1502  is in the non-automatic mode, whereby the operation of the camera  1502  is manually controlled by a user thereof (e.g., the user is required to manually focus the camera  1502  in the non-automatic mode). 
     In  FIG. 5 , it can be seen that the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  comprises a charge-coupled device (CCD) array  1518  and a lenslet array  1520 . The charge-coupled device (CCD) array  1518  of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  is operatively connected to the data processing device  1516  (i.e., computer) by, for example, a wired connection or a wireless connection. Also, as shown in  FIG. 5 , the automated camera system  1500  further includes a dichroic mirror  1522  disposed in front of the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. The dichroic mirror  1522  is located between the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C and the lenslet array  1520  of Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  in the path of the light. The dichroic mirror  1522  allows the light rays  1532  from the external light source outside the automated camera system  1500  to pass therethrough (as indicated by arrow  1532  in  FIG. 5 ). The external light source could be sunlight, an artificial flash light, or an external source that generates an infrared light. The external light source illuminates the object  1504  that is being photographed or recorded by the camera  1502 . The automated camera system  1500  additionally includes a first diffractive lens  1524  or a holographic optical element (HOE) disposed between the dichroic mirror  1522  and the lenslet array  1520  in the path of the light. A holographic optical element (HOE) is essentially a diffractic element, but it is made with the technique of a hologram, which results in a very thin diffractive film. A holographic optical element (HOE) is easily reproducible and inexpensive to fabricate. The first diffractive lens  1524  or holographic optical element (HOE) directs the portion  1538  of the light that is reflected from the dichroic mirror  1522  to a single focal point  1540 . After passing through the single focal point  1540 , the reflected light passes through a second diffractive lens  1528  before entering the lenslet array  1520  of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 . The first and second diffractive lens  1524 ,  1528  are required in the automated camera system  1500  in order to maintain the fidelity of the reflected light  1538 . In order to avoid obscuring the image being captured by the camera  1502 , the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  must be located outside of the direct focal line of the camera  1502 . 
     Now, with reference again to  FIG. 5 , the functionality of the automated camera system  1500  of  FIG. 5  will be described. Initially, as explained above, the light rays  1532  from the external light source pass through dichroic mirror  1522  and the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C, and then, are reflected back from the camera  1502  (i.e., reflected light  1534  in  FIG. 5 ). As shown in  FIG. 5 , the light waves or rays  1534  that are reflected back from the camera  1502  initially pass through the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. In particular, the light waves pass through the spherical fluidic lens  1508 A first, then followed by the first cylindrical fluidic lens  1508 B, and finally the second cylindrical fluidic lens  1508 C. After passing through the plurality of fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C, a first portion  1536  of the reflected light  1534  passes back through the dichroic mirror  1522  to the outside, while a second portion  1538  of the reflected light  1534  is reflected by the dichroic mirror  1522  through the first diffractive lens  1524 . As explained above, the first diffractive lens  1524  directs the second portion  1538  of the light that is reflected from the dichroic mirror  1522  to a single focal point  1540 . After passing through the single focal point  1540 , the reflected light  1538  passes through a second diffractive lens  1528  before entering the lenslet array  1520  of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 . After the light waves are transmitted to the lenslet array  1520  of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 , a light spotfield is created on the charge-coupled device (CCD) array or CCD camera  1518  of the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  so that the intensity and location of each light spot in the spotfield may be determined. When light spots in the spotfield are crisp and clear in the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 , they are in focus. Conversely, when light spots in the spotfield are fuzzy in the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 , they are not in focus. When all of the light spots in the spotfield are in focus, the subject of the photography (i.e., object  1504 ) is in focus for the camera  1502 . Upon determining the intensity and location information from the spotfield, the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 , by means of the data processing device  1516 , controls the refractive power of the lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C through the computerized fluid pump  1512  connected to the fluidic lenses  1508 A,  1508 B, and  1508 C. When the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510  indicates that the object  1504  of view (a landscape, person, etc.) is in focus for the camera  1502 , the data processing device  1516  is specially programmed to emit one or more initiation signals to the camera  1502  so as to initiate the recording of a photo or video, with a flash or without a flash light using infra-red light. 
       FIGS. 6-17  illustrate additional embodiments of the present invention. In accordance with a first set of illustrative embodiments, a flexible fluidic mirror will be described with reference to  FIGS. 6-13 . The flexible fluidic mirror generally comprises a flexible membrane defining a fluid chamber, and an outer housing supporting the flexible fluid membrane. The surface of the flexible membrane of the fluidic mirror may be coated with nanoparticles that reflect light back so as to create the necessary mirror effect. The flexible membrane of the fluidic mirror may be disposed in either a convex orientation or in a concave orientation depending on whether fluid is being injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber or cavity. As shown in  FIG. 6 , the biconvex, flexible fluidic mirror  1600  comprises a flexible membrane  1602  that is convex on both sides of the mirror. The flexible membrane  1602  is supported in an outer housing  1604 , and the flexible membrane  1602  and the outer housing  1604  defines an internal fluid chamber  1610  for receiving a fluid therein. A fluid pipe or tube  1606  is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  1610  of the fluidic mirror  1600  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  1610  by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump  1512  depicted in  FIG. 5  may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe  1606 ). Also, referring again to  FIG. 6 , it can be seen that the fluid pipe or tube  1606  comprises a valve  1608  disposed therein to selectively regulate the fluid flow through the fluid pipe  1606  (i.e., turn the fluid flow on or off). In  FIG. 6 , it can be seen that light rays  1612  are shown striking the front surface of the mirror  1600 , and reflecting off the front surface of the mirror  1600 . A front view (top view) of the fluidic mirror of  FIG. 6  is shown in  FIG. 8 . As shown in  FIG. 8 , the outer housing  1604  of the mirror  1600  forms a circular restriction that houses the flexible membrane  1602  therein. 
     The flexible fluidic mirror  1600 ′ depicted in  FIG. 7  is similar to that shown in  FIG. 6 , except that the flexible membrane  1602 ′ has only a single convex front portion, rather than the biconvex configuration of  FIG. 6 . As shown in  FIG. 7 , the outer housing  1604 ′ of the mirror  1600 ′ has a solid, rigid back portion  1604   a ′ that does not deform as a result of fluid pressure exerted thereon. Also, similar to the embodiment of  FIG. 6 , the outer housing  1604 ′ additionally comprises a solid, rigid peripheral side housing  1604   b ′. In  FIG. 7 , it can be seen that, when the incoming light beam  1614  strikes the convex mirror  1600 ′, the light is reflected by the front surface of the mirror  1600 ′ (as indicated by reflected light beams  1616 ). One or more of the reflected light beams  1616  may be transmitted via a dichroic mirror (e.g., the dichroic mirror  1522  in  FIG. 5 ) to a diffractive lens or a holographic element (e.g., the diffractive lens  1524 ,  1528  in  FIG. 5 ) to a Shack-Hartmann system (e.g., the Shack-Hartmann assembly  1510  in  FIG. 5 ) to increase or decrease the amount of the fluid in the mirror cavity  1610 ′ by a processing device (e.g., a computer or computing device with a microprocessor, such as the data processing device  1516  in  FIG. 5 ) until the beam is in focus. 
     The circular flexible fluidic mirror  1600 ″ depicted in  FIGS. 9-11  is similar to that described above with regard to  FIGS. 6 and 7 , except that the flexible membrane  1602 ′ is configured to be deformed into a concave configuration, rather than the convex configurations of  FIGS. 6 and 7 . As shown in the side sectional views of  FIGS. 9 and 10 , the outer housing  1604 ″ of the mirror  1600 ″ has a solid or semi-solid back portion  1604   a ″ and a solid, rigid peripheral side housing  1604   b ″. In  FIG. 9 , the flexible membrane  1602 ′ is shown in its relaxed state, and fluid is neither flowing out of, nor into the fluid chamber  1610 ′ of the mirror  1600 ″. Although, in  FIG. 10 , fluid is depicted flowing out of the fluid chamber  1610 ′ of the mirror  1600 ″ through the fluid pipe  1606  in order to create the concave configuration of the mirror  1600 ″. As shown in  FIGS. 10 and 11 , the solid or semi-solid back portion  1604   a ″ of the mirror outer housing  1604 ″ may be convexly-shaped in order to accommodate the concave deformation of the front flexible membrane  1602 ′. A front view (top view) of the fluidic mirror of  FIGS. 9 and 10  is shown in  FIG. 11 . As shown in  FIG. 11 , the outer housing  1604 ″ of the mirror  1600 ″ forms a circular restriction that houses the flexible membrane  1602 ′ therein. 
     A flexible parabolic or elliptical mirror  1600 ′″ is depicted in  FIGS. 12 and 13 . As shown in the sectional side view of  FIG. 13 , the flexible fluidic mirror  1600 ′″ comprises a flexible membrane  1602 ″ that has a concave configuration (i.e., similar to the circular mirror  1600 ″ described above with respect to  FIG. 10 ). Also, similar to the mirrors  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″ described above, the flexible membrane  1602 ″ is supported in an outer housing  1604 ′″, and the flexible membrane  1602 ″ defines an internal fluid chamber  1610 ″ for receiving a fluid therein. Like the mirror  1600 ″ of  FIGS. 9-11 , the outer housing  1604 ′″ of the mirror  1600 ′″ comprises a convexly-shaped solid, rigid back portion  1604   a ′ and a solid, rigid peripheral side housing  1604   b ′″. In  FIG. 13 , fluid is depicted flowing out of the mirror  1600 ′ through the fluid pipe  1606 , which is fluidly coupled to the flexible membrane  1602 ″, in order to create the concave/convex configuration of the mirror  1600 ′. Fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  1610 ″ of the mirror flexible membrane  1602 ″ via the fluid pipe  1606 , which is fluidly coupled to a fluid pump system (e.g., the fluid pump  1512  depicted in  FIG. 5  may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe  1606 ). A front view (top view) of the fluidic mirror of  FIG. 13  is shown in  FIG. 12 . As shown in  FIG. 12 , the outer housing  1604 ′″ of the mirror  1600 ′″ forms an elliptical or oval-shaped restriction that houses the flexible membrane  1602 ″ therein. 
     The surfaces of the flexible membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ of the illustrative mirrors  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″,  1600 ′″ described above may be sprayed or coated with reflective nanoparticles that are capable of reflecting back the incoming light, such as nanoparticles of silver, iron, aluminum, zinc, gold, or another suitable metallic substance. Also, the surfaces of the flexible membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ may be sprayed, coated, or covered with a synthetic flexible reflective film to reflect the incoming light. 
     In one or more embodiments, the reflective coating or film disposed on the flexible membrane  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ of the illustrative mirrors  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″,  1600 ′″ may comprise reflective nanoparticles painted on the flexible membrane or sprayed on the flexible membrane after a polymerizable substance is cured and a desired concave or convex shape of the flexible fluidic mirror is achieved (as will be described hereinafter). 
     The illustrative embodiments of  FIGS. 6-11  depict the manner in which a fluidic pump system may be used to modify the configurations of the flexible membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′ of the circular mirrors  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″ so as to form a variety of different convex and concave configurations. The illustrative embodiment of  FIGS. 12 and 13  depicts the manner in which a fluidic pump system also may be used to modify the configuration of the flexible membrane  1602 ″ of an elliptical or parabolic mirror  1600 ′″. 
     In the embodiments of  FIGS. 6-13 , the mirror aspect of the lens is generally limited to the front surface of the flexible membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″. As such, the transparency of the back surface of the flexible membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ is generally unimportant. However, the size of the fluid chambers  1610 ,  1610 ′,  1610 ″ of the mirror flexible membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ affects the ability to move the membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ from a high convexity to a high concavity position. 
     In one or more embodiments, the fluid disposed in the chambers  1610 ,  1610 ′,  1610 ″ of the flexible membranes  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ of the fluidic mirrors  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″,  1600 ′ is in the form of a polymerizable substance so that the substance is capable of being cured after the fluidic mirrors  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″,  1600 ′ are formed into a desired concave or convex shape. That is, after a desired deformation of the surface of the flexible membrane  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ by means of fluid insertion or withdrawal, the polymerizable substance in the fluid cavity  1610 ,  1610 ′,  1610 ″ may be hardened or cured so that a desired mirror shape is created. In one embodiment, the polymerizable substance (e.g., a silicone oil) disposed in the chamber of the flexible fluidic mirror may be cured by the application of at least one of: (i) ultraviolet radiation, and (ii) microwaves. In another embodiment, the polymerizable substance disposed in the chamber  1610 ,  1610 ′,  1610 ″ of the fluidic mirror  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″,  1600 ′ may comprise an initial liquid polymer and a chemical crosslinker initiator. In this embodiment, the fluidic mirror  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″,  1600 ′″ is fixed into the desired concave or convex shape by mixing the initial liquid polymer with the chemical crosslinker initiator so as to solidify the flexible membrane  1602 ,  1602 ′,  1602 ″ and achieve the desired curvature (i.e., to harden and fix the desired curvature). 
     In contrast to the fluidic mirror  1600 ,  1600 ′,  1600 ″,  1600 ′″ described above, the hybrid flexible fluidic lens that will be described hereinafter requires the fluid in the fluidic chamber of the lens to remain a liquid so that the hybrid flexible fluidic lens remains adjustable using the two different options of either fluidic adjustment or adjustment by an electromagnetic actuator. Also, as will be described hereinafter, both the front and back surfaces of the hybrid flexible fluidic lens are clear or transparent in order to allow light to pass therethrough. 
     In accordance with a second set of illustrative embodiments, a hybrid system that utilizes both a fluidic pump and an electrically induced magnet will be described with reference to  FIGS. 14-17 . A hybrid, flexible concave/convex mirror or lens is depicted in the embodiments of  FIGS. 14-17 . In general, in these illustrative embodiments, the control of the membrane deflection of the flexible concave/convex mirror or lens is capable of being done by two mechanisms. First of all, injection or withdrawal of the fluid from the fluid chamber of the mirror or lens is done using an electric fluid pump that is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber of the mirror or lens via a fluid pipe or tube (e.g., the fluid pump  1512  depicted in  FIG. 5  may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe of the mirror or lens). The injection of fluid into the chamber creates a membrane with a convex surface, while the withdrawal of fluid from the chamber creates a membrane with a concave surface. Secondly, the front portion of the flexible membrane also may be under the control of a magnetic plate and actuator. Both the fluid-based and magnetic mechanisms are used by activating a sensor and a processor to achieve the desired dioptic power. The magnetic plate is capable of making the front surface of the mirror or lens membrane convex, but it is not capable of making it concave. As such, the fluidic pump system is needed to withdraw the fluid from the lens or mirror to create a concave surface. As will be described in more detail hereinafter, the motion of the frontal magnetic plate is controlled by the magnetic force generated by the electromagnetic located on the back surface of the flexible membrane or outer housing. 
     Advantageously, the magnetic system of the hybrid lens or mirror enables a fast refinement or adjustment of the mirror or lens. During this quick adjustment of the mirror or lens, the convexity of the flexible mirror or lens is controlled by a magnetic field generated by the magnetic system, while the valve member of the fluidic outflow tube is closed so as to prevent fluid flow through the tube. Then, an electric potential is applied to the solid plate behind the mirror or lens. By electrically increasing the magnetic field, the thin ferromagnetic plate attached on the front surface of the membrane moves backward, thus increasing the pressure in the fluidic lens. This magnetic force increases the pressure inside the mirror lens, which in turn, pushes the flexible membrane at the center of the mirror or lens forward so as to create a more convex central portion of the mirror or lens. By decreasing the magnetic field, the frontal thin magnetic plate is released, which in turn, reduces the fluidic pressure or force in the mirror or lens, and the flexible membrane of the mirror or lens retreats backwards, thereby decreasing the convexity of the flexible membrane (see e.g.,  FIG. 15 ). 
     Now, turning to  FIGS. 14-17 , the illustrative embodiments of the hybrid mirror (or lens if the membrane is not provided with a reflective coating) will be described. Initially, as shown in the side sectional view of  FIG. 15 , the hybrid mirror  1700  comprises a flexible membrane  1702  that is convex on the front side of the mirror. The flexible membrane  1702  of the hybrid mirror  1700  is supported in an outer housing  1704 , and the flexible membrane  1702  and outer housing  1704  defines an internal fluid chamber  1710  for receiving a fluid therein. As shown in  FIG. 15 , the back side of the hybrid mirror  1700  may comprise a solid or semi-solid transparent back portion  1716  (e.g., a transparent pane of glass) that does not deform as a result of fluid pressure exerted thereon. A fluid pipe or tube  1706  is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  1710  of the fluidic mirror  1700  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  1710  by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump  1512  depicted in  FIG. 5  may be fluidly connected to the fluid pipe  1706 ). Also, referring again to  FIG. 15 , it can be seen that the fluid pipe or tube  1706  comprises a valve  1708  disposed therein to selectively regulate the fluid flow through the fluid pipe  1706  (i.e., turn the fluid flow on or off). In addition, as illustrated in  FIG. 15 , a ferromagnetic annular plate  1712  is provided on the front surface of the flexible membrane  1702  for altering the shape of the front portion of the flexible membrane  1702  (i.e., by making the front portion of the flexible membrane  1702  more or less convex in shape). An electromagnetic annular plate  1714  is provided on the back panel  1716  of the hybrid mirror  1700  that selectively attracts or repels the ferromagnetic annular plate  1712  on the front surface of the flexible membrane  1702  to make the flexible membrane  1702  more convex or less convex. The magnetic force (as diagrammatically represented by the magnetic flux lines  1718  in  FIG. 15 ) exerted by the electromagnetic back plate  1714  on the ferromagnetic front plate  1712  is selectively controlled by regulating the electrical current flow to the electromagnetic annular plate  1714 . In the embodiment of  FIG. 15 , the fluid valve  1708  is shown in its closed position so that fine adjustments may be made to the convexity of the flexible membrane  1702  by the magnetic system  1712 ,  1714 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 14 , the outer housing  1704  of the hybrid mirror  1700  forms a circular restriction that houses the flexible membrane  1702  therein. Also, referring to  FIG. 14 , it can be seen that the ferromagnetic annular plate or ring  1712  is attached to the front surface of the flexible membrane  1702  to regulate the convexity of the flexible membrane  1702 . In one embodiment of  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the front surface of the flexible membrane  1702  is provided with a reflective surface coating so that the flexible membrane  1702  functions as a mirror. Although, in one or more alternative embodiments of  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the reflective surface coating may be omitted from the flexible membrane  1702 , and the flexible membrane  1702  may be transparent instead so that the flexible membrane  1702  functions as a lens. When the flexible membrane  1702  functions as a lens, the transparent back portion  1716  of the housing  1704  allows light rays to pass through the back wall of the housing  1704 . 
     The circular hybrid mirror  1700 ′ depicted in  FIG. 17  is similar to that described above with regard to  FIGS. 14 and 15 , except that the flexible membrane  1702 ′ has a concave front portion  1702   a ′, rather than the convex configuration of  FIGS. 14 and 15 . Also, unlike the hybrid mirror  1700  of  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the hybrid mirror  1700 ′ of  FIG. 17  is additionally provided with a flexible rear membrane portion  1702   b ′. Similar to the hybrid mirror  1700  of  FIGS. 14 and 15 , the hybrid mirror  1700 ′ comprises a magnetic adjustment system with a ferromagnetic annular plate or ring  1712  attached to the front surface of the front flexible membrane  1702   a ′ and an electromagnetic annular plate  1714  attached to the back surface of the flexible rear membrane portion  1702   b ′. In  FIG. 17 , fluid is depicted flowing out of the fluid chamber  1710  of the mirror  1700 ′ through the fluid pipe  1706  in order to create the concave configuration of the mirror  1700 ′. 
     A front view (top view) of an alternative hybrid parabolic or elliptical mirror  1700 ″ is depicted in  FIG. 16 . As shown in  FIG. 16 , the hybrid parabolic or elliptical mirror  1700 ″ comprises an outer housing  1704 ′ that forms a rectangular restriction that houses the flexible membrane  1702 ″ therein. In addition, as depicted in  FIG. 16 , the hybrid parabolic or elliptical mirror  1700 ″ comprises a ferromagnetic rectangular plate  1712 ′ attached to the front surface of the flexible membrane  1702 ″. A corresponding electromagnetic rectangular plate is provided on the back side of the housing  1704 ′ that selectively attracts or repels the ferromagnetic rectangular plate  1712 ′ on the front surface of the flexible membrane  1702 ″ to make the flexible membrane  1702 ″ more convex or less convex. 
     In one or more embodiments, if the flexible membrane is made flexible and transparent and the center of the back plate of the housing is also transparent (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 15 ), the hybrid lens may also function as a refractive lens, a spherical fluidic lens, or astigmatic fluidic lens. Alternatively, if the flexible membrane is coated with reflective nanoparticles (as described above with respect to the flexible fluidic mirror of  FIGS. 6-13 ), the hybrid system may be used as a mirror system. 
     In the illustrative embodiments of  FIGS. 14-17 , the entire hybrid mirror or lens control system, which includes the fluidic pump (e.g., pump  1512  in  FIG. 5 ) and the electromagnet that generates the magnetic field, is under control of a sensor (e.g., Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1510 , as shown in  FIG. 5 ), which is connected to the fluidic mirrors or lenses via a specially programmed computer (e.g., the data processing device  1516  depicted in  FIG. 5 ) that focuses the images properly for the functions as described above. The operator may also manually take over the control of the lenses if used in glasses or in a camera, etc. 
     The hybrid system of  FIGS. 14-17  combines a fluid-based mirror or lens system with an electromagnetic force-based system that compresses the membrane of the mirror or lens for making fine adjustments thereto. The fluid injection and withdrawal ability of the hybrid system enables the fluidic lenses to assume either a convex surface (i.e., to operate as a plus lens) or a concave surface (i.e., to operate as a minus lens). 
     In one or more embodiments, the fluidic portion of the system may provide corrections ranging from −30.00 diopters (D) to +30.00 diopters (D), or more diopters (D) power at a step of 0.1 diopters (D), while the compressive part may add further adjustability to the system by adding small step corrections of 0.001 diopters (D), all under the control of the Shack-Hartmann system (e.g., Shack-Hartmann system  1510  in  FIG. 5 ). Thus, this system provides an extremely high resolution that conventional solid lenses cannot achieve. Presently, conventional solid lenses are capable of correcting the refractive power from −0.25D to +0.25 D. 
     In one or more embodiments, the refractive power of the fluidic lenses are uniformly controlled by the Shack-Hartmann sensor as a result of the fluidic pump injecting or withdrawing the fluid from the lens chambers via a processor (i.e., a computing device with a microprocessor). 
     In one or more other embodiments, the control of the refractive power of the lenses is performed with a hybrid lens system and a Shack-Hartmann sensor by: (a) injecting or withdrawing of fluid in some lenses, and (b) in the remaining lenses of the system, using a compressive ring-shaped magnetic plate  1712  (e.g., see  FIG. 14 ) or rectangular frame shaped magnetic plate  1712 ′ (e.g., see  FIG. 16 ) located on the front (or alternatively on the back surface) of the fluidic lens. The compressive ring-shaped magnetic plate  1712  or the rectangular frame shaped magnetic plate  1712 ′ may be moved forward or backward by an electromagnet located in the frame or the fluidic lens, like a solenoid. When the magnet is activated, it attracts the magnetic ring  1712  or the rectangular plate  1712 ′, thereby compressing the internal lens fluid without causing the internal lens fluid to escape. The compression of the internal lens fluid forces the center of the lens membrane forward, thus making the curvature of the lens surface more or less convex, depending on the amount of force generated by the electromagnet. This force produces either a more convex spherical surface if the plate is ring-shaped or a more cylindrical lens if the restrictive plate is rectangular shaped. 
     In another embodiment, two (2) cylindrical lenses positioned forty-five (45) degrees from each other are activated with an electromagnetic force to compensate for astigmatic correction, while the spherical lens remains as a non-hybrid fluidic lens. The magnetically controlled cylindrical lenses, which perform correct cylindrical correction, together with the non-hybrid fluid spherical lens provides a complete hybrid combination lenses system and has the ability to provide collectively a refractive power of plus cylinder of 0.1-+10D and a spherical correction of −30 D to +25 D or more diopters at any axis controlled by the Shack-Hartmann sensor through a processor (i.e., a computing device with a microprocessor). 
     This hybrid combination system, controlled by a sensor such as a Shack-Hartmann sensor, provides an automated camera which maintains the object in the focal plane at all times, regardless of the status of the object (i.e., whether it is still or in motion). 
     Other applications of the hybrid system may be used in a digital automatic recording camera, an endoscope, a surveillance camera, a motion picture camera, a military or a sport rifle, a remote controlled robotic system, an operating microscope, a perimetry unit used for evaluation of the visual field, a laboratory microscope, a lensometer, a system of two photon or multiphoton microscopy, confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), astronomical telescopes, etc. The hybrid system may also be used in other systems that are familiar in the art. 
     In one or more embodiments, the aforedescribed mirror (i.e., mirror  1600  or hybrid mirror  1700 ) may be equipped with a sensor that is capable of controlling the focal point of the fluidic mirror via a processor. The sensor may be a laser beam measuring the distance from an object to the mirror, the sensor may be a Shack-Hartmann sensor, or other means known in the art to focus and sharpen the image obtained by a telescope or focus the image on the object, such as in ophthalmic photography, or laser use in an elliptical mirror for the ophthalmology, etc. 
     It is readily apparent that the aforedescribed flexible fluidic mirror and hybrid system offer numerous advantages. First, the flexible fluidic mirror, which may be used as a concave mirror by adjusting the fluid amount therein, is generally easy and inexpensive to produce. In addition, the fluidic concave, elliptical, and parabolic mirrors described above are capable of being readily adjusted when needed, without requiring expensive movable parts. In particular, the refractive power of the surfaces of the inventive flexible fluidic mirrors described herein are capable of being easily adjusted so that the systems in which the fluidic mirrors are incorporated may be automated, and the images acquired by the systems may be automatically in focus when under the control of a sensor. Advantageously, the aforedescribed flexible fluidic mirrors may be easily produced for a wide variety of different applications, such as automobile industry side mirrors and telescope mirrors. Because these mirrors are easily adjustable, they are capable of being used to track a fast moving object. These mirrors also may be used for still photography, and for video applications. As described above, because the concave fluidic mirrors may also be elliptical or parabolic (e.g., see  FIG. 12 ), they also may be effectively used in wide angle photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), angiography, etc. Also, the aforedescribed flexible fluidic mirrors may be utilized in ophthalmology for visualization, photography or laser treatment of retina, lens, or cornea lesions located on a surface area, etc. The flexible fluidic mirrors are also useful in remote laser systems, such as the remote laser-imaging systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,452,372, 8,903,468 and 9,037,217, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. For example, the solid, non-flexible elliptical mirror  220  in the wide angle camera of the remote laser-imaging systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,452,372, 8,903,468 and 9,037,217, may be replaced with the flexible fluidic mirror described herein. 
     In addition, the fluidic mirrors  1600 ,  1700  described herein may be used in other applications requiring concave surfaces in ophthalmology that conventionally employ fixed surfaces, such as in corneal topography equipment used for external imaging, or for three dimensional (3D) eye imaging devices that use rotating cameras. The mirrors in this type of equipment are used for doing perimetry to evaluate the visual field of a patient, or for doing electrophysiolgic evaluation of the retina (ERG) electroretinogram, or visual evoked potential (VEP) for evaluation of the function of the retina, optic nerve and the occipital brain cortex, in numerous diseases including traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), Alzheimer&#39;s disease, etc. 
     Next, turning to  FIGS. 18 a -18 c    and  19 - 21 , the illustrative embodiments of the fluidic light field camera will be described. As will be described hereinafter, the digital light field photography (DLFP) camera includes microlenses that capture the information about the direction of the incoming light rays and a photosensor array that is disposed behind the microlenses. A specially programmed data processing device (e.g., a computer) is used to process the information obtained from the light field camera. 
     In one or more embodiments, the light field digital camera or digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera comprises one or more fluidic optical element(s) as the objective lens providing a variable field of view for the camera. In one embodiment, a series of microlenses may be located at the focal point of the objective lens in a flat plane perpendicular to the axial rays of the objective lens. These microlenses separate the incoming rays of light entering the camera into individual small bundles. The individual small bundles of light are refracted on a series of light sensitive sensors that measure in hundreds of megapixels, which are located behind the plane of the microlenses, thereby converting the light energy into electrical signals. The electronically generated signals convey information regarding the direction of each light ray, view, and the intensity of each light ray to a processor or a computer. Each microlens has some overlapping view and perspective from the next one which can be retraced by an algorithm. 
     In one or more embodiments, the light sensitive sensors behind the lenslets of the camera record the incoming light and forward it as electrical signals to the camera&#39;s processor and act as an on/off switch for the camera&#39;s processor measuring the intensity of the light through its neuronal network and its algorithm to record changes in light intensity, while recording any motion or dynamic displacement of an object or part of an object in front of the camera in a nanosecond to a microsecond of time. The processor of the camera with its neuronal network algorithm processes the images as the retina and brain in a human being functions by finding the pattern in the data and its dynamic changes of the image and its trend over a very short period of time (e.g., nanosecond). The information is stored in the memory system of the camera&#39;s processor, as known in the art, as memory resistor (memristor) relating to electric charge and magnetic flux linkage, which can be retrieved immediately or later, and further analyzed by mathematical algorithms of the camera. 
     In one or more embodiments, the light field camera may have either a tunable lens or a fluidic lens that will be described hereinafter. If a tunable lens is utilized, the tunable lens may be in the form of a shape-changing polymer lens (e.g., an Optotune® lens), a liquid crystal lens, an electrically tunable lens (e.g., using electrowetting, such as a Varioptic® lens). Alternatively, the preferred fluidic lens, which affords a wide range of adjustability with a simple membrane structure, described hereinafter may be used in the light field camera. 
     In one or more illustrative embodiments of the light field camera using a fluidic lens, the digital in-focus, light field photography (DIFLFP) camera provides a variable field of view and variable focal points from the objective tunable lens, in one second to a millisecond, from an object located just in front of the objective lens to infinity, as the light rays pass through a microlens array in the back of the camera and a layer of sensors made of light sensitive quantum dots, which along with microlens layer, create a concave structure (refer to  FIG. 19 ). As such, the lens generates more light and signal information from variable focal points of the flexible fluidic lens that are capable of being used by a software algorithm of a processor so as to produce 2-3-4 D images in real-time or video. The generated images reduce the need for loss of light, which occur in refocusing the rays in standard light field cameras, but use the direction and intensity of light rays to obtain a sharp image from any distance from the lens surface to infinity, thereby producing in one cycle of changing the focal point of a tunable or hybrid fluidic objective lens of the camera electronically, or using simultaneously a microfluidic pump creating a maximum convexity in the lens to least amount and return.  FIGS. 18 a -18 c    illustrate the varying focal point  1808  that may be achieved by the fluidic digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera. In  FIG. 18 a   , the image of the object located outside is focused on the plane of the microlens array and the light rays  1806  are stimulating different sensors  1812  located in the back of the microlens array  1810 . Changes in the configuration of the light rays  1806  are produced by decreasing or increasing the amount of the fluid injected into the chamber of the fluidic objective lens  1804  via the fluid pipe  1802 , thereby producing a change in the focal point  1808  and the configuration of the light rays  1806  in the camera and their recording pattern focal in the DIFLFP camera. In  FIG. 18 b   , the image of the object located outside is focused behind the plane of the microlens array  1810 , while in  FIG. 18 c   , the image of the object located outside is focused in front of the plane of the microlens array  1810 .  FIG. 19  illustrates the curved plane of the microlens array  1814  and sensor array  1816  that slopes upward to capture the side rays coming from the periphery of the fluidic objective lens, according to one embodiment of the fluidic light field camera. 
     Another exemplary fluidic light field camera  1818  is illustrated in  FIG. 20 . As shown in this figure, fluidic light field camera  1818  includes a concave sensor array  1820 , a concave microlens array  1822  disposed in front of the concave sensor array  1820 , and a fluidic or tunable lens  1824  disposed in front of the concave sensor and microlens arrays  1820 ,  1822 . In  FIG. 20 , it can be seen that the sensor array  1820  is operatively coupled to one or more processors  1834  and/or one or more computers  1836  for processing the image data acquired from the sensor array  1820 . In the illustrative embodiment, the fluidic or tunable lens  1824  of the fluidic light field camera  1818  may be in the form of a hybrid fluidic lens that is capable of changing from plus to minus diopters, which may include a secondary electromagnetic system for fine tuning of lens  1824  that is provided in addition to the primary fluidic system used for the coarse adjustments of the lens  1824 . A pump  1828 , which is connected to inlet pipe  1830 , is provided for aspiration and injection of a fluid into the fluidic lens  1824  in order to change the shape of the fluidic lens  1824 . Also, as shown in  FIG. 20 , a fluid control device  1826 , which contains an actuator driven by a servomotor or piezoelectric system, is provided between the pump  1828  and fluidic lens  1824 . In addition, in  FIG. 20 , it can be seen that a valve  1832  is provided between the pump  1828  and the fluid control device  1826 . When the valve  1832  is closed, a constant amount of the fluid is maintained in the fluid control system, thus allowing minor adjustments to be made to the shape of the lens  1824  using the fluid control device  1826  (i.e., the linear actuator in the fluid control device  1826  is driven up or down by the servomotor or piezoelectric system so as to change the fluid containment volume of the fluid control device  1826 , and thus change the volume of fluid in the fluidic lens  1824 ). Rather than using the fluid control device  1826  to minor adjustments to the shape of the lens  1824 , minor adjustments may also be made to the shape of the lens  1824  using a secondary electromagnetic system (i.e., when the valve  1832  is closed). The valve  1832  is open when the pump  1828  is being used to increase or decrease the volume of fluid in the chamber of the fluidic lens  1824 . 
     Yet another exemplary fluidic light field camera  1838  is illustrated in  FIG. 21 . Similar to the fluidic light field camera  1818  described above with respect to  FIG. 20 , fluidic light field camera  1838  of  FIG. 21  includes a concave sensor array  1840 , a concave microlens array  1842  disposed in front of the concave sensor array  1840 , and a fluidic or tunable lens  1846  disposed in front of the concave sensor and microlens arrays  1840 ,  1842 . As described above for the camera of  FIG. 20 , it can be seen that the sensor array  1840  in  FIG. 21  is operatively coupled to one or more processors  1850  and/or one or more computers  1852  for processing the image data acquired from the sensor array  1840 . Unlike the camera  1818  described above, the fluidic objective lens  1846  comprises a single flexible membrane mounted in an opening defined by a rigid outer wall  1848  of the fluidic light field camera  1838 . The fluid chamber of the camera  1838  is open to the space containing the sensor array  1840  and the microlens array  1842  in the camera  1838 , and a fluid control device  1844  (e.g., in the form of a servomotor or piezoelectric system driving a piston) that is used to pressurize or depressurize the fluid chamber so as to displace the flexible membrane  1846  accordingly. In the illustrative embodiment of  FIG. 21 , a needle, for injection and withdrawing of the fluid from the chamber, may be placed inside the chamber behind the membrane  1846  to move the membrane  1846  forward and backward at any place. 
     In the embodiments described herein, the fluid described in conjunction with the fluidic lens broadly refers to any type of fluid, such as air or a liquid. Also, in the embodiments described herein, the light rays entering the fluidic light field camera may comprise any wavelength of light (e.g., from ultraviolet to infrared). 
     In one or more embodiments, the fluidic lens is dynamic because the plane of the image inside the camera moves forward or backward with each electric pulse applied to the piezoelectric or a microfluidic pump motor transmitting a wave of fluid flow inside or aspirating the fluid from the lens cavity so that the membrane returns to the original position, thereby creating either a more or less a convex lens, or a minus lens when the back side has a glass plate with a concave shape. 
     In one embodiment, the lens of the light field camera is only a flexible transparent membrane that covers the opening of the camera&#39;s cavity in which the fluid or air is injected or removed so as to create a convex or concave surface using a simple piezoelectric attachment that can push the wall of the camera locally inward or outward thereby forcing the transparent membrane that acts like a lens to be convex or concave and changes in the focal point from a few millimeters (mm) to infinity and return while all data points are recorded and analyzed by its software. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the light rays entering the camera pass through the microlenses located in the back of the camera directly to the sensors made of nanoparticles, such as quantum dots (QDs) made of graphene, etc. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the camera obtains a subset of signals from the right or left side of the microlens and sensor array separately to reconstruct the 3-D image from the information. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the fluidic lens converts the light rays focused either anterior or posterior of the focal plane of the microlens/sensor plane to electrical signals, which are transmitted to the camera&#39;s processor with the software algorithm loaded thereon so that the images may be displayed as static 2-D or 3-D multispectral or hyperspectral images or so that a tomographic image or a video of a moveable object may be created. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the right or left portion of the sensors are capable of displaying from either a slightly anterior or posteriorly located focal point to the microlens, thereby providing more depth to the image without losing the light intensity of the camera, as is the case with the standard light field camera having a static objective lens or a static membrane, which is entirely dependent on producing a virtual image obtained from a fixed focal point. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, a prismatic lens may be disposed between the microlens array and the sensors so that individual wavelengths may be separated to produce color photography or multispectral images including the infrared or near infrared images. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the process of focusing and defocusing collects more light rays that may be used to create 2D or 3D or 4D images. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the fluidic lens can change its surface by injecting and withdrawing the fluid from the lens and returning to its original shape in a time range of one second to less than a millisecond, thereby allowing the light rays to be recorded that pass through a single row or multiple rows of microlenses before reaching the sensor layer of quantum dots or monolayer of graphene or any semiconductor nanoparticles that absorb the light energy and convert it to an electrical signal. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera, the flexible transparent membrane can change its surface by injecting and withdrawing the fluid/air from the cameras cavity and returning to its original shape in a time range of one second to less than a millisecond, thereby allowing the light rays to be recorded that pass through a single row or multiple rows of microlenses before reaching the sensor layer of quantum dots or monolayer of graphene or any semiconductor nanoparticles that absorb the light energy and convert it to an electrical signal. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, by pumping fluid in the fluidic microlens system, the field of the view of the lens is expanded and returns to its original position upon its relaxation. During this period of time, the light rays that have entered the system have passed through a series of microlenses which project the rays on a layer of photosensors (see e.g.,  FIGS. 18 a -18 c   ) to become stimulated, thereby creating an electrical current traveling to a processor or computer with a software algorithm loaded thereon to analyze and create a digital image from the outside world. In one or more embodiments, the microlens array of the fluidic lens may include a pluggable adaptor. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the microlenses and the layer of sensors extend outward so as to create a concave structure inside the camera (see  FIGS. 19-21 ), thereby permitting the incoming light rays of the peripheral field of view to be projected on the peripherally located microlens and sensors of the camera so as to be absorbed and transferred to the processor with the algorithm loaded thereon, which mathematically analyzes, manipulates, and records the light data so as to provide a combination of signals that shows the direction from which the rays emanated. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the microlens array is in the form of graded-index (GRIN) lens array so as to provide excellent resolution. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens or transparent flexible membrane, the microlens array is separated from another smaller nanosized lenses array attached to a filter, followed by the sensors to differentiate the color wavelength. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the deformable objective lens, by changing its lens refractive power, its field of view, and its focus, transmits significantly more information, in one millisecond cycle, to the computer than a single static lens or simple lensless membrane with compressive sensing without microlenses is capable of doing, but also maintains more signals in its unlimited focal points sufficient data that is able to be easily reproduced or refocused instantaneously or later by the camera&#39;s software algorithms so as to create sharp images in 2-3 dimensions or 4 dimensions. However, the exposure time can be prolonged or shortened, as needed, by repeating the cycle of recording from less than one Hertz to &gt;30 Hertz to thousands of Hertz or more enough for cinematography while the light rays pass through unlimited focal points of the lens back and forth of the sensors to the back of the lens covering a long distance from, a few mm to infinity achieving fast sharp images by retracing and mathematical reconstruction as compared to a photo taken from a camera with a solid fixed objective lens. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the signals also can be analyzed by the algorithm of the computer located outside the camera for any object that is photographed at any given distance. 
     In one or more embodiments of the light field camera with the fluidic lens, the camera&#39;s processor or a computer can retrace the rays toward any direction of the light rays, thereby simultaneously eliminating refractive aberrations or motion blur while the light is focused over any distance before or beyond the focal point of the lens using the computer software. 
     In one or more embodiments, the fluidic light field camera will provide an immense amount of data during the short period of time that the lens membrane is displaced as a result of pumping fluid inside the system and withdrawing it, the forward and backward movement creating three dimensional images with depth of focus, which are easily recreated without sacrificing the resolution of the image or need for “focus bracketing” to extend the re-focusable range by capturing 3 or 5 consecutive images at different depths as is done in standard light field cameras with the complete parameterization of light in space as a virtual hologram. 
     In one or more embodiments, the objective lens of the digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera is a fluidic lens in which the power of the lens varies from −3.00 to +30.00 dioptric power depending on the amount of fluid either injected or withdrawn with a micro-pump into the fluidic lens with an aperture of 2 to 10 millimeters (mm) or more. 
     In one or more embodiments, the objective lens is a liquid or tunable lens, such as an electrically and mechanically tunable lens controlling the focal length of the lens. 
     In one or more embodiments, the tunable lens is a liquid crystal, and molecules of the liquid crystal are capable of being rearranged using an electric voltage signal. 
     In one or more embodiments, the digital light field photography (DIFLFP) camera utilizes a hybrid lens, as described in Applicant&#39;s U.S. Pat. No. 9,671,607, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In such a hybrid lens, the increase or decrease of the fluid in the fluidic lens chamber occurs electronically with either a servo motor, or a piezoelectric system for a rapid response. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera system obtains image and depth information at the same time. 
     In one or more embodiments, during the photography, the increase or decrease of the fluid in the fluidic lens is done in a high frequency changing the focal plane of the fluidic lens during the time which a million or billion light rays are sensed and recorded for analysis. 
     In one or more embodiments, the rays of the light are collected from a wide concave surface of the sensor arrays located behind hundreds of thousands of microlenses that curve up in the back of the camera during the change in the focal point of the fluidic lens, which also creates a wider field of view, producing millions to billions of electronic pulses from which the sharp wide field images or videos are reconstructed by the specially programmed computer in a 2-3-4 dimensional manner from the objects at any desired distance in the field of view without losing the sharpness of the image. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera captures light from a wider field that increases or decreases the field of view rather than fixed objective lenses or compressive cameras with their assembly apertures. 
     In one or more embodiments, the objective lens is a composite lens of fluidic and a solid lens, a diffractive lens or a liquid crystal coating with electronic control of its refractive power. 
     In one or more embodiments, the microlenses are replaced with transparent photosensors where the sensors directly communicate with the processor and software algorithm to build desired images. 
     In one or more embodiments, the solid lens is located behind the flexible membrane of the fluidic lens or inside the fluidic lens providing a wider field of view and higher magnification. 
     In one or more embodiments, the additional lens can be a convex or a concave lens to build a Galilean or astronomical telescope. 
     In one or more embodiments, the lens is replaced with a flexible membrane that is capable of moving forward or backward and having on its surface a two dimensional aperture assembly providing a wider field of view when the lens becomes more convex pushing the membrane&#39;s surface forward than the standard lensless light field cameras. 
     In still one or more further embodiments, the objective lens of the light field camera is only a transparent flexible membrane supported by the outer housing of the camera&#39;s cavity, or housing defining the camera&#39;s chamber which receives a fluid therein (e.g., air or another gas) through a cannula. When the fluid is injected in the camera&#39;s cavity, the flexible transparent membrane bulges out acting as convex lens, and when the fluid is withdrawn from the camera&#39;s cavity, the membrane becomes a flat transparent surface, then assumes a concave shape and acts as a minus lens when the light passes through it to reach the lenslets and the sensors in the back of the fluidic field camera that are connected to a processor. 
     In one or more embodiments of the DIFLFP camera, there are numerous microlenses in the focal plane of the liquid lens. 
     In one or more embodiments, the microlenses are 3-D printed to less than 1 micrometer in diameter, lens structure, and are nanolenses of less than 10 nanometers (nm). 
     In one or more embodiments, the microlenses are 3-D printed from silicone, or any other transparent polymer. 
     In one or more embodiments, the sensors are 3-D printed and placed in the camera. 
     In one or more embodiments, the camera wall is 3-D printed. 
     In one or more embodiments, the two dimensional microlens plane ends slightly forward forming a concave plane to capture more light from the peripheral objective lens surfaces areas of the liquid lens as it moves forward and backward. 
     In one or more embodiments, the plane of the sensor array follows the curvature of the forwardly disposed microlens plane for building a concave structure (refer to  FIGS. 19-21 ). 
     In one or more embodiments of the DIFLFP camera, the light sensors obtain information on the direction and light intensity from a wide field of view. 
     In one or more embodiments, the sensors provide electronic pulse information to a processor or a computer, equipped with a software algorithm to produce desired sharp monochromatic or color 2-4 D images. 
     In one or more embodiments, the computer is powerful enough to obtain a million or billion bits of information, having a software algorithm to provide images from any object located in the field of view before or behind a photographed object ranging from a very short distance from the objective lens surface to infinity. 
     In one or more embodiments of the DIFLFP camera, the computer and its software algorithm is capable of producing 2-3-4 dimensional sharp images, with desired magnification, and in color form, for any object located in front of the camera. 
     In one or more embodiments, the camera can provide an instant video in a 2-3 D image projected on an LCD monitor located in the back of the camera. 
     In one or more embodiments, the photos or videos captured using the camera are sent electronically via the internet to another computer using the GPU system, etc. 
     In one or more embodiments, using DIFLFP live video, time-related images can be presented in the fourth dimension with real-time high speed processing. To achieve high speed processing, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a programmable logic chip or field programmable gate array (FPGAs) may be provided along with a high-performance processor as VLIW (Very Long Instruction Word) core and a digital signal processor (DSP) microprocessor. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is used for visualization of a live surgery that can be projected in 3-4 D using the fluidic lens light field camera in the operating microscope that is simultaneously projected back onto the ocular lenses of the operating microscope or used in robotic surgery of brain, heart, prostate, knee or any other organ with robotic surgery, electronic endoscope system, 3D marking in laser processing systems, barcode scanning, automated inspection with a distance sensor, in neuroscience research, documenting the nerves or in retinal photography where the eye cannot be exposed to the light for a long time or when long exposure time is needed in low light photography, or variable spot size in light emitting diode (LED) lighting. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera has a distance sensor controlling the initial start of the image focused on a certain object in the field of DIFLFP field and can be used in macro or microphotography and having a liquid crystal display (LCD) touch screen. 
     In one or more embodiments, the wavefront phase and the distance from the object is calculated by the software measuring the degree of focusing required for two rays to focus. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is used for the creation of augmented reality and virtual reality. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is used with additional lenses in tomographic wavefront sensors, measuring amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic field. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera can generate stereo-images for both eyes of the user to see objects stereoscopically. 
     In one or more embodiments, the DIFLFP camera is equipped with an auto sensor to focus on a moving object, such as in sport activities or in dynamic facial recognition. 
     In a further embodiment, one uses fluidic lenses to replace solid lenses. These tunable lenses are either made of semi-solid compressive transparent polymers so that their surface curvature deforms when mechanical pressure is applies to the lens or they are made of two fluids with different indexes of refraction so that the curvature of the surface can be changed due to an electrical charge applied to it. The other fluidic lens, as described by Peyman in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,993,399, 8,409,278, 9,016,860, 9,191,568, 9,671,607, and 10,133,056, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety herein. Basically, it is a flexible transparent polymeric membrane, that covers a cavity surrounded by a fixed structure having either a circular or rectangular opening and the cavity is filled with a transparent fluid that produces a convex/concave lens or astigmatic fluidic lenses depending on the fluid amount injected or withdrawn from the cavity. The change occurs by pumping a fluid inside the lens cavity or removing it creating a convex or concave surface producing either a spherical or astigmatic lens plus or minus lens (refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,993,399, 8,409,278, 9,016,860, 9,191,568, 9,671,607, and 10,133,056). 
     In one embodiment, the opening of the cavity is circular and the membrane creates a plus or minus spherical lens, and if the opening is made rectangular it creates a plus or minus astigmatic lens. The combination of one spherical and two astigmatic lenses positioned 45 degree from each other creates a universal combination lens, and when combined with a processor, and its algorithm can correct the refractive power of each eye via a software controlling the pumping system of the lenses, from +15.00 D to −15.00 D at steps of 0.1 power and +8.00 D to −8.00 D power at steps of 0.1 power of astigmatism for each eye separately, and for any given distance or focal point that the person is looking at, and for any location in front of the eye. The mechanism of correcting automatically, the shape of the lenses is achieved rapidly by directing a light, e.g., near infrared (IR) or IR diode laser producing a non-toxic dose of light to each eye independently via a prism or a mirror (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278). The wavefront of light is then reflected from the eye back through the pupil coming from the retina as it passes through the fluidic lenses while the eye is looking at a real image or virtual image. A part of the reflected light then is diverted via a dichroic mirror to a Shack-Hartmann system (see e.g.,  FIG. 23 ) and the rest reaches the object of view. The diverted light that goes to the Shack-Hartmann sensor passes through Shack-Hartmann lenslets, and indicates the degree or the shape of the refractive errors of the eye. This information is in turn communicated to a processor that controls the amount of the fluid in each fluidic lenses that is needed to correct the refractive power of each of the fluidic lenses, automatically, for the eye to see the object in focus regardless of where the eyes focuses on an image or an object located in front of the eye; focusing on the near or far or in between, etc. As described hereinafter, a similar result is achieved using magnets and activating them simultaneously or selectively to exert a compressive force and change the shape of a prismatic plate or cause extrusion of the part of a ball through the circular or rectangular opening in the second plate. In an automatic fashion, an eye tracker can move the position of the lenses to the direction of the eye movement. This system provides emmetropic vision automatically for the eyes at any distance from the eye or location, thus eliminating a problem that would contribute to disparity of the stereoscopic visual perception. 
       FIGS. 22 and 23  illustrate a further embodiment of the present invention. In particular,  FIG. 22  illustrates a virtual reality headset  1901  on a person, the virtual reality headset  1901  configured to create an artificial environment and/or immersive environment for the person. As shown in  FIG. 22 , the virtual reality headset  1901  includes a pair of fluidic lenses  1902  disposed between the respective eyes of the person and a screen  1903  of the virtual reality headset  1901 , the fluidic lenses  1902  each having a chamber that receives a fluid therein, and the fluidic lenses  1902  configured to correct the refractive errors of the eyes of the person. 
     In particular,  FIG. 23  illustrates the refractive error correction system  1900  that is utilized in conjunction with the fluidic lenses  1902  disposed in the virtual reality (VR) headset  1901  of  FIG. 22 . The refractive error correction system  1900  may also be used with an augmented reality (AR) headset. As shown in  FIG. 23 , the refractive error correction system  1900  generally comprises at least one fluidic lens  1902  disposed between the light source  1928  of the VR or AR headset and the eye  1926  of the person wearing the VR or AR headset; a pump  1906  operatively coupled to the at least one fluidic lens  1902 , the pump  1906  configured to insert an amount of the fluid into the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens  1902 , or remove an amount of the fluid from the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens  1902 , in order to change the shape of at least one fluidic lens  1902  in accordance with the amount of fluid therein; and a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1914  operatively coupled to the pump  1906  via a data processor and control wiring  1912 , the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1914  by means of the pump  1906  configured to automatically control the amount of the fluid in the chamber of the at least one fluidic lens  1902 , thereby automatically correcting the refractive errors of the eye  1926  of the person wearing the VR or AR headset. 
     Referring again to  FIG. 23 , it can be seen that the light emanating from the light source  1928  of the VR or AR headset is diverted around the holographic optical element or diffractive lens  1920  by means of dichroic mirrors or prisms  1922  until the light  1924  enters the eye  1926  of the person wearing the VR or AR headset. In  FIG. 23 , it can be seen that a portion  1918  of the light entering the eye  1926  is reflected back from the eye  1926  and initially through the holographic optical element or diffractive lens  1920  and then subsequently through the holographic optical element or diffractive lens  1916  until reaching the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1914 . Based on the reflected light  1918 , the Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly  1914  controls the action of the servomotor  1910  of the pump  1906 , and thus, the amount of fluid that is added to, or removed from, the fluidic lens  1902  automatically. 
     In the illustrative embodiment of  FIG. 23 , the fluidic lens  1902  comprises a flexible fluidic membrane that is disposed within a rigid outer housing  1904 . The pump  1906  on the illustrative embodiment comprises a pump membrane  1908  that is driven up or down by the servomotor  1910  in order to add or remove fluid from the chamber of the fluidic lens  1902 . 
     A detail view of the pump  1906  that is used in the refractive error correction system  1900  of  FIG. 23  is depicted in  FIG. 24 . In  FIG. 24 , the servomotor  1910  drives the pump  1906  so as to add or remove fluid from the chamber of the fluidic lens  1902 . 
     In one embodiment, the accommodation of the lenses can be addressed by having a layer of liquid crystal that responds by activating the molecular position of the liquid crystal increasing their index of refraction as needed for near vision under an electrical current. 
     In one embodiment, the lenses are soft compressive polymeric lenses that can be compressed or decompressed via an electrical pulse to make them more or less convex when protruding through the second plate with a circular hole in it. 
     In another embodiment, the lenses can be made using a combination of two fluids with different indexes of refraction and their interface can create a positive or negative surface by changing the electrostatic potential between both surfaces using electrical pulses, though they have the shortcoming of not correcting the astigmatic aberrations. 
     In one embodiment, one can eliminate the problems of muscular fatigue during convergence by separating the images  2008 ,  2010  of each eye  2002 ,  2004  using various prisms  2006  as shown in  FIG. 25A . In  FIG. 25A , the left and right images  2008 ,  2010  are projected via a series of prisms  2006  that ultimately are perpendicular to either the right or left eye  2002 ,  2004 . In  FIG. 25B , the images are projected using various flat or concave prisms  2012  over a screen  2014  that are seen by the eye separately, similar to an IMAX 3-D movie theater.  FIG. 25C  depicts a spherical fluidic lens  2016  or tunable lens and two astigmatic cylindrical fluidic lenses  2018  that can be adjusted via a pump to correct refractive errors of an eye looking at any distance, and may be used in the system of  FIG. 25B .  FIGS. 25D and 25E  depict an alternative system to  FIG. 25C  that uses transitional pinhole lenses to correct the refractive power of the lenses for any distance, and the images are projected in the eye perpendicular to the eye&#39;s position once the person has the goggles on, regardless of which direction he or she moves his or her head and the refractive error of the eye is corrected automatically with the fluidic lenses described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety herein. Alternatively, the images may be projected onto a screen in front of the eyes (as shown in  FIG. 25B ). In  FIGS. 25D and 25E , the transitional lenses  2020  have virtually no shading for minimal light conditions, the transitional lenses  2022  have some shading for moderate light conditions, and the transitional lenses  2024  have heavy shading for strong light conditions. The transitional lens  2026  has a different shape than the transitional lenses  2020 ,  2022 ,  2024 . The transitional lenses  2020 ,  2022 ,  2024 ,  2026  have no pigment in their pin hole central apertures  2028 , and may be in form of solid or fluidic lenses. 
     In one embodiment, the virtual reality (VR) lens is made to function like a pin hole (e.g., as shown in  FIG. 25D ). In this embodiment, the lenses  2020 ,  2022 ,  2024 ,  2026  may have a central hole  2028  and the peripheral part of the lens is made with transitional lenses that respond to light and create a virtual hole in the center where all the light rays entering the eye are in focus eliminating the need for any refractive modification of the VR lens. 
     In one embodiment, the VR lens is made to function like a pin hole by creating at least two concentric peripheral zones, and an inner central zone defining a visual axis. The polymeric material in the peripheral zones contains at least one light-activated chromophore that darkens when activated by light, the chromophore is dispersed in or on the outer surface of the lens polymeric material, distributed in substantially concentric circles outward from the central area, and uniformly increasing in concentration from the central area to the outer periphery; the central zone lacking the chromophore, or containing a chromophore that does not absorb visible light, or containing a chromophore at a minimal to zero concentration (see  FIGS. 25D and 25E ). 
     In one embodiment, the pinhole lens is made of two composite polymeric lenses, which includes a larger outer lens part with chromophore and a smaller central lens part of 1-4 mm that does not have the chromophore. The smaller lens is able to fit inside the larger lens. Alternatively, the inner part of the lens is a simply a dark tube, and functions as a pinhole that fits inside the outer part of the lens. 
     In one embodiment, the center of the lens is just a hole of 1-4 mm in diameter and has no lens whereas the peripheral portion has chromophores that change the color and the transmission of light depending on the density of the chromophores from light to very dark leaving the central area free through which the light passes. 
     In one embodiment, the pinhole arrangement of the VR lens eliminates the optical aberrations of the eye and also eliminates the need for accommodation or convergence. 
     In one embodiment, if the need for convergence of one or another eye exists, one can use a fluidic prism in front of one or both eyes to correct for the pre-existing deviation, such as micro-strabismus&lt;10 prism diopter (PD) or frank strabismus where the prism is made from a clear glass or polycarbonate, acrylic, stick-on Fresnel lens, etc. transparent to the visible and infrared light. In general,  FIGS. 26A-26J  illustrate the construction of a tunable or fluid prism.  FIGS. 26A and 26B  show two circular transparent plates  2030 ,  2032  of any size.  FIG. 26C  shows that the upper plate  2030  may have a magnetic material  2034  (e.g., iron) at its edges and the lower plate  2032  may have a series of electromagnets  2036  that can be activated independently or collectively via a data processor with appropriate software executed thereby. The balloon or the flexible transparent ball depicted in  FIG. 26D  is a transparent balloon  2038  made of silicone or another transparent elastic polymer which can be filled with a fluid (e.g., water or other transparent liquid) via a tube  2039  that can be connected to a pump, or is a transparent ball made of a transparent polymer.  FIGS. 26E, 26F and 26G  illustrate side views of a tunable prism  2040  showing unactivated or activated electromagnets  2042  electrically tilting the first or superior plate  2044  to one or the other side, thus creating a prismatic effect for the light passing through it.  FIG. 26I  illustrates side views of a similar tunable prism  2046  where the tunable prism is not activated in the first side view, the tunable prism  2046  is minimally activated in the second side view, and the tunable prism  2046  is further activated in the third side view. In the case of the flexible ball, all electrodes of the second plate are activated to collectively push the transparent polymer through a circular or rectangular hole, thus creating a spherical or astigmatic lens.  FIGS. 26H and 26J  show an alternative system. In  FIGS. 26H and 26J , a central hole  2048  is cut in the second plate (i.e., the bottom plate  2050 ) through which the balloon  2052  protrudes outside the plate (as depicted in  FIG. 26J ) when the pressure inside the balloon  2052  is increased by the pump or by activating all the electromagnets  2042  simultaneously to compress the plates  2050 ,  2051  against each other.  FIGS. 27A, 27B, and 27C  show a circular opening  2048  in the back plate  2050  through which the balloon  2052  can protrude, thereby creating a tunable prismatic lens depending on the pressure applied to the balloon  2052  by a pump  2053 . Similarly,  FIGS. 27D and 27E  show a rectangular opening  2054  in the back plate  2050  through which the balloon  2052  can protrude, thereby creating a tunable prismatic lens depending on the pressure applied to the balloon  2052 .  FIGS. 27F and 27G  show the position of two superimposed tunable cylinders and tunable prisms  2056 ,  2058  located 45 degrees from each other that can be activated by a data processor with appropriate software, thereby creating a universal tunable astigmatic and tunable prism. In general, the prisms are solid triangular structures refracting the incoming light depending on the apex of the prism and its acuteness determines the prism&#39;s power (A), thus creating the displacement of the light rays (e.g., a displacement of one centimeter for a distance of one meter), and the light always deviates toward the base of the prism. The prisms are used to treat limited squints or strabismus that cause deviation of the eye caused by imbalance between the horizontal muscles or vertical eye muscles, or oblique muscles puling the eye toward one or the other direction. In general, coordination of the muscles between the two eyes is needed for both eyes to see an object simultaneously and prevent double vision. The simplest cooperation can be disturbed when objects are close to the eye requiring each eye to converge from their normal parallel position. The convergence is also associated simultaneously with an increase in the thickness of both crystalline lenses of the eye, the so called accommodation to focus at a near object (e.g. reading that is about 1-3 diopters). The function of convergence if not coordinated with the accommodation produces a commonly seen problem called strabismus or squint in children, such as in the esotropia, in which one eye more or less permanently turns in and with time loses its function (amblyopia) in order to prevent double vision. The external prisms are used by the ophthalmologist to measure the correct strabismus. Thus far, all prisms have static power (e.g., one to ten to twenty or more prism power). There is no known tunable prism. 
     In one embodiment, the fluidic or tunable prism is made of a flexible, transparent balloon  2038  located between two transparent plates made of glass, polycarbonate, etc. (e.g., see  FIGS. 26E-26J ). The function of the prismatic lens is always controlled electrically whereas the balloon  2038  displacement inside the hole  2048  in the second plate  2050  is done by a pump and the flexible ball is controlled only electronically. The balloon  2038  has an access to a tube  2039  through which the balloon  2038  can be filled with a fluid (e.g., air) or any other transparent liquid to be shaped like a basketball (i.e., round) or oval (i.e., like an American football), and the connection can be separated if needed without creating a leak when filled up with either gas, water, with or without electrolytes, silicone, or laser fluid having a specific index of refraction or the index of refraction is more than one or equal to one as the air, etc. or the balloon  2038  can be made from a soft transparent polymer, such as silicone or hydrogel, with a desired index of refraction, etc. The balloon  2038  is placed between two transparent plates. The first plate  2044  is moveable, and can be tilted in any direction, but the second plate  2050  is generally fixed to provide stability to the system, the plates  2044 ,  2050  are made of glass or any other material (e.g., acrylic) that is in contact with the surface of the balloon  2038 , or the ball with the inner surfaces of both plates  2044 ,  2050  having some transparent adhesive. When the first plate  2044  is pressed toward the second fixed plate  2050 , the balloon surfaces in contact with the plates  2044 ,  2050  flatten from two sides and the adhesive material fixes the two plates  2044 ,  2050  to the flattened central surface of the balloon  2038  creating initially two parallel plates with a central flexible balloon or ball in between (e.g., refer to the side views in  FIGS. 26E and 26H ), while the balloon  2038  or the ball edges can freely expand outward laterally between the two plates (e.g., see  FIGS. 26F and 26G ). In general, the position of the second plate  2050  is made stable by connecting it to any structure located nearby, such as a handheld holder or a part of the VR goggles, etc. The first plate  2044  is only connected via adhesives to the balloon  2038 , otherwise the edges are free to move up or down or tilt due to the flexibility of its attachment to the balloon  2038  or the elastic ball. The free edges of the superior plate  2044  may have a magnetic element (see  FIG. 26C ), such as iron or iron oxide, etc., that can be tilted toward the edges of the second plate  2050  that has 4-12 or more electromagnets that can be turned on or off to generate a magnetic field or force that can be also controlled by the electrical current running in their coils. When the electromagnets in the second plate  2050  are activated, they attract the magnetic material of the first plate  2044  closest to it, and thus tilt the first plate  2044  toward that direction. The two plates  2044 ,  2050  can, in general, be positioned in any desired way (e.g., they could be one before the other, side by side, or one above the other, up and down position, etc.). However, the first plate  2044  can move freely since its attachment is with a flexible balloon  2038 . 
     In one embodiment, the first plate  2044  can be a diffractive lens, a Fresnel plate with a desired prismatic effect or a holographic optical element rendering other functions to the plate. 
     In one embodiment, one can replace the balloon  2038  with a spring  2060  (e.g., see  FIG. 28A , showing a single spring  2060  positioned between two transparent plates  2062 ,  2064  with their electromagnets  2042  that can tilt the first plate  2062  toward the second plate  2064  at any direction). The spring  2060  can be multiple small spring coils located around a central circular area through which the light passes from the first plate  2062  to the second plate  2064 .  FIG. 28B  depicts an alternative combination of a spring coil  2060  and balloon or ball  2066 , in which the balloon or ball  2066  is located inside of the central spring  2060  acting as a combination of a tunable prism and tunable lens that provides similar flexibility in motion to the first plate  2062 . The advantage of a balloon or ball  2066  is that it can have an index of refraction chosen to be similar to air, or a higher index of refraction to create the bending of the light that passes first through the air and the glass plate  2062 , then the balloon  2066  and the second plate  2064 . The most important part of this invention is that the position of the first plate  2062  relative to the second plate  2064  influences how light travels through the two plates  2062 ,  2064 , and when the first plate  2062  is tilted, it acts like a prism for refracting the light. When the two plates  2062 ,  2064  are parallel, the light enters the first plate  2062  in a perpendicular manner or normal manner, i.e., the light does not change its direction. However, if the superior plate  2062  is tilted in one or the other direction in relation to the second plate  2064 , it creates a condition as seen with a prism. In this situation, the first plate  2062  acts as a side of the prism diverting the light toward the base of the prism (not the apex). As a result, one can control the degree and the location of the tilt of the first plate  2062  electromagnetically, as having a universal tunable or fluidic prism that now can be used or activated precisely electronically by an ophthalmologist by creating a precise electrical field at any desired location or direction that one would like, so as to act like a prism with the desired prismatic power that can be precisely controlled via a software that regulates individual electromagnets located at the perimeter of the second plate  2064  (e.g., activating the electromagnets of the right part of the second plate  2064  tilts the superior plate  2062  precisely toward the second plate  2064  by a desired certain degree to the right depending on the magnetic force generated in that area (e.g., see the side views in  FIGS. 26F and 26G ) from one prism degree (PD) or tilt to 30 degree PD or more tilt, the system thus converts two simple transparent glass panes into a prism with precise control toward any direction creating a universal tunable prism. 
     In one embodiment, a simple spring coil can be controlled as the tunable prism, and the simple spring coil is simple to create. 
     In one embodiment, the liquid or tunable prism or is combined with a spring coil that provides stability to the system by returning the plate to the parallel position when the electromagnet is not activated. In this embodiment, the central balloon or ball  2066  is positioned inside the spring coil  2060 . The spring coil  2060  can be made from a plastic material or metallic material, but a plastic spring coil  2060  can work as well as the metallic one (see  FIG. 28B ). 
     In another embodiment, a spring  2060  of any diameter and coil number, which can be made of a plastic or any other material (e.g., a combination of metals), can be placed and glued around the center of the two transparent plates  2062 ,  2064  having otherwise similar electromagnets and magnetic materials as described. In this embodiment, the plates  2062 ,  2064  are in a parallel position to each other when the magnets  2042  are not activated (see  FIG. 28A ). 
     In one embodiment, with reference to  FIGS. 26H and 26J , a tunable prism has a flexible balloon or ball  2052 , and a central circle  2048  is cut out in the transparent second plate  2050  so that the balloon or ball  2052  can bulge out through the opening  2048 , thus creating a plus lens, or in this case, a combination of a tunable refractive lens and a tunable prism simultaneously for correcting the eyes prismatic deviation and the required power of the lens needed (e.g., during convergence and accommodation). In addition, by injecting or removing the fluid from the balloon  2052  via a controlled pump, one automatically can increase or decrease the power of this tunable fluidic lens. In the case where the tunable prism has a ball, the magnets are all equally activated to compress the front plate against the second plate, and to cause the bulging of a part of the ball through the central opening in the second plate. This unit can be used as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in its entirety herein, along with a Shack-Hartmann system for automatic control of the refractive power needed using a data processor with appropriate software loaded thereon. In general, the degree of accommodation needed for near work is between plus 1-5 dioptric power. 
     In one embodiment, one can collectively activate all electromagnets to compress the two plates toward each other, thereby enhancing the effect of the power of the lens/prism combination system (e.g., see  FIG. 27B ) so as to enhance the spherical or cylindrical power. 
     In one embodiment, where the opening in the lower plate is made oval or rectangular, one can create a combined tunable cylindrical lens and tunable prismatic plate, while the power of the lens is adjusted as needed using a pump system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278 in combination with a Shack-Hartmann sensor and the power of the ball is controlled electrically by activating the electromagnets. 
     In one embodiment, two combinations of prismatic and cylindrical lens can be positioned at 45 degree angle to each other (e.g., refer to U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278), thus correcting the amount of plus lens and the cylinder is needed for perfect correction of one or the other eye, or both eyes. 
     In one embodiment, the lenses can be combined with a Shack-Hartmann system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278 with a pump connected to the balloon to correct tunable spherical and cylindrical and prismatic changes in one eye simultaneously. In this embodiment, a data processor with the appropriate software loaded thereon initially corrects the prismatic changes of the system, and then subsequently the spherical or cylindrical aberration of the eye. 
     In one embodiment, an additional spherical correction can be done where a fluidic lens as a minus lens is used independently (see U.S. Pat. No. 8,409,278) from the above system for myopic correction of the eye, but controlled by the same Shack-Hartmann pump and a software. 
     In one embodiment, one should eliminate the factors that predisposes or contributes to a person having side effects of using the virtual reality or augmented reality systems by performing a complete examination of visual functions, disparity of optical aberrations of one or both eyes, history of strabismus or micro-strabismus, history of nystagmus, ocular surgery, cornea, crystalline lens, retinal diseases, or genetic or acquired diseases affecting the eyes by addressing each independently and correcting for them, if possible. 
     In one embodiment, the patient might have strabismus, that is, one eye deviates from the other eye more than one prism diopter (e.g., one centimeter for a distance of 100 cm) when looking at an object, thus causing disparity of the images that is projected over the central retina (fovea) creating double vision. The misalignment is esotropia or inward convergent and exotropia, hypertropia, hypotropia, incyclotorsion or excyclotorsion, etc. The problem can be stimulated during accommodation, often seen in children around the age of 2 to 3 when looking at a near object or without accommodation, and their magnitude can be measured by a handheld Fresnel prism. Mechanical esotropia is caused by scar tissue or myopathy, etc. and requires surgical correction of the underlying disease process. 
     In one embodiment, the disparity of the images can be addressed by two independent mechanisms, which first include correcting the convergence deficiencies or pre-existing microtropia or macrotropia of the eye which stresses the eyes during the convergence. This problem should be addressed by a prior examination using an innovative auto-phoropter system to measure the aberration of the refractive power of the eye, and automatically correct the refractive power. In one embodiment, the phoropter is combined with an adjustable or tunable prism to correct refractive error and the eye deviation. These issues can be treated prior to the use of the VR or AR system, but some other issues, such as amblyopia, that have existed from childhood as a result of not using both eyes together, etc. may or may not be corrected depending at what age they have been discovered. The treatment of this condition is done by covering the good eye for a period of time to force the person to use the weaker eye until the visual acuity becomes normal or close to normal. 
     In one embodiment, the adjustable prism is prescribed, but slowly reduced when the eye muscle becomes stronger to eliminate potentially the need for a prism. 
     In one embodiment, the convergence deficiencies may be corrected by surgery of the eye muscles or by positioning appropriate prisms in front of the eyes to bring the images of the two eyes together. This can be done by presenting to the eyes two independent images having red or green letters or a number, or using a Maddox rod presenting the eyes with a colored astigmatic lens that separate the images of both eyes and shows how the two eyes cooperate to unify the image or how the two separate images seen by each eye cooperate and can then be corrected by specific prisms or a tunable prism directing the image toward the eye or unifying them. 
     In one embodiment, dyslexia might contribute to separation of images seen by each eye and can be diagnosed by having the patient read a reading chart so that the optometrist or ophthalmologist may diagnose the condition. 
     In one embodiment, one evaluates the existence of nystagmus diagnosed by presence of a visible oscillatory motion of the eye, which can be barely visible, but can be examined using appropriate testing to recognize it prior to the use of the VR or AR goggles, or can be treated by limiting the oscillation by positioning an appropriate prism on each of the eyeglasses that might help the nystagmus to a certain extent, or the electrical pulses to the ocular muscles is dampened by administration of a topical medication, or injecting Botox inside the muscles. 
     In one embodiment, the nystagmus can be brought under control by reducing external light using transitional lenses that leave the central 2-4 mm area free of pigment and darkening mostly the astray light coming from the sides that cause glare, headache, and the sensation of vomiting and aggravate the effect of the symptoms of seasickness. 
     In one embodiment, these aforementioned tests will eliminate patients having one or more ocular problems, and/or they will help manage their problems prior to use of the VR goggles. 
     In one embodiment, in a VR headset, one can automatically correct the prismatic changes by rotating the direction of the light (image) coming to each eye independently until they correspond to form a single stereoscopic image or incorporate an adjustable prism combined with the lens to divert the light appropriately to each eye. 
     In one embodiment, one can manipulate the degree of stereovision by creating a lesser stereoscopic effect to no stereovision in order to eliminate the side effect of motion sickness by creating more or less stereovision gradually to enable the user of the VR or AR headset to get used to the increased stereoscopic view by exercising and using the concept. 
     In one embodiment, since the side effect of the visualization using VR is dependent on the degree of stereoscopic vision (i.e., more or less stereoscopic), the angulation of the light entering the pupil can be adjusted gradually until the person feels comfortable looking through the glasses of the VR headset. 
     In one embodiment, lenses are provided, which can act as a pinhole, to provide the best focusing condition for the eye to see since the light rays are positioned directly on the fovea of the retina without any diffraction of them from the side of the optical element of the eye, cornea, and the lens. It also eliminates the need for accommodation that induces simultaneous convergence that exhausts the ocular muscles. 
     In one embodiment, the pinholes lenses are specifically designed to create a pinhole in presence of and degree of light. 
     In one embodiment, the nystagmus can be recognized using optokinetic nystagmus, rotating cylinder with black and white stripes creating symptoms of seasickness. 
     In one embodiment, the dizziness, etc. can be diagnosed by monitory head and eye movement continuously with a device called Continuous Ambulatory Vestibular Assessment (CAVA) device. 
     In one embodiment, since the visual confusion and position of the body can complement each other worsening the symptoms, various eye tracking following the eye movement and accelerometers can track the body or head motion and sensors checking the physiological changes of the body can be coordinated by a processor to reduce the fast position changes of the VR images so as to reduce the symptoms. 
     In one embodiment, this is achieved by seeing two images simultaneously in the path of each eye, one image provides a stable frame, such as two or more vertical bars with 1-2 horizontal bars in relationship to the observer&#39;s body so that the user of VR can focus on or practically ignore it, while observing the VR image independently and providing an anchor for the viewer that creates a sensation that he or she is looking through a transparent motionless frame at the VR, through the rectangular window provided for the eye. This sensation is not different than the fear of height. These persons usually freeze if they are on a high building or platform that is not providing a feeling of separation from the outside view of the “world” from the person&#39;s position such as it would be seeing through a transparent glass, fixed to a structure providing a security of separation from the outside world lying below him or hers, and in front of the person which is seen stereoscopically. 
     In one embodiment, one can create a barrier that works like a window shutter with a transparent glass that separates the outside world which is visible through the transparent or semi-transparent glass with or without the vertical or horizontal bars. In one embodiment, the user&#39;s problem with the virtual reality is treated by projecting the 3-D images on a heads-up screen, then projecting the images on a computer screen in front of the eyes, thus providing the sensation of being outside the scene rather than inside the scene, and eliminating the neuronal side effects or vertigo or seasickness where the patient is, or imagines to be inside the scene. 
     In one embodiment, by creating either a second separate transparent or semitransparent goggle cover or another two dimensional virtual glass located in an area in the front of the VR image that appears stable having some stable images on it whereas the VR is seen in 3-D beyond it, so that the person can focus on the first “transparent glass barrier” before seeing the 3-D VR, to get relief from the stereoscopic images that cause the visual confusion and mental discomfort. A double transparent platform with stable vertical and horizontal marking edges on the inside glass creating a static frame of reference between the two different, but connected spaces in the visual field. Thus separating the two spaces from each other, like entering one room first and then entering the second room (i.e., the virtual room). 
     In one embodiment, by creating either a second separate transparent or semitransparent goggle cover or another two dimensional virtual glass located in an area in the front of the VR image that appears stable having some stable images on it whereas the VR is seen in 3-D or as a hologram beyond it, so that the person can focus on the first “transparent glass barrier” before seeing the 3-D VR, to get relief from the stereoscopic images that cause the visual confusion and mental discomfort. 
     In one embodiment, the outside glass space has the VR images and the inside glass has only the limiting bars giving the impression of a separate space from the VR that separates the VR world from the real world (or space). The bars can be virtual so that their position or location can be changed depending on accelerometers, other sensors, or an eye tracking system located on the VR headset indicating the direction of the visual/head movement. These signals are transmitted to the frame or bars of the first space, changing the position of the virtual frame depending on the inclination or the head tilt, moving the image against the force of the gravity, to maintain a relative vertical and horizontal stability to the area in front of the VR space. 
     In one embodiment, the system described can additionally have stable frames projected in the path of vision eliminating the fear (of VR) similar to that of being on an elevated area, but being inside another transparent space which is separated from the stereoscopic VR images or hologram providing comfort of security for the viewer. 
     In one embodiment, one can also make the “supporting” image moveable from one direction to the other so that the image remains constant either in the vertical or horizontal level. This is achieved by having one or multiple accelerometers and sensors positioned around the goggles that indicate the position of tilt of or forward/backward motion, connected to a processor that adjusts automatically the position of the supporting image in a horizontal and vertical position, alleviating the visual sensation of rotation and tilt that comes with looking through the VR systems. 
     In one embodiment, depending on the tracking system or the sensors sensing tilt, etc., one can stimulate the neck muscles by electric pulses applied to the muscles in one or the other direction to loosen up the muscle spasm, loosening the fixed rigidity created during the motion sickness or blocking the vagus nerve stimulation by electrical pulses to depolarize the nerve or to depolarize the oculomotor nerve controlling the eye movement and ocular muscles that otherwise would result in stretching or traction of extra-ocular muscle. 
     In one embodiment, if the sensors, accelerometers, or other body sensors or wrist sensors indicate physiological changes of the patient, a processor can control the VR frequencies of pulses instead of providing 60-100 or more light pulses of the image per second, the presentation of the image can be reduce to 4-8 images per second by a processor automatically to relieve the person&#39;s symptoms until the side effects are subsided. This provides an automatic relief for the observer from the motion sickness by reducing the stereovision from 3-D to 2D images. 
     In the previous patents, it has been described how fluidic lenses seen through phoropter can produce an objective refraction when it is combined with a Shack-Hartmann sensor and the software to control the amount of the fluid in the lenses producing plus or minus lenses. For example, refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,993,399, 8,409,278, 9,164,206, and 9,681,800, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety herein. When placed in front of an eye, human or animal, the phoropter can produce an objective refraction without the need for a subjective verbal or non-verbal communication to the doctors or technicians and the patients. The phoropter makes objective non-verbal the examination possible. 
     In one embodiment, the refractive errors of each eye of the newborns are examined separately using an objective fluidic hand held phoropter. 
     In one embodiment, similarly the refractive error of each eye of animals, such as dogs, cats, horses, etc., can be measured using a fluidic hand held objective phoropter. 
     A more permanent correction of the refractive errors requires a set of glasses that can either be easily adjusted or a hybrid system that at a minimum, corrects refractive errors for far and near for each eye. At present, these lenses are not used for humans or animals. 
     Similarly, there has not been a need to check the refractive error of an animal for the lack of the communications. However, there is no objective studies performed on refractive errors of the animals. Probably, the animals with severe refractive errors do not live the full life because of their visual deficiencies, and poor vision. This issue becomes more important for the domesticated pets, such as cats, dogs, horses, particularly racing horses, and other animals. Poor vision can also cause these animals to trip themselves, fall, or break their legs, etc. as it is the case with older humans. 
     Although, the fluidic phoropter can solve this problem, no attempt has been made to correct the refractive errors in animals and babies. 
     In one embodiment, the fluidic lenses can eliminate the barrier of expenses and provide a multifocal fluidic, or hybrid fluidic refractive glasses for the babies and the animals that can be used with the potential of being readjusted within six months as the eyes grow or as the need dictates. These lenses can be used also in virtual reality or augmented reality goggles, thereby eliminating the eye strains or headache seen in these users. 
     In a pending nonprovisional application, namely U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 17/134,393, the present inventor has described the application of modified refractive surgery technique for the human and the animals that are reversible without the need for removing the tissue from the eye as is done presently. 
     Refractive error of the eye constitutes one of most common visual problems affecting billions of the population worldwide. These refractive errors deprive the affected person not only from proper development of the vision (e.g., in children if not corrected but also contribute to loss of sight, the so-call amblyopia or lazy eye in which the ability to see from one eye can be permanently is lost if not corrected at young age). 
     Often the lack of access to an ophthalmologist or optometrist contributes to the loss of sight. However, often the lack of financial ability also contributes to loss of education and productivity of a person throughout his or her life. 
     In general, the majorities of the refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness) where the eye is too long or the corneal curvature is too steep preventing the light to be focused on the retina but falls in front of it. This condition requires a minus or a concave lens for its correction to move the focal point of light backwards towards the retina. The hyperopia is a condition where the refractive power of the eye (crystalline lens and the cornea) is not enough and causes the light rays to be focused behind the retina. This condition can be corrected by the use of a convex or a plus lens or glasses to bring the focal point of the light rays forwards towards the retina. Presbyopia is an aging problem in which the normal crystalline lens loses its elasticity to focus on the near objects, such as reading a newspaper where a plus lens can treat the condition. 
     In general, a combination of a plus lens added to another corrected lens for the far can provide bifocality to the glasses that can be used when the patient looks through the upper part of the glasses seeing far objects and during the reading the person looks down through the second lens, usually in the lower part of the bifocal glasses and can read a newspaper. It is also possible to create triple focal lenses that provide sharp vision for three distinct distances from the eye (e.g., far correction using the upper part of glasses, near within a comfortable distance, e.g., for an orchestra conductor to read the music chart, i.e., about 3 feet, and near section for reading in a distance of 33 centimeters or a about a foot). This requires each glass section to be corrected each individually. In general, a three step procedure is performed to achieve a multifocal lens. The far distance is initially corrected by measuring the refractive error for spherical correction for distance by the fluidic lens by one adding various plus lenses that can provide a focal point to a distance of 10-30 centimeters, 30-60 centimeters, 1-3 meters, and 3-5 meters, depending on the need of a person&#39;s eyes (e.g., babies require to seeing very near objects and intermediate distances, while for animal, an intermediate distance and far are initially more desirable). However, either adding a plus lens or a diffractive lens can cover these intermediate distances, and adult humans would like to see far and near and all eyes can be blinded by excessive light or side light when working or playing under the sun or bright light, and are in need of blocking excessive light, such as by using transition lenses that have light absorbing pigment in the lens. The latter or a combination is very desirable for an albino patient who does not have much dark pigment to block the sun light. The three step procedure for the optical correction encompasses: (1) objective measurement of the refractive power using an automated hand held objective refractometer and phoropter, (2) assembling the system as described in this application, and (3) checking the accuracy of the desired dioptric power of the hybrid lens using the standard lensometer, and the refractive error of the desired power is corrected while the hybrid lens is under the lensometer to achieve the prescription power measured with a system including an objective phoropter, fluidic lenses, and a Shack-Hartmann sensor assembly. The process of changing the refractive power of the hybrid lens to achieve the refractive power of the fluidic lens for far is done by activating the step motor head or a hydraulic pump that are connected to the flexible membrane of the initial chamber that is, in turn, connected to the fluidic lens chamber via a conduit to the fluidic lens&#39;s chamber having a flexible membrane acting as a lens. The pushing or pulling of the step motor head is activated either electronically or mechanically that either pushes or pulls, forwards or backwards, the flexible wall of the initial small chamber. The amount of push/pull of the step motor can be electronically or mechanically controlled to change the dioptric power of the fluidic lens membrane as the refractive error is measured simultaneously under a lensometer and finally the interpupillary distance is measured/adjusted and the glasses are positioned with their frames and holder that can be an elastic band with a hook-and-loop fastener (e.g., Velcro®) behind the ear or behind the head and kept stable. 
     In one embodiment, binocular glasses are made out of two fluidic lenses or a combination of a two separate fluidic lens that build two different chambers, but share a solid transparent barrier in between them in which the amount of fluid in each chamber is increased or decreased to provide the upper part for the far vision and is fixed at that position and the lower “back” chamber provides only a plus or addition of +1-3.00 D. and is fixed to serve for the reading. However, the fluidic lenses can also be adjusted if the patient&#39;s eye changes its power as the eye grows (e.g., in children) and requires a different kind of power and can be adjusted by the patient (refer to  FIGS. 29-32 ). 
     An illustrative embodiment of a corrective fluidic lens  2100  with a flexible membrane  2106  is depicted in  FIGS. 29 and 30 . As shown in these figures, the flexible membrane  2106  is supported in an outer housing with a solid flat glass plate  2108  forming the back of the housing. The flexible membrane  2106  and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber  2110  for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir  2104  is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  2110  of the fluidic lens  2100  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  2110  by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump  2102  in  FIGS. 29 and 30 ). In  FIG. 29 , the flexible membrane  2106  is disposed in a convex configuration for correction of farsightedness of an eye (hyperopia). In  FIG. 30 , the flexible membrane  2106  is disposed in a concave configuration for correction of nearsightedness of an eye (i.e., myopia). 
     An illustrative embodiment of a presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens  2112  with two fluidic chambers  2122 ,  2126  for correcting both hyperopia and myopia is depicted in  FIGS. 31 and 32 . As shown in these figures, the front flexible membrane  2118  is supported in an outer housing with a solid flat glass plate  2120  forming the back of the housing. The front flexible membrane  2118  and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber  2122  for receiving a fluid therein. A first fluid reservoir  2116  is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  2122  of the fluidic lens  2112  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  2122  by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump  2114  in  FIGS. 31 and 32 ). As shown in these figures, the rear, smaller flexible membrane  2124  is supported in an outer housing with the solid flat glass plate  2120  forming the back of the housing. The rear, smaller flexible membrane  2124  and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber  2126  for receiving a fluid therein. A second fluid reservoir  2130  is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  2126  of the fluidic lens  2112  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  2126  by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump  2128  in  FIGS. 31 and 32 ). In  FIG. 31 , the flexible membranes  2118 ,  2124  of the presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens  2112  are both disposed in flat, relaxed states. In  FIG. 32  the front flexible membrane  2118  of the presbyopic bifocal fluidic lens  2112  is disposed in a concave configuration for correction of myopia, and the rear flexible membrane  2124  is disposed in a convex configuration for correction of hyperopia. 
     In one embodiment, a fluidic lens serving the far vision is located in front of a plane of clear glass or acrylic plate and the second fluidic chamber forms a part of a chamber located on the lower part of the back surface of the first chamber and slightly inferior and the back part of the front chamber sharing, for example, the clear acrylic plate, methacrylates (e.g. (poly)methacrylates), (hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (HEMA), silicone, glass, etc. Polymers are known in the art and may be organic, inorganic, or organic and inorganic (see  FIGS. 31 and 32 ). 
     In another alternative embodiment, the fluidic lens comprises a front chamber with a flexible membrane that can act as both a positive and negative lens, while the back side of the chamber is a standard diffractive lens in which a standard Fresnel lens with multiple zones of prisms are created that provide the standard plus zones that provide many diffractive fixed plus zone focal points (refer to  FIGS. 33 and 34 ). These zones can serve only for presbyopia correction or near vision, while the fluidic lens is precisely corrected for the far vision (refer to  FIGS. 33 and 34 ). These zones are not made of liquid crystal in which changes in refractive power is limited to +2-3.00 D and is controlled electronically via a switch. 
     An illustrative embodiment of a diffractive fluidic lens  2132  having a front fluidic lens chamber  2140  with a flexible membrane  2138  and a rear Fresnel diffractive lens  2142  with multiple zones of prisms to provide many fixed diffractive plus zone focal points is depicted in  FIGS. 33 and 34 . As shown in  FIG. 33 , the flexible membrane  2138  is supported in an outer housing with a Fresnel diffractive lens  2142  forming the back of the housing. The Fresnel diffractive lens  2142  has a central region  2144  (see  FIGS. 33 and 34 ). The flexible membrane  2138  and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber  2140  for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir  2136  is fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  2140  of the fluidic lens  2132  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  2140  by means of a fluid pump (e.g., the fluid pump  2134  in  FIG. 33 ). A top view of the rear Fresnel diffractive lens  2142  of the diffractive fluidic lens  2132  is shown in  FIG. 34 . 
     In one embodiment, a combination of a set of fluidic lens and a set of multifocal lens provide a new set of glasses for a person as young as a few months (or animals) or as old as 100 years or more. 
     In one embodiment, one can correct far vision for both eyes to create stereo-vision via a fluidic lens, while a diffractive lens provides for near and intermediate vision without the need to be activated electronically, etc. since these light rays are all in focus for different near distances. 
     In one embodiment, the fluidic lens can be replaced with a tunable lens, such as Optotune lenses, etc. that works electronically, but needs to be adjusted many times during the day by the patient to create multifocality. In contrast, the hybrid liquid lens and diffractive lens described above does not need to be adjusted each time for each given distance. 
     In one embodiment, the fluidic lens is corrected for the far for each patient depending on their refractive aberration and the diffractive lens provides automatically multifocal points of fixations for different distances from the eye for the objects located in the near field from 33 centimeters to 6 meters or more all the time. This modality specifically is useful for very young children or animals with limited accommodative power of their crystalline lens or in aphakia. Using these combinations, the objects located at different distances from the eye in the outside world are always in focus for the eye eliminating excessive accommodation that is needed, which is accompanied by excessive convergence needed for the near object. 
     In one embodiment, the diffractive Fresnel lens constitutes a flat surface with its Fresnel fixed zones that could be used for any person having 2 to 3 or more standard zones as needed. 
     In one embodiment, only the fluidic lens section is initially corrected for the far vision in each eye and does not require to be turned on or off electronically or adjusted daily, many times. 
     In one embodiment, the fluidic lens provides either a positive or negative lens for the eye while the diffractive lens provides zones of plus zones covering for a correction of near vision of 1 centimeter to 10 meters as desired for each eye independently depending on the zones of the Fresnel lens. 
     In one embodiment, there are only two Fresnel zones covering two distinct distances from the eye (e.g., 10 centimeters to 100 centimeters), while in another embodiment, the zone may cover a distance of 10 centimeters, 30 centimeters, or 500 centimeters or more depending on the patient&#39;s need, such as in young children or in adults. 
     In one embodiment, the combination of diffractive with fluidic section is specifically useful for AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality) vision goggles eliminating the need for convergence and subsequent headache that are seen in a large number of the patients after use of these devices. 
     In one embodiment, means are provided for the fluidic lens chamber to be connected to a pump that can be activated mechanically or electronically to push the fluid inside the chamber or remove it to create a plus or minus lens from the surface of the flexible membrane covering the lens chamber providing lenses with +0.5 to &gt;+20.00 Diopter power or −0.5D to &gt;−20.00 Diopter power. 
     In one embodiment, the fluidic lens can be used with an electrically tunable lens and a diffractive lens 
     In one embodiment, the glass plate behind the fluidic lens is made out of a transparent plate with diffractive zones. 
     In one embodiment of a hybrid lens, the tunable fluidic flexible membrane is changed to the desired optical power for the distance by injecting or withdrawing the fluid from its chamber and the astigmatic correction of the transparent acrylic plate, located at its back, is made to the desired axis and power using a femtosecond laser with pulses of 5 to 10 or more nano-Joules that changes the index of the refraction of the acrylic lens at the desired axis without damaging the lens. 
     In one embodiment, in the presence of microstrabismus (eye deviation) of the eye, the tunable fluidic lens is in the front part of the hybrid lens and is corrected for the far vision, whereas the lens transparent back plate can be made from a prism of 1-10 prism power that can be placed in any direction to correct microstrabismus that causes headache in patients suffering from microdeviation of one eye. 
     In one embodiment, the microstrabismus is in a horizontal position and the prismatic correction is made with the transparent back plate to correct horizontal eye deviation in order to facilitate stereovision. 
     In another embodiment, the microstrabismus is in a vertical position and the prismatic correction is made with the transparent back plate to correct vertical eye deviation in order to facilitate stereovision. 
     In one embodiment, the front fluidic lens is made to correct the refractive error for the distance while another fluidic lens bordering the back surface of the first (front) is made to be positioned in the lower half of the front lens to act as presbyopia correction (refer to  FIGS. 31 and 32 ). 
     In one embodiment, the astigmatic correction is made for both eyes as needed with a femtosecond laser with low energy pulses of 5-10 or more nano-Joules at the desired axis to provide correction for astigmatic error of the eye to facilitate stereovision. 
     In one embodiment, a hybrid fluidic lens is in front and a transparent glass or acrylic plate is in the back (see  FIG. 29 ), with a fluidic pump located on the upper part for injection of the fluid producing a convex or plus lens as needed. 
     In another embodiment, the fluid is removed by the pump system creating a concave or minus lens from the flexible membrane (see  FIG. 30 ) with the desired dioptric power. The fluidic material is laser fluid with a high index of refraction. 
     In another embodiment, two chambers are used for the fluidic lenses, which are separated by a glass plate of acrylic transparent plate or another transparent molecule plate, such as polycarbonate etc. (see  FIGS. 31 and 32 ). The front fluidic lens acts to correct the far distance vision by injecting the fluid in it to become a convex lens or plus lens of +0.1 D to +20.00 D, or removing the fluid to become a concave lens or minus lens of −0.1 to −1.00D to −20.00D spherical lens, while the back lens is used for creating a presbyopia lens of +1.00 to +3.00 D power. 
     In one embodiment of a hybrid lens, the posterior plate can be modified with a femtosecond laser to change the index of the refraction of the lens to make it an astigmatic lens of +0.1 to +3.00 D or more astigmatic in a desired axis. 
     In one embodiment, the posterior plate is made from a diffractive plate (see  FIGS. 33 and 34 ) to create a multifocal fluidic hybrid lens. In this configuration, the fluidic front lens corrects the distance vision, while the back diffractive plate corrects for intermediate distances of 10 centimeters to 600 centimeters, etc. The Fresnel zones are tightly packed to achieve multifocality for the glasses. 
     In one embodiment of the hybrid lens, the only correction made is with the front fluidic lens to achieve the distant vision with a power of +0.1.00-20.00 D power in convex or concave lenses of −0.1.00, −20.00 D, while the diffractive back plate creates multifocal lens in the back of the fluidic front lens to provide focal points for objects located from the eye to a distance of 6 to 8 meters or more, thus these lenses need to be corrected by injecting fluid only in the front chamber or removing the fluid from it, about once every six months or more for the distant vision correction only, without changing the lenses. 
     In one embodiment, chambers of fluidic lenses are separated from outside by a glass plate, polycarbonate or an acrylic transparent plate, etc. The transparent plate can be mixed with a light sensitive pigment or the light sensitive pigment, such as photochromic molecules, oxazines, and naphthopyrans, can be sprayed over its surface or inside the plate that render the plate to act like transitional lenses (i.e.,  FIGS. 35A-35D ). That is, the plate becomes dark when the light shines over it to reduce the glare, whereas the color changes and the plate becomes transparent in the dark. 
       FIG. 35A  depicts a top view of an illustrative back plate  2156  of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate  2156  is in the form of a transitional lens with a pigment that changes color based upon the amount of light absorbed.  FIG. 35B  depicts a top view of another illustrative back plate  2158  of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate  2158  is in the form of a transitional lens  2160  in which the pigment does not cover a small central area  2162  of the plate, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light.  FIG. 35C  depicts a top view of yet another illustrative back plate  2164  of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate  2164  is in the form of a diffractive lens  2166  in which the central area  2168  of the plate is not diffractive, thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate  2164 .  FIG. 35D  depicts a top view of still another illustrative back plate  2170  of a fluidic chamber of a fluidic lens, where the back plate  2170  is in the form of a diffractive transitional lens  2172  in which the pigment does not cover a small non-diffractive central area  2174  of the plate  2170 , thereby creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when the plate is exposed to light. 
     In one embodiment, the back side glass plate of acrylic transparent plate is sprayed or mixed with a pigment that changes its color temporarily after exposure to the light, thus building a fluidic transitional lens. 
     In one embodiment, the pigment known in the art does not darken the lens permanently, rather it is a photochromic molecule (i.e., a molecule that is activated by light) and, upon activation, darkens the plate, such as photochromic molecules that are activated by ultraviolet (UV) light are oxazines and naphthopyrans, or by visible light is silver chloride or activated with light in the UV and visible spectrum, such as silver chloride multiple different chromophores, not limited to, those that absorb UV light, or those that absorb visible light, or those that polarize light, and combinations of these. 
     In one embodiment, the back plate of the fluidic chamber is made out of a glass plate or transparent acrylic plate, etc. in which the back plate contains pigment or pigment is sprayed on it to change the color by absorbing the light and turning dark (see  FIG. 35A ). 
     In another embodiment, the back plate of the fluidic chamber is made out of a glass plate or transparent acrylic, polycarbonate plate, etc. in which the back plate contains pigment or pigment is sprayed on it to change the color by absorbing the light and turning dark. However, the transitional lens or the pigment covers only most of the peripheral part of the plate and lightens up slowly within a distance from the center of the plate or stops within 2 to 7 mm in the central area of the plate creating a pinhole configuration in the plate when exposed to the light (see  FIG. 35B ). 
     In one embodiment, the back plate of the fluidic chamber is made out of a diffractive lens with zones that are very closely packed with the focal point of the Fresnel zones are close to each other, and in one embodiment, the transitional diffractive lens pigmentation stops at a clear zone of a 2 to 7 mm circle (see  FIGS. 35C and 35D ), where the light remains mostly focused on the retina creating a variable pinhole effect depending on the intensity of the outside light. 
     In one embodiment of the hybrid lens, the diffractive back plate is mixed or its outer surface is sprayed with pigment selectively to build a pigmented doughnut shaped lens periphery where the central area of the lens builds a circle with a diameter of 2 to 7 mm or more free of the pigment, thus building a fluidic tunable lens in front and a transitional diffractive lens in the back (see  FIG. 35D ) with a central pinhole that stays clear all the time and having a pinhole effect on the vision (i.e., the light passing through this pinhole focuses always on the retina for objects located in the near or far in front of the eye). 
     In one embodiment, the above configuration permits the person to carry these lenses in the dark (i.e., at nighttime) and light (i.e., during the day) without being significantly blinded by the peripheral glare (e.g., from outside during the day, while being able to see at night). 
     In one embodiment, these lenses can be placed inside the VR or AR goggles to provide sharp images on the retina eliminating the glare and need for accommodation or convergence since the images are presented to each eye separately and are always in focus passing through the hybrid fluidic lenses with transitional ability. 
     In one embodiment, this new transitional hybrid lens with a central clear area forms a permanent pinhole that remains clear without the need to wait for the time to pass for the pigment to become clear after passing from outside through a relatively dark tunnel to be able to see and changeovers for the person to see outside a tunnel, since the pinhole area remains clear all the time, while the peripheral glare is eliminated by the transitional section of the diffractive lens (see  FIG. 35D ). 
     In one embodiment, the surface of the elastic fluidic lens membrane can be painted with the pigment to act similarly so as to act like a transitional lens if needed. 
     In one embodiment, the fluidic hybrid lens with its diffractive back surface can be used inside of any peripheral plastic holder with any “glass” configuration as circular, rectangular, oval, or elongated oval where the extreme sides can be bent backward to prevent side glare. In general, the central part of the glass can be circular with optics and its peripheral non-optical section can be clear or pigmented, etc. (see  FIG. 36 ). 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid glasses are made with their side pump for babies, children, adults, or animals to a desired size that is comfortable for these subjects (see  FIG. 36 ). 
     An illustrative embodiment of fluidic adjustable glasses  2146  disposed on a person  2154  is depicted in  FIG. 36 . As shown in  FIG. 36 , the fluidic adjustable glasses  2146  generally comprise a pair of fluidic lens (one for each eye of the person  2154 ), and a respective pump  2148  operatively coupled to each of the fluidic lens. The pumps  2148  are configured to insert an amount of fluid into the respective chambers of the fluidic lens, or remove an amount of the fluid from the chambers of the fluidic lens in order to change the shape of the fluidic lens in accordance with the amount of fluid therein. As shown in  FIG. 36 , the fluidic glasses  2146  include temples (arms)  2152  and a telescopic bridge  2150  for accommodating varying face widths. 
     In one embodiment, the frames can be made out of any polymers (e.g. acrylic, polycarbonate, etc.), or an elastic band made (e.g., from strips of silicone with an appropriate color) that can be locked behind the eye, or a mixture of acrylic and elastic bands, etc. The bridge between the glasses are made telescopic, etc. permitting changes in the inter-pupillary distance for the babies, children, adults, and animals, etc. (see  FIG. 36 ). 
     In another embodiment, with reference to  FIGS. 37A and 37B , a hybrid fluidic lens is provided with one or more transparent plates. In  FIG. 37A , a side view of the hybrid fluidic lens with the one or more transparent plates is illustrated. The thin back plate in  FIG. 37A  is a diffractive plate or a lens which has a hole in its center to permit the patient to see through it and see any object in focus. Because the back plate has a pinhole, every object viewed through a pin hole by the patient becomes in focus. In this embodiment, the edges of the pinhole are black so as to prevent light scattering from the edges of the hole. The diffractive plate (or lens) can have or not have transitional pigment that darkens by the absorption of light, specifically ultraviolet (UV) light. As shown in the top view of  FIG. 37B , the rest of the back plate may be any diffractive plate with multi-zones providing focal points for any distance from far to near for the eye. Therefore, this hybrid lens acts as a multifocal lens while the distance power is corrected by the fluidic membrane (plus or minus) and the diffractive lens and the pinhole or transitional pinhole lens provide focus for any distance from the far to near for the human patient or an animal. The front plate of this lens in  FIG. 37A  also may be used to correct astigmatic aberration at any axis. In  FIG. 38 , an additional version of the hybrid lens is depicted, wherein the back plate of lens can have additional plus lenses for presbyopia correction. 
     An illustrative embodiment of a diffractive fluidic lens  2176  having a front fluidic lens chamber  2178  with a flexible membrane and a rear Fresnel diffractive lens  2180  with multiple zones of prisms to provide many fixed diffractive plus zone focal points is depicted in  FIGS. 37A and 37B . As shown in  FIG. 37A , the flexible membrane is supported in an outer housing with a Fresnel diffractive lens  2180  forming the back of the housing. The Fresnel diffractive lens  2180  has a central pinhole aperture region  2182  (see  FIGS. 37A and 37B ) that may have a diameter between 1.2 and 4.0 millimeters. The flexible membrane and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber  2178  for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir may be fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  2178  of the fluidic lens  2176  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  2178  by means of a fluid pump. A top view of the rear Fresnel diffractive lens  2180  of the diffractive fluidic lens  2176  is shown in  FIG. 37B . 
     An illustrative embodiment of a presbyopic fluidic lens  2184  with a flexible membrane front lens and an additional rear solid lens  2188  of +1.00 D to +3.00 D is depicted in  FIG. 38 . As shown in this figure, the flexible membrane of the fluidic front lens is supported in an outer housing with a solid flat glass plate forming the back of the housing. The flexible membrane and the outer housing together define an internal fluid chamber  2186  for receiving a fluid therein (e.g., a laser fluid with a high index of refraction). A fluid reservoir may be fluidly coupled to the fluid chamber  2186  of the presbyopic fluidic lens  2184  so that the fluid may be injected into, or withdrawn from the fluid chamber  2186  by means of a fluid pump. 
     In one embodiment (e.g., for animals), the frames can be made with leather to fit over the side and brow of the eyes, thereby preventing the peripheral light to cause glare for the animal or human, etc., while keeping the cornea moist to prevent it from drying out. The frame may be fabricated such that the inventive lens can easily be inserted into (i.e., “pop into”) and be removed from (“pop out”) the frame. 
     In one embodiment, these lenses are made for the albinism patients who are always bothered from the side glare form outside, since their irises do not have pigment to form a barrier for the light entering their eyes, or in patients who have lost part of their iris after trauma. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid fluidic and diffractive lens can be an intraocular lens. 
     In one embodiment, since the image of the right eye and left eye for a given distance are in focus, the brain can convert them into stereovision without the need for too much convergence of the eyes that can cause headache. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a microscope. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for an operating microscope. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a camera. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a light field camera. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for VR or AR goggles. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for the ordinary glasses for babies or adults. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for patients who have lost their crystalline lens after traumatic eye injuries. 
     In one embodiment, the hybrid lens is used for a telescopic system. 
     Any of the features or attributes of the above described embodiments and variations can be used in combination with any of the other features and attributes of the above described embodiments and variations as desired. 
     Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to a certain embodiment or embodiments, it is apparent that this invention can be embodied in many different forms and that many other modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. 
     Moreover, while exemplary embodiments have been described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that the exemplary embodiments set forth above are merely illustrative in nature and should not be construed as to limit the claims in any manner. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined only by the appended claims and their equivalents, and not, by the preceding description.