Patent Publication Number: US-2004043505-A1

Title: Collection assembly

Description:
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/377,986, which was filed on May 7, 2002. 
    
    
     
       FIELD OF THE INVENTION  
       [0002] The present invention is directed to a method and device for collecting and stabilizing a biological sample, particularly a whole blood sample, directly from a patient. More specifically, the present invention relates to the use of about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA during blood collection and to evacuated fluid sample containers having an amount of EDTA contained therein such that, when blood is collected, the amount of EDTA achieved is about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, to stabilize the blood. It is expected that the use of about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA during blood collection will also serve to preserve and enhance stabilization and/or isolation of nucleic acids, particularly deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and more particularly genomic DNA, and thereby inhibit ex vivo DNA degradation and/or fragmentation during storage or shipment of the blood.  
       BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0003] Sample collection containers for collecting and storing blood and other body fluids or samples have been in common use for many years. Typically, collection containers are glass or plastic tubes having a resilient stopper. It is common, when using plastic tubes, to treat the tubes with various chemical agents such as silanizing agents.  
       [0004] Blood collection tubes are well known in the art. It is common to use anticoagulation additives, which are generally used in blood samples prior to centrifuging for the purpose of separating the various blood components. Typically, the anticoagulation additive is a buffered citrate or heparin in an aqueous solution. An example of a blood collection tube containing an anticoagulant is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,963 to Smith et al. The tubes can also have various stabilizing additives contained therein for preparing the blood sample for a particular blood-related test. Various anticoagulants have been used in blood collection/separation devices either alone or in conjunction with cell-sustaining solutions in order to preserve the blood sample in an uncoagulated state for a period of time prior to centrifugation and analysis. For example, some common anticoagulants include sodium heparin and sodium citrate. In particular, sodium citrate solutions have been used for many years as anticoagulants. For example, current requirements for gene amplification technologies, such as the polymerase chain reaction, recommend the use of sodium citrate for performing an anticoagulation function in whole blood. See Holodniy et al., “Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Gene Amplification by Heparin”,  J. Clin. Microbiol.  29:676-679 (1991). It is known that calcium plays a key role in the blood coagulation cascade. Sodium citrate solutions prevent the participation of calcium in blood coagulation. Typically, these sodium citrate solutions are added to freshly collected whole blood to prevent coagulation. Subsequently, calcium can be added back to the whole blood suspension to induce subsequent coagulation when desired.  
       [0005] The use of EDTA in blood collection is known. For example, Dawes et al.,  Thrombosis Research,  12(5): 851-861 (1978), describe the use of EDTA in general during blood collection and Ludlam et al.,  Thrombosis Research,  6(6): 543-548 (1975), disclose the use of 0.1 ml of a 10% EDTA by weight solution in 3 ml total volume (i.e., 0.33% EDTA by weight) during blood collection.  
       [0006] U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,482 discloses methods and apparatus for collecting blood samples using, inter alia, “standard” EDTA. Specifically disclosed is the use of 0.6 ml of a 2.5% by weight EDTA solution in a 10 ml collection tube (i.e., 0.15% EDTA by weight).  
       [0007] U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,517 discloses a method and composition for fixing and stabilizing tissues, cells, and cell components such that the antigenic sites and nucleic acids therein are preserved. The composition comprises, inter alia, EDTA, with a preferred concentration of up to about 0.2% by weight, and a most preferred concentration of up to about 0.1% about by weight.  
       [0008] U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,885 discloses the use of a reagent for lysis of blood cells in combination with at least one inhibitor of enzymes during collection of blood for detecting homocysteine and/or total folate. The patent discloses that EDTA in amounts up to about 1.1 mg/ml may be used as the inhibitor of enzymes.  
       [0009] The above-described amounts of EDTA during blood collection are consistent with the standards in the art. The National Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (“NCCLS”) provides standards of practice for clinical laboratories nationwide. NCCLS publication H1-A4 (NCCLS, Vol. 16, No. 13, at A3.2) discloses that the acceptable standard amount of EDTA “added to blood should be 4.55+/−8.85 μmol/ml of blood.” EDTA ratios (mg EDTA/ml of blood) specified in the NCCLS publication are: (1) disodium EDTA dehydrate (Na 2 EDTA-2H 2 O) 1.4 to 2.0 mg/ml; (2) dipostassium EDTA dehydrate (K 2 EDTA-2H 2 O) 1.5 to 2.2 mg/ml; and (3) tripotassium EDTA anhydrous (K 3 EDTA) 1.5 to 2.2 mg/ml. In addition to teaching the use of the specified amounts of EDTA, the NCCLS publication discloses that excessive amounts of EDTA may cause morphological changes in blood cells.  
       [0010] In compliance with the acceptable EDTA wt/vol of blood ranges published in the NCCLS, conventional blood collection methods and devices generally employ between 1.4 and 2.2 mg EDTA per ml blood collected depending on the salt of EDTA used. As such, the conventional approach has been to follow the NCCLS published guidelines for preserving blood.  
       [0011] In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in the field of biological, medical and pharmacological science in the study of nuclei(c acids obtained from biological samples. In particular, genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from human whole blood can provide extensive information on the genetic origin and function of cells. This information may be used in clinical practice, e.g., in predisposition testing, HLA typing, identity testing, analysis of hereditary diseases and oncology. High quality gDNA is needed for many molecular diagnostic downstream procedures (e.g., micro-array analysis, quantitative PCR, real time PCR, Southern Blot analysis, etc.). Currently available blood collection methods and devices result in the generation of micro clots after blood draw, which can lead to impure gDNA in the gDNA isolation procedure. Impure gDNA can disturb the downstream molecular analysis procedure, thereby leading to incorrect or poor results or no results at all. Measures must be taken to maintain the integrity of nucleic acids in blood, which is stored or shipped in such containers so as to allow for analysis and/or other manipulations. Therefore, there exists a need for a blood collection method and device that overcome the disadvantages of those currently used for blood collection.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0012] The present invention relates to the use of an anticoagulant in blood chemistry-related techniques and devices, especially blood collection and separation assemblies. More desirably, the present invention relates to a blood separation assembly including a container, preferably a blood collection tube.  
       [0013] The anticoagulant according to the present invention should include about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA. The inventors have discovered that a solution to the problem of maintaining the integrity of nucleic acids in blood is the addition of a surprisingly large amount of EDTA.  
       [0014] The EDTA can be present in a blood collection device; can be added to a blood collection device immediately prior to collection; or can be added to the blood collection device immediately after collection. Preferably, the EDTA is present in the device prior to collection.  
       [0015] The anticoagulant of the present invention may also be incorporated into a particular blood separation assembly, thereby providing for a new and useful version of such a device. Such devices typically include a container having an open and a closed end. The container is preferably a blood separation tube.  
       [0016] Another aspect of the invention is to provide a collection container for receiving and collecting a biological sample wherein the container is pre-filled with an amount of EDTA such that when the sample is collected, the molarity achieved is about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA. The pre-filled EDTA can be in solution or in a dry form. Current collection containers include glass or plastic tubes with EDTA in solution or with EDTA spray-dried to a portion of the container. A blood collection tube containing a solution of K 3 EDTA in a total volume of 2 ml that, where upon an addition of 8.5 ml blood, achieves a molarity of about 8.1 mM has proven quite effective.  
       [0017] Another aspect of the present invention is to provide an evacuated container that is pre-filled with an amount of EDTA such that upon collection of blood a molarity of about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA is achieved, wherein the container has an internal pressure below atmospheric pressure. Preferably, the pressure is sufficient to draw a predetermined volume of blood into the container.  
       [0018] The present invention also addresses the need for a method and device to protect nucleic acids, and in particular DNA, during collection, transport and storage of blood. It has been found that the use of about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA would also stabilize nucleic acids, and in particular DNA, which is present in the collected sample. The concentration (wt/vol of blood) of EDTA or salts thereof employed in the present invention exceeds the amounts previously believed to be acceptable in conventional blood collection.  
       [0019] Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a blood collection method and device for collecting blood and mixing the blood with an amount of EDTA such that when the blood is collected, a molarity of about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA is achieved to produce a blood sample that is stable and that inhibits degradation or fragmentation of DNA such that isolation and purification of DNA in the blood sample can be conducted at a later time.  
       [0020] These aspects, advantages and other salient features of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, particularly when considered in conjunction with the drawings.  
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0021]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of the container in one embodiment of the invention. 
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0022] As used herein, the term “EDTA” indicates the EDTA portion of an EDTA compound such as, for example, K 2 EDTA, K 3 EDTA or Na 2 EDTA.  
     [0023] The present invention is directed to a method and device for stabilizing and preserving a biological sample. More particularly, the present invention is directed to the use of an anticoagulant containing about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA during blood collection. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the device is a pre-filled container containing an amount of EDTA such that, upon collection of blood, a molarity of about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA is achieved.  
     [0024] The present invention is also directed to a method and device for stabilizing a biological sample to better maintain the structural integrity of DNA contained within that sample. More particularly, the invention is directed to a method and device for inhibiting the degradation and fragmentation of DNA in a blood sample. It is expected that about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA will inhibit, prevent, and/or reduce the occurrence of degradation and/or fragmentation of DNA in the blood sample during shipment or storage of the sample.  
     [0025] The biological sample can be a body fluid withdrawn from a subject. In a preferred embodiment, the biological fluid is whole blood. Examples of other biological samples include cell-containing compositions such as red blood cell concentrates, plasma, serum, urine, bone marrow aspirates, cerebral spinal fluid, tissue, cells, and other body fluids.  
     [0026] Referring to FIG. 1, the apparatus of the present invention includes a sample collection device  10 , which is provided with a stoppered-container  12  and which includes about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA  14 . FIG. 1 shows the EDTA in solution; however, the EDTA may also be present in solid form. Preferably, the container is a pre-filled container. Most preferably, the pre-filled container is provided with a removable capping device  16 , which, when in place, serves to protect and maintain any contents of the container within the container and prevent any leakage or spillage thereof. The capping device  16  can also be configured so as to maintain a reduced internal pressure within the container relative to the pressure outside of the container.  
     [0027] The EDTA  14  may be pre-loaded into the container  12  of the present invention such that about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA is present when combined with the biological sample. This amount of EDTA prevents coagulation and stabilizes the biological sample, such as a blood sample, to produce a room temperature stable composition that inhibits or prevents degradation and fragmentation of DNA during storage or shipment of the biological sample. It also reduces formation of micro clots in the samples.  
     [0028] The collection device of the present invention can encompass any collection device including, but not limited to, tubes such as test tubes and centrifuge tubes; closed system blood collection devices, such as collection bags; syringes, especially pre-filled syringes; laboratory vessels such as flasks, vials, and other containers suitable for holding a biological sample. According to the present invention, the preferred collection device is a tube having a removable capping device capable of maintaining a lower pressure within the tube than the pressure outside of the tube.  
     [0029] As shown in FIG. 1, the device  10  of the present invention is for drawing a blood sample directly from a subject, preventing coagulation and stabilizing the DNA included in the blood sample by inhibiting degradation and fragmentation of the DNA. The device  10  includes a container  12  having at least one interior wall  15  that defines a reservoir  17  for containing a biological sample  18 , the sample  18  in a preferred embodiment being blood. The container  12  includes at least one opening  20  that is defined by the open end  22  of the at least one interior wall  15 , the opening  20  being in communication with the reservoir portion  17 . A closed bottom end  24  is formed by the at least one interior wall  15 . A capping device  16  is sized and configured to releasably attach to the open end  22  of the at least one interior wall  15 .  
     [0030] It is expected that the about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA  14 , which has demonstrated superior anticoagulant properties to known amounts of EDTA, inhibits, prevents and/or reduces the occurrence of degradation and/or fragmentation of DNA in the biological sample  18  during shipment or storage of the sample. The EDTA  14  stabilizes the biological sample  18  to produce a stable composition that inhibits or prevents degradation and/or fragmentation of DNA present in the biological sample. It also reduces the formation of micro clots and/or other precipitations in the sample. Preferably, the device  10  of the present invention is pre-filled with about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA  14  by the manufacturer and packaged in a ready-to-use form. Typically, the packaged collection device  10  is sterile and is packaged in sterile packaging materials.  
     [0031] Container  12  can be made of glass, plastic or other suitable materials. Plastic materials can be oxygen impermeable materials or contain an oxygen impermeable layer. Alternatively, container  12  can be made of water- and air-permeable plastic material. Preferably, container  12  is evacuated to an internal pressure below atmospheric pressure. The pressure is preferably selected to draw a predetermined volume of a biological sample  18  into container  12 . Typically, a biological sample  18  is drawn into reservoir  17  by piercing capping device  16  with a needle  28  or cannula as known in the art. An example of a suitable container  12  and capping device  16  are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,397 to Cohen, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.  
     [0032] Container  12  is preferably made of a transparent material. Examples of suitable transparent thermoplastic materials include polycarbonates, polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethyleneterephthalate. Container  12  has a suitable dimension selected according to the required volume of the biological sample being collected. In one embodiment, container  12  has a tubular shape with an axial length of about 100 mm and a diameter of about 13 mm to about 16 mm. A preferred embodiment of the device  10  is a 100 mm×16 mm PET tube having K3EDTA with an EDTA concentration of 8.1 mM.  
     [0033] Capping device  16  is made of a resilient material capable of maintaining an internal pressure differential less than atmospheric and that can be pierced by a needle  28  or other cannula to introduce a biological sample  18  into container  12 . Suitable materials for closure include, for example, silicone rubber, natural rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene copolymers and polychloroprene. A protective shield  30  can also be employed to releasably cover and protect the capping device  16 .  
     [0034] In one embodiment, container  12  is made of a plastic that is water- and gas-permeable. The diffusion of oxygen through the wall of the tube has the effect of decreasing the vacuum in the container. The water and oxygen permeability properties of the container are selected to maintain the desired pressure differential within the container for the desired shelf life of the container. The shelf life is optimized by balancing the oxygen permeability with the water loss. The container has a shelf life of at least about one year, and preferably longer.  
     [0035] Additional additives may also be included with the EDTA  14  to help stabilize the biological sample  18 . Examples of additional additives include cationic compounds, surfactants, chaotropic salts, ribonuclease inhibitors, additional chelating agents, quaternary amines, and mixtures thereof.  
     [0036] In addition, other components can be added to the admixture for the purpose of treating the biological sample. For example, chemical agents can be included to permeabilize or lysis cells in the biological sample  18 . Other suitable components include, but are not limited to, cationic compounds, surfactants, detergents, chaotropic reagents, ribonuclease inhibitors, quaternary amines, proteinases, lipases, phenol, phenol derivatives, phenol/chloroform mixtures, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, simple salts like salts of organic acids, alkali metal salts of halides, additional organic chelating agents, reducing agents, buffers, sugars, fluorescent dyes, antibodies, binding agents, anticoagulants such as sodium citrate, heparin and the like, and any other reagent or combination of reagents normally used to treat biological samples for analysis.  
     [0037] The method of the invention is performed by obtaining a biological sample  18  and introducing the sample into the container  12 , which preferably already contains the EDTA. In preferred embodiments, the biological sample  18  is prepare(t and immediately introduced directly into the collection container  12 . In more preferred embodiments, the biological sample  18  is withdrawn from the patient directly into the collection container  12  without any intervening process steps. It is expected that collecting the biological sample  18  directly from the patient, such as when collecting a whole blood sample, and introducing the sample directly into the container containing about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, EDTA substantially prevents or reduces the degradation and fragmentation of the DNA that otherwise occurs when the sample is stored.  
     [0038] The EDTA  14  may be provided in any suitable form including, but not limited to, a solution, suspension or other liquid, a pellet, a spray-dried material, a freeze-dried material, a powder, a particle or a gel. The EDTA  14  may be located anywhere within the reservoir  17  of the container  12  and, if spray-dried into the container, can be along the at least one interior wall  15  of the collection device or anywhere within the reservoir portion. Preferably, the EDTA  14  is pre-loaded into the container  12  in liquid form.  
     [0039] In a preferred embodiment, the biological sample  18  is whole blood. The molarity of EDTA after mixing with the blood ranges from about 5.6 to about 37.5 mM, preferably from about 5.6 to about 10.1 mM, more preferably from about 6.3 to about 9.0 mM, and even more preferably from about 7.2 to about 8.5 mM. Most preferably, the EDTA has a molarity of about 8.1 mM. Suitable salts of EDTA that can be employed in the present invention include, for example, K 2 EDTA, K 3 EDTA, Na 2 EDTA, Na 3 EDTA, Na 4 EDTA, CaNa 2 EDTA, Na 2 ZnEDTA, Na 2 CuEDTA, Na 2 MgEDTA, NaFe(III)EDTA and (NH 4 ) 2 EDTA. Preferably, the EDTA salt is one or more of K 2 EDTA, K 3 EDTA and Na 2 EDTA.  
     [0040] The present invention will be further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.  
     [0041] In a series of experiments, it was investigated whether higher concentrations of EDTA in a liquid anticoagulant solution and/or higher volumes of liquid lead to a higher quality and/or higher yield of the genomic DNA.  
     EXAMPLE 1  
     [0042] Venous whole blood was drawn from three different donors using 9 ml EDTA tubes currently available from Sarstedt (cat. no./ref. no. 02.1066.001) with a concentration of 1.6 mg EDTA per ml blood. Eight tubes of blood were drawn from each donor. 10 μl of blood from one sample of each donor was withdrawn immediately after collection to count the white blood cell number with a Neubauer chamber. Based on the assumption that one white blood cell contains approximately 6.6 pg DNA, the theoretical yield was calculated. Four blood tubes from Donors 1 to 3 were stored in the original blood collection tube without modification. The other four blood tubes from Donor 1 were mixed with 1.8 ml of a 0.9% NaCl solution (physiological salt concentration). This was achieved by transferring the blood of one tube into a 15 ml tube (conventional polypropylene round bottom centrifuge tube) containing 1.8 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution and mixing by inverting the closed tube three times. The other four tubes from Donor 2 were mixed the same way with 1.8 ml of a solution containing 0.9% NaCl and 1% Na 2 EDTA. That led to a molarity of about 8.1 mM EDTA. The other four tubes from Donor 3 were mixed the same way with 1.8 ml of a solution containing 0.9% NaCl and 7.5% Na 2 EDTA. That led to a molarity of about 37.5 mM EDTA.  
     [0043] Blood samples in the original blood collection tube and blood samples in the 15 ml polypropylene centrifuge tubes were stored three days at room temperature on the bench of the laboratory. Afterwards, the blood was stored an additional four days at 4° C.  
     [0044] After storage, DNA extraction was performed as follows: A blood sample was inverted 10 times to achieve a homogenous mixture of serum and red blood cells. The blood was then transferred into a 50 ml processing tube (conventional polypropylene round bottom centrifuge tubes) filled with 25 ml of a Tris/HCl buffered cell lysis solution containing Triton-X 100 and mixed by inverting the tube five times to lysis red and white blood cells. The blood was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2000×g in a swing-out rotor to pellet cell organelles like nuclei and mitochondria. The supernatant was discarded and the tube left inverted on a piece of absorbent paper for 2 minutes. To remove protein contaminants, 5 ml of a high concentrated guanidinium-hydrochloride buffer was added and the sample vortexed until the pellet was completely homogenized.  
     [0045] After adding 50 μl QIAGEN-Proteinase, the sample was placed in a water bath and incubated at 65° C. for 10 minutes. After vortexing again for 10 seconds, 5 ml isopropanol was added. The tube was inverted until the white DNA strands clumped together and formed a visible precipitate. The sample was centrifuged 3 minutes at 2000×g in a swing-out rotor to pellet the DNA. The supernatant was discarded and the DNA pellet was washed by adding 5 ml 70% ethanol and vortexing 5 seconds. After another centrifugation step of 2 minutes at 2000×g, the supernatant was again discarded and the tube was left inverted on a piece of absorbent paper for 5 minutes to dry the DNA. Then, 1 ml resuspension buffer (10 mM Tris/HCl pH 8.5) was added and the sample was vortexed 5 seconds and incubated 60 minutes at 65° C. in a water bath to resolve the DNA. After the incubation, the DNA solution was transferred into a 2 ml eppendorf cap.  
                                           TABLE 1                           EDTA   Added                               conc.   solution   Color of   Av. yield   Av. Yield   Av.   Positive in           [mg EDTA   with 0.9%   isoprop.   [μg DNA/ml   [% theo.   A260/A280   standard       Donor   /ml blood]   NaCl   pellet   blood]   yield]   Ratio   PCR                                                                1   1.6   No   White   445.4 +− 33.2   141.5 +/− 10.6   1.78 +/− 0.00   4 of 4       1   1.6   1.8 ml   White   404.3 +/− 16.9   128.4 +/− 5.4   1.79 +/− 0.00   4 of 4       2   1.6   No   White   374.4 +/− 32.5   120.6 +/− 10.5   1.79 +/− 0.01   4 of 4       2   3.6   1.8 ml   White   343.0 +/− 36.7   110.5 +/− 11.8   1.79 +/− 0.01   4 of 4       3   1.6   No   White   56.8 +/− 5.1   113.5 +/− 1.3   1.79 +/− 0.01   4 of 4       3   16.6   1.8 ml   Beige   525.4 +/− 18.1   130.6 +/− 4.5   1.77 +/− 0.00   4 of 4                  
 
     [0046] Mean value and standard deviation of four samples from Donors 1-3 with or without additional solution for yield, percentage of theoretical yield and purity are shown. In addition, the color of the isopropanol DNA pellets and the performance in the standard PCR system is listed. In this PCR, a 1.1 kb fragment of the human single copy gene ‘hugl’ (homologue of giant larvae) was amplified. Table 1 indicates comparable results for all samples. Because of the small number of donors, however, there is little statistical significance in comparing the individual results.  
     EXAMPLE 2  
     [0047] To investigate the effects of higher concentrations of liquid EDTA vs. the EDTA anticoagulants in currently available blood collection tubes, a series of evacuated tube prototypes were produced. These prototypes contained either 1.8 or 3.6 mg EDTA salt per ml blood, with different liquid volume of anticoagulant, as shown in Table 2.  
                               TABLE 2                           K 3 EDTA conc.                       [mg K 3 EDTA/ml       Blood draw   Tube       Prototype   blood]   Liquid volume   Volume   material                                                    1   1.8     2 ml   8.5 ml   Plastic       2   3.6     2 ml   8.5 ml   Plastic       3   1.8   2.5 ml   8.0 ml   Plastic       4   3.6   2.5 ml   8.0 ml   Plastic       5   1.8     3 ml   7.5 ml   Plastic       6   3.6     3 ml   7.5 ml   Plastic                  
 
     [0048] Venous whole blood was drawn from four different donors using prototypes 1-6 (see Table 2) and a currently available spray-dried EDTA (K 2 EDTA) tube from Becton, Dickinson and Company having a concentration of 1.8 mg EDTA per ml blood. From each donor was drawn one tube of each prototype 1-6 and one spray-dried tube. Blood samples were stored in a heating chamber at 40° C. in a horizontal position in the original blood collection tubes. After 48 hours, DNA extraction was performed as described in Example 1.  
     [0049] After 48 hours at 40° C., clotting could not be observed; however, after lysis, centrifugation and removal of the supernatant, the cell organelle pellets obtained from spray-dried EDTA blood collection tubes often had a different color and size compared to the pellets obtained from prototypes 1-6 with liquid EDTA. Cell organelle pellets from spray-dried EDTA tubes were often red to brown colored and contained a lot of smear running down on the tube wall. Cell organelle pellets from prototypes 1-6 with liquid EDTA were mostly red colored and contained less smear.  
     [0050] In addition, when a brown colored cell organelle pellet was dissolved with digestion buffer, the dissolved solution was brown. When a red colored cell organelle pellet was dissolved with digestion buffer, the solution appeared red or light red.  
     [0051] The results of the testing suggested the usefulness of the higher amounts of EDTA and led to further testing, which is described in more detail in the examples below.  
     EXAMPLE 3  
     [0052] Venous whole blood was drawn from five different donors using prototypes 1-6. From each donor was drawn one tube of each prototype 1-6. 10 μl of blood from a 1.8 mg/ml spray-dried tube from each donor was used to determine the theoretical yield.  
     [0053] Blood samples were stored in an upright position in the original blood collection tubes on the bench of the laboratory for 13 days. After 13 days, DNA extraction was performed as described in Example 1.  
     [0054] The DNA was analysed through spectrophotometry (see Table 3).  
     [0055] After 13 day&#39;s storage at room temperature, clots became visible when the blood tubes were inverted prior to processing in order to get a homogenous mixture of blood and serum. By observing the flow of blood out of the tube, when the blood was transferred into a 50 ml processing tube, it was possible to distinguish between big and small clots.  
     [0056] After 13 day&#39;s storage at room temperature, all blood samples from the five different donors drawn into prototypes 1, 3 and 5 (with liquid anticoagulant and 1.8 mg EDTA per ml blood) contained big clots. The blood from one donor contained big clots regardless of which blood collection tube was used. The other four blood samples drawn into prototypes 2, 4 and 6 (with liquid anticoagulant and 3.6 mg EDTA per ml blood) contained less clots (see Table 3).  
                                   TABLE 3                                   Av. yield               Blood       Color of the   [μg    Av. Yield   Av.       collection       isopropanol DNA   DNA/ml   [% theo.   260/280       tube   Visible clotting   pellets   blood]   yield]   ratio                  Prototype   big clots in all 5   no pellet visible in   3.1    9.1 +/− 9.0   1.89 +/− 0.14       1   samples   all 5 samples       Prototype   no clots in 3,   4 times white,   27.0   80.2 +/− 51.6   1.68 +/− 0.17       2   small clots in 1,   1 time white but           big clots in   1 very small           sample       Prototype   big clots in all 5   no pellet visible in   0.8    2.1 +/− 0.7   2.61 +/− 15.0       3   samples   all 5 samples       Prototype   no clots in 3,   4 times white,   23.1   66.3 +/− 41.9   1.78 +/− 0.03       4   small clots in 1,   1 time white but           big clots in 1   very small           sample       Prototype   big clots in all 5   2 times brown,   2.2    7.2 +/− 10.9   1.61 +/− 0.70       5   samples   3 times no pellet               visible       Prototype   no clots in 2,   2 times white,   15.3   42.8 +/− 43.9   2.14 +/− 0.68       6   small clots in 1,   1 time white but           big clots in 2   very small           sample   2 times no pellet               visible                  
 
     [0057] For yield, percentage of theoretical yield and purity, the average value of the 5 samples from the 5 donors are shown. The standard deviation is calculated for percentage of theoretical yield and for the A260/A280 ratio. The DNA yield is shown as μg DNA per ml blood to be able to compare yield from different prototypes with different volumes of blood.  
     [0058] There was a clear correlation between the occurrence of clotting and the yield of genomic DNA. The more clotting in the blood, the less that the DNA could be isolated. The best yield was gained from prototype 2, with 3.6 mg EDTA per ml blood in 2 ml anticoagulant.  
     EXAMPLE 4  
     [0059] Based on results described above, a larger study was designed. In this study, prototype 2 with 3.6 mg EDTA per ml blood in 2 ml of anticoagulant was compared to a spray-dried 1.8 mg/ml blood collection tube currently available from Becton, Dickinson and Company.  
     [0060] Venous whole blood was drawn from sixty (60) different donors using tubes of prototype 2 and the spray-dried EDTA tubes. From each donor, blood was drawn into two prototype and two spray-dried EDTA tubes. 10 μl of blood from one of the spray-dried tubes of each donor was used to determine the theoretical yield.  
     [0061] One set of each group of blood samples (i.e., 60 prototype tubes and 60 spray-dried EDTA tubes) was stored for seven days at room temperature: on the bench of the laboratory. After seven days, DNA extraction was performed as in Example 1. The other set of each group of blood samples was stored for 13/14 days at room temperature on the bench of the laboratory. After 13/14 days, DNA extraction was performed as in Example 1.  
     [0062] The DNA was analysed through spectrophotometry, with the results shown below in Table 4.  
     [0063] After seven days at room temperature, clotting was not observed in any of the tubes. After 13/14 days at room temperature, clotting was observed in only one of the prototype tubes, but in eight of the spray-dried EDTA tubes.  
     [0064] For purity, yield and percentage of theoretical yield, the average values of the four samples from the 60 donors are shown. The standard deviation is calculated for percentage of theoretical yield and the A260/A280 ratio. The DNA yield is shown as fig DNA per ml blood to be able to compare yield from tubes having different volumes of blood.  
                           TABLE 4                           Av. Yield   Av. Yield [% theo.   Av.       Blood collection tube   [μg DNA/ml blood]   yield]   260/281 ratio                                                7-day prototype tube   21.98   52.34   1.81               +/−20.99   +/−0.09       7-day spray-dried EDTA   24.48   53.65   1.81               +/−17.43   +/−0.07       13/14-day prototype tube   23.79   57.53   1.82               +/−34.24   +/−0.07       13/14-day spray-dried EDTA   20.21   43.38   1.77           +/−16.76   +/−0.13                  
 
     [0065] After seven days of storage, no significant differences were seen between the prototype tubes and the currently available spray-dried tubes. After 13/14 days of storage, however, advantages could be seen including less clotting, better purity (i.e., higher A260/A280 quotient), no colored DNA solution, which indicates the presence of potential PCR inhibitors, higher average yield, etc.  
     EXAMPLE 5  
     [0066] To compare anticoagulants, venous whole blood was drawn from four different donors using tubes of prototype 2 and a currently available tube from Becton, Dickinson and Company sold under the name “Citrat” (catalog number 366007, BD Vacutainer 10 ml, 100×16, 0.105M citrate, light blue stopper, glass tube). From each donor was drawn four prototype 2 tubes and two Citrat tubes. 10 μl of blood from the one of the Citrat tubes of each donor was used to determine the theoretical yield.  
     [0067] Two prototype 2 tubes from each donor were processed immediately as described in Example 1. After 21 days of storage at 25° C., the DNA extraction was performed on the remaining tubes as described in Example 1.  
     [0068] The DNA was analysed through spectrophotometry and the results are shown in Table 6.  
                               TABLE 6                       Blood       Av. yield               collection       [μg DNA/ml   Av. yield [% theo.       tube   Storage   blood]   yield]   Av. 260/280 ratio                  Prototype 2   T0   31.79 +/− 5.89   64.21 +/− 21.38   1.87 +/− 0.05       Prototype 2   21 days at 25° C.   26.46 +/− 5.04   54.09 +/− 19.20   1.89 +/− 0.01       Citrat   21 days at 25° C.    2.10 +/− 0.83   4.47 +/− 2.52   1.99 +− 0.13                  
 
     [0069] While various embodiments have been chosen to demonstrate the invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and additions can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.