Patent Publication Number: US-11044325-B2

Title: System for determining action based on context, vehicle for performing action determined based on context, and method of determining action based on context

Description:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application claims the benefit of priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0066517, filed on May 30, 2017 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Technical Field 
     Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to vehicular technologies and, more particularly, to a context-based action determination system, a vehicle for performing an action determined based on a context, and a context-based action determination method. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     Recently, various devices intended to enhance user convenience have been installed in vehicles. Such devices include, for example, an audio-video-navigation (AVN) device, a radio device, or a head unit. Some of these devices allow a user to make outgoing calls to a cell phone or home phone, or to visually and/or audibly acquire desired information, even when a vehicle is running or stopped. 
     SUMMARY 
     It is an aspect of the present disclosure to provide a context-based action determination system for determining an appropriate service on the basis of another person&#39;s context or determining at least one action included in the service and performing the determined service or action, a vehicle capable of performing the action determined on the basis of the contexts, and a context-based action determination method. 
     A context-based action determination system includes: a first terminal device; a server device communicably connected with the first terminal device and configured to receive a service provision request from the first terminal device; and a second terminal device, different from the first terminal device, communicably connected with the server device and configured to transmit context information to the server device. The server device determines whether a service associated with the service provision request is providable to the first terminal device in response to the service provision request based on the context information received from the second terminal device, and the server device provides the service to the first terminal device when the server device determines that the service is providable. 
     The first terminal device may transmit a service provision start request to the server device, and in response to receiving the service provision start request, the server device may determine information needed for the service according to the service provision start request and transmits an approval request to the second terminal device. 
     The server device may transmit an update request for the context information to the second terminal device. 
     When the server device determines that the service is not providable, the server device may transmit a guidance message to the first terminal device indicating that the service is not providable. 
     The second terminal may re-transmit the context information to the server device, and the server device may receive the re-transmitted context information from the second terminal device and re-determine whether the service is providable based on the re-transmitted the context information. 
     When the server device re-determines that the service is providable, the server device may provide the service to the first terminal device or transmits a guidance message indicating that the service is providable to the first terminal device. 
     The server device may receive a new service provision request from the first terminal device when the server device determines that the service is not providable. 
     The server device may transmit an additional information transmission request to the first terminal device, and in response to receiving the additional information transmission request, the first terminal device may transmit additional information indicated by the additional information transmission request to the server device. 
     When the service includes setting a schedule, the server device may transmit a notification signal to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device when a time according to the schedule has arrived. 
     The first terminal device may determine a recommended action and a recommendation index corresponding to the recommended action using a context recognition database and the context information, verify the recommended action using a selection history database, and determine a final action according to a result of the verification. 
     Furthermore, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a context-based action determination method includes: receiving, at a server device, a service provision request from a first terminal device; receiving, at the server device, context information from a second terminal device different from the first terminal device; determining, by the server device, whether a service associated with the service provision request is providable to the first terminal device in response to the service provision request based on the context information received from the second terminal device; and providing, by the server device, the service to the first terminal device when the server device determines that the service is providable. 
     The context-based action determination may further include: receiving, at the server device, a service provision start request; determining, by the server device, information needed for the service according to the service provision start request; and transmitting, by the server device, an approval request to the second terminal device. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include transmitting, by the server device, an update request for the context information to the second terminal device. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include transmitting, by the server device, a guidance message to the first terminal device indicating that the service is not providable when the server device determines that the service is not providable. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include: receiving, at the server device, the context information from the second terminal device a second time; and re-determining, by the server device, whether the service is providable on the basis of the context information received the second time. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include: providing, by the server device, the service to the first terminal device when the server device re-determines that the service is providable; and transmitting, by the server device, a guidance message to the first terminal device indicating that the service is providable when the server device re-determines that the service is providable. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include receiving, at the server device, a new service provision request from the first terminal device when the server device determines that the service is not providable. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include: transmitting, by the server device, an additional information transmission request to the first terminal device; and receiving, by the server device, additional information indicated by the additional information transmission request from the first terminal device. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include, when the service includes setting a schedule, transmitting, by the server device, a notification signal to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device when a time according to the schedule has arrived. 
     The context-based action determination method may further include: determining, by the server device, a recommended action and a recommendation index corresponding to the recommended action using a context recognition database and the context information; verifying, by the server device, the recommended action using a selection history database; and determining, by the server device, a final action according to a result of the verification. 
     Furthermore, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a vehicle includes: a communicator communicable with an external device; and a processor configured to determine a recommended action and a recommendation index corresponding to the recommended action using a context recognition database and context information, verify the recommended action using a selection history database, and determine a final action according to a result of the verification. The communicator transmits a service provision request associated with the service provision request to the external device and receives information related to the service from the external device in response to the determined final action. 
     The external device may determine whether the service is providable to the vehicle in response to the service provision request based on context information received from a second terminal device and provides the service to the vehicle when the external device determines that the service is providable. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       These and/or other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings briefly described below. 
         FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an example of a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating an entire operational flow of a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating an approval process for another user in a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating a rejection process for another user in a context-based action detection system. 
         FIG. 6  is a first diagram illustrating an example of a process of originating a call to the second terminal device by using a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 7  is a second diagram illustrating an example of a process of originating a call to the second terminal device by using a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 8  is a first diagram illustrating an example of a process of setting a schedule between a plurality of users by using a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 9  is a second diagram illustrating an example of a process of setting a schedule between a plurality of users by using a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 10  is a third diagram illustrating an example of a process of setting a schedule between a plurality of users by using a context-based action determination system. 
         FIG. 11  is a diagram showing an example of a database stored in an auxiliary memory device. 
         FIG. 12  is a diagram showing an example of a context recognition database corresponding to a phone call originating action. 
         FIG. 13  is a diagram showing an example of a selection history database and a use history database associated with a phone call originating action. 
         FIG. 14  is a diagram schematically showing an example of a voice recognition process performed by a processor. 
         FIG. 15  is a first diagram illustrating an exemplary process performed by a processor. 
         FIG. 16  is a second diagram illustrating an exemplary process performed by a processor. 
         FIG. 17  is a third diagram illustrating an exemplary process performed by a processor 
         FIG. 18  is a diagram showing an example of a screen on which a recommendation result is displayed. 
         FIG. 19  is a diagram showing an example of a screen displayed when a result of recommendation is not displayed. 
         FIG. 20  is a flowchart of an exemplary context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 21  is a flowchart of a first detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 22  is a first flowchart of a second detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 23  is a second flowchart of the second detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 24  is a flowchart of a third detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     It should be understood that the above-referenced drawings are not necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various preferred features illustrative of the basic principles of the disclosure. The specific design features of the present disclosure, including, for example, specific dimensions, orientations, locations, and shapes, will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. As those skilled in the art would realize, the described embodiments may be modified in various different ways, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. Further, throughout the specification, like reference numerals refer to like elements. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. 
     It is understood that the term “vehicle” or “vehicular” or other similar term as used herein is inclusive of motor vehicles in general such as passenger automobiles including sports utility vehicles (SUV), buses, trucks, various commercial vehicles, watercraft including a variety of boats and ships, aircraft, and the like, and includes hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles (e.g., fuels derived from resources other than petroleum). As referred to herein, a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that has two or more sources of power, for example both gasoline-powered and electric-powered vehicles. 
     Additionally, it is understood that one or more of the below methods, or aspects thereof, may be executed by at least one control unit. The term “control unit” may refer to a hardware device that includes a memory and a processor. The memory is configured to store program instructions, and the processor is specifically programmed to execute the program instructions to perform one or more processes which are described further below. Moreover, it is understood that the below methods may be executed by an apparatus comprising the control unit in conjunction with one or more other components, as would be appreciated by a person of ordinary skill in the art. 
     Furthermore, the control unit of the present disclosure may be embodied as non-transitory computer readable media containing executable program instructions executed by a processor, controller or the like. Examples of the computer readable mediums include, but are not limited to, ROM, RAM, compact disc (CD)-ROMs, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, flash drives, smart cards and optical data storage devices. The computer readable recording medium can also be distributed throughout a computer network so that the program instructions are stored and executed in a distributed fashion, e.g., by a telematics server or a Controller Area Network (CAN). 
     Hereinafter, a context-based action determination system, at least one terminal device, at least one vehicle, and a computing device for performing a server function (hereinafter referred to as a “server device”), according to embodiments of the present disclosure, will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 1 to 10 . 
       FIG. 1  is a schematic diagram of an example of a context-based action determination system, and  FIG. 2  is a block diagram of a context-based action determination system. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 1 , a context-based action determination system  1  may include a plurality of terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  and a server device  300 , which are configured to communicate with each other over a predetermined communication network. The predetermined communication network may include a wired communication network, a wireless communication network, and a wired/wireless communication network. 
     The wired communication network is provided for the plurality of terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  and the server device  300  to communicate with each other using a cable. The cable may include, for example, a pair cable, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber cable, or an Ethernet cable. 
     The wireless communication network may include at least one a short-range communication network and a mobile communication network. The short-range communication network may be implemented using a short-range communication technique. The short-range communication technique refers to a technique provided to enable communication between devices located at a short distance from each other and may be implemented using a predetermined short-range communication standard considerable by a designer, for example, Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, CAN, Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi Direct, Wi-MAX, ultra wideband (UWB), Zigbee, Infrared Data Association (IrDA), or Near Field Communication (NFC). The wireless communication technique may be provided to enable communication between devices located at a short or long distance from each other and may be implemented using a predetermined mobile communication standard considerable by a designer, for example, a mobile communication standard such as 3GPP, 3GPP2, or WiMax series. Examples of the mobile communication standard may include Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), or the like. 
     The wired/wireless communication network may be implemented through a combination of a wired communication network and a wireless communication network. 
     Each of the plurality of terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  may receive a command or data from a user and/or collect various kinds of context information as necessary. 
     The context information includes information relevant to present, past, and future contexts of the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  or present, past, and future contexts of users of the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1 . For example, the context information may include information indicating that a schedule of a specific user at a specific time is already set for each of terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  or the server device  300 , information indicating that notification sound output units  171  and  271  of the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  are set to be silent, information indicating that locations of the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  correspond to predetermined locations, and/or information indicating that the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  correspond to settings predefined by users or a designer. Also, each of the plurality of terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  may transmit at least one of the command or data received from a user and the collected context information to the server device  300  and may receive various kinds of information, commands, or the like from the server device  300 . 
     Examples of the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  may include a cellular phone, a smartphone, a tablet PC, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a navigation device, a home game console, a portable game console, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device such as smart glasses, a smart ring, or a smart watch, a vehicle  10 - 1  or  20 - 1 , a machine device, various kinds of robots or robot cleaners, and home appliances such as a television, a refrigerator, or a washing machine. In addition, the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  may be implemented using various devices according to preferences of a designer, as would be understood to a person possessing an ordinary level of skill in the art. 
     The terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  may be the same kind of terminal devices or different kinds of terminal devices. For example, the terminal device  10  (hereinafter referred to as a “first terminal device”) may be a smartphone, the terminal device  20  may be a smartphone (hereinafter referred to as a “second terminal device”), and the terminal device  20 - 1  may be a vehicle (hereinafter referred to as a “third terminal device”). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the terminal device  10 - 1  (hereinafter referred to as a “fourth terminal device”) may be paired with the terminal device  10  to communicate with the server device  300  or the other devices  10 ,  20 , and  20 - 1 . For example, the fourth terminal device  10 - 1  is a vehicle, and the vehicle may be paired with the first terminal device  10  using a Bluetooth communication standard to communicate with at least one of the server device  300 , the second terminal device  20 , and the third terminal device  20 - 1  through the first terminal device  10 . 
     When the terminal devices  10 - 1  and  20 - 1  are vehicles, the vehicles may access a communication network through Bluetooth pairing with the terminal device  10  as described above or may directly access a communication network by means of a communication module installed therein. 
     For convenience of description, the context-based action determination system  1  will be described as an example including the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20 . As described above, it will be obvious that the context-based action determination system  1  may include a larger number of homogeneous or heterogeneous terminal devices, such as the third terminal device  20 - 1  and the fourth terminal device  10 - 1 , in addition to the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20 . 
     Referring next to  FIG. 2 , the first terminal device  10  may include a processor  100 , an auxiliary memory device  140 , a main memory device  149 , a communicator  180 , and a user interface  190 . Also, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the first terminal device  10  may further include at least one a clock  151 , a location information collector  153 , and a notifier  170 . 
     At least two of the processor  100 , the auxiliary memory device  140 , the main memory device  149 , the clock  151 , the location information collector  153 , the notifier  170 , the communicator  180 , and the user interface  190  may be configured to transmit and receive data to and from each other using at least one of a circuit, a cable, and a wireless communication network. Examples of the wireless communication network may include Bluetooth, WiFi, WiFi Direct, and/or CAN. 
     The processor  100  is configured to perform various calculations and processes needed to operate the first terminal device  10 , transmit a control signal to each component of the first terminal device  10 , and control overall operation of the first terminal device  10 . 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  may include at least one of a central processing unit (CPU), a micro controller unit (MCU), and an electronic control unit (ECU). The CPU, the MCU, and the ECU may be implemented using at least one semiconductor chip, substrate, and relevant components. 
     The processor  100  may be programmed in advance to perform a specific action and/or configured to drive a predetermined algorithm stored in the main memory device  149  or the auxiliary memory device  140  or a program product including the predetermined algorithm in order to perform a specific action. Here, the program product may be referred to as, for example, an application. For example, the application may be provided from a separate external server device for providing applications. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, when a user inputs a service provision start command or a service provision command through an input unit  191 , the processor  100  may control the communicator  180  in response to the input service provision start command or service provision command and transmit a signal corresponding to the service provision start command or the service provision command to the server device  300 . 
     A service may include a set or scenario of actions performed by at least one of the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  and the server device  300  included in the context-based action determination system  1 . By performing such a series of actions, the users of the terminal devices  10 ,  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  20 - 1  may receive information and/or perform a desired action. A service may include, for example, a call connection service, a message transmission service, a data sharing service such as image data or music data, a schedule sharing service, a schedule setting service, and/or a destination sharing service. 
     Also, the processor  100  may acquire context information and may control the communicator  180  to transmit the acquired context information to the server device  300  periodically, at any time, or when a context information update request is received from the server device  300 . The context information may be acquired on the basis of an electric signal transferred from, for example, the clock  151 , the location information collector  153 , the communicator  180 , and/or the user interface  190 . 
     In another example, the processor  100  may control the communicator  180  such that the first terminal device  10  may perform a call action with the second terminal device  20 . 
     Also, the processor  100  may determine whether a predefined time, for example, a time estimated on a schedule or a time separately defined before the estimated time has arrived by using information regarding a current time transferred from the clock  151  and may control the notifier  170  on the basis of a result of the determination. 
     Also, the processor  100  may enable the first terminal device  10  to perform a setting action for a destination, perform a calculation action for a required travel time or a distance between a current location and a destination, and/or a guidance action for a route to a destination. When it is determined that a user departs to a destination, the processor  100  may create information regarding the departure to the destination using information input by the user or a movement route of the first terminal device  10  and may control the communicator  180  to transmit the created information to the server device  300  and/or the second terminal device  20 . 
     In addition, the processor  100  may perform at least one action considerable by a designer through various kinds of calculation and control actions. 
     The auxiliary memory device  140  may store various kinds of information associated with actions of the first terminal device  10 . The auxiliary memory device  140  may be implemented using at least one storage medium configured to permanently or semi-permanently store data, such as a flash memory device, a secure digital (SD) card, a solid state drive (SSD), a hard disk drive (HDD), a magnetic drum, a compact disc, a laser disc, a magnetic tape, a magneto-optical disk, and/or a floppy disk. 
     The main memory device  149  may temporarily or non-temporarily store at least one of data, an algorithm, and a program product that are needed to operate the processor  100 . For example, the main memory device  149  may enable the processor  100  to quickly perform a necessary action by temporarily or non-temporarily storing an algorithm or a program product that is called from the auxiliary memory device  140  and providing the algorithm or the program product to the processor  100  in response to a call by the processor  100 . The main memory device  149  may be implemented using a semiconductor storage medium such as a read only memory (ROM) and/or a random access memory (RAM). Examples of the ROM may include a typical ROM, an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), and/or a mask ROM. Examples of the RAM may include a dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or a static RAM (SRAM). 
     The clock  151  may acquire information regarding a current time. The acquired time information may be transferred to at least one of the processor  100  and the auxiliary memory device  140  in the form of an electric signal. 
     The location information collector  153  may receive, measure, or determine information regarding a current location (hereinafter referred to as “location information”) of the first terminal device  10  and may transfer the received, measured, or determined location information to the processor  100 . Examples of the location information may include latitude and longitude, Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, an address or road name determined using coordinates of the current location, or a destination of a specific region determined using coordinates of the current location. The destination of the specific region may be defined by a user and may include, for example, words such as a house or a company. 
     The location information collector  153  may acquire location information using, for example, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Here, the GNSS may include at least one of several navigation systems for calculating a location of a receiving terminal using radio signals received from an artificial satellite. For example, the GNSS may include navigation systems such as GPS, Galileo, Global Orbiting Navigational Satellite System (GLONASS), COMPASS, Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS), and/or Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the first terminal device  10  may further include various devices for acquiring information regarding a surrounding context. For example, the first terminal device  10  may further include an illumination sensor capable of detecting the amount of ambient light, a heart rate detection sensor capable of detecting a heart rate of a user, a noise sensor capable of measuring ambient noise, a thermometer capable of measuring temperature of a user, or at least one of various devices considerable by a designer. 
     The notifier  170  may output a notification signal in the form of light, sound, vibration, etc. according to a previous definition and may provide the notification signal to a user. The notifier  170  may include, for example, at least one of the notification sound output unit  171 , a vibrator  172 , and a light  173 . 
     The notification sound output unit  171  may be configured to output a notification signal as predetermined sound and implemented using, for example, a speaker device. The notification sound output unit  171  may be excluded. In this case, a sound output unit  197  may perform a function of the notification sound output unit  171 . 
     The vibrator  172  may vibrate the first terminal device  10  so that the first terminal device  10  outputs a notification signal in the form of vibration. For example, the vibrator  172  may be implemented by means of a motor having a rotary shaft member rotating around a predetermined rotation shaft and at least one weight installed apart from the rotation shaft of the motor. 
     The light  173  may provide a notification signal to a user by emitting light. The light  173  may be implemented using a filament bulb or a light emitting diode (LED). 
     The user may set the first terminal device  10  so that only at least one of the notification sound output unit  171 , the vibrator  172 , and the light  173  of the notifier  170  may selectively operate, and thus the first terminal device  10  may set at least one of a sound mode (e.g., a sound output mode), a vibration mode, and a silent mode. 
     The communicator  180  may be configured to communicate with at least one communicator  280  or  350  of at least one of the second terminal device  20  and the server device  300  over at least one of a wired communication network and a wireless communication network. 
     The first terminal device  10  may receive at least one command, request, or data, for example, various kinds of messages from at least one of the second terminal device  20  and the server device  300  through the communicator  180  or may transmit at least one command or request, for example, a service provision request signal or data to at least one of the second terminal device  20  and the server device  300 . 
     As necessary, the communicator  180  may communicably connect the first terminal device  10  with the vehicle  10 - 1  so that the first terminal device  10  and the vehicle  10 - 1  may be paired with each other. 
     The communicator  180  may be implemented using at least one of a short-range communication module and a mobile communication module. The short-range communication module may be configured to communicate with external devices  10 - 1 ,  20 , and  300  using the above-described short-range communication technique (standard), and the mobile communication module may be configured to communicate with external devices  20  and  300  using the above-described mobile communication technique (e.g., standard). 
     The user interface  190  is configured to receive at least one command from a user and/or visually or audibly provide various kinds of information to the user through communication with the user. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the user interface  190  may include at least one of the input unit  191 , a display  193 , a sound input unit  195 , and a sound output unit  197 . At least one of the input unit  191 , the display  193 , the sound input unit  195 , and the sound output unit  197  may be excluded depending on selection of a designer. 
     The display  193  may visually provide at least one piece of information to a user using various numbers, symbols, letters, figures and/or shapes. For example, the display  193  may display a call disallowance guidance message, a call allowance message, a schedule setting allowance message, a schedule setting completion message, and/or other messages needed to provide services, which are received from the server device  300 . 
     The display  193  may be implemented using, for example, a plasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) panel, or a liquid crystal display (LCD). Here, the LED panel may include an organic light emitting diode (OLED) or the like. The OLED may include a passive matrix OLED (PMOLED) or an active matrix OLED (AMOLED). 
     The input unit  191  may receive a command, a request, or data from a user. For example, the input unit  191  may receive a service provision request, a service provision start request, a call origination command, a schedule setting command, or at least one command inputtable by a user and output an electric signal corresponding to the received command. The output electric signal may be transferred to the processor  100 . 
     Examples of the input unit  191  may include a physical button, a knob, a trackball, a track pad, a touch pad, a touch screen, a joystick, and/or an action detecting sensor. Here, the touch screen may perform both functions of the input unit  191  and the display  193 . In addition, at least one of various input devices considerable by a designer to input data or a command may be employed as the input unit  191 . 
     The sound input unit  195  may receive sound waves from the outside, convert the received sound waves into an electric signal, and output the electric signal corresponding to the received sound waves. The sound waves received by the sound input unit  195  may include a voice generated by a user&#39;s utterance. For example, the sound input unit  195  may be implemented by means of a microphone. 
     The electric signal output by the sound input unit  195  may be transferred to the processor  100 . The processor  100  may perform voice recognition using the received electric signal and perform a predetermined action according to a result of the voice recognition. 
     The sound output unit  197  is provided to output sounds including a voice or the like. For example, the sound output unit  197  may be implemented by means of at least one speaker device configured to covert an electric signal to sound waves or by means of an ear phone, a head phone, or the like. 
     The voice received by the sound input unit  195  may be transmitted to at least one of the server device  300  and the second terminal device  20  by means of the communicator  180 . The sound output unit  197  may output the voice received from at least one of the server device  300  and the second terminal device  20  to the outside. Thus, the user may make a voice call with the second terminal device  20  by means of the first terminal device  10 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , according to an embodiment, the second terminal device  20  may include a processor  200 , an auxiliary memory device  240 , a main memory device  249 , a communicator  280 , and a user interface  290 . Also, according to an embodiment, the second terminal device  20  may further include at least one of a clock  251 , a location information collector  253 , and a notifier  270 . Here, the notifier  270  may include at least one of a notification sound output unit  271 , a vibrator  272 , and a light  273 , and the user interface  290  may include an input unit  291 , a display  293 , a sound input unit  295 , and a sound output unit  297 . 
     The processor  200 , the auxiliary memory device  240 , the main memory device  249 , the clock  251 , the location information collector  253 , the notifier  270 , the communicator  280 , and the user interface  290  of the second terminal device  20  may perform substantially the same functions as those of the processor  100 , the auxiliary memory device  140 , the main memory device  149 , the clock  151 , the location information collector  153 , the notifier  170 , the communicator  180 , and the user interface  190  of the first terminal device  10  or may perform partially modified functions. Hereinafter, in order to avoid repetition of description, detailed descriptions of structures, actions, and functions of the processor  200 , the auxiliary memory device  240 , the main memory device  249 , the clock  251 , the location information collector  253 , the notifier  270 , the communicator  280 , and the user interface  290  of the second terminal device  20  will be omitted. 
     The server device  300  may receive a command, a request, data, or the like from the terminal devices  10  and  20  in the form of a signal, perform an action corresponding to a service in response to the received command, request, data, or the like, and transmit a command, a request, data, or the like according to a result of performing the action to the terminal devices  10  and  20 . 
     For example, the server device  300  may include a computer device provided to perform a server function. In this case, the server device  300  may be implemented using, for example, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, and/or a network attached storage (NAS). Alternatively, according to an embodiment, the server device  300  may be implemented using a cellular phone, a smartphone, a tablet PC, a home or portable game console, a wearable device, a vehicle, a machinery device, various kinds of robots or home appliances, etc. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the server device  300  may include a processor  310 , an auxiliary memory device  330 , and a communicator  350 . 
     The processor  310  may determine various kinds of actions needed for the server device  300  through calculations and processes or control overall operation of the server device  300 . For example, the processor  310  may be implemented using a central processing unit, a microcontroller unit, or an electronic control device. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  310  may also determine whether a service is available on the basis of context information transmitted by at least one of the plurality of terminal devices  10  and  20  and determine whether the service is providable on the basis of a result of the determination. Also, according to the determination result, the processor  310  may control the communicator  350  to transmit predetermined data to at least one of the terminal devices  10  and  20 . 
     In addition, when a request is transmitted from any one terminal device, for example, the first terminal device  10 , the processor  310  may create a request signal corresponding to the transmitted request and transmit the created request signal to another terminal device, for example, the second terminal device  20 . The processor  310  may receive a response signal transmitted from the second terminal device  20  in response to the request signal and determine a subsequent action to be performed on the basis of the response signal. 
     Also, the processor  310  may relay a voice call, a message, or various kinds of data that is sent between the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20 . 
     Also, the processor  310  may transmit a predetermined request signal, for example, a context information update request signal to at least one of the plurality of terminal devices  10  and  20  and may enable the plurality of terminal devices  10  and  20  to transmit information corresponding to the request signal, for example, context information. 
     Furthermore, the processor  310  may temporarily or non-temporarily store data transmitted from at least one of the plurality of terminal devices  10  and  20  in the auxiliary memory device  330 . 
     In addition, the processor  310  may be set or designed to perform various actions considerable by a designer. 
     The auxiliary memory device  330  may store various kinds of information needed to operate the server device  300 . For example, the auxiliary memory device  330  may include a main memory device and an auxiliary memory device. The main memory device may be implemented using a random access memory (RAM) or a read only memory (ROM), and the auxiliary memory device may be implemented using a typical storage medium, such as a semiconductor storage device, a magnetic disk storage device, a magnetic drum storage device, or a compact disk. 
     The auxiliary memory device  330  may store various kinds of information needed to perform services. For example, the auxiliary memory device  330  may store various kinds of information needed to implement services, a schedule requested by a user of any one of the terminal devices  10  and  20 , multimedia content, such as video or music, which is transmitted from any one of the terminal devices  10  and  20 , and/or a history of calls between the plurality of terminal devices  10  and  20 . 
     The communicator  350  is provided to communicate with at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20 . The communicator  350  may receive at least one of various kinds of commands, requests, and data from at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  and may transfer at least one of the received commands, requests, and data to at least one of the processor  310  and the auxiliary memory device  330 . 
     The communicator  350  may access at least one of the above-described wired communication networks, wireless communication networks, and wired/wireless communication networks to communicate with external terminal devices  10  and  20 . 
     An entire service flow performed by a context-based action determination system will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 3 to 10 . 
       FIG. 3  is a diagram illustrating an entire operational flow of a context-based action determination system. 
     As shown in  FIG. 3 , the server device  300  may transmit a context information update request signal to at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  ( 10  and  11 ). 
     The transmission of a context information update request signal ( 10  and  11 ) may be performed periodically or aperiodically (i.e., at any given time) or may be performed only when a specific condition is satisfied. For example, the transmission of a context information update request signal ( 10  and  11 ) may be performed periodically or aperiodically only after a service starts to be provided. 
     In response to the reception of the context information update request signal ( 10  and  11 ), the at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  may transmit context information to the server device  300  ( 12  and  12 - 1 ). Here, the context information may be input or acquired, for example, using the auxiliary memory device  140 , the main memory device  149 , the clock  151 , the location information collector  153 , the user interface  190 , or a sensor for detecting a state or context of a user or his/her surroundings. 
     Subsequently, the first terminal device  10  may transmit a service provision request signal to the server device  300  by means of the communicator  180 . In this case, the first terminal device  10  may transmit a service provision request signal to the server device  300  by using a predetermined trigger. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, an action of manipulating the input unit  191  of the first terminal device  10  or an input of a voice through the sound input unit  195  may be used as a trigger. For example, when a user manipulates the input unit  191  of the first terminal device  10  to input a service provision request command, the first terminal device  10  may create a service provision request signal corresponding to the service provision request command in response to the input of the command. 
     Alternatively, as described below, an action of determining a final action may also be used as a trigger for transmitting a service provision request signal. 
     Furthermore, various actions according to preferences of a designer may be used as the above-described trigger. 
     The server device  300  may determine a context on the basis of at least context information that is stored in the auxiliary memory device  330  and associated with the second terminal device  20  or a user of the second terminal device  20  and may determine whether a service is available on the basis of a result of the determination and determine an action corresponding to the service to be performed by the server device  300  ( 14 ). Here, the context may be associated with the user of the second terminal device  20 . Also, as necessary, the server device  300  may further determine an action to be performed by the first terminal device  10  in addition to the action to be performed by the server device  300 . Also, the server device  300  may further determine an action to be performed by the server device  300  depending on a case in which a service is available and a case in which a service is unavailable. 
     Also, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the server device  300  may determine the context by additionally using context information associated with the first terminal device  10  or a user of the first terminal device  10 . 
     When a service is available and an action needed to provide the service is determined by the server device  300 , the server device  300  may provide the service to at least one of the user of the first terminal device  10  and the user of the second terminal device  20  ( 15 ). For example, the server device  300  may provide information needed to provide the service to at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20 . 
     In some instances, the server device  300  may transmit a result of the determination to the first terminal device  10 . In detail, the server device  300  may transfer information regarding at least one of the determined context and the corresponding determination result to the first terminal device  10 . 
     For example, when a service is unavailable, the server device  300  may transmit a guidance message indicating that the service is unavailable. The guidance message indicating that the service is unavailable may include, for example, information regarding a fact that the service is unavailable and reasons why the service is unavailable. 
     Thus, the user of the first terminal device  10  may check the determination result of the server device  300  with respect to the service provision request and may take an appropriate action corresponding to the result. 
     In  FIG. 3 , only the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  are shown. However, as described above, even when a larger number of terminal devices such as the third terminal device  20 - 1  and the fourth terminal device  10 - 1  other than the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  are connected to the server device  300 , the above-described service request process, context determination process, and service provision process may be applied with no change or partial modification. 
     Various embodiments of the service provision process by the context-based action determination system shown in  FIG. 3  will be described below. 
       FIG. 4  is a diagram illustrating an approval process for another user in a context-based action determination system, and  FIG. 5  is a diagram illustrating a rejection process for another user in a context-based action detection system. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the server device  300  may provide the above-described service to a plurality of terminal devices  10  and  20  only when the server device  300  receives an agreement from users of the plurality of terminal devices  10  and  20 . In other words, when a user of the first terminal device  10  requires a user of the second terminal device  20  to participate in a service, the server device  300  may determine a context of the second terminal device  20  or provide the service to the second terminal device  20  only when there is agreement or approval from the user of the second terminal device  20 . 
     In detail, referring to  FIG. 4 , the user of the first terminal device  10  inputs a command for first starting at least one service, for example, a phone call service or a schedule setting service (hereinafter referred to as a “service provision start command”), and the first terminal device  10  may create a service provision start request signal in response to the service provision start command and then transmit the created service provision start request signal to the server device  300  ( 21 ). 
     The service provision start command may include information regarding a user of a terminal device whom the user of the first terminal device  10  wants to participate in service provision, for example, the user of the second terminal device  20 . 
     In response to reception of the service provision start request signal, the server device  300  may select information required for the service requested by the user ( 22 ). The service-required information includes information to be acquired from at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  in order to perform the service. For example, when the service is a call connection service, the service-required information may include, for example, a phone number of the second terminal device  20 , a setting state of the notifier  270 , whether the second terminal device  20  is busy, a location of the second terminal device  20 , a schedule stored in the auxiliary memory device  240  of the second terminal device  20 , and/or various other information considerable by a designer. 
     The server device  300  may transmit an approval request signal to the second terminal device  20  according to a user requirement or settings of the first terminal device  10  ( 23 ). Also, the server device  300  may transmit the service-required information to the second terminal device  20  in addition to the approval request signal and requests that the second terminal device  20  transmit information corresponding to the service-required information. 
     In response to the approval request signal, the user of the second terminal device  20  may input an approval command by means of the input unit  291  or the sound input unit  295  of the user interface  290 . According to the input approval command, the second terminal device  20  transmits a signal corresponding to approval to the server device  300  ( 24 ). 
     In response to the reception of the signal corresponding to the approval, the server device  300  may transmit a signal indicating that the service may be provided to the first terminal device  10  ( 25 ). Thus, the server device  300  may notify the user of the first terminal device  10  that the service may start to be provided on the basis of the context of at least one of the second terminal device  20  and the user of the second terminal device  20 . 
     To this end, the server device  300  may transmit a service provision start guidance message to the first terminal device  10  and notify the user that the service is providable. In this case, the service provision start guidance message may be transmitted to the first terminal device  10  by using, for example, short message service (SMS), multimedia message service (MMS), email, instant messaging, or other appropriate text or image transmission methods. Also, the service provision start guidance message may be transmitted to the first terminal device  10  by using voice or the like. 
     Conversely, as shown in  FIG. 5 , a signal for the service provision start command is transmitted to the server device  300  ( 26 ), and then the required information is selected ( 27 ). In this case, when an approval request signal is sent to the second terminal device  20 , the user of the second terminal device  20  may input a rejection command by means of the input unit  291  or the sound input unit  295  in response to the approval request signal. Then, the second terminal device  20  may transmit a signal corresponding to rejection to the server device  300  according to the input rejection command ( 29 ). 
     In response to reception of the signal corresponding to the rejection, the server device  300  may transmit a guidance message indicating that the user of the second terminal device  20  has rejected the provision of the service (hereinafter referred to as a “rejection guidance message”) to the first terminal device  10  ( 30 ). In this case, the rejection guidance message may be transmitted to the first terminal device  10  by using, for example, SMS, MMS, email, instant messaging, or other appropriate text or image transmission methods. 
     In this case, a service performed using contexts of the second terminal device  20  and the user of the second terminal device  20  is not provided to the first terminal device  10 , and also a service performed using contexts of the first terminal device  10  and the user of the first terminal device  10  is not provided to the second terminal device  20 . 
     An example in which a call service is provided by a context-based action determination system will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 6 and 7 . 
       FIG. 6  is a first diagram illustrating an example of a process of originating a call to the second terminal device by using a context-based action determination system, and  FIG. 7  is a second diagram illustrating an example of a process of originating a call to the second terminal device by using a context-based action determination system. 
     As shown in  FIG. 6 , after the service starts to be provided, the server device  300  may transmit a context information update request signal to at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  periodically, aperiodically, or depending on whether a relevant condition is satisfied ( 31 ,  32 ). In response to reception of the context information update request signal, the at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  may transmit context information to the server device  300  according to a previous definition or according to a user&#39;s choice ( 33 ,  34 ). 
     The above-described process of updating context information ( 31  to  34 ) may continue to be performed while the following actions  35  to  38  are performed. 
     The first terminal device  10  originates a call when a predetermined trigger is generated ( 35 ). In this case, the trigger may include a user&#39;s manipulation of the first terminal device  10  or an action of determining a final action as described below. 
     The server device  300  may determine one or more contexts of at least one of the second terminal device  20  and the user of the second terminal device  20  in response to the origination of the call ( 36 ). 
     For example, the server device  300  may read a schedule of the user of the second terminal device  20  stored in the auxiliary memory device  330  or the main memory device  249  or the auxiliary memory device  240  of the second terminal device  20  and determine whether the user of the second terminal device  20  cannot receive a call, for example, whether he or she is participating in a meeting or lecture on the basis of the schedule. Also, as another example, the server device  300  may check a setting state of the notification sound output unit  271  of the second terminal device  20  stored in the auxiliary memory device  330  or the like and determine whether the second terminal device  20  is in a predetermined mode, for example, a vibration mode or a silent mode. As still another example, the server device  300  may check location information of the second terminal device  20  stored in the auxiliary memory device  330  or the like and determine whether the second terminal device  20  is located at a disallowed location, for example, inside a theater. 
     The server device  300  may check one or more contexts and determine whether a call is available on the basis of a result of the check ( 37 ). In this case, the server device  300  may read a database or the like that is stored in the auxiliary memory device  330  or the like and associated with determination of whether a call is available, acquire data corresponding to the checked contexts, and determine whether a call is available on the basis of the acquired data. 
     When it is determined that the call is available, the server device  300  may connect the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  to enable the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  to communicate with each other ( 38 ). For example, the first terminal device  10  sends a call to the second terminal device  20  according to the origination of the call by the first terminal device  10 , and the second terminal device  20  outputs a call reception notification signal to the outside by means of the notification sound output unit  271  or the like in response to reception of the call. When the user of the second terminal device  20  accepts to receive the call, the server device  300  may communicably connect the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  to enable the call to be made between the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20 . 
     As shown in  FIG. 7 , the server device  300  may determine that the call is not allowed according to a result of the determination. 
     In detail, as shown in  FIG. 7 , as described above, the context information update request may be transmitted periodically, aperiodically, or depending on whether a relevant condition is satisfied, and context information may be transmitted and updated. ( 41  to  44 ). According to an embodiment, the update of context information may continue to be performed while the following actions  45  to  54  are performed. 
     As described above, when the first terminal device  10  originates a call in response to the generation of the predetermined trigger ( 45 ), the server device  300  may determine one or more contexts of at least one of the second terminal device  20  and the user of the second terminal device  20  in response to the origination of the call ( 46 ). 
     As described above, the server device  300  may check a schedule of the user of the second terminal device  20 , a setting state of the notifier  270  of the second terminal device  20 , and/or location information of the second terminal device  20  and determine that the call is not allowed ( 47 ). 
     When it is determined that the call is disallowed, the server device  300  may transmit a call disallowance guidance message to the first terminal device  10  ( 48 ). The call disallowance guidance message may include a fact that the call is not allowed and, as necessary, may further include information regarding why the call is disallowed. Also, the call disallowance guidance message may further include information regarding a call available time. 
     Subsequently, the server device  300  may periodically or aperiodically determine whether the second terminal device  20  or the user of the second terminal device  20  is in a call allowance state ( 49 ,  50 ). In this case, the server device  300  may use the context information updated by the second terminal device  20  ( 49 ) or use a separate clock to determine whether the second terminal device  20  or the user of the second terminal device  20  is in the call allowance state. 
     In this case, the server device  300  may determine that the call is allowed when a predetermined condition is satisfied. For example, when a call disallowance context is not recorded to the schedule of the user of the second terminal device  20  after a certain period of time has elapsed, when the second terminal device  20  moves to a call allowable location according to the updated context information, or when the second terminal device  20  is set to a sound mode, the server device  300  may determine that the call is allowed ( 51 ). 
     When the call is allowed, the server device  300  may transmit a message indicating that the call is allowed (hereinafter referred to as a “call allowance message”) to the first terminal device  10  through text, images, or voice ( 52 ). The call allowance message may be provided to the user through the display  193  or the sound output unit  197  of the first terminal device  10 . 
     The call allowance message displayed on the first terminal device  10  may include an option for asking whether to make a call, depending on embodiments. The user of the first terminal device  10  may read the call allowance message and determine whether to originate a call. When the user determines to originate a call to the second terminal device  20  and inputs a call origination command by manipulating the input unit  191  of the first terminal device  10  or selects an option for the call origination among the above-described plurality of options, the first terminal device  10  originates a call to the server device  300  ( 53 ). 
     When the user of the second terminal device  20  accepts to receive the call, the server device  300  communicably connects the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  to enable the call to be made between the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  ( 54 ). 
     An example in which a schedule setting service is provided by a context-based action determination system will be described below with reference to  FIGS. 8 and 10 . 
       FIG. 8  is a first diagram illustrating an example of a process of setting a schedule between a plurality of users by using a context-based action determination system,  FIG. 9  is a second diagram illustrating an example of a process of setting a schedule between a plurality of users by using a context-based action determination system, and  FIG. 10  is a third diagram illustrating an example of a process of setting a schedule between a plurality of users by using a context-based action determination system. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 8 , as described above, the context information update request may be transmitted periodically, aperiodically, or depending on whether a relevant condition is satisfied, and context information may be transmitted and updated. ( 61  to  64 ). The update of the context information may be further performed while the following actions  65  to  73  are performed. 
     First, the first terminal device  10  transmits a schedule setting request signal to the server device  300  ( 65 ). In this case, when the user of the first terminal device  10  manipulates the first terminal device  10  to input a schedule setting request command and information needed for schedule setting, the first terminal device may create a schedule setting request signal using the input command and information and then transmit the created schedule setting request signal to the server device  300 . 
     The information needed for schedule setting may include at least one of, for example, a time, a place, and a selected call partner. The selected call partner may include at least one call partner among a plurality of selectable calling parties, for example, the user of the second terminal device  20  and users of other terminal devices that may participate in the service. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, when a predetermined trigger is generated, the first terminal device  10  may transmit a schedule request signal to the server device  300  in response to the generation of the predetermined trigger. 
     In response to the schedule setting request, the server device  300  may determine a selected call partner (e.g., the user of the second terminal device  20 ) and a context of a terminal device (e.g., the second terminal device  20 ) of the selected call partner on the basis of the terminal device of the selected partner and a context of the selected call partner ( 66 ). 
     When the server device  300  determines that a schedule is settable with a call partner selected at a given time or place, the server device  300  may transmit a message indicating that the schedule is settable to the first terminal device  10  by using at least one method such as SMS ( 68 ). 
     When it is determined that some of the information needed for schedule setting is omitted, the server device  300  may transmit a request signal for providing additional information to the first terminal device  10  ( 69 ). For example, the server device  300  may further transmit a request signal for a place to be set to the first terminal device  10 . In this case, the request signal for a place to be set may include information regarding a preset place. For example, when a schedule preset between the user of the first terminal device  10  and a call partner, for example, the user of the second terminal device  20  is found in the auxiliary memory device  330 , the server device  300  may acquire information regarding an appointed place from the preset schedule. Subsequently, the server device  300  may create a request signal for the place to be set, which includes the acquired information regarding the appointed place, and transmit the created request signal to the first terminal device  10 . 
     When all of the information needed for schedule setting is provided from the first terminal device  10 , the additional information request process ( 69 ) can be omitted. 
     When it is determined that the schedule is settable ( 67 ), the server device  300  may set a schedule and request a schedule approval request to the terminal device of the selected call partner, that is, the second terminal device  20  ( 70 ). 
     When the selected call partner, for example, the user of the second terminal device  20  manipulates the terminal device of the selected call partner, for example, the input unit  291  of the second terminal device  20  to input an schedule approval command, the terminal device  20  of the selected call partner transmits a signal corresponding to approval to the server device  300  ( 71 ). 
     In response to reception of the signal corresponding to the approval, the server device  300  may confirm the preset schedule and, as necessary, may transmit a message regarding approval of the schedule to the first terminal device  10  ( 72 ) and/or store the schedule in the auxiliary memory device  330  ( 73 ). By storing the schedule in the auxiliary memory device  330 , information regarding a schedule of at least one of the user of the first terminal device  10  and the user of the second terminal device  20  may be updated. 
     When the selected call partner manipulates the terminal device of the selected call partner to input a schedule rejection command, the terminal device of the selected call partner may transmit a signal corresponding to rejection to the server device  300 . In response to the signal, the server device  300  may stop the schedule setting and transmit a message regarding the stop of the schedule setting to the first terminal device  10 . 
     Referring next to  FIG. 9 , as described above, the context information update request may be transmitted periodically, aperiodically, or depending on whether a relevant condition is satisfied, and context information may be transmitted and updated ( 81  to  84 ). The update of context information may be additionally performed while the following actions  85  to  89  are performed. 
     The user of the first terminal device  10  may input a schedule setting request command and information needed for schedule setting to the first terminal device  10 , and the first terminal device  10  may transmit a schedule setting request signal created using the input command and information to the server device  300  ( 85 ). As described above, the information needed for schedule setting may include at least one of, for example, a time, a place, and a selected call partner. 
     The server device  300  may receive a schedule setting request and may determine a selected call partner (e.g., the user of the second terminal device  20 ) and a context of a terminal device (e.g., the second terminal device  20 ) of the selected call partner on the basis of the terminal device of the selected partner and a context of the selected call partner in response to the schedule setting request ( 86 ). 
     As a result of the context determination, the server device  300  may determine that the schedule is not settable ( 87 ). For example, when a time set to be scheduled overlaps a predetermined schedule, for example, a lecture, a business meeting, or an appointment as a result of reading information regarding a schedule of the selected call partner, the server device  300  may determine that the schedule is not settable. 
     When it is determined that the schedule is not settable, the server device  300  may transmit a message indicating that the schedule is not settable (hereinafter referred to as a schedule setting disallowance guidance message) to the first terminal device  10  ( 88 ). For example, the schedule setting disallowance guidance message may include a fact that the schedule is not settable. As necessary, the schedule setting disallowance guidance message may include information regarding at least one of a time, a place, and a call partner that may be set to be scheduled and/or may further include information regarding why the schedule is not settable. 
     The first terminal device  10  may provide the schedule setting disallowance guidance message by means of at least one of the display  193  and the sound output unit  197  to the user of the first terminal device  10 . The user may receive the schedule setting disallowance guidance message and reset a schedule according to the users intention. 
     When a command or data is input to reset the schedule, the first terminal device  10  may transmit a schedule reset request to the server device  300  ( 89 ). In this case, the server device  300  may further perform the above-described actions associated with the schedule setting ( 65  to  73  in  FIG. 8 or 85 to 88  in  FIG. 9 ). 
     When a schedule is set between the user of the first terminal device  10  and a desired call partner, for example, the user of the second terminal device  20 , as shown in  FIG. 10 , a service corresponding to the schedule setting may be additionally provided to at least one of the user of the first terminal device  10  and the user of the second terminal device  20 . 
     For example, as shown in  FIG. 10 , the server device  300  may additionally perform a schedule notification service or an information provision service regarding whether a call partner, for example, the user of the second terminal device  20  departs or not. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 8 and 10 , the second terminal device  20  may transmit the signal corresponding to the approval to the server device  300  ( 71 ), and the server device  300  may set and store the schedule ( 73 ). Subsequently, the server device  300  may receive location information of the second terminal device  20  from the second terminal device  20  as necessary ( 90 ). The reception of the location information of the second terminal device  20  may be performed periodically, aperiodically, or a certain time before a time set according to the schedule (e.g., an appointed time) has arrived. 
     The server device  300  may transmit the received location information to the first terminal device  10 , if desired ( 91 ). 
     The first terminal device  10  may receive the location information of the second terminal device  20  and may calculate and determine at least one of a required travel time, a route, and a distance from a current location of the second terminal device  20  to a place set during the schedule setting process on the basis of the received location information of the second terminal device  20  ( 92 ). 
     When a required travel time is calculated, the first terminal device  10  may compare the required travel time with a time set during the schedule setting process and may additionally determine a time at which the user of the second terminal device  20  should depart (hereinafter referred to as a departure request time). 
     At least one of the determined distance, route, required travel time, and departure request time may be transmitted to the server device  300  ( 93 ). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the process of determining at least one of the distance, route, required travel time, and departure request time ( 92  and  93 ) may be performed by the server device  300 . In this case, the process of transmitting the location information to the first terminal device  10  ( 91 ) may be omitted. 
     The server device  300  stores the determined information, that is, at least one of the determined distance, route, required traveling time, and departure request time in the auxiliary memory device  330  ( 94 ). 
     The server device  300  may determine whether the time set according to the schedule has arrived, independently or dependently of the process of determining and storing at least one of the distance, route, required travel time, and departure request time ( 90  to  94 ). 
     When a predefined time has arrived according to the schedule, the server device  300  may transmit a notification signal for the time arrival to at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  by means of a clock ( 96 - 1 ,  96 - 2 ). Here, the predefined time may include the time set during the schedule setting process, a predetermined time before the set time, and/or the departure request time. Also, the notification signal may include a message regarding a fact that the time set according to the schedule or the departure request time has arrived. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the notification signal may further include information for the users convenience. For example, the notification signal may include details of the schedule, the departure request time, and/or the required travel time, and the details of the schedule may include at least one of a call partner corresponding to the schedule, the time set according to the schedule, and the place set according to the schedule. 
     When the first terminal device  10  interoperates with a vehicle  10 - 1  or a navigation device installed in the vehicle  10 - 1  and/or when the second terminal device  20  interoperates with a vehicle  20 - 1  or a navigation device installed in the vehicle  20 - 1 , place information included in at least one of the schedule approval request and the notification signal may be transmitted to the vehicle  10 - 1  or  20 - 1  or the navigation device installed in the vehicle  10 - 1  or  20 - 1 . In this case, the vehicle  10 - 1  or  20 - 1  or the navigation device installed in the vehicle  10 - 1  or  20 - 1  may receive the place information and set a place corresponding to the received place information as a destination ( 97 ). 
     Also, at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  may transmit information regarding whether he or she departs (hereinafter referred to as “departure information”) to the server device  300 . The departure information may include information indicating that at least one of the user of the first terminal device  10  and the user of the second terminal device  20  has departed to the destination. Also, the departure information may further include information regarding a departure time or a departure location. 
     At least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  may acquire the departure information according to a manual input of at least one of the user of the first terminal device  10  and the user of the second terminal device  20  or may acquire the departure information on the basis of a change in location acquired through the location information collectors  153  and  253 . 
     The server device  300  may receive the departure information and transmit the received departure information to at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20  ( 99 ). Thus, the user of the first terminal device  10  may check whether the call partner has departed to an appointed place. In this case, at least one of the first terminal device  10 , the second terminal device  20 , and the server device  300  may determine an estimated arrival time for the set place by using the departure time and the required travel time. The determined estimated arrival time may be visually or audibly provided to at least one of the user of the first terminal device  10  and the user of the second terminal device  20  by at least one of the first terminal device  10  and the second terminal device  20 . 
     Among several services providable by the context-based action determination system, the call service and the schedule setting service have been described above as an example. The service that may be performed by the context-based action determination system is not limited thereto. According to embodiments of the present disclosure, various services considerable by a designer may be performed and provided using the above-described context-based action determination system. 
     An example of a process of determining a final action used as a trigger of the above-described service provision or service provision start will be described with reference to  FIGS. 11 to 19 . 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the processor  100  of the first terminal device  10  and the processor  200  of the second terminal device  20  may perform a voice recognition action, a recommended action determination action, and/or a final action determination action. 
     In order to avoid repetition of description, operation of the processor  100  of the first terminal device  10  will be described, but the following description may be applied to the processor  200  of the second terminal device  20  without change or with partial modification. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  of the first terminal device  10  may extract a voice part from sound input through the sound input unit  195  and perform voice recognition using the voice part. Thus, the user may input a voice command to the first terminal device  10 . 
     Also, the processor  100  may predict and determine a predetermined action according to the user&#39;s command and operate the first terminal device  10  according to the predicted and determined action. For example, the processor  100  may determine a recommended action on the basis of context information collected by a context recognition database  141  and various devices capable of collecting the context information, for example, the clock  151 , the location information collector  153 , and/or various other data collection devices, verify the determined recommended action by means of a selection history database  143 , and then determine a final action for the first terminal device  10  on the basis of a result of the verification. 
     In another example, the processor  100  may propose the determined final action to the user as the recommended action, perform calculation and processing such that the first terminal device  10  operates according to the final action without the proposal of the recommended action, or control each component. 
     The operation and function of the processor  100  will be described in detail below. 
       FIG. 11  is a diagram showing an example of a database stored in an auxiliary memory device, and  FIG. 12  is a diagram showing an example of a context recognition database corresponding to a phone call originating action. 
     Referring first to  FIG. 11 , the auxiliary memory device  140  may store the context recognition database  141  and the selection history database  143  and may further store a sound model  145  and a language model  147  as necessary. 
     Referring next to  FIG. 12 , the context recognition database  141 , which is a database used to create the recommended action, may include a plurality of records R 11  to R 13 . Each of the records R 11  to R 13  may include an identifier f 0  for recognizing each of the records R 11  to R 13  and field data corresponding to each of a plurality of fields f 11  to f 15 . 
     The context recognition database  141  may include at least one different field and field data according to properties of each reference action. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG. 11 , when the context recognition database  141  is a database DB 1  regarding a call originating action, each of the records R 11  to R 13  may include field data corresponding to a call target field f 11  for a recipient, a call means field f 12  for a terminal device of a recipient, a call date field f 13 , a call time field f 14 , and/or a field f 15  for a place where a user originates a call. 
     Also, as another example, the context recognition database  141  may be a database for a destination searching and setting action. In this case, each of the records may include field data corresponding to a field for a point of interest, a field for a location corresponding to a point of interest on a map, a field for a device used for search, a field for a day of week for search, a field for a time for search, a field for a place for search, and/or a field for other information. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the context recognition database  141  used to determine the recommended action may be composed of the same fields with respect to different reference actions. 
     The field data stored in the fields f 11  to f 14  of the context recognition database  141  may be acquired on the basis of actual operation of the first terminal device  10  according to the user&#39;s selection. 
       FIG. 13  is a diagram showing an example of a selection history database and a use history database associated with a phone call originating action. 
     The selection history database  143  may include a plurality of records r 21  and r 22 , and each of the records r 21  and r 22  may include at least one piece of field data corresponding to each of at least one or more fields f 31  to f 33 . In this case, each of the fields f 31  to f 33  may include a field f 31  for a predetermined recommended action or final action, a field f 32  for a recommendation index corresponding to a predetermined recommended action or final action, and a field f 33  for an action that is actually performed while a predetermined recommended action or final action is proposed to a user. 
     For example, as shown in  FIG. 13 , for a selection history database DB 3  for call origination, any one record, for example, each of the fields f 31  to f 33  of the first record r 21  may include field data regarding information indicating that call origination sequentially using cellphone numbers has been determined as the recommended action, field data regarding information indicating that a recommendation index for the determined recommended action has been determined to be any value, for example, 89, and field data indicating call origination has been performed using cellphone numbers. 
     The operation and function of the processor  100  will be described in detail below. 
       FIG. 14  is a diagram schematically showing an example of a voice recognition process performed by a processor. 
     When a user utters a command, the uttered voice is input through the sound input unit  195 . As shown in  FIG. 14 , the sound input unit  195  may output an electric signal corresponding to the uttered voice. The output electric signal may be transferred to the processor  100 . 
     The processor  100  performs voice recognition on the basis of the received electric signal. 
     In detail, referring to  FIG. 14 , the processor  100  may detect a voice section from the received electric signal first ( 101 ). Here, the voice section denotes a section in which the voice uttered by the user is, or is likely to be, present. 
     When the voice section is detected, the processor  100  may remove and/or reduce noise present in the voice section ( 102 ). The processor  100  may use at least one filter to remove the noise present in the voice section. The noise removal process  102  may be omitted depending on embodiments. 
     Subsequently, the processor  100  may extract a voice feature from the voice section. In this case, the processor  100  may extract the voice feature from the voice section in the form of a feature vector by using at least one of a linear prediction coefficient (LPC), a cepstrum, a Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC), and filter bank energy. 
     In response to the extraction of the voice feature, the processor  100  may determine a pattern corresponding to the extracted voice feature ( 104 ). For example, the processor  100  may determine the pattern corresponding to the voice feature by using a predefined predetermined sound model  145 . The sound model  145  may be acquired by modeling signal characteristics of the voice. The processor  100  may determine the pattern corresponding to the voice feature by using the sound model  145  to acquire a frequency pattern identical or similar to that of a human voice. Accordingly, a predetermined vocabulary such as a word, syllable, or short phrase may be recognized from the voice input through the sound input unit  195 . 
     As necessary, the processor  100  may recognize a sentence or the like by additionally using a predetermined language model  147  to perform language processing ( 105 ). The language model  147  may be created on the basis of a human language, grammar, and so on in order to determine a linguistic order relation of the recognized word, syllable, phrase, or the like. Thus, the processor  100  may recognize a sentence corresponding to the voice. 
     The processor  100  may acquire a voice recognition result through at least one of the pattern determination process  104  and the language processing process  105  and may determine an action required or commanded by the user through the utterance according to the voice recognition result. In detail, the processor  100  may determine a reference action corresponding to the voice recognition result by, or without, using a predetermined database or the like and may determine the determined reference action as the action required by the user. Here, the predetermined database may be established on the basis of data regarding the voice recognition result and the reference action corresponding to the voice recognition result. When the voice recognition is appropriately performed, the action required or commanded by the user through the utterance may be the same as the reference action determined by the processor  100 . 
     When it is impossible to determine the reference action corresponding to the voice recognition, the processor  100  determine that an error is generated in the voice recognition or the action determination, and the processor  100  may perform the voice recognition action again or control each component of the first terminal device  10  to request that the user utter a voice again or to request that the user input a command by means of another input means, for example, the above-described input unit  191 , according to a previous definition made by the user or designer. The request for the utterance or the command input may be performed by at least one of the display  193  and the sound output unit  197 . 
     The reference action determined by the processor  100  may include at least one of various actions capable of being performed by the first terminal device  10 . For example, the reference action may include at least one of various actions considerable by a designer, such as a call origination action or call acceptance or rejection action for a specific person, an action of setting a specific place as a destination, an action of guiding a route to a predetermined destination, a temperature adjustment action, a message transmission action, an action of converting text included in an email or message into voice, an action of outputting voice corresponding to text, an action of playing music or video, a predetermined screen display action, or an action of changing a channel or volume of a radio or a television. 
       FIG. 15  is a first diagram illustrating an exemplary process performed by a processor, and  FIG. 16  is a second diagram illustrating an exemplary process performed by a processor. 
     When the reference action is determined according to a user command input through the input unit  191  or when the reference action is determined corresponding to a user command according to voice recognition as described above, the processor  100  may determine a final action using a current state or a predetermined users behaviors. The final action refers to a detailed action for the reference action. For example, when the determined reference action is an action of calling a specific person, the final action is a detailed action for a calling means in the reference action. In more detail, for example, the final action is an action of calling a cellphone of the specific person. 
     Specifically, as shown in  FIG. 15 , the processor  100  may receive information for determining a current state from the location information collector  153 , acquire information regarding an action selected by a user in a specific context, that is, an action having been performed by the first terminal device  10  from the context recognition database  141 , and then create a recommended action using the acquired or received information. 
     Also, the processor  100  may determine a recommendation index corresponding to the recommended action. The recommendation index, which is an index indicating how appropriate the recommended action is for the current context, may be embodied as numerical values. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, as shown in  FIG. 16 , the processor  100  may determine whether there is a history first ( 111 ). 
     In detail, the processor  100  may attempt to call a context recognition database  141  corresponding to a reference action that is input through the input unit  191  or determined through the voice recognition process and may determine whether the context recognition database  141  is called. 
     In this case, the processor  100  may call different context recognition databases  141  depending on actions required or commanded by a user. For example, a context recognition database  141  associated with a phone call may be called when a user inputs a phone call command, and a context recognition database  141  associated with temperature adjustment may be called when a user inputs a temperature adjustment command. Also, a context recognition database  141  associated with a destination search or setting may be called when a user inputs a destination search or setting command. In addition, the processor  100  may call an appropriate context recognition database  141  according to a user command. 
     Also, when the context recognition database  141  is called, the processor  100  may determine whether there is a prestored history associated with the reference action on the basis of the called context recognition database  141  ( 111 ). In other words, the processor  100  may determine whether data needed to create a recommended action is present in the context recognition database  141 . 
     When the context recognition database  141  corresponding to the reference action is not called or when a prestored history, that is, a record is not present in the called context recognition database  141 , the processor  100  may perform an action according to predefined settings without performing a recommended action creation process ( 110 ), a recommended action verification process ( 120 ), and a final action determination process ( 130 ). 
     For example, when the context recognition database  141  corresponding to the reference action is not called or when a prestored history is not detected in the called context recognition database  141 , the processor  100  may control the display  193  of the user interface  190  to display a list including at least one piece of data corresponding to a result of the voice recognition. For example, when the reference action is a phone call, the list may include at least one recipient and one or more phone numbers corresponding to the recipient, which are determined as corresponding to the voice recognition result. The user may check data of the displayed list, manipulate the input unit  191 , and select at least one piece of the data of the displayed list. The processor  100  may control the first terminal device  10  to operate according to the data selected by the user. 
     Also, according to embodiments of the present disclosure, when the context recognition database  141  corresponding to the reference action is not called or when a prestored history is not detected in the called context recognition database  141 , the processor  100  may update the context recognition database  141  using a result of the selection performed by the user. For example, the processor  100  may update the context recognition database  141  by adding a record including various types of data corresponding to the selection result, for example, recipients and their phone numbers to the context recognition database  141 . 
     When the context recognition database  141  corresponding to the determined action is called or when a record is prestored in the called context recognition database  141 , the processor  100  may receive various types of information needed for context recognition from the clock  151 , the location information collector  153 , and/or various other data collection devices. 
     The process  111  of determining whether the above-described context recognition database  141  is called or whether a history is present in the context recognition database  141  will be omitted according to an embodiment. 
     Also, the processor  100  may acquire context information needed for context recognition from the clock  151 , the location information collector  153 , and/or various other data collection devices. For example, the processor  100  may acquire a current time from the clock  151  and/or acquire location information of a user from the location information collector  153 . 
     The processor  100  may extract at least one piece of data (e.g., at least one record or field data of the recode) from the called context recognition database  141 . In this case, according to an embodiment, the processor  100  may further perform a process of calling the context recognition database  141  before extracting data. As described above, a context recognition database  141  called from the auxiliary memory device  140  may be a database corresponding to a reference action that is input through the input unit  191  or determined on the basis of the voice recognition process. 
     When a call originating action for a specific person is determined as the reference action corresponding to the user&#39;s command, the processor  100  may detect records corresponding to the specific person in the called context recognition database  141 . 
     Subsequently, the processor  100  may determine a selection pattern for a recommended action by using the context information and the detected records ( 113 ). In detail, for example, when a user inputs a call origination command for a specific person, the processor  100  may determine a selection pattern regarding by which method or means the user calls the specific person on the basis of a predefined analysis criterion (e.g., a place, a time, or an entire behavior or action). In more detail, for example, when a user calls a specific person, the processor  100  may determine a selection pattern regarding whether the user makes a call by using a cellphone number of the specific person, by using a phone number set as an office number of the specific person, and/or by using a phone number set as a home number of the specific person on the basis of a place, a time, or an entire action. 
     As shown in  FIG. 16 , according to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  may determine according to which selection pattern an action performed at a specific place is determined ( 114 ), determine according to which selection pattern an action performed at a specific time is determined ( 115 ), and/or determine according to which selection pattern an action entirely performed is determined ( 116 ). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  may create and use a predetermined frequency model in order to determine a selection pattern based on each analysis criterion. 
     The processor  100  may acquire result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  (here, i=1, 2, 3, . . . ) for the selection patterns based on the analysis criteria, depending on a result of the selection pattern determination process. For example, the processor  100  may acquire a result value p 1   i  for the place-based selection pattern ( 114 ), acquire a result value p 2   i  of time-based selection pattern ( 115 ), and/or acquire a result value p 3   i  of an entire-action-based selection pattern ( 116 ). 
     In more detail, for example, when a current location acquired by the location information collector  153  is a first region (e.g., an office, a school, or the like) and the reference action is a call origination for a specific person, the processor  100  may detect data regarding the users selection around the first region. In this case, when the data regarding the user&#39;s selection is detected around the first region, the processor  100  may assign a predetermined value to each element of the detected selection pattern, that is, each selected action and may acquire a result value p 1   i  (here, i=1, 2, 3, . . . ) for each action on the basis of a place. 
     The processor  100  may acquire result values p 1   i  corresponding to actions in the first region by using importance levels of the actions relative to all the actions performed in the first region. Thus, the processor  100  may acquire the result values p 1   i  for the selection pattern based on the first region ( 114 ). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the result values p 1   i  may be defined by using a selection probability or frequency of each of the actions. For example, the result value p 1   i  may be defined as a ratio in frequency of a specific action to all the actions in the first region (i.e., (the number of times the specific action is performed)/(the number of time all the actions are performed). In more detail, for example, the number of times calls are made to a specific recipient in a first region is 100, the number of times a cell phone of the specific recipient is called in the first region is 80, and the number of times a home phone of the specific recipient is called in the first region is 20. In this case, a result value p 11  corresponding to an action of calling the cell phone of the specific recipient in the first region may be determined to be 0.8, and a result value p 12  corresponding to an action of calling the home phone of the specific recipient in the first region may be determined to be 0.2 
     The result values p 11  and p 12  may be determined to be various values according to user convenience. For example, instead of 0.8 and 0.2, 80 and 20, which are obtained by multiplying 100 to 0.8 and 0.2, may be determined as the result value p 11  corresponding to an action of calling the cell phone of the specific recipient in the first region and the result value p 12  corresponding to an action of calling the home phone of the specific recipient in the first region, respectively. 
     When there is no selection pattern for a user in the first time period, 0 may be given to the result value p 1   i  based on the place. 
     Similarly, when a current time acquired by the clock  151  corresponds to a first time period (e.g., afternoon hours), the processor  100  may acquire a result value p 2   i  of each action selected during the first time period. For example, as described above, the processor  100  may acquire the result values p 2   i  for the actions selected during the first time period by using the selection probabilities of the selected actions according to importance levels of the actions relative to all the actions in the first time period. When there is no selection pattern for a user in the first time period, the processor  100  may determine the time-based result values P 2   i  to be 0. 
     Also, the processor  100  may acquire result values p 31  corresponding to actions selected without consideration of a place or time. For example, the processor  100  may acquire the result values p 3   i  corresponding to the actions by the same method described above on the basis of importance levels of the actions with respect to all the actions ( 116 ). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  may analyze the selection pattern by summing or weighted-summing the acquired result values phi, p 2   i , and p 3   i  by using different analysis criteria for a specific action ( 118 ). 
     In this case, as shown in  FIG. 4 , the processor  100  may additionally determine weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  to be applied to the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  for the selection patterns based on the analysis criteria, for example, a place, a time, and an entire action. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  may be predefined for the analysis criteria, respectively. For example, the processor  100  may determine the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13 , which is to be applied to the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , p 3   i  corresponding to the analysis criteria, to be the same value. 
     For example, when the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  corresponding to the selection patterns for a place, a time, and an entire action are all acquired, the processor  100  may determine the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  to be applied to the result values for the selection patterns based on a place, a time, and an entire action to be the same value, 0.33. 
     Alternatively, the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  may be determined depending on the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  corresponding to the analysis criteria. That is, the processor  100  may determine the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  to be applied to the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  corresponding to the analysis criteria to be the same or different values, depending on the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i.    
     For example, when the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  are 0, the processor  100  may determine the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  corresponding to the result values to be 0. When the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  are not 0, the processor may determine the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  corresponding to the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  to be the same value. In more detail, for example, when the result value p 1   i  of the place-based selection pattern is 0 (i.e., there is no place-based selection pattern) and the result values p 2   i  and p 3   i  of the time-based selection pattern and the entire-action-based selection pattern are not 0 (i.e., there are a time-based selection pattern and an entire-action-based selection pattern), the weight w 11  applied to the result value p 1   i  of the place-based selection pattern p 1   i  is determined to be 0, and the weights w 12  and w 13  applied to the time-based selection pattern and the entire-action-based selection pattern may be determined to be the same value, for example, 0.5. 
     Unlike that described above, the processor  100  may determine the weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  to be applied to the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  by using at least one method considerable by a designer. 
     When the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  for each action are acquired, and the analysis-criterion-based weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  are further acquired as necessary, the processor  100  may analyze a pattern thereof and acquire a result of the analysis ( 118 ). 
     According to an embodiment, the pattern analysis may be performed by using composition of the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  for the analysis-criterion-based selection patterns or composition of the result values p 1   i , p 2   i , and p 3   i  for the analysis-criterion-based selection patterns and the analysis-criterion-based weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13 . 
     In this case, the pattern analysis may be performed using Equation 1 below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   Zi 
                   = 
                   
                     
                       ∑ 
                       j 
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     
                       
                         w 
                         
                           1 
                           ⁢ 
                           j 
                         
                       
                       · 
                       
                         p 
                         ji 
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
                     ⁢ 
                     1 
                   
                   ] 
                 
               
             
           
         
       
     
     In Equation 1, Zi is an analysis result for a specific action, w 1   j  is an analysis-criterion-based weight, pji is a result value of an action included in a selection pattern based on each analysis criterion, i is a value for identifying each action, and j is a value for identifying each analysis criterion. 
     The analysis result Zi for the specific action may be individually calculated fro each action. Accordingly, the number of analysis results Zi for specific actions may be given equal to the number of actions included in the selection pattern. 
     For example, when a user gives a call command to a specific person, there may be no selection pattern for a current place of the user, a ratio of calls using home phone numbers to the total calls in a current time period may be 0.2, a ratio of calls using cell phone numbers to the total calls may be 0.8, a ratio of calls using the home phone numbers to the total actions may be 0.3, and a ratio of calls using the cell phone numbers to the total actions may be 0.7. In this case, weights w 11 , w 12 , and w 13  for context according to the above example may be determined to be 0, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively. An analysis result Z 1  for a pattern of using home phone numbers is 0.25 (=0+0.2/2+0.3/2), and an analysis result Z 2  for a pattern of using cell phone numbers is 0.5 (=0+0.3/2+0.7/2). 
     The processor may determine a recommended action on the basis of the analysis results for the patterns and also may determine a recommendation index corresponding to the recommended action ( 119 ). 
     For example, the processor  100  may compare the analysis result Zi (Z 1 , Z 2 , . . . ) for the individual actions, extract an action having the largest analysis result Zi, and recommend the extracted action as a recommended action. For example, when the analysis result Z 1  for the pattern of using the home phone numbers is calculated to be 0.25 and the analysis result Z 2  for the pattern of using the cell phone numbers is calculated to be 0.5 as described above, the analysis result Z 2  for the pattern of using the cell phone numbers is greater than the analysis result Z 1  for the pattern of using the home phone numbers. Therefore, the processor  100  may determine the use of the cell phone number as the recommended action. 
     Also, the processor  100  may determine, as a recommendation index corresponding to the recommended action, the recommendation results Zi (Z 1 , Z 2 , . . . ) for the action determined as the recommended action. For example, when the use of the cell phone numbers is determined as the recommended action, 0.5, which is a value of the analysis result Z 2  for the pattern of using the cell phone numbers, may be determined as the recommendation index. 
       FIG. 17  is a third diagram illustrating an exemplary process performed by a processor. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 15 and 17 , the processor  100  may verify the recommended action using the recommendation index ( 120 ). In this case, the processor  100  may additionally use a selection history database  143  obtained by accumulating results of a user selecting the recommended action to determine whether the determined recommended action is appropriate in consideration of a selection history for the user. 
     When the recommended action and the recommendation index are determined, the processor  100  may perform a predefined calculation using the recommended action and the recommendation index and may acquire a predetermined result value X using a result of the calculation in order to verify the recommended action. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  may determine a calculable first variable x 1  and a second calculable variable x 2  ( 121  and  123 ). The first variable x 1  and the second variable x 2  correspond to the recommended action and the recommendation index, respectively. Subsequently, the processor may add corresponding weights, that is, a first weight w 21  and a second weight w 22  to the first variable x 1  and the second variable x 2  and perform a predefined action on the first variable x 1  to which the first weight w 21  is applied and the second variable x 2  to which the second weight w 22  is applied and thus may acquire the a result value X. 
     When the first variable x 1  is determined, the processor  100  may acquire a calculable value corresponding to the recommended action, for example, on the basis of the previous definition and then may determine the acquired value as the first variable x 1  to determine the first variable x 1  corresponding to the recommended action ( 121 ). 
     When the second variable x 2  is determined, the processor  100  may determine the second variable x 2 , for example, by using the recommendation index or partially modifying the recommendation index ( 123 ). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the predefined action may include summing the first variable x 1  to which the first weight w 21  is added and the second variable x 2  to which the second weight w 22  is added. In other words, the processor  100  may weighted-sum the recommended action (or a value corresponding to the recommended action) and the recommendation index (or a value corresponding to the recommendation index) to acquire the result value X. In this case, the processor  100  may acquire the result value X by using Equation 2 below:
 
X=Σw m x m   [Equation 2]
 
     In Equation 2, X is a result value acquired by the processor  100 , wm is a weight added to each variable, and xm is an m th  calculable variable. As described above, m may include 1 and 2 and may include integers greater than or equal to 3 depending on embodiments. For example, when another variable is additionally used to verify the recommended action in addition to the above-described recommended action and recommendation index, m may include values greater than or equal to 3 depending on the number of variables used. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the predefined action may include another calculation method in addition to the summing of the first variable x 1  to which the first weight w 21  is added and the second variable x 2  to which the second weight w 22  is added. For example, the predefined calculation may be defined by using one or a combination of arithmetic operations. Also, the predefined calculation may be defined by additionally a power or a square root. 
     The predetermined weights w 21  and w 22  may be acquired on the basis of records stored in the selection history database  143 . 
     The processor  100  may call a different selection history database DB 3  depending on a default action or a recommended action and may determine the predetermined weights w 21  and w 22  by using the called selection history database DB 3 . 
     For example, when the default action is a call origination, the processor  100  uses a selection history database DB 3  for the call origination, as shown in  FIG. 13 . When the default action is a destination search and setting, the processor  100  may use a selection history database  143  for the destination search and setting, as shown in  FIG. 9 . 
     When a different selection history database DB 3  is called depending on the default action or the recommended action, the processor  100  may create and acquire the weights w 21  and w 22  using field data stored in records r 21  and r 22  of the called selection history database DB 3 . In this case, the processor  100  may use a predefined predetermined model to acquire the weights w 21  and w 22  or may create a predetermined model using the selection history database  143  to acquire the weights w 21  and w 22 . 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  may change the field data stored in the records r 21  and r 22  to be calculable by a method or the like of assigning a different numerical value to each action and may perform a regression analysis by using an actual action as a dependent variable and also using the recommended action and the recommendation index as an independent variable to acquire a first weight w 21  to be applied to the first variable x 1  for the recommended action and a second weight w 22  to be applied to the second variable x 2  for the recommendation index on the basis of a result of the regression analysis. In this case, coefficients acquired by performing the regression analysis may be determined as the first weight w 21  and the second weight w 22  with no change or partial modification. 
     In some cases, the processor  100  may calculate a correlation between the actual action and the recommended action and a correlation between the actual action and the recommendation index and may acquire the first weight w 21  to be applied to the first variable x 1  for the recommended action and the second weight w 22  to be applied to the variable x 2  for the recommendation index by using a result of calculating the correlations. 
     In addition, the processor  100  may determine the weights w 21  and w 22  using a predetermined algorithm so that an error between a final action and the actual action is minimized. The error may be defined by summing the square of a difference between at least one final action and at least one actual action corresponding to the at least one final action and divide the sum by 2. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the predetermined algorithm may include a gradient descent algorithm. In this case, a future weight may be defined as a value obtained by adding a parameter for adjusting a distance to be moved and a variation in weight to a current weight or subtracting the current weight from the parameter and the variation. 
     Also, the predetermined algorithm may be a learning algorithm. The learning algorithm may include, for example, at least one of a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), a deep belief network (DBN), and a deep Q-network or an algorithm obtained by partially modifying the network. 
     Subsequently, the processor  100  may create a verification result value O for verifying the recommended action on the basis of the value X acquired through the summation ( 128 ). 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, the processor  100  may determine whether the value X acquired through the summation is larger or smaller than a predefined reference value and create the verification result value O on the basis of a result of the determination ( 127  and  128 ). In this case, the processor  100  may acquire the verification result value O using, for example, Equation 3 below: 
     
       
         
           
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         
                           O 
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                             ( 
                             X 
                             ) 
                           
                         
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                               1 
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                               ⁢ 
                               if 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               X 
                             
                             ≥ 
                             
                               C 
                               Ref 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                   
                     
                       
                           
                         ⁢ 
                         
                           ⌊ 
                           
                             
                               0 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               if 
                               ⁢ 
                               
                                   
                               
                               ⁢ 
                               X 
                             
                             &lt; 
                             
                               C 
                               Ref 
                             
                           
                         
                       
                     
                   
                 
               
               
                 
                   [ 
                   
                     Equation 
                     ⁢ 
                     
                         
                     
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                     3 
                   
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     In Equation 3, O is the verification result value, X is the result value obtained through the result of calculating Equation 2, and Cref is a constant that is predefined by a user or a designer as a reference value. 
     As described in Equation 3, when the acquired result value X is larger than the predefined value Cref, the processor  100  may determine the verification result value O obtained through the recommended action verification process to be a first value, for example, 1. Conversely, the result value X acquired by the processor  100  is smaller than the predefined value Cref, the processor  100  may determine the verification result value O according to the recommended action verification process to be a second value different from the first value, for example, 0. When the result value X acquired by the processor  100  is the same as the predefined value Cref, the processor  100  may determine the verification result value O according to the recommended action verification process to be any one of the first value and the second value depending on a design of a designer. The first value and the second value may be randomly defined according to a designers or users selection. 
     When the verification result value O is determined according to the recommended action verification process, as shown in  FIGS. 3 and 7 , the processor  100  may determine a final action on the basis of the recommended action and the verification result for the recommended action. When a result of performing the determination using the recommended action, the recommendation index, and the selection history database  143  is that the determined recommended action meets, or is likely to meet, a users intent, the processor  100  may determine the determined recommended action as the final action. Conversely, when it is determined that the determined recommended action does not meet, or is less likely to, a users intent, the processor  100  may determine a previously set action as the final action. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, when the verification result value O according to the recommended action verification process is a first value, for example, 1 ( 131 ), the processor  100  may determine the recommended action as the final action ( 132 ). 
     Thus, the processor  100  may determine an appropriate final action according to a reference action corresponding to a command input by a user through his or her manipulation or voice. 
     For example, when the reference action is a call origination action, the processor  100  may determine a call origination as the final action by using the phone number determined as described above. Also, as another example, according to a reference action corresponding to the command input by the user, the processor  100  may determine, as the final action, at least one of an incoming call reject action, a destination setting action, an action of guiding a set destination, a temperature adjustment action, a message transmission action, an action of converting text included in an email or message into voice, an action of outputting a voice corresponding to text, an action of playing a music or video, an action of displaying a predetermined screen, an action of changing a channel or volume of a radio or television, and various other actions considerable by a designer with respect to the first terminal device  10 . 
     When the final action is determined, the processor  100  may operate such that the first terminal device  10  performs an action corresponding to the determined final action and/or controls each component of the first terminal device in response to the determination of the final action. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, when the final action is determined, the first terminal device  10  may transmit at least one of the above-described service provision request signal and service provision start request signal to the server device  300  in response to the determination of the final action. In other words, the determination of the final action may be used as a trigger of at least one of a service provision request and a service provision start request. 
     In some cases, the processor  100  may be set to ask the user whether the first terminal device  10  operate according to the determined final action first before the processor  100  performs the final action according to settings predefined by the user or designer. When the user agrees with the operation of the first terminal device  10  according to the final action, the first terminal device  10  may perform the determined final action. Also, depending on embodiments, the agreement of the user may be used as a trigger of at least one of a service provision request and a service provision start request. 
       FIG. 18  is a diagram showing an example of a screen on which a recommendation result is displayed. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, while performing the final action, the processor  100  may ask the user whether to approve the final action. 
     For example, the processor  100  may control the display  193  of the user interface  190  so that the display  193  displays a screen  191   a  for asking whether the final action is approved, as shown in  FIG. 18 . Information  192   a  about the final action and predetermined images  192   b  and  192   c  for guiding a selection of approval (confirmation) or disapproval (cancellation) of the final action may be displayed on the screen  191   a  for asking whether the final action is approved. The predetermined images  192   b  and  192   c  may be implemented, for example, using an icon or a virtual button. 
     The user may input a command for selecting any one of the approval and the disapproval by manipulating the input unit  191 . The input unit  191  and the display  193  is implemented using a touchscreen, the user may select any one of the displayed images  192   b  and  192   c  to input the command for selecting any one of the approval and the disapproval. 
     When the user approves the operation of the first terminal device  10  according to the final action, the first terminal device  10  operates according to the final action. 
     Conversely, when the user does not approve the operation of the first terminal device  10  according to the final action, the first terminal device  10  may stop operating according to the determined final action. In this case, the first terminal device  10  may perform a predetermined action according to a previous definition. For example, the first terminal device  10  may perform a default action as described below. 
     When the default action is performed, the display  193  of the first terminal device  10  may display a screen  191   b  including a plurality of options  192   d   1  and  192   d   2  (see  FIG. 9 ) as described below. The first terminal device  10  may perform a desired action by the user selecting any one of the plurality of options  192   d   1  and  192   d   2  through the input unit  191 . 
     When a certain time elapses after the user does not select any one of the plurality of options  192   d   1  and  192   d   2 , the processor  100  may end the context-based action determination process and stop the above-described service provision or service provision start process. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, when the user approves or does not approve the operation of the first terminal device  10  according to the final action, the processor  100  may update the selection history database  143  in response to the approval and/or disapproval of the operation ( 135 ), as shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     In detail, the processor  100  may additionally create records having the acquired recommended action and recommendation index and the final action corresponding to the approval and/or disapproval of the user as field data in the selection history database  143 . Depending on embodiments, the processor  100  may be designed to update the selection history database  143  only when the user does not approve the final action ( 135 ). 
       FIG. 19  is a diagram showing an example of a screen displayed when a result of recommendation is not displayed. 
     According to embodiments of the present disclosure, when the verification result value O according to the recommended action verification process is not a first value, for example, 1 ( 133 ), the processor  100  does not have to determine the recommended action as the final action, but may determine another defined action, for example, the default action as the final action ( 132 ). When the verification result value O according to the recommended action verification process is not a first value, the verification result value O according to the recommended action verification process may be a second value, for example, 0. 
     The default action may include a display action of the default screen  191   b  performed by the display  193 , as shown in  FIG. 19 . 
     In detail, the processor  100  may control the display  193  to display the default screen  191   b  in response to a result of determining that the verification result value O according to the recommended action verification process is not 1. The default screen  191   b  may include a plurality of options  192   d   1  and  192   d   12 . As necessary, the processor  100  may display at least one of the options  192   d   1  and  192   d   2  on the screen  191   b  by displaying a predetermined window  192   d  on the screen  191   b.    
     The at least one of the options  192   d   1  and  192   d   2  may indicate various actions performable by the first terminal device  10 , for example, a call using a cell phone number, a call using a home phone number, and/or a call using an office phone number. 
     By the user selecting any one of the options  192   d   1  and  192   d   2 , the first terminal device  10  may operate according to the user&#39;s intent. 
     In certain cases, the user&#39;s selection may or may not be used as a trigger of at least one of a service provision request and a service provision start request according to a previous definition. 
     For example, when a phone number corresponding to the selected option  192   d   1  or  192   d   2  corresponds to a partner capable of participating in the above-described service, the user&#39;s selection may be used as a trigger of at least one of the service provision request and the service provision start request. As another example, when a phone number corresponding to the selected option  192   d   1  or  192   d   2  corresponds to a partner not capable of participating in the above-described service, the user&#39;s selection may not be used as a trigger of the service provision request and the service provision start request. 
     Also, when a certain period of time has elapsed while the user selects none of the plurality of options  192   d   1  and  192   d   2 , the processor  100  may end the context-based action determination process, and the first terminal device  10  may ignore a command input by the user through at least one of the input unit  191  and the sound input unit  195  and may not perform an action corresponding to the users command. In this case, the service is not provided. 
     Several embodiments of the context-based action determination method will be described below. 
       FIG. 20  is a flowchart of an exemplary context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 20 , a service provision start request may be transferred from a first terminal device to a server device according to a predetermined trigger ( 400 ). In this case, the trigger may include at least one of a user manipulating an input unit, inputting a voice command, and determining a final action. 
     When the service provision start request is received, the server device selects necessary information corresponding to a service requested to be provided ( 401 ). Here, the necessary information may include information to be acquired from at least one of a first terminal device and a second terminal device in order to perform the service. 
     According to a requirement or setting by a user of the first terminal device, the server device may transmit an approval request to at least another terminal device, for example, the second terminal device ( 402 ). In this case, a transmission request for service required information and information corresponding to the service required information may be transmitted to the second terminal device in addition to an approval request signal. 
     The server device waits until an approval signal or a rejection signal is transferred from the second terminal device. 
     When a user of the second terminal device does not approve and thus a rejection signal is transferred to the server device (no in  403 ), the server device determines that the service is not providable and handles that service creation failed ( 404 ). As necessary, a rejection guidance message may be transmitted from the server device to the first terminal device. 
     When the user of the second terminal device approves and thus the server device receives an approval signal (yes in  403 ), the server device determines that the service is providable and starts to provide the service to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 405 ). As necessary, the server device may transmit a signal indicating that the service may be provided to the first terminal device. 
     Subsequently, the server device transmits a request for providing or updating context information to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, receives the context information from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, and stores or updates the context information. 
     When the server device receives a request for providing at least one of a plurality of providable services from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 411 ), the server device may determine a context of at least one of the first terminal device, the user of the first terminal device, the second terminal device, and the user of the second terminal device in response to a request for providing the service by at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 412  and  413 ). 
     When it is determined that the service is providable, (yes in  413 ), the server device provides the service to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 417 ). 
     Conversely, when it is determined that the service is not providable (no in  413 ), the server device may transmit a guidance message indicating that the service is not providable to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device. According to preset settings, the server device may stop an action associated to the service provision or may wait until the service becomes providable ( 414 ). 
     When the context information stored in the server device is updated by the context information transferred from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, and thus the context is changed (yes in  415 ), the server device may determine that the service is providable again. 
     When the service is providable, the server device starts to provide the service ( 417 ). Conversely, when the service is not providable, the server device stops an action associated with the service provision or wait until the service becomes providable ( 414 ). 
     As one of detailed embodiments of the context-based action determination method, a first embodiment of a service associated with a call origination will be described with reference to  FIG. 21 . 
       FIG. 21  is a flowchart of a first detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 21 , the server device receives and acquires context information from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device and updates the context information stored in the storage ( 420 ). 
     Subsequently, when at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device originates a call ( 421 ), the service starts to be provided. Thus, the server device may determine a context of at least one of the first terminal device, the user of the first terminal device, the second terminal device, and the user of the second terminal device ( 423  and  424 ). 
     When the context determination result is that the call is possible (yes in  424 ), the server device creates a call line to enable communication between the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 430 ). 
     Conversely, when the context determination result is that the call is impossible (no in  424 ), the server device may determine that the call is impossible and may transfer a call disallowance guidance message to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, as necessary ( 425 ). The call disallowance guidance message may include a fact that the call is impossible. As necessary, the call disallowance guidance message may further include at least one piece of information such as a time at which the call is predicted to be possible. 
     Subsequently, when it is determined that the context is changed according to the context information transferred from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device (yes in  426 ), and it is determined that the call is possible according to the changed context (yes in  427 ), the server device may transmit a message indicating that the call is possible to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 428 ). When it is determined that the context is not changed (no in  426 ) or the call is impossible (no in  427 ), the server device may transmit the call disallowance guidance message to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, as necessary ( 425 ) and may continue to wait. It will be appreciated that, depending on embodiments, the server device may stop the service provision action. 
     When a call is originated from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device after it is determined that the call is possible (yes in  429 ), the server device operates such that the first terminal device and the second terminal device may communicate with each other ( 430 ). When the call is not originated by at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device (no in  429 ), the server device may end the service provision action according to a previous definition. 
     As one of detailed embodiments of the context-based action determination method, a first embodiment of a service associated with a schedule setting will be described with reference to  FIGS. 22 and 23 . 
       FIG. 22  is a first flowchart of a second detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure, and  FIG. 23  is a second flowchart of the second detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 22 and 23 , the server device may receive and acquire context information from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device and may update the context information stored in the storage, as described above ( 440 ). 
     When a schedule setting request is received from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 441 ), the server device determines the context on the basis of context information regarding at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device in response to the schedule setting request ( 442 ) and determines whether the schedule is settable ( 442  and  443 ). A schedule creation request may include information needed for the schedule setting. In detail, the schedule creation request may include information regarding at least one of a desired time, a desired place, and a desired partner. 
     When the schedule is not settable, the server device transmits a schedule setting disallowance guidance message to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 444 ). 
     When the server device receives a schedule resetting request signal from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device (yes in  445 ), the server device sequentially determines the context and then determines whether the schedule is settable ( 442  and  443 ). Here, the schedule resetting request may include information needed to set a modified schedule. The information needed to set the modified schedule denotes information obtained by modifying at least one of a time, a place, and a partner in the information needed to the schedule setting. 
     When the server device does not receive the schedule resetting request signal from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device (no in  445 ), the server device may stop the service provision action according to previous settings. 
     When it is determined that the schedule is settable (yes in  443 ), the server device may set the schedule according to previous settings. 
     In this case, for example, the server device may transmit a message indicating that the schedule is settable to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device first ( 446 ). 
     When additional data is additionally needed to set the schedule (yes in  447 ), the server device may request that at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device provide the additional data ( 448 ). 
     After transmitting the message indicating the schedule is settable to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device or after receiving the additional data from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, the server device may transmit a schedule approval request to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 449 ). In this case, when the schedule setting request is transmitted from the first terminal device, the server device transmits the schedule approval request to the second terminal device. Conversely, when the schedule setting request is transmitted from the second terminal device, the server device transmits the schedule approval request to the first terminal device. 
     When the server device receives a signal corresponding to an approval of the schedule from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device in response to the transmission of the schedule approval request to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device (yes in  450 ), the server device may set and store the schedule ( 451 ) and may transmit a message indicating that the schedule is approved to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, as necessary ( 452 ). 
     Conversely, when the server device receives a signal corresponding to a rejection of the schedule from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device in response to the transmission of the schedule approval request to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device (no in  450 ), the server device may stops the schedule setting action and may create an approval rejection guidance message for guiding a fact that the approval is rejected and transmit the created approval rejection guidance message to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, as necessary ( 453 ). 
     When the schedule is set and stored through the above process ( 451 ), the server device may further provide a service additionally associated with the schedule. 
     In detail, referring to  FIG. 23 , the server device may determine a departure request signal of at least one of the user of the first terminal device and the user of the second terminal user according to the schedule ( 460 ). The departure request signal may be calculated using a traveling time from a location of at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device to a set place (i.e., a destination) and a time set in the schedule. To this end, the server device may acquire information regarding the location of at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device, set a distance or route between the acquired location and the place, acquire the time on the basis of the distance or route, and determine the departure request time. The determination of the departure request time may be performed by at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device. 
     The departure request signal or the like may be reflected in the predefined schedule, and thus information regarding the schedule may be updated ( 461 ). 
     When the set time, a time before a certain period from the set time, and/or the departure request time has arrived (yes in  462 ), the server device may transmit a notification signal to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device ( 463 ). 
     Also, as necessary, the server device may receive a signal regarding whether he or she has departed from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device and may monitor whether at least one of the user of the first terminal device and the user of the second terminal device has departed ( 464 ). When at least one of the user of the first terminal device and the user of the second terminal device departs to a set place, departure information is transmitted to at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device. Thus, at least one of the user of the first terminal device and the user of the second terminal device may be appropriately aware of whether the other has departed. 
     In certain cases, at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device may be paired with at least one a vehicle and a navigation device installed in the vehicle. In this case, information regarding the installation place may be transferred from at least one of the first terminal device and the second terminal device to at least one of the vehicle and the navigation device, and the vehicle and the navigation device may set a destination on the basis of the transferred information regarding the installation place. 
     As described above, the determination of the final action may be used as a trigger of the service provision or the service provision start. An embodiment of the context-based action determination method including determining the final action and providing the service will be described below with reference to  FIG. 24 . 
       FIG. 24  is a flowchart of a third detailed example of the context-based action determination method according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     As shown in  FIG. 24 , first, the user may input a user command to the terminal device by using his or her voice or by manipulating a predetermined input device ( 470 ). 
     In this case, as described above, the terminal device may determine a recommended action corresponding to the user command by using a context recognition database and context information regarding at least one of the user of the terminal device and an environment surrounding the terminal device ( 471 ). 
     Subsequently, the terminal device may verify the recommended action by using a selection history database ( 472 ). 
     When a result of verifying the recommended action is that the recommended action is appropriate, the terminal device may determine the recommended action as a final action. When the recommended action is not appropriate, the terminal device may determine a default action as the final action according to a previous definition ( 473 ). 
     When the final action is determined, the terminal device starts operating according to the final action ( 474 ). As necessary, the terminal device may receive the user&#39;s approval with respect to the final action before or after performing the final action. 
     In this case, the determination of the final action, the approval of the user, and/or the operation of the terminal device may be used as a trigger of the service provision or the service provision start. 
     Thus, the terminal device transmits a request signal for providing a service corresponding to the final action to the server device, and the server device determines a context of at least one of a partner corresponding to a service provision request signal and a terminal device of the partner in response to the transmission ( 475 ). 
     The server device may determine whether to provide the service according to the context determination result for at least one of the partner and the terminal device of the partner ( 476 ), and the server device may perform the above-described action on the basis of a result of determining whether to provide the service ( 477 ). 
     The above-described context-based action determination method may be applicable to a control method for the terminal device, a control method for the server device, or a control method for a vehicle with no change or partial modification. 
     According to the above-described embodiments, it is possible to determine an appropriate service or at least one action that matches a user&#39;s requirement and another person&#39;s context on the basis of the other person&#39;s context, thus enabling the user to receive a service and action matching the context. 
     Furthermore, when an action in which a plurality of users are participating is performed, it is possible to appropriately adjust a scenario of the action depending on a current context of each of the users, thus improving convenience of the plurality of users. 
     Even further, it is possible for a user to quickly determine a context of another user, thereby reducing the user&#39;s inconvenience and thus increasing the user&#39;s satisfaction. 
     While the contents of the present disclosure have been described in connection with what is presently considered to be exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.