Patent Publication Number: US-2023155925-A1

Title: Financial network

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION 
     This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/011,479 filed Sep. 3, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/569,716 filed Sep. 13, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,771,376 issued Sep. 8, 2020), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/058,564 filed on Aug. 8, 2018 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,447,580 issued Oct. 15, 2019), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/689,685 filed Aug. 29, 2017 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,050,869 issued Aug. 14, 2018), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/753,899 filed Jun. 29, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,755,951 issued on Sep. 5, 2017), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/019,366 filed Jun. 30, 2014, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
    
    
     FIELD 
     Some embodiments relate to communication network elements. 
     BACKGROUND 
     A communications network may include one or more network elements to facilitate the communication of data, for example, between computing devices. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES 
         FIG.  1 A  shows an example system according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  1 B  shows an example configuration of the system of  FIG.  1 A ; 
         FIG.  2    shows another example system according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  3    shows an example network element according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  4    shows an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  5    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  6    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  7    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  8    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  9    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  10    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  11    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  12    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  13    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  14    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  15    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  16    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; 
         FIG.  17    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments; and 
         FIG.  18    shows an aspect of an example SDN according to some embodiments. 
     
    
    
     SUMMARY 
     The following should be understood as embodiments and not claims. 
     A. An apparatus comprising: a first routing device configured to map a local address and port pair of a first network to a destination on a second network and to map a local address and port pair of a third network to the destination on the second network, in which the first routing device is configured such that a first core of a first processor is configured to perform routing for the first network, and a second core of the first processor is configured to perform routing for the second network; in which, to facilitate mapping the local address and port pair of the first network to the destination, the routing device is configured to open a first socket to the destination, open a second socket to a second destination, and fail over routing to the second socket in response to a determination that the first socket has failed; in which a third core of the routing device is configured to execute a process configured to access a portion of a memory space shared with the first core, copy at least one of a packet header and an entire packet from the portion of the memory space, and facilitate transmission of the at least one of the packet header and the entire packet to an analytics engine coupled to the first routing device. 
     A.1. The apparatus of claim A, in which the first routing device is configured to load balance traffic sent to the local address and port pair between to such that the traffic is split between the destination using the first socket and the second destination using the second socket. A.1.1. The apparatus of claim A.1, in which the load balancing occurs in at least one of a round robin and a least connected manner. A.2. The apparatus of claim A, in which the routing device include multiple multi-core processors. A.3. The apparatus of claim A, in which the routing device is configured to route data at Gigabit speeds. 
     A.4. The apparatus of claim A, comprising: a second routing device configured to map an address and port pair to the first network and to map a second address and port pair to the second network, in which the second routing device is configured such that a first core of a second processor is configured to perform routing to the first network from the destination and a second core of the second processor is configured to perform routing to the second network from the destination. A.4.1. The apparatus of claim A.4, in which the first routing device is configured to compress blocks of data routed to the destination according to a dictionary scheme, and the second routing device is configured to decompress the blocks of data according to the dictionary scheme for transmission to the destination. A.4.2. The apparatus of claim A.4, in which mapping through the first routing device from the first network and second network enables services from the first network and second network to a software defined network. A.4.3. The apparatus of claim A.4, in which the second routing device enables the destination to subscribe to services offered to a software defined network from the first network and second network. A.4.4. The apparatus of claim A.4, in which the first routing device and the second routing device define a software defined network that spans a plurality of data centers. A.4.5. The apparatus of claim A.4, in which the destination includes a trading customer, and the first network includes a network on which an electronic exchange resides. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Referring to  FIG.  1 A , there is shown an example system  100 . System  100  may include a plurality of entities, including entity  110  and a plurality of entities  130   a - n  (one of which is shown in detail in  FIG.  1 A ), one or more of which may be interconnected via network  103 . Entity  110  may be, for example, a service provider that provides services, and each entity  130  may be, for example, a customer/user (e.g., companies, banks, investment funds, trading firms, etc.) of the services provided by service provider  110 . For description purposes only, entity  110  will be referred to herein as a service provider and entity(s)  130  will be referred to as a user(s)/customer(s). Nonetheless, these terms are intended to be non-limiting and other example entities are possible. In addition, entity  110  being a service provider that provides services to entities  130  is also an example and other relationships between entities  110  and  130  are possible. 
     As one example, service provider  110  may provide one or more electronic marketplaces for the trading/buying-selling/matching of items (such as, for example, financial instruments, real-estate, bets/wagers, tangible goods, services, etc.) and as such, may provide one or more electronic matching/trading engines. Similarly, customers  130  may seek to trade one or more items on the electronic marketplace(s) provided by service provider  130 . According to this example, one or more of customers  130  may electronically communicate data/messages, for example, to service provider  110  including, for example, orders to buy and/or sell items at specified prices and/or quantities (e.g., bids, offers, hits, takes). Similarly, service provider  110  may electronically receive and execute such orders and communicate data/messages to customers  130  including, for example, prices and quantities of pending and executed orders. One skilled in the art will recognize that this is merely an example and that other and/or additional services may be provided by service provider  110  and that additional and/or other messages/data may be transferred between services provider  110  and customers  130 . For example, one or more of customers  130  may electronically communicate data/messages, for example, to service provider  110  including, for example, orders to back or lay a team or event, etc. at specified odds and/or stakes. Similarly, service provider  110  may electronically receive and execute/match such orders and communicate data/messages to customers  130  including, for example, specified odds and/or stakes of pending and/or executed orders. 
     Service provider  110  may include one or more network elements  112 , and one or more computing systems  114  (which may include/or be connected to one or more database systems) that provide services, for example, to customers  130 . One skilled in the art will recognize that service provider  110  may include additional and/or other computing systems, and/or network elements. Computing systems  114  may be referred to herein as servers for purposes of description. However, it should be understood that the use of the term server is non-limiting, and that other types of computing systems may be used. One or more of servers  114  may include one or more processors and one or more memories. One or more of servers  114  also may include one or more network hardware/software/firmware based interfaces/ports that enable the servers to connect to network elements  112  and thereby network  103 . Such interfaces may be configured to support one or more different types of physical network connections, such as copper, fiber optic, and/or wireless, may be configured to support one or more different types of protocols, such as Ethernet, and may be configured to operate at any speed, such as Gb rates. One skilled in the art will recognize that servers  114  may have additional and/or other configurations. Service provider  110  may also include one or more software and/or firmware and/or hardware based applications that may be stored on one or more database systems and/or servers  114  and be configured to execute on one or more of servers  114 . Each server may execute the same or different applications. As one example, the application(s) may be configured to provide one or more electronic matching/trading engines for the trading/matching of one or more items as described herein. 
     Network element(s)  112  may include, for example, one or more routers and/or switches including, for example, core and/or edge routers and/or switches. Each of network elements  112  may include one or more network hardware/software/firmware based interfaces/ports that enable the network elements to connect to one another, one or more of servers  114 , and/or network  103 . Such interfaces may be configured to support one or more different types of physical network connections, such as copper, fiber optic, and/or wireless, may be configured to support one or more different types of protocols, such as Ethernet, and may be configured to operate at any speed, such as Gb rates. One skilled in the art will recognize that network elements  112  may have additional and/or other configurations. One or more of network elements  112  may contain one or more physical connections (wired/wireless) to each other, servers  114 , and/or network  103 . Network elements  112  and one or more of servers  114  may be further configured such that one or more of servers  114  have private network addresses and thereby reside on a private network of service provider  110 , and/or have public addresses and thereby reside on a public network. In this fashion, network elements  112  may be configured such that servers  114  may communicate with one another and/or with network  103  and thereby with one or more other computing systems, for example, connected to network  103 , such as computing system(s)  138  of customers  130 . One skilled in the art will also recognize that network elements  112  may include additional and/or other elements as described herein, and may provide additional and/or other type of functionality than described herein. 
     An example customer  130  (as shown by customer  130   a ) may include one or more network elements  132 ,  134 , and  136 , and one or more computing systems  138  (which may include/or be connected to one or more database systems). One skilled in the art will recognize that a customer  130  may include additional and/other computing systems, and/or network elements. One skilled in the art will recognize that other customers  130  may include similar and/or other configurations as that of customer  130   a  shown in  FIG.  1 A . Computing systems  138  may be referred to herein as servers for purposes of description. However, it should be understood that the use of the term server is non-limiting, and that other types of computing systems may be used. One or more of servers  138  may include one or more processors and one or more memories. One or more of servers  138  also may include one or more network hardware/software/firmware based interfaces/ports that enable the servers to connect to one or more of network elements  132 - 136  and thereby network  103 . Such interfaces may be configured to support one or more different types of physical network connections, such as copper, fiber optic, and/or wireless, may be configured to support one or more different types of protocols, such as Ethernet, and may be configured to operate at any speed, such as Gb rates. One skilled in the art will recognize that servers  138  may have additional and/or other configurations. Customer  130  may also include one or more software and/or firmware and/or hardware based applications that may be stored on one or more database systems and/or servers  138 , and be configured to execute on one or more of servers  138 . Each server may execute the same or different applications. As one example, the application(s) may be configured to use the services provided by server(s)  114  of service provider  110  and in particular, may be configured to trade one or more items with one or more other customers  130 , for example, through the use of electronic matching/trading engine(s) provided by server(s)  114  of service provider  110 . According to this example, one or more of servers of  138  of customer  130  may electronically communicate via network  103  data/messages, for example, to servers  114  of service provider  110  including, for example, orders to buy and/or sell items at specified prices and/or quantities (e.g., bids, offers, hits, takes). Similarly, servers  114  of service provider  110  may electronically receive and execute such orders and communicate data/messages to servers  138  of customer  130  including, for example, prices and quantities of pending and executed orders. One skilled in the art will recognize that this is merely an example and that other and/or additional services may be provided by service provider  110  and that additional and/or other messages/data may be transferred between service provider  110  and customers  130 , as described herein 
     Network element(s)  132 - 136  of customer  130  may include, for example, one or more routers and/or switches including, for example, core and/or edge routers and/or switches. Each of network elements may include one or more network hardware/software/firmware based interfaces/ports that enable the network elements to connect to one another, to one or more of servers  138 , and/or network  103 . Such interfaces may be configured to support one or more different types of physical network connections, such as copper, fiber optic, and/or wireless, may be configured to support one or more different types of protocols, such as Ethernet, and may be configured to operate at any speed, such as Gb rates. One skilled in the art will recognize that network elements  132 - 136  may have additional and/or other configurations. One or more of network elements  132 - 136  may contain one or more physical connections (wired/wireless) to each other, to one or more of servers  138 , and/or network  103 . Network elements  132 - 136  may be further configured such that one or more of servers  138  have private network addresses and thereby reside on a private network of a respective customer  130 , and/or have public addresses and thereby reside on a public network. In this fashion, network elements  132 - 136  may be configured such that servers  114  may communicate with one another and/or with network  103  and thereby with one or more other computing systems, for example, connected to network  103 , such as servers  114 . One skilled in the art will also recognize that network elements  132 - 136  may include additional and/or other elements as described herein, and may provide additional and/or other type of functionality than that described herein. 
     Network  103  may include one or more network elements including, for example, one or more routers and/or switches. Such network elements may include one or more network hardware/software/firmware based interfaces/ports that may be configured to support one or more different types of physical network connections, such as copper, fiber optic, and/or wireless, may be configured to support one or more different types of protocols, such as Ethernet, and may be configured to operate at any speed, such as Gb rates. One or more elements of network  103  may contain one or more physical connections (wired/wireless) to each other and to each of entity  110  and entities  130 . In this fashion, network  103  may be configured such that computing systems  114  of entity  110  and computing systems  138  of entity(s)  130  may communicate with at least one another. Network  103  may be configured as a public and/or private network(s). One skilled in the art will also recognize that network  103  may include additional and/or other network elements as described herein, and may be configured in additional and/or fashions than described herein. 
     Turning to  FIG.  1 B  where similar reference numbers refer to similar elements as described herein, there is shown a system  200  which may be an example configuration of system  100  of  FIG.  1 A . According to this example, network elements  112  of service provider  110  may include a switch, such as a core switch, that includes one or more connections to each of servers  114 . As an example, network element  112  may be an Arista  7124  application switch although other and/or additional network elements may be used. Network element  112  and one or more of servers  114  may be further configured such that one or more of servers  114  have network addresses on network  103 , which address(es) may be referred to as “public” address(es) (although the address(es) may not actually be public). According to an example aspect of example system  200 , network  103  may be a private network (possibly owned or leased) of service provider  110 . According to this example, network element  112  and one or more of servers  114  would be part of network  103 . In other words, the network interfaces of network element  112  that interface servers  114  and that also interface customers  130  may be on the same address space. 
     According to a further aspect of this example configuration of  FIG.  1 B , network element  136  of an example customer  130  (as shown by customer  130   a ) may include a switch, such as a core switch, network element  134  may be a switch, such as an edge switch, and network element  132  may be a router. Switch  136  may include one or more connections to each of servers  138  and one or more connections to switch  134 . In turn, switch  134  may include one or more connections to router  136 . Network elements  132 - 136  and one or more of servers  138  may be further configured such that one or more of servers  138  have private network addresses (i.e., addresses not on network  103 ) and thereby reside on a private network separate from network  103 . Other customers  130   n  may have similar configurations. 
     According to a further aspect of this example configuration of  FIG.  1 B , each customer  130  may have one (possibly more) addresses on network  103 , which address(es) may be referred to as “public” address(es) (although the address(es) may not actually be public). Accordingly, each router  132  may also be configured as a network address and possibly port address translator (NAT/PAT) that maps between one or more private addresses of servers  138  on the customer  130  network and the public address assigned to the respective customer  130  on network  103 , for example. Accordingly, when a server  138  is communicating a message/data (which may be encapsulated in a packet that includes addresses and/or ports for example) to a server  114 , router  136  may translate a private address of server  138  in the packet to the public address assigned to customer  130  on network  103 . Again, such translation may also include translating a port number being used by an application on server  138  to another port number. Similarly, when a server  114  is communicating a message/data (which may be encapsulated in a packet that includes addresses and/or ports for example) to a server  138 , router  136  may translate the public address assigned to customer  130  in the packet to the private address of server  138 . Again, router  136  may also perform port translation as part of the address translation. 
     According to a further aspect of this example configuration of  FIG.  1 B , network  103  may include point to point connections  113   a - n  (although again, non-point to point connections are possible) between switch  112  of service provider  110  and each of routers  132 , for example, of customers  130 . For example, each connection between switch  112  of service provider  110  and a router  132 , for example, of a customer  130  may be a fiber connection such as a single mode fiber connection, running at 1 Gb, 10 Gb, 100 Gb, etc. for example (although other types of connections and rates may be used). According to a still further aspect of this example configuration, one or more of: servers  114  and network element  112  of service provider  110 , and network elements  132 - 136  and servers  138  of respective customers  130  may be co-located, such as in the same room. For example, one or more of servers  114  and network element  112  may reside in one rack. Similarly, one or more of network elements  132 - 136  and servers  138  of a first respective customer  130  may reside in another respective rack, etc. One skilled in the art will also recognize that system  200  may include additional and/or other elements than those described herein, and may include additional and/or other configurations than those described herein. 
     One example problem that may occur with example system  100  and  200  as shown in  FIGS.  1 A and  1 B  is that significant delays may be introduced when data is communicated between servers  114  and servers  138 . As a specific example, router  132  may introduce delays (e.g., greater than a 100 us) as result of, for example, the network/port translation functionalities. Similarly, different routers  132  at different customers  130  may experience different delays. 
     Turning to  FIG.  2    where similar reference numbers refer to similar elements as described herein, there is shown an example system  300  that is similar to the example system  200  of  FIG.  1 B . According to this example, system  300  includes network element  202 . Network element  202  may be part of service provider  110  and as such, may be owned and/or operated by service provider  110 . Network element  202  may be co-located with servers  114  of service provider  110  and/or one or more network elements, including network element  112 , of service provider  110 , and may reside in the same rack as these elements. One skilled in the art will recognize that network element  202  need not be owned and/or operated by service provider  110  and need not be co-located with the network elements and/or servers of service provider  110 . 
     Network element  202  may include one or more network hardware/software/firmware based interfaces/ports  204   a  . . .  204   n  that enable the network element to connect to servers  114 , possibly via network element  112 , for example. Network element  202  may also include one or more network hardware/software/firmware based interfaces/ports  206   a  . . .  206   n  that enable the network element to connect to server(s)  138 , for example, of respective customers  130   a - n . The network interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n  of network element  202  may be configured to support one or more different types of physical network connections, such as copper, fiber optic, and/or wireless, may be configured to support one or more different types of protocols, such as Ethernet, and may be configured to operate at any speed, such as Gb rates. Furthermore, different network interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n  may have different configurations. One skilled in the art will recognize that network element  202  may have additional and/or other configurations. 
     As further shown in  FIG.  2   , one or more of network interface(s)  204   a - n  of network element  202  may be physically connected (wired/wirelessly), for example, by connection(s)  210   a - n  to network element  112 , which may be a switch. According to another and/or additional example, one or more of network interface(s)  204   a - n  of network element  202  may each be physically connected by one or more connection(s)  210   a - n  directly to a respective server  114  of service provider  110 . According to a further aspect of example system  300 , each customer  130   a - n  may be allocated one or more respective network interfaces  206   a - n  of network element  202 . Accordingly, each respective network interface  206   a - n  of network element  202  may be physically connected (wired/wirelessly), for example, by a connection  212   a - n  to a respective server  138  of a respective customer  130   a - n  either directly and/or via one or more network elements (such as network elements  136 , which may be a switch for example) of a respective customer. For example, each connection  212   a - n  may be a fiber connection such as a single mode fiber connection, running at 1 Gb, 10 Gb, 100 Gb, etc. for example (although other types of connections and rates may be used). One skilled in the art will recognize that additional and/or other configurations of network element  202  and system  300  are possible. 
     According to a further aspect of example system  300 , network interface(s)  204   a - n  of network element  202 , connections  210   a - n , network element  112 , and one or more of servers  114  may reside on a network  214 , which may be a private network of service provider  110  and have a network address space. Accordingly, network element  112  and one or more of servers  114  may be configured such that one or more of servers  114  have network addresses on network  214  within the network address space. According to a further aspect of this example configuration, network interface  206   a , connection  212   a , network element  136  of respective customers  130   a , for example, and one or more of servers  138  of respective customers  130   a  may reside on a network  216   a  of customer  130   a , which may be a private network of customer  130   a  and have a network address space. Accordingly, network element  136  and one or more of servers  138  of customer  130   a  may be configured such that the one or more of servers  138  have network addresses on network  216   a  within the respective network address space. Similarly, network interface  206   n , connection  212   n , network element  136  of customer  130   n , for example, and one or more of servers  138  of customer  130   n  may reside on a network  216   n  of customer  130   n , which may be a private network of customer  130   n  and have a respective network address space. Accordingly, network element  136  and one or more of servers  138  of customer  130   n  may be configured such that one or more of servers  138  of customer  130   n  have network addresses on network  216   n  within the respective network address space. Other customers  130  not shown in  FIG.  2    may have similar configurations. 
     According to a further aspect of this example system, network element  202  may be, for example, a bi-directional network address and possibly port address translator (NAT/PAT). More specifically, according to this example, each customer  130   a - n  may have one (possibly more) addresses on network  214  within the network address space of network  214 . Accordingly, for each customer  130   a - n , network element  202  may be configured as a NAT/PAT that maps between one or more addresses of servers  138  on the respective customer network  216   a - n  (i.e., within the network address space of the respective network) and the address assigned to the respective customer  130   a - n  on network  214 , for example, within the network address space of network  214 . Accordingly, when a server  138  is communicating a message/data (which may be encapsulated in a packet that includes addresses and/or ports for example) to a server  114 , network element  202  may translate an address on network  216   a - n  of server  138  in the packet to the address assigned to customer  130   a - n  on network  214 . Again, such translation may also include translating a port number in the packet being used by an application on a server  138  to another port number. Similarly, when a server  110  is communicating a message/data (which may be encapsulated in a packet that includes addresses and/or ports for example) to a server  138 , network element  202  may translate the address assigned to customer  130   a - n  on network  214  in the packet to the address of server  138  on network  216   a - n . Again, network element  202  may also perform port translation as part of the address translation. 
     Turning to  FIG.  3    where similar reference numbers refer to similar elements as described herein, there is shown an example architecture of network element  202 . Network element  202  may include a plurality of computing processors, including one or more of processors  301   a  . . .  301   n , and one or more of processors  302   a ,  302   b , . . . ,  302   n . Processors  301   a - n  may be referred to herein as scheduling processors, and processors  302   a - n  may be referred to herein as network processors. The terms “scheduling” and “network” are intended to be non-limiting and are used herein for ease of discussion only. Each of processors  301   a - n  and  302   a - n  may or may not be similarly configured in terms of, for example, memory, processing speed, etc. One skilled in the art will recognize that network element  202  may include additional and/or fewer processors. According to a further aspect of example network element  202 , any one or more of scheduling processors  301   a - n  and network processors  302   a - n  may be interconnected to one another through a communications architecture, such as a bus architecture, which may include for example, a shared memory architecture. One skilled in the art will recognize that other and/or additional communication architectures are possible. The communication architecture may be such that any of the scheduling processors  301   a - n  may be configured to communicate with any one of the network processors  302   a - n . One skilled in the art will recognize that other configurations are possible. 
     Network element  202  may also include, as discussed herein, one or more network interfaces  204   a - n  that may be configured, for example, to interface directly or indirectly with servers  114 , and one or more network interfaces  206   a - n  that may be configured, for example, to interface with respective customers  130   a - n . Network interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n  may have the same configuration and/or one or more different configurations. For example, interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n  may be any combination of long range or short range, single mode or multi-mode fiber interfaces running at 1 Gb, 10 Gb, 100 Gb, etc. rates, for example. One or more of network interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n  may by physically situated on its own network interface card and/or several of network interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n  may by physically situated on a common network interface card or cards. One skilled in the art will recognize that other configurations are possible. 
     As discussed herein, each network interface  206   a - n  may be allocated to and interface with a respective customer  130   a - n . One skilled in the art will recognize that a given customer may be allocated multiple network interfaces (for example, for load balancing purposes, backup, etc.). According to a further aspect of example network element  202 , each network interface  206   a - n  may be assigned/allocated to a respective one of the network processors  302   a - n  such that all data communicated over the respective network interface is only handled by the respective network processor. One skilled in the art will recognize, however, that additional and/or other configurations are possible including assigning two or more network interfaces  206   a - n  to a given network processor  302   a - n  and/or assigning a two or more network processors  302   a - n  to a given network interface  206   a - n . According to a further aspect of example network element  202 , a given network interface  206   a - n  may be interconnected to its respective network processor  302   a - n  through a communications architecture, such as a bus architecture, such as a PCIe bus architecture. One skilled in the art will recognize that other and/or additional communication architectures are possible. The communication architecture may be such that any network interface  206   a - n  may be configured to communicate with any one or more of the network processors  302   a - n  and vice versa. According to a further aspect of network element  202 , each network processor  302   a - n  may be shielded from all interrupts other than, for example, interrupts from its associated network interface  206   a - n . One skilled in the art will recognize that other configurations are possible. 
     As further shown in  FIG.  3   , example network element  202  may include one or more network applications  303   a - n . Applications  303   a - n  may be software based applications, although other and/or additional configurations are possible including firmware and/or hardware based applications. Network element  202  may also include one or more memory devices on which applications  303   a - n  may be stored and/or from which the applications may execute. Such memory devices may be electronically connected to one or more of processors  301   a - n  and  302   a - n . According to an aspect of network element  202 , each network processor may execute an application  303   a - n . According to a further aspect of network element  202 , each application  303   a - n  may only execute on a respective processor. Hence, application  303   a  may only execute on processor  302   a , application  303   b  may only execute on processor  302   b , etc. This may be referred to as processor affinity. One skilled in the art will recognize, however, that additional and/or other configurations are possible including having multiple applications  303   a - n  execute on a single processor  302   a - n  and/or having one or more of applications  303   a - n  execute on multiple processors. For example, in some embodiments, a routing device may have core or processor affinity assigned at an 1-flow level. 
     As such, according to an example configuration of network element  202 , a given network application  303   a - n  may be assigned/allocated to and execute on a respective network processor  302   a - n , which may be assigned/allocated to a respective network interface  206   a - n , which may be assigned/allocated to a respective customer  130   a - n . According to a further aspect of this example configuration, each network application  302   a - n  may be configured as a NAT and possibly a PAT and perform network/port translation for messages/data passing between network  214  and a respective network  216   a - n  of a respective customer  130   a - n . Accordingly, network element  202  may be configured (such as by a network administrator) to assign/allocate a given network interface  206   a - n  to a given network processor  302   a - n  and be further configured such that the network application  303   a - n  on each network processor performs NAT/PAT functions based on the customer  130   a - n  to which the assigned interface is connected. According to the physical hardware configuration/layout of network processors  302   a - n  and network interfaces  206   a - n  and/or the amount of data being generated by each respective customer  130   a - n  and/or sent to each respective customer, certain assignments/allocations of network interfaces  206   a - n  to network processors  302   a - n  may be more beneficial than others in terms of total data throughput of network element  202  and be assigned accordingly, such as by an administrator. For example, it may beneficial to allocate a given network interface  206   a - n  to a near network processor  302   a - n . One skilled in the art will recognize that network applications  302   a - n  need not be configured as NAT/PAT and that one network application may be configured to perform different functions than another network application, etc. 
     According to a further aspect of example network element  202 , each network interface  204   a - n  may be assigned/allocated to a respective one of the scheduling processors  301   a - n  such that all data communicated over the respective network interface is only handled by the respective scheduling processor. One skilled in the art will recognize, however, that additional and/or other configurations are possible. For example, all network interfaces  204   a - n  may be assigned/allocated to one of the scheduling processors  301   a - n  and/or each of the scheduling processors may be configured to communicate with any one or more of network interfaces  204   a - n . According to a further aspect of example network element  202 , a given network interface  204   a - n  may be interconnected to a respective scheduling processor(s)  301   a - n  through a communications architecture, such as a bus architecture, such as a PCIe bus architecture. One skilled in the art will recognize that other and/or additional communication architectures are possible. The communication architecture may be such that any network interface  204   a - n  may be configured to communicate with any one or more of the scheduling processors  301   a - n  and vice versa. According to a further aspect of network element  202 , one or more of scheduling processors  301   a - n  may be shielded from all interrupts other than, for example, interrupts from one or more of network interfaces  204   a - n . One skilled in the art will recognize that other configurations are possible. 
     As further shown in  FIG.  3   , network element  202  may also include one or more scheduling applications and/or one or more administration applications, which are shown collectively in  FIG.  3    as applications  304   a - n . Applications  304   a - n  may be software based applications, although other configurations are possible including firmware and/or hardware based applications. As discussed, network element  202  may also include one or more memory devices on which applications  304   a - n  may be stored and/or from which the applications may execute. According to one example of network element  202 , each scheduling processor  301   a - n  may execute one or more scheduling applications, one or more administration applications, or a combination of both. As another example, a scheduling application and/or an administration application may execute on multiple processors. As another example, a scheduling application may execute on one scheduling processor  301   a - n  and be responsible for (as further discussed herein) a subset of network processors  302   a - n , while another scheduling application may execute on another scheduling processor  301   a - n  and be responsible for a different subset of network processors  302   a - n . As another example, a scheduling application may execute on one scheduling processor  301   a - n  and be responsible for all network processors  302   a - n . As a further example, a scheduling application may execute on multiple scheduling processors  301   a - n  and be responsible for all network processors  302   a - n . One skilled in the art will recognize that other variations are possible. For ease of description, network element  202  will be described herein as having one scheduling application and one administration application. One skilled in the art will recognize that network element  202  may include other types of applications than those described herein. 
     According to a further aspect of example network element  202 , the scheduling application  304  may be configured to pass messages/data between network interfaces  206   a - n  and network interfaces  204   a - n  as follows: 
     a. For messages/data received on a network interfaces  206   a - n , once the respective network application  303   a - n  has performed NAT/PAT translation on a respective packet, for example, scheduling application  304  may retrieve/obtain the translated packet and forward/communicate the translated packet onto/to one of network interfaces  204   a - n.    
     For messages/data received on a network interfaces  204   a - n , scheduling application  304  may obtain the messages/data, determine which of the respective network applications  303   a - n  is performing NAT/PAT translation for the respective packets, and forward/communicate the packets to that network application, where the packet may be translated (NAT/PAT) and forwarded/communicated onto/to the respective network interface  206   a - n.    
     As such, according to an example operation of network element  202 , a given server  138  of a given customer  130   a - n  may transmit a message/data (which may be encapsulated in a packet for example that includes addresses and/or ports) to a server  114  of service provider  110 . That message/data/packet may be received at a given network interface  206   a - n  of network element  202 . A given network application  303   a - n  of the network processor  302   a - n  that is assigned to that network interface  206   a - n  may then obtain/receive and/or be forwarded the message/data/packet (or portion thereof) from the network interface  206  and perform NAT/PAT translation on the respective packet. The network application  303   a - n  may then forward and/or make available the translated message/data/packet to the scheduling application  304  which in turn may then obtain and/or receive the translated message/data/packet, and then forward and/or make available the translated message/data/packet to a respective network interface  204   a - n , where the message/data/packet may then be communicated to the server  114 . Similarly, a given server  114  of service provider  110  may transmit a message/data (which may be encapsulated in a packet for example) to a server  138  of the customer  130   a - n . That message/data/packet may be received at a given network interface  204   a - n  of network element  202 . The scheduling application  304  may then obtain/receive and/or be forwarded the message/data/packet (or a portion thereof) from the network interface  204   a - n , determine which of the respective network applications  303   a - n /network processors  302   a - n  is performing NAT/PAT translation for that message/data/packet, and forward and/or make available the message/data/packet to that network application  303   a - n  (as one example, and other implementations are possible, in order for the scheduling application to forward messages/data to the correct network processor  302   a - n , the scheduling application may maintain a table—which may be configured by an administrator—that maps network addresses associated with customers  130  to respective network processors  302   a - n ). The network application  303   a - n  in turn may obtain and/or receive the message/data/packet, perform NAT/PAT translation on the respective packet and forward and/or make available the translated message/data/packet to a respective network interface  206   a - n  that is assigned to the network processor  302   a - n  on which the network application  303   a - n  is executing. That network interface  206  may then communicate the message/data/packet to server  138  of the customer  130   a - n . One skilled in the art will recognize that this is only an example, and other and/or additional example operations of network element  202  are possible. One skilled in the art will also recognize that operations performed by scheduling application  304  as described herein and operations performed network applications  303   a - n  as described herein may be performed in whole or in part by the other. 
     Regarding the communications between scheduling application  304  and any given network application  303   a - n , as one example the two applications may communicate via one or more (e.g., two) shared memory circular queues. For example, a network application  303  may place a translated message from a network interface  206  into a first memory queue, and update indexes/pointers, for example, to the queue to reflect that another message is in the queue. Similarly, scheduling application  304  may monitor the indexes/pointers to the queue, recognize there is a new message in the queue, read the message out, and update the indexes/pointers, for example, to reflect that the message has been read out. Similarly, the scheduling application  304  may place a message from a network interface  204  into a second memory queue, and update indexes/pointers, for example, to that queue to reflect that another message is in the second queue. Similarly, network application  303  may monitor the indexes/pointers to the second queue, recognize there is a new message in the queue, read the message out, and update the indexes/pointers, for example, to reflect that the message has been read out. A similar process may be used for other network applications  303  (which may have their own set of queues) to communicate with scheduling application  304 . One skilled in the art will recognize that this is merely an example and other communication techniques/processes may be used. 
     As discussed, network element  202  may also include an administration application  304  that may execute on a scheduling processor  301   a - n , for example. Such an application may be used by an administrator to monitor the status of network element  202  and configure the network element. For example, network element  202  may include, for example, one or more input/output devices such as a display interface, mouse, keyboard, touch screen, network interface (for remote access) etc. Through the use of such interfaces and administration application  304 , for example, an administrator may monitor the status of network element  202  and configure the network element. For example, an administrator may assign/allocate and/or re-assign/re-allocate a given network interface  206   a - n  to a given network processor  302   a - n . The administrator may further configure the network application  303   a - n  of a given network processor  302  (e.g., as to the addresses and/or ports the network application  303  is translating between) according to the customer  130   a - n  that network application  303  is performing NAT/PAT translations on behalf of. One skilled in the art will recognize that a network application may be configured in other fashions. One advantage, for example, of the hardware/software configuration of network element  202  is that an administrator, for example, may reconfigure a given customer  130   a - n  (in terms of, e.g., the NAT/PAT configuration, in terms of which network processor  302   a - n  is assigned to the customer, and/or in terms of which network interface  206   a - n  is assigned to the network processor  302   a - n  and/or customer) without disrupting other customers. Administration application  304  may also include, for example, an IPMI subsystem so that an administrator can monitor the status of network element  202 . Such a subsystem may also be separate from administration application  304 . One skilled in the art will recognize that these are only example administrative functions, and other/additional functions are possible. 
     According to a further aspect of network element  202 , the network element may also include one or more memory devices, such as solid state drives, and may include one or more logging applications that capture all (or part) of the data moving through the network element and log the data to the drives. According to a further aspect, the logging application may filter the data and store only portions of the data and/or may run analysis on the data (such as latency calculations) and store such analysis. According to a still further aspect, the logging application may filter the data (such as looking for market data prices, completed transactions, etc.) and/or perform analysis on the data and forward the filtered data and/or analysis onto another network interface(s) (e.g. different from network interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n ). Other systems and users (like customers  130 ), external to network element  202 , may receive such data and/or analysis, including receiving the data and/or analysis for a price. One skilled in the art will recognize that these are only example logging functions, and other/additional logging functions are possible. 
     According to an example implementation of network element  202 , an Intel Sandy Bridge processor that includes a plurality of cores (e.g.,  8 ) may be used to provide one or more of processors  301   a - n  and  302   a - n . For example, for a given Sandy Bridge processor, one or more cores may be allocated as scheduling processors  302   a - n  and one or more cores may be allocated as network processors  303   a - n . Such cores may be configured and operate as described herein for processors  301   a - n  and  302   a - n . Network element  202  may also include a multiple Sandy Bridge Processors. Here, for each Sandy Bridge processor, one or more cores may be allocated as network processors  302   a - n  and one or more cores may be allocated as scheduling processors  301   a - n  (that may, for example, only work with the network processors of that chip for purposes of moving messages between network interfaces  204   a - n  and  206   a - n ). In such a configuration, any of network interfaces  206   a - n  may be allocated to any of the network processors (cores) of the Sandy Bridges. Alternatively, only certain network interfaces  206   a - n  may be allocated to one Sandy Bridge processor while another set of network interfaces  206   a - n  may be allocated to another Sandy Bridge processor, etc. Similarly, any of network interfaces  204   a - n  may be allocated to any of the scheduling processors (cores) of the Sandy Bridge processors. Alternatively, only certain network interfaces  204   a - n  may be allocated to one Sandy Bridge processor while another set of network interfaces  206   a - n  may be allocated to another Sandy Bridge processor, etc. One skilled in the art will recognize that these are merely examples, and that other configurations and other chip sets may be used. 
     According to a further example implementation of network element  202 , network interfaces  204   a - n  and/or  206   a - n  may be provided through one or more network interface cards from Hotlava, for example, including any one or more of the Tambora 120G6, Tambora 64G6, Tambora 80G4, Tambora 64G4, and Bosavi 12G6. One skilled in the art will recognize that these are merely examples, and that other network interface cards, including those from other suppliers, may be used. 
     According to a further example implementation of network element  202 , the Sandy Bridge processor(s), for example, and network interface cards from Hotlava, for example, may be inserted onto a single motherboard and such system may run a the Linux operating system. Again, one skilled in the art will recognize that these are merely examples, and that other configurations are possible. 
     One skilled in the art will recognize that network element  202  may also be configured (e.g., while also being configured as discussed herein in  FIGS.  2  and  3   ) in a reverse direction. For example, a given server  114  on network  214  may have one (possibly more) addresses on another network, such as network  216   a , although some other network interfaced to a network interface  206  is possible. Accordingly, for given server  114 , network element  202  may be configured as a NAT/PAT (as discussed herein) that maps between one or more addresses of server  114  on customer network  214  and the address assigned to the server on network  216   a , for example. 
     While this disclosure has been described in terms of certain embodiments and generally associated methods, alterations and permutations of the embodiments and methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the above description of example embodiments does not constrain this disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and alterations are also possible without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. Routing devices that define and/or enable a software defined network may reside at a data center and/or at a costumer and/or service provider as desired in various embodiments. For example, an edge routing device of an SDN may provide 1-flow routing, a switch or edge routing device of a customer or service provide may provide such functionality and so on. 
     Some embodiments may include a software defined network. Such a network may use a high speed networking device such as one disclosed herein (e.g., a device such as device  202 ). Such a network may enable a cloud and/or distributed financial network with a high degree of flexibility and speed. In some embodiments, a software defined network may include a carrier grade network translation system. 
     For endpoints of the SDN, the SDN may perform a NAT (with headers) of packets and/or may support port level redirection (Port Address Translation) as desired—acting as a proxy between one or more external networks and one or more internal SDN IP zones. This design may help reduce routing and help to ensure that external network changes can occur without requiring any downstream routing changes. In some embodiments there may be one internal SDN IP zone per datacenter spanned by the SDN. An 1-flow may be defined as an IP and port pair accessible from a source. An SDN may provide routing, analytics, load balancing, failover, and so on services to a service provider identified by a specific 1-flow. 
     At the customer network, the SDN may appear as a simple server connection with static routes. For example, a customer connection to the SDN may be similar to that described above with respect to a connection through network device  202 . As other endpoints are enabled (for example FIX endpoints, market data endpoints and/or internal services), the customer facing SDN endpoint may present these services on different ports or IPs as defined by the customer network (e.g., as 1-flows). 
     Failover and load balancing may be handled at the application layer and can be defined on a per IP and Port set called a logical flow (1-Flow). This allows for fine grain control of application level failover and load balancing by elevating network failover to the application level. 
     The SDN may act as a proprietary connectivity layer used to power a global network. Unlike traditional network systems such an SDN may interact with systems at both network and application levels. Endpoints may connect using standard IPv4 TCP/IP settings like a traditional server. Once connected, the SDN can then be configured to provide a myriad of transfer, analytics, load balancing and failover options on a per IP and Port pair known as an 1-Flow. 
     The SDN may use 1 Gbe, 10 Gbe Single Mode Fiber (SMF) connections for each endpoint in some embodiments. It should be recognized as above that any type of connection may be used in various embodiments and that these examples are non-limiting. The SDN endpoint (on the SDN side) can be configured with one or many IP addresses from any address space that suites the external network. In some embodiments, an SDN endpoint may have the following requirements: each SDN endpoint must be assigned (at least) 1 static IPv4 address and each SDN endpoint must be provided (at least) 1 default gateway. It should be recognized that while examples are given in terms of IPv4 and TCP, other examples may use any desired technology, such as IPv6 and UDP, etc. 
     Connectivity to and/or from an SDN may terminate or originate from the IP address assigned to the external connection by means of full Network Address Translation of an 1-flow IP and port pair by the SDN. 
     SDN endpoints may be directly connected to the external primary and/or secondary switches or other elements of a connected user/service provider. This configuration may facilitate a reduction in some forms of latency.  FIG.  5    illustrates an example of a LUCERA SDN endpoint connection to external switches of an external LAN. In some embodiments, there is no additional routing layer between the application servers and the SDN. In this configuration each endpoint may be assigned an IP address from the external IP pool, and the SDN endpoint may be configured much like a traditional server network interface. 
     In some implementations, an SDN endpoint may be connected to an external firewall or router. This configuration is similar to the above configuration except the IP addresses are assign from a transit network.  FIG.  6    illustrates an example of such a connection. This topology may be deployed to create a DMZ or to allow for VLAN consolidation. If there are additional source routes required (if the external transit does not perform a full NAT) they can be added to the SDN endpoint as well. 
     If a desire is to connect the SDN to multiple VLANs, some embodiments may employ the direct connection topology above and add the endpoint to each VLAN.  FIG.  7    illustrates an example SDN endpoint that is configured to connect to three separate 802.1Q tagged VLANs. In some embodiments, the endpoint can support, for example, up to 1024 VLAN endpoints per physical connection. The SDN endpoint allows for this flexibly to adapt to the external network, and can be viewed as either a single gateway or a collection of gateways in a network. 
     In some embodiments, an SDN may operate as a Carrier Grade Network Address Translation system. Each physical endpoint on the SDN may map to a physical network interface and each logical IP address may attach to that interface.  FIG.  8    shows an SDN node and the external interface and the corresponding internal fabric connections. In some embodiments, the element of  FIG.  8    may correspond to a network element such as element  202  described above. 
     In some embodiments, the SDN endpoint may perform a full (header rewrite) Network Address Translation to connect to the core fabric. For each 1-Flow there may be one process (and/or core and/or processor) assigned to perform and manage the NAT and/or PAT services. Each external connection may be directly connected to a single interface and the NAT layer may prevent traffic from being viewed on an external network. 
     In some embodiments, by default, the interface may be reachable from a ping (ICMP echo) and no other ports. As applications are made available to the SDN (as 1-Flows) the ports on the external interface may become enabled.  FIG.  9    illustrates an example scenario in which an endpoint of a customer has access to two services from ExchangeCo: a market data feed on port 9999 and a FIX session on 9998. These two services each have a separate 1-flow defined by the IP and port pairs. The SDN performs a full NAT of ExchangeCo networks and presents the services on the local endpoint on port 9999 and 9998. The ports may also be changed if desired. For example, the SDN could present the ExchangeCo services on 9000 and 9001 if required. Inside, the SDN may employ a non-blocking congestion free fabric and internal communication may occur over the private fabric IP zone. In some embodiments, cross datacenter connections (including e.g., redundant transcontinental lines) operate as edge node points, and can support internal 1-Flows. 
     In some embodiments, SDN endpoints may allow access to any number of 1-flows. For a given service (which may be identified as a set of IP, port and/or protocol) the SDN defines an 1-Flow to manage access, failover and/or quality of service. The SDN may manage these elements of operation in a manner that is not visible to the user accessing the 1-flow. 1-Flows may be defined as being ingress or egress. An ingress 1-Flow may be a service which is external to the SDN and provided into the SDN. An egress 1-Flow may be a service which is internal to the SDN and provided out to an external endpoint. 
       FIG.  10    illustrates an example ingress i-flow being enabled. In this example, A FIX engine on ExchangeCO&#39;s network wants to provide access to the SDN customers to their market. ExchangeCO defines the 1-Flow as the following: Market Data on IP: 192.168.1.1, Port: 9999, Protocol TCP; Order Session on IP: 192.168.1.2, Port 9998, Protocol TCP. 
       FIG.  11    illustrates a customer having an egress 1-flow for access to the ExchangeCO services. If CustomerCO wishes to access the ExchangeCO service, and having negotiated with ExchangeCo for credentials and having access approved by ExchangeCo the SDN then enables an 1-Flow for the service for the customer. The ExchangeCO services appear (source IP) on the local CustomerCO LAN (or VLAN) and CustomerCO does not need to know the details of the actual ExchangeCO endpoint. This abstraction may allow ExchangeCO to change network settings without enforcing downstream routing updates, failover and load balancing to be performed without an interruption to a customer connection to ExchangeCo, and so on. 
     In some embodiments, 1-Flows may also change ports (Port Address Translation). In some embodiments 1-flows may traverse a cross data center fabric. For example, in the example of  FIG.  12   , CustomerCO wishes to access two FX matching sources as a taker of liquidity (egress 1-Flow) and 2 FX matching sources as a provider of liquidity (ingress 1-Flow). 
     As an additional example,  FIG.  13    shows a liquidity aggregator that desires to connect to six liquidity providers through the SDN in NY4 (which may identify a particular datacenter) and five liquidity providers in LD4 (which may identify a geographically disparate data center). In order to simplify the connectivity on the aggregator side, all destinations may be reached on a single IP address (shown here as 10.2.1.1). For each destination, an outbound port may be defined sequentially, so all 10 endpoints appear on a single IP with each port mapping to a logical endpoint. 
     The SDN may operate as a traditional network appliance, in that it can detect failure at the link level and IP level. For example, let us define the following ingress 1-Flow that is visible in  FIG.  14   : 
     
       
         
           
               
               
               
               
             
               
                 TABLE 1 
               
               
                   
               
               
                 FIX Engine 1: 1-flow 
                 IP 
                 Port 
                 Protocol 
               
               
                   
               
             
            
               
                 Primary 
                 192.168.1.2 
                 9999 
                 TCP 
               
               
                 Secondary 
                 192.168.2.4 
                 8888 
                 TCP 
               
               
                   
               
            
           
         
       
     
     The 1-Flow may operate in an Active/Passive scenario and failover on link (physical) or IP failure. A socket may be opened to establish each of these 1-flows. A failed state may occur in either 1-flow if a socket is disrupted. If a primary socket is disrupted, the secondary 1-flow may be used in its place. Since the secondary socket is open before a fail state occurs, there is no delay in establishing a new connection after a failure is detected. 
     A customer using this 1-Flow as egress may transparently failover on to the secondary path without any change to networking from the customer&#39;s point of view. In this example scenario, on link failure to primary, the primary session would fail and the 1-flow would begin routing to the secondary link (if this is a FIX engine a new session instance may be initiated). Of note, the failure detection logic sits with the egress 1-Flow. On failure downstream (primary), the egress 1-Flow will receive an IP layer error and disconnect the session and re-establish the connection (stateful service) using the secondary. In some implementations, failover methods assume a stateful endpoint and on failure register a TCP reconnect. 
     Failover and Load Balancing may be similarly treated by the SDN. Failover and/or load balancing may be applied at an ingress and/or egress 1-flow. A load balanced service may be implemented in many ways. Two non-limiting examples may include: Round Robin (with or without weights) and Least Connected. 
     When Round Robin balancing is employed, each server may be used in turns, according to their weights. This may be the simplest and most often implemented load balancing method. Round Robin weights can be applied to direct traffic to more computationally robust server. In some implementation the number of endpoints in the pool may limited to, for example, 1024, meaning there can be up to 1024 ‘servers’ to balance an 1-Flow across.  FIG.  15    illustrates an example of a two server load balance with round robin and weights. Packets entering the illustrated egress 1-flow are routed among the two ingress 1-flows to a primary or secondary fix engine according to a round robin weighed algorithm implemented by the SDN endpoint. 
     In a least connected load balancing example, the server with the least amount of currently connected sessions is chosen. This load balancing method may be most appropriate for services which have uneven computational loads and the connection length is variable (for example database services or web services). 
     In some embodiments, compression may be applied to an ingress and/or egress 1-flow. Such compression may take any desired form. One example compression that may be used incudes a dictionary type compression. One example of such a dictionary style compression that may be used includes a compression algorithm related to the DEFLATE algorithm, such as a zlib library compression algorithm. One of ordinary skill of art will recognize that other types of compression algorithms may be used in various embodiments. 
     Compression may be helpful to reduce latency and/or improve bandwidth in some circumstances by reducing and/or minimizing packet size and/or eliminating the transmission of extra data. This may be especially true for large message updates and/or text based 1-flows (e.g., FIX messaging 1-flows). 
     Compression and/or decompression may occur at an SDN level in some embodiments. A dictionary may be shared/established between and/or among processes/processors/cores. An API or other manner of establishing control for the 1-flow may be used to indicate to a process the style and manner of compression. For example, upon establishment of an SDN connection for a new 1-flow with a SDN endpoint, a dictionary for compression may be established that conforms to a desired compression routine. The dictionary may be shared with SDN endpoints that have access to the 1-flow. Data entering that 1-flow one endpoint may be compressed according to the compression routine. Data exiting the 1-flow may be decompressed according to the compression routine. A process at the endpoints may perform the compression and/or decompression according to the stabled routine (e.g., by executing instruction by a processor/core such as those in element  202 . 
       FIG.  16    illustrates an example instance of compression through an 1-flow. In this example, for each chunk of data (e.g., 2048 bytes or some other amount of data) a dictionary entry is created on both the sender and receive endpoints of an 1-flow. The dictionary is created in an ongoing manner rather than a pre-established or pre-shared manner. The method of establishing the dictionary entries may be pre-defined across endpoints so both endpoints generate the same dictionary entries. Other implementations may use a pre-established or pre-shared dictionary rather than an ongoing dictionary. 
     On an initial transfer of a particular chunk of data, a dictionary entry in made for that chunk on the transferring end. A performance hit may be experienced to create the entry because additional processing may be required compared to simply transmitting the data without creating the dictionary entry. In the example, at a receiving endpoint, the first chunk may be ABC. The dictionary entry created establishes ABC as a first entry. The second chunk of data may be DEF. The dictionary entry created establishes DEF as the second entry. The data is transmitted as ABCDEF to the other endpoint, where matching dictionary entries are created. 
     On a subsequent transfer, the particular chunk of data may compress down to a smaller size. For example, a 2048 byte chunk of data may compress down to a 10 byte reference identifying a dictionary entry. In the example, upon a receive of a new string of data that includes two chunks: DEF and HIJ, a receiving 1-flow converts the DEF chunk into a reference to the second dictionary entry and creates a new dictionary entry for the HIJ chunk as the third entry. The data transmitted to the other 1-flow endpoint then is a reference pointer to the second dictionary entry and the HIJ chunk. Upon receipt at the other endpoint, the endpoint looks up the second dictionary entry to recreate the DEF chunk to create the complete DEFHIJ string. The other endpoint also creates a new dictionary entry for the HIJ chunk. 
     It should be recognized that example data sizes are given as non-limiting examples and that any size dictionary reference and/or chunk may be used as desired. 
     In some embodiments, encryption may be applied to an ingress and/or egress 1-flow. Such encryption may take any desired form. Encryption may be applied inline. For example, encryption may include SSL encryption. Encryption may include TLS encryption. A process/processor/core may apply a same or different key (e.g., private and/or public key) on a per 1-flow basis. For example, data entering one endpoint of an 1-flow may be encrypted (e.g., using a public key). In some embodiments, data may exit the 1-flow in an encrypted form and be decrypted by the destination (e.g., using a private key). In some embodiments, When the data exits the other endpoint of the 1-flow, the data may be decrypted by the endpoint (e.g., using a private key). A different 1-flow may similarly be encrypted and decrypted using a different key and/or keys. Some example encryption algorithms and/or keys that may be supported include AES128-SHA, AES256-SHA and RC4-MD5. For an AES based key, an endpoint may implement Intel&#39;s AES-NI instruction set for low latency and high throughput transmission. Offloading encryption to an SDN may allow analysis applications (e.g., packet capture, analytics, etc.) to operate on the traffic. Other embodiments may include encryption by a source and/or destination rather than offloading to the SDN. In such embodiments, content of data may be unknown to the SDN making some analysis application unavailable. Other analysis application may be able to operate on encrypted data without interference and/or may use a post-delivery reporting system to allow operation. 
     In some embodiments, an analytics application may be applied to an ingress and/or egress 1-flow. In some embodiments, 1-flow analytics may operate on packet headers only. Such analytics may allow for analysis to be performed regardless of encryption and/or compression offloading to an SDN. Other embodiments may include analytics of a payload, such as a packet capture mechanism. Processing may act inline and therefore not interfere with a data packet as it traverses the SDN. Such processing may be performed by placing a packet header in a buffer or queue of an analytics processor, core, or process. That buffer may be a shared memory space with a process, processor or core that performs routing and/or transmission processes. For example, after a header/data packet is processed through an SDN endpoint or other node of an SDN, a packet header may be placed on a portion of a ring buffer or other queueing memory for processing by an analytics process. The analytics processing may take place off of the SDN routing process itself. This structure may ensure that post transmission analysis occurs without interfering with SDN packet flow. 
     Analytics information may be stored and may be queryable historically. Such querying may be performed from a device connected to the SDN to a non-routing system, such as a processor or database run by a computing system that is not involved with the routing of data through the SDN. Different levels of granularity may be retained for querying for different lengths of time. Different metrics may be retained for querying for different lengths of time. Example metrics that may be offered as analytics for an 1-flow may include bandwidth, error and/or latency information, such as: bandwidth (bits), throughput (packets), TCP retransmission (% of total packets), TCP retransmission (# of packets), TCP out of order packets (% of total packets), TCP out of order packets (# of packets), TCP active flow, application round trip time, TCP handshake latency, and so on. Analytics information may be streamed via a web socket and/or delivered in any desired manner. 
     In some embodiments, further analytics regarding an SDN and/or 1-flow performance may be available. An SDN may provide hundreds, thousands tens of thousands, and so on telemetry points for determining analytics data about data that is transmitted through the SDN. For example, each hop or node along any route through an SDN may act as a telemetry point. Custom metrics may be defined by a customer from any information that may be collected by such telemetry points. Some further example metrics may include SNMP metrics, Statsd metrics, Kstats metrics and so on. 
     In some embodiments, rather than analyzing the header, an entire data packet may be analyzed. Capture and/or analysis of a header and of a packet may operate in similar fashions. 
       FIGS.  17  and  18    show an example structure of a packet and/or header capture and/or analysis arrangement that may be used in some embodiments. Such an arrangement may allow for analysis of captured packets and/or packet headers. The capture mechanism is organized as a virtual tap inside an 1-flow. The virtual tap implements a network packet broker to disseminate packet information as desired. 
     A memory space such as a ring buffer may be shared between two processes/processors/cores is shown in  FIG.  17   . For example, one process/processor/core may operate routing related to an 1-flow. Another may operate packet capture and/or other analytics or functions of an SDN. A packet may be entered into the buffer and processed by both processes/processors/cores. In some embodiments, both cores may access any element of a buffer to process the packets in the buffer. In some embodiments, a routing or 1-flow process/processor/core may access a first set of spaces and a packet capture process/processor/core may access a set of spaces. The first set of spaces may be higher priority than the second set of spaces. For example, in one embodiment, a packet capture process/processor/core may access a last space in a ring buffer before the space is overwritten with new data becoming the first space in the ring buffer. In such an embodiment, the routing or 1-flow process/processor/core may be given first priority to process the packet before the packet capture process/processor/core is allowed to act on the packet. In some embodiments, a packet capture process/processor/core may be limited in interrupting a routing or 1-flow access to a buffer, but a routing or 1-flow process/processor/core may be allowed to interrupt a packet capture process/processor/core. In this way, routing is held paramount and latency, or data transfer is minimized. 
     In some embodiments, a packet capture process/processor/core may copy data from the shared memory to a writer buffer (e.g. another ring buffer). Such a buffer may be any size. One example size may be a 4 MB buffer. The buffer may store data that is queued to be written to a disk or otherwise acted upon by an analytical tool. In some embodiments, a packet capture process/processor/core may transmit captured packets to a collector agent or process or otherwise queue the packet for transmission by a low priority transmission process. 
     In some embodiments, post capture processing of the captured packets may be done away from the core routing elements of an SDN. For example, by processors that do not have any function related to the transmission and/or routing of data. For example, a collector agent may operate on such a non-routing processor.  FIG.  18    illustrates the operation of such a collector agent and post processing away from the routing of an SDN. Copying of information from one location to another may be done in a reliable way to maintain data integrity. For example, a RAFT consensus algorithm m may be used to ensure reliable replication. 
     Packets may be timestamped with a trusted time source so analytics may properly recreate or analyze information about the packets. This timestamping may be part of a header. A GPS or CDMA clock source may be used for timestamping. This timestamping may also be used for order priority determination (e.g., price time priority order at an exchange service provider of an SDN). 
     In some embodiments, captured packets may be broadcast to a message queue that allows any application that subscribes to the queue to act on the captured packets. For example, a collector agent may push received packets to the message queue. Each 1-flow may be assigned a channel in a memory queue. So, packets captured from a particular 1-flow (e.g., at an endpoint, at a node within an SDN, etc.) may be broadcast on the assigned channel. Applications may listen for data on a particular channel and act on that data as desired. 
     An initial post-processing task may subscribe to 1-flow raw file outputs published on the message queue. The initial post processing task may publish back to the queue data that is reformatted from a raw packet capture to a desired format. One example format includes a PCAP format. Such formatted data may be then consumed by PCAP analysis applications as desired (e.g., Wireshark, TCPFlow). One example format includes &lt;date&gt;&lt;1-flow uuid&gt;&lt;GMTSecond&gt;&lt;data&gt;. An initial post processing task may operate before other tasks. Operation of the initial post processing task may assign the data to a channel (e.g., by using the 1-flow uuid tags in the formatted re published data). 
     In response to formatted data being published in a message queue, post processing engines may act on the data as desired. For example, a post processing engine may be assigned (e.g., through an API) to provide analytics for packets from a particular 1-flow. When a packet tagged with that 1-flow&#39;s uuid or otherwise on that 1-flows channel of a message queue appears, the post processing engine may act to analyze the packet. 
     In some embodiments, a post processing engine may act to store a file. Such storage may include long or short term storage as desired. Data may be stored in a gzipped and index fashion on any desired storage medium. A post processing engine may act to provide a replay 1-flow activity. Packets may be received in post processing out of order and reordered to provide accurate information based on timestamps of the packets. Post processing may be used to perform any desired analytical analysis on a captured packet and/or header. 
     There are numerous examples of possible SDN functionality, including, for example, 1-Flow compression, encryption, packet capture, analytics, and so on functionality that may be provided in some embodiments in a variety of combinations. It should be recognized that such examples of functionality are non-limiting. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates another example SDN that may be implemented in some embodiments. In this example, four SDN endpoints  401 ,  403 ,  405 , and  407  (which may or may not correspond to customers  130  in prior figures) are illustrated to be connected to the SDN through two SDN network devices  202 A and  202 B. Each network device serves a separate data center of the SDN data center  411  and  413 . The data centers may be connected through the SDN fabric, which is illustrated as internal networking elements and devices  415 . Each datacenter is shown to have an internal SDN endpoint and/or other service provider indicated by  417  and  419  (e.g., which may or may not correspond to elements such as  114  in prior figures). It should be recognized that this example is given as a non-limiting example to illustrate some possible functionalities and/or arrangements of some embodiments. Some embodiments may have different arrangements, elements, functionality, and so on. 
     In a cloud based and/or distributed high speed trading network, various endpoints and/or participants may offer services to other endpoints and/or participants to facilitate trading though the SDN. For examples, as a non-limiting example setup, endpoints  405  and  407  may offer market data services to SDN participants, endpoint  401  may offer exchange services to SDN participants, and endpoint  403  may be a trading entity that utilizes the distributed services of the SDN. 
     A customer at endpoint  403  may access a market data 1-flow to each of endpoints  405  and  407  by accessing an IP address and port combination assigned by the SDN to those services for the endpoint  403 . Services at endpoints  405  and  407  may communicate back through the SDN to a customer at endpoint  403  to provide market data information. Similarly, endpoint  403  may communicate through the SDN to endpoint  401  to provide trading commands (e.g., bids, offers). 
     Internal services such as an endpoint  417  may provide services similarly to an external endpoint. For example, an internal service may provide exchange functionality. That internal service may be accessed similarly to an external service (e.g., with a port and IP pair). In some embodiments, an endpoint may be unaware if they are accessing an internal endpoint or an external endpoint because access to both may be identical (e.g., with different ports and/or IP addresses, and/or API commands). 
     Network changes at any of these endpoints may be accounted for by the SDN. 
     Elements attached to the SDN may appear to other elements attached to the SDN as a single network space. However, the elements may actually be disparately connected and physically separate. The SDN may abstract these physical differences allowing endpoints to logically view one another as connected devices. This arrangement may allow for high speed and/or low latency communication of market data from these SDN attached services to an SDN attached trading entity. 
     An element of the SDN such as element  419  may provide control over components of the SDN to facilitate SDN functionality. For example, a controller  419  may direct elements of the SDN on how to route and/or process packets revived by the SDN. For example, cores  302  and/or applications  303  may be controlled to respond to data as desired by the SDN (e.g., route according the SDN structure, ignore when relevant, encrypt or compress when desired, analyze and/or capture when desired). 
     For example, for customer  403 , the SDN may control a network application running on a dedicate core to customer  403  in network device  202 A to enable routes to each of the  401 ,  405  and  407  endpoints. Routes to other endpoints may be disabled for that customer by the SDN controller. Those routes may later be opened and/or opened routes may later be closed. For example, if a new exchange system attaches to the SDN, a new route to that system may be established at an IP and port pair that becomes accessible to the customer. As another example, if a customer does not pay a subscription fee for market data, a market data endpoint may become inaccessible, and a route may no longer be open to the customer at  403 . A control element  419  may receive various input about such route changes and control an application such as  303 A on core  302 A to process packets in accordance with such network changes. 
     As another example, a customer may request data encryption, data compression, data analytics, packet capture, etc. for access to a service. Such a request may be made through a controller  419  and/or directly through an API accessible with a network application (e.g.,  303 A). The application may then process and/or be controlled to process packets in accordance with that request. 
     Control and/or application of services such as encryption, compression, load balancing, etc. may happen at a variety of locations and/or by a variety of entities. For example, a customer may indicate to an API of a SDN (e.g., a SDN control element  419  and/or a core/application of element  220 ) that communication in a particular 1-flow with a market data source should be compressed. The SDN may control components of the SDN (e.g., by communication among APIs of SDN (e.g., a core/application at each end of the 1-flow) to apply the requested compression to data as it passes through. Such compression may be applied from endpoint to endpoint in an 1-flow in some embodiments. In other embodiments such compression may be applied to hops of an 1-flow (e.g., within the SDN fabric). It should be recognized that encryption functionality may operate in a similar fashion with an endpoint identifying encryption to be used with an 1-flow and one or more components of the SDN operating to apply the identified encryption. 
     As another example, load balancing may be controlled at an 1-flow by direction from a service provider. For example, an egress 1-flow providing exchange services may identify that load balancing should happen in a round robin fashion (e.g., by using an SDN API to an SDN controller or other element of the SDN such as a core or application that controls routing in a device like element  220 ). One or more elements of an SDN may be controlled to facilitate the identified load balancing. For example, a core connected to an exchange may be controlled to route every other packet that reaches that core to a different destination according to a load balancing formula. A user of the service and even the service itself may be unaware of the actual adjustment to the network routing as the SDN takes care of the load balancing. 
     As another example, analytics and/or packet capture may similarly be applied and/or controlled at an 1-flow level. An endpoint may identify a desired analysis and/or capture to be applied to a particular 1-flow. An SDN may determine how to and/or where to apply the desired capture and/or analytic. For example, a core that connects a service to the SDN may operate to capture packets and/or apply an analytic to packets. As another example, cores of end points that user a service may operate to apply an analytic and/or capture packets of users of the service to packets. An SDN may determine where and how to apply that capture and/or analytic and control cores to apply it as requested by an endpoint (e.g., by directing cores/application to perform actions on packet with certain characteristics as they pass through the SDN). 
     Again, it should be recognized that these examples, structures, and functionality are given as non-limiting examples only. 
     The following sections provide a guide to interpreting the present application. 
     I. Terms 
     The term “product” means a machine, manufacture and/or composition of matter, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “process” means a process, algorithm, method or the like, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Each process (whether called a method, algorithm or otherwise) inherently includes one or more steps, and therefore all references to a “step” or “steps” of a process have an inherent antecedent basis in the mere description of a process, or in the mere recitation of the term ‘process’ or a like term. Accordingly, any reference in a claim to a ‘step’ or ‘steps’ of a process has sufficient antecedent basis. 
     The term “invention” and the like mean “the one or more inventions disclosed in this application,” unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The terms “an embodiment,” “embodiment”, “embodiments”, “the embodiment”, “the embodiments”, “one or more embodiments”, “some embodiments”, “certain embodiments”, “one embodiment”, “another embodiment” and the like mean “one or more (but not all) embodiments of the invention”, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “variation” of an invention means an embodiment of the invention, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “indication” is used in an extremely broad sense. An “indication” of a thing should be understood to include anything that may be used to determine the thing. 
     An indication of a thing may include an electronic message that identifies the thing (e.g., an identification of a widget by a serial number affixed to the widget, an identification of a widget by one or more characteristics of the widget). An indication of a thing may include information that may be used to compute and/or look-up a thing (e.g., information identifying a machine of which a widget is a part that may be used to determine the widget). An indication of a thing may specify things that are related to the thing (e.g., characteristics of the thing, a name of the thing, a name of a thing related to the thing). An indication of a thing may not specify things that are related to the thing (e.g., a letter “a” may be an indication of a widget of a computer system that is configured to interpret the letter “a” to identify the widget). An indication of a thing may include a sign, a symptom, and/or a token of the thing. An indication, for example, may include a code, a reference, an example, a link, a signal, and/or an identifier. An indication of a thing may include information that represents, describes, and/or otherwise is associated with the thing. 
     A transformation of an indication of a thing may be an indication of the thing (e.g., an encrypted indication of a thing may be an indication of the thing). An indication of a thing may include the thing itself, a copy of the thing, and/or a portion of the thing. An indication of a thing may be meaningless to a thing that is not configured to understand the indication (e.g., a person may not understand that a letter “a” indicates a widget, but it may nonetheless be an indication of the widget because the computer system may determine the widget from the letter “a”). It should be understood that the fact that an indication of a thing may be used to determine the thing does not mean that the thing or anything else is determined. An indication of a thing may include an indication of any number of the thing unless specified otherwise. An indication of a thing may include an indication of other things (e.g., an electronic message that indicates many things). (Indication can be used as a very broad term in claim language. For example: receiving an indication of a financial instrument.) 
     The term “represent” means (1) to serve to express, designate, stand for, or denote, as a word, symbol, or the like does; (2) to express or designate by some term, character, symbol, or the like; (3) to portray or depict or present the likeness of, as a picture does; or (4) to serve as a sign or symbol of. 
     A reference to “another embodiment” in describing an embodiment does not imply that the referenced embodiment is mutually exclusive with another embodiment (e.g., an embodiment described before the referenced embodiment), unless expressly specified otherwise. Similarly, the mere fact that two (or more) embodiments are referenced does not imply that those embodiments are mutually exclusive. 
     One embodiment of the invention may include or cover or embrace more than one other embodiment of the invention. For example, a first embodiment comprising elements a, b, and c may cover a second embodiment that comprises elements a, b, c, and d as well as a third embodiment covering elements a, b, c, and e. Similarly, each of the first, second, and third embodiments may cover a fourth embodiment comprising elements a, b, c, d, and e. 
     The terms “including,” “comprising” and variations thereof mean “including but not necessarily limited to”, unless expressly specified otherwise. Thus, for example, the sentence “the machine includes a red widget and a blue widget” means the machine includes the red widget and the blue widget but may possibly include one or more other items as well. 
     The term “consisting of” and variations thereof mean “including and also limited to,” unless expressly specified otherwise. Thus, for example, the sentence “the machine consists of a red widget and a blue widget” means the machine includes the red widget and the blue widget but does not include anything else. 
     The term “compose” and variations thereof mean “to make up the constituent parts of, component of, or member of”, unless expressly specified otherwise. Thus, for example, the sentence “the red widget and the blue widget compose a machine” means the machine includes the red widget and the blue widget. 
     The term “exclusively compose” and variations thereof mean “to make up exclusively the constituent parts of, to be the only components of, or to be the only members of,” unless expressly specified otherwise. Thus, for example, the sentence “the red widget and the blue widget exclusively compose a machine” means the machine consists of the red widget and the blue widget (i.e. and nothing else). 
     The terms “a,” “an” and “the” refer to “one or more”, unless expressly specified otherwise. Thus, for example, the phrase “a widget” means one or more widgets, unless expressly specified otherwise. Similarly, after reciting the phrase “a widget,” a subsequent recitation of the phrase “the widget” means “the one or more widgets”. Accordingly, it should be understood that the word “the” may also refer to a specific term having antecedent basis. For example, if a paragraph mentions “a specific single feature” and then refers to “the feature,” then the phrase “the feature” should be understood to refer to the previously mentioned “a specific single feature.” (It should be understood that the term “a” in “a specific single feature” refers to “one” specific single feature and not “one or more” specific single features.) 
     The term “plurality” means “two or more,” unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The term “herein” means “in the present application, including anything which may be incorporated by reference,” unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     The phrase “at least one of,” when such phrase modifies a plurality of things (such as an enumerated list of things), means any combination of one or more of those things, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” means either (i) a widget, (ii) a car, (iii) a wheel, (iv) a widget and a car, (v) a widget and a wheel, (vi) a car and a wheel, or (vii) a widget, a car, and a wheel. The phrase “at least one of,” when such phrase modifies a plurality of things does not mean “one of each of” the plurality of things. For example, the phrase “at least one of a widget, a car and a wheel” does not mean “one widget, one car and one wheel.” 
     Numerical terms such as “one”, “two”, etc. when used as cardinal numbers to indicate quantity of something (e.g., one widget, two widgets), mean the quantity indicated by that numerical term, but do not mean at least the quantity indicated by that numerical term. For example, the phrase “one widget” does not mean “at least one widget,” and therefore the phrase “one widget” does not cover, e.g., two widgets. 
     The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on,” unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” covers both “based only on” and “based at least on.” The phrase “based at least on” is equivalent to the phrase “based at least in part on.” For example, the phrase “element A is calculated based on element B and element C” covers embodiments where element A is calculated as the product of B times C (in other words, A=B×C), embodiments where A is calculated as the sum of B plus C (in other words, A=B+C), embodiments where A is calculated as a product of B times C times D, embodiments where A is calculated as a sum of the square root of B plus C plus D times E, and so on. 
     The term “represent” and like terms are not exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the term “represents” does not mean “represents only,” unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the phrase “the data represents a credit card number” covers both “the data represents only a credit card number” and “the data represents a credit card number, and the data also represents something else”. 
     The term “whereby” is used herein only to precede a clause or other set of words that express only the intended result, objective, or consequence of something that is explicitly recited before the term “whereby”. Thus, when the term “whereby” is used in a claim, the clause, or other words that the term “whereby” modifies do not establish specific further limitations of the claim or otherwise restrict the meaning or scope of the claim. 
     The terms “e.g.,” “such as” and like terms mean “for example”, and thus do not limit the term or phrase they explain. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (e.g., instructions, a data structure) over the Internet”, the term “e.g.” explains that “instructions” are an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet, and also explains that “a data structure” is an example of “data” that the computer may send over the Internet. However, both “instructions” and “a data structure” are merely examples of “data,” and other things besides “instructions” and “a data structure” can be “data”. 
     The term “respective” and like terms mean “taken individually.” Thus if two or more things have “respective” characteristics, then each such thing has its own characteristic, and these characteristics can be different from each other but need not be. For example, the phrase “each of two machines has a respective function” means that the first of the two machines has a function and the second of the two machines has a function as well. The function of the first machine may or may not be the same as the function of the second machine. 
     The term “i.e.” and like terms mean “that is,” and thus limits the term or phrase it explains. For example, in the sentence “the computer sends data (i.e., instructions) over the Internet,” the term “i.e.” explains that “instructions” are the “data” that the computer sends over the Internet. 
     A numerical range includes integers and non-integers in the range, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the range “1 to 10” includes the integers from 1 to 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . 9, 10) and non-integers (e.g., 1.0031415926, 1.1, 1.2, . . . 1.9). 
     Where two or more terms or phrases are synonymous (e.g., because of an explicit statement that the terms or phrases are synonymous), instances of one such term or phrase does not mean instances of another such term or phrase must have a different meaning. For example, where a statement renders the meaning of “including” to be synonymous with “including but not limited to,” the mere usage of the phrase “including but not limited to” does not mean that the term “including” means something other than “including but not limited to”. 
     II. Determining 
     The term “determining” and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., to determine a price, determining a value, the determination of an object which meets a certain criterion) is used in an extremely broad sense. The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and therefore “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), rendering into electronic format or digital representation, ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like. 
     The term “determining” does not imply certainty or absolute precision, and therefore “determining” can include estimating, extrapolating, predicting, guessing, averaging and the like. 
     The term “determining” does not imply that mathematical processing must be performed and does not imply that numerical methods must be used, and does not imply that an algorithm is used. 
     The term “determining” does not imply that any particular device must be used. For example, a computer need not necessarily perform the determining. 
     The term “determining” may include “calculating.” The term “calculating” should be understood to include performing one or more calculations. Calculating may include computing, processing, and/or deriving. Calculating may be performed by a computing device. For example, calculating a thing may include applying an algorithm to data by a computer processor and generating the thing as an output of the processor. 
     The term “determining” may include “referencing.” The term “referencing” should be understood to include making one or more reference, e.g., to a thing. Referencing may include querying, accessing, selecting, choosing, reading, and/or looking-up. The act of referencing may be performed by a computing device. For example, referencing a thing may include reading a memory location in which the thing is stored by a processor. 
     The term “determining” may include “receiving.” For example, receiving a thing may include taking in the thing. In some embodiments, receiving may include acts performed to take in a thing, such as operating a network interface through which the thing is taken in. In some embodiments, receiving may be performed without acts performed to take in the thing, such as in a direct memory write or a hard wired circuit. Receiving a thing may include receiving a thing from a remote source that may have calculated the thing. 
     III. Forms of Sentences 
     Where a limitation of a first claim would cover one of a feature as well as more than one of a feature (e.g., a limitation such as “at least one widget” covers one widget as well as more than one widget), and where in a second claim that depends on the first claim, the second claim uses a definite article “the” to refer to that limitation (e.g., “the widget”), this mere usage does not imply that the first claim covers only one of the feature, and this does not imply that the second claim covers only one of the feature (e.g., “the widget” can cover both one widget and more than one widget). 
     When an ordinal number (such as “first”, “second”, “third” and so on) is used as an adjective before a term, that ordinal number is used (unless expressly specified otherwise) merely to indicate a particular feature, such as to distinguish that particular feature from another feature that is described by the same term or by a similar term, but that ordinal number does not have any other meaning or limiting effect—it is merely a convenient name. For example, a “first widget” may be so named merely to distinguish it from, e.g., a “second widget.” Thus, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate any other relationship between the two widgets, and likewise does not indicate any other characteristics of either or both widgets. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” (1) does not indicate that either widget comes before or after any other in order or location; (2) does not indicate that either widget occurs or acts before or after any other in time; and (3) does not indicate that either widget ranks above or below any other, as in importance or quality. The mere usage of ordinal numbers does not define a numerical limit to the features identified with the ordinal numbers. For example, the mere usage of the ordinal numbers “first” and “second” before the term “widget” does not indicate that there are exactly two widgets. 
     When a single device, article or other product is described herein, in another embodiment more than one device or article (whether or not they cooperate) may alternatively be used in place of the single device or article that is described. Accordingly, the functionality that is described as being possessed by a device may alternatively be possessed by more than one device or article (whether or not they cooperate) in another embodiment. 
     Similarly, where more than one device, article or other product is described herein (whether or not they cooperate), in another embodiment a single device or article may alternatively be used in place of the more than one device or article that is described. For example, a plurality of computer-based devices may be substituted with a single computer-based device. In some embodiments, such a plurality of computer-based devices may operate together to perform one step of a process such as is common in grid computing systems. In some embodiments, such a plurality of computer-based devices may operate provide added functionality to one another so that the plurality may operate to perform one step of a process such as is common in cloud computing systems. (Conversely, a single computer-based device may be substituted with multiple computer-based devices operating in cooperation with one another. For example, a single computing device may be substituted with a server and a workstation in communication with one another over the internet). Accordingly, the various functionality that is described as being possessed by more than one device or article may alternatively be possessed by a single device or article. 
     The functionality and/or the features of a single device that is described may, in another embodiment, be alternatively embodied by one or more other devices which are described but are not explicitly described as having such functionality or features. Thus, other embodiments need not include the described device itself, but rather can include the one or more other devices which would, in those other embodiments, have such functionality or features. 
     IV. Disclosed Examples and Terminology are not Limiting 
     Neither the Title (set forth at the beginning of the first page of the present application) nor the Abstract (set forth at the end of the present application) is to be taken as limiting in any way the scope of the disclosed invention, is to be used in interpreting the meaning of any claim or is to be used in limiting the scope of any claim. An Abstract has been included in this application merely because an Abstract is required under 37 C.F.R. § 1.72(b). 
     The headings of sections provided in the present application are for convenience only and are not to be taken as limiting the disclosure in any way. 
     Numerous embodiments are described in the present application and are presented for illustrative purposes only. The described embodiments are not, and are not intended to be, limiting in any sense. The disclosed invention is widely applicable to numerous embodiments, as is readily apparent from the disclosure. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the disclosed invention may be practiced with various modifications and alterations, such as structural, logical, software, and electrical modifications. Although particular features of the disclosed invention may be described with reference to one or more particular embodiments and/or drawings, it should be understood that such features are not limited to usage in the one or more particular embodiments or drawings with reference to which they are described, unless expressly specified otherwise. 
     Though an embodiment may be disclosed as including several features, other embodiments of the invention may include fewer than all such features. Thus, for example, a claim may be directed to less than the entire set of features in a disclosed embodiment, and such claim would not be interpreted as requiring features beyond those features that the claim expressly recites. 
     No embodiment of method steps or product elements described in the present application constitutes the invention claimed herein, or is essential to the invention claimed herein, or is coextensive with the invention claimed herein, except where it is either expressly stated to be so in this specification or (with respect to a claim and the invention defined by that claim) expressly recited in that claim. 
     Any preambles of the claims that recite anything other than a statutory class shall be interpreted to recite purposes, benefits and possible uses of the claimed invention, and such preambles shall not be construed to limit the claimed invention. 
     The present disclosure is not a literal description of all embodiments of the invention. Also, the present disclosure is not a listing of features of the invention which must be present in all embodiments. 
     All disclosed embodiments are not necessarily covered by the claims (even including all pending, amended, issued, and canceled claims). In addition, a disclosed embodiment may be (but need not necessarily be) covered by several claims. Accordingly, where a claim (regardless of whether pending, amended, issued, or canceled) is directed to a particular embodiment, such is not evidence that the scope of other claims do not also cover that embodiment. 
     Devices that are described as in communication with each other need not be in continuous communication with each other, unless expressly specified otherwise. On the contrary, such devices need only transmit to each other as necessary or desirable and may actually refrain from exchanging data most of the time. For example, a machine in communication with another machine via the Internet may not transmit data to the other machine for long period of time (e.g. weeks at a time). In addition, devices that are in communication with each other may communicate directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries. Devices are in communication with one another if they are capable of at least one-way communication with one another. For example, a first device is in communication with a second device if the first device is capable of transmitting information to the second device. Similarly, the second device is in communication with the first device if the second device is capable of receiving information from the first device. 
     A description of an embodiment with several components or features does not imply that all or even any of such components or features are required. On the contrary, a variety of optional components are described to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no component or feature is essential or required. 
     Although process steps, algorithms or the like may be described or claimed in a particular sequential order, such processes may be configured to work in different orders. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be explicitly described or claimed does not necessarily indicate a requirement that the steps be performed in that order. The steps of processes described herein may be performed in any order possible. Further, some steps may be performed simultaneously despite being described or implied as occurring non-simultaneously (e.g., because one step is described after the other step). Moreover, the illustration of a process by its depiction in a drawing does not imply that the illustrated process is exclusive of other variations and modifications thereto, does not imply that the illustrated process or any of its steps are necessary to the invention, and does not imply that the illustrated process is preferred. 
     Although a process may be described as including a plurality of steps, that does not imply that all or any of the steps are preferred, essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention include other processes that omit some or all of the described steps. Unless otherwise specified explicitly, no step is essential or required. 
     Although a process may be described singly or without reference to other products or methods, in an embodiment the process may interact with other products or methods. For example, such interaction may include linking one business model to another business model. Such interaction may be provided to enhance the flexibility or desirability of the process. 
     Although a product may be described as including a plurality of components, aspects, qualities, characteristics and/or features, that does not indicate that any or all of the plurality are preferred, essential or required. Various other embodiments within the scope of the described invention include other products that omit some or all of the described plurality. 
     An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly specified otherwise. Likewise, an enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are comprehensive of any category, unless expressly specified otherwise. For example, the enumerated list “a computer, a laptop, and a PDA” does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are mutually exclusive and does not imply that any or all of the three items of that list are comprehensive of any category. 
     An enumerated list of items (which may or may not be numbered) does not imply that any or all of the items are equivalent to each other or readily substituted for each other. 
     All embodiments are illustrative, and do not imply that the invention or any embodiments were made or performed, as the case may be. 
     V. Computing 
     It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various processes described herein may be implemented by, e.g., appropriately programmed general purpose computers, special purpose computers and computing devices. Typically a processor (e.g., one or more microprocessors, one or more microcontrollers, one or more digital signal processors) will receive instructions (e.g., from a memory or like device), and execute those instructions, thereby performing one or more processes defined by those instructions. Instructions may be embodied in, e.g., one or more computer programs, one or more scripts. 
     The term “compute” shall mean to determine using a processor in accordance with a software algorithm. 
     A “processor” means one or more microprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, graphics processing units (GPUs) or like devices or any combination thereof, regardless of the architecture (e.g., chip-level multiprocessing or multi-core, RISC, CISC, Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages, pipelining configuration, simultaneous multithreading, microprocessor with integrated graphics processing unit, GPGPU). 
     A “computing device” means one or more microprocessors, central processing units (CPUs), computing devices, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, graphics card, mobile gaming device, or like devices or any combination thereof, regardless of the architecture (e.g., chip-level multiprocessing or multi-core, RISC, CISC, Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages, pipelining configuration, simultaneous multithreading). 
     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of an apparatus for performing the process. The apparatus that performs the process can include, e.g., a processor and those input devices and output devices that are appropriate to perform the process. For example, a description of a process is a description of an apparatus comprising a processor and memory that stores a program comprising instructions that, when executed by the processor, direct the processor to perform the method. 
     The apparatus that performs the process can include a plurality of computing devices that work together to perform the process. Some of the computing devices may work together to perform each step of a process, may work on separate steps of a process, may provide underlying services that other computing devices that may facilitate the performance of the process. Such computing devices may act under instruction of a centralized authority. In another embodiment, such computing devices may act without instruction of a centralized authority. Some examples of apparatus that may operate in some or all of these ways may include grid computer systems, cloud computer systems, peer-to-peer computer systems, computer systems configured to provide software as a service, and so on. For example, the apparatus may comprise a computer system that executes the bulk of its processing load on a remote server, but outputs display information to and receives user input information from a local user computer, such as a computer system that executes VMware software. 
     Further, programs that implement such methods (as well as other types of data) may be stored and transmitted using a variety of media (e.g., computer readable media) in a number of manners. In some embodiments, hard-wired circuitry or custom hardware may be used in place of, or in combination with, some or all of the software instructions that can implement the processes of various embodiments. Thus, various combinations of hardware and software may be used instead of software only. 
     The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any non-transitory medium, a plurality of the same, or a combination of different media, that participate in providing data (e.g., instructions, data structures) which may be read by a computer, a processor or a like device. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other persistent memory. Volatile media include dynamic random access memory (DRAM), which typically constitutes the main memory. Transmission media include coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a system bus coupled to the processor. Transmission media may include or convey acoustic waves, light waves, and electromagnetic emissions, such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media include, for example, a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EEPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave as described hereinafter, or any other medium from which a computer can read. 
     The term “tangible computer-readable medium” refers to a “computer-readable medium” that comprises a hardware component, such as optical or magnetic disks. 
     Various forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying data (e.g. sequences of instructions) to a processor. For example, data may be (i) delivered from RAM to a processor; (ii) carried over a wireless transmission medium; (iii) formatted and/or transmitted according to numerous formats, standards or protocols, such as Ethernet (or IEEE 802.3), wireless local area network communication defined by the IEEE 802.11 specifications whether or not they are approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance, SAP, ATP, Bluetooth™, and TCP/IP, TDMA, CDMA, and 3G; and/or (iv) encrypted to ensure privacy or prevent fraud in any of a variety of ways well known in the art. 
     The term “database” refers to any electronically-stored collection of data that is stored in a retrievable format. 
     The term “data structure” refers to a database in a hardware machine such as a computer. 
     The term “network” means a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. For example, a network can include a plurality of computers or communication devices interconnected by one or more wired and/or wireless communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain subnetworks. 
     The term “predetermined” means determined beforehand, e.g., before a present time or a present action. For example, the phrase “displaying a predetermined value” means displaying a value that was determined before the act of displaying. 
     The term “condition” means (1) a premise upon which the fulfillment of an agreement depends, or (2) something essential to the appearance or occurrence of something else. 
     The term “transaction” means (1) an exchange or transfer of goods, services, or funds, or (2) a communicative action or activity involving two parties or things that reciprocally affect or influence each other. 
     Thus a description of a process is likewise a description of a computer-readable medium storing a program for performing the process. The computer-readable medium can store (in any appropriate format) those program elements which are appropriate to perform the method. For example, a description of a process is a description of a computer-readable storage medium that stores a program comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor, direct the processor to perform the method. 
     Just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of an apparatus include a computer or computing device operable to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process. 
     Likewise, just as the description of various steps in a process does not indicate that all the described steps are required, embodiments of a computer-readable medium storing a program or data structure include a computer-readable medium storing a program that, when executed, can cause a processor to perform some (but not necessarily all) of the described process. 
     Where databases are described, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that (i) alternative database structures to those described may be readily employed, and (ii) other memory structures besides databases may be readily employed. Any illustrations or descriptions of any sample databases presented herein are illustrative arrangements for stored representations of information. Any number of other arrangements may be employed besides those suggested by, e.g., tables illustrated in drawings or elsewhere. Similarly, any illustrated entries of the databases represent exemplary information only; one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the number and content of the entries can be different from those described herein. Further, despite any depiction of the databases as tables, other formats (including relational databases, object-based models and/or distributed databases) could be used to store and manipulate the data types described herein. Likewise, object methods or behaviors of a database can be used to implement various processes, such as the described herein. In addition, the databases may, in a known manner, be stored locally or remotely from a device which accesses data in such a database. 
     Various embodiments can be configured to work in a network environment including a computer that is in communication (e.g., via a communications network) with one or more devices. The computer may communicate with the devices directly or indirectly, via any wired or wireless medium (e.g. the Internet, LAN, WAN or Ethernet, Token Ring, a telephone line, a cable line, a radio channel, an optical communications line, commercial on-line service providers, bulletin board systems, a satellite communications link, a combination of any of the above). Each of the devices may themselves comprise computers or other computing devices, such as those based on the Intel®, Pentium®, or Centrino™, Atom™ or Core™ processor, that are adapted to communicate with the computer. Any number and type of devices may be in communication with the computer. 
     In an embodiment, a server computer or centralized authority may not be necessary or desirable. For example, the present invention may, in an embodiment, be practiced on one or more devices without a central authority. In such an embodiment, any functions described herein as performed by the server computer or data described as stored on the server computer may instead be performed by or stored on one or more such devices. 
     Where a process is described, in an embodiment the process may operate without any user intervention. In another embodiment, the process includes some human intervention (e.g., a step is performed by or with the assistance of a human). 
     As used herein, the term “encryption” refers to a process for obscuring or hiding information so that the information is not readily understandable without special knowledge. The process of encryption may transform raw information, called plaintext, into encrypted information. The encrypted information may be called ciphertext, and the algorithm for transforming the plaintext into ciphertext may be referred to as a cipher. A cipher may also be used for performing the reverse operation of converting the ciphertext back into plaintext. Examples of ciphers include substitution ciphers, transposition ciphers, and ciphers implemented using rotor machines. 
     In various encryption methods, ciphers may require a supplementary piece of information called a key. A key may consist, for example, of a string of bits. A key may be used in conjunction with a cipher to encrypt plaintext. A key may also be used in conjunction with a cipher to decrypt ciphertext. In a category of ciphers called symmetric key algorithms (e.g., private-key cryptography), the same key is used for both encryption and decryption. The sanctity of the encrypted information may thus depend on the key being kept secret. Examples of symmetric key algorithms are DES and AES. In a category of ciphers called asymmetric key algorithms (e.g., public-key cryptography), different keys are used for encryption and decryption. With an asymmetric key algorithm, any member of the public may use a first key (e.g., a public key) to encrypt plaintext into ciphertext. However, only the holder of a second key (e.g., the private key) will be able to decrypt the ciphertext back into plaintext. An example of an asymmetric key algorithm is the RSA algorithm. 
     VI. Continuing Applications 
     The present disclosure provides, to one of ordinary skill in the art, an enabling description of several embodiments and/or inventions. Some of these embodiments and/or inventions may not be claimed in the present application but may nevertheless be claimed in one or more continuing applications that claim the benefit of priority of the present application. 
     Applicants intend to file additional applications to pursue patents for subject matter that has been disclosed and enabled but not claimed in the present application. 
     VII. Disclaimer 
     Numerous references to a particular embodiment do not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of additional, different embodiments, and similarly references to the description of embodiments which all include a particular feature do not indicate a disclaimer or disavowal of embodiments which do not include that particular feature. A clear disclaimer or disavowal in the present application will be prefaced by the phrase “does not include” or by the phrase “cannot perform.” 
     VIII. Prosecution History 
     In interpreting the present application (which includes the claims), one of ordinary skill in the art refers to the prosecution history of the present application, but not to the prosecution history of any other patent or patent application, regardless of whether there are other patent applications that are considered related to the present application, and regardless of whether there are other patent applications that share a claim of priority with the present application.