Patent Publication Number: US-11664843-B2

Title: Electronic modulating device

Description:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/857,432, filed on Apr. 24, 2020 and entitled “Electronic modulating device”, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/188,417, filed on Nov. 13, 2018 and entitled “Electronic modulating device”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,673,481, issued on Jun. 2, 2020, the entirety of which are incorporated by reference herein. 
    
    
     BACKGROUND 
     Technical Field 
     The present disclosure relates to an electronic modulating device, and in particular it relates to an electronic modulating device that includes modulating electrodes with different areas. 
     Description of the Related Art 
     Electronic products that include a display panel, such as smartphones, tablets, notebooks, monitors, and TVs, have become indispensable necessities in modern society. With the flourishing development of such portable electronic products, consumers have high expectations regarding the quality, functionality, and price of such products. Some of the electronic products are provided with communications capabilities such as antenna devices. 
     Although existing electronic modulating devices have been adequate for their intended purposes, they have not been entirely satisfactory in all respects. Therefore, up to the present, there are still some problems that can be improved in the technology behind electronic modulating devices. 
     SUMMARY 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic modulating device is provided. The electronic modulating device includes a substrate, a plurality of first electrodes, a plurality of second electrodes, and a plurality of second electrodes. The plurality of first electrodes are disposed on the substrate. The plurality of second electrodes are disposed on the substrate. The common electrode is disposed opposite to the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes, and includes a plurality of openings. The electronic modulating device modulates an electromagnetic wave of radio frequency in a range from 1 G Hz to 100 T Hz. 
     A detailed description is given in the following embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The disclosure may be more fully understood by reading the subsequent detailed description and examples with references made to the accompanying drawings, wherein: 
         FIG.  1    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  2    illustrates a diagram showing the relationship between the ratio of the number of first modulating electrodes to the number of second modulating electrodes and the energy difference of the main lobe and the side lobe of a radiation pattern provided by the electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  3    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  illustrate examples of the definition of the longitudinal direction of the modulating electrode in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  5    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  6    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  7    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  8    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  9    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  10    illustrates a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIGS.  11 A and  11 B  illustrate cross-sectional views of the electronic modulating device along line segment A-A′ in  FIG.  1    in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12 A  illustrates a cross-sectional view of the electronic modulating device along line segment A-A′ in  FIG.  1    in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. 
         FIG.  12 B  illustrates a top-view diagram of the electronic modulating device shown in  FIG.  12 A  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     The electronic modulating device of the present disclosure is described in detail in the following description. In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details and embodiments are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. The specific elements and configurations described in the following detailed description are set forth in order to clearly describe the present disclosure. It will be apparent, however, that the exemplary embodiments set forth herein are used merely for the purpose of illustration, and the concept of the present disclosure may be embodied in various forms without being limited to those exemplary embodiments. In addition, the drawings of different embodiments may use like and/or corresponding numerals to denote like and/or corresponding elements in order to clearly describe the present disclosure. However, the use of like and/or corresponding numerals in the drawings of different embodiments does not suggest any correlation between different embodiments. It should be noted that the elements or devices in the drawings of the present disclosure may be present in any form or configuration known to those with ordinary skill in the art. In addition, the expressions “a layer overlying another layer”, “a layer is disposed above another layer”, “a layer is disposed on another layer” and “a layer is disposed over another layer” may indicate that the layer is in direct contact with the other layer, or that the layer is not in direct contact with the other layer, there being one or more intermediate layers disposed between the layer and the other layer. 
     In addition, in this specification, relative expressions are used. For example, “lower”, “bottom”, “higher” or “top” are used to describe the position of one element relative to another. It should be appreciated that if a device is flipped upside down, an element that is “lower” will become an element that is “higher”. 
     It should be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, portions and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, portions and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, portion or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, portion or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, portion or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. 
     It should be understood that this description of the exemplary embodiments is intended to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, which are to be considered part of the entire written description. The drawings are not drawn to scale. In addition, structures and devices are shown schematically in order to simplify the drawing. 
     The terms “about” and “substantially” typically mean +/−10% of the stated value, more typically mean +/−5% of the stated value, more typically +/−3% of the stated value, more typically +/−2% of the stated value, more typically +/−1% of the stated value and even more typically +/−0.5% of the stated value. The stated value of the present disclosure is an approximate value. When there is no specific description, the stated value includes the meaning of “about” or “substantially”. 
     Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It should be appreciated that, in each case, the term, which is defined in a commonly used dictionary, should be interpreted as having a meaning that conforms to the relative skills of the present disclosure and the background or the context of the present disclosure, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal manner unless so defined. 
     In addition, in some embodiments of the present disclosure, terms concerning attachments, coupling and the like, such as “connected” and “interconnected,” refer to a relationship wherein structures are secured or attached to one another either directly or indirectly through intervening structures, as well as both movable or rigid attachments or relationships, unless expressly described otherwise. 
     In addition, the term “longitudinal direction” is defined as the direction along or parallel to the long axis of an object. The long axis is defined as a line extending through the center of an object lengthwise. For an elongated or oblong object, the long axis corresponds most nearly to its greatest dimension lengthwise. For an object that does not have a definite long axis, the long axis is referred to the long axis of a smallest rectangle that can encompass the object. 
     In addition, the phrase “in a range from a first value to a second value” indicates that the range includes the first value, the second value, and other values between them. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic modulating device may include, but is not limited to, a display device (including a touch display device), a communication device, or a sensing device. In accordance with some embodiments, the electronic modulating device may be arranged in adjacency to form a tiled electronic device. Specifically, the display device may include, but is not limited to, a liquid-crystal display (LCD). In accordance with some embodiments, the communication device may include a liquid-crystal molecule-modulating device such as an antenna device. 
       FIG.  1    is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  10  in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood that some of the components of the electronic modulating device  10  such as the top substrate, the supporting elements (e.g., shown in  FIG.  11 A ) are omitted in  FIG.  1    for clarity. In addition, it should be understood that additional features may be added to the electronic modulating device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1   , the electronic modulating device  10  may include a substrate  102 . The electronic modulating device  10  may also include a substrate  202  (as shown in  FIG.  11 A ) disposed opposite to the substrate  102 . In some embodiments, the material of the substrate  102  and the material of the substrate  202  each may include, but is not limited to, glass, quartz, sapphire, silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), polycarbonate (PC), polyimide (PI), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), rubbers, glass fibers, other polymer materials, any other suitable substrate material, or a combination thereof. 
     The electronic modulating device  10  may further include a plurality of first modulating units  104 A and a plurality of second modulating units  104 B disposed on the substrate  102 . The first modulating unit  104 A may include a first modulating electrode  106   a  and a first driving element  108   a , and the first modulating electrode  106   a  may be electrically connected to the first driving element  108   a . The second modulating unit  104 B may include a second modulating electrode  106   b  and a second driving element  108   b , and the second modulating electrode  106   b  may be electrically connected to the second driving element  108   b . In some examples, the first modulating electrode  106   a  and the second modulating electrode  106   b  may serve as pixel electrodes. 
     In addition, the materials of the first modulating electrode  106   a  and the second modulating electrode  106   b  may include conductive materials. In some embodiments, the conductive material may include, but are not limited to, copper, aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, gold, chromium, nickel, platinum, titanium, silver, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, molybdenum alloys, tungsten alloys, gold alloys, chromium alloys, nickel alloys, platinum alloys, titanium alloys, silver alloys, any other suitable conductive materials (e.g. carbon nano-tubes), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the materials of the first modulating electrode  106   a  and the second modulating electrode  106   b  may include transparent conductive materials. For example, the transparent conductive material may include, but is not limited to, indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), indium tin zinc oxide (ITZO), any other suitable transparent conductive materials, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the materials of the first modulating electrode  106   a  and the second modulating electrode  106   b  may include conductive polymers. For example, the conductive polymers include poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), polythiophenes (PT), polypyrrole (PPY), or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS). 
     The electronic modulating device  10  may further include signal lines  110  disposed on the substrate  102 . The signal lines  110  may be electrically connected to at least one of the first driving elements  108   a  and at least one of the second driving elements  108   b . In addition, the signal lines  110  may be electrically connected to at least one of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and at least one of the second modulating electrodes  106   b . The first driving elements  108   a  and the second driving elements  108   b  may be used to control the voltages applied to the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  respectively. 
     The first driving elements  108   a  and the second driving elements  108   b  may include an active driving element, a passive driving element and/or a combination thereof. As shown in  FIG.  1   , at least one of the first driving elements  108   a  and the second driving elements  108   b  may be an active driving element such as a thin-film transistors (TFT) in accordance with some embodiments. More specifically, the first driving element  108   a  and the second driving element  108   b  each may include a source electrode S, a drain electrode D and a gate electrode G and a channel region C. The source electrode S and the drain electrode D may be disposed on opposite sides of the gate electrode G. The channel region C may be disposed between the source electrode S and the drain electrode D. In addition, the drain electrodes D of the first driving element  108   a  and the second driving element  108   b  may be electrically connected to the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  respectively. 
     In addition, the signal lines  110  may include data lines  110   b  and scan lines  110   a  in accordance with some embodiments, but the present disclosure is not limited thereto. The signal lines may include other conductive lines. The extending direction of at least one of the data lines  110   b  and the extending direction of at least one of the scan lines  110   a  may be different. For example, the data line  110   b  and the scan line  110   a  may be arranged substantially perpendicular to each other. The data line  110   b  and the scan line  110   a  may be electrically connected to the source electrode S and the gate electrode G of the first driving elements  108   a  respectively. Similarly, the data line  110   b  and the scan line  110   a  may be electrically connected to the source electrode S and the gate electrode G of the second driving elements  108   b  respectively. 
     It should be understood that although the first driving elements  108   a  and the second driving elements  108   b  are active driving elements in the embodiments illustrated in figures, the first driving elements  108   a  and the second driving elements  108   b  may be passive driving elements, which may be controlled by an IC or a microchip, in accordance with some other embodiments. Moreover, although each modulating electrode is controlled by one driving element in the embodiments illustrated in figures, more than one modulating electrodes may be controlled by the same driving element in accordance with some other embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the area A 1  of the first modulating electrode  106   a  may be greater than the area A 2  of the second modulating electrode  106   b  in accordance with some embodiments. Specifically, the electronic modulating device  10  may include the modulating electrodes of different areas (e.g., the first modulating electrode  106   a  and the second modulating electrode  106   b ) so that the performance variation of the electronic modulating device  10  in different angles may be reduced in accordance with some embodiments. Moreover, the modulating electrodes with different areas may allow the electronic modulating device  10  to modulate the electromagnetic wave in different ranges of radio frequency in accordance with some embodiments. For example, the electronic modulating device  10  may modulate the electromagnetic wave of radio frequency in a range from about 1 G Hz to about 100 T Hz in accordance with some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the ratio of the area A 1  of the first modulating electrode  106   a  to the area A 2  of the second modulating electrode  106   b  may be in a range from about 1.2 to about 100, such as 2, 10, 40, or 80, or in a range from about 1.3 to about 50. If the ratio of the area A 1  of the first modulating electrode  106   a  to the area A 2  of the second modulating electrode  106   b  is too small (e.g., less than about 1.2), the performance variation of the electronic modulating device  10  in different angles may not be reduced effectively. On the other hand, if the ratio of the area A 1  of the first modulating electrode  106   a  to the area A 2  of the second modulating electrode  106   b  is too great (e.g., greater than about 100), the frequency difference of electromagnetic wave modulated by the electronic modulating device  10  may be too great to be applicable for its intended use. 
     In addition, as shown in  FIG.  1   , the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  are arranged alternately in accordance with some embodiments. In other words, one of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  may be disposed between two of the second modulating electrodes  106   b . In some examples, a portion of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and a portion of the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be alternately arranged while the other portion of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the other portion of the second modulating electrodes  106   b  are not. Moreover, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may correspond to two different radio frequencies respectively in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, both of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be designed to receive and/or transmit the electromagnetic wave. Furthermore, the electronic modulating device  10  includes N 1  first modulating electrodes  106   a  and N 2  second modulating electrodes  106   b , wherein N 1  and N 2  are the numbers of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  respectively, in accordance with some embodiments. That is, the numbers of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be N 1  and N 2  respectively. Refer to  FIG.  2   , the X axis is referred to the logarithm value of the ratio of the N 1  first modulating electrodes  106   a  to the N 2  second modulating electrodes  106   b  (i.e. log (N 1 /N 2 )), and the Y axis is referred to the difference between the energy E 1  of a main lobe and the energy E 2  of a side lobe of a radiation pattern (i.e. E 1 −E 2 , and the unit is decibel (dB)). 
     As described above, the electronic modulating device  10  may provide a radiation pattern, and the radiation pattern includes a main lobe and a side lobe. In some embodiments, the difference between the energy E 1  of the main lobe and the energy E 2  of the side lobe of the radiation pattern is greater than or equal to 10 dB so that the electronic modulating device  10  may be applicable as an antenna device. In other words, the difference of gain level between the main lobe and the side lobe is greater than or equal to 10 dB in accordance with some embodiments. 
     In addition, the ratio of the number N 1  to the number N 2  is in a range from about 0.5 to about 2.0, such as 0.6, 1.0, 1.2 or 1.7, or in a range from about 0.75 to about 1.35 in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in  FIG.  2   , the logarithm value of the ratio of N 1  to N 2  may be maintained within a range (e.g., from about −0.301 to about 0.301, i.e. from about log 1/2 to about log 2) so that the difference of gain level between the main lobe and the side lobe can meet the requirement of being greater than or equal to 10 dB. Accordingly, the ratio of N 1  to N 2  may be maintained within a range from about 0.5 to about 2.0 so that the electronic modulating device  10  may be applicable as an antenna device. 
     Moreover, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the number of the modulating electrodes (e.g., the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and/or  106   b ) may be referred to the number of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  or the second modulating electrodes  106   b  that are included in a square region having the side length of 20 centimeter (cm), 10 cm, or 5 cm. Specifically, the square region can be used as a basis for measurement for determination of the number of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  or the second modulating electrodes  106   b . Moreover, when a first modulating electrode  106   a  or a second modulating electrode  106   b  is incomplete within the square region for measurement, the first modulating electrode  106   a  or the second modulating electrode  106   b  may not be counted in the number of first modulating electrodes  106   a  or second modulating electrodes  106   b.    
     Next, refer to  FIG.  3   , which is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  20  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. In should be understood that the same or similar components or elements in the context of the descriptions provided above and below are represented by the same or similar reference numerals. The materials, manufacturing methods and functions of these components or elements are the same or similar to those described above, and thus will not be repeated herein. The electronic modulating device  20  is similar to the electronic modulating device  10  shown in  FIG.  1   . As shown in  FIG.  3   , the electronic modulating device  20  also includes a plurality of first modulating electrodes  106   a  and a plurality of second modulating electrodes  106   b  disposed on the substrate  102 . As described above, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be alternately arranged. In addition, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be arranged to extend along the same or different directions. In some examples, the directions may be longitudinal directions of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b.    
     As describe in the above context, the term “longitudinal direction” is defined as the direction along or parallel to the long axis of an object. The long axis may be defined as a line extending through an object lengthwise. For an elongated or oblong object, the long axis may correspond to its greatest dimension lengthwise. For example, as shown in  FIG.  4 A , in the embodiments where the first modulating electrode  106   a  has a rectangular shape, the longitudinal direction L of the first modulating electrode  106   a  may be defined as the direction parallel to a long axis LX of the rectangle. For example, as shown in  FIG.  4 B , in the embodiments where the first modulating electrode  106   a  has an irregular shape, the longitudinal direction L of the first modulating electrode  106   a  may be defined as the direction that is parallel to a long axis LX′ of a smallest rectangle RT that is virtual and can encircle the first modulating electrode  106   a . In some embodiments, the smallest rectangle RT that can encircle the first modulating electrode  106   a  may be defined by using software such as OpenCV. Moreover, image binarization process may be performed on the image of the first modulating electrode  106   a  before the smallest rectangle RT is defined, in accordance with some embodiments. 
     Furthermore, in some other embodiments where the first modulating electrode  106   a  has a square shape, the longitudinal direction L of the first modulating electrode  106   a  may be defined as the direction that is parallel to a side of the square that forms a smaller included angle with the long axis of the drain electrode of the driving element. It should be understood that the above embodiments shown in  FIGS.  4 A and  4 B  take the first modulating electrode  106   a  as an example to explain the definition of longitudinal direction, and other modulating electrodes also can be defined in the same way. 
     Again, referring to  FIG.  3   , the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may extend along the same or a similar longitudinal direction. Specifically, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  may extend along a first longitudinal direction L 1  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may extend along a second longitudinal direction L 2 . In this embodiment, the first longitudinal direction L 1  is substantially the same as the second longitudinal direction L 2 . In some other embodiments, the first longitudinal direction L 1  may be different from the second longitudinal direction L 2 . For example, an angle θ 1  (not illustrated) between the first longitudinal direction L 1  and the second longitudinal direction L 2  may be in a range from about 5 degrees to about 175 degrees in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the angle θ 1  (not illustrated) between the first longitudinal direction L 1  and the second longitudinal direction L 2  may include, but is not limited to, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, 90 degrees, 105 degrees, 130 degrees, 145 degrees, or 160 degrees. 
     In addition, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  may all extend along the same or a similar longitudinal direction. For example, in this embodiment, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  all extend along the first longitudinal direction L 1 . Similarly, the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may all extend along the same or a similar longitudinal direction (e.g., the second longitudinal direction L 2 ). However, in some other embodiments, not all of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  extend along the same or a similar longitudinal direction. In some embodiments, some of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  extend along the same longitudinal direction while some of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  extend along different longitudinal direction(s). For example, as shown in the embodiments in  FIG.  1   , some of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  extend along the first longitudinal direction L 1 , while some of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  extend along a third longitudinal direction L 3 , and the first longitudinal direction L 1  is different from the third longitudinal direction L 3 . For example, an angle θ 2  between the first longitudinal direction L 1  and the third longitudinal direction L 3  may be in a range from about 5 degrees to about 175 degrees in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the angle θ 2  between the first longitudinal direction L 1  and the third longitudinal l direction L 3  may include, but is not limited to, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, 90 degrees, 105 degrees, 130 degrees, 145 degrees, or 160 degrees. Moreover, it should be understood that although the first modulating electrodes  106   a  extend along two different longitudinal directions as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the first modulating electrodes  106   a  may extend along more than two directions in accordance with some other embodiments. 
     Similarly, in some embodiments, not all of the second modulating electrodes  106   b  extend along the same or a similar longitudinal direction. In some embodiments, some of the second modulating electrodes  106   b  extend along the same longitudinal direction while some of the second modulating electrodes  106   b  extend along different longitudinal direction(s). For example, as shown in the embodiments in  FIG.  1   , some of the second modulating electrodes  106   b  extend along the second longitudinal direction L 2 , while some of the second modulating electrodes  106   b  extend along a fourth longitudinal direction L 4 , and the second longitudinal direction L 2  is different from the fourth longitudinal direction L 4 . For example, an angle θ 3  between the second longitudinal direction L 2  and the fourth longitudinal direction L 4  may be in a range from about 5 degrees to about 175 degrees in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the angle θ 3  between the second longitudinal direction L 2  and the fourth longitudinal direction L 4  may include, but is not limited to, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, 90 degrees, 105 degrees, 130 degrees, 145 degrees, or 160 degrees. Moreover, it should be understood that although the second modulating electrodes  106   b  extend along two different longitudinal directions as illustrated in  FIG.  1   , the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may extend along more than two directions in accordance with some other embodiments. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  5   , which is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  30  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in  FIG.  5   , the electronic modulating device  30  also includes a plurality of first modulating electrodes  106   a  and a plurality of second modulating electrodes  106   b  disposed on the substrate  102 . As described above, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be alternately arranged. In this embodiment, four first modulating electrodes  106   a  may be considered as a first unit U 1 , and four second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be considered as a second unit U 2 . The first unit U 1  and the second unit U 2  may alternate in their arrangement. In this embodiment, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  all extend along the first longitudinal direction L 1 , and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  all extend along the second longitudinal direction L 2 . Moreover, the first longitudinal direction L 1  is different from the second longitudinal direction L 2 . In some examples, the first unit U 1  may include m first modulating electrodes  106   a , and the second unit U 2  may include n second modulating electrodes  106   b , wherein m and n are positive integers. In examples, m may be the same as or different from n. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  6   , which is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  40  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, two first modulating electrodes  106   a  and two second modulating electrodes  106   b  may be considered as a first unit U 1  or a second unit U 2 . In this embodiment, two first modulating electrodes  106   a  and two second modulating electrodes  106   b  of the first unit U 1  or a second unit U 2  extend along the same longitudinal direction. More specifically, in this embodiment, the first unit U 1  includes two first modulating electrodes  106   a  extending along the first longitudinal direction L 1  and two second modulating electrodes  106   b  extending along the second longitudinal direction L 2 , while the first longitudinal direction L 1  is substantially the same as the second longitudinal direction L 2 . The second unit U 2  includes two first modulating electrodes  106   a  extending along the third longitudinal direction L 3  and two second modulating electrodes  106   b  extending along the fourth longitudinal direction L 4 , while the third longitudinal direction L 3  is substantially the same as the fourth longitudinal direction L 4 . In addition, the third longitudinal direction L 3  is different from the first longitudinal direction L 1 . The fourth longitudinal direction L 4  is different from the second longitudinal direction L 2 . Similarly, in this embodiment, the first unit U 1  and the second unit U 2  may be alternately arranged. In some examples, the first longitudinal direction L 1  may be different from the second longitudinal direction L 2 . The third longitudinal direction L 3  may be different from the fourth longitudinal direction L 4 . The angle between any two of the first longitudinal direction L 1 , the second longitudinal direction L 2 , the third longitudinal direction L 3  and the fourth longitudinal direction L 4  may be in a range from about 5 degrees to about 175 degrees, such as 30 degrees, 60 degrees, or 120 degrees. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  7   , which is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  50  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The electronic modulating device  50  shown in  FIG.  7    is similar to the electronic modulating device  40  shown in  FIG.  6   . The difference between the electronic modulating device  50  and the electronic modulating device  40  is that the modulating electrodes of the first unit U 1  and/or the second unit U 2  are arranged in different manners. Specifically, one first modulating electrode  106   a  is disposed between two second modulating electrodes  106   b  in the Y direction and/or the X direction. It should be understood that although both the first unit U 1  and the second unit U 2  as described in the above embodiments include four modulating electrodes, the number of modulating electrodes of the unit can be adjusted according to need in some other embodiments. In addition, the arrangement of the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and one second modulating electrodes  106   b  of the unit can be adjusted according to need in some other embodiments. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  8   , which is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  60  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The electronic modulating device  60  also includes a plurality of first modulating units  104 A and a plurality of second modulating units  104 B disposed on the substrate  102 . Moreover, the electronic modulating device  60  further includes a plurality of third modulating units  104 C disposed on the substrate  102 . As shown in  FIG.  8   , the third modulating units  104 C includes a third modulating electrode  106   c  and a third driving element  108   c , and the third modulating electrode  106   c  may be electrically connected to the third driving element  108   c . Moreover, the third driving element  108   c  may be electrically connected to the signal line  110 . In addition, at least a portion of the first modulating electrodes  106   a , the second modulating electrodes  106   b  and the third modulating electrodes  106   c  may be alternately arranged in accordance with some embodiments. 
     In some embodiments, the area A 3  of the third modulating electrode  106   c  is less than at least one of the area A 1  of the first modulating electrode  106   a  and the area A 2  of the first modulating electrode  106   b . In some embodiments, the ratio of the area A 1  of the first modulating electrode  106   a  to the area A 3  of the third modulating electrode  106   c  is in a range from about 1.2 to about 100, such as 5, 20, 50 or 80. In other words, the ratio of the area of the modulating electrode having the greatest dimension to the area of the modulating electrode having the smallest dimension is in a range from about 1.2 to about 100. 
     Furthermore, the electronic modulating device  60  includes N 1  first modulating electrodes  106   a , N 2  second modulating electrodes  106   b  and N 3  third modulating electrode  106   c  in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the ratio of N 1  first modulating electrodes  106   a  to N 3  third modulating electrodes  106   c  (i.e. N 1 /N 3 ) is in a range from about 0.5 to about 2.0, such as 1.2 or 1.5. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  9   , which is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  70  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The electronic modulating device  70  shown in  FIG.  9    is similar to the electronic modulating device  60  shown in  FIG.  8   . The difference between electronic modulating device  70  and electronic modulating device  60  is that the first modulating electrode  106   a , the second modulating electrode  106   b  and the third modulating electrode  106   c  extend along different longitudinal directions in electronic modulating device  70 . 
     Specifically, the first modulating electrode  106   a  extends along the first longitudinal direction L 1 , the second modulating electrode  106   b  extends along the second longitudinal direction L 2 , and the third modulating electrode  106   c  extends along a fifth longitudinal direction L 5 . In this embodiment, the first longitudinal direction L 1 , the second longitudinal direction L 2 , and the fifth longitudinal direction L 5  are different from one another. In some other embodiments, the first longitudinal direction L 1 , the second longitudinal direction L 2 , and the fifth longitudinal direction L 5  may be substantially the same (as shown in  FIG.  8   ). In some other embodiments, two of the first longitudinal direction L 1 , the second longitudinal direction L 2  and the fifth longitudinal direction L 5  may be substantially the same while one of them may be different from the other two. 
     In some embodiments, an angle θ 4  between the fifth longitudinal direction L 5  and the first longitudinal direction L 1  may be in a range from about 5 degrees to about 175 degrees. In some embodiments, an angle θ 5  between the fifth longitudinal direction L 5  and the second longitudinal direction L 2  may be in a range from about 5 degrees to about 175 degrees. In some embodiments, the angle θ 4  and the angle θ 5  each may include, but is not limited to, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, 75 degrees, 90 degrees, 105 degrees, 130 degrees, 145 degrees, or 160 degrees. In addition, the third modulating electrodes  106   c  may all extend along substantially the same or a similar longitudinal direction in accordance with some embodiments. For example, in this embodiment, the third modulating electrodes  106   c  all extend along the fifth longitudinal direction L 5 . However, in some other embodiments, not all of the third modulating electrodes  106   c  extend along the same or a similar longitudinal direction. In some embodiments, some of the third modulating electrodes  106   c  extend along substantially the same longitudinal direction while some of the third modulating electrodes  106   c  extend along different longitudinal direction(s). 
     Furthermore, it should be understood that although the electronic modulating devices illustrated in the above embodiments include two or three kinds of modulating electrodes having different areas, the electronic modulating device may include the modulating electrodes with more than three sizes in accordance with some other embodiments. In some embodiments, the electronic modulating device may include the modulating electrodes with any suitable types of sizes according to the need. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  10   , which is a top-view diagram of an electronic modulating device  80  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. The electronic modulating device  80  shown in  FIG.  10    is similar to the electronic modulating device  20  shown in  FIG.  3   . The difference between electronic modulating device  80  and electronic modulating device  20  is that the first modulating electrodes  106   a  have oblong shapes in electronic modulating device  80  while the second modulating electrodes  106   b  have a rectangular shape in electronic modulating device  20 . In some other embodiments, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may have a triangle shape, a pentagonal shape, an oblong shape, a diamond shape, an irregular shape, any other suitable shape or a combination thereof. In addition, the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may have the same shape in accordance with some embodiments. The first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  may have different shapes in accordance with some embodiments. Moreover, the plurality of first modulating electrodes  106   a  may have substantially the same or different shapes, and the plurality of second modulating electrodes  106   b  may also have substantially the same or different shapes. 
     Next, refer to  FIGS.  11 A and  11 B , which are cross-sectional views of the electronic modulating device  10  along line segment A-A′ in  FIG.  1    in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Some of the components such as the signal lines  110  etc. are omitted in  FIGS.  11 A and  11 B  to specify the structure of electronic modulating device  10 . As shown in  FIGS.  11 A and  11 B , the electronic modulating device  10  may include the substrate  102  and another substrate  202  disposed opposite to the substrate  102 . The electronic modulating device  10  may include the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b  disposed on the substrate  102 . 
     The electronic modulating device  10  may further include a common electrode  204  disposed between the substrate  102  and the substrate  202 . The common electrode  204  may be disposed on the first modulating electrodes  106   a  and the second modulating electrodes  106   b . The common electrode  204  may also be electrically connected to the driving elements. The material of the common electrode  204  may be similar to the material(s) of the first modulating electrode  106   a  and/or the second modulating electrode  106   b.    
     The electronic modulating device  10  may further include a modulating layer  302  disposed between the substrate  102  and the substrate  202 . In some embodiments, the material of the modulating layer  302  may include, but is not limited to, liquid-crystal material, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS), other suitable modulating materials, or a combination thereof.  FIGS.  11 A  are  11 B are only for example, and thus the actual structure of the electronic modulating device  10  may be different from the illustration but still within the scope of the present disclosure. 
     In addition, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include supporting elements  304  disposed between the substrate  102  and the substrate  202 . The modulating material  302  may be enclosed or surrounded by supporting elements  304 . The supporting elements  304  may be used to reinforce or fix the structure of the electronic modulating device  10 . In some embodiments, the supporting element  304  may include a spacer, a sealant, or a combination thereof. The material of the supporting element  304  may include an insulating material, a conductive material, or other suitable materials. In some examples, the conductive material may include, but is not limited to, copper, silver, gold, copper alloys, silver alloys, gold alloys, or a combination thereof. In other examples, the insulating material may include, but is not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polyethersulfone (PES), polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), glass, any other suitable materials, or a combination thereof. 
     In addition, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include a backlight unit  402  disposed on one side of the substrate  102 . Specifically, the backlight unit  402  may be disposed adjacent to the substrate  102  (as shown in  FIG.  11 A ) or adjacent to the substrate  202  (as shown in  FIG.  11 B ). In some embodiments, the backlight unit  402  may include, but is not limited to, organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), mini light-emitting diodes (mini LED), micro light-emitting diodes (micro LED), quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLED), quantum dots (QD), phosphors, fluorescence or other display elements, and it is not limited thereto. In addition, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include polarizing structures disposed adjacent to the substrate  102  and the substrate  202  respectively, in accordance with some embodiments. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include a color conversion layer disposed between the substrate  102  and the modulating material  302 , or between the substrate  202  and the modulating material  302 . In some embodiments, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include a light-shielding element disposed adjacent to color conversion layer. In accordance with some embodiments, the electronic modulating device  10  may serve as a liquid-crystal display. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  12 A , which is a cross-sectional view of the electronic modulating device  10  along line segment A-A′ in  FIG.  1    in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. Some of the components such as the signal lines  110  etc. are omitted in FIG.  12 A to specify the structure of the electronic modulating device  10 . The configuration of electronic modulating device  10  in the embodiment shown in  FIG.  12 A  is similar to electronic modulating device  10  in the embodiment shown in  FIG.  11 B . The difference between them is that the common electrode  204 ′ is patterned, and the backlight unit  402  is replaced by a waveguide  502  in the electronic modulating device  10  shown in  FIG.  12 A . 
     More specifically, the common electrode  204 ′ may be patterned so that the common electrode  204 ′ may include openings  206  formed therein. In some embodiments, the first modulating electrode  106   a  or the second modulating electrode  106   b  may be disposed corresponding to the opening  206 . In some other embodiments, the common electrode  204 ′ may have a ring structure. 
     In one example, the waveguide  502  may be disposed adjacent to the substrate  202 . In other examples, the waveguide  502  may be disposed above the substrate  202 . The common electrode  204 ′ may be disposed between the waveguide  502  and the first modulating electrodes  106   a . The waveguide  502  may provide or receive a wave for the electronic modulating device  10  in accordance with some embodiments. In accordance with some embodiments, the electronic modulating device  10  may serve as a liquid-crystal antenna. 
     Next, refer to  FIG.  12 B , which is a top-view diagram of the electronic modulating device  10  shown in  FIG.  12 A  in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. Some of the components such as the substrate  202 , the modulating material  302  etc. are omitted in  FIG.  12 B  for clarity. As shown in  FIG.  12 B , a first overlapping area V 1  may be formed between the common electrode  204 ′ and the first modulating electrode  106   a  from the top-view perspective. Similarly, a second overlapping area V 2  may be formed between the common electrode  204 ′ and the second modulating electrode  106   b  from the top-view perspective. In some embodiments, the first overlapping area V 1  is different from the second overlapping area V 2 . In some examples, the ratio of first overlapping area V 1  to second overlapping area V 2  is in a range from about 1.2 to about 100, such as 1.5, 10, 30, or 70, or in a range from about 1.3 to about 50 in accordance with some embodiments. 
     As described above, the electronic modulating device  10  may further include third modulating electrodes  106   c  disposed on the substrate  102  in accordance with some embodiments. In these embodiments, a third overlapping area V 3  (as shown in  FIG.  12 B ) may also be formed between the common electrode  204 ′ and the third modulating electrode  106   c  from the top-view perspective. In some embodiments, the third overlapping area V 3  is different from the first overlapping area V 1 . In some examples, the ratio of first overlapping area V 1  to third overlapping area V 3  is in a range from about 1.2 to about 100, or in a range from about 1.3 to about 50 in accordance with some embodiments. 
     In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the present disclosure provides an electronic modulating device that includes modulating electrodes that have different areas. The ratio of the number of modulating electrodes of different areas may be kept within a range so that the electronic modulating device can modulate the electromagnetic wave with different radio frequency ranges. In addition, the modulating electrodes having different areas may extend along different directions in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Therefore, the performance of the electronic modulating device can be improved. 
     Although some embodiments of the present disclosure and their advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, it will be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that many of the features, functions, processes, and materials described herein may be varied while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the present disclosure, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present disclosure. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.