Patent Publication Number: US-2004044323-A1

Title: Absorbent article with elastic components having non-uniform elastic tension

Description:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION  
       [0001] The present invention relates generally to absorbent articles, such as those used as personal care products, and more particularly to such an absorbent article having variable tension elastic components for improved fit.  
       [0002] Disposable absorbent articles find widespread use as personal care products such as diapers, children&#39;s toilet training pants, adult incontinence garments, medical garments, sanitary napkins and the like, as well as surgical bandages and sponges. These articles absorb and contain body waste and are typically disposable in the sense that they are intended to be discarded after a limited period of use; i.e., the articles are not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored for reuse. Conventional disposable absorbent articles comprise an absorbent body disposed between a liner adapted for contiguous relationship with the wearer&#39;s skin and an outer cover for inhibiting liquid body waste absorbed by the absorbent body from leaking out of the article. The liner of the absorbent article is typically liquid permeable to permit liquid body waste to pass therethrough for absorption by the absorbent body.  
       [0003] To improve the fit of disposable absorbent articles on the wearer, it is known to incorporate elastic components, such as elastic strands or threads, into the article. For example, diapers, training pants, adult incontinence garments or other pants-like articles may secure leg elastic components within the article, e.g., at the leg openings thereof, while the elastic components are in a stretched condition so that the retractive forces of the elastic components gather the article at the leg openings to provide a snug fit around the wearer&#39;s leg.  
       [0004] Leg elastic components of conventional diapers typically provide an elastic tension which is substantially uniform along the lengths of the elastic components before the diaper is worn. When securing the diaper on a baby, the baby&#39;s legs are first spread apart almost at a 90° angle to the baby&#39;s torso. The leg elastic components thus generally land in the mid thigh region of the baby. However, when the baby stands, or sits, the baby&#39;s legs come together which forces the leg elastic components to conform to the creases formed between the baby&#39;s legs and torso. As a result, the elastic components in the crotch and front region of the diaper elongate inward to conform to the baby&#39;s body lines, thus increasing the elastic tension of the elastic components in those regions. The baby&#39;s back leg region does not significantly change shape following securement of the diaper on the baby and, as such, the elastic tension in the back region of the diaper does not change considerably when the baby stands or sits.  
       [0005] It is known that increased elastic tension in the front and crotch regions of the diaper can cause red-marking (e.g., indentations) in the baby&#39;s skin during wear. One conventional approach to reducing red-marking is to reduce the elastic tension along the entire length of the leg elastic, thereby reducing the elastic tension in the front and crotch regions of the diaper. However, the reduced elastic tension along the length of the leg elastic may result in a loose fit and possibly even leakage around the back leg region of the diaper. There is a need, therefore, for a disposable absorbent article, and more particularly a diaper, having leg elastic components in which the initial elastic tension of the elastic components is lower in the front and crotch regions of the diaper than in the back region of the diaper so that the applied elastic tension is more uniform during wear.  
       [0006] Leg elastic components of conventional disposable absorbent articles such as diapers are also typically positioned laterally inward of the respective laterally opposite side edges of the diaper, particularly at the leg openings of the diaper. Thus, ungathered material of the diaper extends laterally outward of the leg elastic components and has a tendency to fold inward as the diaper is being secured to the baby, thereby reducing the back leg coverage by the diaper. The person securing the diaper to the baby then has to reach into the diaper and pull the ungathered region out, which is an additional step that reduces the convenience of the diaper.  
       SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION  
       [0007] In general, one embodiment of an absorbent article of the present invention comprises an anterior region, a posterior region and a central region interconnecting the anterior and posterior regions and extending longitudinally therebetween. An elastic component extends generally continuously along a path from the anterior region of the article through the central region to the posterior region thereof. The elastic component has an elastic tension which is substantially non-uniform along the path defined by the elastic component.  
       [0008] In another embodiment, an absorbent article has a longitudinal axis and comprises an anterior region, a posterior region and a central region interconnecting the anterior and posterior regions and extending longitudinally therebetween. An elastic component extends generally continuously along a path from the anterior region of the article through the central region to the posterior region thereof. The elastic component defines an outer boundary of the path. At least a portion of the outer boundary extends generally non-parallel to the longitudinal axis of the article and defines an outer curvature of the elastic component which is greater than one inch.  
       [0009] One embodiment of a method of the present invention for making an absorbent article having an anterior region, a posterior region and a central region interconnecting the anterior and posterior regions and extending longitudinally therebetween generally comprises securing an elastic component to the absorbent article along a path which extends generally continuously from the anterior region of the article through the central region to the posterior region thereof. The elastic component defines a width of the path. At least a portion of the elastic component of the article is removed to narrow the width of the path defined by the elastic component along at least a segment of the path to provide an elastic tension gradient along the length of the path. 
     
    
    
     BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS  
     [0010]FIG. 1 is a plan view of an absorbent article of the present invention illustrated in the form of a diaper shown unfastened and laid flat and with portions of the diaper broken away to reveal internal construction thereof;  
     [0011]FIG. 2 is a fragmentary cross section generally taken in the plane including line  2 - 2  of FIG. 1; and  
     [0012]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the diaper shown as worn. 
    
    
     [0013] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.  
     DEFINITIONS  
     [0014] Within the context of this specification, each term or phrase below will include the following meaning or meanings:  
     [0015] (a) “Bonded” refers to the joining, adhering, connecting, attaching, or the like, of two elements. Two elements will be considered to be bonded together when they are bonded directly to one another or indirectly to one another, such as when each is directly bonded to intermediate elements.  
     [0016] (b) “Film” refers to a thermoplastic film made using a film extrusion and/or foaming process, such as a cast film or blown film extrusion process. The term includes apertured films, slit films, and other porous films which constitute liquid transfer films, as well as films which do not transfer liquid.  
     [0017] (c) “Hydrophilic” describes fibers or the surfaces of fibers which are wetted by aqueous liquids in contact with the fibers. The degree of wetting of the materials can, in turn, be described in terms of the contact angles and the surface tensions of the liquids and materials involved. Equipment and techniques suitable for measuring the wettability of particular fiber materials or blends of fiber materials can be provided by a Cahn SFA-222 Surface Force Analyzer System, or a substantially equivalent system. When measured with this system, fibers having contact angles less than 90 degrees are designated “wettable” or hydrophilic, and fibers having contact angles greater than 90 degrees are designated “nonwettable” or hydrophobic.  
     [0018] (d) “Layer” when used in the singular can have the dual meaning of a single element or a plurality of elements. (e) “Liquid impermeable,” when used in describing a layer or multi-layer laminate means that liquid body waste, such as urine, will not pass through the layer or laminate, under ordinary use conditions, in a direction generally perpendicular to the plane of the layer or laminate at the point of liquid contact.  
     [0019] (f) “Liquid permeable” refers to any material that is not liquid impermeable.  
     [0020] (g) “Meltblown” refers to fibers formed by extruding a molten thermoplastic material through a plurality of fine, usually circular, die capillaries as molten threads or filaments into converging high velocity heated gas (e.g., air) streams which attenuate the filaments of molten thermoplastic material to reduce their diameters. Thereafter, the meltblown fibers are carried by the high velocity gas stream and are deposited on a collecting surface to form a web of randomly dispersed meltblown fibers. Such a process is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,241 to Butin et al. Meltblown fibers are microfibers which may be continuous or discontinuous, are generally smaller than about 0.6 denier, and are generally self bonding when deposited onto a collecting surface. Meltblown fibers used in the present invention are preferably substantially continuous in length.  
     [0021] (h) “Non-woven” and “non-woven web” refer to materials and webs of material which are formed without the aid of a textile weaving or knitting process.  
     [0022] (i) “Pliable” refers to materials which are compliant and which will readily conform to the general shape and contours of the wearer&#39;s body.  
     [0023] (j) “Spunbond” refers to small diameter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine capillaries of a spinnerette having a circular or other configuration, with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced by a conventional process such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,563 to Appel et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,618 to Dorschner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,817 to Matsuki et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,338,992 and 3,341,394 to Kinney, U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,763 to Hartmann, U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,538 to Peterson, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,542,615 to Dobo et al., each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Spunbond fibers are generally continuous and often have average deniers larger than about 0.3, more particularly, between about 0.6 and about 10.  
     [0024] (k) “Superabsorbent” refers to a water-swellable, water-insoluble organic or inorganic material capable, under the most favorable conditions, of absorbing at least about 15 times its weight and, more desirably, at least about 30 times its weight in an aqueous solution containing 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride. The superabsorbent materials can be natural, synthetic and modified natural polymers and materials. In addition, the superabsorbent materials can be inorganic materials, such as silica gels, or organic compounds such as cross-linked polymers.  
     [0025] (l) “Thermoplastic” describes a material which softens when exposed to heat and which substantially returns to a non-softened condition when cooled to room temperature.  
     [0026] (m) “Stretchable”, refers to materials which are either elastic or extensible, that is materials which when elongated in one or more dimensions either exert a force tending to move the material at least partially to its original dimensions (elastic), or which remain in the elongated configuration (extensible).  
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION  
     [0027] Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1, an absorbent article constructed in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in the form of a diaper, which is indicated in its entirety by the reference numeral  21 . As used herein, an absorbent article refers to an article which may be placed against or in proximity to the body of the wearer (e.g., contiguous to the body) to absorb and/or retain various waste discharged from the body. Some absorbent articles, such as disposable absorbent articles are intended to be discarded after a limited period of use instead of being laundered or otherwise restored for reuse. It is contemplated, however, that the principles of the present invention have application in garments (including reusable garments) and other absorbent articles. For example, the principles of the present invention may be incorporated into children&#39;s training pants and other infant and child care products, adult incontinence garments and other adult care products, medical garments, sanitary napkins and other feminine care products and the like, as well as surgical bandages and sponges.  
     [0028] The diaper  21  is shown in FIG. 1 in an unfolded and laid-flat condition to illustrate a longitudinal axis X and a lateral axis Y of the diaper. The diaper  21  generally comprises a central absorbent assembly  23  extending longitudinally from a front (e.g., anterior) region  25  of the diaper through a crotch (e.g., central) region  27  to a back (e.g., posterior) region  29  of the diaper. The central absorbent assembly  23  is generally I-shaped, and more particularly hourglass shaped, and has contoured, laterally opposite side edges  31  and longitudinally opposite front and rear waist edges or ends, respectively designated  33  and  35 . It is understood, however, that the diaper  21  may have other shapes, such as a rectangular shape or a T-shape without departing from the scope of the present invention. The side edges  31  of the diaper  21  extend longitudinally from the front region  25  through the crotch region  27  to the back region  29  for forming transversely spaced leg openings  37  (FIG. 3) of the diaper when worn.  
     [0029] The diaper  21  is refastenably secured on a wearer&#39;s body using suitable fastening components as described later herein to refastenably secure the back region  29  to the front region  25  of the diaper. The front region  25  generally includes the portions of the central absorbent assembly  23  which extend over the wearer&#39;s lower abdominal region and the back region  29  generally includes the portions of the central absorbent assembly which extend over the wearer&#39;s lower back region. The crotch region  27  includes the portion extending longitudinally through the wearer&#39;s crotch from the front region  25  to the back region  29  and laterally between the wearer&#39;s legs. As worn on the wearer&#39;s body (FIG. 3), the diaper  21  further defines a central waist opening  43  and the leg openings  37 .  
     [0030] With particular reference to FIG. 2, the central absorbent assembly  23  of the diaper  21  comprises an outer cover, generally indicated at  49 , a bodyside liner  51  positioned in facing relation with the outer cover, and an absorbent body  53 , generally indicated at  53 , disposed between the outer cover and the liner. The outer cover  49  of the illustrated embodiment generally defines the length and width of the diaper  21 . The absorbent body  53  has a length and width which are less than the length and width of the outer cover  49  such that the outer cover extends both longitudinally and laterally out beyond the sides and ends of the absorbent body. The bodyside liner  51  may be generally coextensive with the outer cover  49 , or may instead overlie an area which is larger (and would thus generally define the length and/or width of the diaper  21 ) or smaller than the area of the outer cover  49 , as desired. In other words, the bodyside liner  51  is preferably in superposed relation with the outer cover  49  but may not necessarily be coextensive with the outer cover.  
     [0031] In one embodiment, the outer cover  49  is stretchable and may or may not be somewhat elastic. More particularly, the outer cover  49  is extensible such that once stretched under the weight of the insulted absorbent body, the outer cover will not retract substantially back toward its original position. For example, the outer cover  49  may be stretched approximately 25% to 150% beyond its original length with a relatively low force required to extend. More desirably, the outer cover  49  may be stretched approximately 50% to 100% beyond its original length and most preferably about 50% beyond its original length under a low stretching force. As a further example, in one embodiment a 25% elongation is achieved upon application of a force of in the range of about 30 g/in to about 200 g/in, more preferably between about 70 g/in and 150 g/in and most preferably about 100 g/in. It is also contemplated that the outer cover  49  may instead be generally non-extensible and remain within the scope of this invention.  
     [0032] The outer cover  49  is also desirably constructed to support a selected hydrohead of water substantially without leakage therethrough. A suitable technique for determining the resistance of a material to liquid penetration is Federal Test Method Standard FTMS 191 Method 5514, 1978, or an equivalent thereof. Since the outer cover  49  is extensible, a layer of nylon net material having a thickness of about 0.1 mm may be needed to support the outer cover material for this test. The net material may be provided by nylon threads arranged in a hexagonal or honeycomb-like pattern with openings approximately 4 mm across. For example, the net material may be purchased from Wal-Mart Stores under the trade designation T-246. The net material is liquid pervious and does not significantly affect the hydrohead values obtained. The extensible outer cover  49  is desirably sufficiently impermeable to liquid and semi-liquid materials to substantially prevent the undesired leakage of waste materials, such as urine and feces. For example, the extensible outer cover  49  can desirably support a hydrohead of at least about 45 centimeters (cm) substantially without leakage. The extensible outer cover  49  can alternatively support a hydrohead of at least about 55 cm, and optionally, can support a hydrohead of at least about 60 cm, or more, to provide improved benefits.  
     [0033] The extensible outer cover  49  can be composed of various materials which provide the desired properties set forth herein. For example, the extensible outer cover  49  is desirably composed of a neckable or otherwise necked fabric, but may instead, or may additionally, be composed of a creped fabric, a crimped fiber fabric, an extendable fiber fabric, a bonded-carded fabric, a micro-pleated fabric, polymer films or the like. The fabrics may be woven or nonwoven materials, such as spunbond fabrics.  
     [0034] As used herein, the term “neck” or “neck stretch” interchangeably means that a material is drawn such that it is extended under conditions reducing its width or its transverse dimension by drawing and elongating to increase the length of the fabric. The controlled drawing may take place under cool temperatures, room temperature or greater temperatures and is limited to an increase in overall dimension in the direction being drawn up to the elongation required to break the fabric. The necking process typically involves unwinding a sheet from a supply roll and passing it through a brake nip roll assembly driven at a given linear speed. A take-up roll or nip, operating at a linear speed higher than the brake nip roll, draws the fabric and generates the tension needed to elongate and neck the fabric. U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122 entitled REVERSIBLY NECKED MATERIAL, by M. T. Morman which issued Oct. 23, 1990, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a process for providing a reversibly necked non-woven material which may include necking the material, then heating the necked material, followed by cooling.  
     [0035] As used herein, the term “neckable material or layer” means any material which can be necked such as a nonwoven, woven, or knitted material. The term “necked material” refers to any material which has been drawn in at least one dimension, (e.g. lengthwise), reducing the transverse dimension, (e.g. width), such that when the drawing force is removed, the material can be pulled back to its original width. The necked material typically has a higher basis weight per unit area than the un-necked material. When the necked material is pulled back to its original un-necked width, it should have about the same basis weight as the un-necked material. This differs from stretching/orienting a material layer, during which the layer is thinned and the basis weight is permanently reduced.  
     [0036] Typically, such necked nonwoven fabric materials are capable of being necked up to about 80 percent. For example, the extensible outer cover  49  may be composed of a material which has been necked from about 10 to about 80 percent, desirably from about 20 to about 60 percent, and more desirably from about 30 to about 50 percent for improved performance. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the term “percent necked” or “percent neckdown” refers to a ratio or percentage determined by measuring the difference between the pre-necked dimension and the necked dimension of a neckable material, and then dividing that difference by the pre-necked dimension of the neckable material and multiplying by 100 for percentage. The percent necked can be determined in accordance with the description in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122.  
     [0037] The outer cover  49  may be a multi-layered laminate structure, and more desirably a necked, multi-layer laminate structure, to provide desired levels of extensibility as well as liquid impermeability and vapor permeability. For example, the outer cover  49  of the illustrated embodiment is of two-layer construction, including an outer layer  55  constructed of a vapor and liquid permeable necked material and an inner layer  57  constructed of a liquid impermeable material, with the two layers being secured together by a suitable laminate adhesive  59 . It is understood, however, that the outer cover  49  may instead be constructed of a single layer of liquid impermeable material, such as a thin plastic film constructed of materials such as those from which the inner layer  57  is constructed as described later herein, without departing from the scope of this invention.  
     [0038] The liquid permeable outer layer  55  can be any suitable material as described above and is desirably one which provides a generally cloth-like texture. Suitable neckable materials for the outer layer  55  include non-woven webs, woven materials and knitted materials such as those described in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122. Non-woven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes, for example, bonded carded web processes, meltblowing processes and spunbonding processes. The non-elastic neckable material is preferably formed from at least one member selected from fibers and filaments of inelastic polymers. Such polymers include polyesters, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins, for example, polyethylene and polypropylene, polyamides, for example, nylon 6 and nylon 66. These fibers or filaments are used alone or in a mixture of two or more thereof. Suitable fibers for forming the neckable material include natural and synthetic fibers as well as bicomponent, multi-component, and shaped polymer fibers.  
     [0039] Many polyolefins are available for fiber production according to the present invention, for example, fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company&#39;s Escorene PD 3445 polypropylene and Himont Chemical Company&#39;s PF-304. Polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical&#39;s ASPUN 6811A linear low density polyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are also suitable polymers. The nonwoven web layer may be bonded to impart a discrete bond pattern with a prescribed bond surface area. If too much bond area is present on the neckable material, it will break before it necks. If there is not enough bond area, then the neckable material will pull apart. Typically, the percent bonding area useful in the present invention ranges from around 5 percent to around 40 percent of the area of the neckable material.  
     [0040] One particular example of suitable material from which the outer layer  55  may be constructed is a 0.4 osy (ounce per square yard) or 14 gsm (grams per square meter) spunbond polypropylene non-woven web which is neckable in the range of about 35% to 45%. The outer layer  55  may also be constructed of the same materials from which the bodyside liner  51  is constructed as described later herein. Also, while it is not a necessity for the outer layer  55  of the outer cover  49  to be liquid permeable, it is desired that it have a cloth-like texture.  
     [0041] The liquid impermeable inner layer  57  of the outer cover  49  can be either vapor permeable (i.e., “breathable”) or vapor impermeable. The inner layer  57  is desirably manufactured from a thin plastic film, although other flexible liquid impermeable materials may also be used. More particularly, the inner layer  57  can be made from either cast or blown film equipment, can be coextruded and can be embossed if so desired. It is understood that the inner layer  57  may otherwise be made from any suitable non-elastic polymer composition and may include multiple layers. Where the inner layer  57  is vapor permeable, it may contain such fillers as micropore developing fillers, e.g. calcium carbonate; opacifying agents, e.g. titanium dioxide; and antiblock additives, e.g. diatomaceous earth. Suitable polymers for the inner layer  57  include but are not limited to non-elastic extrudable polymers such as polyolefin or a blend of polyolefins, nylon, polyester and ethylene vinyl alcohol. More particularly, useful polyolefins include polypropylene and polyethylene. Other useful polymers include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,073 to Sheth, assigned to Exxon Chemical Patents Inc., such as a copolymer of polypropylene and low density polyethylene or linear low density polyethylene.  
     [0042] Alternative polymers for the inner layer  57  include those referred to as single site catalyzed polymers such as “metallocene” polymers produced according to a metallocene process and which have limited elastic properties. The term “metallocene-catalyzed polymers” as used herein includes those polymer materials that are produced by the polymerization of at least ethylene using metallocenes or constrained geometry catalysts, a class of organometallic complexes, as catalysts. For example, a common metallocene is ferrocene, a complex of a metal between two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligands. Such metallocene polymers are available from Exxon Chemical Company of Baytown, Tex. under the trade name EXXPOL® for polypropylene based polymers and EXACT® for polyethylene based polymers and from Dow Chemical Company of Midland, Mich. under the name ENGAGE®. Preferably, the metallocene polymers are selected from copolymers of ethylene and 1-butene, copolymers of ethylene and 1-hexene, copolymers of ethylene and 1-octene and combinations thereof.  
     [0043] The inner layer  57  may be laminated to the neckable material of the outer layer  55  to form the laminate outer cover  49  by conventional methods known in the art including adhesive bonding, point bonding, thermal point bonding, and sonic welding. The outer cover  49  is then necked by conventional necking processes which typically vary the surface speed of the web to draw or neck the laminate. Such necking provides striated rugosities in the film and/or laminate resulting in transverse extensibility to the necked laminate and more “cloth-like” aesthetics. It is known that stretching and orienting a filled film layer (e.g., inner layer  57 ) causes micropores to form in the film, but longitudinal striated rugosities do not typically form in the film layer when stretched. The film layer would instead become physically thinner and may narrow slightly. By necking the laminate, the non-elastic neckable material, which is attached to the non-elastic film layer, will neck and bring the non-elastic film layer with it, thereby forming the longitudinal striated rugosities in the film which allow the film layer to extend in the transverse direction.  
     [0044] Alternative necked laminate materials that could be used to provide the outer cover  49  with the desired extensibility and liquid impermeability are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/460,490 filed Dec. 14, 1999 and entitled “BREATHABLE LAMINATE PERMANENTLY CONFORMABLE TO THE CONTOURS OF A WEARER”, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Other suitable necked laminates that include at least one non-elastic neckable material laminated to at least one non-elastic film material are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/455,513 filed Dec. 6, 1999 and entitled “TRANSVERSELY EXTENSIBLE AND RETRACTABLE NECKED LAMINATE OF NON-ELASTIC SHEET LAYERS”, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. However, it is to be understood that the laminate outer cover need not be composed of a neckable or necked material to remain within the scope of this invention.  
     [0045] In an another embodiment, the outer cover  49  of the diaper  21  may instead be substantially non-extensible. A typical non-extensible outer cover  49  can be manufactured from a thin plastic film or other flexible liquid-impermeable material. For example, the outer cover  49  may be formed from a polyethylene film having a thickness of from about 0.013 millimeter (0.5 mil) to about 0.051 millimeter (2.0 mils). If it is desired to present the outer cover  49  with a more clothlike feeling, the outer cover may comprise a polyolefin film having a nonwoven web laminated to the exterior surface thereof, such as a spunbond web of polyolefin fibers. For example, a stretch-thinned polypropylene film having a thickness of about 0.015 millimeter (0.6 mil) may have thermally laminated thereto a spunbond web of polypropylene fibers. The polypropylene fibers have a thickness of about 1.5 to 2.5 denier per filament, which nonwoven web has a basis weight of about 17 grams per square meter (0.5 ounce per square yard). The outer cover  49  may otherwise include bicomponent fibers such as polyethylene/polypropylene bicomponent fibers. Methods of forming such clothlike outer covers are known to those skilled in the art.  
     [0046] Further, the non-extensible outer cover  49  may be formed of a woven or nonwoven fibrous web layer which has been totally or partially constructed or treated to impart a desired level of liquid impermeability to selected regions that are adjacent or proximate the absorbent body  53 . The non-extensible outer cover  49  may optionally be composed of a micro-porous “breathable” material which permits vapors to escape from the diaper  21  while still preventing liquid exudates from passing through the outer cover. For example, the non-extensible outer cover  49  may include a vapor permeable non-woven facing layer laminated to a micro-porous film. Suitable “breathable” outer cover  49  materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,695,868 issued to McCormack et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,056 issued Dec. 1, 1998 to Good et al., the descriptions of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The non-extensible outer cover  49  can also be embossed or otherwise provided with a matte finish to provide a more aesthetically pleasing appearance.  
     [0047] The bodyside liner  51  is preferably pliable, soft feeling, and nonirritating to the wearer&#39;s skin, and is employed to help isolate the wearer&#39;s skin from the absorbent body  53 . The liner  51  is less hydrophilic than the absorbent body  53  to present a relatively dry surface to the wearer, and is sufficiently porous to be liquid permeable to thereby permit liquid to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable bodyside liner  51  may be manufactured from a wide selection of web materials, but is preferably capable of stretching in at least one direction (e.g., longitudinal or lateral). Various woven and nonwoven fabrics including either or both synthetic and natural fibers can be used for the liner  51 . For example, the bodyside liner  51  may be composed of a meltblown or spunbonded web of the desired fibers, and may also be a bonded-carded-web. Layers of different materials that may have different fiber deniers can also be used. The various fabrics can be composed of natural fibers, synthetic fibers or combinations thereof.  
     [0048] The bodyside liner  51  may be composed of a substantially hydrophobic material, and the hydrophobic material may optionally be treated with a surfactant or otherwise processed to impart a desired level of wettability and hydrophilicity. Examples of suitable materials for the bodyside liner  51  include 0.3-0.5 osy (10-17 gsm) polypropylene spun bond web treated with a suitable wettability treatment, 0.3-0.5 osy (10-17 gsm) bonded carded web and 0.4-0.8 osy (14-27 gsm) thru air bonded carded web. The fabric can be surface treated with an operative amount of surfactant, such as about 0.3 weight percent of a surfactant commercially available from Hodgson Textile Chemicals, Inc. under the trade designation AHCOVEL Base N-62. The surfactant can be applied by any conventional means, such as spraying, printing, brush coating or the like.  
     [0049] In particular embodiments, the top liner  51  is desirably extensible and capable of extending along with the outer cover  49  for desired fit of the diaper on the wearer. For example, the top liner  51  can be composed of various extensible materials such as a necked fabric, a creped fabric, a micro-pleated fabric, perforated polymer films or the like, as well as combinations thereof. The fabrics may be woven or nonwoven materials, such as spunbond fabrics, that may be elastic or non-elastic. Examples of suitable manufacturing techniques and suitable necked nonwoven fabric materials for such an extensible top liner  51  are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,122 entitled REVERSIBLY NECKED MATERIAL, by M. T. Morman which issued Oct. 23, 1990.  
     [0050] Desirably, the bodyside liner  51  is made from non-elastic neckable materials for reduced cost and improved manufacturing efficiency. Suitable non-elastic neckable materials for such a configuration include nonwoven webs, woven materials and knitted materials. Such webs can include one or more fabric layers. Nonwoven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes, for example, bonded carded web processes, meltblowing processes and spunbonding processes. The non-elastic neckable material is preferably formed from at least one member selected from fibers and filaments of inelastic polymers. Such polymers include polyesters, for example, polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefins, for example, polyethylene and polypropylene, polyamides. These fibers or filaments are used alone or in a mixture of two or more thereof. Suitable fibers for forming the neckable material include natural and synthetic fibers as well as bicomponent, multi-component, and shaped polymer fibers. Many polyolefins are available for fiber production according to the present invention, for example, fiber forming polypropylenes include Exxon Chemical Company&#39;s Escorene PD 3445 polypropylene and Himont Chemical Company&#39;s PF-304. Polyethylenes such as Dow Chemical&#39;s ASPUN 6811A linear low density polyethylene, 2553 LLDPE and 25355 and 12350 high density polyethylene are also suitable polymers.  
     [0051] The neckable material may be necked to form the extensible bodyside liner  51  by conventional necking processes which typically vary the surface speed of the web to draw or neck the material. Such necking will allow the material to extend in the transverse direction. As discussed above, such necked non-woven fabric materials typically are capable of being necked up to about 80 percent. For example, the liner  51  may be necked from about 10 to about 80 percent, more desirably from about 20 to about 60 percent, and still more desirably from about 30 to about 50 percent for improved performance.  
     [0052] The absorbent body  53  may have any of a number of shapes, including rectangular, I-shaped, or T-shaped and is desirably narrower in the crotch region than in the front or back regions of the diaper  21 . As illustrated herein, the absorbent body  53  is generally T-shaped with the laterally extending crossbar of the “T” generally corresponding to the front region  25  of the diaper  21  for improved performance, especially for male infants. The size and the absorbent capacity of the absorbent body  53  will be selected according to the size of the intended wearer and the liquid loading imparted by the intended user of the diaper. In addition, it has been found that the densities and/or basis weights of the absorbent body  53  can be varied. In the embodiment described herein, the absorbent body  53  has an absorbent capacity of at least about 100 grams of synthetic urine.  
     [0053] The absorbent body  53  of the illustrated embodiment includes three layers, however it is to be understood that the absorbent body may have one, two or more than three layers without departing from the scope of the present invention. A central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53  preferably includes hydrophilic fibers and superabsorbent particles, as described more fully below. A ventilation layer  65  is disposed between the central absorbent layer  63  and the outer cover  49  to insulate the outer cover  49  from the absorbent body  53 , to improve air circulation and to effectively reduce the dampness of the garment facing surface of the outer cover. The ventilation layer  65  also assists in distributing fluid exudates to portions of the absorbent body  53  that do not directly receive an insult. A surge management layer  67  is disposed between the bodyside liner  51  and the central absorbent layer  63  to prevent pooling of the liquid exudates and to further improve air exchange and distribution of the liquid exudates within the diaper  21 .  
     [0054] Various types of wettable, hydrophilic fibrous material can be used to form part of the central absorbent layer  63 . Examples of suitable fibers include naturally occurring organic fibers composed of intrinsically wettable material, such as cellulosic fibers; synthetic fibers composed of cellulose or cellulose derivatives, such as rayon fibers; inorganic fibers composed of an inherently wettable material, such as glass fibers; synthetic fibers made from inherently wettable thermoplastic polymers, such as particular polyester or polyamide fibers; and synthetic fibers composed of a nonwettable thermoplastic polymer, such as polypropylene fibers, which have been hydrophilized by appropriate means. The fibers may be hydrophilized, for example, by treatment with silica, treatment with a material which has a suitable hydrophilic moiety and is not readily removable from the fiber, or by sheathing the nonwettable, hydrophobic fiber with a hydrophilic polymer during or after the formation of the fiber. For the purposes of the present invention, it is contemplated that selected blends of the various types of fibers mentioned above may also be employed.  
     [0055] The central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53  may include a combination of hydrophilic fibers and high-absorbency material. However, it is understood that absorbent bodies having absorbent layers of other compositions and having dimensions other than described may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention. More specifically, the high-absorbency material in the central absorbent layer  63  can be selected from natural, synthetic, and modified natural polymers and materials. The high-absorbency materials can be inorganic materials, such as silica gels, or organic compounds, such as crosslinked polymers. The term “crosslinked” refers to methods for effectively rendering normally water-soluble materials substantially water insoluble but swellable. Such methods include, for example, physical entanglement, crystalline domains, covalent bonds, ionic complexes and associations, hydrophilic associations such as hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic associations or Van der Waals forces.  
     [0056] Examples of synthetic, polymeric, high-absorbency materials include the alkali metal and ammonium salts of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylamides), poly(vinyl ethers), maleic anhydride copolymers with vinyl ethers and alpha-olefins, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(vinyl morpholinone), poly(vinyl alcohol), and mixtures and copolymers thereof. Further polymers suitable for use in the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53  include natural and modified natural polymers, such as hydrolyzed acrylonitrile-grafted starch, acrylic acid grafted starch, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the natural gums, such as alginates, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, and the like. Mixtures of natural and wholly or partially synthetic absorbent polymers can also be useful in the present invention.  
     [0057] The high absorbency material may be in any of a wide variety of geometric forms. As a general rule, it is preferred that the high absorbency material be in the form of discrete particles or beads. However, the high absorbency material may also be in the form of fibers, flakes, rods, spheres, needles, or the like. In general, the high absorbency material is present in the central layer  63  of the absorbent body  53  in an amount of from about 5 to about 90 percent by weight, desirably in an amount of at least about 30 percent by weight, and even more desirably in an amount of at least about 50 percent by weight based on a total weight of the central layer  31 . For example, the central absorbent layer  63  may include a laminate which includes at least about 50 percent by weight and desirably at least about 70 percent by weight of high-absorbency material overwrapped by a fibrous web (not shown) or other suitable material for maintaining the high-absorbency material in a localized area.  
     [0058] An example of high-absorbency material suitable for use in the central absorbent layer  63  is SANWET IM 3900 polymer available from Hoechst Celanese, a business having offices in Portsmouth, Va. Other suitable superabsorbents may include FAVOR SXM 880 polymer obtained from Stockhausen, a business having offices in Greensboro, N.C. Optionally, a substantially hydrophilic tissue wrapsheet (not shown) may be employed to help maintain the integrity of the structure of the central absorbent layer  63 . The tissue wrapsheet is typically placed about the layer  63  over at least the two major facing surfaces thereof. The tissue wrapsheet can be made of an absorbent cellulosic material, such as creped wadding or a high wet-strength tissue. The tissue wrapsheet can be configured to provide a wicking layer that helps to rapidly distribute liquid over the mass of absorbent fibers constituting the central absorbent layer  63 .  
     [0059] The surge management layer  67  is typically less hydrophilic than the central absorbent layer  63 , and has an operable level of density and basis weight to quickly collect and temporarily hold liquid surges, to transport the liquid from its initial entrance point and to substantially completely release the liquid to other parts of the central absorbent layer. This configuration can help prevent the liquid from pooling and collecting on the portion of the diaper  21  positioned against the wearer&#39;s skin, thereby reducing the feeling of wetness by the wearer. The structure of the surge management layer  67  also generally enhances the air exchange within the diaper  21 .  
     [0060] Various woven and nonwoven fabrics can be used to construct the surge management layer  67 . For example, the surge management layer  67  may be a layer made of a meltblown or spunbond web of synthetic fibers, such as polyolefin fibers. The surge management layer  67  may also be a bonded-carded-web or an airlaid web composed of natural and synthetic fibers. The bonded-carded-web may, for example, be a thermally bonded web that is bonded using low melt binder fibers, powder or adhesive. The webs can optionally include a mixture of different fibers. The surge management layer  67  may be composed of a substantially hydrophobic material, and the hydrophobic material may optionally be treated with a surfactant or otherwise processed to impart a desired level of wettability and hydrophilicity. As one example, the surge management layer  67  includes a hydrophobic, nonwoven material having a basis weight of from about 30 to about 120 grams per square meter.  
     [0061] The central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53  is positioned in liquid communication with surge management layer  67  to receive liquids released from the surge management layer, and to hold and store the liquid. In the illustrated embodiment, the surge management layer  67  is a separate layer positioned over the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53 . The surge management layer  67  serves to quickly collect and temporarily hold discharged liquids, to transport such liquids from the point of initial contact and spread the liquid to other parts of the surge management layer  67 , and then to substantially completely release such liquids into the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53 .  
     [0062] The surge management layer  67  can be of any desired shape. Suitable shapes include for example, circular, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, oblong, dog-boned, hourglass-shaped, or oval. The surge management layer  67  of the illustrated embodiment is coextensive with the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53 . Alternatively, the surge management layer  67  may extend over only a part of the central absorbent layer  63 . Where the surge management layer  67  extends only partially along the length of the central absorbent layer  63 , the surge management layer may be selectively positioned anywhere along the central layer. For example, the surge management layer  67  may function more efficiently when it is offset toward the front  25  of the diaper  21 . The surge management layer  67  may also be approximately centered about the longitudinal center line of the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53 .  
     [0063] Additional materials suitable for the surge management layer  67  are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,166 issued Jan. 23, 1996 in the name of C. Ellis et al. and entitled “FIBROUS NONWOVEN WEB SURGE LAYER FOR PERSONAL CARE ABSORBENT ARTICLES AND THE LIKE”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,846 issued Feb. 13, 1996 in the name of Ellis et al. and entitled “IMPROVED SURGE MANAGEMENT FIBROUS NONWOVEN WEB FOR PERSONAL CARE ABSORBENT ARTICLES AND THE LIKE”; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,382 issued Nov. 15, 1994 in the name of Latimer et al. and entitled “ABSORBENT STRUCTURE HAVING IMPROVED FLUID SURGE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCT INCORPORATING SAME”, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.  
     [0064] The ventilation layer  65  may be formed from materials described above as being suitable for the surge management layer  67  such as nonwoven, (e.g., spunbond, meltblown or carded), woven, or knitted fibrous webs composed of natural fibers and/or synthetic polymeric fibers. Suitable fibers include, for example, acrylic fibers, polyolefin fibers, polyester fibers, or blends thereof. The ventilation layer  65  may also be formed from a porous foam material such as an open-celled polyolefin foam, a reticulated polyurethane foam, and the like. The ventilation layer  65  may include a single layer of material (as shown) or a composite of two or more layers of material. As one example, the ventilation layer  65  includes a hydrophobic, nonwoven material having a thickness of at least about 0.10 centimeters determined under a restraining pressure of 0.05 psi (0.34 kPa) and a basis weight of from about 20 to about 120 grams per square meter. However, the ventilation layer  65  may comprise a bonded-carded-web, nonwoven fabric that includes bicomponent fibers and that has an overall basis weight of about 83 grams per square meter. The ventilation layer  65  can be a homogeneous blend of about 60 weight percent polyethylene/polyester (PE/PET), sheath-core bicomponent fibers that have a fiber denier of about 3 d and about 40 weight percent single component polyester fibers that have a fiber denier of about 6 d and that have fiber lengths of from about 3.8 to about 5.08 centimeters.  
     [0065] The ventilation layer  65  can be of any desired shape. Suitable shapes include, for example, circular, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, oblong, dog-boned, hourglass-shaped, or oval. The ventilation layer  65  may extend beyond, completely over or partially over the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53 . For example, the ventilation layer  65  may suitably be located over the crotch region  27  of the diaper  21  and be substantially centered side-to-side with respect to the lateral axis Y of the diaper  21 . It is generally desired that the entire absorbent body  53  be underlaid with the ventilation layer  65  to prevent substantially all surface to surface contact between the outer cover  49  and the central absorbent layer  63 . In the illustrated embodiment, the ventilation layer  65  is coextensive with the central absorbent layer  63 . This allows for the maximum degree of air exchange with minimal dampness on the garment facing (e.g., outer) surface of the outer cover  49 .  
     [0066] The ventilation layer  65  is arranged in a direct, contacting liquid communication with the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53 . The ventilation layer  65  may be operably connected to the outer cover  49  with a conventional pattern of adhesive (not shown), such as a swirl adhesive pattern. In addition, the ventilation layer  65  may be operably connected to the central absorbent layer  63  with a conventional pattern of adhesive. The amount of adhesive add-on should be sufficient to provide the desired levels of bonding, but should be low enough to avoid excessively restricting the movement of air and vapor from the central absorbent layer  63  and through the outer cover  49 .  
     [0067] The ventilation layer  65  may further serve to quickly collect and temporarily hold discharged liquids, which pass through the central absorbent layer  63  of the absorbent body  53 . The ventilation layer  65  may then transport such liquids from the point of initial contact and spread the liquid to other parts of the ventilation layer, and then substantially completely release such liquids back into the central absorbent layer  63 . Thus, in the illustrated embodiment, the absorbent body  53  includes three layers. It is to be understood that although preferred, the ventilation layer  65  and surge management layer  67  may be omitted from the absorbent body  53  without departing from the scope of the present invention.  
     [0068] Fastener tabs  41  (FIGS. 1 and 3) are secured to the central absorbent assembly  23  generally at the back region thereof with the tabs extending laterally outward from the opposite side edges of the assembly. The fastener tabs  41  may be attached to the outer cover  49 , to the bodyside liner  51 , between the outer cover and liner, or to other components of the diaper  21 . The tabs  41  may also be elastic or otherwise rendered elastomeric. For example, the fastener tabs  41  may be an elastomeric material such as a neck-bonded laminate (NBL) or stretch-bonded laminate (SBL) material. Methods of making such materials are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,663,220 issued May 5, 1987 to Wisneski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,226,992 issued Jul. 13, 1993 to Morman, and European Patent Application No. EP 0 217 032 published on Apr. 8, 1987 in the names of Taylor et al., the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Examples of articles that include selectively configured fastener tabs are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,298 issued Mar. 5, 1996 to Kuepper et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,796 to Fries; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,618 to Fries; the disclosures of which are also incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, the fastener tabs  41  may be formed integrally with a selected diaper component. For example, the tabs  41  may be formed integrally with the inner or outer layer  57 ,  55  of the outer cover  49 , or with the bodyside liner  51 .  
     [0069] Fastening components, such as hook and loop fasteners, designated  71  and  72  respectively, are employed to secure the diaper  21  on the body of a child or other wearer. Alternatively, other fastening components (not shown), such as buttons, pins, snaps, adhesive tape fasteners, cohesives, mushroom-and-loop fasteners, or the like, may be employed. Desirably, the interconnection of the fastening components  71 ,  72  is selectively releasable and re-attachable. In the illustrated embodiment, the hook fasteners  71  are secured to and extend laterally out from the respective fastener tabs  41  at the back region  29  of the diaper  21 . However, it is understood that the fastener tabs  41  may be formed of a hook material and thus comprise the hook fasteners  71  without departing from the scope of this invention.  
     [0070] The loop fastener  72  of the illustrated embodiment is a panel of loop material secured to the outer cover  49  at the front region  25  of the diaper  21  to provide a “fasten anywhere” mechanical fastening system for improved fastening of the hook fasteners  71  with the loop fastener. The loop material may include a pattern-unbonded nonwoven fabric having continuous bonded areas that define a plurality of discrete unbonded areas. The fibers or filaments within the discrete unbonded areas of the fabric are dimensionally stabilized by the continuous bonded areas that encircle or surround each unbonded area, such that no support or backing layer of film or adhesive is required. The unbonded areas are specifically designed to afford spaces between fibers or filaments within the unbonded areas that remain sufficiently open or large to receive and engage hook elements of the complementary hook fasteners  71 . In particular, a pattern-unbonded nonwoven fabric or web may include a spunbond nonwoven web formed of single component or multi-component melt-spun filaments. For example, the loop material may be a laminated structure including a polyethylene component and a polypropylene component adhesively bonded together with the polypropylene component facing outward away from the outer cover  49  to receive the hook fasteners  71 . Examples of suitable pattern-unbonded fabrics are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,515 issued Jan. 12, 1999 to T. J. Stokes et al. and entitled PATTERN-UNBONDED NONWOVEN WEB AND PROCESS FOR MAKING THE SAME; the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in a manner that is consistent herewith.  
     [0071] The diaper  21  shown in FIG. 1 also comprises a pair of containment flaps, generally indicated at  75 , configured to provide a barrier to the lateral flow of body exudates. The containment flaps  75  are located generally adjacent the laterally opposite side edges  31  of the diaper  21  and, when the diaper is laid flat as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, extend inward toward the longitudinal axis X of the diaper. Each containment flap  75  typically has a free, or unattached end  77  free from connection with the bodyside liner  51  and other components of the diaper  21 . Elastic strands  79  disposed within the flaps  75  adjacent the unattached ends thereof urge the flaps toward an upright, perpendicular configuration in at least the crotch region  27  of the diaper  21  to form a seal against the wearer&#39;s body when the diaper is worn. The containment flaps  75  may extend longitudinally the entire length of the absorbent body  53  or they may extend only partially along the length of the absorbent body. When the containment flaps  75  are shorter in length than the absorbent body  53 , the flaps can be selectively positioned anywhere between the side edges  31  of the diaper  21  in the crotch region  27 . In a particular aspect of the invention, the containment flaps  75  extend the entire length of the absorbent body  53  to better contain the body exudates.  
     [0072] Such containment flaps  75  are generally well known to those skilled in the art and therefore will not be further described herein except to the extent necessary to describe the present invention. As an example, suitable constructions and arrangements for containment flaps  75  are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,96 issued Nov. 3, 1987, to K. Enloe, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The diaper  21  may also incorporate other containment components in addition to or instead of containment flaps  75 . For example, while not shown in the drawings, other suitable containment components may include, but are not limited to, elasticized waist flaps, foam dams in the front, back and/or crotch regions, and the like.  
     [0073] The various components of the diaper  21  are integrally assembled together using a suitable form of attachment, such as adhesive, sonic bonds, thermal bonds or combinations thereof. In the illustrated embodiment, the outer cover  49  and absorbent body  53  are attached to each other with lines of adhesive  81 , such as a hot melt or pressure-sensitive adhesive. The bodyside liner  51  is also connected to the outer cover  49  and may also be connected to the absorbent body  53  using the same forms of attachment. However, the bodyside liner  51  is desirably free of fixed connected to the outer cover  49  and absorbent body  53  in the crotch region  27  of the diaper  21 . The bodyside liner  51  may be connected to the outer cover  49  at the lateral edge margins of the crotch region  27 , but at least the central portion is free of such connection. Rather than being entirely free of such connection, the bodyside liner  51  may be connected to the absorbent body  53  in the crotch region  27  by a light adhesive  83  which will break away in use. Preferably, connection of the bodyside liner  51  to the outer cover  49  is limited to overlying peripheral edge margins of the two to promote independent stretching movement of the liner and cover relative to each other. If the diaper  21  is to be sold in a prefastened condition, the diaper may also have passive bonds (not shown) which join the back region  29  with the front region  25 .  
     [0074] Examples of other diaper configurations suitable for use in connection with the instant application that may or may not include diaper components similar to those described previously are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,603 issued Jan. 17, 1989, to Meyer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,668 issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bernardin; U.S. Pat. No. 5,176,672 issued Jan. 5, 1993, to Bruemmer et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,606 issued Mar. 9, 1993, to Proxmire et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,915 issued Apr. 23, 1996 to Hanson et al., the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.  
     [0075] To provide improved fit and to help further reduce leakage of body exudates from the diaper  21 , elastic components are incorporated into the diaper, particularly at the waist and leg openings  43 ,  37  thereof. For example, the diaper  21  shown in FIG. 1 has waist elastic components, generally indicated at  99  in FIGS. 1 and 3, disposed generally adjacent the ends or waist edges  33 ,  35  of the diaper to provide elasticized waistbands. The waist elastic components  99  are configured to laterally gather and shirr the end margins of the diaper  21  to provide a resilient, comfortably close fit around the waist of the wearer.  
     [0076] As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, leg elastic components, generally indicated at  101 , are secured between the bodyside liner  51  and the inner layer  55  of the outer cover  49 , such as by adhesive  81  generally at the edge margins of the laterally opposite side edges  31  of the diaper  21 . It is understood however that the leg elastic components  101  may instead be secured between the outer and inner layers  55 ,  57  of the outer cover  49 , such as by adhesive  59 , without departing from the scope of this invention.  
     [0077] Each leg elastic component  101  extends continuously generally adjacent a respective side edge  31  of the diaper  21  from the front region  25  through the crotch region  27  to the back region  29  of the diaper  21 . More particularly, each leg elastic component  101  extends continuously generally along a path having an outer boundary  103  and an inner boundary  105  which together define a width W of the elastic component as the component extends longitudinally along the path. As shown in FIG. 1, the width W of the elastic component  101  is substantially greater at the back region  29  of the diaper  21  than at the crotch region  27  and at least a portion of the front region  29  of the diaper. For example, the width W of the elastic component  101  of FIG. 1 is approximately 1.25 inches at the back region  29  of the diaper and narrows to about 0.625 inches at the crotch region  27 . As a result, upon longitudinal elongation (e.g., stretching) of the elastic component  101 , such as when the diaper  21  is laid flat as shown in FIG. 1 or otherwise worn by a wearer, the elastic component has a non-uniform elastic tension, and more particularly an elastic tension at the back region  29  of the diaper is substantially greater than an elastic tension at the crotch region  27  and front region  25  of the diaper. It is also contemplated that the elastic tension of the elastic component  101  may be greater at the front region  25  of the diaper than the elastic tension at the back region  29  and/or crotch region  27  of the diaper without departing from the scope of this invention.  
     [0078] With particular reference still to FIGS. 1 and 2, each elastic component  101  generally comprises an elongate substrate  107 , such as a sheet or ribbon, having threads or strands  109   a ,  109   b  of elastic material secured to the substrate in generally parallel, spaced relationship with each other. As an example, one suitable elastic material from which the elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  may be constructed is a dry-spun coalesced multi-filament elastomeric thread sold under the trade name LYCRA® and available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., U.S.A. The elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  are desirably secured to the substrate  107  while in a stretched (e.g., elastically contractible) condition such that the retractive forces of the elastic strands tend to gather the substrate. The substrate  107  is in turn secured between the outer and inner layers  55 ,  57  of the outer cover  49  with the substrate ungathered (e.g., with the elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  in a stretched condition) such that the retractive forces of the elastic strands gather the diaper  21  at the leg openings  37  to provide a snug fit around the wearer&#39;s leg.  
     [0079] Each elastic component  101  shown in FIG. 1 comprises five elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  extending in parallel, spaced relationship with each other on the substrate. The elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  are desirably spaced apart at least about 0.125 inches and more particularly at least about 0.25 inches. For purposes of comparison, for conventional diapers that incorporate multiple elastic strands as leg elastics, the elastic strands are typically spaced less than or equal to about 0.10 inches apart. The innermost and outermost elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  of the elastic component  101  are also spaced slightly inward from the sides of the substrate  107  such that the inner and outer boundaries  103 ,  105  of the elastic component are respectively defined at least in part by the sides of the substrate. For example, the innermost elastic strand  109   a  is spaced in the range of about 0 to about 0.25 inches inward from the inner side of the substrate  107  and the outermost elastic strand  109   b  is spaced in the range of about 0 to about 0.25 inches from the outer side of the substrate.  
     [0080] In the illustrated embodiment, the innermost three strands  109   a  of the elastic component  101  extend continuously along the length of the path of the elastic component from the front region  25  through the crotch region  27  to the back region  29  of the diaper  21  while the outermost two strands  109   b  extend only partially along the length of the path. More particularly, the outermost two strands  109   b  extend only within the back region  29  and a portion of the front region  25  of the diaper  21 , and are otherwise generally omitted from (e.g., are discontinuous in or do not extend within) the crotch region  27  and a portion of the front region of the diaper. Thus, as described previously, the elastic component  101  has a greater width W, and therefore a greater elastic tension, in the back region  29  of the diaper than in the crotch region  27  and at least a portion of the front region  25  of the diaper.  
     [0081] It is understood that where the elastic component  101  comprises elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  or threads, such as in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1, the elastic component may comprise more or less than five elastic strands secured to the substrate  107 , but desirably has at least two such strands, without departing from the scope of this invention. For example, at least one strand  109   a  extends continuously along the path of the elastic component  101  from the front region  25  through the crotch region  27  to the back region  29  of the diaper  21  while at least one other strand  109   b  is discontinuous or otherwise extends only partially along the length of the path. It is also contemplated that the elastic components  101  may comprise elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  secured directly to existing components within the diaper  21 , e.g., without being first secured to a separately constructed sheet, ribbon or other suitable substrate  107 . In such an arrangement, the inner and outer boundaries  105 ,  103  of the path of the elastic components  101  are respectively defined by the innermost and outermost strands  109   a ,  109   b  extending along the path.  
     [0082] It is further contemplated that the elastic component  101  may be constructed other than of individual elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b . For example, elastic sheets or ribbons (not shown) made from natural rubber, synthetic rubber or thermoplastic elastomeric polymers may be used without departing from the scope of this invention. In such a configuration, the inner and outer boundaries  105 ,  103  of the elastic components  101  are respectively defined by the laterally opposite sides of the elastic sheet or ribbon. Portions of the elastic sheet or ribbon may also be removed, such as along the segment thereof which extends through the crotch region  27  of the diaper  21 , to vary the width W of the elastic component as well as the overall width of the diaper along the length of the path of the elastic component to thereby create an elastic tension gradient along the path of the elastic component upon elongation thereof.  
     [0083] The path of the elastic component  101  of the illustrated embodiment is generally non-parallel relative to the longitudinal axis X of the diaper  21 , and more particularly the path curves laterally inward as its transitions from the back region  29  into the crotch region  27  of the diaper and then curves laterally outward as the elastic component transitions from the crotch region to the front region  25  of the diaper. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1, each of the inner and outer boundaries  105 ,  103  of the elastic component  101  has a maximum laterally outward position (e.g., as measured from the longitudinal axis X, or centerline, of the diaper  21 ) located generally at the back region  29  of the diaper and a minimum laterally outward position located generally at the crotch region  27  of the diaper. An applied, or inner curvature  111  of the elastic component  101  is defined herein as the difference between the maximum laterally outward position and the minimum laterally outward position of the inner boundary  105  of the elastic composite  101 . An actual, or outer curvature  113  of the elastic composite  101  is defined herein as the difference between the maximum laterally outward position and the mininum laterally outward position of the outer boundary  103  of the elastic component as measured from the longitudinal axis X of the diaper  21 .  
     [0084] The actual, or outer curvature  113  of the elastic component  101  shown in FIG. 1 is greater than the applied, or inner curvature  111  of the elastic component. For example, the outer curvature  113  of the leg elastic component  101  of the illustrated embodiment is about 1.25 inches and the inner curvature  111  is about 0.625 inches. For comparison purposes, conventional diapers that incorporate leg elastics typically have an outer curvature of less than or equal to about one inch. It is understood that the outer curvature  113  of the leg elastic component  101  may be less than or greater than 1.25 inches but is desirably greater than one inch. It is further contemplated that the inner curvature  111  of the elastic component  101  may instead be equal to the outer curvature  113  of the elastic component, or it may be substantially zero (e.g., the inner boundary  105  extends generally parallel to the longitudinal axis X of the diaper  21 ) without departing from the scope of this invention.  
     [0085] In accordance with one method for making an absorbent article such as the diaper  21  shown in FIG. 1, the outer cover  49  and bodyside liner  51  are initially configured to be generally rectangular in shape (e.g., without contoured leg openings  37 ). The various components of the diaper  21  are assembled in a generally conventional manner with the leg elastic components  101  being secured within the diaper, e.g., between the bodyside liner  51  and the inner layer  55  of the outer cover  49 , along the desired path. For example, the leg elastic components  101  are desirably secured within the diaper  21  in accordance with the applied, or inner curvature  111  of the leg elastic components. The leg elastic components  101  are desirably initially of a generally uniform width, e.g., in the illustrated embodiment all five elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  would extend continuously along the path of each leg elastic component. The leg openings  37  are then cut into the laterally opposite side edges  31  of the diaper  21  to form the desired shape of the leg openings. Desirably, a segment of each leg elastic component  101  is cut concurrently with the side edges  31  of the diaper  21  so as to generally narrow the width W of the elastic component  101  along that segment and to define the desired actual, or outer curvature  113  of the leg elastic component. More desirably, a segment of each leg elastic component  101  which extends through the crotch region  27  and at least a portion of the front region  29  of the diaper  21  is cut to reduce the width W of the elastic component within those regions.  
     [0086] For example, the diaper shown in FIG. 1 is initially constructed to have five elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  extending continuously from the front region  25  through the crotch region  27  to the back region  29  of the diaper  21 . When the laterally opposite side edges  31  of the diaper  21  are cut to form the leg openings  37 , the two outermost strands  109   b  are also cut, such as in the crotch region  27  and a portion of the front region  29  of the diaper, to reduce the width W of the path of the elastic component  101  (e.g., from five strands down to three strands) within those regions and to define the outer curvature  113  of the elastic component. Such an arrangement provides the desired elastic tension gradient within the elastic component  101  as it extends along the path.  
     [0087] Forming the diaper  21  in this manner also positions the outer boundary  103  of each leg elastic component  101  close to the respective side edge  31  of the diaper  21  to reduce the amount of ungathered material at the side edges. As an example, the outer boundary  103  of each leg elastic component  101  is desirably spaced about zero inches (as shown in FIG. 1, which otherwise means that the outer boundary is co-linear with the side edge  31  of the diaper) to about 0.375 inches inward from the respective side edge of the diaper, and more preferably about zero inches to about 0.25 inches. For comparison purposes, the leg elastics of conventional diapers are spaced inward from the side edges  31  of the diaper a distance of about 0.75 inches or more.  
     EXAMPLE  
     [0088] A Huggies® Ultratrim diaper, which is available from Kimberly-Clark of Neenah, Wis., U.S.A, was tested to measure the elastic tension in the leg elastics of the diaper at 90% elongation thereof. The tested diaper incorporated four elastic strands extending continuously in parallel spaced relationship with each other from the front region  25  through the crotch region  27  to the back region  29  adjacent the laterally opposite side edges  31  of the diaper  21 . Another diaper  21 , constructed in accordance with the present invention to have a tension gradient along the path of the elastic component  101 , and more particularly in accordance with the diaper shown in FIG. 1, was also tested to measure the elastic tension in the leg elastic components of the diaper at 90% elongation thereof.  
     [0089] The elastic tension test used to measure the elastic tension at 90% elongation was as follows. Each diaper  21  was first hung from a conventional lightbox in an unfolded, vertical orientation with one end (e.g., the back end  35 ) of the diaper up and the outer cover  49  of the diaper facing laterally outward away from the lightbox. The lightbox was configured with a pair of fixed upper clamps spaced approximately 5.5 inches apart for holding the end of the diaper generally at the waistband. The waistband at the back end  35  of the diaper  21  was generally fully stretched (e.g., to eliminate gathers in or otherwise straighten the waistband) and the clamps were clamped to the waistband without clamping any of the absorbent body  35  therein.  
     [0090] The waistband at the opposite end e.g., the front end  33 , of the diaper  21  was then generally fully stretched (i.e., to eliminate gathers in or otherwise straighten the waistband) and a clamp weight was secured to the waistband at the front end of the diaper so that the diaper hung freely from the upper clamps in a longitudinally elongated configuration. The clamp weight was approximately 1,000 grams total mass and included a pair of clamps spaced approximately 5.5 inches apart at their centerlines (e.g., spaced approximately the same as the clamps attached to the back end of the diaper) for attaching the clamp weight to the front end of the diaper.  
     [0091] With the diaper  21  in this longitudinally elongated configuration, a marking was made on each of the left and right and sides of the diaper to delineate the longitudinal center of the diaper. A pair of markings was then made on the left hand side of the diaper above the corresponding longitudinal centerline marking (e.g., in the back half of the diaper). The first of these markings was spaced longitudinally from the diaper centerline approximately 15 mm and the second of these markings was spaced longitudinally approximately 80 mm beyond (e.g. nearer the back end of the diaper) the first marking. In this manner, the portion of the left side leg elastics extending longitudinally between the pair of markings extended within both the crotch region  27  and the back region  29  of the diaper. A similar pair of markings was made on the left side of the diaper below the diaper centerline (e.g., within the front half of the diaper). That is, a first marking was spaced longitudinally below the diaper centerline approximately 15 mm and a second marking was spaced longitudinally from the first marking approximately 80 mm. In this manner, the portion of the left side leg elastics extending longitudinally between the pair of markings extended within both the crotch region  27  and the front region  25  of the diaper. Two pair of markings were similarly made on the right hand side of the diaper.  
     [0092] The clamp weight was then removed from the diaper  21  and the diaper was removed from the lightbox. A first elastic specimen was cut from the diaper  21 , e.g., from the upper (i.e., back) left side of the diaper, by first cutting laterally in from the side edge of the diaper at approximately 13 mm longitudinally beyond one of the markings (e.g., toward the back end of the diaper), to a lateral position inward of the elastic strands. A subsequent cut was made lengthwise from the first cut to approximately 13 mm beyond the other marking (e.g., nearer the diaper centerline) and then a final cut was made laterally in from the side edge of the diaper to free the specimen from the diaper  21 . A second elastic specimen was cut from the lower (i.e., front) left side of the diaper in substantially the same manner. A pair of elastic specimens were also cut from the right side of the diaper in a like manner.  
     [0093] Each elastic specimen was then secured in a testing device by a generally fixed upper clip and a generally moveable lower clip, both of which are constructed to inhibit the specimen against slipping or becoming damaged upon tensioning the specimen. More particularly, the specimen was first secured at one end by the upper clip, with the specimen marking near the one end being aligned with the leading edge (e.g., the lowermost edge) of the upper clip so that the specimen hung freely from the upper clip in a generally relaxed (e.g., unstretched) condition. The weight of the specimen was tared and then the other end of the specimen was secured by the lower clip, with the marking near this end of the specimen being aligned with the leading edge (e.g., uppermost edge) of the lower clip. The lower clip was moved longitudinally away from the fixed upper clip until the specimen was elongated longitudinally to about 90% of the previously achieved longitudinally elongated configuration (e.g., to a configuration in which the spacing between the markings on the specimen was about 72 mm, or 90% of 80 mm. The specimen was maintained in this condition for about thirty seconds. The elastic tension was then measured and recorded using a suitable force gauge.  
     [0094] For the Huggies® diaper, the average elastic tension in the leg elastics was measured to be about 76.7 grams at the back region  29  of the diaper and about 77.5 grams at the front region  25  of the diaper. In contrast, for the diaper  21  constructed in accordance with the present invention, the average elastic tension in the leg elastic component  101  was measured to be about 117.8 grams at the back region  29  of the diaper and about 90.5 grams at the front region  25  of the diaper. Thus, the elastic tension is substantially uniform at the front and back regions  25 ,  29  of the Huggies® diaper whereas the elastic tension at the back region of the diaper  21  constructed in accordance with the present invention is approximately 30% greater than the elastic tension at the front region of the diaper.  
     [0095] Providing an elastic tension gradient along the continuous path of each leg elastic component  101 , and more particularly providing an elastic tension which is greater at the back region  29  than the crotch region  27  and front region  25  of the diaper  21 , reduces the amount of red-marking on the skin of the wearer while maintaining sufficient retraction to provide a snug fit and to inhibit leakage. Increasing the spacing between the elastic strands  109   a ,  109   b  of each leg elastic component  101  as compared to conventional diapers also reduces red-marking by spreading the elastic tension over a wider area of the wearer&#39;s skin.  
     [0096] Increasing the actual, or outer curvature  113  of the leg elastic components  101  and reducing the amount of ungathered material laterally outward of the elastic components (e.g., by cutting into the leg elastic components), substantially reduces the overall width of the diaper  21  in the crotch region  27  to increase comfort to the wearer. For example, the width of the crotch region  27  of the diaper  21  of FIG. 1 is about six inches. As a comparison, conventional diapers typically have a crotch width of about eight inches. Positioning the outer boundary  103  of each leg elastic component close to the respective side edge  31  of the diaper  21  also reduces the risk that the side edges will tuck inward when securing the diaper on a baby.  
     [0097] When introducing elements of the present invention or the preferred embodiment(s) thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.  
     [0098] As various changes could be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.