Patent Publication Number: US-2020297279-A1

Title: Garment sleeve providing biometric monitoring

Description:
RELATED APPLICATIONS 
     This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/820,876, filed on Mar. 20, 2019, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/049,114, filed on Jul. 30, 2018, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
    
    
     FIELD OF THE INVENTION 
     Embodiments disclosed herein relate to a garment sleeve. Certain embodiments disclosed herein relate to a garment sleeve for monitoring biometric information associated with a limb wearing the sleeve and associated methods. 
     BACKGROUND 
     Wearable technology has become an increasingly more common resource for users to track and monitor their biometric data during physical activity and/or day-to-day activity. Devices such as wristbands, glasses, and watches have been developed that function to gather biometric data from an individual&#39;s body such as heart rate, force on a body, acceleration of a body, etc. These devices, however, may not be capable of tracking or generating a complex profile of a user&#39;s biometric data in combination with movement and body position of the user. Thus, there is still are needs for systems (e.g., a garments) that are capable of generating biometric data for real-time analysis and/or historical tracking of an individual&#39;s condition. Based on the foregoing currently existing technologies and processes for monitoring and analyzing biometric data may be enhanced and improved upon so as to provide increased functionality and quality of data for users. Such enhancements may facilitate a better understanding of biometric data, more accurate data, enhanced monitoring of biometric data, enhanced biometric data capture techniques, improved outputs generated based on the biometric data, among other benefits. 
     SUMMARY 
     In certain embodiments, a system includes a fabric for being worn by a wearer. The fabric may include one or more layers. At least one layer of fabric may have a geometric pattern of conductive elastic material interspersed with non-conductive elastic material. A plurality of sensor units may be integrated in the fabric. At least a portion of the conductive elastic material may be coupled between at least two sensor units. The at least two sensor units may assess a resistance of the portion of the conductive elastic material between the at least two sensor units. A positioning component may be integrated in the fabric. The positioning component may be positioned at a joint of the limb when the fabric is worn on the limb. A first inertial measurement unit may be integrated in the fabric and positioned on a first side of the positioning component. A second inertial measurement unit may be integrated in the fabric and positioned on a second side of the positioning component. A processor may be integrated in the fabric. The processor may receive data from the sensor units and the first and second inertial measurement units. The processor may assess shape, position, and movement of the limb using the received data. 
     In certain embodiments, a method includes assessing a resistance of a portion of a conductive elastic material interspersed with non-conductive elastic material in a geometric pattern in a fabric. The resistance may be assessed using at least two sensor units coupled to the portion of the conductive elastic material. The fabric may be worn on a limb of a user. Motion of an upper portion of the limb may be assessed using a first inertial measurement unit integrated in a portion of the fabric worn on the upper portion of the limb. Motion of a lower portion of the limb may be assessed using a second inertial measurement unit integrated in a portion of the fabric worn on the lower portion of the limb. A processor integrated in the fabric may receive resistance data from the at least two sensor units and motion data from the first inertial measurement unit and the second inertial measurement unit. Shape, position, and movement of the limb of the wearer may be assessed using the received data. 
     In an embodiment, a system for monitoring biometric data by utilizing a garment sleeve is disclosed. The system may include a fabric for being worn on a limb of a wearer. In certain embodiments, the fabric comprises one or more layers. In certain embodiments, at least one layer of the one or more layers of the fabric may comprise a geometric pattern of conductive elastic material interspersed with non-conductive elastic material. The system may also include a plurality of nodes integrated in the fabric. A first portion of the conductive elastic material may be coupled between at least two nodes. The system may include a positioning component integrated in the fabric, a first inertial measurement unit integrated in the fabric and positioned on a first side of the positioning component, and a second inertial measurement unit integrated in the fabric and positioned on a second side of the positioning component. The system may further include a processor integrated in the fabric, which may be configured to assess a resistance of the first portion of the conductive elastic material between the at least two nodes and receive data from the first and second inertial measurement units. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       Features and advantages of the methods and apparatus described herein will be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description of presently preferred but nonetheless illustrative embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: 
         FIG. 1  depicts a posterior view representation of an embodiment of a garment sleeve. 
         FIG. 2  depicts a lateral view representation of an embodiment of a garment sleeve. 
         FIG. 3  depicts a lateral cut-away representation of an embodiment of a sleeve. 
         FIG. 4  depicts an exploded side view of an embodiment of a multi-layer fabric panel. 
         FIG. 5  depicts a representation of an embodiment of a sensor unit. 
         FIG. 6  depicts a representation of an embodiment of a strain detection unit. 
         FIG. 7  depicts a representation of another embodiment of a strain detection unit. 
         FIG. 8  depicts a flowchart of an embodiment of a method of determining biometric properties of a user&#39;s limb using a sleeve. 
         FIG. 9  depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of an exemplary computer system. 
         FIG. 10  depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of a computer accessible storage medium. 
         FIG. 11  is a schematic diagram of a system that may be utilized to facilitate biometric monitoring by utilizing a garment sleeve according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 12  is a flow diagram illustrating a sample method for conducting biometric monitoring by utilizing a garment sleeve according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. 
         FIG. 13 . is a schematic diagram of a machine in the form of a computer system within which a set of instructions, when executed, may cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or operations of the systems and methods for monitoring physical bodies by utilizing a flexible circuit design. 
     
    
    
     While the disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the disclosure to the particular form illustrated, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description. As used throughout this application, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words “include,” “including,” and “includes” mean including, but not limited to. Additionally, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include singular and plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. The term “coupled” means directly or indirectly connected. 
     Various units, circuits, or other components may be described as “configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configured to” is a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “having structure that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such, the unit/circuit/component can be configured to perform the task even when the unit/circuit/component is not currently on. Similarly, various units/circuits/components may be described as performing a task or tasks, for convenience in the description. Such descriptions should be interpreted as including the phrase “configured to.” Reciting a unit/circuit/component that is configured to perform one or more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) interpretation for that unit/circuit/component. 
     The scope of the present disclosure includes any feature or combination of features disclosed herein (either explicitly or implicitly), or any generalization thereof, whether or not it mitigates any or all of the problems addressed herein. Accordingly, new claims may be formulated during prosecution of this application (or an application claiming priority thereto) to any such combination of features. In particular, with reference to the appended claims, features from dependent claims may be combined with those of the independent claims and features from respective independent claims may be combined in any appropriate manner and not merely in the specific combinations enumerated in the appended claims. 
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS 
     The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practice of the disclosed embodiments, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments. 
     This specification includes references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although embodiments that include any combination of the features are generally contemplated, unless expressly disclaimed herein. Particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner consistent with this disclosure. 
       FIG. 1  depicts a posterior view representation of an embodiment of a garment sleeve  100 .  FIG. 2  depicts a lateral view representation of an embodiment of garment sleeve  100 . Sleeve  100  may be, for example, a garment wearable by a user (e.g., a person or an animal) on a limb of the user (e.g., an arm or leg of the user). In certain embodiments, sleeve  100  is constructed of a quick-dry material with antistatic and anti-microbial properties. In some embodiments, sleeve  100  is form fitting (e.g., has an athletic fit) similar to a compression sleeve. For example, sleeve  100  may include form-fitting fabric that has an open interior defining an opening for the limb. Sleeve  100  may also include any form-fitting fabric with an open interior for any body part (e.g., neck, hand, foot, or torso). 
     In certain embodiments, sleeve  100  includes fabric  102 . Sleeve  100  may, for example, be made up of fabric  102 . In certain embodiments, fabric  102  may be included as part of sleeve  100  along with other components (e.g., other materials or structural components). In some embodiments, fabric  102  includes one or more fabric layers with elastic fibers similar to spandex. In some embodiments, fabric  102  includes a plurality of fabrics or yarns arranged in a woven and/or a knit pattern. For example, fabric  102  may include a plurality of materials interspersed together (e.g., interlaced or interwoven together). In some embodiments, fabric  102  includes fabric enhancements such as, but not limited to, improved moisture wicking, improved thermal management, and/or muscle group support. 
     Sleeve  100  may be made available in a number of sizes. For example, sleeve  100  may be available in in a range of sizes to accommodate different limb or body part diameters (e.g., different limb girths). Sleeve  100  may be available in different sizes to ensure the sleeve is form fitting and snug on the limb to accurately measure physiological responses. In some embodiments, sleeve  100  is designed to be worn for prolonged periods of time and/or under other equipment (e.g., under shirt sleeves or equipment pads). 
     In certain embodiments, sleeve  100  includes positioning component  104 . In some embodiments, positioning component  104  may include a shaped component that conforms to a joint of the user&#39;s limb (e.g., the elbow or knee joint). The shaped component may be designed such that sleeve  100  is positioned at or near the same location in each instance that the sleeve is worn by the user. In some embodiments, positioning component  104  includes a marker or indicator. The marker or indicator may be used to mark or indicate proper position of sleeve  100 . In some embodiments, positioning component  104  includes a combination of the shaped component and the marker or indicator. Using positioning component  104  to ensure sleeve  100  is properly positioned in repeated uses of the sleeve may provide more reliable and accurate results about shape, movement, and position of the limb using the sleeve, measured as described herein. 
     As shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 , sleeve  100  may include one or more inertial measurement units  106 . Inertial measurement units  106  may assess motion of the units to assess motion of portions of the limb inside sleeve  100 . Inertial measurement units  106  may assess the physical position of limb in sleeve  100  in a three-dimensional space as well as complex motion of the limb and/or different portions of the limb. For example, inertial measurement units  106  may provide fast mapping (e.g., near real-time mapping) of complex motions including rotation, flexion, and extension of the limb or portions of the limb. 
     In some embodiments, inertial measurement units  106  provide accelerometer-based measurements. For example, inertial measurement units  106  may provide the position or orientation of sleeve  100  relative to perpendicular and/or relative to the ground. The position or orientation of sleeve  100  may provide the position or orientation of the limb relative to perpendicular and/or relative to the ground. Providing position and/or orientation of the limb (or portions of the limb) may allow an evaluator to determine the activity of the limb (e.g., throwing, running, swimming, etc.). In some embodiments, inertial measurement units  106  may provide position and/or orientation information relative to each other. 
     In certain embodiments, sleeve  100  includes inertial measurement unit  106 A above the joint location of the sleeve (e.g., above positioning component  104 ) and inertial measurement unit  106 B below the joint location. Inertial measurement units  106 A,  106 B may be capable of measuring motion with multiple degrees-of-freedom. For example, inertial measurement units  106 A,  106 B may measure motion with nine (9) degrees-of-freedom. Thus, sleeve  100  may be capable of measuring motion of the limb with nine degrees-of-freedom both above and below the joint location of the sleeve along with relative motion between portions of the limb above and below the joint location. Inertial measurement units  106  may provide data that may be used in combination with other data described herein (e.g., muscle motion/shape data, heart rate data, etc.) to provide a three-dimensional image of position and movement of the limb in space. 
       FIG. 3  depicts a lateral cut-away representation of an embodiment of sleeve  100 .  FIG. 3  depicts a view of an interior of sleeve  100  (e.g., the portion of the sleeve that contacts the skin of the limb of the wearer of the sleeve). In certain embodiments, at least one layer of fabric  102  includes an interspersed (e.g., interlaced or interwoven) pattern of different materials. For example, as shown in  FIG. 3 , fabric  102  may include a geometric (e.g. mesh) pattern of material  108  and material  110 . In certain embodiments, material  108  is a conductive material (e.g., a conductive elastic material) and material  110  is a non-conductive material (e.g., a nonconductive elastic material). Material  108  may be, for example, conductive polymer (such as, but not limited to, an elastic conductive polymer), conductive fiber, and/or conductive fabric wiring, any other suitable material, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, material  108  may exhibit characteristics similar to a metal rubber. Conductive fibers may be in the form of one or more yarns woven or knit with other fibers. In some embodiments, material  108  may be coated with an insulative material (e.g., an insulative polymer) to provide more efficient conductive properties (e.g., less current or signal leakage). 
     In some embodiments, material  108  is interspersed into material  110  (e.g., material  108  is laced into or woven into material  110 ). For example, material  108  may be fibers or wiring engrained or partially engrained within seams of sleeve  100  (e.g., within seams of material  110 ). In some embodiments, material  108  and material  110  are formed as “panels” of fabric  102 . For example, material  108  (e.g., the conductive material) may be used as borders for panels of material  110  (e.g., the non-conductive material). The panels may then be interspersed (e.g., interlaced or interwoven) together to form the geometric pattern shown in  FIG. 3 . 
     In some embodiments, the panels are made of multi-layers of fabric.  FIG. 4  depicts an exploded side view of an embodiment of multi-layer fabric panel  112 . Panel  112  may include top layer  114 , midsection  116 , and bottom layer  118 . It is to be understood that while multi-layer panel  112  is depicted in  FIG. 4 , the multiple layers of fabric may also be used in other embodiments of fabric  102  that are not formed from panels. 
     In certain embodiments, bottom layer  118  includes material  108  (e.g., the conductive material) as borders for material  110  (e.g., the non-conductive material). Material  108  may be, for example, conductive polymer, conductive flexible fibers, or another conductive flexible (elastic) material. In some embodiments, material  108  includes a rubberized conducive material, such as, but not limited to a metal rubber. Metal rubber may provide an ideal set of properties including elasticity and conductivity. When an individual is wearing sleeve  100 , bottom layer  118  may be adjacent the individual&#39;s skin Material  108  in bottom layer  118  may receive a natural current from the individual&#39;s skin that may be transmitted throughout the bottom layer. In certain embodiments, as described herein, this natural current may be measured by one or more sensor units, which may output data that is assessed to show the shape of the limb. 
     Midsection  116  may be an insulative fabric such as, but not limited to, a woven textile including insulative fibers. In some embodiments, midsection  116  may include crosslinked material. It should be noted that the insulative fibers of the woven textile may be adjacent bottom layer  118  so that the bottom layer may carry a charge from one point to another without midsection  116  interfering with the current passed through the bottom layer. Top layer  114  may include an elastic fabric such as, but not limited to spandex and Lycra. In certain embodiments, midsection  116  is adhered to the top and bottom layers  114 ,  118  via an adhesive polymer. In some embodiments, the woven textile of midsection  116  is woven to at least one of the top and bottom layers  114 ,  118 . 
     In certain embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 3 , sensor units  120  are located at intersections of material  108  in sleeve  100 . The intersections may be vertices in the geometric pattern (e.g., contact points between different paths of material  108  and/or overlap points between different paths of material  108 ). The geometric pattern of material  108  (e.g., the conductive material) may provide portions  108 A that are oriented in a first direction and portions  108 B that are oriented in a second direction. Portions  108 A may be oriented substantially perpendicular to portions  108 B or at other angles (e.g., 45° or 60°) to portions  108 B. As material  108  (including portions  108 A,  108 B) is integrated in sleeve  100  and positioned over muscular areas of the wearer&#39;s limb, the material stretches and contracts as the muscles of the limb expand and contract (e.g., material  108  and fabric  102  expands and contracts along with motion of the muscles). 
     In certain embodiments, sensor units  120  detect the changes in the resistance of material  108  that results from the expansion and contraction of the muscles in the limb. Material  108  may have a defined length and width (e.g., area) between two sensor units  120 . With the defined (known) area of material  108  between two sensor units  120 , the sensor units may assess changes in shape and/or motion of the limb (e.g., expansion and/or contraction of muscles in the limb) based on assessed changes in the resistance of the material. 
     In some embodiments, sensor units  120  assess resistance (and changes in resistance) of material  108  between sensor units by assessing (e.g., measuring) electrical currents passing through the sensor units. For example, sensor units  120  may assess currents passing through the sensor units along portions of material  108  connected to the sensor units. Resistance may then be determined from the assessed (measured current). 
     In some embodiments, transmission time between sensor units  120  may be used to assess resistance changes in material  108  between sensor units. For example, while wearing sleeve  100 , changes in shape and/or motion of muscles in the user&#39;s limb may cause material  108  to elongate and conductive fibers in the material to become uniformly thinner. As the conductive fibers become thinner, the resistance along the conductive fibers increases. Because of the increased resistance, the transmission time of the electrical signal across material  108  increases. These transmission times may be recorded in sensor units  120  placed within sleeve  100 . The recordation of transmission times may be included in information/data packets sent to processor  130  as described herein. 
     In some embodiments, sensor units  120  assess change in resistance of material  108  using strain detection.  FIG. 5  depicts a representation of an embodiment of sensor unit  120 . Sensor unit  120  may include conductive material panel  122 , multiple instances of strain detection unit  124  (e.g., strain detection units  124 A,  124 B), and latch  126 . Panel  122  may include at least 2 strips of material  108  or another conductive material with the strands in substantially perpendicular directions (e.g., one substantially in the horizontal direction and one substantially in the vertical direction as depicted). The material in panel  122  stretches or relaxes with expansion and contraction associated with motion of muscles in the limb. 
     As the material in panel  122  includes conductive material (e.g., conductive polymer or conductive fiber), the resistance of the conductive material changes. When the area of the conductive material decreases, its resistance increases. Deflection (e.g., expansion and contraction) of the conductive material results in a decrease in the cross-sectional area and a corresponding change in the resistance of the conductive material. 
     Strain detection units  124 A and  124 B may detect the changes in the resistance of the conductive material in panel  122  that results from the stretching or relaxing of the material that accompanies expansion and contraction of muscles in the limb. Latch  126  may capture the results of the detection performed by strain detection units  124 A,  124 B. Data captured by latch  126  may be provided to, for example, processor  130 , as described herein. 
       FIG. 6  depicts a representation of an embodiment of strain detection unit  124 . Strain detection unit  124  may include strain sensor unit  128 , signal conditioning unit  129 , and analog-to-digital converter (“ADC”)  132 . During operation, strain sensor unit  128  may detect the changes in resistance resulting from the deflection of the conductive material (e.g., material  108 ) strands due to expansion and/or contraction of muscles in the limb. The results from strain sensor unit  128  may be provided to signal conditioning unit  129 , where the resulting signal or signals are, for example, amplified and any DC offset may be removed. The conditioned signal may be provided to ADC  132  where the signal is converted into a digital output. ADC  132  may be a simple 1-bit ADC, a more complex 24-bit ADC, or something in between, depending upon the application and the needs of the system. The digital output may be provided to processor  130  as output from sensor unit  120 , as described herein. 
       FIG. 7  depicts a representation of another embodiment of strain detection unit  124 ′. Strain detection unit  124 ′ may include Wheatstone bridge  134 , amplifier  136 , and ADC  132 ′. Wheatstone bridge  134 , as is known in the art, may be often used to accurately measure small changes in resistance of a strained medium, converting the changes in resistance into a voltage that can be amplified by amplifier  136  and converted to a digital output by ADC  132 ′. In certain embodiments, Wheatstone bridge  134  includes four resistors R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and RCE, where RCE is the resistance of the conductive material (e.g., material  108 ). When all four resistors in Wheatstone bridge  134  are equal, the bridge may be perfectly balanced and the output voltage is equal to zero. But when any one or more of the resistors change value by only a fractional amount, the bridge produces a measurable voltage. 
     Thus, when the resistance of the material, illustrated here as RCE, changes, the output voltage provided to amplifier  136  reflects that change as a change in voltage which is then conditioned and amplified by amplifier  136 . The amplified signal is then converted to a digital output by ADC  132 ′. As before, ADC  132 ′ may be a simple 1-bit ADC, a more complex 24-bit ADC, or something in between, depending upon the application and the needs of the system. 
     In certain embodiments, sensor units  120  generate one or more data packets with the assessed resistance data associated with material  108  in sleeve  100 . The assessed resistance data may include, for example, resistance measurements themselves as assessed by sensor units  120 . In some embodiments, the resistance data in the data packets may include data that can be used to determine the resistance data of material  108 . For example, the resistance data may include current measurements, transmission time measurements, or digital voltage outputs, as described above. In certain embodiments, the data packets may include time stamps for the measurements and/or identification information for sensor units  120  (e.g., a unique ID associated with the sensor unit sending the data packet). Sensor units  120  may send the data packet(s) to either a processor integrated in sleeve  100  (e.g., processor  130 , as shown in  FIG. 2 ) or an external processor. In some embodiments, sensor units  120  send the data packet to the processor integrated in sleeve  100  using material  108  (e.g., via a conductive wired path in the sleeve). Sensor units  120  may also be capable of transmitting the data packet wirelessly (e.g., using Bluetooth or another wireless data transmission technique). 
     In certain embodiments, sleeve  100  includes processor  130 , as described herein and shown in  FIG. 2 . Processor  130  may be integrated in sleeve  100 . For example, processor  130  may be integrated in a layer of fabric  102  or between layers in the fabric. Processor  130  may provide processing of information acquired through various sensors/components on sleeve  100  (e.g., inertial measurement units  106  and/or sensor units  120 ). Processor  130  may process the acquired information (e.g., raw data from sensors/components) to generate new information. In some embodiments, processor  130  is coupled to memory  138 . Memory  138  may be used for storing the information and processing or transmitting the information at a later time. Memory  138  may also be used for storing instructions or other process protocols as described herein. 
     In certain embodiments, wireless transmitter  140  is coupled to processor  130  and memory  138 . Wireless transmitter  140  may be capable of wireless transmission/receiving using a wireless transmission protocol. Wireless transmission protocols utilized by wireless transmitter  140  may include, but not be limited to, cellular transmission, satellite transmission, Bluetooth (including different variations of Bluetooth transmission protocols), ANT+, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, LiFi, and SATCOM. Transmitted information may include either processed information and/or raw data information. In some embodiments, wireless transmitter  140  provides burst transmission of information (e.g., transmits bundles of information at a specified time). 
     As shown in  FIG. 2 , in certain embodiments, wireless transmitter  140  is separate from and attached to processor  130 . Wireless transmitter  140  may be integrated in sleeve  100  (e.g., integrated in or between layers of fabric  102 ). In some embodiments, wireless transmitter  140  is part of processor  130 . In some embodiments, antennas for wireless transmission/reception are integrated in sleeve  100  and coupled to wireless transmitter  140 . For example, flexible, flat antennas may be integrated into fabric  102  of sleeve  100 . Integration of the antennas may include sewing or embedding the antennas into fabric  102 . The antennas may include small circuit boards using lightweight materials that provide fast data transfer rates. 
     In some embodiments, wireless transmitter  140  provides for the addition of third-party hardware for extended biofeedback response capabilities. Some possible hardware concepts include, but are not limited to, glasses to track movement and pupil dilation, wristbands to monitor skin conductivity and temperature, ambient temperature sensors, and DTR (deep tendon reflex) monitoring. In some embodiments, wireless transmitter  140  includes small transmitters and receivers capable of moving large quantities of data and smaller package sizes over greater distances. Wireless transmitter  140  may utilize protocols to include a wide variety of third-party hardware. In some embodiments, submersible technology may be incorporated in wireless transmitter  140 . 
     As described above, processor  130  may receive data (e.g., information) from inertial measurement units  106  and/or sensor units  120 . In certain embodiments, processor  130  receives the data from inertial measurement units  106  and/or sensor units  120  via wireless transmission (e.g., through wireless transmitter  140 ). In some embodiments, processor  130  receives the data via wired transmission. For example, inertial measurement units  106 , sensor units  120 , and processor  130  may be coupled to material  108  (e.g., the conductive material). Material  108  (e.g., wiring in sleeve  100 ) may then be used to transmit/receive data between inertial measurement units  106 , sensor units  120 , and processor  130 . In some embodiments, separate wiring in sleeve  100  may be used to transmit receive data between inertial measurement units  106 , sensor units  120 , and processor  130 . 
     Data received by processor  130  may be used to determine biometric properties of the user&#39;s limb associated with sleeve  100 .  FIG. 8  depicts a flowchart of an embodiment of method  200  of determining biometric properties of a user&#39;s limb using sleeve  100 . In certain embodiments, method  200  includes assessing resistance between sensor units in  202 , assessing motion of the upper portion of the limb in  204 , and assessing motion of the lower portion of the limb in  206 . 
     As described above, assessing resistance between sensor units in  202  may include assessing the resistance (or changes in resistance) of material  108  between sensor units  120 , shown in  FIG. 3 . Further as described above, resistance data  208  from the assessing in  202 , shown in  FIG. 8 , may include actual resistance data or data that can be used to determine resistance (e.g., current measurements used to determine resistance). In embodiments where resistance data is data used to determine resistance, processor  130  may determine the resistance data (e.g., as part of “assess received data  216 ” described below). 
     As described above, assessing motion of the upper portion of the limb in  204  may include measuring motion of the upper portion of the limb with inertial measurement unit  106 A, which is above positioning component  104 , as shown in  FIGS. 1 and 2 . Output from the assessing in  204  may be provided as upper limb portion data  210 . Assessing motion of the lower portion of the limb in  206  may include measuring motion of the lower portion of the limb with inertial measurement unit  106 B, which is below positioning component  104 . Output from the assessing in  206  may be provided as lower limb portion data  212 . Upper limb portion data  210  and lower limb portion data  212  may include, as described herein, motion data measured with multiple degrees-of-freedom (e.g., nine degrees-of-freedom). 
     As shown in  FIG. 8 , resistance data  208 , upper limb portion data  210 , lower limb portion data  212  may be provided to process  130  in “receive data in processor  214 ”. The data may be provided from each component (e.g., inertial measurement units  106  and/or sensor units  120 ) to processor  130  using wireless or wired techniques described herein. After the data is received in processor  130 , the processor may assess the received data in  216 . In certain embodiments, processor  130  assesses the received data and generates limb biometric data  218 . Limb biometric data  218  may include, for example, shape, position, and/or movement information about the limb wearing sleeve  100 . In certain embodiments, limb biometric data  218  includes full motion of the limb including motion of the shoulder joint (e.g., glenohumeral joint), the elbow joint, the wrist joint, and muscles in the limb. Full motion data may include: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation of the glenohumeral joint; flexion and extension of the elbow joint; and pronation and supination of the wrist joint. Full motion of the muscles may include changes in shape of the muscles (e.g., circumferential changes in the muscles) in the upper arm and the humerus. In some embodiments, limb biometric data  218  includes other measurement data described herein (e.g., heart rate data  220 , skin response data  222 ,  02  saturation data  224 ). 
     In certain embodiments, limb biometric data  218  includes multi-dimensional images of the shape, position, and/or movement of the limb in sleeve  100 . For example, the combination of measurements from portion  108 A and portion  108 B of material  108 , shown in  FIG. 3 , may be used to generate an image of muscle motion (e.g., changes in shape, position, and movement of the muscles caused by muscle expansion/contraction) of the limb of the wearer of sleeve  100 . As described above, portion  108 A may be in a first direction and portion  108 B may be in a second direction. Thus, portion  108 A may be used to assess muscle motion in the first direction while portion  108 B is used to assess muscle motion in the second direction. Assessing muscle motion in two different directions may be used to generate a multi-dimensional image of the muscle motion in the limb (e.g., changes in shape, position, and movement of the muscles caused by expansion and/or contraction of muscles). The muscle motion assessed using portions  108 A,  108 B of material  108  may be combined with other measurements (e.g., inertial measurement units  106 ) to provide a three-dimensional image of motion of the limb. For example, the three-dimensional image may include an image of expansion and/or contraction of muscles in the limb assessed by material  108  along with movement of the limb and portions of the limb itself assessed by inertial measurement units  106 . 
     As described above, sleeve  100  may be capable of measuring motion of the limb with nine degrees-of-freedom both above and below the joint location of the sleeve along with relative motion between portions of the limb above and below the joint location using inertial measurement units  106 A and  106 B. Data from inertial measurement units  106 A and  106 B may be combined with data from sensor units  120  to provide a three-dimensional image of the motion of the limb including shape, position, and movement of the limb in space. In some embodiments, the three-dimensional motion image may be combined with other measurements possible with sleeve  100  described herein (e.g., heart rate data  220 , skin response data  222 ,  02  saturation data  224 ) to provide a biometric assessment of the wearer of sleeve  100  in limb biometric data, as shown in  FIG. 8 . For example, the biometric assessment of the wearer may include assessment motion of the wearer based on the assessed shape, position, and movement of the limb of the wearer in association with the other measured properties. Thus, sleeve  100  may provide an assessment of substantially every aspect of motion of the limb including, but not limited to, gait mechanics and movement of the limb. Gait mechanics may include upper-body gait mechanics such as symmetry, smoothness, variability, and stability as well as limb (arm) swing amplitude and axial rotation. Limb movement may include motion at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. 
     In certain embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 3 , sleeve  100  includes heart rate monitor  140 . Heart rate monitor  140  may include first lead  142 A and second lead  142 B. First lead  142 A and second lead  142 B may be positioned on the inside of sleeve  100  (e.g., inside surface of fabric  102 ) such that the leads are in contact with the skin of the wearer when the sleeve is worn on the wearer&#39;s limb. In certain embodiments, first lead  142 A and second lead  142 B are coupled to processor  130  using wired connections. For example, first lead  142 A may be coupled to a wire that passes through first passthrough  144 A in fabric  102  and second lead  142 A may be coupled to a wire that passes through second passthrough  144 B in the fabric. The wires going through first passthrough  144 A and second passthrough  144 B may then couple to processor  130 . In some embodiments, wires for first lead  142 A and second lead  142 B may be made from portions of material  108  (e.g., the conductive material) in fabric  102 . 
     Heart rate monitor  140  may be, for example, a standard heart rate monitor that circumnavigates either a portion of the user&#39;s limb or torso. Heart rate monitor  140  may function utilizing decoding algorithms and EKG equivalent monitoring techniques. In some embodiments, heart rate monitor  140  may integrate a three lead EKG equivalent monitor (e.g., a lead measured between three electrode sites (+, −, and ground). Heart rate monitor  140  may, however, integrate any number of leads. Heart rate monitor  140  may track pulse rate (and/or other heart related information) in near real-time. Heart rate monitor  140  may stream pulse rate or other data to processor  130  (e.g., via wires as described above) as heart rate data  220 , shown in  FIG. 8 . Processor  130  may run the data through multiple algorithms developed and offered as a package. The algorithms offered may provide, but not be limited to, the following outputs: BPM (beats per minute), HRR (heart rate reserve), stress response, and HRV (heart rate variability). 
     In certain embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 3 , sleeve  100  includes oxygen sensor  146 . Oxygen sensor  146  may be, for example, a pulse oximeter. Oxygen sensor  146  may be used to assess SpO2 (blood oxygen saturation) levels in the limb of the wearer. In some embodiments, oxygen sensor  146  is included with heart rate monitor  140  in sleeve  100 . Oxygen sensor  146  may be coupled to processor  130  using material  108  (e.g., the conductive material). Measurements of SpO2 from oxygen sensor  146  may be provided to processor  130  as O2 saturation data  224 , shown in  FIG. 8 . O2 saturation data  224  may be combined with other data by processor  130  to provide an assessed condition of the wearer as described herein. In some embodiments, oxygen sensor  146  is removably attached to sleeve  100 . For example, oxygen sensor  146  may be attached and removed from sleeve  100  as desired for use (e.g., based on the needs of the wearer of the sleeve). 
     In certain embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 3 , sleeve  100  includes one or more skin response sensors  148 . Skin response sensors  148  may be, for example, galvanic skin response sensors. Skin response sensors  148  may be used to assess skin conductivity, skin temperature, or other skin properties. For example, skin response sensors  148  may be used to assess changes in electrical activity resulting from changes in sweat gland activity in the skin Skin response sensors  148  may be coupled to processor  130  using material  108  (e.g., the conductive material). Measurements of skin response from skin response sensors  148  may be provided to processor  130  as skin response data  222 , shown in  FIG. 8 . Skin response data  222  may be combined with other data by processor  130  to provide an assessed condition of the wearer as described herein. In some embodiments, skin response sensors  148  are removably attached to sleeve  100 . For example, skin response sensors  148  may be attached and removed from sleeve  100  as desired for use. 
     In some embodiments, sleeve  100  includes a GPS component. The GPS component may be included as part of processor  130  or another component in sleeve  100 . The GPS component may include, for example, a GPS monitor and/or a WWAN monitor. The GPS monitor may be stacked or swapped with the WWAN monitor for indoor movement tracking in a 3D space. The GPS component may be utilized to track the physical location of the limb (and the wearer&#39;s body) in a real-time environment. For certain purposes (e.g., military purposes), the GPS component may be capable of utilizing WWAN to track a wearer through an interior environment. WWAN integration may afford observers utilizing a dashboard application (as described herein) to track the sleeve&#39;s wearer in near real time on a map overlay. In some embodiments, the GPS component includes one or more small units that provide good satellite tracking, fast locking, and good transmission through dense cover. 
     In certain embodiments, as shown in  FIG. 8 , processor  130  sends limb biometric data  218  to dashboard application  230 . Dashboard application  230  may be an application associated with sleeve  100 . For example, dashboard application  230  may be an application or module that is associated with sleeve  100  and operating on device  300 , as shown in  FIG. 2 . Device  300  may be, for example, a mobile device or other electronic device. In certain embodiments, device  300  communicates with processor  130  via wireless transmitter  140  using communication protocols described herein. Processor  130  may communicate with device  300  to send/receive data between dashboard application  230  and sleeve  100 . 
     Dashboard application  230  may be associated with sleeve  100  to provide simultaneous review of all biometric information assessed by the sleeve as well as complementary information generated by the processing of acquired data (e.g., algorithmic manipulation of acquired data). Dashboard application  230  may allow for the management, utilization, and near real-time review of gathered data regardless of the physical location of device  300  relevant to sleeve  100 . In some embodiments, dashboard application  230  is a native iOS or Android application as well as a web platform. In some embodiments, dashboard application  230  may provide additional processing of data received from sleeve  100 . 
     Dashboard application  230  may be capable of accessing a remote server associated with sleeve (e.g., through a secure Internet connection). Dashboard application  230  may provide capability for the passing of information and system management tools between sleeve  100  and the remote server. This setup may allow for wireless firmware updates and remote diagnostic capabilities of sleeve  100 . Live “over-the-wire” firmware updates may occur as enhancements are made and process  130  may be updated as improvements occur. Initially, dashboard application  230  may allow for the measurement and viewing of all biometric processes being monitored and GPS location. 
     In some embodiments, communication between processor  130  and dashboard application  230  is substantially continuous (e.g., limb biometric data  218  is continuously transmitted to the dashboard application by the processor). In some embodiments, processor  130  may provide burst transmission of data to dashboard application  230 . For example, processor  130  may store data in memory  138  in the event of communication loss between the wireless transmitter  140  and device  100 . Upon reestablishment of the communication link, burst transmission of the data may be provided to update dashboard application  230  with data as quickly as possible. 
     In certain embodiments, dashboard application  230  may display data received from processor  130  and/or information generated from the data received from the processor on a display of device  300 . Dashboard application  230  may display data such as, but not limited to, limb biometric data  218 , information generated from the limb biometric data, and other data obtainable from sleeve  100  (e.g., GPS data). Dashboard application  230  may also store data received on device  300  so that data history for sleeve  100  (and the wearer of the sleeve) can be accessed at later times. In some embodiments, dashboard application  230  may transmit data for storage on a remote server (e.g., a cloud-based server). 
     As described herein, sleeve  100  may provide an effective system for tracking movement of a limb along with an array of biometric properties associated with the limb. Sleeve  100  may, for example, provide tracking of gait mechanics of the limb, limb movement, heart rate, and autonomic tone. Tracking of these properties may be substantially simultaneous using sleeve  100 . Tracking of these properties may also be provided in real-time as the limb is being used. 
     Sleeve  100 , as described herein, may be used in a range of applications including medical applications. Medical applications may include, but not be limited to, fall predication and early diagnosis of Parkinson&#39;s disease. Sleeve  100  may also provide capability for three-dimensional computer modeling of the limb, sports performance tracking, and/or biofeedback training. 
     NON-LIMITING EXAMPLES 
     The following non-limiting examples provide different embodiments of use of sleeve  100 . 
     First Example Embodiment 
     Sleeve  100  may be used to detect signs associated with neuromuscular diseases such as, but not limited to, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, neuromuscular junction disease, spinal muscular atrophy, and Parkinson&#39; disease. In an example, a 60-year old male may be doing an annual physical with a physician. The male subject may put on sleeve  100  during his exam and wear the sleeve while walking around the room. Data obtained by sleeve  100  may show a decrease in arm swing and axial rotation amplitude, with less smoothness than the previous year. The trend shown by sleeve  100  may indicate a potential path towards Parkinson&#39;s disease in later years. 
     By identifying the indicators from sleeve  100  early on, the physician may propose that further testing is necessary as there may be a high probability of Parkinson&#39;s disease in the future. The physician may also start early treatment to slow onset and progression of Parkinson&#39;s disease. Typically, the earliest features of Parkinson&#39; disease develop slowly and begin to manifest years before a formal diagnosis is possible. Early identification and treatment may be a critical factor in managing the disease, easing its progression, and providing the patient with a more satisfying quality of life. 
     Reduced arm swing during gait has long been a classical marker of Parkinson&#39;s disease. Recent research has focused on using gait analysis to identify variations in arm swing and axial rotation that preclude the onset of Parkinson&#39;s disease while the disease is still in the prodromal stage, prior to when a formal diagnosis can be made. For example, the disease susceptibility may be assessed in otherwise healthy people via gait analysis using sleeve  100 . This may allow for more rapid identification of high-risk individuals. Earlier identification of Parkinson&#39;s disease susceptibility may allow for earlier intervention, which can mitigate and slow progression of the disease. 
     During gait analysis, the two primary indicators of prodromal motor features (the earliest signs of future Parkinson&#39;s disease) are decrease arm swing amplitude and axial rotation. Arm swing amplitude is the total distance that each arm reaches forward and back while the subject is waling. Axial rotation is the amount of rotation occurring at the thoracic spine combined with protraction and retraction (reaching forward and pulling back) of the shoulder blade across the ribcage. Side to side asymmetry of these movements may be another indicator of prodromal status. 
     Sleeve  100  may enable detailed measurement of both arm swing amplitude and axial rotation (as well as other limb-based factors). For example, inertial measurement units  106  may assess transverse, frontal, and sagittal plane arm swing amplitude as well as elbow flexion/extension and wrist rotation during gait. At the same time, sensor units  120  may assess axial rotation by tracking the reciprocal amplitude of rotation at the shoulder of each arm. 
     Sleeve  100  may provide this limb biometric data, including heart rate variability, for analysis by the physician or another research. The analysis may be used to observe variations in gait mechanics that preclude Parkinson&#39;s disease as well as other potential indicators such as aberrant heart rate variability and changes in SPO2 saturation. Sleeve  100  may allow a more complete picture of the inner and outer workings of the subject&#39;s body and provides a better picture into the body&#39;s physiological interactions. Thus, sleeve  100  may provide enhanced ability for early detection of Parkinson&#39;s disease and allow for earlier treatment to provide a more positive impact on the lifespan and quality of life of the subject. 
     Second Example Embodiment 
     A software designer may be attempting to use digital 3D (three-dimensional) modeling to create images of a person&#39;s body in motion. Sleeve  100  may be used to track detailed three-dimensional motion of motion of the person&#39;s limbs in an easy and accurate manner. For example, a model may wear one or more sleeves  100  and go through motions needed by the software designer. The data stream (e.g., stream of biometric data) from sleeves  100  may show shoulder, elbow, and wrist motion of the arms while also displaying changes in the shapes of muscles in the arm as the arms move. 
     Third Example Embodiment 
     A rugby player may be training in a weight room. The player may be concerned with shorter-term physical performance along with building resilience to reduce the risk of injury. Years of conventional gym training may have created lots of strength and tension in the sagittal plane extension—i.e., the player is good at squatting, deadlifting, and pressing. This tension bias into a single plane of motion may, however, have created some pattern rigidity. For example, the player may have tight extensors, such as muscles in the lower back, and the player&#39;s ability to dynamically change direction and move laterally and rotationally on the field may have decreased. Thus, while the player may be better at picking up a barbell, the player may be falling behind competitively in many aspects of the sport due to deterioration of movement availability on the field. The player may be more achy, prone to small injuries, and not recovering as well because the player cannot turn off the tension that the body has been training towards for years. 
     To overcome these issues, the player may use sleeve  100  to track training movements and adjust the player&#39;s training to incorporate more lateral and transverse plane movement. Such movement may have a particular focus on alternating reciprocal motion at the arms and thorax during movements like lunges, step-ups, and single-arm presses or rows. Using sleeve  100  in training at the gym to focus on these movements, the player may now incorporate natural thoracic rotation and scapulae/arm reach found in running and jumping. Sleeve  100  may be used to monitor and assess these movements. Sleeve  100  may track how well the player is moving rotationally during strength movements and, potentially, provide haptic feedback to correct the movement if the player falls into old training patterns. Additionally, sleeve  100  may be tracking other biometric properties such as heart rate to help monitor exertion and recovery during the workouts. 
     Fourth Example Embodiment 
     A 70-year old female may potentially be having issues with balance and is worried about falling. The female may utilize sleeves  100  to monitor her gait and warn of impending falls. Sleeves  100  may, for example, monitor for sudden changes in gait mechanics including stability, variability, smoothness, and symmetry as well as arm swing amplitude and axial rotation. Sleeves  100  may simultaneously monitor autonomic tone via changes in heart rate variability that could indicate a shift towards a threatened or highly stressed state. Each of these properties may be positively correlated with falls in the elderly and be used to predict a fall. 
     The female may wear sleeves  100  during normal daily life patterns. She may not normally notice sleeves  100  until she is alerted that a shift in her movement indicates a probability of a fall. The alert triggered by sleeves  100  may focus her attention to her movement and make her realize that she is feeling more unstable than normal. She may then immediately seek to rest (e.g., sit down) for a moment to regain her normal stability. Heart rate and heart rate viability tracking in sleeves  100  may provide her an indication (e.g., after a few minutes of rest) that she has stabilized and that she may safely continue with her activity. 
     Fifth Example Embodiment 
     A 27-year old climber had his left biceps muscles removed following a traumatic fall that was untreated for several hours. His humerus, though fractured, was intact. A surgical team performed a latissimus dorsi transposition for a biceps reconstruction. There were no complications during or after the surgery. The goal of medical treatment and rehabilitation after the surgery is to restore as much function as possible to his left arm. Major upper arm amputations require functional restoration of elbow flexion. Sleeve  100  may be used during the rehabilitation of the biceps to contrast and compare normal biceps biometric data with the data for the reconstructed biceps. This data may be used to guide functional restoration of the reconstructed biceps. 
     Sixth Example Embodiment 
     A 42-year old former police officer may be having episodes of anxiety and hypervigilance. A psychiatrist may recommend that the officer use sleeve  100  to track the frequency of the episodes and to monitor changes in vital signs during the episodes. The officer and the psychiatrist may be working on controlling the episodes at the beginning. Sleeve  100  may provide data to dashboard application  230  that includes a biofeedback process that the patient can integrate into previously learned interventions such as breathing or meditation drills upon early onset of the anxiety. Sleeve  100  may be used to assess efficacy of the interventions and allow for assessment or change to the psychiatric care of the officer. 
     Seventh Example Embodiment 
     An account executive may have poorly controlled blood pressure and be frequently travelling for work. The executive may not have time to go to walk-in blood pressure clinics or find other means for monitoring blood pressure. The executive may also forget to take his/her blood pressure measurement regularly. Sleeve  100  may be used to monitor blood pressure periodically and track results on his/her mobile device. The results tracking may be used by the executive to self-monitor and/or the information may be shared with his/her physician for additional tracking. 
     Eighth Example Embodiment 
     A 15-year old Type-1 diabetic may use sleeve  100  to non-invasively monitor his/her blood glucose level. For example, a blood glucose monitor may be integrated into sleeve  100 . When his/her glucose level is assessed to be outside of an acceptable range, sleeve  100  may provide a notification (e.g., through dashboard application  230 ) that insulin should be administered. In some cases, sleeve  100  may be associated with an automatic insulin injector assembly to provide an emergency insulin dose if the glucose level rises to an urgent level. An example of an automatic insulin injector assembly is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/049,093 to Bogdanovich et al., which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. 
       FIG. 9  depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of exemplary computer system  510 . Exemplary computer system  510  may be used to implement one or more embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, computer system  510  is operable by a user to implement one or more embodiments described herein such as communication between processor  114  and a mobile device. In the embodiment of  FIG. 9 , computer system  510  includes processor  512 , memory  514 , and various peripheral devices  516 . Processor  512  is coupled to memory  514  and peripheral devices  516 . Processor  512  is configured to execute instructions, including the instructions for communication between method  200 , which may be in software. In various embodiments, processor  512  may implement any desired instruction set (e.g. Intel Architecture-32 (IA-32, also known as x86), IA-32 with 64-bit extensions, x86-64, PowerPC, Sparc, MIPS, ARM, IA-64, etc.). In some embodiments, computer system  510  may include more than one processor. Moreover, processor  512  may include one or more processors or one or more processor cores. 
     Processor  512  may be coupled to memory  514  and peripheral devices  516  in any desired fashion. For example, in some embodiments, processor  512  may be coupled to memory  514  and/or peripheral devices  516  via various interconnect. Alternatively or in addition, one or more bridge chips may be used to coupled processor  512 , memory  514 , and peripheral devices  516 . 
     Memory  514  may comprise any type of memory system. For example, memory  514  may comprise DRAM, and more particularly double data rate (DDR) SDRAM, RDRAM, etc. A memory controller may be included to interface to memory  514 , and/or processor  512  may include a memory controller. Memory  514  may store the instructions to be executed by processor  512  during use, data to be operated upon by the processor during use, etc. 
     Peripheral devices  516  may represent any sort of hardware devices that may be included in computer system  510  or coupled thereto (e.g., storage devices, optionally including computer accessible storage medium  520 , shown in  FIG. 10 , other input/output (I/O) devices such as video hardware, audio hardware, user interface devices, networking hardware, etc.). 
     Turning now to  FIG. 10 , a block diagram of one embodiment of computer accessible storage medium  520  including one or more data structures representative of sleeve  100  included in an integrated circuit design and one or more code sequences representative of method  200 . Each code sequence may include one or more instructions, which when executed by a processor in a computer, implement the operations described for the corresponding code sequence. Generally speaking, a computer accessible storage medium may include any storage media accessible by a computer during use to provide instructions and/or data to the computer. For example, a computer accessible storage medium may include non-transitory storage media such as magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk (fixed or removable), tape, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CDR, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, or Blu-Ray. Storage media may further include volatile or non-volatile memory media such as RAM (e.g. synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), etc.), ROM, or Flash memory. The storage media may be physically included within the computer to which the storage media provides instructions/data. Alternatively, the storage media may be connected to the computer. For example, the storage media may be connected to the computer over a network or wireless link, such as network attached storage. The storage media may be connected through a peripheral interface such as the Universal Serial Bus (USB). Generally, computer accessible storage medium  500  may store data in a non-transitory manner, where non-transitory in this context may refer to not transmitting the instructions/data on a signal. For example, non-transitory storage may be volatile (and may lose the stored instructions/data in response to a power down) or nonvolatile. 
     In some embodiments, a wireless device (or wireless station) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to cause the wireless device to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets). The device may be realized in any of various forms. 
     In embodiments described herein, operating systems utilized by any part of sleeve  100  may include, but not be limited to: iOS operating systems, Windows Phone operating systems, Windows operating systems, Android operating systems, BlackBerry operating systems, Linux systems, and Unison operating systems. 
     In certain embodiments, the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , and/or any of the components of  FIGS. 1-10  may be communicatively linked with a system  600 , and/or be incorporated into the system  600 , as shown in  FIG. 11 . The system  600  may be configured to perform any of the functionality performed by garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , and/or any of the componentry of  FIGS. 1-10 . Additionally, the system  600  may be configured to perform operations and/or functionality offloaded by the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , and/or any of the components and processes described in the present disclosure. For example, in certain instances, the computing, storage, and/or other resources of the garment sleeve  100  may be overloaded or may be nearing a threshold level that warrants offloading operations and functionality to the system  600  to assist the garment sleeve  100  in completing various operations and to increase performance of the garment sleeve  100 . Notably, any of the components of the garment sleeve  100  may be configured to communicate with any of the components of the system  600 , such as via a wired connection, wireless connection, any other type of connection, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the system  600  may form a part of the system encompassing the garment sleeve  100 . 
     The system  600  may be configured to support, but is not limited to supporting, monitoring applications and services, biometric monitoring applications and services, sensor-based applications and services, wearable device applications and services, health monitoring applications and services, communication applications and services, alert applications and services, data and content services, data aggregation applications and services, big data technologies, data synthesis applications and services, data analysis applications and services, computing applications and services, cloud computing services, internet services, satellite services, telephone services, software as a service (SaaS) applications, mobile applications and services, and any other computing applications and services. The system  600  may include a first user  601 , who may utilize a first user device  602  to access data, content, and applications, or to perform a variety of other tasks and functions. In certain embodiments, the first user  601  may be a user that is seeking to monitor biometric and/or other information associated with one or more of his body parts and/or his body as a whole. In certain embodiments, the first user  601  may conduct biometric monitoring of himself by utilizing garment sleeve  100 . 
     The first user device  602  utilized by the first user  601  may include a memory  603  that includes instructions, and a processor  604  that executes the instructions from the memory  603  to perform the various operations that are performed by the first user device  602 . In certain embodiments, the processor  604  may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. The first user device  602  may also include an interface  605  (e.g. screen, monitor, graphical user interface, audio device interface, etc.) that may enable the first user  601  to interact with various applications executing on the first user device  602 , to interact with various applications executing within the system  600 , and to interact with the system  600  itself In certain embodiments, the first user device  602  may be a computer, a laptop, a tablet device, a phablet, a server, a mobile device, a smartphone, a smart watch, and/or any other type of computing device. Illustratively, the first user device  602  is shown as a mobile device in  FIG. 11 . The first user device  602  may also include a global positioning system (GPS), which may include a GPS receiver and any other necessary components for enabling GPS functionality, accelerometers, gyroscopes, sensors, and any other componentry suitable for a mobile device. In certain embodiments, the first user device  602  may be configured to include any number of sensors, such as, but not limited to, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, motion sensors, light sensors, oxygen sensors, heart rate sensors, touch sensors, proximity sensors, gas sensors, acoustic sensors, chemical sensors, acceleration sensors, humidity sensors, moisture sensors, presence sensors, force sensors, any type of sensors, or a combination thereof In certain embodiments, the first user device  602  may be configured to communicate with any of the components of the garment sleeve  110  and/or any of the components of  FIGS. 1-13 . 
     In addition to the first user  601 , the system  600  may include a second user  610 , who may utilize a second user device  611  to access data, content, and applications, or to perform a variety of other tasks and functions. As with the first user  601 , the second user  610  may be a user that is seeking to monitor herself. However, in certain embodiments, the second user  610  may be a health professional or other individual that is monitoring the first user  601 . Much like the first user  601 , the second user  610  may utilize second user device  611  to access an application (e.g. a browser or a mobile application) executing on the second user device  611  that may be utilized to access web pages, data, and content associated with the system  600 . The second user device  611  may include a memory  612  that includes instructions, and a processor  613  that executes the instructions from the memory  612  to perform the various operations that are performed by the second user device  611 . In certain embodiments, the processor  613  may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof The second user device  611  may also include an interface  614  (e.g. a screen, a monitor, a graphical user interface, etc.) that may enable the second user  610  to interact with various applications executing on the second user device  611 , to interact with various applications executing in the system  600 , and to interact with the system  600 . In certain embodiments, the second user device  611  may be a computer, a laptop, a tablet device, a phablet, a server, a mobile device, a smartphone, a smart watch, and/or any other type of computing device. Illustratively, the second user device  611  may be a computing device in  FIG. 11 . The second user device  611  may also include any of the componentry described for first user device  602 . The second user device  611  may similarly be configured to communicate with any of the components of the garment sleeve  100  and/or any of the components of  FIGS. 1-13 . 
     In certain embodiments, the first user device  602  and the second user device  611  may have any number of software applications and/or application services stored and/or accessible thereon. For example, the first and second user devices  602 ,  611  may include applications for measuring and analyzing biometric data, applications for determining and analyzing conditions associated with monitored objects and/or physical structures, applications for analyzing sensor data, applications for determining and analyzing health conditions, applications for determining and analyzing the physiological status of a user, applications for generating alerts, applications for analyzing and interpreting sensor data, artificial intelligence applications, machine learning applications, big data applications, applications for analyzing data, applications for integrating data, cloud-based applications, search engine applications, natural language processing applications, database applications, algorithmic applications, phone-based applications, product-ordering applications, business applications, e-commerce applications, media streaming applications, content-based applications, database applications, gaming applications, internet-based applications, browser applications, mobile applications, service-based applications, productivity applications, video applications, music applications, social media applications, presentation applications, any other type of applications, any types of application services, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the software applications and services may include one or more graphical user interfaces so as to enable the first and second users  601 ,  610  to readily interact with the software applications. 
     The software applications and services may also be utilized by the first and second users  601 ,  610  to interact with any device in the system  600 , any components of the garment sleeve  100 , any network in the system  600 , or any combination thereof. For example, the software applications executing on the first and second user devices  602 ,  611  may be applications for receiving data, applications for measuring and analyzing biometric data, applications for monitoring physical structures and/or bodies, applications for storing data, applications for analyzing sensor data, applications for determining health conditions, applications for determining how to respond to a health condition, applications for determining a physiological status of a user, applications for determining how to respond to an environmental condition (e.g. an environmental condition that may affect the first user  601 ), applications for receiving demographic and preference information, applications for transforming data, applications for executing mathematical algorithms, applications for generating and transmitting electronic messages, applications for generating and transmitting various types of content, any other type of applications, or a combination thereof In certain embodiments, the first and second user devices  602 ,  611  may include associated telephone numbers, internet protocol addresses, device identities, or any other identifiers to uniquely identify the first and second user devices  602 ,  611  and/or the first and second users  601 ,  610 . In certain embodiments, location information corresponding to the first and second user devices  602 ,  611  may be obtained based on the internet protocol addresses, by receiving a signal from the first and second user devices  602 ,  611 , or based on profile information corresponding to the first and second user devices  602 ,  611 . 
     The system  600  may also include a communications network  635 . The communications network  635  of the system  600  may be configured to link each of the devices in the system  600  to one another. For example, the communications network  635  may be utilized by the first user device  602  to connect with other devices within or outside communications network  635 . Additionally, the communications network  635  may be configured to transmit, generate, and receive any information and data traversing the system  600 . In certain embodiments, the communications network  635  may include any number of servers, databases, or other componentry, and may be controlled by a service provider. The communications network  635  may also include and be connected to a cloud-computing network, a phone network, a wireless network, an Ethernet network, a satellite network, a broadband network, a cellular network, a private network, a cable network, the Internet, an internet protocol network, a content distribution network, any network, or any combination thereof Illustratively, server  640  and server  650  are shown as being included within communications network  635 . The communications network  635  may also be utilized to link each of the components and devices of the garment sleeve  100  and/or any other components of  FIGS. 1-13  to each other and/or to the system  600 . 
     Notably, the functionality of the system  600  may be supported and executed by using any combination of the servers  640 ,  650 , and  660 . The servers  640 , and  650  may reside in communications network  635 , however, in certain embodiments, the servers  640 ,  650  may reside outside communications network  635 . The servers  640 , and  650  may be utilized to perform the various operations and functions provided by the system  600 , such as those requested by applications executing on the first and second user devices  602 ,  611 . In certain embodiments, the server  640  may include a memory  641  that includes instructions, and a processor  642  that executes the instructions from the memory  641  to perform various operations that are performed by the server  640 . The processor  642  may be hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Similarly, the server  650  may include a memory  651  that includes instructions, and a processor  652  that executes the instructions from the memory  651  to perform the various operations that are performed by the server  650 . In certain embodiments, the servers  640 ,  650 , and  660  may be network servers, routers, gateways, switches, media distribution hubs, signal transfer points, service control points, service switching points, firewalls, routers, edge devices, nodes, computers, mobile devices, or any other suitable computing device, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the servers  640 ,  650  may be communicatively linked to the communications network  635 , any network, any device in the system  600 , or any combination thereof. 
     The database  655  of the system  600  may be utilized to store and relay information that traverses the system  600 , cache information and/or content that traverses the system  600 , store data about each of the devices in the system  600 , and perform any other typical functions of a database. In certain embodiments, the database  655  may store the output from any operation performed by garment sleeve  100  and/or computing system  510 , operations performed and/or outputted by any component, program, process, device, network of the system  600 , or any combination thereof. For example, the database  655  may store data from data sources, such as, but not limited to, garment sleeve  100 , computing system  510 , or a combination thereof The database  655  may store information relating to the monitored electrical resistances values, electricity passing through the sensors, changes in voltage, changes in conduction, any electrical or other properties, and any physical properties and/or information monitored by the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , and/or the system  600 . In certain embodiments, the database  655  may be connected to or reside within the communications network  635 , any other network, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the database  655  may serve as a central repository for any information associated with any of the devices and information associated with the system  600  and/or garment sleeve  100 . Furthermore, the database  655  may include a processor and memory or be connected to a processor and memory to perform the various operations associated with the database  655 . In certain embodiments, the database  655  may be connected to the servers  640 ,  650 ,  660 , the first user device  602 , the second user device  611 , any devices in the system  600 , the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any other device, any network, or any combination thereof. 
     The database  655  may also store information obtained from the system  600 , store information associated with the first and second users  601 ,  610 , store location information for the first and second user devices  602 ,  611  and/or first and second users  601 ,  610 , store user profiles associated with the first and second users  601 ,  610 , store device profiles associated with any device in the system  600 , the garment sleeve  100  and/or computing system  510 , store communications traversing the system  600 , store user preferences, store demographic information for the first and second users  601 ,  610 , store information associated with any device or signal in the system  600 , store information relating to usage of applications accessed by the first and second user devices  602 ,  611 , store any information obtained from any of the networks in the system  600 , store historical data associated with the first and second users  601 ,  610 , store device characteristics, store information relating to any devices associated with the first and second users  601 ,  610 , or any combination thereof The database  655  may store algorithms for analyzing sensor data obtained from the garment sleeve  100 , algorithms for determining events, such as health conditions and/or physiological status, algorithms conducting artificial intelligence and/or machine learning, algorithms for comparing sensor data to baseline and/or threshold values, any other algorithms for performing any other calculations and/or operations in the system  600 , or any combination thereof. The database  655  may also be configured to store information relating to detected conditions and/or events, actions to perform in response to the detected conditions and/or events, information indicating whether one or more of the actions have been performed, any other information provided by the system  600  and/or method  700 , or any combination thereof In certain embodiments, the database  655  may be configured to store any information generated and/or processed by the system  600 , store any of the information disclosed for any of the operations and functions disclosed for the system  600  herewith, store any information traversing the system  600 , or any combination thereof. Furthermore, the database  655  may be configured to process queries sent to it by any device in the system  600 , the garment sleeve  100 , and/or computing system  510 . 
     The system  600  may also include an external network  665 . The external network  665  of the system  600  may be configured to link each of the devices in the system  600  to one another. For example, the external network  665  may be utilized by the first user device  602 , the second user device  611 , the garment sleeve  100 , and/or the computing system  510  to connect with other devices within or outside communications network  635 . Additionally, the external network  665  may be configured to transmit, generate, and receive any information and data traversing the system  600 . In certain embodiments, the external network  665  may include any number of servers, databases, or other componentry, and may be controlled by a service provider. The external network  665  may also include and be connected to a cloud-computing network, a phone network, a wireless network, an Ethernet network, a satellite network, a broadband network, a cellular network, a private network, a cable network, the Internet, an internet protocol network, a content distribution network, any network, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the external network  665  may be outside the system  600  and may be configured to perform various functionality provided by the system  600 , such as if the system  600  is overloaded and/or needs additional processing resources. 
     Notably, as shown in  FIG. 11 , the system  600  may perform any of the operative functions disclosed herein by utilizing the processing capabilities of server  660 , the storage capacity of the database  655 , or any other component of the system  600  to perform the operative functions disclosed herein. The server  660  may include one or more processors  662  that may be configured to process any of the various functions of the system  600 . The processors  662  may be software, hardware, or a combination of hardware and software. Additionally, the server  660  may also include a memory  661 , which stores instructions that the processors  662  may execute to perform various operations of the system  600 . For example, the server  660  may assist in processing loads handled by the various devices in the system  600 , such as, but not limited to, positioning the fabric onto a body part of a user; assessing a resistance of a portion of conductive elastic material in the fabric; assessing motion of a first portion of a body part using a first inertial measurement unit; assessing motion of a second portion of a body part using a second inertial measurement unit; receiving resistance data and motion data from the first and second inertial measurement units; assessing a shape, a position and/or a movement of the body part based on the resistance data and motion data; transmitting output signals relating to the assessed shape, position, and/or movement of the user; and performing any other suitable operations conducted in the system  600  or otherwise. In one embodiment, multiple servers  660  may be utilized to process the functions of the system  600 . The server  660  and other devices in the system  600 , may utilize the database  655  for storing data about the devices in the system  600  or any other information that is associated with the system  600 . In one embodiment, multiple databases  655  may be utilized to store data in the system  600 . 
     In certain embodiments, the system  600  may also include a computing device  670 . The computing device  670  may include one or more processors  672  that may be configured to process any of the various functions of the system  600 . The processors  672  may be software, hardware, or a combination of hardware and software. Additionally, the computing device  670  may also include a memory  671 , which stores instructions that the processors  672  may execute to perform various operations of the system  600 . For example, the computing device  670  may assist in processing loads handled by the various devices in the system  600 , such as, but not limited to, devices and components of the garment sleeve  100  and/or computing system  510 . 
     Although the figures illustrate specific example configurations of the various components of the system  600 , the system  600  may include any configuration of the components, which may include using a greater or lesser number of the components. For example, the system  600  is illustratively shown as including a first user device  602 , a second user device  611 , a communications network  635 , a server  640 , a server  650 , a server  660 , a database  655 , and an external network  665 . However, the system  600  may include multiple first user devices  602 , multiple second user devices  611 , multiple databases  625 , multiple communications networks  635 , multiple servers  640 , multiple servers  650 , multiple servers  660 , multiple databases  655 , multiple external networks  665 , and/or any number of any of the other components inside or outside the system  600 . Similarly, the system  600  may include any number of data sources, applications, systems, and/or programs. Notably, any of the components of the system  600  may be integrated into and/or communicatively coupled to the garment sleeve  100  and/or computing system  510 . Furthermore, in certain embodiments, substantial portions of the functionality and operations of the system  600  may be performed by other networks and systems that may be connected to system  600 . 
     In embodiments described herein, any of the electronic components of sleeve  100  may include a waterproof coating (e.g., a waterproof nanocoating) adhered to the exterior of the electronic components. The coating may allow for the components to function properly when sleeve  100  is exposed to a wet environment that may include sweat and/or water. 
     In embodiments described herein, wiring connecting two or more electronic components found in sleeve  100  may be contained within a multi-layered fabric construction. In some embodiments, the wiring may be partially engrained within seams in sleeve  100 . In some embodiments, the wiring may comprise conductive fibers. The conductive fibers may be in the form of one or more yarns woven or knit with other fibers. In some embodiments, the yarns may be coated with an insulative polymer to, for example, provide efficient transfer of power or data. 
     As shown in  FIG. 12 , an exemplary method  700  for conducting biometric monitoring using a garment sleeve  100  is schematically illustrated. The method  700  may include, at step  702 , positioning a fabric of a garment sleeve  100  including a conductive elastic material interspersed with non-conductive elastic material arrange in a geometric pattern on a body part of a user. In certain embodiments, the positioning may be performed and/or facilitated by utilizing any of the components of the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any of the components of system  600 , any other components, programs, devices, and/or individuals, or a combination thereof. At step  704 , the method  700  may include assessing a resistance of a portion of the conductive elastic material in the fabric of the garment sleeve  100 . In certain embodiments, the assessing may be performed and/or facilitated by utilizing any of the components of the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any of the components of system  600 , any other components, programs, devices, and/or individuals, or a combination thereof 
     At step  706 , the method  700  may include assessing motion of a first portion of the body part using a first inertial measurement unit integrated in a portion of the fabric worn on the first portion of the body part. In certain embodiments, the assessing may be performed and/or facilitated by utilizing any of the components of the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any of the components of system  600 , any other components, programs, devices, and/or individuals, or a combination thereof. At step  708 , the method  700  may include assessing motion of a second portion of the body part using a second inertial measurement unit integrated in a portion of the fabric worn on the second portion of the body part. In certain embodiments, the assessing may be performed and/or facilitated by utilizing any of the components of the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any of the components of system  600 , any other components, programs, devices, and/or individuals, or a combination thereof. 
     At step  710 , the method  700  may include receiving resistance data and motion data from the first and second inertial measurement units and/or other components of the garment sleeve  100 . In certain embodiments, the receiving may be performed and/or facilitated by utilizing any of the components of the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any of the components of system  600 , any other components, programs, devices, and/or individuals, or a combination thereof. At step  712 , the method  700  may include assessing a shape, a position, and/or a movement of the body part of the user based on the resistance data and/or the motion data. In certain embodiments, the assessing may be performed and/or facilitated by utilizing any of the components of the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any of the components of system  600 , any other components, programs, devices, and/or individuals, or a combination thereof At step  714 , the method  700  may include transmitting an output signal indicating information relating to the shape, the position and/or the movement of the body part to be utilized to conduct further analysis. For example, the further analysis may be utilized to determine a health condition of the user, an ailment of the user, a strength of the user, a physical capability of the user, any biometric information about the user, any other information, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the transmitting of the signal may be performed and/or facilitated by utilizing any of the components of the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any of the components of system  600 , any other components, programs, devices, and/or individuals, or a combination thereof. 
     Referring now also to  FIG. 8 , at least a portion of the methodologies and techniques described with respect to the exemplary embodiments of the system  600 , the garment sleeve  100 , and/or the computing system  510  can incorporate a machine, such as, but not limited to, computer system  800 , or other computing device within which a set of instructions, when executed, may cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or functions discussed above. The machine may be configured to facilitate various operations conducted by the system  600 , the garment sleeve  100 , and/or the computing system  510 . For example, the machine may be configured to, but is not limited to, assist the system  600  by providing processing power to assist with processing loads experienced in the system  600 , by providing storage capacity for storing instructions or data traversing the system  600 , or by assisting with any other operations conducted by or within the system  600 . 
     In some embodiments, the machine may operate as a standalone device. In some embodiments, the machine may be connected (e.g., using communications network  635 , another network, or a combination thereof) to and assist with operations performed by other machines, programs, functions, and systems, such as, but not limited to, the first user device  602 , the second user device  611 , the server  640 , the server  650 , the database  655 , the server  660 , the external network  665 , the communications network  635 , the garment sleeve  100 , the computing system  510 , any device, system, and/or program, or any combination thereof. The machine may be connected with any component in the system  600 . In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client user machine in a server-client user network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may comprise a server computer, a client user computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a control system, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. 
     The computer system  800  may include a processor  802  (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU, or both), a main memory  804  and a static memory  806 , which communicate with each other via a bus  808 . The computer system  800  may further include a video display unit  810 , which may be, but is not limited to, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a flat panel, a solid state display, or a cathode ray tube (CRT). The computer system  800  may include an input device  812 , such as, but not limited to, a keyboard, a cursor control device  814 , such as, but not limited to, a mouse, a disk drive unit  816 , a signal generation device  818 , such as, but not limited to, a speaker or remote control, and a network interface device  820 . 
     The disk drive unit  816  may include a machine-readable medium  822  on which is stored one or more sets of instructions  824 , such as, but not limited to, software embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein, including those methods illustrated above. The instructions  824  may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory  804 , the static memory  806 , or within the processor  802 , or a combination thereof, during execution thereof by the computer system  800 . The main memory  804  and the processor  802  also may constitute machine-readable media. 
     Dedicated hardware implementations including, but not limited to, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic arrays and other hardware devices can likewise be constructed to implement the methods described herein. Applications that may include the apparatus and systems of various embodiments broadly include a variety of electronic and computer systems. Some embodiments implement functions in two or more specific interconnected hardware modules or devices with related control and data signals communicated between and through the modules, or as portions of an application-specific integrated circuit. Thus, the example system is applicable to software, firmware, and hardware implementations. 
     In accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure, the methods described herein are intended for operation as software programs running on a computer processor. Furthermore, software implementations can include, but not limited to, distributed processing or component/object distributed processing, parallel processing, or virtual machine processing can also be constructed to implement the methods described herein. 
     The present disclosure contemplates a machine-readable medium  822  containing instructions  824  so that a device connected to the communications network  635 , the external network  665 , another network, or a combination thereof, can send or receive voice, video or data, and communicate over the communications network  635 , the external network  465 , another network, or a combination thereof, using the instructions. The instructions  624  may further be transmitted or received over the communications network  635 , the external network  665 , another network, or a combination thereof, via the network interface device  820 . 
     While the machine-readable medium  822  is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that causes the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. 
     The terms “machine-readable medium,” “machine-readable device,” or “computer-readable device” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to: memory devices, solid-state memories such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more read-only (non-volatile) memories, random access memories, or other re-writable (volatile) memories; magneto-optical or optical medium such as a disk or tape; or other self-contained information archive or set of archives is considered a distribution medium equivalent to a tangible storage medium. The “machine-readable medium,” “machine-readable device,” or “computer-readable device” may be non-transitory, and, in certain embodiments, may not include a wave or signal per se. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include any one or more of a machine-readable medium or a distribution medium, as listed herein and including art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations herein are stored. 
     The illustrations of arrangements described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of various embodiments, and they are not intended to serve as a complete description of all the elements and features of apparatus and systems that might make use of the structures described herein. Other arrangements may be utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Figures are also merely representational and may not be drawn to scale. Certain proportions thereof may be exaggerated, while others may be minimized. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 
     Thus, although specific arrangements have been illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific arrangement shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments and arrangements of the invention. Combinations of the above arrangements, and other arrangements not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular arrangement(s) disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments and arrangements falling within the scope of the appended claims. 
     The foregoing is provided for purposes of illustrating, explaining, and describing embodiments of this invention. Modifications and adaptations to these embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and may be made without departing from the scope or spirit of this invention. Upon reviewing the aforementioned embodiments, it would be evident to an artisan with ordinary skill in the art that said embodiments can be modified, reduced, or enhanced without departing from the scope and spirit of the claims described below.