Patent Publication Number: US-2021195211-A1

Title: Systems and methods for multiple bit rate content encoding

Description:
BACKGROUND 
     This disclosure is generally directed to encoding video content. In particular, methods and systems are provided for encoding video content using variable bit rates based on available bandwidth and user preferences. 
     SUMMARY 
     With the increasing popularity of playing streaming audio and video over networks such as the Internet, there is a need for optimizing the data transferred from a server to a client device such that the client&#39;s experience is maximized even if network conditions during playback are inconsistent. For example, users often want to watch a video over the Internet having only a limited bandwidth for obtaining that video stream. In such instances, users might want to obtain the video stream over a mobile telephone connection or a home wireless connection. In some scenarios, users compensate for the lack of available bandwidth by downloading content to local storage for viewing at a later time. This method is rife with several disadvantages. First, the user is unable to have a real “run-time” experience—that is, the user is unable to view a program when he decides to watch it. Instead, he has to experience significant delays for the content to be downloaded prior to viewing the program. Another disadvantage is in the availability of storage—either the provider or the user has to account for storage resources to ensure that the downloaded content can be stored, even if for a short period of time, resulting in unnecessary utilization of expensive storage resources. 
     A video stream (typically containing an image portion and an audio portion) can require considerable bandwidth, especially at high resolution (e.g., HD videos). Optimizing the user&#39;s experience involves choosing a quality level for encoding the audio and video portions of the video playback such that the video can be transferred and reconstructed uninterrupted while preserving the quality of the video content. A wide range of encoding methods have been developed to provide content to users over variable available bandwidth. In one such example method, an encoder at a server encodes the video content at multiple bit rates and stores copies of the video content encoded at the different bit rates in their respective buffers. The client device (e.g., mobile devices, tablets, computers, smart television systems, and the like) requests chunks of the encoded video content from one or more buffers based on the available bandwidth. However, such methods require a lot of wasted processing power in transcoding the video content at multiple bit rates and additional storage space at the server for the different buffers. 
     An alternative approach to streaming video content in a variable available bandwidth environment relies on a constant bit rate approach to encoding—i.e., encoding the video content at the server based on a minimum available bit rate per frame value. Each frame or group of frames of the video content is encoded at a constant bit rate based on the available bandwidth. Accordingly, when the network conditions deteriorate (i.e., the available bandwidth drops), the server transcoder encodes the frame of the video content at a lower bit rate, thereby generating a lower quality frame for display at the client device. However, such methods result in a subpar viewing experience for the user because of the reduced quality of the generated display at the client device. For example, when watching a cricket match, the user may miss an important play made by their favorite player due to deterioration in the network connection (i.e., reduction in available bandwidth). 
     Additionally, methods implementing the above approach encode an entire frame at the same bit rate—thereby allocating too many bits for encoding segments of a frame that the user might not be interested in, and allocating too few bits to segments of the frame in which the user is interested. Consequently, the constant bit rate approach to encoding the streams results in video quality for Internet streaming that is undesirable and inconsistent. 
     Accordingly, to overcome these problems, systems and methods are provided herein for a multiple bit rate video encoder that accounts for the available bandwidth and the user preferences when encoding video content to be transmitted for display at client devices. Systems and methods described herein account for user preferences when encoding video content at lower bit rates due to deterioration of network conditions. 
     A server, upon receiving a request for a video stream, retrieves user preferences for the user sending the request for the video stream. At each frame of the video stream, the server, when encoding based on the available bandwidth, analyzes the frame to identify objects of interest to the user in each respective frame. When the available bandwidth is sufficiently high, a frame of the video stream in encoded in high quality in its entirety. However, when the available bandwidth drops, systems and methods are provided herein for allocating a minimum number of bits to segments of the frame that do not include objects of interest to the user, while allocating the remaining extra available bits to segments of the frame which include objects of interest to the user. The resulting encoding frame is decoded by the client device and generated for display such that portions of the frame having objects of interest to the user are generated in high quality despite a deterioration in the network connection. 
     In one implementation, the objects of interest to the user are categorized in one or more groups, such as an actor, an athlete, a place, and the like. The server analyzes each of the plurality of frames of the video stream to identify one or more objects of interest that match the one or more groups. To identify one or more objects of interest, the server may, in some embodiments, divide the respective frame into a plurality of portions, retrieve metadata for each of the plurality of portions, and compare the retrieved metadata to retrieved user preference information to identify a key portion of the plurality of portions having metadata that match the retrieved user preference information. 
     In another implementation, the server may generate a color map to identify portions of each frame of the video stream to identify one or more objects of interest to the user. The server then transcodes the key portions of each respective frame (i.e., portions having one or more objects of interest to the user) at a first bit rate and transcodes the remaining portions of each respective frame at a second bit rate lower than the first bit rate. 
     Additionally, systems and methods are provided herein for allocating bits based on identification of objects of interest to the user in the respective frames of the video stream. The server allocates a minimum number of bits to portions of each respective frame that do not include objects of interest to the user, while allocating a maximum number of bits to portions of each respective frame of the video stream that include objects of interest to the user. In some embodiments, the systems and methods provided herein may give additional preference in bit allocation to portions of the respective frames having more than one object of interest to the user. 
     In this way, the server is able to transcode different portions of a frame at different bit rates such that the user is able to view portions of the desired video stream in high quality even when network conditions deteriorate thereby resulting in reduced available bandwidth. Additionally, this improvement is particularly relevant when content providers want the consumers to focus on specific portions of each frame (e.g., advertisers who want consumers to focus on their product placement) in the event of a change in the network conditions. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other objects and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout, and in which: 
         FIG. 1  shows an illustrative depiction of a system for multiple bit rate content encoding, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 2  is a block diagram of an illustrative media system, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 3  is a block diagram of an illustrative user equipment device, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 4  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for multiple bit rate content encoding, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 5  is an example encoder, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 6  illustrates an example division of a frame into a plurality of portions, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 7  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for determining user preference information for a user based on content consumption history, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; 
         FIG. 8  shows an example of a database storing content consumption history for a plurality of users, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure; and 
         FIG. 9  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for recognizing key portions in a frame that include one or more objects of interest, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Methods and systems in accordance with the present disclosure are described herein for encoding each of a plurality of frames of a video stream at multiple bit rates based on user preferences and available bandwidth. For example, a user who is an India Cricket team fan requests a video stream of a cricket match between India and Bangladesh. The server encoder encodes each frame of the video stream to ensure that portions of the frame having objects of interest to the user are allocated a greater number of bits than the other portions of the frame. For example, the system encodes portions of the frame in which an Indian player is present at a higher bit rate than portions of the frame in which a Bangladeshi player is featured. 
       FIG. 1  shows an illustrative depiction of a system  100  for multiple bit rate content encoding, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. System  100  includes server  101 , users  102  and  106 , and their respective first and second user equipment devices  104  and  108 . Although  FIG. 1  depicts first and second user equipment devices  104  and  108  as televisions, it will be understood that any suitable device for displaying video content may be used, such as user television equipment  302 , user computer equipment  304 , and/or wireless user communications device  306  discussed below in relation to  FIG. 3 . First and second user equipment devices  104  and  108  may have control circuitry (e.g., control circuitry  204  discussed later in more detail with reference to  FIG. 2 ) configured to request a video content stream from server  101  for display (e.g., on a display such as display  212  discussed later in more detail with reference to  FIG. 2 ). 
     As shown in  FIG. 1 , first and second user equipment devices  104  and  108  each request a video stream of a cricket match between India and Bangladesh. It will be understood that, consistent with the present disclosure, any content may be requested for streaming from the server. As referred to herein, the term “content” should be understood to mean an electronically consumable media asset, such as television programming, as well as pay-per-view programs, on-demand programs (such as video-on-demand (VOD) systems), Internet content (e.g., streaming content, downloadable content, Webcasts, etc.), video clips, audio clips, content information, pictures, rotating images, documents, playlists, websites, articles, books, electronic books, advertisements, blogs, chat sessions, social media applications, video games, and/or any other media or multimedia and/or combination of the same. As used herein, the term “multimedia” should be understood to mean content that uses at least two different content forms described above, for example, text, audio, video, images, or interactivity content forms. Content may be recorded, played, displayed, or accessed by the user equipment devices. 
     Server  101 , in response to receiving the request for the video stream, may determine the network conditions for the wireless communication channel between the server and user equipment device  108  in accordance with some embodiments. For example, server  101  may transmit a test packet to user equipment device  108  to determine the available bandwidth and calculate the total number of available bits for encoding the video stream based on the calculated bandwidth information. 
     Server  101 , upon receiving the request for the video stream, retrieves user preferences associated with the users  102  and  106 . Moreover,  FIG. 1  depicts second user equipment device  108  sending user preference information to server  101  for illustrating the operation of the present disclosure. It will be understood that, consistent with the present disclosure, the user preferences may be stored on server  101 . In some embodiments, server  101  may retrieve user preference information about user  106  from a database storing data at a location away from second user equipment device  108 . Moreover, control circuitry  204  of second user equipment device  108  may access user preference information (e.g., information about favorite teams of user  106 ) from one or more of a variety of sources and transmit the user preference information to server  101  when requesting a video stream. Additional details about the collection and retrieval of user preference information is discussed below in the context of  FIGS. 7 and 8 . 
     In the example embodiment depicted in  FIG. 1 , user preference information is available only for user  106 , which indicates that user  106  supports the Indian Cricket team. Upon retrieving the user preferences for user  106 , server  101  analyzes each frame of the video stream (i.e., each frame of the cricket match between India and Bangladesh) to identify one or more frames that contain objects of interest to the user (e.g., frames that feature an Indian Cricket team player). Server  101  may use one or more well-known methods of recognizing objects of interest in frames. For example, in one embodiment, server  101  may generate a color map to identify one or more frames having the color blue on the color map (i.e., color of the jerseys of the Indian Cricket Team). Additional details about identification of a portion of the frame having the one or more objects of interest are discussed in more detail below in the context of  FIG. 9 . 
     Once server  101  identifies the one or more frames of the video stream having objects of interest in them (i.e., players on the Indian Cricket team), server  101  partitions the respective frame into one or more portions and/or slices based on the retrieved user preferences. Once slices are partitioned, server  101 , via an encoder (such as encoder  502  explained below in greater detail in connection with  FIG. 5 ), begins the encoding process for the frames comprising the video stream. Specifically, server  101  encodes portions/slices of each frame that do not include an object of interest (i.e., at least one player on the Indian Cricket team) with a minimum average bit rate and allocates the remaining maximum bit rate per frame for portions/slices that include one or more objects of interest (i.e., at least one player on the Indian Cricket team) in each respective frame. 
     In this manner, the encoder at server  101  can encode an input video stream at a quality optimized for the user viewing the video stream and the available bandwidth. 
       FIG. 2  depicts a generalized embodiment of an illustrative device (e.g., user equipment devices  104  and  108 ) that displays a video stream. User equipment device  200  may be any of a plurality of user devices such as a smartphone, a tablet, personal computer, set-top box, etc. (discussed further below with respect to  FIG. 3 ). User equipment device  200  may receive the video stream and data via input/output (hereinafter “I/O”) path  202 . I/O path  202  may provide the video stream (e.g., on-demand programming, Internet content, content available over LAN or WAN, and the like) and data to control circuitry  204 , which includes processing circuitry  206  and storage  208 . Control circuitry  204  may be used to send and receive commands, requests, and other suitable data using I/O path  202 . I/O path  202  may connect control circuitry  204  (and specifically processing circuitry  206 ) to one or more communications paths (described below in relation to  FIG. 3 ). I/O functions may be provided by one or more of these communications paths but are shown as a single path in  FIG. 2  to avoid overcomplicating the drawing. 
     Control circuitry  204  may be based on any suitable processing circuitry such as processing circuitry  206 . Processing circuitry should be understood to mean circuitry based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc., and may include a multi-core processor (e.g., quad-core). In some embodiments, processing circuitry may be distributed across multiple separate processor or processing units, for example, multiple of the same type of processing units (e.g., two Intel Core i7 processors) or multiple different processors (e.g., Ryzen processor with integrated CPU and GPU processing cores) or may include a multi-core processor (e.g., dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, or any suitable number of cores) or supercomputer. In some embodiments, control circuitry  204  executes instructions for an application stored in memory (e.g., memory  208 ). Specifically, control circuitry  204  may be instructed by a media application to perform the functions discussed above and below. For example, the media application may provide instructions to control circuitry  204  to request a video stream from server  101 . Moreover, the media application may also collect user preference information and send to server  101  prior to the encoding process. In some implementations, any action performed by control circuitry  204  may be based on instructions received from the media application. 
     Control circuitry  204  may include tuning circuitry, such as one or more analog tuners, one or more MP3 decoders or other digital decoding circuitry, or any other suitable tuning or audio circuits or combinations of such circuits. Encoding circuitry (e.g., for converting analog or digital signals to signals for storage in storage  208 ) may also be provided. Control circuitry  204  may also include scaler circuitry for upconverting and downconverting content into the preferred output format of user equipment device  200 , and converter circuitry for converting between digital and analog signals. The tuning and encoding circuitry may be used by user equipment device  200  to receive, play, and buffer content. The circuitry described herein, including for example, the tuning, audio generating, encoding, decoding, encrypting, decrypting, scaler, and analog/digital circuitry, may be implemented using software running on one or more general purpose or specialized processors. If storage  208  is provided as a separate device from user equipment device  200 , the tuning and encoding circuitry may be associated with storage  208 . 
     Storage  208  may be any device for storing electronic data, such as random-access memory, solid state devices, quantum storage devices, hard disk drives, non-volatile memory or any other suitable fixed or removable storage devices, and/or any combination of the same. Control circuitry  204  may allocate portions of storage  208  for various purposes such as caching application instructions, recording media assets, storing portions of a media asset, buffering segments of media, etc. As described herein, storage  208  may be used to store one or more LUTs storing a number of MAC addresses associated with a plurality of user equipment devices and their corresponding profile information. 
     A user may send instructions to control circuitry  204  using user input interface  210 . User input interface  210  may be any suitable user input interface, such as a remote control, mouse, trackball, keypad, keyboard, touch screen, touchpad, stylus input, joystick, voice recognition interface, or other user input interfaces. Instructions to control circuitry  204  may be transmitted through I/O path  202 , that could consist of a video tracking and detection mechanism, Internet of Things (IoT) and home automation triggers, emergency alert systems, and software or hardware communication pipelines and/or notification centers. 
     Display  212  may be provided as a stand-alone device or integrated with other elements of each one of user equipment device  200 . For example, display  212  may be a touchscreen or touch-sensitive display, a projector, or a casting device. In such circumstances, user input interface  210  may be integrated with or combined with display  212 . Display  212  may be one or more of a monitor, a television, a liquid-crystal display (LCD) for a mobile device, silicon display, e-ink display, light-emitting diode (LED) display, or any other suitable equipment for displaying visual images. Graphics processing circuitry may generate the output to the display  212 . In some embodiments, the graphics processing circuitry may be external to processing circuitry  206  (e.g., as a graphics processing card that communicates with processing circuitry  206  via I/O path  202 ) or may be internal to processing circuitry  206  or control circuitry  204  (e.g., on a same silicone die as control circuitry  204  or processing circuitry  206 ). In some embodiments, the graphics processing circuitry may be used to receive, display, and play content. 
     Speakers  214  may be provided as integrated with other elements of user equipment device  200  or may be stand-alone units. The audio component of videos and other content displayed on display  212  may be played through speakers  214 . In some embodiments, the audio may be distributed to a receiver (not shown), which processes and outputs the audio via speakers  214 . The speakers  214  may be part of, but not limited to, a home automation system. 
     The media application may be implemented using any suitable architecture. For example, it may be a stand-alone application wholly implemented on user equipment device  200 . The user interface application and/or any instructions for performing any of the embodiments discussed herein may be encoded on computer-readable media. Computer-readable media includes any media capable of storing data. 
       FIG. 3  depicts an exemplary media system in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure in which user equipment devices  104  and  108 , and user equipment device  200  can be implemented in system  300  of  FIG. 3  as user television equipment  302 , user computer equipment  304 , wireless user communications device  306 , or any other type of user equipment suitable for accessing media. For simplicity, these devices may be referred to herein collectively as user equipment. User equipment, on which the media application is implemented, may function as a stand-alone device or may be part of a network of devices. Various network configurations of devices may be implemented and are discussed in more detail below. 
     User television equipment  302  may include a set-top box, an integrated receiver decoder (IRD) for handling satellite television, a television set, a digital storage device, or other user television equipment. One or more of these devices may be integrated to be a single device, if desired. User computer equipment  304  may include a PC, a laptop, a streaming content aggregator, a PC media center, or other user computer equipment. It may include devices like digital assistance, smart speakers, and/or home automation. Wireless user communications device  306  may include a smartphone, a portable video player, a portable music player, a portable gaming machine, a tablet, a wireless streaming device or other wireless device. It should be noted that the lines are blurred when trying to classify a device as one of the above devices and one device may be categorized into one or more of the categories listed above. 
     In system  300 , there is typically more than one of each type of user equipment but only one of each is shown in  FIG. 3  to avoid overcomplicating the drawing. In addition, each user may utilize more than one type of user equipment (e.g., a user may have a computer and a tablet) and also more than one of each type of user equipment device (e.g., a user may have multiple television sets). 
     The user equipment may be coupled to communications network  314 . Namely, user television equipment  302 , user computer equipment  304 , and wireless user communications device  306  are coupled to communications network  314  via communications paths  308 ,  310 , and  312 , respectively. Communications network  314  is used by the user equipment to obtain the video stream. Communications network  314  may be one or more networks including the Internet, a mobile phone network, ad-hoc network, or other types of communications network or combination of communications networks. Paths  308 ,  310 , and  312  may separately or together include one or more communications paths, including any suitable wireless communications path. Paths  308 ,  310 , and  312  are drawn as solid lines to indicate they are wireless paths. Communications with the user equipment may be provided by one or more of these communications paths but are shown as a single path in  FIG. 3  to avoid overcomplicating the drawing. The user equipment devices may communicate with each other directly through an indirect path via communications network  314 . 
     System  300  includes content source  316  and guidance data source  318  coupled to communications network  314  via communications paths  320  and  322 , respectively. Paths  320  and  322  may include any of the communications paths described above in connection with paths  308 ,  310 , and  312 . Communications with the content source  316  and guidance data source  318  may be exchanged over one or more communications paths but are shown as a single path in  FIG. 3  to avoid overcomplicating the drawing. In addition, there may be more than one of each of content source  316  and guidance data source  318 , but only one of each is shown in  FIG. 3  to avoid overcomplicating the drawing. In some embodiments, content source  316  and guidance data source  318  are integrated as one source device. Although communications between sources  316  and  318  with user equipment  302 ,  304 , and  306  are shown as through communications network  314 , in some embodiments, sources  316  and  318  may communicate directly with user equipment devices  302 ,  304 , and  306  via communications paths (not shown) such as those described above in connection with paths  308 ,  310 , and  312 . 
     Content source  316  may include one or more types of media distribution equipment such as a media server, cable system headend, satellite distribution facility, intermediate distribution facilities and/or servers, Internet providers, on-demand media servers, and other media providers. Content source  316  may be the originator of media content or may not be the originator of media content. Content source  316  may also include a remote media server used to store different types of media content (including a media asset selected by a user), in a location remote from any of the user equipment. Systems and methods for providing remotely stored media to user equipment are discussed in greater detail in connection with Ellis et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/332,244, filed Jun. 11, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     Guidance data source  318  may provide media guidance data, such as the content information discussed above in relation to  FIG. 1  or any other data related to a media asset or profile of a user. Guidance data may be provided to the user equipment using any suitable approach such as via a data feed or by querying a database of guidance data source  318 . For example, control circuitry  204  may transmit a query to a database of guidance data source  318  comprising a command to retrieve metadata and an identifier uniquely representing a media asset. In response to transmitting the query, control circuitry  204  may receive a response from the database comprising metadata for the media asset uniquely represented by the identifier. 
     System  300  is intended to illustrate a number of approaches, or network configurations, by which user equipment devices and sources of media content and guidance data may communicate with each other for the purpose of accessing media and data related to the media. The configuration of the devices and paths in system  300  may change without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 
       FIG. 4  is a flowchart of an illustrative process  400  for multiple bit rate content encoding, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. Process  400  begins at  402 , where the server receives a request for a video stream comprising a plurality of frames from a user equipment device. For example, server  101  receives requests for a stream of the cricket match between India and Bangladesh from user equipment devices  104  and  108 . 
     At  404 , the server retrieves user preference information for the users requesting the content. For example, as discussed above in the context of  FIG. 1 , server  101  retrieves user preference information about user  106 . In some embodiments, control circuitry  204  of user equipment device  108  collects user preference information about user  106  using the viewing history of user  106 . For instance, user equipment device  108  may determine that user  106  is an Indian Cricket team supporter by reviewing the viewing history of user  106  and determining that user  106  always watches the cricket match when the Indian Cricket team is playing. Alternatively, or in addition, the user equipment device may use a camera to identify the user requesting the content and user preference information based on a captured image. For example, user equipment device  108  may capture an image of the room when the stream of the cricket match between India and Bangladesh is requested and determine whether the viewers in the room are wearing jerseys supporting one of the teams. For instance, user equipment device  108  may generate a color map of the captured image to identify that user  106  is wearing a blue jersey and determine that user  106  is a supporter of the Indian Cricket Team. Although the above description describes the user preference information being collected at the user equipment devices, a person skilled in the art will understand that said information may be collected and stored at the server in various embodiments. For example, user preference information for users requesting content for streaming may be stored on a remote database and the server may retrieve said information upon receiving a request for content from the user equipment devices. 
     Once the server retrieves the user preference information for the user requesting the content, the process proceeds to  406 . At  406 , the server analyzes each frame of the requested content to determine whether the frame includes one or more objects of interest. As will be explained in more detail in the context of  FIG. 5 , the server includes a User Preference Identification (UPI) module which receives the retrieved user preference information and analyzes each frame of the requested content to identify frames that contain one or more objects of interest to the user. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 1 , server  101  analyzes each frame of the cricket match between India and Bangladesh to identify frames that contain an object of interest to user  106 , such as an Indian Cricket team player. 
     If, at  406 , it is determined that a frame contains an object of interest to the user, the process proceeds to  408 . If, on the other hand, it is determined that a frame does not contain an object of interest to the user, the process proceeds to  414 , which is discussed below in greater detail. At  408 , the server identifies portions in the frame that contain the objects of interest to the user. As will be explained in more detail with reference to  FIG. 6 , the server partitions the frame into multiple portions and identifies one or more key portions that include the object of interest. For example, server  101  identifies portions of each frame of the cricket match between India and Bangladesh that include an Indian Cricket team player. Server  101  may use any one of various well-known algorithms to identify the objects of interest. For example, server  101  may generate a color map for each of the frames and compare to the user preference information. Server  101  identifies portions of the frame that feature the color blue (i.e., color of the team jerseys of the Indian Cricket team). Additional detail about partitioning a frame into multiple portions is provided in the context of  FIG. 6  below. 
     Upon identification of the key portions of each respective frame, the server allocates available bit rates to different portions of each frame of the content stream. Specifically, at  410 , the server allocates a first bit rate to key portions of the frame that include one or more objects of interest to the user. For example, server  101  allocates a first bit rate (i.e., bit rate at which the portions are to be encoded) to portions of the frame that include one or more players from the Indian Cricket team. The remaining portions of each of the frames that do not include one or more objects of interest are allocated a second bit rate (i.e., bit rate at which the portions are to be encoded) that is lower than the first bit rate at  412 . Similarly, frames determined to not include an object of interest at  406  are also allocated the second bit rate (at  414 ). In some implementations, the first bit rate (i.e., bit rate at which the portions that include objects of interest to the user are to be encoded) is set to be the maximum bit rate per frame and the second bit rate (i.e., bit rate at which the portions that do not include objects of interest to the user are to be encoded) is set to be the minimum average bit rate. 
     At  416 , an encoder at the server encodes the portions of each of the frames at the respective allocated bit rates. For example, encoder  502  of server  101  encodes each of the portions at the respective allocated first and second bit rates. That is, portions of the frame that include an Indian Cricket team player are encoded at the first bit rate and portions of the frame that do not include Indian Cricket team players are encoded at the second bit rate. In some implementations, the encoder includes multiple processors operating in parallel to encode the different portions of each frame at their respective allocated bit rates. 
     At  418 , the server then transmits the encoded video to the user equipment device over the wireless connection. In some embodiments, the encoder at the server generates a plurality of data packets, each of which includes a payload of bits encoded at their respective allocated bit rates. The user equipment device decodes the received data packets and generates the received stream for display. Accordingly, the available number of bits are allocated to improve the user&#39;s viewing experience by ensuring that portions of each frame that include objects of interest are encoded using the maximum bit rate per frame. The user therefore does not miss out on important events in the requested content stream when network conditions deteriorate. 
       FIG. 5  illustrates an example of an encoder  502 , according to one embodiment of the systems and methods disclosed herein. The encoder  502  receives an input video stream  504  and outputs an encoded video stream  512  that can be decoded at a decoder to recover, at least approximately, an instance of the input video stream  504 . The encoder  502  comprises a user preference identification (UPI) module  506 , a video processing module  508 , and a video encoding module  510 . The encoder  502  may be implemented in hardware, software, or any suitable combination. The encoder  502  may include other components such as a parameter input module, memory for storing parameters, etc. The encoder  502  may perform other video processing functions not specifically described herein. 
     The UPI module  506  compares each frame of the received input video stream  504  to the user preference information. The input video stream  504  may take any suitable form and may originate from any of a variety of suitable sources such as memory, or even from a live feed. 
     The video processing module  508  analyzes the input video stream  504  and splits each frame of the video stream  504  into a plurality of portions along with its respective video encoding parameters for each of the plurality of portions. In one embodiment, video processing module  508  divides the respective frames of the video stream into a plurality of portions based on object boundaries. In some implementations, the object boundaries are determined by generating a color map of the respective frame. The video processing module  508  further determines an object type for each of the plurality of portions. Finally, the video processing module  508  determines video encoding parameters used by a video encoding module  510  to encode each portion of the respective frame at the allocated bit rates. The bit rates may be predefined for each portion or may be calculated and/or adapted during the video stream processing. The video encoding module  510  receives a plurality of portions and their respective allocated bit rates from the video processing module  508  to encode each of the plurality of portions according to its respective encoding bit rates and output an encoded video stream  512 . 
       FIG. 6  illustrates an example operation by the video processing module to divide each of the frames having an object of interest to the viewer into multiple portions. As illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the server (via a video processing module in an encoder such as the one illustrated in  FIG. 5 ) partitions a frame  602  based on user preference information. For example, video processing module  508  partitions the frame  602  into portions  604 ,  606 , and  608  by generating a color map. As shown in  FIG. 6 , portion  604  has the color green (color of Bangladesh team jerseys), portion  606  has the color blue (color of Indian team jerseys), and portion  608  has the color red (color of the advertisement board). Accordingly, the video encoding module  510  encodes the portion  606  at a higher bit rate than portions  604  and  608  when network conditions deteriorate in accordance with process  400 . 
       FIG. 7  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for determining user preference information for a user based on content consumption history, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. At  702 , the server receives a request for a content stream (e.g., the cricket match between India and Bangladesh as illustrated in  FIG. 1 ). At  704 , the server retrieves content metadata for a plurality of categories related to the requested content stream. For example, the server may retrieve metadata indicating the names of the teams playing in the cricket match, the names of the players participating in the cricket match, the name and geographic location of the stadium where the match is being played, the broadcast channel on which the content is being streamed, and the like. A person skilled in the art will understand that metadata for any number of categories related to the requested content stream may be retrieved by the server and the above-listed categories are for example purposes only. 
     At  706 , the server retrieves the content consumption history for the user requesting the content stream. For example, server  101  may retrieve user preference information from user equipment device  108 . The user preference information retrieved from user equipment device  108  may include a preference score assigned to a plurality of categories, such as the teams playing in the cricket match, the individual players on the respective teams, and the like. For instance, the retrieved user preference information may indicate that user  106  frequently watches cricket matches when India is participating but rarely watches when Bangladesh is playing. Additional details about user preference information and assignment of respective preferences scores for the different categories are discussed below in greater detail in the context of  FIG. 8 . 
     At  708 , the server compares the retrieved user preference information, including the preference scores assigned to the plurality of categories, with the retrieved content metadata for the requested content stream. For example, server  101  compares the teams playing in the requested cricket match (i.e., India and Bangladesh) with the user&#39;s content consumption history to determine whether the user prefers one of the two teams participating in the requested cricket match. 
     If it is determined that the user has previously viewed content having metadata that matches retrieved metadata for the requested content stream (YES at  708 ), the process proceeds to  710 , and the preference score for categories having matching metadata is increased. For example, if the server determines that the user has previously watched cricket matches in which India plays, the server increases the preference scores for players on the Indian Cricket team. Accordingly, UPI module  506  identifies frames in which Indian Cricket players are included and video processing module  508  partitions each frame into a plurality of portions where a key portion includes the objects having the highest preference scores attached to them (i.e., Indian Cricket team players). There may be some frames in which more than one object of interest is featured (e.g., when multiple Indian Cricket team players are in the same frame). In such instances, the server may prioritize the allocation of the maximum available bit rate per frame to a portion of the frame that includes an object of interest having the highest preference score associated with it. 
     If, on the other hand, it is determined that the user has never viewed content having metadata that matches retrieved metadata for the requested content stream (NO at  708 ), the process proceeds to  712 , and the server creates an entry in the database for each category of content metadata. For example, if the server determines that the user has never watched a cricket match between India and Bangladesh, the server creates an entry in the database for the different categories related to the metadata for the cricket match. At  714 , the server assigns a default preference score for the different metadata items for use in the future. In such embodiments, the server may allocate a higher number of bits to portions of the frame in which important events in the content happen. For example, the server may allocate a higher number of bits to portions of the frame in which a player is involved in a run-scoring opportunity, while allocating a lower number of bits to portions of the frame in which the audience is featured. Accordingly, the viewing experience for the user is optimized even when user preference information is not available for the user (e.g., user  102 ). 
       FIG. 8  shows an example of a database storing content consumption history for a plurality of users, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. As shown in table  802 , a database stores information for a plurality of users (users A and B) for a plurality of sports-related content. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that similar databases may store information for content categorized by, for example, different genres. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , table  802  stores content consumption history for users A and B for different sports (e.g., cricket, football, and basketball), their respective counts (i.e., the number of times the respective user has requested content related to the corresponding sport within some predetermined period of time), and an associated preference score. It is to be noted that the illustrated preference score scale (scored on a scale of Low—Medium—High) is merely provided as an example, and that any suitable scale may be used (e.g., scored on a scale of 1-10). The preference score is determined based on a frequency with which the corresponding user has requested content related to the particular sport (i.e., based on the count). Accordingly, the server is able to determine, by analyzing table  802 , that user A has a strong preference for Cricket while user B has little interest in the sport. 
     Table  804  similarly illustrates a database that stores information for a plurality of users (users A and B) for a plurality of team specific content for the sport of cricket. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that similar databases may store information for content categorized for other sports. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , table  804  stores content consumption history for users A and B for different teams (e.g., India, England, and Bangladesh), their respective counts (i.e., the number of times the respective user has requested content related to the corresponding teams within some predetermined period of time), and an associated preference score. It is to be noted that the illustrated preference score scale (scored on a scale of Low—Medium—High) is merely provided as an example, and that any suitable scale may be used (e.g., scored on a scale of 1-10). The preference score is determined based on a frequency with which the corresponding user has requested content related to the particular team (i.e., based on the count). Accordingly, the server is able to determine, by analyzing table  804 , that user A has a strong preference for the Indian Cricket team while both users A and B have little interest in the Bangladeshi Cricket team. 
     Additionally, table  806  illustrates a database that stores information for a plurality of users (users A and B) for specific cricket players. As illustrated in  FIG. 8 , table  806  stores content consumption history for users A and B for different players (e.g., V. Kohli, S. Hasan, M. S. Dhoni, M. Mortaza), their respective counts (i.e., the number of times the respective user has requested content related to the corresponding players within some predetermined period of time), and an associated preference score. It is to be noted that the illustrated preference score scale (scored on a scale of Low—Medium—High) is merely provided as an example, and that any suitable scale may be used (e.g., scored on a scale of 1-10). The preference score is determined based on a frequency with which the corresponding user has requested content related to the particular player (i.e., based on the count). Accordingly, the server is able to determine, by analyzing table  802 , that user A has a strong preference for V. Kohli and M. S. Dhoni while both users A and B have little interest in the players on the Bangladeshi Cricket team (i.e., S. Hasan and M. Mortaza). 
     Accordingly, the server is able to retrieve preference scores for each of the categories (e.g., sport, team, player, and the like) associated with content previously consumed by users and compare them to retrieved content metadata for the requested content stream. A person skilled in the art will appreciate that similar databases may be generated for other content consumed by the users (e.g., movies, actors, directors, genre, and the like). 
       FIG. 9  is a flowchart of an illustrative process for recognizing key portions in a frame that include one or more objects of interest, in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. The UPI module  506  receives individual frames of the input video stream  504  at  902 . For example, the UPI module  506  receives individual frame  602  of the cricket match between India and Bangladesh. At  904 , the server generates a color map of the received frame using well-known technologies. For example, the server may extract a color value in 24-bit RGB format for each pixel of the received frame. 
     At  906 , the server retrieves a color of interest to the user determined based on the retrieved user preference information. For example, the server may determine the color of interest for user  106  to be blue based on a high preference score associated with players on the Indian Cricket team. At  908 , the server analyzes the generated color map to identify a portion of the frame having pixels with the color value matching the color of interest. If it is determined that the received frame has a portion which includes a color of interest to the user (YES at  908 ), the process proceeds to  910  and the portion including the color of interest is marked as a key portion. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the server may analyze frame  602  and determine that a portion  606  includes pixels having a color value equivalent to blue (e.g., HEX #87ceeb). Thus, portion  606  is marked as key portion to be encoded at a higher bit rate per frame relative to the other portions. 
     If, on the other hand, it is determined that the received frame does not have a portion which includes a color of interest to the user (NO at  908 ), the process proceeds to  912  and the portions that do not include the color of interest are allocated to be encoded at a minimum average bit rate per frame. For example, as illustrated in  FIG. 6 , the server may analyze frame  602  and determine that portions  604  and  608  do not include pixels having a color value equivalent to blue (e.g., HEX #87ceeb). Thus, portions  604  and  608  are marked to be encoded at a minimum average bit rate per frame. Accordingly, the server encoder  502  allocates the available bits to the different portions of each frame of the requested content stream. 
     As noted above, processes  400  (comprising steps  402 - 418 ),  700  (comprising steps  702 - 714 ), and  900  (comprising steps  902 - 912 ) may be performed in combination with any other subroutines or performed by themselves. 
     It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that methods involved in the present invention may be embodied in a computer program product that includes a computer-usable and/or -readable medium. For example, such a computer-usable medium may consist of a read-only memory device, such as a CD-ROM disk or conventional ROM device, or a random-access memory, such as a hard drive device or a computer diskette, having a computer-readable program code stored thereon. It should also be understood that methods, techniques, and processes involved in the present disclosure may be executed using processing circuitry. 
     The processes discussed above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the steps of the processes discussed herein may be omitted, modified, combined, and/or rearranged, and any additional steps may be performed without departing from the scope of the invention. More generally, the above disclosure is meant to be exemplary and not limiting. Only the claims that follow are meant to set bounds as to what the present invention includes. Furthermore, it should be noted that the features and limitations described in any one embodiment may be applied to any other embodiment herein, and flowcharts or examples relating to one embodiment may be combined with any other embodiment in a suitable manner, done in different orders, or done in parallel. In addition, the systems and methods described herein may be performed in real time. It should also be noted, the systems and/or methods described above may be applied to, or used in accordance with, other systems and/or methods. For example, processes  400 ,  700 , and  900  can be performed on any of the devices shown in  FIGS. 1-3 . Additionally, any of the steps in processes  400 ,  700 , and  900  can be performed in any order, can be omitted, and/or can be combined with any of the steps from any other process. 
     While some portions of this disclosure may refer to “convention,” any such reference is merely for the purpose of providing context to the invention(s) of the instant disclosure, and does not form any admission as to what constitutes the state of the art.