Patent Publication Number: US-2023147646-A1

Title: Display panel and display device

Description:
This application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2021-0151664, filed on Nov. 5, 2021 and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. 
     BACKGROUND 
     1. Field 
     One or more embodiments relate to a display panel and a display device. 
     2. Description of the Related Art 
     As display devices that visually display an electrical signal have been developed, various display devices having excellent properties such as thinness, light weight, and low power consumption are being introduced. Flexible display devices that are bendable to be disposed to have an angle in a flat state or rollable in a roll shape, have been studied and developed. Furthermore, research and development of stretchable display devices that can be changed in shape into various forms are also being conducted. 
     SUMMARY 
     One or more embodiments include a display panel and a display device in which penetration of oxygen or moisture from the outside is minimized so that the reliability of the display panel and the display device may be enhanced. However, such an objective is just an example, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereby. 
     Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure. 
     According to one or more embodiments, a display panel includes a substrate including a first area and a second area which is adjacent to the first area, an encapsulation layer including a lower pattern in the second area, an insulating layer on the first area and the second area and defining an opening exposing a side surface of the lower pattern, an upper pattern on the insulating layer, protruding toward a center of the lower pattern and having a tip overlapping the side surface of the lower pattern, and an inorganic encapsulation layer in direct contact with the lower pattern. 
     The inorganic encapsulation layer may be in direct contact with a side surface of the lower pattern. 
     The inorganic encapsulation layer may be in direct contact with the tip. 
     The insulating layer may include a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer, and an inorganic layer between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. The first insulating layer may have a through portion in the first area, and the inorganic layer may cover a side surface and a bottom surface of the through portion. 
     The lower pattern may include a plurality of sub-patterns spaced apart from each other by a distance, and side surfaces of the plurality of sub-patterns may overlap the tip. 
     The lower pattern may include a conductive material. 
     The display panel may further include an insulating pattern between the bottom surface of the opening and the lower pattern, and a width of the lower pattern may be greater than a width of the insulating pattern. 
     The inorganic encapsulation layer may be in direct contact with the bottom surface of the lower pattern. 
     The substrate may further include a central area, the first area may be provided in plural, and a plurality of first areas may extend in a direction away from the central area. A separation area may be defined between a portion of the second area between the adjacent first areas, and another portion of the second area between the adjacent first areas. 
     The lower pattern may be adjacent to each of the first areas, and the upper pattern may include a first inorganic pattern on the second area and overlapping an outer side surface of the lower pattern, and a second inorganic pattern on the first area and overlapping an inner side surface of the lower pattern. 
     The display panel may further include a corner wiring on the second area and extended along each of the plurality of first areas, and the lower pattern may extend along a top surface of the corner wiring. 
     According to one or more embodiments, a display device includes a display panel and a cover window which is on the display panel. The display panel includes a substrate including a central area, a first area at a corner and bent, and a second area which is adjacent to the first area, a lower pattern on the second area, an insulating layer on the first area and the second area and defining an opening for exposing a side surface of the lower pattern, an upper pattern on the insulating layer and having a tip protruding toward a center of the lower pattern and overlapping a side surface of the lower pattern, a display element layer including a first electrode, an emission layer overlapping the first electrode, and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked on each other, and an encapsulation layer on the display element layer and including an inorganic encapsulation layer in direct contact with the lower pattern. 
     The first area may be provided in plural, each of a plurality of first areas may extend in a direction away from the central area, and a separation area that is an empty space may be defined between a portion of the second area between the adjacent first areas and another portion of the second area between the adjacent first areas. 
     According to one or more embodiments, a display panel includes a substrate including a first area in which a display element is arranged, and a plurality of second areas which extend from the first area in different directions, a lower pattern on the first area along a boundary between the first area and the second area, an insulating layer on the first area and the second area and having an opening for exposing a side surface of the lower pattern, an upper pattern on the insulating layer and having a tip protruding toward a center of the lower pattern and overlapping the side surface of the lower pattern, a display element layer including a first electrode, an emission layer overlapping the first electrode and a second electrode, which are sequentially stacked on each other, and an encapsulation layer on the display element layer and including an inorganic encapsulation layer in direct contact with the lower pattern. 
     The inorganic encapsulation layer may be in direct contact with the side surface of the lower pattern. 
     The lower pattern may include a plurality of sub-patterns spaced apart from each other by a distance, and one of side surfaces of the plurality of sub-patterns may overlap the tip. 
     The insulating layer may include a first insulating layer, a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer, and an inorganic layer between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer, where the first insulating layer defines a through portion on the first area, and the inorganic layer may cover a side surface and a bottom surface of the through portion. 
     The display panel may further include an insulating pattern between a bottom surface of the opening and the lower pattern, and a width of the lower pattern may be greater than a width of the insulating pattern. 
     The display panel may further include a spacer on the first area, and the lower pattern may be on the first area to be adjacent to the spacer, and the upper pattern may include a first inorganic pattern overlapping the spacer and one side surface of the lower pattern, and a second inorganic pattern spaced apart from the first inorganic pattern with the lower pattern therebetween and overlapping another side surface of the lower pattern. 
     The substrate may have a structure in which basic units including the first area and the plurality of second areas are repeatedly arranged, and a separation area that is an empty space may be defined in the basic units adjacent to each other. 
     Other aspects, features, and advantages than those described above may be apparent from the following drawings, the claims, and the detailed description of the disclosure. 
    
    
     
       BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 
       The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 
         FIG.  1    is a perspective view schematically illustrating a display device according to an embodiment; 
         FIG.  2 A  is a cross-sectional view of the display device of  FIG.  1    taken along line A-A,  FIG.  2 B  is a cross-sectional view illustrating the display device of  FIG.  1    taken along line B-B, and  FIG.  2 C  is a cross-sectional view illustrating the display device taken along line C-C′; 
         FIG.  3    is a plan view schematically illustrating a display panel according to an embodiment; 
         FIG.  4    is an equivalent circuit diagram schematically showing a pixel circuit that may be applied to the display panel; 
         FIG.  5    is an enlarged view of portion D of the display panel of  FIG.  3   ; 
         FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a display panel according to an embodiment, taken along line E-E′ of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIG.  7    is an enlarged view of portion F of the display panel of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a display panel according to an embodiment, taken along line G-G′ of  FIG.  5   ; 
         FIGS.  9 A through  9 D  are enlarged views illustrating portion H of the display panel of  FIG.  8   ; 
         FIG.  10 A  is a plan view schematically illustrating a display panel according to an embodiment, and  FIG.  10 B  is an enlarged plan view of a region of the display panel of  FIG.  10 A ; 
         FIG.  11    is an enlarged view schematically illustrating a portion of the display panel of  FIG.  10 B ; 
         FIG.  12    is a plan view illustrating the structure of a basic unit that constitutes a display panel according to an embodiment; 
         FIG.  13    is a plan view schematically illustrating a display panel according to an embodiment, taken along line H-H′ of  FIG.  12   ; and 
         FIG.  14    is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a display panel according to an embodiment, taken along line I-I′ of  FIG.  12   . 
     
    
    
     DETAILED DESCRIPTION 
     Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, where like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of the present description. 
     As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expression “at least one of a, b or c” indicates only a, only b, only c, both a and b, both a and c, both b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. 
     Since various modifications and various embodiments of the present disclosure are possible, specific embodiments are illustrated in the drawings and described in detail in the detailed description. Effects and features of the present disclosure, and a method of achieving them will be apparent with reference to embodiments described below in detail in conjunction with the drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but may be implemented in a variety of forms. 
     Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, and the same or corresponding components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and the same reference numerals are assigned and redundant explanations will be omitted. 
     In the present specification, the terms of the first and second, etc. were used for the purpose of distinguishing one component from other components, not a limited sense. 
     The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. In the present specification, the singular expression includes a plurality of expressions unless the context is clearly different. As used herein, “a”, “an,” “the,” and “at least one” do not denote a limitation of quantity, and are intended to include both the singular and plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, “an element” has the same meaning as “at least one element,” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. “At least one” is not to be construed as limiting “a” or “an.” “Or” means “and/or.” As used herein, a reference number may indicate a singular element or a plurality of the element. For example, a reference number labeling a singular form of an element within the drawing figures may be used to reference a plurality of the singular element within the text of specification. 
     In the present specification, the terms such as comprising or having are meant to be the features described in the specification, or the components are present, and the possibility of one or more other features or components will be added, is not excluded in advance. 
     In the present specification, when a portion such as a layer, a region, a component or the like is described such as being “on” other portions, this is not only when the portion is “directly on” other components, but also when other components are interposed therebetween. In contrast, when a portion such as a layer, a region, a component or the like is described such as being “directly on” other portions, other components are not interposed therebetween. 
     In the present specification, when a layer, a region, a component or the like is connected to other components, this is not only when a layer, a region, a component or the like is directly connected to each other or/and but also when a layer, a region, a component or the like is indirectly connected to each other while another layer, another region, another component or the like is interposed therebetween. For example, in the present specification, when a layer, a region, a component or the like is electrically connected to each other, this is not only when a layer, a region, a component or the like is directly electrically connected to each other and/or but also when a layer, a region and a component or the like is indirectly electrically connected to each other while another layer, another region, another component or the like is interposed therebetween. 
     In the present specification, “A and/or B” indicates A, B, or A and B. In addition, “at least one of A and B” indicates A, B, or A and B. 
     In the present specification, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to three axes on an orthogonal coordinate system, and may be interpreted in a broad sense including this case. For example, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis may be orthogonal to each other, but may refer to different directions that do not orthogonal to each other. 
     In the case where embodiments may be implemented in the present specification, a specific process order may be performed differently from the order described. For example, two processes described in succession may be substantially performed at the same time, or in an opposite order to an order to be described. 
     Furthermore, relative terms, such as “lower” or “bottom” and “upper” or “top,” may be used herein to describe one element&#39;s relationship to another element as illustrated in the Figures. It will be understood that relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the Figures. For example, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as being on the “lower” side of other elements would then be oriented on “upper” sides of the other elements. The term “lower,” can therefore, encompasses both an orientation of lower” and “upper,” depending on the particular orientation of the figure. Similarly, if the device in one of the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements would then be oriented “above” the other elements. The terms “below” or “beneath” can, therefore, encompass both an orientation of above and below. 
     Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. 
     Embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims. 
     In the drawings, for convenience of description, the sizes of components may be exaggerated or reduced. For example, since the size and thickness of each component shown in the drawings are arbitrarily indicated for convenience of description, the present disclosure is not necessarily limited to the illustration. 
       FIG.  1    is a perspective view schematically illustrating a display device  1  according to an embodiment,  FIG.  2 A  is a cross-sectional view of the display device  1  of  FIG.  1    taken along line A-A′,  FIG.  2 B  is a cross-sectional view of the display device  1  of  FIG.  1    taken along line B-B′, and  FIG.  2 C  is a cross-sectional view of the display device  1  of  FIG.  1    taken along line C-C′. 
     Referring to  FIG.  1    and  FIGS.  2 A through  2 C , the display device  1  may display an image. The display device  1  may have an edge extended in a first direction and an edge extended in a second direction. Here, the first direction and the second direction may cross each other. A plane may be defined by the first direction and the second direction crossing each other. In an embodiment, for example, the first direction and the second direction may form an acute angle. As another example, the first direction and the second direction may form an obtuse angle or may be orthogonal to each other. Hereinafter, a case where the first direction and the second direction are orthogonal to each other, will be described in detail. In an embodiment, for example, the first direction may be an x-direction or an −x-direction, and the second direction may be a y-direction or a −y-direction. 
     In an embodiment, a corner CN in which the edge in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or a −x-direction) and the edge in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction) meet each other, may have a curvature. The curvature may extend along a third direction (e.g., an −z-direction) from a reference plane. 
     The display device  1  may include a cover window CW and a display panel  10  which faces the cover window CW, The cover window CW may function to protect the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, the cover window CW may be arranged on the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, the cover window CW may be a flexible window. The cover window CW may be easily bent according to external force without the occurrence of cracks, to protect the display panel  10 . The cover window CW may include a glass, sapphire, or plastic. The cover window CW may be, for example, ultra-thin glass (UTG) or colorless polyimide (CPI). In an embodiment, the cover window CW may have a structure in which a polymer layer having flexibility is arranged on one surface of a glass substrate, or may include only a polymer layer. 
     The display panel  10  may be arranged under the cover window CW Although not shown, the display panel  10  may be attached to the cover window CW by using a transparent adhesive member, such as an optically clear adhesive (OCA) film. 
     The display panel  10  may display an image. The display panel  10  may include a substrate  100  and a pixel PX. The substrate  100  may include a central area CA, a first side area SA 1 , a second side area SA 2 , a corner area CNA, a middle area MA, and a peripheral area PA. In an embodiment, the shape of the substrate  100  may define the shape of the display device  1 . 
     The central area CA may be a flat area, such as being disposed in one plane. In an embodiment, the display device  1  may provide a primary image to the central area CA. 
     The first side area SA 1  may be adjacent to the central area CA in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and may be bent. The first side area SA 1  may be defined as an area bent from the central area CA in a cross section (e.g., an xz cross section) in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). The first side area SA 1  may extend in a second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). In other words, the first side area SA 1  may not be bent in a cross section (e.g., an yz cross section) in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). The first side area SA 1  may extend from the central area CA in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). In  FIG.  2 A , the first side area SA 1  that extends from the central area CA in the x-direction and is bent, and the first side area SA 1  that extends from the central area CA in the −x-direction and is bent, may have the same curvature. In an embodiment, the first side area SA 1  that extends from the central area CA in the x-direction and is bent, and the first side area SA 1  that extends from the central area CA in the −x-direction and is bent, may have different curvatures. 
     The second side area SA 2  may be adjacent to the central area CA in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction) and may be bent. The second side area SA 2  may be defined as an area bent from the central area CA in a cross section (e.g., an yz cross section) in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). The second side area SA 2  may extend in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). The second side area SA 2  may not be bent in a cross section (e.g., an xz cross section) orthogonal to the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). In  FIG.  2 B , the first side area SA 1  that extends from the central area CA in the y-direction and is bent, and the second side area SA 2  that extends from the central area CA in the −y-direction and is bent, may have the same curvature. In an embodiment, the second side area SA 2  that extends from the central area CA in the y-direction and is bent, and the second side area SA 2  that extends from the central area CA in the −y-direction and is bent, may have different curvatures. 
     The corner area CNA may be an area corresponding to the corner CN. In an embodiment, the corner area CNA may be an area in which the edge of the display device  1  in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and the edge of the display device  1  in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction) meet each other. In an embodiment, the corner area CNA may surround (or extend along) at least a portion of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , and the second side area SA 2 . Alternatively, the corner area CNA may surround (or extend along) at least a portion of the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , and the middle area MA. When an end portion of the first side area SA 1  extends bent in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x direction), and an end portion of the second side area SA 2  extends bent in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction), at least a portion of the corner area CNA may extend in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and may be bent and simultaneously, may extend in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction) and may be bent. In other words, at least a portion of the corner area CNA may be a curved area in which a plurality of curvatures overlap in a plurality of directions. In an embodiment, a plurality of corner areas CNA may be provided. 
     The middle area MA may be between the central area CA and the corner area CNA. In an embodiment, the middle area MA may extend between the first side area SA 1  and the corner area CNA. In an embodiment, the middle area MA may extend between the second side area SA 2  and the corner area CNA. In an embodiment, the middle area MA may be bent. A driving circuit DC for providing an electrical signal to the pixel PX and/or a power wiring for providing power, may be arranged in the middle area MA. In this case, the pixel PX arranged in the middle area MA may overlap the driving circuit DC and/or the power wiring. In embodiments, the driving circuit DC and/or the power wiring arranged in the middle area MA may be omitted. 
     The peripheral area PA may be arranged outside the central area CA. In an embodiment, the peripheral area PA may be outside the first side area SA 1 . The peripheral area PA may extend from the first side area SA 1 , to define an end or edge of the display panel  10 , In an embodiment, the peripheral area PA may be outside the second side area SA 2 . The peripheral area PA may extend from the second side area SA 2 , to define an end or edge of the display panel  10 . The pixel PX may not be arranged in the peripheral area PA. Thus, the peripheral area PA may be a non-display area in which no image is displayed. A driving circuit DC for providing an electrical signal to the pixel PX and/or a power wiring for providing power may be arranged in the peripheral area PA. 
     Referring to  FIG.  2 A , a portion of the first side area SA 1 , the middle area MA, and the corner area CNA may be bent together to have a first curvature radius R 1 . Referring to  FIG.  2 B , a portion of the second side area SA 2 , the middle area MA, and the corner area CNA may be bent together to have a second curvature radius R 2 . Referring to  FIG.  2 C , a portion of the middle area MA and the corner area CNA may be bent to have a third curvature radius R 3 . 
     The pixel PX may be arranged on the substrate  100 . In an embodiment, a plurality of pixels PX may be provided, and the plurality of pixels PX may display an image by emitting light. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of pixels PX may include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb. Alternatively, each of the plurality of pixels PX may include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, a blue sub-pixel Pb and a white sub-pixel. 
     The pixel PX may be arranged in at least one of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , and the corner area CNA. In an embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX may be arranged in the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA. In this case, the display device  1  may display an image in the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of pixels PX arranged in the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA may provide an independent image. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of pixels PX arranged in the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA may provide portions of one image. 
     The display device  1  may display an image in the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the middle area MA, and the corner area CNA. Thus, the ratio of a display area, which is an area in which an image is displayed, in the display device  1  may increase. Furthermore, the display device  1  may be bent in the corner CN and may display an image, so that an aesthetic sense may be enhanced. 
       FIG.  3    is a plan view schematically illustrating a display panel  10  according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  3   , the display panel  10  may display an image. The display panel  10  may include a substrate  100 , a pixel PX, and a driving circuit DC. The substrate  100  may include a central area CA, a first side area SA 1 , a second side area SA 2 , a corner area CNA, a middle area MA, and a peripheral area PA. The central area CA may be a flat area. In an embodiment, the display device  1  may provide a primary image to the central area CA. 
     The first side area SA 1  may be adjacent to the central area CA, in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction), In an embodiment, the first side area SA 1  may be disposed between the central area CA and the peripheral area PA. The first side area SA 1  may extend from the central area CA, in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). 
     The second side area SA 2  may be adjacent to the central area CA, in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). In an embodiment, the second side area SA 2  may be arranged between the central area CA and the peripheral area PA. The second side area SA 2  may extend from the central area CA, in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). 
     The corner area CNA may be an area at the corner CN of the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, the corner area CNA may be an area in which the edge of the display panel  10  in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and the edge of the display panel  10  in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction) meet each other. In an embodiment, the corner area CNA may surround at least a portion of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , and the second side area SA 2 . The corner area CNA may surround at least a portion of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , and the middle area MA. 
     The middle area MA may be between the central area CA and the corner area CNA. In an embodiment, the middle area MA may extend between the first side area SA 1  and the corner area CNA. In an embodiment, the middle area MA may extend between the second side area SA 2  and the corner area CNA. A driving circuit DC for providing an electrical signal to the pixel PX and/or a power wiring for providing power may be arranged in the middle area MA. In this case, the pixel PX arranged in the middle area MA may overlap the driving circuit DC and/or the power wiring. In embodiments, the driving circuit DC and/or the power wiring arranged in the middle area MA may be omitted. 
     The peripheral area PA may be arranged outside the central area CA. The pixel PX may not be arranged in the peripheral area PA. Thus, the peripheral area PA may be a non-display area in which no image is displayed. The driving circuit DC for providing an electrical signal to the pixel PX and/or a power wiring for providing power may be arranged in the peripheral area PA. The peripheral area PA may include a first adjacent area AA 1 , a second adjacent area AA 2 , a third adjacent area AA 3 , a bending area BA, and a pad area PADA. 
     The first adjacent area AA 1  may be outside the first side area SA 1 . In other words, the first side area SA 1  may be disposed between the first adjacent area AA 1  and the central area CA. The first adjacent area AA 1  may extend from the first side area SA 1 . In an embodiment, the first adjacent area AA 1  may extend from the first side area SA 1 , in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). In an embodiment, a driving circuit DC may be disposed in the first adjacent area AA 1 . 
     The second adjacent area AA 2  and the third adjacent area AA 3  may be outside the second side area SA 2 . In other words, the second side area SA 2  may be arranged between the second adjacent area AA 2  and the central area CA. In other words, the second side area SA 2  may be arranged between the third adjacent area AA 3  and the central area CA. The second adjacent area AA 2  and the third adjacent area AA 3  may extend from the second side area SA 2 . In an embodiment, the second adjacent area AA 2  and the third adjacent area AA 3  may extend in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). The central area CA may be arranged between the second adjacent area AA 2  and the third adjacent area AA 3 . 
     The bending area BA may be arranged outside the third adjacent area AA 3 . In other words, the third adjacent area AA 3  may be arranged between the bending area BA and the second side area SA 2 , and further from the central area CA than third adjacent area AA 3 . The display panel  10  may be bendable at the bending area BA. In this case, the display panel  10  which is bent may dispose the pad area PADA facing a rear surface of the display panel  10  that is opposite to a top surface at which an image is displayed. Thus, a planar area of the peripheral area PA which is visible from outside the display device  1  may be reduced. 
     The pad area PADA may be arranged outside the bending area BA. In other words, the bending area BA may be arranged between a third adjacent area AA 3  and the pad area PADA. A pad (not shown) may be arranged in the pad area PADA. The display panel  10  may receive an electrical signal and/or a power supply voltage from outside the display panel  10 , through the pad (not shown). 
     At least one of the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA may be bent. In an embodiment, for example, a portion of the first side area SA 1  and the corner area CNA may be bent in a cross section (e.g., an xz cross section) in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction), relative to the central area CA. A portion of the second side area SA 2  and the corner area CNA may be bent in a cross section (e.g., an yz cross section) in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction), relative to the central area CA. A portion of the corner area CNA may be bent in a cross section (e.g., an xz cross section) in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x direction) and may be bent in a cross section (e.g., an yz cross section) in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). 
     When the corner area CNA is bent, a larger compressive strain than a tensile strain may be generated at the corner area CNA. In this case, the substrate  100  and the multi-layered structure on the substrate  100  which is contractible may be applied to at least a portion of the corner area CNA. In an embodiment, the structure of the display panel  10  in the corner area CNA may be different from the structure of the display panel  10  in the central area CA. 
     The pixel PX and the driving circuit DC may be arranged on the substrate  100 . The pixel PX may be arranged in at least one of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA. In an embodiment, a plurality of pixels PX may be provided. The plurality of pixels PX may include a display element DPE. In an embodiment, the display element DPE may be an organic light emitting diode OLED including an organic light emitting layer. Alternatively, the display element DPE may be a light emitting diode (LED) including an inorganic light emitting layer. The size of the LED may be a micro scale or a nano scale. In an embodiment, for example, the LED may be a micro LED. Alternatively, the LED may be a nanorod LED. The nanorod LED may include gallium nitride (GaN). In an embodiment, a color conversion layer may be disposed on the nanorod LED. The color conversion layer may include quantum dots. Alternatively, the display element DPE may be a quantum dot light emitting diode including a quantum dot light emitting layer. 
     The pixels PX may include a plurality of sub-pixels, and each of the plurality of sub-pixels may emit light of a color using the display element DPE. In the present specification, the plurality of sub-pixels mean or correspond to an emission area EMA as a minimum unit that implements an image. When an organic light emitting diode BLED is used as the display element DPE, the emission area EMA may be defined by an opening  220 OP of a pixel-defining layer  220 . This will be described later. 
     The driving circuit DC may be a scan driving circuit for providing a scan signal to each pixel PX, through a scan line SL. Alternatively, the driving circuit DC may be a data driving circuit for providing a data signal to each pixel PX, through a data line DL, In an embodiment, the data driving circuit may be arranged in the third adjacent area AA 3  or the pad area PADA. Alternatively, the data driving circuit may be arranged on a display circuit board connected to the data driving circuit through the pad. 
       FIG.  4    is an equivalent circuit diagram schematically showing a pixel circuit PC that may be applied to the display panel  10 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  4   , the pixel circuit PC may be electrically connected to a display element DPE. The pixel circuit PC may include a driving thin film transistor T 1 , a switching thin film transistor T 2 , and a storage capacitor Cst. In an embodiment, the display element DPE may emit red light, green light or blue light, or red light, green light, blue light or white light. 
     The switching thin film transistor T 2  may be connected to the scan line SL and the data line DL and may transmit a data signal or data voltage input from the data line DL to the driving thin film transistor T 1 , based on a scan signal or switching voltage input from the scan line SL. 
     The storage capacitor Cst may be connected to the switching thin film transistor T 2  and the driving voltage line PL and may store a voltage corresponding to a difference between a voltage transmitted from the switching thin film transistor T 2  and a first power supply voltage ELVDD supplied to a driving voltage line PL. 
     The driving thin film transistor T 1  may be connected to the driving voltage line PL and the storage capacitor Cst and may control a driving (electrical) current flowing through the OLED from the driving voltage line PL, in response to a voltage value stored in the storage capacitor Cst. The display element DPE may emit light having a brightness using the driving current. An opposite electrode of the display element DPE may receive a second power supply voltage ELVSS. 
       FIG.  4    illustrates that the pixel circuit PC includes two thin film transistors and one storage capacitor, but the pixel circuit PC may include two or more thin film transistors and/or one or more storage capacitors. 
       FIG.  5    is an enlarged view of portion D of the display panel  10  of  FIG.  3   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  5   , the substrate  100  may include a central area CA, a first side area SA 1 , a second side area SA 2 , and a corner area CNA. 
     The first side area SA 1  may be adjacent to the central area CA in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). The first side area SA 1  may extend from the central area CA in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). The second side area SA 2  may be adjacent to the central area CA in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). The second side area SA 2  may extend from the central area CA in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). 
     The corner area CNA may be an area at the corner CN of the display panel  10 . In an embodiment, the corner area CNA may be an area in which the edge of the display panel  10  in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and the edge of the display panel  10  in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction) meet each other. In an embodiment, the corner area CNA may surround at least a portion of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , and the second side area SA 2 . The corner area CNA may surround at least a portion of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , and the middle area MA. The corner area CNA may include a central corner area CCA, a first adjacent corner area ACA 1 , and a second adjacent corner area ACA 2 . 
     A central corner area CCA may extend in a direction away from the central area CA. The central corner area CCA may include a first area A 1  and a second area A 2 . In an embodiment, the central corner area CCA may include a plurality of first areas A 1 . Each of the plurality of first areas A 1  may extend in a direction away from the central area CA. In an embodiment, the plurality of first areas A 1  may extend in a direction crossing the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction), e.g., inclined with respect to the first and second directions. 
     The second area A 2  may surround the first area A 1 . The second area A 2  may surround the plurality of first areas A 1 . In an embodiment, the central corner area CCA may include a plurality of second areas A 2 . In an embodiment, a separation area VA may be defined between a first portion of the second area A 2  disposed between first adjacent areas A 1  and a second portion of the second areas A 2  disposed between the first adjacent areas A 1 . That is, the second areas A 2  which are adjacent to each other (e.g., first and second portions of the second area A 2 ), may be spaced apart from each other to define the separation area VA. The separation area VA may have a wedge shape, owing to the gap between the second areas A 2  which are adjacent to each other. 
     The separation area VA may be an area in which components of the display panel  10  are not arranged. When the central corner area CCA is bent at the corner CN, a larger compressive strain than a tensile strain may be generated in the central corner area CCA. In the present embodiment, since the separation area VA is defined between a first portion of the second area A 2  between a pair of first areas A 1  adjacent to each other and a second portion of the second area A 2  between the pair of the first adjacent areas A 1  the central corner area CCA may be contracted. Thus, the display panel  10  may be bent at the central corner area CCA without damage. 
     A first adjacent corner area ACAI may be adjacent to the central corner area CCA. In an embodiment, at least a portion of the first side area SA 1  and the first adjacent corner area ACA 1  may be arranged in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction). An end of the central corner area CCA which is furthest from the central area CA, and an end of the first adjacent corner area ACA 1  which is furthest from the central area CA, may be spaced apart from each other along an outer edge of the display panel  10 . The first adjacent corner area ACA 1  may be bent in a cross section (e.g., an xz cross section) in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and may not be bent in a cross section (e.g., an xz cross section) in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction), and the separation area VA may not be defined in the first adjacent corner area ACA 1 . 
     A second adjacent corner area ACA 2  may be adjacent to the central corner area CCA. At least a portion of the second side area SA 2  may be arranged between the central area CA and the second adjacent corner area ACA 2  in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). An end of the central corner area CCA which is furthest from the central area CA, and an end of the second adjacent corner area ACA 2  which is furthest from the central area CA, may be spaced apart from each other. The second adjacent corner area ACA 2  may not be bent in a cross section (e.g., an xz cross section) in the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and may be bent in a cross section (e.g., an yz cross section) in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction), and the separation area VA may not be defined in the second adjacent corner area ACA 2 . 
     The middle area MA may be between the central area CA and the corner area CNA. The middle area MA may extend between the corner area CNA and the first side area SA 1 . The middle area MA may extend between the corner area CNA and the second side area SA 2 . A driving circuit DC for providing an electrical signal to the pixel PX and/or a power wiring for providing power may be arranged in the middle area MA. In this case, the pixel PX arranged in the middle area MA may overlap the driving circuit DC and/or the power wiring. In embodiments, the driving circuit DC arranged in the middle area MA may be omitted. 
     The pixel PX may be arranged in at least one of the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the first area A 1  of the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA. In an embodiment, the plurality of pixels PX may be arranged in the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the first area A 1  of the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA. Thus, the display panel  10  may display an image in the central area CA, the first side area SA 1 , the second side area SA 2 , the first area A 1  of the corner area CNA, and the middle area MA. The plurality of pixels PX may include a plurality of display elements. In an embodiment, the pixel PX overlapping the first area A 1  of the corner area CNA may include a corner organic light emitting diode CNOLED as a corner display element. The pixel PX overlapping the middle area MA may include a middle organic light emitting diode MEWLED as a middle display element. The pixel PX overlapping the central area CA may include a central organic light emitting diode COLED as a central display element. 
       FIG.  6    is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a display panel  10  according to an embodiment, taken along line E-E′ of  FIG.  5   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  6   , the display panel  10  may include a substrate  100 , a pixel circuit layer PCL, a display element layer DEL, an encapsulation layer  300 , a touch sensor layer  500 , and an anti-reflection layer  600 . 
     The substrate  100  may include various materials, such as a glass, a metal or an organic material. In an alternative embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a flexible material. In an embodiment, for example, the substrate  100  may include an ultra-thin flexible glass (e.g., a thickness of several tens to several hundreds of micrometers (μm)) or a polymer resin. When the substrate  100  includes a polymer resin, the substrate  100  may include polyimide (PI). Alternatively, the substrate  100  may include polyethersulfone, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyethyelenene napthalate, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, cellulose tri-acetate (TAC), or/and cellulose acetate propionate. 
     In an embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a single layer or multi-layered inorganic barrier layer including silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and/or silicon oxynitride (SiON) in order to prevent penetration of external foreign materials. 
     The pixel circuit layer PCL may be arranged on the substrate  100 . The pixel circuit layer PCL may include a driving circuit DC and a pixel circuit PC. In an embodiment, the driving circuit DC may be arranged in the middle area MA, In an embodiment, the driving circuit DC may not be arranged in the middle area MA. In this case, the driving circuit DC may be arranged in a peripheral area PA. Hereinafter, a case where the driving circuit DC is arranged in the middle area MA, will be described in detail. 
     The peripheral area PA may be arranged in the central area CA. In an embodiment, the pixel circuit PC may be spaced apart from the middle area MA. In other words, the pixel circuit PC may not overlap the middle area MA. In an embodiment, the pixel circuit PC may overlap the middle area MA. 
     The driving circuit DC may include a driving circuit thin film transistor DC-TFT. In an embodiment, the driving circuit DC may be connected to a scan fine SL. The pixel circuit PC may include at least one thin film transistor. In an embodiment, the pixel circuit PC may include a driving thin film transistor T 1 , a switching thin film transistor T 2 , and a storage capacitor Cst. 
     The pixel circuit layer PCL may further include an inorganic insulating layer HL, a first insulating layer  115 , and a second insulating layer  116 , which are arranged under or/on components of the driving thin film transistor T 1 . The inorganic insulating layer IIL may include a buffer layer  111 , a first gate insulating layer  112 , a second gate insulating layer  113 , and an interlayer insulating layer  114 . The driving thin film transistor T 1  may include a first semiconductor layer Act 1 , a first gate electrode GE 1 , a first source electrode SE 1 , and a first drain electrode DE 1 . 
     The buffer layer  111  may be arranged on the substrate  100 . The buffer layer  111  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SIGN), and silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and may have a single layer or multi-layered structure including the above-described inorganic insulating material. 
     The first semiconductor layer Act 1  may be arranged on the buffer layer  111 . The first semiconductor layer Act 1  may include polysilicon. Alternatively, the first semiconductor layer Act 1  may include amorphous silicon, an oxide semiconductor, or an organic semiconductor. The first semiconductor layer Act 1  may include a channel region, and a drain region and a source region on both sides of the channel region, respectively. 
     A first gate electrode GE 1  may overlap the channel region. The first gate electrode GE 1  may include a low resistance metal material. The first gate electrode GE 1  may include a conductive material including molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), and the like, and may have a mufti-layered or single layer structure including the above-described materials. 
     The first gate insulating layer  112  between the first semiconductor layer Act 1  and the first gate electrode GE 1  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), and/or zinc oxide (ZnO x ). In an embodiment, the zinc oxide (ZnO x ) may include zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or zinc peroxide (ZnO 2 ). 
     The second gate insulating layer  113  may cover the first gate electrode GE 1 . The second gate insulating layer  113  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), and/or zinc oxide (ZnO x ), similarly to the first gate insulating layer  112 . 
     An upper electrode CE 2  of the storage capacitor Cst may be arranged on the second gate insulating layer  113 . The upper electrode CE 2  may overlap the first gate electrode GE 1  thereunder. In this case, the first gate electrode GE 1  and the upper electrode CE 2  of the driving thin film transistor T 1  that overlap each other with the second gate insulating layer  113  therebetween may constitute the storage capacitor Cst. That is, the first gate electrode GE 1  of the driving thin film transistor T 1  may function as the lower electrode CE 1  of the storage capacitor Cst. In other words, the storage capacitor Cst and the driving thin film transistor T 1  may overlap each other. In embodiments, the storage capacitor Cst may not overlap the driving thin film transistor T 1 . The upper electrode CE 2  may include aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), neodymium (Nd), iridium (Ir), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), and/or copper (Cu) and may have a single layer or multi-layered structure of the above-described materials. 
     The interlayer insulating layer  114  may cover the upper electrode CE 2 . The interlayer insulating layer  114  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), or zinc oxide (ZnO x ). The interlayer insulating layer  114  may have a single layer or multi-layered structure including the above-described inorganic insulating materials. 
     Each of the first drain electrode DE 1  and the first source electrode SE 1  may be arranged on the interlayer insulating layer  114 . The first drain electrode DE 1  and the first source electrode SE 1  may include a conductive material. The first drain electrode DE 1  and the first source electrode SE 1  may include a conductive material including Mo, Al, Cu, Ti, and the like, and may have a multi-layered or single layer structure including the above-described materials. In an embodiment, the first drain electrode DE 1  and the first source electrode SE 1  may have a multi-layered structure of Ti/Al/Ti. 
     The switching thin film transistor T 2  may include a second semiconductor layer Act 2 , a second gate electrode GE 2 , a second drain electrode DE 2 , and a second source electrode SE 2 . The second semiconductor layer Act 2 , the second gate electrode GE 2 , the second drain electrode DE 2 , and the second source electrode SE 2  are similar to the first semiconductor layer Act 1 , the first gate electrode GE 1 , the first drain electrode DE 1 , and the first source electrode SE 1 , respectively, and thus, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. 
     The driving circuit thin film transistor DC-TFT may include a driving circuit semiconductor layer, a driving circuit gate electrode, a driving circuit source electrode, and a driving circuit drain electrode, similarly to the switching thin film transistor T 2 . 
     The first insulating layer  115  may be arranged on at least one thin film transistor. In an embodiment, the first insulating layer  115  may be arranged to cover the first drain electrode DE 1  and the first source electrode SE 1 . The first insulating layer  115  may include an organic material. In an embodiment, for example, the first insulating layer  115  may include an organic insulating material such as a general-purpose polymer such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS), a polymer derivative having a phenol-based group, an acryl-based polymer, an imide polymer, an aryl ether-based polymer, an amide polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, and a blend thereof. 
     A connection electrode CML and a connection line CL may be arranged on the first insulating layer  115 . In this case, each of the connection electrode CML and the connection line CL may be connected to the first drain electrode DE 1  or the first source electrode SE 1  through a contact hole of the first insulating layer  115 . The connection electrode CML and the connection line CL may include a conductive material. The connection electrode CML and the connection line CL may include a conductive material including Mo, Al, Cu, Ti, or the like, and may have a multi-layered or single layer including the above-described materials. In an embodiment, the connection electrode CML and the connection line CL may have a multi-layered structure of Ti/Al/Ti. 
     In an embodiment, the connection line CL may extend from the central area CA and to the middle area MA. In an embodiment, the connection line CL may extend from a peripheral area PA (of  FIG.  3   ) or a corner area CNA (of  FIG.  3   ), and to the middle area MA. In an embodiment, the connection line CL may extend from a first side area SA 1  (of  FIG.  3   ) or a second side area SA 2  (of  FIG.  3   ), and into the middle area MA. The connection line CL may overlap the driving circuit thin film transistor DC-TFT. 
     The second insulating layer  116  may be arranged to cover the connection electrode CML and the connection line CL. The second insulating layer  116  may include an organic material. The second insulating layer  116  may include an organic insulating material such as a general-purpose polymer such as PMMA or PS, a polymer derivative having a phenol-based group, an acryl-based polymer, an imide polymer, an aryl ether-based polymer, an amide polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, and a blend thereof. 
     The display element layer DEL may be arranged on the pixel circuit layer PCL. The display element layer DEL that includes a display element IPE, may include an organic light emitting diode OLED, a pixel-defining layer  220 , and a spacer  230 . The display element layer DEL may include a plurality of organic light emitting diodes OLED. In an embodiment, one of the plurality of organic light emitting diodes OLED that is a central display element may be a central organic light emitting diode COLED arranged in the central area CA, Another one of the plurality of organic light emitting diodes OLED that is a middle display element may be a middle organic light emitting diode MOLED arranged in the middle area MA. In this case, the middle organic light emitting diode MOLED arranged in the middle area MA may overlap the driving circuit DC. Thus, in the present embodiment, the display panel  10  may display an image in the middle area MA in which the driving circuit DC is arranged. 
     The central organic light emitting diode COLED may be electrically connected to the connection electrode CML through (or at) a contact hole defined in (or by) the second insulating layer  116 . The middle organic light emitting diode MOLED may be electrically connected to the connection line CL through the contact hole of the second insulating layer  116 . The organic light emitting diode OLED may include a first electrode  211 , an intermediate layer  212 , and a second electrode  213 . 
     The first electrode  211  may be arranged on the second insulating layer  116 . The first electrode  211  may be electrically connected to the connection electrode CML or the connection line CL, through the contact hole of the second insulating layer  116 . In an embodiment, the first electrode  211  may be a pixel electrode. The first electrode  211  may include a conductive oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), indium gallium oxide (IGO), or aluminum zinc oxide (AZO). In an embodiment, the first electrode  211  may include a reflective layer including Ag, Mg, Al, platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, or a compound thereof. In an embodiment, the first electrode  211  may further include a layer formed of ITO, IZO, ZnO, or In 2 O 3  on/under the above-described reflective layer. 
     The pixel-defining layer  220  which defines an opening  220 OP exposing the central portion of the first electrode  211  to outside the pixel-defining layer  220 , may be arranged on the first electrode  211 . The opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220  may define a light emission area of light emitted from the organic light emitting diode OLED (hereinafter, referred to as an emission area EMA). 
     Various elements such as the opening  220 OP, the emission area EMA, a sub-pixel, etc. may have a width defined in a direction along the substrate  100 . As used herein, a width of an element may be a minimum dimension along an underlying layer such as the substrate  100 , without being limited thereto. In an embodiment, for example, the width of the opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220  may correspond to the width of the emission area EMA. In addition, the width of the opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220  may correspond to the width of a sub-pixel. 
     In an embodiment, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include an organic insulating material. In an embodiment, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), or silicon oxide (SiO 2 ). In an embodiment, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material. In embodiments, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include a light-blocking material and may be provided in black. The light-blocking material may include carbon black, carbon nanotubes, a resin or paste including a black dye, metal particles, such as nickel, aluminum, molybdenum, and an alloy thereof, metal oxide particles (e.g., chromium oxide), or metal nitride particles (e.g., chromium nitride). When the pixel-defining layer  220  includes a light-blocking material, reflection of external light due to metal structures arranged under the pixel-defining layer  220  may be reduced. 
     The spacer  230  may be arranged on the pixel-defining layer  220 . The spacer  230  may be configured to prevent damage of the substrate  100  and/or a multi-layer on the substrate  100  in a method of manufacturing (or providing) a display device  1 , In the case of a method of manufacturing a display panel  10 , a mask sheet may be used, where the mask sheet may enter or sag into the opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220 , or may be in close contact with the pixel-defining layer  220 . The spacer  230  may prevent or reduce defects in which a portion of the substrate  100  and the mufti-layer may be damage or broken by the mask sheet when a deposition material is deposited on the substrate  100  using such mask sheet. 
     The spacer  230  may include an organic material such as PI. Alternatively, the spacer  230  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ) or silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), or both an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material. In an embodiment, the spacer  230  may include a different material from that of the pixel-defining layer  220 . Alternatively, in an embodiment, the spacer  230  may include the same material as that of the pixel-defining layer  220 . In this case, the pixel-defining layer  220  and the spacer  230  may be formed together in a mask process using a halftone mask or the like. As being formed together in a same process, elements may include a same material, be in a same layer as each other as respective portions of a same material layer, may be on a same layer by forming an interface with a same underlying or overlying layer, etc., without being limited thereto. 
     The intermediate layer  212  may be arranged on the pixel-defining layer  220 . The intermediate layer  212  may include a light emitting layer  212   b  arranged to correspond to the opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220 . The light emitting layer  212   b  may include a polymer or small molecular organic material that emits a certain color of light. 
     The intermediate layer  212  may include at least one of a first functional layer  212   a  between the first electrode  211  and the light emitting layer  212   b , and a second functional layer  212   c  between the light emitting layer  212   b  and the second electrode  213 . In an embodiment, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be arranged under and above the light emitting layer  212   b , respectively. The first functional layer  212   a  may include a hole transport layer (HTL), for example, or a hole transport layer and a hole injection layer (HIL). The second functional layer  212   c  may include an electron transport layer (ETL) and/or an electron injection layer (EIL). The first functional layer  212   a  and/or the second functional layer  212   c  may be a common layer formed to cover an entirety of the substrate  100 , like in the second electrode  213  to be described later. 
     The second electrode  213  may be arranged on the intermediate layer  212 . In an embodiment, the second electrode  213  may be an opposite electrode. The second electrode  213  may include a conductive material having a small work function. In an embodiment, for example, the second electrode  213  may include a (semi-)transparent layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), or an alloy thereof. Alternatively, the second electrode  213  may further include a layer such as ITO, IZO, ZnO or In 2 O 3  on the (semi-)transparent layer including the above-described materials. 
     In embodiments, a capping layer (not shown) may be further disposed on the second electrode  213 . The capping layer may include LiF, an inorganic material, or/and an organic material. 
     The encapsulation layer  300  may be arranged on the second electrode  213 . In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer. In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , an organic encapsulation layer  320 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 , which are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may include one or more inorganic materials of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), and silicon oxynitride (SiON). The organic encapsulation layer  320  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material may include an acryl-based resin, an epoxy-based resin, PI, polyethylene, or the like In an embodiment, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may include acrylate. 
     The touch sensor layer  500  may be arranged on the encapsulation layer  300 . The touch sensor layer  500  may acquire coordinate information according to an external input, for example, a touch event, a proximity event, a light event, etc. The touch sensor layer  500  may include a first touch conductive layer  510 , a first touch insulating layer  520 , a second touch conductive layer  530 , and a second touch insulating layer  540 . 
     The first touch conductive layer  510  may be arranged on the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 . The first touch conductive layer  510  may include a conductive material. In an embodiment, for example, the first touch conductive layer  510  may include at least one of Mo, Al, Cu, and Ti. In an embodiment, the first touch conductive layer  510  may have a multi-layered structure of Ti/Al/Ti in which a titanium layer, an aluminum layer and a titanium layer are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     The first touch insulating layer  520  may be arranged on the first touch conductive layer  510 . In an embodiment, the first touch insulating layer  520  may include an inorganic material. In an embodiment, for example, the first touch insulating layer  520  may include one or more inorganic materials of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), and silicon oxynitride (SiON). 
     The second touch conductive layer  530  may be arranged on the first touch insulating layer  520 . In an embodiment, the first touch insulating layer  520  may include (or define) a contact hole, and the second touch conductive layer  530  may be connected to the first touch conductive layer  510  through the contact hole. The second touch conductive layer  530  may include a conductive material. In an embodiment, for example, the second touch conductive layer  530  may include at least one of Mo, Al, Cu, and Ti. In an embodiment, the second touch conductive layer  530  may have a multi-layered structure of Ti/Al/Ti in which a titanium layer, an aluminum layer and a titanium layer are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     The second touch insulating layer  540  may be arranged on the second touch conductive layer  530 . In an embodiment, the top surface of the second touch insulating layer  540  may be flat. In an embodiment, the second touch insulating layer  540  may include an organic material. In an embodiment, for example, the second touch insulating layer  540  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material described above may be transparent. In an embodiment, for example, the second touch insulating layer  540  may include silicon-based resin, acryl-based resin, epoxy-based resin, polyimide, polyethylene, and the like. In an embodiment, the second touch insulating layer  540  may include an inorganic material. 
     An anti-reflection layer  600  may reduce the reflectivity of light incident toward the display panel  10  from outside the display panel  10 . The anti-reflection layer  600  may increase color purity of light emitted from the display panel  10 . The anti-reflection layer  600  may be arranged on the touch sensor layer  500 . In an embodiment, the anti-reflection layer  600  may include a color filter  610 , a black matrix  630 , and a planarization layer  650 . The color filter  610  may overlap the organic light emitting diode OLED that is a display element DPE. The color filter  610  may be arranged considering colors of light emitted from the organic light emitting diode OLED. The color filter  610  may include a red, green or blue pigment or dye. Alternatively, the color filter  610  may further include quantum dots in addition to the above-described pigment or dye. Alternatively, the color filter  610  may not include the above-described pigment or dye and may include scattering particles such as titanium oxide. 
     The black matrix  630  may absorb external light or internal reflected light at least partially. The black matrix  630  may include a black pigment. In an embodiment, the black matrix  630  may be adjacent to the color filter  610 . In an embodiment, the black matrix  630  may overlap at least one of the first touch conductive layer  510  and/or the second touch conductive layer  530 . 
     The planarization layer  650  may be arranged on the color filter  610  and the black matrix  630 , The top surface of the planarization layer  650  may be flat. In an embodiment, the planarization layer  650  may include an organic material. In an embodiment, for example, the planarization layer  650  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material described above may be transparent. In an embodiment, for example, the planarization layer  650  may include silicon-based resin, acryl-based resin, epoxy-based resin, polyimide, polyethylene, and the like. 
     In an embodiment, the anti-reflection layer  600  may include a retarder and/or a polarizer. The retarder may be of a film type or a liquid crystal coating type and may include a λ/2 retarder and/or λ/4 retarder. The polarizer may also be of a film type or a liquid crystal coating type. The film type may include a stretched synthetic resin film, and the liquid crystal coating type may include liquid crystals arranged in a certain arrangement. The retarder and the polarizer may further include a protective film. 
     In an embodiment, the anti-reflection layer  600  may include a destructive interference structure. The destructive interference structure may include a first reflective layer and a second reflective layer, which are arranged on different layers. First reflected light and second reflected light, which are reflected from the first reflective layer and the second reflective layer, respectively, may destructively interfere, and accordingly, external light reflectivity may be reduced. 
       FIG.  7    is an enlarged view of a portion F of the display panel  10  of  FIG.  5   .  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B  are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a display panel  10  according to embodiments, taken along line G-G′ of  FIG.  5   , respectively. 
     In  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B , for convenience of explanation, a touch sensor layer  500  (of  FIG.  6   ) and an anti-reflection layer  600  (of  FIG.  6   ) of the display panel  10  are omitted, and a substrate  100 , a pixel circuit layer PCL, a display element layer DEL, and an encapsulation layer  300  are shown in  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B . In  FIG.  7    and  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B , the same reference numerals as those of  FIG.  6    refer to the same elements and thus, a redundant description thereof will be omitted. 
     Referring to  FIG.  7    and  FIGS.  8 A and  8 B , the display panel  10  may include the substrate  100 , the pixel circuit layer PCL, the display element layer DEL, and the encapsulation layer  300 . 
     The substrate  100  may include a corner area CNA at a corner CN of the display panel  10 , and the corner area CNA may include a first area A 1  extending in a direction away from a central area CA (of  FIG.  5   ), and a second area A 2  surrounding at least a portion of the first area A 1 . In an embodiment, for example, a plurality of first areas A 1  may be provided and may each extend inclined in a direction crossing the first direction (e.g., an x-direction or −x-direction) and the second direction (e.g., a y-direction or −y-direction). The second area A 2  may extend from an outer edge of the first area A 1 , to be outside of the first area A 1  and may surround at least a portion of the first area A 1 . 
     The separation area VA may be an area (e.g., planar area) in which components of the display panel  10  are not arranged. In an embodiment, the separation area VA may be defined between a portion of the second area A 2  disposed between a pair of the first adjacent areas A 1  and another portion of the second area A 2  disposed between the pair of the first adjacent areas A 1 . 
     The pixel PX may be arranged in the first area A 1 . In an embodiment, the pixel PX may include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb. The red sub-pixel Pr, the green sub-pixel Pg, and the blue sub-pixel Pb may emit red light, green light, and blue light, respectively. 
     The red sub-pixel Pr, the green sub-pixel Pg, and the blue sub-pixel Pb may be arranged in an S-stripe structure. In an embodiment, a side of the green sub-pixel Pg may face both a side of the red sub-pixel Pr and a side of the blue sub-pixel Pb. Alternatively, unlike the illustrated drawings, the red sub-pixel Pr, the green sub-pixel Pg, and the blue sub-pixel Pb may be arranged side by side, or may be arranged in a PenTile™ type. 
     The pixel circuit layer PCL may be arranged on the substrate  100 . The pixel circuit layer PCL may include an inorganic insulating layer HL, a first insulating layer  115 , a corner wiring CWL, a connection electrode CML, and a second insulating layer  116 . 
     The inorganic insulating layer IIL may be arranged on the substrate  100 . In an embodiment, the inorganic insulating layer IIL may include a buffer layer  111 , a first gate insulating layer  112 , a second gate insulating layer  113 , and an interlayer insulating layer  114 . 
     The first insulating layer  115  may be arranged on the inorganic insulating layer IIL In an embodiment, the first insulating layer  115  may be arranged between the substrate  100  and the second insulating layer  116 . The first insulating layer  115  may overlap the second area A 2  and may have a through portion  115 OP for exposing the top surface of the inorganic insulating layer IIL, to outside the first insulating layer  115 . Based on the through portion  115 OP, the first insulating layer  115  may be divided into an outside portion and an inside portion which is closer to the first area A 1  than the outside portion, and may block a penetration path of oxygen and/or moisture through the first insulating layer  115 . 
     The second insulating layer  116  may be arranged on the first insulating layer  115 . The second insulating layer  116  may have a first opening  116 OP that overlaps the second area A 2 , In an embodiment, for example, the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may be continuously arranged to surround at least a portion of the first area A 1 . As shown in  FIG.  8 A , the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  and the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may overlap (or be aligned with) each other. In an embodiment, for example, the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  and the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may together continuously constitute one opening for exposing the top surface of the inorganic insulating layer IIL to outside the respective insulating layers. 
     A lower pattern  410  may overlap the second area A 2  and may be arranged on the top surface of the inorganic insulating layer IIL. In an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may perform a function as an etch stopper for protecting layers under the lower pattern  410  when the first opening  116 OP and the through portion  115 OP are formed. In an embodiment, a corner wiring CWL for surrounding at least a portion of the first area A 1  may be optionally arranged at a bottom of the through portion  115 OP (e.g., on a bottom surface provide by the top surface of the inorganic insulating layer IIL which may be considered as a part of a base layer), and the lower pattern  410  may function as a protective layer for protecting the corner wiring CWL during a process. In an embodiment, for example, the lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the corner wiring CWL to cover a portion of the corner wiring CWL. 
     In  FIG.  8 A , the lower pattern  410  is separately arranged on the corner wiring CWL. In an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may include a conductive material, and the lower pattern  410  may also function as the corner wiring CWL. 
     In an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may continuously surround at least a portion of the first area A 1 . In an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may overlap portions of the second area A 2  and the middle area MA, and may completely surround the first area A 1 . 
     At least one side surface of the lower pattern  410  may be exposed through the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  to outside thereof. In an embodiment, the center of the lower pattern  410  and the center of the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  may overlap or coincide with each other in a planar view. A second width W 2  of the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  may be greater than a first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410 . Thus, both sides of the lower pattern  410  may be exposed at the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115 . 
     In an embodiment, as shown in  FIG.  8 B , an upper inorganic layer  117  may be interposed between the first insulating layer  115  and the second insulating layer  116 , and the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  and the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may not overlap each other (e.g., may be spaced apart from each other). In an embodiment, for example, the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  may be disposed closer to a boundary of the first area A 1  with the second area A 2 , than the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116 . Here, the second insulating layer  116  may bury the through portion  115 OP, such as filling the through portion  115 OP. In this case, the upper inorganic layer  117  may cover a portion of the top surface of the first insulating layer  115  and the through portion  115 OP, and may block a path on which oxygen and/or moisture penetrates into the first insulating layer  115  and the second insulating layer  116  from the outside thereof. 
     Referring to  FIG.  83   , the lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the first insulating layer  115 . In an embodiment, the corner wiring CWL may be optionally arranged on the first insulating layer  115 , As described above, the lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the corner wiring CWL and may function as an etch stopper for protecting the corner wiring CWL when the first opening  116 OP is formed. In an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may include a conductive material and may substitute for the corner wiring CWL. 
     At least one side surface of the lower pattern  410  may be exposed through the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116 . In an embodiment, the center of the lower pattern  410  and the center of the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may overlap each other in a planar view, and a second width W 2  of the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may be greater than the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410 . Thus, both sides of the lower pattern  410  may be exposed at the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  to outside thereof. 
     An upper pattern  420  may be arranged on the second insulating layer  116  and may have a tip  420 T (e.g., upper tip) or protruding portion that overlaps at least one among opposing sides of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view. In an embodiment, the upper pattern  420  may include a first inorganic pattern  421  that is arranged in the second area A 2  and overlaps an outer side surface of the lower pattern  410  which is furthest from the first area A 1  in a planar view, and a second inorganic pattern  422  that is arranged in the first area A 1  and overlaps an inner side surface of the lower pattern  410  which is closest to the first area A 1  in a planar view. 
     The first inorganic pattern  421  may overlap the outer side surface of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view and may surround at least a portion of the lower pattern  410 . In an embodiment, for example, the first inorganic pattern  421  may include a tip  420 T that protrudes in a central direction (e.g., toward a center) of the lower pattern  410 , and an end (e.g., distal end) of the tip  420 T may be closer to the center of the lower pattern  410  than the outer side surface of the lower pattern  410 . In an embodiment, an area in which the first inorganic pattern  421  and the lower pattern  410  overlap each other in a planar view, may continuously surround at least a portion of the first area A 1 . 
     The second inorganic pattern  422  may overlap the inner side surface of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view, and the lower pattern  410  may surround at least a portion of the second inorganic pattern  422 . In an embodiment, for example, the second inorganic pattern  422  may include a tip  420 T that protrudes in the central direction of the lower pattern  410 , and the end of the tip  420 T may be closer to the center of the lower pattern  410  than the outer side surface of the lower pattern  410 . In an embodiment, an area in which the second inorganic pattern  422  and the lower pattern  410  overlap each other in a planar view, may continuously surround at least a portion of the first area A 1 . 
     In an embodiment, a third width W 3  of the second opening  420 OP arranged between the first inorganic pattern  421  and the second inorganic pattern  422  may be less than the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410  and the second width W 2  of the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116 . 
     In an embodiment, the second inorganic pattern  422  may overlap the first area A 1 . In an embodiment, a plurality of second inorganic patterns  422  may be provided. The plurality of second inorganic patterns  422  may overlap the plurality of first areas A 1 , respectively. The second inorganic pattern  422  may include a through hole  422 H. The through hole  422 H of the second inorganic pattern  422  may be a path which is arranged under the second inorganic pattern  422  and through which gas generated from a layer including an organic material is discharged. Thus, the reliability of the display panel  10  may be enhanced. The through hole  422 H of the second inorganic pattern  422  may not overlap the pixel PX. In an embodiment, a plurality of through holes  422 H of the second inorganic pattern  422  may be provided. In the first area A 1 , the plurality of through holes  422 H of the second inorganic pattern  422  may be arranged alternately with the plurality of pixels PX. 
     The display element layer DEL may be arranged on the second insulating layer  116 . The display element layer DEL may include a corner organic light emitting diode CNOLED and a pixel-defining layer  220 . The corner organic light emitting diode CNOLED may include a first electrode  211 , an intermediate layer  212  including an emission layer  212   b  arranged to correspond to the first electrode  211 , and a second electrode  213 , which are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     The corner organic light emitting diode CNOLED may include at least one of a first functional layer  212   a  between the first electrode  211  and the emission layer  212   b , and a second functional layer  212   c  between the emission layer  212   b  and the second electrode  213 . The emission layer  212   b  may be disposed for each of the pixel PX corresponding to the first electrode  211  while the first functional layer  212   a , the second functional layer  212   c  and the second electrode  213  may be integrally formed on an entirety of the surface of the substrate  100  to cover the plurality of pixels PX. 
     The first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions, based on (e.g., with respect to) the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, the most part (e.g., a majority) of each of the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be located on the upper pattern  420 , and small portions (e.g., a minority) of each of the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may remain on the top surface of the lower pattern  410  and sidewalls of the first insulating layer  115  which define the through portion  115 OP and sidewalls of the second insulating layer  116  which define the first opening  116 OP. Here, when the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  are formed, light may be incident into the second opening  420 OP between protruding tips  420 T of the upper pattern  420  with a certain angle, so that the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may not be formed along the sides of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. Thus, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  formed on the top surface of the lower pattern  410  may not be connected to the second insulating layer  116  but may instead be separated therefrom. 
     Similarly, the second electrode  213  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions based on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, the most part of the second electrode  213  may be located on the upper pattern  420 , and small portions thereof may remain on the top surface of the lower pattern  410  and the sidewalls of the first insulating layer  115  which define the through portion  115 OP and sidewalls of the second insulating layer  116  which define the first opening  116 OP. Similarly, the second electrode  213  may not be deposited along the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. 
     The first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may include an organic material, and external oxygen or moisture may be introduced into the first area A 1  from the second area A 2  through at least one of the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c . Such oxygen or moisture may damage a display element DPE. When the upper pattern  420  has a protruding overhang structure (or an eaves structure, an undercut structure), although the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be divided into two or more portions based on the tip of the upper pattern  420 , the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may remain on the bottom surface and both sidewalls of the first insulating layer  115  which define the through portion  115 OP. Thus, oxygen or moisture may be propagated into the second insulating layer  116  of the second area A 2 , the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c , and the second insulating layer  116  of the first area A 1  so that the display element DPE may be damaged. Thus, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be disconnected or divided into multiple portions based on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view, so that the reliability of the display panel  10  may be enhanced. 
     A plurality of organic layers may be arranged on the first inorganic pattern  421 , so that a dam may be constituted. In an embodiment, for example, a pixel-defining layer  220  may be arranged on the first inorganic pattern  421 , and a spacer  230  may be optionally arranged on the pixel-defining layer  220 . Although not shown, in an embodiment, the upper pattern  420  may further include at least one inorganic pattern (not shown) that is spaced apart from the outside of the first inorganic pattern  421 , and similarly, a plurality of organic layers may be arranged on the at least one inorganic pattern, so that at least one auxiliary dam (not shown) may be further constituted. 
     An encapsulation layer  300  may be arranged on the second electrode  213 . The encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer. In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , an organic encapsulation layer  320 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 , which are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     Each of the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may include one or more inorganic insulating materials. The inorganic insulating materials may include aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride or/and silicon oxynitride. The organic encapsulation layer  320  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material may include an acryl-based resin, an epoxy-based resin, PI, polyethylene, or the like. The acryl-based resin may include, for example, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylic acid, and the like. 
     At least one inorganic encapsulation layer of the encapsulation layer  300  may be in direct contact with the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  in a planar view, so that an inorganic contact area ICNT may be formed. As described above, the first functional layer  212 , the second functional layer  212   c , and the second electrode  213  may not be formed on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  and the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420 . In contrast, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has a relatively excellent step coverage and thus may also be formed on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  and the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420 . In an embodiment, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the side surface of the lower pattern  410  so that the first inorganic contact area ICNT 1  may be formed. In addition, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  so that a second inorganic contact area ICNT 2  may be formed. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may continuously extend along sidewalls of upper layers, to cover side surfaces of the first insulating layer  115  and the second insulating layer  116  at a respective through portion and/or respective opening, and the side surface of the substrate  100  which is at a boundary between the separation area VA and the second area A 2 . 
     In an embodiment, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may be arranged only in the first area A 1  of the substrate  100 . That is, the end of the organic encapsulation layer  320  which is closest to the second area A 2  (e.g., terminal end) may be arranged not to exceed the end of the second inorganic pattern  422 . In an embodiment, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may be arranged to fill the through portion  115 OP and/or the first opening  116 OP. In an embodiment, for example, the end of the organic encapsulation layer  320  may be arranged on the first inorganic pattern  421 . 
     The second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may be arranged on the organic encapsulation layer  320 . Like the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may continuously extend to cover side surfaces of the first insulating layer  115  and the second insulating layer  116 , and the side surface of the substrate  100  at a boundary between the separation area VA and the second area A 2 . Thus, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may prevent moisture from being introduced thereinto in a direction of the side surface of the display panel  10  (e.g., a lateral direction or a normal direction to the side surface), for example, through side surfaces of the first functional layer  212   a , the second functional layer  212   c , the first insulating layer  115 , and the second insulating layer  116  which together form the side surface of the display panel  10 . 
       FIGS.  9 A through  9 D  are enlarged views enlarging portion H of the display panel  10  of  FIG.  8   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9   , the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  and the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may overlap each other. The through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  and the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may continuously form one opening or recess. In an embodiment, a corner wiring CWL may be selectively arranged on a top surface of the inorganic insulating layer IIL. 
     The lower pattern  410  may be arranged along the center of the through portion  115 OP and may cover a portion of the top surface of the exposed corner wiring CWL. In an embodiment, for example, the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410  may be less than the second width W 2  of the through portion  115 OP so that the top surface of the corner wiring CWL or the top surface of the inorganic insulating layer IIL may be exposed by a difference between the second width W 2  of the through portion  115 OP and the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410 . 
     The upper pattern  420  may be arranged on the second insulating layer  116  and may include a tip  420 T that protrudes in the central direction of the first opening  116 OP and the lower pattern  410 . In an embodiment, the upper pattern  420  may include a first inorganic pattern  421  that overlaps the outer side surface of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view, and a second inorganic pattern  422  that overlaps the inner side surface of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, the inner side surface of the first inorganic pattern  421  in a planar view may be closer to the center of the lower pattern  410  than the outer side surface of the lower pattern  410 . Similarly, the outer side surface of the second inorganic pattern  422  may be closer to the center of the lower pattern  410  than the inner side surface of the lower pattern  410 . Thus, the third width W 3  of the second opening  420 OP defined between facing tips of the first inorganic pattern  421  and the second inorganic pattern  422  may be less than the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410  and the second width W 2  of the through portion  115 OP. 
     The first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be disconnected or divide into two or more portions based on both side surfaces of the lower pattern  410  and an end of the tip  420 T (e.g., tip end) of the upper pattern  420 , respectively. In an embodiment, for example, the most part of each of the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may overlap the upper pattern  420 , and small portions thereof may remain on the top surface of the lower pattern  410  and sidewalls of the first opening  116 OP. Since, when the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  are deposited, light is incident onto the second opening  420 OP at an angle, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may not be formed on the side surfaces of the lower pattern  410  and the bottom surface of the tip  420 T that overlap the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. Thus, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions between the sidewalls of the second insulating layer  116  that form the first opening  116 OP. 
     Similarly, the second electrode  213  may not be deposited on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  and the bottom surface of the tip  420 T that overlap the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. Thus, the second electrode  213  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions based on both side surfaces of the lower pattern  410  and the end of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420 , respectively. 
     The encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer. In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , an organic encapsulation layer  320 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 , which are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be arranged on the second electrode  213 . Since the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  has a relatively high step coverage compared to the first functional  212   a , the second functional  212   c  and the second electrode  213 , the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may extend to the side surfaces of the lower pattern  410  and along the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  and may be continuously arranged. Thus, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the side surface of the lower pattern  410  so that the first inorganic contact area ICNT 1  may be formed. In addition, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the bottom surface of the tips  420 T of the upper pattern  420  so that a second inorganic contact area ICNT 2  may be formed. 
     Referring to  FIG.  93   , the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115  and the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116  may overlap each other so that a fourth width W 4  of the through portion  115 OP may be less than the second width W 2  of the first opening  116 OP. 
     At least one end of the lower pattern  410  may be exposed by the first opening  116 OP and may overlap the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410  may be less than the second width W 2  of the first opening  116 OP and may be greater than the third width W 3  of the second opening  420 OP of the upper pattern  420 . 
     An upper inorganic layer  117  may be further disposed between the first insulating Dyer  115  and the second insulating layer  116 . The upper inorganic layer  117  may block a penetration path between the first insulating layer  115  and the second insulating layer  116 . Also, the upper inorganic layer  117  may be in contact with the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and may extend to the first inorganic contact area ICNT 1 . 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 C , the lower pattern  410  may include a plurality of sub-patterns  411  spaced apart from each other in a direction along the substrate  100 , by a distance. The plurality of sub-patterns  411  may be arranged at the bottom surface of the through portion  115 OP. In an embodiment, the corner wiring CWL may be selectively arranged on the inorganic insulating layer HL, and the plurality of sub-patterns  411  may be arranged on the corner wiring CWL. In this case, the top surface of the corner wiring CWL may be exposed to outside the lower pattern  410  at a space between the adjacent sub-patterns  411 . 
     The tip  420 T of the first inorganic pattern  421  may overlap the side surface of at least one among the plurality of sub-pattern  411 . In an embodiment, for example, the tip  420 T of the first inorganic pattern  421  may overlap at least one sub-pattern  411  in a planar view. Similarly, the tip  420 T of the second inorganic pattern  422  may overlap at least one sub-pattern  411  in a planar view. 
     The first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be deposited in a space between the adjacent sub-patterns  411 , however, may not be deposited on the side surface of the sub-patterns  411  overlapping the tips  420 T in a planar view. Similarly, the second electrode  213  may also be deposited into the top surface of the sub-patterns  411  and a space between the adjacent sub-patterns  411 , however, may not be deposited into the side surface of the sub-patterns  411  overlapping the tips  420 T in a planar view. 
     In contrast, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be continuously formed to cover the side surface of the sub-patterns  411  that overlap the tips  420 T in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may form the first inorganic contact area ICNT 1  on side surfaces of the sub-patterns  411  that overlap the tips  420 T in a planar view. 
     Thus, even when the alignment of the upper pattern  420  and the lower pattern  410  is shifted, the side surfaces of the sub-patterns  411  overlapping the upper pattern  420  may be present in a planar view and thus, the first inorganic contact area ICNT 1  may be formed so that the reliability of the display panel  10  may be improved. 
     Referring to  FIG.  9 D , an insulating pattern  115 P may be arranged at the bottom of the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115 . The lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the insulating pattern  115 P. In an embodiment, for example, the insulating pattern  115 P may be arranged along the center of the through portion  115 OP, and the width of the insulating pattern  115 P may be less than the second width W 2  of the through portion  115 OP. 
     The lower pattern  410  may have a lower tip  410 T that protrudes in a direction away from the center of the lower pattern  410  and further than the side surface of the insulating pattern  115 P. In an embodiment, for example, the width of the insulating pattern  115 P may be less than the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410 . That is, the lower pattern  410  may have an overhang structure in which the lower tips  410 T protrude further from opposing side surfaces of the insulating pattern  115 P. In an embodiment, the width of the lower pattern  410  being greater than the width of the insulating pattern  115 P defines a protruding portion of the lower pattern  410  which has a protruding bottom surface exposed outside the insulating pattern  115 P, an the inorganic encapsulation layer is in direct contact with the protruding bottom surface of the lower pattern  410 . 
     The first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions based on both side surfaces of the lower pattern  410  and an end of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420 , respectively. In an embodiment, the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may not be formed on both side surfaces and the bottom surface of the lower tip  410 T and both side surfaces of the insulating pattern  115 P. Similarly, the second electrode  213  may not be formed on both side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlap the upper pattern  420  in a planar view, the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420 , the bottom surface of the lower tip  410 T, and both side surfaces of the insulating pattern  115 P. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with both side surfaces of the lower pattern  410  and the bottom surface of the lower tip  410 T so that a first inorganic contact area ICNT 1  may be formed. Thus, the area of the first inorganic contact area ICNT 1  may be extended. The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the bottom surface of the tips  420 T of the upper pattern  420  so that a second inorganic contact area ICNT 2  may be formed. 
       FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  are plan views schematically illustrating a display panel  10  according to an embodiment, and  FIG.  11    is an enlarged plan view schematically illustrating the display panel  10  of  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B  to which a force is applied. 
     Referring to  FIGS.  10 A and  10 B , and  FIG.  11   , the display panel  10  may include a substrate  100  and a pixel PX which is arranged on the substrate  100 . 
     The substrate  100  may include various materials, such as a glass, a metal or an organic material. In an alternative embodiment, the substrate  100  may include a flexible material. In an embodiment, for example, the substrate  100  may include an ultra-thin flexible glass (e.g., a thickness of several tens to several hundreds of μm) or a polymer resin. When the substrate  100  includes a polymer resin, the substrate  100  may include polyimide. Alternatively, the substrate  100  may include polyethersulfone, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyethyelenene napthalate, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, cellulose tri-acetate (TAC), or/and cellulose acetate propionate. 
     The substrate  100  may include a plurality of first areas A 1  spaced apart from each other, a plurality of second areas A 2  that surround at least a portion of the plurality of first areas A 1  and connect the adjacent first areas A 1  to each other, and a plurality of separation areas VA that are located between the plurality of second areas A 2  and penetrate into the substrate  100 . 
     The plurality of first areas A 1  may be spaced apart from each other. In an embodiment, for example, the plurality of first areas A 1  may form a lattice pattern that are repeatedly arranged in a first direction (e.g., an x-direction) and a second direction (e.g., a y-direction) different from the first direction (e.g., an x-direction). In an embodiment, the first direction (e.g., an x-direction) and the second direction (e.g., a y-direction) may be perpendicular to each other. In an embodiment, the first direction (e.g., an x-direction) and the second direction (e.g., a y-direction) may form an obtuse angle or an acute angle. 
     The pixel PX may be arranged in a plurality of first areas A 1  In an embodiment, a plurality of pixels PX may be provided, and the plurality of pixels PX may display an image by emitting light. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of pixels PX may include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb. Alternatively, each of the plurality of pixels PX may include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, a blue sub-pixel Pb and a white sub-pixel. 
     The plurality of second areas A 2  may connect the adjacent first areas A 1  to each other. Referring to  FIG.  10 B , for example, four second areas A 2  may be connected to each first area A 1  Four second areas A 2  connected to one first area A 1  may extend in different directions from a connection location with the one first area A 1  and each of the second areas A 2  may be connected to another first area A 1  adjacent to one first area A 1  described above. For example, one first area A 1  may be connected to four first areas A 1  arranged to surround the one first area A 1  via four second areas A 2 . 
     The plurality of first areas A 1  and the plurality of second areas A 2  may be formed of the same material. That is, the plurality of first areas A 1  and the plurality of second areas A 2  may be integrally formed. 
     Hereinafter, for convenience of explanation, one first area A 1  and a plurality of second areas A 2  which are connected to the first area A 1  will be referred to as one basic unit U, and the structure of the substrate  100  and the structure of a display device  1  will be described in more detail using the basic unit U. The basic unit U may be repeatedly arranged in the first direction and the second direction. It may be understood that the substrate  100  is formed by connecting basic units U repeatedly arranged to each other. Two adjacent basic units U may be symmetrical to each other. In an embodiment, for example, in  FIG.  10 B , two basic units U adjacent in a left/right direction (e.g., along the x-direction) may be symmetrical in the left/right direction based on a symmetry axis that is located between the two basic units U and is parallel to the y-direction. Similarly, in  FIG.  10 B , two basic units U adjacent in an up/down direction (e.g., along the y-direction) may be symmetrical based on a symmetry axis that is located between the two basic units U and is parallel to the x-direction. 
     Adjacent basic units U among the plurality of basic units U, for example, four basic units U shown in  FIG.  10 B  may form a closed curve CE therebetween, and the closed curve CE may define the separation area VA that is an empty space. In an embodiment, for example, the separation area VA may be defined as the closed curve CE defined by outer edges of a plurality of first areas A 1  together with outer edges of a plurality of second areas A 2 . 
     Each separation area VA may penetrate into the top surface and the bottom surface of the substrate  100 , respectively, That is, the separation area VA may be open in opposite directions along the z-direction, at the top surface and the bottom surface of the substrate  100 . Each separation area VA may provide a disconnection of the substrate  100  between the plurality of first areas A 1 , may reduce the weight of the substrate  100  and may enhance the flexibility of the substrate  100 . Furthermore, when an external force (a bending or pulling force) is applied to the substrate  100 , the shape of the separation areas VA changes so that the generation of stress during deformation of the substrate  100  may be easily reduced, abnormal deformation of the substrate  100  may be prevented, and durability may be enhanced. 
     Referring to  FIG.  10 B , the angle θ between an edge of a first area A 1  and an edge of a second area A 2  provided in one basic unit U may be an acute angle. When an external force, for example, a force for pulling the substrate  100  is applied, as shown in  FIG.  11   , the angle θ may be increased to an angle θ′ between the edge of the first area A 1  and the edge of the second area A 2 , and the area or shape of the separation area VA may be changed to a shape of a separation area VA. Further, an orientation of the first area A 1  may also be changed by rotation within a plane defined by the x-direction and the y-direction crossing each other. 
       FIG.  11    is an enlarged plan view showing that the substrate  100  is stretched in the first direction and the second direction, and when the forces described above act on the substrate  100 , each first area A 1  may be rotated at a rotation angle through a change of the above-described angle θ′ and an area increase and/or shape deformation of the separation area VA. A distance between the first area A 1 , for example, a first distance d 1 ′ and a second distance d 2 ′ may vary by location by the rotation of each of the first areas A 1  within the plane. 
     When a force for pulling the substrate  100  is acting, a stress may be concentrated on the second area A 2  connected to the edge of the first area A 1 . Thus, the closed curve CE for defining the separation area VA may include a curve so as to prevent damage of the substrate  100 . 
       FIG.  12    is a plan view illustrating the structure of a basic unit U that constitutes a display panel  10  according to an embodiment. 
     Referring to  FIG.  12   , a pixel PX may be arranged on the first area A 1  of the substrate  100 . In an embodiment, the pixel PX may include a red sub-pixel Pr, a green sub-pixel Pg, and a blue sub-pixel Pb. The red sub-pixel Pr, the green sub-pixel Pg, and the blue sub-pixel Pb may emit red light, green light, and blue light, respectively. 
     In an embodiment, a red sub-pixel Pr, a blue sub-pixel Pb, and a green sub-pixel Pg may be spaced apart from each other in one direction. The red sub-pixel Pr, the blue sub-pixel Pb, and the green sub-pixel Pg may be spaced apart from each other in the second direction (e.g., a y-direction), and a distance (e.g., a shortest distance following the y-direction of  FIG.  12   ) between adjacent sub-pixels may be substantially the same. 
     A lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the first area A 1  along a boundary between the first area A 1  and the second area A 2 . In an embodiment, for example, four lower patterns  410  may be arranged along a boundary between the first areas A 1  and each of four second areas A 2  that are connected to one first area A 1  and extending in different directions from the one first area A 1 . 
     A spacer  230  may be located at one side of the first area A 1  The lower pattern  410  may surround at least a portion of the spacer  230 . The spacer  230  may prevent a structure and layers located under the spacer  230  from being damaged by a mask used during a process of providing a display panel  10 . 
     An upper pattern  420  may be arranged on the first area A 1 . The upper pattern  420  may be arranged to overlap at least one side surface of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, an end of the upper pattern  420  may be closer to the center of the lower pattern  410  than the side surface of the lower pattern  410 . In an embodiment, the upper pattern  420  may include a first inorganic pattern  421  disposed on the spacer  230  in a portion of the first area A 1 , and a second inorganic pattern  422  disposed on the remaining portion of the first area A 1 . The first inorganic pattern  421  may be arranged to overlap one side surface (e.g., a first side surface) of the lower pattern  410  adjacent to the spacer  230  in a planar view. Similarly, the second inorganic pattern  422  may be arranged to overlap another side surface (e.g., a second side surface opposite to the first side surface) of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view. 
       FIG.  13    is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a display panel  10  according to an embodiment taken along line H-H′ of  FIG.  12   , and  FIG.  14    is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a display panel  10  according to an embodiment taken along line I-I″ of  FIG.  12   . 
     Referring to  FIG.  13   , a substrate  100  may include a first area A 1  and a second area A 2 . 
     An inorganic insulating layer IIL may be arranged on the first area A 1 . The inorganic insulating layer IIL may include a buffer layer  111 , a first gate insulating layer  112 , a second gate insulating layer  113 , and an interlayer insulating layer  114 . The buffer layer  111  may be arranged on the substrate  100 , The buffer layer  111  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), and silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), and may have a single layer or multi-layered structure including the above-described inorganic insulating material. 
     The first gate insulating layer  112  and the second gate insulating layer  113  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), and/or zinc oxide (ZnO x ). 
     The interlayer insulating layer  114  may cover the upper electrode CE 2 . The interlayer insulating layer  114  may include silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitirde (SiON), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), or zinc oxide (ZnO x ). The interlayer insulating layer  114  may have a single layer or multi-layered structure including the above-described inorganic insulating materials. 
     The inorganic insulating layer IIL may not extend to the second area A 2 . In an embodiment, for example, the end of the inorganic insulating layer IIL may be located in the first area A 1  and may be covered by a lower organic layer  118  extending to the second area A 2 . The lower organic layer  118  may include an organic insulating material such as PI. 
     A signal line WL that is connected to a pixel circuit PC arranged in the first area A 1  and applies a signal may be arranged on the inorganic insulating layer IIL. In an embodiment, for example, the signal line WL may provide a data signal or/and a scan signal to a pixel circuit PC. The signal line WL may be a data line DL or/and a scan line SL. The signal line WL may extend from the second area A 2  to the first area A 1 . 
     A lower inorganic layer  430  may be arranged to overlap the first area A 1 . The lower inorganic layer  430  may be arranged between the first insulating layer  115  and the pixel circuit PC. The lower inorganic layer  430  may include a single layer or multi-layered inorganic insulating layer including an inorganic material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) and/or silicon oxynitride (SiON). 
     A first insulating layer  115  may be arranged on the lower inorganic layer  430 . The first insulating layer  115  may be arranged on at least one thin film transistor. The first insulating layer  115  may include an organic material. In an embodiment, for example, the first insulating layer  115  may include an organic insulating material such as a general-purpose polymer such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS), a polymer derivative having a phenol-based group, an acryl-based polymer, an imide polymer, an aryl ether-based polymer, an amide polymer, a fluorine-based polymer, a p-xylene-based polymer, a vinyl alcohol-based polymer, and a blend thereof. 
     A first power supply voltage supply line WLD and a second power supply voltage supply line WLS may be arranged on the first insulating layer  115 . The first power supply voltage supply line WLD and the second power supply voltage supply line WLS may be located in different layers. In an embodiment, for example, a third insulating layer  119  for covering the first power supply voltage supply line WLD may be arranged between the first power supply voltage supply line WLD and the second power supply voltage supply line WLS. The first power supply voltage supply line WLD and the second power supply voltage supply line WLS may be arranged on different layers so that the space of the substrate  100  may be efficiently utilized. 
     The second insulating layer  116  may be arranged on the second power supply voltage supply line WLS. The second insulating layer  116  may have a first opening  116 OP arranged along a boundary between the first area A 1  and the second area A 2 . In an embodiment, for example, the first opening  116 OP may have a depth penetrating the second insulating layer  116  so that the second insulating layers  116  disposed on the first area A 1  and the second area A 2  may be divided into two portions. 
     The lower pattern  410  may be arranged along the boundary between the first area A 1  and the second area A 2 . At least one side surface of the lower pattern  410  may be separated from the sidewalls of the second insulating layer  116  which define the first opening  116 OP. In an embodiment, for example, a first end  410 E of the lower pattern  410  may be spaced apart from one sidewall  116 OPS of the second insulating layer  116  which defines the first opening  116 OP, by a distance. The lower pattern  410  may cover a portion of the second power supply voltage supply line WLS and may perform a function as an etch stopper or etch pattern for protecting layers under the lower pattern  410  when the first opening  116 OP is formed. 
     The upper pattern  420  may be arranged on the second insulating layer  116  and may have a tip  420 T that overlaps at least one side surface of the lower pattern  410  in a planar view. In an embodiment, the upper pattern  420  may be arranged on the first area A 1  and may overlap the side surface of the adjacent lower pattern  410  in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, a first end  420 E of the upper pattern  420  may be closer to the center of the lower pattern  410  than the first end  410 E of the lower pattern  410 . 
     Although not shown, in an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may include a plurality of sub-patterns  411 . The plurality of sub-patterns  411  may be spaced apart from each other by a distance, and the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  may overlap a side surface of at least one sub-pattern  411 . 
     In an embodiment, an insulating pattern  115 P may be arranged between the lower pattern  410  and the second power supply voltage supply line WLS. In this case, the width of the insulating pattern  115 P may be less than the width of the lower pattern  410  and may have an overhang structure having a tip portion protruding from the side surface of the insulating pattern  115 P. 
     In an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may include a conductive material. In this case, the lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the same layer as the second power supply voltage supply line WLS or the first power supply voltage supply line WLD, or may be substituted with the second power supply voltage supply line WLS or the first power supply voltage supply line WLD. 
     A pixel-defining layer  220  may be arranged on the upper pattern  420 . An opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220  may define an emission area EMA of light emitted from the organic light emitting diode OLED. In an embodiment, for example, the width of the opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220  may correspond to the width of a sub-pixel. 
     In an embodiment, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include an organic insulating material. In an embodiment, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), or silicon oxide (SiO 2 ). In an embodiment, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material. In embodiments, the pixel-defining layer  220  may include a light-blocking material and may be provided in black. The light-blocking material may include carbon black, carbon nanotubes, a resin or paste including a black dye, metal particles, such as nickel, aluminum, molybdenum, and an alloy thereof, metal oxide particles (e.g., chromium oxide), or metal nitride particles (e.g., chromium nitride). When the pixel-defining layer  220  includes a light-blocking material; reflection of external light due to metal structures arranged under the pixel-defining layer  220  may be reduced. 
     A first functional layer  212   a  and a second functional layer  212   c  may be arranged on the pixel-defining layer  220 . The first functional layer  212   a  may include a hole transport layer (NTL), for example, or a hole transport layer and a hole injection layer (HIL). The second functional layer  212   c  may include an electron transport layer (ETL) and/or an electron injection layer (EIL). 
     The second electrode  213  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions based on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. In an embodiment, for example, the most part of the second electrode  213  may be located on the upper pattern  420 , and small portions thereof may remain on the top surface of the lower pattern  410  and along sidewalls of the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116 . Similarly, the second electrode  213  may not be deposited on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. 
     The second electrode  213  may be arranged on the first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c . In an embodiment, the second electrode  213  may be an opposite electrode. The second electrode  213  may include a conductive material having a small work function. In an embodiment, for example, the second electrode  213  may include a (semi-)transparent layer including Ag, Mg, Al, Pt. Pd, Au, Ni, Nd, Ir, Cr, lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), or an alloy thereof. Alternatively, the second electrode  213  may further include a layer such as ITO, IZO, ZnO or In 2 O 3  on the (semi-)transparent layer including the above-described materials. 
     In embodiments, a capping layer (not shown) may be further disposed on the second electrode  213 . The capping layer may include LiF, an inorganic material, or/and an organic material. 
     The encapsulation layer  300  may be arranged on the second electrode  213 . In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer. In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , an organic encapsulation layer  320 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 , which are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     The first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  and the second inorganic encapsulation layer  330  may include one or more inorganic materials of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO x ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), and silicon oxynitride (SION), The organic encapsulation layer  320  may include a polymer-based material. The polymer-based material may include an acryl-based resin, an epoxy-based resin, PI, polyethylene, or the like. In an embodiment, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may include acrylate. In an embodiment, the organic encapsulation layer  320  may be arranged only in the first area A 1  of the substrate  100 . 
     As described above, the first functional layer  212   a , the second functional layer  212   c , and the second electrode  213  may not be formed on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  and along the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420 . In contrast, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has a relatively excellent step coverage and thus may also be formed on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  and along the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420 . In an embodiment, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the side surface of the lower pattern  410  so that the first inorganic contact area ICNT 1  may be formed. In addition, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  so that a second inorganic contact area ICNT 2  may be formed. 
     Referring to  FIG.  14   , a spacer  230  may be located at a corner portion of the first area A 1  of the substrate  100 . 
     The spacer  230  may be arranged on the pixel-defining layer  220 . The spacer  230  may be configured to prevent damage of the substrate  100  and/or a multi-layer on the substrate  100  in a method of manufacturing a display device  1 . In the case of a method of manufacturing a display panel  10 , a mask sheet may be used, where the mask sheet may enter into or sag into the opening  220 OP of the pixel-defining layer  220  or may be in close contact with the pixel-defining layer  220 . The spacer  230  may prevent or reduce defects in which a portion of the substrate  100  and the mufti-layer may be damage or broken by the mask sheet when a deposition material is deposited on the substrate  100 . 
     The spacer  230  may include an organic material such as PI. Alternatively, the spacer  230  may include an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiN x ) or silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), or both an organic insulating material and an inorganic insulating material. In an embodiment, the spacer  230  may include a different material from that of the pixel-defining layer  220 . Alternatively, in an embodiment, the spacer  230  may include the same material as that of the pixel-defining layer  220 . In this case, the pixel-defining layer  220  and the spacer  230  may be formed together in a mask process using a halftone mask or the like. 
     In an embodiment, the upper pattern  420  may include a first inorganic pattern  421  that overlaps the spacer  230  and one side surface of the lower pattern  410 , and a second inorganic pattern  422  that is spaced apart from the first inorganic pattern  421  with the lower pattern  410  therebetween and overlaps another side surface of the lower pattern  410  which is opposite to the one side surface. 
     At least one side surface of the lower pattern  410  may be exposed to outside the first insulating layer  115 , through the through portion  115 OP of the first insulating layer  115 . In an embodiment, the center of the lower pattern  410  and the center of the through portion  115 OP may overlap or be aligned with each other, and the second width W 2  of the through portion  115 OP may be greater than the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410 . Thus, both of opposing side surfaces of the lower pattern  410  may be exposed to outside the first insulating layer  115  through the through portion  115 OP. 
     In an embodiment, the third width W 3  of the second opening  420 OP of the upper pattern  420  which is arranged between the first inorganic pattern  421  and the second inorganic pattern  422 , may be less than each of the first width W 1  of the lower pattern  410  and the second width W 2  of the through portion  115 OP. In an embodiment, for example, the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the first inorganic pattern  421  and the second inorganic pattern  422  may be exposed to outside the second insulating layer  116 , through the first opening  116 OP of the second insulating layer  116 . In an embodiment, the first inorganic pattern  421  may protrude from a respective sidewall of the second insulating layer  116 , in an outer direction (e.g., an −x-direction) based on the first area A 1  and may further form an outer tip. 
     The first functional layer  212   a  and the second functional layer  212   c  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions based on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. Similarly, the second electrode  213  may be disconnected or divided into two or more portions based on the side surface of the lower pattern  410  that overlaps the upper pattern  420  in a planar view. 
     An encapsulation layer  300  may be arranged on the second electrode  213 . The encapsulation layer  300  may include at least one inorganic encapsulation layer and at least one organic encapsulation layer. In an embodiment, the encapsulation layer  300  may include a first inorganic encapsulation layer  310 , an organic encapsulation layer  320 , and a second inorganic encapsulation layer  330 , which are sequentially stacked on each other. 
     As described above, in an embodiment, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the side surface of the lower pattern  410  and may form a first inorganic contact area ICNT 1 . In addition, the first inorganic encapsulation layer  310  may be in direct contact with the bottom surface of the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  so that a second inorganic contact area ICNT 2  may be formed. 
     In an embodiment, similarly to the structure of the display panel  10  shown in  FIG.  8 B , the through portion  115 OP and the first opening  116 OP may not overlap each other. In an embodiment, for example, an inorganic layer may be further arranged between the first insulating layer  115  and the second insulating layer  116 , and the inorganic layer may cover the side surface of the first insulating layer  115  at the through portion  115 OP to separate the first insulating layer  115  and the second insulating layer  116  from each other. In this case, the lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the inorganic layer. 
     In an embodiment, similarly to the structure of the display panel  10  shown in  FIG.  9 C , the lower pattern  410  may include a plurality of sub-patterns  411 . The plurality of sub-patterns  411  may be spaced apart from each other by a distance, and the tip  420 T of the upper pattern  420  may overlap a side surface of at least one sub-pattern  411 . 
     In an embodiment, similarly to the structure of the display panel  10  shown in  FIG.  9 D , an insulating pattern  115 P may be arranged between the lower pattern  410  at a bottom of the through portion  115 OP. In this case, the width of the insulating pattern  115 P may be less than the width of the lower pattern  410  and may have an overhang structure having a tip portion protruding from the side surface of the insulating pattern  115 P. 
     In an embodiment, the lower pattern  410  may include a conductive material. In this case, the lower pattern  410  may be arranged on the same layer as the second power supply voltage supply line WLS or the first power supply voltage supply line WLD or may be replaced with the second power supply voltage supply line WLS or the first power supply voltage supply line WLD. 
     As described above, according to one or more embodiment, a display panel  10  and a display device  1  including the same, in which penetration of oxygen or moisture from the outside is minimized and the reliability of the display panel  10  and the display device  1  is enhanced, may be implemented. Of course, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by these effects. 
     In the present specification, a display device  1  that is a device for displaying a video or a still image may be used as a display screen for various products, such as portable electronic devices, for example, mobile phones, smartphones, tablet personal computers (PCs), mobile communication terminals, electronic notebooks, e-books, and Portable Multimedia Players (PMPs), navigation devices, Ultra Mobile PCs (UMPCs), televisions, laptop computers, monitors, billboards, and Internet of Things (IOT), and the like. Also, a display device  1  according to an embodiment may be used in a wearable device such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type display, and a head mounted display (HMD). In addition, the display device  1  according to an embodiment may be used as a vehicle instrument panel, a center information display (CID) disposed on a center fascia or a dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display that replaces a side mirror of the vehicle, or a display that is disposed on a rear surface of a front seat as an entertainment for a back seat of the vehicle. 
     It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.